bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbolism in a Group
Authors: Whyte Robert 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY.The theoretical background to symbolism is introduced with reference to the work of Klein and Segal. Thereafter, an analytical psychotherapy group conducted in a day hospital is described and thumbnail sketches of the individual patients are given. Several group sessions in the course of a month are reported. The use or absence of symbolism in the group is discussed with particular reference to the primitive level of functioning of the group and the use of‘bad’language by the group.
Ambiguity in the Ego: The Basis of the Self in American Psychoanalytic Theory
Authors: Kelen J. Susan 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY.The introduction of ‘the self as a psychoanalytic concept in the United States is traced historically to developments in the ego. This article follows the transition in American psychoanalytic theory over a period of forty years, beginning with Anna Freud. These concepts, ‘ego’and ‘self, have been consistently interrelated, as observed in the formulations on narcissism. The impetus was to correct ambiguities that were seen in Freudian theory and to integrate theory and practice. Initially the self was presented as a self‐representation (Hartmann 1950, Kohut 1966, Kernberg 1966) and later as a supraordinate structure (Kohut 1977, Kernberg 1982). The formulation of the self within the subjective executive functions of the ego (Kernberg 1982) is suggested to be an attempt to place the self within psychoanalytic theory and resolve the ambiguity in Freud's ego concept. The subjective emotional side of the ego and the objective side which results in identity are addressed while the traditional structural formulation is maintained. The integration of subject and object is consistent with philosophical definitions of the self.
Dilemmas of‘Crosscultural Psychotherapy Supervision’
Authors: Batten Cecilia 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY.Crosscultural psychotherapy supervision is defined as a specific three‐way interaction. The influences of bilingual and cross‐cultural differences between the therapistpatient dyad and the therapist‐supervisor dyad on the therapeutic and supervisory processes are described. The limitations and advantages of a traditional psychoanalytical model of supervision within a transcultural setting are also explored.
Listening to Silence
Authors: Sabbadini Andrea 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY. I have examined the function of silence ‐ its possible role and meanings ‐ in the psychoanalytic encounter. I have argued that silence is complementary to words in general, and to analytic free‐associations in particular, and that silence in the patient is often more than just the expression of his resistance.It could be useful to consider the silent space within a session as a sort of container of words ‐words that, for complex, over‐determined, unconscious reasons cannot be uttered. I have insisted on the significance of analytic silences and warned against responding to them either through a retaliatory silence or through a flood of premature interpretations. These inadequate reactions often stem from the analyst's own anxiety evoked in him by the patient's silence.Anxiety and silence are closely connected. Each silence is a compromise formation, concealing the unconscious fantasy from which it originates, while expressing a conscious one, often related to the transference situation. It is the task of the analyst to listen to his patient's silences in order to help him understand their meanings.
Who's Afraid of Matte Blanco: An Introduction for People with No Mathematical Background
Authors: Mordant Ian 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
Analysts and therapists have daily to cope with a difficulty, the fact that many of their patients' most important feelings are felt as infinite. For example that boundless despair so often apparent in a depressive patient is a felt infinity. This infinity often masks other unconscious infinities, such as those of boundless guilt, grandiosity or omniscience. It is thus an important aspect of Matte Blanco's work that it draws attention to the whole subject of infinite outcomes. The examination of such outcomes is aided in this paper by illustrations of some useful ways of picturing infinity.Matte Blanco's work also contains a suggestion as to a major source of these infinities and, in discussing this, this paper will enable an analyst or therapist to look for this source of a particular patient's pathological infinities.The paper concludes by suggesting some extensions to Matte Blanco's work and some possible auras for future work.
Stop Making Sense: Talking ‐ Cures and Limits
Authors: Bacon Roger 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThis paper starts by suggesting that ‘talking’ in the “talking cure’ is a relatively unexamined phenomenon in psychoanalysis. It then proposes a re‐assessment of talking as an achievement from the interactional perspective of Jerome Bruner and his colleagues. This in turn, it is suggested, has interesting implications both for the notion of ‘cure’, and for the place and function of the analyst in the dynamics of the treatment.
The Transactional Object: Art Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Anorexia
Authors: Schaverien Joy 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe premise of this paper is that, in the treatment of anorexia, art psychotherapy has a specific contribution to make. In the case of severe eating disorders the client's relationship to food may be understood to be a means of negotiating and mediating between the internal world and the external environment. It is proposed that pictures may also mediate between the inner and outer world of the client and so between the client and the therapist. As an object of transference itself the art object may temporarily, and unconsciously, become a substitute for the use of food. It may serve a positive function as a Transactional Object. This is distinguished from the ‘Transitional Object’ (Winnicott 1971) and the ‘Transformational Object’ (Bollas 1987). The view accords with those who consider that anorexia is a borderline disturbance. Thus the anorexic client is considered to be functioning at a pre‐symbolic level; she is concretising her experience and acting out through the use of food. If this need for concrete expression can be converted from an obsession with food to a use of art materials there is a beginning of a movement towards symbolisation.
A Man of Achievement ‐ Sophocles’ Oedipus
Authors: Williams Meg Harris 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper traces the psychological implications of Sophocles’ treatment of the Oedipus legend, in the light of Bion's concept of‘catastrophic change’ and Keats's of ‘negative capability’. The first‐written play, Antigone, concludes with the curse of revenge which falls when the mind‐city fails to integrate conflicting emotions. The hero of Oedipus Tyrannos, however, overcomes the mindless pessimism which would deflect him from self‐knowledge, by means of a necessary weaning process founded on memories of infancy. Finally, Oedipus at Colonus shows how mental beauty or poetry metamorphoses from the appearance of ugliness and makes ideas transmissible.
Coups d'Etat and Catastrophic Change: Shakespeare's Julius Caesar*
Authors: Margaret  , Rustin Michael 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYMiscommunication, both in the form of deception and self‐deception, is endemic in the action of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. This article investigates why this should be, and links the functions of miscommunication in the play with its psychoanalytic meanings as these have been outlined in particular by Bion. The truth is avoided or manipulated by most of the protagonists of the play as a response to their anxieties about catastrophic change. The fear of the conspirators that Caesar is about to accept a crown is only the focal point of a deeper anxiety about the threat to the Roman republic. The play is shown to illuminate unconscious forces involved in political leadership and mass politics in particular. The preparation and enactment of the assassination add a burden of failed mourning and of unassimilable guilt to already deep anxieties, all of which lead to the cumulative tragedies which the play depicts.
Crossing the Threshold
Authors: Yariv Gail 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe very first moments of contact with a patient may provide a vital clue to the core dynamic of the therapeutic process.Some analysts have stressed the importance of the first dream of an analysis. Others have focused on the first session as being seminal. In this paper I want to raise a few questions about what goes on in the very first moments of meeting a patient and its potential implications for the subsequent work. I shall try to differentiate the nature of what occurs and suggest that such differentiations might contribute to assessment, particularly where the initial interview is also the first session with the same therapist.
An Analysis of Intellectual Dysfunction
Authors: Royston Robert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThinking inhibitions may affect a person's academic and professional performance and damage aesthetic enjoyment. They can emerge in the analytic encounter as an inability to digest interpretive ideas and insights. The present paper describes the experience of intellectual blocking and offers a theory to account for the psychodynamics and causes. The argument is traced through three case studies, using an object relations theoretical approach that is distinguished from some other psychoanalytic viewpoints.
The Concept of Transference: A Critique
Authors: Handley Nick 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper, after noting the history of the development of the concept of transference and its application in clinical pratice, I offer a resume of some major criticisms of the concept. I pay special attention to a critique which may be made from an existential phenomenological perspective. I evaluate the current status of the concept of transference in clinical practice, arguing that the concept of transference should be retained, but placed on a sounder phenomenological footing, as advocated by authors such as May (1961, 1967), Boss (1963, 1979) and Binswanger (1962, 1963).
Report on Psychotherapy Audit in the NHS: How Long Do Patients Stay in Therapy?
Authors: Punter Jale 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe results of an audit project on treatment length from an NHS department of psychoanalytic psychotherapy are outlined. Average lengths of treatment in individual and group therapy are reported. A discrepancy was found between the ‘prescribed’ length of therapy and length of time actually spent in therapy. The change of practice prompted by the findings of this audit project is explained.
Methods of Identifying Conspicuous Countertransference Reactions
Authors: Holmqvist Rolf 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to understand the significance of countertransference reactions, it is important to separate unexpected and unusual therapist reactions from those that are normal and expected. In this paper, two different perspectives on how to estimate the unusualness of countertransference reactions are presented. The first method compares professionally expected reactions with professionally unexpected reactions. The second method uses the recurrent reaction pattern of the therapist and the recurrent reaction pattern towards the patient to sort out countertransference reactions that can be considered as unusual. The data for the analysis consists of answers by milieu therapists on a check‐list about feelings for patients. The comparison between the methods shows that it is misleading to evaluate a countertransference reaction against a common professional norm. Only when the habitual patterns of therapist and patients are used as norms is it possible to assess the significance of the countertransference reaction.
From Wounded Victims to Scarred Survivors
Authors: Sabbadini Andrea 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe author reports on working psychotherapeutically with refugees who are ‘victims’, or rather ‘survivors’, of torture. He argues for the importance of understanding their experience of loss and also considers the problem of the recovery of painful memories by suggesting that these patients are trapped by the need to remember what they only wish to forget. As illustration he presents clinical material on patients suffering from anxiety states, sleeplessness and terrifying nightmares resulting from imprisonment and torture, and focuses on the specific aspects of transference and countertransference that emerged in their therapy.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ‘PSYCHOANALYTIC’ AND A SO‐CALLED ‘NORMAL’, EVERYDAY RELATIONSHIP? THE CONTROVERSY BETWEEN FREUD AND FERENCZI
Authors: Russell Carla 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIs the form Freud gave to the analytic relationship definitive? This question will be answered by analysing the argumentation in the Freud‐Ferenczi controversy concerning the design of the therapeutic relationship. The current albeit superficial mode of interpretation of this controversy is mainly in terms of a supposed ‘warm’ emotional involvement of the analyst, as opposed to his ‘cold’ aloofness. Fundamentally however, the controversy concerns the way one should delineate the psychoanalytic relationship, as a method of treatment, from our everyday relationships. Freud and Ferenczi are the historical figures exemplifying what can be considered an ongoing debate.…My recommendations on technique given at the time were essentially negative. I considered it most important to underline what should not be done and to show the temptations opposing analysis. Almost everything to be done positively I left to the ‘tact’ introduced by you. But I aimed not at the obedients who were not aware of the elasticity of my remarks and subjected themselves to my recommendations as if they were taboo‐regulations. This should be revised one day, without, however, doing away with the obligations. Freud in a letter to Ferenczi, 4.1.1928 (Ferenczi 1928a, p. 99)
THE ABUSE OF POWER WITHIN THE ANALYTIC SETTING
Authors: Valentine Marguerite 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper explores how a therapeutic encounter may be experienced as abusive by the patient. Avoiding explanations of either patient inadequacy or therapist incompetency, it argues that political and institutional dynamics, based on power broking and competition between theoretical and institutional ‘views of the world’, may become enacted out within an analysis, to the detriment of the patient.The [psychoanalytic] imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals. It enables him to take into account how individuals, in the welter of their daily experience, often become falsely conscious of their social positions. (C. Wright Mills 1970, p. 12)1
THE HOLOCAUST AND THE POWER OF POWERLESSNESS: SURVIVOR GUILT AN UNHEALED WOUND
Authors: Garwood Alfred 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe four elements of the trauma suffered by Holocaust survivors are powerlessness, annihilation anxiety, object loss and torture. A central and persistent component of the so‐called survivor syndrome is survivor guilt. Classical theories of guilt do not explain it satisfactorily. Psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy for survivors is one of the most difficult challenges due to the powerful countertransferences that the therapists must struggle with. The essential psychic process underlying survivor guilt is self blame which is a defensive omnipotent phantasy. Powerlessness and annihilation threat resurrect unconscious memories of neonatal helplessness, dependency, vulnerability and primal agony, generating the need for defensive omnipotence. In the traumatic environment created by the Nazis, self blame was virtually the inevitable psychic defence. It has persisted because mourning is obstructed by the conscious and unconscious fear of being overwhelmed by the re‐emergence of the originating feelings of powerlessness, annihilation anxiety and pain of object loss. Adaptive and maladaptive defences are used throughout later life which attempt to avoid powerlessness and loss. Healing can still take place through creative reparation and memorialization which may facilitate successful mourning.
Modulation of the Cellular Accumulation and Intracellular Activity of Daptomycin towards Phagocytized
Staphylococcus aureus
by the P-Glycoprotein (MDR1) Efflux Transporter in Human THP-1 Macrophages and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Authors: Lemaire Sandrine , Van Bambeke Françoise , Mingeot-Leclercq Marie-Paule , Tulkens Paul M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

P-glycoprotein (P-gp; MDR1), a major efflux transporter, recognizes various antibiotics and is present in macrophages. We have examined its effect on the modulation of the intracellular accumulation and activity of daptomycin towards phagocytized
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 25923) in human THP-1 macrophages, in comparison with MDCK epithelial cells (wild type and MDCK-MDR1 overexpressing P-gp; the bulk of the protein was immunodetected at the surface of all three cell types). Daptomycin displayed concentration-dependent intracellular activity (Hill equation pattern) in THP-1 and MDCK cells with (i) 50% effective drug extracellular concentration (EC
50
; relative potency) and static concentrations at 9 to 10 times the MIC and (ii) maximal efficacy (
E
max
; CFU decrease at infinite extracellular drug concentration) at 1.6 to 2 log compared to that of the postphagocytosis inoculum. Verapamil (100 μM) and elacridar (GF 120918; 0.5 μM), two known inhibitors of P-gp, decreased daptomycin EC
50
(about threefold) in THP-1 and MDCK cells without affecting
E
max
. Daptomycin EC
50
was about three- to fourfold higher and accumulation in MDCK-MDR1 commensurately lower than in wild-type cells. In THP-1 macrophages, (i) verapamil and ATP depletion increased, and ouabain (an inducer of
mdr1
[the gene encoding P-gp] expression) decreased the accumulation of daptomycin in parallel with that of DiOC
2
(a known substrate of P-gp); (ii) silencing
mdr1
with duplex human
mdr1
siRNAs reduced the cell content in immunoreactive P-gp to 15 to 30% of controls and caused an eight- to 13-fold increase in daptomycin accumulation. We conclude that daptomycin is subject to efflux from THP-1 macrophages and MDCK cells by P-gp, which reduces its intracellular activity against phagocytized
S. aureus
.
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: clinical features, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment
Authors: Thanvi Bhomraj , Lo Nelson , Robinson Tom 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Levodopa is the most effective drug for treating Parkinson's disease. However, long-term use of levodopa is often complicated by significantly disabling fluctuations and dyskinesias negating its beneficial effects. Younger age of Parkinson's disease onset, disease severity, and high levodopa dose increase the risk of development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). The underlying mechanisms for LID are unclear though recent studies indicate the importance of pulsatile stimulation of striatal postsynaptic receptors in their pathogenesis. The non-human primates with MPTP-induced parkinsonism serve as a useful model to study dyskinesia. Once established, LID are difficult to treat and therefore efforts should be made to prevent them. The therapeutic and preventative strategies for LID include using a lower dosage of levodopa, employing dopamine agonists as initial therapy in Parkinson's disease, amantadine, atypical neuroleptics, and neurosurgery. LID can adversely affect the quality of life and increase the cost of healthcare.
Endoscopic mucosal resection of Barrett's oesophagus containing dysplasia or intramucosal cancer
Authors: Seewald S , Ang T L , Soehendra N 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBarrett's oesophagus is premalignant. Oesophagectomy is traditionally regarded as the standard treatment option in the presence of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia or intramucosal cancer. However, oesophagectomy is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Endoscopic ablative therapies are limited by the lack of tissue for histological assessment, and the ablation may be incomplete. Endoscopic mucosal resection is an alternative to surgery in the management of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia and intramucosal cancer. It is less invasive than surgery and, unlike ablative treatments, provides tissue for histological assessment. This review will cover the indications, techniques and results of endoscopic mucosal resection.
Sulfasalazine-induced immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Cantarini L , Tinazzi I , Biasi D , Fioravanti A , Galeazzi M 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Sulfasalazine is a well established disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug commonly used in the treatment of rheumatic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease. Sulfasalazine was generally well tolerated in clinical trials, the most frequently reported adverse effects being adverse gastrointestinal effects, headache, dizziness and rash; myelosuppression can also occur. We are now reporting the first case of autoimmune thrombocytosis following sulfasalazine treatment.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Koulaouzidis A , Bhat S , Karagiannidis A , Tan W C , Linaker B D 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSpontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the infection of ascitic fluid in the absence of any intra-abdominal, surgically treatable source of infection. Despite timely diagnosis and treatment its reported incidence in ascitic patients varies between 7–30%. Ascitic paracentesis remains the chief diagnostic procedure. Automated cell counters have the same diagnostic accuracy as the manual measurement of white cells. Lately, the use of leucocyte reagent strips (dipsticks) has emerged as a useful alternative. Examination of the fluid is not complete unless the sample is inoculated in blood culture bottles. Treatment is currently with third-generation cephalosporins or oral quinolones. Following a single episode of SBP patients should have long term antibiotic prophylaxis.
Phage Integration and Chromosome Structure. A Personal History
Authors: Campbell Allan 
Published: June 2007

In 1962, I proposed a model for integration of λ prophage into the bacterial chromosome. The model postulated two steps (i) circularization of the linear DNA molecule that had been injected into the cell from the phage particle; (ii) reciprocal recombination between phage and bacterial DNA at specific sites on both partners. This resulted in a cyclic permutation of gene order going from phage to prophage. This contrasted with integration models current at the time, which postulated that the prophage was not inserted into the continuity of the chromosome but rather laterally attached or synapsed with it. This chapter summarizes some of the steps leading up to the model including especially the genetic characterization of specialized transducing phages (λgal) by recombinational rescue of conditionally lethal mutations. The serendipitous discovery of the conditional lethals is also described.