bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Within‐Channel Selection and Event‐Related Potentials During Selective Auditory Attention
Authors: Okita Tsunetaka 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials were recorded from subjects who listened selectively to stimuli in one of two input channels (ears). The stimuli were random sequences of five vowels and a tone pip. In separate experimental runs, the difficulty of within‐channel selection was manipulated by designating either tone (T), one vowel (1V), or two vowels (2V) as targets. An attention‐related negativity (Nd) was observed for attended nontarget vowels irrespective of the target difficulty, but the early, centrally maximal phase of Nd was substantial only for the one‐vowel and two‐vowel conditions. The Nd between its early and late peaks was significantly larger for the two‐vowel condition than for the one‐vowel and tone conditions. The 2V minus 1V difference in Nd had a closely similar distribution to the early Nd. These target difficulty effects were interpreted as suggesting that the early Nd recorded in two‐selection tasks can be related to a within‐channel selection process as well as a between‐channel selection process. The more anteriorly distributed, later phase of Nd was suggested to be rather insensitive to the difficulty of the within‐channel selection. The nature of the within‐channel selection underlying the early Nd was discussed in relation to controlled memory search operations.
The Effects of Consent Procedures on the Psychophysiological Assessment of Anxiety: A Methodological Inquiry
Authors: Farha Jennifer G. , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the effects of informed consent regarding upcoming, aversive stimuli on autonomic and self‐report measures of anxiety. Physiological and self‐report measures were recorded prior to the subject receiving information regarding the nature of the upcoming stressor (naive baseline block), following the receipt of this information (informed baseline block), during the anticipation of the stressor (anticipation block), and following the expected stressor (post‐stressor baseline block). Examination of mean levels of autonomic activity during the naive and informed baseline blocks and the patterns of correlations involving those blocks indicated that the naive and informed baseline blocks were noncomparable. Implications of these findings for experimental design and clinical assessment are discussed.
Stimulus Miscuing, Electrodermal Activity, and the Allocation of Processing Resources
Authors: Packer Jeanette S. , Siddle David A. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present research investigated the effects of stimulus miscuing on electrodermal responding, dishabituation, stimulus expectancy, and the allocation of processing resources as assessed by reaction time to a secondary task probe stimulus. In both experiments, a control group received 33 S1‐S2 pairings intermixed with 33 S3‐alone presentations. For the experimental group, S2 was miscued by its presentation following S3 on 4 trials. Experiment 1 (N=24) demonstrated reliable electrodermal responding when S2 was miscued by S3 and subsequent dishabituation when S2 was re‐presented following S1 on the next trial. A continuous measure of S2 expectancy revealed that S2 was not expected to follow S3 on miscuing trials. On re‐presentation trials, S2 was not expected to follow S1. Experiment 2 (N=24) employed probe reaction time as the dependent variable. White noise probe stimuli of 500‐ms duration were presented 300 ms following the onset of S2 on miscued trials and on re‐presentation trials. Reaction time to probes presented during miscued presentations of S2 was slower in the experimental group than in the control group. Reaction time on S2 representation trials was also slower in the experimental group than in the control group. The results are interpreted to indicate that both the miscuing of S2 by S3 and its re‐presentation following S1 on the next trial command processing resources. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of associative learning.
Microcomputer Servo‐controlled Bicycle Ergometer System for Psychophysiological Research
Authors: Laperriere Arthur R. , Van Dercar David H. , Shyu Liang Yu , Ward Michael F. , McCabe Philip M. , Perry Arlette C. , Mosher Patricia E. , Schneiderman Neil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSteady state exercise is widely used for psychophysiological studies in which a constant heart rate at a predetermined level is desired. We have developed a microcomputer servo‐controlled bicycle ergometer system that can be used for administering steady state exercise. Fourteen healthy male subjects, with a wide range of fitness levels (measured by Vo2max) were exercised to either a fixed workload (130 watts) or a predetermined heart rate level (servo‐heart rate) of 122 bpm (i.e., 65% of maximum calculated heart rate for the sample). Servo‐heart rate was implemented using a feedback loop that automatically adjusted workload to compensate for immediate variations in heart rate, resulting in a more consistent heart rate. Heart rate varied from the predetermined value by 17 bpm during fixed workload but only 3 bpm during servo‐heart rate (p<.05). Therefore, by using the microcomputer servo‐controlled bicycle ergometer, heart rate was maintained at a predetermined level regardless of the subject's fitness level. 2max and workload during servo‐heart rate were significantly correlated (r= .85, p<.05). Therefore, the workload necessary to maintain heart rate at a constant level may provide an approximate index of aerobic fitness level.
A Procedure for Using Multi‐Electrode Information in the Analysis of Components of the Event‐Related Potential: Vector Filter
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Coles Michael G. H. , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a procedure, Vector filter, based on a multiple regression model, which decomposes the event‐related brain potential into components on the basis of scalp distribution. It is assumed that the voltage values observed at several electrode sites at any point in time are given by the linear combination of a set of components and background noise and that the scalp distribution of each component is invariant and known. Each component's scalp distribution is expressed by a set of weights, one for each electrode. The amplitude of the component, at any point in time, is then derived using a least squares criterion. Unlike other component decomposition procedures, Vector filter can be applied when the latency of a component varies as a function of trial, condition, or subject population. We review two problems in the use of the procedure: the selection of the set of components, and the derivation of the scalp distribution of each of the components. Two applications of the procedure are discussed: identification of the component structure of an event‐related potential waveform, and filtering of a waveform for a particular component.
Multiple Sources of P3b Associated with Different Types of Information
Authors: Ruchkin Daniel S. , Johnson Ray , Canoune Howard L. , Ritter Walter , Hammer Muriel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment investigated how the P3a, P3b, and Slow Wave components of the event‐related brain potential (ERP) respond to manipulations of the nature, timing, and extent of information delivery. There were two experiments in which the total amount of task information was distributed between pairs of successive stimuli (S1 and S2) within each trial. The task was to predict the relation between S1 and S2. In Experiment 1, the S1 could resolve no, partial, or all uncertainty with respect to the prediction outcome (correct or incorrect). Each S1 delivered three types of information: 1) outcome information–which resolved the subjects' uncertainty about the correctness of their prediction: 2) procedural information–which resolved uncertainty about how much outcome information would be delivered by S1; and 3) memory information–the identity of S1, which had to be stored for subsequent comparison with S2. In Experiment 2, the activity of these components was contrasted in two conditions in which the S1 delivered either memory information alone or both memory and procedural information. P3a and Slow Wave were sensitive only to outcome information. P3b was sensitive to all three types of information, and its scalp topography varied as a function of the type of information. The topographic variations indicate that P3b is not a unitary phenomenon but rather is a composite of activity arising from multiple intracranial sources of bioelectric activity.
Issues in Biometrics: Offset Potentials and the Electrical Stability of Ag/AgCl Electrodes
Authors: Tassinary Louis G. , Geen Thomas R. , Cacioppo John T. , Edelberg Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere has been a continuing interest in many areas of psychophysiological research in the quantification of slow wave bioelectric potentials recorded from the surface of the skin. However, surprisingly little research has focused specifically on methods for stabilizing and minimizing the offset potentials of the sintermetallic Ag/AgCl surface electrodes commonly used in such noninvasive bioelectric measurement. To provide empirically based recommendations in this regard, we contrasted the effects of three common storage methods (air dry vs. saline vs. carbon rod) on the two distinct types of Ag/AgCl surface electrodes (sintermetallic vs. electrolytic) under simulated experimental conditions. The obtained results confirm that minimum offset potentials and maximum stability for electrolytic Ag/AgCl electrodes are obtained when they are stored in a 0.9% NaCl solution with their leads shorted together and connected in parallel to a carbon rod partially immersed in the solution (cf. Cooper, 1956). In addition, the pattern of results suggested that the inter‐session unshorted storage of sintermetallic electrodes in a mild saline solution is to be recommended over either shorted saline storage in parallel with a carbon rod or unshorted dry storage.
Parietal P3 Response as an Indicator of Stimulus Categorization: Increased P3 Amplitude to Categorically Deviant Target and Nontarget Stimuli
Authors: Nasman Victoria Tepe , Rosenfeld J. Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were performed in which we compared the effects of selected non‐deviant versus categorically deviant stimuli on parietal P3 under a variety of conditions in which one, both, or neither stimulus was a target of an experimental task. Subjects were repeatedly presented with series of 8 numeric stimuli and 1 alphabetic (Deviant) stimulus. P3 amplitudes to target and nontarget Deviant stimuli were consistently and significantly larger than to other, non‐deviant targets and nontargets, respectively. Nontarget Deviant stimuli evoked P3 amplitudes comparable to those evoked by low‐probability non‐deviant targets.The observed differences indicate that P3 amplitude is a sensitive indicator of perceived category differences, and that the effect of category deviance on parietal P3 amplitude is independent of task response classification (target or nontarget) and of response probability.
Methodological Guidelines for Impedance Cardiography
Authors: Sherwood(Chair) Andrew , Allen Michael T. , Fahrenberg Jochen , Kelsey Robert M. , Lovallo William R. , van Doornen Lorenz J.P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTImpedance cardiography was introduced over 20 years ago as a noninvasive and unobtrusive technique for measuring systolic time intervals and cardiac output. Although our understanding of the physiological events reflected in the impedance cardiogram has become more refined, the technique's theoretical basis remains somewhat controversial and acceptance of its validity has relied heavily upon empirical validation. Largely as a consequence of this status, there have been inadequate grounds on which to develop sound methodological standardization. Currently, the methodological approaches that have been most frequently adopted may be viewed as representing the standard. The various aspects of impedance methodology are discussed, and alternative approaches described, with the objective of providing an informed basis for choosing among these methodological alternatives. It is recommended that studies utilizing impedance cardiography should be reported with clear and detailed methodological description. This should help clarify the extent to which methodological differences may underlie any discrepant research observations, as well as facilitate the emergence of improved methodological standards.
Comparing Principal Components Analyses of Evoked Potentials Recorded from Heterogeneous Groups of Subjects
Authors: Roemer Richard A. , Josiassen Richard C. , Shagass Charles 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrincipal components analysis of evoked potentials differing between groups presents an interpretive problem, particularly in psychiatric research. Two sets of principal components and associated factor scores may appear to differ. The issue is to determine the extent to which visually differing principal components and resultant factor scores span the same factor space. Sets of evoked potentials from controls and from schizophrenics were each subjected to principal components analysis, from which factor score coefficients were computed for all subjects. This allowed determination of the extent to which (1) the two sets of basis waves were similar and (2) the factor scores resulting from the set of basis waves derived from principal components analysis of the control subjects’ evoked potential data adequately represented those of the schizophrenics and vice‐versa. Canonical correlation analyses indicated substantial similarities between the principal component structures (sets of basis waves). Multiple correlational analyses confirmed that the basis waves from either group spanned the other group's factor space. Factor scores from either set of basis waves were highly correlated. These results suggest that principal component structures derived from evoked potentials of a control group may be used in computing evoked potential factor scores of psychiatrically diverse populations even though the average evoked potentials of the groups may differ in several ways.
Paced Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as an Index of Cardiac Parasympathetic Tone During Varying Behavioral Tasks
Authors: Grossman P. , Stemmler G. , Meinhardt E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study addresses a number of unresolved issues regarding the employment of respiratory sinus arrhythmia as an index of tonic parasympathetic cardiac control in psychophysiological investigations. These questions include the following: (1) Does respiratory sinus arrhythmia reflect cardiac vagal tone under conditions in which alterations in parasympathetic control are expected to be mild to moderate? (2) Are variations in human respiratory sinus arrhythmia that occur in response to varying behavioral demands independent of beta‐adrenergic effects on the heart? (3) To what extent do typical experimental tasks apparently affect tonic cardiac vagal control?Twelve healthy male subjects were administered a joint alpha‐ and β‐adrenoreceptor pharmacological blocker on one day and a placebo on another (balanced across subjects). On both days, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart period were monitored during a number of different experimental tasks while subjects continuously paced their respiration.Results indicated that respiratory sinus arrhythmia, under controlled respiratory conditions, is uninfluenced by variations in sympathetic activity, and provides a reasonably sensitive index of cardiac vagal tone, even when alterations in parasympathetic tone are not large. Furthermore, our findings suggest that cardiac vagal tone is responsive to varying behavioral demands and may interact in different ways with β‐adrenergic mechanisms.
Interpersonal Influence as Active Coping: Effects of Task Difficulty on Cardiovascular Reactivity
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Baldwin Michael , Christensen Alan J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of attempting social influence on cardiovascular reactivity. Subjects were randomly assigned to a noncontingent reward condition or one of three conditions in which receipt of a monetary reward was contingent on their ability to influence another individual through a persuasive communication. In the contingent conditions, the task was presented as either easy, difficult, or very difficult. Measures of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded while subjects prepared and delivered the persuasive communication (contingent conditions) or reviewed and read aloud the same statement without an incentive to influence. The contingent conditions produced significantly higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate reactivity during preparation and speaking. Further, reactivity was higher in the difficult condition than in the easy and very difficult conditions. The findings are discussed in terms of an interpersonal equivalent of traditional active coping tasks.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Conditioning to Facial Emotional Expressions
Authors: Johnsen Bjørn Helge , Hugdahl Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn the present experiment, we report a right hemisphere advantage for autonomic conditioning to facial emotional expressions. Specifically, angry, but not happy, facial expressions showed significantly more resistance to extinction when presented initially to the right as compared to the left hemisphere. Slides of happy and angry faces were used as conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS−) with shock as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Half of the subjects (n=15) had the angry face as CS+ (and the happy face as CS−), the other half had the happy face as CS+ (and the angry face as CS−). During acquisition, the CSs were presented foveally. During extinction, using the Visual Half‐Field (VHF) technique, half of the CS+ and CS− trials were randomly presented in the right visual half‐field (initially to the left hemisphere), and half of the trials were presented in the left half‐field (initially to the right hemisphere). Stimuli were presented for 210 ms during acquisition, and for 30 ms during extinction. Bilateral skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. The results showed effects of acquisition only for the angry CS+ group. During extinction, there was a significant Conditioning X Half‐field interaction which was due to greater SCRs to the CS+ angry face when it was presented in the left half‐field. It is concluded that the present results reveal hemisphere asymmetry effects in facial emotional conditioning.
P300 and Introverted/Extraverted Personality Types
Authors: Ditraglia Gina M. , Polich John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe P300 component of the event‐related potential elicited with a two‐tone auditory discrimination task and two‐trial block replication procedure was obtained from 16 introverted and 16 extraverted undergraduate students. P300 demonstrated no overall significant effects for either the personality variable or the block variable. However, P300 amplitude to the target stimuli declined significantly between Block 1 and Block 2 for the extraverted subjects, but did not change across trial blocks for the introverted group. Female subjects tended to have larger P3 amplitudes than male subjects, but this factor did not interact with either the personality variable or the trial block variable. The results suggest that P3 amplitude habituates more rapidly for extraverts than for introverts.
A Model of Cardiovascular Activation Components for Studies Using Autonomic Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Stemmler Gerhard , Grossman Paul , Schmid Holger , Foerster Friedrich 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlpha‐adrenergic, beta‐adrenergic, and cholinergic responses are often considered important activation components when conceptual and empirical analyses are made of single physiological variables and of patterns of cardiovascular reactivity; these autonomic distinctions are also of particular significance in autonomic blockade studies. A Model of Cardiovascular Activation Components is introduced that relates these components to both the measured cardiovascular variables and the protocol of autonomic blockade studies. It is pointed out that a restricted form of the complete model is often implicitly used in cardiovascular psychophysiology. The differential consequences of an erroneous employment of the restricted model are discussed for single and dual blockade protocols. Critical evaluations of autonomic blockade as a tool in cardiovascular psychophysiology are examined and are proposed to be often the consequence of the restricted model assumptions. Lastly, the utility of the Activation Components Model for a componential description of tasks and for componential intertask relationships is illustrated with data from the literature.
The Waltzing Oddball
Authors: Verleger Rolf , Berg Patrick 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether task relevance and probability interact to influence P3 amplitude. High and low tones were presented in random order with equal probability. In the control condition (standard oddball), every high tone had to be counted. In the waltz condition, high tones had to be counted only if they were preceded by two other high tones. It was predicted that the P3s evoked by targets in the waltz condition would be larger than the P3s evoked by the same sequence of targets in the oddball condition. That is, the frequency of occurrence of the targets should have an effect on P3, in addition to effects of the frequency of stimulus occurrence and stimulus task relevance (target/nontarget). This prediction was upheld. However, the largest P3s were evoked by nontargets following two high tones in the waltz condition. These P3s had a more anterior topographic maximum than usual. We contend that these anterior P3s reflect the interruption of an ongoing task and cannot be easily fit into the framework of the two concepts of task relevance and probability.
Heart Rate Reactivity, Behavior Pattern, and Parental Hypertension as Predictors of Cardiovascular Activity During Cognitive Challenge
Authors: Sausen Kenneth P. , Lovallo William R. , Wilson Michael F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHemodynamic responses were studied during work on serial subtraction and digits backwards tasks in 99 healthy male undergraduates jointly classified as high or low heart rate reactors, Type A or Type B behavior pattern, and as having positive or negative parental history of hypertension. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were recorded, and rate pressure product was calculated at rest and during the tasks. High heart rate reactors to a cold pressor task responded with relatively higher heart rate and rate pressure product during both cognitive tasks than low heart rate reactors. Type A subjects defined by Jenkins Activity Survey did not differ from Type Bs on any of these physiological variables, although behavioral evidence demonstrated greater effort and superior performance by the Type As. Subjects with a positive parental history of hypertension manifested greater systolic and diastolic pressures and rate pressure product responses to the cognitive challenge than those lacking such parental history. These results indicate that the individual difference variables of heart rate reactivity and parental history of hypertension predicted different hemodynamic response patterns to behavioral challenge.