bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Dependence on, and Symptoms of Withdrawal from, Chlormethiazole
Authors: Reilly Terence M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe uses of chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) are briefly mentioned. Differing views of its potential for producing dependence are discussed. The consensus opinion is taken to be that a risk of psychological dependence does exist, but only one case has appeared in the medical literature to date of physiological dependence on chlormethiazole, with withdrawal symptoms. This case is re-examined. A second case is described in which the features of increasing dosage and withdrawal were followed by confusion, disorientation, delusions, hallucinations and muscular spasm and coarse jerking. This is taken as confirmation of the potential of chlormethiazole to produce physiological dependence. Some personal opinions of the author regarding indications for use and incidence of abuse are briefly mentioned.
Evaluating Signs and Symptoms: Comparison of Structured Interview and Clinical Approaches
Authors: Carpenter William T. , Sacks Michael H. , Strauss John S. , Bartko John J. , Rayner Judy 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAre research interview techniques adequate in assessing signs and symptoms? This question is investigated by obtaining two sets of interview schedule ratings on 49 patients, one by a research psychiatrist applying the interview and one by the patient's psychiatrist using all available information. The latter was considered a clinical standard with which a cross-sectional research interview could be contrasted.These two data sets were subjected to several types of analysis commonly undertaken with research interview ratings. Results indicated that the research interview adequately represents symptom data, but is seriously lacking in the assessment of observed behaviour. The effect of this difference depends on the goals of the study and the nature of the data analysis. If overall group findings are desired, or if analysis relies primarily on symptom data, results with a research interview may be similar to results based on a far more extensive evaluation. On the other hand, if conclusions are to be drawn on individual patients, or if data analysis relies heavily on observed behaviour, then data derived from research interviews are questionable.
Heroin Misuse and Delinquency in a New Town
Authors: Mott Joy , Rathod N. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe subjects of this study were eighty misusers of heroin who lived in the New Town of Crawley, West Sussex. The relationship between their criminal histories and their histories of drug misuse were examined. It was found that more of the heroin misusers than would be expected had been convicted of criminal offences before they began to misuse drugs, while the reduction or cessation of heroin use during a four-year follow-up period was accompanied by a reduction in convictions. Some social characteristics of the male heroin misusers were compared with those of two other Crawley groups—a group of juvenile offenders who did not misuse heroin and their control group of non-delinquents. Characteristics commonly associated with maladjustment did not distinguish the heroin misusers from the juvenile offenders, nor were they found to be associated with the continued use of heroin. Analysis of the data in epidemiological terms suggested that among the necessary conditions for an outbreak of drug misuse in a particular community the availability of drugs together with socializing drug users were more important than the presence of predisposed individuals.
Six Cases of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Fernando S. J. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySix cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are discussed in the light of conflicting views on the aetiology of the condition. It is hypothesized that the onset of coprolalia in patients with persistent childhood tics indicates a disturbance of the normal balance between a need for tension relief by swearing and a capacity to control such vocal activity. Some conclusions are drawn on the management of the syndrome by the use of butyrophenones, massed practice of tics, and the promotion of personality development. A flexible approach geared to the individual patient's particular needs is recommended.Some conclusions are drawn on the management of the syndrome by the use of butyrophenones, massed practice of tics, and the promotion of personality development. A flexible approach geared to the individual patient's particular needs is recommended.
Psychiatric Problems in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MacNeill A. , Grennan D. M. , Ward D. , Dick W. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are described in whom there were major psychiatric complications. Two of these patients had cerebral lupus with psychiatric manifestations of the disease together with other features of disease activity and responding to treatment with high dose steroids. The first of these had had a ten-year history of recurrent episodes of depression before other features of the disease became evident; in the second patient recurrent psychotic episodes occurred after the onset of typical multi-system disease. The third patient had had a minor cerebro-vascular accident four years before other features of SLE became manifest, and cerebral deterioration later on in her life was probably due to hypertensive cerebro-vascular disease secondary to the renal disease of SLE. The fourth patient, a young man, had had recurrent episodes of depression and aggressive behaviour for several years and committed suicide at the age of 33.
Crohn's Disease: A Psychosomatic Illness?
Authors: Sheffield B. F. , Carney M. W. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe investigated the psychological status of Crohn's disease patients because 10 such patients had been referred to our psychiatric out-patient department over a period of six years, whereas if there were no association between the disease and psychiatric morbidity, the expected referral rate would be one case in 20 to 100 years. We found an association between episodes of psychiatric and physical symptoms in the case histories. We administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Manifest Anxiety Scale to 28 out-patients with Crohn's disease (8 psychiatrically and 20 non-psychiatrically referred), 17 with chronic non-psychosomatic medical diseases, 43 with psychosomatic diseases and 100 with neurosis. Crohn's disease patients were significantly more anxious, neurotic and introverted than both the test norms and the non-psychosomatic medical out-patients and did not differ appreciably from the psychosomatic patients in these respects.
New Long-Stay Patients in a Hospital for Mental Handicap
Authors: Spencer Douglas A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBetter Services for the Mentally Handicapped (1971) forecasts a diminution in the number of beds in hospitals for mental handicap. It can be achieved only by the admission of fewer new long-stay patients. This paper considers 50 new long-stay cases admitted to a hospital for mentally handicapped in the five years 1970 to 1974. Of these admissions 42 per cent were children, and of all the admissions 54 per cent had Wechsler intelligence quotients under 25. Further, 62 per cent of the admissions were for behaviour problems and 38 per cent were for physical infirmity and helplessness. It is concluded that there are some mentally handicapped people who have problems with which only a hospital can cope. The high nursing dependency and the profound mental retardation of a majority of the new long-stay patients present a formidable challenge.
Influence of Coroners' Officers and Pathologists on Suicide Verdicts
Authors: Barraclough Brian , Holding Trevor , Fayers Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree-hundred-and-thirty cases of unnatural death, leading to 110 open verdicts, 110 verdicts of suicide and 11o of accident, from the Inner West London Coroner's District have been examined to see if particular coroner's officers or pathologists were associated with disproportionate numbers of suicide verdicts. No significant deviations from the expected numbers were found. Coroner's officers probably share common ideas about the features defining suicide, and so do pathologists.
A Double-Blind Comparison of Lithium Carbonate and Maprotiline in the Prophylaxis of the Affective Disorders
Authors: Coppen Alec , Montgomery S. A. , Gupta R. K. , Bailey J. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double-blind prospective study was carried out comparing the prophylactic effect of maprotiline and lithium carbonate over a period of one year in patients suffering from recurrent affective disorders. The average Affective Morbidity Index was lower, but not significantly so, in patients treated with lithium. A further analysis, based on dividing patients into those with no affective morbidity and those who showed some affective morbidity during the study, demonstrated lithium carbonate to be significantly superior to maprotiline both in the group as a whole and in unipolar depressives. A correlation between high plasma maprotiline concentration and low morbidity was observed and was in line with an earlier report. A highly significant negative correlation (r = −0.97; p < 0.001) was found between plasma maprotiline concentration and body weight. Although the results showed lithium carbonate to be superior to maprotiline in the study, it should be emphasized that the plasma levels of lithium were constantly monitored and maintained at what is considered to be its optimum concentration, whereas the maprotiline treated patients were kept on a fixed dosage regime irrespective of plasma levels.
Dyskinesias Associated with Tricyclic Antidepressants
Authors: Fann William E. , Sullivan John L. , Richman Bruce W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHyperkinetic movement disorders may occur as side effects of antipsychotic drugs; and a hyperdopaminergic state induced by the neuroleptic compounds is thought to be a cause of extrapyramidal disorders such as tardive dyskinesia. We have observed two cases of the dyskinetic syndrome in patients receiving tricyclic antidepressants (TCA). Because the TCA are known to have little effect on striatal dopamine but do share with the neuroleptics potent anticholinergic activity, these cases appear to support the hypothesis that the drug-induced hyperkinetic disorders are related to a diminution of CNS acetylcholine activity as well as to an increase in dopamine activity.
Psychiatric Priorities in Developing Countries
Authors: Giel R. , Harding T. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMany psychiatrists assert that an expansion of mental health services in the developing countries is overdue. This will only take place if: (i) the tasks of mental health care are undertaken by a wide range of non-specialist health workers, including those responsible for primary health care; and (ii) services are directed initially at a very limited range of priority conditions. The method of priority selection is discussed, and the process required for translation of priority decisions into health action is exemplified by two illustrations.
A Clinical Evaluation of Depressives Found in a Rural Survey in India
Authors: Nandi D. N. , Ajmany S. , Ganguli H. , Banerjee G. , Boral G. C. , Ghosh A. , Sarkar S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThose who were labelled as depressives in a rural survey were randomly divided into a Medicine group (who received antidepressive drug treatment), a Placebo group (who received placebo) and a Natural Process group (who received no treatment). The depth of their depression was assessed by Hamilton's Depressive Rating Scale before the beginning of the trial, on the 14th day and on the 28th day of trial. They were compared with a matched group of healthy controls and again with a matched group of depressives who attended an urban clinic for treatment.The results indicate that the rural depressives who never sought treatment voluntarily were not different from those who sought treatment in clinics, so far as their response to treatment is concerned.
Efficacy and Side Effects of Nitrazepam and Thioridazine as Sleeping Aids in Psychogeriatric In-patients
Authors: Linnoila Markku , Viukari Matti 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe efficacy and side effects of 10 mg of nitrazepam and 25 mg of thioridazine as sleeping aids were measured in 20 psychogeriatric in-patients during the 14th night and morning of drug administration. The trial used a double blind, cross-over design. The effect of nitrazepam was slightly faster than that of thioridazine. After thioridazine, but not after nitrazepam, the patients slept significantly longer than after placebo. Nitrazepam, but not thioridazine, significantly impaired patients' abilities to move and to conduct everyday activities. It is concluded that thioridazine is a suitable sleeping aid for psychogeriatric patients, but that nitrazepam should be avoided.
The use of Selected Questions from the Symptom-Sign Inventory with Long-Stay Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Gomez Joan , Priest R. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Symptom-Sign Inventory was administered to 57 long-stay psychiatric in-patients with the object of selecting a group of questions which would stimulate the production of delusional or other psychotic material. The scoring of the responses as positive was made on verbal affirmative and other specific behaviours which were thought to indicate emotional impact. It was found that the ten questions selected compared favourably with longer questionnaires in discriminating schizophrenic from normal subjects and from those with organic brain disease. It is suggested that these questions might be included in brief assessment interviews on which day-to-day management decisions are made.
Lithium Carbonate Prophylaxis Failure
Authors: Dunner David L. , Fleiss Joseph L. , Fieve Ronald R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryData from non-rapid-cycling bipolar (manic-depressive) patients who were receiving long-term treatment with lithium carbonate were analysed by the life table method to determine when lithium carbonate prophylaxis failures occurred. Forty-four of 96 patients failed to keep well in spite of maintenance lithium therapy. The analysis revealed an early, rapid failure rate during the first six months of treatment, which was followed by a slower rate of failure. Several clinical factors were assessed to determine if any of them predicted which patients would experience their initial failure in the early or late interval, but none of these factors, which included age, sex, age of onset, rate of affective attacks, family history, and the nature of the preceding episode, were found to have any predictive value regarding lithium prophylaxis failure. We found, however, that patients who had early failures tended to have a subsequent early failure in spite of continued maintenance with lithium carbonate.
Seasonal Variation in the Incidence of Mania
Authors: Symonds R. L. , Williams P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe seasonal variation of admissions to hospital with a diagnosis of mania (296.1) in England and Wales was examined. The results indicated that for females there was a significant seasonal trend, the peak being in August–September, while for males there was no significant seasonal pattern. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
Patients Have Been Let Out of Wards; Why Not Nurses Too?
Authors: Morgan Roger 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTradition retains the practice of attaching mental nurses to wards rather than to groups of patients, even though the wards are increasingly empty as patients come to lead more active lives in hospital. A system is described which enables nurses to relate more fully to the people in their care instead of having to confine their activities to the place in which only a part of the care is provided. This system involves all ward nurses in leaving their wards empty in ‘working hours', being relieved of the care of their intercurrently ill patients and undertaking in exchange the complete day care of their fitter patients in both wards and workplaces. The consequences of these changes are attractive to many nurses and helpful to many patients.
Some Possible Childhood Indicators of Adult Schizophrenia Inferred from Children of Schizophrenics
Authors: Hanson D. R. , Gottesman I. I. , Heston L. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryProspective developmental data on 33 children of consensus diagnosed schizophrenic parents were compared to control samples of children of other psychiatric patients and children of normal parents. Contrary to several reports, the children of schizophrenics, observed from birth to age seven, were remarkably normal on a host of pregnancy and delivery variables, neurological examinations, physical growth measures, and psychological tests. However, a combination of three indicators characterized five of the 116 children, and all five were offspring of schizophrenics (17 per cent of the high risk sample), thus matching the expected lifetime risk for schizophrenia previously observed in such samples. Case histories show that all five children have enduring patterns of maladjustment and exhibit behaviours often reported in the premorbid histories of schizophrenics. Most have family histories heavily loaded with schizophrenia. In terms of a diathesis-stress model, these five children appear especially vulnerable to future schizophrenia in the absence of rational methods of prevention.
Trainees’ Competence in Psychiatric Case Writing
Authors: Kiernan W. E. S. , McCreadie R. G. , Flanagan W. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn assessment was made of 100 case records written by junior medical staff working in a psychiatric teaching hospital. Thirty-nine items were rated, and considerable gaps were found in the records. The Mental State was more poorly recorded than the History; the Formulation and Summary were more satisfactory. Possible reasons for the findings are discussed, including methodological difficulties, administrative considerations, and attitudes of junior staff. The implications for the training and assessment of junior psychiatrists are explored.
Deafness and Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Cooper A. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryReview of the literature concerning the relationship between deafness and psychiatric disorder reveals differences in the pattern of illness depending on the severity of deafness and the age of onset. In particular, the prevalence of schizophrenia in the prelingually deaf is similar to that found in the normal population, whereas the hard of hearing are over-represented among samples of patients suffering from paranoid psychoses in later life.Possible modes of action of long-standing hearing loss in the aetiology of paranoid illnesses are considered: the psychological and social consequences of deafness, the possible contribution of sensory deprivation phenomena, and the interference of hearing loss in attention, perception and communication. Finally, possible future lines of research are suggested.
Physique, Personality and Mental Illness in Southern Chinese Women
Authors: Singer K. , Lieh-Mak F. , Ng M. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA number of anthropometric measurements were made on Southern Chinese women. These were 317 schizophrenics, 44 with affective disorder, 47 neurotics and normal controls. All groups and sub-groups compared were matched for mean age and socio-economic status. It was found that the intercorrelations between body build, personality and type of mental illness were on the whole similar to those reported for Caucasians.
The Aftermath of Parental Suicide for Children
Authors: Shepherd D. M. , Barraclough B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-six children between the ages of 2 and 17 bereaved by the suicide of a parent were followed up after 5 to 7 years. The children's home life before bereavement had been abnormal because of mental illness, and family disruption and pre-suicide stresses were significantly related to present functioning. An incidence of psychological morbidity greater than that of a comparison group was observed. Some children appear to cope with the experience of parental suicide without serious consequences; for a few there was relief from an insupportable situation.
Personality and Symptom Pattern in Depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Klerman G. L. , Prusoff B. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper reports relationships between symptoms and premorbid personality in a varied sample of depressed patients. Symptoms were rated by a psychiatrist at clinical interview; personality was rated by patients on self-report after clinical improvement, using the Maudsley Personality Inventory and an inventory of obsessive, hysterical and oral personality. Additional ratings on the latter were obtained at interview with a relative. The most prominent finding was that patients with premorbid neuroticism also showed a neurotic rather than an endogenous symptom pattern. Additional relationships were relatively weak but consistent with previous studies. Depressives with neurotic rather than endogenous symptom pattern showed more evidence of oral dependent personality and less obsessionality. Patients with hysterical personalities tended to be less severely ill and to show a pattern characterized by mixed depression and hostility with less evidence of anxiety.
Circadian Body Temperature in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Morgan R. , Cheadle A. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe 24-hour oral temperatures of 51 chronic schizophrenic patients, 19 non-schizophrenic chronic psychiatric patients and 14 non-patients have been measured and compared. The chronic schizophrenics have an earlier peak temperature and differ significantly from the other groups. Compared with the non-schizophrenic patients their hourly mean temperatures reach significantly higher levels in the morning. Compared with the non-patients their mean temperatures fall to significantly lower levels in the evening after 5.00 pm.
Mental Disorder and Season of Birth—A Southern Hemisphere Study
Authors: Parker Gordon , Neilson Megan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryStudies on the relationship between season of birth and mental disorder have been substantially confined to northern hemisphere regions. Such studies have generally found an excess of winter births of schizophrenics, and variably an excess of winter births of manic-depressive and mentally retarded patients. In the present study information on sex, diagnosis and date of birth was obtained on all 20,358 patients first admitted to psychiatric facilities in New South Wales between July 1970 and June 1974 and born in New South Wales. The collective 1962–71 monthly live-births for New South Wales were used as a control. A significant winter excess was found for the female schizophrenic group, while a significant spring excess was found for neurotic patients, most marked in those with anxiety neurosis. It is hypothesized that the relationship between schizophrenia and winter birth is consequent upon a greater sensitivity of schizophrenics to those physiological factors which determine conception in the general population.
Personality, Expectancies and Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Caine T. M. , Wijesinghe B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe paper reports an extension of work into the relevance of personality and pre-treatment expectancies for allocation and response of patients to group psychotherapy. The results show that subjects who are internally directed in interest and who have a liberal attitude to a variety of social issues and a ‘psychological’ set to treatment are more responsive to group psychotherapy as seen by their therapists as well as by themselves. Those who are externally directed in interest and who have a conservative attitude to life and a more ‘medical-physical’ set to treatment are more likely to be referred for behaviour therapy; if referred for group psychotherapy they are likely either to drop out or to show very limited response to treatment.