bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonprofit social services in Moscow: Leadership and administrative issues
Authors: Perlmutter Felice D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a study of nonprofit human services organizations in Moscow, Russia, in the early stages of development of the nonprofit sector. It addresses the following issues of relevance to social welfare in particular and nonprofits in general. First, what is the legal status of nonprofits? Second, what leadership and governance mechanisms have evolved? Third, how are resources, both financial and human, obtained? And, finally, how can Western consultants be useful in addressing the unique and specific needs of nonprofits in Russia as they bring their expertise into this setting?
The sexual division of leadership in volunteer emergency medical service squads
Authors: Thompson Alexander M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article reports on theoretical and empirical research that explored the hypothesis that there is a sexual division of leadership in volunteer emergency medical service (EMS) squads. This hypothesis was tested against survey data obtained from 216 current members of nine upstate New York volunteer EMS squads. Despite several mitigating characteristics of these organizations, and despite the lack of supporting statistical evidence at the aggregate level of officership, the research found statistically significant confirmation of sex bias in officer selection when leadership was disaggregated into line and staff officer positions. Medical qualifications and length of EMS squad membership were also included in the model as determinants of leadership experience. These results are discussed relative to the question of the sexual division of leadership in the overarching nonprofit and voluntary sector of the U.S. economy.
Accountability and nonprofit organizations: A historical perspective
Authors: Hammack David C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAmerican nonprofit organizations first developed in the nineteenth century as the organizational instruments through which Americans put their First Amendment freedoms of religion and political belief into practice. For one hundred years American nonprofits were held accountable by relatively small, compact communities of people who shared religious or other highly defined beliefs and values. In the twentieth century, many nonprofit organizations have grown very large and have adopted a scientific, general‐service‐to‐the‐community ethos. The legal, institutional, and cultural ideas and practices through which traditional nonprofits were, and are still, held accountable no longer seem to work equally well for the larger, more universal nonprofits of the late twentieth century.
Languages, ideologies, and cultures in nonprofit boards
Authors: Daley John M. , Netting F. Ellen , Angulo Julio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis exploratory study identifies three language domains within the boards of directors of nonprofit human services agencies: mission, operations, and manners languages. These languages are connected to values and express ideology. Findings suggest that operations concerns tend to displace mission considerations, with manners language facilitating this displacement.
The validity of supplementary pay systems in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Alvarado Elliott I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe theory and assumptions used by nonprofit organizations when adopting employee incentive pay systems are examined in this article. A theory to explain the use of financial incentive is described. This theory states that nonprofit employees are motivated, like employees in the for‐profit sector, to seek financial rewards contingent on achieving certain performance goals. To validate the Theory, a review of select literature is provided.
Board performance and organizational effectiveness in nonprofit social services organizations
Authors: Green Jack C. , Griesinger Donald W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines the tasks and responsibilities of nonprofit boards of directors and explores the relationship between board performance and organizational effectiveness. Thirty‐three activities in nine areas of board responsibility were examined through questionnaires and interviews with board members and chief executive officers of sixteen nonprofit organizations serving developmentally disabled adults. Rankings of organizational effectiveness were determined using external evaluators and accreditation surveys. A significant relationship between board performance and organizational effectiveness was found, and the board activities most strongly correlated with organizational effectiveness are reported, including policy formation, strategic planning, program monitoring, financial planning and control, resource development, board development, and dispute resolution.
Cause‐related marketing, fundraising, and environmental nonprofit organizations
Authors: Hemphill Thomas A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article provides policy guidance to environmental nonprofit organizations, and, secondarily, to other nonprofits, that are considering entering into a cause‐related marketing (CRM) alliance. Toward that end, insights into establishing CRM committees, sponsorship development, and regulatory awareness are offered to environmental nonprofit managers. The author argues that strong consumer support for local environmental concerns translates into strategic fundraising opportunities for regional, state, and local environmental organizations that have underutilized CRM in the past.
Competing nonprofit organizations also collaborate
Authors: York Alan , Zychlinski Esther 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCooperation among voluntary organizations is examined from the perspective of an Israeli project in which local voluntary organizations formed a joint forum. An analysis of questionnaires filled in by members of nine such bodies (“roundtables”) shows that cooperation among voluntary organizations may be functional in nature and not necessarily based on common goals. The degree of independence of the organizations did not affect their cooperation, but it influenced the way they looked on the “convenor” (external change agent), who played an important role in the process of interorganizational cooperation. The authors show that competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive among voluntary organizations.
Strategy formulation in nonprofit social services organizations: A proposed framework social services organizations
Authors: Roller Robert H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article proposes a framework for determining strategies in nonprofit social services organizations. A review of the literature concerning strategy choice models is combined with an analysis of the unique characteristics of nonprofit social services organizations to develop the proposed framework, which improves on existing models by encompassing a wider array of strategic factors and being applicable to a wide variety of nonprofit organizations. The author provides examples of the model's applications, discusses the usefulness and limitations of the model, and concludes with suggestions for future research.
AIDS funding and the rhetoric of scarcity
Authors: Chambré Susan M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article describes the “rhetoric of scarcity,” a viewpoint that focuses on the inadequate past support for and the uncertain future of AIDS funding. This view is at variance with the consistent rise in financial support for AIDS and with the criticism from some quarters that AIDS is being overfunded relative to other diseases. The rhetoric of scarcity expressed by members of the AIDS community is distinctive but not unique to HIV/AIDS and can be traced to qualities of the epidemic and the ways in which nonprofit organizations obtain their funds.
Intermediary bodies in the 1990s: New settings, old problems?
Authors: Lansley John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIntermediary bodies liaise between the voluntary and statutory sectors. Frequently, they have also functioned as local development bodies. This article examines changes in the position of intermediary bodies following the growth of welfare pluralistic policies in the late 1980s, as viewed from the framework of a case study of the Council for Voluntary Service in northwest England. The author concludes that while the voluntary and statutory sectors may now be more willing to accept an intermediary role for such bodies, it remain difficult for them also to undertake development work.
The performance of performance indicators in the arts
Authors: Schuster J. Mark 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe introduction of performance indicators into the field of the arts and culture has been fraught with difficulties. It is the premise of this article that many of those difficulties can be traced to tensions arising out of the actual uses of performance indicators in the arts. Based on concrete examples of the use of performance indicators, the author examines four different functions—affecting behavior, evaluating behavior, monitoring behavior, and inferring behavior—and explores some of the issues arising from each one.
Private lives, public accountability: A case study
Authors: Beaudet Paul , Brotherton Maureen , Kuechle Jane , Pilgreen Gregory , Sauter Marie , Sharp Joan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLend a Hand Children's Services is the most prominent provider of family services in rural south central Ohio. The agency is in the process of enlarging its fundraising goals and becoming even bigger in the community. Staff have brought to the attention of the vice president of the board that the board president and the executive director may be involved intimately as a couple. Inasmuch as the board president must evaluate the executive director, the vice president turns to trusted counsel for advice on how to approach the unique problems raised by the situation.
Corporate philanthropy and united way: Challenges for the Year 2000
Authors: Marx Jerry D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article reports the results of a national survey of corporate philanthropy programs in which the influence of strategic philanthropy on corporate contributions to United Way was investigated. The results indicate that highly strategic philanthropy programs gave a lower percentage of total direct contributions to United Way than less strategic programs. Strategic philanthropy was defined in this study as the process by which contributions are targeted to meet both business objectives and recipient needs. Based on the results of the study, the author encourages United Way staff and other nonprofit managers to work more closely with corporate contribution managers to develop measurable criteria regarding the impact of health and human services contributions on strategic business goals and objectives.
Female participation in association governance and political representation: Women as executive directors, board members, lobbyists, and political action committee directors
Authors: Shaiko Ronald G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis analysis of more than eleven hundred business, trade, and professional nonprofit associations identifies several internal organizational barriers to leadership for women. In addition, the analysis highlights the importance of female representation in governance positions, such as executive directors and board members, and of the selection of women as the political representatives of associations in roles such as lobbyists and political action committee directors.
A model for consulting to help effect change in organizations
Authors: Coates Norman 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRapid change in an organization's environment creates barriers to needed change in strategy and culture. Managers, and the consultants who are invariably called on to assist such efforts, face difficult challenges in working together to effect change. They often fail to achieve the desired results. The author offers a new model of consulting to help guide general managers and consultants in the creation of the necessary conditions for successful management of change. This model is based on lessons learned from case studies in the health care industry.
Some Results for a Finite Family of Uniformly "Equation missing" -Lipschitzian Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Chang Shih-Sen , Huang Jia Lin , Wang Xiong Rui 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to prove a strong convergence theorem for a finite family of uniformly "Equation missing"-Lipschitzian mappings in Banach spaces. The results presented in the paper not only correct some mistakes appeared in the paper by Ofoedu (2006) but also improve and extend some recent results by Chang (2001), Cho et al. (2005), Ofoedu (2006), Schu (1991), and Zeng (2003, 2005).
Structure and Function of the Confirmation Procedure before the ICC from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Miller Dennis , Ambos Kai 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe confirmation procedure is the linking interface between the investigation and trial of a case before the ICC; it is triggered by the arrival of the suspect at the court. The present paper distinguishes between the different phases of the ICC procedure and the different notions for the person concerned; it deals, in particular, with the issue of a proprio motu amendment of the charges by the Pre-Trial Chamber. The comparative survey reveals that while the principle "iura novit curia" is widely recognized in civil law countries, it is rarely accepted in the ambit of the common law. Notwithstanding, the ICC is committed to this principle, as clearly evidenced by Regulation 55 which allows the Trial Chamber to change the legal characterization of the facts during trial. As long as the rights of the person charged are observed, the same should apply in the confirmation procedure.
Witness Protection under Swiss Legislation: An Offspring of International Law
Authors: Arnold Roberta 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 2003 Switzerland adopted the first witness protection provisions in the Swiss Military Criminal Code of Procedure (MCCP). These followed to the lessons learned in the Niyonteze Trial, the first trial held in Switzerland on genocide. The military investigating magistrates had to be inventive and very pragmatic in providing for the security of the witnesses. Trips were even undertaken to the ICTR to learn about its practice and measures were adopted to prevent a "cultural shock". Notwithstanding the tendency of some human rights advocates to be very critical of military tribunals, in the Niyonteze Trial the Swiss Military Justice proved to be efficient and fair, both to the accused and the witnesses. The measures adopted were implemented into the MCCP and they will provide the basis for the forthcoming Federal Criminal Code of Procedure. This paper aims at illustrating the evolution of the Swiss witness protection legislation, which may be considered an offspring of international law.
The Transposition of Superior Responsibility onto Guerrilla Warfare under the Laws of the International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article deals with the question whether and how to assess superior responsibility within irregular (guerrilla) warfare; based on the principles developed by the international criminal tribunals on the area of superior responsibility for regular forces. In particular the article examines whether those criteria are useful to apply to guerrilla warfare. Specific problems, typical for guerrilla warfare, are analyzed such as the organizational level, the exercise of effective command and control, the assessment of the mens rea criterion within a complex situation of guerrilla warfare. Additionally, the material ability to prevent or punish crimes within guerrilla forces seems a point of concern in view of the absence of proper disciplinary systems within this type of warfare. Recent case law of the ICTY is taken into account in order to arrive at an answer to the main research question.
Victims' Rights Overview under the ICC Legal Framework: A Jurisprudential Analysis
Authors: Greco Gioia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVictims' role in trials gained greater relevance over the span of the history of domestic legal systems. Even so, it was only after the Second World War that compensation claims enhanced the crescendo of victims' rights recognized at international level. The ICC legal framework stands out as a glaring achievement in the international field. In fact, the Rome Statute grants to victims a wide range of rights starting from the pretrial stage throughout the trial. The protection and involvement of victims in trials reflects not only procedural fairness but also takes into consideration victims' needs and claims for justice. Beginning from a teleological approach, this paper illustrates the victims' rights under the Rome Statute. Particularly, it analyzes the Court's jurisprudential interpretation of the underpinning criteria for victim status and the rights of participation and to justice as illustrated in the Lubanga case.
The Confirmation of Charges before the International Criminal Court: Evaluation and First Application
Authors: de Beco Gauthier 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines the different aspects of the confirmation of charges before the International Criminal Court as provided for by article 61 of the Rome Statute. It discusses the procedure prior to the confirmation of charges including the disclosure of evidence, the requirement for the Prosecutor to establish "substantial grounds to believe" that the arrested person has committed the alleged crimes, and the various options open to the different participants to the confirmation hearing. The Thomas Lubanga Dyilo case, in which Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed the charges on 29 January 2006, will be referred to in order to evaluate the first application of the provisions relating to the confirmation of charges.
From Killer Weed to Popular Medicine: The Evolution of American Drug Control Policy, 1937–2000
Authors: Ferraiolo Kathleen 
Published: July 2007

Here we have a drug that is not like opium. Opium has all the good of Dr. Jekyll and all the evil of Mr. Hyde. This drug [marijuana] is entirely the monster Hyde, the harmful effect of which cannot be measured.—Harry J. Anslinger, Hearings on the Marihuana Tax Act, U.S.House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, 1937
Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among dogs and cats exported from the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricane disaster area
Authors: Levy Julie K. , Edinboro Charlotte H. , Glotfelty Carmen-Susan , Dingman Patricia A. , West Aundria L. , Kirkland-Cady Kathy D. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs and seroprevalences of dirofilariasis, FeLV infection, and FIV infection in cats exported from the Gulf Coast region following the 2005 hurricanes.
Design—Seroprevalence survey.
Animals—1,958 dogs and 1,289 cats exported from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas between August 20 and December 31, 2005.
Procedures—141 animal welfare groups in 37 states and Alberta, Canada, reported results of serologic testing. Risk factors for infection, including age, sex, neuter status, breed, and state of rescue, were examined by means of univariate and multivariate logistic regression.
Results—Seroprevalence of dirofilariasis in dogs was 48.8%. Sexually intact dogs were 1.6 times as likely to have dirofilariasis as were neutered dogs, dogs in the ancient breed group were 2.2 times as likely and dogs in the guarding breed group were 1.7 times as likely to have dirofilariasis as were dogs in the herding breed group, and dogs from Mississippi were significantly less likely to have dirofilariasis than were dogs from Texas. Seroprevalences of dirofilariasis, FeLV infection, and FIV infection in cats were 4.0%, 2.6%, and 3.6%, respectively. Seroprevalence of FIV infection was significantly higher in adult cats than in juveniles and in males than in females.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that dogs and cats exported from the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricane disaster area had disease rates similar to those for animals in the region prior to the hurricanes.
Behavioral alterations and severity of pain in cats recovering at home following elective ovariohysterectomy or castration
Authors: Väisänen Misse A-M. , Tuomikoski Suvi K. , Vainio Outi M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To identify behavioral alterations in client-owned cats recovering at home following elective ovariohysterectomy or castration and determine owner perceptions regarding severity of postoperative pain.
Design—Cohort study.
Animals—145 cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (n = 80) or castration (65) at 4 veterinary clinics in Finland.
Procedures—Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire on their cats' behavior during the 3 days after surgery. Owners were also asked to indicate their perceptions of the severity of postoperative pain during these days by use of a 100-mm visual analog scale.
Results—Owners consistently indicated that there were changes in their cats' behavior, with the most commonly reported alterations being a decrease in overall activity level, an increase in the amount of time spent sleeping, a decrease in playfulness, and altered way of movement. Changes (ie, either an increase or decrease) in aggressive behavior were rare. Median pain score the day of surgery was 15.0 mm for male cats and 25.0 mm for female cats. Behavior score was significantly associated with day of observation, type of surgery (ovariohysterectomy vs castration), owner-assigned pain score, and veterinary clinic.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that behavioral alterations can be detected for several days after surgery in cats recovering at home following ovariohysterectomy or castration and emphasized owner concerns about the existence of postoperative pain.
Canine and feline emergency room visits and the lunar cycle: 11,940 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Wells Raegan J. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Hackett Timothy B. , Radecki Steven V. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the frequency of canine and feline emergency visits with respect to the lunar cycle.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—11,940 dogs and cats evaluated on an emergency basis during an 11-year period.
Procedures—Date of emergency visit, signalment, and chief complaint were retrieved from a medical records database. Emergency type was categorized as animal bite, cardiac arrest, epilepsy, ophthalmic, gastric dilatation-volvulus, trauma, multiple diseases, neoplasia, or toxicosis. The corresponding lunar phase was calculated and recorded as new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, or waning crescent. The effect of lunar phase on the frequency of emergency visits was evaluated by calculating relative risk.
Results—Of 11,940 cases, 9,407 were canine and 2,533 were feline. Relative risk calculations identified a significant increase in emergencies for dogs and cats on fuller moon days (waxing gibbous to waning gibbous), compared with all other days.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that more emergency room visits occurred on fuller moon days for dogs and cats. It is unlikely that an attending clinician would notice the fractional increase in visits (0.59 and 0.13 more canine and feline visits, respectively) observed in this study at a facility with a low caseload. If the study is repeated at a facility with a robust emergency caseload, these results may lead to reorganization of staffing on fuller moon dates. A prospective study evaluating these findings under conditions of high caseload is necessary to determine the clinical relevance.