bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative sensitivity of microtox®, daphnid, rainbow trout, and fathead minnow acute lethality tests
Authors: Munkittrick K. R. , Power E. A. , Sergy G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRelative sensitivity and correlations between the Microtox® test and three commonly used acute lethality bioassays (i.e., rainbow trout, fathead minnow,Daphnia) are reviewed and discussed. All relevant data available for comparison were separated and evaluated based on chemical groupings. Generally, Microtox was more sensitive than or as sensitive as the acute lethality tests for pure individual organics, but was less sensitive to most inorganics. Microtox was not as sensitive as acute lethality tests to effluents or leachates with a high component of insecticides, herbicides, inorganics, pharmaceuticals or textiles, or highly lipophilic contaminants. As the complexity and toxicity of industrial effluents increased, the correlations and sensitivity of Microtox increased, with a corresponding decrease in data variability. Additionally, limitations of the available data are that (1) comparisons of relative sensitivity varied with the compounds and organisms tested; (2) there was a lack of standardization in approach and a failure to provide adequate details on the origin of the cited toxicity data, which confused and obscured comparisons; and (3) published reviews commonly failed to identify fish species and test details for cited data.
Inhibition of bioluminescence in a recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Rychert Robert , Mortimer Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSix toxicants were evaluated for their ability to inhibit bioluminescence in a recombinant Escherichia coli harboring pJE202 that contained the lux (light‐producing) genes. With the recombinant E coli. the rank order for toxicity was Zn2+ > ethidium bromide > sodium pentachlorophenate > Cu2+ > 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The light‐producing recombinant E. coli was insensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate, and was much less sensitive than the Microtox test with the six toxicants. These results do not preclude the use of recombinant bacteria in toxicity testing.
Ecological effects of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria
Authors: Lindholm T. , Eriksson J. E. , Reinikainen M. , Meriluoto J. A. O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany species of cyanobacteria produce hepatotoxic peptides called microcystins. Toxic cyanobacteria have caused fish, wildlife, and cattle mortality in many countries, but the distribution and fate of toxins and their ecological effects are poorly known. Toxic cyanobacteria may affect sensitive organisms and populations, but also fundamental ecological processes, e.g., primary production and microbial activity. Many studies show negative effects of cyanobacteria on zooplankton, but information on the type and quantity of toxin(s) involved is usually missing. Mussels accumulate peptide toxins but accumulation in other organisms remains to be studied. Cyanobacterial blooms often affect the littoral zones, which are important reproduction and feeding areas for fish and birds.
Toxicity of edible mussels (Mytilus edulis) growing naturally in an estuary during a water bloom of the blue‐green alga Nodularia spumigena
Authors: Falconer I. R. , Choice A. , Hosja W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPossible accumulation of toxicity by edible mussels growing in a water bloom of Nodularia was investigated during the annual eutrophication of a brackish/marine water estuary in Western Australia. At a cell density of 100,000 cells/mL water, during the growth phase of the bloom, the gut and gut contents of mussels showed the highest toxicity of about 90 mg dry weight of tissue lethal to 1 kg mice by sterile (boiled) i.p. injection. Death was due to hepatotoxicity. It was concluded that edible mussels should not be collected for human consumption during a toxic blue‐green algal bloom.
Effect of suspended aggregate sizes on the adsorption of water‐soluble dyes in an aquatic environment
Authors: Rao S. S. , Maguire R. J. , Krishnappan B. G. , Weng J.‐H. , Ongley E. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSuspended aggregates from the Yamaska River in Quebec have been separated into several fractions from 3 to <88 μm using size fractionation technique, and these fractions were analyzed for their bacterial, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen content, as well as their ability to adsorb two water‐soluble dyes. The results indicate that the suspended bacterial aggregates are capable of adsorbing and thus transporting significant quantities of these dyes in river water. The maximum contaminant dye adsorption occurred within the 24‐h period for Acid Orange 60. Implications of bacterial‐mediated contaminant transport in aquatic environments are indicated. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Issues in fishery products safety in the united states
Authors: Ahmed Farid E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMost seafoods available to the U.S. public are wholesome and unlikely to cause illness in the consumer. Nevertheless, there are areas of risk. The major risk of acute disease is associated with the consumption of raw shellfish, particularly bivalve molluscs. For persons living in tropical areas, there is a risk of ciguatera; other natural toxins (paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, etc.) have been associated with shellfish from endemic areas. Finally, there are less well‐defined risks of acute and chronic disease related to environmental contamination of aquatic food animals. Dealing with such risks on a short‐term basis requires improvements in the present system of regulatory control. In the long term, amelioration and eventual elimination of some hazards require strengthening and more effective application of control measures to prevent the disposal of human and industrial waste into offshore marine and fresh waters. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genotoxicity of chlorine‐treated amino acids
Authors: Nakamura Sei‐Ichi , Ugawa Masahiro , Obana Hirotaka 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChlorine treatment, a commonly used disinfection procedure, was found to produce genotoxic amino acid derivatives. The umu testing using Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 carrying the umuC‐lacZ fusion gene, in which genotoxicity can be detected in terms of β‐galactosidase activity, was used to examine chlorine‐treated amino acids. Ten of the 14 L‐amino acids tested (arginine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine) showed genotoxicity after reaction with chlorine, while alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine did not. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intoxication of euglena cells by tributyltin chloride and its detoxication by pretreatment with high electric field loaded water
Authors: Suzuki Tetsuya , Takahashi Nozomu , Fukunaga Kenji , Okamura Mutsuo , Tanaka Tatsuro , Takama Kozo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPollution of the marine environment by the antifouling organotin compounds such as tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) and tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is of concern to the public health and ecosystem stability. Consequently, there is a need to develop means for the decontamination of tin‐intoxicated biota.In the present study, we used Euglena gracilis Z as a model organism to investigate the effect of various pretreatments on the restoration of TBTCl intoxicated cells. A brief exposure of Euglena cells to TBTCl (5 × 10–4−10−6 M), cells were found to change their shape into cyst form, and became almost inactive within a few minutes. TBTCl was rapidly incorporated into the Euglena cell, and was largely located in the cytosol + microsomes fraction. When TBTCl‐intoxicated Euglena cells were transferred into organotin free medium, TBTCl content in the cells decreased. However, cells neither regained motility nor did their shape return to normal. When the intoxicated cells were incubated in water that was prepared by being loaded with high voltage condenser electric potential of 12 kV for 70 h, the cells regained motility, and their shape returned to almost normal by excluding tin prior to regaining motility. The study results may lead to a practical means for the decontamination of polluted biota. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Levels of heavy metals in biota from the la plata river
Authors: Verrengia Guerrero Noemí R. , Kesten Eva M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study levels of five heavy metals—Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn—were quantified in selected tissues of aquatic organisms and in sediments from the La Plata River. Fishes (Odontesthes bonariensis and Pimelodus clarias), snails (Ampullaria insularum), and bivalve molluscs (Neocorbicula limosa) were collected from a Recreational Fishing Association, nearby Buenos Aires harbor, during 1988 and 1989.Samples of snail hepatopancreas showed higher levels of metal concentrations than samples of fish livers, regarding the five metals quantified. In general, lower levels of heavy metals were observed in whole body samples of bivalves, with or without the gut contents, except for Cd. Both species of macroinvertebrates have demonstrated a great ability to bioaccumulate Cd.Many physical, chemical, and biological factors regulate the intake and accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic organisms. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the extent of pollution in biota from the La Plata River by direct comparisons with data previously reported in the literature. However, our results may be useful as reference levels of heavy metal contamination in selected organisms from this particular aquatic system. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of highly virulent strains of aeromonas hydrophilia and aeromonas sobria in water
Authors: Merino Susana , Camprubi Silvia , Regué Miguel , Tomás Juan M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA microtitration plate, antibody capture, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detection of Aeromonas hydrophila and sobria serotype 0:11 (highly virulent strains). The assay utilizes a detector antibody that shows no cross‐reactions with Aeromonas strains not belonging to serotype 0:11 or non‐Aeromonas competing organisms. All the A. hydrophila and sobria strains from serotype 0:11 tested reacted strongly with the detector antibody. Also, by culturing and performing the immunoassay on a filter with the detector antibody, we can quantify A. hydrophilia or sobria 0:11 cells/100 mL of water.
Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol by micromycetes. III. Deuteromycetes
Authors: Benoit‐Guyod Jean‐Louis , Seigle‐Murandi Françoise , Steiman Regine , Sage Lucile , Toe Adama 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA third study on the biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) (100 mg L−1) by micromycetes was done with 784 strains of Deuteromycetes cultivated in liquid synthetic medium. The disappearance of PCP after 5 days of cultivation was compared with POx production. Mean PCP depletion was 56% for Agonomycetales, 60% for Coelomycetes, 51% for Dematiaceae, 52% for Mucedinaceae (other thanAspergillusandPenicillium), 56 and 57%, respectively, forAspergillusandPenicillium, and 42% for Tuberculariales. Although some genera gave homogeneous results (Ascochyta, Aspergillus, Coniothyrium, Penicillium), a great variability was observed as well in PCP depletion as in POx production, reflecting the heterogeneity of this artificial taxonomic group. With a few exceptions, correlation between POx production and PCP disappearance was low or nonexistent. Another factor, probably not enzymatic, could be involved. ©1994 by John Wiley&Sons, Inc..
The influence of sediment extract fractionation methods on bioassay results
Authors: Ho Kay T. , Mills Lesley J. , Mueller Cornelia , Anderson Stephanie C. , Malcolm A. Russell 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour bioassays [MicrotoxTM, MutatoxTM, sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and metabolic cooperation] were used to analyze marine sediment extracts fractionated by two different methods: silica gel column chromatography and acid–base fractionation. Results indicated that a sediment extract fractionated with different methods can lead to different conclusions about the same sediment.This research also further evaluated the new, mutagenic, bacterial bioassay Mutatox. Mutatox generally correlated with SCE and the Salmonella typhimurium assays. This rapid, operationally simple bioassay has potential as a screening bioassay to detect genotoxic agents. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
A method to assess the toxicity of pollutants on anaerobic microbial degradation activity in sediments
Authors: Remde Armin , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method to assess the impact of toxicants on the actual anaerobic microbial degradation activity in sediments is described. Under conditions closely related to in situ, the influence of isoproturon and three of its known metabolites on the actual carbon dioxide release rate and the actual methane production rate was determined. For isoproturon only a slight inhibition ( < 10%) of the methane production rate was observed at concentrations up to 6.25 mg/L. All tested metabolites of isoproturon significantly inhibited the methane production rate (up to 70%) at concentrations of 50–500 μg/L. Complete inhibition of methanogenesis did not affect the anaerobic mineralization rate measured as carbon dioxide release in the investigated sediment. Neither isoproturon nor the tested metabolites affected the carbon dioxide release rate. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Lysosomes as cellular markers of environmental pollution: Time‐ and dose‐dependent responses of the digestive lysosomal system of mussels after petroleum hydrocarbon exposure
Authors: Cajaraville M. P. , Abascal I. , Etxeberria M. , Marigómez I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLysosomes are cell organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes and involved in intracellular digestion. Numerous environmental contaminants can interfere with lysosomes, and the purpose of the present work was to quantify changes induced by petroleum hydrocarbons on the structure of the lysosomal system of mussel digestive cells. Mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk., were exposed for three months to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of two crude oils (URAL and MAYA) and of a lubricant oil. Three different exposure doses (0.6, 6, and 40% WAF) were used for each type of hydrocarbon and mussels were sampled at different time intervals (days 21, 49, and 91). A stereological study, using an automated image analysis system, was made on sections stained for demonstration of β‐glucuronidase activity and four parameters were calculated: lysosomal volume density, surface density, surface to volume ratio, and numerical density. The results indicate that the effect of the exposure dose on lysosomal structure is variable and there is no linear relationship of lysosomal changes with dose. Regarding the effect of the exposure time, two different responses were evidenced: (a) a short‐term response (at day 21) with a decrease in size and numbers of lysosomes and (b) a long‐term response (at days 49 and 91) with an increase in lysosomal size and a decrease in their numbers. The short‐term response may be due to a disintegration process of the digestive cells with subsequent loss of lysosomes and could represent an adaptative response to hydrocarbon exposure. At long exposure times, lysosomal changes, apparently caused by fusion processes giving rise to enlarged lysosomes, correspond to a “general stress response”. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Screening for sediment toxicity in the Rio Santiago basin: A baseline study
Authors: Ronco Alicia E. , Sobrero M. Cecilia , Rossini Gustavo D. Bulus , Alzuet Pablo R. , Dutka Bernard J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractToxicity testing of sediment samples from the Rio Santiago and its main tributaries was performed using a battery of tests that included the ECHA dipstick biocide monitor, the MetPad test, the lettuce seed germination and the root elongation test, the nematode test, spot plate test, and the SOS Chromotest. Assessment was carried out on organic extracts, pore water, and direct sediment. Results of bioassays showed toxicity sources from tributaries and canals flowing into the river and areas being degraded by insults from industrial spills. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toxicity estimation of treated coke plant wastewater using the luminescent bacteria assay and the algal growth inhibition test
Authors: Peter Simone , Siersdorfer Christof , Kaltwasser Heinrich , Geiger Markus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmong several bioassays, the Scenedesmus subspicatus chlorophyll fluorescence test and the Photobacterium phosphoreum bioluminescence assay were selected to examine their applicability for toxicity evaluation of changes in coke plant effluent quality. In addition to the ecotoxicological parameters, a chemical analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonia‐N, and nitrate‐N was performed.It was demonstrated that the toxicity values obtained from the bioassays give a first indication on potential hazard and successful treatment. Decreasing toxicity values went along with decreasing DOC or ammonia‐N values, but the sensitivity toward DOC reduction was higher. Sensitivity toward pure compounds was assessed by comparing the EC50 values of the luminescent bacteria assay with the corresponding EC50 values of the algal bioassay. The data showed a poor correlation between the two bioassays. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of esfenvalerate pulse‐exposure on the survival and growth of larval Australian crimson‐spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)
Authors: Barry M. J. , Logan D. C. , Ahokas J. T. , Holdway D. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of very short pulse‐exposures with the synthetic pyrethroid esfenvalerate on survival and growth of larval crimson‐spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were investigated in two series of experiments. Larval rainbow fish [2, 7, or 14 days (d) old] were pulse‐exposed to esfenvalerate (30–700 ng L−1) for 1 h and then transferred to growth chambers where survival and growth were monitored for periods of 7–28 d, depending on the experimental protocol. Mortality was found to be a more sensitive indicator of pesticide effects than growth. Effects on growth were only observed in treatments where there was significant pesticide‐related mortality. In these treatments, rainbow fish larvae were larger than control larvae. However, as increase in growth was always associated with mortality, it was not possible to determine if this was a direct effect of the pesticide or an artefact of density‐dependent interactions within test populations. There was some evidence to suggest that pulse‐exposure with esfenvalerate at an early age may cause subtle longterm detrimental effects to growth of larval rainbow fish. Dry weight and condition (length/weight) were more sensitive indicators of treatment effect than total length. Esfenvalerate was extremely toxic to larval fish, with 1 h pulse‐exposures as low as 60 ng L−1causing significant mortality. Newly hatched larvae were more sensitive to esfenvalerate than animals that were 14 d old. The effects of esfenvalerate on 7‐d‐old larvae could not be determined because of high control mortality. Larvae of this age undergo transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding and may be more sensitive to handling stress. The lowest 1 h pulse‐exposure esfenvalerate no observed effect concentration and lowest observed effect concentration were <60 and 60 ng L−1respectively, based on 2‐d‐old larval mortality. ©by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation, characterization, and physiology of bacteria able to degrade nitrilotriacetate
Authors: Egli Thomas , Weilenmann Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUntil recently, only three obligately aerobic bacteria (affiliated with the genus Pseudo‐monas) that can grow with nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as their only source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy have been isolated and studied in pure culture. By employing a different isolation strategy than was used previously, several nonpseudomonads were isolated in pure culture from both soil and wastewater that are able to utilize NTA under aerobic growth conditions. Additionally, a denitrifying bacterium was isolated from river sediment that is able to utilize NTA in the absence of oxygen. These isolates have been characterized with respect to their cell morphology and physiology. The data collected so far do not allow classification of both the gram‐negative and the gram‐positive strains isolated, and the taxonomic position of the isolates remains obscure. However, properties like C1 utilization, production of acetoïn, and nonmotility clearly indicate that the gram‐negative strains do not belong to the genus Pseudomonas. Information is presented on the regulation of NTA‐metabolizing enzymes in isolate TE 1 suggesting that these enzymes are inducible in this bacterium.
The effects of limiting nutrient to algal toxicity assessment: A theoretical approach
Authors: Chen Chung‐Yuan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of limiting nutrient to algal toxicity tests are discussed. It has been shown, through theoretical derivation, that EC50 values will vary with changes of nutrient concentration even if the effects of limiting nutrient and limiting toxicant on algal growth are independent. The variation in EC50's is governed by the degree of correlation between two variables: the tolerance and the activation level. The proposed theory shows a potential application for making a comparison of results obtained from different laboratories or methods and for applying laboratory results to field conditions.
Microsomal‐activated cigarette smoke condensate reduces bacteriophage mu transposase gene expression in rec A+Escherichia coli
Authors: Kupelian Annie , Bilimoria Minoo H. , Dubow Michael S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of genotoxic agents on DNA structure, repair, and mutation—induction have shown many clear effects and mechanisms, yet their action on cellular transposons and insertion elements has been less well examined. We are interested in addressing the effect of environmental insults on the induction of DNA transposition of a cell's complement of mobile genetic elements. We have previously described a model system whereby we can measure the transposition potential of a cell by fusing bacteriophage Mu's (a plaque‐forming viral transposon) transposase (A gene) to that encoding β‐galactosidase (lac Z) and assaying for changes in β‐galactosidase expression after exposure of cells to toxic agents. We found that a known DNA‐damaging agent, γ‐rays, appeared to exert no discernible effect on Mu DNA transposition or transposase gene expression. In addition to monitoring the consequences of simple extrinsic agents, however, we were also curious to see how complex environmental mutagens influence DNA transposition and transposase gene expression.To accomplish this, we studied Mu transposase gene expression after exposure of E. coli cells harboring the Mu A′‐′lac Z fusion plasmid pMD12 to six different cigarette smoke condensates (CSC). Upon exposure to CSC alone, no apparent pattern of changes in Mu transposase expression was observed in either rec A+ or rec A− strains. However, when the CSC were treated with an Aroclor 1254 activated liver microsomal fraction, there was a consistent dose‐dependent decrease in transposase expression in rec A+ E. coli, but not in an otherwise isogenic rec A− strain. This result is specific for Mu transposase expression as control strains, containing the lac Z gene under its own regulatory circuitry rather than that of the Mu transposase gene, did not exhibit a striking positive or negative effect on β‐galactosidase expression when exposed to CSC.