bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure of glia to pro‐oxidant agents revealed selective Stat1 activation by H2O2 and Jak2‐independent antioxidant features of the Jak2 inhibitor AG490
Authors: Gorina Roser , Sanfeliu Coral , Galitó Aida , Messeguer Àngel , Planas Anna M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe JAK/STAT pathway is activated in response to cytokines and growth factors. In addition, oxidative stress can activate this pathway, but the causative pro‐oxidant forms are not well identified. We exposed cultures of rat glia to H2O2, FeSO4, nitroprussiate, or paraquat. We assessed oxidative stress by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidated proteins, we determined phosphorylated Stat1 (pStat1), and we evaluated the effect of antioxidants (trolox, propyl gallate, and N‐acetylcysteine) and of Jak2 (Janus tyrosine kinases) inhibitors (AG490 and Jak2‐Inhibitor‐II). Pro‐oxidant agents induced ROS and protein oxidation, excluding nitroprussiate that induced protein nitrosylation. H2O2, and to a lesser extent FeSO4, increased the level of pStat1, whereas nitroprussiate and paraquat did not. Trolox and propyl gallate strongly prevented ROS formation but they did not abolish H2O2‐induced pStat1. In contrast, NAC did not reduce the level of ROS but it prevented the increase of pStat1 induced by H2O2, evidencing a differential effect on ROS formation and on Stat1 phosphorylation. H2O2 induced pStat1 in mixed glia cultures and, to a lesser extent, in purified astroglia, but not in microglia. Jak2 inhibitors reduced H2O2‐induced pStat1, suggesting the involvement of this kinase in the increased phosphorylation of Stat1 by peroxide. Unexpectedly, AG490, but not Jak2‐Inhibitor‐II, reduced ROS formation, and it abrogated lipid peroxidation in microsomal preparations. Furthermore, AG490 reduced ROS in glial cells that were transfected with siRNA to silence Jak2 expression. These findings reveal previously unrecognized Jak2‐independent antioxidant properties of AG490, and show that Jak2‐dependent Stat1 activation by peroxide is dissociated from ROS generation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive impairment in older people: future demand for long‐term care services and the associated costs
Authors: Comas‐Herrera Adelina , Wittenberg Raphael , Pickard Linda , Knapp Martin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundProjections are presented of future numbers of older people with cognitive impairment (CI) in England, their demand for long‐term care (LTC) services and future costs of their care. The sensitivity of the projections to factors that are likely to affect future LTC expenditure is explored. These factors include future numbers of older people, prevalence rates of CI, trends in household composition, informal care provision, care service patterns and unit costs.MethodsA macrosimulation (or cell‐based) model was developed to produce the projections, building on an earlier PSSRU model. Base case assumptions are made about trends in key factors expected to impact on future LTC expenditure, and variant assumptions about the key factors are introduced to test for sensitivity.ResultsExpenditure on LTC services for older people with CI is projected to rise from 0.60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (£5.4 billion) in 2002 to 0.96% of GDP (£16.7 billion) in 2031, under base case assumptions. Under variant assumptions, the projection for 2031 ranges from 0.83% to 1.11% of GDP. These figures do not include the opportunity costs of informal care.ConclusionsSensitivity analysis shows that projected demand for LTC is sensitive to assumptions about the future numbers of older people and future prevalence rates of CI and functional disability. Projected expenditure is also sensitive to assumptions about future rises in the real unit costs of services. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional neuroanatomy of the parahippocampal region: The lateral and medial entorhinal areas
Authors: Kerr Kristin M. , Agster Kara L. , Furtak Sharon C. , Burwell Rebecca D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe entorhinal cortex (EC) serves a pivotal role in corticohippocampal interactions, but a complete description of its extrinsic connections has not been presented. Here, we have summarized the cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal connections of the lateral entorhinal area (LEA) and the medial entorhinal area (MEA) in the rat. We found that the targets and relative strengths of the entorhinal connections are strikingly different for the LEA and MEA. For example, the LEA receives considerably heavier input from the piriform and insular cortices, whereas the MEA is more heavily targeted by the visual, posterior parietal, and retrosplenial cortices. Regarding subcortical connections, the LEA receives heavy input from the amygdala and olfactory structures, whereas the MEA is targeted by the dorsal thalamus, primarily the midline nuclei and also the dorsolateral and dorsoanterior thalamic nuclei. Differences in the LEA and MEA connections with hippocampal and parahippocampal structures are also described. In addition, because the EC is characterized by bands of intrinsic connectivity that span the LEA and MEA and project to different septotemporal levels of the dentate gyrus, special attention was paid to the efferents and afferents of those bands. Finally, we summarized the connections of the dorsocaudal MEA, the region in which the entorhinal “grid cells” were discovered. The subregional differences in entorhinal connectivity described here provide further evidence for functional diversity within the EC. It is hoped that these findings will inform future studies of the role of the EC in learning and memory. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CA3 NMDA receptors are required for experience‐dependent shifts in hippocampal activity
Authors: Kent Kelly , Hess Kenneth , Tonegawa Susumu , Small Scott A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe anatomical distribution of sensory‐evoked activity recorded from the hippocampal long‐axis can shift depending on prior experience. In accordance with Marr's computational model of hippocampal function, CA3 NMDA receptors have been hypothesized to mediate this experience‐dependent shift in hippocampal activity. Here we tested this hypothesis by investigating genetically‐modified mice in which CA3 NMDA receptors are selectively knocked‐out (CA3‐NR1 KO). First, we were required to develop an fMRI protocol that can record sensory‐evoked activity from the mouse hippocampal long‐axis. This goal was achieved in part by using a dedicated mouse scanner to image odor‐evoked activity, and by using non‐EPI (echo planer imaging) pulse sequences. As in humans, odors were found to evoke a ventral‐predominant activation pattern in the mouse hippocampus. More importantly, odor‐evoked activity shifted in an experience‐dependent manner. Finally, we found that the experience‐dependent shift in hippocampal long‐axis activity is blocked in CA3‐NR1 knock‐out mice. These findings establish a cellular mechanism for the plasticity imaged in the hippocampal long‐axis, suggesting how experience‐dependent modifications of hippocampal activity can contribute to its mnemonic function. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moss beneath a leafless larch canopy: influence on water and energy balances in the southern mountainous taiga of eastern Siberia
Authors: Suzuki Kazuyoshi , Kubota Jumpei , Yabuki Hironori , Ohata Tetsuo , Vuglinsky Valery 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe southern mountainous taiga of eastern Siberia has a sparse larch canopy and an understory dominated by a thick moss layer. The physiology of moss is very different from that of other plants, as mosses lack roots and vascular systems and take up water directly. During May 2002, we conducted hydrological and meteorological measurements in the taiga of eastern Siberia to investigate the role of understory moss on water and energy balances within a leafless larch forest. We found that below‐leafless canopy net all‐wave radiation partitions into 39% latent heat flux and 39% sensible heat flux, while the mean daily Bowen ratio is about 1. Ground heat flux on the moss surface is also an important factor, as it comprises 22% of net all‐wave radiation. Evaporation from moss beneath the leafless canopy was 24 mm during the 1‐month observation period, representing 23% of the water flux into the larch forest. This finding implies that moss intercepted 23% of the water flux into the larch forest. In addition, evaporation from the moss understory during May 2002 comprised 22% of total evapotranspiration previously estimated above the canopy (April–October 2001). We conclude that moss is an important component of the water and energy balance in larch forests in the taiga region. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The products and validation of GAME reanalysis and JRA‐25 part 1: surface fluxes
Authors: Yatagai Akiyo , Yamazaki Nobuo , Kurino Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) reanalysis datasets are the products of four‐dimensional data assimilations (4DDA) of meteorological observations made from April 1998 to October 1998. These datasets were created using the most recently updated 4DDA schemes of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) during the GAME reanalysis project (1999–2001) as well as radiosonde observations made during the intensive observation period of the GAME project (April 1998–October 1998). Two versions of reanalyses products have been released officially: Ver. 1.1 and Ver. 1.5.One of the greatest differences between the two versions is the representation of snow cover: Ver. 1.1 used climatological snow data, while Ver. 1.5 used satellite‐derived snow information. Here, we describe how snow cover modifications and land surface schemes differ between the two versions and how changes in surface processes affect surface fluxes. The use of satellite‐derived snow information produced a difference in surface fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau, especially for May.We also compare surface fluxes estimated by the long‐term reanalysis (JRA25) product of the JMA as well as GAME reanalysis product with in situ observations by the Asian Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Network (AAN). Radiosonde observations made 4 times daily were incorporated into the atmospheric field of the 4DDA GAME reanalysis and resulted in a good correspondence between the reanalyses products and surface observations, especially for July. The use of satellite‐derived snow information as a boundary condition also had improved flux results over the Tibetan Plateau in May. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel bone substitute composite composed of tricalcium phosphate, gelatin and drynaria fortunei herbal extract
Authors: Dong Guo‐Chung , Chen Hueih Min , Yao Chun‐Hsu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Chinese herb, Gu‐Sui‐Bu (GSB) (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm.) has been anecdotally reported to enhance bone healing. We had previously confirmed in vitro the efficacy and safety of GSB in bone healing, and showed that it influenced both osteoblast and osteoclast activity. For clinically useful application of these bone regenerative effects, a satisfactory delivery system for GSB is required. In this study, we determined the optimal concentration of GSB for regenerative activity in rat bone cells via MTT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), nodule formation and TRAP assays, and designed and tested a GSB‐rich bone composite material. The composite was fabricated by mixing a biodegradable GGT composite, containing genipin cross‐linked gelatin and tricalcium phosphate, with the predetermined concentration of GSB (GGT‐GSB). Neonatal rat calvarial culture and animal implantation were employed to evaluate and compare in vitro and in vivo the potential of GGT‐GSB and GGT in regeneration of defective bone tissue. The most effective concentration of GSB was 100 μg/mL, which significantly increased osteoblast numbers, intracellular ALP levels and nodule numbers, without influencing osteoclast activity. In vitro and in vivo tests also showed that GGT‐GSB accelerated bone regeneration compared to GGT. GGT‐GSB thus has great potential for improved bone repair. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
A novel polyrotaxane‐based intracellular delivery system for camptothecin: In vitro feasibility evaluation
Authors: Moon Cheol , Kwon Young Min , Lee Won Kyu , Park Yoon Jeong , Chang Li‐Chien , Yang Victor C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCamptothecin (CPT) is a naturally occurring alkaloid that shows promise in antitumor activity in vitro against various tumor cell lines. Its potential clinical uses, however, are hindered by a lack of reaction selectivity and poor water solubility. Presented herein is a novel polyrotaxane (PR)‐based delivery system that could potentially lead to a highly effective yet less toxic CPT therapy. The approach involves the synthesis of the PR–CPT conjugates via hydrolyzable linkages. To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CPT, a cell‐penetrating peptide, LMWP, is linked to the conjugate to allow specific, intratumoral delivery of CPT. To avoid nonselective uptake of the conjugates by normal tissues following administration, the cell‐penetrating function of LMWP on the conjugates is masked by heparin binding. This system was designed such that after accumulation at the tumor via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, protamine can be subsequently administered to unmask heparin inhibition on LMWP, permitting intracellular uptake of the LMWP–PR–CPT conjugates. Once inside the tumor, CPT molecules are detached from the PR chain by hydrolysis, yielding a sustained concentration of CPT within tumor cells. In this paper, we demonstrated the in vitro feasibility of this delivery system. The LMWP–PR–CPT conjugates yielded a sevenfold increase in the overall CPT solubility, as well as a sustained release of CPT over a period of more than 7 days. Intracellular uptake of these conjugates by A2780 human ovarian cancer cells and regulation of such uptake by heparin and protamine were tested by MTT assay and confocal/flow cytometric methods, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Study on hemocompatibility and corrosion behavior of ion implanted TiNi shape memory alloy and Co‐based alloys
Authors: Liang Chenghao , Huang Naibao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBiomedical TiNi shape memory alloy and Co‐based alloys were ion implanted, and corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of these had been investigated with electrochemical method, dynamic clotting time, and hemolysis rate tests. The results indicated that the electrochemical stability and anodic polarization behavior of the materials were improved significantly after ion implantation. When TiNi, Co‐based alloys were implanted Mo + C and Ti + C, respectively, the corrosion potentials were enhanced more than 200 mV, passive current densities decreased, and passive ranges were broadened. Dynamic clotting time of the ion implanted substances was prolonged and hemolysis rate decreased. All the results pointed out that corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of the alloys were improved by ion implantation, and effects of dual implantation was better than that of C single implantation. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the alloys after dual implantation revealed that TiC, Mo2C, Mo9Ti4, and Mo appeared on the surface of TiNi alloy, and CoCx, Co3Ti, TiC, and TiO on the surface of Co‐based alloys. These phases dispersing on the alloy surface formed amorphous film, prevented dissolving of alloy elements and improved the corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of the alloys. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Formulating the alginate–polyornithine biocapsule for prolonged stability: Evaluation of composition and manufacturing technique
Authors: Thanos C.G. , Calafiore R. , Basta G. , Bintz B.E. , Bell W.J. , Hudak J. , Vasconcellos A. , Schneider P. , Skinner S.J.M. , Geaney M. , Tan P. , Elliot R.B. , Tatnell M. , Escobar L. , Qian H. , Mathiowitz E. , Emerich D.F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlginate encapsulation is one of the most widely used techniques for introducing cell‐based therapeutics into the body. Numerous encapsulation methodologies exist, utilizing a variety of alginates, purification technologies, and unique polycationic membrane components. The stability of a conventional alginate formulation encapsulated using a commercially available technique and apparatus has been characterized extensively. The current study employs an encapsulation protocol and ultra‐pure alginate pioneered at the University of Perugia. The enhanced microcapsules were produced, characterized, and implanted into the brain, peritoneal cavity, and subcutaneous space of Long‐Evans rats. After 14, 28, 60, 90, 120, and 180 or 215 days, capsules were explanted and the surface was analyzed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Image analysis was carried out to measure changes in diameter and wall thickness. FTIR peak analysis and surface morphology from SEM indicated that the enhanced encapsulation technique and formulation produced a stable biocapsule capable of survival in all sites, including the harsh peritoneal environment, for at least 215 days. Preimplant analysis showed a marked increase in the structural integrity of the enhanced formulation with improved elasticity and burst strength compared with the baseline formulation, which remained stable for less than 60 days. The enhanced microcapsule composition showed advantages in physical strength and longevity, indicating that small changes in encapsulation methodologies and materials selection can dramatically impact the stability and longevity of alginate microcapsules and their contents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
McLafferty rearrangement of the radical cations of butanal and 3‐fluorobutanal: A theoretical investigation of the concerted and stepwise mechanisms
Authors: Norberg Daniel , Salhi‐Benachenhou Nessima 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe stepwise and concerted pathways for the McLafferty rearrangement of the radical cations of butanal (Bu+) and 3‐fluorobutanal (3F‐Bu+) are investigated with density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio methods in conjunction with the 6‐311+G(d,p) basis set. A concerted transition structure (TS) for Bu+, (H), is located with a Gibbs barrier height of 37.7 kcal/mol as computed with CCSD(T)//BHandHLYP. Three pathways for the stepwise rearrangement of Bu+ have been located, which are all found to involve different complexes. The barrier height for the Hγ transfer is found to be 2.2 kcal/mol, while the two most favorable TSs for the Cα–Cβ cleavage are located 8.9 and 9.2 kcal/mol higher. The energies of the 3F‐Bu+ system have been calculated with the promising hybrid meta‐GGA MPWKCIS1K functional of DFT. Interestingly, the fluorine substitution yields a barrier height of only 20.5 kcal/mol for the concerted TS, (3F‐H). A smaller computed dipole moment, 12.1 D, for (3F‐H) compared with 103.2 D for (H) might explain the stabilization of the substituted TS. The Hγ transfer, with a barrier height of 4.9 kcal/mol, is found to be rate‐determining for the stepwise McLafferty rearrangement of 3F‐Bu+, in contrast to the unsubstituted case. By inspection of the spin and charge distributions of the stationary points, it is noted that the bond cleavages in the concerted rearrangements are mainly of heterolytic nature, while those in the stepwise channels are found to be homolytic. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase in invasion and metastasis
Authors: Benvenuti Silvia , Comoglio Paolo M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVarious cytokines and soluble growth factors upon interaction with their membrane receptors are responsible for inducing cellular proliferation, differentiation, movement, and protection from anoikis (a planned suicide activated by normal cells in absence of attachment to neighboring cells or extracellular matrix (EMC)). Among those soluble factors a major position is exerted by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) together with its receptor MET and macrophage‐stimulating protein (MSP) in cooperation with its receptor RON. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 316–325, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of the mitogenic, angiogenic and tumorigenic activities of pleiotrophin by a synthetic peptide corresponding to its C‐thrombospondin repeat‐I domain
Authors: Hamma‐Kourbali Yamina , Bernard‐Pierrot Isabelle , Heroult Mélanie , Dalle Sophie , Caruelle Danièle , Milhiet Pierre Emmanuel , Fernig David G. , Delbé Jean , Courty José 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPleiotrophin (PTN), is a heparin‐dependent growth factor involved in angiogenesis and tumor growth. PTN contains a thrombospondin repeat‐I (TSR‐I) motif in its two β‐sheet domains that are involved in its binding to heparin and its neurite outgrowth activity. Based on the importance of the binding of PTN to heparin in its dimerization and biological activities, we have designed two synthetic peptides, P(13–39) and P(65–97) corresponding to a part of the N‐terminal and C‐terminal TSR‐I motif of PTN, respectively. P(65–97) inhibited the mitogenic, tumorigenic and angiogenic activities of PTN, as well as the mitogenic and an angiogenic activity of fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2). However, P(65–97) had no effect on the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor, which does not bind heparin. P(65–97) but not P(13–39) inhibited the binding of PTN and to a lesser extent of FGF‐2 to heparin using an immunoassay and an optical biosensor assay and bound directly to heparin with a Kd of 120 nM. These findings suggest that P(65–97), containing amino acids 65–97 of the TSR‐I motif of the C‐terminal domain of PTN, inhibits the activities of PTN and FGF‐2 by virtue of its ability to bind heparin very effectively and so compete with the growth factors for their polysaccharide co‐receptor. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:250–259, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of LED optical characteristics on temporal behavior of o‐cresol decomposition by UV/TiO2 process
Authors: Chen Hua‐Wei , Ku Young , Wu Chang‐Yen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: An ultraviolet light‐emitting diode (UV‐LED) was used in this investigation as the light source for the photocatalytic decomposition of o‐cresol in aqueous solution because of its efficiency, design flexibility, and durability. The UV light intensities of the corn‐shaped LED tube designed in this investigation were relatively uniform due to the correct arrangement of LEDs.RESULTS: For experiments conducted with initial o‐cresol concentrations of 9 mg L−1 and pH 3, more than 80% of o‐cresols were decomposed after 8 h of irradiation. The calculated photonic efficiency (about 1·06%) for experiments conducted with continuous illumination was much lower than those (1·69–6·27%) obtained with periodic illumination.CONCLUSION: The proposed Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model with modification of UV light intensity attenuation could be adequately applied to describe the temporal behavior of the o‐cresol decomposition in aqueous solution by the UV‐LED/TiO2 process. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry