bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Docetaxel-Induced Apoptosis of Human Melanoma Cells by Different Isoforms of Protein Kinase C
Authors: Mhaidat Nizar M. , Thorne Rick F. , Zhang Xu Dong , Hersey Peter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOur previous studies showed that docetaxel-induced apoptosis of human melanoma cells was dependent on the activation of the c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway but was inhibited by the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 pathway. However, the mechanisms by which these pathways were modulated by docetaxel were not clear. We report here that docetaxel induces activation of protein kinase C (PKC) signaling differentially through PKCε and PKCδ isoforms. Activation of PKCε was most marked in docetaxel-resistant cells and paralleled the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Inhibition of PKCε by small interfering RNA molecules resulted in down-regulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and sensitization of cells to docetaxel-induced apoptosis. Experiments also showed that β-tubulin class III, a molecular target of docetaxel, coimmunoprecipitated with PKCε and colocalized in confocal microscopic studies. In contrast to PKCε, high levels of activated PKCδ were associated with activation of the JNK pathway and sensitivity to docetaxel. Activation of PKCδ seemed to be upstream of JNK because inhibition of PKCδ by small interfering RNA abrogated activation of the JNK pathway. Although PKCδ could be activated in resistant cells, downstream activation of JNK and c-Jun did not occur. In summary, these results suggest that the outcome of docetaxel-induced apoptotic events in human melanoma cells depends on their PKC isoform content and signaling responses. PKCε was associated with prosurvival signaling through ERK, whereas PKCδ was associated with proapoptotic responses through JNK activation. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1073–81)
Winds of Change and Links of Continuity: A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of their Trade, 1000-1800
Authors: Malekandathil Pius 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe diverse merchant groups that participated in maritime trade emanating from the various exchange centers of Kerala during this period acted within the framework of certain socioeconomic conditions that ensured a remarkable degree of continuity as far as their organizational arrangements and distribution networks were concerned.Familiarization with frequent socio-political changes in the maritime exchange centers of Kerala, which were then exposed to frequent expansionist moves of inland rulers in the initial phase and of European commercial powers in the later periods, gave a great amount of adaptability to the different mercantile groups involved in its maritime trade, capacitating them to develop multiple survival strategies. Different segments of traders, who were unified by the commonality of religion, as in the case of Muslim merchants, developed diverse but better strategies to overcome Portuguese control systems as well as to ensure continuity in trade. Différents groupes marchands étaient engagés, durant cette période, dans le commerce maritime entre les divers centres d'échanges du Kerala. Ils menaient leurs activités dans un cadre où certaines conditions socio-économiques assuraient à leurs réseaux d'organisation et de distribution un remarquable degré de continuité. Avec l'expérience acquise face aux changements fréquents intervenus dans les échanges maritimes entre les divers centres du Kerala à la suite des mouvements d'expansion des souverains de l'intérieur dans un premier temps, et des puissances européennes par la suite, ils surent s'adapter et développer de multiples stratégies de survie face aux divers groupes de marchands impliqués dans le commerce maritime. Unis par une religion commune, tels les marchands musulmans, ils surent par exemple contourner le contrôle mis en place par les Portugais, et garantir la continuité de leurs activités commerciales.
"Correspondence is equal to half a meeting": The Composition and Comprehension of Letters in Eighteenth-century Islamic Eurasia
Authors: Sood Gagan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article details the social and cultural mechanisms by which correspondence in Arabic- and Latin-script languages was written, understood and preserved in mid-eighteenth-century Islamic Eurasia. Aside from two major differences in letter-writing culture, which were embodied in the choice of script, the resident communities of Islamic Eurasia approached correspondence in a similar fashion. Perhaps surprisingly, there is no correlation between these practices and the author's ethnicity or nationality. This is strong evidence for the autonomy and universality of custom in a region on the cusp of massive changes in its relationship to Europe. Cette contribution détaille les mécanismes sociaux et culturels par lesquels la correspondance en langues et caractères arabes et latins fut rédigée, comprise et préservée en Eurasie Islamique au milieu du dix-huitième siècle. À l'exception de deux différences clés dans les pratiques épistolaires – exprimées dans le choix de l'écriture utilisée – les communautés de l'Eurasie Islamique abordèrent la correspondance d'une manière semblable. Qu'il n'y ait aucune corrélation entre ces pratiques et l'ethnicité ou la nationalité de l'auteur surprend; mais c'est une preuve notable de l'autonomie et de l'universalité des coutumes dans une région qui parvenait à l'apogée de transformations majeures dans ses relations avec l'Europe.
From Color Naming to a Language Space: An Analysis of Data from the World Color Survey
Authors: Bimler David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe World Color Survey was a large-scale cross-cultural experiment in which informants used the color lexicons of 110 non-written languages to label a standard set of stimuli. Here those data are explored with a novel analysis which focuses on the averaged location of boundaries within the stimulus set, revealing the system of color categories native to each language. A quantitative index of inter-language similarity was defined, comparing these average boundaries. Analyzing the similarities among color-naming patterns led to a 'language space', in which languages are grouped into clusters according to linguistic families (i.e., descent from common ancestors). This implies that each language's departures from the cross-cultural consensus about color categories are systematic (non-random). Given the non-unanimity about the color lexicon within languages, the persistence of these language families across the course of linguistic evolution is paradoxical.
Imagery Effects on Recall of Minimally Counterintuitive Concepts
Authors: Slone D. Jason , Gonce Lauren , Upal Afzal , Edwards Kristin , Tweney Ryan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Much experimental evidence shows that minimally counterintuitive concepts, which violate one intuitive ontological expectation of domain-specific natural kinds, are remembered as well as or better than intuitive concepts with no violations of ontological expectations, and much better than maximally counterintuitive concepts with more than one violation of ontological violations (Barrett and Nyhoff, 2001; Boyer and Ramble, 2001; Atran and Norenzayan, 2004; Gonce et al., 2006). It is also well established that concepts rated as high in imagery, (e.g., apple) are recalled better than concepts that are low in imagery (e.g., justice; see Paivio, 1990). We conducted three studies to test whether imagery levels affected recall rates of intuitive, minimally counterintuitive, and maximally counterintuitive concepts. In study 1, we obtained imagery level ratings for 48 three-word items. In study 2, we used the ratings obtained in study 1 in a 2 × 3 recall task in which imagery (high vs. low) was manipulated along with counterintutiveness (intuitive vs. minimally counterintuitive vs. maximally counterintuitive). High imagery items were recalled significantly better than low imagery items for intuitive and maximally counterintuitive items but not for minimally counterintuitive items. Study 3, replicated the findings from study 2 in a 2 × 2 study using a larger number of intuitive and minimally counterintuitive items. In both studies, High imagery items were recalled significantly better than low imagery items for intuitive but not for minimally counterintuitive items. Thus, minimally counterintuitive concepts appear insulated from imagery effects on recall.
Morphometry of the testis follicles in Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera, Triatominae)
Authors: Freitas Simone Patrícia Carneiro , Santos-Mallet Jacenir Reis Dos , Serrão José Eduardo , Lorosa Elias Seixas , Gonçalves Teresa Cristina Monte 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The male reproductive tract in Triatominae has a pair of testes, two vasa deferentia, a pair of seminal vesicles, four pairs of accessory glands, and an ejaculatory duct, which opens in the aedeagus. In species of the genus Triatoma each testis is formed by seven testicular follicles. Because Triatoma rubrofasciata has a common ancestor with species of Triatoma occurring in North America and because the length of testis follicles varies among different species of Triatoma a morphometrical analysis of the follicles was conducted. Triatoma rubrofasciata has seven testis follicles of variable length that are similar between left and right testes. The statistics allowed the classification in a long follicle, two medium follicles, two that are short, and two that are very short. This finding is compared with data available for other Triatominae and it is emphasized that the length of follicles testis should be included in future phylogenetic analysis of Triatominae.
Performance of a pool-and-weir fish pass for small bottom-dwelling freshwater fish species in a regulated lowland river
Authors: Knaepkens Guy , Maerten Evelien , Eens Marcel 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Although small benthic freshwater fish species are an important biological component of fish assemblages and free instream movement is indispensable for their survival, they are often neglected in fish pass performance studies. In this study, a capture-mark-recapture approach was used to assess whether small bottom-dwelling species, including gudgeon (Gobio gobio), stone loach (Barbatula barbatula), spined loach (Cobitis taenia) and bullhead (Cottus gobio), were able to cross a pool-and-weir fish pass in a regulated lowland river. Some tagged individuals of stone loach (18%), gudgeon (7%) and spined loach (2%) managed to successfully ascend the fish pass under study, despite the fact that water velocity levels in the different overflows of the facility (between 0.55-1.22 m/s) exceeded the critical swimming speed of all three species. Although this suggests that a pool-and-weir fish pass is a able to facilitate upstream movement of some small benthic species in a regulated river, more detailed research incorporating advanced tagging and retrieving techniques is necessary.
The Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Frank William M. , Young George S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the interannual variability of tropical cyclones in each of the earth’s cyclone basins using data from 1985 to 2003. The data are first analyzed using a Monte Carlo technique to investigate the long-standing myth that the global number of tropical cyclones is less variable than would be expected from examination of the variability in each basin. This belief is found to be false. Variations in the global number of all tropical cyclones are indistinguishable from those that would be expected if each basin was examined independently of the others. Furthermore, the global number of the most intense storms (Saffir–Simpson categories 4–5) is actually more variable than would be expected because of an observed tendency for storm activity to be correlated between basins, and this raises important questions as to how and why these correlations arise. Interbasin correlations and factor analysis of patterns of tropical cyclone activity reveal that there are several significant modes of variability. The largest three factors together explain about 70% of the variance, and each of these factors shows significant correlation with ENSO, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), or both, with ENSO producing the largest effects. The results suggest that patterns of tropical cyclone variability are strongly affected by large-scale modes of interannual variability. The temporal and spatial variations in storm activity are quite different for weaker tropical cyclones (tropical storm through category 2 strength) than for stronger storms (categories 3–5). The stronger storms tend to show stronger interbasin correlations and stronger relationships to ENSO and the NAO than do the weaker storms. This suggests that the factors that control tropical cyclone formation differ in important ways from those that ultimately determine storm intensity.
Prediction of the Diurnal Change Using a Multimodel Superensemble. Part I: Precipitation
Authors: Krishnamurti T. N. , Gnanaseelan C. , Chakraborty A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Modeling the geographical distribution of the phase and amplitude of the diurnal change is a challenging problem. This paper addresses the issues of modeling the diurnal mode of precipitation over the Tropics. Largely an early morning precipitation maximum over the oceans and an afternoon rainfall maximum over land areas describe the first-order diurnal variability. However, large variability in phase and amplitude prevails even within the land and oceanic areas. This paper addresses the importance of a multimodel superensemble for much improved prediction of the diurnal mode as compared to what is possible from individual models. To begin this exercise, the skills of the member models, the ensemble mean of the member models, a unified cloud model, and the superensemble for the prediction of total rain as well as its day versus night distribution were examined. Here it is shown that the distributions of total rain over the earth (tropical belt) and over certain geographical regions are predicted reasonably well (RMSE less than 18%) from the construction of a multimodel superensemble. This dataset is well suited for addressing the diurnal change. The large errors in phase of the diurnal modes in individual models usually stem from numerous physical processes such as the cloud radiation, shallow and deep cumulus convection, and the physics of the planetary boundary layer. The multimodel superensemble is designed to reduce such systematic errors and provide meaningful forecasts. That application for the diurnal mode appears very promising. This paper examines some of the regions such as the Tibetan Plateau, the eastern foothills of the Himalayas, and the Amazon region of South America that are traditionally difficult for modeling the diurnal change. In nearly all of these regions, errors in phase and amplitude of the diurnal mode of precipitation increase with the increased length of forecasts. Model forecast errors on the order of 6–12 h for phase and 50% for the amplitude are often seen from the member models. The multimodel superensemble reduces these errors and provides a close match (RMSE &lt; 6 h) to the observed phase. The percent of daily rain and their phases obtained from the multimodel superensemble at 3-hourly intervals for different regions of the Tropics showed a closer match (pattern correlation about 0.4) with the satellite estimates. This is another area where the individual member models conveyed a much lower skill.
The Influence of Horizontal Environmental Variability on Numerically Simulated Convective Storms. Part I: Variations in Vertical Shear
Authors: Richardson Yvette P. , Droegemeier Kelvin K. , Davies-Jones Robert P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Severe convective storms are typically simulated using either an idealized, horizontally homogeneous environment (i.e., single sounding) or an inhomogeneous environment constructed using numerous types of observations. Representing opposite ends of the spectrum, the former allows for the study of storm dynamics without the complicating effects of either land surface or atmospheric variability, though arguably at the expense of physical realism, while the latter is especially useful for prediction and data sensitivity studies, though because of its physical completeness, determination of cause can be extremely difficult. In this study, the gap between these two extremes is bridged by specifying horizontal variations in environmental vertical shear in an idealized, controlled manner so that their influence on storm morphology can be readily diagnosed. Simulations are performed using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS), though with significant modification to accommodate the analytically specified environmental fields. Several steady-state environments are constructed herein that retain a good degree of physical realism while permitting clear interpretation of cause and effect. These experiments are compared to counterpart control simulations in homogeneous environments constructed using single wind profiles from selected locations within the inhomogeneous environment domain. Simulations in which steady-state vertical shear varies spatially are presented for different shear regimes (storm types). A gradient of weak shear across the storm system leads to preferred cell development on the flank with greater shear. In a stronger shear regime (i.e., in the borderline multicell/supercell regime), however, cell development is enhanced on the weaker shear flank while cell organization is enhanced on the strong shear side. When an entire storm system moves from weak to strong shear, changes in cell structure are influenced by local mesoscale forcing associated with the cold pool. In this particular experiment, cells near the leading edge of the cold pool, where gust front convergence occurs along a continuous line, evolve into a bow-echo structure as the shear increases. In contrast, simulated cells that remain relatively isolated on the flank of the cold pool tend to develop supercellular characteristics.
System Design and Evaluation of Coupled Ensemble Data Assimilation for Global Oceanic Climate Studies
Authors: Zhang S. , Harrison M. J. , Rosati A. , Wittenberg A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A fully coupled data assimilation (CDA) system, consisting of an ensemble filter applied to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s global fully coupled climate model (CM2), has been developed to facilitate the detection and prediction of seasonal-to-multidecadal climate variability and climate trends. The assimilation provides a self-consistent, temporally continuous estimate of the coupled model state and its uncertainty, in the form of discrete ensemble members, which can be used directly to initialize probabilistic climate forecasts. Here, the CDA is evaluated using a series of perfect model experiments, in which a particular twentieth-century simulation—with temporally varying greenhouse gas and natural aerosol radiative forcings—serves as a “truth” from which observations are drawn, according to the actual ocean observing network for the twentieth century. These observations are then assimilated into a coupled model ensemble that is subjected only to preindustrial forcings. By examining how well this analysis ensemble reproduces the “truth,” the skill of the analysis system in recovering anthropogenically forced trends and natural climate variability is assessed, given the historical observing network. The assimilation successfully reconstructs the twentieth-century ocean heat content variability and trends in most locations. The experiments highlight the importance of maintaining key physical relationships among model fields, which are associated with water masses in the ocean and geostrophy in the atmosphere. For example, when only oceanic temperatures are assimilated, the ocean analysis is greatly improved by incorporating the temperature–salinity covariance provided by the analysis ensemble. Interestingly, wind observations are more helpful than atmospheric temperature observations for constructing the structure of the tropical atmosphere; the opposite holds for the extratropical atmosphere. The experiments indicate that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is difficult to constrain using the twentieth-century observational network, but there is hope that additional observations—including those from the newly deployed Argo profiles—may lessen this problem in the twenty-first century. The challenges for data assimilation of model systematic biases and evolving observing systems are discussed.
Comparison of the Diurnal Precipitation Cycle in Convection-Resolving and Non-Convection-Resolving Mesoscale Models
Authors: Clark Adam J. , Gallus William A. , Chen Tsing-Chang 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The diurnal cycles of rainfall in 5-km grid-spacing convection-resolving and 22-km grid-spacing non-convection-resolving configurations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are compared to see if significant improvements can be obtained by using fine enough grid spacing to explicitly resolve convection. Diurnally averaged Hovmöller diagrams, spatial correlation coefficients computed in Hovmöller space, equitable threat scores (ETSs), and biases for forecasts conducted from 1 April to 25 July 2005 over a large portion of the central United States are used for the comparisons. A subjective comparison using Hovmöller diagrams of diurnally averaged rainfall show that the diurnal cycle representation in the 5-km configuration is clearly superior to that in the 22-km configuration during forecast hours 24–48. The superiority of the 5-km configuration is validated by much higher spatial correlation coefficients than in the 22-km configuration. During the first 24 forecast hours the 5-km model forecasts appear to be more adversely affected by model “spinup” processes than the 22-km model forecasts, and it is less clear, subjectively, which configuration has the better diurnal cycle representation, although spatial correlation coefficients are slightly higher in the 22-km configuration. ETSs in both configurations have diurnal oscillations with relative maxima occurring in both configurations at forecast hours corresponding to 0000–0300 LST, while biases also have diurnal oscillations with relative maxima (largest errors) in the 22-km (5-km) configuration occurring at forecast hours corresponding to 1200 (1800) LST. At all forecast hours, ETSs from the 22-km configuration are higher than those in the 5-km configuration. This inconsistency with some of the results obtained using the aforementioned spatial correlation coefficients reinforces discussion in past literature that cautions against using “traditional” verification statistics, such as ETS, to compare high- to low-resolution forecasts.