bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Dimensions in the Foreign Behavior of Nations
Authors: Rummel R.J. 
Published: March 2007

A factor analysis and orthogonal rotation has been carried out on data for the mid-1950's for 94 variables and 82 nations. The results can be put in several propositions: 1. Many activities of nations are highly correlated with each other and can be structured meaningfully in terms of several independent (uncorrelated) dimensions. 2. Many diverse international activities of nations form independent patterns of relationships that can be identified as participation, conflict, aid, ideology, popularity, South American, and migration dimensions. 3. Basic indicators that index some of the independent clusters of relationships among the many diverse activities of nations are trade, threats, technical assistance and relief fellow ships received, net percent UN votes for the US, ratio of visitors to population, air distance from the US, and ratio of immigrants to population. 4. The magnitude of participation by a nation in the international system is a result of its economic development and power capability. Its conflict behavior is a phenomenon dependent on its relation to other nations.
Perception and Information in Strategic Thinking
Authors: Lumsden Malvern 
Published: March 2007

After a theoretical discussion of the relationship of information and perception to strategic thinking, an experiment is described where these factors are investigated in a series of simple strategic situations. While rarely conclusive, the results are suggestive on several points. The need to gain information about the other's choices seems to be a clear determinant of a subject's behaviour. Perceptions that the players have of themselves and of each other do relate to the behaviour of each, as measured by the relative proportions of one of two possible responses over the other. However, the context in which this behaviour takes place, even within the confines of the experimental design, seems to be an even greater influence on perceptions. This finding would not have come out if only one kind of game had been played. The method involved several ways of measuring the subjective elements in strategic thinking, which seem to be successful in themselves. While the results are rather 'open ended', this was the intention of the experiment, leaving a number of more specific questions ready with a way both of asking and of attempting to answer them.
Peaceful Co-Existence
Authors: Kende Istvan 
Published: March 2007

This article deals with some interpretations of peaceful co-existence. The author considers peaceful co-existence as a co-existence, and possibly an active cooperation, of countries of different social orders. But as this is a question of antagonist orders, peaceful co-existence is at the same time a kind of fight between them, without the use of weapons. Several interpretations of well-known authors such as Jaspers, Flechtheim, Raymond Aron, Strausz-Hupé, and Brzezinski are discussed. The author classifies the different points of view discussed as theories of : a) those who deny the mere fact that two systems exist, b) those who deny that a struggle exists between the two systems, c) those who utilize the theory of peaceful co-existence in order to destroy the other system from the outside, and d) those who find even the atmosphere of and search for peaceful co-existence dangerous to their bellicose aims.
Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa: Historical Origin
Authors: Amin Samir 
Published: March 2007

Keeping in mind the variety of social, cultural and economic conditions distinguishing African Societies, the author divides the continent into three macro-regions: (1) Africa of the colo nial economy (enlarged West Africa) (2) Africa of the concession companies (Congo Basin) (3) Africa of the labor reserves (East and South Africa). The dialectics between colonial policies and social formations and modes of production in ternal to the regions are seen as a major deter minant in shaping the history of underdevelop ment in Black Africa. On this basis, four historical periods are ana lyzed : (1) The pre-mercantilist period (2) The mercantilist period (3) The preparatory phase for colonization (4) The colonization period. Concluding the discussion of the colonization period, the author points to the necessity of viewing African socities as dependent, peripheral ones, shaped according to the needs of dominant, capitalist societies.
Theory and Ideologies of Violence
Authors: Derriennic Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2007

Accepting Galtung's definition of violence (the difference between the potential and the actual), it is possible to suggest a framework of analysis different from his: Violence can be direct or indirect, organized or inorganized, actual or poten tial. What Galtung calls 'structural violence' be comes in this framework indirect organized violence, and can be actual or potential. These distinctions allow a better grasp of different aspects of structural violence. Using this definition of violence it is possible to analyze nonviolence which does not appear as the opposite of violence, but as a strategy of minimization of violence. Galtung's and Höivik's method of operational ization offers a way to compare direct and indirect violence, and as such can help to solve some problems of political choice. It implies that one accepts a 'responsibility ethics' perspective rather than a 'conviction ethics' one. However, a theory on violence must not over look ideologies on violence. Violence must not be studied only from the point of view of objective needs, but must also take into account the goals people have, and their perception of violence. This perception is dependent on two main factors: violence is often identified with what people are frightened of, and with illegitimate behavior.
Conflict Formations in Contemporary International Society
Authors: Senghaas Dieter 
Published: March 2007

The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect. The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.
Using Positive Sanctions to End International Conflicts: Iran and the Arab Gulf Countries
Authors: Lawson Fred H. 
Published: March 2007

Efforts by the Gulf Co-operation Council to persuade Iran to end its war with Iraq in exchange for access to a large amount of capital during the late spring of 1982 were not only ignored by the Iranian government but also met with greatly increased demands for reparations on the part of Iranian leaders. This event raises at least two important questions regarding the use of positive sanctions as a way of ending inter national conflicts: under what conditions an offer of positive sanctions will be made and under what conditions such an offer will be accepted or refused. These questions can be addressed from at least two very different perspectives. In domestic political terms, small principalities such as those on the Arab side of the Arab/Persian Gulf have a variety of incentives to use rewards in their dealings with more powerful neighbors, particularly if they have a reservoir of fungible resources from which to draw. In structural terms, when the distribution of capabilities in a region such as the Gulf is changing from a bipolar to a multipolar one, countries whose situation is improving will have several incentives to try to bring regional conflicts to an end using positive sanctions. Thus there is little basis for choosing between these two perspectives as a better explanation for why rewards were offered to Iran to end its war with Iraq during June 1982. But structural features of the Gulf region provide a considerably better explanation for why this offer was rejected than domestic political factors do. Domestic-level arguments explaining the rejection of rewards contradict the logic according to which their having been offered in the first place is explained. Structural aspects of the situation in the Gulf in early 1982 not only predict that smaller countries should have tried to use rewards to settle conflict in the area but also suggest why larger combatants will not accept such an offer. This finding indirectly supports Kenneth Waltz's argument that conflicts in a multipolar world will be both more likely to occur and more difficult to solve.
Paganization and dechristianization, or the crisis in institutional symbols
Authors: Watzke J. 
Published: March 2007

On a appelé déchristianisation une aliénation généralisée des pratiques de la religion institutionnelle. Il est deplorable que l'histoire interprète ce phénomène comme un déclin de la religiosité et qu'elle appuye son point de vue sur des statistiques de diminution de pratique et d'insuffi sance doctrinale. Cette manière de voir est critiquée dans cet article parce qu'elle se base sur une conceptualisation de la religion sociologiquement inadéquate et parce qu'elle est incapable d'attirer l'attention sur le pro blème plus essentiel, à savoir l'échec des systèmes de symboles institution nels dans leur tentative de se brancher de manière valable sur le sens de la personne et de la culture, ce qui est l'essentiel pour l'individu contemporain. L'engagement institutionnel et l'attention trop exclusive à l'élite de certains observateurs les a conduit à s'accommoder de cette tragique vision de l'histoire et à déprécier certaines formes d'expression religieuse. Leur défaut de percevoir la relation de l'expression religieuse à d'autres déter minantes de l'identité de l'individu est attribué à une deviation socio culturelle (classe et culture). L'auteur suggère que l'on constate à divers niveaux sociaux la dissociation entre sensibilité morale et 'religion', et qu'il existe une religiosité de base en dépit de l'incohérence de bien des éléments dans une religion institutionnelle. Des données rassemblées au Chili ont servi de point de départ à ces réflexions. Cet article sert de base à l'élaboration d'une recherche sur la religiosité populaire que FERES va entreprendre en Amérique latine. Il pose le problème des relations avec les perspectives doctrinales et ethiques du développement.
Conflict over Charges of Heresy in American Protestant Seminaries
Authors: Adams Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

Comment réagissent les séminaires protestants des Etats- Unis et du Canada face aux conduites d'hérésie et aux situa tions de conflit qui en résultent ? L'étude porte sur quarante-trois cas d'accusations d'hérésie ayant eu lieu dans trente-trois séminaires différents. Ces sé minaires sont répartis en trois groupes selon qu'ils accusent un projet scientifique (university seminary), qu'ils se consacrent à la formation de militants (movement seminary) ou à la pré paration de pasteurs pour les Eglises (denominational semina ry). Cette dernière catégorie est elle-même subdivisée selon le caractère plus ou moins centralisé de l'autorité dans I'Eglise dont dépend le séminaire: organisation de type hiérarchique, de type fédéré ou de type congrégationaliste. Parmi les séminaires relevant du troisième groupe (deno minational), l'hérésie a moins de chance de conduire à un éclatement interne lorsqu'il y a organisation de type hiérar chique. Ce sont également les séminaires à organisation hiérarchique qui obtiennent les meilleurs résultats dans le contrôle des conflits résultant de l'hérésie et qui sont le plus à même de faire prévaloir la solidarité du groupe par l'éjection ou la sou mission du coupable. Dans les confessions de petites dimensions, la solidarité joue dans le meme sens pour bloquer I'apparition d'un conflit, qui est d'autant plus préjudiciable lorsqu'il se forme dans une confession ne disposant que d'un seul séminaire. Les confes sions plus importantes, de type congrégationaliste, préservent leur solidarité en expulsant l'hérétique. Ce sont l'université et les confessions pourvues d'une hiérarchie, qui assurent la meilleure protection aux idées théologiques nouvelles.
La sociologie de la religion d'inspiration marxiste en Yougoslavie
Authors: Orsolic Marco 
Published: March 2007

Although the problems of religiosity were treated by a number of early Yugoslav ethnological and anthropo-geographical studies, such as those of V. Jagic, N. Nodilo and J. Cvijic, sociology in general and, more particularly, the sociology of religion is, in that country, an emergent science. The post-war development of the sociology of religion in Yugoslavia can be broken down into two phases. In the first ten or more years after the war the sociology of religion — if it can justifiably be called so — was dogmatic and vulgarly Marxian in its approach. Its exponents, notably O. Mandic, A. Fia mengo and V. Ribar, founded their critique of religion on assumptions bequeathed by positivism and the Enlightenment. Following Paul Holbach, Karl Kautsky and Soviet examples, they defended the simplified thesis that knowledge on the one hand and, on the other, the intervention of socialist society in existential socio-economic problems, will do away with the very foundations of religion and with religion itself. More recently, a new approach has set in. It confronts. the body of knowledge and suppositions based on Marx's concepts with the result of empirical research. This stage in the development of the science is characterised by numerous en quiries into specific socio-religious problems which, in putting away empty theoretical constructs and exercises in pure, unimaginative empiricism, has achieved a more harmonious integration of theory and research results. This trend, represented mainly by Esad Cimic, Marko Kersevan and Zdenko Roter, undoubtedly holds great promise for the future.
Some Studies on the Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Perkerson Fred S. , Reeves Wilson A. , Tripp Verne W. 
Published: March 2007

The currently-used types of cross-linking agents and some of their effects on cotton are discussed. The primary weaknesses or shortcomings of the finishes achieved with these agents are pointed out. It can be concluded either that the ideal cross-linking agent for cotton has not been found or that the best technique of application has not yet been discovered. However, considerable success is being had in producing minimum- care fabrics by the use of many cross-linking agents, especially the N-methylol type. Although cross links through primary covalent bonds are largely responsible for the observed physical changes in cross-linked cotton fiber, secondary valence cross links also may produce significant changes, some of which appear to be rather durable. Evidence is presented which indicates that polymer formation produced concurrently with cross-linking improves the over-all minimum-care properties of cotton fabric, although polymer formation alone does not improve the wrinkle recovery. Cross-linking agents which are capable of forming thermosetting resins generally are required in somewhat larger add-ons to produce wrinkle recovery angles in the practical range than are those agents that do not form thermosetting resins. The extent of permanent set is related to the extent of cross-linking. Moisture regain and density of the cross-linked cottons are more dependent upon the state of fiber swotting at the time of cross-linking than upon the extent of cross-linking.
The Role of Spiral Structure in Untreated and Treated Cottons
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Burgis Albert W. , DeLuca Lloyd B. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2007

The untwisting of the spiral structure was observed as load was applied to the cotton fiber. Reversals are shown to be a vital structural feature which affects the twisting. A reversing spirality represents an idealized structure for obtaining optimum strength, elongation, and elastic recovery from the straight-chain molecules of cellulose. Friction between growth layers and fibrils in such a structure is suggested as a possible cause for permanent set, low intrinsic strength of highly oriented cotton, and the weak points near their reversals. The spiral structure persists through mercerization even though tension is applied; however, the X-ray angle is reduced appreciably. The high alignment achieved by resin treatment of cotton while under tension causes a reduction in elongation and increase in strength from that of slack treatment. The high alignment in cotton resin-treated with tension persists through washing with a detergent in water. Differences between properties of cotton are reduced but not eliminated by mercerization and resin treatment.
Studies in the Reaction of Formaldehyde with Unmodified, Modified, and Dyed Celluloses
Authors: Datye Keshav V. 
Published: March 2007

The equilibrium reaction between formaldehyde and cotton cellulose has been studied at 30° ± 1° C using the technique described in Part I [4]. The reaction reaches equi librium within the reaction period (96 hr). The equilibrium reaction depends on the concentration of formaldehyde and calcium chloride and seems to be independent of the concentration of hydrogen chloride. The combined formaldehyde ( CF) value for cotton cellulose at saturation has been calculated, and corresponds to ca. 20% accessibility. It is found that the saturation CF value is the same, within experimental limits, as the saturation value of sorbed formaldehyde calculated from published data. It is concluded that the reaction is limited to the accessible fraction of the fiher substance and proceeds at the reactive secondary hydroxyl groups, with the initial formation of the methylol ether of cellulose, which then condenses with the less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. water molecules being eliminated to form methylene ether. It appears that all the methylene ether linkages are only between the 2 and 3 carbon atoms of anhydroglucose units and are monomeric under the present reaction conditions. The results of acid hydrolysis of cellulose by hydrogen chloride are included in support of the explanation put forward for some of the observations.
Effect of Fiber-Forming Conditions on the Microstructure of Acrylic Fiber
Authors: Takahashi Masao , Nukushina Yasuhiko , Kosugi Setsuko 
Published: March 2007

Results on the microheterogeneity of polyacrylonitrile filaments obtained by the wet- spinning process are presented, and the effects of fiber-forming conditions, such as type of spinning bath, spinning temperature, drawing temperature, drawing ratio, and heat- treatment conditions, on the microstructure are discussed. The microvoid content of filaments that are obtained by spinning into aqueous baths is in many cases markedly larger than the microvoid content of filaments obtained by spinning into nonaqueous baths. Reduced spinning and drawing bath temperatures are favorable to improved fiber microstructure. Drawing of filaments results in great im proyement of fiber microstructure. The temperature of heat treatment in the dry state has an important meaning for the formation of the internal microstructure. The heat treatment in the wet state markedly changed the internal microstructure of both water- swollen gel-like filaments and dried filaments. A consideration of the relation between small-angle scattering power, which is a measure of the relative content of microvoids of colloidal dimensions, and the properties of the fiber, such as specific gravity, cross-sectional aspect, degree of water retention, and dyeability, leads to a better understanding of the meaning of the internal micro structure of acrylic fiber.
The Fracture of Wool Fibers
Authors: Mason P. 
Published: March 2007

Stress-strain curves up to the breaking point have been obtained for wook fibers under the following conditions: in water at 0°, 20°, 50°, and 100° C; at 20° C at 0%, 65%, and 100% RH; immersed (from 65% RH) in liquid nitrogen. Measurements were made under each set of conditions at rates of extension of 5%/mm and 500%/mm. Tests were also carried out on medullated fibers and on fibers with notches cut in the side. In water the tensile strength decreased with increasing temperature or with decreas ing rate of extension; the extensibility varied inversely with the tensile strength. At 20° C the effects of increasing the humidity were generally equivalent to increasing the temperature or decreasing the rate of exteasion. In these tests the tensile strength ranged from 3 × 108 to 2 X 10 9 dynes/cm2, and the extensibility from 36% to 84%. The slopes of each of the three regions of the force-extension curve (Hookean, yield, and post-yield) all varied with temperature, humidity, and rate of extension, although the variation in slope of the post-yield region with humidity was small. The range of moduli observed was from 1.1 × 1010 to 3.9 × 1010 dynes cm2 in the Hookean region ; from 0.19 × 108 to 17.5 × 108 dynes/cm2 in the yield region ; and from 1.2 × 109 to 4.8 × 109 dynes/cm2 in the post-yield region. The fibers tested in liquid nitrogen behaved like glassy polymers with an extensibility of about 2.5%, a tensile strength of 2.3 × 109 dynes cm2, and an initial Young's modulus approaching 1011 dynes/cm2. Medullated fibers and tibers notched to a depth of as much as one-third of the fiber diameter showed surprisingly little reduction in strength. This is taken as an mdica tion of the presence of a few serious flaws in "normal" fibers.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies
Authors: Michie R.I.C. 
Published: March 2007

A study has been made of the mechanical properties of viscose random-laid fabrics, saturation-bonded with at variety of commercial and experimental binder latices. There appears a rational pattern of behavior over all the materials investigated. Thus, fabric stiffness expressed either as initial modulus or bending length is uniquely related to rupture stress over a wide range of binder types and contents. The form of the relation ship indicates that, in a conventional saturation bonded fabric, stiffness cannot be significantly reduced without seriously impairing the strength. Data obtained with binder films lead to the equation showing fabric modulus Ef to be proportional to binder modulus Eb in the low modulus region and independent of binder modulus in the high modulus region. A similar relationship has been found between fabric and binder rupture stress. Binder uptake was found to be determined canly by liquor uptake, showing that there was no preferential absorption of either latex particles or of water. In general, fabric strength was linearly related to the amount of binder in the fabric. Variation in latex particle size within the limits 0.1 to 0.5 micron was without effect on the fabric properties.