bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dependency of Phosphorescence Energy Transfer Rate on Distance between a Cationic Donor and a Cationic Acceptor and on Temperature
Authors: Yoshimura Akio , Nozaki Koichi , Ikeda Noriaki , Ohno Takeshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Phosphorescence energy transfer within ligand bridged diruthenium(II) compounds of the form [(bpy)2Ru(II)(B)Ru(II)(becbpy)2]4+, where bpy, becbpy, and B are 2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine, and a bridging ligand, respectively, was investigated in butyronitrile solution in the temperature range 77—330 K. Excitation energy transfer occurs from the Ru(bpy)22+ moiety to the Ru(becbpy)22+ moiety. The energy transfer rate (kEN = (0.4—7.4) × 106 s−1) at 77 K is weakly dependent on the Ru2+–Ru2+ distance (r), which is estimated for the extended conformer of the bridging ligand. A linear plot of log kEN vs. log (1/r6) shows that energy transfer occurs via the dipole–dipole interaction. The weak temperature-dependence of the energy transfer rate in the temperature range 77—110 K is explained in terms of the absorption-emission coupling integral. The fast energy transfer (55 × 106 s−1) within [(bpy)2Ru(bpbimH2)Ru(becbpy)2]4+ (bpbimH2 = 2,2′-di-(2-pyridyl)-6,6′-bibenzimidazole) at 77 K is ascribed to the substantial exchange interaction between the Ru(bpy)2(bpbimH2)2+ moiety in the excited state and the Ru(becbpy)22+ moiety in the ground state.
Magnetic Field Effects on Intramolecular Exciplex Fluorescence of Chain-Linked Phenanthrene and N,N-Dimethylaniline: Influence of Chain Length, Solvent, and Temperature
Authors: Cao Hong , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Haino Takeharu , Fukazawa Yoshimasa , Tung Chen-Ho , Tanimoto Yoshifumi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Magnetic field effects (MFEs) on the intramolecular exciplex fluorescence of a chain-linked phenanthrene (Phen)/N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) system, Phen–(CH2)n–O–(CH2)2–DMA, have been studied in the magnetic fields (≤0.62 T) as functions of (1) solvent polarity (ε = 7.6—36.7), (2) chain length (n = 4—12), and (3) temperature (223—333 K). The MFEs on the exciplex fluorescence are attributable to the singlet–triplet intersystem crossing in the intramolecular radical ion pair which is in dynamic equilibrium with the exciplex. (1) Solvent polarity increases significantly the MFEs on the exciplex fluorescence of Phen–(CH2)10–O–(CH2)2–DMA. This is attributable to the stability of the intramolecular radical ion pair relative to the exciplex. (2) A remarkable influence of chain length on MFEs in the exciplex fluorescence in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was observed. The results were discussed in connection with the edge-to-edge distances &lt;r&gt; of two radicals obtained from molecular dynamics calculation for model compounds. (3) The temperature-induced high-field shift of the exchange energies |2J| for Phen–(CH2)4–O–(CH2)2–DMA in DMF was discussed in connection with &lt;r&gt;.
Branching Ratios of Excited Sn I States Produced by Collisions of He(23S) Atom with SnCl4 and Sn(CH3)4
Authors: Tokue Ikuo , Sakai Yuko , Kobayashi Masaaki , Yamasaki Katsuyoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Fluorescence in the 200—600 nm range from excited fragments produced by collision of He(23S) with SnCl4 and Sn(CH3)4 has been studied in the relative collision energy of 135—210 meV. Emission cross sections for Sn I atomic resonance lines from SnCl4 slightly decrease with increasing collision energy. This originates from the fact that the effective potential between He(23S) and SnCl4 is slightly attractive. The branching ratio of Sn I states observed from SnCl4 is consistent with a simple dissociation model assuming equipartition of the available energy. These results are compatible with the harpoon mechanism as an initial step for formation of Sn I from SnCl4. On the other hand, the effective potential between He(23S) and Sn(CH3)4 is found to be repulsive, and the branching ratio of Sn I is increased to much more than that estimated from the statistical model. Excited Sn I states seem to be produced directly from Sn(CH3)4 by an excitation transfer mechanism via superexcited states, which mainly decay by Penning ionization.
Organic Radicals Exhibiting Intermolecular Ferromagnetic Interactions with High Probability: 4-Arylmethyleneamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyls and Related Compounds
Authors: Togashi Kensuke , Imachi Ron , Tomioka Katsuyuki , Tsuboi Hidenori , Ishida Takayuki , Nogami Takashi , Takeda Naoya , Ishikawa Masayasu 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A series of 4-arylmethyleneamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxyls (4-arylmethyleneamino-TEMPO) and related compounds were synthesized, and their magnetic susceptibilities were measured by a SQUID magnetometer in the temperature range of 1.8—100 K. Of 165 radicals investigated, 52 kinds of radicals exhibited intermolecular ferromagnetic interactions. These were confirmed by the increase of effective magnetic moments in low-temperature regions. Positive Weiss temperatures (θ), ranging from +0.03 to +0.75 K, were found for these materials. Over 100 kinds of radicals exhibited antiferromagnetic interactions with θ ranging from −0.01 to −24 K. The surprisingly high probability of finding organic radicals with intermolecular ferromagnetic interaction may be understood by the characteristic molecular arrangements in the crystals. An oxygen atom of an NO radical site of a piperidin-1-yloxyl moiety is apt to locate near methyl- and/or methylene-hydrogens of β-positions of the adjacent molecules, and the resultant spin polarization gives rise to parallel spin alignments of nearest NO sites in the crystals. 4-(4-Iodophenylmethyleneamino)-TEMPO exhibited a bulk ferromagnetic transition at 0.4 K. Six radicals exhibited metamagnetic transitions at magnetic fields lower than 200 Oe below 0.1 K.
Amorphous State of Vacuum-Deposited Benzene and Its Crystallization
Authors: Ishii Kikujiro , Nakayama Hideyuki , Yoshida Tomohiro , Usui Hiroyuki , Koyama Kei 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The structure of benzene films that were vacuum-deposited on cold-metal substrates to be 5—20 μm in thickness was studied with Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Films deposited below 30 K were amorphous. They crystallized when the temperature was raised to about 60 K. If the substrate temperature at sample deposition was set above 45 K, films including crystalline particles were obtained. Structural relaxation in the amorphous state did not take place in an appreciable manner before the crystallization. Only an increase in intramolecular Raman-band intensities was observed during the relaxation in the amorphous state. Such behavior of amorphous benzene is compared with that of amorphous states of other simple organic compounds. The above crystallization temperature is discussed in relation to the previously estimated glass-transition temperature of benzene by referring to NMR data.
m
j
-Resolved Doppler Spectroscopy of Cs(6p2P3/2,m
j) Atoms Predissociated from a Single Level Cs2D1Σu+ (v = 46, J = 54)
Authors: Matsubara Kensuke , Tajima Yumi , Baba Masaaki , Kawai Jun , Katô Hajime 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In a plane perpendicular to a magnetic field a collimated cesium beam was crossed at right angles by a pump laser beam. Cs2 molecules were excited to the D1Σu+ (v = 46, J = 54) level, which predissociated selectively to Cs(6s2S1/2) + Cs(6p2P3/2) atoms. The mj-resolved excitation spectra of the Cs(8s2S1/2,m′j ← 6p2P3/2,mj) transitions at a magnetic field of 1.91 kG were measured using a probe laser beam propagated either along the magnetic field or along the pump beam. The population of Cs(6p2P3/2,mj) atoms was found to be in the ratio 77 : 136 : 100 : 46 for mj = 3/2, 1/2, −1/2, and −3/2 based on an analysis of the line intensities. From the line shapes of the excitation spectra, Cs(6p2P3/2,±1/2) atoms were found to recoil predominantly parallel to the magnetic field H, and Cs(6p2P3/2,±3/2) atoms were found to recoil predominantly perpendicular to H.
Extraction Behavior of Silver Ion with Open-Chain S,S′-α,ω-Alkanediyl O,O′-Bis[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]dithiocarbonates
Authors: Mendoza Concepcion S , Kamata Satsuo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The S,S′-α,ω-alkanediyl O,O′-bis[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]dithiocarbonates, which are easily accessible by synthesis, have been used in solvent extraction studies of precious metal ions. Taking S,S′-1,3-propanediyl O,O′-bis[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]dithiocarbonate (PbETEdTC) as the representative of this group, the compound appears to have promising efficiency for the extraction of silver from perchlorate media, where the silver ion forms a 1 : 1 extractable complex with PbETEdTC. A quantitative back-extraction process from the organic phase is possible with 5 M HCl. From extraction studies, PbETEdTC proved to be a good extractant for silver in a perchlorate medium. The important role played by structural modifications of the bis(dithiocarbonate) molecule is evidenced by the differences in the silver extractabilities and silver-ligand stoichiometries.
Reduction and Oxidation Processes of Blue Copper Proteins, Azurin, Pseudoazurin, Umecyanin, Stellacyanin, Plantacyanin, and Plastocyanin Approached by Cyclic and Potential Step Voltammetries
Authors: Sakurai Takeshi , Nose Fumitaka , Fujiki Takayuki , Suzuki Shinnichiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Direct electrochemistry of a series of blue copper proteins: azurin, pseudoazurin, umecyanin, stellacyanin, plantacyanin, and plastocyanin has been performed at a gold electrode modified with di-4-pyridyl disulfide and/or at a bare glassy carbon electrode. Well-resolved cyclic voltammograms with peak separation, ΔEp = 55—100 mV were obtained, allowing the facile determination of the redox potential of blue copper proteins. Protein molecules associate with the electrode surface through both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, of which the predominant one differs according to the combination of protein and electrode. Double-step voltammetry showed that redox processes of blue copper proteins depend profoundly on the translocation of the molecules (diffusion and/or change of orientation) at the electrode surface. The heterogeneous rate constants at pH 6.0 and 25 °C for both reduction and oxidation processes were independently determined to be the order of 10−3 to 10−4 cm s−1 by single-step voltammetry and were compared with those determined by cyclic voltammetry. Further, activation parameters for redox processes of some blue copper proteins have been determined from temperature dependence studies. The reaction pathway of blue copper proteins was discussed.
Crystal Structure of the Pentamolybdate Complex Coordinated by Adenosine-5′-monophosphoric Acid
Authors: Inoue Miyao , Yamase Toshihiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Na2[(Hamp)2Mo5O15]·6H2O (where amp is adenosine-5′-monophosphate) has been crystallized by acidifying a solution containing Na2MoO4·2H2O and adenosine-5′-monophosphoric acid (AMP = H2amp) to pH 3—4. A single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of a colorless crystal of Na2[(Hamp)2Mo5O15]·6H2O [space group P3121, a = 27.494(2), c = 10.165(1) Å, V = 6654.5(9) Å3, Z = 3, R = 0.086, and Rw = 0.073 for 1087 independent data with I &lt; 3σ(I)] showed that the anion is coordinated by two amp-phosphate-O atoms. [(Hamp)2Mo5O15]2− is isostructural with [(OPO3)2Mo5O15]6−, in which two PO4 tetrahedra span either side of a ring of edge- and corner-linked MoO6 octahedra. Two [(Hamp)2Mo5O15]2− anions are connected with ionic bondings of the Oanion–Na–Owater–Na–Oanion linkage, to be oriented parallel to the c-axis. The adenine-base ring of the amp ligand is stacked by that of the neighboring anion at a distance of 3.4 Å along the c-axis. The 13C and 31P NMR spectra of a solution containing Na2MoO4·2H2O and AMP at different pH levels indicate the formation of the pentamolybdate complex at pH &gt; 6.
Photolysis of Cobalt(III) Complexes Containing Sulfinate-S Ligands. Formation of Organic Peroxide Complexes through Desulfurization
Authors: Kojima Masaaki , Akhter Farooque MD , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Yoshikawa Yuzo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The photolysis of trans(t-N,S)-[Co{S(O)2CH(CH3)COO-S,O}(tren)]+ (t-N = tertiary amine nitrogen; tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine) with visible light yielded three complexes: pink, red-1, and red-2. The molecular structure of the pink complex tetraphenylborate was determined by the X-ray method to be trans(t-N,O(C))-[Co{OOCH(CH3)COO-O,O}(tren)][B(C6H5)4]·CH3OH·H2O (O(C) = oxygen of carboxylate group); irradiation induced desulfurization and yielded an organic peroxide complex. Crystal data: C34H48BCoN4O6, FW 678.52, triclinic, (No. 2), a = 19.583(3), b = 19.838(4), c = 9.996(1) Å, α = 103.60(1), β = 102.13(1), γ = 70.29(1)°, V = 3517(1) Å3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.29 g cm−3, μ = 0.533 mm−1 for Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). The red-2 complex is thermally stable, while the red-1 one thermally reverts to the starting complex. The red-1 and red-2 complexes were assigned as linkage isomerized sulfinato-O complexes, trans(t-N,O(S))- and cis(t-N,O(S))-[Co{OS(O)CH(CH3)COO-O,O}(tren)]+ (O(S) = oxygen of sulfinate group), respectively, on the basis of the UV-vis and IR spectra and thermal stability. The irradiation of trans(t-N,S)-[Co{S(O)2CH2COO-S,O}(tren)]+ and [Co{S(O)2CH(CH3)COO-S,O}(en)2]+ also yielded both peroxide complexes and linkage isomerized sulfinato-O complexes.
Difference in the Kinetic Behavior on the AC-Catalyzed Decomposition (AC = Activated Carbon) of [Co(C2O4)3]3− and [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+, and on the AC-Catalyzed Ligand-Substitution Reactions between Each Complex and EDTA in an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kimura Masaru , Miyamoto Ikuko , Fujita Syouko , Kumashiro Sachiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The decomposition reaction of tris(oxalato)cobaltate(III) ion, [Co(ox)3]3−, occurred to produce cobalt(II) ion and carbon dioxide by adding activated carbon (AC) in an aqueous solution, taking a rate law of the first order with respect to the concentrations of not only [Co(ox)3]3−, but also AC. The rate of decomposition was independent of the pH values over a wide range of 2—8. On the contrary, the pentaammineaquacobalt(III) ion, [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+, did not decompose at all under the same conditions. When the same reaction mixtures as mentioned above contained ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), which denotes all forms of H4edta, H3edta−, H2edta2− etc., both of the complexes, [Co(ox)3]3− and [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+, converted quantitatively to [Co(edta)]−, taking a first-order rate law with respect to the concentration of either [Co(ox)3]3− or [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+. The rate was proportional to the added AC amounts, and was extremely inhibited by adding 8-quinolinol (oxine), methanol, or ethanol. The pH dependence on the reaction rates was extremely different in [Co(ox)3]3− and [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]3+; the rate in the former case was independent of the pH in the 2—5, and decreased at less than 2 and at larger than 5; that in the latter case was maximum at around pH 6, and decreased accordingly to pH’s less or larger than ca. 6, and became almost zero at pH 2. Such differences in the kinetic behavior are discussed.
Heptacoordinate Vanadium(III) Complexes Containing a Didentate Sulfate Ligand. X-Ray Structures of [V2(SO4)3{N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine}2] and [V(SO4){N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine}]+ and Their Solution Properties
Authors: Kanamori Kan , Kameda Eiji , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Several vanadium(III) complexes with a tetradentate N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (bispicen) or a hexadentate N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (tpen) ligand were prepared and characterized by UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy. Of these complexes, the structures of two vanadium(III) complexes with a didentate sulfate were determined by X-ray crystallography. [V2(SO4)3(bispicen)2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 25.083(7), b = 24.236(5), c = 15.708(5) Å, β = 114.96(2)°, Z = 8, and R = 0.087. The complex containing the [V(SO4)(tpen)]+ cation crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Aba2 with a = 20.1836(8), b = 19.793(1), c = 15.6107(7) Å, Z = 8, and R = 0.069. Both complexes adopt a heptacoordinate pentagonal bipyramidal structure in which the didentate sulfate is situated in the pentagonal plane. The heptacoordinate structure of the tpen-SO42− complex is stable in an aqueous solution, whereas the bispicen-SO42− complex is easily aquated to yield a hexacoordinate oxo-bridged dinuclear species.
Cytosine-Carboxylate Interactions: Crystal Structure of Cytosinium Hydrogen Maleate
Authors: Balasubramanian Thailampillai , Muthiah Packianathan Thomas , Robinson Ward Thomas 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Interactions of carboxylate groups of proteins with nucleobases are some of the important stereochemical patterns involved in protein-nucleic acid recognition. The title compound serves as a model for such interactions, involving constrained carboxyl groups. Space group: , a = 7.424(1), b = 7.952(2), c = 8.248(2) Å, α = 106.61(3)°, β = 94.97(3)°, and γ = 91.26(3)°. The structure was solved by direct methods. Cytosine is protonated at N(3). The usual fork-like interaction of the carboxylate groups with cytosine is absent and a network of hydrogen bonding involving the cytosine moiety and hydrogen maleate is present. The interaction of carboxylate group and the amino group of cytosine observed here is reminiscent of the carboxylate–GC pair interaction observed in a protein–DNA complex (DNA repressor of phage 434 complex). There is also a C(6)–H···O (of maleate) interaction.
Synthesis of Ring-Fluorinated Porphyrins and Reconstitutional Myoglobins with Their Iron Complexes
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Tomizawa Tadashi , Hayashi Takashi , Mizutani Tadashi , Ogoshi Hisanobu 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The total syntheses of monofluoroporphyrin derivatives from monofluoropyrroles and the reconstitution of synthetic heme into sperm-whale myoglobin are described. The heme orientation in a cavity of the protein was determined by 1H and 19F NMR studies. It is noted that a fluoro substituent was found to be a useful probe for studying the heme-protein interaction.
1H NMR Study of the Heme Molecular Structure in Sperm Whale Met-Aquo and Met-Imidazole Myoglobins
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The resolved heme peripheral side-chain proton resonances of sperm whale met-aquo myoglobin have been connected to the corresponding resonances in met-imidazole myoglobin by the magnetization transfer through the external ligand exchange. From the signal assignments in met-imidazole myoglobin, which have been independently obtained using conventional two-dimensional NMR and one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopies, the observed connectivities unambiguously identified the corresponding resonances of met-aquo myoglobin. The calculation of the pseudo-contact shifts for the resonances of met-aquo myoglobin from the reported zero-field splitting constant [Y. -H. Kao, and J. T. J. Lecomte, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 9754—9762 (1993) and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 6991 (1994)] together with the diamagnetic shifts observed for carbonmonoxy myoglobin [B. C. Mabbutt, and P. E. Wright, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 832, 175—185 (1985)], allowed the extraction of the contact shifts from their paramagnetic shifts. The heme peripheral propionate conformation in met-aquo myoglobin has been determined from the analysis of the contact shifts for the CαH2 proton resonances. The obtained conformations agreed well with those described by the X-ray study [T. Takano, J. Mol. Biol., 110, 537—568 (1977)]. The thermal spin equilibrium in met-imidazole myoglobin has been analyzed using the mean heme methyl proton shift as an indicator for the spin state of the protein. The equilibrium populations determined from the analysis of the NMR shift data did not agree with those determined from the magnetic susceptibility measurements [T. Iizuka, and M. Kotani, Biochim. Biophys. Acta,181, 275—286 (1969)], indicating that the heme methyl proton shifts cannot be used as quantitative probe for the thermal spin equilibrium in met-imidazole myoglobin. This would be attributed to the temperature-dependent delocalization of the unpaired electron density from the heme iron to the porphyrin π system and the axial ligands due to the perturbation on the coordination structure around the iron, exerted by the steric repulsion between the bound imidazole and the imidazole side-chain of the distal His residue, as revealed by the X-ray study [C. Lionetti, M. G. Guanziroli, F. Frigerio, P. Ascenzi, and M. Bolognesi, J. Mol. Biol., 217, 409—412 (1991)].
Preparation of Branched Oligogermynes and Their Micropatterning by Ultraviolet Irradiation
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Ohkawa Tomoharu , Kawata Hiroki , Watanabe Akira , Ito Osamu , Matsuda Minoru 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Branced oligogermynes were prepared both by Wurtz coupling reactions of alkyl- and phenyl-trichlorogermanes with sodium metal and by the reaction of alkyltrichlorogermanes using of samarium(II) diiodide. Upon ultraviolet irradiation of oligo(phenylgermyne) in air, the germanium–germanium bond in an oligo(phenylgermyne) film changed into a digermoxane chain. The laser flash photolysis of the oligo(phenylgermyne) film showed the formation of a germyl radical as a reactive intermediate during photodegradation. The formation of germanium carbide (Ge–C) and germanium dioxide (GeO2) was observed upon a heat treatment of unirradiated and irradiated oligo(phenylgermyne) films, respectively. A relatively high-resolution GeC/GeO2 micropatterning was obtained by combining the photochemical and thermal properties of branced oligogermynes.
Chemical Aspects Concerning the Friction and Abrasion of Rubber
Authors: Furukawa Junji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The frictional force (fF) is proportional to the normal force; for rubber it is corrected by a factor involving the pressure and elasticity due to a change of the contact surface. During friction induced by a slider, fF fluctuates, which is conventionally explained by a stick-slip mechanics. However, the effect of the temperature and velocity on fF as well as the frequencies of vibration and pattern abrasion producing worn products of various size, are not studied using mechanical model.
On the contrary, the author discusses here the chemical mechanism of stick-peeling based on a model involving pseudo crosslinks of multi-sizes. The frictional force (fF) is taken to be equal to the peeling force (fP), For adhesives, fP is proportional to the adhesion force (fA) affected by such rheological factors as the peeling velocity (v), the thickness (h), and the relaxation time (τ); fP = fA(τvh)0.5. Here, fA is proportional to the fraction of the pseudo link (ν) and the wetting energy (W) divided by the peeling distance, which is almost equal to the bond length (l) and fA is expressed as fA = (ν/N)2/3(W/l). ν is the number of links formed on the surface of the rubber, and is varied with the sizes of the links 4 (link A) and 16 (link B) and their relaxation times of 10−3.4 s (τA) and 10−1 s (τB).
Also, for the frictional force (fF) the same equation is obtained when v and h are taken to be the velocity of the slider and the thickness of the rubber layer deformed by the slider, respectively. Friction produces two kinds of vibrations by the dissociation of links A and B; their frequencies are given by the reciprocal of τA and τB, respectively.
Abrasion is caused by the scission of rubber chains connected with links A and B in the peeling process. The former abrasion yields powdery wear products by crazing, whereas in the latter the scission of chemical bonds of the energy (D) develops to give crest-shape tearing i.e. so-called pattern abrasion. The sizes of wear products are proportional to the relaxation distances corresponding to τA and τB. The resistance to abrasion of rubber is expressed by a ratio of the force at a break (fB) to fF, fB/fF = (ν/N)1/3(D/Wl2)(vτh)−0.5. Carbon black improves the abrasion resistance due to its reinforcing ability, and the resistance is enhanced by increasing the content, specific surface area and adhesion ability of carbon black. Their optimum values were also estimated theoretically.