bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert performance in solving word puzzles: From retrieval cues to crossword clues
Authors: Underwood Geoffrey , Deihim Caroline , Batt Viv 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrossword enthusiasts were first clasified as expert or intermediate on the basis of their performance with a previously unseen set of clues, and then participated in five laboratory experiments designed to capture different aspects of their skilled performance: experiment 1 required the generation of words from a fixed set of letters; experiment 2 monitored the solution of anagrams; experiment 3 required the comipletion of a word of given meaning with only three letters presented; experiment 4 was a lexical decision task with suffixed and pseudosuffixed words and non‐words; and experiment 5 was a synonym judgement task with prefixed and suffixed words Subjects also completed psychometric tests of reasoning and vocabulary. A discriminant function analysis sucessfully predicted the crossword ability of all subjects on the basis of measures of the generation of words from given letters, the number of anagrams solved, sensitivity to a suffix in a non‐word (lexical decision task), sensitivity to a pseudosuffix in a word (synonym judgement task), and vocabulary score. Cryptic crossword puzles are solved by a combination of component subskills, including lexical retrieval, clue recognition, and the manipulation of components of words.
Evaluating the quality and impact of mediators for learning when using associative memory strategies
Authors: Wood Eileen , Needham Douglas R. , Williams Janine , Roberts Robin , Willoughby Teena 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecently, a series of studies has reported much greater recall for factual information when students were asked to generate elaborations in response to ‘why’ questions (elaborative interrogation) relative to studying provided elaborations. The two experiments reported here extend and clarify research regarding the strategic benefits of generating elaborations versus providing elaborations. In both experiments, undergraduates studied 30 sentences, all of which described one particular man doing one activity. Students used one of three study strategies. In two conditions, students studied provided elaborations (PE). Half of the elaborations explained why the particular man engaged in the particular activity and half did not explain the specific relations. In the remaining condition, students generated their own elaborations. In both experiments, students were provided with their generated/provided elaborations as cues for recalling the fact at testing. When students were not explicitly cued to use the generated/ provided elaboration at recall, elaborative interrogation (EI) consistently outperformed the PE condition. Recall in the EI condition did not exceed recall in the PE condition, however, when students were provided with good explanatory elaborations and were cued with them at testing. These experiments demonstrate that the poorer performance associated with providing relative to generating elaborations can be mediated by encouraging more meaningful processing of materials and prompting students to access their mediators at recall.
Print adverts: Not remembered but memorable
Authors: Perfect T. J. , Askew C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAttempts to measure advertising effectiveness have relied on explicit memory measures based on recall or recognition. However, recent cognitive research has shown that not only is it possible to measure unconscious effects of prior experience through implicit tests of memory, but that such performance is independent of explicit recollection. The present study sought to determine whether it is possible to demonstrate the same pattern of findings using print advertising in an ecologically valid situation. Eighty subjects saw 25 full‐page colour magazine adverts in either a deliberate or incidental study condition and subsequently rated (on four salient dimensions) a set of 50 adverts, which included the target adverts. Following the ratings subjects were asked to indicate which of the adverts they recognized as having been in the original set. While the deliberate study group recognized around 60 per cent of the adverts, the incidental study group recognized only 11 per cent. However, both groups showed the same positive bias in attitudes towards the adverts they had been exposed to compared to the ones they had not seen before. Thus, in line with by the cognitive literature, it is possible to show shifts in attitudes that are independent of conscious recollection. This data questions advertisers' reliance one explicit memory tests as measures of advertising effectiveness.
The availability heuristic in person identification: The sometimes misleading consequences of enhanced contextual information
Authors: Read J. Don 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree field studies investigated the effects of post‐exposure cognitions on person identification. Subjects' beliefs that they could identify someone were significantly increased by the presentation of new information and the rehearsal of old information about the person. Misidentification errors increased as the lengths of the initial exposure duration increased and when subjects received additional contextual information about the target. These frequent misidentifications may reflect the misattribution of familiarity from enhanced contextual knowledge to familiarity arising from perceptual knowledge. Further, performance was enhanced when the identification task capitalized on 'transfer‐appropriate rehearsal' post‐event strategies. Ancillary findings contradicted research on 'verbal overshadowing', and the relationship between identification accuracy and confidence. The results were generalized to real‐world situations that encourage post‐event cognitions by eyewitnesses.
What did I eat yesterday? Determinants of accuracy in 24‐hour food memories
Authors: Fries Elizabeth , Green Pamela , Bowen Deborah J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLarge‐scale diet‐related epidemiological work relies on the quality of self‐reported food consumption. As this epidemiological work forms the basis of knowledge of the relationship of diet to disease, it is essential that the self‐reports of personal diet are understood. It is generally accepted that foods consumed are under‐reported, even over as short a period as 24 hours. However, little is known about the potential systematic biases that may affect the quality of self‐reported food intake. The current study examines the accuracy of memories of the consumption of snack foods eaten in the previous 24 hours and investigates factors that may bias these memories. All participants had previously participated in a randomized intervention trial to lower dietary fat intake to 20 per cent of calories. Fifty‐six women (intervention and control) tasted eight snack foods in a laboratory setting. They were telephoned a day later and asked to recall the type of snack foods (M&Ms, pretzels, etc.) and the quantity of each food they consumed. Subjects in general under‐reported the number of selections and the quantity of each item consumed. Women who accurately recalled an item, reported more liking for that item compared to those who forgot the item. Women currently maintaining a low‐fat diet were less accurate in their recall of low‐fat items than women on a high‐fat diet. Low‐fat eaters, however, may be slightly better at recalling how much of certain foods they consumed. Results have implications for survey research and understanding the psychological influences on reports of food consumption used in large‐scale diet studies.
Recall suffers from collaboration: Joint recall effects of friendship and task complexity
Authors: Andersson Jan , Rönnberg Jerker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCollaborative recall in episodic memory tasks was investigated in two experiments. The experiments were explicitly designed to investigate how the interaction between two subjects influences group productivity. Subjects were requested to recall twice, first individually, and second, in different subject constellations (individually, or in dyads, as friends or non‐friends). Experiment 1 employed free recall of words and story recall. In Experiment 2, a video‐taped lecture on child development was recalled. The observed score at the second recall (Recall 2) was compared with the nominal predicted score, based on the initial recall. The results of the experiments are summarized and discussed in four clusters: (1) observed productivity for dyads never reached their predicted potential; (2) the negative effects of collaborative recall can be reduced; (3) friends rather than non‐friends, and complex rather than simple tasks, reduce the loss in productivity; and (4) the data also suggest that encoding alone is superior to collaborative encoding.
Skill differences in medical laboratory diagnostics
Authors: Dollinger Stephanie M. Clancy , Hoyer William J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSkill differences in visual diagnostics were examined by asking novice and expert medical technologists to identify bacteria in eight Gram‐stain specimens that varied in terms of diagnostically‐significant features and stain quality. Verbal protocols were analyzed for knowledge of specific cell morphology and of staining properties. There were skill‐related differences in visual diagnostic performance, particularly in terms of the quality of detail and number of explicit comments made for each relevant dimension. The implications of the findings for further research on the role of experience and the effects of practice/training in an applied domain such as medical technology is discussed.
The effects of whispers, voice‐sample duration, and voice distinctiveness on criminal speaker identification
Authors: Orchard Tara L. , Yarmey A. Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA total of 156 introductory psychology students heard a taped voice of a mock kidnapper for either 30 seconds or 8 minutes. The kidnapper had either a distinctive voice or a non‐distinctive voice, and spoke either in a whisper or in a normal tone of voice. Voice identification from six‐person, tape‐recorded lineups was tested 2 days later. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a normal tone were tested with normal tone lineups. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a whisper were tested either with whispered lineups or normal tone lineups. Results showed that identification performance was superior with longer voice‐sample durations. Voice disguise through whispering, distinctiveness of suspect's voice, and changes in tone of voice from initial hearing and lineup test significantly influenced identification performance on both suspect‐present and suspect‐absent lineups. Small but significant accuracy‐confidence correlations were found in both suspect‐present and suspect‐absent lineups. Duration estimations of the length of the speaker's voice‐sample were overestimated, particularly for the short 30‐second voice sample.
Children's recognition of inconsistencies in science texts: Multiple measures of comprehension monitoring
Authors: Anderson Genevieve , Beal Carole R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe goal of this research was to compare various indices of problem detection in children's comprehension monitoring of science passages. Three experiments were conducted with third and fifth grade students who were asked to review paragraph descriptions of unusual plants and report difficulties in understanding the material. Half of the paragraphs contained contradictory information concerning familiar and unusual plants, whereas the apparent inconsistencies were explained in the remaining paragraphs. Children were asked to report their comprehension problems (Experiments 1‐3), and to suggest additional information to include or remove to improve the comprehensibility of the paragraphs (Experiments 1 and 2). Measures of children's reading behaviour were also collected (Experiment 3). The results showed that although there was some evidence that children discriminated between the clear and inconsistent paragraphs, in general, children significantly overestimated how well they understood the new information about the unusual plants.
Memory for medical history: Accuracy of recall
Authors: Cohen Gillian , Java Rosalind 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMedical diagnosis often depends on the ability of patients to recall and report their medical history. In this study 104 people kept health diaries for 3 months, recording the incidence, frequency, data, duration, and severity of health events (symptoms, illnesses, injuries, visits to health professionals, and medication). Memory for the events recorded was tested immediately after the diary‐keeping period or at 1 month or 3 months later. Effects of age, gender, education, health status, anxiety, and retention interval were observed. With a free recall procedure only 47 per cent of health events were recalled. Following the free recall two different kinds of intervention were compared. Use of a recognition checklist yielded recall of 29 per cent of the forgotten events but with a cognitive interview procedure only 6 per cent of the forgotten items were retrieved.
Ambipolar Light‐Emitting Transistors of a Tetracene Single Crystal
Authors: Takahashi T. , Takenobu T. , Takeya J. , Iwasa Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe first ambipolar light‐emitting transistor of an organic molecular semiconductor single crystal, tetracene, is demonstrated. In the device configuration, electrons and holes injected from separate magnesium and gold electrodes recombined radiatively within the channel. By varying the applied voltages, the position of the recombination/emission zone could be moved to any position along the channel. Because of the changes made to the device structure, including the use of single crystals and polymer dielectric layers and the adoption of an inert‐atmosphere fabrication process, the set of materials that can be used for light‐emitting transistors has been expanded to include monomeric molecular semiconductors.
Particle size distribution of organometal(loid) compounds in freshwater sediments
Authors: Duester Lars , Hartmann Louise M. , Luemers Lisa , Hirner Alfred V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine to what extent particle size determines the occurrence of organometal(loid) compounds of the elements As, Sb, Sn and Te in freshwater sediments. In addition, the anthropogenic impact upon the distribution through differing usage of freshwater habitats was examined vis‐à‐vis flowing water, fish farms and a maturation pond for the bio‐treatment of wastewater. All habitats sampled were located in the basin of the river Ruhr, Germany. In addition to the detection of high concentrations of total metal(loid) content of As, Sb, Sn and Te in the maturation pond sediments, this habitat also possessed the highest concentration of organometal(loid) species. Interestingly, the concentration of monomethylated metal(loid)s was up to 100‐fold higher than those of higher methylated species of the same element. A maximum of 28 µg kg−1 MMAs, 18 µg kg−1 MMSb and 8 µg kg−1 MMSn per dry weight was detected. A similar tendency was noted for all other freshwater habitats tested. In contrast to methylated arsenic (arsenic containing pesticides are banned in Germany) and antimony species, there is no doubt that the alkyltin species detected, e.g. MBSn and DBSn, are of anthropogenic origin since biogenesis of these species does not occur. Alkyltins are, however, known to enter the environment in a continuous and diffuse manner via discharge to sewage and air. In samples from the maturation pond concentrations of up to 86 and 11 µg kg−1 per dry weight were detected for MBSn and DBSn, respectively. The detection of methylated arsenic and antimony species indicates that biotransformation of these elements is occurring in freshwater habitats. Irrespective of the usage and (anthropogenic) demands on the freshwater habitats tested, the highest concentration of organometal(loid) species was always detected in the sediment fractions that contained the highest concentration of humic substances and comprised up to 40% clays and silt particles (<63 µm). Owing to their high surface area to volume ratios these particles possess a high binding capacity for metal(loid) ions and are attractive microhabitats for microorganisms. The resulting microcosmos therefore has a high potential for the biomethylation of metal(loid)s. At this point in time it is not fully clear whether the high concentrations of organometal(loid) species detected in the clay/silt fraction are produced in situ by microbial biotransformation of bound metal(loid) ions or whether, as is the case for inorganic ions, the organometal(loid) species are translocated to this fraction and bound. Regardless of the mechanism, the accumulation of organometal(loid) species in clay/silt fraction means that these species are held in contact with the interstitial water and are therefore highly bioavailable, with potentially toxic consequences for aquatic organisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social impact of attack on a president: Its public reverberations
Authors: Freedman Lawrence Zelic 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent assassinations in U.S. history are reviewed and the medical and legal responses that follow such events are covered, as are conspiratorial theories. The question as to whether or not American assassins actually were conspirators is discussed and the reasons for the prevalence of conspiratorial theories are covered, as are the origins of these theories.
The impact of expert testimony on trials of battered women who kill their husbands
Authors: Blackman Julie , Brickman Ellen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIncreased attention to family violence is reflected, in part, in the growing number of social scientists who have applied the results of their work in trials of battered women who have killed their husbands. Acting as expert witnesses, these individuals detail their knowledge and offer opinions in order to educate jurors about the social and psychological consequences of abuse within marital relationships. Little is known about the actual impact of expert testimony on jury deliberation in cases involving battered women. Those engaged in studying the interface of psychology and criminal justice have relied primarily on anecdotal evidence which suggests that expert testimony shapes jurors' attitudes and their ultimate decisions. (Ellison & Buckhout, 1981). This article summarizes psychological research on how individuals, including battered women, react to victimization and provides a preliminary theoretical formulation of this problem.
Child custody in historical perspective: A study of changing social perceptions of divorce and child custody in Anglo‐American law
Authors: Einhorn Jay 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe history of divorce law in England and America shows that child custody decisions have tended to be made on the basis of social biases about the nature of men and women, rather than on the basis of the competence of the individual parents or of the best interests of the children. This article traces the history of divorce law with particular attention to child custody from twelfth century England to modern America. The historical flipflop from paternal custody to maternal custody is documented, and the assumptions underlying the prejudices toward paternal and maternal custody are reviewed and compared. Joint custody, when possible, provides a solution to the custody problem. However, sexual stereotypes provide no substitute for meticulous fact‐finding when parents cannot agree.
Father‐custody and child development: A review and analysis of psychological research
Authors: Warshak Richard A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn custody decisions there is a traditional presumption that children's best interests are served by living with their mother. The past decade has seen a growing interest in father‐custody which is reflected in a large body of empirical research that has followed one of three strategies. Results indicate that a preference for maternal custody is unwarranted. Instead the impact of custody disposition is mediated by several factors including the child's sex, coparenting relationship, parenting skills, the noncustodial parent‐child relationship, and the use of support systems. Suggestions for future research are provided and the implications of current results for custody decisions are discussed.
Changing mental health law: Butting heads with a billygoat
Authors: Callahan Lisa A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research examines the implementation of the Davis v. Hubbard (1980) decision which granted patients at Lima State Hospital in Ohio a qualified right to refuse psychotropic medication. The issues identified by the court are addressed including informed consent, emergency administration of medication, and due process procedures. The data include a content analysis of all due process hearing records during the first 24 months of the court order which include the patient objections, staff justifications for forcing medication, and the decisions. Also included are face‐to‐face interviews with 92 patients. It is concluded that most decisions do not meet the criteria set by the court for forced medications, and that the patients perceived the procedures to be unfair.
Death qualification and conviction proneness: witt and witherspoon compared
Authors: Neises Michael L. , Dillehay Ronald C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA survey of registered voters in Fayette County, Kentucky compared the Witt and Witherspoon death qualification standards focusing primarily on the death penalty attitudes and criminal justice system orientations of excludable and death‐qualified potential jurors. As expected, the Witt standard excluded significantly more potential jurors (21.2%) than did the Witherspoon standard (13.6%). The Witherspoon excludable potential jurors were found to be more highly opposed to the death penalty and more due process oriented regarding the criminal justice system than their death‐qualified counterparts. The Witt standard, however, produced more heterogeneous exclusions. In addition, 24.1% of all respondents were found to be automatic death penalty potential jurors (ADPs), that is, potential jurors who stated that they would always vote for the death penalty for convicted capital defendants. Finally, the screening adequacy of the Witt standard for potential jurors who would not follow the law, particularlyfor ADPs, is questioned and discussed.
Confidentiality in the military
Authors: Howe Edmund G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article presents and analyzes options military physicians face regarding whether or not to respect gay servicepersons' confidentiality. This situation is considered to be generic to others that involve similar conflicts. Dilemmas arising before and after the emergence of HIV‐related diseases are discussed. Recommendations regarding psychiatrists' ethical obligations when conducting forensic exams are compared with military physicians' obligations to respect servicepersons' confidentiality. It is suggested that military psychiatrists should violate servicepersons' confidentiality under some circumstances, but generally should warn them in advance that they will do so. Possible exceptions exist when warning servicepersons would increase the likelihood that justice would be violated or substantial harm would occur.