bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concordance Between Self-Reported Maltreatment and Court Records of Abuse or Neglect Among High-Risk Youths
Authors: Swahn Monica H. , Whitaker Daniel J. , Pippen Courtney B. , Leeb Rebecca T. , Teplin Linda A. , Abram Karen M. , McClelland Gary M. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We examined the concordance between measures of self-reported maltreatment and court records of abuse or neglect in a sample of detained youths. Methods. Data were collected by the Northwestern Juvenile Project and include interviews from 1829 youths aged 10–18 years. Participants were newly detained youths in the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center in Illinois between 1995 and 1998. Self-reported cases of child maltreatment were compared with court records of abuse or neglect in the Cook County judicial system. Results. We found that among detained youths, 16.6% of those who reported any maltreatment, 22.2% of those who reported the highest level of maltreatment, and 25.1% of those who reported that they required medical treatment as a result of maltreatment had a court record of abuse or neglect. Among those with any self-reported maltreatment, girls (vs boys) and African Americans (vs Whites) were more likely to have a court record (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.53, 3.09; and AOR=2.12; 95% CI=1.23, 3.63, respectively). Conclusions. Official records seriously underestimate the prevalence of maltreatment, which indicates that multiple data sources are needed to document the true prevalence of maltreatment.
US Suicide Rates by Age Group, 1970–2002: An Examination of Recent Trends
Authors: McKeown Robert E. , Cuffe Steven P. , Schulz Richard M. 
Published: September 2006

US suicide rates have declined in recent years, reversing earlier trends. We examined suicide rates among 4 age groups from 1970 to 2002 and the factors that may have contributed to the decline. We paid particular attention to newer anti-depressants because of recent concerns and controversy about a possible association with suicidal behaviors. These trends warrant more extensive analysis of suicide rates among specific subgroups, including consideration of additional variables that may influence rates differentially. The relative contributions of depression diagnosis and treatment, postsuicide attempt care, and other contextual factors (e.g., overall economic conditions) also deserve attention. If the decline is associated with contextual factors, clarifying these associations will better inform public policy decisions and contribute to more effective interventions for preventing suicide.
Communal Housing Settings Enhance Substance Abuse Recovery
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Olson Bradley D. , Ferrari Joseph R. , Lo Sasso Anthony T. 
Published: September 2006

Oxford Houses are democratic, mutual help–oriented recovery homes for individuals with substance abuse histories. There are more than 1200 of these houses in the United States, and each home is operated independently by its residents, without help from professional staff. In a recent experiment, 150 individuals in Illinois were randomly assigned to either an Oxford House or usual-care condition (i.e., outpatient treatment or self-help groups) after substance abuse treatment discharge. At the 24-month follow-up, those in the Oxford House condition compared with the usual-care condition had significantly lower substance use, significantly higher monthly income, and significantly lower incarceration rates.
Detection of Co-Occurring Mental Illness Among Adult Patients in the New Jersey Substance Abuse Treatment System
Authors: Hu Hsou Mei , Kline Anna , Huang Frederick Y. , Ziedonis Douglas M. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We assessed the detection of mental illness in an adult population of substance abuse patients and the rate of referral for mental health treatment.Methods. We obtained combined administrative records from 1994 to 1997 provided by the New Jersey substance abuse and mental health systems and estimated detection and referral rates of patients with co-occurring disorders (n = 47 379). Mental illness was considered detected if a diagnosis was in the record and considered undetected if a diagnosis was not in the record but the patient was seen in both treatment systems within the same 12-month period. Predictors of detection and referral were identified.Results. The detection rate of co-occurring mental illness was 21.9% (n=10364); 57.9% (n=6001) of these individuals were referred for mental health treatment. Methadone maintenance clinics had the lowest detection rate but the highest referral rate. Male, Hispanic, and African American patients, as well as those who used heroin or were in the criminal justice system, had a higher risk of mental illness not being detected. Once detected, African American patients, heroin users, and patients in the criminal justice system were less likely to be referred for treatment.Conclusions. There is a need to improve the detection of mental illness among substance abuse patients and to provide integrated treatment.
Self-Reported Discrimination and Mental Health Status Among African Descendants, Mexican Americans, and Other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: The Added Dimension of Immigration
Authors: Gee Gilbert C. , Ryan Andrew , Laflamme David J. , Holt Jeanie 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We examined whether self-reported racial discrimination was associated with mental health status and whether this association varied with race/ethnicity or immigration status. Methods. We performed secondary analysis of a community intervention conducted in 2002 and 2003 for the New Hampshire Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health 2010 Initiative, surveying African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos. We assessed mental health status with the Mental Component Summary (MCS12) of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12, and measured discrimination with questions related to respondents’ ability to achieve goals, discomfort/anger at treatment by others, and access to quality health care. Results. Self-reported discrimination was associated with a lower MCS12 score. Additionally, the strength of the association between self-reported health care discrimination and lower MCS12 score was strongest for African descendants, then Mexican Americans, then other Latinos. These patterns may be explained by differences in how long a respondent has lived in the United States. Furthermore, the association of health care discrimination with lower MCS12 was weaker for recent immigrants. Conclusions. Discrimination may be an important predictor of poor mental health status among Black and Latino immigrants. Previous findings of decreasing mental health status as immigrants acculturate might partly be related to experiences with racial discrimination.
Incarceration as Forced Migration: Effects on Selected Community Health Outcomes
Authors: Thomas James C. , Torrone Elizabeth 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We estimated the effects of high incarceration rates on rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies. Methods. We calculated correlations between rates of incarceration in state prisons and county jails and rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies for each of the 100 counties in North Carolina during 1995 to 2002. We also estimated increases in negative health outcomes associated with increases in incarceration rates using negative binomial regression analyses. Results. Rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies, adjusted for age, race, and poverty distributions by county, consistently increased with increasing incarceration rates. In the most extreme case, teenage pregnancies exhibited an increase of 71.61 per 100000 population (95% confidence interval [CI]=41.88, 101.35) in 1996 after an increase in the prison population rate from 223.31 to 468.58 per 100000 population in 1995. Conclusions. High rates of incarceration can have the unintended consequence of destabilizing communities and contributing to adverse health outcomes.
Rates and Correlates of Seeking Mental Health Services Among Cambodian Refugees
Authors: Marshall Grant N. , Berthold S. Megan , Schell Terry L. , Elliott Marc N. , Chun Chi-Ah , Hambarsoomians Katrin 
Published: September 2006

Objectives. We assessed the rates and correlates of seeking mental health services among a probability sample of Cambodian refugees who needed such services. Methods. Interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with a representative sample drawn from the largest US community of Cambodian refugees. The analytic sample included 339 persons who met past 12-month criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression disorder, or alcohol use disorder. Respondents described contact with service providers for psychological problems during the preceding 12 months. We examined bivariate and multivariate predictors of seeking services. Results. Respondents reported high rates of contact with both medical care providers (70%) and mental health care providers (46%). Seeking services from both types of providers was associated with lack of English-speaking proficiency, unemployment, 3 or fewer years of preimmigration education, and being retired or disabled. Women, individuals with health insurance, and persons receiving government assistance also were more likely to seek services. Conclusions. Cambodian refugees with mental health problems had high rates of seeking service for psychological problems during the preceding 12 months. Research is needed to examine the effectiveness of services received by Cambodian refugees.
Semiconductors, Compound
Authors: Koleske Daniel D. , Drummond Timothy J. , Biefeld Robert M. , Sherwin Marc E. , Crawford Mary H. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The term compound semiconductor encompasses a large number of materials, most of which crystallize in either the zincblende, wurtzite, or rock salt crystal structures. This article focuses primarily on the properties of the most extensively studied Groups III and V and Groups (2, 12) II–VI compound semiconductors. A summary of the physical (mechanical and electrical) properties of these semiconductors, a description of the metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, the physics and applications of electronic and photonic devices, and the fabrication process technology in use to create both electronic and photonic devices and circuits are discussed.
Spices
Authors: Grenis Anthony T. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

This article emphasizes the use of spices in flavorings; other applications are known. The use of essential oils, derived from spices by various methods, and oleoresins, derived from spices by extraction, are components of flavor; their applications are included in this section. The quintessence of some spices, the essential oils, are described more fully elsewhere (see
Essential Oils
).

Topics discussed include history of spice and spice trade; labeling; cultivation and production. Processing includes information on the extraction of volatile compounds in spices and control of microbes at harvest. Adulteration is a recent problem. The methods of adulteration and laws involving this problem are detailed. Presentation of source, usage, and flavor characteristics of common individual spices ends the article.
PTCH mutations in four Brazilian patients with holoprosencephaly and in one with holoprosencephaly‐like features and normal MRI
Authors: Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho , Murray Jeffrey C. , Richieri‐Costa Antonio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report five Brazilian probands with PATCHED (PTCH) mutations and highly variable phenotypes with holoprosencephaly in four cases and holoprosencephaly‐like facial features with a normal MRI in a fifth case. Three of our mutations were novel: Ala443Gly, Val751Gly, and Val908Gly. Two patients had the same mutation (Val908Gly), but were phenotypically different: alobar holoprosencephaly, absent nasal septum, and midline cleft lip‐palate in one case, and lobar holoprosencephaly, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, clefting of the nose, severe microphthalmia, and a single maxillary central incisor in the other. One of our patients had a Thr1052Met mutation, holoprosencephaly‐like facial features, and a normal MRI. Ming et al. [(2002); Hum Genet 110:297–301] reported an identical mutation, but with alobar holoprosencephaly. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single maxillary central incisor, holoprosencephaly, and holoprosencephaly‐like phenotype
Authors: Richieri‐Costa A. , Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThree patients—one with alobar holoprosencephaly and two with a holoprosencephaly‐like phenotype—are reported with no identifiable mutations. In each case, one parent had a single maxillary central incisor (SMCI). We briefly review the holoprosencephaly‐like phenotype and present a table of 25 conditions with SMCI. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced performance in organic light‐emitting diodes with copolymers containing both tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum and 8‐hydroxyquinoline lithium groups
Authors: Du N. Y. , Tian R. Y. , Peng J. B. , Mei Q. B. , Lu M. G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe synthesized novel copolymers containing both tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) and 8‐hydroxyquinoline lithium (Liq) groups as emitting layers for use in conventional two‐layer organic light‐emitting diodes. The network structure and thermal stability of these materials is described. The optical and electroluminescent properties of the copolymers were also studied. The performance optimization of the devices with the copolymers through the variation of the ratio of Alq3 to Liq is described. A mechanism responsible for the improved electron injection is put forward. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4404–4410, 2006
Properties and morphology of bioceramics/poly(D,L‐lactide) composites modified by in situ compatibilizing extrusion
Authors: Liu Fang , Jin Yan , Lin Xiaodan , Jia Demin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractComposites of poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLLA) with hydroxylapatite (HA) and PDLLA with tertiary calcium phosphate (TCP) were prepared by in situ modification with methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and molded by piston extrusion at temperature between Tg and Tm of PDLLA. Mechanical properties of the composites increased obviously when compared with the unmodified bioactive ceramic particles/PDLLA composites. The effect of MDI contents on mechanical properties of the composites was studied. At the optimum conditions of 1.0/1.0molar ratios of NCO groups in MDI to OH groups in PDLLA, bending strength 68.4 MPa and bending modulus 2281.5 MPa, were achieved in composite HA/PDLLA/MDI with 15 wt % HA. Both increased by nearly 30% when compared with that of solution cast HA/PDLLA composites. Interfacial adhesion and compatibility between PDLLA and bioactive ceramic particles (HA and TCP) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the interface between HA particles and PDLLA was blurred and HA particles were closely surrounded by PDLLA matrix in HA/PDLLA/MDI composites. Oriented fibrils along with longitudinal direction of extrusion die were also observed on the surfaces of HA/PDLLA/MDI composite. It is confirmed that MDI has improved interfacial adhesion and compatibility between HA particles and PDLLA phase. Fibril structures formed in the extrusion, and it contributed a great deal in enhancing the mechanical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4085–4091, 2006
Light‐colored fluorinated polyimides based on 2,5‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)biphenyl and various aromatic dianhydrides
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Su Yu‐Yang , Chen Yung‐Chung 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA novel trifluoromethyl‐containing aromatic diamine monomer, 2,5‐bis (4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)biphenyl (2), was prepared through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluoride and phenylhydroquinone in the presence of potassium carbonate to yield the intermediate dinitro compound (1), followed by catalytic reduction with hydrazine and Pd/C. A series of fluorinated polyimides (code 5a–f) were synthesized from diamine (2) with six commercially available aromatic dianhydrides using a standard two‐stage process with thermal or chemical imidization of poly(amic acid). Most of fluorinated polyimides showed good solubility at a concentration of 5–10 wt % and even in pyridine and dioxane. For improving solubility of 5c, copolyimides (5c/a–f) were also prepared from 2 and a pair of dianhydrides (3c/a–f), which were mixed in the molar ratio 1:1. All the polyimide films had a tensile strength in the range from 73 to 112 MPa, an elongation at break within a range of 9–23%, and an initial modulus in the range of 1.6–2.2 GPa. These polyimides exhibited glass transition temperatures of 220–267°C and showed no significant decomposition below 500°C under either nitrogen or air atmosphere. In comparison with the analogous nonfluorinated polyimides based on 2,5‐bis (4‐aminophenoxy) biphenyl (2′), the fluorinated polyimides showed better solubility as well as reduced color intensity, lower dielectric constant, and moisture absorption. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4101–4110, 2006
Synthesis and properties of organosoluble polyimides derived from bis(4‐amino‐3,5‐dimethyl phenyl) halo phenyl methane and various dianhydrides
Authors: Hariharan R. , Sarojadevi M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of organosoluble polyimides with various aromatic tetracarboxylic acid dianhydrides was prepared from diamine monomers using one‐ and two‐step methods. All the polyimides were soluble in aprotic solvents such as NMP, DMF, DMAc, and DMSO. The polyimides showed excellent thermal stability and good mechanical properties. The glass‐transition temperature of the prepared polyimides ranged from 210°C to 325°C. All the polyimides formed tough transparent films, with tensile strength of 84–118 MPa, 8%–12% elongation, and 1.5–2.3 GPa modulus. These polyimide films were found to have a dielectric constant in the range of 3.29–3.80 at 1 kHz and 3.14–3.76 at 10 kHz and low moisture uptake, 0.52%–1.10%. ©2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4127–4135, 2006
Miniemulsion and conventional emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butadiene: Effect of process on gel content
Authors: Li Donghong , Sudol E. David , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe properties of styrene/butadiene copolymers obtained by conventional emulsion and miniemulsion polymerizations were studied. Thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine the gel fraction of the copolymer in the latex particles as a function of conversion. It was found that the gel formation began at a higher conversion in the miniemulsion polymerization when compared with that in the conventional process. Also, a lower glass transition temperature was noted at the lowest conversion sampled (∼25%), implying a higher initial butadiene monomer concentration within the nucleated miniemulsion monomer droplets when compared with particles formed conventionally. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4616–4622, 2006
Effect of aging on synthesis of graft copolymer of EPDM and styrene (EPDM‐g‐PS)
Authors: Wonglert Chalermpol , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effect of aging on synthesis by the graft copolymerization of styrene onto random ethylene–propylene–diene monomer with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator is described. Results showed that yields of graft copolymer are increased in the first 10 min. After 10 min, the total polymer produced has a maximum at about 25 min. However, the portion of the graft copolymer is decreased and the portion of the pure polystyrene is increased. In addition, the influence factors, such as reaction time, temperature, BPO concentrations and styrene concentrations, effect of solvents on the extent of graft copolymerization were discussed. The extent of grafted copolymerization was verified by hexane and acetone Soxhlet (solvent extraction). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4809–4813, 2006
Rheological properties of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolyte systems: Concentration effects
Authors: Tam K. C. , Ng W. K. , Jenkins R. D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe behavior of hydrophobically modified alkali‐soluble associative polymer (HASE) at various polymer concentrations was investigated. The results showed that the formation of network structure, which enhances the rheological behavior, depends on two critical polymer concentrations, namely the critical cluster overlapping concentration (C*) and the established network concentration (C**). C* is defined as the critical concentration for the transformation of individual cluster to a transient network structure. C** represents the critical concentration in the semidilute regime where the formation of transient network is completely established. Experimental results demonstrated that the polymer solutions transformed from a predominantly viscous behavior below C* to one with dominant elastic properties above C**. Because of the formation of larger aggregation number above C**, the relaxation times of the polymer systems shift to longer times. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5166–5173, 2006
Effect of annealing on poly(urethane‐siloxane) copolymers
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Shu Yao‐Chi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPoly(urethane‐siloxane) copolymers were prepared by copolymerization of OH‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which was utilized as the soft segment, as well as 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐BD), which were both hard segments. These copolymers exhibited almost complete phase separation between soft and hard segments, giving rise to a very simple material structure in this investigation. The thermal behavior of the amorphous hard segment of the copolymer with 62.3% hard‐segment content was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both the T1 temperature and the magnitude of the T1 endotherm increased linearly with the logarithmic annealing time at an annealing temperature of 100°C. The typical enthalpy of relaxation was attributed to the physical aging of the amorphous hard segment. The T1 endotherm shifted to high temperature until it merged with the T2 endotherm as the annealing temperature increased. Following annealing at 170°C for various periods, the DSC curves presented two endothermic regions. The first endotherm assigned as T2 was the result of the enthalpy relaxation of the hard segment. The second endothermic peak (T3) was caused by the hard‐segment crystal. The exothermic curves at an annealing temperature of above 150°C exhibited an exotherm caused by the T3 microcrystalline growth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5174–5183, 2006