bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous slurry hydrogenation of soybean oil with copper‐chromite catalyst at high pressure
Authors: Koritala S. , Moulton K. J. , Friedrich J. P. , Frankel E. N. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSelective hydrogenation of soybean oil to reduce linolenic acid is accomplished better with copper than with nickel catalysts. However, the low activity of copper catalysts at low pressure and the high cost of batch equipment for high‐pressure hydrogenation has precluded their commercial use so far. To evaluate continuous systems as an alternative, soybean oil was hydrogenated in a 120 ft × 1/8 in. tubular reactor with copper catalyst. A series of hydrogenations were performed according to a statistical design by varying processing conditions: oil flow (0.5 L/hr, 1.0 L/hr and 2.0 L/hr), reaction temperature (180 C and 200 C), hydrogen pressure (1,100 psig and 4,500 psig) and catalyst concentration (0.5% and 1.0%). An iodine value (IV) drop of 8–43 units was observed in the products whereas selectivity varied between 7 and 9. Isomerization was comparable to that observed with a batch reactor. Analysis of variance for isomerization indicated interaction between catalyst concentration and hydrogen pressure and between catalyst concentration and temperature. The influence of pressure on linolenate selectivity was different for different temperatures and pressure. Hydrogenation rate was significantly affected by pressure, temperature and catalyst concentration.
Detection of cow milk admixture to buffalo milk
Authors: Farag R. S. , Hewedi M. M. , Abo‐Raya S. H. , Khalifa H. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method has been devised that gives the distribution of various fatty acids of pure and adulterated buffalo milk with cow milk. Gas chromatography (GC) was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of fatty acids of authentic buffalo milk, cow milk and buffalo milk adulterated with cow milk. The milk fat was separated by fractional crystallization at ‐20 C into 2 fractions, i.e., semisolid and mother liquor. The concentration of fatty acids in the mother liquor changed significantly for 14:0, 16:0 and 18:1 as adulteration levels were increased. The fatty acids of the semisolid fractions change in the proportion of 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 when cow milk is mixed with buffalo milk. By applying simple regression equations for these acids, adulteration of buffalo milk with 5% cow milk could be distinguished.
Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants
Authors: Taga M. Silvia , Miller E. E. , Pratt D. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChia (Salvia sp) seeds were investigated as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of defatted chia seeds possessed potent antioxidant activity. Analysis of 2 batches of chia‐seed oils demonstrated marked difference in the fatty acid composition of the oils. In both batches, the oils had high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major antioxidant activity in the nonhydrolyzed extract was caused by flavonol glycosides, chlorogenic acid (7.1 × 10−4 mol/kg of seed) and caffeic acid (6.6 × 10−3 m/kg). Major antioxidants of the hydrolyzed extracts were flavonol aglycones/kaempferol (1.1 × 10−3 m/kg), quercetin (2.0 × 10−4 m/kg) and myricetin (3.1 × 10−3 m/kg); and caffeic acid (1.35 × 10−2 m/kg). Two methods were used to measure antioxidant activities. Both were based on measuring bleaching ofβ‐carotene in the coupled oxidation ofβ‐carotene and linoleic acid in the presence of added antioxidants.
Synthesis of sulfur heterocycles from α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl fatty acid esters
Authors: Mustafa Jamal , Ahmad M. S. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlkyl chain substituted oxathiolanes from allylic oxo are described. Reaction of methyl 4‐oxo‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (1) with β‐mercaptoethanol yields methyl 4‐oxathiolane‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (II), methyl 4‐oxathiolane‐2(3)‐(S‐β‐mercaptoethyl acetate) hexadecanoate (III) and methyl 4‐oxathiolane‐2(3)‐(S‐β‐mercaptoethanol)hexadecanoate (IV).
Stabilization of tocopherol by three components synergism involving tocopherol, phospholipid and amino compound
Authors: Ishikawa Y. , Sugiyama K. , Nakabayashi K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of minor‐component phospholipids, sterols, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and tri‐n‐octylamine (TOA) on the stabilization of γ‐tocopherol (γ‐Toc) were investigated during the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (ML). On autoxidation of lard containing γ‐Toc and TMAO, γ‐Toc was rapidly oxidized and decreased to the 50–60% level in the initial stage of reaction. After that, the total amounts of γ‐Toc and its reducing dimers, γ‐Toc diphenyl ether dimer, γ‐Toc biphenyl dimer (H), and γ‐Toc biphenyl dimer (L), formed from oxidized γ‐Toc, were maintained at a higher level for a longer time. These results indicate the presence of minor components contribution to the stability of γ‐Toc. Therefore, three‐component synergism involving γ‐Toc, TMAO and each phospholipid was tested using ML as substrate. Accordingly, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl serine (PS), phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid showed a marked synergistic effect: PS especially inhibited the oxidation of γ‐Toc. More than 0.02% of PE was found to keep a constant level of the residual amount of γ‐Toc and to retared the formation of γ‐Toc biphenyl dimers, which are perferential in the presence of TMAO. Phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl glycerol and sterols did not show such an effect. However, PC synergized with TOA for stabilizing γ‐Toc in autoxidizing ML.
A comparison of high‐performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry to measure chlorophyll in canola seed and oil
Authors: Ward Kerry , Scarth Rachael , Daun J. K. , Thorsteinson C. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere are several methods available to measure chlorophyll in canola oil and seed, and these will not necessarily yield the same results and should not be used in terchangeably. Total chlorophyll was determined for samples of canola seed and commercial canola oil by recognized spectrophotometric methods and by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method, which summed all chlorophyll‐related pigments detected, found approximately 1.4 times more total chlorophyll per sample than did the spectrophotometric methods. The spectrophotometric methods are calibrated with only chlorophyll a and underestimate other chlorophyll pigments, which have lower extinction, coefficients and different absorption maxima. The HPLC method detects each pigment at its absorption maxima and applies the appropriate absorptivity factor. Care must be taken when comparing results obtained by different methods. There appears to be a need for a standardized method of chlorophyll pigment measurement by HPLC.
Improved lipase‐catalyzed incorporation of long‐chain fatty acids into medium‐chain triglycerides assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction
Authors: Shishikura Akihiro , Fujimoto Kenshiro , Suzuki Teruhiko , Arai Kunio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDisplacement of the equilibrium of the lipase‐catalyzed interesterification between medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) and long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid was accomplished by the removal of by‐products with continuous supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) extraction at 60°C and 100 kg/cm2. The incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid to MCT was appreciably improved by this method and was 1.3 times higher than that of the equilibrium state (47 wt%) that was obtained in a closed system. The immobilizedMucor miehei lipase was stable for more than 180 h in SC−CO2 at 60°C and 100 kg/cm2.
Distribution of the major fatty acids of human milk betweensn‐2 andsn‐1,3 positions of triacylglycerols
Authors: Kallio Heikki , Rua Philippe 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHuman milk triacylgycerols (TAG) were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. The SIMPLEX method and a simple linear model were used to interpret the distribution of fatty acids between thesn‐2 andsn‐1,3 positions in 24 major molecular weight groups of TAG. The number of regio‐isomeric pairs of TAG varied between 3 and 18 in each of these groups. Hexadecanoic (16∶0), tetradecanoic (14∶0) and dodecanoic acids (12∶0) typically occupied thesn‐2 position in TAG containing less than 54 acyl carbons, whereas long‐chain C18 and C20 acids were predominantly located at the primary positions. The positions of the three fatty acids within a TAG molecule were shown to depend on the fatty acid combination. The maximum of 12∶0 in thesn‐2 position appeared at acyl carbon number (ACN) 48, the maxima of 14∶0 were at ACN 44 and ACN 50, and for 16∶0 at ACN 46 and 52.
Effects of the ethylene oxide distribution on nonionic surfactant properties
Authors: Dillan K. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDetergent‐range primary alcohols are readily converted into nonionic surfactants by reaction with ethylene oxide. Optimum performance properties for these surfactants generally are attained by varying the number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted with each mole of alcohol or by altering the structure of the primary alcohol. However, variations in the ethoxylate‐adduct distribution also affect surfactant properties in such a way that products with relatively narrow distributions possess features which are highly desirable in many household and industrial applications. For a given cloud point narrow‐range ethoxylates have lower molecular weights and therefore lower pour points than broad‐range surfactants. Because narrow‐range ethoxylates contain less unreacted alcohol and other water‐insoluble species, they are capable of forming aqueous solutions with much lower cloud points than their broad‐range counterparts. Aqueous solutions of narrow‐range products have lower viscosities, exhibit lower gel temperatures and remain fluid over a wider concentration range than solutions of broad‐range surfactans. While the foams obtained with narrow‐range surfactants in the Ross‐Miles test are higher initially, they are less stable than those produced by conventional nonionic surfactants. Draves wetting data show that narrow‐range products wet cotton substrates more efficiently than normal‐distribution materials. Narrow‐range ethoxylates exhibit higher aqueous surface tension and higher polyester adhesion tension values than their broad‐range counterparts. In addition, narrow‐range surfactants reduce the interfacial tension against paraffin oil more efficiently and more effectively than broad‐range products. These results, along with laboratory detergency data, suggest that the use of narrow‐range ethoxylates may lead to cleaning systems with improved performance and/or physical properties.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil: Palladium acetylacetonate
Authors: Koritala S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was hydrogenated with palladium acetylacetonate at 60–170 C, 150 psi hydrogen and 1–60 ppm palladium. The best linolenate selectivity (KLe/KLo=3.5−3.7) was found at 80–120 C. At 120 C palladium acetylacetonate hydrogenated faster than the heterogeneous Pd‐on‐carbon catalyst.Trans isomerization with the homogeneous catalyst was much higher compared to Pd‐on‐carbon catalyst. The low activity of the palladium complex at low temperatures was improved with the addition of triethylaluminum. Among other metal acetylacetonates tested only nickel and chromium were mildly active, whereas cobalt and copper were devoid of catalyst activity.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids: VI. Synthesis, oxidation and mass spectrometry of dithiolanes
Authors: Khan Mushfiquddin , Hashmi Mazzaz , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of alkyl chain‐substituted dithiolanes, bisdithiolane and disulfolanes from oxo acids and their decomposition to original oxo acids are described. Reactions of ethanedithiol with 2 oxo esters, methyl 10‐oxoundecanoate and methyl 12‐oxooctadecanoate, give excellent yield of the corresponding dithiolanes, which are oxidized to the respective disulfolanes by m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (m‐CPBA). A similar reaction of ethanedithiol with methyl 9,10‐dioxooctadecanoate affords bisdithiolane. Retroreactions of the dithiolanes and bisdithiolanes under acidic conditions and of disulfolanes under alkaline conditions yield the parent oxo acids. The structures of the individual reaction products have been established from analytical and spectral data and confirmed by a study of their mass spectra.
Dry bean tannins: A review of nutritional implications
Authors: Reddy N. R. , Pierson M. D. , Sathe S. K. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTannins are one of several antinutritional factors present in dry beans and are located mainly in the seed coat or testa. The tannin content of dry beans ranges from 0.0 to 2.0% depending on the bean species and color of the seed coat. Many high tannin bean varieties are of lower nutritional quality than low tannin varieties of beans. Naturally occurring food legume tannins are reported to interact with proteins (both enzyme and nonenzyme proteins) to form tannin‐protein complexes resulting in inactivation of digestive enzymes and protein insolubility. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that bean tannins decrease protein digestibility, either by inactivating digestive enzymes or by reducing the susceptibility of the substrate proteins after forming complexes with tannins and absorbed ionizable iron. Other deleterious effects of tannins include a lowered feed efficiency and growth depression in experimental animals. The antinutritional activity of bean tannins can be reduced by processing (1 or a combination of 2 or more methods), for example dehulling, soaking, cooking and germination. Genetic selection also may help in breeding varieties low in tannins. Potential chemical treatments such as use of tannin complexing agents are discussed.
Fruit oil composition and characteristics of two spurge species of Turkish origin
Authors: Aksoy H. Ayse , Yavasoglu N. , Karaosmanoglu F. , Civelekoglu H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractContent and characteristics of the triglyceride fruit oils of two spurge (Euphorbia L.) subspecies, namelyE. glaerosa Pallas ex Bieb. (var.lasiocarpa Boiss.) andE. niciciana Borbas ex Novak, were investigated. For both taxa, oil content of the capsules enclosing the seeds ranged between 15.7 and 16.4% on dry basis, while the decapsulated seeds contained 33.0–34.0% oil, also on dry basis. The average saponification, iodine and acid values were 192, 190 and 6.0, respectively; linolenic acid was detected as the major constituent fatty acid. Consequently, these seed oils are characterized as typical drying oils.
A methodology study to evaluate quality of soybeans stored at different moisture levels
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Nash A. M. , Snyder J. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe quality of soybeans and oil extracted from seeds stored at different moisture contents was evaluated by static headspace gas chromatography, near‐infrared spectrometry, fluorescence measurements, and silicic acid chromatography. Headspace gas chromatographic analysis of both ground beans and crude oils provided a sensitive measure of oxidative deterioration based on hexanal and total volatiles. Near‐infrared analyses at 2260 nm showed a correlation coefficient of 0.864 with titratable free fatty acids. Fluorescence measurements on chloroform‐methanol extracts were much less sensitive and showed an increase only in the most damaged samples. Silicic acid chromatography of crude oils showed a significant decrease of polar lipids and increase of less polar lipids with storage at high moisture levels, in agreement with the decrease in phosphorus observed. Among the methods tested, headspace gas chromatography is most sensitive to evaluate oxidative deterioration, and near‐infrared analysis is most suitable and rapid to evaluate hydrolytic deterioration in stored soybeans. This methodology can be used to evaluate factors affecting the food quality of soybeans for domestic and foreign markets.
Monoglyceride analysis with reversed phase HPLC
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Kondoh Yukihiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple, convenient method for the simultaneous determination of the homologous distribution and ratio of positional isomers of monoglycerides in commercial products has been developed. Monoglycerides were analyzed with reversed phase HPLC using the glyceride‐selective post‐column reactor detector (GS‐PCRD). The GS‐PCRD indicated molar responsibility to all monoglycerides up to monostearin. It can, for example, detect 0.07 nmol of 1‐monolaurin and give a linear working curve between 0.18–80.3 nmol of 1‐monolaurin. Furthermore, monoglycerides in commercial margarines could be selectively detected and quantitatively determined without any pretreatment. Therefore, the proposed method should be applicable to the analysis of monoglycerides in various commercial products.
Heat treatment of vegetable oils I. Isolation of the cyclic fatty acid monomers from heated sunflower and linseed oils
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , Prevost J. , Grandgirard A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLinseed and sunflower oils were heated at 275 C for 12 hr under nitrogen. The sunflower oil was also heated in a commercial fryer at 200 C for 48 hr using a 2‐hr daily cycle. The cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) formed during the heat treatment of the linseed oil were isolated by a combination of saponification, esterification, column chromatography on silicic acid and urea fractionation. The isolated CFAM fraction was 99% pure, the balance being some 12:2ω6. Another step was necessary to isolate the CFAM from heated sunflower oils. The urea adduct fractionation resulted in the isolation of a nonurea adduct fraction which contained a mixture of CFAM and 18:2ω6. These were further separated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 reverse phase column. Each fraction was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and hydrogenated to determine the content of the C18 straight chain fatty acids.
Comparative nutritional value for amino acids, oligopeptides and soybean protein
Authors: Arai Soichi , Kimura Hiroko 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn recent years our view on the absorption of protein digestion products has undergone a radical change. We now believe that intralumen hydrolysis of intake proteins to free amino acids is only partial. It has thus been hypothesized that partial protein hydrolysates or oligopeptide mixtures are nutritionally superior to corresponding amino acid mixtures. With this consideration for a background, we developed a sophisticated technique of protease‐catalyzed modification of soy protein to produce enzymatically modified proteins (EMP) having different levels of covalently attached methionine. We also carried out feeding tests with protein‐malnourished rats, with the result that for their recovery from a state of malnutrition, an EMP containing peptide‐bound methionine at 3% was significantly more effective than the corresponding amino acid mixture and even the soy protein itself. Discussions stress the importance of applying such a technique to production of an oligopeptide rather than a free amino acid nitrogen source as a foodstuff for therapeutic use.
β‐Carotene adsorption on acid‐activated montmorillonite
Authors: Sarier N. , Güler Ç. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of β‐carotene from solution in benzene on acid‐activated Canakkale montmorillonite of Turkey has been investigated. The adsorption isotherm had two steps. The first step was of the Langmuir type, and the isosteric heat of adsorption corresponding to this step was equal to −193.514 kJ/mol. The decrease in the total number of acid sites of the clay surface was determined to be 0.45×10−4 mol/g clay by nonaqueous titration with diethylamine. The phenomenon seems to be mainly a chemisorption stemming from the interaction of β‐carotene with acid sites. Also, the activated clay acts as an oxidation catalyst on the β‐carotene left in the solution.
Antioxidative stability of tempeh
Authors: Murata K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAntioxidant activities of 6,7,4′‐trihydroxyisoflavone and the compound 0.58 substance, (Rf value 0.58 on Silicagel TLC with cyclohexane 9 : ethylether 1) isolated from tempeh were measured by oxygen absorption. Both are active in preventing consumption of dissolved oxygen in an emulsified solution of safflower oil.
Fractionation of menhaden oil ethyl esters using supercritical fluid CO2
Authors: Nilsson W. B. , Gauglitz E. J. , Hudson J. K. , Stout V. F. , Spinelli J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSupercritical fluid CO2 was used to fractionate menhaden oil fatty acid ethyl esters to obtain concentrates of the esters of allcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and allcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Separation of the ethyl esters was found to occur primarily by carbon number, thus limiting the degree to which the ethyl esters of EPA and DHA could be concentrated. Urea fractionation of whole esters in order to remove saturates, monoenes and dienes prior to fractionation with supercritical fluid CO2 resulted in concentrates of EPA and DHA in purities exceeding 90%. Several criteria are given for the selection of crude oils in order to maximize both purity and yield of concentrates.
Quality of yellow and dark seeds inBrassica campestris canola varieties Candle and Tobin
Authors: Daun J. K. , DeClercq D. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractYellow‐coated seeds from theBrassica campestris cultivars Tobin and Candle were heavier and contained more oil and protein than the dark‐coated seeds from the same sample. In addition, the yellow‐coated seeds had lower levels of erucic acid, glucosinolates, chlorophyll and crude fiber. These differences were detected in both pedigreed and commercial (producer) samples, but to a larger extent in commercial samples. Reasons for the greater quality differences between yellow‐ and dark‐coated seed could be admixtures of cultivars other than the declared ones of Tobin or Candle or changes in the seed itself as it went from the breeder's stage to the producer stage.
Supercritical CO2 degumming and physical refining of soybean oil
Authors: List G. R. , King J. W. , Johnson J. H. , Warner K. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: January 2007

A hexane‐extracted crude soybean oil was degummed in a reactor by counter‐currently contacting the oil with supercritical CO2 at 55 MPa at 70°C. The phosphorus content of the crude oil was reduced from 620 ppm to less than 5 ppm. Degummed feedstocks were fed (without further processing,i.e., bleaching) directly to a batch physical refining step consisting of simultaneous deacidification/deodorization (1 h @ 260°C and 1–3 mm Hg) with and without 100 ppm citric acid. Flavor and oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated on freshly deodorized oils both after accelerated storage at 60°C and after exposure to fluorescent light at 7500 lux. Supercritical CO2‐processed oils were compared with a commercially refined/bleached soybean oil that was deodorized under the same conditions.Flavor evaluations made on noncitrated oils showed that uncomplexed iron lowered initial flavor scores of both the unaged commercial control and the CO2‐processed oils. Oils treated with .01% (100 ppm) citric acid had an initial flavor score about 1 unit higher and were more stable in accelerated storage tests than their uncitrated counterparts. Supercritical CO2‐processed oil had equivalent flavor scores, both initially and after 60°C aging and light exposure as compared to the control soybean oil. Results showed that bleaching with absorbent clays may be eliminated by the supercritical CO2 counter‐current processing step because considerable heat bleaching was observed during deacidification/deodorization. Colors of salad oils produced under above conditions typically ran 3Y 0.7R.