bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Throwing Like a Girl:
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay describes experience and oppressions of feminine styles of comportment, tracing in a provisional way some of the basic modalities of feminine body comportment, manner of moving, and relation in space. It highlights the certain observable and rather ordinary ways in which women in society typically comport themselves and move differently from the ways that men do. The account developed here combines the insights of the theory of the lived body as expressed by Merleau-Ponty and the theory of the situation of women as developed by Beauvoir. It limits itself to the experience of women in contemporary advanced industrial, urban, and commercial society, offering specific observations, phenomenlogical interpretation, and implications for an understanding of the oppression of women.
House and Home:
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay explores the ambivalence of the values of house and home. It agrees with feminist critics such as Luce Irigaray and Simone de Beauvoir that the comforts and supports of house and home historically come at women’s expense. Women serve, nurture, and maintain so that the bodies and souls of men and children gain confidence and expansive subjectivity to make their mark on the world. However, this homey role also deprives women of support for their own identity and projects. The essay challenges a group of feminist texts whose writers all reject the idea of the home as inappropriately totalizing and imperialist, questioning the wholesale rejection of an ideal of the home for feminism.
Border Disputes
Authors: Mitchem Stephanie Y. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the ideas of honoring ancestors and self in the classroom, along the borders. To begin this exploration, it focuses on some aspects of the borders of black lives in the United States. The borders of education is the focus in the next section of the book. The idea of honoring ancestors is related to the course, “Womanist Spiritual Autobiography”; and honoring self is discussed in relation to the course “Womanist Theology and Literature”.
Teaching from the Crossroads
Authors: Barnes Linda L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter proposes two ways to study religion and healing. The first outlines a program that involves an urban ethnographic study of culturally/religiously based approaches to healing in the African Diaspora communities of Boston, Massachusetts. The second relates to ways in which findings from the first kind of course can be incorporated into different levels of medical education, thereby introducing a highly-focused aspect of religious studies into the training of biomedical clinicians.
Watching for Religion and Race at the Movies
Authors: Trost Theodore Louis 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The main purpose of religious studies as an academic discipline is to make “the strange familiar and the familiar strange”. This is what the course “Introduction to Religion in America: Religion Observed in Popular Film” attempts, with particular emphasis on making the familiar strange. The class has three foci: religion, movies, and America. In this chapter, after a review of the issues at stake in the “Introduction to Religious Studies” course and a description of the operative method, race as a crucial concern in the interpretation of three movies: Being There, The Color Purple, and Daughters of the Dust, is discussed.
Transforming the Twentieth Century: Volume 2: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book is a systematic interdisciplinary account of two epochal trends: the history of the 20th century’s technical transformation based on the unprecedented surge of innovation that took place in Europe and North America during the three pre-WWI generation (1867-1914); and the history of new fundamental inventions during the period 1914-2000. Mass consumption of fossil fuels provided the energetic foundation of this progress. New ways of making steel — the leading metal of our civilization — and new materials including plastics and silicon, opened entirely new technical possibilities. Rationalized production, be it in agriculture or manufacturing, benefited from advancing mechanization, automation, and robotization. New epochal inventions included the discovery of nuclear fission, followed by the rapid development of nuclear weapons and commercial generation of nuclear electricity; the discovery of gas turbines (and their use in jet airplanes as well as in stationary applications); and the invention of solid-state electronics based on semiconductors used to make transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors, the key components of modern computing. The new economy based on unprecedented levels of energy consumption brought not only mass consumption and higher quality of life, but also some worrisome social problems and environmental changes; its prospects remain uncertain.
Materials
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSteel — made from iron in basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces, and turned into semifinished products by continuous casting — remained the dominant material of the 20th century. Completely new large-scale industries were developed to supply industrial gases (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen) and to synthesize a multitude of plastics. The most far reaching technical advances of the century’s second half were based on silicon, the key building block of solid state electronics.
Rationalized Production
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal mining, oil and gas extraction, and in key manufacturing sectors such as car making benefited not only from ingenious robotization, but also from new methods of organization and flexible production. Agriculture also became much less labor intensive thanks to new high energy subsidies for machines and agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides).
Transportation, Communication, Information
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPrivate transportation was transformed by mass ownership of automobiles while long-distance public transport benefited from new high-speed trains and from affordable flying. Freight transportation was transformed by containers moved by ships, trains, and trucks. Communication and the processing and dissemination of information were revolutionized first by transistors, then by integrated circuits and microprocessors, the key components of mainframe and personal computers, televisions, and a multitude of electronic devices, many of them now taking advantage of the Internet.
An Egalitarian Overview
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
After critiquing principle-based and case-based approaches to bioethics, this chapter develops and defends a conception of gender justice, as central to analyses of issues in women’s health care. Autonomy, rights, and justice are among the key concepts that it considers. Classical pragmatists and feminist standpoint theorists are enlisted in support of epistemological and ethical reasons for attributing “privileged status” to women’s decisions about their health.
Different Starting Points, Standpoints, End Points
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Terms crucial to bioethical debate are examined: these include life, death, human, person, moral status, and moral agency. The moral relevance of the gestational tie between a woman and her fetus as well as other relationships is discussed. In light of their relevance to ethical decisions after birth as well as prior to birth, different positions on moral status or personhood are considered. These range from the view that full moral status occurs through union of human egg and sperm to the view that it requires the ability to make moral decisions, a capacity lacking in infants and adults who are comatose.
Preconception and Prenatal Decisions
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s decisions about preconception counseling, preimplantation diagnosis, prenatal testing, misattributed paternity, and sex selection are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”, i.e., those whose input tends to be neglected. Implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses are also considered.
Medically Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cases illustrating variables relevant to the following topics are presented: criteria for patient selection, egg “donation” and “surrogacy”, multiple gestations, and disposition of in vitro embryos after infertility treatment. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about the moral status of gametes and embryos are also considered.
Noncompliance during Pregnancy
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cases illustrating variables relevant to pregnant women’s noncompliance with medical recommendations intended to benefit the fetus or potential child are presented. These involve refusal of hospitalization, refusal to comply with dietary recommendations, and refusal of cesarean section delivery. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about the moral status of the fetus are also considered.
Treatment of Minors
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that addresses the nondominance of minors as well as their capacity for moral agency. A conception of parentalism as an antidote to paternalism and maternalism is proposed.
Research Issues
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cases illustrating the exclusion of women in biomedical research, experimental treatment and maternal fetal surgery, human reproductive cloning, and embryonic stem cell research are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about moral status of embryos and fetuses, and about people born with disabilities are also considered.
Virtue and Gender Justice in Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
After recapitulating the egalitarian perspective of the book, this chapter explains how this is necessarily directed toward an ideal of justice. The ideal is best approximated through an ethic of virtue rather than an ethic of obligation. An egalitarian ethic of virtue promotes the flourishing of all individuals throughout the life span by attending to their different needs, preferences, and capabilities, and by minimizing the inequities that are often associated with these differences. An ethic of obligation requires minimal efforts to reduce these inequities, whereas an ethic of virtue calls for maximal efforts to reduce them. In the context of women’s health care, gender justice demands attention to gender differences as both obligatory and virtuous.
A Marriage Made in America: Trent and the Baroque
Authors: Stevens-Arroyo Anthony M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of Trent in Latin America, post-Tridentine thinking about American Catholicism, and the Catholic baroque. Trent's decrees assumed a new function as the blueprints for Christianity in the Americas, linking Church order in Spain's colonies with the institutionalization of the faith for millions of believers. Trent became a constituent element of Latin America's sociohistorical identity.
The Council of Trent at the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Komonchak Joseph A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores what the Council of Trent meant at Vatican II. It studies both the explicit references to Trent made in the text and footnotes of Vatican II and certain points in debates at which what Trent had done or said entered into the deliberations and decisions of the fathers of Vatican II. It is shown that on the level of Church practice, Vatican II reversed some decisions of Trent, most notably permitting the vernacular to be used in the liturgy, broadening occasions for receiving the Eucharist under both kinds, dethroning the Vulgate as the normative biblical text, and encouraging a wide reading. One of the main differences between Vatican II and Trent was that while Trent sought to identify and clarify the respects the doctrines of the Reformers departed from those of the Catholic Church, Vatican II sought to identify and to express those elements of faith that Catholics and non-Catholics had in common.
Robert Bellarmine and Post-Tridentine Eucharistic Theology
Authors: Daly Robert J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the discrepancy between sound eucharistic theology and the eucharistic theology of several official documents of the Roman Catholic magisterium. Historical research suggests that Robert Bellarmine is one of the “messengers”, if indeed not one of the “villains”, of this story. It is argued that the embarrassing dichotomy between the teaching of the contemporary official Roman magisterium and that of most contemporary liturgical theologians is due to the magisterium's continued acceptance of some of the shortcomings of post-Tridentine Catholic eucharistic theology. If there is to be progress towards a more broadly shared Catholic understanding of the Eucharist, the Roman magisterium must become less attached to explanations of the Mystery of Faith that are less than satisfactory.
Priestly Formation
Authors: Osborne Kenan B. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a single theme central to both the Trent and Vatican II councils — the formation of priestly leadership. The goal of the chapter is twofold: on the one hand, to indicate the clear differences between the two councils, and, on the other hand, to emphasize the undeniable similarities regarding the respective positions of the two councils on the issue of formation of priestly leadership. The chapter begins with an overview of the basic official statements regarding the Tridentine reform of priestly formation. Second, it gives a historical background, listing the major factors that occasioned such a reform in priestly formation in the 16th century. Third, it presents a review of the major developments of the seminary system in the 17th century, immediately following Trent. Next it gives an overview of the basic official material on priestly formation as developed by Vatican II and its postconciliar reception an finally, some concluding remarks are offered.
Singing a New Song unto the Lord: Catholic Church Music
Authors: Boyce James J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Council of Trent and the Second Vatican Council made pronouncements concerning music in response to calls for change in the years preceding, and their decisions have had a significant impact on liturgy ever since. This chapter discusses the legislation of these two councils regarding liturgical music, the conditions affecting their decisions, and the effects of such legislation upon the spiritual life of the faithful.
The Virgin Mary
Authors: Cunningham Lawrence S. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the Protestant reaction against the Marian tradition of Catholicism, which was addressed by the reform of the Council of Trent. Topics discussed include the Catholic Reformation and two conspicuous events which characterized the Marian character of Catholicism in the 19th century: the definition of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854 and the rise of Marian apparitions and subsequent pilgrimage locations, most conspicuously at Lourdes in France.
Religious Life for Women: From Enclosure to Immersion
Authors: Gottemoeller Doris 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Council of Trent's mandate to women's religious lives consisted of an insistence on the rules of enclosure. The Second Vatican Council mandated religious worship to examine every aspect of women's lives in order to discard outmoded customs and practices in light of the needs of their times. This chapter explores the complexities and results of these two movements for renewal, focusing on the situations prior to the councils, the conciliar mandates, their implementation, and their short- and long-term effects.
From Confession to Reconciliation and Back: Sacramental Penance
Authors: Myers W. David 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores changes in sacramental penance. It is shown that the form of confession prevalent today is a product of the High Middle Ages and the religious reforms of the Council of Trent. Modern devotion to the sacrament signaled by frequent reception is a relatively recent phenomenon that has varied greatly since the Council of Trent.
Trent and Vatican II: Two Styles of Church
Authors: O'Malley John W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the points of continuity and discontinuity between the Council of Trent and Vatican II. It is argued that Trent and Vatican II are emblematic of two fundamental, interrelated, but notably different traditions of the Western Church. Those traditions are the juridical or legislative-judicial and the poetic-rhetorical. They both have their origins in the Greco-Roman world of antiquity and antedate the advent of Christianity. They worked their way into the Christian fabric, and have continued to color it in the present. The Tridentine style, the Vatican II, and the dramatic shift in style at Vatican II are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses the purpose of the book and its scope of analysis relative to the extent, pattern, and character of capital formation and its contribution to Korea's three stages of economic development and transformation. It identifies the reasons why the study of capital formation and economic transformation in Korea during the 70-year period is essential to understanding the path of the country's economic transformation. The chapter emphasizes the three major groups of players in Korea, namely, the Koreans, the Japanese, and foreigners (those other than Japanese and Korean nationals) whose role or lack of role was significant. The approach followed in this study is more behavioral and analytical than historical; the nature of the sources of data used in this book is also noted.
The Traditional Economy
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the economic conditions and forces that affected capital formation and economic development in Korea prior to its opening to the outside world in the mid-1870s. It examines the underdeveloped and essentially static Korean economy of the traditional period in terms of per capita income, aggregate GDP, and economic structure. The chapter also investigates the reasons for the underdevelopment of Korea's in terms of capital endowment; the propensities to work, produce, invest, save, and consume; entrepreneurship; and the role of the Korean government.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes the records of capital formation and economic transformation during the 70-year period, and examines the net gains and losses of Korea's path between 1876 and 1945 for Koreans. It considers certain scenarios that may have occurred if history took a different turn from what actually took place. For instance, what would have been the prospects for capital formation, economic development, and structural change for Korea had Japan not colonized it? Was it worthwhile for Koreans to have substantial capital formation and speedier economic development and transformation under Japanese colonial rule? The findings in this study go beyond Koreans and their economy under Japanese rule; Japanese imperialism and colonial rule of Korea obviously had major economic and political implications on Japan and Japanese.
Waiting for Antichrist
Authors: Thompson Damian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book explores how members of one religious group with a strong apocalyptic tradition — Kensington Temple, a large Pentecostal church in London — reconciled doctrines of the end of the world with the demands of their everyday lives. It is shown that they subjected these doctrines to a process of scrutiny, moderating and marginalizing them in response to a so-called the “Problem of the End”, the tendency of apocalyptic discourse to predict things that do not happen. In doing so, they employed the same subjective rationality that they applied to all manner of risky religious claims, such as those relating to miraculous healing. In effect, they were testing hypotheses not in a scientific fashion, but according to the dictates of common sense. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the notion that there is a single psychological or material cause of millenarianism.
The Problem of the End
Authors: Thompson Damian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with an introduction of the sociological concepts underlying this study. It suggests that people make rational choices about religion, weighing costs and benefits: they seek to avoid conflicts between belief and reality; they work on ideas until they make sense; and they are influenced by the degree of social support available for a particular belief. The second half of the chapter applies these ideas to millenarianism. Finally, it examines the association of apocalyptic belief with a broader corpus of deviant ideas, the “cultic milieu”.
Pentecostalism and the End Times
Authors: Thompson Damian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines how Pentecostal churches are pulled toward and away from accommodation with society as they seek to exercise ministries of miraculous healing and non-eschatological prophecy. It describes the millenarian traditions that Pentecostalism inherited from fundamentalism. Pentecostal attitudes to the End Times, which range from enthusiastic participation in the prophecy subculture to a complete lack of interest in it are discussed, including a more recent, optimistic belief in the coming restoration of God’s kingdom.
The Year 2000
Authors: Thompson Damian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the significance of the year 2000 for Western society, evangelical Christianity, and Kensington Temple. It argues that in all three arenas, the millennium raised hopes that had already been disappointed by the time it dawned. At Kensington Temple, a scheme to create a network of 2,000 churches by 2000, heavy with apocalyptic resonances, had to be abandoned in 1999; the theological maneuvering that followed illustrates what can happen when a charismatic strategy fails.