bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of UV irradiation on the physicochemical properties of collagen stabilized using aldehydes
Authors: Nishad Fathima Nishtar , Suresh Raju , Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda , Unni Nair Balachandran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCollagen is an important biomaterial, finding immense application in the field of wound healing. In this study, effect of UV irradiation on aldehydes crosslinked collagen has been carried out. Aldehydes find predominant application in crosslinking of collagen for various end uses. The physical and optical properties of aldehydes crosslinked collagen affected by UV irradiation have been detailed. Viscosity measurements have shown that aldehydes crosslinked collagen has better stability against UV radiation than native collagen. Circular dichroic studies showed that prolonged exposure to UV radiation changes the triple helical structure of collagen into random coil conformation. The difference spectra for both emission and absorption show that formaldehyde brings about more stability to collagen against UV irradiation than gluteraldehyde. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3642–3648, 2007
Effects of carboxyl group on the ambient self‐crosslinkable polyacrylate latices
Authors: Guo Tian‐Ying , Liu Jin‐Chao , Song Mou‐Dao , Zhang Bang‐Hua 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAmbient curable carbonyl functional acrylic latices were synthesized by incorporating diacetone acrylamide as functional monomer into acrylic copolymer, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) was used as curing agent. In this work acrylic acid (AA) and acrylic acid homopolymer (PAA) were used to facilitate the crosslinking reaction. We found that the properties of latex film were different when use AA and PAA as the source of the carboxyl groups separately. The results from the characterization of carboxyl groups of the latex particles demonstrated that the distribution of the carboxyl group on the latex particle surface is optimal for the crosslinking reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3948–3953, 2007
Effect of polyisocyanate hardener on adhesive force of waterborne polyurethane adhesives
Authors: Mizanur Rahman Mohammad , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of waterborne polyurethane (WBPU)/hardener adhesives were obtained from mixing of WBPU containing different types of polyol as a soft segment with aliphatic and aromatic polyisocyanates hardeners. By characterization of allophanate and biuret bonds formed from the reaction of hardener NCO with urethane/urea groups of WBPU using 1HNMR spectroscopy. It was found that the optimum number ratio (molar ratio) of NCO group of hardener to urethane/urea group of WBPU that shows the highest adhesion force was depended on the type of hardener (aliphatic/aromatic polyisocyanate) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) content (total content of urethane/urea groups); however independent of the type of soft segment (polyol) of WBPU. The optimum number ratio (molar ratio) of NCO group of aromatic polyisocyanate hardener to urethane/urea was higher than that of aliphatic hardener to achieve the highest adhesion force of WBPU. The adhesive force increased with increasing hardener content up to the optimum point and then decreased. Poly(tetramethylene adipate glycol) (PTAd) based WBPUs with aliphatic hardener show higher adhesive force than Poly(tetramethylene oxide glycol) (PTMG) and aliphatic hardener‐based WBPUs at the optimum number ratio (molar ratio) of NCO group of hardener to urethane/urea group of WBPU. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3663–3669, 2007
Properties of amylopectin/montmorillonite composite films containing a coupling agent
Authors: Nordqvist D. , Hedenqvist M. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe addition of clay to polymers has the combined effects of enhancing both the strength/stiffness and the barrier properties. This investigation presents a novel approach to further enhance the strength/stiffness of cast plasticized amylopectin (AP)/Na+‐montmorillonite clay films using a water‐soluble coupling agent, poly[(isobutylene‐alt‐maleic acid, ammonium salt)‐co‐(isobutylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride)], between the filler and the matrix. The addition of clay increased the strength and stiffness of the film and the addition of 0.4 parts of a coupling agent per 1 part clay further increased these properties. The trends were the same after each treatment, and there were always significant differences in stiffness and strength between the films without clay and with clay with 0.4 parts of the coupling agent. The increase in stiffness/strength in the presence of a small amount of the coupling agent suggested that it had a bridging effect, presumably through strong secondary bonds to the clay and to the matrix. Infrared spectroscopy and moisture swelling experiments indicated that ester bonds were formed between the coupling agent and AP. X‐ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the clay‐particle/polymer structure was qualitatively independent of the presence of the coupling agent showing a mixture of intercalated clay stacks and exfoliated platelets. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 4160–4167, 2007
Nachweis des konstruktiven Brandschutzes bei Stahlbetonstützen
Authors: Fingerloos Frank , Richter Ekkehard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDie Hintergründe der bauaufsichtlichen Einführung einer gegenüber DIN 4102‐4 neuen Tabelle 31 für den brandschutztechnischen Nachweis von Stahlbetonstützen werden erläutert. Die Anwendungsgrenzen für die Tabellenbemessung sind nach wie vor streng. Die Auslegung der Tabelle auf eine Stützenlänge von 6 m für Rechteckstützen bzw. 5 m für Rundstützen führt zu deutlich auf der sicheren Seite liegenden Ergebnissen bei im üblichen Geschossbau geringeren Geschosshöhen. Für diese Fälle wird eine Ergänzung der Tabellenwerte für kürzere Stützenlängen mit Interpolationsmöglichkeit vorgeschlagen. Anhand eines Beispiels wird die Tabellenanwendung erläutert.
A scaffold for the Chinese hamster genome
Authors: Wlaschin Katie F. , Hu Wei‐Shou 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are a prevalent tool in biological research and are among the most widely used host cell lines for production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. While research in other organisms has been revolutionized through the development of DNA sequence‐based tools, the lack of comparable genomic resources for the Chinese hamster has impeded similar work in CHO cell lines. A comparative genomics approach, based upon the completely sequenced mouse genome, can facilitate genomic work in this important organism. Using chromosome synteny to define regions of conserved linkage between Chinese hamster and mouse chromosomes, a working scaffold for the Chinese hamster genome has been developed. Mapping CHO and Chinese hamster sequences to the mouse genome creates direct access to relevant information in public databases. Additionally, mapping gene expression data onto a chromosome scaffold affords the ability to interpret information in a genomic context, potentially revealing important structural and regulatory features in the Chinese hamster genome. Further development of this genomic scaffold will provide opportunities to use biomolecular tools for research in CHO cell lines today and will be an asset to future efforts to sequence the Chinese hamster genome. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98; 429–439. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of oral water-soluble contrast agent in the management of adhesive small bowel obstruction
Authors: Abbas S M , Bissett I P , Parry B R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundAdhesions are the leading cause of small bowel obstruction. Identification of patients who require surgery is difficult. This review analyses the role of Gastrografin® as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent in the management of adhesive small bowel obstruction.MethodsA systematic search of Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases was performed to identify studies of the use of Gastrografin® in adhesive small bowel obstruction. Studies that addressed the diagnostic role of water-soluble contrast agent were appraised, and data presented as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios. Results were pooled and a summary receiver–operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed. A meta-analysis of the data from six therapeutic studies was performed using the Mantel–Haenszel test and both fixed- and random-effect models.ResultsThe appearance of water-soluble contrast agent in the colon on an abdominal radiograph within 24 h of its administration predicted resolution of obstruction with a pooled sensitivity of 97 per cent and specificity of 96 per cent. The area under the summary ROC curve was 0·98. Water-soluble contrast agent did not reduce the need for surgical intervention (odds ratio 0·81, P = 0·300), but it did reduce the length of hospital stay for patients who did not require surgery compared with placebo (weighted mean difference − 1·84 days; P &lt; 0·001).ConclusionPublished data strongly support the use of water-soluble contrast medium as a predictive test for non-operative resolution of adhesive small bowel obstruction. Although Gastrografin® does not reduce the need for operation, it appears to shorten the hospital stay for those who do not require surgery.
Enantiomeric separation and determination of absolute stereochemistry of asymmetric molecules in drug discovery—Building chiral technology toolboxes
Authors: McConnell Oliver , Bach Alvin , Balibar Carl , Byrne Neal , Cai Yanxuan , Carter Guy , Chlenov Michael , Di Li , Fan Kristi , Goljer Igor , He Yanan , Herold Don , Kagan Michael , Kerns Edward , Koehn Frank , Kraml Christina , Marathias Vasilios , Marquez Brian , McDonald Leonard , Nogle Lisa , Petucci Christopher , Schlingmann Gerhard , Tawa Gregory , Tischler Mark , Williamson R. Thomas , Sutherland Alan , Watts William , Young Mairead , Zhang Mei‐Yi , Zhang Yingru , Zhou Dahui , Ho Douglas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe application of Chiral Technology, or the (extensive) use of techniques or tools for the determination of absolute stereochemistry and the enantiomeric or chiral separation of racemic small molecule potential lead compounds, has been critical to successfully discovering and developing chiral drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This has been due to the rapid increase over the past 10–15 years in potential drug candidates containing one or more asymmetric centers. Based on the experiences of one pharmaceutical company, a summary of the establishment of a Chiral Technology toolbox, including the implementation of known tools as well as the design, development, and implementation of new Chiral Technology tools, is provided. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in mouse‐derived motoneuron hybrid cells and mouse facial motoneurons
Authors: Tetzlaff Julie , Tanzer Lisa , Jones Kathryn J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability of gonadal steroid hormones to augment axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury has been well established in rat and hamster motoneuron systems, and provides a foundation for the use of these agents as neurotherapeutics. With the advent of mouse genetics and the availability of transgenic and knockout mice, the use of mice in studies of neuroprotection is growing. It has recently been demonstrated that both androgens and estrogens rescue motoneurons (MN) from injury in mouse‐derived motoneuron hybrid cells in vitro and mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) in vivo (Tetzlaff et al. [2006] J Mol Neurosci 28:53–64). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of these effects, the present study examined the cellular localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in mouse MN in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry studies established the presence of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor α/β in immortalized mouse motoneuron hybrid cells and AR and estrogen receptor α in mouse FMN. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
The determinants of environmental innovation: the impacts of environmental policies on the Nordic pulp, paper and packaging industries
Authors: Kivimaa Paula 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInnovations may have positive societal effects such as improved environmental performance, and they are often portrayed as solutions to environmental problems. However, the mechanisms through which innovations develop and the ways in which public incentives support improved environmental performance of innovations are complex. This paper uses empirical cases to examine how environmental policies, market factors and technological push affect process and product innovations in the Nordic pulp, paper and packaging industries. The results show that environmental improvements in technologies and products are simultaneously driven by all three of these factors. Environmental innovations are often developed in anticipation of future policy or as side‐effects of existing policies. However, while environmental policy directly influences process innovations, its connection to product innovations is less clear. The study points towards the importance of gradually tightening and predictable environmental policies that are flexible enough to allow the exploration of new technological developments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis, X‐ray Structure, Thermal and Magnetic Behavior of [(bipy)2Ni2(μ‐Cl)2Cl2(H2O)2]: The First Neutral Ferromagnetically Coupled Six‐Coordinate Dichlorido‐Bridged Nickel(II) Dimer
Authors: Ikotun Oluwatayo F. , Ouellette Wayne , Lloret Francesc , Julve Miguel , Doyle Robert P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNiCl2·6H2O and 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) (1:1) were allowed to react under ambient conditions in dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of acetylacetone (Hacac). The resulting green solution was concentrated in vacuo, and a green solid was isolated by precipitation with cold acetone. X‐ray quality crystals of [(bipy)2Ni2(μ‐Cl)2(Cl)2(H2O)2] (1) were grown by subsequent vapor/liquid diffusion of acetonitrile into a methanolic solution for one week. The structure of 1 consists of a dimeric nickel system with each metal atom in an octahedral geometry. Both equatorial bridging and axial chlorine atoms are present in this neutral species. The nickel–nickel distance (3.441 Å) is the shortest reported to date for this class of complexes and the bridging chlorido angles at 91.5° are the most acute. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the complex to have the strongest ferromagnetic interaction reported to date (J = +16.8 cm–1, the Hamiltonian being defined as H = –JSA·SB) for this family of complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Ketones to β‐Nitrostyrenes by Means of 1,2‐Amino‐Alcohol‐Derived Prolinamides as Bifunctional Catalysts
Authors: Almaşi Diana , Alonso Diego A. , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Nagel Yvonne , Nájera Carmen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDifferent L‐prolinamides 21, prepared from L‐proline and chiral β‐amino alcohols are active bifunctional catalysts for the direct nitro‐Michael addition of ketones to β‐nitrostyrenes. In particular, catalyst 21e, prepared from L‐proline and (1S,2R)‐cis‐1‐amino‐2‐indanol, exhibits the highest catalytic performance working in polar aprotic solvents such as NMP, especially in the presence of 20 mol‐% of acid additives such as p‐nitrobenzoic acid or under microwave heating. High syn diastereoselectivities (up to 94 % de) and good enantioselectivities (up to 80 % ee) are obtained at room temp. Moreover, catalyst 21e can be easily recovered and reused. ESI‐MS studies are used to characterize the intermediates assumed for the catalytic cycle. The stereochemical control attending Michael addition reactions between ketones and nitrostyrenes catalyzed by prolinamide derivatives 21 has been investigated with computational density functional methods. Transition‐state energies for the rate‐limiting C–C bond‐forming step are calculated. Analysis of these structures indicates that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in catalysis, and that the energy barrier for Re‐face attack to form syn‐(4S,5R) products is lower than that for Si‐face attack leading to syn‐(4R,5S) products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cover Picture: Dynamic Rotational Oscillation of Cerium(IV) Bis(porphyrinate) and Its Control by Diamine Guest Binding with Positive Homotropic Allosterism (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 12/2007)
Authors: Ikeda Masato , Kubo Yohei , Yamashita Kousei , Ikeda Tomohiro , Takeuchi Masayuki , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows a porphyrin oscillator that comprises a cerium(IV) bis(porphyrinate) bearing four peripheral zinc(II) porphyrinates. The cooperative binding of guest molecules (shown as “lock”) slows down the rotational oscillation frequency of the porphyrin oscillator in solution, which is evaluated by VT NMR spectroscopy. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by M. Takeuchi, S. Shinkai et al. on p. 1883 ff.
High earthquake risk buildings in New Zealand
Authors: Shepherd R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany existing buildings in seismically active areas were constructed prior to the acceptance of any design criteria specifically intended to produce earthquake resistance in the structure. Although such buildings are typically fifty or more years old they still constitute a large proportion of occupied domestic and commercial accommodation. Since almost all these structures comprise greater hazards than more recent constructions they are referred to as High Earthquake Risk buildings.The problems of identification, assessment and alleviation of the deficiencies have received increasing attention in recent years. In this paper some New Zealand experience is recounted.
A reconnaissance report for the Romanian earthquake of 4 March 1977
Authors: Tezcan Semih S. , Yerlici Vedat , Durguno H. Turan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe engineering aspects of the 4 March 1977 Romanian earthquake are presented. They are based upon a field investigation conducted by the writers in Bucharest and in southern Romania in collaboration with members of the Building Research Institute of Romania, during the period 25–31 March 1977.This report covers general observations, data and evaluation on the character of the earthquake, structural damage inflicted by it, performance of different types of buildings during the earthquake and relief operations.
Stochastic characterization of earthquakes through their response spectrum
Authors: Kaul Maharaj K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIf earthquakes are modelled by a stochastic process, it is possible to interpret the associated response spectrum in terms of the statistics of extreme values of oscillator response to the process. For a stationary earthquake model this interpretation leads to a relationship between the power spectral density function of the process and the response spectrum. This relationship is examined in this paper and forms the basis for two methods presented to obtain the power spectrum of the earthquake process from its response spectrum. One of these methods is approximate but leads to an explicit representation of the power spectral density function in terms of the response spectrum. The other method is exact wherein an iterative scheme for the solution of the problem is established. An example problem is solved to illustrate the use of the two methods and it is shown that for small values of damping, the approximate derivation yields a fairly accurate solution.
Preliminary empirical model for scaling fourier amplitude spectra of strong ground acceleration in terms of modified mercalli intensity and recording site conditions
Authors: Trifunac M. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an empirical model for scaling Fourier amplitude spectra of ground acceleration during strong earthquake shaking in terms of the reported Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) and the simplified characteristics of the geologic environment at the recording station. This analysis shows that (i) for the intermediate and high‐frequency motions the spectral amplitudes approximately double for every level of the MMI; that (ii) the uncertainties associated with estimation of Fourier spectral amplitudes in terms of MMI are not greater than the uncertainties associated with similar estimation in terms of earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance; that (iii) the high frequency spectral amplitudes tend to be greater on basement rock sites relative to alluvium sites, with this trend being reversed for the low‐frequency spectral amplitudes; and that (iv) the spectral amplitudes of very high‐frequency vertical shaking are equal to or higher than the corresponding spectral amplitudes for horizontal shaking.
A note on an instrumental comparison of the modified mercalli (MMI) and the Japanese meteorological agency (JMA) intensity scales, based on computed peak accelerations
Authors: Wong H. L. , Trifunac M. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn many parts of the world, subjectively based earthquake intensity scales similar to those of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) are applied regularly. Although the characteristics of these scales are quite similar, it is often difficult to convert an estimate of strong ground shaking measured by the MMI scale into its equivalent on other scales.In this paper, an instrumental correlation of the Japanese Intensity scale (JMA) with the MMI scale is described. Currently, one common yardstick that is available for both Japan and the United States is the statistic of peak accelerations. The correlation is done by comparing the JMA for sites where the ‘peak acceleration’ is known in Japan with the MMI for sites in the United States where the peak acceleration is also known. To ensure a direct correspondence of peak accelerations in these two countries, the peak values recorded in the U.S. are corrected by determining the peak acceleration as recorded by the Japanese accelerograph, the SMAC, while it is subjected to the excitation recorded in the United States.
Minimizing structural vibrations with absorbers
Authors: Ayorinde E. O. , Warburton G. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a companion paper1 the authors show that the parameters of an absorber which will minimize the resonant response of a simple elastic body can be determined from known results by treating the body as an equivalent single degree‐of‐freedom system. In this paper cylindrical shells are considered as examples of dynamically complex structures, for which the ratio of the natural frequencies of adjacent modes tends towards unity. It is shown that as dynamic complexity increases optimum absorber parameters for the reduction of resonant response deviate increasingly from those for an equivalent single degree‐of‐freedom system.Absorbers can be used also to reduce the random response of structures. Simple expressions for optimum parameters are given for an undamped main system, which has one degree of freedom and is subjected to white noise excitation. Optimum absorber parameters for beams, plates and cylindrical shells show similar qualitative behaviour for random and harmonic response with the concept of an equivalent single degree‐of‐freedom system being applicable only for the simpler structures.