bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yields and Land‐Use Efficiency of Maize‐Cowpea Crop Rotation in Comparison to Mixed and Monocropping on an Alfisol in Northern Ghana
Authors: Härdter R. , Horst W. J. , Schmidt G. , Frey E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResults reported in the literature with regard to productivity of intercropping systems in comparison to sole cropping are very inconsistent. A field experiment was therefore conducted in the northern part of the Guinea Savanna in Ghana to compare the productivity of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, maize/cowpea relay intercropping with maize/cowpea rotation and maize monocropping over a 4‐year period. The treatments included two levels of nitrogen (0 and 80 kg of N ha−1 y −1 as urea) and two levels of phosphorus application (0 and 60 kg of P ha−1 y−1 as Volta phosphate rock). At all levels of N and P application, maize yields of the intercropping systems, especially of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, were significantly lower than in sole cropping. Highest maize yields were obtained in maize/cowpea rotation, which in contrast to the other cropping systems did not show any reductions in yields over years. Cowpea yields were generally less affected by the cropping system, but were notably depressed when cowpea was relay‐intercropped with maize. In treatments without fertilizer application (N and P) Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) and Area x Time Equivalency Ratios (ATER) generally indicated lower productivity of the intercropping systems as compared to sole cropping, with the maize/cowpea rotation showing the highest productivity. Conversely, fertilizer application resulted in higher productivity of the intercropping systems over the 4‐year period. Productivity on the basis of ATER was generally lowest in maize/cowpea relay‐intercropping as a consequence of the long time of land occupation. All of the parameters indicate low productivity of maize monocropping, clearly demonstrating that crop sequence as well as fertilizer application must be considered as important for maintaining high production levels at this site.
Influence of Seed Size and Growth Stage on Forage Sorghum‐sudangrass Hybrid cv. P988 Grown on Striga‐infested Soil
Authors: Bebawi F. F. , Mutwali E. M. , Neugebohrn L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDelaying harvest of P988 from the boot stage to the maturity stage significantly reduced 1) forage greenchop yield of P988 grown on Striga‐ infested soil at 1st and 3rd harvest of July sowing and at 3rd harvest of October sowing, 2) root dry weight of P988 grown on Striga‐infested soil at 3rd harvest of July and October sowing, and 3) forage sucrose of P988 grown on Striga‐infested soil at 3rd harvest of July sowing and at 1st and 3rd harvest of October sowing. Reductions in forage greenchop yield of P988 with successive harvests were accelerated by Striga infestations. The root dry weight was significantly greater from P988 plants grown from small compared to large seed. Delaying harvest of P988 to the maturity stage was associated with significant increases in number of open Striga flowers at 1st and 2nd harvest from October planting and in Striga shoot dry weight at 1st harvest of July and 1st and 2nd harvest of October planting. These increases were positively correlated with forage sucrose of P988. Results suggest that optimal forage greenchop yield on Striga‐infested soil may be obtained from P988 plants grown from small seed and harvested at the boot stage.
Effect of Nitrogen and Water Management on Panicle Development and Milling Quality of California Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Jongkaewwattana S. , Geng S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNitrogen fertilization and water management are the most important agronomic factors in determining the yield and milling quality of rice. Yet little information is available on the effect of nitrogen and time of drainage on the uniformity of rice grain development on a panicle. The objectives of this study are 1) to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application on the uniformity of grain development on a panicle, and 2) to determine the combined effect of time of drainage and nitrogen application on rice yield and milling quality. Results show that nitrogen has a significant effect on grain filling characteristics. Nitrogen reduces grain filling rate, increases duration of grain filling, increases tiller numbers and decreases grain weight. The time of drainage is critical to the recovery of head rice. Generally speaking, late drainage tends to increase the head rice recovery, and its impact on rice milling quality is increased with an increased rate of nitrogen application.
Effect of Nitrogen Rates at Different Growth Stages on Corn Yield and Common Smut Disease [Ustilago maydis (D.C.) Corda]
Authors: Kostandi S. F. , Soliman M. F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of N fertilizer rates and time of N application on plant growth, N %, N uptake, smut index and yield response of corn were investigated in the field during the summer seasons 1988 and 1989. Increasing N rate from 30 to 60 and/or 90 kg/acre produced greater response on the studied parameters, followed by a limited response at 120 kg N/acre. Opposite results were detected on yield losses, owing to the severity of smut infection. Single application of N at planting was the least productive for DM and grain yields, compared with 2‐split or 3‐split N treatments. On the other hand, splitting N application at planting and 16‐leaf growth stages produced limited smut infection with greater increase in grain yield and lowest DM and N accumulations. The results also showed that 3‐split N treatment acted to accelerate the vigour growth and N uptake to a greater extent, creating more favourable conditions for stimulating smut infection, with an attendant increase on yield losses. Because of the advantage of applying 90 kg N/acre over the N treatments on the measured parameters, with particular reference to yield potential and smut performance, attention was given to splitting N fertilizer at planting and 16‐leaf growth stages.
Physiology of Drought Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)
Authors: Jat Khyali Ram , Muralia R. N. , Kumar Arvind 
Published: April 2008

I. AbstractDiurnal and temporal variations m water potential were significant and these parameters were positively correlated with grain yield and biological yield. Variations in osmotic potential and pressure potential did not provide any clue about osmotic adjustment. Negative turgor was also observed specially under water stress condition and later stages of plant growth. Water potential was positively and significantly correlated with grain yield. Osmotic potential showed high and significant correlation only at terminal stage. Pressure potential was positively correlated with yield.
Screening Soybean Genotypes for Drought and Heat Tolerance
Authors: Sapra Val T. , Anaele Anthony O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasms from maturity groups III through VII were evaluated at three osmotic potential levels (‐0.017, 0.3 and ‐0.5 MPa) using polyethylene glycol M.W. 8000 and four temperature regimes (10, 25, 50 and 110°C) for drought and heat tolerance, respectively. Heat injury varied significantly among growth stages with the highest heat injury occurring at the flowering stage. Susceptibility to heat injury decreased toward maturity with the exception of a few genotypes. Genotypic variability was found among the lines in both drought and heat tolerance tests. This study identified the lines PI 408.155, PI 423.827B, PI 423.759 and Pershing as both drought and heat tolerant. In general, the larger‐seeded lines failed to germinate at ‐0.50 MPa. A positive and significant relationship between promptness index and germina‐tion stress index was found. However, no significant correlation was observed between germination stress index and the heat tolerance test. Based on the results from the germination test, lines PI 393.550, PI393.547, PI 86.103, PI 171.437, PI 86.490 and PI 423.852 had high germination stress indices and need further testing for heat stress tolerance.
Effect of Sowing Date on the Yield of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Authors: Bejiga G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA sowing date experiment was conducted over 6 years (1978–1983) to determine the optimum sowing date for lentil on vertisols in Debre Zeit area, Ethiopia. The results showed that sowing between the last week of June and the second week of July maximizes lentil yield. Later planting after mid‐July, reduced both yield and time to maturity.
Yield Structure of Winter Faba Beans Grown in Northern Germany in Dependence of Different Environments, Seed Rates, Sowing Rates and Genotypes
Authors: Herzog H. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo series of field trials were performed at three sites in Schleswig‐Holstein between 1981 and 1988 to inquire into the yield structure of European winter types of Vicia faba L. and to compare their yield potential with that of spring types. Due to low winter survival, 6 winter types could be evaluated only in 4 environments in dependence of 1–3 sowing times (series α: seed rate 30/m2) and 1 winter type in 5 environments in dependence of 3 sowing times and 3 seed rates (series β: seed rate 15, 30, 45/m2).Seed yield of winter type averaged 410 g/m2 (D.M.) surpassing spring types by about 14 %. Environments caused a considerable variation in yield (275–620 g/m2) and in each yield component of winter types, while sowing dates and seed rates hardly affected the components seeds/pod and seed weight, which displayed stable genotypic rank orders. Compensative forces among the components plants/m2, tillers/plant and pods/tiller, were established. Plant densities of less than 10/m2 in spring, generally led to seed yield below 350 g/m2. Variation between 15–30 plants/m2 due to environments, sowing times or seed rates were frequently not fully compensated by tillering of plants, but often variation of the thus formed yield potential was reduced by pod set of tillers resulting in 210–270 pods/m2. The direction of correlations of pods/tillers with tillers/plant and plants/m2 differed due to experimental conditions whereas negative correlations between pods/tiller and tillers/ m2 were generally evident.Tillering was significantly influenced by the sowing time, though the increase because of early sowing was often covered by compensative effects of different plant densities. A genotypic capability to produce reproductive tillers was demonstrated using an approach which considered different plant densities and compensative forces. Neither a genotypic capability of tillers to set pods nor direct effects of environments or sowing time on pod set were established.
Water Requirements of Safflower Entries in Middle Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim A. F. , Sharaan A. N. , El Wakil A. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo promising selected land races of safflower (Carthamns tinctorious L.) designated as line 11 and line 13, together with the local variety Giza 1, were examined under three levels of moisture depletions, i.e. 40, 60 and 80 % ASMD at Fayoum, Middle Egypt during 1986/87 and 1987/88 seasons. In both growing seasons, the second irrigation treatment i.e. 60 % ASMD gave the highest means for growth characters as well as seed yield and most of its components. Seed oil content per cent exhibited an increased as soil moisture depletion increased with no significant difference between entries. Safflower entries showed clear differences in some yield components which compensate each other and resulted in no significant difference in seed yield per hectar.Consumptive use of water by safflower plants increased as the available soil moisture around the root zone increased. No significant differences were found in water consumed by safflower entries used in all experiments.In the two experimental seasons, the best water use efficiency (WUE) for seed production was obtained also from the second treatment (60 % ASMD). The line 11 gave the best WUE.
Evaluation of Intercropping Cassava/Corn/Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Zaffaroni E. , Vasconcelos A. F. M. , Lopes E. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCassava, corn and drybeans were tested under sole cropping and under all possible intercropping combinations in Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. The crops were planted with and without fertilizer (N, P, K), which generated fourteen cropping systems. Yields of beans were not affected by either intercropping systems or fertilization. Yields of corn and cassava were affected by intercropping systems, fertilizer, and cropping systems fertilizer interaction. LER values were significantly different among cropping systems but were not affected by fertilization. This indicates that the advantage of intercropping was not improved by the addition of nutrients.
Studies on Maize‐Legume Intercropping and their Residual Effects on Soil Fertility Status and Succeeding Crop in Upland Situation
Authors: Adhikary S. , Bagchi D. K. , Ghosal P. , Banerjee R. N. , Chatterjee B. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo examine the advantages of cereal‐legume intercropping system with maize as main crops, field studies conducted for two years on sandy upland loamy soils in Bihar plateau, India, indicated maize‐groundnut as the best system. Yield advantages were noticed between 22–44 % over sole maize cropping. Different production indices largely indicated the same pattern in ranking intercropping treatments. Of the other legumes used, mung also showed potential whereas cowpea and soyabean did not. Increasing cropping intensities through use of interspace by legume did not significantly reduce maize yield, particularly in combination with groundnut and mung. Soil nitrogen enrichment through legume cultivation could be noted through examination of soil test values and yield of succeeding wheat crop. Wheat, however, did not show its promise as a follow‐up crop without input of water and fertilizer.
Effects during Period of Siliqua Developing of KH2PO4 and MgSO4 Application on Nitrogen Transportation in Pods of Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Kullmann A. , Zhang Q. Z. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn experiment was conducted in field experiment plot to investigate nitrogen transportation from hulls of pods in different periods at early stage of siliqua developing and effect of KH2PO4 and MgSO4 application on it using 15N‐urea.More than 80 % of 15N applied on the surface of pods at lower terminal during flowering was recovered from all pods one month after flowering, most of them were still in the hulls of labelled pods, 17‐27 % of l5N applied was transported into seeds, a small amount was transported to pods at upper terminal, a little amount was found in pods at branch. More l5N applied in middle period of flowering was transported to pods at upper terminal and branch than those applied in early period of flowering. It should be further investigated to conclude how will be going on transportation of nitrogen from hulls as preceding of siliqua developing towards maturity of seeds and its difference between 15N applied in more different periods.Application of KH2PO4 and MgSO4 with 15N‐urea of surface of pods promoted transportation of 15N into seeds from hulls, effect of MgSO4 was more notable.
Effect of Planting Date and Thermal Energy Intensity on Rate of Phosphorus and Potassium Accumulation by Maize (Zea maysL.)1
Authors: Olness Alan , Benoit G. R. , Van Sickle K. , Rinke Jana 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of planting date and thermal energy intensity (TEI) on the rate of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) accumulation by maize from a Hamerly clay loam soil (Aerie Calciaquoll) was examined with and without supplemental irrigation. Soil‐ and air‐TEI expressed as growing degree days per day (GDD d−1) were determined from hourly temperature measurements taken within each plot. Net K accumulation occurred during the vegetative growth stage, reached maximal rates of about 62.2 to 91.4 mg plant−1day−1, and attained maximal accumulations ranging from about 1.15 to 2.3 g plant−1. Accumulation of P occurred during vegetative and reproductive growth stages, reached maximal rates of about 4.6 to 10.3 mg and 6.5 to 12.1 mg plant−1day−1, respectively and maximal accumulations of 0.175 to 0.27 g and 0.11 to 0.26 g plant−1, respectively. During vegetative growth, K and nitrogen (N) accumulation characteristics were closely correlated with about 2 moles of N accumulated per mole of K. Maximal accumulation of K (and N) consistently preceded that of P by about 5.2 to 8.3 days and that of the plant dry weight by about 15.9 to 20.5 days during the vegetative growth stage. Time required to reach maximal accumulation during the reproductive growth stage, trfollowed the order N < P < dry weight for early plantings and followed the order N < P < dry weight for delayed plantings. Time coefficients for K and P accumulation were correlated closely with soil‐TEI, but models of each coefficient relied on unique combinations of TEI. Time coefficients for dry matter accumulation were apparently unrelated to soil‐ or air‐TEI.
Osmotic Adjustment and Growth of Salt‐stressed Cotton as Improved by a Bioregulator
Authors: Stark C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor examining links between growth of salinity‐exposed cotton and corresponding changes in physiological characters, a bioregulator was used as a tool for specific manipulations. Greenhouse‐grown cotton (Gossy‐pium birsutum L. cv. Paymaster 145) was subjected to NaCl levels up to 14.9 dS m−1. The bioregulator MCBuTTB, a cytokinin analog with known ability in improving growth and yield in several salt‐stressed crops, was applied by imbiding seed (0 or 268 ppm) plus one foliar spray in dosages equaling 0, 1, and 3 kg ha−1 at 45 DAP. MCBuTTB improved germination, growth, flowering, and finally boll weight. This result coincided with lower osmotic and higher water potentials in leaves, higher leaf turgidity, and more agilely reacting stomata. Treated plants had higher K and preferably Na concentrations in its leaves but ion accumulation was not a precondition for osmotic adjustments, because in cotton exposed to a manmtol‐simulated drought MCBuTTB triggered a similar osmotic adjustment and sustained vigour. Regression analyses indicated that osmotic adjustment alone did not cause the raised leaf turgidity. All characters which contribute to salinity resistance appeared as mutually depending and interacting but they respond to a regulatory agent of cytokinin‐like activity.
Differences in Mycorrhizal Colonization of Rye (Secale cerealeL.) Grown in Conventional or Organic (Biological‐dynamic) Farming Systems
Authors: Sattelmacher B. , Reinhard S. , Pomikalko A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe colonization of rye (Secale cerealeL.) roots with vesicular‐arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi was investigated at two sites, cultivated using conventional or biological‐dynamic farming methods. The VAM infection rate and infected root length were significantly higher at the biologically‐dynamic cultivated site. It is suggested that these differences are due to several factors, such as the use of fertilizers and agro‐chemicals, and the influence of crop rotation.
Geobotanische Untersuchung auf Galmei‐Erzhalden auf der Insel Thassos (Griechenland)
Authors: Konstantinou M. , Babalonas D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Geobotanical investigation at the calamine deposits of island Thassos (Greece) The mine sites Vouves and Sotiras in west Thassos have long been known for their calamine deposits. The floristic structure of vegetation of the above sites was studied and two different plant communities were found. Soil samples and plant material from the most constant species of the vegetation were analysed for their content in metal cations. Also in soil samples pH, CaCO3 and organic material were determined. It appears that the plants express the geochemical peculiarities (Pb, Zn, Cd) of the soil and some of them accumulate considerable amounts of toxic heavy metals Pb and Zn. This fact implies that the uptake of toxic metals is carried out not only in a passive manner but also requires mechanisms which enable the plants to tolerate metal toxicity.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenzbedingungen auf die Entwicklung der Bestandesstruktur von Sommerraps
Authors: Geisler G. , Shrief S. A. , Ibrahim A. F. , Shabana R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Investigations on the effect of competition on stand structure of spring oilseed rape On the basis of a field experiment with spring oilseed rape, frequency distributions of plant dry matter and plant height were investigated. Samples were taken at four developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering, ripeness (harvest). To understand the effect of competition in a plant population on frequency distribution, distance of rows (16 cm, 32 cm) and number of plants (60, 90 and 120 plants/m2) were varied. Differences in frequency distribution were estimated by skewness and kurtosis.The results show that with age of the plant population the skewness of the plant character dry matter decreases from a high positive value till ripeness to a low positive value; kurtosis also decreases during development and tends to a value of 0 at ripeness. The effect of competition as produced by number of plants for area is mirrored by a positive skewness increasing with increasing number of plants per area. The value for kurtosis also increases with the stronger competition as consequence of plant density. Row distance did not show specific effects of frequency distribution. Plant height did, generally speaking, not react to competition.
Seedbed Characteristics and Seeding Depth Effects on Emergence and Seedling Vigour of Upland Rice
Authors: Ekramul Haque A. F. M. , Hamid A. , Islam M. T. , Mohiuddin M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of seedbed condition and seeding depth on the emergence and seedling vigour of upland rice was studied. Regardless of aggregate size distribution, seeds sown at 2 cm depth gave the maximum emergence rate (80‐90 %) which was reduced to 47 % for sowing at 5 cm depth. Seeding at 10 cm depth caused total failure in emergence. When planted at 2 cm depth, aggregate size produced considerable variation in the speed of emergence but caused no significant differences in final emergence count. For seeds sown at 5 cm depth, seedbed with aggregate size < 2 mm resulted in poor emergence (12 %) while with aggregates > 8 mm reduced emergence by 34 % compared with balanced proportion of larger, moderate and smaller aggregates. Neither the seedbed condition nor seeding depth caused significant variation in seedling height or seedling dry weight.
Effect of Urea on Photosynthesis and Yield in Mungbean
Authors: Ghildiyal M. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of foliar application of 0.5 % and 1.0 % urea solutions after flowering on photosynthesis and yield was examined in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) var. PS 16. Urea applied plants sustained higher rate of photosynthesis, retained more leaf area and this led to more dry matter production and consequently the seed yield was increased by increasing the number of pods per plant. These results are discussed in relation to source‐sink relationship in mungbean.