bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualizing feedback‐enhanced contrast in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Huang Susie Y. , Chung Ava P. , Lin Yung‐Ya 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA new approach to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement has recently been developed that exploits nonlinear feedback interactions to amplify contrast arising from small variations in the underlying MRI parameters. A unified framework for understanding feedback‐enhanced contrast is presented here based on the concepts of instability and positive feedback. The specific mechanisms governing contrast enhancement under the feedback interactions of radiation damping, the distant dipolar field, and their joint effect are elucidated through numerical simulations illustrating the involved spin dynamics. Experimental demonstrations of feedback‐enhanced contrast are shown on samples of in vitro human brain tissue, and applications to improving lesion detection in disease states such as epilepsy and cancer are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 378–393, 2007.
Heterogeneous expression of SNAP‐25 in rat and human brain
Authors: Garbelli Rita , Inverardi Francesca , Medici Valentina , Amadeo Alida , Verderio Claudia , Matteoli Michela , Frassoni Carolina 
Published: November 2007

AbstractConfocal laser scanning microscope image of double‐labeling immunohistochemistry for SNAP‐25 (green) and v‐GAT (magenta) in the rat somatosensory cortex. SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity was undetectable in inhibitory terminals identified by v‐GAT antibody both scattered in the neuropil and clustered around unlabeled neurons. Golgi‐like SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity was rarely seen in unlabeled large pyramidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:373–386, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bithiophene‐Fused Benzo[c]phospholes: Novel P,S‐Containing Hybrid π‐Conjugated Systems with Small HOMO–LUMO Energy Gaps
Authors: Miyajima Tooru , Matano Yoshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes were successfully prepared by a TiII‐mediated cyclization of dialkynylated bithiophene derivatives. It was revealed that the optical and electrochemical properties of the bithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes are deeply related to the π‐conjugation modes at the fused bithiophene subunits. Both experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the appropriately ring‐annulated systems are potential emitters with small HOMO–LUMO energy gaps covering the orange‐to‐red region due to the efficient π‐electron delocalization over the three conjugated heterole rings.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A review ofa posteriorierror control and adaptivity for approximations of non‐linear conservation laws
Authors: Ohlberger Mario 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this contribution we give an overview on recent progress in obtaininga posteriorierror control for finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin approximations of non‐linear hyperbolic conservation laws. The theory is based on the celebrated doubling of variables technique introduced by Kružkov (Math. USSR Sb. 1970;10:217–243).A posteriorierror control is of particular importance as it can be used for designing efficient grid adaptive schemes. The derivation of such adaptive methods is discussed and numerical experiments are given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing global and local strategic contexts: Expatriate knowledge transfer, applications, and learning within a transnational organization
Authors: Hocking J. Barry , Brown Michelle , Harzing Anne‐Wil 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe investigate how expatriates contribute to the transnational firm's strategic objectives of global efficiency, national (”local”) responsiveness, and worldwide learning. We focus on expatriate knowledge application and experiential learning achievements, two assignment‐based outcomes of potential strategic value to the firm. We assess how the individual's everyday knowledge access and communication activities, measured by frequency and geographic extent, affect these assignment outcomes. Within our case organization, a prototype transnational firm, we find that expatriate knowledge applications result from frequent knowledge access and communication with the corporate headquarters and other global units of the firm. In contrast, their experiential learning derives from frequent access to hostcountry (local) knowledge that subsequently is adapted to the global corporate context. From a practical perspective, we conclude that experiential learning is an invaluable resource for both present and future corporate assignments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct expression patterns of the immunogenic differentiation antigen NY‐BR‐1 in normal breast, testis and their malignant counterparts
Authors: Theurillat Jean‐Philippe , Zürrer‐Härdi Ursina , Varga Zsuzsanna , Barghorn André , Saller Elisabeth , Frei Claudia , Storz Martina , Behnke Silvia , Seifert Burkhardt , Fehr Mathias , Fink Daniel , Rageth Christoph , Linsenmeier Claudia , Pestalozzi Bernhard , Chen Yao‐Tseng , Knuth Alexander , Jäger Dirk , Moch Holger 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNY‐BR‐1 is a differentiation antigen and a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Its mRNA expression is restricted to breast, testis, prostate and breast cancer by RT‐PCR. In this study, we correlated NY‐BR‐1 protein and mRNA expression on tissue microarrays of mammary, prostatic and testicular malignancies using immunohistochemisty and in situ hybridization with probes for exon 4–7 and 30–33. NY‐BR‐1 mRNA was confined to primary spermatocytes, suggesting a role in spermatogenesis. Exon 4–7 and 30–33 were equally expressed this cell type. However, NY‐BR‐1 was absent in all germ cell tumours analyzed (n = 475) and present in one of 56 (2%) prostate carcinomas. In breast, NY‐BR‐1 mRNA expression was detected in 307 of 442 (70%) primary carcinomas, with strong correlation to its protein expression (p < 0.0001). mRNA expression was significantly stronger and more frequently detected by the exon 30–33 probe than by the exon 4–7 probe (70% vs. 35%, p < 0.0001), indicating the presence of alternative splice variants that lack 5‐prime sequences. A similar restricted mRNA pattern was also observed in the normal breast epithelium. NY‐BR‐1 protein and mRNA correlated significantly with estrogen receptor α (ERα) protein expression (p < 0.0001), with stronger association to NY‐BR‐1 mRNA than protein (odds ratio 7.7 compared to 4.6). We identified 4 estrogen response elements (ERE)‐like sequences nearby the promoter region, suggesting that NY‐BR‐1 transcription might be controlled by ERα. Accordingly, analysis of matching pairs of primary tumors with their recurrences showed a marked decrease of NY‐BR‐1 expression in recurrences after tamoxifen treatment (p < 0.0001). © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparin‐conjugated star‐shaped PLA for improved biocompatibility
Authors: Go Dong Hyun , Joung Yoon Ki , Park Sun Young , Park Yong Doo , Park Ki Dong 
Published: November 2007

AbstractStar‐shaped PLA‐heparin (sPLA‐Hep) was prepared by coupling heparin to the star‐shaped PLA (sPLA) reaction using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) chemistry. Hydroxyl groups of sPLA were activated by CDI for the reaction with the remained amino‐terminal groups of heparin. The surface heparin content of sPLA‐Hep was measured to be 1.43 μg/cm2. sPLA‐Hep‐coated surface has shown higher hydrophilicity than control surface. The clotting time of sPLA‐Hep measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was significantly prolonged when compared with sPLA and linear PLA‐Hep. sPLA‐Hep surface demonstrated lower protein adsorption and platelet adhesion than control sPLA surface. In addition, fibroblast culture on the sPLA‐Hep surface showed the enhanced cell spreading area compared with the sPLA surface. Obtained results suggest that the incorporation of heparin to sPLA is effective in curtailing the surface induced‐thrombosis and in manipulating the cell interaction. sPLA‐Hep could be applied as blood/tissue compatible biodegradable materials for implantable medical devices and tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
The use of autogenous costal cartilage graft in septorhinoplasty
Authors: MSc Ali Moshaver , Gantous Andres 
Published: November 2007

INTRODUCTIONReconstructive septorhinoplasty in complex nasal deformities often requires harvesting a large amount of tissue for grafting. Autogenous septal cartilage has generally been considered the gold standard grafting material. The aim of this paper was to report our experience with the use of costal cartilage grafts in cases with significant structural deformities and insufficient septal cartilage.DESIGNRetrospective chart review.PATIENTSBetween 1998 and 2006, 37 patients underwent septorhinoplasty using costal cartilage as the primary source for grafting. Twenty‐two men and 14 women with a median age of 42 were enrolled in the study. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, and immediate and late complications were reviewed. The follow‐up range was 3 to 72 months.CONCLUSIONSAutogenous costal cartilage graft is a viable option in reconstructive septorhinoplasty. We advocate the use of this graft in septorhinoplasty cases requiring a large volume of tissue and insufficient septal cartilage.
Representing Akaitcho: European vision and revision in the writing of John Franklin'sNarrative of a journey to the shores of the polar sea. . .
Authors: Cavell Janice 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis article compares the representations of aboriginal people, and especially the Yellowknife leader Akaitcho, in the journal written by John Franklin during his first expedition (1819–1822) and the narrative he published in 1823. In the introduction to his 1995 Champlain Society edition of Franklin's journal, Richard Davis claims that when revising the journal for publication, Franklin changed his original entries so as to present an unfavourable, stereotyped image of Akaitcho to the British reading public. However, comparison of the relevant passages shows that, while Franklin evidently viewed Akaitcho with distrust during much of the expedition, he later, and on reflection, changed his opinion so that it became much more favourable, and accordingly altered the journal entries in order to do Akaitcho justice. These facts cast doubt on the interpretation of the first Franklin expedition put forward by Davis and others.
HUMORAL AND CELLULAR RESPONSES OF MICE TO A PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN.: PLAQUES AND PARALYSIS, IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Kearney R , Halliday WJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCells forming the haemolytic type of anti‐SIII antibody were counted in muse spleens by a plaque method. Plaque‐forming cells were shown to be present after low doses of antigen (when haemagglutinating and haemolytic antibodies were circulating) and after moderately high doses (when only haemolytic antibodies were detectable), but not after very high doses (when all circulating antibody was absent). Plaque‐forming cells were also found under certain conditions (early in the immune response or in the presence of high titres of haemagglutinating antibody) when haemolytic antibody was not apparent in the serum. These findings are discussed in terms of competition between the two antibodies and preferential neutralization of haemagglutinating antibody by antigen.As far as haemolytic antibody is concerned, immunological paralysis after high doses of SIII appears to be a central inhibition of antibody‐forming cells.Primary immune responses in vitro were demonstrated with normal mouse spleen cells treated with SIII. A moderate dose of antigen elicited significant numbers of specific plaque‐forming cells. A high dose produced a situation analogous to paralysis.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL CAPACITY OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL DONORS AFTER THEIR TRANSFER TO RATS TOLERANT OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: McCullagh PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe persistence of cells with the capacity to differentiate for haemolysin formation has been examined in erythrocyte‐tolerant rats transfused with lymphocytes from normal rats. Following the transfer of untreated thoracic duct lymphocytes, plaque‐forming ceil precursors could be recovered from the host's spleen during the first three days, although plaque‐forming cells themselves failed to appear at any time. It is suggested that the sudden disappearance of antibody‐forming cell precursors reflects the induction of immunological tolerance in the transfused lymphocytes or their progeny.When lymphocytes which have been antigenically stimulated in vitro are transferred to tolerant hosts, large numbers of antibody‐forming cell precursors can be recovered from the host spleens during the third week after transfer. This implies that, if the disappearance of precursor cells from transferred populations of unstimulated lymphocytes represents the induction of tolerance, this state is less readily induced in antigenically stimulated cells.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL HAEMAGGLUTININS FOUND IN SERUM AND MUCUS OF THE CATFISH, TACHYSURUS AUSTRALIA
Authors: Di Conza JJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNatural haemagglutinins for sheep, rabbit, guinea‐pig and human erythrocytes were present in serum and body mucus of catfish. No natural haemagglutinins for these erythrocytes were present in intestinal mucus secretions.Because of differences in heat stability, sensitivity to 2‐mercaptaethanol treatment and the results of absorption studies, it was suggested the mucus and serum haemagglutinins were probably different molecular species.
THE RELATIVE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICIENCY OF IgM, IgG AND IgA FROM PIG COLOSTRUM
Authors: Knop J , Breu H , Wernet P , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIgA, IgG and IgM have been isolated and purified from colostrum of two sows immunized with E. coli 0111. The three immunoglobulin classes have been tested for their direct bactericidal action with complement and for their opsonic and intracellular killing activity in a test using mouse peritoneal phagocytes.IgA showed only marginal bactericidal action with complement in contrast to IgM and IgG. However, the specific IgA antibody was found to be more active in promoting phagocytosis and intracellular killing than either IgM or IgG.These observations suggest that IgA may play an important role in intestinal immunity.
THE CELLULAR AND HUMORAL RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS IN LAMBS THYMECTOMIZED IN UTERO
Authors: Cole GJ , Morris Bede 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe responses of in utero thymectomized lambs to three different antigens, swine influenza virus (strain Shope 15), boiled Salmonella muenchen organisms and chicken red blood cells, have been studied in terms of the cellular and antibody responses in lymph coming from the popliteal node.It was found that, although thymectomized lambs had a greatly reduced total cell output from the popliteal node, the significant features of the immune response in these animals were unaffected. There were no significant differences between thymectomized and control lambs in terms of the production of large cells or basophilic cells, neither were there any differences in the number of plaque‐forming cells leaving the node, in total antibody production in lymph or sera, nor any qualitative differences in the type of antibody produced.The response of thymectomized or splenectomized lambs, or lambs with both thymus and spleen removed, to the intravenous injection of S. muenchen organisms was also studied. The type and the quantity of antibody produced in the circulating blood of these animals was no different from normal control lambs. It was concluded from these results that, in the lamb, neither the spleen nor the thymus is essential for the development of an adequate cellular or Immoral response to swine influenza virus, to Salmonella muenchen organisms or to chicken red cells.
SPONTANEOUS HYDRONEPHROSIS IN THE INBRED MOUSE STRAIN NZC
Authors: Warner Noel L 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn inbred strain of mice, NZC, was found to have a high incidence of spontaneous hydronephrosis, with up to 56% of males and 81% of females showing some stage of the disease. Either unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis was found in mice between 80 and 660 days of age, and in most cases did not appear to have had a marked effete on survival time. Blood urea nitrogen levels in these mice were slightly elevated. NZC F1 hybrid mice did not show the disease, nor did backcross progeny to normal parent strains. However, 43% of backcross progeny to the NZC parent showed hydronephrosis. These results indicate that a single autonomic recessive gene controls the inheritance of this renal disorder. The relation of this to other reported cases of hydronephrosis and to other genetic disorders in NZ mice is discussed.
INDIVIDUAL CELL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO UNDERGO DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE TO ISOPRENALINE
Authors: Radley JM , Hodgson GS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe probability of an acinar cell participating in successive waves of isoprenaline‐induced division has been examined in the submaxillary gland of the adult rat. Results of experiments using 3HTdR auto radiography show that the probability of a cell dividing more than once is low. Increased polyploid cell formation may be the factor responsible for the limited proliferative potential, but the results are also consistent with the idea that these cells have an inherent incapacity to undergo more than one or two divisions.
AGONIST‐ANTAGONIST INTERACTION AT THE CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR OF DENERVATED DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Freeman Shirley E , Turner RJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the cholinergic receptor induced by chronic denervation in the rat diaphragm. The agonists acetylcholine, carbachol and tetramethylammonium produced a dose‐dependent contraction of the denervated diaphragm. These agonists also brought about a graded depolarization of the muscle cells. Supramaximally effective doses of agonists caused desensitization of the preparation; however, there was no cross tachyphylaxis between acetylcholine and carbachol. An attempt to determine the dissociation constants of carbachol and tetramethylammonium from a comparison of equipotent doses was unsuccessful. (+)‐Tubocurarine and gallamine triethiodide antagonized the action of the agonists on the diaphragm. The logarithmic plot of dose ratio‐1 against tubocurarine concentration had the expected slope of close to unity. However, the logarithmic plot of dose ratio‐1 against gallamine concentration had a slope of less than unity; it is suggested that there may be competition between the quaternary nitrogens of gallamine for receptor anionic sites. Temperature changes between 21–35° did not significantly affect the dissociation constant (Keq) for tubocurarine or gallamine, suggesting a small or zero net enthalpy change for the binding reaction to the receptor, and a large positive net entropy term.
HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES IN VITRO OF SPLEEN CELLS FROM MICE WITH THYMIC APLASIA (NUDE MICE)
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Wagner H , Basten A , Holmes Margaret 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe immunological function of lymphocytes derived from the spleen of congenitally athymic (“nude”) mice was investigated in in vitro culture systems. There was a normal antibody response (as compared with appropriate controls) of these cells to dinitrophenylated polymeric flagellin, an antigen which has previously been shown to elicit normal responses in the absence of T lymphocytes. The response to sheep erythrocytes, however, was diminished, but not totally abolished. The response to sheep erythrocytes could be restored by a population of pure T lymphocytes.The cell mediated allograft response of spleen cells from nude mice was also investigated. It was found that spleen cells from nude mice did not yield any cytotoxic response. Since cell‐mediated cytotoxicity has been shown to be a function of T lymphocytes, spleen cells of nude mice are judged by this functional parameter to be devoid of T cells.
DISAPPEARANCE OF GASTRIN ACROSS THE LUNG
Authors: Korman MG , Hansky J , Ritchie BC , Watts J McK , Maloney JE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUsing a radioimmunoassay for its measurement, the fate of injected Synthetic human gastrin has been studied in intact dogs, sheep and pigs as well as in isolated perfused organ systems (liver and lungs). The half life of synthetic human gastrin was similar in all intact animals at approximately seven minutes. Acute bilateral nephrectomy and total enterectomy did not alter this half life. Gastrin did not disappear after passage across the isolated perfused pig liver. However, the disappearance rate for synthetic human gastrin across the isolated perfused lungs of the dog or sheep was identical to that in the intact animal, and studies in the dog undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass also indicated that the half life of synthetic human gastrin was prolonged to thirty‐five minutes.These studies suggest an important role of the lungs in the disappearance of gastrin from the circulation, but little role for the liver, kidney and small bowel.
CONCOMITANT IMMUNITY TO SYNGENEIC METHYLCHOLANTHRENE INDUCED TUMOURS IN MICE. OCCURRENCE AND SPECIFICITY OF CONCOMITANT IMMUNITY
Authors: Kearney R , Nelson DS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMice bearing progressively growing Isografts of methylcholanthrene induced tumours resisted the growth of cells of the nine tumour Injected into the footpad. Resistance was manifested in two phases. In the first phase resistance was specific for the original tumour. In the second phase, the mice were resistant to other lines of syngeneic methyleholanthrene‐induced tumors. Mice from which the first tumour was completely excised during the development of the first phase had lost their resistance when challenged 5 days later. Mice From which the tumours had been Incompletely excised were as resistant as mice with intact tumours. It is concluded that the resistance of tumour‐bearing mice to footpad isografts of tumours is an example of concomitant immunity.
FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE CHICKEN
Authors: Rouse BT , Szenberg A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe functional and morphological effects of cyclophosphamide (Cy) on the immune response of the chicken were investigated. Chickens given Cy on clays 1, 2 and 4 after hatching failed to produce antibody for at least 6 weeks and had low levels of serum IgG. Birds surviving for more than 6 weeks recovered their immunocompetence. The effect of Cy on cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) was less persistent. Allogeneic skin grafts applied to one‐week‐old treated birds were not rejected but grafts were rejected from 3‐week‐old recipients. At no time was graft versus host activity completely eliminated by Cy treatment.Morphological changes in the lymphoid organs reflected the results of functional tests. Early after treatment, lymphocytes were eliminated from thymus, bursa and spleen. Lymphoid regeneration usually occurred in the thymus by 3 weeks after treatment. Bursal regeneration was observed less frequently, and usually only in birds older than 6 weeks. In many birds, chronic degenerative changes in the epithelial cells were apparent, especially in the bursa.It was speculated that in those birds where thymus or bursa regeneration failed to occur there was damage to the epithelial component of the organs. Possibly the bursal epithelial cells were more susceptible to the action of Cy than were thymic epithelial cells.