bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey among potential employers for developing a curriculum in public health nutrition
Authors: Torheim Liv E , Granli Gry I , Barikmo Ingrid , Oshaug Arne 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo describe which functions potential employers of public health nutritionists in Norway find important for a person trained in public health nutrition to be able to carry out. Further, to illustrate how the findings were used in the development of a curriculum for a bachelor in public health nutrition at Akershus University College.DesignA non-random, cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire with both pre-coded and open-ended questions.SubjectsNinety-one establishments working in various fields more or less related to nutrition responded (response rate of 45 %).ResultsLocal offices of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority were over-represented among respondents. Functions related to communication and food and nutrition laws and regulations were most frequently rated as important by the respondents. Functions in nutrition research, project work and policy and planning were also regarded important by more than half of the respondents. The priorities of the potential employers together with the additional comments and suggestions were taken into account when a new curriculum on public health nutrition was developed.ConclusionsThe assessment of functions prioritised by employers of public health nutritionists gave a valuable input for developing a new curriculum in public health nutrition. It reflected the challenges of the real world that public health nutritionists will work in and therefore helped making the curriculum potentially more relevant.
Fast and Simple Specimen Preparation for TEM Studies of Oxide Films Deposited on Silicon Wafers
Authors: Teodorescu Valentin S. , Blanchin Marie-Genevieve 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe present a fast and simple method to prepare specimens for transmission electron microscopy studies of oxide thin films deposited on silicon substrates. The method consists of scratching the film surface using a pointed diamond tip, in a special manner. Small and thin fragments are then detached from the film and its substrate. Depending on the scratching direction, the fragments can be used for plan-view or cross-section imaging. High-resolution images can be also obtained from thin edges of the film fragments. The method is demonstrated in the case of HfO2 sol-gel films deposited on [100] Si wafer substrates.
Electron Diffraction Based Analysis of Phase Fractions and Texture in Nanocrystalline Thin Films, Part II: Implementation
Authors: Lábár János L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis series of articles describes a method that performs (semi)quantitative phase analysis for nanocrystalline transmission electron microscope samples from selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. Volume fractions of phases and their textures are obtained separately in the method. First, the two-dimensional SAED pattern is converted into an X-ray diffraction–like one-dimensional distribution. Volume fractions of the nanocrystalline components are determined by fitting the spectral components, calculated for the previously identified phases with a priori known structures. Blackman correction is also applied to take into account dynamic effects for medium grain sizes. Peak shapes and experimental parameters (camera length, etc.) are refined during the fitting iterations. Parameter space is explored with the help of the Downhill-SIMPLEX algorithm. Part I presented the principles, while Part II now elaborates current implementation, and Part III will demonstrate its usage by examples. The method is implemented in a computer program that runs under the Windows operating system on IBM PC compatible machines.
Microstructure of Surface and Subsurface Layers of a Ni-Ti Shape Memory Microwire
Authors: Tian H. , Schryvers D. , Shabalovskaya S. , Van Humbeeck J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe microstructure of a 55 μm diameter, cold-worked Ni-Ti microwire is investigated by different transmission electron microscopy techniques. The surface consists of a few hundred nanometer thick oxide layer composed of TiO and TiO2with a small fraction of inhomogeneously distributed Ni. The interior of the wire has a core-shell structure with primarily B2 grains in the 1 μm thick shell, and heavily twinned B19′ martensite in the core. This core-shell structure can be explained by a concentration gradient of the alloying elements resulting in a structure separation due to the strong temperature dependence of the martensitic start temperature. Moreover, in between the B2 part of the metallic core-shell and the oxide layer, a Ni3Ti interfacial layer is detected.
Microstructural and Compositional Analysis of Strontium-Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films on Gold-Coated Silicon Substrates
Authors: Sriram S. , Bhaskaran M. , Mitchell D.R.G. , Short K.T. , Holland A.S. , Mitchell A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-based characterization of strontium-doped lead zirconate titanate (PSZT) thin films. The thin films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at 300°C on gold-coated silicon substrates, which used a 15 nm titanium adhesion layer between the 150 nm thick gold film and (100) silicon. The TEM analysis was carried out using a combination of high-resolution imaging, energy filtered imaging, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and hollow cone illumination. At the interface between the PSZT films and gold, an amorphous silicon-rich layer (about 4 nm thick) was observed, with the film composition remaining uniform otherwise. The films were found to be polycrystalline with a columnar structure perpendicular to the substrate. Interdiffusion between the bottom metal layers and silicon was observed and was confirmed using secondary ion mass spectrometry. This occurs due to the temperature of deposition (300°C) being close to the eutectic point of gold and silicon (363°C). The diffused regions in silicon were composed primarily of gold (analyzed by EDX) and were bounded by (111) silicon planes, highlighted by the triangular diffused regions observed in the two-dimensional TEM image.
Imaging the Zona Pellucida of Canine and Feline Oocytes Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Lunn Matthew O. , Wright Shirley J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUltrastructure of the zona pellucida (ZP) of canine and feline oocytes has not been fully investigated. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential use of the low vacuum scanning electron microscope (LVSEM) with oocytes. This required development of a method to prepare canine and feline cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) for LVSEM to provide ultrastructural information on the ZP. COCs were collected from ovaries, and cumulus cells were either partially or completely removed to reveal the ZP. COCs and zona-intact oocytes were fixed at 4°C for 1 h in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4 and subsequently viewed wet or further processed by critical point drying, and viewed uncoated or sputter coated with gold. Although the spongy surface of the ZP was visible at low vacuum in uncoated oocytes, coated oocytes had more details at high vacuum. The ZP surface of canine and feline oocytes contained numerous various-sized, spherical or elliptical pores that narrowed centripetally splitting into several smaller, deep pores. The round to oblong cumulus cells tightly surrounded the ZP. Each corona radiata cumulus cell tapered into a thin projection that entered the ZP. Our detailed techniques will enable future studies connecting ultrastructural and molecular aspects of oocyte maturation and development in mammals.
Leonard Bernstein and the Boston Jewish Community of His Youth: The Influence of Solomon Braslavsky, Herman Rubenovitz, and Congregation Mishkan Tefila
Authors: SARNA JONATHAN D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis essay will place Leonard Bernstein within the context of the Boston Jewish community in which he was raised. It was at Boston's Congregation Mishkan Tefila, the family's synagogue, where Bernstein first encountered serious music. The essay places special emphasis on the role of Prof. Solomon Gregory Braslavsky, the music director and organist of Mishkan Tefila, whose influence on the young Bernstein was far greater than scholars have imagined. In 1973 Bernstein wrote to Braslavsky “[I] never forget the tremendous influence you and your music made on me when I was a youngster.” Bernstein, I contend, meant what he said.
“Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves”: Bernstein's Formative Relationship withRhapsody in Blue
Authors: BAÑAGALE RYAN RAUL 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper examines Bernstein's early relationship withRhapsody in Blue, including his first encounter with the sheet music at age thirteen; a recently discovered whimsical arrangement of the work (scored for accordion, ukulele, and voice, among other instruments), written in response to Gershwin's death in the summer of 1937; and Bernstein's performances of the piece with the Works Progress Administration's State Symphony Orchestra in Boston in 1938 and 1939. From an early age, not only did Bernstein have a particular vision of how theRhapsodyshould operate; he also identified deeply with it. These findings provide important new insights into Bernstein's later, more polemical interpretations of the work in both recordings and the concert hall—interpretations that have had profound implications on the reception of theRhapsodyon the global stage.
Inverse relationship between genetic diversity and epigenetic complexity
Authors: Huang Shi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEarly studies of molecular evolution revealed a correlation between genetic distance and time of species divergence. This observation provoked the molecular clock hypothesis and in turn the ‘Neutral Theory’, which however remains an incomplete explanation since it predicts a constant mutation rate per generation whereas empirical evidence suggests a constant rate per year. Data inconsistent with the molecular clock hypothesis have steadily accumulated in recent years that show no correlation between genetic distance and time of divergence. It has therefore become a challenge to find a testable idea that can reconcile the seemingly conflicting data sets. Here, an inverse relationship between genetic diversity and epigenetic complexity was deduced from a simple intuition in building complex systems. Genetic diversity, i.e., genetic distance or dissimilarity in DNA or protein sequences between individuals or species, is restricted by the complexity of epigenetic programs. This inverse relationship logically deduces the maximum genetic diversity (MGD) hypothesis, which suggests that macroevolution from simple to complex organisms involves a punctuational increase in epigenetic complexity that in turn causes a punctuational loss in genetic diversity. The hypothesis fully grants Neo-Darwinism to be what it really is (a theory of microevolution) and explains all the major facts of evolution. Importantly, it predicts the most remarkable result of molecular evolution, the genetic equidistance result, which originally provoked the molecular clock hypothesis.
Evidence for cross‐reactivity of JAM‐C antibodies: implications for cellular localization studies
Authors: Betanzos Abigail , Schnoor Michael , Severson Eric A. , Liang Tony W. , Parkos Charles A. 
Published: January 2009

Background information. JAM‐C (junctional adhesion molecule C) has been implicated in the regulation of leukocyte migration, cell polarity, spermatogenesis, angiogenesis and nerve conduction. JAM‐C has been also reported to concentrate at TJs (tight junctions) and desmosomes, although detailed localization studies remain incomplete.Results. Monoclonal (LUCA14, MAB1189, Gi11, and PACA4) and polyclonal (40‐9000) antibodies were employed to evaluate JAM‐C expression/localization in various epithelial cell lines. However, RT—PCR (reverse transcription—PCR) assays revealed no JAM‐C mRNA in SK‐CO15, HeLa and HPAF‐II cells, whereas abundant mRNA was detected in platelets, Caco‐2 and ARPE cells. Interestingly, immunofluorescence localization in all cells revealed strong intercellular junctional staining with all of the above antibodies, except PACA4. Given the positive staining results in cells lacking JAM‐C mRNA, immunoblot analyses were performed. Western blots revealed a prominent protein band at 52 kDa in all cells tested with all antibodies except PACA4. However, the correct size of JAM‐C (37 kDa) was only detected in cells containing JAM‐C mRNA. Immunofluorescence staining of JAM‐C mRNA‐expressing Caco‐2 cells using mAb PACA4 revealed co‐localization with occludin and ZO‐1 (zonula occludens 1) at TJs. Analyses by MS identified the cross‐reactive 52 kDa protein band as K8 (keratin 8). Furthermore, siRNA (small interfering RNA)‐mediated downregulation of K8 in JAM‐C mRNA‐negative cells resulted in diminished junctional staining along with a reduction in the intensity of the 52 kDa protein band. Using an antibody specific for K8 phosphorylated at Ser73, the 52 kDa protein was identified as this phosphorylated form of K8.Conclusions. The results from the present study demonstrate that a majority of available anti‐human JAM‐C antibodies cross‐react with phosphorylated K8 and suggest that cellular localization studies using these reagents should be interpreted with caution. Of the JAM‐C antibodies tested, only mAb PACA4 is monospecific for human JAM‐C. Analyses using PACA4 reveal that JAM‐C expression is variable in different epithelial cell lines with co‐localization at TJs.
Vascular progenitor cells and translational research: the role of endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cells in endogenous arterial remodelling in the adult
Authors: Sirker Alexander A. , Astroulakis Zoe M. J. , Hill Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2009

There has been much recent research into the therapeutic use of stem and progenitor cells for various diseases. Alongside this, there has also been considerable interest in the normal roles that endogenous precursor cells may play in both physiological and pathological settings. In the present review, we focus on two types of progenitor cell which are of potential relevance to vascular homoeostasis, namely the EPC (endothelial progenitor cell) and the smooth muscle progenitor cell. We discuss evidence for their existence and sources in adults, and the various techniques currently used to identify these cells. We examine data obtained from studies using different methods of progenitor identification and relate these to each other, in order to provide a framework in which to interpret the literature in this area. We review evidence for the influence of these vascular progenitor cells upon vascular function and the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
Platelet‐Mediated Enhancement of Leukocyte Adhesion
Authors: HUNDELSHAUSEN PHILIPP VON , KOENEN RORY R. , WEBER CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRecruitment of inflammatory cells in the perivascular tissue is a necessity for many physiological processes. While the inflammatory influx of cells to combat infection near the entrance site of infective agents is protective, it also drives the development of diseases, such as atherosclerosis. We know from the multistep model that cellular recruitment consists of overlapping sequences initiated by capturing and rolling of the cell, followed by adhesion, which is of paramount importance and indispensable for the subsequent transendothelial migration. The spectrum of molecules and cells involved in these processes is vast. Platelets have evolved in several ways as amplifiers of leukocyte adhesion, since beyond their central role in primary hemostasis, their repertoire of adhesion molecules and soluble mediators renders them important interplayers between endothelial cells and blood‐borne immune cells.
Parent and self‐ratings of executive function in adolescents with specific language impairment
Authors: Hughes Deanna M. , Turkstra Lyn S. , Wulfeck Beverly B. 
Published: January 2009

Background: There is accumulating evidence that adolescents with specific language impairment (SLI) have impairments in domains beyond formal language that may affect academic and social outcomes. The findings of previous studies as well as parent reports of behavioural concerns suggest that they lag behind peers in functions such as self‐regulation of verbal behaviour and strategic language use suggesting that executive function may be a potential domain worthy of study in adolescents with SLI. The evaluation of executive functions in daily living could provide critical information for intervention for adolescents with SLI, and also inform studies of the relationship between language and executive functioning in a developing system.Aims: To compare ratings of executive function in adolescents with specific language impairment to those of their parents and typically developing peers.Methods & Procedures: This study examined parent and self‐ratings of executive function in adolescents with SLI and typically developing peers. Twenty‐one adolescents with SLI and 21 age‐ and gender‐matched peers (age range = 11–18 years) rated their executive functions in daily living using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function — Self‐Report Form (BRIEF‐SR), and their parents provided companion ratings.Outcomes & Results: Adolescents in both groups rated themselves more positively than did their parents, and the presence of language impairment was associated with more negative ratings by both parents and adolescents. Fifty‐seven per cent of the parents of adolescents with SLI rated their child's executive function abilities as being in the clinically impaired range, compared with 10% in the typically developing group.Conclusions & Implications: The results of this study suggest that many adolescents with SLI have perceived impairments in executive functions that affect their performance in daily living. What remains to be determined is whether language and executive function impairments are co‐morbid conditions or causally linked. Few assessment tools address the unique characteristics of adolescent clinical populations, including those with SLI. These findings suggest that self‐ and parent ratings of executive function may offer useful information for treatment planning. A greater understanding of the relation of executive functions to language has important implications for the timing and content of therapeutic intervention.
Comprehension of metaphor and metonymy in children with Williams syndrome
Authors: Annaz Dagmara , Van Herwegen Jo , Thomas Michael , Fishman Roza , Karmiloff‐Smith Annette , Rundblad Gabriella 
Published: January 2009

Background: Figurative language, such as metaphor and metonymy, is very common in daily language use. Its underlying cognitive processes are sometimes viewed as lying at the interface of language and thought. Williams syndrome, which is a rare genetic developmental disorder, provides an opportunity to study this interface because individuals with this disorder have relative strengths in vocabulary and syntax against a background of low general cognitive ability. Few studies have investigated metaphor comprehension in Williams syndrome and none has investigated metonymy.Aims: This is the first study to investigate metaphor and metonymy comprehension in Williams syndrome and to compare their performance with a group of typically developing children.Methods & Procedures: Ten children with Williams syndrome were compared with eleven typically developing children in a novel metaphor–metonymy comprehension task. Cross‐sectional trajectory analyses were used to compare the development of metaphor and metonymy using a child‐friendly story picture task. Trajectories were constructed linking task performance either to chronological age or to measures of mental age (receptive vocabulary, visuospatial construction).Outcomes & Results: The performance of children with Williams syndrome was significantly poorer than the typically developing group. The comprehension of metonyms was in line with receptive vocabulary, but comprehension of metaphors fell below this level.Conclusions & Implications: Metonyms may be part of vocabulary and treated as synonyms in Williams syndrome, while metaphor engages additional cognitive mechanisms outside language that develop atypically in this disorder. Despite earlier reports that emphasize good language skills, the Williams syndrome language system shows anomalies compared with typical development.
Acquired dysarthria in conversation: Identifying sources of understandability problems
Authors: Bloch Steven , Wilkinson Ray 
Published: January 2009

Background: Acquired progressive dysarthria is traditionally assessed, rated, and researched using measures of speech perception and intelligibility. The focus is commonly on the individual with dysarthria and how speech deviates from a normative range. A complementary approach is to consider the features and consequences of dysarthric speech as it is produced as a turn‐at‐talk in everyday interaction and in particular the ways in which this talk may be identified by its recipient as problematic to understand.Aims: To investigate how dysarthric turns‐at‐talk in everyday conversation may be problematic to understand. Further, to describe how recipients of dysarthric talk identify the source of problematic understandings to the dysarthric speaker.Methods & Procedures: Video data of natural conversation from two dyads were selected for this paper. The dyads were video‐recorded at home, at 3‐monthly intervals, over a maximum period of 18 months. Using the methods of conversation analysis a collection of sequences was identified and transcribed. The sequences were analysed with reference to how the recipients of dysarthric talk, through the use of other‐initiations of repair, identified some element of that talk as problematic.Outcomes & Results: This work shows how a recipient of a dysarthric talk turn in everyday conversation goes about displaying the problematicity of that turn to its speaker. Whilst displaying that a problem exists with a prior turn, the recipient may have difficulty in knowing what that problem actually is.Conclusions & Implications: It is proposed that clinicians and researchers should consider the effects of dysarthric speech in interaction. Specifically, the nature of dysarthric troubles and the practices used to signal understanding problems as they occur in everyday interaction should be fully explored. This consideration may have relevance for clinical assessment and intervention.