bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic and Remote Controlled Ictal SPECT Injection for Seizure Focus Localization by Use of a Commercial Contrast Agent Application Pump
Authors: Feichtinger Michael , Eder Hans , Holl Alexander , Körner Eva , Zmugg Gerda , Aigner Reingard , Fazekas Franz , Ott Erwin 
Published: March 2007

Summary:  Purpose: In the presurgical evaluation of patients with partial epilepsy, the ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool for seizure focus localization. To achieve optimal SPECT scan quality, ictal tracer injection should be carried out as quickly as possible after the seizure onset and under highest safety conditions possible. Compared to the commonly used manual injection, an automatic administration of the radioactive tracer may provide higher quality standards for this procedure. In this study, therefore, we retrospectively analyzed efficiency and safety of an automatic injection system for ictal SPECT tracer application. Methods: Over a 31‐month period, 26 patients underwent ictal SPECT by use of an automatic remote‐controlled injection pump originally designed for CT‐contrast agent application. Various factors were reviewed, including latency of ictal injection, radiation safety parameters, and ictal seizure onset localizing value. Results: Times between seizure onset and tracer injection ranged between 3 and 48 s. In 21 of 26 patients ictal SPECT supported the localization of the epileptogenic focus in the course of the presurgical evaluation. In all cases ictal SPECT tracer injection was performed with a high degree of safety to patients and staff. Conclusions: Ictal SPECT by use of a remote‐controlled CT‐contrast agent injection system provides a high scan quality and is a safe and confirmatory presurgical evaluation technique in the epilepsy‐monitoring unit.
Many Infants Prenatally Exposed to High Levels of Alcohol Show One Particular Anomaly of the Corpus Callosum
Authors: Bookstein Fred L. , Connor Paul D. , Huggins Janet E. , Barr Helen M. , Pimentel Kristi D. , Streissguth Ann P. 
Published: March 2007

Introduction: Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the brain are seen at every age. The earlier they can be quantified, the better the prognosis for the affected child. Here we show measurable alcohol effects at birth on a structure currently used for nosology only much later in life.Methods: Midline shape of the corpus callosum was imaged in infants via averaged unwarped transfontanelle ultrasound. We compared measures of these shapes among 23 infants prenatally exposed to high levels of alcohol and 21 infants unexposed to alcohol or only lightly exposed.Results: A particular feature of the corpus callosum, the appearance of a “hook” (obtuse angle) between the splenium and the long diameter of the arch in this plane, is strongly associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. In half of the high‐exposed infants, the splenium angle is larger than in any of the unexposed brains. Simply characterizing this angle as less than or greater than 90° detects 12 of the 23 exposed infants as anomalous with only 1 false positive among the unexposed. This apparently direct effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on the details of the callosum in about half the at‐risk subjects cannot be attributed to any of several plausible competing exposures or other confounding factors applying during or after gestation.Conclusion: An average of the images for the unexposed subjects has the geometry of textbook images of normal babies; but the average for the subgroup of high‐angle subjects may serve as a template or guide to this regional damage parallel to the familiar photographic exemplars that help to assess facial signs.
Difluoromethylornithine Decreases Long‐Lasting Protein Oxidation Induced by Neonatal Ethanol Exposure in the Hippocampus of Adolescent Rats
Authors: Mello Carlos Fernando , Rubin Maribel Antonello , Sultana Rukhsana , Barron Susan , Littleton John Martin , Butterfield D. Allan 
Published: March 2007

Background:Ethanol exposure and withdrawal during central nervous system development can cause oxidative stress and produce severe and long‐lasting behavioral and morphological alterations in which polyamines seem to play an important role. However, it is not known if early ethanol exposure causes long‐lasting protein oxidative damage and if polyamines play a role in such a deleterious effect of ethanol.Methods:In this study we investigated the effects of early ethanol exposure (6 g/kg/d, by gavage), from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 8, and of the administration of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, 500 mg/kg, i.p., on PND 8), a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor, on the extent of oxidative modification of proteins. Indices of oxidative modification of proteins included protein carbonyls, 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT), and protein bound 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the hippocampus, cerebellum, hypothalamus, striatum, and cerebral cortex of Sprague–Dawley rats at PND 40.Results:Both ethanol and DFMO administration alone increased protein carbonyl immunoreactivity in the hippocampus at PND 40, but the combination of DFMO and ethanol resulted in no effect on protein carbonyl levels. No alterations in the content of protein‐bound HNE, 3‐NT, or carbonyl were found in any other cerebral structure.Conclusions:These results suggest that the hippocampus is selectively affected by early ethanol exposure and by polyamine synthesis inhibition. In addition, the results suggest a role for polyamines in the long‐lasting increase of protein carbonyls induced by ethanol exposure and withdrawal.
Chronic Alcohol Consumption Is Associated With Changes in the Distribution, Immunophenotype, and the Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion Profile of Circulating Dendritic Cells
Authors: Laso Francisco Javier , Vaquero José Miguel , Almeida Julia , Marcos Miguel , Orfao Alberto 
Published: March 2007

Background: Alcoholism is frequently associated with altered immune responses, limited information being available on its effects on dendritic cells (DC). In the present study we analyze the effects of chronic alcoholism on circulating DC.Methods: For the first time we studied the numerical distribution of DC in peripheral blood (PB), their immunophenotype, and their ex vivo pattern of spontaneous cytokine secretion, in chronic alcoholic patients without liver disease (AWLD group; n=17) and active ethanol (EtOH) intake, as well as in subjects with alcohol liver cirrhosis (ALC group; n=21).Results: A significantly decreased HLADR expression and an increased reactivity for CD123 was observed on PB DC from AWLD patients; additionally, increased secretion of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, IL12, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) by DC was also noted in this group. Conversely, patients with ALC and at least 1 year of alcohol withdrawal (ALCAW group) showed a decreased number of total circulating DC, whereas ALC patients with active EtOH intake (ALCET group) had an abnormally low production of IL1β and TNFα by PB DC.Conclusion: Chronic alcoholism in the absence of liver disease is associated with an increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines by PB DC, whereas ALCAW and ALCET patients show decreased numbers of circulating DC and reduced secretion of these cytokines, respectively.
Statistical Analyses of Satellite Cloud Object Data from CERES. Part III: Comparison with Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of Tropical Convective Clouds
Authors: Luo Yali , Xu Kuan-Man , Wielicki Bruce A. , Wong Takmeng , Eitzen Zachary A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The present study evaluates the ability of a cloud-resolving model (CRM) to simulate the physical properties of tropical deep convective cloud objects identified from a Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) data product. The emphasis of this study is the comparisons among the small-, medium-, and large-size categories of cloud objects observed during March 1998 and between the large-size categories of cloud objects observed during March 1998 (strong El Niño) and March 2000 (weak La Niña). Results from the CRM simulations are analyzed in a way that is consistent with the CERES retrieval algorithm and they are averaged to match the scale of the CERES satellite footprints. Cloud physical properties are analyzed in terms of their summary histograms for each category.
It is found that there is a general agreement in the overall shapes of all cloud physical properties between the simulated and observed distributions. Each cloud physical property produced by the CRM also exhibits different degrees of disagreement with observations over different ranges of the property. The simulated cloud tops are generally too high and cloud-top temperatures are too low except for the large-size category of March 1998. The probability densities of the simulated top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) albedos for all four categories are underestimated for high albedos, while those of cloud optical depth are overestimated at its lowest bin. These disagreements are mainly related to uncertainties in the cloud microphysics parameterization and inputs such as cloud ice effective size to the radiation calculation.
Summary histograms of cloud optical depth and TOA albedo from the CRM simulations of the large-size category of cloud objects do not differ significantly between the March 1998 and 2000 periods, consistent with the CERES observations. However, the CRM is unable to reproduce the significant differences in the observed cloud-top height while it overestimates the differences in the observed outgoing longwave radiation and cloud-top temperature between the two periods. Comparisons between the CRM results and the observations for most parameters in March 1998 consistently show that both the simulations and observations have larger differences between the large- and small-size categories than between the large- and medium-size, or between the medium- and small-size categories. However, the simulated cloud properties do not change as much with size as observed. These disagreements are likely related to the spatial averaging of the forcing data and the mismatch in time and space between the numerical weather prediction model from which the forcing data are produced and the CERES observed cloud systems.
Clinical and subclinical autoimmune thyroid disorders in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Ferri Clodoveo , Fallahi Poupak , Cazzato Massimiliano , Ferrari Silvia Martina , Sebastiani Marco , Ferrannini Ele 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Several studies have reported the association of systemic sclerosis (SSc) with thyroid autoimmune disorders, but most of them have neither an appropriate control group nor include a complete thyroid work-up.
Design: The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid disorders in a large number of patients with SSc using a complete clinical evaluation.
Methods: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, antithyroglobulin and antithyroid-peroxidase (AbTPO) autoantibodies, thyroid ultrasonography and blood flow and fine needle aspiration were performed in 202 SSc patients versus 404 gender- and age-matched controls from the general population, with similar iodine intake, to evaluate the prevalence of clinical and subclinical thyroid disorders.
Results: Odds ratio (OR) for female SSc versus controls was: for subclinical hypothyroidism, 3.2 (95% CI) = 1.8–5.7); for clinical hypothyroidism, 14.5 (95% CI = 2.3–90.9); for AbTPO positivity, 2.7 (95% CI = 1.8–4.1); for hypoechoic pattern, 3.2 (95% CI = 2.2–4.7); for thyroid autoimmunity, 3.7 (95% CI = 2.6–5.4); for thyroid volume <6 ml, 1.8 (95% CI = 1.2–2.7). OR for thyroid autoimmunity in male SSc versus controls was 10.8 (95% CI = 2.2–52.4). Mean values of TSH in female SSc, and of AbTPO in female and male SSc were higher (P <0.01) than in controls. We observed three cases of Graves’ disease in female SSc versus zero in controls (P = 0.0140), and two cases of papillary thyroid cancer in SSc patients.
Conclusions: Thyroid function, AbTPO and ultrasonography should be tested as part of the clinical profile in SSc patients. Females, subjects with positive AbTPO and hypoechoic and small thyroid should have thyroid function follow-up and appropriate treatment in due course.
Clinical Pharmacy Services, Pharmacy Staffing, and Hospital Mortality Rates
Authors: Bond C. A. , Raehl Cynthia L. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To determine if hospital‐based clinical pharmacy services and pharmacy staffing continue to be associated with mortality rates.Methods: A database was constructed from 1998 MedPAR, American Hospital Association's Annual Survey of Hospitals, and National Clinical Pharmacy Services databases, consisting of data from 2,836,991 patients in 885 hospitals. Data from hospitals that had 14 clinical pharmacy services were compared with data from hospitals that did not have these services; levels of hospital pharmacist staffing were also compared. A multiple regression analysis, controlling for severity of illness, was used.Results: Seven clinical pharmacy services were associated with reduced mortality rates: pharmacist‐provided drug use evaluation (4491 reduced deaths, p=0.016), pharmacist‐provided in‐service education (10,660 reduced deaths, p=0.037), pharmacist‐provided adverse drug reaction management (14,518 reduced deaths, p=0.012), pharmacist‐provided drug protocol management (18,401 reduced deaths, p=0.017), pharmacist participation on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation team (12,880 reduced deaths, p=0.009), pharmacist participation on medical rounds (11,093 reduced deaths, p=0.021), and pharmacist‐provided admission drug histories (3988 reduced deaths, p=0.001). Two staffing variables, number of pharmacy administrators/100 occupied beds (p=0.037) and number of clinical pharmacists/100 occupied beds (p=0.023), were also associated with reduced mortality rates.Conclusion: The number of clinical pharmacy services and staffing variables associated with reduced mortality rates increased from two in 1989 to nine in 1998. The impact of clinical pharmacy on mortality rates mandates consideration of a core set of clinical pharmacy services to be offered in United States hospitals. These results have important implications for health care in general, as well as for our profession and discipline.
El Mensaje Egregio
Authors: Balseiro José A. 
Published: March 2007

En el capítulo vii de Letras y hombres de Venezuela escribe Arturo Uslar-Pietri, a propósito del poeta Juan Antonio Pérez Bonalde:Había nacido en Caracas en 1846. Siendo apenas un adolescente, acompaña a los suyos al destierro. La conmoción política de la guerra federal arroja al mozo de su suelo. Su padre se instala en la acogedora Puerto Rico, que era uno de los refugios tradicionales de los venezolanos en el exilio.En efecto, no fué la familia del magistral traductor de Heine y de Poe ni la primera ni la última en hallar santuario en nuestra tierra. Ya desde 1821, cuando personas principales pertenecientes a la aristocracia temieron al nuevo régimen que siguió a la guerra de la Independencia, alejáronse de Venezuela y se establecieron en Puerto Rico. Entre ellas estaba la que habría de ser madre del poeta, José Gualberto Padilla, El Caribe.
Juan Criollo, After Forty Years
Authors: Owre J. Riis 
Published: March 2007

Since Carlos Loveira's last novel was published in 1927, the whole way of life which it described—and described with what bitter disillusion!—has disappeared. The Cuba Loveira knew, and the Cuba he hoped would evolve, are both lost—perhaps irretrievably— but the novel itself, seen through the perspective of four decades and a social upheaval, now seems to have even greater values, both as a work of art and as a social document, than its first readers saw in it.In 1922, a friend of Loveira, reviewing Los ciegos (his third novel), placed him in the first rank of Cuban novelists:Entre los novelistas cubanos, ha logrado Loveira colocar su nombre en prominente lugar, y, sin hipérbole, a tanta altura, como el que más haya alcanzado.And he added that Los ciegos seemed to predict an obra maestra from the author's pen. Juan Criollo is that masterpiece.
Hernando Alonso: The First Jew on the North-American Continent
Authors: Liebman Seymour B. 
Published: March 2007

A history of the Jews in Mexico from 1521 to the present has never been written in any language. Few have written on any aspect of the life of the Mexican Jews during the colonial period. What little has been written has concentrated upon the life and family of the conquistador and Gobernador, don Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva (1539-1590) and one other Jew, Tomas Treviño de Sobremonte, who was burned alive in the Grand Auto de Fé of April 11, 1649.The focusing of attention on the Carvajals has obscured the fact that Jews had preceded them into Mexico by 60 years and that Jews have inhabited Mexico uninterruptedly since 1521. Little note has been made of the fact that Jews had been victims of the Inquisition prior to 1590. The historian's task of gleaning information from documents and people usually results in an interpretation colored by his own background, scholarship, economic status, conviction and even religion. We submit the following as a clear example of the foregoing.
Concepto Sociologico de la Revolucion
Authors: del Pozo Juan Yepes 
Published: March 2007

Precisa destacar que el concepto revolución, en su lato sentido, comprende y abarca una suma de realizaciones que proyectan un esfuerzo nada común, y por el contrario, son una viva determinación de algo innovador y estimulante. Queremos referirnos, en todo caso, al orden de las ideas y al de los hechos que éstas engendran, dado que es obvio considerar que no pretendemos incursionar en dominios que fuera de ser ajenos a nuestros propósitos, no son, además, de nuestra incumbencia.Habremos de fijar nuestros hitos, por consiguiente, dentro de aquellas extensión y medida que más se avengan con la perspectiva que rastreamos y que mejor satisfagan nuestro enfoque, haciéndolo, si cabe, sincrético y perspicuo.
Education in Chile, 1810-1842
Authors: Campbell Margaret V. 
Published: March 2007

Any history of education in republican Chile, however brief, must of necessity touch first upon the colonial period. Although education, and indeed government, were completely dominated by the Church during the colonial period, in the late eighteenth century Chile grew restless under religious domination and began to free both its educational system and its governmental process from absolute church control.Prior to the eighteenth century education had been the exclusive prerogative of the church. In the period immediately preceding the Independence the Church and the clergy began to lose some of their unchallenged importance and authority. This loss was reflected in administration and schools. The expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 and the not-too-respectful criticism of things religious by Charles III indicated that the Church was no longer directing the government and hence was no longer the dominant element in the educational process.
An Art in Revolution: Antecedents of Mexican Mural Painting, 1900-1920
Authors: Patterson Robert H. 
Published: March 2007

In 1920, at the National Preparatory School in Mexico City a series of experiments into the techniques of fresco painting blossomed into a full-blown mural movement that captured and held the American imagination for thirty years. Long before the names of the painters were famous as “revolutionary” artists, however, Mexican art had been in revolutionary ferment. The painters, despite their many individual differences, shared a common rich heritage which made possible the success of the mural movement.The creative outburst which culminated in the Mexican mural movement was dependent upon two oddly dissimilar precedents. The first was the formal academic training most of the painters received at the Academy of San Carlos, the government-supported art school. The second was their participation in a bloody revolution and their assessment of the struggle when peace was restored.
O Brasil e o Mercado Comum Latino-Americano
Authors: Torres José Garrido 
Published: March 2007

Com a recente assinatura, em Montevideo, do Tratado da Zona Latino-Americana de Livre Comercio, é natural que nos países que o subscreveram ocorra cuidadosa análise com vistas a determinacáo das vantagens e desvantagens déle decorrentes.Tal é o caso no Brasil, onde está o referido Tratado merecendo acurado exame, sobretudo no Congresso, que deverá pronunciar-se a seu respeito dentro em breve, segundo se espera, aprovando-o ou rejeitando-o.Trata-se de um esquema de política comercial sem precedente nesta área do mundo, propiciado — é certo — pelas circunstancias do comercio entre sete países (Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguai, Perú, México, Paraguai, e possivelmente a Bolivia), mas cujo ensaio só se tornou possível depois de se haver proposto a idéia da integracáo económica da América Latina, idéia essa hoje mais conhecida como o Mercado Regional ou Comum Latino-Americano.
Fernando Ortiz, las Razas y los Negros
Authors: Godoy Gustavo J. 
Published: March 2007

“En la cuestión de los negros, lo menos negro es el negro”.José de la Luz y CaballeroDesde Que en 1906 publicó en Madrid su libro Los negros brujos, Fernando Ortiz —tenía entonces veinticinco años— ha venido dedicándose, con toda la claridad de su mente, al estudio y a la divulgación de cuestiones sociológicas relacionadas principalmente con los negros. Con esa obra, inició él en Cuba el estudio científico del negro, por lo cual es el verdadero descubridor de los aportes del negro al proceso cubano de integración cultural, y el precursor del afrocubanismo. En tales estudios sólo le antecedió, en la América latina, Nina Rodríguez, del Brasil, y desde que el gran etnólogo falleció, Fernando Ortiz es el decano de los afronegrólogos del Continente suramericano.
Ecuador, Sìntesis Nacional
Authors: Camposano Eduardo Santos 
Published: March 2007

Cada Pueblo Tiene su perfil, y la historia se ha venido forjando en el devenir permanente y en la lucha incesante, cuando determinados caracteres han tratado de predominar en el conglomerado humano.Los estadios culturales que, según Spengler, van de oriente a occidente, han entrañado el predominio de formas estéticas, políticas, jurídicas o militares en un momento dado. Pero esta hegemonía ha sido hacia afuera, manteniendo una coordinación hacia adentro, pues, sin esta unidad interior, mal se podía conseguir una prepotencia externa.
As Caracteristicas do Povo Brasileiro
Authors: Rodrigues José Honório 
Published: March 2007

Os estudos sôbre o carácter brasileiro contam com urna tradigáo filosófica e literaria. Desde José Bonifacio, nos inicios de nossa independencia, até os ensaios mais recentes, um crescente interésse dos brasileiros pelo Brasil e pelos brasileiros criou ambiente próprio para o estudo disciplinado déste tema.Não seria difícil somar as virtudes e os defeitos dos brasileiros ai apontados e apresentá-los num conjunto em que a presenga de certos qualificativos denunciasse, pela freqüéncia e o somatório, o quadro de nossos tragos psico-sociais. Mas, como já acentuaram varios estudiosos, a cultura de um povo nao é um somatório nem de grupos regionais nem de pessoas e sim a integragáo déstes numa síntese nova, em que o conteúdo espiritual se revela, na sociedade, em tragos permanentes ou variáveis, através de períodos históricos.