bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Esophageal leiomyosarcoma diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Stelow Edward B. , Jones David R. , Shami Vanessa M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) has proven itself to be a reliable method for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and other gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms. The diagnosis and distinction of these entities remain important, as these neoplasms have different prognoses and treatment options. We present a case of a 14.5‐cm esophageal mass in a 67‐yr‐old woman sampled by EUS‐FNA. Smears showed a cellular, spindle cell lesion with marked cytologic and nuclear pleomorphism. A cell block showed neoplastic cells reacting strongly with antibodies to smooth muscle antigens and not with antibodies to keratin, CD34 and CD117. Resection confirmed the diagnosis of esophageal leiomyosarcoma. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of an esophageal leiomyosarcoma diagnosed by EUS‐FNA. Clinical, imaging, and cytologic features as well as differential diagnosis are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:167–170. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of Pap testing at a community hospital—A ten year experience
Authors: Nance Keith V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver a 10‐year period the Pap program at our community hospital laboratory progressed from the use of 100% conventional smears to predominantly ThinPrep® (TP) and then to nearly 100% SurePath® (SP). During this period the annual Pap volume grew from less than 20,000 to nearly 50,000. This retrospective review focuses on improvements in high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) detection rates and specimen adequacy rates during the 10‐year period.The laboratory database was used to identify 310,080 Pap test records between 1995 and 2004 inclusive. Pap type differences in HSIL detection rates and specimen adequacy rates were examined using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test, with year as the stratification variable. The Breslow–Day test was used to evaluate the consistency of differences across the years. The overall results are summarized below in tabular format.Results of Combined 10‐Year Data for Total Number of Cases, HSIL Rate, and Unsatisfactory Specimen Rate by Pap Method are given:

Pap Method
Total Paps
Total % HSIL
Total % Unsat

Conv Smear
128,630
0.28
0.30

ThinPrep®
88,575
0.38
0.64

SurePath®
92,875
0.50
0.17

HSIL detection rates were significantly higher for liquid‐based Pap tests compared with conventional smears (P < 0.0001). In addition, SP was associated with higher HSIL detection rates than TP with an estimated common odds ratio (OR) of 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10 − 1.71; P = 0.005), and higher specimen adequacy compared with TP or conventional Pap methods (P < 0.0001). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:148–153. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast with signet‐ring cell and mucinous carcinoma components: Diagnostic utility of immunocytochemistry of signet‐ring cells in aspiration cytology materials
Authors: Kuroda Naoto , Fujishima Nokiaki , Ohara Masahiko , Hirouchi Takashi , Mizuno Keiko , Lee Gang‐Hong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBreast cancer with signet‐ring cells is very rare. In this article, we present a case of invasive ductal carcinoma with signet‐ring cells and mucinous carcinoma components, which could be diagnosed as a primary cancer by immunocytochemical study of fine‐needle aspiration cytology material. A 73‐yr‐old Japanese woman noticed a palpable mass in the left breast. The aspiration cytology disclosed the monotonous proliferation of signet‐ring cell with cytological atypia. The immunocytochemical examination of neoplastic cells showed a positive reaction for estrogen receptor. The extensive examination of body before the operation did not disclose any tumors in other anatomic sites. The histological examination of surgically resected breast tumor showed invasive ductal carcinoma with foci of signet‐ring cell and mucinous carcinomas. Finally, our preliminary report suggests that immunocytochemical examination of aspiration cytology materials may provide useful information in searching the primary site of breast carcinoma with signet‐ring cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:171–173. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HOXA13 directly regulates EphA6 and EphA7 expression in the genital tubercle vascular endothelia
Authors: Shaut Carley A. , Saneyoshi Chie , Morgan Emily A. , Knosp Wendy M. , Sexton Diane R. , Stadler H. Scott 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHypospadias, a common defect affecting the growth and closure of the external genitalia, is often accompanied by gross enlargements of the genital tubercle (GT) vasculature. Because Hoxa13 homozygous mutant mice also exhibit hypospadias and GT vessel expansion, we examined whether genes playing a role in angiogenesis exhibit reduced expression in the GT. From this analysis, reductions in EphA6 and EphA7 were detected. Characterization of EphA6 and EphA7 expression in the GT confirmed colocalization with HOXA13 in the GT vascular endothelia. Analysis of the EphA6 and EphA7 promoter regions revealed a series of highly conserved cis‐regulatory elements bound by HOXA13 with high affinity. GT chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that HOXA13 binds these gene‐regulatory elements in vivo. In vitro, HOXA13 activates gene expression through the EphA6 and EphA7 gene‐regulatory elements. Together these findings indicate that HOXA13 directly regulates EphA6 and EphA7 in the developing GT and identifies the GT vascular endothelia as a novel site for HOXA13‐dependent expression of EphA6 and EphA7. Developmental Dynamics 236:951–960, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tob genes in development and homeostasis
Authors: Jia Shunji , Meng Anming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMembers of the Btg/Tob protein family share a conserved N‐terminal region that confers the activity to inhibit cell proliferation. Tob1 and Tob2 proteins, which constitute a Tob subfamily, have a longer C‐terminal region than BTG proteins. Apparently, genomes of invertebrates and teleost species contain only a single Tob locus, whereas genomes of mammalian, avian, and amphibian species contain two Tob loci (Tob1 and Tob2). Tob genes are expressed in oocytes, sperm, early embryos, and various adult tissues, depending on the species. Recent reports indicate that Tob proteins play important roles in spermatogenesis, embryonic dorsoventral patterning, osteogenesis, T‐cell activation, and learning and memory. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that Tob proteins act primarily as transcriptional repressors in several signaling pathways. Developmental Dynamics 236:913–921, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
System for inducible expression of cre‐recombinase from the Foxa2 locus in endoderm, notochord, and floor plate
Authors: Frank Deborah U. , Elliott Sarah A. , Park Eon Joo , Hammond Jennetta , Saijoh Yukio , Moon Anne M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe targeted the reverse tetracycline controlled transactivator (rtTA) to the Foxa2 locus (Foxa2ITA) to generate a system for regulating Cre‐recombinase activity within Foxa2 expression domains, including the endoderm, notochord, and floor plate of early mouse embryos. The use of an internal ribosomal entry site to obtain rtTA expression preserves Foxa2 function of the targeted allele. Cre activity with this system reflects the level of endogenous Foxa2 activity and is also tightly controlled by doxycycline. The location of Cre activity within the broader Foxa2 expression domain can be restricted by altering the timing of doxycycline administration. Isolated floor plate expression can be obtained in this manner. This system will provide a useful tool for manipulating gene expression in endoderm, notochord, and floor plate, all of which are tissues with important structural and patterning functions during embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:1085–1092, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetics in development
Authors: Kiefer Julie C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has become increasingly evident in recent years that development is under epigenetic control. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur independently of alterations to primary DNA sequence. The best‐studied epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation, and changes in chromatin structure by histone modifications, and histone exchange. An exciting, new chapter in the field is the finding that long‐distance chromosomal interactions also modify gene expression. Epigenetic modifications are key regulators of important developmental events, including X‐inactivation, genomic imprinting, patterning byHoxgenes and neuronal development. This primer covers these aspects of epigenetics in brief, and features an interview with two epigenetic scientists. Developmental Dynamics 236:1144–1156, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution mapping of the Gli3 deletion in the mouse extra‐toesH mutant
Authors: Genestine Matthieu , Robert Benoît , Lallemand Yvan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtra‐toes is a semidominant mutation that affects the Gli3 gene and provokes limb and brain abnormalities. Among the different alleles of this mutation, XtH is due to a deletion that has not yet been fully characterized. Using a PCR‐based strategy, we undertook a high‐resolution mapping of this deletion and confirmed that XtH is a null allele of Gli3. We further designed a PCR test to identify unequivocally heterozygous and homozygous embryos from their wild‐type littermates. Despite the length of the XtH deletion, available data on the mouse genome indicate that no genes other than Gli3 are deleted in XtH mutants. Thus, the XtH mutation can be used as a model for studying the effects that absence of Gli3 function has during development. genesis 45:107–112, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Basic Ionic Liquid as Catalyst and Reaction Medium: A Rapid and Simple Procedure for Aza‐Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Xu Jian‐Ming , Wu Qi , Zhang Qing‐Yi , Zhang Fu , Lin Xian‐Fu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA fast, mild, and quantitative procedure for Michael addition reactions between various amines and α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds and nitriles in the presence of an easily accessible basic ionic liquid – 3‐butyl‐1‐methylimidazolium hydroxide, [bmIm]OH – as both catalyst and reaction medium has been developed. For large‐scale reactions the products could be directly distilled from the ionic liquid, allowing the use of organic solvents to be avoided totally. The ionic liquid could be reused at least eight times with consistent activity and was stable during the reaction process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Application of pressure cycling technology to tissue sample preparation for 2‐DE
Authors: Ringham Heather , Bell Richard L. , Smejkal Gary B. , Behnke James , Witzmann Frank A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract2‐DE is a powerful protein analytical tool whose major strengths include semiglobal quantitation and charge separation of complex protein mixtures, enabling the analysis of differential protein expression, and variable post‐translational modification. One of 2‐DE's limitations relates to its limited dynamic range and consequently the number of proteins expressed that can be analyzed on a single gel. In an attempt to improve the yield of detectable proteins during sample preparation, we applied a novel extraction technique called pressure cycling technology.
Solute separation in nanofluidic channels: Pressure‐driven or electric field‐driven?
Authors: Xuan Xiangchun , Li Dongqing 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe demonstrate theoretically that solute separation can be accomplished in pressure‐driven flow through nanochannels due to solute–wall interactions. Such pressure‐driven separation is efficient in identifying solutes with variable valences. This function complements exactly the electric field‐driven separation (i.e., electrophoretic separation) in nanofluidic channels that works well for solutes differing in diffusivity. We also demonstrate the enhanced separation of solutes of either different valence or different diffusivity through the combination of a pressure‐driven flow and an electric field‐driven backflow in nanofluidic channels. This combined flow, however, has to be used with caution for solutes varying in both valence and diffusivity.
Electroosmotic flow mixing in zigzag microchannels
Authors: Chen Jia‐Kun , Yang Ruey‐Jen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study we performed numerical and experimental investigations into the mixing of EOFs in zigzag microchannels with two different corner geometries, namely sharp corners and flat corners. In the zigzag microchannel with sharp corners, the flow travels more rapidly near the inner wall of the corner than near the outer wall as a result of the higher electric potential drop. The resulting velocity gradient induces a racetrack effect, which enhances diffusion within the fluid and hence improves the mixing performance. The simulation results reveal that the mixing index is approximately 88.83%. However, the sharp‐corner geometry causes residual liquid or bubbles to become trapped in the channel at the point where the flow is almost stationary, when the channel is in the process of cleaning. Accordingly, a zigzag microchannel with flat‐corner geometry is developed. The flat‐corner geometry forms a convergent–divergent type nozzle which not only enhances the mixing performance in the channel, but also prevents the accumulation of residual liquid or bubbles. Scaling analysis reveals that this corner geometry leads to an effective increase in the mixing length. The experimental results reveal that the mixing index is increased to 94.30% in the flat‐corner zigzag channel. Hence, the results demonstrate that the mixing index of the flat‐corner zigzag channel is better than that of the conventional sharp‐corner microchannel. Finally, the results of Taguchi analysis indicate that the attainable mixing index is determined primarily by the number of corners in the microchannel and by the flow passing height at each corner.
Computer‐assisted 2‐D agarose electrophoresis of Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis vaccines and analysis of polydisperse particle populations in the size range of viruses: A review
Authors: Tietz Dietmar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen protein–polysaccharide conjugated vaccines were first developed for the immunization of small children against meningitis caused by infection with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), the vaccine preparations varied in immunogenicity. Testing for immunogenicity was time‐consuming and alternative analytical procedures for determining vaccine quality were unsatisfactory. For example, due to the very high molecular weight of the vaccine particles, immunogens could only be physically characterized as a fraction in the void volume of Sepharose gel filtration. In search of better analytical methods, a computer‐assisted electrophoretic technique for analyzing such vaccines was developed in the period from 1983 to 1995. This new approach made it possible to analyze highly negatively charged particles as large as or larger than intact viruses. 2‐D gel patterns were generated that varied depending on the conditions of the particular vaccine preparation and were therefore characteristic of each vaccine sample. Thus, vaccine particle populations with a continuous size variation over a wide range (polydisperse) could be characterized according to size and free mobility (related to particle surface net charge density). These advances are reviewed in this article, since the developed methods are still a promising tool for vaccine quality control and for predicting immunogen effectiveness in the production of vaccines. The technique is potentially beneficial for Hib immunogens and other high‐molecular‐mass vaccines. Additional biomedical applications for this nondenaturing electrophoretic technique are briefly discussed and detailed information about computational and mathematical procedures and theoretical aspects is provided in the Appendices.
Transport and deformation of droplets in a microdevice using dielectrophoresis
Authors: Singh Pushpendra , Aubry Nadine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn microfluidic devices the fluid can be manipulated either as continuous streams or droplets. The latter is particularly attractive as individual droplets can not only move but also split and fuse, thus offering great flexibility for applications such as laboratory‐on‐a‐chip. We consider the transport of liquid drops immersed in a surrounding liquid by means of the dielectrophoretic force generated by electrodes mounted at the bottom of a microdevice. The direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach is used to study the motion of droplets subjected to both hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces. Our technique is based on a finite element scheme using the fundamental equations of motion for both the droplets and surrounding fluid. The interface is tracked by the level set method and the electrostatic forces are computed using the Maxwell stress tensor. The DNS results show that the droplets move, and deform, under the action of nonuniform electric stresses on their surfaces. The deformation increases as the drop moves closer to the electrodes. The extent to which the isolated drops deform depends on the electric Weber number. When the electric Weber number is small, the drops remain spherical; otherwise, the drops stretch. Two droplets, however, that are sufficiently close to each other, can deform and coalesce, even if the electric Weber number is small. This phenomenon does not rely on the magnitude of the electric stresses generated by the bulk electric field, but instead is due to the attractive electrostatic drop–drop interaction overcoming the surface tension force. Experimental results are also presented and found to be in agreement with the DNS results.
Counter‐flow gradient electrofocusing
Authors: Shackman Jonathan G. , Ross David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCounter‐flow gradient electrofocusing techniques are methods whereby a combination of electrophoresis and a bulk solution counter‐flow is used to accumulate or focus analytes at stationary points along a separation column. This review first describes the various forms of counter‐flow gradient electrofocusing that have been demonstrated in the literature and then compares figures of merit for counter‐flow focusing methods and conventional CE methods. In an effort to compare the concentration enhancement of the various focusing techniques against each other, as well as of stacking methods, the parameter of analyte‐accumulation velocity is introduced and employed to normalize the efficacy of the techniques.
Comparison between objective and subjective measurements of quality of service over an Optical Wide Area network
Authors: Matera Francesco , Matteotti Francesca , Pasquali Paolo , Rea Luca , Tarantino Alessandro , Baroncini Vittorio , Del Prete Giuseppe , Gaudino Giancarlo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe introduction of intelligence for management and control of the quality of service (QoS) are key issues for the evolution of the next generation IP optical network based on Ethernet technology. A test bed of a core‐access network was implemented to investigate such issues and in this paper, the authors report measurements concerning the QoS of multimedia services for different traffic conditions. The network was implemented with a differentiated service over Multi‐Protocol Label Switch (MPLS) architecture; it consists of a real optical network based on core routers with optical Gigabit Ethernet (GBE) interfaces connected by means of long single mode fibres (about 50\,km), contained in an installed cable between Rome and Pomezia. The network is based on different access devices, but in this paper we only refer to an access based on Fibre To The building (FTTB) architecture. The QoS was investigated both in terms of network (or objective) tests that include packet loss, jitter, one way delay and throughput measurements and perceptive (or subjective) tests that conversely are based on the evaluation of user perception. The services under test mainly consisted of video streams that circulated in the network according to the switching operations based in the IP differentiated service over MPLS technique that allowed us to guarantee the QoS for some class of service, also in the presence of network overload. Particular attention was given to the correlation between objective and subjective measurements. Furthermore, in order to have a complete analysis about QoS of real networks, measurements were performed also in the presence of restoration operations for link failures; in particular we compare the results in the case of conventional IP network restoration with a procedure proposed by us and based on a link switching activated by the loss of signal command coming from the routers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable carbon isotope signature of ancient maize agriculture in the soils of Motul de San José, Guatemala
Authors: Webb Elizabeth A. , Schwarcz Henry P. , Jensen Christopher T. , Terry Richard E. , Moriarty Matthew D. , Emery Kitty F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSoil profiles collected from a 2.5‐km transect radiating from the Maya center of Motul de San José were analyzed for the stable carbon‐isotope composition of their soil organic matter. The residues of maize (Zea mays), the only C4plant known to have been cultivated in this area by the ancient Maya, impart a carbon‐isotope signature to the underlying soil organic matter reservoir that is distinct from that produced by the native C3forest vegetation. The varying turnover rates of the humic acid and humin fractions of the soil organic matter allowed us to distinguish between the presence of modern and ancient maize residues in these soils, and to delineate the lateral extent of maize cultivation at this ancient Maya site. The strongest isotopic evidence of maize residues is preserved in the soils surrounding the peripheral settlement of Chäkokot and at one locality within the urban center of Motul de San José. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of carbon isotope analysis to ancient maize agriculture in the Petexbatún region of Guatemala
Authors: Johnson Kristofer D. , Wright David R. , Terry Richard E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ancient Maya subsisted in an environment limited by shallow soils and unpredictable weather patterns until their collapse ∼A.D. 800–900. Ancient subsistence can be a difficult subject, with little physical evidence of agricultural artifacts and structures. This study characterized soil profiles and utilized changes in stable carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter (SOM) to locate and interpret areas of ancient C4plant growth and maize (Zea mays) cultivation among the Maya. The investigation indicated some of the challenges the Maya faced, including shallow and sloped soils in some areas. The C4plant signature was found in seasonal wetland soils on the opposite side of the Laguneta Aguateca from the ruins of Aguateca, but not in the perennial wetlands on the immediate side. No C4plant signature was detected in the shoulder and backslope soils. Based on these findings, the ancient Maya of Aguateca probably adapted to their environment by farming rich toeslope soils. It is possible that maize was also grown in the seasonal wetlands adjacent to the site. If the steep backslope soils around Aguateca were used in ancient agriculture, the evidence has probably eroded away. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.