bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological and thermogravimetric studies of the crosslinking process of functionalized acrylic latexes
Authors: Fourdrin Sylvie , Rochery Maryline , Lewandowski Maryline , Ferreira Manuela , Bourbigot Serge 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAcrylic latexes are among one of the most widely used binders in the chemical bonding of textile nonwovens. This article investigates the crosslinking process of functionalized acrylic latices to understand the binder behavior during the processing of nonwovens and in the final product. Two techniques are used: rheology, to follow the structural development within the latex polymer, and thermogravimetry, to investigate the reaction through the weight loss resulting from the formation of evolving side products. The work has been carried out on latices functionalized by two crosslinking agents: N‐methylol acrylamide (NMA) and N‐methylol methacrylamide (NMMA). The results highlight the importance of the nature of the crosslinking agent, especially, its hydrophilic character, and the influence of the pH of the latex dispersions on the crosslinking mechanism, as well as on the final mechanical properties of the latex films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1117–1123, 2006
Effect of vulcanization technique on the physical properties of silica‐filled EPDM rubber
Authors: Das Amit , De Debapriya , Naskar Nityananda , Chandra Debnath Subhas 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe present study aims to enhance EPDM rubber–silica interaction by employing a special technique called Two‐Stage Vulcanization, with the help of a multifunctional rubber additive, bis diisopropyl thiophosphoryl disulfide (DIPDIS). In this process EPDM rubber was heated along with rubber additives up to the time just before the commencement of cure and then filler was incorporated to the preheated rubber to get the final mix. The efficiency of this novel technique is evaluated by the enhancement of physical properties of the silica‐filled vulcanizates. This novel technique is also employed to investigate the effect of a silane‐coupling agent, viz., bis (3‐triethoxy silyl propyl) tetrasulphide (TESPT), in addition to DIPDIS, on the rubber–filler interaction. The positive role of this technique in enhancing the rubber–filler interaction is evidenced by the dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1132–1139, 2006
The research of RATRP of styrene in the microemulsion
Authors: Feng Haike , Dan Yi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this paper, the reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in microemulsion was studied and some small molecular electrolyte was introduced into the microemulsion to limit the content of transition‐metal in the aqueous medium by salt effect and to control the molecular weight well ulteriorly. The polymerization was carried out at 80°C, with a mechanical agitator, using 2,2′‐A20‐bisbutyro‐nitrile (AIBN) as initiator and CuCl2/bpy as catalyst, under N2 atmosphere. Effects of the mole ratio of AIBN/CuCl2/bpy, the kind and content of small molecular electrolyte on the molecular weight of the polymers, and convention of the monomer were investigated through viscosity measurement, gel permeation chromatography, and transmission electronic microscope. The results show that adding CuCl2/bpy to the reactive system could control the increase of the molecular weight and the conversion effectively. The molecular weight and conversion would decrease with the increase of amount of CuCl2. When the mole ratio of AIBN/CuCl2/bpy is 1:2:6, the molecular weight is no more than 18 × 104. Adding NaCl or NaBr could make the molecular weight and conversion decrease too. A linear relationship between the molecular weight and the conversion can be obtained when the amount of NaCl or NaBr reaches 1.0% to water. The distribution index of molecular weight of the system with NaCl is narrower than that of system without NaCl. What's more, latex particles' shape is spherical whose diameter is from 10 to 100 nm. All researches we have laid a foundation for further study. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1093–1099, 2006
Optimization of PE/Binder/PA extrusion blow‐molded films. I. Heat sealing ability improvement using PE/EVA blends
Authors: Poisson C. , Hervais V. , Lacrampe M. F. , Krawczak P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe optimization of three‐layer films (PE/binder/PA) manufactured by extrusion blow molding presents significant industrial challenges. The main issue consists in combining use properties (e.g., impermeability to water steam and oxygen, welding properties) with high mechanical, optical, and adhesion performances, while maintaining cost‐effectiveness. This article shows that the introduction of EVA in the PE layer improves the heat sealing ability and optical properties without degradation of the mechanical and adhesion performances. In the most favorable case, this modification leads to a 40% reduction of the heat sealing time, the other performances remaining either identical or higher. This leads to cost reduction of this manufacturing step while improving the flexibility of the process (wider process temperature window). The properties modifications observed can be explained by microstructure modifications (crystallinity, orientation, and molecular mobility). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 974–985, 2006
Metallocene‐catalyzed olefin polymerization using magnesium chloride‐supported borate activators
Authors: Smit M. , Severn J. R. , Zheng X. , Loos J. , Chadwick J. C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNew approaches have been identified for the immobilization, on a MgCl2‐based support, of borate activators for metallocene‐catalyzed olefin polymerization. Immobilization of [HNEt3][B(C6F5)3(C6H4‐4‐OH)] was carried out by reaction with a support of type MgCl2/AlRn(OEt)3−n, obtained by reaction of AlEt3 with an adduct of magnesium chloride and ethanol. Use of the resulting immobilized borate in combination with zirconocene catalysts in ethylene and propylene polymerization resulted in significantly higher polymerization activities than were obtained using the same borate immobilized on a silica support. The MgCl2‐based support also gave the better polymer particle morphology, cross‐sectional imaging indicating uniform support fragmentation, as opposed to incomplete fragmentation using the silica support. High catalyst activities were obtained using a MgCl2/AlRn(OEt)3−n support impregnated with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. In this case, a highly porous polyethylene particle morphology was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 986–993, 2006
Mechanical relaxations of poly(β,L‐aspartate)s
Authors: Ramis Xavier , García‐Alvarez Montserrat , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe dynamic mechanical thermal properties of a family of poly(α‐alkyl β,L‐aspartate)s bearing various cyclic, linear, and branched alkoxycarbonyl groups in the side chain were studied. The measurements carried out by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) revealed the significant influence of the constitution of the side chain on mechanical relaxation phenomena. Three relaxations were observed, which are referred to as γ, β, and α, in increasing order of temperature. The first two, γ and β, are related to the local and global motions of the side chain, respectively. Relaxation α is related to the motion of the main chain. Relaxation β, which is associated with the rotation of the side chain, is the most intense. The magnitude and temperature at which this relaxation occurs depends on the volume, the length, and the degree of branching of the ester group of the side chain. A comparison between the dynamic mechanical properties of poly(β,L‐aspartate)s and poly(α,L‐glutamate)s revealed that the two methylene groups spacing the ester group from the main chain provides the poly(α‐L‐glutamate)s with greater mobility, and thus, relaxations α and β occur at lower temperatures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 994–1003, 2006
The synthesis and application of Pb‐doped GLYMO/chelated‐zirconium complex coating materials for UV‐light absorption
Authors: Asiltürk Meltem , Sayılkan Funda , Sayılkan Hikmet , İçduygu Galip 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNew glass coating materials containing γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy‐silane/zirconium(IV)‐n‐propoxide(2‐methoxyethylacetoacetate)/lead(II) nitrate were developed for UV‐light absorption by sol‐gel process. The effect of agitation time, temperature, and Zr complex and Pb2+ ion concentrations on UV light absorption were investigated. Zr complex was characterized by using 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy was utilized to determine the optical properties of coating materials. Results showed that coated glass has very low transmission in the UV region (300–400 nm) relative to uncoated glass, especially at 150°C for 15 h agitation. UV light transmission of coated glasses treated at 80, 100, 450, or 500°C was not different from uncoated glass. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1175–1179, 2006
Nano‐addition of raw bentonite enhances polypropylene (PP) properties
Authors: Kulshreshtha A. K. , Maiti A. K. , Choudhary M. S. , Rao K. V. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBntonite (BNT) is the cheapest raw material source for making commercial nanoclay, which is approximately 250 times more expensive than BNT. Perhaps this may be one of the reasons why we do not find a translation of good scientific work on polymer nanocomposites into commercial reality. In this work, it is demonstrated that PP nanocomposites were made using 3% raw bentonite via Master batch (MB) route with maleated PP. This product has 9.5% greater tensile strength, 18.6% greater flexural strength, and 27% greater flexural modulus than neat PP. The repeat extrusion of PP/bentonite was carried out, which had beneficial effects on tensile modulus and flexural strength and less so on other properties. This study opens a Pandora's box full of possibilities, such as cheap polymer nanocomposites being available for many different applications. Increase in the previously mentioned properties of PP‐BNT adduct cannot be explained by the nucleation effect of BNT on PP. X‐ray diffraction, internal surface area, TGA, and DSC measurements were made on the above samples. Addition of 3% raw bentonite increases the crystallization of PP by 7.5°C (nucleation effect). Since this is just a pilot study, this opens a vast commercial scope for making nanocomposites from raw clays. The stakes for doing this are very high, because BNT is $0.10/kg and can be available consistently from mineral producers in Gujarat and Rajasthan in India. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1004–1009, 2006
Chelating polymer granules prepared by radiation‐induced homopolymerization. II. Characterizations
Authors: Badawy Sayed M. , Sokker Hesham H. , Dessouki Ahmed M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCharacterizations of chelating polymer adsorbent granules, incorporating amidoxime groups based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN), prepared for selective adsorption of uranium and likely other transition metals were studied. PAN was prepared by radiation‐induced polymerization technique and followed by amidoximation reaction. Conversion of PAN into polyacrylamidoxime (PAO) was studied by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Morphology and thermal properties were also investigated. PAO was investigated in the separation of uranium from iron‐rich silicate rock samples and subjected to x‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Selective adsorption for uranium and low affinity for alkali and alkaline earth metals were observed. The order of selectivity was found to be U ≫ Cu > Fe > Ni > Cr > V ≫ Ca > K. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1180–1187, 2006
The effects of acrylate monomers and polystyrene addition on the morphology of DOP‐plasticized styrene–acrylate polymer particles prepared by SPG emulsification and suspension polymerization
Authors: Nuisin Roongkan , Omi Shinzo , Kiatkamjornwong Suda 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFairly uniform copolymer particles of methyl acrylate (MA), butyl acrylate (BA), or butyl methacrylate (BMA) were synthesized via Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane and followed by suspension polymerization. After a single‐step SPG emulsification, the emulsion composed mainly of the monomers. Hydrophobic additives of dioctyl phthalate (DOP), polystyrene molecules, and an oil‐soluble initiator, suspended in an aqueous phase containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stabilizer and sodium nitrite inhibitor (NaNO2), were subsequently subjected to suspension polymerization. Two‐phase copolymers with a soft phase and a hard phase were obtained. The composite particles of poly(St‐co‐MA)/PSt were prepared by varying the St/PSt ratios or the DOP amount. The addition of PSt induced a high viscosity at the dispersion phase. The molecular weight slightly increased with increasing St/PSt concentration. The multiple‐phase separation of the St‐rich phase and PMA domains, observed by transmission electron microscopy, was caused by composition drift because the MA reactivity ratio is greater than that of St. The addition of DOP revealed the greater compatibility between the hard‐St and soft‐MA moieties than that without DOP. The phase morphologies of poly(St‐co‐MA), poly(St‐co‐BMA), and their composites with PSt were revealed under the influence of DOP. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1195–1206, 2006
Polymer nanofibers prepared by template melt extrusion
Authors: Li Huayi , Ke Yucai , Hu Youliang 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCombining the template method with the extrusion technology, polymer nanofibers have been prepared when molten polymer is forced through the pores of anodic aluminum membrane and cooled to complete the nanofiber formation process. The microstructures of nanofibers are determined by SEM, TEM, XRD, and DSC. The results suggest that the PE nanofibers consist of extended‐chain crystals and the transition from an orthorhombic to a hexagonal phase and the latter phase melting occurs at 159.8°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1018–1023, 2006
The effects of excimer laser irradiation at 248 nm on the surface mass loss and thermal properties of PS, ABS, PA6, and PC polymers
Authors: Sancaktar Erol , Lu Hui 
Published: November 2005

AbstractExcimer laser irradiation provides a new and important method for polymer surface treatment. In this work, the weight loss of engineering polymers PC, ABS, PS, and nylon 6 were investigated following irradiation by KrF excimer laser. The experimental results revealed that the polymeric weight loss is nonlinearly related to the laser energy and laser frequency for most of the materials tested. The effects of laser irradiation on the thermal properties (Tg or Tm) of the polymers were investigated using DSC. It was found that the Tg and Tm of these materials decreased as a result of laser treatment, indicating the degradation effect of the laser irradiation procedure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1024–1037, 2006
Effect of solution properties on nanofibrous structure of electrospun poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)
Authors: You Young , Lee Seung Jin , Min Byung‐Moo , Park Won Ho 
Published: November 2005

AbstractElectrospinning of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) in chloroform or 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) was investigated, focusing on its solution parameters, to develop nonwoven biodegradable nanofibrous structures for tissue engineering. PLGA nanofibers were obtained by electrospinning of 15 wt % PLGA solution and the resulting average fiber diameters were varied with the range of 270–760 nm, depending on solution property. When small amounts of benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) was added to the PLGA/chloroform solution, the average diameter was decreased from 760 to 450 nm and the fibers were densely amounted in a straight shape. In addition, the average fiber diameter (270 nm) of nanofibers electrospun from polar HFIP solvent was much smaller than that (760 nm) of nanofibers electrospun from nonpolar chloroform solvent. Therefore, it could be concluded that conductivity or dielectric constant of the PLGA solution was a major parameter affecting the morphology and diameter of the electrospun PLGA fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1214–1221, 2006
Main‐chain chiral smectic liquid‐crystalline ionomers containing sulfonic acid groups
Authors: Tian Mei , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Meng Fan‐Bao , Zang Bao‐Ling 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThree series of main‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers (P1, P2, and P3) were synthesized by an interfacial condensation reaction of sebacoyl dichloride with various amount of brilliant yellow, isosorbide, and 4,4′‐biphenydiol. P1 series are polyesters prepared from sebacoyl chloride and various amount of 4,4′‐biphenyldiol and isosorbide. P2 series are polyesters prepared from sebacoyl chloride and various amount of 4,4′‐biphenyldiol, brilliant yellow, and isosorbide. P3 series are polyesters prepared from sebacoyl chloride and various amount of 4,4′‐biphenyldiol and brilliant yellow. P2 and P3 are main‐chain liquid‐crystalline ionomers. P12 and P3 series were prepared as model polymers for comparison with the liquid crystalline behavior of ionomers, P2 series. The structures of the polymers were characterized by IR and UV spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the thermal properties of the polymers. The mesogenic properties were investigated by polarized optical microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The results show that P2 series are chiral smectic C (SmC*) and chiral smectic B (SmB*) liquid crystalline ionomers exhibiting broken focal‐conic texture and schlieren, as is the polymer P12, which has the same amount of 4,4′‐biphenydiol and isosorbide. The introduction of ionic units in P2 series leads to an increase of clearing point, but has not affected the mesogenic type and texture, as compared with the corresponding polymer P12. The introduction of chiral units in P2 series leads to a change of mesophase, as compared with P3 series, which exhibit smectic C mesogetic phase. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1254–1263, 2006
Polycondensation reaction of N,N′‐(4,4′‐oxydiphthaloyl)‐bis‐L‐methionine diacid chloride with aromatic diamines: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Kowsari Elaheh 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSeveral new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s have been synthesized by solution polycondensation of readily available aromatic diamines with diacid chloride containing ether‐imide and L‐methionine moieties. Three polycondensation techniques were used: low temperature solution polycondensation, short period reflux conditions, and microwave‐assisted polycondensation. In all cases, the reactions were carried out using equimolecular amounts of the two monomers, in polar aprotic solvents. The obtained compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, solubility tests, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectrometry. Thermal stability of the polymer was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1038–1044, 2006
Atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylonitrile
Authors: Hou Chen , Ying Liang , Wang Chengguo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIron(II) chloride coordinated by succinic acid was first used as the catalyst in 2‐chloropropionitrile‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylonitrile. N,N‐dimethylformamide was used as a solvent to improve the solubility of the ligand. An iron(II) chloride to succinic acid ratio of 0.5 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provides rather rapid reaction rate. Effects of solvent on polymerization of acrylonitrile were also investigated. The induction period is shorter in N,N‐dimethylformamide than in propylene carbonate and toluene and the rate of the polymerization in N,N‐dimethylformamide is fastest. The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile agrees reasonably well with the theoretical molecular weight of N,N‐dimethylformamide. The rate of polymerization increases and the induction period becomes shorter with increasing polymerization temperature, and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 56.5 kJ mol−1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1050–1054, 2006
New melamine–formaldehyde–ketone polymers. III. Coatings from melamine and reactive solvents based on cyclohexanone
Authors: Głowacz‐Czerwonka Dorota , Kucharski Mieczysław 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe conditions and methods of preparing novel melamine–formaldehyde–cyclohexanone coatings are presented. The coatings were prepared by dissolving melamine in reactive solvents based on formaldehyde and cyclohexanone. The latter were prepared at different molar ratios of the components. The water resistance of the resulting coatings was measured. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1083–1092, 2006
Polyaniline–nylon 6 composite nanowires prepared by emulsion polymerization and electrospinning process
Authors: Hong Kyung Hwa , Kang Tae Jin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles doped with the dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) were prepared and these nanoparticles were electrospun with nylon 6 as matrix material into fiber web. Depending on the contents and concentrations of PANI and nylon 6, either nylon 6 nanofibers (∼96 nm) or PANI‐nylon 6 composite nanofibers (∼12 nm) were obtained. The electrical conductivity of PANI(DBSA)–nylon 6 electrospun fiber web was lower than that of PANI(DBSA)‐nylon 6 film because of the low crystallinity of the PANI(DBSA)–nylon 6 composite electrospun fiber web. However, it showed that the PANI–nylon 6 composite nanofibers would have applications as the nanowires for connecting the microelectromechanical system (MEMS). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1277–1286, 2006
Regulating the regulator: the control of auxin transport
Authors: Benjamins René , Malenica Nenad , Luschnig Christian 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWith the discovery of the phytohormone auxin in the late 1920s, it became possible to link the regulation of complex plant growth responses to a single biologically active compound. Among all the plant growth regulators characterised so far, only auxin appears to be actively transported throughout the plant to create complex variations in concentration patterns and flow directions over time. This stimulated interest in the specific mechanisms underlying auxin transport as key factors in plant growth responses. Research in the last decade revealed several genes involved in the controlled transport of auxin and greatly improved our understanding of the basic principles of auxin‐mediated responses. We are at this point, however, only starting to understand the complex interplay and control of factors that ultimately underlie the observed spatiotemporal variations in auxin transport and thus mediate plant growth and environmental responses. This review highlights important findings that provide us with a framework of molecular players and potential regulatory mechanisms that should contribute to the formulation of a comprehensive dynamic model of spatiotemporal auxin distribution. BioEssays 27:1246–1255, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.