bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical infection of human immunodeficiency virus as an imported infectious disease
Authors: Takayama Naohide , Hachimori Kei , Minamitani Mikio , Yamada Hideo , Kaku Hidefumi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Background and methods: In Japan, 26 children who vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection had been reported as at February 1997. Little information was published about their epidemiological backgrounds and the rate of perinatal HIV transmission in Japan remains unknown. To learn the epidemiological features of perinatal HIV infection in Japan, we examined the medical records of five perinatally infected children. Results: Three of five mothers were Japanese and two others were South East Asian. Four of them acquired HIV infection abroad and one became infected through her spouse who had acquired infection abroad. Therefore, HIV infection in these five cases can be regarded as an imported infectious disease. None of the five mothers noticed their HIV infection before their pregnancy. One mother was found to be HIV seropositive during her pregnancy, but the others did not notice their HIV infection until their delivery. Conclusions: To reduce the incidence of perinatally HIV‐infected children it is necessary to lower the incidence of mother‐to‐infant HIV transmission. In Western countries they have succeeded in reducing the risk for perinatal HIV transmission with perinatal zidovudine therapy. To prescribe the preventive therapy against perinatal HIV transmission, it is essential to know if pregnant women are infected with HIV or not. Therefore, women of childbearing age should accept voluntary prenatal HIV testing. At the same time, they should be offered such programs that can enable them to receive timely counseling, besides medical treatment, if they are found to be HIV infected.
Clinical electroencephalograph study of nine pediatric patients with convulsion induced by the TV animation, Pocket Monster
Authors: Niijima Shin‐Ichi , Takahashi Keiichi , Onishi Masako , Arii Naoto , Saito Masahiro , Kuremoto Keiko , Yamashiro Yuichiro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background.
To determine the usefulness of a few types of photic stimulation in patients with photo‐convulsive response.
Methods.
A clinical electroencephalographic study was conducted in nine children who developed convulsions and other symptoms while they watched the TV animation and were subsequently treated at the hospital. Photic stimulation was applied with their eyes open or closed. Another photic stimulation was applied with the video tape of the animation.
Results:
A photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was never seen in the electroencephalographs (EEG) in any of these patients when photic stimulation was applied with their eyes closed, while PPR was seen in three of seven patients when photic stimulation was applied with their eyes open. Two patients (siblings) showed no specific abnormality when photic stimulation was applied with their eyes either open or closed. However, myoclonus and PPR appeared when the EEG was conducted while they watched the video tape of the animation under supervised conditions.
Conclusions:
In a society where people are exposed to abundant TV games, TV animation or videos, self‐restraint or regulations of frequent use of flickering scenes is thought to be necessary. However, it is also thought to be necessary to conduct EEG by applying photic stimulation, not only with the eyes closed, but also with the eyes opened or by applying flickering red light stimulation, which is emitted from a strong light source, or a combination of two colors, such as red and blue or red and green, in patients with suspected photosensitivity.
Immunoglobulin G subclasses in wheezing infants
Authors: Karaman ÖZkan , UǦUz AyŞEn , Uzuner Nevin 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background:
The wheezing infant is a common but difficult patient to approach diagnostically. The prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass deficiency in wheezing infants is still controversial.
Methods:
We studied the serum concentration of IgG subclasses in 38 wheezing infants (aged6–24 months) who had not received systemic steroids before investigation and in 30 healthy age matched controls6–31 months).
Results:
The prevalence of one or more IgG subclass deficiencies was 3 1.6% in wheezing infants and 26.7% in controls. There was no significant difference in prevalence of IgG subclass deficiency between patients and controls (P > 0.05). The mean concentration of IgG subclasses in patients were compared with controls. There was no significant difference in mean serum concentration of IgG1, G2 and G3 subclasses. However, there a trend towards higher concentrations of IgG4 in wheezing infants and this difference for IgG5 was significant (P < 0.01). Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency was found in 25 and 36.4% of wheezing infants who experienced from two to four and five or more wheezing episodes in 2 years, respectively (P > 0.05).
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that wheezing in infancy is not associated with IgG subclass deficiency, and in wheezing infants low IgG subclasses levels do not increase the frequency of wheezing. However, is a relationship between recurrent wheezing and serum IgG4 subclass concentration.
CD48 expression on leukocytes in infectious diseases: Flow cytometric analysis of surface antigen
Authors: Katsuura Michihiko , Shimizu Yukitoshi , Akiba Kaori , Kanazawa Chikako , Mitsui Tetsuo , Sendo Dai , Kawakami Takako , Hayasaka Kiyoshi , Yokoyama Shinkichi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Background: The function of CD48, one of the pan leukocyte cell surface antigens, is not yet well understood. CD48 was recently shown to enhance the CD40‐mediated activating signal to B lymphocytes. As CD48 is one of the activation antigens of monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, a change of its expression on the cells could be expected in infectious diseases. Methods and results: Leukocytes from 27 healthy controls and 97 patients with various infectious diseases were stained with anti‐CD48 antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry. On monocytes and neutrophils, the CD48 expression was increased in all of the patients with varicella, measles, rubella, infectious mononucleosis, streptococcus tonsillitis, sepsis and appendicitis. On lymphocytes, a significant increase of CD48 was also detected in the patients with the same diseases, except those with sepsis or appendicitis. The normalization of increased CD48 expression was confirmed on monocytes at the convalescent phase. Conclusion: These data suggest that CD48 expression on leukocytes reflects the disease activity of infectious diseases, especially of viral infections.
Primary changes in liver damage by aspirin in rats
Authors: Tomoda Takashi , Kurashige Takanobu , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Enzan Hideaki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background:
It has been known that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) causes liver cell damage, however, its mechanisms remain obscure.
Methods and results:
To clarify the earliest change in the course of liver cell damage induced by oral administration of ASA, rats that had received ASA at 50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg body weight orally for 7 days were investigated. Mitochondria were isolated for measurements of mitochondrial respiration, and for electron microscopic observations, small pieces of liver were excised and fixed. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation was observed in mitochondria isolated from ASA‐treated rats. Although no histological changes were evident, lamellar structures in bile canaliculi were ultrastructurally observed in all rats treated with ASA. Conclusions: This laminar structure, which is negative for bilirubin staining, seems to be one of the most sensitive indicators of ASA‐induced liver damage.
Trisomy 6 in a childhood acute mixed lineage leukemia
Authors: Onodera Norio , Nakahata Toru , Tanaka Hiroshi , Ito Ryosuke , Honda Takashi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe patient is a 12‐year‐old boy with acute mixed lineage leukemia (AMLL) and with a rare karyotype of trisomy 6. He was referred to our hospital with gingival swelling, bleeding at the conjunctiva and huge hepatosplenomegaly. Complete blood count revelead leukocytosis with 79% blasts, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow examination revealed 82.5% blasts which were morphologically judged as Ml according to the French‐American‐British classification. Immunophenotyping of leukemic cells showed the presence of CD2, CD7, CD19 and CD13 antigens, suggesting the diagnosis of AMLL. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a single abnormal karyotype of 47, XY,+6, add(15)(q22) which was successfully detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the probe mapping at the a‐satellite region of chromosome 6. Although the patient was treated with several chemotherapy regimens, he could not achieve complete remission and he died of progressive disease 11 months after admission. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was very informative in assessing the residual leukemic cells in interphase during his clinical course.
Photosensitive fits elicited by TV animation: An electroencephalographic study
Authors: Enoki Hideo , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Hattori Junri , Oka Edi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Background: We carried out a clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) study to reveal the pathophysiology of acute symptoms elicited by a TV animation program. Methods: Clinical data and EEG were obtained from 20 patients ranging in age from 6 to 30 years. A pattern presentation and an intermittent photic stimulation were performed. Results: Of 20 patients, 13 had a convulsion and seven had other symptoms, mainly nausea and/or vomiting. A photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was confirmed in 12 of 13 patients (92.3%) who had a convulsion. Only one of seven patients (14.3%) without a convulsion showed a PPR. The incidence of PPR was significantly higher in patients with convulsion than those without convulsion. There were no significant differences in the family history of convulsion, gender, parameters associated with TV watching and basic EEG between the two groups. All patients with PPR had a convulsion or consciousness disturbance. Conclusion: Acute symptoms, such as convulsion and impairment of consciousness, are supposed to be based on photosensitivity.
Some fatigue damage measures for longitudinal elements based on the Wohler field
Authors: CASTILLO E. , FERNÁNDEZ‐CANTELI A. , LÓPEZ‐AENLLE M. , RUIZ RIPOLL M. L. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the problem of selecting damage measures and ways of accumulating damage due to a fatigue load history is dealt with. First, a statistical model and a normalization procedure, that allow using a reference stress level or a reference random variable for analysing the fatigue data coming from tests at different stress ranges, are presented. Next, some desirable properties for a damage measure are discussed and several alternative damage measures are investigated based on these properties. It is shown how several damage measures, such as the Palmgren–Miner number, do not satisfy these properties. On the contrary, the standardized logarithm of the number of cycles, which coincides with the standardized Palmgren–Miner number, a Weibull reference variable and a probability based damage measure are demonstrated to satisfy these properties and to be good alternatives for a damage measure. It is shown that the most convenient damage measures are obtained by assuming that two pieces subjected to different stress level tests suffer the same damage if, at the end of the corresponding tests, they have the same probability of failure. The problem of extending the damage measure below the zero‐percentile area (where fatigue failure does not occur) is also analysed. Finally, the damage accumulation problem for non‐constant stress range load histories is discussed, and formulae for calculating the associated damage are given. For the sake of illustration, several examples of different load types are also given.
Ratcheting behaviour and mean stress considerations in uniaxial low‐cycle fatigue of Inconel 718 at 649 °C
Authors: PARK S. J. , KIM K. S. , KIM H. S. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThe ratcheting behaviour of Inconel 718 was investigated at 649 °C under uniaxial cyclic loading. Stress‐control tests have been conducted at various combinations of stress amplitude and mean stress. The ratcheting strain at failure increases with increasing mean stress for a given stress amplitude and with decreasing stress amplitude for a given mean stress. Fatigue lives were correlated using three mean stress models: the Goodman equation, the Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) parameter and the Walker parameter. It has been shown that the Goodman equation and the SWT parameter do not correlate life data, while the Walker parameter yields acceptable correlation. The SWT parameter was modified to incorporate the ratcheting effect. The new parameter is found to yield correlation similar to that of the Walker parameter.
Cosmopolitan heterotrophic microeukaryotes are active bacterial grazers in experimental oil‐polluted systems
Authors: Dalby Andrew P. , Kormas Konstantinos Ar. , Christaki Urania , Karayanni Hera 
Published: October 2007

SummaryWe investigated the population dynamics and prevailing 18S rDNA phylotypes of microeukaryotes (≤ 10 μm) in microcosms containing seawater from either an unpolluted oligotrophic site or a chronically oil‐polluted mesotrophic site of the Aegean Sea, amended with crude oil (100 p.p.m. final concentration) and crude oil plus emulsifier (10 p.p.m. final concentration). The addition of oil alone did not result in an important increase of bacteria or their predators, while the addition of oil and emulsifiers caused an important increase in bacteria followed by nanoflagellate predator response. We observed an important shift in the microeukaryotic community structure, which was characterized by the dominance of the same heterotrophic nanoflagellates in all oil‐polluted treatments. Thus, the resulting 18S rDNA phylotypes were dominated (48.1–82.4%) by Paraphysomonas foraminifera in all treatments containing crude oil and crude oil plus emulsifier. The origin of the seawater, i.e. unpolluted versus chronically oil‐polluted, had no effect on the dominant eukaryote, suggesting that the ubiquitous P. foraminifera is an effective opportunist in oil‐polluted aquatic systems. The next dominant phylotypes were Monosiga brevicollis (≤ 27.0%) and Pseudobodo tremulans (≤ 23.1%). However, the addition of the emulsifier increased the dominance of P. foraminifera but decreased that of M. brevicollis and P. tremulans. Our study revealed that these dominant oil‐tolerant eukaryotes, which are commonly found in the marine environments, are important grazers of bacteria and as such their dynamics should be taken into account in bioremediation practices in situ.
Diversity and phylogeny of Baltic Sea picocyanobacteria inferred from their ITS and phycobiliprotein operons
Authors: Haverkamp Thomas , Acinas Silvia G. , Doeleman Marije , Stomp Maayke , Huisman Jef , Stal Lucas J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryPicocyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus span a range of different colours, from red strains rich in phycoerythrin (PE) to green strains rich in phycocyanin (PC). Here, we show that coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea is widespread. The diversity and phylogeny of red and green picocyanobacteria was analysed using three different genes: 16S rRNA‐ITS, the cpeBA operon of the red PE pigment and the cpcBA operon of the green PC pigment. Sequencing of 209 clones showed that Baltic Sea picocyanobacteria exhibit high levels of microdiversity. The partial nucleotide sequences of the cpcBA and cpeBA operons from the clone libraries of the Baltic Sea revealed two distinct phylogenetic clades: one clade containing mainly sequences from cultured PC‐rich picocyanobacteria, while the other contains only sequences from cultivated PE‐rich strains. A third clade of phycourobilin (PUB) containing strains of PE‐rich Synechococcus spp. did not contain sequences from the Baltic Sea clone libraries. These findings differ from previously published phylogenies based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. Our data suggest that, in terms of their pigmentation, Synechococcus spp. represent three different lineages occupying different ecological niches in the underwater light spectrum. Strains from different lineages can coexist in light environments that overlap with their light absorption spectra.
A population‐based study of urinary symptoms and incontinence: the Canadian Urinary Bladder Survey
Authors: Herschorn Sender , Gajewski Jerzy , Schulz Jane , Corcos Jacques 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVETo ascertain the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and urinary incontinence (UI) in Canada, using a cross‐Canada telephone survey, as there is a wide discrepancy in the reported prevalence of these conditions.SUBJECTS AND METHODSA random survey with a standardized questionnaire was conducted to elicit responses from 1000 adults, aged ≥ 18 years; the sample was intended to reflect the population census. Data on age, level of education and household income were obtained from all respondents. All participants were questioned about urinary symptoms and daytime and night‐time voids. For those who reported more symptoms than one episode of nocturia a more detailed questionnaire was used to ascertain symptom severity and duration.RESULTSData were analysed from 1000 respondents (482 men, mean age 44 years; 518 women, mean age 45 years). Half the respondents (43% of men and 57% of women) reported one or more LUTS, with nocturia the most common, at 36%. Overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms (urgency, with or with no urgency UI, usually with frequency and nocturia) were reported by 13.9% of respondents (13.1% of men and 14.7% of women). UI was reported by 28.8% of women with the 68% of these having stress UI (SUI), followed by mixed UI (MUI) in 21%, and urgency UI (UUI) in 11%. Of the 5.4% of men with UI, 27% had SUI, 15% had MUI, and 58% had UUI. Overall, the prevalence of LUTS increased with age. Respondents reported that symptoms were present for a median of 5 years.CONCLUSIONLUTS and UI are common in the Canadian population and increase with age. The prevalence in Canada of these conditions is similar to that seen in other countries.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND EFFICIENCY OF SHARECROPPING UNDER UNCERTAINTY*
Authors: Otsuka Keijiro , Murakami Naoki 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe paper examines how efficiency of sharecropping under uncertainty can be tested empirically. It demonstrates even under uncertainty, equality of factor ratios between sharecropped land and owner‐cultivated land supports the hypothesis that the terms of share contracts are effectively enforced by landlords, so as to achieve socially optimum resource allocation and risk sharing, unless the direct elasticities of substitution are identically equal to one. It also provides evidence, that the comparative yield tests conducted in different parts of South and Southeast Asia support the efficiency view of sharecropping.
Export‐Oriented Industrialization, Female Employment and Demographic Trends: A Long‐term Comparative Perspective of Japan and the Four NIEs‐ 1950 to 1988.
Authors: Fouquin Michel 
Published: October 2007

In the long run there is a virtuous circle of export‐oriented industrialization which may be described in a few words: facing a demographic boom, the major challenge was to create employments in large numbers, to achieve productivity gains and to improve income and education levels, which in turn will allow these countries to raise their savings rate and reduce their demographic growth1.1. Priority was to be given to employment creations in the modern sector.2. The Export‐Promotion policy drives to develop light and low technology industries employing a large majority of young, low‐paid women.3. Growth in the export sector leads to general growth and in particular generates a dynamic demand for domestic as well as for imported heavy industrial products. A bridge between light and heavy industry was created through Backward‐Integration policies.4. In spite of large surplus in manpower supply, real wages rose from the beginning of Export‐Promotion policy implementation. Then rise in real wages accelerated progressively. The productivity growth made wage increases sustainable in the long run. The wage gap was so high that there is still an important price advantage of manpower for East‐Asian countries.5. Improving standards of living and adequate family planning policies resulted in a declining demographic growth.6. The high growth rate of income was accompanied by a very fast rising household's savings ratio.
TESTING SYMMETRY USING A TRIMMED LONGEST RUN STATISTIC
Authors: Baklizi Ayman 
Published: October 2007

SummaryA distribution‐free test is proposed for the symmetry of a continuous distribution about a specified median. The test is based on a longest run statistic on the upper portion of the sequence of ordered ‘centred’ observations in magnitude. The probability distribution of the longest run statistic is derived, and a computationally simple and accurate approximation of the right‐tail probabilities of this statistic is given. This approximation is based on a partial fraction expansion of the corresponding generating function and is derived for use with large samples. The powers of the proposed test, some variations of the test, and other rival tests are investigated under a wide variety of asymmetric alternatives. Simulations indicate that the proposed test is competitive with other tests in terms of power performance.
A New General Purpose Method for Large Volume Production of Contour Charts
Authors: Cockrell P R 
Published: October 2007

AbstractContour (iso‐line) maps are used extensively by the Meteorological Office for both routine and research tasks. The techniques employed in a new FORTRAN subroutine (CMAP) for drawing such maps are described. The algorithm employed is raster based, suited to both scalar and vector processors and inherently device independent. In addition some normally cpu intensive operations such as contour shading, chart masking (eg. with respect togeographical areas) and isometric projections are natural extensions of the method requiring comparatively little cpu time.
SADIST: an Interactive Editor for Structured Analysis
Authors: Munro A T D 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn interactive editor for a computer‐aided documentation system based on Structured Analysis (SA) is described. The paper investigates the potential offered by computer graphics in the implementation of the editor and discusses the hardware and software support that is required. Interactive enforcement of SA rules and the ability to accept non‐deterministic input for modeless editing are identified as key factors.
Set Operations of GWB
Authors: Mäntylä M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA set operation algorithm that can be used to unite, intersect, or subtract solids with each other is an essential part of any solid modelling system. The problem is, however, difficult to solve while maintaining the well‐formedness of the underlying solid representations. The Geometric Workbench, an experimental solid modeller constructed by the author, uses so‐called Euler operators in its set operation algorithm to solve the problem of integrity. This leads to a robust algorithm with a simple overall structure and a clear separation between geometric and topological steps.
Proposal for GKS Output Level 3 Segment Hierarchy and Editing
Authors: Steinhart Jonathan E 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis proposal describes a set of compatible extensions to GKS. These extensions allow for hierarchical segment organization. The ability to edit existing segments is included. The paper is an excerpt from: ISO TC97/SC5/WG2/N309 / ANSI X3H3/84‐57R1