bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is secondary haemorrhage after tonsillectomy in adults an infective condition? Objective measures of infection in a prospective cohort
Authors: Ahsan F. , Rashid H. , Eng C. , Bennett D.M. , Ah‐See K.W. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  Traditionally secondary post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage has been thought to be due to post‐operative infection and as such is treated with broad‐spectrum antibiotics. The aim of this study was to identify clinical evidence of infection in patients with secondary post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage that might justify the use of antibiotics in these patients.Design:  Prospective data collection.Setting:  Tertiary University Teaching Hospital.Participants:  Adult patients admitted with post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage over a 2‐year period.Main Outcome Measures:  Temperature, white cell count, Neutrophil count and C‐reactive protein.Results:  47 patients were admitted with secondary post‐tonsillectomy haemorrhage. Fifteen out of 47 patients (32%) had an elevated white cell count but in them the other indicators of temperature and C‐reactive protein were extremely variable: none of these 15 patients was pyrexial (> 37.6 C). An elevated C‐reactive protein was found in 55% of patients but none had an elevated white cell count. The elevated C‐reactive protein may have been influenced by the recent surgery rather than infection. Overall there was no clear interrelation between the indicators of infection in the patients and none had the three main indicators of infection (pyrexia, increased white cell count and elevated C‐reactive protein).Conclusions:  Our results suggest that clinical signs of infection are lacking in patients with secondary tonsillectomy bleeding. Correspondingly the routine use of antibiotics should be questioned for secondary tonsillectomy haemorrhage.
Use of a ranked scoring system to detect occlusal caries in primary molars
Authors: DUNKLEY SUZANNE , ASHLEY PAUL 
Published: February 2007

Objective.  The available literature concerning systems for occlusal caries detection in primary teeth is limited. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro a ranked scoring system for occlusal caries detection in primary molar teeth with bitewing radiography and to investigate the most accurate cut‐off point for dentine caries detection when using this ranked scoring system.Methods.  Sixty primary molar teeth were examined in vitro visually and by bitewing radiography (two examiners) using Ekstrand’ criteria.Results.  Histological examination revealed that 13% were sound, 38% had enamel caries and the remainder had dentine caries. Similar accuracy was seen when comparing bitewing radiographs and visual examination for caries detection at the d3 threshold, while visual examination was more accurate at the d1 threshold. The most suitable cut‐off for diagnosing caries at the d1 threshold was V1 (no/slight change in enamel translucency after air drying). Either V2 (opacity/discoloration visible without air drying) or V3 (enamel breakdown in opaque/discoloured enamel and/or greyish discoloration) were suitable cut‐off points at the d3 threshold.Conclusion.  Visual examination was more accurate than bitewing radiographs for detection at the d1 threshold (the cut‐off point of V1). Either V2 or V3 can be used for caries detection at the d3 threshold.
Australian haemodialysis patients on intravenous epoetin alfa or intravenous darbepoetin alfa: How do they compare?
Authors: PUSSELL BRUCE A , WALKER ROWAN ,   THE AUSTRALIAN RENAL ANAEMIA GROUP
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY:Aim:  The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Australian haemodialysis patients receiving intravenous epoetin alfa are comparable to those receiving darbepoetin alfa with respect to a range of demographic and clinical characteristics.Methods:  Data on haemodialysis patients were extracted from the Renal Anaemia Management database for the period from July 2003 to March 2004.Results:  Patients on haemodialysis were more likely to receive epoetin alfa than to receive darbepoetin alfa (n = 1898 vs n = 603, respectively). Patients receiving epoetin alfa were marginally older than patients receiving darbepoetin alfa (61 ± 15 vs 59 ± 15, mean ± SD; P < 0.05). Patients were similar in terms of proportion of males, incidence of diabetes, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor and antihypertensive use. However, patients receiving epoetin alfa had higher haemoglobin (116 ± 13 g/L vs 113 ± 15 g/L), serum ferritin (582 ± 414 μg/L vs 461 ± 350 μg/L) and transferrin saturation levels (29 ± 13% vs 26 ± 14%), and better dialysis adequacy test results, as measured by urea reduction ratio (URR) or Kt/V, than patients on darbepoetin alfa (P < 0.001 in all cases). The frequency of dosing was higher in the epoetin alfa group (1.7 ± 0.7 doses/week vs 1.0 ± 0.4 doses/week, P < 0.001). Using the 240:1 dose ratio recommended in the Australian prescribing information for darbepoetin alfa, epoetin alfa was administered at a lower dose compared with darbepoetin alfa (164 ± 116 IU/kg per week vs 192 ± 152 IU/kg per week, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  This cross‐sectional sample of Australian clinical practice suggests that there are differences in the haematological parameters of patients receiving epoetin alfa compared with patients receiving darbepoetin alfa.
Overactive bladder syndrome in older people
Authors: Wagg Adrian S. , Cardozo Linda , Chapple Christopher , De Ridder Dirk , Kelleher Con , Kirby Michael , Milsom Ian , Vierhout Mark ,   the Overactive Bladder Faculty
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThe overactive bladder symptom complex (OAB) is the commonest cause of urinary incontinence in older people, and is usually due to underlying detrusor overactivity, and as such is a treatable condition. Older people are a heterogeneous group, which includes fit community‐dwelling individuals and those with significant medical comorbidity; thus the requirements of care for this group are many and varied. The International Continence Society definition of the frail elderly, those aged >65 years with continence problems, who by virtue of comorbidity are house‐bound or living in an institution, is clearly not applicable to all. However, many conditions begin to appear in later life and practitioners need to be aware of the need to manage these, and their treatment, when dealing with older people. Studies of medication for OAB have included the elderly and there is evidence of an equivalent benefit in younger people. The impact of treatment on the cognitively impaired and those receiving acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is discussed.
Quadratic Engel Curves with Measurement Error: Evidence from a Budget Survey*
Authors: Kedir Abbi , Girma Sourafel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the importance of accounting for measurement error in total expenditure in the estimation of Engel curves, based on the 1994 Ethiopian Urban Household Survey. Using Lewbel's [Review of Economics and Statistics (1996), Vol. 78, pp. 718–725] estimator for demand models with correlated measurement errors in the dependent and independent variables, we find robust evidence of a quadratic relationship between food share and total expenditure in the capital city, and significant biases in various estimators that do not correct for correlated measurement errors.
Prevalence of childhood acne, ephelides, warts, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata and keloid in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan: a community‐based clinical survey
Authors: Yang Y‐C , Cheng Y‐W , Lai C‐S , Chen W 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Epidemiological study on childhood dermatoses performed by direct inspection of dermatologists is limited.Objective  To investigate the prevalence of selective childhood dermatoses in Taiwan.Methods  In a cross‐sectional study carried out in June 2004, 4067 of 7851 children aged between 6 and 11 years living in the Kaohsiung County in south Taiwan were clinically surveyed and examined by two board‐certified dermatologists (response rate 52%), regarding the point prevalence of acne, ephelides, warts, atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, alopecia areata (AA) and keloid.Results  Acne vulgaris was found in girls and boys from the age of 6 and 7, respectively, with comedones being the earliest presentation. Ephelides were not infrequently observed in our children (prevalence rate 8.4%, 95% confidence interval, CI 7.9–9.3%). The prevalence of warts on hands was 2.4% (95% CI 1.9–2.9%). The prevalence of AD was 1.7% (95% CI 1.3–2.1%), without gender difference. There were only four cases of AA but no psoriasis was found. Keloid was identified in 13 boys and 10 girls, accounting for 0.6% (95% CI 0.598–0.602%) of the children.Conclusion  Acne vulgaris is as common in Taiwan as in Western countries. Ephelides are not uncommon in our population with the main skin types III–IV. A clustered distribution of the wart infection was noted. The low prevalence of AD in Taiwan seems unaltered over the past decade. AA and psoriasis are rare in our series. Most keloids in our children are caused by BCG vaccination.
Assessing the Legitimacy of the EU's Treaty Revision Methods*
Authors: RISSE THOMAS , KLEINE MAREIKE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHow legitimate are the EU's treaty revision procedures, that is, IGCs and the Convention? Since the rejection of the Constitutional Treaty the recurrence to intergovernmental procedures appears as one way out of the current dilemma. We argue instead that the Convention method is not to blame for the current crisis. On the contrary, it increases the legitimacy of EU constitutionalization considerably.
Cumulative Irritancy Comparison of Topical Retinoid and Antimicrobial Combination Therapies
Authors: Dosik Jonathan S. , Gilbert Richard D. , Arsonnaud Stephanie 
Published: February 2007

Background. The use of multiple topical drugs for the treatment of acne may cause elevated irritation. Therefore, the selection of a combination regimen should include a careful consideration of the irritation potential of the individual acne medications.
Objective and Methods. To compare the cumulative irritation potential of adapalene gel 0.1 %, tazarotene cream 0.05%, and tretinoin microsphere 0.04% when applied in combination with two benzoyl peroxide/clindamytin topical gels in 35 healthy subjects in a 3‐week, randomized, controlled study.
Results. The mean cumulative irritancy index of adapalene combinations was significantly lower relative to tretinoin and tazarotene regimens (all P<.01). Test areas exposed to tretinoin or tazarotene were also more likely to be discontinued for severe irritation than those exposed to adapalene. There were no serious adverse events. No significant difference in the irritancy potentials of tazarotene and tretinoin combination regimens was observed.
Conclusions. Adapalene gel 0.1% has tolerability superior to both tazarotene cream 0.05% and tretinoin microsphere 0.04% when used in topical combination therapy. In view of the lower irritation potential observed in this study, along with its demonstrated efficacy, adapalene gel 0.1% in combination with antimicrobial agents may be used as part of an aggressive treatment regimen for the management of acne.
The N‐terminus Domain of the a2 Isoform of Vacuolar ATPase Can Regulate Interleukin‐1β Production from Mononuclear Cells in Co‐culture with JEG‐3 Choriocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Ntrivalas Evangelos , Gilman‐Sachs Alice , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Beaman Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

Problema2V‐ATPase is the a2 isoform of vacuolar ATPase and is expressed in human trophoblast cells. a2V‐ATPase resides as a 70‐kDa molecule in intracellular vesicles. Upon cell stimulation, it migrates to the surface as a 50‐kDa molecule, after a 20‐kDa portion [N‐terminus domain of the a2V‐ATPase (a2NTD)] is cleaved and secreted to the extracellular environment. Previous studies showed that a2NTD‐regulated cytokine production from stimulated T cells. The aim of this study was to determine if a2NTD can regulate cytokine production from immune cells that were in contact with JEG‐3 cells.Method of studyPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from females were co‐cultured with JEG‐3 cells in the presence or absence of a2NTD, and supernatants were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for interleukin (IL)‐1β. Additionally, PBMC cultured with JEG‐3 cells, in the presence or absence of a2NTD, were analyzed for cytokine gene expression by gene arrays.ResultsThere was an increased secretion of IL‐1β and a decrease in type I and II IL‐1 receptors (IL1RA and IL‐1R2) gene expression in PBMC that were co‐cultured with JEG‐3 cells in the presence of a2NTD.ConclusionThese data suggest a role for a2NTD in the regulation of IL‐1β pro‐inflammatory cytokine production at the fetal–maternal interface.
Introduction: Three Papers from The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition
Authors: Stringer Gary A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper introduces a Literature Compass panel cluster arising from the The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition. Comprising an introduction by Gary Stringer and three of the papers presented at the symposium, this cluster seeks to examine the current state of Donne Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. The symposium was held April 6–7, 2006.The cluster is made up of the following articles:‘Introduction: Three Papers from The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition,’ Gary A. Stringer, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00420.x.‘Donne and Disbelief: The Early Prose,’ Ernest W. Sullivan, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00421.x.‘The Cultural Significance of Donne's Sermons,’ Jeanne Shami, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00422.x.‘T. R. O’Flahertie's Copy of Donne's Letters,’ Donald R. Dickson, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00423.x.
Donne and Disbelief: The Early Prose
Authors: Sullivan Ernest W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper is part of a Literature Compass panel cluster arising from the The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition. Comprising an introduction by Gary Stringer and three of the papers presented at the symposium, this cluster seeks to examine the current state of Donne Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. The symposium was held April 6–7, 2006.The cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Three Papers from The Texas A&M John Donne Collection: A Symposium and Exhibition,” Gary A. Stringer, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00420.x.“Donne and Disbelief: The Early Prose,” Ernest W. Sullivan, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00421.x.“The Cultural Significance of Donne's Sermons,” Jeanne Shami, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00422.x.“T. R. O’Flahertie's Copy of Donne's Letters,” Donald R. Dickson, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00423.x.Unlike his ancester, Sir Thomas More, who attempted to control audience response to his printed Utopia by encoding paradoxical and ambiguous elements into his text, John Donne attempted to control his audience and its response to his Paradoxes and Problems as well as his Biathanatos by restricting their manuscript circulation and by using “metacommentary” in the form of letters to his readers calling attention to the paradoxical qualities of these works. When the Paradoxes and Problems as well as Biathanatos were printed after Donne's death, however, his now unrestricted audience no longer had access to his personal letters of metacommentary, resulting in substantial confusion and ambiguity regarding Donne's intended messages.
The site‐specific epidemiology of hip fracture in the Australian Capital Territory with projections for the first half of the 21st century: Implications for clinical management and health services planning
Authors: Fisher AA , Davis MW , Rubenach SE , Le Couteur DG , McLean AJ 
Published: February 2007

Objectives: To analyse the site‐specific epidemiology of hip fracture (HF) for the ACT and to project HF up to 2051. Methods: Age‐ and sex‐specific rates of HF and projections of the number of HFs were calculated by applying the age‐ and sex‐specific rates to the median population projections. Results: Analysis of patterns of HF by anatomical site of fracture revealed a diverse relationship according to age and sex. Fracture rates were higher in men before age 60 (1.8 : 1), and thereafter in women (3.1 : 1). In the age group of 60–64 years, the female : male ratio was 8.2 : 1 for cervical versus 1.8 : 1 for trochanteric fractures. Treatment for osteoporosis was under‐utilised. HF in people aged > 60 years will almost double by 2011, and increase 2.5‐fold and 5.4‐fold by the years 2021 and 2051, respectively. The greatest increase will occur in older men. Conclusions: The number of HFs in the first half of the 21st century will increase dramatically. Aetiological and pathophysiological differences in HF emphasise the need to individualise preventative strategies.
A Support Group Intervention for Children Bereaved by Parental Suicide
Authors: Mitchell Ann M. , Wesner Sue , Garand Linda , Gale Deborah Dysart , Havill Allyson , Brownson Lynn 
Published: February 2007

TOPIC:  Bereavement is considered by many to be among the most stressful of life events, and it becomes particularly distressing when it concerns the suicide death of a parent. Such an event is especially traumatic for children. PURPOSE AND SOURCES:  The purpose of this paper is to present a case for support group interventions designed specifically for child survivors of parental suicide. The authors provide a theoretical framework for supportive group interventions with these children and describe the structure of an 8‐week bereavement support group for this special population of suicide survivors. CONCLUSIONS:  A case is made for designing and implementing group interventions to meet the mental health needs of this important group of individuals.
An In Situ Ellipsometric Study of the Competitive Adsorption of PEG-/Cl-/(SPS/MPS)on Cu
Authors: Walker Marlon L. , Richter Lee , Moffat T. 
Published: February 2007

The adsorption of Cu electrodeposition accelerating agents bis- (3-sodiumsulfopropyl disulfide) (SPS) and (3-mercaptopropyl) sulfonate (MPS) on evaporated Cu thin films was examined in- situ using spectroscopic ellipsometry under quiescent conditions. Both the thiol MPS and disulfide SPS resulted in definitive changes in the optical response of the interface, indicative of irreversible chemisorption. The optical responses of the two additives were different, however, suggesting a difference in the adsorbed states. Cl¯ can reversibly co-adsorb with either MPS or SPS. Pre-adsorption of either MPS or SPS inhibit the specific adsorption of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of Cl¯.	Both SPS and MPS adsorption displace pre-adsorbed PEG layers. The kinetics of the PEG displacement reaction differ significantly between the thiol and disulfide, consistent with observations of their respective effect on metal deposition kinetics.
An Experimental Characterization of Dissolution and Complexation Kinetics in Copper CMP
Authors: Palaparthi Ravichandra , Muldowney Gregory 
Published: February 2007

A rigorous method is presented for measuring chemical reaction rates for CMP of copper with a slurry containing an oxidizer and complexing agent. A model reaction network is first proposed that includes copper oxidation/reduction at the wafer surface, liquid-phase copper complexation, and copper oxide film formation. Each reaction is studied in a non-polish environment via experiments specially configured to isolate chemical kinetics from transport effects. Oxidation and reduction are characterized in a rotating-disk electrochemical cell, complexation in a stopped-flow reactor, and oxide formation using Auger electron spectroscopy. Rate constants and reaction orders are determined from the data by applying Tafel analysis for oxidation, the Koutecky-Levich approach for reduction, stirred-tank reactor kinetics for complexation, and boundary layer theory for oxide formation. Oxide composition is found to vary with oxidizer level, offering a concentration- dependent resistance to mass transfer.	Results are discussed in the context of an integrated CMP model including contact, kinetics, and transport.
Reduced Gas Phase and Surface Kinetics for Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Growth
Authors: Masi Maurizio , Veneroni Alessandro 
Published: February 2007

To increase the SiC surface quality up to electronic grade the deposition of epitaxial layers is still necessary. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult to control both in terms of film composition and of flat area	portion of the reactor. Moreover, the traditional deposition process using silane/hydrocarbons/hydrogen mixtures is affected by significant problems related to the nucleation of particulate that significantly limit the lifetime of the deposition chamber. To overcome these problems the addition of hydrochloric acid or directly the use of chlorosilanes or even chlorinated hydrocarbons have been proposed. In that cases the deposition mechanism is still not well established and the proposed mechanisms involve a great number of reactions and species. Here, a sensitivity analysis was performed to reduce the more general mechanism, with the particular aim to select the most important reactions to be lately studied by a fundamental quantum mechanics approach.
Recombinant Thyrotropin in the Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Tiosano Dov , Even Lea , Shen Orr Zila , Hochberg Ze’ev 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Context: A modern approach to congenital hypothyroidism requires a definitive diagnosis of the underlying mechanisms; this can be achieved within the first weeks of life. When uncertainty persists, treatment is commenced, and the definitive diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism is deferred to the age of 3 yr.
Objectives: The interruption of thyroid replacement treatment is perceived as risky by parents and physicians. The aim of this pilot study was to test the possibility of a definitive diagnosis during thyroid replacement treatment, using stimulation of thyroid tissue by recombinant human (rh)TSH.
Subjects: Eight patients, three boys and five girls, age 5–15 yr (mean, 9.5 ± 3.7 yr), with congenital hypothyroidism that had been diagnosed by the neonatal screening program, and having their diagnosis verified between the ages of 3–4 yr, were reevaluated while on thyroid replacement therapy.
Interventions: Patients received im 0.6 mg/m2 rhTSH on two consecutive days.
Results: rhTSH pharmacokinetics, maximal concentration, t1/2, and area under the curve in children were different as compared with adults. In the patients with intact TSH receptors, free T4 levels decreased after the first and the second injection of rhTSH (P = 0.0137 and P = 0.0149, respectively). All eight children showed identical scintigraphy after rhTSH administration as compared with thyroid replacement withdrawal.
Conclusions: The use of rhTSH is effective for definitive diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism during thyroid replacement treatment, and no safety issues were encountered.