bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Model for the Throughput and Drive Power Calculation in the Melting Section of Single Screw Plasticizing Units considering Wall-Slippage
Authors: Potente H. , Bornemann M. , Kurte-Jardin M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A two-part article presents a process model developed at the KTP for describing the pressure/throughput and drive power behaviour of wall-slipping polymers in the melting section of single-screw plasticizing units. After a new model for describing the flow behaviour in the melt film was developed in the first part of the paper, this second part now covers the adaptation of an existing process model for pure melt conveyance to allow for the processes that take place in the melt pool, and the extension of the model to include the drive power calculation. Following this, the two individual models are then coupled through the assumption of a constant pressure gradient in the conveying direction. Using the overall model that is generated, the pressure/throughput and power behaviour during melting are investigated on the basis of the influencing dimensionless variables. This requires the geometry of the solid bed and the solid bed velocity to be specified as input variables. Apart from this, the other material parameters that need to be defined are the viscosity of the polymer melt, the critical shear stress, a material-specific parameter for describing the slipping-velocity-dependent shear stress and the operating point of the process that is taken as a basis.
Extrusion Scale-up: An Optimization-based Methodology
Authors: Covas J. A. , Gaspar-Cunha A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Given a reference extruder with a certain geometry and operating point, the aim of scale-up is to define the geometry and operating conditions of a target extruder (generally of significantly different size) in order to subject the material being processed to the same flow and heat transfer conditions, thus yielding products with the same characteristics. Since existing scale-up rules are crude, as they usually consider a single performance measure and produce unsatisfactory results, this work approaches scale-up as a multi-criteria optimization problem, where the aim is to define the geometry/operating conditions of the target extruder that minimize the differences between the values of various performance criteria for the reference and target extruders. Some case studies are discussed involving individual and multi-criteria scaling-up in terms of operating conditions, geometry, and both together, the usefulness of the approach being demonstrated. A few experiments are also performed in order to validate the concept.
Excavation of the defensive ditches at Balmuildy Roman Fort, Glasgow, 1999
Authors: LESLIE ALAN , MACGREGOR GAVIN , DUFFY PAUL R. J. , DUNCAN J. S. , MILLER J. , RAMSAY S. , WALLACE C. , WILL R. S. 
Published: February 2009

Excavation by GUARD in 1999 on the southern defences of Balmuildy Roman fort exposed small sections of three ditches: two to the W of the S gate of the fort, one to the E. All were found in locations consistent with Miller's 1922 excavation plan of the site, though, contrary to expectations, none of these features appeared to have been previously excavated. The limited investigations produced no information which would substantially alter our understanding of the chronological context or occupational history of the Roman fort, though the undisturbed character of the evidence was surprising. The waterlogged conditions in the innermost ditch to the W of the S gate preserved organic material within the fill, and it was considered worthwhile attempting to study the environmental material in some detail, presenting as it did an opportunity to provide some stratigraphically secure evidence for the fort's contemporary environment with the original excavation report, which – in common with others of its time – largely ignored this type of evidence. The terminal of the middle ditch to the W of the S gate produced pottery of Antonine date from the primary fill. Two radiocarbon dates were also obtained from the fill of the inner ditch: one, of 37 BC-AD 217, was derived from early in the sequence of ditch fills, while a second, of AD 439–661, was obtained from a later, charcoal-rich layer sealing accumulated peat deposits.
Highly Compliant Rigid Risers: Field Test Benchmarking a Time Domain VIV Algorithm
Authors: Grant Robert , Litton Richard , Finn Lyle , Maher Jim , Lambrakos Kostas 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a time domain procedure for calculating the Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) of risers, and compares the computer simulation resultswith large scale physical test data.
The model test data was acquired by the Phase 1 HCR riser JIP [1]. That projectconducted large scale model tests of Highly Compliant Rigid Risers in about 800ft of still water with dynamic vessel heave simulated by a mechanical actuator. Most of the tests exhibited significant intermittent Vortex Induced Vibration(VIV) which impacts in-plane riser response and strength with in-plane dragamplification, and impacts riser fatigue with high frequency VIV bendingstress.
The time domain method introduced here simulates the dynamic response(including VIV) of any arbitrary riser configuration to the combined action ofuniform or sheared current, waves and floating vessel wave-induced motion. Theanalysis results can be used to assess the riser's strength and fatigueintegrity. Possible riser types include vertically tensioned risers, SCRs, LazyWave SCRs and Compliant Vertical Access Risers (CVARs).

Introduction
A 1998 Joint Industry Project performed large-scale model tests and analysis ofthe 3 Highly Compliant Rigid (HCR) riser configurations illustrated on Figure 1through Figure 3. The risers were modeled with a 1.5 inch diameter pipe-stringin an 800 ft water depth, zero-current lake. Harmonic displacements wereintroduced at the riser top to simulate wave-induced vessel motions. Short, instrumented pipe joints (Pups) measured dynamic 2-axis bending andacceleration, and tension at locations with high bending. Pup response wassampled at 40 Hz which was rapid enough to capture the VIV response which wastypically in the 1 Hz to 5 Hz range. For analysis, pup response was resolvedinto components in and out of the plane of the riser.
One of the most eye-opening model test findings was that for all 3 riser typesand for most of the excitation intensities, the risers exhibited significantintermittent VIV. This VIV is typically ignored by analysis. It changes thein-plane response by effectively increasing the in-plane drag coefficient, andit produces cyclic out-of-plane bending which reduces the fatigue life.
Typical VIV analysis in the offshore industry uses frequency domain proceduresthat must assume a linear riser system. For linear methods to be valid, theriser tension and geometry must remain constant with time. These linearprocedures were originally developed to address vertical drilling risers thatsatisfy these restrictions with their constant tension and well defined flexjoint end conditions. However, recent attempts have been made to apply them tomore challenging SCRs.
Norwegian Deepwater Program: Improved Predictions of Vortex-Induced Vibrations
Authors: Halse Karl H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The paper describes the activity within the Riser and Mooring Project of the Norwegian Deepwater Program to improve the confidence in the prediction ofvortex-induced vibrations of deepwater risers. A drilling riser wasinstrumented to measure the riser vibrations during three deepwater drillingcampaigns offshore Norway. The full-scale data were analysed and used tocalibrate the input parameters of the SHEAR7 analysis program and to benchmarkother available prediction tools. The activity included an experimental testprogram to assess the effect of wave action and/or floater motion on thevortex-induced vibrations of risers. The paper gives an overview of the workconducted and presents the lessons learned.

Introduction
The Norwegian Deepwater Program (NDP) was formed in late 1996 by the oilcompanies which were awarded deepwater license shares under the Norwegian 15th Licensing Round [1]. The objectives of this 4 years R&D program was tojointly address technological aspects of deepwater developments common to theawarded blocks. The blocks are found in and around the Vøring Plateau in waterdepths ranging from 500m to 1400m. Five different projects were initiatedwithin the NDP:Metocean,Seabed,Riser & Mooring,Subsea, andEnvironmental Issues.
The activities described in this paper are a partof the Riser & Mooring (R&M) Project.
One of the technological challenges identified as being common to all thedeepwater blocks, was the ability to predict vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) ofrisers with reasonable accuracy. The VIV response of marine risers becomes moreimportant as the water depth increases. There are two main reasons for thisconcern. Firstly, the increased water depth leads to longer and more flexiblestructures, and secondly, the current-induced excitation becomes more importantrelative to the wave-induced excitation as the water depth increases. Theresulting VIV response adds contribution to the fatigue damage accumulation, but may also become a problem for deepwater drilling operations due to theincreased drag loads which follows as a secondary effect of the VIVresponse.
The semi-empirical VIV prediction tools available to the industry are allbased on empirical data for sub-critical Reynolds numbers. The main objectivesof the work described in this paper have been to calibrate and validate VIVprediction tools against high Reynolds number data obtained under realisticenvironmental conditions. The work was carried out in three phases.
Is there any relationship between toxoplasma infection and reactive arthritis?
Authors: Sert M , Ozbek S , Paydas S , Yaman A 
Published: February 2009

Background:
The diagnosis of reactive arthritis is a challenging clinical problem in daily practice. Although there are many triggering infectious agents for reactive arthritis, Toxoplasmosis, a worldwide parasitic infection has not been reported.

Aim:
We investigated the serologic evidence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in patients with newly diagnosed reactive arthritis after six weeks of the onset of the first symptom but no demonstrable triggering agent for reactive arthritis.

Setting and Design:
Clinical controlled study.

Materials and Methods:
We screened serologically the serum toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibody (Ab) titers which revealed toxoplasma infection in 50 patients with reactive arthritis (40 female, 10 men) and no demonstrable triggering agent and control subjects (32 female, 8 male).

Statistical Analysis:
SPSS 10.0 software package program was used.

Results:
The mean age of the patients and controls was similar (41.3± 12.0 vs. 39.6±11.8 years) respectively. The prevalence of IgG Ab titers of T. gondii in patients and controls were found to be 52% and 47.5%, respectively. Mean serum Toxoplasma IgG Ab levels were found to be 16.5±14.5 IU/ml, and 16.9±13.8 IU/ml in patients and control subjects respectively (P <0.05). We did not find any Toxoplasma IgM Ab titer demonstrating the acute or sub-acute infection in the serum of patients or controls.

Conclusion:
Although past Toxoplasma infection was prevalent in both groups, we did not find any subject with acute Toxoplasma infection in patients with newly diagnosed reactive arthritis and healthy controls. Despite the fact that our study group was small, we suggest that T. gondii does not seem to be a triggering agent for reactive arthritis and past infection may be a coincidental finding.
Use of recombinant factor VIIa for emergency reversal of anticoagulation
Authors: Ingerslev J , Vanek T , Culic S 
Published: February 2009

Context:
There is limited data regarding the use of activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) in anticoagulated patients requiring reversal.

Aims:
To identify and describe characteristics of subjects who received rFVIIa as part of emergency treatment aimed at improving hemostasis.

Settings and Design:
Data was obtained from an international peer-reviewed registry haemostasis.com. This registry contains data reported by physicians, who had elected to use rFVIIa to control bleeding in an emergency clinical situation. The contributors' approval for inclusion in the study was obtained and they were requested to validate and update information.

Materials and Methods:
Database review of cases receiving rFVIIa to manage bleeding coherent with the use of anticoagulant therapy.

Statistical Analysis:
The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare requirements for blood products and crystalloids/colloids during the 24h preceding and following rFVIIa administration, as well as changes in the levels of clotting factors during that period.

Results:
Eighteen patients were treated with rFVIIa (median dose: 87.35 µg/kg; range: 20.0-106.0 µg/kg) for bleeding. Anticoagulants requiring reversal included low-molecular-weight heparin (n = 6), unfractionated heparin (n =8), coumarin (n =3) and warfarin (n=1). All patients had failed to respond to traditional antidotes and blood products. Following administration, bleeding stopped in 10, markedly decreased in five and slowed in the remaining three. Amongst 12/16 patients, a response was observed within 2.0 h of first administration. The requirement for blood products and crystalloids/colloids decreased (P <0.05) after rFVIIa administration. rFVIIa was well tolerated.

Conclusions:
rFVIIa may play a role in control of untoward bleeding in subjects receiving anticoagulation therapy.
Microscopic papillary thyroid cancer as an incidental finding in patients treated surgically for presumably benign thyroid disease
Authors: Sakorafas GH , Stafyla V , Kolettis T , Tolumis G , Kassaras G , Peros G 
Published: February 2009

Background:
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is a relatively common entity in the general population.

Aim:
To present our experience with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma of the thyroid as an incidental finding in patients treated surgically for presumably benign thyroid disease.

Settings and Design:
Histology reports of patients treated surgically with a preoperative diagnosis of benign thyroid disease were reviewed to identify patients with PTMC. Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer were excluded from this study.

Materials and Methods:
The files of 380 patients who underwent surgery for presumably benign thyroid disease in our hospital from 1990 to 2002 were reviewed. Data regarding patient's demographics, pathology findings, management and outcomes, were retrieved.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The findings are expressed as absolute numbers and as percentages (with reference to the total number of patients of this study).

Results:
Twenty-seven patients with PTMC diagnosed incidentally following thyroid surgery for presumably benign thyroid disease (27/380 or 7.1%) (multinodular goiter = 20 patients, follicular adenoma = 6 patients, diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid = 1 patient) are presented. Mean diameter of PTMC was 4.4 mm. In 11 patients (40.7%) the tumor was multifocal and in about half of them tumor foci were found in both thyroid lobes. In two patients the tumor infiltrated the thyroid capsule. Total/near-total thyroidectomy was performed in all these patients (in three as completion thyroidectomy). All patients received suppression therapy and 20 of them underwent adjuvant radioiodine therapy. Follow-up (mean 4.56 years, range 1-12 years) was completed in 25 patients; all these patients were alive and disease-free.

Conclusions:
PTMC is not an uncommon incidental finding after surgery for presumably benign thyroid disease (7.1% in our series). The possibility of an underlying PTMC should be taken into account in the management of patients with nodular thyroid disease; total/near total thyroidectomy should be considered, at least in selected patients with presumably benign nodular thyroid disease.
The role of family configuration in early childhood intellectual development in the context of an extended family system in Pakistan
Authors: Avan BI , Rahbar MH , Raza SA 
Published: February 2009

Context:
The confluence theory of intelligence by Zajonc and Markus emphasizes that individual intellectual difference of children manifests itself in the context of family configuration. Instead of assuming its generalizability, careful scientific work is required before applying the model to South Asian cultures where, predominantly, an extended family type exists.

Aims:
To assess the role of extended family configuration on the child's intellectual development in a South Asian setting.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 4-5-year-old preschool children residing in Karachi, Pakistan.

Materials and Methods:
Three hundred and forty-two child and mother dyads were assessed through a validated cognitive psychometric tool and through a structured questionnaire. Children who were registered at the main Mother and Child Health Centres (MCH) of the Aga Khan Health Services, Pakistan (AKHSP) Karachi and who were born between July 1st 1993-June 30th 1994 with traceable birth records at the maternity homes, were considered for this study.

Statistical Analysis:
Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify the individual effect of family configuration on the intellectual scores.

Results:
Family configuration variables such as number of co-residents (P < 0.05) and the number of siblings (P < 0.01) in the house were significantly correlated with the psychometric score. Even after controlling for gender, socio-economic status, birth order and birth intervals, significant differentials were observed in favor of an extended family system on a child's intellectual development.

Conclusion:
The findings suggest the positive role of co-residents of an extended family environment on the intellectual development in early childhood.
Bullying among trainee doctors in Southern India
Authors: Bairy KL , Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P , Sivagnanam G , Saraswathi S , Sachidananda A , Shalini A 
Published: February 2009

Background:
Workplace bullying is an important and serious issue in a healthcare setting because of its potential impact on the welfare of care-providers as well as the consumers.

Aims:
To gauge the extent of bullying among the medical community in India; as a subsidiary objective, to assess the personality trait of the bullying victims.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional, anonymous, self-reported questionnaire survey was undertaken among a convenient sample of all the trainee doctors at a Government Medical College in Tamil Nadu, India.

Materials and Methods:
A questionnaire, in English with standard written explanation of bullying was used. Basic information like age, sex, job grade and the specialty in case of Postgraduates (PGs) were also collected.

Statistical Analysis:
The results were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and Chi-square test for comparison of frequencies.

Results:
A total of 174 doctors (115 PGs and 59 junior doctors), took part in the study with a cent percent response. Nearly half of the surveyed population reported being subjected to bullying. Nearly 54 (53%) of the men and 35 (48%) of women were subjected to bullying. Significant proportions (P <0.0001) of medical personnel and paramedical staff bullied the PGs and junior doctors, respectively. More than 85 (90%) of bullying incidents went unreported. A significant (P <0.0001) percentage of PGs and junior doctors revealed a personality trait towards bully.

Conclusions:
Workplace bullying is common among trainee doctors and usually goes unreported.
Study of association between use of complementary and alternative medicine and non-compliance with modern medicine in patients presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Jose VM , Bhalla A , Sharma N , Hota D , Sivaprasad S , Pandhi P 
Published: February 2009

Context:
Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are extensively used by the public. Noncompliance is an important cause of therapy failure.

Aim:
This study was done to determine prevalence of emergency admission due to noncompliance with modern medicine following switching over to CAM and to identify any significant association for CAM use among noncompliers.

Setting and Design:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency unit of a tertiary healthcare institute.

Materials and Methods:
Demographic factors and system affected were compared between compliers and noncompliers. Prevalence, reasons and nature of noncompliance were determined. Age, gender, outcome, relation strength and potential preventability of noncompliance, precipitating and previous disease and noncompliant drugs were compared for significant association between CAM using and other noncompliers. Statistical Analysis: Student's 't' test, Chi square test and odds ratio were used.

Results:
Of the 506 patients interviewed 168 (33%) were noncompliant. In 160 (95%) patients noncompliance was due to under-dosing. Lack of knowledge and CAM use constituted 144 (86%) noncompliance-related admissions. Thirty-three (7%) admissions were strongly related to noncompliance and CAM use. Age, gender, outcome, drug use and diseases except chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma showed no association while relation strength and potential preventability of emergency admission was less with CAM-using noncompliers. Noncompliance was observed for hypertension, diabetes, COPD and asthma, seizure disorder, tuberculosis and hemophilia besides hepatic and renal failure. The CAM noncompliers used CAM more for modern medicine incurable or unaffordable than curable diseases.

Conclusion:
Advice for regular treatment and frequent monitoring can decrease CAM use-related noncompliance admissions.
Neostigmine does not prolong the duration of analgesia produced by caudal bupivacaine in children undergoing urethroplasty
Authors: Bhardwaj N , Yaddanapudi S , Ghai B , Wig J 
Published: February 2009

Context:Neostigmine extends the duration of analgesia produced by caudal bupivacaine in children.Aims:To study the effect of different doses of caudal neostigmine on the duration of postoperative analgesia.Settings and Design:A randomized, double-blind study was conducted in 120 boys aged 1-12 years undergoing urethroplasty under combined general and caudal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:Children were administered 1.875 mg/kg bupivacaine alone (Group B), or with 2, 3 or 4 µg/kg of neostigmine (groups BN2, BN3or BN4respectively) as caudal drug (0.75 ml/kg). Children with a pain score of 4 or more (OPS and NRS) postoperatively were administered rescue analgesic. Time to first analgesic and the number of analgesic doses administered in the 24h were recorded.Statistical Analysis:Parametric data were analyzed using ANOVA. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the time to first analgesic administration were plotted and compared using log rank analysis. Chi-square test was used to analyze the incidence data.Results:The median [IQR] time to first analgesic in Group B (540 [240-1441] min) was similar to that in Groups BN2(450 [240-720]), BN3(600 [360-1020]) and BN4(990 [420-1441]). Significantly more patients in Groups B (9 [34.6%]) and BN4(13 [44.8%]) required no supplemental analgesic for 24h than those in Groups BN2and BN3(4 [13.8%] and 4 [13.3%]). The number of analgesic doses required in 24h in the four groups was similar.Conclusion:Addition of neostigmine to 1.875 mg/kg of caudal bupivacaine did not prolong the analgesia following urethroplasty in children.