bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metabolic Syndrome Is Frequent in Klinefelter’s Syndrome and Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity and Hypogonadism
Authors: Bojesen Anders , Kristensen Kurt , Birkebaek Niels H. , Fedder Jens , Mosekilde Leif , Bennett Paul , Laurberg Peter , Frystyk Jan , Flyvbjerg Allan , Christiansen Jens S. , Gravholt Claus H. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Klinefelter’s syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate measures of insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, and sex hormones in patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome and an age-matched control group.RESEARCH DESIGN AN METHODS—In a cross-sectional study, we examined 71 patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome, of whom 35 received testosterone treatment, and 71 control subjects. Body composition was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for sex hormones, plasma glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adipocytokines. We analyzed differences between patients with untreated Klinefelter’s syndrome and control subjects and subsequently analyzed differences between testosterone-treated and untreated Klinefelter’s syndrome patients.RESULTS—Of the patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome, 44% had metabolic syndrome (according to National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) compared with 10% of control subjects. Insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostasis model assessment 2 modeling), androgen, and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, whereas total fat mass and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, leptin, and fructosamine levels were significantly increased in untreated Klinefelter’s syndrome patients. In treated Klinefelter’s syndrome patients, LDL cholesterol and adiponectin were significantly decreased, whereas no difference in body composition was found in comparison with untreated Klinefelter’s syndrome patients. Multivariate analyses showed that truncal fat was the major determinant of metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity.CONCLUSIONS—The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was greatly increased, whereas insulin sensitivity was decreased in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Both correlated with truncal obesity. Hypogonadism in Klinefelter’s syndrome may cause an unfavorable change in body composition, primarily through increased truncal fat and decreased muscle mass. Testosterone treatment in Klinefelter’s syndrome only partly corrected the unfavorable changes observed in untreated Klinefelter’s syndrome, perhaps due to insufficient testosterone doses.
Dietary Fibers and Glycemic Load, Obesity, and Plasma Adiponectin Levels in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Qi Lu , Meigs James B. , Liu Simin , Manson JoAnn E. , Mantzoros Christos , Hu Frank B. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of dietary fibers and glycemic load with plasma adiponectin in diabetic women and investigate the modification effect of obesity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 902 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses’ Health Study. Dietary information was obtained using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires.
RESULTS—After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, aspirin use, HbA1c, history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and postmenopausal hormone use, intakes of cereal fiber and fruit fiber (P for trend = 0.002 and 0.036, respectively) were significantly associated with an increasing trend of plasma adiponectin concentrations. Further adjustment for BMI did not appreciably change the associations for cereal fiber but attenuated the associations for fruit fiber. Adiponectin concentrations were 24% higher in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of cereal fiber. Dietary glycemic load and glycemic index were significantly associated with lower plasma adiponectin levels, after adjustment for BMI and other covariates (P for trend = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). The percent differences in adiponectin concentration between the highest and the lowest quintiles of dietary glycemic load and glycemic index were 17 and 18%, respectively. The associations between dietary factors and plasma adiponectin were consistent across lean (BMI &lt;25 kg/m2), overweight (25 ≤ BMI &lt;30 kg/m2), and obese subjects (BMI ≥30 kg/m2).
CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that dietary cereal fiber and glycemic load/index are associated with the circulating adiponectin concentration. Such associations were not modified by obesity status.
A Prospective Study of Dairy Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Liu Simin , Choi Hyon K. , Ford Earl , Song Yiqing , Klevak Anna , Buring Julie E. , Manson JoAnn E. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Although studies have indicated that increased dairy intake may reduce risk of overweight and insulin resistance syndrome, data directly relating dairy intake to type 2 diabetes remain sparse.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively examined the associations between intake of dairy foods and calcium and incident type 2 diabetes in 37,183 women without a history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and/or cancer at baseline.
RESULTS—During an average of 10 years of follow-up, we documented 1,603 incident cases. After adjusting for potential confounders including BMI, smoking status, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, use of hormones, and high cholesterol, the relative risk for type 2 diabetes among women in the highest quintile of dairy intake was 0.79 (95% CI 0.67–0.94; P for trend = 0.007) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Each serving-per-day increase in dairy intake was associated with a 4% lower risk (0.96 [0.93–1.01]). The inverse association with type 2 diabetes appeared to be mainly attributed to low-fat dairy intake; the multivariate relative risks comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles was 0.79 (0.67–0.93; P for trend = 0.002) for low-fat dairy. The inverse relation between dairy intake and incident type 2 diabetes remained unchanged after further adjustment for dietary calcium, vitamin D, glycemic load, fat, fiber, and magnesium intake. These associations also did not vary significantly according to BMI.
CONCLUSIONS—A dietary pattern that incorporates higher low-fat dairy products may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged or older women.
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Periventricular White Matter Hyperintensities in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Novak Vera , Last David , Alsop David C. , Abduljalil Amir M. , Hu Kun , Lepicovsky Lukas , Cavallerano Jerry , Lipsitz Lewis A. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes increases the risk for cerebromicrovascular disease, possibly through its effects on blood flow regulation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of type 2 diabetes on blood flow velocities (BFVs) in the middle cerebral arteries and to determine the relationship between white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and BFVs.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured BFVs in 28 type 2 diabetic and 22 control subjects (aged 62.3 ± 7.2 years) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound during baseline, hyperventilation, and CO2 rebreathing. WMHs were graded, and their volume was quantified from fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images on a 3.0 Tesla MRI.
RESULTS—The diabetic group demonstrated decreased mean BFVs and increased cerebrovascular resistance during baseline, hypo- and hypercapnia (P &lt; 0.0001), and impaired CO2 reactivity (P = 0.05). WMH volume was negatively correlated with baseline BFV (P &lt; 0.0001). A regression model revealed that baseline BFVs were negatively associated with periventricular WMHs, HbA1c (A1C), and inflammatory markers and positively associated with systolic blood pressure (R2 = 0.86, P &lt; 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS—Microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes, which manifests as white matter abnormalities on MRI, is associated with reduced cerebral BFVs, increased resistance in middle cerebral arteries, and inflammation. These findings are clinically relevant as a potential mechanism for cerebrovascular disease in elderly with type 2 diabetes.
The Effect of Glucose Variability on the Risk of Microvascular Complications in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kilpatrick Eric S. , Rigby Alan S. , Atkin Stephen L. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—It is not known whether glycemic instability may confer a risk of microvascular complications that is in addition to that predicted by the mean blood glucose (MBG) value alone. This study has analyzed data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) to assess the effect of glucose variability on the risk of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Pre- and postprandial seven-point glucose profiles were collected quarterly during the DCCT in 1,441 individuals. The mean area under the curve glucose and the SD of glucose variability within 24 h and between visits were compared with the risk of retinopathy and nephropathy, having adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, treatment group, prevention cohort, and phase of treatment.
RESULTS—Multivariate Cox regression showed that within-day and between-day variability in blood glucose around a patient’s mean value has no influence on the development or progression of either retinopathy (P = 0.18 and P = 0.72, respectively) or nephropathy (P = 0.32 and P = 0.57). Neither preprandial (P = 0.18) nor postprandial (P = 0.31) glucose concentrations preferentially contribute to the probability of retinopathy.
CONCLUSIONS—This study has shown that blood glucose variability does not appear to be an additional factor in the development of microvascular complications. Also, pre- and postprandial glucose values are equally predictive of the small-vessel complications of type 1 diabetes.
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass Surgery Is Not Accompanied by Islet Hyperplasia or Increased β-Cell Turnover
Authors: Meier Juris J. , Butler Alexandra E. , Galasso Ryan , Butler Peter C. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to establish whether hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery (GBS) for morbid obesity is due to increased fractional β-cell area or inappropriately increased insulin secretion.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined pancreata obtained at partial pancreatectomy from 6 patients with post-GBS hypoglycemia and compared these with 31 pancreata from obese subjects and 16 pancreata from lean control subjects obtained at autopsy. We addressed the following questions. In patients with post-GBS hypoglycemia, is β-cell area increased and is β-cell formation increased or β-cell apoptosis decreased?RESULTS—We report that in patients with post-GBS hypoglycemia, β-cell area was not increased compared with that in obese or even lean control subjects. Consistent with this finding, there was no evidence of increased β-cell formation (islet neogenesis and β-cell replication) or decreased β-cell loss in patients with post-GBS hypoglycemia. In control subjects, mean β-cell nuclear diameter correlated with BMI (r2 = 0.79, P &lt; 0.001). In patients with post-GBS hypoglycemia, β-cell nuclear diameter was increased (P &lt; 0.001) compared with that for BMI in matched control subjects but was appropriate for BMI before surgery.CONCLUSIONS—We conclude that post-GBS hypoglycemia is not due to increases in β-cell mass or formation. Rather, postprandial hypoglycemia after GBS is due to a combination of gastric dumping and inappropriately increased insulin secretion, either as a failure to adaptively decrease insulin secretion after GBS or as an acquired phenomenon.
Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Insulin Sensitivity Among U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Imperatore Giuseppina , Cheng Yiling J. , Williams Desmond E. , Fulton Janet , Gregg Edward W. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine the association of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness (CVF) with insulin sensitivity in a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The study included 1,783 U.S. adolescents (11% Mexican American, 14% non-Hispanic black, 63% non-Hispanic white, and 12% other) aged 12–19 years who were examined in the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire and expressed in units of MET hours per week. Predicted maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max, expressed in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute), a measure of CVF, was determined by a submaximal multistage treadmill test. Insulin sensitivity was defined by the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index.
RESULTS—Boys were more likely than girls to be highly active (≥30 MET h/week; 51 vs. 37%, P &lt; 0.001) and had higher levels of CVF (mean Vo2max 47 vs. 39 ml · kg−1 · min−1, P &lt; 0.001). Sex-specific multiple regression models controlled for age, race/ethnicity, and BMI showed that in boys, high levels of physical activity and high levels of CVF were significantly and positively associated with insulin sensitivity (β = 0.84, P &lt; 0.001 and β = 0.82, P = 0.01, respectively). Among girls, insulin sensitivity was not significantly associated with physical activity or with CVF but was inversely and significantly associated with BMI.
CONCLUSIONS—Increasing physical activity and CVF may have an independent effect of improving insulin sensitivity among boys. For girls, the primary role of physical activity may be in weight maintenance.
A Strong Dose-Response Relation Between Serum Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Diabetes
Authors: Lee Duk-Hee , Lee In-Kyu , Song Kyungeun , Steffes Michael , Toscano William , Baker Beth A. , Jacobs David R. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—Low-level exposure to some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has recently become a focus because of their possible link with the risk of diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Cross-sectional associations of the serum concentrations of POPs with diabetes prevalence were investigated in 2,016 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Six POPs (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, oxychlordane, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and trans-nonachlor) were selected, because they were detectable in ≥80% of participants.
RESULTS—Compared with subjects with serum concentrations below the limit of detection, after adjustment for age, sex, race and ethnicity, poverty income ratio, BMI, and waist circumference, diabetes prevalence was strongly positively associated with lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of all six POPs. When the participants were classified according to the sum of category numbers of the six POPs, adjusted odds ratios were 1.0, 14.0, 14.7, 38.3, and 37.7 (P for trend &lt; 0.001). The association was consistent in stratified analyses and stronger in younger participants, Mexican Americans, and obese individuals.
CONCLUSIONS—There were striking dose-response relations between serum concentrations of six selected POPs and the prevalence of diabetes. The strong graded association could offer a compelling challenge to future epidemiologic and toxicological research.
New Europe: place(s) without a sense of place?
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe 10 new member states of Europe are united by no more than historic synchronicity ‐ a single point of entry into the EU in May 2004. Guest‐editor Valentina Croci introduces this title of AD by explaining both the circumstances that some of these countries share, particularly those of the ex‐Soviet bloc, but also the very different conditions the nations grapple with as separate entities. Despite the many disparities between countries, she finds an underlying consistency in the concerns voiced by the local contributors, as the respect for individual national identities and a sense of place emerge as paramount. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slovenia: a new generation
Authors: Desman Miha 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDuring the Soviet era, Slovenia was renowned as an architectural oasis for experimentation on the western borders of eastern European greyness. Miha Desman describes how this small but significant nation has maintained its taste for design innovation, despite the shifting economic and political conditions of the past two decades. He outlines what present‐day Slovenia has to offer a greater Europe and the special qualities of its contemporary architecture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berlin's empty heart
Authors: Watson Howard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the early 1990s, all the energy and enthusiasm for the newly unified western and eastern Europe seemed to centre on Berlin, and the reconstruction of the city's Potsdamer Platz in particular. Now, well over a decade later, with the completion of the Beisheim Center, the final piece in the redevelopment of the Platz is in place. Howard Watson asks why, at a time when Berlin is being hailed as one of the most vibrant and artistic cities in Europe, there should be a vacuum at its very heart. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary architecture in China compiled
Authors: Denison Edward , Yu Ren Guang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEdward Denison and Guang Yu Ren, authors of Building Shanghai (Wiley‐Academy 2006), a narrative history of Shanghai's architectural development, review two new books on China that focus solely on its 21st‐century resurgence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top of the rock observatory
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSmack dab in the middle of the famous cluster of Manhattan towers, a new tri‐level, indoor‐outdoor observation deck on top of the tallest building in Rockefeller Center (the ge Building) brings visitors close to the surrounding pinnacles with overviews of the New York archipelago. One surprise, as Jayne Merkel explains, is that this sensational tourist site, with a glittery, spiralling, three‐storey entrance, was designed by Michael Gabellini, the New York architect known for pristine boutiques in elegant old buildings, such as the Jil Sander store in the former Royal Bank of Scotland on London's Saville Row. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nile street: mixed‐tenure housing
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBruce Stewart describes how Munkenbeck and Marshall, a practice whose work is more often associated with high‐end design, have, at a site in Hackney near the City of London, produced a complex scheme for Peabody that is considered in its treatment of mixed tenure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worker productivity and outpatient service use after the September 11th attacks: Results from the New York City Terrorism Outcome Study
Authors: Boscarino Joseph A. , Adams Richard E. , Figley Charles R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundResearch has shown that the terrorist attacks in New York City (NYC) on September 11, 2001 had an impact on the psychological status of area residents. Since a major goal of many terrorist attacks is to also adversely affect local socioeconomic activities, the long‐term impact of exposure to terrorist attacks on productivity and outpatient service utilization among workers in NYC is assessed.MethodsThe impact of the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) among 1,167 workers in NYC is examined using a prospective cohort design. The study included measures of WTCD exposures, stressful life events, other traumatic events, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression, assessed at 1 year and 2 years post‐disaster.ResultsBivariate analyses suggest that exposure to WTCD events is associated with high productivity loss at baseline, but not consistently at follow‐up. Both PTSD and depression are associated with lower quality workdays at baseline and follow‐up, but depression is more consistently associated with high work loss and medical service use. In multivariate analyses, WTCD exposure is associated with productivity loss at baseline, but less consistently at follow‐up. At baseline, depression and history of traumatic events are associated with lower quality workdays and negative life events with greater workdays lost. Multivariate analyses at follow‐up indicated that experiencing negative life events is associated with higher workdays lost and lower quality workdays and that PTSD is associated with lower quality workdays. Similar regression models suggested that increased outpatient service use is associated with depression and lifetime traumatic events at baseline and with negative life events at follow‐up.ConclusionThis study suggests that while the WTCD had an impact on worker productivity within the first year after the attack, this did not generally persist, especially after controlling for baseline status. Having PTSD or experiencing stressful life events at follow‐up, however, is associated with lower quality workdays, even after controlling for baseline status. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloid load and cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease: An 11C‐PIB positron emission tomography study
Authors: Archer Hilary A. , Edison Paul , Brooks David J. , Barnes Jo , Frost Chris , Yeatman Tom , Fox Nick C. , Rossor Martin N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo determine the relationship between cerebral amyloid plaque load and rates of cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. 11C‐PIB(11C‐6‐OH benzothiazole)PET (positron emission tomography) findings were correlated with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements in nine subjects with mild to moderate AD. Analysis revealed a positive correlation between rates of whole brain atrophy and whole brain (p = 0.019) and regional 11C‐PIB uptake. This provides support for the central role of amyloid deposition in the pathogenesis of AD. Ann Neurol 2006;60:145–147
Recovery from paralysis in adult rats using embryonic stem cells
Authors: Deshpande Deepa M. , Kim Yun‐Sook , Martinez Tara , Carmen Jessica , Dike Sonny , Shats Irina , Rubin Lee L. , Drummond Jennifer , Krishnan Chitra , Hoke Ahmet , Maragakis Nicholas , Shefner Jeremy , Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Kerr Douglas A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveWe explored the potential of embryonic stem cell–derived motor neurons to functionally replace those cells destroyed in paralyzed adult rats.MethodsWe administered a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate to overcome myelin‐mediated repulsion and provided glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor within the sciatic nerve to attract transplanted embryonic stem cell–derived axons toward skeletal muscle targets.ResultsWe found that these strategies significantly increased the success of transplanted axons extending out of the spinal cord into ventral roots. Furthermore, transplant‐derived axons reached muscle, formed neuromuscular junctions, were physiologically active, and mediated partial recovery from paralysis.InterpretationWe conclude that restoration of functional motor units by embryonic stem cells is possible and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with paralysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anatomical and functional replacement of a motor neuron circuit within the adult mammalian host. Ann Neurol 2006;60:32–44