bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress of Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement): Evaluation and Implementation
Authors: Jester RN 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first publication of its kind to present leading edge research on the use and applicability of this innovative form of asphalt pavement.
14 peer-reviewed papers cover topics including:
• Oregon's Superpave implementation
• The evaluation of five test projects in Arizona
• Field and laboratory evaluation of Superpave level one mix design in California
• How long-term asphalt mixture oven aging impacts Superpave thermal cracking performance predictions
• Designing recycled hot mix asphalt mixtures using Superpave technology
• Inservice asphalt evaluation after eight years
• Comparisons between the aging processes for asphalt mixtures and asphalt binders
• Construction consideration in field applications of the Superpavemix design system.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 18th International Symposium
Authors: Nanstad RK , Hamilton ML , Garner FA , Kumar AE 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the most current research from an international body of leading experts on how radiation impacts the microstructure and mechanical properties of a wide range of metals.
This comprehensive publication includes 71 peer-reviewed papers organized into the following key areas:
• radiation damage mechanisms and modeling in reactor pressure vessel steels
• relevant mechanical properties and test techniques for pressure vessel steels
• grain boundary segregation studies
• microstructural aspects of annealing; recovery of properties by thermal annealing
• embrittlement correlations
• damage characterization using nondestructive techniques
• segregation and properties of austenitic alloys
• irradiation creep and swelling in structural and austenitic alloys
• microstructural studies and mechanical properties experiments on ferritic and ferritic-martensitic alloys
• and experiments using copper and copper alloys, vanadium alloys and other materials including aluminum, beryllium, zirconium and sapphire.
Small Specimen Test Techniques
Authors: Corwin WR , Rosinski ST , van Walle E 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features a global review of state-of-the-art research in miniature specimen testing. This comprehensive volume includes 38 peer-reviewed papers from an international collection of experts in the field and covers the following areas:
• International testing program evaluation to compare miniature specimen testing results and investigate the impact of testing variables on component behavior predictions
• Innovative methods for obtaining and applying data from small specimens
• Improved correlation methods with standard-size specimens and test techniques
• The impact of numerous crucial parameters on the reconstitution process, including such areas as welding technique, insert size and specimen orientation
• Ways to correct and utilize measurements made using very small fracture toughness specimens
• The use of small fatigue-precracked round bars to measure pressure vessel materials fracture toughness
• Improvements and innovations in punch and disk testing techniques.
An important resource for materials testing engineers, fracture mechanics experts, nuclear engineers, researchers in engineering of structural components, and metallurgists.
Finite Element Analysis of Racked vs. Traditionally Applied Three Tab, Seal Tab, Strip Shingles, and Blister Tests for Asphalt-Glass Felt Shingles
Authors: Cash CG , Kan FW 
Published: March 2009

This paper compares the stresses developed by wind and by a sudden drop in temperature, using finite element analyses on three tab, self-sealing, asphalt-glass fiber felt shingles, that are rack installed (with three and four nails per shingle in alternate tiers), with the same shingles that are conventionally installed (diagonal lay-up, with four nails per shingle). From these studies, we concluded that the nailing pattern is not significant, as long as the shingle tabs remained sealed. We confirmed these conclusions using our wind tunnel and environmental chamber on commercially produced shingles.
As a separate and unrelated matter, this paper also discusses the evaluation of blistered asphalt-glass fiber felt strip shingles using digital fluoroscopy, and the results of several laboratory tests that are intended to measure the blistering tendency of asphalt coated products.
Qualitative Assessment of Soil Behavior Utilizing the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Moo-Young HK , Ochola CE 
Published: March 2009

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been extensively used to examine individual and groups of clay platelets at high magnification. SEM and other optical and electron microscopy require that the pore fluid be removed, replaced, or frozen. To remove the pore water without disturbance of the original fabric is difficult. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a relatively new instrument that examines materials including liquids and oils in their natural state with no prior sample preparation. The environmental chamber can contain gas or vapor at a pressure as high as 50 Torr (0.066 atm). The gas in the environmental chamber operates as a cascade electron multiplier to enhance the secondary electron signal and to provide a source of positive ions, which neutralizes any negative charge, which in turn accumulate on the sample. The ability to manipulate temperature and pressure, and to add or remove fluids or gas in the ESEM greatly increases the range and diversity of experimental conditions. Accessory equipment for cooling, heating, and applying tension and compression makes it possible to image the effects of dynamic processes such as freezing, melting, desiccation, and consolidation on soil microstructure.
This paper describes the procedures for utilizing the ESEM and provides an example of its use to analyze soil fabric. In the first portion of the study, the ESEM was used to study the effects of freeze-thaw on the microstructure of fine-grained soils. Micrographs were obtained before and after laboratory freezing and thawing. The second phase showed the effect of hydration on a sand-bentonite mixture, and how the voids are affected
The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill)
Authors: Howard A , Hitch J 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the most current research on design procedures and flowable fill applications, as well as five ASTM standards on CLSM. 26 peer-reviewed papers cover a wide range of new developments in the field, including:
Ingredients -- Fly ash and aggregates including recycled glass are explored in four papers.
Properties of CLSM -- Five papers examine a wide range of properties, including bearing strength, diggability, compressibility and long term strength gain.
Test Methods, Standards, and Specifications -- Innovative testing techniques as well as a history of CLSM testing and new industry standards are featured in four papers.
Case Histories -- Numerous new uses for flowable fill, such as use in substandard bridge replacement, tilt-up construction, and use as backfill in sequential excavations are some of the applications presented in eight papers.
Pipeline Applications -- Five papers deal with specific uses for CLSM on varying types of pipeline construction and installations.
Measurement of Construction Induced Vibrations
Authors: Shao L , Borden RH 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the major aspects of a computerized field vibration measurement system. By using this system, construction-induced vibrations were monitored along the ground surface and with depth within the soil profile. Vibrations were measured by 3-D surface geophones and 3-D bore-hole geophones, and directly recorded and processed by an automated computer data acquisition system. This data acquisition system includes a notebook computer, a PCMCIA data acquisition card, and “virtual instrument” programs developed in the LabView Window environment. The appearance and operation of these “virtual instrument” programs imitate actual instruments, and replace conventional oscilloscopes, voltmeters, counters, and tape recorders. The same computer and data acquisition board can be used to perform different functions by simply changing computer programs. Therefore, the concept of “virtual instrument” can be used to reduce the equipment cost and improve versatility.
The vibration frequency, wave speed, and peak particle velocity were analyzed by the “virtual instrument” programs developed. This system was used to measure the pile driving vibrations in Selma, NC. Within the soil profile, vibration attenuation with depth in both the horizontal and vertical directions was investigated and compared with Rayleigh wave attenuation function in the vertical direction. In this paper, details of the equipment setup, testing procedures, analytical methods, and testing results are provided.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 29th Volume
Authors: Panontin TL , Sheppard SD 
Published: March 2009

Description
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 29th Volume (STP 1332) provides advanced, state-of-the-art techniques for predicting fracture and fatigue, as well as applications and engineering problem solving in a number of key industries.
Over 50 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from the world's leading experts are divided into three major categories:
Fracture Mechanics areas explored include: The effects of geometry, specimen size and loading rate onfracture behavior and toughness in the transition region; The impact of global loading on fracture prediction; Load-type effects on fracture; and Innovative crack solutions and analysis techniques in analytical fracture mechanics.
Fatigue issues examined include: Findings on the effects of crack closure, stress ratio, residual stresses and load-type on fatigue; and Improved fatigue testing methods
Structural Applications presented include: Specific applications of predicting or measuring fatigue performance; Fracture mechanics applications in aircraft fuselages, nuclear reactor shells and piping, cannon components and ship beams
This is a critical resource for mechanical, materials, and structural engineers involved with structural parts design and analysis; regulatory and investigative organizations; and national laboratories.
Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) Water Resistance/Leakage
Authors: Chin IR , Thompson TS , Rouse BK 
Published: March 2009

Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) are intended to act as a barrier against water penetration and not allow water to penetrate through the system to the backup wall construction and leak into the interior of the building. Recent investigations of EIFS on several buildings including a 15-year-old building that does not have any windows and buildings that are about five to ten years old that have windows, have revealed that failure of the joints between the EIFS and the windows and other openings in the EIFS, and at terminations in the EIFS, is the primary cause of water leakage and water damage in EIFS on buildings. Other conditions that cause water leakage in EIFS, to a lesser degree, include cracks in the EIFS, delamination of the base coat from the rigid insulation, and window deficiencies.
To minimize water leakage in buildings with EIFS, the backup wall, EIFS, windows, doors and all other wall components and the joints between them should be designed and constructed to act as a facade system consistent with the barrier behavior of EIFS or as a unified facade system with a coordinated secondary line of defense against water penetration, rather than as separate elements joined together; and the design and construction of the substrate to which the EIFS is attached should be the responsibility of the EIFS manufacturer and contractor. Recommendations on the design of a unified facade system with a secondary line of defense against water penetration are provided for consideration.
Hygrothermal Performance of EIFS-Clad Walls: Effect of Vapor Diffusion and Air Leakage on the Drying of Construction Moisture
Authors: Karagiozis AN , Salonvaara MH 
Published: March 2009

Hygrothermal performance describes the response of the material layers that make up the wall to thermal and moisture loads. Modelling can be applied to determine the drying and wetting potential of walls with various initial construction moisture loads and to test alternative innovations. This paper investigates the drying performance of a particular barrier EIFS clad wall as a function of vapor diffusion control with a specific air leakage path. This investigation was conducted with constant interior temperature and relative humidity.
The LATENITE model, developed at NRC, is employed in the investigation. This advanced hygrothermal model can incorporate system and sub-system performances by introducing simulated defects and wall system details derived from laboratory and field measurements. Moisture loads available to the EIFS structure originating either from the interior, the exterior or from initial construction moisture can be included.
In this paper the authors present a study to determine the drying potential of a barrier EIFS clad wall for the climate of Wilmington, NC. This climate is characterized by the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals as being mixed. The effect of drying and wetting by airflow was investigated by introducing airflow paths. Hygrothermal performance with three differentvapor diffusion control strategies and two air leakage conditions was simulated for a period of one year. Initial oriented strand board (OSB) moisture content was assumed to be very high. The influence of rain water, solar radiation and air movement within the cavity was included in the analysis.
Results showed that the vapor control strategies were an important parameter dictating the drying performance of the particular barrier EIFS clad wall. Air leakage through the building wall system was also found to have a significant effect. Proper EIFS performance analysis must include both vapor and liquid diffusion control mechanisms, initial conditions, air leakage, climate, material and system and sub-system characterization. This investigation showed the importance of the vapor diffusion control strategy and air leakage on the hygrothermal drying performance of a particular barrier EIFS clad wall with a specific air leakage path.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Seventh Volume
Authors: Little EE , Greenberg BM , DeLonay AJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
45 papers present the development of new reserach techniques, synopses of available techniques, findings concerning various environmental stressors, and the application of techniques and processes to environmental assessment.
In eight sections:
• Aquatic Toxicology and Use of Experimental Ecosystems
• Biomarkers
• Effluent Toxicity and Simulated Treatment
• Environmental Neurotoxicology
• Plants for Toxicity Assessments
• Risk Assessment
• SAR/QSAR in the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
• Sediment Toxicology.
Evaluation of Moisture Problems in Exterior Wall Assemblies
Authors: Krogstad NV , Weber RA 
Published: March 2009

Many buildings, especially those in hot and humid climates, have problems with moisture infiltration into the exterior wall assembly. This can lead to premature deterioration of the finish materials and/or lead to poor interior air quality. In addition to water leakage, these moisture problems can take the form of mold and mildew growth, and can contribute to high humidities inside of buildings. Absorptive cladding materials such as masonry can present additional challenges because of the high moisture content that can be created due to water stored within the exterior wall assembly.
The source of the moisture infiltration is difficult to identify at times, since there is often no obvious signs of water entry during rainstorms. Both water infiltration and air infiltration can deposit moisture within walls. Moisture stored within the walls will redistribute as a result of evaporation and will condense behind vapor-impermeable wall coverings and other surfaces that are below the dew point temperature of the air. The moisture problems are sometimes attributed to air infiltration while potential water leakage problems are ignored. At other times, the problems are attributed to water leakage where, in fact, air infiltration may play a factor. What is required is an understanding of all potential contributors to moisture problems so that an appropriate and complete investigation can be conducted. Only after all the conditions that are contributing to the moisture intrusion problems are identified can effective repairs be made.
The Use of Polyurethane Foam to Provide a Watertight Concrete Masonry Wall and a Sealed Connection of the Wall to the Foundation
Authors: Janopaul P 
Published: March 2009

This paper outlines a construction procedure used to insure a watertight masonry wall and a sealed connection, of this same wall, to the foundation. This procedure was discovered as the byproduct of using an insulated dual cavity concrete masonry unit that is foamed in the field. This insulated concrete masonry system has been developed in the past 12 years by our company, and has been utilized in almost 100 buildings (in Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah) with climates that range from hot desert to Sierra Nevada snow country to the Pacific Northwest rainfall.
The critical elements in perfecting this procedure are the detailing of the base of the wall, with a continuous exterior first course foam side cleanout, then following this detailing in the field construction of the wall, and properly foaming the constructed wall with polyurethane foam. The polyurethane foam must be poured into the foam cavity after the face shells have been replaced at the first course cleanout.
Common “Unique” Cavity Wall Flashing Problems: Mistakes Frequently Made, Their Resolution, and Presentations from Case Histories
Authors: Wilson MD 
Published: March 2009

Building design drawings for masonry cavity wall construction generally attempt to contain most of the information needed to instruct the construction team on the types and placement of wall flashings. Some unique, low frequency conditions are often not described in detail in the drawings, and reliance is placed on the contractors to detail and install these unique flashing areas for watertight performance, using the concepts shown in the drawings for other areas. Frequently the resulting installation does not perform well, and leakage and disputes result. For example, the designer did not detail the trouble area fully or at all, and the contractor attempted to install using past experience or the available design information, yet the installation leaks. One such condition occured at the transition between a sloped roof ridge against the base of a higher masonry cavity wall, to a rake condition where the higher wall turns outward at an inside corner, as well as the rake condition itself. Another situation occured where a horizontal architectural feature penetrates a masonry veneer wall, bridging the cavity between veneer and backup wall, and is structurally secured into or through the backup wall.
Sometimes subcontractor trades do not realize or anticipate how their work interfaces with another trade. Masonry flashings that are possibly installed in a water-tight and well-performing manner can be damaged by other trades who do not realize the damage being caused, and the resulting combination leaks. One example is the manner in which window heads are sometimes anchored or fastened to the underside of steel shelf angles which support brick masonry veneer above.
This paper will discuss several examples of common leakage problems in masonry cavity wall construction, attributed to the above two concepts. The resolution of the problems, performed in recent case histories, will be presented, with suggestions for changes in original design drawings to help prevent the problems.
Engine Coolant Testing: Fourth Volume
Authors: Beal RE 
Published: March 2009

Description
The most current information on engine coolant technologies and testing requirements. 25 papers from the world's leading scientists in the field are divided among the following major categories:
• Organic acid inhibition technology research covering an impressive sampling of organic preparations;
• State-of-the-art test methods on a wide range of metals and other surfaces;
• special requirements involved with heavy-duty coolant technology
• Developments in the growing field of engine coolant recycling technology;
• New procedures and proposed alterations in engine coolant characteristics and quality improvement
• and improved efficient engine coolant service and disposal.
An invaluable resource for automotive and trucking manufacturers, vehicle service operators, municipal fleet managers, coolant formulators and manufacturers, and oil and chemical companies.
Relationship of Chemical Components and Impurities of Aluminum Galvanic Anodes Upon the Cathodic Protection of Marine Structures
Authors: Schrieber CF 
Published: March 2009

Aluminum galvanic anodes form the principal basis for cathodic protection of offshore structures and marine vehicles. A satisfactory cathodic protection (CP) design using the galvanic mode must employ a valid anode. It follows, therefore, that highly responsible compositional consideration be associated with such anodes. Since applications extend from very low temperature to above ambient seawaters, this factor is addressed in the paper. Applications in sea muds and its effect upon anode behavior is also considered. Primary emphasis will be given the indium-activated alloys with occasional comparisons to the mercury-activated aluminum anodes. The grounds for this emphasis lies in the fact that the indium-activated anodes constitute the great majority of use. The data and observations discussed are based primarily on low temperature, ambient and higher temperature laboratory and pilot tests supplemented by user field applications over the last 25–30 years.
Dependable aluminum anode performance in the subject waters and muds point to careful control of iron and copper impurities, coupled with the correct balance of indium, zinc and silicon. Generalized recommendations are presented with regard to composition. The future challenges of cathodic protection at greater seawater depths are also addressed. Possible effects upon anode current capacity and voltage are so related.
Very Large-Scale Fires
Authors: Keltner NR , Alvares NJ , Grayson SJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first volume of its kind to explore the hazards and risks associated with massive complex fire phenomena in order to expand understanding of fire behavior. 11 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers cover:
Rapid or Large Structure Fires -- Four papers explore rapidly developing fires, including the wind-driven fire at the Branch Davidian Complex, high-rise apartment building fires, methods for extracting information from test burns, and high temperature accelerant arson.
Industrial and Wild Land Fires -- To examine the causes and character of fires and explosions, topics including boiling liquid-expanding vapor explosions, scale model experimental facility usage for exploring dangerous fire whirl generation, petrochemical fire characterization, and the use of CFD modeling for studying fire brand transport in forest fires are taken up in four papers.
Marine Fires -- Three papers discuss Halon-based fire suppression systems replacement, thermal exposure of radioactive material shipping containers, and smoke movement in passenger ships.