bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of partial occlusion on newborns’ face preference and recognition
Authors: Gava Lucia , Valenza Eloisa , Turati Chiara , Schonen Scania de 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Many studies have shown that newborns prefer (e.g.

Goren, Sarty & Wu, 1975
; Valenza, Simion, Macchi Cassia & Umiltà, 1996) and recognize (e.g. Bushnell, Say & Mullin, 1989; Pascalis & de Schonen, 1994) faces. However, it is not known whether, at birth, faces are still preferred and recognized when some of their parts are not visible because hindered by other configurations, that is when faces are partly occluded. Also, it is not known whether newborns’ preference for an upright over an inverted face and newborns’ face recognition are differentially affected depending on the salience of the occluded face features. Seventy‐seven newborns (mean age of 43.5 hrs) were tested using the preferential looking (Experiment 1) and the habituation techniques (Experiment 2). Results demonstrated that newborns prefer and recognize occluded faces even if some portions of them are not available, at least when the hindered features are not salient. On the contrary, these abilities are affected by obscuring high salience facial features (i.e. eyes). However, while in the case of face detection, eyes occlusion completely prevented newborns’ face detection, in the case of face recognition an analogous stimulus manipulation heavily impaired, but did not totally preclude, newborns’ recognition performance. The data collected improve our comprehension of newborns’ way of processing and encoding information to detect and recognize faces.
Developmental changes in the weighting of prosodic cues
Authors: Seidl Amanda , Cristià Alejandrina 
Published: June 2008

Abstract Previous research has shown that the weighting of, or attention to, acoustic cues at the level of the segment changes over the course of development (

Nittrouer & Miller, 1997
; Nittrouer, Manning & Meyer, 1993). In this paper we examined changes over the course of development in weighting of acoustic cues at the suprasegmental level. Specifically, we tested English‐learning 4‐month‐olds’ performance on a clause segmentation task when each of three acoustic cues to clausal units was neutralized and contrasted it with performance on a Baseline condition where no cues were manipulated. Comparison with the reported performance of 6‐month‐olds on the same task (Seidl, 2007) reveals that 4‐month‐olds weight prosodic cues to clausal boundaries differently than 6‐month‐olds, relying more heavily on all three correlates of clausal boundaries (pause, pitch and vowel duration) than 6‐month‐olds do, who rely primarily on pitch. We interpret this as evidence that 4‐month‐olds use a holistic processing strategy, while 6‐month‐olds may already be able to attend separately to isolated cues in the input stream and may, furthermore, be able to exploit a language‐specific cue weighting. Thus, in a way similar to that in other cognitive domains, infants begin as holistic auditory scene processors and are only later able to process individual auditory cues.
Fitting the child's mind to the world: adaptive norm‐based coding of facial identity in 8‐year‐olds
Authors: Nishimura Mayu , Maurer Daphne , Jeffery Linda , Pellicano Elizabeth , Rhodes Gillian 
Published: June 2008

Abstract In adults, facial identity is coded by opponent processes relative to an average face or norm, as evidenced by the face identity aftereffect: adapting to a face biases perception towards the opposite identity, so that a previously neutral face (e.g. the average) resembles the identity of the computationally opposite face. We investigated whether children as young as 8 use adaptive norm‐based coding to represent faces, a question of interest because 8‐year‐olds are less accurate than adults at recognizing faces and do not show the adult neural markers of face expertise. We found comparable face identity aftereffects in 8‐year‐olds and adults: perception of identity in both groups shifted in the direction predicted by norm‐based coding. This finding suggests that, by 8 years of age, the adaptive computational mechanisms used to code facial identity are like those of adults and hence that children's immaturities in face processing arise from another source.
The Iberian Imprint on Medieval Southern Italy
Authors: OLDFIELD PAUL 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article explores the Iberian influence on medieval southern Italy from the mid‐eleventh to the mid‐thirteenth century. While a great deal of historical research has uncovered the impact of many other regions on southern Italy that of Iberia has often been overlooked, at least before the famous Sicilian Vespers. Yet, both regions had notable commonalities and a variety of connections throughout the central middle ages. South Italian rulers demonstrated an enduring interest in the western Mediterranean (particularly in the Balearic Islands) and the security of its seas. King Roger II, William I and Frederick II all married Iberian princesses, each of whom played an important role in south Italian politics. These marriages maintained lines of communication between both regions and brought other Iberians to southern Italy. There is also evidence of contact through the development of scholarly courts and the emergence of centres of learning and translation in southern Italy and Iberia. Underpinning all of these relationships was the Mediterranean itself, which allowed for ease of movement, and on which thriving commercial activity connected the two regions. Finally, faith and pilgrimage offered another outlet for south Italians and Iberians of all denominations to interact with one another.
If the Armada Had Landed: A Reappraisal of England's Defences in 1588
Authors: YOUNGER NEIL 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 stands as one of the greatest triumphs of Elizabeth I's reign, but, the success of the navy notwithstanding, received wisdom presents the land defences as woefully inadequate. This article shows that the existing picture of the English preparations is flawed in several ways and that they were better organized, more efficient and more willing than has been recognized. The privy council was called upon to deploy limited forces to defend a long coastline against an unpredictable attacker, and the evidence shows that they contrived to maximize the effectiveness of the available resources whilst balancing the calls of military practicality, financial necessity and political constraints. An assessment is also made of the response from the counties, using the mobilization as a test case of the structures put in place by the Elizabethan regime to deal with such an emergency.
Religious Toleration in the Wake of Revolution: Scotland on the Eve of Enlightenment (1688–1710s)
Authors: FRACE RYAN K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article demonstrates that a vital transformation occurred within Scottish Presbyterianism following the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688–9 when the Episcopalian Church was overturned for the third and last time. This development held important implications for the subsequent Enlightenment, in which the Presbyterian Church – which had formerly been a byword for intolerance and insularity – played an integral role. After briefly describing the composite nature of the recently re‐established Church, the second section of the article delineates the strands of argument that Presbyterians put forth for religious toleration and ecumenicalism. This discourse privileged the national interests of socio‐economic amelioration in defiance of traditional arguments for the divine right of church government and the state's right to enforce religious uniformity. The European context is also considered, as intellectual currents circulating in Holland, in addition to examples being set elsewhere on the continent, influenced these arguments. The third section explains how a precariously ascendant group of Presbyterian moderates successfully stemmed their rivals’ influence, despite being heavily outnumbered. By relying on the political patronage of William III and his Scottish statesmen, they were able to control the General Assembly and mitigate, whenever possible, persecution in the provinces. Although intolerance remained a vibrant tradition, their combined efforts ended the age of armed religious conflict that had marred Scotland's social and political landscape in the preceding two centuries.
Gendering Mobility: Women, Work and Automobility in the United States
Authors: WALSH MARGARET 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article examines women's relationship with car driving in the United States. The growth of American ‘automobility’ increased throughout the twentieth century, but most historians have ignored its relationship with women. They have assumed that the motor car was a masculine vehicle in terms of both its technology and use. Even those who recognized the motor car as a machine for changing lifestyles and interpersonal relationships considered that the male head of household had authority over choosing and driving the family vehicle. Some women, however, always drove. Though their numbers were relatively small in the years before the Second World War, they quickly seized the opportunity to get behind the wheel in succeeding years as more and more cars were produced in the United States and imported vehicles became popular. Women needed to drive to manage their unpaid work in the home efficiently and, when they entered the paid labour force in increasing numbers, they needed to run their households and to travel to their paid work. By the end of the twentieth century American women were as likely to drive as their male counterparts, though their patterns of driving were different. In the process, the automobile had become a sex neutral vehicle.
Determinants of Voter Support for a Five‐Year Ban on the Cultivation of Genetically Modified Crops in Switzerland
Authors: Schläpfer Felix 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWhile much effort has been devoted to estimating market premiums for non‐genetically modified (GM) food, the results of such research are largely silent about the preferences for the public good aspects, or externalities, of GM food production. For public goods, the closest substitute of private consumption decisions is voting on referenda. In November 2005, 55.7% of 2 million Swiss voters approved a five‐year moratorium (ban) on the commercial cultivation of GM plants in Switzerland. The present study examines how individual voting decisions were determined by: (i) socioeconomic characteristics; (ii) political preference/ideology; and (iii) agreement with a series of arguments in favour and against the use of GM plants in Swiss agriculture. The analysis is based on the data of the regular voter survey undertaken after the national‐level voting in Switzerland. The results suggest that current concerns about the use of genetically engineered plants in agriculture may not automatically decrease with higher levels of education/knowledge and generational change. Furthermore, analysis of voter motives suggests that public support for a ban on GM crops may be even larger in other countries, where industrial interests in crop biotechnology are less pronounced.
Childhood absence epilepsy: Behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities
Authors: Caplan Rochelle , Siddarth Prabha , Stahl Lesley , Lanphier Erin , Vona Pamela , Gurbani Suresh , Koh Susan , Sankar Raman , Shields W. Donald 
Published: June 2008

SummaryPurpose: Evidence for a poor psychiatric, social, and vocational adult outcome in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) suggests long‐term unmet mental health, social, and vocational needs. This cross‐sectional study examined behavioral/emotional, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities as well as their correlates in children with CAE.Methods: Sixty‐nine CAE children aged 9.6 (SD = 2.49) years and 103 age‐ and gender‐matched normal children had semistructured psychiatric interviews, as well as cognitive and linguistic testing. Parents provided demographic, seizure‐related, and behavioral information on their children through a semi‐structured psychiatric interview and the child behavior checklist (CBCL).Results: Compared to the normal group, 25% of the CAE children had subtle cognitive deficits, 43% linguistic difficulties, 61% a psychiatric diagnosis, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders, and 30% clinically relevant CBCL broad band scores. The most frequent CBCL narrow band factor scores in the clinical/borderline range were attention and somatic complaints, followed by social and thought problems. Duration of illness, seizure frequency, and antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment were related to the severity of the cognitive, linguistic, and psychiatric comorbidities. Only 23% of the CAE subjects had intervention for these problems.Conclusions: The high rate of impaired behavior, emotions, cognition, and language and low intervention rate should alert clinicians to the need for early identification and treatment of children with CAE, particularly those with longer duration of illness, uncontrolled seizures, and AED treatment.
Extratemporal ictal clinical features in hippocampal sclerosis: Their relationship to the degree of hippocampal volume loss and to the outcome of temporal lobectomy
Authors: Borelli Paolo , Shorvon Simon D. , Stevens John M. , Smith Shelagh J. , Scott Catherine A. , Walker Matthew C. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryPurpose:Since extratemporal clinical features in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are likely to indicate aberrant ictal spread or a more extensive epileptogenic zone, we asked whether such features are associated with more severe HS and a worse outcome following temporal lobectomy.Patients and methods:We reviewed all patients (174) who had undergone temporal lobectomy for histologically proven unilateral HS related temporal lobe epilepsy between 1997–2005 atthe National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. We divided patients into those with severe HS (side‐to‐side ratio < 0.6) and those with mild HS (side‐to‐side ratio > 0.75). We examined all seizures recorded on electroencephalography (EEG) video telemetry in these patients for clinical features of temporal lobe epilepsy. The postsurgical outcome was classified using the Engel classification at the time of follow up (median 4.7 years, range 1–9 years).Results:Patients (28 out 39) with severe HS had atypical features compared to 7 out of 27 in the mild HS [Chi square (χ2) test, p = 0.0013]. The mean number of atypical clinical features was 2.2 in the severe HS group and 0.62 in the mild HS group (Mann Whitney U Test, p < 0.001). The percentage of postsurgery seizure freedom (class 1 Engel classification) was 87%, and there was no significant effect of the presence of atypical clinical features.Conclusions:This study shows that atypical (extratemporal) clinical features tend to occur more frequently in patients with severe HS and do not correlate with worse surgical outcome.
Posterior cortex epilepsy secondary to ulegyria: Is it a surgically remediable syndrome?
Authors: Usui Naotaka , Mihara Tadahiro , Baba Koichi , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Umeoka Shuichi , Nakamura Fumihiro , Terada Kiyohito , Usui Keiko , Inoue Yushi 
Published: June 2008

SummaryPurpose:  To examine whether surgery is indicated for posterior cortex epilepsy secondary to ulegyria.Patients and methods:  Ten patients who underwent surgery for posterior cortex epilepsy with ulegyria and were followed for more than 2 years were included. All patients underwent comprehensive presurgical evaluations. Five patients underwent intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) studies. The posterior cortex including the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion was resected in all patients. Postoperative follow‐up period was 2–12 (mean 6) years.Results:  Nine patients had a history of perinatal distress including asphyxia and prolonged labor. Age at seizure onset was 5–11 years, except one patient. Three patients had visual field defects preoperatively. Ulegyria was unilateral in four patients and bilateral but unilateral‐predominant in six patients. In most of the cases, the lesions were in the posterior cerebral artery area or the watershed area between middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries. In four of five patients who underwent intracranial EEG, seizure onset zones extended outside the lesions. Postoperative seizure outcome was Engel's class I in seven cases, and class III in three cases. Three of four patients whose seizure onset zones were not completely resected achieved class I outcome. Four of six patients with bilateral lesions achieved class I outcome.Conclusion:  Ulegyria due to perinatal distress is considered to be a major cause of posterior cortex epilepsy. Long‐term postoperative seizure outcome is favorable. Resection of MRI lesion is important for seizure relief. Bilateral lesions should not be excluded from surgical indication. The usefulness of intracranial EEG may be limited.
Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Demonstrate Deficits on Multiple Measures of Concept Formation
Authors: McGee Christie L. , Schonfeld Amy M. , Roebuck‐Spencer Tresa M. , Riley Edward P. , Mattson Sarah N. 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure have documented impairments in executive functioning (EF). One component of EF, concept formation, has not been well studied in this group.Methods:  Children (8 to 18 years) with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, with and without fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), were compared to typically developing controls on 2 measures of concept formation and conceptual set shifting: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Card Sorting Test from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Functioning System. In addition to between‐group comparisons, performance relative to overall intellectual functioning was examined.Results:  Children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure showed impairment on both tests of concept formation compared to non‐exposed controls. These deficits included difficulty generating and verbalizing concepts, increased error rates and perseverative responses, and poorer response to feedback. However, in comparison to controls, alcohol‐exposed children performed better on measures of concept formation than predicted by their overall IQ scores. Exploratory analyses suggest that this may be due to differences in how the measures relate at different IQ levels and may not be specific to prenatal alcohol exposure.Conclusions:  Deficits in concept formation and conceptual set shifting were observed in alcohol‐exposed children with or without the diagnosis of FAS and in the absence of mental retardation. These deficits likely impact problem solving skills and adaptive functioning and have implications for therapeutic interventions in this population.
Social Recovery Model: An 8‐Year Investigation of Adolescent 12‐Step Group Involvement Following Inpatient Treatment
Authors: Kelly John F. , Brown Sandra A. , Abrantes Ana , Kahler Christopher W. , Myers Mark 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Despite widespread use of 12‐step treatment approaches and referrals to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) by youth providers, little is known about the significance of these organizations in youth addiction recovery. Furthermore, existing evidence is based mostly on short‐term follow‐up and is limited methodologically.Methods:  Adolescent inpatients (n = 160; mean age = 16, 40% female) were followed at 6‐months, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 years posttreatment. Time‐lagged, generalized estimating equations modeled treatment outcome in relation to AA/NA attendance controlling for static and time‐varying covariates. Robust regression (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) explored dose–response thresholds of AA/NA attendance on outcome.Results:  The AA/NA attendance was common and intensive early posttreatment, but declined sharply and steadily over the 8‐year period. Patients with greater addiction severity and those who believed that they could not use substances in moderation were more likely to attend. Despite declining attendance, the effects related to AA/NA remained significant and consistent. Greater early participation was associated with better long‐term outcomes.Conclusions:  Even though many youth discontinue AA/NA over time, attendees appear to benefit, and more severely substance‐involved youth attend most. Successful early posttreatment engagement of youth in abstinence‐supportive social contexts, such as AA/NA, may have long‐term implications for alcohol and drug involvement into young adulthood.
CC Chemokine ligand 17 in periodontal diseases: expression in diseased tissues and production by human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Hosokawa Y. , Hosokawa I. , Ozaki K. , Nakae H. , Matsuo T. 
Published: June 2008

Background and Objective:  It has been reported that T helper 2 (Th2) cells are related to exacerbation of periodontal disease. However, it is uncertain how the migration of Th2 cells is controlled. In this study, we examined the expression of CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17), which is a Th2 chemokine, in periodontal tissues. Moreover, we investigated the effects of cytokines and toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands on the production of CCL17 by human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).Material and Methods:  We used immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to detect CCL17 in periodontal tissues. HGFs were exposed to cytokines and TLR ligands. Expression of CCL17 was examined by RT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We used signal transduction inhibitors in some experiments.Results:  Both CCL17 and its receptor, CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), were expressed in diseased periodontal tissues. A combination of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐4/IL‐13 increased CCL17 expression. Moreover, treatment of HGFs with a low dose of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in combination with TNF‐α and IL‐4 or IL‐13 had synergistic effects on the production of CCL17, whereas a high dose of IFN‐γ inhibited CCL17 production. Furthermore, Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 ligand) and Pam3CSK4 (TLR2 ligand) inhibited CCL17 production by TNF‐α + IL‐4‐stimulated HGFs, while CpG DNA (TLR9 ligand) enhanced TNF‐α + IL‐4 induced‐CCL17 production by HGFs. Furthermore, a c‐Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, a phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor and a nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) inhibitor inhibited CCL17 production by HGFs.Conclusion:  These results suggest that the CCL17 produced by HGFs may be involved in the migration of Th2 cells into inflamed tissues, and provide evidence that CCL17 production is controlled by cytokines and TLR ligands in periodontal disease.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Testis Specific Lactate Dehydrogenase as Target for Immunoliposomes
Authors: Dutta Ranjna C. , Goldberg Erwin 
Published: June 2008

Problem  Is it possible to deliver therapeutic agents to testis through specific targeting?Method of study  Immunoliposomes are designed by incorporating antibodies to lactate dehydrogenase‐C4 (LDH‐C4), which is the product of a testis specific gene. Their targeting and delivering ability is investigated in vitro and in vivo.Results  It is observed that LDHC4‐immunoliposomes are able to discriminate and recognize antigens on spermatozoa and testes both in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion  Specific targeting through LDH‐C4 appears to be a feasible strategy for delivering therapeutic as well as anti‐spermatogenic agents to testis.