bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derbe and Faustinopolis
Authors: Ballance M. H. 
Published: January 2007

This article is the result, not of weeks of intensive field survey, but of three days borrowed from other work in order to check specific topographical points. My thanks are due to Mr. Gough for company and transport to Sidrova in 1958; to Leverhulme Awards and the Royal Geographical Society, who made possible the reconnaissance of western Cappadocia in 1961 that included the visit to Başmakçı; and to Mr. G. D. B. Jones for his help at Başmakçı and for the photographs reproduced as Pl. XXVIII, a and c.The discovery in 1956, at Kerti Hüyük between Aşıran, Beydilli and Salur, of a Derbetan dedication to Antoninus Pius, showed that Derbe was to be sought to the north-east rather than to the west of Laranda. The lack, at Kerti Hüyük, of any evidence of Byzantine settlement was, however, against its being the actual site, and our visit to Sidrova in 1958 was made with the intention of finding an alternative.
Excavations at Can Hasan: First Preliminary Report, 1961
Authors: French D. H. 
Published: January 2007

The village of Can Hasan is situated in the Kaza of Karaman, in the Vilayet of Konya, about 13 km. north-east of the town of Karaman. Can Hasan is a small village of about three hundred people, lying in a wide and fertile plain, not too far from the first low foothills of the Taurus. The approximate height of the village above sea level is 1,000 m.Geographically the importance of Karaman and its surrounding villages lies in its unique position at the end of the route (Fig. 1) through the Taurus which begins at Silifke and follows the Gök Su (Calycadnus) as far as Mut, from where there is little difficulty in crossing the watershed between the river valley and the Karaman plain. This is one of the great routes through the Taurus and one of the easiest: there are others. All of them are used even to-day, when nomads with pack animals travel up to 300 km. through the Taurus from summer to winter pastures.
A Reassessment of the Mycenaean Pottery at Tarsus
Authors: French Elizabeth 
Published: January 2007

Since the publication of the Late Bronze Age material from Tarsus in 1956, there have been important developments in the study of Mycenaean pottery–a ware that forms the distinctive feature of the LB IIb levels at Tarsus. At Mycenae itself the work of the Helleno-British expedition has produced comparable material, some stratified, some in bulk, which is presently under study. Major excavations have taken place at Tiryns, Lefkandi, Perati, Ag. Irini (Keos) etc. and are either fully or partially published. In Cyprus the work of Dikaios at Enkomi is published and new work at Paphos has brought startling results. All these affect the standing of the Tarsus material.My previous opinion, used by Desborough (1964, 206), that the pottery was “Mycenaean of the transition from LH IIIB to C, with the accent rather on LH IIIB” had become quite obviously wrong and this opinion was corrected in my notes on early LH IIIC pottery written in 1968 (French VI, 136 and n. 7). Shortly after, I sought permission to study the Tarsus material when possible and this permission was kindly granted by Professor Goldman and Professor Mellink in April 1971. The significance which Professor Mellink attached to the project can be judged from her comments (1971, 168).
Hollows, “Cup-Marks”, and Hittite Stone Monuments
Authors: Ussishkin David 
Published: January 2007

Hollows and “cup-marks”, i.e. small round depressions of various sizes, are associated with a number of Hittite and Neo-Hittite stone monuments. They are carved on the surface of the monuments and in the case of rock reliefs they are cut in the surface of the adjacent rock. This phenomenon, hitherto hardly noticed, is not accidental, and undoubtedly the hollows and cup-marks had a cultic function. It seems that various substances, probably liquids, were placed in them as part of the rituals practiced in connection with the monuments in question. In one or two cases the cup-marks are too small to have contained anything and they probably had solely a symbolic meaning.I had the opportunity of studying these monuments during tours in Turkey in 1972. However, I could not visit all the known monuments, and thus the data presented here are probably incomplete. Although the appearance of hollows and cup-marks in connection with monuments seems to be a wide-spread phenomenon, it has to be stressed that many monuments are without them. I could find no hollows or cup-marks associated with the relief of the King's Gate at Bogazköy, in Eflatun Pinar, Gavurkale and the gate of Alaca Hüyük, on the statue at Fasillar, or on the bulls' base of the statue at Karatepe.
Hieroglyphic Hittite Inscriptions of Commagene
Authors: Hawkins J. D. 
Published: January 2007

The state of Commagene, a hilly country of the upper Euphrates, bounded to the southeast by the river and to the northwest by high mountain ranges, was known earlier to the Assyrians by its name in the unhellenized form of Kummuh. It appears in their records as one of the Late Hittite states which resisted their westward expansion and were ultimately annexed by them. Due to its position as the Euphrates state between Meliddu (Malatya) and Carchemish, it must naturally have occupied an important position in any anti-Assyrian coalition. The Assyrians, however, seem to have been shy of launching a frontal assault upon it, preferring no doubt the easier terrain and river-crossings to the south, where at Carchemish the Euphrates emerges from the hills into the plain.Assyrian records have left us the names of four kings of the land, Qatazilu ( = Shalmaneser III, years 1 and 2), Kundašpi ( = Shalmaneser III, year 6), Kuštašpi ( = Tiglath-pileser III, years 3, 6, 8, 14), and Mutallu ( = Sargon II, years 10 and 14). Of these, only one, Mutallu, is indisputably Hittite, while another is possibly so (Qatazilu; see below, p. 78 f.). The other two have a distinctly Iranian look about them, and are usually accepted as such.
Notes and Inscriptions from Eastern Pisidia
Authors: Hall A. S. 
Published: January 2007

The region of Turkey whose Classical sites and monuments are discussed in this article lies wholly within the Western Taurus mountains, and consists of the eastern section of “the West Taurus Lake District”—as modern geographers now call it. The foothills of Taurus which extend around the south-western edge of the Konya Plain define both its northern and eastern limits; its western are established by the massive ranges which separate Lake Beyşehir from Lake Eğridir. Between these two mountainous regions, which join the main heights of Taurus further south, lies the rift valley occupied by Lake Beyşehir and the now partly-drained Lake Suğla.Here is to be found the borderland of Pisidia and Lycaonia, as indicated by Strabo. To the north-west and north lies Phrygia Paroreius; to the south, the borderland of Pamphylia and Cilicia Tracheia; and to the south-east, Isauria.
Geography and History in Western Asia Minor in the Second Millennium B.C.
Authors: Macqueen J. G. 
Published: January 2007

Any examination of the geography of western Asia Minor in the second millennium B.C. must begin with the accounts of two campaigns—(a) that of Mursilis II against Arzawa, and (b) that of a Hittite king (probably also Mursilis, but perhaps Muwatallis), against the Lukka-lands and Millawanda. In each case the route followed by the Hittite army is given:Two things are clear from these accounts. First, the campaigns start off in the same general direction, as they both pass through Sallapa. Secondly, after Sallapa they diverge. There are no names beyond Sallapa common to the two, and there is no suggestion that all the later names in each list must be closely grouped in neighbouring areas reached by a common long march from Hattusas. But it is worthwhile, I think, to try to establish more closely the relationship between the two routes, and to build up a pattern in the hope that it can be applied to existing geographical and archaeological considerations.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 2: TI. Claudius Subatianus Aquila: Praefectus Mesopotamiae Primus
Authors: French David 
Published: January 2007

In the small collection of antiquities in the Municipality building (Belediye) of Taşköprü, in the vilayet of Kastamonu, there is a Latin inscription which is said to have been recently brought from the Karasayit Cami (formerly the Kurşunlu Mektep) in Taşköprü itself. It was declared on the authority of the Belediye Reisi, Bay Mustafa Yılmaz to whom I am greatly indebted for his help and assistance, that the stone had been recovered from the foundations of the old school. The stone was carried, it may be presumed, from the site of Pompeiopolis, situated across the river, immediately above the Ottoman bridge. I saw the inscription on 4th October, 1976, in company with Bay Nurettin Çakir, Assistant at the Antiquities Museum of Kastamonu, while carrying out, on behalf of the RECAM project, that section of the programme which concerns Kastamonu and Taşköprü.The inscription is well cut and the lettering is good. The stone is chipped at the front on both the left and the right edges but the top and sides have not been broken. The lower part of the inscription, however, is lost. The space and, therefore, the number of letters to be restored on each edge can be estimated by extrapolating a line from the two sides of the block.
Two New Byzantine Churches in Cilicia
Authors: Edwardś Robert W. 
Published: January 2007

The Byzantine churches of Cilicia have attracted considerable attention during the last 80 years. Often scholars have focused on the urban centres of Cilicia Pedias, the coastal settlements of Cilicia Trachea, and the monasteries near the important roads. However, the Taurus mountains, those lofty barriers which surround the fertile plain, have been ignored by most modern investigators. In the late antique world Greek communities found protection and sustenance in the isolated Highlands. While not as wealthy or numerous as their more urbane cousins to the south, these Cilician Greeks also have left behind monuments of their worship.In the summer of 1979 I was fortunate to locate and survey in the Highlands two Byzantine churches which hitherto had not been published. The study of these buildings was part of a more general field survey of classical and medieval sites. Since no excavations were undertaken all descriptions and surveys are based on surface remains. The purpose of this paper is to describe the location, masonry and plan of each church and to offer rudimentary conclusions based on a comparison with the known Cilician churches.
The Life of Saint Theodotus of Ancyra
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: January 2007

In December 1981, as this paper was being composed, there came the news of the tragic death of Colin Macleod. With shocking suddenness one had lost a former tutor, colleague and friend, whose passion, seriousness and total modesty were, in themselves, a reflection of the value and importance which he attached to ancient literature, and an inspiration to those who admired him both as a person and as a scholar. Apart from his work in the main stream of Classical writings he devoted much time and study to Patristic authors, and it does not seem inept that this examination of a fourth-century Saint's Life should be dedicated, with great sadness, to his memory.In 1901 the Vatican scholar, Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri, published excellent editions, based on new manuscript recensions, of the Lives of two Anatolian saints, St. Theodotus of Ancyra and St. Ariadne of Prymnessus. The second Life, and a supplement to it published in the following year, have provided the material for a recent study by L. Robert, who demonstrates in detail that many biographical details found in it can be traced back to inscriptions of the Imperial period, thus providing, among other things, a valuable insight into its manner of composition.
The Lion of Çolakliköy
Authors: Tunca Ö. 
Published: January 2007

The Adana Museum possesses a statue of a lion some aspects of which merit attention. The site of its discovery, Çolaklıköy, is discussed below.The animal, carved in the round from brownish black basalt, stands on a base now in bad condition. Its position is upright, front paws together, hind left-paw advanced. The belly and paws are not detached from the block. The surface is badly worn, the muzzle damaged and the claws broken. The jaws are shown open and partly hollowed out. The head is wreathed by the mane, the ears were meant to be lying back and pointed in shape (Fig. 3). Around the eyes and on the muzzle the basalt surface has flaked off. The mane, covering the shoulders and the belly, seems not to have been marked out in tufts. The right-hand section of the back from the shoulder to the rump is flattened into a horizontal surface in the middle of which is a rectangular hole (length 5 cm., width 3.5 cm., depth 3 cm.). Lastly, the rear end is squared off in a vertical plane. The treatment of the back and of its extension shows that the sculpture has been used for some purpose (Fig. 4).
Hittite Involvement in Western Anatolia
Authors: Yakar Jak 
Published: January 2007

In addition to security considerations, the course of Hittite history can largely be explained by the economic motif, to control the sources and markets of metals.The expulsion or departure of the Assyrian merchants from Anatolia at the end of Anittas' reign not only deprived the newly founded Hittite Kingdom in the central plateau of the organized trade which, among other commodities, supplied Anatolia with its imported tin (from. Assur), but also cut it off from the supply centres in the East Mediterranean and North Syria, by now under the control of the strong Yamhadian Dynasty.In Anatolia itself the mineral-rich regions, which supplied both Anatolian and Mesopotamian provinces with copper, silver and lead, were mostly in the northern and eastern areas which the Hittites, due to the geo-political situation already pointed out by Mellaart, could not control or controlled with difficulty. This situation no doubt forced the Hittites to turn to alternative mineral-fields and supply centres in areas west of the plateau.
On the Problems of Karatepe: The Reliefs and their Context
Authors: Winter Irene J. 
Published: January 2007

It is a good maxim that all controversial archaeological issues should be reviewed regularly in the light of new material and/or changing perspectives; and certainly one of the most controversial issues in the history of the early first millennium B.C. in the Near East has been the dating of the reliefs and inscriptions built into the two Citadel Gates at Karatepe.The site itself, set on the west bank of the Ceyhan River in the northeast corner of Cilicia, sits on a natural hill just south of a spur of the foothills that mark the beginning of the juncture of the Taurus and Amanus mountain ranges (cf. Maps, Figs. 2, 3). It was first discovered and explored in 1946 by a Turkish team, headed by H. Th. Bossert, investigating ancient road systems of the “Neo-Hittite” period. Active field seasons were initiated at Karatepe, along with soundings at the neighbouring site of Domuztepe on the opposite bank of the Ceyhan, and were continued through the mid-1950s, since which time restoration has been in process at Karatepe under the direction of Professor Halet Çambel of Istanbul University.
Ḫattušili I and the Problems of the Royal Succession in the Hittite Kingdom
Authors: Bryce T. R. 
Published: January 2007

While the problems surrounding the events which preceded and followed the accession of Ḫattušili I have long been debated with few conclusive results, the basic facts underlying these events seem, on the surface at least, reasonably straightforward. For the most part these facts are contained in (a) Ḫattušili's “Annals”, in which the king identifies himself asŠAfTawannannaDUMU ŠEŠ-ŠU(“son of the brother of Tawannanna”), and (b) Ḫattušili's “Testament”, a speech delivered by the king during a period of illness in Kuššara, announcing to the assembled dignitaries and fighting men of Ḫatti the appointment of his grandson Muršili as heir to the throne.The Testament in particular provides much information pertinent to the royal succession early in the Old Kingdom. Amongst other things, the document records what is commonly regarded as the first historically authentic event in Hittite history – the attempt by Ḫattušili's grandfather to appoint Labarna as ruler(?) in the town of Šanaḫuitta; this appointment was overturned by high ranking subjects of the king (probably with the support of the king's own children) who set up a “rebel regime” under the leadership of Papaḫdilmaḫ. Ḫattušili subsequently became king in Ḫattuša — perhaps the first of the Hittite kings to resettle the site after its destruction by Anitta.
A Winged Goddess of Wine on an Electrum Plaque
Authors: Barnett R. D. 
Published: January 2007

In 1968 the Bezalel National Museum of Jerusalem, Israel — now incorporated into the Israel Museum — acquired a small but splendid and significant piece of ancient jewellery. As it came from the art-market in New York, it is thus unfortunately without provenance. I now publish it by kind permission of the Chief Curator of Archaeology, Mrs. Miriam Tadmor, and the Curator of the Department of Neighbouring Cultures, Mrs. Rivka Merhav.Here is, first, the technical description of the piece.A figure representing a goddess, nude, four-winged and facing frontally is holding in each hand a bunch of grapes. She is raised in relief from the background of an almost square electrum plaque, framed by a plaited wire border set between plain wire on each side. The frame is decorated on each of its four sides with large globules, numbering eight in all, surrounded by granulation. The goddess formerly had long hair falling in two locks of coiled wire one each side of her face (one of these — that on the right, which showed signs of being melted, has been lost before the object first appeared on the market, presumably in antiquity (Plates VIII, IXa)).
Un nouveau Duovir à Antioche de Pisidie
Authors: Saffrey H. D. 
Published: January 2007

Le 22 juin 1987, au cours d'un voyage en Turquie, j'ai visité le site de la colonie romaine d'Antioche de Pisidie, Colonia Caesarea. Guidé par le directeur du Musée de Yalvač, Bay Mehmet Taşlialan, j'ai eu la surprise d'être conduit par lui auprès d'une base qui avait été sortie de terre la veille à l'occasion de travaux pour l'établissement d'une canalisation à travers le site. Bay Taşlialan m'a autorisé à prendre une copie de l'inscription qui est complète, à la photographier et à la publier (ici, Pl. VIII). Malheureusement je n'avais aucun instrument pour en prendre les mesures.Il s'agit de la base d'un monument, probablement une statue perdue, qui était couchée sur le sol et portait la dédicace honorifique suivante:c'est-à-dire, en résolvant les abréviations: C(aio) Valerio, Galli F(ilio), Ser(gia tribu), Nigro, Q(uaestori), Aed(ili), Duov(iro), Irenarch(o), Valeria Paula Patri optumo, H(onoris) C(ausa), D(ecreto) D(ecurionum), qui peut se traduire: Valeria Paula, par décret du Conseil de la Cité, (a dédié ce monument) en l'honneur de son excellent père, C. Valerius, fils de Gallus, de la tribu Sergia, Questeur, Édile, Duovir, Irénarque.
Regional and Local Schools of Metalwork in Early Bronze Age Anatolia Part I
Authors: Yakar Jak 
Published: January 2007

The past few years have witnessed a surge of interest in the development of ancient metallurgy in the Near East, and in particular, in Anatolia. Most of the work done in this field however, with the exception of analytical studies conducted in laboratories and geological surveys, hardly goes beyond the re-examination of known historical, archaeological and geological data. The results, as can be expected, are derived mainly from the re-evaluation of previous conclusions on the development of early technologies and the emergence of major production centres in the Aegean, Anatolia and Eastern Mediterranean.Until a few years ago the origins of southeast European metallurgy were thought to be in northwest Anatolia. This traditional thesis of diffusion from the Troad to the Aegean and into the Balkans had rested on the chronological argument that the Chalcolithic cultures of Old Europe were contemporary with the EB I in Anatolia and the Aegean. The “diffusionists” lost substantial support for their theory when the chronological priority of Old European cultures based on tree-ring calibrated C-14 dates over the more traditional Near Eastern chronology was generally accepted.
The AGRIG in the Hittite Texts
Authors: Singer Itamar 
Published: January 2007

LÚAGRIG, Akkadianabarakku, rendered usually as “major domo”, “steward”, “overseer”, “administrator”, or an office of a similar nature, is attested in the oldest of Hittite documents. In addition to late copies of texts belonging to the Old Kingdom (the Palace Chronicle and the Telipinu Decree) the AGRIG is also found in an original Old Hittite document, the Inandik Tablet, which is probably to be dated to Hattušili I. However, the vast majority of the references are found in later texts or copies.The Hittite reading of AGRIG is not known. It must be ana- stem as shown by the complemented forms: sg. nom.LUAGRIG-aš(KUBXI 28 III 5′), acc.
Crossing the Euphrates in antiquity: Zeugma seen from space
Authors: Comfort Anthony , Abadie-Reynal Catherine , Ergeç Rifat 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article reviews progress in extensive survey work using satellite photographs along the course of the reservoir of the Birecik dam, completed in June 2000. Particular attention has been paid during field work to routes both along and across the river; here it is the east-west routes crossing the river which are examined in detail and in the context of the region's historical geography. The city of Zeugma, which has been the object of recent excavations, was the principal such crossing point but by no means the only one on the middle course of the Euphrates. A subsequent article will discuss north-south routes in the vicinity of the middle Euphrates and the question of its navigability.
Ancient glass vessels in Eskişehir Museum
Authors: Olcay B. Yelda 
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study is to introduce the glass vessels housed in Eskişehir Archaeological Museum. Thirty vessels are housed in the museum, out of which 19 are currently exhibited. Most of the vessels entered the collection by purchase. One vessel (no 5) was found during a rescue excavation of a Roman tomb in Bilecik in 1985, although unfortunately we do not have detailed information about the tomb. Another vessel found during a rescue excavation at the tumulus of Alpu Kocakizlar and a further one from the Pessinus excavations are not included in this article.The vessels in the museum are very limited in their forms and decoration, and it is possible that these plain vessels were produced for daily use. The glasswares are classified by typology, and five major groups are recognised. The vessels are first considered by their usage, and then typological differences are considered within each group. Underneath the vessel-type headings the groups are discussed and then their catalogues are given. The examples in the museum are dated from the first to fifth centuries AD.