bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geotechnical Aspects of Deep Ocean Radioactive Waste Disposal
Authors: Freeman TJ 
Published: March 2009

The methods that might be used to bury radioactive waste in the deep ocean, and their likely effect on the sediment barrier, have been the subject of an international research program performed during the last ten years. This paper reviews the geotechnical aspects of deep ocean disposal and discusses how far the research performed has gone towards providing the information needed to assess this form of disposal.
Considerable progress has been made during the course of the international program towards understanding the processes involved in the emplacement of heat generating waste (HGW) into the deep ocean bed and the subsequent interactions between the waste and the sediments. These processes do not appear to have a deleterious effect on the barrier properties of the sediments, and it is concluded that it is likely that HGW could be emplaced in the deep ocean in such a way that the seabed would provide an effective containment for the radionuclides. However, if it were decided to continue research on deep ocean disposal, considerable further effort would be needed to accurately quantify all these processes. Moreover, the extrapolation of the results of theoretical studies and laboratory simulations to the deep ocean is hindered by the lack of reliable geotechnical data for the sediments at the deep ocean study areas; for example, because no in-situ measurements have been made, shear strength data are limited to the depth of the longest cores (35 m) and their accuracy reduced by the indeterminate effects of sample disturbance.
Microfabric of Illitic Clays from the Pacific Deep-Sea Basin: Significance to High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal
Authors: Burkett PJ , Bennett RH , Bryant WR 
Published: March 2009

The microfabric of deep-sea illitic clays was investigated using electron microscopy in support of the In-Situ Heat Transfer Experiment (ISHTE) Simulation test (ISIMU) and the Subseabed Disposal Program (SDP), Sandia National Laboratories. ISHTE and the field exercises were designed to investigate the thermal, fluid, and mechanical response of the sediment to the emplacement of radioactive waste in the seabed. Clay fabric of an undisturbed core sample, designated RAMA, was compared to dredged, remolded, reconsolidated material in order to investigate the (1) effects of mechanical disturbances from sediment remolding and heater probe insertion and (2) effects of induced thermal gradients caused by heating of the sediment.
Aggregates of finely divided particulate material, having intra-voids, maintain structural integrity in spite of remolding in the laboratory. The surficial illitic clay can be reconstituted in the laboratory and be used for geotechnical simulation tests. Dredged sediment was remolded and reconsolidated to equivalent in-situ porosities by the Department of Ocean Engineering, URI, and used in the ISHTE simulation test. No differences in the microfabric significantly affecting the bulk physical properties were observed between remolded and undisturbed sediment. Samples in proximity to the heater probe revealed some slight preferential clay particle alignment probably caused by shearing stresses, which developed in the sediment during probe insertion. Heating of the sediment temperatures slightly below 300°C did not appear to have a significant effect on the fabric, with the exception of localized “quasi-expansion” and flow features observed in the microfabric in the near field.
Aggregates of finely divided particulate material, having intra-voids, maintain structural integrity in spite of remolding in the laboratory. The surficial illitic clay can be reconstituted in the laboratory and be used with confidence for simulation tests.
Surface Geophysical Investigations for Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Cummings D 
Published: March 2009

Surface geophysical surveys provide regional and site-specific subsurface information for hazardous waste investigations. The surveys can be used: (1) during the reconnaissance phase of an investigation, (2) for obtaining detailed site-specific information, and (3) for monitoring purposes after detailed investigations have been completed.
The choice of the geophysical method used in a survey depends on: (1) a knowledge of the geologic and hydrologie conditions and (2) the type of contaminant and its suspected depth. The different methods measure different physical properties which can be interpreted as geologic features or, if the target is man-made, as cultural features. The ambiguity inherent in geophysical methods can be reduced by conducting two or more surveys that measure different physical properties.
Economic Considerations of Borehole Geophysics for Hazardous Waste Projects
Authors: Crowder RE , Irons LA , Yearsley EN 
Published: March 2009

In environmental or hazardous waste investigations, simple homogenous subsurface geologic conditions have historically been assumed. In reality, heterogeneous conditions predominate. The costs of remediation and the consequences of incorrect remediation are increasing rapidly. These investigations often require the collection of extensive amounts of data to evaluate the problems sufficiently to recommend and execute appropriate remedial action.
Borehole geophysics can be used to obtain valuable data including information on geologic conditions and in-situ physical parameters in drill holes. The amount and benefit of this information is determined by the logging suite, borehole conditions, geologic parameters, interpreter experience, and application of current technology.
Typical costs for drilling and geophysical logging associated with different types of environmental investigations vary considerably. These costs are a function of the types and quantity of the desired data, whether the geophysical logging and analysis will be performed in-house or by an outside consultant, and the operational field environment.
Five case histories demonstrate the application of borehole geophysics to hazardous waste investigations and provide qualitative evidence as to its cost-effectiveness. The primary conclusions indicated by these case histories are that: (1) geophysical logs assist in well construction efforts; (2) borehole geophysical logs provide in-situ physical measurements not available from other methods; and (3) costs associated with borehole logging can be justified by consideration of the total cost of drilling, completion, and monitoring and the implications of inadequate understanding of the subsurface in a remediation program.
Estimating Water Quality from Geophysical Logs
Authors: Jorgensen DG 
Published: March 2009

Borehole-geophysical logs can be used to obtain information on water quality and water chemistry. Water quality characteristics that normally are measured directly in waterfilled holes or wells include chloride, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and conductivity. In-situ ground water may exist at some distance adjacent to the borehole, and estimates of water quality or water chemistry can be made by measuring the resistivity or specific electrical conductivity of the water in pore spaces. Most geophysical logs, however, are made in test holes filled with drilling fluid. In this environment, logs enabling estimates of water resistivity (Rw) are useful. Relations among Rw and dissolved solids, sodium chloride solutions, and temperature are well established for saline waters; for freshwater, however, the activities of other dissolved ions also need to be considered. The spontaneous potential (SP) is a function of activity of the mud filtrate and water resistivity and, thus, can be used to estimate Rw.
Two methods of estimating Rw are useful: the spontaneous potential (SP) method, which uses data from a spontaneous potential log and a resistivity log, and the cross-plot method, which uses log-derived porosity and resistivity-log data. The application of SP logs depends upon the water quality contrast between the water in the pores (Rw) and the mud filtrate on the borehole wall. Both methods estimate Rw to about a half order of magnitude. However, the accuracy of both methods can be greatly improved if additional data, such as a chemical analysis, can be correlated to a log.
Practical Examples of Useful Algorithms in Computer-Aided Microscopy
Authors: Cole GS 
Published: March 2009

The primary goal of computer-aided microscopy is to collect the best possible microscope image, manipulate this image into its accurate binary components of interest, and then analyze the binary structure from an analytical, statistical point-of-view.
Poor sample preparation, low feature contrast, or nonuniform lighting require that the operator enhance the image prior to performing the quantitative analysis. There are many transformations by which microscopists can interact with the computer to alter an image. Qualitative enhancement can be achieved through such algorithms as histogram stretching, contrast enhancement, image contouring and spatial filtering. These operations alter intensity values of particular pixels in an image. Operations which use spatial or geometric transformations allow the operator to interact with the image analyzer and quantitatively alter the image.
A selection of image processing techniques will be presented to describe the mathematical basis for gray level and binary image transformations in computer-aided microscopy. Examples from the materials sciences will be used to demonstrate how the various techniques are applied.
Recent Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation Made Possible by Novel Uses of Video Systems
Authors: Generazio ER , Roth DJ 
Published: March 2009

Complex materials are being developed for use in future advanced aerospace systems. High-temperature materials have been targeted as a major area of materials development. The development of composites consisting of ceramic or metallic matrix, and ceramic fibers or whiskers is currently being aggressively pursued internationally. These advanced materials are difficult and costly to produce; however, their low density and high operating temperature range are needed for the next generation of advanced aerospace systems. These new materials represent a challenge to the nondestructive evaluation community.
Video imaging techniques not only enhance the nondestructive evaluation, but they are also required for proper evaluation of these advanced materials. Specific research examples are given, highlighting the impact that video systems have had on the nondestructive evaluation of ceramics. An image processing technique for computerized determination of grain and pore size distribution functions from microstructural images is discussed. The uses of video and computer systems for displaying, evaluating, and interpreting ultrasonic image data are presented.
Quantitative Image Analysis Methodology for High-Sulfur Calcium-Treated Steels
Authors: Hetzner DW 
Published: March 2009

Alloy steels containing 0.020% sulfur or more and greater than 20 ppm oxygen are being calcium treated to improve machinability and enhance sulfide shape control. Although from a process control perspective, the success of calcium treating can be measured by the bulk calcium content of the steel, the chemical composition of the steel does not indicate how sulfide and oxide inclusions have been modified by calcium treating. Hence, to characterize an inclusion distribution in a heat of steel, quantitative metallographic techniques are required.
In an aluminum-killed, calcium-treated steel, the oxide inclusions are generally complex calcium-aluminates. Ideally, when a steel is calcium treated, as solidification progresses, the sulfides precipitate from the liquid steel on the solid oxides in the liquid. The net result is a (Ca,Mn)S inclusion that contains an encapsulated oxide. Some sulfides precipitate on fragmented dendrites in the liquid and do not contain oxide particles, hence free oxide inclusions are found in the steel.
Thus, there are four types of inclusions that may be present in calcium-treated steels: 1. Sulfides containing oxides; 2. Free sulfides, i.e. those, without oxides; 3. Free oxides; and 4. Encapsulated oxides.
In this paper, typical inclusion populations from a conventional and calcium-treated AISI 8620 steel are evaluated. Image analysis techniques and custom software that have been developed to separate the four types of inclusions based on reflectivity, “gray level”, are illustrated. Typical inclusion chemical analyses from both steel types are presented. The differences between such parameters as mean length, mean area, and mean roundness between the two steels as well as the four types of inclusions found in the calcium-treated steels are discussed. The changes in the inclusion length and area distributions are considered. The benefits of this methodology to properly characterize inclusion distributions in calcium-treated steels are discussed.
Grain Boundary Reconstruction for Grain Sizing
Authors: Friel JJ , Prestridge EB , Glazer F 
Published: March 2009

Measuring ASTM grain size by automatic image analysis is often made difficult by the inability of the image analyzer to detect grain boundaries accurately. For this reason, a logic-based method for grain boundary reconstruction has been developed. ASTM G was measured at various grain sizes both before and after image processing. Automatic image analysis was used to measure the grain size on actual microstructures as well as on standard grain size charts that had grain boundaries intentionally removed. ASTM G was measured by both planimetric and intercept methods. The grain size calculated on the basis of area was much more sensitive to incomplete boundaries than was the calculation based on intercepts. Nevertheless, the software was able to restore the boundaries, and the correct grain size was calculated.
In addition to grain boundary reconstruction, software has been developed that uses artificial intelligence to detect twin boundaries so that they can be removed before grain size measurement. The software identifies twins at several levels of confidence for the user to select only those structures that are actually twins.
Applications of Fractals in Textural Analysis of Base Metal Ores
Authors: Smith MM , Petruk W 
Published: March 2009

Image analysis techniques combined with fractal measurements were used to quantify textural patterns (size and shape) of minerals in base metal ores. The zinc mineral sphalerite is the mineral to be liberated through grinding and floatation. Pyrite (FeS2), however, because of its hardness, abundance, and control on grinding efficiencies was the mineral of interest. Pyrite textural patterns vary from isolated cubes (ten micrometres across) to clustered cubes, masses of pyrite separated by small veinlets of other minerals, to irregular or framboidal shapes. Quantitative analysis of these textural patterns by means of image analysis could prove useful in furthering the development of liberation models.
The images used in this study were generated by an image analyzer with input from a backscattered image. The image analysis routines were sequential erosion, dilation and perimeter measurements. Fractal analysis entailed generating a Richardson plot of the total field perimeter versus steplength (the pixel size of one erosion step). Studies with sequential erosion depicted a size entity of the ore that reflected the smallest size unit to which the pyrite could be ground. Sequential dilation revealed a spacing of the pyrite grains and, hence, the size of the more valuable interstitial sphalerite. Plots of the field perimeters with sequential erosion/dilation cycles revealed different “slopes” for the textural patterns of pyrite. Recasting the data to show the amount of roughness lost for each erosion/dilation lead to the “liberationgram” which indicates the amount of material lost to tailings when ground to a certain size.
The Projected Change in the Development of Specifications and Guides Describing Water Quality Over the Next Ten Years
Authors: Smith VC 
Published: March 2009

The promulgation of specifications and guides describing different types of water quality will be expanded significantly during the next decade because of an increased emphasis on a need for limiting impurities in water. This includes water which is required for industrial and laboratory use, as well as an increase in the interest in the health effects of impurities in water and a requirement for the limitation of types of pollutants being discharged to waste. In the past the ASTM Subcommittee on specifications has been mainly interested in limiting the impurities in water to be used for specific laboratory or industrial purposes. Because of the importance of ASTM as a highly respected consensus standards organization, the subcommittee will be called upon to develop specifications and guides related to water, not only for the traditional limitations required by industrial users, but perhaps more importantly because of a need for guides for a limit on various impurities in industrial waste waters.
Because the users of the specifications and guides will come from all areas of industry, the development of the specifications will, of necessity, have to be flexible and will thus be classified as “Guides” in most all cases instead of as “Specifications”. By officially designating the physical and chemical characteristics of the various types of water as “Guides” instead of “Specifications”, the user of the guides will have some options available depending upon his particular circumstance and upon the terminology used in the guides. He will find the guides more useful than specifications which would provide a set of parameters which would be an entity etched in stone.
The guides to be developed during the 90's will be divided into various categories based upon the different scopes which will be drawn up to limit various impurities based upon the end industrial use, the health effects, and the environmental impact of the water being considered.
Industrial High Purity Water — A Market Overview
Authors: Slejko FL 
Published: March 2009

Industrial water purification for high-tech process applications has been one of the few markets that have shown steady growth, without much recessionary interruptions, over the past four decades. This growth has not been rapid, but steady at approximately twice the GNP. Because of the slow, steady growth, and the fact that in 1990 the entire USA sales in this marketare only approximately $1.2–1.5 billion, the industrial high purity water market has not received the attention in the media, either popular or financial, that other industries have.
Nonetheless, the high purity water treatment industry remains poised to continue its growth over the next decade. The reason for this is that high-tech industries are employing advanced materials that are critically dependent on high purity water either for their manufacture or for use in a process. Water is a “critical” material that is an integral part of the manufacture and use of “advanced” materials. Steam electric power generation could not be done with today's efficiency and availability were it not for the high purity water used in the steam cycle. Micromanufacturing efficiencies for semiconductors, compact disks, and magnetic media are directly dependent on the purity of the water used as a rinsing material. Similarly, safe and reliable Pharmaceuticals could not be made available without sterile, pyrogen-free water.
Water will play an ever-increasing role in the manufacture and use of advanced materials in the future. Biotechnology, quenching of turbine forgings in delonized water, the use of ultrafiltered deionized water in the final rinsing of fluorinated polymer films, manufacture of new glass laminates, and the employment of 18.3-megohm-cm water in the production of graphite fibers are but a few of the new uses for high purity water that will expand the horizons for high purity water in the next decade.
Expert Systems for Classification and Identification of Waterborne Petroleum Oils
Authors: Siddiqui KJ , Lidberg RL , Eastwood D , Gibson G 
Published: March 2009

Expert systems are among the most fascinating application of computers which attempt to emulate human cognition and perceptual abilities. In the environmental field, expert systems have been used for spectral pattern recognition and have proven useful for classification and identification of waterborne petroleum oils.
This paper, after reviewing expert systems in general, describes a few successful attempts by the authors for classification of synchronous fluorescence spectra of petroleum oils. A typical scheme for developing an expert system for the classification and identification of petroleum oils is also presented. The scheme suggested uses pattern recognition and artificial intelligence (AI) for modeling expert knowledge and spectral processing. Using this model, an expert system called Spectral Expert system (SES) was designed. SES comprised of five primary components, fact gathering, knowledge/rule base, knowledge organization/learning, inference engine and expert/user interface. All these components were developed and integrated into a working system. The system is successfully used to classify several oil samples.
Conservative Treatment of Acute Knee Ligament Injuries—Long-Term Results
Authors: Järvinen M , Kannus P 
Published: March 2009

A total of 221 patients were treated conservatively for acute knee ligament injuries at the Tampere University Central Hospital in Finland between 1975 and 1981. Ninety-eight patients had an acute tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), alone (37) or in combination with the medial collateral ligament (MCL) (61). Ninety-six had an isolated MCL injury, and 27 had an isolated injury of the lateral ligament compartment (LAT) of the knee.
The patients were immobilized in plaster cast, posterior splint, or knee bandage, and no attempts were made to correct ligamentous instability. The patients started isometric exercises of the quadriceps and hamstrings during the first one to two weeks of the immobilization period. Straight leg raises were usually instituted within the first two to four weeks. Walking with crutches with partial weight-bearing was allowed approximately one to two weeks after injury, and full weight-bearing was allowed after two to five weeks. Increasing mobilization and rehabilitation of the injured knee was usually begun immediately after the immobilization period, and the rehabilitation continued under supervision of the attending surgeon for at least six months.
The follow-up study of the patients (average, eight years after the injury; range four to twelve years) included a questionnaire; clinical examination; functional tests; radiological examination; knee strength measurements by a isokinetic testing device; the Lysholm and Marshall scales for subjective, clinical, and functional evaluations; and the authors' scales for radiological and muscle strength evaluations.
The multidimensional follow-up analysis revealed that the long-term outcome after a Grade II sprain (partial tear) of the ACL, MCL, or LAT was good and acceptable even if residual mild or moderate laxity was often demonstrable. In Grade III sprains (complete tears), the long-term results were poor, involving an unstable knee with thigh muscle weakness, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, and severe subjective symptoms.