bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformational Flexibility of Serotonin1A Receptor Ligands from Crystallographic Data. Updated Model of the Receptor Pharmacophore
Authors: Chilmonczyk Zdzislaw , Szelejewska‐Wozniakowska Agnieszka , Cybulski Jacek , Cybulski Marcin , Koziol Anna E. , Gdaniec Maria 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreparation and affinity to 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A receptors of new buspirone analogues 7–17 are reported. The compounds possess high to low affinity to 5‐HT1A and moderate to low to 5‐HT2A receptors. The crystal structures have been determined for compounds 11, 12, 13, and 14. For low affinity ligand (15) of 5‐HT1A receptor conformational analysis was performed and compared with similar analyses performed for know high (buspirone 1) and very high (WY‐48, 723 2) affinity ligands of the receptor. Structure‐activity relationship is discussed for the affinity to 5‐HT1A receptor. A three‐point pharmacophore explaining interactions of buspirone‐like molecules with the receptor binding site is proposed.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 9‐Anilino, Phenylhydrazino, and Sulphonamido Analogs of 2‐ or 4‐Methoxy‐6‐nitroacridines
Authors: El‐Subbagh H. I. , Abadi A. H. , Al‐Khamees H. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSynthesis of several new 9‐anilino, phenylhydrazino, and sulphonamido analogs of 2‐ or 4‐methoxy‐6‐nitroacridine derivatives is described. The prepared compounds were tested for their in vitro antitumor activity against 60 human tumor cell lines by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and showed a potential anticancer activity. Compounds 9‐(phenylhydrazino)‐2‐methoxy‐6‐nitroacridine (8a) and 9‐(4‐chlorophenylhydrazino)‐4‐methoxy‐6‐nitroacridine (9b) exhibited a broad spectrum antitumor activity with full panel (MG‐MID) median growth inhibition (GI50), of 16.1 and 10.9 μM and total growth inhibition (TGI) of 66.7 and 37.9 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 15a and 15b showed moderate selectivity toward leukemia cell lines. As a trial to explore the mode of action of their antitumor activity, the 6‐nitroacridine analogs were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on major cell cycle control proteins cdc2 kinase and cdc25 phosphatase as possible molecular targets that may account for antimitotic potency. None of the tested compounds proved to exert their activity via this antimitotic mode of action.
Novel 1,5‐Benzodiazepines as CCK‐B Ligands. Effect of Aryl‐Carbamic Substituents at the C‐3 Position Together with Halogen Substitution on the Benzo‐Fused Ring
Authors: Tranquillini M. Elvira , Cassarà Paolo G. , Corsi Mauro , Curotto Giovanni , Donati Daniele , Finizia Gabriella , Pentassuglia Giorgio , Polinelli Stefano , Tarzia Giorgio , Ursini Antonella , van Amsterdam Franciscus T. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and biological evaluation as potential CCK‐B receptor ligands of a number of 1‐isopentyl‐3‐aryloxycarbamoyl‐5‐aryl‐1,5‐benzodiazepines substituted with halogen atoms on the benzo‐fused ring is here briefly discussed.
Raumakustische Gestaltung offener Bürolandschaften
Authors: Fuchs Helmut V. , Renz Jochen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Verdichtung der Arbeitsplätze in Großraumbüros stößt an ergonomische Grenzen, weil der Lärm auf unvermeidbar hohe Pegel anschwillt. Nach herkömmlicher Vorstellung wird versucht, mit Akustikdecken und ‐stellwänden die durch die starke Kommunikation im Raum erzeugten Geräusche bei den hohen Frequenzen zu bedämpfen. Dies widerspricht aber nicht nur den aktuellen Trends zur thermischen Aktivierung und optischen Transparenz aller Begrenzungsflächen. Es löst vor allem, wie an zahlreichen Beispielen gezeigt werden kann, das Problem nicht an seinen Wurzeln, d.h. bei den Schallquellen selbst. Nur wenn man durch einen gleichmäßig niedrigen Nachhall bis zu den tiefsten Frequenzen herunter für beste Sprachverständlichkeit sorgt, kann man akustische Behaglichkeit herstellen und den für konzentriertes geistiges Arbeiten unerläßlichen Lärmschutz erreichen. Mit neuartigen, stets breitbandig wirksamen, kompakten Akustik‐Modulen und transparenten Schall‐Schirmen lassen sich jetzt völlig offene Bürolandschaften optisch attraktiv und akustisch optimal gestalten. Nach der Auflösung eines alten raumakustischen Dilemmas können so endlich brach liegende Büro‐Immobilien z. B. für Großraum‐(Gruppen‐ und Team‐)Büros mit nur 6 bis 12 m2 pro Mitarbeiter sehr flexibel und kostengünstig revitalisiert und nachhaltig in ihrem Wert gesteigert werden – reizvolle neue Aspekte für Projektentwickler und Investoren in einem noch wachsenden Markt.
Strom, Wärme und Kühlung mit intelligenten Fertigteilen aus Beton
Authors: Riffel Siegfried 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAusgehend von den heutigen ökologischen und ökonomischen Anforderungen an Gebäude werden künftig die regenerativen Energien wie Photovoltaik und Solarthermie einen hohen Stellenwert einnehmen und auch die Bautechnik und Architektur vom Städtebau bis hin zum Detail verändern. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die innovative Lösung für ein massives Dach‐ und Wandsystem aus Betonfertigteilen mit integrierten Solarkollektoren und PV‐Modulen vor.
Pest, Stadt, Wissenschaft — Wechselwirkungen in oberitalienischen Städten vom 14. bis 17. Jahrhundert
Authors: Bergdolt Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAfter the Black Death of 1348 the Plague was not only the cause of personal disasters and individual despair, but was also of political and social significance. Each outbreak of the epidemic implied a crisis for the community with crucial consequences for trade, jurisdiction, administration, executive powers and for food supply. The faith in authority by the leading university medics was tragic, as they subscribed to the hippocratic‐galenical humoral pathology and to the miasmatic theory. On the other hand, municipal authorities, from the 14th century onwards responded to the epidemic in a pragmatic manner, isolating the sick, carrying out checks, imposing trade embargos and special epidemic laws. From the 15th century onwards people were also put under quarantine. The medics' role, their relationship with the government and their tendency to play down the diagnosis will be discussed at length, together with the questionable tradition of the Regimina pestis.
Camille Flammarion und der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik
Authors: Kleinert Andreas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Camille Flammarion's book La fin du monde, published in 1894, we find the picture shown in fig. 2: Some poorly dressed people, including a mother with her child, are shivering with cold in an extremely hostile environment of ice and snow. In two wide‐spread German history of science textbooks, this picture is given as an illustration of the pessimistic conclusions that some nineteenth century physicists (among them Hermann von Helmholtz) had drawn from the Second Law of Thermodynamics. They believed that in a remote future, the entropy of the universe would grow to a maximum, and all available energy would be transformed into heat. This apocalyptic vision was often called “heat death”, but as the average temperature would then be very low, the expression “cold death” was used as well.By analysing Flammarion's text, it is shown that he was not a supporter of this vision of the end of the world. According to Flammarion, mankind would die of cold as a consequence of the lack of water vapour in the atmosphere, and this would occur about twenty million years before the exhaustion of the sun as a source of energy. The use of this picture as an illustration of the heat death (or cold death) theory derived from thermodynamics is a misinterpretation that reminds of the erroneous assumptions that were expressed with regard to another picture by Flammarion (fig. 1). This illustration stemming from L'Atmosphére: Météorologie populaire (Paris 1888) was for many years (and sometimes is still) falsely considered as a medieval German woodcut.
Natur‐Wissenschaft und Gotteserkenntnis: Das jüdische Modell
Authors: Niewöhner Friedrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe thesis proposed here is that in Judaism creation is seen as a unique act of God at a specific point in time. In medieval philosophy the act of creation is interpreted as natural science, which concerns itself only with products of divine creation. This is contrasted with theology, which is concerned not with creation but with God. Francis Bacon takes this model from Moses Maimonides for his work Nova Atlantis. Natural science replaces theological studies for Bacon.
Überbewertung der eigenen Nation Der Anteil der eigenen Landsleute an naturwissenschaftshistorischen Lexika
Authors: Graf‐Stuhlhofer Franz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDo editors of books on the history of science prefer scientists of their own country in their selection? Restricting ourselves to German, British and French scientists, a comparison of books in these languages shows that each editor takes more than half of the selected scientists from his respective nation and the remainder from the other two nations. The dictionaries of Fritz Krafft (‚Große Naturwissenschaftler’︁, 21986) and Ilse Jahn et al.: (‚Geschichte der Biologie. […] Kurzbiographien’︁, 1982) dedicate about 60% of their articles to German scientists, Trevor Illtyd Williams (‚A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists’︁, 1969) about 50% to British scientists and Maurice Daumas (‚Histoire de la Science’︁, 1957; according to the register) about 50% to French scientists.
Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Ur‐ und Frühgeschichte
Authors: Wiegert Mathias 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring the past few years a history of special subjects and a history of science, being critical and historical as well as taking into account scientific theory and methodology, has established itself under the influence of philosophy in many domains of the sciences. Such a scientific history is now also required in the branch of the science of history. It demands the ability of re‐evaluating historical sources and studies as well as the knowledge of the political aspect of a future scientific history.As a matter of fact a future scientific chronicle of prehistory has to examine not only the subject of historical research itself, but also its aim, method and the whole sociopolitical background. This is more important than a positivist study of individual and specific historical aspects, a thorough compilation of different approaches in historical research, scientists and institutions. It is also better than making an arbitrary selection of single biographies in order to have a political legitimation of the present state of research. Moreover, the danger of such a selection is the degradation of persons in history and the falsification of historical facts. Apart from a determination of the subject with regard to scientific and political aspects the search of historical clues as well as the re‐evaluation of historical and archeological sources could both lead to a revision of prehistory.
Zum ‚Zitieren’︁ in der mittelalterlichen Architektur
Authors: Glimme Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAbout ‘citation’ in medieval architecture. ‐ The knowledge of art‐historical terms deriving from linguistics, especially concerning the term ‘citation’, is methodologically interesting. In the first instance, it is necessary to take a look at the meaning of the term regarding the history of architecture. The next step turns to the development of the linguistic model of the Indo‐European language and its influence on art‐historical vocabulary. The aspect of language starts with a remark on Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's Laokoon or About the borderline between painting and literature (‘Laokoon oder Über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie’). The paper carries on with the usage of the term ‘citation’ in architecture by discussing some leading scholars of architectural history. The appendix of the paper includes some good examples of architectural citation in textual sources of the middle ages.
Krieg und Technik im Zeitalter des Hellenismus
Authors: Schneider Helmuth 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the 4th century BC the Greek warfare underwent major changes because of the development of siege‐craft and the innovation of the catapult. Technicians who worked on catapults and other devices used in sieges gained in influence on warfare and military decisions. Technology became a major aspect in the waging of war, and mechanics tried to increase the efficiency of newly developed arms such as the catapult. Objections to the developments in military technology cannot be found in Greek literature.
Bazillen, Krankheit und Krieg Bakteriologie und politische Sprache im deutschen Kaiserreich
Authors: Gradmann Christoph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe text analyses metaphors of bacteriology which were extensively used in Germany during the era of William II. These display – in a vivid exchange with the scientific concepts of the age – a specific popular understanding of disease based on bacteriology. Disease is essentially seen as a war of physicians against microbes. While popularizing science bacteriological metaphors became part of the political language of their age. At the same time the prestige of bacteriology was in turn employed to lend credibility to pictures of assumed enemies – by portraying them as infectious diseases. Although the political language of bacteriology differed from the social darwinism of the age in important structural and semantic aspects, it nevertheless influenced the political language of its time, for example by becoming a blueprint of antisemitic rhetorics.
Faktor Mensch im Krieg Der Eintritt der Psychologie und Psychotechnik in den Krieg
Authors: Gundlach Horst 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the First World War representatives of the university discipline of psychology took the opportunity to apply their expertise in the armed forces. The initial undertakings in the German Empire and in the USA show some similarities and marked disparities. A comparison of events and circumstances in these principal belligerent states is linked with a sketch of their importance for the further development of psychology as an academic specialty and an emerging profession.
Vom Nationalsozialismus vertriebene Wissenschaftler auf dem Markt. Die Arbeitsvermittlung des englischen Academic Assistance Council (SPSL) am Beispiel von Türkeiemigranten
Authors: Erichsen Regine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAfter 1933 many scientists and university teachers were obliged to relinquish their posts in the universities of Germany because of national‐socialist laws. Organizations‐in‐aid like the Academic Assistance Council in Great Britain tried to ‘defend science and learning’ raising funds and finding new openings for the expelled academics. But as immigration laws were tight and jobs were scarce in the host countries the AAC and the other organizations had to select the most qualified from among the applicants for support. – The questions the article tries to answer are: What kind of criteria were applied in this selection? Who were the experts? How were the placements made? How did the applicants react to the decisions? Taking for example the AAC, it examines measures to assist a group of scientists who, having tried to settle down in England, finally emigrated to Turkey.
Seuchenkonzepte und frühneuzeitliche Gesellschaft: Deutungen von „Pestilenzen”︁ und städtischer Alltag
Authors: Kinzelbach Annemarie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study shows how the different concepts of epidemic diseases met with the everyday needs of the late medieval and early modern society. The analysis of practice and discourse in the context of „pestilences”︁ covers broad social strata from representatives of the authorities and medical doctors to artisans and the „poor”︁ in German Imperial Towns and their territories. Generally, those persons acted according to a variety of concepts. Their seemingly contradictory actions cannot be explained refering to their ignorance about infection, but have to be interpreted in the appropriate situational context. In this context it is possible to understand how the variety and parallelism of different concepts enabled groups as well as individuals to choose those notions of the spreading of diseases which promised the least interference with their plans and intentions.
Begründung der wissenschaftlichen Geographie durch Bernhard Varenius (1622‐1650)? Gedanken zu den Defiziten der Varenius‐Forschung aus Anlaß des Varenius‐Jahres 2000
Authors: Büttner Manfred 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBeeing sofar a part of mathematics Geography was drafted by Bernard Varenius in 1650 as full‐geography (Büttner: Vollgeographie) which contents mathematical, physical and even human geography. Whereas the «Geographia Generalis» has been published in England for several times its influence in continental Europe seems to have been marginal. Therefore Varenius cannot be considered as founder of modern geography. The relation of general and special geography is discussed und a lot of mistakes and absurdities in Varenius' work is exposed.
Die Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin ‐ Bestand und Wandel einer gelehrten Gesellschaft Ein Überblick
Authors: Böhme Katrin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe article deals with the foundation and development of the society Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin in the 18th and 19th centuries, its position as a privat society for natural history in Berlin, and its relation to Freemasonry. The paper shows the change of meaning of these society, especially after the foundation of the Berlin university in 1810.
Thermodynamic Properties of (NH4)2Ca [B4O5(OH)4] 2×8H2O.
Authors: Han Wei‐He , Liu Zhi‐Hong , Zhang Wen‐Juan , Zuo Chuan‐Feng , Liang Sheng‐Jun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Alkylidenepyrrolidines and Pyrroles by Condensation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Dianions with α‐Azidoketones and Subsequent Intramolecular Staudinger—Aza‐Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Freifeld Ilia , Shojaei Heydar , Langer Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper‐Free and Copper‐Promoted Conjugate Addition Reactions of Bis(triorganosilyl) Zincs and Tris(triorganosilyl) Zincates.
Authors: Auer Gertrud , Weiner Barbara , Oestreich Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CrAsH (I): A Biarsenical Multi‐Use Affinity Probe with Low Non‐Specific Fluorescence.
Authors: Cao Haishi , Chen Baowei , Squier Thomas C. , Mayer M. Uljana 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Experimental Approaches to the Preparation of Supported Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Barkhuizen David , Mabaso Itai , Viljoen Elvera , Welker Cathrin , Claeys Michael , van Steen Eric , Fletcher Jack C. Q. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazines (5‐Azapurines): Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Dolzhenko Anton V. , Dolzhenko Anna V. , Chui Wai‐Keung 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Serum epidermal growth factor receptor/HER‐2 predicts poor survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Souder Christopher , Leitzel Kim , Ali Suhail M. , Demers Laurence , Evans Dean B. , Chaudri‐Ross Hilary A. , Hackl Wolfgang , Hamer Peter , Carney Walter , Lipton Allan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, HER‐1, and erbB1) is overexpressed in primary breast cancer and had been identified as a poor prognostic factor.METHODS.Pretreatment serum EGFR levels were quantified by using an enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay in a Phase III first‐line trial of letrozole and tamoxifen and were correlated with patient outcomes.RESULTS.Serum EGFR levels in a control group of 117 healthy, postmenopausal women measured 64.1 ± 13.3 ng/mL (mean ± standard deviation). Using a cutoff EGFR level of 44.1 ng/mL from the control group (5% nonparametric method), 53 of 535 patients (10%) had decreased serum levels of EGFR. Patients with decreased serum EGFR had no significant difference in objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), time to progression (TTP), or time to treatment failure (TTF); however, they did have significantly reduced survival compared with patients who had normal serum EGFR levels (median survival, 23.3 months vs. 30.9 months; P = .007). A combined analysis of pretreatment serum EGFR and HER‐2 yielded no additional predictive information for ORR, CBR, TTP, or TTF compared to serum HER‐2 alone. However, in the current analysis, a subgroup of patients who had decreased serum EGFR and normal serum HER‐2 was identified (n = 39 of 535 patients; 7.3%) that had significantly reduced survival compared with patients who had normal serum levels of both EGFR and HER‐2 (median survival, 23.5 months vs. 37.1 months; P = .005). In multivariate analysis, a decreased serum EGFR level remained a significant independent prognostic factor for decreased survival (hazards ratio, 1.58; P = .007).CONCLUSIONS.In patients who had metastatic breast cancer, decreased serum EGFR/normal serum HER‐2 predicted shorter survival compared with patients who had normal levels of serum EGFR/HER‐2. This patient subgroup deserves further study to assess their response to and selection for anti‐EGFR‐directed therapies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.