bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some New Data on Police Discretion and Training
Authors: Arcuri Alan F. , Gunn Mary M. , Lester David 
Published: March 2007

In 1977, a survey was conducted with 49 police officers in a 55-man department in New Jersey, in order to explore how they determine the real law of the land. A questionnaire was distributed, attempting to tap attitudes on training, and how and why a police officer uses discretion. The data seem to suggest that there are important differences between the opinions of patrolmen and those of senior officers. Discretion is, of course, an indispensable part of police work. Police, however, are making decisions on a daily basis for which their training may be suspect. Much decision-making information seems to be communicated from veteran to rookie. This training is informal, unsystematic, and, in some cases, too brief This study, suggests that much more emphasis — both in number of class hours and in realism — on discretion and discretion training should be taught at police academies. Too often policemen report that boring lectures focus on "book" knowledge, rather than "the real thing. " At the very least, new patrolmen should learn what will probably be a disparity, if not a gulf between formal training and "street" learning. This increased attention to discretion might lessen the shock and disillusionment of some rookies.
Supreme Court Disengagement from the Exclusionary Rule: The Impact of Stone v. Powell
Authors: Mays G. Larry 
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the United States Supreme Court case of Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976), and the impact this case has had on the procedures of state supreme courts. Also of concern are changes infederal-state court relations resulting from this decision.The research centers around a survey sent to the 312judges sitting on courts of last resort hearing criminal appeals in all 50 states. The results indicate that although Stone v. Powell can be viewed along two dimensions a substantive dimension applying the case as a Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule decision and a broader, policy dimension of judicial federalism most state supreme court judges see the decision in terms of the narrower, substantive context. The implication is that state supreme courts have not moved into criminal procedure areas vacated by the United States Supreme Court.
Solid Waste Disposal in China-Situation, Problems and Suggestions
Authors: Wei Jin-Bao , Herbell Jan-Dirk , Shuo Zhang  
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the current situation of municipal and industrial solid waste disposal in China. Recent Chinese literature about solid waste disposal in China has been reviewed and data analysed on the total amount of solid wastes generated and compositional variations over the last ten years in the city of Wuhan. The results show a rapid increase in the total amount of municipal solid wastes and significant composition changes. These are related to the increased population in China and the enhanced living standards in the last years. In Wuhan City, for example, the total amount of municipal solid wastes increased from 1.19 million tonnes in 1985 to 1.50 million tonnes in 1993, and is estimated to reach 2 million tonnes in 2000. Until now large amounts of municipal solid wastes in many cities in China were transported to the suburban districts and dumped into the low-lying land directly without any controlled disposal. The total amount of industrial solid waste in China was about 580 million tonnes in 1990. Until 1990, about 6.5 billion tonnes industrial waste was stockpiled in China, occupying an area of 58 692 hectares, of which 4060 hectares is potential farming land. The total amount of industrial solid waste in Wuhan was 5.6 million tonnes in 1992, in which 5.0 million tonnes was recycled, 30 000 tonnes was treated physically or chemically and finally disposed, 0.31 million tonnes was deposited near the plant, and 0.26 million tonnes was discharged into rivers, lakes and seas. Although the rate of recycling is very high (89%), this is mainly due to the re-use of some kinds of wastes like fly-ash, slag, coal spoil. The amount of the stockpiled and discharged wastes, especially hazardous wastes which cause considerable pollution in China, is still very large. To overcome existing solid waste management problems in China, some measures are suggested in this paper. © 1997 ISWA
The Older Student as an Undergraduate
Authors: Kasworm Carol E. 
Published: March 2007

This article explores prior research regarding academic capabilities of older undergraduate students and reports on a study of the intellectual and socio emotional orientations as measured by the Omnibus Personality Inventory— Form F of a sampling of younger (18-22 years) and older (26 and above years) undergraduate students within an undergraduate university setting. A typology of differential characteristics of younger and older undergraduates is described. Prior research noted that older undergraduates gained similar, if not higher, gradepoint aver ages as compared to younger undergraduates. In this present study older undergraduates dis played significantly higher scores in the areas of personal integration, lack of anxiety, theoretical orientation, and analytical problem solving. Younger undergraduates displayed significantly higher scores focused on environmental, esthetic, and novel stimuli and on impulse expression. In analyzing scale scores according to age increments, personal integration and lack of anxiety score scales increased with age increments and the impulse expression scale decreased with age in crements.
Rites of Passage at Adolescence: A Ritual Process Paradigm
Authors: Dunham Richard M. , Kidwell Jeannie S. , Wilson Stephen M. 
Published: March 2007

Concepts which relate rites of passage to the developmental process at adolescence are reviewed. Selected concepts are assembled to serve as a new interdisciplinary paradigm of ritual processes affecting development. The new paradigm is offered as an elaboration of the classic tripartite paradigm of vanGennep (1909), from the original three steps to fourteen. It is expected that the elaboration will suggest ways of operationalizing aspects of environmental process at strategic points, passages in the developmental process. It may thereby also facilitate empirical studies with strong experimental design, including pure experimentation. Relevant literature in cultural anthropology, developmental theory, psychology, sociology, and theology is brought to bear in the formulation of the paradigm. Because it includes elements of various disciplinary origins, the fourteen-step paradigm may be approached with research techniques that tap variables that are phenomenological, behavioral, social, institutional or cultural. Furthermore, it may be addressed to questions of individual development, family process, or community process. It appears to be applicable to both normal development and pathological conditions of the individual, the family, or the society. The adolescent mind is essentially a mind of the moratorium, a psychosocial stage between childhood and adulthood, and between the morality learned by the child, and the ethics to be developed by the adult. It is an ideological mind-and, indeed it is the ideological outlook of a society that speaks most clearly to the adolescent who is eager to be affirmed by his peers, and is ready to be confirmed by rituals, creeds, and programs which at the same time define what is evil, uncanny, and inimical. (Erikson 1959, p. 128).
Food-Deprivation-Induced Phase Shifts in Sminthopsis macroura froggatti
Authors: Coleman G.J. , O'Reilly H.M. , Armstrong S.M. 
Published: March 2007

Past research has shown that there is a circadian oscillator in laboratory rats that is entrained by restricted feeding schedules. However, in laboratory rats at least, the light- dark (LD) cycle is the dominant zeitgeber in the entrainment of wheel-running activity rhythms. Given that dasyurid marsupials are predominantly carnivorous, the episodic intake of food in the wild and the high nutritive content of that food suggest that food may be an important zeitgeber in these species. Twelve Sminthopsis macroura froggatti were presented with a daily meal at 0900 hr under an LD 12:12 cycle with lights-on at 0600 hr for 37 days. Activity in anticipation of the meal was observed in most animals. Following this, all animals were exposed to periods of 12-18 days ad lib. food interspersed with 3-day periods of deprivation—a technique used previously to demonstrate persistent meal-associated rhythms. The meal-associated activity rhythms previously observed in rats during the 3-day deprivation period were not seen, but the 3-day deprivation period produced large phase-shifts in the activity rhythms of several S. m. froggatti. It is concluded that meal feeding does not dominate the LD cycle in entraining dasyurid marsupials, but that the frequent observation of phase shifts suggests a different and, perhaps, stronger role for food intake in biological rhythmicity than has been observed previously in laboratory rats.
A Circadian Rhythm of Population Behavior in Gonyaulax polyedra
Authors: Roenneberg Till , Colfax Grant N. , Hastings J. Woodland 
Published: March 2007

Like other flagellates, Gonyaulax polyedra exhibits diurnal vertical migration and pattern formation. Shape and size of the aggregations depend on container type, light inten sity, and cell density. In Petri dishes, cells form oval "swarms"; within these, cells move downward in the highly dense center and rise up at the periphery. We have investigated the daily rhythm of this swarming activity in Petri dishes illuminated from the side, using time- lapse video recordings. At night, a "lawn" of cells forms at the bottom of the dish toward the light source (independent of light intensity). Before dawn, cells rise toward the surface and aggregate in swarms. The daily vertical migration occurs independent of light direction and intensity. The diurnal swarms, however, form every day at the same location within the dish, at a distance from the light that depends on light intensity, indicating a self-selection of light intensity. In constant light and temperature and with negligible vertical nutrient differences, all aspects of the rhythm continue to oscillate for up to 3 weeks, when the rhythm of the population becomes desynchronized. Under cycles of bright white-dim red light (WR), cell entrain to WR 10: 10 but free run in WR 8:8 and shorter cycles, showing relative coordination (von Holst, 1939) to the driving light cycle. They also entrain to the 24-hr multiple of WR 6:6. Under nonentrained conditions, swarming activity is still influenced by light changes, and in spite of the apparent free run, the phasing of the averaged activity varies systematically with different T-cycle frequencies.
Mutations That Affect Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora crassa Can Alter the Reduction of Cytochromes by Blue Light
Authors: Borgeson Charlotte E. , Bowman Barry J. 
Published: March 2007

We have examined membrane fractions from mutant strains of Neurospora crassa that have altered responses to blue light or have altered circadian rhythms. Using an in vitro assay, we assessed whether the mutations affected the levels of photoreducible cytochromes. Three of the mutant strains, prd-1, rib-1, and wc-1, were not qualitatively different from the wild type. The poky strain was found to have high concentrations of photoreducible cytochrome c. After removal of this cytochrome, however, the photoreducible cytochromes in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum were also similar to those of the wild type. The most significant differences were found in strains mutated at the frq locus, which affects circadian rhythms. In the frq-9 strain, the cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum was not detectably reduced by blue light. The frq-1 mutation caused a significant shift in the spectrum of blue-light- reduced cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The Retinal Cells Generating the Circadian Small Spikes in the Bulla Optic Nerve
Authors: Geusz Michael E. , Block Gene D. 
Published: March 2007

A circadian rhythm in the frequency of compound action potentials (CAPs) in the optic nerve of the mollusc Bulla gouldiana is believed to be generated by the basal retinal neurons (BRNs) of the eye. Along with the CAPs, which are about 100 μV in amplitude, there are 10- to 40-μV impulses from an undetermined cell type in records from the optic nerve. These impulses, called "small spikes," are generated spontaneously in darkness and show a circadian rhythm in frequency that is about 12 hr out of phase with the CAP rhythm. To enable us to determine the origin of the small spikes, intracellular recordings were made from retinal cells while optic nerve activity was monitored. The cells were identified by their light responses and then injected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH or the tracer biocytin. It was found that the large photoreceptors of the distal retina generated graded depolarizations in response to light, and had axons in the optic nerve, but did not show impulses at the level of the photoreceptor layer. By contrast, the spiking retinal cells of the photoreceptor layer generated depolarizations and impulses in response to light. In addition, the spiking cells were found to be dye-coupled to a series of retinal cells approximately 7 μm in diameter, connected to a single axon in the optic nerve. Impulses from the spiking cells occurred spontaneously and corresponded with the small spikes in the optic nerve. The BRNs appear to inhibit the retinal cells that generate the small spikes. Hyperpolarization of the BRNs, through constant-current injection, increased the number of small spikes in the optic nerve. Release from hyperpolarization led to a decrease in small spikes. This could explain how circadian changes in BRN membrane potential might modulate spontaneous firing of the spiking cells, resulting in the circadian rhythm in small-spike frequency.
Gathering Inormation For the New Age of Compensation
Authors: Mc Dermott Donald G. 
Published: March 2007

Companies are using innovative methods to create closer ties between compensation and business needs. This requires compensation professionals to do more than simply slot jobs according to broadbased survey results. As top management seeks to make appropriate business-based compensation decisions, managers are demanding more (and more relevant) compensation information. There are no blanket answers to or surefire methods for gathering this information, says the author, but companies may learn from the two case studies he presents. The first explains how an insurance company's specialized business unit managed to find and gather specific information from nontraditional peers. The second explains how an information services company used new compensation tools designed to make this information gathering and analysis easier.
Communcating Benefits: A Double-Click Away
Authors: Kuzmits Frank E. 
Published: March 2007

Development of intranet technology has become the most efficient way to manage the formidable task of benefits communication. Using the same technologies as the Internet, but restricting access to qualified users, the intranet-without any additional operating cost-can serve as an around-the-clock staff, seven days a week. Employees can log on at work or from any location and instantly access company information regarding medical and dental plans, 401(k) savings plans, family assistance programs, and wellness programs and can even revise benefit forms and update their records. "By breaking down the organizational boundaries that often separate employee groups, the intranet allows the benefits staff and users to cut through red tape and communicate directly with one another," says the author. "The question of developing an intranet centers not on 'if' but on 'when'." And for most companies, he says, "the answer is now."
The Development of the Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale
Authors: Leff Ellen W. , Jefferis Sandra C. , Gagne Margaret P. 
Published: March 2007

A Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale was developed from categories identified in qualitative research. Content validity was tested according to procedures described by Imle and Atwood' and Lynn.2 A sample of 442 women who had breastfed completed an instrument of 56 Likert-scale items. A retest questionnaire was completed by a subsample of 28 women. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in three factors, accounting for 38.5 percent of the variance: Maternal Enjoyment/Role Attainment (29 percent), Infant Satisfaction/Growth (5 percent), and Lifestyle/Maternal Body Image (4 percent). A revised 30-item MBFES was developed using items loading strongly on these three factors. Cronbach's alphas for the revised scale and subscales were .93, .93, .88, and .80, respectively. Test-retest correlations (n=28) were .93, .93, .94, and .82, respectively (p<.001 for all).
The Power of Ideologically Concentrated Minorities
Authors: Merrill Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas , Koetzle William 
Published: March 2007

In two-party competition, it is well known that the party whose supporters/identifiers are more ideologically concentrated can pull the overall median in the direction of its party median, while the overall mean is essentially simply an average of the two party means weighted by the number of supporters/identifiers of each party. Yet the exact nature of the relationship between the overall median and the party-specific medians has never, we believe, been fully explicated. We consider three questions relevant to unidimensional two-party political competition: The first is `What factors determine the location of the overall median relative to the medians in each political party?' The second is `What are the factors that determine the location of the overall median relative to the overall mean?' The third, and potentially most interesting, is `Under what circumstances, if any, will the median of the party with fewer supporters be closer to the overall median than that of the party with a preponderance of supporters?' For party distributions which sufficiently overlap, we show analytically how (a) degree of party support, and (b) ideological cohesion of each party's supporters trade off with one another to determine the location of the overall median relative to the party medians. In general, if the smaller party is more concentrated ideologically and if the disparity in dispersion between the two parties exceeds the disparity in the number of party identifiers, then the overall median is closer to the median of the smaller party and, ceteris paribus, the smaller party can be expected to win.
The making of memory: the politics of archives, libraries and museums in the construction of national consciousness
Authors: Brown Richard Harvey , Davis-Brown Beth 
Published: March 2007

An archive is a repository - that is, a place or space in which materials of historic interest or social significance are stored and ordered. A national archive is the storing and ordering place of the collective memory of that nation or people(s). This article provides a brief his torical/theoretical introduction to the politics of the archive in late capi talist societies and discusses this politics of memory via the performance of ordinary daily activities of librarians and archivists. Some relevant political/discursive questions include: who controls, establishes and maintains the archive, and how do they do so? Which materials are preserved in the archive and which are excluded? As the documents and artifacts selected for the archive are ordered and classi fied, how do the schemas and structures applied include, exclude, fore ground or marginalize those materials? Finally, to what extent do the logical hierarchies for classification and arrangement reflect social or political hierarchies? Librarians and archivists face these concerns in HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES Vol. 11 No. 4 © 1998 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi) [0952-6951(199811)11:4;17-32; 006604]their professional practice as they make decisions influenced by budgets, finite amounts of both physical and computer storage space and limited staff resources. The authors give real-life examples of choices made as archivists struggle to balance ideological goals made contradictory by practical constraints. For example, is it more appro priate to acquire as many materials as possible but be unable to describe, preserve and present them adequately, or is it preferable to describe, preserve and make fully available a more limited range of records and documents? Because of such practical concerns in modern technicist cultures, the explicitly political who often is reduced to the technically instrumental how - that is, political-moral questions are displaced to nonmoral and nonpolitical technical discourse, thereby establishing a 'meta-politics' that is understood only by the initiated. Conversely, archival activities such as acquisition, classification and preservation are 'technical' activi ties that may become explicitly 'political'. The article concludes that technical activities always are political, at least latently or potentially, even when they are not contested and made explicitly political.
War and psychiatry: examining the diffusion theory in light of the insanity defence in post-World War I Britain
Authors: Dean Eric T. 
Published: March 2007

Martin Stone has argued that World War I taught doctors of the British medical corps a number of important lessons about psychiatric theory and practice; these lessons subsequently influenced civilian psychiatry, resulting in a broader awareness and concern with psychiatric problems, a new receptivity to psychotherapy, and innovations in outpatient treatment. Stone's thesis can be characterized as the 'diffusion theory'. However, an examination of medico-legal developments in reference to the insanity defence in post-World War I England demonstrates that civilian society and the legal establishment may also resist the application of wartime psychiatric lessons and techniques when they threaten familiar concepts of responsibility, and when the medical establishment is perceived as encroaching on the traditional domain of the law. This alternative view of the relationship between war and psychiatry is marked by a process of denial and the desuetude of military psychiatric doctrine.
Territory-Based Regional Development Policy and Planning in a Learning Economy
Authors: Glasmeier Amy K. 
Published: March 2007

In addressing the intersections between territory-based regional industrial development programs and the challenges faced by firms in the emerging information-based economy, a prerequisite for a more holistic approach to region-wide economic policy development and planning is a public-sector strategic outlook that itself is informed about economic, sectoral and strategic trends and which is built around an understanding of organizational learning. The requirement for public sector ‘know-how’ and ‘know-why’ deviates substantially from past practice wherein the knowledge of sectoral change and economic trends was embedded in separate programs created to provide services to firms. Absent from this model is a feedback loop which builds this understanding into policy making and program design. The most common approach to sectoral programming, which involves linking sectoral problems with programmatic interventions, relies on investigations of markets, products, and production processes that form bottlenecks and areas of technological backwardness which require corrective action. Sectoral approaches should be broadened to incorporate a more complex understanding of how information-based competition is altering the business environment. Accomplishing this requires a new approach to firm-based support services that feeds directly into regional planning functions and seeks to improve this environment for both citizens and the business community.