bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost, affordability and cost-effectiveness of strategies to control tuberculosis in countries with high HIV prevalence
Authors: Currie Christine SM , Floyd Katherine , Williams Brian G , Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe HIV epidemic has caused a dramatic increase in tuberculosis (TB) in East and southern Africa. Several strategies have the potential to reduce the burden of TB in high HIV prevalence settings, and cost and cost-effectiveness analyses can help to prioritize them when budget constraints exist. However, published cost and cost-effectiveness studies are limited.MethodsOur objective was to compare the cost, affordability and cost-effectiveness of seven strategies for reducing the burden of TB in countries with high HIV prevalence. A compartmental difference equation model of TB and HIV and recent cost data were used to assess the costs (year 2003 US$ prices) and effects (TB cases averted, deaths averted, DALYs gained) of these strategies in Kenya during the period 2004–2023.ResultsThe three lowest cost and most cost-effective strategies were improving TB cure rates, improving TB case detection rates, and improving both together. The incremental cost of combined improvements to case detection and cure was below US$15 million per year (7.5% of year 2000 government health expenditure); the mean cost per DALY gained of these three strategies ranged from US$18 to US$34. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) had the highest incremental costs, which by 2007 could be as large as total government health expenditures in year 2000. ART could also gain more DALYs than the other strategies, at a cost per DALY gained of around US$260 to US$530. Both the costs and effects of treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (TLTI) for HIV+ individuals were low; the cost per DALY gained ranged from about US$85 to US$370. Averting one HIV infection for less than US$250 would be as cost-effective as improving TB case detection and cure rates to WHO target levels.ConclusionTo reduce the burden of TB in high HIV prevalence settings, the immediate goal should be to increase TB case detection rates and, to the extent possible, improve TB cure rates, preferably in combination. Realising the full potential of ART will require substantial new funding and strengthening of health system capacity so that increased funding can be used effectively.
(Cost)-effectiveness of case-management by district nurses among primary informal caregivers of older adults with dementia symptoms and the older adults who receive informal care: design of a randomized controlled trial [ISCRTN83135728]
Authors: Jansen Aaltje PD , van Hout Hein PJ , van Marwijk Harm WJ , Nijpels Giel , de Bruijne Martine C , Bosmans Judith E , Pot Anne-Margriet , Stalman Wim AB 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
Dementia is an incurable disease with devastating consequences for both patients and their relatives. The objective of this study is to describe the study protocol of a randomized controlled trial with assignment to either usual care or case-management by district nurses, among informal caregivers of older adults with dementia symptoms who live at home and the older adults who receive informal care.

Methods/design
In this randomized controlled trial, effectiveness as well as cost-effectiveness of case-management is evaluated. It concerns case-management in early-detected patients with dementia symptoms and their primary informal caregivers. Participants are followed up to twelve months after baseline assessment. The main outcome measure of the effect evaluation is the caregiver's sense of competence to care for the older person with dementia symptoms. The economic evaluation is performed from a societal perspective.

Discussion
This is one of the first trials on case-management that includes an economic evaluation. In addition, it concerns a tailor-made intervention in early-detected patients with dementia symptoms and their caregivers. The results of this randomized controlled trial will provide valuable information for health professionals and policy makers on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early tailor-made case-management for patients and their informal caregivers. Moreover, positive effects will challenge current health care systems to move to more pro-active approaches for this group.
Amiloride derivatives enhance insulin release in pancreatic islets from diabetic mice
Authors: Gunawardana Subhadra C , Head W Steven , Piston David W 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Background
Amiloride derivatives, commonly used for their diuretic and antihypertensive properties, can also cause a sustained but reversible decrease of intracellular pH (pHi). Using dimethyl amiloride (DMA) on normal rodent pancreatic islets, we previously demonstrated the critical influence of islet pHi on insulin secretion. Nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion (NSIS) requires a specific pHi-range, and is dramatically enhanced by forced intracellular acidification with DMA. Furthermore, DMA can enable certain non-secretagogues to stimulate insulin secretion, and induce time-dependent potentiation (TDP) of insulin release in mouse islets where this function is normally absent. The present study was performed to determine whether pHi-manipulation could correct the secretory defect in islets isolated from mice with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
Using two mouse models of type 2 diabetes, we compared a) pHi-regulation, and b) NSIS with and without treatment with amiloride derivatives, in islets isolated from diabetic mice and wild type mice.

Results
A majority of the islets from the diabetic mice showed a slightly elevated basal pHi and/or poor recovery from acid/base load. DMA treatment produced a significant increase of NSIS in islets from the diabetic models. DMA also enabled glucose to induce TDP in the islets from diabetic mice, albeit to a lesser degree than in normal islets.

Conclusion
Islets from diabetic mice show some mis-regulation of intracellular pH, and their secretory capacity is consistently enhanced by DMA/amiloride. Thus, amiloride derivatives show promise as potential therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes.
Recombinant production of bacterial toxins and their derivatives in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Gurkan Cemal , Ellar David J 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe methylotrophic yeastPichia pastorisis a popular heterologous expression host for the recombinant production of a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. The rapid emergence ofP. pastorisas a robust heterologous expression host was facilitated by the ease with which it can be manipulated and propagated, which is comparable to that ofEscherichia coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiae.P. pastorisoffers further advantages such as the tightly-regulated alcohol oxidase promoter that is particularly suitable for heterologous expression of foreign genes. While recombinant production of bacterial toxins and their derivatives is highly desirable, attempts at their heterologous expression using the traditionalE. coliexpression system can be problematic due to the formation of inclusion bodies that often severely limit the final yields of biologically active products. However, recent literature now suggests thatP. pastorismay be an attractive alternative host for the heterologous production of bacterial toxins, such as those from the generaBacillus,Clostridium, andCorynebacterium, as well as their more complex derivatives. Here, we review the recombinant production of bacterial toxins and their derivatives inP. pastoriswith special emphasis on their potential clinical applications. Considering thatde novodesign and construction of synthetic toxin genes have often been necessary to achieve optimal heterologous expression inP. pastoris, we also present general guidelines to this end based on our experience with theP. pastorisexpression of theBacillus thuringiensisCyt2Aa1 toxin.
Phylogenetic evidence for the distinction of Saaremaa and Dobrava hantaviruses
Authors: Sironen Tarja , Vaheri Antti , Plyusnin Alexander 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Dobrava virus (DOBV) and Saaremaa virus (SAAV) are two closely related hantaviruses carried by different rodent species. The distinction of these two viruses has been a matter of debate. While the phylogenies based on the viral M segment sequences were repeatedly showing monophyly of SAAV strains, some trees based on the S segment sequences were not, thus causing questions on the demarcation between these two viruses. In order to clarify this issue, the current collection of the virus S segment sequences was subjected to extensive phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and distant matrix methods. In all inferred phylogenies, the SAAV sequences were monophyletic and separated from DOBV sequences, thus supporting the view that SAAV and DOBV are distinct hantavirus species. Since collection of the S segment sequences used in this study "obeyed" the molecular clock, calculations of the split of DOBV and SAAV were now repeated resulting in an estimation of 3.0–3.7 MYA that is very close to the values obtained earlier.
Effects of Wetness in Steam Turbines
Authors: Hesketh J A , Walker P J 
Published: December 2005

Courses in mechanical engineering usually introduce the theory of axial-flow turbo-machines in terms of simple velocity triangles representing the bulk flow of ideal compressible fluid through the blade passages. A distinctive practical difference, peculiar to steam turbines (ST), is the presence of liquid-water in the flow field. The steam wetness in such turbines is widely known to be doubly-damaging, leading to both loss of efficiency and to mechanical damage (erosion, etc.) of the machine components. Over recent decades, a whole new field of mechanical engineering science has evolved on the subject of wetness in steam turbines, and general practices have been established within the industry. This article reviews the general effects that are of major importance to the turbine designer/engineer, power plant operator, and especially to researchers in this field.
Properties of Acid Sites Generated on Sol–Gel Derived Zn2SiO4
Authors: Nakabayashi Hirotoshi , Shino Yoritsugu , Kobayashi Junya 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
ZnO–SiO2 binary oxides prepared by the sol–gel method were calcined at various temperatures in order to reveal the relations between the surface properties as an acid–base catalyst and the bulk structures measured by X-ray diffraction. It was found that the acid amount and strength as well as the catalytic activity increased remarkably when the Zn2SiO4 phase was formed exclusively by the reactions between ZnO and SiO2 particles at 1173 K. Changes in the bulk structures were suggested to affect the surface properties of the oxide particles.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium(II)–Nitrile Complexes with Bisamide-tpa Ligands (tpa = Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine)
Authors: Kojima Takahiko , Hayashi Ken-ichi , Shiota Yoshihito , Tachi Yoshimitsu , Naruta Yoshinori , Suzuki Takuya , Uezu Kazuya , Yoshizawa Kazunari 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Ruthenium(II)–acetonitrile complexes having pentadentate tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (tpa) derivatives with coordinated amide CO groups were prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic methods, electrochemical measurements, and DFT calculations. The acetonitrile ligand was indicated to tightly bind to the ruthenium(II) center in an η1-N fashion. The Mulliken charge distribution, obtained by a calculation, indicated that the ruthenium(II)–nitrile bond is more covalent than other coordination bonds of the tpa moiety. The redox potentials of Ru centers and the chemical shifts of methyl groups of the acetonitrile ligands exhibited a linear relationship, indicating that electron density of the Ru center controls that of the acetonitrile ligand. Those complexes showed fluxional behavior in CD3CN solutions to exhibit one mode of thermal motion; it also altered the symmetry of the complexes.
Synthesis of a Molecular Tweezer Containing Pentafluorophenyl Groups and Investigation of the π–π Stacking Interaction for a Pentafluorophenyl Group in a Polar Organic Solvent
Authors: Korenaga Toshinobu , Kawauchi Yusuke , Kosaki Takahiro , Ema Tadashi , Sakai Takashi 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A molecular tweezer having two bidentate pentafluorophenyl (C6F5) groups was synthesized, and the π–π stacking ability of the C6F5 groups toward benzene derivatives in a polar organic solvent was evaluated. The structure of the molecular tweezer was revealed to be dimeric in the crystalline state by X-ray analysis. Association constants (Ka) between the molecular tweezer and aromatic guests in THF were found to be roughly correlated with the quadrupole moment (Qzz) of the guests, suggesting that the quadrupole–quadrupole contribution plays a significant role in the π–π interaction even in a polar organic solvent.
Nickel-Catalyzed Dimerization of [5]Cumulenes (Hexapentaenes)
Authors: Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Yamamoto Gaku , Oda Masaji , Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Tetraaryl[5]cumulenes react with low-valent nickel complexes at the second double bond to produce novel [4]radialene derivatives that are head-to-head dimers of [5]cumulenes. The head-to-head dimers are also synthesized by a stepwise route. On the other hand, the nickel-catalyzed dimerization of [5]cumulenes with bulky substituents produces other types of extended [4]radialenes and [5]radialenones depending on the bulkiness of the terminal alkyl substituents. Thus, tetrakis-t-butyl[5]cumulene and 1,4-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexylidene)[3]cumulene react at the central double bond to give the corresponding [4]radialene and [5]radialenone, whereas 1,4-bis(2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentylidene)[3]cumulene and its benzo-annelated derivative react at the second double bond in a head-to-tail manner to afford the corresponding extended [4]radialenes. Tetrakis-t-butyl[5]radialenone was converted into [5]radialene by using a methylation–dehydration procedure. The extended [4]- and [5]radialenes and [5]radialenones have been fully characterized by spectroscopic analyses, X-ray crystallography, and/or independent chemical synthesis. The properties of these novel exocyclic π-electron systems have been investigated in detail. The aryl-substituted [4]radialenes exhibit facile bond rotation with low energy barriers. The [5]radialene and [5]radialenone form the corresponding cations easily by the addition of an acidic proton. The selectivity of the nickel-catalyzed dimerization of [5]cumulenes is discussed on the basis of theoretical calculations.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance of a ZSM-5/Y Composite
Authors: Shen Baojian , Chen Honglin , Guo Jintao , Pan Huifang 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A ZSM-5/Y composite zeolite was prepared from Y synthesis gel by using an in-situ two-step hydrothermal crystallization process. Optimized synthetic parameters made it practical to control the transformation of zeolite Y to P, or other undesired phases during ZSM-5/Y composite formation. It was found that the pH value range of the second phase (ZSM-5 in ZSM-5/Y composite) formation is much narrower than ordinary ZSM-5 synthesis, and a lower crystallization temperature was preferred in the second step. SEM showed that the morphology of the ZSM-5/Y composite was influenced by the different synthetic methods, such as seeds and templates. The NMR data indicated that the distribution of the Si(nAl) environments are different in ZSM-5/Y composite samples that made by different methods. The composite synthesized with seeds possessed a higher ratio of Si(0Al) to Si(1Al) than that of the composite synthesized with templates. Compared to a catalyst of a mechanical mixture of ZSM-5 and Y zeolite, the catalytic cracking performance of the ion-exchanged composite zeolite catalyst showed a better yield in gasoline formation when heavy oil was used as a feedstock in a MAT reactor, and the isomerization and aromatization abilities to the gasoline fraction were better than the physical mixture of the ZSM-5 and Y. This suggested that the composite structure of the zeolite may benefit the heavy oil transformation and related reaction steps during the course of the cracking process.
Effects of Axial Ligands on the Formation of a Layered Structure in Mono- and Di-Cationic Charged Tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V)/Synthetic Clay Composites
Authors: Shiragami Tsutomu , Nabeshima Keiko , Nakashima Satoko , Matsumoto Jin , Takagi Shinsuke , Inoue Haruo , Yasuda Masahide 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Novel metalloporphyrin–clay composites were prepared from a synthetic clay (Sumecton SA: SSA) and cationic tetraphenylporphyrinatoantimony(V) bromide (SbTPP, 1–4) having various axial ligands. Both the crystal structure for SbTPP–SSA composites and the adsorption behaviors of SbTPP into SSA sheets are investigated regarding the relation to the structure of an axial ligand at SbTPP by measuring the X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The XRD analysis revealed that powdered SbTPP–SSA composites could take a layered structure for 1, and an amorphous structure for 2, respectively. The IR spectrum of naked SSA showed a broad absorption band around 3000–3600 cm−1, which can probably be assigned as some adsorbed water molecules onto SSA. The intensity of the broad absorption band became weaker with an increase of the loading level (%LL), which was defined as a ratio of the concentration of the cationic sites of 1–4 to the concentration of anionic sites of SSA. The band completely disappeared at 100%LL in both 2–SSA and 4–SSA composites with the amorphous structure, whereas the band remained even at 100%LL in both 1–SSA and 3–SSA composites with the layered structure. Information about an aggregation state of 1–4 into SSA was obtained by measuring both the UV–vis absorption spectra of 1–4 in an aqueous colloidal clay solution and the fluorescence spectra of SbTPP–SSA composites in the solid state by using a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope. Each spectral data indicated that the ammonium cationic part on an axial ligand of 1 only led to effective non-aggregated adsorption onto SSA sheets, while 2–4 were located with the aggregated state on SSA sheets. These results also support that an axial ligand structure can control not only the formation of the crystal structure, but also the adsorption behaviors with aggregation or non-aggregation onto SSA sheets.
Performance Management: Threat or Opportunity? Current Problems Surrounding the Application of Performance Management to Public Services in England and Wales
Authors: Loveday Barry 
Published: December 2005

This article considers recent developments in the application of performance measures and management to public and, particularly, police services. It looks at the impact of the government's overwhelming commitment to the use of targets for services and asks whether this is the best way to improve effectiveness or service delivery generally. It goes on to assess recent managerial analysis of performance targets which suggests that the application of targets could ultimately serve to undermine the overall performance of public service by eradicating managerial initiative and trust among service providers.
Duty of Care for Informers
Authors: Billingsley Roger 
Published: December 2005

This article considers the use of Covert Human Intelligence Sources, or informers, by law enforcement agencies and examines whether sufficient ‘duty of care’ is being afforded them. It reflects on the implications of the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, which provide stringent controls and inspection processes for the management and use of informers by public authorities. The article examines those criminal cases of relevance, especially relating to the civil law of tort, to determine whether law enforcement agencies could have claims made against them for a lack of duty of care, or negligence. The use of a transparent risk management process is recommended, and the article provides examples of some areas of improvement considered necessary, including the use of an independent and objective inspections body. The policeman does not care about the informant's reputation among his fellows, except as it effects the work of the policeman. (J. H. Skolnick, 1966, Justice Without Trial. New York: Wiley, 132.)
Population Structure of Sockeye Salmon from Russia Determined with Microsatellite DNA Variation
Authors: Beacham T. D. , Varnavskaya N. V. , McIntosh B. , MacConnachie C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe population structure of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from Russia was determined from a survey of the variation of 14 microsatellite loci among approximately 3,750 sockeye salmon from 56 populations. The populations from Avacha Bay and the Palana River were quite distinct. Genetic differentiation among the populations surveyed was observed, the mean value of the differentiation index (FST) for all loci being 0.038 (SD = 0.007). Regional structuring of the populations surveyed was observed, multiple populations sampled within a lake being more similar to each other than to populations in other lakes or rivers. River drainage of origin was a significant unit of population structure. Populations spawning in rivers without access to a nursery lake for juvenile rearing displayed greater genetic variation than did populations with access to nursery lakes. Within Kurilskoye Lake, genetic differentation was observed between populations spawning in tributaries to the lake and those populations spawning along beaches within the lake. In the Kamchatka River drainage, genetic differentiation between the Azabachie Lake populations and other populations within the drainage was sufficient to discriminate between natal and nonnatal juveniles rearing in Azabachie Lake.
Identifying Introgressive Hybridization in Native Populations of California Golden Trout Based on Molecular Markers
Authors: Cordes Jan F. , Stephens Molly R. , Blumberg Marc A. , May Bernie 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita is one of three subspecies within the rainbow trout–redband trout complex endemic to the Kern River basin and historically restricted to Golden Trout Creek and the South Fork Kern River. Past allozyme studies have indicated that native populations of California golden trout in the Golden Trout Creek drainage may have become introgressed with rainbow trout alleles through interaction with hybrids of rainbow trout and California golden trout stocked into nearby headwater lakes that are connected to tributaries in the drainage. We used six microsatellites and a minisatellite marker to estimate the genetic diversity and levels of introgression in approximately 700 California golden trout taken from 23 locations in Golden Trout Creek, its tributaries, and surrounding lakes. Indications of introgression were found in all but one of the sampled Golden Trout Creek drainage locations, the lowest average levels (0–8%) occurring in the lower reaches of Golden Trout Creek. The highest levels (12–17%) were in the Cottonwood Lakes populations that have been used as California golden trout broodstock by the California Department of Fish and Game. Evidence of introgression was also found in fish sampled from the upper reaches of the South Fork Kern River. This suggests that past and present stocking policies and hybridization with introduced rainbow trout currently threaten the genetic integrity of California golden trout populations across all of their native range.