bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic polymorphisms in DNA base‐excision repair genes ADPRT, XRCC1, and APE1 and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Li Chunying , Hu Zhibin , Lu Jiachun , Liu Zhensheng , Wang Li‐E , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Sturgis Erich M. , Spitz Margaret R. , Wei Qingyi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Tobacco smoke contains numerous carcinogens that cause DNA damage, including oxidative lesions that are removed effectively by the base‐excision repair (BER) pathway, in which adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase (ADPRT), x‐ray repair cross‐complementing 1 (XRCC1), and apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease (APE1) play key roles. Genetic variations in the genes encoding for these DNA repair enzymes may alter their functions. Although there have been several studies that generated mixed results on the association between XRCC1 variants and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), no reported studies have investigated the association between ADPRT and APE1 variants and SCCHN risk.METHODS.In a hospital‐based, case‐control study of 830 non‐Hispanic white patients with SCCHN and 854 cancer‐free, matched control participants, the authors genotyped the ADPRT alanine 762 valine (Ala762Val) single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the XRCC1 arginine 399 glutamine (Arg399Gln) SNP, and the APE aspartic acid 148 glutamic acid (Asp148Glu) SNP and assessed their associations with the risk of SCCHN in multivariate logistic regression models.RESULTS.The findings indicated that a significantly decreased risk of SCCHN was associated with the ADPRT 762Ala/Ala genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.27–0.97) and the combined ADPRT 762Ala/Val and Ala/Ala genotypes (OR, 0.79; 95% CI; 0.63–1.00) compared with the ADPRT 762Val/Val genotype, but no altered risk was associated with the XRCC1 Arg399Gln or APE Asp148Glu polymorphisms, and no evidence of interactions was observed between the 3 selected SNPs and age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, or tumor site.CONCLUSIONS.The ADPRT Ala762Val polymorphism may play a role in the etiology of SCCHN or in linkage disequilibrium with other untyped protective alleles. Larger studies with more SNPs in the BER genes will be needed to verify these findings. Cancer 2007; 110:867–75. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Trastuzumab plus vinorelbine or taxane chemotherapy for HER2‐overexpressing metastatic breast cancer: The trastuzumab and vinorelbine or taxane study
Authors: Burstein Harold J. , Keshaviah Aparna , Baron Ari D. , Hart Ronald D. , Lambert‐Falls Rosemary , Marcom P. Kelly , Gelman Rebecca , Winer Eric P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The optimal trastuzumab‐based chemotherapy regimen for HER2‐overexpressing, metastatic breast cancer is not known. The trastuzumab and vinorelbine or taxane (TRAVIOTA) study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial that was designed to compare these regimens.METHODS.Eligible patients had HER2‐overexpressing, metastatic breast cancer and had received no prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either trastuzumab with weekly vinorelbine therapy or weekly taxane therapy (paclitaxel or docetaxel at the investigator's choice). Originally planned for 250 patients, the study was closed because of poor accrual with 81 evaluable patients, including 41 patients who received vinorelbine and 40 patients who received taxane.RESULTS.Response rates were 51% and 40% for the vinorelbine/trastuzumab arm and the taxane/trastuzumab arm, respectively (Fisher exact test; P = .37). The median time to disease progression was 8.5 months and 6.0 months for the vinorelbine‐ and taxane‐based arms, respectively (log‐rank test; P = .09). Treatment with either regimen generally was well tolerated, yielding comparable rates of neurologic and gastrointestinal toxicity. Vinorelbine‐based treatment was associated with more anemia and neutropenia and with 2 episodes of cardiotoxicity. Taxane‐based therapy was associated with more dermatologic toxicity, myalgias, and fluid retention.CONCLUSIONS.Both vinorelbine/trastuzumab and taxane/trastuzumab treatments were active as first‐line therapy for HER2‐positive, metastatic breast cancer and had comparable rates of efficacy and tolerability. The toxicities observed were the result of recognized side effects associated with each of the chemotherapy agents and schedules. These data can inform treatment decision making in this clinical setting. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Role for connexin 26 in metastasis of human malignant melanoma
Authors: Saito‐Katsuragi Mamiko , Asada Hideo , Niizeki Hironori , Katoh Fumitaka , Masuzawa Mikio , Tsutsumi Masahiro , Kuniyasu Hiroki , Ito Akihiko , Nojima Hiroshi , Miyagawa Sachiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Connexins form the intercellular channels of the gap junction and play an integral part in a variety of biological functions, such as maintaining tissue homeostasis, cell growth control, and development. Previously it was demonstrated that the expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) can increase the metastatic potential of mouse melanoma cells. The objective of the study was to investigate the role Cx26 plays in the metastasis of human melanoma cells, focusing on the communication between melanoma cells and endothelial cells.METHODS.Immunostaining was used to examine Cx26 expression in the melanoma lesions and in the endothelial cells around the melanoma cell nests. In all, 33 melanomatous tissue samples from 16 patients were studied, as well as nevocellular nevus (NCN) and normal skin samples. Cx26 mRNA and protein expression was also examined in the cultured endothelial cells. A dye‐transfer assay was performed to examine gap junction formation between melanoma cells and endothelial cells.RESULTS.Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Cx26 was clearly expressed by the endothelial cells of the small vessels surrounding the melanoma cell nests as well as the melanoma cells. Cx26 mRNA and protein expression was detected in cultured endothelial cells. In a coculture system with human malignant melanoma cell line (HMY‐1) and endothelial cells (HMVEC), immunohistochemistry indicated Cx26 expression in both types of cells and dye‐transfer assay demonstrated dye‐coupling from HMY‐1 into HMVEC.CONCLUSIONS.Cx26 may contribute to the metastasis of melanoma by facilitating communication between melanoma cells and their surrounding endothelial cells. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Organization of the projections from the posterior parietal cortex to the rostral and caudal regions of the motor cortex of the cat
Authors: Andujar Jacques‐Étienne , Drew Trevor 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is an important source of input to the motor cortex in both the primate and the cat. However, the available evidence from the cat suggests that the projection from the PPC to those rostral areas of the motor cortex that project to the intermediate and ventral parts of the spinal gray matter is relatively small. This leaves in question the importance of the contribution of the PPC to the initiation and modulation of voluntary movements in the cat. As this anatomical evidence is not entirely compatible with the physiological data, we reinvestigated the PPC projection to the motor cortex by injecting dextran amine tracers either into the proximal or distal representations of the forelimb in the rostral motor cortex, into the representation of the forelimb in the caudal motor cortex, or into the hindlimb representation. The results show strong projections from the PPC to each of these regions. However, projections to the rostral motor cortex were observed primarily from the caudal bank of the ansate sulcus and the adjacent gyrus, whereas those to the caudal motor cortex were generally located more rostrally. There was also evidence of some topographic organization with the distal limb being located progressively more laterally and rostrally in the PPC than the areas projecting to more proximal regions. In contrast to previous anatomical investigations, these results suggest that the PPC can potentially modulate motor activity via its strong projection to the more rostral regions of the motor cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:17–41, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptors in a cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni: Structure, localization, and expression levels
Authors: Harbott Lene K. , Burmeister Sabrina S. , White Richard B. , Vagell Mike , Fernald Russell D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAndrogens are an important output of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis that controls reproduction in all vertebrates. In male teleosts two androgens, testosterone and 11‐ketotestosterone, control sexual differentiation and development in juveniles and reproductive behavior in adults. Androgenic signals provide feedback at many levels of the HPG axis, including the hypothalamic neurons that synthesize and release gonadotropin‐releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1), but the precise cellular site of androgen action in the brain is not known. Here we describe two androgen receptor subtypes, ARα and ARβ, in the cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni and show that these subtypes are differentially located throughout the adult brain in nuclei known to function in the control of reproduction. ARα was expressed in the ventral part of the ventral telencephalon, the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus and the ventral hypothalamus, whereas ARβ was more widely expressed in the dorsal and ventral telencephalon, the POA, and the ventral and dorsal hypothalamus. We provide the first evidence in any vertebrate that the GnRH1‐releasing neurons, which serve as the central control point of the HPG axis, express both subtypes of AR. Using quantitative real‐time PCR, we show that A. burtoni AR subtypes have different expression levels in adult tissue, with ARα showing significantly higher expression than ARβ in the pituitary, and ARβ expressed at a higher level than ARα in the anterior and middle brain. These data provide important insight into the role of androgens in regulating the vertebrate reproductive axis. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:57–73, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of streamer charge distribution on an insulator in SF6 Gas
Authors: Yamamoto Osamu , Hara Takehisa , Hayashi Muneaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe charge density produced by streamers on an insulator surface in SF6 has been investigated by using a probe method with a high‐speed temporal resolution. Concentric circular probes, which also act as a plane electrode, are used in this probe method. Probe signals are observed oscilloscopically and converted into the charge densities through a numerical calculation. This method reveals the charge distribution before a disturbance caused by the “back discharge.” The charge density thus obtained ranges from several nC/cm2 up to about 60 nC/cm2. The density depends on the pressure, voltage height and the position of the streamer.The electric field on the insulator is analyzed numerically taking into account the surface charge. The internal electric field of the streamer is found to be 40 ∼ 50 kV/cm · atm when the streamer ceases its propagation. However, it partly exceeds the critical one (89 kV/cm · atm) during the propagation.
Fuzzy user interface: Its application to power system operation
Authors: Ogi Hiromi , Takeshima Yuriko , Shinohara Jyunichi , Mouri Masahiro , Ishikawa Fujie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA power system is configured from generating plants, substations, consumers and the transmission lines that tie them together. To perform inspection, maintenance and expansion of these facilities, regular and systematic outage of this system must be conducted.Moreover, the organization that manages this power system is a hierarchy that comprises various levels. To prepare a comprehensive schedule from the various outage requests submitted by the many sections, it is necessary for the engineer to investigate thousands of outage requests based on reliability of the power system, economical supply of power, and personnel safety.This paper presents a computerized support system that has been developed to support a coordinating engineer in power system outage scheduling. The user interface expressed as fuzzy expressions “Fuzzy User Interface” that comprises an operator model of the coordinating engineer based on analysis of such work performed at a dispatching center is discussed.
Control of SF6 discharge gap switch by XeCl excimer laser
Authors: Okuda Hisato , Katayama Kazuhisa , Wang Xiaojun , Masugata Katsumi , Yatsui Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperimental studies have been carried out on triggering characteristics of the SF6 discharge gap switch by use of XeCl excimer laser (wavelength = 308 nm).First, laser irradiation characteristics are studied on a pure SF6 in the pressure range of p = 160 ∼ 3,800 torr. Using a lens of f (focal length) = 133 mm, the laser is irradiated into the gas, where the energy absorption is studied. If the laser is injected into the gas with the energy above a certain threshold for the breakdown, the rate of energy absorption is found to be ∼ 17 percent of the incident energy at p > 760 torr.Injecting the laser into the SF6‐filled gap switch (gap length = 7 mm, p = 760 torr), we have studied the triggering characteristics. Excellent triggering characteristics were obtained; delay time for the discharge ∼ 20 ns, and the jitter ∼ 260 ps when the gap voltage is operated at 99 percent of the self‐breakdown voltage. In addition, the triggering characteristics are studied by changing the focusing point axially. It is found that both the delay time and the jitter decrease when the focusing point tends to approach the high‐voltage electrodes.
A new method for power generation planning and problems of uncertainty
Authors: Fujii Yasumasa , Kaya Yoichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new method for power system planning which considers uncertainties of various system parameters as a part of the criterion function. The criterion function involves both the expected values of total system costs and the cost variances of different power plants.Previously, the authors proposed that these cost variances be evaluated from the existing power system plans in the form of the solutions to the inverse optimization problem, and then applied this procedure to the planning of power systems in Japan. However, because of the correlation between fuel and facility costs, the cost variances could not be determined as specific values.Here, to overcome this difficulty, the authors now introduce hydropower plants into the model as the so‐called nonrisky elements and focus on the expenditure shares rather than the plant capacity shares. As a result, more reasonable results are obtained.This improved methodology is applied and the derived cost variances are shown. Further, using the resultant cost variances, the authors make Pareto‐optimal power generation plans and demonstrate also the robustness of the method to price fluctuations.
Verification of the fracture mechanism of β″‐aluminas caused by large current density
Authors: Ohshima Masaaki , Kobayashi Akira , Yoshida Akihiko , Tsuji Hiromochi 
Published: July 2007

Abstractβ″‐aluminas which transmit sodium ions and do not conduct electrons are expected to be applied in practice for solid electrolytes and separators in sodium‐sulfur batteries. It is known that a large sodium ion current density fractures β″‐aluminas instantly.To clarify this fracture mechanism, the temperature and thermal stress distributions in a β″‐alumina tube generated by transmitting sodium ions were calculated. Then using β″‐alumina tubes, experiments were carried out in which β″‐alumina were cracked by a large current density. The values of thermal stress in these experiments wre solved using upper calculation. These values were almost equal to those of the mechanical strength of β″‐aluminas. The fracture mechanism of β″‐aluminas by transmission of a large sodium ion current density is thermal stress generated by Joule loss in β″‐aluminas.
Coal‐gas‐burning high‐efficiency power plant which recovers generated carbon dioxide
Authors: Pak Pyong Sik , Nakamura Ken'Ichi , Suzuki Yutaka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the characteristics and construction of a coal‐gas‐burned high efficiency power plant which emits no carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. In a plant, CO2 gas and superheated steam are used as the main and the secondary working fluids, respectively, of a closed dual fluid regenerative gas turbine power plant. Since coal gas composed of CO, H2, CO2 and CH4 is burned in a combustor using oxygen, the exhaust gas let into a condenser includes only CO2 and H2O. Hence, CO2 gas can be easily separated at the condenser outlet from condensate. In the plant, the combustion gas is first used to generate power by driving a turbine. High‐temperature turbine exhaust gas is next utilized at a regenerator to heat the main working fluid of CO2 gas flowing into the combustor, and then is utilized at a waste heat boiler to produce the superheated steam injected into the combustor. It is estimated that the power can be generated with gross thermal efficiency of 54.4 percent, and that the power generating efficiency is 46.7 percent. Generating efficiency is calculated by subtracting the power required for producing the high‐pressure oxygen used for combustion from the generator output. It is shown that the estimated efficiency is higher by 18.1 percent than that of a conventional boiler steam turbine power generating plant into which a process for removing and recovering CO2 from the stack gas by utilizing alkanolamine‐based solvent is integrated.
Effect of plasma surface modification on electrical conduction in polyethylene
Authors: Hayashi Hisaaki , Nakano Toshiki , Ohki Yoshimichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene films 50 μm thick were exposed to the downstream plasma flow of RF glow discharges in argon, hydrogen, or oxygen. It was found that many transvinylene and unreacted radicals remain after the argon or hydrogen plasma treatment, and that carbonyl groups are formed in the oxygen plasma treatment.The conduction current was smaller in the hydrogen‐plasma treated samples and the samples exposed to oxygen or ozone after hydrogen‐plasma treatment than in the untreated samples. Thermal pulse current measurements indicate that the treated surface layer traps electrons or holes and reduces the field strength at the electrode surface, thus suppressing further injection of electrons or holes.
Increase of breakdown voltage due to composite insulation in SF6 gas
Authors: Yoshida Tetsuo , Miyagawa Masaru , Ohshima Iwao , Masaki Nobuo , Yanabu Satoru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe breakdown characteristics using a hemispherical tip rod (10 ∼ 60 mm) molded with epoxy resin‐to‐plate gap in SF6 gas up to 0.20 MPa was studied.The result shows that breakdown characteristics are classified into three regions (A, B and C region) depending on gap length. In the A‐region breakdown voltage is lowered compared with bare hemispherical tip rod‐to‐plate gap. In the B‐region breakdown voltage is raised sharply with gap length and in the C‐region it saturates. The maximum increase ratio of breakdown voltage in the B and C region are 1.95 times (ac) and 1.68 times (impulse) compared with a bare hemispherical tip rod‐to‐plate gap characteristic.The ratios depend on the diameter of the spherical tip rod and the thickness of epoxy resin. It is concluded that the increase of breakdown voltage is attributed to the synergism effect of the decrease of maximum electric field strength by epoxy resin and the suppression of field emission.The use of composite insulation reduces the gap length drastically in the gas‐insulated switchgear, for instance, C‐GIS (Cubicle‐type Gas‐Insulated Switchgear).
Load frequency control using power demand estimation and fuzzy control
Authors: Avatchanakorn Vichit , Ueda Akihiko , Gotoh Yasuyuki , Mizutani Yoshibumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNumerous control methods based on modern control theory have been proposed to improve the load frequency control (LFC) characteristics of power systems. These control methods generally regard the load frequency control system as a linear system model. Furthermore, complicated mathematical equations have to be solved to determine control laws. However, realistic power systems are nonlinear, i.e., the nonlinearities of tie‐lines connecting between the control areas and of generation rate constraints of power plants exist. Consequently, it is considered that the design of controllers is difficult.In this paper, the application of fuzzy control to the load frequency control system is proposed to solve the forementioned problems. The proposed control first, to satisfy the load frequency control requirements, estimates power demand variations of the control areas and uses them as the output set‐point values of power plants, instead of using an integral‐type controller. Next, to improve stability and optimality of the nonlinear load frequency control system using the fore‐mentioned output set‐point control method, the proportional‐type fuzzy control considering a computation time‐delay is implemented. Parameters of the proposed fuzzy controller are determined by minimizing the integral square of the area control error (ACE) to ensure optimality of the system.
Analysis of lightning surge overvoltages at substation using steady‐state solution
Authors: Ametani Akihiro , Ohnishi Hironori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present paper proposes a method for analyzing lightning surge overvoltages at a substation by means of steady‐state solutions. The lightning current is assumed to be periodic and representable by a Fourier series. The frequency responses of the line and substation impedances as seen from the substation entrance and the response of the steady‐state solution for the open‐end line voltage with the substation removed are then easily obtained. The steady‐state voltage at the substation entrance is evaluated from the above frequency responses by means of The‐venin's theorem. The transient voltage is expressed as the sum of Fourier series of the steady‐state voltages. The lightning surge overvoltages calculated by the proposed method are in satisfactory agreement with the transient solutions calculated by the EMTP technique, and the computation time and memory requirements are far smaller.Because the proposed method evaluates the lightning surge overvoltage only in terms of steady‐state solutions, it is conveniently used to evaluate the effect of the circuit parameters of a substation in terms of ac theory and thus may be useful in investigating the relationship between bus length and overvoltage, in estimating the optimum location of an arrester installation, and so on.
High‐electric field conduction phenomena in poly‐2‐chloro‐p‐xylylene/poly‐p‐xylylene composite thin films
Authors: Mori Tatsuo , Mizutani Teruyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe high‐field currents in poly‐p‐chloro‐xylylene (PCPX) thin films are due to hole injection from anode metal and collision ionization. PPX thin films showed the negative temperature dependence of high‐field currents. Since the chlorine atoms in PCPX thin films act as carrier scattering centers, high‐field currents in PCPX thin films are suppressed in the low‐temperature region.This paper discusses the high‐field currents of PCPX/PPX composite thin films; these films are PCPX thin films (d < 150 nm) deposited on PPX thin films (d > 200 nm). They were strongly suppressed at room temperature, but not at low temperature. Therefore, PCPX/PPX composite thin films showed a remarkable negative temperature dependence of high‐field currents. High‐field currents were suppressed more in PCPX (60 nm)/PPX (230 nm) composite thin film than in PCPX (130 nm)/PPX (230 nm). This can be explained by the suppression of the hole injection from anode by homo space charge at the interface between PCPX/PPX.