bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristic behavioral anomalies in rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine
Authors: Orito Kensuke , Morishima Akihiko , Ogawa Tetsuo , Muneoka Katsumasa , Kuwagata Makiko , Takata Jiro , Mishima Kenichi , Fujiwara Michihiro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to characterize behavioral anomalies in rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, a useful model of hyperactive disorder. Rats were treated with BrdU at 50 mg/kg IP or carboxymethylcellulose, its vehicle, on gestational Days 9 through 15, and their offsprings were subjected to behavioral tests. Rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine showed higher locomotor activity levels when the lights were turned off, and these levels kept increasing throughout the dark cycle. In an elevated plus maze, the rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine exhibited decreased anxiety‐related behavior, including higher open arm entries and a longer time spent per one open arm entry when compared with rats prenatally exposed to carboxymethylcellulose. Methylphenidate, a psychostimulant that suppresses hyperactivity in humans with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, increased locomotor activity in both rats, with a greater sensitivity in rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. Desipramine, a specific noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, normalized the hyperactivity of rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, also normalized the hyperactivity and the low anxiety‐related behavior in the elevated plus maze. These results suggest that rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine are hyperactive and exhibit a lower anxiety level. Dysfunctional monoaminergic neurons may be, at least in part, the cause of the behavioral anomalies.
Impairment of the serotonergic control of feeding in adult female rats exposed to intra-uterine malnutrition
Authors: Pôrto Laura C. J. , Sardinha Fátima L. C. , Telles Mônica M. , Guimarães Regina B. , Albuquerque Kelse T. , Andrade Iracema S. , Oyama Lila M. , Nascimento Cláudia M. O. , Santos Oscar F. P. , Ribeiro Eliane B. 
Published: September 2008

We have previously shown that adult female rats exposed to intra-uterine malnutrition were normophagic, although obese and resistant to insulin-induced hypophagia. The present study aimed at examining aspects of another important catabolic component of energy homeostasis control, the hypothalamic serotonergic function, which inhibits feeding and stimulates energy expenditure. Pregnant dams were fed ad libitum or were restricted to 50 % of ad libitum intake during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy. Control and restricted 4-month-old progeny were studied. The restricted rats had increased body adiposity with normal daily food intake but failed to respond with hypophagia to an intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Stimulation, by food ingestion, of extracellular levels of serotonin in medial hypothalamus microdialysates was more pronounced and lasted longer in the restricted than in the control rats. In the restricted group, hypothalamic levels of 5-HT2C receptor protein tended to be reduced (P = 0·07) while the levels of 5-HT1B receptor and serotonin transporter proteins were significantly elevated (36 and 79 %, respectively). In conclusion, female rats undernourished in utero had normophagic obesity as adults but had an absence of serotonin-induced hypophagia and low hypothalamic levels of the 5-HT2C receptor. Compensatory adaptations for the functional serotonergic impairment were evidenced, such as an enhanced release of serotonin in response to a meal allied to up-regulated hypothalamic 5-HT1B and transporter expression. Whether these compensations will persist in later life warrants further investigation. Moreover, it cannot be ruled out that the serotonergic component of energy expenditure was already impaired, thus contributing to the observed body-fat phenotype.
A new Early Silurian turbidite system in Central Wales: insights into eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition in the southern Welsh Basin
Authors: SCHOFIELD D. I. , DAVIES J. R. , WATERS R. A. , WILLIAMS M. , WILSON D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe newly recognized Nant Brianne turbidite system was a focus of laterally supplied coarse-grade sediment deposition that, along with the Caban–Ystrad Meurig system, punctuated late Hirnantian to early Telychian, mudstone-dominated slope apron deposition along the SE margin of the southern Welsh Basin. Geological mapping coupled with detailed biostratigraphy enable the depositional influence of sea-floor topography, an active Llyn Brianne Fault and eustatic sea-level changes to be tracked. The latter may represent ‘far field’ effects relating to the retreat and advance of contemporary Gondwanan ice sheets. Slope apron mudstone facies reveal a strong response to high order eustatic events; however, the response of contemporary, easterly sourced, coarse-grade turbidite systems was more complex, with some periods of increased sand and gravel input coinciding with times of rising global sea level. These anomalous relationships are explained by invoking a series of smaller-scale movements in marine base level. It was the interaction of these lower order events with the main eustatic cycles that appears to have been the primary control on sand and gravel input to the Welsh Basin. An early Telychian expansion of the Nant Brianne turbidite system records a marked increase in tectonically generated sediment at a time of palaeo-plate collision between Baltica/Avalonia and Laurentia before intra- and peri-basinal faulting led to its abandonment as a supply path to the basin centre.
Explaining German Selectivity Regarding European Union Pension Directives
Authors: HENNESSY ALEXANDRA 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTWhy do German policymakers support some aspects of a single European pension market, but not others? This article argues that the German government’s preferences towards European Union (EU) pension directives are best explained by combining historical institutionalism (HI) and domestic discourse analysis (DA). Each approach by itself is insufficient to account for the observed variation between 1991 and 2007. Arguments based on party ideologies offer less explanatory power. HI explains why all governments – Kohl, Schröder, and Merkel – protected employer-sponsored book reserve pensions, a cornerstone of Germany’s coordinated market economy, from the scope of EU directives. DA allows us to grasp how interests were reframed. While the status quo stance of the Kohl government succeeded in delegitimizing supporters of alternative pension security concepts, the Schröder administration imposed an economically efficient pension reform without much public support. The grand coalition, in turn, abandoned Chancellor Merkel’s initial plan to expand second-tier pensions in the light of rising pressures that the Left Party posed for the Social Democratic coalition partner.
Performance Measurement under Rational International Overpromising Regimes
Authors: VON FURSTENBERG GEORGE M. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTPromising somewhat more than anyone expects to be delivered remains ingrained in international agreements, clouding their expected aggregate outcomes and how to assess the Parties’ performance. This persistence is explained by systematic overpromising being predictable and, up to a point, productive. I characterize this regime and its consequences and provide an empirical application to the Kyoto Protocol. Overpromising by governments or Parties can be part of a sustainable strategy for electoral success, and varies with socio-economic determinants that characterize the group regime. Thus targets need to be adjusted for regression-predicted overpromising to reveal the rationally-expected outcomes and individual countries’ performance is best identified by deviations of outcomes from their adjusted rather than the agreed targets.
Health services use by older people with disabilities in Spain: do formal and informal care matter?
Authors: GARCÍA JESÚS ROGERO , PRIETO-FLORES MARÍA-EUGENIA , ROSENBERG MARK W. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAs people grow older in late life, their need for help with the activities of daily living increases. In Spain, those who need such help constitute about 20 per cent of the population aged 65 or more years. Support may be from formal care, informal care or both, and the type has different consequences for care receivers and their social networks. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between informal and formal care and the use of health services among older people in Spain. Using a sample of 1,148 respondents aged 65 or more years from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2003, we analysed the association between the sources of care (formal, informal, both, or no care) and the frequency of three types of health-care utilisation: hospitalisation, emergency services and medical consultations. After controlling for sex, age, level of difficulty in the activities of daily living, self-perceived health status, and social class, it was found that older people with disabilities who received neither informal nor formal care were more likely to consult physicians than those who received informal care, but that there were no significant relationships between the type of care and health-services utilisation. The findings provide new information about the consequences of the different types of care of older people with disabilities, and suggest specifically that informal care substitutes for some tasks usually done by health professionals.
Caught between Law and Practice: Migrants and Settlement Legislation in the Southern Low Countries in a Comparative Perspective, c. 1700–1900
Authors: WINTER ANNE 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHistoriographical debates on the causes and implications of early modern and early industrial settlement legislation, which determined the locality where one could apply for poor relief, have so far focused mainly on England and Wales. These regions are deemed exceptional for the national character and universality of their Poor Laws (1601), associated Act of Settlement (1662) and later amendments. However, if the focus is shifted from the national legislative framework to actual practice, several continental regions had relief and settlement arrangements that bore many resemblances to those in England and Wales. This article draws on existing literature and archival research to explore the evolution of settlement law and practice in the Southern Netherlands, i.e. present-day Belgium, from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries, and compares its main features with the situation in England and Wales. This comparative exercise brings to the fore a number of striking resemblances and remarkable differences, which question the precise nature of the British exception. While further research is needed to gauge fully the causes and consequences of the observed similarities and differences, this article aims to demonstrate how a comparative approach towards issues of settlement and relief not only elucidates our understanding of the particularities and generalities of the English/Welsh case, but also widens our insight into the social, economic, and cultural implications of settlement arrangements in general.
Linear-Time Approximation Algorithms for the Max Cut Problem
Authors: van Ngoc Nguyen , Tuza Zsolt 
Published: September 2008

Let G be a connected graph with n vertices and m edges (multiple edges allowed), and let k ≥ 2 be an integer. There is an algorithm with (optimal) running time of O(m) that finds(i) a bipartite subgraph of G with ≥ m/2 + (n − 1)/4 edges,(ii) a bipartite subgraph of G with ≥ m/2 + 3(n−1)/8 edges if G is triangle-free,(iii) a k-colourable subgraph of G with ≥ m − m/k + (n−1)/k + (k − 3)/2 edges if k ≥ 3 and G is not k-colorable.Infinite families of graphs show that each of those lower bounds on the worst-case performance are best possible (for every algorithm). Moreover, even if short cycles are excluded, the general lower bound of m − m/k cannot be replaced by m − m/k + εm for any fixed ε > 0; and it is NP-complete to decide whether a graph with m edges contains a k-colorable subgraph with more than m − m/k + εm edges, for any k ≥ 2 and ε> 0, ε < 1/k.
(1, 2)-Factorizations of General Eulerian Nearly Regular Graphs
Authors: Häggkvist Roland , Johansson Anders 
Published: September 2008

Every general graph with degrees 2k and 2k − 2, k ≥ 3, with zero or at least two vertices of degree 2k − 2 in each component, has a k-edge-colouring such that each monochromatic subgraph has degree 1 or 2 at every vertex.In particular, if T is a triangle in a 6-regular general graph, there exists a 2-factorization of G such that each factor uses an edge in T if and only if T is non-separating.
On Brooks' Theorem for Sparse Graphs
Authors: Kim Jeong Han 
Published: September 2008

Let G be a graph with maximum degree Δ(G). In this paper we prove that if the girth g(G) of G is greater than 4 then its chromatic number, χ(G), satisfieswhere o(l) goes to zero as Δ(G) goes to infinity. (Our logarithms are base e.) More generally, we prove the same bound for the list-chromatic (or choice) number:provided g(G) < 4.
On Weighted Sequence Sums
Authors: Hamidoune Yahya Ould 
Published: September 2008

The main result of this paper has the following consequence. Let G be an abelian group of order n. Let {xi: 1 ≤ 2n − 1} be a family of elements of G and let {wi: 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1} be a family of integers prime relative to n. Then there is a permutation & of [1,2n − 1] such thatApplying this result with wi = 1 for all i, one obtains the Erdős–Ginzburg–Ziv Theorem.
Natural language processing in an operational clinical information system
Authors: Friedman C. , Hripcsak G. , DuMouchel W. , Johnson S. B. , Clayton P. D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper describes a natural language text extraction system, called MEDLEE, that has been applied to the medical domain. The system extracts, structures, and encodes clinical information from textual patient reports. It was integrated with the Clinical Information System (CIS), which was developed at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC) to help improve patient care. MEDLEE is currently used on a daily basis to routinely process radiological reports of patients at CPMC.In order to describe how the natural language system was made compatible with the existing CIS, this paper will also discuss engineering issues which involve performance, robustness, and accessibility of the data from the end users' viewpoint.Also described are the three evaluations that have been performed on the system. The first evaluation was useful primarily for further refinement of the system. The two other evaluations involved an actual clinical application which consisted of retrieving reports that were associated with specified diseases. Automated queries were written by a medical expert based on the structured output forms generated as a result of text processing. The retrievals obtained by the automated system were compared to the retrievals obtained by independent medical experts who read the reports manually to determine whether they were associated with the specified diseases. MEDLEE was shown to perform comparably to the experts. The technique used to perform the last two evaluations was found to be a realistic evaluation technique for a natural language processor.
Best parse parsing with Earley's and Inside algorithms on probabilistic RTN
Authors: Han Young S. , Choi Key-Sun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractInside parsing is a best parse parsing method based on the Inside algorithm that is often used in estimating probabilistic parameters of stochastic context free grammars. It gives a best parse in O(N3G3) time where N is the input size and G is the grammar size. Earley algorithm can be made to return best parses with the same complexity in N.By way of experiments, we show that Inside parsing can be more efficient than Earley parsing with sufficiently large grammar and sufficiently short input sentences. For instance, Inside parsing is better with sentences of 16 or less words for a grammar containing 429 states. In practice, parsing can be made efficient by employing the two methods selectively.The redundancy of Inside algorithm can be reduced by the topdown filtering using the chart produced by Earley algorithm, which is useful in training the probabilistic parameters of a grammar. Extensive experiments on Penn Tree corpus show that the efficiency of Inside computation can be improved by up to 55%.
Margarine products quality monitoring using reflectance UV-VIS-SWNIR spectroscopy
Authors: Martins Rui , Lopes Vitor , Vicente António 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMargarine is a term that can indicate any of a wide range of butter substitutes. Due to the great diversity of the raw material, margarine end-product quality characteristics are expected to be highly diversified. This article proposes the use of reflectance UV-VIS-SWNIR spectroscopy to monitor the margarine end-product quality properties. The main effort in this work was the development of a fast monitoring procedure to assess the quality of the manufactured margarines. The study was performed on two margarine products: regular margarine (less than 80% fat) and reduced-fat margarine (less than 60% fat). The nine product samples were collected during the production line normal operating conditions on different days. The samples had the surface cleaned in order to remove any sign of oxidized material. Then, spectra were collected by a reflectance probe normal to the sample surface. The samples temperature was recorded (10.0± 2.0ºC) and the probe-sample distance was kept constant for all the samples. The integration time was set to 40s for the collection of the five UV/VIS spectra per samples; the three VIS/NIR spectra per sample were collected using a 10s integration time.The data analysis was performed on each product and for each spectral range independently. The spectra were normalized by its maximum intensity and the corrected for using a robust multiplicative scatter correction algorithm. A principal component analysis was performed to the pre-process spectra and the multivariate statistical process control limits were determined with bootstrap for each product/spectral range.Results show that UV-VIS-SWNIR reflectance spectroscopy provides a quick and fast assessment of these products characteristics and thus it can be used as an indication of the overall product variability.
First Report of Citrus leaf blotch virus in New Zealand
Authors: Harper S. J. , Chooi K. M. , Pearson M. N. 
Published: September 2008

Despite a high incidence of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in citrus in New Zealand, viral diseases have had only a minor impact on the New Zealand citrus industry, largely because of the use of Poncirus trifoliata and hybrid rootstocks derived from this. In August of 2007, a PCR-based survey for seven citrus viruses was conducted on 104 commercial orchard trees that represented a range of Citrus scion species, as well as P. trifoliata and P. trifoliata × Citrus sinensis rootstock, grown from imported and local budwood or from seed in the case of rootstocks, from the citrus-growing regions of Kerikeri, Tauranga, and Gisborne. Total RNA was extracted from young, green bark and leaf tissue from each source. Using a primer pair amplifying a 425-bp region of the Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) coat protein gene (sense: 5′-AGCCATAGTTGAACCATTCCTC-3′ and antisense: 5′-GCAGATCATTCACCACATGC-3′), 26 (25%) of the plant samples yielded a DNA fragment of the size expected for CLBV, including 6 of 21 C. sinensis, 1 of 2 C. limon, 3 of 10 C. unshiu, and 5 of 7 C. paradisi scion samples and 5 of 9 P. trifoliata and 6 of 9 P. trifoliata × C. sinensis rootstock samples. Identification of CLBV (an unclassified member of the family Flexiviridae) was confirmed by amplification of a second region of the genome of 1,045 bp spanning the ORF2/ORF3 domains (sense: 5′-ATGAAAAGCCAGTTATGCACCA-3′ and antisense: 5′-CTCAGCATTCCCAGGAATAACC-3′). A subset of the PCR products for the CP and ORF2/ORF3 fragments were sequenced for analysis (GenBank Accession nos. EU670243–EU670251 and EU862284–EU862288). Sequences from all CLBV isolates showed 97 to 99% nucleotide identity with the CLBV reference isolate SRA-153 (GenBank Accession No. AF318061) (1) in the coat protein fragment and 98 to 99% nucleotide identity for the partial ORF2/ORF3 fragment. The bud-union crease symptom reported to be caused by CLBV was observed only on one C. paradisi scion on P. trifoliata rootstock, while the remaining samples were either asymptomatic or symptoms were attributed to co-infection with CTV. Since CLBV-infected plants were found from all major growing regions, it is apparent that CLBV is widespread in New Zealand, although it is not known where in this country it may have originated. Reference: (1) M. C. Vives et al. Virology 287:225, 2000.
First Report of Alternanthera mosaic virus Infection in Angelonia in the United States
Authors: Lockhart B. E. , Daughtrey M. L. 
Published: September 2008

Stunting, chlorosis, and light yellow mottling resembling symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed in angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia) in commercial production in New York. Numerous, filamentous particles 520 to 540 nm long and spherical virus particles 30 nm in diameter were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in negatively stained partially purified extracts of symptomatic Angelonia leaf tissue. Two viruses, the filamentous potexvirus Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) and the spherical carmovirus Angelonia flower break virus (AnFBV) were subsequently identified on the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis of amplicons generated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA isolated from infected leaf tissue. A 584-bp portion of the replicase-encoding region of the AltMV genome was obtained with the degenerate primers Potex 2RC (5′-AGC ATR GNN SCR TCY TG-3′) and Potex 5 (5′-CAY CAR CAR GCM AAR GAT GA-3′) (3). Forward (AnFBV CP 1F-5′-AGC CTG GCA ATC TGC GTA CTG ATA-3′) and reverse (AnFBV CP 1R-5′-AAT ACC GCC CTC CTG TTT GGA AGT-3′) primers based on the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. NC_007733) were used to amplify a portion of the viral coat protein (CP) gene. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon generated using the potexvirus-specific primers (GenBank Accession No. EU679362) was 99% identical to the published AltMV (GenBank Accession No. NC_007731) sequence and the nucleotide sequence of the amplicon obtained using the AnFBV CP primers was 99% identical to the published AnFBV genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU679363). AnFBV occurs widely in angelonia (1) and AltMV has been identified in phlox (2). These data confirm the presence of AltMV and AnFBV in diseased angelonia plants showing stunting and nutrient deficiency-like symptoms and substantiates, to our knowledge, this first report of AltMV in angelonia in the United States. References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Phytopathology 96:460, 2006. (2) J. Hammond et al. Arch. Virol. 151:477, 2006. (3) R. A. A. van der Vlugt and M. Berendeson. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:367, 2002.