bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF DIET, OF 3:5-DIIODO-D-THYRONINE AND OF 3:5-DIIODO-4(4′-HYDROXY PHENOXY) PHENYL ACETIC ACID ON THE FORMATION AND REGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN THE RAT
Authors: CUTHBERTSON W. F. J. , ELCOATE P. V. , IRELAND D. M. , MILLS D. C. B. , SHEARLEY PATRICIA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Atherosclerotic lesions can be made to develop or regress in the albino rat by treatments that, respectively, elevate or depress the serum cholesterol concentration.
2. After young rats had been given a new diet for 45–72 days, the degree of atherosclerosis attained was related to the new serum cholesterol level and was independent of the previous degree and severity of atherosclerosis.
3. Regression of lesions established for about 1 month occurred if the serum cholesterol level was lowered, either by changes in the diet or by administering 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine (DT2). The relation between serum cholesterol level and Sudan score (see p. 70) appeared to be independent of the method used for lowering the serum cholesterol level.
4. Regression of lesions established for about 6 months occurred if the serum cholesterol level was lowered either by changes in the diet or by administering DT2, but the rate of regression was slower than when the lesions had been present for a short time only.
5. When the serum cholesterol levels of rats given an atherogenic diet for 6 months had been reduced to normal values by feeding stock diet, the rats still had a high degree of atherosclerosis. When stock diet containing DT2 was then fed, there was no increase in the rate of regression of lesions over that obtained on the stock diet alone.
6. Dietary administration of different amounts of 3:5-diiodo-4(4′-hydroxy phenoxy) phenyl acetic acid (DIAC) or DT2 to groups of rats maintained on a diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid over a 9-month period resulted in a reduction of serum cholesterol levels to an extent roughly related to the dose of drug given. Liver cholesterol levels were also reduced in the older animals. Arterial atheroma was reduced by both compounds to an extent proportional to the dose administered.
Both compounds, at all dose levels, increased the rate of growth of animals compared with that of controls. Both compounds depressed liver weights at all dose levels and increased the weight of the pancreas at the higher dose levels, if these weights were expressed per 100 g/body weight.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND ON THE CATABOLISM OF 131I-LABELLED HOMOLOGOUS γ-GLOBULIN IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: FARTHING C. P. , GERWING JULIA , SHEWELL JENNIFER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Removal of the thyroid glands from guinea-pigs had no significant effect on the biological half-life of injected homologous 131I-labelled γ-globulin, or on the catabolic rate of the same material expressed as percentage intravascular protein broken down per day.
2. Administration of thyroxine to guinea-pigs decreased the biological half-life of injected 131I-labelled γ-globulin from 8·3 days in control animals to 5·6 days: the catabolic rate was correspondingly increased from 17·4±1·3% to 22·1 ± 3·4% intravascular protein per day.
3. Prolonged thyroxine treatment tended to increase serum globulin levels, particularly the γ-globulin. It is suggested that there must be a greatly increased synthesis of γ-globulin accompanying the increased catabolism of this material in hyperthyroid guinea-pigs.
REVERSAL OF DIURNAL LEUCOCYTE VARIATIONS IN MAN
Authors: SHARP G. W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An investigation of the diurnal variations of circulating leucocytes has been carried out at Spitsbergen under constant conditions of diet, activity and lighting.
2. The effect of reversal of the activity-sleep pattern on the diurnal variations was studied, and the reversal of lymphocyte, eosinophil and basophil periodicity occurred in less than 3 days. The neutrophil periodicity was reversed in from 3 to 6 days.
3. The periodicity is ultimately dependent upon habit and activity.
4. The neutrophil variations appear to be controlled by a mechanism different from that of the other leucocytes.
5. The diurnal variation in adrenocortical activity is assumed to have reversed in response to the activity-sleep reversal.
BONE STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM IN CALCIUM-DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: HARRISON M. , FRASER RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pure calcium deficiency produces osteoporosis, or bone atrophy, in rats, while vitamin D deficiency as well as calcium deficiency leads to osteomalacia, or thin bones with wide osteoid seams. The retention of a dose of strontium in the osteoporotic rats is greater than normal, and this indicates rapid bone formation. The immediate cause of the bone thinning must therefore be an increase in the rate of bone resorption, contrary to the classical concepts of osteoporosis.
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON DIURNAL LEUCOCYTE VARIATIONS
Authors: SHARP G. W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An investigation of the effect of light on diurnal leucocyte variations has been carried out on six healthy male subjects living under strictly controlled conditions.
2. The light reception usually associated with waking was delayed by keeping the subjects in darkness for 3 hr while the normal activity routine was maintained. The normal morning endogenous eosinopenia and lymphopenia were both much reduced and a marked but temporary neutropenia occurred. The most significant effect was the reduction of morning eosinopenia.
3. After emergence into light a further and prolonged decrease in both eosinophils and lymphocytes occurred. The daily minima were delayed by the 3 hr spent in darkness.
4. It is assumed that light controls, in part, the initial morning changes in leucocyte numbers.
5. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the mechanisms involved.
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE MORNING INCREASE IN URINE FLOW
Authors: SHARP G. W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An investigation of the effect of light on the diurnal rhythms of urine and electrolyte excretion has been carried out on six healthy male subjects living under strictly controlled conditions.
The light reception usually associated with waking was delayed by keeping the subject in darkness for 3 hr while the normal activity routine was maintained. The normal morning increase in urine and electrolyte excretion was much lessened by the absence of light and its effects were apparent for the rest of the day.
Light plays a large part in the causation and timing of the diurnal rhythms of urine and electrolyte excretion.
THE EFFECT OF RESERPINE ON GOITRE INDUCED BY THIOURACIL
Authors: KARAM J. , HARRISON M. , FRASER RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ability of reserpine to suppress thiouracil-induced goitre in rats was studied. Reserpine given intramuscularly in doses of 5 and 10 μg/100 g body weight was completely ineffective in preventing goitre. This finding does not support the theory that reserpine inhibits formation or release of thyrotrophic hormone.
THE EFFECT OF RELAXIN ON THYROID WEIGHTS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: PLUNKETT E. R. , SQUIRES B. P. , RICHARDSON S. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of relaxin on the thyroid weights of intact, oophorectomized and hypophysectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats, intact and castrated male rats, and male and female guinea-pigs has been described.
Relaxin caused significant increases in thyroid weights in the presence of oestrogen or the ovaries and an intact pituitary. This effect of relaxin on the thyroid was not found to be significant in the presence of the testes or testosterone.
Evidence is presented that the response observed in the thyroid was due to relaxin and not to a contaminant of the relaxin extract.
A theory of action is described.
THE PRESENCE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN THE PITUITARY OF THE ARCTIC COD, GADUS MORHUA L.
Authors: WOODHEAD A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The presence of an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) has been demonstrated in the pituitary of the Arctic cod, Gadus morhua L. using standard assays with rats. Positive results were obtained in assays by the Sayers method of measuring the depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid in hypophysectomized rats, and by that of maintenance of adrenal weight, also in hypophysectomized rats. Adrenocorticotrophic activity was present in samples from both immature and mature cod. A tentative calculation suggested that the adrenocorticotrophic potency of one sample of cod pituitary was approx. 3·5 mu. ACTH/mg.
THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND KETONE BODIES ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN DIAPHRAGM FROM NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: OTTAWAY J. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The disposition of carbohydrate in isolated diaphragm from normal and hypophysectomized rats has been studied, after addition of acetate, acetoacetate or β-hydroxybutyrate ± ox growth hormone (GH) to the incubation medium in which glucose was always present.
1. In normal diaphragm acetoacetate alone depressed glucose uptake by about 20%, without inhibiting glycogen synthesis. There was a considerable inhibition of pyruvate formation. This effect was not seen in diaphragm from hypophysectomized rats.
2. Acetate alone inhibited glycogen synthesis in diaphragm from normal, but not hypophysectomized, rats.
3. β-Hydroxybutyrate alone inhibited pyruvate formation in diaphragm from hypophysectomized, but not normal, rats.
4. With normal diaphragm the addition of GH to the medium (1 μg/ml.) produced only slight changes in carbohydrate metabolism, although there was a significant stimulation of glucose uptake when acetate was present. With diaphragm from hypophysectomized animals GH at this concentration caused a striking increase in glucose uptake, accompanied by increased glycogen synthesis (insulin-like effect). In the absence of substrate other than glucose GH increased lactate output; in the presence of acetate, GH inhibited lactate formation.
5. Hypophysectomy did not affect the rate of uptake of acetoacetate, but the uptake of acetate was markedly increased.
6. In confirmation of previous work GH did not affect the uptake of acetoacetate by diaphragm from either normal or hypophysectomized rats.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN STEROIDS AND OTHER COMPOUNDS ON SODIUM EFFLUX FROM ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: KUMAR M. ASHWINI , SHETH U. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of hormones and drugs on net sodium (Na+) efflux from human erythrocytes was studied. On cooling, the red cells gain Na+ from the extra-cellular fluid, the excess Na+ being driven out again on incubation at 37° C. This net loss of Na+ from red cells was inhibited by digoxin and much larger concentrations of SC 5233, an aldosterone antagonist. The latter drug's effect was markedly enhanced by deoxycorticosterone (DOC), the combination being able to reverse the direction of Na+ flux. However, DOC alone or combined with digoxin had no influence on net Na+ efflux. Other hormones and drugs tested by the same method had no significant action on net Na+ efflux from erythrocytes. Implications of these findings are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF 3:5-DIIODO-d-THYRONINE ON SERUM CHOLESTEROL
Authors: McCLURE J. , de MOWBRAY R. R. , GILLILAND I. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
3:5-Diiodo-d-thyronine (DT2) was administered for periods of up to 9 months to twenty patients with hypercholesterolaemia, ten of whom suffered from coronary disease and three from cerebral vascular disease.
Serum cholesterol levels were significantly depressed in most cases, the mean depression being of the order of 20–25%. Optimum depression was achieved with a dose of 300 mg. daily, there being a tendency to 'escape' on 200 mg./day or less.
Patients with angina tended to have increased pain during treatment, some of them while receiving the initial dose of 150 mg. daily, others only when the dose was raised to 200 or 250 mg. daily. One patient originally chosen for the trial developed cardiac infarction before treatment was started. Two other patients with angina developed cardiac infarction after 4 weeks and 5 months, respectively, on doses of 150 mg. daily.
DT2 has considerable calorigenic action in man as shown by the biochemical and clinical response of four myxoedematous patients, and in anginal cases maximal depression of serum cholesterol levels cannot be achieved without increasing pain.
DT2 might be of value in the prophylaxis of atherosclerosis in cases of symptomless hypercholesterolaemia.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF OVARIECTOMY AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE THYMUS IN YOUNG FEMALE RATS, AND A STUDY OF THE PART PLAYED BY THE THYMUS IN BODY GROWTH
Authors: SARMA T. JANARDANA , SIRSI M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The hypertrophy of the thymus resulting from ovariectomy is shown to be true active tissue growth, as such tissue contains the same percentage of water, deoxyribose-nucleic acid, protein and ascorbic acid as the normal thymus.
2. The hypertrophy of the thymus as a result of adrenalectomy is not considered to be a true tissue growth, as it is significantly low in total solids and ascorbic acid level. It is suggested that this response may be due to an unequal stimulation, by adrenalectomy, of the thymic components, the cortex and the medulla. It is thus shown that the adrenals and ovaries differ with regard to their relation to the thymus gland.
3. The acceleration in body growth, after removal of the ovaries in young rats, is shown to be a true overall increase in body growth, as ovariectomy induces a significant increase in serum inorganic phosphate.
4. Ovariectomy of previously thymectomized animals has shown that the thymus is not involved in the accelerated body growth resulting from ovariectomy alone.
THE ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PRENATALLY ADMINISTERED SOMATOTROPHIN ON CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT IN RATS
Authors: CLENDINNEN B. G. , EAYRS J. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Purified anterior pituitary growth hormone has been given to pregnant rats and a study made of the cerebral development of the young in terms of behaviour, electrical activity of the brain and the quantitative histology of the cerebral cortex.
2. The experimental treatment resulted in an increase in the size of the young at birth. The maturation of innate and reflex behavioural responses was little affected but the performance of cortically mediated behaviour was enhanced. Little significant change was observed in the electroencephalogram other than an abnormal response to photic stimulation.
3. These physiological effects were associated with a modified pattern of cortical maturation consistent with a hypertrophy of neurones. This was reflected in an enlargement of the perikarya and an expansion of protoplasmic processes resulting in an increase in the statistical probability of interaction between neurones.
4. The results are discussed in relation to the earlier and somewhat dissimilar findings reported by Zamenhof (1942), and are regarded as consistent with previously formulated hypotheses linking the structure of the cerebral cortex with its mode of functioning.
THE EFFECT OF MIROESTROL ON VAGINAL CORNIFICATION, PITUITARY FUNCTION AND PREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: JONES H. E. H. , WAYNFORTH H. B. , POPE G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effectiveness of miroestrol in causing cornification of the vagina of the ovariectomized rat, inhibiting pituitary activity of the adult male rat and preventing pregnancy in the mated female rat has been compared with that of hexoestrol and stilboestrol when each oestrogen is administered either subcutaneously or orally.
2. Inhibition of pituitary function and prevention of pregnancy by these substances are directly related to their activity in producing cornification of the vaginal epithelium. Only large doses of oestrogen produce the first two responses fully.
3. When administered subcutaneously miroestrol has about 0·3 of the potency of stilboestrol and 0·25 of that of hexoestrol in each response studied. By oral administration it is 0·8 as potent as stilboestrol and more potent than hexoestrol. Since the potency of miroestrol compared with a given oestrogen administered in the same way is of the same order in each response, it is concluded that these substances are only capable of inhibiting the function of the pituitary and of preventing pregnancy because of their oestrogenic activity.
REFLEX RELEASE OF AN OXYTOCIC HORMONE BY STIMULATION OF GENITAL ORGANS IN MALE AND FEMALE SHEEP STUDIED BY A CROSS-CIRCULATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: DEBACKERE M. , PEETERS G. , TUYTTENS N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cross-circulation experiments were carried out using either two lactating ewes (six experiments) or one sexually mature ram and one lactating ewe (seven experiments). Under local anaesthesia an anastomosis was established by means of two plastic tubes between a jugular vein of one animal (A) and a jugular vein of the second animal (B) in each pair. The other jugular veins were clamped.
Vaginal distension performed in ewe A by means of an inflated balloon often caused a sharp rise of pressure in the udder cisterns of ewe B after a minimum latency of 30 sec. Many pressure curves could be obtained successively in the same preparation by repeating the vaginal distension stimulus.
Massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae of the ram often caused a sharp pressure rise in the udder of the ewe after a minimum lag period of 30 sec. This effect could be obtained several times with the same preparation, but considerable individual variation was observed between the different rams used. Massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae induced emission in many cases but not always. Intravenous injection of a synthetic oxytocin, Syntocinon (500–1000 mu.), in the ram or distension of the vagina in the ewe failed to elicit emission.
Pressure responses were induced by injection of suitable doses of Syntocinon into the plastic tube leading to the ewe in which the cistern pressure was recorded, after a latency of approx. 30 sec. It may be concluded that vaginal distension in the ewe causes the discharge of a hormone from the head. A similar phenomenon occurs in the ram after massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae. These effects are not abolished by atropine. It is postulated that this hormone is oxytocin in both sexes. The amount of hormone released after one stimulus was usually equivalent to 40–100 mu. oxytocin in the ram and 20–50 mu. oxytocin in the ewe.
THE EFFECT OF AGE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ON THE THYMUS GLAND AND LYMPH NODES OF THE MOUSE
Authors: PEPPER FLORENCE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The behaviour of the superficial lymph nodes differs from that of the thymus gland during the various phases of life of the mouse. In male and female Strong A mice the thymus gland regresses with age, but the superficial lymph nodes do not. During pregnancy the thymus undergoes an accelerated temporary regression, but regenerates soon after the end of the lactation period (earlier in non-lactating post-partum females). The superficial lymph nodes show a lesser temporary regression which, however, does not become evident until after parturition. Their regeneration occurs after the lactation period, and after a corresponding period in non-lactating post-partum females. The difference in behaviour of the thymus and of the superficial lymph nodes is probably an indication of the greater sensitivity of the thymus to the increased output of adrenocortical hormones which occurs during pregnancy. Repeated injections of cortisone acetate into the intact animal induce a response in the thymus gland and superficial lymph nodes similar to that evoked by pregnancy.
TRANSPLANTATION OF THYMIC TISSUE IN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: PEPPER FLORENCE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thymic tissue has been transplanted between donor and host mice of different ages. It has been found that thymic tissue more than a few days old loses weight rapidly when transplanted to a host, and that beyond this age loss of weight is independent of the age of either donor or host. For the first few days after birth the thymus gland is capable of growth when transplanted to a host and, unlike the host's own thymus, it is unaffected by the increased output of adrenocortical hormones which occurs during pregnancy. The behaviour of a thymic graft seems to be independent of the presence or absence of the host's own thymus gland.
The presence of additional thymic tissue in a host appears to have no effect on body growth, weight of adrenal glands, gonads and superficial lymph nodes, or on the weight and histological condition of the thymus of the host.
THE EFFECT OF SECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK ON THE SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF THE FERRET
Authors: HICKMAN J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The pituitary stalk was transected in a series of ferrets and the supraoptic and magnocellular paraventricular nuclei studied quantitatively 10, 30 and 70 days after operation.
2. Partial degeneration of both nuclei was present by 10 days, and was more apparent by 30 days.
3. An apparent increase in the number of normal neurones occurred between 30 and 70 days.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF ZINC IN MATURE RAT TESTIS
Authors: GUNN S. A. , GOULD THELMA C. , ANDERSON W. A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Eleven days following hypophysectomy the capacity of the rat testis to take up administered 65Zn is markedly depressed below values noted in intact controls, even though microscopically there is only a slight diminution in the number of germinal epithelial and interstitial elements. Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in doses of 5 μg./day administered from the 5th to the 10th day after operation completely prevented the fall in total 65Zn uptake of the testis following removal of the pituitary. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was less effective than ICSH in this regard. The possibility of the FSH effect being due to contamination with ICSH is considered. Growth hormone and prolactin in doses of 200 μg./day administered from the 5th to 10th day after operation were ineffective in preventing the fall in 65Zn uptake of the testis following hypophysectomy.
CO-EXISTENT SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM AND PRIMARY TESTICULAR DEFICIENCY
Authors: WRIGHT N. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A case report is presented giving details of a patient who showed the unusual combination of secondary hypothyroidism associated with primary testicular disease; the latter was probably prepubertal in origin, and there was evidence of eunuchoidism. Reference is made to previous reports of the co-existence of deficiency in both thyroid and testis, and to possible mechanisms involved in the relationships which may exist between these conditions.
ANDROGENS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN THE SPERMATIC VEIN BLOOD OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: LINDNER H. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ox and sheep blood is able to reduce androstene-3:17-dione in the presence of oxygen to form 17α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-one (epitestosterone), accompanied by lesser amounts of testosterone. The blood of these two ruminant species differs in this respect from that of the pig, the stallion and man, which on aerobic incubation with androstenedione produces small amounts of testosterone, but none of the 17α-epimer.
The neutral steroid 17α-ol dehydrogenase activity in ruminant blood is independent of the sex of the animal, and resides in the cellular fraction of the blood. The action of the enzyme in ox blood was shown to be reversible, but in whole blood the oxidative step proceeds at a very slow rate.
The reported occurrence of epitestosterone in spermatic vein blood of young calves is attributed to the action of the blood on androstenedione released by the testis.