bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canadian Landform Examples
Authors: BROOKS G. R. , NIELSEN E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe flat topography of the Red River Valley reflects the morphology of underlying bedrock covered with late Quaternary glacial and glaciolacustrine sediments. The meandering Red River occupies a shallow stream‐cut valley that became incised into the Red River Valley plain following the final recession of glacial Lake Agassiz. Extreme flows carried by the river overtop the sides of the stream‐cut valley and spread laterally up to several tens of kilometres across the plain. An array of flood protection infrastructure has been constructed in the landscape to mitigate the flood hazard.
Systematic characterisation and seed oil analysis in candidate plus trees of biodiesel plant, Pongamia pinnata
Authors: Kesari V. , Krishnamachari A. , Rangan L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCandidate plus trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata, a potential biodiesel plant occurring across 10 locations in North Guwahati, were identified based on morphological markers (vegetative and reproductive) using combined analysis over locations. Identified CPTs were then multiplied using seed propagation technique in a nursery bed. The performance of the candidate trees with respect to seed and pod traits, the two most important characters with regard to oil, were evaluated using CROPSTAT software for inferring potential genotypes that can be included in programmes aimed at genetic improvement of the species. Total oil content from the seeds of plus trees was also analysed using solvent extraction procedure at their boiling points. Hexane extraction yielded maximum oil content from seeds (33%) compared with petroleum ether (30%). When the seed to solvent ratio varied, no significant difference was noticed on the total oil yield for an individual tree, although the recovery of solvent and the time taken for oil extraction were significantly reduced at higher ratios of solvent used.
Suppressive effect of oral administration of branched‐chain amino acid granules on oxidative stress and inflammation in HCV‐positive patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Ohno Tomoyoshi , Tanaka Yasuhito , Sugauchi Fuminaka , Orito Etsuro , Hasegawa Izumi , Nukaya Haruhiko , Kato Atsunaga , Matunaga Seijiro , Endo Masayuki , Tanaka Yoshito , Sakakibara Kenji , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: March 2008

Aim:  In chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, it is thought that both chronic persistent inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and it has been reported that long‐term oral supplementation with branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) granules could inhibit liver carcinogenesis. However, the extent of the involvement of these factors remains obscure.Methods:  To clarify the involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in the inhibition of liver carcinogenesis, we evaluated the effect of oral administration of BCAA granules on oxidative stress and inflammation in HCV‐positive patients with liver cirrhosis.Results:  Twenty‐seven patients were enrolled in the study: 18 of the patients were treated with BCAA granules (administered group) and nine were observed without BCAA granules (non‐administered group). In the non‐administered group, the production of oxidative stress, as indicated by urine 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane (8‐IsoPs), significantly increased with time, while in the administered group the levels of ferritin and 8‐OHdG decreased significantly. Comparison of the two groups demonstrated that highly sensitive CRP, ferritin, 8‐OHdG and 8‐IsoPs were significantly reduced by taking BCAA granules. The time‐course analysis showed that ferritin and highly sensitive CRP seemed to decrease first, followed by a decrease of 8‐OHdG and 8‐IsoPs.Conclusion:  These findings indicated that the administration of BCAA granules influenced microinflammation and the metabolism of iron in HCV‐positive patients with liver cirrhosis, and subsequently seemed to reduce the production of oxidative stress, possibly leading to a decrease in the occurrence of HCC.
HCV selection and HVR1 evolution in a chimpanzee chronically infected with HCV‐1 over 12 years
Authors: Lu Ling , Tatsunori Nakano , Li Chunhua , Waheed Sana , Gao Fengxiang , Robertson Betty H. 
Published: March 2008

Aim:  To study hepatitis C virus (HCV) selection and hypervariable region‐1 (HVR1) evolution in a chimpanzee chronically infected with HCV‐1 over 12 years after inoculation with a human factor VIII concentrate contaminated with HCV.Methods:  From the inoculum, the earliest chimpanzee plasma and 12 annual plasma samples, HCV fragments including HVR1 were amplified followed by cloning and sequencing.Results:  Five HCV subtypes – 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a – and multiple 1a strains were identified in the inoculum. Two 1a strains were found in the earliest chimpanzee sample, while a single HCV‐1 strain was detected in the 12 annual samples. None of the chimpanzee sequences were identical to those found in the inoculum. Over 12 years, HVR1 patterns changed irregularly, but a few patterns showed identical nucleotide or amino acid sequences. In the last three years, the variety of HVR1 patterns decreased, while the proportion of major patterns increased. These corresponded to a higher virus load and a lower number of amino acid substitutions. Simultaneously, the HVR1 sequences became more similar to the consensus sequence of the 1a subtype.Conclusion:  HCV selection was observed from the inoculum to the inoculated chimpanzee and from the early acute hepatitis to the persistent chronic infection. The selection occurred at three levels: among subtypes after transmission, among isolates during acute hepatitis and among quasispecies in chronic infection.
Changes in intrahepatic gene expression profiles from chronic hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Furuta Keiko , Sato Sayaka , Yamauchi Taeko , Kakumu Shinichi 
Published: March 2008

Aim:  DNA microarray technology has enabled genome‐wide analysis of gene transcript levels, which has yielded insight into the molecular nature of hepatitis C virus infection. However, little insight into the molecular nature of the early to advanced stages of chronic liver disease has as yet been obtained.Methods:  We compared the gene expression profiles of liver biopsy specimens from 14 patients at different stages of chronic hepatitis C. We also evaluated the liver tissue of hepatocellular carcinoma and its surrounding region obtained surgically in seven patients with hepatitis C virus infection.Results:  Of 21 073 genes, 582 genes showed significant changes in expression levels across the disease group. Twenty‐eight samples from six disease groups clustered according to the histological classification except for 4 samples. A heat map produced by hierarchical clustering revealed nine clusters where gene expression profiles were changed in abundance. Among 44 genes which changed twofold or more in transcript abundance, transcripts from chronic hepatitis tended to be upregulated, and gradually downregulated according to disease progression toward hepatocellular carcinoma in five of nine clusters. In chronic hepatitis, transcripts relating to metabolism and immune response were upregulated, while in hepatocellular carcinoma, transcripts associated with cell cycle, growth, proliferation, apoptosis and signaling pathway were upregulated.Conclusion:  Disease progression in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients appeared to be associated with changes in gene expression profiles in the liver consistent with plausible functional categories, although we should confirm these findings using larger samples.
A model for estimating cirrhosis in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Miyake Yasuhiro , Iwasaki Yoshiaki , Terada Ryo , Nagano Takuya , Kobashi Haruhiko , Sakaguchi Kohsaku , Shiratori Yasushi 
Published: March 2008

Aim:  Longstanding cirrhosis has been recognized as a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Thus, the accurate determination of cirrhosis is important for prognostication, decisions regarding treatment and monitoring of disease progression. The aim of this study was to identify independent predictors of cirrhosis and to develop a model for estimating cirrhosis in patients with type 1 AIH.Methods:  Using the training sample, consisting of 121 patients with type 1 AIH, we retrospectively examined independent predictors of cirrhosis and constructed a model for estimating cirrhosis. Validation was prospectively performed in the validation sample, consisting of 35 patients.Results:  Using a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, three predictors of serum immunoglobulin A level, ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase, and platelet count were elicited, and a model for estimating cirrhosis was determined as follows: risk score = −0.113 + 0.0006056 × immunoglobulin A (mg/dL) + 0.155 × ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase − 0.007079 × platelet (×104/mm3). In the training sample, the sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 83%, respectively, when patients presenting a risk score ≥0.20 were estimated to be cirrhotic. When this model was applied to the validation sample, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 83%, 97%, 83%, 97% and 94%, respectively.Conclusion:  It is suggested that this model could be useful for the estimation of cirrhosis in patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Pilomatricoma in Three Dogs
Authors: Masserdotti Carlo , Ubbiali FedericaAnnamaria 
Published: March 2008

Background — Fine needle aspiration cytology is being used for the diagnosis of various neoplasms, but we are unaware of reports dealing with the cytologic features of canine pilomatricoma.Objective — The purpose of this report was to describe the cytologic features of pilomatricoma in 3 dogs.Methods — Fine‐needle aspirates were obtained from cutaneous masses using a 25‐ga needle. Smears were prepared and stained with May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa and hematoxylin and eosin. The cutaneous masses were excised and routinely processed for histologic examination.Results — Cytologic features of all 3 tumors included high cellularity and numerous clusters of tightly arranged of basaloid cells with evenly distributed chromatin and small distinct nucleoli surrounding sheets of “ghost cells”. Ghost cells were characterized by a central unstained zone corresponding to the site previously occupied by the nucleus. Amorphous keratinized material was observed in 1 tumor. Histopathologic findings confirmed the diagnosis of pilomatricoma in all 3 cases.Conclusions — Basaloid cells in association with ghost cells are important cytopathologic criteria that may provide a definitive cytologic diagnosis of pilomatricoma in dogs, and may help avoid a false diagnosis of malignancy.
Use of the Vettest 8008 and Refractometry for Determination of Total Protein, Albumin, and Globulin Concentrations in Feline Effusions
Authors: Papasouliotis Kostas , Murphy Kate , Dodkin Steve , Torrance Andy G. 
Published: March 2008

Background— Pleural and peritoneal effusion is a common clinical finding in feline practice. Determination of fluid albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLOB) concentrations in addition to total protein (TP) concentration can be helpful in diagnosing or ruling out certain diseases in cats, especially feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).Objective— The objective of this study was to compare effusion TP, ALB, and GLOB results obtained by a refractometer and a bench‐top dry chemistry analyzer with those results obtained by a reference method.Methods— Twenty‐six pleural and 14 peritoneal effusion samples were analyzed from 40 cats with various diseases. TP and ALB concentrations were determined by a reference automated wet chemistry analyzer (Kone Specific, Kone Instruments, Espoo, Finland), a bench‐top dry chemistry analyzer (Vettest 8008, IDEXX Laboratories Ltd, Chalfont St Peter, UK), and a refractometer (Atago SPR‐T2, Atago Co, Tokyo, Japan). GLOB, albumin to globulin (A/G) ratio, and globulins as a percentage of total proteins (GLOB%) were calculated. Results were analyzed by paired t tests, difference plots, and Deming's regression analysis.Results— Correlation coefficients (r) for TP with Vettest versus Kone and refractometer versus Kone methods were .97 and .94, respectively. GLOB and GLOB% values were significantly higher and A/G ratios were significantly lower with Vettest versus Kone methods. Correlation coefficients for ALB, GLOB, GLOB% and A/G ratio with Vettest versus Kone methods were .86, .93, .82, and .73, respectively. Although correlation with other methods was good, the refractometer underestimated TP concentrations in 3 samples.Conclusions— The refractometer is an acceptable method for determination of TP concentration in feline effusions. The Vettest 8008 also is an acceptable method for the determination of TP and ALB concentrations, however, calculated A/G ratios obtained with the Vettest are unacceptable.
Use of the Cell‐Dyn 3500 to Predict Leukemic Cell Lineage in Peripheral Blood of Dogs and Cats
Authors: Fernandes Peter J. , Modiano Jaime F. , Wojcieszyn John , Thomas Jennifer S. , Benson Patricia A. , III Smith Roger , Avery Anne C. , Burnett Robert C. , Boone Laura I. , Johnson Mark C. , Pierce Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2008

Background—Morphology and cytochemistry are the foundation for classification of leukemias in dogs and cats. Advances in automated hematology instrumentation, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular biology are significantly improving our ability to recognize and classify spontaneous myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders.Objective—The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of flow cytometry‐based light scatter patterns provided by the Cell‐Dyn 3500 (CD3500) automated hematology analyzer to predict the lineage of leukemic cells in peripheral blood of dogs and cats.Methods—Leukemic cells from 15 dogs and 6 cats were provisionally classified using an algorithm based on the CD3500 CBC output data and were subsequently phenotyped by enzyme cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, indirect flow cytometry, and analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangement.Results—The algorithm led to correct predictions regarding the ontogeny of the leukemic cells (erythroid/megakaryocytic potential, myeloid leukemia, monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, lymphoid leukemia) in 19/21 animals. Mismatches in the WBC impedance count and the WBC optical count in conjunction with microscopic assessment of blasts in the blood were useful for predicting myeloproliferative disorders with erythroid or megakaryocytic potential. The leukocyte light scatter patterns enabled distinction among myeloid leukemias (represented by acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia) and lymphocytic leukemias (including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias). One case of acute lymphocytic leukemia was misidentified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Conclusions—Algorithmic analyses can be applied to data generated by the CD3500 to predict the ontogeny of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood of dogs and cats. This rapid and quantitative technique may be used to improve diagnostic decisions, expand therapeutic choices, and increase prognostic accuracy.
Ehlers‐Danlos—Like Syndrome in 2 Dogs: Clinical, Histologic, and Ultrastructural Findings
Authors: Paciello O. , Lamagna F. , Lamagna B. , Papparella S. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome comprises a group of rare inherited connective tissue diseases characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint laxity, skin and vessel fragility, and poor wound healing.Objective: The purpose of this report was to describe the clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural findings in 2 dogs with collagenopathies consistent with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome.Methods: Two dogs were examined clinically; skin extensibility index was calculated. Skin biopsies obtained from the dorsum were examined by light and electron microscopy.Results: Both dogs had clinical signs of skin hyperextensibility and fragility, lower skin elasticity, vessel fragility, and poor wound healing. One dog had a hip dislocation, and the other had bilateral medial patellar luxation (grade II), subcutaneous hematomas produced by minimal trauma, and generalized periodontitis. Histologic and ultrastructural examination confirmed abnormalities in the structure and arrangement of collagen fibrils. Fibroblasts were characterized by variable dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and anomalous elastic fibers (elaunin fibers) were present in the dermis.Conclusion: Although the primary defects underlying collagenopathies in animals are still unknown, analysis of the ultrastructural changes in collagen fibrils and clinical findings could facilitate better characterization of these disorders in dogs.
Metastatic Balloon Cell Melanoma in a Dog
Authors: Wilkerson Melinda J. , Dolce Karen , DeBey Brad M. , Heeb Heather , Davidson Harriet 
Published: March 2008

Background: Balloon cell melanoma is a rare variant of amelanotic melanoma that is difficult to differentiate from sebaceous cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, and other clear cell neoplasms without immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural evidence of melanin or melanosomes.Objective: The purpose of this report was to describe the clinical, cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in a dog with metastatic balloon cell melanoma.Methods: A 6‐year‐old female Golden Retriever was evaluated for a white, flocculent infiltrate in the anterior chamber of the left eye and an enlarged left prescapular lymph node. Cytologic evaluation of the eye and lymph node were performed following aqueocentesis and fine‐needle aspiration, respectively. The affected lymph node was examined histologically and stained for cytokeratin, vimentin, S‐100, and Melan A. Following euthanasia a necropsy was performed and samples of the affected lymph node were examined by electron microscopy.Results: Cytologic examination of the lymph node and aqueocentesis sample revealed round neoplastic cells that had abundant clear vacuolated cytoplasm. A tentative diagnosis of metastatic sebaceous cell carcinoma or clear cell neoplasm was made. Histologically, the affected lymph node had similar polygonal clear cells arranged in sheets and packets divided by delicate fibrovascular stroma. Immunohistochemical staining of the cells was negative for cytokeratin but positive for vimentin, weakly positive for S‐100, and strongly positive for Melan A. At necropsy, metastatic lesions were identified in the diaphragm, heart, lung, kidneys, left eye, prescapular and sublumbar lymph nodes, and multiple skin sites. Ultrastructural examination of neoplastic lymph nodes revealed many membrane‐bound vacuoles, myelinlike figures, and rare melanosomes.Conclusion: Immunohistochemical staining and ultrastructural features of the neoplastic cells supported a diagnosis of metastatic balloon cell melanoma.
Cytologic Diagnosis of Peritoneal Cestodiasis in Dogs Caused byMesocestoidessp
Authors: Caruso Kimberly J. , James Michael P. , Fisher David , Paulson Roger L. , Christopher Mary M. 
Published: March 2008

Background:Canine peritoneal larval cestodiasis caused by tapeworm larvae of the genusMesocestoidesis an uncommon and possibly fatal disease that can result in ascites and peritonitis. Although abdominal fluid analysis is recommended for dogs with ascites, the cytologic features ofMesocestoidesinfection have not been described fully.Objective:Our goal was to describe the cytologic features ofMesocestoideslarvae and of associated ascitic fluid that was collected from the peritoneal cavity of 4 infected dogs.Methods:Abdominal fluid was obtained from 4 dogs withMesocestoidessp infection. Gross, chemical, and microscopic evaluations of the fluid were performed using standard techniques.Results:Cytologic findings in 1 dog included intact acephalic metacestodes (larvae without 4 suckers, not tetrathyridia) in various stages of asexual development, whereas fluid from the other 3 dogs contained primarily calcareous corpuscles, remnant tissue specific to cestodes. Abdominal fluid typically was an exudate, with suppuration, hemorrhage, and evidence of necrosis. Total protein concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 5.3 g/dL.Conclusions:Abdominal fluid cytology was useful in the diagnosis ofMesocestoideslarval infections in the peritoneal cavity of dogs with ascites. Observation of characteristic calcareous corpuscles or intact metacestodes can provide a defininitive diagnosis of canine peritoneal larval cestodiasis in dogs.
Pneumonia in a Paso‐Fino Mare
Authors: MacNeill Amy L. , Alleman A. Rick , Franklin Robert P. , Long Maureen , Giguère Steeve , Uhl Elizabeth , López‐Martinez Alric , Wilkerson Melinda 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 5‐year‐old Paso‐Fino mare was presented for severe respiratory distress. The mare had foaled 2 months prior to presentation. The horse was in poor body condition with a dull hair coat. A mild fever was noted during physical examination and increased bronchovesicular sounds were auscultated. Thoracic radiographs showed an interstitial pattern and an alveolar infiltrate with distinct air bronchograms. Moderate purulent inflammation with increased mucus was observed in tracheal wash fluid, but no infectious agents were identified. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) contained a large amount of mucus and reactive mononuclear phagocytes with variable numbers of intracellular fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Pneumocystis carinii. The mare had undetectable levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and decreased IgG levels in the serum. Immunophenotyping revealed decreased expression of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules. Moderate to marked hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells was present throughout histologic sections of lung, but the fungal organisms were not observed. A culture system has not been developed for diagnosis of P carinii infection. Instead, diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia is achieved by microscopic identification of characteristic morphologic features of the pathogen. Cytologic examination of BAL fluid is the preferred method used to diagnose human infection with P carinii. In humans, the diagnostic sensitivity of cytology is significantly higher than the sensitivity of histopathologic examination of lung biopsies. The difference in sensitivity between BAL cytology and lung histopathology may also apply to the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia in horses. (MacNeill AL, Alleman AR, Franklin RP, Long M, Giguère S, Uhl E, López‐Martinez A, Wilkerson M. Pneumonia in a Paso‐Fino mare [Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].