bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building capability throughout a change effort: leading the transformation of a police agency to community policing
Authors: Ford J. Kevin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis case describes a change effort to move a police agency to become a community policing organization. The community policing effort was seen as a means to make a transformational change to become a learning organization with the goal of improving the delivery of police services. The case describes the steps taken to meet the new vision of community policing as well as the steps taken to deal with the challenges or realities of trying to make change happen. The lens for this case is the leadership role across the stages of change (exploration, planning, implementation, monitoring and institutionalization) in building capacity within the organization to sustain the change effort. The capacity building focused on incorporating systems thinking into the mindset of the members of the organization, breaking down the command and control mindset by building a new norm around high involvement of committed teams, and developing skill sets to support continuous learning and improvement in order to align organizational systems. A key lesson learned is that effective leaders do not just prepare an organization prior to a change effort. They must have the patience to constantly build the capacity for change among organizational members throughout the various stages of the change effort.
Degradation and loss of forest land and land‐use changes in Sarawak, East Malaysia: a study of native land use by the Iban
Authors: Ichikawa Masahiro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSwidden agriculture, commercial logging and plantation development have been considered to be the primary common causes of degradation and loss of tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia. In this paper, I chose a part of northeastern Sarawak, East Malaysia as my case study area to analyze the changes in its land‐use characteristics. In the study area, as well as primeval forests, we see that land use began about 100 years ago by a native group called the Iban; commercial logging began in the 1960s, and the development of oil palm plantations began recently. I describe the changes in land use as well as their social and economic causes by referring to aerial photographs, literature surveys, interviews with government officers and the Iban, and observation of land use. My analysis of land use demonstrates that on “state land”, where commercial logging and oil palm plantation development are occurring, large areas of forest have been disturbed in a short period of time. The objective is to benefit economically in response to the social and economic conditions surrounding the study area. On the other hand, in the “Iban territory,” where the Iban practice their land use, land conversion has not occurred on a large scale and in a short period of time, even though the forest has been cut and agricultural fields have been created in response to social and economic conditions as well. They disperse small agricultural fields throughout their forest land. Therefore, the landscape of the “Iban territory” is based on secondary forest, composed of patches of forest in various stages and with several types of agricultural land. Today in Sarawak, monocrop plantations are rapidly expanding and little primeval forest remains. Given these conditions, the land‐use practices of natives such as the Iban will be evaluated from the viewpoint of ecosystem and biodiversity conservation. It could play an important role in providing habitats for natural wildlife.
On the relationship between the environmental history and the epidemiological situation of Argentine hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Polop Francisco , Provensal Cecilia , Scavuzzo Marcelo , Lamfri Mario , Calderón Gladys , Polop Jaime 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to establish the relationship between different Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) epidemiological situations found at different sites and the related large‐scale environmental conditions. Large‐scale environmental records (vegetation index, temperature, precipitation and elevation) were obtained from a series of monthly NOAA satellite images and global databases considered suitable for modeling climatic and other environmental determinants of large‐scale biogeographical regions. The temporal variation in vegetation for cycles of winter‐summer showed a greater variation in the nonendemic region than in the other two regions. On the other hand, the average of the temporal variation in precipitation in cycles of spring–autumn was more different in the historic region than in the other two regions, and land surface temperatures in cycles of spring–autumn showed differences between the epidemic region and the other two regions. We found good separation among the epidemic, historic and nonendemic sites, with the greatest difference found between epidemic and nonendemic sites. The classification of sites showed a tendency for grouping according to the epidemiological situation, but there was some variation. It seems possible to establish a close relationship between the state of AHF incidence and the environmental history of sites suggesting the possibility of predicting epidemiological behavior using environmental conditions derived from satellite data.
Describing size‐related mortality and size distribution by nonparametric estimation and model selection using the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion
Authors: Shimatani Kenichiro , Kawarasaki Satoko , Manabe Tohru 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen we calculate mortality along a gradient such as size, dividing into size classes and calculating rates for every class often involves a trade‐off: fine class intervals produce fluctuating rates along the gradient, whereas broad ones may miss some trends within an interval. The same trade‐off occurs when we want to illustrate size distribution by a histogram. This paper introduces nonparametric methods, published in a statistical journal, into forest ecology, in which the fine‐class strategy is used in an extreme way: (1) a smoothly changing pattern is approximated by a fine step function, (2) the goodness‐of‐fit to the data and the smoothness along the gradient are formulated as a weighting sum within a Bayesian framework, (3) the Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion (ABIC) selects the weighting system that most appropriately balances the two demands, and (4) the values of the step function are optimized by the maximum likelihood method. The nonparametric estimates enable us to represent various patterns visually and, unlike parametric modeling, calculations do not demand the determination of a functional form. Mortality and size distribution analyses were conducted on 12‐year forest tree monitoring data from a 4 ha permanent plot in an old‐growth warm–temperate evergreen broad‐leaved forest in Japan. From trees of 11 evergreen species with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 5 cm, we found three types of trend with increasing DBH: decreasing, ladle‐shaped and constant mortality. These patterns reflect variations in life history particular to each species.
Connectivity compensates for low habitat quality and small patch size in the butterflyCupido minimus
Authors: Binzenhöfer Birgit , Biedermann Robert , Settele Josef , Schröder Boris 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHabitat size, habitat isolation and habitat quality are regarded as the main determinants of butterfly occurrence in fragmented landscapes. To analyze the relationship between the occurrence of the butterflyCupido minimusand these factors, patch occupancy of the immature stages in patches of its host plantAnthyllisvulnerariawas studied in the nature reserve Hohe Wann in Bavaria (Germany). In 2001 and 2002, 82A.vulnerariapatches were surveyed for the presence ofC. minimus larvae.The occurrence was largely affected by the size of the food plant patches. In a habitat model that uses multiple logistic regression, the type of management and habitat connectivity are further determinants of species distribution. Internal and temporal validation demonstrate the stability and robustness of the developed habitat models. Additionally, it was proved that the colonization rate ofC. minimuswas significantly influenced by the distance to the next occupiedAnthyllispatch. Concerning long‐term survival of (meta‐) populations in fragmented landscapes, the results show that lower habitat quality may be compensated by higher connectivity between host plant patches.
Seasonally different modes of seed dispersal in the prostrate annual, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), with multiple overlapping generations
Authors: Ohnishi Yoshihiro , Suzuki Nobuhiko , Katayama Noboru , Teranishi Shin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe modes of seed dispersal in the prostrate annual, Chamaesyce maculata, with multiple overlapping generations were investigated. We found that C. maculata has two modes of seed dispersal; autochory in the summer and myrmecochory in the autumn. Seasonally different modes of seed dispersal have not been known in other plant species. The large proportion of seeds produced in the summer was positioned further than the expanse of the parent plants by automatic mechanical seed dispersal. Therefore, autochory would be effective for avoiding competition between parent and offspring plants. No autochory occurred in the seeds produced in the autumn. The seeds of C. maculata without an elaiosome were dispersed by seed‐collecting ants in the autumn. Although 18 ant species in total visited the plants of C. maculata at the 50 sites investigated, only two ant species, Tetramorium tsushimae and Pheidole noda frequently carried the seeds of C. maculata. The low frequency of seeds carried out of the nest by P. noda suggests that the workers of P. noda carry the seeds as food into their nest. So, P. noda might be a less effective seed disperser for C. maculata, corresponding to the effectiveness of seed dispersal by harvester ants. However, T. tsushimae ants frequently carried the seeds into and out of their nest, suggesting that T. tsushimae do not regard the seeds of C. maculata as a food resource. Thus, T. tsushimae may be an effective seed disperser for C. maculata.
Apolipoprotein E ε4 Genotype is Independently Associated with Increased Intima‐Media Thickness in a Recessive Pattern
Authors: Wohlin M. , Sundström J. , Lannfelt Lars , Axelsson Tomas , Syvänen A. C. , Andrén B. , Basu S. , Lind L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPolymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (Apo E) gene have been associated with lipid levels, carotid intima media thickness (CCA‐IMT), inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Earlier findings suggested an association of the Apo E alleles with increased CCA‐IMT following a recessive pattern. Whether associations might be independent of C‐reactive protein (CRP), lipid levels and other CVD risk factors is not known. We investigated the relationships between Apo E (ε2, ε3 and ε4 alleles) and CCA‐IMT, measured by B‐mode ultrasound, in dominant and recessive models in a community‐based sample of 437 men 75 years of age. In men homozygous for the ε4 allele CCA‐IMT was significantly increased by 0.13 mm to 0.86 ± 0.16 mm compared to 0.73 ± 0.19 mm in non‐ ε4‐carriers (P = 0.0012) and 0.73 ± 0.21 mm in ε4 heterozygous (P = 0.0044) in unadjusted recessive models. The association between Apo E ε4 genotype and CCA‐IMT was independent of Apo E ε2 and Apo E ε3 alleles, CRP, lipid variables (TG, LDL, HDL) and other CVD risk factors (smoking, hypertension, body mass index, diabetes) (P = 0.018). No relations between Apo E genotype and CCA‐IMT were observed in dominant models. No significant associations between the Apo E ε2 and ε3 alleles and CCA‐IMT were found. In this study, men homozygous with the ApoE ε4 allele had thicker CCA‐IMT, independently of Apo E ε2 and ε3 alleles, CRP, lipid variables (TG, LDL, HDL) and other CVD risk factors (smoking, hypertension, body mass index, diabetes), suggesting CCA‐IMT to be modified by the ApoE ε4 genotype in a recessive pattern.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of EOE and EEO, Triacylglycerols Containing Elaidic and Oleic Fatty Acids
Authors: Adlof R. O. , List G. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSymmetrical and non‐symmetrical triacylglycerols (TAG) containing oleic (O; 9c‐18:1) and elaidic (E; 9t‐18:1) acids were required as part of a study relating the physical characteristics and functionality of trans‐containing TAG with the mouth feel, taste characteristics and related characteristics desired by consumers in frying oils and pastries. To replace the trans isomers in frying oils—a significant part of frying oils prepared by partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils—without loss of the sensory properties desired by consumers, required the initiation of a study relating the structure of trans‐containing TAG with such characteristics as melting range, drop points, and other crystalline properties. Elaidic acid was esterified to trielaidin (EEE), and the EEE partially converted (glycerol/p‐toluenesulfonic acid) to a mixture containing ca. 40% DAG (the 1,3‐ and 1,2‐isomers). The DAG fraction was separated by silica gel chromatography, the 1,3‐dielaidylglycerol (1,3EE‐DAG) isomer isolated (structural purity >99%) by crystallization from acetone and esterified with oleic acid (O) to yield EOE. The 1(3)O‐MAG was purchased commercially and esterified with E acid to prepare OEE. Both syntheses yielded multi‐gram quantities of EOE and EEO, in 80–85% yields, and with structural purities >99%. Thus, by careful selection of the thermodynamically more‐stable MAG or DAG precursors, the symmetrical EOE and non‐symmetrical EEO isomers could be readily synthesized, and their drop point and melting point values determined.
A technique for calculating limb length inequality and epiphyseodesis timing using the multiplier method and a spreadsheet
Authors: Sanders James O. , Khoury Joseph G. , Kishan Shyam 
Published: April 2007

Purpose Limb length inequality and epiphyseodesis timing calculations are common in pediatric orthopedics. The multiplier method developed by Paley et al. has significantly simplified the calculation of ultimate limb length. The calculation of limb length inequality has also become very simple for congenital limb length inequalities. However, the equations for limb length inequality from acquired differences and epiphyseodesis timing are not simple, and are prone to arithmetic errors. Methods To limit these errors, we have developed a spreadsheet which finds the appropriate multipliers, solves the equations, and computes the predicted limb length inequality and the appropriate age for an epiphyseodesis. Results This method of using a spreadsheet and the multiplier calculations is quite simple and quick to use in practice. The calculations can be cut and pasted into computerized charts for future reference. Conclusions We recommend this method for clinical use and make it available for public use.
Flexible intramedullary nailing for unicameral cysts in children's long bones
Authors: Glanzmann Michael C. , Campos Lautaro 
Published: April 2007

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of flexible intramedullary nailing for unicameral bone cysts in terms of function and osseous consolidation. Methods Twenty-two unicameral bone cysts in children's long bones were treated by flexible intramedullary nailing. In 13 cases the bone cyst was diagnosed in a traumatic event leading to a pathologic fracture. Fifteen patients were referred to our clinic after failed conservative treatment. In 16 patients the cyst was located in the humerus, and in 6 patients in the femur. Mean duration of follow-up after surgery was 24 months. Results According to Capanna's criteria healing was obtained in 20 cases with a mean time of 16 months. Sixteen cysts healed completely. Four lesions were classified as grade 2, meaning that residual radiolucencies were radiographically visible at the latest follow-up. Two recurrences of humeral cysts were seen at 16 and 18 months postoperatively. The complication rate was minimal. Conclusion Due to the immediate stabilization of the lesion aftercare becomes facile. This method allows prompt mobilization and early weight bearing without the necessity of a plaster cast. Further it prevents effectively the most common complication, a re-fracture or a pathologic fracture. Therefore we propose this surgical procedure as the treatment of choice for unicameral bone cysts in children's long bones.
The relation between cognitive factors and levels of pain and disability in chronic low back pain patients presenting for physiotherapy
Authors: Woby Steve R. , Roach Neil K. , Urmston Martin , Watson Paul J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the extent to which a number of distinct cognitive factors were differentially related to the levels of pain and disability reported by 183 chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients presenting for physiotherapy. After adjusting for demographics, the cognitive factors accounted for an additional 30% of the variance in pain intensity, with functional self‐efficacy (β=−0.40; P<0.001) and catastrophizing (β=0.21; P<0.01) both uniquely contributing to the prediction of outcome. The cognitive factors also explained an additional 32% of the variance in disability after adjusting for demographics and pain intensity (total R2=0.61). Higher levels of functional self‐efficacy (β=−0.43; P<0.001) and lower levels of depression (β=0.23; P<0.01) were uniquely related to lower levels of disability. Our findings clearly show that there is a strong association between cognitive factors and the levels of pain and disability reported by CLBP patients presenting for physiotherapy. Functional self‐efficacy emerged as a particularly strong predictor of both pain intensity and disability. In view of our findings it would seem that targeting specific cognitive factors should be an integral facet of physiotherapy‐based treatments for CLBP.
Screening social phobia in adolescents from general population: The validity of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) against a clinical interview
Authors: Ranta Klaus , Kaltiala-Heino Riittakerttu , Rantanen Päivi , Tuomisto Martti T. , Marttunen Mauri 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSocial phobia (SP) has onset during early adolescence, and is associated with significant impairment in social and educational functioning of adolescents. Therefore, valid and easy-to-use tools for screening and identification of SP among adolescent community populations are needed. We investigated both construct and discriminative validity, and screening properties of the 17-item Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) relative to SP diagnoses based on a semi-structured clinical interview (K-SADS-PL), in a sample of 752 12 to 17-year-old Finnish students from general population. The SPIN demonstrated good properties to differentiate adolescents with SP and those with sub-clinical SP symptoms (SSP), from adolescents without SP. The SPIN also differentiated adolescents with SP from those with depressive and disruptive disorders. In this sample 27% of participants scored above the previously suggested SPIN cut-off (15 points) for adolescent SP. We suggest using a somewhat higher cut-off score, 24 points, when using the SPIN as a screen for SP in general adolescent populations. This cut-off score resulted in a sensitivity of 81.2%, a specificity of 85.1%, a positive predictive value of 26.9%, and a negative predictive value of 98.6% in relation to the SP diagnosis in our sample. To screen for both SP and SSP, 19 points as a cut-off score produced satisfactory diagnostic efficiency statistics. The SPIN appears to have good properties for screening and identification of adolescent SP.
A study of the discriminative validity of a screening tool (MINI-SPIN) for social anxiety disorder applied to Brazilian university students
Authors: de Lima Osório Flávia , Crippa José Alexandre , Loureiro Sonia Regina 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the discriminative validity of MINI-SPIN (MS) as a screening tool for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a group of Brazilian university students.MethodSPIN was collectively applied to 2320 university students. Among them, 656 individuals who fulfilled the criteria for positive MS (N = 473) and negative MS (N = 183) were selected and divided into two groups. The selected subjects were interviewed by telephone using the SAD module of the SCID-IV, used as the gold standard. In order to check interrater reliability, a group of university students (N = 57) was reinterviewed by telephone by a second rater, and another group (N = 100) participated in a face-to-face interview.ResultsThe Kappa coefficient among the telephone interviews was 0.80, and a coefficient of 0.84 (P < 0.001) was obtained between the telephone interview and the face-to-face one. For a cut-off score of 6, suggested in the original English version of the instrument, sensitivity was 0.94, specificity 0.46, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.58, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.92. For a cut-off score of 7, we observed an increase in the specificity and in the PPV (0.68 and 0.65) while the sensitivity and NPV (0.78 and 0.80) remained high.Discussion/ConclusionMS showed quite satisfactory psychometric qualities. The cut-off score of 6 seemed to be the most suitable to attest the tracking value of the tool. However, the cut-off score of 7 was the most suitable as a minimum parameter for the studied group, with psychometric values more similar to those of the original study.
Isoferroplatinum mineral assemblage in the northwestern Salair gold placer
Authors: Podlipsky M.Yu. , Nesterenko G.V. , Krivenko A.P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Isoferroplatinum mineral assemblage has been first discovered in the Simonovsky Brook gold placer localized in the Egor’evskoe gold-bearing district (Salair Range). It includes isoferroplatinum (Pt3Fe) grains with inclusions of cuprorhodsite CuRh2S4, braggite (Pt,Pd)S, vysotskite PdS, high-Pt rhodarsenide (Rh,Pd,Pt)2As, keithconnite Pd3Te, hollingworthite RhAsS, Cu and Fe sulfides, basic plagioclase, magnetite, epidote, quartz, kaolinite, and leucoxene. The assemblage might have been produced from small gabbroid bodies widespread in the northwestern Salair region, including those of the Uralian platinum-bearing type, or from gabbroids of other complexes.
Bottom sediments and pore waters near a hydrothermal vent in Lake Baikal (Frolikha Bay)
Authors: Granina L.Z. , Klerkx J. , Callender E. , Leermakers M. , Golobokova L.P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
We discuss the redox environments and the compositions of bottom sediments and sedimentary pore waters in the region of a hydrothermal vent in Frolikha Bay, Lake Baikal. According to our results, the submarine vent and its companion nearby spring on land originate from a common source. The most convincing evidence for their relation comes from the proximity of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in pore waters and in the spring water. The isotope composition indicates a meteoric origin of pore waters, but their major- and minor-element chemistry bears imprint of deep water which may seep through permeable faulted crust. Although pore waters near the submarine vent have a specific enrichment in major and minor constituents, hydrothermal discharge at the Baikal bottom causes a minor impact on the lake water chemistry, unlike the case of freshwater geothermal lakes in the East-African Rift and North America.