bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver retransplantation with external biliary diversion for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1: A case report
Authors: Usui Masanobu , Isaji Shuji , Das Bidhan C. , Kobayashi Motoyuki , Osawa Ichiro , Iida Taku , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Tabata Masami , Yorifuji Toru , Egawa Hiroto , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: September 2008

Abstract: PFIC1, originally described as “Byler disease,” is characterized by cholestatic feature and chronic diarrhea. Many patients require LT for the cure, but intractable diarrhea and prolonged growth retardation after LT are serious complications limiting the ultimate outcome of LT for this disease. EBD has recently been shown to be a promising and effective treatment. Recently, we successfully treated a five‐yr‐old boy with PFIC1 employing EBD after re‐transplantation. The patient received LDLT at the age of one yr. Six months after initial transplantation, he developed repeated attacks and diarrhea followed by the development of liver dysfunction and ascites. Liver biopsy at three yr after LDLT revealed the features of chronic graft rejection. With a diagnosis of chronic graft rejection with liver failure, we performed a repeat LDLT with EBD in which the jejunal loop used for hepaticojejunostomy was taken out of the body surface through the abdominal wall. Ten months after surgery, he is doing well, having no attack of diarrhea.
Lymphocyte subset reconstitution patterns in children with small bowel transplantation induced with steroid‐free rabbit anti‐human thymocyte globulin
Authors: Talukdar Anjan J. , Ashokkumar Chethan , Wilson Patrick , Gupta Ankit , Sun Qing , Boig Linda , Abu‐Elmagd Kareem , Mazariegos George , Green Michael , Sindhi Rakesh 
Published: September 2008

Abstract: Multiple measurements (n = 212) of lymphocyte subsets in 67 children treated with steroid‐free Tacrolimus, and rabbit anti‐human thymocyte globulin induction demonstrate early reconstitution of T‐cytotoxic and NK cells. Reconstitution of CD4+ cells is complete after the second post‐transplant year. During the period at risk for rejection, NK and T‐cytotoxic cell counts are significantly higher among Rejectors. During periods at increased risk for EBV viral infection, CD4 counts bear a significant inverse relationship to EBV viral load in a subset of at‐risk recipients. Rejection‐prone children also demonstrate significantly higher counts of total lymphocytes, Tc and NK cells prior to SBTx, and may illustrate one basis for enhanced baseline immunocompetence.
Contrasting nuclear and cytoplasmic exchanges between phylogenetically distant oak species (Quercus suberL. andQ. ilexL.) in Southern France: inferring crosses and dynamics
Authors: Mir C. , Jarne P. , Sarda V. , Bonin A. , Lumaret R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGene flow is particularly frequent in the genusQuercus(oaks), especially between closely related species. We focus here onQuercus ilexand the cork‐producingQuercus suber, which occasionally hybridize although they are phylogenetically markedly separated. Morphological observations were combined with both allozymic and chloroplastic diagnostic markers to characterize hybridization and introgression and to infer their dynamics in two French regions (French Catalonia and Provence), which are separated by several hundred kilometres. Some hybrids were found in both regions, indicating recent hybridization events. As expected from previous studies, most hybrids resulted from ♀Q. ilex × ♂Q. subercrosses, but our data showed that the reciprocal cross is also possible. Partial independence between nuclear and chloroplastic introgression was observed in the two species. Nuclear introgression was limited in both species and both regions, with no preferred direction. In Provence, chloroplastic introgression was very rare in both species. Conversely, allQ. suberindividuals from French Catalonia were introgressed byQ. ilexchlorotypes. This might be explained by introgression in the Iberian Peninsula antedating the first occurrence of the two species in French Catalonia. We also observed a new chlorotype that was created locally, and was exchanged between the two species. However, the two species still remain genetically differentiated. The dynamics and complexity of exchanges and the factors determining them (including human management ofQ. suber) are discussed.
The cell wall of kiwifruit pollen tubes is a target for chromium toxicity: alterations to morphology, callose pattern and arabinogalactan protein distribution
Authors: Speranza A. , Taddei A. R. , Gambellini G. , Ovidi E. , Scoccianti V. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTrivalent chromium has previously been found to effectively inhibit kiwifruit pollen tube emergence and elongation in vitro. In the present study, a photometric measure of increases in tube wall production during germination showed that 25 and 50 μm CrCl3 treatment induced a substantial reduction in levels of polysaccharides in walls over those in controls. Moreover, chromium‐treated kiwifruit pollen tubes had irregular and indented cell walls. Callose, the major tube wall polysaccharide, was deposited in an anomalous punctuate pattern. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which are integral in maintaining correct tube growth and shape in kiwifruit pollen, were found to be strongly altered in their distribution after CrCl3 treatment compared to control tube walls. Transmission electron microscopy–immunogold analysis using four monoclonal antibodies (JIM8, JIM13, JIM14 and MAC207) revealed discontinuous AGP distribution within the treated tube walls. Such clearly discernable alterations in the molecular and morphological architecture of pollen tube walls may be detrimental in vivo for the male gametophyte to accomplish its vital role in the fertilisation process.
FLUID FLOW IN DISTENSIBLE VESSELS
Authors: Bertram CD 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARY

Flow in single vascular conduits is reviewed, divided into distended and deflated vessels.
In distended vessels with pulsatile flow, wave propagation and reflection dominate the spatial and temporal distribution of pressure, determining the shape, size and relative timing of measured pressure waveforms, as well as the instantaneous pressure gradient everywhere. Considerable research has been devoted to accessing the information on pathological vascular malformations contained in reflected waves. Slow waves of contraction of vessel wall muscle, responsible for transport of oesophageal, ureteral and gut contents, have also been modelled.
The pressure gradient in a vessel drives the flow. Flow rate can be predicted both analytically and numerically, but analytical theory is limited to idealized geometry. The complex geometry of biological system conduits necessitates computation instead. Initially limited to rigid boundaries, numerical methods now include fluid–structure interaction and can simultaneously model solute transport, thus predicting accurately the environment of the mechanosensors and chemosensors at vessel surfaces.
Deflated vessels display all phenomena found in distended vessels, but have additional unique behaviours, especially flow rate limitation and flow‐induced oscillation. Flow rate limitation is widespread in the human body and has particular diagnostic importance in respiratory investigation. Because of their liquid lining, the pulmonary airways are also characterized by important two‐phase flows, where surface tension phenomena create flows and determine the patency and state of collapse of conduits.
Apart from the vital example of phonation, sustained self‐excited oscillation is largely avoided in the human body. Where it occurs in snoring, it is implicated in the pathological condition of sleep apnoea.
CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GRANULOCYTE COLONY‐STIMULATING FACTOR IN ANGIOTENSIN II‐INDUCED CARDIAC REMODELLING
Authors: Jia Nan , Dong Peixin , Huang Qiuping , Jin Wei , Zhang Jianjun , Dai Qiuyan , Liu Shaowen 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARY

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) is reported to have a beneficial effect on cardiac dysfunction in postinfarction and doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopathy. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of G‐CSF on cardiac remodelling in angiotensin (Ang) II‐induced hypertrophy.
Four groups of mice were investigated. The first group served as a control group. The second group was injected with recombinant human G‐CSF (10 µg/kg per day, s.c.) on the first 5 days of each week and treatment was continued for 4 weeks. An osmotic minipump was implanted subcutaneously into each mouse in the third group so that pressor doses of AngII (2.88 mg/kg per day) or saline could be administered over a period of 4 weeks. The fourth group was infused with AngII (2.88 mg/kg per day) and injected with G‐CSF (10 µg/kg per day, s.c.) for 4 weeks.
Angiotensin II treatment significantly elevated blood pressure and caused cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice. Treatment of mice with G‐CSF did not reduce the AngII‐induced increase in blood pressure, but ameliorated the development of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Infusion of AngII induced upregulation of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) expression and downregulation of ACE2 expression. Treatment with G‐CSF reduced cardiac levels of ACE and increased ACE2 expression. In addition, G‐CSF treatment reduced the expression of osteopontin (OPN) and phospho‐p70S6 kinase, which were upregulated by AngII infusion.
These results suggest that G‐CSF reduces AngII‐induced hypertrophy. Modulation of the expression of the ACE isoforms contributes to regression of AngII‐induced cardiac hypertrophy. The effect of G‐CSF to prevent cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy may be mediated, in part, via inhibition of OPN expression and p70S6 kinase phosphorylation.
ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF CALCIUM TRANSPORT IN EPITHELIA
Authors: Khanal Ramesh C , Nemere Ilka 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARY

Calcium (re)absorption occurs in epithelia, including the intestine, kidney, mammary glands, placenta and gills (in the case of fish).
Calcium is transported across epithelia by two transport mechanisms, paracellular and transcellular, and the movement is regulated by a complex array of transport processes that are mediated by hormonal, developmental and physiological factors involving the gastrointestinal tract, bone, kidney and the parathyroids.
Clear understanding of the calcium transport pathways and their endocrine regulation is critical for minimizing various metabolic and health disorders at different physiological stages. Here, we first briefly review the calcium transport mechanisms before discussing in detail the endocrine factors that regulate calcium transport in the epithelia.
Quantifying the evidence for ecological synergies
Authors: Darling Emily S. , Côté Isabelle M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThere is increasing concern that multiple drivers of ecological change will interact synergistically to accelerate biodiversity loss. However, the prevalence and magnitude of these interactions remain one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future ecological change. We address this uncertainty by performing a meta‐analysis of 112 published factorial experiments that evaluated the impacts of multiple stressors on animal mortality in freshwater, marine and terrestrial communities. We found that, on average, mortalities from the combined action of two stressors were not synergistic and this result was consistent across studies investigating different stressors, study organisms and life‐history stages. Furthermore, only one‐third of relevant experiments displayed truly synergistic effects, which does not support the prevailing ecological paradigm that synergies are rampant. However, in more than three‐quarters of relevant experiments, the outcome of multiple stressor interactions was non‐additive (i.e. synergies or antagonisms), suggesting that ecological surprises may be more common than simple additive effects.
Spatial synchrony of planthopper species with contrasting outbreak behaviour
Authors: Grilli Mariano P. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1 We studied the synchrony of two sympatric delphacids species with different outbreak behaviours over a range of 250 km in Argentina.2 The spatial synchrony in the dynamics of Delphacodes kuscheli and Toya propinqua was quantified by collecting individuals of both species simultaneously at three sampling heights: ground, 1.5 m and 6 m above the ground. Synchrony between paired sampling sites separated by increasing distances was estimated using a nonparametric covariance function.3 A significant difference was found between the spatial synchrony of the species studied. Delphacodes kuscheli individuals collected at 6 m above the ground showed consistent spatial synchrony over long distances with correlation values declining by 40%. Population dynamics showed declining synchrony as site separation increased. Toya propinqua populations did not show this pattern. This species had a lower mean regional synchrony at at 6 m above the ground, but their ground height synchrony was greater than that observed for D. kuscheli.4 One possible synchronizing mechanism is seasonality and the dispersal strategies of each species. The main host plants of D. kuscheli are winter cereals sown as pasture for cattle grazing and the synchrony of the crop may affect the general pattern of dispersing individuals of this species. The lack of synchrony observed in T. propinqua populations was probably due to the wider host range of this species.
A mechanistic model based analysis of cotton aphid population dynamics data
Authors: Matis Timothy I. , Parajulee Megha N. , Matis James H. , Shrestha Ram B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1 A 2‐year field study was conducted to generate data on seasonal abundance patterns of cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover and to develop a mechanistic model based on cumulative population size. The treatments consisted of three irrigation levels (Low, Medium and High) with 65%, 75% and 85% evapotranspiration replacement and three nitrogen fertility treatments (blanket‐rate‐N, variable‐rate‐N and no nitrogen).2 A nonlinear regression equation, the analytical solution of a cumulative size mechanistic model, was fitted to each of the 27 individual data sets collected in 2003 and in 2004. The size and time of the peak, the cumulative aphid density, and the birth and death rates were estimated for each population, and each of these five variables was analyzed as a response variable in the analysis of variance.3 For 2003 (a dry year), the Water (irrigation) main effect was found to be significant for the time of peak, the death rate and the cumulative density. The lower aphid death rate at low water levels might be due to the water stress in plants.4 For 2004 (a year with moderate precipitation), the Nitrogen main effect was significant for both the birth and death rates. As nitrogen applications were increased, the decrease in both the aphid birth and death rates translates into a decrease in crowding and an increase in aphid survival.5 The fact that treatment effects may be manifested through birth and death rate parameters in the new mechanistic model opens up new avenues for analyzing population size data of this kind.
Implications for conservation biocontrol of spatio‐temporal relationships between carabid beetles and coleopterous pests in winter oilseed rape
Authors: Warner D. J. , Allen‐Williams L. J. , Warrington S. , Ferguson A. W. , Williams I. H. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1 The spatio‐temporal distributions of predatory carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and their potential prey, the larvae of three coleopterous pests, Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) and Ceutorhynchus spp. [Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham), the cabbage stem weevil, and Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull), the cabbage seed weevil], were studied within a crop of winter oilseed rape. The distributions of Collembola were recorded as potential alternative prey. Insect distributions were analysed and compared using Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices.2 Mature larvae of the pests dropped from the crop canopy to the soil for pupation in temporal succession from May to early July. Their distributions within the crop were irregular and differed with species.3 Adults of seven species or genera of carabid were abundant and active within the crop during May and June: Nebria brevicollis (Fabricius), Anchomenus dorsalis (Pontoppidan), Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius), Amara similata (Gyllenhal), Asaphidion spp., Pterostichus madidus (Fabricius) and Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger).4 During May, N. brevicollis was spatially associated with peak numbers of M. aeneus larvae and with Collembola. Anchomenus dorsalis was spatially associated with Ceutorhynchus spp. larvae during two peaks in the abundance of the latter in early and late June. Nebria brevicollis and A. dorsalis coincided in both time and space with larvae of the three coleopterous pests when they were most vulnerable to predation by epigeal predators and are therefore good candidates for conservation biocontrol.5 The importance of carabid beeetles in the natural enemy complex in winter oilseed rape and their potential for biocontrol of spring and summer pests are discussed in relation to husbandry practices for the crop and its adjacent areas which could be manipulated to promote carabid survival for integrated pest management.
Parasitism and dispersal potential of Sirex noctilio: implications for biological control
Authors: Villacide José M. , Corley Juan C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1 Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is a wood‐boring wasp that attacks many pine species, including commercial trees planted throughout the world. Management of its populations is largely based on biological control using the nematode Beddingia siricidicola. Adult females are sterilized by the nematode, but are free to move and attack new trees, promoting nematode dispersal. Although generally successful, wasp management through nematode introductions has sometimes been inadequate.2 We evaluated the effect of parasitism by B. siricidicola on flight performance of woodwasps under laboratory conditions. Using flight mills, we recorded a total of 46 flight trials over 23 h, obtained from infected and control (uninfected) females.3 Although all wasps lost weight during flight, parasitized females were significantly smaller and suffered larger weight losses than uninfected females. In addition, total flight distance and velocity were lower in parasitized females.4 Because nematode infection transmission relies on healthy wasps attacking trees previously visited by nematode‐bearing females, differential dispersal capacity could limit biological control success.
Wheat stem sawfly‐infested plants benefit from parasitism of the herbivorous larvae
Authors: Buteler Micaela , Weaver David K. , Miller Perry R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1 Parasitoids Bracon cephi (Gahan) and Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck and their herbivorous host the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton, a pest of wheat Triticum aestivum, were investigated for yield in T. aestivum grown in the field.2 Wheat stem sawfly‐infested stems had a higher yield potential than uninfested stems. However, final reproductive output was not significantly different between ears on infested stems that supported complete larval development compared with ears on uninfested stems.3 Stems containing parasitized larvae and stems containing larvae that died before completing their development had a higher mean number of seeds and seed weight, when accounting for number of fertile spikelets of each ear, than either infested with live larvae and uninfested stems.4 The results obtained suggest that larval feeding prevented infested stems from attaining their yield potential, and that the negative impact of the pest on wheat yield was reduced when late instar sawfly larvae were parasitized. Even though some feeding occurs before parasitism, this early damage has a comparatively low impact on yield.5 This is the first study to show a yield benefit and enhanced plant fitness due to the wheat stem sawfly parasitoids B. cephi and B. lissogaster. This results from the maintenance of increased seed number and seed weight in the higher yielding stems that are preferentially infested by this pest.
Diversity and species composition of West African ungulate assemblages: effects of fire, climate and soil
Authors: Klop Erik , Prins Herbert H. T. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAim Anthropogenic fires are a major component of the ecology of rangelands throughout the world. To assess the effects of these fires on the diversity patterns of herbivores, we related gradients in fire occurrence, climate and soil fertility to patterns in alpha and beta diversity of African ungulates.Location West Africa.Methods We used a survey‐based approach for ungulates in 37 protected areas in desert, savanna and rain forest habitats throughout West Africa, combined with satellite images of fire occurrence and digital maps of actual evapotranspiration and soil fertility. Alpha diversity was related to the environmental variables using conventional and spatial regression models. We investigated beta diversity using partial Mantel tests and ordination techniques, and by partitioning the variance in assemblage composition into environmental and spatial components.Results The species richness of grazers showed a quadratic relationship with actual evapotranspiration, whereas that of browsers and frugivores showed a linear relationship. However, in the multiple regression models fire occurrence was the only variable that significantly correlated with the species richness of grazers. Soil fertility was weakly related to overall beta diversity and the species richness of browsers, but was non‐significant in the multiple regression models. Fire occurrence was the most important variable explaining species composition of the overall species set and of grazers, whereas the assemblage composition of browsers and frugivores was explained mostly by actual evapotranspiration.Main conclusions In contrast to previous studies, our analyses show that moisture and nutrients alone fail to adequately predict the diversity patterns of grazing ungulates. Rather, the species richness and assemblage composition of grazers are largely governed by anthropogenic fires that modify the quality and structure of the grass sward. Diversity patterns of browsers and frugivores are markedly different from grazers and depend mainly on the availability of moisture, which is positively correlated with the availability of foliage and fruits. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating major human‐induced disturbances or habitat alterations into analyses of diversity patterns.
A Psychophysical Evaluation of Inverse Tone Mapping Techniques
Authors: Banterle Francesco , Ledda Patrick , Debattista Kurt , Bloj Marina , Artusi Alessandro , Chalmers Alan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn recent years inverse tone mapping techniques have been proposed for enhancing low‐dynamic range (LDR) content for a high‐dynamic range (HDR) experience on HDR displays, and for image based lighting. In this paper, we present a psychophysical study to evaluate the performance of inverse (reverse) tone mapping algorithms. Some of these techniques are computationally expensive because they need to resolve quantization problems that can occur when expanding an LDR image. Even if they can be implemented efficiently on hardware, the computational cost can still be high. An alternative is to utilize less complex operators; although these may suffer in terms of accuracy. Our study investigates, firstly, if a high level of complexity is needed for inverse tone mapping and, secondly, if a correlation exists between image content and quality. Two main applications have been considered: visualization on an HDR monitor and image‐based lighting.