bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is there a cost of parasites to caribou?
Authors: HUGHES J. , ALBON S. D. , IRVINE R. J. , WOODIN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYMacroparasites potentially play a significant but often ignored role in the ecology and dynamics of wild ruminant populations. In the Arctic, parasites may impact on host populations by exacerbating the effects of seasonal and limited forage availability on the condition, fecundity and survival of individuals. We studied the effects of abomasal nematode parasites and warble flies,Hypoderma tarandi, on condition and pregnancy of caribouRangifer tarandusin the Dolphin-Union herd, Nunavut, Canada. By the end of winter, female caribou over 2 years old showed a significant decrease in body weight with increasing nematode burden, and a decrease in back fat depth with increasing warble abundance. These effects were exaggerated in the non-pregnant fraction of the population. High warble larvae burdens were also associated with significantly reduced probability of being pregnant. Our research demonstrates a negative relationship between parasites and caribou condition that may have consequences for their fitness. Additionally, we discuss the possibility that muskoxOvibos moschatusshare some parasite species with the caribou and could lead to elevated burdens in the sympatric host. Parasites may have been a contributory factor in a previous winter range-shift of the caribou herd and this may reflect a form of apparent competition between the two ungulate species.
An anomaly against a current paradigm – extremely low rates of individual fecundity variability of the Gordian worm (Nematomorpha: Gordiida)
Authors: HANELT B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYExtreme variation in reproductive success (VRS) has been reported as a common feature of populations. Few individuals producing most of the offspring for the next generation has potential consequences for the population dynamics, genetics, and evolution of a group of organisms. High VRS has been described as a normal feature of helminth populations, although studies have focused largely on parasites of vertebrate hosts. Paragordius varius, a parasite of crickets, was used as a model system to study VRS. In this life cycle, worms absorb and store resources for reproduction from their hosts before being released into water. Egg output varied significantly with worm length, indicating that female length is an excellent predictor of fecundity. Analyses using the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient suggest that there were no marked fecundity differences. This result was supported by data collected from a natural gordiid population, Gordius difficilis, suggesting that within gordiid populations the offspring of the next generation are contributed nearly equally by females. In addition, male body length appeared to be limited by intensity, whereas females showed no length limitation by crowding. These results contrast previous studies of parasites.
Constraints on Code-Switching: Evidence from Swedish and English
Authors: Schmid Beata 
Published: December 2008

In this paper, I have shown that Joshi's (1982) framework of codeswitching constraints can largely be applied to Swedish-English code-switches. I feel qualified to conclude that Joshi's claims concerning the non-switchability of closed class items and matrix language and embedded languages are held up by the Swedish- English data. The need for corresponding categories proved to be less clear-cut than originally proposed by Woolford (1983) and others. It seems that optimal switching conditions are given if the categories, rules and metarules correspond in the two languages. Apparently, however, it is also possible to switch if the node admissibility conditions for the matrix language only are met, as was shown by code-switched sentences containing RPs. This requires that the speaker has a clear sense of which language is the host and which is embedded. Rules from the embedded language only are not acceptable. This calls for some sort of determination strategy by the parser. I found no evidence for determining Lm at any specific point in the sentence, except at the topmost S. Rather, the judgments by code-switchers that a sentence “comes from” one language seems to coincide with the fact that the resulting sentence is based on the rules from that language. Other than that, the matrix language is determined by the communicative context as a whole.The data involving RPs also seemed to indicate that RPs are not separate ategories, but are NPs, introduced by a “de-slashing” rule (Sells 1984). If they were separate categories, this would be evidence for there being no need for category equivalence. In this case, we would have to explicitly state all other cases which require category equivalence (the majority of cases), which is undesirable.
The Ship Domain – A Criterion of Navigational Safety Assessment in an Open Sea Area
Authors: Pietrzykowski Zbigniew , Uriasz Janusz 
Published: December 2008

One of the basic tasks in shipping is to ensure safe navigation of vessels. The concept of the ship domain is of major importance in the assessment of a navigational situation and the avoidance of ship collisions. It is difficult to determine a ship domain as its shape and size depend on a number of factors. One question to be answered before the determination of the ship domain is which method to use: statistical, analytic, or expert method using artificial intelligence tools; other questions are connected with domain interpretation. The authors have analyzed the ship domain as a criterion for the assessment of ship navigational safety in an encounter situation in the open sea. The research results are used to answer some of the questions.Part 2 includes definitions of the ship domain and ship fuzzy domain. Part 3, in turn, presents methods of their determination as well as relevant questions. The results of the authors' research, described in Part 4, make up a basis for the determination of the domain and ship fuzzy domain. These have been determined with the so-called dynamic domains as a point of departure. The criteria of ship domain and closest point of approach are compared and discussed. Encounters of various size ships are considered in Part 5. The research and its results are described. Both ship domains and ship fuzzy domains of encountering ships are analyzed. Then, conclusions have been formulated in relation to the effect of the sizes of encountering ships on the shapes and sizes of their domains. Final conclusions are given in Part 6.
Some Abstraction for a Practical Subject: the Neolithization of Western France Seen Through Funerary Architecture
Authors: Boujot C. , Cassen S. , Lastres J. Vaquero 
Published: December 2008

This article discusses the establishment of the Neolithic in western Europe, and presents two models which integrate aspects of the Neolithic funerary structures of western France. One model presents a cyclical evolution of tombs in France, in which there is a transformation of the funerary space around the corpse (the grave itself). This includes the modification of the anatomical order of the skeleton which becomes dependent on this transformation of the enclosing space, delimited by architectural forms such as allées couvertes.The second model places emphasis on relationships which were observed in north-west Spain between the visual references inherent in any natural environment, and the location of the earliest monumental funerary structures. This model also emphasizes the location of these monuments in space, a location which seems to depend on human movement through the landscape.When applied to such a region as the Morbihan débartement of Brittany (famous for sites such as Carnac and Locmariaquer), the two models converge. Together, they contribute to a better understanding of the succession of cultural complexes through time; but above all they suggest a radical process of transformation which is without doubt connected to the emergence of the Neolithic.
Probiotics, prebiotics and competitive exclusion for prophylaxis against bacterial disease
Authors: Callaway T. R. , Edrington T. S. , Anderson R. C. , Harvey R. B. , Genovese K. J. , Kennedy C. N. , Venn D. W. , Nisbet D. J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe microbial population of the intestinal tract is a complex natural resource that can be utilized in an effort to reduce the impact of pathogenic bacteria that affect animal production and efficiency, as well as the safety of food products. Strategies have been devised to reduce the populations of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in animals at the on-farm stage. Many of these techniques rely on harnessing the natural competitive nature of bacteria to eliminate pathogens that negatively impact animal production or food safety. Thus feed products that are classified as probiotics, prebiotics and competitive exclusion cultures have been utilized as pathogen reduction strategies in food animals with varying degrees of success. The efficacy of these products is often due to specific microbial ecological factors that alter the competitive pressures experienced by the microbial population of the gut. A few products have been shown to be effective under field conditions and many have shown indications of effectiveness under experimental conditions and as a result probiotic products are widely used in all animal species and nearly all production systems. This review explores the ecology behind the efficacy of these products against pathogens found in food animals, including those that enter the food chain and impact human consumers.
Bacteriophages for prophylaxis and therapy in cattle, poultry and pigs
Authors: Johnson R. P. , Gyles C. L. , Huff W. E. , Ojha S. , Huff G. R. , Rath N. C. , Donoghue A. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe successful use of virulent (lytic) bacteriophages (phages) in preventing and treating neonatal enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliinfections in calves, lambs and pigs has prompted investigation of other applications of phage therapy in food animals. While results have been very variable, some indicate that phage therapy is potentially useful in virulentSalmonellaandE. coliinfections in chickens, calves and pigs, and in control of the food-borne pathogensSalmonellaandCampylobacter jejuniin chickens andE. coliO157:H7 in cattle. However, more rigorous and comprehensive research is required to determine the true potential of phage therapy. Particular challenges include the selection and characterization of phages, practical modes of administration, and development of formulations that maintain the viability of phages for administration. Also, meaningful evaluation of phage therapy will require animal studies that closely represent the intended use, and will include thorough investigation of the emergence and characteristics of phage resistant bacteria. As well, effective use will require understanding the ecology and dynamics of the endemic and therapeutic phages and their interactions with target bacteria in the farm environment. In the event that the potential of phage therapy is realized, adoption will depend on its efficacy and complementarity relative to other interventions. Another potential challenge will be regulatory approval.
NASA Mars mission delayed to 2011
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: December 2008

NASA's Mars Science Laboratory has been rescheduled to launch in the fall of 2011, two years later than previously planned. The decision to delay, announced on 4 December, was made following an assessment that more time is needed for testing and to resolve hardware challenges. The length of the delay is because the 2009 launch window ends in October, with the next launch opportunity in 2011.The mission will study the early environmental history of Mars, exploring a site where there were wet conditions in the past that may have been favorable for supporting microbial life.
Studying seasonal changes in wildlife
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: December 2008

A new Wildlife Phenology Program is enlisting professional and citizen scientists to monitor and record seasonal wildlife events to help U.S. land managers understand and respond to climatic and other environmental changes. The Wildlife Society and the USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) announced the program on 2 December as the second phase in the network's phenology monitoring efforts; a plant phenology monitoring initiative began in 2007.Phenology is the study of seasonal timing of plant and animal life‐cycle events, including migration, hibernation, and the leafing and fruiting of plants. Changes in the timing of such events are among the most sensitive biological responses to climate change. With spring events occurring earlier than previously in many regions of the world, some time‐sensitive biological relationships are being disrupted.
Coupling Processes in the Inner Magnetosphere: Inner Magnetosphere Coupling (IMC) Workshop; Espoo, Finland, 28 July to 1 August 2008
Authors: Shprits Yuri , Ganushkina Natalia 
Published: December 2008

In recent years, satellite measurements (e.g., Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES); Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE); Polar; Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO); Cluster; Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX); and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms (THEMIS)) and theoretical and modeling studies have significantly advanced the understanding of the dynamics of various plasma populations in the inner magnetosphere. Observations and modeling have revealed that the dynamics of the inner magnetospheric plasma populations not only depend on solar wind conditions but also are coupled to each other bymeans of the electromagnetic field, currents, and wave‐particle interactions.The understanding of coupling processes between the plasmasphere, ring current, radiation belts, magnetic field, and waves was the subject of discussion at the recent Inner Magnetospheric Coupling (IMC) workshop, which brought together more than 50 researchers studying various plasma populations and processes that may influence the inner magnetosphere, as well as the effects of the inner magnetosphere on the ionosphere, atmosphere, and global magnetospheric interactions.
Supporting the Transition of Elementary School Students Who Use AAC as They Are Promoted From One Grade to the Next
Authors: Blackstien-Adler Susie 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
One of the challenges in supporting students who use AAC and who have complex learning needs is the transition from one school year to the next. These students are typically supported by large teams, many of whom change from one year to the next. Effective, efficient transfer of knowledge and skill from one team to the next does not always occur, compromising the continuity of programming. This article will outline a 3-year project (spanning two transition periods) that aimed to improve on the transition practices within a school board in Ontario Canada. Data collection focused on beliefs and knowledge about transition, transfer of important strategies and tools, and the actual process undertaken by each school. Following analysis of data collected in five schools during the first transition period, the schools developed and piloted a transition checklist, designed to improve on practice. The transition checklist, which resulted in significant change in practice in all five schools, will be described and is offered by the author upon request.
Case Studies of Intermediate Steps/Between AAC Evaluations and Implementation
Authors: Stuart Sheela , Ritthaler Christopher 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This article presents two case studies of children with complex communication needs, including a diagnosis of autism. Although different in age and overall diagnoses, both children primarily used behaviors, gestures, and limited overall vocalizations for communication. In each case, some pictures and signing had been intermittently incorporated into their school programs with very little success. The school-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) teams had used the candidacy model and decided that, until the children made gains in cognition and behavior, they could not use any type of speech generating device. In each instance, the child's parent disagreed and requested a second AAC evaluation. The second opinion evaluating center incorporated Language Acquisition Though Motor Planning (LAMP) to utilize a speech generating device for participation in some motivating activities. Results were sufficiently positive to support trial use of this approach and private outpatient sessions were provided. The article includes a brief overview of the resulting journey: the give-and-take process between second opinion center, parents, and school to arrive at a form of successful communication for each child.
Words We Would Want: Comparison of Three Pre-programmed Vocabulary Sets With Frequently Used Words in English
Authors: Helmbold Bruce 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In this descriptive study, three pre-programmed vocabulary sets—Picture WordPower 45 location (Inman Innovations), Unity 45 Full vs. 4.06 (Prentke-Romich Company), and Gateway 60 vs. 1.06.18 (Dynavox Technologies)—were examined for word-based vocabulary content and keystrokes per word. The vocabulary contents of the each set were then compared to the thousand most common words as identified by two different listings apiece, that published in Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English based on the British National Corpus (BNC), and Wiktionary TV/Movie Frequency Lists (2006). The pre-programmed vocabulary set best representing these frequency lists was Unity 45 Full, followed by Gateway 60 and Picture WordPower. The vocabulary sets using the fewest average keystrokes per word, based on frequency lists, were Picture WordPower and Gateway 60 followed by Unity 45 Full. Results provide an aid for evaluating the comparative merits of pre-programmed vocabulary sets, such as inclusion of frequently used English words and relative keystroke savings.
Orbit-counting for nilpotent group shifts
Authors: Miles Richard , Ward Thomas 
Published: December 2008

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the orbit-counting function and a dynamical Mertens’ theorem for the full

G
G

-shift for a finitely-generated torsion-free nilpotent group

G
G

. Using bounds for the Möbius function on the lattice of subgroups of finite index and known subgroup growth estimates, we find a single asymptotic of the shape
\[

∑

|
τ
|
≤
N

1

e

h
|
τ
|

∼
C

N

α

(
log
⁡
N

)

β

\sum _{\vert \tau \vert \le N}\frac {1}{e^{h\vert \tau \vert }}\sim CN^{\alpha }(\log N)^{\beta }

\]
where

|
τ
|

\vert \tau \vert

is the cardinality of the finite orbit

τ
\tau

and

h
h

denotes the topological entropy. For the usual orbit-counting function we find upper and lower bounds, together with numerical evidence to suggest that for actions of non-cyclic groups there is no single asymptotic in terms of elementary functions.
Invariant subspaces of super left-commutants
Authors: Gessesse Hailegebriel 
Published: December 2008

For a positive operator

Q
Q

on a Banach lattice, one defines

⟨
Q
]
=
{
T
≥
0

:

T
Q
≤
Q
T
}

\langle Q]=\{T\geq 0\,:\,~TQ\leq QT\}

and

[
Q
⟩
=
{
T
≥
0

:

T
Q
≥
Q
T
}

[Q\rangle =\{T\geq 0\,:\, TQ\geq QT\}

. There have been several recent results asserting that, under certain assumptions on

Q
Q

,

[
Q
⟩

[Q\rangle

has a common invariant subspace. In this paper, we use the technique of minimal vectors to establish similar results for

⟨
Q
]

\langle Q]

.
Early clinical experience with adalimumab in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with infliximab‐treated and naïve patients
Authors: SWAMINATH A. , ULLMAN T. , ROSEN M. , MAYER L. , LICHTIGER S. , ABREU M. T. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground  Adalimumab, at an induction dose of 160/80 mg followed by 40 mg every other week is approved for treatment of refractory Crohn's disease (CD) and for patients with loss of response to infliximab.Aim  To evaluate the indications for adalimumab, the proportion of inflammatory bowel disease patients who require dose escalation and to identify whether this strategy is effective in inducing or maintaining remission.Methods  Patients prescribed adalimumab for CD were identified and included for analysis, if they had follow‐up of at least 6 weeks. Adalimumab dose was escalated if patients had return of symptoms prior to next dose. Clinical judgment was used to determine severity of disease. A second GI physician confirmed disease severity as determined by the first physician.Results  A total of 48 out of 60 patients met inclusion criteria. Adalimumab was used to treat CD in 47/48 (98%) and ulcerative colitis in one (2%). Most patients had moderate 30/48 (63%) or severe 17/48 (35%) disease. Prior infliximab exposure was present in 42/48 (88%). Adalimumab dose escalation occurred in 14/48 (29%) within an average time of 2.2 months (s.d. 1.5 months). A majority of patients who required dose escalation, nine of 14 (64%) did not improve clinically. Steroids could be discontinued in three of 16 (18.8%). Clinical improvement was noted in 21/48 (43.8%) and one of 48 (2%) patients achieved clinical remission. Adverse drug reactions necessitated drug discontinuation in four of 48 (8%) of patients.Conclusions  This retrospective review from a single academic medical centre suggests that a minority of patients, who cannot be maintained on 40 mg every other week, of adalimumab benefit from an increased dose. This suggests the need for a treatment with an alternative mode of action in anti‐TNF failures.
Prevalence and clinical correlates of JAK2 mutations in Down syndrome acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Gaikwad Amos , Rye Cassia L. , Devidas Meenakshi , Heerema Nyla A. , Carroll Andrew J. , Izraeli Shai , Plon Sharon E. , Basso Giuseppe , Pession Andrea , Rabin Karen R. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryRecurrent, prognostically significant chromosomal abnormalities occur in approximately 75% of paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), but only infrequently in children with Down syndrome (DS) and ALL. Recently, novel somatic activating mutations in the gene Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) were reported in 18% of DS ALL. Here we report identification and clinical correlates of JAK2 mutations in an independent cohort. JAK2 activating mutations occurred in 10/53 DS ALL cases (18·9%). Mutations were overrepresented in males (P < 0·03), occurred once in association with high hyperdiploidy and were not significantly correlated with age, initial white blood count, or event‐free survival. Our results confirm the significance of JAK–STAT pathway activation in DS ALL.