bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of Reserpine in Chronic Psychotic Patients: A Controlled Trial
Authors: Wing Lorna 
Published: August 2008

Reserpine is one of the active alkaloids extracted from the root of the plant Rauwolfia Serpentina. The physiological changes resulting from the use of the drug in animals—such as hypotension, bradycardia, sedation, increased peristalsis, meiosis, etc.—are probably the result of a central action. The precise sites are not known although it seems likely that one of them is the midbrain reticular formation. There is no evidence of any peripheral action, nor of any direct effect on the cortex. The reason for the long latent period, before the drug begins to show an action is still obscure (Lancet Leader, 1955; Mover, 1955; Plummer et al., 1954). The recent work on the pharmacological relationships between Reserpine, Serotonin and the hallucinogens suggests interesting possibilities (Pletscher et al., 1955; Shore et al., 1955).There is already a considerable literature on the toxic effects of Reserpine, the most serious of which are Parkinsonism, of a post-encephalitic type, and severe depression (Achor et al., 1955; Barsa and Kline, in press; Locket, 1955; Schroeder and Perry, 1955; Stead and Wing, 1955).
Asthma: A Synthesis Involving Primitive Speech, Organism and Insecurity
Authors: Bostock John 
Published: August 2008

Historical BackgroundAsthma is an illness which has puzzled our profession since earliest times. Each generation has based its concept of aetiology on current concepts of disease, so that delving into its history shows a colourful pattern of widely conflicting views.Early in this century Osler (1910) is in favour of a nervous cause, though he pays little attention to treatment on psychological lines. After that date there is a procession of changing viewpoints.In the second decade, anaphylactics, according to Conner (1917), have cracked the hard core of the aetiological riddle, but Eppinger and Hess (1917), writing of vagotonia, correlate this with the asthmatic attack.Freeman (1921) writes of precipitating nervous reflexes. Bray (1934) is convinced that the allergist holds the key to solution. There is emphasis on allergic diathesis and an hereditary asthmatic constitution.Wittkower (1935) showed that asthma might have a purely psychological conditioning. Since that time, belief in the importance of the psychological factor is still gaining ground.The theme of the present communication arose from research of Bostock and Shackleton (1951, 1952) on the aetiology of enuresis. There emerged the concept of premature toilet training interfering with later development of urinary control. It suggested that a study of asthma in its early stages might show an interference in the normal process of respiratory and speech maturation.As will be shown, there is a similarity, although the mechanism is more complicated.
Modification of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Marley Edward 
Published: August 2008

Sakel (1938a) drew attention to the difficulty of establishing satisfactory comas in a minority of patients attending for Deep Insulin therapy. This phenomenon has since been confirmed by other workers including Tillim (1938) whose patient received 500 units of insulin without the production of deep coma, by Hall (1940) who reported an instance in which 1,000 units of insulin was equally unsuccessful, by Reznikoff and Scott (1942) who described how neither 120 nor 1,000 units of insulin when injected intravenously produced any significant difference in hypoglycaemia in insulin resistant patients, and more recently by Fogarty (1953) whose case required 5,000 units of insulin for the production even of sopor. Other recorded examples of resistance to massive doses of insulin include those of Bantinget al.(1938) and Tennent (1944).Various explanations of this perverse response to insulin have been formulated, including that of Jones (1939) who proposed that resistance to insulin was both a problem of true insulin insensitivity and also of an anomalous response of the central nervous system to hypoglycaemia. Medunaet al.(1942) preferred to ascribe it to anti-insulin factors in the blood, but a more interesting interpretation derived from Freudenberg (1952) who suggested that if the effects of high insulin dosage employed in insulin coma treatment were regarded as a special instance of a stress response, then the fluctuations and differences in response could be equated in terms of the General Adaptation Syndrome of Selye. High doses were thus an index of an effective “alarm stage” characterized by a discharge from plentiful adrenocortical reserves.
Phenytoin Toxicity with Associated Meningeal Reaction
Authors: Dutton Peter 
Published: August 2008

Phenytoin Sodium (Sodium diphenylhydantoinate) is established in the treatment of epilepsy. Toxic side effects, especially on the nervous system, have been well documented. Untoward reactions may follow therapeutic doses taken over a period of time, or as the result of a single massive dose taken accidentally or with suicidal intent.The following case of toxic reaction is reported because of the unusual mode of presentation and the associated C.S.F. changes.
Chlorpromazine and Pecazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Hurst Lindsay 
Published: August 2008

In this paper the effect of chlorpromazine is compared with that of pecazinet on the schizophrenic population of three chronic psychiatric wards.Delay, Deniker and Harl (1952) introduced chlorpromazine into psychiatry. Pecazine was first used by Kline and Jacob (1955) and Hiob and Hippius (1955). Thorpe and Baker (1956), in a double-blind, controlled trial, found that both drugs reduced tension significantly in deteriorated, female, schizophrenic patients. Baker and Thorpe (1957) found that pecazine did not significantly reduce daytime incontinence in deteriorated psychotic patients. The trial was controlled and blind. Jones (unpublished), in a double-blind, controlled trial on disturbed psychotic patients, found chlorpromazine to be effective but could find no evidence that pecazine had any effect.
The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Kreitman N. 
Published: August 2008

No observation can be incorporated satisfactorily in a body of knowledge unless its reliability, however defined, is also known. In psychiatry, the concept of reliability has in great measure been transplanted from clinical psychology, but its optimal application to meet psychiatric needs requires some attention.For the purposes of psychiatry, reliability can conveniently be measured as the amount of agreement between different observers examining the same subjects (or a comparable series of subjects). The results may be expressed as the percentage of subjects in which agreement on the relevant variables is reached, or, in the case of two or more closely matched series being employed, by comparing the reported incidence of the phenomena under study. In one or other form this simple principle has been applied in a number of reliability studies, of which the majority have been concerned with the vital question of the reliability of nosological diagnosis (Ash, 1949; Mehlman, 1952; Hunt, Wittson and Hunt, 1953; Seeman, 1953; Foulds, 1955; Schmidt and Fonda, 1956; Pasamanick, Dinitz and Lefton, 1959), while Reid and Finnesinger (1952) have contributed an interesting semantic analysis of the concepts involved.
A Controlled Trial of Taractan in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Scanlan Eileen P. , May Arthur E. 
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the drug Taractan in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.Taractan (chlorprothixene) is chemically α-2-chloro-9-(w-dimethylamino propylidene)-thioxanthene. It is claimed to have neuroleptic and tranquillizing properties as well as thymoleptic activity. It is also claimed to be relatively free from side-effects. This property facilitated its use in a double-blind study.
Evaluation of a New Tranquillizer—Benzquinamide (P2647) by a Sequential Method
Authors: Davison K. 
Published: August 2008

Benzquinamide (P2647 Pfizer) is a new benzoquinolizine derivative with the structural formulaAnimal studies have shown that it is a potent suppressor of conditioned avoidance behaviour, but it does not influence the release of central amines, has little sedative action and is free from serious toxic effect (personal communication, Pfizer Ltd.). An uncontrolled pilot study found it to be effective in relieving anxiety in neurotic patients (Smith, 1962). In the present trial the effect of benzquinamide (P2647) on anxiety symptoms is compared with a placebo and amylobarbitone in the same dosage using the method of sequential analysis.
Rehabilitation of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Wing J. K. 
Published: August 2008

Definition of Medical RehabilitationA full definition of medical rehabilitation should contain three parts. The first is a statement of aim: ideally, to settle or resettle an individual in his normal domestic setting, and in work appropriate to his talents. Most patients and doctors can measure their success against these two practical indices, although what is regarded as socially desirable varies widely and some individuals prefer a highly idiosyncratic way of life.
The Value of E.C.T. in Delirium
Authors: Roberts A. H. 
Published: August 2008

There have been few published reports of the use of E.C.T. in delirious states complicating organic illness. Most psychiatric textbooks with adequate accounts of modern physical treatments allude only briefly to its use in these states, and few medical textbooks mention it at all. Yet the problem of the management of the acutely disturbed delirious patient is not a rarity in medical and surgical wards; in varying degrees delirium may accompany most serious illnesses and prognosis worsens with its persistence. For these reasons it is thought worth placing on record the following cases.The case records of patients with organic delirium admitted in the past fifteen years to the psychiatric unit of St. George's Hospital were examined. Those cases receiving E.C.T., all seriously disturbed and otherwise unmanageable, are reported in this paper.
Manic-Depressive Heredity and Remission in Schizophrenia
Authors: Vaillant George E. 
Published: August 2008

In the investigation of prognostic factors relevant to remission in schizophrenia little attention has been paid to positive heredity for affective psychosis. One result of this relative disinterest has been to foster the opinion that heredity is of no prognostic value. Although his own work (8) supports the assumption that manic-depressive heredity is of good prognostic import in schizophrenia, Langfeldt (8) cautions:“I think we must conclude that any investigation which contends a relationship between a hereditary manic-depressive disposition and a favourable prognosis in a schizophrenic case has not yet been verified by satisfactory statistical data.”
An Analysis of the Case Material of the Younger Maladjusted Child
Authors: Collins L. F. , Maxwell A. E. , Cameron Kenneth 
Published: August 2008

In the Children's Department of the Maudsley Hospital an “Item Sheet” is routinely completed in respect of each child who attends. The items on this sheet (or “check-list”) cover a wide range of possible features in a child's personality, history, background and environment, as well as in his psychological and physical condition, and symptomatology.A number of samples of these Item Sheets have been submitted to statistical analysis, with a view to identifying any common factors that may be present in the case data they summarize. The various samples have been arrived at according to age and sex of the children concerned. An earlier paper (1) has described the results of this procedure in respect of two such samples, boys and girls between eight and ten years of age. A subsequent paper will give an account of the results in respect of thirteen to fifteen year olds. The present report gives the results that emerged for the younger ages of referral to the clinic, boys and girls between approximately five and seven years of age.
A Case of Morquio-Brailford Syndrome
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward 
Published: August 2008

The principal clinical features of this rare, familial disease are the triad of skeletal deformities, structural anomalies of the cardiovascular system, and mental subnormality.The syndrome is attributed to a recessive gene, and Morquio (1929) held the view that the underlying pathology consisted of mucoid changes occurring in the cartilages in place of their normal calcification.
Amphetamine Intoxication and Dependence in Admissions to a Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Johnson John , Milner George 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe absence of specific physical or psychological symptoms of amphetamine intoxication, coupled with the patient's reluctance to admit dependence upon these drugs makes recognition of these complications difficult. In order to overcome this, Connell (1958) suggested that the methyl orange test for amphetamine substance in urine might be carried out as a routine procedure on all admissions to psychiatric hospitals. As yet, no reports have been made on the value of this procedure.
Schizophrenic Versus Organic Impairment in Abstract Ability
Authors: Begelman D. A. 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe existence of impairment in abstract ability for certain abnormal groups has been well documented in the clinical literature (Goldstein, 1936, 1943; Goldstein and Sheerer, 1941). The concept of “abstract ability” involves various types of abilities which may or may not be related to each other in specific ways. For example, the ability to solve syllogisms need not necessarily require the same order of skill as elucidating proverbs, although persons gifted in abstract capabilities may excel in both. Nevertheless, groups of abilities variously referred to as “abstract” seem to undergo appreciable modifications in organic and functional pathologies and disorders.
A Study of Pairs of Sibs both Hospitalized for Mental Disorder
Authors: Tsuang Ming-Tso 
Published: August 2008

The present study is concerned with what is inherited in mental disorder. Is it an unspecific tendency to mental disorder, is it specific symptoms or features such as age of onset, course or outcome, or is it psychiatric diagnosis?The study of pairs of relatives with mental disorder is certainly the best approach to investigating the problem of what is inherited. Unfortunately there has been a paucity of studies primarily dealing with this particular problem.
The Relation Between Neurosis and Psychosis:
Authors: Grosz Hanus J. 
Published: August 2008

The Purpose of the Present InvestigationIn their study “The relation between neurosis and psychosis: an analysis of symptoms and past history of 819 psychotics and neurotics”, Trouton and Maxwell (1956) were the first to apply the statistical technique of factor analysis to the isolation of clinical items representing the independent dimensions of ‘psychoticism’ and ‘neuroticism’. The findings were subsequently exploited for diagnostic purposes by other investigators (e.g. Richmond and Roberts, 1964), and the study and its results extensively quoted by Eysenck (1961) in his provocative review and critique of psychiatric classification to illustrate and lend support to his dimensional approach to psychiatric taxonomy.
Varieties of Pathological Gambling
Authors: Moran E. 
Published: August 2008

Gambling may be defined as an activity which has the following four characteristics:
1.There is an agreement between two or more persons; the participation of others is therefore essential, although sometimes, as in pools and fruit machine gambling, this is more remote.2.Certain property is transferred between the persons involved so that some gain at the expense of others; this is usually referred to as the stake.3.The result is dependent on the outcome of a risky or uncertain situation; it therefore involves risk taking.4.Participation can be avoided and is typically pursued in an active fashion; the motivation for this is not uniform often being unrelated to the property staked and arising out of various psychological needs.
Observations in Hypoglycaemia: Oral and Facial Movements
Authors: Mayer-Gross W. 
Published: August 2008

a. Introduction.Neurological symptoms in hypoglycaemia seem bewildering and difficult to analyse because of their variety, covering, as one author puts it, the entire range of neurological and psychological manifestations. There are great differences between individual cases, each following a certain pattern of symptoms. Even this pattern may vary from day to day in the time and mode of onset and in the progression of symptoms.
The Treatment of Mental Disorders by Electrically Induced Convulsions
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Walter W. Grey 
Published: August 2008

Convulsion therapy in some form is now in common use in the majority of mental hospitals. A method of inducing convulsions by electrical stimulation of the brain was introduced into this country in 1939 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).This method commended itself readily because of the ease of operation, the freedom from special disadvantages inseparable from the use of a blood-borne drug, and the greater accuracy of dosage possible. Several papers describing this method and some early results have already appeared (7, 8, 9, 10).
Fatigue and the Effort Syndrome
Authors: Guttmann E. , Rimoldi H. 
Published: August 2008

Fatigue is one of the commonest complaints a physician encounters, so common indeed that it gives little guidance for the diagnostic approach. Besides, fatigue is a normal phenomenon; so why and when does it become a symptom, in other words an indicator of illness ? Fatigue is a conspicuous symptom in effort syndrome cases, and the close association between effort, or rather incapacity for effort, and fatigue suggested an approach to the effort syndrome problem from the angle of fatigue.Fatigue, as used in psychomatic medicine, has both a subjective and an objective meaning. According to the prevalent interest in the somatic side the objective aspect has been studied more than the subjective in medicine; even the psychologist tends to interest himself in the objective results of fatigue rather than in the psychological phenomenon as such.
A Self-Governed Patients' Social Club in a Public Mental Hospital
Authors: Bierer J. , Haldane F. P. 
Published: August 2008

On December 8, 1939, 35 patients, neurotics and psychotics, met in “Sunnyside House” and formed a social club. The chair at the meeting was taken by a patient. We had previously met this patient with a few others, and explained to them the aim we had in view in proposing that they formed a club. Later this aim was expressed in the following paragraph which is taken from an article written for the first magazine of the Club :“We find there are two main problems common to many who come to a modern mental hospital—the problem of ‘occupation’ and the problem of 'social relationship,’ that is, the relationship between the ‘I’ and the ‘ you.’ It was with the importance of the latter problem in mind that we suggested the establishment of a social club… . The satisfaction of successful co-operation is one of the surest foundations for happiness and inner security. Many of us here are lonely souls who have walled ourselves off to some extent from the society of our fellows. For one reason or another we have avoided the social impact and retreated into solitude and isolation. We have thus deprived ourselves of the possibility of co-operative activity and of the sense of security and fulfilment that this can bring. The Sunny Side Club will enable us to take the first few steps in the direction of fuller social co-operation by giving us the opportunity of working together on its various committees or of joining in its activities.”
On the Aetiology of the Fugue States
Authors: Stengel E. 
Published: August 2008

The peculiar condition designated “fugue state,” of which the main symptom is compulsive wandering, has puzzled psychiatrists since it was first described. Nothing is known of the aetiology of this well-defined condition. Fugue states occur in epileptics, hysterics, and certain psychopaths. Bleuler has described their occurrence in schizophrenia, and they have been recorded in cases of general paralysis and of altered personality due to brain tumour. There are gradations between the typical fugue states and certain fugue-statelike conditions in psychopaths. Kraepelin recognized that it was impossible to distinguish between the states of compulsive wandering associated with various mental disorders. Janet tried to distinguish between hysterical and epileptic fugues by pointing out that short fugues are more likely to be epileptic than hysterical. Although to-day Kraepelin's view is generally accepted, the opinion is held that as a matter of course the mechanisms underlying an epileptic and a hysterical fugue are fundamentally different. Henderson and Gillespie, for instance, arguing against Kinnier Wilson, point out that in a hysterical fugue a search for personal emotional factors will reveal fully the cause of the fugue, while such factors usually play no part in epilepsy.The intimate similarity of fugue states associated with different mental disorders suggests that there must be aetiological factors common to all. However, no attempt has been made hitherto to ascertain such factors. I have been engaged in investigations concerning this problem for more than eight years, and have published a preliminary report (Stengel, 1939) on some of the results.Before entering into discussion of the problems involved, it is proposed to present reports on the individual cases observed, the number of which (25), considering the rarity of the condition, provides a large case material. The cases will be reported as briefly as possible, and special attention will be given only to the features which are important for the subject of this paper.
Forms of Behaviour of the Electrical Resistance of the Skin Related to Certain Psychiatric and Endocrine Conditions
Authors: Hemphill R. E. 
Published: August 2008

This paper is devoted to investigations into the resistance of the skin to a direct current, measured daily in normal and mental subjects. These investigations arose out of special studies in the endocrinology of mental disease, and revealed some correlation between the diurnal resistance and endocrine functioning.The resistance of the body to the passage of a direct current is not a true resistance, being a complex phenomenon in which ohmic resistance and polarization are concerned. It has usually been referred to by other workers as the DC resistance of the skin, and has been expressed in ohms when measured with the type of apparatus used in this study. With apparatus of this sort, various workers have reported fluctuations. In this paper, although fluctuations are referred to as changes in diurnal resistance, they are in reality an effect, and not in the strict sense a resistance change. It is with the alterations in this effect in a variety of psychiatric and endocrine conditions that this paper is concerned.