bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horton Falls named for Pioneer Hydrologist
Authors: Schaefer Vincent 
Published: October 2006

A beautiful 80‐foot waterfall in the Catskill Mountains was recently named after Robert E. Horton (1875–1945), a pioneer hydrologist and active AGU member for many years. Officially named Horton Falls, the waterfall, located a few miles east of Voorheesville, N.Y., in Albany County, was an important part of Horton's hydrological laboratory. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved the name at its November 8, 1990 meeting.Horton lived close to the falls and operated his hydrological laboratory at its crest in the old La Grange Grist Mill, which used hydropower generated by the falling waters of the La Grange Mill Pond, originally impounded by a wooden log dam 100 feet upstream of the mill. As far as can be determined, the pioneer La Granges, who built and operated the mill, never used the 85‐foot head made available to them by the waterfalls. Horton, however, did, and ran a vertical and a horizontal iron water wheel to spin a DC electricity‐generating turbine, which he used for heat, light, and power in his home and laboratory.
Satellite positioning
Authors: Stein William L. , Kumar Muneendra 
Published: October 2006

The Fifth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning was held in Las Cruces, N.Mex., March 13–17, 1989. It was cosponsored by the Defense Mapping Agency and the National Geodetic Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. More than 385 geodesists, engineers, scientists, surveyors, instrument manufacturers, and managers from 32 countries attended the symposium.The keynote address and 96 papers including 9 invited papers and 10 poster papers were presented in the 5‐day meeting. In addition, there were three well‐attended workshops with lively technical discussions. The invited guest presentations at the symposium luncheon and banquet provided very useful and interesting information.
Gore scrutinizes NASA
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Senator Al Gore (D.‐Tenn.) spotlighted the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's budget with three hearings of the Senate subcommittee on science, technology, and space, held between April 17 and 24. Gore, who chairs the Senate panel, particularly grilled NASA administrator Richard Truly and other witnesses over where space science stacks up as a budget priority. The agenda and costs for Mission to Planet Earth also provoked detailed discussion.Using the report by the Advisory Committee on the Future of the U.S. Space Program as a blueprint, Gore closely questioned Truly and the committee's chair, Norman Augustine, as to whether particular NASA program matched the committee's recommendations. In one such exchange about the new launch system, Gore charged that the Augustine panel had envisioned a $2–$4 billion cost, while NASA was now proposing an $11 billion system.
Massey upbeat on science's outlook
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

Walter L. Massey, the new director of the National Science Foundation, sketched a decidedly upbeat outlook for U.S. science in an April 12 speech. “The U.S. research enterprise has the potential to surpass even its past contributions to the well‐being and prosperity of the nation,” Massey told a gathering of science policy‐makers in Washington, D.C., sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.The NSF director highlighted three current trends to support his optimism. First, he said, President Bush strongly supports research and development, as shown by the 17.5% increase proposed for NSF in this year's budget request, even at a time of scarce funds. Secondly, the revitalized Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) and presidential science advisor D. Allan Bromley have helped the federal government to develop coordinated research programs. “The three current government‐wide initiatives—global change, education and human resources, and high performance computing and communications—and NSF's new materials program demonstrate the benefits of this approach,” Massey said. A third encouraging trend is energetic congressional leadership on research and technology issues, he added.
Nine students awarded for SPR papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Nine students from the Solar‐Planetary Relations section were cited for their outstanding papers delivered at the 1990 Fall AGU Meeting, held December 3–7 in San Francisco. These students are currently enrolled in Ph.D. programs and expect to receive degrees within the next 2 years. Meeting abstracts were printed in the October 23, 1990, Eos (pp. 1163–1754).William A. Bristow, who presented “Numerical Simulation of the Formation of Thin Ionization Layers at High Latitudes,” is a third‐year Ph.D. student studying space physics at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska. His research interests are in ionospheric modeling and incoherent scatter radar studies of the lower ionosphere. In 1988, Bristow received his B.S. in electrical engineering and applied physics from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
ASTER: The Atmosphere‐Surface Turbulent Exchange Research Facility at NCAR
Authors: Businger, J. A. , Dabberdt W. F. , Delany A. C. , Horst T. W. , Martin C. L. , Oncley S. P. , Semmer S. R. 
Published: October 2006

The new Atmosphere‐Surface Turbulent Exchange Research (ASTER) Facility at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo., will support observational research on the structure of the atmospheric surface layer and will provide state‐of‐the‐art measurements of surface fluxes of trace chemical species, water vapor, sensible heat, and momentum.At a time when human influences are perturbing both the atmosphere and the biosphere, it is increasingly important to improve our understanding of the interactions between the atmosphere and its underlying surface. There is a demonstrated need for a facility that can provide measurements of: the structure of the atmospheric surface layer, in support of studies of dry deposition, resuspension, natural emissions and chemical reactions within this layer.
More Arctic research needed
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

The desire to achieve a balance between Arctic and Antarctic study was the message of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, which heard testimony on the need for more Arctic research on April 24. Ted Stevens (R‐Alaska) noted that since 1986, study in the area has not increased as the National Science Foundation has claimed, but rather, owing to inflation, has merely kept pace.Robert Correll, assistant director of geosciences at NSF and chair of the Interagency Arctic Oceans Working Group, gave several reasons why the Arctic is an important area for study by the scientific community. Its unique environment, he said, makes it a natural laboratory. And due to its environmental sensitivity, it may provide one of the earliest indicators of global climate change. Also, its geographic location makes it a “window on space,” some of the world's largest mineral and petroleum resources are in the Arctic, and the region has great strategic and military importance.
Critical time for NSF, NASA funding bills
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

Although the new fiscal year does not start until October, the next few weeks will be critical in determining the amount of money which the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration receive. Scientists who want to communicate their views to key representatives and senators about these agencies should do so now.Every year Congress must pass new funding, or appropriations, legislation. Both NSF and NASA funding come under the jurisdiction of the House and Senate appropriations subcommittees for the Veterans Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies. These two subcommittees have already heard from NSF officials, and will wrap‐up official NASA testimony this week. Several days of hearings from public witnesses are also scheduled.
Joining forces
Authors: Gerson N. C. 
Published: October 2006

I would like to suggest that the aspirations of geophysicists could be strengthened by joining forces with environmentalists. Thus in Advances in Geophysics (Vol. 5, edited by H. E. Landsberg and J. Van Mieghem, Academic Press, New York, 1958), where the future of the International Geophysical Year was discussed, the following statement appears.“…Perhaps the greatest value of future International Years lies in the epochal type of observation; to determine from undisturbed base stations the average trend or climatology of the planet as a whole in such fields as heat content, weather, geomagnetic field, water content, sea level, ice cover, fauna, flora, marine life, seismicity, advances or retreats of arid lands, polar environments, planetary … chemistry, etc.”
Geochemical studies in watersheds expanded
Authors: Church M. Robbins 
Published: October 2006

In the past, geochemical research in forested watersheds has focused on understanding the basic processes that occur in soils and rocks. Watershed geochemical processes, however, are greatly influenced by, and in turn, greatly influence, both organisms and biological process in soils, and hydrologic responses of catchments. To date, geochemical research has dealt principally with basic chemical processes in soils and rocks, and much less with questions concerning hydrologic routing through catchments and the effects such routing has on temporal variation in chemical composition of surface waters.Research on flow generation in catchments has focused on intensive field studies on plots, hillslope sections, and small catchments, with extension to larger scales necessarily involving the application of conceptual models that might (or might not) be valid. The acquisition of direct experimental evidence (for example, verifying flow generation mechanisms) on larger‐scale watersheds has always been problematic. Although geochemists understand that the explanation of some geochemical observations requires that flow pathways be explicitly identified, and hydrologists understand that flow generation can be better elucidated if the geochemical history of waters is known, critical integrated communication between the disciplines is often lacking. In turn, biologists require physical and geochemical information to interpret biological effects in watersheds, and hydrologists and geochemists need to be aware of the effects of biological processes on hydrochemical response of catchments.
AGU testifies to Senate Panel
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

AGU testified again before Congress on May 17, during this critical time in the federal budget process. Terry Tullis of Brown University, a member of AGU's FY 1992 budget panel, summarized the highlights of the Union's position on the budgets of the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Tullis appeared before the Senate subcommittee on VA, HUD, and independent agencies, chaired by Barbara Mikulski (D‐Md.), as part of a hearing that sought testimony on the subcommittee's area from witnesses outside the government.Tullis cited AGU's call for a major study of how the federal government funds re'search, a process that has not been reviewed for over 40 years. On the NSF budget, he said that while AGU generally supports NSF's allotment to the geosciences, it advocates increased funding for small hydrology grants and yearly reporting of the agency's hydrology budget.
Hydrology Sessions at 1990 Fall AGU Meeting
Authors: Bales Roger C. 
Published: October 2006

A total of 380 papers were presented in 32 half‐day hydrology sessions at the 1990 Fall AGU Meeting, December 3–7 in San Francisco, including those organized by AGU's Snow, Ice and Permafrost committee.About half of the sessions focused on sub‐surface hydrology, with surface‐water hydrology, snow and ice, and water quality making up the balance. Session chairs contributed the following highlights.Ice‐stream mechanics was a dominant theme of two of the three well‐attended sessions on glaciers and ice sheets. Ice streams are narrow zones of fast‐flowing ice within the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets that dominate the outflux of ice from the central regions of ice sheets to surrounding oceans. Recent interest in ice streams stems from the discovery that West Antarctic ice‐stream B is underlain by a meters‐thick layer of water‐saturated deforming sediment. The original discovery, inferred from seismic data, has now been completely confirmed by drilling to the base of the ice stream and sampling subglacial material. An early highlight was a report by Englehardt on the physical characteristics of these samples. Kamb then challenged the prevailing views by contending that shear deformation of subglacial sediment is subject to a vigorous instability that would result in much faster flow rates than are presently observed. In Kamb's view, the absence of extreme flow rates argues against an important role for subglacial deformation. Geophysical studies of West‐Antarctic ice streams are being extended by Bentley's group, colleagues from Ohio State, and elsewhere.
Ground‐penetrating rada
Authors: Thuma W. R. 
Published: October 2006

The theory and applications of digital Ground‐Penetrating Radar were discussed at a 5‐day seminar held at the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in April. Cohosted by the Department of Applied Geophysics and Canada‐China Geoscience, more than 60 senior geophysicists, engineers, technical specialists, university professors and researchers attended.Focus of the meeting was the expanded uses of the new deep‐penetrating fully digital PulseEKKO, which is gaining wide acceptance around the world. Attendees showed intense interest in this new and unique technology. Applications covered were groundwater and mineral exploration; engineering, construction and toxic waste site surveying; tunnel and underground mine probing for potential geological hazards, blind ore zones, karst cavities and solution pathways; and locating buried objects such as petroleum storage tanks, unexploded bombs and archeological remains.
Anderson receives 1991 Bowie Medal
Authors: Raleigh C. Barry , Anderson Don L. 
Published: October 2006

Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, was awarded the 1991 William Bowie Medal for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and unselfish cooperation in research. The Bowie Medal, AGU's most distinguished honor, was presented to AGU Past‐president Anderson on May 29 at the annual Spring Meeting Honors Night in Baltimore, Md.The award citation, delivered by C. Barry Raleigh, and Anderson's response are presented below.
Lessons from mass extinction
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A session on the Mass Extinction Debates will be held July 12 at the Biannual Meeting of the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology at Northwestern University. This meeting will be the first that brings together the debating scientists with historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science who view the extinction upheaval as an exceptional opportunity to observe the workings of science that may be hidden from view in the study of less controversial topics.The growing debates over the cause of mass extinctions were triggered by the Alvarez/Berkeley‐group meteorite impact hypothesis in 1979. The conflict has engaged a seemingly broader range of scientific disciplines than any other debate in the history of Earth sciences and has prompted rejuvenation of long quiescent areas of research, collaborations between formerly isolated specialists, redirection of careers, and remarkable new field studies, experiments, and reexamination of evidence.
More jobs, fewer geoscientists
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

While today's geosciences enrollments and degrees awarded have dropped to the lowest levels since the early 1970s, the future demand for geoscientists is projected to grow. The imbalance between supply and demand has reached “critical proportions,” according to Nicholas H. Claudy and Marilyn J. Suiter of the American Geological Institute, who presented survey results to support this conclusion at the AGU Spring Meeting last month.“The declining geoscience enrollment is based, in part, in the decrease of 18‐to 24‐year‐olds in the population,” Claudy and Suiter reported in their poster presentation. “Other factors affecting supply include an aging population, which contributes to the increase in workforce requirements.”
Super plume connection to Cretaceous warming
Authors: Blue Charles 
Published: October 2006

A global warming event that took pace during the Cretaceous period may have been caused in part by a “super plume” from the Earth's interior that released massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, according to a paper published in the June issue of Geophysical Research Letters.Ken Caldeira and Michael Rampino of New York University used global biogeochemical carbon‐cycle models to calculate the climatic effects of a large injection of CO2 into the atmosphere/ocean system. The primary sources of CO2 that they studied included mantle degassing at mid‐ocean ridges and metamorphic decarbonation of sediments at subduction zones.
Senate panel funds station, cuts NASA, NSF requests
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The Senate Appropriations committee accepted the recommendations of its subcommittee on Veterans Affairs, Housing, and Urban Development, headed by Barbara Mikulski (D‐Md.), and approved full funding for Space Station Freedom for FY 1992, while cutting some space science programs. It also approved a 14% increase for the National Science Foundation, which is 3% below the increase already approved by the House. The resolution was sent to the Senate floor for a full vote on July 17, where an amendment by Dale Bumpers (D‐Ark.) to eliminate Freedom's funding was defeated by a vote of 64 to 35.The committee recommended that NASA receive $14.3 billion for FY 1992, which was $436.9 million above the amount recommended by the House, but $1.4 billion below the Administration's request.
International Reference Ionosphere update
Authors: Bilitza Dieter 
Published: October 2006

The International Reference Ionosphere is the standard ionospheric model developed and improved by a joint working group of the International Union of Radio Science and the Committee on Space Research. Based on all reliable and accessible ground and space data, IRI describes monthly averages of the electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, ion composition, and ion drift at ionospheric altitudes. The newest version of IRI is described in a report, NSSDC/WDCA‐R&S 90‐22, published by the National Space Science Data Center in November 1990. The book contains sections on history and new developments, formulas and buildup, graphs, and references.The main difference between IRI‐90 and its predecessor IRI‐86 are new models for the E‐F region electron density and for the ion composition. It was decided to offer these new model choices in addition to the older versions, thus making the transition from old to new version more transparent to the user community.
NSF “back in the education business”
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

“Education has been a hot growth area for the National Science Foundation since 1984,” according to Arnold Silverman, program director for education and human resources in the Earth Sciences Division, who recently explained how education programs fit into a foundation dedicated to funding cutting‐edge research. “Education is the new glamour field for NSF, in the sense that it has attracted the attention and support of both Congress and the executive branch,” he said.Funding for education and human resources at NSF jumped from $36 million in FY 1983 to $463 million in FY 1991. The foundation currently spends one‐fifth of its budget on education. “I think we need to convince the geosciences community that NSF is back in the education business, and we're slowly doing that,” said Silverman.
AGU supports Earth science radio show
Authors: Cole Stephen 
Published: October 2006

Radio listeners across the country will soon get a daily introduction to the Earth and space sciences when a new syndicated radio program, “Earth and Sky,” debuts this fall. Produced by Deborah Byrd and Joel Block of Austin, Texas, the creative team behind the long‐running “Star Date” radio program, “Earth and Sky” premieres on September 30. The program is being produced in association with the American Geophysical Union.“‘Earth and Sky’ is a new vehicle for the dissemination of accurate and up‐to‐date information on Earth and space sciences,” says AGU Executive Director Fred Spilhaus. “It has tremendous potential to advance one of AGU's fundamental missions: to make the results of scientific research available to the public.”
Changing “Lifestyles” Without Graduates
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna 
Published: October 2006

I couldn't agree more with Professor Singer about the need to “persuade citizens of developing nations to cooperate [in controlling current trends in global warming, topsoil erosion, and depletion of resources) by modifying their lifestyles.” (Eos, May 21, 1991, p. 234).But a strange thing happens. The very people who should be doing the persuading are not here! They went abroad to study—and never came back. Altogether, 27,00 0 grants for graduate study abroad were awarded since 1971 by the Mexican National Research Council alone, mostly to the United States. Two thousand young Mexican students have left every year for the past 10 years on various grants and scholarships. Where are they?
House looks at GOES status
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

Members of Congress have recently expressed their concern over a possible gap in weather satellite data resulting from the flawed GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) program. They looked into options to supplement data in the event that GOES‐7 fails before the scheduled launch of GOES‐I in December 1992. GOES‐7 is currently the only geostationary weather satellite in orbit. GOES‐I is the first of in the GOES‐Next (next generation) series, which will carry improved instrumentation and will be part of the modernization of the National Weather ServiceAt a joint hearing between the House subcommittee on the Environment and the subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight held July 25, members heard testimony on factors contributing to the GOES‐NEXT problems, current technical status of the program, and options to help avoid a gap in data. The General Accounting Office also released a report that investigated the cost, schedule, technical status, reasons of cost increases and delays, and options to avoid the data gap. A Senate subcommittee heard testimony on the flawed project July 10.
Geologic mapping act supported
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

Information provided by geologic maps is increasingly in demand in the United States, but, according to Congressional testimony by Chip Groat, executive director of the American Geologic Institute, “The United States remains the most poorly mapped industrialized nation in the world … The level of effort for 112 years has fallen short of meeting the needs for geologic maps.”Representatives of the U.S. Geological Survey, the AGI, the Association of American State Geologists, and the Bureau of Land Management expressed support of the Geologic Mapping Act of 1991 (SI 179), at a hearing before the Senate Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production on July 30. Similar legislation was also recently reviewed in the House.