bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SOUTH PACIFIC REGIONAL HERBARIUM
Authors: Miller John M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFormerly known as the Fiji Herbarium, the only herbarium in the Fiji Islands, SUVA, was founded by B. E. V. Parham in 1933. Consisting of more than 25,000 specimens, the herbarium is one of the leading collections of vascular plants and bryophytes in the South Pacific. Recently renamed “The South Pacific Regional Herbarium”, SUVA serves the member countries of The University of the South Pacific which include the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Western Samoa. Historical events and important contributions to SUVA are noted in this paper. Finally, the goals and projects within the herbarium are presented, with the purpose in mind of increasing the cognisance of the international community of taxonomic botanists toward the importance of SUVA.
DIAPENSIACEAE: A REVIEW OF THE TAXONOMY
Authors: Scott Peter J. , Day Robin T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA review of the nomenclature of the Diapensiaceae is presented with a brief discussion of some of the interesting aspects of this ancient family. The status of the pink‐flowered form of Diapensia lapponica from Alaska has been changed (D. lapponica subsp. obovata f. rosea (Hult.) stat. nov.).
A SUMMING UP
Authors: Turner B. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe so‐called generic problems within the Asteraceae of today are surprisingly like those of 50 years ago, and earlier. It is conjectured that, so long as plant systematics remains an individual enterprise, classifications and their concomitant nomenclatures will vary, depending upon the worker, his background, interests, training and idiosyncrasies. What then can we anticipate as generic guidelines for the near future? Unfortunately there are none: systematics is an intellectual activity and intellects are a mixed bag. However, data accumulation and its numerical application, cladistic or otherwise, must ultimately prevail, so that reasonable generic stability in the far future can be anticipated. This will result as epigenetic choices (sensu Lumsden and Wilson, 1981) become established among both practitioners and users. Such a concensus has largely occurred in ornithology and is likely to prevail in synantherology given time, interest and human survival.
LOPHIOLA, FAMILIAL AFFINITY WITH THE LILIACEAE
Authors: Ambrose John D. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeveral recent studies have concluded that Lophiola aurea Ker‐Gawler lacks affinity with the Haemodoraceae, the family under which it has commonly been classified (Edwards et al., 1970; Simpson and Dickison, 1981; Simpson, 1983; Zavada, 1983; Zavada et al., 1983). While comparative studies of tribal and familial groups can facilitate the determination of similarity between different lower taxa, resolution of higher level affinity is often not reached when a taxon appears clearly discordant, as in the case of the monotypic genus Lophiola.
WILLIAM THEOBALD (1829‐1908): UNWITTING REFORMER OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE?
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn early advocate of priority in specific epithets in the face of British colonial botany, William Theobald, validly published some 26 binomials for Burmese plants for the first time in his edition of Mason's Burmah (1883). Ignored until now, many are in current use as coined later by Kuntze, Druce and others. One completely overlooked binomial is Vaccinium angulatum (Griff.) Theob., an earlier homonym of V. angulatum J. J. Sm., which is here renamed V. commutatum Mabb. & Sleumer, while Neptunia natans (L. f.) Druce is a later homonym of N. natans (Willd.) Theob., so that N. oleracea Lour. is restored.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF ERAGROSTIS CILIANENSIS (POACEAE) AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF BELLARDI TO ALLIONI'S FLORA PEDEMONTANA
Authors: Perry G. , McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAttention is drawn to the fact, generally overlooked, that Bellardi prepared the descriptions for some of the 23 new species which he contributed to Flora pedemontana, but that it would appear that Allioni named them. The bearing of this on the typification of these names is discussed with particular reference to Poa cilianensis. It is concluded that Simon's lectotypification of this name is valid, because the lectotype was available to Bellardi when he drew up the description of the species. It is confirmed that Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janchen is the correct name for the widespread weed, stink grass. [Note: Perry's proposal 317 (this issue) to amend the Code is associated with this paper.]
TYPIFICATION OF LOBELIA ERINUS L. AND LOBELIA ERINOIDES L.
Authors: Thulin M. , Phillipson P. B. , Wijnands D. O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA neotype is chosen for Lobelia erinus L. which enables this well‐known name to be retained in its usual sense. A lectotype is chosen for L. erinoides L., and the repeated misapplication of the name is discussed. With the typifications proposed these two names apply to the same taxon. For this the name L. erinus is adopted and the simultaneously published L. erinoides is reduced to synonymy.
SHAPE CHARACTERS IN NUMERICAL TAXONOMY AND PROBLEMS WITH RATIOS
Authors: Phillips Raymond B. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySystematists in general, and those applying numerical methods in particular, frequently use ratios to express the shape of plant organs in order to standardize for size. However, ratios may have undesirable statistical properties and do not accurately represent the change in shape that occurs during development. Because of changes in allometric growth during development, ratios are often highly correlated with size and thus may not be effective methods of standardization. The slope of the regression line is a better measure of certain aspects of shape, and the intercept of the line can in some cases provide additional valuable information for comparative purposes. Difficulties associated with using regression analysis include the requirement for a reasonable sample size, increased computational expenses, and the disposition of cases where a low regression coefficient is obtained. Shape characters defined by regression analysis for cladistic inference may also be more suitable than ratios.
LECTOTYPISIERUNG EINIGER ORCHIDEENGATTUNGEN
Authors: Butzin Friedhelm 
Published: April 2006

ZusammenfassungDie Namen folgender 9 Gattungen werden lectotypisiert: Bolusiella, Ceratostylis, Cryptophoranthus, Haraella, Notylia, Otochilus. Pelatantheria, Promenaea, Sobennikoffia. Ferner wird auf 3 Gattungen eingegangen, die bereits lectotypisiert waren, hierüber aber nichts im “Index Nominum Genericorum Plantarum” vermerkt ist: Chamaeangis, Coelogyne, Pecteilis.
COMMENTS ON PROPOSAL 673 TO CONSERVE 5408 STENOCACTUS (SCHUMANN) BERGER (1929) OVER VARIOUS GENERIC NAMES (CACTACEAE)
Authors: Taylor N. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStenocactus (Schumann) Berger (1929), based on Echinocactus subg. Stenocactus Schumann (1898), is the only legitimate generic name for Echinofossulocactus sensu Britton & Rose (1922). The competing generic names Brittonrosea Speg. (1923) and Efossus Orcutt (1926) were both illegitimate when published and remain so. Valid publication of Echinofossulocactus should be credited to Lawrence (1841). This name no longer competes with Stenocactus following its relectotypification by Hunt (1980). who rejected the earlier lectotypification by Britton and Rose as mechanical and hence arbitrary under the terms of Art. 8.1. Conservation of Stenocactus is not required, nor is its retention at generic rank justified on taxonomic grounds.
TYPIFICATION OF THE OAK (QUERCUS) TAXA DESCRIBED BY S. B. BUCKLEY (1809–1884)
Authors: Dorr Laurence J. , Nixon Kevin C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA search of 24 herbaria for material relevant to the typification of 9 oak (Quercus) names published by S. B. Buckley (1809–1884) produced little authentic material. We therefore designate lectotypes for three names, Q. annulata, Q. mohriana and Q. vaseyana, and neotypes for four names, Q. durandii, Q. san‐sabeana, Q. shumardii and Q. texana. Two names, Q. durandii var. san sabia (sic) and Q. rubra var. texana, proposed by Buckley were new combinations and are typified by their basionyms. Quercus texana Buckley, as originally described, appears to be conspecific with Q. nuttallii Palmer of eastern Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas and has priority over the latter name. The name Q. texana has been consistently misapplied, by its author and others, to a species of oak that occurs in central Texas and southeastern Oklahoma. This oak has no valid name and is therefore described as new, Quercus buckleyi Nixon and Dorr. Historical information concerning Buckley's collecting activities, especially as they pertain to his new species of oak, is also provided.
REDUCTION OFURSIATOTRIFOLIUM
Authors: Small Ernest 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn enigmatic, highly localized endemic of the Far‐Eastern USSR was first considered a species ofMedicago, subsequently transferred toTrigonella, and most recently elevated to the monotypic genusUrsiaVass. Its affinities, however, are withTrifolium, particularly withT. eximium, but also with the only sympatric indigenous clover,T. lupinaster.
WHAT IS CRATAEGUS FONTANESIANA (SPACH) STEUD.? (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Phipps J. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCrataegus fontanesiana (Spach) Steudel is a synonym of C. calpodendron (Ehrhart) Medicus. C. tenax Ashe is the correct name for the taxon hitherto misidentified as C. fontanesiana.
MULTIPLE‐ENTRY KEYS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES USING A MICROCOMPUTER
Authors: Duncan Thomas , Meacham Christopher A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo computer‐assisted multiple entry keys, ANGIOFAM and TROPIFAM, are described. These keys, originally published as punched‐card keys, have been converted to computer files. The Pascal algorithm MEKA (Multiple‐Entry Key Algorithm) is used with these keys for the purposes of identification of specimens to family and the characterization and discrimination of groups of families. These keys can be obtained for use on most types of microcomputers.
VEGETATIVE SHOOTS IN THE TAXONOMY OF SEDGES (CAREX, CYPERACEAE)
Authors: Reznicek A. A. , Catling P. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genusCarexincludes species with true vegetative culms as well as species with vegetative shoots that lack elongate stems. Two terms relating to vegetative shoots inCarexare precisely defined. A brief review of the variation in vegetative shoot form is presented and examples of the utility of vegetative shoots in the taxonomy ofCarexare given. Vegetative shoots should always be obtained by collectors ofCarex, and they should be utilized in taxonomic work. Specific suggestions regarding collection and description are provided.
CONCEPTS OF RARITY IN VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GENUS CALOCHORTUS PURSH (LILIACEAE)
Authors: Fiedler Peggy Lee 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe concept of rarity in vascular plant species since the mid‐nineteenth century is reviewed with the purpose of illustrating the history of ideas about rare plant taxa. Because much of the more recent literature concerning rare plants focuses rather specifically on isolated features of individual species, a “synthetic approach” incorporating several relevant causes and consequences of rarity in the genus Calochortus is presented. The results of this early synthesis serve to demonstrate the inadequacy of earlier generalizing hypotheses about rarity, and the need for the clarification of both the causes and consequences of rare plants, as well as the frame of reference.
NOMENCLATURAL AND TAXONOMIC NOTES ON SPECIES OF THE RED ALGAL GENERA HALYMENIA (CRYPTONEMIACEAE) AND WEEKSIA (DUMONTIACEAE)
Authors: Lindstrom Sandra C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryType specimens of Schizymenia? coccinea Harvey and Weeksia templetonii Setchell et Gardner, both of which are currently placed in the genus Halymenia (family Cryptonemiaceae), have been examined. All specimens were found to represent species of the genus Weeksia (family Dumontiaceae). The new combination Weeksia coccinea is proposed. An examination of the type specimen of Aeodes gardneri Kylin, which has been referred to Halymenia coccinea (Harvey) Abbott, confirms that it is a member of the Cryptonemiaceae and hence not conspecific with Weeksia coccinea. The name Halymenia gardneri (Kylin) Parkinson is available for this species.
“X‐RAYING” HERBARIUM SPECIMENS WITH TRANSMITTED LIGHT, A NON‐DESTRUCTIVE WAY OF INVESTIGATING DRY PLANT MATERIAL
Authors: Pettersson Börge 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA strong light beam, transmitted through a herbarium specimen can often replace the somewhat risky softening of dried flowers. This method would be especially useful in the study of types and other material of special value.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A FLORISTIC DATABASE
Authors: Pankhurst R. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeveral substantial databases exist for monographic data but little progress has been made towards floristic databases. For the latter, a scheme for comparable description of diverse taxa is needed. The creation and use of such a scheme is described here, with a pilot database constructed from representatives of the families in the flora of Great Britain. It is possible for data on taxa to be collected efficiently using a questionnaire program, hence avoiding the problem of having to search long lists of characters from which only a few can be recorded. It appears that the approach is practical and may lead to a new kind of standard for taxonomic descriptions.
NEEDLE FLAVONOID VARIATION IN ABIES BALSAMEA AND A. LASIOCARPA FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Parker William H. , Maze Jack , Bennett Frances E. , Cleveland Thomas A. , McLachlan David G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA recent analysis of quantitative variation in cone and needle characteristics indicated that Abies balsamea and A. lasiocarpa from western Canada are not well differentiated morphologically. To further investigate the relationship of A. balsamea to A. lasiocarpa, 10 populations of firs collected from western Saskatchewan to central British Columbia were compared on the basis of their needle flavonoids. Easternmost populations of A. balsamea were distinct from the westernmost samples of A. lasiocarpa; the easternmost firs contain additional flavonoid derivatives including diglycosides, flavones, and dihydroflavonols that were not found in the westernmost samples of A. lasiocarpa. Flavonoid patterns of geographically intermediate populations formed a continuum from east to west beginning in the lower foothills of the east slope of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta and extending to the interior of British Columbia. Although no sharp boundary separating the two species could be detected based on flavonoid results, the observed clinal pattern was steepest at the Rocky Mountain crest. In addition, the populations on either side of the crest were more variable than the 5 mixed‐wood populations to the east of the mountains. This pattern of variation suggests that genetic interchange has occurred between A. balsamea and A. lasiocarpa to each side of the Rocky Mountain crest following post‐glacial migration.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS IN THE BANISTERIOPSIS CAMPESTRIS COMPLEX (MALPIGHIACEAE), USING SPATIAL AUTO‐CORRELATION
Authors: Estabrook G. F. , Gates B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe choice, construction, and evaluation of characters is central to systematic botany. Yet, how a systematist does this is rarely revealed or even discussed in his published works. Although the method suggested here is quantitative in nature, it does not depend either conceptually or computationally on numerical clustering. Indeed, it is our intent to provide a tool that can be used by a non‐numerical taxonomist, prior to reaching any taxonomic decisions, to choose, construct, and evaluate potentially useful characters that will work for taxa recognition, without the need for arbitrary or subjective numerical clustering techniques. Here we will exemplify an idea for evaluating characters, by presenting first the basic idea, then the specimens and characters that constitute our example, next a discussion of the choice, construction and evaluation of these characters in a traditional context without consideration of spatial auto‐correlation character analysis, and finally we present the results of spatial autocorrelation character analysis and discuss them in the light of the traditional assessment of characters. Our purpose in offering this method of character analysis is not to enable the worker to stop thinking about characters, but to enable him to think about them even more thoroughly by revealing their pattern of variation in phenetic space.
THE ROLE OF HYPOTHESIZED DIRECTION OF CHARACTERS IN THE ESTIMATION OF EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Authors: Meacham Christopher A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe effect of directing characters on cladistic analysis is discussed. Characters can conflict because of the character state membership of the EUs, the ordering of character states, or direction. Conflicts of characters were analyzed in twenty‐three data sets containing a total of 1024 characters. At least 93 percent of character conflicts in these data sets were not due to incorrectly hypothesized direction. Most character conflicts are caused by similarities among EUs that are due to parallelisms or reversals that were not recognized by the systematise Arguments against a priori directing of characters are presented. It is recommended that an undirected analysis be performed first and that the undirected tree be directed subsequently.
LA COMPOSANTE DIPLOIDE DU COMPLEXE SPECIFIQUE DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. (GRAMINEES): ORGANISATION SUR LA BASE DE SON METABOLISME PHENOLIQUE
Authors: Ardouin Pierre , Fiasson Jean‐Louis , Jay Maurice 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe phenolic content of leaves from 138 individuals of Dactylis glomerata L. has been chromatographed and numerically analyzed. This sampling took into account the 14 diploid subspecific units of the D. glomerata specific complex. The phytochemical results allowed us to elucidate the degrees of variation at different taxonomic levels and suggested some physiological and ecological bases supporting an organization into five closely related groups.
THE ORIGIN AND AFFINITIES OF THE CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Authors: Les Donald H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHistorically, the phylogenetic affinities of the Ceratophyllaceae have been vague, however, recent authors have favored a close relationship of the family to the genus Cabomba of the Nymphaeales. An evaluation of critical character distributions by cluster analyses confirmed relationships of Cabomba with Brasenia, Euryale with Victoria, and Nymphaea with Nuphar, Ondinea, and Barclaya, but did not support a close affinity of Ceratophyllum to any nymphaealean genus. By phenetic analyses, Ceratophyllum is distinct and not recognizable as a natural component of the Nymphaeales. This conclusion is in line with revised interpretations of available data from various sources, which point to an isolated position of the Ceratophyllaceae. Paleobotanical evidence supports a hypothesis that the Ceratophyllaceae are a vestige of ancient angiosperms that diverged early from the line leading to most other modern taxa. The remoteness of Ceratophyllaceae from the Nymphaeales and other extant angiosperms warrants the recognition of a new, distinct order of flowering plants.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEGE OF P‐TYPE SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS IN DICOTYLEDONS II. EUCRYPHIACEAE
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar 
Published: April 2006

SummarySieve‐element plastids of Eucryphia are of the P‐type, the characters of which are discussed in relation to its suggested position between the Connaraceae and Cunoniaceae. Paracryphia contains S‐type plastids extremely similar in size and ultrastructure to those in the Dilleniaceae‐Theaceae‐Actinidiaceae.
ETUDE CARYOSYSTEMATIQUE DE THYMELAEA HIRSUTA (L.) ENDL. (THYMELAEACEAE) DANS DEUX STATIONS DU LITTORAL MEDITERRANEEN FRANCAIS (CAMARGUE ET ALBERES)
Authors: Denelle N. , Puech S. 
Published: April 2006

RésuméL'étude caryologique effectuée dans deux populations de Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. (Thymelaeaceae) du littoral méditerranéen français situées l'une en Camargue, l'autre dans les Albères, a permis de mettre en évidence une garniture chromosomique semblable à 2n = 36 chromosomes. Ce résultat est identique à celui trouvé par les auteurs pour des populations du littoral égyptien.
Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides, the correct name for a well‐known neotropical species of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae)
Authors: Anderson Christiane 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAnderson, C.: Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides, the correct name for a well‐known neotropical species of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 327–328. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Because the widely distributed, atypical species known as Stigmaphyllon ovatum (Cav.) Niedenzu was discovered to include the type of Malpighia bannisterioides L., a name long‐ignored, the new combination Stigmaphyllon bannisterioides is proposed.
Towards defining a taxonomic revision methodology
Authors: Maxted Nigel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMaxted, N.: Towards defining a taxonomic revision methodology. ‐ Taxon 41: 653‐660. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The process of undertaking a taxonomic revision is central to taxonomy. However, no clear definition of or established methodology for undertaking a revision exists. Current attempts to apply contemporary computer technology throughout taxonomy can only be successful when the process itself is clarified. The subject of taxonomic revisions is introduced and a working definition is provided. The processes that are normally included in a revision are discussed and these are incorporated into a simple paradigm that models revision activities. Adherence to the paradigm will encourage researchers to adopt a logical methodology, which will lead to revision products being more complete and comparable.
Chromosome numbers in the genus Pentaschistis (Poaceae, Danthonieae)
Authors: Du Plessis Henriette , Spies Johan J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDu Plessis, H. & Spies, J. J.: Chromosome numbers in the genus Pentaschistis (Poaceae, Danthonieae). ‐ Taxon 41: 709‐720. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.On the basis of a study of meiosis, new chromosome counts are reported for 7 of the 68 species of the genus Pentaschistis. Two different basic chromosome numbers are present in the genus, i.e. 7 and 13. Polyploidy is frequently observed and B‐chromosomes are present in some species, and existing data summarised. First chromosome numbers are reported for P. argentea (n = 21), P. aurea subsp. aurea (n = 7), P. capillaris (n = 7), P. curvifolia (n = 7), P. papillosa (n = 7), P. tortuosa (n = 7) and P. triseta (n = 7). Additionly two new ploidy levels, diploid and heptaploid, are described for P. eriostoma.