bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re‐generating the ‘self’ in learning: developing a culture of supportive learning in practice
Authors: Wilson Valerie , McCormack Brendan , Ives Glenice 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a project that focused on developing a culture of learning where practitioners were able to engage in supported work‐based learning in a Special Care Nursery (SCN). The project was part of a larger study focusing on the implementation and evaluation of an emancipatory practice development programme in an SCN. The aim of this phase of the study was to gain an in‐depth understanding of how the implementation of practice‐development strategies could enable the creation of a culture of supportive learning in practice. The methodological and philosophical structure of the study was based on emancipatory practice development (ePD). The ePD strategies used are aimed at promoting the empowerment of nursing staff, utilizing staff knowledge and expertise to identify the need for change, encouraging reflection on and in practice, incorporating the views of service users in the change process, and supporting staff to challenge themselves and each other. Questions are framed to evaluate systematically the processes and outcomes of the study with a view to identifying changes in the learning culture that may have occurred as a result of PD strategies. Pre‐intervention findings highlighted that tensions existed between what people espoused about learning and what actually occurred in practice. Through the use of PD processes, participants in the study began to focus on the learning environment. Key themes identified in the data included ‘learning about learning’, ‘movement from subservience to partnership’, movement from rituals to reflective questions’ and ‘movement from self‐immersed to working with one another’. Taking self‐responsibility for learning and ‘regenerating the self’ in learning emerged as key issues underpinning these themes and are subthemes of ‘values and beliefs about learning’. It is argued that developing ‘responsible self’ is key to the creation of a culture of learning where practitioners are able to develop mutually supportive relationships in order to learn in and from their practice. In conclusion, learning culture has a significant impact on how nurses go about their everyday practice. The implementation of PD processes enabled a cultural shift to occur. As a result of this, a supportive learning culture embedded within the workplace emerged. Learning about learning was seen as an important part of the context that enabled the development of the responsible self.
Breaking Old Habits: Recent Research on Women, Spirituality, and the Arts in the Middle Ages1
Authors: Mecham June L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe study of women, spirituality, and the arts has progressed considerably over the past twenty‐five years, becoming both more nuanced and sophisticated as well as more conflicted. Recent scholarship on this subject reflects the adoption of broader definitions of the arts and of female religiosity in addition to a weakening of both conceptual and disciplinary boundaries. Current research further demonstrates a greater democratization in the types of women and pious activities studied. Researchers are increasingly re‐conceptualizing piety in terms of grouped or interrelated actions tied to the visual and material culture of medieval Christianity, thereby highlighting the importance of performance within female devotion. While issues of essentialism and agency continue to stimulate debate, researchers have uncovered considerable evidence of the influence medieval women exerted upon religious drama, music, art, literature, and theology. Nevertheless, substantial areas for further research remain.
Forced Labor in Colonial West Africa
Authors: Ash Catherine B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDuring the colonial period in West Africa, European officials and businessmen faced a perennial shortage of labor; their response was to rely on coercion. Despite their rhetoric of “free wage labor,” colonial officials thought Africans needed encouragement to understand time and work discipline. Africans continually resisted, making forced labor inefficient and costly. West Africans incorporated the European rhetoric of the abolition of slavery, free wage labor and workers’ benefits into their protests against colonial labor practices. By the late 1940s, most forms of forced labor had been abolished.
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α agonist, reduces hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation in fatty liver Shionogi mice with hereditary fatty liver
Authors: Harano Yuichi , Yasui Kohichiroh , Toyama Tetsuya , Nakajima Tomoki , Mitsuyoshi Hironori , Mimani Masahito , Hirasawa Tsutomu , Itoh Yoshito , Okanoue Takeshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Background and aims: The fatty liver Shionogi (FLS) mouse, a unique model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is an inbred strain that develops spontaneous hepatic steatosis without obesity or diabetes mellitus. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) α controls fatty acid metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the effect of fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, on hepatic steatosis in FLS mice.Methods: Thirteen‐week‐old FLS mice were fed a diet with 0.1% fenofibrate (w/w) for 12 days. The degree of hepatic steatosis was estimated by histological examination and hepatic triglyceride levels. Expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid turnover, including Acox1, Cpt1a, Fabp1, Acadl, and Acadm, were determined by Northern blot analyses. We measured levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and anti‐oxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the liver.Result: Treatment of FLS mice with fenofibrate improved hepatic steatosis by activating expression of genes involved in fatty acid turnover and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation. Fenofibrate increased the activity of catalase by upregulating its mRNA levels.Conclusion: Fenofibrate, which is currently used in therapy of hyperlipidemia, might also be useful for treating patients with NAFLD even in cases where NAFLD is not associated with obesity or diabetes mellitus.
Surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection may improve patient survival
Authors: Tanaka Hironori , Nouso Kazuhiro , Kobashi Haruhiko , Kobayashi Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Shin‐ichiro , Miyake Yasuhiro , Ohnishi Hideki , Miyoshi Kenji , Iwado Shouta , Iwasaki Yoshiaki , Sakaguchi Kohsaku , Shiratori Yasushi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Background: The benefit of surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in terms of long‐term survival, has not yet been established.Methods: A total of 384 consecutive anti‐HCV‐positive HCC patients admitted to our hospital between January 1991 and October 2003 were enrolled. Patients were categorized into two groups, a surveillance group (182 patients) and a non‐surveillance group (202 patients), according to tumor detection in a surveillance program based on periodical examination via ultrasound sonography and alpha fetoprotein determination at 6‐month intervals, and their survival rates were compared.Results: Although there were no significant differences in age and Child–Pugh classes between the two groups, the surveillance group exhibited a smaller tumor size (19 vs. 35 mm) and a higher incidence of single HCC (67% vs. 46%), compared with the non‐surveillance group (each, P<0.001). The cumulative survival rate in the surveillance group was higher than that in the non‐surveillance group (5 years survival, 46% vs. 32%, P<0.001). When the survival after correction of the lead‐time bias in the surveillance group was analyzed according to the Child–Pugh classification, the surveillance program was found to have had a favorable outcome in Child–Pugh class A patients, but not in Child–Pugh class B/C patients.Conclusions: HCC surveillance for patients with HCV infection can lead to discovery of tumors at an early stage, especially in Child–Pugh class A, resulting in a favorable outcome.
Cytokine blockade inhibits hepatic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 expression and up‐regulates matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in toxic liver injury
Authors: Roderfeld Martin , Geier Andreas , Dietrich Christoph G. , Siewert Elmar , Jansen Bettina , Gartung Carsten , Roeb Elke 
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Background: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)‐1, the most important endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and may represent an effective therapeutic target in the design of antifibrotic strategies for chronic liver diseases.Methods: Intraperitoneal application of a single dose of either tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α or interleukin (IL)‐1β in mice led to an enhanced expression of hepatic TIMP‐1 after 4–16 h. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in the presence and absence of specific TNF‐α and IL‐1β inhibitors.Results: Real‐time PCR revealed a significant increase of TIMP‐1 mRNA in total rat liver 24 h after CCl4 injection. Repetitive injection of both, etanercept and anakinra, before and after CCl4 injection effectively inactivated TNF‐α and IL‐1β. Anticytokine pretreatment reduced the increase of TIMP‐1 expression after a single CCl4 injection by 50% and 75%, respectively. In contrast to CCl4‐treated rats with and without TNF‐α blockade, IL‐1β inactivation caused a sevenfold increase in matrix metalloproteinases‐9 mRNA levels.Conclusions: In conclusion, TIMP‐1 expression is up‐regulated in the early phase of toxic liver injury by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α and IL‐1β in rodents. Pharmacological inactivation of these cytokines significantly reduces TIMP‐1 gene expression. Our data provide a potential new antifibrotic approach.
Effect of Core Diameter and Surface Treatment on the Retention of Resin Composite Cores to Prefabricated Endodontic Posts
Authors: Artopoulou Ioli‐Ioanna , O'Keefe Kathy L. , Powers John M. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
With advances in adhesive dentistry and current emphasis on esthetic restorations, dowel systems have been developed to take advantage of these new techniques. Of interest when using these systems is the interaction between core materials and post materials. This investigation compared the tensile retentive force of two resin composite core materials to two metallic and one nonmetallic prefabricated endodontic posts. Two dimensions of core build‐up and two post‐surface treatments were tested.
Materials and Methods:
One hundred twenty posts (stainless steel, titanium alloy, and glass fiber‐impregnated resin) were secured in a jig with 4 mm of the post extending into a cylindrical matrix. The matrix formed cylinders with diameters of 3 and 5 mm into which resin composite was inserted. The posts were treated or not treated with a bonding agent. After storage for 24 hours at 100% humidity, five specimens per condition were tested in an Instron testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure loads were recorded in kilograms and failure modes were observed under light microscopy (40×). Four‐way analysis of variance and multiple comparison testing were used to compare means at the 0.05 level of significance.
Results:
The means and standard deviations of tensile loads were calculated. All variables were significant in either main effects or interactions ( p < 0.05). Fisher's PLSD intervals for post, core, treatment, and diameter were 2.0, 1.6, 1.6, and 1.6 kg, respectively. In most cases, the retentive force recorded for metallic posts was higher than that of glass fiber posts. Titanium posts had higher retentive forces than did the stainless steel posts. For metallic posts, 5‐mm cores provided higher forces than 3‐mm cores. In the glass fiber group, core diameter was not significant. For core materials, Build‐It gave higher results with stainless steel posts, and FluoroCore gave higher results with the titanium ones. The surface treatment results were mixed. In the metallic post groups the adhesive failure data ranged between 80% and 100%, whereas in the glass fiber post groups, adhesive failures ranged between 60% and 70%.
Conclusions:
Within the limitations of this study, the metallic post groups always provided higher tensile retentive forces, with the titanium post groups showing higher retentive forces than the stainless steel ones. In the glass fiber post groups, different core diameters did not affect retention values.
Surface Roughness of Denture Base Acrylic Resins After Processing and After Polishing
Authors: Berger Julie C. , Driscoll Carl F. , Romberg Elaine , Luo Qing , Thompson Geoffrey 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
Circumstances exist in which the need to adjust denture base acrylic resins is necessary. This process obviously alters the surface of the polished denture base. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three chairside polishing kits and conventional polishing on four denture acrylic resins.
Materials and Methods:
Twenty‐four 30 × 30 × 2 mm acrylic resin specimens were fabricated with each of four acrylic resins: autopolymerizing, heat processed, injection molded, and microwaveable. One side was polished conventionally with pumice and polishing compound. The other side was polished with one of three chairside polishing kits: Axis, Brasseler, and Shofu. Each side was evaluated by a Dektak 8 Programmable Stylus Profiler to determine the surface roughness (Ra).
Results:
One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that: (1) There was no significant difference in the time it took to polish the specimens with the chairside polishing kits (F= 2.118, p= 0.14). (2) There was a significant difference in surface roughness between the acrylic resins before any polishing, with the injection‐molded and heat‐processed being less rough than the autopolymerizing (F= 4.588, p= 0.005). (3) There was a significant difference in surface roughness between the acrylic resins when conventionally polished, with the injection‐molded and microwavable being less rough than the autopolymerizing (F= 4.503, p= 0.005). Factorial ANOVA revealed that: (1) There was no significant difference in the surface roughness among the chairside polishing kits (F= 1.209, p= 0.30). (2) There was a significant difference between the acrylic resins, with the heat‐processed, injection‐molded, and microwaveable being significantly less rough than the autopolymerizing (F= 6.610, p= 0.0001). (3) There was no significant interaction between the acrylic resins and the chairside polishing kit in the amount of surface roughness (F= 1.728, p= 0.12). An independent t‐test revealed that conventional polishing was significantly smoother than polishing with the chairside polishing kits (t= 3.847, p= 0.0001).
Conclusions:
It was concluded that time was not a factor in using any of the chairside polishing kits. It is recommended that conventional polishing be used after adjustments to the cameo surface of denture acrylic resin.
Immediate Occlusal Loading of Osseotite® Implants in Mandibular Edentulous Patients: A Prospective Observational Report with 18‐Month Data
Authors: Drago Carl J. , Lazzara Richard J. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of treatment consisting of placement and immediate occlusal loading of implants in 27 patients with edentulous mandibles.
Materials and Methods:
Twenty‐seven patients were treated in two private practice settings. One hundred fifty‐one implants were placed and immediately occlusally loaded with fixed implant prostheses (15 cement‐retained, 12 screw‐retained) on the day of implant placement. The implant‐retained prostheses were inserted within 5 hours of implant placement. Patients were followed for at least 18 months. The required criteria for immediate occlusal loading was primary implant stability of at least 30 Ncm of insertion torque. The implant prostheses were removed at least 12 months post‐placement and the implants were evaluated for primary clinical stability and radiographic bone apposition to implants.
Results:
At the 12‐month follow‐up appointments, cumulative survival rates of 98.0% and 100% were recorded for implants and prostheses, respectively. Three implants failed within 3 months. All other implants were clinically successful.
Conclusions:
Immediate occlusal loading of multiple, splinted mandibular implants is an effective treatment when implants are stable at insertion and are rigidly splinted with implant‐retained prostheses.
Dentist Communication with the Dental Laboratory for Prosthodontic Treatment Using Implants
Authors: Afsharzand Zahra , Rashedi Behnoush , Petropoulos Vicki C. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose: A questionnaire was sent to U.S. dental laboratories to evaluate the level of communication between dentists and laboratory technicians and to determine trends in procedures and materials used in fixed and removable implant restorations.
Methods and Materials: Dental laboratories were randomly chosen from the National Association of Dental Laboratories for each of the 50 states. The questionnaire was mailed to the laboratory directors for 199 dental laboratories. One hundred fourteen dental laboratories returned the survey, yielding a response rate of 57%. Of those laboratories, 37 indicated that they did not participate in the fabrication of fixed implant restorations, yielding a response rate of 39%. Forty‐two dental laboratories indicated that they did not participate in the fabrication of implant‐retained overdenture prostheses, yielding a response rate of 36%.
Results: Results from this survey show inadequate communication by dentists in completing work authorization forms. Custom trays are used more frequently for implant‐retained overdenture impressions and stock trays for impressions of fixed implant prostheses. Poly(vinyl siloxane) is the material most commonly used for both fixed and removable implant‐supported prostheses. Two implants with stud attachments are used more widely than those with bar attachments for implant‐retained overdentures.
Conclusions: Most laboratories working on implant prosthodontic cases report inadequate communication between the laboratory and dentists related to materials and techniques used in fabrication of implant restorations.
An ultrastructural comparison of dermo‐epidermal separation techniques
Authors: Willsteed E. M. , Bhogal B. S. , Das A. , Bekir S. S. , Wojnarowska F. , Black M. M. , Mckee P. H. 
Published: April 2006

Dermo‐epidermal separation through the lamina lucida is an essential technique for immunoblotting studies and for the diagnostic immunofluorescence of autoimmune bullous diseases. The most widely used methods of producing skin separation in the laboratory are suction blister induction and incubation in 1 molar sodium chloride. More recently the use of a proteolytic enzyme, thermolysin, has been described for this purpose. We examined the electron microscopic appearance of five suction blisters, five skin specimens separated by 1 M NaCl, and five treated with thermolysin. Both suction blister formation and treatment with 1 M NaCl resulted in a clean separation through the lamina lucida in all specimens examined. However specimens treated with thermolysin developed intra‐epidermal separation in four cases without any lamina lucida separation in three. Suction blister formation was associated with hemidesmosome disruption. Incubation in 1 M NaCl remains the most reproducible, convenient, and reliable method of producing dermo‐epidermal separation in the laboratory.Willsteed EM, Bhogal BS, Das A, Bekir SS, Wojnarowska F, Black MM, Mckee PH. An ultrastructural comparison of dermo‐epidermal separation techniques.
Ultrastructural effects of UVB radiation and subsequent retinoic acid treatment on the skin of hairless mice
Authors: Feldman Dorothy , Bryce Graeme F. , Shapiro Stanley S. 
Published: April 2006

The infrastructure of hairless mouse skin exposed to UVB radiation and followed by retinoic acid treatment was studied to identify alterations induced in both epidermis and dermis. Female mice were irradiated 3 times weekly for 5–6 months; a group of these mice was then treated topically 3 times weekly for 10 weeks with either 25 μg all‐trans‐retinoic acid dissolved in acetone or with acetone alone. Age‐matched, unexposed, untreated mice served as controls. Cutaneous changes induced by UVB radiation included keratinocyte mitochondrial inclusions often accompanied by damaged cristae, duplication of basement membrane, increased number of dermal fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and elastic fibers, and abnormal elastic fibers. Subsequent retinoic acid treatment resulted in more prominent mitochondrial inclusions which sometimes coalesced to form irregular contoured bodies. Also observed were lipid droplets in the stratum corneum, glycogen deposits in keratinocytes and granular material in dilated keratinocyte endoplasmic reticulum. Poorly differentiated epidermis with necrotic or apoptotic cells was present in some specimens. Elastic fibers were fewer and usually morphologically normal. Skin exposed to UVB and treated with vehicle appeared similar to control except for the presence of excess basement membrane and occasional small mitochondrial inclusions. Because of the heightened concern regarding UV radiation‐induced damage to the human skin and the current topical use of retinoids, the cutaneous changes described are considered worthy of attention.Feldman D, Bryce GF, Shapiro SS. Ultrastructural effects of UVB radiation and subsequent retinoic acid treatment on the skin of hairless mice.
Cutaneous myelofibrosis
Authors: Hoss Diane M. , McNutt N. Scott 
Published: April 2006

Cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis is rare, usually occurring in ueonates following intrauterine viral infections, hereditary spherocytosis or the twin transfusion syndrome. Only 20 cases of cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis have been reported in adults, all with myelofibrosis. The cutaneous inliltrates may be atypical and difficult to distinguish from leukemia cutis. We have studied a 65‐year‐old woman with myelofibrosis and approximately 40 violaceous, firm, non‐tender cutaneous nodules measuring 1 to 4 cm in diameter, located on her abdomen near a splenectomy scar. Histologically, the lesions had a dense infiltrate of myeloid cells in all stages of maturation, atypical large cells with multilobate nuclei or multiple nuclei, resembling atypical megakaryocytes, and fibroblasts. Although the patient received erythropoietin therapy prior to the development of the nodules, erythroid progenitors were not seen. Reticulin was increased particularly surrounding the atypical megakaryocytes. The myeloid cells stained for chloracetate esterase and with the polyclonal antibody MAC 387. Atypical megakaryocytes stained for Factor Xllla and Factor Vlll‐related antigen. Dendritic Factor XIIla positive cells were also increased. The skin lesions remain unchanged grossly one year after their development.Hoss DM, McNutt NS. Cutaneous myelofibrosis.