bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of individual differences of cognitive style on judgments of document relevance
Authors: Davidson David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe possibility that the relevance decision may be affected by individual differences in openness to information is examined. Openness to information is operationally defined by a series of cognitive style variables (openmindedness, rigidity, category width, locus of control, anxiety, and defensiveness). A multiple‐regression technique was utilized to simultaneously test the effect of cognitive variables and previously tested variables tapping judges' interest and expertise in the problem area. Subjects made relevance decisions on a randomly generated list of citations for a question provided by the experimenter. Divergent behavior on the dependent variable (number of citations deemed relevant) by two groups of subjects necessitated splitting the initial sample of 48 into two independent groups of 25 and 23. The pattern of the empirical results conforms to the prediction that approximately 30% of the relevance‐decision variance is attributable to variables tapping openness to information. The empirical results do not reach the normative criterion of α = 0.05. It is argued that this finding is due to a decrease in power resulting from the decrease in sample size rather than from an inadequate or erroneous model. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between information systems and the “epistemic who”.
Lotka's frequency distribution of scientific productivity
Authors: Coile Russell C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1926, Alfred Lotka examined the frequency distribution of scientific productivity of chemists and physicists. After analyzing the number of publications of chemists listed in Chemical Abstracts 1907–1916 and the contributions of physicists listed in Auerbach's Geschi‐chtstafeln der Physik, he observed that the number of persons making n contributions is about 1/n2 of those making one and the proportion of all contributors that make a single contribution is about 60%. Recently, investigators studying the applicability of “Lotka's law” to the humanities and to map librarianship may have misinterpreted Lotka's law and have concluded erroneously that the law applies to these fields. Corrected calculations indicate that Lotka's law does not apply.
Frequency‐rank distributions
Authors: Brookes Bertram C. , Griffiths Jose M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrequency, rank, and frequency‐rank distributions are distinguished and discussion then focuses on frequency‐rank distributions. The key example of frequency‐rank distributions is the so‐called “law of anomalous numbers” which, modeled as a “very mixed” Poisson process and simulated by computer, provides a means of exploring the stability of ranks in sample frequency‐rank distributions. The paper concludes with a critical discussion of the correlation of frequency‐rank distributions and offers a new measure‐the transfer coefficient.
Financial aspects of industrial information centers: A survey
Authors: Talavage Joseph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reports on a survey of the financial aspects of special libraries and information centers in American industrial companies. The objectives of this survey were to assess resources allocated to information centers, pricing behavior and cost behavior for such centers, and to obtain an indication of the accounting practices of such centers. Data on 41 characteristics were obtained from 87 centers in the Fortune 500 companies. The results of the data analysis are discussed and compared to other pertinent investigations of this type.
Nonbibliographic on‐line data base services
Authors: Wanger Judith , Landau Ruth N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOver 400 data bases are available on‐line, and the majority of these are nonbibliographic. The nonbibliographic area encompasses a number of different types of data bases, including referral, numeric, textual‐numeric, chemical and physical properties, and full‐text. The growth in nonbibliographic data base services has been not nearly as visible to information specialists as the growth in bibliographic on‐line data base services. One reason for this is that the services are primarily being marketed to and used by end users, with libraries and information centers largely being bypassed. Some nonbibliographic data base systems are end‐user oriented, but there are many others that need to be studied for their possible applications in improving and extending traditional reference and other library and information services.
Compression of continuous prose texts using variety generation
Authors: Cooper David , Emly Michael A. , Lynch Michael F. , Yeates A. Robin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of variety‐generation techniques for text compression depends on the selection of symbol sets, or sets of variable‐length character strings occurring approximately equifrequently in the text in question. In order that the method perform efficiently in a variety of situations, the symbol set must be reasonably independent of the particular text used in its generation. Hence, texts of different origins must be similar in their microstructure for the technique to work well. Texts of American English varying in subject and style have been found to fulfill this condition. On average the texts can be represented with a space saving of just over 50% on the space used by a fixed‐length 8‐bit representation of the characters, and the best results are obtained using a symbol set generated from a sample of the complete data base, although results from subsets of the data base are almost as good.
Cocited author retrieval online: An experiment with the social indicators literature
Authors: White Howard D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne mode of online retrieval in Scisearch or Social Scisearch involves entering pairs of authors' names believed to be jointly cited by subsequent writers and retrieving papers in which cocitations occur. Six pairs were formed with the names of four authors prominent in the social indicators movement (Bauer, Duncan, Land, and Sheldon). Documents by the four were not specified. It was thought that the pair Duncan and Land would retrieve papers in which indicator‐type data would be integrated with path‐analytic causal modeling. All other pairs seemed likely to retrieve a “general social indicators” literature. The 298 retrieved papers confirmed expectations. It was found that 121 papers generally cited social indicators (SI) documents by the input authors and frequently had SI language in their titles. Other signs of content also identified them as papers of the SI movement. The 177 papers retrieved on Duncan and Land generally cited causal modeling documents by the input pair and were path‐analytic in nature. As expected, they were relatively “harder” than the first group of papers, although the two groups are akin and are formally linked through citations in certain papers. An additional result is that papers citing at least three of the input authors tend to be overviews of the SI movement.
A model for a weighted retrieval system
Authors: Buell Duncan A. , Kraft Donald H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere has been a good deal of work on information retrieval systems that have continuous weights assigned to the index terms that describe the records in the database, and/or to the query terms that describe the user queries. Recent articles have analyzed retrieval systems with continuous weights of either type and/or with a Boolean structure for the queries. They have also suggested criteria which such systems ought to satisfy and record evaluation mechanisms which partially satisfy these criteria. We offer a more careful analysis, based on a generalization of the discrete weights. We also look at the weights from an entirely different approach involving thresholds, and we generate an improved evaluation mechanism which seems to fulfill a larger subset of the desired criteria than previous mechanisms. This new mechanism allows the user to attach a “threshold” to the query term.
Improving library effectiveness: A proposal for applying fuzzy set concepts in the management of large collections
Authors: Robinson Earl J. , Turner Stephen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new concept in mathematical modeling—fuzzy set theory—allows for the explicit consideration of “professional expertise and judgment.” This article introduces fuzzy set theory to the library community “at‐large” by providing (i) a brief historical perspective on fuzzy sets; (ii) an introduction to the fundamentals of fuzzy set theory; (iii) an avenue of approach for applications of the theory in a library environment; and (iv) suggestions for future development of fuzzy applications in the library management area.
Problems of information services with respect to integration of the sciences
Authors: Pachevsky Talmon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCurrent interdisciplinary information in science and technology was studied in connection with some aspects of the integration of the sciences. The investigation was carried out by combination of research methods such as testing, surveys, and source analysis. The experimental method for tracing relevant publications unknown to the user is described. The results of questionnaires sent to 432 specialists in 16 countries are presented. Some features of the integration of the sciences were investigated together with the specific information demands which they provoke. It is shown that these demands cannot be satisfied within the limits of discipline‐oriented information systems. Particular attention is given to information problems of small developed and developing countries. The efforts of these countries must concentrate on the compilation of information indexes on complex and interdisciplinary problems.
Usage patterns of an online search system
Authors: Cooper Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article examines the usage patterns of the ELHILL retrieval program of the National Library of Medicine's MEDLARS system. Based on a sample of 6759 searches, the study analyzes the frequency of various commands and command options, classifies messages issued by the system, and investigates searcher error rates. The article concludes with suggestions for improving and redesigning both the program and query language.
An experimental comparison of the effectiveness of computers and humans as search intermediaries
Authors: Marcus Richard S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn experimental computer intermediary system, CONIT, that assists users in accessing and searching heterogeneous retrieval systems has been enhanced with various search aids. Controlled experiments have been conducted to compare the effectiveness of the enhanced CONIT intermediary with that of human expert interme diary search specialists. Some 16 end users, none of whom had previously operated either CONIT or any of the four connected retrieval systems, performed searches on 20 different topics using CONIT with no assistance other than that provided by CONIT itself (except to recover from computerlsoftware bugs). These same users also performed searches on the same topics with the help of human expert intermediaries who searched using the retrieval systems directly. Sometimes CONIT and sometimes the human expert were clearly superior in terms of such parameters as recall and search time. In general, however, users searching alone with CONIT achieved somewhat higher online recall at the expense of longer session times. We conclude that advanced experimental intermediary techniques are now capable of providing search assistance whose effectiveness at least approximates that of human intermediaries in some contexts. Also analyzed is the cost effectlveness of current intermediary systems. Finally, consideration is given to the prospects for much more advanced systems which would perform such functions as automatic database selection and the simulation of human experts, and thereby make information retrieval more effective for all classes of users.
Informational dynamics of journal article titles
Authors: Diener Richard A. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe informational dynamics of journal article titles was investigated by analyzing the changing informational value of titles over time. The Informational value of titles was measured by counting the total number of words (y τ) in a title, counting the number of substantive words (ys), or keywords, in a title, and computing the proportion of substantive words (yp = ys/yτ) In a title. Random samples of journal article titles were gathered from four selected journals, six library journals, and six miscellaneous journals over the period from 1951 through 1980. The informational values were averaged by year to yield annual means for Yτ, Ys, and Yp. The patterns of change of these annual means were analyzed over time by regression analysis. We questioned whether linear regression analysis would yield equations representing the underlying data with a 95% or greater level of confidence. The results of these analyses were linear equations of the form, y = mt + b, where y Is the dependent variable (informational value), m is the slope of the equation, t is the independent variable (time), and b is the y‐intercept of the equation. The sign (+ or ‐) of the slope (m) indicates the direction of change (increasing or decreasing) of the informational dynamics of journal article titles. A rate of change was computed by differential calculus by differentiating informational value with respect to time. Rate of change Indicates how rapidly change is occurring. The sample journals selected in this research represent the primary literature, the review literature, the physical science literature, the social science literature, the library literature, and a miscellaneous collection of six journals.
Morse's Markov model of book use revisited
Authors: Beheshti Jamshid , Tague Jean M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOver a decade ago, P. M. Morse suggested a simple Markov model of book use for a science library. Since then, his model has been modified and used in a number of applications, but the reliability of the basic assumptions underlying the model's parameters has not been tested. Utilizing 11 years of circulation transactions of a university library, it is shown that (1) Morse's model fits approximately 99% of the data for the whole collection and for three subject areas, and (2) contrary to his assumptions, one of the model's two parameters, a, is time dependent.
Expert systems: A tutorial
Authors: Yaghmai N. Shahla , Maxin Jacqueline A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExpert systems are intelligent computer applications that use data, a knowledge base, and a control mechanism to solve problems of sufficient difficulty that significant human expertise is necessary for their solution. Expert systems use artificial intelligence problem‐solving and knowledge‐representation techniques to combine human expert knowledge about a problem area with human expert methods of conceptualizing and reasoning about that problem area. As a result, it is expected that such systems can reach a level of performance comparable to that of a human expert in a specialized problem area. The high‐level knowledge base and associated control mechanism of expert systems are in essence a model of the expertise of the best practitioners of the problem area in question and, hence, human users are provided with expert opinions about problems in that area. Expert systems do not pretend to give final or ultimate conclusions to displace human decision making; they are intended for consulting purposes only.
A review and application of citation analysis methodology to reading research journal literature
Authors: Summers Edward G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reviews citation analysis literature and explores the use of citation analysis as a method for identifying highly cited core journals and indicating the disciplinary structure and interrelations of journals reporting reading research. Citation data from the 1980 Journal Citation Reports were used to generate a journal size‐independent Reading Research Impact Factor as a criterion for selecting high impact journals. References from seven citing journals were used to produce a set of 92 candidate core list journals. After four iterations, a final diverse set of 27 highly cited journals emerged including publications from reading, education, educational psychology, educational research, language, cognitive psychology, general psychology, developmental and child psychology, and experimental psychology. Six journals from the area of communication were added to complete the list. Analysis of the 10‐year temporal distribution of recent citations from 25 of the highly cited journals pinpointed the immediacy effect of reading research as being on the borderline between hard and soft science with such research exhibiting a strong flavor from cognate areas of psychology. Problems and limitations related to citation analyses are discussed.
Experiments and analysis of information use and value in a decision‐making context
Authors: Yovits M. C. , Foulk C. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes a series of experiments which relate information to decision making. The experiments were developed with the objectives of validating a previously suggested conceptual model of information flow and its relation to decision making, as well as to establish specific values for the significant parameters involved. The conceptual approach related information to its effectiveness and therefore its use and value. Theory, measures, and relationships thus derived relate to the way information, once it is transmitted and received, is utilized by a decision maker. Specifically, information is said to be data of value in decision making. Starting with this definition it has been possible to define information quantitatively and to establish some of its properties and interrelationships. In the experiments described here a subject uses a computer terminal interactively in order to maximize subjective expected value over a number of courses of action available to him by choosing what be believes to be an optimal course of action at each trial. A decision‐making situation is formulated in terms of value and probability matrices, unknown to the subject. The subject is instructed to maximize the sum of the outcome values obtained, and through feedback to learn the structure and the probabilities involved. Data were obtained from 60 subjects each experimenting on 12 different matrices. These data generally validated the theoretical approach and also enabled the determination of specific values for significant parameters involved. The experimental design is described in detail in the article. Analysis of some of the data is presented.
Issues in information science education in developing countries
Authors: Saracevic Tefko , Braga Gilda M. , Afolayan Matthew A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe environment of development provides the framework for information science education in developing countries, but the issue of what is appropriate or relevant for development in such education is debated. Up to now, continuing education is the majorThe environment of development provides the framework for information science education in developing countries, but the issue of what is appropriate or relevant for development in such education is debated. Up to now, continuing education is the major vehicle for education and training of information scientists in the Third World. Not many formal, academic courses and programs exist; those that do are almost exclusively located in library schools. The dependence on continuing education and lack of academic bases present another important issue, as does the lack of faculty and facilities. International organizations, particularly Unesco and FID, played a major role in spreading information science education in the Third World. The advent of the “information age” is watched with some anxiety—reactions to which will affect the future of information science education in developing countri is watched with some anxiety—reactions to which will affect the future of information science education in developing countries.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic method for identification and quantification of two isomeric coumarinolignoids—cleomiscosin A and cleomiscosin B—in extracts of Cleome viscosa
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sunil K. , Kumar Satyanshu , Tripathi Sarita , Gupta Anil K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple, accurate and reproducible reverse‐phase HPLC method has been developed for identification and quantification of two isomeric coumarinolignoids, cleomiscosin A and B in different extracts of the seeds of Cleome viscosa using photodiode array detection at 326 nm. Cleomiscosin A and B were separated on a Waters symmetry C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm with 5.0 µm particle size) with an isocratic elution system composed of acetonitrile–methanol (1:2, v/v) and acetic acid–water (0.5:99.5, v/v) in the ratio of 40:60 (v/v). The calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.997) in the concentration ranges of 20–100 µg/mL for both compounds. The limits of detection and quantification were 15 and 20 µg/mL for both cleomiscosin A and B. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were 3.68 and 2.22% for cleomiscosin A and 4.22 and 5.06% for cleomiscosin B. The recoveries measured at two different concentration levels varied from 98.03 to 110.06%. The method was used to identify and quantify cleomiscosins A and B in different extracts of Cleome viscosa seeds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of azithromycin in human plasma
Authors: Liu Fei , Xu Yu , Huang Jinchang , Gao Shu , Guo Qingxiang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple, rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to quantify azithromycin in human plasma, using erythromycin as the internal standard (IS). A simple sample preparation method of protein precipitation with methanol was employed. Methanol, acetonitrile and water (12:30:58, v/v/v) were used as the isocratic mobile phase, with 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% ammonium acetate in water. Selected ion monitoring was specific for azithromycin and erythromycin. The assay was linear over the concentration range 4.69–600 ng/mL. The correlation coefficients for the calibration curves ranged from 0.9994 to 0.9998. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions, calculated from quality control samples, were less than 8.24%. The method was employed in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of 500 mg azithromycin dispersible tablet to 20 healthy volunteers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borimide, III. Borimide als Dipolarophile bei der 1.3‐dipolaren Cyclisierungsreaktion
Authors: Paetzold Peter I. , Stohr Günter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie monomer isolierbaren Borimide C6F5B  NC6H4OCH3‐(p) (1) und C6H5B  NC6F5 (2) reagieren bei −25° in Äther mit Benzonitril‐N‐oxid unter Ausbildung fünfgliedriger, die BN‐Gruppierung des Borimids enthaltender Ringe (3, 4). Mit Phenylazid bzw. mit 3.4‐Dihydro‐isochinolin‐N‐phenylimin als 1.3‐dipolaren Agenzien reagiert 1 in entsprechender Weise erst bei höherer Temperatur zu 5 bzw. 6.