bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sir Charles Bell (1774−1842): contributions to neuro‐ophthalmology
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej , Kaufman Matthew H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.Sir Charles Bell (1774–1842) was a Scottish anatomist, physiologist, neurologist, artist and surgeon, who enjoyed a distinguished career in teaching and clinical practice in London between 1804 and 1836. In 1814, he was appointed to the surgical staff of the Middlesex Hospital. In 1824, he was elected Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and shortly afterwards was elected Professor of Physiology at the University of London. In 1831, he was knighted on the accession of William IV. In 1836, he was elected to the Chair of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh, and remained there until his death in 1842, at 68 years of age. During his career, Bell was a prolific medical author, a brilliant medical researcher and a skilled artist. In 1811, he discovered the distinct functions of the motor and sensory nerves, findings that were initially published in a pamphlet entitled ‘Ideas of a New Anatomy of the Brain’. In 1821, Bell described the long thoracic nerve, which supplies the serratus anterior muscle, and which now bears his name. In the same paper he showed that lesions of the seventh cranial nerve produce facial paralysis (now termed Bell's palsy). He also demonstrated that the fifth cranial nerve is of sensory importance to the face and controls the muscles of mastication, whereas the seventh cranial nerve principally controls the muscles of facial expression. Bell published research on a number of ophthalmological subjects. This paper reviews some of these latter achievements.
Adjunctive treatment of acute mania: a clinical overview
Authors: Sachs G. S. , Gardner‐Schuster E. E. 
Published: August 2007

Objective:  To provide an overview of the available high quality evidence‐base of studies of adjunctive pharmacologic treatment for acute mania.Method:  Double‐blind controlled trials with adequate samples (n > 100) were identified through search of PubMed/MEDLINE and computerized abstracts from 2004‐2006 meetings of the American Psychiatric Association, International Conference on Bipolar Disorder, and Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacolium using key words mania, adjunct, and combination.Results:  Placebo‐controlled studies with positive results support the adjunctive use of five agents including valproate, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and haloperidol. Agents with only negative or failed placebo‐controlled studies included carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, oxcarbazepine, and ziprasidone. We found no placebo‐controlled study of many commonly used agents including lithium, aripiprazole, and clozapine. No studies explicitly excluded subjects, based on prior treatment with the monotherapy being offered and several studies limited randomization to patients with documented inadequate response to the monotherapy arm.Conclusion:  The available placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trials support adjunctive therapy combining lithium or valproate with olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol or quetiapine. The additional increment of antimanic efficacy of these combinations over monotherapy was similar in magnitude to that seen for the same agents as monotherapy in comparison with placebo. These additive benefits enhanced the tolerability of adverse effects sufficiently to allow a higher proportion of subjects receiving combination therapies to complete the studies than monotherapy treated patients. The available data has several shortcomings and the available studies are inadequate to conclusively determine whether combination treatment is more efficacious than monotherapy when used by subjects naive to both treatments. Nevertheless, adjunctive treatment, which combines agents with proven antimanic efficacy, offers an attractive option for patients with acute mania.
Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder
Authors: Berk M. , Dodd S. , Kauer‐Sant’Anna M. , Malhi G. S. , Bourin M. , Kapczinski F. , Norman T. 
Published: August 2007

Objective:  Rational therapeutic development in bipolar is hampered by a lack of pathophysiological model. However, there is a wealth of converging data on the role of dopamine in bipolar disorder. This paper therefore examines the possibility of a dopamine hypothesis for bipolar disorder.Method:  A literature search was conducted using standard search engines Embase, PyschLIT, PubMed and MEDLINE. In addition, papers and book chapters known to the authors were retrieved and examined for further relevant articles.Results:  Collectively, in excess of 100 articles were reviewed from which approximately 75% were relevant to the focus of this paper.Conclusion:  Pharmacological models suggest a role of increased dopaminergic drive in mania and the converse in depression. In Parkinson’s disease, administration of high‐dose dopamine precursors can produce a ‘maniform’ picture, which switches into a depressive analogue on withdrawal. It is possible that in bipolar disorder there is a cyclical process, where increased dopaminergic transmission in mania leads to a secondary down regulation of dopaminergic receptor sensitivity over time. This may lead to a period of decreased dopaminergic transmission, corresponding with the depressive phase, and the repetition of the cycle. This model, if verified, may have implications for rational drug development.
Measuring mania metabolites: a longitudinal proton spectroscopy study of hypomania
Authors: Malhi G. S. , Ivanovski B. , Wen W. , Lagopoulos J. , Moss K. , Sachdev P. 
Published: August 2007

Objective:  Using single‐voxel proton spectroscopy we aimed to investigate changes in metabolite levels in key brain regions during hypomania and euthymia in patients with bipolar disorder (BD).Method:  Nine patients with a diagnosis of BD and nine age, sex, education, and handedness‐matched comparison subjects underwent magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy (H1‐MRS) using a 1.5 T magnet. Patients were assessed whilst hypomanic and euthymic. Metabolite (N‐acetyl asparate, NAA; myo‐inositol, mI; choline, Cho) levels in the basal ganglia (BG), anterior cingulate cortex (AC), and frontal cortex (FC) were compared both between groups and within the patient group.Results:  Multivariate analysis revealed significant complex relationships between metabolite levels and brain regions with significant differences observed both between bipolar patients (hypomanic and euthymic) and controls, and across the two mood states. Hypomanic patients had lower mean metabolite levels when averaged across the AC and FC regions, compared with the controls. They also had a smaller difference in mean metabolite levels between the BG and FC than the control group. Euthymic patients were also found to have a smaller difference in the level of NAA between the BG and AC than the control group.Conclusion:  This exploratory study of BD demonstrates significant differences in metabolite levels that vary both with respect to brain region and mood state. Not withstanding the confounding effects of medication and the limitation of small sample size the findings are important as they demonstrate that a longitudinal approach is a useful design especially in the context of a long‐term phasic illness.
Cytomorphologic signs of severe pernicious anemia obscured in a patient with heterozygous hemoglobin Stanleyville II
Authors: Draube Andreas , Chemnitz Jens M. , Wickenhauser Claudia , Staib Peter , Hallek Michael , Kreuzer Karl‐Anton 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHere, we report a rare coincidence of heterozygous hemoglobinopathy (Hb) Stanleyville II and severe pernicious anemia due to autoimmune gastritis. Hb Stanleyville II is characterized by a single base exchange (AAC→AAA) resulting in a substitution Asn→Lys at position 78 of hemoglobin α2‐chain. Under normal conditions this hemoglobinopathy does not cause any symptoms even if present as homozygous variant. However, in our case diagnosis of pernicious anemia was hampered by the absence of typical erythrocytic macrocytosis and hyperchromasia. In addition, interpretation of bone marrow smears was difficult as characteristic findings for pernicious anemia were little pronounced. All known reasons for the absence of typical cytomorphologic signs in pernicious anemia as underlying iron deficiency and thalassemia could be excluded.
‘Ngana minyarti? What is this?’ Development of cognitive questions for the Kimberley Indigenous Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Smith Kate , LoGiudice Dina , Dwyer Anna , Thomas Jenny , Flicker Leon , Lautenschlager Nicola T , Almeida Osvaldo P , Atkinson David 
Published: August 2007

Objectives:  To describe the processes used to develop an instrument to assess cognition in the older Indigenous community of the Kimberley region of Western Australia, given the diverse history and culture of the region. Methods:  Cognition questions were discussed with Indigenous organisations, councils, linguists, interpreters and health professionals. Existing assessment tools were reviewed. The cognition questions and the way in which they were approached were trialled with older Indigenous participants. Results:  Questions to assess cognition were developed and incorporated into the Kimberley Indigenous Cognitive Assessment (KICA) instrument, which has since been demonstrated to be a valid and reliable assessment of cognition in older Indigenous Australians in the Kimberley. Conclusion:  The KICA‐Cog questions in the KICA survey tool provide the first specific instrument for assessing cognitive decline in older Indigenous Australians. This instrument, or a modification of this instrument, is likely to have broader applicability across Indigenous communities in Northern Australia.
Well for Life: Evaluation and policy implications of a health promotion initiative for frail older people in aged care settings
Authors: McKenzie Rosemary , Naccarella Lucio , Thompson Catherine 
Published: August 2007

This paper discusses the findings and policy implications of an evaluation of ‘Well for Life’, a health promotion initiative that focuses on good nutrition and physical activity for frail older people in Planned Activity Groups and residential aged care facilities. The evaluation methodology employed the RE‐AIM framework to identify various dimensions of program quality and public health impact. The evaluation found that Well for Life has achieved positive results in workforce development, health promotion capacity‐building and linkages between aged care services and the broader primary care sector. Planned Activity Groups are a promising setting for health promotion for frail older people. Residential care settings are a more challenging environment as there are greater barriers to change in staff practices and greater frailty among residents. Further evaluation is required to inform decision‐making about the focus of investment in health promotion for frail older people in the longer term.
Factors associated with self‐reported use of oral health services among older Melbournians
Authors: Mariño Rodrigo , Browning Colette , Kendig Hal 
Published: August 2007

Objectives:  This paper discusses the utilisation of oral health‐care services by older adults in Melbourne, Australia, and factors associated with their use. Methods:  The study involved 993 older adults who participated in the Melbourne Longitudinal Studies on Healthy Ageing baseline data collection. Results:  Nearly 38% of respondents had used oral health services in the previous year. Another 4% had not visited a dentist for more than 5 years. Recent use of dental services was associated with five predictors: higher level of education, non‐pension sources of income, lower age, more social support and higher levels of depression. Conclusion:  This study provides important information about dental utilisation by older Melbournians. Lack of information on dentition status, and type of dental visits limits the interpretation of the data, highlighting the need to collect relevant information that would inform the design of longitudinal studies aimed at determining predictors of use of oral health services by older Australians.
The financial impact of entering aged care
Authors: Cullen David 
Published: August 2007

Introduction: This paper examines the financial impact of entering aged care. Methods: Estimates of that impact are derived from estimates of the lifetime risk of entry to, the expected total length of stay in, and the annual private cost of, permanent residential care. Results: Almost half of women and a third of men aged 65 years will enter permanent residential care at some time in their remaining life. On average, of those who do enter, women will stay for 3.5 years, whereas men will stay for 2.3 years. For a part‐pensioner with annual income of $A30 000 and assets worth $A160 000, the financial impact of entering care would, on average, be $A52 600 for a woman and $A34 700 for a man. Conclusions: Retiring Australians face a considerable risk that they will require aged care during their remaining lifetime and that the private cost of that care will substantially impact on their finances.
Quantitative Sensory and Autonomic Testing in Nondiabetic Women with Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Esposito Katherine , Ciotola Miryam , Giugliano Francesco , Carleo Diego , Schisano Bruno , Maglione Emilia , Di Tommaso Donato , De Sio Marco , Giugliano Dario 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a significant public health problem. There are no reported studies assessing the relation between sexual function and neuropathy in women, except for diabetes mellitus.

Aim
The aim of this study was to explore the correlations between peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) among nondiabetic women with or without FSD.

Methods
During a 6-month period, women were screened among outpatients seeking routine weight loss help. Cases were women, either pre- or postmenopausal, with abnormal values of FSFI score; controls were women from the same population with normal values of FSFI score, matched with cases for age and menopausal status. The total score range was 2–36; a score of 23 or lower indicated sexual dysfunction. The tool was administered during the follicular (days 5–8) phase of the menstrual cycle.

Main Outcome Mesures
The assessment of peripheral neuropathy was based on the quantitative sensory examination using the vibratory, thermal, and pain sensory thresholds. The assessment of autonomic neuropathy was based on cardiovascular reflex tests (deep breathing and squatting).

Results
The results of the quantitative sensory testing examination showed pathological changes in about 20% of women with FSD; the tests were abnormal in about 5% of women in the group without FSD. The percentage of women with abnormalities of autonomic cardiovascular tests was higher in the group with FSD compared with the group without FSD.

Conclusions
Our results suggest an involvement of both somatic and autonomic nerve fibers in nondiabetic women with FSD.
Catchers in the Rye: Treatment Foster Parents as a System of Care
Authors: McGuinness Teena M. , Dyer Janyce G. 
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM:  Similar to the children in J. D. Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye, youth in foster care face the specter of “going over the cliff.”METHODS:  The empirical basis for “treatment foster care” is reviewed, concluding that treatment foster care is both a clinically and cost‐effective form of community‐based treatment. FINDINGS:  Treatment foster parents prevent the fall of foster youth into the chasm of school failure, involvement with juvenile justice, and dependent living as adults. CONCLUSION:  Treatment foster care is an evidence‐based approach that is less restrictive and offers troubled youth an opportunity to engage and grow within a family setting.
Psychosocial Care for Adult and Child Survivors of the Tsunami Disaster in India
Authors: Becker Susan M. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES:  The tsunami disaster in South Asia affected the mental health and livelihoods of thousands of child and adult survivors, but psychological aspects of rehabilitation efforts are frequently neglected in public health initiatives. METHODS:  Professional teams from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences in Bangalore, India, traveled to the worst‐affected areas in South India and implemented a mental health program of psychosocial care for child and adult survivors. This descriptive report is based on observations of child and adult survivors in Tamil Nadu State of India during January–March 2005. OBSERVATIONS:  Symptoms of emotional distress were observed in child and adult survivors. A train‐the‐trainer community‐based model was implemented for teachers and community‐level workers to respond to the emotional needs of children and adults. CONCLUSION:  In resource‐poor settings with few trained mental health professionals, community workers were taught basic mental health interventions by teams of psychiatrists, nurses, and social workers. This train‐the‐trainer, community‐based approach has implications for natural and man‐made disasters in developed and developing countries.
Respiratory Assessment in Child and Adolescent Residential Treatment Settings: Reducing Restraint‐Associated Risks
Authors: Johnson T. D. 
Published: August 2007

TOPIC:  Crisis situations of youth in treatment settings may require restraints. Restraints should only be used in situations where there is imminent danger to the child and when there is no alternative. They are meant to maintain the child's safety, but there is risk for respiratory compromise. PURPOSE:  Nursing care of children in restraints must include respiratory assessment and, when indicated, immediate intervention to prevent disastrous outcomes. SOURCES:  Review using PubMed and established texts confirms that clinical skills and knowledge is essential to child and adolescent psychiatric nursing. CONCLUSIONS:  Clinical assessment and awareness of risks in physical restraints is essential for the safety and well‐being of the child.
Sampling schemes for estimating spikelet incidence of Fusarium head blight
Authors: Ridout M.S. , Wan Y.Y.K. , Xu X. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat crops. The incidence of diseased spikelets in the population is most naturally estimated by sampling ears of wheat and counting the number of infected spikelets, X, and the total number of spikelets, Y, on each ear. However, there is usually much more variation from ear to ear in the number of infected spikelets than in the total number of spikelets and in practice it is common to obtain a larger sample of X values than Y values. In this paper, we investigate the relative efficiencies of these alternative sampling procedures. Based on historical data, we show that for the levels of disease incidence typically encountered, the latter sampling scheme is indeed more efficient. The results are relevant to estimating disease incidence in other crops.
Habitat Structure Affects Reproductive Success of the Rare Endemic Tree Syzygium mamillatum (Myrtaceae) in Restored and Unrestored Sites in Mauritius
Authors: Kaiser Christopher N. , Hansen Dennis M. , Müller Christine B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTInvasive alien plants affect the functioning of ecosystems by altering plant–animal interactions, such as pollination, which may impede natural regeneration of native plant species. In Mauritius, we studied the reproductive traits and pollination ecology of the rare endemic cauliflorous tree Syzygium mamillatum in a restored forest (all alien plant species removed) and an adjacent unrestored area (degraded by alien plants). Flowers of S. mamillatum were only visited by generalist bird species. Although the initial number of flower buds per tree in the restored forest tended to be higher than that of trees in the unrestored area, final fruit set and the number of seeds per fruit were lower in the restored forest. This corresponded with lower bird visitation rates in the restored area. Additionally, during budding stage, most trees were severely attacked by lepidopteran larvae, and bud loss through herbivory was higher in the restored forest. Thus, the difference in reproductive performance of S. mamillatum between the two localities was caused by contrasting herbivore attack and bird visitation behavior in restored and unrestored areas. Our findings illustrate the importance of restoration efforts in mimicking the original physical structure of habitats and interaction structure of interspecific relationships, and the difficulty of doing so given the imperfect knowledge and the reality that many native species have become locally extinct and replaced by exotic species.
Reiteration in the Monodominant Tropical Tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) and its Potential Adaptive Significance
Authors: Woolley Lance P. , Henkel Terry W. , Sillett Stephen C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe tropical monodominant tree Dicymbe corymbosa reiterates via epicormic shoots and roots, resulting in multistemmed trees with complex pseudotrunks and root mounds. In 2 ha of primary forest on the Guiana Shield, we quantified the reiterative structure and aboveground soil development of 307 D. corymbosa individuals ≥ 10 cm dbh and investigated the potential adaptive significance of reiteration in terms of genet persistence and root exploitation of aboveground soil accumulations. We also investigated the incidence of the heart rot fungus Phellinus robustus in D. corymbosa and examined its relationship to the reiteration process. Large trees contained more and larger reiterations, greater trunk, root mound, and organic soil volumes, and a higher incidence of Phellinus than smaller trees. Roots and ectomycorrhizas were abundant in aboveground soils on the trees, occurred at higher densities than those of the surrounding forest floor, and may be important in recycling mineral nutrients. Stem turnover and reiteration were associated with Phellinus heart rot and appeared to be cumulative over time, resulting in persistent, structurally complex trees of indeterminate lifespan. Dicymbe corymbosa provides a rare example of a tree species that exploits both persistence and recruitment niches, as it successfully recruits through mast fruiting.
Riding the Roller‐Coaster — What's Next for US Farm Policy? Sur les montagnes russes: Quel avenir pour la politique agricole américaine? Eine Berg‐und‐Tal‐Fahrt – was erwartet die US‐Agrarpolitik als nächstes?
Authors: Blandford David 
Published: August 2007

summaryRiding the Roller‐Coaster — What's Next for US Farm Policy?Changes in the balance of political power and in budgetary constraints create a roller‐ coaster in US agricultural policy with shifts between more and less government intervention, higher and lower spending, and more or less liberal approaches to international trade. The suspension of the WTO negotiations and the replacement of a Republican by a Democratic majority in the Congress have created a different political climate from the last Farm Bill in 2002. The economic picture is also very different with less public money to lavish on farmers and less pressure to spend, particularly since many farmers are benefiting from higher crop prices driven by rapidly expanding bio‐energy production. With weak internal and external pressures for change, the new legislation is unlikely to depart radically from the 2002 Farm Act or to be crafted to accommodate future international commitments. There could be some movement away from price‐based support to measures that target revenue, primarily because future payments are likely to be low if prices for farm products remain strong. But the policy roller‐coaster is unlikely to promise an exciting ride for those who would like to see a change in priority from price and income support towards environmental and other aims and towards greater market orientation.