bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of toluene by the friedel‐craft's reaction
Authors: Hardy D. V. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aluminium chloride‐catalysed reaction between benzene and methyl chloride is considered as a method for producing toluene. It is shown that, under suitably chosen conditions, toluene may become the chief product, but it is impossible to prevent the formation of higher methylated compounds. The efficiency of the reaction is considered in terms of the utilization of benzene, methyl chloride and aluminium chloride. More than six methyl groups can be introduced for every molecule of aluminium chloride employed, but only in special circumstances is it possible to obtain more than one molecular proportion of toluene. Since the reaction is reversible, the effect of confining the liberated hydrogen chloride has been examined. Slightly better yields of toluene are thereby obtained. It is also demonstrated that in presence of aluminium chloride and hydrogen chloride under pressure, benzene and xylene give toluene and higher methylated products.
Investigation on the iodimetric method of estimation of penicillin
Authors: Wild A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe iodimetric assay method described by Alcino1 is shown to be unsound, because of inherent variables which cannot readily be controlled. Arbitrary experimental conditions arc described which afford fair‐to‐good results with the method according to the grade of purity of the penicillin, but the procedure is dependent upon internal cancellation of errors.
Some recent advances in catalysis
Authors: Maxted E. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe suppression of the toxic character of catalyst poisons, by converting these into derivatives in which the normally toxic element is present in a shielded and therefore non‐toxic electronic state, constitutes a method of eliminating toxicity from impure catalytic systems which avoids the necessity for the actual removal of the poisons. In addition to a description of work in this field, an account is given of the desulphurization of coal gas by destructive hydrogenation in the presence of catalysts containing metallic thiomolybdates.
The fractionation of potato starch part IV. The absorption spectra and colour intensities of the starch‐iodine complexes
Authors: Lamp L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldknberg N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe absorption spectra given by the starch‐iodine complexes of the potato starch fractions are qualitatively very similar to those previously observed for the wheat starch fractions. The earlier C.W. Sol. Potato starch fractions are richer in amylose but poorer in amylopectin than the corresponding H.W. Sol. fractions; in contrast, the reverse distribution is obtained for wheat starch, the early C.W. Sol. fractions being much poorer in amylose, and correspondingly rich in amylopectin than the H.W. Sol. fractions. Depolymerization of both starches by grinding lowers the absorption of the starch‐iodine complex only at the longer visible wavelengths.
Pectin studies. Part III. The nitric acid ester (preliminary)
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Money R. W. , Urie A. , Judge B. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a preliminary study of the preparation and properties of the nitro ester of pectin it was found that a reproducible ester was obtainable from any one sample of pectin. An approximate parallelism was observed between the viscosity values of aqueous solutions of pectin and of acetone solutions of the nitro ester. Some evidence was obtained to support the claim that nitration could be employed for the separation of pectin from crude plant material. Two methods for the determination of the nitrogen content of the ester were compared.
The composition of mustard gas made by the levinstein process
Authors: Kinnear A. M. , Harley‐Mason J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composition of a sample of Levinstein mustard gas has been investigated with the object of ascertaining the nature of the excess sulphur. The by‐products consist mainly of ft9'‐dichloro‐dicthyl trisulphide, ββ′‐dichlorodiethyl disulphide and a labile polysulphidc derived from ββ′‐dichlorodiethyl trisulphide and sulphur. The di‐ and trisulphides have been isolated in the pure state from the sample and identified with these compounds prepared synthetically. Some derivatives of these bodies have been prepared. The relation of the chemistry of the labile polysulphide to that of the Thiokol rubbers and the Thiuram polysulphides is discussed.
Production of aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum
Authors: Weizmann C. , Bergmann E. , Steiner H. , Sulzbacher M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPetroleum fractions or similar hydrocarbonaceous materials are converted into liquid, highly (over 95%.) aromatic products and highly olefinic gases, when cracked in packed tubes at 630‐650°, at slightly super‐atmospheric pressure and a space velocity of 0·05‐0·5. Metallic packing, especially copper, is most efficient. The greater part of the sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen in the charging stock is converted into hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and water. The hydrocarbons are cracked to very small unsaturated molecules, from which the cyclic substances arc formed by re‐synthesis. The central position of butadiene in this sequence of reactions has been established. The influence of operational factors on the process, its thermochemistry and the composition of the product is discussed.
The vitamin‐c content of potatoes grown on reclaimed land. II. Potatoes grown in 1946
Authors: Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L. , Knight P. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPotatoes grown on reclaimed fenland in 1946 showed certain significant varietal differences, and an attempt has been made to classify potato varieties according to their vitamin‐C contents. Average values obtained in November‐December, 1946, and May, 1947, agreed closely with those previously found for the corresponding times in 1943‐44.Varying the manurial treatment for Majestic potatoes did not have any noticeable effect on their vitamin‐C concentration.
The fractionation of potato starch. Part V. The phosphorus of potato starch
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost of the phosphorus of potato starch fractions is bound to the starch and is not split off when the starch is precipitated from solution by alcohol. The potato starch amylopectin contains much more phosphorus in the form of bound esterified phosphate groups than the corresponding amylose. In wheat starch the reverse is the case, the phosphatides present being adsorbed by the amylose preferentially to the amylopectin.
Observations on the proposed grading of ICE cream by a methylene blue test
Authors: Clayson D. H. F. , Pirie D. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe tentative method proposed by the Public Health Laboratory Service of the Ministry of Health for grading ice cream according to hygienic quality by applying a methylene blue test has been given an extended trial. The test is considered unreliable because thermoduric organisms alone have been found to reduce methylene blue under the conditions of the test in presence of certain ingredients, such as milk powder, used in ice cream.
The fractionation of potato starch. Part VI. The retrogradation of potato starch fractions
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N. , Green G. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe retrograding properties of the C.W. Sol. and H.W. Sol. fractionsAs previously, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 these fractions me defined as follows: C.W. Sol.‐‐‐Material soluble in cold water (room temperature).
of potato starch have been investigated under varying conditions of temperature and concentration and are qualitatively not unlike those of the wheat starch fractions investigated previously.1 The quantitative differences between the retrograding properties of the two sets of fractions appear to be governed by (a) their contents of amylose and amylopectin and (b) the differences in the nature and distribution of the small quantities of phosphorus present in the two starches.
The use of monoreactive phenol alcohols as models for the general polymerization of phenol resin systems
Authors: Lilley H. S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract“The use of monoreactive phenol alcohols as models for the general polymerization of phenolic resins (as is commonly suggested) leads to the conclusion that such resins will contain in the earlier stages of condensation a considerable proportion of dibenzyl ether linkages. It may be concluded from a partial theoretical analysis that whatever the exact reaction mechanism this conclusion is of doubtful validity, and the analysis is supported by data on the polymerization of nitro‐ and chloro‐saligenin.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part I. Introduction and preliminary experiments
Authors: Belcher R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA brief summary is given of the reactions which occur when coal is oxidized. The earlier work of Lynch and Collett on the anodic oxidation of coal is reviewed and their findings are summarized. After some experience with the technique, a suitable assembly has been developed which eliminates the troubles caused by excessive foaming. After oxidizing a vitrain at a copper anode, the products were separated into ulmic acids and water‐soluble acids, the latter being further sub‐divided into ether‐soluble and acetone‐soluble portions.The ulmic acids have been examined and appear to be similar in type to those obtained from coal using other types of oxidant. They were separated into acetone‐soluble and acetone‐insoluble portions to facilitate examination. The acetone‐soluble portion yielded an appreciable amount of material when extracted with ether, although this solvent removed nothing from the original material. The water‐soluble material consists of two distinct types of material, viz., a portion soluble in ether and one soluble in acetone. The ether‐soluble material is capable of salt formation and appears to be identical with that isolated by Lynch and Collett, but the acetone‐soluble portion is incapable of salt formation, is dark‐brown in appearance and is highly oxygenated.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part II. The effect of oxidizing vitrain and ulmic acids at various metal anodes
Authors: Belcher R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn estimation of the yields obtained when coal and ulmic acids are oxidized at copper, lead and platinum anodes has been made. It was found that both ulmic acids and water‐soluble acids were produced in appreciable amounts when the Meltonfield vitrain was oxidized at a copper anode, the water‐soluble acids being in excess. Lynch and Collett had previously claimed that only ulmic acids were formed at the copper anode. They also found that no further degradation took place when the ulmic acids were treated at a copper anode. On the other hand degradation occurred rapidly at platinum, and lead anodes. Their evidence for this degradation was based on the fact that carbon dioxide was produced. It was confirmed in the present investigation that the copper anode was incapable of effecting a further degradation of the ulmic acids, although it proceeded rapidly at platinum and lead anodes. However, the water‐soluble products obtained at these anodes are very different from those obtained when coal is oxidized at a copper anode. They appear to consist solely of highly oxygenated material incapable of forming salts. Since water‐soluble acids are produced at a copper anode together with ulmic acids, and ulmic acids cannot be degraded further by a copper anode, it would appear that the water‐soluble acids were not produced through an intermediate stage from the ulmic acids. This mode of formation has been accepted hitherto. A theory to account for these reactions is advanced.
The determination of lignin in plant material of high protein content
Authors: Armitage E. R. , Ashworth R. de B. , Ferguson W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA modified method for the determination of lignin in high‐protein plant material has been developed. The main modification is the use of a single digestion with trypsin, rather than pepsin, this being preceded, instead of followed, by acid hydrolysis. The use of Gooch crucibles is recommended as alundum crucibles can be unreliable.
The component acids of rape seed oil
Authors: Baliga M. N. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe component acids of, four rape seed oils‐‐‐Indian (Toria, Guzerat), Polish (Danzig), and Argentine (Plate)‐‐‐and of ravison and Jamba rape seed oil have been studied in detail. Appropriate conditions (crystallization from ether at ‐‐‐40°) for the preliminary separation of the mixed fatty acids prior to ester‐fractionation have been selected which permit the approximate determination of the three unsaturated and five saturated minor component acids as well as of the four major components, crude, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The average fatty acid composition of the four rape oil acids is palmitic 2·5, saturated Cm, C18, C20, C22 C24 (together) 5, hexadecenoic 2, oleic 15, linoleic 13·5, linolenic 8, eicosenoic 5, erucic 48, and docosadienoic I% (wt.). Ravison oil fatty acids contain less erucic acid (39%) and more linoleic acid (21%). Jamba rape oil fatty acids contain less erucic acid (37·5%) and apparently larger proportions of oleic (c. 20%) and eicosenoic (c. II%) acids.
Vitamin C in english tomatoes
Authors: Wokes F. , Barr J. R. , Brunskill L. , Shaw A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVariation in the vitamin‐C content of different tomatoes has been found much wider than can be explained by previously investigated factors, such as organic manuring, fertilizer treatment, weight of fruit, polyploidy or varietal differences. Experiments on five varieties given different fertilizer treatment during outdoor cultivation at Maidstone in 1946 showed certain effects, especially with calcium, but the main conclusion reached was the importance of climatic factors.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part IV. Examination of the ulmic acids
Authors: Belcher R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA detailed examination has been made of the ulmic acids obtained by the anodic oxidation of the Meltonfield vitrain. The ulmic acids were fractionated into acetone‐soluble and acetone‐insoluble portions. The former fraction yielded an appreciable extract when treated with ether, although none was obtained when the original acids were extracted directly with ether. Although this ether‐soluble portion was resin‐like in appearance, the products obtained on destructive distillation were not sufficiently different from those obtained by similar treatment of ulmic acids, to classify it as being resinic. Molecular weights, equivalent weights and ultimate analyses of the various fractions bear a close resemblance to those of ulmic acid fractions obtained from coal by other oxidizing agents. A limiting composition for the ulmic acids appeared to be reached after prolonged treatment.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part V. Miscellaneous experiments
Authors: Belcher R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of miscellaneous experiments has been undertaken using the apparatus described in previous papers. An anthracite has been oxidized at the copper cathode and, as is to be expected, much smaller yields were obtained than from a similar treatment of a vitrain. The amount of water‐soluble acids was much less than that of the ulmic acids. An attempt to oxidize two durains, in order to isolate the plant remains, proved unsuccessful, for it was found that unless the coal was ground to pass a 240 B.S. sieve; little oxidation took place. The durains could not be. ground to this fineness since the original structure of the plant entities would be destroyed.Fractions obtained from coal by treatment with pyridine followed with chloroform, i.e., the β‐fraction and the γ‐fraction have been oxidized at the copper cathode and yield ulmic acids. The molecular weights were similar to those of ulmic acids obtained from the direct oxidation of coal. This accords with the work of Biggs who similarly examined the fractions obtained by pressure‐benzene extraction, followed by nitric acid oxidation, and supports his theory that the difference between the various fractions is one of molecular size rather than of chemical type.Reduction of the vitrain at a copper cathode appeared to effect little change. However, reduction of the ulmic acid appears to increase its adsorptive power for electrolytes. It was not found possible to free the reduced ulmic acids from electrolyte by prolonged washing and they were no longer soluble in furfural and other solvents. It was thus not found possible to obtain a pure sample of the reduced ulmic acids.A general summary of the work is given and suggestions made for further work.
A rapid method of spectrographic analysis
Authors: Clayton H. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA process has been developed to enable Spectrographic analyses to be carried out in approximately ten minutes. This speed has been attained chiefly through attention to the methods of processing the photographic plates, “which are developed and fixed in ultra rapid reagents, washed for a minimum time and dried in an oven designed for the purpose. A single analysis can be carried out in 8 1/2 minutes with an error of ± 4% using fast photographic plates or in 9 1/2 minutes with an error of ± 3% using a slower plate. An addition of about 2 minutes to either of these times permits duplicate determinations to be made with a reduction of some 30% in the analytical error. It is suggested that in routine practice duplicate determinations should be carried out wherever time permits; this precaution is particularly desirable, apart from the increase in accuracy it allows, in applications where the method is to be used for controlling the composition of molten metal prior to casting. In this case any delay in the release of the analytical result, due to a blemish on the photographic emulsion or a scratched or dirty plate due to faulty manipulation during processing, may cause serious inconvenience in the casting shop or refinery.
The effect of organic manures on the auxin content of soils and the “auxin balance” in soils
Authors: Hamence J. Hubert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractQuantitative data for the rate of decomposition of β‐indolyl acetic acid added to soils have been obtained and the rate of decomposition shown to be very rapid. Normal dressings of organic manures such as dung and dried blood have been found to increase the auxin content of soils towards the maximum value in what has been previously described as the “normal auxin range” of soils. This increase may be maintained for a period of some months, and in the dried blood type of manures additional auxins arc produced as a result of their decomposition in the soil. It has been shown that β‐indolyl acetic acid is one of the auxins thus produced. Heavy dressings of organic manures may produce a considerable increase in auxin content of the soil but this increase is rapidly followed by a reduction to a value within the normal range. Moreover specially washed soils with a low auxin content show an increase in auxin content on ageing to a value within the normal range. These facts suggest the existence of a mechanism within the soil to control the soil auxin content within certain limits or suggest what is tentatively described as an “auxin balance” in the soil.
Factors influencing the composition of the tomato
Authors: Pollard A. , Kieser Margaret E. , Bryan Joan D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTests of commercial tomato varieties have shown that they differ significantly in their content of ascorbic acid, sugar and free acid. In plants grown in the open air, the level of these constituents is not directly related to the hours of sunshine or the day temperature at the time of picking. The yield of ascorbic acid from a given number of plants is more influenced by cropping capacity than by the ascorbic acid content of the individual fruits in the varieties studied.
Determination of fumigants. XIX. Sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed
Authors: Lubatti O. P. , Smith B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe sorption of four fumigants by five typical products has been compared. The factors affecting the sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed have been studied. The rate of sorption appears to be governed by diffusion. A detailed study of the effect of moisture content on the sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed whole and ground and by wheat and wheatmeal has been carried out. Some hints on the behaviour of sorbed fumigants in dry and wet seeds have been obtained. The effect of the sorption of methyl bromide on the germination of onion seed has been investigated.
The synergistic effect of aerosol ot on certain germicides
Authors: James G. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAerosol OT (di‐octyl sodium sulphosuccinate) enhances the germicidal activity of various substances in the presence of a castor oil soap when B. typhosus is used as the test organism. The effect is not so marked when a sulphonated castor oil is used. The increase of germicidal power appears to be stable.
The occurrence of vanadium, chromium, and other unusual elements in certain coals
Authors: Reynolds F. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been found that the ashes of certain brands of vitrain interbedded with Coal Measure rocks in North Staffordshire and North Wales contain notable quantities of some of the less common elements, chiefly vanadium, chromium, titanium, and nickel. “ Cauldron “ vitrains from the Durham coalfield and Whitby jet show the same phenomenon, which appears to be fairly general for carbonaceous material of a black, brittle, lustrous type occurring in isolated bands or lumps in rocks. It is considered that current theories of the origin of rare elements ‐in coals cannot account satisfactorily for concentrations such as arc now reported. In addition, small but determinable quantities of copper, boron, lead, germanium and strontium have been found in certain coal scams; these occurrences were in some cases traced to the presence of distinct mineral species, such as copper pyrites and galena.
Determination of fumigants. XX. Sorption of methyl bromide by potatoes
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Smith B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of the following factors on the sorption of methyl bromide by potatoes has been determined : concentration of fumigant, period of exposure, size of tubers, temperature, maturity, induced sprouting and variety. At the concentration‐time product studied residual methyl bromide is small and becomes negligible after five to ten days. A few experiments on the sorption of methyl bromide by light loamy soil were carried out.