bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Zero Field Splittings of the Lowest Excited Triplet States of Substituted Benzenes and Related Molecules by Optical Detection of Magnetic Resonance, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Molecular Orbital Calculations
Authors: Nagaoka Shin-ichi , Harrigan Edward T , Noda Masayo , Hirota Noboru , Higuchi Jiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The zero field splittings of a series of substituted benzenes and related molecules have been examined by means of optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and molecular orbital (MO) calculations. It is experimentally shown that D and E values vary remarkably depending on the type of molecule despite the similarlity in the molecular size. In particular, E varies from +0.038 cm−1 for phenylacetylene to −0.0597 cm−1 for aniline reflecting large differences in the spin distributions. The calculation of the zero field splittings of the molecules studied here on the basis of the Pariser-Parr-Pople-type MO’s can give the values reasonably close to those obtained experimentally with a few exceptions. On the basis of the obtained results the natures of the T1 states of substituted benzenes are characterized from the zero field splittings.
Conformations in the Solid State and Solubility Properties of Protected Homooligopeptides of Glycine and β-Alanine
Authors: Narita Mitsuaki , Doi Masamitsu , Kudo Koji , Terauchi Yusuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
IR spectroscopic conformational analyses of Boc–Glyn–OBzl (n=3–7) and Boc–(β-Ala)n–OBzl (n=3–8) were performed in the solid state, suggesting the occurrence of the β-sheet structure in the higher oligomers (n=5–8). Solubility data indicate that insolubilities of Boc–Glyn–OBzl and Boc–(β-Ala)n–OBzl in high-polar solvents begin at hexa- and heptapeptide levels, respectively. Insolubility of protected homooligopeptides of Gly and β-Ala was estimated to be caused by β-sheet aggregation. The high potential for the β-sheet formation of Boc–Glyn–OBzl and Boc–(β-Ala)n–OBzl (n≥5) could clearly be attributed to the great freedom of the peptide backbone dihedral angles of each of the Gly and β-Ala residues in the β-sheet structure. The implications of a replacement of a few Gly residues with β-Ala residues in surface regions of proteins are also discussed.
Dehydrooligopeptides. VII. Convenient Synthesis of Various Dehydrodi- and tripeptide Esters by Using N-Carboxy α-Dehydroamino Acid Anhydride
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Yonezawa Yasuchika , Ikeda Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The one-pot syntheses of N-protected Δ1- and Δ2-dehydrodipeptide esters by the coupling of N-carboxy α-dehydroamino acid anhydride (ΔNCA) with several kinds of C- or N-protected l-α-amino acids are described. In addition, it was found that a similar coupling of ΔNCA with both C- and N-protected α-amino acids also took place to give Δ2-dehydrotripeptide derivatives, involving eight kinds of important C-terminal segments of antrimycins and cirratiomycins. The configurational confirmation of the α-dehydroisoleucine residue of the antibiotics is also discussed.
Restricted Rotation Involving the Tetrahedral Carbon. LIX. Stereodynamics of Singly peri-Substituted 9-(3,5-Dimethylphenoxy)triptycene Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Oki Michinori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Five singly peri-substituted derivatives of 9-(3,5-dimethylphenoxy)triptycene with F, OCH3, CH3, Br, and C(CH3)3 as the peri-substituent were synthesized and their dynamic NMR behavior was studied. In any of the compounds, two m-methyl groups in the phenoxyl moiety were anisochronous at low temperatures and the signals coalesced into a single peak on raising the temperature. Lineshape analysis afforded the energy barriers to the rate process ranging from 10.1 kcal mol−1 (1 calth=4.184 J) for the F compound to 17.6 kcal mol−1 for the C(CH3)3 one. Molecular mechanics calculations (MM2) were performed on closely related model compounds to obtain the relative steric energies of the ground states and the possible transition states. The results from the dynamic NMR and the molecular mechanics studies suggest the following: When the peri-substituent is small (F and OCH3), the complete gear rotational circuit with the passing of the aryl group over the peri-substituent as the rate-determining step is the lowest-barrier process, while when the peri-substituent is bulky (CH3, Br, and C(CH3)3), the “isolated” rotation of the aryl group at the ap site has a lower barrier and is responsible for the observed dynamic NMR behavior. In the 1,3-di-t-butyl derivative, restricted rotation of the 1-t-butyl group was observed below −75 °C, the free energy of activation being 9.5 kcal mol−1.
α-Fluorination of Sulfides with N-Fluoropyridinium Triflates
Authors: Umemoto Teruo , Tomizawa Ginjiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of sulfides possessing α-hydrogen with various N-fluoropyridinium salts was examined. While the fluorinating power increased in the order of N-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate 1&lt;N-fluoropyridinium triflate 2&lt;N-fluoro-3,5-dichloropyridinium triflate 3, the yield of an α-fluoro sulfide decreased in the order of 1&gt;2, and 3 no longer produced the α-fluoro sulfide. Triflate 1 was more reactive than the corresponding tetrafluoroborate 4. Thus, it was shown that 1 satisfactorily fluorinated various kinds of sulfides under very mild conditions, giving α-fluoro sulfides. A two-step mechanism, oxidative fluorination of sulfur and Pummerer-type rearrangement, was proposed for the fluorination. The corresponding α-fluoro sulfoxide or sulfones were easily prepared from the sulfides by successive fluorination–oxidation procedure.
Structure and Optical Spectrum of (TMTTF)2IO4. The Role of Coulomb Interaction
Authors: Yakushi Kyuya , Aratani Sukekazu , Kikuchi Koichi , Tajima Hiroyuki , Kuroda Haruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The semiconductive (TMTTF)2IO4 salt was prepared by using the electrochemical method. The crystal structure was determined to be isomorphous to the metallic (TMTTF)2X salts. The polarized infrared reflectance spectra of (TMTTF)2IO4 and (TMTTF)2BF4 were measured and were interpreted on the basis of the extended Hubbard model.
Viscosity B Coefficients for N,N′-Polymethylenebis(trialkylammonium) Dibromides in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Tamaki Kunio , Horii Goro , Chida Takashi , Ochiai Keiko , Kadokura Yoshiyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The viscosity B coefficients for aqueous solutions of N,N′-polymethylenebis(trialkylammonium) dibromides [(CmH2m+1)3N(CH2)nN(CmH2m+1)3]Br2 (m=2–4, n=3–6, 8, 10, and 12) and, for comparison, of CnH2n+1N(CmH2m+1)3Br (m=2, n=1–6; m=3,4, n=2–6) have been determined at 25 and 35 °C. The effect of structural changes in the solvent water upon the dissolution of these homologous electrolytes is discussed.
Determination of a Small Amount of a Biological Constituent by Use of Chemiluminescence. VIII. Effect of Heating on the Determination of Protein
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Arai Akihiro , Iharada Takeshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of heating on the determination of protein by chemiluminescence was examined by estimating the apparent coupling constant of a copper(II)–protein complex after treatment of a solution at 25 °C or 95 °C and by comparing the values with each other. The values obtained for two proteins were as follows: 1.3×108 mol−1 dm3–2.1×1011 (mol−1 dm3)1.5 at 25 °C and 4.3×1017 (mol−1 dm3)2.3–1.9×1018 (mol−1 dm3)2.2 at 95 °C. These values suggest that heating makes a copper(II)–protein complex more stable and improves the concentration range for the determination of protein.
Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Benzylideneazlactone and Benzylidenehydantoin
Authors: Matsue Tomokazu , Yamada Tsukasa , Takahashi Hiroko , Osa Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The electrocatalytic hydrogenatoin of benzylideneazlactone and 5-benzylidenehydantoin with Raney-nickel cathode proceeded smoothly to afford N-acetylphenylalanine and 5-benzylhydantoin, respectively. In addition, refluxing the electrolyte solution after the electrolysis finally yielded phenylalanine with satisfactory chemical yields and current efficiencies. This electrocatalytic process showed slightly higher reactivity than the ordinary catalytic hydrogenation.
A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction from Mackerel (Scomber Japonicus) Powder: Experiment and Modeling
Authors: Ikushima Yutaka , Saito Norio , Hatakeda Kiyotaka , Ito Shota , Asano Takashi , Goto Tomio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The extraction of some organic substances from freezed-dried mackerel powder was performed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) at 4.9–24.5 MPa and 313 K in a fixed-bed flow extractor. It was found that the rate of extraction was enhanced by raising the pressure. The overall yield of the SC–CO2 extraction was comparable to that of a hot-hexane-extraction from the same material. The SC–CO2 extraction produced glycerides of pharmacologic significance such as icosapentaenoic acid (IPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from mackerel. In addition, a kinetic model for extraction with supercritical fluids is described, and is applied to correlate our results obtained in the SC–CO2 extraction of mackerel. This model could express the transport within the solid in the supercritical fluid extraction process.
An Analysis of the Voltammetric Adsorption Waves of Methyl Viologen
Authors: Kobayashi Katsuyoshi , Fujisaki Fumiaki , Yoshimine Toshifumi , Niki Katsumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (methyl viologen, MV) is complicated with the strong adsorption of both the oxidized (MV2+) and the reduced (MV+·) forms of MV on a mercury electrode. MV2+ adsorbs on the electrode with a flat orientation at more positive potentials than the potential of zero charge of the mercury electrode. MV+· adsorbs on the electrode with a vertical orientation at more negative potentials than the formal potential of the MV2+⁄+· couple, (E0′)MV. It is probable that the change in the orientation of the adsorbed MV+· from flat to vertical with the increase in the MV+· concentration in the vicinity of the (E0′)MV leads to a strongly attractive interaction between the adsorbed MV+· molecules and a sharp voltammetric adsorption peak results at higher concentrations of MV2+.
Adsorption of Organic Halides on Amine-Impregnated Silica Gels
Authors: Ishikawa Tatsuo , Yamagami Naoki , Kondo Seiichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The adsorption behaviors of methyl and propyl iodides, propyl chloride and chlorobenzene were examined on silica gels impregnated with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), pyperazine (PPZ), hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA), and modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (ATS) and dimethoxybis[3-(rnethylamino)propyl]silane (DAS). The irreversibly adsorbed amount of these halides except chlorobenzene was proportional to the amount of impregnated amines. The molar ratios of irreversible adsorption of the halides to the impregnated amine were less than 2 and in the order of DABCO&gt;PPZ&gt;HMTA&gt;ATS&gt;DAS. The former three amine compounds are less stable than the last two materials against thermal pretreatment.
Oxygen-17 NMR Study of the Uranyl Ion. III. Factors Influencing 17O Chemical Shifts of Uranyl Oxygens in Aqueous Perchlorate Media
Authors: Jung Woo-Sik , Tomiyasu Hiroshi , Fukutomi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Effects of concentrations of perchlorate ion, nitrate ion, uranyl ion, and acid, isotopic substitutions, and temperature on 17O chemical shifts of oxygen in the uranyl ion (uranyl oxygens hereafter) have been studied in aqueous perchlorate media. Insensitivity of the 17O chemical shifts to [ClO4−] leads to the conclusion that the perchlorate ion is not coordinated to the uranyl ion. The stability constant (0.10±0.04 m−1 at 25 °C and ionic strength 5.0 m; m=mol kg−1) of a UO2NO3+ complex, has been obtained from the dependence of the 17O chemical shifts on [NO3−]. The 17O resonances shift toward the lower field with increasing concentrations of uranyl ion and acid, indicating the possibilities of the dimer formation of the uranyl ion and the protonation of uranyl oxygen atoms in concentrated solution, respectively. Isotope shifts in 17O nuclear magnetic shielding in the uranyl ion are interpreted in terms of the change of mean separation between the ground and lowest excited electronic states upon oxygen and uranium isotopic substitutions. Temperature dependence of 17O chemical shifts is discussed in connection with the isotope effects.
Photocatalyzed Isomerization of Butenes over Metal Sulfides. High Photocatalytic Activity and Its Origin
Authors: Kodama Sukeya , Matsumoto Atsushi , Kubokawa Yutaka , Anpo Masakazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Photocatalytic activity of CdS and ZnS for the cis-trans isomerization of 2-butene is much higher than that of TiO2 and ZnO, though the double bond shift isomerization to 1-butene hardly proceeds in contrast with the case of the oxides. The addition of O2 or NO molecules leads to the remarkable inhibition of photocatalyzed isomerization of 2-butene, but not to the complete inhibition. Water vapor enhanced the photocatalyzed isomerization. From these results together with the ESR measurements before and after UV irradiation of the sulfide catalyst either in the presence or in the absence of butene, the following conclusions emerge: sulfur radicals such as \dotSn, which are produced by the hole trapping by lattice S2− ions and/or sulfur clusters existing in the catalyst inherently, play a significant role in the weakening of the C=C double bond of 2-butene via the interaction with the molecules; the stability of such sulfur radicals results in the much higher photocatalytic activity of CdS and ZnS catalysts as compared with that of metal oxide catalysts.
The Microwave Spectrum and Molecular Structure of Methyl Selenocyanate
Authors: Sakaizumi Takeshi , Obata Masahiko , Takahashi Katsumasa , Sakaki Eiichi , Takeuchi Yaeko , Ohashi Osamu , Yamaguchi Ichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The microwave spectra of CH380SeCN, CH378SeCN, CH380Se13CN, CH380SeC15N, sym-CH2D80SeCN, and asym-CH2D80SeCN have been observed. In order to determine the rotational constants of 13CH380SeCN, we used the transition frequencies observed by Landsberg. From these spectra the complete rs coordinates of seven atoms have been calculated using Kraitchman’s equation. The structural parameters (bond lengths in Å(1Å=0.1 nm) and angles in degree) are: r(C1–H1)=1.073(4), r(C1–H2)=1.083(6), r(C1–Se)=1.954(7), r(Se–C2)=1.836(11), r(C2–N)=1.162(9), ∠H1–C1–H2=110.6(6), ∠H2–C1–H2′=111.4(3), ∠H1–C1–Se=105.4(5), ∠H2–C1–Se=109.3(6), ∠C1–Se-C2=96.0(11), and ∠Se–C2–N=179.3(15). It was found from the rs structural parameters that the methyl group is at a staggered position with respect to the cyano group, the methyl group does not show C3v symmetry, the bond length of r(Se–C2) is much shorter than that of r(Se–C1), and the chain bond of Se–C2–N is linear.
Thermoanalytical and Calorimetric Studies on Polymorphic Behaviors of Crystalline Modifications in Aliphatic α-Amino Acids with Normal Alkyl Chains
Authors: Matsumoto Masayuki , Yajima Hirofumi , Handa Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The B–A transition in Dl-ABA occurs in the wide range of temperature near its decomposition temperature, and the transition pattern is similar to that of γ–α transition in glycine, whereas the pattern of α–γ transition in Dl-NL is different from that in glycine, and the α–γ transition of Dl-NL is of the first order. The enthalpy difference between modifications A and B of Dl-ABA was nearly equal to the enthalpy of transition determined by DSC.
The Solvent Extraction of Palladium(II) from Hydrochloric Acid with Triisobutylphosphine Sulfide
Authors: Baba Yoshinari , Ohshima Masanori , Inoue Katsutoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The equilibrium and kinetic aspects of palladium(II) extraction from hydrochloric acid with triisobutylphosphine sulfide (TIBPS) in toluene were studied, along with the aqueous solubility and interfacial adsorption equilibrium of the extractant. From the equilibrium study, palladium(II) was found to be extracted as a 1:1 Pd:extractant binuclear complex. The extraction rate of palladium(II) was reasonably explained by the interfacial reaction model, assuming that the elementary reactions between the extractant adsorbed at the interface and the aquatrichloro and tetrachloro complexes of palladium(II), [PdCl3]−, and [PdCl4]2− in the aqueous phase are the rate-determining steps.
Equilibrium and Structural Studies on the Species Formed in the Extraction of Divalent Transition Metal Ions with 8-Quinolinol
Authors: Yuchi Akio , Imai Kenji , Wada Hiroko , Shiro Motoo , Nakagawa Genkichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The equilibria were studied in the extraction of divalent transition metal ions (M2+: Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) with 8-quinolinol (Hq) from aqueous solutions containing various anions (X−) into some organic solvents. The effects of −log[H+] and total concentrations of 8-quiriolinol and metal ions on the distribution were examined in detail. Three species, M2q3(Hq)3X, Mq2(Hq), and M2q4(Hq)2 are responsible for the extraction. The extraction of M2q3(Hq)3X is favorable when hydrophobic anions and polar solvents are used. On the other hand, the extraction constants of Mq2(Hq) are almost the same for each metal ion irrespective of anions and solvents. With increasing the metal ion concentration in the organic phase, Mq2(Hq) dimerizes to form M2q4(Hq)2. The decrease in the distribution ratio by prolonged shaking under certain conditions is reasonably ascribed to the slow precipitation of Mq2·2H2O which has been made supersaturated by the rapid establishment of all the equilibria except the precipitation reaction. An X-ray crystallographic study for Ni2q4(Hq)2 showed that two nickel atoms are surrounded by three bidentate ligands with facial and meridional configurations about their oxygen atoms and these two isomers form a binuclear structure jointed by two strong hydrogen bonds.
S-Bridged Polynuclear Complexes. I. Selective Formation and Crystal Structure of (+)600CD-Bis[tris(l-cysteinato-N,S)cobaltate(III)-μ-S,μ-S′,μ-S″]cobalt(III) Nitrate Pentahydrate
Authors: Okamoto Ken-ichi , Aizawa Sen-ichi , Konno Takumi , Einaga Hisahiko , Hidaka Jinsai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure and the absolute configuration of the selectively formed title isomer, (+)600CD-[Co{Co(l-cys-N,S)3}2](NO3)2·5H2O, have been determined by X-ray diffraction. In the (+)600CD isomer, the six l-cysteinates coordinate through the nitrogen and sulfur atoms to give two terminal [Co(l-cys-N,S)3] moieties. The central cobalt atom spans the six sulfur atoms in these terminals to form a trinuclear structure. The (+)600CD isomer takes selectively a ΛLLLΛLLL configuration, in which both of the two terminals have a ΛLLL-fac(S) configuration, and the six sulfur donor atoms take an R one. The l-cysteinate chelate rings take a lel conformation along the C3 axis and the carboxyl or carboxylato groups take the axial orientations forming the intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The (−)600CD isomer is assigned to the ΔLLLΔLLL configuration on the basis of the electronic absorption, CD, and 13C NMR spectral behaviors. The selective formation for each of the (+)600CD and (−)600CD isomers is discussed in relation to their reaction conditions.
Reaction of β-Nitro Enamines with Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates and Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate
Authors: Tokumitsu Takao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
β-Nitro enamines (1) reacted with isocyanates and isothiocyanates to give β-(substituted carbamoyl) and β-(substituted thiocarbamoyl) β-nitro enamines, respectively. The reaction of 1 with benzoyl isothiocyanate gave β-(benzoylthiocarbamoyl) β-nitro enamines (8) and/or a mixture of 8 and 4(1H)-pyrimidinethione derivatives (9) which were cyclization products of 8. The isolated 8 afforded the corresponding 9 in high yields upon heating in DMF. The reaction of 1 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave [2+2] cycloadducts (12) and/or a mixture of 12 and δ-nitro dienamino diesters (13) which were ring cleavage products of 12. Compounds 12 afforded 13 upon heating in toluene or xylene.
The Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene over a Palladium Membrane
Authors: Nagamoto Hidetoshi , Inoue Hakuai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene was carried out over a palladium membrane at 100 °C in two ways: (1) by hydrogen permeating the membrane, and (2) by hydrogen premixed in the gas phase. In the reactions using permeate hydrogen, hydrogenation at the higher pressures of butadiene was limited by the hydrogen permeation; namely, the rate was determined by the pressure of hydrogen upstream. The product composition was, at the same time, unchanged by the reaction rate. At the lower pressures of butadiene, the selectivity for butene formation was decreased with the decrease in the butadiene pressure, and the reaction rate was approximately equal to that when the premixed hydrogen was used over the β-phase membrane. The mechanism of the reaction using premixed hydrogen over the α-phase membrane was analyzed quantitatively by obtaining the dissolved hydrogen concentration from the measurement of the hydrogen-permeation rate from the reaction surface. It was elucidated that the reaction was limited by the hydrogen adsorption, the rate of which was affected by the presence of 1,3-butadiene, and that the reaction rate was much smaller than that when permeate hydrogen was used.
Epoxidation of Fatty Acid Esters with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Molybdenum Oxide–Tributyltin Chloride on Charcoal Catalyst
Authors: Itoi Yasushi , Inoue Masami , Enomoto Saburo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The epoxidation of fatty acid esters was carried out with a 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a molybdenum oxide–tributyltin chloride on a charcoal catalyst in 2-propanol at 50 °C. Such inner olefins as ethyl erucate and ethyl oleate gave good yields of 77 and 76%, respectively. Ethyl elaidate, a trans-form of ethyl oleate, was less reactive (40% yield). Several vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, olive oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, and linseed oil were oxidized with the oxirane oxygen contents of 5.3 to 3.5%.
The Preparation and Thermal Properties of Terminal Disubstituted N-(4-Benzoyloxybenzylidene)anilines
Authors: Takenaka Shunsuke , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Kusabayashi Shigekazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The homologous series of N-[4-(4-n-alkoxybenzoyloxy)benzylidene]-4-(2-methylbutoxy)aniline (1), and N-[4-[4-(2-methylbutoxy)benzoyloxy]benzylidene]-4-n-alkoxyaniline (2), and N-[4-(4-n-alkoxybenzoyloxy)-3-hydroxybenzylidene]-4-(2-methylbutoxy)aniline (3) where the 2-methylbutoxyl group has an S-configuration, have been prepared. Series 1 and 2 form a chiral smectic C (SC*) phase in addition to a cholesteric (Ch) and a chiral smetic G (SG*) phases, and series 3 form (SC*) and Ch phases.
Comparison of Reactivities of Dibromide Anion Radical and Dichloride Anion Radical in Neutral Aqueous Solution
Authors: Katsuragi Yuusuke , Neda Osamu , Yamauchi Kotaro , Masuda Takahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Rate constants of reactions of dibromide anion radical with some aliphatic dipeptides or unsaturated compounds including pyrimidine bases have been determined by flash photolysis. Difference in activation energy between, dibromide and dichloride anion radicals has been estimated by comparing rate constants obtained for common substrates.
Penicillin–Cephalosporin Conversion. XII. Electroreductive Dechlorination of 3′-Chlorocephalosporins into 3-Methylenecephams
Authors: Torii Sigeru , Tanaka Hideo , Ohshima Toshiyuki , Sasaoka Michio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An efficient electroreductive conversion of 3′-chlorocephalosporins and their analogues into the corresponding 3-methylenecephams has been performed in an aqueous THF–LiClO4–(Pb cathode) and/or aqueous MeCN–EtOH–LiClO4–NH4ClO4 (Pb cathode) system.