bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid‐ageing of lignocellulosics to improve ruminant digestibility—application to bagasse, wheat and rice straw and oat hulls
Authors: Crosthwaite Caroline , Ishihara Mitsuro , Richards Geoffrey N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLignocellulosic agricultural wastes were impregnated with small amounts of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids and aged under varying conditions of temperature and time. Hydrochloric acid was added as vapour and sulphuric acid as a dilute aqueous solution and the fibres subsequently air‐dried. The acid‐aged fibres became more digestible to rumen fluid (in vitro) and to cellulase, with improvements up to four‐fold (for 1.1% hydrochloric acid in oat hulls). The increases in rumen fluid digestibility were always associated with increases in water‐solubility. The effects are attributed to acid hydrolysis, especially of hemicelluloses and perhaps to some extent of lignin–carbohydrate linkages. The procedures may have some potential for low‐cost, small scale exploitation in upgrading lignocellulosic agricultural wastes for cattle fodder.
Effect of drought and irrigation on the fate of nitrogen applied to cut permanent grass swards in lysimeters: Experimental design and crop uptake
Authors: Dowdell Rodney J. , Webster Colin P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of drought and irrigation on the yield and fertiliser nitrogen uptake by cut permanent grass swards was investigated using lysimeters containing monoliths (80 cm diam., 135 cm deep) of two soil types (Salop series, clay loam and Bromyard series, silt loam). Over the five summers 1977–81 swards were treated with four dressings of calcium nitrate at rates of 0 and 100 kg N ha−1 after each cut; in the first year, the nitrogen was labelled with 15N. Rainfall equivalent to the long‐term average gave mean yields of 12.9 t dry matter ha−1 for Salop and 14.3 t dry matter ha−1 for Bromyard. Irrigation (to 120% of average summer rainfall) gave a non‐significant increase of 8–9% in herbage yield on both soils. When the average rainfall distribution was modified to create periods of drought for 4 weeks duration immediately before each cut and fertiliser application, yields were significantly depressed, by 12% on Salop soil and 20% on Bromyard soil. Adjustment of the drought so that cutting and nitrogen application fell mid‐way in the dry period resulted in only a small non‐significant depression of yield on both soils (yield 95–96% of average rainfall treatment). The recovery of applied 15N labelled fertiliser in herbage during the first year of the experiment was in the range 45–47% for the Salop soil and 39–52% for the Bromyard soil. In the Salop soil the recovery of the labelled nitrogen was not significantly affected by imposition of drought conditions or by irrigation. However, in the Bromyard soil the drought treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the recovery of fertiliser nitrogen to 79% of that of the average rainfall treatment and irrigation increased the recovery to 106%. The contrasting results from the two soils was due to the imposed drought treatments which were more effective in creating differing soil water status in the Bromyard soil. This was due to its good drainage and lower water holding capacity. On both soils, fertiliser nitrogen constituted 53–60% of the total nitrogen content of the herbage. This experiment indicates that on clay soils with poor drainage status, the pattern of rainfall distribution has relatively little impact on the productivity of the sward and its utilisation of fertiliser nitrogen. On freely‐draining soils, however, heavy rainfall after drought following cutting and nitrogen application can substantially depress yield and fertiliser use.
Purification and properties of pectinesterase from papaya
Authors: Lourenco Euclides J. , Catutani Adelaide T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPectinesterase (PE) was partially purified from papaya pulp, and its biochemical properties were studied. The enzyme was eluted in a single peak after DEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G‐100 chromatography. The PE had a molecular weight of 53000 and showed an optimum pH of 8.0. Its activity was dependent on an NaCl concentration of 0.2M. The enzyme was heat stable: approximately 80% of the original activity remained after 60 min of heating at 50°C but completely inactivated by incubation at 80°C for 1 min. The activity was linear with time and protein concentration. The maximum reaction in 3 min was found at 60°C and the initial rate increased 9‐fold from 20 to 60°C. The estimated Km was 0.12g litre−1 with citrus pectin as the substrate. The kinetic study revealed that polygalactur‐onic acid is a competitive inhibitor, and a Ki value of 0.07 g litre−1 was determined. On the basis of this study, papaya PE properties resembled those of pectinesterase from other sources.
The composition and consistency of pig backfat as it affects the quality of vacuum‐packed rindless bacon rashers
Authors: Enser Michael , Dransfield Eric , Jolley Paul D. , Jones Richard C. D. , Leedham Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSamples of adipose tissue from unsatisfactory, soft, vacuum‐packs of rindless bacon rashers were compared with satisfactory harder samples to determine the factors responsible for the difference in consistency. Lipid from unsatisfactory packs contained significantly higher mean concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, lower mean concentrations of saturated fatty acids and had a lower mean melting point and mean slip point. Discriminant analysis revealed that the samples were best differentiated according to their proportion of linoleic acid or by the ratio of stearic acid to linoleic acid. Linoleic acid was the best discriminator although stearic acid and palmitic acid were correlated best with the melting point and slip point of the lipid and with the force required to puncture the intact adipose tissue by a probe attached to an Instron materials testing machine. Samples which would give satisfactory firm packs, based on the data from discriminant analysis, required a puncture force greater than 7N. In terms of the spectrum of backfat consistency in British pigs, satisfactory bacon comes from hard backfat whereas the unsatisfactory packs come from backfat of medium consistency.
An assessment of commercially available reagents for an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of soya protein in meat products
Authors: Griffiths Neil M. , Billington Melvyn J. , Crimes Andrew A. , Hitchock Christopher H. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure based on a limited supply of specially prepared experimental immunoreagents and designed to measure levels of soya protein in raw or processed mixed meat products has already been published. This report describes a modified method with commercially available immunoreagents suitable for routine use; its response to a range of commercial soya ingredients has been checked using a particular soya protein isolate (Unisol, Unimills BV) as arbitrary standard. Individual soya components and possible cross‐reacting food materials have also been investigated. Both the original and modified methods have been applied to a set of model beefburgers containing known levels of Unisol. There was good agreement between observed and calculated levels in raw and heat‐set beefburgers; sterilised samples gave a decreased but linear response. The procedure is recommended for the examination of meat products in non‐specialised laboratories.
Variation in the oil content and fatty acid composition of field beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum spp.)
Authors: Welch Robert W. , Wynne Griffiths D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOil content has been found to range from 1.2–1.9% in a wide range of diverse field bean (Vicia faba) cultivars, populations and selections and from 1.4–2.8% in a narrower range of pea cultivars. The ranges in fatty acid composition for beans and peas respectively were palmitic, 13.9–21.0% and 12.0–16.6%, stearic 2.2–3.5% and 2.5–4.2%, oleic 15.0–33.0% and 14.2–33.3%, linoleic 41.3–59.7% and 43.7–60.9%, linolenic 2.6–4.9% and 6.4–13.4%. Environment exerted a significant effect on the oil content of field beans but cultivar differences remained apparent. The analysis of whole or milled field beans stored for up to 5 years showed only minor losses of oil and component fatty acids. In both species over 90% of the total oil content was found in the cotyledons. Cultivar differences in whole grain oil content were associated with the concentration of oil in the cotyledons and appeared independent of the relative proportions of either embryo or seed coat. The interrelationships between oil content and other seed characteristics were also determined and the significance of these results in relation to plant breeding are discussed.
Application of the micrometeorological mass balance method to the determination of ammonia loss from a grazed sward
Authors: Ryden John C. , McNeill James E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe micrometeorological mass balance method has been assessed with a view to its use in the determination of ammonia (NH3) loss from grazed swards. The method involves the measurement of wind speed and the concentration of NH3 in air at different heights above the sward at its windward boundary and a position leeward of the grazed area. The flux of NH3 is calculated from these measurements and a continuous record of wind direction. Quantitative recovery of NH3 from air flows up to 10 litre min−1 was achieved using a simple trap containing dilute orthophosphoric acid and a gas dispersion tube. Wind speed measured at a height of 0.25 m at six different positions above a previously grazed sward varied by <2%. The NH3 concentration at the same positions was affected by the distance between the windward edge of the sward and the sampling position (i.e. the fetch) and by heterogeneity in the distribution of sources of NH3 (urine‐ or dung‐affected areas). However, the normalised horizontal flux through 0.25 m (wind speedXNH3 concentration/fetch) varied by less than ±8.1% probably due to mixing through fluctuations in wind direction (approximately ±30° on the mean) as air passed over the sources of NH3 during each measurement period. Plots of wind speed or NH3 concentration versus logarithm of height indicated that each approximated a linear relationship. This facilitated the calculation of the NH3 flux per unit land area and reduced the total error to about 10%. The total loss of NH3 derived by summing losses during individual sampling intervals of 2 to 18 h within a 24 h period was essentially the same as that derived by averaging wind speeds and NH3 concentrations measured continuously over the same 24 h period. The flux of NH3 from a ryegrass sward grazed by yearling steers ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 kg N ha−1 h−1 during a 2 day grazing period within a 28 day rotation and during the 5 days following removal of animals. A pronounced diurnal variation was observed in the flux of NH3, the maximum occurring between 13.00 and 20.00 hours on each day. Rainfall and low rates of evapotranspiration reduced the flux to <0.02 kg N h−1 h−1. The total loss of NH3 during 28 days was 20.7 kg N ha−1.
Varietal differences in the mineral composition of bulked samples of fruit from Cox's Orange Pippin, Crispin (Mutsu) and Spartan apple trees
Authors: Perring Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConcentrations of dry matter, nitrogen and major mineral constituents in samples of Cox's Orange Pippin and Crispin fruit from interplanted trees were measured for 4 years. Similar measurements were made over a 6 year period in Cox and Spartan fruit samples from trees interplanted in another orchard. Concentrations varied greatly in all varieties from year to year. In comparison with Cox, fruit calcium concentrations were higher for a given mean mass per apple in Crispin in all years and in Spartan for 4 of the 6 years at harvest. Concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus were lower in Crispin and Spartan than in Cox fruit at harvest in all years, but dry matter and sodium concentrations differed only in some years. Changes in concentrations during fruit growth were measured in 2 years for each comparison. Differences between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in either Crispin or Spartan and Cox apples were evident throughout fruitlet enlargement in both years. Calcium concentrations were higher in Crispin and Spartan fruitlets than in Cox fruitlets of equivalent mass. Variations in the concentrations of potassium, magnesium and calcium from tree to tree were greater for Cox than Crispin samples but relationships between potassium and magnesium concentrations were similar for both varieties.
Nutritional composition of UK retail potatoes, both raw and cooked
Authors: Finglas Paul M. , Faulks Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOver two seasons, four maincrop potato cultivars together with early varieties, were purchased from a range of retail outlets in three principal consumer areas (London, Birmingham and Glasgow). Samples were analysed for moisture, total nitrogen, non‐protein nitrogen, fat, carbohydrates (sugars, starch and dietary fibre), vitamins and minerals. Analyses were carried out on both the raw and cooked (boiled, baked, roast and chipped) tubers every 12 weeks. Values for raw and cooked materials were compared with previously published figures, and cultivar, centre and seasonal effects were identified by analysis of variance. Nutrients found to be lower than the Food Composition Table data were riboflavin and niacin (50%), potassium (40%), iron, copper and zinc (20–30%); thiamin and total folate were 2–3 times higher, total ascorbate, initially similar, declined more rapidly after harvest. These differences were reflected in the values obtained for the cooked potato where the major difference was a reduction in the fat content of chips by about 40%. Cooking losses were similar to those in the Food Composition Tables. The main varietal effects were confined to the vitamins. Centre effects showed that potatoes from Glasgow had less ascorbate and dry matter but slightly more free sugars. The only significant seasonal effect was for total ascorbate where the second season was higher than the first.
The existence of the 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and diacetyl in autoxidised edible oils
Authors: Hirayama Teruhisa , Yamada Naohide , Nohara Motoshi , Fukui Shozo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and diacetyl which are known to be mutagens without metabolic activation in the Salmonella typhimurium TA100 system, were detected in autoxidised edible oils (sesame, safflower and sardine oil). The method is based on the fact that the 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds react with 4‐chloro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine to give 6‐chloroquinoxaline derivatives, which can be detected by 63Ni ECD‐gas chromatography. Glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and diacetyl were detected at 4.7, 7.0 and 1.6 μg g−1, respectively, in 20 h autoxidised methyl linolenate. Glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and diacetyl were also detected at 6.5, 7.0 and 3.1 μg g−1, respectively, in 30 h autoxidised sardine oil.
Cold setting alginate‐pectin mixed gels
Authors: Morris Victor J. , Chilvers Graham R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGlucono‐delta‐lactone (GDL) has been used as a slow acidifier to produce cold setting mixed alginate‐pectin gels. Gelation was observed under conditions for which neither the alginate nor the pectin alone would gel. Gelation occurs after a lag phase. The effect of GDL on the gelation of the mixed system is discussed in terms of the buffering action of the polymers. Possible technological applications are briefly discussed.
Puffing characteristics of some processed rice stored in different packaging systems
Authors: Bhattacharjee Mridula , Nath Surya 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVarietal differences in the puffing characteristics of parboiled rice (PABR), parboiled milled rice (PAMR) and milled rice (MR) after storage in polyethylene bags (PLY), polyethylene impregnated jute bags and jute bags (JUB) for varying times up to 120 days were studied. Monthly observations covering changes in physicochemical properties considered to have bearings on the puffing characteristics of rice were made and the factors responsible for puffing of rice have been tentatively identified. Better puffing followed increased ageing of rice samples. PABR was a better puffer than PAMR while MR yielded charred rice and hence was unsuitable for puffed rice production. Alkali degradation and grain hardness had some regulatory effect on the quality of puffing of rice. PLY emerged as the best packaging material for storing rice for later puffing. In JUB rapid damage of rice samples occurred owing to insect infestation and it was the poorest packaging unit.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of soluble carbohydrates in commercial drinks
Authors: Vidal‐Valverde Concepción , Valverde Serafin , Martin‐Villa Carmen , Blanco Inmaculada , Rojas‐Hidalgo Enrique 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHigh performance liquid chromatography was carried out to determine the soluble sugar content in canned soft drinks and commercial fruit juices stored in different types of containers. The total amount of sugars ranged from 9.2 to 13.5 g 100 ml−1 for the soft drinks, 10 to 14 g 100 ml−1 in fruit nectars and 3 g 100 ml−1 in tomato juice. The individual sugar content of soft drinks varied between different batches, although the total amount remained fairly constant for each kind of drink or juice. Only in tomato juice where sucrose was not present, did the values for glucose and fructose remain constant.
Influence of storage on the protein quality of pearl millet flour
Authors: Boora Pinky , Kapoor Amin C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhole grain flours of two cultivars of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides Rich) were stored in cans for 8 days at the prevailing room temperature (25±5°C), until the flours developed an off‐flavour and bad taste. The flour samples were then evaluated for protein quality. The values of protein efficiency ratio, true digestibility, biological value, net protein retention and protein utilisation fell markedly during storage. The protein quality of the cultivar with the higher amount of oil was affected more severely.
Inhibition of structural carbohydrate fermentation by forage phenolics
Authors: Jung Hans‐Joachim G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe benzoic and cinnamic acids found in forages were tested for their inhibitory effects on digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose by mixed cultures of rumen microorganisms in vitro. Rate and extent of cellulose digestion with the addition of cinnamic acids were determined. The benzoic acids and aldehydes were also compared for their inhibitory potential. Of the benzoic acid derivatives, only the parent compound (benzoic acid) inhibited in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of cellulose after 48 h, whereas most of the cinnamic acids were inhibitory. None of these compounds depressed IVDMD of hemicellulose. Extent of cellulose digestion was unaffected by cinnamic acids, but rate of digestion was significantly reduced. The ranking of compounds for inhibitory potential was essentially reversed between 48 and 168 h of fermentation as compared with the ranking for 0 to 48 h of fermentation. There were also shifts in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids produced between these times. The rapid reduction in concentration of cinnamic acids by microbial fermentation may explain these shifts. Benzoic aldehydes were more inhibitory of structural carbohydrate fermentation than were acids. No clear relationship existed between addition of hydroxyl or methoxyl groups to benzoic or cinnamic acids and their depressing effects on IVDMD. Cinnamic acids, which are more abundant in forages, were more inhibitory than the benzoic acids; but for all compounds, it appeared that hemicellulolytic bacteria were generally more tolerant of these compounds than the cellulolytic bacteria.
Blocked thiols in glutenin and protein quality
Authors: Ewart John A. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt has already been suggested that when glutenin chains are synthesised, two cysteine residues on each chain preferentially form interchain disulphide bonds (SS) resulting in linear arrays of polypeptide chains. Presumably steric factors stop the growth of a molecule eventually, leaving each terminal chain with a free SH group. It is now postulated that the free SH groups later react with low molecular weight (mol. wt) thiols and SS compounds, which also break some interchain bonds by SS interchange so reducing the average mol. wt of the glutenin. Terminal SH groups and the halves of each broken SS become blocked by low mol. wt compounds. Therefore, if the quantity of glutenin‐bound low mol. wt thiols (end‐blockers) bound to glutenin could be measured it would enable the number of glutenin molecules to be calculated and hence a number‐average mol. wt. When six wheats spanning the normal range of baking quality were tested, glutenin‐bound half‐cystine and glutathione residues were eventually found, but no SH groups could be detected. The number‐average number of chains per glutenin molecule (proportional to mol. wt) was correlated with intrinsic viscosity of glutenin and with loaf volume per gram of loaf protein, thus supporting the hypothesis. It is suggested that the main aim of reducing the native thiol content of flour with improvers is to limit degradation of glutenin molecules. If the hypothesis should be confirmed it may be advantageous to breed wheats with low contents of thiols and active disulphides in the grain, since their quantities may largely account for glutenin mol. wt and, in turn, protein quality.
Effects of single and multiple waterloggings on the growth and yield of winter wheat on a clay soil
Authors: Belford Robert K. , Cannell Robert Q. , Thomson Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe response of winter wheat to surface waterlogging in monoliths of clay soil in lysimeters was studied. The treatments, selected as corresponding to the most extreme likely in Britain, were: 5 days of waterlogging in October between germination and emergence; 42 days of waterlogging during tillering in January and February; and 21 days from mid‐April during stem elongation. These treatments were used singly and in all combinations and were compared with a freely‐drained control. During waterlogging, the oxygen concentration in the soil declined most rapidly when the soil was warmer (in October and April) and at the shallower depths (5, 20cm): also, a decrease in soil solution nitrate was accompanied by an increase in nitrous oxide evolution. Pre‐emergence waterlogging restricted plant population to 35 m−2 compared to 338 m−2 under free drainage. Subsequently, compensatory growth resulted from diminished interplant competition for nitrogen, water and light: a greater proportion of tillers survived and the flag leaves were larger, although ears at harvest were fewer in all treatments waterlogged before emergence. After waterlogging during tillering, grain loss was accounted for entirely by a decrease in the number of ear‐bearing tillers. After waterlogging during stem elongation, yield losses were associated primarily with fewer grains per spikelet. Grain yield was depressed by about 4–12% after single waterloggings, by 20% after any two waterloggings, and by 32% when plants were waterlogged on all three occasions.