bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salinity During Early Development Influences Growth and Survival of Florida Red Tilapia in Brackish and Seawater
Authors: Watanabe Wade O. , French Kathleen E. , Ernst Douglas H. , Olla Bori L. , Wicklund Robert I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrowth of juvenile Florida red tilapin (1.57 g average weight) spawned and sex‐reversed (monosex male) at salinities of 4 ppt and 18 ppt was compared at rearing salinities of 18 ppt and 36 ppt in 200 L aquaria under controlled photoperiod (12 L:12 D) and temperature (28 C). Growth was significantly higher for progeny spawned at 18 ppt than those spawned at 4 ppt under both rearing salinities with no difference observed between 18 ppt and 36 ppt.In another experiment, growth of juvenile progeny (0.98 g average weight) spawned and sex‐reversed at salinities of 2 ppt and 18 ppt was compared in 24 m3 outdoor pools at 36 ppt. When water temperatures exceeded 27 C, growth and survival were not significantly different between these groups. However, when temperatures fell below 25 C, growth and survival were significantly higher among progeny spawned at 18 ppt.The results showed that progeny spawned and reared through early ontqenetic development in brackishwater are better adapted for growth in brackish and seawater and suggested that these fish may have higher resistance to cold‐stress in seawater than progeny spawned in freshwater.
Production Characteristics and Size Variability of Channel Catfish Reared in Cages and Open Ponds1
Authors: Schwedler Thomas E. , Tomasso Joe R. , Collier John A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProduction characteristics of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) reared in cages and open ponds were compared. Fish reared in open ponds had significantly better growth and food conversion ratios than fish reared in cages. Cages and open ponds stocked with fish which were closely graded in size produced fish with less size variability at harvest compared to ponds and cages stocked with nongraded and coarsely graded fish. The decrease in size variability at harvest was reflected in a greater proportion of marketable fish.
Growth Acceleration of Seawater‐Adapted Female Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by Constant Infusion of Recombinant Bovine Growth‐Hormone Under Ambient Summer Conditions
Authors: (Ted) Down N. E. , Schulte Patricia M. , Donaldson Edward M. , Dye Helen M. , Souza Lawrence M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeawater‐adapted female chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in their second summer were treated with one of three doses of recombinant bovine growth‐hormone (rbGH) administered in a continuous fashion by osmotic pump for approximately five weeks. Untreated fish, sham‐treated fish and fish treated with the low dose of hormone (0.003 μg/g bwt/day) did not differ significantly in their growth performance over the 10 week course of the experiment. By the end of the treatment period (week 6) the mean increases in fork length and weight for these groups were 7.6% and 38.9%, respectively. A dose‐dependent enhancement of growth was observed for the fish treated with the mid (0.016 μg/g bwt/day) and high (0.078 μg/g bwt/day) doses of hormone. After 6 weeks, the fish given the mid dose of rbGH had gained 9.6% in fork length and 45.3% in weight, while the fish treated with the high dose of rbGH had gained 13.9% in fork length and 52.9% in weight. A significant increase in specific growth rate was observed for these latter two groups during the treatment period while condition factor declined in response to the high dose of rbGH. This experiment indicates that chronic administration of growth‐hormone to chinook salmon can result in a dose dependent elevation of growth rate. Results are discussed in relation to previous attempts to accelerate the growth of Pacific salmon with growth‐hormone and the potential for using recombinant growth‐hormone to improve the production characteristics of salmon being cultured in seawater.
Effects of Water Quality, Weather and Lunar Phase on Crawfish Catch1
Authors: Araujo Marco A. , Romaire Robert P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe relationship between water quality, weather, lunar phase and daily changes in crawfish (Proearnbums clurkii) catch per unit effort (CPUE) was determined in five experimental crawfish ponds from March through May, 1984 and 1985. Air and water temperatures, solar radiation, dissolved oxygen, wind velocity, barometric pressure, precipitation and lunar phase were recorded daily during the harvesting phase of the study. Crawfish CPUE (g/trap/24 h) was significantly correlated with water temperature, dissolved oxygen, lunar phase, barometric pressure, wind velocity and the relative density of harvestable size crawfish. Most statistically significant environmental or climatological variables explained less than 20% total daily variation in crawfish CPUE.The nine environmental variables were reduced to four factors—temperature‐harvestable crawfish, cold fronts, rain showers, and lunar phase—with principal‐components analysis. Eighty‐five percent of the variation in daily crawfish catch was attributed to water temperature and relative density of harvestable crawfish, and 7.1% was explained by lunar phase. Rain showers and cold fronts accounted for 4.8 and 2.5% of the daily variation in crawfish CPUE, respectively. Crawfish catch increased with an increase in water temperature and relative abundance of harvestable crawfish, and with short duration rain showers. Conversely, crawfish CPUE declined with the approach of full moon and with passage of cold fronts.
A Review of the Effects of Algal Blooms on Shellfish and Aquaculture
Authors: Shumway Sandra E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractToxic algal blooms occur worldwide and in some areas they are a common and seasonal occurrence. Historically, attention has been focused on blooms of toxic dinoflagellates (e.g., Protogonyaulax tamarensis). More recently, attention has been turned to other species (e.g., Dinophysis, Aureococcus, Gymnodininum). These blooms often present problems with respect to optimal utilization of the shellfish resources, and the magnitude of economic losses can be catastrophic. Nevertheless, successful culture facilities and commercial harvests persist in areas prone to toxic algal blooms.This paper reviews the literature available on occurrences of toxic algal blooms, discusses the means by which harvesters, managers, and industry cope with the problems associated with toxic algal blooms, and makes recommendations for the most efficient and successful utilization of resources in the face of environmental instability.
Fatty Acid Composition of Three Cultured Algal Species (Isochvysis galbana, Chaetoceros gracilis and Chaetoceros calcitrans) Used as Food for Bivalve Larvae
Authors: Napolitano Guillermo E. , Ackman Robert G. , Ratnayake Walisundara M. N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFatty acids of three cultured unicellular algae wldely used in aquaculture (Isochrysis galbana, clone T‐iso, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Chaetoceros gracilis) were analyzed in detail by gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Fatty acid compositions of the individual species, harvested at monthly intervals during a four month period, showed a very consistent pattern. Shorter chain (C16) fatty acids accounted for more than 70% of total fatty acids in the diatoms but less than 20% in I. galbana. Medium chain (C18) and the long chain 22:6w3 unsaturated fatty acids represented more than 50% of the total fatty acids in I. galbana but less than 10% of the total In the Chaetoceros spp. However, in the latter, 20:5w3 replaced 22:6w3 at an equivalent level. Fatty acid profiles of c. calcitrans and c. gracilis were similar, except that the latter contained lower levels of 16:2w4, 16:3w4 and 16:4w1, and higher levels of 18:2w6 and 18:3w6. In particular C. gracilis contained a higher proportion of the biochemically important fatty acid 20:4w6 (arachldonic acid). One of the salient features of I. galbana lipids was the presence of the fatty acid 18:5w3. This fatty acid is not generally reported in algae or invertebrate lipid analyses, but is a typical component of I. galbana and of other marine photosynthetic flagellates. Its potential for utilization by aquatic organisms is unknown.
Maturation and Spawning of Blue Shrimp Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) under Hypersaline Conditions
Authors: Holtschmit Karl‐Heinz , Romero Juan Manuel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMaturation and spawning of blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris were obtained in hypersaline and turbid water. Results indicate that number of spawnings per female and percentage of viable spawnings are similar to those reported under “standard” conditions by other investigators. However, the number of nauplii produced was 50 to 75% less. A significant correlation was observed between reproductive activity and lunar cycles, showing peak activity at three to four days following new moon. Additionally, working with records of individual females, the number of spawnings per female was found to be extremely variable, with intervals between consecutive spawnings non‐uniform. Instead, they tended to group in pairs with less than six days between spawnings, followed by a variable period of time (usually more than 12 days) before the paired spawnings were repeated.
Reproductive Response ofPenaeus stylirostristo Temperature Manipulation
Authors: Robertson Lori , Bray William , Lawrence Addison 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of temperature manipulation on the reproduction ofPenaeus stylirostriswas investigated as a possible method for increasing larval production. Six 3.66 m diameter black tanks were stocked with unilaterally eyestalk enucleated females and intact males. Temperature was designed to vary between 20 and 28 C at a rate of 2 C per day in the “Fast” treatment and 2 C per week in the “Slow” treatment; upper and lower temperatures were maintained for 10 days before another cycle was initiated. In the “Ambient” treatment, temperature averaged 27.8 ± 0.9 C.During the 105 day study maturation, mating and larval production were highest in the Ambient tanks. Temperature manipulation as tested in the Fast and Slow treatments did not produce any burst of mating and spawning activity at the upper ends of the cycles to compensate for the steady production in the Ambient group. Thus, the temperature regimes examined did not afford any practical advantage.The effect of temperature on mating was marked. In the Slow treatment which most closely mimicked natural seasonal temperature change, mating began initially when the temperature increased to 25 C. Throughout the study mating occurred more frequently at the higher temperatures, and these results suggest that the optimal temperature range was 27–29 C for reproduction. However, the shrimp did mate at all temperatures encountered. It is notable that this tropical species can successfully reproduce at temperatures as Iow as 20 C.
Feeds and Feeding Schedules for Indoor Nursery Culture of Postlarval Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii1
Authors: Heinen John M. , Mensi Michael J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPotential feeds, feeding schedules, and feed supplements for growing M. rosenbergii postlarvae to a juvenile size of 0.5 g were evaluated. Postlarvae were grown in 69 L aquaria for 6 to 9 weeks at densities of 1.3 or 2.0/L at a water temperature of 28 C. An experimental diet (HFX‐EXD‐86X) and four commercially available feeds (Purina Trout Chow No. 2, Silver Cup Fish Feed—Salmon No. 3, Zeigler Shrimp Post Larval Granules No. 3, and MFC Clover Brand 38% Catfish Fingerling Crumbles) were tested. Prawns fed Purina Trout Chow No. 2 had the best survival and yield. Four feeding schedules were then evaluated with Purina Trout Chow No. 2 as the only food: once daily (at 1600 h), twice daily (at 0800 and 1600 h), twice daily (at 0800 and 2000 h), and three times daily (at 0800, 1600, and 2400 h). Prawns in the oncedaily treatment exhibited the best survival, final weight, yield, and food conversion ratio. A oncedaily frequency was then used to test the effects of supplementing the Purina diet with beef liver, squid mantle, codfish muscle, or cooked (scrambled) chicken egg, at 20% dry weight of the total diet. Prawns fed the beef liver supplement had the best final weight and yield.
Simulation of Short‐Term Management Actions to Prevent Oxygen Depletion in Ponds
Authors: Piedrahita Raul H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examined possible changes in dissolved oxygen concentration resulting from various short‐term management actions that can be undertaken in response to cloudy conditions. The management actions were examined with a computer model of water quality in a pond, and include nutrient enrichment (fertilization, pH adjustment), water level control, and water exchange. Results of these simulations indicated that general management strategies directed at increasing nutrient availability were the least effective in counteracting the effect of the increased cloud cover. Flushing and reducing the water level in the pond were considerably more effective short‐term management actions. Areas for field research were suggested to confirm the effectiveness of the various strategies.
Effect of pH and Decapsulation on the Toxicity of Ammonia to the Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana
Authors: Landau Matthew , Sanchez Veronica 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Artemia franciscana were hatched and tested for tolerance to ammonia at pH 6.5 and 8.5 in artificial seawater with a salinity of 17 ‰. Nauplii seemed to be less tolerant of ammonia at pH 6.5 despite the fact that more of the ammonia is in the ionized form (NH4+). It is suggested that this greater sensitivity is a result of the NH4+ competing with the Na+ during gut transfer. Nauplii hatched from decapulated cysts were more tolerant of ammonia than those hatched from whole cysts, probably because of a greater energy reserve.
Evaluation of Activator Solutions, Motility Duration, and Short‐Term Storage of Paddlefish Spermatozoa
Authors: Mims Steven D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMilt from paddlefish (Polyodon sparhula) was collected, examined for motility, and pooled. Six different solutions (dechlorinated tap water, ovarian fluid, bacteriostatic water, distilled water, 0.9% sodium chloride saline water, and milt plasma) were examined for activation and duration of spermatozoal motility. Most solutions except saline solution and milt plasma promoted activation of spermatozoa. Dechlorinated tap water was found to be the best activator with significantly longer duration of spermatozoal motility than the other tested solutions. Saline solution and milt plasma appear to be useful as carrier solutions because of their property of maintaining inactive, viable spermatozoa.Paddlefish milt in three treatments was evaluated for chilled storage [without additives (MF); with 500 IU penicillin and 500 mg streptomycin mix in milt plasma (MP); and 0.9% saline solution (MS)]. The three treatments were stored at 2.4 ± 0.9 C in a precooled, moisture‐saturated oxygen environment and observed every 24 h for 9 d. Motility of activated spermatozoa in MS (7 d) was significantly longer than MF or MP treatments (7 d). Spermatozoa in MS had the longest chilled storage time (8 d).
IHHN Virus as an Etiological Factor in Runt‐Deformity Syndrome (RDS) of Juvenile Penaeus vannamei Cultured in Hawaii
Authors: Kalagayan Hector , Godin David , Kanna Roberta , Hagino Gerry , Sweeney James , Wyban James , Brock James 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRuntdeformity syndrome (RDS) is an economically significant, frequent disease problem of cultured Penaeus vannamei. RDS is characterized by variable, often greatly reduced, growth rate of up to 30% of a cultured population and many shrimp with cuticle deformities of the rostrum, anterior appendages or other parts. The cause of RDS is undetermined.Nursery trials comparing histologically IHHN‐positive and histologically IHHN‐negative Penaeus vannamei cultured under identical conditions were conducted at The Oceanic Institute. The IHHN‐positive populations developed RDS symptoms including increased individual size variation, reduced population growth, and high prevalance of rostrum, antennae or cuticle deformity, while the IHHN‐negative groups displayed none of these symptoms. No other diseases or parasites were identified in the IHHN‐positive populations that would account for the RDS symptoms.A single commercialele nursery was stocked with histologidly IHHN‐positive P. vannamei and a high prevalence of RDS was observed. Shrimp growth was bimodal with a subpopulation growing normally and a subpopulation growing slowly. Significant relationships between shrimp harvest size and IHHN prevalance, selected individual organ IHHN severity grades and IHHN severity index (six organs evaluated) were found. Large, apparently normal shrimp were less severely infected with virus and did not display any cuticle deformities.In sum, these data provide epidemiological and histopathological evidence for the hypothesis that infection by IHHN virus is the cause of RDS in cultured P. vannamei.
Use of Bagasse as a Feed Input to Semi‐Intensive Shrimp Growout Ponds
Authors: Freeman Donald W. , Duerr Eirik O. , Leber Kenneth M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEfforts to reduce the cost of growout feeds for aquaculture have traditionally focused on the use of agricultural wastes as direct or indirect nutritional supplements to support semi‐intensive production levels. The merits of a low cost, sugar cane bagasse‐based feed for semi‐intensive production of Penaeus vannarnei were evaluated. Shrimp averaging 0.24 g each were stocked into 200 m2 earthen ponds at 20/m2 and cultured for a 12 week period. Two bagasse‐based feed treatments, a manure‐based treatment and a no‐feed input control, were compared in replicate ponds. One bagasse treatment (artificial manure) was designed to mimic manure and stimulate autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The other bagasse treatment (bagasse alone plus inorganics) was designed to stimulate primarily autotrophic growth. Both bagasse treatments produced average growth rates of 0.78 g/wk, which were significantly greater than that of the manure treatment (0.57 g/wk). Lack of difference between the two bagasse treatments suggests that additional supplements used in making artificial manure probably were unnecessary to the nutrition of the shrimp. At harvest, bottom organics in the bagasse‐fed ponds were at least twice as great as manure‐fed ponds, and may have contributed to the lower survival associated with these treatments.
Procedural Protocol, Survival to Hatching and Plasmid DNA Fate After Microinjection into Tilapia Zygotes
Authors: Phillifs Peter C. , Kohler Christopher C. , Muhlach William L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe plasmid vector, pBRd‐AK1‐BGH4.6.10 (pBGH), containing the bovine growth hormone sequence driven by an avian retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) was microinjected at 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 5 ng of pDNA/20 nl of physiological saline into tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus embryos. In 24 replicates, normally 60 zygotes were microinjected with either the entire linear 8.5 kb pBGH/ClaI vector or a 3.8 kb pBGH/SalI restriction fragment. Overall mean survival to fry hatching was 7.6% in plasmid DNA‐microinjected, 15.6% in sham‐microinjected and 48.1% in uninjected control embryos. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in survival to hatching between those embryos microinjected with the 3.8 or the 8.5 kb restriction fragment, nor was there a trend toward decreasing survival as the plasmid DNA concentration increased from 0.1 to 5 ng. The significant (P < 0.05) increase in survival among uninjected control embryos to hatching indicates that microinjection trauma was the major cause of mortality. Large quantities of plasmid DNA were recovered from pooled‐embryo samples. Multiple bands (positive signals) were detected usually in the high molecular weight (HMW) genomic DNA regions. Position shifting of these HMW bands upon digesting with various restriction endonucleases provided evidence for plasmid DNA integration into tilapia embryo chromosomal DNA. Otherwise, these positive signah may have been end‐twnd ligations of increasingly longer plasmid DNA constructs. Putative transgenic O. mossmbicus × O. niloticus were found among eight of 27 surviving adults.
Application of High Hybridization Stringency Technology to the Analysis of Putative Transgenic Fish and Their Progeny
Authors: Paleudis George A. , Kohler Christopher C. , Muhlach William L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEight putative transgenic hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus) and their F, progeny were screened by Southern blot analysis for the presence of the bovine growth hormone transgene (bGH). Transgenic mice known to contain one copy of the bGH gene per genome were used as positive controls allowing for the determination of detection levels under high hybridization stringency conditions. At a sensitivity level of one copy per genome, the bovine growth hormone transgene was not detected in any of the experimental animals. The apparent lack of bGH transgene in the fish DNA at one copy per genome, coupled with no detectable levels of bovine growth hormone being found in either serum or whole blood of the original adults, indicates these fish are either not transgenic, or that they are mosaics and do not express the transgene. Results demonstrate the need for positive controls when conducting Southern blot analysis of potentially transgenic organisms. Mammalian models appear to be suitable positive controls and should be employed until transgenic piscine models are readily available. It is suggested that high hybridization stringency is necessary when analyzing for evolutionarily conserved transgenes such as those controlling growth hormones.
Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Craig Steven R. , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe dietary lysine requirement of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus was reevaluated in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, lyophilized red drum muscle was combined with an L‐form crystalline amino acid premix to yield diets containing approximately 35% protein on a dry‐matter basis. Gradations (0.25%) of L‐lysine HCl were added to the basal diet containing approximately 1.0% lysine. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum initially weighing 6–7 g for 8 weeks. Based on growth and feed efficiency data, the lysine requirement (±SE) was determined to be 1.55% (±0.079%) of dry diet or 4.430% of dietary protein. In a second experiment, the lysine requirement of red drum was investigated with diets containing 35% intact protein from zein and red drum muscle. Each of the zein‐based diets containing incremental levels of lysine was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum initially weighing 1–2 g for 8 weeks. A crystalline amino acid test diet serving as a control in this experiment significantly outperformed the zein‐based diets, and palatability of those diets was questionable due to an obvious change in feeding behavior of the fish. Due to the inferior performance of the fish fed the zein‐based diets, the authors were not successful in determining a requirement with these diets. Thus, a lysine requirement of 1.55% of dry diet (4.43% of dietary protein) as determined in the first experiment is recommended for juvenile red drum.