bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Dissection of the Tol2 Transposable Element Identified the Minimal cis-Sequence and a Highly Repetitive Sequence in the Subterminal Region Essential for Transposition
Authors: Urasaki Akihiro , Morvan Ghislaine , Kawakami Koichi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Tol2 element is a naturally occurring active transposable element found in vertebrate genomes. The Tol2 transposon system has been shown to be active from fish to mammals and considered to be a useful gene transfer vector in vertebrates. However, cis-sequences essential for transposition have not been characterized. Here we report the characterization of the minimal cis-sequence of the Tol2 element. We constructed Tol2 vectors containing various lengths of DNA from both the left (5′) and the right (3′) ends and tested their transpositional activities both by the transient excision assay using zebrafish embryos and by analyzing chromosomal transposition in the zebrafish germ lineage. We demonstrated that Tol2 vectors with 200 bp from the left end and 150 bp from the right end were capable of transposition without reducing the transpositional efficiency and found that these sequences, including the terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and the subterminal regions, are sufficient and required for transposition. The left and right ends were not interchangeable. The Tol2 vector carrying an insert of &gt;11 kb could transpose, but a certain length of spacer, &lt;276 but &gt;18 bp, between the left and right ends was necessary for excision. Furthermore, we found that a 5-bp sequence, 5′-(A/G)AGTA-3′, is repeated 33 times in the essential subterminal region. Mutations in the repeat sequence at 13 different sites in the subterminal region, as well as mutations in TIRs, severely reduced the excision activity, indicating that they play important roles in transposition. The identification of the minimal cis-sequence of the Tol2 element and the construction of mini-Tol2 vectors will facilitate development of useful transposon tools in vertebrates. Also, our study established a basis for further biochemical and molecular biological studies for understanding roles of the repetitive sequence in the subterminal region in transposition.
Potential Treatment of Cerebral Global Ischemia with Oct-4+ Umbilical Cord Matrix Cells
Authors: Jomura Sachiko , Uy Marc , Mitchell Kathy , Dallasen Renee , Bode Claudia J. , Xu Yan 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Potential therapeutic effects of Oct-4-positive rat umbilical cord matrix (RUCM) cells in treating cerebral global ischemia were evaluated using a reproducible model of cardiac arrest (CA) and resuscitation in rats. Animals were randomly assigned to four groups: A, sham-operated; B, 8-minute CA without pretreatment; C, 8-minute CA pretreated with defined media; and D, 8-minute CA pretreated with Oct-4+ RUCM cells. Pretreatment was done 3 days before CA by 2.5-μl microinjection of defined media or approximately 104 Oct-4+ RUCM cells in left thalamic nucleus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and cortex. Damage was assessed histologically 7 days after CA and was quantified by the percentage of injured neurons in hippocampal CA1 regions. Little damage (approximately 3%–4%) was found in the sham group, whereas 50%–68% CA1 pyramidal neurons were injured in groups B and C. Pretreatment with Oct-4+ RUCM cells significantly (p &lt; .001) reduced neuronal loss to 25%–32%. Although the transplanted cells were found to have survived in the brain with significant migration, few were found directly in CA1. Therefore, transdifferentiation and fusion with host cells cannot be the predominant mechanisms for the observed protection. The Oct-4+ RUCM cells might repair nonfocal tissue damage by an extracellular signaling mechanism. Treating cerebral global ischemia with umbilical cord matrix cells seems promising and worthy of further investigation.
Stage-Specific Conditional Mutagenesis in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Postmitotic Neurons by Direct Delivery of Biologically Active Cre Recombinase
Authors: Haupt Simone , Edenhofer Frank , Peitz Michael , Leinhaas Anke , Brüstle Oliver 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Conditional mutagenesis using Cre/loxP recombination is a powerful tool to investigate genes involved in neural development and function. However, the efficient delivery of biologically active Cre recombinase to neural cells, particularly to postmitotic neurons, represents a limiting factor. In this study, we devised a protocol enabling highly efficient conditional mutagenesis in ESC-derived neural progeny. Using a stepwise in vitro differentiation paradigm, we demonstrate that recombinant cell-permeable Cre protein can be used to efficiently induce recombination at defined stages of neural differentiation. Recombination rates of more than 90% were achieved in multipotent pan-neural and glial precursors derived from the Z/EG reporter mouse ESC line, in which Cre recombination activates enhanced green fluorescent proteinexpression. Recombined precursor cells displayed a normal phenotype and were able to differentiate into neurons and/or glial cells, indicating that Cre treatment has no overt side effects on proliferation and neural differentiation. Our data further demonstrate that recombination via Cre protein transduction is not restricted to dividing cells but can even be applied to postmitotic neurons. The ability to conduct Cre/loxP recombination at defined stages of stem cell differentiation in an expression-independent manner provides new prospects for studying the role of individual genes under stringent temporal control.
The Historical Development of Experimental Techniques in Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Sheppard Norman 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Laying of the Foundations: the Period to 1945Infrared Spectroscopy: the Development of Experimental TechniquesThe Origins and Interpretation of Infrared SpectraApplications of Infrared SpectroscopyAtmospheric StudiesBlackbody Radiation and Quantum TheoryHigh‐Resolution Vibration–Rotation SpectraMolecular Structure Analysis by Vibrational SpectroscopyTheRaman Effect and Its ApplicationsThe Period, since 1945, of Multiple Applications of the Infrared andRaman SpectroscopiesThe Evolution of Commercial Infrared SpectrometersDispersion SpectrometersInfrared Interferometers; theFourier‐Transform RevolutionTunable Lasers as Infrared SourcesNear‐Infrared SpectroscopyFar‐Infrared SpectroscopyAdditional Experimental and Theoretical Techniques in Infrared Spectroscopy and their ApplicationsAttenuated Total (Internal) ReflectionDepth Profiling of SamplesDetectorsDiamond Anvil (High‐Pressure) CellDiffuse Reflection SpectroscopyDigitization of SpectraEmission SpectroscopyGas ChromatographyInfrared MicroscopyLong‐Pathlength Gas CellsKBrDisksLow‐Temperature Matrix IsolationNujol MullsPhotoacoustic SpectroscopyPolarization and Polarization‐Modulation SpectroscopyQuantum‐Mechanical Calculations of Vibrational SpectraReflection SpectroscopyReflection‐Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy and the Metal–Surface Selection RuleSum Frequency GenerationSurface SpectroscopyVibrational Circular Dichroism SpectroscopyTheRaman Spectroscopies from 1945Raman SpectroscopyResonanceRaman SpectroscopyCoherent Anti‐StokesRaman Spectroscopy(CARS)Hyper‐Raman SpectroscopyInverseRaman SpectroscopyStimulatedRaman EffectAdditional Techniques inRaman Spectroscopy and their ApplicationsRaman Optical ActivityOptical Fiber SamplingSurfaceRaman SpectroscopySurface‐EnhancedRaman SpectraThe Newer Vibrational SpectroscopiesHigh‐Resolution Electron Energy Loss SpectroscopyInelastic Electron Tunneling SpectroscopyInelastic Neutron ScatteringInelastic Molecular Beam ScatteringEpilogBiomolecular SpectroscopyCrystal SpectraDouble‐Minima Spectroscopic PhenomenaHydrogen Bonding and Intermolecular InteractionsInorganic SpectroscopyIntensities in Vibrational SpectraInternal Rotation within Molecules: Conformational (Rotational) IsomerismMolecular Force Fields and Vibration FrequenciesConclusionAcknowledgments
Infrared Spectroscopy: Theory
Authors: Steele Derek 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Factors that Control Absorption

The Effects of Symmetry on Molecular Vibrations

Quantization and Anharmonicity in Real Vibrating Molecules

Intensities of Absorption

Band Shapes in Liquids

Calculation of Vibrational Spectra

Revisiting the Ethyne Spectrum

Product Rule

Sum Rule

Quantum‐Theoretical Calculations of Spectra

Vibration–Rotation Spectra

Appendix 1
Raman Spectroscopy of the Condensed Phase
Authors: Everall Neil J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This article discusses the general factors that influence the appearance of Raman spectra of materials in the condensed phase. The same material, when presented in different physical forms, can have significantly different Raman spectra. This must be taken into account when interpreting condensed phase spectra. After considering the main differences between the spectra of gases and liquids or solids, some effects peculiar to the solid state are discussed in detail. The influence of site and factor group splitting and phonon dispersion is described, as are the practical consequences of polymorphism. The effects of crystal and particle size, lattice defects, and the presence of amorphous domains are discussed, as is the influence of molecular orientation in crystals or drawn polymers. Finally, some artefacts that are prone to occur with condensed phase samples (self‐absorption of radiation, fluorescence, and degradation) are mentioned along with ways to minimise their impact.
Miniature Spectrometers
Authors: Kruzelecky Roman V. , Ghosh Asoke K. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Review of Fabrication Technologies for Miniature Spectrometers

Slab Waveguide Spectrometers

Micromachining of Spectrometer Optics

Injection‐Molded Spectrometers

Miniature Bulk‐Optic Spectrometers

The Optics of Miniature Spectrometers

Performance Considerations

Optical Layout

Input Optics

Spectral Dispersion and Resolution

Output Focal Plane and Imaging

Linear Detector Arrays

Review of the Performance of Miniature Spectrometers

Applications of Miniature Spectrometers

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Polarization Interferometers for Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Polavarapu Prasad L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Principles and applications of interferometers based on polarization division of incoming light are described in this article. The applications of interferometers include polarization division of incoming light using either a Wollaston prism or a wiregrid beamsplitter. The interferometers with wiregrid beam splitters utilizing flat mirrors are referred to as polarizing Michelson interferometers; those utilizing roof‐top mirrors are referred to as Martin–Puplett interferometers; and those utilizing cube corner mirrors are referred to as polarization division interferometers with cube corner mirrors. There are distinct advantages offered by each of these interferometers, which hopefully will renew interest in developing commercial products.
Time‐Resolved Mid‐Infrared Spectrometry Using an Asynchronous
F
ourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Authors: Masutani Koji 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

A novel asynchronous time‐resolved Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrophotometer based on a conventional continuous‐scan interferometer for repetitive phenomenon is introduced. In contrast to the others, this method does not require the synchronization between the signal for time resolving and that for the sampling of the analog‐to‐digital (A/D) converter. The signal‐processing assembly for time‐resolved measurements consists of a pulse generator, a pulse delay circuit, a gate circuit, and a low‐pass filter. This assembly can be attached to any conventional FT‐IR spectrophotometer. Furthermore, the system with the plural assemblies enables to measure a set of time‐resolved spectra with different time delays simultaneously. The time‐resolved spectra do not have any spectral distortion or artifacts, and the multi‐channel system improves the reliability of the data. As for the application, the reorientation process in a ferroelectric liquid crystal induced by the reversal of external electric field has been studied with a time resolution of 0.5
μ
s or less.
Fast Time‐Resolved Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy Using Grating Spectrometers
Authors: Hashimoto Mamoru , Yuzawa Teturo , Kato Chihiro , Iwata Koichi , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Instrumentation

Transient Infrared Absorption

AC
‐Coupling Detection

System Configuration

Infrared Light Source

Stimulation Source

Flowing Sample Cell

Infrared Monochromator

Detector and Pre‐Amplifier

Signal Processing

Commercial Time‐Resolved Infrared Spectrometer

Spectral Data Analysis with

SVD

Applications

Photoexcited States of

DMABN

Photoisomerization of All‐

trans

‐Retinal

Electric‐Field‐Induced Reorientation Dynamics of Liquid Crystals

Future Perspective
Tunable Filter and Discrete Filter Near‐Infrared Spectrometers
Authors: Wetzel David L. , Eilert Arnold J. , Sweat Joseph A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Near‐Infrared Filter Spectrometers

Acousto‐Optic Tunable Filters

Introduction

Background and Theory

Features of an Acousto‐Optic Tunable Filter Spectrometer

A Typical Acousto‐Optic Tunable Filter Spectroscopy Scheme

Operation of an Acousto‐Optic

TFS

Performance of an Acousto‐Optic

TFS

Designed for Quantitative Analysis

Temporal Resolution with an Acousto‐Optic

TFS

Liquid Crystal Tunable Filters

Introduction

Nematic Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter Theory

Imaging with Liquid Crystal Tunable Filters

Discrete Multilayer Interference Filter Photometers
Infrared‐Emitting Diodes for Near‐Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Rosenthal Todd C. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

The Early Days of Near‐Infrared Spectrometry

NIR

Spectrometers Based on Infrared‐Emitting Diodes

Applications of
IRED
Spectrometers

Summary
R
aman Monochromators and Polychromators
Authors: Pelletier Michael J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Terminology

Article Layout

Critical Performance Needs

Efficient Use of Photons

Stray Light

Spectral Resolution

Calibration Stability

Data Acquisition Speed

Operational Flexibility

Cost

Key Components

Diffraction Gratings

Mirrors

Multielement Lenses

Focal Reducers

Laser Blocking Filters

Bandpass Filters

Slits

Properties Common to Both Dispersive Monochromators and Spectrographs

Optimal Slit Width

Dispersion

Focusing Tolerance

Polarization Effects

Monochromators

Nondispersive Monochromators

Dispersive Single‐Stage Monochromators

Dispersive Multiple‐Stage Monochromators

Polychromators

Multiple‐Filter Polychromators

One‐Dimensional Dispersive Spectrographs

Two‐Dimensional Spectrographs
Resonance
R
aman Spectroscopy
Authors: McHale Jeanne L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The theory and practice of resonance Raman spectroscopy is discussed in this article. In this technique, laser radiation resonance with an allowed electronic transition is employed to excite the vibrational light scattering spectrum. The frequency shifts of the scattered light reveal vibrational transitions within the ground electronic state, while the intensity of each Raman band as a function of exciting frequency, called the Raman excitation profile, depends on the dynamics in the resonant excited electronic state. This chapter considers the experimental and theoretical aspects of determining absolute Raman intensities for the purpose of studying the dynamics of excited electronic states. Experimental considerations for the determination of absolute Raman cross sections include the polarization of incident and scattered light, and corrections for self‐absorption and instrument response. Theoretical approaches include the sum‐over‐state expression, transform theory, and time‐dependent theory. Applications of resonance Raman spectroscopy in the study of electron transfer and solvent dynamics are described.
Introduction to Nonlinear Raman Spectrometry
Authors: Zheltikov A.M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Basic Principles

Excitation of
R
aman Vibrations

Wave Mixing in
R
aman‐Active Media

Nonlinear Polarization and Nonlinear Susceptibilities

Phase Matching

The Main Schemes of Nonlinear
R
aman Spectroscopy

Stimulated
R
aman Scattering

Coherent Anti‐Stokes
R
aman Scattering

Four‐Wave Mixing with a Hyper‐
R
aman Resonance

R
aman‐Induced Kerr Effect

Degenerate Four‐Wave Mixing

Polarization Technique

Polarization Properties of the Coherent Four‐Wave Mixing Signal

Suppressing the Nonresonant Background

Coherent Ellipsometry

Time‐Resolved Coherent Anti‐Stokes
R
aman Scattering

Conclusions and Outlook

Appendix 1

Glossary of Widely Used Nonlinear
R
aman Acronyms and Abbreviations
Coherent Anti‐Stokes
R
aman Spectroscopy
Authors: Ujj Laszlo , Atkinson George H. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) has been shown to be one of the most powerful experimental methodologies for obtaining vibrational information from both stable and transient molecular species. The general theoretical and experimental principles associated with CARS, together with specific examples of its applications to important biological systems, are presented. A concise theoretical formalism of CARS, and its electronically resonant variant, is presented with an emphasis on points relevant to the interpretation of experimental spectra. Particular attention is given to deriving vibrational signatures from the Raman resonances observed in CARS data. The instrumental components required for obtaining typical CARS data are illustrated in a brief description of an experimental system used to record CARS spectra from biophysical molecules (photoactive protein reactions). Specific examples of CARS data are taken from measurements of stable and transient intermediates comprising the photoreactions of the bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and rhodopsin (Rh) proteins. Finally, an overview of developments to be anticipated in this field is presented.
Linear Dichroism in Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Buffeteau Thierry , Pézolet Michel 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The absorption of linearly polarized infrared radiation by oriented samples is sensitive to the state of polarization of the incident radiation. This phenomenon is known as the infrared linear dichroism (IRLD). The degree of optical anisotropy in oriented samples can be characterized by measuring two spectra using light polarized parallel and perpendicular to a reference direction. In this chapter, the theoretical expressions allowing the quantitative determination of molecular orientation from IRLD measurements for systems showing both uniaxial and biaxial symmetry of orientation are described. In addition, typical examples of the use of IRLD to determine the orientation of polymers and biological membranes are presented. These results were obtained from either static measurements using normal or oblique incidence or dynamic measurements using a rotating polarizer or a photoelastic modulator (PM‐IRLD). The high sensitivity of PM‐IRLD allows following the kinetics of orientation over a short timescale.
Surface‐EnhancedRaman Scattering
Authors: Ewen Smith W. , Rodger Caroline 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMechanisms of Surface EnhancementElectromagnetic EnhancementCharge Transfer MechanismSERS‐Active SubstratesElectrodesColloidsSilver ColloidApplicationsSurface EnhancedRaman ScatteringSurface Enhanced ResonanceRaman SpectroscopyAdvantages ofSERRSBiologyMedicinal ChemistrySurface ChemistryAnalysisPolymersConclusions
Sum‐Frequency Spectroscopy
Authors: Beattie David A. , Bain Colin D. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Sum frequency spectroscopy (SFS) is one of the most versatile and powerful tools for obtaining surface vibrational spectra. SFS is a non‐linear optical technique that uses overlapping visible and infrared lasers to generate a signal from molecules aligned at an interface. The technique is both sensitive and selective; sub‐monolayer detection is routine and signal is only generated from molecules on the surface and not from the bulk media on either side of the interface. This article outlines the experimental and theoretical basis for the technique. In addition, a number of applications of SFS in surface and interface science are highlighted, including the study of interfacial water structure, surfactants at air–liquid interfaces, catalysis, and boundary lubrication.
The Diamond Anvil Cell
Authors: Polsky Cynthia H. , Van Valkenburg Eric 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Overview

Brief Introduction

Advantages of the

DAC

The High‐Pressure

DAC

Introduction

Early High‐Pressure

DAC

Experiments

Beginnings

Developments

Pressure Calibration

Modern

DAC

s

The Miniature
M
errill–
B
assett Cell

The Four‐Post Cryogenic Cell

The Megabar (
M
ao–
B
ell) Cell

The Compact Cylinder Cell

The

DAC

in Forensic Science

Diamond as An Optical Window

DAC

and

IR

Spectroscopy

The Forensic Studies

Concluding Remarks
External Reflection Spectroscopy of Thin Films on Dielectric Substrates
Authors: Kattner Jürgen , Hoffmann Helmuth 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Spectral Simulations

Infrared Radiation at Interfaces

Optical Properties of Anisotropic Films

Calculation of Reflection Spectra and Determination of Surface Orientation

Limitations

Experimental Aspects

Optical System

Sensitivity Optimization

S
/
N
Comparison between Metal and Dielectric Substrates

Spectra Interpretation and Surface Selection Rules

Isotropic Films

Anisotropic Films

Surface Selection Rules

Applications

Thin Anisotropic Films

Isotropic Polymer and Lubricant Layers

Adsorbates on Single‐Crystal Surfaces

Inorganic Films

Summary
Continuum Theories of Diffuse Reflection
Authors: Griffiths Peter R. , Olinger Jill M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMany theories for diffuse reflection spectrometry have been reported, but none allow concentrations to be obtained with as good accuracy as other sampling techniques. In this article, the more important theories of diffuse reflection are described. Diffusely reflected radiation usually follows the Lambert cosine law. Early theories of light scattering were developed about 100 years ago by Mie and Schuster, and most current treatments are based on one of these two theories. The equation derived by Kubelka and Munk for the diffuse reflectance of a powder was essentially identical to the equation that was derived by Schuster for the radiation scattered from a very dilute suspension of particles. Other workers considered the effect of anisotropic scattering, which are usually too complicated to apply to powdered solids. Application of the Kubelka–Munk equation shows why mid‐infrared diffuse reflection spectrometry is an excellent microsampling technique, unless the matrix in which the analyte is dispersed has significant absorption.
FT
‐
R
aman Spectroscopy
Authors: Schrader B. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Raman and infrared spectra give information about the symmetry of molecules and their arrangement. For recording of Raman spectra, interferometers instead of dispersive spectrometers give a larger intensity by the so‐called Jacquinot advantage. Further, the arrangement of sample cells with a high figure‐of‐merit is easier. When exciting radiation from the near‐infrared region is used instead of the usual radiation from the visible range, the obstructive fluorescence is considerably reduced. This makes the nondestructive analyses of objects of art, historic textiles, and plant and animal tissues possible. Applications in medicine (identification of tumours and skin lesions without the necessity of biopsy) and the exploring of new sources of raw material for the pharmaceutical industry are described.