bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive functioning and theory of mind in euthymic bipolar disorder
Authors: Olley Amanda L , Malhi Gin S , Bachelor Jennifer , Cahill Catherine M , Mitchell Philip B , Berk Michael 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To examine the nature of executive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD).Methods: Fifteen euthymic BD patients and 13 controls were administered a battery of executive tasks including verbal fluency, Stroop, Theory of Mind (ToM) tests and selected subtests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Self‐report and clinician ratings of mood and social and occupational functioning were also obtained.Results: There were no significant differences between BD patients and controls on the primary measures of the following executive tasks: verbal fluency, attentional set‐shifting, problem solving or planning. On secondary measures of speed, BD patients were slower to complete the first trial of the Stroop task (p = 0.001). Patients with BD committed more errors across all secondary measures. Patients performed poorly when compared with controls on tests of verbal ToM (p = 0.02), and although they performed non‐verbal ToM tasks at a level comparable to controls (p = 0.60), they were slower to initiate a response (p = 0.006). ToM was not significantly correlated with any measure of social and occupational functioning; however it correlated with the achievement scores of the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge task (Pearson'sr = 0.68, p < 0.01).Conclusions: Deficits found in euthymic bipolar patients suggest fronto‐subcortical pathway dysfunction. This is consistent with other neuropsychological and neuroimaging research that points to a trait deficit in BD. Further investigation is necessary perhaps using more real‐world tests.
Leigh syndrome: Anesthetic management in complicated endoscopic procedures
Authors: GOZAL DAVID , GOLDIN ERAN , SHAFRAN‐TIKVA SIGAL , TAL DALIA , WENGROWER DOV 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : Leigh's syndrome, a disorder of infancy and childhood, is characterized by gray matter degeneration and focal brainstem necrosis. It presents with special clinical features such as developmental delay, nervous system dysfunction, respiratory abnormalities, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that can be a real challenge to the anesthesiologist. Anesthesia or sedation has rarely been reported in patients with Leigh disease. We report our experience in sedating five children with Leigh syndrome in seven procedures undertaken in the endoscopy suite (outside the operating room).Methods : Five children with Leigh disease, three girls and two boys, have been referred to us for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion and or replacement (a total of seven procedures).The average age was 2.6 years with a range of 4 months to 6 years. Informed consent was obtained from the patient's parents or guardian. An anesthesia machine, scavenging system, O2 source and routine monitoring were available. Sedation was accomplished with propofol intravenous (i.v.) (0.5–1 mg·kg−1) maintained with a propofol infusion (50–100 μg·kg−1·min−1). The spontaneously breathing patients received oxygen through an oxygen facemask during the procedure and afterwards recovery was managed in the gastroenterology unit.Results : All the children underwent the procedure without complications. One patient developed transient desaturation (SpO2 80%) for a few seconds. Body temperature, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, O2 saturation and endtidal CO2 were stable during the endoscopies. No special postprocedure management was required; the patients woke up at the end of the endoscopy and were able to drink and eat as usual.Conclusions : This rare mitochondrial disease presents unique management problems to the anesthesiologist when using general anesthesia. Our patients were managed appropriately before endoscopy and underwent the procedure under deep sedation. No complications occurred. We concluded that deep sedation in the endoscopy suite was safe in this small series of patients with this rare disease.
Performance of a novel pressure release valve for cuff pressure control in pediatric tracheal tubes
Authors: DULLENKOPF ALEXANDER , BERNET‐BUETTIKER VERA , MAINO PAOLO , WEISS MARKUS 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : Acute and chronic hyperinflation of tracheal tube cuffs represents a persistent risk factor for airway damage in children when cuffed tracheal tubes are used. In order to overcome this particular risk, a cuff pressure (CP) pop‐off valve has been designed to avoid CP exceeding 20 cmH2O.Methods : The performance of the novel pop‐off valve has been evaluated in an in vitro set‐up during slow and rapid air insufflation by a syringe or a CP manometer or inadvertent compression of the cuff pilot balloon while measuring cuff and tracheal wall pressure (WP) in ID 3.0 mm cuffed tracheal tubes. Steady‐state performance was evaluated during nitrous oxide exposure of tracheal tube cuffs (ID 3.0 mm).Results : The novel CP pop‐off valve avoided cuff hyperinflation during rapid air volume changes and showed reliable performance during steady‐state nitrous oxide exposure to the tube cuff.Conclusions : These preliminary results show that the CP pop‐off valve limits the effect of rapid, potentially dangerous manual cuff inflation maneuvers and reliably prevents CP exceeding the predetermined level of 20 cmH2O when exposed to nitrous oxide.
A prospective randomized blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery
Authors: GOODARZI MASHALLAH , MATAR MARLA M. , SHAFA MARK , TOWNSEND JANICE E. , GONZALEZ ISAAC 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : Nausea and vomiting is a common postoperative complication that often necessitates the use of antiemetic agents.Methods : In a prospective, randomized, double blind trial, the effect of perioperative fluid administration on postoperative adverse outcomes following anesthesia was studied. One hundred children undergoing strabismus repair were randomly assigned to receive 10 ml·kg−1·h−1 (control group) or 30 ml·kg−1·h−1 (superhydration group) of lactated Ringer's solution during the operation. During the first 24 h postoperatively, nausea and vomiting, thirst, pain, and fever were evaluated.Results : Groups were similar with respect to demographic data, surgical procedures and baseline hemodynamic variables. In the first 24 h postoperatively, nausea and vomiting occurred in 27 patients (54%) of the control group and 11 (22%) of patients in the superhydration group (P = 0.001). Comparison of the superhydration group with the control group also showed a statistically significant benefit of superhydration on postoperative thirst (P = 0.0002) and fever (P = 0.02). The differences in nausea and vomiting, thirst, and fever remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, weight, and duration of surgery. There was no significant difference between the two groups in postoperative pain.Conclusions : Intravenous superhydration administration is an inexpensive and safe therapy for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting and discomfort.
Anesthetic management of patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Authors: SCHMIDT JOACHIM , KROEBER STEFANIE , IROUSCHEK ANDREA , BIRKHOLZ TORSTEN , SCHROTH MICHAEL , ALBRECHT SVEN 
Published: October 2005

SummaryOrnithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common inborn error of the urea cycle. Several specific factors require care during anesthesia in patients with this condition to avoid metabolic decompensation with acute hyperammonemia and encephalopathy. We report monozygous twins with severe neonatal‐onset OTCD undergoing general anesthesia twice each, with midazolam, s‐ketamine, fentanyl and isoflurane in combination with surgical field infiltration with ropivacaine. Alternative pathway medication and high‐caloric diet with 10% glucose solutions were continuously administered during the perioperative course. Both children were extubated within 10 min of the final suture, and their neurological state remained unchanged. Perioperatively, blood ammonia levels remained within the normal range.
Comparison of cuffed, uncuffed tracheal tubes and laryngeal mask airways in low flow pressure controlled ventilation in children
Authors: ENGELHARDT THOMAS , JOHNSTON GRAHAM , KUMAR MANISHA M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : The use of low flow circle systems necessitates a ‘leak free’ breathing system which is commonly achieved by using a cuffed tracheal tube (TT). We hypothesized that low flow circle system anesthesia can equally effectively be achieved by using the LMA in pediatric anesthesia.Methods : Following local ethics committee approval we randomly recruited 45 patients scheduled for elective surgery and requiring mechanical ventilation into three groups (cuffed TT, uncuffed TT and LMA group, n = 15). The size of the TT was determined by means of the formula (age/4) + 4.5 for uncuffed and (age/4) + 4 for cuffed TT whereas the size of the LMA size was dependent on weight. Following induction of anesthesia and muscle paralysis patients were ventilated with pressure controlled ventilation through a pediatric circle system and the lowest fresh gas flow (FGF) determined.Results : The FGF achieved were (median and range) 0.20 (0.2–0.25) l·min−1 for the LMA group, 0.20 (0.2–0.4) l·min−1 for the cuffed TT group and 1.15 (0.2–4.75) l·min−1 for the uncuffed group. The differences between the LMA and cuffed TT compared with the uncuffed TT were significant (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively). The difference in FGF between LMA and cuffed TT was not significant.Conclusion : We conclude that pressure controlled ventilation using an LMA is an alternative to a cuffed TT during low flow circle system anesthesia in children. Low FGF is unlikely to be achieved consistently using an uncuffed TT because of a substantial leak.
Cardiovascular collapse during ethanol sclerotherapy in a pediatric patient
Authors: WONG G.A. , ARMSTRONG D.C. , ROBERTSON J.M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryEthanol sclerotherapy is a first line management therapy for low flow vascular malformations. It is usually performed under general anesthesia because of the pain associated with ethanol injection. Ethanol sclerotherapy frequently produces minor local complications but may rarely produce catastrophic cardiopulmonary complications. This report describes the cardiovascular collapse associated with an ethanol sclerotherapy procedure in an 11‐year‐ old child. The evidence for ethanol‐induced cardiovascular derangements is discussed.
The efficacy of caudal morphine or bupivacaine combined with general anesthesia on postoperative pain and neuroendocrine stress response in children
Authors: TEYIN ERKAN , DERBENT ABDURRAHIM , BALCIOGLU TANER , COKMEZ BERNA 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of caudal morphine and bupivacaine usage on surgical stress response in children undergoing abdominal and genitourinary surgery while keeping anesthesia depth constant utilizing the bispectral index analysis (BIS).Methods : Following the approval of Institutional Review Board and informed parental consent, 28 children with ages ranging between 4 and 16 years with ASA physical status I and II , undergoing elective lower abdominal and genitourinary surgery were included in this study. Patients were randomized and separated into two subgroups. Before induction of anesthesia, patients were monitored for BIS. Epidural injection of 30 μg·kg−1 morphine in 1 ml·kg−1 saline for the first group (group M) and the same volume of (0.25%) bupivacaine for second group (group B) were administered via the sacral hiatus. We analyzed serum cortisol and glucose concentrations for evaluation of the stress response in the patients. Blood samples for cortisol and glucose were withdrawn at the beginning of induction (first samples), 40 min after surgical incision (second samples), and 40 min after end of the surgery (third samples). BIS scores of the patients were kept between 40 and 60 during the surgical procedure.Results : Group B had significantly lower levels of cortisol than group M in the second samples. There was a significant increase in serum glucose level in group M compared with group B during the intraoperative and postoperative periods.Conclusions : We conclude that, caudal administration of bupivacaine is more effective than morphine for attenuating intraoperative and postoperative stress response to surgery in children.
Anesthesia and periinterventional morbidity of rigid bronchoscopy for tracheobronchial foreign body diagnosis and removal
Authors: TOMASKE MAREN , GERBER ANDREAS C. , WEISS MARKUS 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : Undiagnosed tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) or delayed extraction can lead to serious morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate anesthetic and periinterventional morbidity of a straightforward regime using rigid bronchoscopy to rule out or remove a tracheobronchial foreign body in children with suspicion of FBA.Methods : We retrospectively analyzed rigid bronchoscopy charts of children with suspicion of acute (≤24 h) and subacute (>24 h–2 weeks) tracheobronchial FBA (1990–2003). Patient characteristics, duration of fasting, technique/course of anesthesia induction, and duration/course of rigid bronchoscopy were taken. Anesthetic, periinterventional complications and length of hospital stay were noted. Data are given in median (range [interquartile range]).Results : A total of 287 children were included in this study. Median age was 1.7 years (0.2–14.2 [1.2–2.5]); in 72.1% a tracheobronchial foreign body was found and removed. Fasting time before induction of anesthesia was 5 h (1–14 [4.0–7.0]). Anesthesia adverse events were seen in 0.7%, whereas periinterventional complication from rigid bronchoscopy was observed in 7.6%. Hospital discharge within 4 h after bronchoscopy was possible in 65.2%. Complications of delayed diagnosis (>24 h) were prolonged duration of rigid bronchoscopy because of severe mucosal changes or difficulties in foreign body extraction.Conclusions : General anesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy to rule out a tracheobronchial foreign body in children carries low morbidity. Most of the complications originated from the foreign body itself especially in patients with late diagnosis. The risk for serious complications caused by retained foreign bodies outweighs the low morbidity of explorative rigid bronchoscopy in children with suspected FBA or children with prolonged cough or pulmonary infection unresponsive to medical treatment.
Anesthetic management of a child with chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome
Authors: YOTSUI‐TSUCHIMOCHI HIROE , HIGA KAZUO , MATSUNAGA MATSUKO , NITAHARA KEIICHI , SHONO SHINJIRO 
Published: October 2005

SummaryChromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a congenital anomaly characterized by cardiovascular, oropharyngeal, immunologic, endocrine, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. We successfully managed a 6‐year‐old girl with 22q11DS with general anesthesia. Potential problems in anesthetic management of patients with 22q11DS are reviewed.
Comparison of ‘whoosh’ and modified ‘swoosh’ test for identification of the caudal epidural space in children
Authors: TALWAR VANDANA , TYAGI ROHIT , MULLICK PARUL , GOGIA ANOOP RAJ 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : Caudal analgesia is widely used in pediatric anesthesia practice. The ‘whoosh’ test which uses air to identify the epidural space, has been recommended as a guide for successful needle placement. However, the use of air may be associated with an incidence of neurological complications. The ‘swoosh’ test avoids the injection of air and was originally performed using injection of a local anesthetic solution. A comparison was made between the ‘whoosh’ test and a modified ‘swoosh’ test using saline to identify the caudal epidural space in children.Methods : We studied 60 children of either sex in the age group of 2–8 years undergoing inguinal herniotomy. During insertion of the caudal block, a stethoscope was placed over the lower lumbar spine to note the presence or absence of ‘whoosh’ or ‘swoosh’, by an independent observer who was blinded to the injection of 1 ml of air or saline which was given simultaneously by the operator into the caudal space. The operator's clinical impression of successful insertion of the needle was also recorded and correlated with the presence or absence of ‘whoosh’ or ‘swoosh’. In addition, the need for supplemental intraoperative analgesia was noted.Results : Overall success rate of caudal block using the ‘whoosh’ and modified ‘swoosh’ tests was found to be 96.6% and 93.3%, respectively as judged by the lack of supplementary perioperative analgesia. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the ‘whoosh’ test and clinical predictors of caudal placement was found to be 100% whereas the modified ‘swoosh’ test had a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 50% and a positive predictive value of 96%. However, statistically there was no significant difference between the clinical predictors, ‘whoosh’ and the modified ‘swoosh’ test for identification of the caudal epidural space.Conclusions : The modified ‘swoosh’ test is as reliable as the ‘whoosh’ test and we recommend it for identification of the caudal epidural space in children as it avoids injection of air into the caudal space.
A technique to improve the safety of laryngeal mask airway when used in lacrimal duct surgery
Authors: SUNDER RANI A. , JOSHI CHITTARANJAN 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground : Congenital obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system is present in approximately 6% of newborn. Syringing and probing is one of the common interventional modalities for this condition. Current literature states that syringing and probing is performed best with general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. We study a technique to improve the safety and efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in lacrimal duct surgery.Methods : Sixty‐five ASA grade I‐II patients between 6 months and 10 years scheduled for syringing and probing were included after informed consent was obtained from the parents. After induction of anesthesia and confirmation of LMA position, a transparent suction catheter was inserted into the hypopharynx. Continuous suction was applied to the catheter. A total of 2–3 ml of 0.01% povidone–iodine solution was used for syringing. Staining of the catheter was regarded as a sign of patency of the duct.Results : None of our patients had perioperative airway or respiratory complications.Conclusions : Based on the results of our study, we suggest that the LMA can safely be used in lacrimal duct procedures. Using 0.01% povidone–iodine as irrigation fluid further increases the margin of safety.
Relationship between communities and processes; new insights from a field study of a contaminated ecosystem
Authors: Ramsey Philip W. , Rillig Matthias C. , Feris Kevin P. , Gordon Nathan S. , Moore Johnnie N. , Holben William E. , Gannon James E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe used a 93‐year‐old mine waste contamination gradient in alluvial soil to explore the relationship between ecosystem level functioning and community structure in a chronically stressed ecosystem. The sensitivity of broad functional parameters (in situsoil respiration, microbial biomass, above and below ground plant biomass) and microbial diversity [phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) abundance and richness] were compared. Functional responses were linear with respect to contaminants while thresholds were detected in the community structural response to contamination along the gradient. For example,in situsoil respiration was negatively and linearly correlated to contamination concentration (R = −0.783,P < 0.01), but changes in microbial community structure only became evident where contaminant concentrations were greater than 28 times above background levels. Our results suggest that functional redundancy does not prevent depression of ecosystem function in the long‐term.
Effects of macroalgal species identity and richness on primary production in benthic marine communities
Authors: Bruno John F. , Boyer Katharyn E. , Duffy J. E. , Lee Sarah C. , Kertesz Johanna S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPlant biodiversity can enhance primary production in terrestrial ecosystems, but biodiversity effects are largely unstudied in the ocean. We conducted a series of field and mesocosm experiments to measure the relative effects of macroalgal identity and richness on primary productivity (net photosynthetic rate) and biomass accumulation in hard substratum subtidal communities in North Carolina, USA. Algal identity consistently and strongly affected production; species richness effects, although often significent, were subtle. Partitioning of the net biodiversity effect indicated that complementarity effects were always positive and species were usually more productive in mixtures than in monoculture. Surprisingly, slow growing species performed relatively better in the most diverse treatments than the most productive species, thus selection effects were consistently negative. Our results suggest that several basic mechanisms underlying terrestrial plant biodiversity effects also operate in algal‐based marine ecosystems, and thus may be general.
Quantitative assessment of phytopathogenic fungi in various substrates using a DNA macroarray
Authors: Lievens Bart , Brouwer Margreet , Vanachter Alfons C. R. C. , Lévesque C. André , Cammue Bruno P. A. , Thomma Bart P. H. J. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryDetection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens are the cornerstones of preventive plant disease  management.  To  detect  multiple  pathogens  in a single assay, DNA array technology currently is the most suitable technique. However, for sensitive detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification before array hybridization is required. To evaluate whether DNA array technology can be used to simultaneously detect and quantify multiple pathogens, a DNA macroarray was designed and optimized for accurate quantification over at least three orders of magnitude of the economically important vascular wilt pathogens Verticillium albo‐atrum and Verticillium dahliae. A strong correlation was observed between hybridization signals and pathogen concentrations for standard DNA added to DNA from different origins and for infested samples. While accounting for specific criteria like amount of immobilized detector oligonucleotide and controls for PCR kinetics, accurate quantification of pathogens was achieved in concentration ranges typically encountered in horticultural practice. Subsequently, quantitative assessment of other tomato pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani) in environmental samples was performed using DNA array technology and correlated to measurements obtained using real‐time PCR. As both methods of quantification showed a very high degree of correlation, the reliability and robustness of the DNA array technology is shown.