bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermal Interstitial Glucose as an Indicator of Ambient Glycemia
Authors: Service F John , O'Brien Peter C , Wise Steven D , Ness Sheryl , LeBlanc Suzanne M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Using a novel minimally invasive (≤ 1.4 mm) technique to sample minuscule (0.5 microliter) amounts of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF), we assessed the accuracy of its glucose concentrations in predicting concurrently measured venous plasma and capillary plasma glucose concentrations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 67 adult (37 male and 30 female) volunteers (57 with and 10 without diabetes) with venous plasma glucose levels from 1.6 to 28.4 mmol/l underwent forearm ISF, antecubetal venous, and fingertip capillary sampling.

RESULTS
Rank correlations were 0.974 for ISF 1 vs. 2, 0.954 for ISF vs. venous, 0.935 for ISF vs. capillary, and 0.987 for venous vs. capillary. Median absolute differences were 0.53 mmol/l for ISF 1 vs. 2, 1.33 mmol/l for ISF vs. venous, 1.06 mmol/l for ISF vs. capillary, and 0.56 mmol/l for capillary vs. venous. Equations expressing ISF glucose as a function of venous and capillary glucose and equations expressing capillary glucose as a function of venous glucose had slopes of 0.995, 0.936, and 1.021, respectively (none significantly different from unity), and intercepts of 1.03 mmol/l (P = 0.024), 0.94 mmol/l (P = 0.131), and 0.56 mmol/l (P = 0.041), respectively. Error grid analysis of ISF vs. venous glucose and of capillary vs. venous glucose showed that 97% of the measurements fell within grids A and B.

CONCLUSIONS
Dermal ISF sampling is a bloodless minimally invasive technique that provides a medium for glucose measurement, the concentrations of which closely reflect ambient glycemia to a degree comparable with that of capillary glucose measurements.
Role of IGF Binding Protein- 1 in the Dawn Phenomenon and Glycemic Control in Children and Adolescents With IDDM
Authors: Kobayashi Kisho , Amemiya Shin , Sawanobori Emi , Higashida Kosuke , Ishihara Toshihide , Kobayashi Koji , Kato Kiyohiko , Nakazawa Shinpei 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To clarify the involvement of IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 in the dawn rise in plasma glucose and in the overall glycemic control in patients with IDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seventy patients with IDDM were divided into three groups according to pubertal development. Blood samples were obtained for measuring plasma glucose, IGFBP-1, and free insulin at 2200, 0500, and 0700 over a 2-day period. Levels of HbA1c, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 were determined at 0700. Urinary growth hormone (GH) was collected overnight. To examine its frequency, the dawn phenomenon was defined on the basis of the following: 1) change in plasma glucose from 0500 to 0700, 2) plasma glucose level at 0700, and 3) no antecedent hypoglycemia.

RESULTS
There was a statistically significant link between the dawn changes in plasma glucose and IGFBP-1 (r = 0.37, P &lt; 0.01). The former was not related to the change in free insulin or to the overnight urinary GH level. In stepwise regression analyses, plasma glucose at 0700 = 0.03 IGFBP-1 (P &lt; 0.01) + 0.525 HbA1c (P &lt; 0.01) + 3.696 (R2 = 51%). Approximately half of the patients in each group exhibited the dawn phenomenon; 38% of patients with HbA1c &lt; 8% also showed the dawn phenomenon.

CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated a statistically significant link between the morningrisk in IGFBP-1 and plasma glucose. The free fraction of IGF-1 modulated by acute changes in IGFBP-1 may play a direct role. The dawn phenomenon may occur regardless of pubertal stage or glycemic control in children and adolescents with IDDM.
Effects of Glycemic Control on Plasma 3-Deoxyglucosone Levels in NIDDM Patients
Authors: Hamada Yoji , Nakamura Jiro , Fujisawa Hiroki , Yago Hisashi , Nakashima Eltaro , Koh Naoki , Hotta Nlgishi 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To clarify the effects of glycemic control on the level of 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), a reactive dicarbonyl compound, in plasma from diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fasting plasma samples were collected from 15 healthy volunteers and 27 patients with NIDDM. Samples were collected from six poorly controlled patients before and after improved glycemic control for at least 2 months. Plasma 3-DG was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a 2,3-diaminonaphthalene derivative. We observed the relationship of 3-DG levels with plasma glucose or HbA1c levels and examined changes in 3-DG levels after glycemic control in the six patients.

RESULTS
Plasma 3-DG was significantly more increased in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic control subjects (31.8 ± 11.3 vs. 12.8 ± 5.2 ng/ml, means ± SD, P &lt; 0.001), but there was an ∼ threefold difference in 3-DG levels among diabetic patients. 3-DG levels were well correlated with plasma glucose (r = 0.56, P &lt; 0.005) and HbA1c levels (r = 0.74, P &lt; 0.001) in diabeticpatients. The improvement of hyperglycemia in six patients resulted in a significant decrease in 3-DG (35.2 ± 13.2 vs. 21.3 ±3.4 ng/ml, P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that the plasma glucose level is a predominant determinant of the plasma 3-DG level in diabetic patients and good glycemic control would be important to reduce this reactive metabolite.
Effects of Lisinopril and Nifedipine on the Progression to Overt Albuminuria in IDDM Patients With Incipient Nephropathy and Normal Blood Pressure
Authors: Crepaldi Gaetano , Carta Quirico , Deferrari Giacomo , Mangili Ruggero , Navalesi Renzo , Santeusanio Fausto , Spalluto Antonio , Vanasia Alessandro , Villa G Marco , Nosadini Romano ,   The Italian Microalbuminuria Study Group in IDDM
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Intervention trials on renal function in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria (MA) should adopt the rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as an outcome measure. However, normotensive IDDM patients with MA show no change in GFR over a follow-up period of 10 years. Thus, in the present study, we used the cumulative incidence of progression to albuminuria (albumin excretion rate [AER] &gt; 200 μ/min) from MA as the primary endpoint and the yearly increase in AER at a rate of 50% above baseline as the secondary end-point of renal function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Ninety-two normotensive IDDM patients underwent double-blind, double-dummy treatment with either lisinopril or slow-release nifedipine in comparison with placebo. Ten patients discontinued the study during the 3-year follow-up period.

RESULTS
During the 3-year follow-up period, 7 of 34 placebo-treated (20.6%), 2 of 32 lisinopril-treated (6.3%), and 2 of 26 nifedipine-treated (7.7%) patients progressed to clinical albuminuria (Fisher's exact test, P &lt; 0.03). Time-to-event analysis indicated a reduction in the risk of progression to macroalbuminuria of 58.1% (95% CI 27.8−68.4%) in the 32 patients on lisinopril (P &lt; 0.02) and of 62.5% (95% CI 32.5−73.4%) in the 26 patients on nifedipine (P &lt; 0.02) after adjustment for mean blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and baseline AER in comparison with the 34 patients on placebo. Baseline AER was 71 μ/min (range: 20.7−187.3) in progressors and 73 μ/min (range: 20.2−174.1) in nonprogressors (NS). The percentage of patients who showed a &gt; 50% yearly increase of AER above baseline values was significantly lower in the lisinopril group (13 of 32, 40.6%, P &lt; 0.02), but not in the nifedipine group (15 of 26, 57.7%), than in the placebo group (23 of 34, 67.6%). The lisinopril group had significantly lower blood pressure values during follow-up than either the nifedipine (P &lt; 0.05) or the placebo (P &lt; 0.01) group.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data show that both lisinopril and nifedipine are effective in delaying the occurrence of macroalbuminuria in normotensive IDDM patients with MA. As overt proteinuria strongly predicts end-stage renal failure, both treatments appear capable of preventing such a complication in normotensive IDDM patients with MA. However, lisinopril appears more powerful in slowing the course of nephropathy.
Evaluation of a Self-Administered Sensory Testing Tool to Identify Patients at Risk of Diabetes-Related Foot Problems
Authors: Birke James A , Rolfsen Robert J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study the use of a self-administered sensory testing tool designed to identify individuals at risk for diabetes-related foot problems and determine the inter-rater reliability between patient and provider sensory evaluations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nine centers in eight states with established foot prevention centers mailed 196 self-screening testing materials to randomly selected patients with diabetes scheduled for follow-up appointments. Patients were instructed to perform a sensory test using a 10-g nylon filament at specified sites on the foot and to complete a brief survey form before their appointment. During the follow-up appointment, providers retested patients using an identical sensory filament at the same sites and completed a provider survey.

RESULTS
Of the patients, 145 kept their appointments and completed the self-screening materials. There were 141 patient and 137 provider surveys that indicated the instructions were clear and easy to use. Sixty-eight percent of the patients reported self-testing without the assistance of another person. Patient and provider sensory test findings disagreed (P = 0.0014) in 18 of 145 cases and fair inter-rater reliability was found (κ = 0.73). Disagreement in sensory tests was related to patient age (P = 0.012). Sensory loss, previously undetected by providers, was found in 23 case subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Self-administered sensory tests provide patients an opportunity to share in the responsibility for preventing diabetes-related foot problems but should not replace routine foot evaluation by a provider.
Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites With Type 2 Diabetes. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study, Colorado
Authors: Tudor Stephanie M , Hamman Richard F , Baron Anna , Johnson David W , Shetterly Susan M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To learn if Hispanic people with type 2 diabetes have excess incidence and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy and to explore the association of risk factors with diabetic retinopathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
There were 244 subjects with type 2 diabetes (65.3% Hispanic) with at least one follow-up visit between 1984 and 1992 examined for the development of retinopathy over a median of 4.8 years (range 2.0−6.6 years). Stereo fundus photos were graded by the University of Wisconsin Reading Center.

RESULTS
Of the 169 subjects without retinopathy at baseline, 47 developed some retinopathy, an incidence rate of 63.7 per 1,000 person-years (PY), or a 4-year cumulative incidence of 22.5%. The Hispanic incidence rate was 58.3/1,000 PY (95% CI: 39.4−83.3), which was lower than among non-Hispanic whites, 76.1/1,000 PY (44.3−121.9). Progression occurred in 24 of the 75 subjects with retinopathy at baseline, a 4-year cumulative rate of 24.1%. Logistic regression showed that insulin treatment was associated with higher risk of any retinopathy (odds ratio [OR] = 8.45, 2.65−26.97), and both systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58, 0.99−2.52) and total GHb (OR = 1.46, 0.99−2.17) nearly attained statistical significance. After adjustment for multiple potential risk factors, the Hispanic/non-Hispanic white OR was 0.66 (0.28−1.57).

CONCLUSIONS
No excess risk for incident retinopathy was found among Hispanic compared with non-Hispanic white subjects in this population. These results are consistent with our previously reported prevalence data from the same population but differ from reports of excess prevalence among Texas Hispanics. No other Hispanic incidence data are available to assist in reconciling this difference.
Study of Genetic Prediabetic South Indian Subjects: Importance of hyperinsulinemia and β-cell dysfunction
Authors: Snehalatha C , Ramachandran A , Satyavani K , Latha E , Viswanathan Vijay 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study 1) whether abdominal adiposity was present in adult offspring of two NIDDM parents, 2) whether abdominal adiposity was associated with the development of glucose intolerance, and 3) the association of pancreatic β-cell function with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and NIDDM in these groups.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
One hundred offspring whose parents both had NIDDM were studied (60 men, 40 women, mean age 34 ± 6.9 years, BMI 27.4 ± 4.1 kg/m2). None had a history of glucose intolerance. Nondiabetic control subjects with no family history of diabetes were also studied for comparison (21 men, 19 women, age 36 ± 10.3 years, BMI 26 ± 3.7 kg/m2). A standard oral glucose tolerance test was done for all, and plasma glucose, C-peptide, and insulin responses were measured. Abdominal fat measurements at L4-L5 were made using a computed axial tomography scan. Subcutaneous fat (SF), visceral fat (VF), and total fat (TF) areas were measured and VF/SF ratio was calculated. An index of insulin secretion (Δ I/G) was derived as the ratio of incremental insulin at 30 min divided by 30-min plasma glucose.

RESULTS
IGT was detected in 32 offspring and diabetes in 21 offspring. Diabetic men had a higher TF area than the other groups. SF, VF, and VF/SF ratios were similar in control men and in offspring with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), IGT, or diabetes. Among control subjects, women had significantly lower VF than men. Female offspring had higher VF than the control subjects, but intragroup variations were absent. Fasting insulin and all C-peptide responses were higher in NGT compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0.02). The 2-h insulin and C-peptide responses were higher in IGT subjects (P &lt; 0.005). In diabetic subjects, the insulin-to-glucose ratio, C-peptide-to-glucose ratio, and Δ I/G were significantly low compared with all other groups (P &lt; 0.005). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the area of insulin response had a positive association and Δ I/G had a negative association with diabetes, while age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, abdominal fat areas, fasting and 2-h insulin, area of insulin, and the C-peptide measurements did not show independent associations. Two-hour insulin showed a positive association with IGT, while increasing area of insulin showed a negative association.

CONCLUSIONS
Visceral adiposity seemed to precede glucose intolerance only in women, but it had no independent association with IGT or NIDDM. Insulin resistance, indicated by higher plasma insulin response, and insulin secretory defect, indicated by low Δ I/G at 30 min, were associated with diabetes. β-cell defect was not independently associated with IGT. Increased abdominal visceral adiposity does not appear to be a prerequisite for development of IGT or diabetes in Asian Indians with a strong genetic predisposition for diabetes.
Effects of a Monounsaturated Fatty Acid–Enriched Hypocaloric Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gumbiner Barry , Low Cecilia C , Reaven Peter D 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the lipoprotein response to weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes can be improved by modifying the macronutrient composition of the commonly prescribed low-fat, high-carbohydrate (CHO) hypocaloric diet.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nine obese patients with type 2 diabetes were treated with a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-enriched weight-reducing formula diet and compared with eight obese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a low-fat, high-CHO weight-reducing formula diet. Weight loss ensued for 6 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of refeeding using isocaloric formulas enriched with MUFA or CHO, respectively. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure plasma lipoproteins and LDL susceptibility to oxidation (measured as lag time: time required to induce in vitro formation of conjugated dienes).

RESULTS
At baseline, there were no differences between the groups in plasma lipids, lipoproteins, or LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Weight loss was similar between the groups. Dieting resulted in decreases in total plasma cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins A and B (P &lt; 0.05), but the MUFA group manifested a greater decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B and a smaller decrease in HDL and apolipoprotein A than the CHO group (P &lt; 0.05). Improvements in these parameters were sustained during refeeding. After dieting, lag time was prolonged in the MUFA group (208 ± 10 min) compared with the CHO group (146 ± 11 min; P &lt; 0.05). Lag time was prolonged further during refeeding in the MUFA group (221 ± 13 min, P = 0.10), while the CHO group remained unchanged (152 ± 9 min, P &lt; 0.05). Lag time correlated strongly with the oleic acid content of LDL after dieting and refeeding (r = 0.74 and r = 0.93, respectively; both P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Macronutrient content is an important determinant of the lipoprotein response to weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. MUFA-enriched hypocaloric diets potentiate the beneficial effects of weight loss to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Acute Metabolic Response to High-Carbohydrate, High-Starch Meals Compared With Moderate-Carbohydrate, Low-Starch Meals in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gannon Mary C , Nuttall Frank Q , Westphal Sydney A , Fang Sean , Ercan-Fang Nacide 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The monosaccharides resulting from the digestion of ingested carbohydrates are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Of these three monosaccharides, only ingested glucose resulted in a large increase in the plasma glucose concentration. Fructose (Metabolism 41:510–517, 1992) and galactose (Metabolism 42:1560–1567, 1993) had only a minor effect. Therefore, we were interested in determining whether we could design a mixed meal, using foods of known monosaccharide, disaccharide, and starch composition, the ingestion of which would result in only a small rise in plasma glucose concentration.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The experimental meal was composed of very little readily digestible starch but rather large amounts of fruits and vegetables. It contained 43% carbohydrate, 22% protein, and 34% fat. The results were compared with a second type of meal that contained 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat, with an emphasis on complex carbohydrates (starch). It also was compared with a third meal that contained 40% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 40% fat, typical of that consumed by the average American. The test meals were ingested in random order by people with type 2 diabetes who were not treated with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Each subject ingested each type of meal. The same identical meal was ingested at 0800, 1200, and 1700.

RESULTS
The integrated 24-h plasma glucose area response was statistically significantly smaller (P &lt; 0.05) after ingestion of the low-starch meals compared with the high-starch, highcarbohydrate meals or the typical American meals. The 24-h integrated serum insulin area response also was statistically significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) after ingestion of the low-starch meals compared with the high-starch meals or the typical American meals. The serum triglyceride area response was similar after ingestion of all three test diets.

CONCLUSIONS
A diet in which fruits, nonstarch vegetables, and dairy products are emphasized may be useful for people with type 2 diabetes.
Birth Weight, Adult Weight, and Girth as Predictors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Yarbrough Donald E , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Kritz-Silverstein Donna , Wingard Deborah L 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Recent studies have demonstrated an association between low birth weight and chronic and metabolic disorders in adulthood such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These disorders tend to cluster in a condition known as the metabolic syndrome (syndrome X). Only two studies have reported an association of birth weight to the metabolic syndrome. The present study is distinguished as the only study to focus on postmenopausal women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects were 303 community-dwelling, postmenopausal Caucasian women aged 50–84 years. Metabolic and anthropometric variables were measured at a clinic visit; birth weight was assessed by self-report on a mailed questionnaire.

RESULTS
The metabolic syndrome, defined as the simultaneous presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abnormal glucose tolerance, was present in 7.9% of these women. Compared with women in the highest birth weight tertile (8.1–13.0 lb, mean 9.4 lb), those in the lowest birth weight tertile (2.5–6.8 lb, mean 5.5 lb) exhibited an increased prevalence (12.0 vs. 4.3%, P &lt; 0.05) and 2.41 times the risk (95% CI 1.06–5.51) of developing the metabolic syndrome. Women with a heavy birth weight had an increased risk of adult obesity. Nevertheless, women in the lowest birth weight tertile who became adults in the highest tertile of BMI (&gt;25.2 kg/m2) or waist circumference (&gt;80.7 cm) had the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (∼30%).

CONCLUSIONS
Low birth weight coupled with adult obesity is a strong determinant of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.
Islet Cell Antibodies Are Less Predictive of IDDM Among Unaffected Children in the General Population Than in Sibs of Children With Diabetes
Authors: Knip Mikael , Karjalainen Jukka , Åkerblom Hans K ,   The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the controversial issue of whether islet cell antibodies (ICAs) have a higher predictive value for progression to clinical IDDM in first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes than in the general population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
ICAs were analyzed with standard immunofluorescence in two population-based groups: 765 sibs of children with recent-onset diabetes and 1,212 unaffected Finnish children &lt;20 years of age at initial screening. Those positive for ICAs were additionally tested for antibodies to GAD (GADAs) and the protein tyrosine phosphatase-related 1A-2 antigen (IA-2As). Subsequently, these subjects were observed for the manifestation of clinical IDDM over the next 7 years.

RESULTS
The frequency of both detectable ICAs and ICA levels ≥20 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation units (JDF U) was significantly higher among the sibs than in the general population (7.8 vs. 4.1% and 4.8 vs. 2.0%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). The prevalence of GADAs (37/60 vs. 3/48; P &lt; 0.001) and IA-2As (31/60 vs. 0/48; P &lt; 0.001) was increased among ICA-positive sibs compared with ICA-positive individuals from the background population. Over the next 7 years, 24 sibs (3.1%) and 3 unrelated children positive for ICAs (0.3%) progressed to clinical diabetes. The positive predictive value of ICAs was thus 6% in the general population and 40% among the sibs (P &lt; 0.001), or 13 and 59%, respectively (P &lt; 0.001), with an antibody cutoff level of 20 JDF U. The positive predictive value was related to the number of positive autoantibodies in sibs, which was 57% in those with three antibodies, 50% in those with two antibodies, and only 6% in those with ICAs alone.

CONCLUSIONS
These data show that the frequency of multiple autoantibodies is substantially lower in ICA-positive children representing the general population than in ICA-positive sibs of children with IDDM. As a consequence, the predictive value of ICAs for IDDM is higher in sibs of affected children than in the general population. This finding must be taken into account when planning intervention trials aimed at preventing or delaying the manifestation of clinical diabetes in individuals from the general population who test positive for ICAs.