bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overweight more prevalent among children than among adolescents
Authors: Holmbäck Ulf , Fridman Jennifer , Gustafsson Jan , Proos Lemm , Sundelin Claes , Forslund Anders 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims: To study if there is a change in paediatric overweight/obesity prevalence from 1982 to 2002 in a population with a high proportion of post‐graduate education.Design: Two samples of children in Uppsala County, Sweden, were compared: children who were 4, 10 and 16 year old in 1982; or 4, 10 and 16 year old in 2002. Mean BMI (in the lowest 10%, middle 50% and highest 10%) and ISO‐BMI (‘age adjusted BMI’) cut‐off values were calculated in each age and gender group.Results: Using the mean BMI or ISO‐BMI cut‐off values, the BMI‐distribution shifted from 1982 to 2002. More 4‐ and 10‐year‐old girls and boys were overweight/obese, although this shift was larger in girls. No shift was seen in the 16‐year‐olds, only the middle 50% group in the 16‐year‐old girls had a slight increase of their mean BMI. In the 2002 4‐year‐old, and both 10‐year‐old samples, a higher proportion of the girls were overweight/obese compared to the boys, but no difference was seen in the 16‐year‐old sample.Conclusion: Young children, especially girls, have become much more overweight/obese during the past 20 years, despite a high proportion of post‐graduate education in the population. The lack of major change in 16‐year‐olds may suggest a rather recent change in the children's environment/lifestyle.
Role of TOPS (a simplified assessment of neonatal acute physiology) in predicting mortality in transported neonates
Authors: Mathur N B , Arora Daisy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To evaluate role of TOPS (a simplified assessment of neonatal acute physiology) in predicting mortality in transported neonates and to compare it with SNAP II. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Referral Neonatal Unit of a teaching hospital.Subjects: 175 neonates >1000 g admitted to referral nursery.Methods: Temperature, oxygenation, capillary refill time (proxy for perfusion) and blood sugar (given the acronym of TOPS) were recorded at admission. SNAP II was also recorded for first 12 hours following admission.Results: All the TOPS variables had significant correlation with fatality on univariate analysis. Fatality was 100% when all the four TOPS variables were deranged. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of derangements of two or more TOPS parameters in predicting mortality were 81.6%, 77.39%, 65.3% and 89%, respectively All the variables of SNAP II significantly correlated with mortality. A cut‐off score of 24 was derived from the ROC curve. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of SNAP II score >24 in predicting mortality were 78.3%, 86.1%, 74.6% and 88.4%, respectively. The area under ROC curve for derangements of 2 or more TOPS parameters was 0.89 while that for SNAP II was 0.88. Both models were well calibrated (p value for Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit for TOPS was 0.75 while that for SNAP II was 0.80). The total correct classification rate for TOPS was 81.7%, while that for SNAP II was 83.4%Conclusion: TOPS has an equally good prediction for mortality as SNAP II and can be used as a simple and useful method of assessment of risk of fatality that can be assessed immediately, at admission.
Determinants of breastfeeding initiation in Xinjiang, PR China, 2003–2004
Authors: Xu Fenglian , Binns Colin , Yu Ping , Bai Yi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To identify the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and the determinants of the breastfeeding initiation in Xinjiang, PR China, 2003–2004.Methods: A cohort study of infant feeding practices was undertaken in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. A total 1219 mothers were randomly recruited in five hospitals or institutes located in urban and rural areas during 2003 and 2004. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with breastfeeding initiation.Results: Before discharge from hospital, 92.2% of the mothers were breastfeeding including 66.2% who were exclusively breastfed. A total of 88 mothers (7.8%) were not breastfeeding on discharge from hospital. Breastfeeding before discharge was positively associated giving breastmilk as the first feed (OR 4.05, CI 1.30–12.65) feeding on demand (OR 4.33, CI 1.69–11.08), when the mother felt she had been given enough information about breastfeeding, belonging to a minority ethnic group (OR 3.13, CI 1.21–5.05) and giving birth in spring or summer.Conclusions: This study has documented breastfeeding initiation rate and associated factors with it in Xinjiang, PR China.
Oral glucose as an analgesic to reduce infant distress following immunization at the age of 3, 5 and 12 months
Authors: Thyr Margit , Sundholm Anneli , Teeland Lawrence , Rahm Vivi‐Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To evaluate oral glucose as an analgesic to reduce infant distress after immunization during the first year of life and to investigate if these effects change during this period.Methods: A prospective controlled trial of the effectiveness of glucose on crying response to immunizations at 3, 5 and 12 months of age. A total of 110 infants were randomized to receive 2 mL of 30% glucose or water. The same solution was given at 3, 5 and 12 months. Crying was registered from onset of the injection up to 120 seconds. Infanrix Polio Hib was administered intra‐muscular in the thigh. Observation nurse and parents were blind to the nature of the solution.Results: Administration of glucose reduced the mean crying time by 22% at 3 months, 62% at 5 months and 52% at 12 months. The difference was significant at 5 and at 12 months. In the water group, there was a significant correlation between the children who cried at 3 months and who subsequently cried at 5 and 12 months. No correlations were found in the glucose group.Conclusion: Sweet solution can be used as a simple and safe method to reduce the distress following immunization in infants up to 12 months.
The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and its severity in primary school children in Taiwan
Authors: Tai Hui‐Lung , Chang Yu‐Jun , Chang Sally Chia‐Chien , Chen Gin‐Den , Chang Chin‐Pao , Chou Ming‐Chih 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children in elementary school in Taiwan and to evaluate its associated factors and severity.Materials and Methods: A randomly selected cross‐sectional study was conducted from elementary schools in Changhua county, Taiwan in 2003. In all, 9228 questionnaires were sent to 46 schools in 26 districts.Results: A total of 92.1% (8496/9228) of questionnaires were completed. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6.8%. The ratio of male to female was about 1.5 (8.0% vs. 5.5%). The prevalence of enuresis according to age group declined from 12.5% at 6 years to 2.0% at 12 years. The prevalence of enuresis in the urban area did not show significant difference from that of rural area (6.2% vs. 6.9%). Of the factors associated with enuresis, gender, age, urinary frequency or urgency, heredity, drinking habit before sleep and difficulty in waking showed significant difference after multiple logistic regression analysis. After multivariate analysis, difficulty in waking and time of wetting were the only factors significantly associated with the severity of enuresis.Conclusion: Our investigation showed the prevalence of enuresis is similar to those reports from the north of Taiwan and most of other western countries, but higher than that of China and Hong‐Kong. Difficulty in waking and time of wetting were the only factors significantly associated with the severity of enuresis.
Parent experiences of paediatric care (PEPC) questionnaire: reliability and validity following a national survey
Authors: Garratt Andrew M , Bjertnæs Øyvind Andresen , Barlinn Jon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To describe the development and evaluation of a parent completed questionnaire to measure parent experiences of inpatient paediatric care, the parent experiences of paediatric care (PEPC).Methods: Literature review, parent interviews, pre‐testing and a national survey of 6144 parents of children who were inpatients at one of the 20 paediatric departments within Norway in 2005.Results: Three thousand three hundred and eight (53.8%) parents responded to the questionnaire. Low levels of missing data suggest that the PEPC is acceptable. The questionnaire includes six scales as supported by the results of factor analysis: nursing services (seven items), doctor services (five items), organisation (four items), information – examinations and tests (two items), information – discharge (three items) and hospital facilities (four items). Cronbach's alpha and test‐retest correlations ranged from 0.7 to 0.9. Comparisons of scale scores with several variables including overall satisfaction with care and pain control, supported validity.Conclusion: The PEPC questionnaire includes important aspects of hospital care from the perspective of the parent. It has good evidence for internal consistency, test‐retest reliability and validity and is recommended in surveys of parent experiences of paediatric inpatient care.
Ocular complications at the limits of viability
Authors: Pulzer Ferdinand , Robel‐Tillig Eva , Knüpfer Matthias , Foja Christian , Gebauer Corinna , Kiess Wieland 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To evaluate the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and other ocular morbidities in extremely premature infants.Methods: A retrospective analysis of the prevalence and nature of ocular abnormalities in a cohort of 22 extremely pre‐term infants born <25 + 0 weeks of estimated gestational age (GA) was performed.Results: The children were grouped according to the observed disorder: 13 out of 22 (59%) neonates with mild ophthalmologic findings (ROP ≤ stage II) [Group 1], 5 out of 22 (23%) infants with ROP stage III or more (Group 2) and 4 out of 22 (18%) neonates with severe ocular morbidity (congenital cataract, microphthalmia, partial optic nerve atrophy and corneal perforation due to an ulcer with lens protrusion), partly combined with ROP ≥ stage III (three of four). One child of 22 (5%) needed laser therapy. Out of 22 admitted infants, 20 (91%) were discharged alive.Conclusion: The high rate of ocular morbidity besides ROP in extremely pre‐term infants is noteworthy. Mechanisms influencing the postnatal development of the eye, especially their relation to the grade of prematurity and neonatological therapeutical strategies, require further investigations.
Mode of delivery and threshold retinopathy of prematurity in pre‐term ELBW neonates
Authors: Manzoni P. , Farina D. , Maestri A. , Giovannozzi C. , Leonessa M. L. , Arisio R. , Gomirato G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a multifactorial disease, but little is known about its relationship with perinatal risk factors. We tested the hypothesis that the mode of delivery may be associated with threshold ROP as defined by CRYO‐ROP.Methods: We conducted a prospective, cohort analysis of a database of all extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates (=birth weight <1000 g) admitted over a 8‐year period from 1997 to 2004 to a large tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in a urban area of northern Italy and screened for ROP. Incidence of threshold ROP was calculated for the whole studied population. The definition of threshold ROP was as defined by the CRYO‐ROP study. Univariate analysis was performed to look for significant associations between threshold ROP and several possible associated factors, and among them, the mode of delivery (vaginal delivery or caesarean section). When an association was indicated by p < 0.05, multiple logistic regression was used to determine the factors significantly associated with ROP.Results: Enrolled ELBW neonates were 174, and 46 of them (26.4%) displayed threshold ROP. Threshold ROP occurred in 40.9% (27 of 66) of the neonates vaginally delivered and in 17.5% (19 of 108) of those born via caesarean section (R.R. 3.35; 95% CI 1.230–4.855; p = 0.008 at univariate analysis, and =0.04 at multivariate logistic regression after controlling for birth weight, gestational age, intraventricular haemorrhage grade 2 or more, days on supplemental oxygen, systemic fungal infection). Birth by vaginal delivery was not significantly associated with other major sequelae of prematurity (intraventricular haemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis).Conclusions: In our Institution birth by vaginal delivery is a significant and independent predictor of threshold ROP in ELBW infants. We suggest to consider closely ophthalmological surveillance for pre‐term ELBW infants born this mode.
Weight gain in childhood and body composition at 18 years of age in Brazilian males
Authors: Victora Cesar G , Sibbritt David , Horta Bernardo L , Lima Rosângela C , ScD Tim Cole , Wells Jonathan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To assess the association between weight gain at different time periods during childhood and measures of adiposity in late adolescence.Methods: A population‐based birth cohort carried out in Pelotas, a 320 000‐inhabitant city in a relatively developed area in Southern Brazil. All newborns in the city's hospitals were enrolled in 1982. Weight gain from 0–1, 1–2, 2–4 and 4–15 years were expressed as changes in weight‐for‐age Z‐scores relative to the NCHS/WHO reference. In 2000, 79% (2250) of all males were located when enrolling at the national Army. Weight and height were assessed. Body composition indicators (fat mass/height2, lean mass/height2, fat mass/lean mass2.3) were estimated through bioimpedance. Analyses were adjusted for maternal and social factors, as well as for gestational age.Results: In the adjusted analyses, birthweight and weight gain in the first year of life were positively associated with attained height at age 18 years. Except for the fat mass/lean mass2.3 ratio, all weight‐related outcomes were positively associated with weight gain in different periods of life. Children who gained weight rapidly in more than one time period became fatter at age 18 years, independently of when fast growth took place.Conclusions: Height was primarily determined by fetal and infant growth. Weight‐related indices, including the fat/lean mass ratio, were more strongly influenced by later growth. No clear critical windows of growth during which absolute tissue masses are programmed could be identified.
New reference values for the Alberta Infant Motor Scale need to be established
Authors: Fleuren K M W , Smit L S , Stijnen Th , Hartman A 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) is an infant developmental test, which can be used to evaluate motor performance from birth to independent walking. Between 1990 and 1992 Piper and Darrah determined reference values in a cohort in Canada. To our knowledge no study has been carried out to determine whether the Canadian data are representative for other countries. In the present study we aimed to establish whether the AIMS test needs new reference values for Dutch children.Methods: Motor performance of 100 Dutch children, aged 0–12 months, was measured using the AIMS test.Results: The mean percentile score of the Dutch children was 28.8 (±22.9, range 1–85). The percentile scores of the group were significantly lower than scores of the Canadian norm population (p < 0.001), whereby 75% of the Dutch children scored below the 50th percentile. These lower scores were not be explained by sex, racial differences or congenital disorders and were seen in all age groups.Conclusion: We conclude that new reference values on the AIMS test for the age group of 0–12 months need to be established for Dutch children. It is recommended that the need for new normative data is also determined in all other European countries.
Health and nutritional status of children of adolescent mothers: experience from a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Abdullah Kawsari , Malek Mohammad A , Faruque Abu S G , Salam Mohammed A , Ahmed T 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: The study aimed at assessing clinical and nutritional features and socioeconomic characteristics of the first birth‐order children (1–48 months) of adolescent mothers.Methods: Five hundred and thirty‐nine first birth‐order children of both sexes, aged 1–48 month(s) were studied. All study children had adolescent mothers aged ≤19 years (when attending hospital), who attended (as a patient) the Dhaka hospital of ICDDR, B during 2000–2005. A similar group of children (n = 540) of mothers aged 25–29 years (when attending hospital) constituted the comparison group.Results: Malnutrition indicated by underweight [OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7–3.1, p < 0.001], stunting [OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–2.8, p < 0.001], wasting [OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.7, p = 0.001], infancy (<12 months old) [OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.1–3.9, p < 0.001], duration of hospitalization (≥48 h) [OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.2, p = 0.001], DPT immunization [OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.5, p = 0.001] and maternal illiteracy (no formal schooling) [OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0, p = 0.007] were significantly associated with children of adolescent mothers, after adjusting for co‐variates in the logistic regression analysis. Similar results were also observed when different indices of malnutrition (stunting, underweight or wasting) were added separately to the different models.Conclusion: Children of adolescent mothers are likely to be more malnourished, have lesser opportunities for DPT immunization and have longer duration of hospitalization. Adolescent mothers were also more likely to be illiterate. Therefore, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies will be required to reduce morbidity and improve the health and nutrition status of both children and their adolescent mothers.
The effects of swaddling on oxygen saturation and respiratory rate of healthy infants in Mongolia
Authors: Narangerel G. , Pollock J. , Manaseki‐Holland S. , Henderson J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Infant swaddling is common practice in some developing countries where infant respiratory morbidity is also prevalent. Little is known about the effect of swaddling on respiratory variables in healthy infants. Such information could have important implications for respiratory diseases.Aims: To compare respiratory rates (RR) and arterial oxygen saturations (SaO2) of healthy swaddled infants and non‐swaddled infants during different conditions of sleep and arousal.Setting: Community based, nested case control study in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.Subjects and Methods: Habitually swaddled and non‐swaddled infants aged 9–10 weeks taking part in a randomised controlled trial of swaddling. Respiratory rate and SaO2were measured during quiet wakefulness, feeding, quiet and active sleep. Habitually swaddled infants were studied in swaddled and non‐swaddled conditions. Habitually non‐swaddled infants were studied only in the non‐swaddled state.Results: SaO2was higher during awake states compared with sleep states in all groups of infants. Habitually swaddled infants had lower mean SaO2in the swaddled compared with non‐swaddled condition (96.5% vs. 96.9%, p < 0.01) but these were not significantly different from the mean SaO2of non‐swaddled infants (96.9%, minimum p = 0.22). Habitually swaddled infants in the swaddled and non‐swaddled states had similar respiratory rates, but these were, in both cases, significantly lower than in habitually non‐swaddled infants.Conclusion: Swaddling has little or no clinical effect on SaO2or respiratory rates in healthy 9–10‐week‐old infants in Mongolia.
Thyroid function in children with sepsis and septic shock
Authors: Lodha Rakesh , Vivekanandhan S , Sarthi Manjunatha , Arun S , Kabra S K 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: A prospective study was conducted to determine thyroid hormone levels and their relationship to survival in children with septic shock and sepsis.Methods: We estimated thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, TSH, fT3 and fT4) in children with septic shock and compared with those in children with sepsis.Results: Twenty‐four children (13 boys) with septic shock and 25 children (14 boys) with sepsis were enrolled. The median T3, T4, fT3, fT4 and TSH (95% confidence interval) were 40 (40–40.23) ng/dL, 4.45 (1.9–6.03) μg/dL, 1.85 (1.2–2.37) pg/mL, 0.77 (0.57–0.95) ng/dL, 0.51 (0.26–1.15) μIU/mL, respectively in children with septic shock group compared with 130 (98.28–163.48) ng/dL, 9.3 (7.66–10.63) μg/dL, 3.2 (3–4.27) pg/mL, 1.3 (1.1–1.4) ng/dL, 2.85 (1.07–3.61) μIU/mL, respectively, in children with sepsis. Children with septic shock who died (n = 12) had higher TSH levels compared to those who survived (p = 0.04). There was no difference in hormone levels between children with catecholamine responsive and catecholamine resistant septic shock.Conclusion: Children with septic shock had lower levels of T3, T4, fT3, fT4 and TSH compared to those with sepsis. Findings of our study suggest that derangement of thyroid functions in children is not an important factor contributing to the severity of septic shock.
Age and gender differences in VO2max in Swedish obese children and adolescents
Authors: Berndtsson G , Mattsson E , Marcus C , Larsson U Evers 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To describe age and gender differences in estimated maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and participation in organized physical activity in Swedish obese children and adolescents, and compare the results with an age‐matched reference group representative of the general population.Methods: Two hundred and nineteen obese children (102 boys, 117 girls, aged 8–16 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 24.3–57.0 kg.m−2) performed a submaximal bicycle ergometry test and an interview concerning participation in organized physical activity.Results: The obese children had lower relative VO2max (p < 0.001) than the reference group. In contrast to the reference group no age or gender differences were detected in the obese children aged 11–13 years and 14–16 years. With increased age (after 11 years) the obese children participated less in organized physical activity than the reference group (p < 0.001). In obese adolescents, participation in organized physical activity in leisure time explained 7% and BMI 45% of the variance in relative VO2max.Conclusion: The obese children had lower relative VO2max, and participated less in organized physical activity than the reference group. The variance in relative VO2max was primarily explained by BMI. Obese adolescents, especially boys, were found to be at risk of physical inactivity.
Milk for small infants
Authors: Funkquist E‐L , Tuvemo T , Jonsson B , Serenius F , Nyqvist KH 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study investigated weight patterns of infants born SGA, in relation to two different feeding regimens during hospital stay. We compared 21 SGA infants prescribed 200 mL/kg milk on day 2, with 21 infants, prescribed 170 mL/kg on day 9. The infants fed according to the proactive nutrition policy tolerated large volumes of milk and showed lower weight loss.Conclusion: A proactive nutrition policy demonstrably reduces weight loss in SGA infants.