bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axonal transport of Listeria monocytogenes and nerve‐cell‐induced bacterial killing
Authors: Dons Lone , Jin Yuxuan , Kristensson Krister , Rottenberg Martin E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractListeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) can cause fatal brainstem encephalitis in both sheep and humans. Here we review evidence that the bacteria can be incorporated into axons following a primary cycle of replication in macrophages/dendritic cells after subcutaneous injection in projection areas of peripheral neurons. The molecular mechanisms for the rocketing of L. monocytogenes in the cytosol by asymmetric cometic tails and the utility of this phenomenon for bacterial migration intraaxonally both in retro‐ and in anterograde directions to reach the central nervous system are described. The role of the immune response in the control of L. monocytogenes spread through peripheral neurons is highlighted, and a mechanism by which bacteria may be killed inside infected neurons through a nitric oxide‐dependent pathway is pointed out. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimising dietary energy and amino acid levels in the diets of naked neck broilers for growth, nutrient utilisation and immune response in a hot climate
Authors: Bhanja Subrat K , Mandal Asit B 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe need for a critical amino acid (AA) profile for growth, immune response and N utilisation of naked neck broilers during summer was studied. Day‐old naked neck chicks (n = 198) from a single hatch were distributed into 24 groups (four dietary regimens (DRs) with six replicates each) having eight birds in each replicate. The first diet was based on crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) (13.40 MJ) as per NRC recommendations (DR1). In the second diet, the CP content was reduced through supplementation of synthetic AAs to achieve critical AA contents as suggested by NRC with 13.40 MJ ME (DR2). In the third diet critical AAs were supplemented to achieve their level at 108% of NRC with 12.6 MJ ME (DR3), while in fourth diet critical AA concentration was reduced to 94% (DR4) of NRC with 12.6 MJ ME to match the ratio of ME to AA concentration as that of NRC (1994). Diets were formulated separately for starter (0–3 weeks) and finisher (3‐6 weeks) phases. A metabolism trial was conducted at the third week of age. At 3 and 6 weeks of age eight birds (four of each sex) per treatment were killed to study the growth of immune organs (Bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen). Immune response was studied at the fourth week of age. During the starting phase, the birds fed DR1 and DR2 having 13.40 MJ ME kg−1 diet had higher body weight (P < 0.044) gain (P < 0.048) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.001) as compared to DR3 and DR4 (12.6 MJ ME kg−1 diets). However, better (P < 0.001) CP efficiency (CP intake kg−1 gain) and lower feed cost kg−1 gain (P < 0.001) was recorded in DR4. A similar trend was also observed during the finisher phase. Dietary regimens had no effect on dry matter (DM) metabolisability, N intake or output and N retention. There was no difference in the weight of immune organs (bursa, thymus and spleen) between dietary treatments at either 3 or 6 weeks of age. The cell mediated and humoral immune response was also not different between the NRC and modified NRC levels. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzyme supplements in broiler chicken diets: in vitro and in vivo effects on bacterial growth
Authors: Rosin Erin A , Blank Greg , Slominski Bogdan A , Holley Rick A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIncreasing the growth performance of broiler chickens by supplementing their diets with exogenous enzymes can also contribute to positive changes in gut health. In this respect the growth of various bacteria normally associated with the gastrointestinal tract of poultry was assessed in vitro using a medium containing arabinoxylan, β‐glucan, guar gum and raffinose and their corresponding enzymes. Overall, enzymes releasing the largest amounts of free sugars yielded the largest increase in bacterial numbers. Accordingly, β‐glucan and raffinose treated with their respective enzymes promoted the largest number of bacterial types, reaching a minimum of 1.0 log10 population within 6 h at 40 °C. A broiler chicken growth trial was also conducted using wheat‐, barley‐ and corn‐based diets with and without enzyme and probiotic addition. Escherichia coli, coliforms, enterococci and aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers were monitored for growth in both the caecum and ileum. Enzyme supplementation reduced E. coli levels in the caecum of broilers fed wheat‐ or corn‐based diets. A further reduction in E. coli numbers was observed in broilers fed the same diets supplemented with a combination of enzyme and probiotic. Enzyme supplementation had much less of an effect on microbial populations in the ileum. Inclusion of probiotics reduced E. coli levels in the caecum and ileum but only in broilers fed wheat‐ and corn‐based diets. Anaerobic spore levels in the ileum increased in all diets containing probiotic. Overall, inclusion of enzymes or probiotics exhibited mixed effects on gut bacteria, depending on the nature of the carbohydrate source and enzyme. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Acceptability, storage stability and costing of α‐amylase‐treated maize–beans–groundnuts–bambaranuts complementary blend
Authors: Owino Victor O , Sinkala Moses , Amadi Beatrice , Tomkins Andrew M , Filteau Suzanne M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of α‐amylase treatment on physical properties, acceptability to mothers, and cost of roasted and extruded maize–beans–groundnuts–bambaranuts complementary porridge recipes were assessed prior to their industrial production. Storage stability of the extruded α‐amylase‐treated fortified blend was assessed at 2 weeks and 6 months by sensory evaluation, peroxide value, water activity and microbiological load. The use of α‐amylase at 0.04% w/w enhanced porridge acceptability and resulted in 88% and 122% increase in flour concentration for roasted and extrusion‐cooked porridge flour, respectively, while maintaining porridge viscosity at 1000‐fold lower than that of traditionally used porridges. The extrusion cooked blend was stable for 6 months. α‐Amylase application increased the unit cost of the developed blend by only 1.4%. The total cost was less than US $ 2 kg−1, half the minimum price of commercially available complementary foods. Further work on marketing and the efficacy of this inexpensive food on growth of infants is warranted. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Cd on the growth, dry matter accumulation and grain yield of different rice cultivars
Authors: Liu Jianguo , Cai Guoliang , Qian Min , Wang Deke , Xu Jiakuan , Yang Jianchang , Zhu Qingsen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPot soil experiments showed that there were great variations among six rice cultivars in their tolerance to soil Cd stress, with respect to tillering, plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation and grain yield. Some cultivars were highly tolerant of Cd and showed little toxicity under high levels of soil Cd stress (100 mg kg−1), while others were much more sensitive. Roots were not necessarily more sensitive than above‐ground parts, but the diversities among rice cultivars with regard to the relative changes in dry matter accumulation under soil Cd stress were greater in roots than those observed in straw and grain. The toxicity effects of Cd on rice growth and development lessened as plants grew and matured, indicating that rice plants show adaptation and growth compensation in response to soil Cd stress during prolonged exposure. The relative change in the number of grains per panicle showed a strong positive correlation with relative change in grain yield and, of the four grain yield components measured (panicles per pot; grains per panicle; filled grain percentage; weight per grain), it appeared to be the one most influenced by Cd stress. Thus the reduction of grains per panicle is the main cause of grain yield loss under soil Cd stress. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Phytonutrients affecting hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities in fruits, vegetables and legumes
Authors: Cho Yoon‐Suk , Yeum Kyung‐Jin , Chen Chung‐Yen , Beretta Giangiacomo , Tang Guangwen , Krinsky Norman I , Yoon Sun , Lee‐Kim Yang Cha , Blumberg Jeffrey B , Russell Robert M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of fruits (n = 21), vegetables (n = 67) and legumes (n = 7) commonly consumed in Korea were determined by both the lipophilic antioxidant performance assay (LAP) and the hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC). The LAP assay used the lipophilic radical initiator MeO‐AMVN [2,2′‐azobis(4‐methoxy‐2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile)] and the lipophilic probe BODIPY 581/591 [4,4‐difluoro‐5‐(4‐phenyl‐1,3‐butadienyl)‐4‐bora‐3a, 4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene‐3‐undecanoic acid]. The ORAC assay used the hydrophilic radical initiator AAPH [2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride] and the hydrophilic probe fluorescein. In addition, the lipid‐soluble phytonutrients, carotenoids and tocopherols were determined by a reverse‐phase HPLC system using a C30 column with a UV detector. The water‐soluble phytonutrient, ascorbic acid, was analyzed using an HPLC system with an electrochemical detector. Total phenols were determined by UV spectrophotometry. Tocopherols (r = 0.774, p < 0.0001) and carotenoids (r = 0.569, p < 0.0001) were significantly correlated with LAP in total samples (n = 95). ORAC was significantly correlated with total phenols (r = 0.893, p < 0.0001), but not with ascorbic acid (r = 0.009, p = 0.929) in total samples (n = 95). These data indicate that carotenoids and tocopherols and total phenols are the major contributors to the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of both the hydrophilic and lipophilic components of fruits and vegetables should be considered when determining the actual ‘total’ antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative behaviour of cellulosic and starchy plant materials during osmotic dehydration
Authors: Tortoe Charles , Orchard John , Beezer Anthony 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOsmotic dehydration studies on two cellulosic plant materials—Golden Delicious and Cox apple—and two starchy plant materials—banana and potato—showed that the amount and rate of water loss occurred in the following descending order: Golden Delicious > Cox > potato > banana. Temperature, concentration and immersion time of samples in the osmotic solution played a significant effect on amount and rate of water loss in all commodities in a descending order as follows: 55 > 40 > 32.2 °C; 0.70 > 0.60 > 0.50 > 0.40 g kg−1; and 30 > 60 > 90 > 120 min, respectively. A corresponding uptake of solids from the osmotic solution occurred, the rate been greatest over the first 30 min, before declining significantly thereafter. The diffusion coefficients for water loss (Deff, w) measured by the method of slopes on the water loss rate curves conducted at 32.2, 40 and 55 °C for 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70 g kg−1 sucrose concentration solutions were higher for cellulosic plant materials than starchy plant materials. Significant variations occurred in efficiency index (WL/SG) between cellulosic and starchy plant materials. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Pickling brine treatment for possible recycling using high‐pressure homogenization
Authors: Martínez‐García Oscar , Mújica‐Paz Hugo , Valdez‐Fragoso Aurora , Welti‐Chanes Jorge , Ortega‐Rivas Enrique 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPickling is a preservation method of vegetables by brine immersion. Residual pickling solutions cannot be reused owing to high yeast content and the presence of polygalacturonase, which may produce vegetable softening. It has been reported that high‐pressure homogenization can reduce enzyme activity and microbial population in liquid foods. An investigation was aimed at studying the effect of high‐pressure homogenization cycles on polygalacturonase activity and yeast survival of residual pickling solutions, from processing of six vegetables. Each pickling solution was pumped through a homogenizing valve at 69 MPa pressure and was recirculated up to 15 times. Yeast counts and polygalacturonase activity were determined in treated solutions after being subjected to 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 pressure cycles. Untreated and thermally treated solutions were used for comparison. Up to 4 log reductions in yeast inactivation was observed after five high‐pressure cycles treatments, contrasted with only 2 log reductions in thermal treatment. No clear relationship between enzyme inactivation and the number of high pressure cycles, or a thermal parallel effect, were observed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The relationship between oxidation stability and antioxidant depletion in turbine oils formulated with Groups II, III and IV base stocks
Authors: Gatto Vincent J. , Moehle William E. , Cobb Tyler W. , Schneller Emily R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing simple turbine oil formulations, we studied the effects of different antioxidant systems on oxidation behaviour. Fourier transform infrared was used as a sensitive probe to monitor the depletion of different antioxidant types present in turbine oils based on Group II, III and IV base stocks. It was found that the depletion of alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants from turbine oil systems is generally slower when hindered phenolics are present in the formulation. Furthermore, the type of hindered phenolic used in the formulation is critical for preserving this amine activity, with the bis‐phenolic 4,4‐methylenebis(2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol) showing superior performance over a phenolic ester of approximately the same molecular weight. This effect was explained by the higher hindered phenolic activity of the bis‐phenolic relative to the phenolic ester. The ability of the bis‐phenolic to preserve or protect the amine antioxidant, combined with its higher hindered phenolic activity, was shown to improve the oxidation resistance of turbine oils. The results also showed a surprisingly high oxidation stability for turbine oils formulated with Group III base stock, with the oxidation resistance of the Group III systems exceeding that of the equivalent Group II and Group IV systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic modeling of proteins adsorption with a methodology of error analysis
Authors: Tavares Câmara Leôncio Diógenes , Costapinto Santana Cesar , da Silva Neto Antônio José 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe estimation of adsorption parameters for chromatographic systems is a very important step for column characterization used in the design of continuous separation equipments. The turbulent hydrodynamics aspect of batch procedures makes the kinetic modeling an interesting tool for the process modeling used for the determination of the main parameters that will be considered in the equipment design. The implemented irreversible kinetic model, which depends on both solute and site concentrations, was found to be very effective in the experimental correlation of two different enzyme adsorption systems: adsorption of Inulinases and β‐Galactosidase using two different adsorbents, the CM‐Sepharose CL‐6B and Accell plus QMA, respectively. The implementation of an error analysis methodology associated with an inverse problem approach was successful in determining the kinetic parameters with high accuracy. The simulations indicated a decrease in the kinetic constants with an increase in the solute concentration, which can be related to the increase in the competition by sites of adsorption.
Synthesis and chromatographic properties of a chiral stationary phase derived from bovine serum albumin immobilized on magnesia‐zirconia using phosphonate spacers
Authors: Li Ting , Yu Qiong‐Wei , Lin Bo , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐modified magnesia‐zirconia stationary phase was prepared using the sodium salt of cis‐(3‐methyloxiranyl)phosphonic acid (fosfomycin) as spacer and glutaraldehyde as coupler. Baseline separation of six derivatized amino acids (DNB‐Leu, Dansyl‐Val, etc.) was achieved on this column using ammonium acetate buffer‐isopropanol mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The effects of mobile phase composition, eluent pH value, column temperature, and flow rate on the retention and separation of chiral compounds were also investigated. The BSA chiral stationary phase (BSA‐CSP) was relatively stable under experimental conditions. The coupling reaction in this method was mild, reliable, and reproducible; thus it was also suitable for the immobilization of various biopolymers with amino groups in the preparation of chromatography stationary phases.
Determination of aqueous inclusion complexation constants and stoichiometry of alkyl(methyl)‐methylimidazolium‐based ionic liquid cations and neutral cyclodextrins by affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: François Yannis , Varenne Anne , Sirieix‐Plenet Juliette , Gareil Pierre 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAffinity CE (ACE) method was developed to characterize the complex formation between seven alkyl(methyl)methylimidazolium‐based ionic liquid (IL) cations and eight neutral cyclodextrins (CD). The effective mobility data of the IL cations were processed according to classical nonlinear and linear treatments to obtain the complex stoichiometry and formation constant K. The majority of systems followed a 1:1 complexation stoichiometry model but in four cases a 1:2 stoichiometry was better satisfied. The K values obtained for each IL were compared to elucidate the main influences of IL and CD nature. The availability of these data should lend support to various application areas, including the screening and tailoring of new interactions in the solution for CE.
Identification of unknown compounds on the basis of retention index data in comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography
Authors: Pang Tao , Zhu Shukui , Lu Xin , Xu Guowang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe identification of unknown compounds in complex samples is very difficult. Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) provides very good resolution and improved identification reliability. Mass spectrometry is a powerful identification tool and retention index data are another good approach to this end. In this study, a second‐order polynomial was used to calculate retention index data based on n‐alkanes beyond the region of the ‘isovolatile’ curve in GC×GC, and the results in the 2nd dimension were validated by using the same stationary phase column in one‐dimensional GC. To test the usefulness of the method, volatile compounds in a tobacco leaf extract fraction were analyzed using GC×GC, and 60 compounds were identified on the basis of their retention indices.
Psychological issues in the diabetes clinic
Authors: Fosbury J. , Moore S. , Kidd J. , Sonksen P.H. , Amiel S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPsychological difficulties and their effect on diabetes management and diabetes control continue to be debated, whilst the need for psychological treatment is ignored. St Thomas' and Guy's Hospitals offer structured psychological support for their poorly controlled patients using Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT). Brief details of CAT are given and the change which occurs in the therapy is outlined in a letter written by a patient at the end of treatment. If we are to maximise diabetes services and minimise disability, psychological treatment needs to be made available to our patients.
Telemedicine in the treatment of diabetic pregnancy
Authors: Fallucca F. , DiBiase N. , Sabbatini A. , Borrello E. , Sciullo E. , Napoli A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGood diabetic patient control requires that treatment be continuously adapted to the patient's behaviour and the control achieved, in order to get the glucose level within a predetermined target range. Several approaches have been documented. Self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has become a major element in the care of individuals with diabetes mellitus. In managing the pregnant diabetic patient it must be considered that two patients are being treated: the mother and the fetus. It appears that the strict maintenance of euglycaemia before conception and during the prenatal period may favourably influence perinatal mortality and morbidity. Assuming that easy access to diabetes care providers would allow patients to make appropriate adjustments to their management and thus improve their metabolic control, a controlled trial comparing customary management with continuous diabetes care providing access to patients' self‐monitored glucose data, was undertaken in diabetic pregnancy. In the study, two groups were compared. The Dianet group (7 diabetic pregnant women) used a Diva System: they stored their data in blood glucose meters (ROMEO) with memory to store and transmit data when inserted into JULIET, and this data was directly carried through a telephone modem (JULIET + BOXTEL) to our service every week, and they came to the clinic every two weeks. The control group (10 pregnant diabetic women) recorded their data in a diary and came to the diabetes clinic every week. The use of the telphone modem (DIANET system) stimulated both the patient and the diabetes specialist to keep closer control of blood glucose levels. This might be especially useful in the treatment of diabetes in pregnancy because the patients are usually highly motivated to achieve better metabolic control, as was shown by (a) faster optimisation of blood glucose profiles, (b) better pre‐breakfast and pre‐lunch blood glucose concentration, (c) fewer hypoglycaemic episodes, in the DIANET versus the control group.
Screening for gestational diabetes in a population at high risk Poor compliance with guidelines and lack of effectiveness of education directed at clinicians
Authors: Ammari F. , Gregory R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to establish reasons for an unexpectedly low referral of only six women in one year with gestational diabetes (GDM) to the combined diabetic‐antenatal clinic in a hospital with 35% Indo‐Asian population, an audit of adherence to the locally‐agreed policy of screening by clinical risk factors was undertaken. One hundred and forty three case records (3.6%) for deliveries in 1993 (100 for Europid and 43 for Indo‐Asian women) were examined for the documented presence at booking and for the subsequent development of traditional obstetric risk factors for diabetes. The number of women with one or more risk factors who had taken an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was recorded.Fifty three (37%) women (33 [33%] Europid and 20 [46.5%] Indo‐Asian) had one or more risk factors of whom ten (7%) women had taken an OGTT. Three women had abnormal glucose tolerance: one was referred to the combined diabetic‐antenatal clinic. It was concluded that poor adherence to the locally‐agreed policy of screening for diabetes in pregnancy explained in part the low rate of detection and referral. Since 1994, gestational diabetes has been included in the curriculum for the education programme for trainee doctors in obstetrics and gynaecology, and screening according to risk factors was recommended to them.The results of the first audit were presented to the Directorate of Obstetrics and circulated to all clinicians. A repeat audit was performed in 1995. One hundred and forty‐seven case records (3.7%) were examined (95 for Europid and 52 for Indo‐Asian women). Seventy (48%) women (44 [46%] Europid and 26 [50%] Indo‐Asian) had one or more risk factors for diabetes, of whom 20 (29%) had received an OGTT. This indicated no significant improvement in compliance with the guidelines (p=0.30). We conclude that education directed at clinicians was not effective in improving the detection of GDM in a population at high risk.