bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment on Jett's “Pueblo Indian Migrations”
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSouthwestern archaeologists generally agree with Jett's opinion that more than one cause was involved in the widespread 13th-century Pueblo migrations, but they may disagree with his emphasis on the influence of non-Pueblo enemy groups, for which actual evidence remains meager, and his de-emphasis on the effect of known drought conditions. A serious specific error, however, lies in his use of the “Flagstaff” (Pueblo Plateau) tree-ring record for prehistoric weather fluctuation in areas of the Rio Grande and southern Arizona, since these are completely outside the area defined by Douglass, Schulman, and others for the “Flagstaff” chart. Past weather conditions in the Rio Grande frequently contrasted or differed in degree of wet and dry periods, as indicated by the Rio Grande tree-ring chart, and some areas of the Southwest still are not covered by charts.
On the “Making” of an Assemblage of Stone Tools
Authors: Ammerman Albert J. , Feldman Marcus W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn attempt is made to view an assemblage of stone tools as something in the process of being generated over time. A formal model is developed which includes variables such as activities and tool types and also draws attention to somewhat less visible variables that enter into the formation of an assemblage such as the dropping rates of tools and mapping relations between tool types and activities. Implications of the model for the interpretation of correlation coefficients which are often used in the quantitative analysis of assemblages and also for the "functional" argument are discussed.
Geoarchaeology: The Geomorphologist and Archaeology
Authors: Gladfelter Bruce G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe contributions of the earth sciences, particularly geomorphology and sedimentary petrography, to the interpretation and environmental reconstruction of archaeological contexts is called "geoarchaeology." The physical context provides a palaeo-environmental legacy liable to patterning and interpretation just as artifacts imply prehistoric cultural activity. Through field study and laboratory analyses, the geoarchaeologist elaborates the micro-, meso-, and macro-environments of a site, and provides input for erecting prehistoric human activity patterns in time and space. The categories of information that must be examined in the field, the range of interpretive problems that confront the field worker, and the laboratory techniques which corroborate field interpretations can be illustrated by examining archaeology in an alluvial site. These considerations emphasize the need to involve the geomorphologist in all aspects of the design and execution of an archaeological excavation.
An Ancient Clay Mine at Yo’ K'at, Yucatan
Authors: Arnold Dean E. , Bohor Bruce F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the contemporary clay mine at Hacienda Yo’ K'at, Yucatan, and documents the archaeological association of a restored sherd-tool of Puuc slateware in a collapsed tunnel of the mine. The shape of the sherd and its in situ position suggest that it was used to gather clay in the mine during the period of A.D. 800-1000. The paper suggests the relationship of these data to the neutron activation studies of Yucatan pottery and their contribution to the study of ancient Maya trade.
Mound J, Monte Albán: Possible Astronomical Orientation
Authors: Aveni Anthony F. , Linsley Robert M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMound J, Monte Albán, a building of peculiar orientation and shape, has been mapped and tested for astronomical orientation. At the time of construction of the building, a line perpendicular to the base of the steps of J would have pointed to the rising position of the bright star Capella, which rose heliacally on one of the days of solar zenith passage. We note the existence of a possible zenith sighting tube built into the steps of building r which lies in the line of sight. A second coincidence is discussed in which 5 of the 25 brightest stars are found to have set close to the azimuth of the "point" of the building at the time it was erected.
On the Methodology of Faunal Analysis
Authors: Grayson Donald K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough faunal analysis has a long history in archaeological studies, little emphasis has been placed upon the development of methodologies which would allow the valid and reliable analysis of animal remains from archaeological sites. The most crucial decision which a faunal analyst must make as regards the statistical manipulation of his data concerns the proper unit to use in that manipulation. The 2 units which seem to have gained most popularity in faunal studies are discussed, as are the generally non-comparable results which stem from the various ways in which 1 of these units—the minimum number of individuals—has been applied. Finally, suggestions for the standardization of the use of minimum numbers in faunal analysis are made.
Mushrooms, Drugs, and Potters: A New Approach to the Function of Precolumbian Mesoamerican Mushroom Stones
Authors: Kôhler Ulrich 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe function of archaeological mushroom stones has been subject to various speculations. Recently their explanation as ritual objects, associated with the ceremonial consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms, seems on its way to general acceptance. The subsequent analysis refutes such an interpretation and reveals their real function as potters’ molds.
A Preservative Compound for Archaeological Materials
Authors: Brown Margaret Kimball 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA compound is described which has been used in the field for consolidation of bone, shell, stone, pottery, fabric, and so forth. It has also been used in the laboratory with satisfactory results. This preparation can be applied to damp materials in the ground and allows for the preservation of otherwise nonrecoverable items. The ease of preparation and application makes it useful without requiring special training. The compound is water soluble and, importantly, the treatment is reversible, so that if different treatment is desired in the future the compound can be removed.
Maya Blue—A New Perspective
Authors: Littmann Edwin R. 
Published: April 2006

A detailed and critical review of the literature pertaining to Maya Blue led to the conclusion that the presence of indigo as an integral component of the pigment has not, as yet, been established by acceptable scientific criteria. A Maya Blue was prepared from indigo and attapulgite which had all the observed properties of the authentic pigment. Although the experiments performed in the present study can hardly be called scientific proof of the composition of the prehistoric material, they strongly suggest that the colorant was indigo, at least in one type of Maya Blue.The strong emphasis usually placed upon the identification of attapulgite as the base mineral of Maya Blue seems to be an exercise in the use of identification equipment. The question of whether attapulgite, a clay of variable composition and available from widely separated sources, is the base of Maya Blue is immaterial. It appears that any clay containing palygorskite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, or possibly other minerals free of plate-like crystal structures can be converted to a Maya Blue pigment with all the observed chemical and physical properties of the authentic material.The present experimental work and some reported observations regarding variations in shade and color of Maya Blue specimens suggest there may be more than one pigment so designated and that a blue mont-morillonite is one of the alternatives to an indigo-colored clay for post-firing decoration of pottery and mural painting.The technical studies which form the basis for some of the conclusions reached will be found in the appendix to this report.
Spatial Analysis of Occupation Floors I: Application of Dimensional Analysis of Variance
Authors: Whallon Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA statistical procedure for the analysis of patterns of spatial distribution of artifacts over occupation areas is outlined. This procedure envisions 3 steps: the testing for non-randomness of spatial concentrations in the distribution of each class of artifacts, the reorganization of the data so as to best reflect such concentrations in the analysis of intercorrelation among those artifact classes which exhibit significant spatial patterning, and finally the analysis of spatial intercorrelations among these artifact classes and the definition of clusters of classes of artifacts based on their similarity of distribution over the area concerned. A new statistical method called dimensional analysis of variance is presented as a method with which to begin this series of steps. Dimensional analysis of variance works with data in the form of counts per grid unit, thus making it applicable in many archaeological situations for which no other statistical methods are available for spatial analysis. The procedure of spatial analysis, based on dimensional analysis of variance, is illustrated with the analysis of a preceramic occupation floor in a small cave in the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Prehistoric Pottery
Authors: Weymouth John W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis is a preliminary report on a quantitative method for grouping prehistoric pottery using x-ray diffraction techniques. Of the various analytical methods that have been applied to the analysis of pottery, x-ray diffraction techniques have been among the least used, and then usually to obtain qualitative information. Most analytic methods measure the relative abundance of chemical elements, but diffraction patterns give information on the crystalline substances in the pottery. In this study, attention is directed to the crystalline components of the temper rather than the clays or their derivatives. The method groups pottery according to the relative concentrations of such minerals as quartz, calcite, and the feldspars. Thus, success depends on reasonable consistency in the use of tempering materials by pottery makers at one time and place. I have examined a number of sherds from different sites in Iowa and Missouri supplied by Dale R. Henning, University of Nebraska. The results so far indicate that it is possible to group prehistoric pottery by a quantitative analysis of the x-ray diffraction pattern of the temper in the pottery.
Nupe State and Community
Authors: Nadel S. F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn central Nigeria, between 8° 30' and 10° 30' N. lat., lies Nupe-land. Two rivers form its boundaries, the Niger to the south and west, the Kontagora river to the north. Another river marks its central axis: the Kaduna. The boundary to the east is formed by the gradually rising land, which eventually reaches the hills of Gwari country. It is a low, open, fertile country, covering roughly 7,000 sq. m., inhabited by a population who were known from the ancient days, and all over Nigeria, as an industrious and able people. The census of 1931 gives their number as 326,000, but for various reasons one may safely take it to be considerably higher, probably up to half a million.
The Changing Position of Women in the Sierra Leone Protectorate
Authors: Little K. L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWomen in the Sierra Leone Protectorate fulfil a role which, as in the case of the men, varies in accordance with their social age. In the early stages there is little distinction between the sexes either in training or in their relation to the rest of the community.Among the Mende, the arrival of a female child is greeted by the women with even greater delight than is that of a boy. They say that girls do not forget their mothers in time of need as boys sometimes do. A girl, like a male child, is named according to whether she is the first or a subsequent surviving child of her mother; if she is the first she will be known as Boi. The children who follow her may be named after various ancestors, or after important living members of the family. The naming is done four days after birth, and the individual woman, whose name the child is to bear, carries her out in the early morning, faces the sun, spits three times on to the child's face, and says: ‘Resemble me in all my ways and deeds, because you are named after me.’ As an infant, the child is referred to as nyalui, and though she may enjoy the considerable affection of both parents, her social significance is very small. Should she die, there is no crying for her. The corpse is simply wrapped up in leaves and buried under a banana tree, or at some other place where it is customary to deposit rubbish.
Leaf‐Mimicking Superstructured Porous Membrane with Multiple Bioactive Pro‐Healing Functions for Effective Guided Bone Regeneration
Authors: He Wenyi , Li Qianqian , Zhang Mengqi , Qin Yiran , Luo Shulu , Cen Zongheng , Li Yan , Zheng Bingna , Wu Shuyi , Wu Dingcai 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBarrier membrane, a key material for guided bone regeneration surgery, is applied between soft and hard tissue interfaces in complex oral environment. The abilities to integrate contradictory requirements and self‐regulate the local microenvironment are highly desirable for barrier membrane but remain challenging to achieve. Herein, inspired by the leaf's hierarchical multifunctional synergy, a kind of superstructured porous membrane (SPM), integrating asymmetric surface pores, interconnected macropores and functional micropores, is developed based on the combination of breath figure and phase separation. For the SPM, the densely porous layer can inhibit penetration of soft tissue cells and maintain osteogenic space, and the loosely porous layer with interconnected microporous channels can effectively promote the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts, help to transport nutrients, and expose functional components. Meanwhile, porous carbon nanospheres introduced into SPM as multifunctional core components can ameliorate the undesirable microenvironment by scavenging reactive oxygen species, repairing bioelectrical environment, and killing bacteria, thus achieving multiple bioactive pro‐healing functions for efficient bone regeneration in vivo. These findings can open an appealing avenue for developing high‐performance barrier membranes as well as many other implant materials.
Frustrated Lewis Pairs on Zr Single Atoms Supported N‐Doped TiO2‐x Catalysts for Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction To Ammonia
Authors: Yang Lekuan , Wang Chaochen , Li Yufeng , Ge Wangxin , Tang Lei , Shen Jianhua , Zhu Yihua , Li Chunzhong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of nitrates (NO3RR) for ammonia synthesis at room temperature holds immense potential. One key challenge is the adsorption and activation of NO3−, along with the provision of sufficient active hydrogen to accelerate the hydrogenation process. Here, the study prepares N‐doped TiO2‐x supported by Zr single atoms (Zr‐TiON) with rich oxygen vacancies (Ov), in which unsaturated Zr (Lewis acidic, LA) sites together with oxygen atoms around Ov (Lewis base, LB) form frustrated Lewis acid‐base pairs (FLPs). At −60 mA cm−2, NH3 Faradaic efficiency reaches 94.8%, corresponding to the production rate of 663.15 µmol h−1 mgcat−1. The yield rate is up to 26.16 mmol h−1mgcat−1 at −1 A cm−2 in flowing electrolyzer. Theoretical calculations and in situ spectroscopy analysis reveal that the interaction between LA and LB sites in FLPs plays a crucial role in facilitating adsorption and activation of electron‐rich NO3− and electron‐deficient *H. The presence of enhanced FLPs significantly reduces the energy barrier for H2O dissociation, lowering it to 0.20 eV, which facilitates subsequent hydrogenation reactions. The abundance of *H accelerates hydrogenation process, thereby enhancing the activity of NO3RR. This FLP design offers a promising approach for paving the way for the development of highly efficient NO3RR catalysts.
Peptide‐Drug Conjugate with Statistically Designed Transcellular Peptide for Psoriasis‐Like Inflammation
Authors: Bae Do Hyun , Bae Hayeon , Yu Hyung‐Seok , Dorjsembe Banzragch , No Young Hyun , Kim Taejung , Kim Nam Hyeong , Kim Jin‐Woo , Kim Jiyool , Lee Bok‐Soo , Kim Ye Ji , Park Seongchan , Khaleel Zinah Hilal , Sa Deok Hyang , Lee Eui‐Chul , Lee Jaecheol , Ham Jungyeob , Kim Jin‐Chul , Kim Yong Ho 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPeptide‐drug conjugates (PDCs) are a promising class of drug delivery systems that utilize covalently conjugated carrier peptides with therapeutic agents. PDCs offer several advantages over traditional drug delivery systems including enhanced target engagement, improved bioavailability, and increased cell permeability. However, the development of efficient transcellular peptides capable of effectively transporting drugs across biological barriers remains an unmet need. In this study, physicochemical criteria based on cell‐penetrating peptides are employed to design transcellular peptides derived from an antimicrobial peptides library. Among the statistically designed transcellular peptides (SDTs), SDT7 exhibits higher skin permeability, faster kinetics, and improved cell permeability in human keratinocyte cells compared to the control peptide. Subsequently, it is found that 6‐Paradol (PAR) exhibits inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase 4, which can be utilized for an anti‐inflammatory PDC. The transcellular PDC (SDT7‐conjugated with PAR, named TM5) is evaluated in mouse models of psoriasis, exhibiting superior therapeutic efficacy compared to PAR alone. These findings highlight the potential of transcellular PDCs (TDCs) as a promising approach for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
Revealing Seed‐Mediated Structural Evolution of Copper‐Silicide Nanostructures: Generating Structured Current Collectors for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Sankaran Abinaya , Kapuria Nilotpal , Beloshapkin Sergey , Ahad Syed Abdul , Singh Shalini , Geaney Hugh , Ryan Kevin M 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMetal silicide thin films and nanostructures typically employed in electronics have recently gained significant attention in battery technology, where they are used as active or inactive materials. However, unlike thin films, the science behind the evolution of silicide nanostructures, especially 1D nanowires (NWs), is a key missing aspect. CuxSiy nanostructures synthesized by solvent vapor growth technique are studied as a model system to gain insights into metal silicide formation. The temperature‐dependent phase evolution of CuxSiy structures proceeds from Cu>Cu0.83Si0.17>Cu5Si>Cu15Si4. The role of Cu diffusion kinetics on the morphological progression of Cu silicides is studied, revealing that the growth of 1D metal silicide NWs proceeds through an in situ formed, Cu seed‐mediated, self‐catalytic process. The different CuxSiy morphologies synthesized are utilized as structured current collectors for K‐ion battery anodes. Sb deposited by thermal evaporation upon Cu15Si4 tripod NWs and cube architectures exhibit reversible alloying capacities of 477.3 and 477.6 mAh g−1 at a C/5 rate. Furthermore, Sb deposited Cu15Si4 tripod NWs anode tested in Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries demonstrate reversible capacities of ≈518 and 495 mAh g−1.
Neuromorphic Nanoionics for Human–Machine Interaction: From Materials to Applications
Authors: Liu Xuerong , Sun Cui , Ye Xiaoyu , Zhu Xiaojian , Hu Cong , Tan Hongwei , He Shang , Shao Mengjie , Li Run‐Wei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHuman–machine interaction (HMI) technology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling seamless communication between humans and machines. Its expansion has extended into various emerging domains, including human healthcare, machine perception, and biointerfaces, thereby magnifying the demand for advanced intelligent technologies. Neuromorphic computing, a paradigm rooted in nanoionic devices that emulate the operations and architecture of the human brain, has emerged as a powerful tool for highly efficient information processing. This paper delivers a comprehensive review of recent developments in nanoionic device‐based neuromorphic computing technologies and their pivotal role in shaping the next‐generation of HMI. Through a detailed examination of fundamental mechanisms and behaviors, the paper explores the ability of nanoionic memristors and ion‐gated transistors to emulate the intricate functions of neurons and synapses. Crucial performance metrics, such as reliability, energy efficiency, flexibility, and biocompatibility, are rigorously evaluated. Potential applications, challenges, and opportunities of using the neuromorphic computing technologies in emerging HMI technologies, are discussed and outlooked, shedding light on the fusion of humans with machines.
Sprayable Hydrogel Sealant for Gastrointestinal Wound Shielding
Authors: Muñoz Taboada Gonzalo , Dahis Daniel , Dosta Pere , Edelman Elazer , Artzi Natalie 
Published: February 2024

AbstractNaturally occurring internal bleeding, such as in stomach ulcers, and complications following interventions, such as polyp resection post‐colonoscopy, may result in delayed (5–7 days) post‐operative adverse events—such as bleeding, intestinal wall perforation, and leakage. Current solutions for controlling intra‐ and post‐procedural complications are limited in effectiveness. Hemostatic powders only provide a temporary solution due to their short‐term adhesion to GI mucosal tissues (less than 48 h). In this study, a sprayable adhesive hydrogel for facile application and sustained adhesion to GI lesions is developed using clinically available endoscopes. Upon spraying, the biomaterial (based on polyethyleneimine‐modified Pluronic micelles precursor and oxidized dextran) instantly gels upon contact with the tissue, forming an adhesive shield. In vitro and in vivo studies in guinea pigs, rabbits, and pig models confirm the safety and efficacy of this biomaterial in colonic and acidic stomach lesions. The authors' findings highlight that this family of hydrogels ensures prolonged tissue protection (3–7 days), facilitates wound healing, and minimizes the risk of delayed complications. Overall, this technology offers a readily adoptable approach for gastrointestinal wound management.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Indolin‐2‐ones via a Photo Assisted Iron Catalyzed Borrowing Hydrogen Reaction
Authors: Song Dingguo , Chen Rong , Huang Weiwei , Yang Pengtao , Chen Lingxin , Zhang Jialin , Ling Fei , Zhong Weihui 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe reported a visible‐light‐induced iron‐catalyzed α‐alkylation of oxindoles with alcohols to offer a variety of α‐alkyled oxindoles at room temperature. This reaction featured broad substrate scope with good functional tolerance under simple conditions. Through a series of controlled experiments, we tried to elucidated the important role of light in this borrowing hydrogen (BH) reaction.