bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hamann‐Todd collection aging studies: Osteoporosis fracture syndrome
Authors: Mensforth Robert P. , Latimer Bruce M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study presents a retrospective analysis of distal radius, proximal femur, vertebral, and sacral fractures that occurred in 938 Hamann‐Todd Collection skeletons. Individuals included in the investigation were retrieved from dissecting room cadavers in Cleveland, Ohio, between the years 1910 and 1940. Demographic analysis showed that the mean ages at death for blacks and whites included in the study were 41.9 and 53.8 years, respectively. Evaluations of fracture repair status were made for all fractures that were identified. Observations that document side of involvement and unilateral/bilateral distribution were made for distal radius and hip fractures. It was found that the age‐, sex‐, and race‐related fracture patterns which characterize the early 20th century Hamann‐Todd sample strongly correspond in distribution and magnitude to those seen in modern American and European urban industrial communities. The distal radius, hip, vertebral, and sacral fractures which were identified in individuals over 60 years of age appear to be a primary result of skeletal fragility due to age progressive bone loss. However, it is suggested that the early onset and high frequency of distal radius fractures seen in climacteric Caucasian women may be more directly due to accidental falls initiated by a greater frequency, intensity, and duration of vasomotor disturbances which are known to accompanay estrogen withdrawal in perimenopausal white females.
Cranial metric and discrete trait variation and biological differentiation in the terminal Late Archaic of Ohio: The Duff site cemetery
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial metric and discrete traits were collected from adult individuals of the terminal Late Archaic Duff site cemetery (33 LO 111). Comparisons of cranial metric traits among eight terminal Late Archaic samples including the Duff site sample showed that all samples shared the same generalized variance and by inference the same pattern of shape variation. Some significant size differences were found but these were interpreted as reflecting only minor differences in the underlying polygenic system or differences in environmental interactions. The overall similarity in cranial metrics among the terminal Late Archaic samples strongly suggests that they represent populations that, at least, shared a recent common ancestor. Analysis of discrete trait variation in all the terminal Late Archaic samples showed that the biological distances between samples are associated significantly with the between‐sample geographical distances. This association accounts for approximately 25% of the variation in discrete trait frequencies. These results along with the results of the analysis of cranial metrics indicate that all of the terminal Late Archaic samples considered here are related, but geographically nearer samples are more closely related than distant ones.
Statistical assessment of population variability: A methodological approach
Authors: Key Patrick J. , Jantz Richard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have implemented a multivariate statistical methodology to assess the degree and pattern of cranial variability in skeletal samples. Specifically, the method is designed to test whether variability in a skeletal sample exceeds “normal within‐group variability” defined in the present instance as variability present among crania from a cemetery associated with a village. It involves comparing a covariance matrix derived from a sample of unknown composition to one representing “normal within‐group variability.” The method has been applied to two Plains Indian craniometric samples. The Leavenworth site (39C09) represents the remnants of previously autonomous Arikara Indian villages devastated by epidemic diseases in the late 1700s. The Bad River 2 Phase is an archaeological designation grouping together closely related sites in the Bad‐Cheyenne region of South Dakota dating from 1740–1795 AD. We were able to show substantial heterogeneity among crania from Leavenworth. District burial areas at Leavenworth account for some of the heterogeneity, supporting the notion that they represent an attempt to maintain former social distinctions. We were unable to differentiate among sites within the Bad River 2 Phase, suggesting that it is a valid biological unit.
Population structure of the Jirels: Patterns of mate choice
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe influence of mating practices on genetic structure has been an area of great interest for anthropologists. In this paper, the techniques of potential mates analysis are employed to explore the mating patterns observed among the Jirels, a tribal population of eastern Nepal. Genealogical, anthropometric, dermatoglyphic, and demographic data for members of seven Jirel villages are used.Potential mate pools for a sample of 268 females are enumerated by village. Age structure and the Jirel restriction against clan endogamy are found to severely limit the number of males who are potential mates for a given female. The mating structure of the population is illuminated by statistical analysis of the characteristics of 160 actual mate pairs and all corresponding potential mate pairs. Using this approach several general mate choice practices were verified: (1) biological kin tend to be avoided as mates, (2) members of the same clan are excluded as potential mates, (3) mate exchange between clans is nonrandom, (4) individuals similar in age tend to be selected as mates, and (5) mates are drawn from the natal village more often than random expectation. A multivariate phenotypic distance measure between individuals did not reveal any evidence for assortative mating for either anthropometric or dermatoglyphic characters.
Anatomical and developmental bases for the ventral arc of the human pubis
Authors: Budinoff Linda C. , Tague Robert G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ventral arc of the pubis is frequently used for sexing adult human hip bones. This study addresses the issues of the anatomical and developmental bases for the ventral arc. Dissection of seven adult pelves (four females and three males) demonstrates that the sexes are identical in the muscular and ligamentous attachments to this ridge of bone. The tendons of gracilis and adductor brevis, which are fused for a variable extent, arise from the ridge of bone, and the fibers of the ventral pubic ligament attach to its medial border. Lateral placement of the ventral arc is defined in terms of the minimum distance between the ridge of bone and the inferior border of the symphyseal face of the pubis. The hypothesis that lateral placement of the ventral arc is positively correlated with pubic length was tested using two random samples of adult female hip bones (N = 50 for both whites and blacks) from the Hamann‐Todd collection. The correlation between these variables is significant. The results support the argument that lateral placement of the ventral arc is related to the amount of postadolescent growth occurring at the symphyseal border of the pubis. Therefore, the ventral arc should not be considered as an independent criterion from pubic length in sexing adult hip bones.
Paleodemography of the Carlston Annis (Bt‐5) Late Archaic skeletal population
Authors: Mensforth Robert P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study presents a demographic assessment of the Carlston Annis (Bt‐5) Late Archaic hunting and gathering population recovered from the banks of the Green River in west‐central Kentucky. The shell midden habitation and cemetery site originally yielded the remains of 390 individuals. Radiocarbon dates place site occupation between 3,000 and 4,500 y.b.p. The skeletal sample consisted of 354 individuals ranging in age from 7 months in utero to 70+ years. Subadults were aged by seriation of dental and skeletal developmental criteria. Adult ages were determined by the multifactorial summary age method that employed (1) five indicators of adult skeletal age at death, (2) the procedure of age indicator seriation, and (3) differential weighting of age assessments as determined by principal components analysis. Adult sex diagnoses were based on qualitative assessment of pelvic and cranial morphological criteria. The Bt‐5 life table analysis yields an E0 of 22.4 years, crude birth of 45, mean family size of 3.3, gross reproductive rate of 2.7, generation length of 26.6 years, and B of .076, indicating a healthy population with a substantial capability to replace succeeding generations. Survivorship profiles and demographic parameters that compare the Carlston Annis (Bt‐5) and Indian Knoll (Oh‐2) skeletal series are presented. Both populations display type II survivorship curves, with high infant mortality and early onset of elevated mortality rates in adults. Major differences between Bt‐5 and Oh‐2 demographic parameters concern adult sex ratio and adult age distribution over 30 years. These differences are interpreted to reflect census errors in the Oh‐2 demographic reconstruction that were possibly introduced by selective methodological biases and/or taphonomic factors.
Genetic studies among the Nagas and Hmars of eastern India
Authors: Saha N. , Tay J. S. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 148 Nagas (65 urban and 83 rural) and 81 Hmars from northeastern India were tested for 15 blood genetic markers. Both the Nagas and Hmars lacked haemoglobin variants and G6PD deficiency and had a high frequency of PGDC. This may be attributed to selective pressures operating at these loci. Genetic distance estimates using 41 alleles at 11 polymorphic loci showed appreciable heterogeneity between the urban and rural Nagas that were in line with the differences in gene frequencies. Considerable genetic admixture of the urban Nagas from the Hmar and other neighbouring populations is evident. The Nagas were found to be quite distant from the mainland Han Chinese and Malays as well as from the Bengalis and Oraons. However, they appear to be related to the Hmar and Lepcha. Evidence supporting the ethnohistoric origin of the Nagas from China or the South Seas is lacking.
Hallucal tarsometatarsal joint in Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Latimer Bruce , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHallucal tarsometatarsal joints from African pongids, modern humans, and Australopithecus afarensis are compared to investigate the anatomical and mechanical changes that accompanied the transition to terrestrial bipedality. Features analyzed include the articular orientation of the medial cuneiform, curvature of the distal articular surface of the medial cuneiform, and the articular configuration of the hallucal metatarsal proximal joint surface. Morphological characteristics of the hallucal tarsometatarsal joint unequivocally segregate quadrupedal pongids and bipedal hominids.
Archaeoparasitology in North America
Authors: Reinhard Karl J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of prehistoric parasitism through analysis of coprolites, mummies, skeletons, and latrine soils is rapidly growing. Its development in North America is interdisciplinary and is derived from the fields of physical anthropology, parasitology, and archaeology. The various parasite finds from North America are reviewed. The data show that prehistoric peoples in North America suffered from a variety of parasitic diseases. The validity of the findings are then considered. Although most finds of parasites from prehistoric contexts result from human infections, some finds cannot be verified as such. However, in combination with data from South America, it is clear that prehistoric peoples in the Americas were host to a variety of human parasites, some of which were not previously thought to be present before historic times.
Dental agenesis in the Dariusleut Hutterite brethren: Comparisons to selected caucasoid population surveys
Authors: Mahaney Michael C. , Fujiwara T. Mary , Morgan Kenneth 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report the results of a study of the prevalence of nonsyndromic dental agenesis among a sample of 208 individuals (105 females, 103 males) between the ages of 15 and 29 years from a North American religious and genetic isolate, the Dariusleut Hutterites of Western Canada. Direct examination of dental casts, oral examination reports, dental treatment records, and a limited number of dental radiographs reveals congenital absence and/or obvious morphometric reduction of at least one tooth (excluding third molars) in 98 subjects (55 females, 43 males), yielding a prevalence estimate of approximately 47%. This estimate is nearly four times those reported for nonisolate Caucasoid populations of European descent and substantially higher than the elevated prevalences observed in several other isolated populations. Although the prevalence of dental agenesis in the Dariusleut is indeed high, neither the incidence of bilateral agenesis (exhibited at least once in 58% of affected dentitions), number of affected teeth per person (mean, 2.4), morphologic tooth classes affected, or combinations of tooth classes affected ostensibly distinguish them from other populations with similar geographic origins. We conclude that the dental agenesis observed in this North American genetic isolate does not represent a private polymorphism or rare developmental variant. Consequently, the results of further study in these Dariusleut Brethren will be directly relevant to critically testing as yet unresolved hypotheses for the mode of gene action and the relative contributions of hereditary and environmental factors to the reduction of tooth numbers in human dentitions.
Functional assessment of subfamily variation in maxillomandibular morphology among old World monkeys
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong Old World monkeys, subfamily variation in maxillomandibular form is commonly attributed to divergent dietary and social behaviors. However, our knowledge of any musculoskeletal adaptations for gape in cercopithecines, and folivory in colobines, is incomplete. Such data are requisite to a more informed perspective on the evolutionary morphology of these taxa.Structural analyses of gape and biomechanical efficiency were applied to a representative sample of adult cercopithecids. Factors pertaining to the biomechanical scaling of cranial structures were evaluated with least‐squares bivariate regression techniques. To assess subfamily differences in masticatory efficiency, analyses of covariance were made between relevant factors.Cercopithecines achieve increased gape and relative canine size mainly with strong positive allometry of the facial skull, combined with a larger gonial angle. Colobines possess a relatively long masseter lever arm and short facial skull, as well as an enlargened masseter‐medial pterygoid complex. Subfamily differences in temporalis lever arm scaling are negligible.Biomechanical comparisons within and between subfamilies suggest that the mechanical advantage of the temporalis is relatively greater than that of the masseter, while the mechanical advantage of both muscles increases with face length. Evidence is presented to stress the need for adequate consideration of the dependent variable in allometric investigations of skull form.
Occlusal variation in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVariation of dental occlusion around established norms has frequently been related to industrialized or modernized life habits. This tendency has been tested among samples (n = 48) of older (originally nomadic) and younger (settled and rationed) Australian Aboriginals. Although significant differences are found in incisor relation traits, tooth malalignment, and relative arch breadth, these are slight compared to some other studies of peoples undergoing one‐generation dietary westernization. Reasons for this might relate to concomitantly subtle differences in diet or masticatory habits, genetic buffering, attrition gradient, tooth size, biased sampling according to tooth retention, of fluoride in water supplies.
Shape components of the maxillary molars in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Yamada H. , Brown T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrincipal components analysis was used to quantify the variability in crown outlines of maxillary molars in Australian Aboriginals. The outlines were measured by 36 radii from the central pit to the crown periphery. The first component, responsible for over half of the total variance, was concerned with general crown size. Four remaining components were retained to indicate sources of variability resulting from contrasting degrees of development or reduction of different crown components. Shape changes from the first to third molars were identified with components representing overall size reduction, diminution of the hypocone, and metacone elements and mesiodistal compression. An anteroposterior gradient along the molar series in average scores and variances for all components resulted from the progressive reduction of distal crown elements, increasing mesiodistal compression, and greater morphological variation.
Validation study of skull three‐dimensional computerized tomography measurements
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Vannier Michael W. , Knapp Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent advances in imaging have led to high‐resolution computerized tomography (CT) scanning with exquisitely detailed slice images of the skull and three‐dimensional (3‐D) surface reconstructions using computer software. It is possible to use CT scans to acquire morphologic information about the skull in a convenient digital form and to derive 3‐D measurements from surface reconstruction images. Unfortunately, no effort has been made to date to test the validity of these measurements on laboratory specimens, and no compelling evidence is available from phantom studies to indicate the nature and magnitude of the errors inherent in the measurement technique. We have performed a pilot study to quantify the morphology of the skull based on surface features that can be found in CT scans and 3‐D reconstructions. Comparative measurements were obtained from five skulls (two normal and three with dysmorphology) with calipers and a 3‐D electromagnetic digitizer. These measurements were statistically compared with those based on original CT scan slices and reformatted 3‐D images. It is concluded that 3D‐CT measurements techniques are superior to those in which measurements are obtained directly from the original CT slices; 3‐D CT methods, however, must be significantly improved before measurements based on these techniques can be used in studies that require a high degree of precision. The results are used to indicate the most fruitful areas of future study.
Major features of Sundadonty and Sinodonty, including suggestions about East Asian microevolution, population history, and late Pleistocene relationships with Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe eight diagnostic morphological traits of the Sundadont and Sinodont divisions of the Mongoloid dental complex are identified. Intra‐and intergroup variation for these crown and root features is plotted. The univariate frequency distributions provide useful evidence for several suggestions about East Asian prehistory, dental microevolution, and intergroup relationships. The case for local evolution of Sundadonty is strengthened by finding Australian teeth to be very similar to this pattern. Australian Aboriginal teeth are also generally like those of Jomonese and some Ainus, suggesting that members of the late Pleistocene Sundaland population could have initially colonized Sahulland as well as the continental shelf of East Asia northward to Hokkaido.
Craniofacial variation in Australasian and pacific populations
Authors: Pietrusewsky Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStepwise discriminant function analysis and Mahalanobis's generalized distance are applied to 36 measurements recorded in crania from Australasia and Oceania for assessing biological relationships and possible origins of these populations. Craniofacial variation in Australia is found to be clinal. There is extreme diversity in the Murray River Valley and southern Queensland cranial series. Multiple origins of the Australians are not supported by these results. Although selection and other processes cannot be completely ruled out, gene flow and restrictions to the exchange of genes can explain most of the morphological patterning observed. Breadth and length dimensions of the vault, interorbital breadth, biorbital breadth, palate length, and upper facial height are among the most important discriminators. Viewed within the broader context of Asia and the Pacific, Australians represent a biologically distinct population, one sharing ancestral ties with Melanesians but not with the recent populations of Asia and the rest of the Pacific. The latter represent a second major population complex.
A nonracial craniofacial perspective on human variation: A(ustralia) to Z(uni)
Authors: Brace C. Loring , Hunt Kevin D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental and craniofacial measurements were collected for 57 samples from Asia, the Pacific, the aboriginal western hemisphere, and Europe. The craniofacial dimensions include many that are not obviously under the control of specific selective forces. Similar configurations for these in different samples should yield indications of recency of common ancestry according to the logic expressed by Darwin and evident in the relationships indicated by nuclear DNA comparisons. Dental dimensions, however, vary according to the length of time that different intensities in selective forces have been in operation. The craniofacial measurements were transformed into C scores and used to generate Euclidean distance dendrograms. When all the material was used to generate a single dendrogram, the European and Amerindian samples sorted into two regionally identifiable clusters, and the Asian and Pacific material sorted into the three clusters identified in separate previous studies: a Mainland Asian cluster, a Jōmon‐Pacific cluster and an Australo‐Melanesian cluster. Since these clusters are based on variation in traits that are basically nonadaptive in nature, no hierarchical ranking is possible. The clusters simply reflect degree of relationship. This technique holds forth the promise of producing a nonracial assessment of the relationships of all the peoples of the world, past and present.
Periodontal defects of pulpal origin: Evidence in early man
Authors: Clarke N. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFalse assumptions have led to the widespread opinion that periodontitis of gingival origin is a ubiquitous disease and a common cause of tooth loss among ancient populations. Evaluation of dry skulls reveals that horizontal loss of crestal alveolar bone was unusual and of minor severity. Localized vertical bone defects of pulpal etiology were common and severe, often resulting in tooth mortality. The present paper identifies a number of factors that have contributed to the development of some important misconceptions about the nature of periodontal disease, its incidence, and its etiology.