bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian approach on molecules and behavior: reconsidering phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of the Salamandridae with emphasis on Triturus newts
Authors: Steinfartz Sebastian , Vicario Saverio , Arntzen J.W. , Caccone Adalgisa 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe monophyly of European newts of the genus Triturus within the family Salamandridae has for decades rested on presumably homologous behavioral and morphological characters. Molecular data challenge this hypothesis, but the phylogenetic position of Triturus within the Salamandridae has not yet been convincingly resolved. We addressed this issue and the temporal divergence of Triturus within the Salamandridae with novel Bayesian approaches applied to DNA sequence data from three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S and cytb). We included 38 salamandrid species comprising all 13 recognized species of Triturus and 16 out of 17 salamandrid genera. A clade comprising all the “Newts” can be separated from the “True Salamanders” and Salamandrina clades. Within the “Newts” well‐supported clades are: Tylototriton–Pleurodeles, the “New World Newts” (Notophthalmus–Taricha), and the “Modern Eurasian Newts” (Cynops, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton=together the “Modern Asian Newts”, Calotriton, Euproctus, Neurergus and Triturus species). We found that Triturus is a non‐monophyletic species assemblage, which includes four groups that are themselves monophyletic: (i) the “Large‐Bodied Triturus” (six species), (ii) the “Small‐Bodied Triturus” (five species), (iii) T. alpestris and (iv) T. vittatus. We estimated that the last common ancestor of Triturus existed around 64 million years ago (mya) while the root of the Salamandridae dates back to 95 mya. This was estimated using a fossil‐based molecular dating approach and an explicit framework to select calibration points that least underestimated their corresponding nodes. Using the molecular phylogeny we mapped the evolution of life history and courtship traits in Triturus and found that several Triturus‐specific courtship traits evolved independently. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging living mice using a 1‐T compact MRI system
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Nomura Yukihiro , Haishi Tomoyuki , Yoshikawa Kohki , Seki Takahiro , Tsukiyama‐Kohara Kyoko , Kai Chieko , Okubo Toshiyuki , Ohtomo Kuni 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeTo determine the feasibility of imaging living mice with a 1‐T compact MRI system and investigate appropriate imaging techniques for use in routine animal experiments.Materials and MethodsAn MRI system consisting of a 1‐T permanent magnet and compact console was used. Images of the entire trunks of living mice were obtained on the system using a T1‐weighted three‐dimensional fast low‐angle shot (3D FLASH) sequence, and image quality was evaluated in relation to imaging techniques.ResultsRestraint of respiratory motion improved the image quality. Decreasing the slice thickness reduced artificial inhomogeneity in signal intensity (SI). Substantial effects of TR and FA on image quality were also demonstrated. With the determined techniques, images covering the entire trunk with a voxel size of 0.26 × 0.26 × 0.52 mm were acquired in an acquisition time of five minutes 28 seconds and a total experiment time of <20 minutes, and various organs and subcutaneous tumors were clearly visualized.ConclusionThe compact MRI system provides images of living mice with acceptable quality in a reasonable time. Considering its convenience, it appears to be suitable for use in routine mouse experiments. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cine flow measurements using phase contrast with undersampled projections: In vitro validation and preliminary results in vivo
Authors: Wentland Andrew L. , Korosec Frank R. , Vigen Karl K. , Wieben Oliver , Fine Jason P. , Grist Thomas M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeTo assess the accuracy of flow measurements in vitro and in vivo during scan times shorter than a breath‐hold using a 2D cine phase contrast (PC) undersampled radial acquisition method, which may be useful for measuring flow, especially in vessels subject to motion during respiration.Materials and MethodsFor in vitro assessment, a flow phantom was imaged at various flow rates and undersampling factors. For in vivo assessment, five normal subjects were imaged and the flow rate in the aorta was compared with the sum of the flow rates in the iliac arteries.ResultsFor results in vitro, the accuracy of flow measurements was maintained with scan times as low as 13–17 seconds. For results in vivo, scans acquired in less than 25 seconds provided flow measurements in the aorta that corresponded well to the sum of flow measurements in the iliac arteries.ConclusionThe undersampled radial acquisition cine PC technique provided accurate flow measurements in a flow phantom and in healthy human volunteers in scan times shorter than a typical breath‐hold. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T1‐ and T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo imaging of the brachial plexus and cervical spine with IDEAL water–fat separation
Authors: Reeder Scott B. , Yu Huanzhou , Johnson Jane W. , Shimakawa Ann , Brittain Jean H. , Pelc Norbert J. , Beaulieu Christopher F. , Gold Garry E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeTo compare the iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL) method with fat‐saturated T1‐weighted (T1W) and T2W fast spin‐echo (FSE) and short‐TI inversion recovery (STIR) imaging of the brachial plexus and cervical spine.Materials and MethodsImages acquired at 1.5T in five volunteers using fat‐saturated T1W and T2W FSE imaging and STIR were compared with T1W and T2W IDEAL‐FSE images. Examples of T1W and T2W IDEAL‐FSE images acquired in patients are also shown.ResultsT1W and T2W IDEAL‐FSE demonstrated superior fat suppression (P < 0.05) and image quality (P < 0.05), compared to T1W and T2W fat‐saturated FSE, respectively. SNR performance of T1W‐IDEAL‐FSE was similar to T1W FSE in the spinal cord (P = 0.250) and paraspinous muscles (P = 0.78), while T2W IDEAL‐FSE had superior SNR in muscle (P = 0.02) and CSF (P = 0.02), and marginally higher cord SNR (P = 0.09). Compared to STIR, T2W IDEAL‐FSE demonstrated superior image quality (P < 0.05), comparable fat suppression (excellent, P = 1.0), and higher SNR performance (P < 0.001).ConclusionIDEAL‐FSE is a promising method for T1W and T2W imaging of the brachial plexus and cervical spine. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Injector‐internal thermal desorption from edible oils performed by programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injection
Authors: Fankhauser‐Noti Anja , Grob Koni 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInjector‐internal thermal desorption is a promising technique for the analysis of a wide range of food components (e. g., flavors) or food contaminants (e. g., solvent residues, pesticides, or migrants from packaging materials) in edible oils and fats or fatty food extracts. Separation from the fatty matrix occurs during injection. Using programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injection, the oily sample or sample extract was deposited on a small pack of glass wool from which the components of interest were evaporated and transferred into the column in splitless mode, leaving behind the bulk of the matrix. Towards the end of the analysis, the oil was removed by heating out the injector and backflushing the precolumn. The optimization dealt with the gas supply configuration enabling backflush, the injector temperature program (sample deposition, desorption, and heating out), separation of the sample liquid from the syringe needle and positioning it on a support, deactivation of the support surface, holding the plug of fused silica wool by a steel wire, and the analytical sequence maintaining adsorptivity at the desorption site low. It was performed for a mixture of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers in oil or fatty food. Using MS in SIM, the detection limit was below 0.1 mg/kg for plasticizers forming single peaks and 1 mg/kg for mixtures like diisodecyl phthalate. For plasticizers, RSDs of the concentrations were below 10%; for the slip agents, oleamide and erucamide, it was 12%. The method of incorporating PTV injection was used for about one year for determining the migration from the gaskets of lids for glass jars into oily foods.
Molecular weight of guar gum affects short‐chain fatty acid profile in model intestinal fermentation
Authors: Stewart Maria L. , Slavin Joanne L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDietary fiber exerts many beneficial physiological effects; however, not all types of dietary fiber display the same effects. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), a lower molecular weight form of guar gum, is more easily incorporated into food, but may have less pronounced physiological effects than the native form. The aim of this study was to identify differences in intestinal fermentability based on the molecular weight of guar gum. Guar gum of four molecular masses (15, 20, 400, and 1100 kDa) was fermented using a batch in vitro fermentation system. Human fecal inoculum was the source of microbes. The 400‐kDa fraction produced the greatest concentrations of total short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) at 8 h and the highest amounts of butyrate at 24 h. At 24 h, the 400‐kDa fraction produced more total SCFA and propionate than the 15 kDa, but was not different than 20 kDa or 1100 kDa fractions. The molecular weight of guar gum was positively correlated with acetate production and negatively correlated with propionate production. This study concludes that 400‐kDa guar gum may be optimal for intestinal fermentability. In conclusion, the molecular weight of guar gum affects in vitro fermentability and should be considered when adding to a food or beverage.
Effect of cationic flaxseed protein hydrolysate fractions on the in vitro structure and activity of calmodulin‐dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Omoni Adetayo O. , Aluko Rotimi E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of cationic flaxseed protein hydrolysate fractions on calmodulin (CaM) structure as well as the activity of CaM‐dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Flaxseed protein isolate was hydrolyzed with alcalase, and two peptide fractions were isolated by cation‐exchange chromatography. Fraction I, eluted first from the column, and fraction II contained 42% and 51% contents of basic amino acids, respectively. Fractions I and II reduced the activity of CaM‐dependent eNOS through a mostly mixed‐type inhibition mode. Fraction II was at least ten times more effective as an eNOS inhibitor when compared to fraction I, as evident from the IC50 (concentration of protein hydrolysate that reduced eNOS activity by 50%) values. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the tyrosine residues in CaM were increasingly exposed upon addition of fraction I, while the opposite was the case when fraction II was added. Circular dichroism studies showed that fractions I and II reduced the α‐helix content but increased the rigidity of the active calcium/CaM complex. We concluded that ability of the protein hydrolysate fractions to change the secondary and tertiary structures of CaM may explain their ability to reduce activity of CaM‐dependent eNOS.
Urinary retention and sympathetic sphincter obstruction in axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Tamura Noriko , Kuwabara Satoshi , Asahina Masato , Hattori Takamichi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA 62‐year‐old woman with axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome developed weakness and urinary retention simultaneously. The retention failed to recover for 10 months even after she regained the ability to walk. The patient exhibited no postural hypotension. Videourodynamics showed that the retention was caused not by the bladder paralysis but rather by internal (sympathetic) sphincter obstruction, which is extremely uncommon in peripheral neuropathies. We started the patient on an alpha‐adrenergic antagonist, urapidil, at 30 mg/day, and this led to successful relaxation of the urethra and reduced the postvoid residual from 200 ml to less than 30 ml. The underlying mechanisms of urinary retention in our patient appeared to involve hyperactive lumbosacral sympathetic nerves. Urinary retention and sympathetic sphincter obstruction can thus be features of axonal Guillain–Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy combined with schwannomas of the median and medial plantar nerves
Authors: Heckmann Josef G. , Dütsch Matthias , Buslei Ralf 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA 42‐year‐old woman was surgically treated for carpal tunnel syndrome, revealing schwannoma of the median nerve. A year later, she developed a tarsal tunnel syndrome. At time of this diagnosis, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) was diagnosed genetically and a schwannoma of the medial plantar nerve was treated surgically. The occurrence of HNPP and schwannomas in the same patient might be purely coincidental, but it is tempting to speculate that they share a common genetic basis. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Weekly oral prednisolone improves survival and strength in male mdx mice
Authors: Keeling Richard M. , Golumbek Paul T. , Streif Elizabeth M. , Connolly Anne M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlthough corticosteroids alleviate weakness in mdx mice, no long‐term treatment has determined whether this benefit is maintained. We studied mdx mice forelimb grip strength and fatigue from 3 through 84 weeks and followed survival through 104 weeks. The mdx mice were given twice weekly oral prednisolone (5 mg/kg) beginning at 3 or 4 weeks. Treated mdx mice survived longer than untreated mice. Between 3 and 10 weeks, treated and untreated mdx mice had similar strength. Between 10 and 24 weeks, strength and strength per gram body weight declined more slowly in treated than untreated mdx mice. Between 24 and 84 weeks, treated and untreated mdx mice declined in strength at the same rate, although treated mice remained stronger. Forelimb grip fatigue was present in untreated mdx mice at all time‐points compared to wild‐type and was not changed significantly by treatment. We have demonstrated long‐term benefit of oral prednisolone in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). As corticosteroids remain the most validated long‐term treatment of DMD, this work may allow for better prediction of synergistic treatments likely to translate to effective improvement for boys with this progressive muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Reliable surrogate outcome measures in multicenter clinical trials of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Mayhew Jill E. , Florence Julaine M. , Mayhew Thomas P. , Henricson Erik K. , Leshner Robert T. , McCarter Robert J. , Escolar Diana M. ,   and The CINRG Investigators
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe studied the reliability of a series of endpoints in an evaluation of subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The endpoints included quantitative muscle tests (QMTs), timed function tests, forced vital capacity (FVC), and manual muscle tests (MMT). Thirty‐one ambulatory subjects with DMD (mean age 8.9 years; range 5–16 years) were evaluated at eight sites by 15 newly trained evaluators as a test of interrater reliability of outcome measures. Both total QMT score [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.96] and individual QMT assessments (ICC 0.85–0.96) were highly reliable. Forced vital capacity and all timed function tests were also highly reliable (ICC 0.97–0.99). MMT was the least reliable assessment method (ICC 0.61). These data suggest that primary surrogate outcome measures in large multicenter clinical trials in DMD should use QMT, FVC, or time function tests to obtain maximum power and greatest sensitivity. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Neuromuscular disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Sax Tracy Williams , Rosenbaum Richard B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMany neuromuscular conditions occur more frequently during pregnancy and include carpal tunnel syndrome, Bell's palsy, lumbosacral radiculopathy, meralgia paresthetica, intercostal neuralgia, and other compression neuropathies. Preexisting or coincident neuromuscular diseases, including demyelinating polyneuropathies, inflammatory muscle disease, myasthenia gravis, and inherited nerve and muscle disease present specific problems during pregnancy. We review management of neuromuscular disorders during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the early postpartum period. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Efficiency and fairness of system‐optimal routing with user constraints
Authors: Schulz Andreas S. , Stier‐Moses Nicolás E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe study the route‐guidance system proposed by Jahn, Möhring, Schulz, and Stier‐Moses Operations Research 53 (2005), 600–616 from a theoretical perspective. As system‐optimal guidance is known to be problematic, this approach computes a traffic pattern that minimizes the total travel time subject to user constraints. These constraints are designed to ensure that routes suggested to users are not much longer than shortest paths for the prevailing network conditions. To calibrate the system, a certain measure—called normal length—must be selected. We show that when this length is defined as the travel time at equilibrium, the resulting traffic assignment is provably efficient and close to fair. To measure efficiency, we compare the output to the best solution without guidance and to user equilibria. To measure unfairness, we compare travel times of different users, and show that they do not differ too much. Inefficient or unfair traffic assignments cause users to travel too long or discourage people from accepting the system; either consequence would jeopardize the potential impact of a route‐guidance system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(4), 223–234 2006
Extreme point characterizations for infinite network flow problems
Authors: Romeijn H. Edwin , Sharma Dushyant , Smith Robert L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe study capacitated network flow problems with demands defined on a countably infinite collection of nodes having finite degree. This class of network flow models includes, for example, all infinite horizon deterministic dynamic programs with finite action sets, because these are equivalent to the problem of finding a shortest path in an infinite directed network. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for flows to be extreme points of the set of feasible flows. Under an additional regularity condition met by all such problems with integer data, we show that a feasible solution is an extreme point if and only if it contains neither a cycle nor a doubly‐infinite path consisting of free arcs (an arc is free if its flow is strictly between its upper and lower bounds). We employ this result to show that the extreme points can be characterized by specifying a basis. Moreover, we establish the integrality of extreme point flows whenever node demands and arc capacities are integer valued. We illustrate our results with an application to an infinite horizon economic lot‐sizing problem. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(4), 209–222 2006
On the spanningw‐wide diameter of the star graph
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Kuan , Huang Hua‐Min , Hsu D. Frank , Hsu Lih‐Hsing 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLetuandvbe any two distinct nodes of an undirected graphG, which isk‐connected. A containerC(u,v) betweenuandvis a set of internally disjoint paths {P1,P2,…,Pw} betweenuandvwhere 1 ≤w≤k. The width ofC(u,v) iswand the length ofC(u,v) {written aslC(u,v) is max {l(Pi) ∣ 1 ≤i≤w}. Aw‐containerC(u,v) is a container with widthw. Thew‐wide distance betweenuandv,dw(u,v), is min {l(C(u,v)) ∣C(u,v) is aw‐container}. Aw‐containerC(u,v) of the graphGis aw*‐container if every node ofGis incident with a path inC(u,v). That means that thew‐containerC(u,v) spans the whole graph. LetSnbe then‐dimensional star graph withn≥ 5. It is known thatSnis bipartite. In this article, we show that, for any pair of distinct nodesuandvin different partite sets ofSn, there exists an (n− 1)*‐containerC(u,v) and the (n− 1)‐wide distanced(n− 1)(u,v) is less than or equal to${n!\over n-2}+1$. In addition, we also show the existence of a 2*‐containerC(u,v) and the 2‐wide distanced2(u,v) is bounded above by${n!\over 2}+1$. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(4), 235–249 2006
Heterograft copolymers of poly(ε‐caprolactone) prepared by combination of ATRA “grafting onto” and ATRP “grafting from” processes
Authors: Riva R. , Rieger J. , Jérôme R. , Lecomte PH. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper aims at reporting on the synthesis of a heterograft copolymer by combining the “grafting onto” process based on atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) and the “grafting from” process by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The statistical copolymerization of ε‐caprolactone (εCL) and α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone (αClεCL) was initiated by 2,2‐dibutyl‐2‐stanna‐1,3‐dioxepane (DSDOP), followed by ATRA of parts of the chlorinated units of poly(αClεCL‐co‐εCL) on the terminal double bond of α‐MeO,ω‐CH2CHCH2CO2‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The amphiphilic poly(εCL‐g‐EO) graft copolymer collected at this stage forms micelles as supported by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The unreacted pendant chloro groups of poly(εCL‐g‐EO) were used to initiate the ATRP of styrene with formation of copolymer with two populations of randomly distributed grafts, that is PEO and polystyrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6015–6024, 2006
Viscoelastic dewetting of constrained polymer thin films
Authors: Gabriele Sylvain , Damman Pascal , Sclavons Séverine , Desprez Sylvain , Coppée Séverine , Reiter Günter , Hamieh Moustafa , Akhrass Samer Al , Vilmin Thomas , Raphaël Elie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThin films of fluids are playing a leading role in countless natural and industrial processes. Here we study the stability and dewetting dynamics of viscoelastic polymer thin films. The dewetting of polystyrene close to the glass transition reveals unexpected features: asymmetric rims collecting the dewetted liquid and logarithmic growth laws that we explain by considering the nonlinear velocity dependence of friction at the fluid/solid interface and by evoking residual stresses within the film. Systematically varying the time so that films were stored below the glass‐transition temperature, we studied simultaneously the probability for film rupture and the dewetting dynamics at early stages. Both approaches proved independently the significance of residual stresses arising from the fast solvent evaporation associated with the spin‐coating process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3022–3030, 2006
Thickness of the soft layer on glassy polystyrene surfaces
Authors: Gasemjit Pattrawin , Johannsmann Diethelm 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe flow behavior of the near‐surface region of polystyrene films was studied via the decay kinetics of imprinted corrugation gratings at elevated temperatures. The speed of the decay is the result of a balance between surface tension, on the one hand, and viscous drag, on the other. Depth profiling is possible because the penetration depth of a surface wave is proportional to its wavelength. From the dependence of the decay rate on the penetration depth one concludes that the surface region displays an increased molecular mobility. The soft surface layer has a thickness of about 20 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3031–3036, 2006