bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between job strain and emotional exhaustion in a cohort of 1,028 Finnish teachers
Authors: Santavirta Nina , Solovieva Svetlana , Theorell T öres 
Published: September 2006

Background.Teachers' work overload has been the subject of intense research, and the results of these studies show that a substantial proportion of teachers perceive their job as very stressful.Aims.To investigate how different formulations of high demands and low decision latitude was related to teachers' burnout, and to estimate the possible interaction between these factors.Sample.The sample consisted of 1,028 school teachers.Method.Multivariate covariant analyses (MANCOVA) was used to evaluate the relationship between a high‐strain job defined by 3 different cut‐off points and burnout. Logistical regression analysis was used to estimate the separate and joint effects of demand and decision authority on emotional exhaustion. Interaction between high demands and low decision authority was analysed using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). An attributable proportion (AP) was calculated in order to estimate the proportion of emotionally exhausted teachers among those exposed to both risk factors that was attributable to their synergistic interaction. The group of teachers who perceived their job as a low‐strain job was used as the reference group in the analysis.Results.The effect of job strain on burnout was proved to be consistent and robust across alternative formulations. The main effect of high demands exceeded that of low decision authority in relation to emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, the 2 factors acted synergistically to increase the risk of burnout.Conclusions.In the case of burnout, teachers who perceived their job as highly demanding and low in control, 69% of the effect could be attributed to the synergism of these 2 factors.
Self‐handicapping in school physical education: The influence of the motivational climate
Authors: Standage Martyn , Treasure Darren C. , Hooper Katherine , Kuczka Kendy 
Published: September 2006

Background. Self‐handicapping is an attribution‐related process whereby individuals create performance impediments/excuses to protect self‐worth in socially evaluative environments. Thus, the prevailing motivational climate would appear to be an important factor when attempting to understand the situational self‐handicapping process within school physical education.Aims. Drawing from achievement goal theory, the study examined the effect of experimentally induced conditions (viz. task vs. ego) on situational self‐handicapping.Sample. Seventy British secondary school students (36 females and 34 males; M age = 11.98; SD=0.31).Method. Participants were randomly assigned to partake in a running endurance task in either an ego‐involving (20 male students and 16 female students) or a task‐involving (14 male students and 20 female students) condition. Prior to completing the experimental task, participants were given the opportunity to claim situational self‐handicaps. Data for goal orientations, subjective climate perceptions, perceived ability and perceived task importance were also obtained.Results. After determining the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation, results revealed participants in the ego‐involving condition to report significantly more situational self‐handicapping claims. Further, and after controlling for individual difference variables, the results of moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed subjective perceptions of an ego‐involving climate to be the main positive predictor of situational self‐handicapping. Although a weaker contributor to the percentage of variance explained, task orientation emerged as a negative predictor of situational self‐handicapping.Conclusions. The findings suggest that PE teachers would be prudent to minimize ego‐involving situations should they wish to reduce situational self‐handicapping.
Identifying potential predictors of traumatic reactions to psychotic episodes
Authors: Chisholm Brock , Freeman Daniel , Cooke Anne 
Published: September 2006

Objectives The experience of a psychotic episode can sometimes lead to post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The objective of the research was to identify candidate predictors of such negative reactions for future prospective study. We examined six predictors identified from the PTSD and psychosis literatures in a retrospective study: a history of previous trauma, a history of previous episodes of psychosis, perceived helplessness and uncontrollability at the time of the index psychotic episode, the content of persecutory delusions at episode and the perceived presence of crisis support after the psychotic episode.Design The design was a cross‐sectional self‐report and interview study of people with recently remitted symptoms of psychosis.Method 36 individuals with delusions and hallucinations that had remitted in the past year were assessed for the presence of PTSD symptoms in reaction to their most recent psychotic episode. Measures of the potential predictors were also taken at this point and associations with PTSD symptoms tested.Results 61% of the individuals with remitted positive symptoms had a reaction to their psychotic episode that was potentially severe enough to receive a PTSD diagnosis. Higher levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with all six predictors tested.Conclusions The study provides further evidence that negative reactions to psychotic episodes are relatively common. Clinicians may wish to assess for such symptoms. The study extended these findings by identifying a number of candidate psychological predictors of PTSD reactions such as perceptions of uncontrollability and absence of support. Prospective longitudinal studies are required to test the causal significance of these factors. More broadly, the findings indicate that traumatic stress in response to intra‐psychic events such as delusions can be understood in similar ways to traumatic stress arising from physical traumas such as disasters.
Age, gender and IQ effects on the Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Authors: Gallagher Colin , Burke Teresa 
Published: September 2006

Objectives The aims of the present study were (a) to examine the effects of age, gender and IQ on the Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT), (b) to identify the best scores to use in interpreting test performance and (c) to compare the results with available normative data.Design Participants were 117 normal volunteers, 60 males and 57 females, with an age range of 16–69 years and a mean age of 39.84 years (SD=16.26).Methods Participants completed copy, 30‐second immediate recall and delayed recall trials of the ROCFT. Data consisted of raw scores from the three trials and percent‐retained scores for the memory trials.Results Significant effects of age, gender and IQ were found on the copy trial and on the raw scores for the memory trials. Expressing the memory scores as a proportion of the copy score reduced these effects, but did not eliminate them. Only a ‘pure’ measure of delayed retention was found to be independent of age, gender and IQ.Conclusion Results are discussed in relation to the adequacy of available norms, and the ideal scores to use for the ROCFT are identified. Caution is urged in interpreting scores on the ROCFT due to the danger of misclassification if currently available norms are used.
A preliminary evaluation of cognitive‐behaviour therapy for clinical perfectionism: A case series
Authors: Glover Dominic S. , Brown Gary P. , Fairburn Christopher G. , Shafran Roz 
Published: September 2006

Objective The construct of ‘clinical perfectionism’ has been developed in response to criticisms that other approaches have failed to yield advances in the treatment of the type of self‐oriented perfectionism that poses a clinical problem. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the efficacy of a theory‐driven, cognitive‐behavioural intervention for ‘clinical perfectionism’.Design A multiple baseline single case series design was used.Method A specific, 10‐session cognitive‐behavioural intervention to address clinical perfectionism in eating disorders was adapted to allow its use in nine patients referred with a range of axis I disorders and clinical perfectionism.Results The intervention led to clinically significant improvements in self‐referential perfectionism from pretreatment to follow‐up for six of the nine participants on two perfectionism measures and for three of the nine participants on the measure of clinical perfectionism. Statistically significant improvements from pre‐ to post‐intervention for the group as a whole were found on all three measures. The improvements were maintained at follow‐up.Conclusions The finding that clinical perfectionism is improved in the majority of participants is particularly encouraging given that perfectionism has traditionally been viewed as a personality characteristic resistant to change. These preliminary findings warrant replication in a larger study.
Exercise interventions as an adjunct therapy for psychosis: A critical review
Authors: Ellis Naomi , Crone Diane , Davey Rachel , Grogan Sarah 
Published: September 2006

Purpose To review the existing evidence examining effectiveness of exercise as an adjunct therapy for psychosis.Method A search of databases including Pub Med, Psych Info, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Sports Discus and Web of Knowledge was conducted to identify studies investigating the psychological changes following exercise interventions in people with psychosis. Literature was subjected to a critical review to determine the effectiveness of exercise as a therapy for psychosis.Results A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria: four quantitative, two qualitative and four using a mixed method design. Exercise interventions were supervised and generally lasted between 10 and 12 weeks. Study samples were small, even in the quantitative studies, meaning that statistical analysis was not always possible. Study design and outcome measures varied across all studies. Generally the research findings demonstrated a positive trend towards improved mental health for those participants utilising exercise.Conclusion The findings suggest the presence of a positive effect of exercise on mental health in people with psychosis, yet there is a need for greater consistency within the research to determine the size of effects and the most successful type of intervention. As exercise is increasingly used in the mental health service, more research is needed to provide a more comprehensive evidence‐based practice.
Under what circumstances do patients with schizophrenia jump to conclusions? A liberal acceptance account
Authors: Moritz Steffen , Woodward Todd S. , Lambert Martin 
Published: September 2006

Background A consistent body of studies suggests that schizophrenia patients are extremely hasty when making decisions, and generally opt for the strongest response alternative. This pattern of results is primarily based on studies conducted with the beads task, which requires participants to determine from which of two possible jars a series of beads has been drawn. We have recently proposed a liberal acceptance (LA) bias to account for decision‐making biases in schizophrenia, which claims that under heightened ambiguity the jump to conclusions (JTC) bias is abolished in schizophrenia.Methods A total of 37 schizophrenia patients were compared with 37 healthy controls on different versions of the beads paradigm. For the first task, participants were required to rate the probability that a bead was being drawn from one of two jars, and had to evaluate after each bead whether the amount of presented information would justify a decision. The second task was a classical draws to decision experiment with two jars. The third task confronted participants with four possible jars. If JTC was ubiquitous in schizophrenia hasty convergence on one alternative would be predicted for all three tasks. In contrast, the LA account predicts an abolishment of the JTC effect in the final task.Results Tasks 1 and 2 provide further evidence for the well‐replicated JTC pattern in schizophrenia patients. In accordance with the LA hypothesis, no group differences were detected for task 3.Discussion The present results confirm that JTC is not ubiquitous in schizophrenia: in line with the LA account a JTC bias in schizophrenia occurred under low but not high ambiguity. LA may partly explain the emergence of fixed, false beliefs.
Further validation of the short self‐esteem scale with sexual offenders
Authors: Webster Stephen D. , Mann Ruth E. , Thornton David , Wakeling Helen C. 
Published: September 2006

Objective. This research was designed to validate a brief measure of self‐esteem in sexual offenders: the Short Self‐Esteem Scale (SSES).Method. The SSES was administered to 1,376 adult males serving a prison sentence for a sexual offence, and 40 non‐offending males.Results. The internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the measure were excellent. The measure was able to discriminate between different types of sexual offender, and between sexual offenders with differing levels of static risk. The instrument's sensitivity to sexual offender treatment intervention was also demonstrated.Conclusions. The SSES is a useful screening tool for self‐esteem deficits in sexual offenders. However it cannot identify problematic high self‐esteem and it does not differentiate between types or domains of self‐esteem.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy: A systematic review of techniques, indications and empirical evidence
Authors: Leichsenring Falk , Leibing Eric 
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is one of the most frequently applied methods of psychotherapy in clinical practice. However, it is the subject of controversial discussion, especially with regard to empirical evidence. In this article we aim to give an up‐to‐date description of the treatment and to review the available empirical evidence. Evidence is reviewed for both efficacy and mechanisms of change of short‐ and moderate‐term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Furthermore, results of effectiveness studies of long‐term psychoanalytic therapy are reviewed.Methods. With regard to efficacy, a protocol for a Cochrane review for (short‐term) psychodynamic psychotherapy is available specifying inclusion criteria for efficacy studies.Results. Twenty‐three randomized controlled trials of manual‐guided psychodynamic psychotherapy applied in specific psychiatric disorders provided evidence that psychodynamic psychotherapy is superior to control conditions (treatment‐as‐usual or wait list) and, on the whole, as effective as already established treatments (e.g. cognitive‐behavioural therapy) in specific psychiatric disorders. With regard to process research, central assumptions of psychodynamic psychotherapy were confirmed by empirical studies.Conclusions. Further research should include both efficacy studies (on specific forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific mental disorders) and effectiveness studies complementing the results from experimental research settings. Future process research should address the complex interactions among interventions, patient's level of functioning, helping alliance and outcome.
Subjective health and ill health‐related behaviour
Authors: Lazar Anna , Sandell Rolf , Grant Johan 
Published: September 2006

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between self‐rated health measures and ill healthrelated behaviour.Design. The study design was based on a self‐report questionnaire taken for three consecutive years.Method. Path analysis was used to test the relations between (a) The Self‐rated Health Scale (SRH) and the General Symptom Index (GSI) from the Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90), and (b) self‐reports on sick leave, health care utilization and medication, in a group of 155 persons who had terminated psychotherapeutic treatment the year before our three‐year panel survey. To investigate the potential moderating function of ongoing psychotherapeutic treatment, we repeated each test in a group of 152 patients in the midst of psychotherapeutic treatment.Results. Only weak or zero relations were found between the self‐rated health measures and ill health‐related behaviour. The multi‐group analyses indicated between‐group differences in model fit. The few significant specific between‐group differences all concerned autoregressive relations.Conclusions. Subjective health did not predict ill health‐related behaviour. Ongoing psychotherapeutic treatment did not affect the predictive value of subjective health variables. The weak relations found in the current study illuminate paradoxical outcome differences between subjective well‐being and ill health‐related behaviour. Our findings are discussed in the light of cultural and personality factors.
Identifying target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) using DNA microarray analysis
Authors: Wang Feng , Shi Shengli , Zhang Ruixue , Hankinson Oliver 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that also contains a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain. In addition to forming heterodimers with many other bHLH-PAS proteins, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and hypoxia-inducible factors 1α, 2α and 3α, Arnt can also form homodimers when expressed from its cDNAin vitroorin vivo. However, target genes of the Arnt/Arnt homodimer remain to be identified. In this study, we have elucidated the profile of genes responsive to the reintroduction of Arnt expression in an Arnt-deficient mouse hepatoma cell line (c4), using DNA microarray analysis. The expression of 27 genes was upregulated by 1.5-fold or more in c4 cells infected with a retroviral vector expressing mouse Arnt, while no genes were found to be downregulated. Among the upregulated genes, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 1 (NIP3), serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade E, member 1 (PAI1), and N-myc downstream regulated-like (NDR1), were confirmed to be induced by Arnt using real-time PCR. We also found that the 5′ promoter region of 15 out of 20 upregulated genes contain the type 2 E-box 5′-CACGTG-3′ Arnt/Arnt binding sequence, consistent with the notion that they represent target genes for Arnt.
Utilization of Discarded Fly Ash as a Raw Material in the Production of Portland Cement
Authors: Bhatty JI , Gajda J , Botha F , Bryant MM 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the high-volume use of fly ash as a raw material in the manufacture of Portland cement. This approach provides three critical benefits to cement manufacturing and the environment. First, being rich in silica, alumina, and iron, the fly ash can essentially replace raw materials in cement raw feed, such as shale and clay, which are otherwise mined or purchased. Second, the carbon content in fly ash can provide a fuel supplement for the energy-intensive cement manufacturing process. Finally, high-volume consumption of fly ash will reduce the annual volume of waste and improve the overall environment. This concept has been repeatedly demonstrated at commercial scale in which several hundred tons of dry fly ash with up to 20 % unburned carbon was used as a raw mix component in several cement plants in the Midwest. Prior to the demonstrations, the fly ash was evaluated for compatibility and fuel value to optimize its use (at rates up to 6 % of the raw mix). The demonstrations realized several material, operational, energy, and environmental benefits. The plant operations were efficient, stable, and predictable. The cement plants realized an approximate fuel savings of 4 % and a nearly 10 % increase in cement production. Cements produced from the demonstrations showed properties comparable to those of the normally produced cements. The demonstrations prove that using fly ash in this regard is beneficial to both cement plants and power plants, and the environment.
Source-Goal (in)difference and the typology of motion events in the clause
Authors: Wälchli Bernhard , Zúñiga Fernando 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStarting from the clause, the functional domain of motion events with the three loci Verbal, Adnominal, and Adverbal, the paper investigates various grammatical and lexical means of expression for the encoding of the local roles Source and Goal in a sample of 117 languages and in more detail in one language with grammatically indifferent Source-Goal encoding, Mapudungun. It is found that the feature Source-Goal (in)difference forms a global cline with Consistent languages clustering in Eurasia and Indifferent languages being most frequent in the New World.
Notch Signaling Induces Apoptosis in Primary Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
Authors: Chadwick Nicholas , Nostro Maria Cristina , Baron Martin , Mottram Rachel , Brady Gerard , Buckle Anne-Marie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNotch signaling regulates diverse cell fate decisions during development and is reported to promote murine hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. The purpose of this study was to define the functional consequences of activating the Notch signaling pathway on self-renewal in human HSCs. Subsets of human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells were retrovirally transduced with the constitutively active human Notch 1 intracellular domain (N1ICD). N1ICD-transduced cells proliferated to a lesser extent in vitro than cells transduced with vector alone, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the percentage and absolute number of CD34+ cell populations, including CD34+Thy+Lin− HSCs. Ectopic N1ICD expression inhibited cell cycle kinetics concurrent with an upregulation of p21 mRNA expression and induced apoptosis. Transduction of cells with HES-1, a known transcriptional target of Notch signaling and a mediator of Notch function, had no effect on HSC proliferation, indicating that the mechanism of the Notch-induced effect is HES-1-independent. The results of this study show that activation of the Notch signaling pathway has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation and survival of human hematopoietic CD34+ cells populations. These findings have important implications for strategies aimed at promoting self-renewal of human HSCs.
The Role of Bisphosphonates in Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Paterson Alexander H.G. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Clinical trials are investigating the use of bisphosphonates in patients with early (nonmetastatic) breast cancer. Results from trials of clodronate are generally encouraging but somewhat contradictory. Of the three trials published to date, two reported that clodronate had beneficial effects on both bone metastases and survival. In contrast, the third trial reported that clodronate had no effect on metastases and a negative effect on survival. Small studies of adjuvant pamidronate and zoledronic acid also produced promising data, but these need to be reproduced in a large-scale, randomized trial setting before clinically meaningful conclusions can be drawn. A number of adjuvant trials are in progress to further evaluate the role of oral clodronate and i.v. zoledronic acid and to examine the effects of the newer bisphosphonate, ibandronate (oral formulation), in this setting. One of these trials is the joint Southwest Oncology Group/Intergroup/National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project trial, which is designed to compare the efficacy and safety of all three of these bisphosphonates in approximately 6,000 women with early breast cancer. Patient preference for oral or i.v. therapy will also be assessed.