bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structure of the Novel Pentaselenidohexaarsenate(I,II) Cluster Anion [As6Se5]2−
Authors: Kromm Anna , Sheldrick William S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMethanolothermal reaction of [MnCl3(9‐ane‐N3)] with As2Se3 at 150 °C in the presence of Cs2CO3 affords violet‐coloured [Mn(9‐ane‐N3)2]As6Se5 (1). Its novel tricyclic selenidoarsenate(I,II) anion [As6Se5]2− contains two five‐membered [As3As(Se)Se] rings that are symmetry‐related by a crystallographic C2 axis passing through the common AsI‐AsI bond between their respective first two ring members. The adjacent AsI atoms in the individual rings are bridged by the Se atom of the third [As4Se] ring.
Catalytic Induced Thermal Conversion of Amorphous Carbon into Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Joshi Ravi , Schierholz Roland , Schneider Jörg J. , Haridoss Prathap 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSingle walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have caught extensive attention in the field of material science and electronics. Their formation typically uses plasma arc or CVD techniques [1–3]. So far, formation of SWCNTs just by thermal conversion of amorphous, non graphitic carbon which is a nearly ubiquitous carbon source is challenging but has not been reported so far. We herein demonstrate the catalytic growth of SWNTs from an amorphous carbon source (activated charcoal powder, ‘Aktivkohle’) mediated by three different catalytically active metals; metallic nickel, nickel derived from bis(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)nickel (nickelocene) and yttrium formed in situ from yttrium oxide.
Cerium Complex with Four Types of Ligands: (NH4)6[Ce(H2W12O40)(C4H2O4)(NO3)(H2O)3]
Authors: Shi Dongmei , Chen Yaguang , Pang Haijun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA novel polymer (NH4)6[Ce(H2W12O40)(C4H2O4)(NO3)(H2O)3] (1) has been constructed at room temperature and characterized by single crystal X‐ray structural analyses, elemental analyses, cyclic voltammetry, IR spectrum, and thermogravimetry. X‐ray structural analysis reveals that through the W–Ot′–Ce–Ob–W linkages a one‐dimension infinitely linear chain with alternating cations and anions is formed. 1 represents the first characterized compound that the Ce3+ ions are coordinated by four different types of ligands, and maleinate as ligands in constructing LnPOM architecture.
1,5‐Diamino‐4‐methyltetrazolium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate – Synthesis, Testing and Scale‐up
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carles , Welch Jan M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract1,5‐Diamino‐4‐methyltetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (2b) was synthesized in high yield from 1,5‐diamino‐4‐methyltetrazolium iodide (2a) and highly sensitive silver 5‐nitrotetrazolate (AgNT). A safer synthesis, suitable for scale‐up, is introduced involving reaction of the previously unreported 1‐amino‐5‐imino‐4‐methyltetrazole free base (2) with ammonium 5‐nitrotetrazolate. Both new compounds (2 and 2b) were fully characterized using vibrational (IR and Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N), elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The hydrogen‐bonding networks of both materials are described in terms of their graph‐sets. Compound 2b is hydrolytically stable with a high melting point and concomitant decomposition at 160 °C. The sensitivity of the energetic salt 2b towards impact (>30 J) and friction (>360 N) was tested. The constant volume energy of combustion (ΔcU) of 2b was measured experimentally using bomb calorimetry. In addition, the detonation parameters (detonation pressure and velocity) of the nitrotetrazolate salt were calculated from the energy of formation, the crystal density and the molecular formula using the EXPLO5 computer code (P = 15.5·GPa, D = 6749 m s−1) and are similar to that of TNT and nitroguanidine making 2b of prospective interest in propellant charge formulations or, in combination with a suitable oxidizer, as a solid propellant.
A Highly Hexane Soluble Lithium Salt and other Starting Materials of the Fluorinated Weakly Coordinating Anion [Al{OC(CF3)2(CH2SiMe3)}4]−
Authors: Müller Lutz O. , Krossing Ingo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe lithium salt of the weakly coordinating alkoxyaluminate anion Li[Al(OC(CF3)2(CH2SiMe3))4] (2) is soluble in polar and even in non‐polar solvents. Especially the solubility in n‐hexane confirms 2 to be an excellent candidate for Li ion catalysis. Its polymeric structure consists of a seven coordinated Li+ cation, coordinating a [Al(OC(CF3)2(CH2SiMe3)]− anion that serves as hexadentate O2F4 ligand and a further bridging F atom of a second anion. Compound 2 reacts with ClCPh3 giving the [CPh3]+ salt which is at least stable in CD2Cl2 over days at 298 K, but decomposes after storage at 333 K for several days.
Kleptocracy and Its Many Faces: The Challenges of Justiciability of the Right to Health Care in Nigeria
Authors: Nnamuchi Obiajulu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article analyses the difficulties surrounding justiciability of the right to health care in Nigeria and the implications for access issues. It argues that claims denying justiciability on the grounds of the absence of a legal foundation and / or paucity of resources are misplaced. This reasoning derives from an interrogation of the rationale for and the consequences of the designation of what ought to be the right to health care as a Directive Principle, kleptocracy as an impediment to actualizing the right to health care, and the impact of the domestication of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Projecting into the future, the article analyses the challenges that would confront courts in Nigeria grappling with the normative content of the right to health care, arguing that the difficulties are not insurmountable and that, given the seemingly intractable nature of the issues, the courts should adopt a proactive interpretive approach.
Addressing Human Rights Concerns Raised by Mandatory HIV Testing of Pregnant Women through the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women
Authors: Durojaye Ebenezer 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article considers the importance of preventing mother to child transmission of HIV in Africa. It argues, however, that any approach to achieving this aim must be consistent with respect for human rights. In particular, it argues that mandatory HIV testing of pregnant women violates their rights to autonomy, health and reproductive care, and non-discrimination, all guaranteed in the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women and other international and regional human rights instruments. It concludes by arguing that respect for women's human rights should form the fulcrum for any call for mandatory or routine HIV testing of pregnant women in Africa.
Corporate Social Responsibility, Multinational Corporations and the Law in Nigeria: Controlling Multinationals in Host States
Authors: Amao Olufemi O 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThere is a general perception that home jurisdictions in vulnerable areas are powerless when it comes to the control of multinational corporations. While this assertion is largely correct, this article argues that there cannot be effective control of multinational corporations (“MNCs”) at international, regional or private level without the corresponding development of an effective minimum institutional framework at the domestic level. This article examines the Nigerian legal framework for the regulation of MNCs with a view to underlining the weaknesses in the domestic forum, and also examines the prospects for enhancing the capacity of a domestic framework for the effective control of MNCs. The article argues that, while corporate social responsibility practice by MNCs is becoming well entrenched, this development cannot replace the need for effective host state regulation. The article focuses on company law and human rights law and suggests viable possibilities within the local context that may enhance the control of MNCs.
Hearing aids and tinnitus therapy: a 25-year experience
Authors: Trotter M I , Donaldson I 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectives:(1) To assess the subjective tinnitus perception of patients with audiologically proven hearing loss presenting to a tinnitus clinic, both before and after hearing aid provision; (2) to investigate subjective tinnitus perception in patients with unilateral and bilateral hearing loss; and (3) to assess the impact on tinnitus perception, if any, of a digital hearing aid programme in patients provided with hearing aids.Design:Prospective data collection for patients attending a tinnitus clinic over a 25-year period (1980–2004).Setting:University teaching hospital otolaryngology department.Participants:A total of 2153 consecutive patients attending a consultant-delivered specialist tinnitus clinic.Main outcomes measures:A visual analogue scale was used to assess the degree of tinnitus perception improvement, if any, comparing before versus after unilateral or bilateral aiding (in those with audiometrically proven hearing loss). A further assessment compared the effect of digital hearing aid programme introduction on symptomatic tinnitus perception in patients provided with unilateral or bilateral aids.Results:A total of 1440 patients were given hearing aids (826 unilateral and 614 bilateral). There was little difference in tinnitus perception, comparing overall aiding results in unilaterally or bilaterally aided patients. Overall, 554 (67 per cent) of unilaterally aided patients and 424 (69 per cent) of bilaterally aided patients reported some improvement in their tinnitus perception following aiding. There was a statistically significant improvement in tinnitus perception, comparing analogue aids with digital hearing aids, following introduction of a digital hearing aid programme in 2000, in both unilaterally (p < 0.001) and bilaterally (p < 0.001) aided patients.Conclusions:Provision of hearing aids in patients with audiometrically demonstrable hearing loss can play a very important part in tinnitus control. The additional improvement in tinnitus control observed following introduction of programmable digital aids had a summative effect in the management of these patients.
Screening for gap junction protein beta-2 gene mutations in Malays with autosomal recessive, non-syndromic hearing loss, using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Aishah Z Siti , Khairi M D Mohd , Normastura A R , Zafarina Z , Zilfalil B A 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective:To determine the frequency and type of gap junction protein beta-2 gene mutations in Malay patients with autosomal recessive, non-syndromic hearing loss.Methods:A total of 33 Malay patients with autosomal recessive, non-syndromic hearing loss were screened for mutations in the Cx26 coding region. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from buccal swab samples and subjected to polymerase chain reaction. Slow-reannealing was performed, followed by screening using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography.Results:Eight of the samples (24.2 per cent) showed heterozygous peaks, and further sequencing of these samples revealed four patients (50.0 per cent) with the W24X mutation, two (25.0 per cent) with the V37I mutation and another two (25.0 per cent) with the G4D mutation.Conclusions:Analysis of buccal swab samples by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography is noninvasive and suitable for rapid and reliable screening of gap junction protein beta-2 gene mutations in patients with autosomal recessive, non-syndromic hearing loss. Malay patients with autosomal recessive, non-syndromic hearing loss have different kinds of gap junction protein beta-2 gene mutations which are rarely found in other populations.
TBI Research: Reviewing the Past, Planning the Future
Authors: Johnstone Brick 
Published: March 2008

Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury. Walter M. High,
Jr., Angelle M. Sander, Margaret A. Struchen, and Karen A. Hart (Eds.).
2005. New York: Oxford University Press. 368 pp., $69.50 (HB).Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury, the final product
of a 2003 conference that assembled national experts on traumatic brain
injury (TBI) rehabilitation, was written to “bring into one volume a
concise and authoritative account of what is currently known in the field
of TBI rehabilitation.” It is intended for TBI clinicians and
researchers including neuropsychologists, physiatrists, neurologists,
neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and rehabilitation therapists. The volume is
impressive for the number of chapter authors who are nationally recognized
experts on various aspects of TBI rehabilitation (e.g., Drs. Prigatano,
Malec, Corrigan, Levin, Boake, Diller, Sohlberg, and Cicerone), as well as
the broad and inclusive range of topics covered.
What do pedometer counts represent? A comparison between pedometer data and data from four different questionnaires
Authors: De Cocker Katrien A , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse M , Cardon Greet M 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo compare physical activity (PA) reported through pedometer registrations (step counts) with PA reported in four different questionnaires; to compare step count thresholds (7500, 10 000 and 12 500 steps/d) with the PA guideline of 30 min of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) per day.SubjectsA sample of 310 healthy adults, mean age 38·7 (sd 11·9) years, volunteered to participate. Forty-seven per cent was male and 93 % of the sample was employed.MethodsPA was assessed by interview (Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (MLTPAQ)), three self-administered questionnaires (long version and short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (long-form IPAQ, short-form IPAQ), Baecke questionnaire) and seven consecutive days of pedometer registration.ResultsStep counts correlated positively with questionnaire-based PA. The strongest correlations were found between step counts and total PA reported in the long-form IPAQ (rs = 0·37), moderate PA reported in the short-form IPAQ (rs = 0·33), total and moderate PA reported in the MLTPAQ (rs = 0·32), and the total and leisure-time PA indices (excluding sport) reported in the Baecke questionnaire (rs = 0·44). According to step counts, 22·6 % of the participants were somewhat active, 18·7 % active and 39·4 % highly active. As assessed by the long-form IPAQ, short-form IPAQ and MLTPAQ, the guideline of 30 min MVPA/d was reached by respectively 85·4 %, 84·8 % and 68·0 % of participants.ConclusionPedometer-based data offer adequate information to discriminate between levels of PA. Caution is needed when comparing active samples based on different PA recommendations.
Direct analysis of tfdA gene expression by indigenous bacteria in phenoxy acid amended agricultural soil
Authors: Bælum Jacob , Nicolaisen Mette H , Holben William E , Strobel Bjarne W , Sørensen Jan , Jacobsen Carsten S 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Expression of the functional gene tfdA involved in degradation of phenoxyacetic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) was investigated during degradation scenarios in natural unseeded soil samples. The results illustrate how messenger RNA (mRNA)-based analysis is well suited to quantitatively study the activity of specific microbial populations in soil using phenoxyacetic acid biodegradation as a model system. Via quantitative real-time PCR, a clear response to the presence of phenoxy acids was shown during degradation in soil amended with 20 mg 2,4-D or MCPA per kg soil. Further, we found a relatively high degree of correlation between expression of the functional gene and the rates of mineralization. Melting curve analyses of real-time PCR products, supported by tfdA-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that, although only class I tfdA genes were apparent in the indigenous microbial population, class III tfdA genes became predominant during incubation, and were the only genes expressed during degradation of MCPA in soil. In contrast, both classes were expressed during degradation of the structurally similar compound 2,4-D. The ability to quantify microbial transcripts directly in environmental samples will have a profound impact on our understanding of microbial processes in the environment in future studies.
Prevalence and Patterns of Microarray Data Sharing
Authors: Piwowar Heather , Chapman Wendy 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSharing research data is a cornerstone of science. Although many tools and policies exist to encourage data sharing, the prevalence with which datasets are shared is not well understood. We report our preliminary results on patterns of sharing microarray data in public databases.The most comprehensive method for measuring occurrences of public data sharing is manual curation of research reports, since data sharing plans are usually communicated in free text within the body of an article. Our early findings from manual curation of 100 papers suggest that 30% of investigators publicly share their full microarray datasets. Of these, 70% of the datasets are deposited at NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, 20% at EBI's ArrayExpress, and 10% in smaller databases or lab or publisher websites.Next, we supplemented this manual process with a rough automated estimate of data sharing prevalence. Using PubMed, we identified research articles with MeSH terms for both "Gene Expression Profiling" and "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis" and published in 2006. We then searched GEO and ArrayExpress for links to these PubMed IDs to determine which of the articles had been credited as an originating data source.Of the 2503 articles, 440 (18%) articles had links from either GEO or ArrayExpress. Of these 440 articles, 70% had links from GEO and 30% from ArrayExpress, with an overlapping 12% from both GEO and ArrayExpress.Interestingly, studies with free full text at PubMed were twice (Odds Ratio=2.1; 95% confidence interval: [1.7 to 2.5]) as likely to be linked as a data source within GEO or ArrayExpress than those without free full text. Studies with human data were less likely to have a link (OR=0.8 [0.6 to 0.9]) than studies with only non-human data. The proportion of articles with a link within these two databases has increased over time: the odds of a data-source link for studies was 2.5 [2.0 to 3.1] times greater for studies published in 2006 than 2002.As might be expected, studies with the fewest funding sources had the fewest data-sharing links: only 28 (6%) of the 433 studies with no funding source were listed within GEO or ArrayExpress. In contrast, studies funded by the NIH, the US government, or a non-US government source had data-sharing links in 282 of 1556 cases (18%), while studies funded by two or more of these mechanisms were listed in the databases in 130 out of 514 cases (25%).In summary, our initial manual approach for identifying studies which shared their data was comprehensive but time-consuming; natural language processing techniques could be helpful. Our subsequent automated approach yielded conservative estimates for total data sharing prevalence, nonetheless revealing several promising hypotheses for data sharing behaviorWe hope these preliminary results will inspire additional investigations into data sharing behavior, and in turn the development of effective policies and tools to facilitate this important aspect of scientific research.
Race and Gender Differences in the Relationships Between Anthropometrics and Abdominal Fat in Youth
Authors: Lee SoJung , Kuk Jennifer L. , Hannon Tamara S. , Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: We examined the influence of race and gender on abdominal adipose tissue (AT) distribution for a given anthropometric measure including waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height (W/Ht) in youth.Methods and Procedures: Subjects included healthy 62 black and 98 white youth. A single transverse image of the abdomen (L4–L5) was obtained using computed tomography.Results: For a given BMI, there was a significant (P < 0.05) main effect of race and sex on the relationship between BMI and WC, such that boys and whites had a higher WC than girls and blacks. There was a significant (P < 0.05) main effect and interaction effect of gender on the relationship between WC and visceral AT, such that boys had a higher visceral AT than girls, and the difference was magnified with increasing WC. For a given WC, black boys and girls had higher abdominal subcutaneous AT (SAT) than white peers, wherein the magnitude of the difference is increased with increasing WC. For a given W/Ht, black boys had significantly (P < 0.05) lower visceral AT than white boys, but with no difference in girls. Black boys and girls had higher SAT than white peers, wherein the magnitude of the difference is increased with increasing W/Ht.Discussion: Our findings demonstrate a significant race and gender differential in the abdominal AT distribution for a given BMI, WC, WHR, and W/Ht. Future studies should take these differences into consideration when developing race‐ and gender‐specific anthropometric cut‐offs for obesity and obesity‐related health risks in youth.
The Prevalence of Obesity in Ethnic Admixture Adults
Authors: Albright Cheryl L. , Steffen Alana D. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Henderson Brian E. , Kolonel Laurence N. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To determine whether the prevalence of obesity in ethnic admixture adults varies systematically from the average of the prevalence estimates for the ethnic groups with whom they share a common ethnicity.Methods and Procedures: The sample included 215,000 adults who reported one or more ethnicities, height, weight, and other characteristics through a mailed survey.Results: The highest age‐adjusted prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 25) was in Hawaiian/Latino men (88%; n = 41) and black/Latina women (74.5%; n = 79), and highest obesity (BMI ≥ 30) rates were in Hawaiian/Latino men (53.7%; n = 41) and Hawaiian women (39.2%, n = 1,247). The prevalence estimates for most admixed groups were similar to or higher than the average of the prevalences for the ethnic groups with whom they shared common ethnicities. For instance, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in five ethnic admixtures—Asian/white, Hawaiian/white, Hawaiian/Asian, Latina/white, and Hawaiian/Asian/white ethnic admixtures—was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than the average of the prevalence estimates for their component ethnic groups.Discussion: The identification of individuals who have a high‐risk ethnic admixture is important not only to the personal health and well‐being of such individuals, but could also be important to future efforts in order to control the epidemic of obesity in the United States.
Changes in Perceived Weight Discrimination Among Americans, 1995–1996 Through 2004–2006
Authors: Andreyeva Tatiana , Puhl Rebecca M. , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: Little is known about the prevalence and patterns of weight discrimination in the United States. This study examined the trends in perceived weight/height discrimination among a nationally representative sample of adults aged 35–74 years, comparing experiences of discrimination based on race, age, and gender.Methods and Procedures: Data were from the two waves of the National Survey of Midlife Developmentin the United States (MIDUS), a survey of community‐based English‐speaking adults initially in 1995–1996 and a follow‐up in 2004– 2006. Reported experiences of weight/height discrimination included a variety of settings in major lifetime events and interpersonal relationships.Results: The prevalence of weight/height discrimination increased from 7% in 1995–1996 to 12% in 2004–2006, affecting all population groups but the elderly. This growth is unlikely to be explained by changes in obesity rates.Discussion: Weight/height discrimination is highly prevalent in American society and increasing at disturbing rates. Its prevalence is relatively close to reported rates of race and age discrimination, but virtually no legal or social sanctions against weight discrimination exist.