bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Subtle Materials and Chemical Considerations in the Development of Accelerated Tests for Service Performance Predictions
Authors: Palumbo G , Brennenstuhl AM , Gonzalez FS 
Published: March 2009

The usefulness of accelerated laboratory tests for selecting materials for applications where corrosion is likely to be the main life limiting concern can be compromised by subtle, often ignored, microstructural and microchemical factors. Residual deformation and crystallographic orientation are metallurgical factors which can have a large effect on corrosion response and therefore must be considered when comparing materials. Microchemical differences are often addressed but there is still scope for'improvement here. Less commonly used microprobing techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can provide additional information on the segregation of trace impurities which can have an important influence on corrosion resistance.
Another difficulty with accelerated tests is that high levels of acceleration often mask differences in corrosion response. This may lead to the best candidate material for the service environment not being selected. To minimize this problem the accelerated test should simulate as closely as possible the service environment. This may mean that data will take longer to obtain, however, this is the inevitable price of a greater degree of confidence in the material that is finally selected.
Quantitative Measurement of the Corrosion Rate Using a Small Counter Electrode in the Boundary of Passive and Corroded Zones of a Long Concrete Beam
Authors: Andrade C , Macias A , Feliu S , Escudero ML , González JA 
Published: March 2009

Recently, in CORROSION-87, one paper was presented which, assuming the electrical model of the “transmission line” to represent the nonuniform distribution of the current in a concrete beam, demonstrated the calculation of the instantaneous corrosion rate by unit of length of the rebar through mathematical equations.
In the present contribution those equations are used in order to determine whether the equations enable distinction between the corroded zones of a rebar and those which remain passive. A concrete beam was fabricated, half of it by mixing chlorides with the cement (and therefore inducing a corrosion in the rebars) and the other half without admixtures (passivated zones of the rebars). The apparent polarization resistance was measured along the beam using a small counter electrode. Through the equations previously proposed, the corrosion rate was calculated.
The results obtained confirm that the boundary between corroded and passivated zones can be clearly identified using these formulae. Finally, some comments are given on the relative activity of galvanic macrocells compared with the corrosion microcells.
Construction and Testing of Deep Foundation Improvement Using the Deep Cement Mixing Method
Authors: Babasaki R , Suzuki K , Saitoh S , Suzuki Y , Tokitoh K 
Published: March 2009

The construction of an office building (hereafter referred to as “Building N”) was planned in Kagoshima City in western Japan. The building site consisted of loose, alluvial sand called Shirasu, which is subject to liquefaction during earthquakes. It was decided that a newly developed soil improvement technique would be adopted as the foundation construction method. The technique employs the Deep Cement Mixing Method to construct a grid of hardened soil. This grid controls the generation of excess pore water pressure by reducing the occurrence of shear deformation in the native soil within the grid, thereby preventing liquefaction during earthquakes.
This paper discusses the design and construction of the improved soil foundation for Building N.
Degradation of Fluorescent Tracer Dyes Used in Spray Applications
Authors: Salyani M 
Published: March 2009

Fluorescent dyes Basonyl Red 485, Eosine OJ, and Tinopal CBS-X were used to study the effect of solar radiation on dye degradation. Drops of dye solutions, prepared at 10, 100, and 1000 mg/L concentrations, were dispensed on mylar plastic and cellulose filter paper targets. Dye deposits, made with 1, 2, and 4 μL drops, were exposed to 5–120 min sunlight (0.125–3.963 MJ/m2 solar radiation). The deposits were washed with deionized water and the amount of fluorescence was determined with a fluorometer.
All three dyes showed considerable degradation under solar radiation and the effects of both dye concentration and target type were significant. Degradation was higher at lower concentrations. Basonyl deposits had higher degradation on mylar sheet while Eosine and Tinopal (except 10 mg/L) deposits showed more degradation on filter paper. Drop size did not have a significant effect on dye degradation.
X-Ray Diffraction Characterization of Percent Crystallinity and Contaminants in Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxylapatite Coatings
Authors: Prevey PS , Rothwell RJ 
Published: March 2009

Composite orthopedic and dental implants consisting of metallic substrates plasma-spray coated with hydroxylapatite (HA), are currently used in reconstructive surgery. It is believed that the crystalline form of the calcium phosphate ceramic, the presence of contaminant phases, and the degree of crystallinity affect its biological properties.
X-ray diffraction has been employed to characterize the contaminants and percent crystallinity in biological and sintered synthetic HA. However, application to plasma-sprayed coatings is complicated by the potential presence of several crystalline contaminant phases, an amorphous component, and possible instability during grinding or inhomogeneity of the coatings.
The external standard method of x-ray diffraction quantitative analysis is developed for HA plasma-sprayed coatings. A data collection and reduction strategy to allow separation of contaminant phases and the amorphous fraction is presented. Examples of applications to a variety of coating samples, typical of those in current use, are presented. Repeatability and accuracy are demonstrated with powder mixtures of known composition. Detection limits and sources of error are discussed.
Geotechnics of Waste Fill
Authors: Landva AO , Clark JI 
Published: March 2009

Geotechnical investigations of waste fills are rarely undertaken, and consequently far too little is known by the geotechnical community about the engineering properties of fill, particularly waste fill such as refuse and woodwaste. In many communities waste fills are being used to create recreational areas to elevations significantly above the original terrain. Slope stability then becomes an important consideration. In addition many communities have expanded to encompass waste fill areas once thought to be beyond the limits of development. The engineering properties and long-term behaviour of these fill areas are therefore important to land use considerations.
In 1983 the authors initiated a programme of investigations of the geotechnical properties of waste materials. Particular emphasis was placed on refuse landfills and woodwastes such as barkfill (hogfuel), sludge and ash wastes. Novel equipment and methods had to be introduced both in the field and in the laboratory. The field investigations were carried out in waste fills across Canada. Much of this work had to be concerned with the development of suitable equipment and test procedures.
It is concluded that geotechnical investigations of these unusual and difficult materials are feasible, as long as it is recognized that conventional testing methods and analyses may not apply and that a different approach is required. No direct evidence was found that the shear strength of refuse changes with the degree of decomposition.
Stability Consideration of Vertical Landfill Expansions
Authors: Tieman GE , Druback GW , Davis KA , Weidner CH 
Published: March 2009

It should be expected that vertical expansions of ash residue and municipal solid waste landfills in the future will be required to demonstrate an acceptable level of structural stability in addition to meeting other federal and state regulations. In particular, the liner systems of the vertical piggyback expansions should not suffer damage due to settlement of the underlying existing waste material or due to side slope instability.
In May 1987, prior to the development of any New York state or federal regulations addressing the issue of structural stability relative to vertical piggyback expansions, separate ash residue and municipal solid waste vertical expansions were designed by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. for the Town of Islip, New York. A fundamental design consideration was the evaluation of long-term piggyback structural stability. Construction of both piggyback expansions began in September 1987, with substantial completion in August 1988.
The design of both piggybacks evaluated structural stability in the following modes: (1) failure between the various natural and geosynthetic materials comprising the piggyback liner system, (2) deep seated circular failure down through the underlying existing waste material and subgrade and (3) subgrade reinforcement with polyethylene geogrids. Malcolm Pirnie's analyses indicated that several geotechnical parameters were of critical concern for the stability of the Town of Islip's vertical piggyback expansions: (1) bottom liner and existing side slope grades, (2) interface friction angles, (3) type and orientation of the geosynthetics relative to grade, (4) depth of leachate in the drainage layer above the piggyback liner system, and (5) utilization of geogrids for subgrade reinforcement.
The stability analyses which assessed design conditions (1) through (4) utilized the computer program STABL, written at Purdue University for the general solution of slope stability problems. Calculation of factor of safety values against incipient instability of the slope was performed for the sliding block and deep-seated circular failure analysis, using the Modified Bishop's and Simplified Janbu methods, respectively. The results of the structural analyses indicated that a combination of geogrid reinforcement and appropriate design would yield vertical piggyback expansions which would have acceptable structural stabilities over their operational and post-closure lifetimes.
Tolerance of Several Cool-Season Turfgrasses to Simulated Sports Traffic
Authors: Cockerham ST , Gibeault VA , Van Dam J , Leonard MK 
Published: March 2009

Cool-season turfgrasses have potential for use on sports fields in the Southwestern United States. Fifty-three cultivars were planted in the National Perennial Ryegrass Evaluation Trial at the University of California at Riverside in 1984. After four years, Palmer, HR-1, Tara, Citation II, M-382, Gator, Blazer, Prelude, and SWRC-1 rated highest in quality with no statistically significant difference among them. A Brinkman traffic simulator (BTS) treatment, equivalent to one professional football game per week, was applied in 1988, over an eight-week period, to the perennial ryegrass cultivars. All of the ryegrasses tolerated the traffic, with Citation II performing the best.
Common Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] was overseeded with several cool-season species. Under moderate BTS traffic, roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) disappeared almost immediately. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Flyer creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and Shadow Chewing's fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud.) tolerated more traffic. Rebel II tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) withstood a moderate amount of traffic. Caliente and Elka perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars were traffic tolerant with the Caliente rating higher. Under the traffic and competition of the more persistent overseeded grasses (perennial ryegrass and tall fescue), the common Bermuda grass did not transition.
Established Mojave tall fescue was submitted to BTS traffic over a nine-month period. The grass tolerated moderate traffic, but it did not perform well under a once a week football game equivalent. Penetrometer measurements were significant among the treatments, indicating the heavy traffic reduced the impact absorption capability of the turf and increased the soil compaction.
The perennial ryegrasses are durable enough for consideration as sports turf for some sports in the Southwest.
Fatigue Crack Growth in an Al2O3 Short Fiber Reinforced Al-2Mg Alloy
Authors: Preston S , Melander A , Groth HL , Blom AF 
Published: March 2009

Metal matrix composites (Al-2Mg) reinforced with 10% by volume “Saffil” fibers were manufactured by a pressure infiltration technique. The initiation and growth of fatigue cracks in these composites were investigated by two methods.
Fatigue crack initiation and early crack growth were studied in smooth four-point bend specimens using replication techniques. The mechanisms of crack initiation were interpreted in terms of fiber interactions.
Fatigue crack growth behavior for long cracks was studied on CT-specimens. The long crack growth data for stress ratios R = 0. 05 and 0. 5 were correlated by incorporating measured values of crack closure into an effective driving force, ΔKeff.
A Critical Review of Fretting Fatigue Investigations at the Royal Aerospace Establishment
Authors: Rayaprolu DB , Cook R 
Published: March 2009

The Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE) of the United Kingdom has been involved in fretting fatigue research for about 15 years. This paper summarizes the work that has been carried out and describes research that is currently being undertaken. It also presents the authors' views of future requirements in fretting fatigue testing and modeling of contact stresses in fatigue loaded structures. The main aims of the RAE research are to determine the important factors which influence the initiation and propagation of fretting fatigue cracks and to develop fracture mechanics models which could be applied to structural situations. To achieve these aims considerable work has been undertaken to develop both fretting fatigue testing equipment and theoretical models of the fretting fatigue process. This paper describes the developments made in both areas.
A summary is given of the fretting fatigue variables that have been considered in the test programs to date. Early fracture mechanics models are briefly described and their ability to predict fatigue endurances is assessed. These models which were based on a growing edge crack have been modified to take account of the early growth of inclined cracks under fretting conditions. A critical review is made of testing methods and the authors' views on essential testing requirements are presented. The Report concludes with a discussion of the direction of future work both at the RAE and in the proposed ASTM activities.
Laser Damage Database at 1064 nm
Authors: Rainer F , Gonzales RP , Morgan AJ 
Published: March 2009

In conjunction with our diversification of laser damage testing capabilities (see “Expanded Damage Test Facilities at LLNL” this conference), we have expanded upon a database of threshold measurements and parameter variations at 1064 nm. This includes all tests at low pulse-repetition frequencies (PRF) ranging from single shots to 120 Hz. These tests were conducted on the Reptile laser facility since 1987 and the Variable Pulse Laser (VPL) facility since 1988. Pulse durations ranged from 1 to 16 ns. The table below summarizes the test data scaled to 10-ns pulses.
Sample typeNumber of testsDamage thresholds (J/cm2) scaled to 10 ns at 1064 nmMin.AverageMax.AR coatings1640.819&gt;56HR coatings2830.71856Polarizers470.8841Layers (1 or more, 1 material)1690.71234Metals (bare & enhanced)490.4640Bare surfaces2261.62661Bulk material1750.82161
Corrosion Testing in Soils—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Chaker V 
Published: March 2009

Corrosion has become one of the major contributors to the gradual depletion of many essential materials for survival on earth. Corrosion in soils can claim the lion's share of this destruction.
This paper outlines the development of test methods needed to identify, measure, and control corrosion in soils. Recognizing the limitations of present test methods, a challenge is offered to the professional world to embark on a program to develop new techniques for testing corrosion in soils, thus leading to better control and contributing to the prosperity and continued use of the earth's resources.
Long-Term Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Various Grades of Stainless Steel in Rural, Industrial, and Marine Environments
Authors: Baker EA , Kirk WW 
Published: March 2009

Stainless Steels have been used in outdoor applications for many years. The classic example is the roof of the Chrysler Building in New York City that was constructed in 1926; it has been cleaned only once (in 1961) to remove surface deposits and restore its original gleam. Architecture, industry, and transportation (land, air, water, and space) all utilize stainless steels, and the list of components in each is endless.
Eleven grades of stainless steel were evaluated after 29 years of exposure at two ASTM test sites: the rural atmosphere at State College, PA and the industrial atmosphere at Newark/Kearny, NJ. Previous evaluation of these same materials from the Kure Beach, NC 25- and 250-m marine sites have been reported and are referenced in this paper. The alloys evaluated include 200, 300, and 400 series stainless steels. This paper dwells on results from the rural and industrial sites, but summarizes alloy corrosion behavior from the mildest rural atmosphere to the most severe marine environment.
All materials at each site had the same general appearance, and no significant corrosion was evident. In the rural atmosphere, all stainless steel surfaces remained virtually unchanged after 29 years of exposure. In the industrial atmosphere, all alloy surfaces were dark brown to black in color, resulting from the deposit of industrial airborne particles. These deposits could be removed by brisk rubbing with a wet cloth and nonabrasive cleanser, nearly returning the surfaces to their original appearance.
No evidence of stress corrosion cracking was found around any welds or Erichsen cups. Mechanical properties of all alloys were unaffected by these long exposures.
Altered insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes and primary adrenal insufficiency receiving standard glucocorticoid replacement therapy
Authors: Elbelt Ulf , Hahner Stefanie , Allolio Bruno 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveCurrent glucocorticoid replacement regimens fail to fully mimic physiologic cortisol secretion in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. This may lead to changes in insulin requirement in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes. Therefore, we assessed insulin requirement in patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS-2).Design and subjectsTen females with primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes (mean duration of type 1 diabetes 13±11 years and of primary adrenal insufficiency 11±9 years) were retrospectively assessed regarding insulin regimen and insulin dose adjustment. Data were compared with control patients matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes drawn from all patients with type 1 diabetes attending the diabetes outpatient clinics at the University Hospital Wuerzburg for a scheduled consultation.ResultsGlycaemia was well controlled in both groups (mean HbA1c 6.99±0.81% in APS-2 patients versus 6.69±1.03% in control patients). The mean weight-adjusted daily dose of insulin was non-significantly higher in patients with APS-2 compared with control patients (0.69±0.35 IU/kg body weight versus 0.51±0.17 respectively). The mean insulin (IU)/carbohydrate-ratio for 10 g of carbohydrate in the morning was 1.9±1.0 and 1.4±0.5 respectively. However, the insulin/carbohydrate-ratios were significantly higher in the APS-2 patients both at noon (mean ratio 2.0±0.9 vs 1.1±0.5 in control patients) and in the evening (mean ratio 2.1±1.1 vs 1.3±0.5 respectively;P<0.05).ConclusionsGlucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes leads to significant changes in insulin requirement compared with patients with type 1 diabetes only.
Child Abuse Training and Knowledge: A National Survey of Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, and Pediatric Residents and Program Directors
Authors: Starling Suzanne P. , Heisler Kurt W. , Paulson James F. , Youmans Eren 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, comfort, and training related to the medical management of child abuse among pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine residents.
METHODS. Surveys were administered to program directors and third-year residents at 67 residency programs. The resident survey included a 24-item quiz to assess knowledge regarding the medical management of physical and sexual child abuse. Sites were solicited from members of a network of child abuse physicians practicing at institutions with residency programs.
RESULTS. Analyzable surveys were received from 53 program directors and 462 residents. Compared with emergency medicine and family medicine programs, pediatric programs were significantly larger and more likely to have a medical provider specializing in child abuse pediatrics, have faculty primarily responsible for child abuse training, use a written curriculum for child abuse training, and offer an elective rotation in child abuse. Exposure to child abuse training and abused patients was highest for pediatric residents and lowest for family medicine residents. Comfort with managing child abuse cases was lowest among family medicine residents. On the knowledge quiz, pediatric residents significantly outperformed emergency medicine and family medicine residents. Residents with high knowledge scores were significantly more likely to come from larger programs and programs that had a center, provider, or interdisciplinary team that specialized in child abuse pediatrics; had a physician on faculty responsible for child abuse training; used a written curriculum for child abuse training; and had a required rotation in child abuse pediatrics.
CONCLUSIONS. By analyzing the relationship between program characteristics and residents' child abuse knowledge, we found that pediatric programs provide far more training and resources for child abuse education than emergency medicine and family medicine programs. As leaders, pediatricians must establish the importance of this topic in the pediatric education of residents of all specialties.