bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LAW, HYDROLOGY, AND SURFACE‐WATER SUPPLY IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Jacoby Gordon C. , Weatherford Gary D. , Wegner Judith W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Law and hydrology are inextricably woven together in the pattern of water resource development in the west. The former attempts to allocate a limited and valuable resource as the latter tries to define the limits of the resource. In the past an inadequate data base has made hydrologic estimates difficult and political factors have pushed the law into possibly conflicting commitments in the Colorado River Basin.Through the use of tree‐ring research, hydrologists have produced a more definitive data base and placed water allocations such as the Colorado River Compact of 1922 in a clearer long‐term perspective. This data base leads to the conclusion that the surface‐water supply is about 13.5 million acre‐feet per year. This hydrologic limit must be apportioned within an existing legal framework ‐ the “Law of the River.” As development approaches the resource limit in the Upper Colorado River Basin, lawyers and hydrologists must act in concert toward the equitable solution of allocation and reallocation problems.
CONSERVATIONAL WATER PRICING FOR INCREASED WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS1
Authors: Carey D. I. , Haan C. T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to see if benefits from water supply could be increased by utilizing price‐usage information in reservoir design studies. Three pricing policies were examined. The first policy assumed no price‐use relationship, and quantity demanded was based on existing community usage with a low water rate. The price of water was set to recover system costs. A price‐use relationship was assumed in the second policy and the water rate was constant. The price of water was determined from the associated system which provided maximum expected net benefits. The third policy assumed the price‐use relationship and the price charged for water during each billing period was a non‐linear function of storage which increased as the amount of water in storage at the beginning of the period decreased.It was found that the use of the conservation pricing policies substantially reduced storage requirements while providing demonstrable net benefits to the community and a large average supply. The conservation pricing policies substantially lowered the average price paid for water. The effect of uncertainty in consumer response to changes in price was studied by using a probabilistic price‐use relationship. This uncertainty did not significantly reduce the effectiveness of the conservation policy. It was concluded that demand management by the use of a proper pricing policy could significantly increase net water supply benefits to a community.
AGRICULTURAL LEGISLATION'S POTENTIAL IN REDUCING DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS1
Authors: Gambell Ernest L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Agricultural lands (including most forest lands) make up almost four‐fifths of the total land area of the United States and include, or are traversed by, perhaps an equal proportion of our ground and surface waters. Therefore, a very large part of our environment is directly “agriculture‐related” in any consideration of the discharge of pollutants.Several important Federal and State laws relate to the control or abatement of agriculture‐related pollution. Existing legislation generally mandates the control or abatement of pollution (from point or nonpoint sources) or authorizes the use use of public funds or other resources for such purposes. Some of these laws can be effective instruments in keeping pollutants from being discharged into surface or ground waters or into the air, but the degree to which some pollutants originating from agricultural lands and operations constitute a serious environmental hazard in waters remains controversial.Although most of the technology exists to reduce greatly the movement of these pollutants, investments are often required which benefit the nonfarm public without economic returns to the farmer. Whether a zero discharge is either an environmentally or economically feasible alternative to more limited or selective control, is explored. However, if the public is willing to bear its reasonable share of the cost for clean air and water, the needed basic legislation already largely exists. Under it, agricultural land holders may apply program standards and use their own and available program resources to bring about effective control or abatement of pollutants.
TRANSIENT WATER QUALITY MODELING IN STREAMS1
Authors: Willis Robert , Anderson Donald R. , Dracup John A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A general planning model for simulation of water quality in streams and canals is formulated and verified. The model simulates the temporal and spatial variations in conservative and nonconservative constituents. The nitrogen cycle and its interaction with other nutrients and the dissolved oxygen resources of the stream are included. A fully implicit finite difference approximation is used to solve the mass transport equations describing variations in constituent concentrations throughout the stream systems.The model is applied to the Truckee River in northern California. Results indicate the applicability of the model for assessing the impact of alternative water quality management strategies on the stream system.
A COMPARISON OF PHOSPHORUS AND WATER CONTRIBUTIONS BY SNOWFALL AND RAIN IN NORTHEAST OHIO1
Authors: McComas Murray R. , Cooke G. Dennis , Kennedy Robert H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A record snowfall of 55.8 centimeters occurred on December 1 and 2, 1974 in Portage County, Ohio. An early winter thaw melted the greater part of the snow by December 22, 1974, and a two‐day rain fell from December 23 to December 25. These weather events provided an opportunity to compare snowmelt and rainfall contribution to runoff and phosphorus loading to the Twin Lakes Watershed. Phosphorus concentrations of the snow and rain were determined. Six lake inflows and two lake outflows were measured daily for volume and phosphorus concentration.The snow added 217,000 cubic meters of water and 2.2 kilograms of total phosphorus to the watershed. The rain added 74,000 cubic meters of water and 1.6 kilograms of total phosphorus. Total water discharge from the watershed during December was 244,537 cubic meters and total phosphorus output was 20.3 kilograms. The snow provided 49.9% of the discharge and 8% of the phosphorus whereas the rainfall contributed 28% of the discharge and 6% of the phosphorus. These results indicate that while snow is a significant source of water, it is not a large source of phosphorus. The greatest contribution of phosphorus comes from fine sediment carried by storm runoff.
PREDICTING STORMFLOW AND PEAKFLOW FROM SMALL BASINS IN HUMID AREAS BY THE R‐INDEX METHOD1
Authors: Hewlett J. D. , Cunningham G. B. , Troendle C. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A relatively simple nonlinear equation was fitted to 468 stormflows larger than 0.05 area inches on 11 forested basins from New Hampshire to South Carolina, providing a predictive method for use on forest and wildlands in humid regions. Stormflow in area inches (Q̄) was:

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where R is the mean value of Q/P for all P larger than one inch, P is storm rainfall in inches, and I is the initial flow rate in ft3/sec/mi2. S.E. was 0.3 inch of stormflow. Peakflow was similarly estimated, S.E. 26 ft3/sec/mi2. The R‐index method is proposed as a practical tool in forest and wildland management. Similar to the SCS runoff curve number method, the R‐index method requires no prior assumptions about infiltration capacities of forest lands, but calls for the mapping of all first‐order streams for the average storage capacity index R, i.e., the mean hydrologic response of the source areas. Tested against the runoff curve method on four independent basins, predictions by the R‐index method were considerably more accurate when field information normally available to planners and managers was used in both methods.
DEVELOPING COMPETITION FOR WATER IN THE URBANIZING AREAS OF COLORADO1
Authors: Anderson R. L. , Wengert N. I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rapid population growth in the metropolitan area of Denver, Colorado, is causing conflicts over water use. Two cities, Thomton and Westminster, have begun condemnation proceedings against three irrigation companies to secure agricultural water rights for municipal use. This is the first condemnation proceeding against irrigation water rights for municipal use. Should the suit succeed, over 30,000 acres of presently irrigated land will lose its water supply. There are about four hundred landowners in the area; two hundred of these are commercial farmers, including truck, dairy and specialty farms. Total agricultural production amounts to about $8 million per year. About 561 jobs related to agriculture will disappear along with about $4 million in not income.Only 6.4 percent of the farmland along the Front Range is irrigated. Continued urban growth will put pressure on the water supply of much of this land. The interested parties of the region should cooperate to lessen the impact of urban growth on agricultural lands and water by forming a metropolitan water district. Such a district could share costs of development of additional municipal water and develop systems where municipalities would recycle waste water back to the irrigated lands.
LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION ‐ STREAM QUALITY PLANNING1
Authors: Macaitis Bill , Povilaitis Stanley J. , Cameron Edward B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: By United States Supreme Court action, the diversion of water from Lake Michigan and the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin in the Metropolitan Chicago Area is regulated at an annual maximum rate of 3,200 cfs. Approximately 1,700 cfs of this diversion is used for water supply, and the remaining 1,500 cfs consists primarily of stormwater runoff with lesser amounts of direct lake diversion, such as lockage and leakage, navigational makeup water flows, and discretionary diversion needed to maintain water quality standards in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's basic waterways.In order to assess the schedule of its discretionary diversion needs, the District, using a computer model of its basic waterway system, has calculated the minimum discretionary diversion requirements for projected water quality conditions as successive elements of the District's water pollution control program are completed. The results of these analyses can be used as a basis for developing plans for future allocations of the limited supply of Lake Michigan water to other uses such as domestic water supply, when and if such supplies become available.
RIVER‐QUALITY ASSESSMENTS1
Authors: Greeson Phillip E. , Velz Clarence J. , Rickert David A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In 1972, the U.S. Geological Survey began a pilot program of river‐quality assessments. The objectives of the program are (1) to define the character, interrelationships, and apparent causes of existing river‐quality problems, and (2) to devise and demonstrate the analytical approaches and the tools and methodologies needed for developing water‐quality information that will provide a sound technical basis for planners and managers to use in assessing river‐quality problems and evaluating management alternatives.The most noteworthy finding of a pilot assessment of the Willamette River basin, Oregon, was that across‐the‐board advanced waste treatment was not the answer to the problem of meeting stringent water‐quality standards established for the river. The assessment also found that existing water‐quality data generally are inadequate for defining the critical cause‐effect relationships that control river‐quality problems and that intensive, synoptic surveys keyed to local problems and conditions would be required in most river basins to develop an adequate information base for managing important river‐quality problems. The study illustrated that rigid nationwide standards and regulations are likely to result in unneeded expenditures in some river basins and in undesirable quality in others.
PLANNING METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT ON LAKE EUTROPHICATION1
Authors: O'Hayre Arthur P. , Dowd John F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effects of changing nutrient inputs through land use management, waste water treatment, or effluent diversion are not clear, and managers are discovering that decisions which were effective in reversing eutrophication for one lake are often unsuccessful when applied to another. Simple empirical relationships are often used to predict the impact of management decisions. Errors in estimation could result in either substantial costs for overdesign or failure to meet desired eutrophication levels.This paper presents and illustrates a methodology to evaluate the impact of land use and water resource management decisions on lake eutrophication. The problems of worth of additional information, and uncertainty of estimates were handled within a cost‐effectiveness framework. The probability of exceeding a critical level of eutrophication was considered as a measure of effectiveness. The cost criterion is the expected value of opportunity costs, costs of analysis and costs of additional information.Uncertainty analysis techniques were used to estimate the effectiveness of various management alternatives. Bayesian methods can be utilized to determine the worth of additional information.The methodology was applied to Beseck Lake, Connecticut, and the cost and effectiveness measures estimated for a number of land management alternatives. Worth of additional information was not determined in this initial effort in uncertainty analysis for lake eutrophication management.
WATER ADMINISTRATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES IMPACTS OF REORGANIZATION1
Authors: Derrick Sewell W. R. , Barr Lorna R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water management in England and Wales has undergone a major transformation in the past three decades, and especially under the 1963 and 1973 legislation. It has witnessed a shift from local to national responsibility, an integration of functions, and a move towards the incorporation of economic principles into water policies. For some observers the new legislation appeared to be “pioneering” and “farsighted.” There is little doubt it has resulted in many beneficial changes. But not all the goals have been achieved. Modifications of the 1973 legislation are already in prospect.This article reviews the progress to date and comments on the problems now to be faced.
PREDICTING BASE FLOW USING HYDROGEOLOGIC PARAMETERS1
Authors: Naney James W. , DeCousey Donn G. , Barnes Bill B. , Gander Gene A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is presented for predicting base flow using easily measured, or estimated, hydrogeologic parameters. A mathematical model based upon the theory of subsurface flow to parallel drains is applied to a small watershed in Oklahoma. An example of model application is presented for a five‐year period of record from this small watershed. Three years of data are used to calibrate the model, and two years of data are used for model validation. Hydrographs of observed and predicted base flow are presented for the five‐year period of record.We concluded from this limited application of the model, on a small watershed, that the modeling techniques discussed herein were valid and should be tested for longer time periods on a larger watershed to determine their general applicability.
RADIUM ‐ 226 IN GROUND WATER OF WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA1
Authors: Kaufmann Robert F. , Bliss James D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Principal U.S. phosphate production is from central Florida where mining, processing, and waste disposal practices intimately associate the industry with water resouces. Available radium‐226 data from 1966 and from 1973–1976 in mined and unmined mincralized areas and nonmineralized areas in the primary study area in Polk, Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and De Soto counties were studied using log‐normal probability plots and nonparametric statistical tests for significant difference as functions of time, depth, and location. Plots of radium in the water table and Floridan aquifers for mineralized and nonmineralized areas indicate that neither phosphate mineralization nor the industry is a probable factor. For the Lower Floridan aquifer, three separate radium populations are indicated with geometric means of 0.7, 3, and 10 pCi/1. Geometric mean radium‐226 content of the water table aquifer is 0.17 pCi/1. Radium in the Floridan aquifer in Manatee and Sarasota Counties is elevated relative to that in the water table and in other areas of Florida. For Sarasota County, geometric mean radium content of the water table is 15 pCi/l versus 7.5 pCi/l in the Floridan. Potential sources include shallow phosphate sediments and monazite sands and possibly crystalline basement rocks or other strata unrelated to phosphatic zones of current economic interest.The existing radium‐226 data base is rather marginal in terms of number and spatial distribution of analyses, particularly for the water table and Upper Floridan aquifer. Existing radium data do not substantiate widespread contamination of ground water as a result of the phosphate industry. However, local contamination associated with specific operations has occurred.
WILD RIVERS ‐ METHODS FOR EVALUATION1
Authors: Sonnen Michael B. , Davis Larry C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two analytical methods are presented and demonstrated for evaluating the monetary and nonmonetary benefits of wild rivers. In the traditional benefit‐cost context special techniques are required to show that any wild river is worthy of preservation. The methods presented allow for the possibility of low development levels in river basins to be optimal, although advanced development can also be shown to be most efficient in some circumstances. That is, the methods are not directed to the wild condition only but to the entire spectrum of development possibilities.The applications of the methods to two adjacent subbasins in the State of Washington each showed that the currently undeveloped basin should be left in its wild condition, while the partially developed basin next door should be developed even more fully.
PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE FOX CHAIN OF LAKES1
Authors: Lin S. D. , Evans R. L. , Beuscher D. B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As part of a comprehensive water quality investigation on the Fox Chain of Lakes during May to October 1975, water samples from the Chain and Cedar Lake (reference) at 25 locations were collected weekly or bi‐weekly to determine the species and densities of algae. The results have been evaluated for algal composition, density, and succession for each location.Sixty‐four algal species were recovered from 414 samples. The number of species per sampling location varied from 10 at Channel Lake and Lake Marie to 26 on Fox Lake (main) and Grass Lake. Blue green algae were predominant and occurred at 25 of the 25 sampling stations. They consisted mainly of Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae. The only flagellate of importance was Ceratium hirundinella, and significant concentrations of this organism were limited to Channel Lake and Lake Catherine. The only green alga bloom was created by Ulothrix variabilis on the waters of Pistakee Lake. Diatoms were quite significant on the shallower water bodies.Algal densities ranged from about 25 to 14,000 cts/ml. The highest count occurred on Mineola Bay. Other high counts (>10,000 cts/ml) observed were waters taken from Channel Lake, Grass Lake, and Fox Lake (main). In Grass Lake, 60 percent of the collections had algal densities in excess of 2,000 cts/ml. Most of these were the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana.
HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA1
Authors: Schoof R. R. , Thomas W. O. , Boxley W. M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Winter Creek is a tributary of the Washita River in south‐western Oklahoma. The Soil Conservation Service installed floodwater retarding structures which controlled runoff from 56 percent of a 33‐square‐mile (8550‐hectare) gaged drainage area. Application of a hydrologic model to the flood peaks indicated that the structural treatment reduced the flood peaks an average of 61 percent.The Winter Creek channel has narrowed and deepened since the structural treatment was applied. The severe bank erosion occurring before treatment has been arrested and sediment yield from the watershed has been reduced 50 to 60 percent. In some reaches of the channel there has been a dense growth of trees in recent years.
DEVELOPMENT OF FEDERAL RESERVE RIGHTS1
Authors: Bird John W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The concept that has been termed “Indian Rights to Water” is one manifestation of the area of federal reserved rights that is a major concern of states in arid regions. The federal reserved rights are those that are reserved in fact or by implication in federal actions, acts, reservations, and treaties. Federal actions include such things as navigation improvement and flood control projects.The Federal Court System, since the Civil War has been promulgating, developing, and protecting federal reserved water rights. The development of those rights can be traced from early cases through the landmark cases such as U.S. v. Rio Grande and Irrigation Co. (1899); Winters v. U.S. (1908) with the origin of the Winters' Doctrine of Indian Rights; Federal Power Commission v. Oregon, commonly called the Pelton Dam Case (1955); Arizona v. California (1963); U.S. v. District Court for Eagle County (1971); to existing suits on surface water sources such as that on appeal in regard to reserved federal water rights on the Truckee River. It can be shown that the federal position has been consistent through all the years in that the federal rights have been protected, expanded, developed, and preserved in a more or less predictable manner.
GRADUATE TRAINING IN WATER TRACK ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF EMPLOYERS1
Authors: Hansen Roger D. , Torpy Michael F. , Kemp Michael , Mills David 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The authors conducted a mail survey of 600 employers in the government and private sectors who were thought to hire water track environmental engineers. Of a total of 148 respondents, over 80 percent employed a combined total of over 2,800 environmental engineers. The survey addressed two basic questions: (1) what is the quality of graduate education recently trained engineers have received, and (2) what effect does a nonengineering undergraduate degree have on an engineering graduate student's employment potential.In answer to the first question, respondents indicated that engineering graduates were deficient in report writing, business law (contracts and specifications), economics and finance, and practical design. Many employers stated that students could better prepare themselves for employment by (1) obtaining professional experience through internships and summer or part‐time jobs, and (2) learning to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing. In answer to the second question, 50 percent of the respondents indicated that engineers without an engineering undergraduate degree would not necessarily be limited in their abilities to perform engineering duties.
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION AND ITS CAUSES IN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Stall John B. , Lee Ming T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the years 1930 to 1978 a research program has been carried out in Illinois dealing with reservoir sedimentation. Detailed surveys have been made on 107 lakes. A generalized graph allows annual reservoir capacity loss in percent to be estimated based on size of watershed, lake capacity, and watershed ratio. For the 258 square miles of land on the watershed of Lake Springfield, complete soil maps were measured using a graphic digitizer. A computer readable map was produced. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was solved to provide upland soil losses for each acre of the watershed.Average watershed soil loss was 3.96 tons per acre per year, and 24 percent of this was delivered to the lake.