bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of sand particle size on Steinernema feltiae sensu Filipjev (1934) (=N. bibionis Bovien) activity against Galleria mellonella larvae
Authors: BLACKSHAW R. P. , SENTHAMIZHSELVAN M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYActivity of an isolate of Steinernema feltiae in different fractions of sand was measured by the mortality of host Galleria mellonella larvae. No deaths were recorded in particles less than 600 μ across. Maximum activity occurred with 700–800 μ size particles. Activity was also limited with a sand fraction containing particles of 1000–1100 μ. Host mortality in mixtures of two sand fractions varied. Generally, the addition of either small particles (500–700 μ) or large ones (1000–1100 μ) to fractions of the mid‐range (700–1000 μ) reduced the percentage kill of host larvae. Polynomial regression models fitted to data from single‐phase experiments could be used to predict accurately mortality of G. mellonella larvae in two‐phase mixtures of sand.
Seed quality effects in bulb onions (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: GIL M. OCANA , WERNER C. P. , CROWTHER T. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe nature and persistence of seed quality effects produced by a range of seed production treatments was investigated in the autumn‐sown onion crop. Genotypically equivalent seed lots raised in different glasshouses within the same year were found to germinate at significantly different rates. The seed lot which emerged earlier produced larger seedlings and this difference in size persisted throughout the growing period. In a comparison between the effects of hand crossing and self‐pollination techniques the hand crossing method produced a much lower total seed yield but heavier seeds and larger plants. The induced effects persisted throughout the year but were not significant in the mature bulb characters. The implications of these results upon the control of seed production for plant breeding and genetical experiments is discussed.
Mortality of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) presented to the terrestrial planarian Ártioposthia triangulata (Dendy) (Tricladida: Terricola)
Authors: BLACKSHAW R. P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Ártioposthia triangulata is a terrestrial planarian that feeds on earthworms. Up to 76% of field collected A. triangulata fed on Eisenia fetida earthworms at 10°C in the laboratory. In one experiment, the feeding rate declined from 63% of earthworms attacked to 36% and 34% in the first, second and third feeding opportunities over a week. The average number of E. fetida eaten was 1.4 per planarian per week. The gain in weight of individual A. triangulata was significantly related to the amount of earthworm tissue lost during the feeding process. Over a one week period, the amount of earthworm tissue lost was related to the total amount presented to the planarians but not to their size. Frequency of attack was, however, related to planarian size. The results are discussed in relation to an hypothetical population of earthworms in pasture. It is concluded that the results support the contention that A. triangulata could seriously deplete earthworm populations.
Bibionids (Diptera: Bibionidae) in agricultural land: a review of damage, benefits, natural enemies and control
Authors: D'ARCY‐BURT S. , BLACKSHAW R. P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYRecords of crop damage caused by Bibionidae are reviewed together with evidence for their beneficial activities, natural enemies and control methods. Bibionids are sporadic and infrequent pests. Although grass and cereals are most vulnerable, a wide range of crops is attacked. Damage is most severe after grass or when plants are under stress. The presence of organic matter during oviposition increases the likelihood of damaging populations. Many natural enemies exist but their impact on adult or larval populations has not been quantified. Given the pattern of attacks and lack of approved insecticides, cultural control methods are more appropriate than chemical. The role of adult bibionids in pollination and of larvae involved in soil processes could be of greater importance than any damage caused by the group.
Possible impact of global warming on cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) activity in the UK
Authors: COLLIER R. H. , FINCH S. , PHELPS K. , THOMPSON A. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA program for simulating the patterns of egg‐laying by populations of the cabbage root fly was used to model the effects of global warming on future cabbage root fly attacks.An increase of 3°C in mean daily temperature would cause the cabbage root fly to become active about a month earlier in the year than at present. Under such conditions, the emergence of flies from the overwintering population would be less synchronised, as the completion of diapause and post‐diapause development would occur at the same time in different individuals within the population. However, there would continue to be only three generations of fly each year, even in the south of England. With temperature increases of 5°C or 10°C, the fly would complete four generations each year and aestivation would seriously disrupt egg‐laying.These rises in temperature would have a major impact on cabbage root fly activity and would require new strategies for controlling this pest.
Rubus host range of rubus yellow net virus and its involvement with other aphid‐borne latent viruses in inducing raspberry veinbanding mosaic disease
Authors: JONES A. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAfter graft inoculation with rubus yellow net virus (RYNV), 12 of 34 Rubus species and cultivars developed noticeable symptoms. R. macraei developed the most conspicuous symptoms and is recommended as an improved indicator plant. In attempts to determine the cause of raspberry veinbanding mosaic, a disease in which RYNV is involved, several European and North American red raspberry cvs were graft‐inoculated with RYNV and three other aphid‐borne viruses, black raspberry necrosis (BRNV), raspberry leaf mottle (RLMV) and raspberry leaf spot, singly and in all combinations. In periods of up to 4 yr, classical veinbanding mosaic symptoms developed in sensitive cvs only when they contained both RYNV and RLMV. These symptoms were intensified in plants co‐infected with additional viruses. Veinbanding mosaic disease did not develop in any of 11 cvs infected with RYNV + BRNV, the combination of viruses previously assumed to be responsible for this disease in Britain and North America.
Characterisation of datura yellow vein virus, a newly described rhabdovirus from Australia
Authors: THOMAS J. E. , DIETZGEN R. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA previously undescribed sub‐group 2 rhabdovirus was isolated in Queensland from Datura stramonium with symptoms of vein yellowing, leaf distortion and reduced leaf size. Particles accumulated in the perinuclear space of infected cells of D. stramonium and measured 77 × 166 nm in preparations from sap. The virus was named datura yellow vein virus (DYVV) and was graft‐transmitted to several hosts in the Solanaceae including Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum melongena, but not to Capsicum annuum or Solanum tuberosum. DYVV was not transmitted by mechanical inoculation and no insect vector was found. Purified particles of DYVV contained four structural proteins with molecular weights of about 78, 47, 41 and 36 kd. The 78 kd protein bound the lectin concanavalin A, thus identifying it as the viral glycoprotein. DYVV was serologically distinct from 11 other rhabdoviruses belonging to both subgroups, including potato chlorotic stunt, potato yellow dwarf (2 isolates) and tomato vein yellowing viruses. The glycoprotein only of DYVV cross‐reacted with a polyclonal antiserum to sonchus yellow net virus.
Effects of rotation length and oxamyl on potato yield and the potato cyst‐nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, in a sandy loam soil
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. , WEBB R. M. , BEANE J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn sandy loam infested with golden potato cyst‐nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, oxamyl at 5.6 kg a.i. ha‐1 incorporated in the top 15 cm of the soil just before planting potatoes greatly reduced nematode population increase on susceptible cv. Désirée grown six, seven or eight years after the last susceptible potato crop, but did not significantly increase tuber yields. In four‐course and two‐course rotations, oxamyl also controlled increase of G. rostochiensis and greatly increased yields of both cv. Désirée and resistant cv. Maris Piper. Oxamyl maintained tuber yields in a four‐course rotation at the same level as in a six to eight‐course rotation. Decline of G. rostochiensis in the soil was much faster under barley in some two‐course rotations than under barley in four‐course rotations.
Selection for virulence in the potato cyst‐nematode, Globodera pallida
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe ability of six populations of Globodera pallida to multiply on Solanum vernei hybrids (Morag, 12380 2, Glenna and Santé) and S. tuberosum andigena hybrids (A 27/23, Paladin (ZB 35/29) and ZC 83/6) was studied in microplots and pots. Evidence was obtained of selection for virulence in one population after one year's cultivation of cvs Glenna or Morag. Similarly, after four years' continuous cultivation of cvs Morag or ZC 83/6 in microplots, three of five populations of G. pallida contained more virulent nematodes than the same populations maintained for the same period on cv. Pentland Crown (susceptible to G. pallida). These results are discussed in relation to earlier work and the use of partially resistant cultivars in the integrated control of G. pallida.
Turf strength and root characteristics of ten turfgrass cultivars
Authors: ROSS S. J. , ENNOS A. R. , FITTER A. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTen turfgrass cultivars were grown, singly and in mixtures, in glasshouse culture, to create standard sods. The tearing strength of the sods was measured using an Instron Universal Testing Instrument. Two Poa cultivars were found to be the strongest, followed in order of decreasing strength by three Festuca cultivars, three Lolium cultivars and two Agrostis cultivars. The relationship between the values obtained and shear strength of the sod root mass was investigated with a view to using this latter measurement as an indicator of tearing strength. No correlation between the two was found. Various characteristics of the root mass of individual plants were examined in an attempt to account for differences in turf strength: root system architecture (magnitude, altitude, pathlength and link numbers and lengths), root numbers at different soil depths and root mass. Sod tearing strength was found to be very strongly inversely related to the interior link length and mass of roots. The use of these as indices of strength is discussed.
Variation in the glucosinolate content of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves
Authors: PORTER A. J. R. , MORTON A. M. , KIDDLE G. , DOUGHTY K. J. , WALLSGROVE R. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe glucosinolate content of oilseed rape {Brassica napus) leaves was monitored over the growth period 30–70 days after planting, and a comparison made between a single‐low cultivar (low in erucic acid), Bienvenu, and a double‐low cultivar (low in erucic acid and glucosinolate), Cobra. In older, fully‐expanded leaves the glucosinolate concentration was very low (< 0.3 μmol/ml tissue water) and did not alter during the course of the experiment. In developing sixth leaves glucosinolate content increased rapidly and reached a maximum concentration (4–5 μmol/ml tissue water) 40 days after planting (6 days after leaf emergence). The concentration then declined, to about 1 μmol/ml after 60 days although the total glucosinolate content in leaves continued to increase until 50 days; much of the reduction in concentration was simply a result of leaf expansion. No major differences were seen between the two varieties in total glucosinolate content or in the individual compounds present. Cv. Cobra developed more quickly than cv. Bienvenu so direct comparison between leaves of the two cultivars was complex. When comparing the glucosinolate content of oilseed rape leaves, between cultivars or between treatments, it is vital to ensure that carefully matched leaves of comparable developmental age are selected.
The biology and host specificity of the onion weed rust, Puccinia barbeyi, a potentially useful agent for biological control in Australia
Authors: HASAN S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOnion weed, Asphodelus fistulosus L., (Liliaceae) a weed of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin is widespread in southern Australia where it invades pastures making them unsuitable for grazing. A program of research is underway to discover natural enemies of this plant and to study their possible role in the biological control of onion weed. A rust fungus Puccinia barbeyi (Roum.) Magnus has been found to severely attack A. fistulosus. Observations on the biology of the rust confirmed that it is monoecious and microcyclic and multiplied essentially by aecial and telial stages, although occasionally urediniospores also appeared among teliospores. Several members of the Liliaceae exposed to the aeciospores of the rust remained unattacked indicating that it is most probably specific to Asphodelus spp. and thus its potential for the biological control of A. fistulosus in Australia should be studied further.
Contamination of seed potato tubers grown from stem cutting or microplant‐derived tubers by Phoma foveata and Polyscytalum pustulans in Scotland: the influence of site and fungicide treatment at harvest
Authors: CARNEGIE S. F. , CAMERON A. M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA survey was made over 5 years of the incidence of contamination by Phoma foveata and Polyscytalum pustulans on 3‐year‐old virus‐tested stem cutting (VTSC) stocks assessed on three occasions during the storage season, and on their daughter tubers at five farms. The contamination occurring on plants grown in small plots from stem‐cutting/microplant tubers was also assessed at the farms.Fungicide treatment soon after harvest reduced the incidence of both pathogens, especially P. pustulans. Tuber contamination was similar for samples collected after fungicide treatment and before planting. The incidence of contamination on daughter tubers, relative to that on the untreated mother tubers, was less with P. foveata but was similar or greater with P. pustulans. Contamination by both pathogens varied between farms and was reflected in the degree of contamination occurring on daughter tubers from stem‐cutting/microplant tubers.The incidence of P. foveata on stems, soil and tubers of seed stocks classified at Foundation Stock grade from various regions of Scotland was assessed over 2 years. The incidence of tuber contamination was correlated (P < 0.05) with the amount of tuber‐borne soil contamination for all comparisons, but was correlated with stem inoculum in only 7 out of 13 comparisons. The largest amounts of stem inoculum of P. foveata were found in stocks in Aberdeenshire.These results are discussed in relation to the spread of both pathogens to healthy VTSC stocks.
Enhancement of plant growth by Zygorrhynchus moelleri
Authors: BROWN AVERIL E. , SURGEONER R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryCucumber, tomato, two flowering annuals and a flowering perennial produced plants of greater weight in soilless compost infested with Zygorrhynchus moelleri than in uninfested compost. In Z. moelleri‐infested compost the annuals commenced flowering 4 to 10 days earlier, cucumbers produced mature fruits more rapidly and a greater weight (20%) of fruit was harvested from 15‐wk‐old tomato plants. Leaves of 11 and 15‐wk‐old tomato plants grown in infested compost contained more chlorophyll than leaves from plants in uninfested compost. Z. moelleri was isolated from 99% of segments cut from roots of tomato plants grown in infested compost and it suppressed the growth of Trichoderma spp. at the root surface. Propagules of Z. moelleri remained viable in air‐dried compost for at least 12 months. In axenic culture, Z. moelleri enhanced lateral root development in tomato and cucumber seedlings.
Reflective mulch decreases the spread of two non‐persistently aphid transmitted viruses to narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)
Authors: JONES R. A. C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTrials were done in 1987–1989, to investigate the effect of a reflective aluminium painted polythene mulch in protecting rows of narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) from infection with two non‐persistently aphid‐transmitted viruses, bean yellow mosaic (BYMV) and cucumber mosaic (CMV). The mulch greatly decreased the rate and extent of spread of BYMV from external sources into mulch‐protected rows in two trials, but was somewhat less effective in a third. The rate and extent of spread of CMV from an adjacent external source into reflective mulch‐protected rows was also greatly decreased in one trial in which the mulch also decreased spread within rows and was effective even when the primary infection source was only 2.5 m away. In a trial sown with CMV‐infected seed (c. 2% seed transmission), the mulch decreased CMV spread from primary foci within rows. Reflective mulch can be used to protect breeders' single row plots of lupins from infection with CMV and BYMV.
Improved purification procedure and some serological and physica properties of cassava common mosaic virus from South America
Authors: NOLT BARRY L. , VELASCO ANA CECILIA , PINEDA BENJAMIN 
Published: February 2008

SummaryLarge quantities of cassava common mosaic virus (CCMV) were purified from systemically infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. A polyclonal antiserum, with a titre of 1/128 in the tube precipitin test, was produced by immunising rabbits with purified virus. Viral antigens were detected in cassava, using both the double‐antibody sandwich or plate‐trapped antigen forms of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The virus reacted with antisera to the potexviruses potato virus X and tulip virus X in F(ab')2 ELISA. As determined by ELISA, isolates of CCMV from cassava and chaya are closely serologically related to each other. Leaf extracts from infected N. benthamiana plants were infective to a dilution of 10‐‐4 but not 10‐‐5; after heating for 10 min at 65 °C but not 70 °C; and after storage at room temperature for 14 days. The virus has a sedimentation coefficient of 126 S20,w, a single coat protein molecule of c. mol. wt 21 000, and a single‐stranded RNA genome of c. mol. wt 2.0 ± 106. Several dsRNA species, including the putative viral replicative form of c. mol. wt 4.1 ± 106, were isolated from virus‐infected cassava and N. benthamiana.
The Yd2 resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus is effective in barley plants but not in their leaf protoplasts
Authors: LARKIN P. J. , YOUNG M. J. , GERLACH W. L. , WATERHOUSE P. M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe Yd2 gene for “resistance” to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) has been widely used in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We have tested Australian isolates of BYDV of varying severity against barley genotypes with and without the Yd2 gene and report here a positive relationship between symptoms and virus levels determined by ELISA. Cultivar Shannon is the result of backcrossing the resistant line CI 3208 to cultivar Proctor, a susceptible line. It appears to be intermediate in reaction to BYDV between Proctor and CI 3208, although it carries the major gene, Yd2. Unlike the whole plant studies, no significant differences were observed with regard to the ability of protoplasts derived from these various genotypes to support BYDV replication. It is therefore demonstrated for the first time that the Yd2 gene is not among the small number of resistance genes which are effective against virus replication in isolated protoplasts.
The effect of beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, on the yield of sugar beet in organic soils
Authors: COOKE D. A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn ten experiments on commercial sugar‐beet crops grown on organic soils in 1984–86, a Genstat programme was used to examine the relationship between the initial population of Heterodera schachtii and sugar‐beet root yield using the equationY = Ymin + (Ymax ‐ Ymin) Zpi‐TFixing T = 200 eggs + juveniles 100 g‐1 soil and ZT= 0.95, estimated values of Ymax varied from 49.2–67.1 t ha‐1 (129– 155% of the national average root yield for the years in which the experiments were carried out) and estimates of Ymin varied from 14.5–53.9 t ha‐1 (27–94% of Ymax). The estimated average root yield loss caused by the nematode was 6.95 t ha‐1.
Improved germination in seeds of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) following polyethylene glycol and gibberellic acid pretreatments
Authors: HURLY R. F. , STADEN J. VAN , SMITH M. T. 
Published: February 2008

SummarySuitable conditions for the pretreatment of seeds of guayule were determined with a view to improving germination. These included the addition of thiram (500 mg litre‐1), and applications of GA4+7 alone, or in combination with polyethylene glycol. Significant improvements in the seed germination were seen following applications of PEG at ‐0.10 MPa. Simultaneous application of GA4+7 with priming improved soil emergence and germination over a wide range of temperatures. No beneficial effects of PEG priming were evident on seed storage.
Glucosinolate responses of oilseed rape, mustard and kale to mechanical wounding and infestation by cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala)
Authors: KORITSAS V. M. , LEWIS J. A. , FENWICK G. R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMechanical wounding of the petioles of six laboratory‐grown rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars induced physiological changes in the plant, markedly affecting the levels of individual glucosinolates. Greatest increases were observed for the indole glucosinolates, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin. Such changes were usually associated with large decreases in the levels of aliphatic glucosinolates. The total glucosinolate content of the wounded plant was thus a reflection of these two opposing trends and wounding produced a greater relative indole glucosinolate content in this total figure. Thus increasing wounding was associated with an increase in indole glucosinolates and a decrease in aliphatic compounds.Infestation of field‐ and laboratory‐grown rapeseed with cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) produced similar effects, which were observed in various parts of the plant. Differences in response between field‐ and laboratory‐grown infested plants are attributed to the different physiological ages of the harvested material.Laboratory‐grown kale and mustards also showed wound‐induced glucosinolate changes. The kale, cv. Fribor, produced elevated levels of both indoles and aliphatics after wounding. Total glucosinolate content in the mustards, which, unlike rape and kale, normally contain only traces of indole glucosinolates in the unstressed state, was increased following wounding. This was, however, not associated with elevated levels of indole glucosinolates, but with accumulation of aliphatic (Brassica nigra, B. juncea) and aromatic (Sinapis alba) glucosinolates. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Hydroxamic acid levels in Chilean and British wheat seedlings
Authors: COPAJA S. V. , NIEMEYER H. M. , WRATTEN S. D. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryFifty‐two cultivars of Chilean wheats were screened, using high pressure liquid chromatography, for hydroxamic acid levels at the seedling stage when maximal levels occur. DIMBOA levels ranged from 1.4 to 10.9 mmol/kg fr. wt and DIBOA levels ranged from 0 to 1.1 mmol/kg fr. wt. The family of wheat cultivars leading through breeding to the British cultivar Maris Freeman was examined. While DIMBOA and DIBOA levels in the ancestors ranged from 1.6 to 3.8 mmol/kg fr. wt and 0.16 to 0.34 mmol/kg fr. wt, respectively, DIMBOA and DIBOA levels in Maris Freeman were 2.39 and 0.24 mmol/kg fr. wt, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility of breeding for aphid resistance by making use of hydroxamic acids.