bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic fibroblast growth factor affects DNA synthesis and cell function and activates multiple signalling pathways in rat thyroid FRTL-5 and pituitary GH3 cells
Authors: Black E. G. , Logan A. , Davis J. R. E. , Sheppard M. C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
We have used a recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (basic FGF) to study its effects on cell proliferation, gene expression and accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and inositol phosphates in two well-characterized endocrine cell lines, FRTL-5 rat thyroid and GH3 rat pituitary cells. Basic FGF induced a dose-dependent increase in mitogenesis (assessed by measuring incorporation of [3H]thymidine) in FRTL-5 cells (40 ng basic FGF/ml increased mitogenesis above the control value by 2148±108% (mean ± s.e.m.), but inhibited mitogenesis in GH3 cells at all doses (85±4% of control with 40 ng basic FGF/ml)). Thyroglobulin mRNA concentration was increased in FRTL-5 cells (126±6% of control with 40 ng basic FGF/ml) as was prolactin mRNA in GH3 cells (246±11% of control with 40 ng basic FGF/ml), but GH mRNA in GH3 cells was not significantly affected by any dose of basic FGF. Intracellular cAMP was reduced by basic FGF in both FRTL-5 and GH3 cells (40 ng bFGF/ml giving 80±5% of the control value in FRTL-5, and 67±15% of the control value in GH3 cells) despite increased levels when FRTL-5 cells were stimulated with 150 μU TSH/ml (5645±484% of control) or GH3 cells were stimulated by 10 μmol forskolin/1 (3347±396% of control). In both FRTL-5 and GH3 cells, accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates was increased by 40 ng basic FGF/ml (201±6 and 330±51% of control values respectively).
We have shown that basic FGF has different effects on mitogenesis in the two cell lines; gene expression and accumulation of inositol phosphates were increased in both, whereas the intracellular concentration of cAMP was decreased. The actions of basic FGF may be mediated through both inhibition of adenylate cyclase and hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate as has been proposed for 3T3 fibroblasts. Our data suggest that there may be a physiological role for basic FGF in both thyroid and pituitary tissue.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 39–46
Possible oncostatic action of cysteamine on the pituitary glands of oestrogen-primed hyperprolactinaemic rats
Authors: Jeitner T. M. , Oliver J. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Cysteamine was investigated for its potential to reduce the size and secretion of oestrogen-primed hyperprolactinaemic rat pituitary glands. Subcutaneous administration of 80 and 120 mg cysteamine/kg significantly reduced plasma prolactin concentrations by 58 and 91% respectively, after 4 h. Administration of cysteamine (60 mg s.c./kg body weight per day) for 10 days, to rats which had received an injection of 2 mg oestradiol benzoate on day 1, resulted in a significant reduction in pituitary mass (19%) and GH concentration (21%).
Oral administration of 60 mg cysteamine/kg body weight to hyperprolactinaemic rats also produced a significant reduction in plasma prolactin of 94% after 2 h. Oral administration of 60 mg cysteamine/kg body weight per day to rats for a 20-day period, during which they had received two injections of 2 mg oestradiol benzoate on day 1 and day 14 of treatment, resulted in a significant reduction in pituitary mass (29%) and the concentration of trunk blood prolactin concentration (35%). However, when oral cysteamine (60 mg cysteamine/kg body weight per day) was given for 20 days to rats which had been treated with 2 mg oestradiol benzoate once every 14 days over a 90-day period, it caused no change in pituitary weight, prolactin or GH concentration, or the concentration of prolactin in trunk blood. Encapsulating cysteamine in liposomes and subsequent oral administration at 60 mg/kg body weight per day for 10 days to rats which had received five injections of 2 mg oestradiol benzoate once every 14 days over a 80-day period, caused a significant reduction in pituitary weight (36%) and prolactin concentration (28%) as well as prolactin concentration in trunk blood (22%). Liposome-entrapped cysteamine was also able to reduce plasma prolactin concentrations in a time- and dose-dependent manner in hyperprolactinaemic rats. The profile of plasma prolactin depletion produced by liposome-encapsulated cysteamine was different from that of free cysteamine and may account for its ability to reduce the size and secretion of pituitaries from chronically hyperprolactinaemic rats.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 119–127
Galactopoietic and mammogenic effects of long-term treatment with bovine growth hormone and thrice daily milking in goats
Authors: Knight C. H. , Fowler P. A. , Wilde C. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Starting in mid-lactation, goats were treated daily for 22 weeks with 0·15 mg recombinant bovine GH (bGH)/kg, or an equivalent volume of vehicle. One gland of each goat was milked thrice daily throughout treatment, the other twice daily. Mammary differentiation was studied in biopsy samples obtained before treatment and after 3 and 22 weeks of treatment, by determination of in-vitro synthesis rates of milk constituents and measurement of enzyme activities. Mammary growth was measured using a whole-body imaging technique (magnetic resonance imaging; MRI).
bGH caused an immediate and sustained increase in milk yield of approximately 23% overall, whilst the glands milked thrice daily produced approximately 14% more than the control glands milked twice daily. The effects of the combined treatment were additive, but not synergistic. A synergistic effect of the combined treatment resulted in a significant improvement in lactation persistency.
A stimulatory effect of milking frequency on mammary enzyme activities was evident only in bGH-treated goats at 3 weeks, but in both groups at 22 weeks. Synthesis rates of casein and lactose were increased at 3 weeks only by the combined treatment. Thus bGH accelerated or augmented the differentiative response to thrice daily milking. Mammary parenchyma volume, estimated by MRI, increased significantly during the first 12 weeks of bGH treatment and remained higher throughout the rest of the treatment period. Cell number was estimated from parenchyma volume and DNA concentration; this decreased significantly in the controls between weeks 1 and 22, but remained constant in the bGH group. In nine of the ten goats, parenchyma volume and cell number increased in the gland milked thrice daily relative to the control gland milked twice daily during the course of the experiment. Thus bGH stimulated growth of the mammary gland over and above that induced by the frequent milking. The absence of any detectable increase in thymidine incorporation suggests that this growth consisted of cellular hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 129–138
Comparisons of various acidic treatments of bovine serum on insulin-like growth factor-I immunoreactivity and binding activity
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Henricks D. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Untreated serum exhibited two forms of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-binding protein complexes during gel chromatography: one of Mr 150 000 and the other of Mr 40 000–45 000. The majority of the immunoreactive IGF-I was associated with the Mr 150 000 complex. Following acid-ethanol extraction of serum, the binding activity at Mr 150 000 disappeared and a reduced binding activity appeared in the albumin size range. Acid incubation of serum was slightly less effective than acid-ethanol extraction in reducing the binding activity. Acid-ethanol-extracted or acid-incubated serum were parallel to IGF-I standard in the dose–response displacement of iodinated IGF-I. Gel filtration of serum with 1 mol acetic acid/l almost completely separated IGF-I and the binding proteins. Binding-protein fractions from gel filtration interfered with the immunoreactivity of IGF-I with its antibodies, causing a non-parallel displacement curve in the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum IGF-I could be isolated as a single peak by high performance C18 reverse-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentrations of IGF-I measured in bovine sera by RIA were similar between acid gel filtration and HPLC; the concentrations by acid-ethanol extraction and acid incubation being about 30% smaller than those measured with former methods. The lower concentration of IGF-I measured in bovine serum with acid-ethanol extraction or acid incubation appears to be due to interference of IGF-binding proteins not removed by either treatment.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 139–148
Substrate interactions in the development of insulin resistance in type II diabetes and obesity
Authors: Sugden M. C. , Holness M. J. 
Published: December 2008

Introduction
Theories for the mechanisms underlying the development of insulin resistance have included defects in insulin binding, inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, and impaired translocation of glucose across the plasma membrane. However, little attention has been paid to the possibility that altered reciprocal regulatory interactions between lipid and carbohydrate fuels may underly the development of insulin resistance. We would like to review recent developments in metabolic regulation which indicate that this neglected aspect of intermediary metabolism may have more widespread physiological significance than hitherto suspected.
The major pathways of glucose utilization are storage (glycogen), non-oxidative degradation (glycolysis) and oxidative degradation. It has been demonstrated in post-absorptive man by indirect calorimetry that the ability of insulin to stimulate non-oxidative disposal of glucose is decreased by the prior oxidation of lipid (Thiebaud, DeFronzo, Jacot et al. 1982). In these studies, a neutral lipid emulsion was infused before insulin concentrations were raised by
Effects of modifying gonadotrophin-releasing hormone input before and after the oestrogen-induced LH surge in ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection
Authors: Phillips D. J. , Cummins J. T. , Clarke I. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The patterns of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) input to the pituitary gland that affect the expression of a positive-feedback event by oestrogen on LH secretion were investigated in ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection (HPD). In experiment 1, ovariectomized HPD ewes were given hourly i.v. pulses of 250 ng GnRH and an i.m. injection of 50 μg oestradiol benzoate (OB). The ewes were given a bolus pulse of 2·25 μg GnRH 16 h after injection of OB, followed by half-hourly pulses of 250 ng GnRH for 14 h (treatment A). The LH surge response was significantly (P <0·05) greater in these ewes compared with that in ewes given a continuous infusion of GnRH (250 ng/h) after the OB injection, followed by a continuous infusion of 500 ng GnRH/h after the bolus pulse of GnRH (treatment B). When no GnRH was administered after the OB injection, except for the bolus pulse of GnRH (treatment C), the surge response was significantly (P <0·05) reduced compared with that in treatment A, and was reduced compared with treatment B. These data suggest that GnRH pulses are important in the generation of the OB-induced LH surge, but that a baseline secretory component can prime the pituitary to some extent. experiment 2, a doubling of the continuous infusion dose of GnRH used in treatment B to 500 ng/h before the bolus pulse of GnRH and to 1 μg/h afterwards (treatment D) gave a similar response compared with treatment A, suggesting that if the baseline input of GnRH is of sufficient magnitude, it can overcome the lack of pulsatile input. In experiment 3, halving the GnRH pulse amplitude used in treatment A from 250 to 125 ng (treatment E) did not reduce the LH surge response, implying that when the GnRH input is in a pulsatile mode, the amplitude of GnRH pulses is less important than the pulsatile nature per se. In experiment 4, removal of GnRH input after the bolus pulse of GnRH (treatment F) significantly (P <0·05) reduced the surge response compared with when pulses were maintained (treatment A), indicating that GnRH input is still required once the LH surge has been initiated. Collectively, these experiments show that several forms of GnRH delivery, both pulsatile and baseline, can result in the full expression of a positive-feedback response in ovariectomized ewes treated with oestrogen.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 223–233
Synergism of testosterone propionate with growth hormone in promoting growth of hypophysectomized rats: effect of sexual differentiation
Authors: Klindt J. , Ford J. J. , Macdonald G. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of testosterone propionate (TP), alone and in combination with porcine GH, on the growth of hypophysectomized rats was investigated. An initial study determined doses of TP and GH which would result in a synergistic response. Hypophysectomized male rats, approximately 40 days of age, received GH at doses of 5, 25 and 62·5 μg/day administered in two injections/day at 08.00 and 16.00 h. At all doses of GH, administration of TP at 100 μg/day significantly enhanced the GH-stimulated rate of growth. This growth enhancement by TP was greatest in combination with GH at 25 μg/day. In a subsequent study, growth responses to 25 μg GH/day and 100 μg TP/day were examined in animals with differing degrees of sexual differentiation. Sex groups were: intact males, males castrated at 11 days of age and females administered 100 μg TP at 3 days of age (masculinized rats), and males castrated at 2 days of age and normal females (non-masculinized rats). In all sex groups, growth of hypophysectomized rats was stimulated by GH. Genetic sex and masculinization did not influence the response to GH. Masculinized hypophysectomized rats exhibited significantly greater rates of growth and final live, empty body, liver and kidney weights than non-masculinized hypophysectomized rats. All sex groups other than normal females responded synergistically to the combination treatment of GH plus TP. Rats that experienced neonatal exposure to testosterone became programmed to respond to testosterone and demonstrated greater rates of growth and body and organ weights when administered the combination of GH plus TP. These data indicate that TP synergizes with GH to promote growth of hypophysectomized rats appropriately programmed to respond. The ability to manifest a synergistic response is a differentiated trait dependent upon exposure to testosterone during the appropriate period of development. The time of differentiation of this ability to respond to testosterone occurs earlier than that for differentiation of body growth.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 249–256
The antagonistic effect of exogenous LH pulses on FSH-stimulated preovulatory follicle growth in ewes chronically treated with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist
Authors: Picton H. M. , Tsonis C. G. , McNeilly A. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The hypogonadotrophism model induced by the chronic administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist was used to investigate the effects of different concentrations of FSH with or without LH pulses on the stimulation of follicular development in the ewe. Continuous administration of an agonist (buserelin) by osmotic minipump to thirty-six Welsh Mountain ewes from the early luteal phase for 5 weeks resulted in a sustained suppression of the plasma concentration of FSH and inhibited the pulsatile release of LH. The inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion was due to the desensitization and/or down-regulation of pituitary gonadotroph function, since the agonist-treated animals showed no response to a challenge of 1 μg GnRH.
During week 6 of agonist treatment, ewes were infused with either 4-hourly pulses of ovine LH (9 μg/pulse), low concentrations of ovine FSH (3 μg/h) or high concentrations of FSH (9 μg/h) alone or with 4-hourly pulses of LH. After 5 days of gonadotrophin infusion, there was no difference between the mean number of follicles per ewe from the animals treated with LH alone, low concentrations of FSH with or without LH pulses or the high concentration of FSH alone compared with the mean number of follicles from control ewes on day 8 of the luteal phase. Infusion of the high concentration of FSH alone stimulated the development of an increased number of large oestrogenic follicles (follicles > 2·5 mm in diameter and secreting > 3·7 nmol oestradiol/h in vitro) compared with control ewes. The addition of high-amplitude LH pulses to the infusion of the high concentration of FSH prevented follicles developing beyond 2·5 mm in diameter, but doubled the number of small follicles (≤2·5 mm) present in the ovaries.
These results show that normal follicular development can be induced by physiological concentrations of FSH alone in the absence of pulsatile LH release. The addition of high-amplitude LH pulses antagonized this stimulatory effect of FSH on follicle growth in the ewe.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 273–283
Epidermal growth factor in small antral ovarian follicles of pregnant women
Authors: Westergaard L. G. , Andersen C. Yding , Byskov A. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay in follicular fluid (FF) aspirated from 114 small antral follicles with diameters from 1 to 6 mm and in serum from 19 women undergoing Caesarean section at term. Concentrations of EGF in FF were inversely and significantly correlated to follicular size, being 4·7±0·4 (mean ± s.e.m.) nmol/l in follicles of 1–2 mm in diameter and declining to 2·2±0·2 and 1 ·4±0·2 nmol/l in follicles of 3–4 mm and 5–6 mm in diameter respectively. The mean ± s.e.m. concentration of EGF in serum (0·7±0·03 nmol/l) was significantly lower than that in FF. Levels of EGF, progesterone and oestradiol in FF were not significantly correlated to one another. In contrast to EGF, levels of progesterone and oestradiol in FF did not vary significantly with follicular diameter in these small follicles.
On the basis of these results we suggest that EGF is synthesized in small human antral follicles, and that EGF stimulates granulosa cell proliferation and follicle growth up to 6 mm in diameter. Furthermore, the high intrafollicular levels of EGF may protect the small follicles against untimely effects of high levels of FSH, for instance during the mid-cycle surge of gonadotrophins.
It is concluded that EGF plays an important role as an autocrine and/or paracrine regulator of development of small antral follicles in women.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 363–367
Influence of steroid hormone treatments or pregnancy on [3H]prazosin and [3H]rauwolscine binding to myometrial α-adrenoceptors in the ewe
Authors: Vass-Lopez A. , Garcia-Villar R. , Lafontan M. , Toutain P. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The adrenergic antagonists [3H]prazosin and [3H] rauwolscine were used to identify α1- and α2-adrenoceptors respectively in the ovine myometrium. Ewes were allocated to four groups according to steroid hormone treatments or physiological status, namely ovariectomized ewes either as untreated controls, treated with oestradiol-17β or progestagen plus oestradiol-17β, and pregnant ewes at mid-gestation. Binding of both [3H]prazosin and [3H]rauwolscine to membrane preparations from the ovine myometrium was saturable, of high affinity and rapidly reversed by phentolamine (10 μmol/l). Based on the relative order of potency of selected adrenergic agonists and antagonists, the myometrial binding sites labelled by [3H]prazosin and [3H]rauwolscine were characterized as α1- and α2adrenoceptors respectively. Saturation binding studies with [3H]prazosin showed that the number of α1adrenoceptors was low (maximal binding capacity, Bmax, between 19 and 24 fmol/mg protein) and there were no noticeable differences between the animal groups. Moreover, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) did not vary significantly between groups (Kd between 0·10 and 0·17 nmol/l). In contrast, saturation binding studies with [3H]rauwolscine revealed the presence of a high number of α2-adrenoceptors. Values of Bmax were far higher in the pregnant ewes (1096±241 fmol/mg protein; means ± s.d.) than in any of the non-pregnant ovariectomized ewes. For these latter groups, the highest Bmax values were found in the group treated with both progestagen and oestrogen (382±77 fmol/mg protein) compared with treatment with oestrogen alone (101±8 fmol/mg protein) or with controls (82±12 fmol/mg protein). The results of the present study, especially those obtained under a high-progesterone environment (e.g. pregnancy), strongly suggest a role of steroid hormones in the control of the number of α2-adrenoceptors in the ovine myometrium. In contrast, they did not yield any supporting data for a similar role on myometrial α1-adrenoceptors in the ewe.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 471–479
Changes in the hypothalamic contents of LHRH-I and -II and in pituitary responsiveness to synthetic chicken LHRH-I and -II during the progesterone-induced surge of LH in the laying hen
Authors: Wilson S. C. , Chairil R. A. , Cunningham F. J. , Gladwell R. T. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The contents of LHRH-I and -II in the anterior hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus (including the mediobasal hypothalamus and median eminence) were measured at 90, 180 and 360 min after the i.m. injection of laying hens with progesterone. Whilst no changes were observed in the content of LHRH-I in the anterior hypothalamus, LHRH-I in the posterior hypothalamus tended to fall at 90 and 180 min after injection of progesterone in hens maintained on 16 h light:8 h darkness (16L:8D) and 8L:16D respectively. Pretreatment of laying hens with tamoxifen significantly increased the hypothalamic contents of LHRH-I and -II, raised the basal plasma concentration of LH and modified the LH response to progesterone injection. In hens in which tamoxifen prevented an increase in the plasma concentration of LH after progesterone injection, the content of LHRH-I in the posterior hypothalamus remained unchanged. In contrast, in hens in which progesterone stimulated a steep increase in LH within 90 min, there was a pronounced and significant fall in LHRH-I content of the posterior hypothalamus. No change in the hypothalamic content of LHRH-II was observed during the progesterone-induced surge of LH until plasma concentrations had attained maximal values or started to decline. Then, in hens maintained on 16L:8D, a significant fall in the content of LHRH-II in the anterior hypothalamus was found at both 180 and 360 min after injection with progesterone.
Tests in vitro and in vivo of the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to synthetic LHRH-I and -II revealed no change at 90 min after injection of laying hens with progesterone, when plasma concentrations of LH were increasing, but a pronounced reduction when plasma LH concentrations were maximal or falling.
These results suggest that LHRH-I mediates in the progesterone-induced increase in the plasma concentration of LH. Although the subsequent decline in plasma LH was associated with a reduced responsiveness of the pituitary gland to LHRH, a significant correlation between the contents of LHRH-I and -II in the anterior hypothalamus and a fall in the hypothalamic content of LHRH-II when plasma LH was maximal or declining allows the possibility of an involvement of this peptide in the neuroendocrine events preceding ovulation.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 487–496