bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation, Characterization, and Independent Synthesis of Guanine Oxidation Products
Authors: Gimisis Thanasis , Cismaş Crina 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOxidatively produced DNA damage is a physiological process that has been associated with many human conditions. Of the four DNA bases, guanine is the most easily oxidized and exhibits a large number of oxidation products. The focus of this Microreview is on the structure of the proposed intermediates and final products of guanine oxidation, as determined by spectroscopic methods and independent synthetic studies. The major and minor primary and secondary oxidative DNA lesions that arise from the oxidation of guanine under a variety of conditions, as well as associated structures, are described and all the relevant information regarding the isolation, characterization, and independent synthesis or generation of these lesions in synthetic oligonucleotides is presented. Finally, information on the biological studies that have been advanced, based on the basic molecular information obtained by the aforementioned studies, is provided. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Migration of price discovery in semiregulated derivatives markets
Authors: Hall Anthony D. , Kofman Paul , Manaster Steven 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the information content of futures option prices when the underlying futures price is regulated and the futures option price is not. The New York Board of Trade (NYBOT) provides the empirical setting for this regulatory mismatch. Many commodity derivatives markets regulate the prices of all derivatives on a single underlying commodity simultaneously. Some exchanges, including the NYBOT, regulate only their futures contracts, leaving the options on these futures contracts unregulated. This study takes a particular interest in the option‐implied futures price when the observed futures price is locked limit. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:209–241, 2006
The global health burden of infection‐associated cancers in the year 2002
Authors: Parkin Donald Maxwell 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSeveral infectious agents are considered to be causes of cancer in humans. The fraction of the different types of cancer, and of all cancers worldwide and in different regions, has been estimated using several methods; primarily by reviewing the evidence for the strength of the association (relative risk) and the prevalence of infection in different world areas. The estimated total of infection‐attributable cancer in the year 2002 is 1.9 million cases, or 17.8% of the global cancer burden. The principal agents are the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (5.5% of all cancer), the human papilloma viruses (5.2%), the hepatitis B and C viruses (4.9%), Epstein‐Barr virus (1%), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) together with the human herpes virus 8 (0.9%). Relatively less important causes of cancer are the schistosomes (0.1%), human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (0.03%) and the liver flukes (0.02%). There would be 26.3% fewer cancers in developing countries (1.5 million cases per year) and 7.7% in developed countries (390,000 cases) if these infectious diseases were prevented. The attributable fraction at the specific sites varies from 100% of cervix cancers attributable to the papilloma viruses to a tiny proportion (0.4%) of liver cancers (worldwide) caused by liver flukes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release kinetics of ampicillin, characterization and bioactivity of TiO2/PCL hybrid materials synthesized by sol–gel processing
Authors: Catauro M. , Raucci M.G. , de Marco D. , Ambrosio L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL 6, 12, and 24 wt %) and titanium (TiO2) organic–inorganic hybrid materials have been synthesized by the sol–gel method from a multicomponent solution containing titanium butoxide, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), water, and chloroform (CHCl3). Sodium ampicillin was incorporated in the hybrid material to verify the effect as local controlled drug delivery system. The structure of a hybrid materials interpenetrating network is realized by hydrogen bonds between Ti‐OH group (H‐donator) in the sol–gel intermediate species and carboxylic group (H‐acceptor) in the repeating units of the polymer. The presence of hydrogen bonds between organic/inorganic components of the hybrid materials was proved by FTIR analysis. The morphology of the hybrid materials was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structure of a molecular level dispersion has been disclosed by atomic force microscope (AFM), pore size distribution and surface measurements. The bioactivity of the synthesized hybrid materials has been showed by the formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of TiO2/PCL samples soaked in a fluid simulating the composition of the human blood plasma. The amount of sodium ampicillin released has been detected by UV–vis spectroscopy and SEM. The release kinetics seems to occur in more than one stage. HPLC analysis has also been taken to ensure the integrity of ampicillin after the synthetic treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Interleukin (IL)‐12 mediates the anti‐osteoclastogenic activity of CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Amcheslavsky Alla , Bar‐Shavit Zvi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBacterial DNA activates the innate immune system via interactions with Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9). This receptor recognizes CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODNs) mimicking the CpG dinucleotides in certain sequence contexts characterizing this DNA. Most studies have shown increased osteoclast differentiation by TLR ligands. We found that activation of TLRs (specifically TLR4 and TLR9) in early osteoclast precursors results in inhibition of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclast differentiation. Our objective is to identify the mechanism leading to this inhibitory effect of a TLR ligand. Since both RANKL–RANK and CpG–ODN–TLR9 interactions result in NF‐κB activation, p38 and ERK phosphorylation, and TNF‐α synthesis (all implicated in osteoclastogenesis), we hypothesized that CpG‐ODN (but not RANKL) in addition induces the synthesis of an anti‐osteoclastogenic factor. Control osteoclast precursors, and cells treated with RANKL, CpG‐ODN, or their combination were studied using DNA arrays (GEArray Q Series Mouse NF‐κB Signaling Pathway Gene Array, MM‐016, SuperArray). We found a marked increase in the mRNA levels of the osteoclastogenesis inhibitor interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) in osteoclast precursors treated with CpG‐ODN and CpG‐ODN + RANKL. Northern and Western analyses, together with ELISA, confirmed the DNA array studies. In correlation with these findings, IL‐12 inhibited RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation and specific anti‐IL‐12‐antibodies inhibited the anti‐osteoclastogenic effect of CpG‐ODN. In conclusion, activation of TLR9 by its ligand, CpG‐ODN, results in synthesis and release of IL‐12 opposing RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 244–250, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate delivers hydrogen peroxide to induce death of ovarian cancer cells and enhances their cisplatin susceptibility
Authors: Chan Marion M. , Soprano Kenneth J. , Weinstein Kate , Fong Dunne 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) has cancer chemopreventive properties against various types of cancers. The compound is known to attack various targets in transformed cells. In this report, we examined the action of EGCG on ovarian cancer cells. Eight ovarian cancer cell lines were tested (SKOV3, CAOV3, OVCAR3, OVCAR10, A2780, CP70, C30, and C200) and showed IC50s for EGCG at the micromolar range, including ones that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. The ovarian cancer cells were sensitive to H2O2at similar concentrations, and EGCG treatment led to enhanced intracellular H2O2. Neutralization with pyruvate, a scavenger of H2O2, suggests that the toxicity of EGCG may be mediated by oxidative stress from the free radical. Addition of Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, demonstrates that H2O2might be generated endogenously from superoxide. The toxicity of cisplatin and the development of cisplatin resistance are major obstacles in treatment of ovarian cancer. We found that addition of EGCG amplified the toxicity of cisplatin. EGCG increased cisplatin potency by three to six‐fold in SKOV3, CAOV3, and C200 cells, the latter being a cell line induced to have several hundred fold resistant to cisplatin above the parental line. Our findings suggest that EGCG may accentuate oxidative stress to inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cells and sensitize them to cisplatin. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 389–396, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clean synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2‐propylene glycol over zinc–iron double oxide catalyst
Authors: Zhao Xinqiang , Jia Zhiguang , Wang Yanji 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of zinc–iron double oxide catalysts has been prepared. The suitable preparation conditions are as follows: zinc nitrate and iron nitrate as precursors, molar ratio of Zn/Fe 2:1, ammonia as the precipitant, precipitation end‐point pH 8.04, and calcination temperature 450 °C. The clean synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC) via urea and 1,2‐propylene glycol (PG) over the zinc–iron double oxide catalyst has been studied. The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: reaction temperature 170 °C, reaction time 2 h, catalyst concentration 1.4% (wt), and molar ratio of urea to PG 1:4. The highest yield of PC was 78.6%. XRD, CO2‐TPD and XPS techniques have been employed for catalyst characterization. Two kinds of crystal phase, ZnO and ZnFe2O4, have been detected and their synergistic effect promotes the catalytic activity of the oxide catalysts. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
NOx reduction behavior on alumina with discharging nonthermal plasma in simulated oxidizing exhaust gas
Authors: Itoh Yoshihiko , Ueda Matsuei , Shinjoh Hirohumi , Sugiura Masahiro , Arakawa Miyao 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe NOx reduction activity on γ‐alumina was significantly improved by discharging nonthermal plasma in a simulated oxidizing exhaust gas under conditions of a high space velocity. On the other hand, those on a Pt‐loaded catalyst and Cu‐ZSM‐5 could not be improved. The discharging nonthermal plasma converted NO to NO2 and hydrocarbons to partial‐oxidized hydrocarbons, such as aldehydes, under the oxidizing conditions. From the relationship between the NOx reduction activities and the properties of several alumina catalysts, it was found that the NOx reduction activity was correlated with the number of acid sites on the alumina based on the NH3 adsorption measurement. Therefore, it is concluded that the NOx reduction occurred at the acid sites of the alumina, and the discharging nonthermal plasma improves the NOx reduction activity by NO2 formation and partial‐oxidation of hydrocarbons. These results suggest that a catalytic reaction assisted by the discharging nonthermal plasma could be a promising technology for NOx reduction in lean‐burn and diesel exhaust gases even under the conditions of high space velocity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrodialytic extraction of Cu, Pb and Cl from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash suspended in water
Authors: Ottosen Lisbeth M , Lima Ana T , Pedersen Anne J , Ribeiro Alexandra B 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe possibility of using fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in, for example, concrete is considered. MSWI fly ash, however, has too high a concentration of heavy metals, which may cause leaching problems during use or problems with waste handling at the end of the lifetime of the concrete. The Cl content in MSWI fly ash is also too high and will cause corrosion problems in reinforced concrete. The possibility of removing some of the unwanted heavy metals (Cu and Pb) together with Cl from an MSWI fly ash suspended in water using an electrodialytic separation method was investigated. The removal of Pb and Cu was found to be highly pH dependent and the highest contents removed were 41 and 90%, respectively. The Cu concentration of the ash decreased from 2200 to 860 mg kg−1 but the Pb concentration increased from 8560 to 16 800 mg kg−1, showing that Pb is mainly found in the ash fraction that is least soluble. Hence electrodialytic treatment of the ash suspended in water is not a solution to improve the ash quality in terms of Pb. The water‐soluble Cl content per unit weight of the original ash was 12.4%. The removal of water‐soluble Cl was efficient and >98% of Cl was removed (calculated on the basis of mean initial and final concentrations). This result indicates that electrodialytic extraction may be a method that can be used for the removal of Cl from ash prior to its utilization in concrete. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on a highly mineralized peat. Batch and fixed‐bed column experiments
Authors: Gabaldón Carmen , Marzal Paula , Alvarez‐Hornos F Javier 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper evaluates the potential use of a locally available organic soil amendment as a low‐cost adsorbent. The removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions was studied by means of kinetic, batch and fixed‐bed experiments. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the process kinetics and the removal equilibrium over a broad pH range. Pseudo‐second‐order kinetics and Freundlich equilibrium parameters were obtained. Six column experiments were carried out at different flow‐rates and feed concentrations. Breakthrough curves showed higher metal retention than expected from the batch adsorption isotherms. Column modelling assuming rate‐controlled pore diffusion was successfully performed. The adsorption process was reversed, regenerating the columns by eluting the cadmium using 0.1 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid. The high retention capacity together with the favourable structural characteristics indicated that this material could be used as an effective and low‐cost adsorbent for treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of process parameters on extraction equilibria for the chiral separation of amines and amino‐alcohols with a chiral crown ether
Authors: Steensma Maartje , Kuipers Norbert JM , de Haan André B , Kwant Gerard 
Published: January 2006

AbstractReactive extraction is studied as a promising chiral separation technique for commercial production scale. For chiral separation of amines and amino alcohols, a chiral crown ether was identified as a versatile enantioselective extractant. In this paper, the influence of various process conditions on the extraction performance is studied experimentally, and a predictive model is constructed based on the chemical and physical equilibria. It was found that the operational selectivity in one extraction step is mainly determined by the complexation constants between crown ether and enantiomers (which are dependent on solvent and temperature) and by the extractant concentration, whereas the distribution ratio is also strongly influenced by the pH. The model gives an excellent prediction of the operational selectivity and a good explanation for the system's responses to changes in process conditions. The model can be used as a basis for a multistage equilibrium extractor model and for conceptual process design. Under optimal process conditions, an operational selectivity >1.5 was obtained for five out of seven model compounds, with satisfying distribution ratios (D ∼ 1–10). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Kraft pulping of Eucalyptus nitens wood chips biotreated by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Authors: Mardones Lorena , Gomide José Livio , Freer Juanita , Ferraz André , Rodríguez Jaime 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEucalyptus nitens and E. globulus are wood species used in kraft pulping in Chile and Australia. Although E. nitens adapts very well to cold regions it requires more severe cooking conditions to produce bleachable kraft pulps. An attempt was made to find out whether a pre‐treatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora would improve its performance during kraft pulping and the pulp properties. The biotreatment of the chips carried out for a period of 15 days resulted in 13.3% lignin loss and a limited glucan degradation (2%). The pulping of biotreated samples required lower active alkali charge to reach the target kappa number compared to the control untreated sample and exhibited better pulping selectivity. The pulp yield increased by 3% and 1.5% for the pulps of 22 and 16 kappa numbers, respectively. The biotreated pulp's strength properties were improved and were similar to those of E. globulus reference pulp. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of growth medium for the production of α‐amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using response surface methodology
Authors: Tanyildizi M Saban , Elibol Murat , Özer Dursun 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe optimization of nutrient levels for the production of α‐amylase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the 23 factorial central composite design (CCD). This procedure limited the number of actual experiments performed while allowing for possible interactions between three components. RSM was adopted to derive a statistical model for the effect of starch, peptone and yeast extract (YE) on α‐amylase production. The P‐value of the coefficient for linear effects of starch and YE concentration was <0.0001, suggesting that this was the principal experimental variable, having the greatest effect on the production of α‐amylase. The optimal combinations of media constituents for maximum α‐amylase production were determined as 12.61 g L−1 starch, 2.83 g L−1 peptone and 1.25 g L−1 YE. The optimization of the medium resulted not only in a 34% higher enzyme activity than unoptimized medium but also in a reduced amount of the required medium constituents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Zymomonas mobilis: an alternative ethanol producer
Authors: Panesar Parmjit S , Marwaha Satwinder S , Kennedy John F 
Published: January 2006

AbstractZymomonas mobilisis a unique bacterium in the microbial world, and offers a number of advantages over the existing ethanol‐producing microorganisms. Being a prokaryote, it is more amenable to genetic manipulations. Thus, it has attracted great attention in the ethanol production world and efforts have been made to commercialize its application for the purpose. Despite the various efforts made worldwide, none of the processes using this microbe has been commercialized owing to certain bottlenecks. To circumvent the hindrances currently associated with aZymomonasprocess, researchers have made various attempts to improve the technology using different techniques. This paper reviews the different substrates and the genetic improvement techniques with special emphasis on mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technology used for ethanol production byZymomonasstrains. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Parametric study of the factors influencing simultaneous denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Authors: Patel Ajay , Gohil Alpesh , Nakhla George 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this study, the effect of various factors such as C:N ratio, carbon source, percentage P content in the sludge influencing the simultaneous denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal was investigated in batch tests on bean and tomato waste sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor–anoxic/aerobic system and municipal sludge from a circulating fluidized bed bioreactor. A correlation between the change in redox potential and rate of P release was developed. Interestingly, maximum P release was observed at positive redox potential in some of the batch tests. Simultaneous denitrification and P release under anoxic conditions was observed during all the batch tests. Sludge acclimatization improved the efficiency of the sludge and proved independency of maximum specific denitrification rate and P content of sludges. The contribution of denitrifying PAOs to anoxic P uptake was determined through the denitrification control test at an initial level of PO4‐P of 100–120 mg dm−3. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Microbial production, immobilization and applications of β‐D‐galactosidase
Authors: Panesar Parmjit S , Panesar Reeba , Singh Ram S , Kennedy John F , Kumar Harish 
Published: January 2006

Abstractβ‐D‐Galactosidase (β‐D‐galactoside galactohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.23), most commonly known as lactase, is one of the most important enzymes used in food processing, which catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose to its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. The enzyme has been isolated and purified from a wide range of microorganisms but most commonly used β‐D‐galactosidases are derived from yeasts and fungal sources. The major difference between yeast and fungal enzyme is the optimum pH for lactose hydrolysis. The application of β‐D‐galactosidase for lactose hydrolysis in milk and whey offers nutritional, technological and environmental applications to human life. In this review, the main emphasis has been given to elaborate the various techniques used in recent times for the production, purification, immobilization and applications of β‐D‐galactosidase. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A Hexapod nuclear SSU rRNA secondary‐structure model and catalog of taxon‐specific structural variation
Authors: Misof Bernhard , Niehuis Oliver , Bischoff Inge , Rickert Andreas , Erpenbeck Dirk , Staniczek Arnold 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRNA molecules and in particular the nuclear SSU RNA play an important role in molecular systematics. With the advent of increasingly parameterized substitution models in systematic research, the incorporation of secondary‐structure information became a realistic option compensating interdependence of character variation. As a prerequisite, consensus structures of eukaryotic SSU RNA molecules have become available through extensive comparative analyses and crystallographic studies. Despite extensive research in hexapod phylogenetics, consensus SSU RNA secondary structures focusing on hexapods have not yet been explored. In this study, we compiled a representative hexapod SSU data set of 261 sequences and inferred a specific consensus SSU secondary‐structure model. Our search for conserved structural motives relied on a combined approach of thermodynamic and covariation analyses. The hexapod consensus‐structure model deviates from the canonical eukaryotic model in a number of helices. Additionally, in several helices the hexapod sequences did not support a single consensus structure. We provide consensus structures of these sections of single less‐inclusive taxa, thus facilitating the adaptation of the consensus hexapod model to less‐inclusive phylogenetic questions. The secondary‐structure catalog will foster the application of RNA structure models in phylogenetic analyses using the SSU rRNA molecule, and it will improve the realism of substitution models and the reliability of reconstructions based on rRNA sequences. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convenient syntheses of [20,20,20‐2H3]‐arachidonic acid and [20,20,‐2H2]‐20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
Authors: Falck J. R. , Anjaiah Siddam , Raju Tuniki Venugopal , Raj Gopal V. , Capdevila Jorge H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDeuterated arachidonic acid and 20‐HETE were prepared in good overall yields and high stereoselectivities. Key transformations include a trans‐specific vinyl dibromide reduction and Suzuki cross‐couplings to a lithium borate or a 9‐BBN borane. These standards are three and two mass units higher, respectively, than their naturally occurring counterparts and are useful in mass spectrometry analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.