bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Clientelism and Brokerage Networks in Early Modern Florence and Rome: New Correspondence between the Barberini and Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger*
Authors: Cole Janie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study draws on the unpublished correspondence between Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger, a Florentine poet and grandnephew of the artist, and the Barberini family, in an attempt to examine the wider concepts of cultural clientelism and brokerage networks in the early modern process of cultural dissemination (in the areas of literature, music, theater, painting, architecture, and science) in Florence and Rome. Reconsidering the definition and role of a Seicento cultural broker added to the traditional model of patron and client, it analyzes Michelangelo the Younger’s activity as broker, patron-broker, and broker-client in connection with such significant figures as Maffeo Barberini (the future Urban VIII), Galileo, and the painter Lodovico Cigoli, exploring the ways in which these roles supported his personal commitment to promote his family’s social status and revealing the fluidity of roles in the patronage system. By obtaining Barberini patronage for his theatrical works and public recognition of the mythology of his illustrious forebear, Buonarroti’s cultural brokerage supported these dynastic ambitions. Spanning nearly half a century, this archival documentation casts new light on a little-known, but significant, area of Italian social relations and suggests directions for further research on other Seicento cultural brokers and new definitions for a broader concept of cultural brokerage in early modern Italy.
Characterisation and biological treatment of greywater
Authors: Hernández Leal L. , Zeeman G. , Temmink H. , Buisman C. 
Published: September 2007

Characterisation of greywater was conducted in two different greywater streams in the Netherlands (Groningen and Sneek). The concentrations of macropollutants and nutrients measured were very different in both streams; in particular the COD was 425 mg/L in Groningen's water whereas in Sneek it was 1,583 mg/L.
The aerobic treatment of greywater in a fed-batch reactor led to a 90% removal of COD at different organic loading rates. Anaerobically, the removal reached 40% COD removal on average, the possible reason being the high amount of surfactants present in the influent.
Flow cytometry analysis of single‐strand DNA damage in neuroblastoma cell lines using the F7‐26 monoclonal antibody
Authors: Grigoryan Rita S. , Yang Bo , Keshelava Nino , Barnhart Jerry R. , Reynolds C. Patrick 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe F7‐26 monoclonal antibody (Mab) has been reported to be specific for single‐strand DNA damage (ssDNA) and to also identify cells in apoptosis. We carriedout studies to determine if F7‐26 binding measured by flow cytometry was able to specifically identify exogenous ssDNA as opposed to DNA damage from apoptosis. Neuroblastoma cells were treated with melphalan (L‐PAM), fenretinide, 4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4‐HC) ± pan‐caspase inhibitor BOC‐d‐fmk, topotecan or with 10Gy γ radiation ± hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and fixed immediately postradiation. Cytotoxicity was measured by DIMSCAN digital imaging fluorescence assay. The degree of ssDNA damage was analyzed by flow cytometry using Mab F7‐26, with DNA visualized by propidium iodide counterstaining. Flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TUNEL) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by carboxy‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Irradiated and immediately fixed neuroblastoma cells showed increased ssDNA, but not apoptosis by TUNEL (TUNEL‐negative). 4‐HC or L‐PAM ± BOC‐d‐fmk increased ssDNA (F7‐26‐positive), but BOC‐d‐fmk prevented TUNEL staining. Fenretinide increased apoptosis by TUNEL but not ssDNA damage detected with F7‐26. Enhanced ssDNA in neuroblastoma cells treated with radiation + H2O2 was associated with increased ROS. Topotecan increased both ssDNA and cytotoxicity in 4‐HC‐treated cells. These data demonstrate that Mab F7‐26 recognized ssDNA due to exogenous DNA damage, rather than apoptosis. This assay should be useful to characterize the mechanism of action of antineoplastic drugs. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Identification of candidate secreted factors involved in trigeminal placode induction
Authors: McCabe Kathryn L. , Shiau Celia E. , Bronner‐Fraser Marianne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCranial ectodermal placodes are critical for normal development of the peripheral nervous system of the head. However, many aspects of the molecular and tissue interactions involved in their induction have yet to be elucidated. The trigeminal placode is induced by an unidentified secreted factor(s) from the dorsal neural tube. To determine candidates that may be involved in this induction process, we have performed reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and whole‐mount in situ hybridization to screen for receptors expressed by uninduced presumptive trigeminal level ectoderm. We have found that receptors for fibroblast growth factors, insulin‐like growth factors, platelet‐derived growth factors, Sonic hedgehog, the transforming growth factor‐beta superfamily, and Wnts all are expressed in patterns consistent with a role in trigeminal placode formation. This RT‐PCR screen for candidate receptors expressed in presumptive trigeminal ectoderm is the first systematic screen to identify potential interactions underlying induction of the trigeminal placode and represents a critical step for understanding this complex process. Developmental Dynamics 236:2925–2935, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolism of trans and conjugated fatty acids
Authors: Chardigny Jean‐Michel , Clouet Pierre , Combe Nicole , Quignard‐Boulangé Annie , Schmitt Bernard , Lagarde Michel , Léger Claude‐Louis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTrans fatty acids (FA) enter all the metabolic pathways of bioconversion, oxidation and lipid storage and are incorporated into all tissues. They also interfere with the polyunsaturated FA metabolic pathways. Among trans FA, major attention is paid to elaidic and vaccenic acids. The latter is bioconverted into rumenic acid, a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, through the Δ9 desaturase pathway. Considering CLA isomers, they are also bioconverted by desaturases and the elongation pathway, but the significance of this conversion is not fully understood. This review considers these different aspects, with particular attention to human data.
Factors influencing the fatty acid determination in fats and oils using Fourier transform near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Azizian Hormoz , Kramer John K. G. , Winsborough Suzanna 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) technology is matrix dependent and thus highly dependent on factors that influence the absorption spectra. Ignoring these factors during the development of FT‐NIR models will affect the accuracy and reliability of the classification of fats and oils and the determination of their fatty acid (FA) composition. Four factors were studied: the temperature at which samples are scanned, differences in FA chain length and number of double bonds, and the presence of non‐triacylglycerol components. The results showed that an increase in the recording temperature decreased the absorption peak intensity, but not the position. FT‐NIR spectral differences were linked to variations in molecular vibrations resulting from the number of carbon atoms or double bonds in the FA. The FT‐NIR method could clearly differentiate between chain lengths from 10:0 to 18:0 and numbers of double bonds from zero (18:0) to three (18:3). Contaminants in triacylglycerols altered the FT‐NIR spectra, resulting in increased errors in the FA content. An increased concentration of β‐sitosterol in triolein decreased or increased the observed contents of cis9‐18:1 and cis11‐18:1, respectively. An FT‐NIR model adjusted for the phytosterol content corrected this discrepancy. The revised FT‐NIR model was successfully used to provide the accurate FA compositions of commercial sunflower oils.
Direct Bioelectrocatalysis by NADP‐Reducing Hydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Voronin Oleg G. , van Haaster Daan J. , Karyakina Elena E. , Hagen Wilfred R. , Karyakin Arkady A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe direct bioelectrocatalysis by an NAD(P)‐reducing hydrogenase is reported for the first time. In contrast to previous attempts to involve similar enzymes in bioelectrocatalysis [1–4], which were in fact unsuccessful, in our report an effective electrocatalysis by Pyrococcus furiosus hydrogenase is convincingly shown by (i) achievement of the hydrogen equilibrium potential and (ii) a high current of hydrogen oxidation (0.3 mA cm−2 at 100 mV overpotential and at 75 °C). The latter is just a few times lower compared to enzyme electrodes based on NAD(P)‐independent hydrogenases.
Electrochemical Detection of MS2 Phage Using a Bead‐based Immunoassay and a NanoIDA
Authors: Bange Adam , Tu Jian , Zhu Xiaoshan , Ahn Chong , Halsall H. Brian , Heineman William R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA microbead based sandwich immunoassay for MS2 bacteriophage was developed using an interdigitated array (IDA) electrode with nanoscale dimensions (220 nm electrode width, 620 nm gap). The IDA was fabricated using an electron beam lithographic lift‐off technique. After an antibody‐assisted capture of MS2 using paramagnetic microbeads, a β‐galactosidase labeled secondary antibody was used to convert p‐aminophenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (PAPG) into the redox active p‐aminophenol (PAP). Amperometric detection of PAP with IDA electrodes at +300 and −200 mV vs. a Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used to measure the result, detecting MS2 concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL.
Electrochemical Studies of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Laccase from Trametes versicolor
Authors: Ivnitski Dmitri , Atanassov Plamen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper describes electrochemical behavior of laccase from the fungus Trametes versicolor. The issues related to discrimination of the redox potentials corresponding to copper centers T1 and T2/T3 in the active site and possible mechanism of intramolecular electron transfer have been discussed. The electron‐transfer rate constant for laccase immobilized on carbon electrode is 3.4 s−1. The bioelectrocatalytic activity of the enzyme was studied in the presence of 1,4‐hydroquinone (HQ). The kinetics of HQ oxidation is very fast (KM=3.8 μM). However, the catalytic activity of laccase in the presence of high concentration of HQ decreases drastically. It is suggested that the T2/T3 copper center is able to accept electrons from HQ molecules directly via intramolecular channel.
Electrochemical Ammonia Gas Sensing in Nonaqueous Systems: A Comparison of Propylene Carbonate with Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ji Xiaobo , Banks Craig E. , Silvester Debbie S. , Aldous Leigh , Hardacre Christopher , Compton Richard G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFirst, the direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of ammonia has been studied by cyclic voltammetry at glassy carbon electrodes in propylene carbonate. In the case of the indirect oxidation of ammonia, its analytical utility of indirect for ammonia sensing was examined in the range from 10 and 100 ppm by measuring the peak current of new wave resulting from reaction between ammonia and hydroquinone, as function of ammonia concentration, giving a sensitivity 1.29×10−7 A ppm−1 (r2=0.999) and limit‐of‐detection 5 ppm ammonia. Further, the direct oxidation of ammonia has been investigated in several room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), namely 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim] [BF4]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([C4mim] [OTf]), 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim] [NTf2]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4mim] [NTf2]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim] [PF6]) on a 10 μm diameter Pt microdisk electrode. In four of the RTILs studied, the cyclic voltammetric analysis suggests that ammonia is initially oxidized to nitrogen, N2, and protons, which are transferred to an ammonia molecule, forming NH$\rm{ _{\rm{4}}^ + }$ via the protonation of the anion(s) (A−). However, in [C4mim] [PF6], the protonated anion was formed first, followed by NH$\rm{ _{\rm{4}}^ + }$. In all five RTILs, both HA and NH$\rm{ _{\rm{4}}^ + }$ are reduced at the electrode surface, forming hydrogen gas, which is then oxidized. The analytical ability of this work has also been explored further, giving a limit‐of‐detection close to 50 ppm in [C2mim] [NTf2], [C4mim] [OTf], [C4mim] [BF4], with a sensitivity of ca. 6×10−7 A ppm−1 (r2=0.999) for all three ionic liquids, showing that the limit of detection was ca. ten times larger than that in propylene carbonate since ammonia in propylene carbonate might be more soluble in comparison with RTILs when considering the higher viscosity of RTILs.
Thermal Denaturation of Collagen Analyzed by Isoconversional Method
Authors: Vyazovkin Sergey , Vincent Luc , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn isoconversional method is proposed to be used for evaluating activation energy of protein denaturation. Applied to DSC data on collagen denaturation, the method yields an activation energy that decreases throughout the process. The Lumry‐Eyring model gives an explanation for this decrease and affords estimates for the enthalpy of the reversible step and the activation energy of the irreversible step of denaturation. The reversible unfolding is detectable by multi‐frequency temperature‐modulated DSC.magnified image
Tandem RAFT Polymerization and Click Chemistry: An Efficient Approach to Surface Modification
Authors: Ranjan Rajesh , Brittain William J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPS grafted silica nanoparticles have been prepared by a tandem process that simultaneously employs RAFT polymerization and click chemistry. In a single pot procedure, azide‐modified silica, an alkyne functionalized RAFT agent and styrene are combined to produce the desired product. As deduced by thermal gravimetric and elemental analysis, the grafting density of PS on the silica in the tandem process is intermediate between analogous “grafting to” and “grafting from” techniques for preparing PS brushes on silica. Relative rates of RAFT polymerization and click reaction can be altered to control grafting density.magnified image
High‐performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the chemical standardisation of Triphala—an Ayurvedic formulation
Authors: Singh D. P. , Govindarajan R. , Rawat A. K. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTriphala is an anti‐oxidant‐rich herbal formulation containing fruits of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and T. belerica in equal proportions. The preparation is frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat diseases such as anaemia, jaundice, constipation, asthma, fever and chronic ulcers. Anti‐mutagenic effects of the polyphenolic fractions isolated from Triphala have been reported, thus indicating that the phenols present in the formulation might be responsible for its therapeutic efficacy. A simple high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the separation and quantitative determination of the major antioxidant polyphenols from Triphala has been developed. The use of an RP18 column with an acidic mobile phase enabled the efficient separation of gallic acid, tannic acid, syringic acid and epicatechin along with ascorbic acid within a 20 min analysis. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. In addition, optimisation of the complete extraction of phenolic compounds was also studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinitiated curing of mono‐ and bifunctional epoxides by combination of active chain end and activated monomer cationic polymerization methods
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhotoinitiated cationic polymerization of mono‐ and bifunctional epoxy monomers, namely cyclohexeneoxide (CHO), 4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3′,4′‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (EEC), respectively by using sulphonium salts in the presence of hydroxylbutyl vinyl ether (HBVE) was studied. The real‐time FTIR spectroscopic, gel content determination, and thermal characterization studies revealed that both hydroxyl and vinyl ether functionalities of HBVE take part in the polymerization. During the polymerization, HBVE has the ability to react via both active chain end (ACE) and activated monomer mechanisms through its hydroxyl and vinyl ether functionalities, respectively. Thus, more efficient curing was observed with the addition of HBVE into EEC‐containing formulations. It was also demonstrated that HBVE is effective in facilitating the photoinduced crosslinking of monofunctional epoxy monomer, CHO in the absence of a conventional crosslinker. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4914–4920, 2007
A density functional theory computational study of the role of ligand on the stability of CuI and CuII species associated with ATRP and SET‐LRP
Authors: Rosen Brad M. , Percec Virgil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and single electron‐transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) both utilize copper complexes of various oxidation states with N‐ligands to perform their respective activation and deactivation steps. Herein, we utilize DFT (B3YLP) methods to determine the preferred ligand‐binding geometries for Cu/N‐ligand complexes related to ATRP and SET‐LRP. We find that those ligands capable of achieving tetrahedral complexes with CuI and trigonal bipyramidal with axial halide complexes with [CuIIX]+ have higher energies of stabilization. We were able to correlate calculated preferential stabilization of [CuIIX]+ with those ligands that perform best in SET‐LRP. A crude calculation of energy of disproportionation revealed that the same preferential binding of [CuIIX]+ results in increased propensity for disproportionation. Finally, by examining the relative energies of the basic steps of ATRP and SET‐LRP, we were able to rationalize the transition from the ATRP mechanism to the SET‐LRP mechanism as we transition from typical nonpolar ATRP solvents to polar SET‐LRP solvents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4950–4964, 2007
Behavioral and histopathological consequences of paraquat intoxication in mice: Effects of α‐synuclein over‐expression
Authors: Fernagut P.O. , Hutson C.B. , Fleming S.M. , Tetreaut N.A. , Salcedo J. , Masliah E. , Chesselet M.F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGenetic variability in the α‐synuclein gene and long‐term exposure to the pesticide paraquat constitute possible risk factors for sporadic Parkinson's disease. The goal of the present study was to further characterize the effects of paraquat in mice as a model of Parkinson's disease and to determine whether it acted synergistically with α‐synuclein over‐expression to cause nigrostriatal cell death or dysfunction. Paraquat (10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered once a week for 3 weeks to mice over‐expressing human α‐synuclein under the Thy1 promoter and their wild‐type littermates. The effect of paraquat on catecholaminergic neurons was reminiscent of that of Parkinson's disease, with preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the locus coeruleus. α‐Synuclein over‐expression did not increase paraquat‐induced cell loss, and paraquat did not worsen the behavioral deficits observed in the transgenic mice. However, paraquat markedly increased proteinase‐K‐resistant α‐synuclein aggregates in substantia nigra of the transgenic mice. The data further validate the use of paraquat to model Parkinson's disease in mice and show that although paraquat and α‐synuclein over‐expression act synergistically to increase protein aggregation in vivo, this interaction does not result in short‐term neuroprotection or increased vulnerability of nigrostriatal neurons. Synapse 61:991–1001, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent developments on high current measurement using current shunt
Authors: Kawamura Tatsuo , Haginomori Eiichi , Goda Yutaka , Nakamoto Tetsuya 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Short‐circuit Testing Liaison (STL) is the organization that consists of high power testing laboratories of the world. Member laboratories perform short‐circuit tests under uniform interpretations of the IEC standards agreed through technical discussions and information exchanges among them. One of the recent projects that the STL has been working on is to establish uncertainty and traceability of high current measurement by international comparison tests with reference shunts. In concert with this project, the IEC Working Group is preparing the new standard for high current measurements. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Calotropis gigantea, Acacia Caesia and Abelmoschus Ficulneus seeds
Authors: Sundar Rao K. , Pantulu A. J. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe percentage contents of oil and protein in the seeds of Calotropis gigantea Linn. (Asclepiadaceae), Acacia caesia Willd., syn. A. intsia (Leguminosae) and Abelmoschus ficulneus Wight & Arm., syn. Hibiscus ficulneus Linn. (Malvaceae) were 30.8, 8.8 and 14.4, and 19.0, 11.7 and 20.0, respectively. The major fatty acid was 18:1 in C. gigantea and 18:2 in the other two seeds oils. Malvalic, sterculic and dihydrosterculic acids were present in small quantities in A. ficulneus seed oil. The major essential amino acids in the seed proteins were phenylalanine, lysine and histidine in C. gigantea, threonine and arginine in A. caesia and lysine and phenylalanine in A. ficulneus.
13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the fatty acid composition of palm oil
Authors: Soon Ng , Ng Wee Lam 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGated decoupled 13C NMR spectra of the saturated and olefinic carbons in palm oil can be used for direct determination of the composition of the fatty acids in mole fractions of the saturated, monoene and diene acid chains. The results are more informative than the conventional iodine value which is used as a measure of the total unsaturation in the fatty acids.
Lipid from yeast fermentation: Effects of cultural conditions on lipid production and its characteristics of rhodotorula glutinis
Authors: Yoon S. H. , Rhee J. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo produce lipids from microbial origins, Rhodotorula glutinis (syn. Rhodotorula gracilis) NRRL Y‐1091 was cultured in batch and continuous systems under nitrogen‐ and carbon‐limited conditions. The lipid production patterns are shown to be different from each other depending on growing conditions. In continuous cultures under nitrogen‐limited conditions, the maximum lipid accumulation was observed at the lowest dilution rate examined, giving the efficiency of substrate conversion of 16.4 g lipid per 100 g glucose consumed. As the dilution rate increased, cell biomass, lipid content, lipid productivity and lipid yield decreased. In carbon‐limited continuous cultures, cell biomass decreased with increasing dilution rate, but lipid content remained almost constant. Neutral lipid portions in nitrogen‐limited cultured yeast cells decreased as the dilution rate increased, and glyco‐ and phospholipid portions showed the reverse trend. Major components in the neutral lipid portions in yeast cells are triglyceride, free fatty acid, steryl ester and sterol. Phosphatidylserine was the predominant phospholipid in yeast cells. The dilution rate also affected the fatty acid composition of all lipid portions; polyunsaturated fatty acids increased and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased with increasing dilution rates. The degrees of unsaturation of each lipid class and total lipids were also increased by increasing the dilution rate.