bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVERSAL OF DIABETES BY ALLOGENEIC ISLET TRANSPLANTATION WITHOUT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Authors: Bowen Kerry M , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStreptozotocin‐induced diabetes is temporarily reversed following the allo‐transplantation of BALB/c (H‐2d) islet tissue to normal CBA (H‐2k) recipients, but by 2–4 weeks post‐transplantation these animals return to their initial diabetic condition. Organ culture of allogeneic islet tissue in 95% O2 and 5% CO2 for 7 days prior to transplantation reduces the immunogenicity of the tissue, and cultured allografts give prolonged (> 110 days) reversal of diabetes in normal allogeneic recipients. The non‐fasting blood sugar level remains in or very close to the normal range, urine glucose output is one to two orders of magnitude less than that of diabetic control animals and allografted animals regain their pre‐morbid body weight within 60 days of transplantation. Surgical removal of the allograft results in a rapid return of the animal to the initial diabetic condition.
THE BINDING OF LECTINS TO SHEEP TISSUES AND CIRCULATING CELLS: PEANUT AGGLUTININ, A MARKER FOR PRESUMPTIVE T‐LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Fahey Kevin J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study was undertaken into the binding of 7 fluorescein (FITC)‐labelled, lectins to sheep tissues and cells. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), conconavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) bound strongly to all sheep tissues and circulating cells, while Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Ulex europaeus (UEA) did not bind at all. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and soybean agglutinin (SBA) bound to thymus and lymph node cell suspensions and to a proportion of circulating cells, but only weakly to the other sheep tissues tested. PNA and SBA bound to polymorphs and monocytes, making it necessary to treat whole blood with carbonyl‐iron and a magnet to remove the phagocyctic cells before purification of the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL).PNA bound to 40 to 50% of carbonyl‐iron treated PBL and to 65 to 70% of the cells in efferent popliteal lymph. Using a rhodamine‐labelled anti‐sheep Ig reagent > 98% of PNA‐* cell in lymph and carbonyl‐iron treated PBL were sIg−Furthermore, using an FITC‐labelled F(ab)2 anti‐sheep Ig reagent, the sum of the % PNA+ cells and sIg+ cells in individually labelled preparations was equal to She percentage of cells labelled when both reagents were added simultaneously. Cells binding PNA were found in more dense regions of buoyant density gradients and were less adherent to nylon wool than cells having surface immunoglobulin (sIg). Approximately 20 to 30% of PBL and 10 to 20% of the cells in lymph were PNA−/sIg− and these were termed ‘null’ cells.Although Con A induced sheep PBL to transform in tissue culture, PNA, SBA and WGA all failed to stimulate the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine at the concentrations tested.Sorting lymph cells from BCG vaccinated sheep into PNA+ and PNA− sub‐populations showed that the cells able to transform in vitro to the specific antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) or the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were in the PNA + but not PNA− population.
URIDINE AND INOSINE: PRESSOR NUCLEOSIDES FROM MAN, RAT AND DOG
Authors: MacDonald GJ , Burcher E , Fisher WK , Bagnara AS , Barrow KD , Thompson EOP , Duffield AM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryShort‐acting pressor compounds isolated from rat kidney, brain, heart and spleen have been identified as inosine and uridine by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, high pressure liquid chromatography and analysis of ultraviolet spectra. Inosine was further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. These compounds have also been found in kidneys from hypertensive man, rejected renal transplants and dog and beef kidney.Tissues were extracted by acid ethanol extraction followed by gel filtration and high voltage paper electrophoresis. Compounds found to be pressor in the anaesthetised rat resisted proteolytic enzymes, boiling for 10 min, extremes of pH and incubation with plasma from the source species for up to 20 min.The pressor effects of bolus injections of active gel filtration fractions, uridine and inosine were short‐lived with a maximum effect at 5‐6 s. Intravenous (I.V.) infusions of extracts gave a sustained pressor response without a concurrent change in heart rate. The effect on blood pressure was not accompanied by increased heart rate and persisted when the pressor effects of angiotensin II, noradrenaline and 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine were blocked pharmacologically.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE (rnunz) NUDE RAT. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM
Authors: Douglas‐Jones Anthony , Nelson Jan , Jansen Vernon , Miller Thomas 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA nude mutant (rnunz) arose spontaneously in a colony of Wistar albino rats (the wild‐type strain) in Wellington, New Zealand. On gross examination no thymus could be found in the mediastina of young animals, whereas in older mutants lobules of fatty tissue mimicked the appearance of the thymus of the wild‐type strain. Lymph nodes from the rnunz strain showed a marked lymphocyte depletion in the thymus‐dependent para‐cortical region of the node. Peyer's patches from the nude animals also showed a reduced density of small lymphocytes in the interfollicular zones. In the spleen, tissue from the reticular framework surrounding individual arterioles was sometimes completely empty of lymphocytes but the degree of depletion varied. Total leucocyte numbers in the rnunz strain were 28% lower than the wild‐type strain. In 10 out of 13 animals T cells were less than 3% of the lymphocytes present (wild‐type 35% T cells). The findings are in agreement with studies of the Rowett nude rat (rnu) and the nude mouse.
CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS AND SOLEUS MUSCLES IN SPINAL CORD TRANSECTED RATS
Authors: Davey DF , Dunlop C , Hoh JFY , Wong SYP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe spinal cord of rats 25 days of age was transected at the thoracic level, and the contractile properties as well as the ultrastructure of their extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles was examined. In the normally slow‐twitch soleus muscle, the operation produces a marked reduction of contraction time as well as the appearance of other contractile characteristics of a fast‐twitch muscle, namely, post‐tetanic potentiation and cooling potentiation of the isometric twitch. This operation has little effect on the fast‐twitch EDL. The ultrastructure of the EDL is similarly unaffected by the motor paralysis introduced by transection, but little change to the soleus structure was found, except for an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum surface to fibre volume ratio. These results provide little evidence that muscle structure, especially the amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum, plays a major role in the determination of contractile speed, and confirms that structure may be regulated independently by the nerve.
CHANGES IN SOMATOMEDIN‐LIKE ACTIVITY AND GROWTH HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE PLASMA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)
Authors: Falconer J , Harvey S , Forbes JM , Scanes CG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVariations to immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) and bioassayable somatomedin‐like activity (SLA) were determined in the plasma of the domestic fowl. The plasma concentrations of SLA (potency relative to a pooled serum standard) and GH were both inversely age‐related in growing cockerels (Thornber 909) between 3 and 20 weeks of age (SLA, r = 0·454; P<0·01, GH, r = 0·548; P<0·01) and directly related to each other (r = 0·54, P<0·01). In immature birds maintained on a photoperiod of 16 h light, 8 h darkness, plasma concentrations of SLA were highest during the first hour of darkness (1·19 ± 0·18 units/ml (u/ml) mean ± S.E.M., n = 6) and significantly lower 1 h after dawn (0·78 ± 0·07 u/ml n =6). No diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of GH were observed. Deprivation of food in two strains of chickens (Thornber 909 and broiler) significantly reduced plasma concentrations of SLA in both strains and increased plasma concentrations of GH in the Thornber strain. Re‐feeding fasted Thornber chickens caused the plasma concentrations of SLA and GH to return to normal within 24 h but had no effect in broilers. Deprivation of water, which also reduces food intake, for 12, 18 and 24 h markedly reduced plasma concentrations of SLA hut had no effect on plasma GH concentration in Thornber cockerels.
CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CORTISOL IN MILK DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF HUMAN LACTATION
Authors: Kulski JK , Hartmann PE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study was undertaken to determine by radioimmunoassay the changes in concentrations of cortisol in the mammary secretion of individual women during late pregnancy, lactogenesis established lactation and after cessation of breast‐feeding. The concentration of cortisol In colostrum averaged 7·5% of that found in serum during late pregnancy. The concentration of cortisol (mean ± S.E.M.) was relatively high in the mammary secretions during late pregnancy (25·5 ± 1·8 ng/ml) and decreased within 2 days after delivery (10·2 ± 20 ng/ml) to reach low values by 10 days post partum (1·8 ± 0·7 ng/ml.) During advanced lactation the cortisol values varied between 0·2 to 32 ng/ml but the mean concentration was significantly (p < 0·05) less (7·2 ± 0·8 ng/ml. n = 75) than during late pregnancy, With the abrupt termination of breast‐feeding, the concentration of cortisol generally increased above the values determined during established lactation, but, even during involution, the progressive changes in concentration varied markedly (range 0·5–40·0 ng/ml).The function of milk cortisol for the newborn is not known. However, it is possible that cortisol in breast milk may help lo control the transport of fluids and salts from the gastrointestinal tract of infants.
Accuracy and precision in the detection of articular cartilage lesions using magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla in an in vitro study with orthopedic and histopathologic correlation
Authors: Schaefer F. K. W. , Kurz B. , Schaefer P. J. , Fuerst M. , Hedderich J. , Graessner J. , Schuenke M. , Heller H. 
Published: November 2007

Background: Magnetic resonance (MR) sequences for cartilage visualization have been the target of numerous studies, and the optimal sequence for cartilage imaging remains a matter of debate in the literature. Purpose: To compare MR findings with different MR sequences for the detection of cartilage lesions in fresh deep-frozen human cadaveric patellae in an in vitro setting. Material and Methods: Ten cadaveric patellae were imaged on a 1.5T MR scanner with a 2×2 channel carotid sandwich coil and a conventional knee coil, and compared with orthopedic findings and gold-standard histopathology. MR sequences were: a) fat-saturated (FS) proton density-weighted (PDw) turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence (TR/TE 4000/39 ms); b) T2-weighted (T2w) double-echo steady-state (DESS) 3D water-excitation (we) sequence (TR/TE 17/4.7 ms); c) 3D-PDw-SPACE (sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions)-we sequence (TR/TE 1800/19 ms). Accuracy, Kendall's tau-b correlation, and weighted kappa coefficients were calculated. Results: Accuracy for cartilage lesion detection with the FS PDw-TSE sequence and the carotid coil was 78.3%, and with the knee coil 73.9%. For the T2wDESS-3D-we sequence, the corresponding values were 69.5% and 65.2%, and for the 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequence 65.2% and 60.8%, respectively. Kendall's tau-b correlation ranged between 0.508 for the 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequence (knee coil) and 0.720 for the FS PDw-TSE sequence (carotid and knee coil). Weighted kappa coefficient was lowest for the 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequence (knee coil) at 0.607, and highest for the carotid coil and FS PDw-TSE sequence at 0.779. Conclusion: The evaluated FS PDw-TSE sequences are superior in comparison to the T2wDESS-3D-we and 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequences in the in vitro setting for the detection of cartilage lesions, and are comparable to results reported in the literature.
Impact of the baited hook fishery on the recovering endemic fish species in Lake Victoria
Authors: Mkumbo Oliva C. , Mlaponi Enock 
Published: November 2007

As gillnet yields of Nile perch stagnated in the middle of the 1990s, the hook and line fishery intensified in Lake Victoria. Frame surveys show that the number of hooks used in this fishery grew tenfold in the Tanzanian waters between 1992 and 2002. The increased use of endemic fish species as bait has gone largely unnoticed, but is thought to impede the recovery of these species in the lake. A survey was conducted in March 2003, covering 51 sites, to assess the impact of this fishery targeting Nile perch on the endemic species. The species used as bait were juvenile Clarias (41%), haplocromines (37%), dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea) (10%), Synodontis (3%), Mormyrus (2%), and Labeo (1%).
The total annual weight of the mostly undersized and illegally caught (beach seining, gillnets below 3″ mesh) baitfish was estimated at 7,465 t. The size of the Nile perch caught is bait-dependant, with catches using Clarias bait having a modal length at 61–62 cm TL of which 20% is above the legal upper size limit. Catches with haplochromines and dagaa bait have a mode at 49–50 cm TL, with 62% below the legal lower size limit. Seasonal variations in the fishery and management implications of its legalization are discussed, while the threats to biodiversity conservation and the stability of the ecosystem are addressed.
Can life‐history and defence traits predict the population dynamics and natural enemy responses of insect herbivores?
Authors: VELDTMAN RUAN , McGEOCH MELODIE A. , SCHOLTZ CLARKE H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract 1. Life‐history differences between herbivorous insects with eruptive and latent population dynamics are potentially useful for predicting population size variability. An association has also been demonstrated between herbivorous insect defence traits and the responses of various natural enemies.2. Here predictions of population dynamics and natural enemy responses based on life‐history and defence traits are tested using Gonometa postica Walker and G. rufobrunnea Aurivillius, two Southern Hemisphere Macrolepidoptera (Lasiocampidae) species. The temporal and spatial variation in pupal abundance and patterns of pupal parasitism and predation for both species are described and quantified for the first time.3. Eleven sites were sampled over four generations across the region where both species have historically reached high population densities. Although there was evidence suggesting that population synchrony is driven by weather patterns, site‐specific environmental differences contributed to the observed population variability. This study is the first to quantify the extent of population size variability of a species with an intermediate position on the eruptive–latent population dynamic gradient, where data on insect population dynamics is scarce.4. Support for the life‐history–population dynamic relationship was found, as intermediate population size variability for these species was observed. Larval and pupal defence traits, however, were poor and inconsistent predictors of mortality rate. Pupal cocoon structure differences, previously documented for these Gonometa species, may in fact explain the interspecific differences in natural enemy responses found.5. Predicted population dynamics and natural enemy responses may, however, be overridden by ecological conditions. Nevertheless, life‐history and defence traits provide a useful basis for predicting population dynamics of poorly studied species.
Wood ants are wood ants: deforestation causes population declines in the polydomous wood antFormica aquilonia
Authors: SORVARI JOUNI , HAKKARAINEN HARRI 
Published: November 2007

Abstract1. One of the main themes in ecology is adaptation for survival in different habitats and the potential of the environment to regulate populations.2. The effects of clear‐cutting on nest‐abandonment rate and local population sizes in the polydomous wood antFormica aquiloniawas studied, using uncut forest stands as controls.3. The nest‐abandonment rate was clearly higher in clear‐cuts than in forest interiors. In clear‐cuts, 39% of pre‐deforestation nests and 73% of new bud‐nests were abandoned 4–5 years after deforestation, whereas in forest interiors fewer than 2% of nests were abandoned at the same time period. Local population size decreased 30% in clear‐cuts, but fewer than 2% in forest interiors.4. The results demonstrate that despite modern logging practices in which mechanical harming of nest mounds is reduced, nest mounds are abandoned at high rate, and despite frequent establishment of new bud‐nests, populations start to decline.5. The likely reason for the high nest‐abandonment rate in clear‐cuts is a combination of changed abiotic conditions, resource limitation, and disturbed reproduction.6. Species that are sensitive to changes in the size of habitat patch, such asF. aquilonia, likely are harmed by logging, even employing biodiversity oriented management practices. Hence there is a need for conservation actions that are based on the size of protection areas.
Comparison of drying behaviour, quality and yield of copra processed in either a solar hybrid dryer on in an improved copra kiln
Authors: Thanaraj Thiruchelvam , Dharmasena Nimal D. A. , Samarajeewa Upali 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDrying copra in a solar hybrid dryer reduces the moisture content from around 50% to 7% after 71 h of continuous drying. The copra was graded as 73% white copra, 21% Milling Ordinary Grade II (M.O.GII) and the remaining 6% M.O.GIII (dusty copra). Thermal efficiency was about 10%. In the Coconut Research Institute copra kiln, the moisture content of copra was reduced from around 52% to 8% in 62 h of intermittent dying. The copra was graded as about 82% M.O.GI and the remaining 18% M.O.GIII (burnt copra). Thermal efficiency was about 15.5%. High quality white copra could be processed in solar hybrid drying. However, no white copra could be processed in kiln drying.
Osmotic dehydration kinetics of apple, banana and potato
Authors: Tortoe Charles , Orchard John , Beezer Anthony 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOsmotic dehydration rate constants were established for the rate constants k1, k2 and k3 for the first, second and third falling periods of osmotic dehydration of Golden Delicious, Cox, banana and potato by the method of slopes from the rate of water loss curves of the various materials. The rate constants k1, k2 and k3 were identified in Golden Delicious and Cox and k1 and k2 were identified in banana and potato. The Arrhenius equation was applied to evaluate the reaction rate (k) and its temperature dependence. The Arrhenius plots of rate constants k1, k2 and k3 for Golden Delicious, Cox, banana and potato were established, which were excellent under some treatments in the various plant materials. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the rate constant k3 for Golden Delicious in 60% sucrose solution was 0.99. Similar values of R2 were obtained for Cox, banana and potato. In some cases the Arrhenius plots of the rate constants k1, k2 and k3 were scattered. The highest activation energies were observed in the rate constant k1, a reflection of the highest rate constants estimated from the falling rate curves for water loss over immersion time.
Elaboration of a fruit wine from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pulp
Authors: Dias Disney Ribeiro , Schwan Rosane Freitas , Freire Evandro Sena , Serôdio Rogério dos Santos 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe objectives of this study were the selection of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the elaboration of a fermentative process using cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruit pulp, and the assessment of the acceptance of the elaborated beverage. Three S. cerevisiae strains (CA116, CA1162 and CA1183) were assessed while growing in a fruit pulp medium at different temperatures. The ethanol:biomass and glycerol:biomass ratios showed that there were no significant differences among the three strains at different temperatures. However, the strain CA1183 reached a higher ethanol production and yield and it was chosen as a starter to produce the cocoa beverage. The concentration of higher alcohols, methanol, esters and acetaldehyde found in the elaborated beverage was in accordance with the standards established for table wine. Sensory analysis revealed a high degree of acceptance amongst the great majority of tasters. It can be concluded that pulp processing into an alcoholic beverage is a realistic additional way of utilisation of the cocoa fruit.
Development of sea buckthorn mixed fruit jelly
Authors: Selvamuthukumaran Meenakshisundaram , Khanum Farhath , Bawa Amarinda Singh 
Published: November 2007

SummarySea buckthorn mixed fruit jelly was prepared by blending sea buckthorn juice with papaya, watermelon or grapes in varying proportions maintaining a constant level of total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity in the final product. Among the above blends, the sea buckthorn–grape jelly exhibited good organoleptic characteristics with high sensory score. The shelf stability of the jelly samples was evaluated at ambient temperature as well as at 37 °C for a period of 6 months. The physicochemical properties of the sea buckthorn–grape jelly, such as TSS, reducing sugar, acidity and browning significantly increased during storage at 37 °C temperature conditions. Total sugars, vitamin C, vitamin E, total phenols, total carotenoids and total anthocyanins decreased significantly during storage at 37 °C. The sea buckthorn–grape jelly remained acceptable up to 6 months of storage under ambient temperature conditions when stored in PET bottles. The microbial load of stored jelly under above conditions was found to be within the acceptable limits.
The characterization and application of Calotropis procera, a coagulant in Nigerian Wara cheese
Authors: Raheem Dele , Suri Narinder , Saris Per E. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe proteolytic enzymes from Calotropis procera (Sodom apple leaves) were extracted by aqueous infusion and characterised for its thermal and pH stabilities. The rennet strength of this extract was found to be 7% compared with animal rennet at 35 °C, and increasing the incubation temperature to 70 °C increased the rennet strength 28‐fold. The molecular weight of the partially purified protease determined by SDS‐PAGE combined with zymography was found to be approximately 60 kDa. The high proteolytic activity at 70 °C supported the suitability of the protease enzyme as a coagulant in future commercial production of Nigerian Wara cheese.
Quantitative determination of commercially relevant species in foods by real‐time PCR
Authors: Laube Ines , Zagon Jutta , Broll Hermann 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDefined samples were examined regarding the proportion of beef, pork, lamb, goat, chicken and turkey utilising TaqManTM PCR. A quantification was performed for determining the proportion of animal species in relation to the total proportion of meat in the food products. The adoption of published real‐time PCR systems (International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2005) permitted a quantitative statement in processed meat products and in canned foods down to a concentration of 0.1%. Different factors influencing the amount of species determined were investigated.