bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the International Headache Society Criteria on the Use of Neuroimaging for Headache Diagnosis in a Headache Clinic
Authors: Fabbrini Giovanni , Barbanti Piero , Pascali Maria Paola , Lenzi Gian Luigi , Cerbo Rosanna 
Published: July 2007

Objective.—To evaluate the impact of the introduction of the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria on the use of neuroimaging for headache diagnosis in a specialist outpatient center.Background.—The general indications for neuroimaging in headache are a matter of debate. International Headache Society criteria should improve diagnostic accuracy, consequently reducing the use of expensive diagnostic procedures such as brain CT or MRI scan.Methods.—We reviewed the medical records of all 2739 new patients seen in our center from 1984 to 1996, analyzing the records of those patients who underwent neuroimaging before or after the introduction of the IHS criteria in 1988.Results.—There were no differences in the number of CT scans ordered in the period before (6.04%) or after (6.06%) the introduction of the IHS criteria. Only 12 scans revealed significant abnormalities, probably unrelated to headache.Conclusions.—These results suggest that the yield of CT scanning patients seen in a headache clinic is very low, even when alarm signs are present notwithstanding strict adherence to diagnostic criteria. An improved definition of secondary forms of headache might help to reduce this adjunctive cost to the care of patients with headache in a headache clinic.
Finite group extensions and the Atiyah conjecture
Authors: Linnell Peter , Schick Thomas 
Published: July 2007

The Atiyah conjecture for a discrete groupGGstates that theL2L^2-Betti numbers of a finite CW-complex with fundamental groupGGare integers ifGGis torsion-free, and in general that they are rational numbers with denominators determined by the finite subgroups ofGG. Here we establish conditions under which the Atiyah conjecture for a torsion-free groupGGimplies the Atiyah conjecture for every finite extension ofGG. The most important requirement is thatH∗(G,Z/p)H^*(G,\mathbb {Z}/p)is isomorphic to the cohomology of thepp-adic completion ofGGfor every prime numberpp. An additional assumption is necessary e.g. that the quotients of the lower central series or of the derived series are torsion-free. We prove that these conditions are fulfilled for a certain class of groups, which contains in particular Artin’s pure braid groups (and more generally fundamental groups of fiber-type arrangements), free groups, fundamental groups of orientable compact surfaces, certain knot and link groups, certain primitive one-relator groups, and products of these. Therefore every finite, in fact every elementary amenable extension of these groups satisfies the Atiyah conjecture, provided the group does. As a consequence, if such an extensionHHis torsion-free, then the group ringCH\mathbb {C}Hcontains no non-trivial zero divisors, i.e.HHfulfills the zero-divisor conjecture. In the course of the proof we prove that if these extensions are torsion-free, then they have plenty of non-trivial torsion-free quotients which are virtually nilpotent. All of this applies in particular to Artin’s full braid group, therefore answering question B6 on http://www.grouptheory.info. Our methods also apply to the Baum-Connes conjecture. This is discussed by Thomas Schick in his preprint “Finite group extensions and the Baum-Connes conjecture”, where for example the Baum-Connes conjecture is proved for the full braid groups.
Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish
Authors: Davis M. W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Davis, M. W. 2007. Simulated fishing experiments for predicting delayed mortality rates using reflex impairment in restrained fish. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1535–1542. Development of efficient methods to predict discard and escapee mortality in fishing operations is essential to the conservation of sensitive fish stocks. For a few fisheries, mortality data are available from fishing experiments in the field; these require long-term holding or monitoring of fish in tanks, cages, or tag and recapture experiments to detect delayed mortality. A different approach to predicting discard and escapee mortality is to use reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) consisting of relationships between mortality and reflex impairment for species of interest. Fish were towed in a net in the laboratory and then either restrained in foam-lined holders and rapidly tested for reflex impairment five minutes after towing, or held for up to 60 days to determine delayed mortality. Delayed mortality occurred up to 20 days after towing. RAMP was related to mortality with biphasic sigmoid functions. As fishing stressors increased in intensity, the first phase showed an increase in RAMP with no concomitant mortality. In the second phase, RAMP continued to increase, while mortality became apparent and increased. The measurement of RAMP in restrained fish on board fishing vessels during experiments to predict discard mortality and in caged free swimming fish to predict escapee mortality is feasible and advisable.
A New Pathotype of Meloidogyne chitwoodi Race 1 from Washington State
Authors: Mojtahedi H. , Brown C. R. , Riga E. , Zhang L. H. 
Published: July 2007

Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al. is a serious pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and is widespread in the Pacific Northwest United States. M. chitwoodi is currently reported to consist of two host races and one pathotype (2,3) that are not distinguished morphologically. Host race 1 reproduces on Chantenay carrot but not on Thor alfalfa and host race 2 reproduces on alfalfa but not on carrot. Both races fail to reproduce on roots of S. bulbocastanum, a wild potato species used as a source of resistance in our breeding program (1). The resistance to race 1 in S. bulbocastanum is attributed to Rmc1(blb) gene. Pathotype 1 of race 2 breaks resistance and reproduces on S. bulbocastanum (2). We have tested resistant breeding lines repeatedly in Prosser, WA field plots infested with MC race 1 and harvested tubers free from M. chitwoodi damage. In 2004 however, tubers of some resistant lines were damaged by the M. chitwoodi population that did not cause damage in the past. Populations of M. chitwoodi were established on tomato by adding peels obtained from the infected tubers of resistant lines. The reproductive factor, final number of eggs ÷ initial inoculum, of the new population was determined on five replications of 3-week-old Chantenay carrot and Thor alfalfa. Five thousand eggs were extracted from nematode cultures reared on tomatoes and then were added around the root system of the test plants. The plants were maintained in the greenhouse for 55 days before the nematode eggs were extracted and RF (reproductive factor = final/initial population) values determined. Like the MC race 1, new populations reproduced on Chantenay carrot (RF > 1) but failed to reproduce on Thor alfalfa (RF < 0.1). Unlike MC race 1, the new populations reproduced on roots of all breeding lines that carried Rmc1(blb) gene (RF > 1). These results suggest that the selected population of M. chitwoodi in the Prosser site is a new pathotype, which is designated pathotype 1 of MC race 1. References: (1) C. R. Brown et al. Am. J. Potato Res. 83:1, 2006. (2) H. Mojtahedi et al. J. Nematol. 30:506, 1998. (3) G. S. Santo et al. Plant Dis. 69:361, 1985.
Occurrence of Fusarium solani on Blueberry in Argentina
Authors: Pérez B. A. , Murillo F. , Divo de Sesar M. , Wright E. R. 
Published: July 2007

Blueberry plants with root rot and sudden death symptoms were collected in Concordia, Entre Ríos. Diseased roots were disinfected by immersion in 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, cut into pieces, transferred to carrot agar (CA), and maintained at 20 ± 2°C and 12 h of near UV light (Philips Black Light lamps TL 40W/08). Conidia were identified with an Olympus BX-51 optical microscope by using a CoolSNAP Pro digital kit with image-pro plus and color digital camera (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Silver Spring, MD). Macroconidia length was variable, 3.9 μm and as much as 29 μm (1 to 5 septa), and microconidia measured 3.8 × 11 μm. Fungal description agrees with Fusarium solani (1). Pathogenicity of the purified isolate was evaluated on 2-month-old plants (cvs. Misty and Sharp Blue). The purified, grayish white isolate was grown on CA for 7 days, and mycelial plugs were placed next to the base of wounded stem and roots immediately below the potting mix soil line. Plants were maintained in the dark at 20 ± 2°C and 90% humidity for 48 h, and then transferred to 12 h of light. Wounded plants with CA plugs served as controls. Dark spots along the stem and root and stem rot appeared 7 to 21 days after inoculation. Controls remained symptomless. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated plants. Fusarium sp. was previously cited (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani on blueberry in Argentina. References: (1) C. Booth. Fusarium. Laboratory Guide to the Identification of the Major Species. CMI, Kew, England, 1977. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989.
First Report of Leaf Spot, Blight, and Stem Lesions Caused by Cylindrocladium pauciramosum on Callistemon in Spain
Authors: Pérez-Sierra A. , Álvarez L. A. , León M. , Abad-Campos P. , Armengol J. , García-Jiménez J. 
Published: July 2007

Callistemons (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels), evergreen plants of the family Myrtaceae, are commonly grown in Mediterranean gardens for their red bottlebrush-like flowers. During November of 2006, 1-year-old potted plants of callistemon showed leaf spots and blight in commercial nurseries in Valencia, Spain. Symptoms consisted initially of minute brown spots on the leaves, developing into black-gray blotches that finally coalesced. Diseased plants also showed stem lesions and blight of young shoots. Approximately 30% of the plants were affected. A Cylindrocladium sp. was isolated consistently from the infected tissues. Six single conidial isolates were grown on carnation leaf agar (CLA) under near-UV light at 25°C for 7 days (1). The macroconidiophores comprised of a stipe, a sterile elongation, and a penicillated arrangement of primary, secondary, and tertiary branches. The stipes were septate, 110 to 175 (138) μm long, with a terminal obpyriform vesicle measuring 3.75 to 7.5 (5.8) μm wide. Phialides (12.5 × 3.6 μm) were hyaline, doliiform to reniform, with conidia 40 to 55 × 3.7 to 5 μm, cylindrical with rounded ends, aseptate or one septate. Chlamydospores were brown and formed microsclerotia. These features conformed to the description of Cylindrocladium pauciramosum (3). Further confirmation was obtained by sequence analysis. The 5′ end of the β-tubulin gene was amplified using primers T1 and βt2b (2). Comparison with other sequences in GenBank revealed that the isolates described here were identical with C. pauciramosum (Accession No. AY880064) isolated from Ceanothus in the UK. To confirm pathogenicity, 1-year-old plants of callistemon were inoculated with two isolates by spraying with a spore suspension of the fungus (1 × 105 conidia per ml) obtained from 14-day-old single spore colonies on CLA. Control plants were treated with sterile distilled water. After inoculation, all plants were maintained in plastic bags and kept at 22 ± 2°C. Four days after inoculation, the plants developed symptoms similar to those observed in natural infections, and C. pauciramosum was reisolated, successfully completing Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. C. pauciramosum has been recorded on several hosts, including Callistemon citrinus, in Italy (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. pauciramosum on callistemon in Spain. References: (1) P. W. Crous and M. J. Wingfield. Mycotaxon 51:341, 1994. (2) B. Henricot and A. Culham. Mycologia 94:980, 2002. (3) C. L. Schoch et al. Mycologia 91:286, 1999. (4) C. L. Schoch et al. Plant Dis. 85:941, 2001.
Does a full bladder aid upper tract visualization in magnetic resonance urography?
Authors: Colville JAC , Killeen RPM , Buckley O , Geoghegan T , Regan F , Hamilton S , Torreggiani WC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether a full bladder improved the visualization of the upper renal tract during magnetic resonance urography (MRU). Twenty volunteers were recruited into the study. The MRU imaging was carried out on a 1.5‐T MR system. Imaging was carried out in the coronal plane using a half‐Fourier acquired single‐shot turbo‐spin‐echo technique. All volunteers were examined in two separate MRU studies to visualize the urinary tract. The first study was carried out with a ‘full’ bladder followed by a study with an ‘empty’ bladder, leading to a total of 40 examinations. Two radiologists then reviewed maximum intensity projection images from both ‘full’ and ‘empty’ studies independently. Both left and right upper tracts were divided into five segments. A three‐point grading system was used to evaluate visualization. Excellent visualization = 3, good visualization = 2 and poor visualization = 1. Maximum score per patient was 30. Results were tabulated and analysed using an Excel database. The average score for visualization for the ‘full’ bladder group was 22.1/30 (73.8%) and the average score for the empty bladder was 16.2/30 (54%). Overall improvement in visualization was 5.9/30 (19.8%). There was strong interobserver agreement, with a concordance value of 92.5%. The MRU carried out in healthy young adult volunteers with a full bladder allows improved visualization of the upper tracts.
Diagnostic accuracy of 16‐slice CT coronary angiography in the evaluation of coronary artery disease
Authors: Soon KH , Chaitowitz I , Cox N , MacGregor L , Eccleston D , Bell KW , Kelly A‐M , Lim YL 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMultislice CT coronary angiography (CT‐CA) has emerged as a potential imaging method for coronary artery disease. This study aimed to ascertain the accuracy of 16‐slice CT in the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis (≥50% reduction of lumen diameter). This mixed retrospective/prospective observational study compared 95 paired 16‐slice CT‐CA and fluoroscopic coronary angiography (FCA) sets. A cardiologist and a radiologist blinded to the FCA findings evaluated CT‐CA images independently by visual estimation. Disagreement between these reporters was arbitrated by a third CT reporter (a cardiologist). A separate cardiologist blinded to CT‐CA findings assessed FCA by visual estimation. Of 1161 coronary segments assessable on FCA, 1103 segments (95%) were assessable on CT‐CA. The CT‐CA correctly diagnosed 147/180 segments with significant stenoses (sensitivity = 82%) and correctly identified 874/923 coronary segments without significant stenoses (specificity = 95%). The positive and negative predictive values of CT‐CA in the diagnosis of coronary segment with significant stenosis were 75 and 96%, respectively. On patient‐based analysis, CT‐CA correctly identified all 68 studies with at least one vessel with significant stenosis (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 83%). The positive and negative predictive values of CT‐CA in identifying patients with significant coronary stenosis were 94 and 100%, respectively. The 16‐slice CT‐CA showed moderately good sensitivity but very high specificity and negative predictive value in the diagnosis of significant coronary stenosis. The CT‐CA would appear to be a useful ‘rule‐out’ test for patients with low‐risk profile for ischaemic heart disease.
Magnetic resonance imaging of cauda equina syndrome in long‐standing ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Arslanoglu A , Aygun N 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe cauda equina syndrome is an uncommon complication of long‐standing ankylosing spondylitis and its aetiology is controversial. We report a case of the cauda equina syndrome, erosion of the posterior elements of the lumbar spine and traction of the lumbar nerve roots because of multiple dural diverticula in a patient with long‐standing ankylosing spondylitis. Magnetic resonance imaging is valuable in excluding other spinal lesions. Extensive dural diverticula formation is characteristic of ankylosing spondylitis and has the potential to provide an early diagnosis.
Medical student radiology teaching in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Subramaniam RM , Kim C , Scally P 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study, involving 19 centres, establishes the status of medical student radiology teaching in Australia and New Zealand. It aims to document the academic and clinical staff profile involved in teaching, to indicate the methods of instructions used, to outline the available radiology library resources for medical students, to list the textbooks used in teaching and to uncover how many radiology departments are involving medical students in research. The findings can be used to plan and execute further actions that will enhance radiology teaching of medical students.
Urine interleukin‐1β in children with acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring
Authors: SHEU JI‐NAN , CHEN MENG‐CHI , CHENG SUN‐LONG , LEE IN‐CHI , CHEN SHAN‐MING , TSAY GREGORY JIAZER 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY:Aim:  Acute pyelonephritis is a common infectious disease in children and can result in permanent renal damage. Interleukin (IL)‐1β is an important inflammatory mediator that appears early during bacterial infection. This prospective study examined urine IL‐1β levels in children with acute pyelonephritis documented by 99mTc‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan, and also evaluated whether this cytokine correlated with renal scarring.Methods:  A total of 75 children aged 1–121 months with a diagnosis of first‐time febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) were studied. The following inflammatory markers were assessed: fever, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and urine IL‐1β. Urine samples were collected for IL‐1β measurement by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay before and after antibiotic treatment of the infection. Follow‐up DMSA scan was performed at 6–12 months after the acute pyelonephritis to detect renal scarring. Twenty children with other febrile illnesses served as non‐renal febrile controls.Results:  The 75 children were divided into acute pyelonephritis (n = 41) and lower UTI (n = 34) groups according to the findings of DMSA scans. Fever, WBC count, neutrophil count and CRP were significantly higher in the children with acute pyelonephritis than in those with lower UTI (all P < 0.001). The initial urine IL‐1β levels of children with acute pyelonephritis were significantly higher when compared with lower UTI and non‐renal febrile controls (P < 0.001). Urine IL‐1β in children with acute pyelonephritis was positively correlated with fever, CRP, WBC, neutrophil and leucocyturia. Renal scarring was found in 12 (29.3%) of the 41 children with acute pyelonephritis. The mean age was significantly lower in the children with renal scarring compared with those without (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  These results have shown that urine IL‐1β level may serve as a useful marker for the early detection of acute pyelonephritis in febrile children. Young children are at a risk of the development of renal scarring following acute pyelonephritis.
Ecosystem engineers activate mycorrhizal mutualism in salt marshes
Authors: Daleo Pedro , Fanjul Eugenia , Casariego Agustina Mendez , Silliman Brian R. , Bertness Mark D. , Iribarne Oscar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTheory predicts that ecosystem engineers should have their most dramatic effects when they enable species, through habitat amelioration, to live in zones where physical and biological conditions would otherwise suppress or limit them. Mutualisms between mycorrhizal fungi and plants are key determinants of productivity and biodiversity in most terrestrial systems, but are thought to be unimportant in wetlands because anoxic sediments exclude fungal symbionts. Our field surveys revealed arbuscular mycorrhizal associations on salt marsh plant roots, but only in the presence of crabs that oxygenate soils as a by‐product of burrowing. Field experiments demonstrate that fungal colonization is dependent on crab burrowing and responsible for nearly 35% of plant growth. These results highlight ecosystem engineers as ecological linchpins that can activate and maintain key mutualisms between species. Our findings align salt marshes with other important biogenic habitats whose productivity is reliant on mutualisms between the primary foundation species and micro‐organisms.
Portfolio Flows to Emerging Capital Markets: Do Corporate Transparency and Public Governance Matter?
Authors: CHIPALKATTI NIRANJAN , LE QUAN V. , RISHI MEENAKSHI 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses on flows to emerging capital markets (ECMs) and examines the importance of corporate transparency and public governance in attracting portfolio flows to ECMs. This paper's empirical investigation centers on the hypothesis that ceteris paribus, ECMs with better quality accounting standards and good governance attract higher levels of portfolio equity and bond flows. To assess the incremental impact of each of these factors, a pooled time series, cross‐sectional model was econometrically tested for 17 ECMS over the 1998–2002 time period. Our empirical analysis demonstrates a positive association between public governance, corporate transparency, and portfolio flows after controlling for other macroeconomic factors. The results suggest that good public governance and high accounting quality are important determinants of portfolio flows to ECMs. Finally, the paper establishes that while portfolio equity flows are significantly attracted to ECMs with strong democratic institutions, there is no significant association between portfolio bond flows and the presence of democratic institutions.
Nationwide hospitalization costs of skin melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer in Germany
Authors: Stang A , Stausberg J , Boedeker W , Kerek‐Bodden H , Jöckel K‐H 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIntroduction  Non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), in contrast to skin melanoma (MEL), is considered a negligible health problem because mortality of NMSC is low. The aim of this study was to provide insights into the burden of NMSC and MEL by analysing nationwide skin cancer hospitalization data and data from a dermatologist panel of Germany. We wanted to estimate hospitalization costs due to skin cancer in Germany.Material and methods  We analysed the most recent nationwide hospitalization data from 2003 and estimated hospitalization costs due to MEL and NMSC. We estimated the annual number of private dermatologist practice visits in Germany due to skin cancer.Results  In 2003, 20 455 melanoma‐related and 41 929 NMSC‐related hospitalizations occurred in Germany. Age‐standardized hospitalization rates for NMSC were 2.5‐fold and 1.8‐fold higher among men and women than the rates for MEL, respectively. The age‐specific proportions of hospitalizations for NMSC in relation to all cancer‐related hospitalizations increased within the age range of 65 years and more. Among people aged 90 years and more, 14% of all cancer‐related hospitalizations were due to NMSC. Estimated annual hospitalization costs for MEL were €50 to 60 million, and those for NMSC were €105 to 130 million. The estimated number of private dermatologist practice visits in Germany 2003 is considerably higher for NMSC than MELConclusions  Analyses of hospitalizations data and data from private dermatologists give NMSC higher public health relevance than can be obtained from consideration of death statistics.