bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative biogeography in the South America highlands—recognizing the Altoandina, Puna and Prepuna through the study of Poaceae
Authors: Aagesen Lone , Szumik Claudia A. , Zuloaga Fernando O. , Morrone Osvaldo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe distribution data of 340 grass species sampled in a region of 53.219 km2 in the northwestern corner of Argentina (between ∼21°S and ∼24°S) were analyzed to search for concordance in species distributions by using the program NDM/VNDM. Here, the traditional biogeographic hypothesis proposed for the region is evaluated for the first time by using a quantitative method and an optimal criterion specifically developed within the context of areas of endemism. Three different grid sizes (0.5° × 0.5°, 0.35° × 0.35 ° and 0.2° × 0.2°) were used to analyze three nested data sets: species found in the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia and/or Chile; Andean distributed species; and all grass species found in the study region. The main areas supported by the analyses correspond generally to the traditional biogeographic hypothesis proposed for the region. Local distribution patterns defined by species restricted to the study region were best supported under the small grid sizes, while the bigger grid sizes recovered areas defined by species with a broader distribution. The local distribution patterns emerged in all the analyses even when widespread species were added to the data set. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Clinical course of laryngo‐respiratory symptoms in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease during routine care ‐ a 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: JASPERSEN D. , NOCON M. , LABENZ J. , LEODOLTER A. , RICHTER K. , STOLTE M. , VIETH M. , LIND T. , WILLICH S. N. , MALFERTHEINER P. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground  Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be associated with laryngo‐respiratory symptoms (LRS) such as chronic cough, asthma or laryngeal symptoms.Aim  To analyse the long‐term clinical course of LRS in a large population with GERD and LRS.Methods  ProGERD is a prospective multicentre cohort study of 6215 adult out‐patients with GERD. At baseline, the prevalence of LRS was assessed. Initial standardized treatment was esomeprazole for up to 8 weeks. After 5 years of follow‐up, patients were interviewed for LRS and a multivariate analysis was performed with resolved vs. persistent symptoms for chronic cough, asthma and laryngeal symptoms.Results  In all, 2886 patients (46.4%) were available for analysis at baseline and at 5 years. The prevalence of chronic cough and laryngeal disorders had decreased while the prevalence of asthma had increased. Resolution of LRS was independent of clinical reflux characteristics or PPI medication.Conclusions  In a large population with GERD, only few patients reported persistent LRS over 5 years. Resolution of LRS was independent of the stage of GERD and PPI treatment. Accordingly, data on the direction of causality between GERD and LRS are lacking and the strength of the association between the two must remain controversial.
Review article: dual delayed release formulation of dexlansoprazole MR, a novel approach to overcome the limitations of conventional single release proton pump inhibitor therapy
Authors: METZ D. C. , VAKILY M. , DIXIT T. , MULFORD D. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) provide the most effective pharmacotherapy for treating acid‐related disorders. However, PPIs do not completely control acid over 24 h with once‐daily dosing.Aims To discuss limitations inherent in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of conventional PPI formulations, which provide a single drug release. Also, to consider approaches to extending the duration of acid suppression focusing on dexlansoprazole MR, a PPI with a novel Dual Delayed Release (DDR) formulation.Method We reviewed the available literature regarding marketed and investigational PPIs.Results Non‐standard dosing of currently marketed PPIs has produced incremental advances in acid control. Multiple approaches are being evaluated to enhance acid suppression with PPIs. Dexlansoprazole MR is a DDR formulation of dexlansoprazole, an enantiomer of lansoprazole, with two distinct drug release periods to prolong the plasma dexlansoprazole concentration–time profile and extend duration of acid suppression. Clinical studies show that dexlansoprazole MR produces a dual‐peak PK profile that maintains therapeutic plasma drug concentrations longer than lansoprazole, with a single‐peak PK profile, and increases the percentage of time that intragastric pH >4.Conclusions Novel drug delivery platforms, including the dexlansoprazole MR DDR formulation, may improve acid suppression and offer benefits over conventional single release PPI formulations.
Inhibition of cyclin‐dependent kinases by olomoucine and roscovitine reduces lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory responses via down‐regulation of nuclear factor κB
Authors: Jhou R‐S. , Sun K‐H. , Sun G‐H. , Wang H‐H. , Chang C‐I. , Huang H‐C. , Lu S‐Y. , Tang S‐J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.Objectives:  Initiation and maintenance of pro‐inflammatory reactions elicited by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and/or cytokines in the macrophage lineage have been reported to play a crucial role in acute and chronic pathogenic effects. Whether pro‐inflammatory responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide in growth arrested cells differ from those in proliferating cells remains unanswered.Materials and methods:  Olomoucine and roscovitine are cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that prevent progression through the cell cycle. After treatment with CDK inhibitors, expression of pro‐inflammatory genes was analysed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) were determined by Western blotting. Promoter activity of iNOS was measured by the luciferase activity assay.Results:  In this study we have demonstrated that both olomoucine and roscovitine inhibit cell proliferation and diminish nitric oxide production and cytokine gene expression, in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, olomoucine reduces iNOS promoter activity and alleviates NF‐κB transcription activation. After co‐transfection with E2F1 interference RNA, suppression of lipopolysaccharide‐mediated iNOS promoter activity and NF‐κB activation was observed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that olomoucine‐induced growth arrested cells reduce expression of the p65 subunit of NF‐κB.Conclusions:  The findings of this study suggest that inhibition of cell‐cycle progression is capable of reducing pro‐inflammatory responses via down‐regulation of NF‐κB.
‘I don't trust you, you are going to tell’, adolescents with emotional and behavioural disorders participating in qualitative research
Authors: Laenen F. Vander 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Some groups of young people are considered difficult to reach and study. One such group consists of adolescents with emotional and behavioural disorders (EBD), who have problems with verbal intelligence, thought focussing and paying attention. During a 2‐year research study into the preferences of adolescents with EBD regarding drug prevention policy, the author examined these young people's opinions and their experience of participation in research.Methods  A qualitative, youth‐centred method was used, combining group techniques (focus groups, nominal group techniques and feedback sessions) and involving 160 adolescents, aged 12–21 years, with EBD, living in residential settings of the disability sector.Results  It is possible to carry out qualitative research with young people with EBD. This population is very vulnerable, negatively influenced by their previous experiences and by the social group that they belong to. They have an aversion to ‘being studied’, and their self‐esteem and confidence are low. However, it is possible to build up trust.Conclusions  It has become clear that there is no reason for excluding adolescents with EBD from participation in research. Research is possible and successful, providing sufficient effort is put into building up trust with these emotionally scarred young people.
Thinking about feelings: emotion focus in the parenting of children with early developmental risk
Authors: Baker J. K. , Crnic K. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Children with developmental delays exhibit more difficulty with certain emotional processes than their typically developing peers, which seems to partially account for the increased risk for the development of social problems in this population. Despite considerable study with typically developing populations, research on parental emotion socialisation in families of children with delays is scarce. This study examined the degree to which parents of children with early delays prioritised emotion relative to other important areas of child development and the degree to which they focused on emotion during relevant interactions with their children.Method  Families of 8‐year‐old children with (n = 42) and without (n = 89) early developmental delays completed questionnaires and interviews, and participated in a parent–child emotion discourse task.Results  As predicted, parents of children with developmental delays reported lower prioritisation of emotion and focused less on emotion during discourse than did parents of typically developing children. A model was supported in which a pathway existed from developmental status through prioritisation to emotion focus. Emotion focus, in turn, predicted children's social skills as reported on by multiple informants.Conclusions  Parents of children with early developmental delays may focus upon emotion less in their parenting than parents of typically developing children, and related behaviours show associations with children's social skill outcomes. Findings are discussed as an initial step in thinking about the role of emotion socialisation in the families of children with delays.
Staff variables associated with the challenging behaviour of clients with severe or profound intellectual disabilities
Authors: Lambrechts G. , Kuppens S. , Maes B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Previous research has identified that staff–client interactions play an important role in the origin and maintenance of challenging behaviour. Particularly, the reciprocity between staff behaviour and client behaviour has been considered a key issue. Furthermore, severe challenging behaviour has been found to elicit negative emotional reactions from staff which in turn may influence staff's behaviour. Another variable that has been associated with staff behaviour are staff's attributions regarding clients' challenging behaviour. The present study tested several hypotheses about associations between staff variables and challenging behaviour.Method  Questionnaires were used to investigate associations between the attributions, emotional reactions and behavioural reactions of 51 staff members towards challenging behaviour of clients with severe or profound intellectual disabilities who displayed self‐injurious behaviour, stereotyped behaviour and/or aggressive/destructive behaviour.Results  Staff members reported that reactions to challenging behaviour differed according to the type of challenging behaviour. Negative emotional reactions were positively associated with challenging behaviour. Associations between emotional reactions, staff beliefs and staff reactions were inconsistent.Conclusions  The findings suggest that there is a need to look for a better conceptualisation and assessment of the variables under investigation.
Study of dynamic grain growth by electron microscopy and EBSD
Authors: ROFMAN O.V. , BATE P.S. , BROUGH I. , HUMPHREYS F.J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe effect of hot deformation on fully recrystallized aluminium–copper alloys (Al‐4wt%Cu and Al‐33wt%Cu) with different volume fractions of CuAl2 has been studied. The alloys are Zener pinned systems with different superplastic properties. Strain‐induced grain growth, observed in both alloys, was quantitatively estimated by means of electron microscopy and EBSD and compared with the rate of static grain growth. Surface marker observations and in situ hot‐deformation experiments combined with EBSD were aimed at clarifying the mechanisms responsible for the changes in the deformed microstructures. A sequence of secondary and backscattered electron images and EBSD maps was obtained during in situ SEM deformation with different testing conditions. Overlaying EBSD maps for the Al‐4wt%Cu with channelling contrast images showed that grain boundary motion occurred during deformation, creating a layered structure and leading to an increase in size of some grains and shrinkage of others. Of a particular interest are results related to behaviour of CuAl2 in superplastic Al‐33wt%Cu during deformation, including several problems with the use of EBSD in this alloy.
Quantitative interpretation of binding reactions of rapidly diffusing species using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Authors: TSIBIDIS G.D. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements offer an important tool for analyzing diffusion and binding processes. Confocal scanning laser microscopes that are used in FRAP experiments bleach regions with a radially Gaussian distributed profile. Previous attempts to derive analytical expressions in the case of processes governed by fast diffusion have overlooked the characteristics of the instruments used to perform FRAP measurements and therefore led to approximating solutions. In the present paper, bleaching laser beam characteristics are incorporated into an improved model to provide a more rigorous and accurate method. The proposed model simulates binding inside bounded regions, and it leads to FRAP curves that depend on the on and off rates that can be employed to determine the rate constants. It can be used in conjunction with experimental data acquired with confocal scanning laser microscopes to investigate the biophysical properties of proteins in living cells. The model aims to improve the accuracy when determining rate constants by taking into account a more realistic scenario of the light‐matter interaction.
A population‐based study of repeat hospital admissions due to interpersonal violence for children aged 0–9 years
Authors: Meuleners Lynn B. , Lee Andy H. , Hendrie Delia 
Published: February 2009

SummaryTo assess the magnitude and nature of interpersonal violence resulting in hospitalisation of children and to identify subgroups at risk of repeat hospital admissions, a population‐based, retrospective study of all violence hospitalisations in Western Australia for children aged 9 years or less was undertaken, using the 1990–2004 linked data retrieved from the Western Australian Mortality Database and the Hospital Morbidity Data System.Of the 747 patients aged <10 years incurring 834 hospitalisations for the consequences of violence during the study period, 570 (76%) were less than 4 years of age. A total of 43 deaths from violence were recorded and 74 (9%) patients were admitted for more than one episode of violence. Victims aged 0–4 years from rural (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35, 5.43) and remote parts (HR = 2.79; 95% CI 1.25, 6.25) of the state were at increased risk of a subsequent admission for violence compared with those residing within the metropolitan area. Indigenous children aged 5–9 years were significantly more likely (HR = 3.57; 95% CI 1.14, 11.13) to incur a second hospitalisation for violence than their non‐Indigenous counterparts. The identification of young victim subgroups at high risk of repeat hospitalisations is important for developing intervention strategies to reduce the burden of interpersonal violence. Young children aged 0–4 years living in rural and remote locations and Indigenous children aged 5–9 years should be specifically targeted for attention.
Ordinary and effective: the Catch‐22 in managing the public voice in health care?
Authors: Learmonth Mark , Martin Graham P. , Warwick Philip 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIntroduction  Joseph Heller’s Catch‐22 is regularly invoked to critique the irrationality inherent in supposedly rational bureaucracy. We explore a Catch‐22 for policy concerning public involvement in English health care: you have to be ordinary to represent the community effectively, but, if you are ordinary, you cannot effectively represent your community.The nature of public participation groups  Starting with community health councils, we trace government policy about involving local people in health care, up to the current arrangements for local involvement networks and show how the above Catch‐22 works. We do this in two principal ways. First, by an analysis of some of the unrecognized paradoxes in current government policies designed to populate health‐care participation groups and second, by providing a series of narrative vignettes, drawn from our own experiences of working in such groups, which illustrate the nature of the dilemmas members face.Conclusions  Our proposal to get out of the worst of the Catch‐22 for effective public involvement groups is (paradoxically) to suggest focusing less on effectiveness, or more precisely, focusing less on those conventional, managerially defined notions of effectiveness that are now pretty much taken for granted within public services. This is because, if bodies like LINks are to do more than provide unthreatening, homogenous and tokenistic public perspectives, they need to be given space and time to pursue their own agendas.
Patients’ priorities for ambulatory hospital care centres. A survey and discrete choice experiment among elderly and chronically ill patients of a Dutch hospital
Authors: Albada Akke , Triemstra Mattanja 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective  This study established patients’ preferences regarding the facilities in an adjacent centre for ambulatory hospital care. It also identified determinants of patients’ choice to visit this centre instead of the regional hospital.Methods  A questionnaire survey among 1477 elderly and chronically ill people (response 72%) assessed patients’ expectations regarding (a) quality of hospital care, (b) facilities in centres for ambulatory hospital care, and (c) future use of these centres. Additionally, 75 patients participated in discrete choice experiments about their decision to visit a centre for ambulatory hospital care or the regional hospital.Results  Respondents prioritized facilities for examination and medical consultations in the ambulatory care centres. Half of the respondents also valued paramedic care, information desks and pharmacies as centre facilities. Most patients living near a future centre for ambulatory care would rather visit this centre than the regional hospital. However, they favoured seeing their familiar physician, short waiting lists and appointments scheduled consecutively on 1 day. If these aspects were not guaranteed at the adjacent centres, more patients chose to visit the hospital.Conclusions  Although patients value most facilities, they set clear priorities. Furthermore, this study showed three important conditions in the decision to visit an ambulatory care centre; (1) the possibility to see their familiar physician, (2) to have consecutive appointments, and (3) a short waiting list. These three factors were more important to patients than proximity. Thus, when choosing between a hospital and an adjacent centre for ambulatory care, quality aspects matter.
Are parental care trade‐offs in shorebirds driven by parental investment or sexual selection?
Authors: OLSON V. A. , WEBB T. J. , FRECKLETON R. P. , SZÉKELY T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSexual selection, mating systems and parental behaviour are closely linked, although the exact nature of their relationship is controversial. The parental investment hypothesis (PIH) states that parental care disparity drives sexual selection intensity, because the sex providing less care competes for the sex that provides more. In contrast, the sexual selection hypothesis (SSH) asserts that more intense sexual selection on males leads to reduced male parental investment. We tested these hypotheses using directional phylogenetic comparative methods in shorebirds, which have an unusually diverse array of breeding systems. Changes in parental care and sexual selection intensity were tightly correlated, and we carried out three sets of analyses focusing on changes in male behaviour, female behaviour and in either sex. The results from the analyses were consistent with both PIH and SSH, although the patterns in male transition were sensitive to model values. We propose two explanations for these results. First, phylogenetic transitions may be idiosyncratic so that they depend on the ecological circumstances of individual species. Second, transitions in social traits, such as breeding systems, may be rapid and take place in ecological time, so directional phylogenetic methods that work through longer time scales may not infer accurately the timing and direction of all changes.
Lifetime reproductive success and longevity of queens in an annual social insect
Authors: LOPEZ‐VAAMONDE C. , RAINE N. E. , KONING J. W. , BROWN R. M. , PEREBOOM J. J. M. , INGS T. C. , RAMOS‐RODRIGUEZ O. , JORDAN W. C. , BOURKE A. F. G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlthough central to understanding life‐history evolution, the relationship between lifetime reproductive success and longevity remains uncertain in many organisms. In social insects, no studies have reported estimates of queens’ lifetime reproductive success and longevity within populations, despite the importance of understanding how sociality and associated within‐group conflict affect life‐history traits. To address this issue, we studied two samples of colonies of the annual bumblebee, Bombus terrestris audax, reared from wild‐caught queens from a single population. In both samples, queens’ lifetime reproductive success, measured as either queens’ inclusive fitness or as total biomass of queen‐produced sexuals (new queens and males), was significantly positively associated with queen longevity, measured from the day the first worker was produced. We suggest that a positive relationship between reproductive success and longevity was inherited from nonsocial ancestors showing parental care and maintained, at least in part, because the presence of workers buffers queens against extrinsic mortality.
The cost of multiple drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: WARD H. , PERRON G. G. , MACLEAN R. C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe spread of bacterial antibiotic resistance mutations is thought to be constrained by their pleiotropic fitness costs. Here we investigate the fitness costs of resistance in the context of the evolution of multiple drug resistance (MDR), by measuring the cost of acquiring streptomycin resistance mutations (StrepR) in independent strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying different rifampicin resistance (RifR) mutations. In the absence of antibiotics, StrepR mutations are associated with similar fitness costs in different RifR genetic backgrounds. The cost of StrepR mutations is greater in a rifampicin‐sensitive (RifS) background, directly demonstrating antagonistic epistasis between resistance mutations. In the presence of rifampicin, StrepR mutations have contrasting effects in different RifR backgrounds: StrepR mutations have no detectable costs in some RifR backgrounds and massive fitness costs in others. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of epistasis and genotype‐by‐environment interactions for the evolution of MDR.