bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malignant mesothelioma cells are rapidly sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by low-dose anisomycin via Bim
Authors: Abayasiriwardana Keith S. , Barbone Dario , Kim Ki-Up , Vivo Claire , Lee Kevin K. , Dansen Tobias B. , Hunt Abigail E. , Evan Gerard I. , Broaddus V. Courtney 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) holds promise for the treatment of tumors; however, many tumors are resistant to TRAIL alone. We previously showed that resistant malignant mesothelioma cells are sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by diverse toxic insults including chemotherapy, irradiation, or protein translation inhibitors such as cycloheximide. In seeking nontoxic sensitizers for TRAIL, we tested the protein translation inhibitor anisomycin at subtoxic concentrations 10- to 100-fold below those reported to inhibit protein translation. At these low concentrations (25 ng/mL), anisomycin potently and rapidly sensitized mesothelioma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, such sensitization occurred in malignant but not in nonmalignant mesothelial cells. Sensitization by anisomycin was dependent on Bid, indicating a role for mitochondrial amplification in the apoptotic synergy with TRAIL signaling. Consistent with this, we found that anisomycin induces rapid accumulation of the BH3-only protein Bim; moreover, small interfering RNA knockdown of Bim inhibits anisomycin-induced sensitization. Bim accumulation seems not to be transcriptional; instead, it is associated with Bim phosphorylation and increased stability, both consistent with the activation of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase signals by anisomycin. Overall, our data indicate that the rapid and selective sensitization by anisomycin in mesothelioma cells is mediated by posttranslational potentiation of Bim, which primes the cells for apoptosis via the death receptor pathway. Such subtoxic approaches to sensitization may enhance the value of TRAIL in cancer therapy. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(10):2766–76]
Radar Analysis of Precipitation Initiation in Maritime versus Continental Clouds near the Florida Coast: Inferences Concerning the Role of CCN and Giant Nuclei
Authors: Göke Sabine , Ochs Harry T. , Rauber Robert M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A method of analyzing radar data is developed and applied to determine whether the X-band radar reflectivity evolution of clouds observed during summertime on the northeast Florida coast during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study (SCMS) shows distinct differences in precipitation development that can be associated with the clouds’ maritime or continental characteristics. For this study, the entire National Center for Atmospheric Research CP2 radar dataset from SCMS was examined, and 38 clouds were used. For these clouds the evolution in X-band radar reflectivity, from the clouds’ earliest detection through precipitation, was clearly documented and met specific requirements concerning the clouds’ location relative to the coastline and direction of movement. Since cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and giant and ultragiant nuclei (GN) measurements were not available for the specific clouds used in this study, proxies were used to partition the clouds into four groups based on the cloud location and direction of movement. Specifically, it was assumed that clouds forming over the ocean during onshore flow had maritime characteristics (group 1: low CCN, high GN), clouds forming over land during onshore flow would have modified maritime characteristics (group 2: high CCN, high GN), clouds forming over land during offshore flow would have continental characteristics (group 3: high CCN, low GN), and clouds forming over the ocean during offshore flow would have modified continental characteristics (group 4: high CCN, high GN). These assumptions are based on past measurements presented by Sax and Hudson. Then, these populations were statistically compared using the nonparametric multiresponse permutation procedure developed by Mielke et al. A comparison of groups 1 and 2 provided a test of the role of CCN concentrations in precipitation development in these cloud populations. A comparison of groups 3 and 4 provided a test of the role of GN concentrations in precipitation development in these cloud populations. The two cloud populations that were disjoint at a statistically significant level were groups 1 and 2. For these groups, the analysis showed that the median characteristic total water content of the truly maritime clouds (group 1) was about half that of the modified maritime clouds (group 2) at the time of precipitation formation. The characteristic time to precipitation formation was about 60% smaller for the truly maritime clouds. Thus, the characteristic reflectivity threshold for precipitation development was reached at a much lower altitude above cloud base in a much faster time in the truly maritime clouds. This result supports the conclusions of Hudson and Yum that precipitation development in the SCMS clouds was primarily controlled by CCN concentrations rather than GN concentrations.
Transport and Mixing in Kinematic and Dynamically Consistent Flows
Authors: Haynes P. H. , Poet D. A. , Shuckburgh E. F. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The interplay between dynamics and transport in two-dimensional flows is examined by comparing the transport and mixing in a kinematic flow in which the velocity field is imposed as a given function of time with that in an analogous dynamically consistent flow in which the advected vorticity field controls the flow evolution. In both cases the variation of the transport and mixing behavior with a parameter ε governing the strength of the time dependence is considered. It is shown that dynamical consistency has the effect of (i) postponing the breaking of a central transport barrier as ε increases and (ii) removing the property of the kinematic flow that, for a large range of ε, a weakly permeable central barrier persists. The first effect is associated with the development of a strong vorticity gradient and the associated jet along the central transport barrier. The second effect is associated with the fact that, in the dynamically consistent flow, the breaking of the central barrier is accompanied by a drastic change in the vorticity field and hence in the structure of the flow.
The relation between the vorticity field and transport barriers is further examined using a range of simple kinematic and dynamically consistent models. Implications for formulation of predictive models that represent the interactions between dynamics, transport, and mixing (and might be suggested as a basis for parameterizing eddies in flows that form multiple jets) are discussed.
Tropospheric Planetary Wave Dynamics and Mixture Modeling: Two Preferred Regimes and a Regime Shift
Authors: Hannachi A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInvestigation of preferred structures of planetary wave dynamics is addressed using multivariate Gaussian mixture models. The number of components in the mixture is obtained using order statistics of the mixing proportions, hence avoiding previous difficulties related to sample sizes and independence issues. The method is first applied to a few low-order stochastic dynamical systems and data from a general circulation model. The method is next applied to winter daily 500-hPa heights from 1949 to 2003 over the Northern Hemisphere. A spatial clustering algorithm is first applied to the leading two principal components (PCs) and shows significant clustering. The clustering is particularly robust for the first half of the record and less for the second half. The mixture model is then used to identify the clusters. Two highly significant extratropical planetary-scale preferred structures are obtained within the first two to four EOF state space. The first pattern shows a Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern and a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the second pattern is nearly opposite to the first one. It is also observed that some subspaces show multivariate Gaussianity, compatible with linearity, whereas others show multivariate non-Gaussianity. The same analysis is also applied to two subperiods, before and after 1978, and shows a similar regime behavior, with a slight stronger support for the first subperiod. In addition a significant regime shift is also observed between the two periods as well as a change in the shape of the distribution. The patterns associated with the regime shifts reflect essentially a PNA pattern and an NAO pattern consistent with the observed global warming effect on climate and the observed shift in sea surface temperature around the mid-1970s.
Representation of Turbulent Mixing and Buoyancy Reversal in Bulk Cloud Models
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the representation of subgrid-scale turbulent mixing in bulk models of warm (ice free) clouds, which assume instantaneous adjustment to grid-scale saturation. This is a reasonable assumption for condensation of water vapor because supersaturations inside clouds are typically small (∼0.1% or smaller), except near cloud bases where about an order of magnitude larger supersaturations are anticipated. For the cloud evaporation, however, instantaneous adjustment to grid-scale saturation is questionable, especially when evaporation occurs as a result of turbulent mixing between a cloud and its unsaturated environment. This is because turbulent mixing between initially separated volumes of cloudy and cloud-free environmental air proceeds through a gradual filamentation of these volumes, with progressively increasing evaporation of cloud water during the approach to final homogenization. A relatively simple model of this chain of events is included in a bulk model of moist nonprecipitating thermodynamics. The model delays adjustment to saturation for cloud evaporation following the turbulent mixing until the volume can be assumed homogeneous. An additional prognostic variable, the width of a cloudy filament, is added to represent the progress of turbulent mixing and the approach to homogenization. Theoretical developments are illustrated by idealized 2D simulations of moist thermals rising from rest and realistic large-eddy simulations of a cloud field.
Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions during the 2003 European Summer Heat Wave
Authors: Fischer E. M. , Seneviratne S. I. , Vidale P. L. , Lüthi D. , Schär C. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The role of land surface–related processes and feedbacks during the record-breaking 2003 European summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing the large-scale circulation. In particular, the contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their interactions with the atmosphere through latent and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity experiments are performed by perturbing spring soil moisture in order to determine its influence on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear regional climate simulation for 1970–2000 using a fixed model setup is used as the reference period.
A large precipitation deficit together with early vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative anomalies in the months preceding the extreme summer event contributed to an early and rapid loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear average by far. The exceptionally high temperature anomalies, most pronounced in June and August 2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation anomalies that enabled a dominance of the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest phase in early August is realistically simulated despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface net radiation. This indicates an important role of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled by soil moisture. The lack of soil moisture strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified the surface temperature anomalies.
The evaluation of the experiments with perturbed spring soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important parameter for the evolution of European heat waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture anomalies the summer heat anomalies could have been reduced by around 40% in some regions. Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence the tropospheric circulation by producing a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback mechanism between soil moisture, continental-scale circulation, and temperature.
Changepoint Detection in Periodic and Autocorrelated Time Series
Authors: Lund Robert , Wang Xiaolan L. , Lu Qi Qi , Reeves Jaxk , Gallagher Colin , Feng Yang 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Undocumented changepoints (inhomogeneities) are ubiquitous features of climatic time series. Level shifts in time series caused by changepoints confound many inference problems and are very important data features. Tests for undocumented changepoints from models that have independent and identically distributed errors are by now well understood. However, most climate series exhibit serial autocorrelation. Monthly, daily, or hourly series may also have periodic mean structures. This article develops a test for undocumented changepoints for periodic and autocorrelated time series. Classical changepoint tests based on sums of squared errors are modified to take into account series autocorrelations and periodicities. The methods are applied in the analyses of two climate series.
Surface Temperature and Humidity Trends in Canada for 1953–2005
Authors: Vincent Lucie A. , van Wijngaarden William A. , Hopkinson Ron 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Annual and seasonal trends in temperature, dewpoint, relative humidity, and specific humidity are presented for the period 1953–2005. The analysis uses hourly observations from 75 climatological stations across Canada. Data were examined for discontinuities due to changes in instruments and observing practice. It was found that the main discontinuity corresponds to the replacement of the psychrometer by the dewcel in the early 1970s, which created an artificial negative step in relative humidity and dewpoint at many locations. After accounting for these discontinuities, the results of trend analysis show evidence of an increase in air moisture content associated with the warming observed in the country. During winter and spring, the significant warming in the western and southern regions is accompanied by an increase in dewpoint and specific humidity and by a decrease in relative humidity; in summer, warming is observed in the southeast and it is associated with significant positive trends in dewpoint and specific humidity. Although there is no strong evidence of a greater nighttime warming in Canada over 1953–2005, the nighttime dewpoint and specific humidity trends are slightly larger than the daytime trends, especially during the spring and summer.
Simulation of Subantarctic Mode and Antarctic Intermediate Waters in Climate Models
Authors: Sloyan Bernadette M. , Kamenkovich Igor V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Southern Ocean’s Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are two globally significant upper-ocean water masses that circulate in all Southern Hemisphere subtropical gyres and cross the equator to enter the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Simulations of SAMW and AAIW for the twentieth century in eight climate models [GFDL-CM2.1, CCSM3, CNRM-CM3, MIROC3.2(medres), MIROC3.2(hires), MRI-CGCM2.3.2, CSIRO-Mk3.0, and UKMO-HadCM3] that provided their output in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) have been compared to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Atlas of Regional Seas. The climate models, except for UKMO-HadCM3, CSIRO-Mk3.0, and MRI-CGCM2.3.2, provide a reasonable simulation of SAMW and AAIW isopycnal temperature and salinity in the Southern Ocean. Many models simulate the potential vorticity minimum layer and salinity minimum layer of SAMW and AAIW, respectively. However, the simulated SAMW layer is generally thinner and at lighter densities than observed. All climate models display a limited equatorward extension of SAMW and AAIW north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Errors in the simulation of SAMW and AAIW property characteristics are likely to be due to a combination of many errors in the climate models, including simulation of wind and buoyancy forcing, inadequate representation of subgrid-scale mixing processes in the Southern Ocean, and midlatitude diapycnal mixing parameterizations.
Results of Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery
Authors: Battaglia Michael J. , Cordasco Frank A. , Hannafin Jo A. , Rodeo Scott A. , O'Brien Stephen J. , Altchek David W. , Cavanaugh John , Wickiewicz Thomas L. , Warren Russell F. 
Published: October 2007

Background Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery remains challenging. Purpose To analyze the authors’ experience with revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery and determine the association between stability and functional results. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Between 1991 and 2002, 95 of 102 patients who underwent revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the authors’ institution met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Of those, the 63 (66%) who returned for complete clinical and radiologic evaluation (mean follow-up, 72.7 months) formed the study group. Subjective evaluation focused on return to sports, arthritic symptoms, and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee criteria. Clinical evaluation included examination, KT-1000 arthrometer and functional testing, and radiographic analysis of alignment and arthritis. Results Based on International Knee Documentation Committee subjective scores and return to sports, results were rated as excellent/good in 45 patients (71%), fair in 6 (10%), and poor in 12 (19%). A grade IA or IIA Lachman and a KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference of <3 mm (32/63 patients) was associated with a good/excellent result (P < .05). The mechanical axis was midline in 78% (49/63 patients). Radiographic arthritis (16 patients, 25%) was associated with duration of instability after primary failure (P < .03). Return to sports occurred in 59% (37/63 patients). Sixteen patients (25%) required a second revision surgery. Conclusion Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery allowed approximately 60% of patients to go back to sports, most of them at lower levels than their prerevision function. Instrumented laxity of <3 mm was associated with a better result. Radiographic arthritis was associated with duration of instability symptoms after primary failure. Patients who undergo revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery should be counseled as to the expected outcome and cautioned that this procedure probably represents a salvage situation and may not allow them to return to their desired levels of function.
Interobserver Agreement in the Classification of Rotator Cuff Tears Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Spencer Edwin E. , Dunn Warren R. , Wright Rick W. , Wolf Brian R. , Spindler Kurt P. , McCarty Eric , Ma C. Benjamin , Jones Grant , Safran Marc , Holloway G. Brian , Kuhn John E. 
Published: October 2007

Background Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a standard method of assessing the extent and features of rotator cuff disease, the authors are not aware of any studies that have assessed the interobserver agreement among orthopaedic surgeons reviewing MRI scans for rotator cuff disease. Hypothesis Fellowship-trained orthopaedic shoulder surgeons will have good interobserver agreement in predicting the more salient features of rotator cuff disease such as tear type (full thickness versus partial thickness), tear size, and number of tendons involved but only fair agreement with more complex features such as muscle volume, fat content, and the grade of partial-thickness cuff tears. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods Ten fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgery shoulder specialists reviewed 27 MRI scans of 27 shoulders from patients with surgically confirmed rotator cuff disease. The ability to interpret full-thickness versus partial-thickness tears, acromion type, acromioclavicular joint spurs or signal changes, biceps lesions, size and grade of partial-thickness tears, acromiohumeral distance, number of tendons involved and amount of retraction for full-thickness tears, size of full-thickness tears, and individual muscle fatty infiltration and atrophy were assessed. Surgeons completed a standard evaluation form for each MRI scan. Interobserver agreement was determined and a kappa level was derived. Results Interobserver agreement was highest (>80%) for predicting full- versus partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff, and for quantity of the teres minor tendon. Agreement was slightly less (>70%) for detecting signal in the acromioclavicular joint, the side of the partial-thickness tear, the number of tendons involved in a full-thickness tear, and the quantity of the subscapularis and infraspinatus muscle bellies. Agreement was less yet (60%) for detecting the presence of spurs at the acromioclavicular joint, a tear of the long head of the biceps tendon, amount of retraction of a full-thickness tear, and the quantity of the supraspinatus. The best kappa statistics were found for detecting the difference between a full- and partial-thickness rotator cuff tear (0.77), and for the number of tendons involved for full-thickness tears (0.55). Kappa for predicting the involved side of a partial-thickness tear was 0.44; for predicting the grade of a partial-thickness tear, it was −0.11. Conclusions Fellowship-trained, experienced orthopaedic surgeons had good agreement for predicting full-thickness rotator cuff tears and the number of tendons involved and moderate agreement in predicting the involved side of a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear, but poor agreement in predicting the grade of a partial-thickness tear.