bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Howat Receives 2007 Cryosphere Young Investigator Award
Authors: Tulaczyk Slawek M. , Howat Ian M. 
Published: March 2008

I have had the great pleasure of knowing Ian M. Howat over the past seven and a half years and to benefit from his great intellect, rock‐solid work ethics, and collegiality. I have been always impressed by his ability to stay focused on science while collecting field data in Antarctica and Iceland, or during long periods of computational work at UCSC. It is terrific to now see Ian receive the 2007 AGU Cryosphere Young Investigator Award for his major contribution to understanding recent, rapid changes in ice discharge from Greenland outlet glaciers.In 2005, Ian, then still a graduate student, was the first scientist to document that major outlet glaciers in SE Greenland experienced dramatic acceleration and thinning in the first half of this decade. His findings represent a timely addition to the scientific effort aimed at evaluating the stability of the Greenland ice sheet and its potential contribution to near‐future sea level rise. Ian's research results drew the attention of national and international media. They also helped motivate a number of subsequent scientific studies of Greenland outlet glaciers. In the process of doing his groundbreaking work, Ian made a significant technological improvement in the feature‐ tracking software used to calculate glacier flow velocities from satellite images.
Improving How Scientists Communicate About Climate Change
Authors: Hassol Susan Joy 
Published: March 2008

Science meets policy in the most important challenge of our time: global warming. Yet even the most basic facts of this issue (e.g., that the world is warming and that human activity is the dominant cause) are obscure to some decision makers who need to understand them. How can climate scientists be more effective at communicating what they know, how they know it, and how sure they are of it?The need for scientists to communicate more effectively about climate change is urgent. For people to take climate change seriously and support appropriate responses, they need to feel sure it is happening and is caused primarily by humans. But while the rise in global temperature is a fact (see, e.g., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [2007], which calls the warming “unequivocal”), 56% of Americans believe there is a lot of disagreement among scientists about whether global warming is even occurring. And while every authoritative scientific body attributes most of the warming of the past 50 years to human activity [see, e.g., IPCC, 2007; American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2006], only 41% of Americans believe that humanity is the dominant cause (42% believe it is due about equally to natural and human causes), according to an April 2007 poll by ABC News, The Washington Post, and Stanford University.
Paleopalynology, 2nd edition Topics in Geobiology Series, Volume 28
Authors: Gajewski Konrad 
Published: March 2008

Palynology, the study of pollen and spores, is a field of study pursued by at least three groups of people, who, as the author of this book notes, tend to have little contact among them. The first group consists of botanists interested in topics such as plant biology, evolution, or allergens (palynology in the strict sense). The other two groups include Quaternary paleoecologists interested in paleoecology and climate change, among other topics, and geologists interested in subjects such as stratigraphic correlation and evolution.Palynology can also be considered in a broader sense of the term, and in this book includes all palynomorphs: “organic microfossils that are found in our maceration preparations of sedimentary rocks” (p. 2). Geologists use the term palynology to include all palynomorphs, and although the book is written primarily for them, there is much of interest to the first and second groups as well.
Silent ships do not always encounter more fish: comparison of acoustic backscatter recorded by a noise-reduced and a conventional research vessel
Authors: De Robertis Alex , Hjellvik Vidar , Williamson Neal J. , Wilson Christopher D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDe Robertis, A., Hjellvik, V., Williamson, N. J., and Wilson, C. D. 2008. Silent ships do not always encounter more fish: comparison of acoustic backscatter recorded by a noise-reduced and a conventional research vessel. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 623–635. The extent to which fish avoid approaching research vessels is an important source of uncertainty in fisheries surveys. Vessels radiate noise at the frequencies where fish hearing is most sensitive, and noise is thus thought to be the primary stimulus for vessel avoidance. In an effort to minimize vessel avoidance, international standards for noise emission by research vessels have been established. Although vessels meeting these criteria are now in service, the effectiveness of noise quietening on vessel avoidance remains poorly understood. The new, noise-reduced, RV “Oscar Dyson” (OD) will augment the conventionally constructed research vessel, “Miller Freeman” (MF) and serve as the primary platform in conducting acoustic surveys of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in Alaska. To investigate whether noise-reduction measures result in differential avoidance, which would bias the pollock abundance time-series, we conducted an inter-vessel comparison of acoustic backscatter recorded by OD and MF during a survey of walleye pollock in 2006 in the eastern Bering Sea. Overall, we found no evidence for differences in vessel avoidance that would impact the echo integration results of adult pollock. Analysis of pollock depth distributions from both vessels suggests that there is a comparatively greater diving response to OD, with the reaction taking place primarily after the vessel has passed and for fish shallower than 90 m. Given that the change in vertical distribution is after the fish have been detected by the echosounder, this reaction should not influence echo-integration measurements. The results indicate that use of the OD rather than the MF is unlikely to bias the Bering Sea survey time-series through changes in vessel avoidance by adult walleye pollock.
In hot water: zooplankton and climate change
Authors: Richardson Anthony J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRichardson, A. J. 2008. In hot water: zooplankton and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 279–295. An overview is provided of the observed and potential future responses of zooplankton communities to global warming. I begin by describing the importance of zooplankton in ocean ecosystems and the attributes that make them sensitive beacons of climate change. Global warming may have even greater repercussions for marine ecosystems than for terrestrial ecosystems, because temperature influences water column stability, nutrient enrichment, and the degree of new production, and thus the abundance, size composition, diversity, and trophic efficiency of zooplankton. Pertinent descriptions of physical changes in the ocean in response to climate change are given as a prelude to a detailed discussion of observed impacts of global warming on zooplankton. These manifest as changes in the distribution of individual species and assemblages, in the timing of important life-cycle events, and in abundance and community structure. The most illustrative case studies, where climate has had an obvious, tangible impact on zooplankton and substantial ecosystem consequences, are presented. Changes in the distribution and phenology of zooplankton are faster and greater than those observed for terrestrial groups. Relevant projected changes in ocean conditions are then presented, followed by an exploration of potential future changes in zooplankton communities from the perspective of different modelling approaches. Researchers have used a range of modelling approaches on individual species and functional groups forced by output from climate models under future greenhouse gas emission scenarios. I conclude by suggesting some potential future directions in climate change research for zooplankton, viz. the use of richer zooplankton functional groups in ecosystem models; greater research effort in tropical systems; investigating climate change in conjunction with other human impacts; and a global zooplankton observing system.
Automated tracking of fish in trawls using the DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar)
Authors: Handegard Nils Olav , Williams Kresimir 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Handegard, N. O., and Williams, K. 2008. Automated tracking of fish in trawls using the DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar). – ICES Journal of Marine Science. 65: 636–644. An application for the automated tracking of dual-frequency, identification sonar (DIDSON) data was developed and tested on fish observations taken in midwater trawls. The process incorporates target detection, multiple target tracking, and the extraction of behaviour information such as target speed and direction from the track data. The automatic tracker was evaluated using three test datasets with different target sizes, observation ranges, and densities. The targets in the datasets were tracked manually and with the automated tracker, using the manual-tracking results as the standard for estimating the performance of the automated tracking process. In the first and third dataset, where the targets were smaller and less dense, the automated tracking performed well, correctly identifying 74% and 57% of targets, respectively, and associating targets into tracks with <10% error compared with the manually tracked data. In the second dataset, where targets were dense and appeared large owing to the shorter observation range, 45% of targets were correctly identified, and the track error rate was 21%. Target speed and direction, derived from the tracking data, agreed well between the manual and automatic methods for all three test cases. Automated tracking represents a useful technique for processing DIDSON data, and a valuable alternative to time-consuming, manual data-processing, when used in appropriate conditions.
Studies on Human Gastric Intrinsic Factor OBSERVATIONS ON ITS POSSIBLE ABSORPTION AND ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
Authors: Ardeman S. , Chanarin I. , Berry Valerie 
Published: March 2008

Under physiological conditions Intrinsic Factor secreted by the cells of the gastric mucosa is required for the uptake of vitamin B12 by the small intestine. Vitamin B12 passes to the blood, reaches the liver as well as other organs, and some is re‐excreted into the bile (Grasbeck, Nyberg and Reizenstein, 1958). Whether vitamin B12 is accompanied by Intrinsic Factor on its passage into the blood and into the bile or whether Intrinsic Factor does not pass beyond the intestinal wall is uncertain.Miller and Hunter (1957) have demonstrated that not only does Intrinsic Factor enhance the vitamin B12 uptake by gut but it will also promote the attachment of vitamin B12 to serum, liver, kidney and other tissues. It has been suggested that vitamin B12 and Intrinsic Factor, but not vitamin B12 alone, is required to restore normoblastic haemopoiesis in a culture of megaloblastic marrow (Lajtha, 1950; Callender and Lajtha, 1951; Pendl, Franz and Hunkel‐Trees, 1958). Toporek (1961) has shown that Intrinsic Factor perfused through a rat liver is re‐excreted in an active form into the bile and Herbert and Kaplan (1961) have reported evidence suggesting that Intrinsic Factor, like vitamin B12 (Grasbeck et al., 1958) takes part in an entero‐hepatic circulation. Further Gulberg and Kistner (1963) have found that hog bile contains a fraction showing the same immunological behaviour as the main vitamin B12 binding component of hog Intrinsic Factor. It is likely that the haematological relapse of patients with pernicious anaemia treated with oral vitamin B12 and hog Intrinsic Factor preparations is due to the development of antibodies against hog Intrinsic Factor suggesting absorption of at least some of this material (Schwartz, 1962).On the other hand, Cooper and Castle (1960) found evidence for the release of vitamin B12 from Intrinsic Factor at the gut wall. Taylor and Medenica (1962) found that the uptake of vitamin B12 by rat tissues, particularly the liver, was independent of a source of Intrinsic Factor and others have failed to substantiate an Intrinsic Factor requirement for the maturation of a megaloblastic marrow culture (Reisner and Swan, 1954; Carrara, Taglioretti and Eridani, 1960). The large molecular weight suggested for Intrinsic Factor by some workers (Bromer and Davisson, 1961) does not favour its transport beyond the gut wall, at least in the undegraded form.The purpose of the present study was, firstly, to obtain evidence for or against transport of Intrinsic Factor into the blood and, secondly, to determine whether Intrinsic Factor, like vitamin B12, takes part in an entero‐hepatic circulation.
Tissue Iron Stores in Sideroblastic Anaemia
Authors: Brain M. C. , Herdan Anita 
Published: March 2008

An increase in tissue iron stores (chiefly in liver and bone marrow) has been a constantly reported finding in appropriately investigated cases of sideroblastic anaemia, and in almost 50 per cent of these cases the degree of the hepatic siderosis and the extent of fibrosis have been considered sufficient to warrant the designation haemochromatosis. Seventy per cent of these patients with haemochromatosis had the familial type of sideroblastic anaemia. Bottomley's (1962) analysis of case reports of pyridoxine‐responsive anaemia showed that haemochromatosis, too, had been diagnosed in about half these patients.In the majority of patients with an acquired form of sideroblastic anaemia, the anaemia apparently preceded the development of the haemosiderosis, which could therefore have resulted from an increase in the absorption of iron associated with a chronic anaemia and erythroid hyperplasia and/or from prolonged iron therapy with or without blood transfusions. However, in a few patients with non‐familial sideroblastic anaemia (Albahary and Boiron, 1959; Crosby and Sheehy, 1960; André, Jacob, Malassenet and Caroli, 1961) and in some with the familial form (Caroli, Bernard, Bessis, Combrisson, Malassenet and Breton, 1957; Lukl, Weidermann and Barbořík, 1958; Byrd and Cooper, 1961), the hepatic siderosis appears to have preceded the anaemia or to have been present to a greater extent than could be accounted for by therapy.Bishop and Bethell (1959) suggested that the presence of excess erythroblast iron might inhibit haemoglobin synthesis. Harriss, MacGibbon and Mollin (1965) have shown that the administration of iron (either by mouth or injection) increases the severity of the anaemia in experimental pyridoxine deficiency.These observations pose the following questions: does the increase in tissue iron precede the development of anaemia (if so, what is the underlying abnormality in iron metabolism?) or is it a sequel; in which case is it the result of an increased absorption of dietary iron and/or excessive iron therapy with or without multiple blood transfusion?This paper presents the results of an assessment of bone‐marrow and liver iron in 37 patients with sideroblastic anaemia, and of the measurement of iron absorption in 11 patients.
The Incidence of Döhle Bodies in Various Diseases and their Association with Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Easton J. A. , Fessas Ch. 
Published: March 2008

round blue‐staining bodies in the cytoplasm of neutrophil leucocytes were reported by Döhle in 1911. He observed these inclusion bodies (now known as Döhle bodies) in scarlet fever, but similar structures have been noted on numerous occasions since, in association with various different diseases including diphtheria (Kolmer, 1912), typhus (MacEwen, 1914), tuberculosis (Bachman and Lucke, 1918) and in patients with burns (Weiner and Topley, 1955).May (1909) noticed persistent inclusion bodies in the neutrophils of a healthy person, in association with giant platelets. It was not until 1945 that this association was shown in some cases to be familial, when Hegglin (1945) reported a family with Döhle bodies in their neutrophils and chronic thrombocytopenia. More recently, Petz, Smith and Nelson (1960), Wassmuth, De Groote, Hamilton and Sheets (1961), Oski, Naiman, Allen and Diamond (1962) and Buchanan, Pearce and Wetherley‐Mein (1964) have reported families with the May‐Hegglin anomaly. We have been unable to find any report of Döhle bodies associated with transient thrombocytopenia.Most reports of transient Döhle bodies have referred to their presence in certain specific conditions. Random observations in this department suggested that they occurred more frequently, and were found in a wider range of conditions, than might be supposed from a study of the literature. A moderate thrombocytopenia was also noted on several occasions to be associated with the presence of transient Döhle bodies. The results of a formal investigation into the incidence and nature of these structures, as well as their association with thrombocytopenia, is reported here.
Investigations on a Plasminogen Activator in Two Blood‐Suckers, Rhodnius prolixus Stål and Hirudo medicinalis
Authors: Hawkins Rosemary I. , Hellmann K. 
Published: March 2008

In a previous paper (Hellmann and Hawkins, 1964) we described two anticoagulants and a fibrinolytic activity extractable from an insect, the blood‐sucking Hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. In the present paper we report further experiments to characterize the fibrinolysin and to trace its source. The properties of the two anticoagulants have been described more fully elsewhere (Hellmann and Hawkins, 1965). The fibrinolysin was originally found in the gut of the insect; of four possible sources from which it could reach the gut, the gut wall and the salivary glands have already been shown to be devoid of activity (Hellmann and Hawkins, 1964). The two remaining possibilities, the blood meal and organisms present in the gut, are examined below. The possibility that the fibrinolysin was an exo‐product of the symbiotic organism Nocardia rhodnii, which occurs in the gut of R. prolixus (Baines, 1956) was strengthened by the lack of activity found in insects from which this organism had disappeared. By culturing N. rhodnii on artificial media it was possible to examine this idea directly.Our original assumption that a fibrinolysin might be involved in dealing with the meal taken in by a blood‐sucking animal proved well founded in the case of R. prolixus (Hellmann and Hawkins, 1964) and we therefore extended out investigation to the leech Hirudo medicinalis since, if the assumption was generally correct, as one of the larger blood‐sucking animals, it might be expected to be a potentially better source of fibrinolysin.
The Chromosomes in Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: Kay H. E. M. , Lawler Sylvia D. , Millard Rosemary E. 
Published: March 2008

There have been few previous cytogenetic studies of patients with polycythaemia vera (P.V.). Nowell and Hungerford (1962) and Nowell (1965) investigated the chromosomes of the bone marrow and peripheral blood in five patients with polycythaemia who had been treated with radio‐phosphorus (32P). They found abnormal cell lines in four patients, one of whom had developed leukaemia. Kemp, Stafford and Tanner (1961) examining the bone marrow by the short‐term culture method, found that seven out of nine cases of polycythaemia were normal, one patient had a cell line of 48 chromosomes, and one patient (who subsequently developed frank chronic granulocytic leukaemia) showed Ph1‐positive cells. Both these patients had been treated with 32P. An abnormal clone having a deletion of one of the C group chromosomes was present in the bone marrow of a patient with P.V. (Solari, Sverdlick and Viola, 1962): this patient had received X‐rays and 32P. Levan, Nichols, Hall, Löw, Nilsson and Nordén (1964), using the blood leucocyte culture method, found hyperdiploid cell lines in a male patient with P.V. who had received 32P. He had a few features of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In all these previous studies, it is not known to what extent the chromosomal abnormalities are due to the disease or are secondary to treatment. It is clearly established that 32P produces typical radiation damage of the chromosomes of blood leucocytes (MacDiarmid, 1965). A few cases of P.V. have been investigated in the terminal stages of the disease, after the development of a leukaemic state (Ford, Jacobs and Lajtha, 1958: one case; Baikie, Jacobs, McBride and Tough, 1961: two cases). In each case, short‐term bone‐marrow culture showed hypodiploid counts.The primary aim of the present study has been to give a general description of the chromosomal abnormalities in the bone marrow cells of 43 cases of P.V. Secondly we have attempted to relate these abnormalities to the stage and duration of the disease, including the development of leukaemia and bone‐marrow failure, and to the dose schedule and total amount of 32P received. A search was made for phenotypic alterations in certain of the genetically defined characters of the blood cells. We have also made some comparisons between the chromosomal changes attributable to radiation in the bone‐marrow cells and the blood lymphocytes.
Intracellular Location of Thromboplastic Activity in the Cells of Human Chorion
Authors: Clarke N. , O'Meara R. A. Q. 
Published: March 2008

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in fibrin and its mechanism of formation. It would appear that fibrin deposition in the body under ‘normal conditions’ is much more common than has hitherto been thought. It is well accepted that tissue extracts may play a part in blood coagulation and many studies have been made of these tissue thromboplastins (extrinsic prothrombin activators, pro‐coagulants) (Thies, 1957).O'Meara (1958) and O'Meara and Jackson (1958) described deposits of fibrin in human malignant neoplasms. Fibrin has been demonstrated in a number of transplanted tumours in experimental animals by immunological and radioisotopic methods (Spar, Bale and Goodland, 1959; Day, Planisek and Pressman, 1959) and in a variety of human carcinomas and sarcomas using the fluorescent antibody technique (Hiramoto, Bernecky, Jurandowsky and Pressman, 1960).It is thought that the release of clot‐promoting substances from tumour cells is responsible for the laying down of fibrin in neoplasms and it has been found that there are high levels of thermolabile thromboplastins in extracts of human malignant tumours, normal colon and normal chorion (O'Meara and Thornes, 1961). Preliminary studies on the chemical properties of chorionic membrane and cancer tissue extracts on DEAE‐cellulose chromatography and starch gel electrophoresis have been reported (Boggust, O'Brien, O'Meara and Thornes, 1963).The purpose of this study was to determine the intracellular location of thermolabile and thermostable coagulant material in chorion cells. It has been stated that paraplacental chorion, which was chosen for the initial studies, does not possess blood vessels (Bourne, 1960; Villee, 1960). If this is correct then it is unlikely that cell components derived from chorionic membrane would be grossly contaminated by plasma coagulative factors or particulate matter in blood.