bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 The Politics of Transparency and the Moral Work of Truth
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The proliferation of truth commissions and the establishment of a “right to truth” concerning human rights violations embody a politics of transparency that makes moral claims for truth telling about violence and injustice. This chapter argues that having told, being told, and telling truths in these cases has more than the instrumental value of identifying wrongs. Truth telling, through acknowledgment and voice, serves to establish or restore the dignity of victims and to reconfigure a moral community. Dignity is the moral standing of a full participant in practices of mutual accountability. Acknowledgment, as successful apology shows, validates a victims'experience and shifts the reflective equilibrium of common belief to secure stable recognition. Having voice demonstrates one's competence and credibility as a giver of accounts, a constitutive feature of full participation in practices of accountability.
Problems of Colocation
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Those who accept an ontology of ordinary objects face the problem of colocation: holding that different objects — such as a lump of clay and a statue — occupy the same place at the same time or are composed of the same parts. Anti-colocation arguments appear in several forms: rhetorical appeals that surely there is nothing “over and above” the clay, claims that this violates the plausible principle that no two objects may share the same space or parts, and worries that this falsely leads to “doubling up” property instances (such as weighing ten pounds). This chapter aims to defuse all these related worries. We are then left with the grounding problem: how can two objects share all the same parts and non-modal, non-sortal properties, yet differ in their identity and persistence conditions? It is argued that the modal conceptualist view of Chapter 3 provides the key to resolving this problem.
Handling Existence Questions
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates what is involved in asking general ontological questions such as: “what exists?” and “how many things are there?” It is argued that well-formed existence and counting questions are “specific” existence questions that specify a certain category or sort of entity enquired about. Purely “generic” existence and counting questions (asking about “anything whatsoever”, where “thing” is not used sortally) are ill-formed unanswerable questions. This gives us reason to think that quantificational claims likewise presuppose certain categories of entity quantified over. It also suggests that many of the questions driving ontological debates are based on pseudo-questions, and does so without subscribing to anti-realism or quantifier variance. The chapter closes by considering whether we can revive a form of universal quantification by way of a “covering” use of “thing” that generalizes over a range of category-specific terms.
5 Becoming African in the English Atlantic
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the emergence of the African church movement in various cities along the eastern seaboard — especially Baltimore and Philadelphia — and the efforts of the sea captain, Paul Cuffe, to initiate a black-controlled emigration movement that he hoped would build long-lasting ties between Sierra Leone and blacks in North America, helping to create an “African” people and a diasporic “African” nation.
Twin Research: Evolutionary Perspective on Social Relations
Authors: Segal Nancy L. , Chavarria Kevin A. , Stohs Joanne Hoven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Assessing evolutionary-based hypotheses relevant to social processes and outcomes within families requires studying pairs of individuals who vary in their genetic and environmental relatedness. Twin studies, in particular, provide novel approaches to old problems regarding human social relations. This chapter reviews the biological differences between twin types and outlines ways of incorporating twins in evolutionary psychological research.
Conversion
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about conversion–one of the most elemental components of protestant theology. Surprisingly, Irish Cromwellians could not agree whether conversion should be the basis or the goal of church membership and an individual's participation in the sacraments. Protestants in mid‐seventeenth century Ireland were prepared to accuse each other of preaching a false gospel, and of promoting an unbalanced mysticism in the search for religious assurance.
The Rural Landscapes of Imperial Italy
Authors: Patterson John R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe opening chapter outlines the wealth of evidence for rural settlement in Italy collected in the course of archaeological field survey over the past forty years, the diversity of settlement patterns this reveals, and the methodological issues that arise in interpreting these data, which are summarized in an appendix. It then explores whether increasing or declining numbers of rural sites should be understood as reflecting changes in levels of population, in patterns of migration, or in agricultural practices. The discussion focuses in particular on Campania, Etruria, Lucania, and Samnium: important factors in the changing patterns of settlement in these areas, and the chronology of those changes, include the economic demand generated by the city of Rome, the presence in a locality of members of the Roman elite, and (in the Apennines) the importance of pastoralism.
The Nestorian Crisis
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the Christological concepts and terms employed by Theodoret in the Nestorian controversy and in the movements that eventually led to a shaky peace with Cyril in the years 432-5. An examination of the texts shows that the Christology of this period is exactly what was uncovered in De Incarnatione Domini. The discovery of that work as Theodoret's allows us to see more clearly how the texts of 431-5 are to be interpreted, which in turn allows us to settle some of the disagreements among earlier students of Theodoret's works. The materials examined in this chapter include the Reprehensio XII Anathematismorum, undertaken early in 431 at the request of John of Antioch as a rebuttal from the Antiochene side to Cyril's third letter to Nestorius with its subjoined twelve anathemas or chapters; Epistles 150-79, which are concerned with the Nestorian crisis, the Council of Ephesus, and its aftermath; a few epistles from Collectio Casinensis, a Latin version of events surrounding Ephesus and the Union Creed of 432-3; and the few fragments of the Pentalogos which are extant, a work written by Theodoret against the Cyrillian Council of Ephesus.
5 Hieronymus' Ethnography: Indian Widows and Nabataean Nomads
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe principal source which is examined for the period after the death of Alexander the Great is Hieronymus of Cardia. He is reputed for his supposedly dispassionate narrative of events, his factual accuracy, backed by verbatim citation of documents. However, Hieronymus had a penchant for digression, enlivening his narrative of men and events with picturesque descriptions of engineering and artistic monuments, the social mores of exotic peoples, and the origins of famous cities. Hieronymus' digressions, it may be argued, had a certain sophistication. They were not written solely to break the narrative and add exotic colour. There was on occasion an implied message, moral or political, which the reader might detect beneath the plain text of the excursus. We may see the method at work in two of the lengthiest ethnographic interludes in Diodorus. The first concerns a description of a deeply impressive event that occurred after the Battle of Paraetacene. The commander of the Indian contingent, a prince named Ceteus, had died heroically in battle, and was given a spectacular funeral. It gives the first recorded instance of the Indian institution of sati (widow burning).
Classical Latin Women Poets
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Women's lack of access to public life in Republican and Imperial Rome, and its effect on their use of language are discussed. Women's education and the evidence for women's verse-writing are examined. Cornificia's epigrams and her relationship with the circle of Catullus, Ovid's evidence for a poet called Perilla, Sulpicia's relationship to the circle of Tibullus, her social position, and a consideration of her surviving verse are also addressed. Evidence for women poets and scholars in the early Empire is presented, together with Martial's evidence for women as poets in his own social circle, above all for Sulpicia II, whose work was circulating down to the 6th century.
Women Latin Poets in Early Medieval Europe
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the education and culture of noblewomen of the late Roman empire and successor states. It presents evidence for the literary culture of Radegund of Poitiers and later medieval royal women of the Merovingian, Carolingian, and Ottonian dynasties, and their involvement with education and the promotion of scholarship. Further evidence for literary culture in convents, and nuns as scribes and chroniclers is provided. The chapter includes specific sections on Dhuoda, educated women in Anglo-Saxon England, particularly in the circle of St Boniface, the playwright Hrotsvitha, and educated women in the Ottonian world, ending with a discussion of anonymous lyric verse in Latin.
Twistor methods
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses how twistor methods can be used to construct nonconstant harmonic morphisms from (orientable) Einstein 4-manifolds to Riemann surfaces. It is shown that any such map induces an (integrable) Hermitian structure J on the 4-manifold with respect to which the map is holomorphic. The fibres of the map are ‘superminimal’, i.e., J is parallel along them. Conversely, a Hermitian structure induces (local) harmonic morphisms with these properties. Thus, the problem of finding harmonic morphisms is converted into that of finding Hermitian structures and superminimal surfaces in an Einstein 4-manifold; a problem that can be solved by twistor theory. This gives explicit constructions of all harmonic morphisms from domains of Euclidean 4-space, the 4-sphere, and complex projective 2-space to surfaces. The last section discusses harmonic morphisms from other Einstein manifolds, including the join of two complex projective 2-spaces endowed with the Page metric.
Responses of Phytoplankton Communities to climate Variability
Authors: Belgrano Andrea , Lima Mauricio , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Lindahl Odd 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a general statistical approach to studying changes in phytoplankton species abundance in relation to climate variability. It then applies this method to an example where changes in phytoplankton species diversity, the dynamics of three phytoplankton species in a Swedish fjord, are related to the North Atlantic Oscillation and other abiotic factors. The chapter concludes with a general outlook underlining the importance of further studies of changes in phytoplankton biovolume.
Effects of Climate Variability on Benthic Communities
Authors: Hagberg Jacob , Tunberg Björn G. , Wieking Gunther , Kröncke Ingrid , Belgrano Andrea 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Climatic variability is most likely to have an effect on marine populations and it is important to understand further the synchronicity between climatic oscillations and the life cycle of benthic species. This chapter presents a variety of studies on climate influence on marine benthos communities in the North Sea, Skagerrak, and Baltic. The main conclusion is that the NAO affects single species as well as whole communities and functional groups, and that the impact may differ geographically and depend on the species composition of the communities.
Electromagnetic fields
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic notions of electromagnetism, chiefly the balance laws in global and local form. The corresponding Maxwell’s differential equations and boundary conditions are then derived. Electromagnetic potentials are introduced along with gauge conditions. They are then applied to determine the electromagnetic field in various cases. Although the standpoint is nonrelativistic, the chapter also exhibits the Lorentz-invariant form of Maxwell’s equations, essential for any relativistic approach.
Green's functions and retarded potentials
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter gives a concise and self-contained presentation of the use of Green’s functions to solve linear problems with a given point source. Specific functions are determined for the harmonic oscillator, the wave equation, and the lossy wave equation. The solution to the inhomogeneous wave equation is derived through a retarded potential and by the Kirchhoff procedure. The field generated by a moving charge is determined through the Lienard-Wiechert potential. A Cauchy problem and a boundary-value problem are investigated for the wave equation and the telegraph equation.
STRUCTURED MATRIX ANALYSIS
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes structural and computational properties which are the basis of the design and analysis of fast algorithms for the numerical solution of structured Markov chains. Toeplitz matrices, circulant and z-circulant matrices with their block analogs are introduced together with the fast algorithms for their manipulation. The concept of discrete Fourier transform is recalled with the FFT algorithm for its computation. Attention is given to the concept of displacement operator and of displacement rank needed to design efficient algorithms for a wide class of matrices related to Toeplitz matrices.
Theory of Fluctuations in Superconductors
Authors: Larkin (late) Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book presents itself as both an encyclopedia and a textbook of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The first half presents the phenomenological methods of the Ginzburg-Landau theory and microscopical methods of the quantum field theory in the description of fluctuations. The second half provides a wide panorama of the superconductive fluctuations manifestated in different observables: their role in fields such as high temperature superconductivity, nano-superconductivity, the physics of Josephson junctions and granular superconductors, and strongly disordered superconductors. Other textbooks on this subject postulate that the BCS theory of superconductivity is an exact one. This book dispels this, indicating the limits of the applicability of the mean field theory and demonstrating the existence of a wide circle of interesting phenomena beyond its confines.
FLUCTUATION TRANSPORT
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation is phenomenologically introduced in relation to the order parameter relaxation in quasi-stationary approximation. This is applied to the fluctuation transport relative to superconducting transition. A general formula for the direct contribution of fluctuation Cooper pairs to the conductivity tensor of a superconductor with the arbitrary spectrum in the a.c. field and in the presence of external constant magnetic field is obtained. This is used to analyse fluctuation conductivity of the samples of arbitrary dimensionality, a.c., magnetoconductivity, and Hall conductivity of a layered superconductor nanotube. The transport equation of Boltzmann type for the fluctuation Cooper pair distribution function is derived.
FLUCTUATIONS IN VORTEX STRUCTURES
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The effect of two different types of fluctuations on the properties of the vortex state of type-II superconductors is discussed. The first are the time-independent structure fluctuations (quenched disorder), related to nonhomogeneous distribution of impurities. The second type of fluctuations — changing the properties of the vortex lattice qualitatively — are the thermal fluctuations of the order parameter. The phenomena-like magnetic flux resistivity, collective pinning, and its effect on the value of critical current, thermal depinning, creep, and fluctuation melting of the vortex lattice are considered.
MICROSCOPIC DERIVATION OF THE GL FUNCTIONAL
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the Ginzburg-Landau functional can be carried out from the microscopic theory of superconductivity. For this, the method of functional integration, alternative to the diagrammatic technique approach, is used. The partition function is presented as the functional integral of the exponent of effective action over all possible fluctuation realizations of the order parameter. The analysis corresponding to this free energy function permits the reproduction of both the results of the BCS theory (mean field approximation) and allows us to obtain microscopically the GL functional. This analysis is generalized for the case of a nontrivial order parameter symmetry.
FLUCTUATIONS IN JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The chapter starts with a discussion of the general properties of a Josephson junction. Fluctuation broadening of the emission line due to both thermal fluctuations of the voltage and thermal fluctuations of the order parameter are then calculated. In the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism, the fluctuation suppression of the Josephson current below Tc is found. Josephson current decay due to the thermal phase fluctuations and the phenomenon of macroscopic quantum tunneling are discussed. Different regimes of pair tunneling through the washboard potential are considered.
ROLE OF FLUCTUATIONS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The chapter starts with a discussion of the schematic phase diagram of high temperature superconductors and the role of fluctuations in its different domains. Some modern ideas concerning the origin of high temperature superconductivity and involving the term ‘fluctuations’ are reviewed. These include resonating valence bond theory, the theory of spin-charge separation, the idea of the existence of hidden order phase, bose-metal state, staggered flux state, vortices localization, bipolaron superconductivity, strong coupling BCS-like schemes, BEC-BCS scenario, marginal Fermi liquid theory, and Bose phenomenology.
FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Given the rather poor a priori estimates available, the methods of weak convergence play a decisive role in the mathematical theory to be developed in this book. Both ‘classical’ problems of this approach — the presence of oscillations and concentrations in sequences of approximate solutions — are present. The well-known results of the theory of compensated compactness are used in order to cope with possible density oscillations. More specifically, the fundamental properties of the effective viscous pressure discovered by P.-L. Lions are discussed together with an alternative proof of ‘continuity’ of this quantity via the famous div-curl lemma. Next, the concept of oscillation defect measure is introduced, and its relation to the propagation of oscillations and the renormalized continuity equation is established. Furthermore, the whole machinery is applied to the problem of propagation of density oscillations in a sequence of solutions, and it is shown that the oscillations decay in time at a uniform rate independent of the choice of initial data provided the pressure is a monotone function of the density. The weak sequential stability (compactness) of the set of weak solutions is established for optimal values of the ‘adiabatic’ exponent. In particular, the physically interesting case of the monoatomic gas in the isentropic regime in three space dimensions can be treated — a problem left open in current theory. Possible concentrations in the temperature are treated via the method of renormalization (rescaling). A ‘renormalized’ formulation of the thermal energy equation is supplemented with the concept of a renormalized limit, usefulness of which being demonstrated on the problem of weak sequential stability and the study of possible concentrations of the temperature in the thermal energy equation.
LANDMARK-BASED REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses image registration techniques based on a finite set of parameters and/or a finite set of so-called image features. The basic idea is to determine the desired transformation for a finite number of features, any feature of the template image is mapped onto the corresponding feature on the reference image. This general notion of image features is made concrete using image landmarks. A naive approach to landmark based registration is formalized and theoretical issues such as existence and uniqueness are discussed. The naive approach is replaced by a proper regularized approach, and analytical solutions are derived using the theory of representers, radial basis functions, and thin-plate-splines. Using this advanced theoretical framework, the strict interpolation approach is further extended to a more flexible approximation approach. The various approaches (linear, quadratic, interpolating, and approximating thin-plate splines) are compared and illustrated. It is shown that landmark-based registration may not result in a meaningful one-to-one overall transformation.
Modeling food-web dynamics: complexity–stability implications
Authors: Dunne Jennifer A. , Brose Ulrich , Williams Richard J. , Martinez Neo D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
One of the challenges in the study of complex systems is how to integrate recent network structure discoveries with advances in modeling the dynamics of large non-linear systems. This is important for ecology, where the study of ecological networks — particularly in the form of webs — is a central organizing principle for research into the relationships between ecosystem complexity and diversity, and ecosystem stability, robustness, and persistence. Ecologists and physicists have applied recent advances in statistical mechanics of network topology to food web data. Such studies have uncovered general properties of food web structure, extended previous generalities of ‘real-world’ network structure, and new insights of complex network structure and robustness. However, although large complex networks of interacting species are observed in nature and their broad-scale structure is well described, few, if any, biologically plausible models have been able to simulate the persistent dynamics of such networks. Advanced theoretical insights into the dynamics of ecological networks are confined to relatively low-dimensional subsystems with less than a half dozen species, or to high-dimensional models that have a priori, biologically implausible stability assumptions. This chapter reviews efforts to characterize food web network structure as well as research into ecological non-linear dynamics. It also discusses approaches that seek to integrate food web structure and dynamics, highlighting factors that appear critical for the persistence and stability of complex species ecosystems.