bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation scheduling and economic estimation of power systems including bilateral contracts
Authors: Li Xiangjun , Yamashiro Susumu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractElectric power transactions are subdivided into pool transactions and bilateral contracts, as well as security transactions. A certain transaction level of, for example, bilateral contracts may affect pool transactions by causing transmission congestion and the like. In this paper, we discuss how both the market and the bilateral transaction participants share the operation cost and charge for using a network, taking account of power transmission loss allocation among generators. Following these discussions, we present an optimal scheduling method for pool participants. To ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling algorithm and to show how the bilateral contract level affects pool operation, we will demonstrate various simulation results for a model power system of an 8‐unit 44‐bus power system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 20–30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20392
Core loss evaluation of segment core in turbine generators by torque method
Authors: Mogi Hisashi , Nakahara Akihito , Takahashi Kazuhiko , Ide Kazumasa , Kaido Chikara , Kaneda Junya , Hattori Ken'Ichi , Watanabe Takashi , Minematsu Eisuke , Hanzawa Kazufumi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents core loss evaluation of a turbine generator model stator. The stator configuration does not make the magnetic flux distribution uniform, and the induction harmonics make the core loss calculation difficult. In this evaluation, the core losses are measured by rotating stator torque.As a result of the measurements, a half‐lap‐stacked stator obtains lower core losses and larger percentage of eddy current losses than a block‐stacked stator. In addition, a gap between each segment makes in‐plane eddy current loss increase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 64–71, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20407
Development of a city‐type compact wind power generation system
Authors: Sato Yoshihisa , Yoshida Naotsugu , Shimada Ryuichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is necessary to use renewable energy, such as photovoltaic, wind power, and biomass energy, from the viewpoint of CO2 regulation and environmental protection of the Earth. In recent years, the tendency is toward larger wind power generation systems to achieve cheaper electricity. Generators having capacities of 1500 kW to 2000 kW tend to dominate the market. However, a large wind power generation system has limitations in terms of location and can be installed only in the suburbs. At the same time, a city‐type compact wind power generation system, designed for city needs, has more flexibility and can be installed in the residential areas of a city. In this paper, we introduce an original control operation system called a “pump‐up” operation system, designed to effectively use the city wind, and report the results of its field test. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 56–63, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20440
The statistical inception mechanism of the first corona in positive nonuniform air gaps ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 cm
Authors: Nishijima Kiyoto , Ishii Toshiyuki , Izawa Yasuji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to understand the statistical inception mechanism of the firsYasujina in positive nonuniform air gaps ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 cm. We calculated first how the spatial distributions of negative ion density depend on the gap length, UV irradiation, and the concentration of water vapor using the steady‐state continuity equation for ion flow states. Next the cumulative probability of the first corona inception as a function of the statistical time lags was evaluated using the critical volume model in which initial electrons are provided by collisional detachment of negative ions. Furthermore, we also measured the cumulative probability of the corona inception under similar experimental conditions. From a comparison between the numerical and experimental results and their discussions, it was found that in the short range of the gap length, negative ions produced near the cathode associated with positive ion bombardment play an important role in the statistical inception mechanism of the first corona. Also, a much higher probability of corona inception in the case of UV irradiation was attributed to the number of negative ions produced near the cathode through the photo emission process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20445
Constructing Multimetallic Systems with the Naphthalene‐1,8‐bis(thiolato) Ligand
Authors: Robertson Stuart D. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAddition of 1 equiv. (Ph3P)Au(ClO4) (formed by ion exchange of Ph3PAuCl with AgClO4) to [naphthalene‐1,8‐bis(thiolato)]bis(triphenylphosphane)platinum results in the formation of a novel dimetallic cationic complex with a (triphenylphosphane)gold moiety attached to the sulfur of the naphthalene‐1,8‐bis(thiolato) ligand. NMR spectroscopic evidence suggests that this gold‐containing fragment is fluxional in its bonding and X‐ray crystallography confirms the asymmetric complex, which shows this gold atom attached to one of these sulfur atoms. Addition of more than 1 equiv. (Ph3P)Au(ClO4) results in the formation of a tetrametallic sandwich complex with two bridging gold atoms between the sulfur atoms of the two PtS2C3 rings. Tri‐ and tetrametallic silver‐containing complexes can be prepared by addition of 0.5 and 1 equiv. AgClO4 to (Ph3P)2Pt(S2C10H6), respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Structural and Spectroscopic Studies on the Lanthanoid p‐Aminobenzoates and Derived Optically Functional Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Fiedler Timothy , Hilder Matthias , Junk Peter C. , Kynast Ulrich H. , Lezhnina Marina M. , Warzala Marek 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAromatic carboxylates of the rare earths are known for highly efficient luminescence, thus holding the promise of applicability in optical devices, but may be problematic to apply as such due to their structure, which is polymeric in nature. Therefore, means of conversion into molecular species or eventually polymer embeddings are sought, while at the same time maintaining their advantageous optical features. For these purposes, co‐ligations of rare earth p‐aminobenzoates with bidentate bipyridine and phenanthroline, tridentate terpyridine and polyurethanes, which may also be perceived as polydentate ligands, have been carried out. The materials were characterised with focus on their structure and optical performance. Brightly luminescing composites were obtained from reactions with aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates. Prolonged UV‐irradiation of the materials proved hexamethylene diisocyanates to be superior with regard to photodegradation. Transparent polyurethane monoliths with emission quantum yields between 40 % and 55 % were eventually prepared from covalent attachement of Tb(p‐aminobenzoate)3 and its bipyridine co‐ligated complexes to a hexamethylene diisocyanate/polyol system. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Diels–Alder Reactions of 2‐Vinylindoles with Open‐Chain C=C Dienophiles
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Canevari Valentina , Facoetti Diego , Rossi Elisabetta 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of diastereoisomeric 3,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazoles by Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions between [(E)‐2‐vinyl]indole‐1‐carboxylic acid ethyl esters and open‐chain C=C dienophiles is reported and discussed. The reactions proceed with high regioselectivity whereas the diastereoselectivity ranges from moderate to excellent depending on the substitution pattern on both the dienes and dienophiles and on the catalyst employed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carboetherification and Carboamination Reactions of γ‐Hydroxy‐ and γ‐Aminoalkenes for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurans and Pyrrolidines
Authors: Wolfe John P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSubstituted tetrahydrofuran and pyrrolidine moieties are displayed in a wide range of interesting biologically active molecules. The Pd‐catalyzed carboetherification or carboamination of γ‐hydroxy and γ‐aminoalkenes is a powerful tool for the construction of these heterocycles, as it is convergent and can allow access to a variety of analogs from a single γ‐hydroxy‐ or γ‐aminoalkene starting material. This microreview describes the current state of this field. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Conformational and Structural Analysis of a ter‐Cyclopentane Scaffold for Molecular Recognition
Authors: Gareiss Peter C. , Palde Prakash B. , Hubbard Robert D. , Miller Benjamin L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWell‐defined oligomers of cycloalkanes comprise a relatively unstudied class of organic compounds, and may have general utility in the development of receptors for biologically relevant molecules. We have investigated the solution structure of a ter‐cyclopentane member of this class by molecular modeling and by NMR spectroscopy. We find that the molecular ensembles derived from conformational searches incorporating NMR‐derived restraints are in excellent qualitative agreement with unrestrained molecular mechanics conformation searches. The ter‐cyclopentane scaffold adopts an extended rigid conformation, with inter‐ring torsion angles preferentially at 180°. These experiments demonstrate that conformational hypotheses developed in the course of designing ter‐cyclopentane scaffolds for lipid A recognition are accurate, and furthermore provide support to the broader use of this class of compounds as scaffolds in molecular recognition. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Stereogenic Evolution of clasto‐Lactacystin β‐Lactone from L‐Serine
Authors: Yoon Cheol H. , Flanigan David L. , Yoo Kyung S. , Jung Kyung W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReported herein is a novel synthesis of clasto‐lactacystin β‐lactone. The γ‐lactam core was selectively prepared by an intramolecular C–H insertion to establish the stereocenter, C(6). The ensuing construction of the quaternary C(5) and carbinol C(9) centers was facilitated by aldol with excellent stereoselection. All these new stereochemistries were induced by the inherent chirality of L‐serine without employing chiral auxiliaries or reagents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The role of attachment in influencing reactions to manipulated feedback from romantic partners
Authors: Carnelley Katherine B. , Israel Suzanne , Brennan Kelly A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study of 80 couples (mean age 24) examined the impact of attachment patterns on reactions to manipulated positive or negative feedback, ostensibly from partners. As expected, individuals high in attachment anxiety reported more negative mood and the least indifference to partner feedback. In addition, those high in attachment anxiety reported more negative reactions to negative feedback compared to those low in anxiety. Those high in attachment anxiety reported lower self‐competence after receiving negative feedback than those low in anxiety. Further, reactions to manipulated feedback mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and self‐competence. Attachment models play a role in determining reactions to partner feedback and moderate how feedback is used to maintain self‐views. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The automaticity of infra‐humanization
Authors: Boccato G. , Cortes B. P. , Demoulin S. , Leyens J. Ph. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis research tested the infra‐humanization hypothesis that uniquely human emotions (e.g., love, sorrow) are automatically more linked in memory with the in‐group than with the out‐group. No such difference is expected for non‐uniquely human emotions (e.g., joy, sadness) which pertain to everybody, including animals. Two studies using semantic primes followed by visual person categorization task (PCT) and lexical (lexical decision task, LDT) targets were conducted. Results supported infra‐humanization theory. Reaction times were faster for the in‐group/secondary emotions associations than for out‐group/secondary emotions ones. As predicted, no difference in latency times appeared for primary emotions as a function of the groups. These findings elucidate the ambiguity present in Paladino et al. (2002). Theoretical and practical implications are suggested. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal analysis of spatial covariance of SO2 in Europe
Authors: Giannitrapani Marco , Bowman Adrian , Scott Marian , Smith Ron 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn recent years, the number of applications of spatial statistics has enormously increased in environmental and ecological sciences. A typical problem is the sampling of a pollution field, with the common objective of spatial interpolation. In this paper, we present a spatial analysis across time, focusing on sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations monitored from 1990 to 2001 at 125 sites across Europe. Four different methods of trend estimation have been used, and comparisons among them are shown. Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian variograms have been fitted to the residuals and compared. Time series analyses of the range, sill and nugget have been undertaken and a suggestion for defining a unique spatial correlation matrix for the overall time period of analysis is proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Badland dynamics in the Central Pyrenees: temporal and spatial patterns of weathering processes
Authors: Nadal‐Romero E. , Regüés D. , Martí‐Bono C. , Serrano‐Muela P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe genesis and development of badlands is controlled by bedrock lithology, topography and climate. The development of badlands in the Central Spanish Pyrenees is favoured by the presence of marls and a climate with a marked seasonality; the combination of these factors results in active hydrosedimentological processes. The aim of the present work was to study the dynamics of badlands in the Central Pyrenees, with a focus on the temporal and spatial patterns of the dominant weathering processes. The study area was a small mountain catchment, and we focussed on the continuous observation of a number of physical parameters that control regolith development and weathering processes. Samples collected from different depths at sites with different aspects enabled temporal comparisons of the factors involved in the development of surface regolith that can be considered as indicators of the weathering of the marls. These indicators were then related to environmental variables (moisture and temperature). Atterberg limits were established and related to moisture content to explain slope dynamics and related processes. Finally, analyses of carbonate content were performed in the laboratory. The results validate the employed methodology, supporting our description of weathering processes, the established chronological sequence and the relation of these processes to climatic and topographic parameters. The results obtained since January 2004 show that the chosen indicators are sensitive to seasonal dynamics, variations in temperature and water supply, and slope aspect. The development and dynamics of regolith on north‐facing slopes is more active than that on south‐facing slopes. Freeze–thaw is the main weathering process on north‐facing slopes, while south‐facing slopes are dominated by the development of crusts associated with wetting–drying processes. Washing effects and lower temperatures upon north‐facing slopes mean that the dissolution of carbonates is more pronounced in such areas compared with south‐facing slopes, especially within the upper layers of the regolith. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymorphism of C‐terminal activation region 2 of Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in predicting distant failure and post‐metastatic survival in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Pai Ping‐Ching , Tseng Chen‐Kan , Chuang Chi‐Cheng , Wei Kuo‐Chen , Hao Sheng‐Po , Hsueh Chuen , Chang Kai‐Ping , Tsang Ngan‐Ming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground.The C‐terminal activation region 2 (CTAR2) of Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is the major site that correlates with metastasis‐related signaling pathway. The variation of CTAR2 sequence may affect the incidence of distant metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods.Two hundred forty‐nine specimens from consecutive patients with nonmetastatic NPC were collected. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of CTAR2 were performed. DNA sequence identical to the Cao strain was grouped as Cao CTAR2, whereas sequences differing from Cao made up non‐Cao CTAR2. Clinical characteristics and CTAR2 status were subjected to statistical analysis for distant metastasis.Results.Non‐Cao CTAR2 was associated with a statistically significant lower distance metastasis and superior survival rate. A combination of clinical stage and CTAR2 expression provided an accurate method of identifying high risk of metastasis.Conclusion.NPC patients with non‐Cao CTAR2 were less likely to have metastasis develop than those characterized by Cao CTAR2. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Nodular hidradenocarcinoma over the parotid gland: A pathologic presentation
Authors: Verret D.J. , Kabbani Wareef , DeFatta Robert J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground.Nodular hidradenocarcinoma (NHAC), an eccrine carcinoma, has been reported in the dermatology and pathology literature, but few references have been made in the otolaryngology literature even though the head and neck is a common site of occurrence.MethodsA case report of a 37‐year‐old Hispanic man with a right‐sided neck mass diagnosed preoperatively as a parotid mass by imaging and fine‐needle aspiration is presented. After presentation at our multidisciplinary tumor board, excision of the mass was undertaken.ResultsFinal pathology reveled a NHAC, which is presented in our report.ConclusionNHAC is an aggressive malignant tumor that is often misdiagnosed preoperatively and that must be treated with aggressive multimodality therapy for increased survival. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Experimental study of the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in narrow channels
Authors: Zhang Peng , You Guo‐Chun , Ren Xin , Wang Ruzhu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLiquid nitrogen has the potential to be used as the coolant for high temperature superconducting devices. In the present study, the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in three narrow channels with different geometrical size are experimentally investigated. The influences of the gap width, the length, as well as the orientation angle of the narrow channel on the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen are studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 582–588, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20136
What I like about Hückel theory
Authors: Kutzelnigg Werner 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe start with some biographical notes on Erich Hückel, in the context of which we also mention the merits of Otto Schmidt, the inventor of the free‐electron model. The basic assumptions behind the HMO (Hückel Molecular Orbital) model are discussed, and those aspects of this model are reviewed that make it still a powerful tool in Theoretical Chemistry. We ask whether HMO should be regarded as semiempirical or parameter‐free. We present closed solutions for special classes of molecules, review the important concept of alternant hydrocarbons and point out how useful perturbation theory within the HMO model is. We then come to bond alternation and the question whether the π or the σ bonds are responsible for bond delocalization in benzene and related molecules. Möbius hydrocarbons and diamagnetic ring currents are other topics. We come to optimistic conclusions as to the further role of the HMO model, not as an approximation for the solution of the Schrödinger equation, but as a way towards the understanding of some aspects of the Chemical Bond. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Comparative morphology and cytology of the male sperm‐transmission organs in viviparous species of clinid fishes (Clinidae: Teleostei, Perciformes)
Authors: Fishelson Lev , Gon Ofer , Holdengreber Vered , Delarea Yakob 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work comprises the first comparative study of the morphology and cytology of the sperm transmission organs in males of 14 species of viviparous clinid fishes (Clinidae, Blennioidei, Teleostei). The form and dimensions of these organs differ among the various species studied. The organs are composed of intra‐abdominal ampullae, into which the sperm ducts and urinary bladder anchor, and an external protruding intromittent papilla used for insemination. The form of the ampullae differs among the various species, from pear‐shaped to horseshoe‐shaped. It increases in dimensions with increasing length of the male. In all the species this organ is covered by a connective‐tissue tunic that encompasses both circular and longitudinal striated muscle bundles. The lumina of the ampullae harbor the epididymis, a strongly convoluted and plicated duct, which becomes filled with spermatozeugmata during reproduction. From here, the epididymis continues into the protruding intromittent papillae, where its folds gradually straighten at the apical part of the intromittent organ. The form and dimensions of this copulatory organ also differ in the various species. Papillae bearing taste buds are found on the apical parts of the intromittent organ, and it is probable that these, together with the difference in forms of the organ, help to prevent interspecific copulation. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odontocete suction feeding: Experimental analysis of water flow and head shape
Authors: Werth Alexander J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe role of cranial morphology in the generation of intraoral and oropharyngeal suction pressures in odontocetes was investigated by manipulating the jaw and hyolingual apparatus of submerged heads of three species presenting varied shapes. Hyoid and gular muscles were manually employed to depress and retract the tongue. Pressures were recorded at three locations in the oral cavity, as gape and site, speed, and force of pull were varied. A biomechanical model was also developed to evaluate pressure data. The species with the shortest, bluntest head and smallest mouth opening generated greater negative pressures. Suction generation diminished sharply as gape increased. Greatest negative pressures attained were around −45 mmHg (−6,000 Pa), a magnitude deemed suitable for capture of small live prey. Odontocetes utilizing this bidirectional flow system should profit by evolution of a rounder mouth opening through progressive shortening and widening of the rostrum and jaws, a trend evident in cranial measurements from fossil and recent odontocetes. Blunt heads correlate with anatomical, ecological, and behavioral traits associated with suction feeding. Small‐gape suction (with minimally opened jaws) could be used by odontocetes of all head and oral shapes to draw prey sufficiently close to the mouth for suction ingestion or grasping via dentition. Principal limitations of the experimental and mathematical simulations include assumption of a stationary odontocete with static (open or closed) jaws and potential scaling issues with differently sized heads and gapes. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.