bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological tau burden and distribution distinguishes progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism from Richardson's syndrome
Authors: Williams David R. , Holton Janice L. , Strand Catherine , Pittman Alan , de Silva Rohan , Lees Andrew J. , Revesz Tamas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Clinical syndromes associated with progressive supranuclear palsy-tau pathology now include progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism (PSP-P), in addition to classic Richardson's syndrome (RS) and pure akinesia with gait freezing (PAGF). Although pathological heterogeneity of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) has also been established, attempts to correlate this with clinical findings have only rarely provided conclusive results. The aim of this study was to investigate whether regional variations in the types of tau lesions or differences in overall tau load may explain the clinical differences between the RS, PSP-P and PAGF. Quantitative tau pathology assessment was performed in 17 brain regions in 42 cases of pathologically diagnosed PSP (22 RS, 14 PSP-P and 6 PAGF). Neurofibrillary tangles, tufted astrocytes, coiled bodies and thread pathology were quantitated and a grading system was developed separately for each region. Using these grades the overall tau load was calculated in each case. To establish a simplified system for grading the severity of tau pathology, all data were explored to identify the minimum number of regions that satisfactorily summarized the overall tau severity. The subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and globus pallidus were consistently the regions most severely affected by tau pathology. The mean severity in all regions of the RS group was higher than in PSP-P and PAGF, and the overall tau load was significantly higher in RS than in PSP-P (P = 0.002). Using only the grade of coiled body + thread lesions in the substantia nigra, caudate and dentate nucleus, a reliable and repeatable 12-tiered grading system was established (PSP-tau score: 0, mild tau pathology, restricted distribution; &gt;7, severe, widespread tau pathology). PSP-tau score was negatively correlated with disease duration (Spearman's rho −0.36, P = 0.028) and time from disease onset to first fall (Spearman's rho −0.49, P = 0.003). The PSP-tau score in PSP-P (median 3, range 0–5) was significantly lower than in RS (median 5, range 2–10, Mann–Whitney U, P &lt; 0.001). The two cases carrying the tau-H2 protective allele had the two lowest PSP-tau scores. We have identified significant pathological differences between the major clinical syndromes associated with PSP-tau pathology and the restricted, mild tau pathology in PSP-P supports its clinical distinction from RS. The grading system we have developed provides an easy-to-use and sensitive tool for the morphological assessment of PSP-tau pathology and allows for consideration of the clinical diversity that is known to occur in PSP.
Urolithiasis: Update on Metabolic Evaluation of Stone Formers
Authors: Park Sangtae , Pearle Margaret S. 
Published: May 2007

Metabolic abnormalities are identified in over 90% of stone formers and the institution of preventative dietary and medical measures has resulted in substantial reduction in stone recurrence rates. We review the contemporary approach to metabolic evaluation of urolithiasis.A careful medical and dietary history, stone analysis, serologic tests, and urinalysis constitute the initial screening regimen in patients who have been diagnosed with stones. Risk stratification of patients, based on the outcome of the initial screening tests, determines the need for and extent of urinary evaluation in individual stone formers. Conservative dietary measures or a simple metabolic evaluation and treatment has been described for first-time or low-risk stone formers, although the number of 24-h urine collections needed is debatable. A more extensive metabolic evaluation is recommended for recurrent or high-risk stone formers or for those in whom empiric treatment or medical therapy based on simplified evaluation is unsuccessful.Regardless of etiology, all stone formers should be counseled on dietary measures for stone prevention. The need for medication is determined by the results of 24-h urine analysis and the risk level of the patient. Cost effectiveness of the metabolic evaluation and treatment is strongly influenced by recurrence rate and efficacy of therapy.Metabolic evaluation and treatment has clearly been shown in randomized trials to reduce stone recurrence rates. Further study will determine the extent of evaluation necessary and the need for selective vs. empiric medical therapy for first-time and recurrent stone formers.
Linking Increasing Drought Stress to Scots Pine Mortality and Bark Beetle Infestations
Authors: Dobbertin Matthias , Wermelinger Beat , Bigler Christof , Bürgi Matthias , Carron Mathias , Forster Beat , Gimmi Urs , Rigling Andreas 
Published: May 2007

In the dry Swiss Rhone Valley, Scots pine forests have experienced increased mortality in recent years. It has commonly been assumed that drought events and bark beetles fostered the decline, however, whether bark beetle outbreaks increased in recent years and whether they can be linked to drought stress or increasing temperature has never been studied.In our study, we correlated time series of drought indices from long-term climate stations, 11-year mortality trends from a long-term research plot, and mortality probabilities modeled from tree rings (as an indicator of tree vitality) with documented occurrences of various bark beetle species and a buprestid beetle, using regional Forest Service reports from 1902 to 2003 and advisory cases of the Swiss Forest Protection Service (SFPS) from 1984 to 2005. We compared the historical findings with measured beetle emergence from a 4-year tree felling and breeding chamber experiment.The documented beetle-related pine mortality cases increased dramatically in the 1990s, both in the forest reports and the advisory cases. The incidents of beetle-related pine mortality correlated positively with spring and summer temperature, and with the tree-ring-based mortality index, but not with the drought index. The number of advisory cases, on the other hand, correlated slightly with summer drought index and temperature, but very highly with tree-ringbased mortality index. The tree-ring-based mortality index and observed tree mortality increased in years following drought. This was confirmed by the beetle emergences from felled trees. Following dry summers, more than twice as many trees were colonized by beetles than following wet summers.We conclude that increased temperatures in the Swiss Rhone Valley have likely weakened Scots pines and favored phloeophagous beetle population growth. Beetles contributed to the increased pine mortality following summer drought. Among the factors not addressed in this study, changed forest use may have also contributed to increased beetle populations and Scots pine mortality, whereas air pollution seems to be of lesser importance.
The disulfide loop of gp41 is critical to the furin recognition site of HIV gp160
Authors: Sen Jayita , Jacobs Amy , Jiang Haiqing , Rong Lijun , Caffrey Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe importance of the HIV gp41 conserved disulfide loop to envelope function has been examined by mutational and functional analyses. Based on a luciferase‐reporter entry assay, mutants gp41‐CC/AA (C598A/C604A) and gp41‐Δ (deletion of residues 596–606) result in a nonfunctional envelope protein. Western blot analysis shows both mutants to be properly expressed but not processed to form gp120 and gp41, which explains their nonfunctionality. The presence of mutant gp160 on the cell surface, as well as their ability to bind to sCD4, suggests that the mutations have disrupted processing at the furin recognition site encoded within the gp120 conserved domain 5, without resulting in an overall misfolding of the protein. With respect to the furin recognition site, the mutations are sequentially distant, which implies that the gp41 disulfide loop is interacting with gp120 C5 in gp160. In addition, we have modeled the gp120–gp41 interaction in unprocessed precursor gp160 using structural data available for gp120 and gp41 domains in isolation, supplemented by mutagenesis data. We suggest that the mutations have altered the interaction between gp120 C5 and the gp41 disulfide loop, resulting in decreased accessibility of the furin recognition site and implying that the interaction between the gp120 C5 and gp41 loop is a conformational requirement for gp160 processing. The sensitivity of this interaction could be exploited in future antivirals designed to disrupt HIV pathogenesis by disrupting gp160 processing.
Twenty nail dystrophy trachyonychia: An overview
Authors: SEHGAL Virendra N. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty nail dystrophy (TND) trachyonychia, a fascinating clinical condition, was brought to focus 25 years ago. Ever since, it has been sparingly reported. Nonetheless, the condition is well‐recognized and its diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical features characterized by onset in infancy/childhood, and occasionally in adults. The lesions are fairly representative, and are characterized by the alternating elevation and depression (ridging) and/or pitting, lack of luster, roughening likened to sandpaper, splitting, and change to a muddy grayish‐white color. Dystrophy is prominent. Several modes of occurrence have been described including an hereditary component. The confirmation of diagnosis is through microscopic pathology corresponding either to endogenous eczema/dermatitis, lichen‐planus like or psoriasic‐form. It is a self‐limiting condition and may occasionally require intervention.
Systemic varicella zoster virus reinfection in a case of angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: IMAFUKU Shinichi , YOSHIMURA Daisuke , MOROI Yoichi , URABE Kazunori , FURUE Masutaka 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAngioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare subtype of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma that causes immunological disorders such as immunosuppression, autoimmune disease‐like symptoms and allergy. We report a case of a 67‐year‐old man with AITL who had a serious varicella zoster virus (VZV) reinfection that appeared clinically to be varicella. Forty percent of cases of AITL are associated with skin rash. A variety of cutaneous manifestations have been reported; however, the majority are macropapular eruptions that are often diagnosed as drug associated. Our study emphasizes the need to correctly diagnose opportunistic infections, such as the varicella that is documented in our patient, at early stages in AITL.
5‐HT1D receptor agonists and human coronary artery reactivity in vitro: crossover comparisons of 5‐HT and sumatriptan with rizatriptan and L‐741,519
Authors: LONGMORE J. , BOULANGER C. M. , DESTA B. , HILL R. G. , SCHOFIELD W. N. , TAYLOR A. A. 
Published: May 2007

1Rizatriptan (MK‐462, (N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐[5‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]ethylamine)) and its structurally related analogue L‐741,519 (N‐methyl‐4‐[5‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]piperidine) are novel 5‐HT1D‐receptor agonists. Rizatriptan has shown efficacy as an anti‐migraine agent in clinical trials. Since angiographic studies in patients have shown that sumatriptan (an established 5‐HT1D‐receptor agonist) can cause coronary artery vasoconstriction, we compared the effects of rizatriptan and L‐741,519 with those of 5‐HT and sumatriptan on endothelium‐denuded segments of human coronary artery in vitro. 2Coronary arteries were obtained from explanted hearts from patients undergoing cardiac transplantation (n=16 viable arteries from 13 males, 3 females, aged 38–68 years) and arterial segments (5–6 mm in length) were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording. Each segment was first exposed to 45mm KCl and then to 5‐HT (1 nm–100 μm). Concentration–effect curves to rizatriptan and sumatriptan (Study 1, n=6 or 7 arteries) or sumatriptan and L‐741,519 (Study 2, n=8 arteries) were then performed in a consecutive and random manner. The response to repeated application of 5‐HT was obtained in separate segments. 3One artery showed severe atheroma and was not included in the analysis. ANOVA showed that 5‐HT responsiveness varied significantly between arteries from different patients, but not between arterial segments from the same patient. Desensitization was seen consistently across all agonists but did not significantly affect inter‐agonist comparisons. 4There was graded effectiveness in the ability of the agonists to cause contraction with the rank order of Emax values being 5‐HTsumatriptan>L‐741,519>rizatriptan. In terms of EC50 values, L‐741,519 was significantly more potent than sumatriptan. 5The present study (using a ‘cross‐over’ experimental protocol) confirms our previous observation that rizatriptan is less effective than sumatriptan in causing contraction of human isolated coronary artery. Furthermore, it shows that the lower maximum contractile response to rizatriptan, compared with that of sumatriptan, is not merely the consequence of variability in response to 5‐HT1D‐ receptor agonists between patients or between segments from the same artery.
Effect of fluconazole dose on the extent of fluconazole‐triazolam interaction
Authors: VARHE ANU , OLKKOLA KLAUS T. , NEUVONEN PERTTI J. 
Published: May 2007

1Azole antimycotics interact with the short acting hypnotic triazolam. The effect of fluconazole dose on the extent of fluconazole‐triazolam interaction was investigated in a double‐blind, randomized cross‐over study of four phases. 2Eight healthy volunteers received either 50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg (400 mg on day 1) of fluconazole or placebo orally once a day for 4 days. On day 4, they took a 0.25 mg oral dose of triazolam, after which plasma samples were collected and pharmacodynamic effects measured for 18 h. 3The mean area under the triazolam concentration‐time curve (AUC) was increased 1.6‐, 2.1‐ and 4.4‐fold (P<0.001) by fluconazole 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg, respectively. The increase in the elimination half‐life of triazolam (t½,z) varied from 1.3‐fold (fluconazole 50 mg, P<0.05) to 2.3‐fold (fluconazole 200 mg, P<0.001). The peak concentration of triazolam was also increased significantly during all fluconazole phases; more than twofold by fluconazole 200 mg (P<0.001). 4The pharmacodynamic effects of triazolam were increased significantly (P<0.05) by fluconazole 100 mg and 200 mg. 5Even a small 50 mg daily dose of fluconazole can interact with triazolam and the extent of the interaction increases with increasing fluconazole dose. When triazolam is used concomitantly with fluconazole 50–200 mg, the dose of triazolam should be reduced, accordingly. Simultaneous use of triazolam with higher fluconazole doses should be avoided.
Long‐term (up to 18 years) effects on GH/IGF‐1 hypersecretion and tumour size of primary somatostatin analogue (SSTa) therapy in patients with GH‐secreting pituitary adenoma responsive to SSTa
Authors: Maiza Jean Christophe , Vezzosi Delphine , Matta Maria , Donadille Florence , Loubes‐Lacroix Florence , Cournot Maxime , Bennet Antoine , Caron Philippe 
Published: May 2007

SummaryContext  The role of somatostatin analogues (SSTa) in the treatment of acromegaly.Objective  To evaluate the antihormonal and antitumour efficacy of long‐term (up to 18 years) primary treatment with SSTa in patients with GH‐secreting pituitary adenoma responsive to SSTa.Design  An open, prospective, single‐centre, clinical study.Patients  Thirty‐six acromegalic patients, aged 17–75 years (postoral glucose tolerance test GH > 1 µg/l, increased IGF‐1 for age and sex), were monitored in a single centre and treated with SSTa as first‐line therapy. The mean pretreatment GH level was 13·5 ± 3·1 µg/l, and IGF‐1 (as a percentage of the value over the normal range) was 302 ± 26%. The patients had macroadenoma (n = 25), microadenoma (n = 8) or empty sella turcica (n = 3). The mean duration of treatment was 8 years (range 3–18 years). Hormonal and morphological monitoring was undertaken after 6 months, and then the patients were followed annually.Results  After 1 year, the mean GH and IGF‐1 levels had reduced considerably (GH: 2·4 ± 0·3 µg/l; IGF‐1; 174 ± 14%, P < 0·01), and they continued to decrease over 10 years, with a mean GH level of 1·6 ± 0·1 µg/l and IGF‐1 of 123 ± 18% (P = 0·02). GH < 2 µg/l, normal IGF‐1, or both were observed in 25 (70%), 24 (67%) and 21 (58%) patients, respectively. The mean reduction in tumour volume was 43% (range 13–97%) and shrinkage > 20% was obtained in 21 patients (72%). SSTa treatment was well tolerated with few digestive or metabolic side‐effects.Conclusion  Long‐term (up to 18 years) treatment with SSTa used as first‐line therapy is effective from both an antihormonal and antitumour perspective, and is well tolerated in acromegalic patients.
Intraprofessional relations in nursing
Authors: Duddle Maree , Boughton Maureen 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Title. Intraprofessional relations in nursing Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore the way in which Registered Nurses relate to and interact with each other in the workplace, and to identify factors that influence nurses’ interactions with each other.Background.  Intraprofessional relations are an important topic both for nurses and nursing as we face the ongoing challenges of nurse shortages. Poor colleague relationships, together with workplace conflict, cause job dissatisfaction. As a consequence, some nurses leave the profession while others continue working but remain chronically unhappy.Method.  An explanatory multiple case study design was adopted. Data were collected from multiple sources on three different wards within one hospital in Australia between July 2005 and January 2006.Findings.  The workplace can be a difficult place for both very experienced and less experienced nurses, regardless of the clinical environment. Nurses navigate their way in the workplace through a series of complex negotiations with each other and develop skills to assess the potential success of an interaction before approaching another nurse. Some also develop a resilience to conflict in their workplace, accepting it as part of working life.Conclusion.  Creation of a more positive work environment requires increased understanding of the way nurses relate to each other and appreciation of the factors in the environment that contribute to conflict and a negative atmosphere. This appreciation is a necessary prerequisite to developing a more satisfying and productive workplace enhancing the recruitment of new nurses and the retention of experienced nurses.
Determination of diffusion controlled reaction rates at a solid/liquid interface using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: KEAR GARETH , HUANG SHENG‐HUEI , BREMHORST KLAUS , PURCHASE ANDREW 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA high‐resolution method has been developed for the determination of localized values of interfacial reaction rate and mass transfer coefficient in aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy has been successfully applied to this problem through the measurement of electroplated film thickness formed under limiting current conditions. The method involves the calculation of local values of reaction rate via Faraday's laws and subsequent conversion of the data to absolute values of mass transfer coefficient. The technique has been verified in an undisturbed, turbulent flow regime (rotating cylinder electrode) through the use of Sherwood group dimensionless analysis. The resulting relationship shows comparable accuracy relative to electrochemical measurements. Favourable comparison has also been made with the generally accepted rotating cylinder correlation of Eisenberg, Tobias and Wilke. Differential rates of mass transfer to a single surface under conditions of disturbed flow have also been examined at a high spatial resolution using the stepped rotating cylinder electrode geometry. In this case, reaction rates have been measured as a function of circumferential distance within a recirculation zone situated immediately downstream of a backward‐facing step.
Fibre‐optic nonlinear optical microscopy and endoscopy
Authors: FU L. , GU M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNonlinear optical microscopy has been an indispensable laboratory tool of high‐resolution imaging in thick tissue and live animals. Rapid developments of fibre‐optic components in terms of growing functionality and decreasing size provide enormous opportunities for innovations in nonlinear optical microscopy. Fibre‐based nonlinear optical endoscopy is the sole instrumentation to permit the cellular imaging within hollow tissue tracts or solid organs that are inaccessible to a conventional optical microscope. This article reviews the current development of fibre‐optic nonlinear optical microscopy and endoscopy, which includes crucial technologies for miniaturized nonlinear optical microscopy and their embodiments of endoscopic systems. A particular attention is given to several classes of photonic crystal fibres that have been applied to nonlinear optical microscopy due to their unique properties for ultrashort pulse delivery and signal collection. Furthermore, fibre‐optic nonlinear optical imaging systems can be classified into portable microscopes suitable for imaging behaving animals, rigid endoscopes that allow for deep tissue imaging with minimally invasive manners, and flexible endoscopes enabling imaging of internal organs. Fibre‐optic nonlinear optical endoscopy is coming of age and a paradigm shift leading to optical microscope tools for early cancer detection and minimally invasive surgery.
Disruption of AtOCT1, an organic cation transporter gene, affects root development and carnitine‐related responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lelandais‐Brière Christine , Jovanovic Mariana , Torres Gisèle A. M. , Perrin Yolande , Lemoine Rémi , Corre‐Menguy Fabienne , Hartmann Caroline 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn animals, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTs) are involved in homeostasis and distribution of various small endogenous amines (e.g. carnitine, choline) and detoxification of xenobiotics such as nicotine. Here, we describe the characterization of AtOCT1, an Arabidopsis protein that shares most of the conserved features of mammalian plasma membrane OCTs. Transient expression of an AtOCT1::GFP fusion protein in onion epidermal cells and Arabidopsis protoplasts supported localization in the plasmalemma. AtOCT1 functionally complemented the Δcit2/Δagp2p yeast strain that is defective in plasma membrane carnitine transport. Disruption of AtOCT1 in an Arabidopsis oct1‐1 knockout mutant affected both the expression of carnitine‐related genes and the developmental defects induced by exogenous carnitine. RT‐PCR and promoter–uidA fusion analysis showed that AtOCT1 was expressed in vascular tissues of various organs and at sites of lateral root formation. Correlating with this expression pattern, oct1‐1 seedlings grown in vitro exhibited a higher degree of root branching than the wild‐type, showing that the disruption of AtOCT1 affected root development under certain conditions.