bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Words with Suffix ‐λο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the formation of words with -lo-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. Both adjectives and nouns are accented inconsistently, and may be accented not only on the final syllable or recessively but in the intermediate position (‘intermediate accentuation’). A new descriptive account shows that recessive accentuation is attested for words of most synchronic terminations, but intermediate and final accentuation are almost in complementary distribution. Ultimately as a result of Wheeler’s law, intermediate accentuation is confined to words with synchronic -ilo- and -ulo- (plus megáloi ‘big’, with an isolated history). Recessive words with -ilo-/-ulo- are usually nouns denoting inanimate objects. Other nouns with -lo- display a strong relationship between accentuation and frequency, but differently from nouns with -ro-, -to-, and -no-.
Complex Caland Formations
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the recessive accentuation of occasional adjectives with primary -ro- and -no-, and of all adjectives of material with -ino- and adjectives with -(s)uno-, -imo-, and -umo-. Recessive accentuation in adjectives with primary -ro- and -no-, in so far as it can be explained, is due to relatively idiosyncratic properties of the individual words. The consistent recessive accentuation of words with -ino- (the material suffix), -(s)uno-, -imo-, and -umo- obviously cannot be explained on this basis. It is argued that these four suffixes are originally complex Caland suffixes, while the -ino- forming finally accented spatial or temporal adjectives (type pukinós ‘compact’, earinós ‘of spring’) has a non-Caland -i. Root accentuation (becoming Greek recessive accentuation) is argued to be inherited in complex Caland formations, and perhaps other endocentric formations.
Introduction
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter gives a brief outline of the chronology and significance of the reign of Basil II to Byzantine political, diplomatic, and military history. It summarizes the territorial expansion of the Byzantine empire in the period, contrasting this success with the revolts that Basil faced in the early part of his reign from Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas. It shows how the emperor's wars and conquests contributed to his nickname, Bulgarslayer. The introduction goes on to explain the methodological problems associated with piecing together the history of Basil's reign. It outlines the way in which this particular study of Basil II will be underpinned by a very close examination of the Byzantine historiography of the 10th and 11th centuries.
The Revolts of Skleros and Phokas: Historiography and the Skleros Manifesto
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter broadens the book's discussion of the relevant medieval historiography of Basil II's reign by comparing the testimonies of historians writing in Greek with the Arabic historiographical tradition and an important Georgian hagiographical text. It focuses on the different ways in which this multiplicity of voices reports on the first thirteen years of the reign: that period which was dominated by the revolts of the generals Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas. It is argued that the Greek testimonies of John Skylitzes (the Synopsis Historion) and Michael Psellos make use of an apologetic manifesto produced by the general Bardas Skleros at the time of his capture by Basil II in 989. This source has never previously been identified.
1 The History
Authors: Meissner Torsten 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Research into s-stem nouns and adjectives has a long and distinguished history and it is multi-faceted, and different approaches can be taken to achieve different ends. The first statements are owed to the ancient grammarians, and the most important observation is clearly that of Apollonius Dyscolus, who was puzzled by the fact that simple s-stem adjectives (type ψευδήζ ‘lying’) were almost completely absent from the language while compound adjectives like δυσμενήζ were abundant. Since simple adjectives in -ηζ were obviously irregular from his point of view, he explained them as secondarily formed after the compounds (type άψευδήζ ‘without deceit, truthful’). This is important and remarkable, as it shows a readiness to explain a simple word on the basis of a more complex one — a clearly unusual procedure. Greek data must be assessed in its historical, authorial, and stylistic context to ascertain its value before possibly using it for and testing it against new theories and hypotheses that have been developed in PIE and generative research in recent years.
Poet and Poesy
Authors: West M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the poetic traditions of Indo-Europeans. Topics covered include concepts of poetry, poetry as recall, poesy as construction, poesy as weaving, poesy as carpentry, the ship of song, the chariot of song, Graeco-Aryan metre, alliteration, metrical terminology, poetic prose, verse in a prose setting, hymns and praise, narrative poetry, personation, and codifications.
Phrase and Figure
Authors: West M. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristic features of Indo-European poetry. Poets who write in a tradition — having been trained in the style and techniques proper to that tradition — do not strive for novelty of manner. They take over vocabulary, formulaic phrases, and typical expressions from older poets, and their language in general tends to have a more archaic appearance than that of contemporary speech. Two further features characteristic of Indo-European poetry, both of them favoured by the nature of the ancient language, are modification of word order and the use of formal figures of speech of various kinds. Vocabulary and phraseology, narrative gambits, similes, and figures are discussed.
The Function of Humour in Roman Verse Satire
Authors: Plaza Maria 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Our image of Roman satire has developed from that of a static, moralizing genre to a deliberately complex form, but our approach to the humour intrinsic to satire has not developed accordingly. This book offers a comprehensive new analysis of humour in the writings of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, with an excursus to Lucilius. The main thesis is that far from being an external means of sweetening the moral lesson, humour lies at the heart of Roman satire and shapes its paradoxical essence. The book argues that while the satirist needs humour for the aesthetic merit of his work, his ideological message inevitably suffers from the ambivalence that humour carries. By analyzing object-oriented humour, humour directed at the speaker (including self-irony), and humour directed at neither object nor subject, the book shows how the Roman satirists work round this double mission of morals and merriment. As a result, they present the reader with a much more sprawling and ‘open’ literary product than they promise in their programmatic self-presentations. The argument is rounded off by a contemplation of the end of Roman satire, and its descendants — not only modern satire but also the novel, in which satire’s humorous orchestration of epic questions was later taken up and richly elaborated.
Object-Oriented Humour
Authors: Plaza Maria 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter on object-oriented humour argues that a favourite device of Roman satire is to use the structure of ‘mockery from below’ for various attacks. It analyses how metaphors ‘heightening’ the target or ‘lowering’ the speaker are employed by Horace and Juvenal when the target is not actually someone or something in a high position; for Persius, this is achieved by metaphorical ‘swelling’/‘piercing’. In effect, the satiric persona often cheats the reader into sympathizing with his attack as righteous. In a discussion of the special case of Juvenal’s Satires 6 and 9, it is argued that the satirist’s heightening of his objects there — women and passive homosexuals — endows them with such vigour that they overpower the speaker himself.
Sir Thomas Elyot and The King's Great Matter
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces the character, career, and religious opinions of Sir Thomas Elyot, setting him in the context of the conservative position articulated by John Heywood in the previous chapter. It charts his concern at the rise of evangelical reform in England and abroad, his friendship with Thomas Cromwell, and his hostility to English radicals in general and Thomas Cranmer in particular.
Tyranny and the Conscience of Man
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the trio of political dialogues published by Thomas Elyot in 1533-4: Pasquil the Plain, Of the Knowledge Which Maketh a Wise Man, and The Doctrinal of Princes, each of which is a direct commentary on the political events of those years. Each examines the responsibility of counsellors to speak truth plainly to power, and they each, through analogy and example, edge closer towards a dangerous discussion of the role of counsel in the court of a tyrant.
9 Friends Abroad: Food, Commerce, and the Economics of Benefaction
Authors: Oliver G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers how the Athenian polis was able to extract economic advantage from its relations with foreign individuals and communities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first explains what aid overseas benefactors provided for the Athenian supply of grain and why such aid was provided when it was. The next three sections look at the commercial and institutional infrastructures of redistributing grain: prices, sources of grain, and the intervention of the polis in the commercial supply of grain from abroad through the institution of sitonia.
Victorian Women Writers and the Classics
Authors: Hurst Isobel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book brings together two lines of enquiry in recent criticism: the reception of ancient Greece and Rome, and women as writers and readers in the 19th century. A classical education has been characterized as almost an exclusively male prerogative, but women writers had a greater imaginative engagement with classical literature than has previously been acknowledged. To offer a more accurate impression of the influence of the classics in Victorian women's literary culture, women's difficulties in gaining access to classical learning are explored through biographical and fictional representations of the development of women's education from solitary study at home to compulsory classics at university. The restrictions which applied to women's classical learning liberated them from the repressive and sometimes alienating effects of a traditional classical education, enabling women writers to produce distinctive literary responses to the classical tradition. Women readers focused on image, plot, and character rather than grammar, leading to imaginative and often subversive reworkings of classical texts. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and George Eliot have been granted an exceptional status as 19th-century female classicists. This book places them in a literary tradition in which revising classical narratives in forms such as the novel and the dramatic monologue offered women the opportunity to express controversial ideas. The reworking of classical texts serves a variety of purposes: to validate women's claims to authorship, to demand access to education, to highlight feminist issues through the heroines of ancient tragedy, and to repudiate the warrior ethos of ancient epic.
Conclusion
Authors: Hurst Isobel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Virginia Woolf's ironic attitude to the classics in On Not Knowing Greek is examined not as the bitterness of a woman who has been excluded from patriarchal culture, but as a fascinating and idiosyncratic response to Greek, which owes much to her female predecessors. Not knowing the Greeks is not seen as a gendered deprivation, but a limitation which can only be overcome by using the imagination: finding pleasure in the strangeness of a new language and creating contemporary forms of literature in response to ancient myth are crucial to the development of the woman writer.
6 Corporate Governance in Financial Distress: The New Role of Bankruptcy
Authors: Xu Peng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents evidence on recent bankruptcy resolution and bankruptcy reform in Japan. Prior to bankruptcy, bank lenders are less likely to intervene than they did before bankruptcy. Most bankrupt firms experience abnormal president turnover around bankruptcy filings. Civil Rehabilitation firm expenditure in bankruptcy is substantially shorter than that in a Corporate Reorganization firm. Also, Corporate Reorganization firms have proven to emerge quicker after the 2000 bankruptcy reform. The main difference between rehabilitation duration and reorganization duration is that leverage only prolongs Civil Rehabilitation duration.
10 Employment Adjustment and Distributional Conflict in Japanese Firms
Authors: Jackson Gregory 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines employment practices and adjustment drawing on both survey data and case study materials. While over 80% of Japanese listed firms maintain a commitment to lifetime employment, many firms have abandoned seniority-based wages in favour of merit-based payment systems based on individual performance evaluations. Some corporate governance practices, such as stock options and equity-based performance measures, negatively impact the continued use of seniority-based pay. Meanwhile, the percentage of in-house board members has a negative impact on market employment patterns, which suggests that external market pressures may be less important than the style of insider governance in determining employment patterns. Despite this continued commitment to lifetime employment, the core of employees covered under such arrangements is shrinking through the active use of ‘benevolent’ methods of employment adjustment, such as early retirement schemes. These finds suggest that some elements of Japanese-style HRM may be compatible with changing corporate governance institutions.
12 The Performance Effects and Determinants of Corporate Governance Reform
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the introduction of the executive officer system as an alternative to the traditional insider board structure. As a result, since 1997 board sizes have decreased and a greater separation has been made between monitoring and management responsibilities. Some firms have also introduced outside directors and performance-related compensation schemes, such as stock options. The extent of these reforms among Japanese firms is examined using a survey-based Corporate Governance Score (CGS) for each corporation. Higher CGS scores are associated with better performance, a higher percentage of foreign shareholders, and a lower percentage of stable shareholders. However, among firms exposed to capital market pressures, the presence of strong employee participation also has a significant positive impact on the degree of reform and suggests a strong mutual reliance on capital markets and long-term employment among strongly performing Japanese firms.
15 Conclusion: Whither Japan's Corporate Governance?
Authors: Aoki Masahiko 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the cumulative effects of gradual changes taking place in Japan's corporate landscape in general, and corporate governance in particular, in the past decade or so. It regards corporate governance as an instance of institutional change which has not been completed yet. In order to substantiate this view, the chapter first documents the essential features of the changes and then interprets them using a game-theoretic framework of comparative corporate governance analysis. It identifies corporate governance institutions as multiple equilibria of a game played between investors, managers, and employees, and interprets the changes taking place in Japan as a transition from the model of Contingent Governance to that of stock market monitoring of complementary linkages between the managerial model and the specific human assets of the firm.
Networks, Noise, and Institutional Change
Authors: Whitford Josh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines some of the social theoretical implications of the increasing decentralization of production, and establishes the core theoretical claim of the book: prominent sociological theories of economic coordination too quickly dismiss systematic contradictions and hedging behaviour by firms actively seeking to build collaborative network forms of organization. In so doing, these theories analytically obscure the need for, and possibilities of policymaking to help build and sustain normatively desirable collaborative production models.
Uncertainty and Contradiction in the New Old Economy
Authors: Whitford Josh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that even when OEMs and suppliers in the American Upper Midwest have taken substantial steps to restructure their organizations in ways that force reliance on collaborative relationships, many of those relationships are plagued by disingenuous and failed collaboration that result from the systematic failures of firms to follow their own collaborative strategies, owing often to intrafirm factors, such as factional conflicts within and across OEM departments and the difficulty of realigning incentives to reward behaviours aimed at cementing long-term collaboration. These failures generate substantial organizational uncertainty that encourages both suppliers and OEMs to hedge against the unreliability of contracting partners, blocking the virtuous circle in which reliability begets competency begets reliability. The result is that reform efforts put forth by some in both OEMs and suppliers are themselves blocked, ensuring that the transition to a more collaborative new production paradigm in American manufacturing is unlikely to advance much further.
Defining Environmental Justice
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe basic task of this book is to explore what, exactly, is meant by ‘justice’ in definitions of environmental and ecological justice. It examines how the term is used in both self-described environmental justice movements and in theories of environmental and ecological justice. The central argument is that a theory and practice of environmental justice necessarily includes distributive conceptions of justice, but must also embrace notions of justice based in recognition, capabilities, and participation. Throughout, the goal is the development of a broad, multi-faceted, yet integrated notion of justice that can be applied to both relations regarding environmental risks in human populations and relations between human communities and non-human nature.
6 Justice to Nature 2: Incorporating Recognition, Capabilities, and Participation
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter turns to the potential of developing a theory of ecological justice that moves beyond a sole concern with the distributive paradigm. The central focus is on bringing conceptions of recognition of nature, and of capabilities for the non-human world, into a broad and comprehensive understanding of ecological justice. The point is not to develop a singular universal theory of ecological justice, but rather to illustrate the potential of various discourses, concepts and frames as they can be extended to animals, communities, and natural systems.
8 Ecological Reflexivity, Engagement, and Institutions: Implementing Environmental and Ecological Justice
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe focus of this final chapter is on how environmental and ecological justice can be applied in both state political practice and in the public realm. This conclusion explores practices of ecological reflexivity and political engagement, and suggestions for democratic and institutional transformations, which can help us implement a broad and pluralist notion of environmental and ecological justice.
1 Erōs and the Good Life
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between Socrates and his devotees shown at the start of the dialogue. In exploring this relationship, it teases out some of the dialogue's central questions about the role that lovers can play in the moral education of the young, the sorts of values that they might advocate as central to the good life, and the way in which desires can be shaped towards certain ends. It goes on to examine a variety of answers to these questions in the first five speeches in the dialogue.
7 Shadow Lovers: The Symposiasts and Socrates
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between Socrates and his predecessors, and gives a significant philosophical role to all the speeches of the dialogue. It argues that Socrates' speech is continuous with his predecessors, and completes and resolves some of the issues raised in the previous speeches. In this way, the previous speeches can be compared to Aristotelian endoxa. The contrast between Socrates and his predecessors also exemplifies the contrast between the two sorts of lovers described in the lower and higher mysteries of Socrates' speech. Reading the speeches in light of this contrast provides a further reason to think that the previous speeches are for the sake of our philosophical education, in much the same way as the lower mysteries were taught to Socrates for the sake of the higher. The philosophy of the Symposium, in other words, is extended throughout the dialogue and is not limited to Socrates'speech.
The Investigation of Heresy
Authors: Forrest Ian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter sets out the basic structures within which heresy-detection took place, looking at the cooperation and conflicts between church and crown, and the conduct of investigations by bishops, inquisitors, royal justices, and other officers. The nature of the ius commune is outlined and the implications of the Stubbs-Maitland dispute drawn out. Encroachment on heresy jurisdiction by royal justices is discussed, as is the use of episcopal visitation against heresy and the question of whether there was a papal inquisition in England.
Statutes and the Circulation of Knowledge
Authors: Forrest Ian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter deals with the creation of new procedures through the adaptation of older models, and describes how statutes and other legal instructions were circulated within the governing class, particularly via formularies and copying in bishops' registers. The roles of figures such as Philip Repingdon, Thomas Netter, Thomas Brouns, David Pryce, and William Lyndwood in communication and the transmission of knowledge are discussed.
1 The Need for a Theological Approach to Death
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
At least two well-developed bodies of literature have emerged on practical questions relating to death, one the concern of psychology, the other the concern of ethics. These flow from two basic questions: how can we live well in the face of death? and when, if ever, is it legitimate deliberately to bring human life to an end? The perspective of faith can help to assess and evaluate the many, sometimes conflicting, responses to these questions of different schools of psychology and of philosophy. The method adopted by this book is to consider the distinct theological approaches to death shown by four outstanding Christian thinkers: Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Rahner.