bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Housing Demand in Canada, 1947 to 1962: Some Preliminary Experimentation
Authors: Oksanen Ernest H. 
Published: June 2006

The paucity of econometric analyses of the demand for consumer durables stands in sharp contrast to the number of studies involving the demand for non-durables, and for agricultural commodities in particular. The neglect of durables undoubtedly reflects in part the greater difficulty of obtaining the necessary data, especially data on stocks, and in part the heterogeneity of most durables, such as houses or automobiles. Econometric analysis in the post-war period has also been centred around the construction of large-scale macro-economic models. Until rather recently, however, such models were relatively highly aggregated, and seldom involved examination of particular durables markets by themselves. Moreover, where an equation for the housing market has been included, it has often been a hybrid of supply and demand forces, intended to serve in a “forecasting” role, presumably in the hope that appreciable structural change would not occur during the forecast period.The present study will, it is hoped, cast some light on the controversy generated in the United States over the size of demand elasticities for housing with respect to income. The results of the econometric techniques employed here may also assist in evaluating the appropriateness of alternative estimating techniques for the study of demand for durables.An econometric analysis of the demand for housing immediately raises two questions. First, is it a flow or a stock demand that is to be analysed? Here it is the demand for a long-run equilibrium stock, the “desired stock” of housing, that is the focus of concern.
A Reformulation of the Keynesian System
Authors: Steigmann A. J. 
Published: June 2006

The Keynesian faith in the effectiveness of fiscal policy consists in the belief that there is a positive rate of change of national income with respect to autonomous expenditure. This in turn stems from the belief that the marginal efficiency schedule is downward-sloping. This dependence can be seen from a simple formulation of the Keynesian system. Letting Y be national income, E1 investment expenditure, E2 autonomous expenditure, r the marginal efficiency of capital, i the interest rate, and M the stock of money:The dependent variables are Y, E1, r, and i. The derivative dY/dE2, evaluated from (1)–(4),is the expression:The addition of dE1/dt to the right side of (3) yields a differential-equation system whose solution is stable only if the denominator of this expression is positive. It follows that dY/dE2, the rate of change of national income with respect to autonomous expenditure, is opposite in sign to ∂η/∂E1, the slope of the marginal efficiency schedule.
A comparison of intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of saquinavir from three lipid-based formulations in the anaesthetised rat model
Authors: Griffin Brendan T , O'Driscoll Caitriona M 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Saquinavir is a lipophilic, poorly water-soluble HIV protease inhibitor that undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and exhibits poor oral bioavailability. Redirection of the absorption pathway of anti-HIV compounds from the portal blood to the HIV-rich intestinal lymphatics may enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce the extent of the first-pass effect. This study investigates the potential of targeted intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir via a lipid formulation approach. Three formulations containing oleic acid were examined: cremophor-oleic acid mixed micelles, d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-oleic acid mixed micelles and an oleic acid microemulsion. The mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetised rat model was employed. Plasma and lymph samples were analysed by HPLC. Lymph triglyceride was measured using an enzymatic colorimetric technique. The extent of lymphatic transport from the lipid vehicles was 0.025-0.05% of the dose administered. The microemulsion produced higher and more prolonged mesenteric lymph concentrations than the micellar formulations. A strong correlation existed between the concentration of saquinavir in intestinal lymph and lymph triglyceride levels. The systemic bioavailability was estimated to be 8.5% and 4.8% for the cremophor mixed micelle and the microemulsion, respectively. The cremophor mixed micelles produced higher bioavailability than TPGS mixed micelles, implying that the nature of the surfactant can influence the distribution of drug between lymph and plasma.
Oxidative stress parameters in different systemic rheumatic diseases
Authors: Firuzi Omidreza , Fuksa Leoš , Spadaro Chiara , Boušovà Iva , Riccieri Valeria , Spadaro Antonio , Petrucci Rita , Marrosu Giancarlo , Saso Luciano 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of rheumatic disorders, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) and chronic polyarthritides, has been suggested yet not thoroughly verified experimentally. We analysed 4 plasmatic parameters of oxidative stress in patients with SSc (n = 17), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (n = 10) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 9) compared with healthy subjects (n = 22). The biomarkers were: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, hydroperoxides determined by ferrous ion oxidation in presence of xylenol orange (FOX) method and sulfhydryl and carbonyl groups assessed by spectrophotometric assays. The results showed significantly increased hydroperoxides in SSc, PsA and RA (3.97 ± 2.25, 4.87 ± 2.18 and 5.13 ± 2.36 μmol L−1, respectively) compared with the control group, (2.31 ± 1.40 μmol L−1; P &lt; 0.05). Sulfhydryls were significantly lower in SSc (0.466 ± 0.081 mmol L −1), PsA (0.477 ± 0.059 mmol L−1) and RA (0.439 ± 0.065 mmol L−1) compared with the control group) (0.547 ± 0.066 mmolL−1; P &lt; 0.05). TAC in all three diseases showed no difference in comparison with controls. Carbonyls were significantly higher in RA than in the control group (32.1 ± 42 vs 2.21 ± 1.0 nmol (mg protein)−1; P &lt; 0.05). The obtained data indicate augmented free radical-mediated injury in these rheumatic diseases and suggest a role for the use of antioxidants in mediated prevention and treatment of these pathologies.
A tetravalent RGD ligand for integrin-mediated cell adhesion
Authors: Watson N , Duncan G , Annan W S , van der Walle C F 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Monovalent RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) peptides or polymers furnished with RGD in random distributions are employed as cell-scaffolds and gene delivery vehicles. However, integrin binding to RGD is dependent on the spatial distribution (clustering) of the ligand and intrinsic integrin affinity via conformational changes (avidity). Here we have designed and expressed a polypeptide consisting of a tetrameric coiled coil and spacer facilitating polyvalent (clustered) display of integrin ligands; the RGD motif was used as proof of principle. Size-exclusion chromatography and circular dichroism showed that the polypeptide self assembled as a tetramer in solution with a defined secondary structure. Cell adhesion to surfaces coated with the polypeptide was up to 3-fold greater than that for (monovalent) RGDS peptide at equivalent concentrations. Moreover, the polypeptide in solution at concentrations ≥1μM inhibited cell adhesion to fibronectin-coated surfaces, while RGDS peptide in solution at concentrations up to 500μM did not. These cell data demonstrate that the polypeptide bound integrin receptors in a polyvalent manner. The polypeptide will therefore be of use in the engineering of tissue-culture scaffolds with increased cell adhesion activity, or to targeted gene delivery vehicles, and could incorporate protein ligands in place of the RGD motif.
Relevant activities of extracts and constituents of animals used in traditional Chinese medicine for central nervous system effects associated with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ren Yuhao , Houghton Peter , Hider Robert C 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch (‘Wugong’), the beetle Mylabris phalerata Pallas (‘Ban mao’) and the earthworm Pheretima aspergillum Chen (‘DiLong’) have a reputation in traditional Chinese medicine for reducing symptoms of central nervous system decline, including memory loss. A series of extracts of all three organisms was tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and copper ion binding effects, the latter likely to reduce oxidative damage caused by excess copper. The beetle and centipede chloroform extracts showed the strongest AChE inhibitory effects (30.6% inhibition at 105 μg mL−1 and 32.3% inhibition at 167 μg mL−1, respectively) and, in the case of the centipede, this was traced to the unsaturated fatty acids present using bioassay-guided fractionation. Cantharidin from the beetle was shown to have AChE activity (31% inhibition at 1 μM, 0.196μg mL−1), making it a major contributor to the activity of the beetle extract. The earthworm showed no AChE inhibitory activity. Since unsaturated fatty acids have not been previously reported to have AChE inhibitory activity, a series of related compounds was tested to determine structure-activity relationships. It was found that activity existed where there was a chain length of more than 16 C atoms with at least one unsaturated bond in the chain. The carboxylic acid group was also necessary for activity. The fatty acids present in the centipede also showed the ability to bind copper ions when tested using a novel thin layer chromatography method designed to detect copper-binding compounds. The activities reported give some support to the use of the beetle and centipede in traditional Chinese medicine for improving cognitive function.
The Report of the Duff Commission
Authors: McDougall John L. 
Published: June 2006

This report naturally falls into two separate and almost completely unrelated parts. The final chapter, “Proposals and Remedies”, is wholly admirable. For the judgments expressed in it the writer has the greatest respect. The first four chapters are another matter. They contain some useful information, a great deal of banal comment on facts already known, some statements which are plainly false, and others which, while not altogether wrong, are likely to give a wholly distorted impression of the facts which they are supposed to report. It is the purpose of this article to cite some of these statements, to give the facts which they are supposed to summarize, to show that these facts were brought to the attention of the Commission, and thus to prove that this condemnation is justified.All of the statements to which exception is taken are, with one exception, concerned with the relative operating efficiency of the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways. (The exception charges, by implication, the Canadian National with extravagance in branch-line construction costs.) The form of railway operating accounts has been worked out in the very greatest detail by the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States. They are designed to show the costs of performing particular functions, maintenance of way and structures, maintenance of equipment, conducting transportation, etc. Every general rate case and many of the cases involving rates on particular commodities have turned on the question of costs, and on the significance of such factors as density of traffic and length of haul in causing variations in unit costs.
Canadian Defence Policy
Authors: Stacey C. P. 
Published: June 2006

The brief period since 1935 has produced in the attitude of the Canadian Government and people towards national armaments and defence policy a change so sudden and striking as to merit the name of revolution. Observers who in the quite recent past had remarked the obstinate refusal of Ministry, Parliament, and public to pay the slightest attention to the apparatus of defence, have been astonished during the past three years by the energy with which the present Government (headed by a statesman who in three previous terms in office had shown no special interest in this phase of the national life) has attacked the problems of military policy, and by the vigour with which the Canadian electorate has fallen to discussing them.Students of the past, of course, are aware that Canada is merely running true to form. Her history is marked by an alternation of long periods when the national defences are utterly neglected with short violent interludes, arising out of sudden foreign complications, when the country awakes to the inadequacy of those defences and tries to make up for earlier inactivity by measures taken in the teeth of the crisis. In the light of this record, it is not surprising that a desperately perilous international situation has now forced the Dominion into one more military stock-taking. Nevertheless, the episode is arresting; and its possible ultimate implications for all Canadians are of such necessary interest that it may be worth while to record here the things that have been done, and to assess, in however imperfect and conjectural a fashion, the ideas that lie behind the new departures and the policies which they are designed to serve.
Public Utilities and Administrative Boards
Authors: Dafoe J. W. 
Published: June 2006

The question discussed in this paper is, How can the state, in the collective facilities which it supplies to the community, best ensure the maximum service in efficiency. Involved in the issue is the question of the functions of the state itself.Upon this question there is a controversy of steadily-deepening vigour covering a very wide range. At the one extreme are those who hold that the state has no duties towards the citizens except to “keep the ring”. There must be such people in the world, for I hear them constantly denounced; but I have never met any of them. So far as I know, no one now questions the necessity of the state playing a great and ever-increasing part in the functioning of the community. Or, as Lord Salisbury said. “We are all socialists now”. At the other extreme is the hundred per cent. socialist who regards the state not as a functioning agency of the community but as embodying in itself the total activities of the state. In the words of G. D. H. Cole:
The essence of Socialism is to be found, not in a particular way of organizing the conduct of industry, but in a particular relationship among men. Socialists hold that this relationship, which they desire to see established throughout the world, cannot exist where industries and services and the ownership of capital are left in private hands; and for this reason as well as in the interests of productive efficiency they wish to socialize the business of production and exchange.
A Loan Council for Canada: The Australian Experience
Authors: Herbert C. H. 
Published: June 2006

It is felt by many people that the refusal of the government of Alberta to accept the Loan Council principle, and the similar views expressed by other provincial governments, have sounded the death knell of a Loan Council in this country; and moreover, that Mr. Dunning's recently announced modifications of the plan will have little effect as a revitalizer. It is my belief that the scheme of individual provincial Loan Councils, while desirable as a means of giving the Dominion government a measure of control in situations where it has been obliged to become financially interested, is not calculated to pave the way towards a more comprehensive system of controlling government borrowing, along the lines of the Australian Loan Council. A more effective instrument for this purpose might well prove to be the National Finance Council; its evolution into a body with effective powers of control may take a period of years, but that is not necessarily an objection, since in matters of constitutional development the tortoise not infrequently defeats the hare. This, in brief, is the thesis which is developed in the following paper.For the purpose of this paper, discussion is limited to the control of federal and provincial governmental borrowing, and no consideration is given to the control of municipal borrowing. This is not because the latter problem is lacking in importance, or is irrelevant to the whole problem, but since the municipalities are the creations of the provincial government, and because they vary so widely in size, etc. , their control presents many fresh problems, the consideration of which would more than double the length of the present paper.
Resale Price Maintenance
Authors: Curtis C. A. 
Published: June 2006

Resale price maintenance raises not only economic problems but also legal ones. Indeed, much of the material on the subject is legal in origin. These legal aspects are, of course, important in showing the nature of the arguments—economic and other—involved, but their importance is mainly with respect to the technique of maintaining the system. For the immediate purpose one can assume that the economic aspects of resale price maintenance are the same, irrespective of the actual technique of enforcement and therefore the legal aspects, as such, can be ignored here.It may be pointed out, however, that the methods used to enforce compliance with the system are various. In Great Britain, for example, the trade association with contracts for its members and dealers is common. These may be enforced by legal action or economic action such as refusal to sell. In other cases it may be handled by contracts between the manufacturer and the jobber and then jobber and dealer. The actual technique used is usually dependent upon what the law permits; accordingly it varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Of course, the effectiveness of the scheme depends upon enforcement. Paradoxically enough, the better the system is maintained, the greater are the gains to any one dealer in evading it. Thus success tempts the very forces which if not checked will break it.
A Rejoinder
Authors: McDougall John L. 
Published: June 2006

I have read Professor Jackman's very long criticism of my two articles with the greatest of interest and with some relief. In each I tried to say things which appeared badly in need of expression. If this is the worst criticism I must face, then I feel very much more confident of the soundness of my general position. I can find very little in the above article which is not answered in what I have already written. In the main my answer is to ask those readers who may be interested to refer to my previous articles, but there are one or two points which may be dealt with briefly below.The main assumptions which seem to underlie Mr. Jackman's criticisms of my article in the University of Toronto Quarterly are: (a) that all political and sectional pressures upon railway management would instantly cease if the Canadian National lines were turned over to the Canadian Pacific for administration; (b) that the continuous decline in gross revenues from 1928 through 1933 is, relatively, a factor of minor importance, the more permanent factor of competition between the two railways completely overshadowing it; (c) that a fruitful discussion of the present situation of the railways can be carried on without reference to the general economic balance of the country. In the light of our past history the first of these assumptions rises to heights of optimism to which I dare not aspire. If the millenium is to arrive after the Canadian Pacific and Canadian National lines are operated as one, far be it from me to stand against it.
Transfer of Means-of-Payment and the Terms of International Trade
Authors: Elliott G. A. 
Published: June 2006

In the recent English literature of international trade theory, one element in the adjustment of the balance of international payments has been brought once more into prominence, especially with regard to unilateral payments. It is described by various writers as the transfer of “purchasing power”, or of “buying power”, or of “means of payment”, or as a “shift in demand schedules”, which induces the receiving country to buy more goods and services and the paying country to buy less goods and services “in the absence of price changes”. This factor in the adjustment of the balance of payments was implied by Adam Smith, Ricardo, and Wheatley. Longfield referred to it explicitly. Bastable mentioned it in a journal article and Nicholson placed considerable emphasis on it. Mill, however, omitted it from his analysis. After 1900 it dropped from sight until 1918 when it cropped up again in a controversy in which Taussig, Wicksell, and Hollander took part. It was noticed in Viner's Canada's Balance and by 1931 had been developed considerably by Wilson, Ohlin, and Robertson. Since that time it has appeared in the published works of a large number of economists.Many of the earlier proponents of the theory denied that unilateral transfers could change the terms of trade. To them it seemed obvious that the payment would by itself increase the purchases of the receivers and diminish the purchases of the payers by the amount of the payment. Thus the commodity balance would become unfavourable to the receiving country by the amount of the payment without price changes. Mill, on the other hand, and those who accepted his analysis in its entirety, claimed that the familiar specie-flow-price mechanism would necessarily lead to a change in the terms of trade in a direction favourable to the receiving country.
Mr. Mackenzie King's Foreign Policy, 1935–36
Authors: Reid Escott 
Published: June 2006

Since the War imprecision has been the common characteristic of most statements on foreign policy by Canadian prime ministers. In this the prime ministers of Canada have not been unique. As Mr. Harold Nicolson has pointed out, though “the essence of a good foreign policy is certitude” and though “an uncertain policy is always bad” yet “on the other hand, parliamentary and press opposition is less likely to concentrate against an elastic foreign policy than against one which is precise. It is thus a grave temptation for a Foreign Minister under the democratic system to prefer an idealistic formula, which raises only intellectual criticism, to a concrete formula which is open to popular attack.”Canadian political leaders have been vague about the principles of their foreign policy, not only because of a shrewd calculation of political interest (the fact that a forthright statement on foreign policy would lose more votes than it would gain) but also out of regard for the national interest. There are deep divisions in the Canadian nation—divisions arising out of race, religion, section. These divisions are likely to be deepened—over the short-run at least—by facing the Canadian people with the necessity of choosing between a number of clearly defined policies on external affairs. For Canadian foreign policy, as Mr. Mackenzie King has recently pointed out, is concerned with the problems which arise out of “the unparalleled complexity of our position as a member of the league, a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations and one of the nations of the American continent”.