bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kosher Catering
Authors: Desser Marianna 
Published: March 2007

Kosher catering involves the practice of a tradition that began more than 3,000 years ago. Set forth in the Five Books of Moses — commonly known as the Torah — the Jewish dietary laws were further defined by rabbinic scholars, whose interpretations are recorded in the Talmud. Various explanations for the existence of the dietary laws have been advanced. Most credible is the supposition that the purpose of the laws has always been multifold, reflecting hygienic, ritual, and nationalistic concerns and teaching such moral lessons as temperance, charity, thankfulness, and abstinence from cruelty. * Today's kosher market is not limited to those who strictly observe the dietary laws, but rather consists of well-educated, upwardly mobile individuals both willing and able to pay for kosher products. The operator who taps this growing market has a decided advantage in a competitive environment.
Multiple Analytic Perspectives on Women's Labor in Latin America
Authors: de Oliveira Orlandina 
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes five explanatory perspectives on women's economic participation in Latin American labor markets during the past three decades: (1) modernization, which selects macrostructural factors linked to the growing supply and demand for women's labor; (2) survival strategies, which focuses on household choices in the context of economic crises that lower both wages and labor demand; (3) globalization and economic restructuring, which centers on changes in the demand for labor; (4) multivariate models to quantify the relative importance of the multiple factors linked to the expansion or contraction of the demand for female labor; and (5) the gender perspective which redefines the study of women's work by introducing women's subjectivity and their role in the family. Women's participation in labor markets is seen as determined by a variety of factors. The paper argues that owing to its broader approach, the gender perspective is that which best incorporates such variety, treating it as selective influence which depends on class position, family and individual characteristics, and male vs female conceptions of women's work. As such, it is the most successful of the five in explaining the evolution of women's participation in the labor market during the past decades.
Sociology, Extreme Environments and Social Change
Authors: Kroll-Smith Steve , Couch Stephen R. , Marshall Brent K. 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, an increasing number of sociologists have recognized that when human technologies disrupt the relationship between communities and environments, both communities and environments change. This change is caused both directly, by physical changes in the environment, and indirectly, through the appraisals people make of those disruptions and the social processes those appraisals set in motion. Such a situation can be called an `extreme environment', in which the disruption between communities and the physical environment narrows the range of what people know about their physical world while simultaneously intensifying their need to protect themselves by acting on that world with imperfect knowledge. All the articles in this issue deal in one way or another with this type of extreme environment and its social impacts. The first looks at long-term environmental disruptions as a new type of disaster. The next three examine the relationship between risk and social policy. The development of grassroots and environmental justice movements is the focus of the next two articles. The final two contributions discuss the attempts to understand the nature and impacts of technologically induced extreme environments.
Vibration Characteristics of Aluminum Plates Reinforced with Boron-Epoxy Composite Material
Authors: Clary Robert R. , Cooper Paul A. 
Published: March 2007

Vibration characteristics of aluminum plates reinforced with boron epoxy composite material were investigated experimentally and analyt ically. Variations in the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping with filament angle were studied. Vibration characteristics of the re inforced plates were also compared with all-aluminum plates. Results of this study demonstrate the merit of using directional com posite materials in design for controlling vibration characteristics of plates. For example, experimental results show that the frequency of the first mode can be changed 77 percent by adjusting the fiber orientation with no change in the plate mass. Results also showed that the damping coefficients could be controlled with filament orientation and that the maximum damping occurred for modes having maximum straining of the matrix and minimum straining of the filaments. Regardless of the filament orientation, all the reinforced plates had more damping than the all-aluminum plates. However, these damping values tend to be less than those normally associated with conventional built-up aerospace structures. Analytical results used in this report were in qualitative agreement with experimental trends for nodal pattern and frequency variations with filament orientation. However, in some cases, quantitative frequency corre lation was poor. To obtain better correlation, a more sophisticated finite element, including effects such as interlaminar shear, matrix viscoelasticity, and metal-epoxy interface properties, might be necessary.
Experimental Tests for Damping Measurements on Several Short Glass Fiber Composites
Authors: Balis Crema L. , Castellani A. , Serra A. 
Published: March 2007

Some experimental tests on the damping measurements for short glass fiber composites are presented. The short fiber samples are of three different fiber orientations: aligned longitudinally, aligned transversely and random. The tested composites have been built for a possible secondary structural use in the field of road transport. A comparison of the gathered data from the damping measurements with theoretically predicted values, gained with a classical approach, is presented. The good agreement between the experimental and theoretical values of the three types of composites shows that it is possible to broaden the application of the theoretical ap proach as used in continuous glass fiber for predicting the damping values of aligned and random short glass fibers. These results also confirm the tight connection between damping and stiffness charac teristics in glass fiber composites.
Soviet and American Perspectives on Hidden Reserves and Human Potentials
Authors: Krippner Stanley 
Published: March 2007

The biological, psychological, and social capacities that enable individuals to engage in personally and culturally valuable behavior are referred to as "hidden human reserves" in the U.S.S.R. and as "human potentials" in the United States. There is a tradition of interest and research in both countries despite the fact that this area has been ignored by many scientists. The topics studied include imagery, self-regulation, hypnosis, accelerated learning, and imagination. The individual's biological predisposition, cultural background, and life experience combine to produce a capacity for development that needs to be more intensively investigated. Practical applications have been implemented in such fields as healing, sports, language learning, creative problem solving, and psychotherapy. A method to tap the "forgotten assets" of... human potentialities is rapidly emerging as a discrete field of scientific inquiry.... Commitment is not restricted to the United States. Scientists in the U.S.S.R. and other countries are also at work.... As early as 1964 the following appeared in Soviet Life Today...: "The latest findings in anthropology, psychology, logic, and physiology show that the potential of the human mind is very great indeed." (Otto, 1969)
What Sustains Us: the Role of Connections
Authors: Rubenfeld Frank 
Published: March 2007

This article reflects important aspects of my odyssey as a peace activist. During the more than four years that I have been fostering the flowering of the psychotherapeutic branch of the peace movement, my consciousness has been transformed. Acknowledging and living out the connections I detail in the article have been a major source of this transformation. The connections I focus on are those with our own selves; between each other; between our need for community and our need for individuality; and connecting our visions of peace with how we live our lives day by day. When we accept ourselves compassionately; encourage mutual, reciprocal support and stimulation from others; honor both our individuality and the needs of the larger community; and attempt to align our way of being with our higher ideals-then we provide ourselves with the means, the magic nourishment, that can sustain us in our living a life of service to the planet.
Client-Centered Therapy in Japan: Fujio Tomoda and Taoism
Authors: Hayashi Sachiko , Kuno Toru , Morotomi Yoshihiko , Osawa Mieko , Shimizu Mikio , Suetake Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2007

Fujio Tbmoda played a major role in introducing client-centered therapy (CCT) into Japan. This article discusses the reception, transformation, and cultural implications of CCT, focusing on the work of Tomoda, which was deeply influenced by Chinese and Japanese classics. Section 1 introduces Tbmoda and his activities. Section 2 (Hayashi) features how Tomoda has come to equate the nondirective aspect of CCT with the not-doing-and-being-natural paradigm of Taoism. Section 3 (Suetake) analyzes Tbmoda's self-theory based on ancient Chinese philosophy. Section 4 (Morotomi) calls attention to the word "vacuum," uttered by Rogers' client. Section 5 (Osawa) compares Tomoda's theory on personality change with the Focusing approach by Gendlin. Section 6 (Shimizu) features Ibmoda's application of the CCT approach to his group programs. Section 7 (Kuno) highlights Tbmoda's finding in renku (Japanese linked poetry) a means of facilitating human development. Section 8 critically examines Tbmoda's work. I believe it expresses well the observations which for me have crystallized into two important themes: my confidence in the human organism, when it is functioning freely; and the existential quality of satisfying living, a theme presented by some of our most modem philosophers, which was however beautifully expressed more than twentyfive centuries ago by Lao-tzu when, he said, 'The way to do is to be." (Rogers, 1961, p. 163).
Measuring Impact of a Juvenile Correctional Institution by Perceptions of Inmates and Staff
Authors: Eynon Thomas G. , Allen Harry E. , Reckless Walter C. 
Published: March 2007

The impact of a correctional institution on the inmate is still enigmatic. While failure a year or more after release is often used to measure the results of institutional stay, clearly this measurement is fraught with numerous variables which are unre lated to the particular institutional experience of the cases. Likewise, success during or after the parole period, as measured by absence of negative or presence of positive evaluations of the releasee by the aftercare officer, or by lack of involvement in delinquency or crime (plus favorable adjustments in the com munity) is probably independent of the impact of the institutional stay on the parolee's behavior. 1The early studies are summarized in an article by Walter C. Reckless, "The Impact of Correctional Programmes on Inmates," British Journal of Delinquency, 6:138-47, (September, 1955). Reference herein is made to the initial studies of impact under Pro fessor Reckless' direction: E. J. Galway, "A Measurement of the Effectiveness of a Reformatory Program," Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, (1948); M. S. Sabnis, "A Measurement of Impact of Institutional Experience on Inmates in a Training School," Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, (1951); M. R. Moran, "Inmate Concept of Self in a Reformatory Society," Ph.D. disser tation, Ohio State University, (1954); H. Zibners, "The Influence of Short-Term Insti tutionalization upon Emotionally Disturbed and Delinquent Children," M.A. thesis, Ohio State University, (1954). Jon E. Simpson, Thomas G. Eynon, and Walter C. Reckless, "Institutionalization as Perceived by the Juvenile Offender," Sociology and Social Re search, 48(1):13-23, (October, 1963); Thomas Eynon and Jon E. Simpson, "The Boy's Perception of Himself in a State Training School for Delinquents," The Social Service Review, 39(1):31-37, (March, 1965). 2Summarized from a descriptive statement of TICO (1967) by Harry E. Zibners, a Director of Guidance at TICO, which in cluded clinical services, the services of social workers, and the services of cottage leaders. 3The actual number of different items was 59 rather than 60 — one item was duplicated. 4Note that a high score is in the unfavor able direction.
The victimization of Juveniles
Authors: Mawby R.I. 
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the first victimization study of juveniles carried out in Britain. Schoolchildren aged eleven to fifteen completed a questionnaire which included a section on five victimization incidents and a section in which the child was asked to report his own delinquent behavior. As in an earlier American study, the rate of victimization was extremely high, but only a low proportion of incidents were reported to the police. However, the most vic timized respondents appeared more likely to have reported at least one offense to the police, a finding which corresponds with the conclusions reached in many self-report delinquency studies. The study was expected to confirm findings, from the wider research project -namely, that area of residence correlated closely with victimization rates. However, in the case of juveniles, neither this nor social class was related to victimization, although two other variables-sex and offender status-were. The article concludes with an exploratory discussion of theoretical issues rele vant to the study of victimology.
Saving Europe's Automatic Stabilisers
Authors: Eichengreen Barry 
Published: March 2007

European policymakers have repeatedly suggested that fiscal-policy coordination and fiscal federalism will play key roles in Europe's monetary union. This paper warns that this hope is misplaced. Fiscal federalism will not be available to offset recessionary shocks for the foreseeable future. The effects of coordination designed to internalise the cross-border spillovers of fiscal policies are too weak. Freeing up fiscal policy to replace national governments' loss of monetary independence requires allowing European countries' automatic stabilisers to operate. That in turn requires a flexible application of the Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Stability Pact.The solution suggested here is that the Excessive Deficit Procedure and any fines and sanctions associated with the Stability Pact be applied to the constant-employment budget balance, not the actual deficit. Applying them to actual deficits when European countries enter EMU up against the 3 per cent limit will render fiscal policy strongly procyclical, aggravating the problem of macroeconomic fragility created by the loss of monetary autonomy. Still, countries like Germany haunted by the spectre of fiscal pro fligacy need to be reassured that member states will not abuse their fiscal discretion. Procedural and institutional reform to offset the deficit bias in national political systems is the obvious quid pro quo.
The Quantifier System: One of the Largest and Least Known Parts of English
Authors: Neale Barbara 
Published: March 2007

The structure of semantics is still largely unknown territory. Semantic fields appear to be the building blocks of semantic structure, but most semantic fields remain unmapped. This paper analyses the structure of one of those, which I call the "quantifier system," although only one small part of it is filled with well known quantifiers. The system is explained in the same way as I explain it to my ESL students. Several ideas in this paper may be of use in analyzing other semantic fields. Firstly, I analyze the field in terms of distinctive features, rather as in phonology. Secondly, the semantic terms are sometimes words and sometimes phrases. Thirdly, each semantic term is a group of synonyms. Fourthly, synonyms and antonyms can be understood not just as lists, but as the building blocks of a larger system. Fifthly, semantic groups in English can include words drawn from different parts of speech.
Palestinian Students' Attitudes Towards Modern Standard Arabic and Palestinian City Arabic
Authors: Assaf Azim S. 
Published: March 2007

This study investigates Palestinian students' attitudes towards Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Palestinian City Arabic (PCA) in the context of two extralinguistic factors: speakers' educational level and setting. The speaker's level of education is defined by the academic degree he/ she holds. Accordingly, the speakers under consideration fall into two groups: highly educated and less educated. The former consists of members holding a four-year-university degree or higher, while members of the latter have not attained such a degree. Setting is defined in terms of formality and informality which are used to differentiate between structured and unstructured situations in conversational interactions. Twenty-two male and female undergraduate Palestinians studying in San Francisco State University, California, USA, participated in the study and expressed their views on the use of the varieties under discussion in different language situations. Those views came in the form of responses to a 32-item questionnaire on the basis of two tape-recorded passages; one in MSA and another in PCA. The responses elicited from the participants form the corpus for the present study. This paper attempts to address two major concerns: 1. The setting for which each variety is considered appropriate. 2. The purposes/functions for which the educated and less-educated groups use each variety The findings indicate that 1. Generally, MSA is deemed more appropriate for formal settings, and PCA for their informal counterparts. 2. In formal settings, the highly educated group mainly uses MSA, while the less educated group uses PCA. 3. In informal settings, the highly educated group employs MSA at a higher rate than the less educated group. However, there is a slight tendency, among members of the less educated group, in favour of using MSA for formal settings.
Policy for Language Education in England: Does Less Mean More?
Authors: Thompson Linda 
Published: March 2007

This paper details major and significant developments in the teaching of English to pupils aged 5-16 years in the school system in England, the years of compulsory education. To begin with definitions of terms. There are four aspects of language education provision that pertain in England: 1. the teaching of English as the mother tongue; 2. the teaching of English as an Additional Language (EAL); 3. the teaching of other languages: community (CL) and 4. modem foreign languages (MFL). This paper addresses 1, 2 and 3. Throughout the nomenclature reflects that of the public documents that have outlined the details of provision. It is hoped this reflects changing attitudes, policy and provision of the teaching of EMT, EAL and CLs within mainstream education in England. There is no formal policy for language education in England (PLEE). Official views on the type and nature of language education, including which languages are to be taught, and by implication, the opposite, which are to be omitted from the official curriculum, are gleaned from a range of curriculum policy documents (listed in Appendix A). The absence of a formal language policy statement can be understood as a statement by omission. This paper will explore the implications of this absence and pose the question: does less policy lead to more language education?
In Praise of Linguistic Problem-Solving
Authors: Bourke James M 
Published: March 2007

The article looks at problem-solving as a means of internalising second language grammar. Problem-solving in this context refers to a type of learning that is conscious, inductive, and heuristic. In the problem-solving framework, as outlined in this paper, grammar learning is thought of in terms of two complementary processes, viz. 'rule-getting' and 'rule-using'. The problem-solving procedure commences with problem-posing, and proceeds through'data analysis, hypothesis forming and testing, and frequent rule re-structuring, to the final rule formulation. This is followed by 'rule-using', a dynamic process in which rules are constantly being reformulated and form-function correlations are being worked out. Contrary to Sheen (1992), who dismisses problem-solving as "a seductive hypothesis", the author argues that linguistic problem- solving should play a key role in second language learning, especially in the case adult L2 learners.)
Valeurs Religieuses En Milieu Urbain: Formulation D'Hypothèses
Authors: Prades J.A. 
Published: March 2007

The topic has been approached from two angles — the sociological, which leads to some interpretation of modern society, and the socio-reli gious, which lays emphasis primarily on religious factors. The empirical basis of the article is to be found in the considerable work which has been produced by the Centre de Recherches Socio-Religieuses of Louvain, particularly that of its Director, Chanoine Fr. Houtart. The first part of the article contains an outline of the conceptual scheme; in this an attempt has been made to clarify the concepts of urban environ ment and religious values. As far as the first is concerned it could be said that on the basis of three different criteria (statistical, functional, and relations with global society) one could suggest two primary types of urban environment. In the case of religious values, starting from an 'approximate' concept and guided by the work of Talcott Parsons, it is possible to distinguish a definite type of religious value concept. This the author has called 'personal responsibility'. In the second part of the article, the author has proposed a hypothetical framework of relations between the two variables in question. If the religious value is taken as the fundamental variable then the principal object of analysis will be the influence of the urban environment on religious values. In the third part of the article the author has set out to indicate some ways of approaching a new formulation and deeper nsaderstanding of the problem. Particularly important is the necessity, amidst all the phenomena to be considered, and the desirability of interpreting it correctly, to distinguish the sociological point of view from the theological and religious. The author concludes by stating the necessity of introducing an under standing of religious values into sociology, i.e. the development of a sociology of the Christian ethic, in order to promote the development of the sociology of Christianity and the sociology of religion.