bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultramicroscopic investigation of the preservation status of hair collected from a full‐term, intrauterine baby mummy of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea
Authors: Chang B. S. , Uhm C. S. , Park C. H. , Kim H. K. , Jung H. S. , Ham J. H. , Lee G. Y. , Kim D. H. , Lee K. J. , Bang I. S. , Oh C. S. , Shin D. H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOur previous studies on the ultramicroscopic structure of mummy hair from Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) tombs sealed with a lime‐soil mixture barrier (LSMB) have provided initial, basic information on their preservation status. Numerous additional cases of various conditions are required in order to provide data sufficient for establishing Korean mummy preservation patterns on a firm basis, however, and so we performed electron microscopic studies on hair taken from a full‐term, intrauterine baby mummy found in Paju, Korea. The baby mummy was found within the uterus of a 16th‐century mummified woman aged 20–30 years old. Since the labour and delivery stage for this case was 2, and the uterus was found to be ruptured, the cause of death of both the mother and the baby was likely to have been hypovolemic shock occurring during labour. In scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies, we found that the surface of the hair of the baby mummy was coated with crystalline substances, mainly on the side facing the vaginal orifice. We also observed well‐preserved cuticle, cortex and medullar layers, completely preserved cuticle‐layer scales, as well as macrofibrils and melanin granules evenly spread within the cuticle and cortex layers. Because studies on infant or subadult mummies are very few, and since they have focused mainly on the palaeopathological aspects of those mummies, the preservation pattern of the hair of a full‐term baby mummy could contribute significantly to our knowledge of mummies from around the world. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent changes in drug poisoning mortality in the United States by urban–rural status and by drug type
Authors: Paulozzi Leonard J. , Xi Yongli 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPurposeThis study was conducted to determine how the recently reported increase in drug poisoning mortality rates in the United States varied by degree of urbanization. Although drug poisoning is traditionally seen as an urban problem, evidence suggested that at least one component of the recent increase, deaths involving opioid analgesics, was increasing more rapidly in rural areas.MethodsThe study compared age‐adjusted unintentional and undetermined drug poisoning mortality rates between 1999 and 2004 from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) in each of six urban–rural categories.ResultsUnintentional and undetermined drug poisoning mortality rates rose 62% from 1999 to 2004. Metropolitan county rates rose 51%, an increase of 2.66/100 000, while nonmetropolitan county rates rose 159%, an increase of 4.81/100 000. By 2004, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan drug poisoning rates had roughly equalized. In the narcotic drug category, which included heroin, cocaine, and opioid analgesics, the most urban (“large central metro”) counties increased only 16% while the most rural (“noncore, nonmetropolitan”) counties increased 248%. Heroin rates did not increase significantly for any urban–rural category. Cocaine rate increases were largest in nonmetropolitan counties. Opioid analgesic rate increases ranged from a low of 52% in large central metro counties to an increase of 371% in nonmetropolitan, noncore counties.ConclusionsPrescription drugs have replaced heroin and cocaine as the leading drugs involved in fatal drug overdoses in all urban–rural categories. Fatal drug overdoses are no longer a predominantly urban phenomenon. National prevention efforts will have to shift to address nontraditional populations using nontraditional drugs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoblasts‐derived BMP‐2 enhances the motility of prostate cancer cells via activation of integrins
Authors: Lai Tzu‐Hsiu , Fong Yi‐Chin , Fu Wen‐Mei , Yang Rong‐Sen , Tang Chih‐Hsin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDBone metastases are common complications of prostate cancer cells. The bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) is constitutively secreted by osteoblasts and plays a key role in bone formation. Integrins are the major adhesive molecules in mammalian cells, and has been associated with cancer cells metastasis to bone. The aim of this study was to investigate whether osteoblast‐derived BMP‐2 is associated with prostate cancer metastasis.METHODCancer cells migration activity was examined using the Transwell assay. The ERK and AKT phosphorylation was examined by using Western blot method. The siRNA was used to inhibit the expression of BMP‐2. The cell surface expression of integrins was examined by using flow cytometry. A transient transfection protocol was used to examine NF‐κB activity.RESULTSWe found that osteoblast conditioned medium (OBCM) increased the migration and cell surface expression of β1 or β3 integrin in human prostate cancer cells. β1 or β3 integrin monoclonal antibodies or siRNA against β1 or β3 integrin inhibited the OBCM‐induced increase the migration of prostate cancer cells. BMP‐2 siRNA specifically reduced the OBCM‐induced migration and integrins upregulation. BMP‐2 siRNA also suppressed the OBCM‐induced ERK, AKT and NF‐κB activation.CONCLUSIONSThis study suggest that the osteoblast‐derived BMP‐2 act through Akt and ERK, which in turn activates IKKα/β and NF‐κB, resulting in the activations of β1 and β3 integrins and contributing the migration of prostate cancer cells. Prostate 68:1341–1353, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schizophrenia as a progressive brain disease
Authors: van Haren N.E.M. , Cahn W. , Hulshoff Pol H.E. , Kahn R.S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThere is convincing evidence that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in brain volume. At the Department of Psychiatry of the University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands, we have been carrying out neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia since 1995. We focused our research on three main questions. First, are brain volume abnormalities static or progressive in nature? Secondly, can brain volume abnormalities in schizophrenia be explained (in part) by genetic influences? Finally, what environmental factors are associated with the brain volume abnormalities in schizophrenia?Based on our findings we suggest that schizophrenia is a progressive brain disease. We showed different age-related trajectories of brain tissue loss suggesting that brain maturation that occurs in the third and fourth decade of life is abnormal in schizophrenia. Moreover, brain volume has been shown to be a useful phenotype for studying schizophrenia. Brain volume is highly heritable and twin and family studies show that unaffected relatives show abnormalities that are similar, but usually present to a lesser extent, to those found in the patients. However, also environmental factors play a role. Medication intake is indeed a confounding factor when interpreting brain volume (change) abnormalities, while independent of antipsychotic medication intake brain volume abnormalities appear influenced by the outcome of the illness.In conclusion, schizophrenia can be considered as a progressive brain disease with brain volume abnormalities that are for a large part influenced by genetic factors. Whether the progressive volume change is also mediated by genes awaits the results of longitudinal twin analyses. One of the main challenges for the coming years, however, will be the search for gene-by-environment interactions on the progressive brain changes in schizophrenia.
Theorising the international rule of law
Authors: NARDIN TERRY 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRecent trends in international law scholarship recycle objections to international law advanced by an earlier generation of political and legal realists. Such objections fail to understand the place of international law in the global order. To understand that place, we must distinguish the idea of the rule of law from other understandings of law. That idea is an inherently moral one. Theories of international law that ignore the moral element in law cannot distinguish law as a constraint on power from law as an instrument of power. A Kantian theory of international law can help to recover that moral element.
The responsibility to protect as a duty of care in international law and practice
Authors: ARBOUR LOUISE 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis discussion focuses on the content of the responsibility to protect the norm. It specifically addresses the historical roots and development of the norm by describing its fundamental differences from the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The legal heart of the responsibility to protect concept and questions of when and how the norm is engaged are also examined. Finally, the discussion explores the role that the UN institutions can play in interpreting and applying the norm, as well as the mechanisms of cooperation in protection available to the international community.
The political economy of global environmental governance
Authors: NEWELL PETER 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article develops a political economy account of global environmental governance to improve upon our understanding of the contemporary conduct of environmental politics and to clarify thinking about the potential for, and barriers to, effective environmental reform. By elaborating the key contours of a political economy account on the one hand and opening up to critical enquiry prevailing understandings of what is meant by ‘global’ ‘environmental’ and ‘governance’ on the other, such an approach is able to enhance our understanding of the practice of environmental governance by emphasising historical, material and political elements of its (re) constitution and evolution.
A portrait of the politician as a young pub rocker: live music venue reform in Australia
Authors: Homan Shane 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the recent NSW state government reassessment of the role of live music venues, and the gradual inclusion of live music within broader urban cultural policy across Australia. Focusing on Sydney, it maps the live music venue at the intersection of competing policy agendas, alternatively viewed as ‘vibrant’, exciting sites that represent a rejuvenated inner-city culture; or as sites of disruption, encouraging anti-social activity on the margins of legality (or sometimes both). The ‘rehabilitation’ of live music in the eyes of key government sectors was not simply a matter of ‘good’ cultural policy, but the result of a combination of many factors. The paper documents and analyses a six-year campaign by various stakeholders to implement noise, building code, late-night trading and liquor law reforms designed to ensure the survival of live performance venues and scenes.
‘Amerrrika ist wunderrrbarrr’: promotion of Germany through Radio Goethe’s cultural export of German popular music to North America
Authors: Krause Till 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMuch has been written about the cultural, social and political impact of German popular music within the country, but the role of German popular music outside of Germany has not been sufficiently examined. The research presented here is designed to investigate an example of Germany’s export of contemporary popular music as state-sponsored promotion of its national (pop) culture. San Francisco’s weekly radio programme Radio Goethe – The German Voice, which distributes popular music from German-speaking countries to English-speaking audiences, is explored. The main purposes of this programme are to portray a modern Germany to a foreign audience and to arouse interest in the country. The weekly 60-minute series began airing in 1996 and is sponsored by the German federal government. Radio Goethe is carried by over thirty college radio stations in the USA, Canada and New Zealand, and in 2004 the German creator and host of the series received a Federal Cross of Merit (Bundesverdienstkreuz) for his intercultural work. This article briefly documents the history of the series and critically examines the presentation, style and language of the music. The results of qualitative research on the meanings that listeners assign to the music – based on questionnaires and focus group interviews with American members of the show’s audience – are presented. This case study is framed within existing debates about the relationships between popular music, national identity, cultural representation, and state-supported music export. Data from interviews with the founder of the show and the cultural ambassador of Germany in San Francisco are analysed to clarify the goals of and assumptions behind the radio series.
New Zealand popular music, government policy, and cultural identity
Authors: Shuker Roy 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe New Zealand popular music industry has recently undergone impressive growth, and is poised to make a significant international impact. Two aspects of this newly privileged position are examined. First, broadly sketching twenty years of developments, I argue that Government willingness to get behind the local industry, especially the role of the post-2000 Labour Government, is a crucial determinant of the present success story. Secondly, I consider the debated relationship between local music and New Zealand cultural identity, with particular reference to two prominent musical styles: Kiwi ‘garage’ rock, and Polynesian-dominated local rap, reggae and hip-hop-inflected music. I argue that the local must not be overly valorised, and that it is necessary to distinguish between ‘local music’ as a cultural signifier and locally made music, with both worthy of support.
The networked state: New Zealand on Air and New Zealand’s pop renaissance
Authors: Scott Michael 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhen New Zealand’s ‘third-way’ Labour government came to power in 1999 it placed a greater policy and funding emphasis on the arts and culture. Like other ‘promotional states’ (Cloonan 1999) the Labour government sought to support the domestic popular music industry through a voluntary radio quota. Drawing on qualitative research, this article describes the ways in which the state, through New Zealand on Air, negotiates and leverages domestic popular music artists onto commercial radio. In this process, state agents mobilise social networks to ‘join-up’ commercially appropriate artists to radio programmers. The success of this programme is based upon state agents developing an institutional isomorphism with existing music industry practices. Even so, popular music makers contest New Zealand on Air’s sympathetic policy settings by citing forms of institutional exclusion.
Intensive Care Unit Outbreak of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Controlled by Cohorting Patients and Reinforcing Infection Control Measures
Authors: Laurent C. , Rodriguez-Villalobos H. , Rost F. , Strale H. , Vincent J.-L. , Deplano A. , Struelens M. J. , Byl B. 
Published: May 2008

Objective.To describe an outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the intensive care units (ICUs) of a hospital and the impact of routine and reinforced infection control measures on interrupting nosocomial transmission.Design.Outbreak report.Setting.A 31-bed intensive care department (composed of 4 ICUs) in a university hospital in Belgium.Intervention.After routine infection control measures (based on biweekly surveillance cultures and contact precautions) failed to interrupt a 2-month outbreak of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, reinforced infection control measures were implemented. The frequency of surveillance cultures was increased to daily sampling. Colonized patients were moved to a dedicated 6-bed ICU, where they received cohorted care with the support of additional nurses. Two beds were closed to new admissions in the intensive care department. Meetings between the ICU and infection control teams were held every day. Postdischarge disinfection of rooms was enforced. Broad-spectrum antibiotic use was discouraged.Results.Compared with a baseline rate of 0.44 cases per 1,000 patient-days for nosocomial transmission, the incidence peaked at 11.57 cases per 1,000 patient-days (October and November 2005; rate ratio for peak vs baseline, 25.46). The outbreak involved 30 patients, of whom 9 developed an infection. Bacterial genotyping disclosed that the outbreak was polyclonal, with 1 predominant genotype. Reinforced infection control measures lasted for 50 days. After the implementation of these measures, the incidence fell to 0.08 cases per 1,000 patient-days (rate ratio for after the outbreak vs during the outbreak, 0.11).Conclusion.These data indicate that, in an intensive care department in which routine screening and contact precautions failed to prevent and interrupt an outbreak of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, reinforced infection control measures controlled the outbreak without major disruption of medical care.
Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of Bed Occupancy Rates on the Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Overcrowded General Wards
Authors: Borg Michael A. , Suda David , Scicluna Elizabeth 
Published: May 2008

Objective.We investigated the impact of bed occupancy, particularly overcrowding, on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in general ward settings.Methods.We performed a time-series and mixed-model analysis of variance of monthly incidence of MRSA infection and corresponding bed occupancy rates, over 65 months, in the medicine and surgical wards within St. Luke's Hospital, a 900-bed tertiary care facility in Malta.Results.In the medicine wards, significant periodic fluctuations in bed demand were evident during the study period, with peaks of occupancy greater than 120% during the winter months. Cross-correlation analysis between the rate of bed occupancy and the rate of MRSA infection displayed an oscillatory configuration, with a periodicity of 12, similar to the periodicity evident in the autocorrelation bed-occupancy pattern. Further statistical analysis by means of analysis of variance confirmed that the months with excessive overcrowding tended to coincide with a significant increase in the rate of MRSA infection, occurring after a lag of approximately 2 months. Identical analysis of equivalent data from the surgical wards also revealed significant fluctuation in the rate of bed occupancy; however, occupancy never exceeded 100%. No cross-correlational relationship with MRSA infection incidence was present.Conclusion.The study data suggest that, in our setting, simple fluctuations in the rate of bed occupancy did not have a direct impact on the incidence of MRSA infection as long as the rate of bed occupancy was within designated levels. Rather, it was episodes of significant overcrowding, with occupancy levels in excess of designated numbers, that triggered increases in infection incidence rates.
Decreased Rates of Nosocomial Endometritis and Urinary Tract Infection After Vaginal Delivery in a French Surveillance Network, 1997–2003
Authors: Ayzac Louis , Caillat-Vallet Emmanuelle , Girard Raphaële , Chapuis Catherine , Depaix Florence , Dumas Anne-Marie , Gignoux Chantal , Haond Catherine , Lafarge-Leboucher Joëlle , Launay Carine , Tissot-Guerraz Françoise , Vincent Agnès , Fabry Jacques ,   Mater Sud-Est Study Group
Published: May 2008

Objectives.To identify independent risk factors for endometritis and urinary tract infection (UTI) after vaginal delivery, and to monitor changes in nosocomial infection rates and derive benchmarks for prevention.Design.Prospective study.Methods.We analyzed routine surveillance data for all vaginal deliveries between January 1997 and December 2003 at 66 maternity units participating in the Mater Sud-Est surveillance network. Adjusted odds ratios for risk of endometritis or UTI were obtained using a logistic regression model.Results.The overall incidence rates were 0.5% for endometritis and 0.3% for UTI. There was a significant decrease in the incidence and risk of endometritis but not of UTI during the 7-year period. Significant risk factors for endometritis were fever during labor, parity of 1, and instrumental delivery and/or manual removal of the placenta. Significant risk factors for UTI were urinary infection on admission, premature rupture of membranes (more than 12 hours before admission), blood loss of more than 800 mL, parity of 1, instrumental delivery, and receipt of more than 5 vaginal digital examinations. Each maternity unit received a poster showing graphs of the number of expected and observed cases of UTI and endometritis associated with vaginal deliveries, which enabled each maternity unit to determine their rank within the network and to initiate prevention programs.Conclusions.Although routine surveillance means additional work for maternity units, our results demonstrate the usefulness of regular targeted monitoring of risk factors and of the most common nosocomial infections in obstetrics. Most of the information needed for monitoring is already present in the patients' records.
Highly Effective Regimen for Decolonization of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCarriers
Authors: Buehlmann M. , Frei R. , Fenner L. , Dangel M. , Fluckiger U. , Widmer A. F. 
Published: May 2008

Objective.To evaluate the efficacy of a standardized regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) carriers and to identify factors influencing decolonization treatment failure.Design.Prospective cohort study from January 2002 to April 2007, with a mean follow-up period of 36 months.Setting.University hospital with 750 beds and 27,000 admissions/year.Patients.Of 94 consecutive hospitalized patients with MRSA colonization or infection, 32 were excluded because of spontaneous loss of MRSA, contraindications, death, or refusal to participate. In 62 patients, decolonization treatment was completed. At least 6 body sites were screened for MRSA (including by use of rectal swabs) before the start of treatment.Interventions.Standardized decolonization treatment consisted of mupirocin nasal ointment, chlorhexidine mouth rinse, and full-body wash with chlorhexidine soap for 5 days. Intestinal and urinary-tract colonization were treated with oral vancomycin and cotrimoxazole, respectively. Vaginal colonization was treated with povidone-iodine or, alternatively, with chlorhexidine ovula or octenidine solution. Other antibiotics were added to the regimen if treatment failed. Successful decolonization was considered to have been achieved if results were negative for 3 consecutive sets of cultures of more than 6 screening sites.Results.The mean age (± standard deviation [SD]) age of the 62 patients was 66.2 ± 19 years. The most frequent locations of MRSA colonization were the nose (42 patients [68%]), the throat (33 [53%]), perianal area (33 [53%]), rectum (36 [58%]), and inguinal area (30 [49%]). Decolonization was completed in 87% of patients after a mean (±SD) of 2.1 ± 1.8 decolonization cycles (range, 1-10 cycles). Sixty-five percent of patients ultimately required peroral antibiotic treatment (vancomycin, 52%; cotrimoxazole, 27%; rifampin and fusidic acid, 18%). Decolonization was successful in 54 (87%) of the patients in the intent-to-treat analysis and in 51 (98%) of 52 patients in the on-treatment analysis.Conclusion.This standardized regimen for MRSA decolonization was highly effective in patients who completed the full decolonization treatment course.