bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐mediated endocytosis by salt stress leads to intracellular production of reactive oxygen species and salt tolerance
Authors: Leshem Yehoram , Seri Lior , Levine Alex 
Published: May 2007

SummarySalt imposes immediate problems for plant cells, such as osmotic stress, impaired ion homeostasis and sodium toxicity, followed by a secondary oxidative stress caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we analyzed the production of ROS during salt stress. We show that salt stress triggered plasma membrane internalization, resulting in the production of ROS within endosomes. The intracellular ROS were produced by NADPH oxidase in response to the ionic but not the osmotic stress. Both endocytosis and ROS production were suppressed in phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3‐kinase (PI3K) mutants, PI3K being a key regulator of vesicle trafficking in animals and plants, and by wortmannin, which is a specific inhibitor of PI3K and PI4K. Endocytosis and the production of ROS were rescued by supplementation of seedlings with exogenous PtdIns 3‐phosphate (PtdIns3P), less with PtdIns4P, but not with PtdIns(4,5)P2. Surprisingly, despite reduced oxidative stress, the mutants and the wortmannin‐treated plants exhibited a phenotype overly sensitive to salt, as also resulted from treatment with diphenyleneiodonium, a suicide inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, suggesting a positive role for ROS in salt tolerance. In summary, our results show that salt stress responses, such as increased plasma membrane endocytosis and the intracellular production of ROS, are coordinated by phospholipid‐regulated signaling pathways, and suggest that ROS act in the signal transduction of the salt tolerance response.
The Orbital Harderian Gland of the Male Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): A Morphological Study
Authors: Ortiz G. G. , Feria‐Velasco A. , Tarpley R. L. , Bitzer‐Quintero O. K. , Rosales‐Corral S. A. , Velázquez‐Brizuela I. E. , López‐Navarro O. G. , Reiter R. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe ultrastructure of the Atlantic Bottlenose dolphin Harderian gland (HG) has been described but some questions remain unanswered. The purpose of this work was to define the gland's structure, ultrastructure and the differences between cells (types I and II) of the male dolphin using optic, fluorescence and electron transmission microscopy. Three different cells were observed under optic and fluorescence microscopic examination, while only two cell types (types I and II) were distinguished by electron transmission microscopy. Type I (oval nuclear envelope) exhibited three different cell populations and type II (indented nuclear envelope) exhibited two different cell populations. Although, we observed both types of vesicles in both types of cells they differed, principally, in quantity. The glands also possessed prominent duct systems, with three orders of complexity. The dolphin orbital HG appears to function as a mixed heterologous gland with two types of cells that exhibit both types of vesicles and other distinguishable differences.
Mate Guarding in Male Dall's Porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli)
Authors: Willis Pamela M. , Dill Lawrence M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMate guarding, whereby a male closely attends and defends a fertile female from extra‐pair matings, is one mating tactic males of many species use to protect their paternity. Although female defense occurs in many species of terrestrial mammal, comparable examples among cetaceans are largely absent, potentially as a result of the wide dispersion and mobility of females and their prey. Here, we investigate whether the close association of individual male Dall's porpoises with individual females during the breeding season is consistent with mate guarding. As mate guarding is predicted to be costly, and in other taxa is often associated with a reduction in foraging efficiency, we also examine whether males trade‐off this activity with time at depth. Males maintained longer associations and closer distances with female partners than with male ones. They also surfaced in greater synchrony with, and more often approached, their female partners than male ones. In contrast to males with male partners, males paired with females engaged in agonistic interactions with other adult males, and infrequently affiliated with extra‐pair individuals. These data suggest males are actively attempting to maintain their associations with females, while also acting to reduce female extra‐pair copulations and increase their own paternity. Guarding males also undertook shorter dives than non‐guarding males, suggesting that they trade‐off time at depth with guarding. Such a trade‐off is likely to involve a reduction in foraging opportunities, due to a decrease in time spent at foraging depth. Mate guarding in this species may be facilitated by the relatively smaller size and decreased mobility of newly calved, estrous females, particularly if females also benefit from guarding.
The Effects of Social Context on the Food‐Caching Behavior of Florida Scrub‐Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens)
Authors: Toomey Matthew B. , Bowman Reed , Woolfenden Glen E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFlorida scrub‐jays are cooperative breeders that live in family groups consisting of a breeding pair, often with several non‐breeding helpers. Florida scrub‐jays cache food by scatter‐hoarding items for later consumption. Within family groups, members have the opportunity to observe and pilfer the caches of other members. We observed jays harvesting experimentally provisioned peanuts alone and in the presence of other family members, to determine whether jays modify their food‐handling behavior relative to social context. Non‐breeding helpers were less likely to cache in the presence of the dominant male breeder than when alone and all jays tended to cache out of sight when observed by another jay. These changes in caching behavior are consistent with cache protection strategies employed by other species. However, the adaptive value of such cache protection within a sedentary cooperatively breeding family group on a year‐round territory is unclear.
A Single Subcutaneous Administration of Buserelin Induces Ovulation in the Mare: Field Data
Authors: Levy I , Duchamp G 
Published: May 2007

ContentsThe aim of the present study, was to evaluate whether a single subcutaneous administration of the GnRH analogue buserelin could induce ovulation in the mare during the breeding season. Two studies were carried out under field conditions. In Experiment 1, 90 cycles of trotter mares aged 2–7 years, were assigned to a buserelin group (Bus1) or to a control group (Control), in the presence of a ≥35 mm pre‐ovulatory follicle, with uterine oedema and a relaxed cervix. Ten mares were assigned to the two groups for 32 cycles in Bus1 and 52 cycles in Control, two mares received only Bus1 for three cycles, and one mare was assigned to Control for three cycles. Mares treated with buserelin received 6 ml of SUPREFACT® s.c. (1.05 mg/ml buserelin acetate), and no treatment was given in Control. The ovulation rate between 24 and 48 h was higher (p < 0.0001) in Bus1 (31/35) than in Control (15/55). In Experiment 2, the condition of inducing ovulation with 6 ml SUPREFACT® s.c. (Bus2) or 1500 ui human chorionic gonadotropin were identical to the first study. Forty‐nine mares of ages 2–21 years, were used for 120 cycles, 56 cycles were assigned to Bus2, and 64 cycles were induced with 1500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin i.v. No significant difference was found in the ovulation rate on day 2 (38/56, 50/64), or in the fertility rate (19/48, 26/57). No negative effect of the treatment was observed with repeated buserelin administration in either study during the breeding season. We can conclude that a single administration of buserelin induces ovulation in the mare, under suitable conditions for veterinary practitioners.
Mitotic activation of Akt signalling pathway in Han:SPRD rats with polycystic kidney disease
Authors: WAHL PATRICIA R , HIR MICHEL LE , VOGETSEDER ALEXANDER , ARCARO ALEXANDRE , STARKE ASTRID , WAECKERLE‐MEN YING , SERRA ANDREAS L , WUTHRICH RUDOLF P 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY:Aim:  Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by an imbalance between tubular epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. We have previously shown that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway is aberrantly activated in the cystic kidneys of Han:SPRD rats with ADPKD. Because the Akt kinase is an upstream regulator of mTOR, we hypothesized that the activity of Akt could be enhanced in the kidneys of Han:SPRD rats.Methods:  Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, western blot, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry were used to analyse Akt expression in rat polycystic kidneys.Results:  Wild‐type (+/+) and heterozygous (Cy/+) Han:SPRD rats showed constitutive expression of Akt‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 mRNA by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis with no significant difference between Cy/+ and +/+ kidneys. Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay showed a significant increase in phosphorylated Akt in Cy/+ compared with +/+ kidneys. The pattern of immunoreactivity for phosphorylated Akt in kidney sections was the same in +/+ and in Cy/+ rats, with very low levels in interphase cells, but extremely bright signals in mitotic cells, beginning with the onset of the prophase. The in vivo incorporation of bromo‐deoxyuridine revealed approximately a ninefold higher rate of proliferation in Cy/+ cyst epithelia compared with normal tubule epithelia in +/+ rats, while the expression of the cell cycle marker Ki67 revealed approximately a sixfold higher rate of proliferation. In summary, enhanced phosphorylation of Akt can be demonstrated in Cy/+ kidneys which correlates with a markedly elevated proliferation rate of epithelial cells in cysts. Mitotic but not resting cells display strong phosphorylation of Akt.Conclusion:  Because Akt is a proximal target of mTOR, its inhibition with specific antagonists could be useful to prevent or halt cystogenesis in ADPKD.
Medical aspects of fitness to drive. What do public hospital doctors know and think?
Authors: Shanahan E. M. , Sladek R. M. , Phillips P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: In Australia medical practitioners are often required to assume the responsibility for assessing fitness to drive. However the clinical practice, knowledge and attitudes of doctors with regards to this responsibility are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical practice, knowledge and attitudes of public hospital doctors in the area of fitness‐to‐drive decision‐making.Methods: A survey of public hospital doctors in Adelaide, South Australia was undertaken in 2003, shortly after the promulgation nationwide of guidelines to assist in the assessment of patients’ fitness to drive. The survey sought details on medical practitioners’ clinical practice in this regard, as well as their knowledge of the guidelines. In addition, it sought their attitudes to undertake this responsibility.Results: Eighty‐four per cent of respondents had at some time in their working career at least discussed the issue of fitness to drive with their patients. Seventy per cent acknowledged that they had received the recently published guidelines on fitness to drive. Despite this, knowledge of the contents of the guidelines was poor. Attitudes to the responsibility were equivocal with several significant reservations expressed.Conclusion: Public hospital doctors in Australia have poor knowledge of the content of published guidelines in the area of fitness to drive. If this situation is to be improved, alternative approaches to the education of this group with respect to this significant public health problem should be considered. Many doctors are uncomfortable with their responsibilities in this area and alternative models of decision‐making should be considered.
Evidence‐based guide to perioperative medicine
Authors: Scott I. A. , Lodge R. S. , Russell D. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe discipline of perioperative medicine is assuming greater importance as increasing numbers of older patients with medical comorbidity undergo complex surgical procedures. If patient outcomes and use of limited hospital resources are to be optimized, physicians with skills and interest in perioperative risk assessment and therapeutic intervention are needed. This systematic review attempts to provide an evidence‐based update in several key areas in the management of the perioperative patient.
Lower plasma adiponectin is correlated to higher alanine aminotransferase independent of metabolic factors and hepatitis B virus carrier status
Authors: Lu J.‐Y. , Su T.‐C , Liu Y.‐H , Hsu H.‐J , Chen C.‐L , Yang W.‐S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Adiponectin has been linked to the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease in recent years. The animal and human data also suggest that adiponectin may be beneficial for liver functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between plasma adiponectin level and liver function tests in adults with or without chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.Methods: We analysed the blood levels of liver enzymes and adiponectin in 140 apparently healthy adults, including 21 HBV carriers.Results: We found that the plasma adiponectin levels were inversely correlated to aspartate aminotransferase (r = −0.314, P = 0.000) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = −0.430, P = 0.000). Among the HBV carriers, the ALT correlated with the plasma adiponectin levels (r = −0.521, P = 0.015). In linear regression models adjusting for age, sex and the other metabolic variables, the ALT was independently related to the plasma adiponectin levels (β = −0.371 ± 0.134, P = 0.007), even in HBV carriers (β = −1.143 ± 0.482, P = 0.034). The ALT was also independently correlated to the plasma adiponectin levels (β = 0.552 ± 0.132, P < 0.001) with adjustment for age, sex and insulin‐resistance index by homeostasis model assessment, even in HBV carriers (β = −1.202 ± 0.562, P = 0.048). The subjects with normal ALT had a significantly higher least square mean of plasma adiponectin than those with abnormal ALT (4.01 ± 0.19 vs 3.30 ± 0.30, P = 0.014) with adjustment for age, sex, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance and HBV status.Conclusion: ALT was inversely related to adiponectin levels, independent of the metabolic factors and HBV status. Whether there is any potential prognostic and therapeutic value of adiponectin in human liver diseases remains to be investigated.
Diabetes: advances in treatment
Authors: Cohen N. D. , Shaw J. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide is cause for concern both in terms of associated morbidity and increasing health costs. This review aims to focus on new and emerging treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There has been recent focus on diabetes prevention both for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Prevention programme including lifestyle measures and oral hypoglycaemic agents have shown up to 61% reduction in the development of type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. Little progress has been made to date on type 1 diabetes prevention although current work is focusing on T‐cell immunomodulation therapy and beta cell regeneration. Management of type 2 diabetes has been improved by the recent introduction of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma agonists and more recently by the incretins including glucagons like peptide analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors. This article focuses on the benefits and restrictions of these new agents. The new insulin analogues glargine and detemir have made significant improvements in the management of type 1 diabetes both in terms of improvement in glycaemic control and in reducing hypoglycaemia rates. Inhaled insulin also shows promise for needle‐free treatment of diabetes and these insulins are currently undergoing phase 3 trials. Insulin infusion pumps are becoming more sophisticated and increasingly popular in the management of type 1 diabetes. Many studies have shown benefits for improved glycaemic control and reduced rates of hypoglycaemia with pump treatment compared with multiple daily injections. Pancreas and islet cell transplantation are the subject of ongoing research, but currently require immunosuppressive treatment regimes. The main limitation is lack of availability of donor pancreases. There is much hope that new treatments outlined in this review will result in improved outcomes in the treatment of diabetes.
Partnerships for Social Change in the Canadian North: Revisiting the Insider–Outsider Dialectic
Authors: Caine Ken J. , Salomons M. J. , Simmons Deborah 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn the two decades since Alexander Lockhart's seminal article on the insider–outsider dialectic in native socioeconomic development, a great deal of change has occurred in the Canadian North and new challenges have emerged for community‐based participatory research and development. This is particularly the case in the Northwest Territories, where Aboriginal communities are facing for the first time the triple challenges of Aboriginal land claims implementation, Aboriginal self‐government, and a boom in mining and petroleum development. Increasingly, participatory methods in research and community development are being co‐opted to serve state or corporate interests, far from their radical origins in movements for social change. A historical analysis is called for that accounts for the contradictory and contested social contexts in which participatory activities are imbedded. This article suggests that a return to the roots of the participatory method requires the creation of a new autonomous space of resistance. The academic outsider is uniquely positioned to facilitate critical interventions in both community and university contexts. The resulting convergence of critical outsider and insider has great potential in the forging of new knowledge that can contribute to self‐determination beyond the bounds of the state.
Cheilitis granulomatosa and Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome: evaluation of gastrointestinal involvement and therapeutic regimens in a series of 14 patients
Authors: Ratzinger G , Sepp N , Vogetseder W , Tilg H 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground  Cheilitis granulomatosa and Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome are both rare and benign diseases. Because of their granulomatous character, a relationship to Crohn's disease has been suggested. Furthermore, because of their unknown aetiology, treatment is difficult, and evaluation of response is hampered by the natural tendency to spontaneous resolution and recurrence.Objectives and methods  To evaluate gastrointestinal involvement by clinical history, conventional endoscopy, and capsule endoscopy as well as to compare efficacy of treatment modalities on a series of 14 patients, one of the biggest collectives reported.Results  Four patients (4 of 14) were previously, simultaneously, or subsequently diagnosed with Crohn's disease. In six patients (6 of 14) with minor gastrointestinal symptoms as flatulence, occasional constipation, diarrhoea, or admixture of mucus with the stool, we could not detect any signs of inflammatory bowel disease by capsule endoscopy. Nine patients received clofazimine, and eight patients responded to treatment (four complete responses, four partial responses). Two patients were successfully treated with infliximab. Systemic methylprednisone was not successful in two patients.Conclusion  Close to 30% of patients showed an association of cheilitis granulomatosa and Crohn's disease. Forty‐three per cent of patients reported minor gastrointestinal irregularities without any detectable changes of Crohn's disease. Clofazimine seems to be an effective treatment, although long‐term application is necessary with frequent aggravation in the beginning. Infliximab, an effective drug in Crohn's disease, could be a promising treatment option for severe cases.
A Conceptualisation of Emotion within Art and Design Education: A Creative, Learning and Product‐Orientated Triadic Schema
Authors: Spendlove David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is a resurgence of interest in the powerful concept of emotion in current educational policy and practice. This article calls for the recognition and conceptualisation of a triadic schema for theorising the location of emotion within a creative educational experience. The schema represents emotion within three domains within current practice: Person, Process and Product.The principal focus of the article is pupils aged 5‐16 and consideration is given to the application of the conceptualised schema within art and design education as represented by the national curriculum statement of importance. The central hypothesis of the work is that greater recognition of an emotional dimension within a triadic schema ‐ developing emotional capacity in students to engage in a creative process (person); stimulating emotional engagement through appropriate learning contexts (process) and facilitating the emotional interfacing with outcomes (product) ‐ will help conceptualise the powerful interrelationship between emotion, creativity and learning.Based upon an extensive synthesised literature review a schema, developed through abductive reasoning and grounded theory, ultimately conceptualises the overarching theme of emotion within a creative, learning and product‐orientated experience within the primary and secondary stages of England's education system.
An Analysis of the Presentation of Art in the British Primary School Curriculum and its Implications for Teaching
Authors: Hallam Jenny , Lee Helen , Gupta Mani Das 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of the way art is conceptualised in the British primary school curriculum and provides an historical framework that maps an evolution of ideas that have shaped the way art is presented in the modern day primary curriculum. In order to achieve this a Foucauldian style genealogical analysis is utilised to trace the discourses (systems of meaning) surrounding the nature of children's artistic development and how these discourses are used in the present day British primary curriculum to construe art in different ways. The analysis in this article is threefold. It explores the presentation of art in the curriculum as (1) an expressive subject, (2) a skills based subject, (3) a subject which focuses on art history and art appreciation. Second, the teaching positions associated with each approach are identified as follows (a) the facilitator, (b) the expert and (c) the philosopher; as well as the issues teachers face when adopting these positions. Third, attention is given to how these theoretical principles might be linked to practice. In so doing this article contributes to the debate surrounding the value of art in the primary curriculum and the way in which the curriculum serves to shape teaching practice.