bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global‐Scale Convergence Obscures Inconsistencies in Soil Carbon Change Predicted by Earth System Models
Authors: Shi Zheng , Hoffman Forrest M. , Xu Min , Mishra Umakant , Allison Steven D. , Zhou Jizhong , Randerson James T. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSoil carbon (C) responses to environmental change represent a major source of uncertainty in the global C cycle. Feedbacks between soil C stocks and climate drivers could impact atmospheric CO2 levels, further altering the climate. Here, we assessed the reliability of Earth system model (ESM) predictions of soil C change using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6). ESMs predicted global soil C gains under the high emission scenario, with soils taking up 43.9 Pg (95% CI: 9.2–78.5 Pg) C on average during the 21st century. The variation in global soil C change declined significantly from CMIP5 (with average of 48.4 Pg [95% CI: 2.0–94.9 Pg] C) to CMIP6 models (with average of 39.3 Pg [95% CI: 23.9–54.7 Pg] C). For some models, a small C increase in all biomes contributed to this convergence. For other models, offsetting responses between cold and warm biomes contributed to convergence. Although soil C predictions appeared to converge in CMIP6, the dominant processes driving soil C change at global or biome scales differed among models and in many cases between earlier and later versions of the same model. Random Forest models, for soil carbon dynamics, accounted for more than 63% variation of the global soil C change predicted by CMIP5 ESMs, but only 36% for CMIP6 models. Although most CMIP6 models apparently agree on increased soil C storage during the 21st century, this consensus obscures substantial model disagreement on the mechanisms underlying soil C response, calling into question the reliability of model predictions.
An Empirical Social Vulnerability Map for Flood Risk Assessment at Global Scale (“GlobE‐SoVI”)
Authors: Reimann Lena , Koks Elco , de Moel Hans , Ton Marijn J. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFatalities caused by natural hazards are driven not only by population exposure, but also by their vulnerability to these events, determined by intersecting characteristics such as education, age and income. Empirical evidence of the drivers of social vulnerability, however, is limited due to a lack of relevant data, in particular on a global scale. Consequently, existing global‐scale risk assessments rarely account for social vulnerability. To address this gap, we estimate regression models that predict fatalities caused by past flooding events (n = 913) based on potential social vulnerability drivers. Analyzing 47 variables calculated from publicly available spatial data sets, we establish five statistically significant vulnerability variables: mean years of schooling; share of elderly; gender income gap; rural settlements; and walking time to nearest healthcare facility. We use the regression coefficients as weights to calculate the “Global‐Empirical Social Vulnerability Index (GlobE‐SoVI)” at a spatial resolution of ∼1 km. We find distinct spatial patterns of vulnerability within and across countries, with low GlobE‐SoVI scores (i.e., 1–2) in for example, Northern America, northern Europe, and Australia; and high scores (i.e., 9–10) in for example, northern Africa, the Middle East, and southern Asia. Globally, education has the highest relative contribution to vulnerability (roughly 58%), acting as a driver that reduces vulnerability; all other drivers increase vulnerability, with the gender income gap contributing ∼24% and the elderly another 11%. Due to its empirical foundation, the GlobE‐SoVI advances our understanding of social vulnerability drivers at global scale and can be used for global (flood) risk assessments.
Riparian Groundwater Nitrogen (N) Isotopes Reveal Human Imprints of Dams and Road Salt Salinization
Authors: Inamdar Shreeram , Peipoch Marc , Sena Matthew , Joshi Bisesh , Rahman Md. Moklesur , Kan Jinjun , Peck Erin K. , Gold Arthur , Trammell Tara L. E. , Groffman Peter M. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGroundwater nitrate‐N isotopes (δ15N‐) have been used to infer the effects of natural and anthropogenic change on N cycle processes in the environment. Here we report unexpected changes in groundwater δ15N‐ for riparian zones affected by relict milldams and road salt salinization. Contrary to natural, undammed conditions, groundwater δ15N‐ values declined from the upland edge through the riparian zone and were lowest near the stream. Groundwater δ15N‐ values increased for low electron donor (dissolved organic carbon) to acceptor ratios but decreased beyond a change point in ratios. Groundwater δ15N‐ values were particularly low for the riparian milldam site subjected to road‐salt salinization. We attributed these N isotopic trends to suppression of denitrification, occurrence of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), and/or effects of road salt salinization. Groundwater δ15N‐ can provide valuable insights into process mechanisms and can serve as “imprints” of anthropogenic activities and legacies.
RNA m5C modification upregulates E2F1 expression in a manner dependent on YBX1 phase separation and promotes tumor progression in ovarian cancer
Authors: Liu Xiaoyi , Wei Qinglv , Yang Chenyue , Zhao Hongyan , Xu Jie , Mobet Youchaou , Luo Qingya , Yang Dan , Zuo Xinzhao , Chen Ningxuan , Yang Yu , Li Li , Wang Wei , Yu Jianhua , Xu Jing , Liu Tao , Yi Ping 
Published: March 2024

Abstract5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is a common RNA modification that modulates gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, but the crosstalk between m5C RNA modification and biomolecule condensation, as well as transcription factor-mediated transcriptional regulation, in ovarian cancer, is poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that the RNA methyltransferase NSUN2 facilitates mRNA m5C modification and forms a positive feedback regulatory loop with the transcription factor E2F1 in ovarian cancer. Specifically, NSUN2 promotes m5C modification of E2F1 mRNA and increases its stability, and E2F1 binds to the NSUN2 promoter, subsequently reciprocally activating NSUN2 transcription. The RNA binding protein YBX1 functions as the m5C reader and is involved in NSUN2-mediated E2F1 regulation. m5C modification promotes YBX1 phase separation, which upregulates E2F1 expression. In ovarian cancer, NSUN2 and YBX1 are amplified and upregulated, and higher expression of NSUN2 and YBX1 predicts a worse prognosis for ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, E2F1 transcriptionally regulates the expression of the oncogenes MYBL2 and RAD54L, driving ovarian cancer progression. Thus, our study delineates a NSUN2-E2F1-NSUN2 loop regulated by m5C modification in a manner dependent on YBX1 phase separation, and this previously unidentified pathway could be a promising target for ovarian cancer treatment.
Advanced glycation end products promote meniscal calcification by activating the mTOR-ATF4 positive feedback loop
Authors: Yang Sheng , Xie JiaJun , Pan ZhiJie , Guan HongMei , Tu YueSheng , Ye YuanJian , Huang ShouBin , Fu ShiQiang , Li KangXian , Huang ZhiWei , Li XiaoQi , Shi ZhanJun , Li Le , Zhang Yang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe meniscus is vital for maintaining knee homeostasis and function. Meniscal calcification is one of the earliest radiological indicators of knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and meniscal calcification is associated with alterations in biomechanical properties. Meniscal calcification originates from a biochemical process similar to vascular calcification. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGEs) reportedly play critical roles in vascular calcification. Herein, we investigated whether targeting AGE-RAGE is a potential treatment for meniscal calcification. In our study, we demonstrated that AGE-RAGE promotes the osteogenesis of meniscal cells and exacerbates meniscal calcification. Mechanistically, AGE-RAGE activates mTOR and simultaneously promotes ATF4 accumulation, thereby facilitating the ATF4-mTOR positive feedback loop that enhances the osteogenic capacity of meniscal cells. In this regard, mTOR inhibits ATF4 degradation by reducing its ubiquitination, while ATF4 activates mTOR by increasing arginine uptake. Our findings substantiate the unique role of AGE-RAGE in the meniscus and reveal the role of the ATF4-mTOR positive feedback loop during the osteogenesis of meniscal cells; these results provide potential therapeutic targets for KOA.
Anti-diabetic effect of anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside: data from insulin resistant hepatocyte and diabetic mouse
Authors: Ye Xiang , Chen Wen , Huang Xu-Fan , Yan Fu-Jie , Deng Shui-Guang , Zheng Xiao-Dong , Shan Peng-Fei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Anthocyanins are a group of natural products widely found in plants. They have been found to alleviate the disorders of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods
HepG2 and L02 cells were incubated with 0.2 mM PA and 30 mM glucose for 24 h to induce IR, and cells treated with 5 mM glucose were used as the control. C57BL/6 J male mice and db/db male mice were fed with a chow diet and gavaged with pure water or cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) solution (150 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks.

Results
In this study, the anthocyanin C3G, extracted from red bayberry, was found to alleviate disorders of glucose metabolism, which resulted in increased insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes, and achieved by enhancing the glucose consumption as well as glycogen synthesis in insulin resistance (IR) hepatpcytes. Subsequently, the expression of key proteins involved in IR was detected by western blotting analysis. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signaling, could reduce cellular sensitivity to insulin by inhibiting the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2). Results of this study showed that C3G inhibited the increase in PTP1B after high glucose and palmitic acid treatment. And this inhibition was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of IRS proteins. Furthermore, the effect of C3G on improving IR in vivo was validated by using a diabetic db/db mouse model.

Conclusion
These findings demonstrated that C3G could alleviate IR in vitro and in vivo to increase insulin sensitivity, which may offer a new insight for regulating glucose metabolism during T2DM by using the natural dietary bioactive components.
Generative artificial intelligence: synthetic datasets in dentistry
Authors: Umer Fahad , Adnan Niha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, particularly Deep Learning (DL) models are known to be data intensive. This has increased the demand for digital data in all domains of healthcare, including dentistry. The main hindrance in the progress of AI is access to diverse datasets which train DL models ensuring optimal performance, comparable to subject experts. However, administration of these traditionally acquired datasets is challenging due to privacy regulations and the extensive manual annotation required by subject experts. Biases such as ethical, socioeconomic and class imbalances are also incorporated during the curation of these datasets, limiting their overall generalizability. These challenges prevent their accrual at a larger scale for training DL models.

Methods
Generative AI techniques can be useful in the production of Synthetic Datasets (SDs) that can overcome issues affecting traditionally acquired datasets. Variational autoencoders, generative adversarial networks and diffusion models have been used to generate SDs. The following text is a review of these generative AI techniques and their operations. It discusses the chances of SDs and challenges with potential solutions which will improve the understanding of healthcare professionals working in AI research.

Conclusion
Synthetic data customized to the need of researchers can be produced to train robust AI models. These models, having been trained on such a diverse dataset will be applicable for dissemination across countries. However, there is a need for the limitations associated with SDs to be better understood, and attempts made to overcome those concerns prior to their widespread use.
Identification of lineage-specific epigenetic regulators FOXA1 and GRHL2 through chromatin accessibility profiling in breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Yang Liying , Kumegawa Kohei , Saeki Sumito , Nakadai Tomoyoshi , Maruyama Reo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBreast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and breast cancer cell lines are invaluable for studying this heterogeneity. However, the epigenetic diversity across these cell lines remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed genome-wide chromatin accessibility analysis on 23 breast cancer cell lines, including 2 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative (ER+/HER2−), 3 ER+/HER2+, 3 HER2+, and 15 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lines. These cell lines were classified into three groups based on their chromatin accessibility: the receptor-positive group (Group-P), TNBC basal group (Group-B), and TNBC mesenchymal group (Group-M). Motif enrichment analysis revealed that only Group-P exhibited coenrichment of forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) motifs, whereas Group-B was characterized by the presence of the GRHL2 motif without FOXA1. Notably, Group-M did not show enrichment of either FOXA1 or GRHL2 motifs. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis suggested that group-specific accessible regions were associated with their unique lineage characteristics. To investigate the epigenetic landscape regulatory roles of FOXA1 and GRHL2, we performed knockdown experiments targeting FOXA1 and GRHL2, followed by assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing analysis. The findings revealed that FOXA1 maintains Group-P–specific regions while suppressing Group-B–specific regions in Group-P cells. In contrast, GRHL2 preserves commonly accessible regions shared between Group-P and Group-B in Group-B cells, suggesting that FOXA1 and GRHL2 play a pivotal role in preserving distinct chromatin accessibility patterns for each group. Specifically, FOXA1 distinguishes between receptor-positive and TNBC cell lines, whereas GRHL2 distinguishes between basal-like and mesenchymal subtypes in TNBC lines.
Imaging of aqueous outflow in health and glaucoma. Justifying the re-direction of aqueous
Authors: Lusthaus Jed A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA wave of less invasive surgical options that target or bypass the conventional aqueous outflow system has been incorporated into routine clinical practice to mitigate surgical risks associated with traditional glaucoma drainage surgery. A blanket surgical approach for open-angle glaucoma is unlikely to achieve the desired IOP reduction in an efficient or economical way. Developing a precise approach to selecting the most appropriate surgical tool for each patient is dependent upon understanding the complexities of the aqueous outflow system and how devices influence aqueous drainage. However, homoeostatic control of aqueous outflow in health and glaucoma remains poorly understood. Emerging imaging techniques have provided an opportunity to study aqueous outflow responses non-invasively in clinic settings. Haemoglobin Video Imaging (HVI) studies have demonstrated different patterns of aqueous outflow within the episcleral venous system in normal and glaucomatous eyes, as well as perioperatively after trabecular bypass surgery. Explanations for aqueous outflow patterns remain speculative until direct correlation with findings from Schlemm’s canal and the trabecular meshwork are possible. The redirection of aqueous via targeted stent placement may only be justifiable once the role of the aqueous outflow system in IOP homoeostasis has been defined.
Bi-allelic variants in CELSR3 are implicated in central nervous system and urinary tract anomalies
Authors: Stegmann Jil D. , Kalanithy Jeshurun C. , Dworschak Gabriel C. , Ishorst Nina , Mingardo Enrico , Lopes Filipa M. , Ho Yee Mang , Grote Phillip , Lindenberg Tobias T. , Yilmaz Öznur , Channab Khadija , Seltzsam Steve , Shril Shirlee , Hildebrandt Friedhelm , Boschann Felix , Heinen André , Jolly Angad , Myers Katherine , McBride Kim , Bekheirnia Mir Reza , Bekheirnia Nasim , Scala Marcello , Morleo Manuela , Nigro Vincenzo , Torella Annalaura ,   TUDP consortium, Pinelli Michele , Capra Valeria , Accogli Andrea , Maitz Silvia , Spano Alice , Olson Rory J. , Klee Eric W. , Lanpher Brendan C. , Jang Se Song , Chae Jong-Hee , Steinbauer Philipp , Rieder Dietmar , Janecke Andreas R. , Vodopiutz Julia , Vogel Ida , Blechingberg Jenny , Cohen Jennifer L. , Riley Kacie , Klee Victoria , Walsh Laurence E. , Begemann Matthias , Elbracht Miriam , Eggermann Thomas , Stoppe Arzu , Stuurman Kyra , van Slegtenhorst Marjon , Barakat Tahsin Stefan , Mulhern Maureen S. , Sands Tristan T. , Cytrynbaum Cheryl , Weksberg Rosanna , Isidori Federica , Pippucci Tommaso , Severi Giulia , Montanari Francesca , Kruer Michael C. , Bakhtiari Somayeh , Darvish Hossein , Reutter Heiko , Hagelueken Gregor , Geyer Matthias , Woolf Adrian S. , Posey Jennifer E. , Lupski James R. , Odermatt Benjamin , Hilger Alina C. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCELSR3 codes for a planar cell polarity protein. We describe twelve affected individuals from eleven independent families with bi-allelic variants in CELSR3. Affected individuals presented with an overlapping phenotypic spectrum comprising central nervous system (CNS) anomalies (7/12), combined CNS anomalies and congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) (3/12) and CAKUT only (2/12). Computational simulation of the 3D protein structure suggests the position of the identified variants to be implicated in penetrance and phenotype expression. CELSR3 immunolocalization in human embryonic urinary tract and transient suppression and rescue experiments of Celsr3 in fluorescent zebrafish reporter lines further support an embryonic role of CELSR3 in CNS and urinary tract formation.
Dynamic changes in perivascular space morphology predict signs of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome in bed rest
Authors: Richmond Sutton B. , Seidler Rachael D. , Iliff Jeffrey J. , Schwartz Daniel L. , Luther Madison , Silbert Lisa C. , Wood Scott J. , Bloomberg Jacob J. , Mulder Edwin , Lee Jessica K. , De Luca Alberto , Piantino Juan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDuring long-duration spaceflight, astronauts experience headward fluid shifts and expansion of the cerebral perivascular spaces (PVS). A major limitation to our understanding of the changes in brain structure and physiology induced by spaceflight stems from the logistical difficulties of studying astronauts. The current study aimed to determine whether PVS changes also occur on Earth with the spaceflight analog head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR). We examined how the number and morphology of magnetic resonance imaging-visible PVS (MV-PVS) are affected by HDBR with and without elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). These environments mimic the headward fluid shifts, body unloading, and elevated CO2observed aboard the International Space Station. Additionally, we sought to understand how changes in MV-PVS are associated with signs of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS), ocular structural alterations that can occur with spaceflight. Participants were separated into two bed rest campaigns: HDBR (60 days) and HDBR + CO2(30 days with elevated ambient CO2). Both groups completed multiple magnetic resonance image acquisitions before, during, and post-bed rest. We found that at the group level, neither spaceflight analog affected MV-PVS quantity or morphology. However, when taking into account SANS status, persons exhibiting signs of SANS showed little or no MV-PVS changes, whereas their No-SANS counterparts showed MV-PVS morphological changes during the HDBR + CO2campaign. These findings highlight spaceflight analogs as models for inducing changes in MV-PVS and implicate MV-PVS dynamic compliance as a mechanism underlying SANS. These findings may lead to countermeasures to mitigate health risks associated with human spaceflight.
Visual perceptual learning of feature conjunctions leverages non-linear mixed selectivity
Authors: Karami Behnam , Schwiedrzik Caspar M. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractVisual objects are often defined by multiple features. Therefore, learning novel objects entails learning feature conjunctions. Visual cortex is organized into distinct anatomical compartments, each of which is devoted to processing a single feature. A prime example are neurons purely selective to color and orientation, respectively. However, neurons that jointly encode multiple features (mixed selectivity) also exist across the brain and play critical roles in a multitude of tasks. Here, we sought to uncover the optimal policy that our brain adapts to achieve conjunction learning using these available resources. 59 human subjects practiced orientation-color conjunction learning in four psychophysical experiments designed to nudge the visual system towards using one or the other resource. We find that conjunction learning is possible by linear mixing of pure color and orientation information, but that more and faster learning takes place when both pure and mixed selectivity representations are involved. We also find that learning with mixed selectivity confers advantages in performing an untrained “exclusive or” (XOR) task several months after learning the original conjunction task. This study sheds light on possible mechanisms underlying conjunction learning and highlights the importance of learning by mixed selectivity.
Increasing the resilience of the Texas power grid against extreme storms by hardening critical lines
Authors: Stürmer Julian , Plietzsch Anton , Vogt Thomas , Hellmann Frank , Kurths Jürgen , Otto Christian , Frieler Katja , Anvari Mehrnaz 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe Texas power grid on the Gulf Coast of the United States is frequently hit by tropical cyclones (TCs) causing widespread power outages, a risk that is expected to substantially increase under global warming. Here we introduce a new approach that combines a probabilistic line failure model with a network model of the Texas grid to simulate the spatio-temporal co-evolution of wind-induced failures of high-voltage transmission lines and the resulting cascading power outages from seven major historical TCs. The approach allows reproducing observed supply failures. In addition, compared to existing static approaches, it provides a notable advantage in identifying critical lines whose failure can trigger large supply shortages. We show that hardening only 1% of total lines can reduce the likelihood of the most destructive type of outage by a factor of between 5 and 20. The proposed modelling approach could represent a so far missing tool for identifying effective options to strengthen power grids against future TC strikes, even under limited knowledge.