bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ENSO episodes on the autumn rainfall patterns near S˜o Paulo, Brazil
Authors: de M. B. S. Xavier Teresinha , Dias Maria A. F. Silva , Xavier Airton F. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relative rainfall intensity for autumn near the city of São Paulo, Brazil, is analysed using 89 rain‐gauge stations. Identifying monthly accumulated precipitation extremes in May for the 1935–1991 period is the main aim of this work. The results show a marked influence of strong El Niño events on the spatial organization of rainfall in the neighbourhood of São Paulo. The pattern of relative rainfall intensity shows decreasing values from the north‐west and north of the area to the south‐east and south, respectively, in strong El Niño years (mainly in May) in contrast to other patterns in other years. This result may be due to low‐level wind‐regime anomalies interacting with the topography of the region.
Greenhouse warming and threshold temperature events in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Hennessy K. J. , Pittock A. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSmall changes in the mean climate can produce relatively large changes in the frequency of extreme events. Two experiments were performed: (i) a sensitivity study where observed temperatures at climate stations were increased by either 1°, 2° or 3°C, and (ii) a scenario study for the year 2030 where temperatures were increased according to warming scenarios which vary spatially and seasonally.The sensitivity study shows that at some sites, up to four more summer days over 35°C occur for a 1°C warming and the frequency is more than doubled for a 3°C warming. The frequency of subzero winter days is halved for a 1°C warming. At selected sites, the current probability of a run of at least five summer days over 35°C is doubled for a 1°C warming and increases by a factor of five for a 3°C warming. Where the current probability of a run of at least five winter days below 0°C is less than 50 per cent, a 1°C warming reduces the probability by a factor of about three. A 10 per cent change in temperature variance is unlikely to significantly alter these results.A low warming scenario for 2030 gives at least 25 per cent more days over 35°C in summer and spring, and at least 25 per cent fewer winter days below 0°C. A high warming scenario produces 50–100 per cent more extremely hot summer and spring days and 50–100 per cent fewer extremely cold winter days. Larger percentae changes occur in regions where absolute changes are smaller.The high scenario also gives a 20 per cent increase in the probability of a run of five summer days over 35°C in the northern half of the State, and the risk of a run of five winter days below 0°C is reduced by less than 20 per cent in the western and coastal areas and by 25–40 per cent in the north‐east highlands. Although a reduction in frost frequency may benefit agriculture, more extremely hot temperatures may increase bushfire potential, human mortality, and heat stress to livestock and crops.
Luni‐solar and solar cycle signals in lake Saki varves and further experiments
Authors: Currie Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpectrum analysis of over 4000 years of Lake Saki varve data in 200‐year swaths yields evidence for two peaks with periods 18·5±1·5 years (18 out of 21 series) and 10·7±0·8 years (in 15 series). Statistical tests show that the long‐period peak is statistically significant at a 98 per cent confidence level. The peaks are identified as the luni‐solar 18·6‐year, Mn, and the 10–11‐year solar cycle, Sc, signals in climate. Amplitudes of both terms are highly non‐stationary with respect to time, and the phase of Mn wavetrains is also highly non‐stationary, often displaying abrupt changes of 180°. On average the two terms account for 20 per cent of total variance in the raw Saki series, the Nyquist frequency of which is 0·5 cpy. This of course is highly unrealistic—and when the power in the raw Saki data from 0·125 cpy (period of 8 years) to the Nyquist is filtered out prior to analysis, and the variance contribution of the signals to filtered data compared over a common frequency interval (periods 30 to 8 years), their variance contribution increases dramatically to 78 per cent. Such experiments have been carried out for thousands of climate records with similar results, and examples from both published and unpublished data are given herein. Thus, the spectrum of climate from 30 to 8 years has turned out to be strongly ‘signal‐like’ rather than ‘noise‐like’ as radically assumed by statisticians/mathematicians over the past 70 years.
Seasonal and diurnal patterns of dry‐ and wet‐bulb temperatures over Argentina
Authors: Rusticucci Matilde , Vargas Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe diurnal and seasonal patterns of the dry and wet bulb temperatures over Argentina are studied. The wet bulb temperature frequency distributions have negative skewness over all the country. The higher values are in the lower latitude stations, which are under a subtropical regime. The dry bulb temperature frequency distributions change their skewness from north (negative values) to south, and the highest positive value occurs at the most southerly station, which is under a middle latitude regime.Three stations in the Buenos Aires area are analysed to study the effects of the river and the city on temperature. The effects of the city and the river on the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature depend on the wind direction and the time of day. The effect of the river also depends on the month. These effects are also present in the anomalies. If it is necessary to represent extreme climatic or synoptic conditions over a region then the city stations are more appropriate than coastal ones.
Construction of a 1961–1990 European climatology for climate change modelling and impact applications
Authors: Hulme M. , Conway D. , Jones P. D. , Jiang T. , Barrow E. M. , Turney C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA 1961–1990 mean monthly climatology for a ‘greater European’ region extending from 32°W to 66°E and from 25° to 81°N has been constructed at a resolution of 0.5°latitude by 0.5° longitude for a suite of nine surface climate variables: minimum, maximum, and mean air temperature; precipitation totals; sunshine hours; vapour pressure; wind speed; and (ground) frost day and rain day ( > 0.1 mm) frequencies. This climatology has been constructed from observed station data distributed across the region. Station frequencies range from 936 (wind speed) to 3078 (precipitation). Over 95 per cent of these data are based on observations between 1961 and 1990 and over 90 per cent were supplied by individual national meteorological agencies (NMAs) on specific request. For four variables, some standardization of the data had to be performed because different countries supplied data under different definitions. Thus cloud cover had to be converted to sunshine hours, relative humidity to vapour pressure, air frost days to ground frost days and rain days > 1 mm to rain days > 0.1 mm.The interpolation of the station data to the grid used elevation as one of the predictor variables and thus enabled three climate surfaces to be produced for each variable, reflecting the minimum, mean, and maximum elevation within each 0.5° by 0.5° cell. Subsets of stations were used for the interpolation of each variable, the selection being based on optimizing the spatial distribution, source priority and length of record. The accuracy of the various interpolations was assessed using validation sets of independent station data (i.e. those not used in the interpolation). Estimated mean absolute errors (MAE) ranged from under 4 per cent for vapour pressure to about 10 per cent for precipitation and up to 20 per cent for wind speed. The accuracy of the interpolated surfaces for minimum and maximum temperature was between 0.5°C and 0.8°C.We believe these results constitute the first climatology that has been constructed for this extensive European region at such a fine spatial resolution (0.5° by 0.5°) from relatively dense station networks, for three different elevation surfaces and for a wide range of surface climate variables, all expressed with respect to a standard 30‐year period. The climatology is already being used by researchers for applications in the areas of ecosystem modelling, climate change impact assessment and climate model validation, and is available from the authors.
Murine model of prosthesis failure for the long‐term study of aseptic loosening
Authors: Yang Shang‐You , Yu Haiying , Gong Weiming , Wu Bin , Mayton Lois , Costello Richard , Wooley Paul H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined a novel mouse model of wear debris‐induced prosthesis instability and osteolysis, and its application for the evaluation of therapy. A stainless steel or titanium‐alloy pin was implanted into the proximal tibia to form a contiguous surface with the articular cartilage. In some mice, titanium particles were injected into the tibial canal during the surgery, followed by monthly intraarticular injection. MicroCT scans revealed that the implants without particle challenge were stable without bone mineral density changes for 6 months. Histological analysis showed new bone formation around the implant at 6 weeks postsurgery. Periprosthetic soft tissue with inflammatory cells was a ubiquitous finding at the interface between the implant and surrounding bone in samples exposed to titanium particles, and expression of IL‐1β, TNFα, and CD68 was common in these joints. Pullout tests indicated that an average 5N load was required to pull out stable implants from surrounding bone. However, particle stimulation dramatically reduced the pullout force to less than 0.4 N. The feasibility of in vivo gene transfer on this model was confirmed by X‐gal staining of synovial membrane and periprosthetic tissue after injection of AAV‐LacZ in the prosthetic joint. This murine model of weight‐bearing knee prosthesis provides an economical, reproducible, and easily obtained means to study joint arthroplasty failure. The ability to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the prosthetic joint, in addition to histological and biochemical examination, results in a useful model to investigate many of the properties of prosthetic joint components during the response to debris‐associated osteolysis. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:603–611, 2007
Automatische Registrierung der Feuchtdichte und der Wassergehaltsänderung eines Bodens durch Messung der Absorption von Gammastrahlen (Geländemessung)
Authors: Lorch S. 
Published: February 2007

Determination of the moisture density and the water content variation of a soil by measuring the absorption of gamma raysA method is described with which above all the density and its changing (water content) can be measured automatically. A collimated gamma ray (137‐Cs) is measured according to the absorption principle.Two tubes are inserted into the soil as parallel as possible about 50 cm apart. In the one tube a gamma ray source, in the other one a detector simultaneously moves step by step in a homogeneous manner up and down. The density and the changing of the water content is calculated from the measured counting rate. The measuring time for each step is variable, but usually about 5–10 minutes are chosen. The difference in depth between the stations can also be varied.The accuracy of the instrument in field use amounts to:
Water content changing: ± 0.0015 g/cm3
Soil density: ± 0.003 g/cm3

The solution power is such that horizontal layers of about 10 mm thickness can be distinguished in respect to the water content changing.
Der Einfluß des NO3 : NH4 ‐Verhältnisses in der Nährlösung auf Ertrag und Gehalte an organischen und anorganischen Ionen von Tomatenpflanzen
Authors: Wehrmann J. , Merkel D. 
Published: February 2007

The influence of the relation between NO3 and NH4 in the nutrient solution on yield and organic and inorganic ion contents of tomato plants..Tomato plants were grown in aerated media of oppositly varying supply of (NH4)2SO4‐and NaNO3 with a constant N‐quantity of 15 meq/1 or a quantity of NH4‐, NO3 or (NO3 + NH4) increasing from 3 to 30 meq.N/1. Yield and ion content were determined.A maximum yield was achieved by a mixed N‐supply i.e. 4 to 5 parts NO3, 1 part NH4‐N and 7, 5 meq N/l. The “(C‐A) value” was calculated by the content of the cationions “C” (=K+ + Na+ + Ca++ + Mg++ + NH4+) and the inorganic anions “A” (= NO3− + Cl− + H2PO4− + SO4–). The “(C‐A)” value is equivalent to the content of the organic anions. Furthermore we determined the citrate, malate, oxalate, and pektinate content. These make up 60–80% of the (C‐A) value.The NO3‐ and K content increase considerably, the Ca‐, Mg‐, Na‐, Citrate, Malate and Oxalate content increase less pronounced, the Cl‐, H2PO4‐ and SO4‐ content decrease as the NO3 content increases from 0–80%.If the medium contains 80–100% NO3 ‐ N, the NO3 and K content remain almost constant, while the Ca‐, Mg‐, citrate, malate and oxalate content especially increase in this case.The K content decreases in the presence of a high (NH4)2SO4 supply. Parallel to this the value (C‐A) decreases greatly, so that it is less than the sum of the determined organic anions. In this case the content of organic anions obviously does not correlate with the (C‐A) value. The yield correlates with the carboxylate contents. (C‐A) values of 150–170 mval/100 gm. d. m. cause a lowering of the yield.The plants contain an almost equal amount of citrate, malate and oxalate. Depending on the N‐concentration of the medium, the malate content will be a bit more than the amount of citrate in case of maximum yield.If there is a lack or toxicity in the medium the citrate content will be higher than the malate content. The yield per dry weight correlates positivly with the quotients of citrate and malate.
Wettability of humic acid and its salts
Authors: Tschapek M. , Ardizzi G. Pozzo , de Bussetti S. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHomoionic humates are well wetted by hydrocarbons (apolar liquid) and water (polar liquid). By wetting with hydrocarbons low heats of immersion (or wetting) are registered, whereas by wetting with water high heats of immersion are registered and colloidal solutions are formed.Humic acid is well wetted by hydrocarbons, producing low heats. It floats on the water surface, but once wetted by water it produces the heat of immersion. Studies of the properties of humic acid and humate permit to conclude that their surfaces are covered by hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites. By adsorption of butanol molecules it is established that humic acid and humate contain nearly two hydrophobic sites per 100 Å2.
Untersuchungen zur Translokation von Magnesium (28Mg) in Sonnenblumenpflanzen
Authors: Schimansky Chr. 
Published: February 2007

Investigations on translocation of magnesium (28Mg) in sunflower plants.1. The translocation and retranslocation of Mg respectively 28Mg in sunflower plants of different age have been investigated. The focus of this investigation was on the influence of the composition of the uptake solution and the age of plants on the uptake of Mg respectively 28Mg through the roots or through the leaves and on Mg translocation (distribution).2. After sunflower plants were grown in Mg‐deficient 1/2‐Hoagland solution Mg in the plants were redistributed. The Mg in the roots, stems, cotyledons, primary and secondary leaves was retranslocated to the youngest leaves.3. In isolated, secondary‐rooted sunflower shoots grown in Mg‐deficient solution, plant Mg was retranslocated into the new roots and into the youngest shoots.4. The 28Mg‐uptake from the 0,2 mM MgSO4 solution was usually higher than from the 1/10‐Hoagland solution. The composition of the uptake solution had little influence on the distribution of 28Mg. Independent of the age plants had the highest 28Mg content in the young and the lowest in the old leaves.5. Root uptake of 28Mg resulted in a more uniform distribution in the plant than leaf uptake. The old leaves had a higher 28Mg content by root uptake than by leaf uptake of 28Mg. This is probably influenced by transpiration, in combination with the xylem transport of 28Mg after root uptake, which differs from leaf uptake and translocation in basipetal direction.6. With increased age of plants, the content of 28Mg/10 gr. fresh weight decreased and the difference in content between the parts of plant was higher. The decrease of Mg content in the oldest leaves was the highest.7. The results showed that Mg was transportable in the phloem. The magnitude and the direction of Mg transport was determined as primarily through the assimilation stream, which is coupled with Mg transport in plants.
Einfluß einer Düngung auf den Diffusionsfluß nicht gedüngter Kationen
Authors: Grimme H. , Németh K. 
Published: February 2007

Effect of Mineral Fertilizer Application on the Diffusion of Cations that have not been Added with the Fertilizer.Mineral fertilizer application increases the concentration of all cations in the soil solution, because the cations added displace partly those cations occupying exchange positions into the soil solution. In pot experiments, therefore, the K concentration could be raised by Mg‐fertilization and vice versa.In the first experiment the response of alfalfa to Mg fertilization was to be studied. 1.2 g Mg/pot (12 kg soil/pot) was applied before sowing and 0.5 g/pot after each cut. 1.0 g P/pot as CaHPO4 was added, but no K was added in the first year (except soil No. 6 K). In the 2nd year 1 g K/pot was added after each cut. At 3 sampling dates soil samples were taken for diffusion measurements.In a second experiment K availability was tested at different K and soil water contents. 4 K treatments were included (0, 9, 29 and 49 mg K/100 g). K and Mg diffusion were measured.In the first experiment an increase of K concentration in the soil solution was recorded (Tab. 1) and in the second one an increase of Mg concentration (Fig. 1). This increase of concentration took place without altering the amounts present in the soil, but it led to an increase of the diffusive flux of the cations in question (Tab. 1 Fig. 2).This is taken as further evidence that cation diffusion takes place in the soil solution and depends mainly on the cation concentration in the soil solution.In those cases in which the cation availability depends mainly on cation diffusion to the roots mineral fertilizer application may affect the supply of cations that have not been added to the soil.This effect will be important in pot experiments to which large amounts of fertilizer are applied and which are not subject to leaching. It cannot be detected by most of the conventional soil testing methods because the amounts of cations ‐ except, of course, those that have been added ‐ have not changed. Only an analysis of the soil solution will reveal whether this „salt effect”︁ is significant or not in a specific case.
Auswirkungen von NaCl und Na2 SO4 auf Substanzbildung, Mineralstoffgehalt und Inhaltsstoffe bei Spinat und Salat
Authors: Matar Y. , Döring H. ‐W. , Marschner H. 
Published: February 2007

Effect of NaCl and Na2SO4 on dry matter production, mineral content and organic compounds of spinach and lettuce.In water culture experiments the effect of 2,5 meq and 25 meq NaCl and Na2SO4 respectively on dry matter production and content of mineral elements, chloroplasts pigments and carbohydrates in lettuce (salt sensitive) and spinach (salt tolerant) has been studied.With increasing Na‐supply the dry matter production was decreased in lettuce and increased in spinach. With increasing Na‐supply in both species the content of K, Mg and Ca in the leaves decreased. This decrease was more pronounced with sulfate as accompanying anion (Na2SO4) and induced already deficiency in Ca and Mg. This induced deficiency of Mg was reflected especially in lettuce in lower contents of chloroplasts pigments.In both plant species there was no effect of the Na salt treatments on the content of phosphorus or nitrogen in roots or leaves.The carbohydrate content in both species was strongly affected by the Na salt treatments. Irrespectively of the accompanying anion this effect occured already at the low Na supply and before the dry matter production was influenced. In leaves and roots of lettuce the contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose was considerably decreased; this decrease was less expressed in the starch content. In spinach the Na supply only decreased the carbohydrate content in the roots whereas in the leaves especially the sucrose content was increased. This different effect of Na on carbohydrate content in spinach and lettuce could be an indication of different action of Na on carbohydrate metabolism, namely inhibited synthesis in lettuce and inhibited translocation in spinach.The results demonstrate that in studies on the effect of increasing Na salt concentrations besides the osmotic effects also the ion specific effects have to be carfully considered. These ion specific effects are competition of Na+ with other cations during uptake and the influence of Na on the cell metabolism, especially on the pathway of carbohydrates.The authors thanks Mrs. Hwie Juen Tjandraatmadja for her engaged help in various laboratory works.
Pyrolysis gas chromatography of humic substances from different origin
Authors: Martin F. 
Published: February 2007

Pyrolytische Gaschromatografie von Huminstoffen unterschiedlichen Ursprungs..Die Pyrolyse von Huminstoffen liefert unter anderen niedrig siedenden Substanzen Alkane und Olefine, deren Anteil bei Fulvo‐ und Huminsäuren unterschiedlich ist. Diese Verbindungen entstehen durch Radikalreaktionen aus aliphatischen oder alicyclischen Ketten; ihre Bildung wird zum Teil durch den Aschegehalt der Huminstoffe katalytisch beeinflußt. Nach dem Erhitzen von Huminstoffen an der Luft werden weder Alkane noch Olefine pyrolytisch gebildet.
Der Einfluß von Bor auf das Kationen‐Anionen‐Gleichgewicht von Tomatenpflanzen
Authors: Merkel D. 
Published: February 2007

Influence of Boron on the Cation Anion Balance in Tomato Leaves.Tomato plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing 10‐3 to 1 ppm B. Maximum yield was obtained at 10‐1 ppm B. Boron deficiency resulted in a yield depression of about 60%. The boron content of the leaves increased from 5 ppm at low to 89 ppm at high boron supply. Nitrogen and ion contents of the leaves were affected by boron deficiency in the following way: 1. Total and organic N, K. the sum of cations, and the sum of inorganic anions were depressed. 2. The (C‐A)‐value, i.e. the toal content of organic ions, remained almost unchanged. The citrate and malate contents were increased, oxalate and pectinate decreased. .In plants of adequate boron supply the amount of organic nitrogen and sulphur exceeded the organic anion content by 97 to 114 meq./100 grs.d.m., — in deficient plants only by 25 meq. This is explained by the assumption that the transport of carboxylates from the leaves to the root via phloem is reduced by B‐deficiency.
Infiltration von Tritium‐markiertem Wasser in zwei tiefgelockerten Graulehm‐Pseudogleyen
Authors: Schröder D. , Scharpenseel H. W. 
Published: February 2007

Infiltration of Tritium‐labelled water in two subsoil loosened greyloam‐pseudogleys.On two greyloam pseudogley‐soils, subsoil loosened in 1961 tests, based on the use of truncated cylinders, could not beyond any doubt prove an amelioration of water permeation. Recently conducted investigations, using tritium labelled water demonstrated more distinctly, that water is percolating through the loosened parts faster and in larger quantities than through the unloosened more compacted ones.