bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential‐penetration theory
Authors: Eckersley T. L. 
Published: February 2008

There is a good deal of evidence for the existence of differential penetration. It explains a number of things which are otherwise difficult to account for.An attempt is made, in this paper, to develop this basic idea of differential penetration. It is this:We assume a neutral cloud of electrons and positive particles, of dimensions large compared with the Earth, coming in to the Earth, probably from the Sun, possibly from neutral clouds in space.
K‐indices, April to June, 1947, and sudden commencements, January to June, 1947, at Abinger
Authors: Jones H. Spencer 
Published: February 2008

I enclose a list of the K‐indices of geomagnetic activity at Abinger for April to June, 1947, in Table 1.In view of the interest which is now attached to “Sudden‐Commencement” phenomena, I append in Table 2 a list of the times at which these characteristic movements have appeared on the Abinger traces during the current year, to date [the time is “Universal Time” (UT= GMT)]. An asterisk (*) indicates that the movement, though abrupt, was not characteristically “sudden”.
Cheltenham K‐indices for January to June, 1947
Authors: Wiles William E. 
Published: February 2008

Cheltenham K‐indices are submitted daily to the Washington Office of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and are currently being supplied in a weekly report to approximately the same agencies and investigators that formerly received the weekly “Report of Geomagnetic Activity” prepared by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington. In addition it is planned to publish quarterly tabulations of the Cheltenham K‐indices in this JOURNAL.K‐indices are regularly scaled at all five of the standard observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; monthly tabulations of these figures are filed in the Washington Office.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 130° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)April 8–9—A moderately disturbed period began abruptly at 21h 51m GMT, April 8. For the first 9.5 hours there was but little activity; however, at 07h 20m, April 9, both H and Z began to decrease. By 08h 17m H had decreased about 735 gammas. Both elements remained abnormally low until about 12h, April 9, when they gradually recovered to their normal values. It may be said that the disturbance ended at about 12h, April 9, but minor disturbances were recorded for several days following. K‐indices of 8 and 7 were recorded between 06h and 12h, April 9.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Rao M. P. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)April 17–18—A sudden‐commencement storm of great intensity with an increase of 62 gammas in H, a decrease of 20 gammas in Z and an increase in westerly declination of 1′.5 (all in about three minutes) began at 12h 24m GMT, April 17. After a period of moderate intensity lasting for about seven hours, H fell rapidly at 19h 38m until 21h 35m when the minimum was reached. Thereafter H increased rapidly and began to fluctuate. The storm ended at about 22h 30m, April 18, recording two K‐indices of 8 for the successive intervals 18h‐24h, April 17, and four K‐indices of 6. Ranges: D, 9′.8; H, 429 gammas; Z, 103 gammas.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 0lm.4 W. of Gr.)April 8—There was a sudden increase in H of 115 gammas in three minutes beginning at 21h 50m GMT, April 8, which was followed by a slow, large decrease with several slow, moderate peaks and bays during the night hours, but no real magnetic disturbance. D and Z were practically unaffected.
Note on “Sudden commencements” and other small characteristic impulses
Authors: Newton H. W. 
Published: February 2008

The recent publication by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey of a first instalment of ¼‐size reproductions of daily magnetograms, January to June, 1946, from the Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory, provides some interesting data in connection with “Sudden Commencements” (SC) and other small trace‐movements that are being studied at Greenwich. In a paper dated August, 1946, from the Royal Observatory, certain unexpected characteristics of SC‐occurrence were derived from the Greenwich data 1879–1944.for two of the results given by the Greenwich analysis, the Cheltenham magnetograms provide a valuable comparison even for the short epoch of six months—a specially active six months, however, embracing some unusual solar phenomena.
Some experimental results obtained by ionospheric investigations in Sweden during the total solar eclipse of July 9, 1945
Authors: Gejer Sven , Åkerlind Per 
Published: February 2008

Summary—Determinations of critical frequencies and virtual height made by the Swedish Board of Telegraphs are described and also other measurements made in Sweden during the eclipse.Definite effects on the critical frequencies for the different layers were established by means of multifrequency recordings made at Östersund and Enköping. Thus the decrease in E‐layer electronic density from the assumed undisturbed value was about 57 per cent. For the F1‐layer the corresponding decrease was 63 per cent and for the F2‐layer approximately 33 per cent.
International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity
Authors: Joyce J. W. 
Published: February 2008

Circular Letter No. 1, concerning plans for the Eighth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics to be held at Oslo, Norway, 17–28 August 1948.(I) The time and place—After long postponement caused by the exigencies of War, the Eighth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics will be held during August, 1948, in Oslo, Norway. The Norwegian Committee in Charge of Arrangements has set tentative dates of August 17–28, 1948, for the meetings. The first two days will be devoted to administrative and organizational matters.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1947
Authors: Wiles William E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5, or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)July 17–20—A moderately severe magnetic storm began with a sudden commencement in all three elements at 17h 49m GMT, July 17, the severest part of the storm occurring within the first eight hours. Initial H‐motion was rapid and of large amplitude. After soon reaching a low value of 18,1777γ at 18h 06m, H then increased 265γ in a rapid although erratic manner until 20h 22m. After about 03h, July 18, H exhibited rapid pulsations of moderate amplitude. After 03h, July 19, long‐period motion of comparatively small amplitude predominated until the end of the storm at 17h July 20. Minimum H of 18,074γ occurred at 14h 36m, July 18. Following the sudden commencement Z decreased until 18h 01m, after which a rapid steady increase set in until 00h 08m, July 18, a change of 288γ being recorded. Z then decreased until 04h, when normal values were resumed. Z showed a rather rapid rise between 16h and 20h, July 18, and was erratic between 01h and 07h, July 19.
Comparative correlations of ƒ°F2 with “Ionospheric sunspot‐number” and ordinary sunspot‐number
Authors: Phillips M. Lindeman 
Published: February 2008

Comparison was made between the correlation of monthly‐average ƒ°F2 at several ionospheric stations with monthly‐average Wolf relative sunspot‐number as compiled at Zurich, and with a new index of solar activity which has been provisionally called the “ionospheric sunspot‐number.” This quantity is derived from the ƒ°F2 observed at Washington, D.C.; Huancayo (Peru) and Watheroo (Western Australia)—stations having the longest time series of such data—for the hours 10 through 14 local time, using the well‐established trends of ƒ°F2 with sunspot‐number for these times and places. The average of correlation‐coefficients between smoothed annual sunspot‐number and monthly average of ƒ°F2 at noon for these stations for June, September, and December is 0.94.The stations for which comparative correlations were made were not those whose data were used in deriving this so‐called “ionospheric sunspot‐number”, but others, having a series of ƒ°F2‐data extending over nearly as long a period of time. The correlation‐coefficients for these are given in Table 1.
Witteveen Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1947
Authors: van Lohuizen H. P. Th. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 52° 48′.8 N., longitude 6° 40′.1 or 0h 26m.7 E. of Gr.)October 1–3—This period of magnetic activity with only temporarily moderate disturbances had started suddenly at 18h 09m, September 30. Activity was strongest between 14h 50m, October 2, and 6h, October 3. On all three days a K‐index of 5 was noted for the first 3‐hour‐interval, while between 12h and 24h, October 2, one K‐index of 6 and three K‐indices of 5 occurred.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1947
Authors: Rao M. P. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′,3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)September 30‐October 3—A moderate storm commenced suddenly at 18h 10m GMT, September 30, with an increase of 23 γ in H, a decrease of 5 γ in Z, and an increase of 0′.5 in westerly D. After a period of slight intensity lasting for about ten hours all the three elements recorded some large fluctuations till about 12h, October 1. The storm ended at about 04h 30m, October 3, giving five K‐indices of 5. Ranges: H, 224 γ; Z, 86 γ; D 8′.2.
Factors controlling the atmospheric conductivity at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory
Authors: Parkinson W. D. 
Published: February 2008

Some of the results of four months, recordings of atmospheric‐electric elements at Huancayo are presented. Positive small‐ion mobility appears to be constant, whereas negative small‐ion mobility has a regular diurnal variation. Positive small‐ion density is found to follow the normal equation of small‐ion balance. Values of combination‐coefficients are deduced.A mechanism for the origin of variations in conductivity has been suggested by Gish. In general the results in this paper are in agreement with this suggestion. In the case of intermediate ions, a daily variation in mobility‐distribution is found, which suggests a source of intermediate ions close to the place of measurement.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1948
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 7—A moderate magnetic disturbance began with a sudden increase in H at 03h 58m GMT, which was followed by relative magnetic calm until 16h 52m when there was recorded an hour and a half of increased value with rapid movements in H but affecting D in only a minor degree. Another period of calm began suddenly at 18h 21m followed by another increase with relatively large rapid movements in H at 19h 26m and lasting for a little over two hours, and then recording with only minor irregular movements from 22h 40m for the rest of the day. The K‐index for 18h to 21h was 6.
Zô‐Sè Observatory April to June, 1948
Authors: Burgard M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 31° 05′.8 N., longitude 121° 11′.2 or 8h 04m 45s E. of Gr.)April 6–7—Abrupt beginning at 03h 58m (H = 36 γ), was followed by small activity. New sudden commencement at 16h 50m. A drop of H‐curve by 70 γ in three minutes took place at 18h 15m. Agitation was over April 8, in the morning.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1948
Authors: van Wijk A. M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)April 1— Following a period of moderate activity between 00h and 09h GMT, April 1, the traces remained slightly disturbed for several days.
International Council of Scientific Unions, Mixed Commission on the Ionosphere
Authors: Beynon W. J. G. 
Published: February 2008

The first meeting of the above Mixed Commission on the Ionosphere of the International Council of Scientific Unions was held at Brussels, July 28–30,1948. The following were present: Sir Edward Appleton (Chairman); Professor S. Chapman; Professor L. Vegard; Dr. R. v. d. R. Woolley; Dr. C. R. Burrows (representing Dr. J. H. Dellinger) ; Dr. M. A. Tuve (representing Dr. L. V. Berkner); Professor F. J. M. Stratton (Secretary, ICSU); Colonel E. Herbays (Secretary, URSI); Dr. W. J. G. Beynon (Secretary, Mixed Commission); Professor Manneback (Louvain University); Colonel Dorsiment (Vice‐President, URSI); Dr. M. Nicolet (Institut Royal Météorologie de Belgique); and M. Bourgeois (Directeur de l'Observatoire Royal de Belgique).Six sessions of the Commission were held. The subdivision of the field of work and the introductory speakers are given below.
College Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Cleven Merril L. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 64° 51′.9 N., longitude 147° 49′.3 or 9h 51m.3 W. of Gr.)August 7–10—A moderate magnetic storm began sharply at 23h 00m GMT, August 7. The storm was characterized by short‐period, small‐amplitude oscillations superimposed upon large bays. The most severe part of the storm occurred between 16h and 19h, August 10, and consisted of large‐amplitude, short‐period oscillations. After 19h, August 10, the storm gradually died out; disturbed conditions, however, continued for about two days.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)July 29–31—Rather large bays occurred between 09h and 13h GMT, July 29, and between 10h and 13h, July 31. The first bay produced K‐indices of 6 and 7 while the second produced a K‐index of 7.
Witteveen Magnetic Observatory April to September, 1948
Authors: van Lohuixen H. P. Th. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 52° 48′.8 N., longitude 6° 40′.1 or 0h 26m.7 E. of Gr.)April 6—After a sudden commencement at 03h 58m GMT, there was only very slight disturbance until 16h 52m, when a new disturbance started suddenly. One K‐index of 5 occurred in the interval between 18h and 21h. After 21h there was a long period of slightly disturbed conditions.
Apia Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Gerard V. B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 13° 48′.4 N., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.)August 7–11—A sudden commencement of 22 gammas in H at 23h 00m GMT, August 7, introduced a severe magnetic storm lasting until August 11. Following the sudden commencement a steady decline in H commenced, superimposed by rapid, irregular oscillations of small amplitude. At about 06h, August 8, H commenced to fall more rapidly and reached a minimum at 08h 52m. The range in H from the peak of the sudden commencement to this minimum was 346 gammas.
The Earth's magnetic and electrical moment
Authors: Eckersley T. L. 
Published: February 2008

There are two outstanding problems. One is to explain the Earth's magnetic moment, and the other is to explain its electrical moment. Together with these, we have to explain the magnetic moments of all the astronomical bodies, such as the Sun and stars.My feeling is that the two problems are connected. The Earth, for example, is very hot inside, and in the interior its temperature is above the melting point of iron. Such a hot body is like a hot filament, and produces an atmosphere of electrons. This atmosphere flows out to infinity and produces a space‐charge.
On electric currents induced by rotating magnets, and their application to some phenomena of terrestrial magnetism
Authors: Schuster Arthur 
Published: February 2008

Speculative theories on the magnetic and electric relationship between the Sun and Earth lack all solid basis, until we can give an answer to the question, whether interplanetary space is to be considered an electric conductor or not. The question is not one which can at present be touched by any argument as to the possible amount of matter which space may contain, for the behavior of gases in our vacuum tubes is so much affected by the dimensions of the electrodes and of the vessel, that no conclusions can be drawn as to the electric behavior of molecules flying about in a boundless enclosure.It is my purpose to show how the behavior of the magnetic needle on the surface of the Earth may give us some information on the point. If it fails to do so it will be because the conductivity of space falls below a certain assignable value, and even that knowledge will be a gain.
Ueber Simultan‐Beobachtungen erdmagnetischer Variationen
Authors: Eschenhagen M. 
Published: February 2008

Als ein hervorragendes Ergebniss der ersten erdmagnetischen Forschungen Alexander v. Humboldt's und Arago's, sowie insbesondere der Beobachtungen des von Gauss und Weber begründeten magnetischen Vereins kann die Ermittelung der Gleichzeitigkeit des Auftretens gewisser starker Bewegungen der Magnetnadel an verschiedenen Orten gelten, und die magnetischen Termincurven in den Tafeln der “Resultate des magnetischen Vereins” fesseln noch heute wie damals das Auge durch das “Erkennen von Mass und Harmonie im anscheinend Regelosen.”Als im Jahre 1882–83 im System der internationalen Polarforschung diese Terminbeobachtungen von neuem in bedeutendem Umfange angestellt wurden, ergab sich zwar auch für verhältnissmässig nahe, z. B. für die europäischen Stationen, ein gleiches Resultat wie früher, während die ferneren und namentlich die den magnetischen Polen näheren Stationen erkennen lassen, dass wohl ein etwa gleichzeitiges Auftreten der magnetischen Störungen stattfindet, dass aber ein unmittelbarer Vergleich einzelner erdmagnetischer Componenten nicht mehr möglich ist, sondern dass diese plötzlichen Variationen einem komplicirteren Gesetze gehorchen. Bei der Schwierigkeit, das umfangreiche Material, welches durch jene Terminbeobachtungen gewonnen ist, zu bewältigen, scheint es uns von Vortheil, erst mit einer einfacheren Frage zu beginnen und nicht die grossen, verhältnissmässig selten auftretenden Störungen, sondern die allerkleinsten, ziemlich häufig vorhandenen Bewegungen der Magnetnadeln zum Gegenstande des Studiums zu machen. Eine Trennung der Störungen in Gruppen—wobei man zunächst an eine Eintheilung nach der verschiedenen Grosse denkt—scheint nämlich zu dem Zwecke geboten, um zu erforschen, ob alle demselben Gesetze gehorchen, sich also z. B. nach Weltzeit richten, oder ob es Erscheinungen darunter giebt, die örtlicher Natur, wie z. B. die tägliche periodische Schwankung, oder die Einflüsse der Gewitter sind.
Die Magnetischen Störungen der Jahre 1890–95, nach den Aufzeichnungen des Magnetographen in Potsdam
Authors: Lüdeling G. 
Published: February 2008

In den “Ergebnissen der magnetischen Beobachtungen in Potsdam in den Jahren 1890 und 1891” (Veröffentl. des Kgl. Preuss. Meteorolog. Instituts, Berlin 1894) giebt Herr Eschenhagen eine Classification der magnetischen Curven, nach welcher er 5 verschiedene Arten unterscheidet, und zwar bezeichnet er mitCharacter 1: Sehr ruhige Curven, die höchstens vereinzelte, sehr kleine Ausbuchtungen zeigen;Character 2: Curven mit ziemlich ruhigem Verlauf; das Gesammtbild der täglichen Periode wird durch etwas häufigere, kleine Wellen nicht beeinträchtigt ;Character 3: Leicht gestörte Curven, in denen secundäre Wellen von massiger Amplitude und kurzer Dauer (1–3 Stunden) auftreten, doch ist der tägliche Gang noch sicher erkennbar ;Character 4: Ziemlich gestörte Curven, deren Gesammtbilder durch secundäre Wellen von grösserer Amplitude längere Zeit hindurch (6–8 Stunden) erheblich beeinträchtigt werden ;Character 5: Curven mit sehr grossen, spitzen Wellen und Zacken, die in grosser Zahl und längerer Dauer auftreten und das normale Bild der Curven vollständig entstellen.
Isonomales et variations séculaires des composantes Y et X de la force magnétique horizontale pour l'époque 1857
Authors: de Tillo A. 
Published: February 2008

Pour rendre complète la série des cartes des isanomales et des variations séculaires de magnétisme terrestre je viens de construire les quatre cartes ci‐jointes qui se rapportent à la composante occidentale—Y—et à la composante nord —X— de la force horizontale.C'est seulement grâce au concours de M. le docteur Adolphe Schmidt de Gotha que j'ai pu exécuter ce travail, car jusqu'à ce jour je n'avais à ma disposition pour les composantes en question que les valeurs se rapportant à l'époque de 1829 consignées dans l'ouvrage de MM. Ermann et Petersen. Les valeurs calculées par Monsieur A. Schmidt correspondent à l'époque de l'an 1885; elles sont basées sur l'Atlas de magnétisme terrestre de M. Neumayer.
The electrification of the atmosphere
Authors: McAdie Alexander 
Published: February 2008

Will the twentieth century number among its triumphs a complete electrical survey of the atmosphere? There are some good grounds for believing that it will.In the first place, the subject of atmospheric electricity, unlike the commercial problems in electricity, has not been attacked by an army of workers; swarming on each new phase and forcing further development by tireless industry and determined zeal. The appearance of three such papers as are referred to below indicates a quickening and wide‐spread interest in the subject. Secondly, although we still lack a guiding theory as to the origin of the earth's negative charge, valuable data are accumulating so rapidly, and are now so accessible, that erroneous hypotheses may be quickly and effectively put to the test and disposed of. And thirdly, in the matter of instrumental equipment, we know the weakness of our present methods and apparatus, and also understand that where so many independent variables are to be dealt with, care must be taken to properly evaluate the electrometer readings. Furthermore, as with problems in meteorology, we must reach out from the individual observations to a series of similar simultaneous ones. The general laws of the potential variation in free air will be forthcoming when the necessary observations are made at many places. It is as logical for one to use a single thermometer to foretell marked temperature changes as to use a quadrant electrometer, and hope to determine from a series of isolated readings much of value concerning the potential of the air.
Secular variation expressions of the magnetic inclination
Authors: Littlehales G. W. 
Published: February 2008

These expressions for the secular variation of the magnetic inclination at various important maritime stations have been deduced with a view of providing for the computation of the rate of change at a station at any time within the period of observation, and of bringing forward, from one epoch to another, values of the inclination observed in the regions were the stations are situated.They have been used in this manner in connection with the preparation of the chart of the world, lately published by the Hydrographic Office, showing the isoclinic lines for the epoch 1897.
Electric car disturbances at the magnetic observatory of the United States Naval Observatory
Authors: Davis C. H. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic instruments at the Naval Observatory in the city of Washington consist of a Kew vertical‐force needle, Kew declination needle, Kew horizontal‐force needle, and Mascart vertical‐force needle. These instruments are mounted underground, in a vault specially designed for the purpose, and are self‐registering by means of photography.The Observatory itself is situated on Georgetown Heights in the suburbs of the city of Washington, on a spot selected by a commission appointed for the purpose. The purchase of this site, which is irregular in shape, and contains nearly seventy acres, was made in 1882. One of the principal requirements of the commission was to choose a site which should probably remain free from disturbances due to the proximity of a city and the effects of traffic. The electric railway had not then been perfected, and no more desirable site could have been selected. The construction of the new buildings, laying out and grading the grounds, and preparing for the removal of the instruments extended over a period of ten years, and the old site of the Observatory on the bank of the Potomac was finally abandoned in 1893.