bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Column Generation Algorithm for a Rich Vehicle-Routing Problem
Authors: Ceselli Alberto , Righini Giovanni , Salani Matteo 
Published: February 2009

We present an optimization algorithm developed for a provider of software-planning tools for distribution logistics companies. The algorithm computes a daily plan for a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles that depart from different depots and must visit a set of customers for delivery operations. In this rich vehicle-routing problem (VRP), we consider multiple capacities; time windows associated with depots and customers; incompatibility constraints between goods, depots, vehicles, and customers; maximum route length and duration; upper limits on the number of consecutive driving hours and compulsory drivers' rest periods; the possibility of skipping some customers and using express courier services instead of the given fleet to fulfill some orders; the option of splitting up the orders; and the possibility of open routes that do not terminate at depots. Moreover, the cost of each vehicle route is computed through a system of fees depending on the locations visited by the vehicle, the distance traveled, the vehicle load, and the number of stops along the route. We developed a column generation algorithm where the pricing problem is a particular resource-constrained elementary shortest-path problem, solved through a bounded bidirectional dynamic programming algorithm. We describe how to encode the cost function and the complicating constraints by an appropriate use of resources, and we present computational results on real instances obtained from the software company.
Role of Huperzine a in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Desilets Alicia R , Gickas Jennifer J , Dunican Kaelen C 
Published: February 2009

Objective: To review the role of huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1950–September week 2, 2008), EMBASE (all years), Google Scholar, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and a bibliographic review of relevant articles. Key words included huperzine, huperin, Huperzia serrata, and Alzheimer's disease. Study Selection And Data Extraction: All clinical trials published in the English language that evaluated huperzine A in patients with AD were included in this review. Articles published in Chinese were included when English abstracts or electronic translation technology were available. Data Synthesis: AD is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder for which there is no cure; available therapies only decrease cognitive decline. Huperzine A, an alkaloid derived from Chinese club moss (H. serrata), acts as a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and may also display neuroprotective properties. Preliminary data suggest that huperzine A may improve cognition; studies ranging from 8 to 12 weeks have found improvements in the Mini-Mental State Examination score of 1-5 points. Conclusions: Although use of huperzine A has shown promising results in patients with AD, data supporting its use are limited by weak study design. Largescale, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are necessary to establish the role of huperzine A in the treatment of AD.
Playing the race card: Making race salient in defence opening and closing statements
Authors: Bucolo Donald O. , Cohn Ellen S. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose. Researchers have reported that making a Black defendant's race salient reduces White jurors' tendency to find Black defendants guilty (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000). We examined whether making race salient by including racially salient statements in the defence attorney's opening and closing statements (i.e., ‘playing the race card’) reduced White jurors' racial bias against a Black defendant.Method. We obtained scores on racial attitudes for 151 White college students who participated in an experiment where defendant race (Black, White) and race salience (not salient, salient) were manipulated in a between‐subjects design. Participants read one of four trial stimuli and completed dependent measures.Results. ‘Playing the race card’ reduced White juror racial bias as White jurors' ratings of guilt for Black defendants were significantly lower when the defence attorney's statements included racially salient statements. White juror ratings of guilt for White defendants and Black defendants were not significantly different when race was not made salient. This effect was separate from jurors' level of prejudice (as measured by racial attitudes) as high prejudice participants were more likely than low prejudice participants to find the Black defendant guilty, independent of the race salience manipulation.Conclusion. Our study indicated that an explicit attempt by a defence attorney to ‘play the race card’ was a beneficial trial strategy a defence attorney could use to reduce White jurors' bias towards Black defendants. However, the beneficial effect of such a strategy may not reduce White jurors' bias towards Black defendants for all White jurors.
Improved Calibration and Correction Techniques for Pressuremeters
Authors: Murat J-R , Lemoigne Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Equipment calibration is essential to the pressuremeter test procedure in order to obtain meaningful results. This paper assesses the accuracy of the standard calibration procedures for a monocell pressuremeter probe. The probe was inserted into sets of instrumented aluminum tubes of various lengths and diameters. The pressure distribution acting against the cavity wall was determined for different levels of probe inflation. Continuous information about the inflation resistance of the probe was also obtained as well as the correlations between the applied pressure, the volume of fluid injected, and the average probe diameter. A more reliable procedure for membrane reaction calibration is then recommended, as well as a new volumetric correction for end perturbations. The influence of low temperatures on the overall behavior of the equipment is also discussed.
A Scientific Basis for the Use of Index Tests in Identification of Expansive Soils
Authors: Sridharan A , Rao SM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The paper examines the scientific basis in the use of index properties, such as liquid limit, plasticity index, and activity, for estimating expansivities of natural kaolinitic and montmorillonitic soils by consideration of the fundamental mechanisms governing the soil swelling and plasticity characteristics. Results showed that the physicochemical mechanisms governing the swelling ability and index properties are similar in case of montmorillonitic soils; hence the use of index tests in estimating expansivities of montmorillonitic soils is mechanistically justified. The index properties of kaolinitic soils are not a function of diffuse double layer repulsion (the seat of swelling forces), and hence their employment in prediction of soil expansivities has no scientific basis. Comparison of classifications based on index properties with those obtained from oedometer results for the kaolinitic and montmorillonitic soils indicated that the index tests are better suited for prediction of expansivities of montmorillonitic soils. The results also illustrated that the free-swell procedure earlier proposed by the authors is a more reliable means of estimating expansivities in comparison to index properties and is applicable to both kaolinitic and montmorillonitic soils.
Minimum Test Specimen for Gradation Analysis
Authors: Howard AK , Horz RC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Minimum test specimen masses are recommended for gradation analysis testing. The specimen is based on the accuracy required and the maximum particle size present in the soil being tested. For gradation analyses to be reported to the nearest 1 percentage point, the minimum test specimen mass should be at least 100 times the mass of an idealized maximum size particle.
A New Apparatus for the Evaluation of Electro-Kinetic Processes in Hazardous Waste Management
Authors: Yeung AT , Sadek SM , Mitchell JK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Possible uses of electro-kinetics for hazardous waste site remediation are being investigated. This paper describes a new apparatus which has been specifically designed, fabricated, and assembled to evaluate the viability, feasibility, practicality, and potential costs of these conceivable techniques experimentally. Results of studies on the existence of electro-osmotic flow in compacted clay and the electro-kinetic barrier to contaminant transport are used to illustrate the types of information that can be obtained by the apparatus.
Long-Term Filtration Behaviour of Soil-Geotextile System
Authors: Rao GV , Gupta KK , Pradhan MPS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In addition to soil retention and permeability requirements for a geotextile filter, a geotextile should be able to function without having a significant number of its openings clogged. In order to evaluate the long-term filtration behaviour of a soil-geotextile system, a permeameter is developed in which both the long-term flow rates as well as the gradient ratio tests can be conducted simultaneously for different soils at different densities. Uniformly graded Ottawa sand mixed with various percentages of fine-grained silty soil is used to represent the unstable soil condition for internal soil migration. Two types of needle-punched nonwoven and one type of woven geotextiles are used whose opening sizes satisfy the soil retention criteria for the soil mixtures used.
An unstable flow behaviour is observed during the initial period of filtration. Fine soil particles move toward the geotextile and are either trapped within the geotextile or retained upstream, decreasing the flow rate of the soil-geotextile system. Continuous reduction in flow rate is observed which finally reaches a constant stabilized value. It is also observed that the fine soils adjacent to the geotextile pass through it and the flow rate increases. The duration of such unstable behaviour and time taken to attain a stabilized flow condition increase with fine contents.
The gradient ratio also attains a stable value in the long run after the formation of a soil filter cake in the soil-geotextile system. The initial unstable period does not indicate true clogging behaviour of the system. In view of this, it is recommended that a long-term stabilized gradient ratio be determined instead of the 24-h gradient ratio.
The Application of Time Domain Reflectometry in Geotechnical Instrumentation
Authors: Look BG , Reeves IN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The performance of road pavements and earth structures is dependent on the moisture regime experienced during their service life. One of the practical challenges in understanding moisture regimes in earth structures has been to continuously monitor moisture fluctuations in a nondestructive and reasonably accurate way. The time domain reflectometry (TDR) device shows considerable promise in overcoming many of the drawbacks of traditional techniques. The TDR measures the volumetric moisture content of the soil via a buried sensor (probe). Probes can be buried and monitored remotely, and an immediate result can be obtained.
This paper outlines the principles of the TDR device and its mode of operation. Brief details are presented on the experience gained using the TDR on embankment installations, which are currently being monitored. Scope exists for its wider application in the general field of geotechnical instrumentation.
B-Value Measurements for Granular Materials at High Confining Pressures
Authors: Yamamuro JA , Lade PV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The pore-pressure coefficient, B, is used often to check the degree of saturation of triaxial specimens. A B-value approaching unity is taken to indicate full saturation. The B-value has been measured experimentally at high confining pressures (0.07 to 69 MPa) and found to be substantially less than unity, despite full saturation. Although lowered B-values can be evaluated reliably under high-stress conditions, saturation checks are performed most conveniently at low confining pressures.
Dynamic Centrifuge Testing of Soil-Nailed Excavations
Authors: Vucetic M , Tufenkjian MR , Doroudian M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A series of dynamic centrifuge tests was conducted on models of soil-nailed excavations. The models were subjected to various levels of horizontal shaking to investigate the seismic stability of their prototypes. The scaling factor was 50 in all tests, the depth of the prototype excavation was H = 7.6 m, and the length of nails in each test varied between 0.33 H and 1 H. The tests revealed the most probable failure mechanism under strong shaking and at the same time showed that soil nailing is an excellent method for earth support in seismic regions. The paper describes details of the testing procedure. The procedure includes selection and preparation of the soil, selection and design of the nails and facing, step-by-step filling of the model box, rough simulation of possible geologic history of the soil, excavation and installation of the nails and facing, cyclic shaking, measurements of accelerations and displacements, excavation and incisions of the nailed soil after the tests, and data processing. The investigation showed that centrifuge testing can successfully simulate dynamic soil-structure interaction for complex geotechnical systems such as soil nailing. However, to incorporate pertinent details of the prototype into the model and to provide the proper boundary conditions, a carefully planned step-by-step testing procedure must be implemented. Limitations of the testing and problems encountered are also discussed.
Some Factors Affecting In Situ Measurement Using the Cambridge Self-Boring Pressuremeter
Authors: Findlay RC , Benoit J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Research presented in this paper was conducted to assess the influence of environmental and physical factors on measurements made with the self-boring pressuremeter (SBPM). It was found that temperature changes during deployment and long-term instrument calibration drift can result in misinterpretation of in situ soil properties. It was also observed that neglecting to consider the sequential order of strain arm lift-off and radial confinement in both membrane calibration and data reduction can have an effect on interpretation of horizontal stresses, particularly in soft clays. Control experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of these factors. Based on the results of these experiments, a method for assessing excess pore pressure at the beginning of a test using the standard Cambridge SBPM transducers was developed. This method incorporates findings from temperature behavior tests. In addition, a modified method of membrane stiffness correction is proposed which includes consideration of sequential order of lift-off and confinement effects.
In-Plane Air Flow Through Needle-Punched, Nonwoven Geotextiles Under Normal Loading
Authors: Weggel JR , Gontar WA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Knowledge of the in-plane permeability of nonwoven geotextiles to air and other gases has important applications including, for example, the transport and collection of methane gas beneath landfill caps. The results of in-plane flow measurements of air through eight different needle-punched, nonwoven geotextiles are presented. Air flow was measured using a radial flow device under a range of inflow pressures and compressive loads tending to reduce the geotextile's thickness. Inflow pressures ranged from 6.9 to 20.7 kPa (1 to 3 psi), while compressive loads ranged from 13.8 to 372 kPa (2 to 54 psi). The flow through the radial flow device is described mathematically to account for the compressive load borne by the air pressure between the plates of the device. A dimensional analysis of the important variables results in a description of the flow using five dimensionless terms including a dimensionless permeability. The analysis indicates that all eight needle-punched, nonwoven geotextiles, in spite of their variable thickness, differing materials, and differing post-treatment, are essentially identical in their performance in terms of how air flows through them. The intrinsic permeability of all eight geotextiles can be estimated to within 8% (worst case) by the equation k=[1.7578ν4∕3g2∕3[ΔpγΔL]−0.398t−0.659]1.4914 in which k is the in-plane intrinsic permeability, γ is the unit weight of the fluid, Δp is the pressure drop along the flow path, ΔL is the length of the flow path (Δp/ΔL is the pressure gradient), t is the thickness of the geotextile, and v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
A Study of Undrained Shear Strength Using Various Vanes
Authors: Silvestri V , Aubertin M , Chapuis RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A field study of the undrained shear strength of a sensitive clay deposit was carried out by means of various vane configurations. Rectangular, rhomboidal, triangular, and elliptic vane blades were used. The assumption of isotropy of the undrained shear strength indicates that a uniform shear stress distribution gives a better fit to the observed response than a triangular distribution
Mikasa's Direct Shear Apparatus, Test Procedures and Results
Authors: Takada N 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Mikasa's direct shear apparatus and test procedures are presented. This test apparatus was developed in 1960 to conduct constant volume shear tests, which correspond to undrained shear tests for saturated soils. This apparatus overcomes several defects of the traditional apparatus. The advantages of the direct shear test over the triaxial test are discussed, and typical examples of test results are presented. Some modifications of the test apparatus and procedures permitted automation of constant volume shear tests and unconsolidated undrained shear tests.
Swell Potential Versus Overburden Pressure
Authors: Sikh TS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Data were collected and reviewed pertaining to one-dimensional vertical free-swell tests performed on existing fill soils from various projects located in Southern California. The purpose of reviewing the data was to evaluate the effect of overburden pressure on the swelling potential of expansive soils. The swell tests were performed on relatively undisturbed specimens at the in-place moisture content and density under the actual overburden pressure. The data indicate that at an overburden pressure of approximately 1400 lb/ft2 (67 kPa) or greater, the swell potential generally decreases to less than 1%.
Monitoring System for Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Covers
Authors: Benson CH , Bosscher PJ , Lane DT , Pliska RJ 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThree test sections were constructed and instrumented to assess the hydrologic behavior of earthen final covers at two municipal solid waste landfills. A traditional design using a “resistive barrier” was used for two of the test sections, whereas an alternative design using a “capillary barrier” was used for the third test section. The test sections were built in two distinctly different climates: humid with high precipitation (Atlanta, Georgia) and arid (East Wenatchee, Washington). Each test section was instrumented to measure climatologic variables, overland flow, percolation, soil temperature, and soil water content. This paper focuses on the construction and instrumentation of the test sections.A data acquisition and control computer (DACC) is used to collect data and control various components of the monitoring system. The system in Atlanta is powered by 115 volts alternating current (VAC), whereas the system in Wenatchee is powered by solar panels and batteries. Telecommunications are established via traditional telephone lines or by cellular transmission. Commercially available equipment sold by a variety of vendors was used. After approximately two years of operation, maintenance requirements for the systems have been minimal.The writers have found that a DACC used to remotely monitor the hydrology of final covers must permit system control and remote access. Selection of robust instruments that require minimal calibration and maintenance is also essential. Experience has shown that selecting the sampling frequency is best accomplished through initially sampling rapidly and then adjusting the sampling frequency to obtain representative data. Periodic manual measurements have also been useful in error checking and in ensuring confidence in the data.
A Multiple Purpose Soil Testing Apparatus
Authors: Huang AB , Hsu SP , Kuhn HR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A relatively compact soil testing system that is capable of performing monotonic/cyclic triaxial and torsional simple shear tests has been developed. A high-torque direct-drive, servo/stepper motor is used to provide the driving force. Under the servo mode, the motor could be controlled to provide a constant torque, which is used in stress-controlled tests. Strain-controlled tests are conducted using the stepper control mode. To perform triaxial tests, the rotational motion of the motor is transformed into linear motion using a preloaded ball screw shaft. A preloaded ball spline shaft directly attached to the motor is used to perform torsional simple shear tests. Because there are no gears in the driving system, there is no backlash during reversals of loading directions. The motor is equipped with an encoder and an indexer. The extremely rigid driving system and high resolution of the encoder enable the linear and rotational displacement to be monitored through the encoder/indexer system. Test control and data logging are fully automated using a personal computer. This paper provides details of the apparatus. A set of strain-controlled test data are presented to demonstrate capabilities of the new apparatus.
Physical Modeling of Drilled Shaft Side Resistance in Sand
Authors: Turner JP , Kulhawy FH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Dimensional analysis of deep foundation side resistance is used to formulate the laws of similitude for drilled shaft uplift capacity. The resulting prediction equation for dimensionless side resistance then is tested against the results of static uplift load tests on model drilled shaft foundations in sand constructed at three different scales, all satisfying the same conditions of similitude. The test results and analysis of soil response show that soil dilation, constant thickness of the soil shear zone surrounding the shaft regardless of shaft diameter, and curvature in the Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope at low normal stresses can combine to cause apparent scale effects. These mechanisms are isolated and evaluated quantitatively for the shafts of this study, and apparent scale effects are eliminated by applying correction factors to the load test results. The factors illustrated by this study are used to develop guidelines for: (1) conducting model load tests to avoid scale effects and (2) developing correction factors for small-scale models that may be affected by apparent scale effects.