bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hypoalgesic Effect of Oxycodone in Human Experimental Pain Models in Relation to the CYP2D6 Oxidation Polymorphism
Authors: Zwisler Stine T. , Enggaard Thomas P. , Noehr‐Jensen Lene , Pedersen Rasmus S. , Mikkelsen Soeren , Nielsen Flemming , Brosen Kim , Sindrup Soeren H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Oxycodone is O‐demethylated by CYP2D6 to oxymorphone which is a potent µ‐receptor agonist. The CYP2D6 oxidation polymorphism divides the Caucasian population in two phenotypes: Approximately 8% with no enzyme activity, poor metabolizers (PM) and the remainder with preserved CYP2D6 activity, extensive metabolizers (EM). The objective of the study was to determine if the analgesic effect of oxycodone in human experimental pain depends on its metabolism to oxymorphone. The analgesic effect of oxycodone was evaluated in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded, crossover experiment including 33 (16 EM and 17 PM) healthy volunteers. Pain tests were performed before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr after medication and included pain detection and tolerance thresholds to single electrical sural nerve stimulation, pain summation threshold to repetitive electrical sural nerve stimulation and the cold pressor test with rating of discomfort and pain‐time area under curve (AUC0–2 min.). For single sural nerve stimulation, there was a less pronounced increase in thresholds on oxycodone in pain detection (9% vs. 20%, P = 0.02, a difference of 11%, CI: 2%–20%) and pain tolerance thresholds (15% vs. 26%, P = 0.037, a difference of 10%, CI: 1%–20%) for PM compared with EM. In the cold pressor test, there was less reduction in pain AUC on oxycodone for PM compared with EM (14% vs. 26%, P = 0.012, a difference of 12%, CI: 3%–22%). The plasma oxymorphone/oxycodone ratio was significantly lower in PM compared with EM (P < 0.001). Oxycodone analgesia seems to depend both on oxycodone itself and its metabolite oxymorphone.
Comparison of IL10 and IL2 genotypes of Turkish population with other populations
Authors: Yazıcı A. C. , Atac F. B. , Verdi H. , Ozbek N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe human genome has been shaped by evolutionary and historical forces. Therefore, genetic polymorphisms are useful tools not only to understand the susceptibility to disease in modern populations, but the history of ancestral populations as well. For this purpose, data on genetic polymorphisms such as human leucocyte antigen, mitochondrial DNA sequence variability and the frequencies of TAP1 and TAP2 gene variants in Turkey have been reported previously. Here we have used interleukin (IL)‐10 (−592C/A, −819T/C, −1082G/A) and IL‐2 (−330T/G) as genetic markers to study the relationship between Turkish population and other populations.
Cultivation and ensilage of yacon plants (Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp. & Endl.] H. Robinson) and the function of yacon silage
Authors: Koike Akiko , Murata Tatsuro , Matsuda Yasushi , Masuoka Chikako , Okamoto Chinobu , Kabata Kiyotaka 
Published: March 2009

AbstractYacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp. & Endl.] H. Robinson) plant cultivation has extended rapidly throughout Japan since 1985 because of its utility as a tuberous root crop. In this study, strains with high yields of both above‐ground and underground parts were identified to investigate the use of above‐ground parts for animal feed silage. In addition, we measured the anti‐oxidative activity of the silage as a functional characteristic. Data from 5 years of the cultivation of 17 yacon strains suggest that the most suitable strain for planting in the Aso region of Japan is SY217, which has a high yield of both above‐ground parts and tuberous roots. The root tuber parts of yacon are used almost entirely as food; actually, most foliage parts are hardly used, except for some above‐ground parts, which are used as tea. The fermentation qualities of the silage using all above‐ground parts and harvest residue tuberous roots (harvest residues) are high and their dry matter digestibility, investigated using pigs, is 66.7%. Fresh above‐ground parts had very strong anti‐oxidative activity as compared with butylated hydroxyanisole and α‐tocopherol. In addition, that activity is retained during ensiling for 4 weeks. These results suggest that the entire yacon plant can be used effectively as a feedstuff resource with the added bonus of anti‐oxidant activity.
Magnetic field variations and seismicity of solar active regions
Authors: Martínez-Oliveros J. C. , Donea A.-C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Dynamical changes in the solar corona have proven to be very important in inducing seismic waves into the photosphere. Different mechanisms for their generation have been proposed. In this work, we explore the magnetic field forces as plausible mechanisms to generate sunquakes as proposed by Hudson, Fisher & Welsch. We present a spatial and temporal analysis of the line-of-sight magnetic field variations induced by the seismically active 2003 October 29 and 2005 January 15 solar flares and compare these results with other supporting observations.
African Islam: Marriage, Mobility and Education of Women in Dan Fodio's nineteenth Century Reforms
Authors: Ibrahim Mohammed Zakyi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn 1804 ce, Dan Fodio toppled the chiefs of northern Nigeria for their ‘un‐Islamic’ behaviors, and established an Islamic state on the Hausa/Fulani land. This phase in the history of Islam in Africa has been widely described and accepted as ‘militant’ and the scholars involved ‘intolerant’. Dan Fodio's own reputation as a ‘militant’ scholar has been popularly suggested, and his conservative stance on many issues was well‐documented. It is therefore intriguing that Dan Fodio had some social temperaments that challenged this conservative outlook. Specifically, this study is a sociological analysis of Dan Fodio's opinions on marriage, movement or mobility of women, and their education. This study is significant for analyzing these social issues and their implications, as well as suggesting that, in addition to the highly acclaimed militant stance, Dan Fodio was also a pragmatic and realistic scholar who was ready to make religious concessions in favor of some social imperatives.
Isolation of 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
Authors: FIKE JENNIFER A. , BEASLEY JAMES C. , RHODES, JR OLIN E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwenty‐one polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). The number of alleles ranged from two to 13 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.464 to 0.964. Significant heterozygote deficiencies were observed at three loci and null alleles were detected at five loci. Evidence for gametic disequilibrium was observed between three sets of paired loci after a sequential Bonferroni correction was applied. These markers will enable us to investigate the mating tactics, movement behaviour and social structure of Virginia opossum populations inhabiting fragmented agricultural landscapes.
Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic ODK0501 Assay for Detecting
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Antigen in Sputum Samples from Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: Izumikawa Koichi , Akamatsu Suguru , Kageyama Akiko , Okada Kiyomi , Kazuyama Yukumasa , Takayanagi Noboru , Nakamura Shigeki , Inoue Yuichi , Higashiyama Yasuhito , Fukushima Kiyoyasu , Ishida Tadashi , Sawai Toyomitsu , Yoshimura Kunihiko , Nakahama Chikara , Ohmichi Mitsuhide , Kakugawa Tomoyuki , Nishioka Yasuhiko , Aoki Nobuki , Seki Masafumi , Kakeya Hiroshi , Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Yanagihara Katsunori , Kohno Shigeru 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

A novel, rapid, and noninvasive test (ODK0501) to detect
Streptococcus pneumoniae
antigen was evaluated in a Japanese multicenter study. ODK0501 uses polyclonal antibodies to detect C polysaccharide of
S. pneumoniae
from sputum samples by an immunochromatographic assay. The utility of ODK0501 was evaluated for 161 adult patients with lower respiratory tract infection between March 2006 and March 2007. Bacterial culture and identification, real-time PCR, and ODK0501 assays were performed on sputum samples, and the Binax Now
Streptococcus pneumoniae
antigen test was performed using urine samples obtained from the same patients. The performances of all tests were compared based on the results of bacterial culture and identification. The sensitivity and specificity of ODK0501 were 89.1% (49/55 samples) and 95.3% (101/106 samples), respectively. We then compared the Binax Now
Streptococcus pneumoniae
antigen test with ODK0501 using samples from 142 patients. The sensitivities of ODK0501 and the Binax Now
S. pneumoniae
antigen test were 90.0% (45/50 samples) and 62.0% (31/50 samples), respectively (
P
= 0.002). The relative quantity of
S. pneumoniae
in expectorated sputum was calculated using real-time PCR and indicated that the possibility of false-positive results for ODK0501 due to indigenous
S. pneumoniae
was low. The positive and negative concordance rates of ODK0501 and Binax Now were 96.8% (30/31 samples) and 21.1% (4/19 samples), respectively. Binax Now was less capable of detecting
S. pneumoniae
antigen among patients with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In conclusion, ODK0501 is noninvasive, rapid, and an accurate tool for diagnosing respiratory infection caused by
S. pneumoniae
.
Peripheral Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Provirus Levels Correlate with and Predict Histological Tissue Lesion Severity in Naturally Infected Sheep
Authors: Herrmann-Hoesing Lynn M. , Noh Susan M. , White Stephen N. , Snekvik Kevin R. , Truscott Thomas , Knowles Donald P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Studies were undertaken to determine whether anti-ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) antibody responses in serum or OPP provirus levels in peripheral blood associate with the degree of histologically measured tissue lesions in naturally OPPV-infected sheep. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and hematoxylin- and eosin-stained lung, mammary gland, carpal synovial membrane, and brain tissues from 11 OPPV-infected ewes (mean age of 8.6 years) and 5 OPPV-uninfected ewes (mean age of 6 years) were evaluated for lesion severity. Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) provirus levels and anti-OPPV antibody titers in peripheral blood and serum samples, respectively, were measured upon euthanasia and 3 years prior to euthanasia. Both mean peripheral OPP provirus levels and mean serum anti-surface envelope glycoprotein (anti-SU) antibody titers at the time of euthanasia were significantly higher in ewes with moderate to severe histological lesions than in ewes with no to mild histological lesions. However, although mean peripheral blood OPP provirus levels at euthanasia and 3 years prior to euthanasia significantly correlated with the highest histological lesion score for any affected tissue (two-tailed
P
values, 0.03 and 0.02), mean serum anti-SU antibody titers, anti-capsid antibody titers, and anti-transmembrane 90 antibody titers at euthanasia did not show a significant correlation with the highest histological lesion score for any tissue (two-tailed
P
values, 0.32, 0.97, and 0.18, respectively). These data are the first to show that OPP provirus levels predict and correlate with the extent of OPPV-related histological lesions in various OPPV-affected tissues. These findings suggest that peripheral OPP provirus levels quantitatively contribute more to the development of histological lesions than the systemic anti-SU antibody host immune response.
High-Throughput Molecular Determination of
Salmonella enterica
Serovars by Use of Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis
Authors: Leader Brandon T. , Frye Jonathan G. , Hu Jinxin , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Boyle David S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
is a leading cause of food-borne illness worldwide and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild animals. In the current study, a high-throughput molecular assay was developed to determine the most common clinical and nonhuman serovars of
S. enterica
in the United States. Sixteen genomic targets were identified based on their differential distribution among common serovars. Primers were designed to amplify regions of each of these targets in a single multiplex PCR while incorporating a 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled universal primer to fluorescently label all amplicons. The fluorescently labeled PCR products were separated using capillary electrophoresis, and a
Salmonella
multiplex assay for rapid typing (SMART) code was generated for each isolate, based upon the presence or absence of PCR products generated from each target gene. Seven hundred fifty-one blind clinical isolates of
Salmonella
from Washington State, collected in 2007 and previously serotyped via antisera, were screened with the assay. A total of 89.6% of the isolates were correctly identified based on comparison to a panel of representative SMART codes previously determined for the top 50 most common serovars in the United States. Of the remaining isolates, 6.2% represented isolates that produced a new SMART code for a previously determined serotype, while the final 8.8% were from serotypes not screened in the original panel used to score isolates in the blinded study. This high-throughput multiplex PCR assay allowed simple and accurate typing of the most prevalent clinical serovars of
Salmonella enterica
at a level comparable to that of conventional serotyping, but at a fraction of both the cost and time required per test.
Molecular Characterization of Emerging Non-Levofloxacin-Susceptible Pneumococci Isolated from Children in South Africa
Authors: Wolter Nicole , du Plessis Mignon , von Gottberg Anne , de Gouveia Linda , Klugman Keith P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Fluoroquinolones are not indicated for use for the treatment of pneumonia in children; however, non-levofloxacin-susceptible
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(NLSSP) has emerged in South Africa among children receiving treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. This study aimed to genotypically characterize NLSSP isolates. Invasive isolates were collected through active national laboratory-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) from 2000 through 2006 (
n
= 19,404). Carriage studies were conducted at two hospitals for patients with tuberculosis in two provinces. Phenotypic characterization was performed by determination of MICs and serotyping. Fluoroquinolone resistance mutations were identified, and clonality was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. Twelve non-levofloxacin-susceptible cases of IPD were identified, and all were in children <15 years of age. Ten isolates were serotype 19F and formed two clusters according to their PFGE profiles, antibiogram types, and fluoroquinolone resistance-conferring mutations. All nine carriage isolates from children in hospital A were NLSSP, serotype 19F, were indistinguishable by PFGE, and were related to invasive isolates in cluster 2. Of 26 child carriers in hospital B, 22 (85%) were colonized with NLSSP. The isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE, although they displayed two serotypes, serotypes 19F and 23F. The isolates were related to invasive isolates in cluster 1; however, higher levofloxacin MICs and different fluoroquinolone resistance mutations were suggestive of horizontal gene transfer. A serotype 23F carriage isolate displayed increased fitness compared with the fitness of an otherwise indistinguishable serotype 19F carriage isolate. These data suggest that a low-level non-levofloxacin-susceptible strain transformed into a highly resistant strain under antibiotic pressure and underwent capsular switching in order to have increased fitness.
First Case Report of Sepsis Due to
Rothia aeria
in a Neonate
Authors: Monju Ayaka , Shimizu Naomasa , Yamamoto Masahiro , Oda Keiko , Kawamoto Yutaka , Ohkusu Kiyofumi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Rothia aeria
, a gram-positive coccoid- to rod-shaped bacterium with irregular morphology, is an extremely rare causative organism of infections in humans. We report the first case of
R. aeria
sepsis clinically manifested in a female neonate soon after birth.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Transmission Is Not Related to Household Genotype in a Setting of High Endemicity
Authors: Marais B. J. , Hesseling A. C. , Schaaf H. S. , Gie R. P. , van Helden P. D. , Warren R. M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Among the different strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, Beijing has been identified as an emerging genotype. Enhanced transmissibility provides a potential mechanism for genotype selection. This study evaluated whether the Beijing genotype is more readily transmitted than other prevalent genotypes to children in contact with an adult tuberculosis (TB) index case in the child's household. We conducted a prospective, community-based study at two primary health care clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, from January 2003 through December 2004. Bacteriologically confirmed new adult pulmonary TB cases were genotyped by IS
6110
DNA fingerprinting; household contacts less than 5 years were traced and screened for
M. tuberculosis
infection and/or disease. A total of 187 adult index cases were identified from 174 households with children aged less than 5 years. Of 261 child contacts aged 0 to 5 years, 219 (83.9%) were completely evaluated and the isolate from the index case was successfully genotyped.
M. tuberculosis
infection (induration of ≥10 mm by Mantoux tuberculin skin test) was documented in 118/219 (53.9%) children; 34 (15.5%) had radiographic signs suggestive of active TB. There was no significant difference in the ratio of infected children among those exposed to the Beijing genotype (51/89; 57.3%) and those exposed to non-Beijing genotypes (55/115; 47.8%) (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 2.7). Genotyping was successful for six children diagnosed with active TB; the isolates from only two children had IS
6110
fingerprints that were identical to the IS
6110
fingerprint of the isolate from the presumed index case. We found no significant association between the
M. tuberculosis
genotype and transmissibility within the household. However, undocumented
M. tuberculosis
exposure may have been a major confounding factor in this setting with a high burden of TB.
STUDY FOR BLADE CERAMIC COATING DELAMINATION DETECTION FOR GAS TURBINE
Authors: CHOI CHOUL-JUN , CHOI SEUNG HYUN , KIM JAE-YEOL 
Published: March 2009

The component of the hot gas path in gas turbines can survive to very high temperatures because they are protected by ceramic Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC); the failure of such coating can dramatically reduce the component life. A reliable assessment of the Coating integrity and/or an Incipient TBC Damage Detection can help both in optimizing the inspection intervals and in finding the appropriate remedial actions. This study gives the TBC integrity; so other methods are required, like thermography to obtain indications of TBC delamination. Pulsed Thermography detects coating detachments and interface defects, with a large area of view but a spatial resolution of few mm. The mentioned techniques as a whole constitute a powerful tool for the life assessment of thermal barrier coating.
POLARONIC MECHANISM OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN DOPED FULLERIDE SYSTEMS
Authors: TIWARI SURESH CHANDER , KASHYAP ARVIND , SURANA ANIL K. , PALIWAL RADHA K. , KAKANI SHYAM L. 
Published: March 2009

A polaronic model of superconductivity in doped fulleride systems is presented. The normal and anomalous one-particle Green's functions are derived for a system with strong electron phonon coupling. The study of collapse of the electron band and the phonon vacuum is presented within the mean-field approximation. Self-consistent equation for the superconductivity order parameter (Δ) is derived using Green's fucntion technique and following Lang and Firsov transformations. Expressions for specific heat, density of states, free energy and critical field based on this model have been derived. The theory is applied to explain the experimental results in the systems K 3 C 60 and Rb 3 C 60. These results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Axial Linear Patellar Displacement
Authors: Urch Scott E. , Tritle Benjamin A. , Donald Shelbourne K. , Gray Tinker 
Published: March 2009

Background The tools for measuring the congruence angle with digital radiography software can be difficult to use; therefore, the authors sought to develop a new, easy, and reliable method for measuring patellofemoral congruence. Hypothesis The linear displacement measurement will correlate well with the congruence angle measurement. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods On Merchant view radiographs obtained digitally, the authors measured the congruence angle and a new linear displacement measurement on preoperative and postoperative radiographs of 31 patients who suffered unilateral patellar dislocations and 100 uninjured subjects. The linear displacement measurement was obtained by drawing a reference line across the medial and lateral trochlear facets. Perpendicular lines were drawn from the depth of the sulcus through the reference line and from the apex of the posterior tip of the patella through the reference line. The distance between the perpendicular lines was the linear displacement measurement. The measurements were obtained twice at different sittings. The observer was blinded as to the previous measurements to establish reliability. Measurements were compared to determine whether the linear displacement measurement correlated with congruence angle. Results Intraobserver reliability was above r2 = .90 for all measurements. In patients with patellar dislocations, the mean congruence angle preoperatively was 33.5°, compared with 12.1 mm for linear displacement (r2 = .92). The mean congruence angle postoperatively was 11.2°, compared with 4.0 mm for linear displacement (r2 = .89). For normal subjects, the mean congruence angle was —3° and the mean linear displacement was 0.2 mm. Conclusion The linear displacement measurement was found to correlate with congruence angle measurements and may be an easy and useful tool for clinicians to evaluate patellofemoral congruence objectively.