bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood properties of two silver birch clones exposed to elevated CO2 and O3
Authors: KOSTIAINEN KATRI , JALKANEN HANNA , KAAKINEN SEIJA , SARANPÄÄ PEKKA , VAPAAVUORI ELINA 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEffects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) on wood properties of two initially 7‐year‐old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones were studied after a fumigation during three growing seasons. Forty trees, representing two fast‐growing clones (4 and 80), were exposed in open‐top chambers to the following treatments: outside control, chamber control, 2 × ambient [CO2], 2 × ambient [O3] and 2 × ambient [CO2]+2 × ambient [O3]. After the 3‐year exposure, the trees were felled and wood properties were analyzed. The treatments affected both stem wood structure and chemistry. Elevated [CO2] increased annual ring width, and concentrations of extractives and starch, and decreased concentrations of cellulose and gravimetric lignin. Elevated O3 decreased vessel percentage and increased cell wall percentage in clone 80. In vessel percentage, elevated CO2 ameliorated the O3‐induced decrease. In clone 4, elevated O3 decreased nitrogen concentration of wood. The two clones had different wood properties. In clone 4, the concentrations of extractives, starch, soluble sugars and nitrogen were greater than in clone 80, while in clone 80 the concentrations of cellulose and acid‐soluble lignin were higher. Clone 4 also had slightly longer fibres, greater vessel lumen diameter and vessel percentage than clone 80, while in clone 80 cell wall percentage was greater. Our results show that wood properties of young silver birch trees were altered under elevated CO2 in both clones, whereas the effects of O3 depended on clone.
Hair of grazing cattle provides an integrated measure of the effects of site conditions and interannual weather variability on δ13C of temperate humid grassland
Authors: SCHNYDER HANS , SCHWERTL MICHAEL , AUERSWALD KARL , SCHÄUFELE RUDI 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of C3 ecosystems is sensitive to water availability, and provides important information for the assessment of terrestrial carbon (C) sink/source activity. Here, we report the effects of plant available soil water (PAW) on community 13C signatures of temperate humid grassland. The 5‐year study was conducted on pastures exhibiting a large range of PAW capacity that were located on two site types: peat and mineral soils. The data set included the centennial drought year 2003, and data from wet years (2000 and 2002). Seasonal variation of PAW was modeled using PAW capacity of each pasture, precipitation inputs and evapotranspiration estimates. Community 13C signatures were derived from the δ13C of vegetation and segments of tail switch hair of cattle grown while grazing pastures. Hair 13C signatures provided an assimilation‐weighted 13C signal that integrated both spatial (paddock‐scale) and temporal (grazing season) variation of 13C signatures on a pasture. The δ13C of hair and vegetation increased with decreasing modeled PAW in the same way on mineral and peat soils. But, at a given PAW, the δ13C of hair was 2.6‰ less negative than that of vegetation, reflecting the diet‐hair isotopic shift. Furthermore, the δ13C of hair and vegetation on peat soil pastures was 0.5‰ more negative than on pastures situated on mineral soil. This may have resulted from a ∼10 ppm CO2 enrichment of canopy air derived from ongoing peat mineralization. Community‐scale season‐mean 13C discrimination (Δ) exhibited a saturation‐type response towards season‐mean modeled PAW (r2=0.78), and ranged between 19.8‰ on soils with low PAW capacity during the drought year of 2003, and 21.4‰ on soils with high PAW capacity in a wet year. This indicated relatively small variation in season‐mean assimilation‐weighted pi/pa (0.68–0.75) between contrasting sites and years. However, this range is similar to that reported in other studies, which encompass the range from subtropical arid to humid temperate grassland. Furthermore, the tight relationship between season‐mean Δ and modeled mean PAW suggests that PAW may be used as proxy for Δ.
Up‐temperature flow of surface‐derived fluids in the mid‐crust: the role of pre‐orogenic burial of hydrated fault rocks
Authors: CLARK C. , HAND M. , FAURE K. , MUMM A. SCHMIDT 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Walter‐Outalpa shear zone in the southern Curnamona Province of NE South Australia is an example of a shear zone that has undergone intensely focused fluid flow and alteration at mid‐crustal depths. Results from this study have demonstrated that the intense deformation and ductile shear zone reactivation, at amphibolite facies conditions of 534 ± 20 °C and 500 ± 82 MPa, that overprint the Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup occurred during the Delamerian Orogeny (c. 500 Ma) (EPMA monazite ages of 501 ± 16 and 491 ± 19 Ma). This is in contrast to the general belief that the majority of basement deformation and alteration in the southern Curnamona Province occurred during the waning stages of the Olarian Orogeny (c. 1610–1580 Ma). These shear zones contain hydrous mineral assemblages that cut wall rocks that have experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism during the Olarian Orogeny. The shear zone rock volumes have much lower δ18O values (as low as 1‰) than their unsheared counterparts (7–9‰), and calculated fluid δ18O values (5–8‰) consistent with a surface‐derived fluid source. Hydrous minerals show a decrease in δD(H2O) from −14 to −22‰, for minerals outside the shear zones, to −28 to −40‰, for minerals within the shear zones consistent with a contribution from a meteoric source. It is unclear how near‐surface fluids initially under hydrostatic pressure penetrate into the middle crust where fluid pressures approach lithostatic, and where fluid flow is expected to be dominantly upward because of pressure gradients. We propose a mechanism whereby faulting during basin formation associated with the Adelaidean Rift Complex (c. 700 Ma) created broad hydrous zones containing mineral assemblages in equilibrium with surface waters. These panels of fault rock were subsequently buried to depths where the onset of metamorphism begins to dehydrate the fault rock volumes evolving a low δ18O fluid that is channelled through shear zones related to Delamerian Orogenic activity.
Isolated extramedullary relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a submandibular salivary gland
Authors: AL‐ANAZI Khalid Ahmed , AL‐OMAR Hamad M , AL‐SHANQEETI Ali S , AL‐MUBARAKI Abdullah , AL‐SULTAN Osama , MOURAD Walid A 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSalivary glands are uncommonly involved in leukemia. Moreover, isolated leukemic relapse in salivary glands is an extremely rare event. We report a young adult male with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who presented with an isolated extramedullary relapse of his leukemia in a left sided submandibular salivary gland just before his planned allogeneic bone marrow transplant. The patient underwent a wide surgical excision of the involved salivary gland then he received a conditioning protocol composed of total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide followed by a successful allograft.
Calibration of gamma-ray burst luminosity indicators
Authors: Liang Enwei , Zhang Bing 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Several gamma-ray burst (GRB) luminosity indicators have been proposed which can be generally written in the form of , where c is the coefficient, xi is the ith observable, and ai is its corresponding power-law index. Unlike in Type Ia supernovae, calibration of GRB luminosity indicators using a low-redshift sample is difficult. This is because the GRB rate drops rapidly at low redshifts, and some nearby GRBs may be different from their cosmological brethren. Calibrating the standard candles using GRBs in a narrow redshift range (Δz) near a fiducial redshift has been proposed recently. Here we elaborate such a possibility and propose to calibrate {ai} based on the Bayesian theory and to marginalize the c value over a reasonable range of cosmological parameters. We take our newly discovered multivariable GRB luminosity indicator, Eiso = cEa1pta2b, as an example and test the validity of this approach through simulations, where Eiso is the isotropic energy of prompt gamma-rays, Ep is the spectral break energy, and tb is the temporal break time of the optical afterglow light curve. We show that while c strongly depends on the cosmological parameters, neither a1 nor a2 does as long as Δz is small enough. The selection of Δz for a particular GRB sample could be judged according to the size and the observational uncertainty of the sample. There is no preferable redshift to perform the calibration of the indices {ai}, while a lower redshift is preferable for c-marginalization. The best strategy would be to collect GRBs within a narrow redshift bin around a fiducial intermediate redshift (e.g. zc ∼ 1 or zc ∼ 2), as the observed GRB redshift distribution is found to peak around this range. Our simulation suggests that with the current observational precisions of measuring Eiso, Ep and tb, 25 GRBs within a redshift bin of Δz ∼ 0.30 would give fine calibration to the Liang–Zhang luminosity indicator.
MMP-9 Is Differentially Expressed in Primary Human Colorectal Adenocarcinomas and Their Metastases
Authors: Illemann Martin , Bird Nigel , Majeed Ali , Sehested Maxwell , Laerum Ole D. , Lund Leif R. , Danø Keld , Nielsen Boye Schnack 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is up-regulated in macrophages in various human cancer types. In human colon cancer, MMP-9 is expressed in a macrophage subpopulation located at the tumor edge, indicating a specific induction of MMP-9 in macrophages in direct association with cancer invasion. To test whether MMP-9 is also induced in tumor edge macrophages in metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas, we have compared the expression pattern of MMP-9 in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas (n = 15) with that in liver metastases (n = 15) and local lymph node metastases (n = 7) from the same patients by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In all the colorectal adenocarcinomas, the expression of MMP-9 mRNA and immunoreactivity in macrophages was located at the invasive front. In contrast, only 3 of the 15 liver metastases had MMP-9 mRNA and immunoreactivity at the periphery, and this expression was confined to small foci of macrophages located either among lymphocytes or in a dense desmoplastic stroma. Expression of MMP-9 mRNA and immunoreactivity was in all liver metastases seen in macrophages located in the lumen of malignant glandular structures and in central necrotic tissue. In all the 7 lymph node metastases, MMP-9 mRNA and immunoreactivity was seen in macrophages located in the stromal tissue surrounding the metastases. We conclude that MMP-9 is not up-regulated in tumor edge macrophages in liver metastases like in their primary tumor and local lymph node metastases, suggesting that disseminating colorectal cancer cells can adopt alternative proteolytic mechanisms for invasion depending on the local microenvironment. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(5):293–302)
Evaluation of the Multiscale Modeling Framework Using Data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program
Authors: Ovtchinnikov Mikhail , Ackerman Thomas , Marchand Roger , Khairoutdinov Marat 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In a recently developed approach to climate modeling, called the multiscale modeling framework (MMF), a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model (CRM) is embedded into each grid column of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM), replacing traditional cloud and radiation parameterizations. This study presents an evaluation of the MMF through a comparison of its output with the output from the CAM and with data from two observational sites operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, one at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) in Oklahoma and one at the island of Nauru in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) region.
Two sets of one-year-long simulations are considered: one using climatological sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and another using 1999 SST. Each set includes a run with the MMF as well as a CAM run with traditional or standard cloud and radiation treatments. Time series of cloud fraction, precipitation intensity, and downwelling solar radiation flux at the surface are analyzed. For the TWP site, the distributions of these variables from the MMF run are shown to be more consistent with observation than those from the CAM run. This change is attributed to the improved representation of convective clouds in the MMF compared to the conventional climate model. For the SGP, the MMF shows little to no improvement in predicting the same quantities. Possible causes of this lack of improvement are discussed.
Spatial Variability of Liquid Water Path in Marine Low Cloud: The Importance of Mesoscale Cellular Convection
Authors: Wood Robert , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Liquid water path (LWP) mesoscale spatial variability in marine low cloud over the eastern subtropical oceans is examined using two months of daytime retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the NASA Terra satellite. Approximately 20 000 scenes of size 256 km × 256 km are used in the analysis. It is found that cloud fraction is strongly linked with the LWP variability in the cloudy fraction of the scene. It is shown here that in most cases LWP spatial variance is dominated by horizontal scales of 10–50 km, and increases as the variance-containing scale increases, indicating the importance of organized mesoscale cellular convection (MCC). A neural network technique is used to classify MODIS scenes by the spatial variability type (no MCC, closed MCC, open MCC, cellular but disorganized). It is shown how the different types tend to occupy distinct geographical regions and different physical regimes within the subtropics, although the results suggest considerable overlap of the large-scale meteorological conditions associated with each scene type. It is demonstrated that both the frequency of occurrence, and the variance-containing horizontal scale of the MCC increases as the marine boundary layer (MBL) depth increases. However, for the deepest MBLs, the MCC tends to be replaced by clouds containing cells but lacking organization. In regions where MCC is prevalent, a lack of sensitivity of the MCC type (open or closed) to the large-scale meteorology was found, suggesting a mechanism internal to the MBL may be important in determining MCC type. The results indicate that knowledge of the physics of MCC will be required to completely understand and predict low cloud coverage and variability in the subtropics.
The placental cholinergic system: localization to the cytotrophoblast and modulation of nitric oxide
Authors: Bhuiyan Md Badiul , Murad Ferid , Fant Michael E 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The human placenta, a non-neuronal tissue, contains an active cholinergic system comprised of acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and high affinity muscarinic receptors. The cell(s) of origin of placental ACh and its role in trophoblast function has not been defined. These studies were performed to define the cellular location of ACh synthesis (ChAT) in the human placenta and to begin studying its functional role.

Results
Using immunohistochemical techniques, ChAT was observed primarily within the cytotrophoblasts of preterm placentae as well as some mesenchymal elements. Similar intense immunostaining of the cytotrophoblast was observed for endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) suggesting that ACh may interact with nitric oxide (NO)-dependent signaling pathways. The ability of carbamylcholine (CCh), an ACh analogue, to stimulate a rise in intracellular Ca++ and NO production in trophoblasts was therefore tested using the BeWob30 choriocarcinoma cell as a model system. First, CCh significantly increased intracellular calcium as assessed by fluorescence microscopy. We then examined the ability of CCh to stimulate NO production by measuring total nitrite/nitrate production in conditioned media using chemiluminescence-based analysis. CCh, alone, had no effect on NO production. However, CCh increased measurable NO approximately 100% in the presence of 10 nM estradiol. This stimulatory effect was inhibited by 1 (micro)M scopolamine suggesting mediation via muscarinic receptors. Estradiol, alone, had no effect on total NO or eNOS protein or mRNA.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate that placental ChAT localizes to the cytotrophoblast and some mesenchymal cells in human placenta. It further suggests that ACh acts via muscarinic receptors on the trophoblast cell membrane to modulate NO in an estrogen-dependent manner.
Enhanced early vascular permeability in gelatinase B (MMP-9)-deficient mice: putative contribution of COX-1-derived PGE2 of macrophage origin
Authors: Kolaczkowska Elzbieta , Scislowska-Czarnecka Anna , Chadzinska Magdalena , Plytycz Barbara , van Rooijen Nico , Opdenakker Ghislain , Arnold Bernd 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Increased vascular permeability leading to vascular leakage is a central feature of all inflammatory reactions and is critical for the formation of an inflammatory exudate. The leakage occurs because of gap formation between endothelial cells and breakdown of the basement membrane barriers. The present study aimed to investigate the role of gelatinase B [matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)], known to be involved in neutrophil exudation, in changes of vascular permeability at the early stages of acute zymosan peritonitis. We show that although MMP-9 is being released already within the first minutes of peritonitis, its lack, induced pharmacologically or genetically, does not decrease but rather increases vasopermeability. In mice treated with an inhibitor of gelatinases (A and B), a tendency to increased vasopermeability existed, and in MMP-9−/− mice [knockout (KO)], the difference was statistically significant in comparison with their controls. Moreover, in intact KO mice, significantly augmented production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) origin was detected, and depletion of peritoneal macrophages, but not mast cells, decreased vasopermeability in KO mice. Thus, the increase of vasopermeability observed on KO mice is a result of the increased production of COX-1-derived PGE2 by peritoneal macrophages. We conclude that genetic deficiency in gelatinase B might lead to the development of a compensatory mechanism involving the COX pathway.
Altered proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Tsang Julia Yuen-Shan , Camara Niels Olsen Saraiva , Eren Efrem , Schneider Helga , Rudd Christopher , Lombardi Giovanna , Lechler Robert 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells play an important role in peripheral tolerance. Upon T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation, the cells fail to proliferate but are induced to have a suppressor function. The intracellular signaling events that lead to their responses have not been elucidated. In this study, we have examined the proximal TCR signaling events in freshly isolated human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells after TCR ligation. In contrast to CD4+CD25– T cells, TCR ligation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by anti-CD3 cross-linking resulted in a lower calcium influx and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Examination of the CD3ζ chain phosphorylation status indicated that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have poor phosphorylation of the protein and consequently, reduced recruitment of ζ-associated protein-70 to the TCR immunoreceptor tyrosine motif. The adaptor protein, Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa, which relays signals to downstream signaling components, also showed reduced phosphorylation, which correlated with reduced VAV guanine nucleotide exchange factors association. Consistent with other findings, the defect is accompanied with impaired actin cap formation, implicating a failure of actin remodeling of the cells. Together, our results demonstrate that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have altered TCR proximal signaling pathways, which could be critical for inducing the distinct behavior of these cells.
Hyperthyrotropinemia in Obese Children Is Reversible after Weight Loss and Is Not Related to Lipids
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , de Sousa Gideon , Andler Werner 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Context: There is some controversy whether T4 treatment is indicated in obese humans with hyperthyrotropinemia.
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether hyperthyrotropinemia is a cause or a consequence of obesity.
Design: The study was designed as a cross-sectional comparison between obese and lean children and includes a 1-yr follow-up study.
Setting: The study was set in a primary care facility.
Patients: The patients were 246 obese and 71 lean children.
Intervention: The 1-yr intervention program was based on exercise, behavior therapy, and nutrition education.
Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were TSH, free T3 (fT3), free T4 (fT4), high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol at baseline and 1 yr later.
Results: TSH (P = 0.009) and fT3 (P = 0.003) concentrations were significantly higher in obese children than in normal weight children, whereas there was no difference in fT4 levels (P = 0.804). Lipids did not correlate significantly to thyroid hormones in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. fT3, fT4, and lipids did not differ significantly in the 43 (17%) children with TSH levels above the normal range from the children with TSH levels within the normal range. Substantial weight loss in 49 obese children led to a significant reduction of TSH (P = 0.035) and fT3 (P = 0.036). The 197 obese children without substantial weight loss demonstrated no significant changes of thyroid hormones.
Conclusions: Because fT3 and TSH were moderately increased in obese children and weight loss led to a reduction, the elevation of these hormones seems to be rather a consequence of obesity than a cause of obesity. Because fT3 and TSH were both increased in obesity and thyroid hormones were not associated to lipids, we put forward the hypothesis that there is no necessity for thyroxine treatment.