bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy outcome in patients with raised blood glucose due to a heterozygous glucokinase gene mutation
Authors: Spyer G. , Macleod K. M. , Shepherd M. , Ellard S. , Hattersley A. T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim  To assess determinants of fetal growth in the offspring of pregnant women with hyperglycaemia due to a heterozygous glucokinase (GCK) gene mutation.Methods  Details of gestational age at delivery, fetal birth weight and maternal antenatal treatment were collected from patients and retrospective case note review of 82 offspring born to 42 women with GCK gene mutations and 31 offspring born to 13 unaffected normoglycaemic women with an affected partner. Fetal genotype was determined using direct sequencing from either a mouth swab or a blood sample.Results  In mothers with GCK mutations, non‐mutation‐carrying offspring were heavier than mutation‐carrying offspring (corrected birth weight 3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 3.2 ± 0.8 kg; P < 0.001) and more likely to be macrosomic (> 4.0 kg; 39% vs. 7%, P = 0.001). There was no difference in corrected birth weight between offspring of insulin‐ and diet‐treated women (3.7 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 kg; P = 0.1), although insulin‐treated mothers delivered earlier (37.5 ± 1.7 vs. 38.9 ± 2.3 weeks; P < 0.001) due to increased obstetric intervention.Conclusions  Offspring of women with GCK mutations are at increased risk of macrosomia and its obstetric consequences. Fetal birth weight is predominantly altered by fetal genotype and not treatment of maternal hyperglycaemia with insulin. This probably reflects the large effect of a fetal GCK mutation on fetal insulin secretion and the difficulty in reducing the regulated maternal glycaemia caused by a glucose sensing defect in people with GCK mutations.
Long‐term review of driving potential following bilateral panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Vernon S. A. , Bhagey J. , Boraik M. , El‐Defrawy H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim  To determine the necessity for repeated Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) visual field testing in people with diabetes who have had bilateral panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Methods  A questionnaire survey was conducted of driving history in a cohort of people with diabetes who had been treated with bilateral PRP for proliferative retinopathy between 1988 and 1990. In addition, all similarly eligible subjects attending the diabetic retinal review clinic over a 12‐month period who had had laser between 1991 and 2000 were questioned as to their driving status.Results  Forty‐five surviving patients from the 1988–1990 cohort were eligible and 25 returned the questionnaire (55%). Eight had never driven and 15 (13 with Type 1 diabetes) still held a valid licence, having passed the DVLA field test on a number of occasions. Neither of the two patients who had stopped driving reported failing the DVLA field test as the reason for stopping. All 12 of the patients directly questioned in the clinic were still driving and had passed at least one repeat DVLA test.Conclusions  People with Type 1 diabetes who have no further laser treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy can expect to retain their UK driving licence for at least 15 years following small‐burn PRP, provided they maintain sufficient acuity.
The Role of Alliance Network Redundancy in the Creation of Core and Non‐core Technologies
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Gilsing Victor , Beerkens Bonnie , Duysters Geert 
Published: November 2008

abstractThis paper studies the effect of a focal firm, and its partners' local alliance actions, on the creation of technological innovations by the former. More specifically, we study how two types of redundancy in a focal firm's ego network affect its ability to create new technologies in its technology core areas (exploitation) and/or non‐core areas (exploration). We analyse this empirically in three different industry settings: chemicals, motor vehicles, and pharmaceuticals. One of our key findings is that individual firms can indeed boost both types of innovative output by shaping the degree of redundancy in their local alliance network, but that the way in which this should be done differs between the creation of core and non‐core technologies. Next, we find that it is very useful to unpack the rather abstract notion of redundancy into more specific types of redundancy in ego networks. Overall, these findings reflect an action‐oriented view on the role of individual firms in collaborative networks, which may complement the dominant view in the alliance literature emphasizing the role of the overall network structure and firms' network position within it.
Companionate marriage in India: the changing marriage system in a middle‐class Brahman subcaste
Authors: Fuller C.J. , Narasimhan Haripriya 
Published: November 2008

The Eighteen‐Village Vattimas are a Tamil Brahman subcaste. They were formerly rural landlords, but today they mostly belong to the urban middle class. In recent decades, the Vattimas' marriage system has changed markedly. Child marriage has ended and the age of marriage has since risen further. Close‐kin marriage is no longer preferred, although subcaste endogamy remains the norm. Nevertheless, the education and employment of individuals, and their personal compatibility, have now become crucial criteria, and young men and women are involved in arranging their own marriages. Among the Vattimas (like other Indians), a form of arranged, endogamous companionate marriage has now developed, which plays a fundamental role in reproducing both caste and the middle class in contemporary India.RésuméLes Vattimas des Dix‐huit Villages forment une sous‐caste de brahmanes tamouls. Ces anciens propriétaires terriens ruraux sont aujourd’hui pour la plupart intégrés à lamiddle classurbaine. Depuis quelques dizaines d’années, leur système matrimonial a considérablement évolué. On ne marie plus les enfants et l’âge du mariage ne cesse de reculer. Le mariage entre proches parents n’est plus privilégié, bien que l’endogamie au sein de la sous‐caste reste la norme. En tout état de cause, l’éducation, l’occupation professionnelle et la compatibilité personnelle des futurs époux sont devenus des critères essentiels, et les jeunes gens des deux sexes s’impliquent dans l’arrangement de leur propre mariage. Parmi les Vattimas, comme chez d’autres Indiens, on voit apparaître une forme d’endogamie arrangée, qui joue un rôle fondamental dans la reproduction de la caste aussi bien que de la classe moyenne dans l’Inde contemporaine.
On the Impact of Innovation on the Marginal Abatement Cost Curve
Authors: AMIR RABAH , GERMAIN MARC , VAN STEENBERGHE VINCENT 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhen modeling the effects of innovation on the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve, many studies in environmental economics have posited, implicitly or explicitly, a uniform downward shift. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly investigate this claim in a simple theoretical framework by introducing innovation in the production function of a price‐taking, polluting firm in four economically meaningful ways. We establish that the effects of innovation on the MAC curve depend critically on the specific type of innovation, and that only innovation in end‐of‐pipe technology leads to a uniform downward shift of the MAC curve. A second class of results points to the fact that for other types of innovation in the overall production process, the scope for an upward shift of the MAC curve in response to innovation is easier to justify theoretically. These results call for a re‐appraisal of various results in environmental policy obtained in theoretical work relying on this postulate.
The Repugnant Conclusion and Utilitarianism under Domain Restrictions
Authors: SHIELL LESLIE 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe paper investigates the problem of the repugnant conclusion in variable‐population social choice. A choice rule exhibits the repugnant conclusion if, given any alternative in which all individuals enjoy a high quality of life, there is always a better alternative (according to the choice rule) in which the population is larger and each individual has a life which is barely worth living. While it is well‐known that classical utilitarianism (CU) exhibits the repugnant conclusion on an unrestricted domain, the paper shows that critical‐level utilitarianism (CLU) also exhibits the repugnant conclusion on an unrestricted domain when repugnance is defined in terms of the critical level. In contrast, both CU and CLU are shown to avoid the repugnant conclusion on a restricted domain defined by bounded resources, the law of conservation of matter, concavity and monotonicity of preferences, positive subsistence consumption, and positive “neutral consumption.” In light of the universality of these restrictions, one may conclude that the problem of the repugnant conclusion may not be as great as previously thought.
Equilibria with Increasing Returns: Sufficient Conditions on Bounded Production Allocations
Authors: BONNISSEAU J. M. , JAMIN A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with the existence of marginal pricing equilibrium or equilibrium with general pricing rules in an economy with increasing returns to scale or more general types of nonconvexities in production. Its main contribution is to demonstrate existence of equilibrium with bounded loss and survival assumptions required only on a bounded subset of production allocations. Furthermore, we require only a weakened form of the free‐disposal assumption and we also allow nonpositive prices.
Ideological Divide within the Cabinet and Public Spending
Authors: RUBINCHIK ANNA 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA budget, i.e., spending by category, is prepared by the cabinet of (three key) ministers. The finance minister wants to minimize total spending, while the rest have single‐peaked preferences over budgets and each views his own spending as relatively more important. The goal is to understand effects of polarization in spending priorities,—or divergence of the ideal points,—on the budget under two typical budgeting procedures. If the procedure is “fragmented,” i.e., the finance minister just passively compiles spending requests, then the divergence of the ideal budgets increases total spending. If the procedure is more centralized, i.e., challenging the initial proposal of the finance minister is costly, and it also requires support of another minister, then polarizationmaylead to a tighter budget, as it enlarges the set of the unchallenged proposals, provided the ideals of the spending ministers are sufficiently far apart.
Welfare‐ and Revenue‐Enhancing Tariff and Tax Reform under Imperfect Competition
Authors: NAITO TAKUMI , ABE KENZO 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe examine welfare and revenue effects of tariff and tax reform in a country importing final and intermediate goods, both of which are produced under imperfect competition. We consider two reform strategies. First, lower the sum of a consumption tax and a tariff on the intermediate good, and leave the sum of the consumption tax and a tariff on the final good unchanged. Second, lower the former and change the latter to leave government revenue unchanged. We specify conditions under which each reform strategy raises welfare without decreasing government revenue.
Endogenous Categorization in Insurance
Authors: POLBORN MATTIAS K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper analyzes the welfare properties of equilibrium when insurers use observable actions to classify consumers into different risk categories, and consumers' choice is influenced by the insurance market consequences of their actions. Specifically, we analyze this problem at the example of a car insurance market, in which individual preferences over car types are correlated with risk type and used by insurance firms for ratemaking. Equilibrium premiums for each car are determined by the losses that it generates. Consumers take insurance premiums into account when deciding which car to buy. This creates an incentive to buy the car that is preferred by more low risk individuals. From a utilitarian point of view, this incentive is excessive. Depending on parameters, it may even be possible to construct a tax‐subsidy scheme with balanced budget that Pareto improves on the market equilibrium.
Imperfect Competition and Corporate Governance
Authors: KELSEY DAVID , MILNE FRANK 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper studies the objective function of the firm in imperfectly competitive industries. If those involved in decisions are also consumers the usual monopoly distortion is reduced. In oligopolistic industries, this may give the firm a strategic advantage and hence, in the right circumstances, will increase profit. If the firm cannot commit not to change its constitution, we find a Coase‐like result where all market power is lost in the limit. This enables us to endogenise the objective function of the firm. Finally we present a more abstract model of governance in the presence of market distortions.
Fiscal Discipline as a Social Norm: The European Stability Pact
Authors: FITOUSSI JEAN‐PAUL , SARACENO FRANCESCO 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the arguments for and against the “Stability and Growth Pact.” We find the theoretical debate to be inconclusive, as both externality and credibility arguments can be used to yield opposite and plausible conclusions. Empirical evidence in favor of a Pact‐like rule is also scant. We therefore suggest the view that the Stability Pact is a public social norm, that countries obey in order to preserve reputation among the other members of the European Union. Using this extreme—but not implausible—hypothesis, we build a simple model similar in spirit toAkerlof's (1980)seminal work on social norms, and we show that reputation issues may cause the emergence of a stable but inferior equilibrium. Increased heterogenity generally has the effect of further reducing aggregate welfare; we conclude that the problems posed by the Pact/social norm are likely to increase following the enlargement, when a number of countries anxious to prove their “soundness” joined the club.
Luanda – Holanda: Irregular Migration from Angola to the Netherlands
Authors: Van Wijk Joris 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of push‐pull and social network theories on migration and criminological theory on human smuggling, this article tries to answer the questions of why and how Angolan asylum‐seekers migrated to the Netherlands since the end of the 1990s. The study shows that the migrants can be described as opportunity seeking migrants, rather than survival migrants. Most migrants made no use of typical human smugglers during their travel. They rather used assistance from their social network and made use of the services of middlemen, called esquemas, on an ad‐hoc basis. In this article it is argued that “archetypal” large smuggling organisations in Angola have not evolved because of the existence of these highly informal networks. Support is found that both push‐pull and social network theories can contribute to explaining irregular, asylum migration.
Less than Human? Diaspora, Disease and the Question of Citizenship
Authors: Harper Ian , Raman Parvathi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe aim of this special edition of International Migration is to bring about discussion between those conducting research in Diaspora Studies and the Anthropology of Public Health and Medicine. Historically, international migration has been associated with the transport of disease. Regardless of the evidence, metaphors of plague, and infection have circulated and been used to marginalise and keep out diaspora communities in host countries in an effort to ‘exclude filth’. Migrants have been referred to in terms such as the ‘Asiatic menace’ indicating a virus‐like threat to local populations. We look at the impact the traces of these images have on current host nations’ perceptions of diaspora communities and also ask what impact does this have on the diasporic communities’ self‐perceptions, if any? Does this affect conceptions of belonging, or feed into continuing dialogues of displacement? The movement of people has long been associated with the spread of disease and infections. In light of this, we are concerned with the role of medical knowledge and practices in relation to diaspora communities, and how these discourses have contributed to the perception of diaspora populations by host societies, and helped shape wider questions of belonging and citizenship. We aim to look at these questions in their historical context, both in their continuities and discontinuities, emphasising the importance of this to an understanding of current practices. Circuits of migration, and connected medical practices are taking new forms, where, on the one hand migrants are still associated with disease and pollution, but on the other migrants are also increasingly staffing the infrastructure of western public health services. At the same time, the west can no longer lay claim to ‘superior’ biomedical provision. These shifts signal new directions in the relationship between medical discourse and diasporic ‘others’, giving rise to a contradictory language of migrants being seen as both a threat, and a solution to the ‘health of the nation’.
Migrants, Settlers and Colonists: The Biopolitics of Displaced Bodies
Authors: Bastos Cristiana 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAll through the nineteenth century, Madeirans migrated from their Atlantic island to places as remote as Hawaii, California, Guyana and, later, South Africa. Scarcity of land, a rigid social structure, periodic famines and rampant poverty made many embark to uncertain destinies and endure the harsh labour conditions of sugarcane plantations. In the 1880s, a few hundred Madeirans engaged in a different venture: an experience of “engineered migration” sponsored by the Portuguese government to colonize the southern Angola plateau. White settlements, together with military control, scientific surveys and expeditions, contributed to strengthen the claims of European nations over specific territories in Africa. At that time, the long lasting claims of Portugal over African territories were not matched by sponsored colonial settlements or precise geographic knowledge about the claimed lands. There was little else representing Portugal than the leftover structures of the slave trade, the penal colonies and the free‐lance merchants that ventured inland. In fear of losing land to the neighbouring German, Boer and British groups in south‐western Africa, the Portuguese government tried then to promote white settlements by attracting farmers from the mainland into the southern plateau of Angola. As very few responded to the call, the settlement consisted mostly of Madeiran islanders, who were eager to migrate anywhere and took the adventure of Angola as just another destiny out of the island where they could not make a living. Their bodies and actions in the new place became highly surveilled by the medical delegates in charge of assessing their adaptation. The reports document what were then the idealized biopolitics of migration and colonization, interweaving biomedical knowledge and political power over displaced bodies and colonized land. At the same time, those records document the frustrations of the administration about the difficulties of the settlement experience and the ways in which colonial delegates blamed their failure on the very subjects who enacted and suffered through it. The eugenicism and racialism that pervade those writings, a currency during the age of empire, may now be out of taste both in science and in politics; however, they are not fully out of sight, and the subtle entrance of social prejudice into the hard concepts of biomedical science is still with us. Learning from this example may help analysing contemporary processes of medicalizing diversity or pathologizing the mobile populations, or, in other words, the biopolitics of migration in the 21stcentury.
Contagion and its Guises: Inequalities and Disease among Tibetan Exiles in India
Authors: Prost Audrey 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe paper outlines the trajectories of Tibetan refugees afflicted by tuberculosis (TB) within the exile community of Dharamsala (H‐P). These stories reveal the political nature of TB status disclosure, highlighting the often conflicting ways in which the disease is perceived among different Tibetan exile regional and generational groups. On the basis of these case studies, I aim to show that differentiated experiences of treatment and stigma within “intermediary” host communities such as Dharamsala partially determine the ways in which Tibetans deal with the risk of TB in their “onward” journeys further afield, in Europe, Canada and the United States. With the now well‐established connection between migration‐related stresses and the onset or reappearance of TB symptoms, we may need to consider that, in some cases, it is the compounding of attitudes to disease in “intermediary” diasporic communities with the stigmatising label of “migrant menace” in the second stages of migration that impedes the care of migrants and even precipitates illness. With this premise the paper proposes that investigations of disease in diasporic communities should explore the totality of migration “stages” and their impact on health.
The Birth of the African‐Irish Diaspora: Pregnancy and Post‐Natal Experiences of African Immigrant Women in Ireland
Authors: Shandy Dianna J. , Power David V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article presents findings from a study of African immigration to Ireland. Set against a background description of who these recent immigrants are and why they come, this research, based primarily in a Dublin maternity hospital, looks at the experiences of pregnant and post‐partal African women to explore questions surrounding use of maternity services and their relationship to larger issues of integration into Irish society. This gendered segment of the population is of particular interest, as the phenomenon of Irish‐born children to non‐national parents has been a lightning rod issue in immigration debates in Ireland, leading to a June 2004 referendum limiting access to citizenship by birth in unprecedented ways. Ireland, long a country characterized by emigration, only recently transitioned to a nation of net immigration, and, as such, is grappling with the implications of its rapidly changing ethnic make‐up in questions of race and racism, allocation of social welfare entitlements, and effective health and human services delivery. Through this exploration of the phenomenon of inscribing immigration debates on African women’s bodies, this article highlights racism, family reunification, the right to work, and the lengthy process of adjudicating immigration claims as significant obstacles to integration into Irish society. Through this analysis, this article also provides empirical data that feed into ongoing debates about the meaning of “African diaspora.”