bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pumping speed measurement of turbomolecular pumps by a quasistationary pump‐down method
Authors: Jitschin W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe pumping speed of a turbomolecular pump is usually measured by injecting a stationary known gas flow via a standardised test dome into the pump and measuring the equilibrium pressure in the test dome. The ratio of gas throughput and pressure is just the pumping speed. In practice, the pressure can be conveniently and accurately measured, whereas the convenient and accurate throughput measurement is a challenging experimental problem. The present paper reports on a new method for measuring the pumping speed in which the throughput is generated by the pumping down of a vessel via an orifice. From the decrease of vessel pressure with time, and from known vessel volume, the throughput can be directly and accurately derived. Exploring measurements by the new method in fact give high accuracy, systematical error sources are practically negligible.
Zur Kennlinienstabilität von Seitenkanalverdichtern About the stability of the characteristic curves of side channel compressors
Authors: Surek D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIm Gegensatz zu radialen und axialen Turboverdichtern verfügen Seitenkanalverdichter über stabile Betriebskennlinien im gesamten Betriebsbereich. Diese für den Betriebseinsatz von Seitenkanalverdichtern vorteilhafte Eigenschaft wurde bisher entgegengenommen, ohne nach den Ursachen dafür zu fragen. Da stabile Betriebskennlinien von Turbomaschinen für die Kennfelderweiterung im Teillastbereich angestrebt und von vielen Anwenderbereichen gefordert werden, sollen im folgenden Beitrag die Ursachen für diese Erscheinung in Seitenkanalverdichtern ermittelt werden, mit dem Ziel, die dafür verantwortlichen Strömungsstrukturen auch in anderen Verdichterbauarten zu nutzen, um den zulässigen Betriebsbereich zu erweitern. Es muß auch die Frage beantwortet werden, ob Seitenkanalverdichterstufen in der Lage sind, bei Kopplung mit Stufen anderer Verdichterbauarten der kombinierten Verdichtereinheit eine stabile Kennlinie aufzuprägen. Wenn Seitenkanalverdichter dazu in der Lage sind, könnten Erweiterungen der Lage sind, könnten Erweiterungen der Betriebsbereiche von Turboverdichtern mit Seitenkanalverdichterendstufen ohne Pumpgrenze erreicht werden.
Winter survival of pea, faba bean and white lupin cultivars in contrasting Italian locations and sowing times, and implications for selection
Authors: ANNICCHIARICO P. , IANNUCCI A. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYIncreasing grain legume yields via autumn sowing requires winter-hardy material. Forty-nine pea, 24 faba bean and 11 white lupin cultivars recently released by 29 breeding institutions worldwide were sown in autumn 2002 at Lodi (northern Italy) and Foggia (southern Italy) on two different dates at each location, with the objective of assessing the winter survival of species and cultivars, its consistency across locations and sowing times, its relationship with grain yield and various morphophysiological traits and the implications for selection. The winter seasons were representative for the sites and had 54 frost days and −7·3°C absolute minimum temperature in Lodi, and 8 frost days and −3·4°C absolute minimum temperature in Foggia. The species differed in optimal sowing time at each location. Mild winter temperatures, preventing a sufficient hardening against late frosts, led to higher proportions of plants killed over winter in Foggia than in Lodi (0·17 v. 0·12 for pea; 0·20 v. 0·16 for faba bean; 0·34 v. 0·11 for lupin). Variation in winter mortality was much larger within species than among species. Winter mortality and grain yield of cultivars were inversely correlated (r=−0·49, −0·43 and −0·74 for entry means over locations of pea, faba bean and lupin, respectively). The consistency across environments of genotype winter mortality, estimated by genetic correlations, was high across sowing times and low across locations for faba bean, moderate across sowing times and fairly low across locations for pea, and always fairly high for lupin. A visual cold tolerance score was always related to better winter survival. Winter survival tended to correlate with larger seeds in faba bean and lupin, and was associated with later flowering in lupin. A rosette-like winter growth habit (defined by lower height/number of leaves ratio of seedlings in January) was correlated with winter survival in all species (after partialling out the influence of seed size in faba bean and lupin). The optimal index of indirect selection for low winter mortality included the cold tolerance score, the seedling height/number of leaves ratio and the seed size for faba bean, the first two of these variables for pea, but only the first variable for lupin. The gain in predicted efficiency over direct selection was high for faba bean (29%) and modest for pea and lupin (⩽10%).
Competitive traits and the stability of wheat cultivars in differing natural weed environments on the northern Canadian Prairies
Authors: MASON H. , GOONEWARDENE L. , SPANER D. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYNine spring wheat cultivars, selected on the basis of height, tillering capacity and maturity, were grown in differing levels of natural weed presence at three locations in Edmonton and New Norway, Alberta between 2003 and 2004. The objectives of the study were to (1) identify competitive traits in wheat cultivars, (2) determine whether traits associated with competitive ability differ under increasing weed pressure and (3) assess cultivar stability in and adaptation to environments differing in yield potential and weed competition. Eight experimental environments (including conventionally and organically managed fields with and without common oats sown as a weed analogue) were grouped into low, medium and high weed pressure levels, based on mean total weed biomass. Tallness and early heading and maturity were related to increased grain yield at the highest weed level. Greater spikes/m2, tallness and early heading were associated with reduced weed biomass, depending on weed level. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that height accounted for a small amount of variation in low weed environments, yet was more important as weed pressure increased. Finlay–Wilkinson (Finlay & Wilkinson 1963) stability analysis demonstrated that cultivars responded differently in environments differing in yield potential and in weed pressure. Older wheat cultivars were generally more yield-stable across environments, while modern semidwarf cultivars were more sensitive to changes in weed level. The cultivar Park (released in 1963) was the most yield- and weed-stable cultivar, coupled with relatively high yields and average weed biomass accumulation, and may therefore be well adapted to low yielding or high weed environments.
Does laryngopharyngeal reflux affect healing and recovery after tonsillectomy?
Authors: Elwany S , Nour Y A , Magdy E A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Laryngopharyngeal reflux is increasingly being implicated in several otolaryngological disorders.Aims:To study a potential correlation between pre-operative laryngopharyngeal reflux and wound healing and recovery after tonsillectomy, based on subjective and objective findings.Materials and methods:A prospective, blinded study was undertaken, including 60 patients scheduled for tonsillectomy, divided into two equal groups: a study group (group A) with pre-operative laryngopharyngeal reflux documented using ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring; and a control group (group B) without laryngopharyngeal reflux.Results:Group A had significantly higher pain scores on the seventh and 14th post-operative days (p = 0.022 andp = 0.000, respectively) and took a significantly longer time to return to normal eating (p = 0.013), compared with group B. Group A also showed significantly slower healing on the seventh and 14th post-operative days, as estimated by assessing the grade of post-operative slough formation (p = 0.016 andp = 0.029, respectively). A significant correlation between the number of pharyngeal reflux episodes and the degree of post-operative slough was also found.Conclusions:Laryngopharyngeal reflux can significantly decrease wound healing following tonsillectomy. Therefore, pre-operative recognition and management of this condition is desirable in order to eliminate its negative post-operative effect.
Development of the Literacy Achievement Gap: A Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Through Third Grade
Authors: Foster Wayne A. , Miller Merideth 
Published: July 2007

PurposeThe major goal of this study was to specify the developmental trajectories for phonics and early text comprehension skills of children from kindergarten through third grade.MethodData from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (N= 12,261) were used in this study. The participants were divided into 3 school readiness groups based on an assessment of literacy skill development at the time of entrance into kindergarten. The different groups were tracked on phonics and text comprehension development through the third grade.ResultsStudents in the average and high literacy readiness groups achieved high scores in decoding (phonics) by the end of the first grade. Students in the low readiness group did not match these scores until the third grade. Although the phonics gap was essentially closed in the third grade, a second, very significant text comprehension gap was exposed. The 3 readiness groups were analyzed to assess the relative contributions of parent education, income, and kindergarten literacy score to third-grade literacy achievement.Clinical ImplicationsThe results of this study stress the need for speech-language pathologists to assess emergent literacy skills in their speech and language clients and to include appropriate literacy goals in the treatment regimen as a means for reducing the potential need for identification as learning disabled in reading in the later years of elementary school.
Narrative and Vocabulary Development of Bilingual Children From Kindergarten to First Grade: Developmental Changes and Associations Among English and Spanish Skills
Authors: Uccelli Paola , Páez Mariela M. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose
Research has identified English oral language proficiency as being critical for bilingual students' literacy development. This study examines developmental patterns and associations among oral vocabulary and narrative skills in a longitudinal sample of 24 Spanish/English bilingual children from low socioeconomic backgrounds so as to further our understanding of the development of oral proficiency.

Method
English and Spanish data were gathered using standardized vocabulary tests and narrative elicitation tasks provided to kindergartners and first graders. Narratives were coded for length using two measures of productivity and for quality at two levels: story score and language score. Descriptive, correlation, multivariate, and regression analyses were conducted.

Results
Significant gains from kindergarten to first grade were found for all English oral language measures. Despite showing improvements in English vocabulary, the majority of children continued to score below the monolingual mean in first grade. For English narrative productivity, total number of different words (TDW) proved to be a sensitive developmental measure in contrast to total number of words (TNW). In Spanish, significant gains were noted only for narrative story score. Kindergarten Spanish story scores predicted first-grade English narrative quality even when controlling for the effects of English vocabulary and English narrative productivity. First-grade Spanish narrative quality was best predicted by Spanish vocabulary.

Implications
The need for early assessment and monitoring of expressive vocabulary and oral narrative skills, and the potential contributions of Spanish story organization skills to English narrative performance in bilingual children from low socioeconomic families, are highlighted.
Teaching Struggling Readers Who Are Native Spanish Speakers: What Do We Know?
Authors: Mathes Patricia G. , Pollard-Durodola Sharolyn D. , Cárdenas-Hagan Elsa , Linan-Thompson Sylvia , Vaughn Sharon 
Published: July 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to share what we have learned from a series of 4 scientific studies about preventing reading failure through early intervention with native Spanish-speaking students who are struggling readers. The goal is to provide guidance to practitioners about effective practices for working with native Spanish-speaking children who are struggling to become readers using evidence rather than conjecture and opinion.MethodFirst, the method and findings are summarized from each of 4 scientific studies (2 English, 2 Spanish) examining supplemental reading intervention that was provided in addition to core reading instruction in first grade. Second, the supplemental interventions are detailed. Next, aspects of instruction that appear to generalize from what we know about preventing reading failure among native English speakers are discussed. Last, the types of adjustments made to this instruction in order to accommodate the needs of English language learners are examined.ImplicationsOutcomes confirm that native Spanish-speaking children benefited from explicit, systematic instruction that shared many of the same elements that have been proven to be effective with native English speakers. Further, English as a second language teaching techniques (i.e., use of concrete gestures and visual aids, consistent and repeated routines, and use of repeated phrases and consistent language) benefited native Spanish speakers who were struggling to learn to read in English. However, little transfer of knowledge from one language to another was detected.
structureViz: linking Cytoscape and UCSF Chimera
Authors: Morris John H. , Huang Conrad C. , Babbitt Patricia C. , Ferrin Thomas E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummary: structureViz is a Cytoscape plug-in that links the visualization of biological networks provided by Cytoscape with the visualization and analysis of macromolecular structures and sequences provided by UCSF Chimera. When combined with Cytoscape and Chimera, structureViz provides the first tool that links these two critical aspects of computational analysis in a straightforward manner. structureViz includes commands to open structures in Chimera and align them using Chimera's sequence-structure analysis tools. When a structure is opened, structureViz provides an alternative interface to Chimera: the Cytoscape Molecular Structure Navigator. This interface uses a tree-based paradigm to allow users to select and affect the display of models, chains and residues, mostly through the use of context menus.Contact: scooter@cgl.ucsf.edu
Age, growth, and condition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from six lakes in the River Havel system (Germany)
Authors: Simon Janek 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Simon, J. 2007. Age, growth, and condition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from six lakes in the River Havel system (Germany). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1414–1422. A total of 199 female yellow European eels (Anguilla anguilla), 21.6–66.2 cm long and 3–14 years old, was collected by electro-fishing from six lakes in the River Havel system (Germany) in spring 2001. The condition and the growth rate, estimated by otolith increments, varied between eels within single lakes and between lakes. Fulton's condition factor ranged from 0.10 to 0.24 and the gross energy content varied between 4.3 and 15.3 MJ kg−1. There were no significant differences in mean condition factor (0.16–0.18) or gross energy content (6.5–9.3 MJ kg−1) between lakes. Fastest growth was in Lake Blankensee (mean 5.3 cm year−1), and the slowest in Lake Sacrow (mean 4.0 cm year−1). For all lakes combined, the overall mean annual increment was estimated to be 4.5 cm year−1. The biggest annual increment on the otoliths was generally laid down during the first and second years in fresh water, when the growth rate was 6.1–8.5 cm year−1. Then, in the subsequent 12 years, the annual increment remained almost constant or decreased slightly (with lake-dependent values of between 1.6 and 6.8 cm year−1). In the River Havel system, the time between stocking of the lakes with glass eels and the recapture of eels at 45 cm body length was 7–10 years. The physiologically possible maximum length (L∞ values) of eels lay in the range 50–130 cm. In comparison with previous investigations (between the 1950s and the 1970s), the only difference observed was a trend towards slower growth.
A flexible digestive strategy accommodates the nutritional demands of reproduction in a free‐living folivore, the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: KROCKENBERGER A. K. , HUME I. D. 
Published: July 2007

Summary

Small mammalian folivores, such as the koala, are considered to be energetically limited by their relatively small gut capacity compared with metabolic requirements and the gut‐filling effect of their poorly digestible leaf diet. However, during peak lactation, female koalas increase their food intake (35%) to meet the nutritional demands of reproduction.
This study examines mechanisms by which reproductive female koalas overcome limitations to food intake.
Digesta retention in the gastrointestinal tract was measured in free‐living koalas using inert solute (cobalt (Co) complexed with EDTA) and particle markers (chromium (Cr)‐mordanted to cell wall constituents’ 600–1180 µm in diameter).
The whole gut rate of passage of both markers was 2–3 times faster than in captive koalas, probably because of 35%–69% greater food intakes in the wild. As in captive koalas, the solute marker was retained longer than the particle marker in free‐living animals, indicating selective retention of fluid, solutes and small particles (including bacteria) in the hindgut caecum and proximal colon.The digesta retention of both markers were unaffected by the 35% increase in food intake associated with reproduction, largely due to a 42% increase in the solute marker pool size in lactating animals. The pool size of large particles in the digesta was unchanged.
Thus, female koalas meet the nutritional demands of reproduction at least partly by an increased solute digesta pool size, minimizing the detrimental effects of increased food intake on digestion of solutes and small particles, and on faecal loss of microbial protein. There was some indication that they also increase the passage rate of large particles or increase the efficiency of separation of large and small particles to reduce the gut‐filling effects of large, poorly digestible particles.
Clearly the digestive strategy of the koala is more flexible, and limitations to food intake less stringent, than previously thought. Female koalas accommodate the increased food intake required to meet the demands of free‐living and reproduction without compromising nutrient extraction from their eucalypt leaf diet. We suggest that similar flexibility in digestive strategy is likely to play an important role in the way that most small mammalian herbivores, especially arboreal folivores, meet the nutritional demands of reproduction.
Functional diversity within a morphologically conservative genus of predators: implications for functional equivalence and redundancy in ecological communities
Authors: RESETARITS WILLIAM J. , CHALCRAFT DAVID R. 
Published: July 2007

Summary

The idea that sets of species may have similar effects on population, community or ecosystem processes is a prevalent theme in many areas of ecology, especially in the context of biodiversity and ecosystem function. If indeed species are functionally equivalent, limiting similarity suggests that it should be closely related, morphologically similar species using similar resources in a similar manner.
We assayed the functional equivalence of three congeneric, morphologically similar predatory fish species (genus Enneacanthus). Functional equivalence was evaluated using aspects of both effects of fish on a variety of prey responses and the growth responses of the fish themselves as a measure of energy consumption. Fish were matched by initial size to control for effects of body size. A strict definition of functional equivalence based on niche theory was used to delineate it from the alternative of functional diversity.
Based on observed effects on larval anurans, only a single species pair could roughly be judged functionally equivalent, but these two species showed the greatest differences in growth rate and, hence, metabolic demand. Using the criterion of relative yield total, again, only a single pair could roughly be judged equivalent, however, members of this alternative species pair were dramatically different in their effects on larval anurans. Thus, as previously shown for a more diverse set of species, grouping of species by similarity in effects depends upon the specific response variable.
Overall range of effects produced on a variety of response variables was surprising, given the similarity in morphology and autecology, strong phylogenetic affinity, and the fact that neither predator size nor growth explained significant variation. Each species appears to be interacting with the environment in a different manner, either as a consequence of differences in metabolic demand or differences in preferences or efficiency with regard to prey types.
Observed responses are consistent with the predictions of niche theory and support an alternative explanation for observed relationships between diversity and ecosystem function. Our work suggests that functional equivalence may be uncommon, difficult to predict a priori, and that functional diversity, not functional equivalence, may underlie observed diversity–ecosystem function relationships.
The effects of montelukast on tissue inflammatory and bone marrow responses in murine experimental allergic rhinitis: interaction with interleukin‐5 deficiency
Authors: Roa Johanna , Morikawa Hiroshi , Crawford Lynn , Baatjes Adrian , Duong Mylinh , Denburg Judah A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are potent lipid mediators in allergic disease, acting through the receptors, cysLT1R and cysLTR2, and are produced by eosinophils derived from eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) bone marrow (BM) progenitors. We have demonstrated the suppressive effects of either interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) deficiency or montelukast on eosinophil recruitment in murine allergic rhinitis, but neither of them fully abrogated the symptoms caused by residual inflammation and cytokine redundancy in eliciting BM Eo/B responses. We hypothesized that IL‐5 deficiency and montelukast act synergistically to suppress tissue inflammatory and BM responses. Our objective was to investigate the effects of the cysLT1R antagonist, montelukast, on in vivo tissue inflammatory and BM responses in murine experimental allergic rhinitis with or without IL‐5 deficiency. Three groups of age‐matched BALB/c mice with or without IL‐5 deficiency were tested: controls (ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, placebo treatment) and two montelukast‐treated groups (2·5 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg). Nasal symptoms, BM and nasal mucosal eosinophils, basophils, and BM Eo/B colony‐forming units (CFU) were evaluated. Montelukast decreased nasal symptoms in a dose‐dependent manner, and significantly decreased the number of eosinophils in both BM and nasal tissue in IL‐5‐replete mice compared to controls. In IL‐5‐deficient mice, in which eosinophilia was absent, montelukast significantly decreased both nasal symptoms and basophils in BM and nasal mucosal tissue, and lowered IL‐5‐responsive Eo/B‐CFU ex vivo, compared to controls. The addition of cysLT1R blockade to IL‐5 deficiency more fully attenuates symptoms and upper airway inflammation than either factor alone, providing evidence of systemic, BM mechanisms in allergic rhinitis.