bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial Permeability of Ferrites at Microwave and Natural Gyromagnetic Resonance
Authors: Courtois Louis , Hoffmann Francis 
Published: January 2006

At sufficiently high frequencies the initial permeability is attributed to the gyromagnetic motion: Taking into account the effective anisotropy field, the rf field, and the dipolar field we obtain a phenomenon of gyromagnetic resonance called natural resonance (maximum of μ″).
As it was shown by Polder and Smit, the off-diagonal component of the permeability creates magnetic charges on the domain walls. The demagnetizing field and the off diagonal permeability give a component of magnetization which is parallel to the applied field and whose average over the ferrite does not cancel. On a simple model of prolate domains, a derivation of this mechanism is presented. The results do not fully explain the shape of the natural gyromagnetic resonance, but they give however the fundamental aspect of the phenomenon. At lower frequency. Snoek's formula is obtained and at higher frequencies this theoretical value of the permeability is perfectly confirmed by several experiments.
Stress in Co-Ni-Fe and Ni-Fe Films
Authors: Gorres J. M. , Hanson M. M. , Lo D. S. 
Published: January 2006

The stress measured at 25°C in vapor-deposited Co-Ni-Fe and Ni-Fe films was investigated as a function of composition, grain size, substrate temperature, film thickness, and annealing parameters. The stress was determined by measuring the change in curvature of circular substrates with an interferometer. Various compositions were studied. The ranges of each constituent were 0%–50% Co, 50%–90% Ni, and 10%–50% Fe. A dependence of stress on composition existed even when the substrate temperature and grain size remained constant.
The residual stress has a nearly parabolic dependence on substrate deposition temperature with a minimum in the vicinity of 275°C. This is in general agreement with the results for Ni-Fe films using different techniques and previously reported by Weiss and Smith.
The stress is nearly constant for film thicknesses 1000–10 000 Å and can be reduced by annealing, provided the annealing temperature is greater than the temperature of deposition.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Epitaxial Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Films
Authors: Kirensky L. V. , Pynko G. P. , Pynko V. G. 
Published: January 2006

Measurements were made of the first constant of crystal anisotropy K1 and K⊥ = KN−2πJS2−K1 of the films, Fe, Ni, and Co, epitaxially grown on NaCl, LiF, and MgO crystals. Here KN is the constant of anisotropy perpendicular to the plane of a film, and JS is the saturation magnetization.
The conclusion is drawn that the fact that K⊥ ≠ 0 in films cannot be explained only by stress. Stress accounts only for the difference between K1 of single-crystal films and K1 of in massive single crystals.
Antiferromagnetic Properties of Light Rare Earth Monochalcogenides
Authors: Smolensky G. A. , Adamjan V. E. , Loginov G. M. 
Published: January 2006

Magnetic investigation of monochalcogenides MeX where Me = Ce, Pr, or Nd and X = S, Se, or Te at 4°–1300°K was undertaken. Van Vleck's theory was used for describing experimental χ(T) dependences at T&gt;500°K.
It has been observed that monochalcogendies formed by the ions with an odd number of electrons exhibit an antiferromagnetic ordering near ∼10°K in contrast to the monochalcogenides formed by the ions with an even number of 4f electrons (Pr3+, Sm2+) except PrS. An attempt to evaluate the parameters of the exchange interaction using molecular field approximation was made. In order to explain the χ(T) dependences obtained at T &lt; 100°K the approximation which included crystal-field and exchange effects simultaneously is required.
Magnetic Effects of Rare-Earth Impurities on Electron Transport in the Noble Metals
Authors: de Vries G. , Bijvoet J. 
Published: January 2006

Of the dilute alloys of rare-earth metals in the noble metals, only a few show a small resistance anomaly and a temperature-dependent negative magnetoresistance at liquid-helium temperatures. In a saturating magnetic field the decrease for the Gd alloys is 2%. A calculation in Born approximation shows this to be due to interference between Coulomb and spin-dependent scattering. The absolute value of J is found to be 0.04 eV when the interaction is written as H = − Jσ·Sδ(r−ri).
A similar calculation for two different magnetic impurities contains cross terms in the two coupling constants. For Mn in Ag, J is known to be negative from the resistance minimum (Kondo). It is concluded from the fact that, with 0.20 a.t.% Mn and 0.39 at.% Gd, only a very small magnetoresistance is observed, and that the sign of J is positive. With J = 0.04 eV a small negative Kondo effect can be computed which is of the same order of magnitude as experimentally found.
The magnetic effects in these alloys are small compared to what is reported in the literature on alloys with trivalent solvents. We have checked in a few cases that the magnetic moment agrees with the free-ion values. The explanation of the apparently small value of J probably must be found in a more careful analysis of the interference terms that may be different for different partial waves.
Magnetic Resonances in the Ising Spin Ferro- and Antiferromagnets
Authors: Date Muneyuki , Motokawa Mitsuhiro 
Published: January 2006

Two new types of magnetic resonances in ferro- and antiferromagnetic Ising-like spin system are reported. One of them is the spin-cluster resonance first observed in CoCl22H2O. This compound is antiferromagnetic below 17°K with an antiferromagnetic arrangement of ferromagnetic Ising-like linear chains. In such a system, one can expect localized spin-cluster excitations in addition to the usual spin waves. We have observed the resonance with the selection rule Δm = ±1, where m is the number of spins in a short-range-order spin cluster directed opposite to the majority spins in a ferromagnetic chain of CoCl22H2O. In FeCl2, the spin-cluster resonance in a ferromagnetic layer was observed.
When an Ising-like spin system contains some impurity spins, the impurity spin resonance can be observed under suitable conditions. We have observed the spin resonance of Fe3+ and Mn2+ spins in FeCl2. A more typical example was obtained in Mn-doped CoCl22H2O whose resonance line shows a well-separated fine structure splitting.
Spin-Lattice Heat Transfer in Pulsed Magnetic Fields
Authors: de Vries G. , Verwey E. J. , Roeland L. W. , Miedema A. R. 
Published: January 2006

Spin-lattice relaxation in a paramagnetic salt at liquid-helium temperatures has been studied by observing the time dependence of the magnetization in a pulsed magnetic field. The nearly trapezoidal field pulse can be kept constant during 0.3 sec for the largest field of 15 MA/m (200 kOe) and it is possible to determine relaxation times between 10−2 and about 10 sec.
The spin-lattice relaxation in CuCs2(SO4)2·6H2O is found to be governed by the direct process between 1.8° and 4.2°K, the field dependence of the relaxation time being H1.6. Below 1.8°K the relaxation rate suddenly becomes much slower, which is ascribed to an increase of the wavelength for phonon-phonon interaction, such that phonon-heating effects predominate below 1.5°K.
On Spin-Spin Relaxation Effects
Authors: Gorter C. J. , Verstelle J. C. 
Published: January 2006

Results of different series of observations recently carried out in Leiden on spin-spin relaxation effects in paramagnetic salts of the iron group are reported and discussed. The character of the frequency-zero band and the resonance bands in parallel fields have been studied in different Tutton salts, and is found to be in agreement with the present theory. The behavior of the Kronig-Bouwkamp band in high parallel fields is the same salts is also reasonably well understood; this is not so for Cu(NH4)2Br4·2H2O. The complicated behavior in salts where there is a known tendency to chain formation is also not yet clear.
De Vrijer's low-field third relaxation has been studied in different salts and is confirmed to be a cross-relaxation phenomenon.
Application of a Temperature-Oscillation Method to Thermomagnetic Studies of Magnetic Phenomena at Low Temperatures
Authors: Oder R. R. 
Published: January 2006

An oscillating-temperature technique is applied to the study of thermo-magnetic properties of solids at low temperatures; its practical advantages and unusually high sensitivity permit unique studies of temperature- and field-dependent properties of magnetic materials. In this induction technique the temperature of the specimen is modulated while a steady magnetic field is applied. The voltage induced in a pickup coil surrounding the specimen is a direct measure of the temperature derivative of the magnetic moment, ∂μ/∂T. Nonlinear dependence of the susceptibility on the temperature produces harmonics in the induced voltage which may be analyzed to obtain other thermodynamic variables. This technique has been successfully applied to observation of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in Zn and Bi.
At present the system detects ∂μ/∂T ≲ 10−5 emu/gm·°K and this limitation is imposed by a paramagnetic background arising from the cryostat.
Using this magnetometer we have observed a component in the differential-temperature susceptibility of tellurium-doped InSb (η∼1018 electrons/cc) which can be fitted to a Brillouin function with N = (9±3) × 1016 spins/cc, g = 2.2±0.2, and J = 1.2±0.02.
Superconductivity, Low-Temperature Resistivity, and Thermoelectric Power of Dilute Solid Solution of Ce in In and Sn
Authors: Boato G. , Bugo M. , Rizzuto C. 
Published: January 2006

An interesting anomalous property of cerium metal is that its valence is not fixed, being able to be in a trivalent (magnetic) or in a tetravalent (nonmagnetic) state. It has been suggested that this, as well as the other anomalous properties of cerium, are due to the fact that the f-electrons are on external orbits, thus being able to interact with the conduction electrons in a similar manner to the d-electrons of the transition metals. If the f-electrons are not tightly bound in cerium metal, the possibility exists that dilute solid solutions of cerium in nontransition metals could induce the similar electron transport anomalies as transition metal impurities.
We have measured the superconducting critical temperature Tc of In-Ce and Sn-Ce solid solutions as a function of the impurity concentration, as well as the resistivity and the thermoelectric power down to 0.3°K. An approximately linear decrease of Tc has been observed in both alloy systems up to the solid solubility limit (150 ppm at.). For In-Ce ΔTc/ρ is −8°K and for Sn-Ce ΔTc/ρ is −20°K, where ρ is the residual resistance ratio R4.2/ (R273−R4.2) which varies linearly with concentration (c) and has the values of ρ/c = 0.31/at.% for the In-Ce system and ρ/c = 0.0471/at.% for the Sn-Ce system.
The values of ΔTc/ρ are larger than would be expected on the basis of normal impurity scattering; however, the resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements do not indicate the presence of localized magnetic moments, the former showing no minimum and the latter being positive and small (S ≈ 0.3 mV/°K) for the present temperature range of measurements. We believe that if the assumption is made that a virtual f-level lies near the Fermi energy, the observed magnitude of the suppression of the superconducting critical temperature as well as the small positive thermopowers could be explained on the basis of existing theories.
New Type of Domain Structure of Permalloy “Stripe-Films”
Authors: Krinchik G. S. 
Published: January 2006

The domain structure of Permalloy “stripe-films” of thickness 2.5–10 μ was investigated by the magneto-optic method. Three types of measurements were used: (1) measurements of static hysteresis loops from the surface layer of the films, (2) measurements of the ratio IR/IS for the surface layer of the films by means of the dynamic method, and (3) measurement of the magnetization vector orientation in a single surface domain by a device with micron resolution.
The comparison of these results with the static hysteresis loops of the whole film justifies the assumption of a new type of domain structure of the “stripe-films” with closed magnetic flux, the residual magnetization of which is determined essentially by the surface domains. The orientation of the magnetization vector has been determined in the surface and internal domains of the film. The formation of this domain structure is evidently due to the energy dependence of the domain boundaries.
Measure of Self-Consistency in 180° Domain Wall Models
Authors: Aharoni Amikam 
Published: January 2006

Two expressions are given for the energy of an interdomain wall, and it is shown that these expressions are identical for wall configurations which represent an energy minimum. In any Ritz method calculation, in which the magnetization distribution inside the wall is approximated by a certain functional form with adjustable parameters, the ratio between these two energy expressions is defined as the self-consistency parameter S. This parameter should, thus, be close to one, if the assumed wall structure is close to some minimum-energy configuration. Although having S ≈ 1 is only necessary, and not sufficient, condition for the structure to be a good approximation to some physical situation, calculating this parameter can serve as a convenient method for eliminating inadequate theories.
The self-consistency parameter S is calculated for the wall models of Middlehoek, Dietze. and Thomas, and Aharoni. It is found that for the Bloch wall, although these theories leave a lot to be desired, they at least yield an S which is of the order of one. Even this is not true for the Néel wall, where S is of the order of ten for Permalloy films, 100 to 200 Å thick.
A Modification of the Kittel Open Structure
Authors: Szymczak R. 
Published: January 2006

We have examined a wavy structure model characterized by the domain width D, wave amplitude α, wavelength γ, wave-vanishing depth l, and crystal thickness L. The critical thickness of the crystal plate at which the Kittel open structure changes to a wavy structure, and the corresponding values of Dcr and γcr, can be calculated by minimizing the total energy of the model. The dependence of D, α, and γ on the crystal thickness has been established. A simple mathematical transformation makes it possible to use calculations made for a particular ferromagnet in order to predict the domain structure of one having different magnetic parameters. Examination of the Bitter patterns on barium ferrite and magnetoplumbite single crystals has confirmed the theoretical predictions of the changes of width and domain shape with increasing crystal thickness.
Qualitative and quantitative studies of the influence on the wavy structure of an external magnetic field perpendicular to the easy axis provide additional confirmation of the theoretical conclusions.
Brain Metastases in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gupta Tejpal , Laskar Siddhartha , Gujral Sumeet , Muckaden Mary Ann 
Published: January 2006

Background and purpose: Brain metastasis is a relatively uncommon event in the natural history of soft tissue sarcomas.
The increasing use of chemotherapy may have caused a reduction in local relapses as well as distant failures leading to an
improvement in survival, thereby allowing metachronous seeding of the brain, a sanctuary site. The purpose of this report is
to increase awareness amongst clinicians regarding such a possibility.Patients and methods: A review of the departmental sarcoma database following the presentation of this index case in the
clinic.Results and discussion: An adolescent male who had previously been treated with surgery and radiotherapy for a spindle cell
sarcoma of the left thigh developed a space‐occupying lesion in the brain within 6 months of treatment of the primary
tumor. He subsequently underwent resection of the presumed solitary brain metastasis followed by whole brain
radiotherapy. On radiation he was detected to have pulmonary metastases too, for which he was offered palliative
chemotherapy. The patient died of brain metastasis within 4 months. A review of the departmental sarcoma database,
restricted to soft tissue sarcomas purely, maintained prospectively from 2000 till date, could not identify any other such
case.Conclusion: Brain metastases from soft tissue sarcomas are rare. Patients with neurological symptoms, however, should
be appropriately investigated. Surgical resection of brain metastasis could be considered for solitary brain metastasis
in non‐eloquent areas. Palliative radiotherapy is appropriate for patients with multiple brain metastases or co‐existing
extra‐cranial disease.
Angiosarcoma With Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath TumourDeveloping in a Patient With Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber Syndrome
Authors: Ploegmakers Marieke J. M. , Pruszczynski Maciej , De Rooy Jacky , Kusters Benno , Veth René P. H. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: We discuss the coexistence of Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome with various malignancies, the possible
histogenetic pathways and therapeutic implications.Patient: We report on a 46‐year‐old man presenting with increasing pain and swelling of his right lower leg after fracturing
his fibula. Since birth he was known as having the uncommon syndrome of Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber of his right lower leg.Methods: Our patient underwent an above‐knee amputation for biopsy‐proven malignant vascular tumour, first thought
to be a composite hemangio‐endothelioma and/or angiosarcoma with lung metastases.Results: In the amputated extremity, a vascular malformation was found with tumour showing various components with
foci of angiosarcoma adjacent to diffuse neurofibroma and areas with high‐grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath
tumour. Amputation and palliative chemotherapy were indicated, but he died of pulmonary and cerebral metastases
2 months postoperatively.Discussion: This case describes an angiosarcoma with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour developing in a patient
with Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome. A case never described before in literature and probably, as in our case,
difficult to diagnose at first biopsy.
A Unique Radiation Scheme for the Treatment of High‐Grade Non‐Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma: The Detroit Medical Center Experience
Authors: Fontanesi James , Mott Michael P. , Kraut Michael J. , Lucas David R. , Miller Peter R. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose:This is the initial report on the utilization of combined photon irradiation followed by a neutron boost irradiation
for the initial management of patients with high‐grade non‐metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS). We present data on local
control, complications, disease‐free survival and overall survival in patients at high risk for local relapse.Methods and materials: Between 1/1/1995 and 10/31/02, twenty‐three patients with high‐grade non‐metastatic soft tissue
sarcoma were referred to the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Detroit Medical Center. These patients were
referred for consultation due to surgical margin status (tumor within 3mm of surgical margin (n=11)), or gross residual
disease (n=12). There were 14 males and nine females whose ages ranged from 12 to 75 at the time of diagnosis (med=44
years). The most common histology was malignant fibrous histiocytoma (n=6), followed by liposarcoma (n=5), synovial
sarcoma (n=4), and angiosarcoma (n=2). Twenty‐one of 23 patients also received multi‐agent multi‐cyclic cyto‐reductive
therapy. Treatment consisted of initial daily photon irradiation delivered either using twice daily fractions of 120 cGy
(n=10) or once daily 200 cGy/fx (n=13).Total photon dose was 36–39.6 Gy. Neutron irradiation was initiated
immediately following the photon irradiation and consisted of fraction sizes of 1.0–1.25NGy to a total dose of 6–10 NGy.
The neutrons were given once daily. Follow‐up is calculated from the day of last radiation treatment.Results: No patient has been lost to follow‐up, which has ranged from 18 to 82 months (med=36 months). To date there
have been two local relapses and three patients with distant disease development without local relapse. Each of the patients
with distant disease has died. The local failures occurred at 9 and 12 months. The 36‐month local control is 91%. Thirtysix
month disease‐free survival was 78%. Overall survival at 36 months was 87%. Three patients had unusual complications
consisting of delayed wound healing, and in one of these patients a fracture of the tibia has been noted.Conclusion: The use of this unique radiation sequence post‐surgically in patients at high risk for local relapse has resulted
in an exciting 36‐month local control rate of 91%. The 3‐year disease‐free survival of 78% and overall survival rate of 87%
are exciting but need to mature. The low complication rate is similar to that reported in other large institutional series that
have not utilized neutrons. We continue to evaluate the role of combined photon and once‐off neutron irradiation in the
treatment of patients with high‐grade STS that are risk for local recurrence.
BioShell—a package of tools for structural biology computations
Authors: Gront Dominik , Kolinski Andrzej 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Summary: BioShell is a suite of programs performing common tasks accompanying protein structure modeling. BioShell design is based on UNIX shell flexibility and should be used as its extension. Using BioShell various molecular modeling procedures can be integrated in a single pipeline.
Availability: BioShell package can be downloaded from its website and these pages provide many examples and a detailed documentation for the newest version.
Contact: dgront@chem.uw.edu.pl
The Regulation ofDWARF4Expression Is Likely a Critical Mechanism in Maintaining the Homeostasis of Bioactive Brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Ho Bang , Kwon Mi , Ryu Hojin , Fujioka Shozo , Takatsuto Suguru , Yoshida Shigeo , An Chung Sun , Lee Ilha , Hwang Ildoo , Choe Sunghwa 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMutants that are defective in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis or signaling display severely retarded growth patterns due to absence of growth-promoting effects by BRs. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DWARF4 (DWF4) catalyzes a flux-determining step in the BR biosynthetic pathways. Thus, it is hypothesized that the tissues of DWF4 expression may represent the sites of BR biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Here we show that DWF4 transcripts accumulate in the actively growing tissues, such as root, shoot apices with floral clusters, joint tissues of root and shoot, and dark-grown seedlings. Conforming to the RNA gel-blot analysis, DWF4:β-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical analyses more precisely define the tissues that express the DWF4 gene. Examination of the endogenous levels of BRs in six and seven different tissues of wild type and brassinosteroid insensitive1-5 mutant, respectively, revealed that BRs are significantly enriched in roots, shoot tips, and joint tissues of roots and shoots. In addition, DWF4:GUS expression was negatively regulated by BRs. DWF4:GUS activity was increased by treatment with brassinazole, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor, and decreased by exogenous application of bioactive BRs. When DWF4:GUS was expressed in a different genetic background, its level was down-regulated in brassinazole resistant1-D, confirming that BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 acts as a negative regulator of DWF4. Interestingly, in the brassinosteroid insensitive2/dwf12-1D background, DWF4:GUS expression was intensified and delocalized to elongating zones of root, suggesting that BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 is an important factor that limits DWF4 expression. Thus, it is likely that the DWF4 promoter serves as a focal point in maintaining homeostasis of endogenous bioactive BR pools in specific tissues of Arabidopsis.