bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphatidylethanol Accumulation Promotes Intestinal Hyperplasia by Inducing ZONAB-Mediated Cell Density Increase in Response to Chronic Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Pannequin Julie , Delaunay Nathalie , Darido Charbel , Maurice Tangui , Crespy Philippe , Frohman Michael A. , Balda Maria S. , Matter Karl , Joubert Dominique , Bourgaux Jean-François , Bali Jean-Pierre , Hollande Frédéric 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer. High concentrations of ethanol trigger mucosal hyperregeneration, disrupt cell adhesion, and increase the sensitivity to carcinogens. Most of these effects are thought to be mediated by acetaldehyde, a genotoxic metabolite produced from ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenases. Here, we studied the role of low ethanol concentrations, more likely to mimic those found in the intestine in vivo, and used intestinal cells lacking alcohol dehydrogenase to identify the acetaldehyde-independent biological effects of ethanol. Under these conditions, ethanol did not stimulate the proliferation of nonconfluent cells, but significantly increased maximal cell density. Incorporation of phosphatidylethanol, produced from ethanol by phospholipase D, was instrumental to this effect. Phosphatidylethanol accumulation induced claudin-1 endocytosis and disrupted the claudin-1/ZO-1 association. The resulting nuclear translocation of ZONAB was shown to mediate the cell density increase in ethanol-treated cells. In vivo, incorporation of phosphatidylethanol and nuclear translocation of ZONAB correlated with increased proliferation in the colonic epithelium of ethanol-fed mice and in adenomas of chronic alcoholics. Our results show that phosphatidylethanol accumulation after chronic ethanol exposure disrupts signals that normally restrict proliferation in highly confluent intestinal cells, thus facilitating abnormal intestinal cell proliferation. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(11):1147–57)
Geometric Crossovers for Multiway Graph Partitioning
Authors: Moraglio Alberto , Kim Yong-Hyuk , Yoon Yourim , Moon Byung-Ro 
Published: November 2007

Geometric crossover is a representation-independent generalization of the traditional crossover defined using the distance of the solution space. By choosing a distance firmly rooted in the syntax of the solution representation as a basis for geometric crossover, one can design new crossovers for any representation. Using a distance tailored to the problem at hand, the formal definition of geometric crossover allows us to design new problem-specific crossovers that embed problem-knowledge in the search. The standard encoding for multiway graph partitioning is highly redundant: each solution has a number of representations, one for each way of labeling the represented partition. Traditional crossover does not perform well on redundant encodings. We propose a new geometric crossover for graph partitioning based on a labeling-independent distance that filters out the redundancy of the encoding. A correlation analysis of the fitness landscape based on this distance shows that it is well suited to graph partitioning. A second difficulty with designing a crossover for multiway graph partitioning is that of feasibility: in general recombining feasible partitions does not lead to feasible offspring partitions. We design a new geometric crossover for permutations with repetitions that naturally suits partition problems and we test it on the graph partitioning problem. We then combine it with the labeling-independent crossover and obtain a much superior geometric crossover inheriting both advantages.
Perceptions of Assertive Community Treatment in the UK and Lithuania
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Balod Agne , Germanavicius Arunas , McDonald Andrew , Varadan Mythili , Thomas Jacqui 
Published: November 2007

Background: There is current uncertainty over the future of assertive community and outreach teams in view of recent evidence suggesting that they no longer reduce hospital admissions. Despite this, assertive teams remain popular among practitioners. Aims: To eXamine the views of assertive community team members and other mental health professionals in London (UK) and Vilnius (Lithuania) to determine important differences in attitudes. Method: A questionnaire, involving the assessment of statements giving common opinions on assertive community teams, was given to 62 staff in Vilnius, Lithuania and West London, UK, 33 from assertive community or outreach teams and 29 from other mental health professionals. Results: The results of the questionnaire showed that personnel in eXperienced assertive outreach teams in London believed that they gave more intensive care ( p < 0.001), felt it of greater value to see patients in the community ( p < 0.001) and were not just well-resourced community teams with low caseloads ( p < 0.01) than did other groups, but they placed lower value on assertiveness ( p = 0.04) and comprehensive care ( p < 0.04). These differences were less marked in Lithuania where staff regarded home treatment as similar to clinic treatment and were more supportive of comprehensive care. Conclusion: The results suggest that in eXperienced community teams the notion of assertiveness has become less important in planned intensive community care and so the term ACT may be outmoded. However, for countries such as Lithuania, somewhat similar to the United States in 1972 when ACT began, the original principles are still appropriate and `assertive' is a major component of their effectiveness.
Effects of chlorinated biphenyls and metabolites on human uterine myocyte proliferation
Authors: Bredhult Carolina , Bäcklin Britt-Marie , Olovsson Matts 
Published: November 2007

Uterine myometrial cells are responsive to sex steroids, which could make them susceptible to actions of endocrine disrupting environmental contaminants such as some PCBs. The aim of this investigation was to identify possible effects of some chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) and their metabolites on myometrial cell proliferation. Myometrial cells obtained from women in both phases of the menstrual cycle and from pregnant women were grown in vitro and exposed to CB 101, CB 118, 3' -MeSO2CB 101, 4'-MeSO2-CB 101, 4-OH-CB 107, 17 β-estradiol, progesterone, ethinylestradiol or levonorgestrel. The proliferative activity was studied by a BrdU assay. Myometrial cell cultures originating from pregnant women exhibited decreased proliferation in response to 3'-MeSO 2-CB 101, 4'-MeSO2-CB 101 and 4-OH-CB 107. Estradiol, a combination of 1 nM 17β-estradiol and 10 nM progesterone, ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel also reduced the proliferation of the myometrial cells, regardless of whether the cells were collected from either of the menstrual cycle phases or from pregnant women. To our knowledge this study is the first to demonstrate that some CBs affect the proliferative activity of human uterine myocytes. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 801— 809
Social-property Regimes and the Uneven and Combined Development of Nationalist Practices
Authors: Dufour Frédérick Guillaume 
Published: November 2007

Concepts like `nation', `society', and `culture' name bits and threaten to turn names into things. Only by understanding these names as bundles of relationships, and by placing them back into the field from which they were abstracted, can we hope to avoid misleading inferences and increase our share of understanding. (Wolf, 1997: 3) Theories of International Relations have often shied away from apprehending the historicity of modern nationalism. Inversely, theories of nationalism have not spent much time theorizing the inter-national. The analysis of the relationships among social relations, international orders and nationalism has fallen in the cracks between the field of IR and the field of comparative nationalism. In the context of a renewal of interest for the historical sociology of the international, the analysis of these relations remains of particular relevance. In this article, the author builds on Benno Teschke, Justin Rosenberg and Hannes Lacher's theorization of modern sovereignty, capitalism and the uneven and combined development of International Relations to recast the socio-historical conditions of emergence and diffusion of the modern national form.
Lifestyles, flying and associated health problems in flight attendants
Authors: Sharma Lekha 
Published: November 2007

Aims: This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of flying on Indian male and female flight attendants (FAs), flying for over 10 years and up to 30 years. Methods: The FAs selected for this study were subjected to the same set of conditions, such as number of hours flown per month and flight routes. Questionnaires were prepared, based on complaints heard on a regular basis, and also after talking to a small sample of FAs. Nearly 100 completed questionnaires were returned, from 500 delivered directly to FAs by post. In addition to this, we met 130 FAs either before their departure or after their arrival and secured completed questionnaires from them, being sure to maintain anonymity. Results: According to this study there are five major problems faced by the FAs: Stress (88.85%) Back pain (72.65%) Loss of memory (67.47%) Headaches (58.42%) Loss of hearing (51.37%) 88.85% of FAs have reported feeling stressed `often' or `sometimes'. Many participants felt that if the work environment were more employee-friendly their stress level might come down. Back pain was reported by 72.65% of FAs which, according to them, could be largely remedied by being provided with better equipment and user-friendly galleys. Loss of memory was prevalent in 67.47% of FAs studied. 58.42% of FAs suffer from headaches. Stress, loss of memory and headaches seem to share the same etiology such as hypoxia, jetlag and irregular sleep. Diminished hearing, prevalent in 51.37% of FAs, was not a major cause of worry but was largely perceived as an inconvenience. Conclusions: These occupational health problems of flight attendants require serious and immediate attention.
Needleguard systems: an evaluation
Authors: Sherwood Clive S. 
Published: November 2007

Aims: The National Blood Service is responsible for ensuring that the NHS demand for blood products is met. The use of needles forms a fundamental procedure in the collection of blood. A common engineering control used to minimize needlestick injury is a needleguard. This study investigates the effectiveness of needleguards as a risk reduction measure. Injury rates, performance and the effectiveness of training are also addressed. Methods: The methodology adopted two techniques for collecting data, namely database analysis and questionnaire analysis. In examining the accident database, it was identified that the incidence of needlestick injuries fell when needleguards were introduced in 2001. However, a rise in injuries was observed over the 12 months of 2003. Results: Although the questionnaire showed that staff directly involved in the collection of blood believed that needleguards act to reduce the risk of injury, they also reported difficulties in the operation of the needleguard system. An association was identified between the perceived quality of training and the reported difficulties. It was also identified that training provided by external organizations had the least effect in reducing the operational difficulties. Conclusions: The study concludes that the use of needleguards as a successful control measure requires further investigation and that further research should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of training in reducing injuries.
Mesopic visual efficiency III: Discrimination threshold measurements
Authors: Várady G. , Freiding A. , Eloholma M. , Halonen L. , Walkey H. , Goodman T. , Alferdinck J. 
Published: November 2007

The authors represent a research consortium which has adopted a task performance based approach for nighttime driving to obtain mesopic spectral sensitivity functions. This study describes investigations based on discrimination threshold techniques and compares the results with those obtained from detection threshold measurements. It forms a continuation of `Mesopic models — from brightness matching to visual performance in night-time driving: a review'. 1 The achromatic increment contrast threshold for discrimination of a quasi-static target represents the ability to correctly identify a target which has low contrast with the background and is therefore a highly relevant visual task in the context of nighttime driving. The psychophysical experiments reported here are carried out in the laboratory and in dynamic nighttime driving tests. The spectral sensitivity functions resulting from the discrimination threshold contrast investigations show a significant contribution from the colour-opponent (or chromatic) channels of the visual system. Similar features have been observed in results from investigations using detection threshold techniques.
Temperature effects on metabolic rate of juvenile Pacific bluefin tunaThunnus orientalis
Authors: Blank Jason M. , Morrissette Jeffery M. , Farwell Charles J. , Price Matthew , Schallert Robert J. , Block Barbara A. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYPacific bluefin tuna inhabit a wide range of thermal environments across the Pacific ocean. To examine how metabolism varies across this thermal range,we studied the effect of ambient water temperature on metabolic rate of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, swimming in a swim tunnel. Rate of oxygen consumption(ṀO2) was measured at ambient temperatures of 8–25°C and swimming speeds of 0.75–1.75 body lengths (BL) s–1. Pacific bluefin swimming at 1 BL s–1 per second exhibited a U-shaped curve of metabolic rate vs ambient temperature, with a thermal minimum zone between 15°C to 20°C. Minimum ṀO2 of 175±29 mg kg–1 h–1 was recorded at 15°C, while both cold and warm temperatures resulted in increased metabolic rates of 331±62 mg kg–1 h–1at 8°C and 256±19 mg kg–1 h–1 at 25°C. Tailbeat frequencies were negatively correlated with ambient temperature. Additional experiments indicated that the increase in ṀO2 at low temperature occurred only at low swimming speeds. Ambient water temperature data from electronic tags implanted in wild fish indicate that Pacific bluefin of similar size to the experimental fish used in the swim tunnel spend most of their time in ambient temperatures in the metabolic thermal minimum zone.
Relationships among running performance, aerobic physiology and organ mass in male Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Chappell Mark A. , Garland Theodore , Robertson Geoff F. , Saltzman Wendy 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYRelationships among individual variation in exercise capacity, resting metabolism and morphology may offer insights into the mechanistic basis of whole-animal performance, including possible performance trade-offs (e.g. burst versus sustainable exercise, resting `maintenance' costs versus maximal power output). Although there have been several studies of correlations between performance, metabolism and morphology in fish, birds and squamate reptiles, relatively little work has been done with mammals. We measured several aspects of forced and voluntary locomotor performance in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), along with minimal and maximal aerobic metabolic rates and organ sizes (mainly visceral organs and the musculoskeletal system). Maximal sprint and aerobic speeds and maximal oxygen consumption(V̇O2max) during forced exercise were similar to those of other small rodents; basal metabolic rate was below allometric predictions. At all tested speeds, voluntary running had a lower energy cost than forced treadmill running, due primarily to a higher zero-speed intercept of the speed-versus-power (oxygen consumption) relationship during forced running. Incremental costs of transport (slopes of speed-versus-power regressions) were slightly higher during voluntary exercise. Few of the correlations among performance variables, or between performance and organ morphology, were statistically significant. These results are consistent with many other studies that found weak correlations between organismal performance (e.g. V̇O2max) and putatively relevant subordinate traits, thus supporting the idea that some components within a functional system may exhibit excess capacity at various points in the evolutionary history of a population, while others constitute limiting factors.
The role of visual and mechanosensory cues in structuring forward flight inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Budick Seth A. , Reiser Michael B. , Dickinson Michael H. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYIt has long been known that many flying insects use visual cues to orient with respect to the wind and to control their groundspeed in the face of varying wind conditions. Much less explored has been the role of mechanosensory cues in orienting insects relative to the ambient air. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster, magnetically tethered so as to be able to rotate about their yaw axis, are able to detect and orient into a wind, as would be experienced during forward flight. Further, this behavior is velocity dependent and is likely subserved, at least in part, by the Johnston's organs, chordotonal organs in the antennae also involved in near-field sound detection. These wind-mediated responses may help to explain how flies are able to fly forward despite visual responses that might otherwise inhibit this behavior. Expanding visual stimuli, such as are encountered during forward flight, are the most potent aversive visual cues known for D. melanogaster flying in a tethered paradigm. Accordingly,tethered flies strongly orient towards a focus of contraction, a problematic situation for any animal attempting to fly forward. We show in this study that wind stimuli, transduced via mechanosensory means, can compensate for the aversion to visual expansion and thus may help to explain how these animals are indeed able to maintain forward flight.
Anatomical basis of lingual hydrostatic deformation
Authors: Gilbert Richard J. , Napadow Vitaly J. , Gaige Terry A. , Wedeen Van J. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe mammalian tongue is believed to fall into a class of organs known as muscular hydrostats, organs for which muscle contraction both generates and provides the skeletal support for motion. We propose that the myoarchitecture of the tongue, consisting of intricate arrays of muscular fibers, forms the structural basis for hydrostatic deformation. Owing to the fact that maximal diffusion of the ubiquitous water molecule occurs orthogonal to the short axis of most fiber-type cells, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)measurements can be used to derive information regarding 3-D fiber orientation in situ. Image data obtained in this manner suggest that the tongue consists of a complex juxtaposition of muscle fibers oriented in orthogonal arrays, which provide the basis for multidirectional contraction and isovolemic deformation. From a mechanical perspective, the lingual tissue may be considered as set of continuous coupled units of compression and expansion from which 3-D strain maps may be derived. Such functional data demonstrate that during physiological movements, such as protrusion, bending and swallowing, hydrostatic deformation occurs via synergistic contractions of orthogonally aligned intrinsic and extrinsic fibers. Lingual deformation can thus be represented in terms of models demonstrating that synergistic contraction of fibers at orthogonal or near-orthogonal directions to each other is a necessary condition for volume-conserving deformation. Evidence is provided in support of the supposition that hydrostatic deformation is based on the contraction of orthogonally aligned intramural fibers functioning as a mechanical continuum.
Phylogenetic comparative analysis of electric communication signals in ghost knifefishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)
Authors: Turner Cameron R. , Derylo Maksymilian , de Santana C. David , Alves-Gomes José A. , Smith G. Troy 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYElectrocommunication signals in electric fish are diverse, easily recorded and have well-characterized neural control. Two signal features, the frequency and waveform of the electric organ discharge (EOD), vary widely across species. Modulations of the EOD (i.e. chirps and gradual frequency rises) also function as active communication signals during social interactions, but they have been studied in relatively few species. We compared the electrocommunication signals of 13 species in the largest gymnotiform family,Apteronotidae. Playback stimuli were used to elicit chirps and rises. We analyzed EOD frequency and waveform and the production and structure of chirps and rises. Species diversity in these signals was characterized with discriminant function analyses, and correlations between signal parameters were tested with phylogenetic comparative methods. Signals varied markedly across species and even between congeners and populations of the same species. Chirps and EODs were particularly evolutionarily labile, whereas rises differed little across species. Although all chirp parameters contributed to species differences in these signals, chirp amplitude modulation, frequency modulation (FM) and duration were particularly diverse. Within this diversity,however, interspecific correlations between chirp parameters suggest that mechanistic trade-offs may shape some aspects of signal evolution. In particular, a consistent trade-off between FM and EOD amplitude during chirps is likely to have influenced the evolution of chirp structure. These patterns suggest that functional or mechanistic linkages between signal parameters(e.g. the inability of electromotor neurons increase their firing rates without a loss of synchrony or amplitude of action potentials) constrain the evolution of signal structure.
Chromatic organization of cone photoreceptors in the retina of rainbow trout: single cones irreversibly switch from UV (SWS1) to blue (SWS2) light sensitive opsin during natural development
Authors: Cheng Christiana L. , Flamarique Iñigo Novales 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe retinas of salmonid fishes have single and double cones arranged in square to row formations termed mosaics. The square mosaic unit is formed by four double cones that make the sides of the square with a single (centre)cone in the middle, and a single (corner) cone at each corner of the square when present. Previous research using coho salmon-derived riboprobes on four species of anadromous Pacific salmon has shown that all single cones express a SWS1 (UV sensitive) visual pigment protein (opsin) at hatching, and that these cones switch to a SWS2 (blue light sensitive) opsin during the juvenile period. Whether this opsin switch applies to non-anadromous species, like the rainbow trout, is under debate as species-specific riboprobes have not been used to study opsin expression during development of a trout. As well, a postulated recovery of SWS1 opsin expression in the retina of adult rainbow trout, perhaps via a reverse process to that occurring in the juvenile, has not been investigated. Here, we used in situhybridization with species-specific riboprobes and microspectrophotometry on rainbow trout retina to show that: (1) single cones in the juvenile switch opsin expression from SWS1 to SWS2, (2) this switch is not reversed in the adult, i.e. all single cones in the main retina continue to express SWS2 opsin, and (3) opsin switches do not occur in double cones: each member expresses one opsin, maximally sensitive to green (RH2) or red (LWS) light. The opsin switch in the single cones of salmonid fishes may be a general process of chromatic organization that occurs during retinal development of most vertebrates.