bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
America's economic decline: Evidence and explanations
Authors: Hart Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChanges in international competitiveness since World War II have favored Germany and Japan over France, the United States, and Britain. This applies to competitiveness in general, but is examined in three specific industries: steel, automobiles, and semiconductors. Explanations of changes in competitiveness often focus on economic and cultural variables, but an examination of the three industries shows that a better explanation can be found in the way in which each country organizes its state and society. State‐societal arrangements influence competitiveness mainly through their impact on the speed of diffusion of new technologies. The disparate cases of Germany (strong business and labor, weak government) and Japan (strong business and government, weak labor) suggest that there is more than one path to competitiveness. The literature on competitiveness has focused too much on Japan, and therefore on state industrial policies, as the key to increasing competitiveness. The German case shows that increased competitiveness is possible with a relatively weak state, but only if there is a major commitment to upgrading the skill levels of the work force. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Financial rewards and company ownership: An examination of reward practices in Ireland
Authors: Gunnigle Patrick , Foley Kieran , Morley Michael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article examines the influence of company ownership on the level at which pay is determined in Ireland and on the kinds of payment systems used. U.S. and U.K. multinational companies (MNCs), the two largest foreign investors in Ireland, are the focus of the analysis. Although the evidence points to the national level as the key level at which pay is determined, U.S. and U.K. MNCs operating in Ireland tend to follow the practices of their headquarters, rather than those of the host country. Evidence also suggests that foreign MNCs are much more likely to utilize nonstandard, variable payment systems than indigenous organizations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Massive Urban renewal under emergency
Authors: Mendoza Enrique Cabrero , Gault David Arellano 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe management challenge entailed in Mexico City's massive urban renewal effort following the 1985 earthquake went well beyond organizing relief and reconstruction tasks. A collective action agency successfully avoided a political crisis by enlisting grass‐roots participation and mobilizing dozens of public, private, and volunteer organizations in a swiftly executed joint undertaking. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mobilizing social development through music
Authors: Fischer Tania , Dantas Marcelo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Olodum Cultural Group describes itself as a nongovernmental organization that combines a variety of profit‐making show business activities with wide‐ranging nonprofit programs addressed to cultural, social, and political action. Show business activities, music production and recording, dance, and theater presentations build on Olodum's research on Afro‐Bahian origins, history, and customs, which serve as a rich source of new artistic themes and rhythms. Social and political action programs are focused on highlighting the identity of the Black population of Maciel–Pelourinho, a district of the city of Salvador that UNESCO has declared to be a heritage of humankind but is inhabited largely by social cast‐offs, prostitutes, transvestites, and drug addicts. Olodum also grows its own talent by operating a “Creative School,” where district children enroll in courses that range from Black identity and human rights to the performing arts. Additionally, Olodum campaigns include curbing police violence, cooperation with AIDS prevention, city clean‐up drives, and representing Maciel–Pelourinho in world events. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International business education of the United States in the 1990s: Accredited vs. nonaccredited schools
Authors: Kwok Chuck C. Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article reports the status of the international business education in the United States as of the 1990s and examines the differences between AACSB accredited and nonaccredited business schools regarding the various aspects of internationalization. The overall conclusions are that along all dimensions significant progress has been made regarding internationalization. Accredited schools have progressed further than nonaccredited schools. Nevertheless, many of the schools have not aimed very high or made major changes in structures, operations, incentives, or requirements of their college to accommodate internationalization. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An assessment of Colombian managers' perceptions of international strategic alliances
Authors: Arbeláez Harvey , Culpan Refik 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article reports the results of a survey of Colombian managers concerning their perceptions of strategic alliances with foreign firms. The survey focuses in particular on partner selection and the managerial expectations from such partnerships, as well as the potential difficulties involved in developing interfirm linkages. The survey of Colombian managers shows that international strategic alliances are considered a viable approach to building a competitive advantage, especially in domestic markets, either through acquiring Western technology or marketing know‐how. However, the survey results also suggest that a number of obstacles need to be overcome. The important considerations in partner selection, competence building through strategic alliances, and dealing with potential problems in establishing interfirm partnerships are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Competitiveness in information technology service exports
Authors: Thompson Donna M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe US service export base is expanding rapidly as firms seek to penetrate international markets in search of growth opportunities. This article explores mechanisms that a sample of 67 US‐based information technology (IT) firms use to export their services to one selected market, Mexico. A correlation analysis revealed that most firms adapt and extend existing IT services for the Mexican market, and consider cultural understanding imperative to successful operations in Mexico. The results also found that firms use a variety of business arrangements (joint ventures, licensing) and a wide array of contract vehicles (time and materials, firm fixed price). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An alternative approach to expatriate allowances: An “international citizen”
Authors: Freeman Kimberly A. , Kane Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCompetitive advantages for an organization that may be realized through the use of expatriates often are diminished due to excessive compensation and the costs associated with expatriate failure. This article addresses an approach for determining expatriate allowances that uses a worldwide standard as the basis for establishing such allowances. It also provides the philosophy and rationale behind such an approach and differentiates it from traditional “balance sheet” or parent‐country equivalency approaches. The relative merits of this approach are systematically assessed using a set of objectives for international compensation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is the country manager an endangered species?
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe role of the country manager in the multinational corporation has changed substantially in recent years in both North America and Europe. Where the country manager previously held full responsibility for the national operations, frequently the role is now reduced to that of spokesperson and figurehead. This article describes four generic country management functions that were identified in a recent study of 15 multinationals, and describes the structural and environmental contingencies associated with each. The future role of the country manager is also assessed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trends in international business thought and literature: Job insecurity: Emerging social roles of the 90s
Authors: Jacobson Dan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJob insecurity is a societal problem of global concern that is not likely to abate in the foreseeable future. The proportion of the population subjected to some degree of job insecurity is considerably larger than the number of workers who actually experience job loss. To date, the problem, despite its damaging consequences, has not been adequately studied. In particular, scholars have ignored the impact of the external environment. This leaves open a field of interesting questions concerning the relationships between cultural and other factors and the experience of job insecurity. Such factors may have important effects on the way individuals respond to job insecurity in different countries. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International joint ventures in the United States: An examination of factors related to their effectiveness
Authors: Zeira Yoram , Parker Barbara 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe increasing popularity of international joint ventures (IJVs) and their high failure rate prompted this examination of pre‐ and postincorporation factors related to IJV effectiveness. Interviews with IJV CEOs, and the findings from a questionnaire administered to CEOs of 81 IJVs in the United States, suggest which pre‐ and postincorporation factors can be important to IJVs' effectiveness. Why these factors are important, and how they interact with other factors in the general context of IJV experiences are also explored in this article. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymmetric expectations: Cross‐national coalitions in a Japanese transplant in Italy
Authors: Bonazzi Giuseppe , Botti Hope Finney 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article is a study of the experience of a Japanese production unit transplanted to Italy. It employs the concepts of “Fordism” and “lean production” which are well known in industrial sociology and management studies. The article shows how the interplay of the owner's nationality with the local managerial and organizational characteristics of the firm resulted in a production and market crisis, and how following a series of cross‐cultural misunderstandings, a new system of trust relations evolved permitting the firm's transition to lean production. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perceptions about managerial advancement in the people's republic of China
Authors: Solt Michael E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCultural differences are evident in the managerial advancement strategies of People's Republic of China managers. Using the findings of prior research for comparison, PRC managers were found to be similar to Hong Kong mangers in not valuing highly the strategies preferred by US managers that emphasize individual achievement. Yet PRC managers differ from the Hong Kong managers in terms of the extent to which information control/networking strategies meet ethical approval. The findings here support the implications of prior studies: awareness of cultural differences is necessary in order to understand managerial behavior and achieve success in international business transactions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sebacina vermifera Promotes the Growth and Fitness of Nicotiana attenuata by Inhibiting Ethylene Signaling
Authors: Barazani Oz , von Dahl Caroline C. , Baldwin Ian T. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Sebacina vermifera, a growth-promoting endophytic fungus, significantly increases Nicotiana attenuata's growth but impairs both its herbivore resistance and its accumulation of the costly, jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defense protein, trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI). To determine if the fungi's growth-promoting effects can be attributed to lower TPI-related defense costs, we inoculated transformed N. attenuata plants silenced in their ability to synthesize JA, JA-isoleucine, and TPI by antisense (lipoxygenase 3 [as-lox3] and Thr deaminase [as-td]) and inverted repeat (ir-tpi) expression, and found that inoculation promoted plant growth as in untransformed wild-type plants. Moreover, herbivore-elicited increases in JA and JA-isoleucine concentrations did not differ between inoculated and uninoculated wild-type plants. However, inoculation significantly reduced the morphological effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid on wild-type seedlings in a triple response assay, suggesting that ethylene signaling was impaired. Furthermore, S. vermifera failed to promote the growth of N. attenuata plants transformed to silence ethylene production (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase [ir-aco]). Inoculating wild-type plants with S. vermifera decreased the ethylene burst elicited by applying Manduca sexta oral secretions to mechanical wounds. Accordingly, oral secretion-elicited transcript levels of the ethylene synthesis genes NaACS3, NaACO1, and NaACO3 in inoculated plants were significantly lower compared to these levels in uninoculated wild-type plants. Inoculation accelerated germination in wild-type seeds; however, uninoculated wild-type seeds germinated as rapidly as inoculated seeds in the presence of the ethylene scrubber KMnO4. In contrast, neither inoculation nor KMnO4 exposure influenced the germination of ir-aco seeds. We conclude that S. vermifera increases plant growth by impairing ethylene production independently of JA signaling and TPI production.
Induction of Isoforms of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthetic Enzymes, AtHEMA2 and AtFC1, under Stress Conditions and Their Physiological Functions in Arabidopsis
Authors: Nagai Satoshi , Koide Masumi , Takahashi Shigekazu , Kikuta Akihiro , Aono Mitsuko , Sasaki-Sekimoto Yuko , Ohta Hiroyuki , Takamiya Ken-ichiro , Masuda Tatsuru 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
In the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, isoforms of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HEMA2) and ferrochelatase1 (FC1) are mainly expressed in nonphotosynthetic tissues. Here, using promoter-β-glucuronidase constructs, we showed that the expressions of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HEMA2 (AtHEMA2) and FC1 (AtFC1) were induced in photosynthetic tissues by oxidative stresses such as wounding. Transcript levels and β-glucronidase activity were rapidly induced within 30 min, specifically in the wound area in a jasmonate-independent manner. Transcriptome analysis of wound-specific early inducible genes showed that AtHEMA2 and AtFC1 were coinduced with hemoproteins outside plastids, which are related to defense responses. Ozone fumigation or reagents generating reactive oxygen species induced the expression of both genes in photosynthetic tissues, suggesting that reactive oxygen species is involved in the induction. Since cycloheximide or puromycin induced the expression of both genes, inhibition of cytosolic protein synthesis is involved in the induction of these genes in photosynthetic tissues. The physiological functions of AtHEMA2 and AtFC1 were investigated using insertional knockout mutants of each gene. Heme contents of the roots of both mutants were about half of that of the respective wild types. In wild-type plants, heme contents were increased by ozone exposure. In both mutants, reduction of the ozone-induced increase in heme content was observed. These results suggest the existence of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway controlled by AtHEMA2 and AtFC1, which normally functions for heme biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic tissues, but is induced in photosynthetic tissues under oxidative conditions to supply heme for defensive hemoproteins outside plastids.
SIZ1-Mediated Sumoylation of ICE1 ControlsCBF3/DREB1AExpression and Freezing Tolerance inArabidopsis
Authors: Miura Kenji , Jin Jing Bo , Lee Jiyoung , Yoo Chan Yul , Stirm Vicki , Miura Tomoko , Ashworth Edward N. , Bressan Ray A. , Yun Dae-Jin , Hasegawa Paul M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSIZ1 is a SUMO E3 ligase that facilitates conjugation of SUMO to protein substrates. siz1-2 and siz1-3 T-DNA insertion alleles that caused freezing and chilling sensitivities were complemented genetically by expressing SIZ1, indicating that the SIZ1 is a controller of low temperature adaptation in plants. Cold-induced expression of CBF/DREB1, particularly of CBF3/DREB1A, and of the regulon genes was repressed by siz1. siz1 did not affect expression of ICE1, which encodes a MYC transcription factor that is a controller of CBF3/DREB1A. A K393R substitution in ICE1 [ICE1(K393R)] blocked SIZ1-mediated sumoylation in vitro and in protoplasts identifying the K393 residue as the principal site of SUMO conjugation. SIZ1-dependent sumoylation of ICE1 in protoplasts was moderately induced by cold. Sumoylation of recombinant ICE1 reduced polyubiquitination of the protein in vitro. ICE1(K393R) expression in wild-type plants repressed cold-induced CBF3/DREB1A expression and increased freezing sensitivity. Furthermore, expression of ICE1(K393R) induced transcript accumulation of MYB15, which encodes a MYB transcription factor that is a negative regulator of CBF/DREB1. SIZ1-dependent sumoylation of ICE1 may activate and/or stabilize the protein, facilitating expression of CBF3/DREB1A and repression of MYB15, leading to low temperature tolerance.
The Balance between Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Chloroplasts Determines Leaf Variegation inArabidopsis yellow variegatedMutants
Authors: Miura Eiko , Kato Yusuke , Matsushima Ryo , Albrecht Verónica , Laalami Soumaya , Sakamoto Wataru 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn Arabidopsis thaliana leaf-variegated mutant yellow variegated2 (var2) results from loss of FtsH2, a major component of the chloroplast FtsH complex. FtsH is an ATP-dependent metalloprotease in thylakoid membranes and degrades several chloroplastic proteins. To understand the role of proteolysis by FtsH and mechanisms leading to leaf variegation, we characterized the second-site recessive mutation fu-gaeri1 (fug1) that suppressed leaf variegation of var2. Map-based cloning and subsequent characterization of the FUG1 locus demonstrated that it encodes a protein homologous to prokaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (cpIF2) located in chloroplasts. We show evidence that cpIF2 indeed functions in chloroplast protein synthesis in vivo. Suppression of leaf variegation by fug1 is observed not only in var2 but also in var1 (lacking FtsH5) and var1 var2. Thus, suppression of leaf variegation caused by loss of FtsHs is most likely attributed to reduced protein synthesis in chloroplasts. This hypothesis was further supported by the observation that another viable mutation in chloroplast translation elongation factor G also suppresses leaf variegation in var2. We propose that the balance between protein synthesis and degradation is one of the determining factors leading to the variegated phenotype in Arabidopsis leaves.
The DELLA Domain of GA INSENSITIVE Mediates the Interaction with the GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1A Gibberellin Receptor ofArabidopsis
Authors: Willige Björn C. , Ghosh Soumya , Nill Carola , Zourelidou Melina , Dohmann Esther M.N. , Maier Andreas , Schwechheimer Claus 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGibberellic acid (GA) promotes seed germination, elongation growth, and flowering time in plants. GA responses are repressed by DELLA proteins, which contain an N-terminal DELLA domain essential for GA-dependent proteasomal degradation of DELLA repressors. Mutations of or within the DELLA domain of DELLA repressors have been described for species including Arabidopsis thaliana, wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), and we show that these mutations confer GA insensitivity when introduced into the Arabidopsis GA INSENSITIVE (GAI) DELLA repressor. We also demonstrate that Arabidopsis mutants lacking the three GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) GA receptor genes are GA insensitive with respect to GA-promoted growth responses, GA-promoted DELLA repressor degradation, and GA-regulated gene expression. Our genetic interaction studies indicate that GAI and its close homolog REPRESSOR OF ga1-3 are the major growth repressors in a GA receptor mutant background. We further demonstrate that the GA insensitivity of the GAI DELLA domain mutants is explained in all cases by the inability of the mutant proteins to interact with the GID1A GA receptor. Since we found that the GAI DELLA domain alone can mediate GA-dependent GID1A interactions, we propose that the DELLA domain functions as a receiver domain for activated GA receptors.
Effect of Phosphorus on Survival of
Escherichia coli
in Drinking Water Biofilms
Authors: Juhna Talis , Birzniece Dagne , Rubulis Janis 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

The effect of phosphorus addition on survival of
Escherichia coli
in an experimental drinking water distribution system was investigated. Higher phosphorus concentrations prolonged the survival of culturable
E. coli
in water and biofilms. Although phosphorus addition did not affect viable but not culturable (VBNC)
E. coli
in biofilms, these structures could act as a reservoir of VBNC forms of
E. coli
in drinking water distribution systems.
Salivaricin P, One of a Family of Two-Component Antilisterial Bacteriocins Produced by Intestinal Isolates of
Lactobacillus salivarius
Authors: Barrett Eoin , Hayes Maria , O'Connor Paula , Gardiner Gillian , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , Stanton Catherine , Ross R. Paul , Hill Colin 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Lactobacillus salivarius
DPC6005, a porcine intestinal isolate, produces a two-component bacteriocin, salivaricin P, with homology to ABP-118 produced by a human probiotic
L. salivarius
strain. Indeed, molecular characterization revealed that while the peptides Sln1 and ABP-118α are identical, their companion peptides (Sln2 and ABP-118β, respectively) differ by two amino acids. This observation suggests that two-component bacteriocins may be a common feature of intestinal
L. salivarius
strains.
Evaluation of Two Surface Sampling Methods for Detection of
Erwinia herbicola
on a Variety of Materials by Culture and Quantitative PCR
Authors: Buttner Mark P. , Cruz Patricia , Stetzenbach Linda D. , Cronin Tracy 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

This research was designed to evaluate surface sampling protocols for use with culture and quantitative PCR (QPCR) amplification assay for detection of the gram-negative bacterial biothreat simulant
Erwinia herbicola
on a variety of surface materials. Surfaces selected for evaluation were wood laminate, glass and computer monitor screens, metal file cabinets, plastic arena seats, nylon seat cushions, finished concrete flooring, and vinyl tile flooring. Laboratory and test chamber studies were performed to evaluate two sampling methods, a sponge and a macrofoam swab, for detection of
E. herbicola
on surface materials. In laboratory trials, seven materials were inoculated with a known concentration of
E. herbicola
cells and samples were collected from the surfaces of the materials to determine sampling efficiencies. Culture analysis was ineffective for assessing
E. herbicola
collection efficiency because very few culturable cells were obtained from surface samples. QPCR demonstrated that
E. herbicola
DNA was present in high concentrations on all of the surface samples, and sampling efficiencies ranged from 0.7 to 52.2%, depending on the sampling method and the surface material. The swab was generally more efficient than the sponge for collection of
E. herbicola
from surfaces. Test chamber trials were also performed in which
E. herbicola
was aerosolized into the chamber and allowed to settle onto test materials. Surface sampling results supported those obtained in laboratory trials. The results of this study demonstrate the capabilities of QPCR to enhance the detection and enumeration of biocontaminants on surface materials and provide information on the comparability of sampling methods.