bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C825T Polymorphism of the G Protein β3 Subunit Is Associated with Obesity but Not with Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Stefan Norbert , Stumvoll Michael , Machicao Fausto , Koch Matthias , Häring Hans U. , Fritsche Andreas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The common C825T polymorphism of the gene that encodes the G protein β3 subunit has been shown to influence lipolysis in human adipocytes and to be associated with hypertension, body fat distribution, and obesity. In addition, it has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance in a small group of hypertensive subjects. We investigated whether this polymorphism contributed to the variability in obesity in our population from southern Germany and whether it was associated with insulin sensitivity of lipolysis and/or glucose disposal.Research Methods and Procedures: We determined percentage body fat, body fat distribution, glucose tolerance [oral glucose‐tolerance test (OGTT)], insulin sensitivity, and serum free fatty acids using data from OGTTs (N = 774) and clamp (euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, N = 216) in normal and impaired glucose tolerant subjects who were genotyped for this polymorphism.Results: Compared with noncarriers of the C825T mutation, subjects with the C825T variant (prevalence ∼32%) had higher percentage body fat (p = 0.02) and higher BMI (p = 0.03). No conclusive effect was seen on serum free fatty acids measured either during fasting or at the end of a 2‐hour OGTT. Insulin sensitivity determined during the OGTT and during the clamp, both adjusted for age, gender, and percentage body fat, was not different between the genotypes (p = 0.33 and p = 0.48, respectively).Discussion: We have concluded that the C825T polymorphism in the G protein β3 subunit played an important role in the determination of obesity in this German population. However, it probably had no direct effects on insulin sensitivity of lipolysis and glucose disposal.
Performance of Two Self‐Report Measures for Evaluating Obesity and Weight Loss*
Authors: Patrick Donald L. , Bushnell Donald M. , Rothman Margaret 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate performance of the Obesity and Weight‐Loss Quality‐of‐Life (OWLQOL) and Weight‐Related Symptoms (WRSM) measures.Research Methods and Procedures: Four studies of obese persons 18 to 75 years of age were analyzed: a 12‐week initial validation study, a clinical trial using blinded endpoint data at 50 to 83 weeks, and community studies conducted in the U.S. and Europe. Fifty‐six initial validation study subjects visited 1 week after screening to evaluate reproducibility.Results: Overall, 6107 obese persons completed one assessment, 291 completed follow‐up at 12 weeks, and 642 at >50 weeks. Psychometric analyses resulted in a 17‐item OWLQOL with a single score tested on five samples that was internally consistent (α values > 0.90) and reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.95). The OWLQOL score (higher is better) was associated, as expected, with the symptom measure (lower is better, −0.54), generic quality of life measure (0.53), and measures of physical (0.40) and mental functioning (0.47). The 20‐item WRSM was internally consistent (α = 0.87) and reproducible (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83). The OWLQOL discriminated between genders (p < 0.001), presence of disability days (p < 0.05), levels of BMI (p < 0.05), and levels of symptom bothersomeness (p < 0.001). Evaluation at 12 weeks yielded an effect size for ≥2.5% weight loss of 0.77 for the OWLQOL and −0.54 for the WRSM. At ≥50 weeks for ≥10% weight change, effect sizes were 1.63 and −0.73, respectively.Discussion: The OWLQOL and WRSM are brief, valid, reproducible, and responsive self‐reported outcomes for evaluating obesity and weight loss.
Seasonal Variation in Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity in Dutch Young Adults
Authors: Plasqui Guy , Westerterp Klaas R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The impact of season on energy expenditure and physical activity is not well quantified. This study focused on summer‐winter differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐five healthy Dutch young adults, living in an urban environment, were measured in the summer season and the winter season. TEE was measured using doubly labeled water, and sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) was measured during an overnight stay in a respiration chamber. Subsequently, the physical activity level (PAL = TEE/SMR) and activity‐related energy expenditure [(0.9 × TEE) − SMR] were calculated. Maximal mechanical power (Wmax) was determined with an incremental test on a cycle ergometer. Body composition was measured with hydrostatic weighing and deuterium dilution using Siri's three‐compartment model.Results: There was no difference in TEE between seasons. PAL was higher in summer than in winter (1.87 ± 0.22 vs. 1.76 ± 0.18; p < 0.001), and the difference was higher for men than for women (0.20 ± 0.14 vs. 0.05 ± 0.16; p = 0.04). The difference in PAL between seasons was dependent on the initial activity level. There was a strong linear relation (R2 = 0.48) between PAL and physical fitness (Wmax/fat‐free mass), but Wmax/fat‐free mass did not change between seasons in response to the lower PAL in winter.Discussion: The extent of the changes in PAL is of physiological significance, and seasonality in physical activity should be taken into account when studying physical activity patterns or relationships between physical activity and health.
Target Value of Intraabdominal Fat Area for Improving Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Tanaka Kiyoji , Okura Tomohiro , Shigematsu Ryosuke , Nakata Yoshio , Lee Dong Jun , Wee Seung Wan , Yamabuki Keisuke 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal of this study was to determine an intraabdominal fat (IF) area target value for improving coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in response to weight reduction.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 279 obese Japanese women, 21 to 66 years old, who were divided into diet‐alone and diet‐plus‐exercise groups and participated in a 14‐week weight reduction program. The IF area was measured by computerized tomography scans. Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, total cholesterol ≥ 5.70 mM, triglycerides ≥ 1.70 mM, and fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.99 mM were defined as CHD risk factors.Results: The best trade‐off between sensitivity (probability of correctly detecting true positive) and specificity (probability of correctly detecting true negative) was found at 100 cm2 pretreatment in combined data of the two groups. At posttreatment, although a slight difference was found in the target value between the treatment groups (60 cm2 for diet alone and 50 cm2 for diet plus exercise), the combined data showed that the best trade‐off occurred at 60 cm2 (sensitivity and specificity were 0.55 and 0.63, respectively). The percentage of subjects having no CHD risk factors was significantly lower in the group that had large IF areas (≥60 cm2) (46%) compared with the group that had normal IF areas (<60 cm2) (65%). However, the percentage of subjects having multiple CHD risk factors was significantly greater in the group that had large IF areas (16%) compared with the group with normal IF areas (7%) at posttreatment.Discussion: Our longitudinal data suggest that obese Japanese women should reduce their IF areas to <60 cm2 through weight reduction to improve CHD risk factors independent of treatment.
A New Hand‐Held Indirect Calorimeter to Measure Postprandial Energy Expenditure
Authors: St‐Onge Marie‐Pierre , Rubiano Frederick , Jones Alfredo , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To verify the accuracy of a new hand‐held metabolic rate measuring device (MedGem) in quantifying postprandial energy expenditure (PP EE). MedGem measurements were compared to measurements obtained with a conventional indirect calorimeter (Delta‐Trac).Research Methods and Procedures: The resting metabolic rate of 15 healthy subjects was measured for 20 minutes using Delta‐Trac followed by a 10‐minute measurement period using MedGem. EE was again measured for 7 hours after consumption of a 2510‐kJ breakfast. Measurements were read from the Delta‐Trac for the initial 50 minutes of each hour followed by a single reading from the MedGem after 5 to 10 minutes of measurement. Measured EE was calculated as the average of the total measurement period for Delta‐Trac and for eight readings using MedGem; PP EE was calculated as the average of all measurements obtained after breakfast consumption.Results: There was no difference in resting metabolic rate between the two methods (6455.1 ± 417.6 vs. 6468.5 ± 337.2 kJ/d for Delta‐Trac and MedGem, respectively). Measured EE and PP EE values with Delta‐Trac (7019.1 ± 400.8 and 7099.8 ± 399.2 kJ/d, respectively) and MedGem (6775.6 ± 372.0 and 6819.5 ± 379.9 kJ/d, respectively) were not significantly different. There was no bias detected in any of the measurements made with MedGem compared with those of Delta‐Trac.Discussion: The new hand‐held EE measuring device can accurately track PP EE relative to a conventional indirect calorimetry system and, therefore, provides a new opportunity to assess PP EE in research settings and large‐scale trials.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Elderly People in Spain
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Fisac Juan L. , López Esther , Banegas Jose R. , Graciani Auxiliadora , Rodríguez‐Artalejo Fernando 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the older adult population in Spain by sex, age, and educational level.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in 2001 in a sample of 4009 persons representative of the noninstitutionalized population ≥60 years of age. Anthropometric measurements (BMI and waist circumference) were obtained using standardized techniques and equipment. Overweight was considered at a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity at a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2. Central obesity was considered at a waist circumference of >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women.Results: The mean BMI was 28.2 kg/m2 in men and 29.3 kg/m2 in women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in men was 49% and 31.5%, respectively. The corresponding percentages in women were 39.8% and 40.8%. The prevalence of obesity was higher in persons with no education than in those with third level education (i.e., university studies), especially among women (41.8% vs. 17.5%). The prevalence of central obesity was 48.4% in men and 78.4% in women. Differences by educational level were seen in only women, in whom the prevalence of central obesity was 80.9% in those with no education and 59% in those with third‐level education.Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Spanish adult elderly population is very high. Some other populations show similar prevalences, especially in Mediterranean countries. Socioeconomic conditions in Spain during the years these cohorts were born may partly explain the high‐frequency of obesity.
Estradiol‐Induced Anorexia Is Independent of Leptin and Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone
Authors: Tritos Nicholas A. , Segal‐Lieberman Gabriella , Vezeridis Peter S. , Maratos‐Flier Eleftheria 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Treatment of male rodents with estradiol (E2) is associated with anorexia and weight loss by poorly understood mechanisms. We examined the role of the orexigenic hypothalamic peptide melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) and the appetite‐inhibiting, fat‐derived hormone leptin in mediating E2‐induced anorexia.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied the effect of E2 treatment (implantation of either E2 pellet or matching placebo) in male C57Bl/6J mice, as well as in a lean mouse model (MCH knockout mice) and an obese model (leptin‐deficient ob/ob mice). We also studied the effect of E2 treatment in the context of high‐fat diet.Results: We confirmed E2 dose‐dependent anorexia in male wild type mice fed a normal chow diet. E2 treatment was associated with a significant decrease in body fat, serum leptin levels, and arcuate hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin expression. E2‐implanted mice also showed increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and MCH expression. As MCH has been implicated in E2‐induced hypophagia, we performed E2 pellet implantation in MCH knockout mice and observed hypophagia and weight loss, indicating that MCH is not an essential mediator of E2‐induced anorexia. E2‐implanted ob/ob mice also had hypophagia and weight loss, indicating that leptin is not essential for E2‐induced anorexia. High‐fat diet significantly exacerbated the effect of E2 treatment, leading to a 99.6% decrease in food intake at 48 hours and a 30% loss of body weight within 1 week.Discussion: The anorectic effects of E2 were independent of MCH and leptin. Our results suggested that E2 may have effects on nutrient preferences.
Childhood Overweight and Academic Performance: National Study of Kindergartners and First‐Graders
Authors: Datar Ashlesha , Sturm Roland , Magnabosco Jennifer L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between children's overweight status in kindergarten and their academic achievement in kindergarten and first grade.Research Methods and Procedures: The data analyzed consisted of 11, 192 first time kindergartners from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative sample of kindergartners in the U.S. in 1998. Multivariate regression techniques were used to estimate the independent association of overweight status with children's math and reading standardized test scores in kindergarten and grade 1. We controlled for socioeconomic status, parent‐child interaction, birth weight, physical activity, and television watching.Results: Overweight children had significantly lower math and reading test scores compared with nonoverweight children in kindergarten. Both groups were gaining similarly on math and reading test scores, resulting in significantly lower test scores among overweight children at the end of grade 1. However, these differences, except for boys’ math scores at baseline (difference = 1.22 points, p = 0.001), became insignificant after including socioeconomic and behavioral variables, indicating that overweight is a marker but not a causal factor. Race/ethnicity and mother's education were stronger predictors of test score gains or levels than overweight status.Discussion: Significant differences in test scores by overweight status at the beginning of kindergarten and the end of grade 1 can be explained by other individual characteristics, including parental education and the home environment. However, overweight is more easily observable by other students compared with socioeconomic characteristics, and its significant (unadjusted) association with worse academic performance can contribute to the stigma of overweight as early as the first years of elementary school.
Adipose Tissue Transcriptome by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
Authors: Bolduc Carl , Larose Marianne , Lafond Nicolas , Yoshioka Mayumi , Rodrigue Marc‐André , Morissette Jean , Labrie Claude , Raymond Vincent , St‐Amand Jonny 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To describe the genomic expression profile or transcriptome of adipose tissue using the serial analysis of gene expression method.Research Methods and Procedures: The serial analysis of gene expression strategy is based on isolation of short sequences (tags), which usually correspond to unique transcripts, and on their concatenation into long DNA molecules, which are then cloned and sequenced. Experiments were performed with mRNA from retroperitoneal adipose tissue of male C57BL6 mice.Results: We isolated 45, 996 tags corresponding to more than 17, 000 different genes. Eighty‐eight genes were expressed at more than 0.1% of the total population and represented 26% of the mRNA population identified. The most expressed genes were: carbonic anhydrase 3 (1.97%), cytochrome c oxidase (COX) 1 (1.47%), COX2 (1.25%), diazepam binding inhibitor (1.04%), a novel transcript (0.87%), COX3 (0.55%), fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (0.55%), and NADH dehydrogenase 4 (0.52%). Other genes known to be expressed in adipose tissue, such as uncoupling protein 2, angiotensinogen, adipsin, and insulin‐like growth factor 1, were found at a lower level. Several tags corresponding to novel transcripts were also found.Discussion: To our knowledge, the present results provide for the first time a quantitative description of the transcriptome in adipose tissue.
Effects of Weight Loss and Physical Activity on Muscle Lipid Content and Droplet Size
Authors: He Jing , Goodpaster Bret H. , Kelley David E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To address the potential effects of weight loss and physical activity (WL + Ex) on intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and lipid droplet size in overweight and obese previously sedentary individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: IMCL and lipid droplet size was determined in vastus lateralis, obtained by percutaneous biopsy, from 21 obese volunteers (9 men/12 women), using Oil Red O staining, along with succinate dehydrogenase histochemistry and mitochondrial immunohistochemistry as measures of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Insulin sensitivity (IS) was determined by glucose clamp.Results: A 4‐month WL + Ex intervention resulted in ∼10% WL and ∼15% increase in maximal oxygen uptake, leading to a 46% increase in IS (all p < 0.01). IMCL did not significantly change (p = 0.36). However, the size of lipid droplets decreased after WL + Ex (p < 0.01), and this decrease in lipid droplet size correlated with increased IS (p < 0.01) and the amount of physical activity (p < 0.05). Succinate dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial labeling increased significantly (p < 0.01), without a significant shift in fiber type distribution.Discussion: In summary, IMCL does not decrease in response to WL + Ex in obese, previously sedentary individuals, yet the lipid within muscle is dispersed into smaller droplets. This change in the size of lipid droplets, likely coupled with a concomitant increase in oxidative enzyme capacity, is correlated to improved IS.
A Human Adenovirus Enhances Preadipocyte Differentiation
Authors: Vangipuram Sharada D. , Sheele Jonathan , Atkinson Richard L. , Holland Thomas C. , Dhurandhar Nikhil V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Adenovirus 36 (Ad‐36) has been shown to increase adiposity in experimentally infected chickens, mice, and marmosets (nonhuman primates). Neutralizing antibodies to Ad‐36 are associated with obesity in humans. The metabolic and molecular mechanisms responsible for Ad‐36‐induced adipogenesis are unknown. As a potential adipogenic mechanism, this study examined if Ad‐36 enhanced differentiation of preadipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: To determine the suitability of 3T3‐L1 cells (murine preadipocyte cell line) as a model, the first experiment determined if Ad‐36 attaches and initiates replication in the cells. Next, effects of Ad‐36 on the number of differentiated adipocytes, glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) levels, and cellular lipid accumulation were determined. The last experiment determined the effect of Ad‐36 on human primary preadipocyte differentiation. Ad‐2, a known nonadipogenic human adenovirus, was used as a negative control in these experiments.Results: Immunofluorescence studies showed adenoviral attachment to 3T3‐L1 cells, and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction showed expression of the Ad‐36 E1A gene in the infected cells. Ad‐36, but not Ad‐2, increased the number of differentiated adipocytes, GPDH enzyme levels, and the total cellular lipid content. Also, Ad‐36, but not Ad‐2, increased GPDH levels in human preadipocytes.Discussion: Taken together, these experiments showed that Ad‐36 enhanced differentiation of preadipocytes, which may be a contributory mechanism to its adipogenic effect in vivo. The lack of effect of Ad‐2 on differentiation demonstrated that the observed findings were not a common characteristic of all adenoviruses. Future understanding of the molecular interactions of cellular and viral genes responsible for enhanced differentiation may reveal novel signaling pathways and controls of preadipocyte differentiation.
Sugar‐Added Beverages and Adolescent Weight Change
Authors: Berkey Catherine S. , Rockett Helaine R.H. , Field Alison E. , Gillman Matthew W. , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The increase in consumption of sugar‐added beverages over recent decades may be partly responsible for the obesity epidemic among U.S. adolescents. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between BMI changes and intakes of sugar‐added beverages, milk, fruit juices, and diet soda.Research Methods and Procedures: Our prospective cohort study included >10, 000 boys and girls participating in the U.S. Growing Up Today Study. The participants were 9 to 14 years old in 1996 and completed questionnaires in 1996, 1997, and 1998. We analyzed change in BMI (kilograms per meter squared) over two 1‐year periods among children who completed annual food frequency questionnaires assessing typical past year intakes. We studied beverage intakes during the year corresponding to each BMI change, and in separate models, we studied 1‐year changes in beverage intakes, adjusting for prior year intakes. Models included all beverages simultaneously; further models adjusted for total energy intake.Results: Consumption of sugar‐added beverages was associated with small BMI gains during the corresponding year (boys: +0.03 kg/m2 per daily serving, p = 0.04; girls: +0.02 kg/m2, p = 0.096). In models not assuming a linear dose‐response trend, girls who drank 1 serving/d of sugar‐added beverages gained more weight (+0.068, p = 0.02) than girls drinking none, as did girls drinking 2 servings/d (+0.09, p = 0.06) or 3+ servings/d (+0.08, p = 0.06). Analyses of year‐to‐year change in beverage intakes provided generally similar findings; boys who increased consumption of sugar‐added beverages from the prior year experienced weight gain (+0.04 kg/m2 per additional daily serving, p = 0.01). Children who increased intakes by 2 or more servings/d from the prior year gained weight (boys: +0.14, p = 0.01; girls +0.10, p = 0.046). Further adjusting our models for total energy intake substantially reduced the estimated effects, which were no longer significant.Discussion: Consumption of sugar‐added beverages may contribute to weight gain among adolescents, probably due to their contribution to total energy intake, because adjustment for calories greatly attenuated the estimated associations.