bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive-Outward and Maladaptive-Inward Arterial Remodeling Measured by Intravascular Ultrasound in Hyperhomocysteinemia and Diabetes
Authors: Reddy Hanumanth K. , Koshy Santhosh K. G. , Wasson Sanjeev , Quan Edwin E. , Pagni Sebastian , Roberts Andrew M. , Joshua Irving G. , Tyagi Suresh C. 
Published: June 2007

Background: Coronary artery remodeling implies structural changes in the vessel wall in response to various pathophysiologic conditions. However, the classification of remodeling is unclear. We hypothesized that the adaptive, positive-outward remodeling is a reactive and compensatory response to the stress. The maladaptive negative-inward constrictive remodeling is a passive atherosclerotic condition in which the vessel becomes stiffer. Methods: Patients with atherosclerotic lesions underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) scans. The size of the vessels distal to and proximal to plaques were analyzed by IVUS. Diabetes was created in mice by an intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (65 mg/kg). To reduce remodeling, mice received ciglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-g (PPARg) in drinking water. After 8 weeks, atherosclerotic vessels were analyzed for collagen and elastin. Results: IVUS data suggest an adaptive coronary arterial remodeling was a positive compensatory response to various pathologic stimuli; for example, with the deposition of atherosclerotic plaque, coronary arterial segments enlarged to maintain luminal area. This phenomenon was commonly observed during the initial phases of the development of atherosclerosis. However, negative coronary artery remodeling, or a decrease in vessel area with the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, was maladaptive and was associated with smoking, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, diabetes mellitus, and also after percutaneous coronary interventions (restenosis). In diabetic mice, there was increased collagen and decreased elastin contents; however, treatment with ciglitazone ameliorated the decrease in elastin contents. Conclusion: Global enlargement of the coronary vascular tree occurs during pressure and volume overload associated with ventricular hypertrophic states such as athletic conditioning, hypertensive heart disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, maladaptive coronary arterial remodeling occurs in patients with severe deconditioning, diabetes mellitus, after coronary artery bypass surgery, and in some instances, postintervention.
A friendship intervention for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Preliminary findings
Authors: Hoza B. , Mrug S. , Pelham W. E. , Greiner A. R. , Gnagy E. M. 
Published: June 2007

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are known to experience difficulty in peer relationships. Neither standard interventions for ADHD nor peer acceptance-oriented interventions fully remedy this problem. We propose that interventions targeting ADHD children’s dyadic friendships may be more realistic strategies for improving peer relationships. Hence, a friendship intervention, implemented within the context of an intensive behavioral treatment program with 209 ADHD children, is described. A model is proposed in which the friend’s antisocial behavior relates to parental compliance with the friendship intervention, and both the friend’s antisocial behavior and parental compliance predict friendship quality and treatment response. Results indicate that children paired with peers lower on antisocial behavior and children whose parents had higher levels of compliance with the friendship intervention achieved higher quality friendships and were rated by teachers as more improved.
Underlying processes in the poor response inhibition of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Gomez Rapson 
Published: June 2007

This study evaluated the effects of reward, punishment, and reward + punishment on the impulsive responses of ADHD children. The impulsive responses of ADHD and normal control boys (30 per group) were compared during performance of a go/no-go task, administered under reward-only, punishment-only, and reward + punishment conditions. When differences in aggression, anxiety, and IQ between these groups were controlled for, results indicated that the impulsivity levels of the ADHD group were higher than the control group in all three reinforcement conditions. Also, the ADHD group was more impulsive in the reward + punishment condition, compared to the reward-only and punishment-only conditions, and there was no difference between the reward-only and punishment-only conditions. The control groups showed no difference across the three reinforcement conditions. These findings raise the possibility that the poor response inhibition of ADHD children may be related to both a generalized inhibitory deficit and a response modulation deficit.
Differences in heterosocial behavior and outcomes of ADHD-symptomatic subtypes in a college sample
Authors: Canu Will H. , Carlson Garyn L. 
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore heterosocial relational outcomes in a college-aged sample showing symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Using questionnaires and a behavioral observation task, dating, sexual, and social outcomes were examined in three groups: 24 non-ADHD controls, 27 ADHD-combined (ADHD/C) Type, and 13 ADHD-Primarily Inattentive (ADHD/IA) Type. The ADHD/IA group shoed a consistent pattern of passivity and inexperience and was perceived relatively negatively by female confederates, whereas the ADHD/C group reported increased sexual drive and early dating experience. The effects of externalizing comorbidity differed by DSM-IV ADHD subtype. These findidngs indicate that ADHD-symptomatic adults differ by DSM-IV subtype in the manifestation of heterosocial deficits. Results suggest specific and divergent types of psychosocial intervention with ADHD/C versus ADHD/IA clients
Diagnostic utility of DSM-IV-TR symptoms in the prediction of DSM-IV-TR ADHD subtypes and ODD
Authors: Owens J. , Hoza B. 
Published: June 2007

Objective: Examined the diagnostic utility of DSM-IV-TR symptoms in the prediction of DSM-IV-TR ADHD subtypes and ODD to: (a) Assess the relative utility of parent and teacher ratings, and (b) Examine the utility of individual symptoms as inclusion and exclusion criteria. Method: Parent and teacher versions of the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale were completed for 440 children (217 boys; 223 girls) ranging in age from 9 to 13 years and were used to classify children into groups. Individual symptoms were used to compute corrected conditional probability statistics. Results: Corrected positive predictive power (cPPP) statistics indicated that parent and teacher ratings had similar diagnostic utility in the prediction of the presence of ADHD, Inattentive Type and ADHD, Hyperactive/Impulsive Type, and that their combination did not provide incremental utility over either informant alone. However, cPPP statistics for ADHD, Combined Type, and ODD indicated that teacher ratings, and the use of combined parent and teacher ratings, provided an advantage over parent ratings alone. Results support the use of a multi-method, multi-informant assessment approach.
Reactive vs. proactive antisocial behavior: Differential correlates of child ADHD symptoms?
Authors: Bennett David S. , Pitale Maria , Vora Vaishali , Rheingold Alyssa A. 
Published: June 2007

This study examines the relation between proactive and reactive antisocial behavior with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Caregivers of children aged 8 to 15 ( n = 84) being evaluated at a child psychiatry outpatient clinic served as participants. Given the conceptual similarity between reactive antisocial behavior (ASB) and particular ADHD symptoms, we hypothesized that ADHD symptoms would be more closely related to reactive than to proactive ASB. Based on peer deviancy training models of ASB, we also hypothesized that the relation between ADHD symptoms and proactive ASB would increase from middle childhood to adolescence. Both hypotheses were supported. These findings suggest that reactive ASB is relatively specific to ADHD symptoms, and that intervening before early adolescence may be critical to prevent the onset of comorbid proactive ASB.
Differences between low and high trait impulsivity are not associated with differences in inhibitory motor control
Authors: Lijffijt M. , Bekker E. M. , Quik E. H. , Bakker J. , Kenemans J. L. , Verbaten M. N. 
Published: June 2007

Objective: The present study investigates whether there is an association between trait impulsivity in the normal population and inhibitory motor control as assessed by the stop task. Method: Low- and high-impulsive participants (as assessed by the I7 questionnaire; both groups n = 31) performed the stop task. Differences in performance were analyzed by an independent samples t-test. Furthermore, a short meta-analysis was performed on this study and three previous studies with a similar aim. Results: The low- and high-impulsive groups did not differ on the speed to stop the response (SSRT). However, the meta-analysis revealed that high-impulsives are marginally slower in stopping than low-impulsives (effect size = -0.26, p = 0.06). Conclusions: There is only minor evidence that impulsivity in the common population is associated with poor inhibitory motor control.
Diagnostic performance of the CBCL-Attention Problem Scale as a screening measure in a sample of Brazilian children with ADHD
Authors: Lampert T. L. , Polanczyk G. , Tramontina S. , Mardini V. , Rohde L. A. 
Published: June 2007

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Attention Problem Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-APS) for the screening of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. Methods: The CBCL-APS was given to 763 children and adolescents. Child psychiatrists using DSM-IV criteria confirmed the clinical diagnoses. Diagnostic performance was evaluated through Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Only moderate areas under the curve (AUC) were found for the general sample (AUC = 0.79; 95%CI = 0.76-0.82), and for the subsample of referred patients (AUC = 0.78; 95%CI = 0.74-0.82). The subsample of patients with ADHD of the combined type presented the largest AUC (AUC = 0.85; 95%CI = 0.82-0.88). Conclusion: Our findings concur with previous studies of different cultures demonstrating adequate diagnostic performance of the CBCL-APS for the screening of ADHD, especially of the combined type.
Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Reducing Adverse Outcome with Left Heart Bypass, Selective Visceral Perfusion and Renal Protection
Authors: Fleck Tatjana , Hamilton Carole , Ehrlich Marek P. , Hutschala Doris , Koinig Herbert , Wolner Ernst , Grabenwoger Martin 
Published: June 2007

Objective: To report our experience with left heart bypass and selective visceral perfusion for prevention of permanent spinal cord injury and distal organ failure in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Methods: From April 2001 to March 2002 seven patients were electively operated on with left heart bypass and selective perfusion of the visceral and renal organs at the University Clinic of Vienna, Austria. There were four males (57%) and two females (43%) with a mean age of 70 ± 6 years. Etiology of the aneurysm was a chronic dissection in one patient and athereosclerotic in the remaining five. Crawford classification was I in one patient (14%), II in five patients (86%) and III in one patient (14%). Existing comorbidities were hypertension in all seven patients, coronary artery disease in two patients (29%), chronic pulmonary obstructive disease in two patients (29%), and lung cancer resection and peripheral artery occlusive disease in one patient (14%) each. Two patients had a history of prior aortic aneurysm repair, namely elective repair of the ascending thoracic aorta 2 months before the thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and replacement of the infrarenal aorta 12 years previously in another patient. Results: All patients survived the operation and were discharged after a mean hospital stay of 25 ± 13 days. Adverse outcome occurred in three out of seven patients. One patient with Crawford classification 11 developed acute renal insufficiency, and two patients with class 11 and III showed signs of transient paraparesis, respectively. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 3315 ± 701 ml. On average, 6.7 ± 2.8 units of packed red cells, 10 units of fresh frozen plasma, and 1 unit of platelets were given during the operation. Intensive care unit stay ranged from 2 to 16 days. Conclusions: The combined usage of left heart bypass, selective visceral perfusion, and renal protection can be recommended as a useful and effective technique in order to minimize adverse outcome in patients undergoing repair of the thoracoabdominal aorta.
A test of a theoretical model of consumer travel behaviour: German consumers’ perception of Northern Ireland as a tourist destination
Authors: Lennon Ron , Weber J. Michael , Henson James 
Published: June 2007

Data for this study were collected from German travel consumers at the ITB Travel Trade Fair in Berlin, Germany. The subsequent study empirically tested the influences of information source and travel experience on the perception of Northern Ireland as a safe place. In addition, the influences of information source and travel experience were tested in relation to the perception of Northern Ireland as a travel destination. Some sources of information about Northern Ireland were found to have a positive influence on perceptions, while one (direct mail) had a negative influence on the perception of Northern Ireland as a safe place. The only aspect of travel experience that had a significant influence on the perceptions of travel consumers was whether respondents had visited Northern Ireland before. The eventual premise that was examined was the effect that these previous two perceptions might have on a German travel consumer’s behavioural intentions toward visiting Northern Ireland in the future. The model developed by Lennon et al. in 1999 depicts these relationships. The study supported the influence of the travel consumers’ perceptions of Northern Ireland as a safe place and as a German travel destination on future behavioural intentions to visit Northern Ireland.
Managing violence and aggression towards NHS staff working in the community
Authors: Beale Diane , Leather Phil , Cox Tom , Fletcher Bridgette 
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a brief overview of the research project conducted during the preparation of the national guidance document Safer Working in the Community: A guide for NHS managers and staff on reducing the risks from violence and aggression. (RCN and NHS Executive, 1998). An integrated organizational approach was adopted, seeking risk reduction measures at the levels of the organisation, the work team and the individual, and encompassing prevention and preparation before incidents occur, timely reaction when incidents happen, and rehabilitation and learning after incidents have occurred. Five main domains were considered: trust policies and organizational arrangements; normal working practices; emergency action procedures; post-incident procedures, and staff training. Information was gathered from academic, professional and guidance literature, documentation from healthcare trusts, trades unions and professional associations, and interviews with practitioner, managerial and support staff in a wide range of disciplines. Findings indicated that matters requiring particular attention were: commitment of senior management; generation and communication of policies; discrepancies in perception between managers and practitioners; provision for risk assessment; training provision; staffing, resources and equipment; ability to meet patient expectations; sharing of safety information; traceability and communication away from base; accessing help; emergency procedures; incident reporting; post-incident support; and trauma debriefing and counselling.
The impact of Scope-practitioners' views on its relevance and potential for service development
Authors: Jowett Sandra , Peters Mark , Reynolds Heidi , Wilson-Barnett Jenifer 
Published: June 2007

The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) published The Scope of Professional Practice (Scope) in 1992. The research reported here is one strand of a large study commissioned by the UKCC to investigate the document's impact. This stage involved interviews with 53 practitioners, selected because they had reported that Scope had had an impact on their work. It focused on the nature of this impact on service delivery, how it operated in a multi-professional setting, how the Scope principles were viewed and what support was required to implement them effectively. It was clear that the practitioners interviewed had a great deal to say about how Scope was influencing their practice and about how it could enhance their work in the future. Their attitudes towards, and perceptions of, Scope were overwhelmingly positive. A small number detailed precisely how it was having an impact on their work and on the ways they were able to deliver care. Others were aware of the principles and were exploring what their potential might be. Scope, it was felt, could empower practitioners, facilitate personal and professional development and result in constructive levels of accountability. It could encourage innovation and provide safeguards for service development.
Confined to barracks: The effects of indoor confinement on aggressive behavior among inpatients of an acute psychogeriatric unit
Authors: McMinn Bryan G. , Hinton Lorraine 
Published: June 2007

While there is evidence to suggest that in long term residential care settings the provision of more choices and better designed environments have a positive effect on agitation and disturbed behaviors, there are no controlled studies on the effect of imposed confinement in these settings or in acute units. The effect of mandatory confinement indoors on the incidence of verbal and physical aggression and psychotropic medication use among patients with dementia and associated psychiatric and behavioral disturbance was studied. The setting was an acute psychogeriatric admission unit accommodated in a colonial building originally built as a military barracks. A convenience sample was studied to assess changes in levels of aggression and nurse-initiated psychotropic medication use during and after a 32-day period of indoor confinement. Correlations with gender, diagnosis, pre-admission disturbed behavior and ultimate discharge outcome were examined. Release from mandatory confinement indoors was correlated with decreases in both verbal and physical aggression as well as medication use. Correlations could be identified between decreases in aggression and male gender, pre-admission aggressive behavior and discharge outcome. Decreased medication use was correlated with discharge outcome. The freedom to go outdoors or have access to extra space should be an important component of the environmental design and care philosophy for the acute admission of people who experience dementia and associated psychiatric and behavioral disturbance.
Health-related quality-of-life and service utilization in Alzheimer's disease: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Leon Joel , Neumann Peter J. , Hermann Richard C. , Hsu Ming-Ann , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Doraiswamy P. Murali , Marin Deborah 
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between the severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in different care settings, health-related quality-of-life (HQoL), service utilization, and caregiver time and burden. Data were from a 1996 cross-sectional study of 679 AD patient/caregiver pairs. Patients met NINCDS/ADRDA criteria for probable Alzheimer's, were staged with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, and recruited from managed care plans, academic medical centers, nursing homes, and assisted living facilities. Patient data included: demographics, MMSE, co-morbidities, health-related quality-of-life, health status, and service utilization. Family caregiver data included demographics, caregiver time and burden. Significant findings included: patient HQoL scores were better for community patients, but worsened with disease severity; regardless of setting, patient SF-36 scores showed worse physical functioning and better mental health scores as disease severity increased; inpatient stays and ER visits were rare regardless of severity or setting, and for community patients, day care and in-home services use increased with AD severity. Family caregivers spent 18 hours per month on ADLs and 32 hours on IADLs. Hours increased for community patients and those with greater disease severity. Caregiver burden levels were higher for those serving community patients and increased with disease severity. Burden was lowest for mild and moderate patients in assisted living. Greater patient AD severity was related to increased morbidity, poorer health status, lower health-related quality-of-life, greater family caregiver time and burden, and greater service use regardless of setting. Findings reinforce the need for an AD continuum of care.
Everyday ethics of dementia care in nursing homes: A definition and taxonomy
Authors: Powers Bethel Ann 
Published: June 2007

Too often the attention of formalized ethical decision making in health care settings turns to hard to deal with life and death issues. Consequently, consideration of the ethical aspects of ordinary everyday issues affecting nursing home residents with dementia and those who care for them remains limited. The purpose of this twoyear anthropological study was to develop a taxonomy of commonplace ethical issues, taking into account resident, family member, and nursing home staff member points of view. This paper defines the guiding concept of everyday ethics as it has been used in the research and describes the taxonomy, of which there are four domains: • Learning the limits of intervention; • Tempering the culture of surveillance and restraint; • Preserving the integrity of the individual; and • Defining community norms and values. Discussion considers the usefulness of the taxonomy as a framework for thinking about what may be involved in understanding the ethics of the ordinary and resolving common types of issues and concerns.
Using music therapy to help a client with Alzheimer's disease adapt to long-term care
Authors: Kydd Paulette 
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this case study is to illustrate how music therapy can be used to help the elderly successfully adjust to living in a long-term care (LTC) facility. LTC residents, particularly those with Alzheimer's disease or related dementia, may exhibit behaviors such as depression, withdrawal, anxiety, emotional liability, confusion, and memory difficulties, frequently related to the disorder, but often exacerbated by difficulty in adjustment to the change in lifestyle. The subject of this case study demonstrated these symptoms. Music therapy helped him adjust to life in a LTC setting by improving his quality of life and enhancing his relationships with those around him. As chronicled in this study, music therapy may facilitate a resident's adjustment to life in a LTC facility. N.B. Names and identifying information have been changed to protect privacy.