bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abrasion of a series of tracer materials on a gravel beach, Slapton Sands, Devon, UK
Authors: Latham J.-P. , Hoad J. P. , Newton M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
While increased attention is being paid to the use of quarried rock in groynes, revetments and breakwaters, and to beach recharge, the large volumes of materials and the associated environmental costs of obtaining these resources has begun to focus minds. Interest in the possible future use of a wider range of material sizes and qualities for beach recharge and in the use of smaller armour block sizes which move during profile adjustment has been growing. Deployment of these dynamic materials for coastal protection structures has focussed research on the long-term performance of these materials and the implications for design life. This reflects a growing concern about the more intelligent use of finite material resources.
The vast range in intrinsic resistance of different rock types to laboratory mill abrasion is well reported and these results, when presented as the QMW mill abrasion resistance index, can give relative lifetimes of differing shingle types. However, field studies and/or degradation models of the type discussed in this paper are needed to convert these relative laboratory lifetimes to prototype environmental lifetimes in years so that they are appropriate for predicting the long-term changes in beach material volumes.
The author's 1991 rock degradation model, which gives an absolute prediction of weight loss rates, was proposed for armourstone placed within structures designed for static stability. It encorporates the mill abrasion test result for the rock type in question. However, it also attempts to embrace dynamically stable rock protection structures from gravel beaches up to berm breakwaters, depending on the mobility parameter. Before this laboratory and field study, no prototype data was available to check its applicability to gravel-sized material.
This paper presents the field results for pebbles consisting of three rock types. Their rates of weight loss with respect to interactions with indigenous beach materials in both laboratory and field trials are given. Whereas weight losses from flint or gneiss pebbles in a field experiment will be negligible, their long-term losses may be predicted from experiments and observations on beaches such as Slapton Sands, where pebbles of rapidly abrading rock types have been measured.
Possible problems with high PSV aggregate of the gritstone trade group
Authors: Woodside A. R. , Lyle P. , Woodward W. D. H. , Perry M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper considers the methods of assessment of high PSV greywacke aggregate from the Longford Down Massif. It reviews current specification requirements concluding that PSV is regarded as the most important surfacing aggregate property in the UK. Using a set of data, PSV is correlated with other test properties including AIV, TFV, MSSV, AAV and MDE. Despite poor correlations, the data shows general trends between properties indicating that PSV is achieved at the expense of other test properties.
Capillary influences on the operation and effectiveness of LNAPL interceptor trenches
Authors: Chapple Martin C. , Vittorio Louis F. , Tucker William A. , Richey Melissa G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Interceptor trenches are commonly used to recover light non-aqueous-phase liquids (LNAPL) from the subsurface and are particularly effective in the recovery of floating hydrocarbons. Interceptor trenches function by creating a zone of high permeability within the aquifer either as an open excavation (where the formation permits) or filled with a suitable backfill (typically gravel) that retains the high permeability and effective porosity required of a collection system.
Numerous texts suggest that placement of an impermeable membrane is required on the down-gradient side of the trench to prevent captured LNAPL from exiting the trench on its downgradient side. Installation of such a liner can be difficult if not impossible under certain soil conditions. Simple calculations show that the membrane may not be necessary due to the hydraulic conditions created by installing the trench. Using these calculations in the preliminary design will result in an effective trench installation and correspondingly reduce installation and operation costs.
LNAPL has been shown to migrate primarily near the top of the capillary fringe in porous media. Since the high permeability and effective porosity of the trench backfill do not support a capillary fringe of similar magnitude, LNAPL rests essentially on the water table in the trench. The zone of capillary saturation on the downgradient side inhibits LNAPL migration from the trench into the native soil. Provided that recovery of the LNAPL is maintained and the thickness of LNAPL in the trench is less than the capillary fringe height in the native soil, the LNAPL will remain hydraulically trapped.
To demonstrate this condition, a review of some of the methods used to calculate the capillary fringe height was performed. To verify the magnitude of the calculated capillary fringe height and its effects on LNAPL retention within a trench, a simple laboratory-scale simulation was undertaken.
The legacy of contaminated land in Portsmouth: its identification and remediation within a socio-political context
Authors: Walton N. R. G. , Higgins A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The unique situation of Portsmouth with regards to the historical development of large areas of filled and contaminated land is described together with the methodologies which have been developed over the past decade for identifying, investigating and remediating such lands. This happened under the impetus of both Portsmouth City Council's specific strategy for contaminated land and the increasing volume of environmental guidance which has recently been released prior to the introduction of copious new government legislation.
Three typical case histories are presented which show how different approaches to risk evaluation have evolved during the 1990s and demonstrate how Portsmouth has applied these evolving methodologies in a pragmatic way in an attempt to optimize environmental improvements and financial returns whilst minimizing both public and political risks.
Human health risk assessment using UK Guideline Values for contaminants in soils
Authors: Ferguson C. C. , Denner J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In recent years the UK Department of the Environment has, with others, developed a framework for contaminated land risk assessment, including the derivation of new Guideline Values. These are an important component in an integrated procedure for site-specific risk assessment which combines consistency of approach with flexibility to ensure that local circumstances are taken into account.
Guideline Values are derived using the Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment model (CLEA) which calculates human exposure via ten different exposure pathways. The relative contributions of the pathways vary according to site use, and hence the Guideline Values may also vary. This is consistent with the UK Government's ‘suitable for use’ policy. Guideline Values may also vary as a function of soil pH, soil organic matter, etc., reflecting the influence of such parameters on contaminant partitioning between soil solids and soil solution. The research described here is underpinned by complementary work to choose the most appropriate toxicological criteria for each contaminant.
Where Guideline Values are exceeded, the intention is that either a further phase of risk assessment or remedial action is triggered. If the former is chosen the emphasis will be on establishing whether exposure conditions differ significantly from the generic conditions assumed in CLEA. This is expected to be more cost-effective in general than site-specific risk assessment procedures. It does, however, require that the exposure assumptions and data values used in deriving the Guideline Values are understood by the risk assessor so that the necessary comparisons with site-specific conditions can be made.
Professional training for geologists in contaminated land management
Authors: Nathanail C. P. , Nathanail J. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Contaminated land management comprises the identification, investigation, assessment and remediation of contaminated land. It is a multi-disciplinary, rapidly developing subject which involves input from, and communication between, a wide range of science, engineering and other professionals. Geologists have a key role to play at the investigation and assessment stages and have much to offer at the identification and remediation stages.
The undergraduate and post-graduate education of geologists provides many of the skills required, but many other skills can only be developed ‘on the job’. To ensure that early industrial experience covers a broad range of subjects, there is a need for training to be formalized.
The training needs for geologists working in contaminated land management have been evaluated and a training guide for geologists in contaminated land management has been written. Use of the guide will ensure that on the job training is comprehensive, relevant and assists trainee graduate geologists gain chartered geologist status within a reasonable timeframe.
The delineation of capture zones around small sources
Authors: Keating T. , Packman M. J. , Peacock A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The delineation of capture zones and the subsequent designation of protection zones around groundwater sources is a key element of the Environment Agency ‘Policy and Practice for the Protection of Groundwater’. The protection principles apply to all sources, but priority in defining protection zones has been afforded hitherto to the major public supply sources. The EA recognizes the need to have available a methodology for establishing protection zones around the smaller sources, of which there are upwards of 76 000 in England and Wales, compared with some 4000 larger sources used principally for public water supply. The delineation of capture zones around the smaller sources presents a number of technical and practical problems which tend not to arise when carrying out such procedures for the larger sources. This paper reviews the methods for delineating groundwater source capture zones which are readily available; it discusses the practical issues associated with the application of these methods to the smaller sources, and presents recommendations for their use in a range of hydrogeological settings.
Groundwater contamination from a coal carbonization plant
Authors: Broholm Mette M. , Jones Ian , Torstensson Daniel , Arvin Erik 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Rexco coal carbonization plant near Mansfield in the UK East Midlands produced coke by the process known as ‘Rexco’ in the 1950s to early 1960s. In the process gas and coal-tar were also produced. The gas was cooled with water whereby ammonia and coal-tar in the gas were dissolved/condensed. Ammonia liquor and coal-tar are known to have leaked into the subsurface from cracked tanks at the site. Based on this, a large plume of ammonium and coal-tar compounds was expected to be present in the aquifer. Effluent compositions have been determined, and an extensive reconnaissance study of the groundwater contamination in the sandstone aquifer has been carried out. The coal-tar contained phenols, naphthalenes and BTEXs, and low levels of PAHs. The ammonia liquor contained very high concentrations of phenols and ammonium. Extensive contamination with ammonium has been encountered, indicating the ammonia liquor as the primary source of contamination. No significant contamination with specific organic coal-tar compounds is present today in spite of the extensive leaks of coal-tar and ammonia liquor in the past. The organic coal-tar compounds released with the ammonia liquor have likely been degraded/transformed in the saturated part of the aquifer as well as in the vadose zone.
Transport of dissolved creosote compounds through fractured clay: column and field experiments
Authors: Broholm K. , Jørgensen P. J. , Hansen A. B. , Nilsson B. , Sidle R. C. , Arvin E. , Fredericia J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Transport of selected creosote compounds and tracers in two column experiments and a field study in fractured clayey till are presented. Twenty-five organic compounds were used in the column experiments and 12 in the field experiment. This paper focuses on three organic compounds: phenol, naphthalene and dibenzofuran. One column was biologically inactive, and the other was biologically active with denitrifying conditions in the beginning and aerobic/denitrifying conditions later on in the experiment. The infiltration water at the field site was aerobic in the beginning and anaerobic (no oxygen, very little nitrate, and some sulphate) later. The results showed very rapid transport through clayey till of the tracers and the organic compounds. Despite the rapid transport through fractures, biodegradation may be an important process in fractured media at least for the easily degradable organic compounds.
The problem of flooding in Ladysmith, Natal, South Africa
Authors: Bell F. G. , Mason T. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Ladysmith was founded in the mid-19th century alongside one of the meanders of the Klip River. The location was chosen for protection against native tribesmen, but in the last 110 years, Ladysmith has experienced 29 notable floods. The most recent floods occurred in February 1994, when the highest water levels in the last 71 years were recorded. An attempt to control flooding was made with the construction of the Windsor Dam in 1949. Unfortunately, the reservoir has been largely silted up so that its live storage capacity has been reduced to around 5%. The present flood walls in Ladysmith can be overtopped by a flood with a recurrence period of once every five years. This happens when channel flow exceeds 700 m
3
s
-1
.

A number of flood alleviation schemes have been discussed over the years including the construction of artificial levees and river canalization. The scheme in vogue at present would involve the construction of another dam and reservoir. Although the reservoir would offer protection to the town, to do so it would have to remain at 10% of its storage capacity in order to retain a 100 year flood. An alternative solution, which would be less expensive, would be to relocate those properties affected most by the recent floods.
A combined geotechnical/geophysical method for the prediction of liquefaction, with particular reference to the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia
Authors: Pyrah James , Davis Angela , Huws Dei 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Over the past decade or so, much work has been undertaken into the development of various techniques for the measurement of seismic shear wave velocity, offshore, onshore and in the laboratory. Previous research has suggested that the shear wave velocity of an uncemented sand may be a useful index to its liquefaction potential. The research described in this paper has combined the concepts of critical/steady-state soil mechanics and the measurement of shear wave velocity in order to provide a new index of sand consolidation state, enabling the prediction of flow liquefaction in laboratory-prepared samples. Results obtained from the laboratory are then applied to the field situation, in this case, the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, which is an example of a site currently undergoing a major earthquake stability evaluation. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that the sediments around Roberts Bank, on the southwestern portion of the delta, are potentially liquefiable. This conclusion is confirmed by other, more conventional, investigative techniques.
The performance of some coastal engineering structures for shoreline stabilization and coastal defence in Trinidad, West Indies
Authors: Maharaj Russell J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Coastal erosion in Trinidad has caused a loss of land and subsequent damage to many coastal engineering structures. Damage includes roadway failures, loss of agricultural land, coastal flooding and damage to property. In many areas, structural engineering measures have been implemented to prevent these from recurring. An example of erosion and structural measures used in a segment of rapidly eroding coastline along the east coast of the island is presented. The site is part of a coastal section of the largest wetland on the island, the Nariva Swamp, through which drains the largest river system, the Nariva River. Structural measures used include steel sheet piled revetment, steel-reinforced concrete retaining walls, gabion basket retaining structures, boulder splash aprons, a steel-reinforced concrete pile cluster, concrete columns and blocks and boulder riprap. All these an show signs of structural failure, and some have already collapsed. Failures include spelling and cracking of concrete; rebar corrosion; steel pile corrosion; foundation settlement under retaining walls and structures, with subsequent surfical cracking; basal foundation sediment scour and undermining; wave and fluvial induced removal of rip-rap and splash apron boulders, and seasonal burial and sedimentation of the splash apron and concrete pile cluster. Based on this study, it appears that construction-induced high energy conditions and oversight in design and construction were partly responsible for failures.
Earthquake-mail (E-mail?) for low-seismic zone earthquake hazard assessment
Authors: den Outer A. , Maurenbrecher P. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Roermond earthquake of 13 April 1992 in the Netherlands, of magnitude 5.8 on the Richter scale, although claiming only one fatality through a heart-attack, caused significant damage estimated at £30–40 million. The low recurrence determined at 135 years for an earthquake of this magnitude, does not encourage the funding of research despite the large quantity of data assembled, especially in connection with surveys to assess compensation grants from the earthquake hazard fund set up by the Netherlands government.
Electronic mail (E-mail) is a tool made used both to transfer information and solicit information. An earthquake mail facility could be integrated in a Seismological Engineering Information System (SEIS). Such a facility is being set up to provide links between users and suppliers of the data and analysis methods in the SEIS. An earthquake discussion box, on E-mail, concerned with problems in earthquake engineering in low-seismicity countries in northwest Europe is a cautious preliminary initiative to provide a communication platform between researchers in seismology and earthquake engineering.
Landslides and their control in the Chinese Loess Plateau: models and case studies from Gansu Province, China
Authors: Meng Xing-min , Derbyshire Edward 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Over much of the western part of the Loess Plateau of north China, aeolian silts averaging 150 m in thickness drape the mountainous pre-Pleistocene bedrock. The semi-arid climate with its violent monsoonal rainstorms, and the recurrent earthquakes associated with the continuing uplift of the adjacent Tibetan Plateau, contribute to frequent and rapid failure of the loess-mantled slopes. Losses of livelihood and life are amongst the most serious in all China. Landslides in eastern Gansu total more than 40000 and affect over 27% of the total area of the Province. Accelerating population growth and associated expansion in both industry and agriculture, especially since the 1950s, has added urgency to the need to improve control and management of the landslide hazard. Several approaches to control and prevention have evolved, tailored to failure type and stage of development. Some of these are discussed, particular attention being paid to certain successful procedures employed in the control of two large landslides in the major city of Tianshui. It is suggested that these slides provide a useful model for future landslide control and prevention strategies in similar urban agglomerations in the Chinese Loess Plateau.
Small is beautiful: investigations and remedial works for minor slope failures
Authors: Reid J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Minor slope failures receive much less publicity than major failures such as the Scarborough landslide, but can cause considerable damage and inconvenience. The engineering geologist is often required to carry out investigations into the failure and decide on appropriate remedial works in a very short timescale and with a limited budget. Difficulties of access to the slipped area limit the use of conventional ground investigation methods, but specialized lightweight methods such as hand-operated shell and auger boring can be very useful. It is important to define the geological situation as soon as possible, in order to understand the nature of the failure and the processes driving it. Remedial works which are appropriate can then be designed. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the process of investigation, design and construction; the collapse of a sewer on the bank of the River Tay in Perth, and the subsidence of a minor road on a steep hillside near Lanark. A gabion wall and mattress was adopted in the first case; a bored pile retaining wall in the second.
An extension of probabilistic slope stability analysis of china clay deposits using geostatistics
Authors: Pascoe D. M. , Pine R. J. , Howe J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An understanding of the reasons for the distribution of highly kaolinized zones in the St Austell granite is useful to the china clay industry because a better understanding of shear strength distribution spatially should lead to improved models and give better insight into the progressive development of failure surfaces.
A field cone penetrometer survey of a bench in a working china clay pit has been correlated with laboratory shear strengths of samples from the same slope. A 3-D block model produced using a commercial integrated mining software package was then incorporated into a slope stability analysis.
The results were compared with analyses in which the spatial variability of the same shear strength data were incorporated using geostatistics. The factors of safety from the probabilistic analysis were log-normally distributed but those from the two geostatistically generated analyses were outside the extreme ranges of the probabilistic data. This emphasizes the importance of any concentrated zones of weak or strong material within a section with the same overall average frictional shear strength values. This is not correctly captured by a purely random strength assignment. The use of other geostatistical analysis techniques such as indicator kriging and conditional simulation are also under consideration to accommodate extreme variations in shear strength as occur over short distances in the china clay host material, kaolinized granite.
A basic downhole geophysical approach to the investigation of shallow mineworkings
Authors: Weston Stephen 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Present investigations for shallow mineworkings generally consist of a desk study followed by rotary openhole or corehole drilling. The former, although relatively cheap, produces relatively low quality and quantity data. Investigations can maintain a high data retrieval at a low cost by combining openhole drilling with the downhole measurement of natural gamma radiation.
Detailed analysis of these data will allow a more confident interpretation to be made. This includes the correlation of solid mineral seams, collapsed workings and voids, and therefore more precise recommendations can be made. Examples of the benefits of natural gamma logs, rotary openholes and detailed analysis are shown.