bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVIDENCE FOR RECOMBINATION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT IMMUNOLOGICAL TYPES OF FOOT‐AND‐MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Mackenzie JS , Slade WR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRecombination was observed between temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants of two immunological types of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus which were distinguishable by two marker characteristics in addition to their antigenic type. Putative ts+ recombinants were isolated and the segregation patterns of their marker characteristics examined. The results are discussed in terms of the origin of new sub‐type strains.
THE DIFFERENTIATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: von Boehmer Harald , Shortman Ken 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEquilibrium density separation on continuous albumin gradients was used to separate and characterise the T cells responding by proliferation to both syngeneic and allogeneic stimulating cells in the one‐way mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR). In CBA mouse spleen both light and dense T cells were capable of responding in an allogeneic MLR. No T cells responding to stimulation by syngeneic B lymphocytes could be isolated from adult or 7‐day CBA mouse spleen. In adult CBA mouse thymus, cells responding to allogeneic stimuli were enriched in the light density region, along with the low θ sub‐population. Self‐reactive cells, responding with proliferation when cultured with syngeneic adult CBA splenic lymphocytes, and found in adult and 4‐day CBA mouse thymus, were also enriched in the light density zones. However, in adult thymus syngeneic MLR reactivity was also found in the dense zones, and the density distribution profiles of total syngeneic MLR responding cells revealed a series of peaks extending over the whole density range. It was suggested that these syngeneic MLR responders undergo a complete maturation process, including progressive density increases, within the thymus gland. Such a sterile differentiation pathway could be a censorship process, leading to death of self‐reactive cells within the thymus.
ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM: STUDIES OF THE SPECIFICITY OF THE ROSETTE‐INHIBITING ANTIBODY IN RABBIT ANTI‐MOUSE ALS
Authors: Morton H , Hegh V , Clunie GJA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn an investigation into the characteristics of the rosette‐inhibiting antibody of antilymphocyte serum (ALS), rabbit anti‐mouse ALS were assayed for antibodies against lymphoid cells from the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus of Quackenbush (Q) mice, and against spleen cells from athymic nude mice. The lymphagglutinating and lymphocytotoxic titres were similar with both Q and nude cells, and the titres showed no significant correlation with skin graft survival times in mice receiving the corresponding ALS. A significant depletion of peripheral blood lymphocytes occurred in animals receiving both an immunosuppressive and a non‐immunosuppressive ALS, suggesting that the antibodies involved in this depletion are not significant in determining the immunosuppressive activity of ALS.In contrast, the rosette inhibition titres showed a significant correlation with graft survival times in the results obtained in tests using Q spleen, lymph node and thymus cells. No inhibition of rosette formation was obtained when using nude spleen cells. However, the numbers of spontaneous rosettes formed by both the mixed B and T cell populations from Q spleen were not significantly different from the numbers formed by the largely B cell population from nude spleen.These results confirm that the antibodies of ALS which are responsible for both the in vitro inhibition of spontaneous rosette function and the in vivo suppression of graft rejection are specifically directed against a T cell population, and it is suggested that the antibodies are related if not identical.
SUPPRESSOR CELLS IN HOMOGRAFT TOLERANT RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIf sufficient normal syngeneic lymphocytes to effect skin graft rejection are transferred to homograft tolerant rats, a prolonged period elapses before lymphoid cells from the recipient acquire normal levels of GvH responsiveness against tissues of which the donor was previously tolerant (Silvers and Billingham, 1970; Elkins, 1972; Miyamoto and McCullagh, 1974). Although the ability of lymphoid populations of such animals to mount GvH reactions can be demonstrated to reside in donor type cells during the weeks immediately after transfer, reactive cells are ultimately derived from the host itself (Elkins, 1973; Miyamoto and McCullagh, 1974). Not only are lymphoid cells from tolerant rats which have been injected recently with normal lymphocytes poorly responsive in a GvH assay, but they have been observed in some experiments to suppress the GvH activity of normal syngeneic lymphoid cells (Elkins, 1972; Atkins and Ford, 1972). It is not clear whether the cells mediating suppression of the normal lymphocytes were derived from the tolerant host itself or, alternatively, from the normal lymphocytes injected into it to terminate the tolerant state.The present experiments sought to delineate the origin of any suppressor cells within populations of lymphocytes collected from rats in which tolerance had recently been terminated. They indicate that suppression of the normal donor cells within such populations may be exerted by cells derived from the tolerant host.
THE LOCALISATION OF SORBITOL PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN THE RAT RENAL CORTEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE RENAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Hutton JC , Schofield PJ , Williams JF , Hollows FC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA series of in vivo and in vitro investigations was performed to examine the localisation of sorbitol pathway activity in the rat renal cortex and to investigate the possible relation that the accumulation of sorbitol pathway intermediates in renal cortical tissue may have to the pathogenesis of renal complications in diabetes mellitus.Neither of the sorbitol pathway intermediates, sorbitol or fructose, were detected either in intact glomeruli which had been isolated from rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin, or in metabolically active glomeruli which had been incubated in vitro in high glucose media. Such data agreed with previously published observations that the enzyme aldose reductase is not present in renal glomeruli, and suggested that changes in sorbitol pathway activity cannot be directly related to the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.Sorbitol was detected in low concentrations (3·1 μmol/g protein) in cortical tubules which had been isolated from the renal cortex of rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin. This concentration of sorbitol was higher than that in the intact renal cortex of the diabetic animal (0·3 μmol/g protein) or in the cortical tubules of non‐diabetic animals (0·5 μmol/g protein). It is apparent that the renal cortical tubule is a major site of sorbitol pathway activity in the renal cortex. However, there is presently no obvious causal relationship between the accumulation of such relatively low concentrations of sorbitol in the renal cortical tubule and the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis or cortical tubular lesions in diabetes.
THE ROLE OF CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN IN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3)
Authors: Hamilton John W , Holdsworth Eric S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA role has been sought for the calcium binding protein (CaBP) which is synthesised de novo after giving cholecalciferol (CC, vitamin D3) to rachitic chicks. After homogenation of mucosal cells in sucrose media, the CaBP was found in the 78,000 × g supernatant. Therefore, the CaBP is either present in the cytoplasm or in some labile membrane structure, e.g. the microvilli, that is disrupted by homogenation. This intracellular CaBP may facilitate diffusion of Ca into intestinal cells. No secretion of CaBP into the lumen could be detected nor did excess CaBP placed in the lumen increase Ca absorption of rachitic chicks.The mitochondria of duodenal mucosal cells contained most of the Ca being translocated by the small intestine. CaBP caused release of Ca already present in mitochondria and diminished Ca uptake by mitochondria and it appeared to do this by increasing the rate of Ca flux across the mitochondrial membrane. This would explain the greater “turnover” of Ca in mucosal cells of cholecalciferol‐treated chicks. These and previous findings have been used to propose a scheme for the effect of cholecalciferol on Ca transport from the small intestine.
CYTOTOXIC MECHANISMS DETECTED IN VITRO FOLLOWING SHEEP RENAL ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Grant CK , Adams EP , Miller HRP , Morris B 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCytotoxic effects of lymph and blood components, removed from sheep following renal allografting, were determined by in vitro assay using 51Cr labelled donor sheep lymphocytes as target cells. Lytic antibodies were detected in lymph efferent from the node draining the graft site and at lower concentrations in blood serum and in lymph leaving the graft, The cytotoxic antibodies had both complement‐dependent and leucocyte‐dependent functions; thy complement‐dependent antibodies were fractionated and shown to be of IgM and IgG1 subclasses. Cytotoxic cells were found in lymph leaving the graft but not in blood or in lymph efferent from the draining node; those detected in the renal lymph were non‐specific in action and their appearance correlated with increased numbers of macrophages.
LUNG LIQUID PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION IN THE “IN UTERO” FOETAL LAMB
Authors: Adamson TM , Brodecky V , Lambert TF , Maloney JE , Ritchie BC , Walker AM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryExperiments were carried out on foetal lambs in utero from 103 to 133 days' gestation, to measure the daily flow and solute composition of liquid from the foetal lung. The mean daily flow from foetuses with a tracheal fistula was 231 ml/day (9·6 ml/h), while the mean hourly flow in foetuses with a tracheal loop was 5·1 ml/h. The pattern of flow of lung liquid was intermittent and irregular, with short periods of rapid flow interspersed with longer periods of slow and no How. The Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and urea concentrations showed no significant change with increasing gestational age, but the K+ concentration showed a significant rise. It is concluded that the lung of the foetal lamb behaves as an exocrine gland, secreting a substantial volume of liquid of a relatively constant composition.
THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
Authors: Frewin DB , Frantz AG , Downey JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of a standardised exercise procedure on plasma growth hormone (HGH) and prolactin has been assessed in 10 normal human subjects. Each subject was tested in an ambient temperature of 40° and on a subsequent day at a temperature of 10°. At 40° exercise produced an increase in HGH in all 10 subjects, while in the cold only 1 showed a rise in the hormone during exercise. An increase in prolactin with exercise at 40° occurred in some of the subjects, but these changes were small in comparison with those of HGH. Prolactin levels did not increase during exercise in the cold.
LYMPHOKINE‐LIKE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH HAEMOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES
Authors: Marks RM , Penny R 
Published: November 2007

SummarySerum from, patients with haemopoietic malignancies was tested for the presence of migration inhibition factor (MIF) and leucocyte inhibition factor (LIF) activity by standard assays. There was no correlation between the specific disease state and positivity of the sera for MIF or LIF activity. MIF activity in the serum of one patient with myeloma was present in the isolated IgG cryoglobulin fraction.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIGENIC STRENGTH AND IMMUNISATION ON THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE ALLOGRAFT RESPONSE
Authors: Dorsch Susan , Roser Bruce 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe kinetics of the popliteal lymph node response to an allograft of lymphoid cells injected into the foot pad were examined after challenge with strong (Ag‐B) and weak (non Ag‐B) transplantation antigens. The response to weak antigens was characterised by a lag period of 2 days. The response to strong antigens was more rapid in onset. Active immunisation against weak antigens accelerated the response so that it came to resemble the immediate response to strong antigens. Active immunisation against strong antigens depressed the response. This depression was reproduced by giving passive antiserum to normal recipients. Passive antiserum produced by immunisation against weak antigens was also suppressive. Adoptive transfer of immune lymphoid cells reproduced the effects seen with passive transfer of antiserum. These findings indicate that clonal expansion of antigen‐sensitive cells is characteristic of immunity to weak and not to strong antigens and that antibody is produced in both situations and has a similar suppressive effect on the cell‐mediated response in addition to its direct effect on the graft.
PLASMA MEMBRANE OF A MURINE T CELL LYMPHOMA: SURFACE LABELLING, MEMBRANE ISOLATION, SEPARATION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE LABEL AMONGST THESE PROTEINS
Authors: Crumpton Michael J , Marchalonis John J , Haustein Dieter , Atwell John L , Harris Alan W 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo established techniques for analysis of plasma membranes, namely. Iactoperoxidase catalyzed surface radioiodination of intact cells and bulk membrane isolation following disruption of cells by shear forces, were applied in studies of membrane proteins of continuously cultured cells of the monoclonal T lymphoma line WEHI‐22. It was found that macromolecular 125I‐iodide incorporated into plasma membrane proteins of intact cells was at least as good a marker for the plasma as was the commonly used enzyme 5′‐nucleotidase. T lymphoma plasma membrane proteins were complex when analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate‐cotaining buffers and more than thirty distinct components were resolved. More than fifteen of the components observed on a mass basis were also labelled with 125I‐iodide. Certain bands, however, exhibited a degree of label disproportionate to their staining properties with Coomassie Blue. This was interpreted in terms of their accessibility to the solvent in the intact cells.
BASOPHIL LEUCOCYTES IN CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS IN NEMATODE‐INFECTED GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Rothwell TLW , Huxtable CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were elicited in guinea‐pigs infected with the parasitic nematode Trichastrongylus colubriformis by injecting them with a nude extract of T. colubriformis fourth‐stage larvae. The reaction was characterized by early oedema and pronounced cellular infiltration, initially with neutrophils hut later with mononuclear cells, basophils and variable numbers of eosinophils. Because basophils have been implicated as effector cells in the protective immune response of guinea‐pigs to this nematode, the capacity to elicit a basophil‐rich cellular infiltrate in infected animals might be a useful assay for T. colubriformis protective antigen(s).
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS RECOGNIZE VERY EARLY, MINOR CHANGES IN ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED TARGET CELLS
Authors: Jackson DC , Ada GL , Hla R Tha 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTarget cells (P‐815 mastocytoma cells) infected with ectromelia virus became susceptible to lysis by H‐2 compatible specific effector T cells within one hour of exposure of the cells to virus. This is long before viral progeny are produced and shed from the cell.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) profiles of the plasma membranes from infected and uninfected P‐815 cells pulsed with 35S‐methionine for one or a few hours after infection with virus were very complex and showed no consistent differences. P‐815 cells, infected with ectromelia virus in the presence of an inhibitor of protein synthesis, pactamycin. slowly became susceptible to cell mediated lysis when the pactamycin was removed. The number of polypeptide species synthesized under these conditions was reduced to only three, of molecular weights between 10,000–50,000 daltons.Specific, newly synthesized membrane components recognized by mouse convalescent sera were isolated by immune complexion and examined by PAGE. Six polypeptide bands were seen, the major one correlating with one observed in the pactamycin experiment. The results suggested that the convalescent serum recognized both viral and host cell coded antigens. The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE RESPONSES OF THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP TO ROSS RIVER AND KUNJIN VIRUSES
Authors: Pearson LD , Doherty PC , Hapel A , Marshall ID 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe responses of popliteal lymph nodes of sheep to Ross River virus (RRV) or Kunjin virus (KV) have been studied by monitoring the cell populations, virus titre. antibody titre and plaque‐forming cell (PFC) content of the efferent lymph. In a typical primary response to subcutaneous inoculation in the lower hint! limb of either RRV or KV, the flow rate of lymph increased slightly. Increased cell concentrations in the lymph following inoculation caused the hourly cell outputs to rise 5·3‐ to 10·1‐fold above pre‐challenge levels. High cell outputs were sustained at greater than 3‐fold above pre‐challenge figures for up to 10 days. The increased number of large, blastic lymphocytes ranged from 4·0‐ to 14·9‐fold; the increase in these cells usually followed the rise in total number of lymphocytes by 24 to 48 h and remained at greater than 3‐fold higher levels for up to 12 days.Ross River virus was recovered in the efferent lymph for at least 36 h after inoculation. Sudden disappearance of the virus from the lymph was correlated with the onset of significant haemagglutination‐inhibition antibody titres by 3 to 4 days after infection. In the efferent lymph, PFC were detected 5 to 7 days after primary or secondary inoculation of KV or RRV when lymphocytes were incubated with specific haemaggluttnin‐coated goose erythrocytes and guinea‐pig complement. Antibody levels in the lymph were persistent while the occurrence of PFC was transient.
EPERYTHROZOON OVIS: THE DIFFERENCE IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BETWEEN INFECTED AND UNINFECTED SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Sutton RH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe glucose utilization, lactic and pyruvic acid production and oxygen uptake of normal and Eperythrozoon ovis infected sheep erythrocytes were measured under aerobic conditions. Infected cells showed marked increases in both glucose utilization and acid production as compared with controls. Uninfected erythrocyte samples which included a percentage of reticulocytes comparable to that found in E. ovis infection showed no apparent difference in glucose utilization and lactic acid production from the normal control erythrocytes, although considerable increases in the oxygen uptake were recorded.
PROSTAGLANDIN IN THE SALIVA OF THE CATTLE TICK BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS
Authors: Dickinson RG , O'Hagan JE , Schotz Martina , Binnington KC , Hecarty MP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPrevious studies of saliva from engorged female cattle ticks revealed a component which induced contraction of some isolated smooth muscles. Fractionation and further characterisation have shown that this substance is of the “slow‐reacting” type, but that it is neither a bradykinin nor slow‐reacting substance of anaphylaxis. The substance is deactivated by incubation with 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and its pharmacological properties also support its classification as a prostaglandin. A second pharmacologically‐active component has now been found in the saliva but has not yet been characterised.
THE ROLE OF ADHERENT CELLS IN THE SECONDARY CELL‐MEDIATED RESPONSE IN VITRO TO A NATURAL POXVIRUS PATHOGEN
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe role of adherent cells in an in vitro secondary response to ectromelia virus infection was investigated. Spleen cells from ectromelia‐primed mice (“responder” cells) depleted of adherent cells by either carbonyl iron treatment, adherence to plastic or passage through cotton wool columns had a markedly decreased capacity to produce a secondary response, as indicated by decreased T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against virus‐infected target cells, when cultured with virus‐infected “stimulator” cells. The secondary response was restored by the addition of peritoneal cells from cither normal or ectromelia‐immune mice. Small numbers of peritoneal cells completely reconstituted the response within a certain dose range but larger numbers produced a marked inhibition of the response. Spleen cells were less effective in restoring the response. The peritoneal cells were not merely acting as additional, infected “stimulator” or antigen‐presenting cells, since they could be added as late as 3 days after culture. Reconstituting activity was not affected by pretreatment with anti‐θ serum and complement and cell separation studies showed that the activity was associated mainly with Ig‐negative cells and that the active cell probably bears Ia antigens on its surface. These results indicate that the adherent cells involved are probably macrophages and that they act non‐specifically to produce optimum conditions for the specific response of T cells.
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PRENATAL ASSESSMENT OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYME DEFICIENCY IN EIGHT CASES AT RISK
Authors: Carey WF , Nelson PV , Pollard AC 
Published: November 2007

SummarySome of the factors which are to be considered in the antenatal diagnostic evaluation of lysosomal enzyme levels in cultured amniotic fluid cells are discussed in the light of eight consecutive cases in which the foetuses had a 1 in 4 chance of being homozygous for a lysosomal storage disease. There were 2 possible cases of GM1 gangliosidosis, 2 of neuropathic Gaucher's disease, 1 of Krabbe's disease and 2 of Pompe's disease. Each infant was predicted to be unaffected; the assessments were confirmed to be correct post‐natally–7 by enzyme studies. Using a micro technique, 5 of the assessments were available in 28 days or less following amniocentesis. It is concluded that in certain circumstances skin fibroblasts may be used as valid controls and that the variability of assay results strongly militates against the confident assignment of heterozygous status and may cause difficulties in the identification of the homozygote in cases where ‘residual’ enzyme activity is high; concomitant family studies assist in the resolution of such problems.
A PNEUMATICALLY DRIVEN PUMP FOR CONSTANT PERFUSION MANOMETRY
Authors: Dent J , Culross J , Morris JM 
Published: November 2007

SummarySyringe pumps are almost universally used for constant perfusion oesophageal manometry, despite important technical limitations. A pneumatically driven perfusion pump has been designed specifically for oesophageal manometry. This pump requires less than one third the flow setting of a syringe pump to achieve a given rate of pressure rise. It is simple to operate and needs infrequent refilling. Nearly two years' practical experience with this pump has confirmed its superiority over the syringe pump for constant perfusion manometry.