bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morbidity and related factors among elderly people in South Korea: results from the Ansan Geriatric (AGE) cohort study
Authors: Woo Eun-kyung , Han Changsu , Jo Sangmee Ahn , Park Min Kyu , Kim Sungsoo , Kim Eunkyung , Park Moon Ho , Lee Juyoung , Jo Inho 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
A thorough examination of the morbidity and comorbidity profiles among the elderly and an evaluation of the related factors are required to improve the delivery of health care to the elderly and to estimate the cost of that care. In South Korea where the aged population is rapidly increasing, however, to date only one study using a limited sample (84 subjects) has provided information on morbidity and related factors among the elderly. Using a large, stratified, random sample (2,767 subjects) from the population-based Ansan Geriatric study, the present study sought to assess the morbidity and comorbidity, and to determine the relationships of these variables with sociodemographic and health characteristics in elderly people in South Korea.

Methods
A total of 2,767 subjects (1,215 men and 1,552 women) aged 60–84 years were randomly selected from September 2002 to August 2003 in Ansan, South Korea. Data on sociodemographic and health characteristics, and clinical diagnosis were collected using questionnaires. When available, the medical records and medications taken by the subjects were also cross-checked.

Results
Of the total subjects, 78.0% reported diagnosed disease, 11.0% had been cured, and 46.8% had been diagnosed with more than two diseases. The mean number of morbidities per person among elderly Koreans was 1.62 ± 1.35 (mean ± standard deviation), and women had a greater number of diseases per person than did men. The most common morbidities were chronic diseases such as hypertension, arthritis, and diabetes mellitus. In women, osteoporosis and arthritis were the second and third most prevalent diseases, respectively. Morbidity was significantly associated with gender, employment, household income, alcohol intake, self-assessed health status, and worries about health.

Conclusion
These data will enhance understanding of the patterns of health problems among elderly Koreans and will contribute to the application of appropriate intervention strategies.
Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition on cholesterol efflux proteins and atheromatous foam cell transformation in THP-1 human macrophages: a possible mechanism for increased cardiovascular risk
Authors: Chan Edwin SL , Zhang Hongwei , Fernandez Patricia , Edelman Sari D , Pillinger Michael H , Ragolia Louis , Palaia Thomas , Carsons Steven , Reiss Allison B 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Both selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been beneficial pharmacological agents for many patients suffering from arthritis pain and inflammation. However, selective COX-2 inhibitors and traditional NSAIDs are both associated with heightened risk of myocardial infarction. Possible pro-atherogenic mechanisms of these inhibitors have been suggested, including an imbalance in prostanoid production leaving the pro-aggregatory prostaglandins unopposed, but the precise mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. We explored the possibility that downregulation of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport away from atheromatous plaques contributes to increased atherogenesis associated with COX inhibition. The reverse cholesterol transport proteins cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) export cholesterol from macrophages. When mechanisms to process lipid load are inadequate, uncontrolled cholesterol deposition in macrophages transforms them into foam cells, a key element of atheromatous plaques. We showed that in cultured THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages, inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, or both reduced expression of 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 message (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and protein (immunoblot). The selective COX-2 inhibitor N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide (NS398) significantly reduced 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 message (to 62.4% ± 2.2% and 71.1% ± 3.9% of control, respectively). Incubation with prostaglandin (PG) E2 or PGD2 reversed reductions in both of these cholesterol transport proteins induced by NS398. Cholesterol-loaded THP-1 macrophages showed significantly increased foam cell transformation in the presence of NS398 versus control (42.7% ± 6.6% versus 20.1% ± 3.4%, p = 0.04) as determined by oil red O staining. Pharmacological inhibition of COX in monocytes is involved in downregulation of two proteins that mediate cholesterol efflux: cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1. Because these proteins are anti-atherogenic, their downregulation may contribute to increased incidence of cardiac events in patients treated with COX inhibitors. Reversal of inhibitory effects on 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 expression by PGD2 and PGE2 suggests involvement of their respective signaling pathways. NS398-treated THP-1 macrophages show greater vulnerability to form foam cells. Increased cardiovascular risk with COX inhibition may be ascribed at least in part to altered cholesterol metabolism.
Impairment of organ-specific T cell negative selection by diabetes susceptibility genes: genomic analysis by mRNA profiling
Authors: Liston Adrian , Hardy Kristine , Pittelkow Yvonne , Wilson Susan R , Makaroff Lydia E , Fahrer Aude M , Goodnow Christopher C 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background
T cells in the thymus undergo opposing positive and negative selection processes so that the only T cells entering circulation are those bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) with a low affinity for self. The mechanism differentiating negative from positive selection is poorly understood, despite the fact that inherited defects in negative selection underlie organ-specific autoimmune disease in AIRE-deficient people and the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain

Results
Here we use homogeneous populations of T cells undergoing either positive or negative selection in vivo together with genome-wide transcription profiling on microarrays to identify the gene expression differences underlying negative selection to an Aire-dependent organ-specific antigen, including the upregulation of a genomic cluster in the cytogenetic band 2F. Analysis of defective negative selection in the autoimmune-prone NOD strain demonstrates a global impairment in the induction of the negative selection response gene set, but little difference in positive selection response genes. Combining expression differences with genetic linkage data, we identify differentially expressed candidate genes, including Bim, Bnip3, Smox, Pdrg1, Id1, Pdcd1, Ly6c, Pdia3, Trim30 and Trim12.

Conclusion
The data provide a molecular map of the negative selection response in vivo and, by analysis of deviations from this pathway in the autoimmune susceptible NOD strain, suggest that susceptibility arises from small expression differences in genes acting at multiple points in the pathway between the TCR and cell death.
Creating a honey bee consensus gene set
Authors: Elsik Christine G , Mackey Aaron J , Reese Justin T , Milshina Natalia V , Roos David S , Weinstock George M 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background
We wished to produce a single reference gene set for honey bee (Apis mellifera). Our motivation was twofold. First, we wished to obtain an improved set of gene models with increased coverage of known genes, while maintaining gene model quality. Second, we wished to provide a single official gene list that the research community could further utilize for consistent and comparable analyses and functional annotation.

Results
We created a consensus gene set for honey bee (Apis mellifera) using GLEAN, a new algorithm that uses latent class analysis to automatically combine disparate gene prediction evidence in the absence of known genes. The consensus gene models had increased representation of honey bee genes without sacrificing quality compared with any one of the input gene predictions. When compared with manually annotated gold standards, the consensus set of gene models was similar or superior in quality to each of the input sets.

Conclusion
Most eukaryotic genome projects produce multiple gene sets because of the variety of gene prediction programs. Each of the gene prediction programs has strengths and weaknesses, and so the multiplicity of gene sets offers users a more comprehensive collection of genes to use than is available from a single program. On the other hand, the availability of multiple gene sets is also a cause for uncertainty among users as regards which set they should use. GLEAN proved to be an effective method to combine gene lists into a single reference set.
Signaling through Gαi2 protein is required for recruitment of neutrophils for antibody-mediated elimination of larvalStrongyloides stercoralisin mice
Authors: Padigel Udaikumar M , Stein Louis , Redding Kevin , Lee James J , Nolan Thomas J , Schad Gerhard A , Birnbaumer Lutz , Abraham David 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gαi2 is involved in regulation of immune responses against microbial and nonmicrobial stimuli. Gαi2−/− mice have a selectively impaired IgM response consistent with a disorder in B cell development yet have augmented T cell effector function associated with increased production of IFN-γ and IL-4. The goal of the present study was to determine if a deficiency in the Gαi2 protein in mice would affect the protective immune response against Strongyloides stercoralis, which is IL-4-, IL-5-, and IgM-dependent. Gαi2−/− and wild-type mice were immunized and challenged with S. stercoralis larvae and analyzed for protective immune responses against infection. Gαi2−/− mice failed to kill the larvae in the challenge infection as compared with wild-type mice despite developing an antigen-specific Th2 response characterized by increased IL-4, IL-5, IgM, and IgG. Transfer of serum collected from immunized Gαi2−/− mice to naïve wild-type mice conferred passive protective immunity against S. stercoralis infection thus confirming the development of a protective antibody response in Gαi2−/− mice. Differential cell analyses and myeloperoxidase assays for quantification of neutrophils showed a significantly reduced recruitment of neutrophils into the microenvironment of the parasites in immunized Gαi2−/− mice. However, cell transfer studies demonstrated that neutrophils from Gαi2−/− mice are competent in killing larvae. These data demonstrate that Gαi2 signaling events are not required for the development of the protective immune responses against S. stercoralis; however, Gαi2 is essential for the recruitment of neutrophils required for host-dependent killing of larvae.
Wound Complications in Elective Orthopaedics: Are Current British National Data Relevant?
Authors: Cloke DJ , Partington PF 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION The UK Nosocomial Infection National Surveillance Service (NINSS) collects data on surgical wound infection in a variety of procedures, including arthroplasty, to allow comparison between institutions. PATIENTS AND METHODS We have compared the results of a 6-month data collection by NINSS within our department with our own grading system of wound complications in elective arthroplasty surgery. RESULTS In this period, NINSS has reported one wound infection in our patients. However, we have recorded five patients who were returned to theatre for wound debridement, and yielded positive cultures from multiple specimens. Seven patients received antibiotic therapy alone for wound problems. CONCLUSIONS We present our wound grading system as suitable for the collection of data on wound complications in elective orthopaedic surgery.
Functional Effects of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Purified Amino-Terminal Extracellular Domain of the Human Ca2+ Receptor
Authors: Hu Jianxin , Reyes-Cruz Guadalupe , Goldsmith Paul K , Gantt Nicole M , Miller Jeffery L , Spiegel Allen M 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We generated three functionally unique monoclonal antibodies to the purified human CaR extracellular domain. Flow cytometry studies of chimeric receptors localized their epitopes to lobe 2 of the VFT domain. These results lead us to propose a mechanism for the functional effects of these antibodies.
Introduction: The human Ca2+ receptor (CaR), which plays a central role in the regulation of [Ca2+]0 homeostasis, has a distinctively large extracellular domain that consists of a bilobed Venus flytrap (VFT) domain, involved in agonist binding, and a cysteine-rich domain. Functional antibodies that specifically bind to this domain would have therapeutic potential and could be used as a tool to gain insights into receptor activation as well.
Materials and Methods: We generated three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 7F8, 5C8, and 1A8, to the purified human CaR extracellular domain. Functional characterization of these antibodies included Ca2+ stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis to examine effects of intact or protease digested antibodies on sensitivity of the receptor to extracellular Ca2+ and flow cytometry assay of binding of the antibodies to HEK-293 cells expressing chimeric receptors to map antibody epitopes.
Results: We found these mAbs specifically recognize native but not denatured human CaR or homologous native Fugu CaR. Sensitivity of the human CaR to extracellular calcium was increased by binding of 5C8 but decreased by binding of 1A8. A chimeric receptor FCFCF, with lobe 2 region of the human CaR VFT domain in the Fugu CaR backbone, bound all three mAbs, and the sensitivity of this chimeric CaR to extracellular Ca2+ was also increased by binding of 5C8 and decreased by binding of 1A8.
Conclusions: The epitopes of these mAbs reside in the lobe 2 region of the human CaR VFT domain. 5C8 might activate the receptor by facilitating closure and/or rotation of the VFT domains on agonist binding, whereas 1A8 might inhibit the receptor by impeding such agonist-induced conformational changes. Recombinant antibodies with antigen binding domains of 5C8 and 1A8 could be useful in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis, respectively.
ATP Release Mediates Fluid Flow–Induced Proliferation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Riddle Ryan C , Taylor Amanda F , Rogers Jennifer R , Donahue Henry J 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Oscillatory fluid flow induced the vesicular release of ATP from human BMSCs that directly contributes to the induction of BMSC proliferation. Degrading extracellular nucleotides prevents fluid flow–induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration, the activation of calcineurin, and the nuclear translocation of NFAT.
Introduction: Regulation of bone cell activity by autocrine/paracrine factors is a well-established mechanism by which skeletal homeostasis is regulated by mechanical signals. The release of extracellular nucleotides in particular has been shown to induce many of the responses thought to be necessary for load-induced bone formation. In these studies, we examined the effect of oscillatory fluid flow on the release of ATP from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and the effect of ATP release on BMSC proliferation and intracellular calcium signaling pathways.
Materials and Methods: BMSCs were exposed to oscillatory fluid flow, and the concentration of ATP in conditioned media samples was determined using a luciferin:luciferase-based reaction. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression of purinergic receptors. Using pharmacological antagonists of gap junction hemichannels and vesicular trafficking, we studied the mechanism of ATP release from BMSCs. Apyrase was used to study the effect of extracellular nucleotides on intracellular calcium concentration, calcineurin activity, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation.
Results and Conclusions: Fluid flow exposure induced the flow rate–dependent release of ATP from BMSCs that was attenuated by treatment with monensin and N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting a vesicular mechanism. Treating BMSCs with ATP, but not other nucleotides, increased cellular proliferation. Moreover, extracellular ATP was a prerequisite for fluid flow–induced increases in intracellular calcium concentration, activation of calcineurin, the nuclear translocation of NFATc1, and proliferation. These data indicate that ATP regulates not only osteoblastic and osteocytic cell behavior but also that of mesenchymal precursors and support our hypothesis that similar mechanotransduction mechanisms are activated by fluid flow in these cell types.
Two-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) and Vitamin D3 Plus Calcium on the Bone Health of Older Women
Authors: Bolton-Smith Caroline , McMurdo Marion ET , Paterson Colin R , Mole Patricia A , Harvey Julia M , Fenton Steven T , Prynne Celia J , Mishra Gita D , Shearer Martin J 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Dietary supplementation with vitamin K1, with vitamin D3 and calcium or their combination, was examined in healthy older women during a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Combined vitamin K with vitamin D plus calcium was associated with a modest but significant increase in BMC at the ultradistal radius but not at other sites in the hip or radius.
Introduction: The putative beneficial role of high dietary vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) on BMD and the possibility of interactive benefits with vitamin D were studied in a 2-year double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy Scottish women ≤60 years of age.
Materials and Methods: Healthy, nonosteoporotic women (n = 244) were randomized to receive either (1) placebo, (2) 200 μg/day vitamin K1, (3) 10 μg (400 IU) vitamin D3 plus 1000 mg calcium/day, or (4) combined vitamins K1 and D3 plus calcium. Baseline and 6-month measurements included DXA bone mineral scans of the hip and wrist, markers of bone turnover, and vitamin status. Supplementation effects were tested using multivariate general linear modeling, with full adjustment for baseline and potential confounding variables.
Results: Significant bone mineral loss was seen only at the mid-distal radius but with no significant difference between groups. However, women who took combined vitamin K and vitamin D plus calcium showed a significant and sustained increase in both BMD and BMC at the site of the ultradistal radius. Serum status indicators responded significantly to respective supplementation with vitamins K and D. Over 2 years, serum vitamin K1 increased by 157% (p &lt; 0.001), the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%GluOC) decreased by 51% (p &lt; 0.001), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] increased by 17% (p &lt; 0.001), and PTH decreased by 11% (p = 0.049).
Conclusions: These results provide evidence of a modest synergy in healthy older women from nutritionally relevant intakes of vitamin K1 together with supplements of calcium plus moderate vitamin D3 to enhance BMC at the ultradistal radius, a site consisting of principally trabecular bone. The substantial increase in γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin by vitamin K may have long-term benefits and is potentially achievable by increased dietary intakes of vitamin K rather than by supplementation.
Genetic Mapping of Biomass Production in Tetraploid Alfalfa
Authors: Robins Joseph G. , Luth Diane , Campbell T. Austin , Bauchan Gary R. , He Chunlin , Viands Donald R. , Hansen Julie L. , Brummer E. Charles 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBiomass production represents a fundamental biological process of both ecological and agricultural significance. The genetic basis of biomass production is unknown but asssumed to be complex. We developed a full sib, F1 mapping population of autotetraploid Medicago sativa (alfalfa) derived from an intersubspecific cross that was known to produce heterosis for biomass production. We evaluated the population for biomass production over several years at three locations (Ames, IA, Nashua, IA, and Ithaca, NY) and concurrently developed a genetic linkage map using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. Transgressive segregants, many of which exhibited high levels of heterosis, were identified in each environment. Despite the complexities of mapping within autotetraploid populations, single‐marker analysis of variance identified 41 marker alleles, many on linkage groups 5 and 7, associated with biomass production in at least one of the sampling periods. Seven alleles were associated with biomass production in more than one of the sampling periods. Favorable alleles were contributed by both parents, one of which is from the M. sativa subsp. falcata germplasm. Thus, increased biomass production alleles can be gleaned from unadapted germplasm. Further, the positive quantitative trait locus (QTL) alleles from the parents are partially complementary, suggesting these loci may play a role in biomass production heterosis.
Acting Is Reacting
Authors: Mullin Dan W. 
Published: January 2007

Acting has been variously defined as impersonating, imitating, interpreting, creating, feeling, radiating, being, behaving, or believing. Acting has even been defined as acting. In his book, The Actor's Ways and Means, Michael Redgrave states:The essence of acting… is the power to act. Thought or emotion may or may not be present—but the basic will of the actor must be, quite simply, to act: not to think, not to feel, not to exhibitionize, not to make some personal statement—though he may do one or all of these—but to act.Established actors, needing no definition, may accept any misty generalization if they are not sure what it is they are doing. The student actor needs a definition to guide him in understanding the process at any specific moment in the performance. The least common denominator in the actor's performance is a single unit. This unit is compounded of a stimulus and a response.
II Tragico Imperatore
Authors: Bentley Eric 
Published: January 2007

A young man loves a woman and is not loved in return. What is more, he has a rival. In a costumed cavalcade, the rival causes the young man's horse to slip, and the young man falls, faints, and, when he comes to, is the victim of the delusion that he is the person whose costume he is wearing: the German Emperor Henry IV. His sister converts a villa into a replica of this Emperor's palace so that the young man can live on as Henry IV undisturbed. After twelve years, however, the delusion wears off. Our man, no longer so young, decides not to let anyone know it and to stay on as Emperor, though sane.After eight more years, his sister dies. But she had visited him shortly before her death and gained the impression that he might now be curable. She tells her nephew this, and soon after her death he brings a psychiatrist to the villa to see what can be done.
The Anharmonic Ratio of Four Points in Space and the Discord of Two Pairs of Points
Authors: Muirhead R. F. 
Published: January 2007

§ 1. The Anharmonic Ratio expressed in terms of Squared Distances. In Cremona’s notation, the symbol (AB, CD) stands for the quantitywhere ABCD are four collinear points, A, B and C, D are Conjugate pairs. It is easy to show that
Anharmonic Coordinates
Authors: Coddington F.J.O. 
Published: January 2007

Hamilton, in his Elements of Quaternions (Book I. Chapter II.), developed this system of coordinates, by means of his vectorial algebra, in connection with his theory of geometrical nets.In the following paper I have re-proved the fundamental theorems, by other methods, and have sketched out the natural lines of development of the system.Though few, if any, of the results arrived at are new, they are at any rate newly stated; and I believe that the elegance of method will command interest.