bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HLA‐DPB1, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 polymorphism defined in Ewenki ethnic minority of China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Authors: Su X. , Bi L. , Hai R. , Qimuge S. , Ying M. , Bahring S. , Gong M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn the present study, DNA typing for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DPB1, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐based‐typing (PCR‐SBT) method on 94 randomly selected, healthy, unrelated individuals from the Ewenki ethnic population in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. A total of 64 alleles: 25 in DRB1, 19 in DQB1 and 20 in DPB1, were found. Among the 25 detected DRB1 alleles, DRB1*090102, DRB1*030101, DRB1*040101, DRB1*070101, and DRB1*120101/1206 were commonly observed, with frequencies of 16.0%, 13.3%, 10.1%, 7.4%, and 7.4%, respectively. The most predominant DQB1 allele was DQB1*030101/0309 with the frequency of 27.7%, followed by DQB1*0201/0202 (19.7%), DQB1*030302 (12.8%), DQB1*060101/060103 (6.4%), and DQB1*050201 (5.9%). Of the 20 detected DPB1 alleles, DPB1*020102 was the most frequent allele with the frequency of 25.5%. DPB1*0402 (21.3%), DPB1*0401 (20.2%), DPB1*0501 (10.6%) and DPB1*4101 (3.7%) were also very frequent alleles. The most frequent two‐locus haplotypes observed in the Ewenki were: DRB1*030101‐DQB1*0201/0202(10.7%), DRB1*090102‐DQB1*03032(9.8%), DRB1*070101‐DQB1*0201/0202 (5.5%), DRB1*070101‐DQB1*030302 (5.2%) and DRB1*120101/1206‐DQB1*030101/0309 (4.6%). The distribution of the HLA class II alleles and haplotypes frequencies as well as the dendrogram showed that the Ewenki population belongs to the northern group of Chinese.
Evidence for balancing selection at the DAB locus in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: Richman A. D. , Herrera G. , Reynoso V. H. , Méndez G. , Zambrano L. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) has been characterized as immunodeficient, and the absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II polymorphism has been cited as a possible explanation. Here we present evidence for considerable allelic polymorphism at the MHC class II DAB locus for a sample of wild‐caught axolotls. Evidence that these sequences are the product of balancing selection for disease resistance is discussed.
Can Homegardens Conserve Biodiversity in Bangladesh?
Authors: Kabir Md. Enamul , Webb Edward L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn managed landscapes, tree‐dominated habitats often show promise for biodiversity conservation. In Bangladesh where natural forest cover is less than 10 percent, homegardens, which are maintained by at least 20 millions households, represent one possible strategy for biodiversity conservation. This study investigated the floristic and structural diversity of 402 homegardens from six regions across southwestern Bangladesh. All plants were censused, totaling 419 species (59% native), including six IUCN Red Listed. The median homegarden (800 m2) contained a mean of 34 species. Each region contained a mean of 293 species in a mean of 67 homegardens. A total of 49,478 individuals (107 per homegarden and 1003 per hectare) of trees and shrubs were counted from 45.2 ha total sampled area. Thus, significant botanical richness was exhibited in the homegardens across southwestern Bangladesh. However, most species were rare: 82 percent of all species including 189 native were found in 50 or fewer homegardens, and 63 species (36 native) were found in only one or two homegardens. Sixty percent of all tree and shrub species had 50 or fewer individuals each. Thus, whereas richness across the landscape was high, serious effort must be made to increase the populations of most species. We propose three main conservation activities: (1) awareness building; (2) protection of existing individuals of rare species; and (3) propagation. Overlaying all of these activities is the inclusion of local communities in the process, who were the ones to retain these species in homegardens in the first place, and the stakeholders who will determine whether homegardens indeed act as long‐term repositories to biodiversity conservation.
Life situation and daily life in a nursing home as described by nursing home residents in Sweden
Authors: Wadensten Barbro 
Published: August 2007

Aims and objectives.  The overall aim of this study was to investigate nursing home residents’ opinion of their life situation in a nursing home and of their earlier life.Background.  Few studies have focused on residents’ perception of their daily life and life situation in nursing homes.Design.  A qualitative explorative design was used.Methods.  Residents in a nursing home were interviewed and qualitative content analysis was performed.Results.  The views of life residents described and how they apprehended their situation were quite different. The findings give an understanding of what it is like to live in a nursing home and show that residents apprehend their situation in very different ways. All individuals who were content with their situation in the nursing home were also content with their earlier life.Relevance to clinical practice.  For the nurse in gerontological care, it is a challenge to get to know each resident and to provide the best nursing care and the best individual treatment for each resident. Another challenge is to help each resident find a life in the nursing home that is acceptable for him/her, and one aspect of this involves helping residents in their ageing process. The present study highlights what an important role staff have in relation with nursing home residents.
Designing a Resource Guide to help promote health in caregiving
Authors: Leenerts Mary Hobbs , Teel Cynthia S. , Shafton Gayle 
Published: August 2007

Aim.  To describe development of a Resource Guide, one component of a theory‐based intervention. The Guide contains information and ideas to illuminate caregivers’ self‐care knowledge as a basis for organizing and reinforcing self‐care activities.Background.  Inherent in the complexity of caregiving roles is the emergence of caregiving as a responsibility, often overshadowing caregiver's personal care needs. Health care professionals can partner with caregivers to promote caregiver health. Self‐Care TALK is a multimodal intervention to support this partnership.Methods.  Two theoretical perspectives guided Resource Guide content; adult learning theory and the schema model of cognitive behavioural theory. Materials to stimulate conversations about caregivers' personal concerns about self‐care were adapted from extant literature. Sources of information were chosen based on caregivers' learning needs and images of health. Areas of development focused on content, reading level/readability, graphic design, and self‐evaluation.Results.  The Resource Guide standardizes Self‐Care TALK protocol while personalizing caregivers' self‐care. The Resource Guide provides structure for conversations about what self‐care is and ways to promote health.Conclusion.  The Resource Guide promotes a learning environment that complements interests and experiences of older caregivers. Use of the Guide supports and extends caregivers' self‐care vocabularies, and helps clarify self‐care schemas and health promotion.
Staff–family relationships in nursing home care: a typology of challenging behaviours
Authors: Bauer Michael 
Published: August 2007

Aim. This paper draws on data from a study which investigated how Australian nursing home staff constructed staff–family relationships.Background. Working with the family in aged care to provide the best care possible is consistent with modern nursing philosophy which espouses holistic care. The quality and enjoyment of the experience however, is frequently fraught with problems and challenges for both the staff and the family involved.Design. A qualitative constructivist design as described by Guba and Lincoln [Fourth Generation Evaluation. Sage Publications, London.] was used.Method. Thirty paid caregivers drawn from eight nursing homes were interviewed about their experiences of working with residents’ families. A constant comparative method of data analysis was used to arrive at the findings.Results. This paper reports on seven themes under the category of ‘unacceptable behaviours’. These themes describe a range of attitudes and behaviours exhibited by families which staff members found undesirable.Conclusions. Staff members found a number of family behaviours challenging. Nursing home staff perceives the family as subordinate to their needs and want to retain control of the work environment.Relevance to clinical practice. Nursing home staff need to move away from custodial models of care focused on ‘getting the work done’ and develop more family friendly work practices that are inclusive of the needs of the family and view them as equal partners in care.
Evolutionary innovations of the vertebrates
Authors: KHANER Oded 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis review concentrates on the greatest anatomical and morphological evolutionary innovations of the vertebrates. During evolution, many new species of vertebrates evolved and underwent modifications by developing new forms, structures and functions of tissues and organ systems. Evolutionary development of the chordates and vertebrates is herein examined in terms of innovations in their organ systems and organismal complexity. Phases during chordate and vertebrate evolutionary history with unusually high rates of increase in morphological complexity are discussed. These increases in complexity in particular chordates and vertebrates coincided with a likely genome duplication event, which resulted in a large increase in genome size and gene number in early vertebrates, and might indicate an increase in complexity. The Hox and Pax gene families are also discussed because both illustrate the relationships between organismal and molecular complexity. Most unique innovations of vertebrates caused major changes in their organismal complexity, and these changes provided new options for future evolutionary development.
Concepts, measurements and scientific problems of biocomplexity
Authors: ZHANG Zhibin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is increasing awareness of biocomplexity as a field of study, although there are some disagreements about its definition among biologists. The science of biocomplexity has been influenced greatly by the emergence of the science of complexity, which aims to solve complicated problems in complex systems. In this paper, I review the basic concepts and scientific problems of biocomplexity. I argue that biological systems are adaptive complex systems that tend to become more complicated over time. I hypothesize that complexity is favored by natural selection. There are two relatively independent evolutionary templates for complexity in biological systems: gene‐guided and neural‐guided systems. In general, biology has been overly influenced by gene‐dominant evolution theory, which cannot account for the complex behaviors, social structures, and ecosystems that exist. Sustained energy intake, non‐polynomial (NP)‐hard problems and stability (e.g. thermodynamic, non‐linear and evolutionary stability) are probably the three most important properties of biological systems. Total work is not equivalent to the energy input (non‐equivalence rule) in biological systems because the input energy is re‐used. The total work can be measured using the order energy (ordergy), a function of energy input and the efficiency of energy transformation. Hierarchy may be essential in solving NP‐hard problems and in reducing the instability of non‐linearity in biological systems.
Warfarin anticoagulation intensity in specialist‐based and in computer‐assisted dosing practice
Authors: ONUNDARSON P. T. , EINARSDOTTIR K. A. , GUDMUNDSDOTTIR B. R. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation (OA) with vitamin K antagonists depends on maintaining anticoagulation intensity, measured as international normalized ratio (INR), within defined target ranges. We assessed the quality of our current software‐assisted warfarin dosing in the year 2006 in 941 unselected consecutive patients on stable OA with atrial fibrillation (AF), venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prosthetic heart valves (PHV) by comparing it to our previous cardiologist‐based dosing practice in 1992 when a study was carried out on 241 comparable patients. Over 14 years, the time within target range increased in all three anticoagulated groups, i.e. in AF patients from 46% to 81%, in VTE patients from 62% to 84% and in patients with PHV from 40% to 64%. Only 1% of the treatment time is now spent at INR < 1.5 compared to 7% previously (P < 0.0001) and 0.4% of the treatment time at INR > 4.0 presently compared to 2.8% in the past (P < 0.0001). INR‐targets are better achieved with the current software‐assisted dosing practice and extreme low and high values are less common than previously. The results provide indirect evidence suggesting that both efficacy and safety has improved with the current practice.
Adolescents’ intentions to offer assistance to friends with depression or conduct disorder: associations with psychopathology and psychosocial characteristics
Authors: Kelly Claire M. , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim:  To describe adolescents’ intentions to offer assistance to friends experiencing mental health problems and the associations with the adolescent’s own psychopathology and psychosocial characteristics.Method:  A survey study of 1143 students aged 12–17 years in schools in the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia. Respondents were given a vignette of a young person with either depression or conduct disorder and asked questions about how they would respond to a friend with the problem presented. First‐aid responses were classified as social support, adult engagement and unhelpful responses. Adolescent psychopathology was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and desired social distance with a six‐item scale.Results:  The main response was to offer social support such as listening to the friend, distracting them or offering advice. Low confidence in offering help and unhelpful responses were associated with higher desired social distance, male gender, conduct problems and poor social skills. Providing social support was associated with female gender, high prosocial scores and lower desired social distance. Adult engagement to help a peer with conduct disorder was associated with female gender.Conclusion:  Future education about mental health that is aimed at this age group should take into consideration the preferences of young people to seek help from their peers, and focus on encouraging young people to seek adult assistance when they are worried about the well‐being of a friend.
Comorbid depressive symptoms in the developmental course of adolescent‐onset psychosis
Authors: Myles‐Worsley Marina , Weaver Starla , Blailes Francisca 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim:  Depressive symptoms are common in the early prodromal phase of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The objectives of the present study were to retrospectively examine the severity of depressive symptoms and their relationship to positive symptoms over the developmental course of adolescent‐onset psychosis (AO‐PSY).Methods:  The subjects were 62 unmedicated adolescents with DSM‐IV psychosis and 104 normal controls from a Pacific island isolate with an elevated prevalence of schizophrenia. We used a modified K‐SADS‐PL to assess adolescents for a full range of Axis I psychopathology and quantified severity of depressive and positive symptoms over the adolescent’s lifespan.Results:  Among AO‐PSY subjects, 84% reported abnormal levels of depressive symptoms with mean onset 1.3 years prior to transition to psychosis. In 60% of the AO‐PSY subjects with depressive symptoms, positive symptoms began first. A continuous linear increase in depressive symptom severity over the developmental course of illness mirrored the steady rise in positive symptom severity as psychosis emerged.Conclusions:  We found that it is typically a combination of positive symptoms and depressive symptoms building in parallel that leads from the prodrome to frank psychosis. These results suggest that depressive symptoms represent more of an integral component of disease progression than an independent risk factor that predicts transition to early onset psychosis.
An Early Intervention in Psychosis Service for adolescents
Authors: Tiffin Paul A. , Hudson Suzanne 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims:  To describe a service operating in Teesside, England, that provides early intervention for young people aged 14–18 years at high risk of, or affected by psychotic illness.Methods:  The Service Delivery Model for evaluating and managing young people referred to the service is described. In addition, data routinely collected as part of performance management are presented.Results:  During 2006 42 young people were referred to the service of which 29 were accepted. At the end of 2006 the team active caseload was 22 patients.Conclusion:  An ‘adolescent‐specific’ team as part of a 14–35 Early Intervention Service appears to be a feasible and sustainable development and may confer advantages over less age‐orientated care.
On the Edge: a drama‐based mental health education programme on early psychosis for schools
Authors: Roberts Glenn , Somers John , Dawe Jocelyn , Passy Rowena , Mays Carly , Carr Graham , Shiers David , Smith Jo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims:  On the Edge is a mental health education programme designed to support early intervention by increasing knowledge and understanding of early psychosis, reducing the stigma associated with mental health issues and improving awareness of avenues of help. The target audience was young people aged 14–22 years in schools and colleges.Methods:  An interactive drama programme was developed through collaborative working across psychiatry, applied drama and those with direct experience of psychosis. A national tour engaged 2500 students in 71 performances that took place in 51 schools and colleges. The programme was evaluated against its aims with data collected both during and after the tour.Results:  Quantitative and qualitative evaluation found significant gains with respect to all three aims. Thirty‐one schools developed supportive links with local mental health services.Conclusions:  This programme shows the value and effectiveness of delivering health education on early psychosis through the medium of applied drama, and offers a model for a programme that can be incorporated into early intervention services. Lessons learned through delivering this programme are a valuable contribution towards future developments of mental health education programmes for schools.
The First‐Episode Psychosis Outcome Study: premorbid and baseline characteristics of an epidemiological cohort of 661 first‐episode psychosis patients
Authors: Conus Philippe , Cotton Sue , Schimmelmann Benno Graf , McGorry Patrick D. , Lambert Martin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAims:  Studies conducted in first‐episode psychosis (FEP) samples avoid many biases. However, very few studies are based on epidemiological cohorts treated in specialized FEP services. The aim of this file audit study was to examine premorbid and baseline characteristics of a large epidemiological sample of FEP.Methods:  File audit study of all patients admitted to the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre between 1998 and 2000 using a specialized questionnaire.Results:  There were 661 patient files included in the study. Premorbid evaluation revealed high rates of substance use disorder (74.1%), history of psychiatric disorder (47.5%), past traumatic events (82.7%) suicide attempts (14.3%) and family history of psychiatric illness (55.6%). Baseline characteristics revealed high intensity of illness (mean CGI 5.5), high prevalence of lack of insight (62%) and high rate of comorbidity (70%).Conclusion:  High rates of traumatic events or episodes of mental illness before treatment for FEP must be considered when designing treatment approaches because a too narrow focus on positive psychotic symptoms will inevitably lead to incomplete treatment. Additionally, early intervention programmes need sufficient range of resources to address the multiple challenges presented by FEP patients such as high severity of illness, comorbidities and functional impairment. Finally, observation of an important degree of functional impairment despite short duration of untreated psychosis suggests that while early detection of FEP is a necessary step in early intervention, it may not be sufficient to improve functional recovery in psychosis and that efforts aimed at identifying people during the prodromal phase of psychotic disorders should be pursued.
When things are not as they seem: detecting first‐episode psychosis upon referral to ultra high risk (‘prodromal’) clinics
Authors: Nelson Barnaby , Yung Alison R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe current paper examines a neglected function of ‘ultra high risk’ (UHR) clinics: to detect first‐episode psychosis (FEP) mistakenly identified as a prodrome. A clinical audit was conducted of referrals to a UHR service, the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic, over a 12‐month period (April 2005–March 2006). In this audit, 11.4% of the total number of referrals (n= 149) and 11.9% of those who attended a first appointment were psychotic on referral. These figures indicate that a substantial proportion of individuals thought to be prodromal are in fact suffering FEP. UHR clinics minimize duration of untreated psychosis for FEP patients mistaken as prodromal.
CCGbank: A Corpus of CCG Derivations and Dependency Structures Extracted from the Penn Treebank
Authors: Hockenmaier Julia , Steedman Mark 
Published: August 2007

This article presents an algorithm for translating the Penn Treebank into a corpus of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) derivations augmented with local and long-range word-word dependencies. The resulting corpus, CCGbank, includes 99.4% of the sentences in the Penn Treebank. It is available from the Linguistic Data Consortium, and has been used to train wide-coverage statistical parsers that obtain state-of-the-art rates of dependency recovery. In order to obtain linguistically adequate CCG analyses, and to eliminate noise and inconsistencies in the original annotation, an extensive analysis of the constructions and annotations in the Penn Treebank was called for, and a substantial number of changes to the Treebank were necessary. We discuss the implications of our findings for the extraction of other linguistically expressive grammars from the Treebank, and for the design of future treebanks.