bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phospholipases and Galactolipases Trigger Oxylipin‐Mediated Wound‐Activated Defence in the Red Alga Gracilaria chilensis against Epiphytes
Authors: Lion Ulrich , Wiesemeier Theresa , Weinberger Florian , Beltrán Jessica , Flores Verónica , Faugeron Sylvain , Correa Juan , Pohnert Georg 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe investigated the wound response of the commercially important red alga, Gracilaria chilensis, in order to obtain insight into its interaction with epiphytic pests. After wounding, the host releases free fatty acids as well as the hydroxylated eicosanoids, 8R‐hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (8‐HETE) and 7S,8R‐dihydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (7,8‐di‐HETE). While the release of free arachidonic acid and subsequent formation of 8‐HETE is controlled by phospholipase A, 7,8‐di‐HETE production is independent of this lipase. This dihydroxylated fatty acid might be directly released from galactolipids. Physiologically relevant concentrations of oxylipins reduced spore settlement of Acrochaetium sp. (Rhodophyta, Acrochaetiaceae) and suppressed the development of hapteria in Ceramium rubrum (Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae) when these model epiphytes were exposed to artificial surfaces that contained 8‐HETE or 7,8‐di‐HETE. Thus, the immediate release of oxylipins can be seen as G. chilensis defence against epiphytes.
Approaches to corporate sustainability among German companies
Authors: Hahn Tobias , Scheermesser Mandy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this article we present the results of an online survey on the state of corporate sustainability in German companies. The survey focused on the meaning and relevance of sustainability to German companies, the motivations behind their commitment to sustainability and the use of different management tools to implement sustainability in corporate practice. Although the majority of the companies declared that sustainability plays an important role, our analysis reveals considerable differences between these companies' approaches to corporate sustainability. A cluster analysis enables us to distinguish between three significantly distinct types of approach to corporate sustainability among the respondents: sustainability leaders, environmentalists and traditionalists. These three types are characterized and discussed against previous research. The results suggest that there are substantial differences with regard to the motivation for and the implementation of corporate sustainability that are covered behind the corporate rhetoric of a high commitment to sustainability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
On the transposition of Gm–C filters to DC stabilized log‐domain filters
Authors: Psychalinos Costas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHigh‐order log‐domain filters could be designed by transposing the already known linear‐domain Gm–C filter topologies to the corresponding topologies in the log‐domain. This is achieved by using a non‐linear transconductor configuration, where the output current is exponentially related to its input and output voltages. A drawback of the non‐linear transconductor configuration already introduced in the literature is that a number of the transposed log‐domain filter topologies suffer from DC instability, while in some others a DC offset current appears at their output. In order to eliminate the aforementioned problems a modified non‐linear transconductor configuration for transposing Gm–C filter topologies to log‐domain filter topologies is introduced in this paper. The achieved improvements are demonstrated through a number of log‐domain filter configurations derived using the already introduced and the proposed transposition schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytokine analysis to predict immunosuppression
Authors: Barten Markus J. , Rahmel Axel , Bocsi József , Boldt Andreas , Garbade Jens , Dhein Stefan , Mohr Friedrich W. , Gummert Jan F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundRecently, it has been realized that TH1/TH2 cytokine production offer the unique possibility to predict drug efficacy. However, there is still an incessant need to explore assay conditions and techniques of analyzing cytokines, which are specific and reliable for monitoring drug efficacy.MethodsIn this study we used the multiplex bead array technique to detect cytokines of TH1/TH2 cells in whole blood of heart transplanted (HTx) recipients.ResultsWe found significantly different levels of cytokine expression in HTx recipients compared with cytokine levels in patients prior to HTx. Furthermore, particular cytokine levels were significantly decreased 2 h after drug dosing, compared with cytokine levels before dosing in mitogen‐stimulated whole blood.ConclusionsCytokine analysis with the multiplex array technique in mitogen‐stimulated whole blood provides the possibility to predict immunosuppression. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
B lymphocytes in humans express ZAP‐70 when activated in vivo
Authors: Cutrona Giovanna , Colombo Monica , Matis Serena , Reverberi Daniele , Dono Mariella , Tarantino Vincenzo , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Ferrarini Manlio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractZAP‐70 is a protein tyrosine kinase initially found in T and NK cells. Recently, this important signaling element was detected in leukemic B cells from a subgroup of patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL). In this study, ZAP‐70 was detected in normal B cells from human tonsils, but not from peripheral blood. The cDNA sequence of B cell ZAP‐70 was the same as that in T cells. Germinal center B cells and plasma cells had a substantial proportion of ZAP‐70+ cells, while memory and follicular mantle B cells, which contain low numbers of activated B cells, expressed relatively little ZAP‐70. A cell fraction of IgD+, CD38+ B cells, which are comprised of many in vivo activated B cells, exhibited the highest levels of ZAP‐70. Density gradient fractionation of tonsil B cells confirmed that ZAP‐70 was not expressed by resting B cells, but was expressed by buoyant, in vivo activated B cells. In these B cells, the expression of ZAP‐70 correlated with that of CD38 and not with that of CD5, a hallmark of B‐CLL cells. B‐CLL cells are activated cells and their ZAP‐70 expression reflects a normal property of activated B cells populations rather than a neoplastic aberration.
Binding specificity of Toll‐like receptor cytoplasmic domains
Authors: Brown Victoria , Brown Rachel A. , Ozinsky Adrian , Hesselberth Jay R. , Fields Stanley 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMyD88 participates in signal transduction by binding to the cytoplasmic Toll/IL‐1 receptor (TIR) domains of activated Toll‐like receptors (TLR). Yeast two‐hybrid experiments reveal that the TIR domains of human TLR differ in their ability to associate with MyD88: The TIR of TLR2 binds to MyD88 but the TIR of the closely related TLR1, 6, or 10 do not. Using chimeric TIR domains, we define the critical region responsible for differential MyD88 binding, and use a computational analysis of the critical region to reveal the amino acids that differ between MyD88 binders and non‐binders. Remarkably, a single missense mutation created in TLR1 (N672D) confers on it the ability to bind MyD88, without affecting its association with other proteins. Mutations identified as critical for MyD88 binding also affect signaling of TLR pairs in mammalian cells. To investigate the difference between MyD88 binders and non‐binders, we identify novel interacting proteins for each cytoplasmic domain of TLR1, 2, 6, and 10. For example, heat shock protein (HSP)60 binds to TLR1 but not to TLR2, and HSP60 and MyD88 appear to bind the same region of the TIR domain. In summary, interactions between the TLR, MyD88, and novel associated proteins have been characterized.
STAT‐1‐mediated repression of monocyte interleukin‐10 gene expression in vivo
Authors: VanDeusen Jeffrey B. , Shah Manisha H. , Becknell Brian , Blaser Bradley W. , Ferketich Amy K. , Nuovo Gerard J. , Ahmer Brian M. M. , Durbin Joan , Caligiuri Michael A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere have been substantial advances in understanding the events that regulate gene expression at the cellular and molecular level; however, there has been limited progress integrating this information to understand how biological systems function in vivo. For example, the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 is thought to down‐regulate the effects of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ on monocyte activation following LPS stimulation. However, the often‐postulated reciprocal regulation of IL‐10 gene expression by IFN‐γ has not been studied in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the regulation of IL‐10 gene expression has at least two phases following challenge with LPS or a gram‐negative organism. In C57BL/6 mice, early IL‐10 induction occurs independently of STAT‐1, while a delayed active repression of IL‐10 gene expression is critically dependent on STAT‐1, but only partially dependent upon IFN‐α/β and IFN‐γ. This in vivo IL‐10 production comes from blood monocytes, but not tissue macrophages, and cannot be reproduced in vitro. This study provides new insights into the regulation of IL‐10 following challenge with a gram‐negative organism, and highlights the importance of studying these cytokine regulatory pathways in vivo.
Surface expression of HSP72 by LPS‐stimulated neutrophils facilitates γδT cell‐mediated killing
Authors: Hirsh Mark I. , Hashiguchi Naoyuki , Chen Yu , Yip Linda , Junger Wolfgang G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDuring inflammation and sepsis, accumulation of activated neutrophils causes lung tissue damage and organ failure. Effective clearance of neutrophils reduces the risk of organ failure; however, its mechanisms are poorly understood. Because lungs are rich in γδT cells, we investigated the physiological role of these cells in the protection of lung tissue from infiltrating neutrophils. In a mouse model of sepsis, we found that the lungs of survivors contained significantly higher numbers of γδT cells than those of mice that died from sepsis. The number of γδT cells correlated inversely with the number of neutrophils in the lungs and with the degree of lung tissue damage. LPS rapidly elicited the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 72 on the surface of human neutrophils. Inhibitors of transcription, protein synthesis, and intracellular protein transport blocked HSP72 expression, indicating that de novo synthesis is required. γδT cells targeted and rapidly killed LPS‐treated neutrophils through direct cell‐to‐cell contact. Pre‐treatment with neutralizing antibodies to HSP72 diminished neutrophil killing. Our data indicate that HSP72 expression on the cell surface predisposes inflamed neutrophils to killing by γδT cells. This intercellular exchange may allow γδT cells to resolve inflammation and limit host tissue damage during sepsis.
Proton‐Coupled Redox Chemistry, Oxidative Reactivity, and Electronic Characterization of Aqua‐, Hydroxo‐, and Oxo‐Triruthenium Clusters
Authors: Nunes Genebaldo S. , Alexiou Anamaria D. P. , Araki Koiti , Formiga André L. B. , Rocha Reginaldo C. , Toma Henrique E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe pH‐dependent electronic and electrochemical properties of a series of triangular μ3‐oxo‐centered trinuclear clusters of the type [Ru3O(Ac)6(py)2(OHx)]n (Ac = acetate; py = pyridine; x = 0, 1, or 2; where the formal oxidation states on the metal ions range from +II to +IV) have been investigated with emphasis on the elucidation of the successive proton‐coupled redox processes spanning the interconvertible aqua‐ (x = 2), hydroxo‐ (x = 1), and oxo‐ (x = 0) forms, from which the complete Pourbaix diagram has been proposed. From the spontaneous slow coupling reaction of the monomeric cluster in its deprotonated (oxo) form at high pH, the μ‐oxo‐bridged cluster dimer (i.e. {(py)2(Ac)6ORu3}‐O‐{Ru3O(Ac)6(py)2}) has been isolated and fully characterized by spectroelectrochemistry as well. A further understanding of the underlying electronic interactions across the various oxidation and protonation states, and the role of such phenomena in the activation of the Ru–O bonding system in oxygen‐transfer catalysis, have also been explored. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Ying Yu‐Lan Mary , Johnson Jonas T. , Myers Eugene N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground.Our objective was to evaluate the outcome of patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the parotid gland.Methods.We conducted a retrospective chart review of the tumor registry from 1982 through 2003 at a tertiary referral medical center. Patients with SCC of the parotid gland were identified and followed for a minimum of 2 years after therapy.Results.SCC involving the parotid was identified in 66 patients. The tumor was a metastasis from a known primary site in 41 patients (62%). In 16 patients (24%), no other primary site was identified, and the tumor may have originated in the parotid gland. Nine patients (14%) were undetermined. Therapy frequently included surgery. The integrity of the facial nerve was preserved in 92% of surgical patients. Only eight patients initially had clinical evidence of cervical metastasis; however, cervical metastasis was identified in 25 patients (44%), changing the course of therapy.Conclusion.SCC of the parotid gland was metastatic from a known primary tumor in more than half of the patients. The most common site of the primary tumor was a cutaneous malignancy of the head and neck. The high incidence of cervical lymph node involvement underscores the diagnostic and therapeutic importance of neck dissection with parotidectomy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Cardiovascular and respiratory complications after major head and neck surgery
Authors: Buitelaar Dirk R. , Balm Alfons J. M. , Antonini Ninja , van Tinteren Harm , Huitink Johannes M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground.Our aim was to gain insight into the incidence rates for, distribution of, and risk factors of postoperative cardiovascular and respiratory complications in major head and neck surgery.Methods.We performed a retrospective review of 469 patients who had undergone primary major head and neck surgery. Outcome measures were incidence rates, risk factors, and distribution over time for postoperative cardiovascular and respiratory complications. A multivariate analysis was performed.Results.The incidence rates for cardiovascular and respiratory complications were 57 of 469 (12%) and 50 of 469 (11%), respectively. The incidence rate for heart failure exceeded that for pneumonia. The peak incidence for cardiovascular complications was on the first postoperative day; for respiratory complications, on the second postoperative day. Risk factors for cardiovascular complications were age, pulmonary disease, alcohol abuse, and tumor location; risk factors for respiratory complications were pulmonary disease, previous myocardial infarction, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade.Conclusion.In this study, the incidence rates for cardiovascular and respiratory complications were very similar. The first postoperative day was crucial with regard to cardiovascular complications. Age and chronic pulmonary diseases were the common risk factors for cardiovascular and respiratory complications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Polymorphisms in the genes involved in the arachidonic acid‐pathway, fish consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Siezen Christine L.E. , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Peeters Petra H.M. , Kram Nicolien R. , van Doeselaar Marina , van Kranen Henk J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study on colorectal cancer was to investigate the associations between SNPs in the genes involved in the arachidonic acid (AA)‐pathway, their haplotypes and colorectal cancer. Moreover, interactions between SNPs and fish consumption were considered. In this study, a total of 508 cases and 772 controls were included, originating from 2 prospective cohorts, the Monitoring Project on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors (PPHV) and Diagnostisch Onderzoek Mammacarcinoom (DOM). Genotypes of 23 SNPs in 7 candidate genes were determined and the modifying effect of fish consumption was considered. A protective effect of the minor allele of SNP V102V in PTGS2 was observed (odds ratio (OR), 0.37; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.16–0.87). The haplotype representing this allele showed a weaker inverse association, indicating that 2 alleles are necessary to obtain this protective effect. Fish consumption data was available for 209 cases and 418 controls. Increased fish consumption was inversely associated with cancer, although not significant (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.57–1.20). Despite the substantial reductions in cancer risk for some genotypes in combination with high fish intake, no significant interactions between any SNP studied and fish consumption were observed. We have previously described an association between colorectal adenomas and SNP V102V in PTGS2 and have now confirmed this association for colorectal adenocarcinomas. Fish consumption of once a week or more might protect against colorectal cancer, but no significant interactions with SNPs in the genes involved in the AA‐pathway could be detected within the study. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zooplankton Seasonal Abundance of South AmericanSaline Shallow Lakes
Authors: Echaniz Santiago Andrés , Vignatti Alicia María , De Paggi Susana José , Paggi Juan César , Pilati Alberto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe central provinces of Argentina are characterized by the presence of a high number of shallow lakes, located in endorheic basins, many of which have elevated salinities as well as eutrophic or hypereutrophic condition. The zooplankton of four saline shallow lakes of the province of La Pampa was studied on a monthly basis during a 2‐year period to determine its temporal and spatial variation.The surface of these shallow lakes (<2.5 m depth) varied between 56.8 and 215.9 ha, and some have from 8.4 to 20.8 g · l–1. The more saline lakes have “clear” water and the less saline lakes “turbid” water. Fishes, Jenynsia multidentata , were present in only two lakes during the last two months of the studied period.The zooplankton was composed of 17 taxa of Rotifera, 5 taxa of Cladocera and 4 taxa of Copepoda. The low diversity and the faunistic composition are characteristic of saline environments. Although the studied lakes share 38% of the species, the faunistic similarity was higher between the two least saline lakes. The lowest diversity was found in the two most saline lakes.All four shallow lakes were characterized by their very high zooplankton density, especially in the least saline lakes (<80000 ind · l–1). The abundance is significantly correlated with the water transparency but not with salinity.The zooplankton temporal variation was characterized by the alternation of macro‐ and microzooplankton, probably regulated by competition and intrazooplanktonic predation. In each lake, the spatial abundance distribution of the macro‐ and microzooplankton was homogeneous. It was related to the shallow depht of the lakes and their polymictic condition.The Scheffer model on alternative states in shallow lakes acknowledges that it cannot be applied to saline lakes because Daphnia , the main responsible for the clear water state, is not tolerant to high salinity. Our study shows that the most saline lakes, where the halophylic Daphnia menucoensis is abundant, have also the most clear waters. Another difference that we found with regards to the mentioned model is that, in turbid lakes, it could not have had a top‐down control on macrozooplankton exerted by fishes because in these lakes fishes were practically absent. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of hydroxyapatite–polyphosphazene polymer composites at physiologic temperature
Authors: Greish Y. E. , Bender J. D. , Lakshmi S. , Brown P. W. , Allcock H. R. , Laurencin C. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAspects of the formation of bone analog composites at 37°C are described. The composites are composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and the calcium salt of a biocompatible polymer and are capable of forming under in vivo conditions. Composite formation involves the formation of monolithic HAp from particulate calcium phosphate precursors while Ca ions liberated to the aqueous medium in which this reaction is occurring form crosslinks with the acidic polymer. The reactants are poly[bis(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (acid‐PCPP), tetracalcium phosphate [Ca4(PO4)2O, TetCP], and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4, DCPA). The effects of the proportion of polymer (5, 10, or 15 wt %) on the kinetics of HAp formation were studied. Compositional evolution of the solid calcium phosphates present was followed by X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy analyses. HAp formation through a dissolution‐precipitation process provided a mildly alkaline medium suitable for deprotonation of the acid‐PCPP and for the formation of the calcium crosslinks, as monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Concurrence of crosslinking of the polymer and HAp formation was established, indicating true composite formation can be realized at physiologic temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Strong calcium phosphate cement‐chitosan‐mesh construct containing cell‐encapsulating hydrogel beads for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Weir Michael D. , Xu Hockin H.K. , Simon Carl G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCalcium phosphate cement (CPC) can conform to complex cavity shapes and set in situ to form bioresorbable hydroxyapatite. The aim of this study was to introduce cell‐encapsulating alginate hydrogel beads into CPC and to improve the mechanical properties using chitosan and fiber mesh reinforcement. Because the CPC setting was harmful to the MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast cells, alginate was used to encapsulate and protect the cells in CPC. Cells were encapsulated into alginate beads, which were then mixed into three pastes: conventional CPC, CPC‐chitosan, and CPC‐chitosan‐mesh. After 1 day culture inside the setting cements, there were numerous live cells and very few dead cells, indicating that the alginate beads adequately protected the cells. Cell viability was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, using a Wst‐1 colorimetric assay. Absorbance at 450 nm (arbitrary units) (mean ± SD; n = 5) was 1.36 ± 0.41 for cells inside conventional CPC, 1.29 ± 0.24 for cells inside CPC‐chitosan composite, and 0.73 ± 0.22 for cells inside CPC‐chitosan‐mesh composite. All three values were similar to 1.00 ± 0.14 for the control with cells in beads in the cell culture medium without any CPC (Tukey's at p = 0.05). Flexural strength for conventional CPC containing cell‐encapsulating beads was 1.3 MPa. It increased to 2.3 MPa when chitosan was incorporated. It further increased to 4.3 MPa with chitosan and the reinforcement from one fiber mesh, and 9.5 MPa with chitosan and three sheets of fiber mesh. The latter two strengths matched reported strengths for sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants and cancellous bone. In summary, cell‐encapsulated‐alginate‐CPC constructs showed favorable cell viability. The use of chitosan and mesh progressively improved the mechanical properties. These strong, in situ hardening, and cell‐seeded hydroxyapatite cements may have potential for bone tissue engineering in moderate stress‐bearing applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006