bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 20th International Symposium
Authors: Rosinski ST , Grossbeck ML , Allen TR , Kumar AS 
Published: April 2008

Description
Fifty-seven papers provide a diverse and highly technical discussion of the influence of radiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of structural materials. Nine sections cover: reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels, austenitic and ferritic/martensitic alloys, proton and spallation neutron sources, radiation damage fundamentals, and other materials.
Twenty-five papers discuss various aspects of radiation effects on RPV plate, forging, and weld materials, including radiation-induced changes on mechanical properties, radiation damage mechanisms and associated microstructural changes and the modeling of radiation embrittlement mechanisms.
Eight papers discuss radiation-induced segregation, creep, irradiation-creep, swelling, and the associated changes in mechanical properties. Four papers discuss ferritic/martensitic alloys; and six papers examine the effects of high energy proton and spallation neutrons on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of various structural alloys. Finally, radiation damage fundamentals is the subject of four papers and the publication concludes with 10 papers covering a broad range of materials including vanadium alloys, tungsten rods, silicon film, silicon carbide and silicon carbide composites, shape-memory alloys, zirconium-niobium pressure tube materials, and other metals and alloys.
Turbine Lubrication in the 21st Century
Authors: Herguth WR , Warne TM 
Published: April 2008

Description
This comprehensive ASTM publication presents the latest information on new generation turbine lubricants and how to obtain maximum value from these oils. Eight peer-reviewed papers cover:
Current and future directions for some synthetic, ester- and hydrocarbon-based fluids.
History of development and current state of base oil technology, including new processing methods for the production of more stable turbine oils.
Performance advantages of using Group II and Group III base oils.
Turbine oil quality and field application requirements.
New technology for monitoring antioxidant oil analysis.
Isocyanates: Sampling, Analysis, and Health Effects
Authors: Lesage J , DeGraff I , Danchik R 
Published: April 2008

Description
STP 1408 examines the latest data and technology on isocyanates, and features topics ranging from sampling and analysis methods to health effects. Isocyanates are widely used in many industrial processes because of their high activity and affinity to many substances, which lead to polymerization, as well as the properties for the resulting polymers. They are used in the production of adhesives, elastomers, binders, flexible or rigid foams, paints, and lacquers. Because these products are used in a large number of synthesis and processing industries, many workers may be at risk of hazardous exposure. In addition, the various chemical and physical states of mixtures of isocyanate monomers and prepolymers make it difficult to document exposure-related toxicity through valid environmental sampling and analysis methods. Therefore it is of the utmost importance that the knowledge and tools necessary for the safe use of these products be made available to provide protection to the worker and the environment.
11 peer-reviewed papers cover:
Isocyanate Determination in Atmospheres features new developments in sampling and analysis methods for workplace and environmental monitoring, including direct reading instrumentation, and how they relate to characterization of isocynate monomers and oligomers.
Sampling Strategy and Control details case studies; global effects; interpretation of test results; control measures; and personal protective equipment designed to meet compliance.
Health Effects covers toxicology; different routes of exposure, such as skin contact as well as inhalation; biological monitoring; surface contamination determination; evaluation of health effects; and the diagnostics used to detect exposure.
Aggregate Contribution to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Performance
Authors: White TD , Johnson SR , Yzenas JJ 
Published: April 2008

Description
STP 1412 focuses on the effect of aggregate properties on HMA performance and covers a wide range of aggregate characteristics. Valuable information is presented on performance of HMA designed with Superpave protocols and criteria for both mixtures and aggregates.
12 papers address:
• Aggregate polishing as a safety concern
• Contribution of the mineral aggregate components to rutting resistance
• Superpave coarse and fine gradations
• Validity of the restricted zone
• Maximum aggregate sizes
• Amount of dust, particle shape, and coarse and fine aggregate particle angularity.
This book is a valuable resource for everyone in the paving industry that produces, specifies, and uses aggregates.
Mechanical Properties of Structural Films
Authors: Muhlstein CL , Brown SB 
Published: April 2008

Description
Written by an international group of experts from six countries.
STP 1413 is one of the most complete assemblies of papers on the characterization of the mechanical properties of structural films available to date. In the rapidly developing field of structural films, this new ASTM publication is a milestone in the engineering of these materials systems and their characterization.
22 papers cover four major areas of structural films characterization:
• Fracture and Fatigue
• Elastic Behavior and Residual Stress
• Tensile Testing
• Thermomechanical, Wear, and Radiation Damage
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: A New Century for Agricultural Formulations, Twenty First Volume
Authors: Mueninghoff JC , Viets AK , Downer RA 
Published: April 2008

Description
STP 1414 emphasizes the external factors affecting the global growth of the agricultural industry, as well as new options available for formulating and delivering agricultural products to meet this global growth. It covers the latest developments and research in formulation ingredients methodology, application, and pesticide efficacy from a wide variety of sources, including industry and academia.
21 peer-reviewed papers in 6 sections cover:
Efficacy--presents studies relating to efficacy enhancement of pesticide products. These papers cover the effects of adjuvants, surfactants, and inorganic cations on pesticide activity.
Methods--examines techniques and methodology for determining the stability and efficacy of pesticide formulations as important tools not to be overlooked by the developers of agricultural products. It addresses various issues of methodology, including new techniques under consideration in Europe.
Formulation Strategy--covers various statistical design techniques and other formulating options.
Formulation Ingredients--discusses the development and application of inert ingredients for agricultural formulation, which can improve formulation stability, efficacy, and handling.
Regulatory Issues--features the topic of environmental strategies for nonylphenol ethoxylates.
Application and Spray Drift--concentrates on spray drift characteristics, testing, measurement, and distribution. These papers discuss useful measurement techniques and effect on pesticide efficacy.
Audience: Agricultural Formulators • Regulators • Market Managers • Suppliers to Crop Protection Industry • Agricultural Applicators
Spatial Methods for Solution of Environmental and Hydrologic Problems—Science, Policy, and Standardization
Authors: Singhroy V , Pierce RR , Johnson AI , Hansen DT 
Published: April 2008

Description
Get an international perspective on the latest issues relating to spatial analysis, accuracy in the location and special representation of data and real world features, and emerging standards for digital spatial methods and applications. Twelve peer-reviewed papers cover:
Accuracy and Uncertainty in Spatial Data and Analysis
• Application of krieging and other geostatistical techniques
• Fractal analysis for spatial applications
• Difficulty in defining the level of accuracy for environmental and hydrologic data
• Spatial variability, uncertainty, and risk for use in decision support systems
• Use and application of global positioning systems (GPS)
Modeling and Spatial Analysis of Environmental and Hydrologic Systems in Spatial Data Environments
• Spatial techniques to model environmental systems
• Development of object models for hydrologic systems.
• Development of a flood warning system for watersheds in Spain
• Modeling the distribution of soil moisture with remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS)
• Data integration with GIS as a management tool for decision support
• Efforts to model surface soil moisture from satellite microwave observations
• Use of response units to assess erosion processes in semiarid areas in southern Africa
Standardization and Standard Digital Data Sets
• Methods, descriptions, and digital data products, such as the watershed boundary standards for the U.S.
• Status of standards in use by the U.S. government related to GIS data
• Role of other organizations in the development of standards for GIS
• Development of standard merged products of satellite imagery and elevation data for natural resource mapping in Canada
• Development of a series of standard digital databases, in which U.S. Geological Survey has been particularly active
This publication is based on a symposium sponsored by ASTM International in cooperation with the International Commission on Remote Sensing of the International Association of Hydrologic Sciences, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, the U. S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance
Authors: Marpet MI , Sapienza MA 
Published: April 2008

Description
Fall accidents, which occur as a result of not enough friction available between the floor and shoe bottom for the pedestrian to ambulate without slipping, are responsible for a great number of walkway accidents. For this reason, characterizations of how much friction pedestrians require to ambulate and how much friction is available between the foot or shoe bottom and the walkway surface are of great import.
This unique, new publication provides ten peer-reviewed papers which address the latest global research concerning how much friction pedestrians require during ambulation and how to measure best the friction available between the walkway surface and the shoe bottom. Topics include:
Biomechanics of Ambulation--explores different aspects of the relationship between age and pedestrian ambulation, significant because fall accidents exact a disproportionate toll on senior citizens.
Walkway-Safety Tribometry--presents novel ways of measuring friction, including the design of a simple, inexpensive ramp that can test the friction available between a whole shoe and a walkway-surface sample; and explores issues in tribometric testing of wet surfaces.
Walkway-Safety Standards Development--explores why it has been so difficult to achieve consensus in the development of walkway-safety standards, a difficulty that goes far beyond technical issues.
Audience: This volume is a valuable resource for pedestrian walkway safety researchers; biomedical and gait researchers; forensic engineers; certified safety professionals; and manufacturers of flooring, polish, and shoes.
Fretting Fatigue: Advances in Basic Understanding and Applications
Authors: Mutoh Y , Hoeppner DW , Kinyon SE 
Published: April 2008

Description
Gain an understanding of the fretting fatigue phenomenon and for developing fretting fatigue design. Fretting is well known to degrade fatigue strength significantly. Fretting fatigue failure has been increasingly disclosed in service components because those components have suffered more severe loading conditions than before due to the demands of save-energy and environment-preservation.
Twenty-nine peer-reviewed papers cover:
Fretting in Steel Ropes and Cable—reviews the topic.
Fretting Wear and Crack Nucleation—covers the process of fretting crack nucleation under fretting wear through both detailed in-situ observations and mechanical models, which included not only fracture mechanics but also interface mechanics.
Fretting Fatigue Crack and Damage—discusses fretting fatigue crack propagation under mixed mode, based on the fracture mechanics approach.
Life Prediction—addresses fretting fatigue life estimations, based on various approaches including fracture mechanics, notch fatigue analysis and multiaxial fatigue parameters.
Fretting Fatigue Parameter Effects—covers effects of parameters that influence fretting fatigue behavior and strength, including contact pressure, friction coefficient, contact pad geometry, and mating material.
Loading Condition and Environment—addresses the effect of loading conditions including block loading, high frequency and service loading.
Titanium Alloys—discusses titanium alloys, which have been typically used for structural components suffering fretting fatigue, such as turbine components and bio-joints, due to their lightweight as well as excellent corrosion resistance.
Surface Treatment—deals with improvements of fretting fatigue strength by using coating techniques.
Case Studies and Applications—introduces case studies on electrical cables, dovetail joints, pin joints and rollers.
This volume is a valuable resource for engineers that need to develop an understanding of fretting fatigue and also serves the fretting fatigue community including both newcomers and those that have been involved for some time.
Predictive Material Modeling: Combining Fundamental Physics Understanding, Computational Methods and Empirically Observed Behavior
Authors: Kirk MT , Natishan ME 
Published: April 2008

Description
Get the latest information on how to extend the design life of structures and accurately predict both the fundamental material behavior and structural response under a wide range of load conditions.
Nine peer-reviewed papers cover:
Ferritic Steels—addresses fracture in the transition regime, on the upper shelf, and in the creep range. This section also examines the Gurson and Weibull models to predict fracture performance and account for constraint loss.
Electronic Materials—discusses the application of the Weibull models used extensively for steel fracture to assess the interfacial fracture of electronic components. These models predict well conditions similar to the calibration dataset.
Computational Techniques—covers advanced computational and experimental techniques to develop constitutive models for composite and shape memory materials.
The Terminal Solid Solubility of Hydrogen in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: McMinn A , Darby EC , Schofield JS 
Published: April 2008

An experimental program has been carried out to measure the terminal solid solubility (TSS) of hydrogen in Zircaloy. Unirradiated electron beam (EB) welded Zircaloy-2, EB-welded Zircaloy-4, Zircaloy-2 pressure tube, cold-worked β-quenched Zircaloy-2 forging, oxygen-strengthened tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded Zircaloy-4, and irradiated welded Zircaloy-2, welded Zircaloy-4, and Zircaloy-2 pressure tube materials were tested. A differential scanning calorimetry technique was used to measure the dissolution and precipitation temperatures for a range of hydrogen concentrations.
The TSS behavior of unirradiated EB welded Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4, Zircaloy-2 pressure tube, and β-quenched Zircaloy-2 forging materials was very similar, indicating little influence of chemical composition or microstructure on TSS. There was a marked hysteresis between the dissolution (TSSd) and precipitation (TSSp) temperatures, and best fit equations are provided for the two curves.
Oxygen-strengthened TIG welded Zircaloy-4 exhibited markedly different solubility behavior to the other unirradiated materials. The oxygen addition increased the hydrogen solubility. Two explanations have been postulated for the effect, either an increase in the matrix strength or hydrogen trapping at the solute atoms. However, increasing the matrix strength in Zircaloy-2 by cold working did not increase hydrogen solubility.
Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 materials, irradiated to fluences in the range 5.5 × 1020 to 1.0 × 1022 n/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV) at temperatures in the range of 250 to 300°C, have higher dissolution and precipitation solubilities compared to those measured on unirradiated material. When the irradiation damage was annealed out at 500°C, the TSS temperatures tended to be restored to the unirradiated values. It has been hypothesized that the effect of irradiation is to trap hydrogen at the irradiation damage sites, although a second explanation involving the increase in matrix strength due to irradiation has also been considered.
For unirradiated Zircaloy, thermal history was found to affect TSSp but not TSSd. Increasing the peak temperature or the hold period at peak temperature reduced the TSSp temperature. This effect is considered due to a reduction of the “memory effect” in which preferential sites for hydride precipitation are removed by the annealing. Heating and cooling rates over the range 0.5 to 10°C/min had little effect on the measured dissolution and precipitation temperatures.
Influence of Texture on the Fracture Toughness of Unirradiated Zircaloy Cladding
Authors: Grigoriev V , Pettersson K , Andersson S 
Published: April 2008

The correlation between texture and fracture toughness of the cladding has been investigated in connection with axial cracks in fuel rods. The effect of texture might be expected from the influence of texture on the anisotropy of contractile deformations which, in turn, is expected to modify the stress-strain conditions at the crack tip, and, consequently, alter the crack propagation resistance of the cladding.
Stress-relieved and recrystallized Zircaloy-2 cladding with known texture parameters were tested under uniaxial tension in the axial and circumferential directions. The anisotropy of contractile deformation in uniaxial tests was characterized by means of Hill's parameters F, G, and H. The fracture toughness of the cladding was evaluated by means of the pin-loading tension test.
An influence of texture on the fracture toughness has been found for as-received cladding. A higher fracture toughness, i.e., higher resistance to an axial crack propagation, was observed for the cladding with more radial texture. No significant effect of the test temperature on the anisotropy constants F, G, and H has been observed between 293 and 573 K. The parameters F, G, and H are only slightly affected at 573 K by a hydrogen concentration of about 500 wt ppm. More data are needed to draw conclusions about the effect of texture in hydrided cladding.
Degraded Fuel Cladding Fractography and Fracture Behavior
Authors: Edsinger K , Davies JH , Adamson RB 
Published: April 2008

An increase in the frequency of fuel degradation following a primary breach in boiling water reactor (BWR) rods was observed during the late-1980s and early 1990s; these rods were often found to contain axial splits. Several failed rods containing splits have been returned to the Vallecitos Nuclear Center (VNC) for post-irradiation examination (PIE). This paper describes in detail the characteristics of fracture in these rods and relates the observations to postulated mechanisms of split formation.
Crack initiation invariably occurred at localized hydrides well away from the primary defect. Crack propagation was almost entirely brittle except for fracture of the zirconium liner, which was typically ductile. Fractography of the matrix exhibited nonsymmetrical chevron features with the crack front generally leading near the outside of the cladding. Detailed metallography demonstrated that cracks propagated through regions of both high and low (i.e., 150 ppm) hydride concentrations with the same brittle features.
A modified Charpy test was developed to elucidate the effects of metallurgical and stress state variables on the crack phenomena and provide relevant fracture toughness measurements as a function of hydride level for thin-walled tube specimens. A parallel series of tests examined the role of the environment on cracking behavior. The sum of the information provides valuable insight into the mechanism of split formation in degrading fuel rods.
Failure Mechanisms of Irradiated Zr Alloys Related to PCI: Activated Slip Systems, Localized Strains, and Iodine-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Fregonese M , Régnard C , Rouillon L , Magnin T , Lefebvre F , Lemaignan C 
Published: April 2008

The impact of irradiation damage accumulated in fuel claddings on their mechanical behavior and their susceptibility to iodine-induced stress corrosion cracking (I-SCC) was studied in irradiated zirconium and standard Zircaloy-4 sheets subjected to interrupted tension tests in methanol/iodine solutions and in an inert environment. The study of the I-SCC cracks has been carried out by SEM, while the characterization of the irradiation defects and the activated slip systems used TEM.
In irradiated material, the deformation appears to be entirely localized early in shear bands, which form much later in non-irradiated specimens. The analysis of the activated slip systems reveals in irradiated materials a large majority of basal slip with an ⟨a⟨ Burgers vector, while in non-irradiated material prismatic slip is widely predominant. These observations are analyzed as the result of the interaction between irradiation defects and slip systems.
In the iodine environment, intergranular cracks are observed to be preferentially localized in these highly deformed regions where slip bands are emerging. Thus, the localization of the deformation in irradiated material is shown to make the SCC initiation step easier. When the test is not interrupted, in irradiated specimens the rupture occurs at about 3% total plastic strain, with a large amount of transgranular pseudo-cleavage and fluting, unlike the non-irradiated specimens tested in similar conditions.
These observations are discussed in terms of an adsorption mechanism, irradiation-induced hardening, and strain softening.
Zirconium Alloy Cold Pilgering Process Control by Modeling
Authors: Aubin JL , Montmitonnet P , Mulot S 
Published: April 2008

Pilgering is a very complex tube-rolling process in which the metal undergoes a large number of deformation steps. Thus, a good knowledge of the complex strain and stress history is necessary to have better control of tube quality.
We have built a rather simple and fast 3D analytical model to be used directly for process optimization and tool design. It describes the mechanical conditions prevailing during 1he pass as a function of tool design, rolling parameters, and friction. It is based upon a geometrical definition of strains transformed into stresses via the von Mises plastic flow rule and a slab method. This model also includes shear strain computation within a radial-longitudinal tube plane using an upper bound model. Rolling forces are deduced and compared with experiments, and a damage function is computed.
We have also applied the finite element method to pilgering to get more detailed local information on the material behavior under tool contact. It provides us with the possibility of checking the hypotheses of the analytical model.
The results of these models are compared with experimental results and are used to improve quality and productivity in industrial applications.