bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Insulin Resistance in the Framingham Offspring Cohort
Authors: Fogli-Cawley Jeanene J. , Dwyer Johanna T. , Saltzman Edward , McCullough Marjorie L. , Troy Lisa M. , Meigs James B. , Jacques Paul F. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between a diet consistent with the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), as assessed by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI), and measures of insulin resistance in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined cross-sectional associations between DGAI score and degree of insulin resistance as measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting insulin in 3,082 participants in the Framingham Offspring Cohort fifth examination (January 1991–June 1995).
RESULTS—Participants in the highest quintile category of the DGAI score had significantly lower HOMA-IR than those in the lowest quintile category after adjusting for age, sex, and waist circumference (6.4 compared with 6.7, P = 0.04). We observed a significant interaction between DGAI score and sex, and upon stratification, the association appeared to be largely confined to women (5.9 compared with 6.6, P &lt; 0.001). No association was apparent in men (7.2 compared with 7.1, P = 0.30). Similar associations were evident between the DGAI score and fasting insulin.
CONCLUSIONS—Consumption of a diet consistent with the 2005 DGA may be an effective means to limit insulin resistance in women.
Trends in Outpatient Prescription Drug Costs in Diabetic Patients in Germany, 1994–2004
Authors: Rathmann Wolfgang , Haastert Burkhard , Icks Andrea , Giani Guido 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—New antidiabetic medications have been introduced during the last decade, but their impact on health care cost is largely unknown. Prescription costs in diabetic patients in primary care in Germany were evaluated (1994–2004).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 46,017 diabetic patients and 46,017 age- and sex-matched control subjects in 400 nationwide practices (2004) were compared with 29,956 diabetic patients and 13,226 control subjects (361 practices) in 1994 (data from IMS HEALTH). Inflation-adjusted age- and sex-standardized costs (ex-manufacturer prices) were calculated.
RESULTS—Mean annual total prescription costs per diabetic patient were €559 in 2004 (€372 in 1994), equaling a 60% (standardized) increase (P &lt; 0.01). Average costs for antidiabetic medication were €172 in 2004, a 100% increase (P &lt; 0.01). The major antidiabetic cost factor was insulin and analogs, which accounted for 22% of total drug costs in diabetic patients in 2004 (17% in 1994). All oral antidiabetic drugs together accounted for 8% of total costs (6% in 1994). New drugs (glitazones, glinides, and insulins) accounted for 15% of total costs (40% of antidiabetic drugs) in 2004. A 40% increase (€387 vs. 286) in all non–diabetes-related drugs was due mainly to cardiovascular and lipid-lowering drugs. In nondiabetic patients, only a 30% cost increase was found (€210 vs. 147; P &lt; 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS—Prescription drug costs among diabetic patients increased 60% during the last decade, which was twofold higher than the increase in nondiabetic patients. New types of antidiabetic drugs accounted for a substantial cost share of the overproportional increase for diabetes treatment. Progress in pharmacological therapy is a key driver of drug expenditure growth in diabetes treatment.
Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Hu Gang , Jousilahti Pekka , Bidel Siamak , Antikainen Riitta , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate whether type 2 diabetes at baseline is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively followed 51,552 Finnish men and women 25–74 years of age without a history of Parkinson's disease at baseline. History of diabetes and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Ascertainment of the Parkinson's disease status was based on the nationwide Social Insurance Institution's drug register data. Hazard ratios of incident Parkinson's disease associated with the history of type 2 diabetes were estimated.
RESULTS—During a mean follow-up period of 18.0 years, 324 men and 309 women developed incident Parkinson's disease. Age- and study year–adjusted hazard ratios of incident Parkinson's disease among subjects with type 2 diabetes, compared with those without it, were 1.80 (95% CI 1.03–3.15) in men, 1.93 (1.05–3.53) in women, and 1.85 (1.23–2.80) in men and women combined (adjusted also for sex). Further adjustment for BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and coffee and tea consumption affected the results only slightly. The multivariate adjusted association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease was also confirmed in stratified subgroup analysis.
CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Surveillance bias might account for higher rates in diabetes. The mechanism behind this association between diabetes and Parkinson's disease is not known.
Relationship Between Patient Medication Adherence and Subsequent Clinical Inertia in Type 2 Diabetes Glycemic Management
Authors: Grant Richard , Adams Alyce S. , Trinacty Connie Mah , Zhang Fang , Kleinman Ken , Soumerai Stephen B. , Meigs James B. , Ross-Degnan Dennis 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—Clinical inertia has been identified as a critical barrier to glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. We assessed the relationship between patients' initial medication adherence and subsequent regimen intensification among patients with persistently elevated A1C levels.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed an inception cohort of 2,065 insured patients with type 2 diabetes who were newly started on hypoglycemic therapy and were followed for at least 3 years between 1992 and 2001. Medication adherence was assessed by taking the ratio of medication days dispensed (from pharmacy records) to medication days prescribed (as documented in the medical record) for the first prescribed hypoglycemic drug. Adherence was measured for the period between medication initiation and the next elevated A1C result measured at least 3 months later; intensification was defined as a dose increase or the addition of a second hypoglycemic agent.
RESULTS—Patients were aged (mean ± SD) 55.4 ± 12.2 years; 53% were men, and 19% were black. Baseline medication adherence was 79.8 ± 19.3%. Patients in the lowest quartile of adherence were significantly less likely to have their regimens increased within 12 months of their first elevated A1C compared with patients in the highest quartile (27 vs. 37%, respectively, with increased regimens if A1C is elevated, P &lt; 0.001). In multivariate models adjusting for patient demographic and treatment factors, patients in the highest adherence quartile had 53% greater odds of medication intensification after an elevated A1C (95% CI 1.11–1.93, P = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS—Among insured diabetic patients with elevated A1C, level of medication adherence predicted subsequent medication intensification. Poor patient self-management behavior increases therapeutic clinical inertia.
Characterization of Adrenoceptors
Authors: Bylund David B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNorepinephrine and epinephrine are important neurotransmitters in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. The actions of these neurotransmitters are mediated by adrenoceptors. Three major types of adrenoceptors have been identified on the basis of pharmacological data: α1, α2, and β. Within each major type, at least three receptor subtypes have been identified. Three basic types of radioligand binding experiments are provided in this unit: (1) saturation binding from which the affinity (Kd) of the radioligand for the adrenoceptor and the binding site density (Bmax) can be determined; (2) inhibition experiments from which the affinity (Ki) of a competing, unlabeled compound for the receptor can be determined; and (3) kinetic assays from which the forward and reverse rate constants of the binding process can be determined. Three support protocols are provided covering the preparation of membranes containing the receptor from tissue or cells in culture, calculation ofKdandBmaxfrom saturation experiments, and calculation ofKifrom inhibition experiments.
Agonist‐Stimulated [35S]GTPγS Binding
Authors: Raddatz Rita , Alper Richard H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis unit presents a convenient method for studying receptor function using a binding assay to assess the initial step in receptor‐mediated G protein activation in membranes prepared from rat brain. While the example procedure employs receptor agonists for serotonin1Areceptors in the hippocampus, the method can be employed to study the activity of any substance that activates a receptor coupled to a G protein, particularly Gi. Alternate protocols describe modifications that can be used to simplify and increase the accuracy of the basic protocol, as well the use of the basic protocol to study receptor antagonists.
RNA Secondary Structure Prediction
Authors: Mathews David H. , Turner Douglas H. , Zuker Michael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDetails for predicting secondary structure of RNA sequences using free energy minimization are given. Protocols present the use of the RNAstructure computer program (for PCs) and the mfold server (for Unix platforms). The minimum free energy structure and a set of suboptimal structures with similar free energies are predicted. Prediction of high‐affinity oligonucleotide binding sites to a structured RNA target is also presented.
Synthesis of 2′‐ and 3′‐C‐Methylribonucleosides
Authors: Beigelman Leonid , Mikhailov Sergey N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA simple, efficient method for the synthesis of 2′‐ and 3′‐C‐methylribonucleosides starting from a common precursor is described. This synthesis achieves conversion of 1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐C‐methyl‐α‐D‐allofuranose into 1,2,3‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐5‐O‐benzoyl‐3‐C‐methyl‐α,β‐D‐ribofuranose followed by condensation with nucleic acid bases, with a final ammonolysis leading to 3′‐C‐methylribonucleosides. Alternatively, the same branched allofuranose converted to l,2,3‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐5‐O‐p‐methylbenzoyl‐2‐C‐methyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranose, after analogous Vorbruggen condensation and ammonolysis, provides 2′‐C‐methylribonucleosides.
Isolation of Renal Brush Borders
Authors: Morré D. James , Hammond Timothy 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMethods are described to isolate intact brush borders and brush border membranes from renal cell homogenates. A rapid method yields sealed vesicles that reconstitute renal brush border transport. In one variation of this protocol, 10 to 20 mM CaCl2 or MgCl2 is added to aggregate non‐brush border structures for subsequent removal by centrifugation. For analytical studies, guidance is provided for subsequent purification steps including preparative free‐flow and aqueous two‐phase partition. Marker enzymes and morphological parameters are included for assessment of yield and fraction purity.
Biological Second and Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy
Authors: Friedl Peter , Wolf Katarina , Harms Gregory , von Andrian Ulrich H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMultiphoton microscopy has become a standard method for noninvasive imaging of thick specimens with subcellular resolution. Higher harmonic generation microscopy (HHGM), based on nonlinear multiphoton excitation, is a contrast mechanism for the structural and molecular imaging of native samples in cell culture and in fixed and live tissues, for both, three‐dimensional and four‐dimensional reconstructions. HHGM comprises second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) of ordered molecules, can be obtained without exogenous labels, and provides detailed real‐time optical reconstruction of fibrillar collagen, myosin, microtubules, and membrane potential, as well as cell depolarization. This unit presents the principles of SHG and THG and the basic setup of a HHGM system, and summarizes current applications in cell biology. Multimodal multiphoton microscopy using HHGM together with two‐photon excited fluorescence will develop into a key approach to real‐time imaging of cell dynamics in the context of live tissues.
X Window System Survival Guide
Authors: Stein Lincoln D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLogging in to a Unix system from a console typically initiates a graphical desktop environment that is similar to the Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh desktops. Logging in remotely to a Unix system, however, typically limits the user to a small text‐only window, which is unable to launch graphical applications. This appendix describes the two main options for overcoming this obstacle: a Virtual Network Computer (VNC) and the X Window System.
Adhesion of nanosized nickel catalysts in the nanocatalysis/UF system
Authors: Zhong Zhaoxiang , Xing Weihong , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA system combining nanocatalytic reaction with crossflow ultrafiltration (UF) was used to prepare p‐aminophenol from p‐nitrophenol. In this system, nanosized nickel catalysts in suspension were employed during reaction, and then separated from slurry by an UF membrane filter. The adhesion of nickel particles to contact surfaces caused a rapid decline in the hydrogenation rate and UF flux. In order to understand the effect of materials properties, and operating parameters on adhesion of catalysts, the nickel adhesion was investigated by measuring the mass of nickel remaining on solid surfaces after contact. Surface materials with different roughness and hydrophilicity have been tested, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), stainless steel (AISI 304) and glass. The results show that rougher surfaces have more adhesion than smooth ones. Hydrophilic glass has less adhesion than hydrophobic PTFE, while intermediately hydrophilic stainless steel has the most adhesion due to its surface magnetic effect. During ultrafiltration, adhesion decreases with increasing crossflow velocity and increases with increasing suspension concentration. With the addition of microsized alumina particles in suspension, the adhesion of nanosized nickel can be inhibited effectively. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007.
Martsolf syndrome in Japanese siblings
Authors: Ehara Hiroaki , Utsunomiya Yasushi , Ieshima Atsushi , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Nishimura Gen , Takeshita Kenzo , Ohno Kousaku 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe a Japanese brother and sister with Martsolf syndrome. They had short stature, severe mental retardation, cataract, hypogonadism, craniofacial dysmorphism, and bone and joint symptoms including scoliosis, lax finger joints, and talipes valgus. Previously undescribed findings included proximal femoral epiphyseal dysplasia reminiscent of Legg–Calve–Perthes disease in both patients, and Klippel–Feil malformation and osteopathia striata in one patient. Brain MRI showed mild frontal and temporal lobe atrophy, and mild ventricular enlargement. Severe GH deficiency was demonstrated after insulin tolerance and glucagon/propranolol tolerance tests. No responses to serum LH and FSH after a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) test suggested secondary hypogonadism, that is, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, due to hypothalamus‐pituitary axis insufficiency in both patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Barth syndrome associated with compound hemizygosity and heterozygosity of the TAZ and LDB3 genes
Authors: Marziliano Nicola , Mannarino Savina , Nespoli Luisa , Diegoli Marta , Pasotti Michele , Malattia Clara , Grasso Maurizia , Pilotto Andrea , Porcu Emanuele , Raisaro Arturo , Raineri Claudia , Dore Roberto , Maggio Pietro Paolo , Brega Agnese , Arbustini Eloisa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBarth syndrome is an X‐linked recessive disorder caused by the tafazzin (TAZ) gene mutations and includes dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with left ventricular non‐compaction, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, abnormal mitochondria and 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria. Dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular non‐compaction transmitted as an autosomal dominant condition has also been associated with LIM domain‐binding 3 (LDB3) gene defects. We describe a family in which the 12‐year‐old proband had left ventricular non‐compaction and DCM. His mother had five miscarriages, two other sons who died in infancy, and a healthy son and daughter. The proband showed left ventricular non‐compaction–DCM, skeletal myopathy, recurrent oral aphthous ulcers and cyclic neutropenia. The DCM progressively improved with age; medical therapy was discontinued at 5 years of age. At present, left ventricular function is normal and arrhythmias are absent. Magnetic resonance imaging documented left ventricular non‐compaction. However, oral aphthous ulcers and cyclic neutropenia have recurred. In the proband we identified two novel mutations, one of maternal origin in the TAZ gene (p.[Glu202ValfsX15]) and one of paternal origin in the LDB3 gene (p.[Thr350Ile]). The mother, brother and father are healthy; although the latter two show prominent left ventricle trabeculation without dysfunction. Expression studies of TAZ and LDB3 genes were conducted in family members and controls. In the proband, brother and father, LDB3 expression was similar to control cases. TAZ and LDB3 expression progressively declined with age in control both blood and myocardial samples. However, an endomyocardial biopsy performed in the proband at 6 months of age, showed significantly lower TAZ and LDB3 expression than in age‐matched myocardial controls. We believe that the clinical, genetic and expression data support the hypothesis that tafazzins are essential during fetal and early post‐natal life. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compound heterozygosity of SHOX‐encompassing and downstream PAR1 deletions results in Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD)
Authors: Campos‐Barros Ángel , Benito‐Sanz Sara , Ross Judith L. , Zinn Andrew R. , Heath Karen E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe present the clinical and molecular characteristics of a multi‐generation family in which the proband presented with clinical features of Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD) whilst different family members had a diagnosis of Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and/or pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). In the LMD proband two different deletions were identified in the pseudoautosomal 1 region (PAR1) of the X and Y chromosomes: a SHOX‐encompassing deletion inherited from his father and a downstream PAR1 deletion, which did not include SHOX, inherited from his mother. The individuals with PSACH features presented the previously described G719D mutation in the C‐terminal globular domain of the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene (COMP). The LMD proband described here represents the first LMD case due to compound heterozygosity for deletions of the two different PAR1 regions, SHOX‐encompassing and downstream from SHOX, that have been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis of LWD and LMD. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of flame‐retardant epoxy resins based on DOPO and one of its analog DPPO
Authors: Schäfer Alexander , Seibold Sebastian , Lohstroh Wiebke , Walter Olaf , Döring Manfred 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo phosphorus‐containing heterocyclic flame retardants ‐9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and 2,8‐dimethyl‐phenoxaphosphin‐10‐oxide (DPPO) ‐ and their derivatives were characterized and incorporated in the backbone of epoxy novolac to obtain flame‐retardant epoxy resins. The structures and spectroscopic data including high‐resolution mass spectroscopy of these flame retardants were determined. Flame‐retardant epoxy resins with a phosphorus content of up to 2% based on heterocyclic DOPO and DPPO were cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and their features were examined by UL 94, LOI, and DSC. In this manner, high‐performance polymers with glass transition temperatures around 190°C and the UL 94 rating V0 were obtained. These polymers were compared with epoxy resins incorporating diphenyl phosphite and diphenyl phosphate, which are nonheterocyclic and do not pass the UL 94 test up to 2% phosphorus. DPPO has a similar flame retardancy like the commercially available DOPO. Furthermore, to explain the difference in the efficiency of the tested flame retardants, key experiments for the determination of the active species during the flame‐retarding process were performed and the PO radical was identified. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007.
Concepts important to patients with psoriatic arthritis are not adequately covered by standard measures of functioning
Authors: Stamm Tanja A. , Nell Valerie , Mathis Mona , Coenen Michaela , Aletaha Daniel , Cieza Alarcos , Stucki Gerold , Taylor William , Smolen Josef S. , Machold Klaus P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo explore whether the concepts important to patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are covered by self‐report instruments assessing functioning.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative focus group study with PsA patients about their problems in daily functioning. Focus groups were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed texts were divided into meaning units, and concepts contained in these meaning units were extracted. Self‐report instruments assessing functioning in PsA were identified in a structured literature search. Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a common frame of reference, we determined whether each concept identified in the focus groups was covered by each of the instruments.ResultsThirty‐one patients participated in 6 focus groups. The following 9 instruments were included in the present analysis: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale Short Form; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire; Dermatology Quality of Life Index; Dougados Functional Index; Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ); HAQ‐S (HAQ adapted for spondylarthropathies); PsA‐specific Quality of Life Instrument; and Short Form 36 Health Survey. Of the 54 concepts identified in 590 meaning units in the transcribed data, 19 concepts (35%) were not covered by any of the instruments. Of these, 11 concepts that were linked to the ICF component environmental factors were not covered by any of the instruments, whereas all concepts linked to the ICF component activities and participation were covered by at least 1 of the instruments (but no single instrument covered all concepts).ConclusionThe impact of environmental factors, attitudes towards individuals with health problems, and loss of leisure time may represent important aspects addressing participation that are currently not covered in the instruments assessing functioning in PsA.