Abstract 5937: KS20226, a first-in-class IRP2 inhibitor, preferentially induces reprogramming of iron metabolism and suppresses tumor growth in colorectal cancer
Authors: Hwang Jieon , Park Areum , Kim Chinwoo , Kim Chang Gon , Kwak Jaesung , Kim Byungil , Shin Hyunjin , Ku Minhee , Yang Jaemoon , Baek Ayoung , Choi Jiwon , Lim Hocheol , No Kyoung Tai , Zhao Xianghua , Choi Uyeong , Kim Tae Il , Jeong Kyu-Sung , Lee Hyuk , Shin Sang Joon 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background: Iron homeostasis plays a role in redox activity, mitochondrial function, and cell cycle regulation. Specifically, the dysregulation of iron metabolism is implicated in malignant transformation and cancer progression. Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) is crucial for maintaining balance within iron levels and primarily controls genes associated with iron utilization. Our discovery of KS20226, a first-in-class IRP2 inhibitor, reveals remarkable potential as an effective anti-cancer drug candidate. We have elucidated the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of KS20226, thereby highlighting the feasibility of targeting IRP2 in colorectal cancer (CRC).
Methods: The proliferation inhibitory activity of KS20226 was assessed the CCK-8 and 3D Spheroid models. To investigate mitochondrial function, we conducted measurement of oxidative phosphorylation (OCR) and glycoPER. Furthermore, gene expression analysis was performed through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 system platform (Macrogen Inc.). Differential expressed gene (DEG) analysis was carried out using the R package DESeq2, and pathway enrichment analysis was analyzed using GSEA (v_4.2.3.). For the observation of autophagic morphology, we utilized transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence staining targeting the autophagy marker LC3B, and immunoblotting.
Results: KS20226 exhibited a remarkable growth inhibitory effect in 10 different CRC cell lines, with GI50 values ranging from 1 to 10 μM. KS20226 suppressed IRP2 expression and the corresponding occupancy of the iron-responsive elements of ferritin H and transferrin receptor 1, resulting in iron deprivation, and efficiently controlled CRC growth. Pharmacologic inhibition of IRP2 induced reprogramming of mitochondrial respiration, reducing reliance on oxidative phosphorylation. The observed mitochondrial dysfunction induced by KS20226 was correlated with pathway analysis, revealing a decrease in the gene-set for HALLMARK_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION (NES = -1.38, p-value = 0.008) and an increase in the gene-set for POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY (NES=1.43, p-value=0.016). Immunoblotting demonstrated that KS20226 activated the phosphorylation of AMPK, ULK, and Beclin1 cascade, leading to the autophagic cell death of the CRC cells.
Conclusions: The reliance of cancer cells on iron metabolism to drive proliferation has led to the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the inhibition of IRP2. KS20226, a first-in-class IPR2 inhibitor, exhibits distinct therapeutic properties, such as perturbation of mitochondrial iron metabolism and induction of autophagic cell death. Our findings represent important progress toward exploiting IRP2-mediated abnormal iron metabolism in cancer, an unexplored area of research with substantial unmet needs.
Citation Format: Jieon Hwang, Areum Park, Chinwoo Kim, Chang Gon Kim, Jaesung Kwak, Byungil Kim, Hyunjin Shin, Minhee Ku, Jaemoon Yang, Ayoung Baek, Jiwon Choi, Hocheol Lim, Kyoung Tai No, Xianghua Zhao, Uyeong Choi, Tae Il Kim, Kyu-Sung Jeong, Hyuk Lee, Sang Joon Shin. KS20226, a first-in-class IRP2 inhibitor, preferentially induces reprogramming of iron metabolism and suppresses tumor growth in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5937.