bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Tubakia dryina in Buds and Shoots of Quercus cerris and Quercus robur
Authors: Gennaro M. , Gonthier P. , Nicolotti G. , Cellerino G. P. 
Published: May 2007

Tubakia dryina (Sacc.) Sutt. (teleomorph Dicarpella dryina Belisario & Barr) is a widespread leaf pathogen in northern temperate zones and is mainly associated with Quercus spp. During 2000, T. dryina was isolated from seasonal samplings of endophytic fungal communities of Turkey (Q. cerris L.) and English (Q. robur L.) oaks. Samples were taken from healthy and declining trees showing no symptoms of T. dryina in a coppice with saplings in Piedmont (northwestern Italy). Fragments of freshly opened buds (1-year-old shoots) and leaves were surface-sterilized by immersion in 75% ethanol for 1 min, in a NaClO solution (3 to 4% active ingredient) for 3 min, and in 75% ethanol for 30 s, then plated on potato dextrose agar. T. dryina was found in all sampled tissues. Its frequency in buds was higher in healthy trees than in declining trees (≈25 versus 12%; analysis of variance test P < 0.05), whereas no difference was found in shoots. T. dryina was also isolated from asymptomatic leaves, but more often from declining trees than from healthy ones (≈40 versus 10%; P < 0.05). No differences were observed when comparing the two oak species. The fungus was previously reported in buds of Q. nigra L. in North America (2), and it has also been isolated from symptomatic leaves of Q. cerris in a 5-year-old plantation (1). T. dryina was found in other studies in leaves and dead twigs of Q. robur. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. dryina in buds and shoots of European oak species, suggesting an important role of this fungus as either an endophyte or a latent pathogen associated with oak decline. References: (1) A. Belisario. Plant Dis. 77:647, 1993. (2) Y. C. Zhang and J. T. Walker. Plant Dis. 79:568, 1995.
First Report of Citrus leprosis virus in Panama
Authors: de Dominguez Fanny Saavedra , Bernal Antonio , Childers Carl C. , Kitajima Elliot W. 
Published: May 2007

Citrus is a rapidly expanding fruit crop in Panama with a planted area of approximately 14,000 ha, with the crop destined for both table and juice industries for local and foreign markets. Chiriqui Province in extreme western Panama borders Costa Rica and grows 4,300 ha of citrus that consists primarily of Valencia and navel oranges with the remainder grown throughout other provinces. Some plants in commercial groves in Potrerillos and Boquete in Chiriqui Province were found with leaf (chlorotic spots or rings), stem (necrosis), and fruit (localized ringlike or depressed lesions) symptoms similar to those caused by Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) (3). In Potrerillos, wood samples about 3 years old were identified in two of the citrus groves, indicating that the infection was established on or before 1996. The mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) was collected in all leprosis-infected or suspected groves in both Potrerillos and Boquete. CiLV is known to be transmitted by B. obovatus Donnadieu and B. phoenicis in Argentina and Brazil, respectively (3). To confirm the presence of this virus, 20 samples (12 from Boquete [B] and 8 from Potrerillos [P]) of leaf and fruit lesions were fixed in a modified Karnovsky solution and sent to Brazil for electron microscopic examination of thin sections. In 8 samples (2 from B and 6 from P) cytopathic effects were found characterized by a dense viroplasm in the cytoplasm and short, bacilliform particles (50 to 60 × 100 to 110 nm) in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, features similar to those reported by Colariccio et al. (1). In 6 samples (5 from B, and 1 from P), the cytopathic effects were similar to those observed in Orchid fleck virus (OFV)-infected cells (2), with an intranuclear, electron lucent viroplasm and short, rodlike particles (40 to 50 nm × 100 nm) either within the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, as also previously reported for a sample of CiLV in Brazil (4). The symptomatology, presence of the mite vector, characteristic cytopathic effects, and presence of virions are considered to be evidence that CiLV is present within a 100 km2 area of Potrerillos and 25 km2 of Boquete in Chiriqui Province. This is the first report of the presence of CiLV in Central America, suggesting that the virus has spread northward from South America. References: (1) A. Colariccio et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 20:208, 1995. (2) Y. Doi et al. AAB/CMI Description of Plant Viruses No. 183, 1977. (3) S. M. Garnsey and C. M. Chagas. 2000. Pages 57–58 in: Compendium of Citrus Diseases, 2nd Ed. L. W. Timmer et al, eds. APS Press, St.Paul, MN. (4) E. W. Kitajima et al. Virology 50:254, 1972.
Alternaria alternata Flower Blight of Zinnia acerosa in Texas
Authors: Colbaugh P. F. , Mackay W. A. , George S. 
Published: May 2007

Zinnia acerosa (D.C.) Gray, is a Southwest native flowering plant frequently observed in the Trans-Pecos desert and desert grasslands of Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico. The plant is valued for producing an abundance of distinctive 2.0 cm diameter white flowers on greenish and sparsely leaved stems. Selections of Z. acerosa from West Texas are under evaluation as a water conserving plant species for use in arid landscapes of the Southwest. During April through June, Z. acerosa plants in TAMU, Dallas field plots were observed with small, brown flower spots that enlarged to include whole petals, causing conspicuous flower blighting. Microscopic examination of lesions from infected flower blossoms demonstrated the presence of short beaked, cylindrical spores near the smaller lesions on flower petals. Isolations from symptomatic flower petals consistently yielded cultures of an Alternaria sp. with long chains of conidia. Typical conidia contained 3 to 5 transverse walls and 1 to 2 longitudinal walls and measured 43 μm length by 15 μm width. The fungus was identified as A. alternata (Fries) Keissler consistent with the description in Ellis (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on plants maintained on a greenhouse bench by spraying spore suspensions obtained from 16-day-old A. alternata cultures on potato-dextrose agar. Inoculations produced light brown lesions on blossoms typical of field disease symptoms of the disease. This disease is important as a flower blight, however, infections on the leaves are also apparent but limited. Outbreaks of the disease are frequently observed during periods of rainfall during the summer months. This is the first report of Alternaria alternata causing a floral blight on Z. acerosa. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. 1971. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
First Report of Thielaviopsis paradoxa Causing Fruit Rot on Sala (Salacca edulis) in Thailand
Authors: Soytong K. , Jitkasemsuk S. 
Published: May 2007

Sala (Salacca edulis, a hybrid between S. wallichiana and S. glabrescens) is extensively cultivated in Southeast Asia for its highly valued fruit (1). During the rainy season in 1999, a fruit rot of sala caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa (2) was observed to occur on immature and mature fruits for the first time in Trad and Chantaburi provinces, Thailand. Infected fruit discolored brown to black and appeared rotted with white mycelia on the lesions. Fruit eventually abscised. Conidiophores of the fungus were usually straight and hyaline to pale brown. The conidia (8.75 to 12.5 × 3.75 to 5.5 μm) were cylindrical to elliptical and also hyaline to pale brown. The brown, smooth, and ovate chlamydospores (15 to 25 × 8.7 to 14.5 μm) were borne terminally in chains from short hyphal branches. To fulfill Koch's postulates, six isolates of the fungus were grown on potato-dextrose agar for 7 days. Plugs of mycelia agar (0.5 cm in diameter) from each isolate were inoculated onto fresh fruit (four fruit per isolate) after the surface was disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. Non-inoculated fruits with sterile distilled water were served as controls. After incubation at 30°C and 80% RH in a humidity chamber for 4 days, lesions occurred on all the inoculated fruit. The fungus was subsequently recovered from the lesions. One isolate has been deposited in the Fungal Culture Collection, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Thailand (TF 1-6/1999). References: (1) G. Hamballi et al. 1989. Proceedings of the First PROSEA International Symposia, Indonesia. (2) A. Johnston and C. Booth. 1983. Plant Pathologist's Pocketbook. CMI, Surrey, England.
Xanthomonas albilineans Haplotype B Responsible for a Recent Sugarcane Leaf Scald Disease Outbreak in Cuba
Authors: Diaz M. , Peralta E. L. , Iglesia A. , Pazos V. , Carvajal O. , Perez M. P. , Giglioti E. A. , Gagliardi P. R. , Wendland A. , Camargo L. E. A. 
Published: May 2007

Over the past 3 years, the incidence of sugarcane leaf scald disease (LSD) caused by Xanthomonas albilineans has increased at alarming rates in some Caribbean countries. LSD was in latent phase since 1978, when the disease was reported in Cuba, until February 1998 when typical symptoms were observed in germ plasm collections and in some commercial plantings. More than 150 bacterial isolates from different sugarcane varieties and from different localities were isolated on Wilbrink agar medium and characterized. All isolates had shown similar cultural and biochemical patterns. However, serological differences between isolates from the recent outbreak and the ones obtained prior to 1998 were detected by indirect ELISA testing. Differences between Cuban isolates obtained prior to 1998 and those from the recent outbreak were confirmed by analysis of repetitive DNA sequences dispersed throughout the genome. According to the pattern obtained, the newer isolates were similar to reference strains classified as haplotype B by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (1). It is concluded that the recent outbreak of LSD was caused by a strain different than the ones previously detected in Cuba. Reference: (1) M. J. Davis et al. Phytopathology 87:316, 1997.
Current Status and New Natural Hosts of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in Spain
Authors: Jordá C. , Font I. , Martínez P. , Juarez M. , Ortega A. , Lacasa A. 
Published: May 2007

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a major constraint to tomato production in Spain. This virus was observed for the first time in several tomato fields in Murcia (Spain) in the autumn of 1992 and Canary Islands in 1999. Currently the virus is prevalent along the Mediterranean coast of Spain (provinces of Málaga, Granada, Almería, Murcia, Alicante, Valencia, and Barcelona) and in the Canary Islands. Two viral species have been identified in Spain, TYLCV-Sar in 1992 and TYLCV-Is in 1997. TYLCV-Is is more severe than TYLCV-Sar and produces the greatest economic losses. Curling of leaflets, yellowing, and growth reduction are more pronounced in plants infected with TYLCV-Is than in those infected with TYLCV-Sar. In order to study the presence and behavior of both viral species in the affected area, over 1,320 tomato plants were sampled. DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The degenerate primer pair for Begomovirus detection (AV494/AC1048) (2) was used to amplify the core region of the capsid protein gene. The amplified fragments were later analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with HaeIII enzyme to differentiate between TYLCV-Is and TYLCV-Sar species. The results showed that TYLCV-Sar (43.4%) and TYLCV-Is (56.6%) coexist in tomato crops and, in contrast with previous results (1), displacement of TYLCV-Sar for TYLCV-Is was observed. A search for the alternative hosts that may serve as virus reservoirs in areas where the virus is prevalent involved testing 210 samples of 95 species of weeds by PCR, with the same primers. The following species were found to be infected: Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker, Convolvulus sp., Cuscuta sp., Chenopodium murale L., Datura stramonium L., Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter, Malva parviflora L., and Solanum nigrum L. This is the first reference of C. sumatrensis, Convolvulus sp., Cuscuta sp., and Ch. murale as natural hosts of TYLCV. These plants were symptomless. References: (1) S. Sanchez-Campos et al. Phytopathology 89:1038, 1999. (2) S. D. Wyatt et al. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996.
First Report of Barley yellow striate mosaic virus Infecting Barley and Wheat in Lebanon
Authors: Makkouk K. M. , Ghulam W. , Kumari S. G. 
Published: May 2007

Symptoms suggestive of virus infection in barley, bread wheat, and durum wheat were observed at high incidence in November 2000 in Terbol, Beqa'a Valley, Lebanon. The symptoms were mainly stunting, accompanied by leaf striping and yellowing. Symptomatic plant samples (27 barley, 37 bread wheat, and 81 durum wheat) were collected and tested for the presence of four different viruses by tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) (1) at the Virology Laboratory of ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Antisera used were for Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV, genus Hordeivirus) (2); Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, genus Luteovirus, family Luteoviridae) (PAV serotype) (2); Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV, genus Tritimovirus, family Potyviridae) (3); and Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV, genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) provided by M. Conti, Instituto di Fitovirologia applicata, Turino, Italy. BYSMV was detected in 12 barley, 18 bread wheat, and 56 durum wheat samples; the corresponding numbers of barley, bread wheat, and durum wheat plants testing positive for BYDV-PAV were 4, 7, and 6, respectively. BSMV and WSMV were not detected in any of the samples tested. BYSMV was purified from infected wheat plants, and the purified preparation had a UV 260:280 ratio of 1.18, typical of Rhabdoviruses. In SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified virus preparation indicated the presence of 66, 47, and 15 kDa structural proteins, typical of the G, N and M proteins of Rhabdoviruses. In western blot, the 66 and 47 kDa protein bands reacted strongly with BYSMV antiserum. This is the first record of BYSMV infecting barley and wheat in Lebanon. References: (1) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994. (2) K. M. Makkouk and S. G. Kumari. Rachis Newsl. 12:24, 1993. (3) K. M. Makkouk and S. G. Kumari. Rachis Newsl. 16:74, 1997.
A New Phytophthora Root Disease of Alder in Italy
Authors: Santini A. , Barzanti G. P. , Capretti P. 
Published: May 2007

A Phytophthora was found associated with wilt and mortality of Italian alder (Alnus cordata) seedlings in a nursery in northern Tuscany, Central Italy. This disease is one of the major constraints to alder survival in northern Europe (3). Symptoms included sparse yellowish brown foliage with abnormally small leaves, dark stained necrosis of the bark at the collar level, and reduction of the root system due to the death of the tap root and lateral roots. These symptoms resemble those on chestnut, walnut, and oak plantlets colonized by P. cambivora. The diseased seedlings were 1 to 2 years old and were grown on both beds and soil. Tissue isolation from infected parts of the plants yielded a P. cambivora-like species in culture. Pure cultures were appressed and felty in appearance with sparse or no aerial mycelium when grown on V8 agar, carrot agar, or potato dextrose agar. Sporangia were ovoid, non-papillate, and averaged 51.8 μm in length and 36.6 μm in width (range: 45 to 60 μm and 30 to 40 μm). The isolates were homothallic with smooth-walled oogonia with a diameter ranging from 20 to 45 μm and with two-celled, amphigynous antheridia. Colonies showed rapid development at 25°C (mean radial growth = 6 mm/day), but at 30°C growth was strongly inhibited, unlike P. cambivora isolates previously collected in the same area, which were more thermophilic. The morpho-physiological features of the alder isolates resembled those of the Swedish variant of the alder Phytophthora (2). Identification was confirmed by C.M. Brasier (Forestry Authority Research Station, UK). Two-year-old alder seedlings (1.3 cm diameter, height 70 cm) grown in pots were wound-inoculated in the trunk. Six weeks after inoculation, symptoms were produced identical to those described above, as well as necrosis of the bark tissue varying in length from 0.5 to 3 cm. Isolations from diseased bark tissue yielded fungal colonies resembling those described above. The pathogen, described for the first time in England in 1995 (1), is now present throughout northern Europe. This is the first report for the Mediterranean region, which suggests that the fungus will cause disease in the drier and warmer climates of southern Europe. References: (1) C. M. Brasier et al. Plant Pathol. 44:999, 1995. (2) C. M. Brasier et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5878, 1999. (3) J. N. Gibbs et al. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 29:39, 1999.
Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe pisi on Alfalfa in Idaho and Oregon
Authors: Mohan S. K. , Bijman V. P. , Miller D. R. 
Published: May 2007

During July to November 2000, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants with powdery mildew symptoms were observed in commercial hay and seed fields, research plots, and a greenhouse in southwestern Idaho (Canyon County) and eastern Oregon (Malheur County). Affected leaves and stems showed white, effuse, dense, amphigenous mycelium bearing Oidium conidia, often with necrotic, brown blotches or streaks. In July, symptoms and signs were found mostly on the lower stems and leaves, but by October, all aerial parts of the plants were involved. Based on location of the mycelium and the conidiophore and conidial characteristics, the fungus was identified as Erysiphe pisi (J. C. David, personal communication). Cleistothecia were not observed. Natural incidence of the disease, which varied from less than 5% infected plants in July to more than 90% infected plants in November, was observed in commercial fields of cvs. Pioneer 53V08 (hay), Sparta (hay), and DS 907 (seed); in research (seed production) plots on cvs. Alfagraze, Anchor, Barrier, Beaver, Cut'N'Graze, Rambler, and Rangelander; and in the greenhouse on cvs. Aggressor, Archer II, Nemagone, Pecos, and Robust. Greenhouse inoculations by dusting with conidia from infected alfalfa plants (cv. Pioneer 53V08) demonstrated the susceptibility of alfalfa cvs. Affinity, Amerigraze, Innovator, and Salado and pea (Pisum sativum L.) cvs. Aladdin, Badger, Bolero, Cabree, Dwarf Gray Sugar, Early Perfection, Encore, Lazor, Maestro, Melting Sugar, Novella, Pursur, Somerwood, Spring, Stampede, and Sugar Ann. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cvs. Redland, Redland II, and Premier showed positive but limited symptoms (smaller colonies, scant mycelium, and brown necrosis) following inoculation. Uninoculated control plants remained free from powdery mildew. Previous reports of powdery mildew on alfalfa in the United States (2) have attributed it to E. polygoni (Massachusetts and Wyoming) or Oidium sp. (Hawaii). Recently, powdery mildew caused by E. pisi was reported from alfalfa in research nurseries and greenhouses in Wisconsin (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of powdery mildew of alfalfa caused by E. pisi in the northwestern U.S., and may constitute a potential new problem for hay and seed production in this region. References: (1) J. I. Edmunds et al. Plant Dis. 82:832, 1998. (2) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
First Report of Basal Rot of Leek Caused by Fusarium culmorum in Spain
Authors: Armengol J. , Vicent A. , Sales R. , García-Jiménez J. , Rodríguez J. M. 
Published: May 2007

A severe basal rot of leek (Allium porrum L.) was first observed in 1996 in Sueca (Valencia) eastern Spain, and again from 1998 to 2000 in several fields in Haro (La Rioja) northern Spain, where the disease caused significant economic losses. Leeks were stunted, wilted, and had water-soaked tissues with a characteristic reddish purple discoloration at the base of the stem. Affected plants could be pulled up easily because of rotting of the basal plate and root system. Similar symptoms were also observed on seedlings 2 to 3 weeks after transplanting. Isolations from symptomatic stems and roots onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 0.5 mg/ml of streptomycin sulfate (PDAS) consistently yielded a Fusarium sp. Isolates were transferred to potato sucrose agar (PSA) and synthetic low nutrient agar (SNA) and incubated at 25°C for 10 days with a 12-h photoperiod. The isolates were identified as Fusarium culmorum (Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc. based on colony morphology on PSA and phialide and conidial morphology on SNA. This disease has been described on garlic (1), but there are few reports about its incidence on leek (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on leek cvs. Alora, Axel, Casado, Goliath, and Varea using five isolates of F. culmorum from different locations. Ninety-day-old seedlings were inoculated by introducing a spore suspension to obtain a soil infested with the fungus at 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/g of potting mix (a sterilized mixture of equal portions [v/v] of soil, sand, and peat moss). Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 20 to 30°C. Within 45 to 70 days after inoculation, symptoms developed that were similar to those observed in the field. The fungus was reisolated from affected plants, completing Koch's postulates. All isolates were pathogenic, and all leek cvs. were highly susceptible to the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. culmorum affecting leek in Spain. References: (1) F. J. Crowe et al. Phytopathology 76:1094, 1986. (2) G. Tamietti and A. Garibaldi. Riv. di Patol. Veg. IV. 13:69, 1977.
Identification of Pepper mild mottle virus in Commercial Bell Pepper in Florida
Authors: Adkins S. , Lamb E. M. , Roberts P. D. , Gooch M. D. , Breman L. , Shuler K. D. 
Published: May 2007

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has been identified on pepper in Florida several times since 1997. Initial observations were on ornamental peppers (Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens, and C. annuum). However, in the winter growing seasons of 1999 and 2000, PMMoV was detected in several bell pepper (C. annuum) cultivars in commercial production fields in south Florida. Symptoms in bell pepper plants were observed to vary with plant age and cultivar, and included stunting of young plants and puckering and yellow mottling of leaves. Fruit was deformed (lumpy and mottled) and slightly reduced in size. Older fruit exhibited brown streaks and, in some cultivars, an undesirable color at maturity. Incidence in commercial bell pepper fields varied from <1 to 30%. Symptoms on mechanically inoculated indicator hosts, analysis of viral-associated double-stranded RNA, and inclusion body morphology suggested the presence of a tobamovirus. PMMoV was specifically identified by serological testing using ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). To our knowledge, this is the first definitive identification of PMMoV (2) in Florida, although a prior isolation of the same or a similar virus was made in 1964 and reported as the Samsun latent strain of Tobacco mosaic virus (1). The occurrence of this seedborne virus in an area of intensive commercial pepper production requires careful monitoring to avoid future significant losses. References: (1) W. H. Greenleaf et al. Phytopathology 54:1367, 1964. (2) C. Wetter. Plant Dis. 68:597, 1984.