bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mezzanine participations
Authors: Leonard Carson 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn April of 2005, one of the architectural icons of the New York City skyline, the Met Life Building, on Park Avenue above Grand Central Terminal, was purchased by an affiliate of one of the leading real estate companies in the USA, Tishman–Speyer. Designed by Emery Roth and Walter Gropius, the building now boasts some of the highest asking rents in Manhattan. The acquisition financing for this transaction was originated by a leading investment bank and was structured to include a mortgage loan and three mezzanine loans. The mortgage loan was carved into a number of pieces and sold in several securitization transactions. Through participation and servicing agreements put in place by the originator, the mezzanine loans were each carved into participations and sold off in a series of transactions to a variety of institutional investors. This transaction is an example of the critical role that mezzanine financing has come to play in large real estate financings over the past half‐decade. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renewed interest in hotel investment: white paper
Authors: Lee Brian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAs the world's largest industry, tourism is becoming increasingly global and places greater demands on the hotel trade.Tourist traffic had increased by 30% over the last five years, according to the World Tourism Organisation, and will shortly exceed one billion tourist arrivals per annum.Greater demand for hotel accommodation coupled with increasing separation of ownership and management has placed the hotel sector firmly in the investment spotlight.The following article explains why. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photocaged Agonist for an Analogue‐Specific form of the Vitamin D Receptor
Authors: Biggins John B. , Hashimoto Atsushi , Koh John T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) represent a diverse class of ligand‐dependent transcriptional regulators. NHRs that have been rendered functionally inactive due to mutations that abrogate proper ligand binding can often be rescued by appropriately designed hormone analogues. The analogue‐specific receptor–ligand pairs provide an ideal platform from which to develop new chemogenomic tools for the spatial and temporal control of gene expression. Here, we describe the synthesis and in vitro assessment of a photocaged VDR agonist specific to a mutant NHR that is associated with vitamin D‐resistant rickets. The results provide insight into the utility of the agonist as a potential tool for photoinduced gene patterning.
Hybrid Peptides: Expanding the β Turn in Peptide Hairpins by the Insertion of β‐, γ‐, and δ‐Residues
Authors: Rai Rajkishor , Vasudev Prema G. , Ananda Kuppanna , Raghothama Srinivasarao , Shamala Narayanaswamy , Karle Isabella L. , Balaram Padmanabhan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe β turn segment in designed peptide hairpins has been expanded by the insertion of β‐, γ‐ and δ‐amino acids at the i+2 position. The model octapeptides Boc‐Leu‐Phe‐Val‐DPro‐Ac6c‐Leu‐Phe‐Val‐OMe (1), Boc‐Leu‐Phe‐Val‐DPro‐β3‐Ac6c‐Leu‐Phe‐Val‐OMe (2), and Boc‐Leu‐Phe‐Val‐DPro‐Gpn‐Leu‐Phe‐Val‐OMe (3) have been shown to adopt β hairpin conformations in methanol by the observation of key diagnostic nuclear Overhauser effects. Boc‐Leu‐Val‐Val‐DPro‐δ‐Ava‐Leu‐Val‐Val‐OMe (4) adopts a β hairpin conformation in crystals; this is stabilized by three cross‐strand hydrogen bonds as demonstrated by X‐ray diffraction. The canonical C10 turn in an α–α segment is expanded to C11, C12, and C13 turns in α–β, α–γ, and α–δ segments, respectively. The crystal structures of Piv‐LPro‐β3‐Ac6c‐NHMe (5) and Boc‐Ac6c‐Gpn‐Ac6c‐OMe (6) reveal intramolecularly hydrogen‐bonded C11 and C12 conformations, respectively. Computer modeling of octapeptide sequences that contain centrally positioned hybrid‐turn segments, by using turn parameters derived from the structures of peptides 5 and 6, establishes the stereochemical acceptability of the β hairpins in the cases of peptides 2 and 3. Accommodation of ω‐amino acids into the turn segments is achieved by the adoption of gauche conformations around the backbone CC bonds.
DNA‐Directed Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase–DNA Conjugates on Microelectrode Arrays: Towards Electrochemical Screening of Enzyme Libraries
Authors: Fruk Ljiljana , Müller Joachim , Weber Günther , Narváez Arántzazu , Domínguez Elena , Niemeyer Christof M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis work is aimed towards the generation of enzyme arrays on electrochemically active surfaces by taking advantage of the DNA‐directed immobilization (DDI) technique. To this end, two different types of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–DNA conjugates were prepared, either by covalent coupling with a bifunctional cross‐linker or by the reconstitution of apo‐HRP, that is, HRP lacking its prosthetic heme (protoporphyrin IX) group, with a covalently DNA‐modified heme cofactor. Both conjugates were characterized in bulk and also subsequent to their immobilization on gold electrodes through specific DNA hybridization. Electrochemical measurements by using the phenolic mediator ortho‐phenylendiamine indicated that, due to the high degree of conformational orientation, the apparent Michaelis–Menten constants of the reconstituted HRP conjugate were lower than those of the covalent conjugate. Due to the reversible nature of DDI, both conjugates could be readily removed from the electrode surface by simple washing and, subsequently, the electrodes could be reloaded with fresh enzymes, thereby restoring the initial amperometric‐response activity. Moreover, the specific DNA hybridization allowed us to direct the two conjugates to distinct sites on a microelectrode array. Therefore, the self‐assembly and regeneration capabilities of this approach should open the door to the generation of arrays of redox‐enzyme devices for the screening of enzymes and their effectors.
Heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor isoforms and epidermal growth factor receptor/ErbB1 expression in bladder cancer and their relation to clinical outcome
Authors: Kramer Christopher , Klasmeyer Kai , Bojar Hans , Schulz Wolfgang A. , Ackermann Rolf , Grimm Marc‐Oliver 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Cleavage of membrane‐anchored heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor (proHB‐EGF) yields a soluble HB‐EGF isoform (sHB‐EGF), which is an activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand and a C‐terminal fragment HB‐EGF‐C acting directly in the nucleus. In bladder cancer, overexpression of both HB‐EGF and EGFR have been observed, but to the authors' knowledge the prognostic significance of different modes of HB‐EGF signaling have remained unclear.METHODS.Expression and intracellular localization of HB‐EGF and EGFR were examined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin‐embedded specimens from 121 patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer. Tumor stage was pTis/pT1 in 7 patients, pT2 in 41 patients, pT3 in 55 patients, and pT4 in 18 patients. Lymph node metastases were present in 32 patients.RESULTS.Using an antibody directed against the C‐terminal domain, HB‐EGF expression was detected in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus of tumor cells. EGFR staining was uniform at the plasma membrane. The actuarial 5‐year cancer‐specific survival of patients with tumors with predominant nuclear HB‐EGF staining was 28% compared with 57% if HB‐EGF staining was predominantly cytoplasmic (P = .027). Disease outcome of patients with a ‘mixed’ HB‐EGF staining pattern was found to be between that of the 2 former groups. In agreement with previous studies, strong EGFR expression was associated with poor prognosis. Despite strong EGFR expression, predominant cytoplasmic HB‐EGF staining was associated with a more favorable outcome, whereas a predominant nuclear pattern defined a subgroup with extremely poor prognosis (5‐year tumor‐specific survival of 55% vs 13%, respectively; P = .026).CONCLUSIONS.The current study results confirm that EGFR expression is significantly correlated with disease‐specific mortality but that the outcome is also influenced by the mode of HB‐EGF signaling. Additional nuclear HB‐EGF signaling, indicative of increased cleavage of proHB‐EGF, appears to enhance the adverse activities. Cytoplasmic HB‐EGF staining likely reflects proHB‐EGF, which may also exert antiproliferative effects. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
The safety of breast‐conserving therapy in patients with breast cancer aged ≤40 years
Authors: van der Leest Marloes , Evers Lisette , van der Sangen Maurice J. C. , Poortmans Philip M. , van de Poll‐Franse Lonneke V. , Vulto Ans J. , Nieuwenhuijzen Grard A. P. , Brenninkmeijer Stefan J. , Creemers Geert‐Jan , Voogd Adri C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The objectives of this study were to study the probability of local control after breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) in a large population of patients with early‐stage breast cancer aged ≤40 years and to determine which factors had prognostic value.METHODS.All patients (n = 758) aged ≤40 years with clinical stage I or II breast cancer who underwent BCT in general hospitals in the southern part of the Netherlands between 1988 and 2002 were selected for the current analysis. BCT included local excision of the tumor followed by irradiation of the breast. Of 758 patients, 329 patients (43%) received adjuvant systemic treatment, and 36 patients (5%) underwent a microscopically incomplete excision. The median follow‐up was 8.5 years.RESULTS.During follow‐up, 95 patients developed a local recurrence without evidence of distant disease at the time the recurrence was diagnosed. Contralateral breast cancer was diagnosed in 59 patients. The 5‐ and 10‐year actuarial local recurrence rates were 9.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.6–11.4%) and 17.9% (95% CI, 14.1–21.7%), respectively. In a multivariate analysis, adjuvant systemic treatment reduced the risk of local recurrence (hazards ratio [HR], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28–0.78) and contralateral breast cancer (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24–0.87) by >50%.CONCLUSIONS.The risk of local recurrence in young patients who underwent BCT was reduced strongly by using adjuvant systemic treatment. This finding may provide an argument if favor of advising the use of systemic treatment for all patients aged ≤40 years who undergo BCT. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues and its receptor, parathyroid hormone 2 receptor, in the mouse brain
Authors: Faber Catherine A. , Dobolyi Arpád , Sleeman Mark , Usdin Ted B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) was identified as a potent parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) agonist. Existing anatomical data also support the suggestion that TIP39 is the PTH2R's endogenous ligand, but a comprehensive comparison of TIP39 and PTH2R distributions has not been performed. In the present study, we compared the distributions of TIP39 and PTH2R on adjacent mouse brain sections. In addition, we determined the locations of PTH2R‐expressing cell bodies by in situ hybridization histochemistry and by labeling β‐galactosidase driven by the PTH2R promoter in knockin mice. An excellent correlation was found between the distributions of TIP39‐containing fibers and PTH2R‐containing cell bodies and fibers throughout the brain. TIP39 and the PTH2R are abundant in medial prefrontal, insular, and ectorhinal cortices, the lateral septal nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the fundus striati, the amygdala, the ventral subiculum, the hypothalamus, midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the medial geniculate body, the periaqueductal gray, the ventral tegmental area, the superior and inferior colliculi, the parabrachial nuclei, the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and periolivary areas, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Furthermore, even the subregional distribution of TIP39‐ and PTH2R‐immunoreactive fibers in these regions showed remarkable similarities, providing anatomical evidence that TIP39 may act on the PTH2R. Based on these observations and on previous pharmacological data, we propose that TIP39 is an endogenous ligand of the PTH2R and that they form a neuromodulator system, which is optimally positioned to regulate limbic, endocrine, and auditory brain functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:563–583, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Culture of Ciona intestinalis in closed systems
Authors: Joly Jean‐Stéphane , Kano Shungo , Matsuoka Terumi , Auger Helene , Hirayama Kazuko , Satoh Nori , Awazu Satoko , Legendre Laurent , Sasakura Yasunori 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImprovements in closed‐system culturing methods for marine invertebrates are important prerequisites for the generalized use of transgenic lines. We discuss here the effects of several closed‐system conditions on the growth and survival of the solitary ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. In Shimoda, close to the sea, a small‐tank system was used to ensure that tanks and systems were reasonably equipped, water exchange was rapid, and animals separated to minimize the risk of infection. In Gif‐sur‐Yvette, an inland site, we tried to determine the optimal conditions to limit handling operations, and to save artificial seawater by avoiding water pollution. A mixture of at least two types of live algae was better than any single‐organism diet. With these maintenance protocols, we were able to obtain several generations of Ciona intestinalis, including several transgenic lines. Because these systems make it easier to rear Ciona intestinalis in laboratories, they increase the potentialities of this model organism for research. Developmental Dynamics 236:1832–1840, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ablation studies on the developing inner ear reveal a propensity for mirror duplications
Authors: Waldman Erik H. , Castillo Aldo , Collazo Andres 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe inner ear develops from a simple ectodermal thickening known as the otic placode. Classic embryological manipulations rotating the prospective placode tissue found that the anteroposterior axis was determined before the dorsoventral axis. A small percentage of such rotations also resulted in the formation of mirror duplicated ears, or enantiomorphs. We demonstrate a different embryological manipulation in the frog Xenopus: the physical removal or ablation of either the anterior or posterior half of the placode, which results in an even higher percentage of mirror image ears. Removal of the posterior half results in mirror anterior duplications, whereas removal of the anterior half results in mirror posterior duplications. In contrast, complete extirpation results in more variable phenotypes but never mirror duplications. By the time the otocyst separates from the surface ectoderm, complete extirpation results in no regeneration. To test for a dosage response, differing amounts of the placode or otocyst were ablated. Removal of one third of the placode resulted in normal ears, whereas two‐thirds ablations resulted in abnormal ears, including mirror duplications. Recent studies in zebrafish have demonstrated a role for the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in anteroposterior patterning of the developing ear. We have used overexpression of Hedgehog interacting protein (Hip) to block Hh signaling and find that this strategy resulted in mirror duplications of anterior structures, consistent with the results in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 236:1237–1248, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Free vibration analysis of rectangular plates with cutouts allowing for transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia
Authors: Aksu Güven 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe energy approach using the variational procedure in conjunction with the finite difference technique has been applied for the Mindlin theory dynamic analysis of rectangular plates with cutouts in which account is taken of the effects of both transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia. This study has clearly demonstrated that the discrepancy with the thin plate theory solutions increases with increasing values of thickness ratio β and the error due to the thin plate assumptions increases particularly for the higher modes. It is also concluded that the effect of a cutout becomes more pronounced as the thickness of the plate approaches the size of cutout.
Statistical analysis of the inelastic response of shear structures subjected to earthquakes
Authors: Rega G. , Vestroni F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInelastic deformations of structures subjected to strong earthquakes are commonly accepted by Aseismic Codes; some discrepancies exist in the different procedures proposed to design a structure for which the ductility demand is to be limited within acceptable values. To have a better insight into the seismic behaviour of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures beyond the elastic range, the dynamic elasto‐plastic response of a ten‐storey shear system under two sets of artificial and recorded accelerograms is studied considering different stiffness‐strength distributions and constitutive laws. Statistics of the results are presented, demonstrating the dependence of the overall and storey ductility values and of their ratio on the characteristics of the structure and excitation.
Non‐linear soil‐structure‐interaction analysis using dynamic stiffness or flexibility of soil in the time domain
Authors: Wolf John P. , Obernhuber Pius 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe basic equation of motion to analyse the interaction of a non‐linear structure and an irregular soil with the linear unbounded soil is formulated in the time domain. The contribution of the unbounded soil involves convolution integrals of the dynamic‐stiffness coefficients in the time domain and the corresponding motions. Alternatively, a flexibility formulation for the contribution of the unbounded soil using the dynamic‐flexibility coefficients in the time domain, together with the direct‐stiffness method for the structure and the irregular soil can be applied. The dynamic‐stiffness or flexibility coefficient in the time domain is calculated as the inverse Fourier transform of the corresponding value in the frequency domain. The dynamic‐stiffness coefficient's asymptotic behaviour for high frequencies determines the singular part whose transformation exists only in the sense of a distribution. As the dynamic‐flexibility coefficient converges to zero for the frequency approaching infinity, the corresponding coefficient in the time domain is simpler to calculate, as no singular part exists. The salient features of the dynamic‐stiffness and flexibility coefficients in the time domain are illustrated using a semi‐infinite rod with exponentially increasing area. The dynamic‐flexibility coefficients in the time domain are calculated for a rigid circular disc resting on the surface of an elastic halfspace and of a layer built‐in at its base. Material damping is also introduced using the three‐parameter Kelvin and the Voigt models.
Inelastic seismic response of simple eccentric structures
Authors: Tso W. K. , Sadek A. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe maximum ductility demand and the edge displacement of a simple single mass eccentric model is evaluated when the system is subjected to ground motions represented by the El Centro 1940 and Taft 1952 earthquake records. The resisting elements are taken to be bilinear hysteretic. It is found that the ductility demand depends to a great extent on the energy content of the ground motions, particularly in the period range beyond the elastic period of the system. Unlike elastic response, the coincidence of uncoupled torsional and lateral frequencies does not lead to exceptionally high inelastic response. An increase by a factor of two in ductility demand is not uncommon for a system with large eccentricity as compared to a symmetrical system. Therefore, system eccentricity has a larger effect on ductility demand than earlier studies indicated. Using Clough's model to allow for stiffness degradation effect, results are found to be within 20 per cent of those calculated based on the bilinear hysteretic model.
First passage of a sliding rigid structure on a frictional foundation
Authors: Bergman L. A. , Spencer B. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe first passage problem for a sliding rigid block on a frictional foundation, subjected to Gaussian white noise through the foundation, is studied. A well‐posed boundary value problem is formulated from Markov process theory and solved for the ordinary moments of time to first passage by the finite element method. A range of parameters is studied representing a simple seismic base isolation system. Results of Monte Carlo simulation are given for comparison.
The seismicity of Western Scandinavia
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of an evaluation of the seismicity of western Scandinavia. Intensities, with reference to the MSK scale, have been assessed for the larger earthquakes, in most cases from primary sources, and isoseismal maps have been constructed for the most important events, while for smaller shocks one or more isoseismal radii were estimated. In all, over 3,200 earthquakes have been retrieved for Northwest Europe including about 300 artificial events such as chemical explosions, rock‐bursts and mine explosions. Of these, 500 events occurred in western Scandinavia. Surface‐wave magnitudes were reassessed for 205 events, using surface‐wave amplitude‐period data, and all earthquakes recorded by more than 6 stations were relocated for the period prior to 1955. A calibration formula, obtained from the combination of macroseismic and instrumental data of the 20th century, has been used to assign magnitudes to all events for which there is macroseismic information available, thus deriving a homogeneous body of data covering a period of 180 years.It is shown that the largest earthquake in the region since 1800 occurred on land and that it had a magnitude in excess of 6.0. This is contrary to the current belief, based on short‐term data, that the larger events in western Fennoscandia occur offshore in the continental shelf areas.
Tank damage during the may 1983 coalinga earthquake
Authors: Manos George C. , Clough Ray W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe magnitude M = 6‐5 Coalinga earthquake of 2 May 1983 caused intense ground shaking throughout the epicentral region. Unanchored cylindrical ground supported tanks located at six sites within this oil producing area were damaged; damages included elephant's foot buckling at the base of three moderate sized tanks, joint rupture and top shell buckling in one large old rivetted tank, bottom plate rupture of a relatively new welded tank and damage to the floating roofs of 11 tanks. Also oil spilled over the top of many tanks and secondary damages occurred in pipe connections, ladders, etc.In this paper an estimate is made of the intensity of ground motion at each of the tank sites, based on strong motion records made during the main shock and the strongest aftershock. Then response parameters specified by current codes are correlated with the damages observed at each tank site. Based on this comparison, it is concluded that current U.S. practice under‐estimates the sloshing response of tanks with floating roofs and does not adequately address the uplifting mechanism of unanchored ground supported tanks.
Tertiary systems
Authors: Hernried Alan G. , Sackman Jerome L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThrough perturbation theory, results are obtained for the dynamic response of the very light equipment component(s) of tertiary equipment‐structure systems. Both the three‐degree‐of‐freedom and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom models are examined. The case of all natural frequencies of the subsystems distinct (detuning) as well as a natural frequency of each subsystem close or equal to one another (tuning) are examined. The results should serve as a reliable and economical alternative to expensive numerical time‐integration schemes which may mask significant response due to ill‐conditioning of the combined system property matrices.