bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Environmental Conditions during Stream, Estuary, and Ocean Residency on Chinook Salmon Return Rates in the Skagit River, Washington
Authors: Greene Correigh M. , Jensen David W. , Pess George R. , Steel E. Ashley , Beamer Eric 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe predicted 22 years of return rates for wild Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschaas a function of environmental conditions experienced during residency in freshwater, tidal delta, bay, and ocean habitats as well as as an indicator of density dependence (based on egg production) across life stages. The best predictors of return rate included the magnitude of floods experienced during incubation, a principal components factor describing environmental conditions during bay residency, a similar factor describing conditions experienced during the third ocean year, and an estimate of egg production. Our models explained up to 90% of the variation in return rate and had a very high forecasting precision, yet environmental conditions experienced during ocean residency explained only 5% of the variation. Our results suggest that returns of wild Chinook salmon can be predicted with high precision by incorporating habitat residency and that freshwater and nearshore environmental conditions strongly influence the survival of Skagit River Chinook salmon.
Fish Assemblages in Oxbow Lakes Relative to Connectivity with the Mississippi River
Authors: Miranda L. E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe alluvial valley of the lower Mississippi River contains hundreds of fluvial lakes that are periodically connected to the river during high water, although the frequency, duration, and timing of the connections vary. To help design plans to restore and preserve fish assemblages in these alluvial lakes, this investigation tested whether predictable patterns in lake fish assemblages were linked to the level of connectivity with the river. Results suggested that connectivity played an important role in structuring fish assemblages and that it was correlated with variables such as lake size, depth, distance from the river, and age, which exhibit a continuum of predictable features as the river migrates away from abandoned channels. Annual floods homogenize the floodplain and promote connectivity to various degrees, allowing for fish exchanges between river and floodplain that directly affect fish assemblages. The major physical changes linked to reduced connectivity are loss of depth and area, which in turn affect a multiplicity of abiotic and biotic features that indirectly affect community structure. In advanced stages of disconnection, fish assemblages in oxbow lakes are expected to include largely species that thrive in turbid, shallow systems with few predators and low oxygen content. When the river flowed without artificial restraint, oxbow lakes were created at the rate of 13–15 per century. At present, no or few oxbow lakes are being formed, and as existing lakes age, they are becoming shallower, smaller, and progressively more disconnected from the river. Given that modifications to the Mississippi River appear to be irreversible, conservation of this resource requires maintenance of existing lakes at a wide range of aging phases that provide diverse habitats and harbor distinct species assemblages.
Hard Palate Repair Timing and Facial Growth in Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liao Yu-Fang , Mars Michael 
Published: November 2005

Objective: To evaluate the effect of timing of hard palate repair on facial growth in patients with cleft lip and palate, with special reference to cranial base, maxilla, mandible, jaw relation, and incisor relation. Design: A systematic review. Methods: The search strategy was based on the key words “facial growth,” “cleft lip palate,” and “timing of (hard) palate repair.” Case reports, case-series, and studies with no control or comparison group in the sample were excluded. Results: Fifteen studies met the selection criteria. All the studies were retrospective and nonrandomized. Five studies used cephalometry and casts, seven used cephalometry, and three used casts. Methodological deficiencies and heterogeneity of the studies prevented major conclusions. Conclusion: The review highlights the importance of further research. Prospective well-designed, controlled studies, especially targeting long-term results, are required to elucidate the effect of timing of hard palate repair on facial growth in patients with cleft lip and palate.
Distribution of Education and Population Health: An Ecological Analysis of New York City Neighborhoods
Authors: Galea Sandro , Ahern Jennifer 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We assessed the relationship between distribution of education and health indicators in a large urban area to determine if distribution of education may be a determinant of population health. Methods. We studied the association between distribution of education, measured with the education Gini coefficient, and rates of 8 health indicators in 59 neighborhoods in New York City. Results. In separate adjusted ecological models, neighborhoods with more poorly distributed education had better population health indicators that might plausibly be associated with short-term changes in the social environment (e.g., homicide and infant mortality rate); there was no association between education distribution and health indicators more likely to be associated with long-term accumulation of social and behavioral stressors (e.g., cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disease mortality rates). These findings were robust to measures of income and to adjustment for several potential confounders (e.g., gender and race/ethnicity). Conclusions. The presence in a neighborhood of highly educated people may be salutary for all residents, independent of the potentially deleterious consequences of income maldistribution.
Directional leakage and parameter drift
Authors: Hovd M. , Bitmead R. R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA new method for eliminating parameter drift in parameter estimation problems is proposed. Existing methods for eliminating parameter drift work either on a limited time horizon, restricts the parameter estimates to a range that has to be determined a priori, or introduces bias in the parameter estimates which will degrade steady state performance. The idea of the new method is to apply leakage only in the directions in parameter space in which the exciting signal is not informative. This avoids the problem of parameter bias associated with conventional leakage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Synthesis of Lactate‐Containing Depsipeptides by the Mitsunobu Reaction of Lactates
Authors: Grab Tobias , Bräse Stefan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe Mitsunobu reaction has been used as an efficient tool for the synthesis of orthogonally‐protected and unprotected depsipeptides such as Boc/Fmoc‐L‐Lys(Alloc)‐D‐Ala‐D‐Lac‐OAllyl or L‐Lys‐ D‐Ala‐D‐Lac that are bacterial cell wall precursor analogues found in vancomycin‐resistant enterococci.
Synthesis of Schiff Base‐Ruthenium Complexes and Their Applications in Catalytic Processes
Authors: Drozdzak Renata , Allaert Bart , Ledoux Nele , Dragutan Ileana , Dragutan Valerian , Verpoort Francis 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of various Schiff base mononuclear and binuclear ruthenium complexes, whose additional ligands around the metal core have been selected from an array of motifs, is described. These types of ruthenium complexes, conveniently prepared from commonly available ruthenium sources, are rather stable, display good tolerance towards diverse organic functionalities and also to air and moisture. Remarkably, they exhibit a high activity and chemoselectivity in a variety of catalytic processes such as ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), Kharasch addition, alkyne dimerization, enol ester synthesis, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This review covers both homogeneous and heterogeneous hybrid Schiff base‐ruthenium complexes.
A Highly Active and Reusable Heterogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Li Liang , Shi Jian‐lin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of Ru complexes of the type [L2X2RuCHR] (L=PPh3, PCy3, N‐heterocyclic carbenes or their derivates; X=Cl) grafted on mesoporous SBA‐15 material are described. In this heterogeneous catalyst the Ru complexes are anchored in the pore channels of mesoporous silica material SBA‐15 to prevent the decomposition of the catalytic species. Compared with formal organic‐supported heterogeneous catalysts, this heterogeneous catalyst shows relatively high catalytic activity in olefin metathesis reactions and can be used several times without any decrease in catalytic activities.
Design of Ionic Phosphites for Catalytic Hydrocyanation Reaction of 3‐Pentenenitrile in Ionic Liquids†
Authors: Vallée Christophe , Chauvin Yves , Basset Jean‐Marie , Santini Catherine C. , Galland Jean‐Christophe 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a novel class of ionic phosphites bearing either a single cationic group obtained by quaternization of aminophosphites or three cationic groups prepared by reaction of phosphorus trichloride with imidazolium phenols are reported. The catalytic hydrocyanation reaction of 3‐pentenenitrile (3PN) into adiponitrile has been performed in the presence of Ni(0) with ionic phosphite ligands, and a Lewis acid in biphasic ionic liquid/organic solvent system. The screening of several original cationic phosphites was performed and the experimental conditions were optimized for the tri‐cationic phosphite tris‐4‐[(2,3‐dimethylimidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]phenyl phosphite tris[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide]. It is possible to obtain performance similar to molecular systems and the catalyst and the Lewis acid were immobilized in the ionic phase.
Optimization of Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Inert Gas Sparging and Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Nosse Bernd , Schall Andreas , Jeong Won Boo , Reiser Oliver 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA systematic study of a ring‐closing metathesis towards a tetrasubstituted double bond as part of a seven‐membered ring in a 5.7.5‐tricyclic guaianolide system is described. By combining two techniques, namely sparging an inert gas through the solution together with dielectric heating via microwave irradiation a high‐yielding ring‐closing metathesis reaction in this particularly challenging case was achieved. The results obtained compare favorably with conventional heating conditions or with microwave irradiation in a closed system. The key aspects seem to be that rapid microwave irradiation diminishes catalyst decay by allowing the required high reaction temperature to be reached quickly and homogeneously and thereby providing enough energy for a successful metathesis reaction, while inert gas sparging is purging off evolving ethylene to shift the equilibrium to the product.
Geometric design of fluid segments in microreactors using dimensionless numbers
Authors: Aoki Nobuaki , Hasebe Shinji , Mae Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn microreactors, reactant fluids are split into many fluid segments and then fed into the reactors to shorten mixing time. Two dimensionless numbers are introduced to represent effects of geometric design factors of fluid segments, such as shapes and arrangements, on reactor performance, namely mixing rate and product yield and selectivity: the ratio of reaction rate to diffusion rate and the aspect ratio of the mean diffusion length in the two‐dimensional (2‐D) directions in the reactor cross section. Methods to determine these numbers are also proposed. To examine the validity of these numbers on estimating the reactor performance, we compare product yields between each pair of reactors having the different geometric design factors but the same dimensionless numbers using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The results show that these numbers serve as the indices for estimating the reactor performance. Using these numbers, design guidelines for geometry of fluid segments are also discussed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Arboreal bipedalism in wild chimpanzees: Implications for the evolution of hominid posture and locomotion
Authors: Stanford Craig B. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractField observations of bipedal posture and locomotion in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can serve as key evidence for reconstructing the likely origins of bipedalism in the last prehominid human ancestor. This paper reports on a sample of bipedal bouts, recorded ad libitum, in wild chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in southwestern Uganda. The Ruhija community of chimpanzees in Bwindi displays a high rate of bipedal posture. In 246.7 hr of observation from 2001–2003, 179 instances of bipedal posture lasting 5 sec or longer were recorded, for a rate of 0.73 bouts per observation hour. Bipedalism was observed only on arboreal substrates, and was almost all postural, and not locomotor. Bipedalism was part of a complex series of positional behaviors related to feeding, which included two‐legged standing, one‐legged standing with arm support, and other intermediate postures. Ninety‐six percent of bipedal bouts occurred in a foraging context, always as a chimpanzee reached to pluck fruit from tree limbs. Bipedalism was seen in both male and female adults, less frequently among juveniles, and rarely in infants. Both the frequency and duration of bipedal bouts showed a significant positive correlation with estimated substrate diameter. Neither fruit size nor nearest‐neighbor association patterns were significantly correlated with the occurrence of bipedalism. Bipedalism is seen frequently in the Bwindi chimpanzee community, in part because of the unusual observer conditions at Bwindi. Most observations of bipedalism were made when the animals were in treetops and the observer at eye‐level across narrow ravines. This suggests that wild chimpanzees may engage in bipedal behavior more often than is generally appreciated. Models of the likely evolutionary origins of bipedalism are considered in the light of Bwindi bipedalism data. Bipedalism among Bwindi chimpanzees suggests the origin of bipedal posture in hominids to be related to foraging advantages in fruit trees. It suggests important arboreal advantages in upright posture. The origin of postural bipedalism may have preceded and been causally disconnected from locomotor bipedalism. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for autism loci by combined analysis of Autism Genetic Resource Exchange and Finnish families
Authors: Ylisaukko‐oja Tero , Alarcón Maricela , Cantor Rita M. , Auranen Mari , Vanhala Raija , Kempas Elli , von Wendt Lennart , Järvelä Irma , Geschwind Daniel H. , Peltonen Leena 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveSeveral genome‐wide screens have been performed in autism spectrum disorders resulting in the identification of numerous putative susceptibility loci. Analyses of pooled primary data should result in an increased sample size and the different study samples have a potential to strengthen the evidence for some earlier identified loci, reveal novel loci, and even to provide information of the general significance of the locus. The objective of this study was to search for potential susceptibility loci for autism, which are supported by two independent samples.MethodsWe performed a combined analysis of the primary genome scan data of the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) and Finnish autism samples to reveal susceptibility loci potentially shared by these study samples.ResultsIn the initial combined data analysis, the best loci (p < 0.05) were observed at 1p12‐q25, 3p24‐26, 4q21‐31, 5p15‐q12, 6q14‐21, 7q33‐36, 8q22‐24, 17p12‐q21, and 19p13‐q13. The combined analysis of Finnish and AGRE families showed the most promising shared locus on 3p24‐26 with nonparametric logarithm of odds (NPL) score of 2.20 (p = 0.011). The combined data analysis did not provide increased linkage evidence for the earlier identified loci on 3q25‐27 or 17p12‐q21. However, the 17p12‐q21 locus remained promising also in the combined sample (NPLall =2.38, p = 0.0076).InterpretationOur study of 314 autism families highlights the importance of further analyses on 3p24‐26 locus involving comprehensive molecular genetic analyses of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), a positional and functional candidate gene for autism. Ann Neurol 2005
Katalytische asymmetrische Tandemumwandlungen mit einer konjugierten Addition als einleitendem Schritt
Authors: Guo Hong‐Chao , Ma Jun‐An 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEffiziente Synthesemethoden für Verbindungen mit mehreren Stereozentren sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für Wissenschaft und Industrie. Katalytische asymmetrische Tandemumwandlungen, die leicht zugängliche Ausgangsstoffe in enantiomerenreine komplexere Produkte umwandeln, könnten diese Herausforderung meistern. Aktuelle Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet bilden das Thema dieses Kurzaufsatzes: Die jüngsten Entwicklungen werden ebenso angesprochen wie Anwendungen von metallkatalysierten und organokatalytischen asymmetrischen Tandemumwandlungen, die durch eine konjugierte Addition ausgelöst werden.
Catalytic Asymmetric Tandem Transformations Triggered by Conjugate Additions
Authors: Guo Hong‐Chao , Ma Jun‐An 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe development of efficient methods to access complex molecules with multistereogenic centers has been a substantial challenge in both academic research and industrial applications. One approach to this challenge is catalytic asymmetric tandem transformations, which allow a rapid increase in molecular complexity from readily available starting materials to produce enantiopure compounds. In recent years, considerable efforts have been directed towards the development of asymmetric tandem transformations. This Minireview highlights recent developments and the applications of metal‐catalyzed and organocatalytic asymmetric tandem transformations triggered by conjugate additions.
Three‐dimensional anatomy of the conduction system of the early embryonic rabbit heart
Authors: Rothenberg Florence , Efimov Igor R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe complete embryonic cardiac conduction system is difficult to view in three dimensions, primarily because there has not been a marker of all segments of the normal system throughout all stages of development. Imaging of the conduction system components within the atria has been particularly controversial because different markers reveal different pathways that may or may not represent conduction system components. The conduction system of the adult and embryonic rabbit, however, can be labeled in its entirety with the neurofilament marker, NF‐160. The conduction system of rabbit embryos at several stages of development spanning cardiac septation was therefore investigated. Optical mapping of the electrical signature of the conduction system previously revealed a close correlation between the cardiac activation patterns and the anatomy as shown by serial sections. The 3D relationship between the components of the conduction system could only be inferred from the 2D sections. The sections were consequently reconstructed using a commercial software program (AutoQuant). This is the first demonstration of the three‐dimensional complete normal rabbit embryonic cardiac conduction system at several stages of development. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A bibliometric model for journal discarding policy at academic libraries
Authors: Jiménez‐Contreras Evaristo , Moneda Mercedes De La , Osma Elvira Ruiz de , Bailón‐Moreno Rafael , Ruiz‐Baños Rosario 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe authors propose a bibliometric model for discarding journal volumes at academic libraries, i.e., removal to offsite storage as part of the library's serials collection. The method is based on the volume as the unit of measurement and on user satisfaction with given titles. The discarding age, calculated for each volume, from the year of publication to the year of decision to discard, is dependent on citation half‐life, relative productivity, knowledge area, and residual utility (potential consultations). The model makes it possible to predict the approximate size of a collection when a stationary state is reached in which the inflow of journal volumes is equal to the outflow from discarding. The model is also able to determine the rate of growth of the holdings. This information can be used to optimize future use of available space and economic and maintenance resources; thus promoting efficient management of the collection.
Bacterial translocation studied in 927 patients over 13 years
Authors: MacFie J , Reddy B S , Gatt M , Jain P K , Sowdi R , Mitchell C J 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Bacterial translocation (BT) describes the passage of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to normally sterile tissues such as the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and other internal organs. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of BT remains controversial. This report describes results obtained over a 13-year period of study.

Methods
MLNs were obtained from 927 patients undergoing laparotomy. Nasogastric aspirates were obtained from 458 (49·4 per cent) of 927 patients for culture; pH was measured in 172 (37·6 per cent) of 458. Preoperative clinical variables were evaluated and factors that influenced BT were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results
BT was identified in 130 (14·0 per cent) of 927 patients. Postoperative sepsis was more common in patients with BT (42·3 versus 19·9 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). Independent preoperative variables associated with BT were emergency surgery (P = 0·001) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (P = 0·015). Gastric colonization was confirmed in 248 (54·1 per cent) of 458 patients, and was associated with both BT (P = 0·015) and postoperative sepsis (P = 0·029). A gastric pH of less than 4 was associated with a significant reduction in gastric colonization (53 versus 80 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) and postoperative sepsis (46 versus 70·3 per cent; P = 0·018) but not BT.

Conclusion
BT is associated with postoperative sepsis. Emergency surgery and TPN are independently associated with an increased prevalence of BT.
Study of the Hydrophobic Cavity of β‐Cryptogein through Laser‐Polarized Xenon NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Berthault Patrick , Huber Gaspard , Ha Phuong Thu , Dubois Lionel , Desvaux Hervé , Guittet Eric 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe interaction of xenon with β‐cryptogein, a basic 10 kDa protein belonging to the elicitin family, has been studied by using dissolved thermal and laser‐polarized gas in liquid‐state NMR. 13C and 1H chemical‐shift‐mapping experiments were unfruitful, the proton lines only experienced a slight narrowing but no significant frequency variation when the xenon concentration was increased. Nevertheless magnetization transfer from hyperpolarized xenon to protons of the protein demonstrates an undoubted interaction and enables localization of the noble‐gas‐binding site. Due to the proton–proton cross‐relaxation efficiency, however, this experiment is subjected to important spin‐diffusion. An automatic procedure that takes spin‐diffusion into account when assigning the protons that interact with xenon is then used. The binding site, as defined by 30 XeH interactions, is situated in the inner core of the protein. The protons that interact with xenon border the channel by which sterols are known to enter into the cavity. These results support the idea that xenon is a good probe for hydrophobic protein regions.