bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Modules and Emotions
Authors: Dumouchel Paul 
Published: December 2007

But as for most genes, they are not the units of interest once we get to the network level: it is the whole conspiracy we care about. (von Dassow and Meir 2003, 27)Biologists, more precisely evolutionary biologists, and not only psychologists and philosophers also speak of modularity. However the way in which this theoretical construct functions in their discipline is relatively different from the role it obtains in evolutionary psychology and cognitive science. Rather than postulating modules to explain particular traits of organisms, such as the specificity of input systems or limitations of human reasoning abilities, biologists originally simply assume that some form of modularity constitutes a precondition of evolution. They argue that, in order for natural selection to fine tune organisms to their environment, different traits must be able to evolve independently from one another. This implies modularity in one form or another. Organisms will only be able to adapt if they do not come all in one piece, so to speak. It must therefore be possible for changes to occur in one characteristic of an animal without those changes having repercussions throughout the whole organism.
Beyond the Basics: The Evolution and Development of Human Emotions
Authors: Bluhm Robyn 
Published: December 2007

The suggestion that at least some emotions are modular captures a number of our intuitions about emotions: they are generally fast responses to a stimulus, they are involuntary, and they are easily distinguished (at least in most cases) from one another; we simply know that, for example, anger feels different than fear. Candidates for modular emotions are usually the so-called “basic” emotions - anger and fear are good examples of these. Defenders of emotion theories that focus on basic emotions, such as Paul Ekman in psychology and Paul Griffiths in philosophy, emphasize the advantages of theories that stress the evolutionary continuity of emotional expression and link emotions to the activity of neural circuits that are similar in human beings and other animals.In this paper, however, I will examine arguments for the discontinuity of emotions in human beings, as compared with other animals. Owing to a combination of cultural practices and neuroanatomy, both our emotional “wiring” and our emotions are unique.
Transcriptional responses of Plasmodium falciparum to α-difluoromethylornithine-induced polyamine depletion
Authors: Clark Katherine , Dhoogra Minishca , Louw Abraham I. , Birkholtz Lyn-Marié 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Polyamines are essential polycationic molecules involved in multiple cellular events, including cell differentiation, division and death. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis has been considered in diverse therapeutic strategies ranging from tumour suppressors to anti-parasitic agents. In the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) results in the arrest of schizogony due to polyamine depletion. However, the exact physiological role of the polyamines in the parasite is unknown. Here, we present results of the depletion of polyamines in the malaria parasite by α-difluoromethylornithine inhibition of ODC, as observed with differential transcriptome profiling. Upon depletion of their endogenous polyamines, the up- and downregulated parasite transcripts were selected with suppression subtractive hybridisation and differences were detected using blots or DNA microarrays. A direct linkage between polyamine depletion and the differential expression of two distinct transcripts was observed, indicating the existence of a transcriptional feedback response in the P. falciparum transcriptome upon drug challenge. The data presented provide input into the role of the polyamines in the cellular biology of P. falciparum and contribute towards the validation of polyamine biosynthesis as an antimalarial target.
Development of a human adipocyte model derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) as a tool for toxicological studies on the action of TCDD
Authors: Li Wen , Vogel Christoph F.A. , Fujiyoshi Phillip , Matsumura Fumio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Efforts were made to develop a human adipocyte model that is useful for toxicological studies in vitro. For this purpose, a stem cell line derived from human bone marrow cells, originally from an adult, was induced to differentiate towards adipocytes by treating them with insulin, dexamethasone, indomethacin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine for 3 d, followed by additional incubation for 3 d in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with insulin only. In most cases, thus differentiated cells through such one cycle of differentiation treatment were further subjected to the second cycle of differentiation. The resulting 2-cycle differentiated cells were found to exhibit many characteristics of typical adipocytes. Dioxin (TCDD), when added at the beginning of their treatment with differentiation-inducing hormone cocktail, clearly prevented them from becoming adipocytes, as in the case of TCDD-treated 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, TCDD, even when administered to previously differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) adipocytes, consistently induced the sign of inflammatory responses during the early period of TCDD action (24 h), which was followed by gradual loss of adipocyte-specific markers during the 5-d incubation period. In conclusion, hMSC-derived adipocytes appear to offer a promising human cell model suited for future toxicological studies.
Secreted human apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV-10 and kringle V inhibit angiogenesis and xenografted tumor growth
Authors: Shen Le , Zhu Xuewei , Wang Yan , Zeng Wuwei , Wu Gang , Xue Hong , Chen Baosheng 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in normal physiology of blood vessel growth, but can contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases, such as cancer. A new anti-angiogenic recombinant kringle protein, composed of the fused domains of human apolipoprotein(a) carboxyl-terminal kringle IV-10 and kringle V, was expressed in Pichia pastoris and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116) cells to investigate its influence on angiogenesis and tumor growth. The mature recombinant protein exhibited the characteristic features of kringle-containing proteins (glycosylation and disulfide bond formation) and, when added to cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cell, resulted in a 31% decrease in proliferation relative to untreated controls (p<0.05). The neo-angiogenesis was diminished by 63% in chick embryos treated with 10 μg recombinant protein compared with 7% for phosphate buffer solution-treated embryos (p<0.01). Transfection of a kringle IV-10-kringle V fusion protein construct into HCT 116 cells decreased tumorigenesis and inhibited tumor growth in vivo without affecting tumor cell proliferation. HCT 116 cells that expressed recombinant protein displayed a much lower relative growth ratio of 8% (p<0.01) against the control tumor cells. From these results, we conclude that human apolipoprotein(a) carboxyl-terminal kringle IV-10-kringle V fusion protein is an effective inhibitor of angiogenesis and angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth.
Expert Survey for the Management of Adolescent Depression in Primary Care
Authors: Cheung Amy H. , Zuckerbrot Rachel A. , Jensen Peter S. , Stein Ruth E.K. , Laraque Danielle ,   the GLAD PC Steering Committee
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. Primary care clinics have become the “de facto” mental health clinics for teens with mental health problems such as depression; however, there is little guidance for primary care professionals who are faced with treating this population. This study surveyed experts on key management issues regarding adolescent depression in primary care where empirical literature was scant or absent.
METHODS. Participants included experts from family medicine, pediatrics, nursing, psychology, and child psychiatry, identified through nonprobability sampling. The expert survey was developed on the basis of information from focus groups with patients, families, and professionals and from the research literature and included sections on early identification, assessment and diagnosis, initial management, treatment, and ongoing management. Means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals were calculated for each survey item.
RESULTS. Seventy-eight of 81 experts agreed to participate (return rate of 96%). Fifty-three percent of the experts (n = 40) were primary care professionals. Experts endorsed routine surveillance for youth at high risk for depression, as well as the use of standardized measures as diagnostic aids. For treatment, “active monitoring” was deemed appropriate in mild depression with recent onset. Medication and psychotherapy were considered acceptable options for treatment of moderate depression without complicating factors such as comorbid illness. Fluoxetine was rated as the most appropriate antidepressant for use in this population. Finally, experts agreed that patients who are started on antidepressants should be followed within 2 weeks after initiation.
CONCLUSIONS. Survey results support the identification and management of adolescent depression in the primary care setting and, in specific situations, referral and co-management with specialty mental health professionals. Even with the recent controversies around treatment, experts across primary care and specialty mental health alike agreed that active monitoring, pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and psychotherapy can be appropriate under certain clinical circumstances when initiated within primary care settings.
Psychotropic Medication Patterns Among Youth in Foster Care
Authors: Zito Julie M. , Safer Daniel J. , Sai Devadatta , Gardner James F. , Thomas Diane , Coombes Phyllis , Dubowski Melissa , Mendez-Lewis Maria 
Published: December 2007

CONTEXT. Studies have revealed that youth in foster care covered by Medicaid insurance receive psychotropic medication at a rate &gt;3 times that of Medicaid-insured youth who qualify by low family income. Systematic data on patterns of medication treatment, particularly concomitant drugs, for youth in foster care are limited.
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to describe and quantify patterns of psychotropic monotherapy and concomitant therapy prescribed to a randomly selected, 1-month sample of youth in foster care who had been receiving psychotropic medication.
METHODS. Medicaid data were accessed for a July 2004 random sample of 472 medicated youth in foster care aged 0 through 19 years from a southwestern US state. Psychotropic medication treatment data were identified by concomitant pattern, frequency, medication class, subclass, and drug entity and were analyzed in relation to age group; gender; race or ethnicity; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, psychiatric diagnosis; and physician specialty.
RESULTS. Of the foster children who had been dispensed psychotropic medication, 41.3% received ≥3 different classes of these drugs during July 2004, and 15.9% received ≥4 different classes. The most frequently used medications were antidepressants (56.8%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs (55.9%), and antipsychotic agents (53.2%). The use of specific psychotropic medication classes varied little by diagnostic grouping. Psychiatrists prescribed 93% of the psychotropic medication dispensed to youth in foster care. The use of ≥2 drugs within the same psychotropic medication class was noted in 22.2% of those who were given prescribed drugs concomitantly.
CONCLUSIONS. Concomitant psychotropic medication treatment is frequent for youth in foster care and lacks substantive evidence as to its effectiveness and safety.
Use of Medications for Gastroesophageal Reflux at Discharge Among Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Malcolm William F. , Gantz Marie , Martin Richard J. , Goldstein Ricki F. , Goldberg Ronald N. , Cotten Charles M. ,   for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVES. Our goals were (1) to determine the use of medications to treat gastroesophageal reflux in extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight of &lt;1000 g) at discharge; (2) to identify risk factors associated with the use of medications to treat gastroesophageal reflux at discharge; and (3) to assess the contribution of gastroesophageal reflux medication use at discharge to growth and development at corrected ages of 18 to 22 months.
METHODS. This retrospective cohort analysis included extremely low birth weight infants enrolled at National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Centers between 2002 and 2003 who survived to follow-up evaluations at corrected ages of 18 to 22 months. Analyses were used to identify factors associated with discharge with antireflux medications and poor growth or neurodevelopmental impairment after discharge.
RESULTS. A total of 1598 infants were included in the analyses; 24.8% were discharged from the hospital with medications to treat gastroesophageal reflux. A total of 19.3% of the 1287 infants discharged at postmenstrual age of ≤42 weeks were discharged with antireflux medications. For those infants, center, lower gestational age, and race had significant effects on the use of antireflux medications at discharge. A total of 47.6% of the 311 infants discharged at postmenstrual age of &gt;42 weeks were discharged with antireflux medications. For those infants, no tested variables were associated with treatment with antireflux medications at discharge. Use of antireflux medications at discharge was not associated with either poor growth or neurodevelopmental impairment at corrected ages of 18 to 22 months.
CONCLUSIONS. Use of antireflux medications at the time of discharge seems to be common for extremely low birth weight infants, especially those discharged at postmenstrual age of &gt;42 weeks, but does not seem to have effects on growth or development at the time of follow-up evaluations.
Clinical Characteristics of New York City Children Who Received Tympanostomy Tubes in 2002
Authors: Keyhani Salomeh , Kleinman Lawrence C. , Rothschild Michael , Bernstein Joseph M. , Anderson Rebecca , Simon Melissa , Chassin Mark 
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. Tympanostomy tube insertion is the most common procedure that requires general anesthesia for children in the United States. We report on the clinical characteristics of a cohort of New York City children who received tympanostomy tubes in 2002.METHODS. This retrospective cohort study included all 1046 children who received tubes in 2002 in any of 5 New York City area hospitals. We analyzed clinical data for all 682 (65%) children for whom we were able to abstract data for the preceding year from all of 3 sources: hospital, pediatrician, and otolaryngologist medical charts.RESULTS. Mean age was 3.8 years, 57% were male, and 74% had private insurance. More than 25% of children had received tubes previously. The stated reason for surgery was otitis media with effusion for 60.4% of children, recurrent acute otitis media for 20.7%, and eustachian tube dysfunction for 10.6%. Children with recurrent acute otitis media averaged 3.1 ± 0.2 episodes (median: 3.0) in the previous year; those with otitis media with effusion averaged effusions that were 29 ± 1.7 days long (median: 16 days) at surgery. Twenty-five percent of children had bilateral effusions of &gt;42 days’ duration at surgery. Despite a clinical practice guideline for otitis media with effusion that recommends withholding tympanostomy tubes for otherwise healthy children until a bilateral effusion is at least 3 to 4 months old, 50% of children had surgery without having had 3 months of effusion cumulatively during the year before surgery.CONCLUSIONS. The clinical characteristics of children who received tympanostomy tubes varied widely. Many children with otitis media with effusion had shorter durations of effusions than are generally recommended before surgery. The extent of variation in treating this familiar condition with limited treatment options suggests both the importance and the difficulty of managing common practice in accordance with clinical practice guidelines.
Parent-Reported Quality of Life of Children With Cerebral Palsy in Europe
Authors: Arnaud Catherine , White-Koning Melanie , Michelsen Susan Ishoy , Parkes Jackie , Parkinson Kathryn , Thyen Ute , Beckung Eva , Dickinson Heather O. , Fauconnier Jerome , Marcelli Marco , McManus Vicki , Colver Allan 
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine whether the type and severity of the child's impairments and the family's psychosocial, social, and economic characteristics influence parent-reported child quality of life across the spectrum of severity of cerebral palsy.
METHODS. Our population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted in 2004 to 2005 involved 818 children with cerebral palsy, 8 to 12 years of age, from 7 countries (9 regions) in Europe. Child quality of life was assessed through parent reports by using the Kidscreen questionnaire, and data were analyzed separately for each of its 10 domains.
RESULTS. The parental response rates were &gt;93% for all domains except one. Gross motor function and IQ level were found to be associated independently with quality of life in most domains. However, greater severity of impairment was not always associated with poorer quality of life; in the moods and emotions, self-perception, social acceptance, and school environment domains, less severely impaired children were more likely to have poor quality of life. Pain was associated with poor quality of life in the physical and psychological well-being and self-perception domains. Parents with higher levels of stress were more likely to report poor quality of life in all domains, which suggests that factors other than the severity of the child's impairment may influence the way in which parents report quality of life.
CONCLUSIONS. The parent-reported quality of life for children with cerebral palsy is associated strongly with impairment. However, depending on the areas of life, the most severely impaired children (in terms of motor functioning or intellectual ability) do not always have the poorest quality of life.
Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in a Pediatric Primary Care Clinic
Authors: Dubowitz Howard , Prescott Leslie , Feigelman Susan , Lane Wendy , Kim Jeongeun 
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVES. To estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence among parents at a pediatric primary care clinic and to evaluate the stability, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios of a very brief screen for intimate partner violence.
METHODS. A total of 200 parents (mostly mothers) bringing in children less than 6 years of age for child health supervision completed the Parent Screening Questionnaire in a primary care clinic. The Parent Screening Questionnaire, a brief screen for psychosocial problems developed for the study, includes 3 questions on intimate partner violence. Mothers then completed the computerized study protocol within 2 months. This included the Parent Screening Questionnaire as well as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Different combinations of the intimate partner violence questions were evaluated against the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale.
RESULTS. A total of 12.0% of the mothers answered “yes” to at least one of the screening questions. On the standardized Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, responses ranged from 9% reporting a physical injury in the past year to 76% reporting psychological aggression. There was moderate stability of the screening questions. A single question, “Have you ever been in a relationship in which you were physically hurt or threatened by a partner?” in relation to the “physically injured” Revised Conflict Tactics Scale subscale was most effective. Sensitivity was 29%, specificity was 92%, positive predictive value was 41%, and negative predictive value was 88%. The positive likelihood ratio was 3.8, and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.77.
CONCLUSIONS. Intimate partner violence is a prevalent problem. A very brief screen can reasonably identify some mothers who could benefit from additional evaluation and possible services. Additional research is needed to find a more sensitive screen and to examine whether identifying intimate partner violence leads to interventions that benefit mothers, families, and children.
Effects of Salinity on Eggs, Larvae, and Juveniles of Blacknose Silversides from Lake Chapala, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Palacios Carlos A , Salgado-García Rosa L , Racotta Ilie S , Campos-Mendoza Antonio , Ross Lindsay G 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The salinity tolerance of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of blacknose silverside Chirostoma promelas was investigated with the objective of optimizing hatchery practice. A high proportion (&gt;90%) of eggs became eyed in all salinities. Eggs exposed to an instantaneous change of salinity hatched best at 0–15 practical salinity units (psu; 1 psu ≈ 1‰); reduced hatching occurred at 20 psu and no hatching occurred at 25–35 psu. By contrast, eggs exposed after 5 d to a slow change of salinity to freshwater over 48 h also hatched well at 0–15 psu, but they hatched at higher salinities as well. Fungal infections of eggs were greatest at 0 and 5 psu. Larvae exposed to an instantaneous change of salinity (0–25 psu) had the best survival rates at salinities of 0 psu (83%) and 5 psu (87%), but lower survival was obtained at 10 psu (49%) and 15 psu (22%) after 144 h. At 20 and 25 psu, larval mortality was 90% and 100%, respectively, after 48 h. In contrast, larvae exposed to a slow change of salinity over 48 h showed a higher salinity tolerance (43% survival at 20 psu), although higher salinities killed the fish. Juveniles had a high tolerance (100% survival) to a slow salinity change over 48 h at 0–25 psu. After 90 d, survival was best at 5–20 psu, optimal growth occurring at 5, 10, and 15 psu. Mortality was 100% in fish reared in freshwater after 75 d of culture, possibly a result of the high stress at this salinity. The osmolarity of muscle tissue of juveniles was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) between trials, indicating efficient internal ionic regulation at all salinities. The wide salinity tolerance of blacknose silverside is clearly beneficial for its management and culture.