bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dusty Locale: evolution of galactic dust populations from Milky Way to dwarf-mass galaxies
Authors: Choban Caleb R , Kereš Dušan , Sandstrom Karin M , Hopkins Philip F , Hayward Christopher C , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Observations indicate dust populations vary between galaxies and within them, suggesting a complex life cycle and evolutionary history. Here we investigate the evolution of galactic dust populations across cosmic time using a suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project, spanning $M_{\rm vir}=10^{9-12}{M}_{\odot };\, M_{*}=10^{6-11}\, {M}_{\odot }$. Our simulations incorporate a dust evolution model that accounts for the dominant sources of dust production, growth, and destruction and follows the evolution of specific dust species. All galactic dust populations in our suite exhibit similar evolutionary histories, with gas–dust accretion being the dominant producer of dust mass for all but the most metal-poor galaxies. Similar to previous works, we find the onset of efficient gas–dust accretion occurs above a ‘critical’ metallicity threshold (Zcrit). Due to this threshold, our simulations reproduce observed trends between galactic D/Z and metallicity and element depletion trends in the interstellar medium. However, we find Zcrit varies between dust species due to differences in key element abundances, dust physical properties, and life cycle processes resulting in $Z_{\rm crit}\sim 0.05{\rm Z}_{\odot },\, 0.2{\rm Z}_{\odot },\, 0.5{\rm Z}_{\odot }$ for metallic iron, silicates, and carbonaceous dust, respectively. These variations could explain the lack of small carbonaceous grains observed in the Magellanic Clouds. We also find a delay between the onset of gas–dust accretion and when a dust population reaches equilibrium, which we call the equilibrium time-scale (τequil). The relation between τequil and the metal enrichment time-scale of a galaxy, determined by its recent evolutionary history, can contribute to the scatter in the observed relation between galactic D/Z and metallicity.
Improving Enforcement Measures and Establishing Clear Criteria: A Content Analysis of Tobacco-Brand-Owned Instagram Accounts
Authors: Silver Nathan A , Kucherlapaty Padmini , Bertrand Adrian , Falk Robert N , Rath Jessica Miler 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Introduction
This study examines limitations of the current regulatory framework for tobacco advertising on Instagram. We first investigate compliance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning label requirements for posts by tobacco-owned accounts. Next, we examine the prevalence of content that has been restricted in broadcast or print for its youth appeal, followed by content meeting more expansive criteria for youth appeal set forth in the FDA’s guidance document.

Aims and Methods
Posts by tobacco-brand-owned accounts between January 1, 2021, and February 14, 2022, were sampled from Mintel’s Comperemedia Omni database. Instagram posts from 15 accounts were examined for violations of FDA warning label requirements and content that has been restricted on other mediums, including cartoons, sports branding, unauthorized claims, and young models (N = 1243). Finally, a subsample of n = 453 unambiguously branded posts was coded for themes that met the FDA’s criteria of resonating with younger audiences, particularly that “adolescents rely on external information as they seek to shape their own identities.”

Results
Only 12.8% of posts had fully compliant warning labels. Content that has been in some way regulated on other mediums, such as cartoons (1.6%), unauthorized health claims (&lt;1%), sports branding (&lt;1%), and young models (4.4%) were infrequent. However, a conservative analysis focusing only on branded posts found that posts frequently highlighted tech elements (45%), device customizability (24.5%), vaper identity (17.7%), stylized product photography (33.6%), social media engagement (32.2%), and memes (5.7%).

Conclusions
Enforcement of existing regulations on Instagram is minimal. Explicit content restrictions applying evidence-based guidance on youth-appealing advertising are needed.

Implications
This research has important implications for enforcing and expanding advertising regulations on social media. First, Instagram’s self-imposed regulations are ineffective, permitting tobacco companies to post ads from brand-owned accounts despite claiming to restrict tobacco promotion on the platform. Second, policymakers should seek to apply FDA guidance on youth-appealing advertising informed by decades of research to create explicit enforceable content restrictions that extend beyond cartoons, sports figures, and young models to include content likely to situate tobacco use within the developing self-concept of vulnerable youth such as presenting e-cigarettes as hi-tech devices, highlighting vaper identity, or infiltrating online social media culture. Finally, greater resources for enforcement are needed given the only applicable regulation, warning labels, remains largely ignored.
Do Flavor Descriptions Influence Subjective Ratings of Flavored and Unflavored E-liquids Among Nonsmoking and Non-vaping UK Adolescents?
Authors: Dyer Maddy L , Suddell Steph F , Khouja Jasmine N , Havill Michelle A , Blackwell Anna K M , Maynard Olivia M , Munafò Marcus R , Attwood Angela S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Youth use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rising globally and is associated with health harms. Flavor descriptions on e-liquid packaging may contribute to the appeal of e-cigarettes among youth. This study compared subjective ratings of e-liquid packaging flavor descriptions among nonsmoking and non-vaping UK adolescents.

Aims and Methods
This was an online observational study in a UK sample of nonsmoking and non-vaping adolescents aged 11–17 years. The primary analyses compared flavored versus unflavored descriptions and the secondary analyses compared sweet flavor versus fruit flavor descriptions. Outcomes were packaging appraisal, packaging receptivity, perceived harm, and perceived audience.

Results
The survey was completed by 120 participants (74% female). Packaging appraisal ratings were higher for e-liquids with flavored descriptions than unflavored descriptions (mean difference 5.9, 95% CI: 4.2 to 7.6, p &lt; .001). Similarly, packaging receptivity ratings were higher for e-liquids with flavored descriptions than unflavored descriptions (mean difference 4.2, 95% CI: 2.8 to 5.6, p &lt; .001). Participants also perceived e-liquids with flavored (vs. unflavored) descriptions as less “grown-up” (mean difference −5.2, 95% CI: −7.3 to −3.1, p &lt; .001). However, ratings of perceived harm were similar for flavored and unflavored descriptions (mean difference −1.0, 95% CI: −2.6 to .5, p = .189).

Conclusions
Although this study found differences in subjective ratings of e-liquids with flavored and unflavored descriptions, nonsmoking and non-vaping UK adolescents generally had low appraisal and receptivity for e-liquids and they perceived them as being “grown-up” and harmful.

Implications
Youth use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasing globally, leading to concerns about health harms. This study compared adolescents’ ratings of e-liquids with flavored versus unflavored descriptions and e-liquids with sweet flavor versus fruit flavor descriptions. This study adds to previous studies that have compared adolescents’ ratings of e-liquids with tobacco flavor versus non-tobacco flavor descriptions. Although packaging appraisal and receptivity ratings were higher (more positive) for e-liquids with flavored versus unflavored descriptions, overall, adolescents who do not smoke or vape had low appraisal and receptivity for e-liquids, and they perceived them as being “grown-up” and harmful.
The 30 × 30 initiative: Seeking to improve public safety and transform departments by advancing women in policing
Authors: McGough Maureen Q , Roman Ivonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Women make up only 12% of sworn officers and 3% of police leaders in the United States, and these numbers have remained stagnant for decades. While this is concerning from a gender equity perspective, it is also concerning from a public safety perspective, as a growing body of research demonstrates the unique value of women officers - from fewer uses of excessive force, to improved trust with diverse communities, to better outcomes for victims of crime. The 30x30 Initiative is a national grassroots effort to improve both the representation and experiences of women in policing, with the ultimate goal of improving public safety outcomes across communities. After nearly three years of implementation in over 300 law enforcement agencies, 30x30 has produced a robust body of promising practices, demographic data, and lessons learned about what works and what matters for advancing women in the profession. In the coming years, these efforts will expand through support for the US Department of Justice to analyze agency trends, understand promising practices to advance gender equity in other industries, and develop an evidence-informed implementation guide for all public agencies seeking to address gender equity and improve inclusivity in the workplace.
Gastric dysrhythmias in patients with early systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Seelmann Daniela , Poblete María Paz , Saavedra Silvana , Madrid Ana María , von Muhlenbrock Christian , Estay Camila , Goecke Annelise 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Gastric involvement in patients with early systemic sclerosis (SSc) has not been previously investigated. We aim to evaluate the association of gastric dysrhythmias with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC).

Methods
Cross-sectional study. Patients with early SSc, completed the UCLA GIT 2.0 questionnaire, performed an NVC, and a surface Electrogastrography (EGG). Descriptive statistics was used for demographic and clinical characteristics and Fisher and Kendall Tau tests were used for association analysis.

Results
75 patients were screened, 30 patients were consecutively enrolled, 29 performed the EGG and 1 patient had a non-interpretable NVC. 29/30 were female with a mean age of 48.7 years (25–72). The mean disease duration from the first non-RP symptom was 22.6 +/-10.8 months and most of the patients had limited disease (76.6%). Total GIT 2.0 score symptoms were moderate-severe in 63% of the participants and 28/29 had an abnormal EGG. Bradygastria was the most common pattern present in 70% of the participants. NVC patterns: 17% early, 34% active, 28% scleroderma-like, 14% non-specific, and 2 patients had a normal NVC. There was no association between severe GI symptoms or NVC patterns and severely abnormal EGG, but the presence of bradygastria was associated with severe impairment in the social functioning area (p 0.018).

Conclusions
Gastric dysmotility is common in early SSc and there is a lack of correlation between GI symptoms and NVC scleroderma patterns. EGG is a sensitive, cheap, and non-invasive exam, that may be an alternative to early diagnosis of GI involvement.
Predictors and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension complicating interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Morrisroe Kathleen , Hansen Dylan , Stevens Wendy , Ross Laura , Sahhar Joanne , Ngian Gene-Siew , Hill Catherine , Host Lauren , Walker Jennifer , Proudman Susanna , Nikpour Mandana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to identify those SSc patients with concurrent pulmonary hypertension (PH) (SSc-PH patients) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) and determine their disease severity, therapeutic approach, and survival.

Methods
Consecutive SSc patients enrolled in the Australian Scleroderma Cohort Study (ASCS) who were diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension (via right-heart catherization) were included in the study. Logistic regression was used to determine the associations of ILD with PH hemodynamic parameters and therapeutic approach. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate survival rates.

Results
Of 1883 SSc patients, 164 (8.7%) developed incident PH over a median follow-up of 4.3 (1.7–7.9) years. Of these, 43.9% had concurrent ILD at PH diagnosis (PH-ILD) and 56.1% had group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Extensive ILD was present at PH diagnosis in 40.3%. Despite these distinct PH cohorts, a similar frequency of each PH cohort was treated with vasodilatory therapy at PH diagnosis, regardless of the presence or severity of ILD. The majority (87.5%) of those patients with extensive ILD and PH received upfront vasodilatory therapy at PH diagnosis, with no difference in its tolerability or therapy cessation being observed compared with the patients with group 1 PAH. Although vasodilator therapy was not associated with a survival advantage in those with extensive ILD, its use was associated with an amelioration of symptoms, and an improvement in physical function, and quality of life (QoL).

Conclusion
Despite vasodilator therapy, survival in SSc-PH was found to be poor, with the presence of concurrent ILD being associated with worse survival. Although vasodilator therapy commenced at PH diagnosis was not shown to be associated with an improved survival in PH with extensive ILD, it appeared to be well tolerated and may improve symptoms, physical function, and QoL.
Are High-Immigrant Neighborhoods Disadvantaged in Seeking Local Government Services? Evidence from Baltimore City, Maryland
Authors: Xie Min , McDowall David , Houlihan Sean 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
To modernize public service delivery, U.S. communities increasingly rely on 311 systems for residents to request government services. Research on 311 systems is relatively new, and there is mixed evidence on whether 311 can help bridge the gap between disadvantaged communities and governments. This study draws from research on immigration, race/ethnicity, and differential engagement to explore the link between immigrant concentration and 311 usage. We use longitudinal data on 311 requests in Baltimore City, Maryland (2014–2019) and spatial panel regression analysis to show that neighborhood racial/ethnic structure and the national policy environment can significantly influence whether immigrant concentration is a barrier for 311 service-seeking. Specifically, we find that immigrant concentration reduces 311 requests in high-immigrant neighborhoods with Latino or Black concentration, but not in high-immigrant neighborhoods with White/Asian concentration. We also find that in Latino high-immigrant neighborhoods, the relationship between immigrant concentration and 311 requests appears mainly after 2017, when the federal government adopted hostile immigration policies. By establishing and contextualizing the relationship between immigrant concentration and 311 usage, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of civic participation and the connection between immigrant communities and government.
Decolonising the Present by Colonising the Past? A Case From the History of Physical Anthropology
Authors: Askheim Clemet , Engebretsen Eivind , Gladhaug Ivar Prydz 
Published: March 2024

Summary
Inspired by the current transdisciplinary debate about decolonisation, this article raises the fundamental question of how medicine can manage its own history in a way that safeguards the drive for decolonisation, but without eradicating the traces of previous misconceptions. We will do so by reconsidering a case from the complex records of physical anthropology, more specifically, a selected corpus of texts written by the two Norwegian physicians Kristian Emil Schreiner and Alette Schreiner in the early twentieth century, and their relation to race and racism. By teasing out the conceptual nuances and specificities in these texts, we do not attempt to exonerate the Schreiner couple of accusations of racism. Rather, we argue that it is essential to approach the past with caution, avoiding oversimplification when striving to distance ourselves from past thinking
National Beef Quality Audit—2022: Transportation, mobility, live cattle, and hide assessments to determine producer-related defects that affect animal welfare and the value of market cows and bulls at processing facilities
Authors: Borders Sydni E , Schwartz Trent E , Mayer Thachary R , Gehring Kerri B , Griffin Davey B , Kerth Christopher R , Belk Keith E , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Scanga John A , Nair Mahesh N , Morgan J Brad , Douglas Jarrett B , Pfeiffer Morgan M , Mafi Gretchen G , Harr Keayla M , Lawrence Ty E , Tennant Travis C , Lucherk Loni W , O’Quinn Travis G , Beyer Erin S , Bass Phil D , Garcia Lyda G , Bohrer Benjamin M , Pempek Jessica A , Garmyn Andrea J , Maddock Robert J , Carr C Chad , Pringle T Dean , Scheffler Tracy L , Scheffler Jason M , Stelzleni Alexander M , Gonzalez John M , Underwood Keith R , Harsh Bailey N , Waters Crystal M , Savell Jeffrey W 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA)-2022 serves as a benchmark of the current market cow and bull sectors of the U.S. beef industry and allows comparison to previous audits as a method of monitoring industry progress. From September 2021 through May 2022, livestock trailers (n = 125), live animals (n = 5,430), and post-slaughter hide-on animals (n = 6,674) were surveyed at 20 commercial beef processing facilities across the U.S. Cattle were transported in a variety of trailer types for an average distance of 490.6 km and a mean transport time of 6.3 h. During transit, cattle averaged 2.3 m2 of trailer space per animal indicating sufficient space was provided according to industry guidelines. Of all trailers surveyed, 55.3% transported cattle from an auction barn to a processing facility. When surveyed, 63.6% of all truck drivers reported to be Beef Quality Assurance certified. The majority (77.0%) of cattle were sound when evaluated for mobility. Mean body condition scores (9-point scale) for beef cows and bulls were 3.8 and 4.4, respectively, whereas mean body condition scores (5-point scale) for dairy cows and bulls were 2.3 and 2.6, respectively. Of the cattle surveyed, 45.1% had no visible live animal defects, and 37.9% had only a single defect. Of defects present in cows, 64.6% were attributed to an udder problem. Full udders were observed in 47.5% of all cows. Nearly all cattle were free of visible abscesses and knots (97.9% and 98.2%, respectively). No horns were observed in 89.4% of all cattle surveyed. Beef cattle were predominantly black-hided (68.9% and 67.4% of cows and bulls, respectively). Holstein was the predominant dairy animal observed and accounted for 85.7% of the cows and 98.0% of the bulls. Only 3.1% of all animals had no form of identification. Findings from the NBQA-2022 show improvements within the industry and identify areas that require continued education and research to improve market cow and bull welfare and beef quality.
CircFOXO3 mediates hypoxia‐induced autophagy of endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis
Authors: Zhang Ling , Liu Hengwei , Xiong Wenqian , He Haitang , Fu Tian , Long Xuefeng , Li Xiaoou , Liang Jiaxin , Ding Hui , Xu Ying , Liu Yi , Dai Xin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEndometriosis is a benign gynecological disease that shares some common features of malignancy. Autophagy plays vital roles in endometriosis and influences endometrial cell metastasis, and hypoxia was identified as the initiator of this pathological process through hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α). A newly discovered circular RNA FOXO3 (circFOXO3) is critical in cell autophagy, migration, and invasion of various diseases and is reported to be related to hypoxia, although its role in endometriosis remains to be elucidated up to now. In this study, a lower circFOXO3 expression in ectopic endometrium was investigated. Furthermore, we verified that circFOXO3 could regulate autophagy by downregulating the level of p53 protein to mediate the migration and invasion of human endometrial stromal cells (T HESCs). Additionally, the effects of HIF‐1α on circFOXO3 and autophagy were examined in T HESCs. Notably, overexpression of HIF‐1α could induce autophagy and inhibit circFOXO3 expression, whereas overexpressing of circFOXO3 under hypoxia significantly inhibited hypoxia‐induced autophagy. Mechanistically, the direct combination between HIF‐1α and HIF‐1α‐binding site on adenosine deaminase 1 acting on RNA (ADAR1) promoter increased the level of ADAR1 protein, which bind directly with circFOXO3 pre‐mRNA to block the cyclization of circFOXO3. All these results support that hypoxia‐mediated ADAR1 elevation inhibited the expression of circFOXO3, and then autophagy was induced upon loss of circFOXO3 via inhibition of p53 degradation, participating in the development of endometriosis.
Evaluation of probiotic properties of a Brevibacillus laterosporus strain
Authors: Cao Yuheng , Wang Zhenhua , Dai Xixi , Zhang Dongmei , Zeng Yan , Ni Xueqin , Pan Kangcheng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBrevibacillus laterosporus is a strain of probiotic bacteria that has been widely used in pest control, cash crop, and other production areas. However, few studies have been conducted on its use as a feed additive in animals. Therefore, the probiotic potential of B. laterosporus PBC01 was evaluated by characterizing hydrophobicity, auto‐aggregation activity, bile salt and simulated gastrointestinal fluid tolerance, bienzymatic, and antibacterial activity. Antibiotic susceptibility, hemolysis assays, and supplemental feeding of mice were also performed to evaluate safety features. Our results showed that B. laterosporus PBC01 had moderate hydrophobicity, high auto‐agglutination ability. Meanwhile, B. laterosporus PBC01 had good tolerance to bile salt and simulated gastrointestinal fluid. It had the ability to secrete protease, cellulase, and to inhibit various pathogens. In addition, B. laterosporus PBC01 was sensitive to many antibiotics, and did not produce hemolysin. In the safety assessment of mice, it did not cause any deaths, nor did it affect the cell components of blood, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive health. The study indicated the great probiotic characteristics and safety of B. laterosporus PBC01. This may provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of probiotic‐based feed additives.