bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Small Family of Chloroplast Atypical Thioredoxins
Authors: Dangoor Inbal , Peled-Zehavi Hadas , Levitan Alexander , Pasand Ohad , Danon Avihai 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe reduction and the formation of regulatory disulfide bonds serve as a key signaling element in chloroplasts. Members of the thioredoxin (Trx) superfamily of oxidoreductases play a major role in these processes. We have characterized a small family of plant-specific Trxs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that are rich in cysteine and histidine residues and are typified by a variable noncanonical redox active site. We found that the redox midpoint potential of three selected family members is significantly less reducing than that of the classic Trxs. Assays of subcellular localization demonstrated that all proteins are localized to the chloroplast. Selected members showed high activity, contingent on a dithiol electron donor, toward the chloroplast 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin A and poor activity toward the chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase. The expression profile of the family members suggests that they have distinct roles. The intermediate redox midpoint potential value of the atypical Trxs might imply adaptability to function in modulating the redox state of chloroplast proteins with regulatory disulfides.
Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Potato Tuber Mitochondria Is Modulated by Mitochondrially Bound Hexokinase Activity
Authors: Camacho-Pereira Juliana , Meyer Laudiene Evangelista , Machado Lilia Bender , Oliveira Marcus Fernandes , Galina Antonio 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) mitochondria (PTM) have a mitochondrially bound hexokinase (HK) activity that exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to ADP inhibition. Here we investigated the role of mitochondrial HK activity in PTM reactive oxygen species generation. Mitochondrial HK has a 10-fold higher affinity for glucose (Glc) than for fructose (K MGlc = 140 μ m versus K MFrc = 1,375 μ m). Activation of PTM respiration by succinate led to an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release that was abrogated by mitochondrial HK activation. Mitochondrial HK activity caused a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in oxygen consumption by PTM. Inhibition of Glc phosphorylation by mannoheptulose or GlcNAc induced a rapid increase in H2O2 release. The blockage of H2O2 release sustained by Glc was reverted by oligomycin and atractyloside, indicating that ADP recycles through the adenine nucleotide translocator and F0F1ATP synthase is operative during the mitochondrial HK reaction. Inhibition of mitochondrial HK activity by 60% to 70% caused an increase of 50% in the maximal rate of H2O2 release. Inhibition in H2O2 release by mitochondrial HK activity was comparable to, or even more potent, than that observed for StUCP (S. tuberosum uncoupling protein) activity. The inhibition of H2O2 release in PTM was two orders of magnitude more selective for the ADP produced from the mitochondrial HK reaction than for that derived from soluble yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) HK. Modulation of H2O2 release and oxygen consumption by Glc and mitochondrial HK inhibitors in potato tuber slices shows that hexoses and mitochondrial HK may act as a potent preventive antioxidant mechanism in potato tubers.
A subsurface evacuation model for submarine slope failure
Authors: Bull Suzanne , Cartwright Joe , Huuse Mads 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAnalysis of three‐dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data from the Norwegian continental margin provides an insight into an unusual, buried submarine slope failure, which occurred adjacent to the later Holocene‐age Storegga Slide. The identified failure, informally named the ‘South Vøring Slide’ (SVS), occurs in fine‐grained hemipelagic and contourite sediments on a slope of 0.5°, and is characterised by a deformed seismic facies unit consisting of closely spaced pyramidal blocks and ridges bound by small normal faults striking perpendicular to the slope. The SVS contrasts with other previously described submarine slope failures in that it cannot be explained by a retrogressive model. The defining characteristic is the high relative volume loss. The area affected by sliding has thinned by some 40%, seen in combination with very modest extension in the translation direction, with line length balancing yielding an extension value of only 4.5%. The volume loss is explained by the mobilisation of an approximately 40 m thick interval at the lower part of the unit and its removal from beneath a thin overburden, which subsequently underwent extensional fragmentation. Evidence for the mobilisation of a thick fine‐grained interval in the development of a submarine slope failure from a continental margin setting may have implications for the origins of other large‐scale slope failures on the Norwegian margin and other glacially influenced margins worldwide.
Loss of CD7, independent of galectin‐3 expression, implies a worse prognosis in adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma
Authors: Liu Ting‐Yun , Chen Chien‐Yuan , Tien Hwei‐Fang , Lin Chung‐Wu 
Published: December 2008

Aims:  Loss of CD7 is characteristic of adult T‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia (ATLL). Galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) is strongly induced in cultured human T lymphotropic virus‐1‐infected T lymphocytes, and may cause apoptosis through interaction with CD7. The aim was to investigate the clinical relevance of the Gal‐3–CD7 pathway in ATLL.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry for Gal‐3 and CD7 was performed on 22 cases of ATLL in the leukaemic phase. We found that the lymphoma cells were not necessarily Gal‐3+, but Gal‐3+ stromal cells could always be found. Independent of the status of Gal‐3, there was an association of loss of CD7 with a worse prognosis.Conclusions:  These data suggest that, by down‐regulating CD7, ATLL cells could have escaped Gal‐3‐induced apoptosis to run a more aggressive clinical course.
Reappraisal of synchronous and multifocal mucinous lesions of the female genital tract: a close association with gastric metaplasia
Authors: Mikami Yoshiki , Kiyokawa Takako , Sasajima Yuko , Teramoto Norihiro , Wakasa Tomoko , Wakasa Kenichi , Hata Sakae 
Published: December 2008

Aims:  To describe the gastric phenotype of synchronous mucinous metaplasia and neoplasms of the female genital tract (SMMN–FGT).Methods and results:  Six patients (mean age 57 years, range 39–83 years) were diagnosed with SMMN–FGT. All six patients had mucinous metaplasia of endometrium, which showed features of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH)/pyloric gland metaplasia (PGM) in five and was associated with mucinous adenocarcinoma in three. Five patients had mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tubes, of which three showed borderline features. Two patients had mucinous borderline tumour of the ovary. Five patients had cervical lesions including LEGH/PGM associated with either adenocarcinoma in situ or minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the cervix. All mucinous lesions were positive for HIK1083 and/or MUC6. One patient with minimal deviation adenocarcinoma involving the vagina died of her disease, whereas five patients, including three with microinvasion and three with positive peritoneal cytology or mucinous ascites, were alive without recurrence after a mean follow‐up of 46 months (range 13–102 months).Conclusions:  There is a close association between SMMN–FGT and LEGH/PGM. Microinvasion and positive peritoneal cytology may not have an influence on outcome.
Balance between early life tolerance and sensitization in allergy: dependence on the timing and intensity of prenatal and postnatal allergen exposure of the mother
Authors: Fusaro Ana Elisa , De Brito Cyro Alves , Taniguchi Eliana Futata , Muniz Bruno Pacola , Victor Jefferson Russo , Orii Noemia Mie , Duarte Alberto José da Silva , Sato Maria Notomi 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAllergens can be maternally transferred to the fetus or neonate, though it is uncertain how this initial allergen exposure may impact the development of allergy responses. To evaluate the roles of timing and level of maternal allergen exposure in the early life sensitization of progeny, female BALB/c mice were given ovalbumin (OVA) orally during pregnancy, lactation or weekly at each stage to investigate the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production and cellular responsiveness of their offspring. Exposure to OVA during pregnancy was also evaluated in OVA‐specific T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (DO11.10) mice. The effect of prenatal antigen exposure on offspring sensitization was dependent on antigen intake, with low‐dose OVA inducing tolerance followed by neonatal immunization that was sustained even when pups were immunized when 3 weeks old. These offspring received high levels of transforming growth factor‐β via breastfeeding. High‐dose exposure during the first week of pregnancy or perinatal period induced transient inhibition of IgE production following neonatal immunization; although for later immunization IgE production was enhanced in these offspring. Postnatal maternal antigen exposure provided OVA transference via breastfeeding, which consequently induced increased offspring susceptibility to IgE antibody production according to week post‐birth. The effect of low‐dose maternal exposure during pregnancy was further evaluated using OVA transgenic TCR dams as a model. These progeny presented pronounced entry of CD4+ T cells into the S phase of the cell cycle with a skewed T helper type 2 response early in life, revealing the occurrence of allergen priming in utero. The balance between tolerance and sensitization depended on the amount and timing of maternal allergen intake during pregnancy.
Changes in chemokines and chemokine receptor expression on tonsillar B cells upon Epstein–Barr virus infection
Authors: Ehlin‐Henriksson Barbro , Liang Wu , Cagigi Alberto , Mowafi Frida , Klein George , Nilsson Anna 
Published: December 2008

SummaryChemokines and chemokine receptors are likely to play important roles in the pathogenesis of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) ‐associated disease. The primary EBV infection occurs in the oropharynx where the virus infects mainly tonsillar B cells. We have previously shown that CXCR4 expression on tonsillar B cells is modulated by EBV. Here, CXCR5 and CCR7 expression, which is important for migration into lymphoid tissue, was followed for 14 days after EBV infection of tonsillar B cells. Early after infection (2 days) there were only minor changes in CXCR5 and CCR7 expression. However, at day 7 the expression of CXCR5, as well as of CCR7, was decreased and by day 14 these molecules were no longer present at the cell surface. Furthermore, EBV infection affects the chemotactic response to CXCL13 and CCL21 (the ligands for CXCR5 and CCR7, respectively) with a reduction of ligand‐induced migration at day 2. Using gene expression profiling, we identified an additional set of chemokines and chemokine receptors that were changed upon EBV infection in comparison with non‐infected tonsillar B cells. In particular, messenger RNA expression for CCR9 and the complement receptor C5AR1 was increased. Both receptors mediate homing to mucosal tissue. The alterations of the expression of these molecules may lead to retention of EBV‐infected tonsillar B cells in the interfollicular region of the tonsil.
A synergistic interferon‐γ production is induced by mouse hepatitis virus in interleukin‐12 (IL‐12)/IL‐18‐activated natural killer cells and modulated by carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM) 1a receptor
Authors: Jacques Alexandre , Bleau Christian , Turbide Claire , Beauchemin Nicole , Lamontagne Lucie 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe production of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) by infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells in liver is involved in the control of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection. The objectives of this study were to identify the mechanisms used by MHV type 3 to modulate the production of IFN‐γ by NK cells during the acute hepatitis in susceptible C57BL/6 mice. Ex vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that NK cells, expressing carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM) 1a (the MHV receptor), can produce a higher level of IFN‐γ in the presence of both L2‐MHV3 and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12)/IL‐18. The synergistic production of IFN‐γ by NK cells depends on viral replication rather than viral fixation only, because it is inhibited or not induced in cells infected with ultraviolet‐inactivated viruses and in cells from Ceacam1a−/− mice infected with virulent viruses. The synergistic IFN‐γ production involves the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) rather than the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐1/2 MAPK signalling pathway. However, the signal triggered through the engagement of CEACAM1a decreases the production of IFN‐γ, when these molecules are cross‐linked using specific monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that control of acute hepatitis by IFN‐γ‐producing NK cells may depend on both production of IL‐12 and IL‐18 in the liver environment and viral infection of NK cells.
Identification of three distinct subsets of migrating dendritic cells from oral mucosa within the regional lymph nodes
Authors: Chalermsarp Narumon , Azuma Miyuki 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTo investigate the phenotypic and migrational properties of oral mucosal dendritic cells (OMDCs), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was painted onto mouse buccal mucosa and the expression patterns of functional molecules in FITC‐bearing migrating DCs within the regional lymph nodes (RLNs) were analysed. We found three distinct subpopulations of migrating OMDCs within the RLNs: CD11chi CD207− (F1), CD11cint/lo CD207− (F2) and CD11cint/lo CD207+ (F3). The F1 DCs reached the RLNs earlier (after 24 hr) but diminished immediately. Additionally, F1 DCs expressed high levels of CD11b. The F2 DCs migrated continuously to the RLNs and maintained the highest ratio of all three fractions. The F3 DCs migrated slowly to the RLNs and demonstrated a late peak at 96 hr. In addition, F3 DCs showed the highest CD205 expression levels of all three subsets. All fractions of migrating OMDCs expressed CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II at high levels, suggesting that all OMDCs are in a mature stage and have the potential for antigen presentation. All migrating OMDCs lacked CD8α expression. Taken together, our results indicate that the lack of CD207 is one factor that identifies submucosal DCs. Both F1 and F2 DCs lack CD207; F1 DCs are resident and F2 DCs are newly recruited following FITC application. The F3 DCs, which express CD207, are mucosal Langerhans cells that migrate later. The identification of OMDC subsets should facilitate further studies investigating the functional roles of each fraction.
Gene expression profiles of bone marrow cells from mice phenotype‐selected for maximal or minimal acute inflammations: searching for genes in acute inflammation modifier loci
Authors: Carneiro Patrícia dos S. , Peters Luciana C. , Vorraro Francisca , Borrego Andrea , Ribeiro Orlando G. , Starobinas Nancy , Jensen Jose R. , Cabrera Wafa H. K. , Ibañez Olga M. , De Franco Marcelo 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTwo mouse lines were phenotype‐selected for maximum (AIRmax) or minimum (AIRmin) acute inflammation responses to polyacrylamide bead (Biogel) injection. These lines differ in terms of bone marrow granulopoiesis, neutrophil resistance to apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine production during acute inflammation responses. We compared gene expression profiles in bone marrow cells (BMC) of AIRmax and AIRmin mice during acute inflammatory reactions. The BMC from femurs were recovered 24 hr after subcutaneous injections of Biogel. Global gene expression analysis was performed on CodeLink Bioarrays (36K genes) using RNA pools of BMC from both control and treated AIRmax and AIRmin mice. Differentially expressed genes were statistically established and the over‐represented gene ontology biological process categories were identified. Upregulations of about 136 and 198 genes were observed in the BMC of Biogel‐treated AIRmax and AIRmin mice, respectively, but 740 genes were found to be downregulated in AIRmin mice compared with 94 genes in AIRmax mice. The over‐represented biological themes of the differently expressed genes among AIRmax and AIRmin mice represent inflammatory response, signal transduction, cell proliferation and immune cell chemotaxis. We were able to demonstrate a broad downmodulation of gene transcripts in BMC from AIRmin mice during acute inflammation, and significant differentially expressed genes colocalized with previously mapped regions for inflammation‐related phenotypes in chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 11.
Light, nutrients and grazing interact to determine diatom species richness via changes to productivity, nutrient state and grazer activity
Authors: Liess Antonia , Lange Katharina , Schulz Friederike , Piggott Jeremy J. , Matthaei Christoph D. , Townsend Colin R. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryProductivity and grazing pressure interact in determining autotroph diversity, because high productivity increases the capability of a plant community to compensate for grazing losses. However, further factors may play a role in shaping diversity, including primary producer nutrient stoichiometry and grazer activity.Our study focuses on the interactions between light, nutrients and grazing in determining species richness and evenness of stream diatoms. By measuring primary producer productivity and nutrient content as well as grazer activity, we attempt to disentangle the different pathways by which the three factors affect diatom species richness and evenness.We hypothesized that high light intensities and nutrient addition would increase species richness by increasing primary productivity and that higher levels of light and nutrients would compensate for negative grazer effects on species richness of primary producers. We also hypothesized that high light intensities would decrease the nutrient content of primary producers, especially when nutrients are limiting, whereas nutrient addition would increase primary producer nutrient content. Last, in addition to changing primary producer nutrient content, light and nutrients would also change grazer activity, thus modifying the interactions between light, nutrients and grazing.We used periphyton and gastropod grazers in an experiment with circular stream channels with four nutrient, two light and four grazing levels to determine individual and combined effects on benthic diatom richness and evenness. After 3 weeks, we determined algal biomass, periphyton nutrient content, diatom species richness and evenness as well as grazer activity.Our results showed that light and nutrients increased species richness and primary producer productivity and nutrient content. Grazing decreased species richness but only at low light levels, possibly because high light levels reduced grazer activity. Evenness was not affected by any single factor alone, but was influenced by nutrient–light and grazing–light interactions.Synthesis.Light, nutrients and grazing interacted in determining primary producer species richness. Their effects were mainly mediated through changes in productivity but primary producer nutrient content and grazer activity also played important roles.
Precambrian–Palaeozoic geology of Smith Sound, Canada and Greenland: key constraint to palaeogeographic reconstructions of northern Laurentia and the North Atlantic region
Authors: Dawes Peter R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNares Strait separating Greenland and northernmost Canada is floored by continental crust. Most palaeogeographic reconstructions of Laurentia and the North Atlantic region model the seaway as the site of massive sinistral strike–slip and/or compression/transpression, subduction and collision, the supposed manifestations of the hypothetical Wegener Fault. However, these reconstructions fail to take into account the bedrock geology that represents within‐plate evolution. Both sides of Smith Sound, the southernmost part of Nares Strait, expose the same early Proterozoic to early Palaeozoic assemblages that are unaffected by seaway‐related tectonism or thermal activity. Smith Sound is an intact crustal block or `linchpin' demonstrating that there was no independent Greenland plate. North‐west Greenland was not a leading plate margin neither was Nares Strait the site of the plate boundary between Greenland and North America. The Wegener Fault does not exist. The Smith Sound linchpin constitutes a key constraint that must be respected in any palaeogeographic reconstruction of the region.
Accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in forty‐one low income countries
Authors: Bosch‐Capblanch Xavier , Ronveaux Olivier , Doyle Vicki , Remedios Valerie , Bchir Abdallah 
Published: December 2008

SummaryObjectives  To measure the accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in a range of low‐income countries eligible to receive GAVI support.Methods  The Data Quality Audit (DQA) uses a WHO validated, standard methodology to compare data collected from health unit (HU) records of immunizations administered with reports of immunizations at central level and to collect quality indicators of the reporting system. The verification factor (VF), as a measure of accuracy, expresses the proportion of immunizations reported at national level that can be tracked down to the HU. A VF of 80% or above entitles countries to receive additional GAVI financial support. Quality indicators are assigned points which were summed to obtain quality scores (QS) at national, district and HU levels. DQAs included here were conducted between 2002 and 2005 in 41 countries, encompassing 1082 primary healthcare units in 188 randomly selected districts.Results  Almost half of countries obtained a VF below 80% and only nine showed consistently high VF and QS scores. The most frequent weaknesses in the information systems were inconsistency of denominators used to estimate coverage, poor availability of guidelines (e.g. for late reporting), incorrect estimations of vaccine wastage and lack of feedback on immunization performance. In all six countries that failed a first DQA and undertook a second DQA, the VF and all QSs improved, not all of them statistically significantly.Conclusions  The DQA is a diagnostic tool to reveal a number of crucial problems that affect the quality of immunization data in all tiers of the health system. It identifies good performance at HU and district levels which can be used as examples of best practices. The DQA methodology brings data quality issues to the top of the agenda to improve the monitoring of immunization coverage.