bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Thigh Aesthetic Profiles: One of Physical Ideal Body Proportions
Authors: Nteli Chatzioglou Gkionoul , Govsa Figen , Gokmen Gokhan , Bicer Ahmet 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
The contour of the thigh is increasingly being recognized as crucial component of the ideal human physique, giving rise to heightened interest in attaining the perfect thigh profile. Notwithstanding, the contemporary landscape of cosmetic surgery appears to be bereft of efficient and precise objective methodologies to evaluate the outcomes of thigh contouring treatments. The present study is aimed to investigate the aesthetic appeal of varying thigh contours, employing specialized software as an indispensable instrument for quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Methods
Standardized photographs of the lower body were obtained from a sample of 200 healthy volunteers. A linear analysis was conducted, examining aspects such as the vertical length and transvers width of the thigh, as well as angular measurements including the posterior gluteal angle (PGA) and lateral angle thigh (LAT). Variables relating to thigh measurements and body mass index (BMI) were documented, with the relationships between them ascertained through Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis.

Results
In males, the LAT was measured at 168 ± 3.9, and the PGA at 170 ± 3.4, while in females, these measurements were 166 ± 2.8 ve 166 ± 2.8, respectively. Linear analyses, including the vertical length of thigh (VLT), transverse width of thigh (TWT), lateral width (LW), and posterior width (PW), were conducted. Based on the LW inferior/LW superior ratio values, the most commonly observed thigh types were Type III (0.90) at 45% and Type II (0.85) at 24.75% while the least common was Type V at 4% (0.99). PW inferior/PW superior was 84.7%. The PWI/PWS ratio was highest for Type V, at 0.99, accounting for 84.70% of the total. Furthermore, an increase in the LWI/LWS ratio leads to an increase in the PWI/PWS ratio. The frequency of the VLT/TW1 ratio 0.31-0.35 (Type 3) was found to be on the left side and Type 4 on the right side. A strong correlation was found between BMI and all thigh indexes, with a significant positive correlation between the index and factors tied to the buttocks and upper thigh.

Conclusions
The concept of an ideal thigh may vary based on an individual’s gender, race, country of residence, and self-esteem, aiming to achieve a more natural silhouette. Focusing on the different ratios of hip and thigh varieties in the study is quite intriguing. Further inquiry and rigorous exploration are warranted to delineate the optimal techniques and methodologies for attaining ideal thigh proportions.

Level of Evidence IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Synthesis and characterization of ureidopyrimidinone-functionalized polyurethane acrylates and their hybrid nanocomposites for UV coating applications
Authors: Çınar Mert , Çaylı Gökhan , Karataş Sevim 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn this study, ureidopyrimidinone moieties (UPy), capable of physical crosslinking via quadruple hydrogen bonding, were successfully incorporated into UV-curable polyurethane acrylate prepolymers. First, a hydroxyl-terminated unsaturated ester monomer was synthesized and reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to create a hydroxyl-terminated UV-curable urethane oligomer (U–OH). Then, isocyanate-terminated building blocks (UPy moieties and an acrylate-based photosensitive monomer) were synthesized and used in various ratios to functionalize U–OH for the preparation of a series of UV-curable UPy-containing polyurethane acrylate (PUA) resins. The resulting products were structurally characterized using 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites were obtained by introducing silane coupling agents into PUA resins using the sol–gel process. A series of UV-curable UPy-containing PUA coatings and hybrid nanocomposites were prepared, and their synergistic effect on coating properties was investigated. The dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the Tg of the samples increased with increasing UPy content, although the mechanical properties remained largely unaltered, as shown by the stress–strain test. The studies also demonstrated that the hybrid nanocomposites exhibited higher decomposition temperatures and better thermal stability compared to pure PUAs. All the coatings exhibited good transparency in the visible region. An optical microscope was used to investigate the self-healing property by scratching the plexiglass panels with a razor blade. Among the other samples, the coating with the highest percentage of UPy content exhibited the best self-healing ability after heat treatment at 90 °C for 10 min.
Graphical abstract
AI performance by mammographic density in a retrospective cohort study of 99,489 participants in BreastScreen Norway
Authors: Bergan Marie Burns , Larsen Marthe , Moshina Nataliia , Bartsch Hauke , Koch Henrik Wethe , Aase Hildegunn Siv , Satybaldinov Zhanbolat , Haldorsen Ingfrid Helene Salvesen , Lee Christoph I. , Hofvind Solveig 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Objective
To explore the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to classify breast cancer by mammographic density in an organized screening program.

Materials and method
We included information about 99,489 examinations from 74,941 women who participated in BreastScreen Norway, 2013–2019. All examinations were analyzed with an AI system that assigned a malignancy risk score (AI score) from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) for each examination. Mammographic density was classified into Volpara density grade (VDG), VDG1–4; VDG1 indicated fatty and VDG4 extremely dense breasts. Screen-detected and interval cancers with an AI score of 1–10 were stratified by VDG.

Results
We found 10,406 (10.5% of the total) examinations to have an AI risk score of 10, of which 6.7% (704/10,406) was breast cancer. The cancers represented 89.7% (617/688) of the screen-detected and 44.6% (87/195) of the interval cancers. 20.3% (20,178/99,489) of the examinations were classified as VDG1 and 6.1% (6047/99,489) as VDG4. For screen-detected cancers, 84.0% (68/81, 95% CI, 74.1–91.2) had an AI score of 10 for VDG1, 88.9% (328/369, 95% CI, 85.2–91.9) for VDG2, 92.5% (185/200, 95% CI, 87.9–95.7) for VDG3, and 94.7% (36/38, 95% CI, 82.3–99.4) for VDG4. For interval cancers, the percentages with an AI score of 10 were 33.3% (3/9, 95% CI, 7.5–70.1) for VDG1 and 48.0% (12/25, 95% CI, 27.8–68.7) for VDG4.

Conclusion
The tested AI system performed well according to cancer detection across all density categories, especially for extremely dense breasts. The highest proportion of screen-detected cancers with an AI score of 10 was observed for women classified as VDG4.

Clinical relevance statement
Our study demonstrates that AI can correctly classify the majority of screen-detected and about half of the interval breast cancers, regardless of breast density.

Key Points
• Mammographic density is important to consider in the evaluation of artificial intelligence in mammographic screening.
• Given a threshold representing about 10% of those with the highest malignancy risk score by an AI system, we found an increasing percentage of cancers with increasing mammographic density.
• Artificial intelligence risk score and mammographic density combined may help triage examinations to reduce workload for radiologists.
Effect of smoking on the diagnostic results and complication rates of percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy
Authors: Lim Woo Hyeon , Lee Jong Hyuk , Park Hyungin , Park Chang Min , Yoon Soon Ho 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the association of smoking with the outcomes of percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB).

Methods
In total, 4668 PTNBs for pulmonary lesions were retrospectively identified. The associations of smoking status (never, former, current smokers) and smoking intensity (≤ 20, 21–40, > 40 pack-years) with diagnostic results (malignancy, non-diagnostic pathologies, and false-negative results in non-diagnostic pathologies) and complications (pneumothorax and hemoptysis) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results
Among the 4668 PTNBs (median age of the patients, 66 years [interquartile range, 58–74]; 2715 men), malignancies, non-diagnostic pathologies, and specific benign pathologies were identified in 3054 (65.4%), 1282 (27.5%), and 332 PTNBs (7.1%), respectively. False-negative results for malignancy occurred in 20.5% (236/1153) of non-diagnostic pathologies with decidable reference standards. Current smoking was associated with malignancy (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.69; p = 0.03) and false-negative results (OR, 2.64; 95% CI: 1.32–5.28; p = 0.006), while heavy smoking (> 40 pack-years) was associated with non-diagnostic pathologies (OR, 1.69; 95% CI: 1.19–2.40; p = 0.003) and false-negative results (OR, 2.12; 95% CI: 1.17–3.92; p = 0.02). Pneumothorax and hemoptysis occurred in 21.8% (1018/4668) and 10.6% (495/4668) of PTNBs, respectively. Heavy smoking was associated with pneumothorax (OR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.01–1.74; p = 0.04), while heavy smoking (OR, 0.64; 95% CI: 0.40–0.99; p = 0.048) and current smoking (OR, 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42–0.96; p = 0.04) were inversely associated with hemoptysis.

Conclusion
Smoking history was associated with the outcomes of PTNBs. Current and heavy smoking increased false-negative results and changed the complication rates of PTNBs.

Clinical relevance statement
Smoking status and intensity were independently associated with the outcomes of PTNBs. Non-diagnostic pathologies should be interpreted cautiously in current or heavy smokers. A patient’s smoking history should be ascertained before PTNB to predict and manage complications.

Key Points
• Smoking status and intensity might independently contribute to the diagnostic results and complications of PTNBs.
• Current and heavy smoking (> 40 pack-years) were independently associated with the outcomes of PTNBs.
• Operators need to recognize the association between smoking history and the outcomes of PTNBs.
Tolerance to decentration of biaspheric intraocular lenses with refractive phase-ring extended depth of focus and diffractive trifocal designs
Authors: Cerviño Alejandro , Esteve-Taboada Jose Juan , Chiu Yi-Feng , Yang Chuan-Hui , Tseng Wen-Chu , Lee William 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the in vitro tolerance to decentration of biaspheric intraocular lens (IOLs) with refractive phase-ring extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) and diffractive trifocal designs.

Methods
This experimental study was carried out at the Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Science, University of Valencia, Spain. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the ETLIO130C EDOF and the TFLIO130C trifocal IOLs (AST Products Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) were determined at different levels of decentration for a given wavelength and pupil diameter using the PMTF optical bench (Lambda-X Ophthalmics, Nivelles, Belgium). The modulation transfer function (MTF) curves, the through-focus MTF curves, and the Strehl ratios were measured at 3-mm pupil aperture for 0.25-, 0.50- and 0.75-mm decentration.

Results
The optical design of the trifocal TFLIO130C IOL is robust to small decentrations, with virtually no change in MTF response for 0.25 mm decentration. For greater decentration levels, the MTF response is slightly reduced with increasing decentration. The ETLIO130C EDOF design is robust to decentration, as the MTF response is only minimally affected when increasing the decentration up to 0.75 mm.

Conclusions
MTF responses are slightly reduced with greater levels of decentration, but the range of focus provided by both trifocal and EDOF designs are preserved. The effects for average levels of decentration reported in the literature are minimum for both IOL designs.
A large deformation gradient theory for glassy polymers by means of micromorphic regularization
Authors: Hamdoun Ayoub , Mahnken Rolf 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCold forming of polycarbonate films results in the formation of shear bands in the necking zone. The numerical results obtained from standard viscoplastic material models exhibit mesh size dependency, requiring mathematical regularization. For this purpose, we present in this work a large deformation gradient theory for a viscoplastic isotropic material model published before. We extend our model to a micromorphic model by introducing a new micromorphic variable as an additional degree of freedom along with its first gradient. This variable represents a microequivalent plastic strain. The relation between the macroequivalent plastic strain and the micromorphic variable is accomplished by a micromorphic coupling modulus. This coupling forces proximity between the macro- and microvariables, leading to the targeted regularization effect. The micromorphic model is implemented as a three-dimensional initial boundary value problem in an in-house finite element tool. The analysis is performed for both uniaxial and biaxial specimens. The provided numerical examples show the ability of our model to regularize shear bands within the specimens and address the issue of localization.
Development and validation of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity Scale in Spanish children and adolescents
Authors: Montoro-Pérez Néstor , Martínez-González Agustín Ernesto , Infante-Cañete Lidia , de los Ángeles Martínez-González María , Hidalgo-Berutich Silvia , Andreo-Martínez Pedro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms (GS) that are not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. FGIDs are related to lower quality of life, increased demands on medical resources, and greater somatization and emotional instability. Furthermore, GS appears to be an indicator of dysbiosis in gut-microbiota, affecting the gut-microbiota-brain relationship. To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a new instrument called the Gastrointestinal Symptom Severity Scale (GSSS) using a web-based survey in a sample of neurotypical children and adolescents from Spain. Instrument development and validation processes were applied to the GSSS following its administration as part of an online survey. The sample included 1242 neurotypical children and adolescents. The mean age of participants was 13.95 years, with a standard deviation of 1.37 years. Overall, 13.8% suffered infectious diarrhea, 12.6% suffered abdominal pain, 5% suffered dyspepsia and 2.6% suffered gastro-esophageal reflux. A single-factor model produced good fit indices. Furthermore, internal consistency and test-retest reliability outcomes were acceptable. The GSSS was found to have acceptable metric measurement invariance. Significant correlations with other instruments were produced and were of expected direction and magnitude, confirming scale validity for hypothesis testing.
Conclusions: The GSSS shows promising psychometric properties for assessing GS in neurotypical Spanish adolescents and children.

What is Known:• To the best of our knowledge, instruments assessing the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adolescents are still too few.

What is New:• The GSSS shows promising psychometric properties for assessing GS in neurotypical adolescents and children. The GSSS may help improve understanding of GS involvement in the gut-brain microbiota axis in children and adolescents.
Intraoperative kidney replacement therapy in acute liver failure
Authors: Henderson Daniel , Gupta Anish , Menon Shina , Deep Akash 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPaediatric acute liver failure (PALF) is often characterised by its rapidity of onset and potential for significant morbidity and even mortality. Patients often develop multiorgan dysfunction/failure, including severe acute kidney injury (AKI). Whilst the management of PALF focuses on complications of hepatic dysfunction, the associated kidney impairment can significantly affect patient outcomes. Severe AKI requiring continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) is a common complication of both PALF and liver transplantation. In both scenarios, the need for CKRT is a poor prognostic indicator. In adults, AKI has been shown to complicate ALF in 25–50% of cases. In PALF, the incidence of AKI is often higher compared to other critically ill paediatric ICU populations, with reports of up to 40% in some observational studies. Furthermore, those presenting with AKI regularly have a more severe grade of PALF at presentation. Observational studies in the paediatric population corroborate this, though data are not as robust—mainly reflecting single-centre cohorts. Perioperative benefits of CKRT include helping to clear water-soluble toxins such as ammonia, balancing electrolytes, preventing fluid overload, and managing raised intracranial pressure. As liver transplantation often takes 6–10 h, it is proposed that these benefits could be extended to the intraoperative period, avoiding any hiatus. Intraoperative CKRT (IoCKRT) has been shown to be practicable, safe and may help sicker recipients tolerate the operation with outcomes analogous with less ill patients not requiring IoCKRT. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide describing the rationale, practicalities, and current evidence base surrounding IoCKRT during transplantation in the paediatric population.
Effect of streamflow measurement error on flood frequency estimation
Authors: Velásquez Nicolás , Krajewski Witold F. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSignificant errors often arise when measuring streamflow during high flows and flood events. Such errors conflated by short records of observations may induce bias in the flood frequency estimates, leading to costly engineering design mistakes. This work illustrates how observational (measurement) errors affect the uncertainty of flood frequency estimation. The study used the Bulletin 17 C (US standard) method to estimate flood frequencies of historical peak flows modified to represent the measurement limitations. To perform the modifications, we explored, via Monte Carlo simulation, four hypothetical scenarios that mimic measurement errors, sample size limitations, and their combination. We used a multiplicative noise from a log-normal distribution to simulate the measurement errors and implemented a bootstrap approach to represent the sampling error. Then, we randomly selected M samples from the total N records of the observed peak flows of four gauging stations in Iowa in central USA. The observed data record ranges between 76 and 119 years for watersheds with drainage areas between 500 and 16,000 km2. According to the results, measurement errors lead to more significant differences than sampling limitations. The scenarios exhibited differences with median magnitudes of up to 50%, with some cases reaching differences up to 100% for return periods above 50 years. The results raise a red flag regarding flood frequency estimation that warrants looking for further research on observational errors.
Preoperative fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscles assessed by MRI is associated with less improvement of leg pain 2 years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Banitalebi Hasan , Hermansen Erland , Hellum Christian , Espeland Ansgar , Storheim Kjersti , Myklebust Tor Åge , Indrekvam Kari , Brisby Helena , Weber Clemens , Anvar Masoud , Aaen Jørn , Negård Anne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Fatty infiltration (FI) of the paraspinal muscles may associate with pain and surgical complications in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). We evaluated the prognostic influence of MRI-assessed paraspinal muscles’ FI on pain or disability 2 years after surgery for LSS.

Methods
A muscle fat index (MFI) was calculated (by dividing signal intensity of psoas to multifidus and erector spinae) on preoperative axial T2-weighted MRI of patients with LSS. Pain and disability 2 years after surgery were assessed using the Oswestry disability index, the Zurich claudication questionnaire and numeric rating scales for leg and back pain. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses (adjusted for preoperative outcome scores, age, body mass index, sex, smoking status, grade of spinal stenosis, disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis) were used to assess the associations between MFI and patient-reported clinical outcomes. In the logistic regression models, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for associations between the MFI and ≥ 30% improvement of the outcomes (dichotomised into yes/no).

Results
A total of 243 patients were evaluated (mean age 66.6 ± 8.5 years), 49% females (119). Preoperative MFI and postoperative leg pain were significantly associated, both with leg pain as continuous (coefficient − 3.20, 95% CI − 5.61, − 0.80) and dichotomised (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.17, 1.95) scores. Associations between the MFI and the other outcome measures were not statistically significant.

Conclusion
Preoperative FI of the paraspinal muscles on MRI showed statistically significant association with postoperative NRS leg pain but not with ODI or ZCQ.
Experimentally Closing the Balance of Progress of Reaction in Premixed Turbulent Combustion in the Thin Flame Regime
Authors: Zheng Yutao , Weller Lee , Hochgreb Simone 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWe investigate the possibility of determining the local turbulent flame speed by measuring the individual terms in the balance of a mean progress of reaction variable for the case of a low turbulence methane-air Bunsen flame in the thin flame regime. Velocity distributions and flame edge positions were measured by particle image velocimetry techniques at 3 kHz for a flame stabilized by a surrounding pilot of the same stoichiometry, for a turbulent Reynolds number around 66 and Karlovitz numbers of the order of 4. The conservation equation for mean progress variable was analyzed along different streamlines as a balance of terms expressed as velocities, including terms for convection, turbulent diffusion, mean reaction, and turbulent and molecular diffusion. Each term was estimated from local velocities and flame locations using a thin flame approximation, and their uncertainty was evaluated based on propagation of experimentally measured statistical correlations. The largest terms were the convective and reaction terms, as expected, with smaller roles for turbulent and molecular diffusion across the flame brush. Countergradient diffusion and transition to gradient diffusion were observed across the flame brush. Closure of the balance of terms in the conservation equations using independently measured terms was not consistently achieved across the flame brush within the reckoned uncertainties, arriving at a balance within 20–30% of the absolute value. Testable hypotheses are offered for the possible reasons for the mismatch, including the role of spatial filtering and 3D effects on the reaction rate term. Finally, the experiments identify the inaccuracies in measuring a true local turbulent flame speed, and suggest a consistent methodology to reduce errors in such estimations. This is the first time such a detailed experimental closure is attempted for any configuration. The results suggest that the significant improvements in spatial resolution are necessary for a full closure.