bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on long-term pain in calves castrated by use of an external clamping technique following epidural anesthesia
Authors: Stilwell George , Lima Miguel S. , Broom Donald M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare efficacy of flunixin meglumine versus carprofen in controlling pain under field conditions following castration by use of an external clamping technique in calves that received epidural anesthesia.
Animals—40 male 5- to 6-month-old calves.
Procedures—Calves were allocated to 4 groups: castrated only (control calves; n = 8); castrated 5 minutes after epidural injection of 2% lidocaine (epidural-alone treated calves; 8), castrated after epidural anesthesia and SC administration of flunixin meglumine (epidural-flunixin treated calves; 12), and castrated after epidural anesthesia and SC administration of carprofen (epidural-carprofen–treated calves; 11 [1 calf not included]). Plasma cortisol concentration was measured before and 6, 24, and 48 hours after castration. Time of arrival at the feed trough at 24 and 48 hours was observed. Calves were observed at 24 and 48 hours for 4 pain-related behaviors.
Results—At 6 hours, control calves had significantly higher plasma cortisol concentrations, compared with baseline values and those of epidural-flunixin– and epidural-carprofen–treated calves. At 24 hours, epidural-carprofen–treated calves had significantly lower plasma cortisol concentrations, compared with control calves. At 48 hours, epidural-carprofen–treated calves had plasma cortisol concentrations that were similar to baseline values and significantly lower than epidural-flunixin– and epidural-alone–treated calves. At 24 and 48 hours, epidural-carprofen–treated calves were first to arrive at the feed trough and had fewer pain-related behaviors.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SC administration of carprofen in combination with epidural injection of lidocaine may improve the welfare of calves castrated by use of an external clamping technique for up to 48 hours.
Plasma concentrations of substance P and cortisol in beef calves after castration or simulated castration
Authors: Coetzee Johann F. , Lubbers Brian V. , Toerber Scott E. , Gehring Ronette , Thomson Daniel U. , White Bradley J. , Apley Michael D. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate plasma concentrations of substance P (SP) and cortisol in calves after castration or simulated castration.
Animals—10 Angus-crossbred calves.
Procedures—Calves were acclimated for 5 days, assigned to a block on the basis of scrotal circumference, and randomly assigned to a castrated or simulated-castrated (control) group. Blood samples were collected twice before, at the time of (0 hours), and at several times points after castration or simulated castration. Vocalization and attitude scores were determined at time of castration or simulated castration. Plasma concentrations of SP and cortisol were determined by use of competitive and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays, respectively. Data were analyzed by use of repeated-measures analysis with a mixed model.
Results—Mean ± SEM cortisol concentration in castrated calves (78.88 ± 10.07 nmol/L) was similar to that in uncastrated control calves (73.01 ± 10.07 nmol/L). However, mean SP concentration in castrated calves (506.43 ± 38.11 pg/mL) was significantly higher than the concentration in control calves (386.42 ± 40.09 pg/mL). Mean cortisol concentration in calves with vocalization scores of 0 was not significantly different from the concentration in calves with vocalization scores of 3. However, calves with vocalization scores of 3 had significantly higher SP concentrations, compared with SP concentrations for calves with vocalization scores of 0.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Similar cortisol concentrations were measured in castrated and control calves. A significant increase in plasma concentrations of SP after castration suggested a likely association with nociception. These results may affect assessment of animal well-being in livestock production systems.
Distribution of myofibroblasts, smooth muscle–like cells, macrophages, and mast cells in mitral valve leaflets of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Han Richard I. , Black Alexander , Culshaw Geoff J. , French Anne T. , Else Roderick W. , Corcoran Brendan M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To map the cellular distribution and phenotypic alteration of the predominant stromal cell population throughout the entire valve length of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).
Sample Population—31 mitral valve complexes (ie, mitral valve leaflets) collected from 4 clinically normal dogs and 27 dogs with MMVD of varying severity.
Procedures—A combination of standard histologic and immunohistochemical techniques was used to identify pathologic changes, the presence of mast cells, and the density and distribution of cells expressing vimentin, desmin, A-smooth muscle actin (A-SMA), smooth muscle myosin, and the macrophage marker MAC387.
Results—Vimentin-positive cells predominated in the mitral valve leaflets from clinically normal dogs and were located throughout the leaflet, but cell density was appreciably decreased with disease progression, and minimal cell numbers were found in distinct myxomatous areas. Cells that were positive for A-SMA were uncommon in the mitral valve leaflets from clinically normal dogs and only seen in appreciable numbers in mitral valves of dogs with severe late-stage disease, in which cells were typically located close to the ventricularis valve surface. A slight increase in mast cell numbers was observed in the distal zone of affected leaflets.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activated-myofibroblasts (α-SMA–positive cells) were increased and inactive-myofibroblasts (vimentin-positive cells) were reduced in mitral valve leaflets of dogs with MMVD, compared with that of clinically normal dogs.
Impact on Human Medicine—This is the first description of spatial and temporal alterations in mitral valve cells of any species with MMVD and has clinical importance in the understanding of disease development in dogs and humans.
Effects of sampling instrument and processing technique on DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 via polymerase chain reaction assay
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Kado-Fong Helen , Maggs David J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess effects of disease severity, sampling instrument, and processing technique on extracted DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) via PCR assay.
Sample Population—Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells grown in vitro and conjunctival samples from 40 eyes of 20 cats.
Procedures—Samples of CRFK cells (collected by use of a swab or cytology brush, with or without suspension in PBS solution) underwent DNA extraction; DNA yield was quantified spectrophotometrically. In affected cats, signs of herpetic disease were subjectively assessed. Conjunctival swab and brush samples were collected bilaterally for measurement of DNA concentration; a defined mass (DM) of DNA and defined volume (DV) of sample were assessed for FHV-1 via PCR assays.
Results—For CRFK cells, DNA yields from unsuspended swabs and brushes were greater than for suspended swabs and brushes; suspended swab samples yielded less DNA than suspended brush samples. For conjunctival samples, DNA yields from swabs were greater than for brushes. Clinical score was not correlated with double-stranded DNA yield collected via either sampling instrument; however, cats with FHV-1–positive assay results had higher clinical scores than cats with FHV-1–negative results. Detection of FHV-1 in swab and brush samples was similar. Double-stranded DNA yield and FHV-1 detection were inversely related via DM-PCR assay. The DV-PCR assay had a significantly higher FHV-1 detection rate than the DM-PCR assay.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The DV-PCR assay of DNA extracted from an unsuspended swab sample was the preferred method for assessment of conjunctival shedding of FHV-1 in cats.
Nonsurgical resolution of gallbladder mucocele in two dogs
Authors: Walter Romanie , Dunn Marilyn E. , d'Anjou Marc-André , Lécuyer Manon 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Case Description—A gallbladder mucocele was diagnosed in 2 dogs. In both dogs, the mucocele resolved with medical treatment but without the need for surgical intervention.
Clinical Findings—A 12-year-old spayed female Miniature Schnauzer had a history of signs of gastrointestinal tract disease and high serum liver enzyme activities. Gallbladder mucocele and hypothyroidism were diagnosed. A 6-year-old neutered mixed-breed dog had chronic intermittent diarrhea and recurrent otitis; gallbladder mucocele and hypothyroidism were diagnosed.
Treatment and Outcome—The first dog was treated with S-adenosyl-methionine, omega-3 fatty acids, famotidine, ursodiol, and levothyroxine. Substantial improvement in the gastrointestinal tract condition and complete resolution of the gallbladder mucocele within 3 months were evident, but the dog was not available for further follow-up monitoring. The second dog was treated with fenbendazole, ursodiol, and levothyroxine and fed a hypoallergenic diet. One month after evaluation, abdominal ultrasonography revealed that the gallbladder mucocele was resolving, and treatment was continued. Ultrasonographic evaluation 2 and 4 months later revealed complete resolution of the mucocele.
Clinical Relevance—Review of the clinical course of 2 dogs in which there was nonsurgical resolution of gallbladder mucocele revealed that surgery is not necessary in all dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Hypothyroidism may have resulted in delayed gallbladder emptying, and its role in the pathogenesis of gallbladder mucocele merits investigation. Despite this information, until further prospective trials with a control group and standardized treatments and follow-up monitoring can be performed, the authors recommend surgical intervention for treatment of dogs with gallbladder mucocele.
Clinical and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder: 16 cases (1980–2006)
Authors: Anderson Jonathan D. C. , Galuppo Larry D. , Barr Bradd C. , Puchalski Sarah M. , MacDonald Melinda M. , Whitcomb Mary Beth , Magdesian K. Gary , Stover Susan M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To describe clinical and scintigraphic abnormalities in horses with a bone fragility disorder.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—16 horses with scintigraphic evidence of multiple sites of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU).
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment; history; clinical, clinicopathologic, and diagnostic imaging findings; and treatment. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with owners.
Results—Horses ranged from 4 to 22 years old; there were 8 castrated males and 8 females. Foci of IRU most commonly involved the scapulae, ribs, sternebrae, sacral tubers, ilia, and cervical vertebrae. Most horses were examined because of chronic intermittent (n = 10) or acute (6) lameness involving a single (10) or multiple (6) limbs that could not be localized by means of regional anesthesia. Cervical stiffness (n = 3), scapular bowing (3), swayback (3), and ataxia (1) were also seen in more advanced cases. Signs of respiratory tract disease and exercise intolerance were evident in 4 horses. Ultrasonographic or radiographic evidence of bone remodeling or degeneration was seen in 19 of 33 affected bones. Histologic examination of bone biopsy specimens revealed reactive bone. Improvement was initially seen with conservative treatment in some horses, but the condition worsened in all horses, and 11 horses were euthanized within 7 years.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that horses may develop a bone fragility disorder characterized clinically by an unlocalizable lameness and scintigraphically by multiple sites of IRU involving the axial skeleton and proximal portion of the appendicular skeleton.
Frequency of thromboembolic events associated with endovascular aneurysm treatment: retrospective case series
Authors: Brooks Nathaniel P. , Turk Aquilla S. , Niemann David B. , Aagaard-Kienitz Beverly , Pulfer Kari , Cook Thomas 
Published: June 2008

Object
There is little evidence addressing whether procedures requiring adjunctive devices lead to an increased frequency of thromboembolic complications. The authors report their experience with 155 aneurysms treated with and without adjunctive devices.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed their last 155 aneurysm coil placement procedures. The patients' records were reviewed for the following phenomena: 1) evidence of procedure-related thrombus formation; 2) clinical evidence of stroke; and 3) the presence of acute ischemia in the treated vascular territory on diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging.

Results
Of the 155 aneurysms treated in 132 patients, 66 were treated with coils only, 45 had stent-assisted coil placement, 33 underwent balloon remodeling, and in 11 stents were placed after balloon remodeling. Small DW imaging abnormalities were present in the treated vascular territory in 24% of cases (37 lesions). Specifically, 21 (32%) of 66 lesions in the coil-treated group, 6 (13%) of 45 in the stent-assisted coil treatment group, 8 (24%) of 33 in the balloon remodeling group, and 2 (18%) of 11 in the balloon and stent group showed DW imaging positivity. Furthermore, 25 (68%) of the 37 cases that were positive on DW imaging occurred in patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Clinically evident stroke or transient ischemic attack was present in 10 (27%) of 37 cases, with 70% occurring in patients presenting with SAH.

Conclusions
Use of adjunctive devices in treating aneurysms does not appear to increase the frequency of embolic or ischemic events. The presence of DW imaging abnormalities and clinically evident stroke was actually less frequent when adjunctive devices were used and in electively treated cases. This was probably related to perioperative antiplatelet medical management.
Rethinking the indications for the ventriculoperitoneal shunt tap
Authors: Miller Jonathan P. , Fulop Steven C. , Dashti Shervin R. , Robinson Shenandoah , Cohen Alan R. 
Published: June 2008

Object
Tapping of a suspected malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunt is usually easy, sometimes informative, but also potentially misleading. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a shunt evaluation protocol that does not involve direct shunt tapping except in rare and specific cases.

Methods
The authors adopted a protocol for shunt evaluation that involves shunt tapping only in selected cases of suspected infection or in patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus and equivocal computed tomography (CT) findings of shunt infection. They then reviewed the clinical characteristics and surgical findings in 373 consecutive assessments of 155 pediatric patients who were evaluated for shunt malfunction and/or infection by using this protocol between January 2003 and December 2005.

Results
Mental status change and headache were the symptoms most concordant with shunt malfunction, but no symptom had a predictive value much better than 50%. Follow-up CT scans demonstrated enlarged ventricles in 72 of 126 cases of shunt revision. Among those with obstruction but without remarkable CT changes, 8 patients had evidence of distal obstruction on x-ray “shunt series” consisting of skull, chest, and abdominal radiographs, and 5 had obvious symptoms that rendered further testing unnecessary; 38 cases of obstruction were diagnosed based on elevated opening pressure on lumbar puncture (mean 34.7 cm H2O). A shunt tap was required in only 8 cases (2%).

Conclusions
The authors have shown that it is possible to evaluate the majority of ventricular shunt malfunctions without tapping the device. Because it is possible to diagnose shunt obstruction correctly by other means, the shunt tap may not be obligatory as a routine test of the device's patency.
Prediction of cognitive sequelae based on abnormal computed tomography findings in children following mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Levin Harvey S. , Hanten Gerri , Roberson Garland , Li Xiaoqi , Ewing-Cobbs Linda , Dennis Maureen , Chapman Sandra , Max Jeffrey E. , Hunter Jill , Schachar Russell , Luerssen Thomas G. , Swank Paul 
Published: June 2008

Object
The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of intracranial pathophysiology on computed tomography (CT) scans obtained within 24 hours of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in children adversely affects neuropsychological outcome during the 1st year postinjury.

Methods
A prospective longitudinal design was used to examine the neuropsychological outcomes in children (ages 5–15 years) who had been treated for MTBI, which was defined as a loss of consciousness for up to 30 minutes and a lowest Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13–15. Exclusion criteria included any preinjury neurological disorder. Outcome assessments were performed within 2 weeks and at 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. Outcomes were compared between patients with MTBI whose postinjury CT scans revealed complications of brain pathophysiology (32 patients, CMTBI group) and those with MTBI but without complications (48 patients, MTBI group).

Results
Significant interactions confirmed that the pattern of recovery over 12 months after injury differed depending on the intracranial pathology, presence and severity of injuries to body regions other than the head, preinjury attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and socioeconomic status. Children in the CMTBI group had significantly poorer episodic memory, slower cognitive processing, diminished recovery in managing cognitive interference, and poorer performance in calculating and reading than patients in the MTBI group. Among the patients with mild or no extracranial injury, visuomotor speed was slower in those in the CMTBI group; and among patients without preinjury ADHD, working memory was worse in those in the CMTBI group.

Conclusions
Neuropsychological recovery during the 1st year following MTBI is related to the presence of radiographically detectable intracranial pathology. Children with intracranial pathology on acute CT performed more poorly in several cognitive domains when compared with patients whose CT findings were normal or limited to a linear skull fracture. Depending on the presence of preinjury ADHD and concomitant extracranial injury, working memory and visuomotor speed were also diminished in patients whose CT findings revealed complications following MTBI. Computed tomography within 24 hours postinjury appears to be useful for identifying children with an elevated risk for residual neuropsychological changes.
Sagittal alignment changes after thoracic laminectomy in adults
Authors: Aizawa Toshimi , Sato Tetsuro , Ozawa Hiroshi , Morozumi Naoki , Matsumoto Fujio , Sasaki Hirotoshi , Hoshikawa Takeshi , Kawahara Chikashi , Kokubun Shoichi , Itoi Eiji 
Published: June 2008

ObjectThe increased kyphosis after thoracic laminectomy in adult patients was retrospectively evaluated and various factors affecting this spinal deformity were analyzed.MethodsThe authors conducted a retrospective study of 58 cases in which laminectomy was performed and more than half of the facet joints were left intact. The study group included 44 men (mean age 59 years) and 14 women (mean age 61 years) with thoracic myelopathy due to ossifications of the ligamentum flavum and/or the posterior longitudinal ligament or due to posterior bone spurs. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Their neurological condition was evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale (a full score is 11), and the magnitude of local kyphosis in the laminectomized area was determined using the Cobb angle method.ResultsThe mean preoperative JOA score was 5.4; the mean postoperative score was 8.3. No relationship was found between postoperative JOA score and increased kyphotic angle. The mean preoperative kyphotic angle was 7.0°. The mean postoperative kyphotic angle was 10.8°. Thus local kyphosis in the treated area increased by only 3.8°. The mean increase in kyphosis per spinal segment, calculated by dividing the kyphotic angle of the surgically decompressed area by the number of resected laminae, was 1.9°. Female patients with ≥ 3-level laminectomies showed a significant increase of kyphosis in both the laminectomized area and each spinal segment.ConclusionsThe increase in kyphosis after thoracic laminectomy is not large and thus spinal fusion is usually not necessary. In cases involving female patients who undergo long-segment laminectomies, however, careful radiographic follow-up is recommended.
Baumplantagen weltweit – eine Übersicht | Tree plantations worldwide – an overview
Authors: Bemmann Albrecht , Pretzsch Jürgen , Schulte Andreas 
Published: June 2008

With increasing population density and industrialization, plantations with various, fast growing tree species have been established in countries where timber resources of primary and secondary forests did not cover the needed supply for the timber industry. Today, tree plantations cover an area of approximately 137 m ha, which equals 3.5% of the worldwide forest area. Dominating tree species are conifers of the genera Pinus (28%), Cunning-hamia (9%), Larix (5%) and Picea (4%) as well as deciduous trees of the genera Eucalyptus (6%), Populus (5%) and Acacia (5%). Since the demand for wood is increasing, many countries such as China, India, Thailand and |apan aim to increase their forest area by the use of plantations. This will lead to an increased competition between the cultivation of crops and the cultivation of biomass for energy and material recovery.
In Europe, economic factors such as the price for land will decide how agriculture and forest areas will be managed in the future. Based on ecological factors such as biodiversity, soil erosion and C-sequestering, national standards will also influence this management.
In the 1970s, the first boom of plantations was coined by numerous problems and undesirable developments. Since then however, new knowledge has been gained. As a benefit, the current multi-disciplinary management methods allow plantations to be ecological and socially acceptable.
Anlage und Ertragsaussichten von Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Ostdeutschland | Establishment and expected yield of short-term rotation plantations in Eastern Germany
Authors: Röhle Heinz , Böcker Lutz , Feger Karl-Heinz , Petzold Rainer , Wolf Heino , Ali Wael 
Published: June 2008

Tree species with rapid early growth that can be propagated easily and that show good coppicing ability are the most suitable species for the establishment of short-term rotation plantations. Depending on the site conditions, central European species of the genera Populus L. and Salix L. are recommended. In conditions with a limited water supply, Robinia pseudoacacia L. is more suitable.
The success of short-term rotation plantations depends on optimal site preparation and early spring planting of the cuttings/plants as important preconditions. Primarily, during the first year of the rotation cycle effective weed control, protection from browsing, and other management measures are needed. Due to the productive and fast growing poplar and willow species' requirements for high quality site conditions in respect to radiation, nutrients and soil water availability, former farmland with adequate to good nutrition availability and sufficient water supply is particularly suitable. During the vegetation period, precipitation should reach at least 300 mm; however, less precipitation can be compensated by capillary rise from groundwater into the rooting zone.
Results from test plantations show that growth increments may reach 6 to 10 t/ha/yr (dry biomass) for willow and 6 t/ha/yr for locust on favorable sites. For poplar grown under dense stand conditions, annual growth increments may significantly exceed 10 t/ha/yr.