bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Colossi of Memnon Revisited
Authors: Heizer R. F. , Stross F. , Hester T. R. , Albee A. , Perlman I. , Asaro F. , Bowman H. 
Published: October 2006

The only areas that are likely to have furnished the original stone for the Colossi of Memnon are near Cairo (Gebel el Ahmar), Aswan, and possibly Silsileh. Neutron activation analysis of samples from the colossi shows them to be distinctly different from samples obtained from the three known quarries near Aswan and from the quarries near Silsileh and Edfu, but very similar to samples obtained from Gebel el Ahmar. Petrographic analysis of colossi and quarry samples also provides strong evidence that the colossi came from Gebel el Ahmar.
The blocks used by the engineers of Septimius Severus to reconstruct the north colossus were shown by neutron activation analysis to have originated from a deposit other than Gebel el Ahmar. The composition of these blocks conformed with samples taken from the quarries 8 and 9 km north of Edfu (the quartzite deposit closest to Thebes) and from the Aswan quarries. Petrographic analysis associated these reconstruction blocks with Edfu but not with Aswan.
Neutron activation analysis of other artifacts in the area of the colossi indicates that they also came from Cairo rather than Aswan.
Methanol as a Gasoline Extender: A Critique
Authors: Wigg E. E. 
Published: October 2006

The tests conducted with the three vehicles at different emission control levels suggest that, in the area of fuel economy and emissions, potential benefits with methanol blends are related to carburetion and are only significant in the case of the rich-operating cars built before emission control standards were imposed. Theoretical considerations related to methanol's leaning effect on carburetion support this conclusion. Potential advantages for methanol in these areas are therefore continuously diminishing as the older cars leave the roads. At present, these older cars use only about one-fourth of the total motor gasoline consumed and, before methanol could be used on a large scale, this fraction would be much smaller.
The use of methanol in gasoline would almost certainly create severe product quality problems. Water contamination could lead to phase separation in the distribution system and possibly in the car tank as well, and this would require additional investment in fuel handling and blending equipment. Excess fuel volatility in hot weather may also have adverse effects on car performance if the methanol blends include typical concentrations of butanes and pentanes. Removal of these light hydrocarbon components would detract from methanol's role as a gasoline extender and if current fuel volatility specifications were maintained, its use could lead to a net loss in the total available energy for use in motor fuels. Car performance problems associated with excessively lean operation would also be expected in the case of a significant proportion of late-model cars which are adjusted to operate on lean fuel-air mixtures.
If methanol does become available in large quantities, these factors suggest that it would be more practical to use it for purposes other than those related to the extending of motor gasoline, such as for gas turbines used for electric power generation. In this case, the "pure" methanol would act as a clean-burning fuel, having none of the potentially severe product quality problems associated with its use in motor gasoline, while the fuel oil or natural gas currently burned in these turbines could be diverted to other uses.
On the Basis for the Physiological Activity of Certain Onium Compounds
Authors: Renshaw R. R. 
Published: October 2006

(1) An outline is given of an extended, cooperative investigation now being made on the basis for the physiological activity of onium compounds on the nervous system.
(2) Evidence has been obtained which shows that the process is much less simple than is indicated by a number of theories that have been advanced to explain drug action.
(3) It would appear that the action of these substances is not due either to their chemical decomposition, their activity as bases or to their distribution coefficients. The mobility of their ions is not, at least, of primary significance. To be physiologically active, these substances must exist in the body fluids as cations.
(4) Indirect evidence is given of the necessity of taking into account the probable differences of structure of the mechanism of the nervous system on which these substances act, or (and) the environment at the seat of action.
(5) The probability that the first determining factor in the action of these compounds is something in the nature of a selective adsorption depending on the spacial configuration of the groups involved in the ion structure is suggested.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to the directors of the Bache Fund of the National Academy of Science for grants made to aid the experimental work of this investigation.
Fruit and Vegetable Pigments as Indicators
Authors: Pratt O. B. , Swartout H. O. 
Published: October 2006

(1) Solutions of many fruit pigments act as indicators.
(2) These solutions are easily prepared and stable, and the pH range of their color changes is in most cases conveniently near the neutral point.
(3) As liquid indicators they can be used in titrating acids, but not bases.
(4) Their greatest usefulness depends upon the fact that very satisfactory test papers can be made with them in a simple and inexpensive way.
Dual Nature of Physiography
Authors: Glock Waldo S. 
Published: October 2006

Physiography may be viewed from two distinct angles, the one dynamic, the other passive. The processes hold the fascination inherent in energy and force; the products exhibit all the beauty and diversity of form in the composition of landscapes. The tacit adoption of a particular view-point not only will avoid confusion but will also simplify to a great extent both oral and written presentation of physiographic subjects, especially to beginners. We ought, perhaps, to discriminate clearly between process and product.
In a restricted fashion geodynamics studies the process, force or activity, simply acknowledging the form as a passive result. Geomorphology considers that form to be a detailed expression of the influence of rock and structure and acknowledges the process as a cause chiefly in relation to the gross lineaments of the ensemble.
In a large fashion geodynamics is intimately associated with certain branches of geology, as sedimentation, while geomorphology connects physiography with geography. The dynamic interlude representing the active phase of physiography weaves the basic threads of geologic history.
Image Modulation in Corona Discharge Photography
Authors: Pehek John O. , Kyler Harry J. , Faust David L. 
Published: October 2006

Photographic images obtained by the Kirlian technique are principally a record of corona activity during an exposure interval. Most of the variations in the images of the corona of a living subject who is in contact with the photographic film can be accounted for by the presence of moisture on or within the subject's surface. During exposure, moisture is transferred from the subject to the emulsion surface of the photographic film and causes an alteration of the electric charge pattern on the film, hence the electric field at the surface of the subject. As a result, large variations in the density of corona images, corona streamer trajectories, and image coloration can be brought about.
The radial extent of corona images—that is, the range of corona streamers—is an inverse function of the resistance in the circuit formed by the high-voltage supply, the subject, and the film-electrode configuration. This is because the voltage at which corona is initiated is dependent on the rate of rise of the voltage impressed between the subject and the electrode, and the rate of rise is governed by the applied voltage waveform and the voltage drop across the resistance. The range of streamers is proportional to the corona onset voltage. However, we have not seen any influence of large changes in skin resistance on streamer range. Presumably, this is due to the shunting effect of skin capacitance.
In general, the photographic response to moisture suggests that corona discharge photography may be useful in the detection and quantification of moisture in animate and inanimate specimens through the orderly modulation of the image due to various levels of moisture.
The landing–take-off asymmetry in human running
Authors: Cavagna G. A. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
In the elastic-like bounce of the body at each running step the muscle–tendon units are stretched after landing and recoil before take-off. For convenience, both the velocity of the centre of mass of the body at landing and take-off, and the characteristics of the muscle–tendon units during stretching and recoil, are usually assumed to be the same. The deviation from this symmetrical model has been determined here by measuring the mechanical energy changes of the centre of mass of the body within the running step using a force platform. During the aerial phase the fall is greater than the lift, and also in the absence of an aerial phase the transduction between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy is greater during the downward displacement than during the lift. The peak of kinetic energy in the sagittal plane is attained thanks to gravity just prior to when the body starts to decelerate downwards during the negative work phase. In contrast, a lower peak of kinetic energy is attained, during the positive work phase, due to the muscular push continuing to accelerate the body forwards after the end of the acceleration upwards. Up to a speed of 14 km h–1 the positive external work duration is greater than the negative external work duration, suggesting a contribution of muscle fibres to the length change of the muscle–tendon units. Above this speed, the two durations (&lt;0.1 s) are similar, suggesting that the length change is almost totally due to stretch–recoil of the tendons with nearly isometrically contracting fibres.
Downregulation of aquaporins 1 and 5 in nasal gland by osmotic stress in ducklings,Anas platyrhynchos: implications for the production of hypertonic fluid
Authors: Müller Christian , Sendler Matthias , Hildebrandt Jan-Peter 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYUsing primers against highly conserved regions of mammalian and bird aquaporins in RT–PCR experiments, we amplified products derived from duck (Anas platyrhynchos) nasal gland RNA that were identified as homologues of mammalian and chicken aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 cDNAs by sequencing. Using digoxigenin-labelled probes derived from these PCR products in northern blot analyses of mRNA isolated from nasal glands of untreated(naïve) or osmotically stressed ducklings (replacement of drinking water with a 1% NaCl solution), we observed a decrease in aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) mRNA abundance (by approximately 40%) during saline adaptation in the animals. Western blot analysis of AQP1 and AQP5 expression in the glands revealed that protein abundance decreased in a similar fashion. Immunohistochemical analysis of AQP1 distribution in cryosections of nasal gland indicated that AQP1 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells of the capillaries, but definitely not in the secretory or ductal cells of the gland. AQP5 distribution in the gland, however, seems to be different, since staining was exclusively observed in apical and basolateral plasma membranes of individual epithelial cells of the primary and central ducts, which collect fluid from the secretory tubules. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that strongly hyperosmotic fluid is produced by the secretory cells at very low (unstimulated gland) or high (activated gland) rates. In the unstimulated gland, secretions may be diluted by aquaporin-mediated transcellular water flux while passing through the ductal system flushing the glandular ducts, thereby potentially preventing ascending infections. In the activated gland, however, downregulation of aquaporins in capillaries and duct cells may prevent dilution of the initially secreted fluid, enabling the animals to excrete large volumes of a highly concentrated salt solution.
Antibiotics and nasal surgery
Authors: Weimert Thomas A. , Yoder Milton G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDespite the widespread use of prophylactic antibiotics in nasal surgery, the subject has been paid little attention in the literature.In a retrospective analysis of 210 patients who underwent septal surgery or a rhinoplasty, only 5 developed minor infections. Patients undergoing septal surgery or rhinoplasty (174) were evaluated in a randomized sequence, prospectively, to study the efficacy of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. Only 4 patients developed minor infections; and 173 patients demonstrated no clinical nor radiographic evidence of subsequent sinusitis. The incidence of infectious complications resulting from intranasal surgery is not sufficient to warrant the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Furthermore, proof of their effectiveness in preventing such infections is lacking.
Unusual head and neck manifestations of non‐hodgkin's lymphomas in children and adults
Authors: Sawyer Robert , Rosenthal David I. , Maniglia Anthony J. , Goodwin W. Jarrard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCertain patterns of “lymphoma masquerade” are examined, where the diagnosis is very difficult to establish. The presence of prolonged symptoms prior to the acute event or indolent slow healing wounds should alert clinicians to the possibility that lymphoma may be involved. Localizing tumors in order to make a tissue diagnosis is one potential problem encountered even with computerized tomography, but magnetic resonance imaging has been helpful in demonstrating the presence of tumor mass. Included in this report is an unusual series of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in which there was not an obvious tumor. Three patients presented with symptoms and findings of deep neck abscess, two of which were associated with an esophageal perforation or tracheoesophageal fistula. The other cases involved chronic sinusitis and an apparent viral polyneuropathy affecting multiple cranial nerves. Treatment of these non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and techniques for establishing the pathological diagnosis are discussed.
Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve II. Physiologic verification in the bullfrog
Authors: Newman Anita , Honrubia Vicente , Bell Theodore 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were performed to document the functional capacity of the regenerated eighth cranial nerve. In experiment 1, the eighth cranial nerve was sectioned preganglionically and allowed to regenerate in a group of bullfrogs with normal contralateral eighth nerve and labyrinth. Posture and reflex to lateral tilt were measured preoperatively and postoperatively for a minimum of 3 months. Similar measures were performed in a second group of bullfrogs in which the eighth nerve had been destroyed by ganglionectomy and in a third with peripheral labyrinthectomies.In experiment 2, the eighth nerve was sectioned and allowed to regenerate in bullfrogs in which the contralateral nerve had previously been destroyed. Posture and reflex to lateral tilt were measured as in experiment 1. Similar measures were performed in a group of bullfrogs that had undergone bilateral nerve destruction.Regeneration of the eighth cranial nerve in bullfrogs in both experiments was documented histologically by labeling the regenerated fibers with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).In both experiments, posture recovered completely only in the bullfrogs in which the eighth cranial nerve was allowed to regenerate. Reflex to lateral tilt recovered more rapidly in the bullfrogs with regenerated nerves than in any of the other bullfrogs.
Astrocytic localization of kynurenine aminotransferase II in the rat brain visualized by immunocytochemistry
Authors: Guidetti Paolo , Hoffman Gloria E. , Melendez‐Ferro Miguel , Albuquerque Edson X. , Schwarcz Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, is a neuroinhibitory agent present in the mammalian brain. Endogenous KYNA preferentially affects the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptor and, possibly, the glycine co‐agonist (glycineB) site of the NMDA receptor. Functionally relevant fluctuations in brain KYNA occur under both physiological and pathological conditions, affecting cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), the major biosynthetic enzyme of KYNA in the rat brain, catalyzes the irreversible formation of KYNA from its immediate bioprecursor, kynurenine. We now purified rat kidney KAT II to homogeneity, generated a polyclonal rabbit anti‐rat KAT II antibody, and purified the antibody using routine biochemical methods. The antibody selectively recognized KAT II by Western blot analysis and in immunotitration experiments. Used for immunocytochemistry, the antibody revealed discrete, specific staining of KAT II‐positive astrocyte‐like cells throughout the adult rat brain. The presence of KAT II in astrocytes was confirmed by double fluorescence immunostaining with an antibody against the astrocyte‐specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). No specific labeling was detected in neurons or microglia. However, KAT II‐positive astrocytes were intimately associated with select neuron populations, supporting a neuromodulatory role of KYNA. Intense staining was frequently seen around brain capillaries, with astrocytic end feet contacting the capillary wall. This may explain the rapid access of blood‐derived kynurenine to KAT II‐containing astrocytes. The new anti‐KAT II antibody should be useful in the further elucidation of the presumed role of KYNA in brain physiology and pathology. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L2 discretization of Sturmian wave functions for Coulomb‐like potentials
Authors: Frapiccini A. L. , Gonzalez V. Y. , Randazzo J. M. , Colavecchia F. D. , Gasaneo G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this work we introduce a method to construct Sturmian functions for general interaction potentials in two‐body problems. We expand these Sturmians on a finite L2 space, using N Laguerre basis functions to obtain a discrete set of eigenvalues for positive and negative energies. Orthogonality and closure relations are thus rewritten for these expansions; completeness is achieved through increasing the basis size. We apply the method to the Coulomb and Herman and Skillman potential. We study the behavior of the functions obtained and their convergence for an overall range of energies. The Sturmian functions are applied to solve the Schrödinger equation for an active electron in a He‐like system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Changes in exercise capacity, ventilation, and body weight following heart transplantation
Authors: Habedank Dirk , Ewert Ralf , Hummel Manfred , Wensel Roland , Hetzer Roland , Anker Stefan D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAims:Peak oxygen uptake adjusted to body weight (peak VO2) and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2‐slope) are important prognostic parameters in chronic heart failure. Our study prospectively examined changes in these parameters over 24months following heart transplantation (HTx) and evaluated the potentially confounding effects of weight gain.Methods and results:One hundred patients with chronic heart failure (16 female, mean age at HTx 53.9±9.6years) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing before and 3, 6, 12 and/or 24months after HTx. Twenty‐five healthy individuals served as matched normals. VE/VCO2‐slope during exercise improved significantly at 6 (−23.7%), 12 (−21.3%), and 24months (−32.3%; all p<0.002 vs. baseline). At 6months, VE/VCO2‐slopes were similar to the matched normals (31.8±4.3), 46 of 78 patients achieved values within the 95% confidence interval of normal. Peak VO2 increased significantly after HTx at 6 (+31.8%), 12 (+36.2%), and 24months (+42.2%; all p<0.005). None of the patients reached values within the 95% CI of normal. Although VE/VCO2‐slope and peak VO2 were correlated inversely at every time point (p<0.03), reduction in VE/VCO2‐slope did not correlate with increase in peak VO2. Symptoms that limited exercise changed from dyspnoea before HTx to leg fatigue after HTx.Conclusion:Following HTX, VE/VCO2‐slope returns to normal values in the majority of patients; however, despite improvement, peak VO2 remains abnormal in all patients. Symptoms causing patients to stop exercising change from dyspnoea to leg fatigue.
NINHYDRIN POSITIVE SUBSTANCES PRESENT IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF NORMAL RAT BRAIN*
Authors: Shaw R. K. , Heine J. D. 
Published: October 2006

Early investigations (Roberts, Lowe, Guth and Jelinek, 1958) of the ninhydrin positive substances of the whole brain of rats indicated that these substances were unchanged by various drug treatments or physiological stresses. It was mentioned at that time that studies of the whole brain could be misleading. Later work with whole brains of rats and mice (Häkkinen and Kulonen, 1961; Soep and Janssen, 1961; DeRopp and Snedeker, 1961; Kamrin and Kamrin, 1961) revealed that the administration of different drugs does alter the concentration of several of the free amino acids. Although no meaningful pattern of changes was evident, these reports raised the possibility that a meaningful pattern of changes could be found through a more detailed study with more refined techniques.In recent years the development of dual column (Spackman, Stein and Moore, 1958) and single column (Piez and Morris, 1960) amino acid analysers has facilitated the relatively rapid separation and determination of ninhydrin positive substances in biological extracts. The studies of Tallan, Moore and Stein (1954) had already established the large number of ninhydrin positive substances present in the brain of a cat as revealed by column chromatography, including unknown peaks.This paper describes in detail the procedures used in establishing the concentrations of ninhydrin positive substances in four areas of the rat brain. Other body organs and tissues were analysed for comparison to establish the presence of unknown substances peculiar to the brain.