bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed oil determination without weighing and drying the seeds by combined free induction decay and spin‐echo nuclear magnetic resonance signals
Authors: Tiwari P. N. , Gambhir P. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe free induction decay (FID) and echo signals in a spin‐echo pulse sequence have been used for seed oil determination without weighing and drying the seeds with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) equipment that has a magnetic field of low homogeneity. Earlier known methods, based on use of the FID signal to determine seed oil, become inapplicable when the magnetic field homogeneity is poor, because the angular position of seed significantly affects the signal. The present method, which elegantly eliminates the angular dependence, involves sampling the FID signal at 10 µs after a 90° pulse and the subsequent echo signal at 100 µs formed by applying a 180° pulse at 50 µs. Such short pulse spacing in spin‐echo sequence produces almost a full oil signal. It also eliminates the effects of sample‐to‐sample variation inT2 and molecular diffusion on oil signal. The oil values obtained by this method are in good agreement (correlation for mustard: 0.952; linseed: 0.99; and for peanut: 0.912) with the values obtained by the well established and accurate pulsed NMR method, which is based on the measurement of the FID signal of oil in dried and weighed seeds.
The effect of free fatty acid on the reactivity of copper‐based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: van de Scheur Frank Th. , Sai Guido U‐A , Bliek Alfred , Staal Leendert H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the synthesis of fatty alcohols by hydrogenolysis of fatty acid methyl esters, small amounts of free fatty acids in the feed negatively affect the reactivity of copper‐silica based catalysts. The effect of the acid was investigated in relation to the production of water, the nature of the inhibiting species, and the degree of reduction of the catalyst. Inhibition is reversible and not due to catalyst deactivation. Water is not the inhibiting species. Furthermore, formation of copper and zinc soaps was excluded. Lauric acid in the methyl ester feed reacts preferentially, but at a lower rate than the ester. Inhibition most likely stems from a preferential adsorption of the acid at the active sites of the catalyst. The consequences for practical applications are discussed.
Reaction rates of simultaneous dehydration and hydrogenation of castor oil
Authors: Vishwanadham B. , Khan A. A. , Bhagvanth Rao M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction rates of simultaneous dehydration and hydrogenation of castor oil to make tallow‐like hard fat were calculated through a simplified procedure which makes use of a new variable derived from the incremental change in hydrodxyl value and iodine value.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) from five northwestern locations in Argentina
Authors: Ayerza (h) Ricardo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAny new crop for which there is a market, and which appears to be adapted to the region, would be attractive to replace nonprofitable traditional crops in Northwestern Argentina. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is especially attractive because it can be grown to produce oil for both food and industry. The fatty acids of chia oil are highly unsaturated, with their main components being linoleic (17–26%) and linolenic (50–57%) acids. Seeds from a chia population harvested in Catamarca were sown in five Northwestern Argentina locations. The oil from the chia seeds produced under these five field conditions was measured. Linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic fatty acid contents of the oil were determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The results showed variations in oil content, and the oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acid concentrations of the oil were significantly affected by location.
Relationship of peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value to development of undesirable flavor characteristics in fats
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , Van Giessen B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value were compared with the flavor score for a series of different types of fats, with and without added monoglyceride and with and without different stabilizers. The data indicated that the flavor score cannot be estimated for any given fat from either the peroxide value or the thiobarbituric acid value. Either can be used to follow the development of off flavors in a given product or formulation but the relative level may vary from product to product.
The kinetics of autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The effect of added antioxidants and a new method for the evaluation of antioxidants
Authors: Quencer R. M. , Buck P. A. , Mattick L. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new method is described for the evaluation of antioxidants. Oxygen uptake by autoxidizing methyl linoleate both with and without antioxidants is measured in the Warburg apparatus and reaction orders, reaction rate constants, and length of induction periods determined. Tenox's BHT and BHA and Griffith's G‐16 are evaluated and compared.
Fatty acid composition of oils from 21 species of marine fish, freshwater fish and shellfish
Authors: Gruger E. H. , Nelson R. W. , Stansby M. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of body lipids was determined by GLC for 14 species of saltwater fish, three species of freshwater fish and four species of shellfish. In addition, liver lipids of two species and egg lipids of one species were analyzed for comparison with the fish body lipids. The various species ranged from lean to fatty and contained from 0.7~15.5% oil in the tissues. Certain major fatty acids were found to vary widely among the species, as follows: 1.6~8.0% myristic, 9.5~33.4% palmitic, 2.0~11.2% palmitoleic, 5.2~29.1% oleic, 0.7~10.5% eicosenoic, 5.0~21.5% eicosapentaenoic, 0.2~11.6% docosenoic and 5.9~26.2% docosahexaenoic acids. Analyses of two separate mullet‐oil samples illustrated the wide differences that are possible for a single species caught during different seasons. Significant differences in the amt of particular fatty acids were found in comparing freshwater‐fish analyses with analyses for marine fish. Oysters and scallops showed large amt of pentaenoic and hexaenoic acids in their oils.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats: Anomalous features of the seed fat of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)
Authors: Subbaram M. R. , Chakrabarty M. M. , Youngs C. G. , Craig B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGlyceride composition of the seed fat ofMomordica charantia has been determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of oxidized esterifield glycerides. Stearodiunsaturated glycerides form ca. 80% of the total glycerides. Values obtained by the above method agree closely with those obtained by Youngs' (8) method. However, there is a wide variation between the present results and those calculated according to Vander‐Wal (5) from lipase hydrolysis data. Possible reasons for this anomalous glyceride pattern are discussed.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on oilseed protein solubility
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Hensarling T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCucurbitin, a typical oilseed protein, was treated with 0‐30% H2O2, lyophilized after removal of H2O2, and then tested for its solubility in water. Its solubility increased linearly from virtual insolubility in the absence of H2O2 exposure to about 65 mg/ml after exposure to either 20% or 30% H2O2. These results indicated that H2O2 is effective in producing several ratios of soluble‐to‐insoluble protein preparations, as represented by cucurbitin. Obtaining desired solubilities of oilseed proteins with H2O2 could provide ways for the development of new oilseed products.
Isotopic effects during catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNo isotopic discrimination is observed during catalytic reduction of methyl oleate with hydrogen‐tritium gas mixtures. One explanation may be that at atmospheric pressure and 40C the isotopic effect on solubility is small and the concentration of the dissolved hydrogen isotopes is rate limiting. Tritium in methyl 9‐octadecenoate‐9,10‐T is not released during saturation of the double bond but appears in the gaseous phase upon completion of hydrogenation, as indicated by an ion chamber. No isotopic discrimination is observed in the reduction of methyl oleate with mixtures of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium; however, a mass spectrometer indicates an increase in the hydrogen‐deuterium ratio during hydrogenation. Under the conditions described, tritium and deuterium may be used to study the mechanism of hydrogenation without significant isotopic effects.
Copolymerization of methyl esters of unsaturated C18 fatty acids
Authors: Mayo F. R. , Gould Constance W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn order to assay the possibilities of making high polymers from linseed oil, the copolymerizations of styrene with the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linolenic acids were studied at 60舑130C and copolymerizations of the last three esters with acrylonitrile were studied at 60C. Appropriate free radical initiators were employed in all cases. The esters without conjugated unsaturation show little tendency to enter a copolymer with styrene, but copolymers containing up to 40% by weight of conjugated linoleate can be obtained. Linoleic, linolenic, and conjugated linoleic esters copolymerize readily with acrylonitrile. Products containing up to 45 mole %, 80 wt %, of the conjugated ester can be made. However, methyl eleostearate, with three conjugated double bonds, inhibits the polymerization of both styrene and acrylonitrile. Quantitative comparisons of the behaviors of the esters are made through the copolymerization equation. The probable performance of these and other vinyl monomers in copolymerization with linseed oil is discussed.
Deuterium‐hydrogen exchange during the catalytic deuteration of methyl oleate
Authors: Rohwedder W. K. , Bitner E. D. , Peters Helen M. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExtensive exchange of deuterium for carbonbonded hydrogen takes place during the catalytic reduction of methyl oleate with gaseous deuterium. Mass spectrometric analysis of the deuterated stearate shows that it is composed as follows: a small part of one molecular species contains no deuterium; the largest contains 1 atom of deuterium; nearly as much contains 2 atoms; and progressively smaller numbers of molecules contain 3,4,5, and up to 11 atoms of deuterium per molecule.No appreciable exchange occurred with the hydrogen of methyl stearate in the presence of active palladium catalyst and deuterium.Methyl oleate, containing up to 9 atoms of deuterium in one species and 11/2 moles of deuterium average per mole, has been separated from the partially deuterated ester. This octadecenoate has 60舑65% of its double bonds intrans configuration and only 18% of its double bonds in the original 9,10‐position.
Phospholipids of tuna white muscle
Authors: Shuster C. Yvonne , Fronines J. R. , Olcott H. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composition of the lipids from the white muscle of five tuna fish has been determined. Total extractable lipid varied from 0.5%舑10.3% of the tissue wet weight; phospholipid content ranged from 0.3%舑0.6%. The separation of the phospholipid components was made by column chromatography with activated silicic acid and stepwise elution, with increasing concentrations of methanol in chloroform. The components were identified by chemical tests and infrared (IR) spectra. Tuna white musele contained an average of 0.5% phospholipid on wet weight basis; 23% was cephalin, 54% lecithin, 8% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphoinositide, with small amounts of unidentified components. Ten to 30% of the lecithin and cephalin fractions were in the form of plasmalogens. The gas‐liquid chromatographic analyses of the 12舑22 carbon fatty acids of the lecithin, cephalin, and neutral fractions are presented. The cephalins were characteristically high in stearie acid and low in palmitic acid, in contrast to the lecithins.
Nutritional effects of dihydroxystearic acid in rats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Johnson Ruth Ellen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo matching groups of weanling male albino rats were fed a purified diet containing 5% dihydroxystearic acid. All animals survived until they were killed; the first group was sacrificed at age 150 days and the second at 305 days. Fecal fat analyses showed that at least 80% of the ingested dihydroxystearic acid was not exereted. Growth was depressed during the first four weeks; this was followed by a period of rapid weight inerease. The weight of the epididymal fat pads indicated depression of neutral fat deposition. Livers and adrenals were relatively heavy in the group killed earlier and essentially normal in those killed later. This and the eventual weight increase showed that the rats adapted themselves to the intake of the material. Gas liquid chromatography carried out on the methyl ethers of the epididymal fat did not reveal the presence of dihydroxystearic acid. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of serum, kidney, liver and epididymal fat was determined on the methyl esters of the lipid extracts.
Dimer acid structures. The dehydro‐dimer from methyl oleate and Di‐t‐butyl peroxide
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Peterson L. E. , Harrison S. A. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dehydro‐dimer of methyl oleate was prepared and its structure determined as a model of a non‐ring dimer for reference in studying the structure of other fatty dimer acids.The dehydro‐dimer of methyl oleate is formed by the action of di‐t‐butyl peroxide on methyl oleate. The reaction is stoichiometric; one mole of DTBP producing one mole of dehydrodimer and two moles of t‐BuOH, when excess methyl oleate is used. The dimer was shown to contain two double bonds, and to be formed by carbon‐to‐carbon linkages predominantly and equally at the 8, 9, 10 and 11 carbons of the oleate monomer segments.Unsaturation was determined by quantitative hydrogenation and far UV absorption. The points of linkage were established by diagnosis of the positions of the involved tertiary carbons of the hydrogenated dimer 1) by chemical oxidation, and 2) by mass spectrometry. Positions of the double bonds were determined by quantitative ozonization, reductive cleavage followed by gas chromatography of the aldehydes and aldehyde esters. Precise molecular weight of the hydrogenated dimer was determined from the parant mass peak at the expected m/e of 594, confirming the non‐ring structure. The unhydrogenated dimer showed a parent m/e peak at the expected value of 590.The bridging at the 8 and 10 positions is explained as being due to coupling of radicals with limiting resonance structures resulting from loss of a hydrogen atom from the methylene at position 8. The bridging at the 9 and 11 positions is explained as due to coupling of limiting resonance structures resulting from loss of a hydrogen atom from the methylene at position 11.Mass spectrometric data indicate that the dimerization is a coupling of the expected free radical forms, rather than attack by an oleate free radical on the double bond of an intact oleate molecule, with subsequent loss of hydrogen to form the second double bond in the dimer.Coupling at the 2‐position (ॅ to COOCH3) occurs in not more than 5舑10% of the molecules. A small amount of cyclic dimer may be present.
Application of the ritter reaction toa‐olefins
Authors: Clarke T. , Devine J. , Dicker D. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy modification of the original Ritter conditions for making substituted amides by addition of nitriles of olefinic compounds, it is possible to apply the reaction to ॅ‐olefins. Results are given for addition of hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, cyanoacetic acid, and some chloronitriles to ॅ‐olefins in the range C10舑C18. Preliminary attempts to use diolefins containing the vinyl group were unsuccessful. Evidence is adduced to support the carbonium ion mechanism for the reaction.
Evaluation of fourBrassica germplasm collections for fatty acid composition
Authors: Auld D. L. , Mahler K. A. , LeTourneau D. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA total of 1116 accessions of cultivatedBrassica spp. from four collections were evaluated for fatty acid composition to identify variants which would be useful in plant improvement programs. The accessions included lines ofB. campestris L.,B. napus L.,B. oleracea L. andB. carinata Braun obtained from the USDA collections at Ames, IA, Pullman, WA, and Geneva, NY, as well as the Centre for Genetic Resources‐the Netherlands (CGN) at Wageningen, Netherlands. Fatty acid composition of each accession was determined by using gas chromatography. The range, mean, standard deviation and frequency distributions were calculated for the seven primary fatty acids found in the accessions from each collection.Fatty acid profiles of the four species were very similar. Except for levels of erucic acid in the oilseed accessions ofB. campestris andB. napus, only limited economic variation in fatty acid composition was evident. These data suggest that in theseBrassica species the fatty acid profile has been tightly conserved. Estimated energy obtained by β‐oxidation of a high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil was 13.8% higher than for a low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil. The higher energy levels of oils containing high levels of erucic acid may have played a significant role in survival and adaptation of these extremely small seedBrassica species. This may explain why such limited variation in fatty acid composition was found in these extensive and diverse collections.
Synthesis of 12‐phosphonooleic acid and surfactant properties of its sodium salt
Authors: Neeta Kumari B. , Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl ricinoleate (9‐cis, 12‐hydroxyoctadecenoate) was transformed to 12‐bromo/iodo‐oleate via methyl 12‐mesyloxyoleate by homoallylic displacement reaction. The halooleate was reacted with triethyl phosphite to give methyl 12‐diethyl phosphonooleate via the Michaelis‐Arbuzov reaction under modified conditions. The phosphonooleate was hydrolyzed to 12‐phosphonoleic acid using conc. hydrochloric acid. The compounds were characterized by phosphorus estimation and a combination of IR,1H‐NMR and13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The 12‐phosphonooleic acid was neutralized to its sodium salt, and the salt was then studied for its surfactant properties. The sodium phosphonooleate was found to be superior to sodium salts of sulfate and phosphate esters of castor oil, and comparable to sodium lauryl sulfate in wetting ability, emulsifying power and in lowering of surface tension. The sodium phosphonooleate, being a poor foamer, could be used for machine laundry washing, dish washing and cosmetics.
Argentation high performance liquid chromatography of methyl esters
Authors: Scholfield C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe technique of argentation chromatography with silver ion on a macroreticular exchange resin has been applied to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate fatty methyl esters and their isomers. Elution of methyl linolenate from the column and more rapid separation of dienes are made possible by programming column temperature from 25 to 70 C. Samples from ca. 0.025 μ to 8 μl can be analyzed on a 2‐mm id x 61‐cm column. Two 7‐mm id x 61‐cm columns in series have been used to separate 100‐μl samples into fractions for further analysis by capillary gas chromatography. Various forms of argentation chromatography have been widely used for analysis and for separation of compounds from oils and fats including hydrogenated soybean oil. This paper describes the application of argentation procedures to modern HPLC to obtain faster, more efficient separations. It also describes the application of temperature programming to give more rapid separations and to extend our previous method to include methyl linolenate and its isomers.
A simple and quick determination of aldehydes in autoxidized vegetable and fish oils
Authors: Miyashita Kazuo , Kanda Kenji , Takagi Toru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple and quick method for the quantitative determination of aldehydes in oxidized oils was established. The analysis was based on the reaction of N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPPD) with aldehydes in the presence of acetic acid. Reaction products were determined by visible absorption at wavelengths of 400, 460 and 500 nm. The errors of the DPPD method in the analyses of total aldehydes in authentic mixtures of various aldehydes were less than 5%, and this method could be used successfully to determine aldehyde contents in oxidized vegetable and fish oils. The reaction time of the DPPD method (10 min at 30°C) is much shorter than that of the conventional method that uses 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine as a reagent (30 min at 60°C). The simplicity of the procedure enables a quick determination of aldehyde contents in oxidized oil samples.
The removal of organic substances from water with nonvolatile edible solvents
Authors: Jandacek R. J. , Bohne R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of nonvolatile, edible triglycerides for the removal of trace organic materials from water was investigated. All organic substances that were studied were readily removed from water by contact with triglycerides. Solvent extraction with liquid soybean oil reduced the concentrations of benzene and chloroform in water. A fixed bed filter of liquid soybean oil, hydrogenated palm oil and sand removed toluene and chloroform from water. Toluene was removed from water by adsorption with hydrogenated palm oil, a solid fat.
Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): I. Effect of percent silver on elution and separation of methyl octadecadienoate isomers
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Rakoff H. , Emken E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPartial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) for the separation of octadecadienoate ester isomers was investigated. In comparison to saturated silver resin chromatography, the time necessary to elute methylcis,cis‐octadecadienaotes was dramatically shortened when columns containing sulfonic acid ion exchange resin silvered in the range of 60~90% of theoretical (meaning 60~90% of the sulfonic acid protons in the resin were replaced by silver ions) were used. Methods for preparation and silvering of the resin are discussed. The XN1010 resin (Rohm and Haas) was analyzed for total sulfonic acid groups and the amount of silver that can be incorporated by one or 2 treatments with silver nitrate was determined. A series of partially silvered resin columns was prepared and samples of methyl linoleate were eluted to study the effect of the percentage silvering on elution volumes and peak shapes. Twenty‐gram samples of mixtures ofcis,trans‐ andtrans,trans‐ and oftrans,cis‐ andcis,cis‐methyl 12,15‐octadecadienoates were separated on a 91% PARC (91% silvered) column.