bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A delay in radical cystectomy of >3 months is not associated with a worse clinical outcome
Authors: Nielsen Matthew E. , Palapattu Ganesh S. , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Lotan Yair , Bastian Patrick J. , Lerner Seth P. , Sagalowsky Arthur I. , Schoenberg Mark P. , Shariat Shahrokh F. 
Published: September 2007

The first three papers in this section relate to the use of radical cystectomy in bladder cancer, and each study describes issues which are uncommonly written about, but which are relevant and important to any urologist who manages such patients.There is also a paper from Cleveland describing the rare condition of neuroendocrine tumours in the kidney. This is a large series of cases, and the authors recommend awareness of the condition and the prudent use of immunohistochemical neuroendocrine markers.There are a further six papers on prostate cancer; two of them evaluate high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, taking different views on the subject.OBJECTIVETo examine the association between the interval from the last transurethral resection (TUR) to radical cystectomy (RC) and bladder cancer‐specific outcome, as the decision to proceed to RC for an individual patient is complex, and recent reports suggest an interval from diagnosis to RC of >3 months is associated with adverse outcomes.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe records of 592 patients who had RC were reviewed; the interval from the last TUR was analysed as both a continuous and categorical variable (<3 vs ≥3 months). Logistic regression and survival analyses were used to evaluate the association between the interval to RC with pathological characteristics and clinical outcomes.RESULTSThe mean (sd) actuarial cancer‐specific survival was 70.5 (2.3)% and 60.7 (3.2)% at 3 and 7 years, respectively. Overall, the median (range) time from TUR to RC was 1.8 (0.3–11.6) months. The interval to RC analysed as a continuous or categorical variable was not associated with extravesical or nodal disease, lymph node metastases, disease recurrence, overall or cancer‐specific survival. The results were similar in the subgroup of 320 patients (54%) with clinically muscle‐invasive disease.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that a reasonable delay from the last TUR to RC is not independently associated with stage progression or with decreased recurrence‐free or disease‐specific survival. These findings might have important implications for trial design in the ongoing evaluation of neoadjuvant regimens. Nevertheless, we see no reason to advocate anything less than the timely consideration of definitive treatment for patients with high‐risk bladder cancer.
Organizational‐Level Gender Dissimilarity and Employee Commitment
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Jung , Peccei Riccardo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study explores the extent to which gender dissimilarity in the workplace affects employees' commitment to their organization, using data from the British (1998) Workplace Employee Relations Survey. The results showed that the effects of organizational‐level gender dissimilarity on organizational commitment were more complex than has commonly been assumed in the literature. The relationship between organizational‐level gender dissimilarity and employee commitment was U‐shaped for women whereas it was not significant for men. The relationship was moderated by the respondents' status as measured by their level of pay. For men, the relationship between gender dissimilarity and commitment was negative for high‐paid individuals but not for low‐paid ones, while for women the U‐shaped relationship was weaker for high‐paid individuals than for low‐paid individuals.
The development of the neural crest in the human
Authors: O’Rahilly Ronan , Müller Fabiola 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe first systematic account of the neural crest in the human has been prepared after an investigation of 185 serially sectioned staged embryos, aided by graphic reconstructions. As many as fourteen named topographical subdivisions of the crest were identified and eight of them give origin to ganglia (Table 2). Significant findings in the human include the following. (1) An indication of mesencephalic neural crest is discernible already at stage 9, and trigeminal, facial, and postotic components can be detected at stage 10. (2) Crest was not observed at the level of diencephalon 2. Although pre‐otic crest from the neural folds is at first continuous (stage 10), crest‐free zones are soon observable (stage 11) in Rh.1, 3, and 5. (3) Emigration of cranial neural crest from the neural folds at the neurosomatic junction begins before closure of the rostral neuropore, and later crest cells do not accumulate above the neural tube. (4) The trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, which develop from crest that emigrates before the neural folds have fused, continue to receive contributions from the roof plate of the neural tube after fusion of the folds. (5) The nasal crest and the terminalis‐vomeronasal complex are the last components of the cranial crest to appear (at stage 13) and they persist longer. (6) The optic, mesencephalic, isthmic, accessory, and hypoglossal crest do not form ganglia. Cervical ganglion 1 is separated early from the neural crest and is not a Froriep ganglion. (7) The cranial ganglia derived from neural crest show a specific relationship to individual neuromeres, and rhombomeres are better landmarks than the otic primordium, which descends during stages 9–14. (8) Epipharyngeal placodes of the pharyngeal arches contribute to cranial ganglia, although that of arch 1 is not typical. (9) The neural crest from rhombomeres 6 and 7 that migrates to pharyngeal arch 3 and from there rostrad to the truncus arteriosus at stage 12 is identified here, for the first time in the human, as the cardiac crest. (10) The hypoglossal crest provides cells that accompany those of myotomes 1–4 and form the hypoglossal cell cord at stages 13 and 14. (11) The occipital crest, which is related to somites 1–4 in the human, differs from the spinal mainly in that it does not develop ganglia. (12) The occipital and spinal portions of the crest migrate dorsoventrad and appear to traverse the sclerotomes before the differentiation into loose and dense zones in the latter. (13) Embryonic examples of synophthalmia and anencephaly are cited to emphasize the role of the neural crest in the development of cranial ganglia and the skull.
Soil properties in organic olive groves compared with that in natural areas in a mountainous landscape in southern Spain
Authors: ÁLvarez S. , Soriano M. A. , Landa B. B. , Gómez J. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study evaluates soil properties in organically managed olive groves and natural zones in a mountainous area of Andalusia, Spain. Two soil types (Eutric Regosol and Eutric Cambisol) and the most common soil management methods (tillage and two intensities of grazing) were studied. Both soil types in the groves had values not much lower than those in the natural areas. Average (±SE) values in the groves were 1.58 ± 0.71% for organic carbon, 323 ± 98 g kg−1for macroaggregate stability, 1.11 ± 0.16 g cm−3for bulk density, 3.5 ± 1.6 mm h−1for saturated hydraulic conductivity and 1209 ± 716 mg CO2 kg−1for soil respiration. Overall, these values tended to be lower in the tilled compared with that in the grazed groves. The average phosphorus soil content (5.83 ± 5.22 mg kg−1) was low for olive production and within adequate ranges for N (0.12 ± 0.05%) and K (142 ± 81 mg kg−1). Soil erosion was high in the tilled groves (35.5 ± 18.2 t ha−1 year−1) with soil loss correlating with indicators of soil degradation such as organic carbon content and water stable macroaggregates. In the grazed groves, soil loss was moderate with no clear indications of soil degradation. Overall, there was significant farm‐to‐farm variability within the same soil and land management systems. Olive production had a moderate effect on soil degradation compared with natural areas and olive cultivation could be sustained in future if cover crop soil management replaced tillage, especially in the most sloping areas.
DIGITAL CEMENTUM LUMINANCE ANALYSIS AND THE HAUA FTEAH HOMININS: HOW SEASONALITY AND SEASON OF USE CHANGED THROUGH TIME*
Authors: WALL‐SCHEFFLER C. M. 
Published: September 2007

The importance of environmental seasonality and the seasonal cycling of resources to human populations make studies of human responses to seasonality useful to test hypotheses about short‐ and long‐term changes in human behaviour. This paper utilizes digital dental cementum luminance analysis in order to better understand patterns of the seasons of death of Ammotragus lervia at Haua Fteah, Cyrenaica, and to test whether long‐term climatic changes can be detected in dental cement. The overall pattern of the season of death of A. lervia at Haua Fteah is that of year‐round utilization, with a slight increase over time in A. lervia use during the growth period/summer time. The use of digital cementum luminance analysis (DCLA) to detect changes in the seasonal differences between temperatures indicates a trend for increased seasonality in temperature over the past 40 000 years at Haua Fteah. Furthermore, DCLA patterns in the more recent assemblages indicate a shift to a warmer climate from Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to MIS 1.
Significance of morphological alteration by portal vein branch ligation in endotoxin‐induced liver injury after partial hepatectomy
Authors: Ota Shigeyasu , Suzuki Shohachi , Sakaguchi Takanori , Baba Satoshi , Mitsuoka Hiroshi , Nakamura Satoshi , Konno Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground: Regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy (PH) is susceptible to endotoxin. This study was conducted to investigate how morphological alteration by preoperative portal vein branch ligation (PVL) affects endotoxin‐induced liver injury after PH.Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into a PVL group undergoing left PVL and into a non‐PVL group receiving a sham operation. Seven days later, animals in both groups were subjected to PH (the left lateral, median and caudate lobes). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intravenously administered to both groups 2 days after PH.Results: A significant increase in hepatocyte and sinusoidal endothelial cell proliferation assessed by Ki‐67 immunostaining reached a peak at day 2 and 3 after PVL, respectively, in accordance with the changes in plasma interleukin‐6 concentrations after PVL. The proliferation response of these cells after PH was observed in both groups, showing a significantly weaker response in the PVL group. The sinusoidal width after PH was significantly reduced in the non‐PVL group when compared with that in the PVL group. LPS administration induced a marked elevation of plasma tumour necrosis factor‐α levels in the non‐PVL group compared with the PVL group. PVL before PH significantly attenuated endotoxin‐induced functional and structural liver damage with greater hepatic polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and microcirculatory derangement, resulting in an improvement in the 7‐day survival rate.Conclusions: Morphological alteration by PVL is of great advantage in preventing the development of endotoxin‐induced liver injury in the regeneration process after PH.
Recipient cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 +49 G/G genotype is associated with reduced incidence of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation among Chinese patients
Authors: Jiang Zhijun , Feng Xiaoning , Zhang Wu , Gao Feng , Ling Qi , Zhou Lin , Xie Haiyang , Chen Qixing , Zheng Shusen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground:Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of two‐gene locus cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) +49 and CD86 +1057 were previously reported to influence the outcome of liver transplantation (LT) with respect to allograft acceptance. SNP at CTLA‐4 +49 was also suggested to be associated with the individual difference in the clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, their influence on the incidence of post‐LT HBV reinfection was not clear. With the increasing knowledge of costimulatory mechanisms on LT and host immune response, we designed this study to investigate the relationship between different alleles as well as genotypes at these two locations and HBV reinfection after LT.Methods:Genomic DNA from 167 LT recipients with HBV‐related diseases was genotyped for CTLA‐4 +49 and CD86 +1057 genomic polymorphisms using a sequence‐specific primer‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP). HBV recurrence was diagnosed based on the serological and pathological finding of HBV DNA and HBsAg.Results:The present study indicated that the recipients with CTLA‐4 +49 GG genotype had a reduced risk (6.67%) of HBV recurrence compared with non‐CTLA‐4 +49 GG‐carrying individuals (20.7%) (relative risk 3.098) (P=0.032). The allelic frequency of CTLA‐4 +49 G was also significantly lower in patients with HBV recurrence, compared with that in patients without HBV recurrence (P=0.013, odds ratio 2.176, 95% confidence interval 1.170–4.046). However, no significant association was found between CD86 +1057 and HBV recurrence.Conclusion:Our result on CTLA‐4 +49 A/G polymorphism indicated that the CTLA‐4 +49 GG genotype was related to a reduced risk in the incidence of HBV recurrence.
Outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma referred to a tertiary centre with availability of multiple treatment options including cadaveric liver transplantation
Authors: Perry John F. , Charlton Barbara , Koorey David J. , Waugh Richard C. , Gallagher P. James , Crawford Michael D. , Verran Deborah J. , McCaughan Geoffrey W. , Strasser Simone I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cancer of the liver with an established causal link to viral hepatitis and other forms of chronic liver disease.Aims: The aim of this study was to analyse the determinants of outcome in patients with HCC referred to a tertiary centre for management.Method: Two hundred and thirty‐five prospective patients with HCC and minimum 12‐month follow‐up were studied.Results: The cohort was heterogeneous, with 52% Caucasian, 40% Asian and 5% of Middle‐Eastern origin. Independent predictors of outcome included tumour size and number, the presence of ascites or portal vein thrombosis, α‐foetoprotein >50 U/L and an impaired performance status. Treatment was determined on an individual case basis by a multidisciplinary tumour team. Surgical resection was primary treatment in 43 patients, liver transplantation in 40 patients, local ablation (percutaneous radiofrequency ablation or alcohol injection) in 33 patients, transarterial chemoembolisation in 33 patients, chemotherapy or other systemic therapy in 30 patients and no treatment in 56 patients. After adjustment for significant covariates, both liver transplantation (P<0.001) and surgical resection (P=0.029) had a significant effect on patient survival compared with no treatment, but local ablation (P=0.410) and chemoembolisation (P=0.831) did not. Liver transplantation resulted in superior overall and, in particular, disease‐free survival compared with surgical resection (disease‐free survival 84 vs 15% at 5 years).Conclusion: In conclusion, both surgical resection and liver transplantation significantly improve the survival of patients with HCC, but improvements need to be made to the delivery of loco‐regional therapy to enhance its effectiveness.
Support for families with a family member suffering a cognitive disorder
Authors: ROKKAKU Ryoko 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe management of the care giving of a family member with dementia is an important issues these days. In the present article, I discuss the stages families go through on their way to finding out that a family member has a cognitive disorder. Stage I is a stage of bewilderment in which negative care is given. In Stage II, the relatives find out or realize that the person has a cognitive disorder and they try to extricate themselves from the negative care. In Stage III, the family members express hope that the person will recover, whereas in Stage IV they resign themselves to the fact that their loved one has a cognitive disorder and will never recover. The last stage, Stage V, is when the family members try new types of care. The family vacillates between the different stages and, after a long period of time, they accept the fact that the person has a cognitive disorder and finally create an environment in which the patient can live peacefully. It is a long process, and perhaps a very hard one for the family. Each member of the family has his or her own history and role withing the family; this cannot be forgotten and it is very common for family members to be unable to accept the situation. Even still, the family persists. Because they persist, they sometimes become angry; they also lament and ignore the situation. It is important to thoroughly observe the stage at which the family comes to accept the situation and to be mindful of caring for the family.
Subfield‐specific Loss of Hippocampal N‐acetyl Aspartate in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Vielhaber Stefan , Niessen Heiko G. , Debska‐Vielhaber Grazyna , Kudin Alexei P. , Wellmer Jörg , Kaufmann Jörn , Schönfeld Mircea Ariel , Fendrich Robert , Willker Wieland , Leibfritz Dieter , Schramm Johannes , Elger Christian E. , Heinze Hans‐Jochen , Kunz Wolfram S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Purpose: In patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) it remains an unresolved issue whether the interictal decrease in N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) reflects the epilepsy‐associated loss of hippocampal pyramidal neurons or metabolic dysfunction.
Methods: To address this problem, we applied high‐resolution 1H‐MRS at 14.1 Tesla to measure metabolite concentrations in ex vivo tissue slices from three hippocampal subfields (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus) as well as from the parahippocampal region of 12 patients with MTLE.
Results: In contrast to four patients with lesion‐caused MTLE, we found a large variance of NAA concentrations in the individual hippocampal regions of patients with Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS). Specifically, in subfield CA3 of AHS patients despite of a moderate preservation of neuronal cell densities the concentration of NAA was significantly lowered, while the concentrations of lactate, glucose, and succinate were elevated. We suggest that these subfield‐specific alterations of metabolite concentrations in AHS are very likely caused by impairment of mitochondrial function and not related to neuronal cell loss.
Conclusions: A subfield‐specific impairment of energy metabolism is the probable cause for lowered NAA concentrations in sclerotic hippocampi of MTLE patients.
Short‐Sales Constraints and Price Discovery: Evidence from the Hong Kong Market
Authors: CHANG ERIC C. , CHENG JOSEPH W. , YU YINGHUI 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTShort‐sales practices in the Hong Kong stock market are unique in that only stocks on a list of designated securities can be sold short. By analyzing the price effects following the addition of individual stocks to the list, we find that short‐sales constraints tend to cause stock overvaluation and that the overvaluation effect is more dramatic for individual stocks for which wider dispersion of investor opinions exists. These findings are consistent with Miller's (1977) intuition and other optimism models. We also document higher volatility and less positive skewness of individual stock returns when short sales are allowed.
Analyst Disagreement, Mispricing, and Liquidity*
Authors: SADKA RONNIE , SCHERBINA ANNA 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper documents a close link between mispricing and liquidity by investigating stocks with high analyst disagreement. Previous research finds that these stocks tend to be overpriced, but that prices correct downwards as uncertainty about earnings is resolved. Our analysis suggests that one reason mispricing has persisted through the years is that analyst disagreement coincides with high trading costs. We also show that in the cross‐section, the less liquid stocks tend to be more severely overpriced. Additionally, increases in aggregate market liquidity accelerate the convergence of prices to fundamentals. As a result, returns of the initially overpriced stocks are negatively correlated with the time series of innovations in aggregate market liquidity.
Taking a View: Corporate Speculation, Governance, and Compensation
Authors: GÉCZY CHRISTOPHER C. , MINTON BERNADETTE A. , SCHRAND CATHERINE M. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTUsing responses to a well‐known confidential survey, we study corporations' use of derivatives to “take a view” on interest rate and currency movements. Characteristics of speculators suggest that perceived information and cost advantages lead them to take positions actively; that is, they do not speculate to increase risk by “betting the ranch.” Speculating firms encourage managers to speculate through incentive‐aligning compensation arrangements and bonding contracts, and they use derivatives‐specific internal controls to manage potential abuse. Finally, we examine whether investors reading public corporate disclosures are able to identify firms that indicate speculating in the confidential survey; they are not.
Financial Constraints, Competition, and Hedging in Industry Equilibrium
Authors: ADAM TIM , DASGUPTA SUDIPTO , TITMAN SHERIDAN 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe analyze the hedging decisions of firms, within an equilibrium setting that allows us to examine how a firm's hedging choice depends on the hedging choices of its competitors. Within this equilibrium some firms hedge while others do not, even though all firms are ex ante identical. The fraction of firms that hedge depends on industry characteristics, such as the number of firms in the industry, the elasticity of demand, and the convexity of production costs. Consistent with prior empirical findings, the model predicts that there is more heterogeneity in the decision to hedge in the most competitive industries.
Six‐year follow up of atraumatic restorative treatment restorations placed in Chinese school children
Authors: Lo Edward C. M. , Holmgren Christopher J. , Hu Deyu , Van Palenstein Helderman Wim 
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  This study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations placed in school children in China over a 6‐year period.Methods:  This study was implemented in 1996 and 294 ART restorations were placed in 197 children aged 12–13 years by five assistant dentists in four schools. Standard ART procedures and instruments were used combined with a high‐strength glass–ionomer restorative material. One examiner evaluated the restorations annually using the ART criteria while at 5 years an independent external examiner used US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria.Results:  Fifty‐eight per cent of the restorations were followed for 6 years. At the 6‐year evaluation examination, 76% and 59% of the small and large restorations respectively were present and were without major wear or defect (P < 0.01). Similar results were obtained when using the USPHS criteria. Results of a multilevel survival analysis show that the correlation between restoration failure and operator was small but failure of restorations placed in the same child was substantial. Net wear of the small and large restorations after 6 years were 176 and 172 μm respectively (P > 0.05).Conclusion:  The 6‐year survival rate of the class I ART restorations in this study, especially the smaller ones, was satisfactory. This suggests that the ART approach can be used in the school setting to improve the oral health of large populations of underserved children.