bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Warm Irrigation on Blood Loss during Transurethral Prostatectomy under Spinal Anaesthesia
Authors: HEATHCOTE P. S. , DYER P. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
In this prospective trial a study was made of the effect of warm irrigation on blood loss during transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). A control group of 21 patients in whom irrigating fluid at operating room temperature (mean 21.5°C) had been used was compared with a statistically comparable group of 19 patients in whom warm irrigating fluid (mean 33.1°C) had been used.Blood loss in ml, in ml/g of tissue resected and in ml/min of resection time was not increased by the use of warm rather than room temperature irrigation.It was found that warm irrigation decreased heat loss and shivering in the patient during TURP and led to improved comfort both for patient and operator. The method of heating the irrigation bags was safe and economical.
Orchiectomy versus Long‐acting D‐Trp‐6‐LHRH in Advanced Prostatic Cancer
Authors: PARMAR H. , EDWARDS L. , PHILLIPS R. H. , ALLEN L. , LIGHTMAN S. L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred and four patients were randomised for the study. Fifty‐five were entered into the D‐Trp‐6‐LHRH group and 49 into the orchiectomy group. All pre‐treatment patient characteristics were similar and testosterone levels at 1 month or later were in the castrate range in both groups.Forty‐six patients (83%) in the D‐Trp‐6‐LHRH group and 40 (82%) in the orchiectomy group had a partial remission or stable disease at 3 months or later. There was no significant difference between the groups for response or survival.Three patients in the D‐Trp‐6‐LHRH group had a disease “flare” in the first 10 days of treatment. The flare symptoms resolved by the end of 4 to 8 weeks.The incidence of flushing, decreased libido and impotence was similar in both groups. Although there was less psychological morbidity in the D‐Trp‐6‐LHRH group the difference did not reach statistical significance. Our results indicate that long‐acting D‐Trp‐6‐LHRH offers a safe and highly effective alternative to orchiectomy.
Sixth Report on the Standardisation of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function
Authors: Abrams P. , Blaivas J. G. , Stanton S. L. , (Chairman) J. Andersen , Fowler Clare J. , Gerstenberg T. , Murray K. 
Published: November 2008

The first four reports of the Standardisation Committee of the International Continence Society dealt with the nomenclature relating to urinary incontinence, procedures related to the evaluation of urine storage (cystometry, urethral closure pressure profile), units of measurement (Bates et al., 1976), procedures related to the evaluation of micturition (flow rate, pressure measurement), symbols (Bates et al., 1977), procedures related to the evaluation of micturition: pressure flow relationship, residual urine (Bates et al., 1980) and neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (Bates et al., 1981). The fifth report has remained an internal document of the Society and deals with the quantification of urine leakage.This report deals with recommendations on terminology related to neurophysiological investigations of the lower urinary tract with particular reference to electromyography, nerve pathway studies and sensory testing.These standards are proposed to facilitate comparison of results by investigators who use these investigations. It is recommended that the acknowledgement of these standards in written publications be indicated by a footnote to the section “Methods and Materials” or its equivalent: “Methods, definitions and units conform to the standards proposed by the International Continence Society except where specifically noted.”
Aminoglutethimide in Advanced Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: HARNETT P. R. , RAGHAVAN D. , CATERSON I. , PEARSON B. , WATT H. , TERIANA N. , COATES A. , COOREY G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— We have treated 34 patients with advanced prostate cancer, resistant to orchiectomy or oestrogen therapy, with aminoglutethimide. Seven patients (21%) showed improvement in pain and performance status for prolonged periods. By NPCP criteria six patients had stable disease and one had partial tumour response. Six of these patients remained on oestrogen therapy. Suppressed gonadotrophin levels (FSH and LH), despite orchiectomy, correlated strongly with benefit from aminoglutethimide. No relationships between response to treatment and changes in serum testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, oestradiol or prolactin were found. Six patients had side effects requiring cessation of therapy. A further 27 patients developed less severe toxicity.Despite its toxicity, these results show that aminoglutethimide has a role in the management of advanced prostatic cancer resistant to primary hormonal manipulation.
Studies on Intracavernosal VIP Levels during Pharmacologically Induced Penile Erections
Authors: KIELY E. A. , BLANK MARIAN A. , BLOOM S. R. , WILLIAMS GORDON 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Intracavernosal and peripheral venous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) levels were measured in men with predominantly organic or predominantly psychogenic impotence. The measurements were taken at intervals up to 30 min following intracavernosal injections of saline, papaverine hydrochloride and papaverine hydrochloride and phentolamine. Levels were also measured after tactile and visual sexual stimulation and following an intravenous injection of papaverine and phentolamine.A penile erection occurred in all men receiving intracavernosal vasoactive compounds. The mean VIP concentration did not alter significantly in either cavernosal or peripheral venous blood during the erection. Mean VIP concentrations were significantly greater in the neurogenic (all diabetic) group than in the other groups studied. Mean cavernosal and peripheral VIP concentrations did not alter following tactile or visual sexual stimulation and no significant alteration in mean peripheral venous VIP concentration occurred following injection of papaverine and phentolamine. The putative role of VIP in the induction of penile erection has not been elucidated in these studies.
Prevalence of Calcified Upper Urinary Tract Stone Disease in a Random Population Survey Report of a Combined Study of General Practitioners and Hospital Staff
Authors: SCOTT R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— There are few randomised studies specifically designed to establish the prevalence of upper urinary tract stone disease. The present random study sampled a population of 7000 in the central belt of Scotland. Three thousand three hundred and ninety‐eight subjects were X‐rayed and possible calcified upper tract stones were further investigated, revealing a prevalence rate of 3.5% of the total surveyed population.Socio‐economic characteristics of the population were determined, such as occupation, history of previous infection, stone disease and backache. Simple urine and blood analyses were undertaken.There was no difference in stone prevalence between males and females (1.03:1) as distinct from treated stone patients. There were no differences between the sexes with respect to family history of stone disease but females have a greater chance of having had previous urinary tract infection.
Ureteric Stone Surgery in Practice
Authors: BISHOP M. C. , LAWRENCE W. T. , LEMBERGER R. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— From 1983 to 1986 140 patients underwent surgery for ureteric calculus. In approximately 30%“blind” basket extraction was considered appropriate and continued to be effective. Increasing expertise with the rigid ureterorenoscope led to a considerable reduction in open ureterolithotomy (15% in 1985–86), the majority following failed ureteroscopic extraction.In the same year both “blind” basket extraction and ureteroscopy were successful in 82 and 86% of attempts respectively. Electrohydraulic and ultrasonic lithotripsy were used in 12 patients to reduce large impacted calculi. The commonest complication of ureteroscopic stone surgery was perforation; this occurred in 14% of cases, though it was usually trivial and near the vesicoureteric junction. Perforations higher in the ureter tended to follow endoscopic lithotripsy and were often associated with urinary extravasation. Extra‐ureteric stone fragments were also occasionally observed in such cases. There were no serious sequelae, although the in‐patient stay was prolonged beyond the 48 h customary for uncomplicated extraction.The results suggest that ureteroscopic stone extraction, which can be conveniently introduced into urological practice, should become a standard endoscopic procedure.
Surgical Treatment of Renal Cancer with Vena Cava Extension
Authors: NEVES R.J. , ZINCKE H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty‐four patients with renal cancer and vena cava tumour thrombus underwent radical nephrectomy and removal of the thrombus; the operative mortality rate was 9.3% (5 patients). The extent of the vena cava thrombus did not affect survival.Of 36 patients with no known pre‐operative metastases and complete (29 patients) and incomplete (7 patients) removal of the vena cava tumour thrombus, the 5‐year survival rate was 68 and 17%, respectively (P=0.01). Thirteen patients (45%) who underwent complete removal of the vena cava tumour thrombus are alive and free of disease, with a mean follow‐up of 51.2 months (range 4–144); three died without disease 110, 31 and 23 months after operation.The 2‐year and 5‐year survival rates of 18 patients with known pre‐operative metastases was 37.5 and 12.5% respectively; 14 died between 1 and 27 months post‐operatively (mean 11.6) of metastatic disease. Two of these 18 patients experienced long‐term remission: one died of unrelated causes 151 months after operation; the other was lost to follow‐up 219 months after operation, with no evidence of disease. Of 14 patients with positive regional nodes, the mean survival in those with metastases compared with those without metastases was 7.5 versus 15 months, respectively; only one patient survived at 14 months.Operative intervention in patients without metastatic disease (systemic or regional) and complete removal of the vena cava thrombus achieved a 5‐year survival rate of 68%. Variables which significantly decreased survival and may be considered contraindications for operation were systemic metastasis, regional lymph node involvement and incomplete removal of the vena cava thrombus.
Ileal Loop Diversion in Women with Incurable Stress Incontinence
Authors: COX R. , WORTH P. H. L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Eighteen women with incurable stress incontinence underwent ileal loop urinary diversion. Eight patients required surgical revision of their stomas. Another eight patients required the formation of iatrogenic vesicovaginal fistulas but subsequently underwent cystectomy for persistent vesical discharge. Twelve patients with a psychiatric history underwent a total of 29 further operations after diversion compared with a total of six operations for the six patients without a psychiatric history.Urinary diversion is an unsatisfactory solution to the problem of incurable stress incontinence and the relationship between psychiatric disorders and incurable stress incontinence requires further study.
Vascular Corrosion Casts of the Dog Testis after Experimental Microvascular Surgical Orchiopexy A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: GARIBYAN H. , HODDE K. C. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Five mongrel dogs underwent microvascular surgical orchiopexy by anastomosing the testicular artery and vein with the respective caudal epigastric vessels. In order to assess the effec of a 40 to 50‐min period of warm ischaemia (the time required to make the anastomosis) on the testicular blood vasculature, plastic corrosion casts were made of the operated testes and compared with non‐operated control specimens. The resulting blood vessel casts were inspected in the scanning electron microscope. One case of testicular atrophy developed, caused by a postoperative wound abscess.Comparing operated with non‐operated testes, no differences in vascularisation, pattern or density of arterial supply, capillary network and venous drainage were seen. These findings are in agreement with data from the literature concerning histological, hormonal and clinical results.
Urinary Oxalate Levels are not Affected by Dietary Purine Intake or Allopurinol
Authors: MORRIS G. S. , SIMMONDS H. A. , TOSELAND P. A. , ACKER K. J. VAN , DAVIES P. M. , STUTCHBURY J. H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— We showed previously that ingestion of a non‐specific high purine diet by healthy subjects increased not only urinary uric acid levels but urinary oxalate as well. Both increments were reduced significantly during concomitant allopurinol therapy. The present study was undertaken to investigate these findings in more detail under carefully controlled dietary conditions where a single specific purine, guanosine, was used as an additive and several different methods for oxalate determination (GLC, HPLC, isotacophoresis) were compared with the enzymatic method used previously.Results obtained by two direct techniques of oxalate determination showed no significant alteration in oxalate levels during any dietary regime, suggesting that the earlier results derived from problems inherent in the experimental design and methodology employed. The study confirmed that one of the beneficial effects of allopurinol was to reduce dietary purine absorption. The results may thus provide a logical explanation for the reduced incidence of urolithiasis during allopurinol therapy in some idiopathic oxalate stone formers addicted to purine‐rich foods and beverages.
The Composition of Four‐hour Urine Samples from Patients with Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease
Authors: BERG C. , LARSSON L. , TISELIUS H.‐G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urine collected during a 24‐h period between 06.00 and 10.00 h from 25 patients with recurrent CaOx stone disease was analysed with respect to calcium, oxalate, magnesium, citrate and creatinine. Urinary excretion of oxalate in relation to creatinine was slightly higher in 24‐h urine but the correlation between 24‐h and 4‐h values was good. Good correlations were also recorded for calcium and citrate, whereas a more variable result was obtained for magnesium. In terms of the risk of forming a supersaturated urine (CaOx risk index), a good correlation was observed between 24‐h and 4‐h urine samples, although the highest values were found in 24‐h urine. As a result of a low mean urine flow between 06.00 and 10.00 h, the highest supersaturation in terms of the AP(CaOx) index was observed in these samples. When the risk of calcium oxalate crystallisation (CaOx‐CR) was determined by means of the increment in oxalate concentration required for precipitation of CaOx, 7 of 11 samples had the highest values in the 4‐h urine.Samples collected during a 4‐h period might thus be useful in the evaluation and follow‐up of CaOx stone formers and further studies will show to what extent they can replace 24‐h urine collections.
Phase II Study of Zoladex Depot in Advanced Prostatic Cancer with Special Reference to Criteria of Response and Survival
Authors: EMTAGE L. A. , PERREN T. J. , STUART N. S. A. , ARKELL D. G. , WALLACE D. M. A. , HUGHES M. A. , COTTAM J. , FARRAR D. , YOUNG C. H. , BLACKLEDGE G. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Zoladex is a potent decapeptide analogue of luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). The drug is formulated as a 3.6 mg depot dispersed in a matrix of d'l‐lactide‐glycolide copolymer, which is totally biodegradable. This formula releases drug continuously for at least 28 days and reliably suppresses serum testosterone into the castrate range. The effect of the depot was studied in 29 patients with locally advanced or metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Average age at entry was 71 years (range 52–87) and follow‐up was from 13.5 to 34.5 months (median 23). Endocrine studies showed that medical castration was maintained in all cases. Three patients experienced bone pain in the first month of treatment and two others had temporary nephrostomies for worsening ureteric obstruction.Subjective improvement was seen in 23/28 cases (82%). There were no complete responses, but partial response was seen in 24/28 (85.7%) using our own criteria, 24/28 (85.7%) using the criteria recommended by the British Prostate Group (BPG) and 15/28 (53.6%) using NPCP criteria. Stable disease was seen in 3/28 patients (10.7%) by our own or BPG criteria, and in 12/28 patients (42.9%) according to NPCP criteria. Progression of disease was measurable in 21 patients (72.4%) whatever criteria were applied; 11/29 (37.9%) have died, giving a median survival of 10 months (range 2.4–26).Following these encouraging results, a multicentre randomised comparative study with stilboestrol 3 mg daily is being undertaken.
Surgical Approach to Inferior Vena Caval Extension of Renal Carcinoma
Authors: O'DONOHOE M. K. , FLANAGAN F. , FITZPATRICK J. M. , SMITH J. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Between 1979 and 1985, 10 patients were treated for renal carcinoma with extension into the inferior vena cava but without evidence of disseminated disease. Two of these had tumour thrombus extension up to the level of the hepatic veins and in four the extension was above the level of the diaphragm, two of which entered the atrium.Thrombus was removed en bloc at radical nephrectomy. Six patients are still alive, with a mean survival of 22 months. There was no correlation between the level of tumour thrombus and perinephric extension or indeed any correlation between tumour thrombus level and overall survival. It is suggested that tumour thrombus in the inferior vena cava, in the absence of metastatic disease, should be managed by radical surgery.
Clam Enterocystoplasty in the Neuropathic Bladder
Authors: McRAE P. , MURRAY K. H. A. , NURSE D. E. , STEPHENSON T. P. , MUNDY A. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Clam enterocystoplasty has proved to be the most effective treatment for severe detrusor instability resistant to conservative treatment (Bramble, 1982; Mundy and Stephenson, 1985). More recently it has become the procedure of choice in patients with neuropathic bladders with hyper‐reflexia or severely impaired compliance, provided that the bladder is of reasonable size and that gross fibrosis and/or diverticular formation of the bladder wall has not occurred. Fifty‐nine patients have undergone the clam procedure as part or all of their reconstruction in the past 4 years. Although uncontrolled incontinence was the commonest indication, impaired renal function was the indication in 14 patients and need for undiversion in seven. Currently all but four are voiding satisfactorily or are on intermittent self‐catheterisation, though six have significant stress incontinence.The clam procedure is easier, quicker and as satisfactory as substitution cystoplasty in selected cases.
Basement Membranes in Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: CONN I. G. , CROCKER J. , WALLACE D. M. A. , HUGHES M. A. , HILTON C. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Invasion of a bladder tumour involves the degradation and penetration of the sub‐epithelial basement membrane. A retrospective study of 69 superficial and 15 invasive transitional cell carcinomas of bladder and a prospective study of 43 mucosal biopsies were performed in order to assess the usefulness of immunohistochemical staining of the basement membrane components, type IV collagen and laminin as prognostic indicators in superficial bladder cancer.There was a significant association between pT category and basement membrane staining. The incidence of progression of superficial tumours with patchy or absent basement membranes was significantly greater than those with completer basement membranes but there was no association with superficial recurrence. Biopsies of dysplastic epithelium had thickened and reduplicated basement membranes, possibly as a result of increased cell turnover.The results suggest that a balance exists between basement membrane production and degration in early malignancy. This technique may be of value in the early identification of microinvasion an in the prediction of subsequnet progrossion.
Results of lnvestigation of Impotence in Patients with Overt or Probable Neuropathy
Authors: ROBINSON L. O. , WOODCOCK J. P. , STEPHENSON T. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The results of investigations in 50 impotent patients with neurological disease are presented. Using intracorporeal papaverine, Doppler duplex scanning, cardiovascular reflex testing and skin thermal threshold monitoring, the vascular and neurological components were assessed in each of three clinical groups with probable or overt neuropathy. These comprised spinal injury, diabetes and pelvic trauma. Anatomical detail of the penis was well seen using these techniques.In 15 patients with spinal injuries, although the aetiology was predominantly neurological, six exhibited poor flow in the deep penile arteries following injection of papaverine. This was associated with poor erections in these patients, suggesting a vascular pathology.In 27 patients with diabetes the results showed a mixed pattern. Vascular disease was almost universal, combined with varying degrees of autonomic and peripheral neuropathy, and only three had full erections with papaverine.Those with pelvic trauma (8 patients) also had a mixed picture, although some had good erections following papaverine injection.Duplex Doppler scanning of the deep penile arteries correlated with the quality of papaverineinduced erection. Thermal testing was a highly sensitive indicator of small nerve fibre dysfunction, possibly at an earlier stage than standard autonomic testing.A vascular component to impotence was shown to be common in those with neurological impairment, and may alter management.
Carcinoma Associated with Augmentation Cystoplasty
Authors: STONE A. R. , DAVIES N. , STEPHENSON T. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Three patients with augmentation ileocystoplasties developed carcinoma at the ileovesical junction 7,22 and 24 years after surgery. All were originally reconstructed for genitourinary tuberculosis and all had developed huge capacity ileal segments with large residual urines, associated with recurrent urinary tract infecton.With the current trends for using samll bowel for both augemntation and substitution cystoplasty, balanced voiding must be achieved and maintained, and long‐term follow‐up is mandatory.
Bacteraemia Following Perineal Prostatic Biopsy
Authors: HILLYARD J. W. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Forty patients undergoing needle biopsy of the prostate via the perineal route were studied bacteriologically.Four had positive blood cultures 5 min after the biopsy but none developed septicaemia, although no prophylactic antibiotics were used.Three of the four patients developing bacteraemia were found to have an unsuspected urinary tract infection and the same organisms were cultured from blood and urine, suggesting that this was the source of the bacteraemia.
Analysis of Magnesium and Trace Elements in Urinary Calculi by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: DURAK I. , YASAR A. , YURTARSLANI Z. , AKPOYRAZ M. , TASMAN S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Magnesium and trace element determinations in 29 urinary tract calculi were carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Of the calculi examined, 9 were pure calcium oxalate, 5 were mixed calcium oxalate/uric acid, 5 were mixed calcium oxalate/phosphate, 5 were magnesium ammonium phosphate and 5 were pure cystine.The measurement of magnesium and trace element levels has been considered useful in the elucidation of the mechanism of stone formation and the evaluation of factors leading to pathological consequences. In this study, the Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb content in all of the samples was determined and an attempt was made to compare the levels of these elements in calculi with the levels in normal hair.