bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photopolymerization kinetics of ionic liquid monomers derived from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines and acid‐containing (meth)acrylates
Authors: Jiménez Zulma , Bounds Christopher , Hoyle Charles E. , Lowe Andrew B. , Zhou Hui , Pojman John A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolymerizable ionic liquids were synthesized from the neutralization reaction between trialkylamines (tributylamine, trihexylamine, trioctylamine, 2‐(dimethyl‐amino)ethyl acrylate, and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and acid‐containing (meth)acrylates to study the kinetics of their photopolymerization. The ionic liquids formed from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid with trialkylamines showed low or moderate increases in rate compared to their monofunctional analogues. The ionic liquids formed from (meth)acrylic acid and a tertiary amine with a pendant acrylate exhibited rates typical of traditional di(meth)acrylates, although the (meth)acrylates were not covalently attached to the same molecule. All of the phosphate‐based ionic liquids exhibited very rapid polymerization rates and strong dependence on the initial viscosity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3009–3021, 2007
Construction and purpose of effective field theories for frustrated magnetic order
Authors: Oppermann R. , Schmidt M. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reviews recent years' progress in the low temperature analysis of standard models of spin glass order such as the Sherrington‐Kirkpatrick (SK) model. Applications to CdTe/CdMnTe layered systems and explanation of glassy antiferromagnetic order at lowest temperatures stimulated us to study in detail the beautifully complex physical effects of replica symmetry breaking (RSB).We discuss analytical ideas based on highly precise numerical data which lead to the construction of relatively simple effective field theories for the SK model and help to understand the mysterious features of its exact solution. The goal is to find construction principles for the theory of interplay between frustrated magnetic order and various relevant physical degrees of freedom. The emphasis in this article is on the role of Parisi's RSB, which surprisingly creates critical phenomena in the low temperature limit despite the absence of a standard phase transition. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A comparative investigation of executive stress: A ten‐nation study
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Hensman Robin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn international study investigated 1065 senior and chief executives from 10 countries in terms of their mental health, job satisfaction and sources of job stress. It was found that executives from developing or rapidly changing societies were most ‘at risk’ of mental ill‐health and job dissatisfaction. Within‐country multiple regression analysis revealed that executives from the developed world suffered from a feeling of ‘lack of autonomy’, while those from the developing countries reflected more basic pressures of ‘work overload’, time pressures and deadlines, long working hours and, ultimately, the consequences of interpersonal difficulties with colleagues.
Non‐oestrogen therapy of the menopausal syndrome
Authors: Hegg Robert , da Fonseca Angela Maggio , Netto C. de Guarnieri , Filassi José Roberto , de Mello Nilson Roberto , de Souza Aurélio Zecchi , Salvatore Carlos Alberto 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA double‐blind study of cyclofenil plus diazepam compared to placebo was carried out in 30 postmenopausal patients at the Gynaecologic Clinic of São Paulo University Medical School. All patients had had amenorrhoea for at least one year before the trial. Kupperman Menopausal Index (KMI), FSH, LH, prolactin and oestradiol blood levels and vaginal smears were the data analysed.Cyclofenil 400 mg plus diazepam 10 mg po daily was the prescribed standard dose, which relieved the main symptoms of the menopausal syndrome. With the dose schedule used, neither blood hormone levels nor vaginal smears data showed any statistical difference before and after treatment. Also, no important side‐effects were observed.
The role of foreign subsidiaries in strategic decision‐making in swedish multinational corporations
Authors: Hedlund Gunnar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper describes how six large Swedish multinational corporations manage the task of assuring strategic integration between headquarters and foreign subsidiaries. Swedish companies are shown to address the problem in an informal way and by leaving their foreign subsidiaries a great deal of autonomy. However, in many instances the necessary integration is not assured. Cases of strategic conflict between parts of companies are analysed, characteristics of and trends in the environment of multinational corporations are identified, and theoretical considerations are applied. With this discussion as a basis, some suggestions are advanced about how to involve subsidiaries more in strategic decision making.
Equilibrium market share—a measure of competitive strength
Authors: Karnani Aneel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIf an oligopoly is modelled as a non‐zero‐sum game, then the market shares associated with an equilibrium solution can be interpreted as measuring the competitive strength of the firms. By comparing afirm's equilibrium market share with its actual market share, one can conclude whether the firm has positive or negative growth potential in terms of market share, which has some implications for its investment strategy.
Survivors of industry shake‐outs: The case of the U.S. color television set industry
Authors: Willard Gary E. , Cooper Arnold C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this article survivors and non‐survivors of the ‘shake‐out’ in the U.S. color television set industry are compared to determine how and along what dimensions these two classes of businesses differ. Two types of strategy variables are used in 18 hypotheses to probe similarities and differences at both the ‘corporate level’ and ‘business level’ of strategy. Significant differences are found, particularly at the business level. The findings are consistent with those of previous strategy research, but suggest that traditional wisdom regarding size, low costs and market share did not necessarily hold in this industry.
A two‐factor classification of competitive strategy variables
Authors: Varadarajan P. Rajan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses on the appropriateness of a two‐factor classification of competitive strategy variables as success producers and failure preventers. Theoretical frameworks which provide static and quasi‐dynamic perspectives of the proposed two‐factor classification are outlined. An empirical exposition of the success producing and failure preventing properties of marketing strategy variables is presented using the PIMS data. Strategic implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A computerized interactive technique for mapping influence diagrams (MIND)
Authors: Ramaprasad Arkalgud , Poon Eric 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA computerized interactive technique for mapping influence diagrams is presented. The technique can be used to elicit influence diagrams for large, complex business policy and planning problems, to map the diagrams, to encode more information in the diagrams than is possible with traditional techniques, and to do so systematically and efficiently. The technique can reduce the cognitive strain associated with mapping influence diagrams. At the same time it can improve the efficiency of interpretation and use of the diagrams.
Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Walsh James P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLittle is known about the effects of a merger or an acquisition on an acquired company's management team. This research follows the employment status of target companies' top managers for 5 years from the date of acquisition. Results indicate that turnover rates in acquired top management teams are significantly higher than ‘normal’ turnover rates, and that visible, very senior executives are likely to turn over sooner than their less‐visible colleagues. Variations in top management turnover rates, however, are not accounted for by type of acquisition (i.e. related or unrelated).
Differentiation strategies in ‘stalemate industries’
Authors: Calori R. , Ardisson J. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEmpirical studies conducted at the Institut de Recherche de l'Entreprise (Lyon, France) show that, in ‘stalemate industries’ (cf. the BCG's typology, 1981), differentiation strategies are effective and profitable alternatives to the usual strategic recommendations. The knowledge of customers' behavior shows up several opportunities for differentiation, hidden by some kind of ‘strategic presbyopia’. Total quality or ‘zero default’ strategy (product quality regularity, punctuality of deliveries, quick response to unexpected orders, quick and correct answers to requests, short delivery times) is the major opportunity for differentiation. Such strategies are compatible with a low‐cost position; excellent companies which succeeded in building this ‘total advantage’ (diferentiation + low cost) over their competitors enjoy the highest market share growth and profitability.
Measuring and modelling changes in strategy: Theoretical foundations and empirical directions
Authors: Ginsberg Ari 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConfronted by increasingly turbulent and complex environments, general managers have become more interested in understanding the conditions and forces that enable or disable successful changes in organizational strategies. Yet, largely because of their tendency to use fuzzy definitions and inadequate methodologies, empirical studies of changes in strategy have not provided practitioners with a set of well‐tested theories. To provide a basis for circumscribing, evaluating, and directing future research, this paper begins by developing a framework for assessing and modelling changes in strategy. After discussing the forces that influence their occurrence and performance outcomes, the paper reviews a representative sample of empirical studies in terms of two major questions: (1) how are changes in strategy conceptualized and modelled? and (2) what methods of observation and analysis are employed? This review concludes with a report of important patterns and concerns followed by suggestions for future research.
Corporate strategy and capital structure
Authors: Barton Sidney L. , Gordon Paul J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe basic thesis of this exploratory investigation was that a corporate strategy perspective may complement the traditional financial paradigm in explaining capital structure in large U.S. corporations. Earlier fusion of strategic and financial literature led to a series of propositions antecedent to this work. Inclusion of Rumelt's diversification categories plus elsewhere validated financial contextual variables led to hypotheses for the present study. Results suggest a managerial choice perspective may help to explain the capital structure choice at the firm level of analysis.
Strategies and boundaries: Subcontracting in construction
Authors: Üsdiken Behlül , Sözen Zeynep , Enbiyaoḡlu Hayat 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA central concern in studying organization environment relationships has been the issue of how boundaries of organizational activity are defined and altered. A specific organizational response that pertains to the issue of boundaries is subcontracting. Construction is one industry where subcontracting is used extensively. Eccles' (1981a) study shows, however, that there is great variation in the subcontracting practices of contractors. This paper reports an exploratory study on the possible determinants of the extent of subcontracting by the construction firm.
Flexibility: The next competitive battle the manufacturing futures survey
Authors: De Meyer Arnoud , Nakane Jinichiro , Miller Jeffrey G. , Ferdows Kasra 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOver the past 4 years research teams from INSEAD (Fontainebleau), Boston University and Waseda University (Tokyo) have administered a yearly survey on the manufacturing strategy of the large manufacturers of the three industrialized regions of the world. In this paper the results for the 1986 survey are compared. One of the most striking results of that year's survey is the emphasis some of the more advanced manufacturers put on their efforts to overcome the trade‐off between flexibility and cost efficiency. In particular for the Japanese respondents these attempts become clear. Europeans and North Americans are not yet seizing the opportunity to cut costs through rapid production and design changes, and are focusing more on traditional cost reduction programmes and the improvement of quality. This might mean that they are preparing the basis on which they can built to obtain added value from flexible automation. If this is the case then the Japanese are clearly ahead.
Choice and determinism: A test of Hrebiniak and Joyce's framework on strategy‐environment fit
Authors: Lawless Michael W. , Finch Linda K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the first empirical test of Hrebiniak and Joyce'S innovative model of business‐environment relations. Virtually all the literature prior to their Administrative Science Quarterly article (1985) assumes a zero‐sum relationship between managerial choice and environmental determinism. In the Hrebiniak and Joyce framework the two are orthogonal, and environments where management and environment are both weak or both powerful are possible. We first look for evidence of Hrebiniak and Joyce'S environment typology in 52 manufacturing industries previously specified by Dess and Beard (1984). Next, we test their propositions of strategy‐environment fit by classifying 146 firms into strategic groups, then evaluating each group in each environment. Our tests provide partial support for Hrebiniak and Joyce'S environment typology and for their contingent strategies. However, frequencies of firm location among the environments were highly skewed. These results suggest that strategy‐environment fit may not be as critical as market‐selection in the competitive success of firms.
Shifting gears: Enabling change in corporate aggressiveness
Authors: Fombrun Charles J. , Ginsberg Ari 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper interprets the corporate strategies of multi‐business firms as patterns in their aggregate deployment of resources to functional uses across businesses. By integrating business and corporate levels in the study of strategy‐making, such a perspective facilitates analyzing aggressiveness in corporate posture as a concept distinct from, but complementary to, competitive strategy and diversification. Changes in aggressiveness, we argue, result from the interplay of two sets of forces: (1) inhibitors that create inertia; and (2) inductors that stimulate redeployments. Specific hypotheses are tested using data drawm from a random sample of 352 firms in ten economic sectors between 1977 and 1984. Results support the view that prior performance and sector volatility have a curvilinear impact on the propensity of firms to change their corporate aggressiveness. Change in corporate posture is significantly inhibited by size and prior resource deployments. However, the inductive forces of prior performance and volatility act to stimulate change.
The linkage between strategy, strategic groups, and performance in the U.K. retail grocery industry
Authors: Lewis Pam , Thomas Howard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses upon the performance consequences of strategic group membership in a specific context, namely, the U.K. retail grocery industry. Alternative grouping procedures indicate that performance differences exist across groups‐in line with theoretical expectations‐for some of the multiple indicators of performance used in the study, specifically ROS (return on sales) but not ROCE (return on capital employed) or PER (price‐earnings ratio). A discriminant analysis model demonstrates that the strategic dimensions identified from in‐depth industry analysis are good performance discriminators. The results generally indicate that strategic groups are useful constructs for studying industry structure and competitive strategy, but that they generally do not explain performance differences. This is in line with the results of more recent studies, e.g. Cool and Schendel (1987) and Fiegenbaum (1987), which show limited evidence of performance differences suggesting perhaps that the unit of analysis for examining performance differences should be at the level of the firm. The study also shows that there are consistent patterns present in the positioning of the main strategic groups within the industry.
Generalinstandsetzung der Salzachbrücke Laufen–Oberndorf
Authors: Danzl Vitus , Niedermeier Stefan , Kallert Heike , Wurbs Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie in den Jahren 1902/1903 errichtete sogenannte “Länderbrücke” stellt ein technisches Denkmal besonderer Art dar. Erhebliche Schäden, vor allem infolge Korrosion, machten eine Instandsetzung der Brücke erforderlich. Die Planungen und die Bauausführung des denkmalgeschützten Bauwerkes wurden durch die Forderung erschwert, dass der Verkehr während der gesamten Baumaßnahme weitestgehend aufrecht zu erhalten war. Die Instandsetzung der Brücke hatte zum Ziel, die zulässige Verkehrsbelastung wieder auf 30 t anzuheben und die Dauerhaftigkeit bis zur nächsten Generalinstandsetzung in 20 bis 25 Jahren zu gewährleisten. Außerdem legte man größten Wert auf eine originalgetreue Wiederherstellung der Brücke und eine originalgetreue Restaurierung der Verzierungs, elemente.
Static tests on road bridge made from steel corrugated plates
Authors: Beben Damian , Mańko Zbigniew 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper deals with a new arch road bridge made from structural corrugated plates, over the Plawna Stream on a local road between Bystrzyca Klodzka and Ladek Zdroj in Stary Waliszow, Poland. The bridge replaced the old stone arch bridge destroyed during the flood of 1997. The steel bridge is founded on two continuous footings made of reinforced concrete. Its effective span is 10.00 m and clear height – 4.02 m. The results of tests carried out on the bridge under three static load schemes after four years of service are presented. The average values of the measured displacements and strains in selected points and elements of the steel shell structure were found to be considerably lower than the ones calculated for the same load. Since designs of this type are more and more often adopted for small‐ and medium‐size bridges, the conclusions drawn from the presented tests can be generalized to the whole class of such bridge structures.
Part count and design of robust systems
Authors: Frey Daniel , Palladino Joseph , Sullivan John , Atherton Malvern 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSystems engineering frequently includes efforts to reduce part count with the goal of cutting costs, enhancing performance, or improving reliability. This paper examines the engineering practices related to part count, applying three different theories—Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, Axiomatic Design, and Highly Optimized Tolerance. Case studies from the jet engine industry are used to illustrate the complicated tradesoffs involved in real‐world part count reduction efforts. The principal conclusions are that: (1) Part consolidation at the component level has generally been accomplished as technological advancements enable them which is consistent with the “law of ideality” in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving; (2) part count reduction frequently increases coupling among functional requirements, design parameters, and processing variables while also delivering higher reliability which conflicts with the theory of Axiomatic Design; and (3) at the overall system level, jet engine part count has generally increased in response to escalating demands for system robustness as suggested by the theory of Highly Optimized Tolerance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 203–221, 2007
Partial reduction of pyrroles: application to natural product synthesis
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Thomas Rhian E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe partial reduction of N‐Boc pyrroles has been explored giving stereoselective routes to disubstituted pyrrolines in good yields and with excellent diastereoselectivities. A novel methodology has been developed to carry out reductive aldol reactions on 2‐substituted N‐Boc pyrroles; use of aldehydes under reductive aldol conditions gave the anti aldol product in good selectivity. This chemistry was used as the key transformation in a synthesis of omuralide, which was achieved in 13 steps and 14% overall yield. We also report a methodology for selectively forming either cis or trans 2,5‐disubstituted pyrrolines via a partial reduction of an electron‐deficient N‐Boc pyrrole. The trans pyrroline formed using this route was utilized in the syntheses of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine natural products hyacinthacine A1 and 1‐epiaustraline. Further investigation has led to the development of routes to enantiopure substituted pyrroline compounds. This has been achieved via a chiral protonation approach using easily accessible chiral acids, such as ephedrine and oxazolidinones, to quench enolates formed during the partial reduction process. Alternatively, enzymatic desymmetrization of symmetrical diol compounds formed from the partial reduction products of substituted pyrroles is also reported. This leads to formation of both enantiomers of 2,2‐ and 2,5‐disubstituted N‐Boc pyrrolines in excellent ee and yields. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 180–190; 2007: Published online in Wiley Inter‐Science (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20115
Weak locally homogeneous turbulence and heat transfer with uniform normal strain
Authors: Deissler R. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTurbulence and longitudinal heat transfer for an axisymmetric accelerating or decelerating flow are analyzed. The analysis is based on generalized two‐point correlation equations which are obtained from the incompressible Navier‐Stokes, continuity, and energy equations. Viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the effects of mean strain are retained in the analysis, but the turbulence is assumed to be weak enough to neglect the triple correlation terms in the equations in comparison with the other terms. The calculated longitudinal turbulent heat transfer in the decelerating case is discussed in connection with the heat transfer at a stagnation point.
Large deflection of a supported circular plate having a non‐linear stress‐strain relation
Authors: Ohashi Yoshio , Kamiya Norio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper, fundamental equations for analysing a large deflection of thin circular plate having non‐linear stress‐strain relation were introduced by expressing the stress‐strain relation with a third order polynomial form between the effective stress and strain, and taking into account the effects of the compressibility of material and the membrane force induced by the deflection of the plate. Though the above mentioned representation cannot be applied for largeemore than a certain limit, since the limit corresponds with a fairly large deflection of the plate, the result of analysis may be considered as useful in actual purpose. The corresponding experiment using an aluminium alloy plate showed a good agreement with the analytical result within a fairly wide range of strain and proved a high accuracy of this analysis.
Asymptotische Darstellungen von Stieltjesintegralen mit Anwendungen auf Reihen
Authors: Riedel R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn der Arbeit wird die Übertragung eines bekannten Verfahrens zur Ermittlung der asymptotischen Darstellung von Integralen auf Stieltjesintegrale vorgenommen. Damit werden für Reihen asymptotische Darstellungen aufgestellt, wobei von einigen analoge Formeln für Integrale bekannt waren, bei anderen eine solche Analogie nicht besteht.