bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Recent Finds off Cythera
Authors: Kabbadias P. 
Published: May 2006

Believing that some account of the statues recently discovered in the sea near Cythera may be of interest to the readers of the Journal of Hellenic Studies, I have the honour to send the following particulars.The discovery was made by sponge-divers, who informed the Greek Government that a number of bronze and marble statues, which had evidently formed the cargo of a shipwrecked vessel, were lying at the bottom of the sea near the island of Cythera (Cerigo) and not far from Cape Malea.The Government sent two ships of the Greek Navy to the spot; with their aid the divers have brought to the surface a number of statues, some intact, some much injured by the action of the sea-water, and some in fragments. They have been brought to Athens and will in due course take their place among the treasures of the National Museum. Some of them, it is not too much to say, may claim a prominent position in the history of Greek sculpture.
Deme Legends on Attic Vases
Authors: Smith Cecil 
Published: May 2006

The interchange of typical compositions among vase-painters, by which one type frequently did duty for a variety of subjects, makes it very difficult to decide how far scenes of daily life were intended by the artist to convey a legendary significance; and this difficulty is increased by the fact that the painters were, practically at all periods, in the habit of adding mythological names at haphazard to their figures, with the object of imparting a supposititious interest to their design. This seems to have been especially the case in the period following the great compositions of Polygnotos and Mikon. Thus on a r.f. pyxis in the British Museum (E 769) we have a scene which is apparently no more than an ordinary group of women at toilet, but each of the figures has a familiar mythological name, Iphigeneia, Danae, Helene, Klytaimnestra, and Kassandra.It was formerly the custom among archaeologists to interpret every scene, no matter how commonplace, as mythological or symbolic; in the natural reaction which has set in after this, I think perhaps we may occasionally overlook the full significance of some scenes which, apparently of ordinary daily life, really have had a deeper meaning to those who made them. Take for example such subjects as occur in the sculptured pediments of temples; a warrior setting out in his chariot, or the meeting of two warriors; these scenes, which are in their local surroundings full of significance, would convey nothing to us if we had not the independent evidence of literature or of locality which explains them.
Karian Sites and Inscriptions
Authors: Paton W. R. , Myres J. L. 
Published: May 2006

The sites and inscriptions which follow were noted during a series of short journeys made in 1893 and 1894 with the help of grants from the Hellenic and Royal Geographical Societies. The geographical and descriptive results are published in Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. viii, (shortly to appear), and a short account of the geology in Journal Oxf. Junior Scientific Club, ii. 33 (Jan. 1896): cf. Proc. Brit. Ass. 1893 (Nottingham), p. 746. An account of Telmessos, Karyanda and Taramptos has already appeared in the Hellenic Journal, xiv. 373 ff.These researches are confined to the area included between Latmos (Besh-parmak) and the Latmian Gulf (Denizli Liman) on the north, the Marsyas valley (China Chai) on the east, the Gulf of Keramos on the south, and the sea on the west. Though sites already identified were in nearly all cases visited, they are not discussed here, unless there is fresh evidence to bring forward.
The Problem of the Bacchae
Authors: Bather A. G. 
Published: May 2006

In two recent numbers of the Classical Review two most interesting notes have appeared, the first by Dr. Verrall under the same title as that of the present paper, and the second a notice of the second volume of Rohde's Psyche by Miss Harrison. Dr. Rohde in his work and both Dr. Verrall and Miss Harrison in these notes are led to the conclusion, if they do not assume the fact as an axiom, that the worship of Dionysus is not an indigenous cult in Greece but came in from Thrace and the north. It is a fact which at first sight appears incontestable: the mythology of nearly every state in Greece has the tale of the incoming of the god from abroad. Thebes and Athens, Argos and Orchomenos, Corinth and Brasiae—all have their own stories of his advent. The very name Dionysus has a foreign, probably a Phrygian, derivation. Thus it is no wonder that modern mythologists almost without exception have adopted the view of the ancients themselves that the worship is one imported into Greece.But, though it is evident that much of the later cult is undoubtedly not indigenous, there does yet seem to be a groundwork of a real old folk religion at the bottom of all these Phrygian and Thracian mysteries of later times. It would seem to be an almost unscientific method, if I may use the term without offence, on the strength of certain similarities in customs and cults between the deities of two different countries, to conclude that therefore the two are identical.
Greek Music
Authors: Curtis J. 
Published: May 2006

The general conviction that the true nature of ancient Greek music is practically incomprehensible in modern times arises from many causes, of which the most potent are:—1. That hitherto all explanations have been based on the extant formal treatises, which deal either with the decadent elaborations of solo cithara-playing, or the purely theoretical calculations of the self-styled Pythagorean school, which latter professedly despised the actual performance of music.2. The attempts to elucidate the subject make no allowance for the fact that the extant specimens of noted music extend over a period of at least eight centuries, and no one explanation is likely to fit either the whole of these or the casual references to music to be found in general Greek literature.3. Thanks mainly to Aristoxenus, the modern mind has become so permeated by the quarter-tone theory of the enharmonic genus, that even so simple a record as the celebrated Euripides fragment has been generally interpreted as involving this minute interval. The arguments against this theory, at least as regards vocal music, are weighty and almost conclusive; but their full development requires more space than is available here.
The Apoxyomenos of Lysippus
Authors: Gardner P. 
Published: May 2006

In the Hellenic Journal for 1903, while publishing some heads of Apollo, I took occasion to express my doubts as to the expediency of hereafter taking the Apoxyomenos as the norm of the works of Lysippus. These views, however, were not expressed in any detail, and occurring at the end of a paper devoted to other matters, have not attracted much attention from archaeologists. The subject is of great importance, since if my contention be justified, much of the history of Greek sculpture in the fourth century will have to be reconsidered. Being still convinced of the justice of the view which I took two years ago, I feel bound to bring it forward in more detail and with a fuller statement of reasons.Our knowledge of many of the sculptors of the fourth century, Praxiteles, Scopas, Bryaxis, Timotheus, and others, has been enormously enlarged during the last thirty years through our discovery of works proved by documentary evidence to have been either actually executed by them, or at least made under their direction. But in the case of Lysippus no such discovery was made until the very important identification of the Agias at Delphi as a copy of a statue by this master.
Egypt's Loss of Sea-Power: a Note
Authors: Tarn W. W. 
Published: May 2006

By the courtesy of Professor Ferguson and of the Editors of this Journal I have had the opportunity of reading Mr. Ferguson's article in proof, and the editors have kindly offered me space for a short reply.While I agree with much in Mr. Ferguson's valuable paper, and am delighted to see that he ascribes Andros to Gonatas, I find myself unable to accept his dating of the two battles. To go fully into the questions involved is, of course, impossible here; and I confine myself simply to the objections which Mr. Ferguson has raised to my view.If Sophron could not have commanded for Egypt in 246 (on which I express no opinion), it proves that Sophrona is not an admissible conjecture for Trogus' prona; nothing else.—That Trogus mentions Andros alone is a real difficulty. But we have to choose between him and the contemporary evidence of the coins. Mr. Ferguson agrees with me that the two sets of tetradrachms refer to Lysimacheia and Cos; if Andros was the decisive victory, why no corresponding coin? In my view, too, Egypt had ruled the sea unbeaten for forty years, and this or that writer may well have treated her first defeat as the crucial point.—I know of no reason for supposing that Plutarch's reference to Antigonus at Cos is from Phylarchus.—Ephesus Miletus, and the other towns that fell to the Seleucids in the second Syrian war were presumably taken from the land side.—As to the death of Alexander of Corinth, the events recorded Plut. Arat. xv. must come before Euergetes.” expedition (as de Sanctis pointed out), and Gonatas at the time is back in Corinth; ergo, Alexander was dead by 247.
Poemanenum
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: May 2006

The site of Poemanenum is a vexed question in Mysian topography, on which no clinching evidence is as yet forthcoming: it is important for its bearing (a) on the Roman road-system, and especially on Aristides' routes, and (b) on the geography of the Byzantine wars. The position of the place may thus be deduced from two sets of data relating respectively to the Roman road-post and to the Byzantine fortress: those who work from road-evidence alone tend to place the site either on the Aesepus at Gunen, or, more vaguely, in the Tarsius valley: those who lay stress on the Byzantine evidence point inevitably to Eski Manyas, a village some few miles south of the lake of the same name.The claims of Eski Manyas to the Byzantine site appear to me incontestable: to put quite briefly what has often been discussed at length, we have here remains of the strongest Byzantine castle in the district, in a position corresponding to what we know of Poemanenum; and, besides this, an echo of the ancient name is evidently preserved.
Notes on a recently excavated House at Girgenti
Authors: Jones Ronald P. , Gardner E. A. 
Published: May 2006

This house, known locally as the Casa Greca, was partially excavated about two years ago at the private expense of the owner of the land: it lies on a level site to the east of the road leading from modern Girgenti to the temples, directly opposite the church and gardens of S. Nicola, and a short distance north of the Temple of Concord.For the most part, the ground has here risen about four feet since the Greek period, and the existing remains present a complete horizontal section of the house up to that height, formed by the lowest drum of the columns and from two to four courses of masonry in the walls.
The Ancient Plough
Authors: Gow A. S. F. 
Published: May 2006

The construction and the development of the plough in Greece and Italy in ancient times is not a subject of general interest either to scholars or to archaeologists. It is, however, one which presents itself from time to time to students of Hesiod and of Virgil, and, since the obvious works of reference give but meagre aid to the enquirer, I have attempted to supply here a fuller account than is to be found elsewhere both of the literary and of the monumental evidence, in the hope that a more detailed discussion may not be without its uses.I propose in the first part of this paper to discuss and give a rough classification of the types of ancient plough which are represented on the monuments. In the second and third parts of the paper I shall attempt to sift the considerable number of ancient authorities who deal with the subject and to supply some comments suggested by the monumental evidence. The authorities, even when not directly concerned with Hesiod and Virgil, fall conveniently into line with the ancient commentators on those poets, and I shall deal first with Hesiod and then, more briefly, with Virgil.
On a History of Greek Commerce
Authors: Leaf Walter 
Published: May 2006

In electing me to the Presidency of the Hellenic Society you have paid me the highest compliment to which any British Hellenist can aspire. It is an honour which I accept with all gratitude and, I can assure you, with all humility. It is impossible for me to look back at the names of the distinguished men who have already held the post, without reflecting that I am not of their rank—I am by profession neither a great academic teacher nor, like my old schoolfellow and friend Sir Arthur Evans, whose position I am prematurely called upon to fill, a man who has devoted his whole life to the advancement of archæology. It would be an impertinence in me to praise the work done by Sir Arthur; it is on the lips of all the learned world.When I think of Evans as we knew him at Harrow, I remember him in a double capacity. First as a scientific observer, by inheritance, as I need not remind you, from his distinguished and many-sided father. Whether it was a question of coins, of flint implements, or of natural history, Evans was always the leader of our school Scientific Society—matched only in some points by another friend, too soon lost to science, Frank Balfour. I remember one small matter, which always strikes me as characteristic—that Evans exhibited at one of our meetings specimens of leaves of plants from the carboniferous epoch which he had picked out of the coal-scuttle in his room.
An Archaic Male Head from Athens
Authors: Forster Edward S. 
Published: May 2006

By kind permission of Commander Down, R.N., of Wokmgham, Berks, I am allowed to publish an archaic head (Fig. 1) in his possession. It was found by him in Athens when cruising in Greek waters about the year 1879.The head, which has been broken off abruptly at the neck, is 13 m. in height, 105 m. in depth, and 315 m. in circumference. The material is a rather coarse-grained white marble. The face has unfortunately suffered considerably: the lower part of the nose has been broken off and the surface of the mouth and chin is damaged, and there is a deep indentation over the left eye.
An Attic Cistern Front at the British Museum
Authors: Lethaby W. R. 
Published: May 2006

In the Third Graeco-Roman Room is a long relief, numbered 2154 and entitled a Votive Relief. It is described in the catalogue (1904) as ‘Relief, perhaps votive, with Dionysos receiving a libation. The central group consists of Dionysos and a Maenad…. Behind the Maenad a large crater stands on the ground…. A moulding appears to have been tooled away above…. May be as early as the end of the fourth century. Athens: Elgin Collection. Height 2 feet 7 inches; length 5 feet 8 inches. Found among the ruins of the theatre of Herodes Atticus. Formerly in the possession of N. Logotheti. Stuart, ii, pp. 23, 45.…’Close to the ‘crater’ a hole about an inch in diameter has been carefully bored through the marble—so carefully that the presumption is that it is part of the original work, although it is suppressed in the old illustrations and is not mentioned in the descriptions. On looking behind the relief it at once appears that material at the two ends and the bottom has been cut away. The remnants of the parts which have been cut off suggest the two ends and bottom of a water trough or cistern. The hole mentioned above is situated an inch or so above what remains of the bottom, and thus conforms to the general tradition of stone water troughs such as several of granite which I have recently seen in Dartmoor farm-yards. From these evidences and the appropriate size it may not be doubted that the relief is the front of a water cistern.
A Neo-Attic Krater in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Authors: Richter Gisela M. A. 
Published: May 2006

The Metropolitan Museum has recently acquired a marble Neo-Attic krater of exceptional beauty in an excellent state of preservation. It has been briefly described in the Metropolitan Museum Bulletin for January 1924; but since its importance requires a fuller publication and its study brings up interesting stylistic considerations, I am glad of this opportunity for a fuller discussion.The vase is of the bell-krater shape with overhanging lip and fluted bottom and two horizontal handles emerging from Satyr heads—evidently a favourite form with Neo-Attic sculptors of the first century, for we have a number of examples of it. The foot was worked in a separate piece and is missing; at the bottom of the vase is a marble tenon with a smoothed surface round it, indicating the width of the foot at the point of attachment. We have added a plaster foot, and restored the rim, which was much chipped.
A Portrait-Statuette of Socrates
Authors: Walters H. B. 
Published: May 2006

The British Museum has recently had the good fortune to acquire a statuette representing Socrates, which has been purchased for the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, with the aid of contributions from the National Art Collections Fund, Dr. Walter Leaf, and Mr. G. Eumorfopoulos. It is illustrated from four different points of view in Plates X.–XIII. It is of Parian marble, standing 27·5 cm. or 11 inches high, and was found recently at Alexandria. The statuette is in almost perfect condition, except that both feet are missing and also a portion of the drapery above the left foot; the manner in which the surface of the marble has been treated is remarkable, the flesh surfaces being highly polished throughout, while the hair, beard, and drapery retain a rough unpolished surface.The philosopher stands full-face, with the right leg slightly bent; he wears a chiton which leaves the breast bare and is gathered at its upper edge in a thick fold immediately above the waist. Over it is a himation falling over the left shoulder and draped transversely over the back, where the sculptor's attempt at reproducing the effect of a textile fabric by very simple means has been surprisingly successful (see Plate XIII.). The garment is gathered up in a fold on the left side, where it hangs over the arm, the edge being caught in the left hand and drawn slightly back; the right hand, which is beautifully modelled, catches up the edge of the himation just above the knee.
Hera of Kanathos and the Ludovisi Throne
Authors: Casson S. 
Published: May 2006

Of all the interpretations of the Ludovisi throne it is generally agreed that none is entirely convincing. For that reason any new suggestions that I have to bring forward here should only be interpreted as an attempt to indicate a fresh line of investigation that may perhaps lead to a more complete understanding of this most difficult of archaeological problems.At the outset we are faced with the almost universally accepted view that the subject of the Ludovisi throne is the Birth of Aphrodite, with representatives of the cult or devotees shown on the side panels. Once this is admitted the explanation of the details of scene becomes a matter of purest academical or technical dispute. Similarly, the important corollary follows that the Boston counterpart, whatever we may think of its date or style, represents but other aspects, clearly more complicated, of the Aphrodite cult.
The Greeks and Ancient Trade with the Atlantic
Authors: Cary M. 
Published: May 2006

Ancient trade between Mediterranean lands and Atlantic Europe was first and foremost a quest by Mediterranean folk for tin, of which the indigenous supplies were insufficient. In this quest the Greeks had a vital interest, in view of the great development of their bronze industry. What actual part did they take in the Atlantic tin traffic?This question raises two others, which will require a brief notice. From what part of the Atlantic seaboard, and by what route, was the tin fetched?Fortunately we need not reopen the controversy over the Cassiterides or Tin Islands, which in the common Greek belief were the source of Western tin. This belief was in any case a mistaken one, for in Western Europe there are no tin deposits worth mentioning on any archipelago of islands. Moreover, the discrepancies between the notions of various ancient writers as to their situation suggest that the name ‘Cassiterides’ was applied in turn to more than one of the Western tin districts. We may therefore circumnavigate the problem of the Cassiterides by treating them as a floating expression like the ‘Spice Islands’ of early modern times, and refusing to attach the name specifically to any one metalliferous area.
Greek Music and its Relation to Modern Times
Authors: Mountford J. F. 
Published: May 2006

In Greece the art of music was honoured as scarcely inferior to poetry itself, and in lyric and tragic compositions at least the two arts were almost inseparably allied. The religious and athletic assemblies, the Panathenaia, the Olympia, the Pythia, the Karneia, etc., were not complete without a goodly number of musical celebrations, and from quite early times an important musical contest had been held at Delphi in which the greatest singers and instrumentalists took part. At Athens the free-born youth was trained in the essentials of the art, and music was considered so much a part of the national life that innovators were not infrequently charged with aiming at the subversion of the state itself. Greek literature is so full of allusions to, and metaphors drawn from music, that a question of real interest and importance often presents itself to us: how far are we in Europe, who have inherited so much in literature and the plastic arts from the Greeks, also indebted to them for our modern music? Is there, in short, any recognisable chain of descent from Terpander and Timotheos to Beethoven and Wagner?Strong negatives and affirmatives have been given to this question because of the doubt which exists about the real nature of Greek music itself. Some enquirers believe that ancient Greek music contained the germs of that ecclesiastical system from which modern music has been evolved; others arriving at different conclusions, deny that the music of the golden age of Greece bears any real relation to that of modern times.
Whip-tops
Authors: Harcourt-Smith Cecil 
Published: May 2006

In the British Museum there are two fifth-century Attic vases (Nos. D 9 and D 10) of bee-hive shape (Fig. 1), of which the decoration consists of a series of mouldings alternately red, white, and black, with a black rim; the interior is white, also with a black rim. In their general style, their technique, and their decoration they are very similar to another vase of the same collection, D 8, a phiale mesomphalos, which bears the signature of the potter Sotades. All three vases were in the Branteghem Collection, and were described by Froehner, in his Catalogue of that Collection, under Nos. 160–162.In the third volume of the Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum I described these vases, D 9 and D 10, as ‘Mastoi’; this is a form which, of course, owes its name to the pretty fancy which derives it from the model of Aphrodite's breast, and so was a favourite form of dedication in her temple at Paphos.
Attic Black-figured Fragments from Naucratis
Authors: Beazley J. D. , Payne H. G. G. 
Published: May 2006

We understand that it is not proposed to publish the Attic vase-fragments found at Naucratis in the London section of the Corpus Vasorum: we have therefore asked Mr. Walters for permission to publish a selection of them; and our request has been kindly granted.The fragments are all from Naucratis, except Nos. 11 and 50. In references to the Corpus Vasorum we omit the rubric III He, and represent III Hd by d only. We refer freely to the second Oxford fascicule, soon to appear, of Corpus Vasorum; to Payne's forthcoming Necrocorinthia (abbreviated N.); and to Beazley, Attic Black-figure: a Sketch (abbreviated ABS.). We had hoped to give page-references to Necrocorinthia: but the page-proof has been held up.