bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High CD4/CD45RO+ and CD8/CD45RO+ frequencies in children with vaccine‐modified measles
Authors: ADDAE MICHAEL M , TETTEH JOHN K A , ISHIWADA NARUHIKO , KOMADA YASUHIRO , YAMAGUCHI SHINYA , OFORI‐ADJEI DAVID , KAMIYA HITOSHI , AKANMORI BARTHOLOMEW D 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground: Despite availability and wide vaccine coverage, measles infections still occur especially in developing countries. An outbreak of measles occurred among previously immunized older Ghanaian children who had milder clinical symptoms with measles‐specific IgG antibodies that could have been attributed to secondary vaccine failure, suggesting that the infection was vaccine‐modified measles (VMM).Methods: Two‐color immunophenotyping of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed at acute, recovery and convalescence phases for 19 VMM patients (mean age 6.2 ± 3.5 years) using flow cytometry, and compared with that of 20 healthy, sex‐ and age‐matched controls.Results: The results showed a significantly higher memory helper (CD4+/CD45RO+) cell frequency and increased suppressor cell (CD8+/CD45R0+) frequency in VMM patients compared to healthy controls. There were no complications and all the patients recovered completely.Conclusions: These findings show that the mild symptoms in patients with VMM may have correlated with the increase of memory T cells, which is in sharp contrast with previous reports on acute measles infection. This may suggest that the intact immunologic memory cells could have been crucial for the resolution of VMM.
Contribution of pulmonary surfactant with inhaled nitric oxide for treatment of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: KUSUDA SATOSHI , KIM TAE‐JANG , KORIYAMA TAKESHI , MATSUNAMI SATOKO , NAKANISHI HIDEHIKO 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground: Combined therapy of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) with pulmonary surfactant replacement was reported to improve oxygenation in patients or animal models of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with pulmonary surfactant deficiency lung. To evaluate the potential of iNO for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured during iNO before and after pulmonary surfactant replacement in an animal model of pulmonary hypertension with surfactant deficiency.Methods: Seven newborn piglets were injected with L‐nitro‐arginine‐methylester to produce an animal model of pulmonary hypertension. After PAP increased, iNO (30 p.p.m.) was introduced. Then iNO was stopped, and animals were subjected to lung lavage with saline. After recording the effect of iNO, all animals then received exogenous pulmonary surfactant installation. After surfactant treatment, iNO was again introduced.Results: Pulmonary arterial pressure and systemic arterial pressure were increased significantly by >30% after infusion of L‐nitro‐arginine‐methylester. During iNO only PAP was reduced significantly. Respiratory system compliance decreased significantly after lung lavage, and increased significantly after pulmonary surfactant replacement with concomitant increase of PaO2. In contrast, significant reduction of PAP with iNO before and after pulmonary surfactant replacement were also observed. The reduction ratios of PAP under each condition were 75.2 ± 7.4%, 81.3 ± 3.1%, and 79.1 ± 5.3%, respectively (not significant among conditions).Conclusion: These results suggest that iNO is still a potent pulmonary arterial vasodilator even under pulmonary surfactant deficiency in an animal model of pulmonary hypertension.
Serum glucagon‐like peptide‐2 levels in neonates: Comparison between extremely low‐birthweight infants and normal‐term infants
Authors: YOSHIKAWA HIDEKI , MIYATA ICHIRO , ETO YOSHIKATSU 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground: Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) arises from proglucagon within enteroendocrine L cells of the small and large intestines, and its physiological roles have been gradually elucidated. However, the circulating GLP‐2 levels in human neonates are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to measure serum GLP‐2 levels in extremely low‐birthweight (ELBW) infants and normal‐term infants, and to compare these values between the two groups.Methods: Blood samples were collected and serum GLP‐2 concentrations measured, from 15 ELBW infants at three stages (stage I, before initial feeding after birth; stage II, point at which milk intake reached 100 mL/kg per day; stage III, corrected 40 weeks of gestation), and from 30 normal‐term infants at two stages (stages I and II).Results: No significant difference in basal GLP‐2 values at stage I (before initial feeding) was found between ELBW infants and normal‐term infants (7.37 ± 0.95 ng/mL vs 9.47 ± 0.94 ng/mL). However, in ELBW infants, serum GLP‐2 concentrations at stage II were significantly increased, compared with those at stage I (P < 0.0001). In normal‐term infants, serum GLP‐2 concentrations at stage II were also significantly increased compared with those at stage I (P < 0.001).Conclusion: The results suggest that initial feeding stimulates secretion of serum GLP‐2 in neonates. In addition, the secretion mechanism of GLP‐2 is considered to be established at 24 weeks of gestation at the latest.
Contact pressure distribution features in Down syndrome infants in supine and prone positions, analyzed by photoelastic methods
Authors: NISHIZAWA YOSHIKI , FUJITA TAKEHISA , MATSUOKA KAZUHIKO , NAKAGAWA HIROFUMI 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground: Local force distribution supporting the bodyweight of infants with Down syndrome (DS) appears to be different from that of healthy controls. The purpose of the present study was to establish methods to assess this force distribution and to allow therapeutic evaluation of neurological development in DS infants prior to walking.Methods: Contact pressure distribution patterns in supine and prone positions were measured by photoelastic methods and were compared between DS infants and healthy controls. The DS group included eight subjects, seven with regular trisomy 21, and one with a Robertson translocation. The controls consisted of 14 neonates, four 4‐month‐old infants and eight 7‐month‐old infants.Results: In both groups, head loading ratio decreased as age advanced but the decrement was less in the test group than in the control group. When the bodyweight loading ratios were measured in two different lying positions, that is, prone and supine, the ratios for prone generally tended to be smaller than those for supine in the controls. This kind of difference between prone and supine was not seen in the DS group. The bodyweight is somewhat sustained with limbs and the limbs loading ratios in the DS group were always significantly lower than in the controls.Conclusion: Coordinated development of weight‐supporting limbs seems to be poor in the DS group.
Resource availability controls fungal diversity across a plant diversity gradient
Authors: Waldrop Mark P. , Zak Donald R. , Blackwood Christopher B. , Curtis Casey D. , Tilman David 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDespite decades of research, the ecological determinants of microbial diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we test two alternative hypotheses concerning the factors regulating fungal diversity in soil. The first states that higher levels of plant detritus production increase the supply of limiting resources (i.e. organic substrates) thereby increasing fungal diversity. Alternatively, greater plant diversity increases the range of organic substrates entering soil, thereby increasing the number of niches to be filled by a greater array of heterotrophic fungi. These two hypotheses were simultaneously examined in experimental plant communities consisting of one to 16 species that have been maintained for a decade. We used ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA), in combination with cloning and sequencing, to quantify fungal community composition and diversity within the experimental plant communities. We used soil microbial biomass as a temporally integrated measure of resource supply. Plant diversity was unrelated to fungal diversity, but fungal diversity was a unimodal function of resource supply. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that plant diversity showed a relationship to fungal community composition, although the occurrence of RISA bands and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) did not differ among the treatments. The relationship between fungal diversity and resource availability parallels similar relationships reported for grasslands, tropical forests, coral reefs, and other biotic communities, strongly suggesting that the same underlying mechanisms determine the diversity of organisms at multiple scales.
Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning
Authors: Rondinini Carlo , Wilson Kerrie A. , Boitani Luigi , Grantham Hedley , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractData on the occurrence of species are widely used to inform the design of reserve networks. These data contain commission errors (when a species is mistakenly thought to be present) and omission errors (when a species is mistakenly thought to be absent), and the rates of the two types of error are inversely related. Point locality data can minimize commission errors, but those obtained from museum collections are generally sparse, suffer from substantial spatial bias and contain large omission errors. Geographic ranges generate large commission errors because they assume homogenous species distributions. Predicted distribution data make explicit inferences on species occurrence and their commission and omission errors depend on model structure, on the omission of variables that determine species distribution and on data resolution. Omission errors lead to identifying networks of areas for conservation action that are smaller than required and centred on known species occurrences, thus affecting the comprehensiveness, representativeness and efficiency of selected areas. Commission errors lead to selecting areas not relevant to conservation, thus affecting the representativeness and adequacy of reserve networks. Conservation plans should include an estimation of commission and omission errors in underlying species data and explicitly use this information to influence conservation planning outcomes.
Outcomes in 2748 patients referred to a colorectal two‐week rule clinic
Authors: Smith R. A. , Oshin O. , McCallum J. , Randles J. , Kennedy S. , Delamere S. , Rooney P. S. , Carter P. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective  To assess the 3‐year outcomes of a nurse‐led, one‐stop, 2‐week rule (TWR) clinic for suspected colorectal cancer (CRC) in a large teaching hospital.Method  Data were collected prospectively from January 2002 to December 2004. In total, 2748 patients were seen over the 3‐year period. The ratio of male:female subjects was 1190:1558 (43%:57%). Median age at presentation was 66 years (range 17–96).Results  A total of 1363 (49.6%) nonconforming referrals were made; 1300 patients (47.3%) underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy during their initial assessment in clinic; 1439 patients (52.4%) underwent a barium enema during the course of their investigation; 2503 patients (91.1%) were seen within 14 working days. The median overall wait for the initial clinic appointment was 10 days. The annual number of patients seen was similar over the 3‐year period. A total of 174 cancers (6.3%) were identified which accounted for 36.4% of all CRCs diagnosed during the study period. Nineteen cancers presented in the nonconforming group (1.6% of all non‐conforming patients). Rectal tumours accounted for 59.8% (n = 104) of all cancers diagnosed while right‐sided tumours accounted for only 10.9% (n = 19). Advanced tumours accounted for 73.0% (n = 127) of the total; 133 (76.4%) cancer patients underwent some form of surgical intervention.Conclusion  A specialist nurse‐led, one‐stop TWR clinic for suspected colorectal cancer is sustainable and can be run successfully with over 90% of referrals seen within the targeted time period. The proportion of non‐conforming referrals was high and a large number of advanced and unstaged tumours was observed. Low numbers of proximal tumours were detected.
Meta‐analysis of short‐term and long‐term outcomes of J, W and S ileal reservoirs for restorative proctocolectomy
Authors: Lovegrove R. E. , Heriot A. G. , Constantinides V. , Tilney H. S. , Darzi A. W. , Fazio V. W. , Nicholls R. J. , Tekkis P. P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective  The choice of ileal pouch reservoir has been a contentious subject with no consensus as to which technique provides better function. This study aimed to compare short‐ and long‐term outcomes of three ileal reservoir designs.Method  Comparative studies published between 1985 and 2000 of J, W and S ileal pouch reservoirs were included. Meta‐analytical techniques were employed to compare postoperative complications, pouch failure, and functional and physiological outcomes. Quality of life following surgery was also assessed.Results  Eighteen studies, comprising 1519 patients (689 J pouch, 306 W pouch and 524 S pouch) were included. There was no significant difference in the incidence of early postoperative complications between the three groups. The frequency of defecation over 24 h favoured the use of either a W or S pouch [J vs S: weighted mean difference (WMD) 1.48, P < 0.001; J vs W: WMD 0.97, P = 0.01]. The S pouch was associated with an increased need for pouch intubation (S vs J: OR 6.19, P = 0.04). The use of a J pouch was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of use of anti‐diarrhoeal medication (J vs S: OR 2.80, P = 0.01; J vs W: OR 3.55, P < 0.001).Conclusion  All three reservoirs had similar perioperative complication rates. The S pouch was associated with the need for anal intubation. There was less frequency and less need for antidiarrhoeal agents with the W rather than the J pouch.
Influence of caseload and surgical speciality on outcome following surgery for colorectal cancer: a review of evidence. Part 1: short‐term outcome
Authors: Iversen L. H. , Harling H. , Laurberg S. , Wille‐Jørgensen P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective  An association between caseload and outcome has been reported for complex surgical procedures. We systematically reviewed recent literature to determine whether caseload and surgical speciality are associated with short‐term outcome following colorectal cancer surgery.Method  We searched the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases for relevant publications starting in 1992. We selected hospital caseload and type, and surgeon's caseload, education and experience as variables of interest. Measures of outcome were postoperative morbidity, in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality, and for rectal cancer anastomotic leak. We stratified the 35 reviewed studies by tumor location: colonic cancer, rectal cancer, or colorectal cancer and described the studies individually. A meta‐analysis was performed only when it was considered appropriate.Results  For colonic cancer, postoperative morbidity was associated with surgeon's caseload and education. Postoperative mortality was strongly associated with hospital caseload (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.55–0.73), and surgeon's caseload (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.39–0.64). It was also influenced by surgeon's education and experience. For rectal cancer, we found no evidence of an association between the selected variables and short‐term outcome, including frequency of anastomotic leak. For colorectal cancer, there was evidence for an association between postoperative morbidity and hospital caseload.Conclusion  Our review offers evidence for a positive association between high hospital caseload, surgeon's caseload, sub‐speciality and experience and improved short‐term outcome in colonic cancer surgery. We failed to find evidence of a relationship for rectal cancer surgery, possibly owing to methodological artifacts. No study reported an inverse relation.
Time‐action profile of insulin detemir and NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes from different ethnic groups*
Authors: Hompesch M. , Troupin B. , Heise T. , Elbroend B. , Endahl L. , Haahr H. , Heinemann L. 
Published: September 2006

Aim:  To evaluate the time‐action profiles and the dose–response relationship of the long‐acting insulin analogues insulin detemir (IDet) and NPH insulin (NPH) in type 2 diabetic patients belonging to different ethnic groups.Methods:  Forty‐eight type 2 diabetic patients belonging to different ethnic groups (three groups of 16 African Americans (AA), 16 Hispanics/Latinos (HL) and 16 Caucasians) participated in this double‐blind crossover trial. Each patient took part in six 16‐h isoglycaemic glucose clamps (clamp target 7.2 mmol/l) and was randomly allocated to three doses (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 (I)U/kg) of IDet and NPH, respectively.Results:  IDet and NPH showed comparable pharmacodynamic effects [the area under the glucose infusion rate curve (AUCGIR 0‐16 h) (mg/kg)] in the investigated dose range: IDet, 0.3 U/kg, 207 AA, 535 HL, 285 Caucasians; 0.6 U/kg, 1203 AA, 824 HL and 1126 Caucasians; 1.2 U/kg, 1502 AA, 1977 HL and 2269 Caucasians; NPH, 0.3 IU/kg, 733 AA, 1148 HL and 1148 Caucasians; 0.6 IU/kg, 1395 AA, 1976 HL and 1077 Caucasians; 1.2 IU/kg, 2452 AA, 3296 HL and 2455 Caucasians. Both IDet and NPH showed a linear dose–response relationship in all three groups (p = 0.31), without any significant differences in slope (p = 0.71) or intercept (p = 0.51). Comparable results were obtained for pharmacokinetics.Conclusions:  These results confirm a linear dose–response relationship of IDet, without any relevant differences between ethnic groups. This suggests that similar dosing recommendation can be used for IDet in type 2 diabetic patients belonging to different ethnic group.
Inhaled insulin as adjunctive therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes failing oral agents: a controlled proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Hausmann M. , Dellweg S. , Osborn C. , Heinemann L. , Buchwald A. , Rosskamp R. , Genova P. , Heise T. 
Published: September 2006

Aim:  This controlled proof‐of‐concept study investigated inhaled insulin (INH) as adjunctive therapy to existing oral antidiabetic agents in subjects with type 2 diabetes.Methods:  Twenty‐four subjects with type 2 diabetes [19 men and 5 women, 56.1 ± 6.6 years, body mass index 32.7 ± 4.2 kg/m2, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.4 ± 0.8% (mean ± s.d.)] inadequately controlled by metformin and/or sulfonylureas were randomized to receive additional therapy with either INH administered preprandially using a metered‐dose inhaler (MDI), or insulin glargine (GLA) injected subcutaneously at bedtime for 4 weeks. Both inhaled and injected insulin doses were titrated to predefined blood glucose (BG) targets.Results:  INH and GLA improved metabolic control to a similar extent. Mean daily BG decreased by 2.8 mmol/l in the INH group (p < 0.001) and by 2.4 mmol/l in the GLA group (p < 0.001). Accordingly, fasting BG (−2.7 vs. −3.6 mmol/l for INH vs. GLA), preprandial‐ and 2‐h postprandial BG, HbA1c (−1.23 vs. −1.05%), body weight (−1.9 vs. −2.3 kg) and serum fructosamine were similarly and significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05). Triglycerides decreased significantly with INH (−1.15 μmol/l; p < 0.001) but not with GLA [−0.52 μmol/l; not significant (NS)]. Incidence rates of adverse events did not differ significantly, and there were no indications of respiratory tract irritation.Conclusions:  In subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by oral agents, preprandial administration of INH delivered by a MDI provided a comparable metabolic control to bedtime GLA and did not show any safety concerns during a 4‐week treatment. These results warrant a more extensive investigation of preprandial treatment with INH in longer term studies.
Attentional capacity for processing concurrent stimuli is larger across sensory modalities than within a modality
Authors: Talsma Durk , Doty Tracy J. , Strowd Roy , Woldorff Marty G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOne finding in attention research is that visual and auditory attention mechanisms are linked together. Such a link would predict a central, amodal capacity limit in processing visual and auditory stimuli. Here we show that this is not the case. Letter streams were accompanied by asynchronously presented streams of auditory, visual, and audiovisual objects. Either the letter streams or the visual, auditory, or audiovisual parts of the object streams were attended. Attending to various aspects of the objects resulted in modulations of the letter‐stream‐elicited steady‐state evoked potentials (SSVEPs). SSVEPs were larger when auditory objects were attended than when either visual objects alone or when auditory and visual object stimuli were attended together. SSVEP amplitudes were the same in the latter conditions, indicating that attentional capacity between modalities is larger than attentional capacity within one and the same modality.
The impact of emotions on the perception of dyspnea in pediatric asthma
Authors: Von Leupoldt Andreas , Riedel Frank , Dahme Bernhard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInadequate symptom perception is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in asthma morbidity. Recent research has shown that psychological factors can influence the perception of asthmatic symptoms such as dyspnea, but little is known, about the impact of emotions on the perception of dyspnea in pediatric asthma. Therefore, we examined the impact of viewing affective film clips of positive, neutral, and negative valence on perceived dyspnea during resistive load breathing in children with stable mild asthma. Perceived dyspnea decreased during the positive film compared to baseline and neutral film whereas the level of respiratory loading and respiratory resistance (R5) remained unchanged across conditions. The results underline the potential impact of psychological factors such as emotions on the perception of dyspnea in children with asthma.
Long‐term streptozotocin‐induced diabetes alters prostanoid production in rat aorta and mesenteric bed
Authors: Peredo H. A. , Rodríguez R. , Susemihl M. C. , Villarreal I. , Filinger E. 
Published: September 2006

Summary 1 Vascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in chronic diabetes mellitus. 2 Prostanoids, metabolites of arachidonic acid, include vasoactive substances produced and released from the vascular wall. Alterations in prostanoid production have been reported in the vasculature of diabetic humans and experimental animals. 3 The aim of the present work was to study the influence of three different periods of long‐term streptozotocin‐induced diabetes, 30, 120 and 180 days in the production of prostanoids in the thoracic aorta and in the mesenteric vascular bed of the rat. The prostanoids released to the incubation medium by the tissues were extracted and measured by reversed‐phase HPLC. 4 In the diabetic groups, body weight was reduced and glycaemia was increased when compared with the corresponding non‐diabetic controls. 5 In the aorta, 30 days of diabetes did not modify the prostanoid release pattern, meanwhile 120 and 180 days of incubation decreased prostacyclin (PGI2) production. In the mesenteric bed, at 30 days the release of the vasodilators PGI2 and prostaglandin (PGE2) and the vasoconstrictor thromboxane (TXA2) was reduced. At 120 days the vasodilators were reduced and at 180 days such reduction was joined by an increase of the release of vasoconstrictor metabolites. 6 Thirty days of diabetes did not modify the PGI2/TXA2 ratio in the aorta or mesenteric bed. On the other hand, 120 and 180 days of diabetes reduced significantly the ratio when compared with the corresponding controls. 7 In conclusion, the mesenteric bed, a resistance vascular bed, seems to be more sensitive than the aorta, a conductance vessel, to the effects of diabetes on prostanoid production. The observed effects contribute to a displacement of the balance of prostanoid release in favour of the vasoconstrictor metabolites, a phenomenon that could be related to the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.