bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objectionable Urine Spraying and Urine Marking in Cats: Evaluation of Progestin Treatment in Gonadectomized Males and Females
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
The increasing use of long-acting progestins to treat objectionable urine spraying and urine marking in gonadectomized cats prompted a survey of the comparative effectiveness of the injectable medroxyprogesterone acetate (mpa) and the orally administered megestrol acetate (ma). Both drugs were successful, overall, in about 1/3 of the patients. However, the proportion with favorable response was higher for males (48%) than for females (13%) and was higher for cats from single-cat homes (50%) than for cats from multi-cat homes (18%). Because of the reportedly higher frequency of depression and increased appetite following ma treatment, when compared with mpa treatment, it is recommended that mpa be used initially for routine treatment of these behavioral problems. The survey revealed that if mpa proves ineffective, subsequent treatment with ma can be expected to yield favorable results in some of these patients.
Seasonal Influence on the Fertility of Sows and Gilts
Authors: Hurtgen John P. , Leman Allen D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seasonal fluctuations in the farrowing rates (fr) of sows and gilts were determined by analysis of breeding records from 11 herds, covering a total of 26 herd-years of data. Of 22,997 sow and gilt matings, 72.7% resulted in farrowing. For matings during July, August, and September, 60.8% of females farrowed, compared with 76.9% for matings during the remainder of the year. The fr was higher in multiparous sows than in primiparous sows and was lowest in nulliparous gilts. The fr was 65.5% for gilts bred in confinement and for gilts maintained outside. The seasonal fluctuation in fr was similar for confinement and outside-housed gilts. Water sprinkling or evaporative cooling methods did not prevent seasonal fluctuations in the fr of sows or gilts. For sows confined to crates after breeding, the fr was 13.8% higher than for sows in group-housing systems, but the seasonal fluctuation in fr was not substantially altered.
It was concluded that the fr of female swine is markedly influenced by season of the year and by parity. The seasonal fluctuations in fr occurred in group- and individually housed swine and in confinement and outside-bred gilts. Water sprinkling or evaporative cooling systems, as used in the herds investigated, appeared to be of questionable value in preventing infertility during the warm months.
Oral Eosinophilic Granuloma in Siberian Husky Dogs
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Stannard A. A. , Pulley L. T. , Nelson V. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oral eosinophilic granuloma in 6 young Siberian Husky dogs was characterized by involvement of lateral and ventral surfaces of the tongue. Histologically, the major change was degenerated (necrobiotic) collagen. Although the cause of the disease is unknown, hereditary and immunologic factors are implicated in the pathogenesis.
Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Therapy in the Horse
Authors: Owen Rh. ap Rh. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Physiologic features of the equine diarthrodial joint and the effects of intra-articular corticosteroid therapy were investigated. It was concluded that intra-articular injection of corticosteroids may be beneficial when lesions are confined to soft tissues of the joint, excluding injuries involving joint laxity. Rest following therapy is important.
Temperature of the Artificial Vagina and Its Effect on Seminal Quality and Behavioral Characteristics of Stallions
Authors: Hillman R. B. , Olar T. T. , Squires E. L. , Pickett B. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Stallion semen was collected, using artificial vaginas at 44 to 46, 48 to 50, and 52 to 54 C, to study the effects of temperature on seminal quality and sexual behavior. The temperature of the artificial vagina had no significant effect on motility, gel volume, gel-free seminal volume, total seminal volume, pH, number of mounts per ejaculate, total time to ejaculation, or seminal temperature.
Spermatozoa were collected, then exposed to water-bath temperatures of 38, 45, 49, or 53 C for 1 minute. Mean motility was similar after exposure to temperatures of 38 or 45 C, but exposure to temperatures of 49 or 53 C resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in spermatozoal motility with each increase in temperature. Thus, it was concluded that spermatozoa exposed to temperatures greater than 45 C may be irreversibly damaged.
Survey for Antibodies to Viruses of Bovine Virus Diarrhea, Bluetongue, and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Hunter-Killed Mule Deer in New Mexico
Authors: Couvillion Charles E. , Jenney Edwin W. , Pearson James E. , Coker Michael E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from male mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) collected in November 1977 in Otero County, New Mexico were tested for antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 of 76 (34%) sera tested for bvdv (titer ≥ 1:16). Of 46 sera tested for antibodies to btv and ehdv, 10 (22%) and 3 (7%), respectively, were positive. Three (7%) of 46 sera were suspect (titer < 1:20) for btv, and 18 (38%) sera were suspect (titer < 1:20) for ehdv.
Paramyxo-like Virus Infection in a Rock Rattlesnake
Authors: Jacobson Elliott , Gaskin Jack Μ. , Simpson Charles F. , Terrell Timothy G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus) with a history of progressive central nervous disease was submitted for necropsy. The histopathologic findings included evidence of interstitial pneumonia, multifocal areas of gliosis in the brain, and ballooning degeneration and demyelination of brainstem and upper spinal cord axons. By electron microscopy, brainstem tissue was found to contain numerous virus particles in the extracellular spaces. A paramyxo-like virus, isolated in viper heart cells from lung tissue, was observed by electron microscopy to be similar in size and shape to the particles seen in nerve tissue.
Mixed Infection in Columnaris Disease of Fish
Authors: Marks J. E. , Lewis D. H. , Trevino G. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In addition to Flexibacter columnaris, Corynebacterium sp was recovered from lesions associated with columnaris disease in catfish. Catfish exposed to pure cultures of the Corynebacterium sp developed circumscribed lesions, which regressed without further adverse effects. Disease signs were not demonstrable in catfish exposed to pure cultures of F columnaris; however, when catfish were exposed to mixed cultures of the Corynebacterium sp and F columnaris, signs of columnaris appeared and the fish died.
Mucormycosis in Hatchling Florida Softshell Turtles
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Calderwood Maron B. , Clubb Susan L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six hatchling softshell turtles selected from a group of approximately 400 with circular gray integumentary lesions were submitted for clinical evaluation. The turtles died within 24 hours. Histologic examination of the carapace revealed ulcerative epidermitis, with bacterial colonies and tightly packed groups of fungi. A Mucor sp was isolated from the lesions.
Blastomycosis in an African Lion
Authors: Stroud Richard K. , Coles Barbara Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using fluorescent antibody techniques, Blastomyces dermatitidis was identified in pyogranulomatous lesions in the lungs, mediastinum, trachea, and cerebrum of an African lion (Panthera leo). Clinical signs included anorexia and dry inspiratory rales. Signs of nervous system dysfunction were not reported prior to death even though a large lesion was found in the cerebrum at necrospy.
The lion was shipped from a geographic area where B dermatitidis infection is endemic. It was evident from histologic studies that organisms were being shed from lesions in the trachea into the environment. We were unable to culture the organism because freezing apparently destroyed its viability.
Disseminated Hexamitiasis in Siamese Fighting Fish
Authors: Ferguson H. W. , Moccia R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One hundred forty Siamese fighting fish became inappetent and lethargic and developed swollen abdomens. One hundred fish died, many with perforated stomachs. Hexamitid parasites were found in large numbers in the abdominal cavity and in the mesentery and the parenchyma of the liver, spleen, and kidney, where they were closely associated with a chronic inflammatory response. Species of bacteria recovered from the peritoneal cavity were believed to be secondary invaders. The 40 surviving fish, including some sick ones, were treated with nifurpirinol at the rate of 0.2 mg/L and 5 mg/kg of body weight, by means of a bath and a feed medication, respectively. The sick fish recovered, and no more died.
Diagnosis and Repair of Familial Diaphragmatic Defects in Golden Lion Tamarins
Authors: Bush Mitchell , Montali Richard J. , Kleiman D. G. , Randolph Judson , Abramowitz Michael D. , Evans Ronald F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Diaphragmatic defects were identified in 11 of 130 golden lion tamarins. Seven of the cases were found at necropsy (52 tamarins) and 4 were diagnosed by radiography (78 tamarins). When screening radiography revealed a thoracic mass, a barium series was indicated and either demonstrated loops of bowel within the thorax or suggested liver displacement by the cranial location of the intestine. In 1 case, pneumoperitoneum aided in the diagnosis, by showing liver displacement cranially in an eventration of the diaphragm.
The 4 defects diagnosed clinically were successfully corrected surgically. The defects mainly involved the ventromedial to lateral aspect of the costal and sternal muscular portions of the diaphragms. Either a thin pleuroperitoneal sac remained or wide gaps were associated with herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax.
Of the 11 affected tamarins, 10 were closely related and the other had no direct consanguinity. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was suggested, but other genetic factors may have been involved.
Physiologic and Acid-Base Measures of Gopher Snakes During Ketamine or Halothane-Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia
Authors: Custer Randy S. , Bush Mitchell 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Arterial acid-base and selected physiologic measures of gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) during ketamine or halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia were compared with base-line values. During ketamine anesthesia, significant decreases in pH and concentrations indicated acid-base states of uncompensated metabolic acidosis. In contrast, halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia induced acidosis of respiratory origin, through a significant depression in respiratory rate.
In addition to the conventional measures, the OH−/H+ ratios and the alpha-imidazole (αIM) values were calculated to assess acid-base status during anesthesia. Values for both factors decreased significantly during both ketamine and halothane-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Where H+ concentrations nearly doubled, the decline in the OH−/H+ ratio exceeded 70% and the αIM decreased less than 20%. It was concluded that these 2 factors may be helpful in evaluation of the acid-base status of ectothermic animals when normal values for the conventional measures of pH and pCO2 are not available for comparison.
Stabilization of Atlantoaxial Subluxation in the Dog, Using the Nuchal Ligament
Authors: LeCouteur R. A. , McKeown D. , Johnson J. , Eger C. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A technique for the stabilization of atlantoaxial subluxation in the dog was developed. The technique involved use of the nuchal ligament as a means of securing the spinous process of the axis to the dorsal arch of the atlas.
Two cases were typical atlantoaxial subluxation in toy-breed dogs, and 2 cases were traumatic subluxation secondary to fracture of the axis in dogs of large breeds. On the basis of the results in these cases, it was concluded that the technique has advantages over techniques in which wire or nonmetallic suture material is utilized for stabilization.
Persistence of Encysted Toxoplasma gondii in Caprine Livers and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasmosis in Goats
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The distribution of encysted Toxoplasma gondii was compared in livers, kidneys, and musculature of experimentally (n = 12) and naturally (n = 10) infected goats.
The 12 experimentally infected goats were killed 7, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 59, 83, 83, 86, 88, and 90 days after inoculation (dai) with 100 or 1,000 infective T gondii oocysts. Pepsin digests of liver, kidneys, heart, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and brain were inoculated into mice for the detection of T gondii cysts in caprine tissues. For the goats killed between 14 and 90 dai, T gondii was demonstrated in the liver and skeletal muscle of 9 of 10, kidneys of 7 of 10, brain of 5 of 10, diaphragm of 5 of 10, and heart of 3 of 8. The organism was demonstrated in skeletal muscle but not from other tissues of the goat killed 10 dai or from any of the tissues of the goat killed 7 dai.
Tissues of the 10 naturally infected goats also were examined for T gondii cysts, by inoculating mice with pepsin digests of the tissues. Encysted T gondii were found in the liver of 3 of 10, kidneys of 3 of 10, brain of 3 of 10, diaphragm of 6 of 9, heart of 6 of 9, and skeletal muscle of 10 of 10.
The results demonstrated that T gondii cysts frequently develop in liver and kidneys of goats and that cysts persist longer in skeletal muscle than in brain. It was concluded, for public health reasons, that livers or other tissues from goats should be cooked before use, to kill T gondii.
The excretion of T gondii in milk of goats also was studied by inoculation of mice with milk samples from 7 experimentally infected and 7 naturally infected goats. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in the milk of a goat infected with 10,000 infective oocysts but not in goats infected with 100 or 1,000 oocysts or in naturally infected goats. Of the 182 mice inoculated with 57 milk samples from a goat infected with 10,000 oocysts, 10 acquired toxoplasmosis; however, only 1 of 335 mice became infected after inoculation with 111 milk samples from 6 goats infected with 100 or 1,000 oocysts, and none of 263 mice became infected with T gondii after inoculation with 68 milk samples from 7 naturally infected goats. It was concluded that the chance of T gondii being in the milk of naturally infected goats is very small and, as the stage likely to be present would be tachyzoite which is destroyed by gastric juice, the risk of human infection would seem to be infinitesimal.
Canine and Feline Urinalysis: Value of Macroscopic and Microscopic Examinations
Authors: Barlough Jeffrey E. , Osborne Carl A. , Stevens Jerry B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A retrospective survey of complete urinalyses performed on dogs and cats hospitalized at the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital was performed to determine the frequency of abnormal findings in urine sediment, compared with normal and abnormal macroscopic findings. One thousand consecutive urine samples collected from dogs and 1,000 consecutive urine samples collected from cats were studied. Results indicated that failure to examine urine sediment of macroscopically normal samples would have yielded false-negative results in 16.5% of the canine patients and 5.7% of the feline patients. Microscopic findings in macroscopically normal canine samples consisted primarily of pyuria and bacteriuria, whereas in cats they consisted of hematuria and bacteriuria. Microscopic abnormalities were detected in almost 50% of the canine and feline samples with macroscopic abnormalities. The results of this evaluation confirm the value of routine microscopic examination of urine sediment as a component of complete urinalysis.
Malignant Tumor Formation at the Site of Previously Irradiated Acanthomatous Epulides in Four Dogs
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Biery Darryl N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The radiation response of acanthomatous epulis in 32 dogs was good, with an estimated median survival time of 21 months. Of the 32 patients, 14 have died. In 4 of those 14, malignant tumors developed at the site of the acanthomatous epulis. The tumors were of epithelial origin in 3 patients and of mesenchymal origin in 1 patient. Possibilities explaining the appearance of the malignancies included spontaneous malignant transformation, radiation induction of neoplasms, and radiation induction of malignant transformation. This uncommon complication was not considered contradictory to radiotherapy of acanthomatous epulides, because of their excellent response to irradiation and the long latent period between irradiation and appearance of the malignant tumor.
Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis in Three Dogs with Hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Burns Mark G. , Kelly Andrew B. , Hornof William J. , Howerth Elizabeth W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Varying degrees of respiratory distress developed in 3 dogs in which hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed. The respiratory distress was attributed to pulmonary artery thrombosis. Radiography revealed pleural effusion, increased diameter and blunting of the pulmonary arteries, lack of perfusion of the obstructed pulmonary vasculature, and overperfusion of the unobstructed pulmonary vasculature. Thrombosis was confirmed by nonselective angiocardiography in each case. In 1 case, selective angiocardiography showed marked reduction of the transit time of contrast medium from the right atrium to the aorta. Hypertension proximal to the site of thrombosis was confirmed in 2 cases by showing increases in the right ventricular systolic pressures (80 mm of Hg in one case and 54 mm of Hg in the other case). In 3 cases, there was moderate hypoxemia with hypocapnia, suggesting a ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings other than respiratory distress included hepatomegaly, ventral edema, orthopnea, and a jugular pulse.
Pulmonary artery thrombosis, as it occurred in these 3 cases, was compared with the disease in man. It was concluded that pulmonary artery thrombosis should be suspected in cases of intractable dyspnea, right-sided heart failure of unexplained origin, and acute unexplainable death.
Hematologic Abnormalities Preceding Apparent Recovery from Feline Leukemia Virus Infection
Authors: Lester S. J. , Searcy G. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 5-month-old domestic short-haired cat was referred to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine because of hemorrhage from the mouth. Neutropenia and bone marrow dyscrasia developed within 2 weeks, and results of a fluorescent antibody test for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were positive.
During the next 6 months, the feline oncornavirus cell membrane-associated antibody titer increased, the hematologic abnormalities regressed, and the cat became negative to the FeLV fluorescent antibody test (FeLV test). The results of 3 consecutive FeLV tests were negative, and the cat has been clinically normal for the past 18 months.
Epizootic Toxoplasmosis Associated with Abortion in Dairy Goats in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Perinatal toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in goats from 2 farms in Montana. Of 7 pregnant does from one farm, 1 aborted a dead fetus and 2 each had a kid infected in utero. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated histologically in the placenta of 2 of the infected does and by mouse inoculation in all 3 of them. The organism also was isolated from internal organs of 6 of 7 does, 4 of 4 cats, and 3 of 11 chickens from the farm. A pregnant doe from the other farm delivered 3 kids infected with T gondii. One kid was born dead, 1 was moribund when born, and 1 was healthy when born. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the placenta and several tissues of all 3 kids.
Toxoplasma-Induced Abortion in Dairy Goats
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen pregnant goats serologically negative for Toxoplasma gondii were inoculated orally with 10, 100, or 1,000 infective oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii. Four goats received 10 oocysts, 6 received 100 oocysts, and 5 received 1,000 oocysts. Six pregnant goats served as noninoculated controls. All inoculated goats became pyretic (40-41 C) and were dyspneic between 4 and 12 days after inoculation (dai). Two goats inoculated in early pregnancy (68 and 70 days) with 100 oocysts had enlarged uteri; fetal membranes but no fetuses were found when they were killed 86 and 88 dai. Three goats aborted or had a stillborn kid 9, 10, and 11 dai. The remaining 10 goats delivered kids infected with T gondii; 8 goats had at least 1 stillborn kid, and 2 goats had infected but otherwise normal kids at birth.
Placenta and tissues of fetuses and kids were inoculated into mice for determination of Toxoplasma infectivity. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the fetal placenta of 6 of 7 goats as early as 10 dai and as late as 62 dai. The organism was isolated from every fetus or kid that was born 18 dai but not from fetuses or kids born 9, 10, and 11 dai. Two kids were born 15 dai; T gondii was isolated from 1 kid but not from the other, suggesting that T gondii invaded fetal tissues between 11 and 15 dai. Of the 20 transplacental^ infected kids, T gondii was isolated more frequently from the skeletal muscle, heart, lung, and brain than from other tissues.
Abortion and Death in Goats Inoculated with Sarcocystis Sporocysts from Coyote Feces
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten 75- to 105-day-pregnant does each were inoculated orally with 1 million (2 does), 10,000 (4 does), or 1,000 (4 does) sporocysts of Sarcocystis from coyote feces. Two does not inoculated with sporocysts served as controls. The 2 does inoculated with 1 million sporocysts died from acute sarcocystosis 21 and 22 days after inoculation (dai), and each had 2 dead fetuses. The 4 does inoculated with 10,000 sporocysts were ill 19 to 33 dai but survived; 1 aborted at 33 dai, 1 had a live kid that died within 2 hours of birth 31 dai, 1 aborted 2 dead fetuses 23 dai, and 1 had a normal kid 56 dai. The 4 does inoculated with 1,000 sporocysts and the 2 control does remained clinically normal and had normal kids.
Does and their offspring were killed within 24 hours of parturition, and their tissues were examined histologically and microbiologically. Meronts of Sarcocystis were found in the maternal placenta of does inoculated with 1 million sporocysts. Sarcocystis was not found in the placenta, fetuses, or tissues of kids from does inoculated with 10,000 or 1,000 sporocysts, or from control does. Other abortifacient agents were not found in the placenta, fetuses, or kids from any does.
Oral Administration of Zinc Sulfate for Control of Ovine Foot Rot
Authors: Cross R. F. , Parker C. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) was added to the diet of adult ewes and lambs with contagious foot rot for periods of 4 weeks to 6 months and to the diet of lambs for 5 weeks before experimental exposure to foot rot. Intake averaged between 0.5 and 0.75 g/animal/day.
A beneficial effect was demonstrated when lambs with foot rot were fed ZnSO4 and were maintained under dry conditions, but when conditions were wet, ZnSO4 did not reduce the number of infections or prevent new infections. When ZnSO4 was fed before exposure, the infection rate of medicated lambs in a wet environment was almost twice that of unmedicated lambs in the same pen.