bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of Lagrangian coordinates in the water entry and related problems
Authors: Johnstone Eveline A. , Mackie A. G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLagrangian coordinates are used in conjunction with the self-similarity hypothesis in order to examine the problem of the vertical entry at constant speed of a wedge and also of a cone into an incompressible fluid initially at rest. Certain known properties of the free surface are recovered in a very direct and simple manner and new exact results concerning the inclination of the free surface and the angle of contact with the rigid surface are obtained.
Using types as search keys in function libraries
Authors: Rittri Mikael 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA method is proposed to search for an identifier in a functional program library by using its Hindley–Milner type as a key. This can be seen as an approximation of using the specification as a key.Functions that only differ in their argument order or currying are essentially the same, which is expressed by a congruence relation on types. During a library search, congruent types are identified. If a programmer is not satisfied with the type of a found value, he can use a conversion function (like curry), which must exist between congruent types, to convert the value into the type of his choice.Types are congruent if they are isomorphic in all cartesian closed categories. To put it more simply, types are congruent if they are equal under an arithmetical interpretation, with cartesian product as multiplication and function space as exponentiation. This congruence relation is characterized by seven equational axioms. There is a simple term-rewriting algorithm to decide congruence, using which a search system has been implemented for the functional language Lazy ML, with good performance.The congruence relation can also be used as a basis for other search strategies, e.g. searching for identifiers of a more general type, modulo congruence or allowing free type variables in queries.
A semantic basis for Quest
Authors: Cardelli Luca , Longo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2008

AbstractQuest is a programming language based on impredicative type quantifiers and subtyping within a three-level structure of kinds, types and type operators, and values.The semantics of Quest is rather challenging. In particular, difficulties arise when we try to model simultaneously features such as contravariant function spaces, record types, subtyping, recursive types and fixpoints.In this paper we describe in detail the type inference rules for Quest, and give them meaning using a partial equivalence relation model of types. Subtyping is interpreted as in previous work by Bruce and Longo (1989), but the interpretation of some aspects – namely subsumption, power kinds, and record subtyping – is novel. The latter is based on a new encoding of record types.We concentrate on modelling quantifiers and subtyping; recursion is the subject of current work.
A practical functional program for the CRAY X-MP
Authors: Boyle James M. , Harmer Terence J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOne can have all the advantages of functional programming – correctness, clarity, simplicity, and flexibility – without any sacrifice in performance, even for a scientifically significant computation on a supercomputer. Therefore, why use Fortran? We demonstrate parity – equality of speed and storage use – between a program generated automatically from a functional specification and a program written by hand in the procedural style. To our knowledge, this demonstration of parity is the first for a program that solves a scientifically significant problem – quasi-linear hyperbolic partial differential equations – on a scientifically interesting supercomputer – the CRAY X-MP. We use pure Lisp, including higher-order functions, to express the functional specification for the PDE solver. We designed this specification for maximal clarity and flexibility, rather than for efficiency. Nevertheless, we obtain a highly efficient program to solve the PDEs: automated program transformations put back the missing efficiency as they produce an executable Fortran program from the specification. The generated Fortran program vectorizes on the CRAY X-MP and runs about 4% faster than a handwritten Fortran program for the same problem. We describe the problem and the specification, and some of the problem-domain-specific and hardware-specific transformations that we use to obtain the high-efficiency program.
A run-time algorithm for managing the granularity of parallel functional programs
Authors: Aharoni Gad , Feitelson Dror G. , Barak Amnon 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe present an on-line (run-time) algorithm that manages the granularity of parallel functional programs. The algorithm exploits useful parallelism when it exists, and ignores ineffective parallelism in programs that produce many small tasks. The idea is to balance the amount of local work with the cost of distributing the work. This is achieved by ensuring that for every parallel task spawned, an amount of work that equals the cost of the spawn is performed locally. We analyse several cases and compare the algorithm to the optimal execution. In most cases the algorithm competes well with the optimal algorithm, even though the optimal algorithm has information about the future evolution of the computation that is not available to the on-line algorithm. This is quite remarkable considering we have chosen extreme cases that have contradicting optimal executions. Moreover, we show that no other on-line algorithm can be consistently better than it. We also present experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
The interactive Lazy ML system
Authors: Augustsson Lennart 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper we describe an implementation of an interactive version of the purely functional programming language Lazy ML (LML). The most remarkable fact about the interactive system is that it is written in a pure functional style using LML, yet the efficiency still compares favourably to other conventional interpretative systems.We describe how the system is designed, and also the exception mechanism that was added to facilitate the handling of errors in the system.
Correctness of binding-time analysis
Authors: Palsberg Jens 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA binding-time analysis is correct if it always produces consistent binding-time information. Consistency prevents partial evaluators from ‘going wrong’. A sufficient and decidable condition for consistency, called well-annotatedness, was first presented by Gomard and Jones. In this paper we prove that a weaker condition implies consistency. Our condition is decidable, subsumes the one of Gomard and Jones, and was first studied by Schwartzbach and the present author. Our result implies the correctness of the binding-time analysis of Mogensen, and it indicates the correctness of the core of the binding-time analyses of Bondorf and Consel. We also prove that all partial evaluators will on termination have eliminated all ‘eliminable’-marked parts of an input which satisfies our condition. This generalizes a result of Gomard. Our development is for the pure λ-calculus with explicit binding-time annotations.
Worst case scheduling for parallel functional programs
Authors: Burton F. Warren , Rayward-Smith V. J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMany of the details that a programmer must manage when programming in a procedural language are handled by the implementation in a functional language. In a parallel functional language, we would expect the assignment of processes to processors and the scheduling of processes to be handled by the implementation. The partitioning of a program into processes may be handled by the implementation as well.We will assume that a parallel functional program may create processes dynamically, and that processes may synchronize in an arbitrary manner. It does not matter whether processes are defined in the source program or generated by the implementation.On parallel systems where each processor has some local memory, it is common practice not to move processes once they have started to execute. We will show that if each process must be executed on a single processor, then no fully automatic scheduling strategy can ensure good performance.We also will show that if all processes are sequential processes (i.e. do not contain internal parallelism), and if a process may be moved whenever it resumes execution following synchronization with another process, then good performance can be assured, at least in theory.
Funser: a functional server for textual information retrieval
Authors: Ziff Donald A , Spackman Stephen P , Waclena Keith 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper describes a data-intensive application written in a lazy functional language: a server for textual information retrieval. The design illustrates the importance of interoperability, the capability of interacting with code written in other programming languages. Lazy functional programming is shown to be a powerful and elegant means of accomplishing several desirable concrete goals: delivering initial results promptly, using space economically, and avoiding unnecessary I/O. Performance results, however, are mixed.
Implementing a functional spreadsheet in clean
Authors: De Hoon Walter A. C. A. J , Rutten Luc M. W. J , van Eekelen Marko C. J. D 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIt has been claimed that recent developments in the research on the efficiency of code generation and on graphical input/output interfacing have made it possible to use a functional language to write efficient programs that can compete with industrial applications written in a traditional imperative language. As one of the early steps in verifying this claim, this paper describes a first attempt to implement a spreadsheet in a lazy, purely functional language. An interesting aspect of the design is that the language with which the user specifies the relations between the cells of the spreadsheet is itself a lazy, purely functional and higher order language as well, and not some special dedicated spreadsheet language. Another interesting aspect of the design is that the spreadsheet incorporates symbolic reduction and normalisation of symbolic expressions (including equations). This introduces the possibility of asking the system to prove equality of symbolic cell expressions: a property which can greatly enhance the reliability of a particular user-defined spreadsheet. The resulting application is by no means a fully mature product. It is not intended as a competitor to commercially available spreadsheets. However, with its higher order lazy functional language and its symbolic capabilities it may serve as an interesting candidate to fill the gap between calculators with purely functional expressions and full-featured spreadsheets with dedicated non-functional spreadsheet languages. This paper describes the global design and important implementation issues in the development of the application. The experience gained and lessons learnt during this project are discussed. Performance and use of the resulting application are compared with related work.
A polymorphic library for constructive solid geometry
Authors: Davy J. R. , Dew P. M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSolid modelling using constructive solid geometry (CSG) includes many examples of stylised divide-and-conquer algorithms. We identify the sources of these recurrent patterns and describe a Geometric Evaluation Library (GEL) which captures them as higher-order functions. This library then becomes the basis of developing CSG applications quickly and concisely. GEL is currently implemented as a set of separately compiled modules in the pure functional language Hope+. We evaluate our work in terms of performance and general applicability. We also assess the benefits of the functional paradigm in this domain and the merits of programming with a set of higher-order functions.
The bologna optimal higher-order machine
Authors: Asperti Andrea , Giovannetti Cecilia , Naletto Andrea 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Bologna Optimal Higher-order Machine (BOHM) is a prototype implementation of the core of a functional language based on (a variant of) Lamping's optimal graph reduction technique (Lamping, 1990; Gonthier et al., 1992a; Asperti, 1994). The source language is a sugared λ-calculus enriched with booleans, integers, lists and basic operations on these data types (following the guidelines of Interaction Systems – Asperti and Laneve (1993b, 1994), Laneve (1993)). In this paper, we shall describe BOHM's general architecture (comprising the garbage collector), and give a large set of benchmarks and experimental results.
Die „Reifung“ des Darmes während der Schwangerschaft; fortlaufende Beobachtung mit Ultraschall
Authors: Bonilla-Musoles F. , Perez Gil M. , Ramirez J. V. , Pelliger A. , Ferrez-Barriendos J. , Sanchez-Peña J. M. 
Published: November 2008

Die echographischen Bilder des Darmes während der letzten 20 Schwangerschaftswochen werden beschrieben. Vergleiche mit dem biparietalen und abdominalen Durchmesser sowie mit dem echographischen Bild der Plazenta werden durchgeführt.Die “Reifung” des Darmes wird in 4 Stufen unterteilt; die beiden letzten Stufen sind nur bei reifen Feter vorhanden.
High-Resolution-CT bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen
Authors: Kullnig P. 
Published: November 2008

ZusammenfassungDas Erscheinungsbild im High-Resolution-CT (HR-CT) des Thorax von 39 Patienten mit histologisch gesicherten interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen wurde untersucht (22 fibrosierende Alveolitis, 12 Lymphangitis carcinomatosa, 5 Lymphangioleiomyomatose (LAM)). Das markanteste Merkmal in der Gruppe der Patienten mit fibrosierender Alveolitis waren Honigwabenzysten in vornehmlich subpleuraler Distribution und mit Destruktion der zugrundeliegenden Lungenarchitektur. Bei LAM fanden sich zystische Strukturen ohne Distraktion des Lungengerüstes und ohne prädominante Lokalisation. Die Patienten mit Lymphangitis carcinomatosa zeigten septale und polygonale Strukturen mit unregelmäßiger Dicke sowie noduläre Läsionen entlang der bronchovaskulären Leitstrukturen. Die HR-CT erlaubt eine exzellente Korrelation mit der zugrundeliegenden Pathologie. Des weiteren konnten mittels der HR-CT Merkmale identifiziert werden, welche eine Differenzierung der Krankheitsgruppen untereinander erlaubten.
Getrennte Messung von Kompakta- und Spongiosadichte mit einem Transversal-Rotations-Scanner
Authors: Schneider P. , Berger P. , Moll E. , Reiners Chr. , Börner W. 
Published: November 2008

ZusammenfassungMit einem hochauflösenden mikrocomputergesteuerten Transversal-Rotations-Scanner, der eine eng kollimierte 125J-Photonenquelle und einen Szintillationsdetektor bewegt, werden die von der Knochenmineralisation abhängigen Absorptionsprofile am distalen Unterarm gemessen. In zwei Schritten erfolgt zunächst die Rekonstruktion der anatomischen Struktur an der Meßstelle. Dann werden über einen Least-Square-Algorithmus die drei linearen Schwächungskoeffizienten für Weichteile, Kompakta und Spongiosa ermittelt. Die Schwächungskoeffizienten der Kompakta und Spongiosa dienen als Maß für die Mineralisation des Knochens. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen rekonstruiertem Bild mit den daraus berechneten Ergebnissen und den Meßwerten kann durch eine spezielle Fehlerrechnung geprüft werden. Am physikalischen Modell bzw. bei In-vivo-Messungen ergibt sich für 10fach-Messungen ein Variationskoeffizient von 1,8 bzw. 3,3 % für die Kompakta und von 2,5 bzw. 3,8 % für die Spongiosa. Die relative Abweichung vom Sollwert als Maß für die Richtigkeit liegt - in Abhängigkeit von der Dichte - zwischen +1,3 und -1,0 %. Das vorgestellte neue, technisch wenig aufwendige Verfahren zur getrennten Bestimmung der Dichte von Kompakta und Spongiosa am distalen Radius soll zur Früherfassung von Änderungen der Knochenmineralisation dienen, die sich im allgemeinen zuerst in der Spongiosa abspielen.
Use of statistical process control for coastal marine biological impact analysis
Authors: Maurer D. , Robertson G. , Mengel M. , Gerlinger T. , Lissner A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Statistical process control, a procedure long practiced in industry, was assessed to determine its applicability as an ecological analysis technique. The procedure is easy to calculate, emphasizes visual display of data, facilitates analysis and comparison, and uses well tested zone rules to objectively identify out-of-control conditions. Statistical process control was applied to a marine database involving number of species, abundance and biomass of benthic invertebrates sampled over 13 years (July 1985 to April 1998). Two stations were evaluated representing reference and impact (i.e. test) conditions.
Statistical process control revealed that some out-of-control conditions were naturally induced whereas others were probably related to anthropogenic activities. The procedure also effectively depicted seasonal fluctuations and long-term trends. Patterns and major trends identified using the technique corroborated those previously documented by analyses using more conventional approaches. While the procedure is well established as an industrial quality control protocol, it has the flexibility and latitude to be considered as a useful tool in evaluating biological impacts. Comments on management applications are included.
Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment of the Baikal region
Authors: Politov S.V. , Anokhin Yu.A. , Surnina N.N. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The pollution level of some organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in snow and surface waters of all main altitudinal belts of the mountains surrounding Lake Baikal was estimated for the first time.
The southern part of the Baikal region was more polluted by hexachlorocyclohexanes (consisting of the pesticide lindane and the isomer α-hexachlorocyclohexane and polychlorinated biphenyls) than the northern part, pointing out the role of atmospheric pollution sources, located mainly to the west of Lake Baikal. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (sum of the isomers) contents in snow did not show spatial differences and varied little with altitude. In the Baikal region this pesticide is apparently mainly of global origin.
The organochlorine contamination of surface waters of the Lake Baikal catchment area showed great spatial and temporal variations. Organochlorine pesticides were observed in the main tributaries of Lake Baikal throughout the year.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane balance showed that this substance in soil exceeds by dozens of times its atmospheric deposition, which proves the great resistance of the pesticide to breakdown in the Baikal environment and indicates the large volume of its deposition in previous years.
Ecotoxicological studies of the impact of construction materials for shore protection on Lake Baikal
Authors: Kudelin V.M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Shore slopes of the majority of reservoirs are subjected to wave abrasion. Mainly ferro-concrete structures for shore protection against destruction were built on Lake Baikal. A plan to use new structures, such as wave extinguishing berms and artificial beaches of non-sorting rock material, is in effect at present. For the practical evaluation of this plan, it was necessary to perform an ecotoxicological assessment.
The investigations started in 1988 and were carried out annually. At the first stage of the investigations, toxic potential of construction material was examined. Model experiments conducted on various biota did not reveal any toxicity.
In the second stage, in the region of soil embankment, the influence of the construction material on hydrochemical composition of coastal waters and on ichthyofauna was studied. The analyses of water samples revealed that there was no negative influence of embankment on chemical composition of water of the littoral zone. The berm construction did not cause any changes in fish community composition. The construction did not influence the number of benthic littoral sculpins (Family Cottidae) or the reproduction of littoral spawning fish.
The data reveal no negative influence of the soil embankment on shallow littoral areas.
Preliminary results about contaminants in the biota of Lake Baikal
Authors: Beim A. , Grocheva E. , Renzoni A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Recent analyses of the muscle of several fish specimens and the muscle, liver and fat of the Baikal seal show low levels of heavy metals and organochlorine compounds.
Present and past observations suggest that despite land-based sources of pollution, the general health status of the lake is good. However, because of increasing local air pollution, the long-range transport of pollutants emitted elsewhere and the expected increase in pollutants reaching the lake via rivers, extremely careful control measures in the hydrographic basin and continuous monitoring of the lake water are essential.
Ecotoxicological assessment in the rivers Rhine (The Netherlands) and Po (Italy)
Authors: Camusso M. , Vignati D. , van de Guchte C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper compares several aspects of water and sediment pollution in the Rhine and Po rivers. The data were selected from previously published material following criteria that considered natural differences between the two river basins and also differences in the experimental approaches employed. One aim of the comparison was to highlight differences in approach between the Italian and Dutch water authorities and to assess the advantages of standardising methodologies for water quality assessment between Italy, The Netherlands, and other member countries of the European Union.
Water quality in the Po and the Rhine was found to be similar; levels of trace metals, with the exception of copper, were below current environmentally acceptable targets, and the toxicity of water extracts to water fleas were closely similar. The main problem in both basins was diffuse inputs of nutrients and biocides from agriculture.
By contrast, there were considerable differences between the rivers in terms of sediment contamination, which was much worse in the Rhine. Potentially dangerous levels of organochlorides were found in sediments from both rivers, yet concentrations were much higher in Rhine sediments, particularly in the deltaic area, which contained very high levels of certain trace metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
It is concluded that the two rivers share many environmental quality problems, and that harmonisation of experimental and monitoring procedures between the two rivers would not only assist research but promote more efficient management policies.