bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of a Bioremediation Process for Hydrocarbons Polluted Soil
Authors: Setier J. C. , Ouvrard S. , Schwartz C. , Faure P. , Guimont S. , Renat J. C. , Pornain J. L. , Perié F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Throughout the world, the oil industry generates polluted soils contaminated with crude oil or petroleum residues. Dealing with these contaminated materials has become an increasing concern and requires innovative technologies able to remove the pollution but offering as well guaranties on the efficiency and safety of the treated material.
This paper proposes the assessment of a bioremediation process of polluted soils contaminated by oil. In partnership with scientists from INPL/INRA (French National Research Institute for Agronomy) and CNRS (French National Scientific Research Center) specialized in organic pollutants chemistry, agronomy and pedology, TOTAL E&P carried an experimental on a biopile process over 15 months. Thirty cubic meter of polluted soil (24 tons) were engineered on three concrete basement plots (3.2 x3 m) covered by a black tent to avoid meteoric water infiltration. In order to optimize bioremediation effects, fertilization was carried out, consisting of supplying agricultural fertilizers to reach a C/N/P ratio of 100/9/1. The soil was mixed with straw (15% v/v) to increase air diffusion, stimulate micro-organisms growth and improve the soil structure. Moreover water was periodically added to keep moisture content between 80 to 100 % of the water holding capacity of the soil. The treatment was assessed not only on the base of the total contaminant concentration but also on a fine chemical characterization and on an ecotoxicological point of view. The evolution of the composition of the pollutants was assessed through the 15 months of the experiment and completed with toxicity measurements on both leachates (Microtox®) and soil (plant germination and growth tests).
Results showed that the total contaminant concentration was decreased by 72%.
The main outcome of this experiment is to determine the ratio between the biodegradation rate of low molecular weight organic molecules and the one of macromolecules, which are significantly more difficult to biodegrade.
The experiment also aimed at generating 30m3 of partially treated soil to evaluate its impact on the environment.
The final objective is optimal re-use of soils polluted by hydrocarbons after treatment, in view of sustainable management of the soil resource.
Chad-Cameroon Oil Development and Pipeline Project—Contribution to Local Company Success
Authors: Gruat Jacky , Bichara Mahamat 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the early stages of Project in 2001, there were no Project-approved companies involved in management of restricted waste in Cameroon. The Project's landfills were still under construction and wastes were stored in shipping containers.
In 2002, the Cameroon Oil Transportation Company (COTCO) decided to engage with a qualified local company which had just recently started up, BOCOM, to provide restricted waste handling services in accordance with the Project business opportunity plan. This plan is designed to recognize qualified, competitive, local and national businesses that can supply high quality goods and services. BOCOM was then approved by COTCO as they met local laws and regulations.
Initially, COTCO was the only company supplying waste (oily debris, expired chemical products, medical waste, etc.) for incineration to BOCOM.
By 2006, BOCOM had grown to thirty one customers and COTCO's volume represented only 6% of the total wastes managed by the company.
In just five years of existence, BOCOM's operating capital has grown from five million FCFA/year ($10,000) to approximately four billion FCFA/year ($8 million).
The company operates both nationally and internationally and has received three awards worldwide. The company has invested in additional facilities and has diversified its activities to include a used battery recycling unit which exports lead to the world market.
Minimizing Environmental Impacts in the Arctic: 30 Years of Oil Development on the North Slope of Alaska
Authors: Platt Janet D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Over the last 30 years, oil development on Alaska's North Slope has evolved to incorporate new practices and technologies that continue to help reduce the impacts of BP's operations on the environment. BP's commitment to "no harm to the environment" means we are continuing to seek ways to reduce our emissions to air and water, better manage our waste, reduce our footprint on the land, and prevent our operations from negatively impacting wildlife. Technology improvements, new BP environmental requirements for new projects, and enhanced environmental management systems will help us continue to improve performance and continually drive down environmental impacts of our oil and gas operations.
Adaptations that have helped BP reduce our overall footprint on the North Slope tundra include the use of ice roads, eliminating surface reserve pits, and enhancements in drilling technology including directional drilling. These practices have allowed us to reduce our footprint for a typical pad development by 30% from the original designs of the mid-1970s. Re-injection of wastes has allowed us to eliminate surface impacts from managing newly generated drilling waste and oily solid wastes from pipelines and vessel cleanouts, and to reclaim old storage pits used during the early years of development. BP continues to test cleaner air technologies to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from gas turbines and is studying ways to reduce or reuse greenhouse gases in future developments.
BP continues to participate in research to better understand the effects of our operations on the environment and to seek new ways to design and operate our facilities of the future. Because we have integrated environmental protection into the earliest company planning process for new projects, decision makers are able to consider design attributes that will continue to reduce environmental impacts of future development.
Human Factors in Drill and Well Operations—The Drillers’ Work Situation
Authors: Heber Hilde , Wiig Siri , Enoksen Arne M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the results from a questionnaire conducted as a part of a Human Factors project within drilling and well operations on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). The main purpose of conducting the project and the survey has been for the drilling contractors themselves to gain insight into risk factors associated with the drillers’ work, and to set their own priorities for implementing improvement measures. The project was managed by the Petroleum Safety Authority, Norway (PSA), and assisted by the Det Norske Veritas (DNV). This paper reports the results from a survey of the drillers’ work situation.
The PSA project related to Human Factors in drilling and well operations started in 2005. The initial work revealed that the work pressure on the driller could be unreasonably high. The PSA started working on Human Factors in drilling and well operations in 2005. As a result, the PSA developed a questionnaire regarding the drillers work situation. A total of 187 drillers on 34 facilities responded to the questionnaire. As a vital aspect of the study, the PSA requested each of the drilling contractors to write a summary of the questionnaire responses and to prepare a short presentation of potential measures identified by the company to follow up.
Several factors influencing the drillers’ work situation were revealed in the survey. The drillers reported positive feedback regarding the interaction between management and drillers; and between colleagues. Results demonstrated challenges regarding the drillers’ work situation related to managerial aspects; workload and responsibility; competence and understanding of risk; procedures; physical design of the drilling area; drilling system design and alarm management.
Energy Efficiency Assessments—Just a Paper Exercise?
Authors: Speirs K. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDrivers behind improving energy efficiency at any industrial site include environmental legislation, company policy, process optimization, cost reduction and not least the need to control the generation of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Energy efficiency assessments were carried out at a number of Total E&P UK Limited (TEPUK) sites, on and offshore. The assessment of each site followed a set format which include certain key steps; project kick off, full site survey and discussions, with operations and support staff. The assessments allow site specific action plans with short and long term improvements to be formulated and implemented. Analysis of cost, operability, maintainability, environmental impact, safety and security of supply has been used to justify and prioritize actions to be implemented. Recommendations for improvement differ greatly between sites, however there is a re-occurring recommendation to calculate and monitor energy performance indicators for each facility. Development of this indicator gives an operational baseline to measure process changes and improvements against. Close monitoring of changes against baseline provides additional feedback for process and cost optimization strategies.The value of energy efficiency assessments with regards to cost effective operation and process optimization should not be overlooked. Significant energy savings are achievable through detailed investigation – approximately 3-5% fuel savings are achievable through implementation of the "quick win" changes. Benefits are not only visible in process and associated costs. Environmentally, the reduction of energy consumption has a positive effect on GHG emissions and reduces the overall environmental impact of operations.
Pilot Project on Rehabilitation and Protection of Tugai Forests
Authors: Askerov Faig 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Tugai forests are a threatened ecosystem in Azerbaijan. These forests currently occupy approximately 18,000 Ha, less than 10% of the extent of just a few decades past. A first of its kind in Azerbaijan, BP's Regional Biodiversity project established a sustainable model for the rehabilitation and protection of this national resource. The project was implemented in cooperation with the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (MENR), NGO's, Academic Societies, and Local Authorities. The project was guided by a Steering Group composed of BP, Baku-Tiblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, and MENR representatives, and implemented by an Executive Group nominated from the Steering Group. The causes of Tugai forest decline are varied and include: i). lack of access to energy resources (use as firewood); ii) lack of environmental awareness; iii) agricultural encroachment; iv) socio-economic drivers at the local population level. Other causes include flooding caused by the construction of dams for reservoirs and power projects without adequate ecosystem compensation programs. The project consisted of a Preparation Stage and an Implementation Stage. The preparation stage was carried out during 2003-2004 and included selection of a Pilot Area, baseline surveys, environmental awareness training, the study of societal aspects of the area and the development of an Action Plan for project implementation. The Implementation stage, 2005 – 2007, included the development of a planting design by the "Soyug Bulag" NGO, planting of 40,000 trees in a 12 Ha area and preparing a further 150 Ha to encourage natural Tugai regeneration, carried out by the "Gulul – 318" NGO. The project was notable for its 100% National content, both within BP and its partners, and implementation with support from local organisations, experts, and community representatives. The project also raised the safety culture and environmental awareness of national contractors through provision of HSE training and a fully implemented BP HES Policy and Contractor Management system: there were no injuries, accidents, or negative impacts to the environment during project implementation. In addition to achieving its primary goal of developing a model for restoring Tugai Forests, and the actual forest area restored, the project was also successful in transferring knowledge on structured and cost effective management practices to local contractors. Several environmental awareness publications have been published including a short film on the project. A longer documentary is currently being developed.
Emerging Issues in Produced Water Management: TOTAL E&P NORGE's Approach
Authors: Goud Pierre , Helland Stig , Goldszal Alexandre , Moltu Ulf E. , Pinturier Laurence 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) is subject to stringent requirements regarding offshore discharges. Focus has previously been on dispersed oil concentration (OIW) in produced water (PW) discharge, but management tools like the calculation of the Environmental Impact Factor (EIF) have also shown the important contributions of naturally occurring dissolved components and production chemicals. Even if the legislation seeks a balance between technical feasibility and economic cost, it is believed that regulators may wish to move to requirements where dispersed oil concentration is not the only parameter to be considered.
Furthermore, recently developed water treatment technologies are currently being installed on the NCS. In relation with the various water management actors (operators, manufacturers, researchers, authorities), Total E&P Norge's R&D department is strongly involved in the issues related to installation and operation of these technologies. The work described in this study was performed in order to set guidelines to define strategy regarding R&D future directions within water management, foreseeing worldwide more restrictive legislation.
The paper presents a methodology, based upon experience from the NCS, to help to meet upcoming issues in produced water management. Efficiency and operating window of various produced water treatment technologies have been defined according to water inlet quality and field characteristics. The results are presented through a database to compare and rank performances and to set up a global vision of water treatment capabilities. The requirements of offshore facilities, operating criteria, etc. are also taken into consideration and are recorded in the database. By use of the database, combined with the EIF approach identifying, the most harmful compounds of a produced water discharge and quantifying the potential environmental benefits of PW management actions, the most appropriate technologies can be selected on a given field. Fewer field trials will have to be performed and new technologies will be installed more efficiently in the produced water treatment line. This methodology has been validated by Total E&P Norge on several cases on the NCS where new technologies have been implemented.
Meeting Expectations: A New Model for a Just and Fair Culture
Authors: Hudson Patrick , Vuijk Margot , Bryden Robin , Biela Dominika , Cowley Charles 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper first discusses the problem of non-compliance in high hazard industries, as these constitute the most frequent type of dangerous activities in terms of accident outcomes. Evidence is drawn from aviation and the petrochemical sectors. The causes of non-compliance are found to form a ‘lethal cocktail’ of i) the expectation that rules will have to be bent, ii) the feeling of powerfulness, iii) the existence of opportunity and iv) poor planning of work. Non-compliant behaviour can be seen as a natural response of motivated and competent individuals, often selected for their ability to show initiative, in the face of poor planning and the existence of alternative ways to get the job done. Six distinct types of non-compliance are identified, two unintentional – failures of Understanding and Awareness -, Situational, Exceptional and one for Company Benefit and one type for Personal Benefit. The issue of reckless non-compliance is discussed, together with the difference that must be considered between one-off and routine non-compliances. A previous model for the management of non-compliance, the Just Culture, is analysed and found to have a number of shortcomings, including a sensitivity to the manner of implementation, the implicit messages it sends about the importance of punishment as a way of managing non-compliance, and a lack of explicit recognition of managerial accountabilities. A new model, Meeting Expectations, is introduced in which all the distinct types of non-compliance are recognised, as well as non-intentional human error and expected and exemplary behaviours. For each of these types of behaviours there is a set of consequences defined for both the individual and their line managers.
Carriage of Drilling Fluids and Brines—Implications for the Offshore Industry
Authors: Walker Kirsty , Macrae David , Ronald Paul 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The MARPOL Convention is the principle International Convention covering Prevention of Pollution from Ships. Annex II of the Convention, "Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk" applies to all vessels, including Offshore Support Vessels, when carrying chemicals listed in the "International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)."
Offshore Support Vessels (OSVs) carrying Noxious Liquid Substances (NLS) in bulk must comply with the requirements of "The Guidelines for the Transport and Handling of Limited Amounts of Hazardous and Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk on Offshore Support Vessels (LHNS)" Guidelines Resolution A673.(16) as amended. These Guidelines apply to vessels constructed on/after 19 April 1990 and are intended to permit limited quantities of these hazardous and NLS to be transported in bulk with minimum risk to the vessel, its crew and the environment. For OSVs built prior to 19 April 1990, A.673 (16) still applies but to a lesser extent, and to the satisfaction of the relevant National Administration.
For OSVs a Certificate of Fitness is required to be issued by the vessel's flag state when carrying NLS in bulk in ships tanks. For the bulk liquid chemical suppliers, their products must be assessed and listed in Chapters 17 or 18 of the IBC Code, MEPC.2/Circ and/or in Appendix I of the LHNS Guidelines and the Certificate of Fitness for the vessel.
Two major issues have arisen – the first issue being the lack of understanding of the identification process for NLS in bulk, in particular the pollution category and ship tankage required. The second issue being the potential implications to drilling operations if all products used within the offshore industry could not be shipped offshore unless they have undergone GESAMP/EHS assessment prior to 1 January 2007.
There have been several cases of major oil companies experiencing difficulties when trying to ship routine drilling fluids and brines in bulk using their regular OSVs. This is due to vessels not having a certificate and/or the products not being assessed in accordance with the requirements of MARPOL Annex II. Consequently, significant lost rig time could have resulted if the issue had not been resolved.
The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness within the offshore oil industry of the International requirements when shipping NLS in bulk on OSVs and to provide guidance for the assessment of NLS, and in particular, the pollution category and ship tankage required. The authors hope that this paper can reduce the potential implications to drilling operations from bulk liquid products which cannot be shipped.
Measuring Return on Environment
Authors: Marshall Jessica M. , Serwinowski Mark A. , Duong Thomas M. , George Gregory R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Organizations, no matter the size or industry, have stakeholders. Those stakeholders, internal or external, have expectations for a tangible return on their investment. Measuring a Return on Environment (RoE) is about generating and executing the strategy and associated metrics to build the business case for EHS investments. Outcomes such as sustained shareholder return, increased stakeholder value creation, mitigated compliance risk, and improved stakeholder reputation all contribute to the ability of an organization to maintain its "Social License to Operate". Measuring that RoE is about transforming corporate culture to no longer simply view environmental health & safety (EHS) performance as a necessary cost center, but using tangible metrics to provide an opportunity to actually improve its position in the competitive market. By moving beyond simply reactively "managing" EHS performance, corporations have been able to carve a competitive position in their industry by leveraging their proactive culture to generate tangible outcomes for their stakeholders.
So how do organizations transform their corporate culture and become an industry leader? The answer lies in their ability to manage and report their key EHS performance indicators. This paper describes a study of publically available reporting trends in the upstream, midstream, and downstream. The study found that even if organizations do track the key metrics, many fail to publicly report them. Failure to report is a statement in itself. Fewer than 30% of the metrics deemed "essential" by international industry standards are commonly publicly reported. This leaves a significant gap for any industry leader to capitalize on. This paper will review the: Challenges & Benefits of ReportingTrends in the IndustryA Review of Utilizing Database Tools to Accurately Track & Report MetricsMetrics Throughout the Organizational Strategy to Generate Organizational Effectiveness
Knowing and reporting the key EHS performance indicators can add significant value to the organization. By defining the paybacks the corporation seeks, and knowing the associated metrics to track and report, organizations can actually achieve operational excellence.
Regulatory Compliance Challenge in Countries with Emerging Economies and Developing Legislative Systems
Authors: Zaytsev Yuliy Y. , Mattson Gregory A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
BP operates, on behalf of its partners, oil and gas exploration, production and transport businesses in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. Oil and gas produced in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea is delivered to the Sangachal Terminal in Azerbaijan, and is then transported by pipeline to destinations on the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
The environmental, health, safety and social performance of each business entity is governed primarily by Host Government Agreements (HGAs), Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs) and Intergovernmental Agreements (IGAs). In addition to these, most entities have also committed to complying with specific World Bank and IFC guidelines. Finally, all business entities are subject to corporate HSSE standards and requirements.
This paper reviews and discusses the challenges posed by commitments to comply with a complex and diverse set of requirements, and considers the lessons of recent experience in finding a practicable and constructive way forward.