bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of color images on stress reduction: Using images as mood stimulants
Authors: SAITO Yumi , TADA Harue 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to determine whether color images can be used as mood stimulants.Methods:  Color photographs of natural scenery were shown to an experimental group (n = 10), while the same images in black and white were shown to a control group (n = 10). The test subjects were healthy, adult volunteers who were exposed to psychosomatic stress in mental work rather than physical labor. To determine the effects of the color images, the levels of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) and salivary cortisol were measured as biochemical parameters, and the mood adjective score was examined as an emotional parameter before and after showing the subjects the images. The data obtained were statistically compared.Results:  In the experimental group, the salivary CgA level decreased significantly after viewing the color images. In the control group, the salivary cortisol level increased significantly after viewing the black and white images. The changes in the salivary CgA and salivary cortisol values in the experimental group were significantly different from the corresponding changes in the control group. In the experimental group, after viewing the color images, the negative mean mood score decreased, and four subjects were shown to have had their mood changed to a more parasympathetically dominant state, as assessed by alterations in three or more of four stress parameters (CgA, cortisol, Multiple Mood Scale negative and positive factors).Conclusion:  Color images might potentially change the mood of a viewer to a more parasympathetically dominant state.
A hypervelocity star from the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Gualandris Alessia , Portegies Zwart Simon 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We study the acceleration of the star HE 0437−5439 to hypervelocity and discuss its possible origin in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The star has a radial velocity of 723 km s−1 and is located at a distance of 61 kpc from the Sun. With a mass of about 8 M⊙, the traveltime from the Galactic Centre is about 100 Myr, much longer than its main-sequence lifetime. Given the relatively small distance to the LMC (18 kpc), we consider it likely that HE 0437−5439 originated in the Cloud rather than in the Galactic Centre like the other hypervelocity stars. The minimum ejection velocity required to travel from the LMC to its current location within its lifetime is about 500 km s−1. Such a high velocity can only be obtained in a dynamical encounter with a massive black hole. We perform three-body scattering simulations in which a stellar binary encounters a massive black hole, and find that a black hole more massive than 103 M⊙ is necessary to explain the high velocity of HE 0437−5439. We look for possible parent clusters for HE 0437−5439, and find that NGC 2100 and 2004 are young enough to host stars coeval to HE 0437−5439 and dense enough to produce an intermediate-mass black hole able to eject an 8-M⊙ star with hypervelocity.
Probing clumpy pasts of galaxies from asymptotic giant branch stars
Authors: Bekki Kenji , Cioni M.-R. L. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Recent morphological studies of galaxies by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have revealed that actively star-forming galaxies at intermediate and high redshifts (z= 0.5–2.0) have very clumpy and irregular distributions of stars. It is however unclear whether and how these clumpy galaxies evolve into the present spiral and elliptical galaxies with regular shapes. We here propose that spatial distributions of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, probing the different mean age and metallicity of the underlying stellar population, can provide vital clues to the evolution of these clumpy galaxies, in particular, those at intermediate redshifts. In order to demonstrate this proposal to be quite promising, we show the results of test-particle simulations on the long-term dynamical evolution of unbound groups of AGB stars (‘stellar clumps’), which correspond to the successors of star-forming clumps at intermediate redshifts, in isolated and interacting galaxies. We particularly show that azimuthal distributions of AGB stars dispersed from stellar clumps as a result of gravitational interaction with their host galaxies can still be inhomogeneous several Gyr after stellar clump formation for some models. We also show that the inhomogeneities in the azimuthal distributions of dispersed AGB stars can disappear more quickly in stellar clumps with larger sizes and higher velocity dispersions. These results suggest that if apparently clumpy structures of galaxies at intermediate redshifts are due to stars in unbound or weakly bound clusters, spatial distributions of AGB stars can have fossil records on past clumpy structures of galaxies. As an example, we compare the latest observations on the spatial distributions of AGB stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC, respectively) with the corresponding simulations, and thereby discuss whether the LMC and the SMC had massive star-forming clumps in their outer discs a few to several Gyr ago.
Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Fractured, Unsaturated Dolomite at a Field Site
Authors: McLinn Eugene L. , Rehm Bernd W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGasoline constituents were detected in unsaturated soil and rock during abandonment of a leaky underground storage tank (UST). The unsaturated sequence beneath the former UST consists of 90 feet of silty till, fractured dolomite, and friable sand‐stone. Pore gas probes were installed in each of the unsaturated units, both in the source area and in a background on‐site location. Pore gas samples were collected to evaluate the nature, extent, and fate of residual hydrocarbons in the vadose zone. Pore gas from the till and dolomite in the source area was enriched in petroleum hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, and was depleted in oxygen, relative to pore gas from the background area. During two years of ground water monitoring at the site, methyl tertiary butyl ether was periodically detected in the ground water beneath the source area as pulses of recharge passed through the unsaturated zone, but no other gasoline constituents were detected. Apparently, the most degradable fraction of the gasoline (aromatic hydrocarbons) is being attenuated in the vadose zone before the water table is reached.
Remediating Ground Water with Zero‐Valent Metals: Chemical Considerations in Barrier Design
Authors: Tratnyek Paul G. , Johnson Timothy L. , Scherer Michelle M. , Eykholt Gerald R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo gain perspective and insight into the performance of permeable reactive barriers containing granular iron metal, it is useful to compare the degradation kinetics of individual chlorinated solvents over a range of operating conditions. Pseudo first‐order disappearance rate constants normalized to iron surface area concentration (kSA) recently have been reported for this purpose. This paper presents the results of further exploratory data analysis showing the extent to which variation in kSA is due to initial halocarbon concentration, iron type, and other factors. To aid in preliminary design calculations, representative values of kSA and a reactive transport model have been used to calculate the minimum barrier width needed for different ground water flow velocities and degrees of halocarbon conversion. Complete dechlorination of all degradation intermediates requires a wider treatment zone, but the effect is not simply additive because degradation occurs by sequential and parallel reaction pathways.
Sampling Trace‐Level Organic Solutes with Polymeric Tubing Part I. Static Studies
Authors: Parker Louise V. , Ranney Thomas A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty polymeric tubings were filled with a test solution containing eight organic solutes. The test solutions were monitored for losses, indicating that sorption had occurred, and for signs that leaching of organic constituents had occurred. The tubings tested included seven flexible products and eight fluoropolymers. Among the rigid tubings tested, three fluoropolymers (fluorinated ethylene propylene [FEP], FEP‐lined polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride) were the least sorptive tubings. However, even these tubings readily sorbed some of the analytes. Among the flexible tubings tested, a fluoroelastomer tubing and a tubing made of a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene were the least sorptive.Several of the tubings tested leached constituents into the test solution. The polyurethane, polyamide, flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester‐lined PVC, and silicone‐modified thermoplastic elastomer tubings were found to leach the most constituents. We were unable to detect any constituents leaching from the polyethylene tubings, the rigid fluoropolymer tubings, and one of the plasticized polypropylene tubings.
Geophysical Discovery of a New LNAPL Plume at the Former Wurtsmith AFB, Oscoda, Michigan
Authors: Bermejo Jose L. , Sauck William A. , Atekwana Estella A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlight nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) ground water contaminant plume has been discovered by purely geophysical means at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base (AFB) near Oscoda, Michigan. It is located near another plume called FT‐02, which is a well‐studied area undergoing natural bioremediation. The plume was discovered by ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiling while extending a long line from FT‐02 to establish background variability around that plume. The new plume was apparent because of a high‐conductivity “shadow’ or GPR reflection attenuation observed below the conductive zone at the top of the aquifer, identical to the pattern observed at the FT‐02 plume. Further GPR surveys were conducted by students of a Western Michigan University geophysics field course to outline the proximal part of the plume. The GPR survey was supplemented by an electromagnetic induction (EM) survey which showed a group of four cables crossing the area. Finally, a magnetometer survey was conducted to search for any buried steel objects which might have been missed by the EM survey. The results of the three geophysical surveys were then used by students of a University of Michigan field course to guide subsurface soil and fluid sampling, which verified the presence of residual LNAPL product and ground water with conductivities 2.5 to 3.3 times above background. The plume source is in the vicinity of a vaulted underground storage tank (UST) formerly used for the collection of waste solvents and fuels for subsequent use in the fire training exercises at FT‐02. This newly discovered LNAPL plume, along with other “mature’ plumes, fits the electrical model which predicts conductive ground water below the decomposing but electrically resistive LNAPLs. Finally, this is a fine example of the cooperative use of a dedicated research site for training by students of two different universities.
Equilibration Times of Gas‐Filled Diffusion Samplers in Slow‐Moving Ground Water Systems
Authors: Harrington G.A. , Cook EG. , Robinson N.I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe installation of gas‐filled diffusion samplers into small‐diameter boreholes results in a significant reduction of the dissolved gas concentration around the sampler. In aquifers where the diffusive flux of solutes outpaces advective transport, the process that governs the equilibration time of a sampler is the resupply of solutes by diffusion from the aquifer. We have derived a solution that can be used to estimate the time required for a diffusion sampler to reach equilibrium with the dissolved gas concentration in the aquifer, where diffusion is the only solute transport mechanism. Thus the solutions provide equilibration times for cells placed in aquifers where diffusion dominates and maximum equilibration times for cells placed in aquifers where advection can also resupply solutes. The solutions are generic and are functions of nondimensionalized variables, therefore providing estimates of equilibration times for any type of solute, sampler volume, bore dimensions, and aquifer porosity. Examples are given for various sized gas‐filled helium samplers placed in boreholes of different radii.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Udaka Motosuke , Baba Keinosuke , Katano Hikoji , Yamanouchi Kazuo , Muratake Seiichi , Mushaköji Kinhide , Itö Yukinori 
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, A Book of EssaysFrank H. Goley, The Philippines: Public Policy and National Economic DevelopmentP. C. Mahalanobis, The Approach of Operational Research to Planning in India.Hsü Ti‐hsin, Chungkuo Kuotu Shihch'i Kuomin Chingchi ti Fenshi, 1949–1957.Paul Bohannan & George Dalton eds., Markets in AfricaStephen H. Roberts, The History of French Colonial Policy 1870–1925.Yoichi Itagaki, Ajia no Minzoku‐shugi to Keizai Hatten—Tönan Ajia Kindaika no Kiten.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Tanimoto Keisuke , Yamaguchi Hiroichi , ōta Katsuhiro 
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:Kwame Nkrumah, Neo‐colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism.George Rosen, Democracy and Economic Change in India.Donald M. Lowe, The Function of “China” in Marx, Lenin, and Mao.
CRANIAL DESCRIPTION AND GENETIC IDENTITY OF THE HOLOTYPE SPECIMEN OF TURSIOPS ADUNCUS (EHRENBERG, 1832)
Authors: Perrin William F. , Robertson Kelly M. , Van Bree Peter J. H. , Mead James G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo species of bottlenose dolphins are currently recognized by most cetologists: the pan‐tropical and temperate Tursiops truncatus and the endemic Indo‐Pacific T. aduncus. The latter was described from a specimen from the Red Sea, with nothing in the description that would allow referral of the specimen to one or the other of the two species. Because both species occur in the northern Indian Ocean, it was possible that the holotype specimen was actually a common bottlenose dolphin, not of the Indo‐Pacific species. The holotype skull was thought lost but has been found in the Berlin Museum. We describe the skull and examine its affinities through comparison of a partial mtDNA control‐region sequence with sequences from South Africa and through application of classification functions from a discriminant analysis of the two putative species from Taiwan. The mtDNA sequence is identical to that of South African specimens referred to the Indo‐Pacific species, and the multivariate likelihood assignment associates the skull with Taiwanese specimens referred to that species. These results ensure the correctness of use of the name T. aduncus for the species.
Evans syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: AZAD A. , BERERA V. , JAYARAJAN J. , LIM K. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryPrimary biliary cirrhosis associated with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopaenia has rarely been reported in adults. We are presenting an 83‐year‐old woman with primary biliary cirrhosis who was also diagnosed with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura.
Immunomodulatory Peptide from Cystatin, a Natural Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, against Leishmaniasis as a Model Macrophage Disease
Authors: Mukherjee Snigdha , Ukil Anindita , Das Pijush K. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTCystatin, a natural cysteine protease inhibitor, has strong antileishmanial activity, which is due to its potential to induce nitric oxide (NO) generation from macrophages. Cysteine protease-inhibitory activity and NO-up-regulatory activity correspond to different regions, as revealed by the dissection of cystatin cDNA into nonoverlapping fragments. By using synthetic overlapping peptides, the NO-up-regulatory activity was found to be confined to a 10-mer sequence. In addition to having reasonable inhibitory effects on amastigote multiplication within macrophages (50% inhibitory concentration, 5.2 μg/ml), 97 and 93% suppression, respectively, of liver and spleen parasite burdens was achieved with the 10-mer peptide at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, given consecutively for 4 days along with a suboptimal dose of gamma interferon in a 45-day mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis. Peptide treatment modulated the levels of cytokine secretion by infected splenocytes, with increased levels of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha and increased inducible NO synthase production, and also resulted in resistance to reinfection. The generation of a natural peptide from cystatin with robust immunomodulatory potential may therefore provide a promising therapeutic agent for macrophage-associated diseases.
Uninfected Mosquito Bites Confer Protection against Infection with Malaria Parasites
Authors: Donovan Michael J. , Messmore Andrew S. , Scrafford Deborah A. , Sacks David L. , Kamhawi Shaden , McDowell Mary Ann 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTDespite decades of research and multiple initiatives, malaria continues to be one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases. New insights for malaria control and vaccine development will be essential to thwart the staggering worldwide impact of this disease (A. Bjorkman and A. Bhattarai, Acta Trop. 94:163-169, 2005); ultimately successful vaccine strategies will undoubtedly be multifactorial, incorporating multiple antigens and targeting diverse aspects of the malaria parasites’ biology (M. F. Good et al., Immunol. Rev. 201:254-267, 2004). Using a murine model of malaria infection, we show here that exposure to bites from uninfected mosquitoes prior toPlasmodium yoeliiinfection influences the local and systemic immune responses and limits parasite development within the host. In hosts preexposed to bites from uninfected mosquitoes, reduced parasite burdens in the livers were detected early, and during the blood-stage of the life cycle, these burdens remained lower than those in hosts that received mosquito bites only at the time of infection. Repeated exposure to bites from uninfected mosquitoes skewed the immune response towards a T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype as indicated by increased levels of interleukin-12, gamma interferon, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These data suggest that the addition of mosquito salivary components to antimalaria vaccines may be a viable strategy for creating a Th1-biased environment known to be effective against malaria infection. Furthermore, this strategy may be important for the development of vaccines to combat other mosquito-transmitted pathogens.
Virulence Plasmid Diversity inClostridium perfringensType D Isolates
Authors: Sayeed Sameera , Li Jihong , McClane Bruce A. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTClostridium perfringenstype D isolates are important in biodefense and also cause natural enterotoxemias in sheep, goats, and occasionally cattle. In these isolates, the gene (etx) encoding ε-toxin is thought to reside on poorly characterized large plasmids. Type D isolates sometimes also produce other potentially plasmid-encoded toxins, includingC. perfringensenterotoxin and beta2 toxin, encoded by thecpeandcbp2genes, respectively. In the current study we demonstrated that theetx,cpe, andcpb2genes are carried on plasmids in type D isolates and characterized the toxin-encoding plasmids to obtain insight into their genetic organization, potential transferability, and diversity. Southern blotting of pulsed-field gels showed that theetxgene of type D isolates can be present on at least five different plasmids, whose sizes range from 48 to 110 kb. Theetxplasmids also typically carried IS1151andtcpopen reading frames (ORFs) known to mediate conjugative transfer ofC. perfringensplasmid pCW3. PCR studies revealed that other than theirtcpORFs,etxplasmids of type D isolates do not carry substantial portions of the conserved or variable regions in thecpeplasmids of type A isolates. Southern blotting also demonstrated that in type D isolates thecpeandcpb2genes are sometimes present on theetxplasmid. Collectively, these findings confirmed that the virulence of type D isolates is heavily plasmid dependent and indicated that (i) a single type D isolate can carry multiple virulence plasmids, (ii) a single type D virulence plasmid can carry up to three different toxin genes, and (iii) manyetxplasmids should be capable of conjugative transfer.
Statistical Analyses of Satellite Cloud Object Data from CERES. Part II: Tropical Convective Cloud Objects during 1998 El Niño and Evidence for Supporting the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis
Authors: Xu Kuan-Man , Wong Takmeng , Wielicki Bruce A. , Parker Lindsay , Lin Bing , Eitzen Zachary A. , Branson Mark 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Characteristics of tropical deep convective cloud objects observed over the tropical Pacific during January–August 1998 are examined using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) data. These characteristics include the frequencies of occurrence and statistical distributions of cloud physical properties. Their variations with cloud object size, sea surface temperature (SST), and satellite precession cycle are analyzed in detail. A cloud object is defined as a contiguous patch of the earth composed of satellite footprints within a single dominant cloud-system type.
It is found that statistical distributions of cloud physical properties are significantly different among three size categories of cloud objects with equivalent diameters of 100–150 (small), 150–300 (medium), and &gt;300 km (large), except for the distributions of ice particle size. The distributions for the larger-size category of cloud objects are more skewed toward high SSTs, high cloud tops, low cloud-top temperature, large ice water path, high cloud optical depth, low outgoing longwave (LW) radiation, and high albedo than the smaller-size category. As SST varied from one satellite precession cycle to another, the changes in macrophysical properties of cloud objects over the entire tropical Pacific were small for the large-size category of cloud objects, relative to those of the small- and medium-size categories. This evidence supports the fixed anvil temperature hypothesis of Hartmann and Larson for the large-size category. Combined with the result that a higher percentage of the large-size category of cloud objects occurs during higher SST subperiods, this implies that macrophysical properties of cloud objects would be less sensitive to further warming of the climate. On the other hand, when cloud objects are classified according to SST ranges, statistical characteristics of cloud microphysical properties, optical depth, and albedo are not sensitive to the SST, but those of cloud macrophysical properties are dependent upon the SST. This result is related to larger differences in large-scale dynamics among the SST ranges than among the satellite precession cycles. Frequency distributions of vertical velocity from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model that is matched to each cloud object are used to further understand some of the findings in this study.