bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE ARTERIAL WALL
Authors: Kingwell Bronwyn , Boutouyrie Pierre 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY

Arterial stiffness, which has independent predictive value for cardiovascular events, seems to have a genetic component, largely independent of the influence of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors.
In animal models of essential hypertension (stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats), structural modifications of the arterial wall include an increase in the number of elastin–smooth muscle cell connections and smaller fenestrations of the internal elastic lamina, possibility leading to redistribution of the mechanical load towards elastic materials. These modifications may give rise to mechanisms explaining why changes in arterial wall material accompanying wall hypertrophy in these animals are not associated with an increase in arterial stiffness.
In monogenic connective tissue diseases (Marfan, Williams and Ehlers–Danlos syndromes) and the corresponding animal models, precise characterization of the arterial phenotype makes it possible to determine the influence of abnormal, genetically determined, wall components on arterial stiffness.
Such studies have highlighted the role of extracellular matrix signalling in the vascular wall and have shown that elastin and collagen not only display elasticity or rigidity, but are also involved in the control of smooth muscle cell function.
These data provide strong evidence that arterial stiffness is affected by the amount and density of stiff wall material and the spatial organization of that material.
GLUCOSE, INSULIN, DIABETES AND MECHANISMS OF ARTERIAL DYSFUNCTION
Authors: Cameron James D , Cruickshank J Kennedy 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY

This commentary reviews and discusses the association between increased arterial stiffness and indices of glucose and insulin metabolism and diabetes mellitus (DM).
Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased cardiovascular events, is an established major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is included in current risk assessment algorithms. Based on Framingham risk assessment, the incremental risk due to DM, at a given level of baseline risk in non‐diabetics, is approximately equivalent to 10 years and, at any given level of other major risk factors, DM increases risk three‐ to fourfold.
Increased aortic stiffness has been shown to be an independent risk factor for both cardiovascular and overall mortality in high‐risk groups and recently in the general population. Both DM1 and DM2 are associated with accelerated stiffening of the elastic arteries, over and above that associated with normal ageing, and DM can be considered as imparting added biological age and, thus, added cardiovascular risk.
Aortic stiffness provides a plausible mechanism relating diabetes to increase cardiovascular disease.
A proportion of the increased risk of cardiovascular events in DM is a sequel of stiff arteries. Direct measures of arterial stiffness, such as aortic pulse wave velocity, are likely to be better candidates than pulse wave analysis for refining interventions to improve outcomes in diabetes.
ARTERIAL CALCIFICATION AND STIFFNESS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Kerr PG , Guerin AP 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) demonstrate a high burden of vascular disease. This vascular disease is unusual by way of a preponderance of medial calcification. Further, traditional cardiovascular risk factors fail to fully explain the high cardiovascular event rate in this population.
The present review examines the problem of medial calcification and arterial stiffness evident in patients with CKD and explores evidence for its existence and the potential pathological process involved. Many factors are emerging as potential culprits in this disease entity, although the specific roles of components such as fetuin‐A, matrix Gla protein, osteopontin and fibroblast growth factor‐23 have yet to be determined. Calcium and phosphate balance remains integral to the pathological process.
Pulse wave velocity has proven to be a useful tool to assess and follow arterial stiffness in CKD patients and is discussed.
Finally, techniques aimed at reducing or reversing arterial calcification and stiffness are discussed, with as yet no definitive answers available.
DRUG EFFECTS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE ARTERIES IN HUMANS
Authors: Hope Sarah A , Hughes Alun D 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY

Arteries become stiffer with increasing age and various disease states. A complete description of arterial mechanical properties in vivo is not possible, although a number of methods have been used.
Detailed discussion in the present review is limited to pulse wave velocity and estimates of central waveform morphology derived by the application of a generalized arterial transfer function.
Many drugs affect these parameters, either increasing or decreasing apparent stiffness. However, the extent to which changes reflect changes in blood pressure rather than more fundamental vessel wall properties remains unclear. Similarly, it is as yet unknown whether determining the need for, or assessing the effectiveness of, drug treatment by the assessment of arterial mechanical properties will offer any advantage and the usefulness of these techniques as routine clinical tools remains to be established.
Response of Alteromonadaceae and Rhodobacteriaceae to glucose and phosphorus manipulation in marine mesocosms
Authors: Allers Elke , Gómez‐Consarnau Laura , Pinhassi Jarone , Gasol Josep M. , Šimek Karel , Pernthaler Jakob 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMicrobial successions were studied in experimental mesocosms of marine water in the presence of additional organic carbon (glucose), phosphorus (P) or both. P addition lead to pronounced blooms of phytoplankton and to significantly enhanced bacterial production. Characteristic succession patterns were observed for two phylogenetic groups of bacteria that both transiently formed > 50% of total cells. An initial bloom of bacteria affiliated to the Alteromonadaceae could not be assigned to any specific treatment and was interpreted as a response to the manipulations during mesocosm set‐up. These bacteria rapidly declined with the appearance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates, suggesting a negative effect of selective grazing. The persistence of Alteromonadaceae in the microbial assemblages was significantly favored by the presence of additional glucose. During the second half of the experiment, bacteria affiliated to Rhodobacteriaceae formed a dominant component of the experimental assemblages in treatments with addition of P. The community contribution of Rhodobacteriaceae was significantly correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations only in the P‐amended mesocosms (r2 = 0.58). This was more pronounced in the absence of glucose (r2 = 0.85). The phylogenetic and morphological diversity among Rhodobacteriaceae was high, and treatment‐specific temporal successions of genotypes related to Rhodobacteriaceae were observed. We suggest that the observed succession patterns reflect different niche preferences: Alteromonadaceae rapidly responded to disturbance and profited from allochthonous glucose input, whereas Rhodobacteriaceae benefited from the phytoplankton bloom.
‘LE STYLE, C'EST LE DIABLE’: TWENTIETH‐CENTURY GERMAN POETRY IN DIALOGUE WITH PAUL VALÉRY
Authors: Vilain Robert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article explores the dialectic of rejection and affinity shared by the responses to Paul Valéry of three non‐German German‐language poets. Despite significant affinities in cultural ambition and poetics (notably between ‘L'Âme et la danse’ and ‘Das Gespräch über Gedichte’), there is little evidence of an influence exerted by Valéry on Hofmannsthal, who was strangely suspicious of him. In contrast, Rilke was hugely enthusiastic, and although his translations of Valéry did not give the often asserted impetus for the creative flowering of 1922, other somewhat uncharacteristic poems (such as ‘Zueignung an M.’ and ‘Der Magier’) positively reflect his encounter with Valéry's Mallarméan conception of the poet. However, his versions of Charmes display less poetological proximité than the revisionary effects of a much less overtly self‐conscious view of poetry, shown here with ‘Les Grenades’. Celan's translation of La Jeune Parque was a systematic attempt to subvert the solipsism of the original study in self‐consciousness and ostensibly incarnates his rejection of the aesthetics of an overly intellectual poetry. However, possible reasons why his initial reluctance to translate Valéry was eventually overcome are discernible in the near‐contemporaneous speech, ‘Der Meridian’, which explores the utopian notion of ‘freiwerdende Sprache’, partly in response to Valéry.
OF SAILORS AND POETS: ON CELAN, GRÜNBEIN, AND BRODSKY
Authors: Eskin Michael 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I trace the metamorphoses of the trope of poetry as ‘message in a bottle’ in the works of Paul Celan, Durs Grünbein, and Joseph Brodsky. Beginning from a juxtaposition of Osip Mandelstam's conception of the poetic text as a ‘letter in a bottle’ with Bertolt Brecht's depiction of lyric poetry as ‘Flaschenpost’ in light of their conceptual discrepancies, I inquire into the different ways in which three of Brecht's and, above all, Mandelstam's most notable successors – Celan, Grünbein, and Brodsky – have appropriated and deployed the trope in response to their singular socio‐historical situations. Through a number of close readings of contextually relevant texts (including Celan's Bremen Prize Speech, Grünbein's discussion of Celan and Mandelstam as avatars of what he calls the ‘new Robinson’, and Brodsky's programmatic poem, ‘Letter in a Bottle’), I disclose important differences, poetic and ethical, between Celan's, Grünbein's, and Brodsky's (and, by extension, others') recourse to the ostensibly monosemous figure of poetry as ‘Flaschenpost’, as it was signally launched, in the twentieth century, by Mandelstam in particular.
‘FLASCHENPOST’: SPRACHE ALS METAPHER IN DER LYRIK DES 20. JAHRHUNDERTS
Authors: Kohl Katrin 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDer Beitrag erkundet unter Bezug auf eine kognitiv orientierte Metapherntheorie Funktionen metasprachlicher Metaphorik in der deutschen Lyrik des 20. Jahrhunderts. Vorausgesetzt wird die grundlegende Metaphorizität der Alltagssprache sowie die wesenhafte Verbindung zwischen lyrischer Kommunikation und Alltags‐kommunikation: Auch avantgardistische Lyrik lebt aus dem Umgang mit etablierten sprachlichen Konventionen. Mit metasprachlichen Metaphern erkunden Dichter die Beziehung zwischen Sprache, Vorstellungen und den Dingen der Welt, sensibilisieren den Leser für alogische geistige Prozesse und evozieren die gestaltende Kraft der menschlichen Sprache. Metaphern dienen typischerweise nicht der hermetischen Abschottung einer ästhetisch selbstgenügsamen Wortkunst, sondern initiieren eine besonders intensive Kommunikation. Denn gerade wenn lyrische Metaphern eine rein logische, informative Verständigung verhindern, fordern sie den Leser heraus, in jeweils anderen Konstellationen sprachliche, logisch‐gedankliche, imaginative und emotionale Prozesse zu aktivieren – wobei die kognitiven Wissenschaften gegenwärtig die empirische Interaktivität solcher Prozesse aufzeigen. Die Lyrik des 20. Jahrhunderts macht Sprache als komplexes Zusammenspiel der menschlichen Geisteskräfte erfahrbar, bei dem auch physische Erfahrungen gestaltgebend mitwirken. Berücksichtigt werden in dem Beitrag Gedichte von Brecht, Celan, Jandl, Krüger, Draesner, Pastior, Mayröcker und Rühmkorf. Allerdings geht es weniger um individuelle Poetiken als um den Erfindungsreichtum, mit dem Dichter ihr Medium vorstellbar machen.
THE LONG GERMAN POEM IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Ryan Judith 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe appearance in recent years of several book‐length German poems raises important questions. What accounts for this revival of interest in a form that seems an unlikely vehicle for contemporary writers? In what ways do these new long poems relate to the verse epic tradition from classical antiquity to the late nineteenth century? How do they situate themselves with respect to the long, modernist poems of the twentieth century, those of Eliot and Pound? To what extent are they part of a larger international renaissance of the long poem, represented by such works as Derek Walcott's Omeros? This essay approaches these questions by considering long poems from the early twentieth century to the present. Beginning with attempts by Rilke and Benn to respond to their predecessors and contemporaries, the article moves to the postwar revival of the long poem from 1970 to 2006. Poets discussed include Enzensberger, Sebald, Grünbein, Krechel, and Falkner. The essay argues that the long poem allows for a historically informed treatment of war, violence and destruction, themes common to these texts. The reflective modality of the long poem also permits a sophisticated and more critical approach to the ‘nostalgic turn’.
WER SPRICHT? LYRIK NACH AUSCHWITZ ALS GENERATIONENPROBLEM
Authors: Emmerich Wolfgang 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDies ist ein Versuch, die Frage nach der Möglichkeit von Lyrik über die Shoah im Lande der Täter nicht allgemein zu erörtern (wie bereits oft geschehen), sondern konkret (literar‐)historisch. Der Verfasser geht von der Annahme aus, dass sich die Lyriker deutscher Sprache in einem Zeitraum von mittlerweile sechzig Jahren in sehr unterschiedlicher Weise zu dieser Frage ins Verhältnis gesetzt und dementsprechend auch ganz verschiedenartige Gedichte geschrieben haben. Ausgehend von den Fragen: Wer spricht? Zu wem? Und wann? wird gezeigt, dass diese Unterschiede auch solche der Generationen sind. Eine je andersartige ‘Erlebnisschichtung’ führt zu je anderen ‘natürlichen Weltbildern’ (Karl Mannheim) und Schreibweisen – auch und gerade, wenn es um ‘Lyrik nach Auschwitz’ geht.
THE POETRY OF SCIENCE AND THE SCIENCE OF POETRY: GERMAN POETRY IN THE LABORATORY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Leeder Karen 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis essay addresses the interest in science among modern German poets. Although, in the twentieth century at least, literature and science have often been considered quite separate cultures, it could be argued that they share similarities of mode and preoccupation, especially in the use of metaphor. Whether they are, however, ‘chance acquaintances’ or share more profound ‘affinities’ is examined with special reference to two distinguished young writers: Durs Grünbein and Raoul Schrott. Both, however different their tone and diction, do not simply raid the exotic and seductive vocabularies of science as do many contemporaries. Instead they employ a scientific view as a way of apprehending the world. Finally, both attend to that which is beyond the reach of scientific thinking and try to give it voice.
A Novel Approach to Detect Parent‐of‐Origin Effects from Pedigree Data with Application to Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome
Authors: Shete Sanjay , Elston Robert C. , Lu Yue 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe parent‐of‐origin phenomenon in humans is now well recognized, and the deregulation of imprinted genes has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Recently, several linkage analysis methods have been developed to allow for parent‐of‐origin effects in the analysis of pedigree data. However, in general, one does not know a priori if disease‐causing loci are imprinted or not. Linkage methods that allow for imprinting can lose power if there is no imprinting. Conversely, linkage methods that do not allow for imprinting will lose power if there is imprinting, because of penetrance values not being correctly specified. Therefore, it is important to know whether imprinting is a possible mode of disease inheritance before performing linkage analyses. In this paper we describe a simple covariate‐coding scheme to test for the presence of parent‐of‐origin effects, and provide a formula for calculating parent‐specific penetrance values prior to any linkage analysis. In simulation studies our coding scheme successfully detected parent‐of‐origin effects and, when pedigrees were ascertained sequentially or through a single proband, inclusion of this covariate more accurately estimated penetrance values than when such a covariate was not included. The use of accurate penetrance values in a linkage analysis that allows for imprinting can provide higher power when the disease locus is imprinted. Finally, we applied our approach to 27 pedigrees affected with Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), an overgrowth syndrome, and found that a maternally expressed parent‐of‐origin model based on the likelihood ratio test was the most parsimonious, suggesting a role for paternally imprinted genes in BWS.
Baseline human papillomavirus status of women with abnormal smears in cervical screening: a 5‐year follow‐up study in the Netherlands
Authors: Prinsen CFM , Fles R , Wijnen‐Dubbers CW , De Valk HA , Klaassen CHW , Mravunac M , Horrevorts AM , Thunnissen FBJM 
Published: June 2007

Objective  To determine in a screening population the human papillomavirus (HPV) status in those with cytological abnormalities and to evaluate the presence of high‐risk (HR) HPV with a minimum of 5‐year follow up.Design  Retrospective examination of HPV status on prospectively collected and cytologically screened cervical smears.Setting  Canisius‐Wilhelmina Hospital in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.Population  Three hundred and fifty‐seven women aged 30–60 years, from the population screened.Methods  Three hundred and fifty‐seven women with borderline or higher cytological abnormalities were retrospectively examined for HPV with DNA microarray typing. Follow up was through the nationwide Dutch Pathology database (PALGA).Main outcome measures  For the cytological abnormalities, the CISOE‐A classification was used. HPV was scored as negative or positive. In case of positive HPV polymerase chain reaction, the HPV genotype was determined. The occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions of grade 3 or higher was considered as endpoint for follow up.Results  The majority of the women with borderline cytology in this study were HPV negative (87%). Among the HPV‐positive women in borderline cytology group, 74% had HR‐HPV or probable high‐risk types. The overall percentage of HR‐HPV types increased with progressive cytological abnormalities. The cytological classifications of borderline dyskaryosis and moderate dyskaryosis contain all types of HPVs, e.g. low risk, HR and unknown risk. The samples with severe dyskaryosis or higher contain only HR types. The negative predictive value for HR‐HPV typing in the group with borderline cytological abnormalities is more than 99%.Conclusions  In cervical screening with an interval of 5 years, HPV can be reliably used as triage point in cases of borderline cytological abnormalities.
Safety versus success in elective single embryo transfer: women’s preferences for outcomes of in vitro fertilisation
Authors: Scotland GS , McNamee P , Peddie VL , Bhattacharya S 
Published: June 2007

Objective  To assess whether women waiting to undergo in vitro fertilisation (IVF) view adverse outcomes associated with twin pregnancy as more desirable than having no pregnancy at all.Design  Women’s preference values for five adverse birth outcomes associated with twin pregnancy were compared with their preference value for treatment failure (TF), i.e. no pregnancy at all.Setting  Aberdeen Fertility Centre, University of Aberdeen, UK.Population  A total of 74 women waiting to undergo IVF.Methods  The standard gamble method was used to elicit women’s preference values for giving birth to a child with physical impairments (PI), cognitive impairments (CI), or visual impairments (VI), perinatal death (PD) without a subsequent pregnancy, premature delivery (PremD), and TF (no pregnancy).Main outcome measures  Preference values were elicited on a scale where 1 represents giving birth to a healthy child and 0 represents immediate death.Results  The median preference values for having a child with PI, CI, or VI were 0.940, 0.970, and 0.975, respectively. The median values for PremD, PD, and TF were 0.955, 0.725, and 0.815, respectively. Having no child at all was valued significantly lower than having a child with PI, CI, or VI (P < 0.01) but significantly higher than PD (P < 0.01).Conclusions  Some women waiting for IVF treatment view severe child disability outcomes associated with double embryo transfer as being more desirable than having no child at all. Women embarking on IVF may be influenced more strongly by considerations of ‘treatment success’ rather than future risks to their offspring.
Conservative surgical management of small‐volume stage IB1 cervical cancer
Authors: Naik R , Cross P , Nayar A , Mayadevi S , Lopes A , Godfrey K , Hatem H 
Published: June 2007

Objective  To determine outcomes of women with small‐volume stage IB1 disease managed by conservative surgical treatment.Design  A retrospective review.Setting  The Northern Gynaecological Oncology Center, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK.Population  Women with stage IB1 cervical cancer who were managed by conservative surgery over a 6‐year period between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2005.Main outcome measures  Pelvic lymph node metastases, recurrence rates and outcome survival.Results  A total of 17 women with conservatively managed stage IB1 cervical cancer were identified. Their ages were 25–67 years, median 37 years, 4 women were nulliparous. All women presented with an abnormal screening smear showing at least severe dyskaryosis. Estimated tumour volumes ranged from 16 to 640 mm3, median 72 mm3. Four women showed multifocal invasion. All four nulliparous women and one parous woman underwent fertility‐sparing treatment, i.e. loop cone ± laparoscopic pelvic node dissection. The other 12 women underwent laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy/total abdominal hysterectomy ± pelvic lymph node dissection. There were no cases of residual disease in any of the definitive treatment specimens. There were no cases of metastatic spread to pelvic lymph nodes. To date, no women have developed recurrent disease, and all women are alive and well (median follow up, 29 months).Conclusions  The conservative surgical management of small‐volume stage IB1 cases in this series showed an excellent outcome with no cases showing pelvic lymph node involvement and no cases developing recurrent disease. A more formal assessment of tumour volume with a more active approach to determining the third dimension will allow more women the option of conservative treatment, thereby minimising the adverse effects of radical surgery.