bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are People with Opioid Dependence Who Inject Opioids Different from Those Who Do Not? – Findings from a Cross-sectional, Observational, Community-based Study from North India
Authors: Shakya Pooja , Rao Ravindra , Agrawal Alok , Bhad Roshan , Ambekar Atul , Yadav Deepak 
Published: March 2024

Background:
About one-fourth of individuals who are dependent on opioids use opioids through injecting route. Most of such individuals start using opioids through noninjecting route much earlier before they transition to injecting opioids. It is important to identify important factors that delineate individuals who inject opioids from those who use opioids through other routes, which was the objective of the present study.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study design. Four hundred treatment-naïve opioid users with opioid dependence were selected using a snowballing sampling technique. The drug use details, family relations, social and occupational functioning, and peer network history were assessed using a self-developed questionnaire and the use of structured instruments such as the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire Scale, High-Risk Behavior Scale, and Functional Status Questionnaire Scale. Comorbid psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The Ask Suicide-Screening Questions was used for assessing different domains of suicidality.

Results:
The mean age of the participants was 26 (standard deviation = 6) years. One-third (n = 136) of these were injecting opioid users (injecting drug users [IDUs]) and the remaining were taking opioids through other routes (non-IDUs). In multivariate analysis, IDUs (as compared to non-IDUs) had higher rates of family history of opioid use (odds ratio [OR] =3.53, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–8.69), incarceration history (OR = 2.16, 1.78–3.11), lower employment (OR = 0.53, 0.31–0.84), more people with <5 years of education (OR = 4.31, 2.60–12.73), lower age of starting opioid use (OR = 0.44, 0.26–0.69), more concurrent sedative use (OR = 5.60, 4.34–7), more self-harm attempts history (OR = 1.88, 1.16–3.2), larger peer groups (OR = 1.89, 1.11–2.63), and greater involvement in selling illegal drugs (OR = 1.81, 1.49–3.67).

Conclusions:
Various factors are significantly associated with using opioids through injecting route in individuals with opioid dependence. These factors can help identify individuals with opioid dependence who are likely to transition to injecting opioids.
Natural radioactivity assessment of coal combustion residues produced in Indian thermal power plants using high-purity germanium detector
Authors: Dusane B. Chetankumar , Police Sandeep , Pant Amar Dutt , Maity Sukanta , Mishra S. , Anilkumar S. Pillai , Kumar A. Vinod 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Huge amount of coal combustion residue (CCR) is being generated in India every year. Since coal contains some natural radionuclides, the CCR may contribute to the enhanced natural radiation background. Hence, it is important to monitor the natural radioactivity levels in Indian CCR samples. The present study aims to estimate the natural radioactivity levels in CCRs produced in Indian thermal power plants. Accordingly, six CCR samples from different thermal power plants were collected and packed to achieve secular equilibrium among daughter products of 226Ra. The samples were counted for activity of gamma radionuclides using high purity germanium detector based high resolution gamma spectrometer. Results show that 40K is the most abundant among analyzed radionuclides, and the lowest was observed for 226Ra. Secular equilibrium was observed between 228Ra and 228Th, whereas no equilibrium was observed between 226Ra and 238U. The activity concentration for 226Ra and its daughter products (214Pb and 214Bi) was found to be similar in CCR sample before and after equilibrium, indicating that progenies are in secular equilibrium in CCR. The X ray diffraction analysis of CCR indicates the presence of aluminosilicate as major fraction, which has potential of trapping of 226Ra and daughter products. The values observed are very low and similar to those observed in naturally occurring radioactive materials such as coal, soil, and sediment, hence are not of radiological concern with respect to human/environment.
Measurement of natural ambient gamma radiation levels and estimation of population dose in tobacco-growing places of Karnataka state
Authors: Madhura R. , Dongre Sandeep , Sunil B. P. , Gopal J. , Sannappa J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Karnataka state is the fourth largest tobacco-growing state in India and Mysore district has large tobacco cultivation. The fertilizers contain the primary nutrients NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium). This is also responsible for enhancing the gamma radiation level in rural areas of cultivated land of tobacco growing places, in addition to the natural gamma radiation. The aim and objectives of the present study consist of the measurement of the natural ambient gamma radiation dose level, and dose to the public. The natural ambient gamma radiation levels in some tobacco growing places of the Karnataka state were measured by a scintillation survey meter. The ambient gamma absorbed dose rate in cultivated and non-cultivated land varies from 34.8±0.3 nGyh-1 to 226.2±5 nGyh-1, with a mean value of 84.77±1.9 nGyh-1, and 26.1±0.3 nGyh-1 to 182.7±4 nGyh-1, with a mean value 58.82±1.2 nGyh-1 respectively. The indoor and outdoor gamma absorbed dose rate of the villages of the study area varies from 52.2±0.4 nGyh-1 to 234.9±4.5 nGyh-1, with a mean value of 100.89±2.3 nGyh-1, and 30.45±0.5 nGyh-1 to 165.3±3.5 nGyh-1, with a mean value of 63.19±1.3 nGyh-1 respectively. The annual effective equivalent dose rate of the study area varies from 0.293mSvy-1 to 1.344mSvy-1, with a mean value of 0.572mSvy-1. The indoor, tobacco leaves stored houses and the cultivated land shows higher gamma radiation dose rates than the outdoor atmosphere of the villages and non-cultivated land. The present study was able to establish a baseline data of Annual Effective Dose (AED) and assess gamma radiation dose rate of the study area. The results were presented and analyzed systematically from the radiation protection point of view.
Assessment of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in primary tumors and paired lymph node metastases of gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Coimbra Brendha Cação , Pereira Marina Alessandra , Cardili Leonardo , Alves Venancio Avancini Ferreira , de Mello Evandro Sobroza , Ribeiro Ulysses , Ramos Marcus Fernando Kodama Pertille 
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND
Anti-programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy has demonstrated promising results on gastric cancer (GC). However, PD-L1 can express differently between metastatic sites and primary tumors (PT).
AIM
To compare PD-L1 status in PT and matched lymph node metastases (LNM) of GC patients and to determine the correlation between the PD-L1 status and clinicopathological characteristics.
METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed 284 GC patients who underwent D2-gastrectomy. PD-L1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (clone SP142) using the combined positive score. All PD-L1+ PT staged as pN+ were also tested for PD-L1 expression in their LNM. PD-L1(-) GC with pN+ served as the comparison group.
RESULTS
Among 284 GC patients included, 45 had PD-L1+ PT and 24 of them had pN+. For comparison, 44 PD-L1(-) cases with pN+ were included (sample loss of 4 cases). Of the PD-L1+ PT, 54.2% (13/24 cases) were also PD-L1+ in the LNM. Regarding PD-L1(-) PT, 9.1% (4/44) had PD-L1+ in the LNM. The agreement between PT and LNM had a kappa value of 0.483. Larger tumor size and moderate/severe peritumoral inflammatory response were associated with PD-L1 positivity in both sites. There was no statistical difference in overall survival for PT and LNM according to the PD-L1 status (P = 0.166 and P = 0.837, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Intra-patient heterogeneity in PD-L1 expression was observed between the PT and matched LNM. This disagreement in PD-L1 status may emphasize the importance of considering different tumor sites for analyses to select patients for immunotherapy.
Case Report: Clinical and Pathological Findings of Tuberculous Gumma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Deng Li-Jia , Ye Qian , Luo Si-Yu , Wang Qin-Xiao , Fang Sheng 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT.
Tuberculous gumma (TG) is a rare type of cutaneous tuberculosis thought to occur as a result of the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is more common in immunosuppressed individuals. An 8-year-old boy presented with a 2-month history of multiple indolent enlarging ulcerated nodules on his left upper extremity. He had a past medical history of bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccine induced lupus vulgaris. Skin biopsy of the nodules showed granulomas and neutrophil-dominated purulent inflammation. Ziehl–Neelsen staining was negative, and the cultures were positive for M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, the M. tuberculosis complex was identified using metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Standard antitubercular therapy was started at full doses, and the skin lesions had significantly improved 3 months later. Here we review the literature since 2000 and describe the clinical and pathological features of TG.
LEARNING THROUGH DISCUSSION: A STUDY TO FOSTER STUDENTS' ENGAGEMENT IN EFL CLASS
Authors: Nur Aflah Mita , Nurhidayh Rafika , Kuncoro Hendro 
Published: March 2024

This research aims to foster students' engagement through small groupdiscussions. The focus is on implementing group discussion strategies on classroom performance and students' achievement. A qualitative design was used along with the observations and interviews, and enriched with a small group discussion teaching framework. The result showed that small group discussions positively contribute to students' involvement in the classroom, enhance critical thinking, and raise motivation. The activities provide opportunities to increase their upbeat view of learning English. Hopefully, the result can be a practical suggestion for lecturers or teachers to maximize the students' active participation in ELF classes.
Exploring the Inhibitory Potential of Acetoxime-Zinc Chloride Adduct in Saline Environments for Mild Steel Corrosion Protection
Authors: Kumari Ola Saraswati , Chopra Ishita , Gopalakrishnan S. , Dhayal Veena 
Published: March 2024

In this work, acetoxime, zinc chloride, and acetoxime adduct of zinc chloride, [ZnCl2·2{HON=C(CH3)2}] (ZA) were investigated as corrosion inhibitors in 3.5% NaCl solution on mild steel. The electrochemical analysis was performed using polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance technique and surface analysis was done by scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Using surface analysis and electrochemical data it was concluded that an inhibition synergy was developed when ZA was taken instead of acetoxime or zinc chloride alone in the solution phase. SEM methods were used to examine the sample’s surface in the presence of inhibited solutions. The efficiency of inhibition increased with the increasing concentration and attained the values of 97.18% for the 3 mM concentration of ZA.
Uji Antibakteri Formulasi Sediaan Hand Soap Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jeruk Purut (Citus Hystrix DC) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: M. Pandapotan Nasution Sagita Crispy Br S. Milala, 
Published: March 2024

Daun jeruk purut merupakan salah satu tanaman yang biasa digunakan sebagai penyedap makanan. Daun jeruk purut mengandung minyak atsiri dan beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid,tanin, saponin, alkaloid, steroid, dan glikosida sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui daun jeruk purut mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yang dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yaitu infeksi. Pembuatan ekstrak etanol daun jeruk purut secara maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Skrining fitokimia dilakukan terhadap daun jeruk purut segar, simplisia dan ekstrak etanol nya. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun jeruk purut terhadap Staphylococcus aureus secara difusi agar. Sediaan hand soap diformulasikan mengandung ekstrak etanol daun jeruk purut 2,5%, 5% dan 7,5%. Dilakukan evaluasi uji organoleptis, pH, stabilitas, uji tinggi busa,uji viskositas, uji bobot jenis, dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil uji organoleptis hand soap khas perpaduan daun jeruk purut dan oleum rosae, berwarna hijau kehitaman, berbentuk cairan kental. Uji pH hasilnya berkisar 9,1-10,03. Hasil uji stabilitas dari semua formula stabil. Uji tinggi busa hasilnya berkisar 50-90 mm. Uji viskositas hasilnya berkisar 1210-1290 cpoise. Uji bobot jenis hasilnya berkisar 1,00-1,08 dan uji iritasi terhadap sukarelawan hasilnya negatif tidak memberikan efek samping iritasi.
Midline Sacral Fractures: Review of the Literature
Authors: Bandovic Ivan , Diedring Benjamin , Olson Adrian , Tan Sean , Denisuk Marek , Powell Dexter , Best Benjamin 
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION Sacral fractures are an important consideration in high-energy traumas associated with injuries to the pelvic ring that confer much of pelvic stability. A midline longitudinal sacral fracture (MLS) is a relatively rare fracture pattern, with only 23 cases of MLS fractures reported in the literature to date. This systematic review evaluates overall mechanisms of MLS injury, associated injuries, complications, management, and fracture prognosis. METHODS A 1952-2021 PubMed literature search yielded 11 publications reporting the outcomes of a total of 23 MLS fracture cases. RESULTS Of the 23 MLS patients, 15 (65%) were male and eight (35%) were female, with an average age of 37.25. Ten (43.5%) MLS fractures occurred during motor vehicle collisions and eight (34.7%) because of motorcycle accidents. The most common pelvic ring injuries associated with MLS were pubic symphysis diastasis (n = 12, 57%) and pubic ramus fractures (n = 11, 48%). Patients most frequently suffered intra-pelvic organ dysfunction such as sexual dysfunction or bowel/bladder/urethral injuries. Fractures were treated both operatively or non-operatively and generally showed clinical meaningful resolution at 10 weeks post-injury. CONCLUSIONS MLS injuries most often occur in high-energy trauma due to motor vehicle or motorcycle accidents as well as crush injuries, leg splitting, direct perineal/perianal impacts. Pre-trauma sacral abnormalities could be potentially predisposing factors correlated with MLS fractures. Careful review of x-rays and CT scans may help reveal MLS fractures, which can go initially undiagnosed. Operative and nonoperative management strategies includes bedrest, transsacral transiliac screw, decompressive laminotomies, and/or pelvic external fixation. The outcomes reported to date have been generally favorable, with most patients healing at approximately 10 weeks. Keywords: Midline sacral fracture; vertical sacral fracture; sacrum; pelvic ring injury
Using Artificial Intelligence to Semi-Quantitate Coronary Calcium as an ‘Incidentaloma’ on Non-Gated, Non-Contrast CT Scans, A Single-Center Descriptive Study in West Michigan.
Authors: Kerndt Connor C. , Chopra Rajus , Weber Paul , Rechenberg Amy , Summers Daniel , Boyden Thomas , Langholz David 
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION Non-gated, non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly ordered for a variety of non-cardiac indications, but do not routinely comment on the presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC)/atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) which is known to correlate with increased cardiovascular risk. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can help detect and quantify CAC/ASCVD which can lead to early treatment and improved outcomes. METHODS Using an FDA-approved algorithm (NANOX AI) to measure coronary artery calcium (CAC) on non-gated, non-contrast CT chest, 536 serial scans were evaluated in this single-center retrospective study. Scans were categorized by Agatston scores as normal-mild (<100), moderate (100-399), or severe (≥400). AI results were validated by cardiologist’s overread. Patient charts were retrospectively analyzed for clinical characteristics. RESULTS Of the 527 patients included in this analysis, a total of 258 (48.96%) had moderate-severe disease; of these, 164 patients (63.57%, p< 0.001) had no previous diagnosis of CAD. Of those with moderate-severe disease 135 of 258 (52.33% p=0.006) were not on aspirin and 96 (37.21% p=0.093) were not on statin therapy. Cardiologist interpretation demonstrated 88.76% agreement with AI classification. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Machine learning utilized in CT scans obtained for non-cardiac indications can detect and semi-quantitate CAC accurately. Artificial intelligence algorithms can accurately be applied to non-gated, non-contrast CT scans to identify CAC/ASCVD allowing for early medical intervention and improved clinical outcomes.
Absorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by polymer tubing: implications for indoor air and use as a simple gas-phase volatility separation technique
Authors: Morris Melissa A. , Pagonis Demetrios , Day Douglas A. , de Gouw Joost A. , Ziemann Paul J. , Jimenez Jose L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Previous studies have demonstrated volatility-dependent absorption of gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to Teflon and other polymers. Polymer–VOC interactions are relevant for atmospheric chemistry sampling, as gas–wall partitioning in polymer tubing can cause delays and biases during measurements. They are also relevant to the study of indoor chemistry, where polymer-based materials are abundant (e.g., carpets and paints). In this work, we quantify the absorptive capacities of multiple tubing materials, including four nonconductive polymers (important for gas sampling and indoor air quality), four electrically conductive polymers and two commercial steel coatings (for gas and particle sampling). We compare their performance to previously characterized materials. To quantify the absorptive capacities, we expose the tubing to a series of ketones in the volatility range 104–109 µg m−3 and monitor transmission. For slow-diffusion polymers (e.g., perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) Teflon and nylon), absorption is limited to a thin surface layer, and a single-layer absorption model can fit the data well. For fast-diffusion polymers (e.g., polyethylene and conductive silicone), a larger depth of the polymer is available for diffusion, and a multilayer absorption model is needed. The multilayer model allows fitting solid-phase diffusion coefficients for different materials, which range from 4×10-9 to 4×10-7 cm2 s−1. These diffusion coefficients are ∼ 8 orders of magnitude larger than literature values for fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film. This enormous difference explains the differences in VOC absorption measured here. We fit an equivalent absorptive mass (CW, µg m−3) for each absorptive material. We found PFA to be the least absorptive, with CW ∼ 105 µg m−3, and conductive silicone to be the most absorptive, with CW ∼ 1013 µg m−3. PFA transmits VOCs easily and intermediate-volatility species (IVOCs) with quantifiable delays. In contrast, conductive silicone tubing transmits only the most volatile VOCs, denuding all lower-volatility species. Semi-volatile species (SVOCs) are very difficult to sample quantitatively through any tubing material. We demonstrate a system combining several slow- and fast-diffusion tubing materials that can be used to separate a mixture of VOCs into volatility classes. New conductive silicone tubing contaminated the gas stream with siloxanes, but this effect was reduced 10 000-fold for aged tubing, while maintaining the same absorptive properties. SilcoNert (tested in this work) and Silonite (tested in previous work) steel coatings showed gas transmission that was almost as good as PFA, but since they undergo adsorption, their delay times may be humidity- and concentration-dependent.
Mapping of sea ice concentration using the NASA NIMBUS 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data from 1972–1977
Authors: Kolbe Wiebke Margitta , Tonboe Rasmus T. , Stroeve Julienne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract. The Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) instrument onboard the NIMBUS 5 satellite was a one-channel microwave radiometer that measured the 19.35 GHz horizontally polarized brightness temperature (TB) from 11 December 1972 to 16 May 1977. The original tape archive data in swath projection have recently been made available online by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). Even though the ESMR was a predecessor of modern multi-frequency radiometers, there are still parts of modern processing methodologies which can be applied to the data to derive the sea ice extent globally. Here, we have reprocessed the entire dataset using a modern processing methodology that includes the implementation of pre-processing filtering, dynamical tie points, and a radiative transfer model (RTM) together with numerical weather prediction (NWP) for atmospheric correction. We present the one-channel sea ice concentration (SIC) algorithm and the model for computing temporally and spatially varying SIC uncertainty estimates. Post-processing steps include resampling to daily grids, land-spillover correction, the application of climatological masks, the setting of processing flags, and the estimation of sea ice extent, monthly means, and trends. This sea ice dataset derived from the NIMBUS 5 ESMR extends the sea ice record with an important reference from the mid-1970s. To make it easier to perform a consistent analysis of sea ice development over time, the same grid and land mask as used for EUMETSAT's OSI-SAF SMMR-based sea-ice climate data record (CDR) were used for our ESMR dataset. SIC uncertainties were included to further ease comparison to other datasets and time periods. We find that our sea ice extent in the Arctic and Antarctic in the 1970s is generally higher than those available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), which were derived from the same ESMR dataset, with mean differences of 240 000 and 590 000 km2, respectively. When comparing monthly sea ice extents, the largest differences reach up to 2 million km2. Such large differences cannot be explained by the different grids and land masks of the datasets alone and must therefore also result from the differences in data filtering and algorithms, such as the dynamical tie points and atmospheric correction. The new ESMR SIC dataset has been released as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) program and is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5285/34a15b96f1134d9e95b9e486d74e49cf (Tonboe et al., 2023).