bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The present status of the names applicable to species and infraspecific taxa of Erioderma (lichenised ascomycetes) included in Zahlbruckner's Catalogus
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJørgensen, P. M.: The present status of the names applicable to species and infraspecific taxa of Erioderma (lichenised ascomycetes) included in Zahlbruckner's Catalogus. – Taxon 50: 525–542. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.All 26 names of species and infraspecific taxa included in Zahlbruckner's Catalogus and applicable to Erioderma are listed and typified with comments on their taxonomy and distribution. The author recognises only 10 of the 17 species accepted by Zahlbruckner, but also indicates the existence of more than 10 undescribed species, mainly in South America. One new combination E. leylandii subsp. velligerum (Tuck.) P.M. Jørg. (= E. chilense Mont.) is made.
Taxonomic study of Taiwan Astragalus based on genetic variation
Authors: Luo Miaw‐Chyi , Hwu Kae‐Kang , Huang Tseng‐Chieng 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLuo, Miaw‐Chyi, Hwu, Kae‐Kang & Huang, Tseng‐Chieng: Taxonomic study of Taiwan Astragalus based on genetic variation. – Taxon 49: 35‐46. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Three species of Astragalus, A. sinicus L., A. nokoensis Sasaki, and A. nankotaizanensis Sasaki, occur in Taiwan, and the latter two are endemic. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine genetic variation of the three species. Bands in RAPD profiles were treated as independent loci. From studies of 207 individuals in eight populations of Astragalus, a total of 131 RAPD bands was generated using eleven 10‐mer primers. Genetic similarity among 207 individuals in the eight populations was calculated using Jaccard's coefficient. The results of the UPGMA cluster analysis were in broad agreement with previous classifications of these three species, which clearly discriminated between Astragalus sinicus, A. nankotaizanensis, and A. nokoensis. Based on RAPD data, A. nankotaizanensis and A. nokoensis were slightly closer than A. nokoensis and A. sinicus. A positive relationship between genetic distance and geographical distance for populations of A. nokoensis was also seen. The results of this study do not support classification of these three species into one species as A. sinicus s.l.
Identity and typification of Corallorhiza punctata and C. bulbosa (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Salazar Gerardo A. , Freudenstein John V. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySalazar, G. A. & Freudenstein, J. V.: Identity and typification of Corallorhiza punctata and C. bulbosa (Orchidaceae). ‐ Taxon 47: 51–54. 1998. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The identity of two orchid taxa described from Mexico as Corallorhiza punctata and C. bulbosa is discussed in the light of original material located at W, and not at P as would be expected. It is concluded that C. punctata falls within the older C. wisteriana and should be treated as a synonym, whereas, C. bulbosa deserves specific recognition, being distinguished from the similar C. maculata by the much smaller mentum which is non‐decurrent on the ovary, and the numerous, minute spots on the lip.
Cynanchum – Rhodostegiella – Vincetoxicum – Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae): new considerations on an old problem
Authors: Liede Sigrid 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLiede, S.: Cynanchum – Rhodostegiella – Vincetoxicum – Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae): new considerations on an old problem. – Taxon 45: 193‐211. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.On the basis of morphological and chemical data, the genus Vincetoxicum is recognized as separate from Cynanchum. Tylophora is identified as the closest relative of Vincetoxicum. In consequence, eleven new combinations in Vincetoxicum are proposed. The C. auriculatum group is recognized as C. sect. Rhodostegiella. Tylophoropsis must be included in Tylophora, which results in one new combination.
Mankyua (Ophioglossaceae): a new fern genus from Cheju Island, Korea
Authors: Sun Byung‐Yun , Kim Moon Hong , Kim Chul Hwan , Park Chong‐Wook 
Published: April 2006

SummarySun, B.‐Y., Kim, M. H., Kim, C. H. & Park, C.‐W.: Mankyua (Ophioglossaceae): a new fern genus from Cheju Island, Korea. ‐ Taxon 50: 1019–1024. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040–0262.Mankyua chejuense gen. & sp. nov. (Ophioglossaceae) is described from a lowland swampy area of Cheju Island off the south coast of the Korean Peninsula. The diagnostic characters include: (1) ternately divided compound trophophore; (2) linear and fleshy sporophore branched at base; and (3) creeping rhizome with proliferous roots. The new fern is somewhat morphologically related to Helminthostachys and Ophioglossum, but distinct enough to merit generic status.
Reinstatement of the name Richterago Kuntze and recircumscription of the genus to include species formerly treated as Actinoseris (Endl.) Cabrera (Compositae, Mutisieae)
Authors: Roque Nádia , Pirani José Rubens 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRoque, N. & Pirani, J. R.: Reinstatement of the name Richterago Kuntze and recircumscription of the genus to include species formerly treated as Actinoseris (Endl.) Cabrera (Compositae, Mutisieae). – Taxon 50: 1155–1160. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.Morphological studies of Actinoseris (Endl.) Cabrera and Gochnatia Kunth indicate that the species currently included in Gochnatia sect. Discoseris Cabrera should be transferred to Actinoseris. With this new circumscription, Richterago Kuntze is the correct generic name, having priority over Actinoseris. This paper presents a morphological description of Richterago and a nomenclatural treatment with seven new combinations.
Extreme values and crossings for theX2-Process and Other Functions of Multidimensional Gaussian Processes, by Reliability Applications
Authors: Lindgren Georg 
Published: April 2006

Extreme values of non-linear functions of multivariate Gaussian processes are of considerable interest in engineering sciences dealing with the safety of structures. One then seeks thesurvivalprobabilitywhereX(t) = (X1(t), …,Xn(t)) is a stationary, multivariate Gaussianloadprocess, andSis asafe region.In general, the asymptotic survival probability for largeT-values is the most interesting quantity.By considering the point process formed by the extreme points of the vector processX(t), and proving a general Poisson convergence theorem, we obtain the asymptotic survival probability for a large class of safe regions, including those defined by the level curves of any second- (or higher-) degree polynomial in (x1, …,xn). This makes it possible to give an asymptotic theory for the so-called Hasofer-Lind reliability index, β = inf>x∉S||x||, i.e. the smallest distance from the origin to an unsafe point.
Taxonomic monographs in relation to global Red Lists
Authors: Kirschner Jan , Kaplan Ždenek 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUpon comparison with recent monographs of Juncaceae and Potamogetonaceae, the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants is shown to be an inadequate information source for conservation decisions. A substantial proportion of names listed in the IUCN RL represent synonyms, often belonging to widespread taxa, or remain doubtful taxonomically. If a new Red List is derived from the two new monographic accounts, and compared with the 1997 IUCN RL, the correct data from the latter represent 10–25% of the former. It may concluded that the overall accuracy of the IUCN list is rather low. The importance of global taxonomic monographs as a source of basic data for the accurate compilation of Red Lists is stressed.
A stochastic calculus and its application to some fundamental theorems of natural selection
Authors: Mode Charles J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn this paper a stochastic calculus, based on limits in quadratic mean and in probability, is introduced and applied to some fundamental theorems of natural selection. The paper is divided into five principal sections. In Section 2 some elements of stochastic calculus are given, and in Section 3 the stochastic calculus is applied to the haploid case. Section 4 is devoted to the development of an analysis of variance structure applicable to a haploid population, and in Section 5 the results of Sections 3 and 4 are generalized to cover the diploid case. Finally, Section 6 is devoted to two specific examples in which the results of previous sections apply.
Some results on regular variation for distributions in queueing and fluctuation theory
Authors: Cohen J. W. 
Published: April 2006

For the distribution functions of the stationary actual waiting time and of the stationary virtual waiting time of the GI/G/l queueing system it is shown that the tails vary regularly at infinity if and only if the tail of the service time distribution varies regularly at infinity.For sn the sum of n i.i.d. variables xi, i = 1, …, n it is shown that if E {x1} < 0 then the distribution of sup, s1s2, …] has a regularly varying tail at + ∞ if the tail of the distribution of x1 varies regularly at infinity and conversely, moreover varies regularly at + ∞.In the appendix a lemma and its proof are given providing necessary and sufficient conditions for regular variation of the tail of a compound Poisson distribution.
The lengths of fragments covering a fixed marker in randomly cut linear or circular DNA
Authors: Litwin Samuel 
Published: April 2006

A linear DNA molecule may be labelled at a fixed locus by a minute complementary radioactive molecule. A collection of identical molecules is to be so labelled and each one independently cut at a random number, N, of random places, X (N Poisson, X uniform). Fragments containing the label are to be collected and assayed by length. It is shown that the recovery pattern (fragment length distribution) contains a jump discontinuity at the fixed locus and may be used to determine the distance between the attachment site and the nearest end of the molecule.The recovery pattern under the hypothesis that the collection of molecules are circularly permuted, i.e. the labelled locus is uniformly distributed over the length of the molecule, does not contain such discontinuities. The case where the labelling molecule has a non-negligible extent is also treated.
On strong mixing and Leadbetter's D condition
Authors: Chernick Michael R. 
Published: April 2006

Strong mixing is a condition which is often assumed to prove limit theorems for strictly stationary processes. Leadbetter's condition D(un) is used to prove limit theorems for maxima of stationary processes.A sufficient condition for strong mixing to hold is given for the case where the process satisfies a pth-order Markov property. This condition can be easy to check for when p is small. This point is illustrated by two examples of first-order autoregressive processes.The condition D(un) is shown to hold for any stationary Markov process.
Chaînes colorées: trois extensions d'une formule de P. Nelson
Authors: Letac Gérard 
Published: April 2006

Nelson [9], [10] has computed the generating function of return probabilities to the initial state for a particular Markov chain on permutations of three objects. The formula obtained is
The present paper studies three distinct Markov chains generalizing the Nelson chain: the so-called three-coloured chain, with some birth-and-death processes on ℤ as a particular case, a chain on a graph close to the graph of the edges of a cube, and the daisy library. Two other themes piece together these chains: the notion of coloured chain and the technique of computation by additive processes.
Stochastic differential equations for ruin probabilities
Authors: Møller Christian Max 
Published: April 2006

The present paper proposes a general approach for finding differential equations to evaluate probabilities of ruin in finite and infinite time. Attention is given to real-valued non-diffusion processes where a Markov structure is obtainable. Ruin is allowed to occur upon a jump or between the jumps. The key point is to define a process of conditional ruin probabilities and identify this process stopped at the time of ruin as a martingale. Using the theory of marked point processes together with the change-of-variable formula or the martingale representation theorem for point processes, we obtain differential equations for evaluating the probability of ruin.Numerical illustrations are given by solving a partial differential equation numerically to obtain the probability of ruin over a finite time horizon.
Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta: Comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Miao Zongning , Jin Jun , Chen Lei , Zhu Jianzhong , Huang Wei , Zhao Jidong , Qian Hanguang , Zhang Xueguang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe presence within bone marrow of a population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) able to differentiate into a number of different mesenchymal tissues, including bone and cartilage, was first suggested by Friedenstein nearly 40 years ago. Since then MSCs have been demonstrated in a variety of fetal and adult tissues, including bone marrow, fetal blood and liver, cord blood, amniotic fluid and, in some circumstances, in adult peripheral blood. MSCs from all of these sources can be extensively expanded in vitro and when cultured under specific permissive conditions retain their ability to differentiate into multiple lineages including bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, nerve, glial and stromal cells. There has been great interest in these cells both because of their value as a model for studying the molecular basis of differentiation and because of their therapeutic potential for tissue repair and immune modulation. However, MSCs are a rare population in these tissues. Here we tried to identify cells with MSC‐like potency in human placenta. We isolated adherent cells from trypsin‐digested term placentas and examined these cells for morphology, surface markers, and differentiation potential and found that they expressed several stem cell markers. They also showed endothelial and neurogenic differentiation potentials under appropriate conditions. We suggest that placenta‐derived cells have multilineage differentiation potential similar to MSCs in terms of morphology and cell‐surface antigen expression. The placenta may prove to be a useful source of MSCs.
Effect of ewe feeding system (grass v. concentrate) on intramuscular fatty acids of lambs raised exclusively on maternal milk
Authors: Valvo M. A. , Lanza M. , Bella M. , Fasone V. , Scerra M. , Biondi L. , Priolo A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwenty pregnant Comisana ewes were divided into two groups of 10. One group was allowed to graze a vetch pasture (grass). The second group of animals was housed collectively in a pen and was given hay and concentrates (concentrate). After lambing, all the ewes were allowed to stay with the respective lambs between 18:00 h and 07:00 h of the following day in two different pens. Therefore all the lambs were raised exclusively on maternal milk. The lambs were slaughtered at 38 days of age. Milk and lamb meat (longissimus dorsi muscle) fatty acids were analysed. Ewes on grass produced milk with a lower (P< 0·001) proportion of saturated fatty acids and with a higher proportion of both monounsaturated (P< 0·05) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P< 0·01) than ewes given concentrates. Trans-vaccenic acid was significantly higher (P< 0·001) in milk from grass-fed animals compared with ewes given concentrates. Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) tended to be higher (P= 0·06) in milk from ewes on concentrates while linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3) was significantly higher (P< 0·001) in milk from animals grazing pasture. Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18: 2) was almost double in milk from grass-fed ewes compared with animals given concentrates (P< 0·001). Regarding lamb tissue, trans-vaccenic acid (C18: 1 trans-11) was higher (P= 0·01) in the fat from lambs raised by grazing ewes. Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) was at higher concentration (P< 0·001) in the fat from lambs raised by ewes given concentrates. Linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3) was increased three-fold (P< 0·001) in the fat of lambs from the grass group compared with lambs suckled by ewes given concentrates. The isomer cis-9, trans-11 of conjugated linoleic acid was present at double concentration (P< 0·001) in the fat from animals raised by grazing ewes. Eicosapentaenoic (C20: 5 n-3; EPA) and docosaesaenoic (C22: 6 n-3; DHA) acids were higher (respectivelyP< 0·001 andP= 0·01) in the intramuscular fat from lambs from the grass group compared with animals from the concentrate group. The n-6/n-3 ratio was lower (P< 0·001) in the meat from lambs raised by grazing ewes. Overall this trial showed that ewe feeding system strongly affects intramuscular fatty acids even in lambs raised exclusively on maternal milk.
Equity and pragmatism in judgement‐making about the placement of sibling groups
Authors: Hollows Anne , Nelson Peter 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the influences on professional judgements about large sibling group placement. The paper attempts to explain how social workers’ awareness of the significance of sibling relationships operates in the process of making judgements and decisions about placement. It undertakes a detailed phenomenological analysis of the process in five cases involving large sibling groups. Drawing on philosophical theories of equity and pragmatism, it proposes a theoretical approach to addressing the issues in practice.
A pilot study to compare the use of prototypes of multipositional paediatric walking sticks and tripods with conventional sticks and tripods by children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Toms B. , Harrison B. , Bower E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground  The researchers (B.H. and B.T.) designed prototypes of a walking stick and a tripod termed Multipositional Paediatric Walking Aids for children with cerebral palsy (CP). The design won the ‘Jenx Award for Innovation in Paediatric Physiotherapy’. The object of this study was to ascertain whether the prototypes had any benefit over conventional designs in children with CP.Methods  A small case series within‐subject comparison design was used. There were four periods, AABA, each 4 weeks in length. Prototypes were used during period B. Eight children with CP between 4 and 11 years were recruited, four used sticks and four used tripods. Following an orthopaedic assessment, each child had assessments at the commencement of the study and every 4 weeks thereafter: (1) Energy used while walking using Physiological Cost Index (PCI). (2) Motor abilities using (a) Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM‐88) and (b) Gross Motor Performance Measure (GMPM). (3) Hand/forearm position recorded on a visual analogue. (4) Parent/child questionnaire.Results  Physiological Cost Index improved overall when the prototypes were used suggesting the amount of energy used when walking with the prototypes was less than with conventional sticks/tripods. GMFM‐88 and GMPM results improved for some but not all children. Results for PCI, GMFM and GMPM were not statistically significant. The hand/forearm position of stick users consistently improved at assessment 4. Questionnaire results indicated that stick users preferred the prototypes.Conclusion  Multipositional sticks/tripods may have benefits over conventional sticks/tripods. Children using sticks rather than tripods preferred the prototypes. The study demonstrates the need to undertake scientifically controlled trials before marketing new equipment.
Hyperandrogenism in carriers of CYP21 mutations: the role of genotype
Authors: Admoni Osnat , Israel Shosh , Lavi Idit , Gur Michal , Tenenbaum‐Rakover Yardena 
Published: April 2006

SummaryObjective  It has been hypothesized that carriers of CYP21 mutations are at increased risk of developing clinically evident hyperandrogenism. In the present study, we assessed the risk for symptoms of androgen excess in carriers of CYP21 gene mutations and the effect of different mutations on phenotype.Design  All subjects underwent clinical evaluation, ACTH stimulation testing, and molecular analysis of the CYP21 gene.Patients  One hundred and eighty‐seven subjects were included in the study. Five groups were defined according to genotype: A, 38 patients with classical‐congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); B, 16 patients with non classical CAH; C, 66 family member carriers; D, 24 children and adolescents with symptoms suggestive of hyperandrogenism who were found to be heterozygous and E, 43 subjects with androgen excess symptoms who had normal genotype.Measurements  Cortisol and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) were measured basally and 60 min after ACTH stimulation. Analysis of seven common mutations of the CYP21 gene, which collectively cover 95% of the mutations in the Israeli population, was performed. The hormonal results were correlated with the genotype.Results  The symptomatic carriers had a significantly higher rate of the mild mutation V281L compared with the family members (58% vs. 22%) and significantly higher levels of ACTH‐stimulated 17OHP (mean 37·2 and 21 nmol/l, respectively; P = 0·025). Higher values of peak 17OHP levels were found in the carriers of the V281L mutation compared with carriers of other mutations (P = 0·025). Stimulated 17OHP levels were significantly higher in carriers compared with normal genotype subjects (P < 0·0001).Conclusions  Our findings are the first to show that there is increased risk of androgen excess in carriers of CYP21 mutations and that the risk is related to genotype. Carriers for the mild, V281L mutation, are at higher risk of symptoms of androgen excess than carriers of the severe mutations. It appears that the variable phenotypes can be at least partially attributed to the degree of impairment of enzyme activity in different mutations. The severe consequences of hyperandrogenism in some of the carrier subjects indicate the need for long‐term follow‐up in these patients.
Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in obese French children
Authors: Druet Céline , Dabbas Myriam , Baltakse Véronique , Payen Catherine , Jouret Béatrice , Baud Christine , Chevenne Didier , Ricour Claude , Tauber Maïthé , Polak Michel , Alberti Corinne , Levy‐Marchal Claire 
Published: April 2006

SummaryObjective  To estimate the frequency of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in overweight or obese French children and to determine the risk factors.Design, patients and methods  A total of 308 overweight and obese children [166 girls, 142 boys, aged 7–17 years; median body mass index (BMI) 4·7 standard deviation (SD) (Q1–Q3: 3·9–5·8) adjusted for age and sex] were included. The frequency of the MS was assessed with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria and the frequency of the IRS with World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.Results  The overall frequency of MS and IRS was 15·9% and 42·5%, respectively. The most common component, after abdominal obesity (95·8%) and IR (71·8%), was elevated systolic blood pressure (28·6%). The frequency of glucose tolerance disorders was low (3·6%). The frequency of MS was independently influenced by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (P = 0·06) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (P = 0·09), whereas the frequency of IRS was influenced by adiposity (degree of obesity: P = 0·02; waist‐to‐hip ratio: P = 0·05), puberty (P = 0·05) and mother's BMI (P = 0·01). Ethnicity had no effect on either MS or IRS.Conclusions  Metabolic complications and IR are frequent in overweight and obese children whereas the frequency of glucose tolerance disorders is very low. IRS is more prevalent than MS, indicating a major role of IR, which could precede the other metabolic complications in obese children. IRS is a relevant marker for the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular complications in obese European children.