bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of sampling plans for mycotoxins in foods and feeds
Authors: Coker Raymond D. , Nagler Martin J. , Blunden Gerald , Sharkey Angela J. , Defize Peter R. , Derksen Giljam B. , Whitaker Thomas B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe control of the occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds requires effective surveillance and quality control procedures which facilitate the identification and control of the mycotoxin problem respectively.Surveillance and quality control procedures involve a sequence of sampling, sample preparation, and analysis steps; and the integrity of the data produced by these procedures will be determined by the effectiveness of these steps.It is imperative that the sampling step is performed as accurately as possible so that the sample collected is representative of the batch of food or feed under investigation. Needless to say, the collection of a biased sample will completely invalidate the resultant analytical data.Most attempts to develop effective sampling protocols have focused upon the aflatoxins, since the majority of current regulations are concerned specifically with this group of mycotoxins. However, the design of effective sampling protocols has been severely hindered by the highly skewed distribution of the aflatoxins in foods and feeds.Studies already performed indicate that representative samples of commodities composed of large particles (e.g., com and oilseed kernels) should be 10 kg in weight, at least, and composed of approximately one hundred incremental samples. Similar studies have indicated that samples of oilseed cakes and meal, however, should be composed of fifty incremental samples which afford a composite sample of approximately 5 kg in weight. Published 1995 Wiley‐Liss.
Anticholinergic anti‐Parkinson drug prescription in haloperidol‐treated patients: A population‐based study
Authors: Diana Giovanni , Alegiani Stefania Spila , Fortini Marco , Roberto  , Raschetti Roberto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnticholinergic anti‐Parkinson drugs are often used to prevent or treat neuroleptic‐induced extrapyramidal side effects. National Health Service prescriptions for these drugs and haloperidol delivered in the geographical area of Rome, Italy, and the surrounding province (about 3,750,000 inhabitants) from 1986 to 1989 were reviewed. Individual prescription histories were reconstructed and analysed with a computerized procedure. Over the four years 1121 (32.2%) of the 3478 haloperidol‐treated individuals studied were concurrently prescribed anticholinergic anti‐Parkinson drugs. Their distribution shows an age‐related decrease, the percentage ranging from 50.7 (age 16–27) to 17.7 (ages over 80). The analysis of results by logistic regression also demonstrates that the probability of receiving anticholinergic anti‐Parkinson medication is higher in women and correlates with the amount of haloperidol prescribed.
Fluoxetine and suicide: Meta‐analysis and Monte‐Carlo simulations
Authors: Wan Po A. Li 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjective: To test the validity of the conclusion of a recent meta‐analysis1 of the possible association between fluoxetine and suicidal acts. Design: Monte‐Carlo simulations of the number of suicidal acts in clinical trials of the sizes reported in the published meta‐analysis.1 Main outcome measures: Simulated incidence of suicidal acts using binomial distributions with parameters equal to or higher than those reported in earlier papers. A pooled risk difference and the associated 95% confidence interval were calculated for each set of simulated data. Results: Assuming a true incidence of 0.3% of suicidal acts in patients receiving fluoxetine and 0.2% in patients receiving placebo, none of 30 sets of simulations showed a significant difference as judged by the pooled risk differences and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Even when the risk of suicidal acts was increased to 0.6%, only 38 of 100 simulations produced significant differences in the expected direction. Of the other 62 sets, 56 produced a non‐significant positive risk difference and six produced a non‐significant negative risk difference. Conclusion: The Monte‐Carlo simulations show that the meta‐analysis which claimed to demonstrate that the available data do not show that fluoxetine is associated with an increased risk of suicidal acts, was of low power. Much larger studies are needed before one can say categorically that fluoxetine is not associated with a higher incidence of suicidal acts than placebo. Conversely, the data to date (as the recent meta‐analysis rightly claim) also fail to demonstrate that the risk of suicidal acts is higher with fluoxetine than with placebo.
Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 leads to a modulation of androgen receptor dependent transcription in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Götz Claudia , Bachmann Christa , Montenarh Mathias 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe androgen receptor (AR) mediates the biological responses of androgens in the prostate gland. In prostate cancer, this pathway is often deregulated and causes an uncontrolled proliferation.METHODSThe current study focuses on the effects of an inhibition of protein kinase CK2 on the AR‐mediated transcription in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. We used chemical inhibitors of CK2 as well as dominant‐negative kinase mutants to downregulate the CK2 activity. We determined the effects of the inhibition by Western blot analysis of endogenous target genes of the AR as well as by reporter assays.RESULTSWe found that inhibition of CK2 led to a downregulation of the AR‐dependent transcription. Moreover, the amount of the AR protein decreased significantly.CONCLUSIONAccording to the fact that AR pathways are involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer, the ability to modulate AR function should provide an alternative basis for the development of new cancer therapies. Prostate © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methodology for the generation and evaluation of safety system alternatives based on extended Hazop
Authors: Ramzan Naveed , Compart Fred , Witt Werner 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProcess safety is paramount in the secure and viable operation of any chemical process plant. Many techniques and methodologies have been defined over the years to undertake steps that will ensure a safe operating environment at a chemical facility. However, until now, process simulation has found very little or no use in safety‐related studies. This article introduces a systematic framework based on Extended Hazop (that is, Hazop supported by disturbance simulation related to process malfunctions.) The Extended Hazop differs from standard Hazop in documenting results, classification of frequency and consequences of process deviations, and application of a risk potential matrix (Hazop decision matrix). In this article, the Extended Hazop method is explained. Application of this method will be demonstrated in a separate article. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Molecular design of fullerene‐based ultralow‐k dielectrics
Authors: Wang Yuekui , Seifert Gotthard , Hermann Helmut 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents results of a theoretical study of hypothetical insulating layers for semi‐conducting circuits. The dielectric material consists of C60 fullerenes interconnected by bridge molecules. The structural optimisation is carried out using quantum‐chemical methods. The predicted materials have ultralow values of the static dielectric constant of about k = 1.5 and good elastic bulk moduli of B = 12 to 17 GPa. These values meet the demands of future microelectronic devices. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pharmacological investigations of Hibiscus micranthus Linn., a febrifuge used in Saudi Arabian folk medicine
Authors: Al‐Yahya M. A. , Tariq M. , Parmar N. S. , Ageel A. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ethanolic extract of Hibiscus micranthus Linn. has been studied for its pharmacological activities. It has been found to produce significant inhibition of carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma pouch in rats and significant reduction in yeast induced hyperpyrexia in mice. It failed to produce any analgesic activity on the hot plate reaction time test in mice. On the hematological and biochemical parameters it produced a significant prolongation of prothrombin time, a decrease in the fibrinogen content and marked hyperglycemia in rats. It also produced significant neuromuscular blocking activity on both the models used in this study. Apart from these, it exhibited slight inotropic and chronotropic effects on isolated rabbit heart and a mild CNS stimulant effect. Further studies on the isolation of its active phytoconstituents and their pharmacological actions are being undertaken.
Estrogenic and anticonceptive activity of a petroleum ether soluble fraction of Malvaviscus conzattii Greenum flowers in female rats
Authors: Bhargava S. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA petroleum ether soluble fraction Fr. III isolated from the benzene extract of Malvaviscus conzattii Greenum flowers and administered orally to adult female rats at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/rat from day 1 to day 5 of pregnancy showed 50%, 60% and 80% anti‐implantation, as well as 60%, 80% and 100% anticonceptive activity in the treated animals, respectively. There was a dose dependent termination of pregnancy and reduction in the number of implantation sites. In ovariectomized young female rats, the Fr. III exhibited estrogenic activity at comparable anticonceptive doses, but was devoid of antiestrogenic activity. Fr. III seems to possess a weak estrogenic activity in that a significant uterotrophic effect was discerned even at 1/16th of the anticonceptive dose.
In vitro cytotoxicity testing of natural products using guinea‐pig ear keratinocytes
Authors: Harris Ann , Keene Alison T. , Phillipson J. David , Warhurst David C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple test is described in which the inhibition of uptake of [G‐3H]thymidine into guinea‐pig ear keratinocytes in vitro, has been used as an assessment for cytotoxicity of a series of alkaloids. The alkaloids tested include emetine, colchicine, coronaridine, ajmaline, aricine, vincristine, leurosine, quinamine, 3‐epiquinamine, quinine, quinidinone, cichonidine, berberine and atropine.
Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis in the rat and pinnal inflammation in the mouse by an extract of Hymenocardia acida
Authors: Sackeyfio A. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHymenocardia acida TUL, a shrub belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, has been investigated for anti‐inflammatory activity in the rat and mouse. Various parts of the plant are claimed by practitioners of herbal medicine in some West African countries to be effective remedies for inflammation of tissues. Two experimental models of inflammation were used in the study. In rat adjuvant arthritis, the orally administered aqueous extract of the stem bark of H. acida (10–20 mg/kg) inhibited both the acute and chronic phases of the reaction in a dose‐related manner, producing inhibition of the magnitude of 37.4–70.2%. Similarly, in the anaphylactic mouse pinnal inflammation model, the orally administered extract (10–40 mg/kg) inhibited the reaction to a magnitude of 6.5–68.2%. In both models, indomethacin, a cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor, also exhibited inhibitory effects and in the mouse pinnal model the glucocortico‐steroid, hydrocortisone, also produced inhibition. The extract of H. acida used in this study was coloured brown and, on that basis, could contain plant phenolics. H. acida may belong to a class of plant drugs which produce inhibition of phospholipid–arachidonic acid metabolism due to their phenolic constituents.
Chemical constituents of Rhamnus procumbens and pharmacological actions of emodin
Authors: Dwivedi S. P. D. , Pandey V. B. , Shah A. H. , Rao Y. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMusizin, physcon, emodin and frangulin‐A have been isolated from the whole plant of Rhamnus procumbens and their structures established by a detailed study of spectral data and also by degradation methods. Pharmacological investigations on emodin have indicated that it possesses intestinal and cardiac stimulant, CNS depressant and analgesic activities. Such activities have not earlier been reported for emodin. This is also the first report of the isolation of these chemical constituents in Rhamnus procumbensf and the second natural occurrence of musizin.
Molluscicidal activities of Dysoxylum lenticellare gillespie constituents on Biomphalaria glabrata say
Authors: Adewunmi C. O. , Aladesanmi A. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour alkaloids, dyshomerythrine (2), 3‐epischelhammericine (6), 2,7‐dihydrohomoerysotrine (7); and 3‐epi‐12‐hydroxyschelhammericine (8); two 1‐phenylethylisoquinoline, homolaudanosine (9) and dysoxyline (10); a novel alkaloid, dysazecine (3); two diterpenes, 8β‐hydroxysandaracopimar‐15‐ene (1) and phyllocladene (5) and p‐hydroxyacetophenone (4) isolated from the leaves of Dysoxylum lenticellare have been tested against Biomphalaria glabrata and found to possess molluscicidal activity. p‐hydroxyacetophenone (4) demonstrated high molluscicidal activity. An increase in the methoxy groupings increased the activity of the alkaloids whilst the disruption of the carbon skeleton decreased activity. All the compounds tested possessed cardiodepressant activities on the heart of B. glabrata.
HPLC‐analysis of the volatile oil of garlic bulbs
Authors: Miething Holger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA HPLC‐analysis using the photodiode‐array detection technique of the volatile oil of garlic bulbs is presented. Self‐distilled garlic‐oils from six various origins showed similar fingerprint chromatograms with diallyl trisulphide as main compound. Three investigated commercial oils contained significantly higher amounts of diallyl disulphide.
Anti‐ulcerogenicity of the flavonoid fraction from Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter in rats
Authors: Martin M. J. , de la Lastra C. Alarcón , Marhuenda E. , Delgado F. , Torreblanca J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe anti‐ulcer activity of extracts from Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter by means of different experimental gastric ulcer models was investigated. The results of this report indicate that the antiulcerogenic effect of Dittrichia viscosa lies mainly in its flavonoid fraction (the etheral extract, 1,14%), which afforded the predominant flavonoid, quercetin. This flavonol exercised a significant curative effect mainly in prolonged treatment of induced ulcers in rats.
Spasmolytic action of the essential oil of Thymus longiflorus Boiss in rats
Authors: Zarzuelo A. , Cabo M. M. , Cruz T. , Jimenez J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe spasmolytic activity of the essential oil of Thymus longiflorus Boiss was investigated in an attempt to identify the component or components responsible for such action. The essential oil was found to present a marked spasmolytic activity against acetylcholine via a non‐competitive type of antagonism, attributable mainly to the terpenic fraction, particularly the presence of a‐pinene and camphene.
Effect of Padma 28 on ascorbate system in rats receiving a high‐fat diet
Authors: Wójcicki J. , Gonet B. , Samochowiec L. , Gnacińska K. , Juzwiak S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study the effect of Padma 28 on the level of ascorbate free radicals and lipids in animals receiving a high‐fat diet (HFD) was measured. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (I) controls, (II) animals given HFD containing cholesterol and coconut oil, (III) rats treated with Padma 28, (IV) HFD + Padma 28, over a period of 14 days. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, corresponding to ascorbate free radicals, were measured from samples of the whole blood. The number of these radicals was significantly increased in animals of group IV (HFD + Padma 28), whilst the elevation of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and β‐lipoproteins was in this group significantly suppressed; HDL cholesterol content was normalized.
Evaluation of the effects of low concentrations of aridanin isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera Taub. (Mimosaceae) on the growth and egg production of Biomphalaria glabrata say and Lymnaea columella say
Authors: Adewunmi Clement O. , Furu Peter , Madsen Henry 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of low concentrations of aridanin (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm) on the growth and egg production of Biomphalaria glabrata and Lymnaea columella were compared with the effects of low concentrations of niclosamide (0.025, 0.05, and 0.10 ppm). Aridanin and niclosamide caused significant reduction in the egg production and growth of B. glabrata and L. columella, indicating that aridanin has a potential use in schistosomiasis control if used in slow‐release formulations. The poor chemical stability of aridanin in dear water suggests that its effectiveness as a molluscicide in the field will depend on the speed of its destructive action on snails.
Macrophage chemiluminescence modulated by Chinese medicinal herbs Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum
Authors: Lau Benjamin H. S. , Ong Peck , Tosk Jeff 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study determined the effects of two Chinese medicinal herbs, Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Ligustrum lucidum (LL), on chemiluminescent oxidative burst as an indicator of phagocytic function in a murine macrophage cell line J774. J774 cells were incubated with the aqueous herbal extract for 18 h at 37d̀C and 5% CO2. Chemiluminescent oxidative burst was triggered by adding a zymosan A suspension containing luminol and assayed in an automated luminometer. Significant dose‐related augmentation of chemiluminescence occurred with either AM or LL alone. A synergistic augmentation was obtained when the extracts were combined. The combined extract also significantly inhibited the growth of an experimental transitional cell carcinoma in mice. The results of this study indicate that these Chinese medicinal herbs may play a significant role in modulating host defense mechanisms.
Effect of Terminalia arjuna extract on KCl induced contractions in the rat vas deferens
Authors: Tripathi Yamini B. , Tripathi V. , Tripathi P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of extracts from Terminalia arjuna on potassium chloride (160 mM) induced contraction in smooth muscle. The petroleum ether extract did not exhibit a response, whereas the preincubation of tissue with the alcoholic extract inhibited contraction. Experimental approaches, described here, lead to the speculation that T. arjuna may impart its action through the modulation of Ca2+ ions across the cellular membrane.
Effect of some hypoglycemic glycans on glucose uptake and glucose metabolism by inverted intestinal fragments
Authors: Perl Meir , Hikino Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolysaccharides which lowered blood glucose concentration in vivo, were examined for their effects on glucose uptake and glucose oxidation by inverted intestinal fragments of rats. The examined polysaccharides exhibited dose‐dependent stimulations of glucose oxidation (CO2 release) between 75 and 300 μg/ml incubation mixture. The effects increased to maximal values, as compared to the control at external glucose concentrations of 0.06‐0.25 mM (depending on the glycan), after which inhibitory trends were observed. No effect on the rate of glucose uptake could be observed.
In vitro activity of natural products against the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: González J. , Sagua H. , Araya J. , Loyola A. , Morales G. , Pereira J. , Estrada M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe activities of isolated compounds and crude extracts from species of the autochthonous flora of the North of Chile, were evaluated against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in vitro. A marked trypanocidal activity was observed for the chloroform, ethanol and methanol‐aqueous extracts of Gelidium pusilum (Gelidiacea). Similar activity was found in the chloroform extract of Miroglia grandis (Gigartinaceae) and in the methanol + water + chloroform extract of Bacharis boliviensis (Compositae). The most active extracts tested were p‐cumaroiloxitremethone isolated from Parestrephia quadrangularis and two terpenes from Bacharis boliviensis, not yet structurally elucidated (PN‐3 and PN‐59). The screen identifies natural products which are active against blood trypomastigotes in vitro at 4°C and which may be useful in preventing the transmission of Chagas' disease by blood transfusion.
Antimicrobial activity of juglone
Authors: Clark Alice M. , Jurgens Tannis M. , Hufford Charles D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe juice of freshly macerated unripe hulls of the black walnut (Juglans nigra) has been used for many years in folk medicine as a treatment for localized, topical fungal infections such as ringworm. It has been proposed that the biological activity of the walnut hulls is due to the presence of the simple naphthoquinone, juglone (5‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone), which has been isolated from the unripe hulls by sublimation. Since the fresh juice of unripe walnut hulls is utilized for the treatment of ringworm, and since it has been speculated that the activity is due to the presence of juglone, it was of interest to determine the efficacy of juglone as compared to standard commercially available antifungal agents. The comparative efficacy was determined by evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of juglone and the standard antifungal agents clotrimazole, triacetin, tolnaftate, griseofulvin, zinc undecylenate, selenium sulfide as well as two investigational antifungal antibiotics, liriodenine and liriodenine methiodide, for two dermatophytes, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum. MIC values for juglone showed it to have moderate antifungal activity and to be as effective as certain commercially available antifungal agents such as zinc undecylenate and selenium sulfide.
In vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and compounds from Artemisia abrotanum L
Authors: Cubukcu B. , Bray D. H. , Warhurst D. C. , Mericli A. H. , Ozhatay N. , Sariyar G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractArtemisia abrotanum L. (Compositae) is widely used in European herbal medicine for treatment of various ailments including fever. Crude extracts of this plant and some of their constituents were tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the technique of [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation. Two pure compounds, isofraxidin and a novel sesquiterpene, 1(S*)‐hydroxy‐α‐bisabololoxide A acetate were found to be active (IC50 values of 7.95 and 5.09 m̈g/mL, respectively).
Extract of tobacco callus with antiglaucoma activity
Authors: Hodges Linda C. , Robinson George W. , Green Keith 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have isolated a high molecular weight compound from tobacco callus (Nicotiana tabacum) that is active in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) when injected intravenously into rabbits. Extracts were made from 2‐week‐old callus and from callus maintained in culture for varying amounts of time. Extracts of new callus were tested for IOP‐lowering activity and analysed for carbohydrate, protein, amino acid composition, and uronic acid content. Initial studies showed these extracts to be very active, lowering IOP almost to the maximum at doses of 200 μg. Partial characterization of the crude extract indicated that it contained 22% protein, 12% neutral sugar, and 5% uronic acid by weight. Extracts from callus maintained in culture for 2 months showed marginal activity when tested at 200 μg per animal. The material was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography on Fractogel TSK HW 65F. Fractions from chromatography were analysed for neutral sugar, protein, neutral sugar composition, and uronic acid content. The composition of the active material resembles plant cell wall components of the pectic type.