bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alizarin and tetracycline binding by bone mineral
Authors: Myers Howard M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe nature of alizarin combination with bone is thought to be a chelation with a divalent cation on the surface of the crystal. Reactions of alizarin with bone mineral and apatite, rather than with intact bone, have been demonstrated by several investigators. In vitro titration indicates that a positive divalent or trivalent ion is capable of chelating with alizarin. Aluminum and iron form the strongest chelates, but calcium, magnesium, barium, etc. are capable of reacting. Not only does bone mineral, such as hydroxyapatite, combine with alizarin, but such other calcium‐containing salts as calcium fluoride also bind the dye.The structure of alizarin that reacts with the metal ion appears to require a hydroxyquinone as the ligand. The presence of a second hydroxy group on the ring in the 2 position, or in almost any other position on the ring, facilitates the binding of the ligand to the apatite. This makes the dihydroxy molecules far more effective at low pH, and it is to this family of compounds that alizarin belongs. Alizarin red S is simply the placement of asulfonic acid group on the ring to get additional ionic structure, in order to make it soluble in water. A variety of isomers of alizarin have been studied, and all are capable of reacting with bone mineral on the same molar basis. In fact, removal of the unsubstituted ring of alizarin to form dihydroxy‐naph‐aquinone produces a dye still capable of reacting with apatite. The ratio of the moles of napthaquinone bound to those of anthraquinone may be explained by the relative sizes of the two dye molecules.It has been shown that phosphate competitively replaces alizarin, and that its presence in solution will prevent alizarin attachment to the surface of apatite. This result can be interpreted to mean that both the alizarin and the phosphate tend to occupy the same site when they are being adsorbed onto the surface.Tetracyclines, while more complex in structure, appear to have a binding mechanism to apatite which resembles that of alizarin.
Tetracycline bone labeling in anatomy
Authors: Frost Harold M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTetracyclines are deposited in vivo at centers of active bone formation, and can be seen by fluorescence microscopic examination of undecalcified bone sections. With this marker, the rate of bone formation at the level of the osteon can be measured, and is taken to indicate the speed of bone formation at the level of the osteoblast. When the number of bone‐forming centers is then counted, it becomes possible to compute: (1) the number of new centers initiated per unit time, which number is taken to indicate the number of new osteoblasts created from the osteoprogenitor cell (mesenchymal cell) pool; (2) the rate of bone formation averaged over the whole sample, which is the form of protein anabolism characteristic of bone.Therefore the tetracycline‐labeling technique permits the quantitative analysis of skeletal growth, as well as the maintenance of the mature skeleton, in terms of tissue dynamics and cell population dynamics. Of major importance in the design of future studies is the frequent finding that abnormalities in the rate of bone formation over the whole tissue may be the opposite of abnormalities in the rate of bone formation at the level of the osteoblast. This situation can exist because osteoprogenitor cell behavior can – and frequently does – produce major changes in the total number of functional osteoblasts, changes which do not correlate with changes in the behavior of individual osteoblasts.
The use of metallic implants in the study of facial growth in children: Method and application
Authors: Björk Arne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOn the basis of experience gained over a number of years, an account is given of the technique for insertion of the implants, the radiographic method, and the graphic procedure for preparation of growth tracings. Small pins of hard tantalum are hammered into the bone under local analgesia with a pencil‐shaped instrument, in the tip of which the implant is placed. No surgical exposure is necessary. Because of remodeling resorption of the bone and eruption of the teeth, the implants can be placed only in certain places in the maxilla and mandible.In implant studies it is necessary to observe a high level of reproducibility in positioning the head in the cephalostat. An X‐ray cephalostat with a built‐in image intensifier has been designed which enables the position to be monitored by televison.In the graphic procedure, drawings of the arches from dental casts are incorporated in tracings of profile radiographs; the paths of eruption of the teeth and development or the arches can then be examined with the metallic implants as references.
Distribution of hereditary factors in the blood of Indians of the Gila river, Arizona
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Burch Thomas A. , Polesky Herbert F. , Swanson Jane , Sutton H. Eldon , Robinson Abner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the distribution of blood groups, A‐B‐H secretors, haptoglobins, transferrins and hemoglobin types among Indians of the Gila River Valley in Arizona. Specimens were procured from the following putative full‐bloods: 909 Pima, 37 Papago, and 124 Maricopa; and from the following known mixed‐bloods: Pima‐Papago 134, Pima‐Maricopa 26, Pima‐Other Indian 41, Pima‐Caucasian 33. These 1304 samples were tested for factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego blood group systems, and for additional blood factors (Wra), Doa, Vel, Yta, Coa, Gya, Sav, and L. W. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates, prepared from whole blood, were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented on appropriate tables as number and per cent of phenotypes for the various blood group antigens and their calculated allele frequencies. Locations of the populations from which blood samples were procured are shown on a map (fig. 1). Tests made by earlier workers on the blood of Arizona Indians and related tribes are presented for comparison and discussed.The usual high frequencies for allele O reported in Amerinds was found among the putatively full‐blood Gila Indians; the 124 Maricopa presented the maximum frequency of 1.000.High frequencies were reported generally for M, s, P1, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), k (100%) Fy, and Doa alleles. Low frequencies were reported for N, S, r (cde), R° (cDe), fy, Le1w and Dia (Pima only).There was a wide variation in frequencies for jk, and Hp1, and there were 17 Transferrin Tf B1C observed in 270 Pima samples tested. All the remaining were classified as Tf C except two Tf B;C from mixed‐bloods.All samples tested for Vel, Yta, Coa, Sav, and Hemoglobin (A) showed the maximum frequency (1.000) for their genes.The following antigens were completely absent: Lua, Mia, Vw, Mta, p, Pk, ry (CdE), K, and Wra.The results of this study suggests that the Papago tribe presents fewer genes of non‐Indian origin than the Pima, and the Maricopa least of the three populations.
The oxygen cost of breathing in man: Effects of altitude, training, and race
Authors: Mazess Richard B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe oxygen cost of breathing was determined by an open‐circuit method with voluntary hyperventilation over a wide range of volumes. In 11 lowland residents the oxygen cost (ml/1 STPD) of extra ventilation (BTPS) was 3.3 ml/1 at sea level and 2.1 ml/1 after 16 days at 4000 m; the corresponding cost for ventilation STPD was 4.2 ml/1 at altitude and 4.1 ml/1 at sea level. In acclimatized persons at altitude, including both native Indian and European residents, the cost of breathing varied from 2.5 to 3.7 ml/1. On the average, the cost of breathing for acclimatized subjects was 3.1 ml/1 (BTPS), only slightly lower (5 to 10%) than that for lowlanders at sea level. This relatively higher cost with acclimatization, though still lower than at sea level, may reflect pulmonary congestion concomitant with altitude sojourn. Group differences in the cost of breathing could not be ascribed to athletic training, racial background, or permanent altitude residence, nor was there a difference of cost during quiet seated hyperventilation versus cost during free wheel bicycle pedalling. Individual, group, altitude, and acclimatizational differences in the cost of breathing could affect oxygen intake at rest and work, as well as the regulation of ventilation.
Hominid evolution in northwest Africa and the question of the north African “Neanderthaloids”
Authors: Briggs L. Cabot 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe North African evidence bearing on hominid evolution is summarized and reviewed in relation to its industrial associations and apparent chronological order. Three tacit suppositions of the past and their effects on taxonomy and thinking in evolutionary anthropology are examined, namely the concepts of a single and unique origin of Man, of the inherent and essential, distinction between physical and spiritual Man, and of physical resemblance as absolute proof of relationship. The consequent confusion and looseness of application which have characterized hominid taxonomy, especially concerning the term Neanderthal and its derivatives, are examined and discussed primarily in relation to the so‐called Neanderthals of northern Africa.It is suggested that the Atlanthropus remains may represent not one but two hominid varieties. Further it is argued that none of the North African remains are demonstrably related to the European Neanderthals and that some at least of them seem clearly unrelated. In conclusion it is suggested that the hominid remains from Ternifine, the Littorina Cave (Casablanca), Témara, Rabat, Jebel Irhoud and Tangier may represent links in a North African chain of hominid evolution which developed locally and remained independent of all external influence during the period covered by those specimens.
Association between discontinuous cranial traits
Authors: Hertzog Keith P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe associations of discontinuous variants (accessory ossicles, parietal foramina, and fronto‐temporal articulation) at seven circumparietal sites were tested by deriving chi‐squares and contingency coefficients for each pair of sites in 366 crania (N=732 sides) of the Morton collection, divided into six geographic racial subsamples. Seventy‐four of 85 race specific coefficients were positive and 25 of these were significant at the 0.05 level, while 11 of the 15 total sample coefficients were significant at the 0.01 level. Considerable racial variation was exhibited in the number and pattern of associations. Associations between adjacent sites were higher than those between non‐adjacent sites. This neighborhood pattern of associations is discussed with reference to a model in which many of the factors which produce these discontinuous variants operate on a regional scope, encompassing several neighboring sites, with overlapping of the regions affected by different factors.
Climatic influence on the skeletal nasal aperture
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAbstract Climate is thought to be one of the factors affecting the distribution of nasal form as represented by the breadth and height of the skeletal nasal aperture. A model of nasal function is developed to predict influences on the skeletal nasal dimensions by selection acting upon the external nasal passage and aperture. Cranial series from Alaska and Australia, each series representing a climatic continuum from warmer and moister conditions to cooler and drier conditions, verify the predictions. These data suggest conditions for testing hypotheses about human variation.
Population frequencies and altered remodeling mechanisms in normal medullary stenosis
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Davila Gail H. , Rohmann Christabel G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in 2065 women aged 18 to 45 years from seven countries of Central and North America, the population frequency of normal medullary stenosis ranges from under 2% to nearly 7%. In this condition, endosteal apposition may begin in infancy and continue through the fourth decade with a compensatory reduction in the rate of subperiosteal apposition, leading to an approximately normal cortical cross‐sectional area contained in a smaller subperiosteal envelope.
A note on the olduvai clavicular fragment
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCertain features of the Olduvai clavicular fragment have been examined in the light of data already existing on the form of the clavicle in primates. Although similar to that of modern man, the fragment exhibits features which suggest that its function may have differed somewhat from that of the clavicle in man. The new information correlates well with that obtained from the fragmentary Sterkfontein scapula.
Elemental bone iron in the Anasazi Indians
Authors: Zaino Edward C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExcavation of a pithouse village of Anasazi Indians occupied during Pueblo II (A. D. 900‐1100) near Littlefield, Arizona, uncovered 14 adult, children and infant burial sites.Iron measurements were made of samples of bone and the sand surrounding the bones at each burial site.Iron in the bones were found to be equivalent to present day normal values. Iron content in the sand surrounding the bones was low and no relationship was noted between the bone iron and the sand iron.These findings are probably valid only for regions where there is good skeletal preservation.The findings support the concept that the diet of these prehistoric Anasazi Indians was nutritionally adequate.
Mutation and selection — a quantitative evaluation
Authors: Brues Alice M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA quantitative comparison of gene frequency change by mutation, selection, and mutation and selection combined, demonstrates that even when the mutation rate is quite high (1/10,000 per generation), and favorable selection almost imperceptibly small (.0025 per gene per generation) selection becomes the principal force changing gene frequency as soon as the new gene has reached the level of 4%.
Observations on mid‐tertiary hominoids Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus
Authors: Prasad K. N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDetailed palaeontological analyses of the hominoids of the Miocene indicate the occurrence of forms belonging to Pongidae and Hominidae. Of these, Sivapithecus (Pongidae) with three contained species and Ramapithecus (Hominidae) with two distinct species can be recognized. These two families Pongidae and Hominidae were sufficiently well defined and distinct by the late Miocene about 14 million years ago. The author has discussed in brief the status of a few interesting finds of Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus based on the study of the originals preserved in India and America.
The frequency of appearance of transverse lines in the tibia in relation to childhood illnesses
Authors: Gindhart Patricia Schwager 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis that transverse lines of increased density in growing bones are caused by illnesses and other traumas of childhood was investigated using tibial x‐rays and medical records of 107 boys and 94 girls in the Fels longitudinal series. There is not a one to one relationship between even severe illnesses and line formation. The frequency of appearance of lines at each age interval, one month through fourteen years, was calculated for both sexes separately and combined, in order to show periods of maximum formation. That transverse lines are “growth arrest” lines which cause ultimate growth retardation was discounted since no significant difference in finally attained adult stature was noted between heavily and lightly lined subjects.
Roentgenographic and direct measurement of femoral cortical involution in a prehistoric Mississippian population
Authors: van Gerven Dennis P. , Armelagos George J. , Bartley Murray H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent roentgenographic studies suggest that periosteal apposition adds femoral cortical bone faster than it is lost by endosteal involution, so that cortical bone area increases with age. A comparison was made of direct and roentgenographic measurements of femoral cortical bone using femora from 23 females and 20 males of a prehistoric Mississippian population dated at A.D. 1540–1700. The comparison revealed that significant errors existed in the technique of radiographic measurement (p<0.000001), in estimating male and female cortical thickness (p<0.000001), and the changes in thickness with age (p<0.000001). There was no significant interaction of the variables: age, sex, and method.The errors arose partly from the inability of the roentgenograph to reveal clearly endosteal porosity, and partly in the assumption that the medial and lateral cortical wall thickness would be representative of the mean cortical thickness.The reduction in cortical thickness (11.3% males and 29.3% females) with age as measured directly is comparable with loss in modern populations.
Distribution of transferrin phenotypes in selected troops of Kenya baboons
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Olivier Thomas J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of transferrin alleles in a group of common baboons, Papio cynocephalus of East Africa, was determined after starch gel electrophoresis of plasma and autoradiography of electrophoretograms. Three alleles, TfA, TfB, and TfC, were found, in agreement with results previously reported. The frequencies of these alleles are TfA = 0.276, TfB = 0.515, Tfc = 0.209. The difference between the frequencies reported here and those reported by Buettner‐Janusch (1963 Folia Primat., 1: 73–87) for the same species (TfA = 0.205, TfB = 0.332, Tfc = 0.463) is significant. Transferrin of P. cynocephalus contains four residues of sialic acid per molecule of transferrin, as determined by electrophoresis and autoradiography of plasma treated with neuraminidase.
A statistical study of the multivariate structure and race‐sex differences of American White and Negro fetal skeletons
Authors: Choi Sung C. , Trotter Mildred 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe techniques of factor analysis and discriminant analysis have been applied to 21 measurements of 115 fetal, American White and Negro skeletons. It was found that the factor patterns of the race‐sex groups are similar and that two factors describe approximately 85% of the total variance of the multivariate structure of the skeleton. Discriminant analyses showed that differences between the sexes are more marked than those between the races. A function was obtained by which the sex of fetal skeletons may be classified.
An atypical Bronze Age mandible from Żerniki Górne, Poland
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe unusual anatomical features of a Bronze Age mandible are described. Of particular interest were the shelf‐like ridges which were located approximately midway along the rami. These ridges probably formed the insertion areas for the masseter muscles. Of two possible explanations presented to account for the unusual morphological variations, the more likely is the congenital absence of the superficial portions of the masseter muscles. However, an alternative explanation is presented suggesting the presence of shortened superficial portions of the masseter muscle which could explain the contour of the shelf.
Demographic structure of a primitive population: A simulation
Authors: MacCluer Jean W. , Neel James V. , Chagnon Napoleon A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA stochastic computer simulation model has been used to study the demography of the Ya̧nomamö Indians of Venezuela and Brazil, whose social organization is typical of many primitive societies. It has been found by simulation that perhaps one third of all Ya̧nomamö marriages involve individuals related as first or second cousins, and that more than 16% of all males must leave their villages to find wives, in spite of a strong preference for village endogamy. In the process of validating and experimenting with the model, we discovered (1) the role of sibship size in determining a man's ability to obtain wives; (2) the variability in frequency of cousin marriages through time; and (3) the importance of wife trading in assuring that few men complete the reproductive period without having married at least once. In addition, we strengthened our impressions, gathered from ethnographic data, that the Ya̧nomamö are an expanding population.
Vertesszöllös and the Presapiens theory
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Presapiens theory, suggesting completely separate lineages leading to Neandertals and to Homo sapiens, has recently received a number of setbacks. However, the discovery of two hominids at Vertesszöllös could be corroborating evidence. The teeth of the first individual were described as those of Homo erectus, as were most features of the second, represented by an occipital. The two main characteristics used to support the Homo sapiens classification of the second individual are the long lambda‐opisthion chord and the high cranial capacity, based on a regression using the lambda‐opisthion chord. However, the real position of lambda is obscured by the presence of wormian bones, and the regression used to predict capacity was derived from a sample with more Neandertals than Homo erectus specimens. A comparative treatment of the morphological features and recalculation of the regression suggests that separating the occipital from Homo erectus is not justified. Other evidence indicates Homo erectus specimens as big as Vertesszöllös 2. It is unlikely that two hominid lineages occur in the Mid‐Pleistocene.
Social dominance and reproductive behavior in male rhesus monkeys
Authors: Suarez Brian , Ackerman D. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAltmann's model describing the relationship of social dominance to breeding behavior in some non‐human primate species has been tested using data from the Cayo Santiago rhesus colony. Although some of the model's assumptions are clearly not met by field observations, a good fit is often found for groups containing relatively few sexually mature, non‐pregnant females. It is suggested that genetic change could be rapid under conditions described by this model. It is estimated that a “beneficial mutation” could spread through all the breeding males in as little as six generations regardless of group size. The speed at which an allele can spread through the group is discussed in terms of the mean length of female receptivity.
Trends in the Evolution of the Pongid Dentition
Authors: Skaryd Suzanne M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe question investigated in this paper is whether long‐range, parallel trends in evolution can be sustained in divergent though closely related lines. This study examines fossil and recent pongid dentitions, testing the hypothesis of the existence of certain trends in the pongid dental evolution. These are: reduction of the cingulum in both upper and lower molars; morphological and metrical reduction in third molars; mesial movement of the metaconid; buccal shifting of the hypoconulid; and alteration of the Dryopithecus groove pattern. More broadly the study tests conclusions of a previous study concerning parallelism of trends in the hominoid dentition. The results of reduction of the cingulum, reduction of the third molar, and alteration of the occlusal pattern on the lower molars support the theory that similar, long‐term trends can operate in the evolution of divergent, though closely related lines. They also demonstrate that morphological resemblances between two forms are not certain proof of recent divergence.