bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of the Cloud Particle Imager Probes Using Calibration Beads and Ice Crystal Analogs: The Depth of Field
Authors: Connolly Paul J. , Flynn Michael J. , Ulanowski Z. , Choularton T. W. , Gallagher M. W. , Bower K. N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper explains and develops a correction algorithm for measurement of cloud particle size distributions with the Stratton Park Engineering Company, Inc., Cloud Particle Imager (CPI). Cloud particle sizes, when inferred from images taken with the CPI, will be oversized relative to their “true” size. Furthermore, particles will cease to be “accepted” in the image frame if they lie a distance greater than the depth of field from the object plane.
By considering elements of the scalar theory for diffraction of light by an opaque circular disc, a calibration method is devised to overcome these two problems. The method reduces the error in inferring particle size from the CPI data and also enables the determination of the particles distance from the object plane and hence their depth of field. These two quantities are vital to enable quantitative measurements of cloud particle size distributions (histograms of particle size that are scaled to the total number concentration of particles) in the atmosphere with the CPI. By using both glass calibration beads and novel ice crystal analogs, these two problems for liquid drops and ice particles can be quantified.
Analysis of the calibration method shows that 1) it reduces the oversizing of 15-μm beads (from 24.3 to 14.9 μm for the sample mean), 40-μm beads (from 50.0 to 41.4 μm for the sample mean), and 99.4-μm beads (from 103.7 to 99.8 μm for the sample mean); and 2) it accurately predicts the particles distance from the object plane (the relationship between measured and predicted distance shows strong positive correlation and gives an almost one-to-one relationship). Realistic ice crystal analogs were also used to assess the errors in sampling ice clouds and found that size and distance from the object plane could be accurately predicted for ice crystals by use of the particle roundness parameter (defined as the ratio of the projected area of the particle to the area of a circle with the same maximum length). While the results here are not directly applicable to every CPI, the methods are, as data taken from three separate CPIs fit the calibration model well (not shown).
The Underway Conductivity–Temperature–Depth Instrument
Authors: Rudnick Daniel L. , Klinke Jochen 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The development of the Underway Conductivity–Temperature–Depth (UCTD) instrument is motivated by the desire for inexpensive profiles of temperature and salinity from underway vessels, including volunteer observing ships (VOSs) and research vessels. The UCTD operates under the same principle as an expendable probe. By spooling tether line both the probe and a winch aboard ship, the velocity of the line through the water is zero, the line drag is negligible, and the probe can get arbitrarily deep. Recovery is accomplished by reeling the line back in. Recovering the UCTD has some advantages: 1) the cost per profile decreases with increasing use, 2) sensors can be calibrated postdeployment, 3) the UCTD carries a pressure sensor so depth is measured directly, and 4) no hazardous materials are left behind. The design goal for the UCTD was to obtain profiles deeper than 100 m at 20 kt (typical of a VOS). This goal has been surpassed, as it is able to profile to over 150 m at 20 kt and to over 400 m at 10 kt. The first operational use of the UCTD occurred during a May–June 2004 cruise, the purpose of which was to examine the effect of internal waves and spice on long-range acoustic propagation. Over 160 UCTD casts were completed, resulting in a hydrographic section with resolutions of 10 km horizontally and 5 m vertically.
Histologic and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Failed Articular Cartilage Resurfacing Procedures for Osteochondritis of the Knee
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Bursch Laura S. , Olson Erik J. , Havlas Vojtech , Carlson Cathy S. 
Published: November 2007

Background The histologic appearance of the repair tissue after articular cartilage resurfacing procedures in humans is not well documented. Hypothesis The histologic and immunohistochemical appearance of the repair tissues in failed articular cartilage resurfacing procedures will be similar, regardless of the procedure that was done, and will not resemble normal articular cartilage. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Graft tissue from 10 patients who underwent an autologous chondrocyte implantation (n = 6), microfracture (n = 3), or periosteal transplantation (n = 1) procedure to treat symptomatic osteochondritis dissecans of the medial femoral condyle was processed for histologic examination after failure of the articular cartilage resurfacing procedure. Serial sections from all slabs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue and were immunostained using antibodies directed against types I, II, and X collagen. Results Specimens from all 3 types of repair procedures were composed primarily of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. None of the sections stained positively for type X collagen. All 10 cases stained positively for type I collagen (range, 7%–97% of tissue area). Staining for type II collagen was positive in 4 of 6 autologous chondrocyte implantation cases, 3 of 3 microfracture cases, and the periosteal transplant case (range, 2%–65% of tissue area). In 8 of 10 cases, the percentage of the section area exhibiting positive staining for type I collagen was higher than for type II collagen (6 of 6 autologous chondrocyte implantation; 1 of 3 microfracture; 1 periosteal transplant). Conclusion The histologic appearance of the repair tissue of 3 different failed articular cartilage resurfacing procedures was similar and did not resemble normal articular cartilage.
The Evaluation of Various Physical Examinations for the Diagnosis of Type II Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior Lesion
Authors: Oh Joo Han , Kim Jae Yoon , Kim Woo Sung , Gong Hyun Sik , Lee Ji Ho 
Published: November 2007

Background Many types of physical examinations have been used to diagnose superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions; no decisive clinical test is available for confirming the diagnosis. Hypothesis A selection from 10 well-established physical tests, alone or in combination, can be used to differentiate lesions with biceps anchor detachment from those with an intact biceps anchor with arthroscopic correlation. Study Design Case control study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods Among 297 patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy between January 2004 and July 2005, 146 patients were enrolled in the study as a type II superior labrum anterior and posterior lesion group and an age-matched control group. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of each test and all possible combinations of 2 and 3 tests were analyzed. The same procedures were repeated in patients younger than and older than 40 years. Results The sensitivities of the Whipple, O'Brien, apprehension, and compression-rotation tests and the specificities of the Yergason, biceps load II, and Kibler tests were relatively high. No single physical examination was found to be simultaneously highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of a type II superior labrum anterior and posterior lesion. When 2 of the 3 relatively sensitive tests (O'Brien, apprehension, or compression-rotation test) were combined with 1 of the 3 relatively specific tests (Speed, Yergason, or biceps load II test), sensitivity and specificity reached approximately 70% and 95%, respectively. Similar trends were noted in the younger and older patient groups and in the isolated type II superior labrum anterior and posterior lesion group. Conclusion The data suggest that some combinations of 2 relatively sensitive clinical tests and 1 relatively specific clinical test increase the diagnostic efficacy of superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions. Requiring 1 of the 3 chosen tests to be positive will result in a sensitivity of about 75%, whereas requiring all 3 to be positive will result in a specificity of about 90%.
High-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Treatment for Chronic Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Furia John P. 
Published: November 2007

Background High-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for chronic insertions Achilles tendinopathy. The results of high-energy shock wave therapy for chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy have not been determined. Hypothesis Shock wave therapy is an effective treatment for noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Thirty-four patients with chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy were treated with a single dose of high-energy shock wave therapy (shock wave therapy group; 3000 shocks; 0.21 mJ/mm2; total energy flux density, 604 mJ/mm2). Thirty-four patients with chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy were treated not with shock wave therapy but with additional forms of nonoperative therapy (control group). All shock wave therapy procedures were performed using regional anesthesia. Evaluation was by change in visual analog score and by Roles and Maudsley score. Results One month, 3 months, and 12 months after treatment, the mean visual analog scores for the control and shock wave therapy groups were 8.4 and 4.4 ( P < .001), 6.5 and 2.9 ( P < .001), and 5.6 and 2.2 ( P < .001), respectively. At final follow-up, the number of excellent, good, fair, and poor results for the shock wave therapy and control groups were 12 and 0 ( P < .001), 17 and 9 ( P < .001), 5 and 17 ( P < .001), and 0 and 8 ( P < .001), respectively. A χ2 analysis revealed that the percentage of patients with excellent (“1”) or good (“2”) Roles and Maudsley scores, that is, successful results, 12 months after treatment was statistically greater in the shock wave therapy group than in the control group ( P < .001). Conclusion Shock wave therapy is an effective treatment for chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy.
Stephen Neill'sAnglicanism: An Anglican Classic
Authors: Sachs W. L. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTStephen Neill'sAnglicanismhas been the classic book on Anglican history and tradition for a generation. Books which become classics endure because they exhibit timeless features. Neill'sAnglicanismsucceeds because he delineates core features of the church's tradition which originated in English circumstances and spread beyond them. The book's endurance also reflects its comprehensive narrative and objectivity. For Neill English precedent left an enduring mark without enshrining English authority. Anglicanism's genius has been its capacity to embrace local variations of expression. Yet Neill foresaw the tensions inherent in post-colonial Anglicanism. The irony of the church's adaptability and growth was the resulting strain on its consensual forms that began in his lifetime. Local variety would extend to a degree that would erode over-arching consensus and strain the structures which would enforce it, as Neill saw plainly.
Jesus Christ – The Centre of Theology in Richard Hooker'sOf the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Polity, Book V
Authors: Grislis Egil 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTRichard Hooker (1554–1600), while respected in his own time, has become famous in the twenty-first century. For a generally secular age of postmodernism, Hooker offers a remarkably coherent foundational methodology and presents a vigorous case for conservative Christianity. With central attention to Jesus Christ, he celebrates faith, appreciates tradition, and honours reason. Of course, Hooker wrote for his own times. But he has remained relevant, since he cherished truth that does not age. Of the eight books of hisLawes, in Book V Hooker recorded what may be called the most powerful witness for Evangelical and Catholic Christianity in a profound Anglican formulation. While the central orientation to Christ was characteristic of all of Hooker's works, Book V combined his methodological concerns with such central doctrines as the Church, the definition of prayer, Christology, and the holy sacraments. At the same time Hooker also reflected on the theological dimensions of a great variety of liturgical issues. This brief statement, however, precludes a detailed concern with all that is valuable, and focuses on the major doctrines. Moreover, Book V can also be viewed as a creative celebration and defence of theBook of Common Prayer.
Thrombophilia: Common Questions on Laboratory Assessment and Management
Authors: Heit John A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThrombophilia is an inherited or acquired predisposition to thrombosis. This article reviews the clinical manifestations of thrombophilia and addresses common questions on laboratory assessment and management: what are the potential indications for thrombophilia testing, who should be tested, what tests should be requested, when should testing be performed, and how should the test results affect primary prevention, acute therapy, and secondary prophylaxis of thrombosis.
Bleeding and Thrombosis Risks in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Authors: Eby Charles S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Major, spontaneous bleeding is uncommon in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias despite frequent abnormal screening hemostasis tests. However, acquired von Willebrand deficiency and light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, and amyloidosis complicating multiple myeloma can present with serious hemorrhagic complications that are challenging to manage. While patients with monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma share an intrinsic increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE), treatment with thalidomide and lenalidomide increases the incidence of VTE in certain multiple myeloma patient subsets. Our understanding of the complex interactions among malignant plasma cells, inflammatory and hemostasis pathways, and treatment modalities that combine to produce thrombotic complications is incomplete. Prospective, randomized trials are clearly needed to assist clinicians in providing optimal VTE prophylaxis to their patients with plasma cell dyscrasias.
The Evidence-Based Use of FFP and Cryoprecipitate for Abnormalities of Coagulation Tests and Clinical Coagulopathy
Authors: Stanworth Simon J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
There continues to be a general but unfounded enthusiasm for fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or frozen plasma (FP) usage across a range of clinical specialties in hospital practice. Plasma for transfusion is most often used where there are abnormal coagulation screening tests, either therapeutically in the face of bleeding, or prophylactically in nonbleeding patients prior to invasive procedures or surgery. Little evidence exists to inform best therapeutic transfusion practice, and most studies describe plasma use in a prophylactic setting. Laboratory abnormalities of coagulation are considered by many clinicians to be a predictive risk factor for bleeding prior to invasive procedures or in other clinical situations where bleeding risk exists, and plasma for transfusion is presumed to improve the laboratory results and reduce this risk. However, most guideline indications for the prophylactic use of plasma for transfusion are not supported by evidence from good-quality randomized trials. Arguably, the strongest randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence indicates that prophylactic plasma for transfusion is not effective across a range of different clinical settings, and this is supported by data from nonrandomized studies in patients with mild to moderate abnormalities in coagulation tests. There is a need to undertake new trials evaluating the efficacy and adverse effects of plasma, both in bleeding and non-bleeding patients, to understand whether the presumed benefits outweigh the real risks. In addition, new hemostatic tests that better define the risk of bleeding and monitor the effectiveness of the use of FFP should be validated. Last, there is an opportunity to develop effective educational strategies aimed at addressing understanding and compliance with recommendations in guidelines.
Evaluation of the Risk of Therapy-Associated Complications in Survivors of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Travis Lois B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Given the improvements in survival of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in the last three decades, quantification of the late effects of successful treatment has become critical. Since the highest incidence rates of HL occur at ages 20 to 34 years, large numbers of patients remain at lifelong risk for the late effects of treatment. Deaths due to second cancers are now the most common cause of mortality among long-term survivors of HL, followed by cardiac disease. Risk measures of these and other late sequelae, however, can vary markedly between investigations, depending on the types of treatment, the rigor with which epidemiologic study designs are applied, ascertainment of events of interest, the duration and completeness of follow-up, and consideration of competing risks. Further, numerous influences apart from therapy can affect late effects, including patient age, sex, race, lifestyle factors (tobacco, alcohol, diet), comorbidities, and the underlying cancer process. In the future, it will become increasingly important for health-care providers to be able to critically evaluate the risk of late effects in HL survivors, which will include a working knowledge of various epidemiologic study designs and risk measures and an ability to judiciously review the medical literature. In this article, the methods, significance and caveats in calculating and reporting risks of complications of treatment for HL are reviewed.
Epstein-Barr Virus and Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Ambinder Richard F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in some Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) tumor cells. Primary infection is associated with infectious mononucleosis and EBV+ HL. Vaccines and antiviral drugs show promise in modulating the clinical course of infectious mononucleosis. Their impact on HL is entirely unknown. T-cell function may be important in the pathogenesis of HL. In HIV patients, higher CD4 counts are associated with an increased incidence of EBV+ HL. One of the roles of the virus in the pathogenesis of HL may be to mimic signals associated with surface immunoglobulin molecules. New approaches to imaging EBV-associated tumors may be on the horizon. Adoptive immunotherapy and virus-specific pharmacologic therapies offer promise for future treatment.
Aplastic Anemia: Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Bacigalupo Andrea 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This review highlights some of the contributions that have appeared in the literature in the past decade on the pathogenesis and treatment of aplastic anemia (AA). This summary is brief because the field is vast, spaning from stem cell biology to stem cell disorders, from autoimmunity to transplantation, from graft-versus-host disease to late effects. The immune pathogenesis of AA is now based on several lines of evidence and will be discussed. Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) remains an important option for AA patients who are not candidates for transplantation. Favorable prognostic indicators for IST are young age and a short interval from diagnosis; the neutrophil count seems to have lost its predictive value with current antithymocyte globulin–cyclsoporin combination therapy. The outcome of allogeneic bone marrow transplantations has significantly improved in the past decade, particularly in the unrelated donor setting, to such an extent that treatment strategies may be affected. A short interval between diagnosis and treatment will also improve results for bone marrow transplantation; these rare patients should be referred to an experienced center immediately.
Monoclonal Antibodies for B-Cell Lymphomas: Rituximab and Beyond
Authors: Bello Celeste , Sotomayor Eduardo M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe year 2007 marks the 10th anniversary of approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration of the first monoclonal antibody for the treatment of cancer. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody, was approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. From an immunologic perspective, this therapeutic indication provided the long-elusive validation of immunotherapy as the fourth modality of treatment for patients with cancer. From a clinical perspective, it was hard to imagine then that this nonchemotherapeutic approach would dramatically impact the management of patients with almost every type of B-cell malignancy and that it would even find a place as a therapeutic option for patients with non-malignant disorders. Although thousands of patients have been treated worldwide with rituximab, there is still debate regarding its mechanism(s) of action. The demonstration that a number of patients do not benefit with this treatment and that no cures have been achieved with single-agent rituximab prompted several investigators to identify those barriers limiting the efficacy of this monoclonal antibody. Here, we summarize what we have learned in the past 10 years about rituximab efficacy and its mechanisms of action and resistance. We also discuss the new generation of monoclonal antibodies, the development of which has been spurred by the widespread success of anti-CD20 MAb therapy.
Molecular Signatures Define New Rational Treatment Targets in Large B-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Shipp Margaret A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDiffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), the most common lymphoid malignancies, are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders. Although DLBCL is a chemo-responsive tumor, many patients will not be cured with conventional empiric treatment regimens. Gene expression profiles, analyses of specific genetic abnormalities and functional assays have been used to develop comprehensive molecular signatures of tumors that share similar features and rely upon common survival pathways. These studies are leading to the identification of subtype-specific rational therapeutic targets and associated inhibitors for clinical investigation.
Diagnosis, Genetics, and Management of Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Authors: Alter Blanche P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are traditionally considered to be pediatric disorders, but in fact, many of the patients now are diagnosed as adults, and many diagnosed as children now live to reach adulthood. The most common of these rare disorders include Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome and amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, which often develop aplastic anemia and may evolve into myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia; and Diamond-Blackfan anemia, severe congenital neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia absent radii, single cytopenias that rarely if ever become aplastic but have increased risks of leukemia. In addition, the first three syndromes have high risks of solid tumors: head and neck and anogenital squamous cell carcinoma in Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita, and osteogenic sarcoma in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Diagnosis of a marrow failure syndrome requires recognition of characteristic physical abnormalities when present, and consideration of these disorders in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with “acquired” aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, or atypically early cancers of the types seen in the syndromes. Ultimate proof will come from identification of pathogenic mutations in genes associated with each syndrome.