bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Modeling of a Laminated Composite- Material Flexible Robot Arm Made of Short Beams
Authors: Chalhoub N.G. , Gordaninejad F. , Lin Q. , Ghazavi A. 
Published: March 2007

High-precision assembly tasks are often performed by compact industrial robots with small work envelopes. The end-effector positional accuracy of compact robots can be accurately predicted by considering the links of the robot arm as short beams. In this study, a general procedure to derive a dynamic model for a revolute flexible robot arm, which takes into consideration the rotary inertia and shear deformation effects, is presented. Only the last link of the arm is considered to be flexible and assumed to be fabri cated from laminated composite materials. Hamilton's principle is used to derive the equations of motion. A displacement finite element model based on the Timoshenko beam theory is implemented to approximate the solution. The digital simulation studies predict the deflections at the end effector and examine the combined effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation. Further more, the improvement in the dynamic response of the robot arm resulting from the fabrication of the manipula tor from laminated composite materials is demonstrated.
Music and Meaning: An Evolutionary Story
Authors: Tolbert Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

The literature on the evolution of music is quite sparse, and the topic is often mentioned only in passing as part of larger proposals concerning the origin of language and the emergence of modem human cognitive abilities. Although music, no less than language, is a uniquely human behaviour, most evolutionary scenarios either do not mention music at all, or make ethnocentric assumptions concerning the nature of music and its relationship to language, assumptions that are at odds with findings in ethnomusicology concerning the social embeddedness and mutual interdependence of music and language across a wide range of socio-cultural contexts. This paper attempts to articulate an evolutionarily plausible and socially grounded theory of musical meaning in light of recent proposals concerning the origins of human cognitive abilities. Expanding upon Donald's (1991) suggestion that the capacity for representation evolved prior to the development of language, this paper proposes that music is grounded in a capacity for "mimesis", or motor modelling, and has a social ontology rooted in gesture and preverbal spatio-temporal concepts. Although both music and language evolved from a mimetic capacity, musical meaning retains a distinct link to vocal mimesis through sonic representations of bodily movement and emotional states. This work challenges both structural and cultural accounts of musical meaning by suggesting that music's power is not derived solely from syntactical or semantic referents, arousals and expectancies, or from its indexical relationships to a particular cultural context, but rather through its immediacy as a performance of socio-emotional essence and embodied gesture.
The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology: US Fleet Ballistic Missile Guidance and Navigation: II: `Going for Broke' — The Path to Trident II
Authors: MacKenzie Donald , Spinardi Graham 
Published: March 2007

This paper (the second of two Parts) continues the historical case study of the evolution of Fleet Ballistic Missile guidance and navigation technologies by tracing the origins and development of the Trident system. This comprises a new submarine and two different missiles, Trident I (C4) and Trident II (D5), the latter of which is considered to be optimized for the destruction of `hardened' targets such as missile silos and command posts. It thus appears to mark a significant shift from the ultimate retaliatory `counter-city' deterrent (which was the main perceived role of Polaris). Is Trident II's technology simply the culmination of inevitable technological change, acting as an independent causal factor that itself determines strategy? Or is technological change the consciously intended product of political will? This historical case is used to discuss various analytical frameworks commonly used to explain such developments — `Technology-out-of-Control'; `Soft Determinism'; `Technologists-out-of-Control'; `Politics-in-Command'; and `Bureaucratic Politics'. It is concluded that the material is most consistent with a `Bureaucratic Politics' perspective, but that this unduly favours one set of `factors' in a `seamless web' where the `technical' cannot readily be distinguished from the `social'. Nevertheless, we feel it possible and useful to try to distinguish patterns in this seamless web, and close with a discussion of one such pattern — the `black-boxing' of technical programmes.
Some Aspects of the Welfare State
Authors: Pigou A.C. 
Published: March 2007

Diogenes has set itself the task to present to its readers the most recent developments in all important branches of the Humanities. Among the most burning questions in the sphere of contemporary political sciences is the one raised by the almost universal demand for the ‘Welfare State’.The twentieth-century state owes to man not only order, peace, and justice, it owes him also material well-being. The search for and the study of the means by which public power can provide for such well-being have added an important chapter to the history of political theory and the art of government.Professor A. C. Pigou has had a decisive part in the genesis of this great intellectual and moral mutation. He is the uncontested master of the new technique. Diogenes is proud and happy indeed to have the privilege of presenting his original and deep thoughts on the idea of the State as the producer of well-being, on the origins of this concept and the methods of its development. These ideas throw new light on the evolution of the great modern states and put a new and efficient tool into the hands of those who strive to understand and explain this evolution.
Money and Banking in Yugoslavia: A Socialist Dilemma
Authors: Gedeon Shirley J. 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines both the macroeconomic and microeconomic implications for self-management of a current proposal for restructuring the Yugoslav monetary and banking system. Specifically, it examines the monetary theory of Ivo Perisin, former head of the Yugoslav National Bank, and Asim Stranjak, economist and banker. At the heart of the proposal is an assertion that the fractional reserve system of banking is incompatible with the goals of self-management and that a banking system which is based on Marxian monetary theory should be instituted in its place. This paper demonstrates that the proposal is not rooted in Marxian value theory but rather reflects the tenets of the real bills doctrine. The major finding of this paper is that under current institutional arrangements and with current pricing and investment policies pursued in Yugoslavia today, this theory of finance is inappropriate.
The Group and the Group Analyst's Pregnancies
Authors: Rogers Cynthia 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the experience of working as a pregnant group analyst through two pregnancies. It deals with the practical aspects of conducting a group while pregnant, such as letting the patients know, employing a locum and passing the group on to a new conductor. It suggests that the group's response to the pregnancy parallels what happens in a family and details some of the primitive material to do with sexuality, envy and loss stirred up by the pregnancy. The paper also looks at the technical difficulties for the group analyst. The task of the group analyst is to hold the projections so that the patients can deal, through free-floating discussion, with the intrusion of the group analyst's real baby into the group. However, the group analyst loses some of her protection when the boundaries between fantasy and reality become blurred. It becomes both more essential and more difficult to monitor the transference and counter-transference at a time when the group analyst is moving into previously uncharted waters and is full of feelings of her own.
A Model of Couple Stress Effect Upon the Transverse Stiffness of a Fiber-Reinforced Material
Authors: Lakhanpal Surinder K. , Hackett Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the possible effect of couple stresses on the transverse elastic moduli of anisotropic composite material systems. Couple stress theory considers that within an elastic body, the surface of each element of material is subjected not only to normal and tangential stress components but also to a moment component designated as a couple stress, thus introducing another elastic constant of the material. The necessary theory of elasticity needed for this purpose is developed and extended from the available classical theory found in the literature. The model considered is a uniaxially loaded infinitely long rectangular cell of composite material with a circular fiber located at the center. The stress and displacement fields thus developed in the composite cell are for the plane strain case. A numerical solution for the transverse elastic stiffness of the composite material as a function of the elastic constants, including the moduli of curvature, of the fiber and the matrix is developed. The results thus obtained are compared with those of classical theory.
Damage Evolution in Creep of SCS-6/Ti-24AI-11Nb Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Khobaib M. 
Published: March 2007

Titanium aluminide composites reinforced with SiC fibers belong to a family of an emerging class of new materials suited for advanced aerospace structural ap plication. However, these materials are yet to be characterized for elevated temperature mechanical behavior and their failure mechanism. During flight, the structural com ponents of advanced aircraft undergo sustained loading for extended periods of time. These materials must show satisfactory creep resistance before they can be recommended for actual use. This investigation deals with the experimental study of creep behavior of a model SCS-6/Ti-24Al-11Nb composite. The main objective of this study is to understand the damage evolution under sustained load at high temperature in this class of material. Tensile creep tests were conducted over the temperature range of 650 to 815°C. All the tests were conducted in laboratory air on specimens fabricated from umdirectional panels. The specimens were loaded with tensile axis parallel to (0) fiber The strain vs. time plot produced a classical creep behavior with three distinct regions. The total creep strain to failure was found to be less than the strain for fiber failure. Evidence of fiber failure was observed as early as in the initial part of the secondary stage.
Public Support for the Death Penalty
Authors: Lotz Roy , Regoli Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

Over the last decade public support for capital punishment has increased. Yet few empirical studies have attempted theoretically to explain this occurrence. Culling rather diverse literature, the seeds of three plausible explanations have emerged. They have been identified as the Rational, the Systems, and the Traditional Values models. Data for the project were derived from survey questionnaire responses of 1149 of 1872 persons (63 percent response rate), via a 4-wave mail survey. The sample was drawn from all available telephone directories in Washington State; both adult male and females were surveyed. The data offered minimal support for either the Rational or Systems models, and provided better support for the Traditional Values explanation. Because the Traditional Values model was the best supported, it was then subjected to a more systematic analysis by focusing on three of its salient dimensions. These included sexual restraint, orderliness, and discipline. Finally, policy implications of the data were addressed, particularly in light of recent United States Supreme Court decisions.
Contributions of Curiosity and Relevance To Adult Learning Motivation
Authors: Rossing Boyd E. , Long Huey B. 
Published: March 2007

Berlyne (6) has proposed that epistemic curiosity, the desire to gain knowledge, can be evoked by "surprising information." This study investigated the relative associations of curiosity evoked by surprise and of perceived value of information to the desire to know more about psychological research topics. The sample consisted of 79 volunteers from both evening credit classes and non-credit continuing education classes ranging in age from 21 to 52. A significant positive correlation was observed between perceived value and desire for knowledge, but the positive relationship observed between surprise and desire for knowledge was not statistically significant. Comparison of results to similar research with adolescents suggested that the importance of curiosity as a motivation to learn may decline in adulthood. Results were, however, consistent with Berlyne's contention that curiosity adds to the motivation derived from perceived value of information. The importance of further research was stressed.
Differential Elimination of Circadian and Ultradian Rhythmicity by Hypothalamic Lesions in the Common Vole, Microtus arvalis
Authors: Gerkema Menno P. , Groos Gerard A. , Daan Serge 
Published: March 2007

Effects of hypothalamic lesions on the ultradian and circadian organization of wheel running and feeding were studied in the common vole, Microtus arvalis. Circadian organization broke down within 30 days in continuous darkness in 24% of intact voles (n = 135). Ultradian rhythmicity of feeding (period 2-3 hr) persisted in constant conditions in all intact voles. Following lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), circadian rhythmicity disappeared when lesions were complete (n = 8) or more extensive than 25% of the total SCN volume (n = 5). Absence of circadian rhythmicity was also found in animals with substantial lesions in the diencephalic paraventricular area (PVA) and in the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) and/or adjacent arcuate nucleus (Arc). Complete loss of ultradian and circadian organization occurred in eight voles with damage to the RCA and/or Arc. In three of these, the SCN was intact. The SCN is a likely candidate for a circadian pacemaker in voles (as in other rodents), while the loss of circadian rhythmicity following PVA and RCA/Arc lesions may be due to destruction of efferent pathways from the SCN. The RCA/Arc area is apparently necessary for the expression of ultradian rhythms. The intact SCN is neither necessary nor sufficient for the generation of ultradian rhythmicity.
Executive Compensation and Changes mn Control: A Search for Fairness
Authors: Paulin George B. 
Published: March 2007

Changes in company ownership or control almost always lead to changes in staffing (often including lost jobs), reporting relationships, and pay philosophy. Many U.S. companies address these uncertainties either by establishing ongoing change-in-control arrangements, or by adopting such arrangements when the changes occur or are pending. This article reviews the compensation policies and regulatory implications of pay actions related to changes in control. It discusses such topics as U.S. trends; ways to avoid inadvertent errors or abuses in agreements; ways to convert outstanding stock options to the new company; and best practices for the future.
A New Approach to the Forming of Thermoplastic-Matrix Continuous-Fiber Composites - Part 1: Process and Machine
Authors: Ramani K. , Miller A.K. , Cutkosky M.R. 
Published: March 2007

Conventionally, large components made of thermoplastic matrices and continuous fibers are manufactured in autoclaves using dies. "Die-less forming" is a new concept, intended to manufacture long components of continuous-fiber thermoplastic- matrix composites. This process is based on using movable rollers, which are computer controlled, to incrementally form the shape by local heating. The concept of "kinematically admissible bending" is central to the die-less forming process. The concepts behind die-less forming have been tested in experiments on a two- roller demonstration machine. Induction heating was used to locally heat the composite component as it moved into the forming zone, where it was bent using a specially designed cluster roller. Induction heating combined with a variable velocity profile was successful in establishing a uniform heating profile.
The concept of 'delusion' in Spanish psychiatry
Authors: Lázaro José , Beer D.M. 
Published: March 2007

The history of the concept of delusion can be used to explore the general history of psychiatry in Spain and assess the contribution of her most distinguished practitioners. As this paper shows, the latter have not been as creative as their fellow artists or writers. Nonetheless, the ideas on delusions that some of them formulated deserve attention. The history of Spanish psychiatry (qua science) can be divided into four historical periods. (1) The native origins (up to the end of the eighteenth century). (2) The introduction of European psychiatry (nineteenth century). (3) The period of consolidation (first third of the twentieth century). (4) From the Civil War (1936-39) to the present. These four periods provide a framework within which theories about delusion can be explored. Aspects of these four stages have been dealt with in earlier papers .1
The Grounding of Psychological Research in a Phenomenological Epistemology
Authors: Karlsson Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of how psychological research can be grounded in phenomenological epistemology, as it has been articulated in particular by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology. This article begins by establishing that mainstream academic psychology has placed subjective, meaningful experience secondary to natural-scientific descriptions of the world. Mainstream psychological research can be said to carry out its research within a physicalist framework. Once the physicalist framework of mainstream psychology has been depicted, the analysis in this article consists of two measures. First, it is argued that natural-scientific description of the world is a construction, which has the subjective, meaningful cultural experience (life-world experience) as its presupposition. Once this `reaffirmation' of the priority of life-world experience is established, the second measure follows, which entails a phenomenological analysis of consciousness as the subject-matter of psychological research. A phenomenological analysis reveals that consciousness is characterized by intentionality. Some of the implications of basing psychological research on consciousness-as-intentionality are discussed. It is argued, among other things, that psychology must give up any attempt to explain experience in terms of causal laws. A phenomenologically based approach to decision/choice-making is presented and discussed in light of a more traditional (cognitive) approach in the final section of this article.
The Competitiveness of Firms and Regions
Authors: Maskell Peter , Malmberg Anders 
Published: March 2007

In traditional location theory there is a distinction between factors of production for which the costs differ significantly between locations, on the one hand, and production inputs which are in practice available everywhere at more or less the same cost (i.e. so-called ubiquities) on the other.In this article, we discuss the process whereby some previously important location factors are actively converted into ubiquities. With an admittedly rather horrendous term, we label this process ‘ubi-quitification’. It is argued that ubiquitification is the outcome of the ongoing globalization process as well as of a process whereby former tacit knowledge gradually becomes codified.Ubiquitification tends to undermine the competitiveness of firms in the high-cost areas of the world. When international markets are opened up and when knowledge of the latest production technologies and organizational designs become globally available, firms in low-cost areas become more competitive. In a knowledge-based economy, as a consequence, firms in high-cost areas must either shield some valuable pieces of knowledge from becoming globally accessible, or be able to create, acquire, accumulate and utilize codifiable knowledge a little faster than their cost-wise more favourably located competitors.Focusing on learning processes, the article maintains that most firms learn from close interaction with suppliers, customers and rivals. Furthermore, processes of knowledge creation are strongly influenced by specific localized capabilities such as resources, institutions, social and cultural structures.
Sociocultural Dimensions of Technological Learning
Authors: Vessuri Hebe , Canino Maria Victoria 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses technological learning in the oil sector in Venezuela, with the help of a case study of ORIMULSION®, which heralded a very important techno logical breakthrough for the evolution of the nationalised oil industry in this country, being at the same time a challenge and an opportunity. The technological R&D policy for heavy and extra-heavy oils and bitumens of the Orinoco Oil Belt created the conditions for the domestic system of innovation in the oil industry to realise a catching up process, taking advantage of the available opportunities: the geological wealth offered by the national subsoil, a small but growing scientific and technical community of practitioners having direct access to operational activities of the newly nationalised industry, and an institutional learning procees based on an original technological trajectory both in INTEVEP, the oil industry's technological research centre, and in the domestic operating firms. The paper traces the complexity of the learning process at different times and in a number of dimensions, with an emphasis on the mechanisms through which the researchers, technicians and managers acquired and/or improved their know-how:
Constitutions and Institutions
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum section is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Adding Temporary Memory to ZCS
Authors: Cliff Dave , Ross Susi 
Published: March 2007

In a recent article, Wilson (1994) described a "zeroth-level" classifier system (ZCS). ZCS employs a reinforcement learning technique comparable to Q-learning (Watkins, 1989). This article presents results from the first reconstruction of ZCS. Having replicated Wilson's results, we extend ZCS in a manner suggested by Wilson: The original formulation of ZCS has no memory mechanisms, but Wilson (1994b) suggested how internal "temporary memory" registers could be added. We show results from adding one-bit and two-bit memory registers to ZCS. Our results demonstrate that ZCS can exploit memory facilities efficiently in non-Markov environments. We also show that the memoryless ZCS can converge on near-optimal stochastic solutions in non-Markov environments. We then present results from trials using ZCS in Markov environments that require increasingly long chains of actions before reward is received. Our results indicate that inaccurate overgeneral classifiers can interact with the classifier-generation mechanisms to cause catastrophic breakdowns in overall system performance. Basing classifier fitness on accuracy may alleviate this problem. We conclude that the memory mechanism in its current form is unlikely to scale well for situations requiring large amounts of temporary memory. Nevertheless, the ability to find stochastic solutions when there is insufficient memory might offset this problem somewhat.