bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Evolution of Quebec Reconsidered
Authors: Guindon Hubert 
Published: June 2006

Any attempt to assess the direction of social change in a particular society is a risky business at best. Yet, inasmuch as sociology, in its official texts on method, rests its claim to scientific status on its predictive capacities, it must somehow, sometimes, take this risk and say something about what are the significant changes occurring in the social organization of a society. In order to achieve any such general assessment the social analyst needs, it seems to me, to consider the society as a whole, and through time.Sociologists are generally reluctant to view the whole of a society as a proper subject of study and reluctant also to study social phenomena through time. Indeed, what is at present felt to be adequate methodology, or should we say prestigeful methodology, requires living respondents whose answers can be given statistical treatment, and therefore becomes largely irrelevant for studies with historical dimensions; and while it may be quite useful in measuring change it is quite helpless of itself to account for it. Furthermore its preference for piecemeal and detailed verifications makes it a rather awkward instrument to use when dealing with general analyses. Anthropologists, by tradition, have commonly achieved such analyses in the case of less complex cultures. Even they, however, when confronted with large societies, have tended either to adopt the sociological habit of narrow investigation or to postulate that an image of the larger whole can be gleaned through the minute study of a particular instance, a particular cell such as a village, or a town. In choosing the first alternative, they abdicate what seems to have been a traditional objective of anthropology. In the second case, they stand in danger of missing the target through oversimplification.
Some Implications of Economic Change in Northern Ojibwa Social Structure
Authors: Dunning R. W. 
Published: June 2006

Field-work was conducted for several summer periods and one complete year (1954–5) among the northern Ojibwa at Pekangekum. Pekangekum is situated in northwestern Ontario (52 degrees north latitude and 94 degrees west longitude), close to the Manitoba border and to the northern Ojibwa–Cree boundary. The major occupations of the people are fur trapping and subsistence hunting and fishing. The band is composed of treaty status Indians, numbering 382 persons in 1955, who communally own a small reservation of approximately 2,000 acres at the summer fishing centre.In 1947 the provincial government registered all the territory as traplines, and the trappers therefore became licensed in the area in which they already trapped. The band's territory, which is low-lying and poorly drained forest and muskeg, comprises 4,800 square miles, that is, about 12.5 square miles per person. During the trapping season, approximately six months of the year, the population breaks up into eighteen residential groupings, averaging twenty-two persons each, and these units proceed to the centres of the trapping territories allotted to them by tradition. Usually such domestic groupings are ten or fifteen miles apart and are spread throughout the total territory of the band, but in summer they live nearly contiguously at two major summer fishing camps.The population is made up of five extended families with patronymic totems. Formerly political authority was vested in the senior man of a domestic group on the basis of his dream-sanctioned success and power. Sometimes an individual magico-medical specialist held sway over wider territory, but his position rested on prestige rather than power, and each domestic group was usually autonomous.
Short-term Capital Movements and the Flexible Canadian Exchange Rate, 1953–1961
Authors: Powrie T. L. 
Published: June 2006

The external value of the Canadian dollar was remarkably stable during most of the recently ended regime of the flexible exchange rate. Short-term capital movements which tended to offset net shortages or surpluses of foreign currency arising from other transactions made an important contribution to this stability. This paper is an investigation of the causes of those generally stabilizing short-term capital movements.Each of seven categories of short-term capital movements is considered, some categories being components of others. The seven categories, taken from the international accounts published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, are as follows. An arbitrary short name for each is given in brackets.1. (Total private). The sum of the three following items, consisting of capital movements of a short-term nature not carried out by the Canadian government or central bank.2. (Bonds). Net trade between Canada and other countries in outstanding Canadian bonds and debentures.3. (Canadian dollars). The change in foreigners' holdings of Canadian dollars.4. (Other). Other capital movements, adjusted. This is the balancing item D17 in the official Canadian international accounts, adjusted to remove a variety of irrelevant transactions.5. (US dollars). The change in Canadian holdings of bank balances and other short-term funds abroad, excluding the official reserves. It consists largely of US dollar assets. It is one component of “Other” above.6. (Commercial credits). This is the remainder of “Other” above, and consists of all other non-government transactions including changes in loans and accounts receivable and payable.7. (Official). The change in the official reserves of gold and foreign exchange.
Voting in the 1960 Federal By-Elections at Peterborough and Niagara Falls: Who Voted New Party and Why?
Authors: Jewett Pauline 
Published: June 2006

The most interesting fact about the by-elections held in Peterborough and Niagara Falls on October 31, 1960, was not so much that the Conservatives (in power in Ottawa) lost them—or, rather, lost the one and failed to gain the other—as that the New Party won the Peterborough seat, with 46 per cent of the vote, and got 23 per cent of the vote in Niagara Falls. Taking the two constituencies together the New Party polled a larger popular vote than did either the Liberals or Conservatives: no minor achievement for a party that was making its first two appearances on the federal electoral scene, a party that at the time had neither a name nor a national leader and whose platform was still in the process of being formulated.Who voted New Party and why? These were the first questions that seemed to need answering. Obviously, old-line socialists could not account for a very large part of the Peterborough poll since the best the CCF had ever done in Peterborough, in federal elections, was to get 12 per cent of the vote in 1945. In Niagara Falls, it is true, the CCF had reached the 23 per cent mark in 1949 but in subsequent federal elections its support had steadily fallen off—to 15 per cent in the 1950 by-election, 12 per cent in 1953 and 10 per cent in 1958. Was it, then, the alliance of the CCF with organized labour, under the New Party banner, that had done the trick? Had organized labour so rallied its supporters behind the New Party candidate, particularly in Peterborough, as to make the vote practically a labour affair? Or was the New Party vote more evenly distributed across the two constituencies, with all classes participating more or less equally in it? What about the different age groups and sexes? Whatever the distribution, was the vote simply a protest against the governing party in Ottawa as seems so frequently to be the case in by-election returns? If simply a protest why had it gone New Party rather than Liberal or, in the case of Niagara Falls, why had it not gone even more Liberal? Did the personalities of the candidates make very much difference? Or were election issues and party policies more important than personalities? Finally, to what extent, if any, did the New Party vote reflect or presage a fundamental realignment of political forces?
A Model of the Canadian Current Account
Authors: Davis Thomas E. 
Published: June 2006

This study presents an econometric model designed to project developments in the current account of the Canadian balance of payments. The exposition of the study is divided into three parts; Part I describes the general structure of the model; Part II contains the complete equation system of the model and summarizes the statistical estimates of the behavioral equations; Part III presents the results of testing the model for the years 1962–64, and the results of a projection made from the model for the current account in 1965.In the model the trading world is divided into four regions: Canada, the United States, Western Europe, and the rest of the world. Merchandise trade transactions between each of these regions are treated by separate equations, as are non-merchandise trade transactions of Canada with each of the other three regions. The non-merchandise or service transactions are separated by category into expenditures for transportation, travel, interest and dividends, and all other services. Also included in the model are equations for gross national product (GNP), consumption, and inventory investment in Canada, the United States, and Western Europe, as well as equations for export prices in each of the four regions. The specification and structure of the model are based largely on a three-region world trade model of the US current account recently employed by Rhomberg. For purposes of the following discussion, the fifty equations contained in the model are consolidated into twelve general equations. The variables used in the equations are shown below: the subscripts 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to Canada, the United States, Western Europe, and the rest of the world respectively.
The Relative Level of Crow's Nest Grain Rates in 1899 and in 1965
Authors: McDougall John Lorne 
Published: June 2006

During the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth, the value-of-service basis for railway rates ruled unchallenged. Over the last forty years, and especially the last twenty, that system has been undermined from so many directions that it is rapidly becoming untenable. Willy-nilly, railways are being forced over to a cost-of-service basis by the competition of other carriers and by the relocation of industry. So long as they are expected to be self-supporting (and the logical problems of operating nation-wide utilities on any other basis are daunting), any traffic or service that does not pay its full costs must inevitably come under review. The cross-subsidization between different types of traffic which once took place as a matter of course is no longer possible, and railways are compelled to know their own costs and to sell their services in competition at rates based, to an ever-increasing extent, on cost. In the last fifteen years, for example, competition has converted the old class rate structure, which was the heart of value-of-service rates, into a mere shrunken survival, historically interesting, but no longer worthy of serious consideration.There are other surviving specimens of value-of-service rates, but the Crow's Nest schedule for grain rates is the only one covering a major traffic. For historic reasons, the rates, in terms of current money, are now at or below those first established at September 1899, despite the change in prices and wages in the intervening period. There are, therefore, compelling reasons to examine them now.
Some Aspects of New Democratic Party Urban Support in 1965
Authors: Gagne Wallace , Regenstreif Peter 
Published: June 2006

It is now a more or less established feature of Canada's political life that many sectors of the Canadian electorate are disposed to reject the two “major” political parties in favour of “minor” party alternatives. Recently, the New Democratic party, one of these so-called minor parties, has received substantial electoral support especially in urban English Canada, to such an extent that it is now bidding either to replace one of the major parties or to join both of them in a position of relative equality. Until now, the rather scanty commentaries attempting to account for this “deviant” electoral behaviour of some Canadians have tended to be highly speculative.This article analyses survey findings that shed some light on the NDP phenomenon in the 1960s in four cities in English Canada. It begins by examining the economic and social elements in partisan choice, emphasizing religion and class identification. Next it deals with political habits and attitudes and with party identification and issue orientation. Following this, some of the characteristics of people switching to the NDP are probed. Finally, the findings are related to other research on the topic and some limited comments about the future are made.
Policy challenges from the "White" Senate inquiry into workplace-related health impacts of toxic dusts and nanoparticles
Authors: Faunce Thomas A , Walters Haydn , Williams Trevor , Bryant David , Jennings Martin , Musk Bill 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
On 22 June 2005 the Senate of the Commonwealth of Australia voted to establish an inquiry into workplace harm related to toxic dust and emerging technologies (including nanoparticles). The inquiry became known as the "White" Inquiry after Mr Richard White, a financially uncompensated sufferer of industrial sandblasting-induced lung disease who was instrumental in its establishment. The "White" Inquiry delivered its final report and recommendations on 31 May 2006. This paper examines whether these recommendations and their implementation may provide a unique opportunity not only to modernize relevant monitoring standards and processes, but related compensation systems for disease associated with workplace-related exposure to toxic dusts. It critically analyzes the likely role of the new Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) in this area. It also considers whether recommendations related to potential workplace related harm from exposure to nanoparticles could commence a major shift in Australian healthcare regulation.
Transepithelial transport of morphine and mannitol in Caco-2 cells: the influence of chitosans of different molecular weights and degrees of acetylation
Authors: Dale Ola , Nilsen Turid , Olaussen Gry , Tvedt Kåre E , Skorpen Frank , Smidsrød Olav , Vårum Kjell M 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The object of this study was to compare the effect of chitosans of different number-average molecular weights (MWs) and degrees of acetylation (FA) on transepithelial transport of morphine in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 monolayers on polycarbonate (PC) membranes (0.5cm2) were incubated with morphine (10μ) or mannitol (55μ) for 180 min. Samples for analysis of morphine (LCMSMS) and mannitol (liquid scintillation) were drawn at 45, 90, 120 and 180 min. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transmission electron microscopy were used to monitor cell integrity. In controls, morphine transport was half that of mannitol. Chitosans affected the transport of morphine and mannitol similarly. For chitosans with similar FA (0.32-0.43) and varying MWs (7–200 kD), transport was increased at MWs of 29 kD or more. Among chitosans of similar MWs (180–300 kD) and varying FA (0.01-0.61), those with the highest Fa (0.61) had the least effect, while chitosans with Fa/MW 0.01/250 and 0.17/300 promoted the greatest transport. An FA/MW of 0.32/200 and 0.43/170 induced a high and stable transport rate. Chitosans may enhance transepithelial transport of morphine by the same mechanism as for mannitol. Chitosans with FA of 0.3-0.4 and MW of approx. 200 kD seem favourable in this respect.
Apoptosis inducing activity of 4-substituted coumarins from Calophyllum brasiliense in human leukaemia HL-60 cells
Authors: Ito Chihiro , Murata Tomiyasu , Itoigawa Masataka , Nakao Keisuke , Kaneda Norio , Furukawa Hiroshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
With the objective of identifying anti-tumour-promoting agents, we carried out a primary screening of ten 4-substituted coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Guttiferae), to determine the ability of these compounds to inhibit proliferation of the human leukaemia cell line HL-60. Among the 4-substituted coumarins isolated, calophyllolide (2) and mammea B/BB (3) showed significant cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells. Fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342 staining revealed that the percentage of apoptotic cells with fragmented nuclei and condensed chromatin increased in a time-dependent manner after treatment with calophyllolide (2) or mammea B/BB (3). In addition, the activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3 was also enhanced in a time-dependent manner upon treatment with the 4-substituted coumarins 2 and 3. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 inhibitors suppressed apoptosis induced by 4-substituted coumarins 2 and 3. These results suggest that calophyllolide (2) and mammea B/BB (3) induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells through activation of the caspase-9/caspase-3 pathway, which is triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction.
An extract of Lannea microcarpa: composition, activity and evaluation of cutaneous irritation in cell cultures and reconstituted human epidermis
Authors: Picerno P , Mencherini T , Loggia R Delia , Meloni M , Sanogo R , Aquino R P 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Lannea microcarpa (Anacardiaceae) is a tropical tree used in African folk medicine and commercial dermopharmaceutical formulations. Fractionation and analysis of its polar extract allowed the identification of 4′-methoxy-myricetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, vitexin, isovitexin, gallic acid and epi-catechin, as the major constituents. In-vivo assay (the croton oil ear test in mice) showed that the extract had significant anti-inflammatory effect (ID50 = 900 μg cm2) but ten times lower than that of indometacin (ID50 = 93 μg cm2), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as reference. Cytotoxicity and cutaneous irritation of the extract and its constituents were investigated. The crude extract and its major components did not affect cell viability in-vitro either in three different cultures (J774.A1, WEHI-164 and HEK-293) of cells grown in monolayers or in the reconstituted human epidermis (RHE, 3D model), nor did they cause release of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1α) or histomorphological modification of RHE.
Effect of imatinib mesilate on the disposition kinetics of ciclosporin in rats
Authors: Kajita Takashi , Higashi Yasuhiko , Imamura Masanobu , Maida Chieko , Fujii Youichi , Yamamoto Ikuyoshi , Miyamoto Etsuko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of imatinib mesilate on the disposition kinetics of ciclosporin in rats. The blood concentration-time course and pharmacokinetic parameters of ciclosporin did not significantly change after intravenous injection of ciclosporin (10mg kg−1) in) rats treated with imatinib mesilate (50mg kg−1) as compared with a control. When ciclosporin (10mg kg−1) was orally administered, the time course, area under the curve, bioavailability and peak blood concentration of ciclosporin were significantly increased in rats that had been treated with imatinib mesilate 2 h before ciclosporin administration as compared with the control. Because both drugs are transported via P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein and metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A2, the interaction of imatinib mesilate with these proteins may be responsible for the increased intestinal absorption of ciclosporin in rats. These results indicate that imatinib mesilate enhanced the intestinal absorption of ciclosporin in rats with only the oral administration of ciclosporin, suggesting that our results support clinical data. In addition, imatinib mesilate may increase the pharmacological effects and possibly toxicity of ciclosporin.
Problems of the Canadian Federation
Authors: Carrothers W. A. 
Published: June 2006

The unusual stresses and strains of the depression during the last four years have drawn attention more definitely to certain weaknesses in the financial structure of the Canadian federation. The province of Nova Scotia has performed a very valuable service in initiating an economic inquiry into Dominion-provincial relations as affecting that province. An inquiry such as this removes the problem from the realm of speculation and political expediency and relates it to the actual facts of the situation. It would be of great value if similar investigations were made by the other provinces into their own peculiar problems, followed by an examination of the whole question by an impartial body from the point of view of the Dominion as a whole. Investigations along this line have been carried out in the Commonwealth of Australia and a Commission appointed which has reported on the applications made by the states of South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania for financial assistance from the Commonwealth, based on certain disabilities affecting these states as a result of Commonwealth policy.The financial arrangements made between the Dominion and the provinces at the time of Confederation were essentially in the nature of a compromise and designed to meet the situation as it then existed. This appears to have been more or less the situation in the original financial arrangements of practically all existing federations. Apparently, however, it was considered at the time of the Canadian Confederation that these arrangements would be of a somewhat permanent character. This optimistic view was early shown to be wrong when within two years it was necessary to make adjustments. Further, it was not anticipated at that time that there would be any change in the accepted functions of government. The prevailing idea was that the fewer functions surrendered by the individual to the government, the better. John Stuart Mill was still the authority, and his ideas with regard to the limitation of government marked the general line of thought. While there were those who took a wider view of the functions of government and who anticipated the collectivist movement of the last quarter of the century, the echo of this was at that time scarcely heard in Canada. There was no thought that many of the services now rendered to the community by governments would become necessary. Consequently, the division of authority, both political and financial, in the British North America Act, was based on a form of society and an idea of government which no longer exists.