bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children and Work: A Review of Current Literature and Debates
Authors: Bourdillon Michael 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTRecent literature concerning work in the lives of children raises several contentious issues. This contribution starts with issues arising from conceptualizations of childhood: we need to understand the continuities between the various stages of childhood and the adult world, and see children as active agents in their own development. The article discusses discourse and terminology surrounding children's work; children's rights and their relationship with fundamental human rights; the relationship between work and school; and briefly the relationship between children's work and poverty. It questions whether discourse on ‘abolishing child labour’ works in the children's interests.
Migrants Encounter Migrants in the City: the Changing Context of ‘Home’ for Second‐Generation Greek‐American Return Migrants
Authors: CHRISTOU ANASTASIA , KING RUSSELL 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article looks at the ‘return’ migration of second‐generation Greek Americans to their parents’ homeland, Greece. It is based on interviews with, and written accounts supplied by, 40 participants in the research, all now living in the Athens region. The article addresses two main sets of questions. First, why do they relocate to Greece, what are they looking for, and how do they cope with difficulties and disappointments? Second, and more specifically, how do they react to the fact that Greece is no longer a homogenous hellenistic society, but has become in recent years a de facto multicultural one due to the presence of hundreds of thousands of immigrant workers and their families? Three hypotheses are proposed for this inter‐migrant encounter: returnees, shocked by the ‘new immigration’, view it negatively as upsetting the ‘pure Greek’ homeland they had hoped to find; returnees are more sympathetic because of their own families’ history as immigrants in multicultural America; and returnees differentiate themselves as ‘good’ migrants from Greece’s immigrants who are constructed as ‘bad’ migrants. Evidence from the migrants’ testimonies is found to support all three hypotheses; however, there is more support for the second one. In addition, a fourth outcome was voiced: that of discrimination against Greek Americans who are made to feel, in certain circumstances, outsiders by the ‘true’ Greeks. Suggestions are made for further comparative research.
Development of ethnic disparities in internalizing and externalizing problems from adolescence into young adulthood
Authors: Van Oort Floor V.A. , Joung Inez M.A. , Mackenbach Johan P. , Verhulst Frank C. , Bengi‐Arslan Leyla , Crijnen Alfons A.M. , Van Der Ende Jan 
Published: December 2006

Background:  Little is known about changes in ethnic disparities in mental health during the development of adolescents into young adults. The aim of this study was to study the development of disparities in internalizing and externalizing problems between Dutch natives and Turkish migrant children from adolescence into adulthood.Methods:  Turkish migrants (n = 217) and Dutch natives (n = 723) completed two comparable questionnaires about internalizing and externalizing problems: the Youth Self‐Report at age 11–18 and the (Young) Adult Self‐Report ten years later, at age 21–28. We used mixed linear regression models to model development of mental health problems and to test changes in disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives.Results:  Both in adolescence and in adulthood migrants reported more internalizing and externalizing problems than natives, most pronounced for internalizing problems. Disparities decreased from adolescence into adulthood for both internalizing problems (−52%, p < .0001) and externalizing problems (−67%, p = .01), independently of gender, age, country of birth of Turkish adolescents, and parental socio‐economic position. The favorable changes in the disparities over time were due to more favorable development among Turkish migrants than among natives.Conclusions:  In this prospective study, ethnic disparities in internalizing and externalizing problems decreased as adolescents entered adulthood. Different explanations are discussed.
Decision making about mode of delivery among pregnant women who have previously had a caesarean section: a qualitative study
Authors: Moffat MA , Bell JS , Porter MA , Lawton S , Hundley V , Danielian P , Bhattacharya S 
Published: December 2006

Objective  To explore prospectively women’s decision making regarding mode of delivery after a previous caesarean section.Main outcome measures  The evolution of decision making, women’s participation in decision making, and factors affecting decision making.Design and methods  A qualitative study using diaries, observations and semi‐structured interviews. Data were analysed thematically from both a longitudinal and a cross‐sectional perspective.Setting  An antenatal unit in a large teaching hospital in Scotland and participants’ homes.Sample  Twenty‐six women who had previously had a caesarean section for a nonrecurrent cause.Results  Women were influenced by their own previous experiences and expectations, and the final decision on mode of delivery often developed during the course of the pregnancy. Most acknowledged that any decision was provisional and might change if circumstances necessitated. Despite a universal desire to be involved in the process, many women did not participate actively and were uncomfortable with having responsibility for decision making. Feelings about the amount and quality of the information received regarding delivery options varied greatly, with many women wishing for information to be tailored to their individual clinical circumstances and needs. In contrast to the impression created in the media, there was no evidence of clear preferences or strong demands for elective caesarean section.Conclusion  Women who have had a previous caesarean section do not usually have firm ideas about mode of delivery. They look for targeted information and guidance from medical personnel based on their individual circumstances, and some are unhappy with the responsibility of deciding how to deliver in the current pregnancy.
The impact of improving outcomes guidance on surgical management of vulval squamous cell cancer in southwest England (1997–2002)
Authors: Falconer AD , Hirschowitz L , Weeks J , Murdoch J 
Published: December 2006

Objective  The objective of this study was to assess the impact of reorganisation of gynaecological services in southwest England following adoption of regionally agreed evidence‐based guidelines and publication of the National Improving Outcomes Guidance in 1999.Design  Prospective audit with cross‐checking against histological reports.Setting  All 19 acute hospitals in the four Cancer Networks of southwest England.Sample  All subjects with squamous or verrucous vulval cancer diagnosed between 1997 and 2002.Method  A one‐page minimum data set proforma agreed by the South West Gynaecology Tumour Panel was completed by surgeons after treatment of each patient, and was sent to South West Cancer Intelligence Service for entry, collation and analysis. Data are presented for the years 1997 to 2002 inclusive, and comparisons were made between each of the three 2‐year cohorts.Main outcome measures  These are standards derived from the guidance.Results  There were 436 squamous or verrucous vulval cancers registered. Recording of staging was missing in 20% of subjects. The percentage of subjects operated upon by lead gynaecological cancer surgeons increased from 78% in cohort 1 to 93% in cohort 3 (P < 0.001). There is a trend towards more conservative operations, which have lower co‐morbidity. High activity surgeons achieved better rates of tumour‐free skin margins, but even these were adequate only in 49% of operations. Lymphadenectomy rates did not follow guidance.Conclusion  Centralisation of care of this rare cancer should continue, but specialists need to increase their efforts to ensure adequate skin margins and lymphadenectomy rates while balancing morbidity and the likelihood of recurrence in both fit and frail patients.
Alcohol‐induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction is mediated via inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate receptor (IP3R)‐gated intracellular calcium release
Authors: Haorah James , Knipe Bryan , Gorantla Santhi , Zheng Jialin , Persidsky Yuri 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) formed by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), pericytes and astrocytes controls the transport of ions, peptides and leukocytes in and out of the brain. Tight junctions (TJ) composed of TJ proteins (occludin, claudins and zonula occludens) ensure the structural integrity of the BMVEC monolayer. Neuropathologic studies indicated that the BBB was impaired in alcohol abusers; however, the underlying mechanism of BBB dysfunction remains elusive. Using primary human BMVEC, we previously demonstrated that oxidative stress induced by ethanol (EtOH) metabolism in BMVEC activated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), resulting in the enhanced phosphorylation of either cytoskeletal or TJ proteins, and in BBB impairment. We proposed that EtOH metabolites stimulated inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate receptor (IP3R)‐operated intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release, thereby causing the activation of MLCK in BMVEC. Indeed, treatment of primary human BMVEC with EtOH or its metabolites resulted in the increased expression of IP3R protein and IP3R‐gated intracellular Ca2+ release. These functional changes paralleled MLCK activation, phosphorylation of cytoskeletal/TJ proteins, loss of BBB integrity, and enhanced leukocyte migration across BMVEC monolayers. Inhibition of either EtOH metabolism or IP3R activation prevented BBB impairment. These findings suggest that EtOH metabolites act as signaling molecules for the activation of MLCK via the stimulation of IP3R‐gated intracellular Ca2+ release in BMVEC. These putative events can lead to BBB dysfunction in the setting of alcoholism, and to neuro‐inflammatory disorders promoting leukocyte migration across the BBB.
Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of radish (Raphanus satvius L.)
Authors: WANG NING , HU JINGJIE , OHSAWA RYO , OHTA MASARU , FUJIMURA TATSUHITO 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRadish, Raphanus satvius, is a very important commercial crop in the world, especially in East Asian countries. In this study, radish microsatellite markers have been developed for the first time from expressed sequence tags (ESTs). A total of 8 primer pairs were able to produce clear amplifications, respectively, which gave 2–5 polymorphic loci between 43 cultivars of Japanese radish. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.4186, and from 0.1779 to 0.6205, respectively. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.171 to 0.575. The eight simple sequence repeats were also polymorphic when tested by wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was analysed in three populations, and no linkage disequilibrium was observed. It is anticipated that these newly developed microsatellite markers can advance further genomic analyses. This accomplishment may in turn accelerate and simplify radish breeding programs.
The development of eight microsatellite loci in the wild daffodilNarcissus triandrus(Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: HODGINS KATHRYN A. , STEHLIK IVANA , WANG PAULINE , BARRETT SPENCER C. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe report microsatellite primer pairs for the wild tristylous daffodil,Narcissus triandrus(Amaryllidaceae).From enriched libraries, we identified 58 unique microsatellite loci. We designed primer pairs for 27 of these loci and screened genomic DNA from 38 to 40 adults from a single population. For eight polymorphic loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from five to 17. As six primers also amplified loci in three otherNarcissusspecies, including two horticultural varieties, we expect that some of these markers will be transferable to otherNarcissusspecies.
The highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the greater long‐tailed hamster (Tscherskia triton)
Authors: XU LAIXIANG , SONG MINGJING , GUO YU , KONG FANHUA , ZHANG ZHIBIN 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe isolated 25 dinucleotide microsatellite loci from the greater long‐tailed hamster (Tscherskia triton) populations in North China. We developed the amplification conditions of polymerase chain reaction for producing high‐resolution genetic markers for each locus. We found 10 microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic in 90 individual hamsters from three areas of North China, and the number of alleles in each locus varied from three to 11. These markers are potential tools for studying the genetic variation of the natural populations of this species.
Hospitalization of Nursing Home Residents: The Effects of States' Medicaid Payment and Bed‐Hold Policies
Authors: Intrator Orna , Grabowski David C. , Zinn Jacqueline , Schleinitz Mark , Feng Zhanlian , Miller Susan , Mor Vince 
Published: December 2006

Objective. Hospitalizations of nursing home residents are costly and expose residents to iatrogenic disease and social and psychological harm. Economic constraints imposed by payers of care, predominantly Medicaid policies, are hypothesized to impact hospitalizations.Data Sources/Study Setting. Federally mandated resident assessments were merged with Medicare claims and eligibility files to determine hospitalizations and death within 150 days of baseline assessment. Nursing home and market characteristics were obtained from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting, and the Area Resource File, respectively. States' average daily Medicaid nursing home payments and bed‐hold policies were obtained independently.Study Design. Prospective cohort study of 570,614 older (≥65‐year‐old), non‐MCO (Medicare Managed Care), long‐stay (≥90 days) residents in 8,997 urban, freestanding nursing homes assessed between April and June 2000, using multilevel models to test the impact of state policies on hospitalizations controlling for resident, nursing home, and market characteristics.Principal Findings. Overall, 99,379 (17.4 percent) residents were hospitalized with rates varying from 8.4 percent in Utah to 24.9 percent in Louisiana. Higher Medicaid per diem was associated with lower odds of hospitalizations (5 percent lower for each $10 above average $103.5, confidence intervals [CI] 0.91–0.99). Hospitalization odds were higher by 36 percent in states with bed‐hold policies (CI: 1.12–1.63).Conclusions. State Medicaid bed‐hold policy and per‐diem payment have important implications for nursing home hospitalizations, which are predominantly financed by Medicare. This study emphasizes the importance of properly aligning state Medicaid and federal Medicare policies in regards to the subsidy of acute, maintenance, and preventive care in the nursing home setting.
Killing the Law of Large Numbers: Mortality Risk Premiums and the Sharpe Ratio
Authors: Milevsky M. A. , Promislow S. D. , Young V. R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe provide an overview of how the law of large numbers breaks down when pricing life‐contingent claims under stochastic as opposed to deterministic mortality (probability, hazard) rates. In a stylized situation, we derive the limiting per‐policy risk and show that it goes to a non‐zero constant. This is in contrast to the classical situation when the underlying mortality decrements are known with certainty, per policy risk goes to zero. We decompose the standard deviation per policy into systematic and non‐systematic components, akin to the analysis of individual stock (equity) risk in a Markowitz portfolio framework. Finally, we draw upon the financial analogy of the Sharpe Ratio to develop a premium pricing methodology under aggregate mortality risk.
Chemical Constituents of Daphne giraldii Nitsche
Authors: Sun Wei‐Xin , Zhang Qiang , Jiang Jian‐Qin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a search for structurally interesting substances from traditional Chinese medicines, eight compounds were isolated from an ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Daphne giraldii Nitsche. On the basis of one‐and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data, and chemical methods, their structures were determined to be 2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one‐8‐hydroxy‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐5‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐hydroxy‐8‐yloxy) (compound 1), 1‐pentanone, 1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐phenyl (compound 2), octadecyl caffeate (compound 3), (+)syringaresinol‐4,4′‐diglycoside (compound 4), daphnetin‐8‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (compound 5), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (compound 6), 7,7′‐dihydroxy‐[6, 8′‐bi‐2H‐benzopyran]‐2, 2′‐dione (compound 7), and daphnorin (compound 8), respectively. Of the compounds isolated, compounds 1 and 2, which we named daphnolin and daphnolon, respectively, were new, and the others were obtained from this plant for the first time.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Cloning and Characterization of a Differentially Expressed Phenylalanine Ammonialyase Gene (IiPAL) After Genome Duplication from Tetraploid Isatis indigotica Fort.
Authors: Lu Bei‐Bei , Du Zhen , Ding Ru‐Xian , Zhang Lei , Yu Xiao‐Jing , Liu Cheng‐Hong , Chen Wan‐Sheng 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPhenylpropanoid derivatives are a complex class of secondary metabolites that have many important roles in plants during normal growth and in responses to environmental stress. Phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. In the present study, we isolated a novel phenylalanine ammonialyase gene (designated as IiPAL) from tetraploid Isatis indigotica Fort. by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), which was a cultivar from the diploid plant by genome duplication. The full‐length cDNA of IiPAL was 2 530‐bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2 178 bp encoding a polypeptide of 725 amino acid residues. Analysis of IiPAL genomic DNA revealed that it was structurally similar to other plant PAL genes, with a single intron at a conserved position, and a long highly conserved second exon. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that the IiPAL expression in roots and leaves from a tetraploid sample was higher than that in diploid progenitor, whereas expression of IiPAL in stems was almost the same as each other. Furthermore, the highest expression of IiPAL in tetraploid plant was found in roots, which was found in stems in diploid plants. Further expression analysis revealed that gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and cold treatments could up‐regulate the IiPAL transcription in tetraploid plants. All our findings suggest that IiPAL participates not only in the defense/stress responsive pathways, but also probably in the polyploidy evolution of I. indigotica.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Inheritance and Gene Mapping of Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus Strain SC14 in Soybean
Authors: Li Hai‐Chao , Zhi Hai‐Jian , Gai Jun‐Yi , Guo Dong‐Quan , Wang Yan‐Wei , Li Kai , Bai Li , Yang Hua 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSoybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most broadly distributed diseases worldwide. It causes severe yield loss and seed quality deficiency in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). SMV Strain SC14 isolated from Shanxi Province, China, was a newly identified virulent strain and can infect Kefeng No. 1, a source with wide spectrum resistance. In the present study, soybean accessions, PI96983, Qihuang No. 1 and Qihuang No. 22 were identified to be resistant (R) and Nannong 1138‐2, Pixianchadou susceptible (S) to SC14. Segregation analysis of PI96983 x Nannong 1138‐2 indicated that a single dominant gene (designated as RSC14) controlled the resistance to SC14 at both V2 and R1 developmental stages. The same results were obtained for the crosses of Qihuang No. 1 × Nannong 1138‐2 and Qihuang No. 22 × Nannong 1138‐2 as in PI96983 × Nannong 1138‐2 at V2 stage, but at R1 stage, the F1 performed as necrosis (a susceptible symptom other than mosaic), F2 segregated in a ratio of 1R:2N:1S, and the progenies of necrotic (N) F2 individuals segregated also in R, N and S. It indicated that a single gene (designated as RSC14Q, to be different from that of PI96983) controlled the resistance to SC14, its dominance was the same as in PI96983 × Nannong 1138‐2 (without symptoms) at V2 stage and not the same at R1 stage. The tightly linked co‐dominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker Satt334 indicated that all the heterozygous bands were completely corresponding to the necrotic F2 individuals, or all the necrotic F2 individuals were heterozygotes. It was inferred that necrosis might be due to the interaction among SMV strains, resistance genes, genetic background of the resistance genes, and plant development stage. Furthermore, the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of SSR markers was conducted to map the resistance genes. In F2of PI96983 × Nannong 1138‐2, five SSR markers, Sat_297, Sat_234, Sat_154, Sct_033 and Sat_120, were found closely linked to RSC14, with genetic distances of 14.5 cM, 11.3cM, 4.3cM,3.2cM and 6cM, respectively. In F2 of Qihuang No. 1 × Nannong 1138‐2, three SSR markers, Sat_234, Satt334 and Sct_033, tightly linked to RSC14Q with genetic distances of 7.2 cM, 1.4 cM and 2.8 cM, respectively. Based on the integrated joint map by Cregan et al. (1999), both RScMand RSC14Q were located between Sat_234 and Sct_033 on linkage with group F of soybean, with their distances from Sct_033 at the same side being 3.2 cM and 2.8 cM, respectively. Therefore, RSC14and RSC14Q might be on a same locus. The obtained information provides a basic knowledge for marker‐assisted selection of the resistance gene in soybean breeding programs and fine mapping and map‐based cloning of the resistance gene.(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Decrease of Photosystem II Photochemistry in Arabidopsis ppt1 Mutant Is Dependent on Leaf Age
Authors: Ma Jin‐Fang , Guo Jin‐Kui , Peng Lian‐Wei , Chen Cui‐Yun , Zhang Li‐Xin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the present study, we compared the effect of leaf age at one development stage on the photosynthetic behavior of a T‐DNA‐tagged allele of the ppt1 mutant. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, where Fm is the maximum fluorescence yield and Fv is variable fluorescence) and fluorescence decay kinetics of the ppt1 mutant were different in leaves of different ages. The steady state levels of thylakoid membrane proteins in 40‐day‐old leaves were decreased compared with those in 20‐day‐old leaves and changes in photosystem (PS) II proteins were correlated with those of the Fv/Fm ratio in the ppt1 mutant. Increased accumulation of leaf sugars was accompanied by decreased photosynthetic gene transcripts and protein content in 40‐day‐old leaves of the mutant. Thus, the results of the present study provide evidence for the phosphate translocator in maintaining normal photosynthesis at a late leaf age.(Managing editor: Ping He)