bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative changes in the polyphenols during the processing of tea leaf and their relation to liquor characters of made tea
Authors: Bhatia I. S. , Ullah M. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative changes occurring in the polyphenolic make‐up of tea shoots during manufacture of black tea are recorded. It has been shown that in addition to (—)‐epigallo‐catechinand (—)‐epigallocatechin gallate, significant amounts of (—)‐epicatechin gallate and theogallin are also consumed during the fermentation process. The loss in (—)‐epigalloca‐techin gallate has been used to calculate the extent of cell distortion incurred by leaf during rolling and cutting in different types of manufacturing machinery. The total colour produced per unit mass of the important catechins consumed in fermentation is highest for Legg‐cut, less for C.T.C. and least for the conventional method of manufacture.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XIX—methyl bromide fumigation of narcissus bulbs infested with stem nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn)
Authors: Purnell R. E. , Hague N. G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNarcissus bulbs are damaged by methyl bromide at dosages (above 500 mg.h./l.) lethal to the nematode. Warm storage before fumigation reduces phytotoxicity but decreases nematode susceptibility.
The mineral composition of apples III.—the composition of seeds and stems
Authors: Wilkinson B. G. , Perring M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mineral composition of apple fruit seeds and stems has been determined to supplement similar information previously obtained for the flesh of apples. The stems are similar in composition to apple tree shoots and are especially rich in calcium. The seeds are especially rich in nitrogen and magnesium. Inclusion of stems and/or seeds in homogenised samples of apple fruit could result in considerable errors in estimations of some elements, particularly calcium, nitrogen and magnesium. Potassium and sodium figures would be little affected.
Properties of animal depot fat in relation to dietary fat
Authors: Dahl Olle , Persson Kai‐Åke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quality of the depot fat in ruminants is only slightly affected by the dietary fat. Non‐ruminants like pigs, however, deposit ingested unsaturated fatty acids selectively. This may give rise to a depot fat with a higher iodine value than the dietary fat.
Elasticity coefficients and texture of cooked dried peas
Authors: Crean D. E. C. , Haisman D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe elasticity coefficient of peas can be estimated from the distance they bounce when dropped vertically on to an inclined plane. The rebound range is related to the texture of the peas, and the standard deviation of the rebound range is a good measure of variation in the texture of the peas in a batch.
The oxidation of ascorbic acid and its improver effect in bread doughs
Authors: Meredith Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breadmaking improver action of ascorbic acid has been determined by measuring its effect on load–extension curves of fermenting doughs. By mixing in nitrogen it is shown that air is involved in the reaction and that the oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid, can function equally well as an improver in nitrogen or air. The improver and oxidation reaction are partly inhibited by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate but not by versene. The oxidation–reduction system re‐uses ascorbic acid during fermentation. Oxidation catalysts present in flour are not limiting in the ascorbate improver reaction. Bromate accentuates ascorbate improvement so that a mixture of bromate and ascorbate is more effective than the sum of their separate actions. Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate have both an immediate improver effect and an effect which increases with time.
Effects of type of potash and rates of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium in fertilisers on growth, yield and quality of potato crops
Authors: Henderson R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEleven experiments were made in Scotland to compare the effects of fertiliser sulphate and muriate of potash on the growth, yield and quality of potato crops. Potassium bicarbonate was also tested in nine of the experiments. There were two rates of nitrogen and potash in all cases and of phosphate in six.In general, sulphate gave more seed, less ware and more total crop than muriate, indicating that both the number and the size of tubers were affected by the exchange, number more than size. There were large differences between sites in the exchange effect, but the reasons for this were not clear.Sulphate generally gave a drier potato with higher content of dry matter and higher specific gravity than muriate, and also a mealier product when cooked. Intersite differences in quality were very large.The higher nitrogen rate reduced seed and total yields but the higher phosphate rate increased yield. The higher potassium rate reduced the weight of seed but increased ware and total yields.
Chlorinated pesticide residues in lamb and mutton fat following dipping and other treatment
Authors: Egan H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFat from sheep slaughtered at various intervals following treatment with dieldrin (1958) or with γ‐BHC (1961) were examined for residues of these respective pesticides. From the results the approximate rates of diminution in residue during the weeks following the treatment are calculated. Results are also presented for the residue levels found in a limited survey of carcass fat taken from slaughter houses during 1962 in the normal course of marketing in England and Wales: in this survey the previous history of individual animals was carefully traced and comments on the residue levels found are related to this.
Nitrogen redistribution during ensilage at low moisture level
Authors: Brady G. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe redistribution of nitrogen which occurs during the wilting of immature ryegrass to moisture contents of 51% and 40%, and during its ensilage in air‐tight containers at these moisture levels was measured. The extent of protein hydrolysis was less at the lower moisture level, and evidence was also gained that metabolism of the amino‐acids released was less extensive in the drier samples. A passage of nitrogen into proline residues which occurred rapidly during wilting, did not proceed when the grass of low moisture content was stored anaerobically.
The pyrethrins and related compounds VII.—new pyrethrin‐like compounds with ester and ketonic groups in the alcoholic side chain
Authors: Corral C. , Elliott M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPyrethrin‐like esters of a new type were obtained by reaction of the 4‐bromo derivatives of esters (Et, Pr, Ph) of 3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enone‐2‐acetic acid with silver chrysanthemates. The structure of the intermediate bromo compounds and hence of the esters was deduced from the ease with which hydrogen bromide was eliminated by tertiary amines to give cyclopentadienones. 2‐Acetonyl‐3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enone was prepared and by similar reactions gave a chrysanthemyl derivative.
Sources of energy for the lactating dairy cow
Authors: Burt A. W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe overall efficiency of energy conversion by the lactating cow is briefly discussed, together with some effects of variation in the amount of concentrates fed due to variation in productivity. The diurnal changes in the concentration and ratios of rumen volatile fatty acids, associated with a particular feeding routine, were shown to have considerable effects upon the relative caloric contributions of the different volatile fatty acids. Changes in management may therefore be important, and the difficulties of measuring these are discussed.Additions of orthophosphoric acid to diets containing urea depressed the digestibility of dietary organic matter and crude fibre, but had little effect upon rumen pH. Subsequent rumen‐ammonia levels, reflecting rate of release from these diets, were directly related to rumen pH at the time of feeding.
Effects of gibberellic acid and (2‐chloroethyl)‐trimethylammonium chloride on potato growth and development
Authors: Dyson P. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of gibberellic acid (GA) and (2‐chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (or Chlorocholine chloride, CCC), on growth of potatoes in pots were measured by growth analysis. GA was applied to the'seed piecesand CCC to the soil at emergence.GA accelerated emergence and stem growth but delayed leaf and tuber growth. CCC decreased growth of stems, leaves and stolons and caused tubers to form earlier. CCC did not modify the effects of GA. The initial effects of both regulators were reversed in the later stages of growth, so that yield and leaf area duration were unchanged.
Fermentation studies on red clover
Authors: McDonald P. , Stirling Anna C. , Henderson A. R. , Whittenbury R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to study the fermentation changes occurring during the ensilage of red clover (Trifolium pratense). In the first experiment red clover containing 11·8% of water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was bruised and ensiled, the treatments being: control, molassed, inoculated, and wilted. All silages were well preserved (pH 3·9–4·0), the gaseous losses being lowest in the control and inoculated herbages.In the second experiment the effect of bruising red clover before ensiling was studied. Two silos were filled with long material (WSC—9·7%) and two with bruised material (WSC—8·0%). The bruised silages were well preserved (pH 4·0–4·1) and the bruising treatment resulted in lower gaseous losses than those which occurred in the production of the non‐bruised silages (pH 4·3).The results show the advantages of bruising clover and indicate that wilting, addition of molasses and inoculation of the clover may be advantageous. Feeding trials, using sheep, were carried out to determine digestibilities and intakes and the importance of the results is discussed.
Effect of some plant growth retardants on the oleander aphid Aphis nerii(boyer)
Authors: Tahori A. S. , Halevy A. H. , Zeidler G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOleander leaves, the stem base of which were held in solutions of Phosfon (2,4‐dichlorobenzyltributyl phosphonium chloride) and other plant‐growth‐retarding compounds were unable to support populations of the oleander aphid. A Phosfon concentration of 10−3M eliminated the aphid population.
Soil potassium and the growth of vegetable seedlings. II.—Effect of potassium and ammonium salts on the growth and composition of seedlings
Authors: Haworth F. , Cleaver T. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of applications of potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate with ammonium nitrate, and farmyard manure (FYM) with ammonium nitrate on the growth and mineral composition of seedlings of lettuce, cabbage, onion and carrot were measured. The main purpose of the experiment was to find whether the sulphate in potassium sulphate supplying 400 lb. of K per acre damaged seedling growth; the results show that it did not.The FYM applications increased the cation‐exchange capacity of the soil (by 27%) and the amount of exchangeable potassium in the soil but had little effect on the exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents. The effects of these changes and of the added fertilisers on the availability of soil potassium and on the concentrations of the major cations in an ‘equilibrium soil extract’ are considered.Seedlings grown in soil with a given Na+/K+ ratio in the ‘equilibrium soil extract’ took up much less Na+ than seedlings grown in sand culture where the Na+/K+ ratio in the nutrient solution was the same as that in the ‘equilibrium soil extract’.
Changes in the non‐volatile organic acids of ryegrass during air‐drying
Authors: Melvin Jean F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments have been carried out to determine the nature of the changes in the nonvolatile organic acids of ryegrass during air‐drying. Malic acid increased and citric and succinic acids decreased throughout most of the drying period. Quinic acid tended to increase. Aspartic acid was not detected in the fresh grass, but appeared early in the drying. Increases in glutamic and aspartic acids were less than those expected from the protein breakdown. Pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid has formed during the latter part of the drying.
N‐acylation of N‐methylcarbamate insecticides and its effect on biological activity
Authors: Fraser J. , Clinch P. G. , Reay R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractN‐Acylated N‐methylcarbamates have been prepared and tested for contact/stomach poison and systemic insecticidal activities, mammalian toxicity and in vitro anticholinesterase activity. The N‐acyl derivatives in general have lower mammalian toxicities and somewhat lower insecticidal activities than the corresponding unacylated N‐methylcarbamates and are relatively poor inhibitors of bee cholinesterase. Tentative reasons are given for these effects.
Estimating protein quality of meat products from the content of typical amino‐acids and creatine
Authors: Dahl Olle 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeterminations are made by the hydroxyproline, tryptophan, creatine and watersoluble guanidino compounds in different types of meat product as a means of assessing the relative merits of these products in comminuted meat preparations. There is an inverse correlation between tryptophan and hydroxyproline contents.
The surface lipids of fresh and processed raisins
Authors: Radler F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe surface lipids of the grapes from varieties used for the production of Sultanas, raisins and currants were extracted with chloroform. A further separation of the extracts with light petroleum yielded the insoluble ‘hard wax’ which consists mainly of oleanolic acid, and the soluble ‘soft wax’. This fraction was separated by chromatography on aluminium oxide into the hydrocarbon, ‘ester‐aldehyde’, alcohol and acid fractions. The composition of the hydrocarbon and alcohol fractions of the surface wax of fresh grapes and the composition of the saponifiable fraction of lipids from dried and processed grapes has been determined by gas/liquid chromatography. The addition of oils to dried grapes can be detected and determined by chromatography on aluminium oxide or saponification and estimation of the fatty acids.
Isolation and characterisation of wheat flour proteins. I.—separation of salt‐ and acetic acid‐dispersible proteins by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation
Authors: Jankiewicz M. , Pomeranz Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProteins extracted from wheat flour with 0·01 M‐sodium pyrophosphate buffer, pH 7·0, and with 0·05 M‐acetic acid were centrifuged, dialysed against 0·005 M‐sodium acetate buffer pH 4·1, concentrated by ultrafiltration at 43, and lyophylised. The proteins were dispersed in 0·005 M‐sodium acetate buffer pH 4·1 and fractionated on Sephadex G‐100 and Sephadex G‐200 columns. Based on separation according to average mol. wt. on Sephadex G‐100, the pyrophosphate‐dispersible proteins contained eight, and the following acetic acid‐dispersible proteins six fractions. Proteins extracted directly with 0·05 M‐acetic acid were separated into seven fractions. The distribution of protein moieties of different average molecular‐size ranges is detailed and shown to be different in the different extracts. Aggregation and disaggregation phenomena were observed during repeated re‐chromatography of high‐ and intermediate‐molecular weight proteins. Ultra‐centrifugation in a stepwise sucrose gradient at 45,000 g. at 4° and fractionation by polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis separated the protein into slow‐moving, intermediate‐ and high‐molecular weight moieties. The relative distribution of these moieties was correlated with the mol. wt. of the fractions eluted from Sephadex columns.
A recording instrument for the rapid evaluation of the compressibility of bakery goods
Authors: Babb A. T. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA recording dynamometer has been developed for the rapid examination of samples for firmness and compressibility. The instrument has two essential parts: (1) a platform which forces the sample against a compression block and (2) a measuring section using a strain gauge, which converts the forces as they develop into recordable electrical signals. Interchangeable compression blocks allow for wide variations of texture. Up to 27 samples of uniform thickness may be tested in 1 min. and the slices comprising 40 large loaves of bread may be examined within an hour. The peak forces developed are recorded and can readily be converted to modulus of axial compression. There are attachments for toughness measurements and for snap tests on products such as biscuits.
Tissue accumulation of DDT and its metabolites in the domestic fowl
Authors: Noakes Diana N. , Benfield C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNo clinical toxic effects or loss of condition were seen in any growing hen at any time during a feeding period of 15 weeks on diets containing 10, 50 and 250 p.p.m. of DDT, and no bird developed signs of poisoning during a subsequent partial‐starvation period of 3 weeks. There were no differences between the test groups and controls (without DDT) in respect of food consumption or weight gain.At the end of the 15‐week feeding period, DDT, DDE and TDE (DDD) were found in the tissues in amounts roughly proportional to the dosage levels. The largest amounts were found in the fat, with lesser amounts in ovary, liver, muscle, brain and eggs. After three weeks on a reduced intake of control diet, DDT had disappeared from the liver and had slightly decreased in other tissues. There was a general trend towards decrease of TDE and increase of DDE in all tissues, but these changes were occurring very slowly.
The mineral content of S.22 ryegrass on calcareous loam soil in response to fertiliser treatments
Authors: Kershaw E. S. , Banton C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA field experiment to examine the effect of ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate and muriate of potash on the magnesium content of ryegrass is described. The nitrate form of nitrogen gave significantly higher levels than did the ammonium form. Potash depressed magnesium levels in the early season but had irregular effect later.The effect of nitrate‐N application on the content of other minerals was also examined. Calcium and sodium followed a similar, but less marked, trend to that of magnesium, whereas potassium was not influenced by nitrogen source.
The constitution of leguminous seeds. IV. the Proteins of Phaseolus mungo
Authors: Zarkadas C. G. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlbumin and globulin fractions have been isolated from Phaseolus mungo grown in West Pakistan, by methods involving buffer extraction and salt precipitation. The fractions have been analysed by paper electrophoresis in veronal buffer (pH 8.6) and in acetate buffers (pH 3·61 and 4·35) Two of the globulin fractions each yielded one broad zone on electrophoresis in veronal buffer and three to six zones in the acetate buffers. Staining for ester‐linked phosphorus showed the presence of reactive material in one electrophoretic component of a globulin fraction.
The constitution of leguminous seeds. V.field peas (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Zarkadas C. G. , Henneberry G. D. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of Canadian grown peas (Pisum sativum, Sterling variety) were selected on the basis either of their good or poor cooking characteristics.The fatty acid compositions of the light petroleum extracts of the two pea samples and the amino‐acid compositions of the defatted meals were in most instances closely similar.The dispersion of the nitrogenous constituents of the two samples of peas, by water and by sodium chloride solutions ranging in concentration from 0·005 to 1·0 N has been studied. Two minima were observed in the peptisation curves. Water alone peptised approximately 12% more of the protein in the quick cooking peas than in the poor cooking peas.Albumin and globulin fractions have been isolated from the two samples of peas, by methods involving buffer extraction and salt precipitation. Paper electrophoretic analysis of the various protein fractions indicated that corresponding fractions obtained from the two pea samples contained similar electrophoretic components in the similar relative amounts.
The refractive index of the muscle of fish and shellfish. II.—measurement of changes in the muscle of cold‐stored prawns, Nephrops norvegicus
Authors: Elerian M. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in the muscle of prawns during storage in melting ice or at subzero temperatures were followed by measurement of the refractive index. The technique, which is rapid and simple to operate, showed promise as a means of assessing the quality of either frozen or iced prawns.
Nutritive value and analytical characteristics of new and up‐to‐12 years old herringmeals
Authors: Laksesvela B. , Aga Anna T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeeding tests with chicks showed a marked loss in nutritive value when 7–12 year‐old samples were fed as sole protein source. When fed as supplements to other proteins age seemed to be of little importance. The inferiority of some samples as a sole protein source, apparently due to age, was shown to be accompanied by decrease in available lysine, although lysine was not the most limiting amino‐acid: pepsin–hydrochloric acid‐soluble‐N or free fatty acids values gave no useful information. Except that addition of herring oil to a fat‐extracted sample proved harmful during many years storage, the keeping qualities could not be related to raw material or processing, nor could any long‐term effect of BHT be found.
Physico‐chemical studies of pesticides. IV.solubilised pesticides
Authors: O'neill D. K. , Alexander A. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe behaviour of several relatively insoluble pesticides (γ‐BHC, carbophenothion, coumaphos, diazinon, fenchlorphos and malathion) solubilised in aqueous soap (sodium dodecyl sulphate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) solutions have been examined by in vitro dipping experiments with flour beetles (Tribolium confusum Duval).Median lethal concentrations (C) and saturation solubilities (Cs) of the pesticides increased with soap concentration whilst their ratios (C/CS) which could be regarded as approximating their thermodynamic activities, decreased. The soaps, alone, whilst being sorbed from solution by the insects, removed cuticular material as did some common solvents (ether, hexane, methyl alcohol and methyl cyanide) but the effects were not sufficient to explain the changes in biological activity of the solubilised pesticides.Changes in surface tension and viscosity of the solutions and the amounts of liquid retained by the beetles after dipping were small and did not appear to affect the toxicities of the pesticides tested. Biological response appeared to be determined by the rate of uptake of pesticide by the insect cuticle and hence was affected by the concentration of the soap micelles.
The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the study of protein interactions during the storage of cod flesh at –14°
Authors: Connell J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn aqueous 1% solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) will completely dissolve the myofibrillar proteins of fresh cod flesh, and of cod flesh stored at –14° until it is very tough. With the aim of detecting the formation of detergent stable intermolecular protein crosslinks during cold storage of cod flesh, a comparison has been made of the weight and z‐average molecular weights of the mixture of components in detergent solutions prepared from fresh cod flesh and cod flesh stored at –14° for various periods of time. This comparison has shown that very few, if any, such crosslinks are formed during cold storage of the flesh. By separately determining the average molecular weights of the individual constituent myofibrillar proteins in detergent solutions, probable limits to the extent of intermolecular crosslinking in the cold stored flesh by detergent‐stable bonds could be established.