bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feedback for High EEG Alpha Does Not Maintain Performance or Mood During Sleep Loss
Authors: Hord D. J. , Lubin A. , Tracy M. L. , Jensma B. W. , Johnson L. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCan performance and mood during sleep loss be maintained by self‐induced high EEG alpha activity? In a previous study, most of the performance and mood measures showed sleep‐loss impairment regardless of EEG alpha level, but attention and reported sleepiness were less impaired for the high‐alpha group (although the differences were of doubtful significance). A constructive replication was carried out. In Group A (N=10) auditory feedback was contingent on high alpha, and in Group B (N=10) auditory feedback was contingent on low alpha and low theta. All subjects were repeatedly measured on auditory vigilance, addition, immediate recall, and feelings of sleepiness for 40 hrs during which no sleep was permitted. Sixty min of EEG feedback were given during each block of 220 min. Group A did produce significantly more alpha for the first 24 hrs but this difference was not maintained. Both groups had significant sleep‐loss impairment on all measures. There were no significant differences between the groups in the amount of impairment. Self‐enhanced EEG alpha activity does not prevent impairment of performance or mood during sleep loss.
Effects of State‐Trait Anxiety on the Ability to Enhance and Suppress EEG Alpha
Authors: Valle Ronald S. , Degood Douglas E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between self‐reported state and trait anxiety and the ability to enhance or suppress (i.e., control) alpha density in a biofeedback situation. Forty subjects were randomly divided into alpha enhancement and alpha suppression conditions and then underwent four 40‐min eyes‐closed biofeedback sessions. Immediately before and after each session, each subject completed the A‐State scale of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Prior to the first session and again at the end of the final session, the A‐Trait scale of the STAI was also completed. The results indicated that: a) subjects with low initial trait and state anxiety were significantly better than high anxiety subjects at suppressing but not enhancing alpha, b) final state anxiety scores were unrelated to alpha control, and c) significant pre‐ to post‐session declines in state anxiety across all subjects were unrelated to both the direction and success of alpha control. It was concluded that anxiety may be related to the ability to increase cortical arousal level (i.e., to reduce alpha) in a biofeedback situation rather than being a direct correlate of alpha level per se. However, since the biofeedback procedure did not result in significant alpha enhancement, the relationship between anxiety and the ability to reduce cortical arousal remains unclear.
VERs in Normal and Disabled Adult Readers
Authors: Preston Malcolm S. , Guthrie John T. , Kirsch Irwin , Gertman David , Childs Barton 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study were to assess the visual evoked response (VER) technique in localizing the reading process and to explore VER differences between normal and disabled readers. VERs recorded from O1, O2, P3, and P4, all referenced to linked mastoids, were obtained from 9 normal and 9 carefully selected disabled adult readers under two test conditions: a series of non‐patterned flashes of light viewed passively and a series of common three‐letter words containing a target word. Peak‐to‐peak amplitude for P100‐N140 and N140‐P200, and amplitude from baseline for P200 and the late positive component (LPC) were obtained. The data were examined for hemispheric, parietal‐occipital, and group differences. The main findings were: 1) increased amplitude for P200 and the LPC on the left side for word stimuli only, 2) increased LPC amplitude on the parietal leads compared to occipital for flash and word stimuli with greater increase for words, and 3) a larger difference between words and flash on the left parietal electrode for normals compared to disabled on the P200 and LPC measures.
A Psychophysiological Exploration of Sexual Arousal Patterns in Females and Males
Authors: Heiman Julia R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifty‐nine female and 39 male undergraduates completed 3 sessions of a psychophysiological study on sexual arousal. Subjects were assigned to one of six experimental groups. Subjects within each group were exposed to a series of four audio‐tapes, and were asked to fantasize before and after the tape series. Tapes varied in their erotic and romantic content, and two sex role dimensions were also varied across tapes. Dependent measures included scaled subjective reports, genital pulse amplitude and blood volume responses, heart rate, and finger pulse amplitude. Erotic contents were significantly more sexually arousing than nonerotic contents for both sexes. Romantic content did not significantly enhance the facilitation of sexual arousal. Nontraditional sex roles were significantly more arousing for females, with a similar nonsignificant trend for males. There were significant correlations between genital pulse amplitude and subjective reports of arousal; however, for females the genital blood volume measure showed less reliable agreement with subjective report. Genital pulse amplitude was the most reliable and precise indicator of arousal and accounted for the most variance across conditions. No significant changes occurred on the heart rate and finger pulse amplitude measures. Although subjects were able to become aroused by fantasy alone, listening to erotic tapes did not facilitate their ability to be sexually aroused during fantasy.
Cardiac Cycle Time Effects on Performance, Phasic Cardiac Responses, and Their Intercorrelation in Choice Reaction Time
Authors: Jennings J. Richard , Wood Charles C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTemporal relationships between phasic cardiac responses and choice reaction time (RT) performance were studied in 8 human volunteers using a speed‐accuracy tradeoff design. “Cardiac cycle time” was varied by presenting stimuli at either the R wave of the electrocardiogram or 350 msec afterward. The speed and accuracy of choice RT performance were systematically manipulated by rewarding subjects for responding as close as possible to five different RT targets (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 msec). The magnitude of both the cardiac deceleration which preceded stimulus onset and the cardiac acceleration which followed the response varied systematically with RT; both anticipatory deceleration and accelerative recovery were larger for faster RTs. More importantly, the timing of the shift from anticipatory deceleration to accelerative recovery varied systematically as a function of both cardiac cycle time and RT. Correlations between performance and cardiac interbeat intervals (IBIs) before, during, and after the RT were uniformly low, but showed consistent variation as a function of temporal proximity of the IBI to the stimulus. An hypothesis which relates timing of task completion, timing of vagal inhibition, and phasic cardiac responses was proposed to account for the timing of the shift from anticipatory deceleration to accelerative recovery.
Finger Pulse Volume As a Measure of Anxiety: Further Evaluation
Authors: Bloom Larry J. , Trautt Gregory M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present investigation further explored the utility of Finger Pulse Volume (FPV) as a measure of anxiety. Male and female subjects were exposed to threatening and nonthreatening situations and measures of FPV, pulse rate (PR), and self‐report of anxiety (AACL) were collected. Results indicate that: a) FPV was sensitive to changes in experimentally manipulated anxiety, and b) FPV and PR were temporally, differentially responsive as measures of anxiety: FPV was more responsive initially and recovered more quickly than PR following the introduction of threat. Implications of these data to the often noted low intercorrelations among physiological measures and the relevance of these findings to anxiety management are discussed.
Salivation and the Law of Initial Value
Authors: White K. D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTData from a number of salivation studies were analyzed to see whether treatment effects are systematically related to prestimulus values; in other words, does the Law of Initial Value (LIV) hold. The diversity of techniques, methods, and subjects in the nine experiments studied, enabled a comprehensive assessment to be made. Results suggest that the Law does not consistently operate for salivation.
The Late CNV Wave: Preparation Versus Expectancy
Authors: Gaillard A. W. K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSlow EEG potentials were recorded from different sites along the midline (Fz, Cz, Pz) in the S1‐S2 interval of a reaction time task. The effects of expectancy on the contingent negative variation (CNV) were investigated by varying the probability that S2 would be presented. This probability which was indicated by S1, was either 0.9, 0.5, or 0.0. This was done under instructions governing the trade‐off between speed and accuracy. The combined effects of S2 probability and instructions support the view that the early component of the CNV is a cortical component of the orientation reaction, whereas the late component is mainly determined by the level of motor preparation. The topographical distribution of the early CNV was more anterior than that of the late CNV, which corroborates earlier results.
Cardiac Deceleration and Reflex Blink Facilitation
Authors: Bohlin Gunilla , Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTheories differ in their predictions of how skeletal reflex activity should vary with cardiac deceleration, an index of orienting. Although Graham (1975) reported that reflex blinking was facilitated under uncertainty conditions eliciting cardiac deceleration, theoretical implications remained unclear. Graham hypothesized that facilitation was not due to orienting per se but to rebound when orienting was terminated by the blink‐eliciting stimulus. This hypothesis was tested in the present research by manipulation of attentional requirements. In Experiment 1, 24 undergraduates received identical stimulation but half made an attention‐focusing discrimination between durations of noise startle stimuli and thus maintained attention on the stimulus past the time of reflex initiation; half of the subjects discriminated durations of non‐startling tones and thus could terminate orienting when a noise stimulus occurred. In both groups, orienting was induced by a lead stimulus that was followed equally often by noise and tone. The hypothesis was disconfirmed. Blinks were equally facilitated in both groups compared to no‐lead stimulus control trials. A second experiment, designed to induce more persistent cardiac deceleration under maintained attention conditions, produced similar results.
Analysis of the Sleep Stages in Sleep‐Wakefulness Regimens of Varied Length
Authors: Webb W. B. , Agnew H. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo to 4 different young adult males were studied while on five different regimens of sleep‐wakefulness. The regimens studied were: 3 hrs sleep, 6 hrs wakefulness; 4 hrs sleep, 8 hrs wakefulness; 6 hrs sleep, 12 hrs wakefulness; 10 hrs sleep, 20 hrs wakefulness; and, 12 hrs sleep, 24 hrs wakefulness. The EEG‐EOG was recorded during the sleep period.The largest change in sleep pattern occurred in the short regimens. In these regimens Stage 2 was reduced and Stages 3/4 increased. The amount of REM sleep was stable across all regimens. The temporal distribution of Stages REM and 4 was maintained within the modified regimens. Increases in amount of prior wakefulness acted predictably to increase the amount of Stage 4. REM sleep was responsive to sleep onset time.
On Quantifying Surprise: The Variation of Event‐Related Potentials With Subjective Probability
Authors: Duncan‐Johnson Connie C. , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo factors are known to determine the waveform of event‐related potentials (ERP) elicited by task‐relevant stimuli: the a priori probability of the stimuli and the sequence of immediately preceding stimuli. The relative contribution of these factors to the ERP waveform was assessed at nine levels of a priori probability (from .10 to .90). Random sequences of high (1500 Hz) and low (1000 Hz) tones were presented to 10 male subjects at each level of probability, both when the events were task‐relevant and when the subjects were performing an alternate task to which the tones were irrelevant. The EEG was recorded from five midline electrode sites referred to linked mastoids.The amplitude of the P300 and Slow Wave components was inversely proportional to the a priori probability of task‐relevant events. At every level of a priori probability, the magnitude of the P300 complex (N200‐P300‐Slow Wave) was diminished when the eliciting tone repeated the preceding tone, and was enhanced when it was preceded by the other tone. Thus, a priori probability and sequential structure appear to be independent determinants of the P300 complex.
Skin Conductance Response Conditioning with High CS Intensities: Additional Evidence with New Controls
Authors: Spurr Charles W. , Prokasy William F. , Williams William C. , Clark Craig G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an effort to determine whether or not conditioning is possible when CS intensity is at least as high as US intensity, nine groups of human subjects were employed in a skin conductance conditioning study. White noise CS and US intensities of 95‐ and 115‐dB were varied orthogonally in the experimental groups, while control groups were incorporated to control for overall signal frequency and differences in habituation rates attributable to differences in intertrial interval. By conventional contrasts first interval response (FIR) conditioning was observed, but when controls for differential habituation rates were incorporated in the contrasts there was no evidence of FIR conditioning. Second interval response (SIR) conditioning was obtained, but it was manifest as an anticipatory response to the higher of two US intensities rather than in conventional conditioning vs control group comparisons. It was also shown that high CS intensities induce suppression of SIR levels, with greater suppression associated with the higher intensity. Several conclusions were made: 1) in a simple trace conditioning paradigm with skin conductance responding as the measure, it is not clear that what we have typically called a conditioning effect is separable from an habituation effect; 2) conditioning is possible even when CS intensity is as high as or higher than US intensity; and 3) the use of time sample measurement in the absence of signals provides a useful baseline for determining overall increases and decreases in SIR level.
Voluntary Blood Pressure Reductions Measured With Pulse Transit Time: Training Conditions and Reactions to Mental Work
Authors: Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBlood pressure reductions aided by exteroceptive feedback were compared with those produced with simple instructions in two groups of 10 subjects. The degree of environmental stimulation during sessions was equated in the two conditions. Additionally, the effect of feedback on blood pressure reactions to an auditory choice reaction time task was studied. Pressure changes were monitored with the pulse wave velocity method.Feedback training led to greater modifications than instructions during pressure control trials. Associated adjustments in interbeat interval and respiration rate were also observed, but were of similar magnitude in the two groups. Some carryover of training effects to the reaction time task was found, but this comparison was confounded by larger initial reactions in the feedback group.
Long‐term Eyes‐closed Alpha‐enhancement Training: Effects on Alpha Amplitudes and on Experiential State
Authors: Plotkin William B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the effects of long‐term alpha‐enhancement training on EEG alpha amplitudes and on experiential states, a 2×2 factorial design was employed with two levels of Sensory Deprivation (high and low) and two of Feedback‐Electrode Placement (O2–F4 and Oz–ear). Twelve research participants (3 per cell) engaged in 10 52‐min sessions of eyes‐closed alpha‐enhancement training with proportional auditory feedback of integrated alpha amplitudes. The results led to five major conclusions: 1) even long‐term alpha‐enhancement training (with proportional feedback of alpha strength) does not result in the learned enhancement of alpha strength significantly above optimal eyes‐closed baseline levels; 2) in some cases, alpha‐enhancement training does result in the maintenance of optimal alpha levels; 3) sub‐baseline increases in alpha production during alpha training are most often the result of the gradual dissipation or neutralization of alpha‐inhibitory influences (disinhibition or habituation versus enhancement); 4) the occurrences of unusual experiences during alpha training are partly due to the sensory deprivation conditions of the experimental procedures, and partly due to the effects of suggestion and the experience of success; and 5) alpha feedback from the O2–F4 and Oz–ear placements do not have differential effects on EEG alpha or on experiential state.
Autonomic Specificity and Stereotypy Revisited
Authors: Sersen E. A. , Clausen J. , Lidsky A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStimulus‐response specificity and individual‐response stereotypy were evaluated during segments of anticipation, stimulation, and recovery. Skin conductance, heart period, respiration period, and blood pressure were measured in 20 normal subjects in response to six stimuli: Sound, Music, Math, Poem, Light, and Cold Pressor. The difference between mean level during each segment and prestimulation, corrected for prestimulus level, was divided by the nonsyste‐matic variability of response in order to provide a standard score. Specificity was assessed through the Variable × Stimulus interactions of an analysis of variance and a components of variance analysis, and from a between subject concordance analysis. Stereotypy was inferred from the Variable × Subject interaction of the components analysis and from a between stimuli concordance analysis. Components of variance analyses were also obtained with scores covaried for anticipation level, with a previous method of score standardization, and with stimuli divided into two sets on the basis of response magnitude. Contributions to variance of specificity and stereotypy were shown to vary with method of standardization and type of stimulation.
REM Deprivation and Divergent Thinking
Authors: Glaubman Hananyah , Orbach Israel , Aviram Orit , Frieder Irene , Frieman Meira , Pelled Odeda , Glaubman Rivka 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe contribution of REM sleep to divergent thinking was examined. Ten subjects were deprived of REM sleep and of equal length of NREM sleep. In both cases a divergent thinking task was assigned in the evening to be performed in the morning. The subjects' responses after NREM deprivation were numerically greater, included more positive reactions, and were more divergent and original than those produced after REM deprivation.The study thus reconfirms the hypothesis that REM sleep contributes to divergent thinking and supports the claim that it encourages the individual's adaptation to new situations.
Psychopathy and Detection of Deception In a Prison Population
Authors: Raskin David C. , Hare Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of detection of deception was evaluated with a sample of 48 prisoners, half of whom were diagnosed psychopaths. Half of each group were “guilty” of taking $20 in a mock crime and half were “innocent.” An examiner who had no knowledge of the guilt or innocence of each subject conducted a field‐type interview followed by a control question polygraph examination. Electrodermal, respiration, and cardiovascular activity was recorded, and field (semi‐objective) and quantitative evaluations of the physiological responses were made. Field evaluations by the examiner produced 88% correct, 4% wrong, and 8% inconclusives. Excluding inconclusives, there were 96% correct decisions. Using blind quantitative scoring and field evaluations, significant discrimination between “guilty” and “innocent” subjects was obtained for a variety of electrodermal, respiration, and cardiovascular measures. Psychopaths were as easily detected as nonpsychopaths, and psychopaths showed evidence of stronger electrodermal responses and heart rate decelerations. The effectiveness of control question techniques in differentiating truth and deception was demonstrated in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminals in a mock crime situation, and the generalizability of the results to the field situation is discussed.
Expectancy of the UCS during Avoidance Conditioning of the SCR
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Dawson Michael E. , Beers James R. , Biferno Michael A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies are reported which investigated the relationship between expectancy of the UCS (shock) and avoidance conditioning of the skin conductance response (SCR). Subjects were allowed to avoid the shock UCS if they gave criterion magnitude SCRs to a warning tone preceding the shock. Expectancy of the UCS was monitored on a trial‐by‐trial basis during the avoidance conditioning process. It was found in Experiment I that SCR conditioning occurred only among subjects who had accurate expectancies of shock omission relative to their yoked controls. However, those subjects who were able to accurately predict shock omission were not able to verbalize the response‐reinforcement contingency during a postconditioning questionnaire. Experiment II revealed that only subjects with accurate expectancies concerning the shock behaved differently from their yoked controls when given informative instructions about the response‐reinforcement contingency. These data indicate that individual differences in the accuracy of UCS expectancy are positively related to SCR avoidance conditioning. This relationship has gone undetected in previous research because of the exclusive reliance upon verbal postconditioning questionnaires.
Classically Conditioned Autonomic Discrimination and Tryptophan Uptake In Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Gorham John C. , Novelly Robert A. , Ax Albert F. , Frohman Charles E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship of tryptophan uptake (TU) with heart period decrement discrimination (but not with HPinc and SCinc) was significant and negative in 22 schizophrenic patients (r =−.42). This is consistent with the idea that a blood protein factor in the patient, responsible for increased TU, a precursor of serotonin, may produce a limbic malfunction, one consequence of which is impaired motivational learning aptitude. HPinc and SCinc discrimination was statistically greater in 22 normals than in the 22 patients. This is consistent with the literature and, in particular, with the idea that schizophrenic patients may be characterized in terms of impaired limbic or motivational learning aptitude.