bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival analysis (or time to an event analysis), and the Cox regression model ‐ methods for longitudinal psychiatric research
Authors: Allgulander C. , Fisher L. D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA multivariate statistical instrument is presented, which combines the life table with regression analysis: the Cox proportional hazards regression model. It is suitable for analyzing longitudinal clinical data, and to find predictors of different outcomes in psychiatric research such as death, relapse or cure. All patient information can be used, since the time to the outcome event is included in the model. Treatments can be compared, and prognostic indices created.
Immigration and major affective disorder
Authors: Grove W. , Clayton P. J. , Endicott J. , Hirschfeld R. M. A , Andreasen N. C. , Klerman G. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe studied bipolar (ever manic; n: = 297) primary unipolar (never secondary; n: = 328), and secondary unipolar (n: = 241) RDC major affective disorder patients in the NIMH — CRB Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression — Clinical. We examined rates of immigration, for patients and their parents, in these three diagnostic groups. Primary patients had a twofold increase in the odds in favor of immigration, compared to secondary patients. The difference persisted when proband age was statistically controlled, and could not be accounted for by any difference in sex ratios between groups. Previous findings of an increased rate of immigration in bipolar patients could not be replicated.
Premenstrual changes and changes in gonadal hormones
Authors: Halbreich U. , Endicott J. , Goldstein S. , Nee J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTChanges in plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone and their temporal relationship with changes in mood and behavior were studied along the menstrual cycle in 17 normal women with a wide range of severity and types of premenstrual changes (PMC). Emphasizing changes in hormonal levels over time as well as their rates of change, selective clinical features of premenstrual changes were found to be positively associated with peak levels of progesterone, its rate of decrease over time, and the ratio between the rates of decrease‐over‐time of progesterone and estradiol levels. A time‐lag of 4–7 days between changes in plasma levels of progesterone and changes in clinical features was also found. Rate of change of estradiol was somewhat associated with clinical PMC. It is suggested that the association between gonadal hormones, other biological changes, and mood should be further studied as a diversified, dynamic, time‐related process.
Neurotic depression and DSM‐III
Authors: Torgersen S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe background for the removing of the concept of neurosis from the American diagnosing system is discussed. Results are presented showing how cases diagnosed as neurotic depression according to ICD‐9, are distributed on various DSM‐III diagnoses. It appears that half of the sample is diagnosed as major depression, one‐fifth as dysthymic disorder and one‐fifth as depressive adjustment disorder. Concerning the delineation between different unipolar depressive diagnoses in DSM‐III, results from a twin study are presented showing that many cotwins have a different depressive diagnosis than their index twin partner. It is concluded that the heterogeneous ICD‐9 diagnosis of neurotic depression seems in DSM‐III to have been replaced by an equal heterogeneous diagnosis major depression.
Effect of chlormethiazole on the hepatic monooxygenase enzyme system
Authors: Hoensch H. P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Ethanol abuse has been shown to induce hepatic monooxygenase activity. In order to study the effect of chlormethiazole on the hepatic monooxygenase enzyme system, the O‐deethylation of 7‐ethoxycoumarin was studied. Chlormethiazole was found to inhibit ethanol‐induced monooxygenase activity.
Clinical experiences and a review of chlormethiazole in the management of pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia
Authors: Campbell D. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe management of pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia with chlormethiazole is reviwed. Chlromethiazole, magnesium sulphate and benzodiazepines were found to be easy to administer, rapidly acting and effective in controlling convulsions. Respiratory depression in the fetus was found to be shorter lived when using chlormethiazole than the other two treatments.
Exercise and mental health
Authors: Veale D. M. W. de Coverley 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the mood altering properties of exercise and its potential in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. The role of the brain monoamines, opioid peptides, the sympathetic nervous system, and cognitive behavioural theory as mediating pathways for the psychological benefits of exercise is critically examined. Clinical trials on exercise are reviewed and suggestions are made for future research in this field.
Psychiatric morbidity and personality characteristics of battered women
Authors: Bergman B. , Larsson G. , Brismar B. , Klang M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTForty‐nine battered women attending a surgical emergency department were studied with regard to prior and current psychiatric morbidity, substance abuse and personality characteristics, and were compared with a control group. More battered women than controls had consulted a psychiatrist and half of them were classified as heavy consumers of alcohol. One third of the assaulted women were found to be depressed, compared to 6% of the controls. The groups also differed in respect of muscular tension, aches and pain, and autonomic distrubances, the battered women having more pronounced symptoms. It is important for psychiatrists to recognize the symptoms that battered women often exhibit. With better early diagnoses, these women could be offered more appropriate psychosocial therapy.
Clonazepam/haloperidol combination therapy in schizophrenia: A double blind study
Authors: Altamura A. C. , Mauri M. C. , Mantero M. , Brunetti M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTClonazepam (CLN), a benzodiazepine originally used as an antiepileptic, was tested in schizophrenia in a double blind comparison in combination with haloperidol (HL). Twenty‐four schizophrenic inpatients, diagnosed according to DSM III were treated with HL and CLN (Group 1) or HL and placebo (Group 2) for 4 weeks. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Extrapyramidal Side Effect Scale (EPSE) were used for assessing psychopathological features and extrapyramidal side‐effects before treatment and then weekly. No differences in specific schizophrenic symptoms were detected between the two groups, but in Group 1 an early significant BPRS amelioration was noticed compared to Group 2. Moreover, the excitement item improved significantly in Group 1 only, from the second week. Less severe EPSE scores were observed in Group 1 in comparison to Group 2. In conclusion the combination of CLN and HL seems to be preferred to HL alone in cases of psychotic excitement and in order to reduce the severity of extrapyramidal side‐effects.
Assessment of mental health and illness, considered in the light of a 13‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Holmström Reijo , Jussila Leena , Vauhkonen Kauko 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe present study forms part of a longitudinal study of mental health and covers a period of 13 years. Two fundamental findings were obtained in the present work. The first of these was in brief that the development of mental disorders and occurrence of symptoms increase with age. The other finding was that men and women differ in many ways from each other in terms of the nature of mental health. We might say that healthy as well as perhaps more disturbed narcissism takes different forms in women and men. Women are more faithful to tradition, men's interest is more directed toward social concerns and object relationships. Women are more practiced in self‐observation, while men resort to action and somatization. Women's symptoms are dominated by fear and worry, while men, following tradition have to mask their fears.
Psychiatric case identification in two Athenian communities: estimation of the probable prevalence
Authors: Madianos M. G. , Tomaras V. , Kapsali A. , Vaidakis N. , Vlachonicolis J. , Stefanis C. N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA two stage cross sectional survey on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was conducted in a sample of 1,574 adults, residents of two boroughs in the greater Athens area. In this paper we examine the value of the first stage self report symptom screening scales (CES‐D and Langner) for case finding, by comparing it to five psychiatric case identification criteria, proven to be highly reliable, after the completion of an inter‐rater reliability study. A higher proportion of mentally impaired respondents was found with the criterion of screening scale cut off scores than the cases found by the application of the five case identification criteria. The practical significance of establishing case finding reliable criteria is apparent for the purpose of epidemiologic research e.g. the problem of false positive and negative cases, the completion of the second stage of diagnostic interviews and for the planning of outreach programs, identifying and helping high risk individuals.
Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: antecedents of anxious attachment to the mother at one year of age
Authors: Persson‐Blennow I. , Binett B. , McNeil T. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMother‐infant interaction characteristics at six ages during the first year of life were studied in relationship to the development of the infant's anxious vs. secure attachment to the mother at 1 year of age. The same antecedent maternal characteristics, notably less harmony during feeding and less consideration for the child's needs in play, were associated with anxious attachment in both index and control groups. In contrast, control infants’ behaviors were totally unrelated to the development of anxious attachment, while index infants developing anxious attachment evidenced reduced social contact toward the mother and increased crying prior to 1 year, suggesting either vulnerability to negative maternal influence or initial deviations in these index offspring.
Carbamazepine in the treatment of aggression: a case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Yatham L. N. , McHale P. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAggressive behaviour is an inescapable clinical problem confronting practitioners of medicine, neurology and psychiatry. Several drugs have been used to treat it, with limited success. Successful use of carbamazepine in the treatment of aggressive behaviour in a patient with limbic dysfunction is reported, and varieties of aggressive behaviour that respond to carbamazepine are examined. The authors suggest that carbamazepine may have a specific anti‐aggressive effect perhaps due to an anti‐kindling effect, but caution that double‐blind studies are needed before firm conclusions are drawn.
CSF biochemical correlates of mixed affective states
Authors: Tandon R. , Channabasavanna S. M. , Greden J. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the question of whether “mixed” bipolar disorder is a distinct entity, we compared selected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemical parameters from patients with bipolar disorder, mixed, to those with mania and major depression. Fourteen patients in each category (DSM‐III) were studied with regard to CSF HVA, 5HIAA, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels under carefully controlled conditions. CSF HVA, 5HIAA, and sodium were found to be significantly higher in manics than in major depressives. Discriminant analysis of the biochemical variables of the mixed affective group identified two biochemically distinct and clinically different subgroups of seven patients each, one resembling the manic group and the other the major depressive group. These findings suggest that mixed affective states do not exist as a separate entity, but are compsed of two subgroups obtained from the manic and major depressive categories.
Prevalence and incidence of eating disorders in a suburban area
Authors: Cullberg J. , Engström‐Lindberg M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThere has been no previous epidemiological study on anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia (BU) where non‐medical care givers have also been included in the case‐finding procedure. In this study, psychiatric, somatic, child psychiatric, social and primary care personnel were systematically asked for information on patients. Fifty‐one cases of eating disorder (17 AN, 34 BU) according to slightly modified DSM‐III criteria were traced in a suburban catchment area of 78,000 inhabitants during a two‐year period. This means a two‐year prevalence of 66/100,000 (22 AN and 44 BU). For females between 16–24 years the prevalence of AN was 258/100,000; BU: 473/100,000; total 730/100,000 (1/137). There were also 10 “possible cases” where the diagnosis could not be established with certainty, mainly because of insufficient information. If these patients were added, the number of cases would be 61 (or a prevalence of 79/100,000 inhabitants). The one‐year incidence for AN was 2.6/100,000 and for BU 3.9. The incidence for AN was 43/100,000 for females 16–24 years old (1/2326). For BU it was 65/100,000 (1/1538). There seems to be no clear social class grouping. Twenty (56%) of the adult patients had been hospitalized for eating disorder during the last six‐year period.
Correlates of alcohol‐related casualty in Kuwait
Authors: Bilal A. M. , Angelo‐Khattar M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the extent to which alcohol consumption is associated with casualties in a country in which alcohol is prohibited religiously and culturally. Selective screening of particular casualty groups by blood test established qualitative evidence of alcohol use in 107 out of 1058 patients (10%) examined at a general hospital and a traumatology hospital in Kuwait. The rate of alcohol‐associated casualty was significantly higher in traumatology hospital patients (15%) than in general hospital (7%), stressing the association between alcohol and tauma. Absence of differences by place of casualty disproves lay beliefs that motor vehicle casualty is the major alcohol‐associated risk in Kuwait. Other casualties, particularly work and domestic injuries, should be regarded as being affected by alcohol consumption. Statistically significant high alcohol‐associated casualty rates characterized Kuwaitis (14%), the unemployed/retired (20%) and coma cases (22%) suggesting that these categories may suffer from serious alcohol problems.
Prospective studies on a lithium cohort
Authors: Vestergaard P. , Schou M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSince 1979, patients started on long‐term lithium treatment at the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov have been followed systematically with recording of clinical and laboratory variables before the start of treatment, after 6 and 12 months of treatment, and thereafter at yearly intervals. By June 1987, 480 examinations had been carried out before the start of lithium treatment, 236 after treatment for 6 months, and decreasing numbers up to 7 years of lithium treatment. The total lithium exposure time was 548 years. The mean lithium dose was 23.2 mmol/d and the mean serum lithium concentration 0.68 mmol/1. These values are about 30% lower than the corresponding values in patients given lithium treatment prior to 1979. About one half of the patients who had gone through the pre‐lithium examinations did not reach the 6‐month examination. This was because they did not start lithium, or because they stopped it again before 6 months of treatment or before they had reached that point. Thereafter there was a drop‐out rate of about 25% per year during the first 2 years of lithium treatment and about 10% per year after 4–5 years of treatment. More men than women left the cohort.
Prospective studies on a lithium cohort
Authors: Schou M. , Vestergaard P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA cohort of manic‐depressive patients given prophylactic lithium treatment were examined before treatment started and at intervals during treatment for up to 7 years. The mean lithium dosage was 23.2 mmol/d and the mean serum lithium concentration 0.68 mmol/1. The treatment did not affect glomerulus function. Urine volume rose by 10–20% and renal concentrating ability fell by 7–10% during the treatment. These changes were markedly smaller than those found in patients treated previously with higher lithium doses and serum lithium concentrations. High urine volumes and low renal concentrating abilities were not more frequent during than before lithium treatment. Complaints of increased thirst, frequent urination, and nycturia were presented more often during than before lithium treatment. Serum concentrations, urinary excretions and renal clearances of sodium and potassium were not altered by the treatment.
Khat‐induced hypnagogic hallucinations
Authors: Granek M. , Shalev A. , Weingarten A. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTKhat is a plant whose leaves are chewed for their stimulating effect. This effect is attributed to cathinone, an alkaloid identical to dextroamphetamine. Khat chewing is widespread among eastern African and Yemenite populations and is believed to be innocuous. Our experience shows, however, that a substantial number of chronic khat chewers experience persistent hypnagogic hallucinations ‐ a symptom that has not yet been described. Three vignettes illustrates this phenomena, which often interferes with psychiatric diagnosis. Different explanatory models are discussed, among them chronic suppression of REM sleep.
The valence theory of Bion and the significance of (DSM‐III) diagnoses for inpatient group behavior
Authors: Karterud S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity of Bion's hypothesis of valence and the significance of (DSM‐III) diagnoses for inpatient group behavior. All verbal statements (approximately 17,000) from 91 patients in 75 small group therapy sessions were assessed according to Group Emotionality Rating System, which contains the (Bion) categories of dependency, fight, flight and pairing. The results confirmed the valence theory, since diagnoses explained 7–20% of the variance in emotional group behavior, while sex and age only explained 1–2% of the variance. The personality disorders of the schizoid/paranoid spectrum had the strongest valence for fight(/flight). The major depressions and the dependent personality disorders had the strongest valence for dependency. Neuroses and personality disorders had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) valence for pairing than psychoses. Tables demonstrating the valence strength for 9 diagnostic categories are presented. The group culture seemed to modify behavior differently according to the diagnoses.
A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high‐risk group
Authors: McNeil T. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWithin a sample of 88 pregnant index women with a history of nonorganic psychosis, the psychosocial aspects of labor and delivery, assessed through personal observation, were studied in relation to the development of 22 postpartum psychotic episodes (PPPs) occurring during the first 6 months postpartum. As compared with index cases not developing PPPs, cases with PPP onset after 3 weeks postpartum had been significantly more anxious, had received significantly less help from the midwife, and their husbands tended to have attended the birth less often. Cases with PPP onset within 3 weeks of delivery had not been more anxious, but their husbands had been significantly more anxious and the midwives tended to have helped less. Early Onset (but not Later Onset) mothers had had slightly more frequent negative reactions towards the newborn, while the husbands in both groups tended to have been more positive towards the newborn than were other husbands.
Immunoreactive somatomedin B is increased in serum in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Tham A. , Undén F. , Sara V. R. , Ljunggren J.‐G. , Wetterberg L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSerum levels of immunoreactive somatomedin B (RIA‐B) were investigated in patients with major depressive disorder both in the acute state and during remission at 8 h and 22 h and at 22 h after the dexamethasone suppression test. Elevated levels of RIA‐B at 8 h and at 22 h after the dexamethasone suppression test were found consistently in the patient group compared with the healthy controls. No indication was obtained that the patients’ clinical condition or depressive symptomatology as revealed by their CPRS score, psychotropic medication or TSH, prolactin, melatonin or cortisol levels was significantly related to the RIA‐B levels.
HIV infection presenting as psychosis: a critique
Authors: Vogel‐Scibilia S. E. , Mulsant B. H. , Keshavan M. S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA review of the literature on HIV and psychiatry thus far has revealed 13 cases of HIV infection presenting as psychosis. We argue that these cases could in fact represent either coincidental schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and HIV infection or HIV‐related organic hallucinosis, delusional or affective syndromes with or without associated dementia (AIDS‐dementia complex). The use of the term psychosis in describing AIDS‐related behavioral syndromes is misleading, and should be replaced when possible by specific DSM‐III‐R categories.
Treatment strategy in depression
Authors: Nolen W. A. , Putte J. J. van de , Dijken W. A. , Kamp J. S. , Blansjaar B. A. , Kramer H. J. , Haffmans J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAntidepressants are ineffective in about 30% of patients with major depression. Some authors then advise treatment of non‐responders with (non‐tricyclic) more selective reuptake inhibitors. In a double‐blind, partial crossover study, 71 patients were selected for treatment during 4 weeks with oxaprotiline and/or fluvoxamine, two non‐tricyclic antidepressants that are selective reuptake inhibitors of noradrenaline and serotonin respectively. All patients had failed to respond to earlier treatment with cyclic antidepressants during the current episode. Only 13% of the patients responded, with 27% of them responding to oxaprotiline and none to fluvoxamine. Moreover, a low response of 27% was also obtained in the crossover phase, which included all non‐responders to the first treatment, oxaprotiline being effective in 39% and fluvoxamine in 10% of the patients. The results indicate that selective reuptake inhibitors are not an effective alternative for non‐responders to other cyclic antidepressants and that non‐responders to “nor‐adrenergic” antidepressants do not appear to have much chance of responding to “serotonergic” antidepressants and vice versa.
Treatment strategy in depression
Authors: Nolen W. A. , Putte J. J. van de , Dijken W. A. , Kamp J. S. , Blansjaar B. A. , Kramer H. J. , Haffmans J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAntidepressants are ineffective in about 30% of the patients with major depression. Besides electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and lithium, MAO inhibitors have been suggested as an alternative in such patients. In 2 controlled, partial crossover studies involving 47 patients with major depression who had already been treated unsuccessfully with at least 2 cyclic antidepressants, the effect of the MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine was studied. The first study was an open comparison with L‐5‐hydroxytryptophan (L‐5HTP), the second study a double‐blind comparison with nomifensine. Neither the patients treated with L‐5HTP nor the patients treated with nomifensine, except one, improved. In contrast, tranylcypromine was effective in 50% of the patients. The depressions of the responders to tranylcypromine appeared to be more endogenous (according Newcastle Scale II) and of shorter duration than those of the non‐responders. It is concluded that MAO inhibitors such as tranylcypromine are an effective alternative to ECT and lithium in patients with major depression who have failed to respond to cyclic antidepressants.