bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory tract lesions in weanling outbred rats infected with Sendai virus
Authors: Castleman William L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Weanling male outbred rats, Crl:CD(SD)BR, were inoculated intranasally with parainfluenza type 1 (Sendai) virus to characterize the disease occurring with this respiratory tract infection in rats. Respiratory tract tissues were studied in rats killed sequentially from postinoculation day (pid) 1 to 30, using virologic and histologic techniques. Clinical signs of mild respiratory tract disease including increased respiratory rate, lowered activity, and increased nasal sounds with low mortality occurred from pid 3 to 7. A significant (P < 0.05) depression in body growth was measured at pid 7. Virus was recovered from the lungs of rats killed from pid 1 to 12, and complement-fixing antibody was detected in serum beginning at pid 6. Necrosis of nasal epithelium associated with infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells was seen in rats killed at pid 2. Extensive degeneration of tracheal and terminal bronchiolar epithelium, as well as mild coagulative necrosis of terminal bronchiolar epithelium, was detected histologically in rats killed at pid 3. In rats killed at pid 5, there was widespread necrosis of respiratory tract mucosal epithelium in the nasal cavity and sinuses, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles associated with inflammatory cell infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Desquamated epithelial cells and inflammatory cells often obstructed terminal bronchioles. There were also areas of epithelial hyperplasia in the bronchioles. Bronchiolitis was associated with focal-to-diffuse interstitial pneumonia, as well as pulmonary arteritis and phlebitis. The severity of the inflammatory cell response decreased in rats killed at pid 7, and histologic lesions were largely resolved in rats killed at pid 17, except around terminal bronchioles and associated alveolar parenchyma. Lesions that persisted in rats killed at pid 30 included: mild multifocal fibrosis and distortion of terminal bronchiolar and alveolar duct walls and associated interalveolar septa; multifocal aggregates of macrophages in alveoli; and small collections of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas of the lungs, as well as in nasal, tracheal, and bronchial submucosa.
Ferret as a potential reservoir for human campylobacteriosis
Authors: Fox James G. , Ackerman Joel I. , Newcomer Christian E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A survey was conducted to determine the frequency of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni in feces of ferrets purchased for use in biomedical research. Over a 12-month period, 168 ferrets from 2 commercial breeders were examined by bacteriologic cultural procedures for Campylobacter spp; 61% were culturally positive for C fetus subsp jejuni. In a therapeutic trial with 16 ferrets shedding C fetus subsp jejuni in feces, erythromycin given orally failed to eliminate intestinal carriage of the organism in 15 of the animals.
Failure in passive transfer of immunoglobulin G1 to lambs: Measurement of immunoglobulin G1 in ewe colostrums
Authors: McGuire Travis C. , Regnier Jeffery , Kellom Tom , Gates Norman L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 were measured in 590 sera from 24- to 36-hour-old lambs, and failure in passive transfer (fpt), < 6 mg/ml, occurred in 20 lambs. Of the 20 fpt lambs, 45% died before 3 weeks of age, whereas only 5% of the 570 lambs with adequate passive transfer died before 3 weeks of age. The low percentage of fpt was attributed to management practices ensuring suckling by the lambs and possibly to influences from several years of selecting ewes on the basis of weaned lamb production. The correlation between the concentration of IgG1 in 257 postpartum, presuckle ewe colostrum samples and the IgGl concentrations in 362 lamb sera from those ewes was low (r = 0.32). However, the mean serum IgG1 concentration in 20 lambs from ewes with the lowest postpartum, presuckle colostrum IgG1 concentrations (< 30 mg/ml) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than mean serum IgG1 concentration in 24 lambs from ewes with the highest postpartum, presuckle colostrum IgG1 concentrations (> 110 mg/ml). Postpartum, presuckle colostrum IgG1 was measured in 7 ewes whose lambs had fpt, and the IgG1 values varied throughout the colostrum IgG1 range. Colostrum IgG1 concentrations could not be used to explain fpt or to identify ewes likely to have lambs with fpt.
Efficacy of ivermectin against Onchocerca cervicalis microfilarial dermatitis in horses
Authors: Herd R. P. , Donham J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty horses having microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis in association with dermatitis, alopecia, and pruritus on the ventral midline were given a single im injection of 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (|June to August 1981). Microfilarial counts in the 40 horses ranged from 18 to 42,446 microfilariae/skin snip on the day of treatment, and histopathologic examination of these skin sections indicated a chronic eosinophilic dermatitis. Numerous microfilariae were in the dermis, but there was no consistent relationship between the presence of microfilariae and the severity of the inflammatory reaction. In all 40 horses, skin snips taken 4 to 33 days after treatment were negative for microfilariae, and a marked clinical improvement occurred 2 to 3 weeks after treatment, when the lesion was replaced by healthy skin and new hair.
Twenty-four hours after treatment, an edematous reaction occurred on the lower portion of the abdomen of 4 (10%) horses and within the area of the lesion in 6 (15% horses). The reactions disappeared within 24 to 72 hours, irrespective of whether horses were treated with corticosteroids. When further skin samples were taken from 15 horses 4 to 9 months later, 9 of them were free of microfilariae and the 6 others had only low counts (17 to 97).
An additional 7 infected horses, treated when there was little chance of reinfection (November to December 1981), were all free of microfilariae at 6 to 10 days and 4 to 5 months after treatment. The marked clinical improvement in all horses after disappearance of microfilariae from the dermis indicates that microfilariae are involved in the cause and pathogenesis of the dermatitis.
α-Adrenoreceptor stimulation of the systemic circulation in dogs
Authors: Sheldon Murray I. , Breznock Eugene M. , Green Jerry F. , Strack Dennis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of phenylephrine (an α-adrenoreceptor agonist) on the arterial and venous systems of the systemic circulation was studied in 10 anesthetized dogs during a right ventricular bypass procedure. Phenylephrine (1 μg·kg-1 of body weight·min-1) produced a significant (P < 0.001) increase in arterial resistance, no change in venous resistance, and a mild decrease in venous compliance. Seemingly in the clinically normal dog, a dose of phenylephrine sufficient to double total peripheral resistance will redistribute a small amount of blood volume from the venous to arterial systems with a slight decrease in venous return and concomitant attentuation of cardiac output.
Occurrence of an accessory pancreatic duct in the sheep
Authors: Abdalla Osman , Sack W. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An accessory pancreatic duct was studied in 10 Dorset male sheep (5 to 12 months old) and in 7 sheep fetuses (crown-rump length, 63 to 200 mm). The duct was present in 9 of the 10 adult sheep examined. It could not be seen grossly, but in serial sections, an accessory duct with some pancreatic tissue was seen to pass distally from the main pancreatic mass ahead of the bile duct, enter the wall of the duodenum at the beginning of its descending portion, pass distally in the submucosa for about 10 mm, and then approach the mucosa, The wall of the duct acquired tubular mucous glands and was supported by muscle bundles during its intramural course. The sections from the sheep fetuses confirmed the presence of a patent accessory duct until it united with the duodenal mucosa. In the adult, the accessory duct and the accompanying pancreatic tissue and glands appeared functional. It could not be determined how much of the pancreas may be drained by the accessory duct.
Enterotoxigenicity of bovine and porcine Escherichia coli of O groups 8, 9, 20, 64, 101, and X46
Authors: Harnett N. M. , Gyles C. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Among porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) strains, those which induce fluid secretion in the intestines of pigs < 2 weeks of age, but not in older pigs, are designated class 2 etec, whereas those strains which induce fluid secretion in the intestines of older pigs are class 1 etec. Enterotoxigenic E coli also is characterized by their somatic, capsular, and pilus antigens, as well as by the enterotoxins they produce. The etec of bovine origin and the limited number of porcine class 2 etec which have been studied appear to be similar. Study was made of the relationships between serogroups, types of enterotoxin produced, and class of etec among certain types of porcine and bovine E coli.
Strains of E coli of serogroup organisms characteristic of porcine class 2 etec that were isolated from pigs or calves were compared on the basis of enterotoxigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Among 34 porcine isolates of O groups 9, 20, 64, 101, and X46, 26 were etec and 8 were nonenterotoxigenic. Twelve of the etec elicited a fluid response in the intestines of 6-week-old pigs and 14 induced fluid accumulation in the intestines of pigs < 2 weeks of age, but not in pigs 6 weeks of age. Typically, those etec which were positive in the ligated intestine test in 6-week-old pigs produced both heat-stable enterotoxins STa and STb, and those which were negative produced STa only. One strain of etec which reacted in the 6-week-old pigs produced heat-labile enterotoxin and STb. Eight bovine isolates that were tested behaved as porcine class 2 etec in all tests. All etec strains caused fluid accumulation in the ligated intestines of neonatal calves.
Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on the stomach of dogs: Clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic evaluations
Authors: Sorjonen D. C. , Dillon A. R. , Powers R. D. , Spano J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on the gastric mucosa of 15 dogs was evaluated by clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic studies. Dexamethasone produced acute reddening of the gastric mucosa with frank hemorrhage, digested blood, and possible gastric erosions, whereas dogs treated by surgical hypotension did not have marked changes in the gastric mucosa. Gastrointestinal disease observed in dogs with spontaneous spinal cord injury that were given dexamethasone and decompressive spinal surgery was not produced. The role of corticosteroids and surgical hypotension in the pathogenesis of gastric lesions and the potential for spinal cord injury to produce gastrointestinal disease is discussed.
Complications of retrograde contrast urethrography in dogs and cats
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Stevens Jerry B. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Urinary bladder lesions varying histologically from a focal hemorrhagic cystitis to a diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic cystitis were encountered in 11 of 14 dogs and cats euthanatized 1 day after retrograde urethrography. Focal-to-diffuse hemorrhagic urethritis was histologically encountered in 14 of 14 dogs and cats euthanatized 1 day after retrograde urethrography. Lesions in the urinary bladder and urethra were not reversible within 14 days and were evident histologically in 10 of 15 urinary bladders and 11 of 15 urethras of dogs and cats euthanatized 14 days after retrograde urethrography.
During urethrography, iatrogenic mural leakage of contrast media into the bladder wall or bladder wall rupture was encountered radiographically in 6 of 15 dogs and 3 of 14 cats. However, macroscopic evidence of bladder rupture was encountered in only 1 male dog at necropsy.
Immediately after retrograde urethrography, macroscopic hematuria occurred in 12 of 15 dogs and 9 of 14 cats. Microscopic hematuria was not encountered in dogs or cats euthanatized 14 days after urethrography. Pyuria was encountered less frequently and was present in only 2 cats euthanatized 14 days after urethrography.
One day after urethrography, urinary tract infection characterized by urine cultures with > 105 microbes/ml was encountered in 4 of 29 dogs and cats. All animals with urinary tract infection were female dogs or cats. At day 14, only 1 female cat had a positive urine culture.
Seemingly, the technique of retrograde urethrography was the cause of the encountered lesions.
Toxicity of gentamicin in red-tailed hawks
Authors: Bird J. E. , Walser M. M. , Duke G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gentamicin sulfate at dosage levels of 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight was administered twice daily iv to redtailed hawks. Clinical signs, water consumption, and changes in blood chemical values were monitored, Tissues were examined grossly and ultrastructurally, using light and electron microscopy. Clinical signs of weakness and apnea were attributed to gentamicin-induced neuromuscular blockade in the 20-mg/kg group. Serum values of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, cholesterol, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, dbumin, and uric acid increased in some birds. There was a decrease in periodic acid-Schiff staining of proximal tubular brush borders. Increased numbers of cytoplasmic lysosomes, many of which contained myelin figures, in renal epithelial cells were seen at the ultrastructural level. All birds given 20 mg/kg died. Both dosage levels were considered toxic in red-tailed hawks.
Pathophysiologic features of swine dysentery: Cyclic nucleotide-independent production of diarrhea
Authors: Schmall L. M. , Argenzio R. A. , Whipp S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Net electrolyte and water transport and unidirectional Na+ fluxes were examined in ligated colonic loops of clinically normal pigs and in pigs with swine dysentery (etiologic agent Treponema hyodysenteriae) in the presence or absence of theophylline. In normal pigs, theophylline abolished net Na+ absorption via a reduction in the lumen-to-blood flux, decreased Cl- absorption, and increased HCO3-accumulation in the lumen. In infected pigs, all net ion transport was abolished, with the addition of theophylline producing little effect. The absence of net Na+ absorption in infected pigs was also the result of a decreased lumen-to-blood flux. Seemingly, colonic malabsorption may be the primary transport alteration in swine dysentery.
Concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were measured in samples of colonic mucosa from normal and infected pigs after in vitro exposure to a Ringer's solution containing 0 or 20 mM theophylline. Basal values of cAMP or cGMP did not increase in infected colonic mucosa. There was a diminished capacity of the infected mucosa to respond to theophylline. Alterations in ion transport in conjunction with measurements of cAMP and cGMP indicated that the pathogenic mechanism(s) in swine dysentery were not similar to those of Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, or Escherichia coli diarrhea.
Platelet-fibrin embolism in a rhesus macaque: Angiographic and pathologic studies comparing fluorescein and indocyanine green
Authors: McDonnell Peter J. , Flower Robert W. , Green W. Richard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A male rhesus macaque was found to have what appeared to be numerous platelet-fibrin emboli in retinal vessels in the perimacular area. Indocyanine green (icg) dye fluorescence and fluorescein angiograms of the fundus demonstrated leakage of fluorescein, but not icg, from the involved arterioles. Histopathologic changes in the eyes included occlusion of retinal and choroidal vessels with platelet-fibrin emboli, inner retinal ischemia, ischemic injury to the parafoveal capillary bed distally to occlusion of precapillary arterioles, and retinal exudate limited to the regions of capillary damage.
Differential leakage of fluorescein may be explained by the difference in binding affinities of the 2 dyes to blood protein: 20% to 40% of the circulating fluorescein is unbound, and 98% of icg is bound to serum albumin. Simultaneously or serially performed angiograms with fluorescent probes of different sizes might be used to obtain a qualitative measure of vascular integrity in persons with embolism, diabetic retinopathy, sickle cell retinopathy, vasculitis, and other disorders known to produce focal retinal and choroidal vascular occlusion.
Comparison of the effects of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, theophylline, and deoxycholic acid on colonic ion transport and permeability
Authors: Argenzio Robert A. , Whipp Shannon C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (edta), theophylline, and deoxycholic acid (dca) on colonic ion transport and permeability were examined in an isolated loop system of the pig colon. The 3 agents abolished net water absorption, but only edta and dca induced an increase in mucosal permeability. Theophylline resulted in active bicarbonate secretion and increased the transmural electrical potential difference, whereas dca resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the theophylline-stimulated potential difference and antagonized or abolished the effect of theophylline on ion transport. A similar inhibition of the sodium transport potential across the mucosa resulted with dca. The effects of dca on the potential difference were immediate and reversible and paralleled the changes in colonic permeability. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of bile acid-induced diarrhea is through an increase in mucosal permeability and/or mucosal damage. Evidence of an active secretory process was not demonstrable with this preparation.
Isovolumetric indices and humoral cardioactive substance bioassay during clinical and experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs
Authors: Orton E. Christopher , Muir William W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma collected from 6 experimentally induced and 29 clinical cases of gastric dilatation-volvulus was assayed for cardioactive substances utilizing isolated canine papillary muscles. The results were correlated with in vivo isovolumetric indices of myocardial contractility observed during experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog.
Cardioactive substances were not detected during experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus. Two experimental dogs showed a cardiostimulatory response and 4 experimental dogs showed a cardiodepressant response following gastric decompression. Cardioactive substance bioassays correlated well with isovolumetric indices in experimental dogs. The variable response in cardioactive substance bioassay observed in experimental dogs was consistent with clinical gastric dilatation-volvulus bioassays which produced a widely variable response ranging from strongly cardiostimulatory to strongly cardiodepressant.
Virus-induced interferon production in canine lymphoid cell cultures
Authors: Tsai Shaw C. , Appel Max J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Virus-induced interferon (ifn) production in canine lymphoid cells was studied, using Newcastle disease virus as principal inducer. It was found that spleen cells at a concentration of 5 × 106 cells/ml with Newcastle disease virus at a multiplicity of infection of 1, incubated at 37 C in 5% CO2 for 24 hours, produced highest titers of ifn. Among the lymphoid cells from different tissues, ifn production was in the order of spleen = bone marrow > thymus > mesenteric lymph node ≥ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Macrophages did not produce ifn, and virus-induced ifn production in spleen cells did not depend on the presence of phagocytic mononuclear cells. These optimal conditions and macrophage independence are different from those of mitogen-induced ifn production in canine lymphoid cells.
Influence of mycoplasma preinfection on the expression of Moraxella bovis pathogenicity
Authors: Rosenbusch R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two mycoplasmas have been recovered commonly from the eyes of cattle with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis and from those with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Six calves inoculated with Mycoplasma bovoculi and another 6 calves inoculated with Ureaplasma sp were subsequently challenge exposed with a strain of Moraxella bovis to determine the latter's pathogenicity. Four control calves not previously inoculated with mycoplasmas were challenge exposed with 106 piliated Moraxella bovis organisms per eye. Pathogenicity of the Moraxella bovis challenge inoculum was evaluated by length of the conjunctival colonization period and appearance of keratitis. The M bovoculi-inoculated calves had extended colonization (more than 21 days) and keratitis which appeared at 6 to 15 days after challenge exposure, both in calves sampled every 2 days and in those not sampled until keratitis developed. Calves inoculated with Ureaplasma sp did not develop keratitis and only 2 of them had extended colonization. Control calves (given Moraxella bovis organisms only) did not develop keratitis and only 1 calf had extended colonization. When the same Moraxella bovis challenge inoculum was given to 2 gnotobiotic calves, extended colonization occurred without keratitis. Similar results were seen in 2 yearling calves given 2 doses of ultraviolet irradiation previous to challenge exposure. Marked association with surface epithelial cells was seen with M bovoculi, whereas low association with surface epithelial cells was seen with Ureaplasma sp in an indirect fluorescent antibody test on conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells obtained from 2 calves infected with M bovoculi and 2 calves infected with Ureaplasma sp.
Comparison of serum biochemical and hepatic functional alterations in dogs treated with corticosteroids and hepatic duct ligation
Authors: DeNovo Robert C. , Prasse K. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Differentiation of increased serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity associated with nonhyperbiiirubinemic cholestasis in dogs from that which occurs after corticosteroid induction was attempted, using various hepatic diagnostic enzymes and hepatic function tests. Nonhyperbilrubbinemic cholestasis was created in 5 dogs by ligation of the right hepatic duct; 5 sham-operated dogs served as controls. Corticosteroid induction of alp was created in 5 dogs by 11 daily doses of 3 mg of dexamethasone phosphate/kg, given iv; 5 sham-treated dogs served as controls. The period of evaluation was 12 days. Enzymes measured daily were alp, γ-glutamyltransferase (γGT), leucine aminopeptidase (lap), alanine aminotransferase (alt), and arginase (arg). Sulfobromophthalein (bsp) dye excretion, ammonia tolerance tests, test for serum bile acid concentrations, and electrophoresis for serum alp isoenzyme activity were done on days 1, 6, and 12.
Serum alp, alt, and γGT activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) in all dogs subjected to hepatic duct ligation and those treated with dexamethasone. The onsets of increased activity, rates of increase, maximal activity, and rates of decline varied among the enzymes and according to treatment. Neither hepatic duct ligation nor dexamethasone treatment caused significant changes in lap and arg activities. Dexamethasone-treated dogs had significantly higher (P < 0.05) bsp retention on days 6 and 12. Ammonia tolerance test results were in usual limits in all dogs, Serum bile acid concentrations increased after both hepatic duct ligation and dexamethasone treatment; however, the increases were significantly different (P < 0.05) from control values in dogs with hepatic duct ligation on days 6 and 12. Electrophoresis revealed an indistinct steroid-induced alp isoenzyme band in 1 dexamethasone-treated dog on day 12.