bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON TISSUE CULTURE OF EQUINE OVARIAN CELL TYPES: EFFECT OF GONADOTROPHINS AND STAGE OF CYCLE ON STEROIDOGENESIS
Authors: CHANNING CORNELIA P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Granulosa cells were harvested from follicles of mares at various stages of the oestrous cycle and maintained in a tissue culture medium containing 15% horse serum, 30% medium '199' and 55% Hanks's solution. Between days 4 and 10 of culture the granulosa cells harvested from small follicles (1–2 cm. diam.) of mares in the midluteal phase of the cycle secreted an average of 0·36 pg. progesterone/cell/day. Cells harvested from large follicles of mares in the late and/or early oestrous stage of the cycle secreted an average of 29·5 pg. progesterone cell/day; the cells harvested from the large vascular follicles found at oestrus secreted an average of 173 pg./cell/day. The small, poorly vascularized follicles found adjacent to the large vascular follicles of mares in oestrus yielded cells which secreted less progesterone than those from the larger follicles.
Addition of 5 to 10 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)/ml. at each medium change (every 2–3 days) or for the first 4 days of culture brought about a marked stimulation of progesterone secretion in cultures of ' mid-luteal phase' cells which was maximal after 4 to 7 days.
Pregnenolone was converted primarily to progesterone, 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and 17-hydroxyprogesterone; the metabolism was not significantly altered by the addition of a mixture of 10 i.u. HCG plus 10 i.u. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Cells harvested from mares in oestrus converted pregnenolone to progesterone in a higher yield compared with cells harvested from mares in the midluteal phase of the cycle. Addition of 10 i.u. HCG/ml. or PMSG plus HCG (10 i.u. each/ml.) stimulated aromatization of testosterone by 'midluteal phase' cultures but not by 'oestrous phase' cell cultures.
These results demonstrate that the in vivo environment as well as the in vitro conditions influence the steroidogenic activity of equine granulosa cell cultures.
IN-VITRO STEROIDOGENESIS BY AN UNDIFFERENTIATED EMBRYONAL CELL SARCOMA OF THE OVARY
Authors: DESHPANDE N. , JENSEN V. , BULBROOK R. D. , BOESEN E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Tritiated pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone and androstenedione were incubated separately with homogenates from an undifferentiated embryonal cell sarcoma obtained from an 11-yr.-old girl. [3H]Pregnenolone and [3H]17α-hydroxypregnenolone were converted to [3H]oestradiol-17β in larger proportion than [3H]progesterone and [3H]17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The steroidogenesis in the sarcoma was very similar to that reported for the theca cells of the human ovarian follicle.
EFFECT OF CALCITONIN ON SERUM INORGANIC SULPHATE AND ON THE DISAPPEARANCE OF INJECTED RADIOACTIVE SULPHATE IN THE RAT
Authors: MARTIN T. J. , HARRIS G. S. , MELICK R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In an investigation of the possible role of calcitonin in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans it was found that the hormone increased the rate of disappearance from serum of [35S]sulphate injected into rats. No excessive deposition of radioactive sulphate was found in bone, kidney, liver or ventricular myocardium of calcitonin-treated rats.
Calcitonin also rapidly lowered serum inorganic sulphate levels. Both effects were prevented by previous nephrectomy, leading to the conclusion that calcitonin acts on the kidney to promote the excretion of inorganic sulphate.
A COMPARISON OF THE IN-VITRO ACTIONS OF THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE AND CYCLIC 3′,5′-ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE ON THE MOUSE THYROID GLAND
Authors: ENSOR JANICE M. , MUNRO D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the in-vitro assay of Brown & Munro (1967) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased the release of radioactive iodine from mouse thyroid glands labelled with 131i during life. Paper chromatography showed that TSH increased the 131I-labelling of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine both in the culture medium and in hydrolysates of the thyroids.
Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) also increased 131I release in this assay and increased the 131I-labelling of thyronines in the culture medium. The effects on thyroid hydrolysates were less striking.
Theophylline potentiated the influence of TSH and cyclic AMP in the assay and, by itself, increased 131I release and the labelling of iodothyronines in the thyroid without altering the distribution of 131I in the culture medium.
The implications of these results are discussed.
GLYCOGEN IN THE NORMAL HUMAN TESTIS: A HISTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOENZYMATIC STUDY
Authors: FABBRINI A. , RE M. , CONTI C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Histological and histochemical investigations were carried out on the testes of normal subjects in order to define the distribution of glycogen and some related enzymes.
Intratubular glycogen is abundant in the prepubertal stage; it diminishes strikingly with the beginning of puberty, reappears during the period of complete sexual maturation, and the highest increase is found in the tubules in involution. Glycogen is abundant at some stages of spermatogenesis and almost completely absent in others.
Glycogen is mainly, but not exclusively, localized in the Sertoli cells. 1–4 Amylophosphorylase and 1–4, 1–6 transglucosidase are present in the tubule as well as in some extratubular structures. It is not possible to demonstrate the presence of either UDPG-glycogen transferase or glucose-6-phosphatase.
THE EFFECT OF LYSINE VASOPRESSIN AND HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS ON THE RATE OF CORTICOSTERONE SECRETION IN RATS TREATED WITH DEXAMETHASONE AND PENTOBARBITONE
Authors: CHEIFETZ P. N. , GAFFUD N. T. , DINGMAN J. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of lysine vasopressin (LVP) on the rate of secretion of corticosterone and on its concentration in the peripheral plasma have been compared. A dose of 80 m-u. LVP was required to increase the peripheral plasma concentration of corticosterone, whereas as little as 80 μu. produced a significant increase in the rate of corticosterone secretion. A log—dose response curve has been constructed between 80 and 800 μu. LVP using the secretion rate assay. The effect of hypothalamic extracts on corticosterone secretion in the intact rat was readily detected and a diurnal difference of hypothalamic activity in adrenalectomized rats was found. Extracts of rat cerebral cortex were ineffective in increasing the secretion rate of corticosterone in the dexamethasone—pentobarbitone-treated rat; hypothalamic extracts from intact rats and LVP in doses of 0·1 and 0·8 m-u. showed no corticotrophin(ACTH)-like activity as demonstrated by the measurement of corticosterone secretion in the hypophysectomized rat.
Although the measurement of corticosterone secretion in rats pretreated with dexamethasone and pentobarbitone does not fulfil all the criteria for a bioassay for ACTH-releasing factor, it is a very sensitive technique for the detection of the effects of LVP on the activation of the pituitary-adrenal system and can be used to study changes of ACTH-releasing activity in hypothalamic extracts.
BINDING CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSCORTIN IN HUMAN PLASMA IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, PREGNANCY AND LIVER DISEASE
Authors: KEANE P. M. , PEARSON JEAN , WALKER W. H. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding characteristics of transcortin have been measured in 16 normal individuals, 10 pregnant women, five subjects taking oral contraceptives or on oestrogen therapy and in six patients with advanced liver disease. The affinity of transcortin for cortisol as measured by its equilibrium constant was found not to differ significantly between the normal individuals and the rest. The transcortin capacity was greatly increased in pregnancy and by oestrogen therapy but was normal in the cirrhotics studied.
Despite the increase in total plasma cortisol in pregnancy, the unbound plasma cortisol concentration was only slightly raised and no increase was noted in the oestrogen-treated group.
One of the 'normal' group was found to be transcortin deficient with low total plasma cortisol but the concentration of unbound cortisol and the rate of cortisol secretion were normal.
THE Δ5-3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE OF BOVINE ADRENAL MICROSOMES
Authors: NEVILLE A. M. , ORR J. C. , ENGEL L. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of an acetone powder of bovine adrenal microsomes has been studied using 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and 3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one as substrates. The products were separated, identified and quantitated by gas—liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The Michaelis constants for both steroid substrates and for NAD have been derived and are of the order of 10−6 m. Although kinetic studies indicate the existence of a single Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the possibility of a non-enzymic rate-limiting step common to both steroid substrates and to NAD must be entertained.
PURIFICATION OF CHICKEN PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: HARTREE ANNE STOCKELL , CUNNINGHAM F. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Separation and partial purification of chicken pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) has been obtained by methods which were effective in the purification of the corresponding human and horse hormones. Increases in chicken LH activity were observed after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on Amberlite IRC-50 suggesting removal of an LH inhibitor. The biological potencies of chicken FSH and LH preparations when assayed in mammals were very much lower than those of the corresponding mammalian fractions on a weight basis. A weak immunological cross-reaction between chicken and human pituitary LH was used to estimate LH in chicken pituitary fractions and the results were compared with bioassays of the same fractions.
THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RABBIT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: COWIE A. T. , HARTMANN P. E. , TURVEY A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Twenty-one rabbits were hypophysectomized during the second week of lactation. Hypophysectomy inhibited milk secretion within 3–7 days. Restoration of the milk yield to pre-operative levels was obtained when daily injections of either sheep prolactin (50 or 100 i.u.) or human growth hormone (HGH) (2·5 or 5 mg.) were administered; partial recovery of the milk yield was obtained with 25 i.u. sheep prolactin/day or 1·25 mg. HGH/day. Neither bovine growth hormone (BGH), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) nor cortisol acetate had any significant restorative effects on milk secretion or synergistic effects when combined with sheep prolactin or HGH. The probable development of immune responses to sheep prolactin and HGH was observed. After hypophysectomy, changes in milk composition were found which were similar in trend to the more gradual normal changes observed in late lactation. Sheep prolactin and HGH restored the composition of the milk as well as the yields to normal levels, and both hormones caused rapid increases in lactose yields.
The pigeon crop-stimulating potency of the HGH preparation was low (equivalent to 3·7 i.u. sheep prolactin/mg.), yet its lactogenic and galactopoietic potencies were high thus emphasizing the unreliability of assessing the mammotrophic potencies of HGH preparations in birds.
DESMOLASE ACTIVITY OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HUMAN BREAST TISSUE
Authors: ADAMS J. B. , WONG M. S. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
[4-14C]Cholesterol was cleaved to pregnenolone and progesterone by a washed particulate fraction isolated from involved lymph nodes obtained from a radical mastectomy specimen. Difficulties were experienced in isolating subcellular fractions from primary breast tumours and normal breast tissue. However, an acetone powder fraction, obtained from normal tissue derived from a radical mastectomy specimen, yielded pregnenolone from [4-14C]cholesterol.
[7α-3H]17α-Hydroxyprogesterone was converted to androstenedione and to 17α,20α-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and its 17α,20β-epimer by homogenates of secondary breast carcinoma tissue and normal breast tissue obtained from radical mastectomy specimens. These results, in conjunction with those obtained previously (Adams & Wong, 1968a), show that human breast carcinoma tissue contains the enzymes necessary to convert cholesterol to androgens and oestrogens.
PROGESTERONE AND 20α-HYDROXYPREGN-4-EN-3-ONE LEVELS IN OVARIAN VEIN BLOOD OF THE RAT THROUGHOUT LACTATION
Authors: TOMOGANE H. , ÔTA K. , YOKOYAMA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Changes in the rate of progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20α-OH-P) secretion by the rat ovary during the course of lactation were investigated. The level of progesterone in the ovarian vein blood, which was very low on day 1 of lactation, increased progressively up to day 8 (355 μg./100 ml. blood), then declined to day 18 (45·5 μg./100 ml.) and day 21 of lactation. A high concentration of 20α-OH-P in blood was observed on day 1 and day 21 of lactation, but from day 4 to day 18 the secretion of this steroid was relatively low. The ratio of progesterone to 20α-OH-P exceeded unity from day 4 to day 16, and in the middle of lactation the concentration of progesterone in ovarian venous blood was about four times greater than that of 20α-OH-P. These changes in the secretory pattern of progestins during lactation are discussed in connexion with the effects of the suckling stimulus on prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland.
UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVITY BY UTERUS, VAGINA AND SKELETAL MUSCLE OF IMMATURE MICE AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF [3H]OESTRADIOL
Authors: FOLMAN Y. , POPE G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Loss of uptake during 24 hr. after administration of [3H]oestradiol showed approximately linear relationships between log uptake and time for uterus and vagina but not for skeletal muscle; these relationships were similar for mice pretreated with oestradiol. Uptake by uterus and vagina was less by about 50% when [3H]oestradiol was given to mice whose uteri and vaginae had reached maximum weight after pretreatment with oestradiol but cessation of growth of these organs was apparently not due to failure of their ability to take up oestradiol.
The relationship of uptake levels maintained in the uterus and vagina during 3 days and their consequent growth rate was studied.
When a second dose of [3H]oestradiol was given at various times after the first, new uptake, measured 1 hr. later, by uterus and vagina (but not skeletal muscle) was greatest when uptake remaining from the first dose was also greatest.
When a single dose of [3H]oestradiol (0·0039–2·5 μg.) was given to previously untreated mice or to mice with considerable oestradiol-induced uterine and vaginal growth, the only indications of any reduction of normal uptake ability were for the uterus when uptake was measured 1 hr. after doses greater than 0·11 μg.
INFLUENCE OF PINEAL GLAND PRINCIPLES ON GONADOTROPHIN-PRODUCING CELLS OF THE RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: CLEMENTI F. , DE VIRGILIIS G. , MESS BELA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of the pineal gland on the ultrastructure of pituitary gonadotrophs have been studied. The results of luteinizing hormone (LH) estimations in the same rats have already been reported (Clementi, De Virgiliis, Fraschini & Mess, 1966; Fraschini, Mess & Martini, 1968). It was found that pinealectomy in normal animals greatly increases the pituitary content of gonadotrophins without significantly changing the ultrastructure of gonadotrophs.
Pinealectomy in castrated animals did not induce an increase in pituitary gonadotrophin stores above the level found after castration alone; the ultrastructure of the 'castration cells' was also unchanged.
Implants of melatonin or of pineal tissue into the median eminence or the reticular formation of the midbrain of castrated animals reduced the pituitary content of LH and, morphologically, the gonadotrophs reverted to a nearly normal state with a reduction in volume of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The relationship between gonadotrophin content and the ultrastructural appearance of the gonadotrophs is discussed.
RELEASE OF GONADOTROPHIN IN OVARIECTOMIZED MICE AFTER EXPOSURE TO MALES
Authors: BRONSON F. H. , DESJARDINS C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Gonadectomized female C57BL/6J mice were caged with males to determine the effect of male stimuli on release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Concentrations of hypophysial and plasma FSH were significantly higher after 3 days of exposure to males when compared with controls maintained in the absence of a male. Hypophysial and plasma concentrations of LH were also higher in females caged with males, but not significantly so. Ovariectomized females were given 0·01 μg. oestradiol benzoate daily for 4 days in a second experiment and the effect of cohabitation re-evaluated. There were no significant effects of exposure to males on either FSH or LH after the oestradiol injections. Therefore the presence of males enhances synthesis and release of FSH in gonadectomized females. In addition, the results of the second experiment suggest that oestrogen interferes with this response in some way, possibly blocking the neural pathway utilized by male stimuli.
THE EFFECT OF ALDOSTERONE ON THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF RAT COLON
Authors: EDMONDS C. J. , MARRIOTT JANE C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of aldosterone on the colonic transmucosal potential difference (p.d.) was examined in normal, adrenalectomized and Na+ depleted rats. Continuous intravenous infusion of aldosterone in conscious animals was more effective than single i.v. injection and over the dose range 0·5–50 μg./hr. for 6 hr., p.d. increased linearly with log dose and returned to the pre-infusion levels 16–24 hr. after stopping infusion. Only a region 2–4 cm. from the anus responded to low doses, but with high doses an increasing length of colon responded. Cortisone (250 μg. daily) intramuscularly maintained adrenalectomized rats even when severely Na+ depleted without affecting the p.d. Cortisone (2·5 mg. daily, i.m.) raised the p.d. but the effect of low doses of aldosterone was unchanged. Neither Na+ depletion nor pentobarbitone anaesthesia affected the action of aldosterone but large doses of spironolactone reduced it. Aldosterone was effective when applied locally by submucosal injection in very low dose but was almost ineffective even in very large dose in the lumen. Again the most sensitive region was 2–4 cm. from the anus. Ouabain (10-3m) injected into the submucosa rapidly reduced the increased p.d. but was ineffective in the lumen.
THE ACTIVE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL PRINCIPLES OF TWO PRIMITIVE BONY FISHES, THE BICHIR (POLYPTERUS SENEGALIS) AND THE AFRICAN LUNGFISH (PROTOPTERUS AETHIOPICUS)
Authors: SAWYER W. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Active neurohypophysial principles were separated from pituitary glands from a primitive actinopterygian, Polypterus senegalis, and the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. Both species appeared to possess arginine vasotocin (8-arginine oxytocin) and a more nearly neutral principle resembling oxytocin. In the case of Polypterus the neutral principle was pharmacologically indistinguishable from isotocin (4-serine, 8-isoleucine oxytocin). When subjected to partition chromatography on a Sephadex column the neutral Polypterus principle appeared homogeneous and emerged at an elution volume identical with that of isotocin. The neutral principle from Protopterus neurohypophysial extracts resembled mesotocin (8-isoleucine oxytocin) pharmacologically. On partition chromatography it appeared to be a single peptide with mobility comparable to that of mesotocin. No evidence was found for the presence of oxytocin despite earlier reports that this principle occurs in Protopterus and in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren. From these studies it appears that Polypterus has neurohypophysial principles (arginine vasotocin and isotocin) identical with those found among higher actinopterygians, the Holostei and Teleostei. On the other hand, Protopterus principles resemble those found among Amphibia (arginine vasotocin, mesotocin, and possibly oxytocin).
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS GONADOTROPHINS ON THE CONCEPTUS AND CORPUS LUTEUM IN PREGNANT SHEEP
Authors: MOOR R. M. , ROWSON L. E. A. , HAY MARY F. , CALDWELL B. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Interruption of pregnancy occurred in 25 out of 57 unilaterally pregnant sheep after gonadotrophins (pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotrophin) had been injected at various times, ranging from day 17 to 70, in order to induce additional corpora lutea. The conceptus became moribund before luteal regression occurred. The same gonadotrophins administered on day 50 to hysterectomized sheep did not affect the corpora lutea. It would therefore appear that the primary action of the gonadotrophins is on the conceptus and that luteal regression is a secondary response.
SYNTHESIS OF CORTICOTROPHIN-LIKE POLYPEPTIDES AND PROTEIN BY BOVINE HYPOTHALAMUS, MEDIAN EMINENCE AND PITUITARY TISSUE SLICES
Authors: WINNICK M. , HUSSA R. O. , WINNICK T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The biosynthetic activity of several bovine tissues was compared in slice incubation experiments based on the incorporation of 3H-labelled amino acids. An approximate parallelism was observed between general protein and peptide synthesis in each case. The highest activity was observed in hypothalamus and median eminence, followed by adeno- and neurohypophysis, while liver cells were least potent in these processes. A radioactive polypeptide preparation, isolated from hypothalamus and median eminence experiments, was found to resemble adrenocorticotrophin in certain physico—chemical properties, including molecular size and pattern of isotopic leucine incorporation.
THE DESIGN AND PRECISION OF PIGEON CROP SAC ASSAYS FOR PROLACTIN
Authors: FORSYTH ISABEL A. , HOSKING ZENA D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The 'local' method of pigeon crop assay, involving injection of prolactin into the skin overlying the crop, was found to be much more sensitive than the systemic method. It suffers, however, from two drawbacks: first, the problem of finding a suitable method to measure the response; and secondly, the considerable variation in response between birds, especially when pigeons of unknown origin and age must be used. The results of measuring the response by cutting out and weighing the stimulated area are described, together with the use of a balanced incomplete block design which, using 30 pigeons in a (2+2) dose assay, gave an index of precision (λ) of 0·2 or less.
UROTERPENOL, A PETTENKOFER CHROMOGEN OF DIETARY ORIGIN AND A COMMON CONSTITUENT OF HUMAN URINE
Authors: SMITH OLIVE W. , WADE A. P. , DEAN F. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A Pettenkofer and sulphuric acid chromogen, excreted as a glucuronide and found in the fractions of urine that also contain hydroxylated Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids and pregnanediol, was identified as p-menth-1-ene-8,9-diol (uroterpenol). Pettenkofer chromogenicity in a compound of this nature has not previously been reported. The recovery of uroterpenol in urine after ingestion of limonene showed that it was a metabolic product of this unhydroxylated monoterpene. Although experiments on its excretion by normal subjects indicated that it was largely, if not entirely, of dietary origin, there was evidence that its rate of excretion in women was influenced by endocrine factors. Hormonal effects on the formation and/or excretion of glucuronides in general are suggested. Care is needed to ensure that dietary constituents and their metabolites, which are excreted as glucuronides and exhibit colour reactions commonly used in the estimation of urinary steroids, are not confused with hormonal metabolites.