bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional whole rat bladder model
Authors: Chun Alexa L. , Wallace Lane J. , Gerald Michael C. , Wein Alan J. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThere are many animal models that have been utilized for the study of urinary bladder function including the dog, cat, rabbit, and rat. Although the rat has been used extensively for the study of urinary bladder function, the relatively small size and capacity of the urinary bladder has made the functional evaluation of the bladder difficult. The present study describes an in vitro whole rat bladder preparation with which we were able to measure the following properties of urinary bladder function: (1) the pressure‐volume relationship (cystometry) of the isolated bladder; (2) intravesical pressure in response to pharmacological stimulation (isometric bladder contractility); (3) the ability of the bladder to expel its contents in response to pharmacological agents (isotonic contractility); and (4) the ability of the bladder to expand in response to pharmacological stimulation (isoproterenol).Bethanechol produced a dose‐related increase in intravesical pressure (“closed system”) in the isolated bladder. The maximal pressure response was inversely proportional to the initial volume of the bladder. Bethanechol also produced a dose‐related isotonic contraction of the bladder (“expulsion system”). Although bladders filled to one‐fourth, one‐half, three‐fourths, or full capacity were able to expel approximately 100% of their initial volume, there was a significant shift in potency. As the initial volume of the bladder increased, a higher concentration of bethanechol was required to empty the bladder.In general, the in vitro whole rat bladder model is a methodology by which bladder function can be evaluated. In this regard, it has significant advantages over isolated strip methodologies. With this model the ability of the bladder to empty, to generate intravesical pressure, and to relax can be measured. Prior studies have clearly demonstrated that the ability of isolated strips to contract may not accurately reflect the functional ability of the bladder to empty.
Morphometric analysis of muscle cell changes in the short‐term partially obstructed rabbit detrusor
Authors: Meyer Sabine , Atta Mohamed A. , Wein Alan J. , Levin Robert M. , Elbadawi Ahmad 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been shown previously that both degenerative and regenerative muscle cell changes occur in the partially obstructed rabbit detrusor and are largely reversed after relief of the obstruction [Elbadawi et al., 1989]. In the present study, we quantitated these changes in the same animal model to define their chronologic evolution. Specimens for electron microscopic study were obtained from the bladder body detrusor in three normal rabbits, fifteen rabbits with 1–14 days of partial bladder outlet obstruction, and seven rabbits relieved of a 7‐day obstruction for 14 or 28 days. Sections from each specimen were analyzed quantitatively for the prevalence of normal, degenerative, and regenerative muscle cell profiles by determining the percentage of photographic prints showing only normal muscle cells and those depicting muscle cell change. Prints of 684 semirandom and 95 truly random photographs were so analyzed. Absolute counts of the various types of muscle cell profiles were also made in the former group of prints for comparison. In addition, 174 prints were analyzed for the presence of hypertrophic cell profiles. All data were analyzed statistically by the appropriate methods. Our observations led to classification of the material studied into three categories: (a) control, which includes both the normal and 1‐day obstructed groups; (b) obstructed, including the 3–7 day obstructed groups in which both degenerative and regenerative changes were maximal; and (c) recovered, including the 14‐day obstructed and both 14‐ and 28‐day deobstructed groups in which muscle cell changes were markedly—though incompletely—reversed. Our findings form a structural basis for the changes in contractility and biochemical profile of the partially obstructed detrusor that have been described previously in the same model [Malkowicz et al., 1986].
Quantitative analysis of intercellular changes in the short‐term partially obstructed rabbit detrusor
Authors: Meyer Sabine , Levin Robert M. , Ruggieri Michael R. , Wein Alan J. , Elbadawi Ahmad 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a previous qualitative ultrastructural study, we developed the impression that muscle cell changes following partial outlet obstruction of the rabbit bladder are associated with an increase in the width of intercellular spaces [Elbadawi et al., 1989]. In the present study, we tested that impression by direct measurement of intercellular distances using a simple method that we devised for that purpose. The material for study was obtained from 25 New Zealand White male rabbits, including three normal controls, 15 with partial bladder outlet obstruction, and seven with 7‐day obstruction followed by deobstruction. Specimens from the body detrusor were obtained from each animal and processed for electron microscopy by standard methods. Multiple sections from each sample were studied. A total of 3,889 individual measurements made in 163 electron photomicrographic prints were evaluated statistically. A statistically significant progressive increase in the width of intercellular spaces was observed over the 14‐day period of obstruction, confirming our previous qualitative impression. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the width of spaces between the deobstructed and the 7‐day obstructed detrusor. Our observations underscore the fact that evaluation of the intercellular compartment by measuring its volume density does not reflect the true width of spaces between muscle cells of the pathologically altered detrusor. The herein verified progressively wider separation of detrusor muscle cells following partial bladder outlet obstruction probably hampers both electrotonic and mechanical coupling of muscle cells, thus preventing efficient and coordinated detrusor muscular responses to neural stimuli.
Ultrastructural changes in the obstructed pig detrusor: A preliminary report
Authors: Meyer Sabine , Hassouna Magdy , Mokhless Ibrahim , Coolsaet Bo L. R. A. , Elhilali Mostafa M. , Elbadawi Ahmad 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInterest in using the pig to study the effects of urinary tract obstruction on the kidney has been established for some time. The present study was intended as a pilot investigation to find out whether or not structural changes in the detrusor occur in a chronic obstructive pig model. Because of the pilot nature of the study, and the high cost of purchase and maintenance of pigs, it was limited to one normal and one obstructed animal. Obstruction was created by allowing a young pig to grow for 7 weeks with an inactive inflatable urethral cuff in place. Samples from the bladder body detrusor were obtained from this and from a normal pig. These were then processed for electron microscopy by standard procedures. Multiple sections of each sample were examined and photographed to determine the structural status of muscle cells, the width of intercellular spaces and the relative area of muscle cell junctions. In samples from the obstructed pig, we found (1) no evidence of degeneration or regeneration of muscle cells; (2) hypertrophy of detrusor muscle cells; (3) widening of intercellular spaces (from 237 nm in the normal to 503 nm in the obstructed pig); (4) intercellular deposits of basal lamina‐like material; and (5) reduction of junctional sarcolemmal area relative to total sarcolemmal area as well as total muscle cell volume. All morphometric data were statistically significant. The observed reduction of muscle cell junctional area may be a “dilution” effect secondary to muscle cell hypertrophy, and/or represent a true loss of junctions. Despite the small sample size, our findings suggest that ultrastructural obstructive detrusor changes occur and indicate the need for further investigation to define the scope and chronologic evolution of these changes.
Urodynamics in enuretics I: Reservoir function
Authors: Nørgaard J. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCystometry appearance day and night was investigated in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Repeated CMG's were performed on two occasions in the awake state and once during sleep. The study revealed a low incidence of unstable bladder contractions during the day. A significantly higher incidence of unstable bladder at nighttime did not correlate to the enuretic events. Except for the occurrence of unstable bladder contractions, the mean urodynamic data for the group was reproducible. A full bladder from an otherwise normal bladder capacity triggered enuresis. The start of micturition during enuresis was shown to coincide with an abnormally low pelvic floor EMG activity.
Prospective evaluation of the incontan transrectal stimulator in women with urinary incontinence
Authors: Leach G. E. , Bavendam T. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of transrectal electrical stimulation with the Incontan device in women with urinary incontinence. Since July 1986, 36 women with various types of urodynamically documented urinary incontinence were treated with an integrated, automatic, rectally inserted electrical stimulator (the Incontan device). Despite previous optimistic reports of successful treatment with this device, the study group experienced significant problems with electronic device failure (32 out of 64 Incontan devices distributed), as well as having a high “drop‐out” rate (34 out of 36 women). At 6 months, only 2 of 36 women (6%) experienced subjective benefit from Incontan stimulation, although no significant change was documented on follow‐up urodynamic study. Incontan transrectal electrical stimulation is not a viable treatment option for female urinary incontinence due to poor patient acceptance and an unacceptable electronic failure rate of the device.
Pad‐weighing tests: A literature survey on test accuracy and reproducibility
Authors: Kromann‐Andersen B. , Jakobsen H. , Andersen J. Thorup 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this literature survey different tests for quantitation of urinary leakage were assessed. Special attention was paid to test reproducibility and accuracy in the detection of urine loss. It is concluded that the reproducibility of the International Continence Society (ICS) 1‐hour test is not optimal, that the reliability of the ICS 1‐hour test is insufficient, and that the discrimination value for incontinence should be a urine loss of more than 1 g per hour. Recommendations for further research are made.
Effects of guanabenz on bladder function after spinal cord injury
Authors: Sotolongo Jose R. , Tomasula John J. , Naftchi Eric 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of guanabenz, an alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonist, on urinary bladder function and neurological recovery was studied in cats subjected to a 400 gm‐cm contusion injury of the thoracic spinal cord. Eight cats were treated with 1.3 mg/kg of guanabenz three hours after injury and then twice daily for eight weeks. Four injured cats were used as controls (untreated), and 12 intact cats were used as normal controls. Cystometrograms were used to measure bladder function in all the animals studied.Guanabenz given intraperitoneally significantly improved urinary bladder function and neurological recovery. It appears that treatment of spinal cats with guanabenz has an ameliorative effect on functional reorganization of the central spinal pathways modulating spasticity, micturition, and lower limb function.
Mechanical properties of the urethra in females with genuine stress incontinence: Static measurements in the resting urethra
Authors: Lose Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe pressure (Pura)‐cross‐sectional area (CA) relationship in the resting urethra was examined in 30 females with genuine stress incontinence (GSI). Measurements were performed at the bladder neck, in the high‐pressure zone, and in the distal part of the urethra. From the two variables urethral elastance (dPura/dCA) and hysteresis were calculated. The results were compared with those obtained in normal females. Urethral elastance, hysteresis, and urethral pressure showed significant differences at the three sites of measurement. Urethral elastance was significantly decreased at the bladder neck in patients with GSI as compared to normal women, while the urethral pressure was significantly decreased all along the urethra. It is suggested that both mechanical weakness all along the urethra and decreased deformability of the urethral wall may be of pathophysiologic importance in GSI.
Clinical significance of axial variations in female urethral pressure profiles
Authors: Benson J. Thomas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that when urethral pressure profiles are measured with microtip transducers on relatively stiff catheters, there is an important difference in the profile when measured with the transducers facing anteriorly and posteriorly. It has been suggested that patients with demonstrable genuine stress urinary incontinence had notably lower posteriorly derived urethral pressure profiles than anteriorly derived pressure profiles. A clinical consideration of this factor has been studied in 25 patients; 19 had accepted urodynamic evidence of genuine stress urinary incontinence and 6 did not. The use of posteriorly derived pressure profiles in comparison with anteriorly derived as a test for genuine stress urinary incontinence showed a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of only 33.3%. However, when correlated with patients showing lack of anatomic support of vaginal and paraurethral structures, the sensitivity and specificity is significant. Anatomic considerations leading to these findings are suggested.
Continence interval in elderly incontinent men
Authors: O'Donnell Pat D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrinary incontinence is a serious management problem among elderly patients. The care and management of chronic care patients is more difficult in those having urinary incontinence. The level of care required is dependent on both the continence and incontinence behavior of the patient. The continence behavior in this study is presented as the time interval between episodes of involuntary urine loss. The continence interval in elderly inpatient men having severe incontinence was found to be significantly longer in patients having a larger measured cystometric bladder capacity as well as in patients having greater independence in activities of daily living. Significant variability in the continence interval was measured for each patient over a wide range of continence intervals and resulted in an irregular pattern of time between episodes of incontinence. The irregular continence intervals suggest an instability of the central nervous system sensory‐motor regulatory mechanism of bladder control in the elderly.
Comparison of different methods for quantification of urinary leakage in incontinent women
Authors: Mouritsen Lone , Berild Grethe , Hertz Jens 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo evaluate different methods for assessment of diagnosis and severity of urinary incontinence, 72 women underwent two consecutive 24 hours pad tests, a 1 hour pad test, a stress test, urodynamic examination, and a voiding‐cysto‐urethrography. The results were analysed and related to clinical findings.The 24 hours pad test revealed a good patient compliance, was as informative as to grade of incontinence as a 48 hours test, was reliable for all grades and types of incontinence, and correlated to clinical findings.The 1 hour pad test underestimated the grade of incontinence and was less correlated to clinical parameters than the 24 hours test.To estimate a level for pathological leakage, 25 continent controls underwent a 24 hours pad test. The results of the pad tests could be stratified by mean leakage per 24 hours as follows: up to 5 g in continent women, 40 g in mild incontinence, 80 g in moderate incontinence, and 200 g in severe incontinence.It could be concluded that a 24 hours home test was the pad test of choice for quantification and diagnosis of urinary incontinence.
Autonomic sympathetic nerve involvement in diabetic impotence
Authors: Ertekin Cumhur , Ertekin Nezihe , Almis Sait 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSympathetic skin potentials (SSP) were evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation of the hands, feet, and genital skin of 49 diabetics with erectile impotence. Eight potent diabetic men were used as controls. The bulbocavernosus reflex latency (BCR) was also recorded from all patients. The BCR was prolonged in 31% of impotent patients, while the SSP were absent in the genital skin in 47%. Fifty nine percent had either prolonged BCR or absent SSP. In 12 patients with “subacute impotence” the electrophysiological findings were abnormal in 10 (83%). In 37 patients with slowly progressive impotence, 51% had electrophysiological abnormalities.It was concluded that pelvic‐autonomic neuropathy is one of the major contributing factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic erectile impotence, especially in the subacutely developing cases; however, neuropathic and vascular factors probably both play a part in the pathogenesis of impotence in the majority of cases with a slowly progressive course.
Detrusor instability in prostatic obstruction in relation to urethral opening pressure
Authors: Cucchi A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForty males with bladder outflow obstruction from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)—20 with unstable bladders and 20 with stable ones—were studied. All of these patients have been assessed both clinically and urodynamically. The presence of instability was found to be associated with a higher urethral opening pressure as well as to involve important changes in voiding dynamics, i.e., an increased velocity of shortening of the contracting detrusor and, most likely, an actively increased mechanical capability of the bladder smooth muscle to generate external voiding power. It seems that the link between an increased opening pressure and the presence of instability, with the consequent changes in voiding dynamics, can be well explained 1) by the theory that obstructive detrusor instability is a denervation supersensitivity phenomenon or even 2) by a pathological urethrovesical reflex, activated by abnormal afferent stimuli from an anatomically altered prostatic urethra. Both hypotheses are discussed herein. No correlation was found between the severity of detrusor trabeculation and the presence of instability. Such a feature is believed to depend on the aforementioned increase in the muscle mechanical capability of the detrusor. This might lessen the need for bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy (as a force generator) to develop in response to infravesical obstruction and thereby even the chance for collagen fibers to be produced by hypertrophic smooth muscle cells.
Diuretics and urinary incontinence in community‐dwelling women
Authors: Fantl J. A. , Wyman J. F. , Wilson M. , Elswick R. K. , Bump R. C. , Wein A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relationship between diuretics and involuntary urine loss is poorly understood. This study presents data on 130 community‐dwelling women with urinary incontinence. Forty‐five of these women took diuretics and 85 did not. These groups were compared with regard to clinical and urodynamic characteristics and severity of urinary incontinence and of diurnal and nocturnal micturition frequency. Subjects on diuretics were heavier (P<0.01), had higher systolic blood pressure (P<0.001), and had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (P<0.001) and diabetes (P<0.001). In addition, they used cardiovascular medications more often (P<0.001) and had been treated for incontinence previously more frequently (P<0.001). Urodynamic variables showed essentially no significant differences other than the volume voided during uroflowmetry, with subjects on diuretics voiding significantly smaller volumes than subject not taking such drugs (P<0.05). Those on diuretics had significantly more incontinent episodes (P<0.01) and diurnal urinary frequency (P = 0.001). In addition, those subjects on diuretics who had bladder instability lost significantly larger quantities of fluid during testing (P<0.05) and had more episodes of nocturia (P<0.01). Although some findings can be explained by an increased diuresis, others cannot. A local pharmacologic effect is thought unlikely. Changes in sensitivity threshold due to habit, or behavior is considered possible. Diuretics and/or conditions associated with their use seem to influence the severity of the syndrome of urinary incontinence.
Urodynamics in comatose patients
Authors: Wyndaele J. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrodynamics were investigated in 15 patients in coma due to brain lesion. In 5 acute patients who had spontaneous micturition, cystometry showed bladder overactivity. A low‐compliance bladder with a large capacity and noncontractile detrusor was found in 5 acute patients with temporary urinary retention. In 5 patients with prolonged coma, complete bladder emptying and detrusor‐sphincter synergia was found. These findings are correlated with modern concepts of lower urinary tract neurophysiology.
Recruitment experiences in a stress incontinence clinical trial
Authors: Burns,Ph.D Patricia A. , Nochajski Thomas , Desotelle Patricia Clesse , Pranikoff Kevin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMajor delays and subsequent alterations in randomized controlled clinical trials have been attributed to poor or failed recruitment. This paper presents the recruitment methods used successfully to obtain a homogenous sample of females with stress urinary incontinence. This sample was recruited to investigate the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment. Recruitment methods and their cost effectiveness are presented for the trial's three year duration. Yields are presented as ratios of recruited/randomized subjects. Analysis showed professional referrals to have the lowest cost/yield, while newspaper advertisement produced the highest recruited/subject retention. As a result of this trial's experiences recommendations were made for differing recruitment strategies according to source/yield with additional special plans for recruiting elderly, lower income, inner city, or minority subjects.
Animal study of pudendal nerve cuff electrode implants for collision block of motor activity
Authors: Sweeney J. D. , Mortimer J. T. , Bodner D. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThrough previous acute animal studies we have developed an asymmetric two electrode cuff (ATEC) implant for collision block of orthodromic pudendal nerve motor activity. In this paper we describe preliminary results concerning the effectiveness and safety of unilateral pudendal nerve ATECs implanted for 1 month in three adult male dogs. An apparent temporary pressure block of large fiber conduction in the implanted nerve trunks produced distinctive differences between the 2‐week and 4‐week tests in all three animals. In the first two implants significant nerve trunk tissue damage due presumably to surgical trauma and/or cuff encapsulation decreased the effectiveness of ATEC function; however, with the third implant virtually no damage was detected and ATEC effectiveness was high.