bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Safety, Health and Environment in Acquisitions and Divestitures
Authors: Pickford Kyle , Dibble J. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The traditional safety, health and environmental (SHE) due diligence effort is no longer sufficient for industrial transactions, irrespective of where in the world they occur. Corporate management for both buyers and sellers now demands a more comprehensive "value-added" approach. Successful management of SHE issues now involves risk identification and allocation, not in isolation, but in light of the transaction's overall goals. Therefore, the SHE transactional effort must be viewed as a process, not an event. The first step in this process is setting formal objectives or goals for the transaction. Pre-transaction planning must take place early to chart the course necessary to achieve these objectives. The SHE assessment identifies risks and liabilities, and contractual negotiations develop terms to allocate these risks and liabilities. Good post-closing management helps ensure that contractual provisions work for and not against the parties involved. Proper management of SHE considerations throughout the effort can add value to the transactional process.
Application of RBDM to Safety-Related Problems Within an Operating Company
Authors: Haynes David M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Risk Based Decision Management (RBDM)© (1) facilitates decision-making that is rational, informed and cost-effective. Hibernia Management and Development Company (HMDC) have various, diverse business areas. But all have an identical objective, "to manage the Hibernia asset in a productively safe and environmentally responsible manner so as to maximize the return to the owner companies". In order to achieve this objective Decision Support Tools (DSTs) based upon RBDM have been implemented. This paper discusses the application of the RBDM methodology by HMDC, to specific safety-related problems. The benefits that may be accrued by employing a structured decision-making framework such as RBDM are discussed.
An Operating Company's Activity for Subsidence Control in Italy
Authors: Dossena G. , Zaffaroni C. , Zoccatelli C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The term subsidence is used to indicate a slow downward change in ground elevation. This phenomenon occurs naturally in many areas of the world, especially where young sediments undergo a process of spontaneous consolidation. One of the most sensitive areas is the eastern Po plain. Subsidence can also be accelerated by human activities such as water withdrawal from the subsurface or hydrocarbon production.
ENI-Agip's policy is to ensure that all of its development projects, in areas sensitive to subsidence risk, be subjected to the following activities: a) prediction: the tools are mathematical models and the data come from rock and soil mechanics; the space and time variation of reservoir pressure is described to the best of today's capabilities; the information about geometry, geology, reservoir predicted behavior and rock mechanics data are integrated into one mathematical model, purposely designed for subsidence prediction. The simulation tools used for prediction are finite element models and semi-analytical ones; b) prevention is obtained trough production control, via mathematical models of the dynamic reservoir behavior, and water injection; c) monitoring is the main activity and all data collected in this phase are used in order to have a picture of the situation and provide new data for prediction and prevention. A host of tools is available. We name a few: 1)Differential and continuos GPS measurements precise to within a few mm; 2) a precision leveling network of over 5000 km is maintained, 3) five wells in the Adriatic Sea, equipped with radioactive markers, have provided data since 1992; 4) pressure monitoring in the aquifer flanking of the producing field 5) bathymetric surveys and SAR interferometry measurements.
ENI-Agip's activities have been accompanied by a substantial program of subsidence control. All available tools for prediction, prevention and monitoring of the phenomenon are being utilized.
A New Approach for Accessing offshore Decommissioning: A Decision Model for Performance Bonds
Authors: Ferreira D. F. , Suslick S. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The present work describes the financial assurance system (bonding system), an innovative incentive mechanism being adopted by several countries in different productive areas with the objective of guaranteeing the availability of sufficient financial resources for the compliance of end-of-leasing environmental obligations. This paper provides a general outlook of the many decommissioning related issues that economically impact oil projects around the world. There are several forms of bonds available providing optimum flexibility for companies to meet all decommissioning and abandonment requirements. Bonds will provide several advantages such as: (1) ensure satisfactory regulatory compliance; (2) safeguard government and taxpayers by attaining reasonable protection from default at a minimum increase in project costs; and (3) protect the environment from potential harm resulting from failure to carryout proper decommissioning operations in a timely fashion. Based upon a discount cash flow analysis this paper suggests a decision model that estimates for each bond the option which offers the least economic impact in the project and, at same time, provides the best financial guarantee for all stakeholders involved in the process.
A Method for Forecasting Emissions to Air from Energy Production in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Beck Hans Jacob 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a method to forecast emissions to air from the offshore production of oil and gas. The method enables oil companies quickly to establish reliable forecasts of for instance CO2 and NOX emissions from offshore oil and gas fields that uses fossil fuels for power generation. The method can also be used to forecast emissions on aggregated levels.
The background for developing the method is addressed, the algorithms used and the input data required are described and test results are presented.
The method links the emissions to forecasts of oil and gas production and transport, gas and water injection, gas lift and drilling of exploitation wells. In addition, the efficiency in power generation and distribution, the type and LHV of fuel, emission factors for CO2 and NOX and effects of exhaust gas cleaning systems are incorporated in the algorithms.
The method is suitable for estimation of annual emissions over the lifetime of the field in connection with field development planning, governmental reporting as well as for simulation of effects on emissions by altering production strategies and plans.
Norsk Hydro has used the method for preparation of the company's annual report of lifetime emission forecasts to the Norwegian Authorities. Norsk Hydro's experience from utilization of the method, including system testing and preparation of prognoses will be presented.
Potential for By-Product Synergy in the Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Mangan Andrew , Young Rebekah 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Around the world, companies are discovering a process that sends dollars to their bottom lines through new savings and new revenue generated through By-Product Synergies™. The same process reduces or eliminates wastes and helps overcome a variety of other negative impacts to the environment. By- Product Synergy (BPS) is creating communities of companies dedicated to finding and implementing profitable synergies. Working by themselves, companies have often had a difficult time realizing such synergies. The BPS process creates a network of companies that together are able to tackle obstacles that threaten to derail their efforts, and to successfully implement profitable synergies.
The first step in the process is educating businesses about the benefits of BPS. After a core group of companies is recruited, project leaders catalogue material flows in a confidential database. They then analyze the data to uncover potential synergies. Participants join in a series of facilitated working meetings, where they discuss possible links. Those synergies with the greatest economic potential are then pursued.
Companies that participate in a BPS project are rewarded both in the short term and long term. They end up needing fewer raw materials, and find that their operations are considerably more efficient. They save on the cost of sending materials to landfills, and reduce environmental damage. They become part of a larger community that is helping companies save money, cut pollution, and create new business opportunities.
Alternate Stages of Pad Fluid and Acid Provide Improved Leakoff Control for Fracture Acidizing
Authors: Coulter A.W. , Crowe C.W. , Barrett N.D. , Miller B.D. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Improvements in leakoff control in deep penetrating fractures have been accomplished penetrating fractures have been accomplished by the use of viscous, nonreactive fluids and viscous, non-reactive fluids containing fine sand when used in alternate stages with acid. Macro examination of hairline fracture vugs and large pores and examination under the scanning electron microscope coupled with laboratory fluid loss data explain how the pad fluid and pad fluid containing fine sand can control fluid leakoff.
Another facet of this investigation has been a study and analysis of pressure variations during fracture treatments. This contributes further evidence of the influence of a leakoff control mechanism. These data, although possibly subject to different interpretation, can be shown to confirm the premise of leakoff control by inert pads sandwiched between stages of acid while acid fracturing.

Introduction
Many improvements have been made in acidizing since the first commercial acid job in 1932. One of the most important advances has been the recognition that fracturing was occurring in the majority of acidizing treatments. Injection rates of most early acidizing treatments were high enough to cause fracturing, but this was called "breaking down" the formation. It was recognized that a "breakdown" had to occur if the job was going to be a success. Since acidizing is now recognized as a fracturing process, the use of fracturing principles are being used to increase live principles are being used to increase live acid penetration into the rock.
Although use of these principles has improved treatment design, the actual results obtained by fracture acidizing carbonate formations have not matched the increases predicted by computerized design programs. Much research has been directed programs. Much research has been directed toward reducing the difference between actual and predicted results. Some of the approaches taken have included:Acid retardation.Increased acid concentration.Increased injection rates.Increased fracture width to decrease area-volume ratio.Improved matrix leakoff control.Increased pad volumes.
Is Publication of Emission Data Serious
Authors: Fleischmann Clemens 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In almost any environmental report of oil companies one can find emission data of E&P activities. Apart from the enormous expenditure, caused by data acquisition, the quality of results is doubtful.
Because of many different emission factors for calculation of harmful emissions only few limits are set to manipulation of results. In addition simply announcement of results offers no potential for appraisal of data.
The first step to get a better data basis of possible environmental influence in hydrocarbon exploration and production are field measurements.
The poster presented is focussed on measurements of methane concentrations in air. Methane is volatile and the best indicator for losses ore leaks in hydrocarbon production, especially in natural gas production. Enhanced methane concentrations (concentrations higher than the natural level of about 2 ppmv methane in air) are an indicator for several human made air pollution, e.g. rice or cattle cultivation, coal mining or natural gas production, but also can arise from other natural sources. The locally ground level of methane in air has therefore carefully to be checked before one starts with measurements of additional methane concentrations coming from hydrocarbon production.
An Indonesian Operating Company's Health, Safety and Environmental Techniques For Managing Large Scale, Labor Intensive, Jungle Seismic Projects
Authors: Rahardjo Agus P. , Koerber J. L. , Scarborough D. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia (CPI) is a production sharing contractor to the Indonesian state oil company, Pertamina. CPI conducts ongoing exploration activities and produces oil and natural gas from more than a hundred oil fields in Central Sumatra, including the world-famous Duri and Minas fields. Today, CPI operates two (2) large scale 3D dynamite-portable seismic recording crews utilizing over 5,000 field personnel. Conditions range from remote jungle work to the world's largest steam flood project where 4D surveys are regularly conducted in a facility-intensive environment. CPI's Exploration Department (employees and contractors) recently completed over 30 million hours worked without a lost time injury and 13 million kilometers driven without a motor vehicle accident.
The successful techniques are examined with a review of health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks, challenges and obstacles, administrative methods, HSE tools, preventive policies, and emerging safety technologies. Risks range from tropical diseases to excessive forest fire smoke conditions to potential explosives accidents, with the challenge of managing several thousand semi-skilled personnel with a high turnover rate in HSE knowledge and practices. A pyramidal organization structure is used through a lead contractor. Seismic environmental impact is minimal due to the labor-intensive and portable nature of the work. HSE tools discussed include digital cameras, intranet usage, and a two-box underground utility detection system. Emerging technologies include the usage of Global Positioning System "black boxes" for vehicle location and speed control and Pentium computer controlled driving simulators.
Safety Training Effectiveness
Authors: Ramirez Alberto E. , Prasad Dharmesh 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The present study tested a revised training effectiveness model. The model was tested based on a recursive path analysis among individual, attitudinal, organizational, and training evaluation measures collected from trainees and supervisors. An empirical data collection from 110 trainees attending a professional driving course was obtained. The findings suggest that organizational influences have a significant impact on training transfer. Although most of the individual and attitudinal variables were significantly interconnected, they did not seem to significantly influence motivation to transfer and subsequent training outcomes. Kirkpatrick's model received mixed support. Reaction to training had a negative impact on learning, however, learning had a significantly positive direct effect on behavior change. Eleven of 16 paths were confirmed. Although a significant chi-square goodness of fit index was obtained, other comparative indices suggested that the model fitted the data.
Development of a New Generation Modelling System for the Prediction of the Behaviour and Impact of Offshore Discharges to the Marine Environment
Authors: Sabeur Z. A. , Tyler A. O. , Hockley M. C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a programme of modelling, experiments, and field studies aimed at developing a management and planning tool capable of predicting the behaviour, transport, fate and impact of a range of contaminants discharged from offshore platforms.The modelling system (PROTEUS), includes models of the three-dimensional dispersion of effluent and solid waste discharges under conditions of time-varying current flow, meteorology, and variable bathymetry. These models have been calibrated with a range of experimental and field studies including laboratory simulation of effluent plume mixing, offshore sampling and laboratory experiments to determine the behaviour of discharged cuttings, and field studies of the dispersion of produced water plumes. PROTEUS also incorporates models of chemical behaviour that have been based on a programme of laboratory studies of sediment-water partitioning using 14C-labelled petrogenic and production chemicals.Ecotoxicological risk assessment methods have been developed for application to all discharge types. PEC:NEC methods have been implemented based on the rigorous dynamic PEC values predicted by the physicochemical models. Biokinetic models have also been implemented that simulate the uptake of chemical into target biota which is then assessed by computing critical body residue risk ratios, or by utilising body burden – mortality regressions derived from laboratory toxicity tests.The modelling system has been designed within a recently developed software framework that provides highly user orientated GIS-based model set-up, execution, and visualisation tools. Data outputs have been tailored through user consultation to directly support operational needs.
Ingenious Solutions for Well Cleaning Applying Environmental Engineering
Authors: Nabati-Shoghl Farzad , Saasen A. , Berg E. , Jensen B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cleaning of offshore wells prior to completion operations has previously been associated with a relatively high instant environmental impact. Even though there has been an improvement of the environmental profiles of the chemicals used in well cleaning operations over the past years the discharges of fluids during well cleaning operations has not been significantly reduced. The most common solution has been to have enough storage capacity to collect the volumes of spent fluids offshore and thereafter send the fluids onshore for waste treatment or re-inject the fluids into the subsurface formation.
This paper describes a well cleaning system designed to meet the requirements for reduced environmental impact. This has been achieved by applying environmental engineering as a positive aid in the design process identifying the opportunities instead of focusing on the restrictions. The main parameters in the well cleaning design are based on a reduction in discharges, re-use and recovery of fluids, albeit an improvement of the environmental profiles of the chemicals is still very important. The reduction in discharges is achieved by modifying procedures, equipment and chemicals.
The paper focuses upon how to obtain an improved well cleaning fluid based on technical and chemical modifications which allow for re-use and recovery of the fluids at the same time as the fluids have their desired well cleaning effects. The improvement this system represents related to environmental impact, has been verified in both laboratory tests and field experiences, and will be presented in the paper.
Global Upstream HSE Benchmarking
Authors: Gomm C. , Brosnan C. , Grundt H. J. , Hartog J. , Thoem T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A multi-company benchmarking of global upstream Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance began in 1996. The initial objective of exchanging quantitative and qualitative information stemmed from company members’ desire to better understand causes of good HSE performance, i.e. "to get beyond the numbers". Safety and environmental data were compiled, best practices described and HSE issues identified. A report was published in July 1997. As the study evolved the scope broadened and the initial group of 3 companies was expanded to five. A similar process for data collection and evaluation was used. Best practices and issues were identified.
The paper describes this benchmarking effort, summarizes its quantitative findings, describes key best practices, illustrates how the participating companies are utilizing the findings and makes recommendations for utilization in related HSE performance reporting.
Use of Short Term Multiple Rate Flow Tests To Predict Performance of Wells Having Turbulence
Authors: Jones Lloyd G. , Blount E.M. , Glaze O.H. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
A method is presented for predicting well performance and analyzing completion and performance and analyzing completion and fracture effectiveness. The new procedure uses production tests, rather than buildup tests, to production tests, rather than buildup tests, to determine whether turbulence is a major factor in reducing a well's flow capacity. If the pressure drop from turbulent flow is greater pressure drop from turbulent flow is greater than expected, the well probably has an inefficient completion. For a perforated completion, this may mean too few open perforations; for a fractured well, it may indicate perforations; for a fractured well, it may indicate that the fracture is too narrow. The analysis procedure is applicable to most gas wells and to procedure is applicable to most gas wells and to oil wells with high flow rates. Field cases are shown for two gas wells and one high-rate oil well.

Introduction
An analytical procedure is described here for predicting well performance and analyzing completion effectiveness of wells that have a significant pressure drop from turbulence. It is more applicable to gas well completions but has been applied to a high-rate oil well. It includes and extends the technique reported by Phipps and Khalil, if their n value is two. Phipps and Khalil, if their n value is two. In particular, the procedure should provide a powerful analytical tool in areas where most powerful analytical tool in areas where most wells have high production potential.
The procedure can be used in wells requiring sand control measures and in hydraulically fractured wells to determine if the crosssectional area open to flow into the wellbore is sufficient. It also provides an indication of perforation effectiveness in normally completed perforation effectiveness in normally completed wells because an abnormally high turbulence coefficient indicates too few open perforations. Incidental to determination of a turbulence coefficient, the procedure provides a laminar flow coefficient that includes skin effect. If permeability thickness is known, an estimate of skin effect can be made from the laminar flow coefficient. Also included in the theory is an explanation of the effects of partial completion, or a change in completion geometry, on pressure buildup results when the turbulence pressure drop is significant.
The analysis procedure permits determination of turbulence effects on completion efficiency irrespective of skin effect and laminar (darcy) flow.