bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in sheep and their variation as evidence of selection
Authors: Pariset L. , Cappuccio I. , Joost S. , D'Andrea M. , Marletta D. , Ajmone Marsan P. , Valentini A. ,   The ECONOGENE Consortium
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe discovery of SNPs was performed using animals from eight European sheep breeds. Eleven SNPs were further characterized using about 1700 sheep belonging to 57 breeds. A method for the identification of loci that were likely subject to selection was applied; three of the 11 SNPs lying outside the 95% confidence region of the conditional joint distribution of FST and mean heterozygosity were identified as outliers.
Does premature aging of the mtDNA mutator mouse prove that mtDNA mutations are involved in natural aging?
Authors: Khrapko Konstantin , Kraytsberg Yevgenya , De Grey Aubrey DNJ , Vijg Jan , Schon Eric A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent studies have demonstrated that transgenic mice with an increased rate of somatic point mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA mutator mice) display a premature aging phenotype reminiscent of human aging. These results are widely interpreted as implying that mtDNA mutations may be a central mechanism in mammalian aging. However, the levels of mutations in the mutator mice typically are more than an order of magnitude higher than typical levels in aged humans. Furthermore, most of the aging‐like features are not specific to the mtDNA mutator mice, but are shared with several other premature aging mouse models, where no mtDNA mutations are involved. We conclude that, although mtDNA mutator mouse is a very useful model for studies of phenotypes associated with mtDNA mutations, the aging‐like phenotypes of the mouse do not imply that mtDNA mutations are necessarily involved in natural mammalian aging. On the other hand, the fact that point mutations in aged human tissues are much less abundant than those causing premature aging in mutator mice does not mean that mtDNA mutations are not involved in human aging. Thus, mtDNA mutations may indeed be relevant to human aging, but they probably differ by origin, type, distribution, and spectra of affected tissues from those observed in mutator mice.
Progress, spread and natural transmission of Bahia bark scaling of citrus in Brazil
Authors: Laranjeira F.F. , Barbosa C.J. , Santos‐Filho H.P. , Gonçalves T.F. , Nickel O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProgress, spread and natural transmission of Bahia bark scaling of citrus were evaluated in a trial where 240 screenhouse‐nursed nucellar grapefruit plants –‘Clason’, ‘Little River Seedless’, ‘Red Blush’, ‘Reed’ and ‘Howell Seedless’ cvs – were planted alongside and 5 m apart from a 10‐year‐old symptomatic ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit orchard. Plants were distributed in 16 rows of 15 trees, with three plants of each cultivar per row. Eight trial plants were kept in screen cages. Incidence of symptomatic plants was assessed at 3‐months intervals, for 5 years, and for further 2 years at irregular intervals. Cumulative maps of disease incidence were produced for each assessment date and used in all analyses. Temporal progress was analysed by nonlinear fitting of three disease progress models. Spread was characterised in three levels of spatial hierarchy by the following analyses: ordinary runs, binomial dispersion index, binary power law fitting, isopath mapping and nonlinear fitting of disease gradient models. The first symptomatic plant was detected 2 years after planting. In the last disease assessment, 5 years after the first, 98% of the unprotected plants were symptomatic. None of the screen‐caged trees showed any symptoms. Bahia bark scaling progress was polyetic and best described by the logistic model. Ordinary runs analysis showed little if any evidence of transmission between adjacent trees. Diseased plants showed a very aggregated pattern inside quadrats (D > 5 and b > 1.53). Isopath mapping showed that main spread was only because of the primary inoculum source. Secondary foci were also observed, but they were never dissociated from main initial disease focus. Disease gradient followed wind direction, starting near the original inoculum source and was best described by exponential model. These results support a hypothesis of Bahia bark scaling transmission by air‐borne vectors with limited dispersion ability.
Proteomic Study of Peptide Deformylase Inhibition inStreptococcus pneumoniaeandStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wang Wen , White Richard , Yuan Zhengyu 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPeptide deformylase (PDF) is an essential enzyme in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It hydrolyzes formylated N-terminal peptides to generate free N-terminal peptides during the process of protein maturation. Inhibition of this enzyme results in cessation of bacterial growth. We have examined the effect of a potent PDF inhibitor, LBM-415 (also known as VIC-104959), on the proteomes ofStaphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pneumoniaeusing two-dimensional electrophoresis. BothS. aureusandS. pneumoniaeshowed accumulation of many N-terminal formylated peptides/proteins upon PDF inhibition. InS. pneumoniae, formylated peptide/protein accumulation was time dependent. Following inhibition, subsequent removal of the inhibitor resulted in deformylation of formylated peptides/proteins; this recovery process was also time dependent. If instead the inhibited cells were maintained in the presence of sub-MIC levels of the PDF inhibitor, the formylated peptides/proteins remained for a much longer time, which correlated with a prolonged postantibiotic effect in vitro. These observations may have broader implications for the application of this class of antibiotics in vivo.
Clinical and Bacteriological Efficacy in Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis with Cefditoren-Pivoxil versus Cefuroxime-Axetil
Authors: Alvarez-Sala Jose-Luis , Kardos Peter , Martínez-Beltrán Jesús , Coronel Pilar , Aguilar Lorenzo ,   the Cefditoren AECB Working Group
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial was performed comparing 200 mg of cefditoren-pivoxil twice daily for 5 days versus standard cefuroxime-axetil treatment (250 mg twice daily for 10 days) of Anthonisen type I or II acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The modified intention-to-treat population included 541 patients. Patients were assessed during therapy, at the end of therapy (visit 3; primary evaluation time point), and at follow-up. Clinical success was obtained in 79.9% of the 264 patients included in the cefditoren-pivoxil group and in 82.7% of the 277 patients in the cefuroxime-axetil group (treatment difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.8, −9.7 to 3.6%). Treatment clinical effects were more clearly seen in sputum signs (decreasing volume and purulence from approximately 80% to approximately 10% of the patients). At the end of treatment, exploratory analysis of the per-pathogen bacteriological response showed 72.8% (of 103 isolates) in the cefditoren-pivoxil arm versus 67.0% (of 94 isolates) in the cefuroxime-axetil group (treatment difference; 95% CI: 5.8, −7.0 to 18.6%). Globally, the per-pathogen bacteriological response correlated well with clinical success: 83.5% of 164 baseline isolates from patients with a clinical success were eradicated or presumably eradicated, in contrast to only 3% of 33 isolates from patients with a clinical failure. Clinical success in patients infected with
Haemophilus influenzae
, the most frequent isolate, was 84% (of 50) and 82.5% (of 40) (treatment difference; 95% CI: 1.5, −14 to 17%) in the cefditoren-pivoxil versus the cefuroxime-axetil group. Although this study does not prove that either drug is better than a placebo, cefditoren-pivoxil and the standard 10-day cefuroxime-axetil course had similar point estimates of success in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
Intrapulmonary Penetration of Voriconazole in Patients Receiving an Oral Prophylactic Regimen
Authors: Capitano Blair , Potoski Brian A. , Husain Shahid , Zhang Shimin , Paterson David L. , Studer Sean M. , McCurry Kenneth R. , Venkataramanan Raman 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Voriconazole penetrated well into the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in lung transplant patients receiving oral prophylaxis. The ELF concentrations exceeded those of the plasma, with an average ELF-to-plasma ratio of 11 (±8). A strong association between plasma and ELF concentrations (
r
2
= 0.95) was noted.
Selection of
Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1
Alleles following Therapy with Artemether-Lumefantrine in an Area of Uganda where Malaria Is Highly Endemic
Authors: Dokomajilar Christian , Nsobya Samuel L. , Greenhouse Bryan , Rosenthal Philip J. , Dorsey Grant 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Polymorphisms in the
Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1
gene were assayed in pretreatment samples and in samples from patients reinfected following therapy with artemether-lumefantrine. The
pfmdr1
alleles 86N, 184F, and 1246D significantly increased in prevalence after treatment. All samples had a single
pfmdr1
copy. Treatment with artemether-lumefantrine selects for polymorphisms that may alter antimalarial drug response.
Significance of Mutations in
embB
Codon 306 for Prediction of Ethambutol Resistance in Clinical
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isolates
Authors: Plinke Claudia , Rüsch-Gerdes Sabine , Niemann Stefan 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

We analyzed 159
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates (101 ethambutol [EMB]-resistant strains, 33 multidrug-resistant but not EMB-resistant strains, and 25 fully susceptible strains) for the presence of mutations in
embB
codon 306 (
embB
306). Mutations were detected only in EMB-resistant strains (
n
= 69; 68%), thus confirming the significance of
embB
306 mutations for the prediction of resistance to EMB.
DC-SIGN Facilitates Fusion of Dendritic Cells with Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Infected Cells
Authors: Ceccaldi Pierre-Emmanuel , Delebecque Frédéric , Prevost Marie-Christine , Moris Arnaud , Abastado Jean-Pierre , Gessain Antoine , Schwartz Olivier , Ozden Simona 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Interactions between the oncogenic retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and dendritic cells (DCs) are poorly characterized. We show here that monocyte-derived DCs form syncytia and are infected upon coculture with HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes. We examined the role of DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin expressed in DCs, in HTLV-1-induced syncytium formation. DC-SIGN is known to bind with high affinity to various viral envelope glycoproteins, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus, as well as to the cellular receptors ICAM-2 and ICAM-3. After cocultivating DCs and HTLV-1-infected cells, we found that anti-DC-SIGN monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were able to decrease the number and size of HTLV-1-induced syncytia. Moreover, expression of the lectin in epithelial-cell lines dramatically enhanced the ability to fuse with HTLV-1-positive cells. Interestingly, in contrast to the envelope (Env) glycoproteins of HIV and other viruses, that of HTLV-1 does not bind directly to DC-SIGN. The facilitating role of the lectin in HTLV-1 syncytium formation is mediated by its interaction with ICAM-2 and ICAM-3, as demonstrated by use of MAbs directed against these adhesion molecules. Altogether, our results indicate that DC-SIGN facilitates HTLV-1 infection and fusion of DCs through an ICAM-dependent mechanism.
Lymphoma Cell Apoptosis in the Liver Induced by Distant Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Erlach Katja C. , Böhm Verena , Seckert Christof K. , Reddehase Matthias J. , Podlech Jürgen 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTCytomegalovirus (CMV) poses a threat to the therapy of hematopoietic malignancies by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but efficient reconstitution of antiviral immunity prevents CMV organ disease. Tumor relapse originating from a minimal residual leukemia poses another threat. Although a combination of risk factors was supposed to enhance the incidence and severity of transplantation-associated disease, a murine model of a liver-adapted B-cell lymphoma has previously shown a survival benefit and tumor growth inhibition by nonlethal subcutaneous infection with murine CMV. Here we have investigated the underlying antitumoral mechanism. Virus replication proved to be required, since inactivated virions or the highly attenuated enhancerless mutant mCMV-ΔMIEenh did not impact the lymphoma in the liver. Surprisingly, the dissemination-deficient mutant mCMV-ΔM36 inhibited tumor growth, even though this virus fails to infect the liver. On the other hand, various strains of herpes simplex viruses consistently failed to control the lymphoma, even though they infect the liver. A quantitative analysis of the tumor growth kinetics identified a transient tumor remission by apoptosis as the antitumoral effector mechanism. Tumor cell colonies with cells surviving the CMV-induced “apoptotic crisis” lead to tumor relapse even in the presence of full-blown tissue infection. Serial transfer of surviving tumor cells did not indicate a selection of apoptosis-resistant genetic variants. NK cell activity of CD49b-expressing cells failed to control the lymphoma upon adoptive transfer. We propose the existence of an innate antitumoral mechanism that is triggered by CMV infection and involves an apoptotic signal effective at a distant site of tumor growth.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm.sab Infection of Caribbean African Green Monkeys: a New Model for the Study of SIV Pathogenesis in Natural Hosts
Authors: Pandrea Ivona , Apetrei Cristian , Dufour Jason , Dillon Nora , Barbercheck Joseph , Metzger Michael , Jacquelin Béatrice , Bohm Rudolf , Marx Preston A. , Barre-Sinoussi Françoise , Hirsch Vanessa M. , Müller-Trutwin Michaela C. , Lackner Andrew A. , Veazey Ronald S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Caribbean-born African green monkeys (AGMs) were classified as
Chlorocebus sabaeus
by cytochrome
b
sequencing. Guided by these phylogenetic analyses, we developed a new model for the study of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts by inoculating Caribbean AGMs with their species-specific SIVagm.sab. SIVagm.sab replicated efficiently in Caribbean AGM peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. During SIVagm.sab primary infection of six Caribbean AGMs, the virus replicated at high levels, with peak viral loads (VLs) of 10
7
to 10
8
copies/ml occurring by day 8 to 10 postinfection (p.i.). Set-point values of up to 2 × 10
5
copies/ml were reached by day 42 p.i. and maintained throughout follow-up (through day 450 p.i.). CD4
+
T-cell counts in the blood showed a transient depletion at the peak of VL, and then returned to near preinfection values by day 28 p.i. and remained relatively stable during the chronic infection. Preservation of CD4 T cells was also found in lymph nodes (LNs) of chronic SIVagm.sab-infected Caribbean AGMs. No activation of CD4
+
T cells was detected in the periphery in SIV-infected Caribbean AGMs. These virological and immunological profiles from peripheral blood and LNs were identical to those previously reported in African-born AGMs infected with the same viral strain (SIVagm.sab92018). Due to these similarities, we conclude that Caribbean AGMs are a useful alternative to AGMs of African origin as a model for the study of SIV infection in natural African hosts.
Bridge Frost Prediction by Heat and Mass Transfer Methods
Authors: Greenfield Tina M. , Takle Eugene S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Frost on roadways and bridges can present hazardous conditions to motorists, particularly when it occurs in patches or on bridges when adjacent roadways are clear of frost. To minimize materials costs, vehicle corrosion, and negative environmental impacts, frost-suppression chemicals should be applied only when, where, and in the appropriate amounts needed to maintain roadways in a safe condition for motorists. Accurate forecasts of frost onset times, frost intensity, and frost disappearance (e.g., melting or sublimation) are needed to help roadway maintenance personnel decide when, where, and how much frost-suppression chemical to use. A finite-difference algorithm (BridgeT) has been developed that simulates vertical heat transfer in a bridge based on evolving meteorological conditions at its top and bottom as supplied by a weather forecast model. BridgeT simulates bridge temperatures at numerous points within the bridge (including its upper and lower surface) at each time step of the weather forecast model and calculates volume per unit area (i.e., depth) of deposited, melted, or sublimed frost. This model produces forecasts of bridge surface temperature, frost depth, and bridge condition (i.e., dry, wet, icy/snowy). Bridge frost predictions and bridge surface temperature are compared with observed and measured values to assess BridgeT's skill in forecasting bridge frost and associated conditions.
Bjerknes Compensation and the Decadal Variability of the Energy Transports in a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Shaffrey Len , Sutton Rowan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the 1960s, Jacob Bjerknes suggested that if the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes and the oceanic heat storage did not vary too much, then the total energy transport by the climate system would not vary too much either. This implies that any large anomalies of oceanic and atmospheric energy transport should be equal and opposite. This simple scenario has become known as Bjerknes compensation.
A long control run of the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) has been investigated. It was found that northern extratropical decadal anomalies of atmospheric and oceanic energy transports are significantly anticorrelated and have similar magnitudes, which is consistent with the predictions of Bjerknes compensation. The degree of compensation in the northern extratropics was found to increase with increasing time scale. Bjerknes compensation did not occur in the Tropics, primarily as large changes in the surface fluxes were associated with large changes in the TOA fluxes.
In the ocean, the decadal variability of the energy transport is associated with fluctuations in the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. A stronger Atlantic Ocean energy transport leads to strong warming of surface temperatures in the Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian (GIN) Seas, which results in a reduced equator-to-pole surface temperature gradient and reduced atmospheric baroclinicity. It is argued that a stronger Atlantic Ocean energy transport leads to a weakened atmospheric transient energy transport.
Correction of sickle cell disease by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Wu Li-Chen , Sun Chiao-Wang , Ryan Thomas M. , Pawlik Kevin M. , Ren Jinxiang , Townes Tim M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that sickle cell disease (SCD) can be corrected in mouse models by transduction of hematopoietic stem cells with lentiviral vectors containing antisickling globin genes followed by transplantation of these cells into syngeneic recipients. Although self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors with or without insulator elements should provide a safe and effective treatment in humans, some concerns about insertional mutagenesis persist. An ideal correction would involve replacement of the sickle globin gene (βS) with a normal copy of the gene (βA). We recently derived embryonic stem (ES) cells from a novel knock-in mouse model of SCD and tested a protocol for correcting the sickle mutation by homologous recombination. In this paper, we demonstrate the replacement of the human βS-globin gene with a human βA-globin gene and the derivation of mice from these cells. The animals produce high levels of normal human hemoglobin (HbA) and the pathology associated with SCD is corrected. Hematologic values are restored to normal levels and organ pathology is ameliorated. These experiments provide a foundation for similar studies in human ES cells derived from sickle cell patients. Although efficient methods for production of human ES cells by somatic nuclear transfer must be developed, the data in this paper demonstrate that sickle cell disease can be corrected without the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
p120 nucleolar-proliferating antigen is a direct target of G-CSF signaling during myeloid differentiation
Authors: Khanna-Gupta Arati , Sun Hong , Zibello Theresa , Lozovatsky Larissa , Ghosh Prabhat K , Link Daniel C , McLemore Morgan L , Berliner Nancy 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an essential cytokine, which contributes to proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte precursor cells in the bone marrow. Despite recent progress in understanding G-CSF signaling events, the mechanisms that underlie the distinct spectrum of biological functions attributed to G-CSF-mediated gene expression remain unclear. Previous studies have identified a number of genes, which are up-regulated in G-CSF-stimulated myeloid precursor cells. In this study, we sought to identify additional target genes of G-CSF-mediated proliferation and/or differentiation. cDNA representational difference analysis was used with the 32Dcl3 cell line as a model system to isolate genes, which are up-regulated in an immediate-early manner upon G-CSF stimualtion. We isolated p120 nucleolar-proliferation antigen (NOL1), a highly conserved, nucleolar-specific, RNA-binding protein of unknown function, and confirmed its expression by Northern blot analysis in 4-h, G-CSF-induced 32Dcl3 cells. Isolation of a mouse p120 genomic clone revealed the presence of a signal tranducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-binding site in the first intron of the gene. We demonstrate the importance of STAT3 and STAT5 in mediating the G-CSF response with respect to p120 expression by transient transfection analysis, oligonucleotide pull-down assays, and the loss of p120 expression in the bone marrow of mice lacking normal STAT3 signaling. In addition, overexpression of p120 in G-CSF-induced 32D cells revealed normal, morphologic maturation and growth characteristics but loss of lactoferrin expression, a marker of normal neutrophil maturation, suggesting that inappropriate expression of the p120 gene can result in aberrant neutrophil maturation.
“Research has had little influence on the development of pharmacy practice”
Authors: Jesson Jill 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The final plenary session at the 2002 Health Services Research and Pharmacy Practice Conference at Leeds, England, took the form of a formal debate on the topic “Research has had little influence on the development of pharmacy practice.” The proposers were two non-pharmacists, with considerable experience of health services research and pharmacy practice research, and the opposers were two leading pharmacists, one a hospital pharmacist and one an advocate for community pharmacy. We present here an edited version of the debate.
Synthesis and Properties of 1,6-Diselenapyrene (DSPY) and Its Methyl Chalcogeno Derivatives
Authors: Morita Yasushi , Ohmae Takeshi , Toyoda Jiro , Matsuda Shotaro , Toda Fumio , Nakasuji Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
1,6-Diselenapyrene, a first selenium analog of peri-condensed Weitz-type donors based on pyrene, and its methyl chalcogeno derivatives showed the relatively good donor ability. The relationship between the charge transfer energy and the stacking mode are discussed briefly.
Associative Exchange of a Guanosine Ligand on Triarylphosphine-Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Komiya Sanshiro , Nakada Koji , Hirata Mitsuru , Fukuoka Atsushi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Reactions of nitrato(triarylphosphine)gold(I) complexes [Au(PR3)(NO3)] with nucleosides such as guanosine (Guo), adenosine (Ado), and cytidine (Cyd) give new nucleoside-containing gold(I) complexes, [Au(PR3)(Nuc)](NO3) (R = Ph, o-anisyl, p-anisyl; Nuc = Guo, Ado, Cyd) in DMSO-d6. NMR study reveals that the coordinated Guo ligand rapidly exchanges with free Guo by an associative mechanism.