bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. V. Preparation and properties of diels‐alder adducts and their esters fromtrans,trans‐conjugated fatty acids derived from soybean oil
Authors: Danzig M. J. , O'Donnell J. L. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySoybean fatty acids were conjugated with alkali, and the contained, conjugated dienoic acids were isomerized with iodine to thetrans,trans configuration. Adducts were prepared from thesetrans,trans‐conjugated acids by condensation with maleic anhydride and acrylic acid. The adducts were isolated, purified, and converted to esters by using a variety of alcohols, including methyl, ethyl,n‐propyl,n‐butyl, and allyl alcohols. Esters made from saturated alcohols were converted into the corresponding epoxy derivatives.All of the esters (except allyl) and all of the epoxy esters were compatible with an equal weight of polyvinyl chloride and appeared to be primary plasticizers for this plastic. The epoxy esters were effective in inhibiting heat deterioration of polyvinyl chloride.
Sharp‐melting fat fractions from cottonseed oil
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSolid fats of very short plastic range and melting points about equal to that of butterfat were obtained in yields up to ca. 64% by a single, fractional crystallization from hexane of byproduct stearines from the commercial winterization of cottonseed oil. One such product, consisting of approximately fourfifths 2‐linoleodipalmitin and one‐fifth 2‐oleodipalmitin, melted almost entirely between 22 and 29 C, and was harder than butterfat at equal temperatures. Use as specialty fats is indicated.
NMR chemical shift reagents in structural determination of lipid derivatives: III. Methyl ricinoleate and methyl 12‐hydroxystearate
Authors: Wineburg John P. , Swern Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChemical shift reagents (CSR) can substantially increase the amount of structural information obtainable from NMR studies of saturated and unsaturated lipid derivatives. It is theoretically possible to obtain even more information from CSR studies of unsaturated lipid derivatives by introducing additional CSR‐active functional groups into those molecules through derivatization of their double bonds. However additional CSR coordination sites complicate spectral interpretation, because they increase the number of signals that overlap. Therefore two model compounds were investigated to test the feasibility of attempting other CSR analyses of polyfunctional molecules of unknown structure. This paper describes successful CSR studies of methyl ricinoleate and methyl 12‐hydroxystearate. A series of complementary interpretive techniques was used to assign proton signals in spectra obtained during incremental Eu(fod)3 addition studies with these compounds. Individual proton signals can be observed and assigned for all the protons in methyl ricinoleate, except those on carbons 5, 6 and 7. Information obtained for methyl 12‐hydroxystearate is less specific. Signals are observed for all protons in methyl 12‐hydroxystearate, although in some cases several proton signals overlap.
Chemical reactions involved in deep fat frying of foods: VI. Characterization of nonvolatile decomposition products of trilinolein
Authors: Paulose M. M. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA laboratory apparatus that could be used to treat pure triglycerides under simulated deep fat frying conditions was designed and built. By the use of this apparatus, the volatile decomposition products produced during frying could be quantitatively collected at the same time. Pure trilinolein was treated in this apparatus at 185 C for 74 hr. The volatile decomposition products were collected quantitatively. Their fractionation and identification will be reported in a subsequent paper. The nonvolatile decomposition products were isolated from the treated trilinolein as the non‐urea‐adduct‐forming methyl esters. They constituted 26.3% of the treated trilinolein and were separated into seven fractions by repeated liquid column chromatography. Chemical and physical analyses of these fractions indicated that the chemical reactions taking place under simulated deep fat frying conditions were not entirely the same as those during simple heating under air. One of the seven fractions was further purified by thin layer chromatography and then identified as a cyclic carbon to carbon linked dimer which amounted to 4.9% of the treated trilinolein. Another fraction was further purified by thin layer chromatography, followed by gas chromatography, and then identified as noncyclic hydroxy dimers formed through carbon to carbon linkages. The noncyclic dimers constituted 2.8% of the treated trilinolein. The other four fractions were depolymerized by hydroiodic acid. The depolymerization products were fractionated by thin layer chromatography and then analyzed. It was estimated that the treated trilinolein contained 8.4% of trimers formed through carbon to carbon linkages, and 4.9% of dimers and trimers joined through carbon to carbon or carbon to oxygen linkages in the same molecule and also trimers, in which all the three monomeric units were joined through carbon to oxygen linkages.
Biodegradability of nonionic surfactants: Screening test for predicting rate and ultimate biodegradation
Authors: Sturm R. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnvironmental water quality evaluations of raw materials in consumer products occupy a position of critical importance in many industries throughout the world. The rapid growth and diversity of the household detergent market requires continuous consideration of new materials needed to meet the demands of new, improved and modified products. As household cleaning products are normally disposed of as a component of domestic sewage, surface active compounds, including nonionic surfactants, would reach surface waters only as a part of a sewage effluent and would be subject to the same degree of biological treatment as the balance of the waste. For this reason, evaluations of such new materials include an environmental assessment in which biodegradability testing of organic materials is an important first step. Biodegradability characteristics of nonionic surfactants, as a class, are generally more difficult to ascertain because of wide structural diversity and a usual lack of functional groups. Such determinations usually involve intricate and laborious test methods which necessitate development of analytical techniques for each degradation product of a given material. A method has been developed, modified and used in our laboratory, that provides, after reasonable opportunity for biological acclimation, a measure of the rate and degree of ultimate biodegradation (conversion to CO2 and H2O). This method, which uses simple equipment, has been used to assess the biodegradability of a wide variety of nonionic surfactants, without necessitating the development of specific analytical methods for each surfactant under consideration. Additionally, this method can be adapted to measure degradation under conditions of anaerobiosis or low temperature.
Studies on fixed oil of seeds ofSida acuta burm
Authors: Rao R. E. , Dixit V. K. , Varma K. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fixed oil of the seeds ofS. acuta growing around the University of Saugar campus was studied for its physico‐chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition. The percentage of fixed oil was found to be higher than, and its composition differed from, that reported earlier. The saponifiable fraction was found to have oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic and plamitoleic acids, whereas the unsaponifiable fraction contained β‐amyrin, β‐sitosterol and an unknown waxy nonsteroidal substance.
Origin of the milk fat globule
Authors: Patton Stuart 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMilk fat globules originate as fat droplets within the lactating mammary cell. These droplets are composed largely (>98%) of glycerides. Their constituent fatty acids are derived by lipolysis of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons of the blood and by the novo synthesis within the cell. Evidence of two principal routes for the synthesis of milk fat triglycerides has been presented: the so‐called glycerolphosphate and monoglyceride pathways. Recent findings on these pathways are discussed. The nature of the milk triglycerides with their unique compliment and distribution of short chain fatty acids appears to depend upon a closely regulated relation between the soluble multienzyme complex that synthesizes the fatty acids and the glyceride synthetase that is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. The resulting triglycerides appear to self‐assemble into droplets from the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. No special ultrastructures (transport particles, vesicles, etc.) have been detected in relation to this process. Milk fat droplets at the time of secretion average several microns in diameter, there being species variations. The basic secretion mechanism involves envelopment of the droplet in plasma membrane and expulsion of it from the cell. As a consequence there are at least two pools of polar lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) associated with secreted milk fat globules, i.e., one from the plasma membrane and one entrained earlier from the endoplasmic reticulum at the time of triglyceride synthesis and accumulation. In all, the polar lipids do not make up more than 1–2% of the total lipids in milk and a substantial fraction of them has been identified recently with plasma membrane fragments occurring in the skim milk phase. Radiotracer and ultrastructural studies show that this membrane material does not result simply by shedding of surface from milk fat globules. This dispersed material and the lining around milk fat globules constitute valuable sources for the study of cell membranes.
Gel permeation chromatography of heated fats
Authors: Perking E. G. , Taubold R. , Hsieh A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe high and low molecular weight components of heated fats have been separated with gel permeation chromatography. With Sephadex LH‐20, as well as with Biobeads SX‐1, the high molecular weight components of heated fats may be directly separated when chloroform, acetone, chloroform‐methanol or tetrahydrofuran are employed as swelling agents and eluting solvents.
Component fatty acids of Aspergillus terreus fat
Authors: Singh JagjitT , Sood Madan Gopal 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe component fatty acids of the fat elaborated byAspergillus terreus Thom, which was found to be a promising mold for the production of fat, have been studied. The fat has, based on gas liquid chromatographic evidence, 0.1% lauric, 1.9% myristic, 23.4% palmitic, 0.1% palmitoleic, 0.3% stearic, 14.1% oleic, 39.4% linoleic and 20.7% linolenic acids. The presence of large proportions of linoleic and linolenic acids suggests technological interest for the fat.
Removal of particulate matter from air by various pollution abatement systems
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Becker Kenneth W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo design proper pollution abatement systems, we must understand the causes of air pollution problems. The particle size from some industrial air contaminants, the proper selection and use of devices for contaminant removal, and several pollution control case histories are described in this paper. Also, design criteria for air vent systems are discussed. The application of the systems engineering approach to handle pollution abatement problems and the recommendations for this approach are described in this paper.
Soap based detergent formulations. V. Amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Parris N. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3‐propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N‐methylalkylamines, N,N‐dimethylalkylamines, and N‐acyl‐N′,N′‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamines. Both mono‐ and disulfopropylated derivatives of the primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate‐built detergent.
Studies on the lipid composition of developing soybeans
Authors: Privett O. S. , Dougherty K. A. , Erdahl W. L. , Stolyhwo A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStudies are reported on changes in fatty acid and lipid class composition in developing soybeans picked at intervals from ca. nine days after flowering to maturity. In the early stages of development of the bean, the lipid was virtually devoid of triglyceride and the major constituents consisted of glycolipids and phospholipids. As the bean developed, there was a rapid synthesis of triglyceride that paralleled the deposition of lipid. Simultaneously, unknown substances which occurred in relatively large amounts in the neutral, as well as the glycolipid and phospholipid, fractions of the immature bean diminished to less than 2% of the total lipid in the mature bean. The glycolipids and phospholipids also increased as the bean developed but at a much slower rate than the triglycerides and became minor components in the mature bean. The major component of the phospholipids in the immature bean was phosphatidic acid. It decreased as the phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol, as well as triglyceride, increased. The major component of the glycolipid fraction in the early stages of the development of the bean had the same migration pattern on two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography as phosphatidic acid and gave a positive test for phosphorus; it also gave a positive test for glycolipids and was separated completely from phosphatidic acid and other phospholipids by column chromatography. It also decreased as the bean developed. Changes also occurred in the fatty acid composition of the developing bean. The percentage of saturated fatty acids decreased rapidly in the early stages of the development of the bean; oleic and linoleic increased rapidly as the bean developed. Linolenic acid increased rapidly to a maximum concentration in the early stages of the development of the bean and then gradually decreased as the bean matured.
Ion exchange resin catalyst stability in in‐situ epoxidation
Authors: Wood W. , Termini J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe highly oxidizing conditions of expoxidation cause decross‐linking of the ion exchange resin catalyst, resulting in swelling of the resin with its eventual dissolution if uncontrolled.Minimum metal contamination (particularly iron), low hydrogen peroxide concentration, low reaction temperature, high cross‐linked resin catalyst, and the addition of a complexing agent all contribute to maintaining resin catalyst stability. Metal contamination is by far the most detrimental factor to resin stability.Operating with essentially a metal‐free system is most important. This can be obtained by using a resin with less than 0.005% metal contamination and by avoiding metal contamination from raw materials and equipment being used for epoxidation.A minimum of metal contamination and perhaps a lower operating temperature provide the most practical methods for controlling resin breakdown and for improving the efficiency of the ion exchange resin catalyst inin‐situ epoxidation processes. Avoiding resin breakdown is particularly essential for the fixed resin catalyst bed and for the resin recycle batch processes. Even for the expendable resin process where resin stability is not too critical, control of metal contamination and operating temperature should result in a trouble‐free and a more economical operation.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. V. Preparation and properties of some copolymers of unsaturated fatty vinyl ethers with lower alkyl vinyl ethers
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , O'Donnell J. L. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySoybean vinyl ethers derived from soybean alcohols were copolymerized with lower alkyl vinyl ethers,e.g., ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, 2‐chloroethyl, 2‐methoxyethyl, and 2‐ethylhexyl, in methylene chloride at −30°C., using boron trifluoride etherate catalyst. Molecular weights ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 were obtained on these copolymers by cryoscopic measurements in cyclohexane. An analytical method, using infrared spectroscopy, was employed to determine the composition of the copolymers.The properties of each alkyl‐soybean vinyl ether copolymer were studied at three molar compositions,e.g., 3∶1, 1∶1, and 1∶3. The products were water‐white to amber viscous liquids and were soluble in aromatic, chlorinated, and gasoline type of solvents.Copolymers films were prepared under conditions that were shown to produce extensive degradation of some homopolymer films in order to magnify small differences in properties. These films were hard, wrinkle‐free, and resistant to most common solvents, also were 20 to 500 times more resistant to 5% aqueous alkali than soybean vinyl ether polymer prepared under the same conditions.Copolymer films were baked on silver chloride plates and examined in the infrared. Oxidative degradation of the C−O−C ether linkage was observed in all copolymer films; however the 2‐chloroethyl‐soybean copolymer series was least susceptible to this degradation.
Isano oil, a conjugated triple bond glyceride
Authors: Kneeland J. A. , Kyriacou D. , Purdy R. H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIsano oil is now commercially available. Its major constituent fatty acids, isanic and isanolic acid, are unusual in their reactivity because of a conjugated acetylenic bond system in the middle of an 18‐carbon chain. When heated sufficiently, the oil reacts exothermically with violence. This property has useful application in fire‐retardant paints. Other uses and chemical reactions are given.
Quantitative determination of traces of free gossypol in fats, oils, and fatty acids by paper chromatography
Authors: Schramm Guenter , Benedict James H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA quantitative method for the determination of traces of free gossypol in oils and fatty acids was developed. The method is based on the concentration of gossypol by extraction and quantitative paper chromatography of the extract. The method is specific for free gossypol and is not subject to interferences. The new method is both accurate and reproducible. The lower limit of detection is 10 p.p.m. The method is intended primarily for p.p.m. levels but is suitable for all concentrations. With slight modifications the method is applicable to meals.
Castor‐based derivatives: Synthesis of some amides
Authors: Applewhite T. H. , Nelson Jane S. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVarious amides of ricinoleic acid and the related ricinelaidic, hydroxystearic, dihydroxystearic, and trihydroxystearic acids have been synthesized and characterized. Ester aminolysis in methanol solution with sodium methoxide catalyst at room temperature has limited utility since it suffers severe rate retadations due to steric effects with secondary amines. In addition, with primary amines and ammonia, extended reaction times are generally necessary for reasonable, yields. The use of mixed carboxylic‐carbonic anhydrides in amide syntheses was investigated and found applicable without interference from the secondary hydroxyl groups. Also, no appreciable steric effects were observed with most amines. This rapid, high yield method has been employed in the synthesis of a number of new amides from castor‐based acids, ammonia, and primary and secondary amines.
Vinyl monomers derived from fats and oils
Authors: Teeter H. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPreparation, properties, and uses of monomers containing saturated or unsaturated C12舑18fatty radicals derived from fats and oils and capable of polymerization or copolymerization by vinyltype mechanisms are reviewed. Principal monomers discussed are vinyl esters and ethers, acrylic esters, allylic esters and ethers, and ॅ‐olefins.
Alpha olefin sulfonates from a commercial SO3‐Air reactor
Authors: Marquis D. M. , Sharman S. H. , House R. , Sweeney W. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) can be made by SO3‐air sulfonation of straight chain alpha olefins followed by saponification of the neutralized product. The sulfonation step forms unsaturated sulfonic acids, sultones and sultone sulfonic acids. Hydrolysis of the various sultones yields a mixture of unsaturated and hydroxy sulfonates. Sulfonation of commercial mixtures of straight chain alpha olefins in a large‐scale SO3 falling film unit has given AOS of 1.5舑3.0% oil based on active content and tristimulus color of about 40% saturation (2% solution) which is readily bleachable with 1舑3% NaOCl to about 10舑15% saturation.Performance of AOS made from C15蜢C18 alpha olefin is comparable to that of the high‐foaming C11蜢C14 LAS in both detergency and dishwashing foam. It is superior to similar products made from internal straight chain olefins. The product shows a low order of toxicity and biodegrad‐ability slightly better than that of LAS. A C15蜢C16 AOS blend is especially attractive in liquid detergent formulations.
The energetics of surfactant adsorption at the air‐water interface
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes (खG, खH, and खS, respectively) for the adsorption at the air‐water interface of a commercial ethylene oxide (EO) adduct of straight chain nonylphenol from monomer solution at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) have been calculated from surface tension‐concentration data at 21C舑45C using the Gibbs equation, the standard free energy change equation खG=蜢RT (In interfacial monomer concentration/CMC), and the Gibbs‐Helmholtz equation which gave खH directly from the slope of the (खG/T) vs (1/T) function. The CMC and surface tension at the CMC (ेCMC) decreased, and 蜢खG and molecular area increased slightly, with increasing temperature. The खH and खS values were positive, and appear explainable by the postulations applied to micellization. At ambient temperature (28C) an increase in the (EO) mol ratio of straight chain nonylphenol and C13 secondary alcohol ethoxylates resulted in increases of CMC, ेCMC, and molecular area, and slight decreases in 蜢खG. A comparison of the 9 (EO) mol ratio adducts of C13 straight chain primary and secondary alcohols showed that the CMC and molecular area of the secondary alcohol ethoxylate were larger, and the ेCMC and 蜢खG smaller, than the corresponding values of the primary alcohol ethoxylate.