bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bipolar Host Materials for Green Triplet Emitter in Organic Light-emitting Diodes
Authors: Jeon Ji Young , Park Tae Jin , Jeon Woo Sik , Park Jung Joo , Jang Jin , Kwon Jang Hyuk , Lee Jae Yeol 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
We have developed novel bipolar host materials for high efficiency green phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs). Phenyl moieties were inserted in a 9,9′-(biphenyl-4,4′-diyl)dicarbazole (CBP) compound to provide much easier electron injection and to increase electron mobility. The efficiency increase and voltage reduction by this modification were observed in green PHOLEDs. At a given constant luminance of 1000 cd/m2, the power efficiency was enhanced about twenty percent in the general green PHOLED devices.
Electrochemistry of d-Gluconate 2-Dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter frateurii on Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Surface
Authors: Tsujimura Seiya , Abo Tomohiko , Ano Yoshitaka , Matsushita Kazunobu , Kano Kenji 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Direct electron-transfer-type bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of d-gluconate is studied with d-gluconate dehydrogenase (GADH, EC 1.1.99.3, from Gluconobacter frateurii) at indium tin oxide electrodes. The adsorbed GADH gives a surface-redox wave attributable to the heme c site in the absence of the substrate and clear catalytic oxidation current in the presence of the substrate. The enzyme kinetics, the surface electron transfer kinetics, and the adsorption characteristics of GADH have been analyzed by voltammetry and quartz crystal microbalance measurements.
Wide Polarized Potential Windows at the Interface between Water and an Ionic Liquid, Tetraheptylammonium Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate
Authors: Ishimatsu Ryoichi , Nishi Naoya , Kakiuchi Takashi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Wide polarized potential windows against interfacial ion transfer are available at the interface between a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL), tetraheptylammonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate ([THpA+][TFPB−]) and an aqueous electrolyte solution (W) of MgSO4. The width of the potential window, 1.1 V at 60 °C, enables electrochemical studies of charge transfer at the IL/W interface for a variety of ions and redox couples.
Two-Year Treatment With Denosumab (AMG 162) in a Randomized Phase 2 Study of Postmenopausal Women With Low BMD
Authors: Lewiecki E Michael , Miller Paul D , McClung Michael R , Cohen Stanley B , Bolognese Michael A , Liu Yu , Wang Andrea , Siddhanti Suresh , Fitzpatrick Lorraine A 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody to RANKL. In this randomized, placebo-controlled study of 412 postmenopausal women with low BMD, subcutaneous denosumab given every 3 or 6 mo was well tolerated, increased BMD, and decreased bone resorption markers for up to 24 mo. Continued study of denosumab is warranted in the treatment of low BMD in postmenopausal women.
Introduction: Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits RANKL, a key mediator of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. This prespecified exploratory analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of denosumab through 24 mo in the treatment of postmenopausal women with low BMD.
Materials and Methods: Four hundred twelve postmenopausal women with lumbar spine BMD T-scores of −1.8 to −4.0 or femoral neck/total hip T-scores of −1.8 to −3.5 were randomly assigned to receive double-blind, subcutaneous injections of placebo; denosumab 6, 14, or 30 mg every 3 mo; denosumab 14, 60, 100, or 210 mg every 6 mo; or open-label oral alendronate 70 mg once weekly. Outcome measures included BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, distal one-third radius, and total body; bone turnover markers; and safety.
Results: Denosumab increased BMD at all measured skeletal sites and decreased concentrations of bone turnover markers compared with placebo at 24 mo. At the lumbar spine, BMD increases with denosumab ranged from 4.13% to 8.89%. BMD changes with denosumab 30 mg every 3 mo and ≥60 mg every 6 mo were similar to, or in some cases greater than, with alendronate. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the placebo, denosumab, and alendronate treatment groups. Exposure-adjusted adverse events over 2 yr of treatment were similar to those reported during the first year of treatment.
Conclusions: In these postmenopausal women with low BMD, treatment with denosumab for 2 yr was associated with sustained increases in BMD and reductions in bone resorption markers compared with placebo.
Wnt10b Increases Postnatal Bone Formation by Enhancing Osteoblast Differentiation
Authors: Bennett Christina N , Ouyang Hongjiao , Ma Yanfei L , Zeng Qingqiang , Gerin Isabelle , Sousa Kyle M , Lane Timothy F , Krishnan Venkatesh , Hankenson Kurt D , MacDougald Ormond A 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Overexpression of Wnt10b from the osteocalcin promoter in transgenic mice increases postnatal bone mass. Increases in osteoblast perimeter, mineralizing surface, and bone formation rate without detectable changes in pre-osteoblast proliferation, osteoblast apoptosis, or osteoclast number and activity suggest that, in this animal model, Wnt10b primarily increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblastogenesis.
Introduction: Wnt signaling regulates many aspects of development including postnatal accrual of bone. Potential mechanisms for how Wnt signaling increases bone mass include regulation of osteoblast and/or osteoclast number and activity. To help differentiate between these possibilities, we studied mice in which Wnt10b is expressed specifically in osteoblast lineage cells or in mice devoid of Wnt10b.
Materials and Methods: Transgenic mice, in which mouse Wnt10b is expressed from the human osteocalcin promoter (Oc-Wnt10b), were generated in C57BL/6 mice. Transgene expression was evaluated by RNase protection assay. Quantitative assessment of bone variables was done by radiography, μCT, and static and dynamic histomorphometry. Mechanisms of bone homeostasis were evaluated with assays for BrdU, TUNEL, and TRACP5b activity, as well as serum levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). The endogenous role of Wnt10b in bone was assessed by dynamic histomorphometry in Wnt10b−/− mice.
Results: Oc-Wnt10b mice have increased mandibular bone and impaired eruption of incisors during postnatal development. Analyses of femoral distal metaphyses show significantly higher BMD, bone volume fraction, and trabecular number. Increased bone formation is caused by increases in number of osteoblasts per bone surface, rate of mineral apposition, and percent mineralizing surface. Although number of osteoclasts per bone surface is not altered, Oc-Wnt10b mice have increased total osteoclast activity because of higher bone mass. In Wnt10b−/− mice, changes in mineralizing variables and osteoblast perimeter in femoral distal metaphyses were not observed; however, bone formation rate is reduced because of decreased total bone volume and trabecular number.
Conclusions: High bone mass in Oc-Wnt10b mice is primarily caused by increased osteoblastogenesis, with a minor contribution from elevated mineralizing activity of osteoblasts.
Genetics of Body Mass Stability and Risk for Chronic Disease: A 28-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Franz Carol E. , Grant Michael D. , Jacobson Kristen C. , Kremen William S. , Eisen Seth A. , Xian Hong , Romeis James , Thompson-Brenner Heather , Lyons Michael J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to body mass index (BMI) over approximately 28 years. Participants were 693 male, predominantly middle-class, twins (355 monozygotic, 338 dizygotic) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The phenotypic correlation between age 20 and age 48 BMI was 0.52; the genetic correlation was 0.60. Most of the remaining variance at both times was accounted for by nonshared environmental factors. Since genetic factors are not perfectly correlated, this indicates that other genes affect BMI at one or both time points, leaving room for further exploration of the genetics of body mass stability. Mean BMI increased significantly from 22.7 (normal) to 27.8 (overweight). Overweight BMI at age 20 predicted midlife adult onset diabetes (adjusted odds ratio = 4.62, 95% CI 1.91 to 11.18), but not hypertension. Depending on one's vantage point, the results indicate elements of both stability and change in BMI. Very similar phenotypic and genetic correlations were observed over a similar time period in a WW II twin sample, but without the substantial mean increase in BMI. It seems unlikely that different genes influence BMI in the two cohorts. Therefore, we argue that nonshared environmental factors are probably primarily responsible for the secular increase in midlife BMI. Our results also provide prospective evidence that early excess BMI may have serious long-term health consequences, and that this risk is not limited to minorities or adults of lower socioeconomic status.
Examining the Heritability of a Laboratory-Based Smoking Endophenotype: Initial Results From an Experimental Twin Study
Authors: Ray Lara A. , Rhee Soo Hyun , Stallings Michael C. , Knopik Valerie , Hutchison Kent E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the heritability of an endophenotype relevant to nicotine dependence, namely tension reduction after smoking. This study also examined whether common genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental factors influence this endophenotype measured repeatedly during an experimental paradigm. Twin and sibling pairs, all of whom were regular smokers, completed a laboratory paradigm in which they reported on levels of tension at baseline and after smoking each of 3 cigarettes. Univariate twin analyses suggested a sizeable role of additive genetic effects on tension reduction, with heritability estimates ranging between 47 and 68%. Result of multivariate Cholesky analyses indicated that there were additive genetic influences common to tension reduction assessed after cigarettes 1, 2, and 3. Multivariate models including genetic and nonshared environmental effects provided the best fit to the data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the genetic basis of a laboratory smoking endophenotype, in this case tension reduction after smoking. Implications for genetic association studies are discussed.
Trauma Exposure and Stress Response: Exploration of Mechanisms of Cause and Effect
Authors: Jang Kerry L. , Taylor Steven , Stein Murray B. , Yamagata Shinji 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPeople differ markedly in their risk for developing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after exposure to traumatic events. Twin studies suggest that the trauma-PTSS relationship is moderated by genetic and environmental influences. The present study tested for specific types of genetic and environmental interaction effects on PTSS. A sample of 222 monozygotic and 184 dizygotic twin pairs reported on lifetime frequency of assaultive and nonassaultive trauma and associated PTSS. Biometric analyses indicated that in the case of nonassaultive trauma, PTSS were directly affected by environmental factors that also influence exposure to nonassaultive trauma. For assaultive trauma both genetic and non-shared environmental influences jointly affected PTSS, and the number of traumatic events moderated the severity of PTSS. Genetic factors were found to become less important beyond some threshold (e.g., 3 or 4 types of serious trauma) suggesting that genetic factors — which may confer either risk or resilience to PTSS — modify these symptoms within a range of human experience, beyond which environmental effects supervene.
Does Sharing the Same Class in School Improve Cognitive Abilities of Twins?
Authors: Webbink Dinand , Hay David , Visscher Peter M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article analyzes the effect of classroom separation of twins on their cognitive abilities, measured at different ages in Dutch primary education. We use a large longitudinal school-based sample of twins and their classmates. The analysis tries to reduce the bias by unobserved factors due to the nonrandom assignment of twins by taking into account differences in school environment, previous test scores and variation in class assignment between years. We find that classroom separation matters for language in Grade 2. Nonseparated twins score higher on language, and the difference is larger for same-sex pairs. This finding is robust for various methods that take unobserved effects into account. In addition, there is some evidence for higher scores in arithmetic in Grade 2. For the higher grades we find no effect of classroom separation on cognitive ability. In the analysis of the effect of a separation of at least 3 years we find that separation increases language performance between Grade 6 and 8 for opposite-sex pairs.
Birthweight Predicts IQ: Fact or Artefact?
Authors: Newcombe Rhiannon , Milne Barry J. , Caspi Avshalom , Poulton Richie , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that lower birthweight is associated with lower IQ, but it remains unclear whether this association is causal or spurious. We examined the relationship between birthweight and IQ in two prospective longitudinal birth cohorts: a UK cohort of 1116 twin pairs (563 monozygotic [MZ] pairs), born in 1994–95, and a New Zealand cohort of 1037 singletons born in 1972–73. IQ was tested with the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children. Birthweight differences within MZ twin pairs predicted IQ differences within pairs, ruling out genetic and shared environmental explanations for the association. Birthweight predicted IQ similarly in the twin and nontwin cohorts after controlling for social disadvantage, attesting that the association generalized beyond twins. An increase of 1000 g in birthweight was associated with a 3 IQ point increase. Results from two cohorts add to evidence that low birthweight is a risk factor for compromised neurological health. Our finding that birthweight differences predict IQ differences within MZ twin pairs provides new evidence that the mechanism can be narrowed to an environmental effect during pregnancy, rather than any familial environmental influence shared by siblings, or genes. With the increasing numbers of low-birthweight infants, our results support the contention that birthweight could be a target for early preventive intervention to reduce the number of children with compromised IQ.
Coffee and Smoking as Risk Factors of Twin Pregnancies: The Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Morales-Suárez-Varela Maria M. , Bech Bodil Hammer , Christensen Kaare , Olsen Jorn 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwinning rates have changed substantially over time for reasons that are only partly known. In this study we studied smoking, coffee and alcohol intake, and their possible interaction with obesity as potential determinants of twinning rates using data from the Danish National Birth Cohort between 1996 and 2002. We identified 82,985 pregnancies: 81,954 singleton and 1031 twins. For the twins we had data to classify 121 as monozygotic, 189 dizygotic (same sex), 313 dizygotic (opposite sex) but, 408 were of the same sex but with unknown zygosity. All mothers were interviewed about their prepregnancy weight and height, coffee and alcohol intake, smoking habits, and potential confounding factors at early stages of pregnancy. We identified smoking (> 10 cigarettes/day) as a possible determinant of twinning, particularly for dizygotic twinning rates (same sex) and furthermore corroborated that obesity and the mother's age are strong correlates of twinning. Others have found coffee intake to increase twinning rates but that is not seen in these data.
Temporal Trends in the Rates of Multiple Maternities in England and Wales
Authors: Eriksson Aldur W. , Fellman Johan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAfter a long continuous decrease, the twinning and higher multifetal rates in many developed countries have increased during the last 2 to 3 decades. This change has been attributed to delayed childbearing and to increased use of subfertility treatments, particularly in women over 35 years of age. In this study we analyze how these new trends depend on changes in the effect of maternal age on the rates of multiple maternities. Our study is based on data for England and Wales for the period 1938 to 2003. The temporal variations show a decreasing trend to a trough around 1980 and after that a steady increase. This increase was more marked for higher multifetal rates and was particularly high for quadruplets. Furthermore, we identified changes in the age-specific rates resulting in increased levels for older mothers. These findings are in good agreement with our results from Nordic populations.
The Comparison of Twinning Rates Between Urban and Rural Areas in China
Authors: Gan Jian-Ping , Wu Zhong-Hua , Tu Zhi-Ming , Zheng Jian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBased on the birth record data from the National Vital Statistics in the 1990 Census of China, the present study analyzed the differences between urban and rural areas on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin rates by maternal age in 1989. The twins by zygosity were calculated with Weinberg's differential method. Results show that the MZ and DZ twinning rates in China were associated with maternal age and that there were substantial differences between urban and rural areas. The MZ twinning rates in urban and rural areas were 2.36 pairs and 2.11 pairs per 1000 deliveries respectively, significantly lower than that in most studied populations. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that MZ twinning rates remained relatively constant for mothers under the age group of 36 to 38 years, but rose over this age group in both areas, albeit with a different slope. The DZ twinning rates were strikingly affected by maternal age, but the age for peak DZ rates was found within the age group of 33 to 35 years. In all maternal age groups except for 24 to 26 years, the DZ twinning rates in urban areas were higher than in rural areas. It remains unclear as to why the DZ twinning rates reversed to reach higher values within the older maternal age groups in China, but it is almost certain that the high twinning rates had nothing to do with in vitro fertilization.
The Frequency of Recurrent Multiple Maternities Using Two Sets of Census Data in Japan: 1990 and 1995
Authors: Imaizumi Yoko , Nishida Etsuo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFrequencies of recurrent multiple maternities were estimated using two sets of census data in Japan in 1990 and 1995. The repeat frequency (RF) of the twinning rate is the frequency of 2 sets of twins among families or couples who have already had 1 set of twins and 2 more siblings. The overall RFs were 9.6 per 1000 couples in 1990 and 9.3 in 1995. The RFs of the monozygotic (MZ) twinning rates were 5.9 per 1000 couples in 1990 and 5.5 in 1995. The RFs of the dizygotic (DZ) twinning rates were 3.7 in 1990 and 3.8 in 1995. For unlike-sexed propositus twins, the RF of MZ twins were 5.0 per 1000 couples in 1990 and 5.5 in 1995. The RF of DZ twins were 5.3 in 1990 and 4.6 in 1995. As for like-sexed propositus twins, the corresponding RFs were 6.2 and 5.5 for MZ twins, and 3.4 and 3.6 for DZ twins, respectively. In mothers who have experienced a twin maternity, the overall RF of twinning was 1.5 to 2 times as high as the average mother's chance of having twins. There was no RF for triplets for both census years. As for geographic variations of the overall RF, the rates in Okinawa (16.2) and Hokkaido (15.3) were significantly higher than those in the Tohoku (8.7), Kanto (8.0) and Kyushu (7.4) districts.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Twins and Singletons
Authors: Pharoah Peter O. D. , Platt Mary J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwins compared with singletons and monozygous (MZ) compared with dizygous (DZ) twins are at increased risk of fetal and infant death, cerebral palsy and many congenital anomalies. The aim of this study is to investigate whether zygosity is a risk factor for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Birth registration data and draft infant death certificates for all multiple births in England and Wales 1993 to 2003 were provided by the Office for National Statistics. As a partial proxy for zygosity, same-sex was compared with opposite-sex twins for birthweight-specific mortality and mortality attributed to SIDS. Data on singleton infants were obtained by subtraction of multiple births from routinely published population births and infant deaths. SIDS mortality among low birthweight infants was significantly less in twins than singletons. The twin-singleton relative risk was reversed in infants of normal birthweight. Among infants of normal birthweight, neonatal SIDS was significantly more common in same- compared with opposite-sex pairs. Among infants of low birthweight, postneonatal SIDS was significantly more common in same- compared with opposite-sex pairs. The difference in birthweight distribution of same- compared with opposite-sex twins for neonatal SIDS suggests that zygosity is a risk factor for SIDS. As congenital cerebral anomalies are a feature of many monozygous twin conceptions, a detailed macro- and microscopical examination of the brain in twin SIDS may indicate an otherwise unrecognised pathology.
Identical Twin Parents; Research Reviews: Twin Pregnancy Risk Factors, a New Twin Type and a School Legislation Update; Twin Parents and Twin Researchers in the News
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSome legal and social complications that arise when identical twins have children are examined. The specific case presented concerns assignment of paternity. This section is followed by a review of recent studies of multiple birth pregnancy risk factors, namely mother to infant HIV transmission and congenital hypothyroidism. Honors given to recently recognized twin researchers are noted, as is the birth of twins to an older mother in the United States.
Bewegungsresistente Verben
Authors: Fortmann Christian 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In German, three types of morphologically complex verbs have to be distinguished with respect to V2-movement. Complex verbs either move as a whole or leave behind a particle or do not move at all. I argue that the latter type – ursenden (first broadcast), ehebrechen (commit adultery) – and a subclass of the first type – wetteifern (rival) – are derived from complex nominalisations – Ursendung (first broadcast), Ehebruch (adultary), Wetteifer (rivalry) – by affixation of a (mostly unpronounced) verbalizing suffix. Diverging from a frequent view, I do not assume that immobility is due to an ambiguous word structure. While verbs like wetteifern are V0-categories, hence, accessible to V2-movement, immobile verbs like ehebrechen are projections which result from raising of the first element of the nominal compound and its adjunction to the derived verb. As projections are excluded from V2-movement, these verbs cannot move as a whole. But they do not allow for movement leaving behind a particle, either. This fact is attributed to conditions on interpretation of the resulting chains that would be offended in this case. This view is also motivated by the fact that immobile verbs are interpreted compositionally. The prefixed element functions as an argument or an adverbial modifier of the verb because it ccommands the verbalizing suffix. Moveable denominal verbs, instead, have a non-compositional, idiomatic reading since the first element of the nominal does not c-command the verbalizing suffix.