bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How design notations affect the comprehension of Web applications
Authors: Ricca Filippo , Di Penta Massimiliano , Torchiano Marco , Tonella Paolo , Ceccato Mariano 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWeb application design requires the modeling of multiple, separate concerns, such as the navigational structure, the business logic and the data persistence. To this aim, several methodologies have been conceived. One of them, the Web Application Extension (WAE), extends the UML notation by means of stereotypes and tagged values intended to capture Web‐specific concepts (e.g., the navigational structure). Although the WAE methodology is nowadays quite mature and ready for industrial adoption, the question whether it is able to actually facilitate the task of developers and maintainers has still to be empirically investigated. This paper reports and discusses the results from a controlled experiment on the benefits associated with the use of the WAE notation in the execution of comprehension tasks, carried out before maintenance. The WAE notation was compared against the use of pure unified modified language. Results indicate that the use of the WAE notation significantly improves the level of comprehension, although it does not increase the time needed to perform the comprehension task in a significant way. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying similar pages in Web applications using a competitive clustering algorithm
Authors: De Lucia Andrea , Scanniello Giuseppe , Tortora Genoveffa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe present an approach based on Winner Takes All (WTA), a competitive clustering algorithm, to support the comprehension of static and dynamic Web applications during Web application reengineering. This approach adopts a process that first computes the distance between Web pages and then identifies and groups similar pages using the considered clustering algorithm. We present an instance of application of the clustering process to identify similar pages at the structural level. The page structure is encoded into a string of HTML tags and then the distance between Web pages at the structural level is computed using the
Levenshtein string edit distance algorithm. A prototype to automate the clustering process has been implemented that can be extended to other instances of the process, such as the identification of groups of similar pages at content level. The approach and the tool have been evaluated in two case studies. The results have shown that the WTA clustering algorithm suggests heuristics to easily identify the best partition of Web pages into clusters among the possible partitions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The left portal vein as an indicator of watershed in the fetal circulation: development during the second half of pregnancy and a suggested method of evaluation
Authors: Kessler J. , Rasmussen S. , Kiserud T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectivesThe left portal vein represents a watershed area in the fetal circulation and the change of flow direction is a suggested marker of circulatory compromise. Our aim was to study the left portal vein of uncompromised human pregnancies and establish reference ranges.MethodsOne hundred and sixty low‐risk pregnant women were recruited to a longitudinal study that included four to five Doppler measurements at monthly intervals during the second half of pregnancy.ResultsBased on 554 Doppler recordings we found time‐averaged maximum flow velocities increasing from a mean of 10.6 cm/s to 14.2 cm/s during 21–31 weeks of gestation, remaining stable until 37 weeks and decreasing towards term. Intermittent flow reversal occurred during fetal respiratory movements, and continuous flow reversal was seen in 2/160 fetuses close to delivery.ConclusionsWe propose time‐averaged maximum blood velocity measurement for quantification of the watershed phenomenon in the left portal branch, and have provided reference ranges for single observations and serial measurements. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional transvaginal sonography in local staging of cervical carcinoma: description of a novel technique and preliminary results
Authors: Ghi T. , Giunchi S. , Kuleva M. , Santini D. , Savelli L. , Formelli G. , Casadio P. , Costa S. , Meriggiola M. C. , Pelusi G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of three‐dimensional multiplanar sonography in the local staging of cervical carcinoma.MethodsBetween January 2005 and May 2006, 14 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma underwent transvaginal volume ultrasound examination prior to primary surgery. Parametrial invasion was evaluated in the coronal plane, while both bladder and rectal invasion were evaluated in the sagittal plane. Ultrasound findings were compared with surgical and histological results.ResultsIn 12 of the 14 cases, three‐dimensional ultrasound findings were compatible with pathology results. In the remaining two cases, either infiltration of right parametrium or rectal invasion were suspected at ultrasound but not confirmed at pathology.ConclusionsDespite the small number of patients evaluated, three‐dimensional multiplanar sonography appears to be a promising technique in the local staging of cervical carcinoma. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The area behind the heart in the four‐chamber view and the quest for congenital heart defects
Authors: Berg C. , Georgiadis M. , Geipel A. , Gembruch U. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the spectrum of fetal cardiac defects associated with abnormal sonographic findings in the area behind the heart (ABTH) in the four‐chamber view.MethodsThis study included a retrospective review of 393 fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD) detected in 2003–2005 at our tertiary referral center and a prospective evaluation of 4666 fetal echocardiograms, including 220 cases of CHD, performed between January 2006 and February 2007. The retrospective and prospective groups did not differ significantly with respect to cardiac anomalies or abnormal findings in the ABTH, allowing us to combine the 613 fetuses with CHD investigated over a 50‐month period.ResultsIn the study period, 69 fetuses had abnormalities of the ABTH (75% with major CHD). In 28 fetuses, two equally sized vessels ran behind the heart. Of these, 26 had an interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation and two had total anomalous infracardiac pulmonary venous connection. In 41 fetuses, only one vessel was visualized, but the descending thoracic aorta was positioned contralateral to the cardiac apex. Of these, 29 had levocardia with right descending aorta. All of them had a right aortic arch. The remaining 12 had dextrocardia with left descending aorta.ConclusionsThe ABTH in the four‐chamber view is easy to evaluate and offers important diagnostic markers for fetal CHD. Thus, it might enhance the screening performance of the four‐chamber view. Attention must be paid to the number of vessels behind the heart and their laterality. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaginal progesterone is associated with a decrease in risk for early preterm birth and improved neonatal outcome in women with a short cervix: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: De Franco E. A. , O'Brien J. M. , Adair C. D. , Lewis D. F. , Hall D. R. , Fusey S. , Soma‐Pillay P. , Porter K. , How H. , Schakis R. , Eller D. , Trivedi Y. , Vanburen G. , Khandelwal M. , Trofatter K. , Vidyadhari D. , Vijayaraghavan J. , Weeks J. , Dattel B. , Newton E. , Chazotte C. , Valenzuela G. , CAlda P. , Bsharat M. , Creasy G. W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of vaginal progesterone to prevent early preterm birth in women with sonographic evidence of a short cervical length in the midtrimester.MethodsThis was a planned, but modified, secondary analysis of our multinational, multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, in which women were randomized between 18 + 0 and 22 + 6 weeks of gestation to receive daily treatment with 90 mg of vaginal progesterone gel or placebo. Cervical length was measured with transvaginal ultrasound at enrollment and at 28 weeks of gestation. Treatment continued until either delivery, 37 weeks of gestation or development of preterm rupture of membranes. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were evaluated for the subset of all randomized women with cervical length < 28 mm at enrollment. The primary outcome was preterm birth at ≤ 32 weeks.ResultsA cervical length < 28 mm was identified in 46 randomized women: 19 of 313 who received progesterone and 27 of 307 who received the placebo. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. In women with a cervical length < 28 mm, the rate of preterm birth at ≤ 32 weeks was significantly lower for those receiving progesterone than it was for those receiving the placebo (0% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.014). With progesterone, there were fewer admissions into the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU; 15.8% vs. 51.9%, P = 0.016) and shorter NICU stays (1.1 vs. 16.5 days, P = 0.013). There was also a trend toward a decreased rate of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (5.3% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.060).ConclusionVaginal progesterone may reduce the rate of early preterm birth and improve neonatal outcome in women with a short sonographic cervical length. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind turbine measurement technique—an open laboratory for educational purposes
Authors: Pedersen Knud Ole Helgesen , Hansen Kurt S. , Paulsen Uwe Schmidt , Sørensen Poul 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAs part of the International Master of Science Programme in Wind Energy at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), a complete interactive wind turbine measurement laboratory (WTMLAB) was developed. A 500kW stall regulated wind turbine was instrumented with sensors for recording (i) turbine operational parameters, (ii) meteorological conditions, (iii) electrical quantities and (iv) mechanical loads. The data acquisition system was PC based, and it was combined with a MySQL® database for data management. The system enabled online access for real‐time recordings, which were used both for demonstration purposes, for individual student exercises and for scientific investigations. The automatic data acquisition system furthermore enabled recording of extreme and fatigue loads together with a long‐term event registration. Long‐term registration of wind turbine loads resulted in a unique database of non‐commercial time series, which would be available for practicing fatigue calculations and extreme load estimation in basic wind turbine courses. Power quality analysis was carried out based on high‐speed‐sampled, three‐phase voltage and current signals. The wide spectrum of sensors enabled a detailed study of the correlation between meteorological, mechanical and electrical quantities. Measurements were recorded with a PC placed at the wind turbine site at Risø. The PC could be remotely controlled from DTU, which gave the students the opportunity to work on an operating wind turbine. The WTMLAB was included in a new course entitled Wind Turbine Measurement Techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems biology perspective of wine fermentations
Authors: Pizarro Francisco , Vargas Felipe A , Agosin Eduardo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important industrial microorganism. Nowadays, it is being used as a cell factory for the production of pharmaceuticals such as insulin, although this yeast has long been utilized in the bakery to raise dough, and in the production of alcoholic beverages, fermenting the sugars derived from rice, wheat, barley, corn and grape juice. S. cerevisiae has also been extensively used as a model eukaryotic system. In the last decade, genomic techniques have revealed important features of its molecular biology. For example, DNA array technologies are routinely used for determining gene expression levels in cells under different physiological conditions or environmental stimuli. Laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae are different from wine strains. For instance, laboratory yeasts are unable to completely transform all the sugar in the grape must into ethanol under winemaking conditions. In fact, standard culture conditions are usually very different from winemaking conditions, where multiple stresses occur simultaneously and sequentially throughout the fermentation. The response of wine yeasts to these stimuli differs in some aspects from laboratory strains, as suggested by the increasing number of studies in functional genomics being conducted on wine strains. In this paper we review the most recent applications of post‐genomic techniques to understand yeast physiology in the wine industry. We also report recent advances in wine yeast strain improvement and propose a reference framework for integration of genomic information, bioinformatic tools and molecular biology techniques for cellular and metabolic engineering. Finally, we discuss the current state and future perspectives for using ‘modern’ biotechnology in the wine industry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of extractability of raw and cooked cottonseed flakes
Authors: Kulkarni B. S. , D'Aquin E. L. , Graci A. V. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA batch co‐current laboratory method for measuring comparative extraction rates and extraction efficiencies of oleaginous materials in solvent is described. The method, a modification of that by Winward and Shand, was carefully tested with raw and cooked cottonseed flakes of various thicknesses and in various hexane miscella concentrations. It enables measurement of intrinsic extraction rates and extractabilities of materials, unaffected by diffusional effects in the liquid medium, and yields accurate and concordant results even with extracting miscellas of considerably high concentration. It is equally applicable for evaluating and predicting the effect upon extractability of different material preparation operations, particle sizes, moisture contents, temperature, solvents, etc.The method was used in this investigation to compare the rate and degree of extraction under the specified testing conditions of raw and cooked cotton‐seed flakes of .005‐in., .015‐in., and .025‐in. thicknesses in miscella concentration of 0%, 25% and 50% oil. The results may be summed up as follows:

the extractability of both raw and cooked flakes in each of the miscella concentrations decreases as the flake thickness increases.

the cooked material prepared from the medium and thick flakes extracted at a more rapid rate and to a greater degree in all miscella concentrations than the raw flakes of comparative thicknesses, but the rate and degree of extraction were about equal for the very thin flakes.

the effect of increasing miscella concentration for both the raw and the cooked flakes of medium and thick sizes was to slow down the initial extraction rate; but for the very thin flakes the effect was negligible.

the effect of increasing miscella concentration in extracting the cooked material, regardless of flake thickness, was to increase the degree of extraction. For the raw flakes the effect was to increase the degree of extraction only of the very thin flakes.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XX. Recent developments in the autoxidation of methyl oleate and other monounsaturated fatty materials
Authors: Swern Daniel , Coleman Joseph E. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySome significant developments since 1947 in the autoxidation of methyl oleate and other monounsaturated fatty materials have been reviewed and critically evaluated. Subjects discussed are preparation and characterization of hydroperoxides, and mechanism, kinetics, and secondary products of autoxidation. Major developments in the field have resulted largely from the use of newer instruments (polarograph, infrared spectrophotometer) and separation techniques (urea complexes, molecular distillation, countercurrent distribution).Direct experimental evidence is now available which demonstrates that a) hydroperoxides are the predominating, but not the exclusive, primary products of autoxidation; b) the hydroperoxides obtained from methyl oleate are mostly, if not entirely,trans; c) substantially all the methyl oleate undergoes single attack in the chain before any significant amount of multiple attack occurs, and d) α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds are among the most important secondary products of autoxidation.
A dye‐dilution method for estimating solids content of plastic fats
Authors: Zobel H. F. , Hellman N. N. , Senti F. R. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySolids content of a plastic fat can be estimated by adding a weighed quantity of oil‐soluble dye to a known weight of fat, separating a portion of the dyeoil phase in the ultracentrifuge, and determining the concentration of the dye in the separated oil by absorbance measurements. Since the dye is distributed throughout the oil phase, this yields the amount of oil in the spread; solids represent the difference between the amount of spread taken and the amount of oil determined. Of 37 dyes tested, 1,4‐bis‐methyl aminoanthraquinone and 1,4‐bis‐isopropyl aminoanthraquinone gave satisfactory results for global edible spreads in which solids contents were known from the formulation. The method also was applied to the estimation of solids in butter, margarine, lard, and shortening. Except for lard, results were in good agreement with solids content determined by dilatometric measurements. The measure of true solids which is obtained by this technique, without prior melting of the fat sample, would be valuable in the study of consistency changes arising from diverse processing conditions.Separation of oil phase from a plastic fat by pressure filtration or by capillary absorption in filter paper was less satisfactory than centrifugation in the dye‐dilution method.
The estimation of peanut meal in a premix for bread enrichment
Authors: Louw D. F. , Van Bergen E. L. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBy modifying existing methods a dependable procedure has been developed for the estimation of defatted peanut flour in a premix containing this component in addition to skim milk powder and calcium carbonate. The method is based on extraction of the catechol tannin pigments of the peanut skin by refluxing with diluted alcohol, purification of the pigments by precipitation as the lead salts, and development of a red color in alcoholic hydrochloric acid. This red product has a maximum absorption at 545 mμ, and the extinction is directly proportional to the concentration of peanut meal in a range of 0–70%. Deviations from the linear relationship occur at higher concentrations.Using a premix containing 60% peanut meal, a standard deviation of 2.1% has been calculated for this procedure, indicating excellent reproducibility for control determinations.
Liquid to Semisolid Rheological Transitions of Normal and High‐oleic Peanut Oils upon Cooling to Refrigeration Temperatures
Authors: Davis J. P. , Sanders T. H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRheological transitions of peanut oils cooled from 20 to 3 °C at 0.5 °C/min were monitored via small strain oscillatory measurements at 0.1 Hz and 1 Pa. Oils were from nine different cultivars of peanut, and three oils were classified as high‐oleic (approximately 80% oleic acid). High‐oleic oils maintained an overall liquid‐like character at 3 °C for 2 h. In contrast, several normal (non high‐oleic) peanut oils displayed a predominantly elastic (solid‐like) response after 2 h at 3 °C. Increases in viscoelasticity were associated with lipid crystallization events as confirmed by DSC. The higher (p < 0.001) liquid viscosities and increased (p < 0.001) contents of oleic acid, which has a more non‐linear structure as compared to other fatty acids typical in these oils, were hypothesized to hinder crystallization in high‐oleic oils. Changes in viscoelasticity at 3 °C were greatest for three normal oils that had the significantly (p < 0.001) highest content of C20:0 and/or C22:0 fatty acids, and these long, saturated hydrocarbon chains are hypothesized to promote crystallization. No peanut oil maintained clarity after 5.5 h at 0 °C (modified cold test used to screen salad oils); however, these data as a whole suggest strategies for breeding and/or processing peanut oils for enhanced resistance to crystallization.
Treatment of severe late-onset Perthes’ disease with soft tissue release and articulated hip distraction: Revisited at skeletal maturity
Authors: Segev Eitan , Ezra Eli , Wientroub Shlomo , Yaniv Moshe , Hayek Shlomo , Hemo Yoram 
Published: September 2007

Purpose Late-onset Perthes’ disease is diagnosed after 9 years of age. Conservative treatment and conventional surgical techniques have limited ability to reduce the pressure in the joint or change the shape of the femoral head. We used a combination of soft tissue release and joint distraction with a hinged mono-lateral external fixator for these patients. Ten of our patients reached skeletal maturity and were evaluated. Methods Clinical assessment included: Harris hip score, hip range-of-motion (ROM), limb length discrepancy, and the Oxford hip questionnaire for pain and function. Radiographic assessment included: Sharp transverse acetabular inclination, the uncoverage percentage, the epiphyseal index before surgery (modified Eyre–Brook), at frame removal, and, at last follow-up, the epiphyseal quotient (of Sjovall) and the Stulberg classification. Results Our study included eight boys and two girls (mean age at surgery 12.3 years, range 9.4–15.1, mean age at last follow-up 18.1 years, range 15.2–22.8). The mean follow-up was 5.7 years (range 4.3–7.8). The mean Harris hip score was 86.3/100 (range 48.5–96); one patient had <85 points. The hip ROM was slightly limited in most patients, and seven patients had limb shortening between 1–4 cm. The mean Oxford hip questionnaire score was 17.4/60 (range 12–31). The mean Sharp transverse acetabular inclination of the affected side was 42° (range 36–54) compared to 39° for the unaffected side ( P = 0.045). The mean uncoverage percentage was 37% (range 27–47) compared to 20% for the unaffected side ( P = 0.017). The mean epiphyseal index was 0.71 (range 0.31–0.92) before surgery, 0.79 (range 0.50–0.93) at frame removal ( P = 0.012), and 0.72 (range 0.51–0.89) at last follow-up ( P = 0.646). The epiphyseal quotient for the eight unilateral cases was 0.72 (range 0.49–0.91), and the Stulberg classification was type III for three cases and type IV for seven. Conclusion Patient satisfaction for function and pain following the combined procedure was good. Radiographic parameters did not change significantly. This should be regarded as a salvage procedure.