bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLOBALIZING CHRISTOLOGY: JESUS CHRIST IN WORLD RELIGIOUS CONTEXT
Authors: Yong Amos 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:FIDELITY WITH PLAUSIBILITY: MODEST CHRISTOLOGIES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY By Wesley J. WildmanCHRISTOLOGY IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: MARKING OUT THE HORIZONS By Colin J. D. GreeneJESUS THE SAVIOR: THE MEANING OF JESUS CHRIST FOR CHRISTIAN FAITH By William C. PlacherJESUS: SYMBOL OF GOD By Roger HaightTHE FIRSTBORN OF MANY: A CHRISTOLOGY FOR CONVERTING CHRISTIANS By Donald L. GelpiSYMBOLS OF JESUS: A CHRISTOLOGY OF SYMBOLIC ENGAGEMENT By Robert Cummings NevilleLIBERATING CHRIST: EXPLORING THE CHRISTOLOGIES OF CONTEMPORARY LIBERATION MOVEMENTS By Lisa IsherwoodTHE MANY FACES OF CHRIST By Tyron InbodyIN THE COMPANY OF OTHERS: A DIALOGICAL CHRISTOLOGY By David JensenTHE CONTEMPORARY JESUS By Thomas J. J. Altizer
Similarity of permeabilities for Ficoll, pullulan, charge‐modified albumin and native albumin across the rat peritoneal membrane
Authors: Asgeirsson D. , Axelsson J. , Rippe C. , Rippe B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim:  Compared to neutral globular proteins, neutral polysaccharides, such as dextran, pullulan and Ficoll, appear hyperpermeable across the glomerular filtration barrier. This has been attributed to an increased flexibility and/or asymmetry of polysaccharides. The present study investigates whether polysaccharides are hyperpermeable also across the continuous capillaries in the rat peritoneum.Methods:  In anaesthetized Wistar rats, FITC–Ficoll or FITC–pullulan together with 125I‐human serum albumin (RISA) or neutralized 125I‐bovine serum albumin (nBSA) were given intravenously, after which peritoneal dialysis (PD) using conventional PD fluid (Gambrosol 1.5%) was performed for 120 min. Concentrations of FITC‐polysaccharides and radioactive albumin species in plasma and dialysis fluid were analysed with high‐performance size exclusion chromatography and a gamma counter respectively. Transperitoneal clearance values were calculated for polysaccharides in the molecular radius range 36–150 Å, and for RISA and nBSA.Results:  Ficoll and pullulan showed more or less identical permeabilities, compared to RISA and nBSA, across the peritoneal membrane. Although RISA‐clearance, 5.50 ± 0.28 (μL min−1; ±SEM), tended to be lower than the clearances of Ficoll36Å (6.55 ± 0.25), pullulan36Å (6.08 ± 0.22) and nBSA (6.56 ± 0.23), the difference was not statistically significant. This is in contrast to the hyperpermeability exhibited by polysaccharides across the glomerular filtration barrier and also contrasts with the charge selectivity of the latter.Conclusion:  The phenomenon of molecular flexibility is more important for a macromolecule’s permeability through the glomerular filter than across the continuous peritoneal capillary endothelium. Furthermore, it seems that charge plays a subordinate role in the steady‐state transport across the combined peritoneal capillary–interstitial barrier.
Medicalization, Natural Childbirth and Birthing Experiences
Authors: Brubaker Sarah Jane , Dillaway Heather E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough much of the early sociological and feminist analysis of medicalization focused on reproductive issues and childbirth, attention has moved away from this topic over time as new conditions have become subject to the medicalization process. At the same time, one of the major concepts within this analytical framework, the dichotomy of ‘natural’ versus ‘medical’, has not been sufficiently problematized. In this article, we call for a renewed examination of the medicalization of childbirth from a critical perspective that neither takes for granted the meaning of this dichotomy, nor presupposes feminist perspectives or those of privileged groups of women. We revisit sociological frameworks and feminist critiques of medicalization, specifically around childbirth, and review scholarship that addresses their limitations. We propose a research agenda that goes beyond the traditional assumptions about ‘natural’ and ‘medical’ childbirth and examines more closely how medicalization processes both shape and conflict with women's subjective experiences of childbirth.
Involvement of intraocular structures in disseminated histoplasmosis
Authors: Ala‐Kauhaluoma Marianne , Aho Inka , Ristola Matti , Karma Anni 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe ocular involvement and response to treatment in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with severe progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH).Methods:  We report a 35‐year‐old HIV‐infected patient seen in our clinics over a period of 4 years. During antiretroviral treatment (ART), the HIV load became undetectable at 3 months; however, CD4 T‐cell count increased slowly and rose to 100 cells/μl. Histoplasma capsulatum was cultured from skin pustules, cerebrospinal fluid (CF) and aqueous humour.Results:  The patient developed central nervous system (CNS) involvement 2 months and panuveitis in both eyes 4 months after the initiation of ART. With intravenous liposomal amphotericin B followed by oral voricanozole, the chorioretinal lesions of the right eye (RE) became inactivated and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions of CNS disappeared. Relapse of the inflammation in the anterior segment of the left eye (LE) resulted in a total closure of the chamber angle and severe glaucoma. Despite medical therapy, two cyclophotocoagulations, total vitrectomy and repeated intravitreal amphotericin B injections, LE became blind. Histoplasma capsulatum was cultured from the aqueous humour after antifungal therapy of 16 months’ duration.Conclusion:  PDH with intraocular and CNS manifestations was probably manifested by an enhanced immune response against a previous subclinical disseminated infection. It seems difficult to eradicate H. capsulatum from the anterior segment of the eye in an immunocompromised patient.
Recent clinical findings with memantine should not mean that the idea of neuroprotection in glaucoma is abandoned
Authors: Osborne Neville N. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Loss of vision in primary open‐angle glaucoma (glaucoma) is caused by retinal ganglion cells dying at a seemingly steady and variable rate in different patients. Present treatments for all glaucoma patients are inadequate and a goal to rectify this is to discover appropriate drugs or chemicals (neuroprotectants) that can be taken orally to slow down retinal ganglion cell death and have negligible side‐effects. It was therefore of great disappointment to learn earlier this year that the one clinical trial conducted to test the efficacy of memantine as a neuroprotectant for glaucoma was unsuccessful. In this article, I consider the mechanisms by which retinal ganglion cells may die in glaucoma and suggest that memantine may have benefited patients taking it but to a level that was difficult to detect with present methodologies. Ganglion cells are induced to die by different triggers in glaucoma, suggesting that neuroprotectants with multiple modes of actions are likely to reveal clearer results than was found for memantine. Therefore, the idea of neuroprotection in glaucoma must not be abandoned.
Current Issues and Considerations Regarding Trichomoniasis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in African-Americans
Authors: Shafir Shira C. , Sorvillo Frank J. , Smith Lisa 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARY

Trichomonas vaginalis
has long been recognized as one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. However, it is only in recent years that it has been appreciated that
Trichomonas
may play a critical role in amplifying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Given the evidence that
T. vaginalis
likely promotes HIV infection, the apparent high level of
Trichomonas
infection in the African-American community is cause for concern. Even if
T. vaginalis
increases the risk of HIV transmission by a small or modest amount, it translates into a sizable population effect since
Trichomonas
is so common in this community. Therefore, control of trichomoniasis may represent an important avenue of control for the prevention of HIV transmission, particularly among African-Americans.
Microbiology of Odontogenic Bacteremia: beyond Endocarditis
Authors: Parahitiyawa N. B. , Jin L. J. , Leung W. K. , Yam W. C. , Samaranayake L. P. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThe human gingival niche is a unique microbial habitat. In this habitat, biofilm organisms exist in harmony, attached to either enamel or cemental surfaces of the tooth as well as to the crevicular epithelium, subjacent to a rich vascular plexus underneath. Due to this extraordinary anatomical juxtaposition, plaque biofilm bacteria have a ready portal of ingress into the systemic circulation in both health and disease. Yet the frequency, magnitude, and etiology of bacteremias due to oral origin and the consequent end organ infections are not clear and have not recently been evaluated. In this comprehensive review, we address the available literature on triggering events, incidence, and diversity of odontogenic bacteremias. The nature of the infective agents and end organ infections (other than endocarditis) is also described, with an emphasis on the challenge of establishing the link between odontogenic infections and related systemic, focal infections.
Update on the Human Broad Tapeworm (GenusDiphyllobothrium), Including Clinical Relevance
Authors: Scholz Tomáš , Garcia Hector H. , Kuchta Roman , Wicht Barbara 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYTapeworms (Cestoda) continue to be an important cause of morbidity in humans worldwide. Diphyllobothriosis, a human disease caused by tapeworms of the genusDiphyllobothrium, is the most important fish-borne zoonosis caused by a cestode parasite. Up to 20 million humans are estimated to be infected worldwide. Besides humans, definitive hosts ofDiphyllobothriuminclude piscivorous birds and mammals, which represent a significant zoonotic reservoir. The second intermediate hosts include both freshwater and marine fish, especially anadromous species such as salmonids. The zoonosis occurs most commonly in countries where the consumption of raw or marinated fish is a frequent practice. Due to the increasing popularity of dishes utilizing uncooked fish, numerous cases of human infections have appeared recently, even in the most developed countries. As many as 14 valid species ofDiphyllobothriumcan cause human diphyllobothriosis, withD. latumandD. nihonkaiensebeing the most important pathogens. In this paper, all taxa from humans reported are reviewed, with brief information on their life history and their current distribution. Data on diagnostics, epidemiology, clinical relevance, and control of the disease are also summarized. The importance of reliable identification of human-infecting species with molecular tools (sequences of mitochondrial genes) as well as the necessity of epidemiological studies aimed at determining the sources of infections are pointed out.
Acute aortic syndrome: a new look at an old conundrum
Authors: Vilacosta I , Aragoncillo P , Cañadas V , Román J A San , Ferreirós J , Rodríguez E 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The term acute aortic syndrome (AAS), coined several years ago, is now widely recognised. In the light of new findings in aortic pathology and in an era when modern imaging techniques are widely available and interventional management of AAS is increasing, some morphological and diagnostic aspects of acute aortic pathology have been examined and the syndrome updated. This article provides a new, comprehensive overview of the pathology, diagnosis, evolution and management of patients with AAS. As acute aortic disease is the most common fatal condition in patients with chest pain, prompt recognition and treatment is of paramount importance.
Strong Convergence Theorem by Monotone Hybrid Algorithm for Equilibrium Problems, Hemirelatively Nonexpansive Mappings, and Maximal Monotone Operators
Authors: Cheng Yun , Tian Ming 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe introduce a new hybrid iterative algorithm for finding a common element of the set of fixed points of hemirelatively nonexpansive mappings and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem and for finding a common element of the set of zero points of maximal monotone operators and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem in a Banach space. Using this theorem, we obtain three new results for finding a solution of an equilibrium problem, a fixed point of a hemirelatively nonexpnasive mapping, and a zero point of maximal monotone operators in a Banach space.
Biomechanical Analysis of Jaw-closing Movements
Authors: Koolstra J.H. , van Eijden T.M.G.J. 
Published: January 2009

This study concerns the complex interaction between active muscle forces and passive guiding structures during jaw-closing movements. It is generally accepted that the ligaments of the joint play a major role in condylar guidance during these movements. While these ligaments permit a wide range of motions, it was assumed that they are not primarily involved in force transmission in the joints. Therefore, it was hypothesized that muscle forces and movement constraints caused by the articular surfaces imply a necessary and sufficient condition to generate ordinary jaw-closing movements. This hypothesis was tested by biomechanical analysis. A dynamic six-degrees-of-freedom mathematical model of the human masticatory system has been developed for qualitative analysis of the contributions of the different masticatory muscles to jaw-closing movement. In simulated symmetrical jaw-closing movements, it was found that the normally observed movement, which includes a swing-slide condylar movement along the articular eminence, can be generated by various separate pairs of masticatory muscles, among which the different parts of the masseter as well as the medial pterygoid muscle appeared to be the most suitable to complete this action. The results seem to be in contrast to the general opinion that a muscle with a forward-directed force component may not be suitable for generating jaw movements in which the condyle moves backward. The results can be explained, however, by biomechanical analysis which includes not only muscle and joint forces as used in standard textbooks of anatomy, but also the torques generated by these forces.
The Effects of Cross-linking Agents on Some Properties of HEMA-based Resins
Authors: Arima T. , Hamada T. , McCabe J.F. 
Published: January 2009

The use of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based polymer as a biocompatible material has been well-established. HEMA-based resins containing cross-linking agents have several potential clinical applications. It is hypothesized that the incorporation of cross-linking agent will improve the mechanical properties of HEMA-based polymers while reducing water absorption and solubility. The purpose of the work reported here was to test this hypothesis and to determine the most effective cross-linking agent. A relationship among flexural strength, modulus, water absorption and solubility, and concentration of cross-linking agent was demonstrated. Strength and modulus tend to increase as the cross-linking agent concentration is increased, up to about 50%, after which the values level out or begin to fall. Water absorption drops with increasing cross-linking agent over the whole range of concentrations. Solubility tends to show a small decrease initially (up to 40%), followed by a noticeable increase as cross-linking agent concentration is increased. The trends were similar for all cross-linking agents, although there were differences in the absolute values in all properties depending upon the type of cross-linking agent used.
Heterogeneity of High-molecular-weight Human Salivary Mucins
Authors: Offner G.D. , Troxler R.F. 
Published: January 2009

The existence of high-molecular-weight glycoproteins in saliva and salivary secretions has been recognized for nearly 30 years. These proteins, called mucins, are essential for oral health and perform many diverse functions in the oral cavity. Mucins have been intensively studied, and much has been learned about their biochemical properties and their interactions with oral micro-organisms and other salivary proteins. In the past several years, the major high-molecular-weight mucin in salivary secretions has been identified as MUC5B, one of a family of 11 human mucin gene products expressed in tissue-specific patterns in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. MUC5B is one of four gel-forming mucins which exist as multimeric proteins with molecular weights greater than 20-40 million daltons. The heavily glycosylated mucin multimers form viscous layers which protect underlying epithelial surfaces from microbial, mechanical, and chemical assault. Another class of mucin molecules, the membrane-bound mucins, is structurally and functionally distinct from the gel-forming mucins. These proteins do not form multimers and can exist as both secreted and membrane-bound forms, with the latter anchored to epithelial cell membranes through a short membrane-spanning domain. In the present work, we show that two of the membrane-bound mucins, MUC1 and MUC4, are expressed in all major human salivary glands as well as in buccal epithelial cells. While the functions of these mucins in the oral environment are not understood, it is possible that they form a structural framework on the cell surface which not only is cytoprotective, but also may serve as a scaffold upon which MUC5B, and possibly other salivary proteins, assemble.
Quality Assurance in Prevention
Authors: Edhag O. 
Published: January 2009

The successful prevention of caries in Sweden, as in many other countries, is an example of what might he obtained when a systematic and complete program is adopted. Fluoride programs, mechanical cleaning of the teeth, and improved nutrition and eating habits have been the most important fundamentals for the positive results. A diminished use of tobacco, with a reduced frequency of periodontitis as one of the consequences, has been successful in some groups in the population but less so in others. There is, however, evidence now in Sweden of a less active preventive approach concerning caries prophylaxis among some parents today than a generation ago. Thus, there are obvious reasons to continue with oral preventive programs, preferably integrated with general health programs. For acceptable quality in preventive programs to be obtained, concrete goals must be formulated. These should be based upon scientific findings. Those in the society who should be given priority in the program must be identified by epidemiological studies. Systems for follow-up of the preventive measures should be integrated into the programs when they are initiated. Total quality assurance programs should include parameters which describe the resources and the process needed to obtain the formulated goals. The qualifications of those involved in the process are among the most important resources for success.
The Application of in Vitro Models to Research on Demineralization and Remineralization of the Teeth: Reaction Paper
Authors: Arends J. 
Published: January 2009

Despite the advantages of in situ model studies, in vitro models are most important to provide insight into the mechanism of dental caries, the mechanisms of fluoride action, and profile screening. In this reaction paper following Dr. White's review, the emphasis is, first, on the role of mobile fluoride (FL) in fluoride efficacy, the formation of "CaF2-like" material as fluoride reaction product, and on fluoride reaction product localization. Second, mineral assessment techniques are discussed. Finally, the main differences between caries lesion formation in vitro and in situ are considered.
What is Known About Caries in Relation to Restorations as a Reason for Replacement? a Review
Authors: Ozer L. , Thylstrup A. 
Published: January 2009

In the past 20 years, a great many studies have identified secondary caries to be the most common reason for the replacement of restorations. This review raises the question whether clinicians use 'secondary caries' as a catch-all into which they put a variety of reasons for replacement, or whether they do have professionally based reasons for focusing on caries adjacent to restorations. There is no consensus among researchers concerning the nature of secondary caries, but it is possible to identify two major-and conflicting-trends : One adheres to a critical approach concerning the frequency of replacements and recommends a much more conservative evaluation of existing fillings. In contrast, the other trend focuses on the clinical undetectable microleakage as the major risk factor for the initiation and uncontrolled dentinal spread of secondary caries. Since the latter trend offers a reasonable explanation for the clinicians' concern about invisible 'secondary caries', and hence reinforces the tendency to replacement, it is relevant to reconsider the conventional concept that microleakage leads to the initiation of secondary caries. Available data indicate that visible gaps and marginal discrepancies are poorly related to secondary caries, and that secondary caries is a localized phenomenon caused by localized conditions for the evolution of cariogenic plaque. Consequently, secondary caries is not a universal attack along the entire interface between tooth and restoration, but rather a new lesion or a re-beginning of caries on the surface due to local conditions for plaque formation with cariogenic potential. It is concluded that reinforcement of a new and more appropriate professional behavior should be based on diffusion of existing knowledge of dental caries as a disease rather than on simplified criteria for the placement and replacement of dental restorations.
Calculus-Inhibition Agents: a Review of Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: Adams D. 
Published: January 2009

Clinical trials of anticalculus agents in dentifrices published since 1989 have been reviewed. There are several methods for assessment of the growth of calculus, but the most widely applied is the Volpe-Manhold scoring method . The crystal growth inhibitors, pyrophosphate and zinc citrate, have received the greatest attention in trials of anticalculus agents. Prolongation of their activity in the mouth after teeth were brushed with the toothpaste has been sought by the use of materials which themselves have substantivity, or by the inclusion of other agents which will convey substantivity to the active ingredient. The copolymer of polyvinylmethyl ether and maleic acid anhydride has been found to increase the anticalculus efficacy of pyrophosphates, and it appears also to increase the retention of an antimicrobial, Triclosan, in plaque. The anticalculus activity of zinc is enhanced when combined with the antimicrobial Triclosan. Trials have demonstrated a retention of anticalculus and anticaries activity when fluorides are incorporated with pyrophosphate or zinc citrate in a dentifrice. Thus, dentifrices can be formulated to offer "total" oral health care. The newer dentifrice preparations containing an anticalculus agent with baking soda have been the subject of several trials which suggest that baking soda does not interfere with the activity of the anticalculus agents. The association between calculus and disease is far from clear, but there is evidence that calculus, both sub- and supragingivally, may be linked to gingival recession in heavy-calculus-formers. More research is needed to clarify the role of supragingival calculus in periodontal diseases.