bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating species limits and hybridization in theCarex complanatacomplex using morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and restriction fragment analysisThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Authors: Smith Tyler W. , Waterway Marcia J. 
Published: September 2008

We used a combination of morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and restriction-site data from 252 individuals from 51 populations to investigate species limits and hybridization in the Carex complanata complex. Principal coordinate analysis of the morphological data shows clear separation of entities corresponding to Carex bushii Mackenzie and Carex caroliniana Schwein. However, only leaf indumentum reliably distinguished between Carex hirsutella Mackenzie and Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. Despite this very subtle difference, AFLP data reveal very clear genetic separation of these two taxa. Contrary to the assertions of previous authors, we found no evidence of introgression among C. complanata, C. caroliniana, and C. bushii. Relatively high genetic variation within C. hirsutella may be an indication of gene-flow between this species and one or more other species, but further work is necessary to clarify this issue. We document six previously undescribed sterile or nearly sterile hybrids involving the species in this complex.
The origins of polyploids in western North American fawn-lilies (Erythronium)This paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Authors: Allen Geraldine A. 
Published: September 2008

Two rare tetraploid fawn-lilies, Erythronium elegans P.C. Hammond & K.L. Chambers in western Oregon and Erythronium quinaultense G.A. Allen in northwestern Washington, are hypothesized to be of hybrid origin, on the basis of morphological evidence. I tested these hypotheses using DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and of two plastid intergenic spacer regions (trnH-psbA and trnS-trnG) from the two tetraploids and the five relevant diploid taxa. ITS sequences indicated that the low-elevation diploid species Erythronium revolutum Sm. and Erythronium oregonum Applegate are recently diverged, and gave rise (at least in part) to the two tetraploids. Both E. elegans and E. quinaultense yielded multiple chloroplast DNA haplotypes that were of two distinct types. One plastid haplotype found in both E. elegans (four populations) and E. quinaultense (one population) exactly matched the most common haplotype of E. revolutum; other haplotypes of E. elegans (four populations) and E. quinaultense (two populations) were similar to those of E. oregonum. These results are consistent with derivation of the plastid genomes of different polyploid populations from either E. revolutum or E. oregonum (or their respective recent ancestors), and suggest recurrent formation of each tetraploid species. The two tetraploids are examples of allopolyploid species in which morphological and molecular evidence of their origins are in striking contrast, reflecting very different aspects of their genomes.
Cytotaxonomy and cytogeography of the goldenaster genus Heterotheca (Asteraceae: Astereae)This paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Authors: Semple John C. 
Published: September 2008

Between 1948 and 2008, 668 chromosome number determinations have been reported for individuals of the goldenaster genus Heterotheca Cass. (Asteraceae: Astereae) from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, including 285 newly reported here. This common group of mostly western North American herbaceous annuals and perennials is subdivided into three sections, the most complex of which is section Phyllotheca . Differences of opinion about the taxonomy of the goldenasters, numerous synonyms, and the lack of a comprehensive treatment of the polymorphic villosa complex and other species complexes in section Phyllotheca made it difficult to organize the data into a meaningful discussion of the cytotaxonomy and cytogeography of this genus. Here I present the geographic distribution of all published counts and cytogeography maps of all species of Heterotheca, assigning taxa following recent taxonomic revisions. The sample sizes for species sampled ranged from 1 to 228 reports. All species have a base number of x = 9. Only diploids (2n = 9II or 2n = 18) were found in Heterotheca oregona (Nutt.) Shinners (the single species of sect. Ammodia ) and in the three species of section Heterotheca. Both diploids and (or) tetraploids were found across 18 sampled species of section Phyllotheca, with the frequency varying among them; nine species are known only at one ploidy level (either diploid or tetraploid; three species each). Only four triploids (2n = 9III or 2n = 27) were encountered in section Phyllotheca; two were putative interspecific hybrids. One new nomenclatural combination is proposed: Heterotheca inuloides var. leptoglossa .
Securing a Sustainable Future for the Oceans Beyond National Jurisdiction: The Legal Basis for an Integrated Cross-Sectoral Regime for High Seas Governance for the 21st Century
Authors: Warner Robin , Rayfuse Rosemary 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe legal regime for the high seas is fragmented both sectorally and geographically and is incomplete. Governance, regulatory, substantive and implementational gaps in the legal framework serve to limit the effectiveness of the high seas regime in securing a sustainable future for the conservation and use of the high seas environment and its resources. A global approach to further developing the high seas regime based on the concept of international public trusteeship for the oceans beyond national jurisdiction could foster environmentally responsible use of the high seas and its resources and ensure the application of modern conservation principles and management tools to human activities on the high seas. In view of escalating threats to the oceans from existing and emerging uses and from the impacts of climate change, transformation to a legal regime better suited to integrated, cross-sectoral management and preservation of vital ocean ecosystem services and resilience may no longer be a luxury, but rather a necessity.
The Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Pollution and Activities: Gauging the Tides of Global and Regional Governance
Authors: VanderZwaag David , Powers Ann 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAfter providing an introductory overview of the major land-based threats to the marine environment, this article focuses upon the specific global and regional efforts to address land-based marine pollution and activities through a four-part survey. The main international initiative is first described, namely, the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA). Progress in GPA implementation is next assessed with an emphasis on the documentation and results from the Second Intergovernmental Review Meeting on Implementation of the GPA held in October 2006. Major challenges constraining GPA implementation are then summarized, including limited national participation, limited financing, and limits of a non-legally binding approach. Finally, regional agreements and initiatives to counter land-based marine pollution and activities are reviewed. Progress and challenges in GPA implementation at the regional seas level are highlighted.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Marine Spatial Planning for Hydrocarbon Activities in the Black Sea
Authors: Oral Nilufer 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMarine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly being used as an important tool for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in marine areas. Many coastal states, as well as the European Union, have incorporated MSP into their legal system. The increase in hydrocarbon activities in the Black Sea has put additional pressures on a sea already considered to be environmentally at risk. The current regional legal framework for the Black Sea remains inadequate to meet the pressures of increased transport and exploitation of hydrocarbon resources. This paper will examine MSP in general and its application in the Black Sea.
Oceans Governance in the Arctic
Authors: de La Fayette Louise Angélique 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGlobal warming is bringing rapid change to the Arctic. The melting of sea ice and glaciers is increasing faster than scientists predicted even a year ago. Environmental change is forcing legal and economic developments, which in turn will have serious environmental and social consequences. However, the potential for conflict has been greatly exaggerated. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) has established the international legal regime governing the division of ocean space, sovereign rights over ocean resources, protection of the marine environment and the conduct of activities in and under the Arctic Ocean. Furthermore, a number of global environmental and maritime conventions apply to the Arctic. All the land territory, with its resources, is subject to national jurisdiction, as are the maritime zones proceeding seawards to the limits set out in the LOSC. While there is no multilateral political organisation with the power to regulate activities or to take legally binding decisions, there is a cooperative mechanism in the Arctic Council. Once all the maritime boundaries in the Arctic are delimited, the exploitation of resources can begin. However, first, precautionary measures should be adopted to ensure that the environment is protected as much as possible from increases in shipping and fishing as well as oil and gas development. This would require the elaboration of a regional seas agreement for the Arctic, incorporating elements of the Arctic Council, that reiterates the general principles in Part XII of the LOSC as well as those in the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, including the precautionary approach and the ecosystem approach.
Measurements of the Vapor Pressure of Supercooled Water Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Cantrell Will , Ochshorn Eli , Kostinski Alexander , Bozin Keith 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Measurements are presented of the vapor pressure of supercooled water utilizing infrared spectroscopy, which enables unambiguous verification that the authors’ data correspond to the vapor pressure of liquid water, not a mixture of liquid water and ice. Values of the vapor pressure are in agreement with previous work. Below −13°C, the water film that is monitored to determine coexistence of liquid water (at one temperature) and ice (at another, higher, temperature) de-wets from the hydrophilic silicon prism employed in the authors’ apparatus. The de-wetting transition indicates a quantitative change in the structure of the supercooled liquid.
The IL-15 receptor α chain cytoplasmic domain is critical for normal IL-15Rα function but is not required for trans-presentation
Authors: Wu Zheng , Xue Hai-Hui , Bernard Jérôme , Zeng Rong , Issakov Dmitry , Bollenbacher-Reilley Julie , Belyakov Igor M. , Oh SangKon , Berzofsky Jay A. , Leonard Warren J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIL-15 is critical for natural killer (NK)–cell development and function and for memory CD8+ T-cell homeostasis. The IL-15 receptor consists of IL-15Rα, IL-2Rβ, and the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc). IL-15Rα is known to “trans-present” IL-15 to an IL-2Rβ/γc heterodimeric receptor on responding cells to initiate signaling. To investigate the importance of the IL-15Rα cytoplasmic domain, we generated a chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular domain of IL-15Rα and intracellular domain of IL-2Rα (IL-15Rαext/IL-2Rαint) and examined its function in 32D cells, in knock-in (KI) mice, and in adoptive-transfer experiments. The chimeric protein exhibited decreased cell-surface expression, and KI mice exhibited diminished NK, NKT, and CD8+ T-cell development and defects in T-cell functional responses. However, 32D cells expressing the chimeric receptor had less IL-15–induced proliferation than wild-type (WT) transfectants with similar levels of IL-15Rα expression, indicating a signaling role for the IL-15Rα cytoplasmic domain beyond its effect on expression, and demonstrating that the IL-2Rα and IL-15Rα cytoplasmic domains are functionally distinct. Interestingly, adoptive-transfer experiments indicated that the chimeric IL-15Rαext/IL-2Rαint receptor still supports trans-presentation. These experiments collectively indicate that IL-15Rα can act in cis in addition to acting in trans to present IL-15 to responding cells.
Early chimerism threshold predicts sustained engraftment and NK-cell tolerance in prenatal allogeneic chimeras
Authors: Durkin Emily T. , Jones Kelly A. , Rajesh Deepika , Shaaban Aimen F. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe failure of engraftment in human cases of in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCT) in which no immunodeficiency exists suggests the presence of an unrecognized fetal immune barrier. A similar barrier in murine IUHCT appears to be dependent on the chimerism level and is poorly explained by a lack of T-cell tolerance induction. Therefore, we studied the effect of the chimerism level on engraftment and host natural killer (NK)–cell education in a murine model of IUHCT. The dose of transplanted cells was found to exhibit a strong correlation with both the engraftment rate and chimerism level. More specifically, a threshold level of initial chimerism (> 1.8%) was identified that predicted durable engraftment for allogeneic IUHCT, whereas low initial chimerism (< 1.8%) predicted a loss of engraftment. NK cells taken from chimeras above the “chimerism threshold” displayed durable calibration of alloresponsive Ly49A receptors and tolerance to donor antigens. Depletion of recipient NK cells stabilized engraftment in low-level chimeras (< 1.8%). These studies illustrate the importance of the early chimerism threshold in predicting long-term engraftment and host NK-cell tolerance after in utero transplantation.
ASB2 targets filamins A and B to proteasomal degradation
Authors: Heuzé Mélina L. , Lamsoul Isabelle , Baldassarre Massimiliano , Lad Yatish , Lévêque Sophie , Razinia Ziba , Moog-Lutz Christel , Calderwood David A. , Lutz Pierre G. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The ordered series of proliferation and differentiation from hematopoietic progenitor cells is disrupted in leukemia, resulting in arrest of differentiation at immature proliferative stages. Characterizing the molecular basis of hematopoietic differentiation is therefore important for understanding and treating disease. Retinoic acid induces expression of ankyrin repeat-containing protein with a suppressor of cytokine signaling box 2 (ASB2) in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells, and ASB2 expression inhibits growth and promotes commitment, recapitulating an early step critical for differentiation. ASB2 is the specificity subunit of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and is proposed to exert its effects by regulating the turnover of specific proteins; however, no ASB2 substrates had been identified. Here, we report that ASB2 targets the actin-binding proteins filamin A and B for proteasomal degradation. Knockdown of endogenous ASB2 in leukemia cells delays retinoic acid-induced differentiation and filamin degradation; conversely, ASB2 expression in leukemia cells induces filamin degradation. ASB2 expression inhibits cell spreading, and this effect is recapitulated by knocking down both filamin A and filamin B. Thus, we suggest that ASB2 may regulate hematopoietic cell differentiation by modulating cell spreading and actin remodeling through targeting of filamins for degradation.
Etiologic heterogeneity among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes
Authors: Morton Lindsay M. , Wang Sophia S. , Cozen Wendy , Linet Martha S. , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Davis Scott , Severson Richard K. , Colt Joanne S. , Vasef Mohammad A. , Rothman Nathaniel , Blair Aaron , Bernstein Leslie , Cross Amanda J. , De Roos Anneclaire J. , Engels Eric A. , Hein David W. , Hill Deirdre A. , Kelemen Linda E. , Lim Unhee , Lynch Charles F. , Schenk Maryjean , Wacholder Sholom , Ward Mary H. , Hoar Zahm Shelia , Chanock Stephen J. , Cerhan James R. , Hartge Patricia 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUnderstanding patterns of etiologic commonality and heterogeneity for non-Hodgkin lymphomas may illuminate lymphomagenesis. We present the first systematic comparison of risks by lymphoma subtype for a broad range of putative risk factors in a population-based case-control study, including diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL; N = 416), follicular (N = 318), and marginal zone lymphomas (N = 106), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL; N = 133). We required at least 2 of 3 analyses to support differences in risk: (1) polytomous logistic regression, (2) homogeneity tests, or (3) dichotomous logistic regression, analyzing all 7 possible pairwise comparisons among the subtypes, corresponding to various groupings by clinical behavior, genetic features, and differentiation. Late birth order and high body mass index (≥ 35) kg/m2) increased risk for DLBCL alone. Autoimmune conditions increased risk for marginal zone lymphoma alone. The tumor necrosis factor G-308A polymorphism (rs1800629) increased risks for both DLBCL and marginal zone lymphoma. Exposure to certain dietary heterocyclic amines from meat consumption increased risk for CLL/SLL alone. We observed no significant risk factors for follicular lymphoma alone. These data clearly support both etiologic commonality and heterogeneity for lymphoma subtypes, suggesting that immune dysfunction is of greater etiologic importance for DLBCL and marginal zone lymphoma than for CLL/SLL and follicular lymphoma.
Mutations in complement C3 predispose to development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Frémeaux-Bacchi Veronique , Miller Elizabeth C. , Liszewski M. Kathryn , Strain Lisa , Blouin Jacques , Brown Alison L. , Moghal Nadeem , Kaplan Bernard S. , Weiss Robert A. , Lhotta Karl , Kapur Gaurav , Mattoo Tej , Nivet Hubert , Wong William , Gie Sophie , de Ligny Bruno Hurault , Fischbach Michel , Gupta Ritu , Hauhart Richard , Meunier Vincent , Loirat Chantal , Dragon-Durey Marie-Agnès , Fridman Wolf H. , Janssen Bert J. C. , Goodship Timothy H. J. , Atkinson John P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAtypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a disease of complement dysregulation. In approximately 50% of patients, mutations have been described in the genes encoding the complement regulators factor H, MCP, and factor I or the activator factor B. We report here mutations in the central component of the complement cascade, C3, in association with aHUS. We describe 9 novel C3 mutations in 14 aHUS patients with a persistently low serum C3 level. We have demonstrated that 5 of these mutations are gain-of-function and 2 are inactivating. This establishes C3 as a susceptibility factor for aHUS.
The PHD fingers of MLL block MLL fusion protein–mediated transformation
Authors: Muntean Andrew G. , Giannola Diane , Udager Aaron M. , Hess Jay L. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are associated with aggressive acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. These translocations are restricted to an 8.3-kb breakpoint region resulting in fusion of amino terminal MLL sequences in frame to 1 of more than 60 different translocation partners. The translocations consistently delete the plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers and more carboxyl terminal MLL sequences. The function of the PHD fingers is obscure and their specific role in transformation has not been explored. Here we show that inclusion of the PHD fingers in the MLL fusion protein MLL-AF9 blocked immortalization of hematopoietic progenitors. Inclusion of 2 or more PHD fingers reduced association with the Hoxa9 locus and suppressed Hoxa9 up-regulation in hematopoietic progenitors. These data provide an explanation for why MLL translocation breakpoints exclude the PHD fingers and suggest a possible role for these domains in regulating the function of wild-type MLL.
Constitutively activated Notch signaling is involved in survival and apoptosis resistance of B-CLL cells
Authors: Rosati Emanuela , Sabatini Rita , Rampino Giuliana , Tabilio Antonio , Di Ianni Mauro , Fettucciari Katia , Bartoli Andrea , Coaccioli Stefano , Screpanti Isabella , Marconi Pierfrancesco 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNotch signaling is involved in tumorigenesis, but its role in B–chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) pathogenesis is not completely defined. This study examined the expression and activation of Notch receptors in B-CLL cells and the role of Notch signaling in sustaining the survival of these cells. Our results show that B-CLL cells but not normal B cells constitutively express Notch1 and Notch2 proteins as well as their ligands Jagged1 and Jagged2. Notch signaling is constitutively activated in B-CLL cells, and its activation is further increased in B-CLL cells, which resist spontaneous apoptosis after 24-hour ex vivo culture. Notch stimulation by a soluble Jagged1 ligand increases B-CLL cell survival and is accompanied by increased nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) activity and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (c-IAP2) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression. In contrast, Notch-signaling inhibition by the γ-secretase inhibitor I (GSI; z-Leu-Leu-Nle-CHO) and the specific Notch2 down-regulation by small-interfering RNA accelerate spontaneous B-CLL cell apoptosis. Apoptotic activity of GSI is accompanied by reduction of NF-κB activity and c-IAP2 and XIAP expression. Overall, our findings show that Notch signaling plays a critical role in B-CLL cell survival and apoptosis resistance and suggest that it could be a novel potential therapeutic target.
Impaired survival of peripheral T cells, disrupted NK/NKT cell development, and liver failure in mice lacking Gimap5
Authors: Schulteis Ryan D. , Chu Haiyan , Dai Xuezhi , Chen Yuhong , Edwards Brandon , Haribhai Dipica , Williams Calvin B. , Malarkannan Subramaniam , Hessner Martin J. , Glisic-Milosavljevic Sanja , Jana Srikanta , Kerschen Edward J. , Ghosh Soumitra , Wang Demin , Kwitek Anne E. , Lernmark Ake , Gorski Jack , Weiler Hartmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe loss of Gimap5 (GTPase of the immune-associated protein 5) gene function is the underlying cause of lymphopenia and autoimmune diabetes in the BioBreeding (BB) rat. The in vivo function of murine gimap5 is largely unknown. We show that selective gene ablation of the mouse gimap5 gene impairs the final intrathymic maturation of CD8 and CD4 T cells and compromises the survival of postthymic CD4 and CD8 cells, replicating findings in the BB rat model. In addition, gimap5 deficiency imposes a block of natural killer (NK)- and NKT-cell differentiation. Development of NK/NKT cells is restored on transfer of gimap5−/− bone marrow into a wild-type environment. Mice lacking gimap5 have a median survival of 15 weeks, exhibit chronic hepatic hematopoiesis, and in later stages show pronounced hepatocyte apoptosis, leading to liver failure. This pathology persists in a Rag2-deficient background in the absence of mature B, T, or NK cells and cannot be adoptively transferred by transplanting gimap5−/− bone marrow into wild-type recipients. We conclude that mouse gimap5 is necessary for the survival of peripheral T cells, NK/NKT-cell development, and the maintenance of normal liver function. These functions involve cell-intrinsic as well as cell-extrinsic mechanisms.