bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whither pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostatic cancer?
Authors: Pollen Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the last decade pelvic lymphadenectomy has gained in popularity as a staging maneuver designed to improve the selection of patients with localized prostatic cancer for curative treatment, by uncovering lymph node metastases. The presence of tumor in the regional nodes portends substantial risk for the later appearance of distant metastases. With rare exceptions, lymphadenectomy is widely regarded as a staging procedure without therapeutic benefits. Unfortunately, the operation as routinely performed carries a significant complication rate. The survival results of total prostatectomy for well‐selected nodules of prostatic cancer are excellent without preliminary lymphadenectomy. The morbidity of lymphadenectomy is compounded by superimposed external irradiation. Because of the low complication rate from external radiation alone, it is suggested that patients selected for pelvic radiation be spared the discomfort of lymphadenectomy. Clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with minimal nodal disease may answer the question of whether pelvic lymphadenectomy should ever be performed. It is predicted that noninvasive imaging will improve to the point that staging lymphadenectomy may be relegated to the surgical archives.
Histologic grading and the practicing urologist
Authors: Albertsen Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the past 60 years, pathologists have identified three histologic features, tumor volume, glandular differentiation, and nuclear anaplasia, as important prognosticators of the malignant potential of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Several histologic grading systems have emerged to assess these morphological and cytological features, but problems with objectivity and reproducibility have been encountered. The failure of grading systems to predict accurately the malignant potential of individual tumors and the paucity of therapeutic options available have prevented many urologists from adopting these systems. Recent progress among stage A lesions has highlighted the clinical relevance of histologic grading systems, but advances are needed in prognostic techniques and therapeutic modalities before the practicing urologist can apply histologic information clinically among the majority of his patients.
Significance of prostatic biopsies after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Herr Harry W. , Whitmore Willet F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe significance of a prostatic biopsy after radiation therapy for prostatic cancer is at present uncertain. Criteria for interpreting residual tumor cells as viable and, more important, determining whether such cells are biologically capable of local growth and/or subsequent dissemination, by histological evaluation, require further clinical correlation and studies designed to better characterize biological behavior and growth potential of neoplastic cells in general and how this may or may not be altered by irradiation. A positive biopsy after radiation therapy must be regarded, however, as ominous simply because its potential significance is yet to be determined. Prostatic biopsies may predict treatment failure in general, but their significance relative to an individual patient requires correlation with 1) tumor stage, grade, size, and site of the original tumor; 2) technique of biopsy, number of cores obtained, and the location relative to the original tumor; 3) time interval of biopsy after treatment and whether biopsy is performed on one or more occasions; 4) circumstances (clinical progression or clinical regression) at the time of biopsy; and 5) treatment artifacts regarding dose delivered and distribution, which is especially important with regard to interstitial irradiation.
Phenotypic modulation of the canine prostate after long‐term treatment with androgens and estrogens
Authors: Aumüller G. , Funke P. J. , Hahn A. , Hoffbauer G. , Tunn U. , Neumann F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFine structural alterations of the canine prostate induced by long‐term treatment of castrated adult animals with estrogens and/or androgens and also in combination with antiandrogens and/or antiestrogens for six months have been studied with particular respect to their topographic location within the gland. Three major patterns of structural responses of the epithelium have been distinguished: squamous metaplasia, atrophy, and hypertrophy, while in stroma, regression, hypertrophy, or sclerosis were observed. In addition to cellular alterations of stromal fibrocytes and smooth muscle cells, characteristic changes in the arrangement, distribution, and pattern of the different stromal elements occurred. General squamous metaplasia of the epithelium and regressive alterations of stromal cells were most obvious in animals treated with estradiol plus androstanediol. Atrophy of the epithelium and stromal sclerosis were the salient features of antiandrogen‐treated castrated animals, while hypertrophy or hyperplasia of both the epithelium and stroma was a major finding in andro‐stanediol‐substituted castrated animals. Combined treatment caused rather heterogeneous structural patterns seemingly dependent on the location within the gland. The results indicate that the prostatic epithelial cells dispose of a broad variety of structural reaction patterns that, in case of combined hormonal treatment, are expressed in a manner typical for their locations within the ductal system of the gland. However, with the exception of combined treatment with estradiol, tamoxifen, and androstanediol of castrated dogs, none of the experimental protocols used induced a morphologic response of the gland comparable to that seen in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. The canine prostate therefore is of rather limited value as a model for human BPH.
Blood hormone levels related to stages and grades of prostatic cancer
Authors: Høisaeter P. Å. , Haukaas S. , Bakke A. , Hoiem L. , Segadal E. , Thorsen T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), human luteinizing hormone (LH), human prolactin, testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in the blood of 100 consecutive new patients with prostatic carcinoma. According to the VACURG classification, 14% of the patients were in Stage 1,25% in Stage 11, 25% in Stage III, and 36% in Stage IV. Within each stage the tumors were further subdivided into either highly, moderately, or poorly differentiated carcinomas. Thus the whole group consisted of 12 categories (stages and grades) of prostatic carcinoma. No specific hormonal pattern emerged which could distinguish any particular category or group of categories. We, therefore, conclude that single hormone measurements are of no practical value for diagnostic purposes related to staging and grading of prostatic carcinoma.
In vitro and in vivo effects of diethylstilbestrol and estramustine phosphate (estracyt®) on the mitogen responsiveness of human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Haukaas Svein , Høisaeter Per Åge , Kalland Terje 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe responsiveness to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estramustinephosphate (EMP) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to T‐cell mitogens has been investigated in vitro and in vivo. EMP demonstrated potent inhibiton of both Con A‐and PHA‐induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, while it had no detectable effects when given to patients with cancer of the prostate. DES reduced the response to Con A in vitro, but had only marginal effects on PHA‐induced mitogen response. In contrast, the response to Con A was unaltered, while the response to PHA was significantly diminished after DES therapy in patients with prostatic cancer. This effect, however, was only seen when high doses of DES not included in conventional regimen were given. The proliferative response to T‐cell mitogens in patients with prostatic cancer was not affected by serum source in the assay, indicating the absence of humoral factors able to inhibit mitogen response in these patients.
Regional variations in the testicular dependence of prolactin binding and its possible relationship to castration‐induced involution in rat prostate gland
Authors: Witorsch Raphael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProlactin binding sites of ventral, lateral, and dorsal lobes of rat prostate were examined immunohistochemically 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after castration or sham operation. In sham‐operated rats each lobe exhibited a distinct pattern of intracellular and intraluminal prolactin binding. A loss in proiactin binding from epithelial cells of ventral prostate, which was visualized postcastration, was quantitated with the aid of an image analyzer and then statistically evaluated. The proportion of ventral prostate epithelial cells devoid of prolactin binding increased from approximately 13% in sham‐operated rats to approximately 29% 1 day after castration, and reached a peak level of about 71% 4 days postcastration. No loss of prolactin binding was evident in either lateral or dorsal prostate up to 8 days postcastration. Direct measurement of epithelial cell heights and subsequent statistical evaluation revealed similar regional differences in the rates and extent of prostate involution. Eight days after castration ventral prostate epithelial cell heights decreased by 56% whereas lateral and dorsal lobe epithelial cells heights decreased about 25% and 14%, respectively. The apparent relationship between testicular dependence of prostatic prolactin binding and castration‐induced prostatic involution are discussed in terms of possible regional variations in the prolactin‐androgen interplay in prostate.
Epithelial and fibroblastoid cell lines derived from the normal canine prostate. II. Cell proliferation in response to steroid hormones
Authors: Eaton C. L. , Pierrepoint C. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEpithelial and fibroblastoid cell lines derived from the adult canine prostate, have been used as model systems in a preliminary study of the effects of steroid hormones on isolated cell populations. The mitogenic activities of various androgens and one estrogen were assessed during logarithmic growth in replicate subcultures by measurement of population size and radiolabeled nucleotide uptake in the presence of concentration ranges of these steroids. [H3]‐Leucine incorporation rate was used as an estimate of protein synthesis in the epithelial cell line during the latter phase of log growth. Of the androgens examined, elevated cell population growth rate was only demonstrated in either epithelial or fibroblastoid cell cultures supplemented with 5α‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐ and 17α‐diols at physiological concentrations. No significant qualitative differences were observed between individual prostatic cell types in their proliferative response to the androgens tested. Contrasting effects were observed in the growth rates of epithelial and fibroblastoid cell types in cultures supplemented with estradiol‐17β. This estrogen was significantly mitogenic in fibroblast cultures, but did not significantly affect epithelial proliferation at the concentrations studied. These results are reviewed with reference to current concepts of steroid action in the canine prostate. The importance of the characterization of culture conditions and procedures has been emphasized as a prerequisite to the study of cell proliferation, and potential mitogens, using cell culture models.The relevance of these findings in the consideration of stromal‐epithelial interaction, and glandular differentiation, is discussed.
Abnormal levels of plasma hormones in men with prostate cancer: Evidence toward a “two‐disease” theory
Authors: Zumoff Barnett , Levin Joseph , Strain Gladys W. , Rosenfeld Robert S. , O'Connor John , Freed Selwyn Z. , Kream Jacob , Whitmore Willet S. , Fukushima David K. , Hellman Leon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 24‐hr mean plasma concentrations of 13 hormones or hormone metabolites (cortisol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, androsterone, androsterone sulfate, estrone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, LH, FSH, and prolactin) were measured in 16 rigorously screened patients (aged 55–80) with stage C or D prostate cancer and 36 normal men. Nine of the hormones showed no abnormalities in the patients but four (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, cortisol, and estrone) showed abnormalities. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, which, respectively, decreased with age and showed no change with age in the normal men, rose sharply with age in the patients. The patients' curves crossed the normal curves at about age 65; patients 65 or above showed normal values while patients under age 65 showed significantly subnormal levels of both hormones: testosterone averaged 282 ng/dl in patients vs 434 ng/dl in controls (P < 0.0001) and dihydrotestosterone averaged 70 ng/dl in patients vs 99 ng/dl in controls (P <0.01). Cortisol, which was age invariant in the normal men, fell sharply with age in the patients; patients under 65 had significantly elevated levels (10.1 vs 6.9 μg/dl; P < 0.0001), while patients 65 or older had normal levels. Estrone levels were age invariant in both patients and controls, but the mean level in patients was markedly elevated (81 vs 47 pg/ml in controls; P < 0.001). The cortisol/testosterone ratio almost completely separated prostate cancer patients under 65 from normal men, but did not discriminate patients 65 or older from normal.The findings indicate that prostate cancer patients under 65 differ markedly in their endogenous hormonal pattern from patients 65 or older. This leads us to propose a “two‐disease” theory of prostate cancer, with possible differences in genetic factors and prognosis.
Rapid endocrine effects of tamoxifen and testolactone in prostatic carcinoma patients
Authors: Leinonen Pekka , Bolton Nicholas J. , Kontturi Matti , Vihko Reijo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe short‐term (6‐day) endocrine effects of tamoxifen and testolactone were investigated in men with prostatic carcinoma. Tamoxifen treatment (20 mg/day) did not affect the gonado‐tropin levels, but it temporarily increased prolactin, induced sex hormone‐binding globulin production, and suppressed peripheral serum progesterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, an‐drostenedione, testosterone, and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone concentrations. These changes were attributed to the estrogenic properties of tamoxifen, since no changes in peripheral serum estradiol concentrations were observed. Testolactone (1000 mg/day) decreased peripheral estradiol concentrations by 50% and increased the concentrations of the neutral steroids measured. The increases in serum FSH and LH were very small. This study corroborates the early estrogen‐like action of tamoxifen, and the experiment with testolactone further suggests that endogenous estradiol has physiological functions in man, regulating gonadotropin and androgen production.
Effect of perphenazine on growth and zinc‐65 uptake of the rat prostatic adenocarcinoma, R 3327
Authors: Rosoff Betty , Diamond Edward J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProlactin affects the growth and function of both normal and carcinatomous prostate tissue. Therefore, the effect of modifying prolactin secretion on the growth of the adenocarcinoma of the rat prostate (R3327) was studied, utilizing chronic administration of the dopamine antagonist perphenazine. At 4 and 8 weeks after tumor inoculation, perphenazine (0.5 and 1.0 mg per dose) was injected for 12–16 weeks. Tumors weighed at autopsy showed that the 0.5 mg dose resulted in significantly smaller and the 1.0 mg dose, in significantly larger tumors than the controls. Perphenazine at both doses increased serum prolactin, but the increase was greater when 0.5 mg was administered. There was a higher uptake of 65Zn when the tumor growth was inhibited as in the animal receiving 0.5 mg of perphenazine. Several possible explanations are offered for the results, including the fact that prolactin might follow a bell‐shaped curve in its effect on the tumor and that perphenazine might have other mechanisms of action besides dopamine antagonism.
Effects of androgens on the ultrastructure and subcellular zinc distribution in the prostatic epithelium of castrated rats
Authors: Timms B. G. , Chandler J. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSprague Dawley rats were maintained on testosterone propionate or 5α‐dihydrotestosterone for 3 days following bilateral orchidectomy for a 7‐day period. Ultrastructural examination showed only partial recovery of the prostatic epithelium with testosterone propionate while 5 α‐dihydrotestosterone caused the lateral and ventral lobes to revert to the appearance of control tissues. The latter metabolite induced greater stimulation of the prostate evidenced by increased mitotic division of the epithelial cells and an increased number of basal cells exhibiting ciliary formation was observed. Zinc concentrations in subcellular regions of both lateral and ventral prostate lobes were affected by the two androgens. Testosterone propionate was most effective in elevating zinc in the lateral lobe, particularly within the secretory components. In the ventral lobe both androgens caused an increase in subcellular zinc concentrations above control levels. The increase of nuclear and nucleolar zinc was related to the increase in nuclear activity and cellular response to the androgen administration.
Separation of acid phosphatases in the rat ventral prostate by gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, and chromatofocusing
Authors: Jauhiainen Anneli , Rytöluoto‐Kärkkäinen Raili , Vanha‐Perttula Tapani 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAcid phosphatases of the rat ventral prostate were fractionated by gel filtration (GF) on Sepharose 6B, isoelectric focusing (IEF), and chromatofocusing (CF). In GF three activity peaks (GF‐1, GF‐2, GF‐3) were disclosed. They showed some differences in substrate preference when six substrates (p‐nitrophenyl phosphate; p‐NPP; phenolphthalein phosphate, Phe‐P: thymolphthalein phosphate, Tym‐P; α‐naphthyl phosphate, α‐NP; β‐naphthyl phosphate, β‐NP; naphthol ASBI phosphate, N‐ASBI‐P) were tested. Differences were also encountered in their sensitivity to tartrate and fluoride. IEF gave seven bands at different pI values (8.3, 8.1, 7.9, 7.1, 6.4, 5.5, and 5.0) with α‐NP and β‐NP but only four with N‐ASBI‐P. Four of the bands (8.3, 8.1, 7.9, 5.5) were sensitive to tartrate. In CF eight activity peaks (CF‐1 to CF‐8) were resolved with the six substrates. They differed from each other in pI values, pH optima, substrate preference, and modifier characteristics. Peaks CF‐1 (pI 8.3, pH 5.5), CF‐2 (pI 8.1, pH 4.2) and CF‐3 (pI 7.9, pH 4.2) had a large substrate spectrum and high sensitivity to tartrate and fluoride. CF‐4 (pI 7.1, pH 6.0) and CF‐7 (pI 5.5, pH 4.2) were low in activity, preferred α‐NP as substrate, and were moderately sensitive to tartrate. CF‐5 (pI 6.4, pH 5.5) and CF‐8 (pI 5.0, pH 5.0) were able to hydrolyse all substrates tested with moderate inhibition by tartrate. CF‐6 (pI 6.0, pH 5.0) showed a relative preference for p‐NPP and Phe‐P with no hydrolysis of N‐ASBI‐P and Tym‐P. Of these activities CF‐6 and CF‐7 were also clearly activated by Co2+. Peaks CF‐6 and CF‐7 appeared the most sensitive to p‐chloromercuribenzoate. It is concluded that activities CF‐1, CF‐2, and CF‐3 are lysosomal isoenzymes with minor structural differences. The others are possibly all nonlysosomal with greater biochemical differences. Some of them apparently represent the secretory form(s) of acid phosphatase in the rat ventral prostate.
Liarozole, an antitumor drug, modulates cytokeratin expression in the dunning AT‐6sq prostatic carcinoma through in situ accumulation of all‐trans‐retinoic acid
Authors: Smets G. , van Ginckel R. , Daneels G. , Moeremans M. , van Wauwe J. , Coene M.‐C. , Ramaekers F. C. S. , Schalken J. A. , Borgers M. , de Coster R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLiarozole showed antitumoral activity in the Dunning AT‐6sq, an androgen‐independent rat prostate carcinoma. To investigate its potential mechanism of action, the effects of the drug doses (ranging from 3.75 to 80 mg/kg b.i.d.) on endogenous plasma and tissue all‐trans‐retinoic acid levels and on the differentiation status of the tumor cells were evaluated. To follow modulation of differentiation, cytokeratins were localized in the (un)treated tumors by immunocytochemistry and quantitatively determined by immunoblotting. Results showed that liarozole statistically significantly reduced tumor weight from 30 mg/kg upwards and induced accumulation of all‐trans‐retinoic acid both in plasma and tumors. In the tumors, a statistically significant accumulation was already noted from 7.5 mg liarozole/kg upwards. Concomitantly, the differentiation status shifted from a keratinizing towards a non‐keratinizing squamous carcinoma, which was further confirmed by the cytokeratin profile of the carcinoma (presence of CK 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19). Immunoblotting revealed an overall decrease in cytokeratin content, except for CK 8. These findings suggest that the antitumoral properties of liarozole might be related to an increase in the degree of tumor differentiation through accumulation of all‐trans‐retinoic acid. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutagenesis data in the automated prediction of transmembrane helix dimers
Authors: Metcalf Douglas G. , Law Peter B. , DeGrado William F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe present a molecular modeling protocol that selects modeled protein structures based on experimental mutagenesis results. The computed effect of a point mutation should be consistent with its experimental effect for correct models; mutations that do not affect protein stability and function should not affect the computed energy of a correct model while destabilizing mutations should have unfavorable computed energies. On the other hand, an incorrect model will likely display computed energies that are inconsistent with experimental results. We added terms to our energy function which penalize models that are inconsistent with experimental results. This creates a selective advantage for models that are consistent with experimental results in the Monte Carlo simulated annealing protocol we use to search conformational space. We calibrated our protocol to predict the structure of transmembrane helix dimers using glycophorin A as a model system. Inclusion of mutational data in this protocol compensates for the limitations of our force field and the limitations of our conformational search. We demonstrate an application of this structure prediction protocol by modeling the transmembrane region of the BNIP3 apoptosis factor. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First principles study of small palladium cluster growth and isomerization
Authors: Luo Chen , Zhou Chenggang , Wu Jinping , Dhilip Kumar T. J. , Balakrishnan Naduvalath , Forrey Robert C. , Cheng Hansong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStructures and physical properties of small palladium clusters Pdn up to n = 15 and several selected larger clusters were studied using density functional theory under the generalized gradient approximation. It was found that small Pdn clusters begin to grow 3‐dimensionally at n = 4 and evolve into symmetric geometric configurations, such as icosahedral and fcc‐like, near n = 15. Several isomers with nearly degenerate average binding energies were found to coexist and the physical properties of these clusters were calculated. For several selected isomers, relatively moderate energy barriers for structural interchange for a given cluster size were found, implying that isomerization could readily occur under ambient conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007