bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender and the Politics of Knowledge
Authors: Dzuback Mary Ann 
Published: January 2007

Contentious public debates about women's rational and moral capacity circulated during the European Enlightenment at the same time that science was emerging as a dominant mode of inquiry. As historian Karen Offen argues inEuropean Feminisms, these debates preoccupied both men and women intellectuals of the middling and upper classes and represented a pivotal moment in the three-century campaign to rearticulate a politics of knowledge proclaiming women as deserving as men of formal schooling at all levels. Disputes about women's capabilities emerged in the context of efforts to redefine the rights and privileges of men, of male intellectuals to reassert male dominance over and control of females’ access to intellectual participation as well as the craft guilds associated with women's work, and of men and women to consider the meaning and structure of social institutions and social systems. The German poet Philippine Engelhard captured women's frustrations with the limits imposed upon them in comparison to men in the context of the formation of the liberal state, the development of the middle class, and the growth of humanistic and scientific inquiry:How oft with damnationAnd tears of frustrationMy gender I curse!Its ban ever doomsUs girls to our rooms;How freely men move!Even youngster and serf.
Distribution and Genetic Variability Among Campylobacter spp. Isolates from Different Animal Species and Humans in Switzerland
Authors: Keller J. , Wieland B. , Wittwer M. , Stephan R. , Perreten V. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryIn Switzerland, a national database with 1028 Campylobacter isolates from poultry, pigs, cats, dogs, cattle, humans, zoo animals and water has been created. The database contains the genetic fingerprint and background information of each Campylobacter isolate. Dominant species could be identified in the different sources with a majority of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry (73%), humans (79%), cattle (95%), zoo animals (40%) and water (100%), of Campylobacter coli in pigs (72%), and of Campylobacter upsaliensis/helveticus in cats and dogs (55%). The comparison of three genotyping methods, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pulsed field gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism, revealed that AFLP allows discrimination between the different Campylobacter species and is the most appropriate method to distinguish specific strains within the same species. Genotyping analysis demonstrated that the Campylobacter population is heterogeneous among the different sources and that no dominant clone is spread in the country. Genotyping and the resulting database are useful tools to trace back future Campylobacter infections.
Observed Prevalence of Tick‐borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals in Sicily, Italy during 2003–2005
Authors: Torina A. , Vicente J. , Alongi A. , Scimeca S. , Turlá R. , Nicosia S. , Di Marco V. , Caracappa S. , De La Fuente J. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to characterize the observed prevalence of tick‐borne pathogens (TBP) in domestic animals in Sicily, Italy during 2003–2005. Serological (competitive ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence antibody, n = 3299) and DNA tests (polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot, n = 2565) were conducted on horse, donkey, cattle, sheep, goat, pig and dog samples. Pathogens analysed included Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Babesia and Theileria species, and Coxiella burnetii. The most prevalent TBP were Anaplasma and Babesia species. The results reported herein suggested that cattle could serve as the major reservoir for Babesia and Theileria spp. while for Anaplasma spp. cattle, dogs, sheep and goats may be the most important reservoir species. These results expanded our knowledge about the prevalence of TBP in Sicily and provided information to understand the epidemiology of tick‐borne diseases and may help to implement measures to diagnose, treat and control transmission to humans and animals in this region.
eQTL Viewer: visualizing how sequence variation affects genome-wide transcription
Authors: Zou Wei , Aylor David L , Zeng Zhao-Bang 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) mapping methods have been used to identify the genetic basis of gene expression variations. To map eQTL, thousands of expression profiles are related with sequence polymorphisms across the genome through their correlated variations. These eQTL distribute in many chromosomal regions, each of which can include many genes. The large number of mapping results produced makes it difficult to consider simultaneously the relationships between multiple genomic regions and multiple expressional profiles. There is a need for informative bioinformatics tools to assist the visualization and interpretation of these mapping results.

Results
We have developed a web-based tool, called eQTL Viewer, to visualize the relationships between the expression trait genes and the candidate genes in the eQTL regions using Scalable Vector Graphics. The plot generated by eQTL Viewer has the capacity to display mapping results with high resolutions at a variety of scales, and superimpose biological annotations onto the mapping results dynamically.

Conclusion
Our tool provides an efficient and intuitive way for biologists to explore transcriptional regulation patterns, and to generate hypotheses on the genetic basis of transcriptional regulations.
Amyloid-like aggregates of neuronal tau induced by formaldehyde promote apoptosis of neuronal cells
Authors: Nie Chun Lai , Wang Xing Sheng , Liu Ying , Perrett Sarah , He Rong Qiao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe microtubule associated protein tau is the principle component of neurofibrillar tangles, which are a characteristic marker in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease; similar lesions are also observed after chronic alcohol abuse. Formaldehyde is a common environmental contaminant and also a metabolite of methanol. Although many studies have been done on methanol and formaldehyde intoxication, none of these address the contribution of protein misfolding to the pathological mechanism, in particular the effect of formaldehyde on protein conformation and polymerization.ResultsWe found that unlike the typical globular protein BSA, the natively-unfolded structure of human neuronal tau was induced to misfold and aggregate in the presence of ~0.01% formaldehyde, leading to formation of amyloid-like deposits that appeared as densely staining granules by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and bound the amyloid-specific dyes thioflavin T and Congo Red. The amyloid-like aggregates of tau were found to induce apoptosis in the neurotypic cell line SH-SY5Y and in rat hippocampal cells, as observed by Hoechst 33258 staining, assay of caspase-3 activity, and flow cytometry using Annexin V and Propidium Iodide staining. Further experiments showed that Congo Red specifically attenuated the caspase-3 activity induced by amyloid-like deposits of tau.ConclusionThe results suggest that low concentrations of formaldehyde can induce human tau protein to form neurotoxic aggregates, which could play a role in the induction of tauopathies.
Resource allocation within the National AIDS Control Program of Pakistan: a qualitative assessment of decision maker's opinions
Authors: Husain Sara , Kadir Masood , Fatmi Zafar 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background
Limited resources, whether public or private, demand prioritisation among competing needs to maximise productivity. With a substantial increase in the number of reported HIV cases, little work has been done to understand how resources have been distributed and what factors may have influenced allocation within the newly introduced Enhanced National AIDS Control Program of Pakistan. The objective of this study was to identify perceptions of decision makers about the process of resource allocation within Pakistan's Enhanced National AIDS Control Program.

Methods
A qualitative study was undertaken and in-depth interviews of decision makers at provincial and federal levels responsible to allocate resources within the program were conducted.

Results
HIV was not considered a priority issue by all study participants and external funding for the program was thought to have been accepted because of poor foreign currency reserves and donor agency influence rather than local need. Political influences from the federal government and donor agencies were thought to manipulate distribution of funds within the program. These influences were thought to occur despite the existence of a well-laid out procedure to determine allocation of public resources. Lack of collaboration among departments involved in decision making, a pervasive lack of technical expertise, paucity of information and an atmosphere of ad hoc decision making were thought to reduce resistance to external pressures.

Conclusion
Development of a unified program vision through a consultative process and advocacy is necessary to understand goals to be achieved, to enhance program ownership and develop consensus about how money and effort should be directed. Enhancing public sector expertise in planning and budgeting is essential not just for the program, but also to reduce reliance on external agencies for technical support. Strengthening available databases for effective decision making is required to make financial allocations based on real, rather than perceived needs. With a large part of HIV program funding dedicated to public-private partnerships, it becomes imperative to develop public sector capacity to administer contracts, coordinate and monitor activities of the non-governmental sector.
Usefulness of cancer-testis antigens as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Grizzi Fabio , Franceschini Barbara , Hamrick Cody , Frezza Eldo E , Cobos Everardo , Chiriva-Internati Maurizio 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Despite advances in our cellular and molecular knowledge, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the major public health problems throughout the world. It is now known to be highly heterogeneous: it encompasses various pathological entities and a wide range of clinical behaviors, and is underpinned by a complex array of gene alterations that affect supra-molecular processes.
Four families of HCC tumour markers have been recently proposed: a) onco-fetal and glycoprotein antigens; b) enzymes and iso-enzymes; c) cytokines and d) genes. A category of tumour-associated antigens called cancer-testis (CT) antigens has been identified and their encoding genes have been extensively investigated. CT antigens are expressed in a limited number of normal tissues as well as in malignant tumors of unrelated histological origin, including the liver. Given that cancers are being recognized as increasingly complex, we here review the role of CT antigens as liver tumour biomarkers and their validation process, and discuss why they may improve the effectiveness of screening HCC patients and help in determining the risk of developing HCC.
Distraction osteogenesis in a severe mandibular deficiency
Authors: Ortakoglu Kerim , Karacay Seniz , Sencimen Metin , Akin Erol , Ozyigit Aykut H , Bengi Osman 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveDistraction osteogenesis is an alternative treatment method for the correction of mandibular hypoplasia. In this case report, distraction with a multidirectional extraoral device was performed to gradually lengthen the corpus and ramus of a patient who had a severe hypoplastic mandible.Materials and methodsThe patient underwent bilateral extraoral ramus and corpus distraction osteogenesis. After seven days of latency period, distraction was performed 0.5 mm twice a day. Subsequent consolidation period was 12 weeks.ResultsThe patient's mandible was elongated successfully. Cephalometric analysis revealed that ANB angle decreased from 13° to 6°, overjet of 15 mm decreased to 4 mm, corpus length increased from 49 mm to 67 mm, and ramus length increased from 41 mm to 43 mm. Posterior airway space (PAS) also increased due to advancement of the mandible. In stereolithographic model evaluation it was determined that the distances from condylion to gonion and from gonion to pogonion increased.ConclusionSatisfactory results from both aesthetic and functional standpoints were obtained by distraction osteogenesis of the ramus and corpus.
Combining global genome and transcriptome approaches to identify the candidate genes of small-effect quantitative trait loci in collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: Yu Xinhua , Bauer Kristin , Koczan Dirk , Thiesen Hans-Jürgen , Ibrahim Saleh M 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Quantitative traits such as complex diseases are controlled by many small-effect genes that are difficult to identify. Here we present a novel strategy to identify the candidate genes for small-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) using global genome and transcriptome approaches. First, we performed genome linkage analysis in F2 progeny of the CIA susceptible and resistant strains to search for small-effect QTL. Second, we detected gene expression patterns of both strains during CIA. The candidate genes were identified using three criteria: they are located in a genomic region linked to CIA; they are disease-specific differentially expressed during CIA; and they are strain-specific differentially expressed regarding the two parental strains. Eight small-effect QTL controlling CIA severity were identified. Of 22,000 screened genes, 117 were both strain-specific and disease-specific differentially expressed during CIA. Of these 117 genes, 21 were located inside the support intervals of the 8 small-effect QTL and thus were considered as candidate genes.
Genetic variants of CYP3A5, CYP2D6, SULT1A1, UGT2B15 and tamoxifen response in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer
Authors: Wegman Pia , Elingarami Sauli , Carstensen John , Stål Olle , Nordenskjöld Bo , Wingren Sten 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Tamoxifen therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and prolongs the survival of oestrogen-receptor-positive patients with breast cancer. Even if most patients benefit from tamoxifen, many breast tumours either fail to respond or become resistant. Because tamoxifen is extensively metabolised by polymorphic enzymes, one proposed mechanism underlying the resistance is altered metabolism. In the present study we investigated the prognostic and/or predictive value of functional polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 3A5 CYP3A5 (*3), CYP2D6 (*4), sulphotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1; *2) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15; *2) in tamoxifen-treated patients with breast cancer.

Methods
In all, 677 tamoxifen-treated postmenopausal patients with breast cancer, of whom 238 were randomised to either 2 or 5 years of tamoxifen, were genotyped by using PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism or PCR with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results
The prognostic evaluation performed in the total population revealed a significantly better disease-free survival in patients homozygous for CYP2D6*4. For CYP3A5, SULT1A1 and UGT2B15 no prognostic significance was observed. In the randomised group we found that for CYP3A5, homozygous carriers of the *3 allele tended to have an increased risk of recurrence when treated for 2 years with tamoxifen, although this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68 to 11.99, P = 0.15). In the group randomised to 5 years' tamoxifen the survival pattern shifted towards a significantly improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) among CYP3A5*3-homozygous patients (HR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.55, P = 0.002). No reliable differences could be seen between treatment duration and the genotypes of CYP2D6, SULT1A1 or UGT2B15. The significantly improved RFS with prolonged tamoxifen treatment in CYP3A5*3 homozygotes was also seen in a multivariate Cox model (HR = 0.13, CI = 0.02 to 0.86, P = 0.03), whereas no differences could be seen for CYP2D6, SULT1A1 and UGT2B15.

Conclusion
The metabolism of tamoxifen is complex and the mechanisms responsible for the resistance are unlikely to be explained by a single polymorphism; instead it is a combination of several mechanisms. However, the present data suggest that genetic variation in CYP3A5 may predict response to tamoxifen therapy.
Paediatric Preputial Pathology: Are we Circumcising Enough?
Authors: Yardley IE , Cosgrove C , Lambert AW 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION Preputial problems are a common reason for referral to the paediatric surgical out-patient department. Many boys referred do not need surgical intervention. One indication for intervention is balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), a potentially serious condition previously considered rare in childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive boys referred to a paediatric general surgical out-patient department with problems relating to their prepuce during a period of 4 years were included. The out-patient diagnosis and management was recorded. All foreskins excised were sent for histological analysis. RESULTS A total of 422 boys were referred, median age 6 years 2 months (range, 3 months to 16 years). Over half the boys referred simply required re-assurance that all was normal with their penis. However, 186 boys (44.1%) were listed for surgical procedures – 148 circumcision, 33 preputial adhesiolysis, and 5 frenuloplasty. There were histological abnormalities in 110 specimens (84.8%); chronic inflammation (n = 69; 46.6%), BXO (n = 51; 34.5%), and fibrosis(n = 4; 2.7%). Nineteen (12.8%) specimens were reported as histologically normal. The overall prevalence of BXO in the boys referred was 12.1%. CONCLUSIONS In this series, the percentage of boys circumcised and the prevalence of BXO were both higher than in other published series. BXO may be more common and present at a younger age than previously thought.
Surgery for Fractured Neck of Femur – are Patients Adequately Consented?
Authors: Probert Nick , Malik Atif A , Lovell Martyn E 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION Obtaining valid consent is a legal and ethical obligation when performing any procedure in clinical practice. This study was performed to identify the validity and effectiveness of the new consent form and any potential improvement that could be made when taking consent. PATIENTS AND METHODS Case notes of 173 patients undergoing surgery for fractured neck of femur were retrospectively reviewed. Risks and complications of the surgery as listed on the consent form were noted. Sixty-five cases were excluded from the study as they had either old consent forms with no risks recorded or a consent form signed by a consultant due to patient inability to consent. Six of the consent forms could not be located in the notes. This left 102 consent forms to be analysed. RESULTS The number of risks documented on each form ranged from 0–8 (mean, 3.92). No risks were recorded in 2 of these 102 forms. Most commonly recorded risks were infection (95.1%), DVT/PE (81.4%) and failure of procedure (59.8%). It was shown that many of the consent forms analysed did not have all the serious or frequently occurring risks recorded on them and that a large proportion of the forms had acronyms or phrases that may mean nothing to the patient. Comparison of documented risks for different hip surgery were made using Fisher's exact test showing no significant difference between the risks recorded on the forms for each type of procedure. CONCLUSIONS Although documentation of risks has been improved compared to old consent forms, patients are not necessarily given the most appropriate information to ensure consent is valid. Further refining of consent forms may be necessary to ensure that all major risks are explained and understood by patients and that there is satisfactory recording of this information.
Applications of High-Throughput RNA Interference Screens to Problems in Cell and Developmental Biology
Authors: Perrimon Norbert , Mathey-Prevot Bernard 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) in tissue culture cells has emerged as an excellent methodology for identifying gene functions systematically and in an unbiased manner. Here, we describe how RNAi high-throughput screening (HTS) in Drosophila cells are currently being performed and emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. Further, to demonstrate the versatility of the technology, we provide examples of the various applications of the method to problems in signal transduction and cell and developmental biology. Finally, we discuss emerging technological advances that will extend RNAi-based screening methods.
Permeation grouting of a fine-grained pyroclastic soil
Authors: Lirer S. , Flora A. , Evangelista A. , Verdolotti L. , Lavorgna M. , Iannace S. 
Published: January 2007

A research activity was recently started at the University of Napoli Federico II on the unusual application of permeation grouting to low-permeability soils and rocks. The project is aimed at finding a means for remedying some of the geotechnical hazards that involve the subsoil of Napoli, mostly made in its upper part of collapsible, unsaturated pyroclastic silty sands (pozzolana). This paper refers to the results obtained by treating pozzolana with sodium silicate solutions of water and a small percentage of silicates and of an inorganic additive. The results clearly indicate that the very diluted silicate grouts adopted are effective in this case, improving the mechanical properties of pozzolana not only from a physical point of view, by building up a polymeric net within the voids, but also by direct chemical interaction between the grout and the soil grains. The mechanical properties of grouted pozzolana depend on curing time, grout content and surrounding moisture conditions. Une activité de recherche vient d´être lancée à l´Université Federico II de Naples; elle porte sur l´application inhabituelle de la cimentation infiltrante dans des sols et rochers à basse perméabilité. Ce projet a pour but de trouver comment remédier à quelques-uns des risques géotechniques que connaît le sous-sol de Naples, principalement dans sa partie supérieure de sables limoneux pyroclastiques non saturés (pozzolana). Cet exposé montre les résultats obtenus en traitant le pozzolana par des solutions d´eau contenant un petit pourcentage de silicates et un additif inorganique. Les résultats indiquent clairement que les ciments au silicate très dilués qui ont été adoptés sont efficaces dans ce cas, améliorant les propriétés mécaniques du pozzolana non seulement sur le plan physique, en créant un filet polymérique à l´intérieur des vides, mais aussi par une interaction chimique directe entre le ciment et les grains de sol. Les propriétés mécaniques du pozzolana cimenté dépendent du temps de cuisson, du contenu de ciment et des conditions humides ambiantes.