bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuning the polydispersity of alcohol ethoxylates for enhanced oily soil removal
Authors: Goe Satish K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercially available alkyl alcohol ethoxylates have a broad distribution of ethylene oxide (EO) units and also a somewhat narrower distribution of alkyl chain length. Generally, the purer the surfactant sample (narrower distribution), the better is its detergency performance, and detergency peaks at the phase inversion temperature (PIT) for a given oil. However, in real detergency processes this may not hold true since soils are typically mixtures of several oily components, and temperature variations are significant. Therefore, if a polydispersity index (PDI) of ethoxylates is defined as the ratio of weight average EO moles to number average EO moles in the sample, then it is conceivable that an optimal PDI might be obtained. We compared the detergency of hexadecane for pentaethylene glycol monododecyl alcohol (C12EO5) samples in a broad PDI range, using an oil‐soluble dye. While detergency at 55°C (PIT of hexadecane with C12EO5) decreases monotonically with increasing creasing PDI, average detergency over a 20°C temperature range around the PIT tends to show a maximum at PDI of ca. 1.1 (narrow‐range ethoxylate). Similarly, for a mixture of undecane/hexadecane/tetracosane (30∶50∶20 w/w/w) for which the average PIT is approximately the same as that of hexadecane detergency at 55°C shows a maximum as a function of PDI at a value of ∼1.37 (broad‐range ethoxylate). All detergency results are in general agreement with the reverse trends in oil/water interfacial tension and suggest that, having decided the optimal EO moles for a given application based on PIT, one can further improve the performance of alcohol ethoxylates in real detergency processes by tuning their polydispersity.
Effectiveness of a new water‐based oil spill dispersant comprised of an alkyl polyglycoside
Authors: Kim Jong‐Yun , Song Myung‐Geun , Kim Tae‐Seong , Kim Jong‐Duk 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlkyl polyglycoside (AP) used in a water‐based oil dispersant system showed maximal performance at typical concentrations. Premixtures of AP aqueous solutions and fuel oil contributed to higher performance, and therefore its physicochemical characteristics, such as rheology and conductivity, were studied and compared with effectiveness. When an AP containing an electrolyte (NaCl) is used, effectiveness and stability improve further.
Fatty acid composition of pinaceae as taxonomic markers
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Lavialle Olivier , Pédrono Frédérique , Pasquier Elodie , Deluc Laurent G. , Marpeau Anne M. , Aitzetmüller Kurt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFollowing our previous review on Pinus spp. seed fatty acid (FA) compositions, we recapitulate here the seed FA compositions of Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), and Pseudotsuga (Douglas fir) spp. Numerous seed FA compositions not described earlier are included. Approximately 40% of all Picea taxa and one‐third of Larix taxa have been analyzed so far for their seed FA compositions. Qualitatively, the seed FA compositions in the three genera studied here are the same as in Pinus spp., including in particular the same Δ5‐olefinic acids. However, they display a considerably lower variability in Larix and Picea spp. than in Pinus spp. An assessment of geographical variations in the seed FA composition of P. abies was made, and intraspecific dissimilarities in this species were found to be of considerably smaller amplitude than interspecific dissimilarities among other Picea species. This observation supports the use of seed FA compositions as chemotaxonomic markers, as they practically do not depend on edaphic or climatic conditions. This also shows that Picea spp. are coherently united as a group by their seed FA compositions. This also holds for Larix spp. Despite a close resemblance between Picea and Larix spp. seed FA compositions, principal component analysis indicates that the minor differences in seed FA compositions between the two genera are sufficient to allow a clear‐cut individualization of the two genera. In both cases, the main FA is linoleic acid (slightly less than one‐half of total FA), followed by pinolenic (5,9,12‐18:3) and oleic acids. A maximum of 34% of total Δ5‐olefinic acids is reached in L. sibirica seeds, which appears to be the highest value found in Pinaceae seed FA. This apparent limit is discussed in terms of regio‐ and stereospecific distribution of Δ5‐olefinic acids in seed triacylglycerols. Regarding the single species of Pseudotsuga analyzed so far (P. menziesii), its seed FA composition is quite distinct from that of the other two genera, and in particular, it contains 1.2% of 14‐methylhexadecanoic (anteiso‐17:0) acid. In the three genera studied here, as well as in most Pinus spp., the C18Δ5‐olefinic acids (5,9‐18:2 and 5,9,12‐18:3 acids) are present in considerably higher amounts than the C20Δ5‐olefinic acids (5,11‐20:2 and 5,11,14‐20:3 acids).
Cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on mouse tumor and human monocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Suzuki Rikako , Noguchi Ryoko , Ota Tomoki , Abe Masayuki , Miyashita Kazuo , Kawada Teruo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cytotoxicity of fatty acids from seed oils containing conjugated linolenic acids (CLN) was studied. Fatty acids from pomegranate, tung, and catalpa were cytotoxic to human monocytic leukemia cells at concentrations exceeding 5 μM for pomegranate and tung and 10 μM for catalpa, but fatty acids from pot marigold oil had no effect at concentrations ranging up to 163 μM. The main conjugated fatty acids of pomegranate, tung, catalpa, and pot marigold were cis(c)9, trans(t)11, c13‐CLN (71.7%), c9,t11,t13‐CLN (70.1%), t9,t11,c13‐CLN (31.3%), and t8,t10,c12‐CLN (33.4%), respectively. Therefore, the cytotoxicities of fatty acids from pomegranate, tung, and catalpa were supposed to be due to 9,11,13‐CLN isomers. To elucidate the cytotoxicity of these CLN, we separated each CLN isomer from the fatty acid mixtures by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed its cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicities of c9,t11,c13‐CLN, c9,t11,t13‐CLN, and t9,t11,c13‐CLN were much stronger than that of t8,t10,c12‐CLN. Therefore, the higher cytotoxicity of fatty acids from pomegranate, tung, and catalpa than those from pot marigold would be derived from the different activities of 9,11,13‐CLN and 8,10,12‐CLN. Since there was little difference in the cytotoxicities of c9,t11,c13‐CLN, c9,t11,t13‐CLN, and t9,t11,c13‐CLN, it is suggested that the cis/trans configuration of 9,11,13‐CLN isomers had little effect on their cytotoxic effects. The mechanism of the cytotoxicity of the four fatty acids above may involve lipid peroxidation, because the order of toxicity of the fatty acids was consistent with their susceptibility to peroxidation in aqueous phase. This was supported by the decrease in the cytotoxicity of the fatty acids by addition of butylated hydroxytoluene.
Cloning and expression of group IB phospholipase A2 isoforms in the red sea bream, Pagrus major
Authors: Iijima N. , Fujikawa Y. , Tateishi Y. , Takashima Y. , Uchiyama S. , Esaka M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo cDNA encoding red sea bream DE‐1 and DE‐2 phospholipases A2 (PLA2) were cloned from the hepatopancreas of red sea bream, Pagrus (Chrysophrys) major. The cDNA of DE‐1 PLA2 encoded a mature protein of 125 amino acid residues with an apparent signal peptide of 20 residues and propeptide of 5 residues, and that of DE‐2 PLA2, a mature protein of 126 amino acid residues with an apparent signal peptide of 17 residues and propeptide of 6 residues. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences for mature DE‐1 and DE‐2 PLA2 showed that both proteins contain 14 cysteines including Cys 11 and 77 and a pancreatic loop, which are commonly conserved in group IB PLA2; however, the identity in amino acid sequence between DE‐1 and DE‐2 PLA2 was low (47%). A previous report concerning the cDNA cloning of red sea bream gill G‐3 PLA2 and the present results represent the first cloning and sequencing of three distinct isoforms of group IB PLA2 in a single fish species, red sea bream. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that DE‐1 PLA2 mRNA was expressed in the hepatopancreas, pyloric ceca, intestine, spleen, gonad, stomach, and kidney, whereas gill G‐3 PLA2 mRNA was expressed only in the gills and gonad. The expression of DE‐2 PLA2 mRNA was detected in all of the tissues analyzed. These results indicate that three distinct isoforms of group IB PLA2, DE‐1 and DE‐2 PLA2 in hepatopanceas and gill G‐3 PLA2, are expressed in a tissue‐specific manner in red sea bream.
Fullerenoid lipids: First synthesis of structured triacylglycerols containing an aza‐[60]fullerence unit
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Cheung Sunny W. H. , Ho Janette C. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diacyl glycerols (with acyl groups as stearyl, oleyl, linoleyl, or stearolyl) were synthesized by conventional methods. The diacyl glycerols were esterified with 6‐bromo‐hexanoic acid to give the corresponding bromotriacylglycerols (of the type AAB and ABA containing a bromo group at the distal part of the hexanoate chain). The bromo function was transformed to an azide group by reaction of the bromotriacylglycerols with sodium azide. The resulting azido‐triacylglycerols were then reacted with [60]fullerence to give the requisite aza‐fullerenoid triacylglycerol of the type ABA or AAB (45–62% yield based on the amount of [60]fullerence reacted). The nitrogen atom attached to the carbon cage formed a “[5,6]‐open” type aza substructure, which was confirmed by the appearance of 31–32 signals in the region of δC 133–148 (carbon shifts of sp2 carbons of the cage) in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The spectroscopic and mass spectrometric properties of these novel fullerenoid triacylglycerols are reported.
Trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA is synthesized endogenously by Δ9‐desaturase in dairy cowsin dairy cows
Authors: Corl Benjamin A. , Baumgard Lance H. , Griinari J. Mikko , Delmonte Pierluigi , Morehouse Kim M. , Yurawecz Martin P. , Bauman Dale E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA are the most prevalent CLA isomers in milkfat. The majority of cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA is synthesized endogenously by Δ9‐desaturase. We tested the hypothesis that trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA originates from endogenous synthesis by inhibiting Δ9‐desaturase with a source of cyclopropene FA (sterculic oil: SO) or with a trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA supplement. Experiment 1 (four cows; Latin square) involved four treatments: control, SO, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), and PHVO+SO. Milk, plasma, and rumen fluid were collected. Experiment 2 treatments (four cows) were 0 or 14.0 g/d of 10,12 CLA supplement; milk and plasma were collected. Samples were analyzed by GC and Ag+‐HPLC to determine FA. In Experiment 1, SO decreased milkfat content of trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA by 68 to 71% and cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA by 61 to 65%. In Experiment 2, the 10,12 CLA supplement decreased milkfat content of trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA and cis‐9,trans‐11 by 44 and 25%, respectively. Correcting for the extent of treatment‐induced inhibition of Δ9‐desaturase based on changes in myristic and myristoleic acids, endogenous synthesis of trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA represented 85 and 102% in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Similar corrected values were 77 and 58% for endogenous synthesis of cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA. Thus, milkfat cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA was primarily from endogenous synthesis with a minor portion from rumen escape. In contrast, trans‐7,cis‐9 CLA was not present in rumen fluid in significant amounts. Results indicate this isomer in milkfat is derived almost exclusively from endogenous synthesis via Δ9‐desaturase.
High intake, but not low intake, of CLA impairs weight gain in growing mice
Authors: Hayman Ann , MacGibbon Alastair , Pack Rodger J. , Rutherfurd Kay , Green J. Hilary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCLA has a range of biological properties, including effects on lipid metabolism and body composition in experimental animals. The prevalent isomer of CLA found in the human diet is 9c, 11t‐CLA, and it is predominantly found in products containing fat from ruminant animals. This study investigated the effect of dietary CLA on energy balance in mice. Synthetic CLA reduced body fat in growing male BAI B/c mice in a dose‐dependent manner over the range 0.25–1.0% w/w CLA in the diet. Weight gain was also reduced at the highest levels of dietary CLA, being only 5.88±2.68 g/4 mice (mean±1 SD) after 4 wk of 2.0% CLA in the diet, compared with weight groups. There was no significant effect on weight gain if diets contained 0.5% synthetic CLA or less. These results suggest that high levels of a synthetic mixture of CLA isomers modify energy metabolism and body composition and that high levels of synthetic CLA impair weight gain and reduce body fat pad mass in growing mice.
Positional and geometric isomer separation of FAME by comprehensive 2‐D GC
Authors: Western Robert J. , Lau Sally S. G. , Marriott Philip J. , Nichols Peter D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe technique of comprehensive GC (GC×GC) was applied to the analysis of a standard mixture of FAME. The methodology involved the use of two directly coupled capillary GC columns providing different retention mechanisms, with a pulsing modulator located near their union. The first column was chosen to elute analytes based on b.p. variations, and the second column was based on polarity. Thus, the separation in the two dimensions was orthogonal, since solutes delivered simultaneously to the second column had similar b.p., and the second column separated these primarily on their differentiating mechanisms of polarity. Greater sensitivity of detection and narrower peak widths were obtained; here, peak response increases of about 20‐fold were obtained, with pulsed peak widths of about 150 ms. Peaks were displayed in a 2‐D contour plot to allow the complexity of the compounds to be seen and their b.p. and polarity properties to be readily recognized. Chromatographic separation of geometric and positional isomers of FAMF in the 2‐D space is possible. Since retention can be related to the degree and manner of unsaturation and isomerization, and as peak positions are highly reproducible in the 2‐D retention map, this is a useful aid for component identification in the absence of appropriate standards. In this work, two column combinations were used to examine the effects of polarity changes on component separation. Improved quantitation based on FID area measurement was demonstrated. A sample of marine oil gave 49 resolved, identified peaks, with at least an additional 20 peaks resolved but not identified.
The types of circulating fatty acids influence vascular reactivity
Authors: Lind Lars , Södergren Eva , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Millgård Jonas , Sarabi Mahziar , Vessby Bengt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the composition of FA in serum lipids, a marker of dietary fat intake, and vascular reactivity using a combination of cross‐sectional and intervention approaches. Fifty‐six middle‐aged subjects were evaluated in a cross‐sectional protocol regarding the relationship between the proportion of FA in serum cholesterol esters and vascular reactivity using measurements of forearm blood flow (FBF) with venous occlusion plethysmography during hyperemia. Another 19 middle‐aged subjects were given a rapeseed oil‐based diet rich in mono‐and polyunsaturated FA or a control diet rich in saturated FA during two consecutive 4‐wk periods separated by a 4‐wk washout period. In the cross‐sectional protocol, the FA 18:0 and 20:3 were positively related to resting FBF, whereas an inverse relationship was seen for the FA 20:5 and 22:6 (P<0.05−0.01). Opposite relationships were seen between these four FA and the relative increase in maximal FBF during hyperemia (P<0.05−0.01). In the intervention protocol, the saturated diet increased resting FBF, as well as the relative increase in maximal FBF during reactive hyperemia, compared to the diet rich in unsaturated FA (P<0.05). Both the cross‐sectional and intervention data support the view that the composition of serum FA, which at least partly reflects the quality of dietary fat, plays a role in determinations of vascular reactivity.
New chemical syntheses of cholest‐4,6‐dien‐3‐one
Authors: Parish Edward J. , Sun Hang , Lu Ding , Kizito Stephen A. , Qiu Zhihai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSteroidal dienones represent a significant class of compounds that are useful intermediates in the further functionalization of the steroid nucleus. Their chemical synthesis can be problematic owing to the lack of a simplified method of preparation and the occurrence of impurities that can be difficult to remove. We have endeavored to develop new methods of chemical synthesis of cholest‐4,6‐dien‐3‐one that would yield a product of high purity.
Pharmacological modulation of fatty acid desaturation and of cholesterol biosynthesis in THP‐1 cells
Authors: Risé P. , Ghezzi S. , Levati M. G. , Mirtini R. , Colombo C. , Galli C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn THP‐1 cells, simvastatin decreases, in a concentration‐dependent manner, cholesterol synthesis and increases linoleic acid (LA) conversion to its long‐chain derivatives, in particular to arachidonic acid, activating Δ6 and Δ5 fatty acid (FA) desaturases. The intermediates in cholesterol synthesis, mevalonate and geranylgeraniol, partially reverse the effects of simvastatin on the LA conversion. The aims of this work were to evaluate: (i) the correlation between cholesterol synthesis and desaturase activity and (ii) the possible involvement of protein isoprenylation in desaturase activity, assessed through pharmacological treatments. THP‐1 cells were incubated with [1‐14C]LA or with [1‐14C]di‐homo‐γ‐linolenic acid (DHGLA) and treated with simvastatin or with curcumin and nicardipine, inhibitors of desaturases. Curcumin was more active than nicardipine in inhibiting LA and DHGLA conversion: 20 μM curcumin, alone or with simvastatin, totally inhibited Δ6 and Δ5 desaturation steps; 10 μM nicardipine only partially inhibited the enzymes, being more active on Δ5 desaturase. Simvastatin treatment decreased the incorporation of acetate in cholesterol (−93.8%) and cholesterol esters (−70.2%), as expected. Curcumin and nicardipine also decreased cholesterol synthesis and potentiated simvastatin. Finally, the isoprenylation inhibitors (perillic acid and GGTI‐286) neither affected the conversion of LA nor inhibited the Δ5 desaturase activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that there is no direct relationship between cholesterol synthesis and desaturase activity. In fact, simvastatin decreased cholesterol synthesis and enhanced LA conversion (mainly Δ5 desaturation), whereas curcumin and nicardipin decreased Δ5 desaturation, with a limited effect on cholesterol synthesis.
Synthesis and characterization of deoxycholyl 2‐deoxyglucuronide: A water‐soluble affinity labeling reagent
Authors: Mano Nariyasu , Nishijima Akira , Saito Shuntaro , Ikegawa Shigeo , Goto Junichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcyl glucuronides, which are biosynthesized by the action of glucuronosyltransferases to material for detoxification, are water‐soluble and chemically active; they produce irreversible protein adducts via both the transacylation mechanism and the imine mechanism. The acyl group at the C‐1 position migrates from the anomeric carbon to the C‐2 position of the glucuronic acid moiety, producing the aldehyde group at the C‐1 position, where the protein easily condenses through a Schiff's base, in the open‐chain aldose form. The elimination of the hydroxyl group at the C‐2 position therefore may prevent a protein‐bound adduct via the imine mechanism. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and characterization of an acyl 2‐deoxyglucuronide of deoxycholic acid as a model compound to investigate its possible utility as a water‐soluble affinity labeling reagent for lipophilic carboxylic acids. The solubility of deoxycholyl 2‐deoxyglucuronide in an aqueous solution was sufficient under physiological conditions, and the desired material reacted with model peptides to produce covalently bound adducts only via the transacylation mechanism.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy evaluation of low density lipoprotein oxidation in the presence of quercetin, catechin, and α‐tocopherol
Authors: Lam Henry S. , Proctor Andrew , Nyalala John , Morris Manford D. , Smith W. Grady 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the changes in human LDL primary and secondary lipid oxidation products and modification of the apolipoprotein B‐100 (apoB‐100) secondary structures during Cu2+‐mediated oxidation by FTIR spectroscopy in the presence of catechin, quercetin, and α‐tocopherol at physiological concentrations. Catechin‐ and quercetin‐containing samples had slower rates and longer lag phases for conjugated diene hydroperoxide (CD) formation than α‐tocopherol‐containing samples; however, all antioxidant‐treated LDL samples generated similar CD levels (P<0.05). A lower maximum (98.4 nmol/mg LDL protein) of carbonyl compounds was produced in the quercetin‐ and catechin‐treated samples than in α‐tocopherol samples. Modification of the apoB‐100 secondary structures corresponded closely to the formation of carbonyls and was hampered by the presence of antioxidants. Physiological concentrations of catechin and quercetin offered similar levels of protection against modification by carbonyls of the apoB‐100 at advanced stages (carbonyls ∼96.0 nmol/mg LDL protein) but not at the intermediate stages (carbonyls ∼58.0 nmol/mg LDL protein) of LDL oxidation probably owing to differences in the protein‐binding mechanisms of catechin and quercetin. Relationships between peroxide formation, carbonyl products, and LDL protein denaturation were shown by the FTIR approach. The FTIR technique provided a simple new tool for a comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant performance in protecting LDL during in vitro oxidation.