bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS LIGHT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE FEMALE RAT: INDUCTION OF OVULATION AND PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS DURING PERSISTENT OESTRUS
Authors: SINGH K. B. , GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The majority of rats exposed to constant light for approximately 6 weeks ovulated within 24 hr. after an injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), but required 24–48 hr. after a single injection of progesterone. This suggests that HCG acted directly on the ovary but that progesterone acted indirectly by way of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. Animals injected with progesterone after 6 weeks of constant light failed to ovulate after single or spaced injections of progesterone at 90 days of constant light while HCG administration was still effective. Pituitary content and concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in constant-light animals (duration of constant light: 45 days) were below normal pituitary levels during prooestrus and were in the range of normal oestrous values. On the other hand, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content and concentration were similar to those in cyclic rats. Single injections of 1 mg. progesterone changed neither LH nor FSH concentration, despite the fact that such treatment induced ovulation. Bilateral ovariectomy increased both LH and FSH content and concentration in constant-light animals to the same extent as in control light—dark animals.
THE STIMULATION AND PROLONGED MAINTENANCE OF SPERMATOGENESIS BY HUMAN PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN A PATIENT WITH HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM
Authors: MARTIN F. I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The clinical course of a man with an apparently isolated deficiency of pituitary gonadotrophin is described. Despite interstitial cell stimulation, prolonged therapy with human chorionic gonadotrophin did not produce spermatogenesis. In contrast, 60 days after treatment with human pituitary gonadotrophin had started, viable spermatozoa were seen and spermatogenesis was subsequently maintained for 16 months.
The sequence of changes observed supports the concept that the action of follicle-stimulating hormone in the testicular tubule is at a late stage of spermatozoa formation.
EFFECTS OF AMYGDALOID LESIONS ON PLASMA AND PITUITARY LEVELS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN THE MALE DEERMOUSE
Authors: ELEFTHERIOU B. E. , ZOLOVICK A. J. , NORMAN R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Bilateral lesions produced by electrocoagulation in the basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex were found to affect plasma and pituitary levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). Within 1 week after lesions were produced in the basolateral amygdaloid group, pituitary levels of LH increased significantly by 170% from the level in intact controls of 0·17–0·47 m-u./mg. During the same period, plasma levels rose by approximately 220% from 0·14–0·45 m-u./ml. The rise in LH continued and was at 0·55 m-u./mg. in the pituitary and 0·54 m-u./ml. in plasma 3 weeks after the lesions had been placed. The rise in plasma LH was reflected in the weight of the testes, prostates and seminal vesicles which significantly increased in all animals with lesions.
THE INSULIN RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS TOLERANCE TESTS
Authors: BUCHANAN K. D. , McKIDDIE M. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intravenous glucose (25 g.) tolerance tests were performed and plasma insulin levels were determined in 25 normal subjects. There was a direct correlation between the glucose disappearance rate (K value) and the plasma insulin level 10 min. after the glucose injection. Oral glucose (50 g.) tolerance tests were performed in 34 normal subjects with plasma insulin level estimations. The plasma insulin response was slightly greater than that after the intravenous tests although the difference was not significant at the 5% level.
Both oral and intravenous tests were performed in the same subjects in 17 instances and the plasma insulin responses in both tests were compared. Nine subjects showed a higher peak insulin response after oral glucose, and eight after intravenous glucose. The intensity and time-course of the insulin response in each individual was similar whether the glucose was given orally or intravenously.
THE EFFECT OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ON SUBCUTANEOUS FAT THICKNESS IN HYPOSOMATOTROPHIC AND PANHYPOPITUITARY DWARFS
Authors: TANNER J. M. , WHITEHOUSE R. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The changes in skinfold thickness over the triceps and under the scapula were measured by the same observer every 3 months in 21 children before and during treatment with human growth hormone (HGH). Eleven hyposomatotrophic dwarfs showed a trebling of their rate of height growth during the first 3 months of treatment, and in all, the skinfolds, measuring mainly the amount of subcutaneous fat, decreased during the first 3 months of treatment. In some subjects in this group the skinfold values tended to rise gradually again as treatment progressed. All except two of these children had very high initial skinfold values; the average percentile was above the 75th before treatment, and at the 50th after 3 months of treatment.
Four children, thought to have the same diagnosis, showed little or no height acceleration; they showed also little or no response in skinfold thickness; three of them were initially lean. Two small normal children and one child with gonadal dysgenesis responded neither in height nor in skinfolds. Three children with operated craniopharyngiomas responded well in height, but only one responded unequivocally in skinfolds.
We think the response in dwarfed children represents a true metabolic action of HGH, since there was clinical evidence of a rise and not of a diminution in appetite. The possible implications of these results in the understanding of the physiological events underlying the normal curve of growth in fat in children, particularly at infancy and adolescence, are outlined.
GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL STRUCTURE: QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ZONA GLOMERULOSA
Authors: SHIRE J. G. M. , SPICKETT S. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The structure of the adrenal glands of five strains of mice has been studied with two histological techniques. The zona glomerulosa is prominent in the adrenal glands of mice of the A/Cam, CBA/FaCam and Swiss strains. This zone is poorly developed in the adrenals of SF/Cam and Peru mice. Studies on F1, F2 and backcross hybrid mice confirm that the observed differences between the strains are consequences of genetic differences. Peru and SF mice, though phenotypically similar, are genotypically different. In general the zona glomerulosa is more marked in the adrenals of female mice than in those of males of the same strain. The implications of the differences in adrenal structure are discussed.
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES OF A REPTILE SPECIES, THE COBRA (NAJA NAJA)
Authors: PICKERING B. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Purification of cobra neurohypophysial extracts has led to the isolation of two fractions with uterotonic activity. One of these was eluted from carboxymethylcellulose columns at the same place as oxytocin. Its amino acid composition and pharmacological properties are compatible with it being a mixture of oxytocin and 8-isoleucine oxytocin (mesotocin). The second fraction had the chromatographic properties of 8-arginine oxytocin (arginine vasotocin) and had the amino acid composition of this compound, but the degree of potentiation of its oxytocic activity by magnesium ions may imply the presence of yet another active peptide in this fraction.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE PIG, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PARS INTERMEDIA
Authors: HOWE A. , THODY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adenohypophysis of the pig was examined histochemically for the presence of 11 oxidative enzymes, namely: 1.1.1.27 l-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, 1.1.1.30 d-3-hydroxybutyrate: NAD oxidoreductase, 1.1.1.37 l-malate: NAD oxidoreductase, 1.1.1.41 threo-ds-isocitrate: NAD oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), 1.1.1.42 threo-ds-isocitrate: NADP oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), 1.1.1.49 d-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, 1.1.99.5 l-glycerol-3-phosphate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, 1.3.99.1 succinate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, 1.4.1.2 l-glutamate: NAD oxidoreductase (deaminating), 1.6.99.1 reduced-NADP: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, 1.6.99.3 reduced-NAD: (acceptor) oxidoreductase.
With the exception of 1.1.1.30 d-3-hydroxybutyrate: NAD oxidoreductase, activity was found throughout the adenohypophysis for all these enzymes. A comparison was made with the activity for these enzymes in liver.
In the adenohypophysis, the pars tuberalis exhibited the highest activity for all enzymes, generally equal to or greater than that shown by the liver. The pars intermedia and the pars anterior showed similar activity for these enzymes, in general of a lower order than that given by the liver. The pattern of enzyme distribution in the pars intermedia is described; high activity for 1.1.1.37 l-malate: NAD oxidoreductase, 1.1.1.27 l-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, 1.6.99.3 reduced-NAD: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, 1.6.99.1 reduced-NADP: (acceptor) oxidoreductase was shown by cells lining cysts and the pituitary cleft.
The findings are discussed in relation to the possible association of these enzymes with secretory function.
AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE PITUITARY-GONADAL RELATIONSHIP: A STUDY OF OVARIAN COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
Authors: LABHSETWAR A. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The degree of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy has been studied in unilaterally ovariectomized rats of different ages. Ovarian sensitivity was evaluated by studying the weight increase in response to a standard dose of gonadotrophin (5 i.u. PMS/100 g. body weight/day for 3 days).
Little ovarian compensatory hypertrophy was found in immature rats 33 days old. Percentage hypertrophy increased significantly at puberty (day 46) and then levelled out, showing no significant changes (P > 0·05) until the rats weighed over 380 g. and had reached an estimated age of over 9 months when practically no ovarian compensatory hypertrophy was found. No consistent variation in ovarian sensitivity to exogenous PMS attributable to age was found except for an increased response in the prepuberal animals.
These results support the view that a significant decline occurs in the output of gonadotrophins from the pituitary gland of the aged rats. The implication of this finding with regard to a decline in reproductive capacity with advancing age is discussed.
METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATES OF PREGNENOLONE, 17-ACETOXYPREGNENOLONE AND THEIR SULPHATE ESTERS IN MAN AND IN RABBIT
Authors: WANG D. Y. , BULBROOK R. D. , ELLIS F. , COOMBS M. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolic clearance rates, distribution volumes and half-lives of pregnenolone, 17-acetoxypregnenolone and their sulphate esters were determined in man and in the rabbit.
Pregnenolone was cleared about three times more quickly than pregnenolone sulphate in both species.
The metabolic clearance rate of 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate is greater in the rabbit than in man, whether expressed in absolute terms or in relation to the metabolic clearance rate of the free steroid.
The slow clearance rate of 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate in man is similar to that of testosterone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and cholesterol sulphate; but is unlike that of pregnenolone sulphate, which is cleared approximately ten times as quickly.
BINDING OF THE SULPHATE ESTERS OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE, TESTOSTERONE, 17-ACETOXYPREGNENOLONE AND PREGNENOLONE IN THE PLASMA OF MAN, RABBIT AND RAT
Authors: WANG D. Y. , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding by plasma from man, rabbit and rat of the sulphate esters of dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, 17-acetoxypregnenolone and pregnenolone has been studied using equilibrium dialysis.
The plasma of these species had a large capacity for binding dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and testosterone sulphate. A large capacity for binding pregnenolone sulphate and 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate was observed with plasma from man and rabbit.
The percentage binding of the steroid sulphates studied was higher for human plasma than for rabbit plasma and, in the case of the sulphates of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone, for rat plasma. The higher percentage binding by human plasma was confirmed using multiple equilibrium dialysis.
Evidence is presented that suggests that the sulphate esters of dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and pregnenolone are bound to the same sites. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate was displaced by non-steroidal organic sulphates, suggesting that the binding sites involved are not specific for steroid sulphates.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ALDOSTERONE, CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE IN THE BLOOD OF THE WOMBAT (VOMBATUS HIRSUTUS PERRY) AND THE KANGAROO (MACROPUS GIGANTEUS)
Authors: COGHLAN J. P. , SCOGGINS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone were measured in the peripheral blood of wombats and kangaroos from two areas of south east Australia. Increased blood levels of aldosterone were found in animals of both species from an area low in dietary sodium. Cortisol concentrations ranged from 0·08 to 0·83 μg./100 ml. blood in the wombat and from 0·60 to 4·20 μg./100 ml. blood in the kangaroo. Corticosterone concentrations ranged from 0·02 to 0·42 μg./100 ml. blood in the wombat and from 0·07 to 0·38 μg./100 ml. blood in the kangaroo.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES: ACTIONS OF MANGANESE AND ZINC ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE TOAD BLADDER
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The short-circuit current (SCC, sodium transport) across the isolated toad urinary bladder was increased by the presence of 10−4m-Mn2+ at the serosal but not at the mucosal surface. Magnesium did not have this effect. Zinc (10−4m) decreased the SCC. Neither Mn2+ nor Zn2+ altered the SCC at a concentration of 10−5m.
Oxytocin stimulated sodium transport across the bladder and this response was reduced by 10−4 but not by 10−5m-Mn2+. Zinc (10−5m) nearly abolished the effect of oxytocin.
Normal osmotic permeability of the bladder to water was unaffected by 10−4m-Mn2+ or Zn2+.
Oxytocin increased the osmotic permeability of the bladder to water and this response was strongly inhibited by 10−4 and 10−5m-Mn2+ at the serosal but not at the mucosal surface. Magnesium did not have this effect. Zinc (10−4 to 10−6m) similarly reduced this effect of oxytocin but at a concentration of 10−4m also acted at the mucosal surface.
The antagonistic effect of Mn2+ on the action of oxytocin on osmotic permeability was not reversible and was non-competitive. Zn2+ was also found to be a non-competitive antagonist of oxytocin but the antagonism was reversible.
The increase in osmotic permeability of the bladder to water by the addition of cyclic AMP was unaffected by Mn2+. In contrast Zn2+ reduced the effects of cyclic AMP on both osmotic permeability and SCC. It is suggested that Mn2+ uncouples processes linking the interaction of oxytocin with the formation of cyclic AMP in the bladder while Zn2+ acts at a stage subsequent to the formation of the nucleotide, possibly on the effector mechanisms themselves.
THE ASSOCIATION OF [6,7-3H]OESTRADIOL WITH A NUCLEAR PROTEIN
Authors: KING R. J. B. , GORDON J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding of [6,7-3H]oestradiol to nuclei from rat dimethylbenzanthracene-induced (DMBA) mammary tumour, uterine epithelium, anterior pituitary and kidney has been studied. Digestion of nuclei labelled in vivo with [6,7-3H]oestradiol, with RNase, DNase and trypsin indicated that only the last enzyme released tritium from the nucleus, indicating that the receptor is a protein. The optimal concentration of sodium chloride for extracting the oestradiol-receptor complex from tumour nuclei was 1-molar. This concentration was required even after enzymic removal of most of the DNA and RNA. Sodium deoxycholate also extracted oestradiol from nuclei but at the same time dissociated the oestradiol-receptor complex. An attempt was made to fractionate the oestradiol-receptor complex on Sephadex and Biogel columns.
EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POST-PUBERTAL GONADECTOMY ON SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH, ADRENAL AND PITUITARY WEIGHTS OF HAMSTERS
Authors: SWANSON HEIDI H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Unlike rats, the adult female hamster is heavier and longer than the male. The small size of the males appears to be dependent on the continuous presence of androgens, since castration before or after puberty results in an immediate acceleration of ponderal and linear growth, which is maintained until the female size is reached. The growth of females is not affected by gonadectomy.
Another sexual dimorphism which is reversed in hamsters in comparison with rats is adrenal weight; males have heavier adrenals than females. Castration reduces both absolute and relative adrenal weights of males to the levels of females. It is possible that the sex difference in growth is mediated through a differential secretion of adrenal hormones.
On the other hand, the sexual dimorphism in pituitary weights of hamsters is similar to rats; females have heavier pituitaries than males. This may reflect a sex difference in the pattern of gonadotrophin secretion, which may be similar in both species.
THE UPTAKE OF [6,7-3H]OESTRADIOL BY THE NORMAL HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
Authors: BRUSH M. G. , TAYLOR R. W. , KING R. J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of [6,7-3H]oestradiol by the reproductive tract was studied in 18 non-pregnant women who were undergoing hysterectomy for conditions not associated with an abnormal endometrium. A single s.c. injection of 50 μc [6,7-3H]oestradiol (specific activity, 182 μc/μg.) was given 2 hr. before hysterectomy. Tissue samples were dissolved in 5 n-alkali and their radioactivity content determined by liquid scintillation counting. Total and free steroid (ether soluble) radioactivities in the plasma were also determined. The existence of an essentially normal menstrual cycle in these patients was confirmed by histological examination of tissue samples and, in some cases, by determinations of urinary pregnanediol. Urinary total radioactivity was within the normal range, except in one case, thus confirming normal oestrogen metabolism.
The radioactivity content of the tissues of the reproductive tract was well above that attributable to their plasma content. In some cases the uptake by different regions of the endometrium varied considerably. In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle uptake was higher than that in the luteal phase. Vaginal and cervical epithelium showed variable uptake but in general it was lower than that for endometrium.
Cell fractionation studies showed that, in general, proportionally more of the endometrial radioactivity was associated with the nuclei in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase.
THE CONVERSION OF PREGNENOLONE TO PROGESTERONE AND 16α-HYDROXYDEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE IN VITRO BY ADRENAL TISSUE FROM A NEWBORN ANENCEPHALIC INFANT
Authors: SHAHWAN M. M. , OAKEY R. E. , STITCH S. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenal tissue, largely composed of the definitive zone, from a newborn anencephalic infant, contained the following enzyme systems: (1) a Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase for pregnenolone, demonstrated by the conversion of [14C]pregnenolone to [14C]progesterone; (2) a C(17)-C(20) desmolase, and (3) a steroid 16α-hydroxylase, demonstrated by the conversion of [14C]pregnenolone to [14C]3β, 16α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one.
The metabolites could not be separated from carrier steroids during sequential partition chromatography. [14C]Progesterone was identified by recrystallization to constant specific activity. [14C]3β, 16α-Dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one was identified by enzymatic conversion to [14C]16α-hydroxyoestrone followed by reduction to oestriol and determination of the specific activity of the oestriol after partition chromatography.
It is suggested that these enzymes may play some part in the production of cortisol by the newborn anencephalic infant, and in the provision of precursors for placental oestriol production.
OVARIAN RESPONSE TO HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND EGG TRANSPORT IN THE PREGNANT AND POST-PARTURIENT RABBIT
Authors: ADAMS C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovarian response (number of ovulations) to a single dose of 25 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) given intravenously on the 5, 9, 12, 17, 21, 25 or 28th day of pregnancy or within 24 hr. post partum was examined in 67 does. HCG given post partum or early in pregnancy resulted in a normal number of ovulations but from mid-pregnancy to near term superovulation occurred in 50% or more of the does. Only one doe failed to ovulate. In similar, untreated does the mean number of Graafian follicles increased from 14 (6–23) on days 8–11 to 30 (9–52) on the 28th day of pregnancy. Egg transport through the tubes was significantly accelerated following ovulation induced during pregnancy.
EFFECT OF CORTISOL ON GROWTH AND URIC ACID EXCRETION IN THE CHICK
Authors: ADAMS B. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Metabolic effects of various doses of cortisol were studied in the young male chick. Inhibition of body growth increased with dose but there was no proportional decrease in food intake. Liver weight and uric acid excretion increased similarly with dose. When the temporal relationships of these effects were compared, there was no correlation between the increase in uric acid excretion and the increase in liver weight. It is therefore concluded that the increase in liver weight and uric acid excretion are not linked to a common effect of cortisol. Liver glycogen deposition was more sensitive to cortisol compared with the other effects.
AN ATTEMPT TO ISOLATE AN OESTRADIOL RECEPTOR FROM NUCLEI BY ADSORPTION ON OESTRADIOL-17β
Authors: KING R. J. B. , GORDON J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding of nuclear proteins from dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumours and other natural and synthetic proteins to columns of oestradiol-17β (oestradiol) has been studied. A wide range of proteins, but not DNA, bind to oestradiol under these conditions and this binding is disrupted by acid. Both histone and acidic nuclear protein fractions bind to oestradiol and the bound fraction had, in both cases, the ability to bind [6,7-3H]oestradiol. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that more than one protein from both the acidic and basic nuclear protein fractions was bound to the oestradiol. More poly-l-glutamic acid and poly-l-glycine was bound to the oestradiol than poly-l-lysine. Oestradiol columns bound more protein from both the histone and acidic protein fraction than did columns of oestrone. Oestradiol bound more acidic protein than testosterone or progesterone but this difference was not evident with the histone fraction.
Equilibrium dialysis experiments showed that the ability of a protein to bind to oestradiol was not related to its association constant with [6,7-3H] oestradiol.
The acidic nuclear proteins had a higher association constant than the histone fraction.
These results are discussed in relation to the purification of oestradiol receptors and to the binding of [6,7-3H]oestradiol in vivo.