bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hollow Month At Athens
Authors: Meritt Benjamin D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(1) Metageitnion in 407/6 was made a hollow month while still retaining δευτερα φνoντo by the omission of a day after δεℵάτη υστερα, undoubtedly ενάτη φνoντo (pp. 230-2). (2) Skirophorion in 407/6 was made a hollow month while still retaining by the omission of a day between and It can be affirmed with great probability that the omitted day was actually (pp. 232-3). (3) Mounichion in 407/6 was planned as a hollow month while still retaining and omitting a day earlier than This was almost certainly (pp. 234-5). (4) Pollux, VIII 117, unequivocally retains in a hollow month (pp. 220-1). (5) A double tradition in Pollux (Ms. B) gives the calendar count for a hollow month without omitting (p. 220). (6) The Roman calendar, which did not omit pridie Kalendas, in its shorter months was modeled on the Athenian calendar which did not omit in a hollow month (p. 224). (7) The scholion of Proklos on Hesiod, Works and Days, line 814, shows that the count of days which caused confusion at the end of the month by omitting the next to the last day is not Athenian. It contradicts the scholion on line 765 (as transmitted) which is corrupt in saying that in the Boiotian calendar the next to the last day was omitted by the Athenians. The evidence of Moschopoulos (ca. A.D. 1300) who depends on this passage is also discredited (pp. 224-6). (8) The scholia vetera on the Clouds of Aristophanes give the count of days in a hollow month without omitting The omitted day was where the backward count began (pp. 221-3). (9) Solon is said to have introduced backward count in the last decade of an Athenian month. If is omitted in a hollow month the true value of every day with backward count is falsified (pp. 219-20). (10) It is questionable that 'hollow' (ℵoλo) can properly describe a month that has only the next to the last day omitted, the 28th out of 30 (p. 223). (11) Comparison of two calendar equations in I.G. II2, 338 and 339 of 333/2 B.C. shows that Metageitnion was a hollow month, but that the omitted day came earlier than was not omitted (pp. 229-30). (12) The calendar of 303/2 gives to Skirophorion an unnecessarily complex final two days unless is retained as the 28th day (pp. 227-9). (13) Aristophanes would not have used to alleviate the worries of Strepsiades in the Clouds if a hollow month had been available with this day missing to make his fears more pressing (p. 240). (14) The εℵάδε were the 20th and 21st days of every month. No other days were so named (pp. 235-9). The literary and the epigraphical evidence, especially the new evidence from the Choiseul Marble, combine to make an unassailable case that was not the omitted day in a hollow month in Athens. In evaluating the literary evidence the testimony of the scholia vetera and the explicit statement of Pollux of the second century outweigh the one scholion of Proklos of the fifth century which has to be emended even by those who rely upon it. Evidence from other sources outside Athens (except for Rome) has no bearing on the Athenian calendar and is not here discussed 70).
The Chronology of Anaxagoras' Athenian Period and the Date of His Trial
Authors: Mansfeld J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral influential literary sources connect the attack upon Anaxagoras with attacks upon Phidias, Aspasia and Pericles [relative chronology] and associate these attacks as a whole with the origins of the Peloponnesian war [absolute chronology]. Since the attack upon Phidias pace Philochorus as supported by the evidence of the digging at Olympia has to be dated to 438/7, this absolute chronology cannot be right. The relative chronology, however, can be defended, which entails that the attack upon Anaxagoras by Diopeithes should be dated to 438/7.-First, I shall discuss such data about Anaxagoras' trial as are provided by the biographical tradition, especially Diogenes Laertius, who summarizes a good part of it. Next, I shall discuss the evidence concerned with the attacks upon Pericles and his associates as provided by the historiographical tradition, viz. Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch, both deriving from Ephorus. Philochorus' evidence as to the chronology of Phidias' career will be discussed in connection with the problem of the absolute vs. the relative chronology as a whole. An argument directed against the modern hypothesis that Phidias' statue of Athena was dedicated during the Great Panathenaea of 438/7 follows. In the course of this argument, it will be necessary to have a closer look at the technical, administrative and religious aspects of the installation of such a statue. The Dracontides/Hagnon decree, aimed at Pericles, can be proved to have been associated with the attacks upon Phidias. This, again, combined with considerations derived from the legal responsibilities of the commissioners in charge of the statue, permits us to date the decree to 438/7. The relative chronology of Ephorus and Plutarch will be defended by an argument purporting to show that the attacks upon Pericles and his associates are inextricably bound up with one another, which allows us to date the Diopeithes decree, too, to 438/7. Next, I shall argue that the trial of Anaxagoras is a historical fact, and that it should probably be dated to 437/6. Finally, the tradition about Anaxagoras' sojourn at Lampsacus will be studied, and a chronology of his career as a whole will be proposed.
The Study of Yoruba Religious Tradition in Historical Perspective
Authors: Olupona Jacob K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay presents an overview of past and recent scholarship in Yoruba religion. The earliest studies of Yoruba religious traditions were carried out by missionaries, travellers and explorers who were concerned with writing about the so called "pagan" practices and "animist" beliefs of the African peoples. In the first quarter of the 20th century professional ethnologists committed to documenting the Yoruba religion and culture were, among other things, concerned with theories about cosmology, belief-systems, and organizations of Orisà cults. Indigenous authors, especially the Reverend gentlemen of the Church Missionary Society, responded to these early works by proposing the Egyptian origin of Yoruba religion and by conducting research into Ifá divination system as a preparatio evangelica. The paper also examines the contributions of scholars in the arts and the social sciences to the interpretation and analysis of Yoruba religion, especially those areas neglected in previous scholarship. This essay further explores the study of Yoruba religion in the Americas, as a way of providing useful comparison with the Nigerian situation. It demonstrates the strong influence of Yoruba religion and culture on world religions among African diaspora. In the past ten years, significant works on the phenomenology and history of religions have been produced by indigenous scholars trained in philosophy and Religionswissenschaft in Europe and America and more recently in Nigeria. Lastly, the essay examines some neglected aspects of Yoruba religious studies and suggests that future research should focus on developing new theories and uncovering existing ones in indigenous Yoruba discourses.
Game Killing and Killing Games: An Anthropologist Looking at Hunting in a Modern Society
Authors: Dahles Heidi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn modern urbanized and densely populated societies - such as the contemporary Netherlands, which forms the geographical setting of the present analysis - hunting has lost its meaning as a mode of subsistence to become a symbolic strategy. Hunting is a cultural enclave in which the boundaries between humans and animals are blurred and the relations of dominance and submission symbolically reversed. Hunting challenges the legitimacy of apparently "given" power relations between humans and animals. Hunters construct, reproduce and legitimize hunting by crossing the boundaries between humans and animals. Hunting "for pleasure" is regarded as truly pleasurable only if it allows a reversal of the asymmetrical power relations between humans and animals, attributing almost human characteristerics to the game-species. In theircognitive schemes hunters measure their power and abilities with strong, cunning and preferably male opponents. Game-species share an ambivalent status between the human and the animal realms, the tame and the wild, and between their instrumental and expressive signifccance. Hunting "for pleasure" is justified by this very ambivalence.
Us and Them : Scientists' and Animal Rights Campaigners' Views of the Animal Experimentation Debate
Authors: Paul Elizabeth S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnimal rights campaigners and scientists working with animals completed anonymous questionnaires in which they were asked to report, not only on their own beliefs and ideas about the animal experimentation debate, but also on those they perceived the opposing group to hold. Both groups of participants tended to have a negative and somewhat extreme view of the other. But they did have an accurate grasp of the arguments and defenses commonly offered on both sides of the debate, and showed some agreement concerning the relative capacity of different animals to suffer. Differences appeared in the level of the phylogenetic hierarchy at which participants thought animals might be capable of suffering, and in their decision-making processes regarding the admissibility of animal experiments.
Changing Attitudes toward California's Cougars
Authors: Lassiter Unna , Wolch Jennifer R. , Gullo Andrea 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe management of California's cougar population has been an ongoing focus of public debate. Over the course of this century, this predator's legal status has changed several times, and in 1990 voters approved the California Wilderness Protection Act, which outlawed the sport hunting of cougars. Since that time, rising rates of human-cougar interactions have generated extensive media coverage of human-cougar conflicts and management policies, scientific controversies about the ecology of the cougar population, and political action to reinstate sport hunting. This paper considers one major institution which both shapes and reflects attitudes toward wildlife and related management issues: the print media. Through a content analysis of cougar-related coverage appearing in the Los Angeles Times, we document how attitudes toward cougars shifted between 1985 and 1995 as reflected in the tenor of coverage, specific attitudes expressed, and the terminology used to describe cougars. We conclude that such analysis of public discourse around wildlife management issues is a useful method of tracking broad shifts both in public attitudes toward wildlife and in the positions on wildlife issues of major institutions which influence those attitudes.
Dogs and Human Beings: A Story of Friendship
Authors: Menache Sophia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe wide consensus in research with regard to the modernity of keeping companion animals lies behind the prevailing conclusions about attitudes toward the canine species in pre-modern societies. These were reviewed mainly from a utilitarian perspective. Characterized, in part, by the protective shelter of the extended household and, as such, free of the tensions affecting the nuclear family in industrial cities, pre-modern societies supposedly lacked in the emotional stress and indigence that condition or encourage dog keeping. A careful examination of the sources, both narrative and pictorial, however, suggests more ambivalent attitudes thus challenging widespread research premises and justifying further analysis. This study, covering rural and urban societies in the ancient and medieval periods, examines references to dogs as companion animals in traditional societies.
Dogmen: The Rationalization of Deviance
Authors: Evans Rhonda D. , Forsyth Craig J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDogmen are individuals who fight their pit bulls in matches against other pit bulls. This paper uses neutralization theory to examine the rationalizations of dogmen as they attempt to counter stigma and criminal identity in a world that is becoming increasingly intolerant of dogfighting. To maintain their rationalizations, the dogmen use four recurring techniques : (a) denial of injury;(b) condemnation of the condemners; (c) appeal to higher loyalties; and (d) a defense that says dogmen are good people (their deviance-dogfighting expunged by their good character). The authors conducted interviews with 31 individuals who fight and breed pit bulls and with significant others in the dogfighting enterprise, including Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) officials, veterinarians, and local law enforcement officers. The research also examined newspaper accounts of dogfighting. This article provides some insights into the social construction of reality of individuals who engage in an activity that most of us find reprehensible. As with any criminal/deviant behavior, understanding and subsequent solving of the problem begin with knowledge of the offender's perspective.
The Original Meaning of "Is Saul Also Among the Prophets?" (1 Samuel X 11, 12; Xix 24)
Authors: Sturdy John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe stories accounting for "Is Saul also among the prophets?" are subsequent to it, and legendary. It must make sense on its own. It is then most probable that it is a question expecting the answer no, meaning "Saul's no prophet", and it is a reasonable conjecture that it represents Davidic propaganda against Saul.
Reflections on Earth's Insights from an East Asianist
Authors: Tucker Mary Evelyn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCallicott's Earth's Insights is a remarkable survey of resources from the world's religions for formulating a global ethics. He mentions, in particular, the rich symbolic and conceptual resources available from East Asia. This paper supports such an assertion and develops more fully the teachings of Japanese Shingon Buddhism which helped to foster a deep identity with the natural world by means of ritual. Moreover, the paper suggests that the literary and artistic resources of Japanese culture are also important sources for further exploration.
In Defence of Earth's Insights
Authors: Baird Callicott J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe foregoing criticisms of Earth's Insights notwithstanding: there is an environmental crisis; reconstructed postmodem science provides a privileged discourse, more particularly, an evolutionary-ecological master narrative; in which a globally credible environmental ethic may be grounded; and by comparison with which, in turn, the several local environmental ethics grounded in traditional and indigenous worldviews may be validated.
The Construction of India in Some Recent Environmental Philosophy
Authors: James George Alfred 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI argue that from its beginning environmental philosophy has held two contrasting views of Eastern thought and of Indian philosophical and religious ideas in particular. Utilising the insights of Edward Said and others I find that these contrasting images are reflective of a duality according to which India has been constituted in Western discourse. I argue that these Western images of India remain a significant feature of writing concerning environmental ethics to the present time. As it appears in some recent scholarship in environmental ethics, this discourse remains an obstacle to an informed appreciation of the significance of Indian thought and of Asian thought more generally for environmental philosophy.
Salmon in the Net of Indra: a Buddhist View of Nature and Communities
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Byers Bruce A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe rapid decline of salmon over the last hundred years in the western United States has occurred to a large extent because of the way people have viewed salmon. In this paper, we briefly examine several views of salmon and offer another view, one based on enduring themes of Buddhist thought and practice. We examine the understanding of the interdependence and unity of all things as the common foundation of both Buddhism and ecology. Finally, we provide guidelines for applying this understanding to the conservation of salmon, as well the relationship of humans to 'nature' in general.
Sacred and/or Secular Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation in Thailand
Authors: Juntadach Somporn , Sponsel Leslie E. , Natadecha-Sponsel Poranee , Ruttanadakul Nukul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWestern approaches to biodiversity are starting to recognise the relevance of local environmental knowledge and community forests, but mostly ignore the conservation potential of sacred places because of their culture bound modernism and scientism. We argue that sacred places are in effect an ancient and widespread system of community based and religiously sanctioned protected areas that promote biodiversity conservation. We also compare the advantages and disadvantages of government and community based protected areas, and consider them to be complementary.
Home and Homelessness: Heidegger and Levinas on Dwelling
Authors: Tijmes Pieter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses some cultural implications of technology for the place where we live. Two opposed thinkers, Martin Heidegger and Emmanuel Levinas, give an account of the cultural impact of technology and articulate the meaning of the place we live in. The paper proposes a systematic point of view that might take their contradictory positions into account. Helmuth Plessner can serve as a mediator with his theory of eccentricity. First, I turn to Ernst Juenger who frames the fundamental issue of modem technology ushering in a revolutionary period of history. Juenger's work is important to consider since his influence on Heidegger is large and not well known.
Bioregionalism as an Arctic Wilderness Idea
Authors: Gladden James N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA recurrent question in the modem world is the place of people in nature, and bioregionalism offers some ideas in the debate over the kinds of technology that belong in Arctic wilderness areas, with a focus on northern Alaska. Some interests argue that people should only visit these areas, on foot or by paddle, to achieve a wilderness experience. Rural residents, most of whom are Alaska Natives, hold that access to these lands by motorised vehicles is essential to maintain hunting and gathering traditions. The debate over managing wilderness areas in northern Alaska originates in conflicting views of the meaning of wilderness. A bioregional vision offers some common ground in the idea of wilderness as a place of respect for non-human life forms, but political conflicts will not be easily resolved.
Ecology, Economy, Worldview
Authors: Simmons I.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractElaborations of the Marxian dicta about the connections between economic modes and worldviews with an environmental component have been made largely in a social frame. Here, some attempt is made to tease out such linkages over a 10,000-year period and to see if they necessarily comprise the same parameters in each major period of economic history. It is concluded that here as in so many ways the late 19th century sees the beginning of a different kind of era, and that one of its characteristics is a technological determinism that had never existed before in such strength.
Mάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse
Authors: Trites Allison A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe results of this inquiry can now be summarized. The words and have not arrived at the fourth and fifth stages of semantic change, and do not imply martyrdom as part of their dictionary meaning. About it is more difficult to speak categorically; death seems to be implied as part of the witness in i 5, iii 14 and xvii 6, and this would indicate the third stage in the semantic development of the word. In xi 3 definitely retains its forensic meaning, and the same is probably true of ii 13, though martyrological elements are present in both contexts. In brief, is definitely moving towards the fourth and fifth stages of semantic development, but it is still questionable whether the martyrological understanding has become part of the dictionary definition of the word.
The Systematic Status of Chamaeleo kinetensis SCHMIDT, 1943, (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from the Imantong Mountains, Sudan, with Comments on Lung and Hemipenial Morphology within the C. bitaeniatus-group
Authors: Böhme Wolfgang , Klaver Charles J. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo further specimens of Chamaeleo kinetensis SCHMIDT, 1943, formerly known only from the holotype, are described. C. bitaeniatus FISCHER, 1884 has been found at the same locality representing the first record for the Sudan and the first record of sympatry of both species. The full specific rank of these forms is also supported by lung and hemipenial morphology, and the same applies to C. ellioti GÜNTHER, C. hoehnelii STEINDACHNER and C. schubotzi STERNFELD. C. schoutedeni LAURENT is also ranked as a full species, because of its aberrant lung structure and its occurence in Ruanda (first record), which implies a sympatry with C. rudis BOULENGER.
Seasonal variations of the oxygen consumption and the blood glucose concentration under low temperature conditions in the male tortoise, Testudo hermanni hermanni GMELIN
Authors: Kuchling Gerald 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTortoises (Testudo hermanni hermanni) which are cooled down to 5 °C show a considerable higher oxygen consumption during the first week at this temperature in June and August than in November, which is the time when hibernation normally starts. Prolonging the low temperature conditions in spring leads to an increase in oxygen consumption. The blood glucose concentration is reduced during normal hibernation, but can rise quickly when the animals are disturbed. During cold torpor induced in June and August the blood glucose concentration is drastically increased. The results support the hypothesis according which hibernation in the tortoise is the result of a metabolic preparation in autumn and cannot be induced artificially during spring and summer. Endogenous factors are involved in the termination of the physiological phenomena of hibernation in spring.
Natural Selection in the Lizard Eumeces obsoletus (Lacertilia: Scincidae)
Authors: Simbotwe Malumo P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo types of stabilizing selection are demonstrated in Eumeces obsoletus: 1. An elimination of extreme phenotypes during postnatal development (normalizing or centripetal selection) 2. A shift toward smaller, hence more numerous scales occur during the same phase, implying that the genotype, the group of alleles controlling larger relative scale size are selected for during other phases of the life cycle (endocyclic selection). An analysis of asymmetry of four characters (supraoculars, superciliaries, upper labials and lower labials) revealed that, except for upper labials in males, there is no departure from a central tendency.
Introduced Reptiles and Amphibians in Britain, with Particular Reference to Green Lizards (Lacerta viridis LAURENTI) and Edible Frogs (Rana esculenta L.) in North Kent
Authors: Walters G.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo introductions carried out during the 1960's in southeast England are described; one of green lizards and one of edible frogs. The subsequent fate of each introduction is given, and some factors affecting reproductive potential of these and other species at their northern limits of distribution are discussed.