bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow characteristics in a three‐dimensional cylindrical branching channel
Authors: Yamaguchi H. , Zhang X.R. , Ito A. , Kuribayashi M. , Nishiyama H. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study numerically and experimentally incompressible Newtonian flow in a three‐dimensional cylindrical branching channel.Design/methodology/approachThe flow configuration studied in the present investigation is such that a fully developed laminar flow enters an abruptly expanded cylinder and the flow leaves this cylinder by two identical cylindrical outlet branch pipes. A numerical analysis was performed by developing a three‐dimensional numerical code using the highly simplified marker and cell method. Representative velocities in the flow field are recorded by Laser Doppler Velocimeter measurements and volume flow rate from each outlet branch pipe is measured. Flow visualization in representative symmetrical planes is also carried out. Comparisons of numerical predictions and experimental data are presented and the reasonable agreement between the numerical and experimental results is encouraging.FindingsThe flow field in the three‐dimensional cylindrical branching channel is clarified within the range of laminar flow. The characteristics of the branch flow rate are obtained and show that there exist two distinct domains of strong asymmetric flow distribution from the outlet branch pipes, depending on the Reynolds numbers. It is further observed that the flow became time periodic as the Reynolds number is increased. It becomes apparent that the swirl flow component plays a key role in the flow phenomena.Originality/valueThe present investigation sheds light on the three‐dimensionality in the prevailing flow field for various inlet Reynolds numbers in the laminar flow range. Flow rate deflection characteristics in a three‐dimensional cylindrical branching channel are also obtained.
Who is offering a helping hand?
Authors: Hetty van Emmerik IJ. , Euwema Martin C. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationships between personality and three types of OCBs (Organizational Citizenship Behaviors), and to test for the potential moderating effects of team leader effectiveness on the relationship between personality and OCBs.Design/methodology/approachHypotheses were tested with data from 268 teachers of secondary schools and were analyzed using Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression.FindingsThe results indicate that extroverts and teachers open for experience engaged more in OCBs towards their school than introverts and teachers less open for experience do. Teachers that are more conscientious score higher on OCBs towards students. That fits with the idea that being conscientious is being careful and responsible. Teachers with introvert and neurotic personalities become more engaged in OCBs than extrovert and emotionally stable teachers do when they appreciate their team leader effectiveness.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this study provided only partial support for the expected relationships between personality and OCBs, the results are notable for personnel selection. Further, several instances of the moderating role of team leader effectiveness were found. This indicates that leaders can encourage the engagement in OCBs, even in the case of thwarting personality characteristics.Originality/valueThe results of this study show some interesting similarities and differences concerning the different OCBs. For instance, openness to experience was related to OCBs towards the school and to OCBs towards team members, and the moderating role of team leader effectiveness acted in the same way for openness to experience and OCBs towards the school and towards team members.
Self‐leadership: a cross‐cultural perspective
Authors: Georgianna Sibylle 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to address the question: what is the relationship of culture to self‐leadership?Design/methodology/approachIn an exploratory study, 74 US and 44 Chinese undergraduates rated their cultural beliefs and self‐leadership strategies. After four‐weeks in which a self‐leadership intervention was utilized, respondents contrasted positive aspects of their professional objectives with obstacles that impeded the realization of their goals.FindingsThe intervention did not influence participants' self‐leadership strategies, as measured two weeks after the intervention (p > 0.11). Repeated MANOVA measures revealed that the US group expressed higher levels of self‐leadership than the Chinese group during the three phases of the study (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, Chinese students held higher individualistic characteristics than the US group (p=0.009).Research limitations/implicationsThis research provides some insight into the similarities and differences between people from different cultures as to their use of self‐leadership strategies. Further research using more robust validation methodology is warranted to confirm the measurements of the study at issue here.Practical implicationsManagers will benefit from becoming aware that individuals' cultural characteristics influence their use and development of self‐leadership strategies.Originality/valueThis study makes a significant contribution to the body of research on self‐leadership. The study provides what may be the first glimpse of the volitional and self‐awareness components of self‐leadership strategies within the native Chinese population, and provides a backdrop with a US population for contrast.
Managerial psychology: state‐of‐the‐art
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the current status of work psychology mainly by a content analysis of all the issues in Volume 21 of this journal in 2006.Design/methodology/approachThe aims are achieved by conducting a content analysis of one volume to try to discover themes and issues using also a Q sort methodology to identify a parsimonious number of tensions within the area.FindingsThe analysis identified seven “tensions” in the area: the individual vs the group; work‐specific vs out‐of‐work behaviour; science vs practitioner values; bright vs dark side interests; qualitative vs quantitative measurement; fairness vs efficiency; and universality vs culture specific focus.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis was limited to one journal. It would have been preferential to try a longitudinal study tracing the themes over a number of years to spot trends. Also generalisability would be improved by doing a content analysis of all the major journals (around six) in the area of applied, I/O, managerial, organizational and work psychology.Practical implicationsIt is not unhealthy to have disagreements, tensions and different foci in this area as it can encourage development and growth. It can be dysfunctional, however, if tensions informed by ideology lead to the traditional disinterested model of science being compromised.Originality/valueThe value is achieved by the identification of the seven tensions which help inform readers of the particular perspective of researchers.
How to make chip integration technology suitable for high volume production
Authors: Gottwald Thomas , Ockenfuß Ulrich 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to present an overview of existing component embedding methods and to show the differences of the new embedding method called SEAG iBoard.Design/methodology/approachIn most existing embedding technologies bare dies are embedded and contacted to the PCB by through hole plating technologies of the PCB industry. The new method uses a preassembled interposer for embedding which leads to rewiring of the chip contacts to larger pads on the interposer. In a next step passive components will be added to the active die on the same interposer.FindingsThe use of an interposer for embedding leads to a better compatibility of chip processes and PCB processing. Unlike other approaches, the PCB processes can be kept more or less the same as for standard production. Therefore, this new method is suitable for volume applications. The method also shows competitive advantages. Up to now the reliability tests showed a very high reliability of interconnects between the Si‐chip and PCB. Up to 5,000 TCT between −40° and 140°C could be demonstrated. These tests have been performed with daisy chain test chips.Research limitations/implicationsThe qualification results have to be confirmed with functional chips. The principle of this technology is to receive larger interconnection pads by the use of an interposer. Therefore, this technology might have limitations, where lengths of signal paths play the dominant role.Originality/valueThe paper shows how problems in the existing embedding technologies can be overcome. It shows that the preconditions for high reliability at reasonable cost are given.
Modeling of multi‐layer circuit boards by using a model of bi‐phase and elasto‐plastic plies
Authors: Low K.H. , Wang Yuqi 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe paper aims to present a modeling method for multi‐layer, multi‐material printed circuit boards (PCBs) in both micro‐structure and board levels.Design/methodology/approachThe method incorporates a multilayer finite element model that is established in two parts: the first part is an elasto‐plastic damaging model, which is presented to model metallic plies in the multi‐layer PCBs, while the second is a bi‐phase model for glass‐fiber/epoxy‐resin composite ply with fiber/matrix structure.FindingsNumerous composite parts and complex material properties of multi‐layer PCBs complicate the reliability of the simulation. Therefore, the board level simulation and the micro‐structure modeling cannot be performed at the same time. A multi‐layer FEM code can solve this problem: with the use of bi‐phase and elasto‐plastic plies in this code, the micro‐structure and board‐level modeling for multi‐layer PCBs can be incorporated.Research limitations/implicationsWith the implementation of a virtual boundary method, the current multi‐layer model can be combined with the unit‐cell modeling method to perform detailed analysis at the micro‐structure level.Originality/valueThis paper presents a method for multi‐layer PCB modeling at both the micro‐structure and board levels. It provides a way to individually design the fabric types and the properties of glass fibers, epoxy resin, and copper foil in PCBs, to meet specific reliability requirements. With the proposed modeling, the static and shock responses of optimized PCBs can be analyzed with less computation.
The evaluation of sonochemical techniques for sustainable surface modification in electronic manufacturing
Authors: Cobley Andy , Mason Tim 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThis paper sets out to give an introduction to sonochemistry and the effects brought about by the application of ultrasound that might be useful in surface modification; and to show the feasibility of sonochemical surface modification in water on a range of materials employed in electronic manufacturing.Design/methodology/approachUltrasound was applied through DI water for the surface modification of four materials: a ceramic, a polyphenylene ester (polystyrene polymer (Noryl HM4025)), an acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/polycarbonate (ABS/PC‐Cycolac S705), and an FR4 laminate (Isola Duraver 104). The efficacy of the treatment was determined by weight loss, scanning electronic microscopy, contact angle and roughness.FindingsCeramic and Noryl materials can be surface modified sonochemically in DI water. Weight loss results suggested that, this was also the case for the Duraver laminate but the ABS/PC substrate was least affected by treatment in an ultrasonic field under these benign processing conditions.Originality/valueTraditional “wet” surface modification techniques often use hazardous chemistry, high‐process temperatures, copious rinsing and long dwell times. This research programme addresses these issues by evaluating sonochemical surface modification techniques with the objective of producing a one‐step process using benign chemistry at lower temperature with less rinsing.
The importance of standards for PCBs when doing business in Europe
Authors: Weinhold Michael 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to present an overview of the importance of standards for PCBs when doing business in Europe and to provide information that will enable a better understanding of how to meet their requirements.Design/methodology/approachA review of PCB standards and their implementation processes in different countries of Europe and further afield was conducted.FindingsBy applying the latest technical and ecological standards in a correct way and differentiating between “must have” and “desired” in a weighted process, a greater likelihood of success in business dealings will be achieved.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper has highlighted the importance of producing PCBs to the required specifications of the end‐user and the locally implemented standards. Each potentially important standard needs to be identified in the context of the products being supplied, the end customer application and the specific regional requirements.Originality/valueThe paper details how individual standards are applied to printed circuit boards and circuit board materials. It outlines the important considerations that have to be taken into account when supplying PCBs to European customers.
Chemical characterisation of materials in electronic systems using infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Smith C.A. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to discuss the chemical characterisation of inorganic and organic materials found in electronic systems.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides an introduction to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which is used for the chemical characterisation and analysis of materials. Examples from recent case studies are given to illustrate the work.FindingsIt was found that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can successfully identify materials at various stages of their lifecycle. By this means any contaminants and their resulting detrimental effects can be eliminated.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates how the chemical analysis of a material is conducted, and what can be learned from the investigation.
Inviting interactional change through “tricky situations” in consulting
Authors: Kykyri Virpi‐Liisa , Puutio Risto , Wahlström Jarl 
Published: August 2007

PurposeConsulting work aims to bring about changes in organizational performance. In OD‐consulting practices, changes are to be sought through conversational settings created for these purposes. The purpose of this paper is to take a discursive approach to change work and ask how interactional change is constructed and managed during multi‐party consulting conversations.Design/methodology/approachA case episode from an authentic consultation event is presented. By combining ideas from discursive psychology and conversational analysis, it is shown that a consulting conversation may be socially sensitive and face‐threatening for all concerned.FindingsThe paper shows how such a “tricky situation” is not to be avoided but to be actively constructed for facilitating change. The use of different discursive strategies for managing criticism and blame is demonstrated.Practical implicationsTricky situations involving criticism and blame can be used in facilitating interactional change. The consultant's role is to invite personal and focused criticism and to utilize a meta‐perspective and to anchor the conversation in the present situational interaction.Originality/valueThe paper takes an interaction perspective on OD‐consulting (process consulting) using naturalistic data and shows in detailed analysis the activity of the consultant and the clients.
Metaphor, cultural imagery, and the study of change in public organizations
Authors: Sementelli Arthur J. , Abel Charles F. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how mechanistic and organic metaphors might be fused through the application of cultural imagery.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a theoretical examination of metaphor and its application in public organizations. Specifically, this paper examines the possibility that images from popular culture might offer some insights. Selected metaphors linked by elective methodological affinities are examined in order to determine potential significance of the Robocop metaphor for guiding research in organizations.FindingsThe popular culture image Robocop from 1980s films can help us detect what is not being included in most theoretical analyses of public organizations, while simultaneously helping us to purge the negative connotations of the Robocop image.Research limitations/implicationsThe popular culture image can help us to understand change in public organizations.Originality/valueIt is one of the few, if any, papers using popular culture images to bridge metaphor and imagery in the study of organizational change.
Dramaturgical analysis of organizational change and conflict
Authors: McCormick Donald W. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeTo better understand the process of organizational change by broadening Goffman's dramaturgical analysis to apply to the organizational level.Design/methodology/approachIt is a case study of a failed organizational change effort focused on racial and gender harassment and intimidation in a federal organization. The data came from interviews and observation.FindingsGoffman's dramaturgical analysis is expanded from the interpersonal to the organizational level. This study argues that organizations, too, have performances, a front stage, a back stage, and an audience. Conflict in the organization is seen as the management team exerting expressive control to maintain the organization's line, while activist teams (a feminist group and the Equal Employment Opportunity office) create scenes that disrupt it. The researcher/consultants who were called into study the situation were thrust into meta‐complementary position. Dramaturgical analysis is posited as a separate perspective for organizational analysis.Research limitations/implicationsThe ability to generalize from this to other organizations is limited by the case study method used to generate the theory.Practical implicationsThe dramaturgical approach presented in this paper can be used to analyze organizational change and help identify sources of resistance to change that other frameworks do not.Originality/valueGoffman's dramaturgical analysis is a new frame for understanding organizational change.
A framework for facilitating adaptation to organizational transition
Authors: Lee Marks Mitchell 
Published: August 2007

PurposeTransitions – including mergers, acquisitions, downsizings, and restructurings – are used by organizational leaders to accelerate the achievement of strategic objectives. However, the manner in which most transitions are implemented runs counter to research findings on the process of effective change management and, in particular, disregards the natural process of human adaptation. As a result, mismanaged transitions tend to have negative consequences for organizations and their members. Ironically, the characteristic of transitions that prompts individual and organizational strife – the capacity to disrupt the status quo – also enables an opportunity for individual and organizational renewal. For that to occur, however, members must make progress through the natural process of adaptation. This paper aims to propose a framework for facilitating adaptation to organizational transition, to both overcome the undesirable consequences of transitions and to accelerate achievement of the transition's strategic objectives.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper based on a review of the literatures on adaptation and transition and the author's own experience as a researcher or consultant in over 100 major organizational transitions.FindingsThe framework presented here should contribute to both the practice of organizational change management and empirical studies of interventions to facilitate individual adaptation to major organizational transitions.Originality/valueThe framework introduced in this paper should have a direct and substantial impact on transition management, employee well being and organizational effectiveness. It should minimize the negative consequences of transitions and accelerate the process of adaptation to organizational transition.
Defining corporate social responsibility
Authors: Silberhorn Daniel , Warren Richard C. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this comparative study is to explore how large German and British companies publicly define corporate social responsibility (CSR), as well as why and how the respective notion of CSR was developed.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a qualitative content analysis of the CSR web sites of 40 British and German companies, and on a series of interviews with senior managers.FindingsThe main findings are that CSR is now presented as a comprehensive business strategy, arising mainly from performance considerations and stakeholder pressure. Companies focus on how they interact with stakeholders and how business activities impact on society. Most CSR policies addressed community, employee and customer issues. Increasingly, “quality of life” topics are emphasised. CSR policies varied with turnover, industry sector and nationality. In developing their notions of CSR, firms emphasized the primacy of reactive pragmatism and experience. Corporate culture also emerged as an influence, with institutionalised CSR functions and communications departments driving initiatives. The study concludes that business and CSR strategy appear to be on a convergent path, making business and CSR integration across the company the norm in future.Research limitations/implicationsOwing to the study's exploratory character, the samples are not representative for the British and German economies.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that especially German companies could benefit more from demonstrating a broad, business‐driven understanding of CSR.Originality/valueContributing to a deeper understanding of notions, rationales and influences, the study provides both science and practice with a more solid foundation for discussing and implementing CSR. It also broadens the perspective by looking at Germany and the UK.