bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clay-sealings from the Fayum
Authors: Milne J. G. 
Published: May 2006

During the excavations of Messrs. Hogarth Grenfell and Hunt for the Egypt Exploration Fund in the winter of 1895–6 on the site of Karanis (Kom Ushim) in the Fayum, a considerable number of clay-sealings were found, mainly in the cellars of the Roman houses. These were recently put in my hands for investigation and offer some interesting material.The sealings have evidently come from various kinds of articles: in many instances the clay is too much broken for any determination of the shape which it had taken to be possible; but among the better preserved pieces are examples from the mouths of bottles, some of which have been squeezed down into the neck like a cork, others placed over a linen covering, sometimes tied down with cord: others are from the flat sides of wooden boxes, often showing the marks of cord: others again from parcels of irregular shape, in some cases seemingly wrapped in papyrus. The common points of all are that they consist of lumps of Nile-mud, and that they have been impressed, while the clay was damp, with signets, which were presumably those of the merchants who forwarded the goods upon which the sealings were placed.
On the Long Walls of Athens
Authors: Caspari M. O. B. 
Published: May 2006

According to the view which has long held the field and is still the most widely accepted, the Long Walls which the Athenians constructed in the fifth century to connect their town and harbour were three in number, viz., two outer walls extending respectively to the northern and southern sections of the harbour fortifications, and an intermediate wall running longitudinally in the gap between the outer pair.This theory rests on evidence which prima facie appears very strong. Harpocration distinctly enumerates three walls, known respectively as the Northern, the Southern or Middle, and the Phaleric one, and in support of his statement he quotes a passage from Aristophanes, in which three walls are likewise mentioned. The same number of walls also seems to be implied in a passage of Thucydides, where mention is made, firstly, of a Phaleric wall, and secondly, of ‘Long Walls,’ which should presumably be identified with the Northern and Southern walls of Harpocration, so as to make three walls in all.
Some Hellenistic Portraits
Authors: Dickins Guy 
Published: May 2006

1. Ptolemy Soter, the general of Alexander and founder of the Egyptian dynasty, is as well known to us numismatically as any figure in ancient history. His head appears not only on the coins of all his successors up to the time of the Roman conquest, but also on his own later issues, and therefore we have every reason to suppose that the portraits is a faithful one. On this question of verisimilitude in ancient portraits there are of course great distinctions to be drawn not only between periods but also between personages of ancient history.Hellenistic portraits are, as a class, faithful renderings of nature, but we have still to make some reservations in comparing them with modern or with Roman likenesses. Idealism never died out of Greek art, and especially in the case of monarchs an official likeness is not always faithful in detail. This applies as much to coins as to statues or busts. Provided the coin shewed an easily recognised type, there was no need to reproduce accidental details. There is a tendency in all coin-portraits to over-emphasise the distinguishing personal features and to omit the unnecessary accidentals. One might take as an instance Alexander Balas of Syria. The length of his nose and the size of his chin were the most marked features of his face, and they are reproduced on all his coins. But the exact contour of his nose was not remarkable, and it appears as aquiline on some coins and retroussè on others.
Ancient Flutes from Egypt
Authors: Southgate T. Lea 
Published: May 2006

In examining and dealing with the fragments of some Flutes found by Professor Garstang during his excavations at the Royal City of Meroë, about fifty miles from Khartoum in the Sûdân, a brief consideration may perhaps be permitted respecting the conditions which obtained at this old Nubian capital on the Upper Nile, so far as they appertain to a phase of music long passed away. It may aid in tracing the origin of these particular flutes, and determining whether they are of local workmanship, or imported.Kush, an ancient kingdom comprised in Ethiopia, later became one of the dependencies of Egypt proper. From the period of the invasion of Cambyses, B.C. 530, his seizure and destruction of Thebes, the island city of Meroë, decreed by the conqueror to be the capital of the province, became a great trade emporium. Greek influence then began to obtain in the land of the Nile. Although of course the customs, arts, and learning of the more ancient Egyptians extensively prevailed among these more southern people, Meroë was a place of great importance, possessing enough rich and cultured persons to import for use and enjoyment products of art from notable places beyond the Egyptian shores of the Mediterranean.
Antiques in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook, Bart., at Doughty House, Richmond
Authors: Strong Eugénie 
Published: May 2006

The monumental work of Professor Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, must always remain the basis of any study among English collections of antiques. But since its publication in 1882 not a few collections have changed hands, others have been dispersed, while others, more fortunate, have been enlarged; in these various processes much that was unknown even to Michaelis has come to light, and he himself soon supplemented his great work by two important papers printed in this Journal in 1884 and 1885. He prefaced the first of these supplementary papers with the following words:‘I cannot help thinking that there must be in Great Britain a good deal of bidden treasure…which would perhaps easier come to light if there were a place expressly destined to receive such communications…I have therefore ventured to propose to the Editors to open in this Journal a corner for storing up such supplements…As a first instalment, I here offer some notes which may begin the series…May other lovers and students of the Classic art, especially in Great Britain, follow my example.’
Archaeology in Greece (1908–1909)
Authors: Dawkins R. M. 
Published: May 2006

The twelve months since the writing of the last of these Reports have witnessed a continuation of most of the excavations then noticed, although it has been a year rather of promise than of many important discoveries. The prospect of a Middle Minoan III cemetery at Knossos, a period which has yielded some of the finest objects, and the discovery of Mycenean remains by the British School near Sparta give good hope for the future, whilst the French excavation of Delos has made steady progress, and the German work at Tiryns and in the neighbourhood of Olympia has produced good results.The Greek Archaeological Society has continued all through the year the work on the buildings of the Acropolis. The Erechtheion is now finished, and the Propylaia has been begun. The fallen blocks from the architrave and elsewhere are now to be replaced in situ, and when this has been done a decision is to be taken as to how much further it is desirable to continue the work.
An Unedited Funeral Monument
Authors: Haines C. R. 
Published: May 2006

In the Rectory garden at Ewhurst, Sussex, while the late Rev. A. J. Tuck was rector, there was discovered in 1905, obscured by earth and debris in the rockery, the remarkable Greek stele here illustrated. It is now in the possession of the rector's widow, Mrs. Tuck Powell.The living of Ewhurst had previously been held by the Rev. G. J. Boudier, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, who had been a chaplain in the Crimea; and he may have procured this marble there or on his way out or back in Greece. Nothing further is known of its provenance, or can be guessed except from the relic itself.The face which we have has been roughly broken off from its back, leaving the surface uneven. At the back on the upper part about two inches of marble remain at the left end, which gradually slopes down to a very thin edge on the right end, the marble here being left in the rough. On the left side of the marble at the back the broken portion is smoothed and slopes inwards, being from 2½ inches thick to 3¼ inches at the bottom end. Along the bottom and at the back the stone has been smoothed and is 3½ inches thick.
The North Greek Affiliations of Certain Groups of Trojan Names
Authors: Macurdy Grace Harriet 
Published: May 2006

In the Quarterly Review for July, 1916, Professor J. B. Bury writes as follows:—‘The Trojans were doubtless early immigrants from the Balkan peninsula. How comes it that their rulers have Greek names? The name of Priam himself is not indeed obviously Greek, but in its Aeolic form Perramos it may well be so; and Priam's father was Laomedon. Hector is Greek as Nestor, and was in later time the name of a prince of Chios. Paris has the second name of Alexandros; and the natural assumption is that “Paris” was a Phrygian name given him by his Phrygian mother, Hecuba. The names of the other children of Priam who come into the story—Cassandra, Helenus, Deiphobus, etc.—are Greek. We have to choose between two inferences. Either the bards deliberately substituted Greek for foreign names, or the rulers of the Troad were Greek. The second alternative, startling as it may appear, seems to us to accord with other evidence and to afford the most satisfactory explanation of the data of the Iliad.
The System of the Pentathlon
Authors: Pihkala Captain Lauri , Gardiner E. Norman 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Norman Gardiner, in his Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals, pp. 369–370, comes to the following conclusions as to the method of deciding the pentathlon:—1. From a passage in Xenophon, Hellenica, vii. 4. 29, he concludes that some sort of elimination took place and that only those were allowed to compete in wrestling who had qualified in the first four events. ‘As to the qualification, speculation is useless. We must be content to accept the words of Xenophon and hope that the discovery of some inscription or papyrus may enlighten us.’2. From the account given by Philostratus of the mythical invention of the pentathlon by Jason, he concludes that victory in three events was sufficient but not necessary. Peleus, we are told, was victorious in wrestling and second in the four other events, and ‘ Jason wishing to please Peleus, combined the five events and thus secured to him the victory in the whole competition.’ ‘Only two explanations are possible. Either wrestling counted more than the other events, a quite unwarranted assumption, or, in case of a tie at least, account was taken of places, i.e. the result was determined by a system of marks.’ As to details, ‘ speculation is useless.’
The Shield Signal at the Battle of Marathon
Authors: Reynolds P. K. Baillie 
Published: May 2006

So much has already been written about the battle of Marathon that it is only with great hesitation that the present writer ventures to make another contribution to the subject. But it seems that in spite of the various conjectures and explanations that have been advanced, there is still a solution of the shield signal which has escaped notice hitherto, and which simplifies the story.For the general scheme of the battle this paper follows in the main the first reconstruction by Mr. J. A. R. Munro (J.H.S. xix. p. 185), with which Dr. Grundy is in substantial agreement (The Great Persian War): the essential feature in this version is, of course, the division of the Persian forces at Marathon after a delay of several days. It is only in the interpretation of the shield signal that any claim to originality can be made, and the view of the signal here given is based on the acceptance of the Herodotean story that a shield was flashed, and that it was flashed when the barbarians were already in their ships.
Addendum to J.H.S., XLIV. pp. 223–253
Authors: Walston Charles 
Published: May 2006

In my desire for compression in my article on ‘The Establishment of the Classical Type in Greek Art,’ I omitted to mention the influence of ‘costume’ in emancipating the Greek type of body from the dominant Eastern or tropical type with the fashion of the narrow or wasp-like waist. In a few words it may be stated: that, in tropical and in most savage life, the ‘loin-cloth’ is the common form of dress. In Oriental and Egyptian art this loin-cloth often takes a long, conventional and triangular form. The girdle, or belt, which fastens and upholds this loin-cloth, must be tightly drawn round the waist, and then marks a division between the upper and lower body. It thus habituates the eye to this subdivision between the upper and lower body, and has of itself the tendency to introduce the taste for the narrow waist.The Greek shirt or chiton, supplemented or followed by the peplos or outer cloak, hides the waist. But, in most cases where the chiton only is worn, it is drawn over the belt or thong at the waist in graceful folds, and thus hides the waist-line. In athletic exercises and games, however, the figures were nude, and showed no compression or narrowing of the waist. Even when draped, Greek dress did not tend to produce the ‘narrow-waist fashion’ which the loin-cloth favoured. But the really efficient cause for the characteristic Hellenic type of the nude body is—as I stated—to be found in the establishment of Greek athletic games and the Ephebic order.
‘The Tomb of Aspasia’
Authors: Smith A. H. 
Published: May 2006

In the literature of the Elgin Collection there is not infrequent reference to the ‘Tomb of Aspasia’ and its contents, which are of interest. The name, however, as I show below, has not even such measure of authority as may be supposed to attach to a local tradition.During Philip Hunt's stay at Athens, his attention was called to a large tumulus in the Attic plain, and he made arrangements for its excavation. ‘The Calmuck,’ he wrote to Lord Elgin, November 28, 1802, ‘is to begin his excavation of a Tumulus near the Piraeus tomorrow.’ When Lord Elgin visited Athens in January, 1803, on his homeward journey from Constantinople, he sent men from the Diana frigate to continue the excavation, the Diana being the man-of-war in which, as a returning Ambassador, he made his passage.Nothing apparently was found at this attempt. Indeed the tumulus was much too large an undertaking for such cursory treatment. Fifteen months later the work was taken up again by Lusieri, who reported to Lord Elgin (May 18, 1804) that while he was for the time being excluded from the Acropolis, he was employing the workmen ‘in excavations in various places, not without success.’ This is followed by the account of the excavation ‘du grand tombeau dans les vignes pour aller au Pirée,’ which has been already printed in this Journal.
The North-West Frontier of Attica
Authors: Chandler Lilian 
Published: May 2006

Of all the states in ancient Greece, Attica seems to have had the most interesting and complete system of land defences. A chain of important fortresses, of most of which there are still considerable remains, follows the line of the Kithairon–Parnes range: Eleutherai, Oinoe, Panakton, Phyle, Dekeleia, Aphidna and Rhamnous. It may appear at first that this series of strongholds was designed expressly to mark off Athenian territory, but whilst incidentally and in large measure they served this end, in origin they were intended rather to defend the various roads from Attica into Boeotia. A fresh examination of these forts and their relation to the Attic frontier may be of some service and interest.The natural boundary of Attica on the N.W. is the mountain ridge which begins on the Halkyonian sea-coast behind Aigosthena and continues almost due eastward to the Straits of Euboea, reaching the sea at Cape Kalamos. It is not surprising, therefore, to learn that the early tradition made the Megarid and Attica into a single kingdom. Plato, describing an idealised primitive Attica, gives as the boundaries the Isthmus and the heights of Kithairon and Parnes extending down to the sea, with Oropos on the right and the Asopos on the left.
Archaeology in Greece, 1928–1929
Authors: Woodward A. M. 
Published: May 2006

This report, in which the usual arrangement is adopted, includes all the excavation-accounts which have reached me up to September 30th, 1929. Those concerning the work of the French School, the German School and the Greek Archaeological Service relate to work done in 1928; the rest mainly concern the campaigns of 1929.American SchoolDuring the season of 1929 the American School, under Professor Rhys Carpenter, have continued their work on Old Corinth, selecting three areas for excavation:—the first, just north of the Peribolos of Apollo and east of the Lechaeum Road, revealed a large though much-destroyed Roman thermal establishment, where the well-preserved floor-piers of two hypocaust rooms and a deep marble-lined pool leave no doubt as to the purpose of the building, identified by Professor Carpenter with the famous Baths of Eurykles, described by Pausanias. The second area lies between the Temple of Apollo and the village road on the north. In antiquity the rocky hill on which the Temple stood had been cut away to a vertical rock-face, some 20 feet high, and Professor Carpenter's purpose is to restore the ancient isolation of the Temple.
Seven Vases from the Hope Collection
Authors: Lamb Winifred 
Published: May 2006

It is by publication that a private collection can best apologise for its existence, and for the following vases which passed from the Hope Collection to mine this apology is due:—B.-F. Lekythos (Figs. 1, 2). Overbeck, Die Bildwerke zum Thebischen und Troischen Heldenkreis, Pl. XIX. 7, p. 455; Raoul Ruchette, Mon. In. xviii. 2; Hope Sale Catalogue, No. 19. Ht. 312 m. The body is wide in order to accommodate the subject, the neck short, the foot low and spreading. The back of the vase has been restored. Below the neck are rays, on the shoulder palmettes, above the design a pattern of dots between lines, below a line and a broad band of black edged with purple.
The Date of the Athena Rospigliosi Type
Authors: Waldhauer Oscar 
Published: May 2006

The great number of replicas of the youthful Athena known as the Rospigliosi type proves that the original was a famous statue. The bad state of preservation as well as variations in the different copies have made it difficult to date the original; the lack of good reproductions has also caused misunderstandings and has led astray the scholars who have dealt with the type. I think it necessary, therefore, to publish here a Hermitage fragment of very good workmanship, which is untouched and unrestored by any modern master. I shall not here undertake to explain the strange attributes—stars on the aegis, sea-monster in the Rospigliosi statue; the present purpose is merely to fix the date of the original.The fragment reproduced here for the first time in fairly good photographs (Plates VII., VIII.) was found in 1823 in the so-called Vigna del Collegio Inglese on the Palatine at Rome, and formed part of the Museo Campana until 1861. The Emperor Alexander II bought a part of this collection for the Hermitage; among these marbles the fragment of the Athena statue found its way to the then newly-arranged Museum of Ancient Sculpture. Being only a fragment it was exhibited in a rather dark corner and could not be sufficiently well studied. A rough drawing in Gerhard's Antike Denkmäler and a very small illustration in Kieseritzky's Catalogue of 1901 were the only accessible publications.
Poet Or Law-giver?
Authors: Reinach Theodore 
Published: May 2006

Few Greek statues are so famous as the draped marble figure, somewhat larger than life, known under the name of ‘Sophocles,’ which has been for many years the chief attraction of the Lateran Museum (Figs. 1, 2). Indeed it was on account of this statue, and on the occasion of its discovery, that Pope Gregory XVI ordered a part of the Lateran Palace to be converted into a Museum, wishing to provide the gem with a worthy shrine of its own.Nor is such fame undeserved.The calm and dignified attitude, the high-spirited head, the clever and harmonious arrangement of the drapery, the careful, broad and supple workmanship—everything combines to make our statue not only a masterpiece of Greek art, but the classical type of an Athenian gentleman shown in the bloom of full manhood, as he may have been met with sauntering about the theatre or agora in the fifth century B.C.Though all do not agree that we have here, as has been often said, the finest lifesize portrait which has come down to us from Hellenic sculpture, at any rate, since the first day of its appearance, artists and archaeologists have been unanimous in its praise.
Inheritance by adoption in Phrygia: an inscription
Authors: Guthrie W. K. C. 
Published: May 2006

The following is from my notebook of an Anatolian journey made in 1932. The text is from a copy on the spot subsequently checked by impression and photograph:—In a fountain about 2 km. South of Salir (i.e. at the North end of L. Karalis), limestone stele broken above. In the field, two eagles, below them two female figures, below them a standing lion facing 1., with his r. forefoot on the head of an ox. Inscription on the moulded base. H. 1.29 m., W. 0.53–0.56, Th. 0.33–0.16, Letters 0.015–0.02.
Attic lekythi in the Beaney Institute, Canterbury
Authors: Cook Godfrey G. 
Published: May 2006

H 113 is a red-figured lekythos, the head, neck and handle missing: present height 18.5 cm. Its subject is Nike standing before a small altar; on this is a bowl into which she pours a libation.H 124 is a red-figured lekythos, entire; height 25.4 cm. Nike, in running attitude, before an altar, holds a torch in each hand; the left raised, and with the right kindling a flame on the altar. The wing is different in design from that in H 113, and is detached.
The Congress at Athens (October, 1931) on the Preservation of Monuments
Authors: Smith C. H. 
Published: May 2006

The International Conference on the Protection and Preservation of Monuments of Art and History took place in Athens from October 21st, 1930. Part of the time was taken up in visits to Daphni and Eleusis, and in a cruise to Nauplia (for Epidauros, Tiryns and Mycenae), Crete (Knossos, Phaestos and Malea) and Delos.About three days only were available for the reading of papers and discussions, which ranged over a large field, covering monuments of all periods, the chief aim being to collate evidence as to methods already adopted in different countries, and to discuss the possible advantage to be derived from centralised study or action by the International Museums Office. As a result, the Conference passed a series of resolutions which, though for the most part of a somewhat generalised order, will, it is hoped, enable the Office to prepare measures with the view of implementing at least some of the agreed principles.