bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Des paysans plus professionnels que les développeurs ? L'exemple du coton au Tchad (1930-2002)
Authors: Arditi Claude 
Published: October 2008

Claude Arditi — Peasants more professional than developers ? An example of Coton in Chad (1930-2002).
The history of cotton brings to light many misunderstandings between developers and the developed. Yesterday's developers and today's ngo's, which advice peasants on becoming professionals, have in common a total lack of interest in knowing local societies. The NGO's, just as aid and cooperation organisations, prefer agronomy, human and veterinary medicine, etc., at the expense of the social sciences. The understanding of peasant strategies should constitute the first basis of the process of professionalizing of developers.
À quoi servent les livres ? Échos africanisants
Authors: Copans Jean 
Published: October 2008

Jean Cop ANS — Of what use are books ? Africanising Echoes.
S. Smith is a cultured journalist. However a volume 2 to his Négrologies is obviously wanting. Unfortunately those who uphold the opposite view of a timeless and transcontinental African culture are just as schematic. Researchers no doubt share some responsibility for the absence of books aimed at the wider public and presenting a more balanced view of African societies.
La question alimentaire en Afrique : risque et politisation. Introduction
Authors: Janin Pierre , De Suremain Charles-Édouard 
Published: October 2008

Pierre Janin and Charles-Edouard de Suremain. — The food question in Africa : risk and politisation. Introduction.
Without pretending to a systematic comparison, this study examines the risks involved in the management of food in several African countries. The articles expose the gap between the initial intentions of food policies, their implementation and local situations. They stress the weakening of the State, the growing strength of trading networks and individual citizen initiatives, which constitute the most of the relations between the actors of the food system, while indicating the plurality of their perceptions, usages and normative frameworks. Such are the stages of a reflection which examines the relationships between theoretical frameworks, development models and the game of actors.
La politisation de l'aide alimentaire d'urgence au Burkina-Faso
Authors: Poussart-Vanier Marie 
Published: October 2008

Marie Poussart-Vanier — The politicization of emergency food aid in Burkina- Faso.
In this article, the author draws the context in which emergency food aid is progressively institutionalised in Burkina Faso. Despite the weakness of food aid supply in contrast to the availability of grain at a national level, the decisions related to distribution are a source of strong politicization between government, aid donors and grain traders. Some polemical, albeit eloquent cases, bring to light the controversies resulting from this aid from the viewpoint of its actors.
Les politiques alimentaires au Maghreb et leurs conséquences sur les sociétés agropastorales
Authors: Alary Véronique , El Mourid Mohammed 
Published: October 2008

Véronique Alary and Mohammed El Mou rid — Food policies in North Africa and their consequences on agro-pastoral societies.
Until the adoption of liberalization policies from the 1980's, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia have favoured a policy of food self-sufficiency based on economic planning and public control of networks. Despite all this, the external food dependency went on increasing during all the period. With liberalization of exchanges, governments stress a concept of food security based on the satisfaction of the needs of the population through local and imported products. What are the consequences of this evolution on livestock systems and on agro-pastoral societies in the steppe areas of Maghreb ?
L'économie indienne face à la mondialisation : un deuxième « atelier du monde » ?
Authors: Hochraich Diana 
Published: October 2008

Diana Hochraich - The indián economy and globalization: another "workshop to the world"?
This article attempts to answer two questions. The first concerns the effects of reforms in the 1990s on growth as well as distribution of income. The second focuses on the characteristics of an opening to the outside world unaccompanied by any marked change in international specialization except with regard to services. Unlike China, India has not become an export platform. China and India share many similar problems (government deficits, agriculture), but the two countries seem to be choosing different paths towards development.
De l'aide à la coopération économique : pour un réexamen de la politique japonaise
Authors: Blaise Séverine 
Published: October 2008

Séverine Blaise - From aid to economic cooperation: towards a reappraisal of Japanese policy.
The purpose of this paper is to re-examine Japanese aid policy over the long term and to draw some lessons for other donor countries on its effectiveness. The policy offers a new perspective on aid and development, clearly different from that in the West. An analysis of the logic and structure of Japanese aid management shows the potential benefits of greater economic rationalization of aid programs and partnerships between the public and private sectors. Foreign aid seems to be more effective when it falls within broader program of economic co-operation generating exchanges and investments.
La crise des banques coréennes après la crise
Authors: Dymski Gary A. 
Published: October 2008

Gary A. Dymski - Korea's Post-Crisis Banking Crisis.
This paper develops the argument that a foreign-bank-led wave of bank mergers and acquisitions will not yield universally higher welfare levels. Korea's banking crisis is not the result of the inefficiency or rent-seeking of its intermediaries, but of a regional structural financial crisis in East Asia after 1990. Most bank mergers and other structural changes in banking in Korea in recent years have resulted in large and risky public-sector debts, with gains taken primarily by overseas private-equity funds. Further, the impact of these structural shifts on lower-income households and small businesses may take Korea further toward a future of economic inequality and social bifurcation.
La finance chinoise après l' OMC
Authors: Sen Sunanda 
Published: October 2008

Sunanda Sen - Chinese Finance after the WTO.
The paper demonstrates the continuing ability of the Chinese state to effectively provide a direction to its financial sector by foreclosing its speculatory options, largely with capital account controls and strict regulatory provisions. China's entry to the WTO may not tilt the balance in terms of a greater sphere for speculation as long as China maintains its vigil over the financial sector. Success of China's state capitalism in gearing finance to industry, in avoiding the risk hazards of footloose mobile capital and, above all, in entering the global market at its own terms should not, however, lead us to forget its policy failures to address issues of internal distribution, especially with rising inequalities and discontent affecting large sections of people.
Amartya Sen : une nouvelle ère pour le développement ?
Authors: Bénicourt Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2008

Emmanuelle Bénicourt - Amartya Sen: a new era for development? A response to Alexandre Bertin.
This article reviews some of the ambiguities to be found in that of A. Bertin published last year in the Revue Tiers Monde (n° 182) on the topic of Sen's capacity approach. That approach has in fact remained virtually the same since the early 1980s, and there was no break in 1987. This is followed by an outline of the similarities between Sen's concepts and those of the undp and the World Bank. Lastly, the article looks at the effects of the capacity approach on concrete analysis: neither Sen nor the international organizations apply this theoretical framework in their empirical studies.
Migration et marginalité. Les migrants andins dans les quartiers de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivie)
Authors: Blanchard Sophie 
Published: October 2008

Sophie Blanchard - Migration and marginality : Andean migrants in the fringe neighbourhoods of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
This research looks at the marginalization of migrants moving from the Andes into Santa Cruz, a city in the Bolivian lowlands. In the discourse of urban planners and political authorities, these migrants are associated with the poor fringe neighbourhoods on the outskirts of the city. Yet, the landscapes of these neighbourhoods are distinguished more by poverty than by the origin of their inhabitants. What is emerging is both an urban citizenry defined by loss and a fusion of Andean migrants and people from the lowlands. Despite their image as poor and violent, these neighbourhoods are the scene of a new kind of hybridization.
Maraîcher à Khartoum : entre intégration et marginalisation
Authors: Franck Alice 
Published: October 2008

Alice Franck - Market gardeners in Khartoum : Between integration and marginalization.
The study of Khartoum's market gardeners sheds new light on the thinking about the integrating capacity of urban agriculture. The uncontrolled urbanization now at work in the Sudanese capital, causing unprecedented competition for property, points to the limits on the potential integration of farm-workers in the downtown. The fact that this activity is strictly commercial and exercised by a mainly migrant population makes the analysis that much more interesting.
Les caïds de la ville à Jakarta
Authors: Tadié Jérôme 
Published: October 2008

Jérôme Tadié - The boss man and the city in Jakarta.
Small-time criminal or godfather, the boss man -preman in Indonesia - is a figure on the fringes of society and the city. As a presence in the urban hierarchy and public spaces, he occupies an interstitial place in the power games between formal actors and the population. He thus contributes to the informal regulation of petty crime and even high crime areas. We analyze the importance of this character in Jakarta, and, through him, how life on the edge allows people to integrate civic life and leads to the formation and appropriation of key areas in the city — its public spaces.
Les territoires de la criminalité à Lagos et Ibadaban depuis les années 1930
Authors: Fourchard Laurent 
Published: October 2008

Laurent Fourchard - Criminal areas in Lagos and Ibadan since the 1930s.
In Nigeria's two largest cities, Lagos and Ibadan, urbanist and policing concerns are emerging almost simultaneously but the anticipated links between poor neighbourhoods and criminality are not in evidence : violent crime like delinquency occurs readily outside the geographical boundaries of poverty. This study hopes to show that high crime areas, far from overlapping geographic areas of poverty or poor living conditions, in fact coincide with a wide range of income groups depending on the time period and the charges.
Pourquoi une telle incapacité d'atteindre une croissance élevée et régulière en Amérique latine ?
Authors: Salama Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Pierre Salama - How do we explain the failure to attain high levels of sustained growth in Latin America ?
Latin American economies have been showing modest annual growth along with high volatility since the 1990s — less so than in the 1980s but more so than in Asia. This article examines the clear and growing levels of inequality, the pernicious effects of finances, the withdrawal of the State and the lack of a genuine industrial policy. Using the work of CEPAL in the 1960s, the contribution of Kaleckian economists, and the introduction of financialization, the author offers a new way of understanding the trend towards stagnation experienced by Latin American economies over the past fifteen years.
Présentation : contexte et enjeux
Authors: Biadi-Imhof Anne 
Published: October 2008

Anne Biadi-Imhof - Introduction: context and major issues
The psychological aspect of life in society appears as a major collective issue which, going beyond politics and psychiatry, concerns society as a whole. This new "social question" cannot be separated from the weighty issues and representations that psychiatry carries with it, either in the industrialized countries of the Northern Hemisphere or in the countries of the South. Psychiatry, subject to a continual process of profound working and reworking owing to its ambitions to find meaning, has since its inception been at the core of debates relating to society.
Santé mentale, coopération et développement
Authors: Carrino Luciano 
Published: October 2008

Luciano Carrino - Mental health, international aid and development.
The approaches currently adopted by mental health professionals show conceptual insufficiencies when applied in situations of extreme poverty and insecurity. International partnership for development helps a process of rethinking with regard to the relationship between the needs of individuals, the function of the Ego in the quest for well-being and the responsibility of society when it imposes routes towards satisfaction that produce exclusion and feed destructive conflicts.
Rencontre avec Pierrette Soumbou
Authors: Biadi-Imhof Anne 
Published: October 2008

Anne Biadi-Imhof - A meeting with Pierrette Soumbou.
During an interview on the question of mental health, a Congolese woman in France talked about the advantages and insufficiencies of traditional collective methods of intervention. These approach psychiatric trouble not as an individual problem but as a social one. This collective means, aiming for basic overall mental health, does not enable an individual to appropriate his or her own history. An intermediary level of professional care that might allow that is missing. The dramatic events that have marked Congo's recent history hold clues for understanding how individuals'accounts of their suffering contribute to the reconstruction of a collective memory, yet without in any way curing the traumas experienced.
Peut-on parler d'une crise ou d'un renouveau de l'économie du développement durant la dernière décennie ?
Authors: Hugon Philippe 
Published: October 2008

Philippe Hugon - Can we talk of a crisis or of a renewal of development economics over the past decade?
Development economics, built up after the end of the Second World War and extended since, is now being called into question by three main critical groups : the upholders of free-market globalization, the ecologist movements and anti- development culture-centred tendencies. However, it could be considered that the discipline has been strengthened in the context of global fracture, differentiation between emerging countries and those caught in the pitfalls of underdeve- lopment, and that the intuitions of the development pioneers have been brought up to date by contemporary economic analyses. This article presents a criticism of the main empirical results of development processes (I) and the theoretical renewal of the foundations of development economics in the course of the past decade (II).
Libéralisation économique et marginalisation de la paysannerie en Haïti : le cas de l'Arcahaie
Authors: Fréguin Sandrine , Devienne Sophie 
Published: October 2008

Sophie Devienne, Sandrine Fréguin - Economic liberalization and the marginalization of family smallholders in Haiti: the case of the Arcahaie region.
The article describes the agrarian changes and developments occurring in the Haitian region of Arcahaie, in relation to trade liberalization. It shows how the small farmers, faced with an increase in food imports, specialized in the only crop that was still profitable, plantain banana, which they sell in order to buy imported rice. They were thus prompted to develop production systems that were both effectively unsustainable from the agronomic point of view and economically vulnerable. This crop is now at the mercy of competition from the Dominican Republic whose agricultural productivity levels are higher. This competition has a heavy impact on prices and poses a threat of serious crisis for the smallholder farmers of Arcahaie, who now have no alternative crop to produce as a back-up.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors vs Sulfonylureas for Gout Prevention Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Metformin
Authors: McCormick Natalie , Yokose Chio , Lu Na , Wexler Deborah J. , Aviña-Zubieta J. Antonio , De Vera Mary A. , McCoy Rozalina G. , Choi Hyon K. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceSodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a revolutionary treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) with cardiovascular, kidney, and serum urate-lowering benefits.ObjectiveTo compare risk of incident gout and rate of recurrent flares between patients with T2D initiating SGLT2i vs sulfonylurea, most common second-line glucose-lowering therapy, when added to metformin monotherapy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis sequential, propensity score-matched, new-user comparative effectiveness study using target trial emulation framework included adults with T2D receiving metformin monotherapy in a Canadian general population database from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2022.ExposuresInitiation of SGLT2i vs sulfonylurea.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was incident gout diagnosis, ascertained by emergency department (ED), hospital, outpatient, and medication dispensing records. Secondary outcomes were gout-primary hospitalizations and ED visits and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), as well as recurrent flare rates among prevalent gout patients. Heart failure (HF) hospitalization was assessed as positive control outcome and osteoarthritis encounters as negative control. For target trial emulations, we used Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regressions with 1:1 propensity score matching (primary analysis) and overlap weighting (sensitivity analysis). The analysis was conducted from September to December, 2023.ResultsAmong 34 604 propensity score matched adults with T2D initiating SGLT2i or sulfonylurea (20 816 [60%] male, mean [SD] age, 60 [12.4] years), incidence of gout was lower among SGLT2i initiators (4.27 events per 1000 person-years) than sulfonylurea initiators (6.91 events per 1000 person-years), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.48-0.80) and a rate difference (RD) of −2.64 (95% CI, −3.99 to −1.29) per 1000 person-years. Associations persisted regardless of sex, age, or baseline diuretic use. SGLT2i use was also associated with fewer recurrent flares among gout patients (rate ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55-0.82; and RD, −20.9; 95% CI, −31.9 to −10.0 per 1000 person-years). HR and RD for MACE associated with SGLT2i use were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.98) and −3.58 (95% CI, −6.19 to −0.96) per 1000 person-years. For control outcomes, SGLT2i users had lower risk of HF (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.38-0.76), as expected, with no difference in osteoarthritis (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.94-1.34). Results were similar when applying propensity score overlap weighting.ConclusionsIn this population-based cohort study, the gout and cardiovascular benefits associated with SGLT2i in these target trial emulations may guide selection of glucose-lowering therapy in patients with T2D, at risk for or already with gout.
AI-Generated Draft Replies Integrated Into Health Records and Physicians’ Electronic Communication
Authors: Tai-Seale Ming , Baxter Sally L. , Vaida Florin , Walker Amanda , Sitapati Amy M. , Osborne Chad , Diaz Joseph , Desai Nimit , Webb Sophie , Polston Gregory , Helsten Teresa , Gross Erin , Thackaberry Jessica , Mandvi Ammar , Lillie Dustin , Li Steve , Gin Geneen , Achar Suraj , Hofflich Heather , Sharp Christopher , Millen Marlene , Longhurst Christopher A. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceTimely tests are warranted to assess the association between generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) use and physicians’ work efforts.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between GenAI-drafted replies for patient messages and physician time spent on answering messages and the length of replies.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRandomized waiting list quality improvement (QI) study from June to August 2023 in an academic health system. Primary care physicians were randomized to an immediate activation group and a delayed activation group. Data were analyzed from August to November 2023.ExposureAccess to GenAI-drafted replies for patient messages.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTime spent (1) reading messages, (2) replying to messages, (3) length of replies, and (4) physician likelihood to recommend GenAI drafts. The a priori hypothesis was that GenAI drafts would be associated with less physician time spent reading and replying to messages. A mixed-effects model was used.ResultsFifty-two physicians participated in this QI study, with 25 randomized to the immediate activation group and 27 randomized to the delayed activation group. A contemporary control group included 70 physicians. There were 18 female participants (72.0%) in the immediate group and 17 female participants (63.0%) in the delayed group; the median age range was 35-44 years in the immediate group and 45-54 years in the delayed group. The median (IQR) time spent reading messages in the immediate group was 26 (11-69) seconds at baseline, 31 (15-70) seconds 3 weeks after entry to the intervention, and 31 (14-70) seconds 6 weeks after entry. The delayed group’s median (IQR) read time was 25 (10-67) seconds at baseline, 29 (11-77) seconds during the 3-week waiting period, and 32 (15-72) seconds 3 weeks after entry to the intervention. The contemporary control group’s median (IQR) read times were 21 (9-54), 22 (9-63), and 23 (9-60) seconds in corresponding periods. The estimated association of GenAI was a 21.8% increase in read time (95% CI, 5.2% to 41.0%; P = .008), a −5.9% change in reply time (95% CI, −16.6% to 6.2%; P = .33), and a 17.9% increase in reply length (95% CI, 10.1% to 26.2%; P &amp;lt; .001). Participants recognized GenAI’s value and suggested areas for improvement.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this QI study, GenAI-drafted replies were associated with significantly increased read time, no change in reply time, significantly increased reply length, and some perceived benefits. Rigorous empirical tests are necessary to further examine GenAI’s performance. Future studies should examine patient experience and compare multiple GenAIs, including those with medical training.