bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling the Interest of General Dental Practitioners in West Yorkshire in using Teledentistry to Obtain Advice from Orthodontic Consultants
Authors: Bradley Sean M , Williams Sonia , D'Cruz Jini , Vania Ahmed 
Published: July 2007

Objective To seek opinions from general dental practitioners in Calderdale and Kirklees (West Yorkshire) regarding an online orthodontic referral service and to establish the profile of dentists working in primary care who would refer patients online for a consultant orthodontist's opinion. Methodology All 91 general dental practices in Calderdale and Kirklees in West Yorkshire were sent a piloted questionnaire enquiring into their orthodontic treatment and referral patterns, and also into their attitudes to the use of the Internet and related technologies. Three mailings were performed, followed by telephone contact with non-responders. Results Usable responses were obtained from 119 general dental practitioners who worked in 71 practices (78%). Analysis of data showed that, when asked whether they would be interested in using teledentistry to obtain a consultant orthodontist's opinion online, 53/116 (46%) replied positively. The most frequently specified reason for this interest was that it would save time and would achieve a quicker opinion for a practitioner's treatment plan. These dentists were more likely to be familiar with the use of digital cameras, be using removable appliances, and currently be in the habit of referring orthodontic cases to consultants and specialists. Conclusions Just under half of the dentists working in primary care in Calderdale and Kirklees who responded had a positive attitude towards the benefits of a teledentistry referral scheme. However, a substantial number remained undecided, possibly because they were unsure of their information technology (IT) skills. A further pilot study is planned. It will enquire into the feasibility of carrying out such an exercise across West Yorkshire.
Inequalities in the Provision of NHS Primary Care Dental Services in Scotland in 2004
Authors: Newton J Timothy , Williams Alison C , Bower Elizabeth J 
Published: July 2007

Objective To assess inequalities in the provision of National Health Service (NHS) primary care dental services between Health Boards and the four provider groups (General Dental Service [GDS] non-specialist, GDS salaried, specialist working in primary care, Community Dental Service [CDS]) in Scotland. Methods A postal questionnaire survey of all dentists (N=2852) registered with the General Dental Council at an address in Scotland was undertaken. The following were assessed: the proportion of primary care dentists not accepting new children/adults for NHS care or using a waiting list, the proportion of dentists working in wheelchair-accessible surgeries, furthest distance travelled by patients to primary care surgery in an average week, waiting time for routine NHS treatment, and the proportion of dentists offering weekend or evening appointments to NHS patients. Data were analysed by Health Board and the four provider groups. Results A total of 2134 (74.8%) completed questionnaires were returned. One thousand, five hundred and seventy-seven dentists (73.9%) of the respondents were providing NHS primary care dental services for at least part of each week. There was a wide variation in the provision of NHS primary care dental services between Health Boards. Borders, Dumfries and Galloway, and Grampian performed poorly on most indicators, whereas Lanarkshire, Greater Glasgow, and Argyll and Clyde generally performed well. The CDS scored well on most indicators of service provision. There were problems with the provision of specialist dental services in primary care, and GDS services provided by Health Boards. Conclusions Because the problem issues differed between Health Boards and the four provider groups, it is likely that both local and national solutions are required to improve the provision of services. Further research on service demand is required to confirm the apparent inequalities in provision suggested by the study.
Naproxen versus Acetaminophen for Therapy of Soft Tissue Injuries to the Ankle in Children
Authors: Cukiernik Victoria A , Lim Rod , Warren David , Seabrook Jamie A , Matsui Doreen , Rieder Michael J 
Published: July 2007

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) ankle injuries cause significant morbidity in ambulatory pediatric populations. No optimal pharmacotherapy is available. Objective: To conduct a randomized, double-blind trial to compare 2 drug therapies for soft tissue injury of the ankle. Methods: Patients (N = 77, aged 8–14 y, 61% male) with ankle injuries presenting to a regional pediatric emergency department were assigned to receive either acetaminophen (15 mg/kg 4 times a day) or naproxen (5 mg/kg 4 times a day) in a double-blind fashion on a routine basis for a 5 day period. On days 0 and 7, patients rated their degree of disability and pain on weight bearing using a 10 cm visual analog scale developed for this study. In addition, they were examined by a physician who rated pain, tenderness on palpation, and swelling using a 4 point scale. There were 3 follow-up telephone calls on days 3, 14, and 21. Adherence was evaluated by self-report and pill count. Results: Both the acetaminophen and naproxen groups had significant improvement in degree of disability and pain from day 0 to day 7. There was no statistically significant difference in outcome between the 2 groups by patient self-evaluation or physician assessment. There also was no significant difference in adverse event rates between the 2 groups, and the majority of patients in both groups felt that the medication was helpful. Conclusions: No significant difference in efficacy of pain control or improvement of disability between the naproxen and acetaminophen groups suggests no preferential advantage for naproxen over acetaminophen for MSK injuries when given on a regular basis, with concurrent supportive treatment. Possible differential benefit from intermittent therapy needs to be evaluated among children with ankle injury.
Polymorphisms within the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTPN1) Gene Promoter: Functional Characterization and Association with Type 2 Diabetes and Related Metabolic Traits
Authors: Meshkani Reza , Taghikhani Mohammad , Al-Kateb Hussam , Larijani Bagher , Khatami Shohreh , Sidiropoulos Gus Konstantinos , Hegele Robert Alexander , Adeli Khosrow 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPN1) dephosphorylates insulin receptors and attenuates insulin signaling. Polymorphisms in the coding sequence of PTPN1 have been variably associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that variations within the PTPN1 promoter might contribute to the development of T2D and related metabolic traits.
Methods: We screened 2.0 kb of PTPN1 promoter in 174 T2D patients and 412 controls using PCR and denaturing HPLC. Association analysis was performed between diabetes and related traits and single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes. We functionally tested 2 variants (−1023C&gt;A and −51delA) by measuring their influence on luciferase activity in HepG2 cells and performing the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).
Results: One common (−1023C&gt;A) and 6 rare (−51delA, −451A&gt;G, −467T&gt;C, −1045G&gt;A, −1286-3bp-del, and −1291-9bp-del) variants were identified in the PTPN1 promoter. The −1023(C) allele had significant association with T2D that disappeared after we adjusted for established diabetes risk factors. The alleles of −1023C&gt;A and −51delA variants did not show significant effects on the biochemical markers after adjustment for established diabetes risk factors in the nondiabetic and diabetic groups separately. The −51delA variant decreased luciferase gene expression in HepG2 cells by 2-fold. EMSA revealed a weaker binding of −51delA to specific protein family proteins compared with the A allele. The −1023C&gt;A variant had no influence in either experiment.
Conclusions: The PTPN1 promoter variants −1023C&gt;A and −51delA (which appears to be functional) were not associated with T2D or related traits in this study but must be investigated in a larger population to reveal any potential metabolic association.
When bivalves took over the world
Authors: Fraiser Margaret L. , Bottjer David J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe end-Permian mass extinction is commonly portrayed not only as a massive biodiversity crisis but also as the time when marine benthic faunas changed from the Paleozoic Fauna, dominated by rhynchonelliform brachiopod taxa, to the Modern Fauna, dominated by gastropod and bivalve taxa. After the end-Permian mass extinction, scenarios involving the Mesozoic Marine Revolution portray a steady increase in numerical dominance by these benthic molluscs as largely due to the evolutionary effects of an “arms race.” We report here a new global paleoecological database from study of shell beds that shows a dramatic geologically sudden earliest Triassic takeover by bivalves as numerical dominants in level-bottom benthic marine communities, which continued through the Early Triassic. Three bivalve genera were responsible for this switch, none of which has any particular morphological features to distinguish it from many typical Paleozoic bivalve genera. The numerical success of these Early Triassic bivalves cannot be attributed to any of the well-known morphological evolutionary innovations of post-Paleozoic bivalves that characterize the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Rather, their ability to mount this takeover most likely was due to the large extinction of rhynchonelliform brachiopods during the end-Permian mass extinction and aided by their environmental distribution and physiological characteristics that enabled them to thrive during periods of oceanic and atmospheric stress during the Permian/Triassic transition.
Geographic variation in turnover and recovery from the Late Ordovician mass extinction
Authors: Krug Andrew Z. , Patzkowsky Mark E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUnderstanding what drives global diversity requires knowledge of the processes that control diversity and turnover at a variety of geographic and temporal scales. This is of particular importance in the study of mass extinctions, which have disproportionate effects on the global ecosystem and have been shown to vary geographically in extinction magnitude and rate of recovery.Here, we analyze regional diversity and turnover patterns for the paleocontinents of Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia spanning the Late Ordovician mass extinction and Early Silurian recovery. Using a database of genus occurrences for inarticulate and articulate brachiopods, bivalves, anthozoans, and trilobites, we show that sampling-standardized diversity trends differ for the three regions. Diversity rebounded to pre-extinction levels within 5 Myr in the paleocontinent of Laurentia, compared with 15 Myr or longer for Baltica and Avalonia. This increased rate of recovery in Laurentia was due to both lower Late Ordovician extinction rates and higher Early Silurian origination rates relative to the other continents. Using brachiopod data, we dissected the Rhuddanian recovery into genus origination and invasion. This analysis revealed that standing diversity in the Rhuddanian consisted of a higher proportion of invading taxa in Laurentia than in either Baltica or Avalonia. Removing invading genera from diversity counts caused Rhuddanian diversity to fall in Laurentia. However, Laurentian diversity still rebounded to pre-extinction levels within 10 Myr of the extinction event, indicating that genus origination rates were also higher in Laurentia than in either Baltica or Avalonia. Though brachiopod diversity in Laurentia was lower than in the higher-latitude continents prior to the extinction, increased immigration and genus origination rates made it the most diverse continent following the extinction. Higher rates of origination in Laurentia may be explained by its large size, paleogeographic location, and vast epicontinental seas. It is possible that the tropical position of Laurentia buffered it somewhat from the intense climatic fluctuations associated with the extinction event, reducing extinction intensities and allowing for a more rapid rebound in this region. Hypotheses explaining the increased levels of invasion into Laurentia remain largely untested and require further scrutiny. Nevertheless, the Late Ordovician mass extinction joins the Late Permian and end-Cretaceous as global extinction events displaying an underlying spatial complexity.
The ecology of invasion: acquisition and loss of the siphonal canal in gastropods
Authors: Vermeij Geerat J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost evolutionary innovations—power-enhancing phenotypes previously absent in a lineage—have arisen multiple times within major clades. This repetition permits a comparative approach to ask how, where, when, in which clades, and under which circumstances adaptive innovations are acquired and secondarily lost. I use new and literature-based data on the phylogeny, functional morphology, and fossil record of gastropods to explore the acquisition and loss of the siphonal canal and its variations in gastropods. The siphonal indentation, canal, notch, or tube at the front end of the shell is associated in living gastropods with organs that detect chemical signals directionally and at a distance in an anteriorly restricted inhalant stream of water.Conservative estimates indicate that the siphonate condition arose 23 times and was secondarily lost 17 times. Four siphonate clades have undergone prodigious diversification. All siphonate gastropods have a shell whose axis of coiling lies at a low angle above the plane of the aperture (retroaxial condition). In early gastropods, the siphonal canal was short and more or less confined to the apertural plane. Later (mainly Cretaceous and Cenozoic) variations include a dorsally deflected canal, a long canal, and a closed canal. The closed siphonal canal, in which the edges join to form a tube, arose 15 times, all in the adult stages of caenogastropods with determinate growth.Gastropods in which the siphonate condition arose were mobile, bottom-dwelling, microphagous animals. Active predaceous habits became associated with the siphonate condition in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Purpurinidae-Latrogastropoda clade. Loss of the siphonate condition is associated with nonmarine habits, miniaturization, and especially with a sedentary or slow-moving mode of life.The siphonate condition arose seven times each during the early to middle Paleozoic, the late Paleozoic, and the early to middle Mesozoic, and only once each during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Well-adapted incumbents prevented most post-Jurassic clades from evolving a siphonal indentation and its associated organs. Dorsally deflected, long, and closed canals are known only from Cretaceous and Cenozoic marine gastropods, and represent improvements in sensation and passive armor.In a discussion of contrasting ecologies of clades that gained and lost the siphonate condition, I argue that macroevolutionary trends in the comings and goings of innovations and clades must incorporate ecological and functional data. Acquisitions of energy-intensive, complex innovations that yield greater power have a greater effect on ecosystems, communities, and their resident clades than do reversals, which generally reflect energy savings.
ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION TO THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL WATERS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Gao Yuan , Kennish Michael J. , Flynn Amanda McGuirk 
Published: July 2007

In situ measurements of atmospheric NO3− and NH4+ at Sandy Hook on the northern New Jersey (USA) coast and at Tuckerton on the southern New Jersey coast reveal significant temporal and spatial variations of these inorganic N constituents. The mean concentration of NO3− in precipitation was higher at Sandy Hook (44.6 μmol/L) than at Tuckerton (29.1 μmol/L). The mean concentration of NH4+ in precipitation exhibited a similar pattern, being higher at Sandy Hook (26.3 μmol/L) than at Tuckerton (18.3 μmol/L). Aerosol NO3− and NH4+ concentrations at Sandy Hook were also higher than those at Tuckerton. On an annual basis, the total atmospheric deposition of NO3− was estimated to be 51.1 mmol·m−2·yr−1 at Sandy Hook and 32.9 mmol·m−2·yr−1 at Tuckerton. For NH4+, the total atmospheric deposition was 32.8 mmol·m−2·yr−1 at Sandy Hook and 20.3 mmol·m−2·yr−1 at Tuckerton. Wet deposition accounted for up to 89% of the total NO3− deposition and 76–91% of the total NH4+ deposition on the New Jersey coast.By comparison, NO3− and NH4+ concentrations are relatively low in estuarine waters of New Jersey. The annual mean NO3− concentrations recorded in surface waters of the Mullica River–Great Bay Estuary near the Tuckerton atmospheric site during the 2002–2004 period were as follows: 12.1 μmol/L for the upper estuary, 4.5 μmol/L for the mid‐estuary, 2.5 μmol/L for the lower estuary, and 1.2 μmol/L for the bay inlet area. The annual mean NH4+ concentrations in these waters were as follows: 1.5 μmol/L for the upper estuary, 3.8 μmol/L for the mid‐estuary, 3.8 μmol/L for the lower estuary, and 2.4 μmol/L for the bay inlet area. In the Barnegat Bay–Little Egg Harbor Estuary, the mean concentrations of NO3− plus NO2− were <4 μmol/L. In this system, atmospheric deposition accounts for ∼39% of the total N load. These results suggest that atmospheric deposition appears to be an important pathway of new N inputs to New Jersey coastal waters and a potentially significant N enrichment source for biotic production.
Sensory-Specific Balance Training in Older Adults: Effect on Proprioceptive Reintegration and Cognitive Demands
Authors: Westlake Kelly P , Culham Elsie G 
Published: July 2007

Background and Purpose
Age-related changes in the ability to adjust to alterations in sensory information contribute to impaired postural stability. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of sensory-specific balance training on proprioceptive reintegration.

Subjects
The subjects of this study were 36 older participants who were healthy.

Methods
Participants were randomly assigned to a balance exercise group (n=17) or a falls prevention education group (n=19). The primary outcome measure was the center-of-pressure (COP) velocity change score. This score represented the difference between COP velocity over 45 seconds of quiet standing and each of six 5-second intervals following proprioceptive perturbation through vibration with or without a secondary cognitive task. Clinical outcome measures included the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention, and at an 8-week follow-up.

Results
Following the exercise intervention, there was less destabilization within the first 5 seconds following vibration with or without a secondary task than there was at baseline or in the falls prevention education group. These training effects were not maintained at the 8-week follow-up. Postintervention improvements also were seen on the FAB Scale and were maintained at follow-up. No changes in ABC Scale scores were identified in the balance exercise group, but ABC Scale scores indicated reduced balance confidence in the falls prevention education group postintervention.

Discussion and Conclusion
The results of this study support short-term enhanced postural responses to proprioceptive reintegration following a sensory-specific balance exercise program.
Noonan syndrome
Authors: Allanson Judith E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNoonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant condition caused by multiple genes in the RasMAPK pathway. The adult phenotype can be extremely subtle, and many adults are diagnosed only after the birth of a more obviously affected child. Whether diagnosis is made in childhood or adulthood, initial and ongoing evaluation of many systems can have considerable health benefits. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis and management of medical problems in adults with Williams–Beuren syndrome
Authors: Pober Barbara R. , Morris Colleen A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWilliams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a multi‐system disorder that requires ongoing management by a primary care physician familiar with the natural history and common medical problems associated with the condition. Some abnormalities are unique to WBS, such as the elastin arteriopathy that often manifests as supravalvar aortic stenosis and hypertension. Still other features, such as diverticulosis, are seen in the general population but tend to present earlier in WBS. Life long monitoring of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems is essential to the clinical management of individuals with Williams–Beuren syndrome. Constipation should be aggressively managed, and symptoms of abdominal pain should prompt an evaluation for diverticulosis/diverticulitis. While the mean IQ of WBS is in the mild mental retardation range, difficulties with attention and anxiety are more likely to negatively impact independent functioning in the adult with WBS. There is no evidence for decline in cognitive ability over time, but adaptive functioning may be improved with treatment of anxiety by both behavior and medical modalities. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of 88 adult patients referred for genetics evaluation
Authors: Maves Stephanie N. , Williams Marc S. , Williams Janet L. , Levonian Peter J. , Josephson Kevin D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe present a series of 88 adult patients referred for diagnostic genetic services in two settings. Patients referred for prenatal diagnosis, adult‐onset neurodegenerative disease or cancer susceptibility counseling were specifically excluded from analysis. Information was obtained regarding age, gender, referral sources, previous genetics evaluation, referring diagnosis, final diagnosis, diagnostic test, and recommendations. The patients were able to be grouped into seven general categories: multiple congenital anomalies with or without mental retardation (26 patients), collagen‐connective tissue disorders (18 patients), mental retardation (12 patients), chromosomal abnormalities (12 patients), bone growth disorders (6 patients), endocrine/metabolic (8 patients), and miscellaneous (6 patients). Patients and referring providers were not surveyed regarding utility of the evaluation. However, genetics notes were reviewed on all patients and potential benefits of the evaluation were identified. All patients had at least one potential benefit, with the majority having several. This study represents one of the largest published groups of non‐institutionalized adult patients that have undergone comprehensive genetic evaluation. The role of the clinical geneticist as a member of the health care team in this population will be discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.