bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DRYING OF LEEK SLICES USING HEATED AIR
Authors: DOYMAZ İBRAHIM 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT The drying characteristics of both blanched and unblanched leek slices were investigated for a temperature range of 60–80C and a constant air velocity of 2.5 m/s. They were investigated as a function of drying parameters, air temperature, slice thickness and pretreatment by hot water at 70C. The temperature of the drying air and slice thickness were observed to be significant factors affecting drying. The experimental data was fitted to four thin‐layer drying models available in the literature. Goodness of fit by these models was based on comparing the coefficient of determination (R2), reduced chi‐square (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and predicted variable. The Midilli et al. model was the most adequate in describing thin‐layer drying tests. Both drying air temperature and slice thickness had pronounced influences on the values of effective moisture diffusivity (Deff). The values of Deff varied from 2.487 to 5.556 × 10−10 m2/s for blanched samples, and from 1.909 to 4.140 × 10−10 m2/s over the temperature range investigated. The values of activation energy were found to be 35.73, 18.09 and 30.16, 17.54 kJ/mol for blanched and unblanched leek samples with 1‐ and 2‐cm thickness, respectively.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study determines the blanching and slice thickness on the drying characteristics of leek slices. The parameters, namely drying time and rehydration ratio, are considered for the optimal product. In order to achieve these results, the drying of leek slices could be carried out in a convective dryer. The dried leek slices could be used in preparation of food and meat products.
‘Balding Nevis’: Place Imperatives of an Invisible Cohort within Tasmania's Forest Communities
Authors: HAY PETE 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn under‐recognised cohort within Tasmania's forest communities is identified, one that shares the social and cultural background of Timber Communities Australia's constituency, but holding deeply antipathetic views toward current forest regimes. Deploying ethnographic data gathered in the upper North Esk country in Tasmania's North‐Eastern Tiers, where this cohort seems to predominate, the elements of a deep attachment to place are explicated: these include a desire to return to a past local economy based upon small but labour‐intensive sawmills with viable satellite hamlets, and a concern for water quality, for the integrity of forest ecosystems, and for the wellbeing of individual plant and animal species therein. Overwhelmed by a sense of powerlessness, lacking political skills, and distressed by the dramatic economic and environmental changes within their community, this cohort is unlikely to organise politically, and is likely to remain relatively voiceless within the fraught dynamics of local politics within riven forest communities. Nevertheless, this ‘third cohort’ suggests wider issues for the politics of place. Its worldview constitutes a potent contemporary articulation of ‘the moral economy’, as described in the 1970s by E.P. Thompson, and extended to a conception of ‘moral ecology’ by Karl Jacoby. It also suggests,contraDoreen Massey, that the identity‐based place theory of the phenomenological tradition is compatible with a conception of places as sites of conflicted meaning, and that it is wrong to assume the vector of change within place to be progressive; rather it is as likely to conduce to a loss of individual and collective agency.
Islam in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Lawrence Bruce 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIf modernity is ambiguous, the relationship of Islam to modernity is still more ambiguous. This essay reviews the scope of change that has occurred in the Muslim world since the onset of the Age of Globalization. Marshall Hodgson coined the phrase ‘the Great Western Transmutation’, decentering the West and accenting the cluster of traits that make moderns modern wherever they are. Hodgson's analysis is amplified by current Muslim voices, such as Ziauddin Sardar, Chandra Muzaffar, Omid Safi, and Ebrahim Moosa. The premise, as also the outcome, of this essay is to project modern day Muslims as global citizens who can, and do, promote innovation, openness and pluralism as legitimate, natural dimensions of Islamic loyalty. Globalization, like modernity, becomes not the enemy of Islam but its ally.
The Past and Present of African Islam
Authors: Tayob Abdulkader 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAmong Muslims across the African continent, there is a noticeable turn towards greater compliance with globalizing norms of Islamic behaviour. Beginning from this widespread observation, this article interrogates the changes that lie concealed under the veil of homogeneity. It identifies a complex pattern of identity formation and power politics, cultural conservativism, marginalized syncretism and symbolic exchange. The emergence of a public sphere has propelled the production of Muslim identity formation in the service of established elites and youth searching for an authentic approach towards Islam. But a turn to Islam also takes a conservative and isolationist turn that thrives in the context of the failure of modern schooling and economy, and provides a haven of dignified marginalization around the great cultures of the past. A syncretist approach to Islam and African cultures is pushed to the background. But there is reason to believe that such an approach thrives on the margins of the society. A global politics of identity and globalization provide the context for a continued exchange of Islamic symbols among Africans in general. The politics of resistance is accompanied by the politics of identity and global conflicts.
Solving the (Real) Other Minds Problem
Authors: Epley Nicholas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeople care about others’ thoughts, feelings, and intentions but can have considerable difficulty reading others’ minds accurately. Recent advances in understanding how people make such inferences provide significant insight into when people are likely to be reasonably accurate mind readers and when they are not. People tend to reason about others’ mental states by starting with their own and only subsequently adjusting that egocentric default to accommodate differences between themselves and others. Such adjustments tend to be insufficient, rendering final estimates egocentrically biased. When more information about others is available, people tend to rely on existing stereotypes or other expectations to intuit others’ mental states. Systematic errors resulting either from excessive egocentrism or inaccurate expectations can lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding, and social conflict, but these biases also suggest useful strategies for improving mind reading in everyday life.
Microsatellite DNA markers in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: a tool for genetic analysis
Authors: DIVU DAMODARAN , KARUNASAGAR IDDYA , KARUNASAGAR INDRANI 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEight microsatellite loci were identified and characterized in the commercially important giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The microsatellite loci were detected by the random screening for dinucleotide repeat units within a partial genomic library developed for the species with biotinylated probes (CA)15, (AT)15 and (GA)15. All the eight loci were found to be polymorphic. The number of alleles and observed heterozygosities per locus ranged between three to 16 and 0.22 to 0.71, respectively. These microsatellite markers will be useful for the conservation and management of wild and cultured stocks and population genetic studies of freshwater prawn.
Rolling Stream Trails: An Alternative Cavitation
Analysis
Authors: Pan Coda H. T. , Kim Tae Ho , Rencis Joseph J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The rolling stream trail (RST) model introduces a new formulation of cavitation analysis of an eccentric journal bearing; it is presented as a preferred foundation for cavitation analysis of a journal bearing to replace Floberg’s streamer hypothesis that had been adopted by many investigators in recent past. Based on a careful reinterpretation of published experimental photographic data, noting the blunt-nosed shape of the interspersing space that separates adjacent wetting outlines at the rupture boundary, it stipulates a 3D flow structure for transition from the filled fluid film (FFF) to a cross-void fluid transportation process. The transition starts as a two-component composite rupture front and becomes an adhered film (AF) that is masked by rolled-on stream trails, which are drawn from the rupture front. The AF moves with the journal surface across the void to feed the FFF at the formation boundary. Upon averaged across a full period of the rupture front, Olsson’s equation for flow continuity relative to a moving cavitation boundary yields a moving speed of the rupture front that is proportional to the reciprocal of the width fraction of the wet pockets multiplied into the FFF pressure gradient. For all nonvanishing width fraction of the wet pockets, both rupture and formation boundaries move with finite speeds. RST is an initial value time-dependent problem that deals with both the FFF and AF that are joined at rupture and formation boundaries. The initial fluid content in the void span is bracketed between a dry void and a freshly cavitated wet void. As time progresses, transportation of AF across the void space and boundary motions form a coupled evolution process. Formulas for the boundary motions indicate that the formation boundary would become stationary simultaneously as the rupture boundary approaches the Swift–Stieber condition. For implementation of RST analysis, analytic functions originally derived by Sommerfeld in his classical paper are employed to construct FFF pressure profile and subsequently to calculate boundary speeds. Precision and robustness achieved in this approach assure viability of RST cavitation analysis. Results include temporal evolution profiles of the FFF pressure and the cavitation boundary trajectories. Basic concepts and mathematical formulation of RST are applicable to 2D problems. A scheme to include squeeze film motion is outlined.
Stresses, Singularities, and a Complementary Energy Principle for
Large Strain Elasticity
Authors: Gao Yu-Chen , Jin Ming , Dui Guan-Suo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This article reviews three aspects of large strain elasticity. First, various conjugate stress tensors to strain tensors are reviewed. Many researchers have studied the theory of large strain elasticity. Many stress tensors including the Cauchy stress tensor, the first and the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, and the Jaumann stress tensor have been proposed to describe the stress state at a point. Recently, the first author of this article proposed a concept of “base forces” to reveal the essence of stress state. By the concept of base forces, the description of the stress state becomes clearer than other stress tensors. We attempt to take base forces as a basic point of view to deal with a review in which different descriptions of stress state are discussed and compared. The governing equations and boundary conditions expressed by the base forces are given. Second, this article reviews the solution of some singularity problems for large strain elasticity, i.e., problems of stress singularity at a crack or a notch tip, at the point of application of a concentrated force and at the vertex of contact in rubberlike materials. Methods of getting the singularity index of stress by using base forces are introduced and compared to earlier work. Complementary energy principles for large strain elasticity have eluded researchers for nearly 100years. A review of some important advances in this is also given, and a new complementary energy principle related to base forces is introduced.
Recombinant Group BStreptococcusAlpha-Like Protein 3 Is an Effective Immunogen and Carrier Protein
Authors: Yang Hsiao-Hui , Mascuch Samantha J. , Madoff Lawrence C. , Paoletti Lawrence C. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTConjugate vaccines against pathogens of multiple serotypes are optimized when all components induce functional antibody, resulting in broadened coverage. While most clinical studies of vaccines against group BStreptococcus(GBS) have evaluated conjugates composed of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) coupled to tetanus toxoid, conjugates prepared with GBS proteins as carriers have also been efficacious in animals. Here, we report that recombinant GBS alpha-like protein 3 (rAlp3) is both a strong immunogen and a viable carrier protein for type III CPS. The type III CPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer rose from <100 to 64,000 among mice that received type III CPS coupled to rAlp3 (III-rAlp3) compared with an absence of a specific response among mice that received an uncoupled mixture. Most (94%) newborn pups born to III-rAlp-vaccinated dams survived challenge with viable type III GBS, compared with 43% survival among those born to dams that received the uncoupled mixture (P< 0.0001). A tricomponent conjugate of type III CPS, rAlp3, and a GBS recombinant beta C protein lacking its IgA binding site (III-rAlp3-rBCPΔIgA) provided protection against a serotype III strain and a serotype Ia strain bearing beta C protein. High-titered anti-rAlp3 rabbit serum opsonized Alp3-containing strains of two GBS serotypes (types V and VIII) and invasive type III strains bearing the cross-reactive Rib protein for in vitro killing by human peripheral blood leukocytes. Thus, the potential exists for the inclusion of rAlp3 in a GBS vaccine formulated to provide multiserotype coverage.
Immunological Evidence for Functional Rather than Structural Mimicry by aShigella flexneriY Polysaccharide-Mimetic Peptide
Authors: Borrelli Silvia , Hossany Rehana B. , Pinto B. Mario 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAn approach to vaccine design is the use of molecules that mimic the immunogenic element of interest. In this context, the interaction of MDWNMHAA, a peptide mimic of theShigella flexneriY O polysaccharide (PS), with an anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibody, as studied previously by X-ray crystallography, suggested the presence of functional rather than structural mimicry and a bound peptide conformation that was not represented significantly in the free-ligand ensemble. The antibody response elicited by an MDWNMHAA-carrier protein (tetanus toxoid [TT]) conjugate has now been investigated in BALB/c mice. The mice were immunized following a homologous prime/boost strategy using MDWNMHAA-TT as the immunogen. The mice showed anti-peptide antibody (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) titers that increased after being boosted. High anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (IgG) titers were observed after the last boost. A faster immune response, with cross-reactive titers, was observed with a peptide conjugate with 30% more copies of the peptide. The binding of anti-peptide polyclonal antibodies to LPS could be inhibited by LPS, PS, MDWNMHAA, and MDWNMHAA-bovine serum albumin, as assessed by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conversely, mice immunized with PS-TT showed IgG anti-peptide titers. These data demonstrate the cross-reactivity of the antibody response and support the hypothesis that functional, as opposed to structural, mimicry of theS. flexneriY O PS by MDWNMHAA or the underrepresentation of the bound ligand conformation in the free-ligand ensemble does not compromise immunological cross-reactivity. Prime/boost strategies were performed with a heterologous boost of PS-TT or MDWNMHAA-TT. They led to high anti-LPS titers after only three injections, suggesting alternatives to improve the immunogenicity of the carbohydrate-mimetic peptide and confirming the antigenic mimicry.
Quadruplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Serotype, Biotype, Toxigenic Potential, and Central Regulating Factor of
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Khuntia Hemant Kumar , Pal Bibhuti Bhusan , Chhotray Guru Prasada 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

A quadruplex PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection of genes specific for
Vibrio cholerae
O1 and/or O139 serogroup (
wbe
and/or
wbf
), cholera toxin A subunit (
ctxA
), toxin-coregulated pilus (
tcpA
), and central regulating protein ToxR (
toxR
) in a single tube reaction. This is a simple, rapid, and accurate approach for the detection of toxigenic
V. cholerae
O1 and/or O139 and can prevent the rapid spread of the disease by early detection.
Rapid Identification of Penicillin and Macrolide Resistance Genes and Simultaneous Quantification of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in Purulent Sputum Samples by Use of a Novel Real-Time Multiplex PCR Assay
Authors: Fukushima Kazuko Y. , Yanagihara Katsunori , Hirakata Yoichi , Sugahara Kazuyuki , Morinaga Yoshitomo , Kohno Shigeru , Kamihira Shimeru 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

We evaluated a real-time quantitative PCR combined with a multiplex PCR assay for the quantification of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and the simultaneous detection of drug-resistant genes by gel-based PCR, using purulent sputum samples. This assay correctly quantified
S. pneumoniae
and identified their penicillin and erythromycin susceptibilities directly from samples within 3 h.
Highly Sensitive Methods Based on Seminested Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Unspliced and Multiply Spliced RNA and Proviral DNA
Authors: Pasternak Alexander O. , Adema Karen W. , Bakker Margreet , Jurriaans Suzanne , Berkhout Ben , Cornelissen Marion , Lukashov Vladimir V. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the standard of care for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, is assessed by measuring the viral RNA load in plasma. A patient is considered to be successfully treated when the HIV-1 load in plasma stays below the detection limit of commercial assays. However, virus replication and evolution do continue in patients under HAART, which may eventually result in the development of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains and therapy failure. To monitor this low-level virus replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), sensitive methods are required to measure HIV-1 molecular markers. We report the development of highly sensitive methods for the quantitation of unspliced and multiply spliced HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA in PBMC. The methods are based on innovative seminested real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) that combines the accuracy and precision of real-time PCR and the sensitivity of nested PCR. We show that the newly developed methods are superior to the conventional single-step real-time RT-PCR in their sensitivity, accuracy, dynamic range, and the power of quantitative detection of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in clinical samples. These easy-to-perform methods can be widely used in research, including clinical studies, to monitor intracellular processes of virus replication.
Evaluation of Two Commercial Systems for Automated Processing, Reading, and Interpretation of Lyme Borreliosis Western Blots
Authors: Binnicker M. J. , Jespersen D. J. , Harring J. A. , Rollins L. O. , Bryant S. C. , Beito E. M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is commonly made by serologic testing with Western blot (WB) analysis serving as an important supplemental assay. Although specific, the interpretation of WBs for diagnosis of LB (i.e., Lyme WBs) is subjective, with considerable variability in results. In addition, the processing, reading, and interpretation of Lyme WBs are laborious and time-consuming procedures. With the need for rapid processing and more objective interpretation of Lyme WBs, we evaluated the performances of two automated interpretive systems, TrinBlot/BLOTrix (Trinity Biotech, Carlsbad, CA) and BeeBlot/ViraScan (Viramed Biotech AG, Munich, Germany), using 518 serum specimens submitted to our laboratory for Lyme WB analysis. The results of routine testing with visual interpretation were compared to those obtained by BLOTrix analysis of MarBlot immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG and by ViraScan analysis of ViraBlot and ViraStripe IgM and IgG assays. BLOTrix analysis demonstrated an agreement of 84.7% for IgM and 87.3% for IgG compared to visual reading and interpretation. ViraScan analysis of the ViraBlot assays demonstrated agreements of 85.7% for IgM and 94.2% for IgG, while ViraScan analysis of the ViraStripe IgM and IgG assays showed agreements of 87.1 and 93.1%, respectively. Testing by the automated systems yielded an average time savings of 64 min/run compared to processing, reading, and interpretation by our current procedure. Our findings demonstrated that automated processing and interpretive systems yield results comparable to those of visual interpretation, while reducing the subjectivity and time required for Lyme WB analysis.
Molecular Characterization of
Staphylococcus aureus
Bloodstream Isolates Collected in a Dutch University Hospital between 1999 and 2006
Authors: Nulens Eric , Stobberingh Ellen E. , van Dessel Helke , Sebastian Silvie , van Tiel Frank H. , Beisser Patrick S. , Deurenberg Ruud H. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

We observed that, between 1999 and 2006, up to 50% of the methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
(MSSA) bloodstream isolates in our hospital had a genetic background common to endemic methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
clones (clonal complex 5 [CC5], CC8, CC22, CC30, and CC45). Furthermore, several successful MSSA lineages, such as CC7 and CC15, were observed.
Novel Subgenotypes of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes C and D in Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Lusida Maria Inge , Nugrahaputra Victor Eka , Soetjipto  , Handajani Retno , Nagano-Fujii Motoko , Sasayama Mikiko , Utsumi Takako , Hotta Hak 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

Eight genotypes (A to H) and nine subtypes (
adw2
,
adw4
,
ayw1
,
ayw2
,
ayw3
,
ayw4
,
adrq
+,
adrq
−, and
ayr
) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified worldwide. They appear to be associated with geographical distribution, virological characteristics, and possibly clinical outcomes. We performed sequence analysis of part of the S gene and the entire precore/core gene of HBV isolates obtained from HBsAg-positive blood donors in Papua Province, Indonesia. Phylogenetic analysis of the S gene sequences revealed that 23 (85.2%) of the 27 HBV isolates tested belonged to genotype C (HBV/C) and 2 (7.4%) each to HBV/B and HBV/D. Interestingly, 19 (82.6%) of the 23 isolates of HBV/C clustered in a branch that was distinct from the previously reported subgenotypes C1 to C5 (HBV/C1 to HBV/C5). Similarly, two isolates of HBV/D clustered in a branch distinct from the reported subgenotypes HBV/D1 to HBV/D5. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire precore/core gene confirmed the consistent presence of the distinct branches in HBV/C and HBV/D. We therefore propose novel subgenotypes designated HBV/C6 and HBV/D6. The majority of HBV/C6 isolates in Papua had alanine at positions 159 and 177 (A159/A177) in the HBsAg. A159/A177 is different from the determinants for
adrq
+ (A159/V177), found throughout Asia, and
adrq
− (V159/A177), found in New Caledonia and Polynesia, possibly representing a unique antigenic group (provisionally referred to as
adrq
indeterminate). In conclusion, we have identified two novel HBV subgenotypes, HBV/C6 and HBV/D6, the first of which is the most prevalent subgenotype of HBV in Papua, Indonesia.