bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effect of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine on excitatory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus
Authors: Giustizieri Michela , Armogida Marta , Berretta Nicola , Federici Mauro , Piccirilli Silvia , Mercuri Nicola B. , Nistico Robert 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this study, we have compared the effects of two structurally related compounds carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC), both in current use for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, on fast excitatory transmission in rat hippocampal slices. Using electrophysiological recordings, we have investigated the effects of CBZ and OXC on repetitive action potential discharge of CA1 pyramidal neurons demonstrating that both compounds produced firing inhibition with similar IC50values. Moreover, we show that bath applied CBZ (0.01–1 mM) exerted a concentration‐dependent decrease in the amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials with an IC50of ∼194.3 μM. When OXC was used at the same concentrations, the concentration–response curve was shifted to the right (IC50of ∼711.07 μM). In addition, we demonstrated that CBZ and OXC reduced, to a different extent, both evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and NMDA‐, AMPA‐, and KA‐mediated inward currents, CBZ being more potent than OXC. These data highlight distinct presynaptic and postsynaptic sites of action for both compounds and suggest that CBZ, by markedly depressing postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors‐mediated responses, may produce more severe cognitive and memory impairment. Thus, we assume that relatively high doses of OXC could be better tolerated than therapeutically equivalent doses of CBZ, justifying the preferential use of OXC as first‐line treatment in the therapy of neurological and psychiatric disorders, particularly when compared with CBZ. Synapse 62:783–789, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycerol accumulation in the dimorphic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera: cloning of two glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase genes, one of which is markedly induced by osmotic stress
Authors: Yan Hua , Jia Liang‐Hui , Lin Yu‐Ping , Jiang Ning 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGlycerol plays an important role in the osmoadaptation responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, there is no detailed investigation about the role of glycerol in the osmoadaptation responses of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Here we show that both intra‐ and extracellular glycerol concentrations in Sm. fibuligera cells responded very quickly when they were subjected to osmotic stress. We then cloned two isogenes encoding putative NAD+‐dependent glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) from Sm. fibuligera PD70 by degenerate PCR and subsequent chromosome walking methods. Those two genes, designated SfGPD1 and SfGPD2, respectively, exhibited 86.6% pairwise identity in their encoding regions, while there was no obvious homology in their non‐coding regions. Either SfGPD1 or SfGPD2 could complement the salt tolerance characteristics of the gpd1gpd2 double mutant strain of S. cerevisiae, further demonstrating that both of those genes are functional homologues of S. cerevisiae GPD1 and GPD2. Northern blot analysis revealed that SfGPD1 was induced markedly by osmotic stress, while SfGPD2 was not. In consistency with the observation that there was no obvious glycerol content change when the cells were transferred to anoxic conditions, neither SfGPD1 nor SfGPD2 was induced when the cells were transferred to anoxic conditions, thus suggesting a functional splitting of glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase between S. cerevisiae and Sm. fibuligera. The Genbank Accession Nos for SfGPD1 and SfGPD2 were DQ536095 and DQ536096, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slicing communicating automata specifications: polynomial algorithms for model reduction
Authors: Labbé Sébastien , Gallois Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the industry, communicating automata specifications are mainly used in fields where the reliability requirements are high, as this formalism allow the use of powerful validation tools. Still, on large scale industrial specifications, formal methods suffer from the combinatorial explosion phenomenon. In our contribution, we suggest to try to bypass this phenomenon, in applyingslicingtechniques preliminarily to the targeted complex analysis. This analysis can thus be performeda posteriorion a reduced (orsliced) specification, which is potentially less exposed to combinatorial explosion. The slicing method is based on dependence relations, defined on the specification under analysis, and is mainly founded on the literature on compiler construction and program slicing. A theoretical framework is described, for static analyses of communicating automata specifications. This includes formal definitions for the aforementioned dependence relations, and for asliceof a specification with respect to a slicingcriterion. Efficient algorithms are also described in detail, for calculating dependence relations and specification slices. Each of these algorithms has been shown to be polynomial, and sound and complete with respect to its respective definition. These algorithms have also been implemented in a slicing tool, named Carver, that has shown to be operational in specification debugging and understanding. The experimental results obtained in model reduction with this tool are promising, notably in the area of formal validation and verification methods, e.g.model checking, test case generation.
Effect of CLA and Other C18 Unsaturated Fatty Acids on DGAT in Bovine Milk Fat Biosynthetic Systems
Authors: Sørensen Brent M. , Chris Kazala E. , Murdoch Gordon K. , Keating Aileen F. , Cruz‐Hernandez Cristina , Wegner Jochen , Kennelly John J. , Okine Erasmus K. , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractProduction of dairy products with increased amounts of nutraceutic FA such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) represents a recent approach for dairy producers and processors to increase the value of their products. The effect of CLA and other FA on the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐1 (DGAT‐1) and DGAT‐2, and DGAT activity were investigated in bovine mammary gland epithelial (MAC‐T) cells. DGAT gene expression analyses were also conducted using bovine mammary gland tissue from dairy cows. In the studies with MAC‐T cells, there were no significant effects of CLA isomers or other FA on DGAT1 expression, whereas all FA tested showed enhanced DGAT2 expression (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), with α‐linolenic acid (α‐18:3) having the greatest effect. Additionally, DGAT2 expression was co‐ordinated with expression of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), an observation that was also apparent in mammary gland from lactating dairy cows. In contrast, treatment of MAC‐T cells with trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2 or α‐18:3 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in overall DGAT enzyme activity, although the mechanisms resulting in these effects are unclear. Competition assays using microsomes from bovine mammary gland tissue and 1‐[14C]oleoyl‐CoA suggested that DGAT activity was more selective for oleoyl (cis‐9 18:1)‐CoA than cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2‐, trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2‐ or cis‐9, cis‐12 18:2‐CoA. Collectively, the results suggest the relationship between trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2 and reduced TAG production in bovine milk is not linked to the production of DGAT1 or DGAT2 transcripts, but probably involves effects of this CLA isomer at events beyond transcription, such as post‐translational and/or enzyme activity effects.
Theory of mind deficits for processing counterfactual information in persons with chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Kern R. S. , Green M. F. , Fiske A. P. , Kee K. S. , Lee J. , Sergi M. J. , Horan W. P. , Subotnik K. L. , Sugar C. A. , Nuechterlein K. H. 
Published: August 2008

BackgroundInterpersonal communication problems are common among persons with schizophrenia and may be linked, in part, to deficits in theory of mind (ToM), the ability to accurately perceive the attitudes, beliefs and intentions of others. Particular difficulties might be expected in the processing of counterfactual information such as sarcasm or lies.MethodThe present study included 50 schizophrenia or schizo-affective out-patients and 44 demographically comparable healthy adults who were administered Part III of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT; a measure assessing comprehension of sarcasm versus lies) as well as measures of positive and negative symptoms and community functioning.ResultsTASIT data were analyzed using a 2 (group: patients versus healthy adults)×2 (condition: sarcasm versus lie) repeated-measures ANOVA. The results show significant effects for group, condition, and the group×condition interaction. Compared to controls, patients performed significantly worse on sarcasm but not lie scenes. Within-group contrasts showed that patients performed significantly worse on sarcasm versus lie scenes; controls performed comparably on both. In patients, performance on TASIT showed a significant correlation with positive, but not negative, symptoms. The group and interaction effects remained significant when rerun with a subset of patients with low-level positive symptoms. The findings for a relationship between TASIT performance and community functioning were essentially negative.ConclusionsThe findings replicate a prior demonstration of difficulty in the comprehension of sarcasm using a different test, but are not consistent with previous studies showing global ToM deficits in schizophrenia.
Consonant weakening in Florentine Italian: A cross-disciplinary approach to gradient and variable sound change
Authors: Dalcher Christina Villafaña 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTFew acoustic studies of the intervocalic consonant lenition in central Italian dialects (a process known asGorgia Toscana) have been undertaken. This study examines speech data from Florentine Italian in order to describe the process ofGorgia Toscanaquantitatively and to assess the roles of physiological, perceptual, phonological, and social factors in the process. Results of acoustic and statistical analysis indicate gradient and variable output, with certain patterns occurring in the variation. The observations that emerge from the data cannot all be accounted for ifGorgia Toscanais characterized as a purely phonetic, phonological, or socially driven process of sound change. Rather, different aspects of the process are attributed to different motivators: gradience and velar preference to articulator movements, resistance of nonvelar lenition to perceptual constraints, targeting of a natural class and categorical weakening to abstract featural representations, and intersubject variation in velar lenition to external social factors.
When is a change not a change? A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English
Authors: Britain David 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTIn studying language change, variationists are, naturally perhaps, more interested in the new, innovative form than in the old conservative one, and because of the actuation problem, investigations of changes in progress very rarely are able to shed light on the change in its very earliest stages. In this article, I suggest that we should perhaps pay more attention than we have at present to the origins of the change (in addition to its route and destination) and the nature of the conservative form if we are to chart ongoing changes in an accurate way. Here, I highlight an example of a feature of New Zealand English (NZE) (realizations of themouthdiphthong with front mid-open onsets) that has, until recently, been assumed to have resulted from a change of the Southern Shift-kind—a raising and fronting to [εʊ~εƏ]—but which, as I demonstrate using contemporary and past dialectological, as well as sociodemographic evidence, did not undergo this change in this way. Indeed, the supposedly conservative [aʊ] form has barely been used at all as a conversational vernacular variant in NZE. I argue here that the present-day NZE realization is far more likely to be the outcome of a process of dialect leveling operating on the mixture of forms brought to New Zealand by British and Irish migrants in the 19th century. The moral of the story is that if we think we observe a change in progress from A to B, we need to provide evidence not just of the existence of B, but also of the prior existence of A.
Exploiting reachability and cardinality in higher-order flow analysis
Authors: MIGHT MATTHEW , SHIVERS OLIN 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe present two complementary improvements for abstract-interpretation-based flow analysis of higher-order languages: (1)abstract garbage collectionand (2)abstract counting. Abstract garbage collection is an analog to its concrete counterpart: the analysis determines when an abstract resource has become unreachable, and then, re-allocates it as fresh. This prevents flow sets from joining during abstract interpretation, which has two immediate effects: (1) the precision of the interpretation increases and (2) its running time often falls. In abstract counting, the analysis tracks how many times an abstract resource has been allocated. A count of one implies that the abstract resource momentarily represents only one concrete resource. This knowledge, in turn, drives environment analysis, expanding the kind (rather than just the degree) of optimization available to the compiler.
DESIREE as a new tool for interstellar ion chemistry
Authors: Schmidt Henning T. , Johansson Henrik A.B. , Thomas Richard D. , Geppert Wolf D. , Haag Nicole , Reinhed Peter , Rosén Stefan , Larsson Mats , Danared Håkan , Rensfelt K.-G. , Liljeby Leif , Bagge Lars , Björkhage Mikael , Blom Mikael , Löfgren Patrik , Källberg Anders , Simonsson Ansgar , Paál Andras , Zettergren Henning , Cederquist Henrik 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA novel cryogenic electrostatic storage device consisting of two ion-beam storage rings with a common straight section for studies of interactions between oppositely charged ions at low and well-defined relative velocities is under construction at Stockholm University. Here we consider the prospect of using this new tool to measure cross-sections and rate coefficients for mutual neutralization reactions of importance in interstellar ion chemistry in general and specifically in cosmic pre-biotic ion chemistry.
Acoustic and Perceptual Cues to Contrastive Stress in Dysarthria
Authors: Patel Rupal , Campellone Pamela 
Published: August 2008

PurposeIn this study, the authors sought to understand acoustic and perceptual cues to contrastive stress in speakers with dysarthria (DYS) and healthy controls (HC).MethodThe production experiment examined the ability of 12 DYS (9 male, 3 female;M= 39 years of age) and 12 age- and gender-matched HC (9 male, 3 female;M= 37.5 years of age) to signal contrastive stress within short sentences. Acoustic changes in fundamental frequency (F0), intensity, and duration were studied. The perceptual experiment explored whether 48 unfamiliar listeners (24 male, 24 female;M= 23.4 years of age) could identify the intended stress location in DYS and HC productions.ResultsAlthough both speaker groups used all 3 prosodic cues, DYS relied more heavily on duration. Despite reduced F0 and intensity variation within DYS utterances, listeners were highly accurate at identifying both DYS (> 93%) and HC (> 97%) productions. Acoustic predictors of listener accuracy included heightened prosodic cues on stressed words along with marked decreases in these variables for neighboring nonstressed words.ConclusionsSpeakers signaled contrastive stress using relative changes in one or more prosodic cue. Although individual speakers employed different cue combinations, listeners were highly adept at discerning the intended stress location. The communicative potential of prosody in speakers with congenital dysarthria is discussed.
Evidence-Based Treatment and Stuttering—Historical Perspective
Authors: Prins David , Ingham Roger J. 
Published: August 2008

Purpose
To illustrate the way in which both fluency shaping (FS) and stuttering management (SM) treatments for developmental stuttering in adults are evidence based.

Method
A brief review of the history and development of FS and SM is provided. It illustrates that both can be justified as evidence-based treatments, each treatment seeking evidence of a different kind: FS seeks evidence concerning treatment outcome, and SM seeks evidence concerning the nature of the stutter event.

Conclusion
Although outcome evidence provides the principal support for FS, support for SM comes principally from a cognitive learning model of defensive behavior as applied to the nature of the stutter event. Neither approach can claim anything like uniform success with adults who stutter. However, self-management and modeling are strategies common to both approaches and have shown consistently positive effects on outcome. It is argued that both strategies merit additional treatment efficacy study. Cognitive behavior theory may provide a useful framework for this research.
The Speech Focus Position Effect on Jaw–Finger Coordination in a Pointing Task
Authors: Rochet-Capellan Amélie , Laboissière Rafael , Galván Arturo , Schwartz Jean-Luc 
Published: August 2008

Purpose
This article investigates jaw–finger coordination in a task involving pointing to a target while naming it with a ˈCVCV (e.g., /ˈpapa/) versus CVˈCV (e.g., /paˈpa/) word. According to the authors' working hypothesis, the pointing apex (gesture extremum) would be synchronized with the apex of the jaw-opening gesture corresponding to the stressed syllable.

Method
Jaw and finger motions were recorded using Optotrak (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). The effects of stress position on jaw–finger coordination were tested across different target positions (near vs. far) and different consonants in the target word (/t/ vs. /p/). Twenty native Portuguese Brazilian speakers participated in the experiment (all conditions).

Results
Jaw response starts earlier, and finger–target alignment period is longer for CVˈCV words than for ˈCVCV ones. The apex of the jaw-opening gesture for the stressed syllable appears synchronized with the onset of the finger–target alignment period (corresponding to the pointing apex) for ˈCVCV words and with the offset of that period for CVˈCV words.

Conclusions
For both stress conditions, the stressed syllable occurs within the finger–target alignment period because of tight finger–jaw coordination. This result is interpreted as evidence for an anchoring of the speech deictic site (part of speech that shows) in the pointing gesture.
Impact of E-dictionaries on Arab students’ translation strategies
Authors: Al-Jabr Abdul-Fattah 
Published: August 2008

This paper sets out to investigate the impact of e-­­dictionaries on Arab students’ translation skills and strategies. To this effect, expressions or sentences including culture-­­specific, idiomatic, collocational, and colloquial expressions as well as syntactic complex structures were given to some Arab translation students at Bahrain University.
The results showed a considerable effect of e-­­dictionaries on the strategies the students employed in rendering the given texts. It was found that e-­­dictionaries very often opt for word-­­for-­­word translation and formal (literal) equivalence in search for meanings of lexical elements. More complex structure was found to pose greater challenge to both e-­­dictionaries and students. On the other hand, familiarity with lexical elements made the translation task much easier.

The paper concludes with a summary of the problems both e-­­dictionaries and Arab students normally encounter when attempting problematic issues from English into Arabic.
Red China, Red translation
Authors: Aijun He 
Published: August 2008

This thesis gives a concise introduction to Professor Fang Huawen, the most productive literary translator in contemporary China, and concentrates on his important translation theory “Red Translation in Red China”. He is most productive based on the fact that he has published translated works of about 6 million words. China’s translation is “red” based on the fact that politics plays a dominant role in China’s translation activities. To drive home this notion which is the key point in Professor Fang’s theory, the author of the thesis traces the reasons from the following four aspects:.
1.Historical and social reasons. China’s weakness in the closing years of the Qing Dynasty and China’s failure of the war with Japan in 1895 dealt a heavy blow on the patriotic scholars of the country, so they regarded translation as the most important means of saving the nation from being enslaved; such “patriotic” translation developed into “red” translation as times changed.

2.	Human reasons. Nearly all of the translators following the line of “red translation”, who had formed a large body in the teams of Chinese translators before and after 1949, were either communist leaders like Maodun and Liu Bocheng or ardent supporters of socialist cause. They guided the direction of translation in modern China by taking the lead in introducing “red” books into China.

3.	Reasons of political systems. P. R. China is governed by the Party who sticks to “red” (proletarian) politics, which has decided the nature of translation in China.

4.	Reasons of public wills. The scholars in old China were in continuous search of a way to save their motherland from slavery; Darwinism, Anarchism, Utopian socialism and many other “isms” had aroused their interests, but they chose socialism as the masses, who suffered in poverty, thought that only socialism could help them get rid of poverty and achieve national independence. The nature of socialist China permits only red translation.
Dasty2, an Ajax protein DAS client
Authors: Jimenez Rafael C. , Quinn Antony F. , Garcia Alexander , Labarga Alberto , O'Neill Kieran , Martinez Fernando , Salazar Gustavo A. , Hermjakob Henning 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSummary: Dasty2 is a highly interactive web client integrating protein sequence annotations from currently more than 40 sources, using the distributed annotation system (DAS).Availability: Dasty2 is an open source tool freely available under the terms of the Apache License 2.0, publicly available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/dasty/Contact: hhe@ebi.ac.uk
High-performance signal peptide prediction based on sequence alignment techniques
Authors: Frank Karl , Sippl Manfred J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Summary: The accuracy of current signal peptide predictors is outstanding. The most successful predictors are based on neural networks and hidden Markov models, reaching a sensitivity of 99% and an accuracy of 95%. Here, we demonstrate that the popular BLASTP alignment tool can be tuned for signal peptide prediction reaching the same high level of prediction success. Alignment-based techniques provide additional benefits. In spite of high success rates signal peptide predictors yield false predictions. Simple sequences like polyvaline, for example, are predicted as signal peptides. The general architecture of learning systems makes it difficult to trace the cause of such problems. This kind of false predictions can be recognized or avoided altogether by using sequence comparison techniques. Based on these results we have implemented a public web service, called Signal-BLAST. Predictions returned by Signal-BLAST are transparent and easy to analyze.
Availability: Signal-BLAST is available online at http://sigpep.services.came.sbg.ac.at/signalblast.html
Contact: sippl@came.sbg.ac.at