bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is my story so different from yours? Comparing life stories, experiences of institutionalization and self‐advocacy in England and Iceland
Authors: Hreinsdóttir Eygló Ebba , Stefánsdóttir Guðrún , Lewthwaite Anne , Ledger Sue , Shufflebotham Lindy 
Published: August 2006

Accessible summaryAnne Lewthwaite from England and Eyglo Ebba Hreinsdóttir from Iceland researched and recorded their life stories. Sue Ledger, Lindy Shufflebotham and Guðrún Stefánsdóttir helped with this research. Anne and Ebba both spent years in learning difficulty institutions when they were young. Anne and Ebba told their stories together at an international conference at the Open University in England. We also presented information about the history of institutions and self‐advocacy in each country. Anne and Ebba found many similarities in their stories and in the history of hospitals although they came from different countries. More research comparing stories from different countries may be useful for the advocacy movement. SummaryThis paper uses oral history and documentary materials to develop a cross‐cultural comparison of the experiences of two self‐advocates who spent significant parts of their lives in learning difficulty institutions in England and Iceland. Anne Lewthwaite and Eygló Ebba Hreinsdóttir, born in the same era (1948–1950), were linked through the Open University Social History of Learning Disability Group. They researched and recorded their life stories and in May 2004, jointly presented these at an Open University Conference titled ‘The History of Self‐Advocacy for People with Learning Difficulties: International Comparisons’. Their stories bring to life the history of the institutions and the experiences of those who ‘spoke up’ and challenged the system long before formal self‐advocacy groups were established. Alongside this oral history work policy developments in each culture are described and compared to provide context to their life histories. The findings also highlight important similarities and differences between the two cultures in terms of the history of learning difficulty. The women's experience of participating in cross‐cultural oral history work is discussed together with the contribution of a comparative approach in furthering historical understanding of self‐advocacy.
The history of self‐advocacy for people with learning difficulties: international comparisons
Authors: Ledger Sue , Tilley Liz 
Published: August 2006

Accessible summary

In 2004 there was an international conference at the Open University about the history of self‐advocacy. Self‐advocates and their supporters came from many different countries.
This issue of the journal is a collection of papers from that conference.
The papers tell how self‐advocacy is taking place in different countries.
Together the papers give a bigger picture of self‐advocacy and show how people in different countries are often dealing with similar issues.
Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation
Authors: Demmig‐Adams Barbara , Adams William W. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThis review places photoprotection into the context of ecology and species diversity. The focus is on photoprotection via the safe removal – as thermal energy – of excess solar energy absorbed by the light collecting system, which counteracts the formation of reactive oxygen species. An update on the surprisingly complex, multiple variations of thermal energy dissipation is presented, placing these different forms into ecological and genetic contexts. Zeaxanthin‐facilitated, flexible thermal dissipation associated with the PsbS protein and controlled by the trans‐thylakoid pH gradient apparently occurs ubiquitously in plants, and can become sustained (and thus less flexible) at low temperatures. Long‐lived, slow‐growing plants with low intrinsic capacities for photosynthesis have greater capacities for this flexible dissipation than short‐lived, fast‐growing species. Furthermore, potent, but inflexible (zeaxanthin‐facilitated) thermal dissipation, prominent in evergreen species under prolonged environmental stress, is characterized with respect to the involvement of photosystem II core rearrangement and/or degradation as well as the absence of control by trans‐thylakoid pH and, possibly, PsbS. A role of PsbS‐related proteins in photoprotection is discussed.

Contents

Summary
11

I.
Introduction
12

II.
Photoprotection by flexible thermal energy dissipation
13

III.
Photoprotection by sustained thermal dissipation
14

IV.
Association of sustained photoprotection with photoinhibition, carbon export capacity and plant growth
18

Acknowledgements
19

References
19
A journey through signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses 2006
Authors: Paszkowski Uta 
Published: August 2006

SummaryRecent years have seen fascinating contributions to our understanding of the molecular dialogue between fungi and plants entering into arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. Attention has shifted from descriptions of physiological and cellular events to molecular genetics and modern chemical diagnostics. Genes, signal transduction pathways and the chemical structures of components relevant to the symbiosis have been defined. This review examines our current knowledge of signals and mechanisms involved in the establishment of AM symbioses.ContentsSummary35I.Introduction35II.Presymbiotic dialogue – recognition and anticipation36III.Early symbiotic phase – contact and penetration39IV.Mature symbiotic phase – haustoria and mineral nutrition41V.Concluding remarks43Acknowledgements43References43
A structural analysis of value orientations, price perception and ongoing search behaviour: a cross‐cultural study of American and Korean consumers
Authors: Watchravesringkan Kittichai , Yurchisin Jennifer 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe direct impact of value orientations on price perceptions has not received extensive investigation in previous research. We examined the impact of materialism, individualism and collectivism on American and Korean consumers’ perceptions of the positive and negative roles of price. We also examined the influence of price perceptions on consumers’ ongoing search behaviour. Using a structural equation modelling technique, results indicated that these value orientations positively and negatively influenced perceptions of the positive and negative roles of price, which in turn influenced ongoing search behaviour. Implications and future research directions are delineated.
Gender differences in low‐risk single‐occasion drinking: an application of the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Hassan Louise M. , Shiu Edward M.K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study examines the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the context of adhering to the UK low‐risk single‐occasion drinking (LRSOD) guidelines. Additionally, gender differences were explored. A convenience sample of 110 female students and 107 male students provided information about their LRSOD behaviour, as well as views, attitudes and intention regarding keeping to the LRSOD limit. Results of this study show the theory of reasoned action rather than the TPB to be pertinent, accounting for 24% of the variance for the female sample and 36% for the male sample. Gender differences are evident in terms of perceived pressure from government and educational campaigns as well as perceived likelihood of positive consequences of adhering to the LRSOD guidelines. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Delayed Access to Health Care and Mortality
Authors: Prentice Julia C. , Pizer Steven D. 
Published: August 2006

Objective. To measure the relationship between time spent waiting for health care services and patients' mortality.Data Source. Data on the number of days until the next available appointment at 89 Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers in 2001 were extracted from a VA administrative database. These facility‐level data were merged with individual‐level data for a sample of veterans who visited a VA geriatric outpatient clinic in 2001. The merged dataset includes facility‐level data on waiting times and individual‐level data on demographics, health status (e.g., diagnoses), and mortality.Study Design. This was a retrospective observational study using secondary data from administrative sources. The dependent variable was mortality within a 6‐month follow‐up period. The main explanatory variable of interest was VA facility‐level wait times for outpatient visits measured in number of days. Random effects logistic regression models were risk adjusted for prior individual health status and facility‐level differences in case mix.Principal Findings. Veterans who visited a VA medical center with facility‐level wait times of 31 days or more had significantly higher odds of mortality (odds ratio=1.21, p=0.027) compared with veterans who visited a VA medical center with facility‐level wait times of <31 days.Conclusions. Our findings support the largely assumed association between long wait times for outpatient health care and negative health outcomes, such as mortality. Future research should focus on the causes of long waits for health care (e.g., physician reimbursement levels), the consequences of long waits in other populations, and effective policies to decrease long waits for health care services.
Do Professional Interpreters Improve Clinical Care for Patients with Limited English Proficiency? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Karliner Leah S. , Jacobs Elizabeth A. , Chen Alice Hm , Mutha Sunita 
Published: August 2006

Objective. To determine if professional medical interpreters have a positive impact on clinical care for limited English proficiency (LEP) patients.Data Sources. A systematic literature search, limited to the English language, in PubMed and PsycINFO for publications between 1966 and September 2005, and a search of the Cochrane Library.Study Design. Any peer‐reviewed article which compared at least two language groups, and contained data about professional medical interpreters and addressed communication (errors and comprehension), utilization, clinical outcomes, or satisfaction were included. Of 3,698 references, 28 were found by multiple reviewers to meet inclusion criteria and, of these, 21 assessed professional interpreters separately from ad hoc interpreters. Data were abstracted from each article by two reviewers. Data were collected on the study design, size, comparison groups, analytic technique, interpreter training, and method of determining the participants' need for an interpreter. Each study was evaluated for the effect of interpreter use on four clinical topics that were most likely to either impact or reflect disparities in health and health care.Principal Findings. In all four areas examined, use of professional interpreters is associated with improved clinical care more than is use of ad hoc interpreters, and professional interpreters appear to raise the quality of clinical care for LEP patients to approach or equal that for patients without language barriers.Conclusions. Published studies report positive benefits of professional interpreters on communication (errors and comprehension), utilization, clinical outcomes and satisfaction with care.
Morphometrics of the Hyoid Bone for Human Sex Determination from Digital Photographs*
Authors: Kim Deog‐Im , Lee U‐Young , Park Dae‐Kyoon , Kim Yi‐Suk , Han Ki‐Hwan , Kim Kwang‐Hoon , Han Seung‐Ho 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT:The identification of unknown remains is very important. When unknown remains are found, anthropologists first determine their sex and age. The sex of most skeletons is determined by their shape. In the hyoid bone, the shape is sex related, so it can be used forensically to determine the sex. This study focused on sex‐based morphometry of the hyoid bone in Koreans using digital photographs. Hyoid bones from 52 males and 33 females were examined. For each subject, we took 34 measurements from photographs using a computer program, and the data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 11.0. Twenty‐one of 34 measurements had significant sex differences (p<0.05). The discriminant functions based on three measurements (X1−X3) were as follows:imageThe accuracy of discriminant functions is 88.2% in both groups, so these can be used to distinguish males from females in a statistically significant manner.
Flow cytometric and morphological characterization of platelet‐rich plasma gel
Authors: Fernández‐Barbero Juan Emilio , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Ávila‐Ortiz Gustavo , Caba Octavio , Sánchez‐Fernández E. , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground of problems:Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) gel is derived from an autogenous preparation of concentrated platelets and is widely used in implant dentistry as a vector for cell growth factors. However, limited data are available on its structure and composition. The present study was aimed at providing a flow cytometric and ultrastructural characterization of PRP gel.Materials and methods:Twenty PRP gel samples were obtained from healthy volunteers. These PRP gel specimens were prepared for transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of their morphological ultrastructure. Flow cytometry with CD41‐PE monoclonal antibody was used to detect platelet cells, as this antibody recognizes human‐platelet‐specific antigen CD41.Results:Both SEM and TEM showed that PRP gel contains two components: a fibrillar material with striated band similar to fibrin filaments, and a cellular component that contains human platelet cells. Both techniques indicated that no morphological elements were bound between the cellular component and the fibrillar material. The cells were confirmed as platelet cells by flow cytometric study after incubation with specific monoclonal antibody CD41‐PE.Conclusion:PRP gel contains a fibrillar and a cellular (largely human platelet cell) component. This unique structure may be capable of acting as a vehicle for carrying of cells that are essential for soft/hard tissue regeneration.
Probe penetration in periodontal and peri‐implant tissues: An experimental study in the beagle dog
Authors: Abrahamsson Ingemar , Soldini Claudio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground: Today, periodontal probing is the best diagnostic tool to assess the health status and attachment level of periodontal tissues. There are, however, doubts as to whether the same method could be used for implants. Experiments comparing peri‐implant and periodontal probing provide conflicting results. The impact and interpretation of peri‐implant probing are still not sufficiently known.Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to further analyze the histological level of probe penetration in healthy periodontal and peri‐implant tissues.Material and methods: In four beagle dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. Three months later, four experimental non‐submerged implants were placed in each edentulous premolar region. Six months later, probing depth was determined at the buccal aspect at two of the implants and at the bilateral first mandibular molars. A pressure‐controlled probe with a diameter of 0.4 mm and 0.2 N probing force was used. Following the probing depth assessment, a metal periodontal probe tip was inserted into the previously measured depth and attached to the implants and teeth using a composite material. Block biopsies were obtained and prepared for histometric examinations.Results: The findings showed that probing resulted in similar probe extension at implants and teeth, that the probe extension corresponded to the extension of the barrier epithelium and that the distance between the probe tip and the bone was about 1 mm in both peri‐implant and periodontal tissues.Conclusions: This experiment showed that under healthy conditions, the probe tip penetration in the soft tissues at teeth and implants is similar when a probing force of 0.2 N is used. Probing around implants using a moderate force is a valuable diagnostic tool in the maintenance of implant patients.
S100⊕ cell response to squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: inverse correlation with metastasis
Authors: Wei Naimin , Tahan Steven R. 
Published: August 2006

Previous work has suggested a key role of dendritic cells in anti‐neoplastic immunity. The course of mycosis fungoides and cancers of the lung, colon, thyroid and stomach has been associated with dendtitic cell response to the primary tumor. However, this has not been reported for cutaneous or mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Thirty‐six cases of primary SCC of the lip mucosa or vermillion border, including nine cases with regional metastasis, were stitdied to investigate the relationship of dendritic cell density with age, tumor grade, mitotic rate, diameter, ulceration, depth of invasion, muscle invasion, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and metastasis. Dendritic cells were identified using S100 immunohistochemistry, and their peritumor and intratumor density (peri‐S100D and intra‐S100D) were determined.The mean peri‐S100D was 314 ± 50/mm2. High peri‐S100D was associated with lower rate of metastasis (P = 0.03), and no case with peri‐S100D > 311/mm2 metastasized. Peri‐S100D inversely correlated with depth of invasion (P = 0.04) and ulceration (P = 0.02), and positively associated with TILs (P = 0.02). The mean intra‐S100D was 317 ± 42/mm2. Intra‐S100D did not quantitatively correlate with metastasis; however, no metastasis occurred when intra‐S100D exceeded 515/mm2. Intra‐S100D correlated with brisk TILs (P = 0.04).These results suggest a functional role of dendritic cells in the immune response to SCC. Peri‐S100D may be a prognostic indicator.
Effect of topical melatonin on ultraviolet radiation‐induced suppression of Mantoux reactions in humans
Authors: Howes Renae A. , Halliday Gary M. , Damian Diona L. 
Published: August 2006

Background: Melatonin, the central neurohormone in circadian rhythm pathways, is recognized to have a variety of immune‐enhancing effects. It has previously been shown to reduce ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced erythema in mice and in humans, but there are as yet no published studies on the effects of melatonin on UV‐induced immunosuppression in humans.Methods: We investigated the effects of topical melatonin on solar‐simulated (ss) UV‐induced suppression of Mantoux reactions in 16 healthy, Mantoux‐positive volunteers. Melatonin (5%) and its vehicle were applied in a double‐blinded manner to separate areas on the lower back, immediately after each of three consecutive daily ssUV exposures. Various sites on the back received either no irradiation or one of three‐graded ssUV doses. Mantoux testing was performed at each site 24 h after the final irradiation, and assessed 72 h later using a reflectance erythema meter. In a separate group of 19 volunteers, the effect of melatonin on minimal erythema dose was assessed both visually and with an erythema meter.Results: We found dose‐responsive UV‐induced suppression of the Mantoux response in the presence of both vehicle and melatonin; melatonin did not prevent UV‐induced immunosuppression in this model. Melatonin was also found to have no effect on the minimal erythema dose.Conclusions: Melatonin conferred no protection against immune suppression or sunburn when applied topically to human skin immediately after irradiation.
Broad‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy in zoster patients may reduce the incidence and severity of postherpetic neuralgia
Authors: Hadi Aziz Jalali Mir , Ansarin Habib , Soltani‐Arabshahi Razieh 
Published: August 2006

Background:
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is one of the common complications of herpes zoster infection, particularly in the elderly. Current therapeutic measures are only partially effective in the affected patients. As inflammatory mediators released by different cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of this neuropathic pain and with regard to the immunomodulatory effects of ultraviolet B (UVB) spectrum, we presumed that UVB phototherapy might be effective in the prevention of PHN.Method: This study was performed in two phases. Phase I was a prospective open controlled trial. Twenty‐five patients with severe pain in the first 7 days of zoster rash were divided into two groups: the prevention group (n=12) received oral acyclovir (800 mg five times a day for 10 days) plus broad‐band UVB to the affected dermatomes, starting with 20 mJ/cm2 and gradually increasing the dose by 10 mJ/cm2 each session to a maximum dose of 100 mJ/cm2. Treatment sessions were repeated three times a week until pain relief or to a maximum of 15 sessions. The control group (n=13), who had disease characteristics similar to the prevention group, received only oral acyclovir with the same dose. All patients reported their severity of pain on a verbal rating scale (VRS, score 0–4) before treatment and at 1 and 3 months' follow‐up. In phase II of the study, five patients with established PHN (more than 3 months after rash onset) received UVB with the above‐mentioned protocol.Results: A total of 17 patients older than 40 (10 females, seven males; mean age, 65.5 years; range: 47–82 years) who had intractable pain due to zoster infection received UVB in two phases of the study. In patients who received phototherapy in the first 7 days of rash, 58.33% and 83.33% were completely pain free at 1‐and 3‐month follow‐up, respectively. The corresponding figure in the control group was significantly lower (38.46% at 1 month and 53.85% at 3 months). The severity of pain was also lower in the phototherapy group than the control group (mean VRS 2.50 vs. 3.28 at 3 months). None of the patients who were treated more than 3 months after rash onset (established PHN) experienced significant (more than 50%) pain relief.Conclusion: UVB phototherapy in the acute stage of zoster rash might reduce the incidence and severity of PHN. Treatment after 3 months does not seem to have a significant beneficial effect.
The utility of a data‐logging device for measuring adherence to home phototherapy
Authors: Yelverton Christopher B. , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Feldman Steven R. 
Published: August 2006

Background: Treatment adherence to home phototherapy is not well characterized.Purpose: To develop an accurate measure of home phototherapy unit usage.Methods: We tested a commercially available data logger containing a photo‐sensor on two home phototherapy units.Results: The data logger accurately recorded actual usage and did not record stray light sources over the study period.Conclusion: A data logger can accurately capture usage patterns for a home phototherapy unit. These devices could potentially be used in clinical trials to measure adherence to home phototherapy treatment regimens.
UVA1 phototherapy for cutaneous diseases: an experience of 92 cases in the United States
Authors: Tuchinda Chanisada , Kerr Holly A. , Taylor Charles R. , Jacobe Heidi , Bergamo Bettany M. , Elmets Craig , Rivard Jennifer , Lim Henry W. 
Published: August 2006

Background: The efficacy and safety of UVA1 (340–400 nm) phototherapy were established by studies from European countries.Purpose: Evaluate experience with UVA1 phototherapy for patients with cutaneous diseases in the United States.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 92 cases of UVA1‐treated cutaneous conditions from four medical centers in the United States was performed.Results: Two‐third of the patients showed a fair to good response (26–100% improvement) and one‐third of the patients showed a poor response (0–25% improvement). Diseases with a moderate to good response (51–100% improvement) included scleredema adultorum, hand or foot dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, morphea (medium or medium‐ to high‐dose UVA1), systemic sclerosis, and urticaria pigmentosa. Besides tanning, other adverse effects were found in 15% of patients, which include pruritus, erythema, tenderness, and burning sensation. Patients with skin types I–III responded better that those with a darker skin type.Conclusion: UVA1 phototherapy is a useful and well‐tolerated treatment option for a variety of skin conditions.