bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative medical importance of spider bites in Spain over 1997–2020: a retrospective study based on hospital cases coded using ICD
Authors: Cortés-Fossati Fernando , Méndez Marcos 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEnvenomation by terrestrial toxic animals is considered a serious risk to human health worldwide. Snakes, hymenopterans, spiders, and scorpions have mainly attracted the attention of medical literature. However, the relative importance of spiders has been studied only in a few countries. Here, we present the first retrospective study on the incidence of spider bites requiring hospital care in Spain, compared to bites or stings from snakes, hymenopterans, and scorpions. Using ICD9MC and ICD10 databases from the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases for the period 1997–2020, we quantified the cases of envenomation by spiders, compared to those by other terrestrial toxic animals, the demographic data of envenomation cases, the relative severity of spider bites, and the geographic distribution of envenomation cases. Overall, the incidence of acute intoxication by terrestrial toxic animals in Spain was ca. 1.23 cases per million inhabitants. In decreasing order of importance, cases were due to snakes, hymenopterans, spiders, scorpions, and myriapods. Fatal cases were extremely rare, caused mainly by hymenopterans. No fatalities were caused by spiders, scorpions, and myriapods. A greater incidence of snake bites occurred in northern Spain, but no geographical trends were found for spider bites or scorpion stings. Severe poisoning or life-threatening cases due to bites or stings from toxic terrestrial animals in Spain seems to be very low, especially for spiders, compared to other countries in the world. In general, spiders do not present a risk to human health and should not be considered a major driver of morbidity.
Forest Buffer Strips: Mapping the Water Quality Benefits
Authors: Endreny T.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest buffer strips are widely recommended for trapping nonpoint-source pollutants and protecting surface water quality, yet few models are designed to identify key areas for buffer installation and management. This article presents a conceptual model of polluted runoff dynamics to provide traction in estimating watershed-wide forest buffer needs. Inputs required for these estimates include elevation and land-cover maps, along with derived products that represent basic nutrient runoff principles.
Pingree Forest Partnership: Monitoring Easements at the Landscape Level
Authors: Sader S.A. , Ross K. , Reed F.C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Pingree Conservation Easement in Maine is a model of how large landowners can accomplish forest management and long-term conservation goals while realizing a financial return for this decision. The land conservation trust holding an easement has the perpetual responsibility to ensure that the owners of the property adhere to the easement terms. In this capacity, the New England Forestry Foundation has the responsibility to develop an independent, cost-effective, and scientifically defensible monitoring protocol for the Pingree easement. Elements of the monitoring program, including a three-level hierarchical monitoring method, from satellites to ground, are under development.
Conserving the Northern Forest: A Report Card on State and Federal Implementation of Recommendations of the Northern Forest Lands Council
Authors: Malmsheimer R.W. , Bentley W.R. , Floyd D.W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1994, the Northern Forest Lands Council published 37 recommendations designed to maintain traditional patterns of land ownership in the Northern Forest. During the past six years, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont each substantially or partially implemented more than 75 percent of the recommendations. State implementation was remarkably consistent and included most of the recommendations for protecting exceptional resources. The federal government implemented half of the council's recommendations, almost all of which were related to strengthening rural economies, suggesting a low national concern with most of the underlying issues.
Conservation Easements: Permanent Shields against Sprawl
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Conservation easements are an effective tool for maintaining working forests, preserving environmental values, and protecting communities from excessive development pressure. The Society of American Foresters (SAF) supports conservation easements as one tool for ensuring sustainable forest management. Selling or donating conservation easements may allow landowners who are committed to sustainable management to resist pressure to sell their property to developers. Similarly, in the face of pressure to withdraw working forests from active management, conservation easements offer a way to provide adequate environmental and open-space benefits while allowing continued timber harvesting.
Hybrid Poplar in the Pacific Northwest: The Effects of Market-Driven Management
Authors: Stanton B. , Eaton J. , Johnson J. , Rice D. , Schuette B. , Moser B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hybrid poplar is a new addition to the Northwest's agricultural economy, with over 50,000 acres currently in production. Originally conceived as feedstock for the energy industry, poplar has been grown primarily as raw material for the paper business. However with falling prices for wood chips, efforts are now under way to manage poplar for the solid wood market. Poplar's utility also extends to its use in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, nutrient removal from agricultural runoff, and phytoremediation of industrial landfills. Future applications are likely to exploit its carbon sequestration ability in the developing markets for tradable pollution credits.
Logging Restrictions in China: A Turning Point for Forest Sustainability
Authors: Zhao G. , Shao G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the past 50 years, China has experienced excessive exploitation of natural forests and countrywide development of forest plantations. Although forest coverage increased from 5.2 percent in 1950 to 16.5 percent in 1998, the natural forest has sharply declined in quantity and quality. China's logging restriction, the core of the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), protects millions of hectares of forests from further clearing. This 13-year-old program helps China adjust the age structure of national forests and provides a new chance for restoring forest sustainability.
Book Review: Justice and Natural Resources: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications
Authors: Flick W.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In Justice and Natural Resources: Concepts, Strategies, and Applications, editors Kathryn M. Mutz, Gary C. Bryner, and Douglas S. Kenney present an enlarged vision of environmental justice by arguing that all natural resource management decisions must reflect the distributive impacts on poor, minority, and tribal communities.
Niches in the Urban Forest: Organizations and Their Role in Acquiring Metropolitan Open Space
Authors: Ruliffson J.A. , Gobster P.H. , Haight R.G. , Homans F.R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As a response strategy to minimize the impacts of urban sprawl, public and private organizations are striving to acquire open lands that will contribute to a resilient and multifunctional urban forest. In the Chicago metropolitan region, we interviewed representatives of 15 organizations to understand the land acquisition process–the structures and functions of groups involved, their acquisition goals, and the cooperation among groups as they work to build metropolitan green infrastructure. Our findings reveal strength in diversity–a variety of groups working at different levels with complementary goals can help meet the complex challenges of land protection in rapidly urbanizing areas.
Forest Certification of Small Ownerships: Some Practical Challenges
Authors: Rickenbach M.G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Certification is a relatively new topic for most nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in the United States. The management of NIPFs has long challenged foresters and policymakers to find workable opportunities for owners. Drawing on the literature surrounding NIPFs and their owners, this article considers four practical challenges to credible, meaningful, and widespread certification of these ownerships by examining the American Tree Farm System and the Forest Stewardship Council's certification system. The challenges are offered here to stimulate dialogue on this emerging issue for NIPF stewardship.
Focus on ... Field Foresters: Sudden Oak Death: Where and How to Detect It
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of “sudden oak death,” is responsible for widespread tree mortality in central and northern California and appears to be spreading to other areas as well. Although thus far only oaks in the black or red oak group have been found to be susceptible to the disease, at least 11 other unrelated plant species may serve as hosts. Foresters in the field should look for symptoms on these known hosts in proximity to dead and bleeding oakds in order to confirm the presence of the pathogen.
Southern Forest Resource Assessment highlights: The Southern Timber Market to 2040
Authors: Prestemon J.P. , Abt R.C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Timber market analysis of the South's predominantly private timberland finds that the 13 southern states produce nearly 60 percent of the nation's timber, an increase from the mid-1900s. Projections with the Subregional Timber Supply model show that, despite a 60 percent increase in the area of pine plantations, the South will experience a 1 percent decline in private timberland area as other forest types shrink. Because of expected productivity gains for plantation forests and conversions of some agricultural lands to natural forests, the South's industrial wood output is projected to increase by more than 50 percent between 1995 and 2040.
Southern Forest Resource Assessment: Conducting Science in the Public Eye
Authors: Greis J.G. , Wear D.N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Questions about the long-term sustainability of southern forest benefits, including wildlife habitat, water quality, and timber supply, prompted this regional assessment and guided the process by which it was conducted. SFRA's final report is descriptive–not prescriptive–and is intended to inform debate and policymaking in technically defensible, unbiased, and understandable terms. Although the analysis was science based and peer reviewed, the public helped frame the questions and critique the answers. This article describes the process used to complete the assessment and draws out several general observations about conducting a scientific analysis of this scope in a public setting.
Forestry and Modern Environmentalism: Ending the Cold War
Authors: Limerick P.N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The international Cold War that followed World War II set the context for increases in timber harvest, which heightened the tensions between environmentalists and foresters. Although the superpowers have called a halt to their conflict, the metaphorical cold war antagonists have not. Rethinking the history of the Progressive-era origins of both the preservation and the utilitarian perspectives, we see that each emerged in an effort to find alternatives to the depletion of America's natural resources, and neither was as mutually exclusive as they have become. Such a historical foundation allows us to rethink and revise our own habits of mind and find the common ground that could be the basis for peace.
Twenty Years of Price Reporting to NIPF Owners: A Progress Report
Authors: Rosen B.N. , Kaiser H.F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 2000 survey of stumpage price reporting services was compared with surveys conducted in 1980 and 1990 to determine whether the information provided to nonindustrial private forestland owners had improved. Slightly fewer states issue reports today than in 1990, but private reports are now available for Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The quality of most reports has changed little since 1990. Although market reporting can help landowners make intelligent management decisions, most NIPF owners do not participate in timber markets, and few who do participate engage professional foresters–a source of market information. The most pressing need in the market reporting system is transferring the information to the millions of landowners. The Internet is becoming a vehicle, but more outreach to NIPF owners is needed.
Puerto Rico's Forest Inventory: Adapting the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program to a Caribbean Island
Authors: Brandeis T.J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Rapid changes in vegetation over short distances, high species diversity, and fragmented landscape challenge the implementation of the Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program on Puerto Rico. Applying the hexagonal FIA grid as used on the continental United States, the Forest Service is installing a new forest sampling and monitoring framework that incorporates previous inventory plots and has an expanded scope. However, an adequate description of Puerto Rico's diverse tropical forests requires additional sampling; the solution is to intensify the base systematic sampling grid. Ultimately, this framework can be used to monitor all vegetation and cover types on the island, plus fauna, soils, and air and water quality–in short, to create a comprehensive, long-term natural resources inventory and monitoring network.
European Woodwasp: A Potential Threat to North America's Conifer Forests
Authors: Ciesla W.M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a wood-boring insect native to Eurasia and northern Africa, has become established in several countries in the Southern Hemisphere where Monterey, loblolly, slash, and other North American pine species are widely used in plantations. These pines can be killed by the fungus and mucus transmitted by female woodwasps during egg laying, and the large tunnels constructed by the larvae damage the structural integrity of the wood. Should the European woodwasp become established in North America, it could cause severe damage to conifer forests.
It's a Neighborhood Now: Practicing Forestry at the Urban Fringe
Authors: Edwards K.K. , Bliss J.C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Increasing land fragmentation, regulations, and neighbors' concerns pose significant challenges to forest owners at the urban fringe. Using Oregon's Soap Creek Watershed as a study site, we paired qualitative and quantitative methods to identify stakeholders, their opinions about forestry, and options for reducing conflict. Findings indicate that: (1) stakeholders viewed actively managed forests as preferable to further residential development, (2) residents held corporate and public forest managers to higher communication and management standards than individual private managers, and (3) consistently communicating management intentions and acknowledging neighbors' concerns reduced active opposition to forest management.
Using Airborne Laser Altimetry to Determine Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior
Authors: Seielstad C.A. , Queen L.P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Airborne laser altimetry provides an unprecedented view of the forest floor in timber fuel types and is a promising new tool for fuels assessments. It can be used to resolve two fuel models under closed canopies and may be effective for estimating coarse woody debris loads. A simple metric–obstacle density–provides the necessary quantification of fuel bed roughness to make these measures possible. This work highlights the need for more research in the application of laser technology to fuels mapping.
Employment Transitions in Oregon's Wood Products Sector During the 1990s
Authors: Helvoigt T.L. , Adams D.M. , Ayre A.L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
New data indicate that only 51 percent of workers displaced from the Oregon wood products sector during the 1990s remained in Oregon covered employment by 1998. Of these, 45 percent found employment in the service and wholesale-retail trade sectors. The median wage of separated workers in 1998 was below their wage when employed in the wood products sector and below the median wage of all Oregon workers. At least 30 percent of those separated from the wood products sector in the less populous southwestern and eastern portions of the state found new employment in the more urban northwestern region at wages 29 percent higher than their counterparts who did not move.
Stakeholders' Perceptions of Parcelization in Wisconsin's Northwoods
Authors: Rickenbach M.G. , Gobster P.H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Parcelization, the process by which relatively large forest ownerships become subdivided into smaller ones, is often related to changes in ownership and can bring changes to the use of the land. Landowners, resource professionals, and others interested in Wisconsin's Northwoods were asked their views on parcelization in a series of stakeholder forums. We analyzed their statements through the lens of forest sustainability with its ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The analysis shows how sustainability might be used to structure future research and discourse within local communities to foster fuller considerations of landscape and land use change.
PVF: A Scale to Measure Public Values of Forests
Authors: Tarrant M.A. , Cordell H.K. , Green G.T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We propose a 12-point scale for measuring the relative importance of national forest resources–both economic and noneconomic–to the American public. With data from the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, the scale supports the existence of three latent factors: protection, amenity, and outputs. The scale had moderate levels of internal reliability and demonstrated predictive validity. Consistent with previous studies of forest values, protection values were significantly higher for women, urban residents, and younger respondents. Future research should investigate the use and nonuse values of both the economic and noneconomic factors, because decisions that fail to include economic nonuse values in benefit-cost analyses may underestimate the total value of forest preservation. By understanding the forest values that people hold, forest planners and managers will be better able to design policies, reduce conflicts among stakeholders, and implement forest plans.
Restoring Dignity to Sound Professional Judgment
Authors: Haas G.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Both the scientific community and the judiciary make decisions based on less than complete information, and both acknowledge the reality of uncertainty. The scientific community tends to view certainty as a yes-no phenomenon, demands a high degree of certainty, and considers only several variables at one time. The judiciary, however, uses a sliding scale of certainty, allows a lower degree of certainty, and considers the totality of the situation. For natural resource decisionmakers–people with scientific training whose decisions are subject to judicial review–what should the standard of judgment be? This article examines certainty from both perspectives, argues for the restoration of sound professional judgment as the standard for natural resource decisionmaking, and offers suggestions to improve sound professional judgment.
Exercising the Right to Object: A Brief History of the Forest Service Appeals Process
Authors: Coulombe Mary J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service has had a long association with the public in regard to managing the national forests. Appeals of certain decisions by local agency officials have been available since 1907. Over the past century, the procedures have adjusted to changing times by shifting back and forth from formal to informal, and from management by the agency to management by independent boards. Today, Forest Service appeals are managed by the agency with separate processes for forest plans, projects, and permits and special uses. The purposes of appeals and how they help or hinder Forest Service decisions remain controversial.
National Trends in the Use of Forest Service Administrative Appeals
Authors: Teich Gretchen M. R. , Vaughn Jacqueline , Cortner Hanna J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using publicly available electronic records, we compiled a database to compare administrative appeals of USDA Forest Service projects. The database contains 3,736 appeals decided nationwide from January 1997 through September 2002. The data show that the appeals process is used by a wide variety of interests, including individuals, tribes, and businesses as well as environmental groups, to challenge a wide range of projects, including development, recreation, and grazing as well as fuels reduction. The agency denied in full 54.6 percent of all appeals filed. The database provides a tool for informing the debate over appeals of Forest Service decisions but also opens up new lines of inquiry.
From Postdecisional Appeals to Predecisional Objections: Democratic Accountability in National Forest Planning
Authors: Manring Nancy 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
On December 6, 2002, the USDA Forest Service published a proposed planning rule that replaces postdecisional appeals of land and resource management plans with a “predecisional objection process” within a framework of collaborative planning for sustainability. This article examines the Forest Service's rationale for eliminating postdecisional appeals, provides an overview of accountability relationships, and explores the implications for democratic accountability if the proposed rule eliminating postdecisional appeals is adopted. Appeals have provided an important mechanism of accountability in forest planning. There are questions about whether the objection process will provide a comparable means of accountability. The change represents a shift away from traditional legal and hierarchical accountability relationships toward accountability based on public deliberation and scientific input in a collaborative planning process. The success of such a model depends on successfully institutionalizing collaborative planning throughout a large, decentralized organization.
Ecological Concepts and Diversity of Old-Growth Forests
Authors: Spies Thomas A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An ecological understanding of old-growth requires a multiscale perspective, ranging from individual trees to regions. A consensus on a single general ecological definition of old-growth will never be reached, but that should not preclude the development of specific definitions needed by managers. Old-growth forests share many attributes, such as spatial heterogeneity, but they also differ in many ways. Given the complexity and dynamics of forests, efforts to conserve biodiversity must be sensitive to the diversity of old-growth forests and must consider forests of all developmental stages, not just old-growth. One implication is that forest policies and management practices may need to be as diverse as the old-growth forests they address.
Options Forestry: Acting on Uncertainty
Authors: Bormann Bernard T. , Kiester A. Ross 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An increased appreciation of how scientific and societal uncertainty enters management decisions suggests a new approach to forest management–options forestry. We contend that unflinching assessments of uncertainty can often find an array of alternatives that cannot be distinguished with sufficient confidence to permit the choice of one “best practice.” Options forestry responds to uncertainty by diversifying management, emphasizing learning, and integrating research and management. A Siuslaw National Forest project in Oregon demonstrates options forestry as an approach to act on uncertainty to society's advantage.