bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphine withdrawal syndrome and its prevention with baclofen: Autoradiographic study of μ‐opioid receptors in prepubertal male and female mice
Authors: Diaz Silvina L. , Barros Virginia G. , Antonelli Marta C. , Rubio Modesto C. , Balerio Graciela N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlthough the expression of the morphine (MOR) withdrawal syndrome is more marked in male mice than in females, we have demonstrated that the GABABagonist baclofen (BAC) is able to attenuate MOR withdrawal signs in either sex. In order to extend these previous observations, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the μ‐opioid receptor labeling in various brain areas in mice of either sex, during MOR withdrawal and its prevention with BAC. Prepubertal Swiss‐Webster mice were rendered dependent by intraperitonial (i.p.) injection of MOR (2 mg/kg) twice daily for 9 days. On the 10th day, dependent animals received naloxone (NAL; 6 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min after MOR, and another pool of dependent mice received BAC (2 mg/kg, i.p.) previous to NAL. Thirty minutes after NAL, mice were sacrificed and autoradiography with [3H]‐[D‐Ala2,N‐Me‐Phe4, ‐glycol5] enkephalin (DAMGO) was carried out on mice brains at five different anatomical levels. Autoradiographic mapping showed a significant increase of μ‐opioid receptor labeling during MOR withdrawal in nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), caudate putamen (CPu), mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDTh), basolateral and basomedial amygdala, and ventral tegmental area vs. respective control groups in male mice. In contrast, opiate receptor labeling was not significantly modified in any of the brain areas studied in withdrawn females. BAC reestablished μ‐opioid receptor binding sites during MOR withdrawal only in NAcC of males, and a similar tendency was observed in CPu and MDTh, even when it was not statistically significant. The sexual dimorphism observed in the present study confirms previous reports indicating a greater sensitivity of males in response to MOR pharmacological properties. The present results suggest that the effect of BAC in preventing the expression of MOR withdrawal signs could be related with the ability of BAC to reestablish the μ‐opioid receptor labeling in certain brain areas. Synapse 60:132–140, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[123I]TPCNE—A novel SPET tracer for the sigma‐1 receptor: First human studies and in vivo haloperidol challenge
Authors: Stone James M. , Årstad Erik , Erlandsson Kjell , Waterhouse Rikki N. , Ell Peter J. , Pilowsky Lyn S. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract[123I]TPCNE (1(trans‐[123I]iodopropen‐2‐yl)‐4‐[(4‐cyanophenoxy)methyl] piperidine; Ki = 0.67 nM; log P = 3.36) is a novel sigma‐1 receptor SPET ligand. In this study, we developed an optimized labeling method for [123I]TPCNE and investigated the kinetics, binding characteristics, and whole‐body distribution of this tracer for the first time in humans. We also performed a challenge with the sigma‐1 receptor antagonist haloperidol against [123I]TPCNE.Seven healthy volunteers were recruited. Dynamic brain SPET scans were performed following i.v. administration of 185 MBq [123I]TPCNE in all seven subjects. Three of the subjects were given oral haloperidol (2.5 mg) ∼1 h before the scan. The dynamic data were analyzed with both reversible and irreversible compartmental models.[123I]TPCNE showed high uptake in brain and liver. All non‐haloperidol‐treated subjects showed a high whole‐brain uptake (average: 8.7% of injected activity). No significant clearance of the tracer was seen up to 30 h post injection. In the haloperidol‐treated subjects, the time–activity curves clearly demonstrated clearance of the tracer from the brain. Regional radioactivity concentrations were reduced by haloperidol from 42% in the cerebellum to 73% in the thalamus.[123I]TPCNE demonstrated high brain uptake, with highest binding found in the posterior cingulate. A region in which binding was unaffected by haloperidol pretreatment could not be identified, and the time–activity data were best described by an irreversible model. Synapse 60:109–117, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is psychological stress in man associated with increased striatal dopamine levels?: A [11C]raclopride PET study
Authors: Montgomery Andrew J. , Mehta Mitul A. , Grasby Paul M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn rodents, stress causes rapid increases in extracellular dopamine (DA) concentration in cortical and subcortical brain regions, and positron emission tomography (PET) studies in healthy humans have suggested psychological and pharmacological stressors are associated with increased DA concentration in the striatum. In this experiment, we measured the effect of stress, induced by difficult mental arithmetic, on [11C]raclopride binding in order to index striatal DA release. To refine measurements and facilitate interpretation of results a combination of head movement correction, a carefully designed control condition and bolus infusion administration of [11C]raclopride were employed. Fourteen healthy volunteers were scanned using [11C]raclopride PET. Physiological and psychological responses to the task were consistent with a stress response with changes in cardiovascular, hormonal, and subjective state indices. No change of ventral or dorsal striatal [11C]raclopride binding was found in the stress condition compared to nonstress. This negative result suggests that significant DA release does not occur in the striatum in healthy humans after mild, psychological stress. Synapse 60:124–131, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced basal and ethanol stimulation of striatal extracellular dopamine concentrations in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice
Authors: Job Martin O. , Ramachandra Vorani , Anders Sheneil , Low Malcolm J. , Gonzales Rueben A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to examine the role of the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor in the ethanol‐evoked DA response in the ventral striatum. We performed microdialysis experiments using the D2 null mutant and wild‐type controls and measured the effect of an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either saline or ethanol (2 g/kg) on dialysate DA concentrations in the ventral striatum. Dialysate ethanol concentrations were also determined in the samples from the ventral striatum. In addition, the effects of quinpirole, a D2/D3 agonist, were examined in both the ventral and dorsal striatum. Basal dialysate concentrations of DA were significantly reduced in both the ventral and dorsal striatum of the D2 knockouts compared with wild‐type controls. Ethanol administration significantly enhanced ventral striatal DA in both groups, but the increase in dialysate DA concentration was 3.5‐fold higher in the wild‐type controls. The time course of dialysate ethanol concentrations was similar in the two groups. Saline injection did not alter DA concentrations in either the ventral or dorsal striatum. However, quinpirole (0.3 mg/kg) administration significantly depressed striatal dialysate DA concentrations in the wild‐type mice, but not in the D2 knockouts. The results suggest that the D2 receptor is necessary for normal development and regulation of striatal extracellular DA concentrations, but the mechanism for this alteration is unclear. In addition, the blunted ethanol‐evoked DA response in the D2 knockouts may contribute, in part, to some of the behavioral deficits previously observed in response to ethanol. Synapse 60:158–164, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High resolution spatial mapping of nicotine action using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Choi Ji‐kyung , Mandeville Joseph B. , Chen Y. Iris , Kim Young R. , Jenkins Bruce G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNicotine is one of the most addictive substances known. To better understand the mechanisms of action, we mapped the regional brain response to nicotine administration using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) in rats. We measured the regional response of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in rats to a challenge of 0.07 mg/kg (0.43 μmol/kg) of nicotine. The areas of the brain with significant and reproducible changes in the rCBV response were (in descending order of magnitude) infralimbic cortex, hippocampus (subiculum), agranular insular/pyriform cortex, visual cortex, interpeduncular area, nucleus accumbens, cingulate cortex, thalamus, and septum. This pattern of response is consistent with stimulation of both cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal pathways and is consistent with the known behavioral properties of nicotine. The peak CBV response to nicotine occurred between 9 and 13 min depending upon brain region, and the average full width half‐maximum of the rCBV response was 27 min. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the phMRI technique lends itself well to further, more detailed, studies of nicotine dynamics. Synapse 60:152–157, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of the glycine transporter GlyT‐1 potentiates the effect of risperidone, but not clozapine, on glutamatergic transmission in the rat medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Konradsson Åsa , Marcus Monica M. , Hertel Peter , Svensson Torgny H. , Jardemark Kent E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractClinical studies suggest that the efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic drug (APD) risperidone (but not clozapine) can be augmented by adjunctive treatment with agonists at the glycine site of theN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor. By using intracellular recording, we have investigated the effect of the glycine transporter‐1 (GlyT‐1) inhibitorN[3‐(4′‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐(4′phenylphenylphenoxy) propyl] sarcosine (NFPS) on NMDA‐induced currents in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), both when given alone and in combination with either risperidone or clozapine. Both risperidone and clozapine enhanced the NMDA‐induced currents. The concentration–response curves were biphasic, and the maximal effect of clozapine on the NMDA‐induced currents was significantly larger than the maximal effect of risperidone. NFPS also significantly potentiated the NMDA‐induced currents, when given alone. Moreover, NFPS (1 μM) augmented the effect of both the maximal (20 nM), and a submaximal (10 nM), concentration of risperidone. In contrast, NFPS did not potentiate either the effect of the maximal (100 nM) or a submaximal (80 nM) concentration of clozapine on the NMDA‐induced currents. These data may explain the beneficial clinical results of using glycine reuptake antagonists as adjuvant treatment to risperidone. Our findings also suggest that risperidone and clozapine may affect NMDA receptor‐mediated neurotransmission differently in the mPFC. Synapse 60:102–108, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homologous down‐regulation of histamine H3receptors in rat striatal slices
Authors: Garduño‐Torres Belén , Arias‐Montaño José‐Antonio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPreincubation of striatal slices with the selective histamine H3‐receptor agonist immepip (100 nM) decreased the specific binding ofN‐α‐[methyl‐3H]‐histamine ([3H]‐NMHA) to membranes obtained from the treated slices. The binding decrease was significant after 5 min, remained at similar reduced levels between 5‐ and 30‐min incubations with agonist, and only a partial recovery was observed after 90‐min washout (34, 41, and 44% at 90, 120, and 150 min, respectively). Saturation analysis showed a significant decrease in both receptor density (−44% ± 9%) and affinity (dissociation constant,Kd1.15 ± 0.23 nM from 0.59 ± 0.17 nM). The effect of immepip was mimicked by histamine and the H3agonists imetit andR‐α‐methylhistamine, and was blocked by the H3antagonist thioperamide. The reduction in [3H]‐NMHA binding was fully and partially prevented by incubation at 4°C and in hypertonic medium, respectively, but not by the endocytosis inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (10 μM). None of the following protein kinase inhibitors, Ro‐318220 and Gö‐6976 (PKC), H‐89 (PKA) and staurosporine (general inhibitor) prevented the effect of immepip. In [3H]‐adenine‐labeled slices the preincubation with immepip (100 nM, 15 min) prevented the inhibitory effect of H3receptor activation on forskolin‐induced [3H]‐cAMP accumulation (99% ± 9% vs. 76% ± 4% of control values). Taken together our results indicate that agonist binding promotes the down‐regulation of striatal H3receptors resulting in a significant loss of function. Synapse 60:165–171, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo characterization of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties of [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO in rats using an intracerebral beta‐sensitive system
Authors: Galineau Laurent , Wilson Alan A. , Garcia Armando , Houle Sylvain , Kapur Shitij , Ginovart Nathalie 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study reports on the binding kinetics and pharmacological characterization of [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO ((+)‐4‐propyl‐3,4,4a,5,6,10b‐hexahydro‐2H‐naphtho[1,2‐b][1,4]oxazin‐9‐ol), a promising agonist radiotracer for in vivo evaluation of the D2‐receptor. Its in vivo kinetics were monitored in rat striatum and cerebellum using a β‐sensitive Microprobe system. Control studies showed that [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO binding was reversible and reached a peak time equilibrium of specific binding in striatum 30 min after radiotracer injection. The binding potential (BP) calculated by the simplified reference tissue model was 3‐fold higher than that measured with [11C]‐(−)‐NPA (2.14 ± 0.50 vs. 0.66 ± 0.01, respectively). In contrast, the methyl analog of (+)‐PHNO, [11C]‐(+)‐MHNO, which displayed promising D2‐agonist properties in vitro, showed no specific binding in the striatum in vivo. [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO binding was totally blocked by raclopride (1 mg/kg; i.v.) and 97% displaced by NPA (2 mg/kg; i.v.) suggesting that [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO was specific for the high affinity states of D2/D3‐receptors. However, (+)‐PHNO (1 mg/kg; i.v.) totally blocked and displaced [11C]‐raclopride binding in striatum. Thus, (+)‐PHNO at high concentrations might be able to bind to the low affinity states of D2/D3‐receptors. After an amphetamine pretreatment (2 mg/kg; i.v.), a 69% decrease in BP value (P< 0.05) was observed for [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO indicating that its binding was highly sensitive to variations of endogenous DA. These results substantiate the use of [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO as an agonist radiotracer for D2‐imaging. The sensitivity of its binding to competition with endogenous DA suggests an association with the subset of high affinity state D2‐receptors. Synapse 60:172–183, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A longitudinal study of conceptual change: Preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of moon phases
Authors: Trundle Kathy Cabe , Atwood Ronald K. , Christopher John E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis research consists of a longitudinal study of 12 female elementary preservice teachers' conceptual understanding over the course of several months. The context in which the participants received instruction was in an inquiry‐based physics course, and the targeted science content was the cause of moon phases. Qualitative research methods, including observations and interviews, were used to investigate and describe participants' conceptual understanding over time. Participants were interviewed on their understanding of the cause of moon phases before instruction, 3 weeks after instruction, and again in delayed post‐interviews several months after instruction. Patterns and themes in the participants' conceptual understanding were identified through constant‐comparative data analysis. Consistent with results reported earlier, participants who had instruction that included recording and analyzing moon observations over time and psychomotor modeling of changes in moon phases were very likely to hold a scientific conceptual understanding shortly after instruction. The present study indicates a majority of participants continued to hold a scientific understanding six months or more after instruction. However, some participants reverted to alternative conceptions they had shown during the pre‐interview. These results are interpreted utilizing contemporary conceptual change theory. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 303–326, 2007
Ultrasonographic characteristics and cystoscopic correlates of bladder wall invasion by endophytic cervical cancer
Authors: Huang W.‐C. , Yang J.‐M. , Yang Y.‐C. , Yang S.‐H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo present the ultrasonographic findings and explore cystoscopic correlates of endophytic cervical cancer invading the bladder wall.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the imaging files in 19 cases of cervical cancer, comprising six cases of endophytic lesions invading the bladder wall (study group) and 13 cases of endo‐ or exophytic, clinical stage IB1 lesions without bladder wall invasion (controls). Bladder wall infiltration or invasion was confirmed by cystoscopic biopsy or surgical findings or both. All 19 patients had undergone transvaginal ultrasound examination to evaluate the cervix and lower urinary tract. The main measures included tumor volume of the primary cervical neoplasm, tumor protuberance, mobility of the cervix over the lower bladder wall, continuity of the endopelvic fascia and echogenicity and morphological texture of the bladder wall and its thickness.ResultsA tumor protuberance emerging from the cervicocorporeal junction and invading the bladder in the supratrigonal area was seen in the study group but not in the controls. Disruption of the endopelvic fascia, a thickened bladder wall, changes in the bladder mucosa and interruption of the entire bladder wall were ultrasonographic characteristics demonstrating the sequential stages of bladder wall invasion. The morphological changes in the bladder wall on ultrasound examination were categorized into four stages. Based on the morphological classification, two of the six patients in the study group belonged to stage I, one to stage II, one to stage III and two to stage IV of bladder wall invasion.ConclusionsIn cervical cancer, transvaginal ultrasonography helps to explore sequential changes seen in bladder wall invasion, information that is not as readily available from cystoscopic examination. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasonographic findings in urethral stenosis with bladder wall trabeculation: case report
Authors: Huang W.‐C. , Yang S.‐H. , Yang J.‐M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFemale bladder outlet obstruction is uncommon. We report a case of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to urethral stenosis leading to bladder wall trabeculation. The patient presented at our clinic because of lower urinary tract symptoms including nocturia, urgency, bed wetting, hesitancy, straining to void, and incomplete emptying. Urodynamic study revealed a low maximum free uroflow rate, high residual urine volume, and low compliance on filling phase cystometry. Introital ultrasonography with two‐ and three‐dimensional (2D and 3D) scanning displayed a constriction in the echolucent part of the lower‐mid urethra with hyperechogenicity and a lattice‐like appearance of the bladder wall. Cystourethroscopy confirmed urethral stenosis and bladder wall trabeculation. The voiding symptoms subsided after the urethral stenosis was relieved by urethral dilatation, but, despite some improvement, the irritative symptoms persisted. Introital ultrasonography with 2D and 3D scanning may help to clarify the cause of female bladder outlet obstruction. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is measurement of nuchal translucency thickness a useful screening tool for heart defects? A study of 16 383 fetuses
Authors: Westin M. , Saltvedt S. , Bergman G. , Almström H. , Grunewald C. , Valentin L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the performance of nuchal translucency thickness (NT) measurement as a screening method for congenital heart defects (CHD) among fetuses with normal karyotype.MethodsAn NT measurement was made in 16 383 consecutive euploid fetuses derived from an unselected pregnant population. The cut‐offs for increased risk of heart defects, chosen a priori and tested prospectively, were: NT ≥ 95th centile for crown–rump length, NT ≥ 3 mm, and NT ≥ 3.5 mm. The sensitivity and false‐positive rate (FPR; 1 minus specificity) of the risk cut‐offs and their positive and negative likelihood ratios (+LR and −LR) with regard to CHD were calculated.ResultsAmong the 16 383 fetuses with an NT measurement there were 127 cases with a diagnosis of heart defect confirmed by cardiac investigations after birth or at autopsy. Of these, 55 defects were defined as major, of which 52 were isolated (no other defects or chromosomal aberrations), corresponding to a prevalence of major heart defects in chromosomally normal fetuses/newborns of 3.3/1000. The sensitivity, FPR, +LR and −LR for NT ≥ 95th centile with regard to an isolated major heart defect were: 13.5%, 2.6%, 5.2 and 0.9, respectively. For NT ≥ 3.0 mm these values were: 9.6%, 0.8%, 12.0 and 0.9, and for NT ≥ 3.5 mm they were: 5.8%, 0.3%, 19.3 and 0.9.ConclusionsNT measurement is a poor screening method for isolated major CHD. A method with a much higher detection rate and with a reasonably low FPR is needed. However, increased NT indicates increased risk of fetal heart defect, and women carrying fetuses with increased NT should be offered fetal echocardiography in the second trimester. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound volume calculations of human embryos and young fetuses: a study on the volumetry of compound structures and its reproducibility
Authors: Blaas H.‐G. K. , Taipale P. , Torp H. , Eik‐Nes S. H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate volumetry with three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography in the assessment of the size of human embryos and fetuses.MethodsForty‐four healthy embryos/fetuses with crown–rump length (CRL) ranging from 9 mm to 58 mm were studied using a 7.5‐MHz annular array transvaginal 3D probe. EchoPAC 3D software was used to calculate the volumes of the head, body and limbs in the same data set by two observers working independently of each other. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between estimated volumes and CRL.ResultsThe embryonic and fetal volume estimates of both observers ranged from a mean of 93 mm3 at 10 mm CRL to a mean of 11 169 mm3 at 55 mm CRL. The volume of the limbs as a proportion of the mean whole‐body volume increased from 4.7% at a CRL of 15 mm to 9.3% at a CRL of 55 mm. Limits of agreement between the observers were calculated to be −0.12 ± 9.2%.ConclusionIt is possible to reconstruct complex small anatomic structures and calculate the volumes of human embryos and fetuses in vivo by using dedicated 3D ultrasound equipment. The reproducibility of whole‐body volume estimates seems to be high. The limbs represent a significant proportion of the size of the embryonic/fetal body. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.