bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of image analysis in observing mechanically deforming notched and un‐notched onion epidermal cellular structures
Authors: Piggott RB , Beckert M , Foxall R , Smith AC 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe use of image analysis tools to study the deformation of cells in biological plant tissue is described. The tissue was taken from upper onion epidermal layers, chosen because they form a single structural layer and are relatively large and easy to work with. The paper describes image analysis techniques to investigate the structure of deforming notched and un‐notched onion epidermal cellular structures and compares the influence of vertically and horizontally oriented cells. Image processing was used to track and quantify dimensions on a cell‐by‐cell basis. Changes in the cell size are described quantitatively as a function of time for tissues stretched parallel and perpendicular to the cell axis. Tissue orientation has a marked effect on cell deformation and failure for an edge‐notched sample. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Transfer of phenolic compounds during olive oil extraction in relation to ripening stage of the fruit
Authors: Artajo Luz S , Romero Maria P , Motilva Maria J 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe transfer of phenolic compounds of Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina variety during olive oil extraction in relation to ripening stage was investigated. The parameters of oil extraction by the Abencor system are shown together with mass balances of the products and by products from the olive oil extraction in relation to olive paste. The phenolic compounds in olive paste, pomace, oil and wastewater were identified and measured by HPLC. Throughout the study, the concentrations of simple phenols, secoiridoids and flavonoids were higher in the olive paste and pomace phases than in oil and wastewater phases. High concentrations of 4‐(acetoxyethyl)‐1,2‐dihydroxybenzene (3,4‐DHPEA‐AC) and secoiridoid derivatives such as the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to 3,4‐DHPEA (hydroxytyrosol) or p‐HPEA (tyrosol) (3,4‐DHPEA–EDA, p‐HPEA–EDA, where EDA is elenolic acid dialdehyde) and an isomer of oleuropein aglycone (3,4‐DHPEA–EA, where EA is elenolic acid aldehyde) were found in olive oil, together with lignan compounds. It was observed that 3,4‐DHPEA–EDA was the most abundant polyphenol present in the wastewater phase. This indicates that biotransformation occurred during olive extraction, especially in the crushing and malaxation operations, and reflects the possible chemical changes that lead to the formation of new compounds. Moreover, the distribution of compounds showed their affinities toward different phases. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Biogenic amines in Spanish fermented sausages as a function of diameter and artisanal or industrial origin
Authors: Miguélez‐Arrizado M Jesús , Bover‐Cid Sara , Latorre‐Moratalla M Luz , Vidal‐Carou M Carmen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe distribution of biogenic amines in three types of fermented meat sausages (chorizo, fuet and salchichón) was examined with respect to the degree of acidification. The aim was to determine whether low‐acid sausages (artisanal/traditional) have a different biogenic amine profile than more acidic products (industrial). Despite wide variability, tyramine was always found and was generally the major amine, followed by putrescine. Their contents in both industrial and artisanal sausages were similar, but correlated with the diameter of the product. In contrast, industrial sausages showed a higher average content of cadaverine and histamine, especially in chorizo, which also showed the highest content of free amino acids. Moreover, a multiple analysis of variance confirmed that the processing plant had a significant influence on the overall biogenic amine composition of products, histamine being the most important amine accounting for this effect. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of volatile compounds to characterize fish spoilage using headspace/mass spectrometry and solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Duflos Guillaume , Coin Vincent Marcel , Cornu Marie , Antinelli Jean‐Francois , Malle Pierre 
Published: November 2005

AbstractChanges in volatile compounds were monitored in whiting (Merlangius merlangus), cod (Gadus morhua) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and related to spoilage. Data are presented from headspace/mass spectrometric (HS/MS) analysis and solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (SPME/GC/MS) analysis at two time points (day 0 and day 10) during storage at 4 °C. HS/MS revealed 24 ions that could be used as markers of spoilage. SPME/GC/MS identified 86 compounds, 20 of which could perhaps be used to characterize freshness: principally alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and C2–C11 esters. Compounds common to the three species studied appear to be generated by microbial degradation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Difference in in vitro fermentability of four carbohydrates and two diets, using ileal and faecal inocula from unweaned piglets
Authors: Awati Ajay , Bosch Marlou W , Tagliapietra Franco , Williams Barbara A , Verstegen Martin WA 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine differences in the in vitro fermentability of four carbohydrate‐rich feed ingredients and two weaning piglet diets with and without these ingredients, using both the ileal contents and the faeces of unweaned piglets as inocula. In the first part of the experiment, cumulative gas production was measured over time, using faecal inocula mixed from nine specially raised crossbred piglets (no creep feed or antibiotics) at 3 weeks of age. Inulin, lactulose, unmolassed sugar beet pulp, wheat starch and the two diets were used as substrates and fermented in vitro for 72 h. Gas production was measured as an indicator of the kinetics of fermentation. Fermentation end‐products, including volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and organic matter loss, were also measured. For the fermentations of feed ingredients, samples were also collected for polymerase chain reaction/denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses initially and after the fermentation process, to study changes in the composition of the bacterial community. This procedure was repeated 1 week later, using ileal contents from the same piglets as inoculum. There were significant differences between the inocula, in terms of both overall fermentation characteristics and composition and between the substrates. There was also a significant interaction between inocula and substrates, which suggests that there were potentially important differences in the microbial activity occurring in these two areas of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). For the two diets, one with and one without addition of these fermentable ingredients, there were significant differences in terms of the kinetics, but less so in terms of the end‐products of fermentation. It was concluded that inocula from both the small and large intestine should be used to obtain a more accurate assessment of potential feed ingredients which will stimulate fermentation in the piglet GIT. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative effect of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus), red beet root (Beta vulgaris) and betanin (E‐162) on colour and consumer acceptability of fresh pork sausages packaged in a modified atmosphere
Authors: Martínez Luis , Cilla Irene , Beltrán José Antonio , Roncalés Pedro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFresh pork sausages containing natural colorants, red yeast rice powder (Monascus purpureus; Frame®) or a crude red beet root (Beta vulgaris) juice or commercial betanin (E‐162), at different concentrations, were packaged in an atmosphere containing 80% O2 and 20% CO2 and stored in the dark for 20 days. The following parameters were measured at 4 day intervals: instrumental colour (CIE L*, a*, b*, a*/b*, C* and h*), reflectance spectra, sensory discoloration (trained panel) and acceptability and willingness to purchase (habitual and non‐habitual consumer panels) under two different lighting displays (standard fluorescent and Promolux® lamp). The use of colorants improved the colour properties of fresh pork sausages. Sausages with red yeast rice, red beet root juice and betanin had lower L* and h* and higher a* and a*/b* values than control samples. The colour properties of sausages with red beet root were the closest to control sausages, while sausages with red yeast rice had significantly lower b* values. Both natural colorants and betanin protected sausages from discoloration and extended acceptability and willingness to purchase by about 4 days, according to evaluation by habitual consumers under two different types of lighting display. Therefore, red beet root juice may be envisaged as the most suitable natural colorant for use in fresh pork sausages. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface Properties of Silk Fibroin Films and Their Interaction with Fibroblasts
Authors: Servoli Eva , Maniglio Devid , Motta Antonella , Predazzer Rosanna , Migliaresi Claudio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: There is a growing interest in the use of silk as a biomaterial for tissue engineering. Silk threads from Bombyx mori have a fibrous core of fibroin, the protein responsible for biocompatibility and bioactivity, which is surrounded by a family of “gummy” proteins, called sericins, which are almost completely removed during silk degumming. Three different methanol treatments on regenerated fibroin films were used to convert viscous solutions of Silk I to an insoluble crystalline form (Silk II), in an attempt to devise new processing protocols for the creation of a cell guiding fibroin surface. Human fibroblasts (MRC5 line) were used as probes of the cell‐biomaterial interaction in the early stages of the process (1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 4 d after seeding). The effect of each treatment on cell adhesion, spreading and distribution was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and was correlated to superficial properties (like roughness and crystallinity) and fibroin conformation by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), used in both topographical and acoustic mode, and attenuated total internal reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR‐ATR). It was found that traditional methanol treatments where fibroin films were soaked in methanol solution produced roughness patterns that affected only the very early stages of fibroblast adhesion (until 3 h from seeding), while the new treatment proposed could really dialogue with the cells. Its non‐homogeneous surface can explain the existence of cells spreading in specific directions and the presence of cell repellent areas even 4 d after seeding.
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Glycosidation of Cu,Zn‐Superoxide Dismutase with End‐Group Aminated Dextran. Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetics Properties
Authors: Perez Yunel , Valdivia Aimara , Gomez Leissy , Simpson Benjamin K. , Villalonga Reynaldo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Bovine Cu,Zn‐SOD was chemically modified with an end‐group aminated dextran derivative using a water‐soluble carbodiimide as coupling agent. The enzyme retained 81% of the initial catalytic activity after the attachment of about 4.4 mol of polymer per protein subunit. The anti‐inflammatory activity of the SOD was two times increased after conjugation with dextran. The modified enzyme was remarkably more resistant to inactivation by H2O2 and its plasma half‐life time was prolonged from 4 min to 3.2 h.
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Effects of Processing on the Structure of Zein/Oleic Acid Films Investigated by X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Wang Ying , Filho Francisco Lopes , Geil Phillip , Padua Graciela W. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Zein films plasticized with oleic acid were formed by solution casting, by the stretching of moldable resins, and by blown film extrusion. The effects of the forming process on film structure were investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) patterns showed d‐spacings at 4.5 and 10 Å, which were attributed to the zein α‐helix backbone and inter‐helix packing, respectively. The 4.5 Å d‐spacing remained stable under processing while the 10 Å d‐spacing varied with processing treatment. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) detected a long‐range periodicity for the formed films but not for unprocessed zein, which suggests that the forming process‐promoted film structure development is possibly aided by oleic acid. The SAXS d‐spacing varied among the samples (130–238 Å) according to zein origin and film‐forming method. X‐ray scattering data suggest that the zein molecular structure resists processing but the zein supramolecular arrangements in the formed films are dependent on processing methods.Structural model for a zein molecular aggregate (based on Matsushima et al.10). Rectangular prisms of individual zein molecules are hexagonally aligned parallel to each other.magnified imageStructural model for a zein molecular aggregate (based on Matsushima et al.10). Rectangular prisms of individual zein molecules are hexagonally aligned parallel to each other.
Interaction of DNA/Polycation Complexes with Phospholipids: Stabilizing Strategy for Gene Delivery
Authors: Zintchenko Arkadi , Koňák Čestmír 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: The interaction between negatively charged lipid vesicles and positively charged DNA/polylysine complexes was studied. The interaction does not lead to release of DNA from the initial complexes. The particles formed are easy to prepare, they have slight negative charge, small dimensions and show good stability in physiological NaCl solution. Such properties might indicate that stabilization of the particles by lipid coating might be a potent strategy, alternative to PEGylation of DNA/polycation complexes.Interaction of DNA/polycation complex particles with lipid vesicles.magnified imageInteraction of DNA/polycation complex particles with lipid vesicles.
Advantages of an Emulsion‐Produced Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst Over a Conventional Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst
Authors: Abboud Mohammed , Denifl Peter , Reichert Karl‐Heinz 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Self‐supported and MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts, produced by two catalyst synthesis methods are compared. Borealis Polymers OY (Finland), who supplied the catalysts, developed the catalyst synthesis methods. The first method (Method One) is based on an emulsion system and consists of an in situ single step preparation. The second method (Method Two) consists mainly of two steps: formation of the catalyst carrier particles, and their subsequent impregnation with the active material. The results showed that Method One produced catalysts of compact, spherical particles with good intra‐particle homogeneity and a narrow particle size distribution. On the other hand, Method Two produced catalyst particles whose properties depended directly on that of the catalyst carrier: they were spherical but very porous, with a broad particle size distribution. Polymer particles produced with the two catalyst systems are perfect replicas of the catalyst particles. Fines formed either during catalyst preparation or during polymerization were observed only with the catalyst prepared using Method Two. The particles of the catalysts produced using Methods One and Two had similar activities, independent of the initial particle size. Fragmentation of catalyst particles was very fast for both catalyst systems and was only observed to be 100% completed using the catalyst produced with Method One. Studies of the thermal properties showed that the catalyst prepared using Method One produced poly(propylene) of higher crystallinity and with a narrower melting peak.SEM images of polymer particles produced by (A) Method One and (B) Method Two.magnified imageSEM images of polymer particles produced by (A) Method One and (B) Method Two.
Physical Properties of Isotactic Poly(propylene)/Silver Nanocomposites: Dynamic Crystallization Behavior and Resultant Morphology
Authors: Chae Dong Wook , Kim Byoung Chul 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: The presence of silver nanoparticles (0.01–5 wt.‐%) increased the crystallization temperature of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) (e.g., a 5 wt.‐% content increases the temperature by ca. 7 °C) and produced a sharper crystalline peak. It had little effect on the melt rheology of the nanocomposites. The shear‐induced crystallization behavior of iPP was accelerated with increasing Ag content and imposed frequency. In addition, the promoting effect of Ag nanoparticles on the overall crystallization behavior was more notable at 140 °C than at 130 °C. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction scans of iPP nanocomposites with 5 wt.‐% Ag crystallized at 130 °C clearly presented another peak at a 2θ value of 15.8°, which corresponded to a β‐form crystal. The nanocomposites with 5 wt.‐% Ag crystallized at 130 °C gave double melting peaks at 154 and 166 °C. On the other hand, the samples crystallized at 140 °C produced two melting peaks at 166 and 172 °C. The introduction of as much as 0.1 wt.‐% of Ag nanoparticles increased both the tensile strength and elongation at break, but subsequent further addition caused a decrease. In addition, iPP nanocomposites with more than 1 wt.‐% Ag exhibited a higher modulus than pure iPP.Time dependence of G′ of iPP and iPP/Ag nanocomposites at 130 °C at ω = 1 rad · s−1.magnified imageTime dependence of G′ of iPP and iPP/Ag nanocomposites at 130 °C at ω = 1 rad · s−1.
Photodegradation of Poly(L‐lactic acid): Effects of Photosensitizer
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Echizen Yoshihisa , Saha Swapan Kumar , Nishimura Yoshiro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Amorphous and crystallized poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA‐A and PLLA‐C, respectively) films with different contents of N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (TMPD) as a photosensitizer were prepared, and the effects of the addition of TMPD on the photodegradation of PLLA films were investigated. It was found that the addition of TMPD effectively enhanced the photodegradation of PLLA films and thereby decreased their molecular weight of PLLA films regardless of their crystallinity, and that PLLA films with different molecular weights can be prepared by the addition of different amounts of TMPD and subsequent UV irradiation. Too high contents of TMPD however caused the brittleness of PLLA films due to a large decrease in molecular weight. The PLLA chains in crystalline regions as well as those in amorphous regions are photodegradable even at an early stage, in marked contrast to their hydrolytic degradation, where the chains in the amorphous regions are selectively degraded. The basic changes in glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting temperatures (Tg, Tcc, and Tm, respectively) of PLLA films during UV irradiation can be ascribed to low‐temperature annealing effects; i.e., annealing‐induced stabilization in chain packing should have elevated Tg, and annealing‐induced formation of crystallite nuclei should have lowered Tcc and increased Tm. The exceptional large decreases in Tcc and Tm of UV‐irradiated PLLA‐A films and in Tg of UV‐irradiated PLLA‐C films at high TMPD contents are attributable to the large decrease in molecular weight, whereas the exceptional decrease in Tm of PLLA‐C films at high TMPD contents can be due to the folding surface structural change of crystalline regions or to the lattice disorder caused by molecular structural changes.$\overline M _{\rm n}$ of PLLA‐A films before UV irradiation and after UV irradiation for 60 h as a function of TMPD content.magnified image$\overline M _{\rm n}$ of PLLA‐A films before UV irradiation and after UV irradiation for 60 h as a function of TMPD content.
The Effect of Disinfection Methods on the Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Recyclates
Authors: Bohlmann Birgit , Hirth Thomas , Grellmann Wolfgang , Langer Beate 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Increasing environmental concern encourages the development of new ways to recycle medical products. Post‐consumer medical products are suited for recycling because of their life‐span, but used products have to be disinfected before recycling. Therefore, the influence of different disinfection processes during recycling on the processibility and the mechanical properties of thermoplastics was investigated. As disinfection processes, steam disinfection and disinfection with electron beam and gamma radiation were selected. The characterisation of the properties of disinfected recyclates was undertaken for PE and PP from syringes. The melt mass‐flow rate (MFR), the dynamic mechanical properties, the tensile properties and fracture mechanics parameters were examined. A comparison of the results showed that stiffness and strength remain nearly constant, but the deformation and fracture behaviour tends to be influenced. The selection of appropriate disinfection parameters can avoid unnecessary alteration of the properties. Thus, steam disinfection as well as radiation disinfection up to a dose of about 25 kGy are suited for decontaminating used medical products.Scheme of the influence of different disinfection methods on selected properties of thermoplastic recyclates.magnified imageScheme of the influence of different disinfection methods on selected properties of thermoplastic recyclates.
PEO‐b‐PCL Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Detailed Characterization, and Selected Micellar Drug Encapsulation Behavior
Authors: Meier Michael A. R. , Aerts Sebastianus N. H. , Staal Bastiaan B. P. , Rasa Mircea , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: A series of poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) diblock copolymers was synthesized and fully characterized. In particular, MALDI‐TOF MS results revealed interesting new insights into their molecular architecture. Small and defined micelles could be prepared from these block copolymers. Utilizing a high‐throughput screening approach, it was observed that these micelles are able to encapsulate/solubilize different guest molecules (e.g. drugs) depending on the solubility of the guest in water. Furthermore, it could be proven that a guest is located within a micelle and that these micelles can be utilized as transport vehicles for the encapsulated guest molecules.PEO‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers can encapsulate small guest molecules in the core of the polymeric micelles.imagePEO‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers can encapsulate small guest molecules in the core of the polymeric micelles.
Novel Silver/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering‐Active Substrates
Authors: Lin Wen‐Ching , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrates with high enhancement were prepared by an in situ reduction method. Novel silver/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite films were obtained, in which the silver nitrate, poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (PGA), and PVA acted as precursor, stabilizer, and polyol reducant, respectively. The UV‐visible spectra of the as‐fabricated films showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band was narrow and of a stronger intensity, which indicates that the Ag nanoparticle size distribution on the substrate was highly uniform. This finding was further confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) measurements. It was found that a PGA‐stabilized PVA nanocomposite film revealed the presence of well‐dispersed spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 90 nm. The new substrate presents high SERS enhancement and the enhanced factor is estimated to be 106 for the detection of benzoic acid.The Raman scattering enhancement factor for the Raman spectra of benzoic acid on the various nanocomposite films.imageThe Raman scattering enhancement factor for the Raman spectra of benzoic acid on the various nanocomposite films.