bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance in Rhode Island Emergency Departments With American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations for Adolescent Sexual Assaults
Authors: Merchant Roland C. , Kelly Erin T. , Mayer Kenneth H. , Becker Bruce M. , Duffy Susan J. , Pugatch David L. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVES. We assessed the offering of American Academy of Pediatrics–recommended tests and prophylaxes after sexual assault to adolescents who presented to Rhode Island emergency departments for 3 categories of sexual exposures: sexual assault, consensual sex, and suspected sexual abuse.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. This study entailed a retrospective review of visits for adolescent sexual exposures across 11 Rhode Island emergency departments between January 1995 and June 2001. Cases were identified through billing codes. Offering of each test and prophylaxis was compared by gender, category of sexual exposure, and type of sexual assault. Multivariable linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with the offering of a greater number of tests and prophylaxes after sexual assault.
RESULTS. The vast majority of emergency department visits for adolescent sexual exposures were by sexually assaulted girls (82.5%). Across the 3 sexual exposure categories, girls were offered tests and prophylaxes more often than boys (eg, chlamydia or gonorrhea testing and prophylaxis). Among sexually assaulted adolescents, 32.8% of girls and no boys were offered all recommended tests and prophylaxes. The multivariable linear regression found that vaginally and/or anally assaulted girls were offered, on average, 2.5 more tests and prophylaxes than patients with other types of sexual assaults. Girls presenting for care at the state's women's health care specialty hospital emergency departments were offered 1.7 more tests and prophylaxes than those evaluated in general hospital emergency departments.
CONCLUSIONS. Many adolescents did not receive American Academy of Pediatrics–recommended tests and prophylaxes after sexual assault. Boys received fewer tests than girls. Testing and prophylaxis varied by type of emergency department. Efforts are needed to improve and standardize emergency department medical management of adolescent sexual exposures.
Symptom-Based Screening of Child Tuberculosis Contacts: Improved Feasibility in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Kruk Alexey , Gie Robert P. , Schaaf H. Simon , Marais Ben J. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. National tuberculosis programs in tuberculosis-endemic countries rarely implement active tracing and screening of child tuberculosis contacts, mainly because of resource constraints. We aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of applying a simple symptom-based approach to screen child tuberculosis contacts for active disease.
METHODS. We conducted a prospective observational study from January through December 2004 at 3 clinics in Cape Town, South Africa. All of the children &lt;5 years old in household contact with an adult tuberculosis source case were assessed by documenting current symptoms and tuberculin skin test and chest radiograph results.
RESULTS. During the study period, 357 adult tuberculosis cases were identified; 195 cases (54.6%) had sputum smear and/or culture positive results and were in household contact with children aged &lt;5 years. Complete information was available for 252 of 278 children; 176 (69.8%) were asymptomatic at the time of screening. Tuberculosis treatment was administered to 33 (13.1%) of 252; 27 were categorized as radiologically “certain tuberculosis,” the majority (n = 22) of which had uncomplicated hilar adenopathy. The negative predictive value of symptom-based screening varied according to the case definition used, with 95.5% including all of the children treated for tuberculosis and 97.1% including only those with radiologically “certain tuberculosis.”
CONCLUSIONS. Our findings support current World Health Organization recommendations, demonstrating that symptom-based screening of child tuberculosis contacts should improve feasibility in resource-limited settings and seems to be safe.
Influence of Catch-up Growth on Glucose Tolerance and β-Cell Function in 7-Year-Old Children: Results From the Birth to Twenty Study
Authors: Crowther Nigel J. , Cameron Noel , Trusler Jessica , Toman Marketa , Norris Shane A. , Gray I. Peter 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of catch-up growth occurring at different stages of childhood on glucose levels and β-cell function at 7 years of age.METHODS. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 152 7-year-old children. Anthropometric data were available from birth to 7 years of age. Children were split into catch-up, catch-down, and normal-growth groups on the basis of growth rates between birth and 1 year, birth and 5 years, and birth and 7 years. Fasting and 30- and 120-minute blood samples collected during the oral glucose tolerance tests were assayed for glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and des-31,32-proinsulin levels, and area-under-the-curve values were calculated.RESULTS. Children with catch-up growth between birth and 5 years or birth and 7 years had greater area-under-the-curve insulin levels than the children with catch-down growth. Children with catch-up growth only between birth and 7 years exhibited higher proinsulin levels and a greater insulin secretory response to glucose than those who experienced catch-up growth between both birth and 1 year and birth and 7 years of age. Low birth weight children with no catch-up growth between birth and 7 years had the highest glucose and lowest insulinogenic index levels, whereas children with high birth weight and catch-up growth had the highest insulin levels.CONCLUSIONS. Extremes of birth weight in conjunction with extremes of postnatal growth are all detrimental to childhood metabolism. The negative metabolic effects of catch-up growth between birth and 7 years may be attenuated if catch-up growth also occurs between birth and 1 year of age.
Oxidative mutagenicity of polar fractions from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon–contaminated soils
Authors: Park Joanna , Ball Louise M , Richardson Stephen D , Zhu Hong-Bo , Aitken Michael D 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Soils at hazardous waste sites contain complex mixtures of chemicals and often are difficult to characterize in terms of risk to human and ecological health. Over time, biogeochemical processes can decrease the apparent concentrations of pollutants but also can lead to accumulation of new products for which toxicity and behavior in the environment are largely unknown. A bioassay-directed fractionation technique was used to assess the contribution of redox-active bacterial metabolites to the toxicity of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101 (IC188) and E. coli WP2 uvrA oxyR/pKM101 (IC203) was used to screen fractions for genotoxicity. Strain IC203 carries the ΔoxyR30 mutation, which prevents the expression of antioxidant proteins in response to oxidative stress and increases its reversion by compounds that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polar fractions of PAH-contaminated soil extracts were mutagenic to strain IC203 but not to strain IC188, suggesting the involvement of ROS in genotoxicity. Genotoxic potencies ranged from 300 to 1,700 revertants per milligram of fraction. Catalase was able to decrease IC203 reversion, implicating the involvement of hydrogen peroxide as a key ROS. Oxidized PAH compounds, including quinones, were identified in the mutagenic fractions but were not by themselves mutagenic. Deasphalted whole extracts and recombined fractions were not mutagenic, indicating that interactions between compounds in different fractions can mitigate genotoxicity.
Uncertainty of water type–specific hazardous copper concentrations derived with biotic ligand models
Authors: Vijver Martina G , de Koning Arjan , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
One of the aims of the Water Framework Directive is to derive Europe-wide environmental quality standards that are scientifically based and protective of surface waters. Accounting for water type–specific bioavailability corrections presents challenges and opportunities for metals research. In this study, we present generally applicable approaches for tiered risk assessment of chemicals for prospective use. The objective of the present study was to derive water type–specific dissolved copper criteria for Dutch surface waters. The intent was to show the utility of accounting for bioavailability by using biotic ligand models (BLMs) and two different ways of extrapolating these BLMs in order to obtain reliable bioavailability-corrected species sensitivity distributions. Water type–specific criteria estimations were generated for six different water quality conditions. Average hazard concentrations as calculated using the BLMs and the two alternate normalization scenarios varied significantly among the different water types, from 5.6 to 73.6 μg/L. Water types defined as large rivers, sandy springs, and acid ponds were most sensitive for Cu. Streams and brooks had the highest hazard concentrations. The two different options examined for toxicity data normalization did impact the calculated hazard concentrations for each water type.
Vascular foramina of the metacarpophalangeal sesamoid bones of Greyhounds and their relationship to sesamoid disease
Authors: Daniel Alison , Read Richard A. , Cake Martin A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To apply a novel technique and use the number and size (diameter and mean area) of vascular foramina to estimate potential blood supply in the metacarpophalangeal bones of dogs.
Animals—28 Greyhounds.
Procedures—The forelimb sesamoid bones of 23 dogs were obtained after dogs were euthanized. Bones were isolated and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The number, diameter, and area of vascular foramina were determined by image analysis. Arterial distribution was assessed by use of resin injection in the sesamoid bones of 5 additional dogs.
Results—Sesamoids 2 and 7 had significantly fewer foramina (mean ± SE, 38.9 ± 2.5) and lower total foramen area (0.55 ± 0.04 mm2), compared with values for other sesamoids (70.4 ± 3.3 foramina and 1.43 ± 0.06 mm2, respectively). Mean area and diameter of foramina of sesamoids 2 and 7 were also smaller in some regions. Comparison of the foramen distribution in dogs with sesamoid disease and clinically normal dogs revealed that for sesamoids 2 and 7, intact sesamoids from dogs with sesamoid disease had a significantly lower total foramen area (20 sesamoids from 9 dogs, 0.45 ± 0.04 mm2), compared with sesamoids in clinically normal dogs (59 sesamoids from 14 dogs, 0.58 ± 0.03 mm2). However, for sesamoids other than 2 and 7, dogs with sesamoid disease had a significantly greater foramen area.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The restriction of vascular foramina in sesamoids 2 and 7 appeared to mirror the disease distribution and disease risk for specific dogs.
Effects of a peripheral α2 adrenergic-receptor antagonist on the hemodynamic changes induced by medetomidine administration in conscious dogs
Authors: Enouri Saad S. , Kerr Carolyn L. , McDonell Wayne N. , O'Sullivan M. Lynne , Neto Francisco J. Teixeira 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of administration of a peripheral α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (L-659,066), with and without concurrent administration of glycopyrrolate, on cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine administration in dogs.
Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.
Procedures—Dogs received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (saline group), L-659,066 (group L), or L-659,066 with glycopyrrolate (group LG). These pretreatments were followed 10 minutes later by administration of medetomidine in a randomized crossover study. Hemodynamic measurements and arterial and mixed-venous blood samples for blood gas analysis were obtained prior to pretreatment, 5 minutes after pretreatment, and after medetomidine administration at intervals up to 60 minutes.
Results—After pretreatment in the L and LG groups, heart rate, cardiac index, and partial pressure of oxygen in mixed-venous blood (PvO2) values were higher than those in the saline group. After medetomidine administration, heart rate, cardiac index, and PvO2 were higher and systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial blood pressure, and central venous pressure were lower in the L and LG groups than in the saline group. When the L and LG groups were compared, heart rate was greater at 5 minutes after medetomidine administration, mean arterial blood pressure was greater at 5 and 15 minutes after medetomidine administration, and central venous pressure was lower during the 60-minute period after medetomidine administration in the LG group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of L-659,066 prior to administration of medetomidine reduced medetomidine-induced cardiovascular changes in healthy dogs. No advantage was detected with concurrent administration of L-659,066 and glycopyrrolate.
Assessment of vitamin E concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of horses following oral administration of vitamin E
Authors: Higgins Jamie K. , Puschner Birgit , Kass Philip H. , Pusterla Nicola 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine concentrations of α-tocopherol in serum and CSF of healthy horses following administration of supplemental vitamin E in feed.
Animals—10 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Horses were allocated to receive supplemental d-α-tocopherol (1,000 U/d [group A; n = 5] or 10,000 U/d [group B; 5]) in feed for 10 days. Blood samples were collected before (baseline), during, and at intervals for 10 days after discontinuation of vitamin E administration for assessment of serum α-tocopherol concentration. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected prior to and 24 hours after cessation of vitamin E administration. α-Tocopherol concentrations in serum and CSF samples were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography; changes in those values during the treatment period were compared between groups, and the relationship of serum and CSF α-tocopherol concentrations was evaluated.
Results—In both groups, serum α-tocopherol concentration increased significantly from baseline during vitamin E administration; values in group B were significantly greater than those in group A during and after treatment. At the end of vitamin E administration, CSF α-tocopherol concentration was not significantly greater than the baseline value in either group; however, the increase in CSF concentration was significant when the group data were combined and analyzed. Serum and CSF α-tocopherol concentrations were significantly correlated at baseline for all horses, but were not strongly correlated after 10 days of vitamin E administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In healthy horses, daily oral administration of supplemental vitamin E in feed resulted in increases in serum and CSF α-tocopherol concentrations.
Effects of nuclear factor-κB on regulation of cytokine expression and apoptosis in bovine monocytes exposed to Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Souza Cleverson D. , Evanson Oral A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the role of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the response of bovine monocytes to exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP).
Sample Population—Monocytes from healthy adult Holstein cows that were known to be negative for MAP infection.
Procedures—Monocytes were incubated with MAP organisms with or without a specific inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate), and activation of the NF-κB pathway was detected by use of an electrophorectic mobility shift assay. The capacities of monocytes to express tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12; to acidify phagosomes; to phagocytize and kill MAP organisms; and to undergo apoptosis were evaluated.
Results—Addition of MAP organisms to monocytes activated the NF-κB pathway as indicated by increased NF-κB–DNA binding. Addition of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevented nuclear translocation of NF-κB, decreased expression of TNF-α and IL-10, and increased IL-12 expression. Treatment of MAP-exposed monocytes with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate increased the rate of apoptosis but failed to alter phagosome acidification, organism uptake, or organism killing by those cells.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that NF-κB rapidly translocated to the nucleus after exposure of bovine monocytes to MAP organisms. These data suggest that NF-κB is involved in initiation of inflammatory cytokine transcription and inhibition of apoptosis but that it is not directly involved in phagosome acidification or organism killing.
Insulin sensitivity in Belgian horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy
Authors: Firshman Anna M. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Baird John D. , Hunt Luanne , DiMauro Salvatore 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine insulin sensitivity, proportions of muscle fiber types, and activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes in Belgians with and without polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM).
Animals—10 Quarter Horses (QHs) and 103 Belgians in which PSSM status had been determined.
Procedures—To determine insulin sensitivity, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) technique was used in 5 Belgians with PSSM and 5 Belgians without PSSM. Insulin was infused IV at 3 mU/min/kg for 3 hours, and concentrations of blood glucose and plasma insulin were determined throughout. An IV infusion of glucose was administered to maintain blood glucose concentration at 100 mg/dL. Activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes were assessed in snap-frozen biopsy specimens of gluteus medius muscle obtained from 4 Belgians with PSSM and 5 Belgians without PSSM. Percentages of type 1, 2a, and 2b muscle fibers were determined via evaluation of ≥ 250 muscle fibers in biopsy specimens obtained from each Belgian used in the aforementioned studies and from 10 QHs (5 with PSSM and 5 without PSSM).
Results—Belgians with and without PSSM were not significantly different with respect to whole-body insulin sensitivity, muscle activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes, or proportions of muscle fiber types. However, Belgians had an increased proportion of type 2a and decreased proportion of type 2b muscle fibers, compared with proportions in QHs, regardless of PSSM status.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—PSSM in Belgians may be attributable to excessive glycogen synthesis rather than decreased glycogen utilization or enhanced glucose uptake into muscle cells.
Comparison of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum in on-farm settings
Authors: Roy Jean-Philippe , Harvey Denis , Bélanger Anne-Marie , Buczinski Sébastien 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare characteristics and results of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via laparotomy in the right paralumbar fossa for the treatment of dairy cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA).
Design—Prospective clinical trial.
Animals—253 dairy cows with an LDA.
Procedures—All cows that were treated with omentopexy (n = 101) or 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy (152) from July 2005 through December 2006 were included. Presurgical, perisurgical, and postsurgical information was recorded by attending veterinarians. Producers were interviewed by telephone 7 and 60 days after surgery regarding the response of cows to surgery. Characteristics of and responses to the 2 surgical techniques were compared.
Results—At 7 days after surgery, the 2 groups of cows were not significantly different with respect to appetite, comfort, and milk yield; at 60 days after surgery, groups were similar with respect to milk yield, cull rates, and risk of relapse of LDA. Antimicrobial treatment in response to postsurgical pyrexia was necessary in only 20.4% (31/152) of cows that were treated with 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy. Mean duration (preparation and surgery) of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy was significantly less than that of omentopexy (36 vs 74 minutes, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy and omentopexy via laparotomy in the right paralumbar fossa were not significantly different. Compared with omentopexy, laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy was performed more quickly and required postsurgical administration of antimicrobials less frequently. Although these factors may be of economic consequence to veterinarians and producers, other aspects must also be considered when choosing between techniques.
Trends in the surface vegetation dynamics of the national parks of Spain as observed by satellite sensors
Authors: Alcaraz‐Segura Domingo , Cabello Javier , Paruelo José M. , Delibes Miguel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractQuestions: What are the current dynamics, as observed by synoptic sensors, of surface vegetation in Spanish protected areas? Are these areas and their vegetation types uniformly affected by the increase in vegetation greenness detected throughout Europe?Location: Iberian National Parks of Spain.Methods: We used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from global inventory modeling and mapping studies (GIMMS) advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) dataset to monitor surface vegetation. NDVI is a surrogate for the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (fAPAR). This functional attribute has a short‐time response to disturbances, is connected to ecosystem services and can be monitored through remote sensing. First, we provide a baseline description of the NDVI dynamics in the parks and analysed its temporal trends (1981–2003). Then, we evaluated the relationships of the seasonal dynamics and interannual trends with the climate conditions, vegetation types and conservation histories of the parks.Results: The parks showed two patterns of NDVI dynamics corresponding to Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions. Most parks showed areas with positive NDVI trends that tended to have higher proportions of Mediterranean coniferous and mixed forests, oro‐Mediterranean scrublands, heathlands, maquis and garrigues. Negative trends were scarce and associated with marshes and Alpine coniferous forests. The lack of a common response in all parks was related to their different environmental conditions, management, and conservation histories. Conclusions: National parks are changing in the short term but not uniformly. This study represents a basis for the incorporation of functional attributes of ecosystems in the management and monitoring of protected areas in the face of global change.