bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intercalation of a Triethylenetetraminated Cyclodextrin by Na-, Ca-, Zn-, and Cu-Montmorillonites
Authors: Kijima Tsuyoshi , Nakazawa Hiromoto , Kobayashi Michiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The uptake of mono[6-[(8-amino-3,6-diazaoctyl)amino]-6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin (CDtrien) by Na-, Ca-, Zn-, and Cu-montmorillonites has been examined at 25 °C. All of the minerals form only one intercalated phase in which the CDtrien molecules are arranged as a bilayer with their cavity axes perpendicular to the silicate layers. The modes of intercalation for Na- and Ca-montmorillonites are explained differently by an ion exchange of the interlayer Na+ ions with the divalent cationic forms of CDtrien and by the formation of CDtrien(H2O)2–Ca complexes, respectively. The intercalation by Zn- and Cu-montmorillonites proceeds by complexation at low uptakes and by the combined modes of ion exchange and complexation at higher loadings.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Electrogenerated Cation Radicals by Column-Electrolytic Continuous-Flow Method
Authors: Oyama Munetaka , Nozaki Koichi , Hatano Hiroyuki , Okazaki Satoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
For the measurement of resonance Raman (RR) spectra of electrogenerated cation radicals in solution, a column-electrolytic continuous-flow method has been developed. This method has the advantage that the concentration of cation radicals can be easily varied by controlling the applied current. The RR spectra of the thianthrene cation radical (TH+·) have been successfully observed. The structure of TH+· is discussed, based on the assignment of the RR band. The RR spectra of the oxidized solutions of three aromatic amines have also been measured. These spectra were assigned not due to those of cation radicals but to those of dimer cation radicals produced in the consecutive reactions.
Kinetic Study on the Reaction of p-Nitrophenyl Acetate with 6-Substituted 2,4-Diamino-1,3,5-triazines
Authors: Konakahara Takeo , Kishimoto Koji , Sato Hiroyuki , Takagi Yasushi , Sato Kenji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of p-nitrophenyl acetate (1) with six 6-substituted 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazines, (2a–2f), were kinetically investigated in aqueous DMSO or in water at 30 °C. It was found that the reaction rate R could be expressed according to the equation R=(k0+kN[2])[1], and that Brönsted-type plots for the kN-reaction give a straight line with a slope (β) of 1.05. The solvent deuterium isotope effect was not observed in this reaction [kN(H)⁄kN(D)=1.0–1.15]. Furthermore, the isolated reaction product was 2-acetylamino-4-amino-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine (4c), which was formed by a nucleophilic attack of 2c to 1. From these results, the mechanism for this nucleophilic reaction is discussed.
Reactions of Wittig Reagents with Episulfides or Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Tachibana Yuji , Sakata Jun-ichi , Komiya Takashi , Kaneko Isao , Komiya Yasuo , Yamasaki Yusuke , Yamamoto Shin-ichi , Ohta Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of Wittig reagents with episulfides gave symmetrical olefins and triphenylphosphine sulfide in moderate yields. The same olefins were obtained by reactions of Wittig reagents with elemental sulfur. These reactions might proceed through thiocarbonyl intermediates, the existence of which was confirmed by Diels–Alder reactions with dienes.
Cyclopropenone Oximes: Preparation and Reaction with Isocyanates
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Hideki , Yoshida Keisuke , Totani Yoshiyuki , Ogata Tsuyoshi , Matsumoto Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2,3-Diphenyl-, 2-methyl-3-phenyl-, and 2-methyl-3-(4-methylphenyl)cyclopropenone oxime hydrochlorides (3) were prepared in good yields from the corresponding cyclopropenones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in methanol. The salts 3 reacted with alkyl and aryl isocyanates in the presence of triethylamine to afford 1:2 addition products 4,6-diazaspiro[2.3]hexenones in moderate yields. In contrast, acetone, acetophenone, and cyclohexanone oximes reacted with twice excess of methyl isocyanates to give linear 1:2 addition products and benzophenone oxime yielded only 1:1 addition product.
The Use of Silica Gel-Supported Ionenes as Reagents and Catalysts for Several Substitution Reactions in Toluene
Authors: Ohtani Noritaka , Chida Kosaku , Serita Hajime , Matsunaga Toshiaki , Kimura Chikai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several ionene bromides were used as reagents for the displacement of decyl methanesulfonate into 1-bromodecane. They were very reactive when adsorbed by silica gel. The enhanced activities of the ionenes were hardly dependent on their structures and molecular weights but decreased gradually with increasing the amount of ionene adsorbed by silica gel. Ionene chlorides exhibited a similar enhancement of reactivity when adsorbed by silica gel. However, unlike the ionenes, a large increase in activity due to adsorption was not observed with pendant-type polycations such as poly(4-vinylpyridinium bromide) and poly[(4-vinylbenzyl)tributylammonium chloride]. The silica gel-supported ionenes also exhibited excellent catalytic activities for solid–liquid–solid triphase substitution reactions, particularly for the reactions between 1-bromodecane and such inorganic salts as consisted of relatively hard-basic nucleophilic anions.
Synthesis of γ-Butyrolactones, Quinoxalines, and Azauracils from 4-Aryl-2-oxobutanoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Labib G H , Abdel Rahman M , El-Kilany Y , El-Massry A I , El-Ashry E S H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
4-Aralkyl-5-aryl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones (2) have been prepared from the corresponding 4-aryl-2-oxobutanoic acids (1). The anticipated products from the reaction of the furanones (2) with o-phenylenediamine (3) have not been isolated, but products resulting from the condensation followed by retro-aldol type of reaction are obtained and determined as 3-(2-arylethyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinones (4). Compounds 4 could be readily obtained by the condensation of 3 with 1. 4-Aryl-2-oxobutanoic acid thiosemicarbazones (5) have been cyclized to 5-(2-arylethyl)-6-azauracils (6).
The Synthesis of 5-(p-Bromophenacylthio)- and 5-(Carbamoylthio)isothiazoles
Authors: Fukada Naoaki , Mori Toshihisa , Muraoka Motomu , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Takeshima Tatsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of the ammonium salts of 5(2H)-isothiazolethiones with p-bromophenacyl bromide, and methyl and phenyl isocyanates afforded 5-(p-bromophenacylthio)-, and 5-(carbamoylthio)isothiazoles. From phenyl isothiocyanate and hydrazine, 2,4-pyrimidinedithione, and 3H-pyrazole-3-thione derivatives were obtained, respectively.
Phospholipid Inverted Micellar Aggregate as an Ionophore in Liquid Membrane System
Authors: Kaibara Kozue , Ito Keiko , Miyakawa Kenji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Electrochemical, thermochemical, and light scattering investigations were performed on the 1-octanol liquid membrane systems containing dipalmitoyl-Dl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as an ionophore. It was suggested that DPPC molecules form inverted micellar aggregate in water saturated 1-octanol and that the membrane processes can be regulated by an endothermic phase transition of the DPPC multimolecular cation carrier.
Ferrocene-Mediated Enzyme Electrode for Glucose with the Use of Conducting Polymer Support
Authors: Mizutani Fumio , Asai Michihiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An amperometric glucose-sensing electrode has been constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase and fine particles of ferrocene in a photo-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) layer. The magnitude of the response of the ferrocene-mediated electrode to glucose (0.5–50 mmol dm−3) increases when polypyrrole, an electrically conducting polymer, is incorporated into the poly(vinyl alcohol) support.
Crystal Structure of 1:2 Charge Transfer Complex of 2,7-Bis(methylthio)-1,6-dithiapyrene (MTDTPY) and Tetrahydrobarrelenotetracyanoquinodimethane (THBTCNQ)
Authors: Nakasuji Kazuhiro , Sasaki Mitsuru , Murata Ichiro , Kawamoto Atsushi , Tanaka Jiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of a 1:2 complex of bis(methylthio)dithiapyrene and tetrahydrobarreleno–TCNQ contained face-to-face packings of acceptor–donor–acceptor units which are isolated from each other. The IR spectrum, geometry, and absorption spectrum showed the neutral nature of this complex.
Organophosphorus Analogues and Derivatives of the Natural l-Amino Carboxylic Acids and Peptides. VI. A PhosphaC-Peptide Analogue of Plumbemycin A
Authors: Natchev Ivan A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A phosphaC-peptide of Plumbemycin A has been studied. Condensation of N-trifluoroacetyl-3,4-didehydro-5-(ethoxyhydroxyphosphinyl)norvaline (1) and 1-analyl-l-aspartic acid diethyl ester (2) is carried out by the DCC method to give the entirely protected phosphaC-tripeptide (3). Conditions for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the ester groups with alkaline mesintericopeptidase, phosphodiesterase I, and α-chymotrypsin and the removal of the trifluoroacetyl group with an aqueous ammonia solution has been achieved.
2-(Trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)pyridine as a Reagent for the Ketone Synthesis from Carboxylic Acids and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Keumi Takashi , Yoshimura Kiichiro , Shimada Masakazu , Kitajima Hidehiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new reagent 2-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)pyridine (TFOP) was prepared by the reaction of sodium salt of 2-pyridinol with trifluoromethylsulfonyl chloride in dioxane. The compound TFOP in trifluoroacetic acid has been found to intermolecularly dehydrate from benzoic acid and aromatic hydrocarbons to give the corresponding benzophenones in high yield. It was further elucidated, in the reaction of fluorene, that a variety of carboxylic acids can be used as the acyl precursor for the aromatic ketone synthesis in conjunction with the TFOP/TFA system. This acylation procedure has been applied to the synthesis of 2-acylthiophenes, which are hard to prepare in a satisfactory yield by the classical Friedel–Crafts reaction using aluminum chloride as the catalyst.
NAD(P)+–NAD(P)H Models. 65. Photochemical Reductive Desulfonylation of β-Keto Sulfones with Hantzsch Ester
Authors: Fujii Masayuki , Nakamura Kaoru , Mekata Hideyuki , Oka Shinzaburo , Ohno Atsuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new procedure for the reductive desulfonylation of β-keto sulfones is described. The reaction proceeds under a photochemical conditions with the Hantzsch ester in pyridine in the presence of ruthenium(II). Various functional groups are unaffected under the reaction conditions. Application of the procedure to the syntheses of certain natural products is also described.
Thermal Cycloaddition Reaction of Tropone to 1,1-Diethoxyethene. Structure Revision of Cantrell’s Diels–Alder Adduct
Authors: Takeshita Hitoshi , Nakashima Hisataka , Sugiyama Shigeru , Mori Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A reinvestigation of Cantrell’s thermal cycloaddition of tropone to 1,1-diethoxyethene has led to the isolation of three products: [4+2], [6+2], and [8+2] cycloadducts. The structure of the [4+2] cycloadduct was revised on the basis of an NMR analysis of the hydrolyzed diketone, and newly identified was a superficial anti-Woodward–Hoffmann [6+2] cycloadduct. These adducts did not cause mutual isomerization by heating under formation conditions.
Halogenation Using Quaternary Ammonium Polyhalides. VI. Bromination of Aromatic Amines by Use of Benzyltrimethylammonium Tribromide
Authors: Kajigaeshi Shoji , Kakinami Takaaki , Inoue Kazuhisa , Kondo Manabu , Nakamura Hiroko , Fujikawa Masahiro , Okamoto Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of aromatic amines with benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide in dichloromethane–methanol containing calcium carbonate powder for 0.5 h at room temperature gave bromo-substituted aromatic amines in good yields.
Metal Complexes with Tetrapyrrole Ligands. 47. Yttrium(III) Bis(octaalkylporphyrinate)s: Synthesis and Electron Spin Resonance Spectra of Earth Metal Porphyrin Sandwich Compounds
Authors: Buchler Johann Walter , Hüttermann Jürgen , Löffler Jürgen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Reaction of tris(2,4-pentanedionato)yttrium(III) with octaethylporhyrin, H2oep in refluxing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) produces a trace (2%) of the double-decker, Y(oep)2 (3A) besides major amounts (72%) of the yttrium(III) monoporphyrinate, Y(oep)(acac) which are separated by chromatography. Appreciable yields of Y(oep)2 (3A) (25%) are obtained from dilithium octaethylporphyrinate, Li2(oep), formed in situ and Y(oep)(acac) in refluxing TCB. The constitution of the double-decker 3A is proved by UV/VIS, IR, 1H NMR, ESR, ENDOR, and mass spectra. The well-defined composition Y(oep)2 requires that one of the porphyrin rings is electron-deficient, i.e. the charge of the YIII ion is compensated by the normal porphyrinate dianion and a porphyrinate monoanion radical. The magnetic moment in the solid state, μeff=1.5 B.M. (5–100 K), demonstrates the radical nature of 3A as well. Under the time resolution of the methods used, the unpaired electron is delocalized between the two porphyrin rings. The wavenumber of the internal charge transfer absorption band in the near infrared (λCTI 1175 nm) agrees well with the value expected for the ionic radius of YIII according the linear relationship of the energy of the CTI band and the ionic radius which has been established for the series of lanthanoid octaethylporphyrinates, Ln(oep)2 (Ln=La···Lu). 3A can be reduced to the diamagnetic sandwich anion, [Y(oep)2]−. YIII double-decker radicals Y(omp)2 (3B; λCTI 1100 nm) or Y(hbp)2 (3C, λCTI 1100 nm) containing octamethylporphyrin or hexadecahydrotetrabenzoporphyrin have also been prepared.
Structure and Properties of Chloro(N,N-diethylglycinato)copper(II)
Authors: Yukawa Yasuhiko , Nakagome Shin , Yamaguchi Hiromitsu , Inomata Yoshie , Takeuchi Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An X-ray diffraction study of the title complex has been carried out, along with spectroscopic measurements and thermal analyses. The crystal is orthorhombic, space group P212121, Z=4, a=9.978(2), b=12.624(3), c=7.129(1) Å, U=898.0(3) Å3. Block-diagonal least-squares refinements have led to the final R value of 0.032. The structure consists of a one-dimensional polymer chain bridged by a carboxylato group of an N,N-diethylglycinato ligand. One oxygen atom in the carboxylato group is coordinated to two copper atoms, and the other is coordinated to one of these two copper atoms. This is the same bridging form as in aquachloro(4-hydroxy-l-prolinato)copper(II). The copper atom reveals a distorted five-coordination: the copper atom is surrounded by three carboxylato oxygen atoms, one nitrogen atom, and one chlorine atom. The infrared spectra of the title complex and of aquachloro(4-hydroxy-l-prolinato)copper(II) both show the characteristic pattern at the peaks assigned to the vibrations of the carboxylato group. The peaks can be an indicator of the bridging form.
The Photoinduced Removal of Nitro Groups from Steroidal 6-Membered α,α′-Dinitro Cyclic Ketones
Authors: Suginome Hiroshi , Kurokawa Yoshitaka 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2,4-Dinitro-5α- and 5β-cholestan-3-ones were prepared by dinitration of the parent 3-ones by a modified standard method. Spectroscopy indicated that in ethanol these α,α′-dinitro ketones exist in their enol forms. Photolysis of these dinitro ketones in ethanol gave diosphenols arising from the removal of their two nitro groups. On the basis of the results of the irradiation of hypothesized intermediate obtained by synthesis, we suggest the path likely to lead to the removal of the nitro groups.
Synthesis of Salvilenone, a Diterpenoid Phenalenone of Salvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Zheng Guo-Chi , Kakisawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Salvilenone 1, a phenalenone diterpene isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, was synthesized in thirteen steps from resorcinol dimethyl ether. Dihydrophenalenol derivative 19, a key intermediate, was treated with aqueous hydrobromic acid to give salvilenone accompanied by the formation of a hydroxy diketone 20.
Dehydrooligopeptides. XI. Facile Syntheses of Various Kinds of Dehydrodi- and tripeptides, and Dehydroenkephalins Containing ΔTyr Residue by Using N-Carboxydehydrotyrosine Anhydride
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Obara Takumi , Taniguchi Shuji , Yonezawa Yasuchika 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several kinds of N-free and protected N-carboxydehydrotyrosine anhydride (ΔTyr·NCA) derivatives, derived by both the cyclization of the corresponding N-benzyloxycarbonyldehydrotyrosine derivatives and the protection of the resulting ΔNCA, were employed for a one-pot dehydrooligopeptide (DHP) synthesis. As a result, various kinds of DHPs with a wide variety of combinations of sequences could be synthesized in fairly good yields. In addition, by utilizing the obtained information, two kinds of leucine-dehydroenkephalins containing a ΔTyr1 and both ΔTyr1 and ΔPhe4 residues were also synthesized.
Superjacent and Subjacent Orbitals Participations for Kinetically-Controlled Cycloaddition Reactions of 2H-Cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones and 8,8-Dicyanoheptafulvene to 2,3-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene
Authors: Tian Guan Rong , Sugiyama Shigeru , Mori Akira , Takeshita Hitoshi , Higashi Miwako , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Thermal cycloaddition reactions of 2,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene with 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones and 8,8-dicyanoheptafulvene gave [4+2]adducts exclusively. This mode is different from the reported [8+2]adduct formations for 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with enamines and alkoxyethenes. A consideration of the superjacent and subjacent orbitals effects of the MO calculations gave a better result in favor of [4+2]adduct formation. Thermolysis of cycloadducts gave the methylene derivatives of homobarrelenes.
Studies on Ferrocene Derivatives. V. Oxidation Reaction of (o-Substituted phenyl)ferrocenes
Authors: Okada Yutaka , Yamamoto Noriyuki , Hayashi Takatoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The oxidation reactivity of (o-substituted phenyl)ferrocenes with air was measured in acidic solution. The reactivity of o-acetyl, o-methoxycarbonyl, and o-methoxy derivatives was higher than that of the corresponding p-isomers. On the other hand, for o-hydroxy and omethyl derivatives, the reactivity was lower than that of p-isomers. It was considered that the reactivity of o-isomers is influenced by the coordination ability of proton to iron atom. The coordination ability is governed by both the I-effect and steric effect of substituent.
Stereochemical Control in Microbial Reduction. 9. Diastereoselective Reduction of 2-Alkyl-3-oxobutanoate with Bakers’ Yeast
Authors: Nakamura Kaoru , Miyai Takehiko , Nagar Ashish , Oka Shinzaburo , Ohno Atsuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Bakers’ yeast reduces esters of 2-alkyl-3-oxobutanoic acid (CH3COCHRCO2R′; R=methyl, ethyl, propyl, propargyl, and allyl) into the corresponding (S)-hydroxy esters with exclusive stereoselectivity, while the configuration at the 2-position of the hydroxy esters is either S (anti) or R (syn) depending on the structure of the alkoxyl group in the carboalkoxyl moiety of the ester. Oftenly, the stereoselectivity with respect to the 2-position is not satisfactory. In general, the reduction of t-butyl esters exerts predominancy in the products, whereas that of 1,1-dimethylpropyl esters exerts the syn predominancy. A marked difference between these two esters in diastereoselectivity is discussed from the view point of plausible conformations of the esters.
A Study of Dielectric Solvent Effect on Silicon-29 NMR Chemical Shifts of Some Chlorosilanes
Authors: Takayama Toshio , Ando Isao , Asakura Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The dielectric solvent effect on the 29Si NMR chemical shifts of some chlorosilanes is calculated by means of the finite perturbation theory within the CNDO/2 framework using the solvaton theory which is employed to estimate specific solute-solvent bonded interactions as a function of the dielectric constant of the medium. The calculated variations are reasonably compared with the gross trend of the observed solvent effects of 29Si chemical shifts. Further, the origin of the dielectric solvent effect is discussed.
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Studies on Membrane Phenomena. Transport of Electrolytic Solutions through Progesterone Plug Membrane
Authors: Srivastava M L , Ram Bali 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Studies on hydrodynamic and electroosmotic permeation of water and aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2 across progesterone plug membrane have been carried out to characterize the electrical nature of progesterone interfaces. Electrophoretic mobilities of progesterone particles dispersed in these aqueous solutions have also been measured. Experiments were confined to the range where linear flux/force relationships hold. Membrane parameters have been evaluated with the data obtained and the membrane/solution electrical interface has been explained using electrical double layer model and theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Zeta potentials have been evaluated from electroosmotic and electrophoretic flux data and their dependence on concentration examined.
Carbohydrate Complexes with Lead(II) Ion. Interaction of Pb(II) with β-d-Glucurono-6,3-lactone, d-Glucono-1,5-lactone, and Their Acid Anions and the Effects of Metal Ion Binding on the Sugar Hydrolysis
Authors: Tajmir-Riahi Heidar-Ali 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The interaction of Pb(II) ion with β-d-glucurono-6,3-lactone, d-glucuronic acid, d-glucono-1,5-lactone, and their acid anions has been investigated in aqueous solution and solid compounds of the type Pb(d-glucurono-6,3-lactone)(NO3)2, Pb(d-glucuronic acid)(NO3)2, Pb(II)–d-glucuronate, Pb(d-glucono-1,5-lactone)(NO3)2, and Pb(II)–d-gluconate have been isolated. These compounds are characterized by means of FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and molar conductivity measurements. Among these Pb–sugar complexes, the crystal structure of the Pb(II)–d-gluconate is known through X-ray diffraction measurements, in which the lead(II) ion is hexa-coordinated, binding to four d-gluconate anions via a carboxylato oxygen and an α-hydroxyl group of the two anions (chelation) and to a carboxylato oxygen atom of the other two sugar anions (unidentately). Spectroscopic evidence suggested that in the Pb–lactone or Pb–acid adducts, the metal ion could be bonded to a lactone or acid molecule through one of the carbonyl oxygen atom and other sugar donor group as well as to two bridging nitrato groups. In the Pb(II)–d-glucuronate, the metal ion could be bonded to four sugar moieties (similar to that of the Pb(II)–d-gluconate) via a carboxylato oxygen atom and other sugar donor group of the two anions and to a carboxylato oxygen atom of the other two acid anions, resulting into a hexa-coordinated lead(II) ion. The β-anomer sugar configuration is predominant in the free d-glucurono-6,3-lactone, d-glucuronic acid, d-glucuronate anion and in these Pb–sugar complexes.
A Time-Resolved CIDEP Study of the Laser Photoreduction of Pyruvic Acid by Lactic Acid
Authors: Craw Marjory T , Depew M Catherine , Adrian Frank J , Wan Jeffrey K S 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In addition to the well-known initial phototriplet polarization, unusual Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Polarization (CIDEP) behavior in solutions of neat pyruvic acid/lactic acid has been attributed to ST_ Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM) polarization in combination with absorptive initial Triplet Mechamism (TM) polarization and ST0 RPM polarization. Significant ST_ RPM contributions to such carbon centered radicals with small hyperfine splittings have rarely been observer in solution at room temperature.