bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The species‐area relation I. A model for discrete sampling
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA simple mathematical model describing the species‐area relation was developed. This paper dealt with the case that discrete random samples are combined.Modelling was made on the assumption that the occurrence probability of a species in a quadrat has a continuous density distribution. The model, given by the equation (6), holds only for a particular size of quadrat (i.e. the characteristic area). More general form applicable to the quadrats the size of which is near to the characteristic area was represented by the equation (9).Validity of the model was examined for the data of plant and insect communities, and it was concluded that the observation can be predicted by the model unless the size of sampling unit considerably differs from the characteristic area.The uniformity of specific density (i. e. the number of species per quadrat) and the size of characteristic area were discussed as being important in an understanding of community structure.
Eradication of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, from Kume is., Okinawa with the sterile insect release method
Authors: Iwahashi Osamu 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe sterile insect release method was applied to eradicate the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, from the 58.5 km2 island of Kume, in the Okinawa Islands group. Weekly releases of 1 to 1.5 million flies irradiated as pupae with 6–7 kR from a cobalt‐60 source did not decrease the wild melon fly population. Releases of 1.5–2 million pupae per week made from September, 1975 to January, 1976 decreased the percent egg‐hatch of females caught on Kume Is., but did not decrease the percent infestation significantly. The number of pupae released was increased from February, 1976 to accelerate the eradication process. When the number of pupae released exceeded 3.5 million per week, a rapid increase in the ratio of marked (sterile) to unmarked (wild) flies, a remarkable decrease in percent egg‐hatch, and a decrease in percent infestation of fruits were observed. There has been no sign of melon fly infestation in wild cucurbit fruits from October, 1976 to the present time (April, 1977), despite the fact that more than 70,000 fruits were carefully examined. The eradication of the melon fly from Kume Is. was thus achieved by April, 1977, after the release of 264 million sterile fly pupae.
Life table studies on the paddy field population of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), with special reference to the mechanism of population regulation
Authors: Hokyo Nobuhiko , Kuno Eizi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe population growth of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, in the paddy field was analyzed based on the life table data accumulated for six years.The paddy field population, which stems from the invading adults of the first generation (G‐I), repeats two complete generations, and the hatchlings of the fourth generation (G‐IV) enter diapause and overwinter as the fourth instar nymphs in fallow paddy fields. It was clarified that the density dependent reduction in the mean longevity and oviposition rate of adult females in G‐II and III played a primary role in stabilizing the annual population densities. The annual average of the mean longevity of G‐II females (3.9 days) was much shorter than that of G‐III ones (7.7 days) and thus the density dependent reduction in the mean longevity induced a more prompt regulatory effect on the oviposition of G‐II females compared with G‐III ones. As the result, two equilibrium densities of eggs were obtained, e.g., ca 100 and 700 eggs per hill in G‐III and IV, respectively. Density dependent decrease in the proportion of mature females in the adult population was especially conspicuous in G‐II, and this was closely associated with the density dependent reduction in the mean longevity and fecundity. Thus, the density dependent dispersal (emigration) of the adult females by flight in G‐II and III was the most convincing factor in the process of population regulation. The density dependent dispersal of the adult females is effective in avoiding the deleterious effects of nymphal crowding in a breeding habitat unit (a paddy field), and may result in a more even distribution of the population over a continuous habitat units in a locality than otherwise.
Academic on a mission: Run and run and run
Authors: Galano Joseph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChallenges the distinctions we make between research/scholarship and practice. Recognizes and values the complimentarity of teaching, research, practice, and public policy. Tells how I have tried to approach creating opportunities to integrate those activities in my role as a community psychologist in an academic setting. Describes some of the lessons I have learned from my two decades of practice.
Theoretical studies on the role of food exploitation for the competition of scaamble type
Authors: Murai Minoru 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA model was made to clarify the basic processes of competition to occur among larvae by the exploitation as defined byBakker (1969). It was found that this model is applicable to the experimental results on the food exploitation among Droshophila larvae obtained byBakker (1961). In the model the preimaginal stage is divided into two periods;Tf which is the time that a group of larvae spends in exhausting the food after hatching, and Ts which is the duration of the starvation period after Tf.Tf and then Wl (larval body weight) just after the end of Tf are decided by Fs (amount of food supplied per larva at larval hatching) and Fc (amount of food consumed per larva).Tf affects on the onset of Ts as well as Rl (rate of decrease in the individual body weight during Ts).Wa (weight of emerging adults) is gotten by a subtraction of Rl from Wl just after the end of Tf,Re is affected directly by these components of Wl and Rl. As a result, Wa and Re are expressed by functions of Fs. This model confirmed that the food exploitation lead to the competition of scramble type. Finally it was suggested that there exist some strategies which prevent ill‐effects owing to the food exploitation.
Studies on the adult polymorphism in the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Kiritani Keizi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPolymorphism in adult colour pattern of Nezara viridula is determined on the genetic basis. The basic colour patterns of adult are classified into four types, i. e. G, O, R and F. No appreciable differences between these types were observed in respect to various physiological traits of nymphs and adults, except that type G seems to be superior in reproductive ability but to be inferior in ability of surviving winters at least to types R and F.Inter‐generation changes in percentage frequency of G type were examined from 1959 to 1967 covering more than 30 generations. Percentage frequencies of G types prior to the severe winter of 1962–3 fluctuated greatly around a mean of 87.9%, while they did to a lesser extent than before with a mean of 85.0% after the winter. Unexpected high percentages of G type were recorded frequently in summer generations, viz. 1st and 2nd. On the other hand, the relative frequencies of G and O types decreased after hibernation in contrast to the increases in those of F and R. This sort of changes in genetic composition related to the winter of 1962–3 was observed in several populations segregated from each other.This seasonal alternation of selective activity in the environments is considered to be responsible for retention of the polymorphism. Alternative possible causes, i. e. difference in habitat preference, non‐random mating and selective predation by predators among polymorphs, may safely be rejected as irrelevant to the mechanism in maintaining polymorphism.The polymorphism of this insect seems to be in a transient state rather than balanced one contributing little to population regulation, but the persistence of N. viridula in the periphery range may be assisted by retention of the polymorphism.
Measuring neighborhood context for young children in an urban area
Authors: Coulton Claudia J. , Korbin Jill E. , Su Marilyn 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAwareness of worsening conditions in urban areas has led to a growing interest in how neighborhood context affects children. Although the ecological perspective within child development has acknowledged the relevance of community factors, methods of measuring the neighborhood context for children have been quite limited. An approach to measuring neighborhood environments was tested using the average perceptions of caregivers of young children sampled from high‐ and low‐risk block groups. Individual‐ and aggregate‐level reliabilities and discriminant validity were acceptable for dimensions of neighborhood quality and change, participation in block organizations, disorder and incivilities, service usage and quality, and retaliation against adults. However, for measures of neighborhood interaction and the tendency of adults to intervene with children, there was virtually no agreement among respondents within block groups, resulting in poor aggregate reliability. A model of variability may be a more promising way of characterizing neighborhoods along these dimensions.
Tests of four hypotheses on soldier production, by using wild colonies of Pheidole fervida F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Ito Fuminori , Higashi Seigo 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFollowing four hypotheses on the production of soldiers were tested in the Pheidole fervida colonies collected in the natural field:
The proportion of new soldiers is primarily dependent on the population size of old workers.
The abundance of old soldiers reduces the proportion of new soldiers.
The production of sexuals reduces the proportion of new soldiers.
The number of soldiers is correlated with the size of defense zone.
The present test suggested that the last idea was most likely to the wild colonies of P. fervida.
A laboratory study on the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). II The effect of temperature and prey consumption on the numerical reponse of adult females
Authors: Hayes A. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe numerical response of adult female T. pyri feeding on different levels of ERM larvae, and at a range of temperatures was examined. The duration of the pre‐oviposition period decreased as larval consumption increased, and the rate of oviposition was linearly related to the rate of consumption of larvae. Mathematical models were used to describe these relationships in terms of temperature and consumption of ERM larvae. The results were discussed in relation to the nature of the T. pyri/ERM interaction in New Zealand apple orchards.
Stopping rule of host search by the parasitoid, Chrysocharis pentheus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in host patches
Authors: Sugimoto Tuyosi , Tsujimoto Shigechika 
Published: October 2006

SummaryWe studied the stopping rule obeyed by the female parasitoid, Chrysocharis pentheus, in deciding when to leave the leaflet on which she is searching for larvae of Phytomyza ranunculi. She seemed not to employ some stopping rules that have been suggested; i.e., a fixed‐number rule and a fixed‐time rule and others. The stopping model formulated for Dapsilarthra rufiventris parasitic on the same host species fitted well to the results. The model assumes that the searching female will deposit a marking pheromone on the leaflet at a rate proportional to the search speed and will leave the leaflet when the amount of the pheromone that has accumulated on the leaflet reaches the threshold, L. In this model, L denotes the amount of search effort spent on the leaflet. A comparison of the observed results with the predictions from the model suggested that L increased markedly at the first encounter with the mine (host), but less at later encounters. C. pentheus appears to employ a mixed strategy of a fixed search‐effort and an area‐concentrated search. This would confer an adaptive advantage in foraging for P. ranunculi larvae, which are distributed in clumps among leaflets in the field.
Prey or host searching behavior that leads to a sigmoid functional response in invertebrate predators and parasitoids
Authors: Luck Robert F. , van Lenteren Joop C. , Twine Peter H. , Juenen Lodewyk , Unruh Thomas 
Published: October 2006

SummaryInvertebrate predators and parasitoids have long been characterized as having a hyperbolic (Type 2) functional response. Modifications were made to Holling's sand paper disc experiment which consisted of limiting the initial period of search during which a host must be contacted. Failure to contact a host during this initial period causes the predator to emigrate from the search area. The modification generated a sigmoid (Type 3) functional response. This response resulted from the low probability of encountering a host during the initial period of search at low host densities in the time allotted. A limited period of search has been found in several insect parasitoids. Such a strategy would minimize the time (energy) spent per offspring produced by minimizing the time invested in searching microhabitats in which hosts are scarce or absent.
Age‐dependent loss of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor immunoreactive cells in the supraoptic hypothalamus is reduced in calorically restricted mice
Authors: Yaghmaie F. , Saeed O. , Garan S.A. , Voelker M.A. , Gouw A.M. , Freitag W. , Sternberg H. , Timiras P.S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBoth life‐long caloric restriction (CR) and the suppression of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) signaling reliably extend the mammalian lifespan. The neuroendocrine system, regulated by the hypothalamus, remains the most convincing site of action for both these modes of life extension. Yet, determining whether CR actions are mediated by the modulation of neuroendocrine IGF‐1 signaling remains unclear. Of the hypothalamic nuclei that express the IGF‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R), the cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) display some of the most robust IGF‐1R expression. Taking IGF‐1R immunoreactivity as an index of sensitivity to IGF‐1, we counted IGF‐1R immunoreactive and non‐immunoreactive cells in the SON of young‐ad‐libitum fed (young‐Al, 6 weeks), old‐ad‐libitum fed (Old‐Al, 22 months), and old‐calorie‐restricted (Old‐CR, 22 months) female B6D2F1 mice. An automated imaging microscopy system (AIMS) was used to generate cell counts for each section of supraoptic hypothalamus. Results show that while the total number of cells in the SON of ad‐libitum fed mice does not change significantly with aging, a significant reduction in IGF‐1R immunoreactive cells does occur in ad‐libitum fed mice with aging. In contrast to this, calorie restricted mice show both a decline in the total number of cells and IGF‐1R immunoreactive cells in the SON with age, but with the decrease in the latter being notably attenuated when compared to the degree of loss seen in ad‐libitum fed mice. Thus, while CR induces greater loss in the total number of cells in the SON with age, it reduces the degree of age‐dependent loss seen in IGF‐1R expressing cells. As a result, when compared to Old‐AL mice, the SON of Old‐CR mice displays a greater proportion of IGF‐1R cells and thus possibly enhanced IGF‐1 sensitivity with aging.
Charles Babbage: Reclaiming an operations management pioneer
Authors: Lewis Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCharles Babbage (1791–1871) was the embodiment of a polymath: elected a Royal Society fellow, holder of the Lucasian Chair of mathematics at Cambridge, founder of the London Statistical Society, author of many papers and full‐length monographs and, most famously from a 21st century perspective, the architect of modern computing with his difference engines and designs for the analytical engine. The scale and complexity of these machines meant their realisation was dependent upon the latest industrial advances like parts standardization and machine tool technology. As a result Babbage committed large amounts of his time and money to the theoretical and empirical study of advanced production and engineering practice.This paper argues that Charles Babbage deserves to be recognised as a pioneer in the field of operations management. His path‐breaking contributions were born of a singular intellect and degree of creativity combined with a commitment to empiricist scientific method and statistical measurement. Moreover, he was working as Britain transformed itself into the most highly industrialized country the world had ever seen. The paper draws in particular upon the various editions of his best‐selling book, ‘On the Economy of Machines and Manufactures’, first published in 1832. It reviews the many core operations principles evident in Babbage's analyses and highlights insights that remain relevant to today's theoretical and practical concerns. The paper concludes with a discussion of how a combination of contextual and biographical factors left Charles Babbage a largely unsung pioneer in the field of operations management.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: is it a problem for nasal surgery?
Authors: Sharma A , Philpott C , Pope L , McKiernan D 
Published: October 2006

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming ever more prevalent in the UK, and the proportion of MRSA to methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) seems to be increasing. New strains of MRSA are ever developing resistance to antibiotic treatment, increasing morbidity and mortality of infection.Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal flora of the nose, and MRSA colonizes the nose in infection. However, nasal surgery is rarely complicated by staphylococcal infections, and MRSA infection following nasal surgery is rare.The authors present a literature review of MRSA infection, its relation to the nasal cavity, and infection following nasal surgery.
COPASI—a COmplex PAthway SImulator
Authors: Hoops Stefan , Sahle Sven , Gauges Ralph , Lee Christine , Pahle Jürgen , Simus Natalia , Singhal Mudita , Xu Liang , Mendes Pedro , Kummer Ursula 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Simulation and modeling is becoming a standard approach to understand complex biochemical processes. Therefore, there is a big need for software tools that allow access to diverse simulation and modeling methods as well as support for the usage of these methods.
Results: Here, we present COPASI, a platform-independent and user-friendly biochemical simulator that offers several unique features. We discuss numerical issues with these features; in particular, the criteria to switch between stochastic and deterministic simulation methods, hybrid deterministic–stochastic methods, and the importance of random number generator numerical resolution in stochastic simulation.
Availability: The complete software is available in binary (executable) for MS Windows, OS X, Linux (Intel) and Sun Solaris (SPARC), as well as the full source code under an open source license from .
Contact: mendes@vbi.vt.edu
Short‐term fasting‐induced autonomic activation and changes in catecholamine levels are not mediated by changes in leptin levels in healthy humans
Authors: Chan Jean L. , Mietus Joseph E. , Raciti Patricia M. , Goldberger Ary L. , Mantzoros Christos S. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjective  In animal models, the adipocyte‐secreted hormone leptin increases energy expenditure by increasing sympathetic outflow but its role in humans remains to be elucidated. We evaluated whether inducing hypoleptinaemia (with and without administration of leptin at replacement doses) for 3 days would influence catecholamine levels and sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in healthy humans.Methods  We studied six normal‐weight subjects in the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) under three conditions: baseline fed state (control study) and two 72‐h fasting studies (to decrease leptin levels), with administration of either placebo or replacement‐dose recombinant methionyl human leptin (r‐metHuLeptin) in a randomized, double‐blind fashion. In each condition, 24‐h urinary catecholamine levels, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), a standard tool for assessing cardiac autonomic modulation, were measured.Results  Study parameters remained stable during the control condition and the baseline assessment of all three studies. In response to 72‐h fasting, which decreased serum leptin levels by 80%, 24‐h urinary norepinephrine and dopamine levels and heart rate increased while cardiac vagal modulation decreased (all P < 0·05). Replacement‐dose r‐metHuLeptin to keep leptin levels within the physiological range during fasting did not alter fasting‐associated changes in heart rate, catecholamine levels or cardiac vagal tone.Conclusions  The findings of this controlled, interventional study indicate that changes in heart rate, catecholamine levels and cardiac vagal modulation associated with 72‐h fasting are independent of regulation by leptin. Thus, changes in leptin levels within the physiological range do not seem to play a role in regulating autonomic function during short‐term starvation in healthy humans.
Impacts of fine sediment addition to tussock, pasture, dairy and deer farming streams in New Zealand
Authors: MATTHAEI CHRISTOPH D. , WELLER FLORIAN , KELLY DAVID W. , TOWNSEND COLIN R. 
Published: October 2006

Summary1. Increased fine sediment input caused by agricultural development is expected to act as a stressor for stream ecosystems. In a large‐scale field experiment, we added fine river sand to 50‐m reaches of three second‐order streams in each of four categories of catchment development (ungrazed tussock grasslands, grazed pasture, dairying and deer farming) and measured the responses of macroinvertebrates and aquatic moss.2. Before addition, fine sediment cover differed between land uses, being lowest in tussock (7%), intermediate in pasture (30%) and dairy (47%) and highest in deer streams (88%). Sediment addition increased cover by one land‐use category (e.g. augmented sediment cover in tussock streams was similar to pre‐existing cover in pasture streams), and cover remained high in impact reaches (compared with controls) throughout the 5‐week experiment. Sediment addition did not change concentrations of phosphate, nitrate and ammonium, which were generally highest in dairy streams and lowest in tussock streams.3. Aquatic mosses (most common in tussock, absent in dairy and deer), invertebrate density (highest in deer, lowest in tussock), taxon richness (highest in pasture, lowest in deer) and diversity (highest in pasture and tussock, lowest in dairy and deer) all differed between land uses. Sediment addition resulted in reductions of moss cover, invertebrate taxon richness and richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera in impact relative to control reaches.4. The impact of sediment addition was strongest in pasture streams where pre‐existing sediment cover was moderate and richness and diversity of the invertebrate community highest. However, even in the already sediment‐rich and species‐poor deer streams, density of one common taxon was reduced significantly by sediment addition, and another two were affected in the same way in dairy streams, the second‐most intense land use.5. Our experiment has disentangled the impact of sediment addition from other concomitant land‐use effects that could not be reliably distinguished in previous research, which has mainly consisted of correlative studies or unrealistically small‐scale experiments.