bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orienting in Schizophrenia: Habituation to Auditory Stimuli of Constant and Varying Intensity in Patients High and Low in Skin Conductance Responsivity
Authors: ÖHman Arne , Nordby Helge , D'Elia Giacomo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGroups of schizophrenics and normal controls were exposed to different series of tones of constant (80dB) and variable intensity (60, 80, and 100 dB). Measurements included bilateral skin conductance, finger pulse volume, and heart rate. Both groups were split on the common median in skin conductance response to constant intensity tones to form matched patient and control groups of low and high responsivity. The low and high responsive schizophrenic groups were more clearly separated than the two control groups in rate of spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations, skin conductance magnitudes, and skin conductance levels, primarily because of generalized hyperactivity in high responsive patients. This pattern was clearest for the most intense tone and left hand recordings. High responsive schizophrenics also showed larger response amplitudes, shorter rise and recovery times, and a smaller ratio of elicited to spontaneous responses, than high responsive controls. Finger pulse volume responses recorded from the left hand were smaller in the patient groups, whereas patients and controls did not differ in right hand recordings. High skin conductance responsive subjects showed more heart rate deceleration than low responsive subjects, and schizophrenics had more decelerative responses than controls.
Does the Heart Know What the Eye Sees? A Cardiac/Pupillometric Analysis of Motor Preparation and Response Execution
Authors: Van der Molen Maurits W. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Jennings J. Richard , Nieuwboer René T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic response measures are well suited for the study of preparation because they allow the analysis of covert aspects of performance. This is illustrated by an experiment in which task‐evoked cardiac and pupillary responses were compared during a disjunctive (Go/No Go) reaction task. The motoric demands of the task were varied by manipulating foreperiod length (4 and 8 s) and probability of response (25%, 50%, and 75%). Reaction time increased with foreperiod length and decreased with probability of response. The depth of anticipatory heart rate deceleration was affected only by foreperiod length. Analysis of the beats during, and directly preceding and following the imperative stimulus revealed that interbeat intervals increased with probability of responding and foreperiod duration. The effect of stimulus timing relative to the R‐wave of the ECG was also analyzed. Early occurring stimuli prolonged the cycle of their occurrence more than late occurring stimuli. The cycle time effect was somewhat more pronounced for No Go stimuli than for Go stimuli. The subsequent cycle was shorter for early occurring stimuli compared to late stimuli. This effect was stronger for Go compared to No Go trials. Both Go and No Go reactions elicited significant pupil dilations. The No Go dilation peaked earlier than the Go dilation and its amplitude was smaller. Probability of responding affected the latency of the No Go dilation but not that of the Go dilation. The current results justify an interpretation of preparation in terms of a timing mechanism (indexed by heart rate deceleration during the foreperiod) and a mechanism allocating processing resources to stimulus encoding (indexed by cardiac slowing just prior to stimulus occurrence) and response preparation (indexed by continued cardiac deceleration and pupillary dilation).
The Relationship between the Type A Behavior Pattern and Physiological Responsivity: A Quantitative Review
Authors: Harbin Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResearchers have attempted to specify the process linking Type A behavior to coronary artery disease. Increased cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity in Type A individuals has been proposed as the intervening mechanism. There have been several previous reviews of the research relating Type A behavior to physiological reactivity. The authors' conclusions have been equivocal; some assert that Type A persons are more reactive, whereas others find no evidence for such a conclusion. In this report, meta‐analysis, an alternative to the traditional narrative review, was employed to provide a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between Type A behavior and physiological reactivity. Results indicated that: 1) Type As respond to cognitive and psychomotor stimulus situations with greater heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses, 2) this relationship is not evident in females, 3) the relationship is more evident for some cognitive tasks than for others, and 4) the strength of the relationship depends upon the instrument used to assess Type A behavior.
Long‐Term Habituation and Sensitization of the Acoustic Startle Response in the Normal Adult Human
Authors: Ornitz Edward M. , Guthrie Donald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe development and independence of short‐term and long‐term habituation (and short‐term sensitization) of the acoustic startle response to repetitive stimuli has been repeatedly demonstrated in the experimental animal. Although short‐term habituation (and sensitization) of acoustic startle has been studied in humans, neither long‐term habituation nor sensitization has been demonstrated. In this study, long‐term habituation (response amplitude decrement) of the blink component of the acoustic startle response occurred in normal men across five consecutive daily sessions of repetitive acoustic stimulation. Long‐term sensitization (onset latency shortening) developed after the third day. Both the long‐term habituation and sensitization were independent of the short‐term habituation, which developed within each daily session.
Simulation Studies of Latency Measures of Components of the Event‐Related Brain Potential
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Kramer Arthur F. , Coles Michael G.H. , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe compared the accuracy of P300 latency estimates obtained with different procedures under several simulated signal and noise conditions. Both preparatory and signal detection techniques were used. Preparatory techniques included frequency filters and spatial filters (single electrode selection and Vector filter). Signal detection techniques included peak‐picking, cross‐correlation, and Woody filter. Accuracy in the latency estimation increased exponentially as a function of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. Both Woody filter and cross‐correlation provided better estimates than peak‐picking, although this advantage was reduced by frequency filtering. For all signal detection techniques, Vector filter provided better estimates than single electrode selection. Large component overlap impaired the accuracy of the estimates obtained with both single electrode selection and Vector filter, but with Vector filter impairment occurred only when the overlapping component had a scalp distribution that was similar to the scalp distribution of the signal component. The effects of varying noise characteristics, P300 duration and latency, and the parameters of Vector filter were also investigated.
Cognitive Event‐Related Potential Components During Continuous Recognition Memory for Pictures
Authors: Friedman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 28 young adult subjects during a continuous recognition memory paradigm, with pictures as stimuli. Subjects were required to determine on each trial if the picture was “new’ (never before presented) or “old’ (seen previously). To assess differences between primary and secondary memory. old items were presented after lags of 2, 8, and 32 intervening pictures (equiprobable) following their first presentation. The results suggested that a negativity (Cz maximum) at 300 ms was the most likely candidate for the brain event reflecting the retrieval of the item from memory. Old/new effects were modulated by two types of activity. both of which were larger in the ERPs elicited by new items. The earlier of these, possibly similar to the N400, had a duration from about 250‐600 ms, began with the N300 deflection, and lasted until “P300′’began to decrement. The other was positive, resembled “positive slow wave,’onset as P300 began to decrement, and lasted until the end of the recording epoch. There were no consistent effects of item lag on the behavioral data or on any of the ERP components. suggesting that for pictorial stimuli, the distinction between the two types of memory store, primary (i.e., immediate memory) and secondary (newly learned information), may not be relevant. In consonance with the lack of lag effects, it was suggested that the lack of a robust subsequent memory effect on the ERP waveform could have been due to the use of pictures, which may have required less elaborative processing in order to be encoded at input.
Rudimentary Physiological Effects of Mere Observation
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Rourke Patricia A. , Marshall‐Goodell Beverly S. , Tassinary Louis G. , Baron Robert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTComplex social factors can influence physiological activity, behavior, and health, but little is known about how essential components of these factors (e.g., human association, observation) affect human physiology. To begin to address this issue, an experiment was conducted to contrast predictions from social facilitation, distraction/conflict, and physiological reactivity formulations regarding the physiological effects of mere observation. Skin conductance and heart rate were measured surreptitiously from 27 women during a period in which they believed that the experimenter was simply calibrating auditory and physiological recording equipment. Approximately half of the subjects were led to believe that they could be observed by the experimenter during this period, and the remainder were led to believe that they could not be observed. Following baseline recordings, a series of 10 orienting tones were presented. Predictions from the physiological reactivity formulation were supported: (a) no differences in basal levels of somatovisceral activity were found as a function of mere observation; (b) mere observation enhanced the skin conductance response to the initial orienting tone; and (c) these physiological differences were punctate, quickly dissipating and quickly habituating. Hence, mere observation has subtler physiological effects than thought previously. Implications are discussed regarding the possible mechanism underlying the stress‐enhancing and stress‐buffering effects of human association, and regarding the effects social and contextual factors may have in psychophysiological research. Results from an international survey, based on the responses of 57 authors of articles that have appeared in Psychophysiology since 1983. are reported to inform the latter discussion. Results suggest that, even when social factors in psychophysiological research are minimized or held constant within studies, subtle differences in the social context across studies within and across laboratories may contribute to the appearance that psychophysiological relationships are unreliable.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Processing Negativities in Patients With Attention‐deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Klorman Rafael , Brumaghim Joan T. , Salzman Leonard F. , Strauss Jaine , Borgstedt Agneta D. , McBride Margaret C. , Loeb Stuart 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the impact of methylphenidate on patients with Attention‐deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with and without aggressive/noncompliant features in an oddball test consisting of a randomly ordered series of loud (frequent) tones, soft (rare) tones, bright (frequent) lights, and dim (rare) lights. In alternate conditions, subjects were required to respond to either the rare tones or the rare lights. These tasks were administered in a drug‐free baseline session and after a counterbalanced treatment of 14 days each of methylphenidate (0.3 mg/Kg b.i.d.) and placebo (lactose b.i.d.). In comparison with placebo, methylphenidate resulted in greater accuracy and speed of reactions to targets of both modalities. The amplitude of N1 to auditory nontargets was larger when the target was a rare tone as opposed to a rare light, and this attention‐related effect was increased by methylphenidate. The same differential amplitude enhancement by stimulant treatment was found for an early area measure of difference ERPs. In contrast, for N1 to visual nontargets the effect of selective attention (larger amplitude when the target was a rare light vs. a rare tone) was not significant and was not affected by stimulant medication. All these findings were comparable for the three ADHD subgroups, a result attesting to the generality of stimulant effects on information processing.
For Distinguished Early Career Contribution to Psychophysiology: Award Address, 1988
Authors: Dimberg Ulf 
Published: February 2007

The aim of this paper is to review data from my laboratory, which were collected in an attempt to determine whether the facial EMG response is a general component of the emotional reaction.In a number of studies it was found that facial reactions: first, are spontaneously elicited and differ according to the kind of emotional stimuli to which sunjects are exposed; second, are sensitive to learning; third, are consistent with how the subject perceive the stimuli and their own specific emotions; fourth, are congruent with autonomic responses; fifth, are more pronoanced for females than for males; and finally, differ among subjects with specific fears.These data converge to indicate that facial muscle activity is a general component of the emotional reaction and demonstrate that the facial EMG technique is a sensitve too for measuring emotional ractions.
Sleepiness and REM Sleep Recurrence: The Effects of Stage 2 and REM Sleep Awakenings
Authors: Glovinsky Paul B. , Spielman Arthur J. , Carroll Paul , Weinstein Lissa , Ellman Steven J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDeterminants of daytime sleepiness include sleep length, sleep continuity, and circadian factors. Sleep stage composition has not been seen as influencing subsequent daytime functioning; however, earlier studies did not focus explicitly on sleepiness. The present experiment studied the effects of selective sleep‐stage restriction on an objective measure of sleep tendency, and explored the relationship between sleepiness and subsequent REM recurrence during REM deprivation.Daytime sleep latency was measured by a modified Multiple Sleep Latency Test prior to and following two nights of awakenings from either REM or Stage 2 sleep in 16 normal young adults. Sleep latency following these awakenings was also measured.REM sleep and Stage 2 awakenings produced comparable levels of sleepiness, both during the Awakening Nights and subsequent daytime Multiple Sleep Latency Testing. Pooling the groups, daytime and nocturnal sleepiness measures were correlated within individuals. In the REM‐Awakening Group, Pre‐Awakening daytime sleepiness was associated with the tendency for REM sleep to recur following experimental awakenings.Comparable levels of sleepiness may result from nonspecific processes such as sleep curtailment and fragmentation, or alternatively from separate REM and Stage 2 mechanisms. The relationship between REM sleep and sleepiness is discussed in the context of both state and trait models.
The Effect of Afternoon Body Heating on Body Temperature and Slow Wave Sleep
Authors: Jordan Jo , Montgomery Iain , Trinder John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests that body temperature at sleep onset affects the subsequent level of slow wave sleep. According to one hypothesis, the actual temperature is the critical factor determining the relationship. An alternative proposal is that it is the rate of fall of body temperature following sleep onset. These hypotheses were tested by measuring rectal temperature and sleep, following late afternoon passive heating in a warm bath and during a control condition. Passive heating increased rectal temperature, which then returned rapidly toward the control level. However, immediately before lights out rectal temperature was still higher in the passive heating condition, a difference that continued throughout the night. Following passive heating the amount of slow wave sleep was higher in the early part of the night. These results support the hypothesis that body temperature at sleep onset and the amount of slow wave sleep are positively related.
On the Shift from Anticipatory Heart Rate Deceleration to Acceleratory Recovery: Revisiting the Role of Response Factors
Authors: Jennings J. Richard , VAN DER Molen Maurits W. , Somsen Riek J.M. , Terezis Cynthia 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of inducing motor responses of low and high force at different times in the cardiac cycle was examined. A handgrip response was used which allowed the separation of response initiation from response completion. Based on earlier work, we expected initiation, rather than completion, to initiate poststimulus cardiac acceleration. We also thought that preparation for a high force response might alter preparatory changes of interbeat interval differently from preparation for a low force response. Fifteen college‐aged male subjects performed a warned reaction time task in which a visual stimulus signalled a handgrip requiring either a high or a low force to close. NoGo trials in which an inhibit signal was presented occurred on 12% of the trials. Stimuli occurred either on the R‐wave of the electrocardiogram or 300 ms later. Reaction speed was varied in different trial blocks by rewarding response times of 200 ms (±50 ms), 300 ms, or 400 ms. Results based on the timing of response initiation were essentially identical to those based on the timing of response completion. High force relative to low force was associated with both earlier response initiation and earlier cardiac acceleration. Force did not alter preparatory cardiac deceleration. Force and response speed did, however, alter the level of heart rate after response occurrence. Thus, response initiation (or an earlier response process) appears to induce a cardiac acceleration whose level is influenced by the speed and force of the motor response.
Event‐Related Potentials and Recognition Memory For Pictures and Words: The Effects of Intentional and Incidental Learning
Authors: Noldy Nancy E. , Stelmack Robert M. , Campbell Kenneth B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials were recorded under conditions of intentional or incidental learning of pictures and words, and during the subsequent recognition memory test for these stimuli. Intentionally learned pictures were remembered better than incidentally learned pictures and intentionally learned words, which, in turn, were remembered better than incidentally learned words. In comparison to pictures that were ignored, the pictures that were attended were characterized by greater positive amplitude frontally at 250 ms and centro‐parietally at 350 ms and by greater negativity at 450 ms at parietal and occipital sites. There were no effects of attention on the waveforms elicited by words. These results support the view that processing becomes automatic for words, whereas the processing of pictures involves additional effort or allocation of attentional resources. The N450 amplitude was greater for words than for pictures during both acquisition (intentional items) and recognition phases (hit and correct rejection categories for intentional items, hit category for incidental items). Because pictures are better remembered than words, the greater late positive wave (600 ms) elicited by the pictures than the words during the acquisition phase is also consistent with the association between P300 and better memory that has been reported.
Effects of Potentially Phobic Conditioned Stimuli on Retention, Reconditioning, and Extinction of the Conditioned Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Dawson Michael E. , Marinkovic Ksenija 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDiscriminative classical conditioning of skin conductance responses (SCRs) was studied in 163 college students as a function of four variables: CS type (potentially phobic versus neutral conditioned stimuli), Sex of the subject, Interstimulus interval (ISI) during conditioning (.5 versus 8 s), and Retention interval between conditioning and retention assessment (1 versus 6 months). CS type did not affect acquisition, retention, or reconditioning of the differential conditioned responses. The effect of CS type was highly significant during extinction, with differential SCRs to CS+ and CS− being greater with potentially phobic conditioned stimuli. This was true for both sexes, both the .5‐s and the 8‐s ISI, and after a 1‐month or a 6‐month retention interval. Moreover, SCRs conditioned to phobic conditioned stimuli with the .5‐s ISI persisted even after subjects' cognitive expectancy of the UCS, which was measured on a trial‐by‐trial basis, had completely extinguished. The results indicate that the effect of potentially phobic conditioned stimuli on the conditioned skin conductance response is unique to resistance to extinction—they affect not learning but unlearning of the autonomic response.
The Relationship between Menstrual Phase and the P3 Component of ERPs
Authors: Johnston Victor S. , Wang Xiao‐Tian 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral ratings were collected from 30 female subjects who were exposed to picture slides. The slides belonged to five affective categories whose content was babies, dermatological cases, ordinary people, male models, and female models. Based on the day of testing relative to their menstrual cycle, the subjects were grouped according to their expected levels of androgens, estrogen, or progesterone. The data were examined to determine whether any ERP component or behavioral rating (non‐erotic/erotic, unpleasant/pleasant, simple/complex, and low arousal/high arousal) varied as a function of subjects' hormone defined menstrual phase. Only the P3 component was sensitive to menstrual phase. The P3 to babies and male models was largest when progesterone levels were high. High progesterone was also associated with a decrease in the complexity and eroticism of all slide categories. An increase in the pleasantness of all categories was evident when estrogen levels were high. The results are interpreted as support for an “adaptive context updating” theory of the P3 component of ERPs.
Task Versus Component Consistency in the Development of Automatic Processing: A Psychophysiological Assessment
Authors: Kramer Arthur F. , Strayer David L. , Buckley Jean 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA study was conducted to examine the role of consistency in the development of automatic processing. Subjects performed a memory search task in which consistent and inconsistent attending and responding were factorially combined. The task was performed with memory set sizes of two and four items. Results indicated that automaticity developed with consistent attending regardless of whether responding was consistent or inconsistent. However, measures of reaction time, P300 latency, and P300 amplitude revealed costs for inconsistent responding that were attributed to both stimulus evaluation and response related processes. The results suggest that total task consistency is not necessary for the development of automatic processing. Instead, it appears that automaticity can develop for consistent task components even when stimulus‐response consistency is not maintained across the entire task.