bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Unexpected Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Platt Michael P. , Shaye David , Parnes Steven M. 
Published: October 2007

Background The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and perioperative management of patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in New York State. Methods A questionnaire was mailed to otolaryngologists in New York State who were registered with the American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery in November 2005. Questions addressed the incidence and perioperative care of patients with successful closure of unexpected CSF fistula during ESS. Results Twenty-five percent of respondents have experienced at least one episode of unexpected CSF fistula during ESS over the prior 5 years, with a calculated incidence of 0.16%. Surgeons most often (46%) observed patients for 1–2 days. Antibiotics were used in 93% of patients. A lumbar drain was most commonly not used. Repair techniques most often used an intranasal flap or graft (92%). Conclusion The incidence of unexpected CSF fistula during ESS may be lower than previously reported. A majority of surgeons use an intranasal flap or graft in repair with antibiotic use, with no consensus regarding use of lumbar drain or inpatient observation. More study is needed to determine consensus algorithms for management of CSF leaks during ESS.
Cross-Cultural Application of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” Odor Identification Test
Authors: Shu Chih-Hung , Yuan Ben-Chih , Lin Shih-Hsiang , Lin Ching-Zong 
Published: October 2007

Background Odor identification tasks are an important tool for the clinical assessment of olfactory function. However, cultural differences prevent odor identification tests from being used in different countries, because odor identification is strongly dependent on familiarity with these odors. The “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test has been developed in Europe and is used for assessment of olfactory function in many European countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test in an area with a different culture compared with its place of origin. Methods The 16 odors in the “Sniffin’ Stick” odor identification test were kept the same but some descriptors were changed compared with the original version. One odor was presented for 3 seconds. Then, subjects chose an item from a list of four descriptors. Two hundred two subjectively normosmic subjects were tested. Forty-two subjects were retested 1 week after the first test. Results Mean odor identification scores of age groups 18–35 years, 36–55 years, and >55 years were 14.8, 14.7, and 13.3, respectively. The score at the 10th percentile was 13.0 in the youngest group of subjects. Age-related decrease of odor identification scores was clearly established. The decrease of the odor identification score was most obvious in subjects aged 63–67 years. The coefficient of correlation between test and retest was 0.76. Conclusion After revision of the descriptors, the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test appears to be suited for assessment of olfactory identification function in an Asian region.
Medical Malpractice and Rhinology
Authors: Dawson Douglas E. , Kraus Eric M. 
Published: October 2007

Background Physicians facing malpractice litigation are in uncharted territory. The language, concepts, rules, and strategies of the legal system are foreign to science-based physicians. Understanding the statistics of rhinology malpractice litigation may aid the physician to cope with the assault of a claim. Methods Information from the 2006 Physician Insurers Association of America (PIAA) and the 2006 PIAA Risk Management Report (RMR)–Otorhinolaryngology were searched for claims data referable to the nose, nasal chamber, and paranasal sinuses. The PIAA data sharing report (DSR) is the largest single resource of malpractice claims data containing both settlement and trial judgment information. Results The nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses represent nearly two-thirds of the total indemnity paid for improper performance from otolaryngology head and neck surgery (Oto-HNS) medical malpractice claims between 1985 and 2005 based on claims information. Improper performance accounts for 50.3% of total monies paid ($107.6 million of $213.6 million) to resolve Oto-HNS claims in this period. Of nearly 2400 operative claims closed in the period of 1985–2005, 34.1% involved procedures on the nose and sinuses. In the past 6 years, $103.5 million indemnity has been added to the otolaryngology total. Conclusion The area of endoscopic sinus surgery has substantially contributed to Oto-HNS claims in the PIAA DSR. Despite malpractice being a cost of medical practice, every claim is perceived as an assault on the surgeon's competence. Ensuring informed consent and complete documentation may assist the provider in defending their care.
Minitrephination as an Adjunctive Measure in the Endoscopic Management of Complex Frontal Sinus Disease
Authors: Cohen Alen N. , Wang Marilene B. 
Published: October 2007

Background Frontal sinus disease and its surgical management continues to remain an area of controversy among rhinologists. This is evidenced by the multitude of surgical procedures, both external and endoscopic, that have been developed in its management. This study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of frontal sinus minitrephination in combination with endoscopic frontal sinus exploration for the management of complex frontal sinus disease. Methods A retrospective chart review identified 13 patients treated with minitrephination, in conjunction with endoscopic frontal sinus exploration, at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center or West Los Angeles VA Medical Center from July 2004 to October 2005. Results Thirteen patients with diagnoses of chronic sinusitis (n = 10), nasal polyposis (n = 7), frontal mucocele (n = 4), allergic fungal sinusitis (n = 3), and inverting papilloma (n = 1) underwent either unilateral (n = 9) or bilateral (n = 4) minitrephination during primary or revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Median follow-up was 14.2 months. There were no complications attributed to the procedure, and all patients had improvement of their sinus symptoms and displayed no evidence of recurrence of their frontal sinus disease at last follow-up. Conclusion Minitrephination is a safe and effective adjunct in the management of complex frontal sinus disease, as it allows identification of the frontal recess and vigorous irrigation of the sinus contents.
Chronic Nasal Obstruction Causes Daytime Sleepiness and Decreased Quality of Life Even in the Absence of Snoring
Authors: Udaka Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Hideaki , Fujimura Takeyuki , Hiraki Nobuaki , Ohkubo Junichi , Shiomori Teruo , Ueda Narihisa , Hashida Koichi , Mori Takanori , Fujino Yoshihisa 
Published: October 2007

Background There has been a growing awareness that nasal obstruction may impair various daily and social activities. We performed a questionnaire survey in a working population to clarify the contribution made by snoring concomitant with nasal obstruction to daytime sleepiness and quality of life (QOL). Methods Seven thousand nine hundred eighty daytime workers were asked to complete questionnaires, 7702 responded, and the data from 3442 subjects were finally analyzed. Nasal obstruction and snoring were graded into three and four categories, respectively. Daytime sleepiness and QOL were assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, respectively. Results Subjects with chronic nasal obstruction, even if snoring was absent, reported significantly higher ESS scores and lower QOL scores than control subjects, and the presence of habitual snoring had an additive influence on these changes. The ESS and mental QOL scores adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index showed the same tendency. Conclusion Induction of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a possible cause of excessive daytime sleepiness and impaired QOL in subjects with nasal obstruction. A variant of SDB such as silent upper respiratory resistance syndrome may participate in this phenomenon in the absence of snoring.
The Wende in GDR Research
Authors: Baylis Thomas A. 
Published: October 2007

Laurence McFalls and Lothar Probst, eds., After the GDR: New Perspectives on the Old GDR and the Young Länder. German Monitor No. 54 (Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 2001)Corey Ross, The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR (London: Arnold Publishers, 2002)
Protest and Reform in Asylum Policy: Citizen Initiatives versus Asylum Seekers in German Municipalities, 1989-1994
Authors: Karapin Roger 
Published: October 2007

Many writers have argued that anti-immigration politics in Germanyand other West European countries have been driven by radical-rightparties or the electoral maneuvering of national politiciansfrom established parties. Others have argued that waves of violenceagainst immigrants and ethnic minorities have spurred anti-immigrationpolitics, or that racist ideologies and socioeconomic inequalityare the root causes. By comparison, authors have paid relatively littleattention to anti-immigration mobilization at subnational levels,including the public positions taken by subnational politicians andthe activities of movement groups, or “challengers.” Nonetheless,research has shown that subnational politicians are often importantin pressing national campaigns for immigration controls. Moreover,as I have argued elsewhere, anti-immigration politicians in Britainand Germany have responded in large part to local challengers, whowere aided by political elites at local and regional levels.
Wähler als Wandervögel: Dealignment and the German Voter
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Bürklin Wilhelm 
Published: October 2007

The 2002 Bundestag elections demonstrate the emerging new styleof German electoral politics. Where once party competition wasbuilt upon a stable base of Stammwähler, the catchword for 2002 wasthe Wechselwähler—the changing voter. The traditional bonds to socialgroups, such as class and religion, have steadily eroded across Bundestagelections in the late twentieth century, and these bonds had adiminished impact in 2002. Similarly, this chapter will demonstratethat affective psychological ties that once connected citizens to theirpreferred party have also weakened. Certainly some German votersremain connected to a social milieu or a habitual party tie, but thenumber of these voters is steadily decreasing.
The Frankfurt School's Invitation from Columbia University: How the Horkheimer Circle Settled on Morningside Heights
Authors: Wheatland Thomas 
Published: October 2007

Oddly enough, the Frankfurt School’s relationship to Columbia Universityhas been somewhat neglected by its many historians. It is nothard to understand why the Horkheimer circle would have desiredto settle at Columbia, but it is peculiar that the Frankfurt Schoolwould have received an invitation from Columbia. After all, whywould Columbia University’s conservative president, Nicholas MurrayButler, and its sociology department extend an invitation to agroup of predominantly German-speaking social philosophers withstrong links to the Marxian left?
Winning by Priming? Campaign Strategies, Changing Determinants of Voting Intention, and the Outcome of the 2002 German Federal Election
Authors: Schoen Harald 
Published: October 2007

Although governing coalitions in Germany often win reelection,many observers were surprised by the victory of the red-green coalitionin 2002. Earlier that year, the polls had shown strong supportfor a potential coalition of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)and the Christian Social Union (CSU), together with the Free DemocraticParty (FDP). In the summer of 2002, however, the SPD andthe Greens began to gain ground; and finally, the red-green coalitionwon the majority of seats in the election to the German parliament,the Bundestag, on 22 September 2002.
Still Connected to Home: The Politics of Immigrant Transnationalism in Germany
Authors: Brady John 
Published: October 2007

Betigül Ercan Argun, Turkey in Germany: The Transnational Space of Deutschkei (New York: Routledge, 2003)Eva Østergaard-Nielsen, Transnational Politics: Turks and Kurds in Germany (New York: Routledge, 2003)
Sequence evaluation of FGF and FGFR gene conserved non‐coding elements in non‐syndromic cleft lip and palate cases
Authors: Riley Bridget M. , Murray Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNon‐syndromic cleft lip and palate (NS CLP) is a complex birth defect resulting from multiple genetic and environmental factors. We have previously reported the sequencing of the coding region of genes in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, in which missense and non‐sense mutations contribute to approximately 5%–6% NS CLP cases. In this article we report the sequencing of conserved non‐coding elements (CNEs) in and around 11 of the FGF and FGFR genes, which identified 55 novel variants. Seven of variants are highly conserved among ≥8 species and 31 variants alter transcription factor binding sites, 8 of which are important for craniofacial development. Additionally, 15 NS CLP patients had a combination of coding mutations and CNE variants, suggesting that an accumulation of variants in the FGF signaling pathway may contribute to clefting. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the normalization and visualization of author co‐citation data: Salton's Cosine versus the Jaccard index
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe debate about which similarity measure one should use for the normalization in the case of Author Co‐citation Analysis (ACA) is further complicated when one distinguishes between the symmetrical co‐citation—or, more generally, co‐occurrence—matrix and the underlying asymmetrical citation—occurrence—matrix. In the Web environment, the approach of retrieving original citation data is often not feasible. In that case, one should use the Jaccard index, but preferentially after adding the number of total citations (i.e., occurrences) on the main diagonal. Unlike Salton's cosine and the Pearson correlation, the Jaccard index abstracts from the shape of the distributions and focuses only on the intersection and the sum of the two sets. Since the correlations in the co‐occurrence matrix may be spurious, this property of the Jaccard index can be considered as an advantage in this case.
Destruction and reconstruction: Hypoxia and the developing brain
Authors: Barrett Robert D. , Bennet Laura , Davidson Joanne , Dean Justin M. , George Sherly , Emerald Bright S. , Gunn Alistair Jan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPreterm infants have a high rate of neurodevelopmental handicap. Recent imaging studies have revealed that adverse outcomes are strongly associated with reduced brain growth and neural complexity in later life. Increasing data suggest that these chronic deficits primarily reflect acute neuronal and glial injury sustained during adverse in utero events, such as exposure to severe hypoxia–ischemia and inflammation. In the present review we examine recent evidence that this chronic impairment is partly due to upregulation of physiological apoptosis, related to input deprivation, and output isolation secondary to acute white and gray matter damage and axonal injury. However, progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are also vulnerable to injury, and loss of part of this critical population likely further compromises brain development. Based on these concepts the impact of proposed interventions such as induced hypothermia and endogenous growth factors are likely to be complex, but potentially offer focused ways of improving the outcomes of premature birth. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:163–176, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of oxidative stress on embryonic development
Authors: Dennery Phyllis A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOxygen radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as primary or secondary messengers to promote cell growth or death. Many instances demonstrate an important direct role of ROS in development because redox status regulates key transcription factors that influence cell signaling pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, oxidative stress can alter many important reactions that affect embryonic development both positively and negatively. During particular periods in development, the embryo is more or less susceptible to oxidative stress, and teratogens, which can modify redox status, such as thalidomide, phenytoin, and ethanol, will disrupt fetal development. Various events in pregnancy such as diabetes also alter the redox state. Fortunately, antioxidants can obviate these effects through modification of gene expression, transcription factor signaling, and cell cycle alterations. A better understanding of ROS‐mediated reactions and their impact on embryonic development is important to ensure optimal outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:155–162, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism and neural tube defects: Balancing genome synthesis and gene expression
Authors: Beaudin Anna E. , Stover Patrick J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNeural tube defects (NTDs) refer to a cluster of neurodevelopmental conditions associated with failure of neural tube closure during embryonic development. Worldwide prevalence of NTDs ranges from approximately 0.5 to 60 per 10,000 births, with regional and population‐specific variation in prevalence. Numerous environmental and genetic influences contribute to NTD etiology; accumulating evidence from population‐based studies has demonstrated that folate status is a significant determinant of NTD risk. Folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism (OCM) is essential for de novo nucleotide biosynthesis, methionine biosynthesis, and cellular methylation reactions. Periconceptional maternal supplementation with folic acid can prevent occurrence of NTDs in the general population by up to 70%; currently several countries fortify their food supply with folic acid for the prevention of NTDs. Despite the unambiguous impact of folate status on NTD risk, the mechanism by which folic acid protects against NTDs remains unknown. Identification of the mechanism by which folate status affects neural tube closure will assist in developing more efficacious and better targeted preventative measures. In this review, we summarize current research on the relationship between folate status and NTDs, with an emphasis on linking genetic variation, folate nutriture, and specific metabolic and/or genomic pathways that intersect to determine NTD outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:183–203, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circadian clocks during embryonic and fetal development
Authors: Seron‐Ferre Maria , Valenzuela Gullermo J. , Torres‐Farfan Claudia 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCircadian rhythmicity is a fundamental characteristic of organisms, which helps ensure that vital functions occur in an appropriate and precise temporal sequence and in accordance with cyclic environmental changes. Living beings are endowed with a system of biological clocks that measure time on a 24‐hr basis, termed the circadian timing system. In mammals, the system is organized as a master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, commanding peripheral clocks located in almost every tissue of the body. At the cell level, interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops of the genes Bmal‐1, Clock, Per1–2, and Cry1–2, named clock genes, and their protein products results in circadian oscillation of clock genes and of genes involved in almost every cellular function. During gestation, the conceptus follows a complex and dynamic program by which it is simultaneously fit to develop and live in a circadian environment provided by its mother and to prepare for the very different environment that it will experience after birth. It has been known for a number of years that the mother tells the fetus the time of day and season of the year, and that the fetus uses this information to set the phase of fetal and neonatal circadian rhythms. There is evidence that the maternal rhythm of melatonin is one of the time signals to the fetus. In the last few years, the study of the development of the circadian system has turned to the investigation of the oscillatory expression of clock genes and their possible role in development, and to answering questions on the organization of the fetal circadian system. Emerging evidence shows that clock genes are expressed in the oocyte and during early and late development in embryo/fetal organs in the rat and in a fetal primate. The data available raise the intriguing possibility that the fetal SCN and fetal tissues may be peripheral clocks commanded by separate maternal signals. The rapid methodological and conceptual advances on chronobiology may help to unravel how the developing embryo and fetus faces time in this plastic period of life. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:204–214, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kammerbetonierte Verbundträger
Authors: Hegger Josef , Goralski Claus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMit Einführung der modernen Verbundbaunorm DIN 18800‐5 können unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen plastische Bemessungsverfahren für den Nachweis der Momenten‐ und Querkrafttragfähigkeit kammerbetonierter Verbundträger angewandt werden. Aufgrund fehlender mechanischer Modelle und Bemessungsregeln, insbesondere bei hochfesten Baustoffen, wurde die traglaststeigernde Wirkung des Kammerbetons in der Praxis bisher häufig nicht genutzt. Die rechnerische Erfassung des Kammerbetons erfordert weiter die Beschreibung der Verbundmechanismen zwischen Kammerbeton und Stahlprofil. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Lastabtragungsmechanismen kammerbetonierter Verbundträger und beschreibt Bemessungsansätze zum wirtschaftlichen und sicheren Einsatz von hochfesten Baustoffen. Anhand einer Parameteruntersuchung zum Einfluss von hochfestem Kammerbeton und hochfestem Stahl auf die Querschnittstragfähigkeit des Verbundträgers wird ein plastisches Bemessungsverfahren für kammerbetonierte Verbundträger im positiven und negativen Momentenbereich hergeleitet. Die Verbundmechanismen am Biegeträger wurden anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen und dreidimensionaler nicht‐linearer Finite Elemente Modelle lokalisiert und quantifiziert.
Zur maximalen Durchstanztragfähigkeit von Flachdecken.
Authors: Hegger Josef , Häusler Frank , Ricker Marcus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn Eurocode 2 wird die maximale Durchstanztragfähigkeit abweichend von DIN 1045‐1 und anderen internationalen Normen in Analogie zur Druckstrebentragfähigkeit von Balken ermittelt. Die in Versuchen erzielten Durchstanzlasten liegen i. d. R. deutlich unterhalb der rechnerischen Tragfähigkeit nach Eurocode 2, der für bügelbewehrte Platten größere Traglasten ausweist als die Zulassungen für Platten mit Doppelkopfankern. Um die Größe des maximalen Durchstanzwiderstands von Flachdecken zu überprüfen, wurden am Institut für Massivbau der RWTH Aachen ein Durchstanzversuch an einem bügelbewehrten Plattenausschnitt und eine Datenbankauswertung durchgeführt.