bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Small-Diameter Inertial Grade Gyroscopes Significantly Reduces Borehole Position Uncertainty
Authors: Uttecht G. W. , Dewardt J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Initial tests with a new directional survey tool show a significant enhancement in attainable accuracy over conventional instrumentation. Two prototype systems, developed over the last two years by Gyrodata, Inc., have recently been tested in a well in West Texas. Although many more tests are required, preliminary results indicate that the original design objective for borehole position uncertainty less than 1.7 feet per 1,000 feet of hole–has been met.
The Gyrodata Wellbore Surveyor employs an inertial grade rate gyro adapted from the aerospace industry. In combination with its other sensors and electronics, the device can sense the orientation of the earth's spin vector at each independent survey station. As a result, the major systematic errors associated with conventional gyros–geographical reference and unaccountable drift–are eliminated. Other sources of inaccuracy are minimized by the system's measuring techniques and operational procedures, and additional benefits should arise from faster survey speed and increased reliability. A true north reference device can also employ a small outside diameter since it requires only one gyro and one accelerometer, rather than the two or three of each needed in an inertial navigation system.
Salt Drilling in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Sheffield J. S. , Collins K. B. , Hackney R. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A compilation of literature, design and operational data dealing with drilling and setting casing through salt formations is explained and summarized. This paper is adapted to drilling conditions in the Rocky Mountain area.
Discussion includes the origin of salt deposits, how salt can be detected during the planning and drilling of a well, and different drilling strategies employed for drilling salt. Casing design and cementing are discussed as well as failure of casing due to salt loading.
Operating experience is reviewed in several Rocky Mountain areas. Casing strings were set through salt with collapse ratings ranging from .3 psi per foot to 1.5 psi per foot. Casing collapse due to salt loading was observed in several wells with casing design ratings less than 1.0 psi per foot.
Conclusions are made concerning the major areas discussed in the paper including salt flow, inter-bedded salt, cementing and drilling strategy. The suggestion is made that casing set through salt zones should be designed for a collapse rating of 1.2 psi per foot.
Environmental Impact of Oil-Base Mud Cuttings Discharges—A North Sea Perspective
Authors: Poley J. P. , Wilkinson T. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Discharges of Oil-Based Mud Cuttings have an environmental impact which is limited in time and in volume/area. North Sea field data (1979-1982) indicates that beyond the immediate neighbourhood of the discharge, the hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column are effectively at ambient levels and environmental impact, if any, is difficult to establish.
Regarding the sea-bottom ecology the data shows the existence of three different zones:
A proximal zone, extending about 300-700 m from the platform, where cuttings form a surface deposit (thickest at the source and quickly thinning outward). Anaerobic conditions exist with associated H2S and biodegradation will be slow. Environmental impact will be most significant in the immediate neighbourhood of the source; any recovery will be slow. A distal zone, reaching beyond the proximal zone out to roughly 1500-5000 m, where cuttings may be found as thin patchy deposits of tiny particles, where aerobic conditions exist, and where biodegradation can readily take place. Environmental impact, if any, will be light, and recovery quick. The far zone, beyond some 1500-5000 m, where no environmental impact can be identified.
Local circumstances will determine the actual conditions around each source.
A Field Experiment To Assess Impact of Chemically Dispersed Oil on Arabian Gulf Corals
Authors: LeGore R. S. , Marszalek D. S. , Hofmann J. E. , Cuddeback J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Field experiments were conducted on a coral reef at Jurayd Island (Saudi Arabia) in the Arabian Gulf to study the effects of chemically dispersed oil on local corals. Portions of the reef were exposed to predetermined concentrations of oil alone, dispersant alone, and oil-plus-dispersant mixtures. Areas of the reef not exposed to any of the toxicants were used as controls. Arabian Light Crude and Corexit 9527 dispersant were the test toxicants.
Two series of experiments were conducted beginning in September 1981, one with a 24-hour exposure period and the other with a 5-day (120-hour) exposure period. Corals were stained for growth rate studies and extensively photographed to document any observed effects. Corals were examined for biological impacts immediately after the exposures, and then at 3-month intervals for 1 year. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and hydrocarbon content were recorded during the exposure periods.
Coral growth appeared unaffected by exposure to the toxicants. Some Acropora species corals exposed to dispersed oil for 5 days exhibited delayed effects, which became apparent during the relatively cold winter season.
Application of Sedimentological Studies in the Reservoir-Geological Modeling of the Al Huwaisah Field, Oman
Authors: Baumann André 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A reservoir-geological review has been carried out on the Al Huwaisah oil field (North Oman) and a geological model has been developed. Mainly based on sedimentological studies of core material, the distribution of the different lithofacies types of the reservoir formation has been reconstructed and the depositional environment interpreted. The resulting geological model shows analogies with the sedimentation pattern on Recent carbonate shoals in the Arabian Gulf. This, in combination with the good correlation between lithofacies types and reservoir properties, allows prediction of the different reservoir units and hence optimisation of the future development of the field.
Field Studies of Inspection and Repair Operations of Subsea Structures
Authors: Bourhis M. Y. , Aldridge Thomas 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
There are approximately 3000 fixed offshore oil installations worldwide constructed to differing designs to meet a variety of requirements.
Subsea inspection techniques are required to confirm that initial construction is to pre-established standards and specifications and that structural deterioration is to levels which are consistent with the design and continued serviceability of a structure. Such inspection will normally satisfy the various interelated requirements of the operators the Government and the Certifying Authority.
Our paper contents :
– Review of the techniques at present commentary applied underwater – An application of ultrasonic equipment – An application of welded repair in a rigid hyperbaric habitat
Application of Acoustic Emission and Modal Analysis Techniques to Offshore Platform Surveillance
Authors: Claude Cochard 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two research projects have been conducted to study the possibility of using acoustic emission and modal analysis techniques for in situ surveillance of offshore platforms.
For acoustic emission, experiments onshore, in sheltered area and on platforms have been conducted. The experimental part of the program terminated with a test on a pre-cracked T-joint on a platform in the southern North Sea. A prototype industrial system and the corresponding interpretation software have been developped. The various tests show that acoustic emission allows detection of cracks and monitoring of crack growth in a limited area of a platform.
Modal analysis has been studied through theoretical analysis, small scale tests and field tests on an operational platform. Two slightly different techniques have evolved from the study:
– modal analysis per se which gives global information on the overall structure. – vibrodetection which provides more accurate measurements on individual bracings.
Analysis of Pressure Buildup Curves Based on Field Experience
Authors: Arora P. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The subject paper deals with the application of Build-up data in computing vital reservoir parameters in oil fields. Generally technique of Miller Dyes and Hutchinson is utilized to determine flow capacity, permeability skin effect and completion efficiency. Build-up data is utilized in detecting the existence of faults. Method of Brons and Marting has been found to be more reliable to determine the partial penetration effect. The computer software package which was developed recently is discussed and due to near ideal behaviour of build-up curves, it is safely utilized. The computational work using the software package is rapid.
Field Test Results—A New Logging Tool for Formation Density and Lithology Measurements
Authors: Borai A. M. , Muhsin M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The formation porosity can be determined from borehole density measurements if the grain density of the rock is known. Generally, this is determined from the lithology.
The Litho-Density Tool, LDT, provides an improved measurement of the formation density and a new measurement of lithology.
Field tests of LDT proved that the tool could be run alone in a wide range of formations to provide porosity values comparable to those obtained by running a density log combined with a neutron log.
Improved Saturation Determination with EPT
Authors: Freeman D. W. , Henry K. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The accuracy of formation fluid saturations determined by log analysis has improved steadily over the years. However, the problem of what values to use for the exponents "m" and "n" in the saturation equation remains. Laboratory measurements on core samples show that these exponents can vary significantly over short intervals, but assumed average values must be used in actual calculations. These average values may or may not be representative, depending on the formation homogeneity.
The EPT (Electromagnetic Propagation Tool) measurement allows the calculation of saturations near the borehole without a knowledge of "m" or "n". Using the EPT saturation, a method is developed to calculate "m" and "n" from the logs as a continuous record. These calculated values provide an improved water saturation calculation from the regular resistivity and porosity logs.
Several examples are shown to demonstrate the application of the new method. Core analyses, core descriptions, and drill stem test results are included which support these improvements.
A 1982 Critique on Gas Cycling Operations on Gas-Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Aziz R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A discussion of gas-cycling operations in a gas-condensate reservoir cannot be complete without covering the full range of operations from drilling and well completion, reservoir analysis, surface handling of gas and liquids, LPG plant operation, gas compression, gas sales and reinjection. All of these factors are interrelated in a decision to start cycling and even more important, is the time to start and stop injection and the quantities of dry gas to be injected. The following discussion however, strictly deals with the reservoir aspects of cycling.
It is recognised that in certain gas reservoirs at high pressures, oil condenses out of the gas phase with reduction in reservoir pressure contrary to the normal phase behaviour at low pressures. The process is called retrograde condensation. The production process called cycling aims at preventing further dropout of retrograde liquid as well as revaporizing the liquid phase so that it can be produced with the gas.
Figure 1. is a typical phase diagram of a gas-condensate type reservoir. The pressure at which the first drop of liquid appears in the gas phase is called the dew point. Below the dew point pressure, further reduction in the reservoir pressure will increase the volume percent of liquids in the reservoir until the maximum liquids have been dropped out of the gas phase. Equilibrium volumes of the liquid and the gas phases at any pressure and temperature depend upon the composition of the mixture. The laboratory data collected by constant volume isothermal pressure reduction shows that at an intermediate pressure marked by point "A" in Figure 1. the liquid volume begins to decrease due to revaporization. However, not all of the liquids revaporize, even when the pressure is reduced to atmospheric pressure. From the reservoir point of view, it was assumed that the liquids dropped in the reservoir neither flow nor revaporize. Therefore, actual reservoir behaviour was calculated assuming a phase diagram shown by the dotted line on Figure 1.
A Rheological Model for Drilling Fluids and Cement Slurries
Authors: Gucuyene I. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A three constant model is developed describing the rheological behavior of drilling fluids and cement slurries. The proposed model and the former ones, the Bingham, power law, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson, Robertson-Stiff, were tested with the measured data for a total number of seventy one drilling fluids and cement slurries of which twenty of them are presented here. The results, in general, conform to the proposed model with a high degree of accuracy.
Flow equations, based on the proposed model, are also developed for both pipe and annular flows.
Parameterization of Match-Derived Pseudo-Relative Permeabilities
Authors: Hales H. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Pseudo-relative permeability functions were generated by automatically matching the pressures and oil production volumes obtained from two-dimensional cross-sectional simulations. The 2-D simulations used actual reservoir fluid and rock properties, but incorporated hypothesized stratifications and dip angles. The resulting pseudo-relative permeability curves were correlated as a function of the water breakthrough time and the maximum pressure differences observed in the corresponding simulations. The resulting suite of relative permeability curves then offered a simple method of matching historically observed pressures and production volumes in three-dimensional simulations of the reservoirs. Similar possibilities exist for altering pseudofunctions to obtain history matches in areal models.
Problems in Squeeze Cementing
Authors: Toor I. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
For the past half century, work has been carried out to improve squeeze cementing. During the course of time, new techniques, equipment, cement and cement additives were introduced. Work is still underway to improve squeeze cementing. Basic concept of squeeze cementing, understanding the problems, planning for a squeeze job and then later testing of the job help in achieving the goal. Solutions were offered to some common problems, whereas many regional problems need time to time study and effort. Squeezing long perforations in highly permeable sand has always been a problem, for which some techniques were presented.
Loudon Surfactant Flood Pilot—Overview and Update
Authors: Bragg J. R. , Gale W. W. , Canning J. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A successful surfactant (microemulsion) flood pilot test in a watered-out portion of the Weiler sand, Loudon Field, Illinois (USA) was completed in October, 1981. The microemulsion system tested was designed to be effective in the presence of high-salinity formation water containing 104,000 ppm (mg/l) total dissolved solids (TDS) without use of a preflush. The test was conducted in a single, 0.68-acre (2752 m2) 5-spot operated in a manner that approximated a confined pattern. The test was highly successful, recovering 60% of the oil remaining after waterflood. Cores from a post-flood well drilled within the pattern have confirmed the low final oil saturations and low surfactant retention achieved in the flood.
Although oil recovery was excellent, loss of mobility control in the polymer drive bank and premature breakthrough of lower-salinity drive water were observed part-way through the test. Laboratory and field studies conducted since flood termination have confirmed that loss was caused by bacterial degradation of the xanthan biopolymer used. Several biocides were tested in the laboratory and in a field injection experiment to determine their effectiveness against the bacteria contaminating the pilot. Formaldehyde was shown to kill bacteria within the formation, have negligible adsorption on reservoir rock, and permit propagation of undegraded polymer. Based on these test results, formaldehyde should protect xanthan biopolymer from bacterial degradation in future microemulsion floods at Loudon.
Design and Evaluation of a Gravity-Stable, Miscible CO2-Solvent Flood, Bay St. Elaine Field
Authors: Nute A. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A gravity-stable miscible CO2-solvent flood is underway in the Bay St. Elaine Field, South Louisiana. A 33% pore volume CO2-solvent slug was injected into a dipping water drive reservoir and is being pushed downdip by the injection of nitrogen gas. The CO2-solvent selected for this tertiary flood was tailored by the addition of methane and n-butane to the carbon dioxide. This CO2-solvent provides the density difference required to complete a gravity-stable flood within the desired time period and also satisfies the minimum miscibility pressure requirements at reservoir conditions.
The paper presents laboratory experimental work performed and process design work required to undertake this type of enhanced recovery project. The results obtained from slim tube tests to determine the CO2-solvent composition are presented as well as results of 12-foot sand pack displacement tests to evaluate the recovery efficiency of the selected CO2-solvent. Procedures used to determine the mixing zone lengths needed for CO2-solvent slug design are discussed along with the method of calculating critical velocity.
Pressure pulse tests conducted to improve reservoir definition within the project area are reviewed. In situ residual oil saturations for the unconsolidated sand determined from pressure cores, log-inject-log water flood tests, single well partitioning tracer tests, and open hole well logs are presented. Field injection and current production data are also analyzed.
The methods presented are being used to design CO2-solvent floods for reservoirs previously thought to be unsuited for conventional miscible CO2 flooding. The procedures and concepts discussed can be applied to flood design for numerous secondary and tertiary miscible CO2 projects.
Naphtha Injection and Reproduction in Qatif Field: A Case History
Authors: Al-Habbash I. I. , Gutek A. M. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A large refinery naphtha storage project has been successfully operated by the Arabian American Oil Company in Saudi Arabia. Variations in the liftings of refinery naphtha precipitated the need for underground storage to support existing surface tankage. Facilities consisting of a pipeline from the refining center at Ras Tanura to a Gas Oil Separation Plant in the Qatif field and injection pumps were put in place. Injection into the south domes of two highly porous carbonate reservoirs occured in two separate cycles over a combined interval of 7 years. Total injection into Reservoir I and Reservoir II has been 194 and 9.7 million barrels (3.1 and 1.5 million m3) respectively. Intermittent reproduction has recovered 50 percent of the stored naphtha, with crude contamination increasing on an individual well basis from initial rates of 10 percent to more than 40 percent as naphtha reproduction continued. During naphtha injection, reservoir pressure responses of approximately 200 psi (1379 kPa) were observed in wells offsetting the injectors. Acid stimulations and light hydrocarbon soak treatments were successfully used to eliminate the adverse effects of wellbore plugging during the injection and reproduction phases of the project.
Evaluation of Two-Phase Flow Test Pipeline Configurations for an Offshore Oil Field
Authors: Brill J. P. , Sifferman T. R. , Schmidt Zelimir , Sharma Yugdutt , Dutta-Roy Kunal 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In a major oilfield in Saudi Arabia, detailed information on individual well performance is required for operating and planning purposes. Complete design data can only be obtained through the addition of extensive facilities for periodic testing of all production in the field. Three different test pipeline configurations were considered. Variables included pipe diameter, pipeline length, oil production rate, gas/liquid ratio, and water cut. Lengths up to approximately 10 miles (16.1 km) were considered.
Three types of analyses were undertaken. The first analysis included steady state pressure losses in not only the horizontal segments but also the vertical risers and downcomers at the platforms. The second set of calculations involved transient simulations for both increasing and decreasing flow rates. Finally, slug length and period predictions for both normal and "severe" slugging were performed. Severe slugging occurs only at very low flow rates and negative pipeline inclination angles.
Pressure drop calculations based on the Beggs & Brill correlation, with a rough pipe friction factor, showed that 10 in. (25.4 cm) pipelines were adequate for most cases. Transient simulation results indicated that, in general, less than two hours were required to reestablish steady state flow for both increasing and decreasing rates. Normally occurring slugs were found to vary in average length from about 200 to 600 ft (61 to 183m)with a maximum possible slug length of approximately 2500 ft (762 m). Liquid slug lengths for severe slugging varied from about 100 to 800 ft (30. 5 to 244 m depending on the pipeline length and riser height.
Drillstem Testing of High-Pressure and Temperature Wells on Land is Made Safer by Using Annulus Pressure Operated Testing Tools
Authors: Hushbeck D. F. , Henderson J. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Often on high pressure or high temperature wells, drillstem testing is considered too dangerous and thus bypassed. With the development of annulus pressure operated tools for offshore use come new techniques of drillstem testing that have proved to he safer than conventional testing methods. These tools and techniques can he used on high pressure and temperature wells on land to perform safe and efficient drillstem tests.
The annulus pressure responsive (APR) system of testing tools has been used offshore for years primarily because of its simple operation by varying annulus pump pressure. This operating method allows a drillstem test to be conducted with a closed system (the rams are closed during the test), and no pipe rotation or manipulation is necessary to control the test. The possibility of a leak in the test string is reduced and safeguards can be incorporated into the test string so that if a leak to the annulus occurs, the increase in pressure will trip a safety valve and close the well in. The full opening arrangement in the APR system also lends itself well to high pressure testing, allowing for greater drawdown to occur. The full opening feature also allows for perforating under-balanced, and treating through the tools.
Case histories will show how the APR system of testing tools can be utilized on land to achieve safer and more accurate test results.