bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Impact of Formal and Informal Supports for Young Children With Disabilities and Their Families
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , Nelson Lauren , Hebbeler Kathy , Spiker Donna 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to examine factors related to perceived impact of early intervention on children with disabilities and their families.
METHODS. A nationally representative sample of ∼2100 parents completed a 40-minute telephone interview near their child's third birthday. Structural equation modeling examined the relationships between 3 support variables (quality of child services, quality of family services, and family/community support) and 2 outcomes at 36 months (impact on child and impact on family) and determined whether these relationships were mediated by 2 perceptual variables (optimism and confidence in parenting) or moderated by 5 demographic variables (poverty, maternal education, ethnicity, age of initial Individual Family Service Plan, and health at 36 months).
RESULTS. Perceived impact of early intervention on both child and family were significantly related to each other. The quality of child services was related to impact on the child but not on the family. The quality of family services was related to both child and family impact. Informal support was not related to perceived impact on children or families but was strongly related to confidence in parenting and optimism. Neither optimism nor confidence in parenting mediated the relationships between services or supports and perceived impact. Minority families and families of children with poor health reported lower quality of services, but these characteristics did not moderate the relationships between services and perceived impact on the child. However, both poverty status and minority status were associated with perceptions of impact on the family.
CONCLUSIONS. Findings reinforce the role of high-quality services in maximizing perceived impact. They also highlight the important role of informal support in promoting optimism and confidence in parenting. Poverty status, minority status, and poor health of the child are salient factors in predicting lower perceived quality of and benefit from services.
Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Growth: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Richardson Gale A. , Goldschmidt Lidush , Larkby Cynthia 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE. There has been a limited amount of research on the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth of the infant, and there has been no use of longitudinal growth models. We investigated the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on offspring growth from 1 through 10 years of age by using a repeated-measures growth-curve model.METHODS. Women were enrolled from a prenatal clinic and interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy about their cocaine, crack, alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and other drug use. Fifty percent of the women were white, and 50% were black. Follow-up assessments occurred at 1, 3, 7, and 10 years of age.RESULTS. Cross-sectional analyses showed that children exposed to cocaine during the first trimester (n = 99) were smaller on all growth parameters at 7 and 10 years, but not at 1 or 3 years, than the children who were not exposed to cocaine during the first trimester (n = 125). The longitudinal analyses indicated that the growth curves for the 2 groups diverged over time: children who were prenatally exposed to cocaine grew at a slower rate than children who were not exposed. These analyses controlled for other factors associated with child growth.CONCLUSIONS. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure to conduct longitudinal growth-curve analyses using 4 time points in childhood. Children who were exposed to cocaine during the first trimester grew at a slower rate than those who were not exposed. These findings indicate that prenatal cocaine exposure has a lasting effect on child development.
Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Suckle With Weak Pressures to Maintain Breathing During Feeding
Authors: Mizuno Katsumi , Nishida Yoshiko , Taki Motohiro , Hibino Satoshi , Murase Masahiko , Sakurai Motoichirou , Itabashi Kazuo 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE. Preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often demonstrate sucking difficulties. The aim of this study was to determine whether the severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia affects not only coordination among suck–swallow–respiration but also sucking endurance and performance itself.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Twenty very low birth weight infants were studied. Infants with anomalies or intraventricular hemorrhage were excluded from the evaluation. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: no bronchopulmonary dysplasia (7 infants), bronchopulmonary dysplasia without home oxygen therapy (7 infants), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia with home oxygen therapy (6 infants). In addition to sucking efficiency, pressure, frequency, duration, and duration of sucking burst, length of deglutition apnea, number of swallows per burst, and respiratory rate were also measured during bottle-feeding at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. In addition, Pco2 and oxygen saturation were measured at rest and during bottle-feeding.RESULTS. Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia demonstrated not only the lowest sucking pressure and sucking frequency, shortest sucking burst duration, and lowest feeding efficiency but also the lowest frequency of swallows during the run and the longest deglutition apnea. The respiratory rate was highest, and the decrease in oxygen saturation was largest, in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.CONCLUSIONS. Feeding problems depend on the severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia demonstrated not only poor feeding coordination but also poor feeding endurance and performance.
Epidemiology of Oronasal Hemorrhage in the First 2 Years of Life: Implications for Child Protection
Authors: McIntosh Neil , Mok Jacqueline Y.Q. , Margerison Adrian 
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND. Epistaxis in childhood is common but unusual in the first years of life. Oronasal blood has been proposed as a marker of child abuse.
METHODS. We performed a retrospective review of all hospital notes of children in the Lothian region of Scotland who were &lt;2 years of age and in whom facial blood had been recorded over a 10-year period.
RESULTS. There were 77173 accident and emergency department attendances with 58059 admissions during the 10-year study period in children &lt;2 years of age; 16 cases of nose bleed and 3 cases of hemoptysis were recorded. All cases of hemoptysis were associated with significant bouts of coughing and respiratory infections. Epistaxis in 8 cases was associated with visible trauma and in 4 cases with thrombocytopenia (secondary to malignancy in 3). In 2 cases, an associated apparent life-threatening event was described, and in 2 cases there was a coincident upper respiratory tract infection. Review of previous and subsequent history suggested 7 cases of “accidental” injury that might have been caused by abuse. These cases are described here. All children who presented with this problem to the accident and emergency department had been admitted for observation or management.
CONCLUSIONS. Epistaxis is rare in the accident and emergency department and hospital in the first 2 years of life and is often associated with injury or serious illness. The investigation of all cases should involve a pediatrician with expertise in child protection.
Advances in Liquid‐Electrolyte and Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Snaith H. J. , Schmidt‐Mende L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis Progress Report highlights recent developments in dye‐sensitized solar cells composed of both liquid electrolytes and solid‐state hole transport materials. The authors discuss and review the present understanding of and recent developments in the operational processes, such as charge generation, transport, recombination, and charge collection. Also, the merits and challenges of alternative device approaches are discussed, including extremely thin absorber cells, devices containing inorganic p‐type hole‐transporters and non‐TiO2 mesoporous metal‐oxide electrodes employed in dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures: The Case of Palladium
Authors: Xiong Y. , Xia Y. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article features shape‐controlled synthesis of Pd nanostructures. Similar to the Ag system, both the crystallinity of seeds and the growth rates of different crystallographic facets play a vital role in determining the final shape of a resultant nanostructure. We specifically discuss how the reduction rate can be controlled to maneuver the crystallinity (i.e., single‐crystal, single twinned, and multiple twinned) of seeds in the nucleation stage. The distribution of multiple twinned and single‐crystal seeds can be further manipulated by employing oxidative etching. As the seed grows into a nanocrystal, the growth rates of different facets (e.g., {111} versus {100}) can be altered with capping agents to control the final shape. The ability to generate Pd nanostructures with a variety of geometrical shapes provides a great opportunity to systematically evaluate their electrical, plasmonic, and catalytic properties, as well as to fully explore their applications.
A monodisperse thermodynamic model for estimating asphaltene precipitation
Authors: Mohammadi Amir H. , Richon Dominique 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAsphaltene precipitation is a serious problem, which can affect oil production and transportation. To avoid this problem, knowledge of asphaltene phase behavior is of great interest. Asphaltene precipitation is traditionally modeled using the Flory–Huggins polymer theory. Two assumptions are normally made: (1) The precipitated phase consists of asphaltene only (2) The precipitated phase consists of asphaltene and nonasphaltene components and the oil phase is free of asphaltene. In this work, the Flory–Huggins theory is employed to develop a monodisperse model in which, a distribution of asphaltene and nonasphaltene components in the oil and precipitated phases is considered. It is shown the previous Flory–Huggins theory based models are specific cases of the present model. The results of the new model are finally compared with some selected experimental data from the literature. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
BDNF Val66Met variant and age of onset in schizophrenia
Authors: Chao Helen M. , Kao Hung‐Teh , Porton Barbara 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been advanced as a candidate gene for schizophrenia by virtue of its effects on neurotransmitter systems that are dysregulated in psychiatric disorder and its involvement in the response to antipsychotic drugs. The extensively examined BDNF gene Val66Met (or rs6265) variant has been associated with schizophrenia, and studies have linked this polymorphism to brain morphology, cognitive function, and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. Moreover the BDNF Val66Met variant has been reported to be associated with age of onset in schizophrenia. Genotyping of African‐American subjects with schizophrenia for five BDNF coding region single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed variance only at the Val66Met allele. The results of statistical analyses indicate a relationship between the BDNF Val66Met genotype and the ages of first psychiatric hospitalization and first schizophrenia symptoms. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations between an alpha 2a adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism and adolescent personality
Authors: Mäestu Jarek , Allik Jüri , Merenäkk Liis , Eensoo Diva , Parik Jüri , Veidebaum Toomas , Harro Jaanus 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the C‐1291G polymorphism in the promoter region of the alpha 2A adrenoreceptor gene (ADRA2A) to the personality traits. In the present study, data of the younger cohort of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study was used (N = 419). Personality traits were assessed by 240‐item (Estonian Personality Item Pool NEO (EPIP‐NEO)). Restriction enzyme MspI was used after PCR amplification to genotype the subjects according to C‐1291G polymorphism of the ADRA2A. There were no significant differences on the level of the Big Five personality domains between genotypes; however, there were three significant differences on the level of different subscales. The subjects with GG genotype had significantly higher scores on Depression and significantly lower scores on Morality and Orderliness compared to subjects with CC and CG genotypes. There was a significant interaction between sex and ADRA2A polymorphism regarding E1, Friendliness; E2, Gregariousness; and E6, Cheerfulness. With CC and CG genotypes girls had higher scores on extraversion scales than boys, but with GG genotype boys score higher than girls with GG genotype. It is concluded that the gene polymorphism in the ADRA2A has an influence on personality traits in adolescents. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social games between bonobos and humans: evidence for shared intentionality?
Authors: Pika Simone , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTriadic social games are interesting from a cognitive perspective because they require a high degree of mutual social awareness. They consist of two agents incorporating an object in turn‐taking sequences and require individuals to coordinate their attention to the task, the object, and to one another. Social games are observed commonly in domesticated dogs interacting with humans, but they have received only little empirical attention in nonhuman primates. Here, we report observations of bonobos (Pan paniscus) engaging in social games with a human playmate. Our behavioral analyses revealed that the bonobos behaved in many ways similar to human children during these games. They were interested in the joint activity, rather than the play objects themselves, and used communicative gestures to encourage reluctant partners to perform their role, suggesting rudimentary understanding of others' intentions. Our observations thus may imply that shared intentionality, the ability to understand and shares intention with other individuals, has emerged in the primate lineage before the origins of hominids. Am. J. Primatol. 70:207–210, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of subgrouping and spatial affiliation in a community of mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata)
Authors: Bezanson Michelle , Garber Paul A. , Murphy John T. , Premo L. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStudies of social affiliation and social spacing offer important insight into the dynamics of subgroup formation and social strategies in living primates. Among the 11 species in the genusAlouatta, mantled howlers (A. palliata) are the only species to consistently form large, stable social groups composed of several adult males and several adult females. In this study, we examine patterns of subgrouping, activity, and partner preferences in a troop of 26–29 wild mantled howling monkeys (including 12–13 marked individuals) inhabiting Isla de Ometepe, Nicaragua. During two study seasons in 2000 and 2001, we simultaneously monitored the size, composition, and activities of individuals in two to three different subgroups. A half‐weight association index was used to calculate partner preferences and patterns of spatial association. Results indicate that our howler study troop fragmented into subgroups of 1–20 with subgroups averaging five and six individuals. Subgroup size and membership reflected individual patterns of social affiliation and social tolerance, and in general remained consistent across activities and from year to year. We also found evidence of cliques or social networks of three to four individuals embedded within larger subgroups. A small number of adult males appeared to play an important social role as the nucleus of clique formation. We argue that the persistence of strong male–male and male–female partner preferences in mantled howlers helps to explain the stability of relatively large multimale–multifemale groups. Am. J. Primatol. 70:282–293, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐amyloid burden is not associated with rates of brain atrophy
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Ahmed Zeshan , Shiung Maria M. , Weigand Stephen D. , Knopman David S. , Boeve Bradley F. , Parisi Joseph E. , Petersen Ronald C. , Dickson Dennis W. , Jack Clifford R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that β‐amyloid (Aβ) burden is associated with rates of brain atrophy.MethodsForty‐five subjects who had been prospectively studied, died, and had an autopsy diagnosis of low, intermediate, or high probability of Alzheimer's disease who had two volumetric head magnetic resonance imaging scans were identified. Compact and total (compact + diffuse) Aβ burden was measured using a computerized image analyzer with software program to detect the proportion of gray matter occupied by Aβ. Visual ratings of Aβ burden were also performed. The boundary shift integral was used to calculate change over time in whole‐brain and ventricular volume. All boundary shift integral results were annualized by adjusting for scan interval. Demographics, cognitive measures, clinical diagnoses, apolipoprotein E genotype, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology, and vascular lesion burden were determined.ResultsThere was no correlation between compact or total Aβ burden, or visual Aβ ratings, and rates of brain loss or ventricular expansion in all subjects. However, significant correlations were observed between rates of brain loss and age, Braak NFT stage, and change over time in cognitive measures. These features also correlated with rates of ventricular expansion. The rates of brain loss and ventricular expansion were greater in demented compared with nondemented subjects.InterpretationThese findings suggest that rate of brain volume loss is not determined by the amount of insoluble Aβ in the gray matter. Ann Neurol 2007
Changes in the incidence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Bhaskaran Krishnan , Mussini Cristina , Antinori Andrea , Walker Ann Sarah , Dorrucci Maria , Sabin Caroline , Phillips Andrew , Porter Kholoud ,   CASCADE Collaboration
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThough effective anti–human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapies are now available, they have variable penetration into the brain. We therefore aimed to assess changes over calendar time in the risk for HIV‐associated dementia (HIV‐D), and factors associated with HIV‐D risk.MethodsUsing Concerted Action on Seroconversion to AIDS and Death in Europe (CASCADE) data, we analyzed factors associated with time from HIV seroconversion to HIV‐D using Cox models with time‐updated covariates. The effect of duration of infection was explored using flexible parametric survival models.Results222 of 15,380 seroconverters developed HIV‐D. The incidence per 1,000 person‐years was 6.49 pre‐1997 (before highly active antiretroviral therapy was available), declining to 0.66 by 2003 to 2006. Compared with most recent CD4 count ≥ 350 cells/mm3, the adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) of HIV‐D was 3.47 (1.91–6.28), 10.19 (5.72–18.15), and 39.03 (22.96–66.36) at 200 to 349, 100 to 199, and 0 to 99 cells/mm3, respectively. In 2003 to 2006, older age at seroconversion (relative risk = 3.24 per 10‐year increase [95% confidence interval, 2.00–5.24]) and previous acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis (relative risk = 4.92 [95% confidence interval, 1.43–16.92]) were associated with HIV‐D risk, independently of current CD4 count. HIV‐D risk appeared to increase during chronic infection, by 48% at 10 years after seroconversion compared with the lowest risk at 1.8 years.InterpretationHIV‐D incidence has reduced markedly since 1997. However, patients with low (<200 cells/mm3) or even intermediate (200–349 cells/mm3) CD4 counts, previous acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis, longer HIV infection duration, and older age at seroconversion are at increased risk and should be closely monitored for neurocognitive disorders. Ann Neurol 2007
Properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) chain‐extended by epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Yin Nianwei , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEpoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (epoxy–POSS) was used to prepare a chain‐extended poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with a twin‐screw extruder. The effect of epoxy–POSS on the melt flow index, mechanical properties, rheological behavior, and thermal properties of chain‐extended PBT was investigated. PBT had an intrinsic viscosity of 1.1 dL/g and a carboxy1 content of 21.6 equiv/106 g, but the PBT chain‐extended with 2 wt % epoxy–POSS had an intrinsic viscosity of 1.7 dL/g and a carboxy1 content lower than 7 equiv/106 g. After the addition of epoxy–POSS, the melt flow index of PBT dramatically decreased, the elongation at break increased greatly, the tensile strength increased slightly, and the thermal stability was also improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of poly(amic acid) and polyimide derived from 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride with different diamines by microwave irradiation
Authors: Li Quantao , Xu Zushun , Yi Changfeng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPolycondensation‐type poly(amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized with 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride as a dianhydride monomer and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and 4,4′‐oxydianiline as diamine monomers under microwave irradiation in dimethylformamide. Then, PAA was used to make polyimide (PI) by imidization at a low temperature. The structure and performance of the polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), viscosity, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) curve analyses. The FTIR spectra of the polymers showed characteristic peaks of PI around 1779 and 1717 cm−1. The 1H‐NMR spectrum of PAA indicated a singlet at 6.55 ppm assigned to NHCO and a singlet at 10.27 ppm assigned to carboxylic acid protons. The XRD spectrum demonstrated that the obtained PI had a low‐order aggregation structure with a d‐spacing of 0.5453 nm. The TG results revealed that the PI was thermally stable with 10% weight loss at 565°C in an N2 atmosphere. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Effective preparation and characterization of montmorillonite/poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Jeong Eun Hwan , Yang Jie , Lee Han Sup , Seo Seung Won , Baik Du Hyun , Kim Jeonghan , Youk Ji Ho 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this study, montmorillonite (MMT)/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐based polyurethane cationomer (MMT/PCL‐PUC) nanocomposites were prepared and their mechanical properties, thermal stability, and biodegradability were investigated. PCL‐PUC has 3 mol % of quaternary ammonium groups in the main chain. The MMT was successfully exfoliated and well dispersed in the PCL‐PUC matrix for up to 7 wt % of MMT. The 3 mol % of quaternary ammonium groups facilitated exfoliation of MMT. The 1 wt % MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites showed enhanced tensile properties relative to the pure PCL‐PU. As the MMT content increased in the MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites, the degree of microphase separation of PCL‐PUC decreased because of the strong interactions between the PCL‐PUC chains and the exfoliated MMT layers. This resulted in an increase in the Young's modulus and a decrease in the elongation at break and maximum stress of the MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites. Biodegradability of the MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites was dramatically increased with increasing content of MMT, likely because of the less phase‐separated morphology of MMT/PCL‐PUC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008