bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant‐derived compounds and extracts with potential as aphid repellents
Authors: Halbert S.E. , Corsini D. , Wiebe M. , Vaughn S.F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe devised a method for screening various substances for possible aphid repellency. Corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) were released in an arena and allowed to select paired green tiles coated with petroleum jelly alone or petroleum jelly containing 1% of the substance being tested. Aphids adhering to tiles were counted 24 h later. If significantly fewer aphids landed on treated tiles, the substance was considered to have potential for repelling aphids. Fifty‐five substances were tested. Most showed no activity, but several including β‐citronellol, farnesol, geraniol, linalool, oils distilled from several species of Artemisia and Achillea millefolia (yarrow) oil showed some promise.
Deployment of diversity for enhanced crop function
Authors: Newton A.C. , Begg G.S. , Swanston J.S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMixtures of genotypes are the norm in natural and seminatural ecosystems and subsistence agriculture but have been replaced by pure genotypes in modern agriculture to maximise profitability in high‐input systems. However, crop function with respect to the stability of yield and quality in particular tends to be lost in this process. Diversity can be reintroduced into cropping systems as a trait not only to confer stability but also to exploit synergies between component genotypes, compensating for potential performance losses against the best performing genotype in any given season or location. Quality need not be compromised, and research has demonstrated practical development and deployment approaches, which challenge the assumed benefits of current approaches to agronomy and achieve enhanced crop function.
Global Egalitarianism
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTo whom is egalitarian justice owed? Our fellow citizens, or all of humankind? If the latter, what form might a global brand of egalitarianism take? This paper examines some recent debates about the justification, and content, of global egalitarian justice. It provides an account of some keenly argued controversies about the scope of egalitarian justice, between those who would restrict it to the level of the state and those who would extend it more widely. It also notes the cross‐cutting distinction between relationists (whose views on scope are derived from a belief about which relations, practices or institutions give rise to the demands of equality) and non‐relationists (who place no such importance on empirical facts about the relations between individuals). Beyond this, it sets out some of the different principles that might flow from a commitment to global egalitarianism. One of the key goals is to highlight the increasing diversity within debates on global justice, so that even those with a shared commitment to global equality may espouse different views about the justifications for equality, as well as the nature of, and proper sites for, egalitarian principles.
Automatism, Causality and Realism: Foundational Problems in the Philosophy of Photography
Authors: Costello Diarmuid , Phillips Dawn M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article contains a survey of recent debates in the philosophy of photography, focusing on aesthetic and epistemic issues in particular. Starting from widespread notions about automatism, causality and realism in the theory of photography, the authors ask whether the prima facie tension between the epistemic and aesthetic embodied in oppositions such as automaticism and agency, causality and intentionality, realism and fictional competence is more than apparent. In this context, the article discusses recent work by Roger Scruton, Dominic Lopes, Kendall Walton, Gregory Currie, Jonathan Cohen and Aaron Meskin, Noël Carroll, and Patrick Maynard in some detail. Specific topics addressed include: aesthetic scepticism, transparency, imagination, perception, information, representation and depiction.
ON THE COMPONENTS OF Kr85 CLEARANCE CURVES FROM THE BRAIN OF THE DOG
Authors: HÄGGENDAL EGIL , NILSSON NILS JOHAN , NORBÄCK BENGT 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTOn the components of Kr85 clearance curves from the brain of the dog. Acta physiol. Scand. 1965. 66. Suppl. 258. 5–25. ‐ Clearance curves from the brain in dogs were studied after short intra‐arterial injections of Kr85. Multiexponential curves consisting of two main components were received both by recording γ‐ and β‐radiation. The slopes of these two components corresponded to each other in the two types of curves. Local micro‐injections of Kr85 in the cortical grey matter resulted in mono‐exponential clearance curves with the same slope as the fast phase of the composite γ‐ or β‐curve, whereas curves from micro‐injections in the subcortical white matter had a slope corresponding to the slow phase of the composite curves. A third very slow phase of the composite γ‐curve was identified as due to flow in extracerebral tissue. In addition, an initial rapid phase was recorded in most curves after intra‐arterial injections and was assumed to be due to activity in the arterial blood. This phase was not present in clearance curves from blood drawn from the superior sagittal sinus, whereas the two main components representing blood flow in grey and white matter were identified. Some difficulties in the analysis of the composite clearance curves, especially concerning the slow component, are discussed.
EFFECTS OF ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION AND OXYGEN SATURATION ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AUTOREGULATION IN DOGS
Authors: HÄGGENDAL EGIL , JOHANSSON BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTEffects of arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in dogs. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 66. Suppl. 258. 27–53. ‐ Pressure‐flow relation‐ ships of the cerebral circulation under influence of variations in arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation were studied in pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs. Cerebral blood flow was measured by recording of the γ‐ emission of radioactive krypton (Kr85), which was injected into the vertebral artery. The recorded desaturation curve was resolved into two exponential phases and the fast phase was considered as representative of blood flow in the grey matter of the brain. It was demonstrated that autoregulation of flow occurred within wide pressure limits under normo‐ and hypocapnia. Auto‐regulation was less pronounced under hypercapnia and was abolished at low arterial oxygen saturation. Possible mechanisms of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow are discussed. Evidences are presented which speak against the theory that changes in the carbon dioxide tension are the main cause of this autoregulation. The results from previous studies concerning the principal effects of arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation on cerebral blood flow were confirmed.
A Method for Determination of Low Carbon Monoxide Concentration in Blood
Authors: Linderholm H. , Sjöstrand T. , Söderström B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA method is described for the measurement of the CO content of blood, particularly at low concentrations. The error of a single determination was 1–3 per cent of the total amount of CO (range 0.7–70 μl) present in the analyzed sample. At an ordinary CO content of about 0.1 ml CO/100 ml blood the error was about ± 0.002 ml CO/100 ml blood (S.D.). Different procedures for the release of CO from the blood were compared. With K3 Fe(CN)6 and H2SO4 equal and slightly smaller amounts of CO were obtained than with KH(JO3)2, if blood with a low CO content was analyzed. Evidently KH(JO3)2, although less than some other chemical agents (K2Cr2O7 and NaOH), causes extra CO formation from the blood. In spite of the error due to this extra CO formation there were advantages to use KH(JO3)2 for analysis in higher ranges of CO concentrations, when this small error became insignificant. If extraction of CO from the blood with reagents such as K3 Fe(CN)6, H2SO4 or KH(JO3)2 took place at a high O2 partial pressure slightly larger amounts of CO were obtained than with extraction in“vacuum” or in an atmosphere of N2. The results indicate that small amounts of CO may be formed during procedures used for the release of CO from blood, probably due to oxidative break down of hemoglobin.
Variations of Glycolytic Intermediates, Phosphate Compounds and Pyridine Nucleotides after Prolonged Stimulation of an Isolated Crustacean Neurone
Authors: Giacobini Ezio , Grasso Alfonso 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe level of several glycolytic intermediates, phosphate compounds, and reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides was determined in an isolated crustacean nerve cell preparation both at rest and after prolonged physiological stimulation. The glycogen decreased consistently with the lactate increase during impulse activity. ATP showed a continuous decrease during prolonged stimulation while ADP and Pi showed opposite patterns. After stimulation, the ratio TPN/TPNH fell by more than 50 per cent. This was due to a decrease of TPN. Similarly, the DPN/DPNH ratio fell by 50 per cent, but in this case it was due to a decrease of DPN and a simultaneous increase of DPNH. The results strongly suggest the involvement of glycolysis in the mechanism maintaining impulse activity in this neurone. Impulse activity in the crustacean nerve cell is linked to an energy requiring system. This energy is furnished by ATP splitting and glycolysis directly or through the arginine phosphate step supporting the ATP resynthesis.
The Action of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Glutamate on the Impulse Activity and Respiration of the Crayfish Stretch Receptor Neurone
Authors: Giacobini Ezio , Marchisio Pier Carlo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of seven intermediates of the TCA cycle, of pyruvate and glutamate, was studied on the impulse activity and oxygen uptake of the slowly adapting cell of the stretch receptor organ of crayfish. Citrate, isocitrate, α‐ketoglutarate and succinate showed a strong excitatory action, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate and pyruvate had no action while glutamate had an inhibitory action on the impulse activity. The most effective substrate tested was citrate which also increased respiration sevenfold. Isocitrate showed a lower effect (2.2 fold) as did α‐ketoglutarate (4 fold), succinate (2.8 fold) and malate (3 fold). Fumarate, pyruvate and glutamate did not have any effect on the respiratory activity. The only substrate showing an inhibitory effect on oxygen uptake was oxaloacetate. Glucose, tested for comparison, also showed stimulatory effect (2.4 fold) on respiration. The authors are inclined to believe that the effect on the impusle activity and respiration exerted by these compounds is confined to the nerve cell membrane. The opposite modes of action of malate and oxaloacetate on respiration, which did not affect impulse activity, are however more difficult to explain in terms of a pure membrane mechanism.
Peripheral Autonomic Influence on the Motility of the Urinary Bladder in the Cat: II. ‘Tone’
Authors: Gjone Ragnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractParasympathetic and sympathetic influence on the“tone” of the bladder was revealed through alterations in the slope of the pressure‐volume records (cystometrograms) following partial and complete section of the autonomic nerve supplies to the vesical wall. When all bladder nerves but the efferent parasympathetic fibres were cut bilaterally, a marked elevation of vesical tone was noted. By additional section of the efferent parasympathetic supply (total extrinsic denervation) this increase in the tone of the bladder was completely abolished. A moderate decrease in vesical tone primarily ensued by section of the parasympathetic supply alone, leaving the sympathetic innervation intact. After additional sympathetic denervation, thereby depriving the bladder of all extrinsic nerves, vesical tone again increased close up to normal levels. Thus, the tone of the urinary bladder was shown to be under influence of excitatory parasympathetic and inhibitory sympathetic effects.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Bladder Responses to Stimulation of ‘Limbic’, Diencephalic and Mesencephalic Structures in the Cat
Authors: Gjone Ragnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBy means of intravesical pressure recording through a cystostomy, supraspinal influence on the urinary bladder was studied by stereotaxic stimulation of the cat's brain. The separation of excitatory and inhibitory brain loci was in this work based on the different effects upon the micturition reflex only. Excitatory responses to stimulation were identified by induction of micturition, and inhibition by interruption of a micturition act initiated by rapid filling of the bladder. The following new findings are reported: Within the amygdaloid nuclear complex and the pyriform cortex excitatory bladder responses were obtained on stimulation of the basolateral division, and inhibition on stimulation of the corticomedial area. By hypothalamic stimulation a dorsolateral excitatory and a ventromedial inhibitory field was found. Inhibitory bladder responses were demonstrated from the posterior cingulate gyrus and from the reticular formation of the upper brain stem. Predominantly excitatory responses were produced by stimulation of the superior collicule and from the periaquaeductal grey substance. Excitatory responses from all these regions were abolished by section of the parasympathetic bladder supply, but remained unaltered by sympathetic denervation. Inhibitory responses were abolished when the sympathetic bladder supply was cut. Thus, excitatory effects of stimulation were identified as parasympathetic and inhibitory effects as sympathetic in nature.
Sulphate Conjugation during Development, in Human, Rat and Guinea Pig
Authors: Pulkkinen Martti O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractConjugation of p‐nitrophenol, dehydroepiandrosterone and oes' trone in human foetus, rat and guinea pig at different stages of intra‐ and extrauterine life was determined. The enzyme, from different tissues, was obtained as an ammonium sulphate fraction, and analysis of the conjugates was carried out by determining the sulphate form as a complex with methylene blue in chloroform.The sulphurylation appeared to be carried on faster as the animal developed and this phenomena does not appear to be dependant on the animal species or on the tissue used in the experiments. The sulphate conjugation of phenols may develop more rapidly, in the rat after the age of two weeks, than that of steroids.
Distribution of Adrenergic Nerves in the Eye and Some Related Structures in the Cat
Authors: Ehinger Berndt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWith the specific and highly sensitive fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp, the distribution of adrenergic nerves has been studied in the eye and some related structures in the cat. Adrenergic nerves occur in the cornea, in the loose connective tissue at the limbus, in the tissues of the chamber angle and in the iridic stroma. The large vessels of the iris possess the same spacious arrangement of the adrenergic fibres as is seen in many other mammals. Both the sphincter and the dilator pupillae have a rich supply of varicose adrenergic fibres. There is a layer of varicose adrenergic fibres under the ciliary epithelium and in the ciliary processes. In the retina, there is a layer of adrenergic fibres between the inner nuclear and the inner plexiform layers, as well as adrenergic nerve cells both in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer. The tarsal muscle as well as the muscle of the nictitating membrane has a wide‐meshed plexus of adrenergic nerves. In the lacrimal gland, seemingly every secretory cell is reached by an adrenergic fibre.
The Organ and the Subcellular Distribution of Palmityl‐CoA: Carnitine Palmityltransferase in Man
Authors: Norum Kaare R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe organ and the subcellular distribution of palmityl‐CoA: carnitine palmityltransferase have been studied in man. Biopsies were taken from patients of either sex operated in general anesthesia. The activity of the enzyme was assayed by measuring the rate of incorporation of (14C)‐carnitine into palmitylcarnitine when the tissue preparation was incubated with palmitylcarnitine, (14C)‐carnitine and CoA. The enzyme was found to be present in all the organs and tissues tested except red blood cells and serum. The greatest concentrations of the enzyme were found in the liver and the cortex of the kidney. Medulla of kidney; placenta, heart and adipose tissue had intermediate levels. Muscle, uterus, brain, lung, leucocytes and blood platelets had relatively little enzyme activity. In all the organs and tissues most of the enzyme activity was found in the mitochondrial fraction, but significant amounts were always present in the microsomal fraction and the particle‐free supernatant. The amount of the enzyme found in each organ seems to correlate with the known rates of fatty acid oxidation in the respective organ.
The Functional Role of Some Autonomic and Behavioral Patterns Evoked from the Lateral Hypothalamus of the Cat
Authors: Folkow Björn , Rubinstein Eduardo H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe lateral hypothalamic area was topically stimulated in awake cats via chronically implanted electrodes. From dorsolateral hypothalamic“feeding center” localizations it was possible to elicit a facilitatory influence on unconditioned and conditioned behavior responses connected with the approach of food, while at the same time intestinal motility was enhanced by the stimulation. The extent to which a fully developed feeding response was elicited by the stimulation was dependent on the degree of satiation of the stimulated animal. From ventrolateral hypothalamic“alarm area” localizations even weak electrical stimulation interfered strikingly with conditioned feeding responses and produced short‐lasting inhibition of the prevailing intestinal motor activity.
Thymic and Thoracic Duct Contributions to Blood Lymphocytes in Normal and Thyroxin‐Treated Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: Ernström Ulf , Larsson Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe percentage and number of lymphocytes were compared in thymic‐vein, carotid‐artery and femoral‐vein blood of guinea‐pigs. The lymphocyte populations of thymic‐vein blood and thoracic‐duct lymph were subdivided into groups of lymphocytes classified by their mitochondrial content (MC). Normal animals and thyroxin‐treated animals were investigated. The following results were obtained: The percentage and number of lymphocytes were greater in thymic‐vein blood than in both carotid‐artery and femoral‐vein blood, indicating an emigration of lymphocytes from the thymus. The thoracic‐duct lymph contained a much greater proportion of“larger” lymphocytes, characterized by higher mitochondrial content, than the blood. After an initial decrease (6 hrs after injection), thyroxin caused a pronounced increase in the incidence of lymphocytes with medium and high mitochondrial content in the blood. This increase was preceded by a similarly increased incidence of lymphocytes with medium and high mitochondrial content in the thorac: c‐duct lymph.
Cholecystokinin and Pancreozymin, one single Hormone?
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Mutt Viktor 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSecretin, cholecystokinin (GCK) and pancreozymin (PZ) are taken up on alginic acid from a dilute acetic acid extract of the heat‐coagulated duodeno‐jejunal mucosa of the hog. After elution they are precipitated with sodium chloride. From the salt cake secretin is taken up in methyl alcohol. From the material insoluble in methanol witli 5 Ivy dog units (IDU) of CCK per mg, the CCK and PZ activities are adsorbed on CMC cellulose and the active material further chromatographed on TEAE cellulose, resulting in a product with 250 IDU of CCK per mg. Further purification was achieved by passage through a Sephadex G 50 column and subsequent chromatography on an Amberlite XE‐64 column. The activity was now 3,000 (6,000) IDU/mg. Since Harper and Raper's original PZ preparation and a commercial sample of Pancreozymin Boots contain 0.3 Ivy dog units of cholecystokinin per mg the cholecystokinin activity has been enriched 10,000‐(20,000‐)fold. Parallel with this rise in strength of the CCK activity, as assayed in guinea pigs, runs an equal rise in the PZ activity, as determined in cats at three different levels of strength, namely at 0.3. 220 and 3,000 (6,000) IDU/mg. This observation strongly supports the assumption that both activities are exerted by one and the same substance. It is also known that, because of the methionine content of the purest polypeptide, both are inactivated through the action of a dilute H2aO2 solution. and both fully reactivated on subsequent reduction with cysteine hydrochloride.
Effects of Growth Hormone on Erythropoiesis in the Intact Rabbit and the Polycythemic Mouse
Authors: Halvorsen S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the hypothalamic region may produce reticulocytosis and increased red cell mass in intact rabbits (Seip et al. 1961). In order to compare the effect of hypothalamic stimulation on erythropoiesis with the effect of growth hormone (GH), daily GH injections have been given to intact rabbits, and the changes in erythropoiesis have been followed with the same parameters as in the previous study. GH caused a marked peripheral reticulocytosis which was very similar to that following hypothlamic stimulation, and the slope of both curves was similar to those following hypoxia or erythropoietin injections. GH did not, however, cause an increase in ROM. Hemoglobin, erythrocytes and hematocrit decreased, especially during the first days of GH administration, mainly due to hemodilution. The red cell size increased following GH treatment. The plasma erythropoietin levels in the GH treated rabbits were not significantly increased. These findings confirm and extend previous findings of the effect of GH on erythropoiesis, and indicate that the effects of hypothalamic stimulation cannot be explained on the basis of increased GH production alone. The effect of GH on erythropoiesis in the polycythemic mouse was also studied. The results indicate that there is no effect on the stem cell level. Porcine growth hormone did not increase Fe59 uptake into red blood cells in polycythemic mice when given alone or when given in addition to standard erythropoietin. The reticulocyte response to a single dose of standard erythropoietin changed slightly when growth hormone was added.
The Influence of Thyroxine Treatment and Thyroidectomy on the Calorigenic and Some Other Metabolic Effects of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Experiments on Fasted Rabbits
Authors: Svedmyr Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn fasting rabbits studies were made of the influence of thyroidhormone on the calorigenic effect of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) and their elevating actions on the concentration of lactic acid, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood. Thyroxine treatment potentiated significantly the calorigenic and hyperlactacidemic effects of A in a dose of 0.5 μg/kg/min, but not that of 0.05 μg/kg/min. The hyperglycemic effect of A was weaker after thyroxine treatment, while its effect on the plasma FFA was not changed with certainty. After thyroidectomy the calorigenic and hyperlactacidemic effects of A were significantly diminished. In untreated animals the calorigenic, hyperlactacidemic and hypergly‐cemic effects of NA in a dose of 0.5 μg/kg/min were weaker than those of A in the same dose, while the effect on the plasma FFA was more marked. Thyroxine treatment did not with certainty influence any of the metabolic effects of NA. Most of the calorigenic effect of A could be ascribed to an increased lactic acid metabolism both in untreated, thyroidectomized and thyroxine treated rabbits. The influence of thyroid hormones on the calorigenic effect of A in rabbits may therefore be ascribed, at least in part, to an increased lactic acid production and metabolism.