bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat and Mass Transport in Steam-Drive Processes
Authors: Mandl G. , Volek C.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Steam-injection tests in the field have shown that heat transport into theoil/water region, ahead of the steam zone, may have a significant effect on theproduction process. Earlier theoretical work on reservoir heating by hot-fluidinjection can be used to describe the growth of the steam zone, but only ifheat transport from steam zone into oil/water region is neglected. It thereforebecame necessary to re-examine and extend the earlier theory.
It was found that this theory ceases to be consistent with the physicalmodel of the process at a certain critical time, which depends on reservoirthickness, temperature, and quality of the steam. The critical time marks animportant change in the heat flow across the condensation front:
(Equation)
On the basis of the new equation, an approximate description for the steam-zonegrowth is developed by making use of upper and lower bounds for the exactsolution of the problem. The boundary conditions for heat and mass flow insidethe oil/water region are established, and a simple method of determining thesaturation at the downstream side of the condensation front is presented.
Experimental results show that the theory gives an accurate description ofsteam-zone expansion before the critical time. At times near critical time, andalso after critical time, experimental data show theoretical steam-zone volumesto be high, Even so, the accuracy of the calculated steam-zone volumes issufficient for practical purposes.

Theory of Steam-Zone Growth

Introduction
The engineering evaluation of steam-drive processes is based mainly on amathematical description of reservoir heating by hot fluid injection presentedseveral years ago by Marx and Langenheim. This theory can be used to determinethe growth of the steam zone, provided the flow of heat from the steam zoneinto the liquid zone ahead of the condensation front (Fig. 1) is neglected.
Since we must expect, however, that heat transport into and inside theliquid region (the region between condensation front and production wells) willaffect both the water/oil flow and the growth of the steam zone, it isnecessary to re-examine and to generalize the Marx and Langenheim theory asapplied to steam drive, which will hereafter be termed the "old"theory. Observations made in several field tests emphasize the need to studythe heat flow across the condensation front (CF). On several occasions it wasdiscovered that heat was transported in the liquid zone far ahead of theadvancing CF, resulting in an early breakthrough of warm water.
Application of X-Ray CT Scanning To Determine Gas/Water Relative Permeabilities
Authors: MacAllister Donald J. , Miller Kenneth C. , Graham Stephan K. , Yang Chung-Tien 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Three-phase oil/water and gas/water experiments were performed to investigate the dependence of relative permeability on wettability. Quantitative fluid saturations were determined with an X-ray computer-aided tomography (CT) scanner. Oil, water, and gas distributions generated in 3D were found, in some cases, to be highly nonuniform and dependent on experimental conditions. Results indicate that some traditional thinking about measuring relative permeability may be in error and merits further investigation.
Field Examples of Electrical Resistivity Changes During Steamflooding
Authors: Mansure A. J. , Meldau R. F. , Weyland H. V. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An essential part of using electrical geodiagnostic techniques to map thermal recovery processes is understanding the relationship between the process and the formation resistivity. This paper shows how the relationships used to interpret electrical well logs can be used to understand steamflood resistivity changes. Examples are presented of data from steamfloods in fields with different reservoir characteristics. Included is a typical heavy-oil steamflood (Kern River field) and a steamflood where fresh water is used for the steam generator feedwater (Elk Hills field). Because of differences in reservoir characteristics, changes in resistivity vary from reservoir to reservoir. The information presented include well logs taken before and after steamflooding and petrophysical measurements sufficient to determine the factors that controlled the resistivity changes in each field.
Shear-Wave Porosity Logging in Sands
Authors: Medlin W. L. , Alhllall K. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
We investigated the correlation between porosity and shear-wave velocity from acoustic logs in cored sand intervals. Data were collected in 13 wells with &gt;5, 000 ft of core representing worldwide locations. Core porosities ranged from 0.02 to 0.38 at depths between 2, 400 and 11, 600 ft. Shear-wave velocities were obtained with Mobil's dipole logging tool, and porosities were obtained from standard core analysis. Our correlation data were obtained by averaging porosities and shear-wave travel times over intervals ≥4 ft, the approximate resolution of our shear-wave tool. We excluded intervals in which the porosity or shear-wave travel time varied widely. We find a linear correlation between porosity and shear-wave travel time, provided we exclude clay-bonded sands such as those found along the U.S. gulf coast. The corelation coefficient is 0.91, about the same as that for compressional-wave data in the same intervals. These results are consistent with shear-wave data reported for ultrasonic laboratory measurements. Further comparison of our data with ultrasonic measurements shows evidence of dispersion effects. The velocity of shear waves is more sensitive than that of compressional waves to porosity and is insensitive to gas effects. Also, shear-wave logs, unlike compressional-wave logs, can be obtained through casing with the dipole tool, regardless of cement-bond quality. These advantages make shear-wave logging attractive for evaluating porosity in old wells where porosity logs were never run or were of poor quality. The method fails in slow formations because the shear-wave arrival falls behind a strong tube-wave arrival generated by the bender tool in cased wells. Other applications of shear-wave logging also are discussed.
Characterization of Core-Scale Heterogeneities Using Laboratory Pressure Transients
Authors: Kamath Jalram , Boyer R. E. , Nakagawa F. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
We constructed a novel, state-of-the-art laboratory setup that captures several hundred pressure readings per second to study the response of cores to pressure disturbances. We used our new experimental setup to measure accurately and rapidly permeability of homogeneous cores, matrix and fractured properties of a fractured rock, and the individual segment properties of a butted core sample.
Effects of Propagating Fractures on Pressure-Transient Injection and Falloff Data
Authors: Larsen Leif , Bratvold Reidar B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Methods are presented to generate isothermal and nonisothermal pressure-transient data for injection and falloff periods affected by a propagating or closing fracture. Both changing and stationary fracture properties can be handled along with stationary and moving temperature and saturation profiles (which are based on Buckley-Leverett-type computations). The approach is based on general analytical solutions for the Laplace-transformed pressure in multizone elliptic systems under constant-rate production. It extends earlier results on flow in single- and two-zone elliptic systems. Rate distributions along fractures and rate transients when the wellbore pressure is kept constant can also be obtained.
Evaluation of Fracture Asymmetry of Finite-Conductivity Fractured Wells
Authors: Rodríguez Fernando , Cinco-Ley Heber , Samaniego-V. Fernando 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper presents a graphical technique to evaluate asymmetry of hydraulically fractured wells. This technique is based on a new analytical solution for the pressure behavior of a finite-conductivity, asymmetrically fractured well during the pseudolinear flow period and the known bilinear flow solution. A semianalytical solution for transient flow toward finite-conductivity, asymmetrically fractured wells producing at constant rate is also presented. This solution was used with the analytical solution to analyze the pseudolinear flow pressure behavior.An expression relating dimensionless fracture conductivity, CfD, and asymmetry factor, a, with a parameter calculated from analysis of well-test data, βa, was developed by combining the pseudolinear and bilinear flow solutions; a graph of a vs. βa with CfD as a parameter is then constructed. The parameters βa and CfD are calculated as follows: βa=0.309 mbf2/(bLfmLf) and CfD=2.944 mLfm/mbf2, with mbf as the slope of the bilinear Δp-vs.-t¼ straight line, mLf and bLf as the slope and intercept of the pseudolinear Δp-vs.-t½ straight line, respectively, and m as the slope of the semilog Δp-vs.-log t straight line obtained during the pseudoradial flow period. Correlations developed apply indistinctly to oil and gas wells. Published field data were reanalyzed with the technique presented here and asymmetry was detected.
Impact of Fluid Displacement Effects on Log-Inject-Log Tests
Authors: Pathak Prabodh 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper evaluates the accuracy of log-inject-log (LIL) tests, analyzes the fluid-displacement behavior around the wellbore, discusses the transient behavior of pulsed-neutron-capture (PNC) logs before steady state is reached, and establishes the conditions under which LIL tests work best. This paper shows that both completion and reservoir properties affect the accuracy of LIL tests.
An Improved Method To Predict Future IPR Curves
Authors: Klins M. A. , Clark J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents a significantly improved yet simple method to predict future oilwell deliverability and inflow performance relationship (IPR) curves. For the 21 reservoirs studied, current empirical techniques overpredicted future performance by 117%, while the new approach reduced the average error to only 9%. This new method, when coupled with nodal analysis, could affect equipment sizing, investment planning, and property sales economics significantly because it provides more realistic predictions.
Compositional Simulation and Performance Analysis of the Prudhoe Bay Miscible Gas Project
Authors: McGuire P. L. , Moritz A. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A pseudocomponent method was developed to use fully compositional reservoir simulation results in the interpretation of separator gas samples. This interpretation provided insight into actual EOR performance by quantifying solvent breakthrough and production rates. Field examples of various reservoir mechanisms affecting the efficiency of Prudhoe Bay EOR are examined.
Activities of the API Committee on Standardization of Tubular Goods
Authors: Bartlett L. E. , Kohut Q. B. , Dabkowski D. S. , McGill Randy 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper outlines the organization of API Committee 5, the Committee on Standardization of Tubular Goods, and discusses the methods used in the standardization process. It also presents several examples of recent changes in standards and current activities in research and regular committee business.
Characterization of the Evolution of Cementing Materials After Aging Under Severe Bottomhole Conditions
Authors: Degouy Didier , Martin Madeleine 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper describes a characterization of the evolution of some cementing materials that are currently used (cements) or are potentially usable (thermosetting resins) after they have been cured and aged under high pressure and high temperature. Specially designed testing equipment to simulate downhole conditions is shown. Variations in material characteristics were studied with standard methods (compressive strength and water permeability measurements) and physical analysis methods [scanner tomography, electronic microprobe, and scanning electronic microscope (SEM)]. The results show how aging influences the relationships between local structure and composition of materials and macroscopic properties.
Completion and Testing of the 242°C BHST Well Dinjevac-1
Authors: Uroda Pavle , Rogoz Luka , Sinovcevic Zeljko , Kovac Darko 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Well Dinjevac-1 (Di-1), located 120 km northeast of Zagreb, Croatia, was drilled in 1982 to a total depth (TD) of 5502 m. Mud logs, electrical logs, and drillstem tests (DST' s) in the Miocene section of the Pannonian basin indicated hydrocarbon saturation, extremely high temperatures, and relatively high pressures. These Miocene sediments are characterized as compact, low-permeability sandstones. In 1988, the abandoned cement plugs were drilled out and a bottomhole static temperature (BHST) of 242°C was measured. Temperature was the critical factor in the design of the completion and testing method. In spite of some minor quality-control and operational problems, five zones were tested successfully, providing all the relevant information about the reservoirs and the formation fluids. The operation incorporated a one-trip, hydraulically set, high-temperature, high-differential packer with a polished-bore receptacle and tubing-conveyed perforating guns with large, deep-penetrating charges. This paper describes the completion and testing objectives, considerations, operations, and results under probably the hottest completion conditions ever encountered.
Effects of Equipment Layout and Venting Geometry on the Consequences of Gas Explosions
Authors: Simmonds S. A. , Tam V. H. Y. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The layout of equipment and vents on offshore platforms determines the consequences of gas explosions. Computer simulations of gas explosions inside offshore modules illustrate this concept. Simple methods (e.g., extension of the Cubbage and Simmonds model) only use blockage parameters and are not suitable for applications to offshore platforms.
Improving Quality Control of Directional Survey Data With Continuous Inertial Navigation
Authors: Stephenson Mark A. , Wilson Harry 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Continuous inertial navigation systems (INS) for high-accuracy surveying canbe used to enhance quality control of survey data significantly. This papershows how to use the unique capabilities of these systems while retainingcompatibility with widely accepted quality-control methods. A system now in usein the North Sea provides concrete examples.
Independent Load Support in an 18¾-in., 15, 000-psi Subsea Wellhead
Authors: Cowan W. S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Previous-generation subsea wellhead equipment was conceived as an extension of well-known surface wellhead equipment. Contemporary performance criteria for subsea wellhead equipment require new technology from the designer/manufacturer. This paper describes the role of a single design concept, independent load support, in addressing these criteria and illustrates the resulting configuration of a severe-service subsea wellhead system.
Geostatistical Modeling of Gridblock Permeabilities for 3D Reservoir Simulators
Authors: Dimitrakopoulos Roussos , Desbarats A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A geostatistical method is presented to determine the absolute horizontal and vertical effective permeabilities at the reservoir block scale from core support-scale values required for 3D reservoir flow simulations. The key element of the geostatistical model is the definition of block support-scale permeabilities as the spatial power average of core-support values over the volume of a reservoir gridblock. Block support-scale permeabilities are then found to be a function of the permeability variogram, the averaging volume, and a power-averaging constant, which is derived separately for horizontal and vertical flow with a numerical approach. The application of the proposed method requires that core-support values be available within each reservoir block. These values are generated with the technique of conditional simulation. This technique provides simulated values reproducing the actual core data at sampled locations and their statistical properties. The approach developed for the determination of permeability input to full-field simulators is demonstrated by an application to the Crystal Viking field "H" pool in Alberta.
An Efficient Algorithm for Computation of Well Responses in Commingled Reservoirs
Authors: Spath Jeffrey B. , Ozkan Erdal , Raghavan Rajagopal 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An algorithm to compute pressure distributions in commingled reservoirs that are produced by complex, completion systems is described. We show that single-layer solutions for systems of interest can be readily combined to obtain pressure distributions in commingled reservoirs for combinations of rock types. Completion schemes and outer-boundary conditions for each layer may be different. Theoretical claims are substantiated by considering example applications.
Gas-Lift Technology Applied to Dewatering of Coalbed Methane Wells in the Black Warrior Basin
Authors: Johnson Kenneth J. , Coats Alan , Marinello Stephen A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Coalbed methane (CBM) wells usually are dewatered with sucker rod or progressive cavity pumps to reduce wellbore water levels, although not without problems. This paper describes high-volume artificial-lift technology that incorporates specifically designed gas-lift methods to dewater Black Warrior CBM wells. Gas lift provides improved well maintenance and production optimization by the use of conventional wireline service methods.
Fibrous Illite Controls Productivity in Frontier Gas Sandstones, Moxa Arch, Wyoming
Authors: Luffel Donald L. , Herrington Karen L. , Harrison Charles W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Core, log, and well-test analyses from two wells recently completed in the Frontier sandstone in the Moxa Arch area of Wyoming revealed that fibrous illite severely reduced gas productivity. In this study area, presence of fibrous illite currently cannot be predicted and effects can be recognized only through laboratory tests on preserved cores.
Applications of Oxygen Activation for Injection and Production Profiling in the Kuparuk River Field
Authors: Scott Hugh D. , Pearson C. Mark , Renke Steve M. , McKeon Donald C. , Meisenhelder Jeff P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A new time-dependent method of oxygen-activation logging, now being used in the Kuparuk River field on the North Slope of Alaska, provides critical data for waterflood performance evaluation, assessment of ultimate recovery, and evaluation of potential for infill drilling and EOR projects without the use of radioactive tracer materials.
Reservoir Description by Well-Test Analysis by Use of Cyclic Flow-Rate Variation
Authors: Rosa A. J. , Horne R. N. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This work investigates the possibility of characterizing the permeability distribution in areally heterogeneous reservoirs through the interpretation of pressure response to cyclic flow-rate variations.
We formulated a mathematical model for the pressure behavior caused by sinusoidal flow rates in reservoirs with continuously and smoothly varying radial-permeability distributions. The solution is obtained by the application of a regular perturbation analysis, and a correlation between the radius of cyclic influence and the frequency of a sinusoidal flow rate is developed. The analytical perturbation solution allows a qualitative assessment of the effects of areal reservoir heterogeneities on the pressure response either at the active well or at an observation well.
Because the perturbation method results in only an approximate solution, we propose a quantitative method to describe the permeability distribution based on the fully correct multicomposite radial reservoir model. The permeability in each zone of the equivalent reservoir is estimated by using a nonlinear regression procedure.
The frequency correlation may be used to design pulse-test flowrate schedules so that an optimum result can be achieved in terms of parameter estimation. We investigated several factors affecting the quality and the uncertainty in the estimated permeability distribution, along with examples including a variety of geometric and permeability distribution configurations. These factors include the type of test (constant-rate drawdown or pulse test) and reservoir configuration. In particular, we found the frequency of flow-rate changes and the point in the system at which to measure and interpret the pressure data to be important.
A Multiple-Depth-of-Investigation Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity Sensor: Theory, Experiment, and Field Test Results
Authors: Bittar Michael S. , Rodney Paul F. , Mack Steve G. , Bartel Roger P. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper presents theoretical, experimental, and field results for a multiple-depth-of-investigation, measurement-while-drilling (MWD), electromagnetic wave resistivity (EW) sensor. The sensor has four different transmitter/receiver antenna spacings with a phase difference and amplitude ratio at each spacing. The resultant logs provide information on the resistivity radial profile and an accurate Rt evaluation. Comparisons of field logs with wireline logs and with theoretical and experimental results show that this type of sensor can offer an extra-shallow, shallow, medium, and deep investigation depth under most logging conditions.
Use of Succinoglycan Biopolymer for Gravel Packing
Authors: Sanz Guillermo Pastor , Gunningham Michael C. , Lau Hon Chung , Samuel Allan J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments and field trials on a polysaccharide biopolymer, succinoglycan, for use in gravel packing. This biopolymer causes minimal formation damage and has unique rheological properties that combine high shear-thinning behavior with temperature-induced viscosity breakback; thus, it can be used without breakers.
Reservoir Description Through Pulse Testing in a Mature Field
Authors: Braisted David M. , Spengler Richard M. , Youie Ralph A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Pulse testing was used in the Fortescue field to clarify reservoir geometries and fluid communication pathways. The high communication levels demonstrated in the test data required a nonstandard analysis of the pressure responses. In addition, proper attention to test planning, data acquisition, and data processing allowed valuable insights into reservoir limits. Most of the structural implications derived from the pulse tests have been supported subsequently by a recent 3D seismic survey of the area. The results and insights gained from these tests are being incorporated into a full-field simulation model of the Fortescue field, which is an integral part of a continuing depletion field study.
Complexities in the Analysis of Pressure-Transient Response in Faulted Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Khachatoorian Robert , Ershaghi Iraj , Shikari Yusuf 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Pressure-transient modeling for bulk testing of naturally fractured systems requires consideration of the effect of no-flow barriers on the pressure response. This study shows that, depending on the distance to the fault and under certain reservoir conditions, the presence of a linear barrier can affect the duration and the nature of the transition interval and estimation of interporosity parameters and reservoir transmissivities.
Typical semilog plots for naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR's) may not be observed unless the fault is at a large distance away from the test well. In most cases, a double reflection is predicted—i.e., fracture response and the total system response. A correlation is developed to estimate the distance to the fault from the early fault reflection data. A critical wellbore storage constant can also be identified above which the detection of the fault becomes impractical.