bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
46,XY male pseudohermaphroditism due to early foetal testicular dysgenesis
Authors: Messinis Ioannis E. , Nillius Sven Johan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A 17 year old patient with female phenotype and 46,XY karyotype presented because of primary amenorrhoea. Enlarged clitoris and pubic hair were observed and no breast development. Gonadotrophin values were greatly raised into the castrate range, while testosterone was at the upper limit of the normal range for females. No uterus, Fallopian tubes or remnants of Mullerian and Wolffian products were found at laparotomy. Bilateral inguinal masses were removed and proved to be testicular tissue. This case report shows that gonads can be present in patients with the clinical and endocrinological characteristics of the syndrome of 'true agonadism'.
Benserazide, a stimulator of prolactin release: a new test in the diagnosis of pituitary prolactin-secreting tumours
Authors: Pontiroli A. E. , Falsetti L. , Voltolini A. M. , Alberetto M. , Pellicciotta G. , de Pasqua A. , Girardi A. M. , Pozza G. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Benserazide, an extra-cerebral inhibitor of dopa-decarboxylase, elicits prolactin (Prl) release in normal subjects when administered po. The aims of this study were to characterize the effect of benserazide on Prl release and to evaluate benserazide as a diagnostic tool in hyperprolactinaemic patients. In normal subjects, the effect of 50 mg benserazide is reduced to a greater extent by 500 mg than by 200 mg 1-dopa, and is nullified by dopamine (DA, 50 mg iv in 180 min), which also decreases fasting plasma Prl levels. Doses of 25, 50 and 150 mg benserazide elicit Prl responses which are slightly and progressively but not significantly higher; a second dose of 50 mg, administered 150 min later, is without effect on Prl release, while TRH (200 μg iv) elicits a further Prl peak. Since it is known that consecutive doses of TRH yield progressively lower Prl responses while 5-hydroxytryptophan (the precursor of serotonin) further increases Prl release in response to benserazide, we hypothesize that, in an area involving both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, anti-DA drugs (benserazide), TRH, and serotonin stimulate Prl release by interacting with different kinds of receptors.
When administered to hyperprolactinaemic patients, benserazide stimulated Prl release in puerperal women and in patients with functional hyperprolactinaemias, but was totally ineffective in patients with pituitary adenomas, whatever the fasting plasma Prl levels.
In 2 patients with a normal sellar tomography in whom benserazide induced no Prl release, a second tomography or computerized axial tomography of the brain, performed respectively 3 and 6 months later, revealed a pituitary microadenoma. These results suggest that benserazide may be a valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia.
Growth hormone and prolactin secretion by dispersed cell cultures of a normal human pituitary: effects of thyrotrophin releasing hormone, theophylline, somatostatin, and 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine
Authors: Adams Eric F. , Brajkovich Imperia E. , Mashiter Keith 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion by a normal human pituitary in dispersed cell culture has been investigated. Prl secretion was significantly stimulated after 0.5, 1,2 and 4 h exposure to 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/ml thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). Maximal effects were obtained with 10 ng/ml TRH at 2 h, higher doses being less effective. GH secretion was unchanged with the exception that 1 ng/ml TRH produced a small decrease at 4 h. GH and Prl secretion was significantly inhibited by incubation with 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 μg/ml 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine (bromocriptine). The inhibition persited for a further 24 h after removal of bromocriptine. Theophylline (10−2 m) significantly increased GH and Prl secretion during a 4 h incubation and this effect was blocked by co-incubation with 10 ng/ml somatostatin (SRIF). SRIF also inhibited basal GH and Prl secretion during 4 h and removal of SRIF and incubation for at further 4 h led to a rebound in GH and Prl secretion to levels greater than control.
It is concluded that cell culture techniques previously applied to the study of hormone secretion by pituitary adenomas can be equally applied to the normal human pituitary.
Effect of goitrogen administration on the circadian rhythm of serum thyroid stimulating hormone in the rat
Authors: Stringer B. , Wynford-Thomas D. , Jasani B. , Williams E. D. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Adult male rats were fed a goitrogen, aminotriazole, for 74 days at a dose known to suppress thyroid function completely. At the end of this period, these animals along with matched controls were killed in groups of seven at 3 hourly intervals throughout a 24 hour period, and serum TSH, T3, T4 and albumin assayed.
No significant circadian rhythms of T3, T4 or albumin were found in either, but a highly significant rhythm of TSH was demonstrated both in controls and goitrogen treated groups, with a diminished relative amplitude in the latter.
The results indicate that a significant diurnal rhythm of serum TSH persists in the rat despite long-term blockade of thyroid hormone synthesis and that the existence of this rhythm is therefore independent of the presence of circulating T3 or T4.
Follow-up of women with large-for-dates infants. Early insulin and C-peptide response to intravenous glucose, blood lipids and HLA-types
Authors: Persson B. , Möller E. , Thunell S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In a previous study we determined the glucose disappearance rate (kt) in 129 newborn large-for-dates infants (LFD) born to mothers without known diabetes. Twenty-six infants (i.e. 20.6%) had elevated kt values similar to those in offspring of diabetic mothers. A follow-up study of 123 of these mothers was performed 7 years after delivery and included determination of early insulin and C-peptide response to intravenous glucose, plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins and HLA-typing. Two subjects had developed diabetes and altogether 14% had a kt below 1.0. Measures of the early insulin and C-peptide response to glucose were equally well correlated to maternal kt values (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Measures of the early insulin and C-peptide responses were significantly correlated (r = 0.64, P < 0.001). The frequency distribution of HLA antigens were not different from normal and there was no association between HLA-B8 or B15 and impaired insulin response or glucose tolerance. Multiple regression and discriminate analysis of clinical and biochemical variables could not accurately identify women with high or low kt values. Multiple regression analysis using infant kt value as the dependent variable disclosed only a weak, but significant, inverse association to maternal insulin response to glucose at follow-up.
Free norethisterone as reflected by saliva concentrations of norethisterone during oral contraceptive use
Authors: Odlind Viveca , Johansson Elof D. B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Saliva and plasma concentrations of norethisterone (NET) were determined by a radioimmunoassay in 5 healthy women and in one epileptic woman on phenytoin treatment during a 21-day cycle on an oral contraceptive containing 3 mg NET-acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyloestradiol. Plasma non-protein bound concentrations of NET were determined by equilibrium dialysis. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was measured in all samples. An excellent correlation was found between plasma total, plasma non-protein bound and saliva levels of NET. Plasma non-protein bound and saliva concentrations were in the same range throughout, indicating that saliva concentrations reflect the free fraction of NET in plasma. SHBG increased considerably in all women. A slight decrease in the ratio between total and non-protein bound concentrations was found with time, possibly reflecting a slight increase in protein binding with increasing SHBG. The woman on anticonvulsant therapy had plasma total, plasma unbound and saliva NET concentrations that were only 30 per cent of those of the healthy women. The relationship between the different fractions was similar to that found in the healthy women. The non-protein bound fraction of NET was 4–5 per cent of the total in all women studied.
Human thyroid blood flow response to endogenous, exogenous human, and bovine thyrotrophin measured by electromagnetic flowmetry
Authors: Tegler Lennart , Gillquist Jan , Anderberg Bo , Jacobson Gunilla , Lundström Björn , Roos Paul 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Human thyroid blood flow (TBF) was studied with electromagnetic flowmetry during operation. Measurements were made of the effect on TBF of injections of bovine TSH into one inferior thyroid artery in 6 patients; 6 other patients were given human TSH, and in 10 patients measurements were made both of TBF and endogenous TSH released after administration of TRH in a peripheral vein.
The TBF increased after all three types of injection. The mean of the TBF maxima after bovine TSH was 2.26 ± 0.35 (mean ± sem) relative to basal TBF, after human TSH 1.97 ± 0.28, and after TRH 1.64 ± 0.20. In the three groups combined it was 1.92 ± 0.16. The TBF was often increased already during the first recording period 1–10 min after TSH or TRH administration. The mean TBF was approximately doubled at 30–50 min. There were considerable inter-individual variations in the latent time and maximum response of TBF, especially after human TSH, but we found no correlation between the response and the TSH serum concentration in any group.
A prompt, but inter-individually varying, increase in TBF was confirmed. This increase is suggested to be secondary to an increased intrafollicular metabolic activity and not primarily regulating the thyroid function.
Heterogeneity of somatostatin like immunoreactivity (SLI) in extracts of porcine, canine and human pancreas
Authors: Newgard Christopher B. , Holst Jens J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Four different extraction procedure representative of methods commonly employed in the isolation of somatostatin like immunoreactivity (SLI) were tested for their ability to extract large MW forms of SLI from porcine, canine and human pancreas. The yield of SLI and recovery of added somatostatin was much higher with methods involving traditional acid/ethanol extraction (methods I and II) than with methods involving boiling of tissues in water or 2 m CH3COOH (methods III and IV). Porcine and canine pancreases extracted by methods III and IV (but not methods I and II) revealed remarkable molecular heterogeneity upon gel filtration, but immuno-affinity-chromatography eliminated the largest forms. A component of approximately 3000 daltons was immunoabsorbable and resisted refiltration in 8 m urea. No large forms were detectable in human pancreases. The SLI peaks eluting at the position of synthetic somatostatin could be resolved into two components, one of which was lacking C-terminal immunoreactivity. It is concluded that the method of extraction as well as the species investigated and the specificity of the antisera employed will influence significantly the results of studies of the tissue forms of somatostatin.
The recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ad renal axis after transsphenoidal operation in three patients with Cushing's disease. The effect of prior external pituitary irradiation
Authors: Lamberts Steven W.J. , Klijn Jan G. M. , de Jong Frank H. , Birkenhäger Jan C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The recovery of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis after selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy was studied in 3 patients with Cushing's disease by measuring basal plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations, cortisol secretion rate, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol, and the reaction of cortisol to lysine vasopressin (LVP), of compound S to metyrapone and of cortisol and growth hormone to an insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. The third patient had been treated previously by external pituitary irradiation. In 2 patients basal plasma ACTH levels returned within normal values before plasma cortisol, but no supra-physiological plasma concentrations of ACTH were seen as has been observed after withdrawal of exogenous glucocorticoids. With regard to the different stimulation tests: at first the normal reaction of plasma cortisol to LVP returned after 3 months, at the same time as the restoration of growth hormone secretion in response to hypoglycaemia. A normalization of the reaction to metyrapone was seen thereafter while finally the reaction of cortisol to an insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and the diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol returned 15 to 18 months after operation in the first patient and after 12 months in the second patient. Selective adenomectomy had also been carried out in the third patient, as evidenced by normal TSH, LH and FSH secretion. Hypocortisolism, and a deficient ACTH and growth hormone secretion in response to the stimuli mentioned, however, did not normalize up till 22 months after operation. The restoration of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis after selective pituitary adenomectomy in Cushing's disease was prevented in this patient by prior external pituitary irradiation.
Influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on plasma growth hormone levels and on carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Eigenmann J. E. , Eigenmann R. Y 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The combined effects of oestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate on growth hormone (GH) levels and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in 6 ovariohysterectomized dogs, which previously had shown moderate increments in GH after medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) administration. Oestradiol (Oe2) implants were administered 5 months after the last MPA injection, when MPA and GH levels tended to decrease. Following Oe2 administration GH levels rose significantly. Single MPA injections (100 mg) given 20 days after Oe2-priming were followed by still further increased GH levels. These GH levels were several-fold higher than GH levels achieved by previous MPA administration alone. GH levels decreased in 3 dogs after 35 days and remained elevated in the other 3 dogs as long as 70 days after MPA administration with Oe2 priming. Glucose assimilation became impaired and insulin response to a glucose load increased in relation to elevated GH levels. Oe2-primed control dogs, which received no MPA, failed to develop elevated GH levels.
These findings indicate (1) that Oe2 and MPA induce overproduction in ovariohysterectomized dogs synergistically (2) that GH levels of the magnitude evoked are associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
Distribution of oestrogen-induced peroxidase in the rat uterus
Authors: Affleck A. , Keeping H. S. , Newcombe A. M. , Jellinck P. H. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The activity of oestrogen-induced peroxidase in sections along the uterus of normal and mammary tumour-bearing adult rats was measured. Oestradiol increased the activity of this enzyme in the cervix as well as in other parts of the uterus in ovariectomized or immature rats. Peroxidase activity per mg protein was twice as high in the cervix as in the rest of the uterus where it was evenly distributed along both horns. The concentrations of oestrogen receptors in the cytosol and nucleus in each uterine horn and in the cervix was also determined and found to be lower in the cervix than in other sections of the uterus.
Comparison of acute effects of 1.25- and 24.25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in normal subjects
Authors: Heynen G. , Cornet F. , Franchimont P. , Gaspar S. , Plomteux G. , Cession-Fossion G. , Russel R. G. G. , Kanis J. A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Effects of small iv doses of 1.25-dihydroxy-and 24.25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1 μg) were studied in 10 normal subjects. Injection of 1.25 (OH)2D3 was associated with small but significant increases in plasma calcium and phosphate but plasma levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and calcitonin (iCT) did not change. The administration of 24.25 (OH)2D3 was associated with comparable increases in plasma calcium and a small and transient decrease in plasma iPTH. Plasma levels of iCT did not change. 24.25 (OH)2D3 also significantly increased glomerular filtration rate and decreased the urinary excretion of noradrenaline, in contrast to 1.25 (OH)2D3 which had no effect on these variables. The rapid infusion of calcium significantly decreased levels of iPTH. We conclude that small doses of 1.25 (OH)2D3 and 24.25 (OH)2D3 have little, if any, direct effect on the secretion of PTH and CT in man.
Effect of 2-substituted oestrogens in vivo on the metabolism of noradrenaline in rat brain
Authors: Köster G. , Breuer H. , Schneider H. Th. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The effects of oestradiol-17β, 2-hydroxyoestradiol-17β and 2-methoxyoestradiol-17β on the metabolism of [3H]noradrenaline were studied in various brain regions of ovariectomized rats in vivo. Under the experimental conditions chosen, oestradiol-17β had no effect on the metabolic pattern of noradrenaline. After pre-treatment of ovariectomized rats with 2-hydroxyoestradiol-17β, the formation of methylated metabolites of noradrenaline (normetanephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulphate) was reduced, whereas that of non-methylated products (3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol sulphate) was increased. The inhibition of methylation was most pronounced in posterior hypothalamus and less significant in anterior hypothalamus and thalamus. Pre-treatment with 2-methoxyoestradiol-17β yielded inconsistent results. From the findings described here it may be concluded that 2-hydroxyoestradiol-17β, as previously shown in vitro, also affects the metabolism of noradrenaline in vivo by directly interacting with the catechol-O-methyltransferase. It is suggested that this metabolic effect may be responsible - at least to some extent - for the inhibitory effect of 2-hydroxyoestradiol-17β on LH secretion.
Increase in sleep related GH and Prl secretion after chronic arginine aspartate administration in man
Authors: Besset A. , Bonardet A. , Rondouin G. , Descomps B. , Passouant P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Arginine aspartate was administered orally (250 mg/kg/day) for one week to 5 healthy male human volunteers aged 20–35. After this period, the 24 h patterns of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion were determined by radioimmunoassay on blood samples withdrawn every 20 min and correlated with the polygraphic recordings of electroencephalogram, electromyogram and electrooculogram. The results were compared to data obtained in identical conditions with the same subjects but after a week of placebo administration.
In all 5 subjects the slow wave sleep related GH peak was about 60% higher after a week of arginine aspartate administration than in the control period, with individual changes of + 24, + 25, + 42, + 47 and + 162%.
The nocturnal mean plasma Prl of each subject was higher after arginine aspartate than before. The nocturnal rise of plasma Prl increased from a mean value of + 21.5% during the placebo period to + 95% at the end of the arginine aspartate treatment.
These hormonal modifications were not accompanied by any detectable alteration of sleep organization and specially of the slow wave sleep pattern, suggesting a direct neuroendocrine action of the drug.
Pattern of prolactin secretion and pituitary responsiveness to LRH in pseudopregnant rats maintained in constant light
Authors: Koiter T. R , van der Gugten A. A. , Pols-Valkhof N. , van Eekeren J. , Schuiling G. A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Secretion of LH in response to an LRH infusion (104 ng/h during 21 h), secretion of progesterone (P) and 20 α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP), as well as the 24 h rhythm of prolactin (Prl) secretion were investigated in rats rendered persistently oestrous by exposure to constant light and in which subsequently pseudopregnancy (PSP) had been induced by cervical stimulation after induction of ovulation by hCG. Similar persistently oestrous rats, but otherwise untreated, served as controls.
LRH was infused through an intra-jugular cannula and blood samples for assay of LH were taken via an intra-carotid cannula. LH responses were judged on the basis of the mean maximal height (MH; ng LH ml plasma) and the rate of decrease or half life (t½ of the plasma LH concentrations after 2 h of LRH infusion. For assay of P and DHP blood samples were taken from the orbitalplexus. In another series of animals blood, for assay of Prl, was sampled every 2 h for 24 h from a cannula with the tip in the right atrium.
It was observed that in persistently oestrous rats LH-responses were high (MH = 3326 ± 305) and steep (t½ = 65 ± 10 min). On the day after the night of ovulation (day 0 of PSP) and on days 1, 5 and 9 of PSP the responses were lower (MH between 1315 and 1041) and more blunted (t½ varied between 236 and 142 min), whilst on day 12 of PSP they were again higher (MH = 4416 ± 575) and steeper (t½ = 101 ± 12 min).
P and DHP concentrations were low in persistently oestrous rats and high during days 5 and 8 of PSP. On day 12 of PSP P concentrations were low again, while the DHP concentrations had increased further.
In persistently oestrous rats the plasma Prl levels were low with incidental elevations (up to 141 ng Prl/ml aAntoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands plasma). During days 8 – 9 of PSP Prl was secreted at irregular intervals (1 to 3 peaks/24 h) with peak levels of up to 400 ng Prl/ml plasma. On days 11 – 12 of PSP, Prl peaks were lacking almost completely: only a few minor elevations (up to 41 ng Prl/ml plasma) were measured.
It is concluded that during days 0 to 10 of pseudopregnancy under constant light the endocrine state of the animals (in terms of LRH-responsiveness and P and DHP secretion) differs significantly form that during the previous and the following days. As similar changes are observed in PSP rats maintained under standard lighting conditions, it is apparent that the lighting conditions do not influence these changes. The pattern of Prl secretion during PSP, on the other hand is affected by the lighting conditions.
Inhibition of leukocyte migration by human thyroid adenocarcinoma associated antigens
Authors: Aoki Norihiko , DeGroot Leslie J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay was used successfully to demonstrate the existence of cell-mediated immunity to tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in patients with thyroid adenocarcinoma. With the use of crude tumour extracts obtained from a mixed papillary-follicular adenocarcinoma of the thyroid by hypertonic KCl solubilization, 50.0% positive reactivity was observed in metastatic thyroid cancer patients, whereas no healthy donors or patients with auto-immune thyroid disease showed a positive response in the LMI assay. Among responders, no antigenic cross-reactivity was found between the crude tumour extracts and non-cancerous antigens such as human thyroglobulin, or extracts of Graves' disease thyroid tissue, or kidney tissue. The crude tumour extracts were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and the effluent materials were pooled into three fractions. The high molecular weight fraction corresponding to the side of thyroglobulin elution, and the intermediate molecular weight fraction, showed no TAA activity. The low molecular weight fraction including substances of molecular size near that of ovalbumin (45 000 molecular weight) selectively retained the TAA activity. TAA activity in the low molecular weight fraction was concentrated in comparison to the crude tumour extracts. When this fraction was tested in the LMI assay, positive reactivity increased in metastatic thyroid cancer patients, but no response was observed in either healthy donors or patients with thyroid auto-immune diseases. The LMI response to TAA was more striking in patients with active metastatic cancer than in those whose metastatic foci had responded to treatment.