bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Northern Cordilleran Mid‐Cretaceous Plutonic Province: Ilmenite/Magnetite‐series Granitoids and Intrusion‐related Mineralisation
Authors: Hart Craig J. R. , Goldfarb Richard J. , Lewis Lara L. , Mair John L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract.Twenty‐five Early and mid‐Cretaceous (145–90 Ma) plutonic suites and belts are defined across Alaska and Yukon, in the northern North American Cordillera, on the basis of lithological, geochemical, isotopic, and geochronometric similarities. These features are combined with aeromagnetic characteristics, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and whole‐rock ferric: ferrous ratios to ascertain the distribution of magnetite‐ and ilmenite‐series plutonic belts. Magnetite‐series plutonic belts are dominantly associated with the older parts of the plutonic episode and comprise subduction‐generated metaluminous plutons that are distributed preferentially in the more seaward localities dominated by primitive tectonic elements. Ilmenite‐series plutonic belts comprise slightly younger, slightly peraluminous plutons in more landward localities in pericratonic to continental margin settings. They were likely initiated in response to crustal thickening following terrane collision. The youngest plutonic belt forms a small, but significant, magnetite‐series belts in the farthest inboard position, associated with alkalic plutons that were emplaced during weak extension.Intrusion‐related metallogenic provinces with distinctive metal associations are distributed, largely in accord with classical redox‐sensitive granite‐series. Copper, Au, and Fe mineralisation are associated with magnetite‐series plutons and tungsten mineralisation associated with ilmenite‐series plutons. However, there are some notable deviations from expected associations, as intrusion‐related Ag‐Pb‐Zn deposits are few, and significant tin mineralisation is rare. Most significantly, many gold deposits and occurrences are associated with ilmenite‐series plutons: these form the basis for the newly recognized reduced intrusion‐related gold deposit model.
Helium Isotope Geochemistry of Ore‐forming Fluids from Furong Tin Orefield in Hunan Province, China
Authors: Li Zhao‐li , Hu Rui‐zhong , Peng Jian‐tang , Bi Xian‐wu , Li Xiao‐min 
Published: November 2008

Abstract. The Furong tin orefield, located in southern Hunan, China, is a newly‐discovered super‐large tin orefield. In contrast to most other tin deposits associated with S‐type granites, the Furong tin deposit is closely associated with the Qitianling A‐type granite. The 3He/4He ratios of fluid inclusions in pyrite and arsenopyrite from this orefield range from 0.13 to 2.95 Ra. The influence of various post‐mineralization processes on the helium isotopic composition of ore‐forming fluid inclusions are estimated negligible. Thus, the analytical values of helium isotopic composition basically represent the original values of ore‐forming fluids at the time they were trapped.The 3He/4He ratios of ore‐forming fluids from the Furong orefield indicate the existence of mantle‐source components. It supports the idea that both the Furong tin orefield and Qitianling granite formed under the geodynamic background of mantle upwelling and crustal extension.
REE Mineralization of Weathered Crust and Clay Sediment on Granitic Rocks in the Sanyo Belt, SW Japan and the Southern Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Murakami Hiroyasu , Ishihara Shunso 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRare earth element (REE) geochemistry and mineralogy have been studied in the weathered crusts derived from the Early Yanshanian (Jurassic) biotite granites of Dabu and Dingnan, as well as in the Indosinian (Permian) muscovite–biotite granite of Aigao in southern Jiangxi province, China, and the weathered crusts and clay sediments on biotite granites in the Sanyo belt, SW Japan, that is, Okayama, Tanakami, and Naegi areas. In all of the weathered crusts, biotite and plagioclase commonly tend to decrease toward the upper part of the profile, whereas kaolinite and residual quartz and K‐feldspar increase. The weathered crusts of the Dingnan granites and some Naegi granites, which are characterized by the enrichment in light REE (LREE) in C horizons, have higher total REE (ΣREE) content than the parent REE‐enriched granites. Weathering of LREE‐bearing apatite and fluorocarbonates in the Dingnan granites and allanite and apatite in some Naegi granites may account for the leaching of LREE at the B horizons. The leached LREE must result in subsequent enrichment of LREE in the C horizons. The enrichment is probably associated with mainly adsorption onto kaolinite and partly formation of possible secondary LREE‐bearing minerals. In Japan it was found that REE mineralization occurs not in the weathered granitic crusts but in reworked clay sediments, especially kaolinite‐rich layers, derived mainly from the weathering materials of REE‐enriched granitic rocks. The clay sediments are more enriched in LREE, which likely adsorbed onto kaolinite. Concentration of heavy REE within almost all the weathered crusts and clay sediments, however, may reflect mainly residual REE‐bearing minerals such as zircon, which originated in the parent granitic rocks. The findings of the present study support the three processes for fractionation of the REE during weathering: (i) selective leaching of rocks containing both stable and unstable REE‐bearing minerals; (ii) adsorption onto clay minerals; and (iii) presence of possible secondary LREE‐bearing minerals.
Rare Earth Element Enrichment in Late Archean Manganese Deposits from the Iron Ore Group, East India
Authors: Moriyama Takeru , Panigrahi Mruganka K. , Pandit Dinesh , Watanabe Yasushi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe major, trace and rare earth element (REE) composition of Late Archean manganese, ferromanganese and iron ores from the Iron Ore Group (IOG) in Orissa, east India, was examined. Manganese deposits, occurring above the iron formations of the IOG, display massive, rhythmically laminated or botryoidal textures. The ores are composed primarily of iron and manganese, and are low in other major and trace elements such as SiO2, Al2O3, P2O5and Zr. The total REE concentration is as high as 975 ppm in manganese ores, whereas concentrations as high as 345 ppm and 211 ppm are found in ferromanganese and iron ores, respectively. Heavy REE (HREE) enrichments, negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies were observed in post‐Archean average shale (PAAS)‐normalized REE patterns of the IOG manganese and ferromanganese ores. The stratiform or stratabound shapes of ore bodies within the shale horizon, and REE geochemistry, suggest that the manganese and ferromanganese ores of the IOG were formed by iron and/or manganese precipitation from a submarine, hydrothermal solution under oxic conditions that occurred as a result of mixing with oxic seawater. While HREE concentrations in the Late Archean manganese and ferromanganese ores in the IOG are slightly less than those of the Phanerozoic ferromanganese ores in Japan, HREE resources in the IOG manganese deposits appear to be two orders of magnitude higher because of the large size of the deposits. Although a reliable, economic concentration technique for HREE from manganese and ferromanganese ores has not yet been developed, those ores could be an important future source of HREE.
Chemical Evolution of Zircons in the Paleogene Naegi Granite, Central Japan
Authors: Ishihara Shunso 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe chemical composition of zircons from S‐ and I‐type ilmenite‐series granitic rocks in the Chubu district is summarized based upon recent electron probe microanalysis. Zircons in S‐type Busetsu granite of the Ryoke Metamorphic Belt have a homogeneous composition with minimum impurities, whereas those of I‐type Naegi granite in the non‐metamorphic Sanyo Belt are enriched in Hf, Y, REE, Th and U along the crystal rims. Similar enrichment has been observed in a variety of zircon called Naegite. These minor components are concentrated in the F‐rich fluid phase of residual melts of the Naegi granite magma, and are crystallized in pegmatites during the latest magmatic stage. High values of Nb and Ta in some Naegite reported previously are attributed to micro‐inclusion of fergusonite.
Valuation of investment projects by an international oil company: a new proof of a straightforward, rigorous method
Authors: Pierru Axel , Babusiaux Denis 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe problem studied is that of valuing investment projects of an international oil company subject to tax schemes that vary from one country to another. The existing disparities in the tax treatment of interest paid can lead the firm to seek an optimal allocation of its debt capacity among the various projects. In this context, the generalised ATWACC (After‐Tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital) method presents numerous advantages over standard methods and is particularly well suited to the valuation of oil‐field development projects where debt financing differs from the amount that would correspond to the debt ratio targeted by the firm at the corporate scale. In this paper, we discuss adapting the generalised ATWACC method to the specificities of the oil industry and offer new proof of its validity based on a model that maximises, under constraints, the firm's equity value.
Gasoline subsidy and consumer surplus in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Shahmoradi Asghar , Honarvar Afshin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGasoline subsidy in Islamic Republic of Iran is a controversial issue. While a group of politicians believe that its merits outweigh its costs, some economists believe that its harms exceed the benefits. A new approach is taken to study the changes in social welfare because of gasoline subsidies for the period 1987–2005. The findings indicate that the consumers’ surplus has declined over time for a representative consumer. A large population growth, inflation and non‐substitutability of gasoline with other goods might have caused this phenomenon.
The benefits of allogeneic erythrocyte transfusion: what evidence do we have?
Authors: SONI NEIL , THOMAS BENJAMIN 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYRestrictive blood transfusion practice has modified the indications for blood transfusion. There is still a need for succinct definition of transfusion thresholds in different situations, based on physiological argument balancing the mechanisms by which blood is potentially beneficial against the deleterious effects of transfusion, whether known, speculative or unknown. The latter still need identification. The key physiological benefit is through oxygen delivery and thereby the provision of a margin of safety in tissue oxygenation. This can be achieved by a range of methods that safeguard blood volume, conserve blood or increase hemoglobin as well as by transfusion, and in many situations conservation methods can or could now preclude transfusion. There are still acute and less controlled or controllable situations where conservation methods are difficult to implement or may need to be complemented by transfusion. These are the indications that still need clarification. Difficult and confusing areas of practice include the management of patients with ischemic heart disease. This is a potential driver for transfusion to prevent ischemia, but clarity of efficacy or detriment is elusive beyond acknowledging that both too high and too low hemoglobin values are detrimental. The issue in all clinical situations, whether acute or chronic, is to continue to reevaluate the safety of current thresholds. This will help limit blood usage and ensure that blood is used when necessary but not otherwise.
Pathogen inactivation of blood components
Authors: PROWSE CHRIS 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYBlood donations are screened for infectious agents of concern, but this approach is always challenged when a new infection is identified. Ideally, each donation or blood component would be treated to inactivate pathogens, as is now done for fractionated plasma products. Technology that allows this is now being developed for red cell and platelet products, and has been available for some time for whole plasma. For plasma and platelets, clinical trials have been completed and show some loss of potency as a result of treatment to reduce pathogens. Most of the methods developed arte effective against lipid‐enveloped viruses and bacteria but less so for non‐enveloped viruses.Some European countries have already implemented provision of pathogen‐reduced plasma and are in the process of large‐scale field evaluations of platelet technologies, now that these are licensed (CE marked) in Europe. As yet there is no licensed technology for pathogen reduction of red cells, and no licenses for component pathogen reduction are in place in the USA.Cost‐effectiveness of pathogen reduction is very poor if one bases assessment only on those pathogens for which mandatory screening is already in place, as the residual risks of infection are already very low. However, if other factors such as emerging infections, bacterial contamination or the risk of transfusion‐related acute lung injury are also included in the evaluation, the economic case becomes more attractive.
MEASURING THE ALLOCATION OF ESKOM'S PRODUCTIVITY DIVIDEND1
Authors: Lawrence Denis A. , Van Der Westhuizen Gert 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe methodology developed by Lawrence, Diewert and Fox and Lawrence and Richards is used to determine the contribution of productivity and price changes to changes in Eskom's profitability over time. This methodology enables the calculation of the distribution of the benefits of Eskom's productivity improvements – its “productivity dividend”– among the three key stakeholder groups: consumers, input suppliers (including employees) and Eskom's owners. The results of this study show that Eskom passed on substantially more than the benefits from productivity improvements over the 10 years to 2002 to consumers in the form of real price reductions and to labour in the form of higher real wages.
IS THERE EVIDENCE OF A WAGE PENALTY TO FEMALE PART‐TIME EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA?
Authors: Posel Dorrit , Muller Colette 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate female part‐time employment in South Africa. Using household survey data for South Africa from 1995 to 2004, we show that women are over‐represented in part‐time employment, and that the growth in part‐time work has been an important feature of the feminisation of the labour force. In contrast to many studies of part‐time work in other countries, however, we find evidence of a significant wage premium to female part‐time employment. The premium is also robust to fixed effects estimations using Labour Force Survey panel data from 2001 to 2004, where controlling for unobservable differences increases its size. The premium persists with different hourly thresholds defining part‐time employment and when we account for possible reporting errors in hours worked.
DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL INNOVATION PARTNERSHIPS: DO THEY MATTER FOR INNOVATION OUTCOMES OF SOUTH AFRICAN FIRMS?
Authors: Bakker René m. , Oerlemans Leon A.g. , Pretorius Tinus 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper studies the impact of the diversity of domestic and international innovation partnerships on the innovation outcomes of South African firms. A number of competing hypotheses are formulated and tested empirically using a sample of South African firms in manufacturing and services by applying Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses. Results show that having an innovation partnership, particularly an international partnership, is beneficial to innovation outcomes. However, it also emerges that too diverse a set of international partnerships is detrimental to innovation outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion and a number of proposals for future research.
FISCAL ILLUSION AT THE LOCAL SPHERE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE FLYPAPER EFFECT USING SOUTH AFRICAN MUNICIPAL DATA1
Authors: Amusa Hammed , Mabunda Robert , Mabugu Ramos 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhile South Africa operates a relatively decentralised governance and administrative structure, an important feature of the country's intergovernmental fiscal relations system is the gap that exists between the expenditure responsibilities of sub‐national authorities and their assigned revenue bases. The resulting vertical fiscal imbalance is mainly addressedviasignificant intergovernmental transfers to provinces and local governments. This factor presents stronga priorigrounds for assuming that in the South African context, the heavy dependence of many local governments on intergovernmental transfers may generate fiscal illusion. Despite this, there have not been many empirical studies of fiscal illusion in South Africa's intergovernmental transfer system. This paper extends existing literature on fiscal illusion by using the fiscal year 2005/06 financial and expenditure data from 237 local government authorities in South Africa to evaluate the flypaper variant of the fiscal illusion hypothesis. Empirical results indicate that the marginal effects of municipal own‐source revenues on local expenditure exceed those of intergovernmental transfers. No statistical evidence in support of the flypaper hypothesis within the context of municipal expenditures in South Africa is found.
Numerical model tests of building response to excavation-induced ground movements
Authors: Son Moorak , Cording Edward J. 
Published: November 2008

Distortion and damage to masonry and frame structures on shallow foundations subjected to excavation-induced ground movements have been investigated using numerical model tests. The numerical tests were modeled using the two-dimensional (2-D) universal distinct element code (UDEC) version 3.1 in which each masonry unit was modeled as a block, with the contacts between blocks having stiffness and strength characteristics of mortar. The soil was modeled elastically with a stiffness selected to provide the same pressure–displacement relation for the 2-D model as that for the three-dimensional (3-D) foundation condition. To give a justifiable basis for the numerical tests, two physical model tests were simulated numerically, and the results from the numerical tests were compared with those from the physical model tests. The good agreements between the numerical simulations and physical model tests led to extended numerical studies. The studies included the effect of cracking in structures and structural types (brick and frame structures) on the building response, considering soil–structure interaction. The numerical studies indicated that the structural response to excavation-induced ground movements is highly dependent on both cracking in structures and structural types, and therefore their effects should be considered for better assessing the building response to excavation-induced ground movements.
Formation of MgO:LiNbO3 Domain‐Inverted Gratings by Voltage Application under UV Light Irradiation at Room Temperature
Authors: Fujimura Masatoshi , Suhara Toshiaki 
Published: November 2008

MgO:LiNbO3 is an attractive nonlinear‐optic crystal for quasiphasematched (QPM) nonlinear‐optic devices. This paper reports a new formation method of domain‐inverted gratings for QPM in MgO:LiNbO3. Domain inversion of MgO:LiNbO3 by voltage application under UV light was characterized, and reduction of the voltage required for inversion was demonstrated. Results of voltage application under periodic UV light suggested that suppression of excess lateral expansion of the domain inverted regions on −Z surface was crucial for domain‐inverted grating formation. Voltage application to a crystal with a photoconductive cladding layer under periodic UV light was proposed. The cladding layer suppressed the expansion, and the domain‐inverted gratings with period of 18 μm and area of 25 × 5
mm2 were obtained. The formation method does not require the photolithography process and allows the formation by voltage application at room temperature, and therefore, is quite simple and productive.
Best Proximity Pairs Theorems for Continuous Set-Valued Maps
Authors: Amini-Harandi A. , Farajzadeh A. P. , O'Regan D. , Agarwal R. P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA best proximity pair for a set-valued map "Equation missing" with respect to a set-valued map "Equation missing" is defined, and a new existence theorem of best proximity pairs for continuous set-valued maps is proved in nonexpansive retract metric spaces. As an application, we derive a coincidence point theorem.
Ankyrin Repeat Domain 1, ANKRD1, a Novel Determinant of Cisplatin Sensitivity Expressed in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Scurr Lyndee L. , Guminski Alexander D. , Chiew Yoke-Eng , Balleine Rosemary L. , Sharma Raghwa , Lei Ying , Pryor Kylie , Wain Gerard V. , Brand Alison , Byth Karen , Kennedy Catherine , Rizos Helen , Harnett Paul R. , deFazio Anna 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Purpose: The standard of care for ovarian cancer includes platinum-based chemotherapy. It is not possible, however, to predict clinical platinum sensitivity or to design rational strategies to overcome resistance. We used a novel approach to identify altered gene expression associated with high sensitivity to cisplatin, to define novel targets to sensitize tumor cells to platins and ultimately improve the effectiveness of this widely used class of chemotherapeutics.
Experimental Design: Using differential display PCR, we identified genes differentially expressed in a mutagenized cell line with unusual sensitivity to cisplatin. The most highly differentially expressed gene was selected, and its role in determining cisplatin sensitivity was validated by gene transfection and small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches, by association of expression levels with cisplatin sensitivity in cell lines, and by association of tumor expression levels with survival in a retrospective cohort of 71 patients with serous ovarian adenocarcinoma.
Results: The most highly differently expressed gene identified was ANKRD1, ankyrin repeat domain 1 (cardiac muscle). ANKRD1 mRNA levels were correlated with platinum sensitivity in cell lines, and most significantly, decreasing ANKRD1 using siRNA increased cisplatin sensitivity &gt;2-fold. ANKRD1 was expressed in the majority of ovarian adenocarcinomas tested (62/71, 87%), and higher tumor levels of ANKRD1 were found in patients with worse outcome (overall survival, P = 0.013).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that ANKRD1, a gene not previously associated with ovarian cancer or with response to chemotherapy, is associated with treatment outcome, and decreasing ANKRD1 expression, or function, is a potential strategy to sensitize tumors to platinum-based drugs.