bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of 24-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol on β-amyloid precursor protein levels and processing in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
Authors: Prasanthi Jaya RP , Huls Amber , Thomasson Sarah , Thompson Alex , Schommer Eric , Ghribi Othman 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
Activation of the liver × receptors (LXRs) by exogenous ligands stimulates the degradation of β-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42), a peptide that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The oxidized cholesterol products (oxysterols), 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), are endogenous activators of LXRs. However, the mechanisms by which these oxysterols may modulate Aβ42 levels are not well known.

Results
We determined the effect of 24-OHC and/or 27-OHC on Aβ generation in SH-SY5Y cells. We found that while 27-OHC increases levels of Aβ42, 24-OHC did not affect levels of this peptide. Increased Aβ42 levels with 27-OHC are associated with increased levels of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as β-secretase (BACE1), the enzyme that cleaves APP to yield Aβ. Unchanged Aβ42 levels with 24-OHC are associated with increased levels of sAPPα, suggesting that 24-OHC favors the processing of APP to the non-amyloidogenic pathway. Interestingly, 24-OHC, but not 27-OHC, increases levels of the ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1, which regulate cholesterol transport within and between cells.

Conclusion
These results suggest that cholesterol metabolites are linked to Aβ42 production. 24-OHC may favor the non-amyloidogenic pathway and 27-OHC may enhance production of Aβ42 by upregulating APP and BACE1. Regulation of 24-OHC: 27-OHC ratio could be an important strategy in controlling Aβ42 levels in AD.
Are Cancer-Related Decision Aids Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: O'Brien Mary Ann , Whelan Timothy J. , Villasis-Keever Miguel , Gafni Amiram , Charles Cathy , Roberts Robin , Schiff Susan , Cai Wenjie 
Published: January 2009

Purpose Decision aids (DAs) have been developed to improve communication between health professionals and patients, and to involve patients in decisions about their health care. Cancer-related decisions can be difficult due to problems in communicating complex information about prognosis and the modest benefits of available treatments. We conducted a systematic review of cancer-related DAs. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of cancer-related DAs about screening, prevention, and treatment decision making were included. We completed a comprehensive literature search and conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses. We also conducted a meta regression to explore heterogeneity of effect estimates. Results We identified 34 RCTs of DAs in a screening (n = 22 trials) or preventive/treatment (n = 12 trials) context. DAs significantly improved knowledge about screening options when compared to usual practice (weighted average effect size, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.73; P < .0001). A similar effect on knowledge was also found for preventive/treatment options (weighted average effect size, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.70; P < .0001). Overall, general anxiety was not increased in most trials and was significantly reduced in a screening context. Decisional conflict was reduced overall but not when screening and preventive/treatment studies were analyzed separately. There were few differences between different types of DAs. Conclusion Cancer-related DAs are effective in increasing patient knowledge compared with usual practice without increasing anxiety particularly in the area of cancer screening. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of DAs in the prevention and treatment context.
Accelerated Telomere Shortening Precedes Development of Therapy-Related Myelodysplasia or Acute Myelogenous Leukemia After Autologous Transplantation for Lymphoma
Authors: Chakraborty Sujata , Sun Can-Lan , Francisco Liton , Sabado Melanie , Li Liang , Chang Karen L. , Forman Stephen , Bhatia Smita , Bhatia Ravi 
Published: January 2009

Purpose Therapy-related myelodysplasia or acute myelogenous leukemia (t-MDS/AML) is a lethal complication of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (aHCT) for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Here, we investigated the hypothesis that accelerated telomere shortening after aHCT could contribute to the development of t-MDS/AML. Patients and Methods A prospective longitudinal cohort was constructed to investigate the sequence of cellular and molecular abnormalities leading to development of t-MDS/AML after aHCT for HL/NHL. This cohort formed the sampling frame for a nested case-control study to compare changes in telomere length in serial blood samples from patients who developed t-MDS/AML with matched controls who did not develop t-MDS/AML. Results An initial increase in telomere length at day 100 after aHCT was followed by an accelerated telomere shortening in t-MDS/AML patients when compared with controls. These telomere alterations preceded the onset of t-MDS and were independent of other known risk factors associated with development of t-MDS/AML on multivariate analysis. Additionally, we observed reduced generation of committed progenitors in patients who developed t-MDS/AML, indicating that these telomere alterations were associated with reduced regenerative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells. Conclusion The development of t-MDS/AML after aHCT is associated with and preceded by markedly altered telomere dynamics in hematopoietic cells. Accelerated telomere loss in patients developing t-MDS/AML may reflect increased clonal proliferation and/or altered telomere regulation in premalignant cells. Genetic instability associated with shortened telomeres may contribute to leukemic transformation in t-MDS/AML.
Evidence for Cure by Adjuvant Therapy in Colon Cancer: Observations Based on Individual Patient Data From 20,898 Patients on 18 Randomized Trials
Authors: Sargent Daniel , Sobrero Alberto , Grothey Axel , O'Connell Michael J. , Buyse Marc , Andre Thierry , Zheng Yan , Green Erin , Labianca Roberto , O'Callaghan Chris , Seitz Jean Francois , Francini Guido , Haller Daniel , Yothers Greg , Goldberg Richard , de Gramont Aimery 
Published: January 2009

Purpose Limited data are available on the time course of treatment failures (recurrence and/or death), the nature and duration of adjuvant treatment benefit, and long-term recurrence rates in patients with resected stage II and III colon cancer. Methods The data set assembled by the Adjuvant Colon Cancer Endpoints Group, a collection of individual patient data from 18 trials and more than 20,800 patients testing fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in patients with stage II or III colon cancer, was analyzed. Results A significant overall survival (OS) benefit of adjuvant therapy was consistent over the 8-year follow-up period. The risk of recurrence in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy never exceeds that of control patients, signifying that adjuvant therapy cures some patients, as opposed to delaying recurrence. After 5 years, recurrence rates were less than 1.5% per year, and after 8 years, they were less than 0.5% per year. Significant disease-free survival (DFS) benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy was observed in the first 2 years. After 2 years, DFS rates in treated and control patients were not significantly different, and after 4 years, no trend toward benefit was demonstrated. This benefit was primarily driven by patients with stage III disease. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy provides significant DFS benefit, primarily by reducing the recurrence rate, within the first 2 years of adjuvant therapy with some benefit in years 3 to 4, translating into long-term OS benefit. This reflects the curative role of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. After 5 years, recurrence rates in patients treated on clinical trials are low, and after 8 years, they are minimal; thus, long-term follow-up for recurrence is of little value.
Phenanthrene metabolites bound to soil organic matter by birnessite following partial biodegradation
Authors: Lee Seunghwan , Ryu Hyerim , Nam Kyoungphile 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The hypothesis that phenanthrene, an aromatic compound without a hydroxyl group, can form nonextractable residues in soil with the aid of phenanthrene-biodegrading bacteria and birnessite was tested. The mutant strain Sphingobium yanoikuyae B8/36 successfully accumulated cis-phenanthrene dihydrodiol, and the intermediate was readily radicalized and coupled into soil organic matter in the presence of birnessite. Phenanthrene and the intermediate disappeared from the soil in 96 h in the presence of birnessite, but the intermediate accumulation occurred without birnessite. By determining the total organic carbon contents before and after birnessite treatment, it could be seen that birnessite did not mineralize cis-phenanthrene dihydrodiol. Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet analyses suggest instead that the intermediate was incorporated into the soil organic matter, forming nonextractable, bound residues. Increases in the aromaticity and pH in birnessite-treated soil also present more evidence for bound residue formation. The soil in which bound residue formed did not exhibit an acute toxicity of phenanthrene, but evidence indicated that such toxicity existed in the freshly spiked soil. In addition, a long-term column test revealed that the bound residues could not be eluted by the combination of water, 80% methanol, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure solution (pH 2.88) for four months, implying stability of the nonextractable residues in the soil.
Water auditing: the case for statutory requirements
Authors: Schlafrig J. , Sturman J. , Ho G. , Mathew K. 
Published: January 2009

Drought across swathes of Australia, highlights our need for water conservation in addition to seeking new sources of water (demand and supply-side resource options). Water conservation or efficiency improvement is currently a non-systematic process along the lines of ‘if we do such and such then we will save so much water’. Such an approach is ad-hoc and only has the appearance of being ‘quantitative’. We would class it as qualitative, or maybe advanced qualitative water conservation. True quantitative or structured water auditing of non-domestic water consumption is an iterative, systematic and documented process of obtaining reliable use data, validated by a closure approach. Opportunities are identified for water use reduction, water reuse, recycling and for water resource substitution. Financial assessment of savings in cost against cost of measures will provide a payback period. A water management strategy or Water Management Plan (WMP) as it is known in Victoria, Australia, is devised which is consistent with legal requirements, the enterprise's environmental policy and its movement towards sustainable development. Regulators have legislated for mandatory WMPs and audits in Victoria, but this is the only state so far to do this. Mandatory water auditing should be an uncontested choice as it can only provide a win:win situation regulation to the private sector.
We argue that only the systematic process provided by structural water auditing constitutes quantitative water conservation. Further, statutory obligation for water users to engage in the water auditing process will give the broad, systematic quantitative information, and based upon which optimal water management strategies or WMPs can be devised. This will ensure a rational approach to our future water needs and the needs of our environment. It is anticipated that voluntary auditing in the arenas not mandated will increase in the long term if this is done.
Degree of Conversion and Contraction Stress Development of a Resin Composite Irradiated Using Halogen and LED at Two C-factor Levels
Authors: Cunha L. G. , Alonso R. C. B. , Neves A. C. C. , de Goes M. F. , Ferracane J. L. , Sinhoreti M. A. C. 
Published: January 2009

Clinical Relevance
Curing methods using lower irradiance levels were shown to be effective in reducing the rate of stress generation without compromising the conversion of the restorative composite. Higher C-factor was shown to enhance the stress rate and amount of stress generated.
Ceramic Inlays and Partial Ceramic Crowns: Influence of Remaining Cusp Wall Thickness on the Marginal Integrity and Enamel Crack Formation In Vitro
Authors: Krifka S. , Anthofer T. , Fritzsch M. , Hiller K-A. , Schmalz G. , Federlin M. 
Published: January 2009

Clinical Relevance
The minimum effective thickness of cusp walls with adhesively bonded ceramic restorations is not yet defined. According to this in vitro study, a cusp wall thickness of at least 2.0 mm at the base is recommended.
Impact of Adhesive Application and Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of the Adhesive Interface Determined by the Nano-indentation Technique
Authors: Higashi C. , Michel M. D. , Reis A. , Loguercio A. D. , Gomes O. M. M. , Gomes J. C. 
Published: January 2009

Clinical Relevance
The vigorous rubbing action of acetone and ethanol/water-based adhesives into dry demineralized dentin resulted in high nanohardness and Young's modulus in the hybrid layer, and moisture increased the nanohardness and Young's modulus of Adper Single Bond Plus in the adhesive layer.
Fault Detection and Isolation with Robust Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Tharrault Yvon , Mourot Gilles , Ragot José , Maquin Didier 
Published: January 2009

Fault Detection and Isolation with Robust Principal Component AnalysisPrincipal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful fault detection and isolation method. However, the classical PCA, which is based on the estimation of the sample mean and covariance matrix of the data, is very sensitive to outliers in the training data set. Usually robust principal component analysis is applied to remove the effect of outliers on the PCA model. In this paper, a fast two-step algorithm is proposed. First, the objective was to find an accurate estimate of the covariance matrix of the data so that a PCA model might be developed that could then be used for fault detection and isolation. A very simple estimate derived from a one-step weighted variance-covariance estimate is used (Ruiz-Gazen, 1996). This is a "local" matrix of variance which tends to emphasize the contribution of close observations in comparison with distant observations (outliers). Second, structured residuals are used for multiple fault detection and isolation. These structured residuals are based on the reconstruction principle, and the existence condition of such residuals is used to determine the detectable faults and the isolable faults. The proposed scheme avoids the combinatorial explosion of faulty scenarios related to multiple faults to be considered. Then, this procedure for outliers detection and isolation is successfully applied to an example with multiple faults.
Mechanical Analogy of Statement Networks
Authors: Cholewa Wojciech 
Published: January 2009

Mechanical Analogy of Statement NetworksThe paper demonstrates briefly the reasoning capabilities in condition monitoring offered by systems based on statement networks. The usefulness of the networks considered results among others from possibilities of their optimization related to the minimization of contradictions between rules acquired from different knowledge sources. A mechanical analogy of such networks introduces an interpretation of statements as material points that are able to move. Dependencies between statements are considered as approximate necessary and approximate sufficient conditions, which are represented by unilateral constraints imposed on the introduced material points. A model of a dynamic statement network can be obtained out of the network consisting of statements represented by material points with assigned masses, where the inertia of statements may be taken into account. The paper introduces a measure of conditional contradictions of statements, which can be used for monitoring knowledge bases in running expert systems.
Configuring A Sensor Network for Fault Detection in Distributed Parameter Systems
Authors: Patan Maciej , Uciński Dariusz 
Published: January 2009

Configuring A Sensor Network for Fault Detection in Distributed Parameter SystemsThe problem of fault detection in distributed parameter systems (DPSs) is formulated as that of maximizing the power of a parametric hypothesis test which checks whether or not system parameters have nominal values. A computational scheme is provided for the design of a network of observation locations in a spatial domain that are supposed to be used while detecting changes in the underlying parameters of a distributed parameter system. The setting considered relates to a situation where from among a finite set of potential sensor locations only a subset can be selected because of the cost constraints. As a suitable performance measure, theDs-optimality criterion defined on the Fisher information matrix for the estimated parameters is applied. Then, the solution of a resulting combinatorial problem is determined based on the branch-and-bound method. As its essential part, a relaxed problem is discussed in which the sensor locations are givena prioriand the aim is to determine the associated weights, which quantify the contributions of individual gauged sites. The concavity and differentiability properties of the criterion are established and a gradient projection algorithm is proposed to perform the search for the optimal solution. The delineated approach is illustrated by a numerical example on a sensor network design for a two-dimensional convective diffusion process.
Fault Diagnosis of Networked Control Systems
Authors: Aubrun Christophe , Sauter Dominique , Yamé Joseph 
Published: January 2009

Fault Diagnosis of Networked Control Systems
Networked Control Systems (NCSs) deal with feedback control systems with loops closed via data communication networks. Control over a network has many advantages compared with traditionally controlled systems, such as a lower implementation cost, reduced wiring, simpler installation and maintenance and higher reliability. Nevertheless, the network-induced delay, packet dropout, asynchronous behavior and other specificities of networks will degrade the performance of closed-loop systems. In this context, it is necessary to develop a new theory for systems that operate in a distributed and asynchronous environment. Research on Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) for NCSs has received increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews the state of the art in this topic.
Actuator Fault Tolerant Control Design Based on a Reconfigurable Reference Input
Authors: Theilliol Didier , Join Cédric , Zhang Youmin 
Published: January 2009

Actuator Fault Tolerant Control Design Based on a Reconfigurable Reference InputThe prospective work reported in this paper explores a new approach to enhance the performance of an active fault tolerant control system. The proposed technique is based on a modified recovery/trajectory control system in which a reconfigurable reference input is considered when performance degradation occurs in the system due to faults in actuator dynamics. An added value of this work is to reduce the energy spent to achieve the desired closed-loop performance. This work is justified by the need of maintaining a reliable system in a dynamical way in order to achieve a mission by an autonomous system, e.g., a launcher, a satellite, a submarine, etc. The effectiveness is illustrated using a three-tank system for slowly varying reference inputs corrupted by actuators faults.
Fault Diagnosis Of A Water For Injection System Using Enhanced Structural Isolation
Authors: Laursen Morten , Blanke Mogens , Düştegör Dilek 
Published: January 2009

Fault Diagnosis Of A Water For Injection System Using Enhanced Structural IsolationA water for injection system supplies chilled sterile water as a solvent for pharmaceutical products. There are ultimate requirements for the quality of the sterile water, and the consequence of a fault in temperature or in flow control within the process may cause a loss of one or more batches of the production. Early diagnosis of faults is hence of considerable interest for this process. This study investigates the properties of multiple matchings with respect to isolability, and it suggests to explore the topologies of multiple use-modes for the process and to employ active techniques for fault isolation to enhance structural isolability of faults. The suggested methods are validated on a high-fidelity simulation of the process.
Replacement of chroococcales and nostocales by oscillatoriales caused a significant increase in microcystin concentrations in a dam reservoir
Authors: Grabowska Magdalena , Pawlik-Skowrońska Barbara 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A two-year study on cyanobacterial development and the dynamics of intracellular microcystins was carried out in a shallow dam reservoir. Potentially toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis wesenbergii, M. aeruginosa, Woronichinia naegeliana, Anabaena spp., Planktothrix agardhii) were observed to be the main component (70-94% total biomass) of the phytoplankton community, in which species composition was unstable and was very different between the 2005 and 2006 summer seasons. Generally, total phytoplankton, cyanobacterial biomass and total microcystin (MC) concentrations in the reservoir were much higher in 2006 than in 2005. The highest MC concentration (173.8 μg MC-LR equivalent dm-3) was seen in 2006 during P. agardhii (Oscillatoriales) domination (max. fresh biomass 50.3 mg dm-3; above 91% of phytoplankton biomass). Positive correlations between microcystin concentrations and cyanobacterial biomass suggest that populations of Nostocales and Oscillatoriales in 2005 and Oscillatoriales (P. agardhii) in 2006 may have been the main producers of MCs in the reservoir. The strong increase in P. agardhii biomass concomitant with a decrease in the total biomass of Chroococcales and Nostocales was responsible for the increase in MC concentration in the Siemianówka dam reservoir.
Successful Ageing A Survey of the Most Important Theories
Authors: Tavel Peter 
Published: January 2009

Successful Ageing A Survey of the Most Important Theories
The issues of good and successful ageing are the subject of scientific research. Successful ageing is the attempt to achieve a state of inner satisfaction and happiness in spite of the negative effects associated with old age: loss, external and internal destabilization, etc. Successful development in old age has many forms. It can generally be defined as an attempt to achieve the greatest profit with the smallest loss. The problem is establishing the universal criteria of successful ageing. It is possible to restrict the study to the observation of individual factors which are either objective or subjective, long-term or short-term, specific or universal or static versus dynamic. The problem is creating a theory that will explain all the processes and consequences of old age—none of the theories has so far succeeded in doing this. Life satisfaction as a subjective criterion of successful ageing has been most emphasized in two contradictory theories: activity theory and disengagement theory. Other theories are: growth theories, cognitive theories, dynamic theories, SOC model, cultural anthropological theories, the interaction model of longevity, etc.