bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Production Capacity of a Low Resistivity Pay Reservoir Associated with a Highly Flooded Environment in a Fault Corridor – A Successful Case History from UAE Onshore
Authors: Khemissa Hocine , AL Jaber Sulaiman S. , Al Suwaidi Ayesha Eid , Singhal Sangeeta , Chang Ernesto Lenin B. , Al Mesafri Ahmed Saif , Thakur Parmanand D. , Mumtaz Asim , Potshangbam Sanathoi , Hameed Mahmoud , Saravanakumar Krishnan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Maximizing reservoir exposure in a low resistivity pay reservoir located in a fault corridor along the flank of a brownfield is tremendously challenging. Additionally, the high uncertainty associated with two uneven types of waterfronts, in the form of water slump/reverse conning and front water moving along the planned wellbore, poses a risk of derailing the well objective and compromising well performance. It was critical to consider the right application to mitigate these challenges to achieve the well objective. Considering the subtle log responses in the reservoir, the only differentiating parameter to consider for well placement with confidence was the resistivity changes within the reservoir. The variation in resistivity was either related to saturation differences or lithological units.
Mapping the resistivity profile around the wellbore and defining the reservoir properties would be possible by utilizing a tool with a greater depth of detection integrated into a conventional triple combo Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA). Extra Deep Azimuthal Resistivity (EDAR), with its lower frequencies and flexible spacing between transmitter and receiver, delivers the required large Depth of Detection (DOD). This measurement was considered to provide the required saturation and bed boundaries solution. Mapping the changes in resistivity above and below the well path facilitated informed well placement decisions to maximize reservoir contact and navigate within the optimum resistivity of the reservoir.
Utilizing the EDAR application in this well proved to be highly beneficial in placing the well in the oil column of this low resistivity pay reservoir. It mapped the water slumping intervals from the above unit and the change in water level from below the well path. It mapped two faults that displaced the well from its original primary target to the upper secondary target. Based on the boundaries mapped, the throw of the faults was estimated, and the well bore position was established. The EDAR inversion mapped an increase in water saturation from both the top and bottom. Based on this information, total depth (TD) was declared ~400 ft earlier than planned. The intervals of water slumping and elevated water zones below the trajectory were considered when optimizing the lower completion designs.
Drilling Anomalies Identification Using Near Bit Vibrations
Authors: Iufriakova A. , Bukhanov N. , Golikov P. , Bakulin A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Various anomalies while drilling are a major hazard both for safety and economic efficiency. Additional measurements combined with Bayesian approaches allow to identify anomalies and their precursors with high accuracy. In this work, we utilize a high-frequency accelerometer located downhole with Bayesian networks to avert twist-off events.
Statistical analysis was performed to identify the most effective method to train the structure of Bayesian network. It was demonstrated that the usage of K2 score-based algorithm produced the most favorable results. Moreover, the model's performance was further enhanced by incorporating domain expertise at the learning and validation stages. The results indicated significant improvement in the performance of the model, with increased accuracy and faster processing speed. Our study achieved an F1 score of 0.84 for the task of anomaly identification. The results of the proposed approach are in good agreement with those obtained by unsupervised machine learning techniques (based on an isolation forest and principal component analysis).
First Utilization of the Shaped Point Loading Edge Cutters Technology to Enhance the Drilling Performance and Steerability of Long Directional Section
Authors: Alqarafi Abdulaziz , Almomen Hassan , Marhoon Qasim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
One of the main objectives in directional drilling operations is finding ways to optimize the drilling performance and directional work. Drilling and geo-steering through dense and soft Carbonates layers introduces various challenges such as low rate of penetration, high near-bit vibrations and steerability. To overcome these challenges, a shaped edge polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter technology was introduced.
The shaped edge PDC cutter technology employs a point loading chamfer on the diamond tip of the PDC cutter for efficient load distribution on the cutter edge and more weight transfer to smaller portions of the drilled rock. The state- of-the-art cutter technology is developed to increase the bit stability and rock destruction efficiency while drilling through highly interbedded and hard formations.
In addition to the new PDC bit design and the in-depth analysis and formation specific parameters roadmap, an optimization process comprising rotary steerable system (RSS) bottom-hole assembly (BHA), enhanced trajectory design, drilling fluids and system hydraulics design and subsurface geomechanics modelling were introduced to optimize the drilling performance and drill the vertical, curve and lateral section in one run.
The proposed shaped edge PDC bit design in addition to the optimization roadmap delivered multiple consecutive sections with an exceptional performance without reported steerability challenge. Each section is almost 10,000 ft long, drilled through interbedded carbonate formation capped with dense and soft layer. The average rate of penetration (ROP) improved by 33% compared to the previous PDC technology. With respect to drilling the soft curve interval, the new PDC bit design succeeded to enhance the ROP, overcome the steerability concern and reduce the near-bit vibrations by 33% while eliminating the surface stick-slip vibrations. The implementation of the optimization methodologies helped achieving new performance records in the most challenging drilling environments. The new bit design established greater ROP response over the conventional cylindrical edge PDC cutters while improving the overall stability and steerability of the drilling system.
The evolvement of the cutter edge showed substantial outcomes in terms of penetration rates, bit stability, and total cost savings by overcoming the drilling challenges and reducing the number of trips required to drill to total depth (TD), thus reducing the overall well delivery time.
The optimization roadmap, job execution, and post well evaluation results that helped to expand the cutter technology in other bit sizes and frames which are presented in this paper including a discussion on the key challenges met during the planning and the execution phases.
Enhancing Drilling Efficiency with Flanked Non-Planar Shaped PDC Cutters
Authors: Suleiman A. , Roberts S. , Bailey M. J. , Doudou S. , Hallal A. , Perez J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper examines the performance of a novel Flanked Non-Planar (FNP) shaped Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter through laboratory and field testing in challenging applications. Testing results demonstrate significant advantages of the new cutter shape, which are further validated by an extensive field test program in the Middle East. The geometry of the PDC cutter has emerged as a crucial factor in enhancing fixed-cutter drill bit performance industry-wide. Two types of cutters were investigated: a V-shaped FNP and a non-V-shaped FNP cutter. Both cutters had identical non-planar geometry on the face but varied in cutter-rock interaction characteristics. Field evaluations compared these cutters with legacy cylindrical cutters in terms of drilling efficiency, durability, repairability, and cost per foot. Laboratory tests assessed drilling efficiency at single cutter and full-scale drill bit levels. Field testing involved more than 470 runs across the Middle East, using offset runs with legacy cylindrical cutters for comparison.
Laboratory tests revealed significant benefits of FNP cutters. The non-V-shaped FNP cutter reduced vertical force by 20% due to its angled flank, which improved cuttings evacuation and decreased frictional losses. The V-shaped FNP cutter showed a 30% reduction in vertical force and enhanced fracture propagation with its tip geometry. Full-scale tests demonstrated a rate of penetration (ROP) improvement of 13 to 38% for the non-V-shaped FNP drill bit across different formations, while the V-shaped FNP drill bit achieved a 29 to 40% ROP improvement.
Field trials in the Middle East across various conditions showed ROP improvements of 14 to 112%, with the highest gains in shales and carbonates using the V-shaped FNP cutter. Cutter durability was comparable to conventional round cutters, considering the interval drilled and dull condition. Moreover, a cost analysis considering bit cost, ROP, and rig rates demonstrated significant reductions in cost per foot compared to offset runs. Overall, the novel FNP cutters offer tangible drilling efficiency gains that significantly reduce drilling costs. This paper highlights the significance of exploring innovative shaped PDC cutter designs and their impact on drilling efficiency. It demonstrates that FNP cutters improve efficiency at both micro and macro levels. Field testing confirms that these novel geometries provide tangible ROP performance and drilling cost reduction without compromising durability or repairability.
Simulation of ultrasonic Doppler System for Drilling mud Flow Measurements
Authors: Zharnikov T. , Ryabova A. , Dobrovolskii I. , Katterbauer K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Mud flow monitoring is essential for safe drilling and formation characterization. During coiled tubing drilling, drill cuttings are not available for direct observation and measurement. The purpose of the study is to investigate the feasibility of determining the size of the solid phase from spectra obtained by ultrasonic Doppler measurement, as well as determining the velocity of solid particles in the drilling fluid. For this purpose, numerical simulation is used with the ultrasonic measurement described using a meshless method, while the flow is simulated using a finite volume method. The developed model makes it possible to obtain spectra for various particle size distributions of the solid phase and flow characteristics, such as flow rate and viscosity. As a result, the dependence of the average signal amplitude on the concentration of solid particles in the drilling fluid was determined. Its analysis shows that the measurement in question can be used to estimate the average particle size.
Off-The-Shelf IoT Gateways as a Viable Alternative to Traditional HMI Devices
Authors: Mohamed A. , Almuhdi T. , Rahamtallah M. , Ghizawi N. , Louiz A. , Elsheikh K. O. 
Published: February 2024

The modern industrial landscape is evolving rapidly, emphasizing digitalization and real-time monitoring and control. Human Machine Interface (HMI) devices have become a cornerstone in meeting these needs, facilitating seamless interaction between human operators and machines. However, the recent surge in demand for HMI devices comes at a time of heightened global supply chain issues, making getting these devices challenging for many organizations. Moreover, there is an increasing demand for added functionalities, such as enhanced analytical capabilities, driven by the need to improve decision-making processes and increase operational efficiency.The current disruptions in the supply chain are causing delays and shortages of specialized hardware, such as HMI devices. This scarcity is due to a lack of essential components for HMI device manufacturing, resulting in limited availability. The impact extends to many industries where HMI devices monitor and control complex processes. As a result, there is an urgent need for alternative solutions to address the immediate shortage while maintaining operational efficiency and minimizing disruption to established workflows.Considering the challenges above, we propose utilizing off-the-shelf Internet of Things (IoT) gateways as a viable alternative to HMI devices. With their standard and more available hardware components, IoT gateways offer a level of availability and ease of integration that can potentially address the current challenges faced in procuring HMI devices. Moreover, the proposed solution aims to not only restore the HMI functionalities but also enhance them by offering additional features.
Optimization of Fluid Lab Testing for Conventional Proppant Fracturing Applications in HT Reservoirs
Authors: Yudin A. , Farouk M. , Al-Jalal Z. , Nurlybayev N. , Jalil R. , Klyubin A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fracturing operations in low to medium permeability reservoirs tend to be driven by efficiency and costs of the operations. At the same time, fracture geometry and conductivity need to be optimized to ensure economical field development. The objective of this paper is to revise and enhance fluid design lab testing process in high-temperature (HT) reservoirs by dealing away with fluid over-designing practices through accurate fracturing modeling which will significantly reduce reservoir damage.
Fluid design practices often assume a safety factor for the fluid exposure duration to be equal to or greater than the full treatment duration. It is also commonly required to match the bottom hole static temperature (BHST) for the whole lab test duration with a minor focus on the overall tubulars and reservoir cooldown during later stages of the treatment. The advanced planar 3D simulator was used to create sensitivity studies for the temperature profile inside the fracture during placement. Results were then used in the experimental lab testing to optimize the fluid recipe based on new temperature profile and time of exposure.
Advanced software modeling and rheological studies identified several ways to avoid fluids overdesign, leaving behind cleaner reservoirs without imposing operational risks. The sensitivity analysis revealed that depending on several parameters such as the fluid leak-off severity, volume, and rate of the treatment; the amount of polymer load can reach 30% and higher when accounting for the cool down effect and reduced fluid exposure time. For the fluid breaking ability at lower temperatures, it is also critical to mimic realistic temperature profile inside the fracture for several hours after the treatment. The studies suggest that the largest impact is expected for extreme HT conditions in relatively higher permeability and prolific formations with fluid efficiency values of 40% and lower. These reservoirs will require a significant amount of pad to compensate for leakoff and considerable amount of proppant to cover the entire interval. In these cases, maximum fluid exposure will be limited by 50-70% of the entire treatment time and the cool down effect prior to proppant entry will be considerable. Considering middle eastern applications, this type of reservoir is not a minor number of cases; hence the new methodology would be beneficial to consider and implement across the region.
This paper will reveal an optimized approach to the fracturing fluids lab testing and will help to shape the future of fracturing treatments in HT reservoir conditions in a way that will not only reduce the fracturing cost but will also help to reduce reservoir damage hence improving well productivity.
Simplified Power-Law Model for the Material Balance of Gas Reservoirs Experiencing Water Influx
Authors: Hosseinpour-Zonoozi N. , Blasingame T. A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A simple power-law model is presented for performance of gas reservoirs experiencing water influx using only cumulative production, reservoir pressure, and the gas deviation factor (i.e., the z-factor). The application of the model provides estimation of gas-in-place. The gas material balance relation including ONLY water influx is given in dimensionless form as: pzD=(1−GpD)(1−WeD)  where: pzD=p/zpi/zi WeD=weBWGBgi GpD=GpG
The following empirical model is proposed for dimensionless water influx function (WeD): WeD=aGpb+1
Substituting this model into the gas material balance yields: pzD=(1−GpD)(1−aGpb+1)
The proposed power-law water influx model was exhaustively validated using the Carter-Tracy and Van Everdingen-Hurst methods to simulate water influx and pressure-cumulative gas production behavior for an unsteady-state water-influx system. The results of these simulation cases were fitted using the proposed (empirical) power-law water influx model and for every case that was tested, the proposed model gave an essentially perfect correlation of the simulated reservoir performance behavior.
Cluster Spacing Effect on the Fracture Interference Including Stress Shadow
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Farid 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Over the last decade, the application of horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing has significantly impacted shale formations, achieving economic productivity through the creation of expansive fracture surfaces. Determining the optimal cluster spacing in shale gas wells is a complex task, contingent upon the unique geological characteristics of each formation. While a closer spacing between clusters can enhance gas recovery, it escalates drilling and completion costs, compounded by stress shadow effects on fracture propagation.
This research introduces a comprehensive workflow to investigate the impact of cluster interference on well performance. Commencing with a fracture propagation model, accounting for stress shadow effects due to the same injected slurry volume, we integrated analytical rate transient analysis (RTA) with reservoir numerical simulation to assess the effective fracture surface area for hydrocarbon production. The effective fracture surface area from RTA to the actual stimulated fracture area from numerical simulation ratio was then correlated to cluster spacing.
Findings reveal that higher stage numbers and tighter cluster spacing result in increased cluster interference, yielding a low effective to actual fracture surface area ratio and heightened stress shadow effects, hindering fracture propagation. Conversely, widening cluster spacing, with a constant injected proppant volume, boosts the effective to actual fracture surface area ratio and diminishes cluster interference. Optimal spacing, based on formation properties, was identified as 6 clusters per stage with 33 ft spacing. This research provides valuable insights for completion and reservoir engineers, aiding in the optimization of cluster spacing to maximize well revenue.
Novel Methods for Simulating Reservoirs with Tilted Fluid Contacts
Authors: Kashinath A. , Jayasinghe S. , Dow E. , Middya U. , Dogru A. H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces two new approaches for modeling reservoirs with tilted fluid contacts. We first introduce a method based on local capillary pressure adjustments, which uses adjustments of the capillary pressure near the oil-water contact to ensure that the contact surface does not move during production. The second approach uses hydrodynamic aquifer flow to support the oil-water tilt. A non-linear inverse problem is solved to determine the parameters that control the aquifer flow. Both approaches are implemented in a parallel reservoir simulator and applied to a synthetic reservoir case.
Advanced 3D Dynamic Model for Forensic Investigation of Reservoir Connectivity in Heterogeneous Systems
Authors: Al-Obathani O. H. , Rahman N. M. Anisur 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Quantifying the magnitude of pressure communication and characterizing reservoir properties among the wells are the key objectives of pressure interference tests. In this study, we will shed light on how to plan for a multi-well pressure interference test in a tight, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir with dynamic model. Then, we will explain the capabilities of the dynamic model to characterize reservoir properties especially between the wells where the uncertainty is high due to a lack of inter-well measured data.
This study describes a multi-well, interference test design and analysis procedure for a tight carbonate reservoir for the purpose of developing an injector-producer pattern strategy. This subject test has been performed utilizing three wells. An active producer located in-between two shut-in injectors. These shut-in injectors have been equipped with high-resolution gauges to detect the pulses created by the active well. For accurate interference test results, we have constructed 3D dynamic model based on a high-resolution geological model. This model has been utilized as a platform to characterize the reservoir properties by matching the model output with test data.
With this approach, we have successfully quantified the magnitude of hydraulic communication between the producer and each of the two injectors. Moreover, reasonable match results of the dynamic model with the pressure interference data has been achieved. With this quality match, a good understanding of heterogeneous reservoir properties between the producer and each of the injectors has been attained. In fact, the magnitudes of pressure communication between the producer and each of the injectors in addition to the reservoir transmissivity and storativity become the foundation of any future production-injection strategy as part of the development plan. Moreover, the interference test results can be incorporated into the full simulation model to enhance the quality of the model.
This study demonstrates the value of utilizing 3D dynamic models for a multi-well interference test design and analysis. With this approach, the outcomes of the interference test, such as, magnitude of hydraulic communication, transmissivity, and storativity between the wells, impact the future development plan. Hence, reservoir engineers will have the upper hand in optimizing the production strategies as well as future developments.