bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field‐scale rotary kiln incineration: Oxygen responses at the kiln, afterburner, and stack
Authors: Leger C. B. , Cundy V. A. , Sterling A. M. , Montestruc A. N. , Jakway A. L. , Owens W. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere currently exists a need for better characterization and simulation of the processes that occur during the incineration of hazardous wastes in the environment of a rotary kiln. Addressing this need, a comprehensive research program was formed with the goal of developing a rudimentary predictive capability for rotary kiln incineration of hazardous wastes. This comprehensive program is headed by Louisiana State University and includes interaction with the University of Utah and also various industrial participants. Such cooperation allows use of laboratory, pilot, and field scale equipment. While laboratory scale experiments provide the necessary decoupling of complex phenomena and a high degree of experimental control, and pilot scale studies provide more realism at the expense of experimental control, the problems of scale‐up make generalization of results to field scale units very tenuous. The unique aspect of the LSU program is the coupling of the laboratory and pilot scale units with afield scale unit in order to overcome these generalizations.In this study, plastic packs containing a mixture of toluene and sorbent were fed to a field‐scale rotary kiln incinerator at a rate of one pack every 10 minutes. Selected continuous gas samples and temperatures were obtained from the exit of the rotary kiln, from the afterburner, and from the stack. These measurements were obtained during various operating conditions. These data provide, for the first time, an ability to compare conditions in the kiln to simultaneous conditions in the afterburner and stack.This paper outlines several new experimental features of our field‐scale tests conducted in October 1990. Oxygen responses from the kiln, the afterburner, and the stack are compared during various operating conditions.
Status and trends in bioremediation treatment technology
Authors: Fox Catherine A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article is a critical analysis of the treatment potential of bioremediation technology to degrade eight major environmental pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, pentachlorophenols, creosote, polychlorinated biphenyls, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzoates, and chlorophenols. The discussion includes information on transformation mechanisms, identification of intermediate metabolites, elucidation of partial or complete pathways, effects of environmental parameters, as well as current and future industrial application.Results indicate that bioremediation used in conjunction with other physical and chemical treatment methodologies can effectively transform most prevalent nonchlorinated organic contaminants and some chlorinated contaminants, such as creosote and pentachlorophenol, into innocuous materials. Successful biodegradation of several other chlorinated organic compounds, notably polychlorinated biphenyls and trichloroethylene, is currently possible only under controlled laboratory conditions. Future successful field applications, however, appear promising.
The use of natural processes for the control of chromium migration
Authors: Chrostowski Paul C. , Durda Judi L. , Edelmann Kristen G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental contamination with ionic chromium has been identified as a problem at numerous Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action sites. In many cases, contamination of groundwater to levels above existing standards or criteria may be a potential problem both for direct consumption of groundwater and for transport of mobile forms of chromium to areas such as basements where it can becontacted. In the environment, chromium occurs in two forms: trivalent and hexavalent. The trivalent form is generally immobile and nontoxic; hexavalent chromium is generally mobile and toxic. This article first presents the extent of the chromium problem, reviews the environmental chemistry literature on chromium, and reviews existing treatment technology for chromium immobilization in the nontoxic trivalent state. Finally, we present a case study where immobilization of chromium occurred through natural processes allowing a modified no‐action scenario for site remediation.
The influence of soil composition on bioremediation of PAH‐contaminated soils
Authors: Middleton Andrew C. , Nakles David V. , Linz David G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs a result of former industrial activities, many properties across the United States contain various chemicals in their soils at concentrations above background levels. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often encountered at sites of gas manufacture, wood treating, tar refining, coke making, and petroleum reflning. When the presence of PAHs in site soil is deemed to create a situation of unacceptable risk to public health or the environment, treatment or disposal is required to reduce concentrations to acceptable levels.The ideal remedial process for PAHs in soils would destroy them to an environmentally sound level at relatively low cost without producing adverse by‐products. In many cases bioremediation can accomplish these goals. The degree to which bioremediation can destroy PAHs in a particular soil, however, is highly dependent on the characteristics of that soil, including the nature of the hydrocarbon that is the source of the PAHs.It is the objective of this article to describe efforts leading to this conclusion and to summarize how soil characteristics influence bioremediation of PAHs.
Selecting state‐of‐the‐art incinerators for complex aqueous wastes
Authors: Tischler JoAnn , Huenefeld Bruce , Irrgang Gene H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) in Adams County, Colorado has been identified as a priority site on the Superfund National Priority List. The Program Manager's Office of RMA announced in early 1990 its intention to implement installation of a state‐of‐the‐art incineration plant to treat the most complex and controversial waste stream on the site.Established in 1942, RMA served as an Army manufacturing center for chemical agents such as mustard gas, white phosphorus, napalm, and GB nerve agent. Parts of the site were also leased to Shell Oil Company, which manufactured pesticides and other agricultural chemicals at this location between 1952 and 1982.To support these activities, the Army operated a ninety‐three‐acre surface impoundment called Basin F for collection and evaporation of chemical wastewaters. As a result of the wide variety of wastes received and concentrated at Basin F and early treatment attempts, its contents became one of the most unusual chemical cocktails known to man. By the time a formal interim response action for remediation was initiated in 1985, the composition of the Basin consisted of a multi‐phase fluid and sludge, including super‐saturated levels of inorganic salts; 30 percent or more organics such as pesticides, military agent by‐products, degradation products, and solvents; high levels of ammonia compounds and bound nitrogen; and percent levels of copper, arsenic, and other metals.Selection of a remedial alternative involved twelve years of characterizationstudies and eleven years of treatability testing programs encompassing the universe of containment; encapsulation; stabilization; component separation; and thermal, electrical, chemical, and biological degradation technologies. The program resulted in the selection of a state‐of‐the‐art down‐fired liquid incinerator for destruction of aqueous organic contaminants in metallic salt matrices.The treatability demonstration, and the technical justification for selection of the T‐Thermal submerged quench incinerator for this application, is the subject of this article.
Treating contaminated groundwater using a fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Hickey Robert F. , Wagner Daniel , Mazewski Gene 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBoth biological treatment and carbon adsorption have inherent advantages for remediation of groundwater contaminated with compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Biological treatment destroys the contaminants and is extremely cost‐effective. Carbon adsorption is a positive removal mechanism that ensures a product water of high quality, but the process is relatively expensive and requires frequent carbon replacement and/or regeneration. Coupling the two processes realizes the inherent advantages of both approaches. An additional benefit of combining these removal mechanisms in a biological fluidizedbed reactor (FBR) system is that no loss of BTEX from volatilization occurs, since predissolution of oxygen is used in place of conventional aeration for the fluidized‐bed process.This article summarizes preliminary performance data from a laboratory, pilot‐scale biological FBR, using granulated activated carbon (GAC) as the support media (GAC‐FBR), operated at various BTEX concentrations and organic loading rates. Greater than 99‐percent degradation of total BTEX was achieved at an organic loading rate of 3.0 kg COD/m3‐day or less and an empty bed hydraulic retention time of 5.0 minutes. System performance was extremely robust, easily handling a tenfold step increase in loading due to the combined adsorptive capability of the biofilm‐coated GAC and ability to subsequently bioregenerate the GAC. Monitoring verified that no off‐gas was produced during treatment.
Immobilizing a light, nonaqueous phase liquid
Authors: Masters Eugene R. , Riggenbach Jack D. , Ammon Douglas C. , Sobel Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new technique has been developed to immobilize organic chemicals at a Superfund site. In the course of predesign studies in preparing the Remedial Design for the Pioneer Sand Superfund site in Pensacola, Florida, a light, nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) was discovered floating on the groundwater within the on‐site landfill. The liquid, with a viscosity similar to SAE 20 motor oil, was made up of heavy organic chemicals and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), but no pesticides or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The volatiles present included toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. Regulatory agencies expressed concern over the possibility of LNAPL migration and asked that a method of LNAPL immobilization be devised.
How to engineer biological processes that neutralize hazardous wastes
Authors: Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBecause bioremediation must satisfy the fundamental biological tastes of specific organisms, environmental engineers must create a nutritious waste stew. Waste‐hungry organisms need a proper electron acceptor. Oxygen is preferred; if it is not available, nitrate, sulfate, or carbon dioxide may work. The waste itself is a source of carbon and energy. Macronutrients are next—including phosphorus, nitrogen, and certain metals, if they are not already present in the wastewater—as well as micronutrients. Other factors, including pH, temperature, aeration, and mixing must suit the organisms' natural temperaments. This article explores how bioengineers can combine these ingredients in precise quantities and proportions in both conventional and innovative aerobic and anaerobic bioprocesses, including in situ treatment and even composting, to make the organisms healthy, happy, and inexpensive.
Look at groundwater quality to set VOC cleanup levels
Authors: Rosenbloom Jeff , Mock Peter , Turin H. J. , Lawson Peter , Brown Jess 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1981, the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) discovered groundwater contamination by solvents and chromium at the Phoenix Goodyear Airport (PGA), just outside the city of Phoenix. ADHS and the U.S. EPA sampled the site for the next two years, finding that eighteen of their wells were contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE), six exceeding ADHS's action level of five micrograms per liter (μg/l). In 1983, the PGA site was added to the National Priorities List, and, in 1984, EPA began a $3 million remedial investigation, focusing on soils and groundwater. This article discusses how that investigation inspired the authors to develop a stream‐lined evaluation method for PGA's volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the process for establishing VOC cleanup levels, and the $26 million of remediation work needed to be done at the site. The heart of this effort is a computer program called VLEACH, loosely standing for VOC‐LEACHing, which anticipates the influence of VOCs on PGA's groundwater, even as remediation proceeds.
Telerobots for remote disposal of mixed waste
Authors: Yemington Charles R. , Stone James E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo remote‐controlled robotic submersible vehicles and an automated shredder are helping remove and dispose of highly reactive, sometimes explosive materials, dumped into a water‐filled quarry at the U.S. Department of Energy's reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Human workers never enter the four‐acre site, except for well‐planned equipment maintenance and to shoot holes from a protected but into the retrieved containers, releasing pressure and exposing the contents to air and water. During its approximately two years of operation, the $8 million project has retrieved more than 15,000 items from the thirty feet of water at the bottom of the quarry.
Effects of cosolvency in the fate and transport of PCBs in soil
Authors: Haasbeek John F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnder the purview of EPA's Remedial Engineering Management (REM III) Superfund contract, a CERCLA RI/FS was performed at the Pinettes Salvage Yard site located in Washburn, Maine (EPA Region I). The purpose of the RI/FS was to fully characterize the nature, extent, and fate and transport of PCB contamination resulting from an alleged surface spill of transformer dielectric fluid containing Arochlor 1260 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) and various volatile and semivolatile organic constituents. The RI/FS was performed subsequent to both an immediate removal action (IRA) and a deletion remedial investigation (DRI) performed by EPA contractors. Results of both efforts indicated that the site was unsuitable for deletion from the National Priorities List (NPL) because the site soils contained elevated levels of PCBs.This article presents a case history of the extensive field investigations performed to characterize the contaminant source and evaluate the fate and transport of PCBs in site soils. These investigations included on‐site mobile laboratory gas chromatograph (GC) analytical techniques for PCBs and targeted volatile and semivolatile organic compounds; confirmatory Contact Laboratory Program (CLP) laboratory analyses of soils, sediments, surface water, and groundwater samples; statistical analyses and correlation of field mobile laboratory GC data with CLP laboratory analytical results; and an evaluation of the potential effects of cosolvency in the fate and transport of PCBs in subsurface soils.
A conceptual study on the bio‐wall technology: Feasibility and process design
Authors: Yang Xiaoqing , Fan L. T. , Erickson Larry E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn‐situ bioremediation is a process by which contaminants in subsurface environments are biologically eliminated or mineralized; however, it is often difficult to implement. Microbes sparsely distributed in deep soils are incapable of degrading a chemical rapidly; furthermore, fine‐pore structures of soils tend to retard the penetration and propagation of these microbes and hinder oxygen transfer. The latter is particularly detrimental to the aerobic growth of microbes, which is often essential for bioremediation. Measures intended to promote bioremediation, such as the addition of surfactants for enhancing dissolution and the application of genetically engineered microbes for accelerating the biodegradation of contaminants, are almost impossible to adopt. This is attributable to the fact that various facets of the bioremediation process (e.g., the distribution of dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and oxygen, and the concentration of microbes) cannot be readily manipulated.This article proposes a novel technology, namely, bio‐wall. This technology resorts to an in‐situ constructed medium with porosity and organic content greater than those of the original soil for promoting the adsorption and retention of microbes and the biodegradation of contaminants. Moreover, oxygen and nutrients are supplied to the bio‐wall to facilitate microbialgrowth. The results of conceptual design study and simulation have revealed that the technology is indeed feasible and, under certain environmental conditions, cost‐effective. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that bio‐wall can prevent contaminant migration through the enhancement of the biodegradation rate and reduction of the plume‐distance, both by several orders of magnitude.
Choosing the most effective hazardous waste landfill cover
Authors: Warren Ronald W. , Hakonson Thomas E. , Bostick Kenneth V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDetermining the appropriate criteria and designs for hazardous waste landfill covers has spawned much discussion within the environmental remediation arena. Very little reliable comparison of various technologies exists. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory studied the relative hydrologic performance of four landfill cover designs—two capillary barrier designs, one modified EPA RCRA design, and one control cover. Monitoring the fate of natural precipitation for nearly four years showed that the covers with barrier layers more effectively reduced deep percolation than the control cover. Although none entirely eliminated deep percolation, the RCRA cover, incorporating a clay hydraulic barrier, most effectively controlled it. The two capillary barriers reduced deep percolation, but significant amounts were still produced. Over 90 percent of all percolation through the covers, and lateral flow within the covers, occurred during February through May each year, primarily as a result of snowmelt, early spring rains, and low evapotranspiration. The study also showed that gravel mulch surface treatments (70‐ to 80‐percent ground cover) reduced runoff and erosion. Despite additional shrubs planted on one, the two plots receiving the gravel mulch treatments exhibited equally enhanced amounts of evapotranspiration.
In‐situ biological treatment of vinyl acetate‐contaminated soil: An emergency response action
Authors: Flathman Paul E. , Krupp Bryon J. , Zottola Paul , Trausch Jason R. , Carson John H. , Yao Ruji , Laird Gregory J. , Woodhull Patrick M. , Jerger Douglas E. , Lear Paul R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn‐situ biological solid‐phase (or land) treatment was cost‐effectively used to remediate 1,500 cubic yards (1,100 m3) of contaminated soil within three months of field operation following spillage of an estimated 12,000 gallons (45,000 L) of vinyl acetate from a railroad tank car onto surface soil. The vinyl acetate rapidly hydrolyzed to acetate and acetaldehyde with concentrations ranging up to 22,000 and 3,000 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol, a metabolic intermediate, was found to accumulate in soil to concentrations as high as 280 mg/kg. The estimate for excavation, transportation, and disposal of the contaminated soil as a special waste, and for backfilling of the excavated area, was $850,000. The cost for biological remediation of the contaminated soil was $400,000, which was less than half the cost of excavation. In‐situ biological treatments have been used to readily remove contaminants, such as acrylonitrile, styrene, butylcellosolve, ethylacrylate, and n‐butylacrylate, at other sites involving railroad incidents.
Fast‐track remediation for redevelopment of a former integrated steel mill site
Authors: Lister Kenneth H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemedial action was initiated and completed on an approximately 500‐acre brownfield site in southern California within a period of five months during the summer of 1995. Remedial actions included design and construction of an approximately 14‐acre cap, including a synthetic membrane; design, construction, and testing of an in‐situ soil vapor extraction system; excavation, on‐site treatment, and off‐site disposal of approximately 7,000 cubic yards of residual waste and affected soil; and verification sampling, analysis, and health risk screening in 20 units of a former integrated steel mill. Completion of remedial action on this portion of the mill site within this time frame was required due to site redevelopment plans which included construction of an auto raceway with scheduled races in early 1997. Rapid remedial action was possible only through simultaneous completion of multiple remediation tasks. This could be done only with continuous communication and close coordination among the site owner, lead regulatory agency, and contractors.
Enhanced intrinsic bioremediation of hydrocarbons using an oxygen‐releasing compound
Authors: Odencrantz Joseph E. , Johnson Jeffrey G. , Koenigsberg Stephen S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn “oxygen barrier” was formed by depositing an oxygen‐releasing compound in a series of wells that were placed perpendicular to the direction of groundwater flow at a site in Belen, New Mexico. The objective was to enhance the intrinsic bioremediation of dissolved phase BTEX contamination in the aquifer and to quantify the results. The oxygen was supplied by a controlled release formulation of magnesium peroxide called Oxygen Release Compound (ORC®), a virtually insoluble powder that is packaged in polyester filter socks. The areal distributions of the initial concentrations of dissolved oxygen and BTEX were measured and compared to the concentration changes at various times in the first 93 days of system operation. The concomitant reduction in BTEX can be seen in a series of contour plots. In 93 days, dissolved oxygen had dispersed at least 20‐feet downgradient from the ORC source wells based on the pattern of decreasing BTEX concentrations.
Phytoremediation: Modeling removal of TNT and its breakdown products
Authors: Medina Victor F. , McCutcheon Steven C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContamination of soil and groundwater by trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a widespread problem confronting military bases and ammunition manufacturing facilities throughout the United States. Phytoremediation provides a promising treatment of TNT‐contaminated groundwater and wastewater because many plants contain the necessary enzymes to degrade explosives such as TNT. Two phytoremediation methods are proposed in this article: controlled reactors and constructed wetlands. Controlled reactors provide greater control of operating parameters, a reduced possibility of contaminant migration, control of animals feeding on the plants, and minimization of competition from other plant species. Constructed wetlands have relatively low capital costs, and the wetland becomes a desirable ecological resource. Because cost, as opposed to reactor size, appears to be the most significant factor for military base cleanup, this project focused on the constructed wetland approach.To estimate the disappearance of TNT and its breakdown products from a constructed wetland, a first‐order, nonreversible reaction, plug‐flow, finite‐difference model was developed. Batch scale experiments were conducted to define disappearance kinetics for individual chemical species. The results of the model suggest that reasonably sized wetlands may be used to treat a wastestream with an influent TNT concentration of 2.25 ppm at flow rates ranging from 10 to 5,000 gpm. Economic comparisons to other published costs for competing technologies are promising.