bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orienting and Defensive Reactions to Phobic and Conditioned Fear Stimuli in Phobics and Normals
Authors: Fredrikson Mats 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to compare cardiovascular and electrodermal responses from subjects conditioned to fear‐relevant stimuli with responses from phobics selected to fear the same stimuli. In the first session of the conditioning group slides of either a snake or a spider were presented. One of these served as a CS+ reinforced by an electrical shock and the other as a CS‐, which was never followed by shock. In addition the conditioning group was exposed to two neutral pictures (flowers and mushrooms). The phobic group viewed the same type of stimuli and were administered some electrical shocks uncorrelated with the slides. In the second session, randomly formed halves of each group were shown (a) slides of a spider and a snake, or (b) two neutral ones.There were reliable acquisition effects in the conditioning group with the CS+ evoking larger palmar than dorsal skin conductance responses (SCRs) whereas the reverse was true for the CS‐. During extinction differential responding to CS+ and CS‐ was maintained but palmar/dorsal differentiation disappeared. In the phobic group, feared and non‐feared cues elicited differential responding with larger palmar SCRs for the feared cue only. The conditioning group failed to evidence heart rate differentiation during acquisition when all heart rate responses (HRRs) were collapsed into a single trial block (TB). When HRRs were grouped into 2 TBs, responses shifted from deceleration to CS+ on TB1 to acceleration on TB2 whereas responses to CS‐ were unaffected. During extinction, HR exhibited deceleration to both cues but more to CS+ than to CS‐. The phobic group's heart rate accelerated to the feared cue and decelerated to the unfeared cues in both sessions. There was no difference between groups' responses to neutral cues during the second session. The results partially validate a conditioning analogue for specific phobias and the inconsistent aspects are discussed in terms of different coping strategies.
Sensory Decision Theory Describes Evoked Potentials in Pain Discrimination
Authors: Chapman C. Richard , Chen Andrew C. N. , Colpitts Yoko M. , Martin Roy W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between two procedures for assessing laboratory pain. Sensory Decision Theory (SDT) psychophysics and quantification of evoked potentials, was explored to determine whether the two methods measure a common perceptual process. Evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded from vertex while subjects performed a conventional SDT discrimination task that required repetitive judgment of two painful electrical tooth stimuli delivered in random order over trials. Peak‐to‐peak amplitudes and peak latencies were obtained for summation‐averaged waveforms between 50 and 500 msec routed to four categories corresponding to SDT response classifications: hits, false affirmatives, misses and correct rejections. EPs associated with hits and false affirmatives had significantly greater amplitudes at N157‐P237 than those associated with misses and correct rejections. Peak latencies were not related to response categories. These results suggest that N157‐P237 amplitudes associated with dental pain are appropriately described by the SDT psychophysical model, and they demonstrate that the two paradigms assess a single perceptual process associated with pain.
P300 and Feedback Provided by Absence of the Stimulus
Authors: Ruchkin Daniel S. , Sutton Samuel , Munson Robert , Silver Kenneth , Macar Franfoise 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment is concerned with the issue of functional equivalence of emitted (in response to ahsence of a stimulus) and evoked (in response to presentation of a stimulus) P300s. Subjects attempted to estimate a 600‐msec time interval hy the method of reproduction. Subjects were informed whether the time interval was under‐ or overestimated and whether the estimation error magnitude was within a limit (“correct” estimate, positive feedback) or exceeded the limit (“incorrect,” negative feedback). This feedback was presented by means of either a single event or a combination of two events. Each event consisted of a pair of stimuli.Emitted, as well as evoked, early fronto‐central and late parietal P3OOs were elicited by the feedback event regardless of whether positive or negative feedback was delivered, and regardless of whether feedback was delivered by a single event or by the combination of two events. In addition, what appears to be a positive Slow Wave was found following the first stimulus ofthe feedback event when this stimulus was low intensity indicating an underestimation. The other condition (high intensity, overestimation) was followed by a CNV. Since these slow wave findings were serendipitous, counterbalancing was not available to determine whether intensity (low vs high) or information (underestimation vs overestimation) was responsible for the difference.
Differences Between Deaf and Hearing Adults in Task‐Related EEG Asymmetries
Authors: Suter Steve 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of the pre‐lingually deaf may help clarify the role of language experience in the development of cerebral lateralization. Bilateral EEG alpha (α) was recorded for three groups: Deaf, normal‐hearing Controls, and Interpreters for the deaf, during five tasks. The tasks were: 1) Baseline (eyes open); 2) Letter Writing; 3) Oral Story, a story presented orally to every participant; 4) Signed Story, a story presented to every participant in American Sign Language (AMSLAN) by an interpreter; and 5) Block Design. Consistent with earlier studies, both of the hearing groups showed relatively greater cortical activation of the left hemisphere as compared to the right hemisphere during Letter Writing as compared to Block Design. For the Interpreters, but not for the Controls, there was relatively greater left‐hemisphere activation during the Signed Story as compared to Baseline, indicating left hemisphere involvement in comprehension of a gestural language. There were no task‐related EEG asymmetries for the Deaf, suggesting that auditory language experience contributes to, and is necessary for, full development of cerebral lateralization.
Generalization of Habituation of Skin Conductance Responses to Multidimensional Sequences of Stimuli
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon , Dymshitz Julia , Lieblich Israel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study presents a generalized approach to the problem of habituation to complex sequences of stimuli. Ninety‐five subjects were requested to choose one of four cards, showing a blue triangle (BT), a blue square (BS), a red triangle (RT), or a red square (RS). Subjects then heard a prerecorded sequence of the stimulus elements blue (B), red (R), triangle (T), and square (S), in various predetermined orders. Skin conductance responses were recorded during stimulus presentations. Four theoretical models were formulated, and compared for their abilities to describe the habituation process in the present experiment. The models differ in how they define the stimulus categories within which habituation generalizes. The model which defines the stimulus categories by “chosen” versus “non chosen” elements gave the best fit to the data.
Modification of the EEG Time Constant by Digital Filtering
Authors: Gasser Theo , Kneip Alois , Verleger Role 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA method is proposed for modifying the time constant of an EEG amplifier after the recording. It is based on digital filtering and works for single sweeps, averaged potentials, and other neurophysiological data, e.g. spontaneous EEG. The validation is based on calibration signals and data from a study on event‐related potentials.
Induced Stress, Situationally‐Specific Trait Anxiety, and Dark Focus
Authors: Miller R. J. , Lebeau Robert C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn the absence of direct stimulation for accommodation, the eye assumes an intermediate state of accommodation known as dark focus (DF). While there has been some indirect evidence that DF may be influenced by stress, such an effect has not been demonstrated using direct experimental manipulation. Thirty‐three undergraduate subjects had their DF levels measured under two stress conditions–an experimental condition, where they were told that their responses were being evaluated by the experimenter, and a control condition, where no such evaluation was implied. Subjects also completed the S‐R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness, a measure of situationally‐specific trait anxiety. One of the five subscales on this instrument assesses evaluation anxiety, the degree to which the individual feels anxious in situations where he/she is being evaluated. It was found that DF increased (i.e., shifted closer to the observer) in the experimental condition. However, the effect was limited to subjects who scored high in evaluation anxiety. It was concluded that such induced stress does have an impact on DF, and that experiments involving stress manipulations must consider the relative sensitivities of subjects to the specific stress situations being used.
The Dichotomization Theory For Differential Autonomic Responsivity Reconsidered
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon , Lieblich Israel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of the serial position of a relevant (chosen) stimulus on the differential skin conductance response evoked by it was investigated. One hundred and three subjects were tested in four experimental conditions in which they were presented with a verbal sequence of 8 numbers, one of which they had previously chosen. It was found that differential responsivity decreased as a function of the serial position of the chosen number. This finding contrasts with a strict version of the dichotomization theory. A modified version of this theory was suggested to account for the present finding, as well as for previously reported results. It focuses on the different attributes of the stimuli. It states that habituation to a stimulus is dependent on the frequency with which attributes of the stimulus were presented either as components of the stimulus or as components of other stimuli.
Comparison of Linear and Quadratic Classification of Event‐Related Potentials on the Basis of Their Exogenous or Endogenous Components
Authors: Aunon Jorge I. , McGillem Clare D. , O'Donnell Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe linear and quadratic techniques for classifying exogenous and endogenous components of event‐related potentials are compared. The test and train on the same data, test and train on different data, and the leave‐one‐out techniques of evaluating classifier performance are employed. Time samples from waveforms measured from four electrodes simultaneously were used to design the classifiers. Classification results utilizing both techniques gave comparable accuracies suggesting that differences in the data covariances were not significant for the test conditions occurring in each paradigm.
Color‐Graphics Terminal Provides Added Dimension to Biofeedback System
Authors: Krausman David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVideo color‐graphics hardware, and especially moderate resolution color CRT displays, are rapidly becoming one of the most popular peripherals In the computer industry. This paper describes the utilization of a color‐graphic display terminal as the main feedback component in a hybrid laboratory‐built microcomputer system for implementing skin temperature biofeedback and monitoring procedures.
The Psychophysiological Assessment of Muscle‐Contraction Headache Subjects During Headache and Nonheadache Conditions
Authors: Haynes Stephen N. , Gannon Linda R. , Cuevas Jacoueline , Heiser Paula , Hamilton Johnnie , Katranides Margaret 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated multiple psychophysiological variables in muscle‐contraction headache subjects during headache and nonheadache states. Nine muscle‐contraction headache subjects participated in four sessions: twice when they had a headache and twice when they had no headache. During each session multiple psychophysiological measures (frontal electromyogram (EMG), neck EMG, arm EMG, cephalic blood volume pulse (BVP), and heart rate) were monitored during baseline, a cognitive stressor, a physical stressor, and post‐stress adaptation phases. Baseline psychophysiological measures did not discriminate between headache conditions but there were significant differences between conditions on measures of neck and forearm EMG. Analyses of individual subjects revealed that headache states, compared to nonheadache states, were associated with significantly greater neck EMG levels and significantly greater cephalic vasodilation for most subjects. The implications of these studies for the etiology and treatment of muscle‐contraction headache are discussed.
Self‐Control of Digital Temperature: Physiological Factors and Transfer Effects
Authors: Freedman Robert R. , Ianni Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted in the present investigation. In the first, subjects receiving finger temperature feedback showed significant increases in digital temperature during the first 12 min of the first training session, an effect not shown by subjects receiving autogenic training, electromyograph feedback, or simple instructions to increase finger temperature. During five subsequent training sessions, significant temperature elevations were not shown by any group. During a post training test of voluntary control, only the temperature feedback group produced a significant elevation in digital temperature. In a second voluntary control test, conducted outside the laboratory, no temperature increases were found.It was hypothesized that finger temperature elevations produced during temperature feedback might be time limited or that excessive session length might impede training. Accordingly, a second experiment was performed in which training periods and session length were reduced. Temperature feedback subjects now consistently increased their finger temperature during training and without feedback, both inside and outside the laboratory. These effects were not shown by control subjects. It is concluded that consistent finger temperature elevations during training are necessary for generalization of this response outside the laboratory. Although relaxation was not necessary for temperature elevation in the laboratory, it might have enhanced this effect outside the laboratory setting.
Cardiac Response to Speech Sounds in Preterm Infants: Effects of Postnatal Illness at Three Months
Authors: Fox NathanA. , Lewis Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of postnatal illness, specifically respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), on preterm infants’ attention to auditory stimuli at 3 months of age was examined in three groups of infants; healthy preterm, preterms who had RDS, and a sample of normal term infants. Infants were presented 2 sessions of 9 trials of synthesized consonant‐vowel sounds. The first 7 trials consisted of a binaural presentation in which the CV stimulus /ba/ or /pa/ was presented simultaneously to both left and right ears. The eighth and ninth trials consisted of a dichotic presentation in which the speech stimuli /ba/ and /pa/ were presented, one sound to the left ear and one sound to the right ear. EKG was recorded throughout the presentation. Analyses of covariance with prestimulus heart period as the covariate and heart period during stimulus presentation as the dependent measure were computed to investigate cardiac orienting, habituation and recovery. Results reveal significant cardiac orienting by healthy term and preterm infants on trial 1, habituation across trials 1–7, and recovery of cardiac orienting to stimulus change on the second novel presentation by healthy term and preterm. RDS preterm infants exhibited cardiac orienting to the first stimulus presentation but they did not evidence a change in cardiac level across redundant trials or a response recovery to the novel stimulus. RDS preterms throughout exhibited shorter heart period levels (faster heart rates) than either healthy term or healthy preterm infants. Results are discussed in relation to the effect of RDS on autonomic reactivity.
Electrodermal Nonresponding Among College Undergraduates: Temporal Stability, Situational Specificity, and Relationship To Heart Rate Change
Authors: Simons Robert F. , Losito Barbara D. , Rose Sandra C. , MacMillan Frank W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBased on a large screening project, 24 electrodermal nonresponders to nonsignal tones were chosen from an undergraduate population and compared on multiple electrodermal, heart rate, and personality measures to an equal number of randomly selected control subjects. Questions addressed in this study included the reliability of the nonresponder category with repeated testing, its stability across situations, its concurrent relationship with other psychophysiological measures, and its ability to predict scores on more standardized measures of individual differences.It was determined that nonresponders continued to produce smaller specific skin conductance responses (SCRs) during a second testing session two weeks after the initial screening, and these differences remained when subjects were tested under signal conditions. However, 50% of the initial nonresponders did produce SCRs by the completion of all testing. Nonresponders and controls differed on other electrodermal measures as well, with nonresponders producing fewer spontaneous fluctuations under all conditions and lower skin conductance levels during initial screening and under signal conditions. Nonresponders and control subjects also differed in heart rate response during the signal procedure. Control subjects produced the anticipated cardiac deceleration, whereas nonresponders produced a pronounced heart rate increase.The two groups did not differ on measured personality characteristics, but when nonresponders were divided into subgroups based on consistency of response pattern, several differences did emerge.
Transfer of EMG Training: Another Look at the General Relaxation Issue
Authors: Carlson John G. , Basilio Cecelia A. , Heaukulani James D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA study was made of the extent to which electromyographic (EMG) response‐decrease training with biofeedback on each of two successive sites would affect the other site in terms of generalization and transfer of training. Thirty‐two subjects were assigned to four groups of equal size. Groups Frontal‐Arm and Arm‐Frontal were first provided with auditory feedback for EMG responses on either the forehead (frontal) or forearm extensor areas in an initial set of training sessions and on the alternate area in a second set of training sessions. Control groups Relax‐Arm and Relax‐Frontal were provided with instructions designed to induce “motivated relaxation” on one of the two sites in initial training followed by biofeedback training on the alternate site in subsequent training. The EMG training, but not the instructions, resulted in reduced EMG potentials in both the forearm and frontal areas. However, training on one site did not appear to facilitate more rapid acquisition of reduced potentials (transfer of training) during subsequent biofeedback on the alternate site. There was also no evidence for generalized training effects in the form of reduced potentials on other sites, skin temperatures, or self‐reports at the time of training on one site.
Similarity of Eye Movement Characteristics in REM Sleep and the Awake State
Authors: Herman J.H. , Barker D.R. , Roffwarg H.P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe eye movements of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep have been reported to be slower, i.e., to show reduced velocities, compared to those of the awake state. We demonstrated that REM sleep eye movements are in fact similar in velocity to awake state eye movements under the condition of no visual input (eyes open or closed). Furthermore, we observed that oculomotor velocities and trajectories in REM sleep are more similar to head‐unrestrained (normal vision) than head‐restrained (bite board) conditions in the awake state. The DC electro‐oculogram (EOG) was utilized for all measurements. Both head‐unrestrained and REM sleep eye movements contained looped trajectories not present when the head was immobilized. Eyelid closure had little effect beyond that of total darkness. Recumbent body position did not significantly alter velocity characteristics. These data indicate that the eye movements of REM sleep are more congruent with the hallucinated locomotor activity of the dream than with the postural immobility’ of the dreamer.
Digital Inverse Filtering Methodology For Physiological Signals
Authors: Doyle D. J. , Hyde M. L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of digital inverse filtering for modifying the properties of physiological signals is discussed. Particular reference is made to phase correction of signals distorted by recording with analog filters having nonlinear phase properties. Some practical considerations in implementing digital filtering and inverse filtering are presented, especially problems of time‐domain and frequency‐domain resolution, inverse filter definition, and the effects of digitization errors.
The Relationship Between Sexual Arousal Experience and Genital Response
Authors: Korff Janice , Geer James H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn studies of sexuality, there has been a wide divergence in findings concerning the correlation between the subjective and genital measurements of sexual arousal. The present study is aimed at helping clarify this situation by examining the role of certain factors involved in determining the subjective‐genital correlation. Thus, the following study was designed to (1) employ a methodology aimed at improving the correlation between the subjective and genital measurements of arousal in women, and (2) determine the effect of attending to bodily cues upon the subjective‐genital relationship. To accomplish this end, 36 female subjects were separated into two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were given instructions suggesting that they attend to either genital or non‐genital body signals of sexual arousal while viewing a series of 10 erotic slides. Subjects in the control group were given no attention instructions. Subjective levels of arousal to the erotic slides were scaled by having subjects set the intensity of sound and light to match their intensity of arousal (cross‐modality matching) and by using a rating scale. Genital measures of sexual arousal consisted of measurement of vaginal pulse amplitude. Analyses revealed that group computed correlations were very high and that individually computed subjective‐genital correlations were highest in the attention groups. Paying attention to bodily cues has a significant and positive effect on the subjective‐genital relationship. Possible explanations for these results are given along with a discussion of the role of methodological variables in influencing the genital‐subjective correlation. The finding of high levels of correlation raises doubts on the heretofore made assumption of low subjective‐genital correlations for women.