bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cricopharyngeal electromyography: Patterns of injury based on etiology
Authors: Shemirani Nima L. , Halum Stacey L. , Merati Albert L. , Toohill Robert J. , Jaradeh Safwan 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveAlthough cricopharyngeal electromyography (CP‐EMG) is recognized as a diagnostic tool for dysphagia assessment, few reports in the literature characterize CP‐EMG abnormalities in relation to clinical presentation. The aim of this study was to review a large series of CP‐EMG studies, and compare the CP‐EMG results with the patients' diagnoses.MethodsA retrospective review of all CP‐EMG performed at our institution over a 10‐year period was executed. CP‐EMG findings were then compared with the patients' clinical history, focusing on potential etiologies of neurogenic injury.ResultsSeventy CP‐EMGs were reviewed, with 47 (67%) demonstrating neural injury. Of those cases with neural injury on EMG, 29 (60%) had known vagal injuries, 13 (28%) had idiopathic nerve palsies, and 5 (11%) had central etiologies, such as stroke. Each of these three neurogenic subgroups revealed a distinct pattern of EMG abnormalities.ConclusionThis study suggests there is an association between patterns of CP‐EMG abnormalities and underlying etiology based on clinical history.
Low-latitude “dusty events” vs. high-latitude “icy Heinrich Events”
Authors: Jullien Elsa , Grousset Francis , Malaizé Bruno , Duprat Josette , Sanchez-Goni Maria Fernanda , Eynaud Frédérique , Charlier Karine , Schneider Ralph , Bory Aloys , Bout Viviane , Flores Jose Abel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt has been proposed that tropical events could have participated in the triggering of the classic, high-latitude, iceberg-discharge Heinrich events (HE). We explore low-latitude Heinrich events equivalents at high resolution, in a piston core recovered from the tropical north-western African margin. They are characterized by an increase of total dust, lacustrine diatoms and fibrous lacustrine clay minerals. Thus, low-latitude events clearly reflect severe aridity events that occurred over Africa at the Saharan latitudes, probably induced by southward shifts of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. At a first approximation, it seems that there is more likely synchronicity between the high-latitude Heinrich Events (HEs) and low-latitude events (LLE), rather than asynchronous behaviours.
Quaternary glaciation and hydrologic variation in the South American tropics as reconstructed from the Lake Titicaca drilling project
Authors: Fritz Sherilyn C. , Baker Paul A. , Seltzer Geoffrey O. , Ballantyne Ashley , Tapia Pedro , Cheng Hai , Edwards R. Lawrence 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 136-m-long drill core of sediments was recovered from tropical high-altitude Lake Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru, enabling a reconstruction of past climate that spans four cycles of regional glacial advance and retreat and that is estimated to extend continuously over the last 370,000 yr. Within the errors of the age model, the periods of regional glacial advance and retreat are concordant respectively with global glacial and interglacial stages. Periods of ice advance in the southern tropical Andes generally were periods of positive water balance, as evidenced by deeper and fresher conditions in Lake Titicaca. Conversely, reduced glaciation occurred during periods of negative water balance and shallow closed-basin conditions in the lake. The apparent coincidence of positive water balance of Lake Titicaca and glacial growth in the adjacent Andes with Northern Hemisphere ice sheet expansion implies that regional water balance and glacial mass balance are strongly influenced by global-scale temperature changes, as well as by precessional forcing of the South American summer monsoon.
Fermentation patterns and nutrient contents of forb-containing silages and their effects on microbial fermentation in the artificial rumen system RUSITEC
Authors: SENG M. , BONORDEN S. , NISSEN J. , ISSELSTEIN J. , ABEL H. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYGrassland forbs are important constituents of swards under low-input management. The hypothesis tested was that herbage from unfertilized swards consisting of a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and ribwort (Plantago lanceolata) (treatment GCF) would exert a significant effect on the composition and quality of silage for rumen microbes compared with herbage from nitrogen-fertilized (50 kg N/ha/cut) pure ryegrass swards (treatment GN) or unfertilized ryegrass white clover swards (treatment GC). GCF had average proportions of clover and forb of 0·21 and 0·58, respectively. The crude protein and fibre fractions declined and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) increased from GN over GC to GCF. Irrespective of cutting date (spring and summer), GN showed extremely high ammonia (NH3) concentrations, whereas GCF resulted in the highest concentrations of lactic acid coinciding with the lowest contents of butyric acid and ethanol. The ratios between the soluble and less soluble N fractions decreased in the order GN>GC>GCF. A similar sequence was observed in RUSITEC for the apparent disappearance rates of crude protein and fibre fractions. The concentration of NH3-N in the fermenter fluid declined in the order GN>GC>GCF. GCF produced less short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) than GN and GC. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow was not significantly different between treatments but tended to decline in the order GN>GC>GCF, whereas the proportion of MN originating from NH3-N increased inversely. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was unaffected by the different silages. It is concluded that forb-rich swards are suitable for the preparation of high quality silages. There is a need for further investigation into postruminal availability and suitable supplementation for such silages in order to fully exploit their potential for improving the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in ruminant nutrition.
Stability of miscible core–annular flows with viscosity stratification
Authors: SELVAM B. , MERK S. , GOVINDARAJAN RAMA , MEIBURG E. 
Published: November 2007

The linear stability of variable viscosity, miscible core–annular flows is investigated. Consistent with pipe flow of a single fluid, the flow is stable at any Reynolds number when the magnitude of the viscosity ratio is less than a critical value. This is in contrast to the immiscible case without interfacial tension, which is unstable at any viscosity ratio. Beyond the critical value of the viscosity ratio, the flow can be unstable even when the more viscous fluid is in the core. This is in contrast to plane channel flows with finite interface thickness, which are always stabilized relative to single fluid flow when the less viscous fluid is in contact with the wall. If the more viscous fluid occupies the core, the axisymmetric mode usually dominates over the corkscrew mode. It is demonstrated that, for a less viscous core, the corkscrew mode is inviscidly unstable, whereas the axisymmetric mode is unstable for small Reynolds numbers at high Schmidt numbers. For the parameters under consideration, the switchover occurs at an intermediate Schmidt number of about 500. The occurrence of inviscid instability for the corkscrew mode is shown to be consistent with the Rayleigh criterion for pipe flows. In some parameter ranges, the miscible flow is seen to be more unstable than its immiscible counterpart, and the physical reasons for this behaviour are discussed.A detailed parametric study shows that increasing the interface thickness has a uniformly stabilizing effect. The flow is least stable when the interface between the two fluids is located at approximately 0.6 times the tube radius. Unlike for channel flow, there is no sudden change in the stability with radial location of the interface. The instability originates mainly in the less viscous fluid, close to the interface.
Turbulent flow through a rectangular duct with a partially blocked exit
Authors: HSU T. Y. , ELORANTA H. , SAARENRINNE P. , WEI T. 
Published: November 2007

This paper contains data on and insights into the origins of turbulence associated with a partial blockage at the exit of a two-dimensional, laminar, horizontal duct flow. In essence, this is the upstream approach region of the forward-facing step problem. This work was motivated by the need to identify and control unsteady streamwise vortices generated in the headbox (i.e. contraction section) of an industrial paper machine. The duct was 57.2 cm wide × 10.16 cm high, with up to a 50 % blockage. Experiments were scaled to match Reynolds numbers found in paper machines; exit velocities were as large as 200 cm s−1. The goal of the research was to map the flow at the exit and to examine the response of the flat-plate turbulent boundary layer on the opposing wall under the partial blockage. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) were used to examine flow in three orthogonal planes at various stations upstream of the duct exit. Mean and instantaneous DPIV vector fields clearly show that an unsteady spanwise vortex forms in the corner formed by the top nozzle wall and partial blockage which, in turn, gives rise to turbulent streamwise vortices.A turbulent boundary layer was initiated on the duct wall opposite the blockage, upstream of a two-dimensional contraction. Results show that even though the acceleration parameter, K, exceeded the nominal critical level of 3.0 × 10−6 for relaminarization beneath the blockage, the flow did not reach a quasi-laminar state. In addition, there did not appear to be direct interaction between unsteady vortex formation at the partial blockage on the upper wall and bottom-wall turbulent boundary layer structures.
Pressure-driven flow past spheres moving in a circular tube
Authors: SHEARD G. J. , RYAN K. 
Published: November 2007

A computational investigation, supported by a theoretical analysis, is performed to investigate a pressure-driven flow around a line of equispaced spheres moving at a prescribed velocity along the axis of a circular tube. This fundamental study underpins a range of applications including physiological circulation research. A spectral-element formulation in cylindrical coordinates is employed to solve for the incompressible fluid flow past the spheres, and the flows are computed in the reference frame of the translating spheres.Both the volume flow rate relative to the spheres and the forces acting on each sphere are computed for specific sphere-to-tube diameter ratios and sphere spacing ratios. Conditions at which zero axial force on the spheres are identified, and a region of unsteady flow is detected at higher Reynolds numbers (based on tube diameter and sphere velocity). A regular perturbation analysis and the reciprocal theorem are employed to predict flow rate and drag coefficient trends at low Reynolds numbers. Importantly, the zero drag condition is well-described by theory, and states that at this condition, the sphere velocity is proportional to the applied pressure gradient. This result was verified for a range of spacing and diameter ratios. Theoretical approximations agree with computational results for Reynolds numbers up toO(100).The geometry dependence of the zero axial force condition is examined, and for a particular choice of the applied dimensionless pressure gradient, it is found that this condition occurs at increasing Reynolds numbers with increasing diameter ratio, and decreasing Reynolds number with increasing sphere spacing.Three-dimensional simulations and predictions of a Floquet linear stability analysis independently elucidate the bifurcation scenario with increasing Reynolds number for a specific diameter ratio and sphere spacing. The steady axisymmetric flow first experiences a small region of time-dependent non-axisymmetric instability, before undergoing a regular bifurcation to a steady non-axisymmetric state with azimuthal symmetrym= 1. Landau modelling verifies that both the regular non-axisymmetric mode and the axisymmetric Hopf transition occur through a supercritical (non-hysteretic) bifurcation.
Aldhelm's rejection of the Muses and the mechanics of poetic inspiration in early Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Thornbury Emily V. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the metrical preface to his Enigmata, Aldhelm of Malmesbury denies that he has had anything to do with the Muses. While this gesture connects him to his Christian Latin predecessors (and, less directly, to the pagan poets as well), the unique elements of Aldhelm's poem suggest that he is also drawing upon a native tradition of poetry that valued technical skill above lofty subject-matter. By portraying the Muses within this Germanic framework as useless, rather than dangerous, Aldhelm's rejection enabled his successors to employ the Muses, and other Classical allusions, as harmless decorative elements in their verse.
Alienation of Affection Torts: Love ’Em or Leave ’Em?
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth Ellen 
Published: November 2007

The alienation of affection tort, which allows a plaintiff to sue a third party for interfering with the plaintiff's marriage, has been disparaged by many as a relic of women's former status as their husband's property. Despite its archaic roots, the tort as it operates today is in many ways quite modern and addresses some of the problems, expectations, and obstacles of modern American marriage. Furthermore, it fits in with developments in tort law toward more actions for nontangible, nonfinancial damages. Given the tort's history, one might assume that it benefits men, but women also benefit from and use this tort, as demonstrated in a case study of North Carolina, a jurisdiction where the tort is frequently pursued. In its current form, the alienation tort can be reconciled with feminist theory and with women's interests, and should not be abolished without reconsideration.“Those whom God hath joined together let no man put asunder.”Book of Common Prayer 1789
Lessons for human rights and humanitarian law in the war on terror: comparing Hamdan and the Israeli Targeted Killings case
Authors: Milanovic Marko 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe article examines and compares two recent judgments which provide some of the most valuable examples of the difficulties surrounding the application of international humanitarian law to the phenomenon of terrorism: the Hamdan judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the Targeted Killings judgment of the Supreme Court of Israel. Both judgments deal with the thresholds of applicability of the law of armed conflict, as well as with the concept of unlawful combatancy and the relationship between human rights law and humanitarian law. Both judgments are at times inconsistent and lacking in analysis, with the Hamdan judgment in particular misinterpreting the relevant international authorities, including the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions. Despite these flaws, or because of them, both of these judgments remain instructive. The purpose of this article is to present the lessons for the future that these two decisions might bring to ongoing debates on the impact of global terrorism on the law of armed conflict.
Lessons learned? Disasters, rapid change and globalization
Authors: Dombrowsky Wolf R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractComparing the two tsunamis of Lisbon in 1775 and of Asia in 2004, the article analyses the different paradigmatic interpretations of “Western” religious and secular causality. Based on the rational concept of risk making and risk taking, the need to accept failures and their consequences is discussed, as well as the responsibility to develop human strategies for disaster prevention and to foster living conditions which may avoid large-scale suffering.
Who will assist the victims of use of nuclear, radiological, biological or chemical weapons – and how?
Authors: Loye Dominique , Coupland Robin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is uncertain who will assist the victims of use of nuclear, radiological, biological or chemical weapons if an international response is required, and how this assistance can be provided without undue risk to those providing it. The use of such weapons or any other release of the materials of which they are composed cannot be considered as presenting a uniform risk. There are a variety of risks, each with its own implications for getting help to the people affected and for the health and security of those bringing that help. The political implications are serious and complex. This brief review shows the difficulties inherent in assisting the victims or potential victims of use of nuclear, radiological, biological and chemical weapons.
Creatine kinase in energy metabolic signaling in muscle
Authors: Kongas Olav , van Beek Johannes 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere has been much debate on the mechanism of regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis to balance ATP consumption during changing cardiac workloads. A key role of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes in this regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and in intracellular energy transport had been proposed, but has in the mean time been disputed for many years. It was hypothesized that high-energy phosphoryl groups are obligatorily transferred via CK; this is termed the phosphocreatine shuttle. The other important role ascribed to the CK system is its ability to buffer ADP concentration in cytosol near sites of ATP hydrolysis.Almost all of the experiments to determine the role of CK had been done in the steady state, but recently the dynamic response of oxidative phosphorylation to quick changes incytosolic ATP hydrolysis has been assessed at various levels of inhibition of CK. Steady state models of CK function in energy transfer existed but were unable to explain the dynamic response with CK inhibited.The aim of this study was to explain the mode of functioning of the CK system in heart, and in particular the role of different CK isoenzymes in the dynamic response to workload steps. For this purpose we used a mathematical model of cardiac muscle cell energy metabolism containing the kinetics of the key processes of energy production, consumption and transfer pathways. The model underscores that CK plays indeed a dual role in the cardiac cells. The buffering role of CK system is due to the activity of myofibrillar CK (MMCK) while the energy transfer role depends on the activity of mitochondrial CK (MiCK). We propose that this may lead to the differences in regulation mechanisms and energy transfer modes in species with relatively low MiCK activity such as rabbit in comparison with species with high MiCK activity such as rat.The model needed modification to explain the new type of experimental data on the dynamic response of the mitochondria. We submit that building a Virtual Muscle Cell is not possible without continuous experimental tests to improve the model. In close interaction with experiments we are developing a model for muscle energy metabolism and transport mediated by the creatine kinase isoforms which now already can explain many different types of experiments.
Molecules incorporating a benzothiazole core scaffold inhibit the N-myristoyltransferase of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Bowyer Paul W. , Gunaratne Ruwani S. , Grainger Munira , Withers-Martinez Chrislaine , Wickramsinghe Sasala R. , Tate Edward W. , Leatherbarrow Robin J. , Brown Katherine A. , Holder Anthony A. , Smith Deborah F. 
Published: November 2007

Recombinant N-myristoyltransferase of Plasmodium falciparum (termed PfNMT) has been used in the development of a SPA (scintillation proximity assay) suitable for automation and high-throughput screening of inhibitors against this enzyme. The ability to use the SPA has been facilitated by development of an expression and purification system which yields considerably improved quantities of soluble active recombinant PfNMT compared with previous studies. Specifically, yields of pure protein have been increased from 12 μg·l−1 to &gt;400 μg·l−1 by use of a synthetic gene with codon usage optimized for expression in an Escherichia coli host. Preliminary small-scale ‘piggyback’ inhibitor studies using the SPA have identified a family of related molecules containing a core benzothiazole scaffold with IC50 values &lt;50 μM, which demonstrate selectivity over human NMT1. Two of these compounds, when tested against cultured parasites in vitro, reduced parasitaemia by &gt;80% at a concentration of 10 μM.
Vitamin E prevents hypobaric hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle
Authors: Magalhães José , Ferreira Rita , Neuparth Maria J. , Oliveira Paulo J. , Marques Franklim , Ascensão António 
Published: November 2007

In the present study, the effect of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on mice skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage induced by an in vivo acute and severe hypobaric hypoxic insult (48 h at a barometric pressure equivalent to 8500 m) has been investigated. Male mice (n=24) were randomly divided into the following four groups (n=6): control (C), hypoxia (H), vitamin E (VE; 60 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally, three times/week for 3 weeks) and hypoxia+VE (HVE). A significant increase in mitochondrial protein CGs (carbonyl groups) was found in the H group compared with the C group. Confirming previous observations from our group, hypoxia induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as identified by altered respiratory parameters. Hypoxia exposure increased Bax content and decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, whereas Bcl-2 remained unchanged. Inner and outer mitochondrial membrane integrity were significantly affected by hypoxia exposure; however, vitamin E treatment attenuated the effect of hypoxia on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and on the levels of CGs. Vitamin E supplementation also prevented the Bax and Bcl-2/Bax ratio impairments caused by hypoxia, as well as the decrease in inner and outer mitochondrial membrane integrity. In conclusion, the results suggest that vitamin E prevents the loss of mitochondrial integrity and function, as well as the increase in Bax content, which suggests that mitochondria are involved in increased cell death induced by severe hypobaric hypoxia in mice skeletal muscle.
Australian Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Programme: Real-World Schizophrenia: Outcomes
Authors: Kulkarni Jayashri , de Castella Anthony R. , Filia Kate M. , Filia Sacha L. , Marston Natasha , Montgomery William , Christova Laura , Fitzgerald Paul B. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: It has been increasingly recognized that there is need to assess patient outcomes in schizophrenia across a broad range of dimensions. But few studies have attempted to do this in clinical populations and no systematic study has broadly assessed outcomes in schizophrenia in Australia using a longitudinal design. Thus, a real-world study, the Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Programme (SCAP), was structured to collect comprehensive information over time to inform policy debate and extend current knowledge about the course of schizophrenia in an Australian context. Methods: A cohort of 347 patients with schizophrenia was followed up over 3 years. Clinical outcomes, occupational and psychosocial functioning and quality of life were assessed at 6 monthly intervals, and resource utilization and costing data were collected continuously from internal and external databases as well as from participants directly. Results: The participants as a group experienced an overall decline in positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, a reduction in general psychopathology and a reduction in severity of depression. There was an improvement in functioning, a reduction in mental health-related disability and an improvement in patient- and observer-rated quality of life. Change of severity within the variously assessed domains over time appeared to be relatively independent. Conclusions: In the present sample of schizophrenia patients treatment was associated with positive health outcomes; but outcomes across assessment domains did not closely correlate across time. The scrutiny of a broad range of patient outcomes will assist with the assessment of new treatment modalities and with service planning.