bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Government in Umor: A Study of Social Change and Problems of Indirect Rule in a Nigerian Village Community
Authors: Forde Daryll 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe policy of adapting ‘for the purposes of local government the tribal institutions which the native people have evolved themselves, so that the latter may develop in a constitutional manner from their own past’ depends for success on more than a general grasp of the outlines of native social organisation. Native standards of value as expressed in individual and collective behaviour, the operation of balances and checks in the social system, current trends which are tending to cause some institutions and customs to lose strength at the expense of others, and the economic forces that have been or are in the future likely to be operative in the society, must all be analysed and assessed in their mutual relations as interrelated elements in a complex process.
Psychological and Pedagogical Considerations in the Making of Text-books
Authors: Oliver R. A. C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe problem of the production of text-books for African schools is one which is engaging much attention from those who are interested in African education, and indeed there are few problems of African life where the efforts of serious thought are likely to be better rewarded. In an admirable document (5) the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures has discussed some of the fundamental issues involved, and the writers of text-books will probably find it wise to follow the general lines there laid down. That discussion does not, however, claim to have exhausted the subject, but is rather intended to invite fresh suggestions. The purpose of the present study is to set forth some psychological and pedagogical considerations which bear on the problem. Much scientific research has already been devoted to the problems of reading instruction (2), and the results should be at the disposal of the makers of text-books for Africa.
The African Labourer
Authors: Orde-Browne G. St. J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn dealing with the subject of labour in Africa, I must first ask you to remember that it is no easy task to deal in a comparatively short space with a theme that is not only complicated and elusive in itself, but also one that has many ramifications; I therefore propose to confine myself to an attempt at a résumé of the history of African labour, with some indication of the problem as it confronts us at the present day. Political views, economic interests, religious and racial prejudices, and national obligations, all have an important influence on our subject; the consideration of these, however, would be so controversial and so prolonged, that I must be content with a summary of facts, intended to serve as an indication of the nature of the problem, and the main difficulties which confront us.
School Education and Native Life
Authors: Dougall James W. C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphMany visitors to Africa do not realize that native life is undergoing rapid disintegration, and some of those who have lived for many years in the country do not seem to feel that it matters even if this is the case. The difficulty of realizing the extent and the gravity of these rapid changes is increased by two factors. We who bring the twentieth-century ideas and methods of the West into the midst of primitive peoples are by our very presence undermining the hold of age-long custom on the African tribes. The force of novelty and the prestige of the white man's habits are in themselves strong enough to shake the ancient authority. Moreover we are all in Africa for a purpose. We have work to do on a farm, in government or mission, and the very concentration on the achievement of our aims leads us, or most of us, to assume that what we feel necessary and right must be the best for the African. In this context very few Europeans can stop to observe, far less to study, the effects of the changes in the Africans themselves. Education shares the prevailing attitude. It becomes simply the communication of knowledge or the imparting of skill which, so we feel, must bring Africa to its desired haven.
An African Morality
Authors: Wilson Godfrey 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper is an attempt to introduce the subject of morality for scientific discussion after a new manner. It is inspired throughout by that part of Professor Malinowski's work which relates to Primitive Law, and which he has developed in Crime and Custom in Savage Society, in his introduction to Dr. Ian Hogbin's Law and Order in Polynesia, and in his oral teaching at the London School of Economics in recent years. In his analysis of law Professor Malinowski finds himself driven to the study of the whole body of sanctioned custom, and of all the various attractions and compulsions that lead men to conform to a social tradition of right behaviour. A certain portion of that field is here delimited for separate description, namely morality, which is that part of right custom that is sanctioned by religion.
Die Hochgottidee bei den Naturvölkern
Authors: Preuss K. Th. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphEs liegt in dem Begriffe jeder Weltreligion, dass sie im Gegensatz zu anderen Religionen nicht nut die ‘Wahrheit’, sondern auch den höchsten Stand einer Entwicklung in dem Suchen nach ‘Wahrheit’ darstellt. Die vergleichende Religionsforschung hat daher, mehr noch als die Fachwissenschaft bei anderen Zweigen der Kulturuntersuchung, die Neigung, die gegenwärtige, d.h. in diesem Fall die christliche Auffassung von Religion als Massstab für die wissenschaftliche Fragestellung zu verwenden. Man suchte demnach nach persönlichen Göttern, von denen der Mensch sich abhängig fühlte, und denen er mit Gebet und Opfer nahte. Statt dessen fand man aber zunächst nur den Glauben an übernatürliche magische Kräfte bei Menschen, Tieren und Naturobjekten. Eine Art Erfolg war allerdings, dass Naturdinge vielfach personifiziert wurden, aber fatal war auch hier, dass der ihnen gewidmete Kult meist in einer magischen Beeinflussung bestand, und dass die dargebrachten Opfer im besten Fall zur Stärkung der Gottheit für ihre Obliegenheiten dienten. Auch die durchgehende animistische Unterlage aller religiösen Erscheinungen, wie sie E. B. Tylor hat aufstellen wollen, hat ein Verständnis im Sinne des Religionsforschers auf christlicher Unterlage nicht herbeigeführt, da der Tatsachenbestand nicht geändert wird, wenn wir auch mit Tylor annehmen wollten, dass der Mensch aus Seele und Körper bestehe und gleich ihm alle religiös wirksamen Naturobjekte als beseelt und daher als persönlich angesehen würden. Ein Gefühl der Abhängigkeit und des Vertrauens wird dadurch ebensowenig wie dutch die vorher erwähnten Entdeckungen gegeben.
Polygamy in Mεnde Country
Authors: Crosby K. H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphPolygamy is a social system, and is intimately bound up with the subject of property, of labour, and of the difference in status between men and women. If this paper appears to trespass into other fields it is because of the complexity of the subject and because polygamy is not something that can be abstracted from the social organization generally and be examined by itself; it is both symptom and cause of widespread difference in Mende society from that of our own.
The African in Transition: Some Comparisons with Melanesia
Authors: Thurnwald Richard C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAfricans and Melanesians have been put into a similar position by the Europeans who invaded and occupied their country, and extended a colonial tutelage over them. There are, of course, many kinds of ‘colonies’ and ‘native’ peoples in each of these regions: within the African continent (as far as it is inhabited by black races) various areas can be distinguished in east, west, and south. The Papuo-Melanesians exhibit regional varieties in a somewhat similar way.
Epidemiologische Betrachtungen über die Wege der Schlafkrankheit und ihre Ausbreitung durch den Weltkrieg
Authors: Steudel Emil 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDie Schlafkrankheit ist uns schon mehr als hundert Jahre bekannt, die ersten Berichte, die wir Winterbottom verdanken, stammen aus dem Jahre 1793, aber seit dieser Zeit hat die Krankheit ihren Charakter wesentlich geändert. Sie gait früher als eine durch das lange Schlafen interessante Merkwürdigkeit, die man an der Westküste Afrikas bei Negern da und dort einmal beobachtete, und die mit Sklaventransporten auch nach Amerika verschleppt wurde, aber dort sich nicht verbreiten konnte. Dass diese Krankheit eine verheerende Ausbreitung gewinnen wurde, vermutete früher Niemand. Noch in der zweiten, 1900 erschienenen Auflage von Scheubes Handbuch für Ärzte Die Krankheiten der warmen Länder wird gesagt: ‘Das geographische Verbreitungsgebiet der Schlafkrankheit der Neger ist ein sehr beschränktes—auch scheint die Krankheit zu kommen und zu gehen und manchmal geradezu epidemisch aufzutreten.’ Daraus geht hervor, dass das epidemische Auftreten der Schlafkrankheit damals noch als Ausnahme galt. In der Tat scheint die Schlafkrankheit in früherer Zeit einen ausgesprochen endemischen Charakter gehabt zu haben und höchstens in ganz beschränktem Kreise, in einzelnen Dörfern, epidemisch geworden zu sein, ohne Neigung zu weiterer Ausdehnung. Solche endemische Herde von Schlafkrankheit mit gutartigem Charakter sind heute noch am Senegal, in Gambia, Sierra Leone, an der Goldküste, in Togo und Südnigeria vorhanden. Der letztgenannte Herd ist 1912 dadurch entdeckt worden, dass ein Europäer, der in Südnigerien tätig gewesen war, in England an Schlafkrankheit erkrankte. Macfie und Gallacher haben in den folgenden Jahren in 16- monatiger Arbeit 222 sichere und 114 wahrscheinliche Fälle von Schlafkrankheit in dem befallenen Eketbezirk entdeckt. Trypanosomen konnten nur im Drüsensaft, nie im Blute gefunden werden. Überträgerin war die Glossina tachinoides. Im Jahre 1922 konnte Orpen keine Kranken mehr finden, es gelang ihm aber, die Spur von 35 der früher als sicher schlafkrank festgestellten Eingeborenen zu verfolgen. Von diesen waren 22 am Leben und anscheinend frei von Trypanosomen; 12 waren gestorben, da von 6 wahrscheinlich an Schlafkrankheit, die übrigen 6 an anderen Krankheiten. Eingeborene und Missionäre waren der Ansicht, dass die Krankheit erloschen sei. Bemerkenswert ist noch, dass Macfie die Infektion von Tieren mit Trypanosomen der südnigerischen Schlafkrankheit nur selten gelang, und dass bei den infizirten Tieren die Krankheit ebenfalls einen gutartigen Verlauf hatte.
Les Exploitations mécanisées du Moyen Congo Français
Authors: Hauser André 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphSi la pénétration europdénne dans un monde organisé à l'échelle du village et de la tribu a modifié profondemént les sociétés africaines, on ne peut dire que les Noirs en soient arrivés à un stade d'évolution où ils sauraient mettre seuls leur pays en valeur selon les techniques modernes: ils ont encore besoin d'un encadrement de Blancs pour exploiter le sol ou le sous-sol. Les centres mécanisés de production minière, forestière, agricole, où divers groupes ethniques vivent et travaillent côte à côte, sont appelés à devenir des facteurs d'unification du pays, d'éducation de ses habitants et d'élévation de leur niveau de vie dans la mesure où les entreprises feront bénéficier leurs salariés, et l'Etat ses ressortissants, d'un équipement adéquat dans tous les domaines.
Centres Urbains d'Afrique Equatoriale Française
Authors: Lebeuf Jean-Paul 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLa présente publication fait partie d'une étude d'ensemble des centres urbains de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française. Ces recherches dont nous avons été chargé par le Haut-Commissariat de la République en A.E.F, présentent l'originalite d'être les premières qui aient été poursuivies par des spécialistes des sciences humaines, non dans une intention purement érudite, mais afin que des mesures administratives puissent être prises dans le but de dormer une solution à certains problèmes posés par la colonisation.D'autre part, ces travaux ne sont qu'une introduction à des recherches plus approfondies. En effet, eu égard au temps dont nous disposions par rapport à l'importance du problème envisagé, nous avons dû nous en tenir, une fois le cadre tracé, à l'étude de points particulièrement importants dans l'évolution actuelle. Le rapport complet de ces recherches a fait l'objet de publications dont le présent article constitue le résumé.
The Dual Mandate for Tomorrow
Authors: Ross Emory 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLord Lugard, in a good deal of his action as well as in his speaking and writing around the turn of our present century and later, gave prominence and helped to give progressive formulation to an idea which had not then been nearly so clearly seen, accepted, or practised as it has been in certain quarters since.This idea may be paraphrased by saying that a balance should be maintained in colonial relationships between the good resulting for the colonial peoples and that accruing to the governing peoples.
The Buyeye: A Secret Society of Snake-charmers in Sukumaland, Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Cory Hans 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe object of this paper is to describe the initiation ceremonies into the Buyeye, a society of snake-charmers, the main purpose of which is to give the members a knowledge of all matters concerning snakes, especially the cure of snake-bites. This knowledge enables members to handle snakes with impunity, although they only do so for purposes of propaganda.
Oron Verb Morphology
Authors: Simmons Donald C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Oron, who call themselves ɔrɔ, number approximately 50,000 individuals, and inhabit 90 villages in Calabar Province, Nigeria. Lexicon and morphology establish the affiliation of Oron with the Ibibio-Efik dialect cluster recognized by Westermann and Bryan, and with Efik in the Central Branch (Cross River languages) of Greenberg's Niger-Congo family.The material is based on the speech of Mr. Okon Ukam of Eweme village. Since the informant did not speak English the writer communicated with him through Mr. Dimo Udoh Eyo, an Ibibio from Etobodom, Uyo District, who became conversant with the Oron language in his youth. Between March and May 1953, 10,000 words of text and a vocabulary list of approximately 1,700 morphemes were transcribed. Although it is not assumed that all possible tenses or tone permutations have been obtained, it is believed that most of the tenses are described. The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to Ward's study of Efik, and Lounsbury's study of Oneida verb morphology since each has served as a model for the presentation of certain aspects of Oron morphology.
Changing Political Leadership in West Africa
Authors: Garigue Philip 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphMuch recent research has been concerned with obtaining an acceptable definition of the terms ‘leader ’and ‘leadership’ to provide a basis for a theory of leadership. Some results have been achieved in the study of leadership in the ‘face-to-face’group. It is when large-scale social movements are involved that the techniques of the sociogram and personality tests, which have been the main tools of analysis in the ‘face-to-face’ studies, are not sufficient, and the investigator has to employ the institutional analysis, which places the individual aspect of leadership in a secondary position.
L'Enterrement d'un Chef konkomba
Authors: Cornevin R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLes populations konkomba qui se partagent équitablement de part et d'autre de l'Oti entre les deux Togo français et britannique, ont déjà fait l'objet d'un certain nombre d'études tant à l'époque allemande que du côté britannique et françcais.Population belliqueuse, sympathique et fière, les Konkomba ont longtemps tenu en échec les forces allemandes de l'Oberleutnant Thierry, fondateur du poste de Sansane Mango, du docteur Gruner et du Leutnant von Massow (campagne de 1897).Au point de vue linguistique, le konkomba est très proche du bassari et appartient au groupe gourma.
La Notion de Propriété chez quelques Peuplades matrilinéales du Congo Belge
Authors: De Cleene N. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLe régime des biens étant intimement lié à l'évolution de la société, il est de la plus haute importance au point de vue de la colonisation, de connaître le sens précis que l'indigène attache a la propriété.Dans ce but, nous examinerons d'abord comment se présente chez quelques peuplades matrilinéales ce que nous appelons la propriété mobilière, immobilière et foncière. Cet exposé sera purement descriptif et, si nous employons pareille terminologie, c'est uniquement en vue d'ordonner les faits à étudier. Dans les cadres ainsi établis, nous analyserons ensuite la portée du droit de propriété indigène. Et nous terminerons en confrontant les conceptions indigènes avec le droit de propriété tel que nous le connaissons.
Preventive Medicine and Superstition in Nigeria
Authors: Ajose Oladele A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe peoples of the Western world, and not a few Africans who have adopted some Western ideas, are apt to think that in matters of hygiene and preventive medicine the peoples of Nigeria owe all their useful practices solely to Western civilization, while the traditional theories and practices are merely superstitions. But in fact, when one analyses these, one finds interwoven with them correct principles of hygiene and preventive medicine. It is true that Nigeria owes a great deal to modern medicine, but had it not been for an existing foundation of practical hygiene and preventive medicine among Nigerian peoples, it would not have been possible for them to derive full benefit from modern practices.
The Age-system of the Nilo-Hamitic Peoples: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Bernardi B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe present paper is an attempt to interpret the structural principles of the Nilo-Hamitic age-system and to establish its significance in the wider structure of the Nilo-Hamitic societies. The discussion is based on an analysis of the available anthropological literature. But this literature is extremely uneven and not seldom confusing, so that some aspects of my argument necessarily have but a preliminary value. It will not be possible to produce here all the details of the analysis, which I hope to deal with more extensively in some other place.
Land Tenure on the Eritrean Plateau
Authors: Nadel S. F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDoubtful land titles are established or contested through recognized legal channels. Traditionally, the jurisdiction in land disputes is vested in judges (danya) who are the chiefs of the community in whose territory the land is situated. This rule applies also to land litigation between full members of the community and the strangers and guest-groups which may hold land (by lease or other titles) in the area. We note that in such disputes between the hereditary landlords and the landless foreigners the former also arrogate to themselves the right of jurisdiction.
Décès d'une Femme Guerzé (Cercle de Nzérékoré, Guinée Française)
Authors: Holas B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphBien que la description suivante soit basée sur un cas précis, observé en 1952 dans un campement des immigrés guerzé installés depuis des années dans le pays kono, aux environs du village de Bakoré (canton de Lola), son schéma correspond en grandes lignes au mécanisme coutumier local général.
The Aboakyer of the Effutu: A Critique of Meyerowitz's Account
Authors: Wyllie Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn her book, The Akan of Ghana (1958), Eva L. Meyerowitz examines some of the religious beliefs and practices of the Akan in an attempt to show that they are of Libyo-Phoenician origin and that Akan civilization is essentially pre-Arab North African in character. As an example of an Akan New Year festival she describes the annual Aboakyer (lit. ‘the catching of an animal’) ritual of the Effutu people of southern Ghana and interprets it in a manner which supports her theory of Akan origins (Meyerowitz, 1958, pp. 38–42). This research note subjects Meyerowitz's treatment of the Aboakyer to critical analysis. It is concerned with her theory of Akan origins only in so far as it results in misinterpretation of the Aboakyer. The note does not provide a full account of the Aboakyer, but a brief outline showing the sequence of ritual events. The field-work upon which it is based was conducted among the Effutu in 1964 and 1965 and included the study of the Aboakyer rituals of these years.
A Survey of Categories of Economic Activities among the Peoples of Africa
Authors: Reader D. H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis essay is based on a review of the documentation on tribal economies in Africa. It attempts (i) to outline reported economic development within and outside the subsistence sector in traditional African societies; (ii) to assess tribal economic attitudes disclosed; (iii) to appraise, in the light of these, probable reactions towards further economic development with reference to the technological, industrial, and commercial dimensions of urbanization.
Behaviour and Cultural Value in West African Stories: Literary Sources for the Study of Culture Contact
Authors: Shelton Austin J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn much modern West African literature in English and French the authors depict problems concerning the relationship between the socio-cultural background and the particular experiences and behaviour of the characters portrayed. Investigation and analysis of such stories to ascertain the authors' ‘solutions’ of the characters' problems can aid our understanding of values and attitudes among modern Africans and in turn contribute to the growing corpus of knowledge about culture contact. As Cyprian Ekwensi, the Nigerian novelist, has claimed: ‘African writing is writing which reveals the psychology of the African.’ Obviously it reveals the psychology of both the author and the characters whom he portrays, and even though stories are written by individuals who are ‘modern’ Africans, strong opposition to any consideration of African literature as individualistic ‘art for art's sake’ has been manifested by Africans, including the Society of Nigerian Authors in their reply to Martin Tucker's 1962 argument that African novelists are over-communal and insufficiently individualistic in what they portray. In making such a response, the Nigerian authors in effect reasserted a traditional African attitude towards art as socially functional rather than merely aesthetically pleasing. One is thus justified in pursuing the study of modern literary works by Africans as expressions of attitudes and values related to tradition, contact, and change.
Anthropology and Africa—A Wider Perspective
Authors: Herskovits Melville J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAnthropological research in Africa has been characterized by an intensive, microethnographic approach, which has stressed the understanding of institutional arrangements and their functioning within a given society; and, exceptionally, the analysis of custom in depth. Comparisons have been eschewed, while the broader distributional studies that played an important role in the earlier researches of anthropologists in North America and Polynesia, in Africa have been all but lacking in the scientific literature. The result has typically been the ethnographic monograph rather than the ethnological or ethnohistorical study.