bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Networking with multi‐service GEO satellites: cross‐layer approaches for bandwidth allocation
Authors: Celandroni Nedo , Davoli Franco , Ferro Erina , Gotta Alberto 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCross‐layer Radio Resource Management (CL‐RRM) has been recently investigated by quite a few research groups in wireless communications. In the specific satellite‐networking environment, the paper presents an overview of different CL‐RRM techniques devoted to dynamic bandwidth allocation, whose interactions span the physical, data link, network and transport layers, in various combinations. A multi‐service setting is considered, in the presence of variations in both traffic and channel conditions. Regarding the latter, bit and coding rate adaptation are adopted as fade countermeasure, and their effect on the higher layers is modelled as a bandwidth reduction. Traffic models and methodologies for dynamic bandwidth allocation and performance optimization are discussed. Numerical examples are presented to highlight throughput/fairness trade‐offs for long‐lived TCP connections that share multiple channels with different fading depth. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐layer protocol optimization for satellite communications networks: a survey
Authors: Giambene Giovanni , Kota Sastri 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSatellite links are expected to be one important component of the next‐generation Internet. New satellite system architectures are being envisaged to be fully IP based and support digital video broadcasting and return channel protocols (e.g. DVB‐S, DVB‐S2 and DVB‐RCS). To make the upcoming satellite network systems fully realizable, meeting new services and application requirements, a complete system optimization is needed spanning the different layers of the OSI, and TCP/IP protocol stack. This paper deals with the cross‐layer approach to be adopted in novel satellite systems and architectures. Different cross‐layer techniques will be discussed, addressing the interactions among application, transport, MAC and physical layers. The impacts of these techniques will be investigated and numerical examples dealing with the joint optimization of different transport control schemes and lower layers will be considered referring to a geostationary‐based architecture. Our aim is to prove that the interaction of different layers can permit to improve the higher‐layer goodput as well as user satisfaction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on breakdown characteristics of a low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: LING YI-MING 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe breakdown characteristics of a low-frequency dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at low pressure are investigated experimentally in He, Ne and Ar. The current waveform of this DBD, a series of pulses, is caused by the results of the electron avalanches under the action of the applied field and the quenching effect of the wall-charge field on the avalanches. Taking into consideration the diffusion loss of the charged particles in the breakdown processes, the experimental investigation and the theoretical analysis of its breakdown characteristics indicate that its breakdown voltage is higher than the calculation by the Paschen law and depends on the filled-gas pressure and the distance between the electrodes, instead of their product. The ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient and the mean electron energy at the moment of breakdown can also be determined approximately by measuring the breakdown characteristics of the discharge tubes with different distances between the electrodes and combining the theoretical deductions. The experimental results and the theoretical analysis of the breakdown characteristics of this DBD are discussed.
Adrenergic Receptors
Authors: Malbon Craig C , Wang Hsien‐yu 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Adrenergic receptors are cell‐surface receptors for two major catecholamine hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate key physiological responses, including cardiovascular and pulmonary function. Operating via heterotrimeric G proteins, adrenergic receptors constitute one of the most intensely studied classes of membrane proteins, whose expression and function are subject to regulation at many different levels, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational.
Amnesia
Authors: Wingfield Arthur , Cronin‐Golomb Alice 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Amnesia is a general term that refers to a serious memory
deficit typically associated with medial temporal lobe or diencephalic
lesions. Reference to amnesia implies a memory impairment in the absence of,
or out of proportion to, deficits in other intellectual domains, such as
problem solving or general cognitive function.
Basal Ganglia and the Regulation of Movement
Authors: Anderson Marjorie E , Graybiel Ann M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The basal ganglia, composed of several groups of cells at the base of the cerebrum, plays an important role in the production of smoothly‐linked behaviours. The means by which information is modulated in the basal ganglia by neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released in response to expected reward and to specific motor commands is a topic of active investigation.
Bird Song: Steroid Hormones and Plasticity
Authors: Wade Juli 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In many species of birds, males sing to court females and to defend territories, whereas females sing little, if at all. This behavioural sex difference is paralleled by sexual dimorphisms in neural and peripheral structures involved in song production. In adulthood, singing is generally activated by gonadal steroids, such as testosterone, but the role these hormones play in the natural development of the structural and functional sex differences is at present an intriguing mystery.
Calcium Channels in Presynaptic Terminals
Authors: Llinás Rodolfo R , Moreno Herman 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In vertebrates and invertebrates, neuronal communication is mediated by chemical synaptic transmission via release of transmitters that bind to receptors and result in a postsynaptic response. The release of the transmitter is mostly triggered by a transient release of intracellular calcium, brought about by activation of voltage‐gated calcium channels.
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Authors: Rebec George V 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
As stimulants, cocaine and amphetamines heighten arousal and
increase behavioural activation. More ominously, rapid delivery of a high
concentration of these drugs to the brain triggers a state of euphoria (the
so‐called ‘flash’ or ‘rush’) that creates an
alarming potential for abuse. Cocaine and amphetamines are
phenylisopropylamines whose stimulant properties have been known for centuries.
Neuroendocrine Parvocellular Neurons
Authors: Watts Alan G 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Two sets of neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus form a critical interface between the nervous and endocrine systems. Neuroendocrine parvocellular neurons constitute one of these sets. They release chemical signals into the hypophysial portal vasculature to control the release of a series of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
The Pituitary
Authors: Murray Robert D , Melmed Shlomo 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The pituitary gland is central to the regulation and functional integrity of many peripheral hormone systems. Based at the base of the brain, the pituitary integrates signals from higher centres with feedback from the peripheral endocrine glands, and in turn releases the requisite amount of hormone or trophic factor for the prevailing metabolic and physiological conditions.
Sensory System Organization
Authors: Diamond Mathew E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The survival and reproduction of an organism, indeed every
action taken by an individual, depends on the knowledge of internal
conditions, as well as events in the immediately surrounding environment.
Sensory systems are the components of the nervous system that inform the
organism about itself and the surrounding world. Although each species has
evolved specialized sensory systems to extract the information most valuable
to its own behaviour, certain organizational principles generalize across
species.
Cortical Barrels: Maps and Plasticity
Authors: Simons Daniel J , Land Peter W 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The somatosensory cortex of rodents contains clusters of neurons
called ‘barrels’ that are related in a one‐to‐one manner to
individual mystacial vibrissae on the contralateral face. Signals from the
sensory periphery influence the establishment of the system's
distinctive anatomical organization during development and regulate the
functional properties of cortical neurons throughout the animal's life.
Dendritic Spines
Authors: Harris Kristen M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Dendritic spines are important sites of excitatory synaptic transmission and changes in the strength of these synapses are likely to underlie important higher brain functions such as learning and memory. Spines form biochemical compartments for isolating reactions that occur at one synapse from those at other synapses thereby providing a possible way to ensure the specificity of connections between neurons in the brain.
Dopamine Receptors: Molecular Pharmacology
Authors: Civelli Olivier , Zhou Qun‐Yong 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter, or intercellular chemical messenger, that modulates aspects of brain function – in particular – control of movement, feelings of reward and reinforcement and hormone secretion. Dopamine acts by binding to a surprisingly diverse palette of specific receptors. These distinct dopamine receptors are being studied as the possible selective molecular basis for the numerous dopamine actions.
Drugs and the Synapse
Authors: Knapp Darin J , Breese Charles R , Mueller Robert A , Breese George R 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The concept that centrally acting drugs influence behaviour by influencing neurotransmitter function at specific points controlling synaptic transmission is the basis of neuropharmacological research.The synapse is a specialized cellular interface that provides a physical and chemical link for facilitating communication between cells of the central nervous system (CNS).
Oestrogens, Mood and Cognition
Authors: Almeida OFX , Condé GL 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Oestrogens are steroid hormones that act through specific receptors in the brain to influence sexual behaviour, as well as mood and cognition. Oestrogen actions include alterations of neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism, neuronal circuitry and neuronal survival, one or all of which may contribute to their effects on mood and cognition.
Eye Anatomy
Authors: Litzinger Thomas C , Rio‐Tsonis Katia Del 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The eye is a small yet multifaceted unit of anatomical machinery in which each structure works in accord with the next, refracting, constricting, dilating and chemically reacting to convert patterns of light into discernible images. Eyes can be divided into two broad categories: the ‘simple’ eye of vertebrates and the compound eye of invertebrates.
Glycine as a Neurotransmitter
Authors: Betz Heinrich , Harvey Robert J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Glycine serves as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult vertebrate central nervous system and is implicated in the control of many motor and sensory pathways. In addition, this amino acid functions as an excitatory transmitter during embryonic development and is an essential coagonist at glutamatergic synapses containing the
N
‐methyl‐
d
‐aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors.
Huntington Disease
Authors: Gusella James F 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Huntington disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder
caused by a gene defect on chromosome 4 that causes selective loss of neurons,
particularly in the striatum. The ‘gain‐of‐function’ mutation
involves an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat that produces a long tract of
consecutive glutamine residues in huntingtin, a large protein of unknown
function.
Hypothalamus
Authors: Card J Patrick 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe hypothalamus is a functionally diverse region of the forebrain which exerts profound regulatory influences over physiological and behavioural processes essential for survival. It possesses extensive synaptic connections with other regions of the nervous system and is the region of the brain responsible for controlling the functional activity of the pituitary gland. An essential feature of its function is the ability to convert synaptic information to humoral signals that exert regulatory control over peripheral organ systems and to respond to the functional activity of the peripheral systems that it controls.
Ligand‐Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Millar Neil S 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLigand‐gated ion channels (LGICs) form a diverse superfamily of cell‐surface neurotransmitter receptors that mediate rapid cell–cell signalling. They are multisubunit transmembrane proteins in which 3–5 subunits are arranged around a central ion channel pore. In addition to their role as receptors for neurotransmitters, LGICs have been implicated in several neurological disorders and are important target sites for drug therapy and drug development.
Learning and Memory
Authors: Goshen‐Gottstein Yonatan 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Learning and memory describe the ability of organisms to benefit from prior experience. While different terms are designated to describe this ability, no clear boundary differentiates between the meanings of these terms. For historical reasons, however, the term learning has been primarily used to refer to the ability as it applies to nonhuman organisms, while memory is primarily used in the context of human remembering.
Somatostatin
Authors: Chesselet Marie‐Francoise , Reisine Terry 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Somatostatin is a neuropeptide, originally isolated from the hypothalamus as an inhibitor of growth hormone secretion. In addition to the regulation of growth hormone release, this neurohormone is involved in the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion, neurotransmitter release and complex behaviours such as locomotion and cognition.
Modulatory and Command Interneurons for Behaviour
Authors: Edwards Donald H 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Modulatory neurons change the properties of synapses and neurons, and thereby change the excitability or performance of neural circuits. Command neurons activate specific neural circuits that mediate discrete behaviour patterns. By operating on command neurons, on the inputs that excite them and on the circuits that they excite, modulatory neurons can transform individual patterns of behaviour and ensembles of behaviour in an adaptive manner.
Nervous and Immune System Interactions
Authors: Dunn Adrian J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Several mechanisms by which the nervous and immune systems might interact have now been recognized. The nervous system may affect immune function via direct innervation of immune organs, by secretion of hormones from the pituitary and other glands, and via the autonomic nervous system. Cells of the immune system may influence nervous system function by secretion of a variety of chemical messengers, among which cytokines are the best recognized.
Synaptic Vesicle Fusion
Authors: Martin Thomas FJ 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Neurotransmitter release from synaptic terminals occurs by the rapid, calcium‐dependent fusion of transmitter‐containing synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. The core machinery that mediates membrane fusion is thought to consist of the neuronal SNARE proteins (VAMP/synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP‐25). Accessory proteins operate at various stages to mediate the priming of vesicles to fusion competence (NSF/SNAP, munc18, munc13) and the detection of calcium increases that trigger fusion (synaptotagmin).
Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Nowotny Petra , Kwon Jennifer M , Goate Alison M 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlzheimer disease is a major public health concern in the elderly. In the United States, it is the fourth leading cause of death and is the most common cause of dementia. Although some cases of Alzheimer disease are caused by genetic mutations, most cases are probably due to a number of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for this serious and debilitating disorder.
GABAAReceptors
Authors: Stephenson F Anne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGABAAreceptors are fast‐acting, ligand‐gated anion channels that are the major mediators of inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. GABAAreceptor activity is regulated by phosphorylation as well as being modulated allosterically by a variety of drugs including the anxiolytic benzodiazepines and barbiturates.
Traumatic Central Nervous System Injury
Authors: Stys Peter K 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNeurotrauma is a major health problem worldwide, causing serious disability in hundreds of thousands of people every year. Research has begun to uncover the key biochemical processes that are unleashed after injury, which cause further damage to neurons and axons, as well as the biological signals that control regrowth of new functional structures to replace injured tissue. A coordinated interplay between acute neuroprotective treatment and stimulation of regeneration will offer new hope to patients suffering from the effects of brain or spinal cord injury.
Action Potentials: Generation and Propagation
Authors: Ruben Peter C 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
All cells maintain a voltage across their plasma membranes. Only excitable cells, however, can generate action potentials, the rapid, transient changes in membrane potential that spread along the surface of these unique cells. Action potentials transmit information within neurons, trigger contractions within muscle cells, and lead to exocytosis in secretory cells.
Neurotransmitter Release from Presynaptic Terminals
Authors: Schweizer Felix E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals is a central component of synaptic transmission, the major process by which neurons communicate with each other and with target cells. Neurotransmitter is packaged inside small vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal. Upon stimulation, the neurotransmitter‐filled vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, thereby releasing their contents into the synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitter Transporters
Authors: Bergles Dwight E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Neurotransmitters are released into the extracellular space during synaptic transmission. The actions of these chemical signals are terminated through active uptake by transporters that are located in the plasma membrane of neurons and glial cells. Transporters harness electrochemical gradients to force the movement of transmitter back into cells against its concentration radient. These proteins play an important role in determining how long chemical signals persist, and as a result drugs that inhibit transporters produce profound behavioural effects.
Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Hudson Lynn D 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Vertebrate axons are enwrapped by glial cells that form a myelin sheath. The myelinating cell type in the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes, originate from the same neural stem cell that generates neurons and astrocytes. The high resistance and low capacitance of the compacted oligodendrocyte membrane layers in the myelin sheath greatly accelerate conduction of electrical impulses in myelinated neurons.
Azotobacter
Cysts
Authors: Sadoff Harold L 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Bacteria of the genus
Azotobacter
are nitrogen‐fixing, Gram‐negative organotrophs. At the end of exponential growth, some cells undergo a final division and initiate the formation of cysts. These differentiated cells are strikingly different from endospores formed by
Bacillus
spp. in their mode of synthesis, their chemical content and their resistance properties.
Bacterial Chromosome
Authors: Kellenberger Eduard , Li Jing‐Yan 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Under conditions favouring most active growth, bacteria replicate their DNA and divide with generation times as short as 20–25 minutes; similary rapid rates are practically unknown in other taxa. In contrast to the typical eukaryotic cell, DNA transcription, translation and replication occur simultaneously and at nearby locations. The highly dynamic processes lead to a reticulation of DNA and RNA, permitting optimization of mRNA interaction (number of contacts) with ribosomes. Increased order in the chromatin seems to occur only with very much slower overall growth.
Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane
Authors: Weiner Joel H , Sambasivarao Damaraju , Rothery Richard A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins and encloses the contents of the bacterial cell. Hydrophobic in nature, it acts as a barrier, preventing the leakage of the hydrophilic cytoplasmic constituents and protecting the inside of the cell from environmental insult.
Ultramicrobacteria
Authors: Cavicchioli Ricardo , Ostrowski Martin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUltramicrobacteria are microorganisms with a cell volume of less than 0.1 μm3which have been cultivated from aquatic and soil environments. Nan(n)obacteria are reported to be even smaller than ultramicrobacteria and have been described in deep subsurface, meteorite and clinical samples. The size of these tiny microorganisms challenges views about the minimal size of a living cell.
Algal Calcification and Silification
Authors: Brownlee Colin , Taylor Alison R 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

The algae represent major producers of calcium carbonate and silica among the world's biota. Calcification involves the precipitation of CaCO
3
from Ca
2+
and

ions. Algal calcification may account for up to half of global oceanic CaCO
3
production. Silicification is less widespread among algal groups, which transform dissolved silicate to skeletal material. Diatoms play a key role in marine silica cycling. Diatomaceous deposits have long been exploited for building and filling materials, and the low‐temperature, low‐pressure biogenic formation of silica has potential for biotechnological application in novel industrial processes.
Biological Control by Microorganisms
Authors: Harper David R 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Biological control is the use of natural enemies to reduce the numbers of a pest organism. Such natural enemies include pathogenic microorganisms. While biological control agents can be both expensive and susceptible to rapid inactivation, they can have significant advantages over the use of chemical pesticides. These include their high specificity and lack of damage to the environment, as well as their production of control over prolonged periods.
Chytridiomycota
Authors: Longcore Joyce E 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe Chytridiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi, whose members produce unwalled, asexual spores that swim by means of a single, posteriorly directed flagellum. Members of this group are microscopic saprophytes or parasites that inhabit fresh and saline water, soils and the guts of herbivores.
Fungal Genetics
Authors: Fincham JRS 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The fungal sexual cycle is, in its alternation of haploid and diploid phases, essentially the same as in higher plants and animals, with fusion of haploid gamete nuclei (karyogamy) to give diploidy, and meiosis to restore haploidy. Where most fungi differ from ‘higher’ eukaryotes is that, meiosis follows immediately after karyogamy, so that the diploid phase is confined to the meiotic cell. In the most studied groups of fungi, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, which are sexually reproducing, there are differences in their modes of formation of haploid spores.