bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Data Analysis of Coalbed-Methane Wells
Authors: Clarkson C. R. , Jordan C. L. , Gierhart R. R. , Seidle J. P. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryRecent advances in production data analysis (PDA) techniques have greatly assisted engineers in extracting meaningful reservoir and stimulation information from well-production and flowing-pressure data. Application of these techniques to coalbed-methane (CBM) reservoirs requires the unique coal storage and transport properties to be accounted for. In recent work, the authors [ex. Clarkson et al. (2007a) and Jordan et al. (2006)] and others [ex. Gerami et al. (2007)] have demonstrated how new techniques such as the flowing material balance (FMB) and production type curves may be adapted to account for CBM storage mechanisms (i.e., adsorption), but, to date, the focus has been on relatively simple CBM reservoir behavior such as single-phase (gas) reservoirs with static effective permeability.The major contribution of the current work is the adaptation of modern PDA techniques (by use of modified material balance time/pseudotime and pseudopressure definitions) to analyze producing wells completed in CBM reservoirs exhibiting several possible flow characteristics: single-phase flow of gas in dry CBM reservoirs, single-phase flow of water (in undersaturated reservoirs), and two-phase (gas and water) flow (in saturated reservoirs). The latter reservoir type commonly exhibits effective permeability changes during depletion (because of relative and/or absolute permeability changes) and changing gas composition caused by relative adsorption effects, both of which have been accounted for in the current work. Specifically, the FMB technique is modified to include several complex CBM reservoir characteristics, and production type curves are applied to some scenarios. Although dry-CBM-well analysis was covered previously [ex. Clarkson et al. (2007a)], we will also discuss FMB development in these reservoirs for completeness.Several synthetic and field examples are given to demonstrate how FMB, type-curve analysis, and analytical simulation can be used in parallel to provide a particularly useful data-analysis toolset and workflow. These techniques were used successfully to extract quantitative reservoir information from single- and two-phase CBM-simulated and field-production pressure data. The PDA techniques developed for two-phase CBM require further evaluation, however.
Hydrocarbon Compositional Gradient Revealed by In-Situ Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Fujisawa Go , Betancourt Soraya S. , Mullins Oliver C. , Torgersen Torleif , O'Keefe Michael , Terabayashi Toru , Dong Chengli , Eriksen Kåre Otto 
Published: May 2008

Summary
This paper presents a case study of a North Sea appraisal well in which a vertical fluid-composition variation, missed by a conventional pressure-gradient-analysis method, was observed in situ in real time by a new fluid-composition analyzer using visible near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. For optimal oil production, assessing the spatial variation of fluid properties is as vital as assessing the spatial variation of formation properties.
Conventional wireline triple-combination measurements showed that the interval of interest was uniform and free of noticeable impermeable layers. A resistivity log showed an approximate oil/water contact (OWC). Wireline pressure testing identified three different pressure gradients corresponding to gas, oil, and water, all in hydraulic communication. However, the pressure testing did not indicate a gradient in hydrocarbon composition. Fluid was sampled and analyzed in real time by a wireline fluid-sampling-analyzing tool string that included the fluid-composition analyzer. This tool analyzes petroleum fluid and gives concentrations for four group compositions (C1, C2–C5, C6+, and CO2), gas/oil ratio (GOR), and qualitative information regarding heavy-end content and stock-tank crude density. The analyzer showed that the hydrocarbon fluid in an oil-bearing zone was not vertically homogeneous but, instead, had a vertical variation. The samples captured by the wireline sampling tool were sent to a laboratory for compositional analysis that confirmed the variation determined by the downhole analysis. Both results identified the heterogeneity of hydrocarbon fluid in the interval.
This paper also briefly covers the measurement principle of the analyzer and discusses the impacts and benefits brought about by the new technology. The concept of flexible fluid sampling is particularly important because it enables operators to make sampling decisions on the basis of real-time fluid-analysis results rather than a predetermined job plan.
Partial Probabilistic Addition: A Practical Approach for Aggregating Gas Resources
Authors: Delfiner Pierre , Barrier Robert 
Published: May 2008

Summary
The portfolio of gas sources to supply a liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) project may involve many diverse fields, each with its range of uncertainty and degree of maturity. For project approval, it is necessary to aggregate the reserves/resources of all these fields into project-level representative numbers, either deterministic or probabilistic.
Arithmetic addition of all low estimates (1P or P90) and all high estimates (3P or P10) is known to overstate the range of uncertainty. On the other hand, independent probabilistic addition tends to produce unrealistically narrow ranges. The correct answer would be obtained by using correlated addition, but this requires the estimation of all correlations between field-resource estimates.
This paper presents a simplified and pragmatic approach, partial probabilistic addition. A hierarchy of "resource containers" is defined from individual reservoirs to total project level, and resources are aggregated from bottom upward using either arithmetic or probabilistic addition—whichever is more appropriate. This amounts to setting weak correlations to 0 and strong correlations to 1. Expert opinion is solicited only concerning the strength of dependencies, rather than being asked to specify elusive correlation coefficients.
The validity of the approach is investigated by applying partial probabilistic addition to a synthetic portfolio of fields with the same log-normal size distribution. The study indicates the feasibility of estimating a global P90 with a controlled error, whereas for a P10, the error can become quite large. The method is then discussed using a real LNG case study.
Partial probabilistic addition is a practical method. It is easy to understand and to explain. It can be summarized in a single table where a color code indicates how its value was calculated for each cell. These features facilitate technical interchange and quality control, which are key to reducing as much as possible the degree of arbitrariness inherent in the modeling of dependencies.
Revisiting Reservoir Flood-Surveillance Methods Using Streamlines
Authors: Batycky Rod P. , Thiele Marco R. , Baker Richard O. , Chugh Shelin H. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
This paper revisits classic flood-surveillance methods applied to injection/production data and demonstrates how such methods can be improved with streamline-based calculations. Classic methods rely on fixed patterns and geometric-based well-rate allocation factors (WAFs). In this paper, we compare conclusions about pattern performance from classic surveillance calculations to conclusions about pattern performance from a streamline surveillance model using flow-based WAFs. We show that very different conclusions on pattern performance can be reached, depending on which approach is used. We introduce streamline-defined, time-varying injector-centered patterns as the basic pattern unit, with offset producers being those to which the injector is connected. Such patterns give a better measure of an injector's true effectiveness because of the improved estimation of offset oil production compared to fixed, predefined patterns.
In the second part of this paper, we illustrate how to build a relevant streamline-based surveillance model. We compare WAFs and offset oil production computed from much more laborintensive, history-matched flow-simulation models to that from much simpler surveillance models and illustrate the difference with a field example. As long as offset-well rates are a function of neighboring-well rates—as is typical in many waterfloods— capturing first-order flow effects is sufficient to produce a surveillance model that is useful for reservoir-engineering purposes. Properly accounting for well locations, historical rates, gross geological bodies, and major flow barriers is generally sufficient to produce a useful surveillance model that replicates well pairs and total interwell fluxes that are similar to those of more-complex and more-expensive history-matched models. We believe that this similarity arises because historical well rates already mirror reservoir connectivity, and it is well rates that mainly impact how the streamlines connect well pairs.
Apoptosis of ligamentous cells of the cranial cruciate ligament from stable stifle joints of dogs with partial cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Krayer Magali , Rytz Ulrich , Oevermann Anna , Doherr Marcus G. , Forterre Franck , Zurbriggen Andreas , Spreng David E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To describe the presence and amount of apoptotic ligamentous cells in different areas of partially ruptured canine cranial cruciate ligaments (prCCLs) and to compare these findings with apoptosis of ligamentous cells in totally ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments (trCCLs).
Animals—20 dogs with prCCLs and 14 dogs with trCCLs.
Procedures—Dogs with prCCLs or trCCLs were admitted to the veterinary hospital for stifle joint treatment. Biopsy specimens of the intact area of prCCLs (group A) and the ruptured area of prCCLs (group B) as well as specimens from trCCLs (group C) were harvested during arthroscopy. Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) detection were used to detect apoptotic ligamentous cells by immunohistochemistry.
Results—No difference was found in the degree of synovitis or osteophytosis between prCCLs and trCCLs. No difference was found in degenerative changes in ligaments between groups A and B. A substantial amount of apoptotic cells could be found in > 90% of all stained slides. A correlation (rs = 0.71) was found between the number of caspase-3-and PARP-positive cells. No significant difference was found in the amount of apoptotic cells among the 3 groups. No significant correlation could be detected between the degree of synovitis and apoptotic cells or osteophyte production and apoptotic cells.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The lack of difference between the 3 groups indicates that apoptosis could be a factor in the internal disease process leading to CCL rupture and is not primarily a consequence of the acute rupture of the ligament.
Changes in gallbladder volume in healthy dogs after food was withheld for 12 hours followed by ingestion of a meal or a meal containing erythromycin
Authors: Ramstedt Keri L. , Center Sharon A. , Randolph John F. , Yeager Amy E. , Erb Hollis N. , Warner Karen L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess the influence of meal ingestion and orally administered erythromycin on gallbladder volume in dogs.
Animals—22 healthy dogs.
Procedures—Ultrasonographically determined gallbladder dimensions in unsedated dogs were used to calculate volume. Measurements were recorded after food was withheld for 12 hours (time 0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after a 100-g meal without (n = 22) or with erythromycin (1.0 mg/kg [7], 2.5 mg/kg [7], and both dosages [8]). Gallbladder ejection fraction represented the percentage of volume change from time 0. Intraday and interday coefficients of variation determined operator repeatability and physiologic variation.
Results—We did not detect significant differences in gallbladder volume per unit of body weight between treatments at time 0 or in ejection fraction percentage within or between treatments. Median time 0 gallbladder volume was 0.6 mL/kg (range, 0.4 to 1.9) but was > 1.0 mL/kg in 3 of 22 (14%) dogs and ≤ 1.0 mL/kg in 19 of 22 (86%) dogs. Twenty dogs achieved an ejection fraction ≥ 25% with at least 1 treatment, but 2 dogs with a gallbladder volume ≤ 1.0 mL/kg at time 0 did not. Intraday and interday coefficients of variation were 18% and 25%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Gallbladder volume ≤ 1.0 mL/kg at time 0 and ejection fraction ≥ 25% were typical. No treatment consistently induced greater gallbladder contraction. Dogs with a gallbladder volume > 1.0 mL/kg and ejection fraction < 25% may require a combined meal and erythromycin protocol.
Activity of selected rostral and caudal hyoid muscles in clinically normal horses during strenuous exercise
Authors: Morello Samantha L. , Ducharme Norm G. , Hackett Richard P. , Warnick Lorin D. , Mitchell Lisa M. , Soderholm L. Vince 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the phase and quantitate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, hyoepiglotticus, omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles of clinically normal horses during strenuous exercise.
Animals—7 clinically normal adult horses (2 Thoroughbreds and 5 Standardbreds).
Procedures—Bipolar electrodes were surgically implanted in the aforementioned muscles, and horses were subjected to an incremental exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. The EMG, heart rate, respiratory rate, and static pharyngeal airway pressures were measured during exercise. The EMG was measured as mean electrical activity (MEA). The MEA values for maximal exercise intensity (13 or 14 m/s) were expressed as a percentage of the MEA measured at an exercise intensity of 6 m/s.
Results—MEA was detected during expiration in the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles and during inspiration in the hyoepiglotticus and sternothyroideus muscles. Intensity of the MEA increased significantly with exercise intensity in the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, and hyoepiglotticus muscles. Intensity of the MEA increased significantly in relation to expiratory pharyngeal pressure in the geniohyoideus and hyoepiglotticus muscles.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Once exercise intensity reached 6 m/s, no quantifiable additional increase in muscular activity was detected in the omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles. However, muscles that may affect the diameter of the oropharynx (genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles) or rima glottis (hyoepiglotticus muscle) had activity correlated with the intensity of exercise or expiratory pharyngeal pressures. Activity of the muscles affecting the geometry of the oropharynx may be important in the pathophysiologic processes associated with nasopharyngeal patency.
Clinical and clinicopathologic features of dogs that consumed foodborne hepatotoxic aflatoxins: 72 cases (2005–2006)
Authors: Dereszynski Diane M. , Center Sharon A. , Randolph John F. , Brooks Marjory B. , Hadden Alice G. , Palyada Kiran S. , McDonough Sean P. , Messick Joanne , Stokol Tracy , Bischoff Karyn L. , Gluckman Stuart , Sanders Sara Y. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To characterize clinical signs, clinicopathologic features, treatments, and survival in dogs with naturally acquired foodborne aflatoxicosis.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—72 dogs that consumed aflatoxin-contaminated commercial dog food.
Procedures—Medical records of affected dogs were reviewed. Between December 2005 and March 2006, dogs were identified as having foodborne aflatoxin hepatotoxicosis on the basis of the history of consumption of contaminated food or characteristic histopathologic lesions (subject dog or a recently deceased dog in the same household or kennel). Recorded information included signalment, clinical features, clinicopathologic test results, treatments, and survival. Data were analyzed by survival status.
Results—Most dogs were of large breeds from breeding kennels. No significant differences were found in age or weight between 26 (36%) survivor dogs and 46 (64%) nonsurvivor dogs. Severity of clinical signs varied widely; 7 dogs died abruptly. In order of onset, clinical features included anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea (melena, hematochezia), abdominal effusion, peripheral edema, and terminal encephalopathy and hemorrhagic diathesis. Common clinicopathologic features included coagulopathic and electrolyte disturbances, hypoproteinemia, increased serum liver enzyme activities, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypocholesterolemia. Cytologic hepatocellular lipid vacuolation was confirmed in 11 dogs examined. In comparisons of clinicopathologic test results between survivor and nonsurvivor dogs, only granular cylindruria (7/21 dogs) consistently predicted death. Best early markers of aflatoxicosis were low plasma activities of anticoagulant proteins (protein C, antithrombin) and hypocholesterolemia. Despite aggressive treatment, many but not all severely affected dogs died.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum liver enzyme activities and bilirubin concentration were unreliable early markers of aflatoxin hepatotoxicosis in dogs. Hypocholesterolemia and decreased plasma protein C and antithrombin activities may function as exposure biomarkers.
Clinical and cytogenetic characterization of 13 Dutch patients with deletion 9p syndrome: Delineation of the critical region for a consensus phenotype
Authors: Swinkels Mariëlle E.M. , Simons Annet , Smeets Dominique F. , Vissers Lisenka E. , Veltman Joris A. , Pfundt Rolph , de Vries Bert B.A. , Faas Brigitte H.W. , Schrander‐Stumpel Connie T.R.M. , McCann Emma , Sweeney Elizabeth , May Paul , Draaisma Jos M. , Knoers Nine V. , van Kessel Ad Geurts , van Ravenswaaij‐Arts Conny M.A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe deletion 9p syndrome is caused by a constitutional monosomy of part of the short arm of chromosome 9. It is clinically characterized by dysmorphic facial features (trigonocephaly, midface hypoplasia, and long philtrum), hypotonia and mental retardation. Deletion 9p is known to be heterogeneous and exhibits variable deletion sizes. The critical region for a consensus phenotype has been reported to be located within a ∼4–6 Mb interval on 9p22. In the present study, deletion breakpoints were determined in 13 Dutch patients by applying fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and in some specific cases by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). No clear genotype–phenotype correlation could be established for various developmental features. However, we were able to narrow down the critical region for deletion 9p syndrome to ∼300 kb. A functional candidate gene for trigonocephaly, the CER1 gene, appeared to be located just outside this region. Sequence analysis of this gene in nine additional patients with isolated trigonocephaly did not reveal any pathogenic mutations. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary microcephaly with ASPM mutation shows simplified cortical gyration with antero‐posterior gradient pre‐ and post‐natally
Authors: Desir Julie , Cassart Marie , David Philippe , Van Bogaert Patrick , Abramowicz Marc 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrimary microcephaly is a disorder of brain development characterized by a congenitally small but normally formed brain, and non‐progressive mild‐to‐moderate mental retardation. Most cases are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, with genetic heterogeneity, the ASPM locus being most common. Postnatal imaging data are scarce and prenatal imaging unreported. Microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern shares features with primary microcephaly, but it is not clear whether these disorders are part of a phenotypic continuum. We examined a consanguineous family with a daughter affected with primary microcephaly and an ongoing pregnancy. We performed prenatal and postnatal brain magnetic resonance imaging and genetic analyses in the course of genetic evaluation. The affected daughter and the fetus were homozygous for polymorphic markers linked to the ASPM locus, and we identified a novel, truncating ASPM mutation by direct sequencing of the gene. Imaging at 30 and 35 gestational weeks showed microcephaly with simplified gyration, more severe anteriorly. The antero‐posterior gradient of gyration persisted 1 week after birth. Brain imaging in the affected sister also showed some degree of a predominantly anterior simplification of gyration. Our data suggest that one form of autosomal recessive microcephaly is allelic to at least a subset of microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern, and that the neuronal depletion associated with the ASPM defect predominantly affects the anterior cortex. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between two polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Xu X. , Aysimi E. , Anney R. , Brookes K. , Franke B. , Zhou K. , Buschgens C. , Chen W. , Christiansen H. , Eisenberg J. , Gabriëls I. , Manor I. , Marco R. , Müller U.C. , Mulligan A. , Rommelse N. , Thompson M. , Uebel H. , Banaschewski T. , Buitelaar J. , Ebstein R. , Gill M. , Miranda A. , Mulas F. , Oades R.D. , Roeyers H. , Rothenberger A. , Sergeant J. , Sonuga‐Barke E. , Steinhausen H.‐C. , Taylor E. , Faraone S.V. , Asherson P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSeveral independent studies have reported association between serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Five studies found evidence for association between the long‐allele of a 44‐bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) and ADHD. Another two studies corroborated this finding while a further six studies did not find such an association. For a second polymorphism within the gene, a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) within intron 2, one study demonstrated that the 12/12 genotype was significantly less frequent in ADHD cases compared to controls, while a second study found that the 12‐allele was preferentially transmitted to offspring affected with ADHD. To provide further clarification of the reported associations, we investigated the association of these two markers with ADHD in a sample of 1,020 families with 1,166 combined type ADHD cases for the International Multi‐Centre ADHD Genetics project, using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test. Given the large body of work supporting the association of the promoter polymorphism and mood disorders, we further analyzed the group of subjects with ADHD plus mood disorder separately. No association was found between either of the two markers and ADHD in our large multisite study or with depression within the sample of ADHD cases. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.