bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and quantitative determination of monoacylglycerol mixtures by reversed phase HPLC
Authors: Maruyama Kazushige , Yonese Chizuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe separation and quantitative determination of underivatized saturated and unsaturated monoacylglycerol were examined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography using acetonitrile/water as the mobile phase. Monoacylglycerol (MG) mixtures containing saturated MG (C6‐MG‐C18‐MG), monooleoylglycerol and monolinoleoylglycerol were sufficiently resolved, but mixtures of 1‐MG and 2‐MG with the same acyl group could not be separated under the conditions given below: column, C‐8 chemical bonded column (4.6 × 250 mm); sample solvent, diethyl ether (UV detector at 210–215 nm) or chloroform; mobile phase, acetonitrile/water (7:3, v/v). Quantitative determinations were made for mixtures of three components (representative standard MGs) on a reversed phase column (Unisil Q, C‐8) using a UV detector and the internal standard method. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation gave accurate, reproducible results.
Inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid elongation by antibodies to 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase
Authors: Staack Harold , Davidson Bruce , Schulz Horst 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAntibodies to pig heart 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase inhibited almost completely and in a parallel fashion thiolase and the acetyl‐CoA‐dependent fatty acid elongation system present in an acetone powder extract of pig heart mitochondria. This finding leads to the conclusion that mitochondrial fatty acid elongation occurs by reversal of fatty acid oxidation. Several lines of evidence point to the thiolase‐catalyzed condensation reaction as the rate‐limiting step in the formation of elongated products. However, the accumulation of hydroxy acids suggests the enoyl‐CoA reductase activity is limiting in the synthesis of saturated fatty acids.
Pyrrolidone‐based surfactants (a literature review)
Authors: Login Robert B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAs the alkyl group of N‐alkylated pyrrolidones is increased to C8P, surface‐active properties become important. The resulting surfactant can interact synergistically with an anionic surfactant. This interaction is based on the electronegativity of the pyrrolidone carbonyl oxygen which can accept a proton to form a pseudoquaternary ammonium ion that can form an ion pair with large anions (i.e., anionic surfactants). The resulting ion pair is further stabilized by hydrophobic bonding between the two alkyl chains. In addition, pyrrolidone can electrostatically interact with aromatics, hydrogen‐bond to nonionics, and, in essence, associate electrostatically/hydrophobically similarly to polyvinylpyrrolidone. This interaction of the pyrrolidone functional group can be transposed from one surfactant hydrophobe structure to another. This paper reviews the literature concerning the addition of pyrrolidone to a variety of hydrophobes of interest to both industrial and academic researchers. The chemistry of selected surface‐active pyrrolidone derivatives, prepared from butyrolactone, aminoethylpyrrolidone, epoxypropylpyrrolidone, chloromethylpyrrolidone and itaconic acid, is reviewed. Pyrrolidone is a versatile substituent, capable of enhancing the performance of a variety of surfactant structures by improving water solubility, compatibility and solvency in a compact head group that favors surfactancy. In addition, the pyrrolidone ring, when incorporated into derivatives, usually reduces toxicity.
Coffee stain on textiles. Mechanisms of staining and stain removal
Authors: Kissa Erik 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCoffee stains on textiles are mainly caused by the water‐soluble and acidic colored substances in coffee. The acidic nature of coffee stain has been shown by ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy of coffee as a function of pH; ion‐pair formation with a cationic surfactant and titration with Hyamine 1622 and a surfactant‐specific electrode; and precipitation of the colored components in coffee with barium hydroxide as a barium salt. The permanence of coffee stains on textiles depends on the nature of the fibers. The affinity of coffee stain to fibers, indicated by resistance to detergency, increases in the order polyester<cotton<nylon. Coffee stain has little affinity to polyester fibers but adheres to cotton and even more firmly to nylon. The strong affinity to nylon and the pH dependence of staining suggest an ionic interaction of carboxyl and phenolic groups with amine end‐groups in nylon. The ionic attraction is augmented by nonionic interactions that are enhanced by the oligomeric or polymeric nature of the staining substances. In accord with the dominantly acidic character of coffee stain, an alkaline medium is needed for the dislodgment of coffee stain from nylon fibers. Bleaching of coffee in solution with perborate, activated with sodiumn‐nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, or Oxone® (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) obeys pseudo first‐order kinetics. Oxone, a peroxysulfate triple salt, is a more powerful oxidant for coffee stain than sodium perborate, but its use is limited by the bleach fastness of dyes.
Composition of crystals of palm olein formed at room temperature
Authors: Swe P. Z. , Man Y. B. Che , Ghazali H. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe composition of purified plam olein crystals formed at room temperature (25°C) was identified in this study. Two peaks were obtained when the crystals were analyzed by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). The retention times of these peaks suggested that they were not triglycerides. Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl ester analysis of the crystals showed the presence of C16, C18:0, and C18:1 fatty acids. Further analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography of carbon number, after collecting the fractions from RP‐HPLC, concluded that the major peak A was 1,3‐dipalmito‐glycerol. The minor peak B was tentatively identified as 1‐palmito‐3‐stearo‐glycerol and/or 1‐palmito‐3‐oleo‐glycerol due to unavailability of respective standard glycerides. The differential scanning calorimetry thermogram of the crystals show that A and B were indeed the high melting glycerides, with melting and crystallization points of 70.4 and 53.8°C, respectively.
The mechanism of cobalt drier action
Authors: Girard Theodore A. , Beispiel Myron , Bricker Clark E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of cobalt driers on the initial stages of the drying of polyunsaturated esters has been studied. Cobalt (II) appears to from an unstable complex of variable composition with the polyunsaturated ester. This complex catalyzes the uptake of oxygen and increases the rate of oxygen absorption by the ester. The energy of activation for oxygen uptake by the ester in the presence of cobalt is only 1.3 kcal/mole, while in the absence of cobalt, the activation energy is 10.8 kcal/mole. The absorption of oxygen by the ester is followed by the formation of hydroxy and/or hydroperoxy groups, the loss of alkene groups, an increase in conjugation and conversion from the cis to the trans isomer. Polymerization occurs during these latter changes.
Preparation of 2‐decyl‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐1, 3‐propanediol from dodecanal and from petroselinic acid
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Moreau J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDodecanal was reacted with formaldehyde and potassium hydroxide in ethanol and with formaldehyde and calcium oxide in aqueous methanol to give about 30% of the theoretical yield of 2‐decyl‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐1, 3‐propanediol (DHP).Petroselinic acid was ozonized in methylene chloride, and the ozonide reduced to aldehydes with formic acid and zine. The methylene chloride solution was emulsified with water and reacted with formaldehyde and potassium hydroxide. A yield of 32% of DHP was isolated.Pure 5,5,5‐trimethylol valeric acid could not be isolated from the reaction mixture of formaldehyde and potassium hydroxide with the mixed aldehydes from petroselinic acid, but a small amount of material was isolated by ion exchange resins which had high infrared absorption for hydroxyl and carboxylic acid and which polymerized on standing.
Evaluation of the differential scanning calorimetric method for fat solids
Authors: Bentz Alan P. , Breidenbach Barbara G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDenison et al. (1) recently reported a method for measuring the per cent solids in fats using the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The present work evaluates that method using the Perkin Elmer DSC‐1, compares it with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dilatation methods, and extends it to hard butters. Although the method gave excellent interlaboratory agreement with soft fats, extension to hard fats led to greater experimental variance than SFI. The DSC method provides greater speed (one hour elapsed time) and additional information (thermal “fingerprint” of the fat). Thus, the DSC determination of fat solids overall compares favorably with the NMR method, as well as the SFI dilatation method. The DSC method is readily adaptable to quality control use.
Chlorinated alcohols: IV. The chlorination of oleic acid
Authors: Menting J. E. , Grimm R. A. , Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChlorination of oleic acid gave mainly 9,10‐dichlorosteraic acid but other products were also formed. By‐products included the dimer, 9(10)‐(9,10‐dichlorostearolyoxy)‐10(9)‐chlorostearic acid, and the related trimer, formed independent of temperature in the range examined (−20 to +29 C). Higher solvent‐oleic acid ratios decreased the amounts of dimer and trimer; chlorination in the presence of hydrogen chloride did not. The equivalent weight of 9,10‐dichlorostearic acid was found to increase markedly upon treatment with chlorine and light, but in the dark the acid was apparently unchanged. These effects were independent of temperature.
Reaction of cysteine and methionine with malonaldehyde
Authors: Buttkus H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMalonaldehyde (M), a product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation, reacted with the sulfhydryl as well as with the amino groups of cysteine (cys). The cys‐M product had an absorption maximum at 310 mµ, and the extinction coefficient at pH 7.0 was 2.3 × 104. Elementary analysis of the cys‐M product agreed with a structure in which 2 moles of cysteine had reacted with 3 moles of malonaldehyde. The molecular weight of cys‐M preparations increased on storage and the UV absorption changed from 310 to 315–320 mµ, with a consequent shift to longer wavelength in the visible.Methionine (meth) reacted with malonaldehyde under the same reaction conditions only at the α‐amino group, similar to glycine (gly). The apparent pKa of the carboxyl group of gly‐M increased to 3.36 and that of meth‐M to 3.19, representing an increase of about one pKa unit over the natural amino acids. For gly‐M and meth‐M the respective absorption maxima were 272 and 282 mµ. The spectral shifts from 267 to 315 mµ of the amino acid‐M products with respect to β‐oxyacrolein were explained in terms of increasing substitution at the β‐carbon of the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl system. When the α‐amino‐malonaldehyde condensation products of methionine and glycine reacted with semicarbazide the original amino acids and disemicarbazone of malonaldehyde were formed.
Analysis of lipids containing epoxy groups: The epoxy glycerides ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Buide N. , Sims R. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPicration‐TLC analysis ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil shows that besides the known triglyceride of vernolic acid, it also contains two additional epoxy compounds. These were isolated by column chromatography and have been identified as the monoepoxy and the diepoxy triglycerides of vernolic acid by a rapid transmethylation‐GLC micromethod. Lipase hydrolysis of these glycerides has shown that in the monoepoxy triglycerides the vernolic acid has marked preference for the 1,3‐positions, while in the diepoxy triglycerides the 2‐position is preferred.
Composition of several types of Safflower seed
Authors: Guggolz J. , Rubis D. D. , Herring V. V. , Palter R. , Kohler G. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe residue remaining after commercial extraction of oil from safflower seed has a greater potential as a source of animal feed or human diet supplement than is presently being realized. Safflower seed hull, kernel, and meal were analyzed to provide more information regarding their nutritive possibilities. Commercial and experimental normal hull varieties and experimental thin hull and striped hull varieties were hand separated into hull and kernel fractions and both fractions analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, and amino acids. Samples of partially decorticated commercial meal and undecorticated meal, hulls, and defatted kernel from striped hull seeds were analyzed for protein, fat, fiber, ash, lignin, pentosans, anhydrouronic acid, total and reducing sugars, and amino acids. Cellulose was calculated by difference. A new factor for converting nitrogen to protein for summative analyses of safflower seed was calculated. These analyses indicate that about 15% of the nonfiber, nonash, nonprotein part of the defatted safflower kernel is of unknown composition.
Color determination in olive oils
Authors: Escolar D. , Haro Ma R. , Saucedo A. , Ayuso J. , Jiménez A. , Alvarez J. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractColor characterization of olive oil may be of great importance to the industry. To determine the color of a solution, it is necessary to accurately measure a series of tristimulus coordinates for which several methods exist. This study analyzes the errors in the calculation of tristimulus values of olive oil color based on methods, by using several selected ordinates and an increasing number of weighted ordinates, and how these errors affect the values of the chromatic parameters defined in the various chromatic systems. The above analysis shows that the use of a large number of ordinates will lead to better results in the color definition of oils. For its determination, we have used the CIE 1931, CIELUV 1976 and CIELAB 1976 spaces; the latter yields the best results.
Identification of nine acetylenic fatty acids, 9‐hydroxystearic acid and 9,10‐epoxystearic acid in the seed oil ofJodina rhombifolia hook et arn. (Santalaceae)
Authors: Spitzer V. , Bordignon S. A. de L. , Schenkel E. P. , Marx F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn addition to some usual fatty acids, the seed oil ofJodina rhombifolia (Santalaceae) contains nine acetylenic fatty acids [9‐octadecynoic acid (stearolic acid) (1.1%),trans‐10‐heptadecen‐8‐ynoic acid (pyrulic acid) (20.1%), 7‐hydroxy‐trans‐10‐heptadecen‐8‐ynoic acid (2.3%),trans‐10,16‐heptadecadien‐8‐ynoic acid (0.7%), 7‐hydroxy‐trans‐10,16‐heptadecadien‐8‐ynoic acid (0.1%),trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid (ximenynic acid) (20.3%), 8‐hydroxy‐trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid (12.2%),trans‐11,17‐octadecadien‐9‐ynoic acid (1.5%), 8‐hydroxy‐trans‐11,17‐octadecadien‐9‐ynoic acid (1.3%), 9‐hydroxystearic acid (<0.1%) and 9,10‐epoxystearic acid (0.7%)]. The fatty acids have been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of their methyl ester and 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives. The hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters have been examined also as trimethyl‐silyl ethers. Furthermore, the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) have been fractionated according to their polarity (FAME‐A: nonhydroxy; FAME‐B: hydroxy fatty acids) and to their degree of unsaturation (FAME‐A1/A2; FAME‐B1/B2) by preparative thin‐layer chromatography and argentation chromatography, respectively. All of these fractions have been analyzed by ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and the fractions FAME‐A and FAME‐B have been analyzed further by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H,13C, 2D H/C, attached proton test) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Detection of soybean antigenicity and reduction by twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Ohishi Akio , Watanabe Kazunori , Urushibata Masumi , Utsuno Kimiko , Ikuta Kazuya , Sugimoto Kaoru , Harada Hiroshi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAntiserum toward soybean meal was prepared by feeding a soybean meal diet containing large amounts of antigens to calves. The antiserum was used to develop a sensitive detection method for soybean meal antigens by competitive inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. With this method, the effectiveness of twin‐screw extrusion cooking in reducing antigenicity in soybean meal was examined. Antigenicity was reduced to 0.1% of the original activity by extrusion cooking with screws containing kneading‐disc elements and die‐end temperatures exceeding 66°C. Electrophoretic analysis of the cooked meal indicated that the reduction in antigenicity was due to degradation of protein structures, particularly those with molecular weights exceeding 40 kDa.
Production of propylene glycol fatty acid monoesters by lipase‐catalyzed reactions in organic solvents
Authors: Shaw Jei‐Fu , Lo Shian 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFatty acid monoesters of propylene glycol (1,2‐propanediol) are good water‐in‐oil emulsifiers. These esters were synthesized enzymatically to overcome the problems associated with chemical processes. APseudomonas lipase was added to reaction mixtures containing propylene glycol and various acyl donors (fatty acids, fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid anhydrides and triglycerides) in organic solvents, and the mixtures were shaken at 30°C. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The yield of monoesters was affected by the acyl donors, organic solvents, temperature, water content, pH memory and reaction time. The anhydrous (lyophilized) enzyme and fatty acid anhydrides were best for monoester production. The optimum pH ranges were 4–5 and 8–10. The yields of propylene glycol monolaurate, monomyristate, monopalmitate, monostearate and monooleate with 50 mM fatty acid anhydrides as acyl donors were 97.2, 79.6, 83.7, 89.7 and 93.4 mM, respectively; those with 50 mM fatty acids as acyl donors were 37.3, 28.7, 28.7, 35.3 and 36.2 mM, respectively. The yields of propylene glycol monopalmitate, monostearate and monooleate with 50 mM triglycerides as acyl donors were 87.4, 65.1 and 83.2 mM, respectively.
Preparation of sucrose esters by interesterification
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Zeringue H. J. , Weiss T. J. , Brown Mona 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReactions between sucrose and esters of long chain fatty acids customarily have been conducted in a mutual solvent, such as dimethylformamide. The solvent‐free interesterification of molten sucrose and fatty acid esters at temperatures between 170–187 C has now been performed with the aid of lithium, sodium and potassium soaps as catalysts and solubilizers. When the reactants were heated rapidly and then subjected to reduced pressure, the interesterifications could be brought to equilibrium in 12 min or less, including the time necessary to melt the sucrose. The several soaps and combinations of soaps employed differed markedly in their performance. No sucrose esters were obtained with lithium palmitate, while the yield with lithium oleate was among the best, but consisted of over 90% tetra‐ and higher esters of sucrose. Lower esters were best produced with combinations of lithium oleate with sodium or potassium oleate employed at a level of about 25% total soaps, based on the weight of sucrose. The type of fatty acid ester employed also markedly affected the yield of sucrose esters. Among the esters tested, methyl carbitol palmitate (which could be formed in situ), monopalmitin, distearin and technical grade diglycerides (48% diglycerides) prepared from completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil, interesterified readily.
Extraction partition and column chromatographic separation of aflatoxins B1 and M1
Authors: Masri Merle Sid 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExtraction, partition and chromatographic elution characteristics of aflatoxin were studied. The novel use of aqueous dimethylsulfoxide or aqueous dimethylformamide for extraction from agricultural products was tested and found effective. Partition studies suggest advantages in analytical work of using solvent pairs in which benzene rather than (the usually employed) chloroform is used to transfer aflatoxin B1 from primary extracts (aqueous phases). Tests of elution characteristics of aflatoxins B1 and M1 on silica gel columns with different developing solvents provided a basis for a procedure in which aflatoxins B1 and M1 of a test sample are recovered in separate eluates in which substances which interfere with TLC separation are minimized.
Color and the lipid composition of pork muscles
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Spinelli Marie , Wasserman Aaron E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe lipid characteristics of three porcine muscles were investigated. Included in the study were the light and dark portions of the semitendinosus muscle, the semimembranosus (light) and the quadriceps femoris (dark) muscles. The lipids from the semimembranosus and the quadriceps femoris muscles were observed to be statistically different. The light muscles were 20% higher in lipid level and these lipids contained 20% more glycerides and 40% less phospholipids than the dark muscles. The glycerides from both muscle lipids were identical in fatty acid composition but the phospholipid fatty acids differed significantly. The light muscle phospholipid fatty acids were higher in monoenes while the dark muscle phospholipids predominated in polyunsaturates. In the semitendinosus muscle, the light portion was 35% higher in lipid content than the dark portion but the compositions of the lipids from both areas were similar. When these data were compared to the values for the semimembranosus and the quadriceps femoris muscle lipids, the lipid characteristics were found to be intermediate of predominantly light or dark muscle lipids.
The molecular mechanism for destabilization of foams by organic ions
Authors: Blute I. , Jansson M. , Oh S. G. , Shah D. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of tetraalkylammonium ions on the destabilization of foam has been studied by measuring the half‐life of foam (τ1/2), area/molecule at the air/water interface, surface viscosity and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The area/molecule of SDS in organic salt solutions, calculated from the Gibbs isotherm, increases as the size of organic ion increases, and surface viscosity of the film decreases with the size of organic ions. The interaction of tetraalkylammonium ions with SDS decreases the CMC of the solution, and hence the concentration of SDS monomers decreases. The CMC of SDS decreases with the increase in the size and concentration of organic ions. The decrease in the CMC, increase in the area/molecule of SDS at the air/water interface and the decrease in surface viscosity by tetraalkylammonium ions all work to decrease the foam stability. The results indicate that the change in intermolecular distance between surfactant molecules in the adsorbed film by organic ions can significantly influence the surface viscosity and foam stability. The foam destabilizing efficiency of tetra‐alkylammonium ions was superior or equivalent to that of tributyl phosphate and 2‐ethyl hexanol, which are used in many antifoaming formulations.
Quantitative determination of ethylene oxide oligomer distribution in ethoxylated alkylphenol carboxymethyl ether salts by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Yang Jiang , Zhang Lufang , Li Xiangrong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) method was used to separate a mixture of ethoxylated alkylphenol carboxymethyl ether salts and unconverted ethoxylated alkylphenol ether with the first eluent, which was then developed at right angles with EtOAc/HOAc/H2O as the second eluent to resolve the individual ethylene oxide oligomer adducts. Scanning densitometry was used for quantitation. The surfactant's degree of conversion, average ethoxylate number and its distribution were simultaneously determined on a single TLC plate.