bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a new Skin Color Chart®
Authors: De Rigal Jean , Abella Marie‐Laurence , Giron Franck , Caisey Laurence , Lefebvre Marc André 
Published: January 2007

Background: Age‐induced skin color variations are of great importance and incite increasing demand for cosmetic products to improve the appearance. The evaluation by clinicians or estheticians of the efficacy of skin care products is particularly difficult and requires the help of color charts.Purpose: To standardize this kind of evaluation, we have developed a new Skin Color Chart®. In contrast to other color charts, this new one represents true skin color without metamerism and covers almost all skin colors encountered around the world. This new instrument has been validated for both Asian and Caucasian skin complexion and sun spot color.Method: The new device used to record skin color, the Chromasphere®, developed by L'Oréal, is briefly presented. All skin color measurements and the validation of each selected Color were performed under identical conditions, and then, absorption spectra of both skin and chart were compared using severe criteria. The first use and the validation of this Skin Color Chart® were performed by dermatologists (two in China and one in France) in groups of about 40 women on sunspots and complexion color.Results: Regarding repeatability (intraobserver agreement), the new Skin Color Chart® showed very good statistical validation on complexion and sunspot color. The agreement between dermatologists, the reproducibility criterion, although not as good remained high. An example of the evaluation of the efficacy of a whitening product is given in order to illustrate the ‘sensitivity’ of this new device to evaluate very weak color variations.Conclusions: The new Skin Color Chart® appears to be very useful and easy to use even by clinicians without training in color evaluation.
Prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia following dental extractions
Authors: Tomás I , Álvarez M , Limeres J , Potel C , Medina J , Diz P 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To investigate the prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia following dental extractions, analysing the factors affecting its development.Subjects and methods:  The study group was composed of 53 patients undergoing dental extractions under general anaesthesia. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30 s, 15 min and 1 h after the dental extractions. Samples were inoculated into BACTEC PLUS aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles and were processed in Bactec 9240. Subculture and further identification of the bacteria isolated was performed by conventional microbiological techniques.Results:  The prevalence of bacteraemia following dental extractions was 96.2% at 30 s, 64.2% at 15 min and 20% at 1 h after completing the surgical procedure. The bacteria most frequently identified in the positive blood cultures were Streptococcus spp. (63.8%), particularly Streptococcus viridans.Conclusions:  In our series, the majority of patients undergoing dental extractions developed bacteraemia, usually of a streptococcal nature, independently of the grade of oral health and of the number of extractions performed. Positive blood cultures persisted for at least 1 h after the dental procedure in a considerable number of patients, questioning the supposedly transient nature of bacteraemia following dental extractions.
The Effect of the Earth’s Rotation on Ground Water Motion
Authors: Loáiciga Hugo A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe average pore velocity of ground water according to Darcy’s law is a function of the fluid pressure gradient and the gravitational force (per unit volume of ground water) and of aquifer properties. There is also an acceleration exerted on ground water that arises from the Earth’s rotation. The magnitude and direction of this rotation‐induced force are determined in exact mathematical form in this article. It is calculated that the gravitational force is at least 300 times larger than the largest rotation‐induced force anywhere on Earth, the latter force being maximal along the equator and approximately equal to 34 N/m3 there. This compares with a gravitational force of ∼104 N/m3.
Effects of Measurement Error on Horizontal Hydraulic Gradient Estimates
Authors: Devlin J.F. , McElwee C.D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDuring the design of a natural gradient tracer experiment, it was noticed that the hydraulic gradient was too small to measure reliably on an ∼500‐m2 site. Additional wells were installed to increase the monitored area to 26,500 m2, and wells were instrumented with pressure transducers. The resulting monitoring system was capable of measuring heads with a precision of ±1.3 × 10−2 m. This measurement error was incorporated into Monte Carlo calculations, in which only hydraulic head values were varied between realizations. The standard deviation in the estimated gradient and the flow direction angle from the x‐axis (east direction) were calculated. The data yielded an average hydraulic gradient of 4.5 × 10−4±25% with a flow direction of 56° southeast ±18°, with the variations representing 1 standard deviation. Further Monte Carlo calculations investigated the effects of number of wells, aspect ratio of the monitored area, and the size of the monitored area on the previously mentioned uncertainties. The exercise showed that monitored areas must exceed a size determined by the magnitude of the measurement error if meaningful gradient estimates and flow directions are to be obtained. The aspect ratio of the monitored zone should be as close to 1 as possible, although departures as great as 0.5 to 2 did not degrade the quality of the data unduly. Numbers of wells beyond three to five provided little advantage. These conclusions were supported for the general case with a preliminary theoretical analysis.
Locating the Zone of Saline Intrusion in a Coastal Karst Aquifer Using Springflow Data
Authors: Arfib Bruno , De Marsily Ghislain , Ganoulis Jacques 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCoastal fresh water aquifers are an increasingly desirable resource. In a karstic aquifer, sea water intrusion occurs as a salt water wedge, like in porous media. However, preferential flow conduits may alter the spatial and temporal distribution of the salt water. This is typically the case when the outlet of the aquifer is a brackish spring. This paper shows that salinity and flow rate variations at a spring, where salinity is inversely proportional to discharge, can help to understand the hydrodynamic functioning of the aquifer and to locate the fresh water–sea water mixing zone deep inside the aquifer. The volume of water‐filled conduit between the sea water intrusion zone and the spring outlet is calculated by the integral over time of the flow rate during the time lag between the flow rate increase and the salinity decrease as measured at the spring. In the example of the spring at Almyros of Heraklio (Crete, Greece), this time lag is variable, depending on the discharge, but the volume of water‐filled conduit appears to be constant, which shows that the processes of salt water intrusion and mixing in the conduit are constant throughout the year. The distance between the spring and the zone where sea water enters the conduit is estimated and provides an indication of the position where only fresh water is present in the conduit.
On Cavity Flow Permeability Testing of a Sandstone
Authors: Selvadurai P.A. , Selvadurai A.P.S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a laboratory experiment designed to measure the bulk permeability of a cuboidal sample of sandstone measuring ∼450 mm2 in plan area and 508 mm in height. The relatively large dimensions of the sandstone specimen allow the determination of the permeability of the material by creating a central cavity that can be pressurized to maintain a constant flow rate. The paper describes the experimental details and the test procedure, and discusses the computational and analytic approaches that have been used to interpret the test results.
Elder Brothers of the University: Early Vice Presidents in Late Nineteenth-Century Universities
Authors: Nidiffer Jana , Cain Timothy Reese 
Published: January 2007

If he may not be called the Father of the University of Illinois, he was at least its elder brother, intimately acquainted with its aims, character, and history, the depository of traditions, the friend, counselor, guide, and trusted confident of its successive presidents and of its trustees… long may he live in these halls and on this campus, in memory, in spirit, in example, and in gratitude and honor of all good men.-Stephen A. Forbes, 1916
The Emergence of the American University: An International Perspective
Authors: Nelson Adam R. 
Published: January 2007

In 1979, fourteen years after publishing his landmark work,The Emergence of the American University, Laurence R. Veysey wrote a forward-looking article for theAmerican Quarterlytided “The Autonomy of American History Reconsidered.” In this article, he suggested that the time had come to rewrite American history from a more international point of view. “The increasing global awareness of our age enables us to view national differences with a new sophistication,” he observed in terms that now seem remarkably prescient:The powerful sense of a common outcome to modern history across a substantial part of the planet forces us to reexamine many long-held notions about the peculiar development of national cultural traditions. In particular, it is clear that earlier interpretations of American history and cultures aggressively put forth as recently as the 1950s and emphasizing ‘uniquely’ American experiences and habits of mind, served largely to mislead us. American history has been viewed far too often as if it were autonomous, a theme entirely unto itself, rather than in enormous measure a reflection of forces operating throughout the modern world.
Editor's Farewell
Authors: Altenbaugh Richard J. 
Published: January 2007

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times… . Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859)Don T . Martin introduced me to the History of Education Quarterly (HEQ) in my first history of education graduate course at the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) in 1972. HEQ seemed to be revered there. I soon found out why. This scholarly journal had originated at Pitt under the editorship of Ryland W. Crary. Ry (as we called him) became another of my mentors at Pitt. In his trademark urbane and sophisticated style, he taught me much about scholarly writing and social grace. A signed and treasured copy of the first issue of the Quarterly still resides on a bookshelf in my study.
Airborne Retrievals of Snow Microwave Emissivity at AMSU Frequencies Using ARTS/SCEM-UA
Authors: Harlow R. Chawn 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe remote sounding, by satellite, of atmospheric temperature and humidity is an important source of data for assimilation into operational weather forecasting routines. For retrievals of these variables near the surface, wavebands with low optical depths are monitored to allow penetration through the overlying atmosphere. Brightness temperatures in these relatively transparent bands are also sensitive to the land surface emissivity and effective temperature. Inadequate understanding of these land surface emissivities is a major issue when assimilating Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit data for the land-covered portion of the globe. One approach for estimating the emissivity of snow-covered surfaces is an empirical model derived from satellite-based and land-based retrievals of emissivity for a variety of snow types. The Met Office’s Hercules C-130 aircraft flew over snow-covered Arctic terrain of northern Finland during the Polar Experiment (POLEX) of March 2001. On these flights, microwave radiometers provided microwave brightness temperatures at 23.8, 50.3, 89.0, 157, and 183 GHz. The work presented here uses these data along with a robust multiparameter optimization routine [Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis (SCEM-UA)] coupled to the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) to retrieve emissivities at the measured frequencies. These results are then used to validate an empirical model. This latter model predicts 23.8–157-GHz emissivities with an RMSE of less than 0.02 and bias of less than 0.01 when compared with data at an incidence angle of 40°. Nonmonotonic behavior in the emissivity spectrum for this campaign, reported in earlier work, is confirmed by the retrievals presented here.
Revised Response Criteria for Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Cheson Bruce D. , Pfistner Beate , Juweid Malik E. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Specht Lena , Horning Sandra J. , Coiffier Bertrand , Fisher Richard I. , Hagenbeek Anton , Zucca Emanuele , Rosen Steven T. , Stroobants Sigrid , Lister T. Andrew , Hoppe Richard T. , Dreyling Martin , Tobinai Kensei , Vose Julie M. , Connors Joseph M. , Federico Massimo , Diehl Volker 
Published: January 2007

Purpose Standardized response criteria are needed to interpret and compare clinical trials and for approval of new therapeutic agents by regulatory agencies. Methods The International Working Group response criteria (Cheson et al, J Clin Oncol 17:1244, 1999) were widely adopted, but required reassessment because of identified limitations and the increased use of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. The International Harmonization Project was convened to provide updated recommendations. Results New guidelines are presented incorporating PET, IHC, and flow cytometry for definitions of response in non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Standardized definitions of end points are provided. Conclusion We hope that these guidelines will be adopted widely by study groups, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and regulatory agencies to facilitate the development of new and more effective therapies to improve the outcome of patients with lymphoma.
A General Model to Explore Complex Dominance Patterns in Plant Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility Systems
Authors: Billiard Sylvain , Castric Vincent , Vekemans Xavier 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We developed a general model of sporophytic self-incompatibility under negative frequency-dependent selection allowing complex patterns of dominance among alleles. We used this model deterministically to investigate the effects on equilibrium allelic frequencies of the number of dominance classes, the number of alleles per dominance class, the asymmetry in dominance expression between pollen and pistil, and whether selection acts on male fitness only or both on male and on female fitnesses. We show that the so-called “recessive effect” occurs under a wide variety of situations. We found emerging properties of finite population models with several alleles per dominance class such as that higher numbers of alleles are maintained in more dominant classes and that the number of dominance classes can evolve. We also investigated the occurrence of homozygous genotypes and found that substantial proportions of those can occur for the most recessive alleles. We used the model for two species with complex dominance patterns to test whether allelic frequencies in natural populations are in agreement with the distribution predicted by our model. We suggest that the model can be used to test explicitly for additional, allele-specific, selective forces.
Selective Sweeps Reveal Candidate Genes for Adaptation to Drought and Salt Tolerance in Common Sunflower, Helianthus annuus
Authors: Kane Nolan C , Rieseberg Loren H 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Here we report the results of an analysis of variation at 128 EST-based microsatellites in wild Helianthus annuus, using populations from the species' typical plains habitat in Kansas and Colorado, as well as two arid desert and two distinct brackish marsh areas in Utah. The test statistics lnRV and lnRH were used to find regions of the genome that were significantly less variable in one population relative to the others and thus are likely to contain genes under selection. A small but detectable percentage (1.5–6%) of genes showed evidence for selection from both statistics in any particular environment, and a total of 17 loci showed evidence of selection in at least one environment. Distance-based measures provided additional evidence of selection for 15 of the 17 loci. Global FST-values were significantly higher for candidate loci, as expected under divergent selection. However, pairwise FST-values were lower for populations that shared a selective sweep. Moreover, while spatially separated populations undergoing similar selective pressures showed evidence of divergence at some loci, they evolved in concert at other loci. Thus, this study illustrates how selective sweeps might contribute both to the integration of conspecific populations and to the differentiation of races or species.
Mlh1 Deficiency in Zebrafish Results in Male Sterility and Aneuploid as Well as Triploid Progeny in Females
Authors: Feitsma Harma , Leal Marcelo C , Moens Peter B , Cuppen Edwin , Schulz Rüdiger W 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn most eukaryotes, recombination of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is necessary for proper chromosome pairing and subsequent segregation. The molecular mechanisms of meiosis are still relatively unknown, but numerous genes are known to be involved, among which are many mismatch repair genes. One of them, mlh1, colocalizes with presumptive sites of crossing over, but its exact action remains unclear. We studied meiotic processes in a knockout line for mlh1 in zebrafish. Male mlh1 mutants are sterile and display an arrest in spermatogenesis at metaphase I, resulting in increased testis weight due to accumulation of prophase I spermatocytes. In contrast, females are fully fertile, but their progeny shows high rates of dysmorphology and mortality within the first days of development. SNP-based chromosome analysis shows that this is caused by aneuploidy, resulting from meiosis I chromosomal missegregation. Surprisingly, the small percentage of progeny that develops normally has a complete triploid genome, consisting of both sets of maternal and one set of paternal chromosomes. As adults, these triploid fish are infertile males with wild-type appearance. The frequency of triploid progeny of mlh1 mutant females is much higher than could be expected for random chromosome segregation. Together, these results show that multiple solutions exist for meiotic crossover/segregation problems.
Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora crassa: Clock Mutant Effects in the Absence of a frq-Based Oscillator
Authors: Lombardi Laura , Schneider Kevin , Tsukamoto Michelle , Brody Stuart 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
In Neurospora, the circadian rhythm is expressed as rhythmic conidiation driven by a feedback loop involving the protein products of frq (frequency), wc-1 (white collar-1), and wc-2, known as the frq/wc (FWC) oscillator. Although strains carrying null mutations such as frq10 or wc-2Δ lack a functional FWC oscillator and do not show a rhythm under most conditions, a rhythm can be observed in them by the addition of geraniol or farnesol to the media. Employing this altered media as an assay, the effect of other clock mutations in a frq10- or wc-2Δ-null background can be measured. It was found that the existing clock mutations fall into three classes: (1) those, such as prd-3 or prd-4 or frq1, that showed no effect in a clock null background; (2) those, such as prd-1 or prd-2 or prd-6, that did have a measurable effect in the frq10 background; and (3) those, such as the new mutation ult, that suppressed the frq10 or wc-2Δ effect, i.e., geraniol/farnesol was not required for a visible rhythm. This classification suggests that some of the known clock mutations are part of a broader multioscillator system.
S Locus F-Box Brothers: Multiple and Pollen-Specific F-Box Genes WithSHaplotype-Specific Polymorphisms in Apple and Japanese Pear
Authors: Sassa Hidenori , Kakui Hiroyuki , Miyamoto Mayu , Suzuki Yusuke , Hanada Toshio , Ushijima Koichiro , Kusaba Makoto , Hirano Hisashi , Koba Takato 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlthough recent findings suggest that the F-box genes SFB/SLF control pollen-part S specificity in the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system, how these genes operate in the system is unknown, and functional variation of pollen S genes in different species has been reported. Here, we analyzed the S locus of two species of Maloideae: apple (Malus domestica) and Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). The sequencing of a 317-kb region of the apple S9 haplotype revealed two similar F-box genes. Homologous sequences were isolated from different haplotypes of apple and Japanese pear, and they were found to be polymorphic genes derived from the S locus. Since each S haplotype contains two or three related genes, the genes were named SFBB for S locus F-box brothers. The SFBB genes are specifically expressed in pollen, and variable regions of the SFBB genes are under positive selection. In a style-specific mutant S haplotype of Japanese pear, the SFBB genes are retained. Apart from their multiplicity, SFBB genes meet the expected characteristics of pollen S. The unique multiplicity of SFBB genes as the pollen S candidate is discussed in the context of mechanistic variation in the S-RNase-based GSI system.
Epigenetic Mechanisms for Breakdown of Self-Incompatibility in Interspecific Hybrids
Authors: Nasrallah June B , Liu Pei , Sherman-Broyles Susan , Schmidt Renate , Nasrallah Mikhail E 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAs a major agent of rapid speciation, interspecific hybridization has played an important role in plant evolution. When hybridization involves species that exhibit self-incompatibility (SI), this prezygotic barrier to self-fertilization must be overcome or lost to allow selfing. How SI, a normally dominant trait, is lost in nascent hybrids is not known, however. Here we demonstrate that hybrid self-fertility can result from epigenetic changes in expression of the S-locus genes that determine specificity in the SI response. We analyzed loss of SI in synthetic hybrids produced by crossing self-fertile and self-incompatible species in each of two crucifer genera. We show that SI is lost in the stigmas of A. thaliana–lyrata hybrids and their neo-allotetraploid derivatives and in the pollen of C. rubella–grandiflora hybrids and their homoploid progenies. Aberrant processing of S-locus receptor kinase gene transcripts as detected in Arabidopsis hybrids and suppression of the S-locus cysteine-rich protein gene as observed in Capsella hybrids are two reversible mechanisms by which SI might break down upon interspecific hybridization to generate self-fertile hybrids in nature.