bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Finite Element Approach to Drum Brake Analysis
Authors: Day A. J. , Harding P. R.J. , Newcomb T. P. 
Published: October 2007

Conventional methods of brake analysis ignore the distortions of shoe and drum and are acknowledged to give inaccurate predictions of brake torque. Whilst they are adequate for very general design purposes the problem of advanced design demands a more rigorous treatment. The modern technique of finite elements, adapted to deal with the case of a friction interface, where contact is not necessarily maintained over the whole lining area, appears to be a logical approach to the problem. A simple model of shoe and lining is presented as a means of obtaining both improved accuracy and a development capability for including drum distortions and thermal effects. This model is supported by the theory of a beam on an elastic foundation in order to illustrate the importance of the relative stiffnesses of shoe and lining. Validation of the finite element model is undertaken by carrying out performance tests on a brake mounted on an inertia dynamometer and the results are used to show that the divergent types of pressure distribution predicted by earlier theories and by recent research are all compatible with practical experience and that they can account for some of the differences in performance which are found in service under various conditions. * Program for Automatic Finite Element Calculations—a commercially available software package developed by the Mechanical Engineering Department of Nottingham University and associates.
Optimization of the Design of a High Capital Cost Parcel Handling Machine by Computer Simulation
Authors: Castellano E. J. , Emsley R. M. , Adie J. F. 
Published: October 2007

This paper illustrates the use of a computer model in the design of a twin belt rising conveyor. A parcel is raised up an inclined section of the conveyor on a load carrying belt. It is prevented from rolling back by a second weighted belt draped over it. The model calculates the changes in geometry of the draped belt and the forces acting on the parcel during its ascent, and discharge over the head roller. This facilitates comparison between different conveyor configurations in order to optimize the design of high cost capital plant. The computed results are proved experimentally.
Apparent Strain Analysis of Orthogonal Machining: Allowing for the Effects of Strain Rate and Temperature
Authors: Hashmi M. S. J. 
Published: October 2007

The concept of apparent strain analysis when applied to orthogonal cutting is a much simplified approach. It is based on the principles of plasticity theory of work done expressed in terms of the equivalent stress and strain. Previous work by Thompson et al included work hardening characteristics of the work material but the rate of strain and temperature effects were not considered. In this paper the analysis is extended to incorporate the effect of temperature and strain rate on the various parameters in orthogonal machining and the results are discussed in relation to those obtained experimentally by Merchant and also those predicted by Oxley et al using conventional shear (zone) model analysis of orthogonal machining. Comparison is also made with the results predicted using apparent strain analysis without taking strain rate and temperature effects into account as proposed by Thompson et al.
Unsteady Airflows in Rapid Transit Systems
Authors: Vardy A. E. 
Published: October 2007

The measurement of pressure fluctuations on the London Transport Victoria Line is described and results are presented in sufficient detail for accurate comparisons to be made with theoretical models. Measurements were obtained during the night-time shut-down period, and so complicating effects due to other trains are absent. The results give a clear indication of the relative importance of several events such as entry to and exit from a station. The effectiveness of cross-passages for draught relief is clearly demonstrated. A computer program is used to simulate the airflows, and satisfactory correlation is obtained with the measured results at different train speeds. The program is used to predict system characteristics that were not measured during the tests. It is found that platform wind velocities and passenger pressure histories do not violate recommended acceptable limits even when the train passes through the station at 65 km/h without stopping.
The Repair of an Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor at Hunterston ‘B’ Power Station following an Ingress of Sea Water
Authors: Gray J L , Colquhoun J , Pearson R 
Published: October 2007

A major repair of a 660 MWe advanced gas cooled reactor at Hunterston ‘B’ Power Station was undertaken after some 8000 litres of sea water had entered a space below the boiler region of the reactor gas circuit. The remedial activities comprised surveys to establish the condition of the reactor internals, removal of affected reactor vessel insulation, shot blasting of surfaces to remove salt and corrosion products, refurbishing of studs and other components and rebuilding of the insulation. Four hundred and eighty man-years of work were completed during the twenty-four months of the repair exercise, which required a peak site supervision and labour force of 340. The reactor was returned to power in February 1980 and has since operated successfully with no restriction arising from the incident.
On the Dynamics of Ships in Heavy Seas
Authors: Bishop R E D , Price W G 
Published: October 2007

When a ship encounters waves, it moves bodily and it distorts. The structure being elastic and the waves being random, this behaviour is in the nature of a narrow-band response. A systematic study of linear ship structural dynamics in which this standpoint is adopted was started in University College London about ten years ago and an attempt is made here to explain the present position. Far from putting a largely unnecessary gloss on traditional techniques of naval architecture, this approach to ship dynamics appears to promise much greater insight into ship behaviour at a time when apparently well found and competently handled ships continue to be lost in the open sea.
Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Fuel Consumption
Authors: Nakajima Y , Sugihara K , Takagi Y , Muranaka S 
Published: October 2007

The effects of EGR on fuel consumption were analysed quantitatively in terms of factors improving and deteriorating fuel economy through experiments as well as thermodynamic calculations. To examine the effects of combustion duration on fuel economy under heavy EGR, experiments were performed with three engine variations. In calculation models, changes in specific heats, heat transfer rate, and dissociation rate caused by changes in gas temperature were considered. In conclusion, it may be stated that reductions of pumping loss, cooling loss, and dissociation were found to be improving factors, where the contribution ratio was approximately 4.5:4.0:1.5. The sum of calculated fuel economy gain increased steadily as the EGR increased, and reached more than 10 per cent at a 20 per cent EGR under light load condition. On the other hand, a major deteriorating factor was found to be a combustion fluctuation. This combustion fluctuation could be significantly reduced by achieving a ‘fast burn’ through increased turbulence and/or dual point ignition.
A Lightweight Split-Torque Transmission for a 330 KW Helicopter
Authors: White G 
Published: October 2007

A simple split-torque gear train is used as the main rotor transmission of a single-engine helicopter. Overall speed reduction ratio achieved is 103:1 between the engine at a nominal 36 000 rev/min and the main rotor at 350 rev/min. This ratio is generated from three stages of fixed-axis gear trains containing only eight gears. Alternative configurations are outlined and discussed. Comparison with a current production design shows the split torque arrangement offers reductions in weight, height, and drive train losses. A low total of gears and bearings offers the potential for improved reliability.
Manufacturing Plant for 1985—Developments and Justification
Authors: Sackett P J , Rathmill K 
Published: October 2007

Changes in manufacturing techniques and systems are out-dating traditional ways of assessing the selection of new plant. The engineer needs to consider the overall effect of the introduction of new equipment when making an investment appraisal. The paper reviews trends in manufacture with special reference to computer controlled batch manufacturing equipment and systems with a high level of automation. Methods of assessing these are discussed in detail including the use of computer modelling in arriving at an investment decision which considers the effective operation of the manufacturing system as a whole.
Good Medicine? A case study of business process re-engineering in a hospital
Authors: Packwood Tim , Pollitt Christopher , Roberts Simon 
Published: October 2007

English
Business pocess re-engineering (BPR) is one of the latest approaches to improving organisational performance. It evolved in the US private sector, and has been introduced to Britain and the British public sector, offering radical improvement from radical redesign. This article considers the nature of BPR (and there is more than one variety) and the suitability of its application to the public sector in general and to hospitals in particular. The authors then evaluate the experience and impact of BPR in a London hospital trust. The article concludes by highlighting factors that help to explain the particular example of BPR and draws out some implications for its wider use in the public sector.
Chemistry of materials science phenomena in high-intensity discharge light sources
Authors: Tóth Z. , Lovas H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Continuous development of light sources is required from energy-saving considerations (enhancing luminous efficacy) and an environmental protection point of view (lamps that are easy to recycle or made of environmentally friendly materials). This paper summarizes some of the recent results of materials science research with special attention to chemical aspects. The results will be cited from the field of discharge chemistry, electrodes, ceramics, and other materials.
Maintaining the Trust of Physicians and the Public in the Medical Literature: Report of a Task Force on Scientific Publishing of Clinical Trials
Authors: Shane Elizabeth , Civitelli Roberto , Delmas Pierre D , Drezner Marc , Eisman John A , Lindsay Robert , Lorenzo Joseph , Miller Paul , Ralston Stuart , Reid Ian , Siris Ethel 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In 2006, the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research and the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research convened a task force to consider whether and how to change our editorial policies to assure complete and unbiased reporting of clinical trials. We invited editors of journals that publish research on osteoporosis and disorders of bone and mineral metabolism and presidents of related societies to participate. The task force was charged to consider whether journals should (1) adopt the Principles for Protecting Integrity in the Conduct and Reporting of Clinical Trials published in 2006 by the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) and should (2) require authors and sponsors of industry-funded clinical trials to provide a jointly signed letter that states that the authors had full access to all the data and analyses on which the manuscript was based. The AAMC Principles recommend that multicenter trials should designate a Lead Investigator, Steering Committee, and Publication and Analysis (P&A) Committee, which should consist of a majority of academic investigators who are not sponsor employees. The P&A Committee should have the right to access any data generated during a study and to conduct its own statistical analyses. A majority of task force members voted to support the AAMC Principles, to require a letter jointly signed by academic investigators and industry sponsor stating that the authors had access to the data on which the submission was based, and to recommend adoption of these requirements to their respective societies and journals. Broad-based adoption of the AAMC Principles and requirement of a jointly signed attestation of data access by journals that publish clinical trials in diseases of bone and mineral metabolism should improve the position of academic clinical investigators in their interactions with industry and other funding sources.
Epistatic Effects Contribute to Variation in BMD in Fischer 344 × Lewis F2 Rats
Authors: Koller Daniel L , Liu Lixiang , Alam Imranul , Sun Qiwei , Econs Michael J , Foroud Tatiana , Turner Charles H 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
To further delineate the factors underlying the complex genetic architecture of BMD in the rat model, a genome screen for epistatic interactions was conducted. Several significant interactions were identified, involving both previously identified and novel QTLs.
Introduction: The variation in several of the risk factors for osteoporotic fracture, including BMD, has been shown to be caused largely by genetic differences. However, the genetic architecture of BMD is complex in both humans and in model organisms. We have previously reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) results for BMD from a genome screen of 595 female F2 progeny of Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. These progeny also provide an excellent opportunity to search for epistatic effects, or interaction between genetic loci, that contribute to fracture risk.
Materials and Methods: Microsatellite marker data from a 20-cM genome screen was analyzed along with weight-adjusted BMD (DXA and pQCT) phenotypic data using the R/qtl software package. Genotype and phenotype data were permuted to determine a genome-wide significance threshold for the epistasis or interaction LOD score corresponding to an α level of 0.01.
Results and Conclusions: Novel loci on chromosomes 12 and 15 showed a strong epistatic effect on total BMD at the femoral midshaft by pQCT (LOD = 5.4). A previously reported QTL on chromosome 7 was found to interact with a novel locus on chromosome 20 to affect whole lumbar BMD by pQCT (LOD = 6.2). These results provide new information regarding the mode of action of previously identified rat QTLs, as well as identifying novel loci that act in combination with known QTLs or with other novel loci to contribute to the risk factors for osteoporotic fracture.
Identification of a Major Locus for Paget's Disease on Chromosome 10p13 in Families of British Descent
Authors: Lucas Gavin JA , Riches Phillip L , Hocking Lynne J , Cundy Tim , Nicholson Geoff C , Walsh John P , Ralston Stuart H 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Mutations of SQSTM1 are an important cause of PDB, but other genes remain to be discovered. A major susceptibility locus for PDB was identified on chromosome 10p13 by a genome-wide linkage scan in families of British descent, which accounted for the vast majority of cases not caused by SQSTM1 mutations.
Introduction: Paget's disease of bone (PDB) has a strong genetic component, and several susceptibility loci have been identified by genome-wide linkage scans. We previously identified three susceptibility loci for PDB using this approach on chromosomes 5q35, 2q36, and 10p13 in 62 families of mainly British descent, but subsequently, mutations in the SQSTM1 gene were found to be the cause of PDB in 23 families from this cohort. Here we reanalyzed the results of our genome-wide search in families from this cohort who did not have SQSTM1 mutations.
Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 210 individuals from 39 families of predominantly British descent with autosomal dominant inheritance of PDB in whom SQSTM1 mutations had been excluded by mutation screening. The average family size was 5.44 ± 3.98 (SD) individuals (range, 2-24 individuals). Genotyping was performed using standard techniques with 382 microsatellite markers spaced at an average distance of 9.06 cM throughout the autosomes. Multipoint linkage analysis was performed using the GENEHUNTER program under models of homogeneity and heterogeneity.
Results: Multipoint parametric linkage analysis under a model of homogeneity and nonparametric linkage analysis under a model of heterogeneity both showed strong evidence of linkage to a single locus on chromosome 10p13 (LOD score, +4.08) close to the marker D10S1653 at 41.43cM. No evidence of linkage was detected at the chromosome 2q36 locus previously identified in this population, and linkage to other candidate loci previously implicated in the pathogenesis of PDB was excluded.
Conclusions: We conclude that there is an important susceptibility gene for PDB on chromosome 10p13 in families of British descent and find no evidence to support the existence of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 2q36 or other previously identified candidate loci for PDB in this population. The gene that lies within the 10p13 locus seems to account for the development of PDB in the vast majority of families of British descent who do not carry SQSTM1 mutations.
Growth and Bone Mineral Accretion During Puberty in Chinese Girls: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Zhu Kun , Greenfield Heather , Zhang Qian , Du Xueqin , Ma Guansheng , Foo Leng Huat , Cowell Chris T , Fraser David R 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low calcium intake. This 5-yr longitudinal study showed that, in Chinese girls, the mean apparent calcium retention efficiency during puberty was 40.9%, PHV occurred at 3–0 yr before menarche, and peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. Chinese girls have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty.
Introduction: There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low dietary calcium intake. The aim of this study was to examine the rate of growth and bone mineral accretion and study the predictors of total body BMC during puberty in a 5-yr longitudinal study with Chinese girls.
Materials and Methods: Ninety-two girls, 9.5–10.5 yr of age at baseline, from the unsupplemented control group of a school milk intervention trial were included in this analysis. Data on anthropometric measurements, total body BMC as assessed by DXA, and calcium intake as assessed by a 3-day food record were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 5 yr.
Results: The mean age of menarche was 12.1 ± 1.0 yr. The mean annual rate of bone mineral accretion was 197.4 g/yr during the follow-up period, representing a calcium accretion rate of 162.3 mg/d. This calcium retention rate and the average dietary calcium intake of 444.1 mg/d gave an apparent calcium retention efficiency of 40.9%. Peak height velocity (PHV) occurred at 3–0 yr before menarche. Peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. There was a decrease in size-corrected BMD in the year before menarche. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis containing body size and lifestyle factors, we found that height, body weight, and calcium intake were significant independent predictors of total body BMC.
Conclusions: Chinese girls with low habitual dietary calcium intake have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. Because calcium intake is a significant predictor of total body BMC, increasing dietary calcium intake may have beneficial effects on bone mineral accretion in these girls.
Review of Twin and Family Studies on Neuroanatomic Phenotypes and Typical Neurodevelopment
Authors: Schmitt J. Eric , Eyler Lisa T. , Giedd Jay N. , Kremen William S. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Neale Michael C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the extant twin studies employing magnetic resonance imaging data (MRI), with an emphasis on studies of populationbased samples. There have been approximately 75 twin reports using MRI, with somewhat under half focusing on typical brain structure. Of these, most are samples of adults. For large brain regions such as lobar volumes, the heritabilities of large brain volumes are consistently high, with genetic factors accounting for at least half of the phenotypic variance. The role of genetics in generating individual differences in the volumes of small brain regions is less clear, mostly due to a dearth of information, but rarely because of disagreement between studies. Multivariate analyses show strong genetic relationships between brain regions. Cortical regions involved in language, executive function, and emotional regulation appear to be more heritable than other areas. Studies of brain shape also show significant, albeit lower, genetic effects on population variance. Finally, there is evidence of significant genetically mediated relationships between intelligence and brain structure. At present, the majority of twin imaging studies are limited by sample sizes small by the standards of behavioral genetics; nevertheless the literature at present represents a pioneering effort in the pursuit of answers to many challenging neurobiological questions.
Genetic and Phenotypic Stability of Measures of Neuroticism Over 22 Years
Authors: Wray Naomi R. , Birley Andrew J. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Visscher Peter M. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPeople meeting diagnostic criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders tend to score high on the personality scale of neuroticism. Studying this dimension of personality can therefore give insights into the etiology of important psychiatric disorders. Neuroticism can be assessed easily via self-report questionnaires in large population samples. We have examined the genetic and phenotypic stability of neuroticism, measured up to 4 times over 22 years, on different scales, on a data set of 4999 families with over 20,000 individuals completing at least 1 neuroticism questionnaire. The neuroticism scales used were the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire revised (EPQ-R), the EPQ-R shortened form, and the NEO 5 factor inventory personality questionnaire. The estimates of heritability of the individual measures ranged from .26 ± .04 to .36 ± .03. Genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlations averaged .91, .42, and .57 respectively. Despite the range in heritabilities, a more parsimonious ‘repeatability model’ of equal additive genetic variances and genetic correlations of unity could not be rejected. Use of multiple measures increases the effective heritability from .33 for a single measure to .43 for mean score because of the reduction in the estimate of the environmental variance, and this will increase power in genetic linkage or association studies of neuroticism.
Differences in Smoking Habits of MZ and DZ Twins: A Commentary on Tishler and Carey
Authors: Kaprio Jaakko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTishler and Carey (this issue, 2007) have analyzed the difference in ever smoking prevalence between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins in 8 published twin studies. They conclude that the lower prevalence in MZ twins might invalidate conclusions from classic twin models. I critique the conducted meta-analysis and suggest additional analyses to be conducted. A reanalysis of the Finnish Twin Cohort 1975 questionnaire data (included in Tisher and Carey) indicates that when intrapair correlations are correctly taken into account, the MZ-DZ difference in that study is no longer statistically significant. Even if the Tisher/Carey finding holds up in further analyses, it pertains only to the observed trait, the effect is small in size, and the mechanism underlying it needs to be explored.