bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing Intervention Classification Systems
Authors: Bowles Kathy H. , Naylor Mary D. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To analyze the features, development, and research of the Omaha System, the Iowa Nursing Intervention Classification, and the Home Health Care Classification and provide a critical review of the unique components of each.Organizing Framework: Five elements: achievement of original purpose, language used, ease of computerizing format, clinical utility, and linkage of the Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) nursing care elements.Conclusions: Further testing and development of nursing classification systems should be done to determine the general value of nursing classification, the extent to which the original goals and purposes of classification are met, and to identify the unique features and contributions of each system. Further testing is important to determine the strengths, weaknesses, and applicability of the various systems for capturing the elements of the NMDS for different care settings, care givers, and patient populations.Implications: Nursing classification may eventually lead to naming and describing the work of nurses. Research findings will continue to provide information leading to a unified nursing language system that describes the practice of nursing in local, regional, national, and international health‐care data sets used for research, clinical, education, policy, and administrative purposes.
Healing of Adult Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Draucker Claire Burke , Petrovic Kathleen 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To generate a framework of healing by male survivors of childhood sexual abuse.Design: Qualitative using grounded theory methodology.Population, Sample, Setting, Years: Population was American men living in the community who have experienced some healing from childhood sexual abuse. Sample was 19 men who were recommended by area therapists or who had publicly identified themselves as survivors. Participants were interviewed in 1993 and 1994.Method: Formal, unstructured interviews using open‐ended questions.Findings: The core variable that emerged was “Escaping the dungeon: The journey to freedom.” The metaphor of “dungeon” reflects the men's experiences of powerlessness, isolation, silence and darkness, shame, and pain from their abuse. Healing was described as breaking free, living free, and freeing those left behind.Conclusions: Healing involves a struggle against an internal force, emotional pain, and against an external force, the sociocultural prescription that men should not be victims.Clinical implications: Clinicians working with adult male survivors should consider the pervasive effects of some childhood sexual abuse experiences. Therapists can address the intrapsychic wounds of male survivors while acknowledging the context of their healing, a society where the victimization of men is often invalidated.
Shared Experiences and Meanings of Military Nurse Veterans
Authors: Stanton Marietta P. , Dittmar Sharon S. , Jezewski Mary Ann , Dickerson Suzanne S. 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To determine the shared perceptions, feelings, and expriences of U.S. military nurse veterans.Design: Phenomenological based on Heideggerian philosophy.Population, Sample, Setting: The population was of military nurse veterans in the U.S.A. from World War II, Korea, Vietnam, and Operation Desert Storm. The convenience sample was 22 nurses recruited from local and national veterans' groups who volunteered to be interviewed.Methods: Transcribed interviews with team members producing written interpretations; the team produced consensus about themes. Each interview was summarized and validation from the research team and respondents was sought.Conclusions: Five common themes or shared meanings emerged: reacting personally to the war experience, living in the military, the meaning of nursing in the military, the social context of war, and images and sensations of war.Clinical Implications: A coherent review of wartime nursing.
Serenity as a Goal for Nursing Practice
Authors: Roberts Kay T. , Whall Ann 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To extend a conceptual analysis of serenity by explaining how serenity develops and to present an analysis of serenity interventions.Significance:Serenity is highly desired by many. There is evidence that the experience of serenity improves health. The information presented proposes how nurses can use knowledge about serenity in practice.Organizing Framework:Serenity is viewed as a learned, positive emotion of inner peace that can be sustained. It is a spiritual concept that decreases perceived stress and improves physical and emotional health.Sources and Approach:Results of a conceptual analysis of serenity, research findings related to development of a Serenity Scale, practice experience, and the literature provided a foundation for the analysis. Inductive reasoning and substruction were the primary methods of constructing the proposed relationships. A nursing practice example is included.Conclusions:The experience of serenity is related to development of the higher self. Four levels of serenity are a safe, wise, beneficent, and universal self. Knowledge about serenity can help nurses to select interventions that promote clients' health.
Preferences for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Puopolo Ann Louise , Kennard Mary J. , Mallatratt Lee , Follen Marilyn A. , Desbiens Norman A. , Conners Alfred F. , Califf Robert , Walzer Janet , Soukup Jane , Davis Roger B. , Phillips Russell S. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To examine nurse‐patient communication about preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Design: Prospective cohort. Sampled were patients and nurses caring for patients enrolled in SUPPORT (1989‐91), a multicenter study of seriously‐ill hospitalized adults at four U.S. hospitals.Methods: Information about patient preferences was obtained by interviews with patients and their designated surrogates. For selected patients, nurses were interviewed prospectively about their understanding of patients' preferences and whether they discussed these preferences with their patients. Nurse demographic information was obtained by questionnair. Additional patient data were obtained by interview and chart review. Logistic regression was used to identify independent correlates of nurse‐patient communication and nurses' understanding of patients' preferences.Findings: For 1,763 study patients, 1,427 nurse interviews (response rate 81%) were obtained. The median age of interviewed nurses was 29 years; 96% were women, 68% had a bachelor's or master's degree, and 62% had worked for 5 years or more as a nurse. Nurses reported discussions about CPR with 13% of their patients, and these discussions were more likely if the nurse thought the patient did not want CPR (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.68; 95% CI 1.84 to 3.90), if the nurse had spent more time with the patient (AOR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08) per 5 additional days, if the patient had metastatic cancer (AOR 3.56; 95% CI 1.86 to 6.78), or if the patient was in an intensive care unit at the time of study entry (AOR 2.08; 95% CI 1.26 to 3.42). Diagnosis and study site were also associated with nurses' reports of discussions with patients. Of 551 patients with available data, 58% (n=317) wanted CPR and 30% (nequals;164) did not. Nurses understood patients' CPR preferences correctly for 74% of the patients. Nurses were more likely to understand patients' preferences to forgo CPR if the patient was 75 years of age or older (AOR 6.6; 95% CI 2.0 to 22.0) or if the nurse and patient had discussed the patient's preferences (AOR 25.3; 95% CI 6.5 to 98.6) or if the patient had cancer (AOR 10.9; 95% CI 2.3 to 50.1). Nurses' understanding of patients' preferences for CPR was no better than that of physicians or patients' surrogate decision‐makers.Conclusions: In this sample of seriously ill hospitalized adults, discussions between patients and nurses about CPR were infrequent. Nurses' understanding of patients' preferences for care was similar to that of physicians and patients' surrogate decision‐makers. Educational interventions should focus on increasing the frequency of nurse‐patient discussions about end‐of‐life care and improving nurses' understanding of patients' preferences for care.
Seeking Balance to Dialectic Tensions in Teaching Through Philosophic Inquiry
Authors: Hodges Helen F. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To propose a plausible means of cultural criticism of nursing's educational environment for preparing new nurses by exploring epistemological tensions and their consequences from the perspective of educators.Design: Naturalistic, qualitative, philosophic.Method: Six nurse educators teaching in a university‐based traditional BSN program were interviewed in one southeastern state of the United States about their experience as creative, innovative teachers during 1991.Findings: Three major themes were reflections of the positivist work culture of teaching, reconciliation of tensions, and repercussions from personal choices. Educators reconcile dialectic tension by suppression, subordination, or equilibrium and are influenced by their sense of tension and willingness to be risk takers.Conclusions: Philosophical conflicts are inherent in nursing when commitments to empirical knowledge and personal meaning are both valued. A plausible means for moving beyond this tension is to increase awareness of the dynamics and consequences that occur when perspectives seem contradictory. Schools of nursing socialize future nurses. Calling into question the context in which the professional nursing culture is transmitted and reproduced is necessary if nurses of the future are to be in the forefront of changing health care.
Historical Methodology for Nursing Research
Authors: Lusk Brigid 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the basic tenets of historical research methodology, with emphasis on researching nursing history.Aims: To introduce students and researchers to historical research, through substantive guidelines for library and archival research, and definitions of primary and secondary sources. To discuss ethical considerations—particularly those provoked by recent scholarly interest in the history of ordinary people. To explore issues of external and internal criticism. To discuss analysis, synthesis, and presentation of historical findings.Conclusions: Historical research, as a type of scholarly inquiry, requires attention to methodology to uncover and interpret findings for nursing.,/p>
Collaborating for International Research Development in Malawi, Africa
Authors: Brooten Dorothy , Thompson Joyce , Makoza Joan , Kaponda Chrissie , Mede Esther , Kachapila Lucy , Phoya Ann 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe a collaborative research effort by a U.S. school of nursing, an African school of nursing, and the Malawian Ministry of Health. Providing assistance to women leaders in Malawi to develop and conduct research to improve the health of women and infants in villages is necessary.Scope: This 5‐year project, 1990‐1995, included organizing a workshop on the research process, developing and testing pilot projects, developing and conducting two full‐scale studies, and disseminating findings.Results: Two full‐scale studies, one examining maternal mortality and one examining the effects of teen pregnancy, were completed with important health policy implications for Malawi.Conclusions: Successful international collaborative research yields increased knowledge for all participants and important health information. lnternational research requires continuous communication, people skilled in group work, sensitivity to cultural differences, patience, persistence, and commitment.
Literature Review of Social Support and Caregiver Burden, 1980 to 1995
Authors: Vrabec Nancy J. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To critique social support and caregiver burden studies for (a) explication of constructs, (b) associations between constructs, (c) statistical conclusion validity, and (d) generalizability. Social support moderates caregiver burden, yet studies using different conceptualizations raise questions about validity.Framework and Scope:Cooper's (1984) methodology for an integrated literature review was used to examine 50 studies (1980‐1995) involving adult caregivers of older family members.Findings:Inadequate explication of social support, potential spuriousness and reverse causation, threats to statistical conclusion validity, and lack of generalizability were found.Conclusions and Implications:Progress has been made in caregiving and social support research, yet many problems remain. Future research should include multiple measures of support, controls for spuriousness and reverse causation, valid and reliable instruments, and samples of diverse populations.
Advice from Affected Persons about living with Human Papillomavirus Infection
Authors: Taylor Cynthia A. , Keller Mary L. , Egan Judith J. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe the “advice or information” people who have had HPV for one year would give to the newly diagnosed.Design: DescriptivePopulation, Sample: The population was persons with HPV. A convenience sample of 61 women and 27 men, mean age 23.8 years, was recruited from 4 clinics in one midwestern U.S.A. city between 1990 and 1993.Methods: Participants answered an open‐ended question about the advice and information they would give to newly diagnosed persons. Content analysis was done.Findings: Six major areas of advice were provided including keeping a balanced perspective, getting treatment, sexual behavior, knowledge, self‐care, and other. A high percent of advice from women was to keep a balanced perspective on life. A high percent of the advice from men focused on sexual behavior.Conclusions: Advice covered a variety of topics touching on many aspects of daily life, not simply disease control and sexual behavior.Clinical Implications: Practitioners should carefully explore their clients’reactions to the diagnosis of HPV and address the sensitive emotional elements entailed.
Outcomes of Corporate Greed
Authors: Mohr Wanda Krystyna 
Published: October 2007

Objective: This study is the context portion of a larger study that described the experience of 30 nurses in Texas, USA who worked in for‐profit psychiatric hospitals during a documented period of corporate deviance. The objective of the contextual portion was to describe the major findings in 1997‐1992 of investigating agencies that probed the scandal. Design: Exploratory descriptive.Sample: Over 1,240 pages and 40 hours of corporate records obtained under subpoena, and written and oral testimony before the USA House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families.Methods: Content analysis, triangulating sources, and comparing as well as cross‐checking themes.Findings: Four themes: insurance games, dumping patients, patient abuse, and playing with language.Conclusions: Organizational deviance may become more widespread in profit ‐driven systems of care. Lobbying for whistleblower protection, collective advocacy, and creative educational reforms are used.
National Delphi Study to Determine Competencies for Nursing Leadership in Public Health
Authors: Misener Terry R. , Alexander Judith W. , Blaha Arlene J. , Clarke Pamela N. , Cover Catherine M. , Felton Gwen M. , Fuller Sara G. , Herman Joanne , Rodes Margaret M. , Sharp Harry F. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To identify competencies needed by nurse leaders in public health programs.Design: Five‐round national Delphi.Sample: Convenience sample of members of major public health nursing associations and nurse and non‐nurse public health leaders in the USA.Methods: Mailed survey in 1994‐7995 using a modified snowball technique based on a modification of the Pew Foundation health professions’competencies for Round I. Four additional rounds produced consensus.Findings: Initially, 62 competencies were identified. Factor analysis resulted in four factors: political competencies, business acumen, program leadership, and management capabilities; 57 competencies were clustered in the four groupings and accounted for 91.4% of the variance.Conclusions: Graduate schools in nursing and public health must prepare students with broad‐based competencies from a variety of disciplines. Findings of this national survey provide a database for curriculum development and evaluation ofprograms to prepare nurse leaders for roles in public health‐based delivery systems.
Readability of Advance Directive Documents
Authors: Ott Barbara B. , Hardie Thomas L. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To assess the readability of advance directive documents.Design: Descriptive.Sample: Convenience, 10 advance directive documents from various sources.Methods: Advance directive documents were electronically scanned in 1994 then evaluated using three readability formulas: Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Score, and Gunning's Fog Index.Findings: The average readability (in schoolgrade levels) of the 10 documents was 11.3 using the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level and 18.2 using the Gunning's Fog Index.Conclusions: All documents were above reading levels usually recommended for patients.Clinical Implications: Patients must be able to read and understand advance directive documents before signing them. Refinement of the documents is recommended to support patient understanding and autonomy in end‐of‐life care.
Mothers’Help Seeking as Care Initiated in a Social Context
Authors: Pridham Karen F. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose:To develop from the literature a rationale for a theoretical model of help seeking by mothers of young infants and to explore this model for two mothers.Significance:Components of the help that mothers of young infants often seek concerning caregiving are specified and linked in the theoretical model. This type of model is needed to support research and development of theory concerning help seeking.Organizing framework:Working model includes: (a) the meaning to the mother of a caregiving situation; (b) her goals in seeking help; (c) formal and informal sources of help; and (d) a mother's expectations about accessibility of help and her willingness to seek help.Scope and sources:Forty‐six mothers of healthy, full‐term infants completed a self‐report form 3 months after the infant's birth. Responses of two mothers are used to illustrate the model.Data extraction:Mothers used categorical options to describe the four working model components for four hypothetical infant‐care situations derived from mothers’reports in an earlier study. Mothers used ordinal rating scales to describe their help seeking in general.Findings:The two mothers expected help sources to be accessible and were willing to seek help for caregiving from all types of help sources. Although both viewed themselves as having little need of help, both reported they would seek help for all the hypothetical problems. However, the women differed in what they wanted from help and from whom they would seek it and in variability in several working model components across caregiving situations.Conclusions:Examination of the two mothers’responses suggests that the theoretical model provides a base for study of mothers’help seeking. Maternal experience and environmental and personal conditions may shape working model components. Further model development may require a narrative approach to learn about conditions associated with help seeking as well as to obtain a full sense of the meaning and evpectation components of the working model.Implications:Knowledge of a mother's working model of help seeking can aid clinicians in responding sensitively to requests for help and in supporting a mother in seeking help.
Johns Hopkins Address: Does Nursing Have a Future?
Authors: Kitson Alison L. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To outline the importance of identifying where nursing is heading as a profession and explore the metaphors it uses to explain its role to society. Current images of nursing are confused. Nurses should articulateb clearly why nursing should be retained as a social force for improving health and meeting the needs of vulnerable people.Scope: The historical development of nursing considering the metaphors used.Conclusions: Because of contemporary pressures on nursing, the metaphors used are inconsistent and require interpretation. Nurses should find new metaphors and resolve comlex internal tensions. Unless nursing can articulate its primary function more cogently, it risks extinction.
Comparison of Nursing Interventions Classification and Current Procedural Terminology Codes for Categorizing Nursing Activities
Authors: Henry Suzanne Bakken , Holzemer William L. , Randel Carol , Hsieh Sheng‐Fang , Miler Thomas J. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To compare the frequecy with which nursing activity terms could be be categorized using Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes.Design: Descriptive. The sample was 201 patients with AIDS hospitalized 1989–1992 for pneumocystis carinii penumonia in three US medical centers.Methods: Nursing activity terms (n = 21, 366) wer collected from patient records, then were categorized using NIC and CPT codes.Results: Nursing activity terms were categorized into 80 NIC interventions across 22 classes and into 15 CPT codes. All terms in the data set were classifiable using the NIC system of the majority (60%) of the terms were classified by CPT codes. The most frequently used CPT code was “pulse oximetry.” Significantly (p >.0001) greater numbers of nursing activity terms could be categorized in the NIC system compared to the CPT system.Conclusions: Findings provide evidence that NIC is superior to CPT for categorized nursing activities in this study's population. The findings support the importance of discipline‐specific classifications for categorized of health care interventions. Nursing‐specific intervention classification systems such as NIC, the Omaha System, and the Home Health Care Classification are essential to defining the contribution of nursing to both quality and cost outcomes.
Review of the Literature on Falls Among the Elderly
Authors: Rawsky Elaine 
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To review and summarize the literature from nursing, medical, and ancillary fields on falls among the elderly. Major injuries from falls are associated with mortality, especially among the elderly. Researchers indicate that, in many cases, falls can be prevented. A summary of the available literature provides information which can be used to plan interventions.Organizing Framework: Over 100 publications, 1979–1996 related to falls by elderly were reviewed. Descriptive terms used for searching MEDLINE were falls, elderly, and accidents. Literature from several disciplines was reviewed.Findings: Fall risk can be predetermined and nursing actions can be taken to reduce the occurrence and severity of falls.Conclusions: To reduce the deleterious effects of falls in the elderly, knowledge‐based practice is essential.