bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost and Benefit in HSE: A Model for Calculation of Cost-Benefit using Incident Potential
Authors: Hudson P. T. W. , Stephens D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A study is reported in which costs and benefits of safety are studied using three different approaches. Costs were split into Direct costs that arise as a direct result of an accident, Associated costs that arise because an incident is reported, Remedial costs and indirect costs that impact on the company. In an EP company a sample of 70 incidents was studied in detail to arrive at an average cost per incident of £ 14,000 and a platform cost approaching £1m, in close agreement with an earlier study by the UK HSE. An alternative approach, using estimates of likely costs for different types of incidents, arrived at a slightly higher incident cost. Both these approaches use historical events to estimate costs. A third approach, using incident potential, combines costs of possible incidents with associated probabilities of those events to arrive at an expected cost. These expected costs may be expressed in terms of Net Present Value (NPV) to allow a consistent representation of financial and operational risks. On the basis of this study it is clear that level 3 and 4 incidents, minor incidents equivalent to Potential levels 2 and 1 in the Shell Group Risk Assessment Matrix, cost the company in excess of £10m in a year. Indeed, when treated in terms of Net Present Value (NPV) and allowing for undiscovered indirect costs across the company, the risk being carried is probably in excess of £200m.
The effectiveness of remedies and their benefits decay over time. Quick fix remedies lose most of their value within a month, so their benefit measured in NPV is negligible. Effective remedies have long decay rates and learning is well propagated. Safety is seen to pay off when looking at the costs of incidents that have been actively prevented.
Collecting human factors data from accidents and incidents
Authors: Gordon Rachael , Flin Rhona , Mearns Kathryn 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to investigate human and organisational factors in offshore accidents, two human factors incident reporting forms: the Open Reporting Form and the Comprehensive Reporting Form, were developed and evaluated. Using statistical techniques, the form with more structured questions was found to provided 66% more information than the participating company's existing reporting form. The results of the research are described focussing on potential benefits for the offshore oil industry.
Balancing Sustainable Offshore Production with Onshore Social and Environmental Issues in Central California
Authors: Hargis P. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The topic of sustainable development is often raised as an issue when major oil and gas projects are proposed in developing countries. In most cases, this issue is raised by well-intentioned government bodies or private organizations focused on environmental and social protection. These Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) frequently refer to the finite nature of the petroleum resource and inevitable decline in production from an individual field as justification for cautious and controlled development, or no development at all. The issue of sustainable development is better addressed by expanding our view of the development area to include an entire resource basin, or even multiple basins in a specific region. The California Offshore Oil and Gas Energy Resources Study, which was sponsored by the Pacific OCS Region of the U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service with support from offshore oil and gas leaseholders and the Western States Petroleum Association, offers one approach to such an expanded view. That study addresses a resource area with an over 100-year-long history of offshore production, substantial remaining oil and gas resources1,2, and an active network of environmental protection NGOs. The technical approach applied in this study involved a combination of production projections, resource potential, activity estimates, and infrastructure capacity determinations to define the characteristics of different development scenarios and identify the maximum sustainable level of development in balance with community constraints. This effort succeeded in identifying a sustainable level of development consistent with recent and historic levels of industrial activity, and provides a model that could be applied to other regions. The reaction of some members of the local community to the results of this study suggests that the topic of sustainable development may be more complex than it first appears, and its categorization as an environmentally and socially preferred result is an oversimplification of this topic.
Controlling Remediation Costs by Source Removal and Natural Attenuation
Authors: Miller John A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Remediation of releases of petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater has been a costly and time-consuming process. Alternative methods of treating impacted soil and groundwater have accelerated the rate of expenditure without a corresponding acceleration in the rate of environmental cleanup. Active treatment of groundwater is required if contamination will reach and impact a receptor. If there is no receptor, more thoughtful planning can lead to lower cost activities.
This paper describes the experiences of our oilfield service firm in three phases from 1988 to the present and focuses on their efforts in remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in groundwater. The initial phase involved removing underground storage tanks and recognizing the problem. The second phase consisted of installing innovative and traditional remediation systems, then evaluating the remediation systems. The final phase was developing a natural attenuation protocol, implementing the protocol and measuring results. The natural attenuation protocol is defined and the parameters to be measured are described in this section of the paper.
Ekofisk I Disposal – Impact Assessment
Authors: Nesse S. , Brun B. T. , Kvendseth S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Following a very thorough planning process, initiated in the early nineties, the cessation plan for the Ekofisk I field was submitted to Norwegian authorities October 1999. Ekofisk I, containing some 14 steel jacket based and one concrete based installation, some 40 pipelines as well as some drill cuttings piles, is the most complex field ever being planned for cessation world-wide to date. The planning process has in most ways been pioneer work, both in a Norwegian and international context. In this paper a discussion and presentation of the planning process is given. As part of the planning, the work related to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) plays an important role with regard to objectivity of technical assessments and openness to society and the public in general. In many ways this EIA has set the standard for future EIA's addressing offshore field cessation, both with regard to methods applied and presentation of findings. The paper presents the major steps in the EIA process, gives an introduction to methods applied, and presents the most important results from the objective assessment of the disposal alternatives.
Finally, the recommended solution is presented, including a discussion of criteria applied in reaching the decision, justification for the recommendation and a presentation of impacts related to the recommended solution.
Bioavailability to Fish of Hydrocarbons Contained in Oil Droplets or Dissolved in Water
Authors: Skadsheim A. , Sanni S. , Cova C. A. , Gaudebert B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The fate of hydrocarbons (HC) in discharged produced water is complex. In risk assessment models such as DREAM, it is essential to focus on the critical fate processes and omit less important ones. To improve our discrimination capability, we examined the bioavailability of polyaromatic carbons (PAC) and n-alkanes. Sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to two test solutions: sequentially produced batches of a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil, and an oil dispersed mechanically and supplied continuously at a high and a low dose. The objective was to achieve a WSF where sum PAC was between that of the low dosage (LD) and the high dosage (HD) of oil droplets. If uptake was proportionally similar along the concentration gradient, it may not be necessary to discriminate between water dissolved and oil droplet bound hydrocarbons in the model. For the most water soluble PAC, uptake in fish was comparable for WSF and oil droplets. For the less water soluble and larger molecular PAC, fish uptake was lower from oil droplets than from the WSF. HC need more time to leave oil droplets as molecular size increases, but also the number of compartments (water, oil droplets, fishes) present in the test system influenced uptake in the fish. The n-alkanes were absent in the WSF and the fish, and only found in the oil droplets. We propose that treating all HC as water dissolved is a very conservative approach that also requires less data for the model development.
Cost-Benefit Decisions Integrating Business and Eco-Management Results in Best Environmental Practice in Drilling and Well Operations
Authors: Paulsen J. E. , Jensen B. , Løklingholm G. , Saasen A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a strategy designed to meet the requirements of responsible business management compliant with current environmental legislation. It is shown how it facilitates profitable returns like cost savings and reduction in environmental loads.
A total fluids management (TFM) concept for drilling and well operations was developed to merge the interests of reduced costs and environmental impact, and the suppliers need for business incentives. Integration of best available technology, waste minimisation programs, benchmarking and contractual incentives for recycling of material are key elements of the concept. Realistic hopes proposed operational cost cut &gt; 10% without compromising environmental goals or corporate business management. Presented data show a cost reduction of 16.8% in drilling operation. Other benefits are also presented and discussed. The success is ultimately linked to the close team working across the traditional service lines of fluids; solids control waste management, associated waste processing and treatment, as well as logistics.
The TFM concept is proposed as a business standard. It is a core element that can be extended to incorporate different operators and fields in the same region, thus facilitating the greatest potential for achieving the full benefit of large-scale operation and its inherent reduction of total environmental impacts
Application of Reedbed Technology in Production Water Management
Authors: Gurden Catherine , Cramwinckel Joppe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PDO currently produces some 450,000 m3/day of water as an associated co-product of its oil output of 135,000 m3/day. The volume of this production water has been steadily increasing over time and is predicted to rise to above 900,000 m3/day by the year 2009 (Figure 1). In 1998 approximately 40% of the produced water was injected by PDO for reservoir pressure maintenance. The remaining volumes were disposed of into shallow and deep reservoirs.
PDO is predicted to spend some US$130 mln on produced water management over the coming 8 years of which US$120 mln is related to disposal into deep reservoirs. Understandably significant effort is invested in exploring alternatives to Deep Water Disposal. The lifecycle cost of DWD over a 20-year period has been calculated at PV US$ 0.13/m3 of water disposed. This lifecycle cost is used to benchmark alternatives. To date conventional water clean-up technology has been estimated as having a lifecycle cost of between PV US$0.3-US$0.5/m3 water treated.
During 1998, and with input from Shell Research Thornton, a new technology to the oilfield industry, termed reed bed technology was identified as an attractive produced water clean-up technology. Reed bed technology is a phytoremediation process, which promotes degradation of hydrocarbons and sorption of heavy metals while consuming some of the produced water.
An experimental facility, 800 m2 capable of treating 20 m3/d of produced water, was commissioned at the Desert Agriculture Project in January 1999. The results, to date, have been encouraging with &gt;98% removal of hydrocarbons from the Marmul production water. Heavy metal sorption is still under investigation. Evapotranspiration rates are in line with predictions with a 50% water volume reduction across the bed.
Based on the success of this experimental facility a larger pilot, 6 hectares treating 3,000 m3/d of produced water, has been constructed and is being commissioned at Nimr. Based on the pilot costs, a lifecycle cost estimate for Reed Bed technology is estimated at PV US$0.07/m3 water. After 18 months operation, the time taken for system to reach optimal capacity, a decision will be taken on whether Reed Bed technology can be successfully applied in PDO.
The challenge for PDO is to find a value crop that can be grown with the reed bed effluent to offset the capital investment and provide opportunities for the local community.
Reduction of Emissions to Sea by Improved Produced Water Treatment and Subsea Separation Systems
Authors: Wolff Erik A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil and gas production is an activity that causes emissions to air and sea. The emissions range from traces to catastrophes, toxic to harmless and from rare to continuous. The production facilities are widely different in size, location and operating traditions. This makes it difficult to standardise "best industry practice". Recent advances in process equipment hold promise for reducing emissions to sea, primarily of oil. This article presents these advances together with relevant statistics and data from Life cycle assessments.
Creating and Measuring an Effective HSE Management System -- A Study of the Effectiveness of a Management System in the Gulf Coast as Measured by an Advanced Safety Audit
Authors: Adams Bruce , Nims David 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Health, safety and environment (HSE) management systems are increasingly common as operating and service companies follow the recommendations of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (formerly E & P Forum) and establish a structured system for managing HSE. The elements of a management system can be described as empty shells that, when filled with the proper tools, have a significant impact on reducing incident rates in companies that implement the system. The Schlumberger HSE management system follows the structure of the seven basic elements of the OGP model, but it includes one additional element, contractor and supplier management. As written, the management system has little impact on the safety performance of the company. It is the proper implementation of the programs, standards and policies making up each element that allows a company to provide a cohesive, structured system to ensure risk reduction, loss prevention and continuous improvement.
Schlumberger Gulf Coast operating locations have transformed the abstract structure of the Schlumberger HSE management system document into reality through the implementation of company-wide guidelines and programs, supplemented with local standards. In several instances, these programs draw from the best management practices of major operating companies within the Gulf Coast. To verify the effectiveness of the system, BP Amoco conducted Advanced Safety Audits in three Schlumberger operating locations.
To understand an HSE management system, each element must be examined from a standpoint of what the book says as well as what is actually taking place in a location to make that element work. The Advanced Safety Audit process used by BP Amoco is an effective tool for accomplishing this task. All elements of the management system, starting with the most important, commitment and leadership, are evaluated to assess the real effectiveness of a HSE management system.
Finally, no system can be considered truly effective unless it is supported by results. The improvement in the Schlumberger Gulf Coast HSE performance over the past 12 months is directly attributable to the enthusiastic implementation of this management system by employees of Schlumberger Gulf Coast operating locations.
Environmental Management – An Oilfield Service Company Experience in Nigeria
Authors: Fayiga Adedoyin , Ofunne Goodwill C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Management for continual environmental performance in a developing country can be a challenging affair. Multiple statutory regulations, standards and guidelines frequently are conflicting at the various tiers of government. Prevalent and increasing community sensitivities and awareness, and proximity with other industries that may not be at the same level of environmental practices, all combine to make the achievement of a good environmental performance a formidable task. Statutory enforcement agencies usually focus their efforts on the multinational companies, and this may account for a significant amount of lost time.
Consequently, the adaptation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) that is simple, flexible, continuous, and auditable offers a suitable solution to the inherent environmental problems in a developing country.
This environmental management system requires the development of a site-specific system (based on corporate policy, structure, personnel training, measurement, recording, monitoring, management review and audit systems) with clearly defined work scope to ensure cost effectiveness even during the downturns common in the oil industry.
An oil-field service company in Nigeria has operated an environmental system that combines existing statutory laws and community sensitivities to achieve proactive and sustainable approaches to environmental problems.
This paper discusses the environmental status of this service company's operations in Nigeria, environmental laws, community acuteness and practices around its operational bases, environmental management systems in place and compliance levels achieved, and the road map to sustained compliance. It also gives examples of data that are measured and maintained in a database. This service company has demonstrated that improved environmental performance can be achieved through an environmental management system that adopts an awareness of the community lifestyles, employee awareness training, and the measuring, recording and monitoring of environmental parameters and processes. Such a management system is profitable in time and money and protects multinational service companies against future exposures.
New Risk Assessment Approach Shows Significant Reduction in Oil Blowout Risk
Authors: Roald Tone H 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Estimation of blow-out risk in the North Sea is based on blow-out data from the US Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf and the Norwegian and the UK sector of the North Sea area from the period 1980 until today. Very few blowout events with major release of oil have taken place in this period. Still environmental risk analysis of oil field development in the North Sea have predicted high probabilities of occurrence of blowouts with major oil releases.
Based on an updated and re-categorised blowout database new oil blowout estimates are made taking into account trends and relevance for North Sea conditions. Also blowout path distribution, blowout rate distribution and blowout duration distribution have been re-evaluated and used in the assessments. By using the updated and re-categorised blowout database, the estimated frequencies for major oil spills are at least an order of magnitude lower than obtained in earlier assessments.
The amount of oil spilled is a key factor regarding whether or not accidents may cause serious and long term environmental effects. Other factors, such as oil quality, location of the spill, weather and seasonal distribution of e.g. seabirds are other factors, which must be incorporated in an environmental risk assessment.
Based on statistics from the updated and re-categorised blow-out database, Norsk Hydro has assessed the probability for oil blowouts for some field developments in the North Sea and sorted the events in categories according to the released oil quantity. For each category, average discharge rate and discharge duration of the blowout are estimated for use in the environmental risk analysis. The calculations are performed so that it is possible to trace the events, which dominate the environmental risk in order to use these as a basis for emergency preparedness planning.
The method gives a more realistic picture of the environmental risk related to oil field development. It also points out the major risk contributors, making it possible to plan cost effective risk reduction measures when appropriate.
The Effect of Drilling Fluid Base Oil Properties on the Occupational Hygiene and the Marine Environment
Authors: Saasen A. , Berntsen M. , Løklingholm G. , Igeltjørn H. , Åsnes K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling operations can require the usage of oil base drilling fluids (OBM). These fluids are formulated as an emulsion consisting of water emulsified into a continuous oil phase. During the last decade the North Sea drilling industry has moved from using diesel oil to low toxic base oils in OBM. Further development of low toxic base oils has continued on the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea, and resulted in the use of non-aromatic base oils.
The current paper describes the results from a field test where the introduction of non-aromatic base oils reduced the hydrocarbon content by more than 50% in head space level in the shale shaker area compared to the use of low toxic base oils. In this test two wells were drilled where the hydrocarbon vapour and mist were collected at the same locations in the shaker area. The first well was drilled with a more traditional low toxic mineral oil based drilling fluid. The second well was drilled in a comparable formation with a drilling fluid based on the non-aromatic base oil. The paper also describes how skin irritation is reduced when using the non-aromatic base oils compared to the use of previous base oils and synthetic base oils. The reduction in skin irritation and hydrocarbon content at head space level has significantly improved the occupational hygiene for personnel exposed to drilling fluids offshore.
The paper also discusses biodegradability and toxicity of different base oils. Ecotoxicological test results indicate that use of the non-aromatic base oils may result in less environmental impact compared to use of other mineral oils or synthetic oils if an accidental discharge occurs.
Finally, the paper discusses dermal irritation effects from the different drilling fluids. It is shown that use of the non-aromatic base oil reduces the skin irritation index compared to use of other oil or synthetic base oils.