bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lipid and amino acid composition of the kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli) ratite eggs
Authors: Body Denis R. , Reid Brian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA complete lipid assay of the egg contents from the New Zealand kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli) was carried out and compared with that of the domestic hen. The proportion of lipid to protein in the kiwi egg (1:0.5) is nearly twice as great as in the eggs of the domestic hen (1:0.9). Hen's egg lipids also have lower quantities of triacylglycerols (65 %) and higher phospholipids (29 %) as compared with those of kiwi egg lipids as 83 % and 8 % respectively. The overall fatty acid composition from the individual major lipid constituents and protein amino acid composition of the kiwi egg matched those of the domestic hen.
The effects of soil compaction, form of nitrogen fertiliser, and fertiliser placement on the availability of manganese to barley
Authors: Goldberg Steven P. , Smith Keith A. , Holmes John C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study was made of the effects of seedbed compaction and use of fertiliser (application rate, placement, and the choice of ammonium or nitrate forms of nitrogen) on the availability of manganese to barley in light soils in East Scotland. Generally, the uptake of manganese by the plants was increased by increasing the amount of fertiliser applied and by compaction of the seedbed, although no significant increase in extractable soil manganese was detected. The increase in uptake from wheel‐tracks (where the compression had resulted in an element of fertiliser placement), compared with nonwheeled areas, was much greater than the effect due to overall plot compaction by tractor wheels in the absence of a fertiliser placement effect. Combine‐drilling of fertiliser with the seed resulted in large increases in plant uptake of manganese in non‐wheeled areas, compared with uptake where the fertiliser had been broadcast, but had no significant effect in the wheel‐tracks where growth and uptake were generally better. In some, but not all, experiments, significant reductions in pH occurred in the soil beneath the wheel‐tracks which were very closely correlated with increases in extractable manganese. Use of ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source also reduced the pH, compared with calcium nitrate, and this, too, increased extractable manganese and greatly improved plant growth. The probable cause of enhanced manganese availability was soil acidification brought about by nitrification of ammonium fertiliser and/or by H+ ion secretion by roots to balance the uptake of ammonium and other cations. The uptake of manganese by the plant was further improved either through concentration of fertiliser in the root zone by placement, or by soil compaction which resulted in shallow sowing of seed and a closer active relationship between roots and broadcast fertiliser. Other possible factors involved were (a) a greater exudation by roots of compounds able to dissolve insoluble manganese, in compacted soil; (b) contact reduction processes; (c) stimulation of root growth, leading to more efficient uptake by the plant, where higher rates of fertiliser were used or where the fertiliser was concentrated in localised zones in the soil.
The nutritional role of S‐methyl‐L‐cysteine
Authors: Eyre Michael D. , Phillips David E. , Evans I. Marta , Thompson Alan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing the nitrogen balance technique, the effects of S‐Methyl‐L‐cysteine on the protein quality of egg albumin, extracted microbial protein and Maris Bead bean as well as in amino acid mixtures has been evaluated. No sparing effect was observed for methionine or cystine under any of the experimental conditions investigated. Equally, with a minor exception, no serious deleterious effect appears to result from the feeding of S‐Methyl‐cysteine.
Utilisation of Egyptian rice straw in production of cellulases and microbial protein: Effect of various pretreatments on yields of protein and enzyme activity
Authors: El‐Masry Hoda G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRice straw was chosen as a cheap carbon source for SCP production using a locally isolated fungus identified as Trichoderma harzianum. The chemical constituents of the raw material were cellulose 43%, hemicellulose 26% and relatively low lignin, 16%. The effects of chemical and physical pretreatments on the protein production, cellulase activity and cell mass of T. harzianum have been investigated.Pretreatment of the raw material using a combination of NaOH and high pressure steam treatment increased its microbial digestibility from 24% to 73%. Similar results were obtained by pretreatment with sodium chlorite for holocellulose formation. However, maximum yields of cell mass and protein were obtained by the first method. The organism gave 7.18 g litre−1 cell mass and 2.50 g litre−1 mycelial protein. Treatment with sodium chlorite increased cellulase activities but gave a lower fungal yield. When the NaOH was applied with high pressure steam, the organism produced 32.8% crude protein, a yield similar to that given by the same organism cultured on soluble carboxymethylcellulose.
Evaluation of Brassica species as leaf sources for extending the processing season of a leaf protein concentrate plant
Authors: Lyon Cameron K. , Knowles Paul F. , Kohler George O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLeaf protein concentrates (LPC) were prepared in large pilot plant equipment from seven Brassica varieties grown on plots of up to 0.06 ha. Plants were harvested about a month before and after the lucerne processing season. Best yields of LPC, from leafier or forage‐type species, were up to 0.9 t ha−1. Properties were as good as or better than those of LPC from lucerne. Lucerne processing procedures were modified to maximize yields from the more succulent Brassica plants.
Improved isolation of glucobrassicin and other glucosinolates
Authors: Hanley A. Bryan , Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA convenient, rapid and straightforward method for the isolation of a number of important glucosinolates is described. The techniques presented are particularly useful for the preparative scale isolation of the indole glucosinolates, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin and should facilitate the extension of studies into these important naturally occurring compounds.
Trace amounts of nitrosamines in powdered milk and milk proteins
Authors: Weston Roderick J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNo nitrosamines could be detected above a level of 1 μg kg−1 in five samples of indirectly dried skim‐milk powders, 20 samples of directly‐fired skim‐milk powders and 10 samples of directly‐fired butter‐milk powders, selected at random from eight processing plants in New Zealand over a period of 8 months continuous production. The maximum level of N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) observed in samples of milk proteins (lactic casein and lactalbumin) was 0.3 μg kg−1 (in one sample) while most of a further 10 samples showed traces of NDMA at the limit of detection of 0.1 μg kg−1.
Chemical and biological evaluation of silk worm chrysalid protein
Authors: Lin Shao‐Wen , Njaa Leif R. , Eggum Bjørn O. , Shen Hsueh‐Yuan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDried and defatted, water extracted and hydrogen peroxide treated silk worm chrysalides (SWC) were analysed for gross composition as well as for energy, fatty acids and amino acids. The amino acid analyses showed well‐balanced amino acid patterns. Water extraction and hydrogen peroxide treatment improved odour, taste and colour of the product. Tests with rats showed that raw and water extracted SWC were well utilised whereas hydrogen peroxide treated SWC showed reduced protein utilisation. It is concluded that the water extracted SWC is better suited for eventual use as a food component than the hydrogen peroxide treated SWC.
The effect of solvent extraction upon the utilisation of rapeseed meal protein by rats
Authors: Eyre Michael D. , Rooke John A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUntreated and formaldehyde‐treated rapeseed meals were subjected to a two‐stage extraction with aqueous and pure acetone. The extraction process significantly reduced the glucosinolate contents of the untreated and formaldehyde‐treated rapeseed meals on a proportional basis by approximately 0.85 and 0.75 respectively. The effect of both solvent extraction and formaldehyde‐treatment upon the utilisation of the rapeseed meal protein was determined using a rat bioassay. Formaldehyde‐treatment did not affect either the true digestibility or biological value of the rapeseed meal protein. However, solvent extraction whilst not affecting true digestibility increased the biological value of both untreated and formaldehyde‐treated rapeseed meals significantly by nearly 20%.
Digestive lipolysis in the preruminant calf. The abomasal hydrolysis of butter oil, coconut oil, palm oil and tallow
Authors: Edwards‐Webb John D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of intramolecular short‐chain fatty acids on the abomasal hydrolysis of long chain acyl ester bonds has been examined using four different fats. An evaluation of abomasal infusion of feeds as a technique to avoid hydrolysis of fat by salivary lipase has been made. Only calves considered to be typically functional preruminants were used for the investigations. Five preruminant calves each received five experimental milk feeds consisting of skim milk plus 3% of either butter oil, coconut oil, palm oil or tallow. All feeds were given by mouth but the feed that contained butter oil was also introduced directly into the abomasum via a simple cannula. In all cases, digesta leaving the abomasum were continuously sampled for 12 h via a re‐entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum, anterior to the entry of the bile and pancreatic ducts. Butter oil given by mouth was hydrolysed to a greater extent than the other fats. This was due not only to the ease of liberation of the short chain fatty acids, but also to an enhanced liberation of longer chain acids when short chain acids are present in the triglyceride. Butter oil introduced directly into the abomasum of truly preruminant calves was not hydrolysed, suggesting that by using this technique studies could be made in vivo of the hydrolysis of fat by pancreatic lipase alone.
Changes in carbohydrates of germinating fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)
Authors: El‐Mahdy A. Rafik , El‐Sebaiy Laila A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of germination at 25 °C for 96 h in the dark on the carbohydrates of fenugreek seed was investigated. Reducing, total reducing, non‐reducing sugar, and pentosan contents increased. Polysaccharides estimated as starch decreased. Fenugreek contained mucilage (18%), which decreased considerably during germination. The decline in mucilage content was accompanied by a drop in galactan content. Total pectic content did not change, but there was a decline in the high methoxy pectin content, while protopectin, and the low methoxy pectate salts of calcium and magnesium increased. The 70% ethanol soluble carboydrates were chromatographically determined. Fenugreek seeds contained sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, and an unidentified sugar (I). A marked increase in sucrose content was observed after germination. Raffinose, stachyose and the unknown sugar (I) decreased, while another unknown (II) appeared. The two unknown sugars may be members of the raffinose family. Maltose and fructose appeared in measurable amounts after germination.
Rapeseed meal and egg taint: Effects of B. campestris meals, progoitrin and potassium thiocyanate on trimethylamine oxidation
Authors: Pearson Arthur W. , Greenwood Neil M. , Butler Edward J. , Fenwick G. Roger , Curl Caralyn L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe inclusion of Candle (low glucosinolate) and Yellow Sarson (high glucosinolate) rapeseed meals in the diet of laying hens (100 g kg−1 for 14 days) depressed the oxidation of trimethylamine (TMA) by about 34% and 77% respectively and raised the mean TMA content of their eggs to 0.56 and 1.47 μg g−1. A dehulled, extracted Yellow Sarson meal had only a slight effect. A high glucosinolate B. napus meal suppressed TMA oxidation almost completely when fed for only 4 days. Differences in the tainting potential of the meals were related to their progoitrin contents. When fed alone this substance had a comparable effect on TMA oxidation which was due to the formation of goitrin in the gastrointestinal tract and its inhibition of TMA oxidase. Potassium thiocyanate (250 and 1000 mg kg−1 diet for 14 days) had no effect on TMA oxidation. It is concluded that neither the breeding of low glucosinolate cultivars of rapeseed nor treatment of the meal is likely to provide a practicable solution to the taint problem and that the elimination of the tainting defect from commercial stock by selective breeding would be more effective.
Preliminary enzymolysis studies on trace element extractability from food
Authors: Crews Helen M. , Burrell J. Alan , McWeeny David J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA preliminary investigation into the availability to man of some trace elements in foodstuffs is reported. The amounts of soluble lead, cadmium, zinc, iron and copper after a simulated digestion procedure, were measured in cereals, meats, fish and non‐root vegetables consumed in UK. Details of the enzymolysis procedure and acid digestion method are given. The results show that the amount of soluble analyte varies widely from element to element and according to food type. When added to food the behaviour of soluble inorganic forms of the elements is often markedly different to that of the endogenous elements. The implications of some of these differences are considered.
Interacting effects of tillage method, nitrogen fertiliser and secondary drainage on winter wheat production on a calcareous clay soil
Authors: Ellis Frank B. , Graham John P. , Christian Dudley G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe response of winter wheat to nitrogen fertiliser within the range 0–200 kg ha−1 in 40 kg increments applied either in April or in May in two consecutive seasons (1976–77 and 1977–78) was tested in a field experiment on a calcareous clay soil that was either direct‐drilled, shallow tine cultivated (5–8 cm), or mouldboard ploughed (23 cm). These cultivation methods had been used on the same plots in the four preceding seasons (1973 to 1976) in a comparison of cultivation systems. A comparison was also made with direct‐drilling on land that had been deep tine cultivated (17 cm) during the 1973–76 experiment. In the second season (1977–78) effects were examined of newly drawn mole drains, on land that had been direct‐drilled or ploughed.In both seasons the effect of cultivation method on grain yield was small when nitrogen fertiliser was applied at 80–120 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen top dressings in April gave heavier yields than the equivalent dressings in May, partly because of dry weather after the May applications in both years. There was no interaction between method of cultivation and amount of nitrogen applied in 1976–77, but a significant interaction was detected in 1977–78 which was probably associated with less nitrogen being available in the uncultivated soil during the winter and spring. The results show that the potential yield of direct‐drilled crops may have been underestimated in some earlier comparisons of different methods of cultivation where small uniform top dressings of nitrogen were applied to each cultivation treatment. Mole drainage increased yield especially at low rates of nitrogen and after direct drilling, These results indicate that direct‐drilled and ploughed land may differ in their drainage requirements.
Yield variation of wheat and barley in Britain in relation to crop growth and soil conditions—A review
Authors: Gales Kenneth 
Published: October 2006

AbstractYields of cereals in Britain vary between sites and between years, and average farm yields are less than half of the calculated potential maximum yield. Yield variation is discussed in relation to soil conditions and root growth. An analysis of yield and its components of winter wheat for several sites over several years shows that yield is strongly correlated with number of grains per ear, and number of ears per unit area. These components of yield are influenced by environmental conditions during the reproductive phase of development, particularly light interception, nitrogen absorption and plant water stress. Crop growth analysis shows that total dry matter production is strongly correlated with light absorption, which depends on seasonal variation in leaf area index. Leaf expansion in the field is mainly dependent on temperature, plant water stress, and nitrogen absorption. The environmental factors that are believed to have a strong influence on number of grains per ear, number of ears per unit area, and leaf expansion are discussed. Subjects in which further research is needed are identified. These include: effects of restrictions to root growth on absorption of nutrients and water; effects of soil temperature on leaf expansion and nutrient absorption; the nitrogen requirements of the cereal crop, including the effects of temporary deficiencies of N on the final grain yield.
The chemical composition and true metabolisable energy content of cassava root meal imported into Northern Ireland
Authors: Stevenson Mary H. , Graham William D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition and true metabolisable energy (TME) content of 10 samples of cassava root meal imported into Northern Ireland were measured. There were no major significant differences in the chemical composition of the native and pelleted cassava. Traces of HCN were found in all the samples and the four mycotoxins for which examinations were carried out were absent. The true metabolisable energy content of the meal was 13.46 MJ kg−1 as fed, i.e. 15.13 MJ kg−1 in the dry matter.
The role of oxygen in the production of formaldehyde in frozen minced cod muscle
Authors: Reece Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is known that formaldehyde is produced by the breakdown of trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO) by enzyme action during frozen storage of gadoid muscle. However, little is known of the nature of the enzyme's activity during frozen storage of the fish muscle. Determination of the formaldehyde produced throughout the depth of a block of minced cod muscle during frozen storage has shown that the production of formaldehyde is inhibited near the surface of the mince. Both in‐vivo and in‐vitro studies using TMAO as substrate have shown that the production of formaldehyde is inhibited by both oxygen and potassium cyanide, and activated by reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide.
Heterogeneity of subunit composition in lupin globulins. Comparison of proteins from a single seed and from a number of seeds
Authors: Casero Patrizia , Duranti Marcello , Cerletti Paolo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe subunit compositions of a legumin‐like (globulin 8) and a vicilin‐like protein (globulin 4) extracted from a plurality of seeds and from a single seed both in commercial and in a selected cultivar of Lupinus albus were studied. In the case of globulin 4, a very similar number of bands were observed in SDS‐PAGE, in the protein extracted from a batch of seed and in the same globulin isolated from a single seed. For globulin 8 the SDS‐PAGE pattern showed fewer subunits in the protein from the batch of seeds than in that from a single seed. This is more pronounced in the single seed and in the plurality of seeds of a selected cultivar. Reasons for this behaviour are discussed.
The effect of process parameters on seasonal development of flavour in black tea
Authors: Fernando V. , Roberts G. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalysis by g.l.c. of ether–extractable steam volatile constituents of black tea from a high elevation tea estate in the Western Region (Dimbulla District) of Sri Lanka during seasonal flavour development, indicated the presence of trans‐2‐hexenal, n‐butyraldehyde, cis‐3‐hexenol, 1‐octen‐3‐ol linalool, methyl salicylate and geraniol as the main flavour constituents. Of these, trans‐2‐hexenal and linalool showed appreciable seasonal changes in black tea. Leaf quality and manufacturing practices, particularly withering and fermentation, influenced the production of these compounds during black tea manufacture. It is suggested that the relative concentration of these compounds may be partly responsible for the typical flavour quality of Sri Lanka black teas and these may be used as indices of flavour development.
Investigations into the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the quality assessment of wheat with respect to its potential for bread baking
Authors: Osborne Brian G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe possible use of near infrared (n.i.r.) reflectance spectroscopy for the prediction of the bread baking quality of wheat has been investigated. A number of UK wheat samples were studied using a monochromator system which enabled reflectance data between 1100 and 2500 nm to be measured. These data were correlated with protein content, α‐amylase as measured by Falling Number, and protein quality as measured by SDS sedimentation volume, with the result that only protein content was capable of satisfactory calibration against n.i.r. Furthermore, no improvements to the wavelengths currently available in filter instruments could be found for the measurement of protein in wheat.It is therefore concluded that for UK wheat at least, n.i.r. spectroscopy cannot provide a measurement of bread baking quality of wheat beyond that which may be predicted from protein content.
A study of the mode of breakdown of some compounds containing PN bonds which have potential as high analysis multinutrient fertilisers
Authors: Kimber Ronald W. L. , Fergus Ian F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree compounds containing high percentages of N, P (and S) were prepared, and their degradation studied in both aqueous and soil environments, with particular reference to the appearance of radicals containing these elements in forms normally used by plants. A model is proposed for the degradation of one of these compounds—hexamethyl‐hexaaza‐tetraphosphaadamantane (APA)—which eventually releases orthophosphate and methylamine, presumably a precursor of ammonium. The initial degradation reactions involve hydrolysis through amidophosphites, to phosphite, followed by oxidation to phosphate. The latter reaction appears to be dominantly biological, and should therefore proceed in soil systems. Hexamethyl‐hexaaza‐tetraphosphaadamantane tetrasulphide, a sulphur‐containing compound similar to APA, produced phosphite and phosphate on decomposition, and here the phosphate is probably produced directly by hydrolysis reactions. The third compound, hexamethylaminocyclotriphosphazatriene, has a planar structure in contrast to the cage structures of the other two compounds, and decomposed only very slowly in either aqueous medium or in soil.