bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyglutamine tract‐binding protein‐1 dysfunction induces cell death of neurons through mitochondrial stress
Authors: Marubuchi Shigeki , Wada Yo‐ichi , Okuda Tomohiro , Hara Yukiko , Qi Mei‐ling , Hoshino Masataka , Nakagawa Masaya , Kanazawa Ichiro , Okazawa Hitoshi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPolyglutamine tract‐binding protein‐1 (PQBP‐1) is a nuclear protein that interacts and colocalizes with mutant polyglutamine proteins. We previously reported that PQBP‐1 transgenic mice show a late‐onset motor neuron disease‐like phenotype and cell death of motor neurons analogous to human neurodegeneration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the motor neuron death, we performed microarray analyses using the anterior horn tissues of the spinal cord and compared gene expression profiles between pre‐symptomatic transgenic and age‐matched control mice. Surprisingly, half of the spots changed more than 1.5‐fold turned out to be genes transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. Northern and western analyses confirmed up‐regulation of representative mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit 1 and 2. Immunohistochemistry revealed that COX1 and COX2 proteins are increased in spinal motor neurons. Electron microscopic analyses revealed morphological abnormalities of mitochondria in the motor neurons. PQBP‐1 overexpression in primary neurons by adenovirus vector induced abnormalities of mitochondrial membrane potential from day 5, while cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation were observed on day 9. An increase of cell death by PQBP‐1 was also confirmed on day 9. Collectively, these results indicate that dysfunction of PQBP‐1 induces mitochondrial stress, a key molecular pathomechanism that is shared among human neurodegenerative disorders.
Prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction in post‐traumatic mouse brain by superoxide dismutase
Authors: Xiong Ye , Shie Feng‐Shiun , Zhang Jing , Lee Chuan‐Pu , Ho Ye‐Shih 
Published: October 2005

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have shown that the susceptibility of mice to TBI‐induced formation of cortical lesion is determined by the expression levels of copper‐zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD and MnSOD, respectively). However, the underlying biochemical mechanisms are not understood. In this study, we measured the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration in mouse brains with altered expression of these two enzymes. While controlled cortical impact injury (CCII) with a deformation depth of 2 mm caused a drastic decrease in NAD‐linked bioenergetic capacity in brain mitochondria of wild‐type mice, the functional decrease was not observed in brains of littermate transgenic mice overexpressing CuZnSOD or MnSOD. In addition, a 1 mm CCII greatly compromised brain mitochondrial function in mice deficient in CuZnSOD or MnSOD, but not wild‐type mice. Inclusion of the calcium‐chelating agent, EGTA, in the assay solution could completely prevent dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation in all mitochondrial samples, suggesting that the observed impairment of mitochondrial function was a result of calcium overloading. In conclusion, our results imply that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by superoxide anion radical contributes to lesion formation in mouse brain following physical trauma.
Carboxypeptidase E is required for normal synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to the inner retina
Authors: Zhu Xuemei , Wu Kebin , Rife Lawrence , Cawley Niamh X. , Brown Bruce , Adams Tiffany , Teofilo Karen , Lillo Concepcion , Williams David S. , Loh Y. Peng , Craft Cheryl M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDefects in the gene encoding carboxypeptidase E (CPE) in either mouse or human lead to multiple endocrine disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Recent studies on Cpe–/– mice indicated neurological deficits in these animals. As a model system to study the potential role of CPE in neurophysiology, we carried out electroretinography (ERG) and retinal morphological studies on Cpe–/– and Cpefat/fat mutant mice. Normal retinal morphology was observed by light microscopy in both Cpe–/– and Cpefat/fat mice. However, with increasing age, abnormal retinal function was revealed by ERG. Both Cpe–/– and Cpefat/fat animals had progressively reduced ERG response sensitivity, decreased b‐wave amplitude and delayed implicit time with age, while maintaining a normal a‐wave amplitude. Immunohistochemical staining showed specific localization of CPE in photoreceptor synaptic terminals in wild‐type (WT) mice, but in both Cpe–/– and Cpefat/fat mice, CPE was absent in this layer. Bipolar cell morphology and distribution were normal in these mutant mice. Electron microscopy of retinas from Cpefat/fat mice revealed significantly reduced spherule size, but normal synaptic ribbons and synaptic vesicle density, implicating a reduction in total number of vesicles per synapse in the photoreceptors of these animals. These results suggest that CPE is required for normal‐sized photoreceptor synaptic terminal and normal signal transmission to the inner retina.
Transcriptional profiling of spinal cord injury‐induced central neuropathic pain
Authors: Nesic Olivera , Lee Julieann , Johnson Kathia M. , Ye Zaiming , Xu Guo‐Ying , Unabia Geda C. , Wood Thomas G. , McAdoo David J. , Westlund Karin N. , Hulsebosch Claire E. , Regino Perez‐Polo J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCentral neuropathic pain (CNP) is an important problem following spinal cord injury (SCI), because it severely affects the quality of life of SCI patients. As in the patient population, the majority of rats develop significant allodynia (CNP rats) after moderate SCI. However, about 10% of SCI rats do not develop allodynia, or develop significantly less allodynia than CNP rats (non‐CNP rats). To identify transcriptional changes underlying CNP development after SCI, we used Affymetrix DNA microarrays and RNAs extracted from the spinal cords of CNP and non‐CNP rats. DNA microarry analysis showed significantly increased expression of a number of genes associated with inflammation and astrocytic activation in the spinal cords of rats that developed CNP. For example, mRNA levels of glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) and Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) significantly increased in CNP rats. We also found that GFAP, S100β and AQP4 protein elevation persisted for at least 9 months throughout contused spinal cords, consistent with the chronic nature of CNP. Thus, we hypothesize that CNP development results, in part, from dysfunctional, chronically “over‐activated” astrocytes. Although, it has been shown that activated astrocytes are associated with peripheral neuropathic pain, this has not previously been demonstrated in CNP after SCI.
The mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone triggers a cerebral tauopathy
Authors: Höglinger Günter U. , Lannuzel Annie , Khondiker Myriam Escobar , Michel Patrick P. , Duyckaerts Charles , Féger Jean , Champy Pierre , Prigent Annick , Medja Fadia , Lombes Anne , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Ruberg Merle , Hirsch Etienne C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractReduced activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain – particularly complex I – may be implicated in the etiology of both Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, although these neurodegenerative diseases differ substantially as to their distinctive pattern of neuronal cell loss and the predominance of cerebral α‐synuclein or tau protein pathology. To determine experimentally whether chronic generalized complex I inhibition has an effect on the distribution of α‐synuclein or tau, we infused rats systemically with the plant‐derived isoflavonoid rotenone. Rotenone‐treated rats with a pronounced metabolic impairment had reduced locomotor activity, dystonic limb posture and postural instability. They lost neurons in the substantia nigra and in the striatum. Spherical deposits of α‐synuclein were observed in a few cells, but cells with abnormal cytoplasmic accumulations of tau immunoreactivity were significantly more numerous in the striatum of severely lesioned rats. Abnormally high levels of tau immunoreactivity were found in the cytoplasm of neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Ultrastructurally, tau‐immunoreactive material consisted of straight 15‐nm filaments decorated by antibodies against phosphorylated tau. Many tau+ cell bodies also stained positive for thioflavin S, nitrotyrosine and ubiquitin. Some cells with abnormal tau immunoreactivity contained activated caspase 3. Our data suggest that chronic respiratory chain dysfunction might trigger a form of neurodegeneration in which accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein predominates over deposits of α‐synuclein.
The Crow Corvus corone hybrid zone in southern Denmark and northern Germany
Authors: HAAS FREDRIK , BRODIN ANDERS 
Published: October 2005

In hybrid zones genetically differentiated populations meet and interbreed. As they result from ongoing divergence and potential speciation, such zones provide opportunities to study how different factors affect this process. One well‐known avian hybrid zone is that between the Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix and Carrion Crow C. c. corone, which extends throughout much of Europe. We compare the current position and width of the zone in southern Denmark and northern Germany with that described in detail by Meise in 1928. A GPS technique was used to determine the geographical position of more than 1000 Crows in established pairs in which all individuals were classified as either Carrion, Hooded or hybrid phenotype. The data show that the Carrion Crow has expanded northwards and that this is most pronounced at the eastern side of the study area. Here the hybrid zone has moved around 19 km. However, the width of the zone seems to have remained stable over time. Possible reasons for why the zone may have moved are discussed.
Is nest‐site availability limiting Lesser Kestrel populations? A multiple scale approach
Authors: FRANCO ALDINA M. A. , MARQUES JOÃO T. , SUTHERLAND WILLIAM J. 
Published: October 2005

The Lesser Kestrel, a colonial migratory falcon, is one of the most endangered birds in Europe and, due to a sharp population decline across much of the breeding range, is globally threatened. The reasons for this decline are unclear, but reduced nest‐site availability might be a major cause. To test this hypothesis we looked at nest‐site availability within Portuguese colonies in rural and urban buildings. Nest holes were larger, longer, higher and older than unoccupied cavities. A typical nest cavity was approximately 29–30 cm long, 300–340 cm high and had an inner chamber 16.5–18 cm wide. Large‐scale surveys of existing buildings in Portuguese villages suggested that 85% of sites lacked suitable nest cavities. The model for selection of buildings indicated that Lesser Kestrels prefer buildings with many roof and wall cavities, and that are surrounded by extensive cereal and fallow fields. The villages selected had many old buildings and monuments, were located in areas with few rivers, and a low percentage cover of cereal, olive groves and forest. The conservation implications of these results are discussed.
Ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the Long‐tailed ManakinChiroxiphia linearis: long maturation of display trait morphology
Authors: ARÉVALO JOSÉ EDGARDO , HEEB PHILIPP 
Published: October 2005

Males of dimorphic species often show ornaments that are thought to have evolved through female choice or/and male–male competition. The sexual differentiation of similar morphologies occurs during ontogeny, resulting in differential sex and age‐specific selection. The Long‐tailed Manakin is a dimorphic species with a highly skewed mating system, the males of which delay plumage maturation over 3 to 4 years. We describe ontogenetic changes in feather morphology in this species through sexual maturity. Males showed a significant increase in length of the central rectrices with age, hence their degree of sexual dimorphism increased from zero in 1‐year‐old males to 189.5% in adults. In contrast, male tail length decreased with age. Wing length did not vary significantly with age, but females had relatively longer wings than males. Wing loading was greater in females and decreased with age in males. In adults, rectrix length was positively correlated with testis volume, supporting the hypothesis that secondary sexual characters can signal the condition of primary sexual characters. Rectrix length showed positive allometry with body size in males less than 4 years old, whereas older males showed negative allometry and females showed isometry. Wing area and wing loading shifted from negative to positive allometry in males of 2 to 3 years of age. Changes in male morphology during ontogeny in the Long‐tailed Manakin appeared to be associated with their specific display behaviours. Age‐related changes in allometric growth of rectrices in the Long‐tailed Manakin suggested that young males invest disproportionately more in the length of this trait relative to their body size. This investment could act as a signal of competitive ability to move status position in their orderly queue.
The winter fattening model: a test at low latitude using the Clamorous Reed Warbler
Authors: MEROM KOBY , QUADER SUHEL , YOM‐TOV YORAM 
Published: October 2005

Small birds at high latitudes accumulate fat during the day so that they can survive long and cold winter nights. The winter fattening model suggests that birds increase their minimum (morning) mass in cold weather, build up their mass during the day, and then rely on the energy reserves so accumulated until the morning. While data from mid and high latitudes support this model, little is known about the strategies of birds inhabiting lower latitudes (< 40°N). We use an 18‐year data set to investigate whether the winter fattening model holds in a mid‐latitude (32°N) population of the Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus. We show that morning mass and fat score vary as predicted by the winter fattening model. In addition, adults appear to be better adapted to long and cold winter nights than first‐year birds. A long‐term trend of increased body mass may be attributable to character release following reduced interspecific competition.
The use of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data in assessing the taxonomic status of the endangered Uluguru Bush Shrike Malaconotus alius
Authors: FUCHS JÉRÔME , FJELDSÅ JON , PASQUET ERIC 
Published: October 2005

The endangered Uluguru Bush Shrike Malaconotus alius is a large, black‐headed bush shrike, strictly endemic to the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania. It has recently been suggested that this species has been misplaced within the genus Malaconotus and might instead be related to Malagasy Vangidae. To assess its systematic affinities, we analysed 1518 bp of sequence data obtained from a nuclear intron (myoglobin intron‐2) and a mitochondrial protein‐coding gene (ND2) using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Both genes strongly support the traditional placement within the genus Malaconotus, suggesting that similarities between the Uluguru Bush Shrike and the Vangidae are due to convergence. These results caution that taxonomic changes should not be made without a proper character analysis (i.e. assignment of character homology).
Accidental extravascular insertion of a subclavian hemodialysis catheter is signaled by nonvisualization of catheter tip
Authors: Florescu Marius C , Moussa Hatem , Salifu Moro , Friedman Eli A 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSubclavian hemodialysis (HD) catheter placement under fluoroscopy with perforation of the superior vena cava (SVC) is a rare complication that needs to be recognized and treated appropriately. We report the case of a 47‐year‐old black woman under treatment for end‐stage renal disease secondary to HIV‐associated nephropathy who sustained an extravascular insertion of fluoroscopy‐guided subclavian catheterization for HD. Subsequent successful removal of the extravascularly placed catheter along with repair of the lacerated SVC were effected by open thoracic surgery.
Middle molecule removal in low‐flux polysulfone dialyzers: Impact of flows and surface area on whole‐body and dialyzer clearances
Authors: Eloot Sunny , De Vos Jean‐Yves , De Vos Filip , Hombrouckx Remi , Verdonck Pascal 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSome studies found that the removal of middle molecules has a long‐term effect on mortality and, even more, is enhanced by high‐flux dialysis. In order to enhance middle molecule removal in a low‐flux dialyzer, the present study aimed at investigating the combined impact of dialyzer flows and membrane surface area. Blood and dialysate flows were varied within the clinical range 300–500 and 500–800 mL/min, respectively, while the ultrafiltration rate was kept constant at 0.1 L/hr. Single‐pass tests were performed in vitro in a single Fresenius F6HPS dialyzer® (3 tests) and serially (5 tests) and parallel (3 tests) connected dialyzers. The blood substitution fluid consisted of dialysis fluid in which radioactive‐labeled vitamin B12 (molecular weight 1355 Da) was dissolved. Dialyzer clearance as well as whole‐body clearance was calculated from radioactivity concentrations of samples taken from the inlet and outlet bloodline. Adding a second dialyzer in series or parallel ameliorated the overall dialyzer and whole‐body clearance significantly, except for the highest applied blood flows of 500 mL/min. Better solute removal was also obtained with higher dialysate flows, while the use of higher blood flows seemed advantageous only when using a single dialyzer. Analysis of the ultrafiltration profiles in the different configurations illustrated that enhancing the internal filtration rate ameliorates convective transport of middle molecules. Adequate solute removal results from a number of interactions, as there are blood and dialysate flows, membrane surface area, filtration profile and concentration profiles in the blood and dialysate compartment.
Hyperhemolysis syndrome in anemia of chronic disease
Authors: Darabi Kamran , Dzik Sunny 
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND: Occasional cases of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) demonstrate severe and persistent hemolysis and are referred to as hyperhemolysis syndrome. This syndrome usually occurs in patients with sickle cell disease and possibly thalassemia who receive multiple transfusions. There are few such clinical reports in patients without hemoglobinopathies.CASE REPORT: A 67‐year‐old woman with anemia and a history of four previous transfusions was admitted with shortness of breath and a hematocrit (Hct) level of 27 percent. The patient was group O with a negative antibody screen. She received 1 unit of electronically cross‐matched red blood cells (RBCs) and was discharged. Thirteen days later she returned to hospital with weakness and a Hct level of 23 percent. The antibody screen now demonstrated anti‐K alloantibody. The direct antigloblulin test (DAT) was positive with both anti‐immunoglobulin G and anti‐complement (C3). Anti‐K was recovered in the eluate. The previously transfused RBC unit was positive for presence of the K antigen. The patient's RBCs were negative for the presence of K antigen. Other laboratory data confirmed ongoing hemolysis, and a diagnosis of DHTR was made. She continued to display findings of active hemolysis for 9 more weeks requiring 19 units of RBCs. Thirty‐four days after the original transfusion, her DAT remained positive and both the plasma sample and a RBC eluate demonstrated anti‐K.CONCLUSION: The delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction with hyperhemolysis can occur among patients without hemoglobinopathies.
Prevalence of viral markers among first‐time Arab blood donors in Kuwait
Authors: Ameen Reem , Sanad Nabil , Al‐Shemmari Salem , Siddique Iqbal , Chowdhury Rafiq I. , Al‐Hamdan Samia , Al‐Bashir Abdulaziz 
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of blood donation modes on the prevalence of viral markers among Arab first‐time blood donors in Kuwait.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donor ethnic background was classified as Kuwaiti nationals and non‐Kuwaiti Arabs. A total of 26,874 donors were screened in 2002 for the following viral markers: hepatitis C virus antibody (anti‐HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (HBc), human immunodeficiency virus‐1 and ‐2 antibody (anti‐HIV‐1 and ‐2), HIV p24, and human T lymphotropic virus‐I and ‐II antibody (anti‐HTLVI/II). All samples positive for the presence of anti‐HBc were tested for anti‐HBs. Among these donors, 12,798 were first‐time donors of which 74 percent were replacement and 26 percent were volunteers.RESULTS: The prevalence of HCV among replacement donors was significantly higher than the volunteer group. The difference between the two modes of blood donations, however, was not significant for HBsAg. The prevalence of anti‐HCV among Kuwaiti national and non‐Kuwaiti Arab first‐time donors was 0.8 and 5.4 percent, respectively, whereas the prevalence of HBsAg was 1.1 and 3.5 percent, respectively, with the difference being significant at a p level of <0.0001. The difference observed for prevalence of anti‐HBc among Kuwaiti national and non‐Kuwaiti Arab donors (17 and 33.3%, respectively) was significant (p < 0.0001). Among first‐time donors, 13.7 percent were positive for the presence of anti‐HBs, indicating that 13.7 percent of the total Arab donor population might have had a previous infection and possible immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV).CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of HBV and HCV was found among non‐Kuwaiti Arab donors. The prevalence of anti‐HCV was only significantly higher among replacement versus volunteer first‐time donors. Therefore, there is a need to develop a strategic plan that incorporates the diverse background of the blood donors living in Kuwait.
Effective storage of granulocytes collected by centrifugation leukapheresis from donors stimulated with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor
Authors: Hubel Kai , Rodger Elin , Gaviria J. Milton , Price Thomas H. , Dale David C. , Liles W. Conrad 
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND: Donor stimulation with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has increased the number of neutrophils (PMNs) that can be collected for granulocyte transfusion therapy. Clinical utility, however, has been limited by the inability to store functional PMNs ex vivo. This study was conducted to determine whether granulocyte products from G‐CSF–stimulated donors could be effectively stored at reduced temperature (22°C vs. 10°C) with maintenance of functional properties in vitro and in vivo.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine normal subjects received G‐CSF (600 µg subcutaneously) 12 hours before centrifugation leukapheresis. Granulocyte products were divided and stored for 24 and 48 hours under four conditions: 1) 22°C; 2) 22°C, with supplemental G‐CSF (100 ng/mL); 3) 10°C; and 4) 10°C, with supplemental G‐CSF. Functional PMN activity during ex vivo storage was assessed in vitro and in vivo by the skin‐window technique for granulocytes stored at 10°C for 24 hours.RESULTS: Surface expression of CD11b/CD18, CD14, CD16, CD32, and CD64 was maintained during 48‐hour storage at reduced temperature. Inducible respiratory burst activity, bactericidal activity, and fungicidal activity were preserved during storage for 48‐hour storage at 10°C. Proinflammatory cytokine production was decreased in product stored at 10°C. Supplemental G‐CSF ex vivo did not substantially improve functional activity during storage. After storage at 10°C for 24 hours, in vitro chemotactic potential was maintained, and transfused granulocytes retained capacity to circulate and migrate appropriately in vivo.CONCLUSIONS: Granulocyte product collected by centrifugation leukapheresis from G‐CSF–stimulated donors can be effectively stored at subphysiologic temperature for 24 hours with preservation of functional activity. Storage at 10°C appears to be slightly superior to storage at 22°C.