bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-injection method for evaluation of renal function with 14C-inulin and 3H-tetraethylammonium bromide in dogs and cats
Authors: Fettman Martin J. , Allen Timothy A. , Wilke W. Lee , Radin M. Judith , Eubank Mary C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A double-isotope single-injection method without urine collection for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and effective renal plasma flow (erpf) in dogs and cats was evaluated. The gfr was determined, using 14C-inulin and erpf was determined, using [3H]tetraethylammonium bromide. Using a modified single exponential, 1-compartment mathematical model, the renal clearance of these solutes was estimated with a plasma radioactivity disappearance curve constructed from samples collected over a 150-minute time period. In 25 dogs, gfr, erpf, and filtration fraction were 3.55 ± 0.14 ml/kg/min, 10.51 ± 0.72 ml/kg/min, and 0.34 ± 0.02, respectively. In 25 cats, gfr, erpf, and filtration fraction were 3.24 ± 0.14 ml/kg/min, 8.14 ± 0.53 ml/kg/min, and 0.39 ± 0.02, respectively. This time-efficient and reliable method, using β-emitting isotopes, yielded renal functional values well within the normal ranges reported by a variety of other isotopic and nonisotopic procedures. The advantages of the present procedure over previous double-isotope single-injection methods include the use of less costly, lower energy-using, and less penetrating β emittors, as well as a shortened blood sampling schedule.
Serum concentrations of thyroxine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, and prolactin in dogs before and after thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration
Authors: Kaufman J. , Olson P. N. , Reimers T. J. , Allen T. A. , Soderberg S. F. , Nett T. M. , Wheeler S. L. , Wingfield W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of thyrotropin (tsh), prolactin, thyroxine, and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in 15 euthyroid dogs and 5 thyroidectomized and propylthiouracil-treated dogs after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) administration were measured. Although thyroidectomized and propylthiouracil-treated dogs had higher (P < 0.01) base-line concentrations of tsh in serum than did euthyroid dogs, concentrations of tsh after trh administration varied at 7.5, 15, and 30 minutes with 14 of 45 samples obtained from healthy dogs having lower tsh concentrations than before trh challenge. Similarly, concentrations of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in the serum of euthyroid dogs 4 hours after trh administration were similar (P > 0.05) to concentrations before trh challenge. Although the mean concentration of thyroxine in serum was elevated (P < 0.05) 4 hours after administration of trh to euthyroid animals, as compared with base-line levels, the individual response was variable with concentrations not changing or decreasing in 4 dogs. Therefore, the trh challenge test as performed in the current investigation was of limited value in evaluating canine pituitary gland function. Although mean concentrations of tsh in serum were higher (P < 0.05) in euthyroid dogs after trh administration, the response was too variable among individual animals for accurate evaluation of pituitary gland function. Concentrations of prolactin in the sera of dogs after trh administration, confirmed previous reports that exogenously administered trh results in prolactin release from the canine pituitary and indicated that the trh used was biologically potent.
Morphogenesis of canary poxvirus and its entrance into inclusion bodies
Authors: Sadasiv Eileen C. , Chang Pei W. , Gulka Gary 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A virus isolated from a natural outbreak of canarypox was replicated on the chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos, and its ultrastructure and development were observed. Electron microscopy of thin sections of pocks produced on the chorioallantoic membranes revealed a variety of developmental forms which appear similar to those demonstrated in studies of vaccinia, ie, viroplasm or viral factories; immature, undifferentiated virions partially enclosed by membranes; completely enclosed nondifferentiated spherical or oval virions; immature virions with discrete nucleoids; and the more compact brick-shaped mature virions. Two types of A-type inclusions were noted: those with virions around the periphery, and those filled with virus particles. The appearance of mature viruses within the inclusion bodies and different stages of viruses outside the inclusion indicate that in a course of development, maturing poxvirus may enter the inclusion bodies as they acquire surface tubules on their envelopes. Mature virions also were seen budding out of the cell membrane, apparently enveloped in a portion of the membrane.
Studies showing the entrance of poxvirus into inclusion bodies have not been reported. In this report, electron micrographs are shown of viruses entering inclusion bodies.
Experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in conventional calves: Ultrastructural respiratory lesions
Authors: Castleman W. L. , Chandler S. K. , Slauson D. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The morphogenesis and repair of airway and alveolar injury induced by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was studied ultrastructurally in conventional calves to characterize pulmonary cell types susceptible to viral infection and cytopathologic changes associated with infection. Viral nucleocapsids and budding virions were present in tracheal and bronchial ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells and mucous cells 3, 5, and 7 days after inoculation and in bronchiolar ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells 5 days after inoculation. Mild interstitial pneumonia was observed 5 days after inoculation and was characterized by swelling of type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, interstitial edema, and infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Viral assembly and release in tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells was associated with loss of cilia from ciliated cells, formation of syncytial epithelial cells, swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and cell necrosis. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages were present in close association with the viral-infected and damaged epithelial cells. There was intercurrent hyperplasia of basal epithelial cells that, in association with other epithelial lesions, resulted in the loss of normal ciliated epithelium in these airways 5 and 7 days after inoculation. Regeneration of airway epithelium was largely completed by 10 days after inoculation, except in 1 of 4 calves that had failure of epithelial repair and that developed secondary bacterial pneumonia. Pulmonary ultrastructure in brsv-inoculated calves 30 days after inoculation was indistinguishable from that in controls. The results demonstrated that brsv can induce reversible alterations in airway epithelium, which may cause depression of mucociliary clearance and thereby enhance susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Toxicity of Riddell's groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle
Authors: Johnson A. Earl , Molyneux Russell J. , Stuart L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The toxicity of Riddell's groundsel (Senecio riddellii) fed to calves in gelatin capsules, by gavage, or mixed in their hay ration was determined. Dosages were varied according to the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (pa) content of the plant, and the calves’ responses were measured by clinical signs, serum enzyme changes, survival time, and histopathologic changes.
Calves fed S riddellii to provide 10 mg of pa/kg of body weight/day in capsules or by gavage for 20 consecutive days did not develop clinical signs of seneciosis and did not have meaningful serum enzyme changes. However, feedings of the plant that provided 15 to 20 mg of pa/kg/day or more (gavaged or fed in capsules for the same time period) resulted in high mortality.
The Senecio plant mixed in calves’ hay ration was eaten slowly and reluctantly and was tolerated at dosages > 20 mg/kg/day, emphasizing that the toxicity was dependent on the rate at which the dosage was consumed and that mortality was not necessarily dependent on the cumulative dosage.
Because of its high pa content, S riddellii presents a great hazard to cattle managed under conditions where they can consume quantities of the plant in short periods of time.
Dose-response evaluation of a genetically engineered foot-and-mouth disease virus polypeptide immunogen in cattle
Authors: McKercher Peter D. , Moore Douglas M. , Morgan Donald O. , Robertson Betty H. , Callis Jerry J. , Kleid Dennis G. , Shire Steven J. , Yansura Daniel G. , Dowbenko Donald , Small Barbara 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four groups of 9 cattle each were vaccinated with 10, 50, 250, or 1,250 μg of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus A12 VP1 fusion protein that was produced in Escherichia coli and emulsified in an oil adjuvant. The groups given the 10 and 50 μg of antigen were revaccinated at 15 weeks and were challenge exposed at 30 weeks; 5 of 9 and 7 of 9 cattle, respectively, were protected from fmd virus infection. The remaining 2 groups, vaccinated with 250 or 1,250 μg of antigen, were revaccinated at 32 weeks and were challenge exposed at 45 weeks; 8 of 9 and 9 of 9 cattle, respectively, were protected. The results indicated that the biosynthetic polypeptide fmd vaccine was effective using vaccination intervals frequently followed with conventional whole-virus vaccines.
Flunixin meglumine attenuation of endotoxin-induced damage to the cardiopulmonary vascular endothelium of the pony
Authors: Turek John J. , Templeton Charles B. , Bottoms Gerald D. , Fessler John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Endotoxic shock was induced in 5 ponies by intraperitoneal injections of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 80 μg of Escherichia coli endotoxin (lps)/kg of body weight at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours, respectively. At 24 hours, the ponies also were given 20 μg of lps/kg via catheter in the left ventricle of the heart. A 2nd group of 4 ponies was given 1.1 mg of flunixin meglumine (fm)/kg, iv, at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours just before the corresponding lps injection. Two hours after the 24-hour lps injection, the ponies in both groups were anesthetized, the lungs were perfused with fixative, and portions of the pulmonary arteries and veins and right and left ventricles were prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In ponies that were given only lps, some areas of pulmonary vascular endothelium appeared normal when compared with untreated controls, but other areas had disoriented endothelial cells or had varying amounts of sloughing, which ranged from focal areas of a few cells to large areas of denuded endothelium. Ponies treated with fm before lps had less severe and less extensive endothelial cell damage. In both groups, leukocytes were attached to areas of the vessel wall; endothelial cell damage was greater in these regions. Administration of fm before lps administration attenuated the lps-induced endothelial cell damage.
Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation of bone healing in the horse: In vivo study with a Salter type IV osteotomy model with stainless steel surface electrodes
Authors: Collier M. A. , Kallfelz F. A. , Rendano V. T. , Krook L. P. , Schryver H. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The use of capacitively coupled low-voltage signals for stimulation of osteogenesis has been reported in a variety of animal models. Electrically induced osteogenesis was investigated with a capacitively coupled electric field on a radius (distal-lateral orientation) osteotomy model, in conjunction with internal fixation and postoperative loading. Twelve adult horses of either sex were allotted to 2 groups of 6; 1 group was given electrical stimulation and the other served as controls. A low-voltage high-frequency capacitively coupled electrical signal was locally and continuously applied to the electrically stimulated group for 60 days through external, bare stainless steel surface electrodes which were placed on the skin in circuit with a small, portable power source. Harness compatibility and stimulator and battery durability were excellent. However, stainless steel electrodes required a rigid maintenance schedule to maintain consistent current levels. Synovial fluid evaluation demonstrated intra-articular inflammation (decreased viscosity, hyaluronic acid, and increased protein concentration) 1 week postoperatively that generally improved during subsequent weeks and no distinction between groups was observed at 60 days. Radiographically, there was no difference in the appearance of the healing process of control and that of stimulated horses during the 60 days. Angiography showed bridging blood vessels in both groups. Uptake of a bone seeking radiopharmaceutical peaked at 3 weeks in both groups and was 1.92 ± 0.6 cps/pixel/mCi and 1.26 ± 0.40 csp/pixel/mCi for control and stimulated horses, respectively. At any given observation period, uptake in the lesion area was greater in the control group. Ultimate strengths of trabecular bone in 60-day control radii and stimulated radii were 12.64 ± 3.013 and 9.60 ± 3.95 MN/m2, and the flexural moduli of elasticity were 698.0 ± 423 and 402.0 ± 523 MN/m2, respectively. Porosity index was similar for all specimens. Gross, histologic, and microradiographic evaluations indicated that controls healed more efficiently than stimulated horses. A capacitively coupled applied voltage of 2.2 V RMS (mean) producing a current of 17.32 mA (mean) did not stimulate sufficient bone production in a metaphyseal osteotomy model to affect the mechanical properties of the bone or accelerate the healing process.
Enzymatic and acidic sensitivity profiles of selected virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis viruses of swine
Authors: Chen Ker-Sang 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This study identifies the in vitro differences (markers) between virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) viruses.
Exposure of virulent Miller strain and attenuated Purdue strain tge viruses to a spectrum of acidities indicated that the Miller strain was more stable at pH 2. Acidities at or above pH 3 did not reduce viral infectivity of either strain. When virulent and attenuated viruses were exposed to gastric fluids of either fed or fasted swine, there was a similar degree of sensitivity. Carboxypeptidase B, α-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase present in porcine small intestinal fluids did not cause a significant difference in sensitivity between virulent and attenuated virus isolates.
The digestive enzymes: trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, pancreatin, peptidase, and carboxypeptidase A did not (or only slightly) inactivate virulent Miller strain tge virus, but greatly reduced infectivity of attenuated viruses (Purdue strain and tge vaccine virus isolates). The attenuated strains were significantly more sensitive to small intestinal fluids from both fasted and fed adult swine. Differential sensitivities between virulent and attenuated tge viruses to digestive fluids from stomach and small intestine further substantiate the notion of differential susceptibility to small intestinal proteases as a correlate of viral virulence.
Laboratory evaluation of aqueous humor in the healthy dog, cat, horse, and cow
Authors: Hazel Stewart J. , Thrall Mary Anna Hull , Severin Glenn A. , Lauerman Lloyd H. , Lavach J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using routinely available clinical laboratory methods, aqueous humor samples were evaluated from 12 healthy dogs, 15 healthy cats, 7 healthy horses, and 6 healthy cows. Aqueous humor was almost acellular; cells that were present had degenerated beyond recognition. Protein concentration was low; only albumin was detectable on electrophoresis. Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were not detected. Artifacts induced by sampling were insignificant compared with alterations in aqueous humor composition that occur with ocular diseases.
Effects of aspirin and propranolol alone and in combination on hemostatic determinants in the healthy cat
Authors: Allen D. G. , Johnstone I. B. , Crane S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of aspirin (75 mg orally/average-size cat) and propranolol (5 mg orally every 8 hours/average-size cat) alone and in combination on hemostatic determinants in healthy cats were studied. In cats, aspirin alone did not cause a significant effect in platelet numbers, plasma fibrinogen, activated partial thromboblastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, or platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate. Aspirin did, however, significantly reduce the degree of aggregation induced by acid soluble collagen.
Propranolol alone or in combination with aspirin did not cause a significant effect on platelet numbers, plasma fibrinogen, activated partial thromboblastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, or platelet aggregation in response to acid soluble collagen, adenosine diphosphate, or adrenaline.
It was concluded that aspirin alone at the recommended dosage of one-quarter of a 5-grain tablet (1.25 grains or 75 mg) every other day will significantly affect platelet function and may be of value in the prevention of thromboembolic disease in the cat.
Prevalence of some internal parasites recovered at necropsy of Thoroughbreds born in 1982 in Kentucky
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. , Drudge J. H. , Swerczek T. W. , Crowe M. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 89 Thoroughbreds, 14 to 333 days old (born in 1982), were examined at necropsy for certain internal parasites during a 1-year-period, Mar 1, 1982, to Feb 28, 1983. The eyes of 73 of the horses and the cranial mesenteric arteries of 71 were examined.
Specific interest was on prevalence of parasites according to month of the year and age of the horses at necropsy. Parasites recovered (first month – last month infected horse found) were as follows: Thelazia lacrymalis (eyes) immature and mature (June – February); Habronema/Draschia (lungs) immature (May – September); Habronema muscae (stomach) immature (July – February) and mature (September – February); Draschia megastoma (stomach) immature (August – December), mature (August – February), and lesions (September – February); Gasterophilus intestinalis (stomach) 2nd instars (July – February) and 3rd instars (August – February); Gasterophilus nasalis (stomach) 2nd instars (August – November) and 3rd instars (August – February); Parascaris equorum (lungs) immature (March – November), P equorum (small intestine) immature (March – February), and mature (July – February); Strongyloides westeri (small intestine) mature (March – September); Anoplocephala perfoliata (cecum) immature and mature (August – February); Strongylus vulgaris (cranial mesenteric artery) immature and mature (May – February).
Other parasites recovered, but only from 1 or 2 horses each (months found in infected horses) were: Thelazia skrjabini (eyes) (October), Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (lungs) (January); Trichostrongylus axei (stomach) (October); Anoplocephala magna (small intestine) (October, November); S vulgaris (cecum) (November); Strongylus edentatus (cecum) (January); Setaria spp (abdominal cavity) (January).
Influence of probable chemotherapy of the horses on prevalence of the parasites is discussed.
Comparison of rectal mucosal cultures and fecal cultures in detecting Salmonella infection in horses and cattle
Authors: Palmer J. E. , Whitlock R. H. , Benson C. E. , Becht J. L. , Morris D. D. , Acland H. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bacteriologic cultures of 65 rectal mucosal samples and 335 fecal samples from 53 horses and 5 cattle shedding Salmonella were performed. Salmonella spp were isolated from 34 (52%) rectal mucosal samples, 21 (32%) concurrent fecal samples, and 150 (45%) total fecal samples. The use of rectal mucosal samples when compared with concurrently obtained fecal samples significantly (P < 0.025) improved the ability to isolate Salmonella spp. Concurrent bacteriologic culture of rectal mucosal samples and fecal samples resulted in 39 (60%) isolations. Compared with a series of fecal samples, Salmonella was isolated significantly more often when rectal mucosa and feces were cultured concurrently. Salmonella was isolated from rectal mucosal samples when it was not isolated from feces.
Brachygnathia in a herd of Angus cattle
Authors: Heidari Manijeh , Vogt D. W. , Nelson S. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven cases of brachygnathia in a single calf crop (28 calves) were observed in an Angus herd. Two of the affected calves, 1 female and 1 male, were necropsied and anatomically described. Breeding histories and results of pedigree analysis involving the 7 affected calves indicated the cause of the defect to be genetic with the mode of inheritance that of a single autosomal recessive gene.
Prednisolone succinate and prednisolone acetate in cattle: Pharmacokinetics and action on the adrenal gland
Authors: Toutain P. L. , Koritz G. D. , Alvinerie M. , de Pomyers H. , Ruckebusch Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone were studied in a group of 6 cows given prednisolone 21-sodium succinate iv and im (600 μg/kg of body weight expressed as prednisolone alcohol) and prednisolone acetate im (600 μg/kg of body weight expressed as prednisolone alcohol). After iv administration of prednisolone 21-sodium succinate, the half-life of elimination was 3.6 ± 1.177 hours. After im administration of prednisolone 21-sodium succinate, absorption was rapid and complete. After im administration of prednisolone acetate, absorption was very slow with an absorption half-life of 48 hours, but was still complete. Basal plasma hydrocortisone was about 7.5 ng/ml. After iv and im administration of prednisolone 21-sodium succinate, plasma hydrocortisone returned to normal values within 48 hours. In contrast, after im administration of prednisolone acetate, a long adrenal suppression lasting from 4 to 6 weeks was observed.
Phenolsulfonphthalein test in healthy sheep and in sheep with reductions in functional renal mass
Authors: Filippich Lucio J. , English Peter B. , Ainscow Janet 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The phenolsulfonphthalein (psp) plasma clearance and urinary excretion tests were applied to sheep before and after 50% and 75% reductions in functional renal mass. The PSP determinants found most useful as indicators of renal mass reduction were the 15-minute urinary excretion percentage and the 60-minute (psp60) plasma concentration. Although both of these determinants could be used to detect renal mass reduction, the 15-minute psp excretion percentage was the more sensitive. The (psp60) value was influenced by factors other than reduced nephron numbers; the contraction of the psp volume of distribution that occurred after renal mass reduction was one important influencing factor. Overall, the psp tests more accurately reflected the volume of blood delivered to the kidney than the proximal tubular secretory capacity.
Serum amylase and isoamylases and their origins in healthy dogs and dogs with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Murtaugh R. J. , Jacobs R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Agarose-gel electrophoresis was used to study isoamylases in tissues and sera of healthy dogs and the sera of dogs with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. Three or 4 isoamylases were found in the serum of healthy dogs; they were numbered 1 to 4 with respect to their degree of anodal migration. Peak 4 isoamylase, the slowest migrating (most cathodal), was the major isoamylase fraction in sera and tissues of healthy dogs. Peak 3 was identified as a pancreas-specific isoamylase.
Absolute total serum amylase and total isoamylase concentrations increased significantly in dogs with pancreatitis compared with values for control dogs (sham-operated). The relative increase in peak 3 isoamylase was greater than that seen with total amylase or the other isoamylases. The decrease in total serum amylase and isoamylase concentrations paralleled each other; however, peak 3 remained proportionally high longer than did total amylase and the other isoamylase fractions.
These findings indicate that measurement of peak 3 isoamylase concentrations may be of diagnostic value in dogs with suspected pancreatitis with normoamylasemia and in dogs with extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia.