bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NASA/NSF/NCAR Computer Gateway
Authors: Koblinsky C. J. , Choy J. 
Published: October 2006

Over the past decade, two large computer networks have developed to serve the U.S. science community—NASA's Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) and the National Science Foundation's NSFnet, including connections to the Department of Defense Internet. These networks use different protocols: SPAN is based on DECnet, and NSFnet is based on TC/PIP. The different protocols make it impossible for computers on one network to communicate with those on the other without a gateway computer.The gateway computer translates one protocol into the other. Unfortunately, the number of gateway computers is small and they are overutilized. Until a standardized protocol is accepted and implemented, additional gateway computers will be needed. With this in mind, the Ocean Processes Branch at NASA Headquarters, with assistance from the Scientific Computing Division (SCD) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), has recently implemented a gateway between SPAN and NSFnet at NCAR. The SCD has a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) MicroVax II running the Ultrix operating system (DEC's version of UNIX) which can interpret both DECnet and TCP/IP protocols. This system is attached to both NSFnet and SPAN. It provides users with an internetwork mail server, file transfer capability, and remote log‐in access. No account or special access is needed on the gateway machine to make use of these capabilities.
Tomales Bay, California
Authors: Hollibaugh J. T. , Cole B. E. , Dollar S. J. , Hager S. W. , Vink S. M. , Kimmerer W. J. , Obrebski S. , Smith S. V. , Valentino M. , Walsh T. W. 
Published: October 2006

The Land‐Sea Interface (LSI) is a region of particular importance to human endeavor. The region includes the exposed outer coast, coastal waters, bays, estuaries, and deltas. Its area is small in comparison with that of the adjacent open ocean or land, but the LSI is at once a region of high biological productivity and complexity and the portion of the ocean most heavily impacted by human activities.The LSI also has a profound effect on the transport of materials between the land and the sea. Chemically reactive materials transported from the land to the sea undergo intense biogeochemical cycling and net transformations within the LSI. There are, for example, important sorption reactions associated with the transition from freshwater to saltwater. These reactions alter the distribution and bioavailibility of metals and may affect their toxicity and bioaccumulation.
The Earth's Electrical Environment: Studies in Geophysics
Authors: Kelley Michael C. 
Published: October 2006

As stated clearly in the preface, The Earth's Electrical Environment was written to aid policy members in assessing the importance of atmospheric electricity research. The reviewer has no idea whether this principle goal has been met and can only dicuss the text in relation to other works of the same general type.This class of book is actually a relatively new invention by the scientific community, and there is a real doubt in the reviewer's mind whether it should be classified as a book at all. It is more a collection of short stories with, hopefully, a common thread binding them together. In literature, such an anthology is often viewed as a way of enjoying and/or understanding the breadth and versatility of an author. In the present case, each entry is written by a different person. This makes it impossible for a reviewer to make any useful comments on the style, completeness, or coherence. The review itself might then degenerate into 16 different reviews, each potentially too shallow to be meaningful. This leaves something of a dilemma. The reviewer cannot comment on the primary purpose of the text, cannot comment on the style of the text or author, and is not competent to judge the 16 different research areas. With this somewhat pessimistic preamble, I will try to make some useful, general comments.
Ocean Sciences Best Student Papers for 1988 Joint AGU/ASLO Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Sciences Section has selected four students to receive Best Student Paper Awards for the 1988 Joint AGU and American Society for Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) Meeting held last January in New Orleans.Brad M. Bebout received a Best Student Paper Award for his paper “The Use of Agricultural Waste (Corn Slash) to Support Microzone‐Associated Nitrogen Fixation by Marine Microorganisms.” Bebout is an M.S. candidate in marine sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His thesis is on “The Role of Marine Fungi in Food Selection and Nutrition of the Salt Marsh Periwinkle Littorina irrorata Say (Gastropoda).” He received his B.A. in biology from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Is Sierra Nevada at acid threshold?
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. 
Published: October 2006

Three University of California, Santa Barbara, scientists have reported that even though rain and snowmelt with elevated levels of acidity have been found in California's Sierra Nevada mountains, acid has not yet harmed the lakes and streams. The researchers warn, though, that the same lakes and streams appear to be vulnerable to future increases in acid levels.The study, reported August 17 at the Davis, Calif., meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, was conducted at Emerald Lake in Sequoia National Park. The lake is considered representative of lakes in the region and has a pH in the low end of the neutral range (6.2–6.5), so it is more susceptible to acidification.
Nepal quake doesn't fit
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

An earthquake in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in Nepal August 21 killed more than 700 people and caused landslides and damage to buildings over a wide area. Preliminary information on the location of the magnitude (Ms)‐6.6 quake may also send a tremor or two through generally accepted theories about the geometry and mechanics of India's subduction beneath Asia.The earthquake occurred near the geologic boundary between the Indo‐Gangetic basin and the Himalayas, 200 km southeast of Katmandu. The epicenter of the quake, as determined by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Service in Denver, Colo., was at 26.6°N, 86.6°E, nearly coincident with that of a magnitude‐8.3 earthquake that rocked the region in 1934. A series of great earthquakes [M⩾8] has taken place during the past 2 centuries along the length of the range, near the topographic break that marks the southern limit of Himalayan deformation. Most earthquakes in the region occur under the high Himalaya, 100–200 km farther north, and are typically of small to moderate size.
The Ceaseless Wind: An Introduction to the Theory of Atmospheric Motion
Authors: Bromley R.A. 
Published: October 2006

When this book was first published in 1976; it consisted, like Gaul, of three parts, one setting out the basic mathematical and physical concepts that are used in atmospheric dynamics, another constructing the necessary equations, and a third discussing the application of the equations to the atmosphere. In this new paperback edition the author has added a chapter on mathematical modeling of the atmosphere, and he has taken the opportunity to make some corrections and revisions.There have been many advances in meteorology in the decade since publication of the first edition, but this edition includes hardly any of them. This is essentially a book about theorectical rather than observational meteorology, so perhaps it is understandable that no account is given of recent satellite data for the stratosphere or for the southern hemisphere. However, to read the sections on the global energy budget, one might think that the Global Weather Experiment had never taken place. Only a few theoretical topics have been added, while others, such as cyclogenesis, have been left unaltered, with the result that what little attention they receive seems to be distinctly old‐fashioned. The new material at the end of the book includes a study of the possible flow regimes of the (global) atmosphere. This starts out in promising fashion and sets up some useful working approximations, but instead of going on to apply these in real situations, the discussion turns away to examine a set of canonical equations that owes as much to statistical mechanics as to meteorology. These additions are not made any easier to appreciate by the rather baffling decision to add an extra index for the new chapter. The reader may now have the pleasure of looking u p one subject in two indexes before discovering that it was never there in the first place.
AGU overview: The State of the Union
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU is growing in membership, in publications, in meetings and in the myriad of public sector and educational programs on which the membership has placed a high priority. At the May 1988 Council Meeting, outgoing President Peter S. Eagleson outlined some of the major objectives that the Union had in 1986 and the accomplishments in those areas in a “State‐of‐the‐Union” message that reflected pride in the Union's accomplishments and optimism for the future.In the area of public affairs, the Union had resolved to take an active role in elevating the national consciousness about geophysics and in influencing public decisions affecting our sciences. Among other things during the 1986–88 biennium, AGU:

Adopted a procedure for developing advocacy positions, which appears later in this issue;
Developed the Planet Earth Initiative and a position on earmarking of Federal funds, both of which are published in this issue;
Began a program of advocacy on behalf of the Planet Earth Initiative; and
Began the development of several other positions.
A model of Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia
Authors: Williams Stanley N. , Meyer Hansjürgen 
Published: October 2006

A workshop was held at the Observatorio Vulcanologico de Colombia in Manizales, Colombia, March 28 to April 1, 1988, to review the accumulated data on the disastrous November 13, 1985, eruption and related activity of Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Figure 1). Approximately 30 scientists from eight countries presented data, developed a preliminary model, and addressed the future problems of Ruiz. The volcano (see Figure 2) erupted just prior to the meeting, covering the meeting site with 1–2 mm of ash.The workshop was convened by Stanley N. Williams (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge) and Hansjürgen Meyer (Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia). A special volume of the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research is planned for the papers and letters presented at the workshop, with some additional contributions. Publication is expected in mid‐1989.
Navy ponders a total ban on bathymetry
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Can the ocean floor's topography be a state secret? The U.S. Navy is now deciding whether to deny U.S. scientists access to highly detailed bathymetrie data because of security imperatives it says it can't completely reveal. Government officials and scientists interviewed for this artcle agree that the central issue is the costs and benefits of secrecy in a scientifically open society.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has mapped nearly 128,000 km2 of the seafloor in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, but since 1985, when Vice Admiral John Poindexter of the National Security Council banned the distribution of maps and charts produced in the program at the request of the Navy, scientists haven't been able to see or use the high‐resolution sonar data. The Navy is now considering extending that restriction to all multibeam bathymetry acquired through federally sponsored research anywhere in the world.
New venting in TAG Field
Authors: Nelsen Terry L. 
Published: October 2006

The Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) Hydrothermal Field, which lies on the east wall of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at about 26°N, has been a focus of study since low‐temperature hydrothermal activity was discovered there in 1973. In July 1985, scientists making an intensive investigation of the site discovered the first black smokers on the ridge (Eos, 66, October 1, 1985, p. 682).The smokers appeared in images from a towed deep‐sea photovideo camera. Water temperature anomalies were recorded by a near‐bottom thermister array mounted on the camera. A conductivity‐temperaturedepth (CTD)/nephelometer package sent real‐time data of plume depth, distribution, and concentration. Shipboard analysis provided total reactive Mn.
Solar radiative output variations
Authors: Foukal Peter V. 
Published: October 2006

A National Science Foundation sponsored workshop on Solar Radiative Output Variations was held at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., November 9–11, 1987. The aims were to review the status of this topic, identify research areas most likely to prove fruitful in the next 5–10 years, and make recommendations on desirable initiatives, particularly in ground‐based observations and theory.Fifty three scientists participated in 2½ days of review and contributed papers, and in the organizational meetings of six working groups. The sessions covered subjects ranging from “what atmospheric and climate physicists need to know about the solar radiative output and its variations,” through direct and proxy observations of EUV, UV, and total irradiance variability of the Sun and similar stars, to the physical interpretation of such variations in the present and distant past.
Frederick L. Scarf 1930”1988
Authors: Greenstadt E. W. , Moses S. L. , Kennel C. F. , Russell C. T. , Coroniti F. V. 
Published: October 2006

Frederick L. Scarf, chief scientist for Space Research and Technology in the Applied Technology Division of TRW Space and Technology Group, died suddenly July 17, while in Moscow attending the launch of the Russian missions to Phobos.Fred died “with his boots on,” carrying out responsibilities that combined scientific, political, and international cooperation with the adventure and excitement of space exploration he loved so well. His presence in Moscow symbolized a reinvigorated era of Soviet‐American cooperation: Both Phobos spacecraft carried into space the newest Soviet built plasma wave experiments, in which Fred was an invited coinvestigator. On his last conscious day, Fred impressed his colleagues with his enthusiasm for the successful deployment of the Phobos plasma wave antennae, an enthusiasm as great as his pleasure at the deployment of his first experiment 20 years earlier.
NSF Continental Lithosphere Program
Authors: Mayhew Michael , MacGregor Ian 
Published: October 2006

For several months the Continental Lithosphere Program (CL) of the National Science Foundation has been subject to a major review. The process was stimulated by a series of budget setbacks over the past few years. Although Presidential budget requests have been very favorable for the Division of Earth Sciences (EAR), and there has been strong support within the National Science Foundation and Congress, actual appropriations by Congress have been disappointing.In each year the final allocation to EAR has been affected by external factors beyond the control of the Foundation. In the four fiscal years from 1986 through 1989 the factors include reductions tied to the Gramm‐Rudman deficit reduction measures, congressional reaction to the October 1987 stock market crash, and two years of protection for the Ocean Sciences part of the NSF budget that was paid for from the budgets of the Atmospheric and Earth Sciences divisions.
Medium‐term earthquake prediction
Authors: Gupta H. K. 
Published: October 2006

There is a worldwide effort to study and identify spatial and temporal variation of seismicity and recognize patterns that precede earthquakes “Mogi, 1969, 1984; Ohtake et al, 1977a, b; Habermann, 1981; Wyss et al, 1983; Liu Puxiong et al, 1984; Ohnaka, 1984–1985; and many others”.Gupta and Singh “1986” carried out a detailed study of earthquake swarms and quiescence which precede major earthquakes in the northeast India region and concluded: 1. Moderate magnitude to great earthquakes in the northeast India region are found to be preceded, generally, by well‐defined earthquake swarms and quiescence periods.
Environmental consequences of nuclear war
Authors: Pittock A.B. 
Published: October 2006

As the end of the century approaches, humanity is seeking a broader, deeper sense of security. In this context the voice of the international scientific community must be clearly articulated in order to provide scientific judgment and advice to public policy makers: for example, from the likely global catastrophic effects of a major nuclear war to the resolution or avoidance of conventional conflicts; from the control of pollution and the effects of acid rain to the wider consequences of global warming; from the mounting strains that will arise from the world's growing population to the needs for more reliable methods and arrangements for food supply, health, education and sustainable development. The protection of the global environment is the responsibility of, and in the mutual interest of, all nations.In the light of these concerns, the Myrdal Foundation and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences invited an international group of scientists to consider the specific issue of the environmental consequences of nuclear war and to evaluate the 1988 United Nations report on the subject.
Artificial recharge of groundwater
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Task Committee on Guidelines for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, of the American Society of Civil Engineers' (ASCE) Irrigation and Drainage Division, sponsored an International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater at the Inn‐at‐the‐Park Hotel in Anaheim, Calif., August 23–27, 1988. Cosponsors were the U.S. Geological Survey, California Department of Water Resources, University of California Water Resources Center, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, with cooperation from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, American Water Resources Association, U.S. Agency for International Development, World Bank, United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development, and a number of local and state organizations.Because of the worldwide interest in artificial recharge and the need to develop efficient recharge facilities, the Anaheim symposium brought together an interdisciplinary group of engineers and scientists to provide a forum for many professional disciplines to exchange experiences and findings related to various types of artificial recharge; learn from both successful and unsuccessful case histories; promote technology transfer between the various disciplines; provide an education resource for communication with those who are not water scientists, such as planners, lawyers, regulators, and the public in general; and indicate directions by which cities or other entities can save funds by having reasonable technical guidelines for implementation of a recharge project.
Solar physics news at NASA headquarters
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Three investigations were selected for the NASA Max ′91 Solar Balloon Program (SBP) from 12 submitted proposals. The purpose of Max ′91 SBP is to make observations of solar flares and activity with a new generation of visible light and high‐energy telescopes during the approaching epoch of maximum solar activity in the early 1990s.The selected investigations are gamma‐ray imaging device (grid) on a balloon, C. J. Crannell, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); high resolution gamma‐ray and hard x‐ray spectrometer (HIREGS), R. P. Lin, University of California, Berkeley; and balloon flights of the solar optical universal polarimeter (SOUP), T.D. Tarbell; Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, California.
Mars during the 1988 opposition
Authors: Bell James F. , McCord Thomas B. , Lucey Paul G. 
Published: October 2006

As far back as the 19th century the unmistakable orange‐red color of Mars led to initial suppositions, since proven correct, that iron oxides must be dominant components of the martian surface soil and rock mineralogy. In September 1988 Mars passed within 59×106 km (37×106 miles) of Earth, affording ground‐based astronomers their best view of the planet since 1971, and until 2001.During this opposition, for the first time, high resolution spectral studies of Mars are being carried out at the University of Hawaii's 88‐inch telescope atop Mauna Kea. These measurements are concentrating on the 0.3–1.0 (Am wavelength region, where numerous absorption features long known to be associated with Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineralogies occur.
Science spending in FY 1990 budget
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Ronald Reagan's budget for Fiscal Year 1990 says “the ability of the nation to meet global competition, provide for national security, and improve the quality of life for all citizens depends on national investments in science and technology.” The budget includes large spending increases for the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, level spending at the U.S. Geological Survey, and a decrease for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.The $1.15 trillion Fiscal Year 1990 budget exceeds Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings targets for reducing the budget deficit to $100 billion in 1990 without raising taxes. Initiatives such as the space station ($2.05 billion), the Strategic Defense Initiative ($5.9 billion), modernization and environmental cleanup of Department of Energy nuclear facilities ($3.3 billion), and AIDS research ($1.6 billion) all received increases of more than 20% over FY 1989. An analysis by the Congressional Budget Office shows that the FY 1990 budget cuts existing domestic programs by a total of $25 billion and terminates 82 programs.
Our changing planet
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A report entitled “Our Changing Planet: A U.S. Strategy for Global Change Research,” was released on January 9 with President Reagan's 1990 budget. The report is intended to provide a coordinated foundation for planning the U.S. program to study changes in the Earth system, and it outlines a program of focused research that grows from $133.9 million in FY 89 to $190.5 million in FY 90. These funds are included in the budgets of the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Department of the Interior, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Commerce, Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture.The report was prepared by the Committee on Earth Sciences (CES) of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology. The CES is chaired by Dallas Peck of the U.S. Geological Survey and has members from the Council on Environmental Quality, Department of State, Office of Management and Budget, Office of Science and Technology Policy, USDA, EPA, NASA, Department of Defense, DOE, DOC, Department of Transportation, and the NSF.
Arctic ozone study begins
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and other, institutions have begun an airborne study of stratospheric ozone depletion over the Arctic. The investigators will search for ozone‐depletion processes within the Arctic vortex and their possible influence on ozone concentrations over heavily, populated northern mid‐latitudes.This Arctic study wiD be similar to one done last year over Antarctica that implicated chkxrofluorocarbons as the cause of the “ozone hole” during the austral spring. Results from the Antarctic study suggested to scientists that similar processes could be occurring in the Arctic, perhaps on a reduced scale: A brief field study in Greenland in early 1988 found elevated levels of chlorine compounds in the atmosphere over the Arctic, increasing scientists' suspicions.