bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further comment on drag and reconfiguration of macrophytes
Authors: GREEN JULIAN C. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. The paper by Sand‐Jensen (2003, Freshwater Biology, 48, 271), and the subsequent comment and reply (Sukhodolov, 2005, Freshwater Biology, 50, 194; Sand‐Jensen, 2005, Freshwater Biology, 50, 196), are discussed. I present partial theory describing how the macrophyte bending angle changes with increased flow velocity, demonstrating a nonlinear relation.2. While Sand‐Jensen (2005) is correct that plant wetted area is the only characteristic area that can be measured easily, some other measure of the exposure area of the plant stand to the flow may be preferable. The relationship in Sand‐Jensen (2003) between the dimensionless drag coefficient and flow velocity depends on the definition of characteristic area. Hence, the analysis involving the drag parameter in Sand‐Jensen (2003) should be interpreted with care.
The effects of an unpredictable precipitation regime on vernal pool hydrology
Authors: BAUDER E. T. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. Vernal pools are small precipitation‐fed temporary wetlands once common in California. They are known for their numerous narrowly endemic plant and animal species, many of which are endangered. These pools experience the typical wet season/dry season regime of Mediterranean climates. Their hydrological characteristics are determined by a complex interaction between the highly variable climate and topographic relief.2. Hypotheses regarding the effects on ponding of total precipitation, storm intensity and pattern were examined using long‐term weather records combined with two decades of data on the length and depth of inundation in 10 individual pools. Similarly, data on pool landscape position and microtopography allowed examination of the interactions between topography and rainfall amount and pattern.3. The total amount of precipitation and length of inundation were strongly correlated. Landscape position affected ponding duration, with collector pools holding water longer than headwater pools. Basin microtopography interacted with climatic variability to determine the nature and extent of within‐basin microhabitats sufficiently different in hydrological and/or soil conditions to support or exclude individual species. The effect on hydroperiod of precipitation concentrated in a few months rather than spread more evenly over the season depended on total precipitation.4. Changes in climate, the mound‐and‐depression landscape or pool microtopography could have profound impacts on the hydrology of individual pools as well as the array of hydrological conditions in the system. Given the individualistic responses of the numerous endemic species supported by vernal pools, any of these environmental changes could diminish their sustainability and increase the risk of species extinction. Conservation, restoration and management decisions should take these factors into account.
Finite‐difference modelling of wave propagation in acoustic tilted TI media
Authors: Zhang Linbin , Rector James W. , Hoversten G. Michael 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTBased on an acoustic assumption (that the shear‐wave velocity is zero) and a dispersion relationship, we derive an acoustic wave equation for P‐waves in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media (transversely isotropic media with a tilted symmetry axis). This equation has fewer parameters than an elastic wave equation in TTI media and yields an accurate description of P‐wave traveltimes and spreading‐related attenuation. Our TTI acoustic wave equation is a fourth‐order equation in time and space. We demonstrate that the acoustic approximation allows the presence of shear waves in the solution. The substantial differences in traveltime and amplitude between data created using vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) and TTI assumptions is illustrated in examples.
Simulation of two‐phase fluid flow through compactible reservoirs
Authors: Grechka Vladimir , Soutter Leigh 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTFluid‐flow simulators used in the oil industry model the movement of fluids through a porous reservoir rock. These simulators either ignore coupling between the flow and concurring deformation of the solid rock frame or take it into account approximately, in the so‐called loose or staggered‐in‐time mode. In contrast to existing simulators, the one we describe here fully couples two‐phase (oil and water) flow to subsurface deformation and simultaneously accounts for all relevant physical phenomena. As such, our flow simulator inherently links time‐dependent fluid pressures, saturations, permeabilities and flow velocities to stresses in the whole subsurface. These stresses relate to strains through the non‐linear theory of elasticity, allowing us to model time‐lapse changes in seismic velocities and anisotropy. The velocity variations manifest themselves in time shifts and reflection amplitudes that are conventionally measured from 4D seismic data. Changes in anisotropy produce time‐dependent shear‐wave splitting that can be used for monitoring the horizontal stresses.
The ethics of research using electronic mail discussion groups
Authors: Kralik Debbie , Warren Jim , Price Kay , Koch Tina , Pignone Gino 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss the ethical considerations that have confronted and challenged the research team when researchers facilitate conversations using private electronic mail discussion lists.Background.  The use of electronic mail group conversations, as a collaborative data generation method, remains underdeveloped in nursing. Ethical challenges associated with this approach to data generation have only begun to be considered. As receipt of ethics approval for a study titled; ‘Describing transition with people who live with chronic illness’ we have been challenged by many ethical dilemmas, hence we believe it is timely to share the issues that have confronted the research team. These discussions are essential so we can understand the possibilities for research interaction, communication, and collaboration made possible by advanced information technologies.Discussion.  Our experiences in this study have increased our awareness for ongoing ethical discussions about privacy, confidentiality, consent, accountability and openness underpinning research with human participants when generating data using an electronic mail discussion group. We describe how we work at upholding these ethical principles focusing on informed consent, participant confidentiality and privacy, the participants as threats to themselves and one another, public–private confusion, employees with access, hackers and threats from the researchers.Conclusion.  A variety of complex issues arise during cyberspace research that can make the application of traditional ethical standards troublesome. Communication in cyberspace alters the temporal, spatial and sensory components of human interaction, thereby challenging traditional ethical definitions and calling to question some basic assumptions about identity and ones right to keep aspects of it confidential. Nurse researchers are bound by human research ethics protocols; however, the nature of research by electronic mail generates moral issues as well as ethical concerns. Vigilance by researchers is required to ensure that data are viewed within the scope of the enabling ethics approval.
Agitation in dementia: concept clarification
Authors: Kong Eun‐Hi 
Published: November 2005

Aim. The aim of this paper is to clarify the concept of agitation in dementia through analysing definitions, critical attributes, components, boundaries, antecedents and consequences of agitation.Background. The concept of agitation is not well defined. In addition, there exists much confusion about the characteristics and boundaries of agitation, as well as the distinction between agitation and related concepts. Recently developed theoretical models for agitation in dementia require new interpretation and conceptualization of agitation.Methods. Morse's method of critical appraisal of the literature was used. In addition, some parts of Rodgers’ evolutionary method were employed. Data were selected using six electronic databases and the key words ‘agitation’, ‘agitated’, ‘dementia’, ‘demented’ and ‘Alzheimer’. The analysis included 86 empirical or theoretical papers and one book.Results. A transition from the observer's perspective to the patient's perspective in the interpretation of agitation was found. Five critical attributes of agitation in dementia were identified: excessive, inappropriate, repetitive, non‐specific and observable. Patient factors, interpersonal factors, environmental factors and restraint were identified as precipitating antecedents. Mediating antecedents included discomfort, unmet need and misinterpretation. Consequences of agitation were identified at the levels of patient, caregiver and others.Conclusions. This transition in perspectives has important implications as it can change health providers’ attitudes and responses to agitation and lead to patient‐focused and individualized care. Researchers and clinicians are encouraged to avoid labelling agitated behaviour as ‘disturbing behaviour’.
Packaging: a grounded theory of how to report physiological deterioration effectively
Authors: Andrews Tom , Waterman Heather 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to present a study of how ward‐based staff use vital signs and the Early Warning Score to package physiological deterioration effectively to ensure successful referral to doctors.Background.  The literature tends to emphasize the identification of premonitory signs in predicting physiological deterioration. However, these signs lack sensitivity and specificity, and there is evidence that nurses rely on subjective and subtle indicators. The Early Warning Score was developed for the early detection of deterioration and has been widely implemented, with various modifications.Method.  The data reported here form part of a larger study investigating the practical problems faced by general ward staff in detecting physiological deterioration. During 2002, interviews and observations were carried out using a grounded theory approach, and a total of 44 participants were interviewed (30 nurses, 7 doctors and 7 healthcare support workers).Findings.  Participants reported that quantifiable evidence is the most effective means of referring patients to doctors, and the Early Warning Score achieves this by improving communication between professionals. Rather than reporting changes in individual vital signs, the Early Warning Score effectively packages them together, resulting in a much more convincing referral. It gives nurses a precise, concise and unambiguous means of communicating deterioration, and confidence in using medical language. Thus, nurses are empowered and doctors can focus quickly on identified problems.Conclusion.  The Early Warning Score leads to successful referral of patients by providing an agreed framework for assessment, increasing confidence in the use of medical language and empowering nurses. It is essential that nurses and nursing students are supported in its use and in developing confidence in using medical language by continued emphasis on physiology and pathophysiology in the nursing curriculum.
Hope seen through the eyes of 10 Australian young people
Authors: Turner De Sales 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report the findings of a phenomenological study that explored hope in 10 young people in Australia.Background.  Evidence suggests many Australian young people are in crisis. Examination of key reports that detail the incidence of suicide, early drug‐taking behaviours, homelessness, self‐harm behaviours, joblessness, depressive disorders, crime statistics and alcohol abuse suggest that many of today's young people have lost resilience as well as vital connections to their community.Method.  Two methods were employed to encourage the participants to reflect on their experiences of hope – what it is and what it meant to them. The first was to supply participants with a disposable colour film camera and ask them to take pictures that, in their view, showed hope. The second was participation in an in‐depth interview that was prompted in part, by their photographs. Interview audiotapes were transcribed verbatim and analysis of the text used the Turner method. The data were collected in 2002.Findings.  Four horizons of hope were revealed: at‐one‐with; a driving force; having choices; and connecting and being connected. These horizons are discussed, showing how, or if, the literature treats these dimensions of hope. Perspectives are offered on how they might be considered by nurses who are charged with caring for today's young people.Conclusion.  Registered Nurses who work with young people must understand the phenomenon of hope from their unique perspective before they can offer appropriate hope‐facilitating strategies.
Interannual variation in the post‐weaning and juvenile survival of subantarctic fur seals: influence of pup sex, growth rate and oceanographic conditions
Authors: BEAUPLET GWÉNAËL , BARBRAUD CHRISTOPHE , CHAMBELLANT MAGALY , GUINET CHRISTOPHE 
Published: November 2005

SummaryA major hypothesis of life history theory is that early development conditions affect future survival and reproductive success. However, although a growing number of studies have addressed this question, many of them are taxonomically biased, thereby impeding the generalization of this hypothesis.This study examines the factors influencing post‐weaning survival in five weaned cohorts of subantarctic fur seal pups from Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean. It used mark–recapture data from 7 consecutive years of different environmental conditions.The cohort return rate varied from 45% to 74% of weaned pups, depending on the year of weaning. In each cohort, 96% of weaned pups returned between 3 and 6 years of age, and none of the factors examined seemed to influence this timing pattern. The probability of survival to this first return was negatively related to sea‐surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) of the 6 months following the weaning process. It increased with pup preweaning growth rate and differed between the sexes. Females’ survival rate was significantly higher than males’, except during years of extreme SSTa, where no difference was detected.The juvenile state represented young individuals after their first return on their native island. Annual juvenile tag loss rate was constant at 0·217 (SE = 0·027), whereas temporary emigration rate varied over cohorts and was higher in males 0·423 (SE = 0·035) than in females 0·170 (SE = 0·012). This dispersion pattern may be prolonged in some cases, as the yearly immigration probability was constant at 0·290 (SE = 0·065).Taking into account tag loss and temporary emigration, the estimated yearly survival probability of juveniles was 0·964 (SE = 0·022). This value was unrelated to any tested oceanographic or individual parameter including sex.Results support the hypothesis that early development traits affect short‐term post‐weaning survival. However, no long‐term effect of maternal postnatal investment was detected after the first return to the native island. Results also indicate that the effect of early development traits on survival interacts with environmental conditions encountered shortly after independence of individuals.
Studies on the influence of power ultrasound on dye penetration in leather dyeing using photomicrographic analysis
Authors: SIVAKUMAR V. , SWAMINATHAN G. , RAO P. G. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe use of power ultrasound in enhancing diffusion rate in various chemical as well as physical processes is gaining in importance. The influence of power ultrasound in the leather dyeing process on enhancing the penetration of dye through the leather matrix was studied. The penetration of dye through a leather cross‐section for a given time in the presence and absence of an ultrasonic field (33 kHz, 150 W) was studied by photomicrographic analysis using a stereomicroscope. Different types of black dyes, such as Acid black 1, Metal complex black 194 and Direct black 155, were used for dyeing leather in the present study. Photomicrographic analysis of a cross‐section of dyed leather indicated better penetration of dyes through the leather matrix with the use of ultrasound than without it. Therefore, the results indicate that ultrasound helps to improve the diffusion of dye and to reduce diffusional resistance in the leather dyeing process.
Gene expression in skeletal tissues: application of laser capture microdissection
Authors: Benoyahu D. , Akavia U. D. , Socher R. , Shur I. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryTissue differentiation is based on the expression of transcription factors, receptors for cytokines, and nuclear receptors that regulate a specific phenotype. The purpose of this study was to select cells from various skeletal tissues in order to analyse differential gene expression of cells in the native environment in vivo. It is a difficult task to obtain cells from skeletal tissues, such as cartilage, periost, bone and muscle, that are structured together and do not exist as individual organs. We used laser capture microdissection which permits the selection and isolation of individual cells from tissue sections. The RNA isolated from these tissues was used for reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reactions for molecular analysis. We analysed the expression of transcription factors (cFOS, cbfa1, MyoD), receptors for cytokines, nuclear receptors, alkaline phosphatase and the structural proteins osteocalcin and collagen II. The results obtained demonstrate differential patterns of gene expression according to the tissue arrangement in their native in vivo environment, with reliable interpretation of the functions of the analysed genes in the context of intact skeletal tissue physiology.
Systematic evaluation of FRAP experiments performed in a confocal laser scanning microscope
Authors: SEIFFERT S. , OPPERMANN W. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe diffusion coefficient as well as the dimensionality of the diffusion process can be determined by straightforward and facile data analysis, when fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is measured as a function of time and space by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Experiments representing one‐dimensional diffusion from a plane source or two‐dimensional diffusion from a line source are readily realized. In the data analysis, the deviations of the actual initial conditions from ideal models are consistently taken into account, so that no calibration measurements are needed. The method is applied to FRAP experiments on solutions of Rhodamine B in glycerol and aqueous suspensions of polymethyl methacrylate microspheres.
An improved enrichment broth for the sensitive detection of Ralstonia solanacearum (biovars 1 and 2A) in soil using DAS–ELISA
Authors: Priou S. , Gutarra L. , Aley P. 
Published: November 2005

A reliable, sensitive, low‐cost and easy‐to‐use technique is described for the detection of Ralstonia solanacearum (the causal organism of bacterial wilt, BW) in soil. A total of 273 potato isolates belonging to five different biovars (Bv), originating from 33 countries worldwide, were tested and successfully detected by antibodies produced at the International Potato Center (CIP). Isolates of R. solanacearum belonging to Bv1 and Bv2A were successfully detected by double antibody sandwich–enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS–ELISA) at low population levels after incubation of soil suspensions for 48 h at 30°C in a new semiselective broth containing a potato tuber infusion. Detection thresholds of 20 and 200 CFU g−1 inoculated soil were obtained for Bv1 and Bv2A, respectively. Sensitivity of detection of Bv2A was similar or even higher in five different inoculated soil types. No cross‐reactions were obtained in DAS–ELISA after enrichment of soil suspensions (i) prepared from 23 different soils sampled in BW‐free areas in six departments of Peru; and (ii) inoculated with 10 identified bacteria and 136 unknown isolates of soil microbiota isolated from eight different locations. Only the blood disease bacterium gave a low‐level reaction after enrichment. In naturally infested soils, average sensitivities of 97·6 (SE 14·8) and 100·9 (SE 22·6) CFU g−1 were obtained for biovars 1 and 2A, respectively. By making serial dilutions of the soil suspension before enrichment, densities of R. solanacearum could be determined in a semiquantitative way. Results also showed that composite samples of five soils could be analysed to assess field soil populations without reducing detection sensitivity.
Prebiotics and synbiotics: two promising approaches for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children above 2 years
Authors: Passeron T. , Lacour J.‐P. , Fontas E. , Ortonne J.‐P. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Appropriate use of prebiotics and optimal combinations of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics) could allow significantly better results to be obtained in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).Objective:  To evaluate the efficiency of synbiotics when compared with prebiotics alone (control group) in the treatment of moderate and severe AD in children aged 2 years and over.Methods:  Double‐blind prospective randomized study performed on children aged at least 2 years presenting AD with a minimum SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) score of 15. A dose of 1.2 × 109 colony‐forming units Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35 plus prebiotic preparation or an identically appearing prebiotic preparation alone was given three times a day for 3 months. Patients’ diet and usual treatment for AD remained unchanged during the study period. Efficiency was evaluated using the SCORAD score. Use of topical drugs was noted.Results:  A total of 48 patients were originally enrolled; nine did not complete the study. In synbiotic group, the mean values of the total SCORAD score was 39.1 before treatment vs 20.7 after 3 months of treatment (P < 0.0001). In the prebiotic group, the mean of the total SCORAD score was 39.3 before the treatment vs 24.0 after 3 months (P < 0.0001). After 3 months of treatment, no statistical differences between the two treatment groups with regard to the total SCORAD score were noted (P = 0.535). Neither were there any statistical differences in the total use of ointment between patients receiving prebiotics or synbiotics (P = 0.966) over the study period. Tolerance was excellent in both groups.Conclusions:  Both synbiotics and prebiotics used alone seem able to significantly improve the manifestations of AD in children aged 2 years and over.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, seston and copepods in a harbour area in the Western Mediterranean (Ligurian Sea)
Authors: Pane Luigi , Boccardo Simona , Bonfiglioli Fabio , Mariottini Gian Luigi , Priano Francesca , Conio Osvaldo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic pollutants that can significantly affect ecosystems and exert an influence on marine planktonic and benthic communities as well as on higher organisms such as fish and mammals, including humans. In this paper the concentrations of six PAHs in water, seston and copepods were examined in a harbour zone of the Genova Gulf (Ligurian Sea) from November 1997 to June 1998. The importance of freshwater inputs coming from a polluted stream and the influence of seasonal and atmospheric factors were also considered. Highest PAH values were recorded during spring. Fluoranthene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene and Benzo[k]fluoranthene were the most abundant PAHs either in water, seston or copepods. The concentration of total PAHs in seawater was often lower than the detection limit: recorded values ranged between 0.001 and 0.06 ppb. In seston, total PAHs ranged between 0.033 and 6.26 ng·g−1 and in copepods between 0.01 and 2.34 ng·g−1. With this study, PAH contamination in the harbour zone of Genova Sestri‐Ponente and the importance of inputs of organic pollutants coming from land and freshwaters have been emphasized.