bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flat-spectrum symmetric objects with ∼1 kpc sizes – I. The candidates
Authors: Augusto Pedro , Gonzalez-Serrano J. Ignacio , Perez-Fournon Ismael , Wilkinson Peter N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to understand the origin and evolution of radio galaxies, searches for the youngest such sources have been conducted. Compact symmetric objects (CSOs)/medium symmetric objects (MSOs) are thought to be the earliest stages of radio sources, with possible ages of ≲103 yr for CSOs (&lt;1 kpc in size) and 104–105 yr for MSOs (1–15 kpc). From a literature selection in heterogeneous surveys, we have established a sample of 37 confirmed CSOs. In addition, we only found three confirmed flat-spectrum MSOs in the literature. The typical CSO resides on a z≲ 0.5 galaxy, has a flat radio spectrum (αthin &lt; 0.5; Sν∝ν−α), is &lt;0.3 kpc in size, has an arm length ratio ≤ 2, and well-aligned (θ≤ 20°) opposite lobes with a flux density ratio ≤10. In order to populate the 0.3–1 kpc size range (large CSOs) and also in order to find more flat-spectrum MSOs, we have built a sample of 157 radio sources with α4.851.40 &lt; 0.5 that were resolved with the Very Large Array A configuration (VLA-A) 8.4 GHz. As first results, we have ‘rediscovered’ nine of the known CSO/MSOs while identifying two new ∼14 kpc MSOs and two candidate CSO/MSOs (which only lack redshifts for final classification). We were able to reject 61 of the remaining 144 objects from literature information alone. In the series of papers that starts with this one we plan to classify the remaining 83 CSO/MSO candidates (thanks to radio and optical observations) as well as characterize the physical properties of the (likely) many 0.3–15 kpc flat-spectrum CSO/MSOs to be found.
Radial asymmetry of the upper oesophageal sphincter pressure profile: fact or artefact
Authors: Bardan E. , Kern M. , Torrico S. , Arndorfer R. C. , Massey B. T. , Shaker R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract  Radial asymmetry of the upper oesophageal sphincter high‐pressure zone (UESHPZ) is an accepted notion based on manometric studies.Our aim was to evaluate the effect of the catheter diameter and configuration on the resting pressure profile of the UES. We studied 14 young (30 ± 2 years) and 14 healthy elderly volunteers (77 ± 2 years) using the station pull‐through technique. We used a specially designed water perfused manometric assembly that incorporated a proximal round cross‐section (4.8 mm) and a distal flat cross‐section (4.8 × 1.2 mm). Anterior and posterior manometric sites on the round catheter measured significantly higher pressure values than did the sites oriented laterally at the same level (P < 0.001) in both young and elderly. In contrast, the flat‐shaped catheter measured statistically indistinguishable pressures from all four orientations in both age groups. In both young and elderly the anterio‐posterior, but not lateral pressures by the round catheter were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those of the flat catheter. An exaggerated anteriorly and posteriorly oriented pressure may be recorded compared with lateral pressures depending on the diameter and non‐conforming shape of the recording catheter with respect to the UES producing the appearance of radial asymmetry in the UESHPZ.
Regulation of secondary metabolism by the carbon–nitrogen status in tobacco: nitrate inhibits large sectors of phenylpropanoid metabolism
Authors: Fritz Christina , Palacios‐Rojas Natalia , Feil Regina , Stitt Mark 
Published: April 2006

SummaryInteractions between nitrogen and carbon metabolism modulate many aspects of the metabolism, physiology and development of plants. This paper investigates the contribution of nitrate and nitrogen metabolism to the regulation of phenylpropanoid and nicotine synthesis. Wild‐type tobacco was grown on 12 or 0.2 mmnitrate and compared with a nitrate reductase‐deficient mutant [Nia30(145)] growing on 12 mmnitrate. Nitrate‐deficient wild‐type plants accumulate high levels of a range of phenylpropanoids including chlorogenic acid, contain high levels of rutin, are highly lignified, but contain less nicotine than nitrogen‐replete wild‐type tobacco. Nia30(145) resembles nitrate‐deficient wild‐type plants with respect to the levels of amino acids, but accumulates large amounts of nitrate. The levels of phenylpropanoids, rutin and lignin resemble those in nitrogen‐replete wild‐type plants, whereas the level of nicotine resembles that in nitrate‐deficient wild‐type plants. Expression arrays and real time RT‐PCR revealed that a set of genes required for phenylpropanoid metabolism includingPAL,4CLandHQTare induced in nitrogen‐deficient wild‐type plants but not in Nia30(145). It is concluded that nitrogen deficiency leads to a marked shift from the nitrogen‐containing alkaloid nicotine to carbon‐rich phenylpropanoids. The stimulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism is triggered by changes of nitrate, rather than downstream nitrogen metabolites, and is mediated by induction of a set of enzymes in the early steps of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway.
Microsatellite variation among diverging populations ofDrosophila mojavensis
Authors: Ross C. L. , Markow T. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDivergence and speciation may occur by various means, depending on the particular history, selective environments, and genetic composition of populations. In Drosophila mojavensis, a good model of incipient speciation, understanding the population genetic structure within this group facilitates our ability to understand the context in which reproductive isolation among populations is developing. Here we report the genetic structure and relationships of D. mojavensis populations at nuclear loci. We surveyed 29 populations throughout the distribution of D. mojavensis for four microsatellite loci to differentiation among populations of this species. These loci reveal four distinct geographical regions of D. mojavensis populations in the south-western United States and north-western Mexico – (i) Baja California peninsula (Baja), (ii) Sonora, Mexico–southern Arizona, United States (Sonora), (iii) Mojave Desert and Grand Canyon (Mojave), and (iv) Santa Catalina Island (Catalina). While all regions show strong isolation, Mojave and Catalina are highly diverged from other regions. Within any region, populations are largely homogenous over broad geographical distances. Based on the population structure, we find clear geographical barriers to gene flow appear to have a strong effect in isolating populations across regions for this species.
Structure and activity of bacterial community inhabiting rice roots and the rhizosphere
Authors: Lu Yahai , Rosencrantz Dirk , Liesack Werner , Conrad Ralf 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRoot‐derived carbon provides a major source for microbial production and emission of CH4 from rice field soils. Therefore, we characterized the structure and activity of the bacterial community inhabiting rice roots and the rhizosphere. In the first experiment, DNA retrieved from rice roots was analysed for bacterial 16S rRNA genes using cloning, sequencing and in situ hybridization. In the second experiment, rice plants were pulse‐labelled with 13CO2 (99% of atom 13C) for 7 days, and the bacterial RNA was isolated from rhizosphere soil and subjected to density gradient centrifugation. RNA samples from density fractions were analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting, cloning and sequencing. The experiments showed that the dominant bacteria inhabiting rice roots and the rhizosphere particularly belonged to the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. The RNA stable isotope probing revealed that the bacteria actively assimilating C derived from the pulse‐labelled rice plants were Azospirillum spp. (Alphaproteobacteria) and members of Burkholderiaceae (Betaproteobacteria). Both anaerobic (e.g. Clostridia) and aerobic (e.g. Comamonas) degraders were present at high abundance, indicating that root environments and degradation processes were highly heterogeneous. The relative importance of iron and sulfate reducers suggested that cycling of iron and sulfur is active in the rhizosphere.
Pirellula and OM43 are among the dominant lineages identified in an Oregon coast diatom bloom
Authors: Morris R. M. , Longnecker K. , Giovannoni S. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlthough bacterioplankton and phytoplankton are generally perceived as closely linked in marine systems, specific interactions between discrete bacterioplankton and phytoplankton populations are largely unknown. However, measurements of bacterioplankton distributions during phytoplankton blooms may indicate specific microbial lineages that are responding to phytoplankton populations, and potentially controlling them by producing allelopathic compounds. Here we use a comprehensive molecular approach to identify, characterize and quantify bacterioplankton community responses to an Oregon coast diatom bloom. Total DAPI counts increased by nearly sevenfold in bloom samples, reaching 5.7 × 109 cells l−1, and lineage‐specific cell counts using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated that Bacteria accounted for approximately 89% of observed increases. Several dominant members of the bacterial community present outside the bloom (SAR11 and SAR86) did not contribute significantly to observed increases in bloom samples. Clone library and FISH data indicated that uncultured planctomycetes most closely related to Pirellula, and members of the OM43 clade of beta proteobacteria, reached 0.5 × 108 and 1.2 × 108 cells l−1, respectively, and were among the dominant lineages in bloom samples.
Body mass as a predictive variable of home‐range size among Italian mammals and birds
Authors: Ottaviani D. , Cairns S. C. , Oliverio M. , Boitani L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe existence of allometric relationships between home‐range size and body mass was tested for 34 Italian mammals and 106 Italian birds. These allometries were investigated in relation to a carnivorous, omnivorous or herbivorous diet and, in the case of birds, also territoriality. Initially, non‐phylogenetic comparative analyses were undertaken by fitting general linear models to data on average home‐range size and average body mass obtained from the literature. Then, two phylogenetic trees for the studied species of mammals and birds were reconstructed and phylogenetic independent contrasts were applied in order to determine the influence of phylogeny on these relationships. For mammals, the type of diet proved to be a determining factor in defining the relationship between home‐range size and body mass. Significant allometries were found with both conventional and phylogenetic analyses in all trophic groups. The results emphasized the importance of the spatial distribution of resources in understanding these allometries. For birds, conventional analysis showed significant relationships between home‐range size and body mass, and pointed to the importance of both diet and territorial systems in understanding these allometries. After controlling for phylogeny, significant allometries were found only for those birds for which information on the size of their feeding territory was available. Regardless of the complexity of factors influencing the home‐range size of a species, the outcomes of this study support the notion of the existence of an allometry between home‐range size and body mass among Italian mammals and birds, suggesting that further developments of this area of investigation may prove worthwhile.
Direct evidence for spinal cord microglia in the development of a neuropathic pain‐like state in mice
Authors: Narita Minoru , Yoshida Takuya , Nakajima Mayumi , Narita Michiko , Miyatake Mayumi , Takagi Tomoe , Yajima Yoshinori , Suzuki Tsutomu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to further investigate the role of glial cells in the development of the neuropathic pain‐like state induced by sciatic nerve ligation in mice. At 7 days after sciatic nerve ligation, the immunoreactivities (IRs) of the specific astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the specific microglial marker OX‐42, but not the specific oligodendrocyte marker O4, were increased on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord dorsal horn in nerve‐ligated mice compared with that on the contralateral side. Furthermore, a single intrathecal injection of activated spinal cord microglia, but not astrocytes, caused thermal hyperalgesia in naive mice. Furthermore, 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive cells on the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord were significantly increased at 7 days after nerve ligation and were highly co‐localized with another microglia marker, ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), but neither with GFAP nor a specific neural nuclei marker, NeuN, in the spinal dorsal horn of nerve‐ligated mice. The present data strongly support the idea that spinal cord astrocytes and microglia are activated under the neuropathic pain‐like state, and that the proliferated and activated microglia directly contribute to the development of a neuropathic pain‐like state in mice.
The Plasticity of Poetry
Authors: Smith Jessica 
Published: April 2006

Abstract This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Twentieth Century Section. By comparing avant‐garde visual poetry to the avant‐garde architecture of Arakawa and Madeline Gins, this essay describes how one virtually “moves through” poetic space. Appealing to examples from L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets Charles Bernstein, Steve McCaffery and Susan Howe and contemporary Chilean poet Cecilia Vicuña, I steer the reader through complex visual poems based on the grounds that a disruption of the reader’s sense of space has aesthetic and political implications.
Between Ideals, Realities, and Popular Perceptions: An Analysis of the Multifaceted Nature of London Zoo, 1828-1848
Authors: Ito Takashi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article considers the implications of the early development of London Zoo. It gives insight into the differences between the ideal image of the zoo, the real situation under which the zoo was managed, and popular perceptions of the zoo. The discussion explores three areas: the heterogeneous audience of the zoo, the aestheticization of the zoo and its animal displays, and the pedagogy of observing nonhuman animals in the zoo. The zoo's ideals confronted various difficulties, while the pedagogy of zoo visits, which developed within a frame of natural theology, was subject to various applications. The article argues that these differences were not evidence of the zoo's failure to consolidate its ideological backbone in Victorian society. It concludes that such divergence characterized the zoo's unique capacity both to evoke and to receive competing ideals, anxieties and criticism.
Industrial experience and research into the causes of SARS virus transmission in a high-rise residential housing estate in Hong Kong
Authors: Hung H CK , Chan D WT , Law L KC , Chan E HW , Wong E SW 
Published: April 2006

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 triggered concerns regarding the ability of buildings to resist disease transmission. In particular, the outbreak that occurred in the high-rise residential blocks in the Amoy Gardens housing estate, sounded an alarm to the local practice of design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of building services systems. Virus transmission through the vertical drainage stack is believed to have been one of the causes of disease transmission in Amoy Gardens. In this paper, the authors share their experiences and research findings on the building drainage system. The paper includes a review of the outbreak incident in Amoy Gardens; and of the observations and site measurements of foul air and water back flow in the drainage system of another vacant high-rise residential housing estate. In addition, tracer gas measurements were studied in order to verify the upwards flow of air in the vertical stack. These field studies allow comparisons between the gas flow from the drainage system to the living accommodation, and confirm the hypothesized infection route. Finally, the authors make recommendations on the proper design and operation of high-rise building drainage systems. Practical application: Sanitary drainage systems form a critical engineering component in maintaining hygienic conditions in buildings. In fact the issue has been addressed over several hundreds of years, for example during the Black Death outbreak worldwide. Despite this, the SARS outbreak demonstrates that there is still room for improvement on the safety of soil waste disposal in buildings. The findings in this paper shed light on the understanding of the outbreak in Hong Kong, and on the critical aspects to avoid performance failure in soil waste disposal.
Changes in growth rate and thyroid- and sex-hormones blood levels in rats under sub-chronic lithium treatment
Authors: Allagui M S , Hfaiedh N , Vincent C , Guermazi F , Murat J-C , Croute F , Feki A El 
Published: April 2006

Lithium therapy, mainly used in curing some psychiatric diseases, is responsible for numerous undesirable side effects. The present study is a contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying lithium toxicity. Male and female mature rats were divided into three batches and fed commercial pellets: one batch was the control and the second and third batches were given 2 g (Li1) and 4 g (Li2) of lithium carbonate/kg of food/day, respectively. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, serum levels of free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (FT4), testosterone and estradiol were measured. Attention was also paid to growth rate and a histological examination of testes or vaginal mucosa was carried out. In treated rats, a dose-dependent loss of appetite and a decrease in growth rate were observed, together with symptoms of polydypsia, polyuria and diarrhea. Lithium serum concentrations increased from 0.44 mM (day 7) to 1.34 mM (day 28) in Li1 rats and from 0.66 to 1.45 mM (day 14) in Li2 rats. Li2 treatment induced a high mortality after 14 days, reaching 50-60% in female and male animals. From these data, the LD50 (14 days Li2 chronic treatment) was calculated to be about 0.3 g/day per kilogram of animal, leading to Li serum concentrations of about 1.4 mM. A significant decrease of FT3 and FT4 was observed in treated rats. This effect appeared immediately for the highest dose and was more pronounced for FT3, resulting in an increase of the FT4/FT3 ratio. In males, testosterone decreased and spermatogenesis was stopped. Conversely, in females, estradiol increased in a dose-dependent manner as the animals were blocked in the diestrus phase at day 28. This finding supports a possible antagonistic effect of lithium on the estradiol receptors.
Modulation of gastrointestinal permeability of low-molecular-weight heparin by L-arginine: in-vivo and in-vitro evaluation
Authors: Motlekar Nusrat Abbas , Srivenugopal Kalkunte Srirangachar , Wachtel Mitchell S , Youan Bi-Botti Celestin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractL-Arginine is the principal physiological precursor of nitric oxide (NO, a key neurotransmitter) that plays a versatile role in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, the efficacy of L-arginine in enhancing intestinal absorption of ardeparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was investigated in Caco-2 cell monolayers and a rat model. Regional permeability studies using rat intestine were performed using a modified Ussing chamber. Cell viability in the presence of various concentrations of enhancer was determined by MTT assay. Furthermore, the eventual mucosal epithelial damage was histologically evaluated. LMWH formulated with L-arginine was administered orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats and the absorption of LMWH was determined by measuring plasma anti-factor Xa activity. Higher ardeparin in-vitro permeability (∼3 fold) compared with control was observed in the presence of 2% L-arginine. Regional permeability studies indicated predominant absorption in the colon region. Cell viability studies showed no significant cytotoxicity below 0.8% L-arginine. The oral bioavailability of ardeparin formulated with L-arginine (250 mg kg−1) was increased by ∼2 fold compared with control. The formulation was well tolerated by the rats and no abnormal histopathological findings were observed in intestinal tissues of rats exposed to L-arginine. These results suggest that L-arginine may be useful in enhancing the intestinal absorption of LMWHs.
DIE GATTUNGSNAMEN RACODIUM PERSOON UND ZASMIDIUM FRIES
Authors: Riedl Harald 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genus Racodium Persoon was lectotypified as early as 1829 by E. Fries by the species R. rupestre Pers. This is a species belonging to the imperfect Lichens. The well‐known cellar fungus Racodium cellare Persoon does not belong to the genus Cladosporium because of the different structure of the conidiophor, but to the genus Zasmidium Fries (1849) for which it is the type species [Z. cellare (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.].
DISTRIBUTION DES FLAVONOIDES CHEZ LES HAMAMÉLIDACÉES ET FAMILLES AFFINES
Authors: Jay M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe results of the flavonoid analysis of thirty representatives of the Hamamelidaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Eupteleaceae, and Eucommiaceae are compared with the corresponding morphological, anatomical, caryological and palynological data. The study reveals the homogeneity of the group Hamamelidaceae‐Myrothamnaceae‐Platanaceae and its undeniable affinities with the Saxifragaceae. The Eupteleaceae and the Eucommiaceae do not belong to this group; the Cercidiphyllaceae, although close to the Magnoliales, have certain morphological and biochemical features in common with the Hamamelidaceae.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND EVOLUTION IN PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Ehrendorfer F. , Krendl F. , Habeler E. , Sauer W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNew chromosome counts on material of wild origin from the Magnoliales:Winteraceae, Himantandraceae, Annonaceae, Myristicaceaeand from the Laurales:Austrobaileyaceae, Amborellaceae, Monimiaveae, Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae, andChloranthaceaesubstantiate the assumption that primitive Angiosperms (woody Polycarpicae) are mostly ancient palaeo‐polyploids, ranging tot 24‐ploidy (table 1). Chromosomal data point to the parallel and reticulate evolutionary patterns of woody Polycarpicae (fig. 2) and give important hints for phylogenetic affinities and improved systematic arrangements on family and generic levels. Remarkable chromosomal similarities with Amentiferae strongly suggest a monophyletic origin of Angiosperms from progenitors with x = 7.
A COMPUTER‐BASED SYSTEM FOR FORMING IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Authors: Hall A. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe criteria for maximal efficiency in identification keys are briefly reviewed. Some techniques for meeting these criteria in a system using numerically coded data are described. The general structure of a key‐forming program written for an I.C.L. 1301 computer is given. The performance of this program using a small set of data is briefly reported and some desirable refinements are noted. The results of this study were generally satisfactory and the system shows promise in the rapid production of keys for a variety of special uses.
PROVOCATION OF BIOSYSTEMATICS
Authors: Merxmüller H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA breach exists between the biosystematists, who deal with evolutionary processes, and the more classical ‘conservative’ taxonomists, who deal with the endproducts. While dealing with processes, the problem of a generalized species concept (referring in fact to the end products) is hardly relevant to the study of biosystematics. Biosystematics can be successful only when it overcomes the gaps between its approaches “at the cross‐roads” to genetics and to systematics; biosystematics can thus become a true integral part of general systematics.