bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allele Dropout in PCR-Based Diagnosis of Wilson Disease: Mechanisms and Solutions
Authors: Lam Ching-Wan , Mak Chloe M 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Background: We investigated the mechanisms leading to allele dropout—the nonamplification of 1 of the alleles—in PCR-based diagnosis of Wilson disease (WD).
Methods: We extracted genomic DNA from blood samples from 6 WD patients (P1–P6) with allele dropouts detected in a previous study of WD in a Hong Kong Chinese population. We amplified the ATP7B gene by PCR and performed direct DNA sequencing of all exons of the ATP7B gene. To support the proposed mechanism of allele dropout, we used proofreading DNA polymerase, primer design avoiding single-nucleotide polymorphism sites, and duplex PCR.
Results: Patients P1–P4 were all apparently homozygous for a known disease-causing mutation, c.2975C&gt;T (p.P992L) in exon 13. Patient P5 was apparently homozygous for a novel mutation, c.2524G&gt;A, and patient P6 was apparently homozygous for another known mutation, c.522_523insA (p.K175K-fs). In all cases, we determined that the patients were actually heterozygous for these mutations.
Conclusion: Our results confirm that allele dropout is the mechanism causing apparent homozygosity of heterozygous mutations in these WD patients.
A selectivity study of reaction of the carbonate radical anion with methyl β-d-cellobioside and methyl β-d-glucoside in oxygenated aqueous solutions
Authors: Carlsson Magnus , Lind Johan , Merényi Gábor 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of oxygen, radiolytically generated carbonate radical anions, CO3
•–, were reacted with methyl β-D-cellobioside and methyl β-D-glucoside. From the ensuing product pattern, it was concluded that CO3
•– abstracts hydrogen atoms predominantly from glucosidic C1–H bonds. This high intramolecular selectivity was rationalised mainly in terms of a polar effect on the transition state of the hydrogen abstraction reaction. The present findings are in sharp contrast to the relative inertness of CO3
•– towards glucosidic C1–H bonds previously observed in cotton linters. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in light of a possible future role of CO3
•– as a bleaching agent for pulp.
The effect of molecular composition of xylan extracted from birch on its assembly onto bleached softwood kraft pulp
Authors: Westbye Peter , Svanberg Christer , Gatenholm Paul 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The effect of the molecular structure of xylan on its assembly onto softwood kraft pulps was investigated. Various xylan-rich fractions were isolated from birch wood chips by different mild treatments using water (H2O), acetic acid (HAc) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The isolation involved prehydrolysis followed by alkaline extraction, with only the time, temperature and medium in the prehydrolysis step varied. After separation, the fractions were neutralised (pH 7) and some material agglomerated and became insoluble. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed differences in aggregate size among the different fractions. The fractions that agglomerated to the greatest extent contained less glucuronic acid and a higher amount of lignin. Such fractions adsorbed to a significantly higher extent (25.5% compared to 5.0% for the lowest soluble fraction) onto bleached softwood kraft pulps in experiments performed in autoclaves. The adsorption was carried out with fixed process parameters (100°C, pH 10, 120 min). The adsorption of various xylan fractions resulted in different surface morphology on cellulose microfibrils, as observed by AFM. Pulps treated with xylans that were soluble at pH 7 showed small differences from the control sample, which was treated in an autoclave without the addition of xylan. Pulps treated with xylans that agglomerated at pH 7 showed a greater difference in the amount of nanosized aggregates covering the surface. ESCA analysis of the chemical surface composition indicated that samples containing more lignin showed a greater shift towards carbon-carbon bonds. A novel sequence for a pulping process is suggested.
Characterisation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) of spruce wood (Picea abies L.) isolated with two methods
Authors: Lawoko Martin , Henriksson Gunnar , Gellerstedt Göran 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A method for the quantitative isolation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) in a softwood is presented. The isolation steps involve partial enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, subsequent swelling in urea, and quantitative dissolution into four major fractions: (1) a galactoglucomannan LCC containing ∼8% of the wood lignin; (2) a glucane LCC containing ∼4% of the wood lignin; (3) a xylan-lignin-glucomannan network LCC (xylan>glucomannan) containing ∼40% of the wood lignin; and (4) a glucomannan-lignin-xylan network LCC (glucoman-nan>xylan) containing ∼48% of the wood lignin. Endoglucanase Novozyme 476, with only cellulase activity, and Ecopulp XM, with only xylanase and mannanase activities, were used as an enzymatic tool. From mildly ball-milled wood, all the lignin was isolated as LCCs. As a control, LCC was prepared from partially chlorite-delignified wood meal without ball milling, also in a mild procedure. The results were very similar to those obtained after ball milling. Thus, it can be safely concluded that the formation of new chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates during ball milling is improbable. Studies on isolated milled wood lignin (MWL) supported this conclusion and clearly showed that covalent linkages between lignin and carbohydrates are present. The study provide conclusive evidence of covalent linkages between lignin and carbohydrates in the native lignin in wood. It is concluded that carbohydrate-free lignin, i.e., lignin without covalent bonds to carbohydrates, probably cannot be present in spruce wood.
Characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes from spruce sulfite pulp
Authors: Lawoko Martin , Henriksson Gunnar , Gellerstedt Göran 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) were isolated from unbleached acid sulfite pulp by selective enzymatic hydrolysis followed by fiber swelling and extraction. Approximately 80% of the lignin in the pulp was found to be chemically linked to carbohydrates in three major fractions, viz. as one glucan-lignin complex (with 8% lignin) and two hemicellulose-lignin complexes (with 72% lignin). The latter two were further separated into one glucomannan-lignin complex (with ∼25% lignin) and one xylan-lignin-glucomannan complex (with 45–50% lignin). Based on model experiments, it can be concluded that the lignin and carbohydrate moieties are probably linked together through benzyl ether linkages. Xylan is more stable towards acidic hydrolysis than galactoglucomannan, and this finding may explain the greater amount of xylan-rich LCC in the pulp.
Lignin antioxidants for preventing oxidation damage of DNA and for stabilizing polymeric composites
Authors: KoŠíková Božena , Lábaj Juraj , Gregorová Adriána , Slameňová Darina 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The antioxidative behavior of various lignin preparations derived from chemical wood treatment for paper production was examined. All lignin samples exhibited higher antioxidant activity than Trolox. The protective effect of lignin antioxidants against H2O2-induced oxidative damage of DNA in human carcinoma cells and male rats was evaluated. Moreover, lignin was tested as a stabilizer in the processing of polypropylene composites, as well as in thermo-oxidative aging of styrene-butadiene vulcanizates. The results indicate that the lignin preparations show great potential as antioxidants in human diets and polymer blends. Lignin has the potential to protect living organisms against cancer diseases and contributes to the protection of polymers against degradation.
Glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid-ferulic acid oligomers in cork suberin structure
Authors: Santos Sara , Graça José 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Cork suberin was partially depolymerised by methanolysis catalysed by Ca(OH)2. The solubilised depolymerisate was analysed by ESI-MS/MS. The compounds identified included monomers and “dimeric” and “trimeric” oligomers. Among the latter, an oligomer of glycerol esterified to a ω-hydroxyacid esterified to ferulic acid was identified. The “dimeric” structures of glycerol esterified to a ω-hydroxyacid and of a ω-hydroxyacid esterified to ferulic acid were also found in the partially depolymerised fraction. The identification of these molecules was confirmed by synthesis of model compounds and comparison of their ESI-MS/MS spectra. The glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid-ferulic acid trimeric oligomer could be an important constituent block in the suberin structure. Its function is probably to link the two main polymers present in suberised cell walls, namely, polyaliphatic polyesters and lignin-related polyaromatics. The glycerol-ω-hydroxyacid moiety is part of the polyaliphatic polyester and the ferulic acid moiety is esterified to the polyaromatics. These oligomers provide a new insight to understanding of the macromolecular structure of suberin, since they could allow cross-linking of the two structurally different biopolymers.
Yield and composition of lipophylic extracts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) as a function of wood age and aging under industrial conditions
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Michel , Stevanovic Tatjana 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The lipophylic extracts of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) have been investigated to detect the effect of tree age and wood storage time on extract composition. A total of 17 wood disks were cut from trees belonging to different age groups at 1 m above ground and the wood was milled as usual for extraction (laboratory samples). In addition, 49 sawdust samples were collected in a lumber mill to study the effect of industrial processing on the extractives (industrial samples). All laboratory and industrial samples were extracted with dichloromethane under sonication. The chemical composition of the lipophilic extracts obtained was analyzed by GC-MS. A systematic (quasi-linear) relationship was found between the lipophilic extract yield and specimen age. A total of 30 constituents from yellow birch extracts have been identified, 26 of which have never been previously reported for B. alleghaniensis wood.
Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi
Authors: Donath Steffen , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDifferent aminofunctional silanes were tested for their suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment according to EN 113. High effectiveness against the brown rot fungusConiophora puteanawas maintained over prolonged exposure times of up to 18 weeks. Resistance against the white rot fungusTrametes versicolorwas only enhanced in the initial phase of exposure (6 weeks); after longer exposure times of 18 weeks, considerable mass losses were observed. It was shown that the antifungal resistance was caused by the amino groups of the oligomeric silane systems, while alkyl groups, which influence the water uptake of wood, only had a minor impact. For effective protection, acidic conditions of the treatment solution were important; this promotes the formation of cationised amino groups (ammonium). The silane quaternary ammonium compound (Si-QAC) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride was applied in combination with an oligomeric silane system to incorporate quaternary ammonium sites into a SiO2matrix via a sol-gel process. This combined treatment significantly enhanced the decay resistance of pine wood againstC. puteana.
Effect of Sample Geometry on Regression Rate of the Melting Interface for Carbon Steel Burned in Oxygen
Authors: Suvorovs T , Ward NR , Wilson R , Steinberg TA 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPromoted-ignition testing on carbon steel rods of varying cross-sectional area and shape was performed in high pressure oxygen to assess the effect of sample geometry on the regression rate of the melting interface. Cylindrical and rectangular geometries and three different cross sections were tested and the regression rates of the cylinders were compared to the regression rates of the rectangular samples at test pressures around 6.9 MPa. Tests were recorded and video analysis used to determine the regression rate of the melting interface by a new method based on a drop cycle which was found to provide a good basis for statistical analysis and provide excellent agreement to the standard averaging methods used. Both geometries tested showed the typical trend of decreasing regression rate of the melting interface with increasing cross-sectional area; however, it was shown that the effect of geometry is more significant as the sample's cross sections become larger. Discussion is provided regarding the use of 3.2-mm square rods rather than 3.2-mm cylindrical rods within the standard ASTM test and any effect this may have on the observed regression rate of the melting interface.
Evaluation of Residual Stress in Fiber-Textured Films by X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Zhang J-M , Xu K-W , Ji V 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The X-ray method is used extensively to determine the residual stress in bulk or thin film materials on the assumptions that the material is composed of fine crystals with random orientation and the stress state is biaxial and homogeneous through the X-ray penetrating region. But the method cannot be used in textured films due to oscillations in ε -sin2 Ψ relation. In this paper, a new method is proposed for measuring residual stress in cubic films with any [hkl] fiber texture.
An In Vivo Study of Free Radicals Generated in Murine Skin by Protoporphyrin IX and Visible Light
Authors: Nakai Kozo , Motten Ann G. , Chignell Colin F. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTLipids extracted from the skin of C57BL/6J mice injected subcutaneously with α‐(4‐pyridyl‐1‐oxide)‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone (POBN) and exposed to topical protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and visible light had significantly higher levels of POBN spin adducts compared with dark PPIX exposed or vehicle‐treated controls. Computer analysis of the POBN adduct electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance (EPR) spectra indicated that two radical species were present in each extract, one of which was a lipid‐derived carbon‐centered adduct (1, aN= 14.8 G and aH= 2.6 G), whereas the other (2, aN= 13.8 G and aH= 1.8 G) was probably oxygen centered. Adduct 2 was present in greater proportion in lipids extracted from PPIX/light‐exposed mice compared with dark or vehicle‐treated controls. These findings suggest that PPIX/light generates free radicals in mouse skin, thus providing a radical mechanism for PPIX‐induced photosensitivity. Our approach may be useful for the detection of free radicals generated by other skin photosensitizers and may also provide a means for testing putative skin‐protecting agents.
Behavioral Thermoregulation and Slowed Migration by Adult Fall Chinook Salmon in Response to High Columbia River Water Temperatures
Authors: Goniea Thomas M. , Keefer Matthew L. , Bjornn Theodore C. , Peery Christopher A. , Bennett David H. , Stuehrenberg Lowell C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationships between lower Columbia River water temperatures and migration rates, temporary tributary use, and run timing of adult fall Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschawere studied using historical counts at dams and recently collected radiotelemetry data. The results from more than 2,100 upriver bright fall Chinook salmon radio‐tagged over 6 years (1998, 2000–2004) showed that mean and median migration rates through the lower Columbia River slowed significantly when water temperatures were above about 20°C. Slowed migration was strongly associated with temporary use of tributaries, which averaged 2–7°C cooler than the main stem. The proportion of radio‐tagged salmon using tributaries increased exponentially as Columbia River temperatures rose within the year, and use was highest in the warmest years. The historical passage data showed significant shifts in fall Chinook salmon run timing distributions concomitant with Columbia River warming and consistent with increasing use of thermal refugia. Collectively, these observations suggest that Columbia River fall Chinook salmon predictably alter their migration behaviors in response to elevated temperatures. Coolwater tributaries appear to represent critical habitat areas in warm years, and we recommend that both main‐stem thermal characteristics and areas of refuge be considered when establishing regulations to protect summer and fall migrants.
Mortality Estimates of Juvenile Spring–Summer Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary, 1992–1998: Evidence for Delayed Mortality?
Authors: Schreck Carl B. , Stahl Thomas P. , Davis Lawrence E. , Roby Daniel D. , Clemens Benjamin J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecovery of Endangered Species Act—listed salmonids in the Columbia River basin has relied upon the efficacy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's juvenile salmon transportation program to move fish past Snake and Columbia River hydropower dams. The effectiveness of this program has been assessed by the indirect method of comparing smolt‐to‐adult returns. We present some of the first data and mortality estimates of barged and run‐of‐river (ROR) radio‐tagged juvenile spring–summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha after release in the lower Columbia River, representing years of study. Our data suggest that smolt mortality (1) is very low for ROR and barged fish between Bonneville Dam and the estuary proper, a migratory distance of 180 river kilometers (rkm); (2) occurs in the lower estuary (rkm 0–46); (3) varies more across dates within a year than between years or between passage types (barged or ROR); (4) increases with time within a season and increasing numbers of avian predators, including Caspian terns Sterna caspia and double‐crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus; and (5) is estimated to be 11–17% of all smolts annually. Preliminary evidence suggests that at least some smolt mortality is influenced by differential predation by avian predators on Chinook salmon infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum and possessing low smoltification levels (relatively low gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity). Fish type (barged or ROR) did not appear to influence mortality because of avian predation. This project was also the first to identify avian predators as a major source of mortality for out‐migrant Columbia River basin salmonids.
Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions
Authors: Haga Henning A. , Lykkjen Sigrid , Revold Tobias , Ranheim Birgit 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of intratesticular administration of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses and cremaster muscle tension during castration of isoflurane-anesthetized stallions.
Animals—28 healthy stallions (mean ± SD age, 4.2 ± 2.8 years) with no testicular abnormalities that were scheduled for castration.
Procedure—Each horse was given acepromazine (20 μg/kg, IM), romifidine (50 μg/kg, IV), and butorphanol (20 μg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (50 μg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration). After 10 minutes at a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was placed in each testicle and either no fluid or 15 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected; 10 minutes after needle placement, surgery was commenced. Pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were measured invasively at intervals from 5 minutes prior to castration (baseline) until 5 minutes after the left spermatic cord was clamped. The surgeon subjectively scored the degree of cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C14) was used and testicular autoradiograms were obtained.
Results—Compared with baseline values, castration significantly increased blood pressure measurements; intratesticular injection of lidocaine decreased this blood pressure response and cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, autoradiography revealed diffuse distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but poor distribution into the cremaster muscle.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, intratesticular injection of lidocaine prior to castration appeared to decrease intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension and may be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole after oral administration of single and multiple doses in African grey parrots
Authors: Flammer Keven , Papich Mark 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics and effects of orally administered fluconazole in African grey parrots.
Animals—40 clinically normal Timneh African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timneh).
Procedure—In single-dose trials, parrots were placed into groups of 4 to 5 birds each and fluconazole was administered orally at 10 and 20 mg/kg. Blood samples for determination of plasma fluconazole concentrations were collected from each group at 2 or 3 of the following time points: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 31, 48, and 72 hours. In multiple-dose trials, fluconazole was administered orally to groups of 5 birds each at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg every 48 hours for 12 days. Trough plasma concentrations were measured 3 times during treatment. Groups receiving 20 mg/kg were monitored for changes in plasma biochemical analytes, and blood samples were collected on days 1 and 13 of treatment to allow comparison of terminal half-life.
Results—Peak plasma concentrations of fluconazole were 7.45 and 18.59 μg/mL, and elimination half-lives were 9.22 and 10.19 hours for oral administration of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Oral administration of fluconazole for 12 days at 10 or 20 mg/kg every 48 hours did not cause identifiable adverse effects or change the disposition of fluconazole.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of fluconazole to parrots at 10 to 20 mg/kg every 24 to 48 hours maintains plasma concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for several common yeast species. The prolonged dosing interval is an advantage of this treatment regimen.
Kinematics of the equine temporomandibular joint
Authors: Bonin Stephanie J. , Clayton Hilary M. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Johnson Thomas J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To develop a method of measuring 3-dimensional kinematics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in horses chewing sweet feed.
Animals—4 mature horses that had good dental health.
Procedure—Markers attached to the skin over the skull and mandible were tracked by an optical tracking system. Movements of the mandible relative to the skull were described in terms of 3 rotations and 3 translations. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the rami of the mandibles at the level of the rostral end of the facial crest to facilitate observation of mandibular movements.
Results—During the opening stroke, the virtual midline mandibular marker moved ventrally, laterally toward the chewing side, and slightly caudally. During the closing stroke, the marker moved dorsally, medially, and slightly rostrally. During the power stroke, the mandible slid medially and dorsally as the mandibular cheek teeth moved across the occlusal surface of the maxillary cheek teeth. The 4 horses had similar chewing patterns, but the amplitudes varied among horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The TMJ allows considerable mobility of the mandible relative to the skull during chewing. The method presented in this report can be used to compare the range of motion of the TMJ among horses with TMJ disease or dental irregularities or within an individual horse before and after dental procedures.