bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of tilmicosin in a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in weaned beef calves
Authors: SCOTT PR , McGOWAN M. , SARGISON ND , PENNY CD , LOWMAN BG 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSevere respiratory disease, associated with seroconversion to bovine respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV), caused the death of two cattle and necessitated antibiotic treatment of 70 calves (rectal temperature of 39.6°C or greater) from a group of 96 (73%) during an 8‐day period. Tilmicosin injection resulted in a reduction in median rectal temperature from 40.3°C to 39.2°C and 39.0°C for the first and second days after treatment. The rectal temperature was 39.5°C or lower in 72% (48 of 67) and 96% (64 of 67) of cattle 1 and 2 days after tilmicosin treatment, respectively. Ten cattle were re‐treated with tilmicosin 6 to 16 days after the first treatment.Our study demonstrated that bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection could cause severe respiratory disease in a beef herd that had no previous history of BRSV‐related disease. Secondary bacterial invasion after BRSV infection was controlled effectively by tilmicosin treatment but repeat antibiotic treatments were occasionally necessary due to bacterial re‐infection of the respiratory tract.
Eastern barred bandicoot recovery: the role of the veterinarian in the management of endangered species
Authors: SEEBECK JOHN , BOOTH ROSEMARY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, formerly widespread on the volcanic plains of western Victoria, has been reduced to a single, rapidly‐declining, remnant population at Hamilton. Recovery of this critically endangered species has included local management, in an attempt to stabilise the wild population, captive breeding and reintroduction to selected sites. Veterinary advice and assistance have been an integral part of the investigation, planning and implementation phases of the program. The development of appropriate, standardised techniques has enabled successful treatment of problems in the captive colony. Husbandry, including the hand‐rearing of pouch young has been refined. Parasitism, identified as a contributor to poor health or death, has been investigated. Experimental development of techniques for the attachment of radio‐transmitters to bandicoots has enabled improved field research to take place. Fox predation, a major limiting factor in the recovery program, has been studied in detail, in order to refine control protocols.
Efficacy of an ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combination against adult hookworm,Ancylostoma braziliense, in dogs
Authors: SHOOP WL , MICHAEL BF , SOLL MD , CLARK JN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA chewable tablet incorporating ivermectin and pyrantel was tested in 12 Beagle dogs for efficacy against the adult hookworm,Ancylostoma braziliense. The dogs were administered infective larvae of Abrazilienseorally. Twenty‐one days after infection the dogs were weighed and allocated randomly to receive either an oral treatment with ivermectin and pyrantel in a beef‐based chewable tablet or no treatment. The chewable tablet was a commercially available product, which was made to deliver ivermectin at 6 μg/kg and pyrantel at 5.0 mg/kg to each dog. Seven days after treatment the dogs were euthanased, necropsied, and examined for adult hookworms. At necropsy, no adultA braziliensewas observed in any of the 6 treated dogs and all 6 dogs that had been left untreated were infected with adultA braziliense(range, 48 to 161). It was concluded that this combination product is 100% efficacious against adultA braziliense.
Animal health monitoring and surveillance in Switzerland
Authors: STÄRK KDC 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSwitzerland has traditionally used a passive disease reporting system for all notifiable diseases. This type of system is not suitable for the documentation of very low prevalences (freedom from disease), sub‐clinical cases and non‐notifiable diseases. In order to meet the high international standards for animal health surveillance and to fulfil the general need for sound animal health data, Switzerland has evaluated the feasibility of modern monitoring and surveillance concepts. In general, the principle of active surveillance has been acquired and is now being applied whenever possible. In this paper, several examples of Swiss surveillance systems are presented and discussed. They include systematic testing of random population samples, carcase screening at abattoirs and sentinel herd monitoring.
A longitudinal study of veterinary students and recent graduates: 1. Backgrounds, plans and subsequent employment
Authors: HEATH TJ , LYNCH‐BLOSSE M. , LANYON A. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine factors that influence career choies by veterinary graduates.DesignLongitudinal study.PopulationStudents – 77 female and 77 males ‐ who began studying veterinary science at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986.ProcedureQuestionnaires were completed in the first and fifth year of the course, and in the second year after graduation. The data were arranged into an aggregated data set, then analysed using the SAS System for Windows.ResultsThese students chose veterinary science, many cases at an early age, because of their attitude towards animals rather than advice from other people. Most had extensive experience with animals, and many gained this in cities rather than on farms. Between half and two‐thirds of them looked forward to a career in private practice when they were in first year. The proportion planning a career in private practice was highest for those who chose veterinary science before they were 12 years old. One‐quarter of those in first year were undecided about what they would do after graduation. When they were surveyed in fifth year, most planned to enter mixed private practice at least initially. In fact, 59% entered mixed practice and 28% small animal practice. There were no significant relationships between prior experience with animals and either career plans or success in the job market. When asked in their second year after graduation, about half planned to continue in private practice over the longer term, and a quarter were undecided.ConclusionsThe decision to study veterinary science is often made at a young age, and is influenced mainly by attitudes towards animals. The career path planned by the majority involves private practice, but for about a quarter the future is unclear, both when they enter the course and after they have worked as veterinarians.
Thymic lymphosarcoma of T cell lineage in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: CANFIELD P J , HEMSLEY S 
Published: March 2008

Objective To diagnose and characterise thymic lymphosarcoma in a koala.Design A pathological case.AnimalSeven‐year‐old female koala.Procedure The neoplastic process was investigated macroscopically, haematologically, histologically and immunohistologically.Results The koala had difficulty swallowing because of a medial swelling in the lower neck. Biopsy of this mass and blood examination revealed lymphosarcoma with a leukaemic manifestation; necropsy and histopathological examination showed the mass to be thymus. Palatine tonsils, cervical, axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gut, bronchi, genitalia and bone marrow were infiltrated by neoplastic cells. Immunohistological staining of the thymic mass, cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and gut revealed the neoplastic cells to be of T lymphocyte origin (positive for both anti‐human CD3 and CD5).ConclusionsIt is speculated that the neoplastic process originated in the thymus and was disseminated by bloodborne neoplastic cells: This first report of thymic lymphosarcoma in a marsupial confirms that antibodies raised originally to investigate human lymphoid neoplasia can cross‐react with neoplastic lymphocytes in koalas.
A retrospective evaluation of the surgical management of equine carpal injury
Authors: RAIDAL SL , WRIGHT JD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:Records of 220 thoroughbred horses presented to the Randwick Equine Centre or the University of Queensland Veterinary Teaching Hospital for surgical management of carpal injury were reviewed. Details of racing performance were obtained, enabling evaluation of racing success following surgery. Age and sex matched control horses not known to have suffered carpal injury were selected from the Australian Stud Book and the Australian Racehorse Register. Control and treated populations were compared in terms of overall career racing success.Radiographs or xeroradiographs from 198 horses were available for evaluation. The dorsomedial aspects of the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone and the proximal articular surface of the third carpal bone were the most commonly observed locations of osteochondral fracture. Bilateral carpal injury was found to be sufficiently common to warrant routine radiographic examination of both limbs. The dorsolateral‐palmaromedial oblique, flexed lateral and dorsoproximal‐dorsodistal oblique (skyline) projections were the most useful views for evaluation of carpal degenerative joint disease. Surgical removal of osteochondral fractures by arthrotomy or arthroscopy was found to be a suitable method of treatment.Arthroscopy was associated with a significantly shorter convalescent period than arthrotomy. Seventy‐six percent of the treated population returned to racing following surgery. Average earnings following surgery were 20 000. However, the median value was only 1400 and 48% of the treated population failed to earn more than 1000. Male horses in both the treated and control groups performed significantly better than females. Treated horses performed significantly better than the randomly selected control population.
Field trials of a formulation containing moxidectin and 6 in 1 vaccines for sheep
Authors: SCHWARTZKOFF CL , COBB RM 
Published: March 2008

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety of a formulation containing moxidectin and 6 in 1 vaccine in sheep under field conditions. Design:Efficacy and safety study. Animals:Two hundred and five crossbred Merino lambs and two hundred and eight Merino ewes were used in the studies. Procedure:A formulation was made for the simultaneous treatment of sheep with moxidectin and immunisation against clostridial diseases and caseous lymphadenitis. The efficacy against nematodes, vaccine response and safety were assessed. Results:Effective control of nematodes and responses to antigens were achieved following subcutaneous administration. The formulation was safe to administer; occasional minor tissue reactions were evident, but no other adverse effects of treatment were observed in either pregnant ewes or lambs, using either the recommended dose, or an overdose of the formulation. Conclusion:Administration of a formulation containing moxidectin, five clostridial antigens and caseous lymphadenitis antigen proved safe and efficacious under field conditions.
Persistent efficacy of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: ROLFE PF , DAWSON KL , SOLL MD , NICHOLS GK , RYAN WG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the persistent activity of injectable formulations of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Design Controlled slaughter study assessing residual efficacy. Procedure Nematode‐free calves were treated with abamectin or doramectin (each at a dose of 200 μg/kg) and infections then induced with repeated doses of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia species. The duration of challenge ranged from 14 to 28 days. The calves were slaughtered at either 38/39 or 45/46 days after the treatments and nematodes recovered from the gastro‐intestinal tract. Results Significant reductions in numbers of O ostertagi occurred for both abamectin and doramectin treatments (> 93%) relative to counts in untreated calves, when challenge was administered up to 21 days after treatment. For T axei and Cooperia spp significant reductions occurred when the challenge occurred for 14 days after treatment (99%). Although differences from untreated animals were not significant, the results for H placei suggested high efficacy (> 85%) for up to 21 days for doramectin and up to 28 days for abamectin. Conclusion There was no significant difference between abamectin and doramectin for any parasite at any challenge point, indicating that there is equivalent persistent activity of doramectin and abamectin against important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.
Efficacy of ivermectin controlled‐release capsules for the control and prevention of nasal bot infestations in sheep
Authors: RUGG D. , GOGOLEWSKI RP , BARRICK RA , EAGLESON JS 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of an ivermectin controlled‐release capsule against nasal bots (Oestrus ovis) in sheep. Design Trial 1 – A pen study with controls. Trial 2 – A field study with controls. Animals Trial 1 – Forty Merino wethers with natural infestations of nasal bot were used. Trial 2 – One hundred nasal bot‐free wethers were used. Procedure Trial 1 – Ten randomly selected animals were slaughtered and the heads split and examined to confirm bot infestation. Fifteen animals were allocated to untreated controls and 15 to treatment with a controlled‐release capsule delivering ivermectin at ≥ 20 μg/kg/day for 100 days. Twenty‐nine days after treatment the sheep were killed and examined for nasal bots. Trial 2 – Nasal bot‐free sheep were allocated to two groups of 45 animals. One group was untreated the other sheep were treated with capsules as above. The sheep were grazed as a single group exposed to natural challenge from O ovis. Ninety days after treatment the animals were slaughtered and examined for nasal bot infestation. Results Trial 1 – Live O ovis larvae were recovered from 60% of control sheep. No live larvae were collected from treated sheep. Trial 2 – Forty‐one percent of untreated sheep harbored nasal bot infestations. No live larvae were collected from any treated animal. Conclusion Treatment with a single ivermectin controlled‐release capsule was 100% effective against existing infestations of O ovis and as a prophylactic treatment for this parasite.
Comparison of the omp I gene of Chlamydia psittaci between isolates in Victorian koalas and other animal species
Authors: MARTIN JL , CROSS GF 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to compare the strain of chlamydia causing genital infection in koalas from Victoria with isolates from other animal species. DesignPolymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis has been used to compare various Chlamydia psittaci isolates from a range of animals and disease syndromes. The isolates used in this study include isolates from three birds, three from aborted sheep, one from polyarthritis, one from bovine abortion, one from feline pneumonitis, three porcine isolates from faeces, polyarthritis and abortion, and three urogenital isolates from Victorian koalas. ProcedureTwo polymerase chain reactions were performed, each amplifying a different region of the omp I gene. The first polymerase chain reaction amplified a 144 bp segment of the gene which was then digested with the restriction enzyme EcoR I. The second polymerase chain reaction amplified a larger 1070 bp region of the omp I gene which was digested with two restriction enzymes Alu I and Nde II. Results and conclusionsThe results obtained have confirmed that variation in DNA sequence of various animal chlamydia isolates does occur. They have also shown that it is possible to classify isolates, based on their restriction enzyme profiles, into distinct groups.
The application of moxidectin formulations for control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) under Queensland field conditions
Authors: REMINGTON B. , KIERAN P. , COBB R. , BODERO D. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) and the performance of commercial cattle treated with the macrocylic lactone endectocide, moxidectin, formulated either as an injection or as a pour‐on. DesignGroups of 10–12 tick infested cattle were treated with moxidectin injection, moxidectin pour‐on or remained untreated (28‐day trials) or were treated with deltamethrinethion as a dip (140‐day trials). The cattle were exposed to natural tick challenge under field conditions. ProcedureTick numbers on trial cattle were recorded in each trial before the initial treatment and in the 28‐day trials at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days or in the 140‐day trials, at 28‐day intervals before each of the treatments and at the final inspection. Body weights of the cattle were also recorded prior to the initial treatment and at the termination of each trial. Cattle were observed on the day of each treatment and at each inspection for evidence of any reactions to treatment. Results28‐day trials: Significant reductions in tick counts were recorded in both treatment groups when compared with cattle in the untreated group. Weight advantage was recorded in the moxidectin treated groups.140‐day trials: All three treatments resulted in zero or low tick counts at each inspection with the exception of the pour‐on treatment at week 8 in one trial and week 9 in the other trial. Additional weight gain was recorded for both the moxidectin treated groups, relative to the deltamethrin‐ethion dip groups, but was significant only for the pour‐on groups.There was no evidence of any local or systemic adverse reaction in any treated cattle in any trial. ConclusionGood to excellent control of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) was demonstrated with the moxidectin formulations in all trials, the injection being particularly effective. An improved performance was recorded in all trials in cattle treated with both moxidectin formulations when compared with the untreated cattle and with cattle treated with the deltamethrin‐ethion dip.There was no evidence of any local or systemic adverse reaction to treatment with either moxidectin formulation.
Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in Thoroughbred race horses: outcome following non‐surgical treatment and superior check desmotomy
Authors: GIBSON KT , BURBIDGE HM , PFEIFFER DU 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveThis study documents the results of non‐surgical treatment and treatment by superior check desmotomy in Thoroughbred racehorses with superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis.DesignA prospective study was made of 124 thoroughbred racehorses with unilateral or bilateral SDF tendonitis.ProcedureThe flexor tendons were assessed by physical and ultrasonographic examination before treatment, and the lesions detected in affected tendons were characterised according to lesion type, length and cross‐sectional area. Ninety three horses were managed non‐surgically and 31 by superior check desmotomy. Recurrent or new injuries were defined as injuries affecting a previously injured superficial digital flexor tendon, the contralateral SDF tendon, or the suspensory ligament (interosseous muscle) in either forelimb.ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found in ultrasonographic lesion severity between treatment groups. Horses managed by superior check desmotomy were 1.3 times more likely to complete five or more races than horses managed non‐surgically (95% confidence limits 0.93–1.82). Horses treated surgically were 1.2 times more likely to develop recurrent or new injuries after returning to training than horses managed non‐surgically (95% CL 0.95–1.55). Horses under‐going superior check desmotomy were 5.5 times more likely to develop suspensory desmitis than horses treated non‐surgically (95% CL 1.13–26.4). There was no difference in the time to recurrent or new injury between treatment groups.ConclusionThere was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups in the proportions of horses able to complete five or more races after an episode of superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Superior check desmotomy did not appear to offer an advantage over non‐surgical treatment in preventing recurrent or new injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Horses undergoing superior check desmotomy appeared to be at greater risk of developing suspensery ligament injuries than horses managed non‐surgically.
Collection and short‐term preservation of semen from free‐ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus: Macropodidae)
Authors: JOHNSTON SD , BLYDE D. , GAMBLE J. , HIGGINS D. , FIELD H. , COOPER J. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To evaluate electro‐ejaculation of free‐range eastern grey kangaroos in the field and assess the efficacy of four diluents to preserve sperm motility over a 48‐h period at 5°C. Procedure and design Under gaseous anaesthesia, 25 free‐range kangaroos were electro‐ejaculated and characteristics of the ejaculate noted. Spermatozoa obtained from eight ejaculates were diluted in phosphate buffered saline containing various combinations of egg yolk and glucose and refrigerated at 5°C for 48 h. Results Spermatozoa were recovered from 24 of 28 ejaculates. Mean (± SEM) semen volume (mL) and pH were 25.0 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 0.1 respectively. The forward motility (%), rate of movement of sperm (0 to 5) and sperm concentration (x 106/mL) were 77.4 ± 1.5, 3.8 ± 0.9 and 31.2 ± 7.3 respectively. There was no significant difference between the four diluents in their ability to maintain forward motility of spermatozoa over 48 h. However, rate of movement over the same period was significantly (P < 0.01) improved when sperm were diluted in phosphate buffered saline containing 10% egg yolk. Conclusions Electro‐ejaculation is a safe and reliable method for collecting semen from free‐ranging eastern grey kangaroos. Preliminary attempts at short‐term preservation showed that the motility of kangaroo spermatozoa could be adequately stored for 24 h and that the addition of egg yolk to the semen diluent was beneficial for improving the rate of sperm movement.
Comparative effects of abamectin and two formulations of ivermectin on the survival of larvae of a dung‐breeding fly
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , MAHON RJ 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To compare the survival of larvae of a dung‐breeding fly in the faeces of cattle treated either with an injectable formulation of abamectin, or with oral or injectable formulations of ivermectin. Design Replicated bioassays were conducted on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, using faeces collected before and at intervals after drug treatment. Animals Two cows and their calves were allocated to each of three drug treatments and dosed according to individual weights. Procedures Differences in the proportions of larvae pupariating were used as measures of the toxicity of drug residues. Results Development of fly larvae was inhibited in all faeces collected 1 to 4 days after treatment. In cattle treated with oral ivermectin, there was reduced larval survival in faeces collected 8 and 16 days after treatment, but by day 32, survival was equivalent to that recorded in the faeces of untreated cattle. With injectable ivermectin, there was no survival at day 8, limited survival at day 16 and, at day 32, survival was not significantly affected. With injectable abamectin, survival was completely suppressed until day 32, at which time the number of pupariating larvae did not differ significantly from that recorded in faeces from untreated animals. Conclusion The oral formulation of ivermectin is eliminated more rapidly than the injectable formulation and, as a consequence, is likely to be less harmful to dung‐feeding insects. Abamectin and ivermectin appear to equally toxic larvae of M vetustissima.