bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption and Casualties: a comparison of two emergency room populations
Authors: STEPHENS CHERPITEL CHERYL J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper compares alcohol consumption and casualties in probability samples of two diverse emergency room populations: San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) (n=2516) and four hospitals representative of a nearby California county (n=3609). Both studies used similar methods and data collection instruments. Patients were breathalysed and interviewed regarding self‐reported alcohol consumption 6 hours prior to the injury or illness event, usual drinking patterns and alcohol‐related problems. Injuries were found to be positively associated with breathalyser readings, self‐reported consumption prior to the event and more frequent heavy drinking in both samples. In the county sample injuries were also positively associated with more frequent drunkenness, symptoms of alcohol dependence and loss of control and prior alcohol‐related accidents. The SFGH sample had higher rates than the county sample on all alcohol variables and both samples reported higher rates of alcohol‐related problems than that found in U.S. general population surveys.
Effect on Traffic Accidents of Introducing Flexible Hotel Trading Hours in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: SMITH D. I. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFollowing the introduction of flexible hotel trading hours in Tasmania, hotels stayed open for approximately the same duration, but closed later than the previous 10.00 p.m. closing time. In the year after the legislative change there were 382 casualty accidents from 10.01 p.m. to 6.00 a.m., whereas the 95% confidence interval calculated on the basis of the previous five years was 309.3 to 356.3. By contrast, for the control time of 6.01 p.m. to 10.00 p.m. the 362 casualty accidents during the after period was within the 95% confidence interval of 331.1 to 365.3. With the later closing the accidents were significantly more likely to occur after midnight than before midnight.
Factors Influencing the Consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco: the use and abuse of economic models
Authors: GODFREY CHRISTINE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the use of economic models in the debate about the role that tax increases and restrictions on advertising should play in reducing the health problems that arise from the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. It is argued that properly specified demand models that take account of all the important factors that influence consumption are required, otherwise inadequate modelling may lead to misleading estimates of the effects of policy changes. The ability of economics to deal with goods such as alcohol and tobacco that have addictive characteristics receives special attention. Recent advances in economic theory, estimation techniques and statistical testing are discussed, as is the problem of identifying policy recommendations from empirical results.
The Prevalence in Various Social Groups of Eight Different Drinking Patterns, from Abstaining to Frequent Drunkenness: analysis of 10 U.S. surveys combined
Authors: KNUPFER GENEVIEVE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTen surveys of drinking in the U.S.A. were combined, producing a sample size of 12,603 cases. The present study uses only non‐Hispanic Black and White races, bringing the total number down to 9891. Eight drinking categories were used, the heaviest being those who drank at least eight drinks at least three times a week. Classification by sex, age, race and socio‐economic status produced 72 social subgroups. The distribution of drinking patterns varied a great deal in these subgroups; frequent light drinkers, for example, were 0% in one subgroup and 42% in another; abstainers were 0% in one group and, in another, 76%. The type of classification of ‘heavier’ drinkers so often used in surveys of small sample size, where the lower limit of amount of drinking is unrealistically low, may give a false impression of the distribution of drinking patterns. We found that the proportions of respondents falling into our categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 (corresponding to many definitions of ‘heavier’ drinkers) are not good predictors of frequent drunkenness, or of serious problems.
The Reliability of the CIDI‐SAM: a comprehensive substance abuse interview
Authors: COTTLER LINDA B. , ROBINS LEE N. , HELZER JOHN E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe CIDI‐SAM is a fully‐structured interview that ascertains DSM‐III, DSM‐III‐R, Feighner, RDC and ICD‐10 diagnoses for alcohol, tobacco and nine classes of psychoactive drugs, h was designed at the request of the WHO/ADAMHA Task Force on Psychiatric Assessment instruments to expand the substance abuse sections of the CIDI. Using a test‐retest design, the diagnostic and item reliabilities of this instrument were tested in a sample of 39 patients in substance abuse treatment at three St. Louis treatment facilities. Kappa values and their 95% confidence intervals, and Yule's Y values are reported. The average kappa for DSM‐III substance disorders was 0.84, for DSM‐III‐R it was 0.82. We report, on the average, excellent kappa values for individual alcohol and drug symptoms. We also ascertained from the respondent's themselves the reasons why answers to specific questions might have been discordant. The findings from this unique,‘discrepancy interview’are reported.
Resisting Temptation: a psychological analysis*
Authors: HODGSON RAY J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is proposed that self control involves several related processes including vivid awareness of future consequences, overcoming learned helplessness and tunnel vision, developing commitment and accepting anxiety/frustration. Facing up to temptation and resisting the compulsive urge is considered to be a crucial therapeutic experience. Evidence is presented to support the view that cue exposure should therefore be a central component of treatments for compulsions and addictions.
Diagnostic Validity of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in the Assessment of DSM‐III Drug Disorders
Authors: GAVIN DOUGLAS R. , ROSS HELEN E. , SKINNER HARVEY A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDiagnostic validity of the DAST was assessed using a clinical sample of 501 drug/alcohol patients. Various DAST cut‐points were validated against DSM‐III drug abuse/dependence criteria, as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, The DAST attained 8S% overall accuracy in classifying patients according to DSM‐III diagnosis. This accuracy was maintained between DAST score cut‐points of 5/6 through 9/10. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis indicated that 5/6 was the optimum threshold score. The DAST was also correlated with demographic variables, psychiatric history, and drug use. The results showed very good concurrent and discriminant validity. This study concluded that fairly accurate estimation of DSM‐III drug criteria could be made using a brief self‐adminstered questionnaire (DAST). However, caution must be expressed when generalizing these findings to other contexts (e.g. the justice system) where subjects may have stronger motivation to under‐report drug involvement.
The Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) Questionnaire: norms and reliability data for male young offenders
Authors: McMURRAN MARY , HOLLIN CLIVE R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) questionnaire was administered to 100 male young offenders. The mean score was 8.09. Eighty subjects were available between 19 and 40 days later for retest. Of these, 44 were given the original SADD, resulting in a test‐retest correlation of 0.87. The remaining 36young offenders were given at retest a version of the SADD reworded to eradicate difficult words and ambiguous items. The test‐retest reliability using the reworded SADD was 0.88 and the split‐half reliability of the reworded SADD was 0.85. Thus, the SADD is shown to be reliable over time and the reworded SADD is a satisfactory alternative to the orginal SADD with this population.
Alcohol, Smoking and Pregnancy: some observations on ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom
Authors: WATERSON E. J. , MURRAY‐LYON I. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper describes drinking and smoking patterns before and during pregnancy in 363 women from ethnic minorities living in West London. Drinking and smoking were less common and levels of consumption were lower amongst women of Afro‐Caribbean, Asian or Oriental origin than amongst Europeans. However, 75% of the Afro‐Caribbeans, 56% of the Orientals and 47% of the Asians did drink alcohol before pregnancy. Twenty‐one per cent of the Europeans, 5% of the Afro‐Caribbeans, 3% of the Orientals drank more than 100 g alcohol per week (the level at which fetal harm may result). Drinking and smoking decreased in pregnancy in all ethnic groups, but 31% of Afro‐Caribbeans, 29% of Orientals and 18% of Asians continued drinking. It is important to take alcohol and smoking histories from all pregnant women whatever their racial origin as pan of good antenatal care.
Effect of Social Drinking on Neuropsychological Performance
Authors: WAUGH MARA , JACKSON M. , FOX G. A. , HAWKE S. H. , TUCK R. R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe effects of social drinking on neuropsychological function have been assessed in a group of healthy male volunteers. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their daily alcohol consumption: (1) 40 g or less (n = 93), (2) 41–80 g (n = 22), (3) 81–130g (n = 16). Group t had been drinking at the present level for a mean of 12.6 years, group 2 for 16.9 years and group 3 for 15.1 years; the differences are not significant. There are no significant differences on any neuropsychological tests variables between groups 1 and 2. However, subjects in group 3 were found to perform at a significantly lower level than groups 1 and 2 on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the Austin Maze, and the Little Man and Spatial Memory Tests of the Bexley Maudsley Automated Psychological Screening Test. The pattern of deficits found in heavy social drinkers is less severe but otherwise similar to that found in alcoholics.
Perspectives on the Validity of Self‐Reported Alcohol Use
Authors: MIDANIK LORRAINE T. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to explore the search for an answer to the question “are self‐reports of alcohol consumption valid?” and the concurrent denial by most alcohol researchers, that over‐reporting of alcohol may be a possibility. Researchers have tended to ask this question with the inherent assumption that there is an absolute answer. The truth, however, is unlikely to be so neat or so simple.
Family cohesion, expressiveness and conflict in alcoholic families
Authors: BARRY KRISTEN L. , FLEMING MICHAEL F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study estimated family cohesiveness, expressiveness, and conflict in a primary care sample of alcoholics and non–alcoholics with and without a family history of alcoholism. Subjects completed the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule alcohol subscale, based on DSM–III criteria, and a family environment scale. Alcoholics with a family history of alcoholism (Alc + FH+) reported significantly less cohesion and expressiveness, and more conflict in their present families than did either non–alcoholics with a family history of alcoholism (Alc − FH +) or non–alcoholics with no family history of alcoholism (Alc − FH −). Non‐alcoholics who grew up in alcoholic families (Alc − FH +) reported present family relationships similar to non–alcoholics with no family history of alcoholism (Alc − FH −). Results suggest a family history of alcoholism alone was not associated with differences in perceptions of present family relationships. The findings of this study raise questions about the general perception that individuals who grew up in alcoholic families experience more family dysfunction in adulthood. The presence of two factors together–family history and alcohol problems in the subject–produced the perception of family dysfunction.
Heroin misusers: what they think of their general practitioners
Authors: TELFER IAN , CLULOW CATHERINE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and sixteen heroin misusers were assessed at hospital clinics regarding their contact with General Practitioners (GPs), their routes of referral and their estimation of GP reaction to a consultation regarding heroin misuse. Thirty‐nine (25%) had not previously contacted their GPs for drug misuse; 103 (89%) approached the specialized clinics through means other than a GP; the reported, or anticipated, responses concerning GP attitudes were generally unfavourable. Lack of training and support for GPs are remediable explanations for the findings.
Is pregnancy a time of changing drinking and smoking patterns for fathers as well as mothers? An initial investigation
Authors: WATERSON E. J. , EVANS C. , MURRAY‐LYON I. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes changing smoking and drinking patterns before and during pregnancy in 313 expectant couples. Fathers were more likely to drink and smoke more heavily than mothers throughout. Before pregnancy in only 42% of couples were both partners safe drinkers and non‐smokers. This increased to 50% during pregnancy. Most mothers reduced alcohol consumption during pregnancy and although about half of the fathers also changed their drinking patterns, only about a fifth decreased their consumption. Levels of paternal and maternal drinking in pregnancy were positively associated with pre‐pregnancy levels. Rates and levels of both maternal and paternal smoking declined in pregnancy. There was a positive association between partners of both the prevalence and level of drinking and smoking between fanners. There was some indication that mothers were more likely to reduce smoking and drinking if their partner joined them in doing so. Risk drinking in couples was more common in those who were older and of higher social status, but smoking was more common among the younger couples of lower social status.
Buprenorphine abuse: report from India
Authors: CHOWDHURY ARABINDA N. , CHOWDHURY SYAMALI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBuprenorphine has been stated a drug of low abuse potential and often used therapeutically in the management of opiate addicts. An analysis of 21/2 years' experience of opiate addiction cases at a de‐addiction clinic revealed its increasing rate of abuse, especially as a substitute for heroin.
Alcohol problems and the city
Authors: ROOM ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlcohol problems have long been especially associated with city life, although this perception is not always supported empirically in comparisons of urban and rural rates. Potential explanations of higher urban rates include: more complete reporting of problems in the city; that problems may occur in the city, but involve non‐inhabitants; that migrants to the city may be especially attracted by or vulnerable to heavy drinking; and characteristics of city lifestyles that are conducive to heavy drinking, and to heavy drinking being defined as problematic. On the other hand, there are also potential explanations of higher rural rates, such as the ready availability associated with home production. Collective efforts to reduce rates of alcohol problems have often focused on the city or its neighborhoods; these local communities bear many of the costs of the problems, while alcohol tax revenues tend to go to national governments. Three forms of urban alcohol problems prevention are briefly discussed: local alcohol control through municipal public‐houses or sales license controls; community action movements to reduce rates of alcohol‐related problems; and AA and other mutual‐help movements, which are particularly attuned to counteracting characeristically urban problems.
Drug abuse severity in adolescents is associated with magnitude of deviation in temperament traits
Authors: TARTER RALPH E. , LAIRD SUSAN B. , KABENE MOSTEFA , BUKSTEIN OSCAR , KAMINER YIFRAH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSubstance abusing adolescents were discriminated from normal controls on seven of the nine scales comprising the revised Dimensions of Temperament Scales. However, upon aggregating the scales into orthogonal dimensions using factor analysis, it was found that only activity level was associated with drug use severity. This behavioural trait was correlated with seven of 10 scales comprising the Drug Use Screening Inventory, including severity of substance use, behavior problems, psychiatric disorder, work, peer relationships and leisure activities.
Brief didactic treatment for alcohol and drug‐related problems: an approach based on client choice
Authors: SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe conceptual and empirical basis of a treatment programme for the prevention of severe alcohol or drug‐related problems is described. The approach rests on the assumption that clients are capable of self‐control and of taking responsibility for much of their treatment. We also believe that offering clients choices, particularly about the goal of treatment, is conducive to better outcome. The treatment involves cognitive and behavioural techniques which have been gradually refined in outcome studies with clients of diverse characteristics, and with abstinence or moderation as goals. It is proposed that the treatment model is suitable as a true self‐help procedure, or as a brief intervention for primary care health professionals.
Evaluation of an alcohol education package for non‐specialist health care and social workers
Authors: GORMAN D. M. , WERNER J. M. , JACOBS L. M. , DUFFY S. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA quasi‐experimental non‐equivalent control group design was used to assess the influence of a two‐day experiential alcohol education package for non‐specialist health care and social workers. Four pairs of teams took pan in the study: general practice; accident and emergency; medicine for the elderly; and social work. The dual foci of the evaluation were agents' knowledge and attitudes, and these were assessed using a modified version of the Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ).1 For both variables, the one‐month follow‐up scores of the education teams were significantly higher than those of the comparisons, although the effect was stronger in the case of therapeutic attitudes than knowledge. There were also significant differences in improvement in ittitude scores, with significant effects being absented in the general practice, medicine for the elderly and social work teams but not the accident and emergency. At 6 months, the level of fall‐off in improvement varied and this, along with the pattern of change evident in the five components which comprise the AAPPQ attitude scale, was examined and discussed in relation to previous research in this field of inquiry.
How much alcohol is in a ‘standard drink’? An analysis of 125 studies
Authors: TURNER CHARLOTTE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA group of researchers have undertaken a review of 125 international, published, epidemiological studies that relate various physical harms to different levels of alcohol consumption. For this review it was necessary to be able to compare the data from the different studies directly. The different measures of alcohol quoted in the studies were converted to the standard measure of grammes of alcohol. The present paper discusses the problems involved in doing this, and gives details of the conversion methods used.
Outcome and efficacy expectancy in the prediction of post‐treatment drinking behaviour
Authors: SOLOMON KAREN E. , ANNIS HELEN M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA recent controversy in research on self‐efficacy theory has been directed at the role of outcome and efficacy expectancies in the prediction of behaviour. While Bandura maintains that outcome expectancies add little information to prediction beyond that explained by efficacy expectations, others disagree. The present study explored the efficacy‐outcome expectancy relationship in a population of alcoholic clients as they moved through a traditional treatment program and were contacted following a three‐month aftercare period. Results indicated that outcome expectancies (defined as the costs and benefits expected to result from a change in drinking) did not predict consumption at follow‐up. However, self‐efficacy (defined as confidence in being able to resist the urge to drink heavily) assessed at intake of treatment, was strongly associated with the level of consumption on drinking occasions at follow‐up. These findings are discussed in relation to the relevance of self‐efficacy theory to research and treatment of alcoholic patients.
Initiation, continuation or discontinuation of cannabis use in the general population
Authors: HAMMER TORILD , VAGLUM PER 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA nationally representative sample (n=1997) of young people (17‐20 years of age) was examined twice with an interval of two years using postal questionnaires supplemented by telephone interviews of non‐responders. Sixty‐eight per cent of the original sample participated in both surveys. Factors found to increase the probability of having ever used cannabis were sex, place of residence, divorced parents, earlier problems with education and employment, and mental and somatic health problems. However, these factors could not predict the persistence/cessation of cannabis use which was significantly related to the establishment of an adult social role with a partner/spouse and/or having children, and negatively correlated to long‐term unemployment. Among men, high aspirations as to future occupational activity predicted cessation of cannabis use. The hypothesis that alcohol consumption would be increased amongst those individuals who stopped using cannabis was not supported. The results replicate some of the main findings of Kandel and coworkers (1984,1986,1989) supporting the role incompatibility theory of Thornton (1975) as an explanation of the cessation of cannabis use.
Hospital admissions for somatic care among young men: the role of alcohol
Authors: ANDRÉASSON SVEN , ALLEBECK PETER , ROMELSJÖ ANDERS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe association between level of alcohol consumption and hospital admission for somatic care during a 15–year follow–up was studied in a cohort of 8226 Swedish conscripts. The relative risk for admission among high consumers of alcohol (more than 250 g alcohol per week) was 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.2–1.8) compared with moderate consumers (1–100 g alcohol per week). After control for social background variables in a multivariate model the odds ratio was 1.2 (0.9–1.6). High consumers had a higher rate of recurring admissions; the number of admissions per capita increased from 1.8 among abstainers to 2.4 among high consumers. The association with alcohol was positive in all diagnostic categories studied. Earlier reports of a U–shaped curve for hospital admission was not confirmed; abstainers had the same rate of admission as moderate consumers.
Estimating drug consumption in opioid users: reliability and validity of a‘recent use' episodes method
Authors: DARKE SHANE , HEATHER NICK , HALL WAYNE , WARD JEFF , WODAK ALEX 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe efficient and accurate measurement of recent drug use is an essential component of treatment and research among opioid users. Urinalysis results alone will not give sufficient information to either the clinician or researcher, due to limitations in detection and an inability to distinguish extent of use. The present paper describes a ‘recent use episodes method’, adapted from the measurement of alcohol consumption, for obtaining self‐reported drug use in eleven different drug categories. Reliability and validity data indicate that the method provides a quick means by which accurate information may be obtained on the overall recent drug use of Opioid users.