bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method for Determining Recovery Factors in Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Harlan L.E. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Dallas, Tex.,Oct. 2–5, 1966. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Recovery factors for low permeability depletion gas reservoirs are usually difficult to estimate. It is characteristic of many reservoir appraisal engineers to over estimate these recovery factors, especially for newly completed wells when the only data available are potential tests and well logs. Recovery factors in such reservoirs are likely to be less than 50 percent.
This paper presents a method for estimating recovery factors that departs from the more familiar approach of using back pressure curves. It was developed primarily for the appraisal of new wells when information is limited and often of poor quality. The complexity of the method is kept from outreaching the amount and quality of this information. No new theory is introduced and it is not a computer solution.
The basis for the approach used is to provide a method for determining reservoir rock properties and then to calculate a reservoir abandonment pressure from a form of Darcy's equation. It has been tested on 23 wells with complete data and histories which represent a variety of rock types and geological age groups in three basin areas. The method is empirical to the extent that it uses facts obtained from field testing and from the laboratory which relate the reservoir's flow properties to its rock properties. It recognizes the problems that make the study of low permeability gas reservoirs difficult, including those of turbulence, skin effect, and transient flow.

Introduction
This is a method which can be used to estimate recovery factors for depletion-type gas reservoirs with low permeability. No new theory is introduced.
The Role of Objective and Subjective Data in Predicting Undiscovered Amounts of Oil and Gas in Virgin or Immature Basins
Authors: Snow S. E. , Gangwar A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Discovery process models are used to predict drilling success rates and field sizes for a developing basin. The earliest attempts at these predictions relied either on historical data (objective models) or on the development team's "feel" for the basin (subjective models). Recently models have been developed which are more rigorous than these earlier models. However, these models have not found general usage because they are not applicable during the early life of the basin and because they are highly data intensive. A new model has been developed which is based on these newer models but which is applicable during the entire life of the basin and which is more flexible in its data requirements. The model is applied to both a mature and an immature horizon in the Greater Green River Basin.
Simulation Approach in Risk-Weighted Cash Flow Rate of Return Determination
Authors: Yu J. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Discounted cash flow rate of return polynomial equations sometimes result in several values of the roots. Only one of these values can be used to accurately characterize the venture, and concern about this prompts a new approach to the problem. Simulation approach evaluates the risk-weighted rate of return which determines the proper range of values. The range of values is then used to estimate the cash flow with probabilistic sensitivity analysis. This analytical technique will determine a valid rate for high risk oil ventures. Simulation method is very easily applied with a microcomputer, and the computer speed has made this approach possible. In addition, spreadsheet and graphic application programs can be used to display the cash flow rate of return and help the decision-making procedure.
Performance Testing of Shock Absorbers
Authors: Skaugen E. , Kyllingstad A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For a better understanding and evaluation of shock absorber performance, detailed data upon their relevant physical parameters, such as spring characteristics and energy dissipation properties, have been measured in a test jig. Down hole tests where well defined sinusoidal vibrations are generated in a 1000 m vertical drill string by means of a down hole exciter were also performed. The drill string response above the shock absorber is measured by a hard wired MWD tool giving high frequency data on accelerations, WOB, torque and pressures. Examples of test results for different types of absorbers are presented and discussed for both laboratory and downhole tests.
Offshore Adriatic Marginal Gas Fields: An Approach to the Technique of Reservoir Development
Authors: Montanari A. , Bolelli V. , Piccoli G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The application of accelerated gas blowdown and wire line techniques in reservoir development and exploitation is presented for an off-shore Adriatic marginal gas field. The approach discussed in this paper utilizes selective completion, very low reserves/production ratio, sequential production, Through Tubing Bridge Plug and Through Tubing Perforation techniques to avoid the use of costly workover rigs and to allow economically convenient exploitation of a structure which otherwise would have been abandoned.
Quantitative Interpretation of Electric Logs in Oil-Wet Rocks Proposed Procedure and Example Applications
Authors: Pirson S.J. , Fraser Charles D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Quantitative evaluation of electrical surveys recorded in oil wells often provides the best and many times the only means for determining the reservoir parameters used in reserve estimates, well productivity predictions and other aspects of formation evaluation. Should the zone of interest be oil-wet, standard procedures for interpretation will not apply, and a revised method must be employed.
Laboratory data and fundamental reasoning were used as a foundation for deriving an "oil-wet interpretation procedure". The purpose of this paper is to present the premises upon which the revised procedure is based, to explain how an oil-wet zone may be recognized from logging surveys and to test the interpretation method through application to field examples. Also, the scope of quantitative log interpretation is extended to include estimates of absolute and relative permeability and predictions of well productivity in terms of the expected water-oil ratio and initial flow potential.
Logs from the Springer sand of Southern Oklahoma were used to test the proposed technique, and results of the work provide further evidence that this sand is at least partially oil-wet in certain areas. From the study of these logs, it is concluded that use of the proposed method derives values which are much more reasonable than those calculated with standard techniques; furthermore, predicted well productivities were in reasonable agreement with reported performance in most cases. Although there is as yet little known about the actual conditions of in situ rock wettability, it is believed that the interpretation method proposed in this paper is presently the best available for analyzing zones possessing characteristics such as those exhibited by the Springer sand.

Introduction
Quantitative interpretation of electrical, radioactivity, acoustic velocity and other types of logging surveys provides a practical and often quite accurate means for evaluating the prospective formations penetrated by wells drilled in the search for oil.
Generalized Transmissibilities for Distorted Grids in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Hegre T. M. , Dalen V. , Henriquez A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Distorted grids or "corner point geometry" have received increased attention as a means of enhancing the modelling flexibility of finite difference type reservoir simulators. Non-rectangular grids permit better alignment with reservoir boundaries and faults and may lead to fewer grid blocks and therefore less computational efforts in simulation of complex reservoirs.
This paper shows that caution should be used as regards the transmissibility calculations for distorted grids. Specifically, it is demonstrated by simulation experiments that methods which try to maintain (for 2-D problems) the five-point connectivity of standard finite differences may lead to serious errors. A generalized nine-point scheme is constructed and shown to be more appropriate for distorted grids. For instance, the scheme seems to preserve the accuracy of a square nine-point scheme if the distortion is kept within certain limits. Although based on finite element techniques, the scheme is given a finite difference type form, and can therefore easily be implemented in more general-purpose finite difference type reservoir simulators.
Rheology and Molecular Structure of HPG Gels
Authors: Kramer J. , Chu A. , Prud'homme R. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) polymer solutions crosslinked with titanates (Ti) are used in hydraulic fracturing operations. The rheology of these gels arise from the complex interaction of polymer chemistry, metal ion chemistry, and flow history. We have employed several techniques (steady shear viscosity, dynamic oscillatory shear. Laser Doppler Anemometry, and freeze fracture electron microscopy) to develop a consistent picture of the factors controlling gel rheology. An impingement mixing technique has been developed to prepare uniform HPG gels and reproducible rheological data has been obtained. Dynamic oscillatory rheological measurements have been used as diagnostic probes of gel structure, and are shown to be useful in understanding chemical effects on gel structure. Laser Doppler Anemometry, a non-invasive technique for measuring velocity distributions, has been used to measure velocity profiles for gels under flow. Classical wall slip is not observed, rather distortions of the velocity profiles are observed for gels that have gelled under quiescent conditions. For gels made with impingement mixing linear velocity profiles are observed. Freeze fracture electron microscopy has been used to image gel structure and the results show the fracture of gel structure by shear. These observations demonstrate the mechanism of temperature stabilization of the viscosity of cross-linked gels. Temperature stability measurements of gel viscosity have been made using a novel reciprocating capillary viscometer.
Field Analysis and Flow Loop Tests Diagnose Problems With Delayed Action Crosslinked Fracturing Fluid Systems
Authors: Zigrye J. L. , Osborne M. W. , Westbrook G. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes problems Conoco has experienced with delayed temperature activated crosslinked fracturing fluid systems since their inception in 1982, and how these problems have been diagnosed and resolved by the combined efforts of production personnel, production engineering services personnel and production research engineers.
A statistical analysis was made of forty-one fracturing treatments in Conoco wells in the Lobo Wilcox Trend, South Texas Area, performed since 1982. In this analysis, two crosslinked fluid systems had very few pressure increase problems while two other systems showed a high incidence. Pressure increases resulted in sand outs or required injection rate increases to complete the treatments.
A flow loop testing procedure was devised to closely simulate temperature and shear rate conditions of frac fluids from the wellbore at the surface to the fracture tip. Tests on all four systems involved in the statistical analysis were performed.
The agreement between the field analysis and the flow loop tests was remarkable. Both systems that showed up well in the statistical analysis had good early time viscosity development and good long term viscosity in the flow loop tests. One system that had performed poorly in the field showed poor early time viscosity development in the flow loop tests. The other system had poor long term viscosity in the flow loop tests.
As a result of the flow loop tests, one service company changed their crosslinking system which greatly improved their fluid's early time viscosity development.
After more testing, the problem with the other system was determined to be in the hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) polymer. A change in the polymer resulted in a vastly improved fluid system.
Development and Field Application of a Mathematical Model for Predicting the Kinematic Viscosity of Crude Oil/Diluter Mixture Under Continuous Production Conditions
Authors: Alcocer C. F. , Menzie D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Experience producing medium to heavy oil areas has demonstrated that most conventional artificial production systems are inefficient. This situation has been improved by mixing diluter fluids or light crude oil with medium to heavy crude oil downhole. The mixing increases production efficiency, crude oil selling value, and conditions crude to meet minimum selling conditions.
An analytical model has been developed to analyze the behavior of crude oil/diluter mixtures under continuous production conditions. The model developed for this study has practical application in field operations. The most important applications are: To select the proper diluter fluid to be used in a specific area; to calculate the exact amount of diluter to be mixed with crude oil to obtain a specific viscosity; to forecast the amount of diluter fluid required for normal and continuous oilfield operations; to predict crude oil-diluter mixture kinematic viscosity under any proportion of the components for economic evaluation, and to calculate API gravities of the produced mixture under continuous operation. The crude oils used in this study have a gravity between 8.6°API and 14.3°API. The diluters used have a gravity between 31.4°API and 63°API.
The paper presents the analytical model and one application to Venezuelan field in the Orinoco Petroleum Belt, one of the largest oil reserves in the world. Each well in the field has a different viscosity and different production rate. The production rate was considered continuous and under exponential decline.
Field Method of Assessing Borehole Friction for Directional Well Casing
Authors: Maidla E. E. , Wojtanowicz A. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a method to evaluate an overall friction coefficient between borehole and casing. The computation is done by matching hook load data, recorded in the field, with the calculated hook load obtained by assuming a friction factor coefficient. The equations for predicting surface hook loads are derived from the respective governing differential equations. The iterative nature of the calculations are handled by a computer program. One case history from a rig offshore Louisiana State, confirmed the possibility of evaluating this friction coefficient, while also describing the equipment and necessary care used to record the data.
Applications of a New Pulsed Neutron Capture Log to Middle East Reservoirs
Authors: Vasilev M. L. , Randall R. R. , Oliver D. W. , Fertl W. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logging system, the PDK-100,SM was placed into field operation in the Middle East in 1985. The PDK-100 (Pulse and Decay, 100 channels) is a new microprocessor-controlled version of the Neutron Lifetime Log® the first commercial pulsed neutron system introduced to the industry in 1963.1
In this paper, basic measurement concepts of the new instrument are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on showing how information available from the PDK-100 has broadened the range of applications of PNC logging. Log examples from the Middle East demonstrate the utility of the PDK-100 for a variety of reservoir conditions.
Interpretation and Practical Applications of Flow Phenomena in Clayey Media
Authors: Bardon C. , Jacquin C. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Dallas, Tex., Oct. 2–5, 1966. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The presence of clay in sandstone reservoirs complicates the interpretation of electric logs and can influence the flow properties of fluids.
The water-clay interaction and, in particular, the double ionic layer concept has been applied to the study of macroscopic fluid flow phenomena from two points of view: [1] the mechanical driving of clay particles and [21 the ionic equilibrium which allows a generally reversible swelling of the clay to take place. In the latter case, an effective porosity has been defined in keeping with the fact that the swelling water in the double stratum does not participate in the flow, and the resulting permeability reduction has been calculated in function of the ionic concentration of the aqueous phase. Experimental proof of this theory is very effective in artificial formations.
To study the practical problems raised by clayey sandstones, sandstones containing illite and kaolinite were examined with standard electrolytes [NaCl, CaCl2, KCl].
The permeability decreases conformed to the theory and depend on the nature of the clay, its distribution in the sandstone and the nature of the compensating ion in the clay.
Clay particle driving occurred in both sandstones and artificial media, thus enabling the chances of plugging linked to salt-content variations to be evaluated.
A study of this sort brings out the precautions that should be taken in drilling into clayey reservoirs and in making petrophysical studies.

Introduction
The presence of clay in natural porous media presents drilling and production engineers with various problems linked to the nature of clays and their reactivity.
Interpreting electric logs with clay present is made more delicate when searching for oil-bearing zones. The interaction between clays and fluids in contact with each other [oil field water, mud filtrate injected water] is capable of modifying the capillary properties of the rock and, in some cases., can reduce the production capacity of wells by decreasing the permeability of the reservoir.
Lithological and Sedimentological Evaluation Using Computerized Interpretation Programs
Authors: Charara M. , Rabadi N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two computerized interpretation programs were applied to a well in Jordan that penetrated formations with different lithological and sedimentological characteristics. The first program is an automatic lithofacies identification approach and is based on comparing log responses to a lithofacies data base derived from geological knowledge. The second program uses high resolution dipmeter data and outputs synthetic curves that can be used for sedimentological evaluation. The combination of log-based lithological columns and dipmeter-synthetic logs have provided an overall picture about the characteristics of the various formations.
Design and Initial Performance of a Steamflood Pilot in the Marmul Field, Oman
Authors: Boutkan V. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The design and the initial performance of a steam flood pilot in the Marmul field (Oman) are described. The project is characterised by a very complex glacial geology, high steam temperatures of around 300°C and harsh climatological conditions. Initial production and injection rates are lower than anticipated, but are expected to increase in the future.
Source Rock Identification in the State of Kuwait Using Wireline Logs
Authors: Hussain F. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This study deals with the identification of source rocks within the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous sediments in the State of Kuwait. Qualitative analysis could differentiate between source and non source rocks. Qunatitative work based on mathematical equations, software program and computer application lead to the calculation of feet of source rock and volume of organic matter. Laboratory work performed on the same section gave very similar results. Published work in adjacent areas to Kuwait came in line.
Such type of work can cover large intervals in a very short time and in an economic way.
Completion Design for Ummshaif Khuff Gas Producers/Uweinat Injectors
Authors: Rizk G. A. , Gabert R. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The completion design of deep, sour, hot, high pressure gas producer and injector wells has created challenges to the oil industry all over the world.
For the ADMA-QPCO Khuff/Uweinat gas project, the use of low alloy API Grade steel in conjuction with corrosion inhibition systems has been compared with a corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) completion string. The latter option appeared to be simpler, safer and more economical, and was therefore chosen.
Cement Evaluation Tool and Its Applications to Communication Testing
Authors: Ataya A. A. , Youssef F. Z. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Considerable amounts of time and money are spent in attempting to establish behind casing seal between reservoirs and/or pseudo reservoirs (zonal and interzonal isolation). The Cement Bond Log "CBL" failed to solve the problem. A Cement Evaluation Tool CET * has been utilized to overcome Cement Bond Tool limitations and achieve distinction between good and bad cement bonding with good detection of behind casing channeles.
The CET tool has been field tested in all its stages: prototype, production model, and 3 different commercial versions A, B and F. Different testing and monitoring procedures were defined by ADCO to analyse and detect the effect of perforation, acidization, communication testing and remedial cement squeezes on the primary cement compressive strength and cement distribution.
In this paper a comparison has been made between CET prediction and actual communication results. Testing of the tool has been completed and results have indicated that the CET tool can provide conclusion with high degree of confidence on whether primary cementing or subsequent operations are the reasons of communication and subsequently whether cement squeezes will be successful in curing communication or not. However, the tool has a limitation in detecting fast formation arrivals.
Current Challenges To The U.S. Petroleum Industry
Authors: Stegemeier Richard J. 
Published: December 2007

THE THEME OF THIS CONFERENCE IS "MANAGING THE PRESENT — PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE." THIS IS AN APT DESCRIPTION OF THE TASK BEFORE US. IF THE U.S. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IS TO PREPARE FOR A BRIGHTER FUTURE, IT MUST FIRST COPE WITH AN UNCERTAIN PRESENT.
I DON'T NEED TO TELL YOU THAT THESE ARE TIMES OF TURMOIL FOR OUR INDUSTRY. FROM LAST DECEMBER TO APRIL, WE SAW CRUDE PRICES PLUNGE FROM ABOUT ﹩28 TO ﹩10 A BARREL — A 60 PERCENT DROP IN JUST FOUR MONTHS.
AS CONSUMERS CHEERED, AND SHORT-SIGHTED PUNDITS HEAPED PRAISE ON CHEAPER OIL, WE IN THE PETROLEUM BUSINESS KNEW BETTER. AMERICA WAS ONCE AGAIN IN AN ENERGY WAR -IT'S THIRD IN 13 YEARS.
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