bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of chemical and biological agents for the management of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) in Costa Rican cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Authors: Bateman R.P. , Hidalgo E. , García J. , Arroyo C. , Ten Hoopen G.M. , Adonijah V. , Krauss U. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article describes two field trials carried out at La Lola, Costa Rica, to assess control measures against frosty pod rot of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) caused by Moniliophthora (Crinipellis) roreri. In the first, factorial, trial the control agents were applied using motorised mistblowers (MMs) and hydraulic sprayers fitted with a narrow angle cone nozzle. There was an interaction between agents and application methods; together with previous application data for the most active fungicide (copper hydroxide), these trials indicate that best yields are achieved with sprays that maximise deposits on pods. We describe the droplet size spectra produced by a Stihl SR400 MM under a range of conditions because this has become the standard method of fungicide application in this series of trials at La Lola. The factor that had the largest effect on droplet size spectrum was the presence or the absence of a detachable baffle plate in front of the air‐shear nozzle. In both trials described here, MMs were fitted with baffle plates, a formulation pump and restrictor transmitting 550 mL min−1 to deliver an estimated equivalent of 190 L ha−1. Copper hydroxide as prophylactic applications at 1500 g a.i. ha−1 have, to date, shown the most consistent (but incomplete) improvement in healthy pod yield. Use of copper fungicides may be cost effective when farm‐gate cocoa prices exceed approximately $1.25 kg−1. In these trials, isolates of the hyperparasitic fungi Clonostachys byssicola and Trichoderma asperellum and two off‐patent triazole fungicides (bitertanol and triadimenol) made no significant improvement to healthy yields. The systemic oxathiin fungicide flutolanil, at a dosage of 300 g a.i. ha−1, appears to protect pods substantially at early stages but gives proportionately less control of M. roreri than copper at later stages of pod development.
CHANGES IN CELL WALL NEUTRAL SUGAR COMPOSITION AND ETHYLENE EVOLUTION AS POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF WOOLLINESS IN COLD‐STORED NECTARINE FRUIT
Authors: MANGANARIS GEORGE ATHANASIOS , VASILAKAKIS MILTIADIS , DIAMANTIDIS GRIGORIOS , MIGNANI ILARIA 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT Changes in cell wall composition during ripening of nectarine fruit (Prunus persica var nectarina, Ait. Max, cv. “Caldesi 2000”) after harvest or after cold storage were investigated. Cell wall materials were prepared from nectarine fruits after harvest, after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of cold storage (0C) and after additional ripening at room temperature (20C) for 1 and 5 days, respectively. The materials were analyzed for neutral sugars and cellulose content. Incidence of chilling injury (CI) symptoms, expressed as woolliness and gaseous emissions of CO2 and ethylene evolution, were also monitored. A significant decrease in arabinose and galactose contents as the woolliness symptoms became more intense was observed. After 6 weeks of cold storage and an additional 5 days at room temperature, arabinose and galactose contents decreased up to 63 and 34%, respectively. In addition, as the cold storage period increased, a linear decrease of total neutral sugars (r = 0.9832, P < 0.01) and arabinose content (r = 0.9903, P < 0.01) after 5 days of ripening at room temperature was recorded. Furthermore, reduced ethylene production after 6‐week cold storage was accompanied by intense woolliness symptoms. Inversely, respiration rate and cellulose content did not show any consistent trend during nectarine ripening after harvest or after removal from cold storage, and therefore cannot be used as indicators of CI symptoms.
PRODUCTION OF LIQUID AND WHITE SOLID  PEKMEZ IN TURKEY
Authors: BATU ALI 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT The research was carried out to evaluate gelling and bleaching agents for white solid pekmez production. Grape juice with 26% total soluble solids as °Brix was used for the production of pekmez. Acidity was reduced with the application of sterile white soil containing 70.4% CaCO3, followed by tannin–gelatin clarification and filtration. The grape juice was concentrated to 76% total soluble solids by vacuum. Gelling treatments were designed to produce a solid pekmez by adding high or low methoxyl pectins or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). It was found that sufficient gelling could be achieved using less than 0.5% CMC and 1% for either pectin. Also, a desirable white color was obtained with 1.5% soapwort juice and 3% egg white with the combination of 1% pectins.
DEFINITION OF INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES DUE TO DEHYDRATION OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L. CV. SUPRELLA) USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: SALERNO ANNA , PIERANDREI FERNANDO , REA ELVIRA , SEQUI PAOLO , VALENTINI MASSIMILIANO 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive analytical technique in food science. It offers the unique opportunity of studying vegetables, fruits and other foods in general, in their wholeness without any preparative manipulation of the sample. The aim of this study was to investigate the internal structure of radish and to monitor the variations induced by postharvest storage at low relative humidity. The MRI allowed for a clear definition of the internal structure of radishes with distinct visibility of xylematic and phloematic vessels distributed in a radial way. A decrease in water content, which results in the breakdown of tissues and the formation of large cavities with the detachment of the external cortex, is the main consequence of a few days' storage in low relative humidity. Both of these are factors that drastically decrease the quality of the radish's fleshy root. The MRI images give a novel insight into the internal organization of the hypocotyl, and this offers opportunities for further studies with regard to the structural differences related to the cultivars as well as the cultivation system.
MEAT SPAGHETTI TENSILE STRENGTH AND EXTENSIBILITY AS INDICATORS OF THE MANUFACTURING QUALITY OF THAWED BEEF
Authors: FAROUK M.M. , ZHANG S.X. , WALLER J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT The functional attributes of thawed whole, diced or minced high‐ (6.10–6.79) and normal‐ (5.40–5.79) pH longissimus dorsi muscles of a line of bulls were determined, and the meat was used to prepare sausage and meat spaghetti batters. The torsion stress and strain to failure of cooked sausages and the tensile strength and extensibility of the cooked meat spaghetti were determined. The results of bivariate regression indicate that meat spaghetti tensile strength and extensibility had a significant (P < 0.01) correlation to pH, sarcoplasmic protein solubility, water‐holding capacity, cooked batter torsion stress, strain, yield and emulsion stability. Regression analysis of batter torsion stress on meat spaghetti tensile strength and extensibility indicated that torsion stress could be predicted by tensile strength only, with extensibility not adding any further predictive ability. On the other hand, torsion strain could be predicted by extensibility only, with tensile strength not providing any extra predictive ability. The reverse of both of these regressions was not true. Torsion stress =–14.296 + 0.2935 * tensile strength (r2 = 0.92) and torsion strain = 0.452 + 0.0936 * extensibility (r2 = 0.90). Within the parameters of the present study, meat spaghetti tensile strength and extensibility could be used to determine the manufacturing quality of frozen beef.
QUALITY EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL FRANKFURTER BY DETERIORATION INDEX METHOD
Authors: SABBAG NORA G. , ARÍNGOLI E. ELENA , SANTIAGO LILIANA G. , COSTA SILVIA C. , GONZÁLEZ ROLANDO J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate sensory properties during the storage at two different temperatures, to develop and evaluate a Deterioration Index Method (DIM) and to compare it with microbial counts and physicochemical measurements in order to obtain the correlation with the Deterioration Index (DI). The frankfurters were stored at 10 and 15C for 30 days, and the changes during storage were sensorially evaluated by using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, DIM, microbiological analysis, acidity and purge loss. A linear relationship with high correlation was obtained between the average DI of each storage day for the two samples and storage temperatures. The correlation coefficients between physicochemical parameters and deterioration indixes were high for both samples and temperatures.
SHELF LIFE OF HHP‐PROCESSED PEACH PUREE WITH ANTIBROWNING AGENTS
Authors: GUERRERO‐BELTRÁN JOSÉ A. , SWANSON BARRY G. , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO V. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT Natural peach puree and peach puree containing 500 ppm of ascorbic acid (AA) or cysteine (250 ppm) were treated at high pressure (517 MPa/5 min). High hydrostatic processing (HHP)‐processed and control purees were stored at 3, 21 and 35 ± 1C for 30 days. Total count, yeast/molds, color and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity were analyzed regularly. PPO activity was reduced to 12.1, 26.4 and 5.5% in both the natural puree and puree containing AA and cysteine after applying HHP. PPO activity of the non‐HHP‐processed puree containing cysteine was different from the other purees, as well as the PPO activity of HHP‐processed purees. Non‐HHP‐processed natural puree (yellow color) and purees containing AA (yellow color) and cysteine (orange color) maintained their colors individually for 9 days. HHP‐processed purees maintained their yellow (natural puree and puree with AA) and orange colors (puree containing cysteine) for 21 to 24 and 30 days, respectively. Less than 10 cfu/g were counted in HHP‐processed purees stored at 3C.
Probability Distribution of Extremes of Von Mises Stress in Randomly
Vibrating Structures
Authors: Gupta Sayan , Manohar C. S. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The problem of determining the probability distribution function of extremes of Von Mises stress, over a specified duration, in linear vibrating structures subjected to stationary, Gaussian random excitations, is considered. In the steady state, the Von Mises stress is a stationary, non-Gaussian random process. The number of times the process crosses a specified threshold in a given duration, is modeled as a Poisson random variable. The determination of the parameter of this model, in turn, requires the knowledge of the joint probability density function of the Von Mises stress and its time derivative. Alternative models for this joint probability density function, based on the translation process model, combined Laguerre-Hermite polynomial expansion and the maximum entropy model are considered. In implementing the maximum entropy method, the unknown parameters of the model are derived by solving a set of linear algebraic equations, in terms of the marginal and joint moments of the process and its time derivative. This method is shown to be capable of taking into account non-Gaussian features of the Von Mises stress depicted via higher order expectations. For the purpose of illustration, the extremes of the Von Mises stress in a pipe support structure under random earthquake loads, are examined. The results based on maximum entropy model are shown to compare well with Monte Carlo simulation results.
ATTRACTORS AND NEO-ATTRACTORS FOR 3D STOCHASTIC NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS
Authors: CUTLAND NIGEL J. , KEISLER H. JEROME 
Published: November 2005

In [14] nonstandard analysis was used to construct a (standard) global attractor for the 3D stochastic Navier–Stokes equations with general multiplicative noise, living on a Loeb space, using Sell's approach [26]. The attractor had somewhat ad hoc attracting and compactness properties. We strengthen this result by showing that the attractor has stronger properties making it a neo-attractor — a notion introduced here that arises naturally from the Keisler–Fajardo theory of neometric spaces [18].To set this result in context we first survey the use of Loeb space and nonstandard techniques in the study of attractors, with special emphasis on results obtained for the Navier–Stokes equations both deterministic and stochastic, showing that such methods are well-suited to this enterprise.
Both Hypomethylation and Hypermethylation in a 0.2-kb Region of a DNA Repeat in Cancer
Authors: Nishiyama Rie , Qi Lixin , Lacey Michelle , Ehrlich Melanie 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
NBL2 is a tandem 1.4-kb DNA repeat, whose hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinomas was shown previously to be an independent predictor of disease progression. Here, we examined methylation of all cytosine residues in a 0.2-kb subregion of NBL2 in ovarian carcinomas, Wilms' tumors, and diverse control tissues by hairpin-bisulfite PCR. This new genomic sequencing method detects 5-methylcytosine on covalently linked complementary strands of a DNA fragment. All DNA clones from normal somatic tissues displayed symmetrical methylation at seven CpG positions and no methylation or only hemimethylation at two others. Unexpectedly, 56% of cancer DNA clones had decreased methylation at some normally methylated CpG sites as well as increased methylation at one or both of the normally unmethylated sites. All 146 DNA clones from 10 cancers could be distinguished from all 91 somatic control clones by assessing methylation changes at three of these CpG sites. The special involvement of DNA methyltransferase 3B in NBL2 methylation was indicated by analysis of cells from immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, and facial anomalies syndrome patients who have mutations in the gene encoding DNA methyltransferase 3B. Blot hybridization of 33 cancer DNAs digested with CpG methylation-sensitive enzymes confirmed that NBL2 arrays are unusually susceptible to cancer-linked hypermethylation and hypomethylation, consistent with our novel genomic sequencing findings. The combined Southern blot and genomic sequencing data indicate that some of the cancer-linked alterations in CpG methylation are occurring with considerable sequence specificity. NBL2 is an attractive candidate for an epigenetic cancer marker and for elucidating the nature of epigenetic changes in cancer.
Identification of Macrophage Arginase I as a New Candidate Gene of Atherosclerosis Resistance
Authors: Teupser Daniel , Burkhardt Ralph , Wilfert Wolfgang , Haffner Ivonne , Nebendahl Klaus , Thiery Joachim 
Published: November 2005

Objective—Our laboratory has previously created 2 strains of rabbits with genetically determined high-atherosclerotic response (HAR) and low-atherosclerotic response (LAR). The aim of the present study was to identify new genes of atherosclerosis susceptibility in macrophages from the 2 strains.Methods and Results—Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to screen for genes with higher expression in macrophages from LAR rabbits. We identified a cDNA fragment with high homology to human arginase I (AI; 91%) and subsequently cloned the full-length cDNA of the rabbit homologue. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a significantly higher macrophage AI mRNA expression in LAR rabbits than in HAR rabbits (77428±10941 versus 34344±4538;P=0.002; copies/106copies β-actin), which also correlated with a significantly higher arginase enzyme activity. Northern blot analysis led to the identification of a size polymorphism of AI mRNA. This was because of a 413 bp C-repeat insertion in the 3′ untranslated region. The shorter transcript variant was predominantly expressed in LAR rabbits and associated with significantly higher AI mRNA expression levels. Transfection experiments indicated decreased mRNA stability of the long AI variant.Conclusions—High expression of arginase I in macrophages may contribute to atherosclerosis resistance of LAR rabbits, possibly by conferring antiinflammatory effects in the vessel wall.
Global Interdependent Ministry Partnerships in the Russian Context
Authors: Tiessen Douglas 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn proposing "Global Interdependent Ministry Partnership," four elements in relation to the Russian context are identified: First, a description of the effects of globalization; Second, observations on how globalization has led to interdependent partnerships; Third, a theory of global interdependent ministry partnerships; and fourth, conclusions on the generalizability of this theory for the world in which we now live.Global interdependent ministry partnerships put the national church in the driver's seat. Too often the nationals of any given country are in the back seat from the outset, which leads to dependency and great difficulty in turning the wheel over to the national. With global interdependent ministry partnerships the national church calls the shots from the beginning; they choose to invite or not invite foreign missionaries to partner with them.
A New Christianity, But What Kind?
Authors: Phan Peter 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article examines Philip Jenkins's popular thesis that "Southern Christianity" represents a conservative return to a pre-Tridentine Christendom. While acknowledging the importance of Jenkins's emphasis on the demographic shift of the Christian population from the "North" to the "South" and its vast implications for the church's mission, the article argues that the form of Christianity that is taking place in the so-called Third World, at least in Asian Roman Catholicism, is anything but a return to the pre-Tridentine Christianity. The various phenomena that Jenkins notes such as healing, prophecy, popular piety, and a literalist reading of the Bible, should be viewed within the new context of the church's commitment to renewal and mission in terms of liberation, interculturation, and interreligious dialogue.
The Writings of William Carey: Journalism as Mission in a Modern Age
Authors: Alban Donald , Woods Robert , Daigle-Williamson Marsha 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
William Carey is reviewed as both product and producer of journalism, with an emphasis on the latter and its synergistic relationship to his mission work and the work of others. Carey's philosophy of life was formed largely by the written works of his predecessors and contemporaries. Specifically, Jonathan Edwards, John Bunyan, Jeremy Taylor, Captain James Cook, and Robert Hall, among others, clearly affected his outlook on theology, missions, Bible translation, ecumenism, and a host of related topics. Writings by Cook opened Carey's eyes to distant people, whom he evaluated in the light of his journalistically influenced theology. Consequently, Carey became concerned about the spiritual and moral state of the world abroad. His concern found expression in the Enquiry – a polemic for missionary work – and ultimately led him to Bengal, where his own attempts to influence people through journalism expanded.Carey's own writings and those of his colleagues at the Serampore Mission are the most obvious examples of his journalistic works. But they hardly stand alone. Thus, after the authors describe the emergence and significance of the Enquiry and the Serampore Press, they refer to other publications printed either at Serampore or elsewhere in response to the press' influence. Among these are works as diverse as textbooks, governmental publications, and periodical apologetics for Hinduism. The Serampore mission's expansion of Indian literacy also is reviewed because of its relevance to understanding the influence of others' writings on his life's philosophy and work. It further helps to shed light on Carey's distinct approach to evangelization, presented herein as a form of inculturation. Lastly, many would not have become readers of the mission's works had it not equipped them to read through its network of native schools. The authors suggest that Serampore's journalistic mission extended beyond the mere production of writings; it also included the production of a readership.
The Catholic Imagination and Popular Religion in Lowland Philippines: Missiological Significance of David Tracy's Theory of Religious Imaginations
Authors: Gener Timoteo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBy way of critical appreciation, the author (an evangelical) investigates David Tracy's analysis of the Catholic imagination in relation to popular religiosity and inculturation in lowland Philippines. A survey of contemporary Evangelical and Roman Catholic views on folk religiosity sets the stage for the study as a whole. To explain and highlight the missiological significance of Tracy's approach, this study makes use of contemporary religio-philosophical (hermeneutical) and missiological perspectives. Such perspectives open up the missiological usefulness of Tracy's socio-theological analysis of the Catholic imagination especially for religionists and missiologists. They also point to the naturalistic limitations of Tracy's revisionist understanding of religion even as it encounters a non-Western religious outlook such as in the Philippines. A conversation with Tracy's approach becomes an instance of dialogue between Roman Catholics and Evangelicals not only on folk Catholicism, but also on revelation, inculturation and mission.
A Comparison of Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone and Bone-Hamstring Tendon-Bone Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Matsumoto Akio , Yoshiya Shinichi , Muratsu Hirotsugu , Yagi Masayoshi , Iwasaki Yasunobu , Kurosaka Masahiro , Kuroda Ryosuke 
Published: November 2005

Background Most of the previous comparative studies between patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament grafts compared grafts of different constructs fixed with different methods. Purpose To compare patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts with the same fixation method used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods During the reconstructive procedure, the hamstring tendon graft was prepared as a bone-hamstring-bone graft; both bone-patellar tendon-bone and bone-hamstring-bone grafts were fixed with interference screws. Eighty consecutive patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were randomly assigned to either bone-patellar tendon-bone or bone-hamstring-bone groups. Follow-up examinations were performed for at least 5 years postoperatively. Seventy-two of the 80 patients (37 patients in the bone-patellar tendon-bone group and 35 in the bone-hamstring-bone group) were evaluated, with a mean follow-up period of 87.0 and 80.8 months, respectively. Follow-up examinations were performed using the International Knee Documentation Committee knee ligament standard and subjective knee forms. Results The mean KT-1000 arthrometer evaluation results showed no significant difference between the bone-patellar tendon-bone and bone-hamstring-bone groups (1.2 ± 2.1 mm and 1.7 ± 1.4 mm, respectively; P =. 24). However, symptoms related to graft harvest (anterior kneeling pain) were more frequently observed in the bone-patellar tendon-bone group, and unsatisfactory results were correlated with severe kneeling pain in 3 patients from this group (P =. 0056). Significant hamstring muscle weakness without complaint of functional deficit was found in the bone-hamstring-bone group (P =. 0045). Conclusion Bone-hamstring-bone grafts were shown to reduce the risk of problems at the graft harvest site compared to bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts, with comparable results in the remaining clinical parameters tested.