bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Position Effect on the Directionality of Silencer Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zou Yanfei , Yu Qun , Chiu Ya-Hui , Bi Xin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, silencers flanking the HML and HMR loci initiate the establishment of transcriptional silencing. We demonstrate that the activity of a silencer pertaining to its potency and directionality is dependent on its genomic position. The context of the HML-E silencer is more permissive to silencer function than that of HML-I or HMR-E, despite that HML-E and HML-I are only 3.3 kb apart. The apparent strength and directionality of a silencer in a particular location is affected by other silencing elements (silencers and protosilencers) present in its context. We show that at the HML locus, at least four silencing elements engage in multiple functional interactions that contribute to the activities of the silencers. Notably, these dispersed silencing elements can synergize to silence genes located not only inside, but also outside the HML sequence that harbors them. Moreover, the relative positions and orientations of these elements are important for silencing, indicating that they belong to an intricate silencing network.
Different Mating-Type-Regulated Genes Affect the DNA Repair Defects of SaccharomycesRAD51,RAD52andRAD55Mutants
Authors: Valencia-Burton Maria , Oki Masaya , Johnson Jean , Seier Tracey A , Kamakaka Rohinton , Haber James E 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing both a- and α-mating-type (MAT) genes (termed mating-type heterozygosity) exhibit higher rates of spontaneous recombination and greater radiation resistance than cells expressing only MATa or MATα. MAT heterozygosity suppresses recombination defects of four mutations involved in homologous recombination: complete deletions of RAD55 or RAD57, an ATPase-defective Rad51 mutation (rad51-K191R), and a C-terminal truncation of Rad52, rad52-Δ327. We investigated the genetic basis of MAT-dependent suppression of these mutants by deleting genes whose expression is controlled by the Mata1-Matα2 repressor and scoring resistance to both campothecin (CPT) and phleomycin. Haploid rad55Δ strains became more damage resistant after deleting genes required for nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), a process that is repressed in MATa/MATα cells. Surprisingly, NHEJ mutations do not suppress CPT sensitivity of rad51-K191R or rad52-Δ327. However, rad51-K191R is uniquely suppressed by deleting the RME1 gene encoding a repressor of meiosis or its coregulator SIN4; this effect is independent of the meiosis-specific homolog, Dmc1. Sensitivity of rad52-Δ327 to CPT was unexpectedly increased by the MATa/MATα-repressed gene YGL193C, emphasizing the complex ways in which MAT regulates homologous recombination. The rad52-Δ327 mutation is suppressed by deleting the prolyl isomerase Fpr3, which is not MAT regulated. rad55Δ is also suppressed by deletion of PST2 and/or YBR052C (RFS1, rad55 suppressor), two members of a three-gene family of flavodoxin-fold proteins that associate in a nonrandom fashion with chromatin. All three recombination-defective mutations are made more sensitive by deletions of Rad6 and of the histone deacetylases Rpd3 and Ume6, although these mutations are not themselves CPT or phleomycin sensitive.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mer2, Mei4 and Rec114 Form a Complex Required for Meiotic Double-Strand Break Formation
Authors: Li Jing , Hooker Gillian W , Roeder G Shirleen 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In budding yeast, at least 10 proteins are required for formation of the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination. Spo11 is the enzyme responsible for cleaving DNA and is found in a complex that also contains Ski8, Rec102, and Rec104. The Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 complex is required for both DSB formation and DSB processing. In this article we investigate the functions of the remaining three proteins—Mer2, Mei4, and Rec114—with particular emphasis on Mer2. The Mer2 protein is present in vegetative cells, but it increases in abundance and becomes phosphorylated specifically during meiotic prophase. Mer2 localizes to distinct foci on meiotic chromosomes, with foci maximally abundant prior to the formation of synaptonemal complex. If DSB formation is blocked (e.g., by a spo11 mutation), dephosphorylation of Mer2 and its dissociation from chromosomes are delayed. We have also found that the Mei4 and Rec114 proteins localize to foci on chromosomes and these foci partially colocalize with each other and with Mer2. Furthermore, the three proteins co-immunoprecipitate. Mer2 does not show significant colocalization with Mre11 or Rec102 and Mer2 does not co-immunoprecipitate with Rec102. We propose that Mer2, Mei4, and Rec114 form a distinct complex required for DSB formation.
A Note on Plea Bargaining and Case Pressure
Authors: Heumann Milton 
Published: June 2006

The demise of the “upper court myth” (see Frank, 1969: 222-24) and the resultant realization of the importance of the “trial” court has spurred research into the dispositional processes of criminal courts. In the forefront of the results yielded by these efforts is a model of case disposition very different from the familiar Perry Mason courtroom interaction, a model predicated on negotiated dispositions rather than adversary combat, in short, a plea bargaining model.Plea bargaining can be defined as the process by which the defendant relinquishes his right to go to trial in exchange for a reduction in charge and/or sentence. The pervasiveness of plea bargaining is suggested by the fact that roughly only 10% of all criminal cases go to trial.
Appeals to Civic Virtue Versus Attention to Self-Interest: Effects on Tax Compliance
Authors: Mcgraw Kathleen M. , Scholz John T. 
Published: June 2006

In an influential article, Schwartz and Orleans (1967) reported that emphasizing normative obligations to obey the law had a greater positive impact on tax compliance than did emphasizing deterrence factors. In this article, we report the results of a conceptual replication of that earlier experiment, within the context of a dynamic model of tax schema change.Prior to filing the 1987 tax year return (the first affected by the 1986 Tax Reform Act, TRA), taxpayers viewed one of two videotapes, one emphasizing the social consequences of the TRA and normative duties, the other emphasizing the personal consequences of the TRA and strategies to reduce tax liability. A control group of taxpayers did not receive information about the TRA. Data on attitudes, beliefs, and self-reported compliance were collected at three points during the tax season. Tax return data from the IRS were also obtained. The results indicate that the normative and personal consequences messages had predictable and persistent effects on tax-specific attitudes. However, these effects did not translate into changes in basic values or compliance, as reflected by either the self-report or the official tax return data. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between the results reported by Schwartz and Orleans (1967) and this experiment are considered.
How the Law Thinks: Toward a Constructivist Epistemology of Law
Authors: Teubner Gunther 
Published: June 2006

Twas bryllig, and the slythy toves did gyre and gymble in the wabe: all mimsy were the borogoves; and the mome raths outgrabe.American law professor commenting on Niklas Luhmann, “The Unity of the Legal System”European and American scholars of law and society apparently have problems in communicating with each other. To invoke Lewis Carroll's authority on a piece of legal theory indicates how serious the problems are. After all, traced to its true origins, “Jabberwocky,” the famous “Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry” (Carroll, 1855; 1871: 191), means “weeks of woe” in its original German version (Scott alias Chatterton, 1872). And inextricably involved in the interpretation of the poetry is a certain Hermann von Schwindel . . .
Impact of hospitalization and antimicrobial drug administration on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of horses
Authors: Dunowska Magdalena , Morley Paul S. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Hyatt Doreene R. , Dargatz David A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli strains isolated from the feces of horses and investigate relationships with hospitalization and antimicrobial drug (AMD) administration.
Design—Observational study.
Animals—68 hospitalized horses that had been treated with AMDs for at least 3 days (HOSP–AMD group), 63 hospitalized horses that had not received AMDs for at least 4 days (HOSP–NOAMD group), and 85 healthy horses that had not been hospitalized or treated with AMDs (community group).
Procedures—Fecal samples were submitted for bacterial culture, and up to 3 E coli colonies were recovered from each sample. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 724 isolates was evaluated. Prevalence of resistance was compared among groups by use of log-linear modeling.
Results—For 12 of the 15 AMDs evaluated, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance differed significantly among groups, with prevalence being highest among isolates from the HOSP–AMD group and lowest among isolates from the community group. Isolates recovered from the HOSP–AMD and HOSP–NOAMD groups were also significantly more likely to be resistant to multiple AMDs. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were most common, followed by resistance to gentamicin and resistance to tetracycline. Use of a potentiated sulfonamide, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, or metronidazole was positively associated with resistance to 1 or more AMDs, but use of penicillins was not associated with increased risk of resistance to AMDs.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that both hospitalization and AMD administration were associated with prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E coli strains isolated from the feces of horses.
Treatment with continuous intrasynovial antimicrobial infusion for septic synovitis in horses: 31 cases (2000–2003)
Authors: Lescun Timothy B. , Vasey James R. , Ward Michael P. , Adams Stephen B. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine clinical findings, complications, and outcome of septic synovitis in which continuous intrasynovial antimicrobial infusion (CIAI) was used for local antimicrobial delivery in horses.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—22 adult horses and 9 foals (horses < 1 year of age).
Procedures—Records of horses with septic synovitis that had CIAI during treatment were reviewed. The association between clinical variables and whether horses performed their intended use following treatment was determined.
Results—42 synovial cavities were treated via CIAI. Twenty-nine cases were chronic (> 7 days) in nature, 15 had been refractory to standard treatments, and 13 synovial infections had associated osteomyelitis. Mean duration from infection to initiation of CIAI was 19.7 days, and mean duration of CIAI was 6.1 days. Temporary discharge from the catheter site at the time of removal was evident in 8 horses. Dysfunction of the infusion system occurred in 2 horses and was corrected during the course of treatment. No long-term complications were reported. Thirty-nine (93%) synovial infections in 29 (94%) horses were resolved. Twenty adult horses and 8 foals were discharged from the hospital, and 19 of 24 horses with long-term follow-up performed their intended use.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CIAI was a useful adjunctive treatment for septic synovitis and allowed intrasynovial antimicrobial delivery into a variety of synovial cavities.
The Replacement of Perishable Members of a Continually Operating System
Authors: Campbell N. R. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Suppose that a series of street-lighting posts has to be kept supplied with lamps. Is it cheaper to replace the lamps individually as they fail, or to replace all the lamps at regular intervals, replacing only those that fail between these intervals, and thereby to save labour but to sacrifice some lamps that have burnt only a short time ?
That question, and some variants of it, is discussed in Part I. Precisely similar problems obviously arise when other systems are substituted for street-lighting and other perishable members for lamps.
In Part II computations are performed for one particular example.
In Part III a subsidiary problem is discussed which is of no great practical importance, but leads to some remarkable algebraic identities.
The Right to Refuse Treatment: Four Case Studies of Legal Mobilization
Authors: Milner Neal 
Published: June 2006

This is a comparative study of legal mobilization that shows how various patterns of legal representation and layperson participation affect the scope and pace of mobilization. These patterns do not emerge from whole cloth during a particular legal mobilization but rather develop according to preexisting trends of representation and participation.The author first discusses this analytic framework and then presents four case studies. Ultimately he presents a comparative analysis of these cases to generalize about the relationship between the patterns and the scope and pace of mobilization. He argues that patterns of legal representation and layperson participation are powerful determinants of the style and outcome of legal mobilization.
The Paradox of the Contented Female Lawyer
Authors: Hull Kathleen E. 
Published: June 2006

This research note calls attention to some basic but rather neglected questions about life in the legal profession: Are lawyers happy in their work? Do patterns of stratification within the profession translate into differences in work satisfaction? Does satisfaction with different components of legal work vary across employment statuses and practice contexts?Given that job satisfaction is a highly subjective phenomenon, some sociolegal scholars may question its value as an object of social scientific inquiry. I argue, however, that to ignore the question of lawyers' happiness is a mistake. Despite their limitations, studies of lawyers' work satisfaction can be useful in several ways. First, job satisfaction can be viewed as a stratification measure, complementing more traditional measures such as income and hierarchical position. If satisfaction is unevenly distributed within the profession in some systematic way (e.g., if women are less satisfied than men or if minorities less satisfied than whites), we might interpret this uneven distribution as a form of inequality and seek to explain its causes and possible remedies.
A systematic review of factors affecting the judgments produced by formal consensus development methods in health care
Authors: Hutchings Andrew , Raine Rosalind 
Published: June 2006

Objectives: Formal consensus development methods are ways of obtaining and synthesising views of experts, opinion leaders and other stakeholders, and are increasingly being used to develop clinical practice guidelines. Our objective was to examine the impact that the characteristics of individual participants, groups and the consensus process have on the judgments produced by formal consensus development methods in health care. Methods: Studies were identified from an earlier methodological review and a search of five bibliographic databases for the period January 1996 to December 2004. Studies were eligible if they involved formal consensus development methods and reported differences in judgments between groups or participants. For studies comparing two or more groups overall percentage agreement, the kappa coefficient and the odds ratio for differences in judgments were calculated. Results: There were 22 studies comparing the impact of the characteristics of individual participants within groups and 30 studies comparing the results produced by two or more groups. Practitioners who perform a procedure tend to emphasise the appropriateness of the procedure compared with non-performing practitioners, and individuals from groups that were subject to performance criteria are more critical of those criteria than individuals from other groups. There was no clear pattern for the differences in judgments produced by participants and groups from different countries. Conclusions: Except for participant specialty there is little generalisable evidence for how the characteristics of participants and groups influence the judgments produced in formal consensus development methods. Multi-specialty groups are preferable to single-specialty groups because of their potential for taking account of a wider range of opinions.
Institutionalized paternalism? Stakeholders' views on public access to genetic testing
Authors: Carter Sarah , Taylor David , Bates Ian 
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To explore the views of UK stakeholder group representatives about genetic tests for complex disease risks, and in particular the regulation of public access to genetic testing in order to assess the capacity of public consultations to represent the views of the public and representative groups accurately. Methods: A purposive sample of 16 people was selected who had responded to a previous consultation by the Human Genetics Commission (a UK government body), or who were known to have relevant interests. Interviews were undertaken in June and July 2003, and recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Results: Interviewees believed that genetic information is not inherently different from other health risk information, such as family histories or body mass indices. However, they tended to think that members of the public are unable to take a similarly informed view and that special regulation is therefore required. Individuals acting as representatives of organizations tended to express opinions more in favour of protective regulation and professionally controlled access to genetic testing for complex disease risks than those they held as individuals. Conclusions: Stakeholder representatives' perceptions of public vulnerability may give rise to precautionary regulatory policies on genetic testing that limit public access to potentially valuable information. This could undermine other public health policies aimed at encouraging individuals to act independently to reduce risks to their health. 'Stakeholder consultations' may generate biased findings. Further rigorous research is needed to validate and explain the opinions and assumptions of individuals asked to contribute to such consultations.
The Influence of Presidential Versus Home State Senatorial Preferences on the Policy Output of Judges on the United States District Courts
Authors: Johnson Susan W. , Songer Donald R. 
Published: June 2006

While many of the decisions of federal district court judges involve the routine application of settled legal rules, a significant minority of their decisions present the judges with the opportunity to engage in judicial policy making. A considerable body of literature suggests that when faced with policy-making opportunities, the policy preferences of the judges exert a significant impact on the nature of those decisions. The present study explores the question of whose preferences are manifested in the policy-relevant decisions of the district court judges. In particular, we seek to determine the relative impact of the preferences of the major elites involved in the selection of federal district judges: the appointing president, home state senators of the president's party, and home state elites outside the Senate who are consulted when a president makes an appointment from a state whose Senate delegation is in the hands of the opposition party.The analysis is based on all published decisions of the district courts in civil liberties, economic and labor, and criminal procedure cases decided between 1961 and 1995. We find that contrary to the expectations derived from the existing literature on district judge appointments, the political preferences of the appointing presidents are most closely related to the policy relevant decisions of the judges.
Engaged Research, “Goose Bumps,” and the Role of the Public Intellectual
Authors: Calavita Kitty 
Published: June 2006

As I was preparing my remarks for today, I thought about other LSA Presidential Addresses that had resonated with me, from Felice Levine's (1990) description of Lily Tomlin's “Trudy,” and the “goose bumps” that she (Felice) got from sociolegal studies, to Frank Munger's (2001) appeal to law and society scholars to do engaged research.I realized that two themes I care passionately about were implicit in several of those previous talks, and that's why I had found them so compelling. They are the importance of asking the big questions (those that give us goose bumps), and the urgent need for a commitment to engaged research. I will argue today that there are in fact close links between these two themes. And, I will suggest that making these links explicit may help us address some of the dilemmas attached to the role of the engaged intellectual.
Crimes Without Criminals
Authors: Currie Elliott P. 
Published: June 2006

The sociological study of deviant behavior has begun to focus less on the deviant and more on society's response to him. One of several implications of this perspective is that a major concern of the sociology of deviance should be the identification and analysis of different kinds of systems of social control. Particularly important is the analysis of the impact of different kinds of control systems on the way deviant behavior is perceived and expressed in societies.By playing down the importance of intrinsic differences between deviants and conventional people, and between the social situation of deviants and that of nondeviants, the focus on social response implies much more than the commonplace idea that society defines the kinds of behavior that will be considered odd, disgusting, or criminal. It implies that many elements of the behavior system of a given kind of deviance, including such things as the rate of deviance and the kinds of people who are identified as a deviant, will be significantly affected by the kind of control system through which the behavior is defined and managed.
Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act
Authors: Butler Brian E. 
Published: June 2006

The effort to provide aid for development, undertaken on an unprecedented scale by the United States after World War II, provides an excellent opportunity for social scientists to contribute to the clarification and implementation of public policy. The relationship between given policies and the desired process of development has not been adequately understood. Nor has the nature of development been clearly identified or conceptualized.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of these problems in Congress. This is particularly manifest in the hearings, debates, and reports which led to the passage of title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1966, and the public statements of the Congressmen who were responsible for the passage of the title. Efforts at implementation of this section indicate the complexity of the problem and the need for a major contribution from the social sciences if the policy embodied in the act is to be effectuated.