bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombolysis: past, present, and future
Authors: Gray D 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Management of myocardial infarction evolved because of understanding of underlying disease processes and clinical trials of “chemical” and “mechanical” clot dissolution that reduced in-hospital mortality. Meta-analysis comparing these treatment strategies marginally favours angioplasty. Current European Society of Cardiology guidelines propose primary angioplasty as the preferred therapeutic option but few units in the UK can offer angioplasty on demand as a designated “heart attack centre”. Thrombolysis will continue as it is widely available and training needs and costs less than angioplasty. Community thrombolysis should be made available for those patients who do not wish for such aggressive intervention or as a prelude to transfer time to a heart attack centre distant from a triage hospital.
Reducing transfer times for coronary angiography in patients with acute coronary syndromes: one solution to a national problem
Authors: Bellenger N G , Wells T , Hitchcock R , Watkins M , Duffet C , Jewell D , Palliser D , Shapland L , Curtis R , Scrase S , Burns R , Curzen N 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Backgound
Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at high risk of further cardiac events and benefit from early intervention, as reflected by international guidelines recommending early transfer to interventional centres. The current average waiting time of up to 21 days contravenes evidence based early intervention, creates geographical inequity of access, wastes bed days, and is unsatisfactory for patients.

Methods
A regional transfer unit (RTU) was created to expatiate access of ACS patients referred from other centres to the revascularisation service. By redesigning the care pathway patients arriving on the RTU undergo angiography within 24 hours, and then leave the RTU the following day, allowing other ACS patients to be treated.

Results
During the first six months of the RTU, the mean waiting time from referral to procedure decreased from 20 (SD 15) days (range 0–51) to 8 (SD 3) days (range 0–21) for 365 patients transferred from a distict general hopsital. Ninety seven per cent of patients underwent angiography within 24 hours, 61% having undergone percutaneous coronary intervention at the same sitting, and 78% were discharged home within 24 hours.

Conclusions
Delivering standards laid out in the National Service Framework, reducing inequalities of care across the region, and facilitating evidence based strategies of care represents a challenging and complex issue. For high risk patients suffering ACS who need early invasive investigation, a coordinated network wide approach together with the creation of an RTU resulted in a 62% reduction in waiting times for no extra resources. Further improvements can be expected through increased capacity of this verified strategy.
Colonic involvement in Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Authors: Powell N , Munro J M , Rowbotham D 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Severe gastrointestinal tract involvement is a rare manifestation of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). The case is described of a 17 year old man who developed SJS secondary to phenytoin. In addition to the cutaneous, ocular, and oral mucosal lesions typical of SJS, he also developed persistent, bloody diarrhoea associated with life threatening malnutrition. Serial colonoscopy showed severe and progressive colitis. He was treated with a combination of long term nutritional support, probiotic therapy, and supportive measures. He was eventually discharged from hospital six months after admission when the diarrhoea improved and he began to gain weight.
Investigation and treatment of faecal incontinence
Authors: Maslekar S , Gardiner A , Maklin C , Duthie G S 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Faecal incontinence is a debilitating condition affecting people of all ages, and significantly impairs quality of life. Proper clinical assessment followed by conservative medical therapy leads to improvement in more than 50% of cases, including patients with severe symptoms. Patients with advanced incontinence or those resistant to initial treatment should be evaluated by anorectal physiology testing to establish the severity and type of incontinence. Several treatment options with promising results exist. Patients with gross sphincter defects should undergo surgical repair. Those who fail to respond to sphincteroplasty and those with no anatomical defects have the option of either sacral nerve stimulation or other advanced procedures. Stoma formation should be reserved for patients who do not respond to any of the above procedures.
Support for and reported compliance with smoke-free restaurants and bars by smokers in four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Borland R , Yong H-H , Siahpush M , Hyland A , Campbell S , Hastings G , Cummings K M , Fong G T 
Published: June 2006

Objective:To explore determinants of support for and reported compliance with smoke-free policies in restaurants and bars across the four countries of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.Design:Separate telephone cross-sectional surveys conducted between October and December 2002 with broadly representative samples of over 2000 adult (⩾ 18 years) cigarette smokers in each of the following four countries: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.Outcome measures:Support for smoke-free policies in restaurants and pubs/bars and reported compliance with existing policies.Results:Reported total bans on indoor smoking in restaurants varied from 62% in Australia to 5% in the UK. Smoking bans in bars were less common, with California in the USA being the only major part of any country with documented bans. Support for bans in both restaurants and bars was related to the existence of bans, beliefs about passive smoking being harmful, lower average cigarette consumption, and older age. Self-reported compliance with a smoking ban was generally high and was associated with greater support for the ban.Conclusions:Among current cigarette smokers, support for smoking bans was associated with living in a place where the law prohibits smoking. Smokers adjust and both accept and comply with smoke-free laws. Associates of support and compliance are remarkably similar across countries given the notably different levels of smoke-free policies.
Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Hammond D , Fong G T , McNeill A , Borland R , Cummings K M 
Published: June 2006

Background:Health warnings on cigarette packages are among the most common means of communicating the health risks of smoking. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of package warnings on consumer knowledge about tobacco risks.Objective:The aim of the current study was to use nationally representative samples of adult smokers from the United States (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Canada (CAN), and Australia (AUS) from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4) to examine variations in smokers’ knowledge about tobacco risks and the impact of package warnings.Methods:A telephone survey was conducted with 9058 adult smokers from the following countries: USA (n  =  2138), UK (n  =  2401), CAN (n  =  2214) and AUS (n  =  2305). Respondents were asked to state whether they believed smoking caused heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer in smokers, and lung cancer in non-smokers. Respondents were also asked whether the following chemicals are found in cigarette smoke: cyanide, arsenic and carbon monoxide.Findings:Smokers in the four countries exhibited significant gaps in their knowledge of the risks of smoking. Smokers who noticed the warnings were significantly more likely to endorse health risks, including lung cancer and heart disease. In each instance where labelling policies differed between countries, smokers living in countries with government mandated warnings reported greater health knowledge. For example, in Canada, where package warnings include information about the risks of impotence, smokers were 2.68 (2.41–2.97) times more likely to agree that smoking causes impotence compared to smokers from the other three countries.Conclusion:Smokers are not fully informed about the risks of smoking. Warnings that are graphic, larger, and more comprehensive in content are more effective in communicating the health risks of smoking.
Effects of the 2003 advertising/promotion ban in the United Kingdom on awareness of tobacco marketing: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Harris F , MacKintosh A M , Anderson S , Hastings G , Borland R , Fong G T , Hammond D , Cummings K M 
Published: June 2006

Background:In February 2003, a comprehensive ban on tobacco promotion came into effect in the United Kingdom, which prohibited tobacco marketing through print and broadcast media, billboards, the internet, direct mail, product placement, promotions, free gifts, coupons and sponsorships.Objective:To investigate the impact of the UK’s comprehensive ban on tobacco promotion on adult smokers’ awareness of tobacco marketing in the UK relative to Canada, the United States and Australia.Design:A total of 6762 adult smokers participated in two waves of a random digit dialled telephone survey across the four countries. Wave 1 was conducted before the UK ban (October–December 2002) and Wave 2 was conducted after the UK ban (May–September 2003).Key measures:Awareness of a range of forms of tobacco marketing.Results:Levels of tobacco promotion awareness declined significantly among smokers in the UK after implementation of the advertising ban. Declines in awareness were greater in those channels regulated by the new law and change in awareness of tobacco promotions was much greater in the UK than the other three countries not affected by the ban. At least in the short term, there was no evidence that the law resulted in greater exposure to tobacco promotions in the few media channels not covered by the law. Notwithstanding the apparent success of the UK advertising ban and the controls in other countries, 9–22% of smokers in the four countries still reported noticing things that promoted smoking “often or very often” at Wave 2.Conclusions:The UK policy to ban tobacco advertising and promotion has significantly reduced exposure to pro-tobacco marketing influences. These findings support the effectiveness of comprehensive bans on advertising and promotion, as included in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Prevalence and attributes of roll-your-own smokers in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Young D , Borland R , Hammond D , Cummings K M , Devlin E , Yong H-H , O’Connnor R J 
Published: June 2006

Background:Roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes are often substantially less expensive than factory made (FM) cigarettes, and appear to be increasing in popularity—perhaps because smokers seek out less expensive options to maintain their nicotine addiction. There is surprisingly little research available on the actual prevalence of RYO cigarette usage, and even less on the attributes of those who smoke RYO cigarettes.Objectives:This study has two objectives: (1) to compare the prevalence of RYO versus FM cigarette usage among adult smokers in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States; and (2) to compare the attributes of exclusive FM smokers, exclusive RYO smokers, and those who report “mixed” RYO and FM use.Design:The data were collected from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey (ITC-4), a random digit dialed telephone survey of representative samples of over 9046 adult smokers from the following four countries: Australia (n  =  2301), Canada (n  =  2,206), the UK (n  =  2400), and the USA (n  =  2,139), surveyed between October and December 2002, and on 6075 smokers followed-up, on average, seven months later.Results:The prevalence of RYO cigarette usage varied widely across the four countries, with a low of 6.7% in the USA, to 28.4% in the UK. Exclusive use of RYO cigarettes was more common in the UK than in the other three countries. The use of RYO cigarettes was associated with having a lower annual income, male sex, younger average age, higher level of nicotine addiction, a stronger belief that RYO tobacco is less harmful compared to other forms of tobacco, and a more positive perception of tobacco use. Prevalence of RYO use was relatively stable within each of the four countries between the baseline and follow-up survey. RYO use was unrelated to quitting activity at follow-up, although mixed RYO users who had made a quit attempt were more likely to relapse than either exclusive FM or exclusive RYO smokers.Conclusions:Patterns of RYO use vary considerably across Australia, Canada, the USA, and the UK. RYO smokers are a heterogeneous group; however, the factors associated with RYO use appear to be the same across the four countries studied.
Individual-level predictors of cessation behaviours among participants in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Hyland A , Borland R , Li Q , Yong H-H , McNeill A , Fong G T , O’Connor R J , Cummings K M 
Published: June 2006

Background:The International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey (ITC-4) is a prospective cohort study designed to evaluate the psychosocial and behavioural impact of national-level tobacco control policies enacted in the Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA. Wave 1 of ITC-4 survey was conducted between October 2002 and December 2002. Wave 2 survey was conducted between May 2003 and August 2003.Objective:To test for individual-level predictors of smoking cessation behaviours (that is, quit attempts and smoking cessation) among cigarette smokers in the ITC Four Country Study measured between Wave 1 and Wave 2. This set of predictors will serve as the base for evaluating the added effect of tobacco control policies and other factors.Methods:Respondents included in this study are 6682 adult current smokers in the Wave 1 main survey who completed the Wave 2 follow-up (1665 were in Canada, 1329 were in the USA, 1837 were in the UK and 1851 were in Australia).Results:Factors predictive of making a quit attempt included intention to quit, making a quit attempt in the previous year, longer duration of past quit attempts, less nicotine dependence, more negative attitudes about smoking, and younger age. Lower levels of nicotine dependence were the main factor that predicted future cessation among those that made a quit attempt.Conclusion:Intention to quit and other cognitive variables were associated with quit attempts, but not cessation. Behavioural variables related to task difficulty, including measures of dependence, predicted both making attempts and their success. Predictors of making quit attempts and cessation were similar for each of the four countries, but there were some differences in predictors of success.
Shepherds at Umma in the Third Dynasty of Ur: Interlocutors with a World beyond the Scribal Field of Ordered Vision
Authors: Adams Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Third Dynasty of Ur was a highly bureaucratized, late 3rd millennium B.C.E. empire centering in southern Mesopotamia. Its state superstructure, known almost exclusively from many tens of thousands of looted cuneiform tablets, has long been studied. However, these sources deal only indirectly or not at all with the impacts of imperial rule on the great mass of the subject population. Drawing upon an earlier prosopographic study of animal husbandry for the single province and city of Umma, this article focuses on shepherds, the lowest level of the administration, as a means of penetrating that wall of silence. As interlocutors, needing to face and be credible in both directions, they become the basis for a more inclusive view of the nature of the Ur III state. Largely indifferent to the condition of its subjects and to the complex realities of the economic tasks imposed on them by heavy taxes and arduous corvée labor, the administrative elite emerges as not only repressive, but more narrowly extractive rather than broadly managerial in its intent and operations. The overriding focus in pursuit of which it was highly successful (although for less than a century), appears to have been the flow of resources that would enhance its own hegemony and well-being. La Troisième Dynastie d'Ur était un empire hautement bureaucratisé de la seconde moitié du 3^e millénaire avant l'ère chrétien, centré sur la Mésopotamie du sud. Sa superstructure étatique, connue presque exclusivement grâce à des dizaines de milliers de tablettes cunéiformes pillés, a été longuement étudiée. Toutefois, ces sources ne portent pratiquement sur l'impact qu'avait l'autorité impériale sur la population assujettie. Puisant dans une étude prosopographique antérieure sur l'élevage dans la seule province et ville d'Umma, cet article concerne les bergers, personnages situés au niveau le plus bas de l'administration, dont l'étude doit permettre de percer ce mur de silence. En tant qu'interlocuteurs crédibles tournés à la fois vers le bas comme vers le haut, ils peuvent fournir les bases d'une image plus globale de l'état d'Ur III. Il ressort l'image d'une élite administrative plus ou moins indifférente aux conditions des sujets et aux réalités complexes des taches économiques qui leur sont imposés par des impôts importants et des corvées pénibles ; elle était non seulement répressive mais animée par des intentions et des opérations plus extractives que managerielles. L'essentiel du fonctionnement étatique, poursuivi avec beaucoup de succès (bien que pendant moins d'un siècle), semble avoir été d'assurer un flux de ressources à même d'augmenter sa propre hégémonie et bien-être.
The Importance of Political Analogies during Crises: Reflections on Nyyssönen
Authors: Baglione Lisa 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhat is the salience of historical events and why are certain ones central to the narratives of politicians of opposing views? Students of nation-state building frequently contend that key moments of glory or disaster are central for telling the story of the nation and thereby uniting the people. The Hungarian experience in interpreting the revolutionary events of 1956 and 1989, therefore, is not unique; rather it highlights an important phenomenon of politics in authoritarian as well as democratic systems. As elites compete for power, particularly during times of crisis, they often offer particular interpretations of key historical events. How well they can convince and mold public perceptions of both the contemporary situation and its historical analogy affect the power that leaders can wield. In contemporary American politics, a duel between two analogies (9/11-mushroom cloud versus Iraq-Vietnam) is currently raging, and whichever memory wins will have important short-run political consequences in the United States.
A Developmental Theory of Personality Producing Two Time Orientations
Authors: Pos Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a theory of genetically determined personality development, including the development of two mutually exclusive time orientations: alphas preferentially relate to their present, often being inattentive to their past and future; betas preferentially relate to their future and past, and tend to be inattentive to their present. These time orientations or perspectives derive from two types of autobiographic memory materializing around age 6, which cause two types of personality. For example, the theory views alphas as extroverted and betas as introverted although there are significant differences between Jung's view of these traits and the theory's definitions. Beginning at birth, the amalgam of inborn motivational contexts induces a context-specific partitioning of reality. This is left intact when an alpha child's autobiographic memory, which is free of trans-contextual sequencing of memories, becomes active and the child's identity becomes therefore multi-focal (situational), as represented by Jung's personality model. By contrast, a beta child spontaneously produces a trans-contextual sequence of memories. The youngster's partitioned reality fuses, leading to a singular, monofocal identity, as represented by Freud's personality model. Self-reflection in adolescence makes both implicit identities self-conscious. The underlying genes possibly belong to the X-chromosome, the alpha gene being dominant and the beta gene recessive.
Gendered Citizenship: Discourses on Domesticity in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Elsadda Hoda 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe first years of the 21st century in Egypt saw a marked movement by women activists and groups in Egypt to lobby for appointing women judges. The debate around the issue included arguments about women's "natural" roles, about their lesser abilities, and about the necessity of maintaining their place in the home to safeguard Arab cultural identity. In general, these debates posited domesticity as a marker of Arab identity and cultural specificity. I argue that domesticity is a modernist ideology that was transfigured into a representation of an essential Arab cultural identity which needed to be guarded and preserved. I also emphasize that discourses on domesticity were not the only existing discourses propagated in the nineteenth century. Zeinab Fawwaz's journey through history in search for women's participation in the public sphere can be interpreted as a clear challenge to the modernist binary opposition between a backward past and a modern, enlightened present. At the same time, it constituted a subversive narrative to the dominant narrative on domesticity. Similarly, Aisha Taymur's project did not dismiss tradition but sought to engage with it on its own premises in an attempt to argue for women's right.
Islamic Legal Reform: Sharī'a Court of Appeals and Maintenance for Muslim Wives in Israel
Authors: Abou-Ramadan Moussa 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe focus of this paper is the reform concerning maintenance. The sharī'a court for appeals in Israel created a substantial reform in sharī'a laws for maintenance. The underline of this reform is increasing the husband's obligation as to his wife. This obligation already exists in classical law and in the Ottoman family law from 1917, but the court emphasized and penetrated it so that the intermingling of Hanafī law, Ottoman family law and the court's ruling only widened the obligation of the husband. Thus, for example, the emphasis is articulated by applying obligation only on the husband, whereas the wife is not urged to go out for work. Moreover, the commitment for maintenance starts the day the contract is signed and not after the common life of the husband and the wife begins; there is no requirement for appointing experts in order to estimate the amount of maintenance; there is a widening of the responsibility for the dwelling; the fortification of the case law for acceptance of a nushūz (disobedience) claim; and control over the amounts decided by the sharī'a courts. In fact, this is a transition from one patriarchal position to another: from a patriarchal position based on a sharp dividing line of gender roles according to which the husband pays and the wife is paid, to another patriarchal position where the husband pays and the wife is paid larger amounts of money.