bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach
Authors: Nainan Omana V. , Xia Guoliang , Vaughan Gilberto , Margolis Harold S. 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYCurrent serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
Molecular Mimicry, Bystander Activation, or Viral Persistence: Infections and Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Fujinami Robert S. , von Herrath Matthias G. , Christen Urs , Whitton J. Lindsay 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYVirus infections and autoimmune disease have long been linked. These infections often precede the occurrence of inflammation in the target organ. Several mechanisms often used to explain the association of autoimmunity and virus infection are molecular mimicry, bystander activation (with or without epitope spreading), and viral persistance. These mechanisms have been used separately or in various combinations to account for the immunopathology observed at the site of infection and/or sites of autoimmune disease, such as the brain, heart, and pancreas. These mechanisms are discussed in the context of multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and diabetes, three immune-medicated diseases often linked with virus infections.
The Criterion of Greek Language and Context: A response to Stanley E. Porter
Authors: Bird Michael 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay examines Stanley E. Porter's proposed new criterion of authenticity, the criterion of Greek language and context. This criterion attempts to recover the Greek words of Jesus embedded in the Gospels. Porter presents a robust case for a multilingual Palestinian environment and highlights the value of language tools for historical-Jesus study. Despite this, Porter's proposed new criterion is questionable for several reasons. (1) The character of the Jesus tradition is not conducive to a recovery of the purported Greek words of Jesus; (2) the extent that Greek was spoken in Galilee remains debatable; (3) Porter risks the fallacy of moving from the general to the particular; (4) the Greek-speaking background of Jesus’ dialogue partners does not require that conversations transpired in Greek; and (5) Porter remains dependent upon additional criteria to establish the authenticity of a given logion or pericope.
The Criterion of Greek Language and its Context: A Further Response
Authors: Porter Stanley 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay responds to Michael Bird's critique of my criterion of Greek language and its context, put forward especially in my The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: Previous Discussion and New Proposals(JSNTSup, 191; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), pp. 126-80. I clarify the nature of the criterion by noting that Bird several times seems not to clearly understand that it tries to establish probability criteria for proposing that Jesus may have spoken Greek on particular occasions.
Holtzmann's Life of Jesus according to the ‘A’ Source: Part 1
Authors: Kloppenborg John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractH.J. Holtzmann's Die synoptischen Evangelien(1863) is not only regarded as having established Markan priority and the basic contours of the Two Source hypothesis; it also offered a sketch of the life of Jesus based on a Mark-like source that represents a starting point for the so-called ‘Liberal Lives of Jesus’ which prevailed from 1863 until the early 1900s. Holtzmann's ‘Life’ portrayed Jesus as an exemplary personality, and posited psychological development in seven stages in the career of Jesus. This essay discusses the intellectual context leading to Holtzmann's book and then offers an annotated English translation of Holtzmann's ‘Life of Jesus’. This is Part 1 of a two-part essay.
XPS in combination with mercurization – incorporation of mercury into different morphological parts of an unbleached softwood kraft pulp
Authors: Thalib Themy , Heijnesson Hultén Anette 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
In this study the rate and extent of mercury incorporation into different morphological fractions, i.e., fibers, mechanically peeled fibers, primary and secondary fines, of an unbleached softwood kraft pulp were evaluated. In addition, the surface coverage of the different morphological pulp fractions by lignin was quantified using XPS in combination with mercurization. Incorporation of approximately one mole of mercury per mole of lignin (C9-unit) was obtained for the different morphological parts after a 10-h reaction. Extractives inhibit the mercurization reaction; however, this effect decreases as the mercurization procedure proceeds and disappears after approximately 10 h. XPS analysis showed that the amount of lignin on the pulp fiber surfaces was approximately twice as high as in the rest of the fibers and that mechanical peeling in a disintegrator removed lignin-rich material from fiber surfaces. The amount of surface lignin on primary and secondary fines was 3.5- and 6.5-fold higher than in the bulk, respectively. The mercurization technique in combination with XPS is well suited for verification of the amount of surface lignin.
Dissolution of fibre material in alkaline pre-treatment and refining of spruce CTMP
Authors: Konn Jonas , Pranovich Andrey , Holmbom Bjarne 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The chemistry of chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) was assessed by chemical pre-treatment of spruce chips, followed by laboratory-scale refining. Pre-treatments with alkali, sulfite, alkaline sulfite and alkaline peroxide liquors were carried out at 40°C, 60°C and 80°C. The sodium hydroxide dosages were 1% and 2% and the sodium sulfite and hydrogen peroxide dosages were 2%, 4% and 6% on a dry wood basis. Process water samples were taken before and after refining. Alkali consumption in the pre-treatments and the amount and composition of released wood components were determined. A major part of the alkali was consumed in the alkaline and alkaline sulfite pre-treatments. In the alkaline peroxide pre-treatments, however, alkali consumption was considerably lower. Acetic acid was the main wood component released to the process waters in alkaline pre-treatments. Pectins, determined as galacturonic acid and rhamnose by acid methanolysis, were also released to some extent, as well as easily soluble polysaccharides. After fibre separation in refining, more hemicelluloses and pectins were released. There was a significant difference between the degree of demethylation for pectins and the degree of deacetylation for galactoglucomannans after the pre-treatments. The diffusion of chemicals into the secondary wall layers seemed to be slower than the liquor penetration into the porous middle lamella through the pit pores. Up to 10% of the pectins were dissolved in the process waters as a result of depolymerisation and extensive demethylation. The residual amount of pectins in the fibres, however, was determined to be as low as 65–70% of the initial pectin content.
Diffusion of tritiated water into water-saturated wood particles
Authors: Jacobson Aaron J. , Banerjee Sujit 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The diffusion rate of tritiated water into pine and aspen particles follows a Fickian mechanism. The tortuosity for the diffusion of water into wood is quite low, at approximately 1.6, and increases with decreasing particle size. The tortuosity for aspen is higher than that for pine because the shorter fiber structure in aspen gives rise to a more extensive network of pores. Diffusion into free and bound water occurs at the same rate. Also, diffusion into and out of the particles is nearly identical, demonstrating that diffusion of water into saturated wood particles is completely reversible. No hysteresis was evident, in contrast to behavior for water adsorption on unsaturated wood. The implications of these findings for pulping and wood drying are discussed.
Machinability investigation of medium-density fibreboard
Authors: Lin Richard J.T. , van Houts Jeroen , Bhattacharyya Debes 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
For many applications, the perceived quality of a medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is influenced by the appearance of its machined surface. The behaviour of MDF has been studied by passing a cutting tool through it at a relatively low speed. A digital camera was used that travels synchronously with the tool and the deformation occurring in front of the tool tip was recorded. The magnification of approximately 30× also allows the individual fibres or bundles to be clearly observed. Photographic images have also been taken of the same machining process at a much higher speed, producing similar results and thus establishing the slow-speed study as a viable option. The machining of different MDF samples has been recorded using a cutting speed of 1.6 mm s−1 and varying depths of cut (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mm). The video recordings of various panels permit the identification of their peculiar machining characteristics. Unrefined particles play a major role during machining. The trends of results have also been confirmed by scanning electron micrographs. The board densities were found to have a major influence on the machinability characteristics of the boards.
Rolling shear modulus and damping factor of spruce and decayed spruce estimated by modal analysis
Authors: Schubert Sandy Isabelle , Gsell Daniel , Dual Jürg , Motavalli Masoud , Niemz Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractModal analysis was used to determine the rolling shear modulus of Norway spruce samples that were either untreated or inoculated with fungi. The resonance frequencies of centimeter-range cuboids were measured using contact-less laser interferometry. A three-dimensional theoretical model describing the orthotropic behavior of the material was used to calculate the resonance frequencies. Using an iterative scheme based on the least-squares method, the value of the rolling shear modulus was then extracted. In this first investigation, the decrease in the rolling shear modulus and the weight loss of Norway spruce inoculated with white-rot fungiHeterobasidion annosumandGanoderma lipsiensewere studied for three different exposure times ranging from 4 to 12 weeks. Comparison of measured and theoretical resonance frequencies confirmed that operation was in the applicable range of the theoretical model for the inoculated specimens. A decrease in rolling shear modulus of up to 10% (H. annosum) and 50% (G. lipsiense) was found.
Structural changes in activated wood-based carbons: correlation between specific surface area and localization of molecular-sized pores
Authors: Herzog Andreas , Reznik Boris , Chen Tengfei , Graule Thomas , Vogt Ulrich 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Samples of maple were pyrolyzed and subsequently activated by carbon dioxide at different temperatures for various dwell times. The changes in wood structure were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing pyrolysis temperatures promoted increased crystallization of graphitic wood components and mineral-like phases. The average pore diameter derived from nitrogen adsorption isotherms approximately correlated with the results obtained by high-resolution SEM and TEM. The highest surface area was found for samples containing considerable amounts of nanoperforated pit membranes located in intervascular pitting. High-resolution TEM examinations of membrane regions showed foam-like clusters with an average size of 1.7 nm, which are attributed to the selective influence of CO2 activation on pyrolyzed cellulose and lignin.
Distribution and characterisation of discolouring substances in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) pulp wood stored under water sprinkling
Authors: Hildén Lars , Zhang Jing , Persson Erik , Johansson Gunnar , Brändström Jonas 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Discolouration of wood raw material during wet storage has a notable negative effect on the quality of the final product. In this study, fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the spatial distribution of discolouring substances in water-sprinkled Norway spruce pulpwood. Water-sprinkled wood was characterised by the presence of discolouring substances on the pit membranes of wood cells. In vitro model studies on the interaction between a model bark substance (tannic acid) and torus constituents support the hypothesis that pectic structures facilitate the allocation of bark substances on pit membranes. Applied pectinase or tannase could not remove the discolouring substances from pit membranes. Manganese peroxidase had a minor but documented effect. The effect of manganese peroxidase, as well as HCl/vanillin labelling, indicated that the discolouring substance may be condensed tannins.
Distribution and Ecology of Dreissena Polymorpha (Pallas) and Dreissena Bugensis (Andrusov) in the Upper Volga Basin
Authors: Shcherbina GK , Buckler DR 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This paper presents data on contemporary distribution patterns of two species of Dreissenidae, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the Quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis), and their role in ecosystem processes in the Ivan'kovo, Uglich, Rybinsk, and Gorky Reservoirs of the Upper Volga River basin. The role of zebra mussel was also studied in experimental mesocosms of 15 m3. Maximum abundance and species diversity of macroinvertebrates, especially of leeches, polychaetes, crustaceans, and heterotopic insects, were attained in the portions of reservoirs where Dreissenidae were present and in experimental mesocosms where zebra mussel biomass was the highest. In the mesocosm studies, the presence of zebra mussel druses (colonies) provided shelter for macroinvertebrates, reducing their vulnerability to predation by perch (Perca fluviatilis) larvae and yearlings, thereby increasing macroinvertebrate species diversity. It was shown that in addition to its role in aquatic biocenosis (ecological community) formation and water purification, Dreissenidae are important food objects for benthophagous fishes, especially roach (Rutilus rutilus). Examination of intestines of benthophagous fishes showed that the length of Dreissenidae ranged from 5 to 20 mm in roach; from 4 to 14 mm in silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna), and from 2 to 10 mm in bream (Abramis brama). The largest mussels consumed were Quagga mussels up to 30 mm, noted in the predatory cyprinid. ide (Leuciscus idus).
Tracking the Onset of Damage Mechanism in Ceria-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Simulated Operating Conditions
Authors: Sato K , Omura H , Hashida T , Yashiro K , Yugami H , Kawada T , Mizusaki J 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A simple mechanical damage testing method, combined with Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring was developed in order to investigate the mechanical performance of solid oxide fuel cells under simulated environments. The damage testing method was applied to ceria electrolyte-supported single cells. The damage process was shown to involve vertical cracking and de lamination in the cathode, and vertical cracking in the electrolyte, and the fracture damage was most likely due to chemical expansion-induced stresses. It was demonstrated that the AE method enabled us to detect the above-mentioned damage process and to determine the condition for the onset of the damage in the single cell.
Presenilin-Based Genetic Screens in Drosophila melanogaster Identify Novel Notch Pathway Modifiers
Authors: Mahoney Matt B , Parks Annette L , Ruddy David A , Tiong Stanley Y K , Esengil Hanife , Phan Alexander C , Philandrinos Panos , Winter Christopher G , Chatterjee Runa , Huppert Kari , Fisher William W , L'Archeveque Lynn , Mapa Felipa A , Woo Wendy , Ellis Michael C , Curtis Daniel 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Presenilin is the enzymatic component of γ-secretase, a multisubunit intramembrane protease that processes several transmembrane receptors, such as the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Mutations in human Presenilins lead to altered APP cleavage and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Presenilins also play an essential role in Notch receptor cleavage and signaling. The Notch pathway is a highly conserved signaling pathway that functions during the development of multicellular organisms, including vertebrates, Drosophila, and C. elegans. Recent studies have shown that Notch signaling is sensitive to perturbations in subcellular trafficking, although the specific mechanisms are largely unknown. To identify genes that regulate Notch pathway function, we have performed two genetic screens in Drosophila for modifiers of Presenilin-dependent Notch phenotypes. We describe here the cloning and identification of 19 modifiers, including nicastrin and several genes with previously undescribed involvement in Notch biology. The predicted functions of these newly identified genes are consistent with extracellular matrix and vesicular trafficking mechanisms in Presenilin and Notch pathway regulation and suggest a novel role for γ-tubulin in the pathway.
Maize Adaptation to Temperate Climate: Relationship Between Population Structure and Polymorphism in the Dwarf8 Gene
Authors: Camus-Kulandaivelu Létizia , Veyrieras Jean-Baptiste , Madur Delphine , Combes Valérie , Fourmann Marie , Barraud Stéphanie , Dubreuil Pierre , Gouesnard Brigitte , Manicacci Domenica , Charcosset Alain 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
To investigate the genetic basis of maize adaptation to temperate climate, collections of 375 inbred lines and 275 landraces, representative of American and European diversity, were evaluated for flowering time under short- and long-day conditions. The inbred line collection was genotyped for 55 genomewide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Comparison of inbred line population structure with that of landraces, as determined with 24 SSR loci, underlined strong effects of both historical and modern selection on population structure and a clear relationship with geographical origins. The late tropical groups and the early “Northern Flint” group from the northern United States and northern Europe exhibited different flowering times. Both collections were genotyped for a 6-bp insertion/deletion in the Dwarf8 (D8idp) gene, previously reported to be potentially involved in flowering time variation in a 102 American inbred panel. Among-group D8idp differentiation was much higher than that for any SSR marker, suggesting diversifying selection. Correcting for population structure, D8idp was associated with flowering time under long-day conditions, the deletion allele showing an average earlier flowering of 29 degree days for inbreds and 145 degree days for landraces. Additionally, the deletion allele occurred at a high frequency (&gt;80%) in Northern Flint while being almost absent (&lt;5%) in tropical materials. Altogether, these results indicate that Dwarf8 could be involved in maize climatic adaptation through diversifying selection for flowering time.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in Noninbred Mosquito Crosses
Authors: Wang Shuang , Huang Song , Zheng Liangbiao , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The identification of genes that affect quantitative traits has been of great interest to geneticists for many decades, and many statistical methods have been developed to map quantitative trait loci (QTL). Most QTL mapping studies in experimental organisms use purely inbred lines, where the two homologous chromosomes in each individual are identical. As a result, many existing QTL mapping methods developed for experimental organisms are applicable only to genetic crosses between inbred lines. However, it may be difficult to obtain inbred lines for certain organisms, e.g., mosquitoes. Although statistical methods for QTL mapping in outbred populations, e.g., humans, can be applied for such crosses, these methods may not fully take advantage of the uniqueness of these crosses. For example, we can generally assume that the two grandparental lines are homozygous at the QTL of interest, but such information is not be utilized through methods developed for outbred populations. In addition, mating types and phases can be relatively easy to establish through the analysis of adjacent markers due to the large number of offspring that can be collected, substantially simplifying the computational need. In this article, motivated by a mosquito intercross experiment involving two selected lines that are not genetically homozygous across the genome, we develop statistical methods for QTL mapping for genetic crosses involving noninbred lines. In our procedure, we first infer parental mating types and use likelihood-based methods to infer phases in each parent on the basis of genotypes of offspring and one parent. A hidden Markov model is then employed to estimate the number of high-risk alleles at marker positions and putative QTL positions between markers in each offspring, and QTL mapping is finally conducted through the inferred QTL configuration across all offspring in all crosses. The performance of the proposed methods is assessed through simulation studies, and the usefulness of this method is demonstrated through its application to a mosquito data set.
A Role for the Septation Initiation Network in Septum Assembly Revealed by Genetic Analysis of sid2-250 Suppressors
Authors: Jin Quan-Wen , Zhou Mian , Bimbo Andrea , Balasubramanian Mohan K , McCollum Dannel 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe the septation initiation network (SIN) is required for stabilization of the actomyosin ring in late mitosis as well as for ring constriction and septum deposition. In a genetic screen for suppressors of the SIN mutant sid2-250, we isolated a mutation, ace2-35, in the transcription factor Ace2p. Both ace2Δ and ace2-35 show defects in cell separation, and both can rescue the growth defects of some SIN mutants at low restrictive temperatures, where the SIN single mutants lyse at the time of cytokinesis. By detailed analysis of the formation and constriction of the actomyosin ring and septum in the sid2-250 mutant at low restrictive temperatures, we show that the lysis phenotype of the sid2-250 mutant is likely due to a weak cell wall and septum combined with enzymatic activity of septum-degrading enzymes. Consistent with the recent findings that Ace2p controls transcription of genes involved in cell separation, we show that disruption of some of these genes can also rescue sid2-250 mutants. Consistent with SIN mutants having defects in septum formation, many SIN mutants can be rescued at the low restrictive temperature by the osmotic stabilizer sorbitol. The small GTPase Rho1 is known to promote cell wall formation, and we find that Rho1p expressed from a multi-copy plasmid can also rescue sid2-250 at the low restrictive temperature. Together these results suggest that the SIN has a role in promoting proper cell wall formation at the division septa.