bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporation and stability of chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate in peat blocks
Authors: Suett David L. , Padbury Christine E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFactors likely to influence the uniformity of treatment and the stability of the insecticides incorporated into peat blocks were investigated. When an Adelphi horizontal mixer was used, 90% of the blocks contained the mean dose (±10%) after dry‐mixing the diazinon granules for 3 min. Treatment was slightly less uniform using a concrete mixer or a spade. Between‐block variability was greatest when diazinon was applied to the wet surfaces of prepared blocks; in this process, sprinkling granules by hand was less erratic than spraying a liquid formulation. When granular, wettable powder, or emulsifiable concentrate formulations of diazinon were incorporated using the Adelphi mixer, neither the between‐block variability nor the subsequent stability of the insecticide were significantly influenced by the formulation used. Insecticide stability was studied by incorporating chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and phorate at 10 mg a.i. per block in January, March, May and July. The relative order of persistence was chlorfenvinphosChlorpyrifos > phorate≫diazinon. There was little loss of insecticide ( < 10%) from the blocks treated with chlorfenvinphos or chlorpyrifos, and the stability of the insecticides was unaffected by seasonal temperature changes, but the rate of loss of diazinon increased markedly from January to July. The rate of oxidation of phorate to its sulphoxide and sulphone analogues increased gradually from January to May but was much slower than in the field after a bow‐wave application. With all insecticides, there was no significant difference in loss rates at 25 and 10 mg a.i. per block. After incorporation into three moss peats and two proprietary blocking composts, there was no consistent difference in the rates of loss of either diazinon or of total phorate residues, although the rates of oxidation of phorate and its sulphoxide were not similar in all the peats and composts. It was concluded that, despite the substantial water content and high insecticide concentrations, the principal factor determining insecticide behaviour in the blocks was the adsorptive capacity of the peat.
Paraquat‐induced production of hydrocarbon gases
Authors: Boehler‐Kohler Beverly A. , Läpple Günter , Hellmann Volker , Böger Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractParaquat dichloride (1,1′‐dimethyI‐4,4′‐bipyridylium dichloride) induced the production of the hydrocarbon gases propane, ethane and ethylene in the xanthophycean microalga Bumilleriopsis filiformis. Formation of these gases was dependent on the light intensity and photosynthetic electron transport. Diquat dibromide (1,1′‐ ethylene‐2,2′‐bipyridylium dibromide), having a higher midpoint potential than paraquat dichloride, induced an even higher evolution of the gases. A total lack of oxygen inhibited the production of gas, while a low oxygen concentration (4–6% by volume) stimulated paraquat‐induced gas formation. Culturing algae autotrophically, in a medium with a higher iron content, also increased the production of gases in the presence of the herbicide. Formation of these gases is an indication of the peroxidation of membrane lipids which, according to previous results, is correlated with a decrease of photosynthetic electron‐transport activity.
Build‐up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops
Authors: Paxton Albert R. P. , Purser David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe build‐up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m‐2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg−1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg−1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg−1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg−1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build‐up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.
The degradation of pirimiphas‐methyl on stored grains
Authors: Leahey John P. , Curl Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of pirimiphos‐methyl on grains stored at moisture contents of ≈ 13 and ≈20% has been investigated. Wheat and rice grains were sprayed with [14C]‐ pirimiphos‐methyl and stored at 20°C under controlled humidity conditions for periods of 12 and 24 weeks. At a moisture content of 13%, degradation was slow, so that at least 70% of the radioactive residue was unchanged pirimiphos‐methyl after 24 weeks. Faster degradation occurred at 20% moisture content, but the major component of the radioactive residue (at least 52%) was still unchanged pirimiphos‐methyl after 24 weeks. Two major degradation products were formed on the grains; one (18–23.4% of the residue) was characterised as 2‐diethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐ol, and the other (1.0–9.7% of the residue) was converted to the first by acid hydrolysis. In addition, trace amounts of O‐2‐ethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl OO‐dimethyl phosphorothioate, 2‐ethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐ol, 2‐ amino‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐ol and an unidentified compound were also detected.
Inheritance of resistance to lindane in a laboratory‐selected strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: Kumar Jitender , Bhatia S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies on the inheritance of resistance to lindane in a laboratory‐selected strain of Tribolium castaneum, by making crosses between the resistant and a susceptible strain, showed that resistance in this strain is controlled by an autosomally inherited single gene which is incompletely dominant.
Comparison of two gas saturation methods for the determination of the vapour pressure of cypermethrin
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Langner Eric , Wells David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe vapour pressures of cypermethrin have been determined independently, at elevated temperatures in two different laboratories, by different versions of the gas saturation method. A subsequent statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two sets of data. The mean of the values, extrapolated to 20°C, is 1.9 × 10−7 Pa (1.4 × 10−9 mmHg). A description of one of the methods, previously unpublished, is included as an appendix.
The possible relevance of allelopathy to agriculture
Authors: Newman Edward I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany plant species contain toxic secondary chemicals, but it is still uncertain how often allelopathy (the influence of one plant on another by means of a toxic chemical) actually operates in field conditions. The complexities are illustrated by the effects of couch grass on crop species.It has been suggested that crops could be selected for ability to suppress weeds by allelopathy, but the few attempts at this show only limited promise. More promising appear to be: (a) the production of synthetic herbicides chemically similar to natural plant toxins; (b) the blocking of the production by grassland weeds of chemicals that deter grazers; (c) the chemical control of toxin production by microorganisms in decomposing crop residues.
The influence of two herbicides on the antifungal activity of some fungicides against Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani causing damping‐off of cowpea
Authors: Kataria Hans R. , Dodan Dharam S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe herbicides fluchloralin and alachlor applied to soil altered the effectiveness of fungicide treatments to seed and soil for controlling cowpea damping‐off. These herbicides also modified the in‐vitro toxicity of the fungicides to the mycelial growth of Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani in a nutrient medium. Both herbicides reduced the toxicity of 2‐methoxyethylmercury chloride (MEMC) and propamocarb to the growth of P. butleri, and of carbendazim to the growth of R. solani, but enhanced the toxicity of captafol and quintozene to P. butleri and R. solani, respectively. In pot tests, quintozene gave better control of R. solani damping‐off in soil treated with fluchloralin or alachlor than in untreated soil, whereas disease control by carbendazim was decreased in similarly treated soils. Both herbicides attenuated the effectiveness of MEMC and captafol to control the damping‐off caused by P. butleri; the efficacy of propamocarb was increased by alachlor but was decreased by fluchloralin. The implications of herbicide‐fungicide interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of root diseases in herbicide‐treated soil.
N‐arylamidines and N‐arylimidates of substituted acetic acids and their insecticidal and acaricidal properties
Authors: Salbeck Gerhard , Koch Manfred , Waltersdorfer Anna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of N‐arylamidines and N‐arylimidates of substituted acetic acids is described. Those amidines and imidates possessing a phosphorus ester as substituent showed insecticidal and high acaricidal properties. By contrast, their precursors were ineffective.
Effects of six herbicides on the growth of Phytophthora cactorum and a bacterial antagonist
Authors: Utkhede Rajeshwar S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSix herbicides, incorporated in corn meal agar, were tested for their effects on the growth of Phytophthora cactorum, the growth of a bacterial antagonist B8 (Erwinia sp.), and the antagonistic effect of B8 on P. cactorum Oryzalin and glyphosate significantly reduced the growth of P. cactorum. Neither the growth of B8, nor its antagonistic effect on P. cactorum, was affected by any of the herbicides tested. This suggests that herbicides may not be a limiting factor on the development of bacterial antagonists on a biological control method for the control of crown rot of apple trees.
Synthetic pyrethroids: Toxicity and synergism on dietary exposure of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae
Authors: Ishaaya Isaac , Elsner Anna , Ascher K. R. Simon , Casida John E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potency of six dietary pyrethroids, as toxicants and inhibitors of weight gain in first‐ and fourth‐instar Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae, decreased in the order of cis‐cypermethrin and deltamethrin > trans‐cypermethrin and cis‐permethrin > fenvalerate and trans‐permethrin. Dosages that reduced larval weight also delayed pupation and emergence, probably due to their antifeeding activity. Three oxidase inhibitors (piperonyl butoxide, O, O‐diethyl O‐phenyl phosphorothioate, and O‐isobutyl O‐prop‐2‐ynyl phenylphosphonate), at a dietary concentration of 100 mg kg−1, had little or no effect on the toxicity of trans‐permethrin, but strongly synergised the toxicity of cis‐cypermethrin by about 3‐, 3‐ and 10‐fold, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide also synergised the toxicity of cis‐permethrin, trans‐cypermethrin and deltamethrin, but not that of fenvalerate. On the other hand, an esterase inhibitor, profenofos, did not enhance the potency of any of the α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids. Oxidases appear to be more important than esterases in pyrethroid detoxification by T. castaneum larvae.
On‐column degradation and methylation of phenmedipham and desmedipham with N, N, N‐trimethylanilinium hydroxide
Authors: Ogierman Leonard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhenmedipham and desmedipham, when injected into a gas chromatograph with N, N, N‐trimethylanilinium hydroxide, reacted to give derivatives having good gas chromatographic properties. By this procedure, these two carbamate herbicides yielded N‐methylated 3‐methoxyphenylcarbamates. Maximum methylation was obtained when the molar ratio of methylating reagent to herbicide was approximately 16: 1. This technique for preparing derivatives provided rapid qualitative and quantitative chromatography of the substances examined, without side‐chain decomposition. The derivatives obtained were identified by means of ultraviolet, infrared and mass spectrometric procedures.
Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. An overview of their history and contribution to medicine and agriculture
Authors: Schwinn Franz J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOver the past 15 years, an increasing number of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) have been introduced in crop protection as fungicides, and in medicine as fungicides and bactericides. Their spectrum of activity and their systemic properties vary widely, depending on structural elements. By their high protective and curative activity the EBIs have greatly improved the level of disease control, both in plants and in man. However, the chemical and biological potential of this group has not yet been fully explored, particularly in the field of growth regulation.
Metabolism of some sterol inhibitors in fungi and higher plants, with special reference to the selectivity of fungicidal action
Authors: Gasztonyi Maya , Josepovits Gyula 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of triforine, chloraniformethan, the α‐(pyrimidin‐5‐yl)benzhydryl alcohols (fenarimol, nuarimol and triarimol), the trityl‐azoles (fluotrimazole and clotrimazole), and the morpholine types of sterol inhibitors is reviewed; the metabolism of the azolyl‐alkane derivatives (mainly triadimefon and triadimenol) is discussed in detail. Redox and hydrolytic reactions are of primary importance. Enzymic inactivation may be one factor influencing fungicide selectivity. Metabolism is the dominant factor of selectivity if it represents the activation process, as with triadimefon. Transformations in higher plants do not differ significantly from those occurring in fungi, except that factors such as the formation of conjugates with natural compounds of plant tissues also play a role, as with triforine and triadimenol. The selectivity of fungitoxic action may be influenced by metabolism both in the host plant and the pathogen.
The Biosynthesis of Ergosterol
Authors: Mercer E. Ian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present state of knowledge of ergosterol biosynthesis is reviewed briefly in order to provide a contextual framework for the following papers which deal with its inhibition, the compounds that cause this inhibition, and their mode of action. The paper concentrates upon the post‐squalene segment of the process as it occurs in fungi because the commercially important inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis are fungicides that block steps within that process.
Binding of azole fungicides related to diclobutrazol to cytochrome P‐450
Authors: Wiggins Thomas E. , Baldwin Brian C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFungicides containing the imidazole and triazole groups are known to block the 14α‐demethylation reaction in ergosterol biosynthesis, which is a cytochrome P‐450 enzyme system. Fungicides related to diclobutrazol [(2RS, 3RS)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pentan‐3‐ol] bind to cytochrome P‐450 in rat liver microsomes, whole yeast cells, yeast microsomes and to a partially purified cytochrome P‐450 from yeast, with Type II spectral changes. The most fungicidally active isomer (2R, 3R) shows greater binding than the less active (2S, 3S)‐enantiomer to yeast microsomes; when the cytochrome P‐450 was purified, a preparation was obtained to which binding more closely matched the fungicidal activity. Binding to rat liver microsomes does not reflect the fungicidal activity of the compounds.
Electron affinities, gas phase acidities, and potential energy curves: Benzene
Authors: Jalbout A. F. , Trzaskowski B. , Chen E. C. M. , Chen E. S. , Adamowicz Ludwik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe experimental electron affinities of benzene, Ea(Bz), 0.4 to −4.8 eV, are evaluated. Multiple negative ion states are proposed to account for different electron affinities. The semi‐empirical procedure known as “configuration interaction or unrestricted orbitals to relate experimental quantities to self‐consistent field values by estimating electron correlation” (CURES‐EC) has several advantages: (i) supports multiple Ea(Bz), (ii) supports the Ea(phenyl) and the D(CH,Bz), (iii) supports the gas phase acidity of benzene from the latter, (iv) predicts the singlet–triplet split for the phenyl anion of 1.2(2) eV, and (v) predicts the existence of an excited quartet state of the benzene anion with an Ea(Bz), −2.5(2) eV. Nine ionic Morse curves are calculated from CURES‐EC properties and experimental data. These are compared with quantum mechanical crossing “c” potentials obtained using a subroutine in commercial software and ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) procedures. Curves are calculated for the proposed quartet state of the benzene anion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Two Oxamido‐bridged NiIICuIINiII Heteronuclear Complexes
Authors: Zhu Li‐Na , Xu Na , Ou‐Yang Yan , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Yan Shi‐Ping , Cheng Peng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo new trinuclear complexes [CuII(NiIIX1)2(C2H5OH)2]· (ClO4)2·2(CH3OH) (1) and [CuII(NiIIX2)2(H2O)]·(ClO4)2· 0.75(H2O) (2) (X1 = dianion of 5,6;13,14‐dibenzo‐7,12‐bis(ethoxycarboxyl)‐9‐methyl‐2,3‐dioxo‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradeca‐7,11‐diene. X2 = dianion of 5,6;13,14‐dibenzo‐9,10‐cyclohexano‐7,12‐bis(ethoxycarboxyl)‐2,3‐dioxo‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradeca7,11‐diene.) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray analysis, elemental analysis, IR, UV and EPR spectroscopies. The complexes consist of NiIICuIINiII heteronuclear cationic entities. The central CuII atom of 1 lies in an octahedral coordination environment, while that of 2 resides in a square‐pyramidal coordination sphere. The adjacent trinuclear units of 1 are linked together through π‐π stacking interactions resulting in a 1D supramolecular chain, whereas the π‐π stacking interactions between the contiguous units of 2 lead to a 2D structure. The EPR spectra of the two complexes show a signal of an axially elongated octahedral CuII system in 1 and an axially elongated square‐pyramidal CuII system in 2, respectively. The hyperfine splitting of the CuII atoms (ICu = 3/2) has also been observed in the EPR spectra.
Sm2O2I – A New Mixed‐Valence Samarium(II,III) Oxide Halide
Authors: Ryazanov Mikhail , Hoch Constantin , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDark red single crystals of Sm2O2I were obtained from a reaction of SmI2 (in the presence of SmOI) and Na in a sealed tantalum ampoule at 650 °C. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system (C2/m, Z = 4, a = 12.639(2), b = 4.100(1), c = 9.762(3) Å, β = 117.97(2)°). The structure consists of corrugated [Sm2+Sm3+(O2−)2]+ layers of edge and vertex‐connected Sm4O tetrahedral units with I− anions separating the layers.
Structural Consequences of S → Se Substitution in some Symmetrical [M(S2CNR2)3] Complexes
Authors: Dietzsch Wolfgang , Duffy Norman V. , Lee Aaron M. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe consequences of replacement of the symmetrically chelate ligands in [M(E2CNR2)3] (E = S, Se) complexes of potential 32 symmetry by analogous mixed S,Se unsymmetrical chelates are explored for both small (M = Co) and large (M = In) metal atoms, and R = primary (Et) and secondary (iPr) alkyl substituents by way of low‐temperature single crystal X‐ray studies of [(Co(SSeCNEt2)3] ([Co(Se2CNEt2)3] also determined as datum), and [In(SSeCNR2)3], R = Et, iPr. The structure of [(iPr2N·CS·Se)2] is also recorded.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of a New Coordination Polymer of Lead(II) Containing 2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Rafizadeh Masoud , Amani Vahid , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of solution 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (1) and 2,2′‐Bipyridine with Pb(NO3)2 led to the coordination polymer [Pb(pydc)]n (2) (pydcH2 is 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid). This complex was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal structure of 2. Crystal data for 2 at −80 °C: monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 977.2(1), b = 554.0(1), c = 1425.3(2) pm, β = 104.75(1)°, Z = 4, R1= 0.0261. The units [Pb(pydc)] form infinite chains along [010].
Mg3Ir3Si8, ein neues Magnesium‐Iridium‐Silicid mit Tetraedern und gekappten Tetraedern aus Silicium‐Atomen
Authors: Jung Walter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMg3Ir3Si8, a New Magnesium Iridium Silicide with Si4 Tetrahedra and Si12 Truncated TetrahedraThe ternary silicide Mg3Ir3Si8 (cubic, a = 1221.4(1) pm, space group $F{\bar 4}{\rm 3}m$, 8 formula units per unit cell) was prepared by reaction of the elemental components in a sealed molybdenum container (1000 °C, 1 d, cooled with 100 °/h). The crystal structure was determined from single crystal data. Short distances in the three‐dimensional iridium silicon network indicate strong Ir‐Si‐bonding (d(Ir‐Si) = 240.5(2) and 245.6(1) pm). In addition, homonuclear bonding seems to be important, resulting in the formation of Si4‐tetrahedra (d(Si‐Si) = 257(1) pm), and Mg centered Si12‐polyhedra with the shape of truncated tetrahedra (d(Si‐Si) = 241(1) and 261.0(9) pm). Furthermore, Mg4‐tetrahedra with Mg‐Mg‐distances of 355(2) pm are formed. The structure may be derived from the structure of the isotypic compounds Mg5Pd10Si16 and Mg5Pt10Si16 by adding a Mg siteset and subtracting a platinum metal siteset. It can be described by an expanded cubic “close” packing of MgIr6‐octahedra in which Si4‐tetrahedra reside in the octahedral holes while Mg4‐tetrahedra and MgSi12‐units occupy one half of the tetrahedral holes each.
Vitamin E protects chick tissues againstex vivo oxidation of heme protein
Authors: Madabushi Haripriya T. , De Mulder Cathérine L. C. , Tappel Al L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtection by dietary vitamin E againstex vivo oxidation of heme proteins in liver and heart tissues of chicks was studied. A previously developed assay consisting of deconvoluting spectra obtained from tissue homogenates to measure oxidation of heme proteins proved successful. Compared to liver and heart from chicks fed the basal diet, the tissues from chicks receiving vitamin E exhibited less oxidation.