bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing genetic linkage and association with robust components of variance approaches
Authors: AMOS C. I. , ZHU D. K. , BOERWINKLE E. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySimulation studies are used to explore the properties of procedures for estimating components of variance and constructing test statistics in genetic linkage studies of quantitative traits. We evaluated the bias and median squared error of estimates of the linked additive genetic variance obtained by regression, maximum likelihood and quasilikelihood estimation procedures. The quasilikelihood and regression procedures provided unbiased estimates of the additive component of variance. Maximum likelihood procedures that assumed multivariate normality were biased for most sample sizes considered but had more precision for most generating models than regression or quasilikelihood methods did. Wald tests derived from quasilikelihood procedures had similar or greater power than Wald tests based upon estimators from maximum likelihood analyses. Quasilikelihood estimation may therefore be preferable whenever there is uncertainty about the generating distribution for the error variance, but the robustness of this approach is offset by its required computational complexity.
Determining approximate estimates of inheritance parameters from sib‐pair IBD proportions
Authors: GREEN J. R. , SHAH S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe use of IBD proportions from a large set of affected sib‐pair data to estimate some or all of the main parameters describing the inheritance of a disease susceptibility gene is here considered. We assume there is no recombination present and neglect ascertainment bias, and assume that there are four distinct parental haplotypes present in each family.
Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in South American mummies
Authors: MONSALVE M. V. , CARDENAS F. , GUHL F. , DELANEY A. D. , DEVINE D. V. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySome studies of mtDNA propose that contemporary Amerindians have descended from four haplotype groups, each defined by specific sets of polymorphisms. One recent study also found evidence of other potential founder haplotypes. We wanted to determine whether the four haplotypes in modern populations were also present in ancient South American aboriginals. We subjected mtDNA from Colombian mummies (470 to 1849 AD) to PCR amplification and restriction endonuclease analysis. The mtDNA D‐loop region was surveyed for sequence variation by restriction analysis and a segment of this region was sequenced for each mummy to characterize the haplotypes. Our mummies exhibited three of the four major characteristic haplotypes of Amerindian populations denned by four markers. With sequence data obtained in the ancient samples and published data on contemporary Amerindians it was possible to infer the origin of these six mummies.
Genetic diversity in the Iberian Peninsula determined from mitochondrial sequence analysis
Authors: CÔRTE‐REAL H. B. S. M. , MACAULAY V. A. , RICHARDS M. B. , HARITI G. , ISSAD M. S. , CAMBON‐THOMSEN A. , PAPIHA S. , BERTRANPETIT J. , SYKES B. C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have analysed 302 bp of the first hypervariable region of the mitochondrial D‐loop in 271 individuals from different regions of the Iberian Peninsula and 85 individuals from Algeria. The Basque population is significantly different from neighbouring populations in terms of overall levels of diversity. This is because the majority of sequences in the Basques are restricted to the lineage group defined by the CRS (Cambridge Reference Sequence) and its derivatives although, like other Iberian populations, they showed a unimodal distribution of pairwise sequence differences. The timing of divergence of populations within Iberia points to a shared ancestry of all populations in the Upper Palaeolithic. Further genetic subdivision is apparent in Catalonia and Andalusia, with increased genetic diversity in the latter. Lineage diversity comparisons of Iberian populations with European (Tuscan) and North African (Algerian) populations shows the Iberian Peninsula to be more similar to other European populations, although a small number of Iberian lineages can be traced to North Africa.
European Gene Mapping Project (EUROGEM): Breakpoint panels for human chromosomes based on the CEPH reference families
Authors: COX S. A. , ATTWOOD J. , BRYANT S. P. , BAINS R. , POVEY S. , REBELLO M. , KAPSETAKI M. , MOSCHONAS N. K. , GRZESCHIK K.‐H. , OTTO M. , DIXON M. , SUDWORTH H. E. , KOOY R. F. , WRIGHT A. , TEAGUE P. , TERRENATO L. , VERGNAUD G. , MONFOUILLOUX S. , WEISSENBACH J. , ALIBERT O. , DIB C. , FAURÉ S. , BARKER E. , PEARSON N. M. , VOSSEN R. H. A. M. , GAL A. , MUELLER‐MYHSOK B. , CANN H. M. , SPURR N. K. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryMeiotic breakpoint panels for human chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and X were constructed from genotypes from the CEPH reference families. Each recombinant chromosome included has a breakpoint well‐supported with reference to defined quantitative criteria. The panels were constructed at both a low‐ resolution, useful for a first‐pass localization, and high‐resolution, for a more precise placement. The availability of such panels will reduce the number of genotyping experiments necessary to order new polymorphisms with respect to existing genetic markers. This paper shows only a representative sample of the breakpoints detected. The complete data are available on the World Wide Web URL (http:www.icnet.ukaxphgreurogemHTMLdata.html) or by anonymous ftp (ftp.gene.ucl.ac.uk inpubeurogemmapsbreakpoints).
CROSSFIND: Software for detecting and displaying well‐characterised meiotic breakpoints in human family data
Authors: ATTWOOD J. , POVEY S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryAn algorithm for detecting well‐characterised breakpoints in human family data has been developed and implemented as a computer program. The well‐established program CRI‐Map is used to perform the necessary likelihood analysis and generate the individual chromosomes, and then a set of user‐defined parameters is used to detect the breakpoints, sort them by their position and classify them according to their support. A further program produces PostScript figures giving a visual representation of the breakpoints. The programs can be applied to data from human chromosomes, and the resulting breakpoint panels used to place new markers rapidly on to the map by typing only a few key individuals and their ancestors. A service has been established on the World Wide Web for chromosome 9, allowing workers to fill in an on‐line form requesting a suitable panel of breakpoints to facilitate the mapping of new markers. A key feature of this approach is that all of the computing is done whilst detecting the breakpoints, after which new markers can be positioned without any need for a computer. CROSSFIND has been used to generate all the meiotic breakpoint panels shown in the preceding paper by members of the Eurogem Collaboration (Cox et al 1996)
Engineering Geology in the Urban Environment
Authors: Price David George 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Engineering geology involves the appreciation of a wide range of earth and engineering sciences so that it is particularly appropriate to the study of problems of ground conditions that arise in engineering works undertaken in the urban environment. The paper discusses the relationship between the historical expansion of urban areas and their engineering geology problems; these problems are classified and illustrated. The difficulties and limitations of site investigation work in urban areas are described and the role of engineering geology in town planning is discussed.
Simple equations for determining the Factor of Safety of a planar wedge under various groundwater conditions
Authors: Stimpson B. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
In this paper, some simple equations are developed for determining the Factor of Safety of slopes against planar sliding under a variety of groundwater conditions. The latter include a dry slope (with or without a tension crack), a saturated slope (with or without a tension crack), and partly saturated slopes with conditions of horizontal or bi-linear phreatic surfaces. The simple equations provide a means of rapidly determining Factors of Safety using a pocket calculator in situations where an approximate first estimate is required. The general equation can be used to calculate Factors of Safety for non-linear phreatic surfaces.
The application of microcomputer technology to the automation of physical testing in engineering geology
Authors: McNair Martin A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The major problem in the automation of physical measurement with microcomputers is the interfacing of transducer devices and developing a means of monitoring them. Although many solutions are available, they generally involve microcomputer technology; the range of choices is very confusing, especially to those unfamiliar with this type of computer application. A testing engineer wishing to produce a data logging system invariably has to learn about interfacing technology, or the expertise has to be bought in at considerable cost.
The autonomous data acquisition unit (ADU) has been designed to overcome these problems by combining adaptable hardware and software in one unit. It is an intelligent data logging device that can accept a wide range of transducers and monitor them in virtually any manner desired. The ADU is simple to program from most popular makes of microcomputer. All readings gathered are stored in its own solid state memory until requested by the user. Since all the necessary data logging functions are in the ADU, the problem is drastically simplified. All the user has to do is specify the tests to be carried out and retrieve the readings when required. Process control can be added as an option for applying intelligent control to pressures, loads, rates of flow, etc.

The ADU is a universal tool that offers particular advantages for the engineering geologist for automating field and laboratory testing. Typical rock mechanics applications would be strain gauge measurements of rock cores,
in situ
stress and load measurements, modulus measurements, and monitoring settlements and ground movement.
The hydrogeochemistry of the Lower Greensand aquifers south of London, England
Authors: Morgan-Jones M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Hydrogeochemical studies of the Folkestone Beds and Hythe Beds aquifers of the Lower Greensand formation of Surrey and Hampshire indicate that both aquifers are very depleted in readily soluble mineral species. The lack of such minerals, particularly the carbonates, removes a potential buffer control upon acidic recharge water and ensures that the unconfined groundwaters in both aquifers exhibit pH values generally less than 7.0 and have low concentrations of total dissolved solids. At the onset of confined conditions the dissolved oxygen is rapidly removed and the redox potential Eh decreases as the aquifer conditions become strongly reducing. Saline water is present at depth in the confined zones. Apart from iron and manganese all heavy metal concentrations are low, most samples exhibiting values around the detection limit of 0.01 mg/litre. Tritium and stable isotope analyses indicate that confined borehole sources are abstracting a gradually increasing component of post-1953 recharge water. All sources contain tritium concentrations in excess of 5 tritium units and some have concentrations exceeding 15 tritium units.
Assessing ground conditions of small sites by aerial infrared photography
Authors: Weltman Austin 
Published: September 2007

The false-colour infrared photograph of Lightmoor Tip in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire (Fig. 1) was taken using a radio controlled camera plane. The tip is associated with past coal extraction from the Carboniferous Limestone. In this example, infrared and natural colour aerial photography were used to determine topographical and subsurface information.
Geomorphological and ecological processes have created various microenvironments at the site. The majority of the soil supports vegetation. The aerial infrared photograph shows not only the major plant communities, but also their health and relative densities. Dark red to dark pink areas correspond to healthy, dense growths of vegetation, whilst colour tones of pink and grey depict poor or stressed vegetation. Exposed substrates and routeways appear greenish blue to light grey. Increased amounts of surface moisture result in darkening of ground colours.
A short grass community forms the initial colonizer of the tip and dominates the site. Grass health is poor on steep slopes, particularly over rock and scree debris, where vegetation is absent in places. Notably healthy, dense growths of grass are visible in zones where there may be water collection or seepage. A second natural community, consisting of gorse and low shrubs, is present on more sheltered and gentle slopes. The majority of this vegetation is thin and in poor health. Development from the short grass to scrub vegetation has progressed where the slopes are stable. The configurations of these slopes and nature of the vegetation would suggest that they represent older scree debris.
Figure 2
Plume heads, continental lithosphere, flood basalts and tomography
Authors: Anderson Don L. , Zhang Yu-Shen , Tanimoto Toshiro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
High-resolution uppermantle tomographic models are interpreted in terms of plate tectonics, hotspots and plume theories. Ridges correlate with very low velocity areas to a depth of 100 km, probably a result of passively induced upwelling and partial melting. Past positions of ridges also exhibit very low seismic velocities in the uppermantle. At depths greater than 100 km, some low velocity anomalies (LVA) may record past positions of migrating ridges. Buoyant upwellings induced by spreading do not track the migration of surface ridges; they lag behind.
At depths greater than about 150 km many LVA (Atlantic and Indian oceans) are more closely related to hotspots, and past positions of ridges than to current ridge locations. In the upper 200 km of the mantle, back-arc and continental extension areas are generally slower than hotspot mantle, possibly reflecting partially molten and/or hydrous mantle. The Pacific ocean ridges tend to be LVA, and probably hot, to about 400 km depth.
The surface locations of hotspots, ridges and continental basaltic magmatism seem to require a combination of hot uppermantle and suitable lithospheric conditions, presumably the existence of tensile stresses. The high-velocity regions of the upper 200 km of the mantle correlate with Archaean cratons. Below 300 km the regions of generally fast seismic velocity, and therefore cold mantle, correlate with regions probably underlain by ancient slabs, where the uppermantle may be cooled from below. A moving plate, overriding a hot region, and being put into tension, will behave as if it were being impacted from below by a giant plume head.
At sublithospheric depths there are very large LVA (VLVA) in the Pacific and Indian oceans and in the North and South Atlantics. The large continental and oceanic flood basalt provinces seem to have formed over these large, presumably hot, regions. These VLVA do not appear to be plume heads nor is there any obvious damage to the lithosphere under the present locations of flood and plateau basalt provinces. The uppermantle does not appear to be isothermal; the LVA are not restricted to hotspot locations.
We suggest that LVA are hotcells in the uppermantle which reflect, in part, the absence of subduction cooling. Plate tectonic induced rifting causes massive magmatism if the break occurs over hotcells, i.e. low-seismic velocity regions. Flood basalts (CFB) may result from the upwellings of already hot, even partially molten, mantle. In contrast to plume heads and plume tails, hotcells are robust features which are fixed relative to one another. They are most pronounced in parts of the mantle that have not been cooled by subduction. There is a close relationship between CFB initiation sites, LVA and ridges and, we believe, hotcells.
The stress regime associated with continental break-up
Authors: Bott Martin H. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Extensional syn-rift structures at passive margins indicate that continental break-up occurs in response to horizontal deviatoric tension in the continental lithosphere. An abrupt change in the state of stress occurs at the onset of the post-rift (break-up) unconformity when the large tension ceases. The stress regime at the time of continental break-up has been modelled by finite element analysis with a view to simulating the observed features.
A local compression is associated with thinned crust and an opposing local tension is produced by hot, low density upwelled asthenosphere. The resulting stress associated with stretching and thinning of the lithosphere is relatively insignificant and is likely to be compressive unless the normal continental crust is very thin. One possible source of break-up tension is the large tensional loading stress associated with an underlying hot, low density upper mantle, such as now occurs in the present day uplifted continental rift systems. It is uncertain whether such local tension could readily cause break-up within the present compressional stress regime of normal continental regions. Another possible source of wide-spread continental tension would be the occurrence of subduction on opposite sides of a large continental mass such as Pangaea, giving rise to instability. At such times, splitting could more readily propagate outwards from a domed plume region leading to break-up, thus involving both active and passive factors. The radical change in stress regime at the onset of seafloor spreading is readily modelled as the change in stress associated with the development of a new weak plate boundary.
Deccan-related magmatism west of the Seychelles-India rift
Authors: Devey C. W. , Stephens W. E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe rocks of the Seychelles can be divided into two age groups, namely Precambrian granites and younger (Cretaceous/Tertiary) intrusive rocks. The latter can be further subdivided into alkaline ring complexes (as found on the islands of Silhouette and North Island) and basic dykes (on Praslin, Felicité and Mahé islands). Evidence from offshore seismic work and drill holes suggests that Cretaceous/Tertiary magmatism occurred over the whole Seychelles Bank, producing both flood basalts and central volcanic complexes. The flood basalts extend at least as far south as 10°S/60°E.The younger igneous rocks of the Seychelles show close similarities to the Deccan igneous rocks of India. Tholeiitic dykes from Praslin have previously been shown to resemble Bushe Formation tholeiites from the Deccan, and here we show that the Felicité Island dykes also resemble Bushe. We show also that the alkaline dykes of Mahé and North Island are chemically similar to the dykes at Murud on the west coast of India. Isotopically the Seychelles undersaturated rocks fall within the fields of the Deccan tholeiites.In India, alkaline magmatism post-dates the tholeiitic magmatism; the age difference is of the order of 3 Ma. This is similar to the age difference between shield-building and rejuvenated-stage magmatism on Hawaiian volcanoes, which has been related to reactivation of the volcanoes by the passage of the Hawaiian Arch. We propose that the Deccan alkaline magmatism is a continental equivalent of oceanic rejuvenated-stage volcanism.
Palaeohydrological reconstruction: advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Starkel L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The study of continental palaeohydrology is a young branch of science which has drawn on knowledge of the mechanisms, and observations, of present-day processes to reconstruct past hydrological conditions. Patterns of annual precipitation and evaporation, for example, can be determined from the distribution of plant communities or by dendrochronological techniques, lake-level variations can provide an indication of water storage fluctuations, reconstructions of runoff, particularly bankfull discharge and mean annual discharge can be based on palaeochannel form and sedimentology, and extreme floods can be studied using slack-water deposits. All of these techniques rely on the acceptance of assumptions which may not always be valid. It is therefore important that several different methods are used to provide a collaborative approach both to validating methods and in determining the driving force of hydrological changes.
Erosion and sediment yield in a changing environment
Authors: Walling D. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Existing assessments of patterns of global sediment flux from the land to the oceans and of global patterns of sediment yield have tended to treat the global denudational system as a static system. There is, however, increasing evidence that the sediment loads of the world’s rivers have changed significantly as a result of human activity and interference. As well as being of scientific interest, such changes have important environmental and economic implications and should be included in current concerns for the impact of global change on the Earth’s environment. Lack of reliable long-term records precludes a detailed assessment of longer-term and recent changes in suspended sediment transport by world rivers, but the available information can be supplemented by evidence from several other sources, which include the long-term geological perspective, lake sediment records, catchment experiments and space-time substitution; all of which provide valuable information concerning the sensitivity of river sediment loads to environmental change and the magnitude of the changes involved. There is evidence of significant increases and decreases in sediment yields in many areas of the world. Any attempt to relate such changes in sediment loads to environmental change within the upstream drainage basin must, however, take account of the complexity of the sediment delivery system.
Palaeo and historical flood hydrology, Indian Peninsula
Authors: Kale Vishwas S. , Ely Lisa L. , Enzel Yehouda , Baker Victor R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Indian Peninsula has many rivers that flow through bedrock gorges, providing excellent sites for the emplacement and preservation of late Holocene slackwater sediments and palaeostage indicators. Preliminary surveys of palaeoflood hydrology at these sites and the available historical data (since 1700) indicate considerable spatial and temporal variability of the largest flood events. There appear to be complex associations with the monsoon and with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon that will require further study as more palaeoflood records are developed at the study sites. Data available thus far indicate a modern (post-1950) epoch of very large floods that may exceed the magnitudes of events over the last millennium.