bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of copper binding to PrP: is there sufficient evidence to elucidate a role for copper in protein function?
Authors: Davies Paul , Brown David R. 
Published: February 2008

There has been an enormous body of literature published in the last 10 years concerning copper and PrP (prion protein). Despite this, there is still no generally accepted role for copper in the function of PrP or any real consensus as to how and to what affinity copper associates with the protein. The present review attempts to look at all the evidence for the chemistry, co-ordination and affinity of copper binding to PrP, and then looks at what effect this has on the protein. We then connect this evidence with possible roles for PrP when bound to copper. No clear conclusions can be made from the available data, but it is clear from the present review what aspects of copper association with PrP need to be re-investigated.
The LEA proteins and trehalose loving couple: a step forward in anhydrobiotic engineering
Authors: Iturriaga Gabriel 
Published: February 2008

Adaptation to desiccation tolerance or anhydrobiosis has puzzled scientists for more than 300 years. Over the last few decades, considerable emphasis has been placed on understanding the role of two key molecules involved in anhydrobiosis: a peculiar disaccharide named trehalose and the hydrophilic LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins. In an article published in the Biochemical Journal in 2005, Alan Tunnacliffe and colleagues found that LEA proteins (alone, or more so in combination with trehalose) can protect stress-sensitive enzymes, such as citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase, from aggregation due to desiccation and freezing. Upon heat-stress, however, LEA proteins alone cannot prevent these enzymes from aggregating unless trehalose is present. This is the first report that LEA proteins can act as ‘molecular shields’ to prevent aggregation-induced cell damage due to water loss.
Intervention for lateral /s/ using electropalatography (EPG) biofeedback and an intensive motor learning approach: a case report
Authors: McAuliffe Megan J. , Cornwell Petrea L. 
Published: February 2008

Background: Visual biofeedback using electropalatography (EPG) has been beneficial in the treatment of some cases of lateral /s/ misarticulation. While EPG intervention is motorically based, studies have not commonly employed a motor learning approach to treatment. Furthermore, treatment success is measured primarily by change to EPG tongue–palate contact patterns and listener ratings conducted by speech–language therapists. Studies have not commonly measured articulatory change without the palate in‐situ using acoustic analysis and non‐professional listeners.Aims: To determine if an intensive treatment programme including both visual biofeedback (EPG) and traditional articulation techniques within a motor learning paradigm would result in functional improvement to /s/ articulation in an 11‐year‐old girl with persistent lateral misarticulation.Methods & Procedures: Treatment involved 12 sessions of therapist‐delivered treatment over 4 weeks followed by a 6‐week home programme. Outcomes of the treatment programme were measured primarily using naïve listener ratings and acoustic analysis of /s/ spectra.Outcomes & Results: Improvements to both the perceptual and spectral characteristics of /s/ articulation occurred following the treatment programme.Conclusions: The study highlighted the benefit of an intensive approach to intervention incorporating both visual biofeedback and traditional articulation approaches. The inclusion of a 6‐week structured home‐programme was beneficial and resulted in consolidation of treatment gains.
Exploring the implementation and use of outcome measurement in practice: a qualitative study
Authors: Skeat J. , Perry A. 
Published: February 2008

Background: Outcome measurement is important to clinical practice — yet outcome many speech and language therapists find it difficult to apply measures in practice, and not all clinicians and services have been able to implement and/or use outcome measurement successfully. To date there has been little research to explain why implementation is often unsuccessful, and to provide clinicians and managers with direction as to the likely barriers and facilitators which should be considered.Aims: To develop a theoretical framework to explain the implementation and use of outcome measurement in clinical practice by speech and language therapists.Methods & Procedures: A qualitative, inductive theory‐building approach, using grounded theory methodology, was applied. This included theoretical sampling, constant comparison, memo writing, and theoretical integration. Participants were 16 Australian managers and clinicians who were using, or who had used, outcome measures.Outcomes & Results: The resulting theoretical framework explains two interactive stages that occur when speech pathologists attempt to use outcome measurements in practice. First, clinicians must ‘try on’ outcome measurement in their own context, examining the way it fits with existing areas, such as their normal practices and priorities, and the wider group and organizational context. Having identified where outcome measurement does not ‘fit’, clinicians attempt to ‘align’ outcome measurement with the context (or vice versa), in order to create a better fit between the two. Strategies of ‘tailoring’ outcome measurement (e.g. using only parts of a measure) or ‘accommodating’ outcome measurement (e.g. changing routines to allow time for outcome measurement ratings) are possible, but are dependent on clinicians having a true picture of outcome measurement, the role and need for the data, and the existing context. Clinicians must also have control over the areas that need to change in order for outcome measurement and the context to ‘align’. Where outcome measurement and the context can be aligned, outcome measures are more easily used.Conclusions: The theory provides a framework for considering the use of outcome measurement in clinical practice. Implications for implementing outcome measurement in clinical practice are discussed, including the need to clarify the role and need for the data; the requirement that clinicians understand how outcome measurement fits with context outside of their own personal purview; and the need for managers to support change to areas that are outside of the control of clinicians.
Patients' experiences of disruptions associated with post‐stroke dysarthria
Authors: Dickson Sylvia , Barbour Rosaline S. , Brady Marian , Clark Alexander M. , Paton Gillian 
Published: February 2008

Background: Post‐stroke dysarthria rehabilitation should consider social participation for people with dysarthria, but before this approach can be adopted, an understanding of the psychosocial impact of dysarthria is required. Despite the prevalence of dysarthria as a result of stroke, there is a paucity of research into this communication disorder, particularly studies that address the experiences of individuals. The available literature focuses mainly on the perceptions of others or includes groups of mixed aetiologies.Aims: To investigate the beliefs and experiences of people with dysarthria as a result of stroke in relation to their speech disorder, and to explore the perceived physical, personal and psychosocial impacts of living with dysarthria.Methods & Procedures: Participants for this qualitative study were recruited from twelve hospitals in Scotland that served both rural and urban populations and afforded opportunity for comparison. Semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews were carried out over a 12‐month period with 24 individuals with varying severity of dysarthria following stroke. The interviews were orthographically transcribed and coded using the NVivo package, which also facilitated identification of patterns using the constant comparative method.Outcomes & Results: The results of the study indicate that the effects of dysarthria following stroke extend beyond the physiological characteristics of the impairment. In turn, the resulting communication difficulties lead to changes in self‐identity, relationships, social and emotional disruptions, and feelings of stigmatization or perceived stigmatization. The impact of dysarthria was found to be disproportionate to the physiological severity, with participants continually striving to get their speech back to ‘normal’.Conclusions & Implications: The findings provide insight into the psychosocial impact of dysarthria following stroke. Speech and language therapy interventions need to go beyond the speech impairment to address and promote psychosocial well being, reduce the likelihood of feelings of stigmatization and changes in self‐identity, irrespective of the severity of dysarthria.
Treatment history and its relationship to outcome in psychotherapy for depression
Authors: Grenyer Brin F. S. , Deane Frank P. , Lewis Kate L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPatients with major depression can expect an average of four depressive episodes in their lifetime. Thus most clients presenting to therapy have had multiple prior episodes of treatment. These ‘psychotherapy careers’ have as yet received only minimal study and there is little data regarding the relationship of these prior treatments and responsiveness to psychotherapy. Aim: To explore prior treatment history and its relationship to psychotherapy outcome in people with major depression. Method: For 48 individuals with major depression presenting to an Australian community‐based psychotherapy facility, structured diagnostic and treatment history interviews were taken and outcomes monitored. Results: In all, 90% had received some form of prior psychotherapy or counselling with on average 3.5 previous episodes of care (range 1–7). This Australian sample was less likely to have received group, family, or couples therapy than international samples. Those receiving psychotherapy at the time of intake showed higher levels of improvement over the following 12 months, although a more chronic subsample remained symptomatic and were seeking further therapy at follow‐up. Discussion: Those actively engaged in some therapy experience at intake benefited more than those with an ‘interrupted’ psychotherapy career. Enhancing recent episodes of care may be helpful in achieving better long‐term outcomes.
Australian women who seek counselling: Psychosocial, health behaviour, and demographic profile
Authors: Schofield Margot J. , Khan Asaduzzaman 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDespite high rates of psychological distress in the Australian community, particularly among middle‐aged women, use of counselling and psychological services is relatively low. This study examined self‐reported use of counselling in the previous year among a population‐based sample of 11,201 Australian women aged 50–55, and describes the profile of women who seek counselling. Using multivariate analyses to control confounding, women who had consulted a counsellor/psychologist/social worker in the previous year (6.9%) were found to have increased odds of higher stress, life satisfaction, and perceived control, and lower optimism. They also had higher odds of: experiencing more life events over the previous 12 months, changed health status compared with a year ago, taking more prescribed medications, living in urban versus rural areas, having university versus no formal education, living alone or with others rather than with a spouse/partner, and having ancillary versus full private health insurance. This multivariate profile is discussed in relation to the delivery, marketing, and accessibility of counselling services in the Australian community. The implications for counsellor training and the future development of the profession are also discussed.
Exploring theatre of the oppressed in family therapy clinical work and supervision
Authors: Proctor Kerry , Perlesz Amaryll , Moloney Banu , McIlwaine Fiona , O'Neill Imogen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAugusto Boal's theatre of the oppressed (TOTO) techniques have been used in education, health, welfare, and prison systems world‐wide. However, the link between family therapy clinical supervision and training and TOTO has not been explored, either in Australia or overseas. This innovative action research project explores the ways family therapists and supervisors apply these theatre techniques in their everyday practice. Employing a group‐based, cooperative inquiry method, 12 experienced family therapists from the Bouverie Centre, Melbourne, reflected on what these techniques have to offer family therapists and counsellors, applied these theatre techniques in their work, and contrasted TOTO with other action techniques used by family therapists. The researchers found that TOTO provided a safe and grounded process that brings ‘action’ into both therapy and supervision in ways that enable clients, families, students, and therapists to explore their own agency in a range of settings.
With feeling: Writing emotion into counselling and psychotherapy research
Authors: Lewis Ione 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCounsellors and psychotherapists bring unique knowledge to the field of research about the necessity for empathic connection to access participants’ lived experience, and about the co‐construction of knowledge by participant and researcher. The current study formed part of a broader study of the professional identity of social workers as counsellors and psychotherapists and the development of their practice‐based wisdom. Specifically, this study explored social workers’ narratives about critical incidents in their practice with particular reference to analysing the emotional experience of practitioners and the emotional response of the researcher. The sample comprised 18 clinical social workers who practised as therapists. They were purposively selected from professional associations and networks. Two semi‐structured one‐hour interviews were conducted with each participant, using professional biography and critical incident interviewing techniques. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analysed using the NVivo software program, which facilitates a grounded theory qualitative analysis. The findings presented are from analysis of two participants’ interviews, which yielded rich emotional content in relation to both participant and researcher. The study concludes that revealing the researcher's identificatory processes, resulting from participants’ narratives, leads to a more truthful and accountable description of data collection and analysis in qualitative research and highlights how the researcher co‐constructs the data during data collection and analysis. This article advocates accepting subjectivity as an inevitable aspect of research and argues for the need to write subjectivity into research reports.
Australian counsellors and psychotherapists: A profile of the profession
Authors: Schofield Margot J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn the absence of comprehensive Australian data on the counselling and psychotherapy profession, this study aimed to examine the profile of professionals affiliated with the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA) to inform future policy and service planning. PACFA's first workforce survey was undertaken in 2004. This cross‐sectional survey was mailed and e‐mailed to all members of the 41 professional associations affiliated with PACFA. A total of 316 full responses were received. This paper presents findings related to demographics, training and specialisation, theoretical orientation, professional affiliations, work and practice settings, and work roles. The study provides a baseline for future workforce surveys and a resource for policy development for the profession.
Would Caccini approve?
Authors: Bass John 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Although it is known that improvisation was an important part of musical performance in the 16th and 17th centuries, studying how extemporaneous elements were incorporated into real-world situations has proven to be difficult. Improvisers, by nature, do not record what they do, but there is evidence that points to some of these individuals attempting to document their approach to music, namely in ornamentation manuals and individual pieces with written-out embellishment. Among these sources is British Library Ms. Egerton 2971, a 37-folio volume probably dating from the second or third decade of the 17th century, which contains, among other things, embellished versions of Giulio Caccini’s Amarilli, mia bella and Dolcissimo sospiro, first published in Le nuove musiche (Florence, 1602). Sources like this, despite some inherent problems, offer the clearest window into the minds of improvisers of the time, and warrant further study.
The research in this article serves two purposes. First, the versions of Amarilli, mia bella and Dolcissimo sospiro contained in Egerton 2971 will be examined and compared to those published in Le nuove musiche as a case study of early 17th-century improvisation. Second, because of Caccini’s open disdain for singers taking liberties with his compositions, an attempt will be made to see if these pieces might be examples of such treatments. The crux of the article aims to show that ornamentation of the time, at least as shown in these examples, was not a random act of substituting stereotyped musical patterns for given intervals, but instead points to a more robust idea of improvisatory thought. Rather than looking at individual ornaments or how specific musical gestures might have painted certain words, the overall structure of the ornamentation is examined to show that it is subject to deeper and subtler intellectual considerations of poetic structure, overall musical structure, and rhetoric.
Host‐specific effect of P1 exchange between two potyviruses
Authors: SALVADOR BEATRIZ , SAÉNZ PILAR , YANGÜEZ EMILIO , QUIOT JEAN BERNARD , QUIOT LAURENCE , DELGADILLO MARÍA OTILIA , GARCÍA JUAN ANTONIO , SIMÓN‐MATEO CARMEN 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe potyvirusesPlum pox virus(PPV) andTobacco vein mottling virus(TVMV) have distinct host ranges and induce different symptoms in their common herbaceous hosts. To test the relevance of the P1 protein in host compatibility and pathogenicity, hybrid viruses were constructed in which the P1 coding sequence of PPV was completely or partially replaced by the corresponding sequences from TVMV. Infections induced by these chimeric viruses revealed that the TVMV P1 and a PPV/TVMV hybrid P1 proteins are functionally equivalent in herbaceous plants to the P1 protein of a PPV isolate adapted to these hosts, in spite of having high sequence divergence. Moreover, the presence of TVMV P1 sequences enhanced the competence of a low‐infectivity PPV‐D‐derived chimera inNicotiana clevelandii. Conversely, all PPV/TVMV hybrids were unable to infectPrunus persicae, a specific host for PPV, suggesting that TVMV P1 is not functionally competent in this plant. Together, these data highlight the importance of the P1 protein in defining the virus host range.
Lettuce mosaic virus: from pathogen diversity to host interactors
Authors: GERMAN‐RETANA SYLVIE , WALTER JOCELYNE , LE GALL OLIVIER 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTaxonomy:  Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) belongs to the genus Potyvirus (type species Potato virus Y) in the family Potyviridae.Physical properties:  The virion is filamentous, flexuous with a length of 750 nm and a width of 15 nm. The particles are made of a genomic RNA of 10 080 nucleotides, covalently linked to a viral‐encoded protein (the VPg) at the 5′ end and with a 3′ poly A tail, and encapsidated in a single type of capsid protein. The molecular weight of the capsid protein subunit has been estimated electrophoretically to be 34 kDa and estimated from the amino acid sequence to be 31 kDa.Genome organization:  The genome is expressed as a polyprotein of 3255 amino‐acid residues, processed by three virus‐specific proteinases into ten mature proteins.Hosts:  LMV has a worldwide distribution and a relatively broad host range among several families. Weeds and ornamentals can act as local reservoirs for lettuce crops. In particular, many species within the family Asteraceae are susceptible to LMV, including cultivated and ornamental species such as common (Lactuca sativa), prickly (L. serriola) or wild (L. virosa) lettuce, endive/escarole (Cichorium endiva), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), Cape daisy (Osteospermum spp.) and gazania (Gazania rigens). In addition, several species within the families Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae are natural or experimental hosts of LMV.Genetic control of resistance to LMV:  The only resistance genes currently used to protect lettuce crops worldwide are the recessive genes mo11 and mo12 corresponding to mutant alleles of the gene encoding the translation initiation factor eIF4E in lettuce. It is believed that at least one intact copy of eIF4E must be present to ensure virus accumulation.Transmission:  LMV is transmitted in a non‐persistent manner by a high number of aphid species. Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae are particularly active in disseminating this virus in the fields. LMV is also seedborne in lettuce. The effectiveness of LMV transmission depends on the cultivar and the age of the seed carrier at the inoculation time.Symptoms:  The characteristic symptoms on susceptible lettuce cultivars are dwarfism, mosaic, distortion and yellowing of the leaves with sometimes a much reduced heart of lettuce (failure to form heads). The differences in virus strains, cultivars and the physiological stage of the host at the moment of the attack cause different symptom severity: from a very slight discoloration of the veins to severe necrosis leading to the death of the plant.
Transcriptome analysis of the wheat–Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici interaction
Authors: CORAM TRISTAN E. , WANG MEINAN , CHEN XIANMING 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYStripe rust [caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. (Pst)] is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Genetic resistance is the preferred method for control and the Yr5 gene, originally identified in Triticum spelta var. album, represents a major resistance (R) gene that confers all‐stage resistance to all currently known races of Pst in the United States. To identify transcripts associated with the Yr5‐mediated incompatible interaction and the yr5‐compatible interaction, the Wheat GeneChip was used to profile the changes occurring in wheat isolines that differed for the presence of the Yr5 gene after inoculation with Pst. This time‐course study (6, 12, 24 and 48 h post‐inoculation) identified 115 transcripts that were induced during the R‐gene‐mediated incompatible interaction, and 73 induced during the compatible interaction. Fifty‐four transcripts were induced in both interactions and were considered as basal defence transcripts, whilst 61 transcripts were specific to the incompatible interaction [hypersensitive response (HR)‐specific transcripts] and 19 were specific to the compatible interaction (biotrophic interaction‐specific transcripts). The temporal pattern of transcript accumulation showed a peak at 24 h after infection that may reflect haustorial penetration by Pst at ~16 h. An additional 12 constitutive transcript differences were attributed to the presence of Yr5 after eliminating those considered as incomplete isogenicity. Annotation of the induced transcripts revealed that the presence of Yr5 resulted in a rapid and amplified resistance response involving signalling pathways and defence‐related transcripts known to occur during R‐gene‐mediated responses, including protein kinase signalling and the production of reactive oxygen species leading to a hypersensitive response. Basal defence also involved substantial induction of many defence‐related transcripts but the lack of R‐gene signalling resulted in weaker response.