bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small changes in snacking behaviour: the potential impact on CVD mortality
Authors: Lloyd-Williams Ffion , Mwatsama Modi , Ireland Robin , Capewell Simon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the potential public health impact on CHD and stroke mortality of replacing one ‘unhealthy’ snack with one ‘healthy’ snack per person, per day, across the UK population.MethodsNutritional information was obtained for different ‘unhealthy’ (such as crisps, chocolate bars, cakes and pastries) and ‘healthy’ snack products (such as fresh fruit, dried fruit, unsalted nuts or seeds). Expected changes in dietary intake were calculated. The mean change in total blood cholesterol levels was estimated using the Keys equation. The effect of changing cholesterol and salt levels on CHD deaths and on stroke deaths was calculated using the appropriate equations from the Law and He meta-analyses. The estimated reductions in cardiovascular deaths were then tested in a sensitivity analysis.ResultsSubstituting one ‘healthy’ snack would reduce saturated fat intake by approximately 4·4 g per person per day, resulting in approximately 2400 fewer CHD deaths and 425 fewer stroke deaths per year. The associated 500 mg decrease in salt intake would result in approximately 1790 fewer CHD deaths and 1330 fewer stroke deaths.ConclusionsSimply replacing one unhealthy snack with one healthy snack per day might prevent approximately 6000 cardiovascular deaths every year in the UK.
Effect of combining multiple micronutrients with iron supplementation on Hb response in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Gera Tarun , Sachdev Harsh Pal Singh , Nestel Penelope 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo study the effect of combining multiple (two or more) micronutrients with Fe supplementation on Hb response, when compared with placebo and with Fe supplementation, in children.Data sourcesElectronic databases, personal files, hand search of reviews, bibliographies of books, and abstracts and proceedings of international conferences.Review methodsRandomized controlled trials evaluating change in Hb levels with interventions that included Fe and multiple-micronutrient supplementation in comparison to placebo alone or Fe alone were analysed in two systematic reviews.ResultsTwenty-five trials were included in the review comparing Fe and micronutrient supplementation with placebo. The pooled estimate (random effects model) for change in Hb with Fe and micronutrient supplementation (weighted mean difference) was 0·65 g/dl (95 % CI 0·50, 0·80,P< 0·001). Lower baseline Hb, lower height-for-ageZscore, non-intake of ‘other micronutrients’ and malarial non-hyperendemic region were significant predictors of greater Hb response and heterogeneity. Thirteen trials were included in the review comparing Fe and micronutrient supplementation with Fe alone. The pooled estimate for change in Hb with Fe and micronutrient supplementation (weighted mean difference) was 0·14 g/dl (95 % CI 0·00, 0·28,P= 0·04). None of the variables were found to be significant predictors of Hb response.ConclusionsSynthesized evidence indicates that addition of multiple micronutrients to Fe supplementation may only marginally improve Hb response compared with Fe supplementation alone. However, addition of ‘other micronutrients’ may have a negative effect. Routine addition of unselected multiple micronutrients to Fe therefore appears unjustified for nutritional anaemia control programmes.
Meals and snacks from the child’s perspective: the contribution of qualitative methods to the development of dietary interventions
Authors: Husby Ida , Heitmann Berit L , O’Doherty Jensen Katherine 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the everyday consumption of meals and snacks from the child’s perspective, among those with healthierv. less healthy dietary habits.DesignThe sample in this qualitative study comprised two groups of Danish schoolchildren aged 10 to 11 years, one with a healthier diet (n9) and the other with a less healthy diet (n8). Both groups were recruited from respondents to a dietary survey. Semi-structured interviews took their starting point in photographs of their meals and snacks taken by the children themselves.ResultsBoth subgroups of children had a meal pattern with three main meals and two to four snacks. We found a connection between the nutritional quality of the diet and the social contexts of consumption, especially with regard to snacks. Among children with healthier eating habits, both snacks and meals tended to be shared social events and items of poor nutritional quality functioned as markers of a special social occasion. This was not the case among children with less healthy eating habits. All children described particular rules governing food consumption within their families. Although only some of them had participated in the development of these rules, and despite the fact that rules were different and were perceived as having been developed for different reasons, children from both subgroups tended to accept them.ConclusionsThe results of the study suggest that dietary interventions designed to promote children’s health should focus more on the different social contexts of consumption and more on the role of parents.
Intra-mammary single infusion of casein hydrolyzate in dairy cows as alternative dry period treatment: Curing bacterial infection and increasing milk yield in the subsequent lactations
Authors: Silanikove Nissim , Yacoby Shamay , Leitner Gabriel 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Conclusions:
This study sustain previous results that treatment with CNH is a powerful mean to eradicated bacterial infection, and strongly highlight the potential of this method to serve as a viable non-antibiotic dry cow therapy treatment. The increase in milk yield is a valuable bonus and its effectiveness is comparable with that achieved with growth hormone treatment, albeit in much simple mode of treatment and without the problematic of hormonal treatment.
Accompanying a Client on His Therapy Journey
Authors: Pelczarski Kristin M. , Yaruss J. Scott 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This paper discusses the “journey” that clients take when entering therapy, and some of the challenges they may face along the way. Various roadblocks, such as the need to practice therapy skills, unrealistic expectations about outcomes of therapy, and the difficulty of the journey can cause the client to stumble along the path and, thereby, minimize the client’s chances of success. This paper emphasizes how the clinician must be attuned to the client to help him benefit from therapy and how the clinician must remain flexible in order to adapt to the changes that occur as a speaker’s journey unfolds.
A method for improving the dynamic simulation efficiency of underwater flexible structures by implementing non-active points in modelling
Authors: Lee Ji Hoon , Karlsen Ludvig , Lee Chun Woo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLee, J. H., Karlsen, L., and Lee, C. W. 2008. A method for improving the dynamic simulation efficiency of underwater flexible structures by implementing non-active points in modelling. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1552–1558. The implementation of non-active points into a conventional mass spring network for improving the simulation efficiency of fishing gear systems is presented. A conventional mass spring network generally consists of just active mass points involved in physical calculations, and non-active points located between neighbouring active mass points are not involved in the calculations. For each time-step, new positions for non-active points are calculated based on the active mass point positions already calculated for that time-step. By replacing some active mass points with non-active ones, computing time can be reduced while maintaining accuracy in the ground-interference simulation. As this method is more efficient in demonstrating the behaviour of fishing gear such as bottom longlines and bottom gillnets, an adaptive non-active point model represents the shape of a system more accurately than one consisting of just active mass points.
Phage-Display Methodology for the Study of Protein-Protein Interactions: Stage 1, Generating Libraries
Authors: Goodyear Carl S. , Silverman Gregg J. 
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTIONThis method for creation of phage libraries can be used for the generation and/or engineering of variant protein domains. It was adapted in our laboratory for the development of variant domains of SpA (the virulence factor, protein A, produced by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus) with novel Fab-binding specificities. Specifically, we used this protocol to generate libraries of domains in which we randomized six to eight codons that define the natural VH3 specificity of SpA. In our effort, these codons were variegated using the NNK or VNS doping strategy. Toward this goal, three large (60- to 88-residue) oligonucleotides with targeted degenerate codons were designed. To facilitate construction of the composite domain library, these oligonucleotides had overlapping complementary stretches of at least 12 nucleotides. Of course, for application to other domains, the number and composition of the required oligonucleotides are dependent on the specific variant domains to be generated. This protocol details Stage 1 of the method, the generation of a phage library via overlap PCR and bacterial cloning. The initial PCR amplification requires the mixing of equimolar amounts of two oligonucleotides to form a template for the subsequent PCR.
Learning as an empowerment process in breast cancer self‐help groups
Authors: Stang Ingun , Mittelmark Maurice B 
Published: August 2008

Aim.  This intervention study aimed to promote and examine empowerment processes in women recovering from breast cancer and participating in self‐help groups.Background.  Feelings of powerlessness may follow from being diagnosed and treated for breast cancer. In theory, self‐help groups may stimulate empowerment, which stands in contrast to powerlessness, by increasing the participants’ sense of control. Professional assistance may contribute positively, by assuring that the issue of empowerment is addressed.Design.  The study had an intervention design based on the ideas of empowerment and self‐help. Three professionally led self‐help groups were established. The groups ran sequentially and met weekly for approximately four months.Methods.  Eighteen women in groups of 5–7 participated in self‐help group discussions and also in focus group interviews, which provided the main study data. Each group was interviewed three times. Observation data provided a basis for comprehension of the groups’ culture, relationships and processes.Results.  Learning appeared as one of three salient components in empowerment processes in the self‐help groups. This learning component consists of four elements: consciousness‐raising, acquisition of objective knowledge, learning from others’ experiences and discovery of new perspectives in life and in oneself.Conclusions.  The study shows that self‐help groups focusing on empowerment issues made a valuable contribution to recovery and are strongly recommended by the participants.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study suggests that best practice, for those who manage self‐help programmes of all types, may be to arrange for empowerment to be an explicit aspect of the intervention, guided by professionals with training in group facilitation and knowledgeable about the facilitation of empowerment in particular.
Depression in adults with intellectual disability: symptoms and challenging behaviour
Authors: Hurley A. D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground  Psychiatric evaluation of adults with intellectual disability (ID) remains complex because of limitations in verbal abilities, atypical clinical presentation and challenging behaviour. This study examines the clinical presentation of adults with depression compared with bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and non‐psychiatric control patients.Method  This study is a retrospective record review of the initial psychiatric diagnostic evaluation for 300 adult patients with ID drawn from a clinic population. Patients with major depression (n = 85) were compared with those with bipolar disorder (n = 70), anxiety disorders (n = 30) and control patients without psychiatric disorder (n = 27). Key symptoms of depression assessed during the interview were examined as well as challenging behaviour.Results  Three symptoms were useful in differentiating depressed patients from all other groups: sad mood, crying, and anhedonia. Withdrawal, suicidality, and awakening during the night were significant compared with anxiety patients and controls; however, few patients reported suicidality. Bipolar patients were significantly different from depressed patients for elevated mood, acute anger episodes, increase in verbalization, pressure of speech, talk of sexual themes, increase in appetite and poor concentration. Anxiety patients had more fearfulness without withdrawal, sad mood, crying, anhedonia and suicidality. Challenging behaviour was most pronounced in bipolar patients; for depressed patients, aggression and impulsivity were significant compared with anxiety patients and controls. Overall, the control patients presented with few symptoms in any category.Conclusions  Sad mood, crying and anhedonia are key significant features of depression. Most patients with ID cannot meet the required number of DSM criteria or suggested DM‐ID adapted criteria for major depression. Many depressive symptoms were reported in modest numbers and this was probably related to deficiencies in self‐report or observational skills of caregivers. Challenging behaviour is not diagnostically specific. It is, however, a key atypical feature of depression.
Farmers' Perceptions on Rice Varieties in Sikasso Region of Mali and their Implications for Rice Breeding
Authors: Efisue A. , Tongoona P. , Derera J. , Langyintuo A. , Laing M. , Ubi B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRice is an important staple food and cash crop. Although many varieties of rice have been developed to date, few are adopted possibly because researchers did not take into account farmers’ preferences and perceptions on varieties during the development process. Because farmers increasingly rely on low‐yielding landraces, production fails to meet demand. To provide an understanding of farmers’ preferences for rice cultivars and perceptions on drought stress and management practices as inputs to rice breeding research, this study was conducted in the Sikasso region of Mali in September 2005 using participatory rural appraisal approach. A total number of 125 farmers were randomly selected from 10 villages in three ecologies and interviewed individually and in groups. Results showed that farmers’ preferences, crop management practices and ranking of production constraints differed significantly across ecologies. Whereas farmers in the irrigated ecologies preferred high‐yielding, long duration rice varieties, those in the upland and lowland ecologies preferred tall plants of short duration. While upland and lowland farmers preferred red and white long grains, respectively, irrigated ecologies were indifferent about grain colour. Farmers appeared willing to trade‐off yield for grain quality and plant height, inconsistent with traditional breeders’ selection criteria. The high preference for tall varieties among farmers in the upland and lowland ecologies also contrasted sharply with the model of dwarf rice varieties responsible for the green revolution in Asia. The implication of these findings for rice breeders is that different plant idiotypes complemented by effective drought management practices should target different ecologies to increase impact.
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction predicts acute ischaemic stroke in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 7‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Ko S. H. , Song K. H. , Park S. A. , Kim S. R. , Cha B. Y. , Son H. Y. , Moon K. W. , Yoo K. D. , Park Y. M. , Cho J. H. , Yoon K. H. , Ahn Y. B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAims  We investigated whether cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with acute ischaemic stroke in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  From 1999 to 2000, cardiovascular autonomic function tests were conducted in patients with Type 2 diabetes (n = 1458). Patients were followed up between 2006 and 2007. Standard tests for CAN measured heart rate variability parameters [expiration‐to‐inspiration (E/I) ratio, responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre and standing]. Using the American Diabetes Association criteria, the CAN scores were determined from the results of each test as follows: 0 = normal, 1 = abnormal (total maximum score 3). We assessed the development of acute ischaemic stroke events.Results  The prevalence of CAN at baseline was 55.7% (E/I 17.1%, Valsalva 39.4%, posture 27.3%) (n = 1126). During follow‐up, 131 patients (11.6%) developed acute ischaemic stroke. The vascular events were more frequent in older patients (P < 0.001) and in those with diabetes of longer duration (P = 0.022), hypertension (P < 0.001) or diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.03) than in patients without vascular events. Patients with ischaemic stroke had higher creatinine levels (P = 0.045) and higher urine albumin excretion (P = 0.025) than those of patients without stroke. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that the CAN score was associated with the development of acute ischaemic stroke (total score 0 vs. 3, adjusted hazard ratio 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–5.5, P = 0.006).Conclusion  Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was significantly associated with the development of ischaemic stroke in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
‘May we please have sex tonight?’– people with learning difficulties pursuing privacy in residential group settings
Authors: Hollomotz Andrea ,   The Speakup Committee
Published: August 2008

Accessible summary

Everyone has the right to privacy and relationships.
Some people who live in group homes are not allowed to be private with their partner.
We will explain how this makes us feel.
We will say what should change.
Parts written in ‘bold’ font are in plain English. Read them to find out more.

SummaryMany residential group settings for people with learning difficulties do not provide individuals with the private space in which they can explore their sexual relationships in a safe and dignified manner. Lack of agreed private spaces seriously infringes the individual’s human rights. Many people with learning difficulties who lack privacy have no other option but to escape to isolated public or semi‐private spaces to be sexually active. This places individuals at risk. It is suggested that self‐advocacy driven policy guidance must be developed which must require residential services to review their practice to ensure that they accommodate residents’ need for privacy, whilst supporting them to lead safe sexual relationships.
The different forms of PNS myelin P0 protein within and outside lipid rafts
Authors: Fasano Anna , Amoresano Angela , Rossano Rocco , Carlone Giulia , Carpentieri Andrea , Liuzzi Grazia Maria , Pucci Piero , Riccio Paolo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIt is now well established that plasma membranes, such as the myelin sheath, are made of different microdomains with different lipid and protein composition. Lipid rafts are made mainly of sphingolipids and cholesterol, whereas the non‐raft regions are made mainly of phosphoglycerides. Most myelin proteins may distribute themselves in raft and non‐raft microdomains but the driving force that gives rise to their different distribution is not known yet. In this paper, we have studied the distribution of protein zero (P0), the most representative protein of PNS myelin, in the membrane microdomains. To this end, we have purified P0 from both non‐raft (soluble P0, P0‐S) and raft (P0‐R) regions of PNS. Purified proteins were analyzed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified and characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. A detailed structural description of the two P0 forms is given in terms of amino acid sequence, post‐translational modifications, and composition of associated lipids. Our findings suggest that structural differences between the two proteins, mainly related to the glycogroups, might be responsible for their different localization.
Lysophosphatidic acid‐induced membrane ruffling and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene expression are mediated by ATP release in primary microglia
Authors: Fujita Ryousuke , Ma Yan , Ueda Hiroshi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe examined the effects of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on microglia, which may play an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. LPA caused membrane ruffling as detected by scanning electron microscopy, and increased the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a primary culture of rat microglia, which express LPA3, but not LPA1or LPA2receptors. These actions were inhibited by a Gαq/11‐antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS‐ODN), U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), and apyrase, which specifically degrades ATP and ADP. When ATP release was measured using a luciferin‐luciferase bioluminescence assay, LPA was shown to increase it in an LPA3and PLC inhibitor‐reversible manner. However, LPA‐induced ATP release was also blocked by the Gαq/11AS‐ODN, but not by pertussis toxin. These results suggest that LPA induces the release of ATP from rat primary cultured microglia via the LPA3receptor, Gαq/11and PLC, and that the released ATP or ectopically converted ADP may in turn cause membrane ruffling via P2Y12receptors and Gαi/oactivation, and BDNF expression via activation of P2X4receptors.
Modest loss of peripheral axons, muscle atrophy and formation of brain inclusions in mice with targeted deletion of gigaxonin exon 1
Authors: Dequen Florence , Bomont Pascale , Gowing Geneviève , Cleveland Don W. , Julien Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMutations in the gigaxonin gene are responsible for giant axonal neuropathy (GAN), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with abnormal accumulations of Intermediate Filaments (IFs). Gigaxonin is the substrate‐specific adaptor for a new Cul3‐E3‐ubiquitin ligase family that promotes the proteasome dependent degradation of its partners MAP1B, MAP8 and tubulin cofactor B. Here, we report the generation of a mouse model with targeted deletion of Gan exon 1 (GanΔexon1;Δexon1). Analyses of the GanΔexon1;Δexon1 mice revealed increased levels of various IFs proteins in the nervous system and the presence of IFs inclusion bodies in the brain. Despite deficiency of full length gigaxonin, the GanΔexon1;Δexon1 mice do not develop overt neurological phenotypes and giant axons reminiscent of the human GAN disease. Nonetheless, at 6 months of age the GanΔexon1;Δexon1 mice exhibit a modest hind limb muscle atrophy, a 10% decrease of muscle innervation and a 27% axonal loss in the L5 ventral roots. This new mouse model should provide a useful tool to test potential therapeutic approaches for GAN disease.