bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting snow depth with people
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Meteorologists are using a technique based on human observations to calibrate a Doppler radar method of predicting how much snow will fall in major storms.In a new program sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), several dozen volunteers will record information about the shape and size of snowflakes and measure the depth of snowfalls in the Denver, Colo., area. Handheld microscopes will allow t h em to determine the type of snow falling as heavy storms develop. Because large dendritic snow crystals are usually associated with deeper snow, while crystals laden with frozen cloud water droplets called graupel are characteristic of lesser accumulations, the morphology of the crystals can be used to guess where more snow will fall.
IAHS General Assembly
Authors: Peters Helen J. 
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) General Assembly, held as part of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) Assembly, August 9–22, 1987, in Vancouver, Canada, had an estimated 500 attendees. At least 20 countries were represented by official delegates. Attendance from the United States is estimated at 120, with Helen J. Peters (California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento) as chief delegate and Marshall E. Moss (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, Va.) as alternate delegate and future chief delegate for the 1991 General Assembly.The Canadian Organizing Committee had done a masterful job of organizing the assembly, with excellent housing and meeting facilities on the University of British Columbia campus. In addition to five symposia and nine workshops, the IAHS Bureau and all commissions and the committees held several meetings. Some excellent social events and tours were included.
William L. Donn 1918–1987
Authors: Gedzelman Stanley David 
Published: October 2006

William L. Donn, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, City College of New York, and Special Research Scientist at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO) of Columbia University (Palisades, N.Y.), died at his home on June 30, 1987, at the age of 69. Bill demonstrated expertise in a wide range of fields, with a highly productive and creative research and writing career that included geology, oceanography, climatology, atmospheric physics, and meteorology.Donn was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., on March 2, 1918. At the tender age of 10 years, he demonstrated his love and talent for science by building a telescope with his brother, Bertram. During his undergraduate years at Brooklyn College, he switched his major from astronomy to geology. He was largely selftrained in both meteorology and oceanography, serving as head of the Meteorology Section, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy during World War II . One by‐product of these years was the textbook Meteorology—With Marine Applications, first published in 1946. This widely adopted text became a standard for a generation of mariners and college students.
Glasnost in the Arctic
Authors: Roederer Juan 
Published: October 2006

The question of establishing an international body to coordinate research activities in the Arctic is an old one. Proposals have been formulated on several occasions during the last 3 decades, but they have never been implemented.At present, a few adhoc or semiprivate bodies are engaged in cooperative ventures of arctic research, and there are several bilateral programs between Arctic countries. Yet there is no northern equivalent to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) o f the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The politically and strategically sensitive nature of the Arctic regions has been a seemingly insurmountable obstacle. Recently, however, an international initiative spearheaded by the U.S. Arctic Research Commission led to promising developments regarding international scientific cooperation in the Arctic.
The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach
Authors: Christensen Nikolas I. 
Published: October 2006

Nearly 80 years ago, Yugoslavian seismologist Andrija Mohorovicic recognized, while studying a Balkan earthquake, that velocities of seismic waves increase abruptly at a few tens of kilometers depth , giving rise to the seismological definition of the crust. Since that discovery, many studies concerned with the nature of both the continental and oceanic crusts have appeared in the geophysical literature.Recently, interest in the continental crust has cascaded. This is largely because of an infusion of new data obtained from major reflection programs such as the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) and British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS) and increased resolution of refraction studies. In addition, deep continental drilling programs are n ow in fashion. The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach is a summary of present knowledge of the continental crust. Meissner has succeeded in writing a book suited to many different readers, from the interested undergraduate to the professional. The book is well documented , with pertinent figures and a complete and up‐to‐date reference list.
On line to the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Scientists from the United States and the Soviet Union are talking to each other about the greenhouse effect, linked by personal computers in a yearlong dialogue on the human causes of global warming. The scientists are acting as individuals, not representatives of their governments.The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) in Boulder, Colo., and the Soviet Academy of Sciences organized the information exchange, and money for computers was donated by the Rockefeller Foundation. The electronic link has been in use for 2 months, according to Walter Orr Roberts, cochairman of the U.S. contingent and former head of UCAR, and was formally inaugurated May 11, 1988. Roald Sagdeev, director of the Space Research Institute in Moscow, was in Washington, D.C., for the ceremony, while Roberts participated from Moscow, where he was attending a 2‐day workshop on global warming.
Acidic deposition and surface water chemistry
Authors: Church M. R. 
Published: October 2006

A pair of back‐to‐back (morning and afternoon) hydrology sessions, held December 10, 1987, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., covered “Predicting the Effects of Acidic Deposition on Surface Water Chemistry.” The combined sessions included four invited papers, 12 contributed papers, and a panel discussion at its conclusion. The gathering dealt with questions on a variety of aspects of modeling the effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry.Contributed papers included discussions on the representation of processes in models as well as limiting assumptions in model application (V. S. Tripathi et al., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., and E. C. Krug, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign), along with problems in estimating depositional inputs to catchments and thus inputs to be used in the simulation of catchment response (M. M. Reddy et al., U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colo.; and E. A. McBean, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada). L. A. Baker et al. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) dealt with the problem of modeling seepage lake systems, an exceedingly important portion of the aquatic resources in Florida and parts of the upper U.S. Midwest. J. A. Hau and Y. Eckstein (Kent State University, Kent, Ohio) considered equilibrium modeling of two northern Ohio watersheds that receive very different loads of acidic deposition but are highly similar in other respects.
Canadian Drilling: Off to a good start
Authors: Drury Malcolm 
Published: October 2006

The Canadian Continental Drilling Program (CCDP) is a major initiative in the Earth sciences in Canada. The program was announced nationally in May 1987, and by the end of the year, 29 conceptual proposals had been received. The proposals covered a wide range of topics and attested to the widespread interest among Canadian Earth scientists in such a program. With our national program in deep geophysical sounding, Lithoprobe, well under way, this is a good time for us to begin planning for a scientific drilling program in Canada.Several countries currently have national programs in seismic reflection and refraction profiling and concurrently in continental drilling, an indication of the growing international interest in the nature, origin, and evolution of Earth's crust. There are many problems in geology that can be addressed only by the drill. Although surface geophysical surveys provide invaluable information on the nature of the crust at depth along two‐dimen sional profiles, they cannot provide unambiguous information on the actual nature of the crust. Drilling has the capability of providing this kind of information but only in precise locations. Recovery of unweathered core also gives us the opportunity to obtain information in the fourth dimension—time—by the various dating techniques available. The two types of program are mutually complementary, and when combined, they allow us to develop models of crustal evolution.
SOHO: An unfortunate omission
Authors: Kivelson M.G. , Russell C.T. 
Published: October 2006

The article by R. Schmidt et al. in the March 29 issue of Eos reports both the welcome news that the SOHO and Cluster payloads have been chosen and the surprising announcement that the planned solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field instruments were not selected for flight. For the reasons outlined below, we deeply regret this decision and urge the national agencies to alter this decision and rectify the situation.The solar wind is still very much an object of study. The source and energization of the solar wind is but poorly understood. The originally planned payload of SOHO provided the opportunity to study the solar surface in considerable detail while monitoring the solar wind at 1 AU and thereby leading to the solution of this mystery. No other present or planned mission will provide undisturbed solar wind data continuously or nearly so. If the Wind spacecraft of the International Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) project were used, it would be only by diverting it from its role of studying the extended foreshock region and of providing measurements of the solar wind on the streamlines that intersect the magnetosphere. Moreover, we need both spacecraft for these studies, the SOHO spacecraft for providing early warning or forecasting and the Wind spacecraft for monitoring near‐Earth conditions for nowcasting. Not only the solar wind itself but also the solar wind control of magnetospheric activity are vital active research topics that require the highest‐quality data sets.
Applied Mathematics for Earth Scientists
Authors: Merrill Ronald T. 
Published: October 2006

Writing an applied mathematics book can be hazardous to one's ego. First, there typically are strong and incompatible opinions on what should go into such a book, and second, there are already many excellent applied mathematics books on the market. Nevertheless, three prestigious geophysicists from Toyko University, Rikitake, Sato, and Hagiwara, have correctly identified a niche to be filled in this competitive market, and they have attempted to fill it with the publication of Applied Mathematics for Earth Sciences.A more appropriate title for this book might be “Applied Mathematics for Geophysicists”; it is at geophysicists and not at, say, stratigraphers that the book is aimed. The book is divided into Part I, Fundamentals (164 pages) and Part II, Applications (271 pages). The main subtitles of Part I are, in order, Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Heaviside operator, spectral analysis, special functions, Laplace equation, wave equation, and relaxation method. As separate books have been written on virtually all of these topics, one can correctly anticipate that the material presented here will be very condensed. The applications part consists of 10 chapters of examples that draw strongly on papers published by the authors. Seismology constitutes roughly a third of the applications part, with the remainder going to selected topics on Earth's gravity, rotation and tides, heat conduction, magnetic and electrical potentials, electromagnetic induction, and magnetohydrodynamics. Emphasis throughout the book is placed on selected analytical theory, as opposed to methods of numerical analysis.
Ohio, New York agree on acid rain
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Ohio makes acid precipitation, and New York gets it. Coal‐fired power plants and other industries in the Ohio Valley help to keep that area's economy alive, but the sulfur and nitrogen oxides the plants put out are killing lakes and forests in upstate New York and New England.For years, New York and Ohio have disagreed over emissions controls. Ohio Governor Richard Celeste and New York Governor Mario Cuomo have now agreed on a plan calling for deep cuts in production of the pollutants. The cost of the program would be borne by the businesses that pollute, the oil industry, and the federal government.
A National Earth Science Data Directory
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan 
Published: October 2006

The Earth Science Data Directory (ESDD) is being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as a nationwide system for readily determining the availability of specific Earth science and natural resource data. It offers online access to a USGS mainframe computer repository of information about Earth science and natural resource data bases. The referenced data bases are both automated and nonautomated, and they belong to many different entities. ESDD participants are governmental agencies, academic institutions, and the private sector.The term “Earth science and natural resource data,” as used for the ESDD, is an allembracing term referring to any systematic body of knowledge, automated or not, relating to the Earth, its environment, and its energy, mineral, water, land, plant, animal, and other resources. The ESDD can enable users to locate everything from complex computerized indices, systems, and files to paper records, maps, and files.
1988 James B. Macelwane Medal to Kevin B. Quest
Authors: Coroniti F.V. , Quest Kevin B. 
Published: October 2006

On behalf of my conominators, David Forslund and Dan Winske of the Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL], I wish to congratulate Kevin Quest on his receipt of the Macelwane Medal. Kevin did his undergraduate work at Drexel University and received his Ph.D. from the Earth and Space Sciences Department at the University of California, Los Angeles [UCLA]. Somewhat prior to finishing his degree, Kevin joined the Theoretical Physics Division at Los Alamos. This coming July, Kevin will assume the duties of an Associate Professor at the University of California, San Diego in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.At UCLA, Kevin learned several lessons which are invaluable for a young theorist. Working amidst the experimental groups of Professors Coleman, Kivelson, McPherron, and Russell, Kevin came to appreciate the extreme difficulty of analyzing and interpreting satellite measurements of the complex space plasma phenomena. From Professor Ashour‐Abdalla, Kevin was trained to give clear scientific presentations that concentrated on the fundamental physics and to leave complicated mathematics to the dust bin otherwise known as the refereed literature. Finally, Kevin learned to ignore the well‐meaning, but too often errant, opinions of his thesis advisor. In fact, Kevin ignored his advisor to such an extent that 7 years later I am still waiting for a copy of his Ph.D. dissertation.
Guidelines for publication
Authors: Rapp Richard H. 
Published: October 2006

The AGU Publications Committee and the Board of Journal Editors recently adopted standards for the conduct of the publications process of AGU. These standards articulate the way in which we believe most geophysicists behave when acting as author, editor, or reviewer. We do not perceive a problem with the ethical conduct in any phase of the AGU publications activity. Rather we are presenting what is common practice as a reminder to us all and as help to those who may be just embarking on their scientific careers.We wish to thank in particular our colleagues in the American Chemical Society. With their permission we borrowed heavily from “Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research” in the document presented below.
Third hole planned at Valles Caldera
Authors: Gardner Jamie 
Published: October 2006

Valles caldera, N. Mex., is the culmination of more than 13 million years of volcanism in the Jemez volcanic field and is an excellent model for resurgent calderas and for the high‐temperature geothermal systems found with them. This month one of the biggest diamond drills in the world will start the third research core hole in the caldera. Valles Caldera 2B will be the tenth core hole in the Department of Energy's Continental Scientific Drilling Program.CSDP drilling in the 1.1‐million‐year‐old caldera began in 1984 in the southwest moat zone when the research hole Valles Caldera 1 was continuously cored to 856 m. VC‐1 intersected a hydrothermal outflow plume from the deep geothermal system. Data indicate multiple episodes of hydrothermal activity in the volcanic field's history, as well as multiple episodes of rhyolite magma generation during evolution of the caldera. The June 10, 1988 (vol. 63), issue of Journal of Geophysical Research—Solid Earth and Planets carried a special section on results from VC‐1.
Worst drought since '36 spurs climate research
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. 
Published: October 2006

Low rainfall and higher than normal temperatures continue across much of the nation. Since the end of January, 35 states have developed extreme drought conditions, according to scientists of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration who gave a news briefing June 29.Historical data back to the 1920s show that the first preceding period comparable to this drought in severity and total area affected was in 1936, said Donald Gilman, chief of the Prediction Branch at the National Weather Service's Climate Analysis Center (CAC) in Silver Spring, Md. In 1934, the classic “dustbowl summer,” a larger area had severe drought conditions.
First Cavanaugh Award given by ASTM
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

With the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors of the American Society for Testing and Materials, Ivan Johnson of A. Ivan Johnson, Inc., Arvada, Colo., received the first William T. Cavanaugh Memorial Award which recognizes outstanding eminence in the national and international voluntary standards field. This is the highest award offered by ASTM and carries with it the title of ASTM Honorary Member.The award was presented by ASTM Chairman of the Board Wayne France (General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Mich.) during an ASTM meeting in Albuquerque, N.Mex. in January. Pictured, left to right, are Joseph O'Grady (President, ASTM), Johnson, and Wayne Francis.
New plan responds to global change
Authors: Crampton Janet W. 
Published: October 2006

The National Global Change Research Act of 1988 (S. 2614) was introduced in the Senate July 7 by Ernest F. Hollings (D‐S.C), chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. The act calls “for a national plan to improve scientific understanding of the Earth system and the effect of changes in that system on climate and human well‐being.”Hollings said the current U.S. drought , rising sea level, and depletion of the atmosphere's ozone layer are warning signals of global change. “Providing the information needed to develop responsible global change policies is widely considered one of the greatest challenges ever to face the scientific community.”
Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling
Authors: Keables Michael J. 
Published: October 2006

This book is a collection of papers focusing on the analytical techniques and use of numerical models in paleoclimatic research. The purpose of this book is to review the biologic and geologic quantitative evidence of climate change, the data sources available, the interpretation of the data as a means of climatic reconstruction, and the use of numerical models as a means of investigating the causality of climate change. Ten chapters are presented, each dealing with a specific analytical technique and each written by a recognized leader in his or her research field.In chapter 1, Hecht provides an introduction to the volume and reviews the major advances in paleoclimatology during the past 20 years. Included is a discussion of the use of various isotopes as indicators of climate change and the utilization of transfer functions derived from the pollen, tree ring, and foraminifera records in the quantitative reconstruction of past climates. The results of the Climate: Long‐Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) glacial reconstruction are summarized, as are advances in the ice core record and the use of climate models to simulate conditions in the geologic past.
$100 million Alaskan Scientific Endowment
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Governor Steve Cowper has seen a longtime goal and campaign promise realized as he signed a law creating the Alaska Science and Technology Foundation on May 13. Its purpose is to fund Alaska‐related scientific research projects and to promote economic and technological development and public health through basic and applied research.Cowper first proposed the foundation in 1980 and feels strongly that Alaska's natural resources must be treated wisely to insure their future. According to Cowper, “Alaska has more coastline than the rest of the nation combined. We have more forest, more minerals, and more oil and gas than any other state. And we're the only Arctic region the U.S. has.” He does not believe that the oil industry or the federal government can sufficiently handle the state's resources, thus his devotion to creating and supporting the foundation.
Countries renew rescue agreement
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

To insure long‐term continuity for the international satellite search and rescue system, COSPAS/SARSAT, an intergovernmental agreement binding the four sponsoring nations to cooperate was signed July 1 in Paris. According to Russell Vollmers of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the agreement is binding for 15 years, with an automatic extension.The system marked the fifth anniversary of its first rescue last year, when on September 10, 1982, three persons were rescued. Begun in the 1970s by NASA as an experiment, COSPAS/SARSAT (a Russian‐English acronym) is now a cooperative project among the United States, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union. Its goal is to reduce the time required to rescue air and maritime distress victims and also to locate victims who otherwise may not be found, thus using the satellite system as a life‐saving device.
Organisms: The only cause of scattering layers?
Authors: Hovland Martin 
Published: October 2006

The cover of the March 1, 1988, issue of Eos depicted a time series of acoustic transects showing so‐called “scattering layers” above southeast Hancock Seamount (Hawaiian chain). The interpretation of scattering layers in seawater is probably worth some serious debate, which might lead to a better understanding of (among other things) the workings (dynamics) of seamounts.There is no reason to doubt that pelagic organisms abound over seamounts. The questions that need to be answered, however, are the following:

Are all acoustic scatterers in the seawater above seamounts necessarily organisms?
Why do organisms abound over seamounts?