bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being a Christian Without a Christ? Exploring John Shelby Spong's Concept of 'Christians in Exile'
Authors: Kriel Jacques R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere is a clear disjunction between the paradigms and theories in contemporary theological and biblical research and the theories and paradigms underlying the church's conventional liturgy and preaching. There is greater tension between theological science and traditional Christian faith than between 'science' and 'religion'. The science-faith conflict thus goes deeper than the science-religion debate. But while the science-religion debate gets a lot of attention, there seems to be no attempt by the church universal to integrate theological science in its exegesis, preaching and teaching. The books of Marcus J Borg, John Shelby Spong and others have brought the results of theological research to the attention of church members. This article contains my attempt to relate my understanding of scientific research in the natural and social sciences, theology and biblical sciences to my Christian faith. Using John Shelby Spong's concept of 'Christians in exile' and Stephen Patterson's proposal of an 'existential Christology', the possibility of being a Christian without a Christ is suggested.
Der Zweite essalonicherbrief und Gottes Widersacher
Authors: Karrer Martin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSecond Tessalonians 2:1-12 is about a rebellion and an "outlaw", who appears in front of and opposes against God. Many problems of the sketch can be solved against the background of the time when the text is written, the 60s of the 1st century (the first part of the essay establishes that date):At that time the early Christians are becoming stigmatized in many ways. The author of 2 ess suspects the outbreak of a crisis and invigorates the community to resist. For that purpose he uses apocalyptic-dualistic motifs (part 2).In addition, the author profits from the collective memory of Caligula's intention to set up a statue of Zeus, imagining at the same time the emperor. The trouble caused by Caligula engraved deep traces in ch. 2; one may compare important moments of the description of God's opponent to Philo, leg. At the same time, the author strengthens the Christology; therefore, the opponent fails in his demonstration to be God (part 3).Der 2 Thess enthält die beispiellose Skizze eines grundlegenden Widersachers Gottes. Wenn wir den Brief vor dem theologischen und zeitgeschichtlichen Hintergrund der 60er Jahre des 1. Jh. interpretieren, ergibt sich ein plausibles Bild: Als die Gemeinde von außen zunehmend stigmatisiert wird, versucht der Briefautor mittels apokalyptisch-dualistischer Denkfiguren die Gemeinde nach innen hin zu festigen. Das Ende des für die Gemeinde misslichen Zustandes verzögert sich auf rätselhafte Weise. Der Autor schildert den Widersacher Gottes unter Einfluss von (für ihn noch frischen) Erinnerungen an Caligula und steigert merklich die Christologie, indem er bekannte Gottesaussagen des 1 Thess auf Christus überträgt.
Reading the Prophets as Meaning-making Literature for Communities under Siege
Authors: Stulman Louis 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe "literarization" of prophecy, that is, the shift from oral prophecy to writing, involves massive shifts in meaning and social worlds. The oral performance of the prophetic word departs from a safe homeland for a tapestry of textual constructions in dangerous diaspora. Along the way it traffics in symbolic transformations for communities under siege. More specifically, written prophecy attends to survivors of war and as such functions as a resilient counter script, a meaning-making map of hope, for disoriented and dislocated people. As a sidebar, this essay considers the implications of this reading for contemporary Christian communions aligned with the state. Such an alignment creates a hermeneutical divide that may make the prophetic literature indecipherable.
The Means and Mode of Salvation: A Hermeneutical Proposal for Clarifying Pauline Soteriology
Authors: Frick Peter 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study is to answer the question "What is the cause of salvation?" according to Paul. The argument is that just as Philo understood cause in an Aristotelian sense of the multiplicity of causes (formal, material, efficient and final) as constituting one overarching cause—what is here called the "means" of salvation—so, too, Paul implicitly assumes that the one cause or "means" of salvation consists in various causes. A second step shows how the "means" of salvation corresponds to faith as the "mode" of salvation. In nuce, the "means" of salvation is the initiative of God and the "mode" of salvation is the human response to that divine initiative.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Youth Baseball Pitches
Authors: Dun Shouchen , Loftice Jeremy , Fleisig Glenn S. , Kingsley David , Andrews James R. 
Published: December 2007

Background The curveball has been anecdotally considered as a dangerous pitch among youth pitchers, especially for their ulnar collateral ligaments. No biomechanical studies have been conducted among youth pitchers comparing different types of pitches. Hypothesis The kinetics of the baseball throw varies significantly between the fastball, curveball, and change-up for youth pitchers. Kinematic and temporal differences are also expected. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty-nine youth baseball pitchers (age, 12.5 ± 1.7 years) pitched 5 fastballs, 5 curveballs, and 5 change-ups with maximum effort in an indoor laboratory setting. Data were collected with a 3-dimensional motion analysis system. Kinetic, kinematic, and temporal parameters were compared among the 3 pitches. Results For elbow varus torque, shoulder internal rotation torque, elbow proximal force, and shoulder proximal force, the fastball produced the greatest values, followed by the curveball and then the change-up. The fastball also produced the greatest elbow flexion torque. Shoulder horizontal adduction torque and shoulder adduction torque were the least for the change-up. Several differences in body segment position, velocity, and timing were also found. Conclusions In general, elbow and shoulder loads were the greatest in the fastball and least in the change-up. Kinematic and temporal differences were also found among the 3 pitch types. Clinical Relevance The curveball may not be more potentially harmful than the fastball for youth pitchers. This finding is consistent with recent epidemiologic research indicating that amount of pitching is a stronger risk factor than type of pitches thrown.
Do Capacitively Coupled Electric Fields Accelerate Tibial Stress Fracture Healing?
Authors: Beck Belinda R. , Matheson Gordon O. , Bergman Gabrielle , Norling Tracey , Fredericson Michael , Hoffman Andrew R. , Marcus Robert 
Published: December 2007

Background Tibial stress fractures increasingly affect athletes and military recruits, with few known effective management options. Electrical stimulation enhances regular fracture healing, but the effect on stress fractures has not been definitively tested. Hypothesis Capacitively coupled electric field stimulation will accelerate tibial stress fracture healing. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Twenty men and 24 women with acute posteromedial tibial stress fractures were referred from local clinicians. Subjects were randomly assigned active or placebo capacitively coupled electric field stimulation to be applied for 15 hours per day until healed, given supplemental calcium, and instructed to rest from provocative training. Healing was confirmed when hopping to 10 cm for 30 seconds could be achieved without pain. Results No difference in time to healing was detected between treatment and placebo groups. Women in the treatment group healed more slowly than did the men ( P = .05). Superior treatment compliance was associated with reduced time to healing ( P = .003). Rest noncompliance was associated with increased time to healing ( P = .05). Conclusion Whole-group analysis did not detect an effect of capacitively coupled electric field stimulation on tibial stress fracture healing; however, greater device use and less weightbearing loading enhanced the effectiveness of the active device. More severe stress fractures healed more quickly with capacitively coupled electric field stimulation. Clinical Relevance Although the use of capacitively coupled electric field stimulation for tibial stress fracture healing may not be efficacious for all, it may be indicated for the more severely injured or elite athlete/recruit whose incentive to return to activity may motivate superior compliance.
Domain motions of Argonaute, the catalytic engine of RNA interference
Authors: Ming Dengming , Wall Michael E , Sanbonmatsu Kevin Y 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
The Argonaute protein is the core component of the RNA-induced silencing complex, playing the central role of cleaving the mRNA target. Visual inspection of static crystal structures already has enabled researchers to suggest conformational changes of Argonaute that might occur during RNA interference. We have taken the next step by performing an all-atom normal mode analysis of the Pyrococcus furiosus and Aquifex aeolicus Argonaute crystal structures, allowing us to quantitatively assess the feasibility of these conformational changes. To perform the analysis, we begin with the energy-minimized X-ray structures. Normal modes are then calculated using an all-atom molecular mechanics force field.

Results
The analysis reveals low-frequency vibrations that facilitate the accommodation of RNA duplexes – an essential step in target recognition. The Pyrococcus furiosus and Aquifex aeolicus Argonaute proteins both exhibit low-frequency torsion and hinge motions; however, differences in the overall architecture of the proteins cause the detailed dynamics to be significantly different.

Conclusion
Overall, low-frequency vibrations of Argonaute are consistent with mechanisms within the current reaction cycle model for RNA interference.
Chlorin e6 – polyvinylpyrrolidone mediated photosensitization is effective against human non-small cell lung carcinoma compared to small cell lung carcinoma xenografts
Authors: Chin William WL , Heng Paul WS , Olivo Malini 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective local cancer treatment that involves light activation of a photosensitizer, resulting in oxygen-dependent, free radical-mediated cell death. Little is known about the comparative efficacy of PDT in treating non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), despite ongoing clinical trials treating lung cancers. The present study evaluated the potential use of chlorin e6 – polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ce6-PVP) as a multimodality photosensitizer for fluorescence detection and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on NSCLC and SCLC xenografts.

Results
Human NSCLC (NCI-H460) and SCLC (NCI-H526) tumor cell lines were used to establish tumor xenografts in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model as well as in the Balb/c nude mice. In the CAM model, Ce6-PVP was applied topically (1.0 mg/kg) and fluorescence intensity was charted at various time points. Tumor-bearing mice were given intravenous administration of Ce6-PVP (2.0 mg/kg) and laser irradiation at 665 nm (fluence of 150 J/cm2 and fluence rate of 125 mW/cm2). Tumor response was evaluated at 48 h post PDT. Studies of temporal fluorescence pharmacokinetics in CAM tumor xenografts showed that Ce6-PVP has a selective localization and a good accuracy in demarcating NSCLC compared to SCLC from normal surrounding CAM after 3 h post drug administration. Irradiation at 3 h drug-light interval showed greater tumor necrosis against human NSCLC xenografts in nude mice. SCLC xenografts were observed to express resistance to photosensitization with Ce6-PVP.

Conclusion
The formulation of Ce6-PVP is distinctly advantageous as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for fluorescence diagnosis and PDT of NSCLC.
The oncoprotein H-RasV12 increases mitochondrial metabolism
Authors: Telang Sucheta , Lane Andrew N , Nelson Kristin K , Arumugam Sengodagounder , Chesney Jason 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundNeoplastic cells increase glycolysis in order to produce anabolic precursors and energy within the hypoxic environment of a tumor. Ras signaling is activated in several cancers and has been found to regulate metabolism by enhancing glycolytic flux to lactate. We examined the effects of sequential immortalization and H-RasV12-transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells on the anabolic fate of fully-labeled13C-glucose-derived carbons using two-dimensional total correlated spectroscopic analysis-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D TOCSY-NMR).ResultsWe found that the introduction of activated H-RasV12into immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells unexpectedly increased tricarboxylic acid cycle activity as measured by the direct conversion of13C-glucose carbons into the anabolic substrates glutamate/glutamine, aspartate and uridine. We then observed that immortalization and H-RasV12-transformation of bronchial epithelial cells caused a stepwise increase in oxygen consumption, a global measure of electron transport chain activity. Importantly, ectopic expression of H-RasV12sensitized immortalized cells to the ATP-depleting and cytotoxic effects of electron transport perturbation using the complex I inhibitor rotenone.ConclusionTaken together, these data indicate that the oncoprotein H-RasV12increases mitochondrial metabolism and provide new rationale for the targeting of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain as anti-neoplastic strategies.
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems
Authors: Suri Sarabjeet Singh , Fenniri Hicham , Singh Baljit 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nanoparticles hold tremendous potential as an effective drug delivery system. In this review we discussed recent developments in nanotechnology for drug delivery. To overcome the problems of gene and drug delivery, nanotechnology has gained interest in recent years. Nanosystems with different compositions and biological properties have been extensively investigated for drug and gene delivery applications. To achieve efficient drug delivery it is important to understand the interactions of nanomaterials with the biological environment, targeting cell-surface receptors, drug release, multiple drug administration, stability of therapeutic agents and molecular mechanisms of cell signalling involved in pathobiology of the disease under consideration. Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and dexamethasone have been successfully formulated using nanomaterials. Quantom dots, chitosan, Polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and PLGA-based nanoparticles have also been used for in vitro RNAi delivery. Brain cancer is one of the most difficult malignancies to detect and treat mainly because of the difficulty in getting imaging and therapeutic agents past the blood-brain barrier and into the brain. Anti-cancer drugs such as loperamide and doxorubicin bound to nanomaterials have been shown to cross the intact blood-brain barrier and released at therapeutic concentrations in the brain. The use of nanomaterials including peptide-based nanotubes to target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor and cell adhesion molecules like integrins, cadherins and selectins, is a new approach to control disease progression.
Growth trajectory during early life and risk of adult schizophrenia
Authors: Perrin Megan A. , Chen Henian , Sandberg David E. , Malaspina Dolores , Brown Alan S. 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundGrowth abnormalities have been suggested as a precursor to schizophrenia, but previous studies have not assessed growth patterns using repeated measures.AimsTo assess the association between early life/later childhood growth patterns and risk of schizophrenia.MethodsUsing prospectively collected data from a birth cohort (born 1959–1967), measurements of height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were analysed to compare growth patterns during early life and later childhood between 70 individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD) and 7710 without.ResultsFor women, growth in the SSD group was approximately 1 cm/year slower during early life (P<0.01); no association was observed for men. Later childhood growth was not associated with SSD. Weight patterns were not associated with SSD, whereas slower change in BMI was observed among the SSD group during later childhood.ConclusionsThe association between slower growth in early life and schizophrenia in women suggests that factors responsible for regulating growth might be important in the pathogenesis of the disorder.
Social exclusion and mental health
Authors: Morgan Craig , Burns Tom , Fitzpatrick Ray , Pinfold Vanessa , Priebe Stefan 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundThe concept of social exclusion is now widely used in discussions about the nature of disadvantage, and there are ongoing initiatives to promote social inclusion among those with mental health problems.AimsTo conduct a conceptual and methodological review of social exclusion, focusing initially on the origins and definitions of the concept and then on approaches to its measurement, both in general and in relation to mental health.MethodWe used two main strategies. First, we utilised expertise within the study team to identify major texts and reviews on social exclusion and related topics. Second, we searched major bibliographic databases for literature on social exclusion and mental health. We adopted a non-quantitative approach to synthesising the findings.ResultsThere is no single accepted definition of social exclusion. However, most emphasise lack of participation in social activities as the core characteristic. There are a number of approaches to measuring social exclusion, including use of indicator lists and dimensions. In the mental health literature, social exclusion is poorly defined and measured.ConclusionsIf social exclusion is a useful concept for understanding the social experiences of those with mental health problems, there is an urgent need for more conceptual and methodological work.
Staff and patient perspectives on unmet need and therapeutic alliance in community mental health services
Authors: Junghan Ulrich M. , Leese Morven , Priebe Stefan , Slade Mike 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundTherapeutic alliance between clinicians and their patients is important in community mental healthcare. It is unclear whether providing effective interventions influences therapeutic alliance.AimsTo assess the impact of meeting previously unmet mental health needs on the therapeutic alliance between patients and clinicians.MethodSecondary analysis of data from a longitudinal study assessing 101 patients and paired staff.ResultsPatient-rated unmet need was negatively associated with patient-rated and staff-rated therapeutic alliance. Staff-rated unmet need was positively associated with patient-rated therapeutic alliance only. Reducing patient-rated unmet need increased patient-rated but not staff-rated therapeutic alliance, even when controlling for other variables. Reducing staff-rated unmet need increased staff-rated but not patient-rated therapeutic alliance, but the effect became insignificant when controlling for other variables.ConclusionsPatient-rated therapeutic alliance will be maximised by focusing assessment and interventions on patient-rated rather than staff-rated unmet need.
Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain
Authors: Emerson Eric , Hatton Chris 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundFew studies have employed formal diagnostic criteria to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in contemporaneous samples of children with and without intellectual disabilities.AimsTo establish the prevalence of psychiatric disorders against ICD—10 criteria among children with and without intellectual disabilities, the association with social/environmental risk factors, and risk attributable to intellectual disability.MethodSecondary analysis of the 1999 and 2004 Office for National Statistics surveys of the mental health of British children and adolescents with (n=641) and without (n = 17774) intellectual disability.ResultsPrevalence of psychiatric disorders was 36% among children with intellectual disability and 8% among children without (OR=6.5). Children with intellectual disabilities accounted for 14% of all British children with a diagnosable psychiatric disorder Increased prevalence was particularly marked for autistic-spectrum disorder (OR=33.4), hyperkinesis (OR=8.4) and conduct disorders (OR=5.7). Cumulative risk of exposure to social disadvantage was associated with increased prevalence.ConclusionsA significant proportion of the elevated risk for psychopathology among children with intellectual disability may be due to their increased rate of exposure to psychosocial disadvantage.
Influence of childhood adversity on health among male UK military personnel
Authors: Iversen Amy C. , Fear Nicola T. , Simonoff Emily , Hull Lisa , Horn Oded , Greenberg Neil , Hotopf Matthew , Rona Roberto , Wessely Simon 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundExposure to childhood adversity may explain why only a minority of combatants exposed to trauma develop psychological problems.AimsTo examine the association between self-reported childhood vulnerability and later health outcomes in a large randomly selected male military cohort.MethodData are derived from the first stage of a cohort study comparing Iraq veterans and non-deployed UK military personnel. We describe data collected by questionnaire from males in the regular UK armed forces (n=7937).ResultsPre-enlistment vulnerability is associated with being single, of lower rank, having low educational attainment and serving in the Army. Pre-enlistment vulnerability is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. Two main factors emerge as important predictors of ill health: a ‘family relationships’ factor reflecting the home environment and an ‘externalising behaviour’ factor reflecting behavioural disturbance.ConclusionsPre-enlistment vulnerability is an important individual risk factor for ill health in military men. Awareness of such factors is important in understanding post-combat psychiatric disorder.
Efficacy of three screening instruments in the identification of autistic-spectrum disorders
Authors: Charman Tony , Baird Gillian , Simonoff Emily , Loucas Tom , Chandler Susie , Meldrum David , Pickles Andrew 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundScreening instruments for autistic-spectrum disorders have not been compared in the same sample.AimsTo compare the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC).MethodScreen and diagnostic assessments on 119 children between 9 and 13 years of age with special educational needs with and without autistic-spectrum disorders were weighted to estimate screen characteristics for a realistic target population.ResultsThe SCQ performed best (area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.90; sensitivity 0.86; specificity 0.78). The SRS had a lower AUC (0.77) with high sensitivity (0.78) and moderate specificity (0.67). The CCC had a high sensitivity but lower specificity (AUC=0.79; sensitivity 0.93; specificity 0.46). The AUC of the SRS and CCC was lower for children with IQ < 70. Behaviour problems reduced specificity for all three instruments.ConclusionsThe SCQ, SRS and CCC showed strong to moderate ability to identify autistic-spectrum disorder in this at-risk sample of school-age children with special educational needs.