bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The correlation of regression in primary melanoma with sentinel lymph node status
Authors: Kaur C , Thomas R J , Desai N , Green M A , Lovell D , Powell B W E M , Cook M G 
Published: August 2007

Background:The significance of regression in primary melanoma has been disputed for many years. Some have suggested regression as a marker for poor prognosis while others have reported a negligible or even a favourable effect, on prognosis.Aim:To understand the significance of regression in melanoma and provide further information on whether patients should be subjected to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) on the basis of regression.Methods:146 melanoma cases who had undergone SLNB were included in the study. The histological criteria for offering SLNB were melanoma >1 mm in thickness, Clark’s level IV or those with regression.Results:A statistically significant greater proportion of individuals without regression showed sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity (p = 0.028) compared with those which do show regression. Metastatic disease correlated with growth phase of the primary lesion. All the node positive cases were in the vertical growth phase; none of the cases in radial growth phase and showing regression were associated with nodal metastasis (p = 0.029). 62 cases had melanomas with thickness <1 mm and were in radial growth phase, yet were offered SLNB because of regression. Of these, 44 showed features of regression and all were node negative. The remaining 16 cases of thin melanomas did not show regression; 2 of these had sentinel node metastasis.Conclusion:Results suggest that regression is usually a favourable process, particularly in thin melanomas and that metastasis in “thin melanomas showing regression” is real but rare. Variant vertical growth phase, mitoses and other prognostically significant variables may be more important predictors of metastatic potential in thin melanomas.
The role of DXA bone density scans in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Blake Glen M , Fogelman Ignac 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and hip have an important role in the evaluation of individuals at risk of osteoporosis, and in helping clinicians advise patients about the appropriate use of antifracture treatment. Compared with alternative bone densitometry techniques, hip and spine DXA examinations have a number of advantages that include a consensus that BMD results can be interpreted using the World Health Organization T-score definition of osteoporosis, a proven ability to predict fracture risk, proven effectiveness at targeting antifracture therapies, and the ability to monitor response to treatment. This review discusses the evidence for these and other clinical aspects of DXA scanning, including its role in the new WHO algorithm for treating patients on the basis of their individual fracture risk.
Radical cystectomy: defining the threshold for a surgeon to achieve optimum outcomes
Authors: McCabe John E , Jibawi Abdullah , Javle Pradip M 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Background
The reorganisation of cancer services in England will result in the creation of specialist high volume cancer surgery centres. Studies have suggested a relationship between increasing surgical volume and improved outcomes in urological pelvic cancer surgery, although to date, they have pre-defined the definition of “high” and “low” volume surgeons.

Aim
To derive the minimum caseload a surgeon requires to achieve optimum outcomes and to examine the effect of the operating centre size upon individual surgeon's outcomes.

Methods
All cystectomies performed for bladder cancer in England over 5 years were analysed from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data. Statistical analysis was undertaken to describe the relationship between each surgeon's annual case volume and two outcome measures: in-hospital mortality rate, and hospital stay. The surgeon's outcomes were then analysed with respect to the overall level of activity in their operating centre.

Results
A total of 6308 cystectomies were performed; the mean number of surgeons performing them annually was 327 with an overall mortality rate of 5.53%. A significant inverse correlation (−0.968, p&lt;0.01) was found between case volume and mortality rate. Applying 95% confidence interval estimation, the minimum caseload required to achieve the lowest mortality rate was eight procedures per year. Increasing caseload beyond eight operations per year did not produce a significant reduction in mortality rate.

Conclusion
Analysis of HES data confirms an inverse relationship between surgeon's caseload and mortality for radical cystectomy. A caseload of eight operations per year is associated with the lowest mortality rate.
Devonian
Authors: Bluck B. J. , Cope J. C. W. , Scrutton C. T. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The Devonian System was the first pre-Quaternary system to have its base established at an internationally ratified Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). The base of the System was defined at the base of the Monograptus uniformis Biozone at Klonk in Czechoslovakia (McLaren 1977). The upper boundary of the System is fixed by the base of the Carboniferous, which has been recently ratified in a GSSP at La Serre, Herault, France, at a point coincident with the first appearance of the conodont Siphonodella sulcata.
Series. GSSPs have now been designated to define the bases of the Middle and Upper Devonian Series (that of the Lower Devonian being automatically defined by the System boundary).
Stages. Consequent upon the selection of a Czech type section for the basal boundary stratotype of the System, the Germanic stages for the lowest parts of the Devonian were no longer appropriate and Lochkovian and Pragian stages have now been formally defined with stratotypes ratified by the I.U.G.S.
Devon, the nomenclatorial type locality for the Devonian System (Sedgwick & Murchison 1839) is a region of great tectonic complexity and has not provided suitable sections on which to base international correlations. However, the rocks are frequently richly fossilferous and firm correlations can now be established with the intensively studied developments of the Devonian in Belgium and Germany.
Northwards from Devon are found large tracts of the predominantly fluviatile and lacustrine facies which characterizes the Old Red Sandstone. Correlation between the marine Devonian rocks of southwest England and the
Cretaceous
Authors: Hancock J. M. , Rawson P. F. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Early Cretaceous
The Cretaceous Period lasted for about 70 million years. During this time there was a major change in the sedimentary history of the area as tectonism died down and deposition started of an extensive blanket of coccolith ooze: the Chalk. The change took place mainly over a brief interval across the Albian/Cenomanian (Lower/Upper Cretaceous) boundary, at about 95 Ma. Until that time crustal extension along the Arctic-North Atlantic megarifts continued to influence the tectonic evolution of northwest Europe (Ziegler 1982, 1988). This tensional régime caused rifting and block faulting, particularly across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (Late Cimmerian movements) and in the mid Aptian (Austrian phase). During the latter phase, sea-floor spreading commenced in the Biscay and central Rockall Rifts. The northern part of the Rockall Rift began to widen too, possibly by crustal stretching rather than sea-floor spreading (Ziegler 1988, p. 75). During the Albian the regional pattern began to change and by the beginning of the Cenomanian rifting had effectively ceased away from the Rockall/Faeroe area.
Most of the Jurassic sedimentary basins continued as depositional areas during the Early Cretaceous, but the more extensive preservation of Lower Cretaceous sediments provides firmer constraints on some of the geographical reconstructions. The marked sea-level fall across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary isolated the more southerly basins as areas of non-marine sedimentation, and it was not until the beginning of the Aptian that they became substantially marine.
The extent of emergence of highs in the North Sea area is difficult to assess, especially where
Hazard implications of small-scale edifice instability and sector collapse: a case history from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Young S. R. , Voight B. , Barclay J. , Herd R. A. , Komorowski J.-C. , Miller A. D. , Sparks R. S. J. , Stewart R. C. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
During the 1995 to 1998 phase of dome growth at Soufrière Hills Volcano on Montserrat, we documented instability of the steep southern rim of English's Crater, known as Galway's Wall. The horseshoe-shaped English's Crater provided good evidence for previous sector collapses, and assessments undertaken in late 1996 anticipated the possibility of a partial sector collapse and a SW-directed explosion, hazards previously unrecognized on Montserrat.
A change from predominantly endogenous to exogenous growth of the lava dome at the end of 1996 eased the stress on the southern sector. However, rapid dome growth in November and December 1997 led to severe reloading and eventual sector failure at the base of the buried Galway's Wall and in the adjacent hot-spring area. This failure resulted in the debris avalanche and lateral blast of 26 December 1997.
Similar sector collapses at a number of small volcanoes in the Caribbean, as well as worldwide, are evidence that edifice instability develops commonly in dome-forming eruptions. The hazards from a sector collapse and a consequent lateral blast are extreme, and monitoring operations and disaster planning at such volcanoes should focus on these, as well as on the more common hazards of conventional pyroclastic flows associated with dome growth.
Generation of a debris avalanche and violent pyroclastic density current on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Sparks R. S. J. , Barclay J. , Calder E. S. , Herd R. A. , Komorowski J-C. , Luckett R. , Norton G. E. , Ritchie L. J. , Voight B. , Woods A. W. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Growth of an andesitic lava dome at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, beginning in November 1995, caused instability of a hydrothermally altered flank of the volcano. Catastrophic failure occurred on 26 December 1997, 14 months after the instability was first recognized. Two months before failure a dome lobe had extruded over the unstable area and by 25 December 1997 this had a volume of 113 x 10
6
m
3
. At 03:01 (local time) the flank rocks and some dome talus failed and generated a debris avalanche (volume 46 x 10
6
m
3
). Between 35 and 45 x 10
6
m
3
of the dome then collapsed, generating a violent pyroclastic density current that devastated 10 km
2
of southern Montserrat. The failure of the flank and dome formed two adjacent bowl-shaped collapse depressions. The most intense activity lasted about 11.6 minutes. The hummocky debris avalanche deposit is composed of a mixture of domains of heterolithic breccia. The pyroclastic density current had an estimated peak velocity of 80-90 ms
-1
, and minimum flux of 10
8
kgs
1
. The current was largely erosional on land with most deposition out at sea. Destructive effects included removal of houses, trees and large vehicles, and formation of a scoured surface blackened by a thin (3-4 mm) layer of tar. Two discrete depositional units formed from the pyroclastic density current, each with a lower coarse-grained layer and an upper fine-grained stratified layer. These deposits are overlain by an ashfall layer related to buoyant lofting of the current. Flank failure is attributed to loading of hydrothermally weakened rocks by the dome. The generation of the pyroclastic density current is attributed to failure and explosive disintegration of the dome, involving release and violent expansion of gases initially at high pore pressures.
Tephra fallout in the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Bonadonna C. , Mayberry G. C. , Calder E. S. , Sparks R. S. J. , Choux C. , Jackson P. , Lejeune A. M. , Loughlin S. C. , Norton G. E. , Rose W. I. , Ryan G. , Young S. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFour mechanisms caused tephra fallout at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, during the 1995-1999 period: explosive activity (mainly of Vulcanian type), dome collapses, ash-venting and phreatic explosions. The first two mechanisms contributed most of the tephra-fallout deposits (minimum total dense-rock equivalent volume of 23 x 106m3), which vary from massive to layered and represent the amalgamation of the deposits from a large numbers of events. The volume of co-pyroclastic-flow fallout tephra is in the range 4-16° of the associated pyroclastic flow deposits. Dome-collapse fallout tephra is characterized by ash particles generated by fragmentation in the pyroclastic flows and by elutriation of fines. Vulcanian fallout tephra is coarser grained, as it is formed by magma fragmentation in the conduit and by elutriation from the fountain-collapse flows and initial surges. Vulcanian fallout tephra is typically polymodal, whereas dome-collapse fallout tephra is predominantly unimodal. Polymodality is attributed to: overlapping of fallout tephra of different types, premature fallout of fine particles, multiple tephra-fallout sources, and differences in density and grain-size distribution of different components. During both dome collapses and explosions, ash fell as aggregates of various sizes and types. Accretionary lapilli grain size is independent of their diameter and is characterized by multiple subpopulations with a main mode at 5ø. Satellite data indicate that very fine ash can stay in a volcanic cloud for several hours and show that exponential thinning rates observed in proximal areas cannot apply in distal areas.
Observations of low-frequency earthquakes and volcanic tremor at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Baptie B. , Luckett R. , Neuberg J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The 1995-1999 extrusive phase of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano on Montserrat was dominated by low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (also called long-period and hybrid earthquakes). These earthquakes have distinctive peaked spectra and commonly occur in swarms related to the pressurization of the upper part of the magma conduit. We use data from an array of broadband seismometers to examine spatial and temporal variation in the spectral properties of these earthquakes between January and August 1997. Although spectra are generally stable over long periods of time at a given reference point, we also find evidence for changes in the spectra with time and with event magnitude, which may be attributed to changes in the source. The relative amplitude of spectral peaks varies at different stations around the volcano, leading to the conclusion that the observed wavefield is a combination of both source and propagation effects. We also analyse a number of tremor episodes related both to swarms of low-frequency earthquakes and to volcanic explosions. During certain tremor episodes we observe harmonic spectra, with shifting spectral peaks whose frequencies are the same at all stations. This behaviour can be modelled by repetitive triggering of individual earthquakes, where the trigger frequency changes with time, as well as by time-dependent changes in the acoustic properties of the magma-filled conduit caused by pressurization or depressurization.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Return Periods of Tropical Storm and Hurricane Strikes from Texas to Maine
Authors: Keim Barry D. , Muller Robert A. , Stone Gregory W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe authors analyze 105 yr (1901–2005) of tropical cyclone strikes at 45 coastal locations from Brownsville, Texas, to Eastport, Maine, with the primary objective of examining spatiotemporal patterns of storm activity. Interpretation of the data suggests that geographically, three focal points for activity are evident: south Florida, the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and the north-central Gulf Coast. Temporally, clusters of hyperactivity are evident in south Florida from the 1920s through the 1950s and then again during the most recent years. North Carolina was a region of enhanced activity in the 1950s and again in the 1990s. A more consistent rate of occurrence was found along the north-central Gulf Coast; the last two years, however, were active in this region. Return periods of tropical storm strength systems or greater range from a frequency of once every 2 yr along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, every three years on average in southeast Texas, southeastern Louisiana, and southern Florida, and about once every 10–15 yr in northern New England. Hurricane return periods range from 5 yr in southern Florida to 105+ years at several sheltered portions of the coastline (e.g., near Cedar Key, Florida, Georgia, and the northeastern seaboard), where some locations experienced only one strike, or no strikes through the entire period of record. Severe hurricane (category 3–5) return periods range from once every 15 yr in South Florida to 105+ in New England.
The Response of the Extratropical Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming
Authors: Lorenz David J. , DeWeaver Eric T. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The change in the hydrological cycle in the extratropics under global warming is studied using the climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. The changes in hydrological quantities are analyzed with respect to the increases expected from the Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) equation, which describes the rate of increase of a hydrological quantity per temperature increase. The column-integrated water vapor increases at a rate close to the C–C rate, which is expected if relative humidity remains nearly constant. The poleward moisture transport and the precipitation increase with temperature at a rate less than the C–C rate, with the precipitation increasing the least. In addition, the intermodel variance of poleward moisture transport and precipitation is explained significantly better when the zonal-mean zonal wind change as well as the temperature change is taken into account. The percent increase in precipitation per temperature increase is smallest during the warm season when energy constraints on the hydrological cycle are more important. In contrast to other hydrological quantities, the changes in evaporation in the extratropics are not explained well by the temperature or zonal wind change. Instead, a significant portion of the intermodel spread of evaporation change is linked to the spread in the poleward ocean heat transport change.
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Feedback in the Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Sen Gupta Alexander , England Matthew H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that while the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is an intrinsic feature of the atmosphere, it projects strongly onto the ocean and sea ice properties and circulation. This study investigates the extent of “back interaction” whereby these oceanic SAM anomalies feed back to the atmosphere. A comparison between atmosphere-only and full coupled climate models demonstrates that air–sea interactions in the coupled system act to increase the persistence of the SAM in the atmosphere. To identify the nature of feedback from the ocean to the atmosphere, ensemble experiments are carried out in both atmosphere-only and full coupled models whereby a continuous SAM-like sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly is imposed. Both coupled and uncoupled experiments show a direct thermal response that affects the lower-tropospheric temperature and surface meridional winds. An indirect upper troposphere–wide response is also seen whose characteristics are sensitive to the coupling. For the uncoupled experiment a negative-phase SAM SST perturbation produces an indirect atmospheric response that projects strongly onto the SAM. A positive-phase anomaly, however, shows little robust response away from the local heating at the surface. The coupled experiments, however, do show linearity with respect to the sign of the anomaly. However, the response is considerably weaker than the uncoupled case and the projection of the response onto the SAM mode is poorer. Nonetheless the authors find a clear persistence of the SAM at interseasonal time scales that relies on air–sea coupling and cannot be reproduced in unforced atmosphere-only experiments. This demonstrates that the ocean plays a role in modulating the Southern Annular Mode at these time scales.
'To Cap it All': The Waterford Cap of Maintenance
Authors: Devitt Cliodna 
Published: August 2007

The article introduces the cap and letter dated the 30 April 1536 sent to the mayor and inhabitants of the City of Waterford by King Henry VIII, traces the history of caps of maintenance in England prior to that and points to its apparent uniqueness being officially styled as a cap of maintenance in a royal letter for use in mayoral ceremonial. It also introduces William Wyse the bearer of the cap; educated at court and later Mayor of Waterford. It discusses Wyse and Waterford's loyalty during the Geraldine rebellion, how the cap was a token of the king's recognition of Waterford, and grants of land and a knighthood to Wyse. A record of the history and use of the cap is made, comparing it with contemporary royal caps of maintenance and caps/hats of fashion. Its assembly, materials and decoration are recorded and discussed.
The Wearing of the Red: The Redcoat and the British Brand
Authors: Arch Nigel 
Published: August 2007

As a concept, the idea of product branding offers insights into the history of uniform in Britain. The creation of a brand, by which a product is understood and recognised by its name, fits the cultural history of the red coat, that part of his uniform by which the British infantryman was known for over three hundred years. While the earliest references to the redcoat in this context occur in the sixteenth century, it is really from the eighteenth century onwards that the term becomes widely employed to denote the soldier. However, a review of royal portraiture in Britain from the late seventeenth century onwards also reveals that monarchs used the red coat as a way of uniting the ideals of patriotism with the monarch — a device that was particularly important for the Hanoverian dynasty. Both literature and the visual arts helped identify the red coat as a synonym for the soldier. Numerous references may be adduced, from Jane Austen writing of polite society, to Rudyard Kipling's Tommy. Lady Elizabeth Butler was perhaps the most famous artist to depict red-coated heroes in battles, which marked the defence or development of the Empire.