bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative trait loci for resistance to herbivores in willow: field experiments with varying soils and climates
Authors: Rönnberg‐Wästljung A.C. , Åhman I. , Glynn C. , Widenfalk O. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAs a basis for genetic improvement of willow (Salix spp.) for use in wood biomass production, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for resistance to herbivores have been identified in a tetraploid hybrid F2 population originating from a cross between Salix dasyclados (Wimm.) and Salix viminalis (L.) (Salicaceae). Symptoms of herbivory, caused by various insects and game, and, in addition, leaf rust, were assessed in three field locations with varying soils and climates. Eleven damage traits (lost leaf area, leaf discoloration, leaf blisters, leaf‐mite symptoms, leaf‐margin cuts, and various estimates of shoot‐tip damage by a gall midge, game, and lepidopterans) were submitted to QTL analysis. A composite interval mapping approach was used to estimate the number of QTLs, the magnitude of the QTLs, and their position on genetic linkage maps. Most of the identified QTLs were specific for each trait and location, but a few QTLs common across the locations were also detected. Each QTL explained between 8 and 24% of the phenotypic variation, depending on damage trait and field location. Clusters of QTLs for different traits were found at several linkage groups, indicating either a common genetic base or tightly linked QTL. Our results emphasize the need for verification of QTL studies over different environments.
Dimensional characteristics of DSM‐IV personality disorders in a large epidemiological sample
Authors: Moran P. , Coffey C. , Mann A. , Carlin J. B. , Patton G. C. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To assess the five‐factor model (FFM) characteristics of young adults with Diagnostic Statistical Manual‐IV (DSM‐IV) personality disorders in a large community study.Method:  As part of the eighth wave of a cohort study, 1469 young adults (mean age: 24 years) completed the NEO‐five factor inventory, 1145 of whom also had an informant‐based personality disorder assessment.Results:  The prevalence of personality disorder was 18.6% (95% CI: 16.5–20.7). There were consistent positive associations with neuroticism and negative associations with agreeableness across all three clusters of personality disorder.Conclusion:  In young adults, high neuroticism and low agreeableness are consistent dimensional characteristics of all personality disorder clusters.
Soft tissue around three different implant types after 1.5 years of functional loading without oral hygiene
Authors: Watzak Georg , Zechner Werner , Tangl Stefan , Vasak Christoph , Donath Karl , Watzek Georg 
Published: January 2006

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to determine the peri‐implant soft tissue dimension (PSD) and peri‐implant bone level (BL) of dental implants with different designs and surface modifications after functional loading without oral hygiene. Three types of dental implants were placed in the posterior jaws of adult baboons, three of the same design per quadrant, and fitted with fixed partial dentures. After 1.5 years of functional loading and plaque accumulation, all implants showed severe peri‐implant mucositis and comparatively high BL. A histomorphometric evaluation of the sulcus depth (SD), the dimension of the junctional epithelium (JE) and the connective tissue contact (CTC) resulted in no significant differences between the three implant designs, neither in the maxilla nor in the mandible (P>0.05). The sum of SD, JE and CTC forming the PSD was nearly the same in the maxilla (commercially pure titanium, CpTi: 3.5 mm 2.9/4.1 confidence interval (CI); titanium plasma sprayed (TPS): 3.5 mm 2.9/4.2 CI; sand blasted acid‐etched (GBAE): 3.2 mm 2.7/3.9 CI) and in the mandible (CpTi: 3.2 mm 2.6/3.8 CI; TPS: 3.2 mm 2.6/3.8 CI; GBAE: 3.2 mm 2.7/3.9 CI; P>0.05). There was no difference in BL around the three implant designs (maxilla: CpTi: 0.9 mm 0.5/1.6 CI; TPS: 0.9 mm 0.5/1.5CI; GBAE: 0.9 mm 0.5/1.6 CI; mandible: CpTi: 0.8 mm 0.5/1.2 CI; TPS: 0.6 mm 0.4/0.9 CI; GBAE: 0.7 mm 0.5/1.1 CI; P>0.05). Overall, the data presented did not show any significant differences in peri‐implant soft tissue conditions in baboons. Moreover, plaque accumulation and propagation of peri‐implant mucositis after 1.5 years of functional loading was not influenced by implant design and surface modifications in baboons.
Overview of vascular injuries in Yemen: Experience from a single tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Ghallab Nagi Homesh 
Published: January 2006

Background:  Vascular injuries are seen in blunt and penetrating trauma. They have been well documented during wartime, but there have been few reviews of vascular trauma in civilian practice. In Yemen, gunshot injuries seen frequently where civilian violence is common. The present study aimed to describe our experience in the management of vascular injuries in civilian practice.Methods:  A prospective study included 132 patients with 163 vascular injuries who were admitted to the surgical department at Al‐Thawra Teaching Hospital between December 1997 and March 2002.Results:  Eighty‐seven per cent of the patients were males and the median age was 28.5 years. The most common cause of vascular injury was gunshot injury (59.8%), followed by stab wounds and car accidents. The commonest vessels injured were the common femoral arteries, followed by the brachial and popliteal arteries (19, 18 and 18 injuries, respectively). Associated injuries were recorded in 72 patients and included 47 fractures. Treatment included vein graft interposition in 67, ligation in 52 and end to end anastomosis or lateral primary repair in 34 injuries. Fasciotomy was performed for 39 patients and amputation performed in 11 cases. The mortality reached 9.8% and the commonest cause (nine out of 13 deaths) was due to gunshot wounds. The median hospital stay was 13.5 days.Conclusion:  Gunshot wounds represent the majority of vascular injuries in Yemen. Shortage of vascular surgery services in most of the Yemeni Hospitals represents a major problem. Legislation and regulation to take up arms is of paramount importance for injury prevention in Yemen.
Systematic review of clinical trials comparing open and endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Ho Pei , Yiu Wai Ki , Cheung Grace Chung‐Yan , Cheng Stephen Wing‐Keung , Ting Albert Chi‐Wai , Poon Jensen Tung‐Chung 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  Endovascular repair (EVAR) using stent‐graft device is a new treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) that is gaining more and more popularity. This systematic review compares the new minimally invasive endovascular treatment with the conventional open repair aiming to provide more evidence for clinical decision on choice of treatment for aneurysm patients.Methods:  Electronic search on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library and manual search on bibliographies was performed to identify studies published from 1991 to 2004 comparing clinical outcomes of patients who underwent EVAR and open repair. Quality of clinical studies was assessed by modified Evans and Pollok score and those scores below 50 were excluded. Systematic analysis was performed for short‐, mid‐ and long‐term clinical outcomes. The effect size of the clinical parameters was estimated by relative risk, weighted mean difference and standard mean difference.Results:  27 clinical studies and 7226 patients were included in this systematic review. Three studies were randomized control studies and the rest were comparative studies. Systematic review showed patients after EVAR had significantly lower 30‐day mortality, shorter hospital and intensive care unit stay, less blood loss or blood transfusion, fewer cardiac and respiratory complications, less colonic ischaemia, and fewer overall operative morbidities. But EVAR carried a significant higher frequency of early secondary procedures and graft‐related complications. The 1–5‐year mortality between the two groups was similar. Patients receiving EVAR required more late secondary procedures and the cost related to EVAR was higher. Systematic review on quality of life could not be performed as there was a large variation on method of measurement.Conclusions:  EVAR offers significant benefit to aneurysm patients in the early postoperative period. However, it does not show an advantage over open repair in mid‐ and long‐term outcome. Furthermore, EVAR might carry more morbidity and higher cost in the long term. Prospective randomized control studies focusing on long‐term outcome of EVAR and open repair aneurysm patients as well as on studies on newer generation devices are needed to provide more information for clinical decisions.
State and Customary Law in Upper Egypt
Authors: Nielsen Hans Christian Korsholm 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe elders of the villages and towns of Upper Egypt frequently convene councils for the settlement of disputes. These councils, which are independent of the state, deal with such matters as rights in water and land and also with succession disputes. Larger councils settle conflicts arising from homicide or feuds. I argue here that these councils should be analyzed as an integral part of society and that their relationship to the state is many-facetted. The continued importance of these institutions cannot be understood if one views customary law and reconciliation councils as no more than a reaction to a corrupt and unjust official legal system
A Cairene Way of Reconciling
Authors: Drieskens Barbara 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEgyptians frequently solve conflicts without referring to state law. The scholarly examination of customary law and reconciliation has focused primarily on rural Upper Egypt, where the mechanisms of reconciliation (sulha) display a formal character. My aim here is to highlight the special features of reconciliation in an urban context by analyzing a conflict between two families in a suburb of Cairo. I argue that although the diputants talk about sulha as a formal and established system, this 'tradition' is shaped in the interaction between the two parties and adapted to the particular urban context in which the dispute occured. Second, in public and in a situation of conflict, the disputants portray honor, identity and tradition as static and essential qualities. However, the contingent nature of their understanding of notions such as state-law, revenge, reconciliation and the proper way to behave emerges from our analysis of the discussions that took place between and among the members of one family involved in the dispute.
A Major Link between France's Berber Policy in Morocco and its "Policy of Races" in French West Africa: Commandant Paul Marty (1882-1938)
Authors: Shinar Pessah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractVirtually from the beginning of the protectorate (1912), the French in Morocco attempted to seal off the Berber-speaking tribes from the penetration of Islam and of the Arabic language. The present paper argues that this policy (the "Berber policy") was modeled on a similar policy (the "policy of races") adopted by the French in West Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century, the main difference being that in West Africa it was the "animists" who were to be sealed off. In both cases, the French acted as they did in order to ensure the permanence of their rule. It is argued that Paul Marty, the eminent authority on Islam in West Africa, was a key figure in the implementation of these policies in both regions.
Variability in Terrestrial Carbon Sinks over Two Decades. Part III: South America, Africa, and Asia
Authors: Potter C. , Klooster S. , Tan P. , Steinbach M. , Kumar V. , Genovese V. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Seventeen years (1982–98) of net carbon flux predictions for Southern Hemisphere continents have been analyzed, based on a simulation model using satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover. The NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model was driven by vegetation-cover properties derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and radiative transfer algorithms that were developed for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The terrestrial ecosystem flux for atmospheric CO2 for the Amazon region of South America has been predicted between a biosphere source of –0.17 Pg C per year (in 1983) and a biosphere sink of +0.64 Pg C per year (in 1989). The areas of highest variability in net ecosystem production (NEP) fluxes across all of South America were detected in the south-central rain forest areas of the Amazon basin and in southeastern Brazil. Similar levels of variability were recorded across central forested portions of Africa and in the southern horn of East Africa, throughout Indonesia, and in eastern Australia. It is hypothesized that periodic droughts and wildfires associated with four major El Niño events during the 1980s and 1990s have held the net ecosystem carbon sink for atmospheric CO2 in an oscillating pattern of a 4–6-yr cycle, despite observations of increasing net plant carbon fixation over the entire 17-yr time period.
On the Vertical Structure of Modeled and Observed Deep Convective Storms: Insights for Precipitation Retrieval and Microphysical Parameterization
Authors: Smedsmo Jamie L. , Foufoula-Georgiou Efi , Vuruputur Venugopal , Kong Fanyou , Droegemeier Kelvin 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
An understanding of the vertical structure of clouds is important for remote sensing of precipitation from space and for the parameterization of cloud microphysics in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representation of cloud hydrometeor profiles in high-resolution NWP models has direct applications in inversion-type precipitation retrieval algorithms [e.g., the Goddard profiling (GPROF) algorithm used for retrieval of precipitation from passive microwave sensors] and in quantitative precipitation forecasting. This study seeks to understand how the vertical structure of hydrometeors (liquid and frozen water droplets in a cloud) produced by high-resolution NWP models with explicit microphysics, henceforth referred to as cloud-resolving models (CRMs), compares to observations. Although direct observations of 3D hydrometeor fields are not available, comparisons of modeled and observed radar echoes can provide some insight into the vertical structure of hydrometeors and, in turn, into the ability of CRMs to produce precipitation structures that are consistent with observations. Significant differences are revealed between the vertical structure of observed and modeled clouds of a severe midlatitude storm over Texas for which the surface precipitation is reasonably well captured. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are presented, and the need for future research is highlighted.
A Comparison of the Conservation of Number Concentration for the Continuous Collection and Vapor Diffusion Growth Equations Using One- and Two-Moment Schemes
Authors: Straka Jerry M. , Gilmore Matthew S. , Kanak Katharine M. , Rasmussen Erik N. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
One- and two-moment parameterizations are integrated over hydrometeor diameters D(0, ∞) for vapor diffusion and the continuous collection growth processes. For the conditions specified, the total number concentration of collector particles should be conserved. To address the problem, the gamma distribution function is used for the spectral density function. Predicted variables can include total mixing ratio q, total number concentration Nt, and characteristic diameter Dn (inverse of the distribution slope λ). In all of the cases, the slope intercept no is diagnosed or specified. The popular one- and two-moment methods that are explored include the one-moment method in which q is predicted, no is specified, and Nt and Dn are diagnosed; the one-moment method in which q is predicted, Dn is specified, and Nt and no are diagnosed; the two-moment method in which q and Dn are predicted and Nt and no are diagnosed; and the two-moment method in which q and Nt are predicted and no and Dn are diagnosed. It is demonstrated for the processes examined that all of the schemes 1) fail to conserve Nt for the collector particles when Nt should be conserved and 2) have other unphysical attributes, except for the two-moment method in which q and Nt are predicted. In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the use of more-sophisticated microphysical parameterizations in cloud, mesoscale, and climate models, and it is increasingly important for a model user to be cognizant of the strengths and weaknesses of the parameterizations in complex models.
Relationships between the Irrigation-Pumping Electrical Loads and the Local Climate in Climate Division 9, Idaho
Authors: Alfaro Eric J. , Pierce David W. , Steinemann Anne C. , Gershunov Alexander 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The electrical load from irrigation pumps is an important part of the overall electricity demand in many agricultural areas of the U.S. west. The date the pumps turn on and the total electrical load they present over the summer varies from year to year, partly because of climate fluctuations. Predicting this variability would be useful to electricity producers that supply the region. This work presents a contingency analysis and linear regression scheme for forecasting summertime irrigation pump loads in southeastern Idaho. The basis of the predictability is the persistence of spring soil moisture conditions into summer, and the effect it has on summer temperatures. There is a strong contemporaneous relationship between soil moisture and temperature in the summer and total summer pump electrical loads so that a reasonable prediction of summer pump electrical loads based on spring soil moisture conditions can be obtained in the region. If one assumes that decision makers will take appropriate actions based on the forecast output, the net economic benefit of forecast information is approximately $2.5 million per year, making this prediction problem an important seasonal summer forecasting issue with significant economic implications.
Profiles of Raindrop Size Distributions as Retrieved by Microrain Radars
Authors: Peters Gerhard , Fischer Bernd , Münster Hans , Clemens Marco , Wagner Andreas 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Data of vertically pointing microrain radars (MRRs), located at various sites around the Baltic Sea, were analyzed for a period of several years. From the Doppler spectra profiles of drop size distributions (DSDs) are obtained. A significant height dependence of the shape of the DSDs—and thus of the Z–R relations—is observed at high rain rates. This implies, for the considered sites, that ground-based Z–R relations lead to underestimation of high rain rates by weather radars.
Cluster Analysis of Surface Winds in Houston, Texas, and the Impact of Wind Patterns on Ozone
Authors: Darby Lisa S. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The city of Houston, Texas, is near a complex coastline and numerous petrochemical plants, the combination of which plays a large role in Houston’s air pollution events. It has long been known that the thermally driven afternoon onshore flow (sea breeze or gulf breeze) transports ozone-rich air inland. As a way of quantifying the role of the gulf breeze in Houston’s high-ozone events, cluster analysis of hourly averaged surface winds from a regional network of meteorological sensors was performed for 27 summer days of 2000, with the dates coinciding with the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS 2000). Hourly averaged winds were partitioned into 16 independent clusters, or wind patterns, while simultaneously keeping track of the maximum ozone in the network for each hour. Clusters emerged that represented various wind patterns, including thermally driven flows, stagnant winds, and a thunderstorm outflow. All clusters were used to assess which wind patterns were most likely to be coincident with the maximum ozone of the day. High ozone was most likely to occur with clusters representing the gulf breeze. Clusters occurring before the ozone maximum of the day were analyzed to determine which sequences of wind patterns were most likely to precede high ozone. A transition from offshore flow to onshore flow, with at least 1 h of stagnant winds in between, routinely occurred in the 6 h preceding ozone measurements reaching ≥ 120 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). On nontransition days with high ozone, ozone maxima ≥ 120 ppbv often occurred the hour after a wind direction shift of greater than about 45°.
Oceanic Response to Idealized Net Atmospheric Freshwater in the Pacific at the Decadal Time Scale*
Authors: Huang Boyin , Mehta Vikram M. , Schneider Niklas 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
In the study of decadal variations of the Pacific Ocean circulations and temperature, the role of anomalous net atmospheric freshwater [evaporation minus precipitation minus river runoff (EmP)] has received scant attention even though ocean salinity anomalies are long lived and can be expected to have more variance at low frequencies than at high frequencies. To explore the magnitude of salinity and temperature anomalies and their generation processes, the authors studied the response of the Pacific Ocean to idealized EmP anomalies in the Tropics and subtropics using an ocean general circulation model developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Simulations showed that salinity anomalies generated by the anomalous EmP were spread throughout the Pacific basin by mean flow advection. This redistribution of salinity anomalies caused adjustments of basin-scale ocean currents, which further resulted in basin-scale temperature anomalies due to changes in heat advection caused by anomalous currents. In this study, the response of the Pacific Ocean to magnitudes and locations of anomalous EmP was linear. When forced with a positive EmP anomaly in the subtropical North (South) Pacific, a cooling occurred in the western North (South) Pacific, which extended to the tropical and South (North) Pacific, and a warming occurred in the eastern North (South) Pacific. When forced with a negative EmP anomaly in the tropical Pacific, a warming occurred in the tropical Pacific and western North and South Pacific and a cooling occurred in the eastern North Pacific near 30°N and the South Pacific near 30°S. The temperature changes (0.2°C) in the tropical Pacific were associated with changes in the South Equatorial Current. The temperature changes (0.8°C) in the subtropical North and South Pacific were associated with changes in the subtropical gyres. The temperature anomalies propagated from the tropical Pacific to the subtropical North and South Pacific via equatorial divergent Ekman flows and poleward western boundary currents, and they propagated from the subtropical North and South Pacific to the western tropical Pacific via equatorward-propagating coastal Kelvin waves and to the eastern tropical Pacific via eastward-propagating equatorial Kelvin waves. The time scale of temperature response was typically much longer than that of salinity response because of slow adjustment times of ocean circulations. These results imply that the slow response of ocean temperature due to anomalous EmP in the Tropics and subtropics may play an important role in the Pacific decadal variability.