bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work, Obesity, and Occupational Safety and Health
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Wagner Gregory R. , Ostry Aleck , Blanciforti Laura A. , Cutlip Robert G. , Krajnak Kristine M. , Luster Michael , Munson Albert E. , O’Callaghan James P. , Parks Christine G. , Simeonova Petia P. , Miller Diane B. 
Published: February 2007

There is increasing evidence that obesity and overweight may be related, in part, to adverse work conditions. In particular, the risk of obesity may increase in high-demand, low-control work environments, and for those who work long hours. In addition, obesity may modify the risk for vibration-induced injury and certain occupational musculoskeletal disorders. We hypothesized that obesity may also be a co–risk factor for the development of occupational asthma and cardiovascular disease that and it may modify the worker’s response to occupational stress, immune response to chemical exposures, and risk of disease from occupational neurotoxins. We developed 5 conceptual models of the interrelationship of work, obesity, and occupational safety and health and highlighted the ethical, legal, and social issues related to fuller consideration of obesity’s role in occupational health and safety.
The Allegheny Initiative for Mental Health Integration for the Homeless: Integrating Heterogeneous Health Services for Homeless Persons
Authors: Gordon Adam J. , Montlack Melissa L. , Freyder Paul , Johnson Diane , Bui Thuy , Williams Jennifer 
Published: February 2007

The Allegheny Initiative for Mental Health Integration for the Homeless (AIM-HIGH) was a 3-year urban initiative in Pennsylvania that sought to enhance integration and coordination of medical and behavioral services for homeless persons through system-, provider-, and client-level interventions. On a system level, AIM-HIGH established partnerships between several key medical and behavioral health agencies. On a provider level, AIM-HIGH conducted 5 county-wide conferences regarding homeless integration, attended by 637 attendees from 72 agencies. On a client level, 5 colocated medical and behavioral health care clinics provided care to 1986 homeless patients in 4084 encounters, generating 1917 referrals for care. For a modest investment, AIM-HIGH demonstrated that integration of medical and behavioral health services for homeless persons can occur in a large urban environment.
Raphael's PortraitLeo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi: A Religious Interpretation
Authors: Minnich Nelson H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA recent cleaning of the painting, scientific examinations of it, the publication of new letters related to it, and studies of the prophetic culture in which it was produced all call for a reevaluation of the traditional interpretations of Raphael's portraitLeo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi. After a close analysis of the major iconographic details in the painting, the strengths and weaknesses of the various secular and religious interpretations of the painting are reviewed. That the painting is primarily religious in theme with prophetic and devotional overtones is argued as the most reasonable interpretation, given the iconographic details and context.
Tropes of Revelation in Raphael'sTransfiguration*
Authors: Cranston Jodi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of thecontrappostopose in Renaissance art depends, as is well known, on ancient discussions of the rhetorical figure of antithesis. Such philological associations, however, have drawn attention to the pose as a motif of style, notable only for its gracefulness of form. This essay considers how the turning pose in Raphael's work, rather than merely referring to the rhetorical figure of antithesis, evokes the thematic and structural significance of the trope. The discussion focuses on the turning female in hisTransfigurationas a figuration of the antithetical event of revelation, where the unknown becomes known.
Factors determining the modes of tree death in three Bornean rain forests
Authors: Gale Neil , Hall Pamela 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Mode of tree death in relation to topography was examined in three lowland rain forests; Belalong and Andalau, in Brunei Darussalam and Danum, in Sabah, East Malaysia. In total, 1543 dead trees ≥20 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were enumerated in an area of 36 ha. In Belalong, 31% of the dead trees had died standing, 26% had snapped, 21% had uprooted, 19% had either died‐standing or snapped and 3% remained undetermined (n = 436). In Andalau, 46% had died standing, 11% had snapped, 14% had uprooted, 26% had either died standing or snapped and 3% remained undetermined (n = 591). In Danum, 37% had died standing, 22% had snapped, 14% had uprooted, 24% had either died‐standing or snapped and 3% remained undetermined (n = 516). Slope position, e.g. whether the tree was located in a valley, mid‐slope, upper slope or ridge, was related to mode of death in all three sites. Elevation and tree diameter were related in two of the sites, and drainage, soil depth and soil shear strength were related in one of the sites. Generally the proportion of standing deaths increased moving from the valleys up to the ridge tops while uprooting proportions had the converse relationship. Slope position had little effect on the proportions of snapped trees.The three modes of death create different types of gaps. The findings substantiate that different topographies have different proportions of these gap types. The predominant gap type may have consequences for local and regional differences in forest structure and composition.
The effect of plant litter on ecosystem properties in a Mediterranean semi‐arid shrubland
Authors: Boeken Bertrand , Orenstein Daniel 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. We studied the distribution of litter in a shrubland of the Negev with a semi‐arid Mediterranean climate of less than 200 mm of rainfall per year. Our focus was on the effects of litter on properties of landscape patches relevant to ecosystem processes (water runoff and soil erosion), annual plant community responses (seedling density, biomass production and species richness), and animal activity (soil disturbance by termites). Three 60‐m transects, extending across a pair of opposing north‐ and south‐facing slopes and their drainage channel, showed that litter accumulates not only under shrubs, but to a lesser extent also on the crusted inter‐shrub open areas.We used 35 experimental units (‘cells’, 0.5m × 1 m), each containing a crust and a shrub patch. Because runoff flows from crusted patches and is intercepted by shrub patches, the latter were in the lower third of the cells. Leaf litter was added in single and double amounts providing ca. 0.5 and 1.0 cm litter depth, to either, both, or none of the patches. Litter addition significantly decreased the amount of runoff, regardless of the location and amount of litter applied. Litter on the crust increased species number and seedling density of species with low abundance. Adding a double litter layer increased annual plant biomass production, while a single amount had no effect. Litter addition to the shrub patch affected neither biomass nor species richness. Litter addition to both patches at both quantities caused a large increase in termite activity. Termites caused disturbance by disrupting the crust, which may contribute to the reduction in runoff amounts.In the open, flat crust patches, annual plant communities are limited in their productivity and species richness, as there are few structures stopping the outflow of water, soil and seeds. Litter adds such structures, but affects the plant communities only when added to litter‐free crust. Litter accumulation and its patchy distribution have large impacts on landscape patch properties affecting resource distribution, plant productivity and diversity, and animal activity. Therefore, understanding litter distribution in relation to the patchy structure of the landscape of semi‐arid shrubland should be viewed as an important component of shrubland management.
Do commonly used indices of β‐diversity measure species turnover?
Authors: Vellend Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Indices of β‐diversity are of two major types, (1) those that measure among‐plot variability in species composition independently of the position of individual plots on spatial or environmental gradients, and (2) those that measure the extent of change in species composition along predefined gradients, i.e. species turnover. Failure to recognize this distinction can lead to the inappropriate use of some β‐diversity indices to measure species turnover.Several commonly‐used indices of β‐diversity are based on Whittaker's βW (βW = γ/α, where γ is the number of species in an entire study area and α is the number of species per plot within the study area). It is demonstrated that these indices do not take into account the distribution of species on spatial or environmental gradients, and should therefore not be used to measure species turnover. The terms ‘β‐diversity’ and ‘species turnover’ should not be used interchangeably. Species turnover can be measured using matrices of compositional similarity and physical or environmental distances among pairs of study plots. The use of indices of β‐diversity and similarity‐distance curves is demonstrated using simulated data sets.
The Theoretical Landscape and the Methodological Development of Archaeology in Latin America
Authors: Politis Gustavo G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLatin American archaeology has been influenced by the world theoretical context, from which it has developed original approaches. Currently, a culture-history conceptual foundation still predominates in the region, with some modern variants that have emphasized environmental aspects and approached specific problems. Processual archaeology, especially the North American varieties, remains minor in the region despite many Latin American archaeologists’ belief that their work falls within this camp. Post-processual trends are even less well represented, although a growing number of researchers focus in an eclectic fashion on subject matter that corresponds to the post-processual agenda (e.g., identity, multivocality, etc.). Researchers in certain areas within the region are producing original research linked to political economy and its relation to ideology, and others are focusing on symbolic and cognitive aspects (in some cases within a structuralist framework). In Latin America several interesting methodological developments are emerging, among which ethnoarchaeology and vertebrate taphonomy stand out. In recent years historical archaeology has been one of the disciplines that has grown the most and achieved the greatest popularity. Despite the still-limited nature of Latin American archaeology’s contributions in the field of theory and methodology, there is nonetheless sustained growth in this direction, fundamentally in the generation of models for the interpretation of regional processes. However, these contributions are not visible at the level of international debate and are generally ignored by archaeologists from the central countries. The multiple causes of this phenomenon are analyzed.
Caves and Ancient Maya Ritual Use ofJute
Authors: Halperin Christina T. , Garza Sergio , Prufer Keith M. , Bradya James E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA number of previous authors have suggested, based on limited data, thatPachychilusspp., freshwater gastropods often calledjute, may have played a role in ancient Maya ritual. Data collected by the authors demonstrate thatjuteshells consistently appear as part of faunal assemblages in ceremonial caves across the southern Maya Lowlands. At surface sites, jute are often associated with ceremonial architecture, particularly ballcourts. Previous ethnographic accounts are reviewed for clues to ancient Maya jute use. New ethnographic data suggest a role not previously considered by archaeologists. A Q‘eqchi’ Maya informant states that shells are gathered up after meals and deposited in caves as an offering in thanks to “Mother Earth” (Madre Tierra) who provided the mollusks. This practice suggests that the ancient shells may represent a secondary deposition rather than reflecting consumption occurring in the cave. The presence of jute shells may document ancient religious beliefs and ritual activities surrounding an important subsistence resource.
Inka Pottery as Culinary Equipment: Food, Feasting, and Gender in Imperial State Design
Authors: Bray Tamara L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the imperial Inka ceramic assemblage is examined in terms of its functional and culinary significance. Information culled from ethnohistoric sources, archaeological reports, and ethnographic studies is used to draw functional inferences about Inka vessel forms and to outline the features of an imperial “haute cuisine.” In the Inka empire, the relationship between rulers and subjects was largely mediated through the prestation of food and drink. The elaboration of a distinctive state vessel assemblage suggests a conscious strategy aimed at creating material symbols of class difference in the context of state-sponsored feasting events. An empire-wide analysis of the distribution of Inka vessels indicates the particular importance of the tallnecked jar form (aríbalo) to state strategies in the provinces. Analyzing Inka pottery as culinary equipment highlights the links among food, politics, and gender in the processes of state formation. Such an approach also illuminates the important role of women in the negotiation and consolidation of Inka state power.
Early Formative Pottery from the Tuxtla Mountains and Implications for Gulf Olmec Origins
Authors: Arnold Philip J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper explores patterning in ceramic data from an Early Formative component at the site of La Joya, located in southern Veracruz, Mexico. The discussion uses ceramic paste characteristics, in addition to vessel form and decoration data, to suggest that this Early Formative pottery assemblage undergoes an in situ transformation between the “pre-Olmec” Tulipan phase and the “Olmec” Coyame phase. This conclusion is then used to revisit the hypothesis of a Chicharras phase (ca. 1250 B.C.) immigration of Pacific coastal groups into the southern Gulf lowlands (e.g., Clark 1990, 1997; Clark and Blake 1989; Coe and Diehl 1980). A consideration of ceramics from several Isthmian lowland contexts does not support this scenario. The discussion suggests that an over-reliance on the surface characteristics of ceramics at San Lorenzo may have encouraged an erroneous Gulf Olmec origin story.
Evaluation of the ability of canarypox-vectored equine influenza virus vaccines to induce humoral immune responses against canine influenza viruses in dogs
Authors: Karaca Kemal , Dubovi Edward J. , Siger Leonardo , Robles Amy , Audonnet Jean-Christophe , Jiansheng Yao , Nordgren Robert , Minke Jules M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate canarypox-vectored equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccines expressing hemagglutinins of A/equine/Kentucky/94 (vCP1529) and A2/equine/Ohio /03 (vCP2242) for induction of antibody responses against canine influenza virus (CIV) in dogs.
Animals—35 dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were randomly allocated into 4 groups; group 1 (n = 8) and group 2 (9) were inoculated SC on days 0 and 28 with 1.0 mL (approx 105.7 TCID50) of vCP1529 and vCP2242, respectively. Dogs in group 3 (n = 9) were inoculated twice with 0.25 mL (approx 105.7 TCID50) of vCP2242 via the transdermal route. The 9 dogs of group 4 were control animals. All dogs were examined for adverse reactions. Sera, collected on days −1, 7, 13, 21, 28, 35, and 42, were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays for antibodies against CIV antigens A/Canine/FL/43/04-PR and A/Canine/NY/115809/05, respectively.
Results—Inoculations were tolerated well. The HI and VN antibodies were detected by 7 days after primary inoculation. Most dogs of groups 1 and 2 and all dogs of group 3 had detectable antibodies by 14 days after initial inoculation. The second inoculation induced an anamnestic response, yielding geometric mean HI titers of 139, 276, and 1,505 and VN titers of 335, 937, and 3,288 by day 42 (14 days after booster inoculation) in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canarypox-vectored EIV vaccines induce biologically important antibodies and may substantially impact CIV transmission within a community and be of great value in protecting dogs against CIV-induced disease.
Exactly solvable problems of quantum mechanics and their spectrum generating algebras: A review
Authors: Rasinariu Constantin , Mallow Jeffry , Gangopadhyaya Asim 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In this review, we summarize the progress that has been made in connecting supersymmetry and spectrum generating algebras through the property of shape invariance. This monograph is designed to be used by our fellow researchers, by other interested physicists, and by students at the graduate and even undergraduate levels who would like a brief introduction to the field.
Oil Refining
Authors: Alfke Gunter , Irion Walther W. , Neuwirth Otto S. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

History

1.2.

General Aspects of Oil Refining

2.

Crude Oils and Products

2.1.

Crude Oil Constituents

2.2.

Classification of Crude Oils

2.3.

Oil Products

2.3.1.

Gas Fuels

2.3.2.

Liquid Fuels

2.3.3.

Nonfuel Applications

3.

Oil Refining Processes

3.1.

Crude Oil Distillation

3.1.1.

Atmospheric Distillation

3.1.2.

Vacuum Distillation

3.1.3.

Crude Oil Desalting

3.2.

Catalytic Cracking (Cat Cracking)

3.3.

Hydrotreating

3.3.1.

Distillate Hydrotreating

3.3.2.

Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrotreating

3.4.

Catalytic Reforming

3.4.1.

Introduction

3.4.2.

Semiregenerative Reformer

3.4.3.

Fully Regenerative Reformer

3.4.4.

Continuously Regenerative Reformer

3.5.

Hydrocracking

3.6.

Residue Conversion Processes

3.6.1.

Introduction

3.6.2.

Fundamentals of Residue Conversion and Process Options

3.6.3.

Hydrogen Addition (“H‐in”) Processes

3.6.3.1.

Residue Hydrotreating (Demetallization, Desulfurization, Denitrification)

3.6.3.2.

Residue Hydrocracking (Hydroconversion)

3.6.4.

Carbon Rejection (“C‐out”) Processes

3.6.4.1.

Thermal Processes (Visbreaking, Coking)

3.6.4.2.

Catalytic Processes (Residue Cat Cracking)

3.6.5.

Other Processes

3.6.5.1.

Extraction of Asphaltenes

3.6.5.2.

Partial Oxidation

3.6.6.

Process Combinations

3.7.

Gasoline Upgrading Processes

3.7.1.

Alkylation

3.7.2.

Polymerization

3.7.3.

Isomerization

3.7.4

Production of Ethers (MTBE; ETBE)

3.8.

Other Processes

3.8.1.

Gas Treating

3.8.2.

Sulfur Recovery

3.9.

Catalysts

4.

Environmental Protection in Oil Refining

4.1.

Introduction

4.2.

Manufacturing Emissions

4.2.1.

Hydrocarbons (HC)

4.2.1.1.

Hydrocarbons in Air

4.2.1.2.

Hydrocarbons in Wastewater

4.2.1.3.

Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater

4.2.2.

Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds

4.2.2.1.

Sulfur Compounds

4.2.2.2.

Nitrogen Compounds

4.2.3.

Noise

4.3.

Consumer Related Emissions

4.3.1.

Transportation Fuels

4.3.1.1.

Motor Gasoline

4.3.1.2.

Diesel Fuel

4.3.1.3.

Marine Fuels

4.3.2.

Fuels for Heat Generation

4.4.

Cost of Environmental Conservation

5.

Integrated Refinery Models

5.1.

Trends of Refinery Structures

5.2.

Hydroskimming Refinery

5.3.

Conversion Concepts

5.3.1.

Cat Cracking ‐ Visbreaking Refinery

5.3.2.

Hydrocracking ‐ Cat Cracking Refinery

5.3.3.

Hydrocracking ‐ Coking Refinery

5.3.4.

Integration of Existing Refineries

6.

Corrosion and Materials

7.

Testing and Analysis

7.1.

Crude Oil and Product Properties

7.2.

Testing Methods and Standards

8.

Storage and Transport
Dispersible Tm3+‐Doped Nanoparticles that Exhibit Strong 1.47 μm Photoluminescence
Authors: Diamente P. R. , Raudsepp M. , van Veggel F. C. J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA general procedure is described for the synthesis and conversion of dispersible core/shell LaF3:Tm/LaF3 nanoparticles to highly dispersible thulium‐doped lanthanum disilicate nanoparticles (La2Si2O7:Tm) with an average diameter of 7 nm that show emission at a wavelength of 1.47 μm. Measurement of the citrate‐stabilized precursor nanoparticles in a KBr pellet shows a 1.47 μm emission with an effective lifetime of only 3 μs and an estimated quantum yield of ≪ 1 %. However, significant improvements to the emission properties are obtained by forming a ca. 1 nm thick silica shell around the nanoparticles via a modified Stöber method, followed by baking at 900 °C for 12 h to convert the LaF3 matrix to La2Si2O7. Excitation with a 785 nm continuous wave (CW) diode laser results in the luminescence of the 3H4–3F4 transition at 1.47 μm with an effective lifetime of 56 μs and an estimated quantum yield of 4 %. High‐resolution measurements at 77 K are carried out in order to improve the resolution of the crystal‐field splitting observed from the 3H4 level.
An Efficient Cobalt(I)‐Catalysed Reformatsky Reaction using α‐Chloro Esters
Authors: Lombardo Marco , Gualandi Alessandra , Pasi Filippo , Trombini Claudio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn efficient cobalt(I)‐catalysed Reformatsky reaction using α‐chloro esters has been developed. The catalyst is prepared by reducing the cobalt(II) chloride (5 %)/1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe)(5 %)/zinc iodide (10 %) system with zinc metal in acetonitrile in the presence of both the α‐chloro ester and the carbonyl compound; good to excellent conversions to β‐hydroxy esters are obtained at room temperature in 2.5 h.
Evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in pediatric sickle cell disease patients
Authors: Zilberman Mark V. , Du Wei , Das Srikant , Sarnaik Sharada A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough cardiac involvement is common in adult sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, it is unknown when cardiac dysfunction appears in the course of SCD. Diastolic function has not been comprehensively analyzed in children with SCD. Thus, our aim was to evaluate diastolic function in pediatric SCD patients. Echocardiograms were performed in 156 (73 SC and 81 control) patients. Left ventricular and left atrial volumes, left ventricular mass, mitral inflow, and tissue Doppler indices (TDI) were obtained. The right ventricular pressures (RVP) were calculated. For each SCD patient, mean hemoglobin (Hb), fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels, and blood transfusion encounters were recorded. Data were analyzed using t‐test, univariate and multivariate regression, and Spearman correlation analyses. SCD patients had significantly larger left ventricular and atrial volumes than controls. Mitral inflow velocities were significantly higher in the SCD group. Of 73 SCD subjects, 32 had left ventricular dilatation, 11 had hypertrophy, and 25 had elevated RVP. Left ventricular size was inversely related to Hb, but unrelated to HbF or age. The early mitral inflow velocity was correlated negatively with Hb and positively with left ventricular sizes. TDI indices did not differ between the SCD and control groups. They were unrelated to Hg, HgF, transfusion history, or ventricular size; however, Doppler indices of left ventricular stiffness were increased in SCD patients. Pediatric SCD patients demonstrate increased left ventricular stiffness, and a significant percentage of them have left ventricular hypertrophy. There are strong positive relations between left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular pressure in these patients. TDI should be employed in the evaluation of SCD patients. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.