bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circular Dichroism to Study Protein Interactions
Authors: Kelly Sharon M. , Price Nicholas C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCircular dichroism (CD) is a powerful technique for studying the structures of proteins in solution, as well as structural changes that may occur when proteins bind to ligands. Changes in CD signals accompanying complex formation can be used to determine the strength of the interaction and to provide information about the nature and extent of the conformational changes involved. This unit outlines the type of information available from CD studies and describes how such experiments should be carried out to ensure that reliable information is obtained.
Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Mary C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis appendix opens with detailed discussions on the latest principles of sterile technique and preparation of culture media. Step‐by‐step protocols describe trypsinizing and subculturing monolayer cultures, passaging suspension cultures, freezing and thawing cells, counting cells using a hemacytometer, and preparing cells for transport.
Rat Model for Evaluation of Therapeutics on Peripheral Vascular Resistance
Authors: Wexler Roseanne S. , Ellis James L. , Dubé Gregory P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDescribed in this protocol is a rat preparation that serves as a sensitive, reliable in vivo assay of peripheral vascular resistance. Experiments are conducted on conscious animals 5 days following the surgical implantation of an arterial pressure catheter in the carotid artery and a transit time flow probe on the abdominal aorta. The transit time flow probe measures volume blood flow per unit time, making it possible to calculate a true vascular resistance, a reliable indicator of microvascular tone. After allowing appropriate recovery time between experiments, it is possible to use the animal preparation multiple times. This increases study efficiency by reducing the number of animals required and makes it possible to use paired statistical analysis since multiple treatment interventions, including control conditions, can be evaluated in each animal.
Approaches to the Molecular Modeling of 7‐Transmembrane Helical Receptors
Authors: Blaney Frank E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract7‐Transmembrane helical receptors (7TMs) represent the single most important class of target for drug therapy; therefore, a great deal of effort has gone into computational studies of their structures. Historically, these were based on low resolution electron diffraction data, together with the use of computational methods such as multiple sequence alignments, distance geometry, and molecular mechanics calculations. In the year 2000 the situation changed when the first crystal structure of a 7TM, was published. It was then possible to use the homology modeling techniques to generate more accurate models of these proteins. This unit reviews the modeling of 7TMs and describes in detail how homology modeling can be used to build a structure of the 5‐HT2a receptor. Special attention is given to the initial sequence alignment, the most important step in the process. Use of automatic alignment programs often produces incorrect results, and manual intervention is necessary before proceeding further.
Carbonic Esters
Authors: Buysch Hans‐Josef 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production3.1.Phosgenation of Alcohols3.2.Phosgenation of Phenols3.3.Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols3.4.Oxidative Carbonylation of Phenols3.5.Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols with NOx3.6.Carbonic Esters from Oxalic Esters3.7.Electrochemical Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols3.8.Reaction of CO2with Oxiranes3.9.Reactions of Alcohols with Urea3.10.Reaction of Phenols with Urea3.11.Miscellaneous Reactions of CO2to Form Carbonates3.12.Transesterification3.13.Cyclic Carbonic Esters4.Environmental Protection and Toxicology5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses8.1.Direct Uses8.2.Use for Chemical Synthesis9.Economic Aspects
Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds
Authors: Graf Günter G. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History

2.

Properties

3.

Occurrence; Ore Extraction and Beneficiation

3.1.

Minerals

3.2.

Deposits

3.3.

Mining

3.4.

Ore Beneficiation

4.

Smelting

4.1.

Fundamental Theory of Smelting

4.2.

Special Aspects of the Winning of Tin from its Ores

4.3.

Production of Crude Tin

4.3.1.

General Aspects

4.3.2.

Ore Preparation prior to Reduction

4.3.2.1.

Pyrometallurgical Enrichment of Low‐Grade Concentrates

4.3.2.2.

Roasting

4.3.2.3.

Leaching

4.3.3.

Reduction

4.3.3.1.

Reduction in a Shaft Kiln

4.3.3.2.

Reduction in a Reverberatory Furnace

4.3.3.3.

Reduction in Rotary Kilns

4.3.3.4.

Reduction in an Electric Furnace

4.3.3.5.

Other Reduction Processes

4.3.4.

Slag Processing

5.

Refining

5.1.

Pyrometallurgical Refining

5.1.1.

Removal of Iron

5.1.2.

Removal of Copper

5.1.3.

Removal of Arsenic

5.1.4.

Removal of Lead

5.1.5.

Removal of Bismuth

5.2.

Electrorefining

5.2.1.

Electrorefining in Acid Medium

5.2.2.

Electrorefining in an Alkaline Medium

5.2.3.

Other Methods of Electrorefining

6.

Recovery of Tin from Scrap Materials and Residues

7.

Analysis

7.1.

Analysis of Ores and Concentrates

7.2.

Analysis of Metallic Tin

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Tin Alloys and Coatings

10.

Inorganic Tin Compounds

10.1.

Tin(II) Compounds

10.2.

Tin(IV) Compounds

11.

Organic Compounds of Tin

11.1.

Properties of Organotin Compounds

11.2.

Production of Organotin Compounds

11.3.

Industrially Important Compounds

11.4.

Analysis of Organotin Compounds

11.5.

Storage and Shipping of Organotin Compounds

11.6.

Pattern of Production and Consumption

12.

Toxicology
Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes
Authors: Gessner Thomas , Mayer Udo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definition and Chromophores1.1.Definition1.2.Chromophores2.History and Economic Importance2.1.History2.2.Economic Importance3.Production4.Uses5.Diphenylmethane Dyes5.1.Michler's Hydrol and Derivatives5.2.Michler's Ketone, Auramines, and Derivatives5.2.1.Michler's Ketone5.2.2.Auramines6.Triphenylmethane Dyes6.1.Monoaminotriphenylmethane Dyes6.1.1.Cationic Dyes6.1.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)6.2.Diaminotriphenylmethane Dyes6.2.1.Cationic Dyes6.2.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol and Triphenylmethylamine Derivatives)6.2.3.Anionic Dyes6.3.Triaminotriphenylmethane Dyes6.3.1.Cationic Dyes6.3.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)6.3.3.Betaines and Anionic Dyes6.4.Hydroxytriphenylmethane Dyes6.4.1.Metal‐Complex Dyes6.4.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)7.Heteroaryldiarylmethane and Diheteroarylarylmethane Dyes7.1.Cationic Dyes7.1.1.Monoaminodiphenylheteroarylmethane Dyes7.1.2.Diaminodiphenylheteroarylmethane Dyes7.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives, Lactones, and Leuco Compounds)8.Dyes with Several Chromophores8.1.Bis(triarylmethane) Dyes8.2.Oligomeric and Polymeric Triarylmethane Dyes8.3.Triarylmethane Dyes with Other Chromophores9.Acridine Dyes10.Xanthene Dyes10.1.Ring‐Closed Diphenylmethane Dyes (Pyronins)10.2.Ring‐Closed Triphenylmethane Dyes10.2.1.Monoaminoxanthene Dyes10.2.1.1.Cationic Dyes10.2.1.2.Fluorans10.2.2.Diaminoxanthene Dyes10.2.2.1.Cationic Dyes10.2.2.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Lactones and Related Compounds)10.2.2.3.Anionic Dyes10.2.3.Hydroxyxanthene Dyes11.Thioxanthene Dyes12.Other Ring‐Closed Triarylmethane Dyes12.1.Cationic Dyes12.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)13.Toxicology
Chemical and Biochemical Sensors
Authors: Cammann Karl , Ross Bernd , Katerkamp Andreas , Reinbold Jörg , Gründig Bernd , Renneberg Reinhard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction to the Field of Sensors and Actuators2.Chemical Sensors2.1.Introduction2.2.Molecular Recognition Processes and Corresponding Selectivities2.2.1.Catalytic Processes in Calorimetric Devices2.2.2.Reactions at Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces Influencing Surface or Bulk Conductivities2.2.3.Selective Ion Conductivities in Solid‐State Materials2.2.4.Selective Adsorption ‐ Distribution and Supramolecular Chemistry at Interfaces2.2.5.Selective Charge‐Transfer Processes at Ion‐Selective Electrodes (Potentiometry)2.2.6.Selective Electrochemical Reactions at Working Electrodes (Voltammetry and Amperometry)2.2.7.Molecular Recognition Processes Based on Molecular Biological Principles2.3.Transducers for Molecular Recognition: Processes and Sensitivities2.3.1.Electrochemical Sensors2.3.1.1.Self‐Indicating Potentiometric Electrodes2.3.1.2.Voltammetric and Amperometric Cells2.3.1.3.Conductance Devices2.3.1.4.Ion‐Selective Field‐Effect Transistors (ISFETs)2.3.2.Optical Sensors2.3.2.1.Fiber‐Optical Sensors2.3.2.2.Integrated Optical Chemical and Biochemical Sensors2.3.2.3.Surface Plasmon Resonance2.3.2.4.Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy2.3.3.Mass‐Sensitive Devices2.3.3.1.Introduction2.3.3.2.Fundamental Principles and Basic Types of Transducers2.3.3.3.Theoretical Background2.3.3.4.Technical Considerations2.3.3.5.Specific Applications2.3.3.6.Conclusions and Outlook2.3.4.Calorimetric Devices2.4.Problems Associated with Chemical Sensors2.5.Multisensor Arrays, Electronic Noses, and Tongues3.Biochemical Sensors (Biosensors)3.1.Definitions, General Construction, and Classification3.2.Biocatalytic (Metabolic) Sensors3.2.1.Monoenzyme Sensors3.2.2.Multienzyme Sensors3.2.3.Enzyme Sensors for Inhibitors ‐ Toxic Effect Sensors3.2.4.Biosensors Utilizing Intact Biological Receptors3.3.Affinity Sensors ‐ Immuno‐Probes3.3.1.Direct‐Sensing Immuno‐Probes without Marker Molecules3.3.2.Indirect‐Sensing Immuno‐Probes using Marker Molecules3.4.Whole‐Cell Biosensors3.5.Problems and Future Prospects4.Actuators and Instrumentation5.Future Trends and Outlook
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Burghardt Robert C. , Droleskey Robert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy has long been an important analytical tool in the field of microbiology. This unit describes preparation techniques for examining particulate samples as well as samples presenting more complex ultrastructural considerations that require analysis in thin sections. Negative staining is a useful technique for routine examination of particulate samples in suspension ranging from bacteria to purified macromolecules. In order to investigate the relationships between microbes and the environments with which they interface, fixed samples can be prepared for imaging in sections of 60‐ to 90‐nm thickness. Due to the many steps in sample preparation for ultrastructural analysis of thin‐sectioned samples, the major steps in the process are divided into fixation and initial processing of samples for thin sectioning, the embedment of samples into a plastic resin for sectioning, ultramicrotomy, and staining of samples. Procedures for immunolocalization of antigens in negatively stained and thin‐sectioned preparations are also considered.
Controlled Pattern Formation of Poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxyl)–1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH–PPV) by Ink‐Jet Printing
Authors: Tekin E. , Holder E. , Kozodaev D. , Schubert U. S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA detailed survey on the processing of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxyl)–1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH–PPV) solutions via ink‐jet printing and the subsequent characterization of the resulting films is reported. The printability of MEH–PPV dissolved in different solvents, and with varied concentrations, is studied. Limitations of the printability of highly concentrated polymer solutions are overcome by using ultrasonication. The pattern formation of the resulting lines is explained in relation to the contact angle formed by the MEH–PPV solution on the substrate and interchain interactions. A uniform thickness distribution of MEH–PPV films is obtained when toluene is used as the solvent. Further improvement on the surface quality of the lines is achieved by optimizing the printing parameters. The line stability as a function of the print‐head velocity is also studied. Additionally, current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and the morphology of the MEH–PPV films, as determined by atomic force microscopy, are discussed.
Superparamagnetic Colloids: Controlled Synthesis and Niche Applications
Authors: Jeong U. , Teng X. , Wang Y. , Yang H. , Xia Y. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on superparamagnetic colloids. We begin with an overview of synthetic strategies that have been developed for generating both nanoscale and mesoscale superparamagnetic colloids, with a focus on those systems that can be prepared as monodisperse samples and in relatively large quantities. We then discuss a variety of techniques that have been exploited for modifying surface properties, as well as for controlling the assembly and patterning of these magnetically active colloids. Towards the end, we highlight a range of innovative applications enabled by the unique combination of superparamagnetism and colloidal suspension. We conclude this review article with personal remarks and perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this area might be directed.
Using a nitrilase for the surface modification of acrylic fibres
Authors: Matamá Teresa , Carneiro Filipa , Caparrós Cristina , Gübitz Georg M. , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe surface of an acrylic fibre was modified with a commercial nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.1). The effect of fibre solvents and polyols on nitrilase catalysis efficiency and stability was investigated. The nitrilase action on the acrylic fabric was improved by the combined addition of 1 M sorbitol and 4% N, N‐dimethylacetamide. The colour levels for samples treated with nitrilase increased 156% comparing to the control samples. When the additives were introduced in the treatment media, the colour levels increased 199%. The enzymatic conversion of nitrile groups into the corresponding carboxylic groups, on the fibre surface, was followed by the release of ammonia and polyacrylic acid. A surface erosion phenomenon took place and determined the “oscillatory” behaviour of the amount of dye uptake with time of treatment. These results showed that the outcome of the application of the nitrilase for the acrylic treatment is intimately dependent on reaction media parameters, such as time, enzyme activity and formulation.
Methods to produce marker‐free transgenic plants
Authors: Darbani Behrooz , Eimanifar Amin , Stewart C. Neal , Camargo William N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSelectable marker genes (SMGs) have been extraordinarily useful in enabling plant transformation because of the low efficiency of transgene integration. The most used SMGs encode proteins resistant to antibiotics or herbicides and use negative selection, i.e., by killing nontransgenic tissue. However, there are perceived risks in wide‐scale deployment of SMG‐transgenic plants, and therefore research has recently been performed to develop marker‐free systems. In this review, transformation using markers not based on antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes, as well as different systems of marker gene deletion, are discussed.
Glucose‐induced production of recombinant proteins in Hansenulapolymorpha mutants deficient in catabolite repression
Authors: Krasovska Olena S. , Stasyk Olena G. , Nahorny Viktor O. , Stasyk Oleh V. , Granovski Nikolai , Kordium Vitaliy A. , Vozianov Oleksandr F. , Sibirny Andriy A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe most commonly used expression platform for production of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha relies on the strong and strictly regulated promoter from the gene encoding peroxisomal enzyme alcohol (or methanol) oxidase (PMOX). Expression from PMOX is induced by methanol and is partially derepressed in glycerol or xylose medium, whereas in the presence of hexoses, disaccharides or ethanol, it is repressed. The need for methanol for maximal induction of gene expression in large‐scale fermentation is a significant drawback, as this compound is toxic, flammable, supports a slow growth rate and requires extensive aeration. We isolated H. polymorpha mutants deficient in glucose repression of PMOX due to an impaired HpGCR1 gene, and other yet unidentified secondary mutations. The mutants exhibited pronounced defects in PMOX regulation only by hexoses and xylose, but not by disaccharides or ethanol. With one of these mutant strains as hosts, we developed a modified two‐carbon source mode expression platform that utilizes convenient sugar substrates for growth (sucrose) and induction of recombinant protein expression (glucose or xylose). We demonstrate efficient regulatable by sugar carbon sources expression of three recombinant proteins: a secreted glucose oxidase from the fungus Aspergillus niger, a secreted mini pro‐insulin, and an intracellular hepatitis B virus surface antigen in these mutant hosts. The modified expression platform preserves the favorable regulatable nature of PMOX without methanol, making a convenient alternative to the traditional system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 858–870 © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The stability of engineered thermostable neutral proteases from Bacillus stearothermophilus in organic solvents and detergents
Authors: Mansfeld Johanna , Ulbrich‐Hofmann Renate 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEngineered extremely thermostable variants of the thermolysin‐like protease from Bacillus stearothermophilus possessing an introduced disulfide bond G8C/N60C (double mutant, DM) and six additional amino acid substitutions in the exposed loop region 56–69 (Boilysin, BLN) have been probed with respect to stability toward water‐miscible organic solvents and detergents. The solvent concentrations where 50% of enzyme activity were irreversibly lost (C50) decreased in the order methanol >  2‐propanol > dimethylsulfoxide > dioxane > acetonitrile > dimethylformamide > acetone. The C50 values were remarkably higher for the thermostable variants than for the wild‐type enzymes. Therefore, the stabilization of this loop region also protects the molecule from irreversible inactivation by solvents, and inactivation seems to follow principally the same mechanism as thermal inactivation. However, in contrast to thermal inactivation where the corresponding T50 values of DM and BLN differed by 10 K, the differences of the C50 values of DM and BLN were not significant. Detergents had great effects on proteolytic activities which were dependent on the individual detergent and its concentration, but mostly without significant differences between the enzyme variants. These effects were inactivating (SDS, sulfobetaine) or strongly activating (CTAB, CHAPS). Triton X‐100 and Tween 20 were activating or inactivating at low and high concentrations, respectively. In all detergents, stabilities of the enzymes were strongly decreased. However, the more thermostable variants were affected by the detergents to the same extent as the wild‐type enzymes suggesting that the mechanism of detergent inactivation is different from that of thermal inactivation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 672–679. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly sensitive detection of cytotoxicity using a modified HSP70B′ promoter
Authors: Wada Ken‐Ichi , Taniguchi Akiyoshi , Okano Teruo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe have previously found that the DNA fragment from nucleotides (nts) −287 to +110 in the HSP70B′ gene is a functional promoter responding to Cadmium Chloride‐induced cytotoxicity (Wada et al., Biotechnol Bioeng, 92, 410–415, 2005). In order to increase the cytotoxic response of this promoter, we first determined the location of the cytotoxic responding element (CRE) and then constructed tandem repeats of the CRE in front of the HSP70B′ promoter. 5′‐ and 3′‐deletion analysis revealed that the DNA fragment from nts −192 to −56 in the HSP70B′ gene induces a significant response to cytotoxicity. When the AP‐1 binding site in this region was mutated, the basal activity of HSP70B′ gene promoter decreased but the cytotoxic response was unchanged. Thus, the CRE is located in nts −192 to −56 in the HSP70B′ promoter, and the AP‐1 binding site is not essential for the cytotoxic response. In addition, cells transfected with a luciferase construct carrying three tandem repeats of the CRE upstream of the HSP70B′ promoter and containing AP‐1 binding site mutation, showed a 2.28‐fold higher response than that of no repeats. Moreover, the detection limit of Cadmium Chloride in the cells was 382 pmol/mL. Thus, highly sensitive sensor cells for Cadmium Chloride can be constructed using a HSP70B′ promoter construct containing upstream tandem repeats of the CRE and mutation of the AP‐1 binding site. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 871–876. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facilitated stent delivery using applied topical lubrication
Authors: Singh Alok , Awar Mark , Ahmed Adeeb , Fischman David L. , Walinsky Paul , Savage Michael P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjectives: The goal of this study was to assess the utility of topical lubrication to aid stent delivery in challenging anatomy and its effects on long‐term clinical outcome. Background: Failed stent delivery is encountered in up to 5% of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Methods: The effectiveness of topically applied lubrication to facilitate stent delivery after failed stent placement was evaluated in 20 (2.5%) out of 813 consecutive patients undergoing PCI. Initial attempts at stent delivery failed despite balloon predilatation and use of moderate‐to‐stiff guidewires in all patients. The lubricious solution used was Rotaglide, a phospholipid emulsion originally designed to reduce catheter friction during rotational atherectomy. Following unsuccessful delivery, stents were removed from the guiding catheters, topically saturated with Rotaglide, and deployment immediately reattempted. Procedural efficacy and long‐term clinical outcomes were assessed. Results: The study population included 20 patients aged 69 ± 10 years, all of whom had complex lesions (ACC/AHA Class B2 or C). Rotaglide lubricated stents were successfully deployed at the target lesions in 17 of the 20 patients (85%). Patients were followed 19.5 ± 3.2 months after their index procedure. There were no periprocedural complications or subacute stent thromboses. Of the 14 patients with drug‐eluting stents, none had clinical restenosis or target vessel revascularization. Target lesion revascularization secondary to restenosis was required in 1 of 3 patients treated with bare‐metal stents. Conclusions: Topical lubrication is a simple and effective aid for stent delivery in complex lesions. Rotaglide appears safe and biocompatible with drug‐eluting stents. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.