bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
That Which Makes the Sensation of Blue a Mental Fact: Moore on Phenomenal Relationism
Authors: Hellie Benj 
Published: November 2007

A gift of a dollar for each article in the philosophy of perception and consciousness published since 1990 making reference, explicitly or implicitly, to Moore's discussion in the second half of Moore 19031 of an alleged ‘transparency’ and ‘diaphanousness’ pertaining to some aspect of perceptual experience would very likely cover the tab of a mid‐priced dinner for two.2 Moore's poetically expressed observations have captured the imagination of contemporary philosophers of perception and consciousness, and have served as the basis of much fruitful discussion in those areas.Still, despite all the attention these observations have received, the contemporary literature lacks a close reading of the second half of Moore's paper, without which it is impossible to understand Moore's observations in the context in which they were originally expressed. It is understandable that such a close reading is lacking: the second half of Moore's paper has been rightly described by one of his most sympathetic and dedicated interpreters as ‘extremely dense and opaque’ (Klemke 2000: 55).3 But despite the evident difficulties of the task, I aim here, with some trepidation, to provide the missing close reading.The main points of my interpretation will be these. The centerpiece of the anti‐idealist manoeuvrings of the second half of the paper is a phenomenological argument for what I will call a relational view of perceptual phenomenal character, on which, roughly, ‘that which makes the sensation of blue a mental fact’ is a relation of conscious awareness, a view close to the opposite of the most characteristic contemporary view going under the transparency rubric.4 The discussion of transparency and diaphanousness is a sidelight, its principal purpose to shore up the main line of argumentation against criticism; in those passages all Moore argues is that the relation of conscious awareness is not transparent, while acknowledging that it can seem to be.My discussion will proceed as follows. In section 1, I will discuss some theses and elucidate some notions from the philosophy of perception and consciousness which will be central to my interpretation; having done so, I will be in a position to explain how an accurate understanding of Moore may contribute to theoretical advances in the philosophy of perception and consciousness. The next two sections contain the exegetical heart of the paper: section 2 provides an analysis of Moore's case for the relational view; section 3 attempts to explain the place of the relational view in the overall refutation of idealism. Section 4 critically discusses a pair of competing interpretations. Section 5 wraps things up, drawing concluding morals as to the campaigns on behalf of which Moore should and should not be enlisted.
Glutamine as a precursor for transmitter glutamate, aspartate and GABA in the cerebellum: a role for phosphate‐activated glutaminase
Authors: Holten Aleksander Talgøy , Gundersen Vidar 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPhosphate‐activated glutaminase is present at high levels in the cerebellar mossy fiber terminals. The role of this enzyme for the production of glutamate from glutamine in the parallel‐fiber terminals is unclear. In order to address this, we used light miroscopic immunoperoxidase and electron microscopic immunogold methods to study the localization of glutamate in rat cerbellar slices incubated with physiological K+ (3 mmol/L) and depolarizing K+ (40 mmol/L) concentrations, and during depolarizing conditions with the addition of glutamine and the glutaminase inhibitor 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐l‐norleucine. During K+‐induced depolarization glutamate labeling was redistributed from parallel‐fiber terminals to glial cells. The nerve terminal content of glutamate was sustained when the slices were supplied with glutamine, which also reduced the accumulation of glutamate in glia. In spite of glutamine supplementation, the depolarized slices treated with 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐l‐norleucine showed depletion of glutamate from parallel‐fiber terminals and accumulation in glial cells. We conclude that cerebellar parallel‐fiber terminals contain a glutaminase activity enabling them to synthesize glutamate from glutamine. Our results confirm that this is also true for the mossy fiber terminals. In addition, we show that, like for glutamate, the levels of aspartate in parallel‐fiber terminals and GABA in Golgi fiber terminals can be maintained during depolarization if glutamine is present. This process is dependent on the activity of a glutaminase, as it can be inhibited by 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐l‐norleucine, suggesting that the glutaminase reaction is important for glutamine to act as a precursor also for aspartate and GABA. The low levels of the kidney type of glutaminase that previously has been shown to be present in the parallel and Golgi fiber terminals could be sufficient to produce the transmitter amino acids. Alternatively, the amino acids could be produced from the liver type of glutaminase, which is not yet localized on the cellular level, or from an unknown glutminase.
Report of the Managing Editor
Authors: LLOYD TIM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOverall, 2003 was a fair year for the Journal. Importantly, the target of a four‐month average turnaround for submissions has been achieved and further steps have been set in train to reduce lags on papers in the tail of the distribution. Although the JAE slipped in to second place behind the AJAE in 2002 on the Institute of Scientific Information's ranking, the JAE's impact factor was higher than the average for recent years. An initial assessment of the JAE on‐line usage is positive with nearly 9,000 hits being recorded since the service was introduced in July 2002. This activity translates to over 500 hits per month, of which around 12% are downloads of full papers. Future growth of online usage is expected.
Modelling Population and Resource Scarcity in Fourteenth‐century England
Authors: Chavas Jean‐Paul , Bromley Daniel W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the empirical data relevant in the analysis of the agrarian transformation of England in the Middle Ages. It presents an empirical analysis of available data that investigates the role and extent of resource scarcity in 14th‐century England. The analysis offers a way forward for economists and historians to reach a plausible consensus about the reality of what may be one of the most important transition periods in European economic history. The insights gained throw useful light on the processes whereby agricultural relations evolved from ancient feudal structures.
A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Treatment of the Ban on UK Beef Exports: A Note
Authors: Philippidis George , Hubbard Lionel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHubbard and Philippidis Journal of Agricultural Economics (2001) Vol. 52, pp. 87–95] employ the standard Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyse the impact of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)‐induced ban on exports of UK beef. This note extends that study in four ways: (i) the dynamic GTAP model is employed to characterise long‐run savings–investment behaviour more correctly; (ii) the effect of the foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) outbreak of 2001 is included; (iii) an allowance is made for different levels of recovery in consumer confidence; and (iv) the impact analysis is now compared through time with a ‘no‐ban’ baseline. Long‐run comparisons after removal of the ban suggest that its legacy may continue for some time. However, because of the remedial safeguards and assurances offered in the wake of the BSE and FMD crises, there is a possibility that exports and outputs increase. Nevertheless, the economy‐wide impacts are negligible in both the short and the long run.
Farm Size Growth and Participation in Agri‐environmental Schemes: A Configural Frequency Analysis of the Swiss Case
Authors: Mann Stefan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between farm growth and participation in agri‐environmental schemes, using the example of meadow extensification schemes in Switzerland. As a result of small farm sizes in Swiss agriculture, theory would suggest that economies of scale are considerable for market production activities, so that for growing farms it would be rational to intensify. Configural frequency analysis is used to identify and describe combinations of farm size development and proportion of meadows placed under agri‐environmental schemes. In the Swiss case, growing farms are likely to reduce their participation, whereas shrinking farms have a growing share of their meadows under extensification schemes.
Fetal growth restriction and other risk factors for stillbirth in a New Zealand setting
Authors: McCOWAN Lesley M. E. , GEORGE‐HADDAD Maha , STACEY Tomasina , THOMPSON John M. D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground:  Stillbirth affects almost 1% of pregnant women in the Western world but is still not a research priority.Aims:  To assess in a cohort of stillbirths: the demographic risk factors, the prevalence of small for gestational age (SGA) by customised and population centiles, and the classification of death using the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Perinatal Death Classification (PSANZ‐PDC).Methods:  The study population comprised 437 stillborn babies (born from 1993 to 2000 at National Women's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand) and their mothers. The referent population for demographic factors was live births n = 69 173.Results:  After multivariable analysis, risk factors for stillbirths were: Indian (odds ratio (OR) 1.85, 95%CI (1.18, 2.91)), or Pacific Islander (OR 1.65, 95%CI (1.27, 2.14)); smoking (OR 1.33, 95%CI (0.99, 1.79)) or unknown smoking status (OR 2.87, 95%CI (2.30, 3.58)); nulliparity (OR 1.42, 95%CI (1.10, 1.83)), and para 2 (OR 1.36, 95%CI (1.01, 1.83)). One hundred and twenty‐nine (46%) stillbirths born ≥ 24 weeks (n = 278) were SGA by customised, and 94 (34%) by population centiles. Customised SGA was more common in preterm versus term stillbirths (101 of 198 (51%) vs 28 of 80 (35%), respectively, P = 0.02) but rates of population SGA did not differ (72 of 198 (36%) vs 22 of 80 (28%) P = 0.16). ‘Spontaneous preterm’ was the most common cause of stillbirth at < 28 weeks and ‘unexplained’ at ≥ 28 weeks using PSANZ‐PDC classification.Conclusions:  This study again emphasises the importance of suboptimal fetal growth as an important risk factor for stillbirth. Customised centiles identified more stillborn babies as SGA than population centiles especially preterm.
Improving health behaviours during pregnancy: A new direction for the pregnancy handheld record
Authors: WILKINSON Shelley A. , MILLER Yvette D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObstetric documentation processes may influence the clinical, behavioural, and psychological outcomes of pregnancy, although recent alterations to integrate obstetric documentation with pregnancy handheld records have been unsuccessful. Woman‐held records as a companion to usual obstetric documentation have the potential to improve pregnancy‐related health behaviours with a demonstrated association with maternal and infant health outcomes, and recommendations for their format and content are provided.
Employee entitlements during pregnancy and maternal psychological well‐being
Authors: COOKLIN Amanda R. , ROWE Heather J. , FISHER Jane R. W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground:  Antenatal psychological well‐being is multifactorially determined, including by social circumstances. Evidence suggests that workplace conditions are salient determinants of mental health, but it is not known whether employment conditions influence antenatal psychological well‐being.Aims:  To investigate the relationship between employment conditions and antenatal psychological well‐being in Australian women.Methods:  A sociodemographically diverse consecutive cohort of employed nulliparous women was recruited in late pregnancy. Data were collected by a structured interview assessing sociodemographic characteristics, employment arrangements, experience of pregnancy‐related discrimination, and access to maternity leave entitlements. Participants completed two standardised psychometric measures of maternal mood: the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) and the Profile of Mood States (PoMS). Comparisons of self‐reported mood were made between women by experience of workplace adversity, using a composite measure of workplace events.Results:  Of 205 eligible women, 165 agreed to participate. Of these, 114 of 165 (69%) reported at least one form of workplace adversity during pregnancy. More women without private health insurance (78%) reported workplace adversity than those who were privately insured (57%) (χ21 = 6.95, P = 0.008). Women experiencing workplace adversity had significantly worse psychological well‐being as indicated by the EDS score (7.7 ± 5.1) than those who were experiencing no workplace adversity (5.5 ± 3.4), mean difference (95% CI) = –2.2 (–3.7 to –0.8), P = 0.003. Similar results were reported for the PoMS.Conclusions:  Workplace adversity during pregnancy is associated with poorer maternal psychological well‐being. Workplace conditions and entitlements are salient factors for consideration in assessments of antenatal psychosocial well‐being.
Colonization and Infection by Helicobacter pylori in Humans
Authors: Andersen Leif Percival 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhen Helicobacter pylori arrives in the human stomach, it may penetrate the mucin layer and adhere to the gastric epithelial cells or it may pass through the stomach without colonizing the mucosa. In this paper, the colonization process and the ensuing immunological response will be briefly described. Urease production is necessary for H. pylori to establish a pH‐neutral microenvironment around the bacteria. The flagella enable the bacteria to move and the shape of H. pylori makes it possible to penetrate the mucin layer where it comes into contact with the gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori contains several adhesins that enable it to adhere to the epithelial cells. This adherence activates IL‐8 which, together with bacterial antigens, attracts polymorphs and monocytes and causes acute gastritis. Antigen‐presenting cells activate lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells that are attracted to the inflamed mucosa, causing chronic superficial gastritis and initiating a cytotoxic or an antigen‐producing Th response. The infection is established within a few weeks after the primary exposure to H. pylori. After this initial colonization, many chemical, biochemical, and immunologic reactions take place that are of importance in the progress of the infection and the development of disease.
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis, the Unifying Concept for Gastric Diseases
Authors: Egan Brian J. , Holmes Kate , O’Connor Humphrey J. , O'Morain Colm A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection causes a broad spectrum of clinical diseases and the clinical manifestations of the infection depend on host, environmental, and bacterial factors. These factors have an impact on the pattern and severity of gastritis and ultimately determine the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection. Better staging of gastritis may help to identify patients at risk of gastric cancer. In this article we will examine the complex interaction between host, environmental, and bacterial factors in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection.
Evolution of Helicobacter pylori Research as Observed Through the Workshops of the European Helicobacter Study Group
Authors: Mégraud Francis 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe European Helicobacter Study Group established a yearly workshop that has been held from 1988 to 2007. The analysis of the data from these workshops shows that 7246 abstracts were presented originating from 76 different countries. The distribution according to specific years follows a Gauss‐type curve with a peak in the mid‐1990s. The presenters were mainly from Europe, but an increasing number coming from non‐European countries was observed throughout the years. The evolution of the topics selected also evolved but was relatively stable these last 10 years. Some landmarks have been highlighted. These data constitute an important source of information with regard to the evolution of Helicobacter pylori research over these 20 years.
Long‐term bone marrow culture and its clinical potential in chronic wound healing
Authors: Badiavas Evangelos V. , Ford Dwayne , Liu Paul , Kouttab Nicola , Morgan John , Richards Amy , Maizel Abby 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTBone marrow‐derived cells have long been regarded to play a crucial role in the homeostasis of skin. We have previously described the clinical benefit of directly applying autologous bone marrow aspirate and cultured bone marrow cells to recalcitrant chronic skin wounds. The initial response to treatment appears to be vascular in nature with the formation of new blood vessels. The difficulty in consistently growing adequate numbers of cells for delivery to patients was, however, a limiting factor. Here, in a subsequent protocol, we describe an improved bone marrow culture system yielding a reliable growth of bone marrow cells and leading to a greater clinical response. Cells expressing markers of endothelial progenitors including CD133, CD146, and particularly CD14 are enhanced in these cultures. CD14‐isolated cells produced colonies in endothelial cell assays and sprouting in matrigel assays. Angiogenic cytokines, including angiogenin, epithelial neutrophil‐activating protein‐78, growth‐regulated oncogene, growth‐regulated oncogene‐α, Interleukin‐8, CXC16, and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, were found to be elevated in these cultures. Administration of improved culture cells to patients with chronic wounds present for >1 year lead to an enhanced clinical response.
Students' and Teachers' Assessments of the Need for Accuracy in the Oral Production of German as a Foreign Language
Authors: CHAVEZ MONIKA 
Published: November 2007

Previous research indicates that foreign language learners are much more focused on accuracy, particularly grammatical accuracy, than their teachers are. The purpose of the current study was to gain a more detailed understanding of American learners' views of the need for accuracy in the oral production of a foreign language (German) by (a) distinguishing among 4 different purposes of language use (deriving a personal sense of accomplishment; being comprehensible to a native speaker [NS]; being pleasant to an NS; receiving an A in the course); (b) specifying 19 different language forms (grammatical, phonological, lexical, and pragmatic) of German; (c) asking the learners to assess the likelihood of ever attaining 90% or higher accuracy in each of these features; (d) examining learners in 4 different years of instruction; and (e) comparing the learners' beliefs to those of their teachers.The results revealed that (a) the learners in this study were not universally motivated toward accuracy in oral production generally or toward grammatical accuracy specifically; (b) they assumed that the grade requirements demanded much higher levels of accuracy than were necessary (as reported by the teachers) and were needed for communication with NSs or for their personal sense of accomplishment; (c) the year of instruction distinguished ratings of needed accuracy in specific forms, but not ratings of the overall degree of needed accuracy; and (d) the views of beginning learners especially and their teachers differed on the degree of accuracy needed to obtain a grade of A in the course, to derive a sense of accomplishment, and in the usage of specific language forms. Here, the learners appeared to construct unwarranted equivalencies between form‐meaning relationships in the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) when they perceived that a low degree of accuracy was needed in certain German forms, particularly case endings and suprasegmental features.These findings suggest that judgments of required accuracy: (a) interact with the specific language‐use purpose and specific language forms; (b) may vary by specific L1–L2 pairings; and (c) may have reflected in previous research the learners' perceptions of grade requirements rather than their true personal motivations.
The Effects of Candidate Gender on Campaign Spending in State Legislative Elections*
Authors: Hogan Robert E. 
Published: November 2007

Objective. This article will investigate whether candidate gender affects levels of campaign spending in state legislative elections.Methods. The analysis compares men and women candidates running for the state legislature in 20 states over two election cycles. By controlling for a range of contextual factors, the analysis isolates the independent influence of candidate gender.Results. The findings demonstrate that women and men spend similar levels of campaign funding in running for the state legislature. Running as incumbents, challengers, or open‐seat candidates, women are not at a financial disadvantage relative to similarly situated men candidates in the general election.Conclusions. Although women may suffer difficulties at other parts of the electoral process, women are not at a disadvantage relative to men in how much money their campaigns ultimately allocate for the purposes of gaining voter support.
Men's Migration and Women's Lives: Views from Rural Armenia and Guatemala*
Authors: Menjívar Cecilia , Agadjanian Victor 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. This study seeks to comparatively assess the consequences of men's migration for gender roles and relations in Armenia and Guatemala.Methods. We use 29 in‐depth interviews conducted with women in Guatemala and 27 interviews conducted in Armenia, complemented with field observations. Results. Men's migration exerts diverse effects on their wives' lives, and these effects are mediated by the sociocultural milieu in which the women live and by the context in which the men generate incomes. As do other studies, we find that women take on added responsibilities when their partners migrate for work, but unlike most other studies, our data do not show that these new responsibilities significantly transform women's status and relationships.Conclusions. On balance, the division of labor established through the husbands' migration further reinforces gender inequality. Men's role as breadwinners and primary decisionmakers is further strengthened, as is women's subordinate position in the household.
Undergraduate Women in Science and Engineering: Effects of Faculty, Fields, and Institutions Over Time*
Authors: Sonnert Gerhard , Fox Mary Frank , Adkins Kristen 
Published: November 2007

Objective. Taking an institutional approach to the determinants of outcomes for women in science and engineering, we examine the effects on women's percentages among undergraduate majors and among degree recipients of four basic factors: (1) the percentage of faculty who are women in the students' major science/engineering area; (2) the students' disciplines (biology, physical sciences, and engineering); (3) the type of institution in which students are enrolled (“Research I” vs. others); and (4) a time trend (1984–2000).Method. We use longitudinal, multivariate, and multi‐institutional data from the Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS) and from a mail survey of registrars.Results. Over the observation period, the women's percentages have risen steadily. The effects of disciplines and departments are stronger than those of institutions. Especially notable is that the percentages of women among undergraduate science/engineering majors and degree recipients are associated with the percentages of women among the faculty in these fields.Conclusion. The findings contribute empirically to the discussion about the effects of “role models” for the participation and performance of women in science and engineering—and point to the strong effects of departments, compared to institutions, in accounting for degrees awarded to undergraduate women.