bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES ON BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Fantl P 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn contrast to hypertonic urea which causes an immediate but transient increase in absorbancy of human platelet‐containing plasma, hypertonic antipyrine causes an immediate reduction of absorbancy.The urea effect is characteristic for human and pig platelets; antipyrine affects both human and dog platelets.Antipyrine in isotonic concentration causes little change in absorbancy of platelet‐containing plasma but platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate is inhibited at pH values between 7·1 to 7·9.As inhibitors of platelet adenosine diphosphate aggregation, butazolidine, tanderil and anturan are more potent than antipyrine.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN RATS FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PEYER'S PATCHES
Authors: Cooper GN , Turner Kaye 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA technique for inoculating small amounts of particulate antigens in the Peyer's of rats is described. When sheep red cells or their stroma an used, significant amount of the antigen are retained in the Peyer's patch and a draining mesenteric lymph node; while relatively small amounts of I125 labelled flagella particles are retained in these tissues, very little of this antigen can be detected in other lymphoid tissues of the animals 48 hr. after injection. Serum antibody responses following injection of both antigens are characterized by a rapid development reaching maximal levels in 6–8 days and a relatively rapid decline over a period of 2–5 weeks in both instances a relationship between the antigen dose and the height and time of appearance of the maximal serum titres was observed.Using the Jerne technique for detection antibody‐producing cells, it seems that the response to sheep cell antigens (and presumably the flagella antigen) is confined to the injected Peyer's patch and its local draining mesenteric node. The potential value of this technique for studying certain aspects of the immunology reactivity of the gut‐associated lymphoid cells is discussed.
CHANGES IN CARDIAC HEAT PRODUCTION WITH ACENTS THAT ALTER CONTRACTILITY
Authors: Gibbs CL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe isometric response of isolated rabbit papillary muscles was altered either by changing the external calcium concentration or by exposing the muscles to adrenaline 1·0 μg./ml. Changes in cardiac heat production were measured using a myothermic technique. Increasing the calcium concentration from 0·6 mM to 5·0 mM did not alter the slope of the relationship between total active heat production and developed tension. The rate at which heat was liberated increased as the calcium concentration was raised. Adrenaline always increased resting heat production (16 to 37%) but active heat production, for a given level of tension development, only increased at the higher calcium concentrations. This effect was due to an increase in the magnitude of the tension ‐ independent heat. At all calcium concentrations adrenaline increased the rate at which heat was liberated. The fast phase of heat production associated with the contractile response was sometimes decreased by adrenaline, but total heat production (fast plus slow phases) measured in a steadily beating preparation never decreased. The decrease in fast phase heat production was associated with the rapid mechanical relaxation induced by adrenaline.
THE STEADY STATE IN CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Gray DF , Cheers Christina 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe steady state of the immune phase of murine pulmonary tuberculosis follows a short bacteriolytic phase in which most, but never all, of the tubercle bacilli are destroyed.The results are recorded here of interference with the steady state. Whether lung bacilli were deliberately decreased by chemotherapy, or increased by super‐infection, with or without prior reduction by chemotherapy, the steady state was restored within a few weeks of ending interference.Country to the implications of Koch's phenomenon, the superinfecting strain was regularly established and also persisted in the restored steady state.The steady state in murine tuberculosis is, therefore, probably not due to a simple feedback inhibition nor to numerical depletion or paralysis of immuno‐competent cell production; nor is it likely to be the result of inaccessibility of bacilli within caseous tissue.It appears to be a dynamic state, delicately controlling multiplication and death of virulent bacilli over long periods, for which the term ‘immunological complaisance” is now proposed. No explanation of the mechanisms involved is offered at this stage.
REGULATION OF METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA IN HORSE AND HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES.
Authors: Robin Helen , Harley JD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryDifferences have been shown between horse and human erythrocytes with regard to the regulation of methaemoglobinaemia. In general, horse erythrocytes are more prone than normal human erythrocytes to accumulation of methaemoglobin and to depletion of reduced glutathione. This greater susceptibility to methaemoglobinaemia seems related to decreased reductive capacity of the horse erythrocyte rather than to greater inherent susceptibility of horse haemoglobin to oxidation. The results suggest that horse erythrocytes utilise plasma lactate to keep haemoglobin reduced and in a functional state, in the face of relative inability to absorb and utilise glucose. Although adequate under normal conditions, this lactate‐dependent pathway of methaemoglobin reduction appears unable to respond substantially to the stress of erythrocytic exposure to catalytic oxidants.
THE STEADY STATE IN CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Gray DF , Cheers Christina 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMurine pertussis infection showed the phenomenon of immunological complaisance previously observed in murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Following a brief period of about bactericidal activity at the onset of immunity, a steady State ensured for about one month. During this time artificial disturbances in the host‐bacterial equilibrium were rapidly corrected. The control exercised was both positive and sensitiveUnlike murine tuberculosis, tuberculosis, however, the pertussis complaisant state tended to be replaced by further bactericidal activity leading to complete recovery. The mechanisms o f the complaisant state in murine pertussis and of the subsequent decline phase are being examined.
THE EFFECT OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS ON SERUM ALBUMIN IN THE RAT
Authors: Vincent PC , Reeve TS , Brittle Nea , Nicholls Annette , Richards Margaret 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRats treated with single large doses of cyclophosphamide developed significant and selective hypoalbuminaemia, leading to a decrease in total serum protein concentration despite normal globulin levels. The depression in serum albumin coincided with the time of greatest weight loss, but starvation causing similar weight loss did not cause a fall in serum albumin. Increased urinary excretion of protein was observed in treated rats, but malabsorption, gastro‐intestinal protein loss and disturbed albumin metabolism may also have contributed to the hypoalbuminaemia. Three other cytotoxic drugs were studied, but none showed a similarly specific effect on serum albumin.
EFFECT OF ANAEMIA ON OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN SHEEP WITH DIFFERENT HAEMOGLOBIN TYPES
Authors: Dawson Terence J , Evans JV 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of chronic anaemia on oxygen transport in sheep with genetically different haemoglobins was studied. Measurements were made before and after the haematocrits of the two types of sheep had been reduced by blood removal to the same low anaemic level. The results showed that sheep with haemoglobin‐A (the haemoglobin with higher oxygen affinity) had a significantly greater cardiac output than sheep with haemoglobin‐B. Most of the difference in cardiac output could be attributed to the poorer ability of the blood of sheep with Hb‐A to liberate oxygen in the tissue capillaries, although there was some difference in oxygen consumption between the two groups.The results were considered with respect to the more complex chronic anaemias which occur under field conditions.
LOCAL THERMODILUTION METHOD FOR MEASURING BLOOD FLOW IN THE PORTAL AND RENAL VEINS OF THE UNANAESTHETIZED KABBIT
Authors: White SW , Chalmers JP , Hilder K , Korner PI 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA new type of local themodilution catheter is described for measuring portal vein and renal vein blood flow in unanaesthetized rabbits. Local thermodilution catheters are inserted at a preliminary operation directly through the vein wall and fixed in position with the tissue adhesive methyl 2‐cyanoacrylate or isobutyl acrylate. The presence of the catheter for at least 10 days does not cause intravascular thrombosis. The renal vein catheter does not interfere with total renal blood flow but produces slight depression in the glomerular filtration rate and urine flow on the implanted side.The accuracy of the local thermodilution method has been examined in model experiments and by comparing it with para‐amino hippurate estimates of renal blood flow in the same kidney. Good agreement between local themodilution and independent flow methods was observed, the standard error of a single local thermodilution estimate of flow being ± 8% of the mean flow value.In 13 unanaesthetized rabbits (mean body weight 2·7 kg.) the renal blood flow Was 60 ± 6·3 (S.E. of mean) ml./min. /Kidney, and the portal vein blood flow was 100 ± 5·7 (S.E. of mean) ml./min. Some applications of the local thermodilution method for examining regional blood flow patterns in unanaesthetized animals are discussed.
UPTAKE AND INCREASED BINDING BY SMOOTH MUSCLE IN HALF ISOTONIC SUCROSE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CONTRACTILITY
Authors: Sparrow MP , Mayrhofeh G , Simmonds WJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryContractility and content of Ca, Mg, Na and K were measured in strips of toad stomach muscle in 0–12 M sucrose (half istotonic). When sucrose was completely freed from contaminant C a, contractility was rapidly lost and the muscle swelled considerbly. Addition of Ca then in the low concentration of 0·05 mM supported spontaneous contractility and responses to ACh for nanny hours and greatly reduced the swelling. Strips which had lost contractility in deionized sucrose contained more Ca than non‐contractilc strips in Ca‐free NaCl or K2SO4 Ringer. Prior exposure to Ca‐containing sucrose prolonged the period of contractility in ion‐free sucrose and the Ca content when contractility failed was greater. Enhanced binding of Ca in sucrose and the measured contaminant Ca in analytical grade chemicals could explain previous reports of contractility in “non‐ionic” solutions.Compared with strips in NaCl or K2SO4‐Ringer, the uptake of Ca required to restore contractility was greater in muscle depleted in ion‐free sucrose. This enhanced uptake was presumably associated with the maintenance of cell volume as well as contractility. Attempts to determine separately the uptake involved in excitation‐contraction coupling by the use of isotonic sucrose or of Mg to prevent swelling were unsuccessful, due to prolonged contracture in hypertonic sucrose and to an incompletely reversible inhibition of contraction by Mg.
PRECIPITATION OF A SUBSTANCE IN SALIVAS FROM A1 AND A2 SECRETORS
Authors: Boettcher B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA‐substance molecules were precipitated from salivas from A1 and A2 secretors with a Dolichos biflorus seed extract. The amounts of precipitate formed were shown to be proportional to the agglutination inhibition titres with the extract. It is concluded that both precipitating ability and inhibition titre can be taken as quantitative measures of antigen present in saliva.The decrease in Ulex europaeus (anti‐H) and Dolichos biflorus (anti‐A) inhibition titres of the salivas during the precipitation procedure was determined. The ratio of these values was calculated for the individual salivas, and was found to be higher for the A2 than for the A1 salivas. It is proposed that individual A‐substance molecules from A1 secretors have a higher ratio of A : H antigenic determinants than have those from A2 secretors, and that one difference between the A antigens of A1 and A2 individuals, thus, has a quantitative basis. This conclusion forms part of the evidence leading to the proposal that the gene IA1 is basically a duplication of the gene IA2.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INHIBITION TITRES OF BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES IN SALIVAS FROM A1, A2 AND B SECRETORS
Authors: Boettcher B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe agglutination inhibition titres of salivas from secretors of blood groups A1, A2, B and O have been determined using human anti‐A and anti‐B sera, and Ulex europaeus and Dolichos biflors seed extracts. The mean inhibition titres of A1 salivas with anli‐A and Dolichos extract are significantly greater than those for A2 salivas. The mean inhibition titres of salivas from individuals of different bloood group with Ulex extract decrease in the order O, A2, A1, B, which is noted as being different from the order for agglutination of blood cells of these groups by Ulex extract.Correlation coefficient for the titres of A1 and A2 salivas with anti‐A and Ulex extract, and with Dolichos and Ulex extracts, are not significantly different from O, neither is the correlation coefficient for the titres of B salivas with anti‐B and Ulex extract, whereas that for A1 and A2 salivas with anti‐A and Dolichos extract is significantly O. It is concluded that the rates of production of antigenie factors controlled by the H and ABO loci are independent and that “aberrant secretors” are individuals in whom these rates differ greatly.
BLOOD BRADYKININ LEVELS IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Zacest R , Mashford ML 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method for the assay of blood levels of bradykinin is described with which it is possible to measure levels in the blood of all normal subjects so far examined. The average bradykinin level in brachial arterial blood in 18 subjects was 0·25 ng./ml. (standard deviation 0·23 ng./ml.). These levels are lower than others reported. The average recovery of internal standard of 97% suggests that these figures are not low due to losses in the procedure. The method is sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in blood levels of bradykinin during the infusion of small doses of synthetic bradykinin which produced only moderate haemodynamic effects.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF A RANCE OF HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES AND OF TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS OF ACCLIMATIZATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA comparison was made between the effects of three different temperatures (21, 32·7 and 36·1°) on the fertility of the male mouse and of five different temperatures (21, 32·7, 34·6, 36·1 and 36·7°) on the fertility of the female mouse. At two temperatures (32·7 and 36·1°) the results of acclimatization for two different periods were compared.Male fertility was found to be almost normal in animals acclimatized as weaners to 32·7°, but at 36·1° fertility was reduced. When acclimatization was delayed until adulthood, fertility was seriously impaired at both temperatures.In the female, losses of offspring increased with rising temperature and deaths occurred at an earlier stage in the reproductive cycle. Animals acclimatized to 32·7° from weaning performed slightly better than those acclimatized as adults, but at 36·1° longer acclimatization had little effect on performance.
EFFECT OF MANGANESE IONS ON THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF MOUSE VAS DEFERENS
Authors: Hashimoto Y , Holman Mollie E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMn Cl2, 5 mM, blocked the action potentials evoked by intra‐ cellular stimulation of the smooth muscle of mouse ves deferens. Junction potentials in response to stimulation of intramural nerve fibres were also depresssed but spontaneous junction potentials persisted in concentration of up to 10 mM Mn Cl2. These effects were reversible.
CONTROL OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN HOMOGENATE PREPARATIONS OF MOUSE HEPATOMA BW 7756
Authors: Sabine John R , Chaikoff IL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe malonyl‐CoA pathway for the incorporation of acetate into long‐chain fatty acids appears to be active in the mouse hepatoma BW 7756. The synthesis of fatty acids in the cell sap/microsome fraction of this tumour is inhibited by palmitate and palmityl CoA, and synthesis in the cell sap is stimulated by the addition of microsomes. These are factors that have been implicated in the “physiological” regulation of fatty acid synthesis in normal liver. It thus seems unlikely that in the tumour the enzymes of fatty acid synthesis have been appreciably altered, either during the neoplastic process or later. Therefore, some other hypothesis seems needed to explain the insensitivity of fatty acid synthesis in this hepatoma to dietary changes that can grossly affect synthesis in the liver, and we suggest this may he due to inability of the actual inhibitor(s) or activator(s) to enter the tumour cell.
THE EFFECTS OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS WHOLE SERUM UPON MULTIPLICATION OF RECENTLY‐ ISOLATED HUMAN SYNOVIAL CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: Clarris BJ , Fraser JRE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe growth of recently established strains of human synovial cells has been studied in a system designed in measure rates of multiplication after cellular attachment has occurred during subculture. It was found that cell number declined in synthetic growth medium or balanced salt solution, and that the addition of heat‐inactivated serum arrested this decline or stimulated multiplication depending upon the concentration. Heterologous serum (bovine and fetal calf) was approximately as effective human serum for this purpose, in contrast with the superiority of the former in promotion of cellular attachment and spreading. Growth‐rates of synovial cells were relatively slow in concentrations of serum customary in cell culture. Higher concentrations were well tolerated, and greatly increased rates of multiplication.
THE EFFECT OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON TOXOPLASMA DYE TEST TITRES
Authors: Moyle GG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe Sabin Feldman dye test for toxoplasmosis will only function efficiently at incubation temperatures of between 35° and 39°. Any variation outside this range will produce a marked drop in dye test titres. A possible implication of this phenomenon is discussed.
UPTAKE OF IRON BY MATURE ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Clark Peggy 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMature red cells take up iron not bound to transferrin when they are incubated with plasma in vitro. The iron is not incorporated into haemoglobin, but is probably attached to stromal iron acceptors. Red cells from blood with saturated transferrin have more iron‐acceptor sites occupied than have red cells from blood with unsaturated transferrin.
THE EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II INFUSION, RENAL HYPERTENSION AND NEPHRECTOMY ON SALT APPETITE OF SODIUM‐DEFICIENT SHEEP
Authors: Bott Elspeth , Denton DA , Weller Sigrid 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe sodium appetite of sodium deficient sheep with permanent unilateral parotid fistulae was studied under the following conditions: (i) Intravenous infusions of pressor amounts of angiotensin II; (ii) experimental renal hypertension involving the partial occlusion of one renal artery with the other left untouched. In two sheep the contralateral renal artery was clamped at a later date; (iii) intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in hypertensive sheep; (iv) following nephrectomy.It was observed that intravenous angiotensin II infusion (60–120 μg./hr.) caused a small, but statistically significant, reduction of salt appetite evoked by salt deficiency. In three hypertensive sheep angiotensin II infusion did not cause a significant change in sodium appetite.The induction of renal hypertension did not modify salt appetite in response to sodium deficiency. The early phase of hypertension was associated with reduction of salivary volume and in some animals, with a large natriuresis, similar to that seen in animals without parotid fistulae. Salt appetite varied with the overall effect on sodium balance. In three of six sheep studied nephrectomy did not eliminate salt appetite. This was tested 3–6 or 24 hr. post‐operatively, at which time renin would have been at a much reduced level or absent from the blood.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF VITAMIN B12USING THE DIATOM CYCLOTELLA NANA
Authors: Davis RE , Nicol DJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA microbiological assay for vitamin B12 using the small cetric diatom Cyclotella nana Hustedt is described. The method is suitable for measuring the vitamin B12 content of a wide variety of materials such as marine waters, tissue and serum. The organism responds equally well to both cyano‐ and hydroxocobalamin, and appears to be relatively insensitive to clinically inactive analogues of the vitamin. Results may be read after four days, either by counting the organisms in an electronic particle counter or by measuring the residual silicon using a simple colour reaction.
LYMPHOCYTOPENIA INDUCED IN A STRAIN OF LABORATORY MICE BY AGENTS COMMONLY USED IN TREATMENT OF ECTOPARASITES
Authors: Keast D , Coales MF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe normal leucocyte picture of heart blood of the Prince Henry strain of mice is presented. Tetmosol and Lanokil have been shown capable of producing gross modification to this picture by inducing an acute lymphocytopenia. The results are discussed with respect to immunological aberrations‐which might follow the use of disulfiram for the treatment of chronic alcoholism.
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED VASOMOTOR TONE ON REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA IN THE HUMAN FOREARM
Authors: Paterson NAM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of tilting from the horizontal to the 45° feet down position on reactive hyperaemia following 3‐, 5‐, and l0‐min. occlusions of the forearm circulation in normal human subjects was studied, using venous occlusion plethysmography to follow forearm blood flow. Tilting reduces forearm blood flow by a sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex.The peak flow, the magnitude and the duration of reactive hyperaemia were significantly reduced by tilting.It is concluded that if two functional circulations exist in skeletal muscle, they are not independently influenced by reflex vasoconstriction and the local vasodilator response to occlusion.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BLOOD BRADYKININ LEVELS IN MAN
Authors: Mashford ML , Zacest R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryUsing a sensitive method of blood bradykinin estimation, arterial and venous levels were compared in the human forearm. Arterial levels were usually higher, the ratio of arterial to venous levels ranging from 4 to approx. 1.Changes in blood bradykinin in venous blood from the hand were studied during hyperaemic states in the hand produced by warming, cooling and ischaemia. Increas of bradykinin up to 53% in effluent blood from the hand occurred when the hand was warmed to 45°. However, bradykinin levels fell in the dffluent blood in association with reactive hyperaemia and cold vasodilatation.An increase in sympathetic nervous activity caused a fall in arterial bradykinin level of 20% in one case and almost complete disappearance in another Generalised sympathetic blockade with bethanidine brought about a 7·5‐fold increaseThe ability of increased sympathetic nervous activity to lower blood bradykinin level may possibly contribute to the decreased venous bradykinin levels found in cold vasodilatation and reactive hyperaemia where an increase in sympathetic nervous activity occurs a result of the pain and discomfort associated with these procedures.
THE FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF MACROPHAGES AT THE SINGLE CELL LEVEL
Authors: McIntrye J , Rowley D , Jenkin GR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to phagocytose and kill Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. This study, carried out at a single cell level, indicates that the competence of the population of macrophages may be altered by various treatments but the expression of this competence is dependent on the presence of specific antibody.