bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Differences and Genetic Parameters for Four Coastal Provenances of Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Sierra-Lucero V. , McKeand S.E. , Huber D.A. , Rockwood D.L. , White T.L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Provenance-progeny test plantations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were assessed for survival, height, mean annual increment for volume (MAIV), and fusiform rust infection (caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) at 5, 10 and 15 yr. Each of the 7 sites contained from 6 to 15 open-pollinated families from each of 4 provenances: Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP), Central Florida (CF), Marion County Florida (MCF), and Gulf Coastal Plain (GCP). The main objectives for establishing these trials were to: (1) characterize the genetic architecture among and within these provenances; and (2) determine the relative genetic worth of these provenances for possible inclusion in advanced-generation breeding programs in the Coastal Plain in the southeastern United States.
Provenance and family within provenance effects were strong and highly significant for height and MAIV, but only family effects were significant for rust infection. The Florida provenances were the best growers at all ages and at all sites. The poor growth of the Gulf Coastal Plain provenance compared to the Atlantic Coastal Plain provenance could not be explained by climatic or edaphic differences between the regions of origin. We speculate that gene flow from slower growing sources on the western side of the Mississippi River may be at least partly responsible for the poor growth of the GCP loblolly.
Because of the relatively stable performance of the provenances and the families within provenances at each site and across ages, selection of superior families for growth and rust resistance between ages 5 and 10 yr should result in substantial genetic gain in the Coastal Plain. For. Sci. 48(4):732–742.
Comparative Analysis of Stochastic Models for Financial Uncertainty in Forest Management
Authors: Yoshimoto Atsushi , Shoji Isao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We propose 13 continuous time stochastic models based on the state-dependent volatility process for stochastic log price dynamics, and then conduct a comparative analysis for their performance. Comparison is carried out on the basis of AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion), the mean squared error of the model, and the likelihood ratio test. Parameter estimation is performed by using the local linearization method. Our experiments with 13 tree species sold on the Japanese timber market show that the general form of the state-dependent stochastic model yields the highest performance in terms of AIC for most logs. In addition, we find that price dynamics with a tendency to increase over time can be captured by such a stochastic model, with the drift term as a linear function of the state. It is also shown that a functional form of the diffusion part or volatility of the model plays an important role in model performance with regard to the AIC, while a functional form of the drift part of the model does so in the mean squared error for forecasting one period ahead. FOR. SCI. 48(4):755–766.
Scale and Unit Specification Influences in Harvest Scheduling with Maximum Area Restrictions
Authors: Murray Alan T. , Weintraub Andrés 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article examines alternative approaches for representing a forest region to be scheduled for harvesting, where the primary concerns are maximizing return and imposing a maximum contiguous area of disturbance restriction. One approach assumes that any two adjacent management units exceed a regulated maximum area of disturbance. An alternative approach recognizes that management units may be substantially smaller than the maximum area restriction, so simultaneously disturbing two neighboring units does not necessarily represent a maximum area violation. The distinguishing feature of these two approaches is the way in which a forest is spatially represented. A single time period, 351 management unit harvest scheduling problem is utilized to investigate whether analysis results are subject to manipulation when forest representation, and associated modeling, is interpreted in different ways. Empirical results highlight significant economic and spatial variation in harvest schedules when maximum area restrictions are imposed using alternative approaches. For. Sci. 48(4):779–789.
Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse: A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World
Authors: Carroll John P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The pheasants and relatives have been the subject of a large number of extensive treatises, including works by Beebe (1918– 1922) and Delacour (1977), which are considered classic treatments of some of the species included in Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse. Although these “gamebirds” contain a number of the best-known and studied birds in the world, most notably the domestic chicken, the ring-necked or common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), and the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), many species are not familiar even to ornithologists.
Spatial Methods for Quantifying Forest Stand Structure Development: A Comparison Between Nearest-Neighbor Indices and Variogram Analysis
Authors: Kint Vincent , van Meirvenne Marc , Nachtergale Lieven , Geudens Guy , Lust Noël 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Insight into forest stand structure is of capital importance for understanding forest ecosystem structure and function. The ability of two spatial methods—based on (1) nearest-neighbor indices and (2) geostatistical variogram analysis—to quantify forest stand structure and its development over short time periods was investigated in two mixed Scots pine stands. Results show that the two methods are complementary in quantifying the three components of forest stand structure: positioning, mixture, and differentiation. The principal advantage of nearest-neighbor indices was their capacity for detecting subtle structure changes; moreover, they are easy to calculate and interpret. Variograms of height and indicator variograms of presence/absence data were more complicated in their use and required more input data, but provided additional information on the number, impact, and range of structure-determining factors such as competition and management. In this context, the concept of the mark variograms is discussed. FOR. SCI. 49(1):36–49.
Comparison of Estimators for Rolling Samples Using Forest Inventory and Analysis Data
Authors: Johnson Devin S. , Williams Michael S. , Czaplewski Raymond L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The performance of three classes of weighted average estimators is studied for an annual inventory design similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the United States. The first class is based on an ARIMA(0,1,1) time series model. The equal weight, simple moving average is a member of this class. The second class is based on an ARIMA(0,2,2) time series model. The final class is based on a locally weighted least-squares regression prediction. The estimator properties were tested using a simulation population created from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from northeastern Minnesota. Estimates of total volume per acre, on-growth volume per acre, mortality volume per acre, proportion of sawtimber acreage, proportion of poletimber acreage, and proportion of sapling acreage were calculated using several weighted average estimators in each year. These were compared to the simulation population, for which the true values are known, and an unbiased yearly estimator. When computing estimates, the ARIMA(0,1,1) based estimators produced the lowest root mean squared error of each of the three classes. However, in a few years the bias for some variables was high. The maximum percent increase between the estimator with the lowest root mean squared error and the simple moving average was 7.31%. Of all the estimators, the simple moving average performed well in terms of mean square error in virtually every situation. It tended to be best among the estimators tested if spatial variation was large and change was relatively small. It was not consistently best in terms of mean square error in the presence of moderate change and large spatial variation. For. Sci. 49(1):50–63.
Estimates of Additive, Dominance and Epistatic Genetic Variances from a Clonally Replicated Test of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Isik Fikret , Li Bailian , Frampton John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nine full-sib families were generated using a factorial mating design consisting of three female and three male loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) parents. Full-sib seedlings and clones of the same families were planted in two test sites in Alabama and Florida. Additive, dominance, and epistatic genetic variances were estimated for growth traits and for fusiform rust incidence for ages 1 through 6. Epistatic variances did not have a significant role in growth traits, but additive gene actions were the major source of genetic variance in loblolly pine. Dominance variance for height, diameter, and volume was negligible at early ages, but it was considerable at age 6, particularly for volume. Fusiform rust incidence appeared to be partially under additive and epistatic gene actions and genetic differences among the clones within families accounted for 48.6% of the total variance. Within-plot variance for clones was always smaller than that within-plot variance for seedlings of the same full-sib families. Clonally replicated progeny tests may provide special advantages for loblolly pine tree improvement programs, as they would substantially increase the efficiency of testing by reducing the microenvironmental variance and better estimation of genetic parameters. This may provide greater genetic gains, particularly for fusiform rust incidence. Potential effects of the small parental size and violations of the assumptions of the genetic model are discussed. Negative additive and nonadditive genetic correlations between the growth traits and fusiform rust incidence are encouraging for rapid and simultaneous improvement of the traits during the same cycle selection. FOR. SCI. 49(1):77–88.
Genetic Gain and Selection Efficiency of Loblolly Pine in Three Geographic Regions
Authors: Xiang Bin , Li Bailian , McKeand Steve 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Genetic parameters of annual height to 8 yr and 4 to 8 yr volume were examined for Northern, Coastal, and Piedmont populations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from analyses of 23 disconnected half-diallel progeny tests in the southern United States. Genetic gains in year 8 volume predicted by various selection methods at age 6 revealed that selection on volume yielded more gain than selection on height. Among test regions, the Coastal population had the greatest correlated response, followed by the Piedmont population and Northern populations. Family plus within family selection was the most effective to achieve genetic gain for early selection on both height and volume. Additional gain (10–40%) can be achieved by capturing the nonadditive genetic component through mass production of fullsib crosses or vegetative propagation. Early selection efficiency was examined by using the ratio of either gain per year or present value between indirect selection and selection of year 8 volume. Optimal selection ages were determined for various selection methods. The analysis of selection efficiency showed earlier selection could be more efficient than selection on volume at age 8 or later. Family selection can be performed as early as age 3 for height and at age 4 for volume, which was the earliest measurement year for volume in this study. Family plus within family had its optimal selection age at age 3 or age 4. Based on the relatinship of age 8 with rotation gain, the selection criteria and timing were also appropriate. FOR. SCI. 49(2):196–208.
Book Reviews: Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests
Authors: Schultz Richard C. , Lee Kye-Han 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In recent years, water resource issues concerning quality, quantity, and timing have been dominating natural resource management discussions around the world. Forest hydrology has historically been an important topic in forest management leading to some of the earliest forest research conducted in the United States. While there are a few textbooks on forest hydrology, there has always been a dilemma in what to include in such books. The hydrologic cycle may be briefly covered in ecology courses. However, without a significant introduction to water resources, most forestry and nonforestry students who enroll in a forest hydrology course do not have sufficient background in water resources to really understand the effect forests have on water quality, quantity and timing. A textbook for most forest hydrology courses should not only cover topics on forest impacts on water but also provide the basics of water properties, movement, and storage in the atmosphere, soil matrix, and surface water bodies. Putting both major topic areas in one manageable textbook requires trade-offs that do not dilute either subject area too much, but rather skillfully blend the two together. Mingteh Chang has done just that in writing this book.
Potential Improvements in the Characterization of Forest Canopy Gaps Caused by Windthrow Using Fine Spatial Resolution Multispectral Data: Comparing Hard and Soft Classification Techniques
Authors: Foody Giles M. , Jackson Robin G. , Quine Christopher P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Gaps often form in forest canopies due to windthrow and have important management and ecological implications. Remote sensing has considerable potential for the provision of information on gap properties but this has not been fully realized. This is largely due to the use of conventional (hard, one-pixel one-class) image analysis techniques and imagery with a relatively coarse spatial resolution. This article investigates the potential to extract information on gap properties from fine spatial resolution airborne thematic mapper imagery using soft classification techniques that allow image pixels to have multiple and partial class membership. It is shown that a standard hard maximum likelihood classification may be used to derive an accurate map of the land cover of a forested site (95.1%) from which gaps in a canopy of Sitka spruce were accurately identified (94.5%). The maximum likelihood classification was also softened by outputting probabilities of class membership for each pixel. Softening the classification increased the information on gap properties that could be extracted from the data. In particular, the accuracy with which key gap properties, such as gap area, perimeter length and shape, were estimated was higher in the outputs of the softened than hard classification. Thus, while strong correlations between the remotely sensed and ground data estimates of gap area (r ≥ 0.96) and perimeter (r ≥ 0.87), based on a sample of 36 gaps, were derived from all classifications, the accuracy with which gap properties were estimated was generally highest when a soft classification was used. For example, the use of a soft rather than hard classification resulted in the root mean square error in estimating gap area declining from 144.90 to 132.87 m2. Furthermore, the soft classification allowed the sharpness of the gap boundary to be estimated, enabling further gap properties to be inferred. In particular, the soft classification output enabled the direction of the wind event causing the initial damage to be estimated, and it may aid the definition of sites with a future risk of windthrow. FOR. SCI. 49(3):444–454.
Predicting the Spatial Distribution of Aspen Growth Potential in the Upper Great Lakes Region
Authors: Gustafson Eric J. , Lietz Sue M. , Wright John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One way to increase aspen yields is to produce aspen on sites where aspen growth potential is highest. Aspen growth rates are typically predicted using site index, but this is impractical for landscape-level assessments. We tested the hypothesis that aspen growth can be predicted from site and climate variables and generated a model to map the spatial variability of aspen growth potential across the upper Great Lakes region. The model predicting aspen growth from climate and site characteristics performed nearly as well as the site index model. Sites currently growing aspen have a somewhat lower growth potential than do nonaspen upland sites. The mean growth potential of national forest sites is lower than on other ownerships, except in Michigan. Upland sites with the highest aspen growth potential had higher growth potential than sites currently growing aspen, suggesting that productivity could be increased by shifting the location of aspen production. Only 6.7% of the highest growth sites are located on national forests across the region. The spatially explicit nature of these results may facilitate cooperative planning to better optimize where aspen will be managed across a subregion to enhance regional productivity and to focus management where the potential for production is the greatest. FOR. SCI. 49(4):499–508.
Optimal Forest Taxation under Private and Social Amenity Valuation
Authors: Koskela Erkki , Ollikainen Markku 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article analyzes the socially optimal forest taxation in the rotation framework when the government has a binding tax revenue requirement. In the Faustmann model, the optimal design of taxation consists of nondistortionary taxes, such as site productivity tax, site value tax, or profit tax. A combination of distortionary unit (or yield) tax and timber tax can also be used to collect the tax revenue in a nondistortionary way. In the Hartman model, with forest amenity services as a public good, the optimal design consists of a nondistortionary tax and a Pigouvian tax, which adjusts the private rotation age to the socially optimal one. Now only the site productivity tax is nondistortionary, while unit, yield, timber, site value, and profit taxes generally serve as corrective Pigouvian taxes. Finally, in the absence of a nondistortionary tax, if the marginal valuation of amenity services is nondecreasing with the age of forest stand, a combination of unit (or yield) and timber taxes can be used for both tax revenue collection and Pigouvian correction. FOR. SCI.49(4):596–607.
Market Participation and Willingness to Pay for Environmentally Certified Products
Authors: Jensen Kim , Jakus Paul M. , English Burton , Menard Jamey 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to ascertain (1) consumers' willingness to participate in a market for environmentally certified hardwood products, and (2) the ‘price premium’ consumers would be willing to pay for a certified oak shelving board. Further, we test how demographics influence market participation and the price premium. Results were obtained through a telephone survey of 811 Pennsylvania residents. Overall, 42.2% supported certification and were willing to pay higher prices for certified products, 45.5% supported certification but were not willing to pay higher prices, and 11.3% did not support certification regardless of costs. The profile of those most likely to participate in a certified wood product market includes nonhomeowners, female, college-educated, recyclers, and previous purchasers of environmentally labeled nonwood products. Among those supporting certification and willing to pay a premium, consumers were willing to pay $10.18 above the cost of an uncertified board ($28.80). For. Sci. 49(4):632–641.
A 2-Opt Tabu Search Procedure for the Multiperiod Forest Harvesting Problem with Adjacency, Greenup, Old Growth, and Even Flow Constraints
Authors: Caro Felipe , Constantino Miguel , Martins Isabel , Weintraub Andrés. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Because of environmental concerns, modern forest harvesting plans are being modified to address aesthetics and wildlife protection issues. In the literature, the most referenced are adjacency constraints with exclusion or “greenup” years. Also of interest are the concepts of old growth patch size and total old growth area restrictions. Typically, harvest blocks have been defined a priori. Recently, some have proposed a more complex approach in which basic cells are defined, and the decision-making process includes forming harvest blocks from these cells. This has been called ARM (Area Restriction Model). Until now, no successful exact method has been reported for large-scale ARM problems, leaving heuristics as a viable option. In this work we present a multiperiod harvest-scheduling ARM model with these spatial constraints. A tabu search procedure with 2-Opt moves (exchanging at most 2 units) was developed. For small size instances, the procedure found the optimal solution in most cases, and for a real-size problem an 8% optimality gap is provided.
Book Reviews: Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction. 4th Edition
Authors: Kelly Myron W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This is the fourth edition of a book that first appeared more than 20 years ago and has been revised approximately every 7 years. This edition includes an additional author (Shmulsky) and the promotion of Bowyer to senior author. The overall quality has improved with each new edition and the current edition has reached another higher level of quality and content. This edition also has extended coverage of the composite wood panels that have attained market acceptance since the publication of the earlier editions.
Seasonal Photosynthesis in Fertilized and Nonfertilized Loblolly Pine
Authors: Gough Christopher M. , Seiler John R. , Johnsen Kurt H. , Sampson David Arthur 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Net photosynthesis (Pn) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) foliage was monitored monthly in 14 yr old stands under near-ambient conditions over an entire year in upper and lower crowns and in both nonfertilized stands and stands receiving nutrient amendments for six consecutive years. Air temperature, humidity, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and plant water potential were monitored concurrently with Pn. Foliar nitrogen (N) concentration was also monitored. The effect of fertilization on Pn was inconsistent and generally not significant. Rates were consistently higher in the upper crown compared to the lower crown primarily due to variable light intensity. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that PPFD and VPD explain between 56% and 64% of the variability in foliar Pń, depending on the treatment. Little or no correlation between foliar N concentration and Pn was found, despite greater N concentrations in fertilized foliage, suggesting that fertilization does not enhance the photosynthetic capacity of loblolly pine foliage over the long term. Substantial amounts of carbon were fixed on measurement days during the winter season, even after freezing nights. Predicted light response curves indicate that foliar photosynthetic capacities are similar year-round, and gross primary productivity estimates (GPP) indicate that over 20% of the annual carbon fixation occurred during the nongrowing season. FOR. SCI. 50(1):1–9.