bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CC chemokine receptor 4 modulates Toll‐like receptor 9‐mediated innate immunity and signaling
Authors: Ishii Makoto , Hogaboam Cory M. , Joshi Amrita , Ito Toshihiro , Fong Daniel J. , Kunkel Steven L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe present study addressed the modulatory role of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 9‐mediated innate immunity and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that CCR4‐deficient mice were resistant to both septic peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and CpG DNA/D‐galactosamine‐induced shock. In bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMΦ) from CLP‐treated CCR4‐deficient mice, TLR9‐mediated pathways of MAPK/AP‐1, PI3K/Akt, and IκB kinase (IKK)/NF‐κB were impaired compared to wild‐type (WT) cells. While TLR9 expression was not altered, the intensity of internalized CpG DNA was increased in CCR4‐deficient macrophages when compared to WT macrophages. Pharmacological inhibitor studies revealed that impaired activation of JNK, PI3K/Akt, and/or IKK/NF‐κB could be responsible for decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression in CCR4‐deficient macrophages. Interestingly, the CCR4‐deficient BMMΦ exhibited an alternatively activated (M2) phenotype and the impaired TLR9‐mediated signal transduction responses in CCR4‐deficient cells were similar to the signaling responses observed in WT BMMΦ skewed to an alternatively activated phenotype. These results indicate that macrophages deficient in CCR4 impart a regulatory influence on TLR9‐mediated innate immunity.
Diversity of Antimicrobial Pyrenophorol Derivatives from an Endophytic Fungus, Phoma sp.
Authors: Zhang Wen , Krohn Karsten , Egold Hans , Draeger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPyrenophorol (1) and (–)‐dihydropyrenophorin (3), two known macrodiolides, were isolated together with four new analogues (2, 4–6) and three ring‐opened derivatives (7–9) from Phoma sp., an endophytic fungus isolated from Lycium intricatum from Gomera. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis, comparison with reported data, and chemical interconversion. The absolute configurations were determined by chemical correlations and a modified Mosher's method. The diversity of these seven newly discovered metabolites not only extends the pyrenophorol macrocyclic family, but also gives insight into the biosynthetic interconnections, in particular by isolation of the open‐chain precursors. Preliminary studies showed antimicrobial activity of these compounds against the fungus Microbotryum violaceum, the alga Chlorellafusca, and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Doing gender differently—The interplay of strength of gender identification and content of gender identity in predicting women's endorsement of sexist beliefs
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Wagner Ulrich 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo explain differences in women's endorsement of sexist beliefs, we introduce the gender identity model (GIM). Based on social identity theory (SIT) and social role theory (SRT), we combine strength of gender identification and identity content and propose that different types of gender identity can be distinguished, which are predicted to relate to different levels of women's endorsement of sexist beliefs and engagement in collective action. Results of a correlational study and two experiments support the assumptions of the model: women reject Benevolent (BS), Hostile (HS), and Modern Sexisms (MS) and participate in collective action in particular when they are highly identified with the category women and have, at the same time, internalized progressive identity contents. In contrast, gender role preference has weaker or no effects on sexist beliefs and collective action when women are low identified with their gender in‐group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fitting in with the flock: Social attractiveness as a mechanism for well‐being in religious groups
Authors: Hayward R. David , Elliott Marta 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor most people, religion is practiced and experienced within a social group of believers who interact regularly. Yet the role of social psychological intergroup processes has largely been ignored with respect to religious phenomena. The present study explores social attraction as a mechanism by which religious groups affect the psychological well‐being of their members. Data were taken from a large survey of the members of 411 religious congregations in the United States. Linear mixed modeling analyses were conducted predicting two aspects of well‐being in the religious context from a range of variables at the levels of the individual, of the group, and of individual–group fit. Fit measures between individual characteristics and norms within congregations were found to be significant predictors of well‐being for a variety of measures across domains of demographics, religious beliefs, religious behavior, and group integration. These results support the view that the intragroup process of social attraction is a mechanism by which people obtain some benefits from belonging to religious groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient computation of mean drag for the subcritical flow past a circular cylinder using general Galerkin G2
Authors: Hoffman J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGeneral Galerkin (G2) is a new computational method for turbulent flow, where a stabilized Galerkin finite element method is used to compute approximate weak solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations directly, without any filtering of the equations as in a standard approach to turbulence simulation, such as large eddy simulation, and thus no Reynolds stresses are introduced, which need modelling. In this paper, G2 is used to compute the drag coefficient cD for the flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number Re=3900, for which the flow is turbulent. It is found that it is possible to approximate cD to an accuracy of a few percent, corresponding to the accuracy in experimental results for this problem, using less than 105 mesh points, which makes the simulations possible using a standard PC. The mesh is adaptively refined until a stopping criterion is reached with respect to the error in a chosen output of interest, which in this paper is cD. Both the stopping criterion and the mesh‐refinement strategy are based on a posteriori error estimates, in the form of a space–time integral of residuals times derivatives of the solution of a dual problem, linearized at the approximate solution, and with data coupling to the output of interest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical implementation of high‐order RKDG models for the 1D open‐channel flow equations
Authors: Kesserwani Georges , Mosé Robert , Vazquez José , Ghenaim Abdellah 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper comprises an implementation of a fourth‐order Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG4) scheme for computing the open‐channel flow equations. The main features of the proposed methodology are simplicity and easiness in the implementation, which may be of possible interest to water resources numerical modellers. A version of the RKDG4 is blended with the Roe Riemann solver, an adaptive high‐order slope limiting procedure, and high‐order source terms approximations. A comparison of the performance of the proposed method with lower‐order RKDG models is performed showing a benefit of considering the RKDG4 model. The scheme is applied to computerize the Saint Venant system by considering benchmark tests that have exact solutions. Finally, numerical results are illustrated discussing the performance of the proposed high‐order model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do microfinance programs help families insure consumption against illness?
Authors: Gertler Paul , Levine David I. , Moretti Enrico 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFamilies in developing countries face enormous financial risks from major illness both in terms of the cost of medical care and the loss in income associated with reduced labor supply and productivity. We test whether access to microfinancial savings and lending institutions helps Indonesian families smooth consumption after declines in adult health. In general, results support the importance of these institutions in helping families to self‐insure consumption against health shocks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field evaluation of ultrasonic flowmeters for measuring water discharge in irrigation canals
Authors: Lozano David , Mateos Luciano 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMeasuring water flow is essential for sound irrigation management. New commercial flowmeters based on acoustic technology have become popular for measuring water discharge in open channels of irrigation schemes in Spain and various other countries. There are two main types of acoustic flowmeter: transit‐time and Doppler. We tested a commercial instrument of each type (a Risonic 2000 and an Argonaut‐SW, respectively) in the field throughout an entire irrigation season. The instruments were installed in rectangular cross‐sections of one of the secondary canals in the B‐XII irrigation scheme, Spain. The discharges tested varied from 0.1 to 4 m3 s−1. To obtain reference data, we used a propeller current meter to measure the flow velocity across the test canal sections. Both the Risonic 2000 and Argonaut‐SW instruments provided measurements that were highly consistent with those obtained from the propeller meter. The Argonaut‐SW, mounted at the bottom of the canal, had to be reinstalled twice during the irrigation season since it was displaced by debris dragged by the flowing water. The Risonic 2000, mounted on the canal walls, operated without interruption during the entire season. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoxia‐induced modifications in plasma membranes and lipid microdomains in A549 cells and primary human alveolar cells
Authors: Botto Laura , Beretta Egidio , Bulbarelli Alessandra , Rivolta Ilaria , Lettiero Barbara , Leone Biagio Eugenio , Miserocchi Giuseppe , Palestini Paola 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe evaluated the response to mild hypoxia exposure of A549 alveolar human cells and of a continuous alveolar cell line from human excised lungs (A30) exposed to 5% O2 for 5 and 24 h. No signs of increased peroxidation and of early apoptosis were detected. After 24 h of hypoxia total cell proteins/DNA ratio decreased significantly by about 20%. Similarly, we found a decrease in membrane phospholipid and cholesterol content. The membrane fluidity assessed by fluorescence anisotropy measurements was unchanged. We also prepared the detergent resistant membrane fraction (DRM) to analyze the distribution of the two types of lipid microdomains, caveolae and lipid rafts. The DRM content of Cav‐1, marker of caveolae, was decreased, while CD55, marker of lipid rafts, increased in both cell lines. Total content of these markers in the membranes was unchanged indicating remodelling of their distribution between detergent‐resistant and detergent‐soluble fraction of the cellular membrane. The changes in protein markers distribution did not imply changes in the corresponding mRNA, except in the case of Cav‐1 for A30 line. In the latter case we found a parallel decrease in Cav‐1 and in the corresponding mRNA. We conclude that an exposure to a mild degree of hypoxia triggers a significant remodelling of the lipid microdomains expression, confirming that they are highly dynamic structures providing a prompt signalling platform to changes of the pericellular microenvironment. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 503–513, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoionization studies on various quinones by an infrared laser desorption/tunable VUV photoionization TOF mass spectrometry
Authors: Pan Yang , Zhang Lidong , Zhang Taichang , Guo Huijun , Hong Xin , Qi Fei 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPhotoionization and dissociative photoionization characters of six quinones, including 1,2‐naphthoquinone (1,2‐NQ), 1,4‐naphthoquinone (1,4‐NQ), 9,10‐phenanthroquinone (PQ), 9,10‐anthraquinone (AQ), benz[a]‐ anthracene‐7,12‐dione (BAD) and 1,2‐acenaphthylenedione (AND) have been studied with an infrared laser desorption/tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry (IR LD/VUV PIMS) technique. Mass spectra of these compounds are obtained at different VUV photon energies. Consecutive losses of two carbon monoxide (CO) groups are found to be the main fragmentation pathways for all the quinones. Detailed dissociation processes are discussed with the help of ab initio B3LYP calculations. Ionization energies (IEs) of these quinones and appearance energies (AEs) of major fragments are obtained by measuring the photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potato glycoalkaloids: formation and strategies for mitigation
Authors: Nema Prabhat K , Ramayya Nidhi , Duncan Eric , Niranjan Keshavan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWith the increasing production and consumption of potato and its products, glycoalkaloid (GA) formation and toxicity are likely to become an important focus for food safety researchers and public health agencies. Not only the presence of GA, particularly in the form of α‐solanine and α‐chaconine, but also the changes occurring as a result of various post‐harvest handling practices and storage, are critical issues influencing the quality of stored potatoes. Studies on various factors (pre‐harvest, during harvest and post‐harvest) affecting GA have been carried out from time to time, but it is difficult to compare the results of one study with another due to wide variation in the parameters chosen. This review aims to develop a clear understanding of these issues. Published information on the types of GA, their effects on health, their typical concentrations in potatoes, their formation mechanisms, and how their levels can be controlled by following appropriate post harvest practices and storage regimes are critically analysed. The levels of GA in potato can be controlled effectively by adopting appropriate post‐harvest practices. Further studies are necessary, however, to investigate best practices, which either check completely or retard substantially their formation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing–finishing pigs fed diets containing graded levels of dehydrated lucerne meal
Authors: Thacker Philip A , Haq Inam 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Plant breeders have attempted to improve the nutritonal value of lucerne (alfalfa) by selecting for higher protein and lower fibre concentrations. Although targeted at ruminants, such changes could also improve the nutritional value of lucerne for monogastrics. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded levels of dehydrated lucerne meal on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of swine.RESULTS: The digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy declined linearly (P < 0.05) as the level of lucerne meal in the diet increased. Including lucerne meal at levels greater than 75 g kg−1 was detrimental to the growth rate of pigs during the growing period. During the finishing period, inclusion of lucerne meal at 75 and 150 g kg−1 resulted in improvements in weight gain and feed intake. Carcass traits were generally unaffected by lucerne inclusion.CONCLUSION: Lucerne meal may have greater potential for inclusion in diets fed to growing–finishing pigs than previously realized. To maximize pig performance, lucerne meal should be limited to less than 75 g kg−1 diet during the growing period, while it is possible to go as high as 150 g kg−1 diet during the finishing period without detrimental effects on performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiple exciton generation in semiconductor nanocrystals: Toward efficient solar energy conversion
Authors: Beard M.C. , Ellingson R.J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWithin the range of photon energies illuminating the Earth's surface, absorption of a photon by a conventional photovoltaic semiconductor device results in the production of a single electron‐hole pair; energy of a photon in excess of the semiconductor's bandgap is efficiently converted to heat through interactions between the electron and hole with the crystal lattice. Recently, colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals and nanocrystal films have been shown to exhibit efficient multiple electron‐hole pair generation from a single photon with energy greater than twice the effective band gap. This multiple carrier pair process, referred to as multiple exciton generation (MEG), represents one route to reducing the thermal loss in semiconductor solar cells and may lead to the development of low cost, high efficiency solar energy devices. We review the current experimental and theoretical understanding of MEG, and provide views to the near‐term future for both fundamental research and the development of working devices which exploit MEG.
Norm estimates for functions of two operators on tensor products of Hilbert spaces
Authors: Gil' M. I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAnalytic operator valued functions of two operators on tensor products of Hilbert spaces are considered. A precise norm estimate is established. Applications to operator differential equations are also discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Hardy inequality in a twisted Dirichlet–Neumann waveguide
Authors: Kovařík H. , Krejčiřík D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe consider the Laplacian in a straight strip, subject to a combination of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. We show that a switch of the respective boundary conditions leads to a Hardy inequality for the Laplacian. As a byproduct of our method, we obtain a simple proof of a theorem of Dittrich and Kříž [5]. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Square Lamellar Structure Having Phase‐Separated Microdomain in H‐Shaped Block Copolymer Thin Film
Authors: Wei Yuhan , Huang Weihuan , Li Binyao , Han Yanchun , Pan Caiyuan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe morphology of a H‐shaped block copolymer (poly(ethylene glycol) backbone and polystyrene branches (PS)2PEG(PS)2) in a thin film has been investigated. A peculiar square lamella that has a phase‐separated microdomain at its surface is obtained after spin coating. The experimental temperature plays a critical role in the lamellar formation. The copolymer first self‐assembles into square lamellar micelles with an incomplete crystalline core due to the crystallizability of PEG. In the subsequent process of solvent evaporation, phase separation between PS and non‐crystalline PEG attached at the chain‐folded PEG surface takes place, which results in phase‐separated microdomains being formed at the lamellar surface.magnified image
Z, E‐Isomerization mechanism for N‐arylthio‐1,4‐benzoquinonimines: DNMR and DFT investigations
Authors: Pirozhenko V. V. , Rozhenko A. B. , Avdeenko A. P. , Konovalova S. A. , Santalova A. A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractZ, E‐Isomerization has been investigated for the series of the N‐arylthio‐1,4‐benzoquinonimines using a line shape analysis in the 1H NMR spectra. Thermodynamic parameters and substituent effects have been analyzed for the isomerization process. It has been shown based on the DFT (B3LYP) calculations that the dynamic transformation for N‐arylthio‐1,4‐benzoquinonimines should be considered as a combination of the two different processes, a rotation about the NS bond and an inversion at nitrogen via the transition state with the linear C NS moiety. The free energies of activation for the isomerization (ΔG298 K) measured experimentally depend on the substitution in the quinonimine moiety and phenyl ring and can be referred either to the inversion of the nitrogen atom or to the hindered rotation about the NS bond. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of mono‐ and di‐methoxy substituted acrylate polymers containing photocrosslinkable pendant chalcone moiety
Authors: Tamilvanan M. , Pandurangan A. , Subramanian K. , Reddy B. S. R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwo acrylate monomers – 4‐(2′‐methoxycinnamoyl)phenyl acrylate, and 4‐(2′,5′‐dimethoxycinnamoyl)phenyl acrylate – comprising photocrosslinkable pendant chalcone moiety and a free radical polymerizable group were synthesized. The monomers were polymerized in the presence of ethyl methyl ketone at 70°C using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The polymers were characterized by UV, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectra. The weight and number average molecular weights of the polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The thermal stability of the polymers was studied by TGA under a nitrogen atmosphere. Glass transition temperatures of the polymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The photoreactivity of the polymers was investigated for potential applications as photoresists in solution using various solvents. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature and shear dependencies of rheology of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐itaconic acid) dope in DMF
Authors: Devasia Renjith , Nair C. P. Reghunadhan , Ninan K. N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPoly(acrylonitrile‐co‐itaconic acid) (poly(AN‐co‐IA)) precursor required for carbon fiber production is made into a dope and spun into fibers using a suitable spinning technique. The viscosity of the resin dope is decided by the polymer concentration, polymer molecular weight, temperature, and shear force. The shear rheology of concentrated poly(AN‐co‐IA) polymer solutions in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), in the $\overline M_{\rm v} $ range of 1 × 105–1 × 106 g mol−1, has been investigated in the shear rate (γ′) range of 1 × 101–5 × 104 min−1. The zero shear viscosity (η0) has been evaluated at different temperatures. The temperature dependence of zero shear viscosity conformed to the Arrhenius–Frenkel–Eyring model. The free energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔGV) values were in the range 5–32 kJ mol−1 and this value increased with increase in polymer concentration and molecular weight. A master equation for the ΔGV value of the polymer solution of any $\overline M_{\rm v} $ and concentration (c) is suggested. The power law $(\tau \, = \,k\gamma ^n )$ fitted well for the shear dependency of viscosity of these polymer solutions. The pseudoplasticity index (n) diminished with increase in polymer concentration and molecular weight. An empirical relation between viscosity (η) and $\overline M_{\rm v} $ was found to exist at constant shear rate, concentration and temperature. For each $\overline M _{\rm v} $, the equation relating n, c, and T was established. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.