bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug selling among drug misusers before intake to treatment and at 1‐year follow‐up: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS)
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL , MARSDEN JOHN , STEWART DUNCAN 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDrug misusers recruited to the National Treatment Outcome Research Study were interviewed at intake to treatment programmes throughout England (n = 1075), and after 1 year (n = 753). Data were collected on self‐reported involvement in and frequency of drug‐selling activities and other crimes during the 90‐day periods prior to each interview. A huge number of drug‐selling offences (39 153) was reported prior to intake. Fewer than one‐third of the clients (29%) reported selling drugs during the 90 days prior to intake, and among those clients who had sold drugs, drug selling was an infrequent and occasional activity. Most clients reported not selling drugs. A small minority (7%) committed the majority (89%) of drug‐selling offences. These high‐rate drug sellers reported different patterns of substance misuse to other drug sellers, including more frequent use of heroin but less severe dependence upon heroin, and less frequent drinking. The involvement of these high‐rate drug sellers may reflect a more ‘professional’ approach to dealing. Reductions in dealing were found for clients from both residential and methadone programmes. Overall, the number of dealing offences at 1 year was reduced to a less than one‐fifth of intake levels and the rate of involvement in crime was also reduced to less than two‐thirds of intake levels. Reductions in drug selling were associated with reductions in regular heroin use.
The management of opioid withdrawal
Authors: Gowing Linda R. , Ali Robert L. , White Jason M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo date there has been little consensus on best practice in the management of opioid withdrawal. Regimes involving reducing doses of methadone or the administration of α2‐adrenergic agonists such as clonidine and lofexidine are most common, but the use of opioid antagonists to induce withdrawal, and the partialagonist, buprenorphine, are gaining in popularity. This paper reviews 213 published reports of interventions to manage opioid withdrawal. Rates of completion and severity of withdrawal are similar when managed with either α2‐adrenergic agonists or reducing doses of methadone but α2‐adrenergic agonists, particularly clonidine, are associated with a higher incidence 2 of hypotensive side effects. Variability in the opioid antagonist treatment regimes prevents the identification of standard approaches. The use of opioid antagonists may increase completion rates, but with the risk of more severe withdrawal. Buprenorphine has considerable promise for the management of opioid withdrawal, being associated with lower withdrawal severity, fewer side effects and similar completion rates to withdrawal managed with α2‐adrenergic agonists. Withdrawal in an in‐patient setting is associated with higher completion rates than withdrawal in an out‐patient setting. Psychological state prior to and during withdrawal may be important in determining withdrawal outcomes. It is currently not possible to determine to what extent the setting and detoxification protocol influences long‐term outcomes.
Survey of marine contamination from mining-related activities on Marinduque Island, Philippines: Porewater toxicity and chemistry
Authors: Carr R. Scott , Nipper Marion , Plumlee Geoffrey S. 
Published: June 2007

Pore waters were collected for toxicological and chemical analyses at several stations on the coast of Marinduque, near the mouths of the Boac and Mogpog rivers, and near the causeways formed by mine tailings disposal. Porewater samples were also collected at the Tres Reyes Marine Reserve, so that these non-contaminated samples could serve as a reference for test performance.
Sea urchin embryological development and fertilization were only significantly impaired by two porewater samples, suggesting the presence of contaminants in toxic amounts at those stations. The toxic samples were collected near the up current side of the Calancan (Marcopper) mine tailings causeway (stations 2 and 3). The pore water from station 2 also had the highest levels of heavy metals, particularly cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. The concentrations of cobalt, nickel and zinc were also elevated at station 3. Copper concentrations were also elevated at the two river mouth stations (8 and 9) and near the CMI tailings causeway (station 7).
Visual observations also indicated biological degradation due to heavy siltation and smothered coral at a gradient off the Calancan causeway, suggesting that siltation might also be causing a physical impact. This preliminary survey suggests that effects related to past mining activities are still evident and warrant a more comprehensive study to assess their severity and areal extent.
Seasonally Variable Eusocially Selected Traits in the Paper Wasp,Mischocyttarus mexicanus
Authors: Gunnels Charles W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe expression of alternative traits that benefit eusocial individuals but are not directly involved in reproductive differences among those individuals, which I call ‘eusocially selected traits’, may vary in response to environmental changes if this increases an individual's inclusive fitness. In this study, I describe traits that separate individuals within the reproductive division of labor ofMischocyttarus mexicanus, a eusocial paper wasp, and determine whether observed eusocially selected traits vary across seasons. I examinedM. mexicanusbecause females initiate new nests throughout most of the year where they experience different conditions depending on the season. Findings from this study suggest two main conclusions: (1) phenotypic differences amongM. mexicanusfemales are mixed, showing specialized, generalized, and context‐dependent eusocially selected traits and (2) a female's position within the reproductive division of labor may be influenced by its state. The presence of context‐dependent traits, e.g. large females initiated solitary nests in the spring and grouped nests during the summer, suggests that the payoff for pursuing different positions within the reproductive division of labor changes across seasons. The expression of context‐dependent eusocially selected traits also suggests that, roles, instead of castes, may better reflect the reproductive division of labor among individuals of eusocial species likeM. mexicanus.
Effects of motivational and volitional email messages (MVEM) with personal messages on undergraduate students’ motivation, study habits and achievement
Authors: Kim ChanMin , Keller John M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigated what kind of supportive information can be effective in improving the situation where there were severe motivational challenges. Motivational and volitional email messages (MVEM) were constructed based on an integrated model of four theories and methods, which are Keller's ARCS model, Kuhl's action control theory, Gollwitzer's Rubicon model of motivation and volition, and Visser & Keller's strategy of motivational messages, and distributed with personal messages created based on audience analysis to a large undergraduate class. In order to examine the effects of the messages on motivation for the course, study habits (study time), and achievement (test grade), MVEM were sent to 30 students (Personal Message Group: PMG) with personal messages and to 71 students (Non‐Personal Message Group: NonPMG) without personal messages. Results indicated that PMG showed a higher level of motivation, especially in regard to confidence, than NonPMG. Also, the mean test grade of PMG increased so that the initial difference of the test grade between the two groups significantly decreased. Although there was no difference between the two groups in study habits, the findings suggest that personal messages addressing specific individual problems raise the positive effects of MVEM constructed based on the integrated model. Future research directions are discussed.
The specific involvement of verbal and visuospatial working memory in hypermedia learning
Authors: Pazzaglia Francesca , Toso Cristina , Cacciamani Stefano 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany models have hypothesized that multimedia comprehension requires the concurrent processing of verbal and visuospatial information by limited information processing systems. However, in spite of the emphasis devoted to the concurrent processing of verbal and visuospatial information, little research has so far investigated the specific role played by verbal and visuospatial abilities in multimedia comprehension. The present paper aims to study the specific involvement of verbal and visuospatial working memory in multimedia learning.Ninety‐two students (39 boys and 53 girls) from a middle school in a small city in the northeast of Italy, were asked to learn new information on the physical and social geography of Germany from a hypermedium. Participants were also required to perform a reading comprehension test, two short‐term memory tasks, and two working memory tasks, which assessed either verbal or visuospatial memory. The results support the hypothesis that both verbal and visuospatial working memory sub‐components play a role in hypermedium processing, but with specific and distinct functions: the performance in the verbal working memory task was able to predict the semantic knowledge children can derive from hypermedia learning. In contrast, visuospatial working memory seemed to have lower connections to the semantic knowledge children derived from a hypermedia document, whereas its role emerged in the ability to construct a representation of the document structure.
Pulmonary sequestration of cardioplegia administered via the aortic root during aortocoronary bypass surgery
Authors: McFarlane Tamra , Kleinloog Robert , Bennett Margot 
Published: June 2007

A semi-quantitative method was devised of tracing blood flow through the heart and lungs at the time of cardioplegia delivery and circulatory arrest of the heart during coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). There were no previous studies confirming or disputing an accepted `observation' by cardiac surgeons that cardioplegia solution does enter the lung parenchyma during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study was conducted as part of a larger (n = 142) double-blind, randomised, controlled, clinical research study. Objective: The objective was initially to establish the efficacy of measures to prevent cardioplegia entering the lungs and, subsequently, to determine whether cardioplegia indeed circulates through the lung parenchyma or merely accumulates and `pools'. Method: A prospective study on 20 consecutive patients (5 per group) admitted for CABG was made. Technetium (Tc-99m), a radioactive isotope, was added to the cold blood cardioplegia solution prior to cardioplegia delivery in order to track flow of cardioplegia solution. An independent nuclear medicine radiographer measured the samples with the use of a `Curimentor' dose calibrator for presence and quantity of radiation in the samples. Decay was factored into the results. The Tc-99m tracer samples were also analysed using Gamma Acquisition and Analysis on the Genie 2000vdm Well Counter to confirm the presence and quantity of Tc-99m. Results: In the four groups, it was confirmed that the pulmonary artery (PA) vent is 90—100% effective in retrieving any cardioplegia solution not drained by the atriocaval cannulae. Conclusions: The PA vent is effective in preventing cold blood cardioplegia solution from entering the lungs. Any cardioplegia that does enter the lung parenchyma during CPB circulates through the lungs and can be retrieved by a vent in the left atrium. This method may be useful in other studies that require investigation. Perfusion (2007) 22, 93—103.
Going Home
Authors: Alcalde M. Cristina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this essay, I draw on my fieldwork in Lima, Peru to critically explore the power relationships within my own feminist research and practice and illustrate what feminist research in one's own society might include. I pay special attention to my roles as academic and advocate and reflect on how power asymmetries based on race, educational status, and class were both reproduced and reshaped during my fieldwork, and how my feminist research agenda and partial insider status were directly tied to the creation and continuation of these power asymmetries. As I illuminate potential dilemmas, rewards, and difficulties that may result from feminist research in one's own society, I foreground the potential for effecting social change from within, the researcher's social responsibility and engagement in the field, and the blurring of boundaries between insider and outsider.
Race, Tribal Nation, and Gender
Authors: Ramirez Renya 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Too often there is the assumption in Native communities that we as indigenous women should defend a tribal nationalism that ignores sexism as part of our very survival as women as well as our liberation from colonization. In contrast, in this essay, I assert that race, tribal nation, and gender should be non-hierarchically linked as categories of analysis in order to understand the breadth of our oppression as well as the full potential of our liberation in the hope that one day we can belong as full members of our homes, communities, and tribal nations. Indeed, both indigenous women and men should develop a Native feminist consciousness based on the assumption that struggles for social autonomy will no longer include the denial of Native women's gendered concerns and rights.
Functionalization of industrial polypropylene films via the swift‐heavy‐ion‐induced grafting of glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Chawla S. , Ghosh A. K. , Avasthi D. K. , Kulriya P. , Ahmad S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSwift‐silver‐ion irradiation was explored as a means of forming chemically active sites on the surface of biaxially oriented polypropylene films. The active species, formed in air, was used to induce the graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in an aqueous solution. The surface structure, crystallinity, morphology, and hydrophilicity of the grafted samples were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, UV, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and contact‐angle measurements. Glycidyl methacrylate could be grafted onto biaxially oriented polypropylene after swift‐heavy‐ion irradiation without an additional initiator. The contact angle of the modified films decreased with the grafting percentage of glycidyl methacrylate on the polypropylene. The swift silver ions induced significant grafting only in small regions (i.e., the latent tracks) of the polymer. Furthermore, as the fluence of swift heavy ions increased beyond an optimum value, the overlapping of the latent tracks reduced the grafting yield. The observed findings could be very useful in developing an initiator‐free grafting system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Brief report: A clinical tracking system for helping see the forest through the trees
Authors: Karan Orv C. , Harrington Susan S. , Broday Steven F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAdults with developmental disabilities who display behavior disorders repressent some of our field's biggest challenges. Those who provide direct support for such individuals are sometimes frightened and often frustrated by the occurrence of these behaviors parrticularly if neither they nor the agencies for whom they work have been successful in alleviating them. Under such circumstances the agency may secure the services of a consultant. At such times the consultant may find it diffcult to obtain information [from which to generate plausible hypothese and design interventionl plans] that is not unduly influenced by the emotions of the moment. This article describes a stop‐gap system that can be used under such circumstsances to gather and analyze valuable longitudinal behavioual ecological data. The basic assumptions and strategies of this system are explained and illustrated through three case studies.
Brief report: Building choice opportunities within a robot‐assisted occupational program: A case study
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Bellini Domenico , Oliva Doretta 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChoice opportunities were built within an existing robot‐assisted occupational program. The new version of the program (with choice opportunities) was then employed with a low‐functioning, multiply handicapped man who had previously been trained in the old version of the same program (the one with no choice opportunities). The results have shown that the man responded “purposefully” to choice situations and maintained highly accurate activity engagement. The importance of providing choice opportunities to people with severe and multiple handicaps and the cost and benefits of the program used in this study are discussed.
An electronic guidance system for multihandicapped blind persons: Evaluating its effectiveness and likableness
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Oliva Doretta , Bracalente Sandro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn electronic guidance system was used to help two multihandicapped blind persons move and carry out activities within a large setting. Both subjects had previously been exposed to a robot‐assisted program. The electronic guidance system consisted of three parts: a control unit, infrared light sources, and a portable device. The portable device provided the subjects with direction feedbacks concerning the activity places. Data showed that both subjects learned to use the device and thus could profitably engage in mobility and activity. When allowed to choose between the new system and the robot, one subject preferred the robot, the other the new system. A group of parents, who were shown video‐tapes of the two subjects while working with the new system and with the robot, preferred the new system. Efficacy, likableness and cost of this system and of the robot are discussed.
Abuse and neglect of adults with mental retardation in different residential settings
Authors: Furey Eileen M. , Niesen Jill J. , Strauch James D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEighty‐two per cent of all cases of abuse or neglect of an adult with mental retardation substantiated by the Abuse Investigation Division of the Connecticut Office of Protection and Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities over a five‐year period occurred in the victim's residence. Chi square analyses revealed that there was significantly more abuse in institutions and group homes and significantly less in the individual's own home. Furthermore, analyses revealed that there was significantly more personal neglect in group homes and community training homes and significantly less in own homes. The results were discussed and recommendations made regarding ways of reducing abuse and neglect.
Graduated exposure plus feedback in the treatment of speech anxiety
Authors: Lawm Gerald D. , Schwartz Cynthia , Houlihan Daniel , Cassisi Jeffrey E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the effectiveness of a graduated exposure procedure, combined with peer feedback, in the treatment of speech anxiety. Subjects were assigned to one of two conditions: (a) graduated exposure/shaping plus feedback or (b) no‐treatment control. Results indicated that the graduated exposure/shaping plus feedback treatment group demonstrated significantly greater speech anxiety reduction than the no‐treatment control group at post‐ and follow‐up assessment.
Occupational stress and burnout amongst staff working with people with an intellectual disability
Authors: Aitken Christopher J. , Schloss Janice A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Occupational Stress Inventory (Osipow & Spokane, 1987) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach, 1982) were used to assess the levels of occupational stress and burnout amongst staff providing services to people with an intellectual disability both in an institutional and community settings. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of direct client contact, staff mental health, and working environment (institution vs. community). While levels of burnout and occupational stress were not high overall, staff working in an institutional setting scores more highly.
Suicidal threats and behavior in a person with developmental disabilities: Effective psychiatric monitoring based on a fundamental assessment
Authors: Sturmey Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA psychiatric monitoring procedure was designed to better manage and treat suicidal behavior and threats in a person with moderate mental retardation, and psychiatric disorders. During the baseline suicidal threats and behavior were managed by assigning the person a counselor available to discuss his problems, keeping him in eyesight at all time, admission to the state school infirmary, counseling from his physician, and admission to a Multiple Disabilities Unit (MDU) located in a state hospital located 2 hr drive away from the state school in which he lived. A functional assessment indicated that these behaviors were not related to depressed mood or a depressive disorder. Rather, they were socially mediated operant behaviors in a person with poor impulse control, in which the attempts to manage the behaviors by the interdisciplinary team might have been counter‐habilitative. A psychiatric surveillance procedure was based upon this functional assessment. The procedure consisted of increasing the number of apparently pleasurable activities available on the living area, asking for a no harm agreement following suicide threats or attempts, social isolation for 12–36 hr immediately contingent upon failure to give a no harm agreement, and release from social isolation contingent upon a no harm agreement. Data showed that this procedure was completely successful in reducing admissions to the MDU over a 7 month period. The social isolation was typically used once a week for approximately 25 hours over the 7‐month period. It was noted that considerable savings were made by not using admissions to the state hospital over a 7‐month period. Functional assessment can form the basis of developing and evaluating a variety of procedures relating to challenging behavior in persons with dual diagnosis including management of suicidal threats and behavior.
A system of program evaluation and the use of feedback as a means of improving service delivery
Authors: Smith Dawn M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAgencies providing services to individuals with developmental disabilities must demonstrate quality programing as evidenced through a high level of staff compliance to organizational, licensing, and accreditation standards. In addition, economic and practical considerations impose the need for cost‐effective procedures for evaluating and improving staff performance. This study utilized a combination of checklists, as an evaluative tool to measure staff performance, and private feedback to improve staff performance. A multiple baseline design was used to determine the effects of providing staff with (a) orientation training, (b) task‐analyzed checklists of job skills, (c) private feedback from the agency trainer, and (d) private feedback from their immediate supervisor. Results indicate that training alone does not ensure competency; checklists alone do not ensure competency; private feedback from trainers improves competency; and private feedback from direct supervisors improves competency even further.
Chromatography of amino acids and short peptides. New advances
Authors: Cserháti T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe newest results in the application of various chromatographic methods (gas–liquid chromatography, liquid chromatographic techniques, electrically driven systems) for the separation and quantitative determination of amino acids and short peptides in pure state and in complicated matrices are compiled. The results are concisely described and critically evaluated. The future trends of the chromatographic analysis of amino acids and short peptides are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.