bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus infection in day care centers in Rome, Italy: Viral excretion in children and occupational risk among workers
Authors: Volpi A. , Pica Francesca , Cauletti M. , Panà A. , Rocchi G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFrom nine day care centers in Rome, Italy, 253 children of middle to low socioeconomic classes were examined for cytomegalovirus (CMV) excretion in saliva. The overall excretion rate was 13%, with no marked differences between centers. Socioeconomic level, age of enrollment, chronological age, length of attendance, and number of siblings did not have any discernible influence on viral shedding. The most notable result is that during the second year of age, 100% of the excretors had been breast fed, but only 60% in the third year, indicating that maternal transmission is the most likely source of children's infection early in life. Serologic survey of 82 female workers in day care centers, 82 matched housewives, and 229 female students aged 14 to 18 years who were in training to care for children showed that at 14 years of age the CMV seropositivity rate is 85, which suggests that primary infection during childbearing age is an uncommon event in Rome.
Is the measurement of virus‐specific antibody in the lungs of transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis of diagnostic or prognostic value?
Authors: Milburn Heather J. , Grundy Jane E. , Bois R. M. Du , Prentice H. G. , Griffiths P. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have investigated 12 transplant recipients (nine bone marrow transplants, three renal) with 15 episodes of pneumonitis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and ten patients (eight bone marrow transplant recipients, two renal transplant recipients) with 12 episodes of interstitial pneumonitis in whom no CMV was detected, to determine whether levels of CMV‐specific IgG in the lung are diagnostic of infection. We have also assessed whether a vigorous specific local antibody response is important for survival. CMV‐specific IgG and herpes simplex (HSV)‐specific IgG were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum using albumin to correct for simple diffusion from serum into the lung. We have found evidence for local production or facilitated transport of CMV‐specific IgG in ten patients with CMV pneumonitis but also in six patients with pneumonitis where no CMV was detected. Similar results were found for HSV‐specific IgG although only one patient had a demonstrable HSV infection. There was a tendency for those patients producing large amounts of immunoglobulin in the lung to survive compared with those who died, but there were wide variations between patients in each group. The local humoral immune response in transplant patients with pneumonitis was not specific to the infecting agent and is most probably the result of polyclonal B cell activation or facilitated transport of IgG from serum to lung secretions. Measurement of CMV‐specific IgG response in the lung should not, therefore, be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes.
Antigenic variation in alkaline deoxyribonuclease induced by three different strains of Epstein‐Barr virus
Authors: Williams Marshall V. , Boak Andra , Glaser Ronald 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine whether biological and/or biochemical variants exist between strains of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), we superinfected Raji cells with the nontransforming lytic strain of EBV (HR‐1), and two isolates that both transform B‐lymphocytes and superinfect Raji cells, B95–8, and NPC‐EBV. The superinfected cells were assayed for EBV specific DNase. A new electrophoretic form of DNase was observed in cells superinfected with B95‐8 EBV as compared to the enzymes induced by the HR‐1 and NPC‐EBV isolates. There were antigenic differences in the DNase induced by the EBV strains. Since antibody to EBV DNase is a marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), these data may have implications for EBV‐associated disease.
Occurrence of pre‐S1 antigen in viremic and nonviremic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen
Authors: Budkowska Agata , Dubreuil P. , Gerlich W. H. , Lazizi Y. , Pillot J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe proteins of viral envelope, encoded by the pre‐S1 region of HBV‐DNA, were measured quantitatively with enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies directed to pre‐S1 epitope and correlated with the expression of pre‐S2 region encoded epitope and other HBV markers. In acute HBV infection, both pre‐S encoded proteins were detected in sera along with markers of viral replication and disappeared shortly before complete virus clearance while high HBsAg titers were still present.Pre‐S1 antigen was present in most (95.5%) symptomatic and asymptomatic chronic HBsAg carriers. There was no correlation between the presence of pre‐S1 and HBeAg or HBV‐DNA in serum: 73% of sera with pre‐S1 determinants were anti‐HBe positive, and only 25.4% were positive for HBV‐DNA.Most pre‐S1 activity in sera of viremic carriers was detected in fractions of sucrose gradient containing subviral 22‐nm particles, and much less in those containing infectious virions. In asymptomatic, nonviremic HBsAg carriers, pre‐S1 was located only on subviral 22‐nm forms. Pre‐S1 positive particles had no accessible pre‐S2 epitope, which is recognized specifically by monoclonal antipre‐S2 (F124) antibody.These results show that the synthesis of the large protein of HBV envelope may occur also in the absence of active viral replication, and in these cases pre‐S1 encoded sequences are on subviral particles of HBsAg. Therefore, pre‐S1 is not a serologic marker of infectious virus. Disappearance of pre‐S1 epitopes on HBsAg occurs only before complete clearance of the virus, and this may have potential prognostic relevance.
Protection against acute lethal viral infections with the native steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Authors: Loria Roger M. , Inge Thomas H. , Cook Sallie S. , Szakal Andras K. , Regelson William 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA significant protective effect of a native adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), was demonstrated in studies of two lethal viral infection models in mice: systemic coxsackievirus B4 and herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis. The steroid was active either by long‐term feeding or by a single subcutaneous injection. A closely related steroid, etiocholanolone, was not protective in these models. Histopathological analysis, leukocyte counts, and numbers of spleen antibody forming cells in the coxsackievirus B4 model suggests that DHEA functions by maintaining or potentiating the immune competence of mice otherwise depressed by viral infection. DHEA was not effective in genetically immunodeficient HRS/J hr/hr mice and did not demonstrate antiviral activity in vitro. While the molecular basis for DHEA's effect on the immune system is not known, studies by others suggest that it may counteract the stress related immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids stimulated by viral infection. Because DHEA is a native steroid that has been used clinically with minimal side effects, the utility of DHEA in the therapeutic modulation of acute and chronic viral infections including the acquired immune deficiency syndrome deserves intensive study.
Epidemiology of delta infection in Spain
Authors: Buti M. , Esteban R. , Jardi R. , Allende H. , Baselga J. M. , Guardia J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection was studied in 954 sera samples collected in Spain between 1974 and 1986 from 838 patients in a variety of epidemiological categories with HBsAg‐positive liver disease, and from 116 haemophiliacs and drug addicts with hepatitis B antibodies. Hepatitis D markers were detected in 64% of drug addicts and 33% of HBsAg‐positive haemophiliacs but were absent in asymptomatic chronic carriers, homosexual males, mentally retarded patients and haemodialysis patients. Hepatitis D markers were found in 6% of patients with acute hepatitis, in 5.6% of those with chronic hepatitis B from general population, and in 65% of those with acute hepatitis B and 67% of those with chronic hepatitis B among drug addicts.During the 12‐year study, no changes were observed in the frequency of Delta infection. The prevalence was less than 10% in chronic HBsAg‐positive hepatitis.These findings indicate that in Spain Delta infection is restricted mainly to HBsAg‐positive drug addicts and multitransfused haemophiliacs, while in the general population only 6.7% of those with chronic hepatitis B show D superinfection. Anti‐HD sera detection is correlated with more severe forms of chronic hepatitis such as chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Antibodies to HTLV‐I in populations of the southwestern Pacific
Authors: Asher David M. , Goudsmit Jaap , Pomeroy Kitty L. , Garruto Ralph M. , Bakker Margreet , Ono Steven G. , Elliott Nicole , Harris Keith , Askins Howard , Eldadah Zayd , Goldstein Adam D. , Gajduek D. Carleton 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera collected from 1,102 individuals in 14 populations of the southwestern Pacific between 1956 and 1979 were tested by ELISA for antibodies to human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I). Selected sera were also tested by particle agglutination and immunoblotting. Six of the populations had prevalences of antibodies greater than 4%, two populations had prevalences greater than 15%. Six populations had antibody prevalences of 2% or less. Three populations from the coast and northern islands of New Guinea had high prevalences of antibodies, while three New Guinea highland groups had virtually none. One population from the Solomon Islands had a high prevalence, while two others had very low prevalences. Two populations from small remote islands in Vanuatu both had high prevalences. Pacific sera did not neutralize a standard strain of virus readily neutralized by Japanese, European, and American sera. We conclude that infections with HTLV‐I, some acquired more than 20 years ago, are widespread throughout the southwestern Pacific, even in several very isolated populations, although others have been spared. Some strains of HTLV‐I in populations of the Pacific may have substantially different envelope proteins from prototype strains of America, Europe, and Japan.
Seroepidemiological studies on hepatitis B and D viruses infection among five ethnic groups in southern Taiwan
Authors: Chung Dye‐Chii , Ko Ying‐Chin , Chen Chien‐Jen , Wu Chung‐Chieng , Chen Eng‐Rin , Liaw Yun‐Fan , Hwang Shih‐Jen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to compare the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection among five ethnic groups in Pingtung County of southern Taiwan, a total of 240 serum samples were collected from September to October, 1985, from the following five ethnic groups: Taiwanese, Hakka, Mainland Chinese, aboriginal Paiwanese, and aboriginal Rukaiese. Ages of subjects ranged from 5 to 69 years. All sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), surface antibody (anti‐HBs), and core antibody (anti‐HBc) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to hepatitis D antigen (anti‐HDV) were also tested for those with HBsAg‐positive sera. Results showed that 44.1% of all sera examined were negative for HBsAg but positive for both anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc; additionally, 24.6% were negative for both HBsAg and anti‐HBs but positive for anti‐HBc. Only 134 serum samples showed negative results for HBV markers, indicating an HBV infection rate of 88.8%. The anti‐HDV positive rate was estimated to be 2.7% among HBsAg‐positive subjects. The HBsAg‐positive rates among Rukaiese, Paiwanese, Hakka, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese were 25.8, 22.5, 16.7, 12.9, and 10.0%, respectively; while the prevalence rates of HBV infection among the above five groups were 94.2, 94.6, 85.4, 87.5, and 82.5%, respectively. Differences in the HBsAg‐positive rate and HBV infection rate among these ethnic groups were statistically significant. We conclude that people living in Pingtung County are more frequently infected with HBV when compared with inhabitants in northern Taiwan.
One‐year prospective cross‐sectional study to assess the importance of group F adenovirus infections in children under 2 years admitted to hospital
Authors: Wood D. J. , Longhurst D. , Killough R. I. , David T. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA 1‐year prospective cross‐sectional study of 363 children under 2 years of age admitted to hospital was undertaken to assess the importance of group F adenovirus infections. Faeces obtained within 48 hours of admission from 97 patients with and 266 patients without diarrhoea were screened by electron microscopy. Viruses were identified by morphological criteria, and all adenoviruses seen were retested by immune electron microscopy to identify group F serotypes. Group F adenoviruses (4 infections) were second in frequency to rotaviruses (16 infections), and both viruses were significantly associated with diarrhoea (P = 0.005 and 0.000001 respectively, chi‐squared test). All four group F infections occurred in children with diarrhoeal disease aged between 1 and 6 months and were numerically as important as rotavirus (three infections) in this group. Rotavirus infections occurred significantly more frequently in the 7‐24‐month age group with diarrhoea (11v.0 infections, P = 0.001, chi‐squared test). Nosocomial infection occurred with group F adenovirus as well as rotavirus. The finding that group F adenoviruses occur as frequently as rotaviruses in diarrhoeal disease that results in hospital admission in children between 1 and 6 months of age could have important implications for preventative strategies.
Neutralizing antibody and clinical status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals
Authors: Alesi Domenico Russo , Ajello Francesca , Lupo Giuseppina , Vitale Francesco , Portera Mario , Spadaro Filippo , Romano Nino 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn assay based on inhibition of cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains in Molt 4 cells was developed to quantitate neutralizing antibodies (NA) in sera of HIV‐infected individuals. The assay was specific and gave results comparable to those obtained by the inhibition of immunofluorescence (IFI) and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Attempts were made to correlate the presence and the antibody titres with the clinical status of HIV‐infected individuals classified according to Walter Reed staging classification scheme. NA titres correlated inversely with the stage of HIV infection: Compared with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, HIV‐infected subjects at stage WR1 had significantly higher NA titres. Moreover, a decrease in NA titre in relation to clinical deterioration was noted in sequential sera of eight of 11 AIDS patients, retrospectively examined, for NA. The symptomless subjects showed either the same level of NA or a trend towards an increasing antibody titre with time. Different isolates of HIV strains showed a variability in the extent of sensitivity to neutralization by sera obtained from different HIV‐infected individuals.
Maternal cell‐mediated cytolysis of CMV‐infected fetal cells and the outcome of pregnancy in the guinea pig
Authors: Harrison C. J. , Myers M. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCytolytic recognition of CMV‐infected syngeneic fetal guinea pig cells by maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was suppressed late in pregnancies of uninfected guinea pig breeders with < 25% conceptus loss. A small subset of less successful uninfected pregnancies with > 50% fetal wastage exhibited only partial suppression of cytolytic activity against CMV‐infected fetal cells. Primary CMV infection of dams extending into early pregnancy induced augmented cytolysis of CMV‐infected fetal cells, but not MA104 NK cell targets, throughout gestation and resulted in 70% loss of conceptus. Decreased suppression of cytolytic activity against CMV‐infected fetal cells in uninfected pregnancy was also associated with runting of newborn pups, which was not as severe as that observed in congenitally CMV‐exposed or CMV‐infected pups. Congenitally infected pups were affected more than their exposed but uninfected litter mates. Lack of suppression of cytolysis of CMV‐infected syngeneic fetal cells, whether spontaneous or CMV‐infection‐induced, appears to be associated with poor pregnancy outcome.
Polymerase chain reaction for fast, nonradioactive detection of high‐ and low‐risk papillomavirus types in routine cervical specimens and in biopsies
Authors: Dallas Peter B. , Flanagan Judith L. , Nightingale Brain N. , Morris Brain J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure capable of amplifying specific DNA sequences by up to a millionfold was developed for detection of infection by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of low (HPV6, HPV11) or high (HPV16, HPV18, HPV33) oncogenic potential. For highrisk HPVs the region chosen was within the E6 open reading frame, which can become integrated into genomic DNA. A region corresponding to this was chosen for low‐risk HPVs. After repeated cycles of specific oligonucleotide primed extension of viral DNA with Klenow or thermophilic DNA polymerase, the type of HPV present was then determined on the basis of the size of the ethidium‐bromide‐stained band visible after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: for HPV 6 or 11 the band was ∼120 bp, for HPV 16 or 33 it was ∼200 bp, and for HPV18 it was ∼100 bp. Specific hybridization to the relevant band was seen using radioactive or nonradioactive (alkaline‐phosphatase‐linked) target oligonucleotide probes. Using the PCR method, we have determined, within as little as a few hours, the infection status of a variety of clinical specimens, including cervical scrapes and lavages, anal scrapes, and anogenital biopsies. The PCR steps can be automated, adding to the potential of PCR for widespread use in the detection of HPV, which is becoming increasingly popular in cervical screening.
Female to male transmission of hepatitis b virus between chinese spouses
Authors: Ko Ying‐Chin , Yen Yea‐Yin , Yeh Shu‐Mei , Lan Shou‐Jan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree hundred thirty‐seven community‐based spouses were tested for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers to assess the direction of HBV transmission between couples. The prevalence rate of HBV infection among husbands whose wives were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive was higher compared with those whose wives were HBsAg‐negative. Moreover, the frequency of HBV seropositivity among husbands was 100% if their wives carried HBeAg and showed a trend correlation (P = 0.009). The prevalence difference was 13.8%. and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 7.9–19.7% after adjusting for spouses' age. In contrast, HBV infection rate of wives did not show an association with the husbands' HBsAg or HBeAg carrier status. The prevalence difference was 7.1%, but 95% CI was −2.5–16.8% after adjusting for spouses' age. Female to male transmission of HBV between spouses appears to be more efficient.
Low‐dose (2 μg) hepatitis B vaccination in medical students: Comparable immunogenicity for intramuscular and intradermal routes
Authors: Heijtink R. A. , Knol R. M. , Schalm S. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a randomized controlled trial, 165 healthy medical students were immunized either by the intramuscular route (IM group) or by the intradermal route (ID group) with low‐dose (2 μg) plasma hepatitis B vaccine (HB‐VAX) at months 0, 1, 2, and 6. At month 7, protective immunity (anti‐HBs > 10 IU/I) was observed in 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84–97) of group IM and in 94% (95% CI: 89–99) of group ID; also geometric mean titres (IM: 533 IU/I ID:541 IU/I) were very similar at month 7. Sixty‐six (IM: 29; ID: 37) of 107 vaccinees with anti‐HBs < 1,000 IU/I at month 7 received a 2 μg booster injection at month 12. Long‐term immunity (anti‐HBs > 1,000 IU/I) was finally observed in 58% for group IM and 66% for group ID. For low‐dose hepatitis B immunization, which reduces costs to about 16%, the IM route is to be preferred in young healthy individuals in view of an ease of administration, avoidance of long‐term local side effects, and the known protective immunity of intramuscularly induced anti‐HBs antibodies.
Recovery of antigenically reactive HIV‐2 cores
Authors: Chrystie Ian L. , Almeida June D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNegative staining studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been hampered by the fragile nature of the particles. Although detergent treatment is capable of releasing cores from HIV‐2 particles, these are unstable and do not retain morphological integrity. Addition of glutaraldehyde will stabilise these structures but, if used at too high a concentration, will destroy their antigenicity. This study shows that if both detergent and glutaraldehyde are used in correct proportions, antigenically reactive cores can be recovered from HIV‐2 cell cultures. More specifically we show that a mixture of 0.1% Nonidet P40 and 0.1% glutaraldehyde produces preparations of HIV‐2 cores that are suitable for immune electron microscopy. These cores reacted positively, that is, formed immune complexes, with both human HIV‐2 antisera and a mouse monoclonal antibody that, although directed against p24 (HIV‐1), reacts also with p25 (HIV‐2).
Enhancement of Inoue‐Melnick virus synthesis by 5‐bromodeoxyuridine in human meningioma (MG‐1) cells
Authors: Nishibe Y. , Inoue Y. K. , Kimura T. , Hase A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe authors found remarkable enhancement of Inoue‐Melnick virus (IMV) synthesis by 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) in human meningioma (MG‐1) cells, a virus‐producer line of type 1 IMV. Treatment with BUDR resulted in rapid and abundant synthesis of infectious IMV in MG‐1 cells. The titer of the cell‐associated virus in treated cells increased approximately 6.0 log 10 compared with that in untreated cells. Immunofluorescent antibody tests revealed that IMV‐associated late antigen was induced by BUDR in the cytoplasm of approximately 50% of treated cells. A clonal difference was also found in the enhancement of BUDR on the IMV synthesis in MG‐1 cells. The most remarkable enhancing effect of BUDR was observed in the clone C line, and a herpes‐type virus was detected by negative‐staining electron microscopy in the culture fluid of the clone C treated with BUDR.
Immunoglobulin‐class‐specific immune response to respiratory syncytial virus structural proteins in infants, children, and adults
Authors: Popow‐Kraupp Therese , Lakits Evelyne , Kellner Gabriele , Kunz Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe protein specificities of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies induced during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in 74 patients (4 weeks to 81 years of age) were investigated using the technique of immunoblotting. Although the pattern of antibody reactivity varied among patients, most of the humoral immune response in all age groups was directed against the 48, 42, 35, and 27 K proteins. An infant's own antibody response was discernible in 55 of the 57 children below 1 year of age, despite the presence of maternally derived antibodies. Antibody against the 90 K surface glycoprotein was not detectable in those less than 1 year of age. Primary RSV infection induced antibodies only against a subset of RSV proteins. Although a broadening of the antibody response occurred with increasing age and in the course of reinfection, an immune response to all the viral structural proteins was observed rarely.
Detection of group C rotaviruses in Tokyo
Authors: Ushijima Hiroshi , Honma Hitoshi , Mukoyama Atsushi , Shinozaki Tatsuhiko , Fujita Yasuko , Kobayashi Masaaki , Ohseto Mituaki , Morikawa Shigeru , Kitamura Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour human group C rotaviruses were detected in Tokyo in 1987 and 1988 during a survey over 7 years. Among the four rotaviruses, two electrophoretic patterns were indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) analyses. Clinical symptoms, signs, family history, and patients' ages varied. Group C rotaviruses were found also in other parts of Japan in 1988. It was suspected that group C rotaviruses would continue to spread throughout Japan within the near future.