bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and somatotype patterns of manus children, territory of Papua and New Guinea: Application of a modified somatotype method to the study of growth patterns
Authors: Heath Barbara Honeyman , Carter J. E. Lindsay 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe growth and somatotype patterns of Manus children, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, reflected in anthropometric measurements and somatotype photographs, is reported for 438 children, ranging from 15 months of age to maturity. Somatotype distributions and individual somatotype photographs indicate little difference between boys and girls from age 1 to 4 years; between age 5 and 9 years boys shift toward higher second component ratings; between age 10 and 18 years boys shift toward higher second and third component ratings, while girls shift toward higher first and third component ratings. Four sample somatotype photographs are representative of the population at age 10 and 14 years, and show age and sex characters easily noted visually. Comparison of height, weight and subscapula skinfold values show that the Manus children resemble the Kaiapit and Bundi children of the New Guinea highlands populations reported by Malcolm in the form of their growth curves but not in growth rates. Manus children grow more slowly than the British, but faster than the Kaiapit and Bundi children. While low skinfold values and height/weight ratios derived from means for height and weight suggest somatotypic similarity of the Manus, Kaiapit and Bundi populations, somatotype photographs are needed for confirmation. Lacking historical information and genetic evidence, we can speculare that diet, nutrition, climate and perhaps physical activity are factors which influence the growth patterns of these populations. The protein intake derived from fish and other seafood may be an important factor in the relatively fast growth and earlier maturation of the Manus. Malcolm thinks that low protein intake plays an important role with the Kaiapit and Bundi, but does not rule out survival value of slow growth and short stature.
Relationship of skinfolds and muscle size to growth of children. I. Costa Rica
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Garn Stanley M. , McCreery Lawrence D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationships between triceps skinfolds and stature and between upper arm muscle size and stature were studied on 874 pairs matched for age derived from a cross‐sectional sample of 2,445 Costa Rican rural subjects, aged 0 to 20 years. The results indicate that fatter children for their age, on the average, are not taller than their leaner counterparts. On the other hand, more muscular children, on the average, are taller than their less muscular counterparts of the same age.
A general measure of human population growth regulation
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA general measure relating the relative effects of mortality and fertility in damping population growth has been derived from stable population theory. This measure, called the Index of Growth Regulation, can be calculated from a life table and a fertility schedule. It is a single number which integrates the fertility and mortality aspects of a population. It has intuitive meaning, and can be related to social aspects of the population. It can be used to compare any two populations, and for this purpose it has advantages over traditional comparative statistics such as life expectancy, which consider only mortality.By selecting life tables representing general stages of human cultural evolution, it has been shown that hunting‐gathering populations were regulated more by mortality than by fertility factors. That is, more growth which could have occurred did not occur due to the incidence of mortality than to the incidence of infecundity. The two forces were of about equal weight before the industrial revolution, and fertility has had a predominant role in population regulation since the beginning of industrialization.
Posterior tooth size, body size, and diet in South African gracile australopithecines
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA model relating relative size of the posterior teeth to diet is suggested for forest and savanna primates andHomo.Relative tooth size is calculated for the South African gracile australopithecine sample using posterior maxillary area sums and size estimates based on four limb bones. A number of limbs were shown to be non‐hominid. Comparisons show the South African gracile sample apparently adapted to a very heavily masticated diet with relative tooth size significantly greater than any living hominoid. Periodic intensive utilization of grains and roots combined with scavenged animal protein are suggested as the most likely dietary reconstruction.
Gigantopithecus and its relationship to Australopithecus
Authors: Frayer David W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGigantopithecus blacki and G. bilaspurensis are compared to P. gorilla and Australopithecus. The total morphological pattern of Gigantopithecus mandibles is more similar to Australopithecus than to P. gorilla. Two major points are raised. (1) G. blacki might be considered an aberrant hominid rather than an aberrant pongid. (2) G. bilaspurensis can be considered an equally likely candidate, along with Ramapithecus, for possible hominid ancestry.
The influence of experimental deformation on neurocranial Wormian bones in rats
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor Mario 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo hundred and twenty crania of Wistar rats were experimentally deformed. The growth of the anterior vault was restricted in one subgroup and the growth of the posterior vault was restricted in the second subgroup. Seventy‐seven deformed animals survived up to the thirtieth day of age and were sacrificed. Both subgroups were compared with each other as well as with 37 surviving sham‐operated animals and 51 controls, all samples being 30 days of age (group A). Additionally, 33 normal crania of animals sacrificed at 1, 10 and 20 days as well as 19 deformed crania of 10 and 20 days old were observed (group B). Chi‐square and Z tests were employed. Wormian bones found in the skulls of normal growing rats apparently represent an epigenetic polymorphism. Higher frequencies of wormian bones were found in deformed crania than in sham‐operated ones and controls. Experimental deformation may be an extra‐genetic factor that affects the normal genetic expression of wormian bones. This concept is relevant to studies of human population differences based on discontinuous cranial traits.
The inheritance of shovel shape in maxillary central incisors
Authors: Portin Petter , Alvesalo Lassi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the inheritance of the shovel shape of maxillary permanent central incisors. The material collected on Hailuoto Island, off the western coast of Finland, consists of 319 dental casts. The genealogical data are from the parish register. The genetic method is based on the incidence of the trait in the sibships as compared to that in the whole population sample. The results suggest that the trait is hereditary, and transmitted by a single intermediate autosomal gene, although more complex models of inheritance are also acceptable.
Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan gorilla and hominoid evolution
Authors: Tuttle Russell , Basmajian John V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElectromyographic studies on brachial muscles in a gorilla indicate that its elbow joint may be especially adapted for knuckle‐walking and suspensory behavior. A close‐packed positioning mechanism that minimizes muscular effort during full extension of the elbow joint is indicated by remarkably low levels of EMG in the brachial muscles, particularly during knuckle‐walking and suspensory behavior on a trapeze. Extension of the elbow joint is facilitated by reduction of the olecranon process of the ulna, a feature that is attributable initially to aspects of an arboreal heritage in protogorilla and secondarily to selection for efficient knuckle‐walking.Although notable differences exist between gorilla and man in known activity of the brachial muscles, the two species are strikingly similar in many basic features. Available evidence suggests that they share a common heritage of arboreal adaptation, including vertical climbing, hauling, hoisting, and suspensory behavior, perhaps more recently than some authors would care to admit. Knuckle‐walking probably played an inconsequential role in the protohominid career. Selection for tool use, expecially involving powerful and rapid extension of the elbow joint, is the most reasonable explanation for the relatively more protuberant olecranon process in man by comparison with apes.
Anomalous color vision in three Mexican populations
Authors: Halberstein Robert A. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractColor vision was tested as part of a study of micro‐evolution in three historically‐related populations in Mexico. The frequencies of color vision anomalies fall within the range observed for contemporary Latin American populations. The present findings do not support the previously proposed hypothesis concerning the relaxation of selective forces in agricultural and urban populations.
Human fluke infection in Glen Canyon at AD 1250
Authors: Moore J. G. , Grundmann A. W. , Hall H. J. , Fry G. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA fluke egg was identified in a probably human coprolite recovered from a Glen Canyon Utah site of prehistoric inhabitation. True parasitism with the fluke could have resulted from eating snails or fish. False parasitism could have resulted from eating a wide variety of mammals known to have lived in the region. This finding identifies another potential medical hazard in the life of man in prehistoric North America.
The locomotor and postural repertoires of Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza, and a reevaluation of the locomotor category semibrachiation
Authors: Mittermeier Russell A. , Fleagle John G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe locomotor repertoire of Ateles geoffroyi includes quadrupedal walking and running, climbing, brachiation and arm‐swinging, bipedalism, and leaping. Its postural repertoire is characterized by below branch suspensory activities. In contrast, the locomotor repertoire of Colobus guereza consists primarily of quadrupedal galloping and bounding, and leaping. It does not brachiate or walk bipedally and rarely performs arm‐swinging. The Colobus guereza postural repertoire is characterized by above branch sitting postures. Ateles geoffroyi is a highly mobile primate, whereas Colobus guereza is essentially sedentary. In the past, there has been a tendency to group Ateles and Colobus in a single locomotor category, semibrachiation. Comparison of the very different repertoires of these two species points out some of the shortcomings of the category semibrachiation. First, no locomotor pattern or group of patterns has been described as semibrachiation (i.e., no animals semibrachiate). Secondly, the locomotor diversity of animals included in the category is so much greater than the similarities that the category obscures more than it conveys. The usefulness of retaining this category is therefore questioned.
The anthropological value of minor variants of the dental crown
Authors: Berry A. Caroline 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidences of 31 minor variants of the dental crown were scored from dental casts of samples taken from six European populations. Although several variants showed significant sex bias in one or other sample, only one (pits instead of furrow on premolar2) consistently favoured one sex. Associations between the variants were sought. Although few consistent associations were demonstrated, there was a possible tendency for extra cusps to occur together throughout the dentition. Distance statistics calculated between the samples were compatible with the expected genetical relationships of the samples, but only modern samples could be used since variants were destroyed by attrition in archeological samples.Before such distances can be considered reliable, it is necessary to know:

the extent to which environmental factors such as diet influence variant expression.
whether or not variant bearing teeth are selectively destroyed by caries, which in civilised populations render a high proportion of most dentitions unscoreable.
Differential contribution of stature phenotypes to assortative mating in parents of Philadelphia Black and White school children
Authors: Mueller William H. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAssortative mating for stature, weight, and the ponderal and Quetelet's indices is considered in a large sample of Philadelphia Blacks and Whites. The husband‐wife correlation for stature is positive and significant in Whites (r = 0.34, d.f. = 382), but negligible in Blacks (r = 0.06, d.f. = 420). Correlations for weight and the body indices are positive and significant in both samples, those for body indices showing some dependency on the husband‐wife correlations for stature and weight. When couples are grouped into statural mating combinations on the basis of short (S), medium (M) and tall (T), White spouses' statures show an approximately linear relationship to one another. The distribution of Black spouses' statures, however, is not completely independent, even though the husband‐wife correlation is close to zero. There are elements of both positive and negative assortative mating among Blacks, resulting in an excess of certain mating types over that expected on the basis of chance. These mating types are usually those in which the husband is shorter than the wife, except at the heterogeneous extremes of the bivariate array.
Adaptations of crop‐raiding baboons in Kenya
Authors: Maples William R. , Maples Margaret K. , Greenhood W. F. , Walek Mary L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA field study of baboon behavior as it relates to crop‐raiding was conducted on the Kenya Coast. The results proved useful for quantifying the distribution, movement, and other factors of their behavior. Such variables as troop organization, crop season, and the behavior of the farmers influence raiding behavior. Apparently diversionary activities of crop‐raiding baboons result from troop distribution along habitat margins between farms and forest and from baboon vigilance behavior.
Tumors in the remains of Ancient Egyptians
Authors: Strouhal Eugen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA survey of the tumors found in the remains of the Ancient Egyptians shows the occurrence of all the kinds of tumors which would be expected to be preserved in the osteological evidence. On the other hand, findings of tumors in the soft tissues of mummies are only exceptional. The frequency of tumors seems to be lower than in recent years, probably because of the shorter mean duration of life. The pathological lesions preserved in bony structure reveal not only osseous tumors, but also the presence of some tumors of soft tissues eroding the bone. To the survey of cases described in the literature, original findings of a calcified myoma uteri and of a probable epipharyngeal carcinoma are added. Because our knowledge on the history of tumors is not yet comprehensive, much more attention should be devoted to the search for them, starting from the moment of excavation of any cemetery.
Physical variation and history in Melanesia and Australia
Authors: Howells W. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLocal biological variation is marked in Melanesia. Some of it may result from gene flow from Micronesia, but the essential variation appears to result from isolation due to social fragmentation, and to genetic drift in place. In different regions, the variation may correspond well with language relationships, and probably constitutes differentiation which has been preserved over a considerable period, especially since the arrival of horticulture and development of village farming. However, none of this patterning suggests distinct waves of migration into Melanesia.Variation among Australian aboriginal groups is smaller, though far from absent. It may reflect a hunting culture together with social customs allowing more intertribal marriage than is typical of Melanesia. While phenotypically Australians and Melanesians differ, cranially they are closely allied, as against other major human groups.It is suggested that the genetic and phenotypic variety is old, that it existed in the previous home of the Australo‐Melanesians (Old Melanesia, comprising present Indonesia and the Phillipines) at least back to 40,000 years ago, and that much of the variation in Melanesia and Australia, including their differences, results from the sampling process involved when different groups out of the original populations made early crossings of the water barriers from Old Melanesia.
Ecology of dental disease
Authors: St. Hoyme L. E. , Koritzer R. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTrace elements in the dental enamel of 43 prehistoric Indians from Illinois, Maryland and Virginia show concentration differences by age, sex and geographical locality. Sample areas on an incisor or first molar were blocked off with paraffin, washed twice with distilled water and etched 7 times with 6N HCl. An optical emission spectrophotometer was used to analyze the 9 samples, representing surface contamination and sequential enamel layers. Al, B, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, and Ti were present in most samples in micro or trace quantities; other elements were detected with less regularity. Comparisons of the 2 water washes with the 3 superficial, 4 deep and 7 total acid etches, suggest that during burial the residual inorganic portion of the enamel exchanged little or nothing with the soil. Enamel from archeological teeth may therefore be utilized in host factor studies in dental paleopathology.The Jy 50 Illinois Indians differ from the Potomac Creek, Virginia, Indians both in quantities of elements present and in internal sample variability. In each group, the sexes differ in 4 or more elements, both as to content and variability. Similarly, the older half of each sample differs from the younger. Patterns of sex and age difference are irregular, suggesting cultural differences, rather than physiological, in utilizing the environment during enamel‐forming years. Enamel composition, as affected by differential environment utilization, may partially explain sex, age and geographical differences in dental pathology rates.
An early Indian cranium from the Medicine Crow site, (39BF2), Buffalo County, South Dakota
Authors: Bass William M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractArtifacts of Paleoindians have been found in most if not all of the Plains states; however, documented human skeletal remains from this early period are rare. The Medicine Crow cranium dates by stratigraphy and by the amount of absorbed alpha and beta radiation at between 5,000 and 2,000 B.C. This places this young adult male in the Archaic period and represents the earliest documented human skeletal material from South Dakota. It compares favorably in age with other well documented human skeletons from the Plains area, such as Lansing Man (Kansas) (3579 B.C.). Metrically, (with a cranial index of 76.7) and morphologically the Medicine Crow cranium falls well within the range of other early or middle Archaic skeletons.
Walnut creek massacre: Identification and analysis
Authors: Finnegan Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to add to our understanding of skeletal material from the American pioneer period. Eight White and two Negro skeletons were washed out of their graves during flood conditions of 1973, but the recovery and subsequent storage of this material permitted commingling, and identification of the individual skeletons had to be undertaken before the material could be analyzed. Variation in age, sex, race, metric, non‐metric traits and condition of the bone was considered prior to the analysis of the material. When these methods failed, ultra‐violet fluorescence of the material and the matching of individual bones with colour slides taken at the time of the excavation were employed. Identification of all bones for the ten skeletons was impossible. However, on the basis of non‐metric trait variation a father and son pairing is tentatively identified. Analysis of this material shows the early pioneer to have been a rather tall and robust individual displaying little bone pathology, but advanced pathology in the dental tissue and alveolar region. Historical records pertinent to this massacre validate the identification of sex, race, and age for these individuals.
The Cajuns of Southern Alabama: Morphology and serology
Authors: Pollitzer William S. , Namboodiri Kadambari K. , Coleman William H. , Finley Wayne H. , Leyshon Webster C. , Jennings Gary C. , Brown William H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA survey was conducted of 324 members of the Cajun isolate of Southern Alabama. Tradition and appearance suggest that this population of about 3,000 are not entirely White, Black, or Indian but constitute a triracial community somewhat reproductively isolated and inbred. The earliest American settlement in the area, along the banks of the Mobile and Tombigbee Rivers, lay between Spaniards to the South and Indian tribes on the other sides: Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee.Physical measurements are reported for 71 adults, plus color of skin, eyes, and hair. X‐rays were taken of wrist and ankle bones of some 253 children. Red blood samples were typed on adults and children, and haptoglobin, Gm, and Gc types were determined from serum. History and physical examinations were also made.Physical measurements and observations suggest predominantly White ancestry, and D2 analysis confirms this, with least similarity to Indians. Analysis of serological traits implies almost 70% White, almost 30% Black, and very little Indians genes. Few defects of clear genetic etiology were discovered. Growth patterns judged from X‐rays appeared normal. All genetic loci testable were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium except Gc. While history and some common surnames suggest endogamy in the past, the medical and serological findings, plus some additional surnames, indicate that the isolate has already been largely diluted or dissolved.
Palmar creases in population studies
Authors: Chaube Ramesh 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree strictly endogamous groups of Indian, Brahmin, Bhangi, and Punjabi Khattri, were analyzed to test the authenticity of palmar flexion creases as a criterion of human classification, according to the method of Bali and Chaube ('71), which has certain advantages over the existing classification.The significant frequency variation of palmar creases among different Indian populations and the bisexual and bimanual differences in the frequencies of different crease types indicate a regular distribution trend of the trait.