bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of generative models for the narrowband land mobile satellite propagation channel
Authors: Fontan F. P. , Mayo A. , Marote D. , Prieto‐Cerdeira R. , Mariño P. , Machado F. , Riera N. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe land mobile satellite (LMS) propagation channel is frequently described using statistical models. These models usually make different assumptions regarding the behavior of the direct signal, the diffuse multipath component and the shadowing effects. This paper analyzes the theoretical formulation and implementation of time‐series synthesizers based on three typical statistical models: Loo, Corazza–Vatalaro and Suzuki, describing their similarities and differences. The discussion is not limited to the amplitude of the complex envelope but also to the phase variations and Doppler spectra. Finally, guidelines are also provided for comparing model parameters supplied by different authors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rain rate conversion for various integration time for equatorial and tropical climates
Authors: Mandeep J. S. , Hassan S. I. S. , Ain M. F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRain rate statistics are derived on the basis of rain gauge recordings having effective integration times of 5 min or more. The conversion of such data to equivalent statistics for an effective integration time of 1 min is important to the design of both terrestrial and earth‐space microwave systems. Tipping bucket precipitation records for seven locations in South East Asia countries have been analysed and present the results of a testing activity performed on four conversion methods of rain rate integration time, from 5, 10, 30 and 60 to 1 min. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to deal with CSR issues in the classroom
Authors: Córdoba José‐Rodrigo , Campbell Tim 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is now a popular topic for business and educational institutions. However, its manifold manifestations and interpretations make its learning interesting whilst at the same time challenging. This paper reflects on the use of systems thinking to develop business students' awareness and intervention skills on CSR issues. To develop our approach, we consider three areas of CSR that we think need attention. These are (1) the incorporation of CSR issues into organizational purposes; (2) stakeholder management when thinking about CSR and (3) assessment of CSR impacts on society. Our approach shows how key systems thinking ideas and methodologies have helped us to facilitate discussion about these elements in the classroom. We suggest some ways of improving our approach towards improving students' engagement with CSR in the future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinking of the organization as a system: The role of managerial perceptions in developing a corporate social responsibility strategic agenda
Authors: Maon François , Lindgreen Adam , Swaen Valérie 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe societal issues conveyed to the organization by its internal and external stakeholders can be various and often conflicting. Consequently, organizations confront difficulties when attempting to identify the range of relevant societal issues they must prioritize to design corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. This article proposes a conceptual framework to clarify the processes that underlie the emergence, prioritization and integration of CSR issues into organizational goals. Specifically, this article uses systems thinking, CSR, and organizational interpretation theories to highlight the central influence of top managers' perceptions on the development of CSR strategic agendas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managerial applications of corporate social responsibility and systems thinking for achieving sustainability outcomes
Authors: Porter Terry B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThere is a gap between organizations'intentionsto adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and their provision of a clear strategy and management tools for practicallyrealizingsuch intentions. In particular, the literature to date has not yet developed a pragmatic, descriptive summary of firms' designs for CSR adoption, along with a practical menu of ways to implement their designs in organizational systems. To address these gaps, this paper aims to make three principle contributions. First, it defines CSR, sustainability and their relationship in practical terms. Second, it develops a typology of CSR standpoints that incorporates a number of other classifications. Third, it offers a menu of practical methods and measurement metrics based on interpretive and complex adaptive systems perspectives. The result is a hands‐on guide to the process of achieving sustainability goals and objectives from a variety of ideological positions and systems designs, thereby contributing to both managerial practice and sustainability theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the application of classification concepts to systems engineering design and evaluation
Authors: Ford Thomas C. , Colombi John M. , Jacques David R. , Graham Scott R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWhile classification has been practiced within the fields of biology and chemistry for hundreds of years and has enjoyed mathematical definition in the form of numerical taxonomy for approximately 50 years, this paper presents an inaugural method and application of quantitative classification of systems to the discipline of systems engineering. This paper establishes, by theory and application, that a quantitative, business process‐constrained system classification enjoys a host of systems engineering uses—most notably system design and evaluation. A survey of 50 years of published material in the systems science and systems engineering disciplines on qualitative system classifications is provided to ground the discussion of this paper's quantitative system classification method. Future research topics, such as interoperability measurement, branching from the work described in this paper are also proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Azobenzene-functionalized alkanethiols in self-assembled monolayers on gold
Authors: Schmidt Roland , McNellis Erik , Freyer Wolfgang , Brete Daniel , Gießel Tanja , Gahl Cornelius , Reuter Karsten , Weinelt Martin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4-trifluoromethyl-azobenzene-4′-methyleneoxy-alkanethiols (CF3– C6H4–N=N–C6H4–O–(CH2)
n
–SH on (111)-oriented poly-crystalline gold films on mica were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The spectra are analyzed with the help of density-functional-theory calculations of the isolated molecule. Only one doublet is detected in the sulphur 2p spectra of the investigated SAMs, consistent with a thiolate bond of the molecule to the gold surface. The C 1s XP spectra and the corresponding XAS π
* resonance exhibit a rich structure which is assigned to the carbon atoms in the different chemical surroundings. Comparing XPS binding energies of the azobenzene moiety and calculated initial-state shifts reveals comparable screening of all C 1s core holes. While the carbon 1s XPS binding energy lies below the π
*-resonance excitation-energy, the reversed order is found comparing core ionization and neutral core excitation of the nitrogen 1s core-hole of the azo group. This surprising difference in core-hole binding energies is interpreted as site-dependent polarization screening and charge transfer among the densely packed aromatic moieties. We propose that a quenching of the optical excitation within the molecular layer is thus one major reason for the low trans to cis photo-isomerization rate of azobenzene in aromatic-aliphatic SAMs.
Population dynamics of pampas mice (Akodon azarae): signatures of competition and predation exposed through time‐series modeling
Authors: Kittlein Marcelo Javier 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe ability of four mechanistic population models to mirror a 5‐year time series of seasonal densities of the pampas mouse,Akodon azarae, from central Argentina, is evaluated in this paper. The different models included, singly or in combination, the effects of a putative competitor and a specialist predator on the dynamics of pampas mice. The most simple model, a logistic single‐species stochastic differential equation, failed to fit the observed time series satisfactorily (Rmodel2= 0.36), while models including interspecific effects gave much better fits with increasing model complexity (competitionRmodel2= 0.71, predationRmodel2= 0.62, competition and predationRmodel2= 0.83). Using Akaike's information criterion, the competition model was selected as the best alternative with regard to model fit and model complexity. Synthetic time‐series probes obtained by simulations from the parameterized stochastic mechanistic models were significantly different and indicated the competition plus predation model as a slightly better alternative than the competition model. The differences between the two methods for selecting models indicate that the incorporation of predation only slightly improves the match between the predicted and observed time series and that this slight improvement is not sufficient to override the increase in model complexity. Competition thus seems to play a more important role than predation in shaping the population dynamics of pampas mice.
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy in an Indian patient with a novel mutation in BSCL2 gene
Authors: Shirwalkar H. U. , Patel Z. M. , Magre J. , Hilbert P. , Van Maldergem L. , Mukhopadhyay R. R. , Maitra A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCongenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is an autosomal recessive metabolic syndrome with involvement of multiple organs. Mutations in BSCL2 are known to be associated with a severe form of CGL and mental retardation (MR). The genetic heterogeneity in CGL patients is accompanied by phenotypic heterogeneity in different ethnic groups. Studies in the Indian context are very few in this regard. We report here a detailed clinical analysis of a CGL case from infancy to adult hood. Interestingly, the patient was found to be homozygous for a novel BSCL2 mutation, but with normal intellectual development contrasting with the MR associated with BSCL2 mutation in CGL patients. The biochemical investigations at the time of diagnosis (9 months) included total cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, β‐lipoprotein and free fatty acids, which were above normal limits. The clinical phenotype, viz. lack of subcutaneous fat, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiomegaly, and advanced bone age was also documented. The patient was found to be insulin resistant and diabetes mellitus was diagnosed by age 13 years. Ultrasonography of the ovaries at age 22 showed polycystic features with elevated levels of gonadotropins and negligible levels of serum leptin. For genetic analysis, direct DNA sequencing of BSCL2 was carried out and disclosed an 11‐base‐pair deletion in exon 6 (H217fsX272) resulting in a truncated protein. This is a novel mutation that contributes to CGL formation in a family of Indian origin and adds to the array of variants reported in this disorder. Moreover, the novel mutation is found to be associated with normal intellectual ability.
Molecular genetics of myocardial infarction
Authors: Yamada Yoshiji , Ichihara Sahoko , Nishida Tamotsu 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is an important clinical problem because of its large contribution to mortality. The main causal and treatable risk factors for MI include hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. In addition to these risk factors, recent studies have shown the importance of genetic factors and interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors. Disease prevention is an important strategy for reducing the overall burden of MI, with the identification of markers for disease risk being key both for risk prediction and for potential intervention to lower the chance of future events. Although genetic linkage analyses of families and sib-pairs as well as candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have implicated several loci and candidate genes in predisposition to coronary heart disease (CHD) or MI, the genes that contribute to genetic susceptibility to these conditions remain to be identified definitively. In this review, we summarize both candidate loci for CHD or MI identified by linkage analyses and candidate genes examined by association studies. We also review in more detail studies that have revealed the association with MI or CHD of polymorphisms in MTHFR, LPL, and APOE by the candidate gene approach and those in LTA and at chromosomal region 9p21.3 by genome-wide scans. Such studies may provide insight into the function of implicated genes as well as into the role of genetic factors in the development of CHD and MI.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 8‐Hydroxyquinoline and 2‐Hydroxypyridine Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Ahmed Sahar M. , Ismail Dina A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTwo series of quaternary cationic surfactant were synthesized by reaction of 8‐hydroxyquinoline and 2‐hydroxypyridine with long chain alkyl halides (dodecyl, tetradecyl‐ and hexadecyl‐bromide). Surface tension was measured in aqueous solution for different concentrations at 25 °C. Various surface properties of the synthesized surfactants were evaluated, particularly critical micelle concentration (CMC), efficiency (ΠCMC) as well as maximum surface excess (Γmax) and minimum surface area (Amin). Micellization and adsorption in liquid/air interfaces thermodynamics were investigated. The synthesized cationic surfactants were evaluated for their biocidal activity. All compounds prepared showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Diet effects on methane production by goats and a comparison between measurement methodologies
Authors: BHATTA R. , ENISHI O. , TAKUSARI N. , HIGUCHI K. , NONAKA I. , KURIHARA M. 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYA series of studies were carried out to measure the methane (CH4) production by Japanese goats fed 19 different diets (D1–D19) varying in nutritive composition in the open circuit respiration chamber (RC) and to compare them with CH4 estimated by the in vitro gas production test (IVGPT). Adult Japanese goats (>2 years old) with a mean body weight of 26±5·4 kg were used in these experiments. Each diet was fed to four randomly selected goats and feeding was carried out at 1·1 maintenance (M) as per National Research Council (NRC) (1981) for goats. Average CH4 emission by goats in the RC ranged from 0·23 to 0·39 (mean value 31 ml/g dry matter intake (DMI)); when it was expressed as a proportion of gross energy or, with methane conversion rate (MCR), it ranged from 5·0 to 8·2, with an average of 6·6. Incorporation of by-products like sweet potato vine silage (SPVS) (P=0·016), dried pumpkin (P=0·052) and brewers' grain in the diet suppressed (P<0·01) methanogenesis in goats, when compared with that of standard farm diet (D1). The CH4 output measured in the RC was very close to that estimated from the gas collected after 24 h and higher after 48 h of in vitro incubation. Although composition of the diets' acid detergent fibre (ADF) had a significant effect on methane emission, methane output estimated by IVGPT was very close to that measured in the RC demonstrating that this system could be used to estimate the CH4 production potential from diets in preparing a database and also in the planning of mitigation strategies in small ruminants to improve their performance as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The turbulent/non-turbulent interface bounding a far wake
Authors: BISSET DAVID K. , HUNT JULIAN C. R. , ROGERS MICHAEL M. 
Published: August 2008

The velocity fields of a turbulent wake behind a flat plate obtained from the direct
numerical simulations of Moser et al. (1998) are used to study the structure of the
flow in the intermittent zone where there are, alternately, regions of fully turbulent
flow and non-turbulent velocity fluctuations on either side of a thin randomly moving
interface. Comparisons are made with a wake that is ‘forced’ by amplifying initial
velocity fluctuations. A temperature field T, with constant values of 1.0 and 0 above
and below the wake, is transported across the wake as a passive scalar. The value of
the Reynolds number based on the centreplane mean velocity defect and half-width
b of the wake is Re ≈ 2000.The thickness of the continuous interface is about 0.07b, whereas the amplitude of
fluctuations of the instantaneous interface displacement yI(t) is an order of magnitude
larger, being about 0.5b. This explains why the mean statistics of vorticity in the
intermittent zone can be calculated in terms of the probability distribution of yI
and the instantaneous discontinuity in vorticity across the interface. When plotted as
functions of y−yI the conditional mean velocity 〈U〉 and temperature 〈T〉 profiles
show sharp jumps at the interface adjacent to a thick zone where 〈U〉 and 〈T〉 vary
much more slowly.Statistics for the conditional vorticity and velocity variances, available in such detail
only from DNS data, show how streamwise and spanwise components of vorticity are
generated by vortex stretching in the bulges of the interface. While mean Reynolds
stresses (in the fixed reference frame) decrease gradually in the intermittent zone,
conditional stresses are roughly constant and then decrease sharply towards zero
at the interface. Flow fields around the interface, analysed in terms of the local
streamline pattern, confirm and explain previous results that the advancement of the
vortical interface into the irrotational flow is driven by large-scale eddy motion.Terms used in one-point turbulence models are evaluated both conventionally and
conditionally in the interface region, and the current practice in statistical models of
approximating entrainment by a diffusion process is assessed.
Two new species of flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Quiroga Sigmer Y. , Bolaños D. Marcela , Litvaitis Marian K. 
Published: August 2008

Two new species of polyclads are described from the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Specimens ofDidangia carneyisp. nov. andOligocladus bathymodiensissp. nov. were collected from the Louisiana slope at 610 m and 650 m, respectively.Didangia carneyisp. nov. was collected from a natural wood fall, and is characterized by the presence of tentacular and cerebral eyes, an interpolated prostatic vesicle provided with two muscular accessory prostatic vesicles, and large glandular cells that surround the male atrium.Oligocladus bathymodiensissp. nov. has a mouth anterior to the brain, a few cerebral and pseudotentacular eyes, four pairs of intestinal branches, and a ventral anal pore. Specimens of this species were collected on the margin of a hypersaline cold seep in association with mussels ofBathymodiolus childressi. All type material is deposited at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN August to October 2000
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: August 2008

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
Nano-structured lithium-tin plane fabrication for laser produced plasma and extreme ultraviolet generation
Authors: Nagai Keiji , Gu Q. , Norimatsu T. , Fujioka S. , Nishimura H. , Miyanaga N. , Nishihara K. , Izawa Y. , Mima K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with a lithium/tin combined target to increase the conversion efficiency of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) of 13.5 nm emission from laser-produced plasma. The bilayer target of glass/lithium (20 nm)/tin (50 nm) exhibits a sharp and strong emission in comparison with a Sn bulk target. The reverse coating of glass/tin/lithium was unstable and EUV could not be observed. By using nano-porous SnO2 and an electrochemical deposition of lithium, nano-structured lithium/tin composite was prepared, and was stable without deliquescence of lithium.
Cantonese particles in Hong Kong students' English e-mails
Authors: James Gregory 
Published: August 2008

With the popularisation of the Internet, the use of e-mails and computer-based chats (CBCs) has increased dramatically among university students. An interesting feature of such communication, however, is that a written medium is treated like speech (cf. Maynor, 1994).
Conversations turn into notes where grammatical accuracy and conventional formalities take a backseat to instant communication. In the case of on-campus CBCs, informality and a certain disregard of the conventions of standard English are all the more manifest.It is commonly believed in Hong Kong that this general freedom to write ‘bad English’ has encouraged the habit of randomly incorporating Cantonese words into English e-mails. Yet an examination of students' e-mails and icq (‘I Seek You’) communications reveals that far from ‘polluting’ their English by substituting Cantonese words haphazardly for English ones, or by applying Cantonese structures to their English writing, students tend to incorporate certain kinds of Cantonese words systematically into their texts for specific identifiable purposes.
Digital age, digital English
Authors: Liwei Gao 
Published: August 2008

A response to the articles on e-mail by Li Lan and Li Yongyan in ET64 (Oct 00). This article discusses what has been happening to e-mail English and what might yet happen as a consequence to off-line English. The paper first examines the effect on the use of English in the electronic medium. It then talks about the influence of e-mail English on the off-line use of English, and closes with a description of the interface between English and Chinese in e-mails.Li Yongyan focuses on the discursive aspect of e-mail messages in her article. She mainly talks about styles and coherence in e-mail writing. In contrast, Li Lan primarily describes the linguistic aspect of e-mail English. Her article discusses both the conversational style of, and innovations and distinctive usages in, e-mail English. Both also describe English-Chinese code-mixing in their articles, as well as the emergence of novel linguistic features in e-mail English, such as the omission of the sentence subject.