bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE LOSS OF WEIGHT OF CLAYS DURING FIRING1
Authors: Morgan W. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA simple apparatus has been devised for the comparison of the loss of weight of clays during firing by the direct weighing of the sample while suspended in the furnace. Preliminary results indicate that while the total loss of weight of the different clays varies considerably, the losses in any temperature range expressed in per cent of the total weight lost at 1800°F show a much closer relationship. The comparative ease of control will make it possible to examine the clays under a wide range of conditions.
THE WEATHERING AND IRIDESCENCE OF SOME ANCIENT ROMAN GLASS FOUND IN CYPRUS1
Authors: Laubengayer A. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSamples of ancient Roman glass taken from burial vaults on the Island of Cyprus have been examined. Analysis shows the glass to be of the soda‐lime type characteristic that period. The heavy incrustation produced by weathering has been studied spectroscopically and microscopically and is shown to consist, for the most part, of hydrated silica, formed by the slow hydrolytic decomposition of the glass. The beautiful iridescence exhibited by the glass is due to the selective destructive interference of light the thin films of transparent incrustation on the surface of the glass.
X‐RAY AND MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SILICATE MELTS CONTAINING ZrO21
Authors: Barlett Helen Blair 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSilicate melts containing ZrO2 were examined by means of the X‐ray and the microscope to establish the form of crystallization of the zirconium compounds under various conditions of temperature and composition. The effect of certain fluxes on these compounds was also determined.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION EXAMINATION OF HIGH‐FIRED PORCELAIN1
Authors: Martin E. J. , Faulkner D. W. , Fessler A. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn X‐ray diffraction examination was made of high‐fired porcelain to determine if strains, differences in composition, or density of the crystalline phases could be detected. Both inherent and superimposed strains were studied. Although very small changes in the diffraction pattern of porcelain under superimposed strains have been recorded, not enough data have been obtained to state definitely whether inherent strains can be detected by this method. Details of X‐ray equipment and procedure are given.
PROGRESS OF FLUIDITY IN PORCELAIN BODIES1
Authors: Snyder R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFiring characteristics of a group of thirteen clay‐flint‐feldspar porcelain bodies were studied. Firing shrinkage, porosity, and rate of deformation were determined on specimens of all bodies fired at a series of temperatures, thus observing the rate of vitrification and subsequent fluidity of each of the bodies in question. Cross‐breaking strength tests were made in order to ascertain the relation of composition and firing temperature to mechanical strength.
SILLIMANITE KILN REFRACTORIES MADE FROM AN ANDALUSITE BASE1
Authors: Riddle By Frank K. , Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome andalusite refractories are high in transverse strength. Bars 12 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1/2 inch thick tested across an 11‐inch span supported a 45‐pound load with 13/32‐inch sag at cone 161/4 and a 1/2‐pound load at cone 34 down with 1/16‐inch sag. A standard 9‐inch brick tested under a load of 50 pounds per square inch at 1525°C showed no deformation. They are relatively constant in volume, are not affected by kiln gases, and tend to improve rather than to deteriorate under continued heating owing to the formation of an increased amount of mullite. Andalusite saggers used at cone 12 are estimated to have stood 180 cycles and are still in good condition. Saggers in continuous use at cone 161/4 have an estimated average age of 11/2 years and many are four years old. The andalusite lining of a periodic kiln being fired regularly at 3000 to 3200°F is still serviceable after 110 firings. Cars built of andalusite refractories have given five years of continuous service in tunnel kilns operating at cone 161/4, whereas cars built of fireclay refractories were unfit for use after three to four months. Side walls, damper boxes, expansion sleeves, and flame shields of Dressler tunnel kilns operating at cone 161/4 have proved satisfactory.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILICA MORTARS AFTER FIRING AT 950°, 1200°, and 1500°C1
Authors: Cole Sandford S. , Lynn Don C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe thermal expansion between 20°C and 950°C of silica mortars after being fired at 950°, 1200°, and 1500°C was compared with the expansion of the materials before firing. The mortars showed marked difference in expansion behavior after being fired to 1500°C, indicating that there was developed a large amount of tridymite The thermal expansion of the fired samples is less than that of the unfired samples.
EXPANSION MEASUREMENTS OF SEVERAL GLASSES BY MEANS OF A SELF‐REGISTERING APPARATUS1
Authors: Cohn Willi M. , Scholes S. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTApplying an apparatus which registers photographically, and using quartz glass as control material, the expansion behavior of several glasses upon heating to temperatures above the softening point was investigated. It is shown that, with the help of the arrangement developed, even slight variations in the expansion‐temperature curve, which might easily escape visual observation, can be detected. It is possible, by utilizing the results of these measurements, to regulate the annealing process of the glasses in the most useful manner.
EXPERIMENTS IN WEATHERING PLASTIC FIRE CLAYS1
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , Dennet C. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description is given of the test method and the data obtained for small‐scale weathering. Extensive data were also obtained on commercially weathered clays. The results obtained show that the changes produced by weathering cannot be readily detected by the usual test methods. Either the changes produced by weathering are over‐estimated, or the present test methods do not measure the properties involved.
SELENIUM DIOXIDE AS A CONSTITUENT OF GLASSES1
Authors: Navias Lotjis , Gallup John 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeO2 is added as selenious acid (H2SeO3) and as sodium selenite (Na2SeO3 to the oxides Na2O, CaO, BaO, PbO, B203, and SiO2 to form glasses and crystalline melts containing apprcciable amounts of SeO2. The chemical analysis of glasses shows the vaporization of SeOn to be high during the melting stage. Most of these glasses are unstable in air or water. A relatively stable glass contained Na2O 33.4%, CaO 12.4%, B2O3 37.6%, SiO2 5.8%, SeO2 10.8%. Melting several compositions in a closed container yielded opaque or crystalline melts, whereas the same compositions melted in air with a partial volatilization of SeO2 gave clear glasses.
POWER COST ON AN ELECTRIC ENAMELING FURNACE1
Authors: Manson M. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWith the furnace operating twelve hours per day, powcr consumption varied from 7 pounds of iron per kw.‐hr. for light loads to 13 pounds per kw.‐hr. for heavy loads. Operating in the daytime, this 215‐kw. furnace increased the average plant demand 150 kw.
THE DEVITRIFICATION OF “PYREX” GLASSES1
Authors: Morey George W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study has been made of the devitrification phenomena of three “Pyrex” glasses, which were found to have liquidus temperatures lower than any other known mixtures containing 50 high a silica content. “Pyrex” glass 774 (702EJ), refractive index 1.471, has a liquidus temperature of 1077°, 772 (702P), index 1.486, 1042° and 776 (720GO), index 1.473, 1036°. In all cases tridymite is the primary phase and cristobalite was never observed.
VOLUME CHANGES IN BRICK MASONRY MATERIALS1
Authors: Palmer L. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVolume changes in brick and mortars attending variations in moisture content and temperature have been studied. There were included in the study 21 cements (both Portland and masonry), 7 limes, and 8 makes of brick received from various sections of the United States. The shrinkage of mortars during hardening and the alternate expansion on wetting and shrinkage on drying occurring subsequent to hardening have been measured. Varying the moisture content produced far smaller volume changes in well‐fired brick than in most of the mortars. Underfired brick expanded appreciably on wetting. It is indicated that differential volume changes between brick and mortar caused by variations in moisture content are apt to be greater than those produced by normal temperature variations. Volume changes in hardened mortars were least in the case of straight lime‐sand mortars.
USE OF LEPIDOLITE IN ZINCLESS GLAZES1
Authors: Davis H. E. , Lueders R. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is well known that among terra cotta colored glazes, chromium greens and chrometin pinks are the most susceptible to crazing. This is, no doubt, due to the absence of ZnO from the RO. In an endeavor to introduce into the glaze composition some material of low coefficient of expansion, the natural lithia‐bearing mineral lepidolite was tried with fairly satisfactory results.
SOME EFFECTS OF THERMAL SHOCK IN CAUSING CRAZING OF GLAZED CERAMIC WARE1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Fuller D. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe characteristics of glazes are too frequently regarded as the only important factor governing the resistance of glazed ware to thermal shock crazing. In this investigation it was found that thermal shock crazing was caused, in some cases, by craze‐like cracks which developed in the bodies. The importance of selecting suitable bodies, as a means of controlling crazing, became evident at once when it was found that bodies with a high resistance to thermal shock were not so liable to craze when glazed and subjected to sudden temperature changes as those with a low resistance to thermal shock. In general, glazed ware on which the glazes are under fairly high compression are more resistant to thermal shock crazing than those on which the glaze is under either low compression or tension. Glazed ware which is susceptible to thermal shock crazing may be resistant to moisture crazing and vice versa.
ORIGIN OF THE COLOR PRODUCED ON RED BODIES BY ZINC VAPOR1
Authors: Greaves‐Walker A. McKinley 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe green color produced by zinc vapor on clays that fire to a red color is not due to the formation of a compound of that color but to the absorption of certain rays of the light spectrum by the yellow zinc glaze and the bluish reduced zone beneath it.To obtain good green colors it is necessary to have the surface of the body reduced to a good blue color. Greens may be produced during the glazing period and lost during the cooling period due to re‐oxidation of the surface of the product. A zinc process is given in detail.
COLORED JEWELRY ENAMELS FOR ART SCHOOL USE1
Authors: Smith Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe process of producing easily fusible jewelry enamels is outlined, batch weights are listed, and the type of furnace used is shown. This process is applied mainly to enameling in cloisons, although the same type of enamels may be used in other modes. The use of enamels in jewelry making and in silver smithing is almost unlimited.2
THE EFFECT OF FIRING TEMPERATURE ON THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF PORCELAIN1
Authors: Monack A. J. , Shardlow L. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn electrical porcelain body (H and G A1 English china clay, 30%; Tennessee ball clay No. 7, 20%; Buckingham feldspar, 30%; Ottawa flint, 20%) was fired to various cone temperatures and the puncture voltages were determined. The mean values in kilovolts per quarter‐inch thickness were cone 7, 37; cone 8, 51; cone 9, 60; cone 10, 63; cone 11, 61; cone 12, 64. The probable error of the mean in each case is approximately ± 1 kilovolt per quarter inch. The differences of the means between cones 9 and 12 were shown statistically to be without significance. Other conditions remaining identical, it was shown that the most uniform body resulted when fired to cone 9.
THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AS AN INDICATION OF THE UNIFORMITY OF ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN1
Authors: Monack A. J 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn electrical porcelain body of the composition 30% H and G A1 china clay, 20% Dorset English ball clay, 20% Ottawa flint, and 30% Buckingham feldspar, fired to cone 11. showed a modulus of elasticity of 9.54 ± 0.02 × 106 1b. per sq. in. (mean of 164 measurements). A similar body with Kentucky special ball clay substituted for Dorset hall clay gave a value of 10.01 ± 0.02 × 106 1b. per sq. in. (mean of 69 measurements) The accuracy of the measurements was ± 1.5%. The use of the modulus as a measure on. the uniformity of electrical porcelain gave excellent results The variations were expressed in terms of statistical constants such ac: the standard deviation and the coefficient of variability.
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SHOCK TESTS ON CERAMIC INSULATING MATERIALS1
Authors: Kraner H. M. , Snyder R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSimple tests, as developed for daily production of electrical porcelain are given. Laboratory tests are described and results for a number of ceramic insulating materials are given. From these it is shown that mechanical strength and resistance to thermal shock are valuable indications of the mechanical properties of bodies and glazes. Results obtained in testing foreign‐ and American‐made porcelains are compared.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FIRING OF A DOWNDRAFT KEN WITH A STOKER SITUATED OUTSIDE THEREOF1
Authors: Rice W. E. , Harrison H. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents some observations that were made during a series of tests on round downdraft kilns fired with a single stoker, and shows the economies that can be expected with this method of firing and the disadvantages that must be overcome.
HANDLING AIR1
Authors: Robinson R. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe following points are brought out in this paper: (1) composition of air, (2) laws governing flow of air, (3) laws governing expansion of air due to temperature and pressure, (4) methods of proportioning ducts and fans as equipment for moving air (cen‐ trifugal and disk), (6) coijrdination of fan and duct characteristics, (7) selecting proper type of fan, and (8) use of the disk fan.
METHODS USED IN TESTING MASONRY SPECIMENS FOR BENDING, TENSION, AND SHEAR1
Authors: Kelch Norman W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty‐four walls, 41/2 feet wide, 51/2 feet high, some 8 inches and some 12 inches thick, werr tested for bending alter aging sixty days and six months, respactively. It was shown that aging of lime mortar is essential. Failures in shearing stress were also due to immature mortar. Brick masonry withstands earthquake shocks when mortar is matured by aging. An outline of the more extensive tests is given.
THE INFLUENCE OF TIME ON THE MATURING TEMPERATURE OF WHITEWARE BODIES. I.1
Authors: Norton F. H. , Hodgdon F. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this investigation quantitative relations have been established between the time and temperature effects in the maturing of whiteware bodies. Six typical commercial whiteware bodies were used. Similar shrinkage and porosity curves were obtained for different firing times but the longer the time the lower the curve was shifted on the temperature scale. It was found that in all cases the usual logarithmic law relating temperature with the rate of reaction applied. The constant, however, was not the same for all bodies. The microstructure of these bodies will be dealt with in Part II of this paper.
DRIER PROBLEMS WITH CALCULATIONS1
Authors: Carruthers John L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe importance of proper drying of clayware and some of the causes of drier troubles are discussed briefly. The use of a humidity chart in control and design problems is described. The Carrier humidity chart is used in illustrating the solution of several typical problems,vis., air and heat requirements and the control of condensation in waste‐heat and radiated‐heat types of driers.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN‐ION CONCENTRATION UPON THE SEDIMENTATION OF CLAY1
Authors: Beeman Norvil 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe addition of an acid to a clay suspension usually causes rapid sedimentation, while the addition of a base reverses the process. This is generally explained by saying that clay is a negative colloid and hence flocculated or precipitated by the hydrogen ions of the acid and for the same reason deflocculated by the base. These experiments showed that the effect of hydrogen‐ion concentration upon the rate of sedimentation2 was relatively great and explains why changes in the ph values produce such noticeable changes in plasticity and viscogity They show also that elutriation is an uncertain process without ph control.
USE OF SMALL QUICK‐ACTING KILNS FOR INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH1
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTConsiderable experience with small, quick‐acting kilns in the laboratory, both for instruction and research, has indicated the distinct advantages of this type of kiln. By the use of an insulating refractory the mass of the kiln can be reduced to less than one‐tenth of that usually employed, which makes rapid heating possible without great expenditure of fuel. Two types of kilns are described which have given good service for a considerable length of time. Temperatures as high as 2600°F can be obtained with atmospheric burners and temperatures up to 3000°F with blast burners.
MISSOURI HARD FLINT CLAY FIRE BRICK1
Authors: Holmes M. E. , Paul A. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe hard flint clay obtained in the diaspore pits of Missouri, which has exceedingly low bonding properties and high shrinkage, but a P.C.E. value of cone 34, with the use of as low a percentage of flint clay grog as 20%, can be bonded into a strong brick, free of physical defects and of super‐refractory quality. Excessively high forming pressure is not required. A small addition of bentonite adds materially in bonding the clay. The results of spall, hot load, cold compression, porosity, shrinkage, and reheat tests are presented.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE, III
Authors: Carter W. K. , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study of the use of sheet‐steel enamels on copper showed that cobalt oxide decreased the adherence of the enamel. Several sheet‐steel enamels were fired on copper and in general the adherence was less than on sheet steel. A white cover coat was found to be most satisfactory for copper. Several color photographs are given showing contact lines between enamel and copper, enamel and gold, and enamel and silver.
THE RELATION OF FINENESS OF FELDSPAR USED IN COMPOUNDING A PORCELAIN ENAMEL TO RESISTANCE TO DEFLECTION1
Authors: Türk Richard H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of changing the fineness OF the feldspar in an enamel was investigated, from which test it was concluded that resistance to deflection is lowered about 9% with a slight increase in fusion temperature when substituting 40‐mesh (glassmakers') feldspar for 120‐mesh feldspar, both of the same chemical composition.
THE ESTIMATION OF THE ALUMINA CONTENT OF DIASPORE AND BURLEY CLAY FROM THE SILICA CONTENT1
Authors: Holmes M. E. , Keller W. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe formula, % Al2O5= 0.85 ×% SiO2+ 0.85 (100 – 2.15 ×% SiO2) – 5.1, is presented for use in estimating the per cent of All08 of diaspore and burley clays. The silica determination is quick enough and cheap enough to make control testing of carload shipments practicable. The method applies to the lowest‐grade burley as well as the highest‐grade diaspore. The results of 381 actual analyses are presented showing that the method is accurate to 1% in 65% of the tests and to 2%, in 89% of the tests.
THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUM OXIDES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Wilkhs Gordon B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe mean specific heat of pure aluminum and magnesium oxides has been determined from room temperature up to 1700°C and 1800°C, respectively. The specimens were heated in a vertical carbon tube furnace with a magnesite tube liner for oxidizing conditions. A special calorimeter was designed and used to prevent the loss of heat by vaporization of the water when the white hot specimens were immersed.
FIRING STRUCTURAL TILE1
Authors: Shook T. W. , Sylvester G. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe modern railroad‐car tunnel kiln can fire structural tile economically in sufficient quantities for commercial operation. The setting arrangement is important both as to arrangement of flues and also as to the stability of the structure. Various sizes of tile can also be placed on the same car. There are approximately three tons of tile on each car. The kiln used is a Harrop car tunnel kiln, 350 feet long with a cross‐section of 5 feet 8 inches by 5 feet 5 inches. Either oil or powdered coal is used as fuel. The tile are in the kiln a total of 29 hours, giving a total production of 130 tons per twenty‐four hours.
EFFECT OF FIRING AT 1500°C ON THE POROSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF QUARTZITES1
Authors: Cole Sandford s. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTQuartzites from the various deposits being commercially utilized for the manufacture of silica brick in the United States, Canada, and Europe were tested for porosity and apparent specific gravity before and after firing at 1500 °C for 2 hours. Petrographic examination was made of several of the raw quartzites, and the differences in crystalline structure are shown by photomicrographs. The rate of conversion of the quartz. was not constant for the quartzite? reported. The porosity after firing varied from 2 to 30% and the apparent specific gravity varied from 230 to 244. A fine‐grained quartzite tends to give lower porosity after firing.
RESIDUALS IN THE MELTING OF COMMERCIAL GLASSES*
Authors: Eitel W. , Weyl W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBy heating alkali silicates under CO2 at high pressures, alkali carbonates are reformed to an extent depending upon temperature, pressure, and chemical affinity. The CO2 thus existing homogeneously dissolved in the glass, and other anions and oxygen similarly dissolved and in chemical equilibrium are termed “melt‐residuals” (Schmelzrelikte).Their importance in planing, coloring, decolorizing, machine‐working, vacuum bulb, and electric‐lamp manufacture is discussed.
THE “MOISTURE EXPANSION” OF GLASSES1
Authors: Milligan Lowall H. , Armitage David 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTChanges in the overall length of bars, about 4 by 3/4 by 1/8 inches in dimensions, made of plate glass, Pyrex glass, and various glasses such as constitute bonding agents in vitrified grinding wheels, were studied by means of a Zeiss optimeter that could be read to hundred thousandths of an inch. The bars were measured, then heated for one hour in (a) saturated steam at 150 lb. per sq. in., or (b) air oven at 184°C, and then allowed to cool to room temperature and remeasured. No increases in length of any of the bars were found within the experimental accuracy of the results (about 0.0015%).
A NOTE IN THE CONCEPT OF BRITTLENESS1
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAttempts have been made to define the brittle state, or at least to explain it, in terms of physico‐chemical structure. It is generally assumed, however, that the reader knows just what is meant by brittleness, and the definitions dealing with its mechanical aspect are somewhat perfunctory. In this paper, the mechanical properties are briefly described. Brittleness is a property of the fracture system rather than of the material, and is not connected directly with physico‐chemical constitution, since certain crystalline and amorphous materials share it, while other crystalline and amorphous materials do not show it.