bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing waste: repair, recondition, remanufacture or recycle?
Authors: King Andrew M. , Burgess Stuart C. , Ijomah Winnie , McMahon Chris A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBetween 1980 and 1997, municipal waste in OECD countries increased by around 40%. This paper outlines the very real negative effects of this increase and then introduces the two main European Union policies that have been established to address this problem: a landfill directive and legislation on extended producer responsibility (EPR).The paper then describes and compares the four alternative strategies to reducing end‐of‐life waste within the context of extended producer responsibility: namely repairing, reconditioning, remanufacturing or recycling. It also introduces a more robust definition of remanufacturing, validated by earlier research, which differentiates it from repair and reconditioning.From a consideration of the different factors involved, it concludes that remanufacturing may well be the best strategy. This is because it enables the embodied energy of virgin production to be maintained, preserves the intrinsic ‘added value’ of the product for the manufacturer and enables the resultant products to be sold ‘as new’ with updated features if necessary. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Ultrastructure and synaptology of the paratrigeminal nucleus in the rat: Primary pharyngeal and laryngeal afferent projections
Authors: Saxon Dale W. , Hopkins David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe paratrigeminal nucleus (PTN) receives primary afferent projections from the aerodigestive tract and orofacial regions and plays a role in the integration of visceral and somatic information. This study describes the fine structure of the rat PTN and the synaptology of primary afferent projections from the pharynx and larynx. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) or cholera toxin‐HRP (CT‐HRP) were made into the wall of the pharynx or larynx to label primary afferent axon terminals. Light microscopic observations demonstrated that afferent axons terminated bilaterally in overlapping fields in the PTN. Electron microscopic observations of the PTN revealed that there were three distinct classes of neurons, based on morphology and axosomatic contacts. The most abundant neurons, Type 1, were fusiform in shape and received very few or no axosomatic contacts. Type 2 neurons contained prominent Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and few axosomatic contacts, while Type 3 neurons had many axosomatic synapses. Terminals containing round, clear vesicles and forming asymmetric contacts (round asymmetric, RA) with dendrites were the predominant synaptic type in the PTN. Primary afferent terminals from the pharynx and larynx were of the RA type and formed synaptic contacts with small‐diameter (<1 μm) dendrites. Visceral primary afferent inputs from the pharynx and larynx overlap with trigeminal somatic afferents in the PTN and have similar synaptic morphology. The results support the concept that the PTN provides an anatomical substrate for mediating viscerovisceral and somatovisceral reflexes via efferent connections with autonomic centers in the brainstem. Synapse 59:220–234, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate differentially increase synaptic and extracellular dopamine
Authors: Schiffer W.K. , Volkow N.D. , Fowler J.S. , Alexoff D.L. , Logan J. , Dewey S.L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMethylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP) are first‐line treatments for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although both drugs have similar therapeutic potencies, the stimulatory effect of AMP on extracellular dopamine (ECF DA) is greater than that of MP. We compared extracellular effects directly against synaptic changes. ECF DA was assessed by microdialysis in freely moving rodents and synaptic dopamine (DA) was measured using PET and [11C]‐raclopride displacement in rodents and baboons. Microdialysis data demonstrated that MP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased ECF DA 360% ± 31% in striatum, which was significantly less than that by AMP (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.; 1398% ± 272%). This fourfold difference was not reflected by changes in synaptic DA. In fact, rodent PET studies showed no difference in striatal [11C]‐raclopride binding induced by AMP (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.; 25% ± 4% reduction) compared with that by MP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.; 21% ± 4% reduction). Primate PET experiments also showed no differences between AMP (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.; 24% ± 4% reduction) and MP (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.; 25% ± 7% reduction) induced changes in [11C]‐raclopride binding potential. The similar potencies of MP and AMP to alter synaptic DA, despite their different potencies in raising ECF DA, could reflect their different molecular mechanisms. Synapse 59:243–251, 2006. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists selectively enhance responses of slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors
Authors: Cahusac Peter M.B. , Senok Solomon S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThere is evidence that glutamate may participate as a transmitter at the junction between Merkel cells and the nerve terminals of slowly adapting type I (St I) units. We recorded extracellularly from the deep vibrissal nerve of an isolated rat vibrissa preparation in vitro. Five second trapezoid stimulus ramp deflections of the hair shaft were used to evoke responses. We bath‐applied two compounds, which we planned would interfere with glutamatergic transmission. (2S)‐2‐Amino‐2‐[(1S,2S)‐2‐carboxycycloprop‐1‐yl]‐3‐(xanth‐9‐yl) propanoic acid (LY341495) was used at concentrations up to 100 μM to block all known metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. The racemic mixture (RS)‐4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxyphenylglycine ((RS)‐4C3HPG) was used up to 100 μM to block ionotropic and Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, and as an agonist at Group II mGlu receptors. Unexpectedly, both compounds had rapid onset excitatory effects on mechanically‐evoked responses. (RS)‐4C3HPG increased responses, with a mean 146% of control (P< 0.05) in a concentration‐dependent manner. LY341495 increased responses, with a mean 128% of control (P< 0.05). With (RS)‐4C3HPG in particular, it was noted that the static component (the firing during the last 1 s plateau) was preferentially enhanced relative to the dynamic component (firing during the first 0.5 s). Rapid recovery was seen after wash. Slowly adapting type II units, which have no junctional transmission, were completely unaffected by these compounds up to 200 μM. These results suggest that mGlu receptors play a role in Merkel cell‐neurite complex mechanotransduction, although other explanations are considered. Synapse 59:235–242, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium(II) Complexes with 2‐(2′‐Pyridyl)quinoline. Catalytic Air Oxidation of Olefins by Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Qaseer Hanan A. , El‐Qisairi Arab K. , Zaghal Mukarram H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPalladium(II) complexes of 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)quinoline (PQ), namely [PdX2(PQ)] (X = Br−, I−, N3−, NO2−, SCN−, acac) and [PdCl(NO3)(PQ)] have been synthesized via substitution reactions of [PdCl2(PQ)] with an excess of sodium salts and acetylacetone. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Selected complexes have been further characterized using electrospray ionization (ESI) and ion trap mass spectroscopy (ITMS). Some complexes are found to catalyze the rapid air oxidation of α‐olefins under Wacker oxidation. The chlorohydrin products are produced in good to excellent yields while oxidation products are obtained in low yields. The [PdCl2(PQ)] complex is found to have the highest catalytic activity.
Zur Kenntnis der Kristallstruktur von Melem C6N7(NH2)3
Authors: Sattler Andreas , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOn the Crystal Structure of Melem C6N7(NH2)3Single crystals of melem (1) were grown from both DMSO‐solutions and the gas phase. The structure of melem (1) was solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (P21/c, Z = 4, a = 741.66(15), b = 862.28(17), c = 1335.9(3) pm, β = 99.91(3)° R1 = 0.037 for 1098 reflections). The structure determination by X‐ray powder diffraction, which has been previously conducted, is in agreement with our data. The increased quality of the structural information allows for a more detailed understanding of the hydrogen bonding network.
Psychiatric side effects of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Goeb J.-L. , Even C. , Nicolas G. , Gohier B. , Dubas F. , Garré J.B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPsychiatric disorders, especially depression, are frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). They are attributed both to the psychosocial impact of a chronic, usually progressive, disabling illness and to cerebral demyelination. Besides, drugs such as corticosteroids and possibly interferon (IFN) may also have depressogenic effects. Major depressive disorders and/or suicidal ideation are a major concern and efforts to identify and minimize these reactions are of much importance. Psychiatric side effects, particularly depression, are widely reported with IFN-α and have been suspected with IFN-β but are not yet fully established. Our review of the literature revealed that most studies discard an association between IFN-β and depression or suicide. However, few patients, especially those with a history of depression, might be at higher risk for depression when treated with IFN-β. Overall, considering the uncertainty of a link between IFN-β and depression and/or suicide, as well as the complete remission of psychiatric complications after IFN discontinuation and/or antidepressant treatment, physicians should closely monitor the psychiatric status of patients, but should not refrain from including them in IFN-β treatment programs, even when they have past or present depression.
Protecting the Right of Local Self-Government
Authors: Magnusson Warren 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Many people in Canada are frightened by the right of local self-government, because they are afraid of the privatization of public authority. This article suggests that municipalities can be otherwise conceived, and that a right of local self-government can be vindicated without impairing the capacity of the state or encouraging a debilitating privatism. The key is to understand that municipalities can be non-exclusive public authorities, on a different register from the state or civil society.Résumé.La crainte de la privatisation des pouvoirs publics mène de nombreux Canadiens et Canadiennes à redouter le droit à l'autonomie gouvernementale locale. Cet article suggère qu'il est possible d'envisager les municipalités autrement, et qu'on peut justifier le droit à l'autonomie gouvernementale locale sans faire entrave aux compétences de l'État et sans encourager un privatisme débilitant. L'important est de comprendre que les municipalités peuvent exercer un pouvoir public non exclusif dans leur propre zone de compétence, jouant sur un registre différent de celui de l'État ou de la société civile.
The Political Foundations of Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Canada
Authors: Matthews J. Scott 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Public support for legal recognition of same-sex marriage increased markedly in Canada over the course of the 1990s. The argument of this paper is that a sequence of Supreme Court decisions in the realm of same-sex relationship recognition—and the legislative activity that followed as a result—played a pivotal role in shaping public opinion on this issue. It is argued that the impact of these institutions was twofold. First, by framing the issue as one of equal rights, the courts and legislatures induced many Canadians to weigh equality-related considerations more heavily in the formation of opinions on same-sex marriage. Second, legal recognition of same-sex relationships directly persuaded many Canadians that such recognition was legitimate. The paper uses data from the Canadian Election Studies for 1993, 1997 and 2000.Résumé.Durant les années 1990 le soutien populaire aux mariages entre conjoints de même sexe s'est clairement renforcé. La thèse principale de cet article avance qu'une série de décisions de la Cour suprême portant sur les relations entre conjoints de même sexe, de même que les décisions adoptées par les pouvoirs législatifs en réponse à ces jugements, jouèrent un rôle crucial dans la formation de l'opinion publique sur ces questions. D'abord, en formulant le débat en termes d'égalité devant la loi, les appareils judiciaire et législatif ont amené les Canadiens à accorder plus de poids aux arguments liés à l'égalité dans leurs réflexions sur le sujet. En second lieu, la reconnaissance légale des unions entre conjoints de même sexe a persuadé les Canadiens de la légitimité de cette reconnaissance. Les conclusions de ce texte s'appuient sur les données des éditions d'Étude électorale canadienne de 1993, 1997 et 2000.
Politicians, the Public and Political Ethics: Worlds Apart
Authors: Atkinson Michael M. , Bierling Gerald 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Increased regulation of political ethics has not produced a growing satisfaction with the conduct of politics or the behaviour of politicians. We examine the proposition that regulation produces a convergence of attitudes and expectations between politicians and the public in the realm of political ethics. A distinction is drawn between political ethics conceived as a policy issue and as a process issue. Two models based on that distinction are derived and examined in the context of data drawn from Canada. We observe differences between politicians and the public on critical dimensions, differences that overpower partisan positions. Our conclusions support, with some reservations, the “worlds apart” model and caution against an overinvestment in ethics regulation as a means of restoring public faith in the political process.Résumé.Les citoyens ne sont pas plus satisfaits du processus politique ni du comportement des politiciens depuis que l'éthique politique est plus réglementée. Nous étudions la prémisse selon laquelle la réglementation produit, en ce qui a trait à l'éthique politique, une convergence des attitudes et des attentes entre les politiciens et l'électorat. Deux conceptions distinctes de l'éthique politique émergent de notre propos: celle qui renvoie aux politiques en tant que telles et celle qui renvoie au processus politique. Sur la base de cette distinction, nous dérivons ainsi deux modèles et les examinons dans le contexte de données recueillies au Canada. Nous observons entre les politiciens et l'électorat certaines différences dans des domaines essentiels et ces différences transcendent les lignes partisanes. Nos conclusions soutiennent, avec quelques réserves, le modèle des “mondes à part” et mettent en garde contre une surenchère de la réglementation de l'éthique pour restaurer la confiance de l'électorat envers le processus politique.
Accounting for the Electoral Success of the Liberal Party in Canada Presidential address to the Canadian Political Science Association London, Ontario June 3, 2005
Authors: Blais André 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.I show that the strong electoral success of the Liberal party in Canada stems in great part from the strong support of Catholics and Canadians of non-European origin. In the absence of the fervent backing it enjoys among these two groups, the Liberals would not be among the most successful democratic parties in the world. Yet, we do not have a good understanding of why Catholics and non-Europeans vote Liberal. I argue that the group bases of Liberal support should lead us to question the common interpretation that the party's centrist policy position is the key to its electoral success.Résumé.Je montre que le succès électoral du Parti libéral fédéral au Canada découle en bonne partie de l'appui des catholiques et des citoyens d'origine non européenne. Sans l'appui solide de ces deux groupes, le Parti libéral n'aurait pas remporté les succès électoraux remarquables qu'il a connus. Pourtant, nous n'avons toujours pas d'explication satisfaisante des raisons qui amènent les catholiques et les citoyens d'origine non européenne à voter pour le Parti libéral. Je soutiens que ces tendances sociologiques lourdes devraient nous inciter à remettre en question l'interprétation habituelle selon laquelle les succès libéraux sont attribuables aux positions centristes du parti.
Cohesive Layer Modeling of Time-Dependent Debond Growth in Aggressive Environments
Authors: Roy Samit , Wang Yong , Park Soojae , Liechti Kenneth M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to model the synergistic bond-degradation mechanisms that may occur at the interface between a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) that is adhesively bonded to a substrate and subjected to elevated temperature and humidity. For this purpose, a two-dimensional cohesive-layer constitutive model with a prescribed traction-separation law is constructed from fundamental principles of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, taking into account strain-dependent, non-Fickian hygrothermal effects as well as diffusion-induced degradation in the cohesive layer. In the interest of solution tractability, a simplified approach is employed where the rate-dependent behavior in the cohesive layer is implemented through the characterization of rate dependence of the maximum stresses and maximum strains in the cohesive layer, rather than through the use of convolution integrals in the free-energy definition. The remainder of the polymeric adhesive outside the cohesive layer is modeled as a nonlinear viscoelastic continuum with time-dependent constitutive behavior. The influence of temperature and moisture concentration on the work-of-separation and on crack growth is derived from first principles. The model is implemented in a test-bed finite element code. Results predicted by the computational model are benchmarked through comparison to experimental data from mixed-mode fracture experiments performed using a moving wedge test.
Structure, Regulation, and Putative Function of the Arginine Deiminase System ofStreptococcus suis
Authors: Gruening Petra , Fulde Marcus , Valentin-Weigand Peter , Goethe Ralph 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTStreptococcus suisis an important cause of infectious diseases in young pigs. Little is known about the virulence factors or protective antigens ofS. suis. Recently, we have identified two proteins of the arginine deiminase system (ADS) ofS. suis, which were temperature induced and expressed on the streptococcal surface (N. Winterhoff, R. Goethe, P. Gruening, M. Rohde, H. Kalisz, H. E. Smith, and P. Valentin-Weigand, J. Bacteriol. 184:6768-6776, 2002). In the present study, we analyzed the complete ADS ofS. suis. Due to their homologies to the recently publishedS. gordoniiADS genes, the genes for arginine deiminase, ornithine carbamoyl-transferase, and carbamate kinase, which were previously designatedadiS,octS, andckS, respectively, were renamedarcA,arcB, andarcC, respectively. Our data revealed thatarcA,arcB, andarcCof theS. suisADS are transcribed from an operon (arcABCoperon). Additionally, putative ADS-associated genes were cloned and sequenced which, however, did not belong to thearcABCoperon. These were theflpSgene upstream of thearcABCoperon with homology to theflptranscription regulator ofS. gordoniiand thearcD,arcT,arcH, andargRgenes downstream of thearcABCoperon with high homologies to a putative arginine-ornithine antiporter, a putative dipeptidase ofS. gordonii, a putative β-N-acetylhexosaminidase ofS. pneumoniae, and a putative arginine repressor ofS. gordonii, respectively. The transcriptional start point of thearcABCoperon was determined, and promoter analysis provided evidence that multiple factors contribute to the regulation of the ADS. Thus, a putative binding site for a transcription regulator of the Crp/Fnr family, an ArgR-binding site, and twocis-acting catabolite response elements were identified in the promoter-operator region of the operon. Consistent with this, we could demonstrate that the ADS ofS. suisis inducible by arginine and reduced O2tension and subject to carbon catabolite repression. Furthermore, comparing anarcAknockout mutant in which expression of the three operon-encoded proteins was abolished with the parental wild-type strain showed that thearcABCoperon ofS. suiscontributes to survival under acidic conditions.
Nanoscale Characterization and Determination of Adhesion Forces of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pili by Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Touhami Ahmed , Jericho Manfred H. , Boyd Jessica M. , Beveridge Terry J. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

Type IV pili play an important role in bacterial adhesion, motility, and biofilm formation. Here we present high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of type IV pili from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
bacteria. An individual pilus ranges in length from 0.5 to 7 μm and has a diameter from 4 to 6 nm, although often, pili bundles in which the individual filaments differed in both length and diameter were seen. By attaching bacteria to AFM tips, it was possible to fasten the bacteria to mica surfaces by pili tethers. Force spectra of tethered pili gave rupture forces of 95 pN. The slopes of force curves close to the rupture force were nearly linear but showed little variation with pilus length. Furthermore, force curves could not be fitted with wormlike-chain polymer stretch models when using realistic persistence lengths for pili. The observation that the slopes near rupture did not depend on the pili length suggests that they do not represent elastic properties of the pili. It is possible that this region of the force curves is determined by an elastic element that is part of the bacterial wall, although further experiments are needed to confirm this.
Regulation of SpeB inStreptococcus pyogenesby pH and NaCl: a Model for In Vivo Gene Expression
Authors: Loughman Jennifer A. , Caparon Michael 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTFor a pathogen such asStreptococcus pyogenes, ecological success is determined by its ability to sense the environment and mount an appropriate adaptive transcriptional response. Thus, determining conditions for analyses of gene expression in vitro that are representative of the in vivo environment is critical for understanding the contributions of transcriptional response pathways to pathogenesis. In this study, we determined that the gene encoding the SpeB cysteine protease is up-regulated over the course of infection in a murine soft-tissue model. Conditions were identified, including growth phase, acidic pH, and an NaCl concentration of <0.1 M, that were required for expression ofspeBin vitro. Analysis of global expression profiles in response to these conditions in vitro identified a set of coregulated genes whose expression patterns showed a significant correlation with that ofspeBwhen examined during infection of murine soft tissues. This analysis revealed that a culture medium that promotes high levels of SpeB expression in vitro produced an expression profile that showed significant correlation to the profile observed in vivo. Taken together, these studies establish culture conditions that mimic in vivo expression patterns; that growth phase, pH, and NaCl may mimic relevant cues sensed byS. pyogenesduring infection; and that identification of other environmental cues that alter expression ofspeBin vitro may provide insight into the signals that direct global patterns of gene expression in vivo.