bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SURGICAL STRESS ON PITUITARY‐TESTICULAR FUNCTION
Authors: WANG CHRISTINA , CHAN VIVIAN , YEUNG ROSE T. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of surgical stress on the secretions of LH, FSH, testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) were studied in twelve male patients. During surgery LH rose significantly; post‐operatively, LH fell but remained persistently elevated a week after operation. However, T and E2 fell progressively to a nadir on the second and fifth post‐operative day respectively and remained suppressed. Serum FSH showed no significant change. Despite a post‐operative decrease in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) binding capacity, non‐SHBG bound T showed a decrease parallel to T. Multiple sampling studies showed that the secretions of LH were increased and that of T were decreased post‐operatively. Following surgery, LH responses to LHRH were magnified, FSH and T responses showed no significant change when compared with the pre‐operative responses. These data suggest that secretions of LH were increased during surgery. Following surgical stress, T and E2 concentrations were suppressed resulting in a compensatory elevation of LH concentrations.
URINARY EXCRETION OF 3,3′,5′‐TRIIODOTHYRONINE (REVERSE T3)
Authors: FABER J. , KIRKEGAARD B. C. , ROGOWSKI P. , SIERSBÆK‐NIELSEN K. , FRIIS TH. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for reverse T3 in urine using small Sephadex G25 fine columns is described. The recovery of rT3 added to urine was on average 101.0 ± 4.2% (mean ± SEM). Detection limit was 4 pg/column. Urine excretion of rT3 (mean ± SD) was 72.0 ± 32.1 ng/24 hin 61 healthy euthyroid subjects with a slight increase with age (P < 0.05), 28.8 ± 18.2 ng/24 h in 12 hypothyroid patients and 183.6 ± 79.7 ng/24 h in 25 hyperthyroid patients.
SERUM GROWTH HORMONE AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL TISSUE IN BROMOCRIPTINE TREATED ACROMEGALIC PATIENTS
Authors: FANGHANEL‐S. G. , LARRAZA O. , ARAUCO R. , ESQUIVEL R. , CAMPOS A. MARTINEZ , VALVERDE‐R. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe therapeutic effectiveness of bromocriptine as well as the post‐operative ultra‐structural aspects of treated pituitary adenomas were investigated in five acromegalic patients. Although concentrations of GH basal decreased and the glucose tolerance test and the TSH responses were significantly improved, the release of GH induced by TRH was not prevented by the dopaminergic agonist. Adenomatous cells were densely granulated and contained a dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Misplaced exocytosis was frequently observed. These findings clearly indicate that bromocriptine inhibits the spontaneous release of GH but does not interfere with the abnormal GH response to TRH. This suggests a separate site of action. The drug seems not to block the synthesizing activity of the adenomatous cell, a finding in accordance with clinical observations that warns against its use as a single therapeutic agent.
EFFECT OF PIPERAZINE OESTRONE SULPHATE ON SERUM OESTROGEN AND GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS IN POST‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: ISAACS A. J. , HAVARD C. W. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐three post‐menopausal women were treated with piperazine oestrone sulphate 1.5–3.0 mg daily on a cyclical basis for 3–6 months. Serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrone and oestradiol were measured on two occasions prior to starting treatment, and several times during the course of therapy. Initial mean concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol of 59 and 14 pg/ml rose to 528 and 83 pg/ml, respectively, and this was associated with a dose‐related suppression of LH (from 57.1 to 50.3 u/1) and more particularly FSH (from 25.8 to 16.5 u/1). There was a highly significant correlation between the decrease in FSH and the oestradiol concentration during treatment, but no correlation with oestrone.
DISCREPANCY BETWEEN ACTH AND CORTISOL RESPONSES TO INSULIN INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Authors: LINDHOLM JÖRGEN , KEHLET HENRIK , BLICHERT‐TOFT MOGENS , RIISHEDE JOHN , HUMMER LOTTE , DINESEN BO 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to assess the normal relationship between plasma ACTH and cortisol during insulin induced hypoglycaemia. Twenty‐six healthy persons were studied. Peak plasma concentration and the amounts of ACTH and cortisol secreted during hypoglycaemia were compared. There was no significant correlation between the ACTH and cortisol values. The ACTH responses varied significantly more than those of cortisol. This probably signifies an overcapacity of ACTH secretion in comparison to the secretory capacity of the adrenal cortex.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME, NODULAR ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA AND VIRILIZING CARCINOMA
Authors: ANDERSON D. C. , CHILD D. F. , SUTCLIFFE C. H. , BUCKLEY C. H. , DAVIES D. , LONGSON D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 48‐year‐old hypertensive diabetic woman rapidly became virilized. Urine 17‐oxo‐and oxogenic steroids and plasma testosterone, androstenedione, DHEA, DHEA‐sulphate and androstenediol were greatly elevated. Plasma cortisol was constantly high and was not suppressed by dexamethasone. Circulating immunoreactive ACTH was consistently detectable at 18–24 ng/l. A 450 g carcinoma arising from a nodular hyperplastic right adrenal gland was resected. Production by the tumour of 17α‐hydroxypregnenolone, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone and five C‐19 steroids, but very little prenenolone, progesterone or cortisol, was shown by blood sampling, tumour culture and dramatic falls after operation. The plasma cortisol fell to half, with no diurnal variation, consistent with persistent Cushing's syndrome, and the plasma ACTH rose to 55 ng/l. She died 3 months later from a myocardial infarction. Autopsy revealed a pituitary basophil adenoma at a site where radiologically there had been an indentation in the fossa floor for at least 7 years. The left adrenal gland showed nodular hyperplasia. Therefore we conclude that mild pituitary‐dependent Cushing's syndrome may have been present for many years before development of a virilizing carcinoma. This case demonstrates that adrenal carcinoma in man can sometimes develop as a consequence of nodular adrenal hyperplasia which may in turn be due to long‐standing trophic hyper‐stimulation.
SEX HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN POST‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN RELATION TO OBESITY, FAT MASS, AGE AND YEARS POST‐MENOPAUSE
Authors: And A. VERMEULEN , VERDONCK L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma sex hormone concentrations (testosterone, (T), androstenedione (A), oestrone (El) and oestradiol (E2)) were measured in forty post‐menopausal women more than 4 years post‐normal menopause. Correlations between these and age, years post‐menopause (YPM), degree of obesity and fat mass respectively were studied. T and A, as well as El and E2 were positively correlated (P<0.0l), but no statistically significant correlation between A and El was observed. Sex hormone concentrations in this group of postmenopausal women (>4YPM) did not show any variation as a function of age, with the possible exception of E2 which showed a tendency to decrease in the late post‐menopause. El and to a lesser extent E2 as well as the El/A ratio were significantly correlated with degree of obesity or fat mass, suggesting a possible role of fat tissue in the aromatization of androgens. Neither the T/A nor the E2/E1 ratios were correlated with fat mass, suggesting that the reduction of 17 oxo‐group does not occur in fat tissue. The El/A ratio was significantly higher than the reported conversion rate of A in El. This might suggest the existence of an additional precursor of plasma El.
THE RELATION BETWEEN PLASMA AND ROSTENEDIONE AND OESTRONE LEVELS IN UNTREATED AND CORTICOSTEROID‐TREATED POST‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: MARSHALL D. H. , CRILLY R. , NORDIN B. E. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma oestrone (E,) and androstenedione (A) were measured in 96 untreated and 18 corticosteroid‐treated post‐menopausal women. Levels of both hormones were consistently lower in the steroid‐treated cases, presumably due to suppression of ACTH secretion. There was a clear relationship between A and Ei levels in both groups and when the data were pooled they formed a continuous series with a curvilinear relationship going through the origin. This relationship could be described by an equation based on Michaelis‐Menten kinetics, suggesting that the rate of A to E! conversion is an inverse function of the plasma androstenedione level. The main determinant of plasma E] was plasma A; body weight and age were of subsidiary importance. Secondary oestrogen deficiency may be a factor in the genesis of steroid‐induced osteoporosis in post‐menopausal women and oestrogen therapy may be indicated in this group of patients.
OESTROGEN AMPLIFICATION OF LH‐RH RESPONSE IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND RESPONSE TO CLOMIPHENE
Authors: KANDEEL F. R. , BUTT W. R. , LONDON D. R. , LYNCH S. S. , EDWARDS R. LOGAN , RUDD B. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn LH‐RH test was performed before and 44 and 92 h after treatment with 2.5 mg oestradiol benzoate in 17 patients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovarian (PCO) disease. The responses were compared with the same tests performed on ten normal subjects during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (days 4–6). Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their LH responses to LH‐RH. In Group A (seven patients) the response at 92 h was greater than at 44 h as in the normal subjects, but in Group B (ten patients) the response at 44 h was greater than at 92 h. Basal serum hormone values were similar in the two groups except for androgens and oestrone, which were significantly (P<0.01) higher in Group B patients. There was a negative correlation between the basal androgen and oestrone concentrations and the LH and FSH amplifications at 92 h in all PCO patients.The ratios of the basal concentrations of LH to FSH and the ratios of the highest levels of each achieved during the basal LH‐RH test, were significantly higher in the two groups of patients when compared to controls (P< 0.01).The test is of value in predicting the subsequent responsiveness to clomiphene. All patients in Group A showed evidence of ovulation following treatment with 100 mg clomiphene for 5 days, but only one of Group B responded in this way.
THE EFFECT OF HEROIN ADDICTION ON PITUITARY‐TESTICULAR FUNCTION
Authors: WANG CHRISTINA , CHAN VIVIAN , YEUNG ROSE T. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of heroin addiction on pituitary‐testicular function was studied in 54 active and 19 abstinent addicts and their results were compared with those of 43 age‐matched controls. Abnormal sexual function was frequently found in heroin addicts and this persisted after drug withdrawal. The mean total (mean ± SE, 18.1 ± 1.0 nmol/l) and free (0.17 ± 0.03 nmol/l) testosterone (T) levels in heroin addicts were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (total T 22.8 ± 1.1 nmol/l, P < 0.005; free T 0.30 ± 0.03 nmol/l, P < 0.005). The mean sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity was higher in heroin addicts (60.1 ± 5.2 nM) than in healthy controls (35.5 ± 2.1 nM). These hormonal changes returned promptly to normal after withdrawal. The basal LH and FSH and the responses to LHRH were comparable in the three groups studied.The finding of significantly lower total and free T together with higher SHBG indicates an abnormal testicular function in heroin addiction. Normal basal and LHRH‐stimulated LH and FSH levels suggest that chronic heroin abuse depressed testicular function via the hypothalamus or higher centres.
SUPPRESSION OF PLASMA ACTH CONCENTRATION BY ANGIOTENSIN II INFUSION IN NORMAL HUMANS AND IN A SUBJECT WITH A STEROID 17α‐HYDROXYLASE DEFECT
Authors: SEMPLE PETER F. , BUCKINGHAM JULIA C. , MASON PETER A. , FRASER ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSix healthy subjects were infused with angiotensin II and plasma concentrations of angiotensin, ACTH and cortisol were measured before, during and after the infusion. In all cases the plasma ACTH concentration fell as plasma angiotensin increased and rose again, sometimes to higher than basal levels, when the angiotensin infusion was terminated. These effects were most marked at the highest rate of infusion (8 pmol/kg/min) and, at the lower rates (2 and 4 pmol/kg/min), there was some recovery of ACTH levels during the infusion period in some subjects. Plasma ACTH concentrations also fell when angiotensin was infused into a patient with high ACTH levels due to a steroid 17α‐hydroxylation defect. The inhibition of ACTH secretion is not due to a rise in plasma cortisol operating a negative feedback inhibition. It could be a direct effect of the infused angiotensin on the brain‐hypothalamus‐pituitary complex or an effect on the metabolism of ACTH.
BROMOCRIPTINE TREATMENT OF SEVEN WOMEN WITH PRIMARY AMENORRHOEA AND PROLACTIN‐SECRETING PITUITARY TUMOURS
Authors: BERGH T. , NILLIUS S. J. , WIDE L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven women with primary amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia were treated with bromocriptine. All the women had started to develop secondary sex characteristics at normal age but pubertal development stopped and menarche did not occur. Radiological signs of a pituitary tumour were found in all the women. Before the pituitary tumour was diagnosed, four women had been given longterm cyclical oestrogen replacement therapy. Three women had received primary tumour therapy with surgery and/or irradiation but had persistent hyperprolactinaemia. The basal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were low in four of the women while all the women had normal basal levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and normal or exaggerated gonadotrophin responses to luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH). None of the women had evidence of endogenous oestrogen production before treatment. Bromocriptine treatment normalized the raised serum prolactin levels (46–2900 μg/1) in all but one woman, in whom the prolactin level decreased from 160 to 38 μg/1. Regular ovulatory menstrual cycles appeared in four women, one of whom had previously been treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy followed by external irradiation. Two other women with persistent hyperprolactinaemia after previous surgical and/or irradiation treatment of large pituitary tumours did not menstruate after more than one year of treatment with bromocriptine. One infertile patient with a microadenoma conceived at the first ovulation on therapy and developed symptoms and signs of tumour growth during pregnancy.
ETHANOLINDUCED SECRETION OF CALCITONIN IN CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE
Authors: KANIS J. A. , ADAMS N. D. , CECCHETTIN M. , LUIZETTO G. , GASPAR S. , HEYNEN G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWhisky (25–50 ml) increased plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in seventeen of nineteen patients with chronic renal failure. The effect was greater in patients with high levels of iCT than in those with normal levels. Changes in plasma iCT were not related to changes in calcium, phosphate or immunoreactive gastrin, but were inhibited by the prior administration of propranolol.
LIPODYSTROPHY WITH HYPERLIPIDAEMIA: THE ROLE OF INSULIN IN VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OVER‐SYNTHESIS
Authors: CHAIT ALAN , JANUS EDWARD , MASON A. STUART , LEWIS BARRY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA patient with partial lipodystrophy is described in whom hypertriglyceridaemia was accompanied by marked hyperinsulinaemia. The hyperlipidaemia was due to increased plasma levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Kinetic studies, performed after injection of autologous radioiodinated VLDL, indicated that the raised VLDL levels were associated with over‐production of this lipoprotein. Administration of diazoxide led to a substantial fall in serum insulin levels, accompanied by reduction in VLDL production and in serum triglyceride concentration. The possible role of insulin in inducing hyperlipidaemia by causing over‐production of VLDL is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENDOGENOUS HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA AND PLASMA ALDOSTERONE
Authors: RE R. N. , KOURIDES I. A. , WEIHL A. C. , MALOOF F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIt has been suggested that prolactin is a regulator of aldosterone secretion. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured prolactin, thyrotrophin and aldosterone by radioimmunoassay and plasma renin activity by the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I in eight normal women before and after the intravenous injection of 200 μg of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). Prolactin increased from 4.1 ± 1.1 ng/ml (mean ± SE) to a peak of 27.4 ± 3.8 (P > 0.005) at 15 min following TRH. Plasma renin activity was not different from control levels (1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml/h) during the first hour following the administration of TRH, nor did the plasma aldosterone concentration differ significantly from the control levels (39 ± 7 pg/ml) during this period. However, with upright posture, an increase in aldosterone (from 31 ± 3 pg/ ml at 1 h to 68 ± 9 at 2 h, P > 0.005) and in plasma renin activity (from 0.9 ± 0.2 ng/ml/h at 1 h to 2.0 ± 0.5 at 2 h, P > 0.05) was noted, demonstrating a normal capacity to secrete aldosterone in these subjects. Similarly, no change in aldosterone was seen in nine patients with primary hypothyroidism given TRH, despite the fact that the increase in prolactin was greater than normal. Chronic hyperpro‐lactinaemia was not associated with hyperaldosteronism in six patients with pituitary tumour. These data demonstrate that acutely or chronically elevated serum prolactin levels do not result in increased plasma aldosterone levels in humans.
GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE INHIBITORY HORMONE‐LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN PANCREAS AND GUT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN DIABETES IN THE RAT AND RESPONSE TO INSULIN ADMINISTRATION
Authors: BERELOWITZ M. , SHAPIRO B. , PIMSTONE B. , KRONHEIM S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn streptozotocin diabetes in the rat, growth hormone release‐inhibitory hormone‐like immunoreactivity (GHRIH‐LI) content of pancreas, gastric antrum and colon was increased. Insulin therapy significantly lowered the increased pancreatic GHRIH‐LI content but did not affect that of the gastric antrum and colon at the dosage used. The relevance of these findings in relation to pancreatic and gastrointestinal function in diabetes awaits clarification.
EFFECT OF AGE ON PLASMA ANDROSTENEDIONE CONCENTRATION IN OOPHORECTOMIZED WOMEN
Authors: CRILLY R. G. , MARSHALL D. H. , NORDIN B. E. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma androstenedione concentration was measured in 92 oophorectomized women in the age range 33 to 76 years. Although this concentration was significantly inversely correlated with age, the data suggest a discrete change in the first half of the sixth decade rather than a continuous fall.
THE EFFECT OF CYPROHEPTADINE ON THE RELEASE OF CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR
Authors: JONES M. T. , BIRMINGHAM M. , GILLHAM B. , HOLMES M. , SMITH T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of cyproheptadine was tested on the neurotransmitter‐induced release of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) from the rat hypothalamus in vitro. It was found that cyproheptadine inhibited both acetylcholine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐induced release of CRF. Cyproheptadine did not interfere with the ACTH releasing ability of CRF. These results suggest that cyproheptadine reduces the high circulating levels of ACTH in some patients suffering from Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome by inhibiting CRF secretion.
PRESENCE OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK BETWEEN OESTROGEN AND LH IN PATIENTS WITH KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME, AND SERTOLI‐CELL‐ONLY SYNDROME
Authors: BARBARINO A. , DE MARINIS L. , LAFUENTI G. , MUSCATELLO P. , MATTEUCCI B. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn five adult patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and two with Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome, exogenous administration of 17β‐oestradiol, resulting in a sustained and prolonged elevation of circulating oestrogen levels, had a biphasic effect on LH release. After an initial decrease, a dramatic rise in peripheral levels of LH (positive feedback) was observed in all patients. The timing and magnitude of the induced LH surge was similar to that observed in postmenopausal women after administration of large doses of Ethinyloestradiol. A similar positive feedback effect on the secretion of FSH could not be demonstrated. In two patients with the Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome, oestrogen treatment induced marked variations in serum testosterone levels, which appeared to be related to the LH changes. Similar changes were not present in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, indicating a decrease in the sensitivity of the testicular Leydig cell. These experiments demonstrate that positive feedback between oestrogen and luteinizing hormone is present in the adult hum an male.
THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE INHIBITS THE PENTAGASTRIN STIMULATED GASTRIC SECRETION IN MAN. A DOSE RESPONSE STUDY
Authors: DOLVA L. Ø. , HANSSEN K. F. , BERSTAD A. , FREY H. M. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYActions of thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) have generally been confined to the central nervous system (CNS). We have studied the effect of increasing doses of TRH i.v. (8, 40, 200 and 1000 μg/h) on pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric secretion in ten normal individuals. All doses caused stepwise inhibition of gastric juice (volume), acid and pepsin output. When employing the largest dose of i.v. TRH (1000 μg/h) the inhibition was 44% for gastric volume, 51% for acid output and 57% for pepsin output. This study shows that TRH inhibits gastric secretion, and indicates that TRH has actions outside the CNS in man.
EXCHANGE OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE DERIVED FROM THYROXINE WITH CIRCULATING TRIIODOTHYRONINE AS STUDIED IN THE RAT*
Authors: OBREGON MARIA JESUS , ROELFSEMA FERDINAND , DE ESCOBAR GABRIELLA MORREALE , ESCOBAR DEL REY FRANCISCO , QUERIDO ANDRIES 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAt present it is widely assumed that T3 derived from T4 is rapidly and totally exchangeable within the volume of distribution of T3 secreted by the thyroid into the bloodstream. This concept is implied when conclusions are drawn from comparisons between a biological effect in a responsive tissue and circulating T3 and T4 levels. Such conclusions are often in conflict with those derived by comparing the biological effect with the concentrations of T3 and T4 in the responsive tissue itself. Thus, it appeared important to test the above assumption directly. Thyroidectomized rats have been treated for 4–4° days with a mixture of 131I labelled T4 (131T4) and 125I labelled T3 (125T3), which was either injected twice daily or administered by continuous i.v. infusion. The rats were bled, perfused, and their plasma and tissues submitted to extraction and paper chromatography. If the tested assumption were correct, the ratio between the T3 derived from T4 and the T3 injected as such (namely, the 131T3/125T3 ratio) should be the same in plasma, liver, kidney, heart, muscle, etc. It was evident that the 131T3/125T3 ratio was not the same for different tissues. The differences were not merely due to artefactual deiodinations. The presence of small amounts of 131I and 125I containing compounds in the T3 spot was considered as highly unlikely, though not totally excluded. The data thus suggest that T3 derived from T4 and the injected (or thyroidally secreted) T3 might not be totally exchangeable within an observation period which is considerably longer than the one for which complete equilibrium was previously assumed. If so, changes in the size of the T4 pool, or in the rate of T4 conversion to T3, might affect the con centration of T3 in a given tissue to an extent not disclosed from the circulating T3 levels alone. Several possible consequences of the present findings are discussed.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: LONDON D. R. , ROBERTSON W. G. , HEATH D. A. 
Published: March 2008

Reproductive Endocrinology, Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Ed. by S. S. C. YEN & R. B. JAFFE. W. B. SaundersCalcium Urolithiasis‐Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management. By C. Y. C. PAK.Vitamin D. Ed. by D. E. M. LAWSON.