bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic properties of theophylline given intravenously and orally to ruminating calves
Authors: Langsten Vernon C. , Koritz Gary D. , Davis Lloyd E. , Neff-Davis Carol 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The disposition of theophylline in healthy ruminating calves was best described by a first-order 2-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. The drug had a mean elimination half-life of 6.4 hours and a mean distribution half-life of 22 minutes. Total body clearance averaged 91 ml/kg/h. The mean values for the pharmacokinetic volume of the central compartment, pharmacokinetic volume of distribution during the terminal phase, and volume of distribution at steady state were 0.502, 0.870, and 0.815 L/kg, respectively.
Theophylline was readily absorbed after oral administration to the ruminating calf, with a mean fraction of 0.93 absorbed. The plasma concentrations after oral dosing peaked in approximately 5 to 6 hours, with a mean absorption half-life of 3.7 hours. A flip-flop model (rate constant of input is much smaller than the rate constant of output) of drug absorption was not found because the elimination process roughly paralleled that of the study concerning IV administration.
In a multiple-dose trial that used a dosage regimen based on single-dose pharmacokinetic values, clinically normal calves responded as predicted. However, diseased calves had higher than expected plasma concentrations after being given multiple oral doses of theophylline at 28 mg/kg once daily. Overt signs of toxicosis were not seen, but this aspect of the drug was not formally investigated.
Theophylline can be used as an ancillary therapeutic agent to treat bovine respiratory disease, but not without risk. The suggested oral dose of theophylline at 28 mg/kg of body weight once daily should be tailored to each case. Twice daily oral dosing at 20 mg/kg should reduce the plasma peak:trough ratio and provide plasma concentrations more consistently within the human therapeutic range of 10 to 20 μg/ml. Even then, therapeutic drug monitoring should be done.
Recombinant DNA probe for serotype-specific identification of bluetongue virus 17
Authors: de Mattos Cecilia C. , de Mattos Carlos A. , Osburn Bennie I. , Dangier Charles A. , Chuang Ronald Y. , Doi Roy H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The double-stranded rna genome from 117 field isolates of bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 was blotted onto nitrocellulose paper and hybridized with a radioactively labeled cloned copy of dna genome segment 2 of btv-17. Viral rna from btv prototype strains 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17 were used as controls. The probe hybridized only with the viral rna from prototype btv-17 virus and field isolates of btv-17. There was no cross hybridization with field isolates of btv serotypes 10, 11, and 13. A complementary dna probe developed from genes coding for btv serotype specificity was effectively used in a slot-blot hybridization system for efficiently characterizing the viral serotype.
Determination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone residues in rodent and canine liver
Authors: Ray Allen C. , Murphy Michael J. , DuVall Michael D. , Reagor John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method to determine residue concentrations of anticoagulant rodenticides, brodifacoum (bf) and bromadiolone (bd) in liver was developed, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Nine dogs were given 1.1 mg of bf/kg of body weight, po, in polyethylene glycol 400, one time. Rats were fed bf or bd (via commercial baits) in amounts from 0.28 to 11.25 mg/kg over 1- to 4-day periods. Fresh liver samples were collected at necropsy from all rats and 3 dogs, ground with Na2S04, and extracted with CHCl3:MeOH (9:1). After evaporation and silica cartridge purification were performed, residues were oxidized with a 0.16M chromic acid solution, and an oxidation product (4-bromobenzoic acid) was partitioned into CHCl3. The methylated derivative (port derivatization with trimethylanilinium hydroxide) was assayed, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Bromadiolone was detected in livers from rats given > 6 mg of bd/kg of body weight, but not in livers of rats given 1.25 mg of bd/kg. In contrast, bf was detected (with one exception) in livers from dogs (given 1.1 mg of bf/kg) and from rats given high (11.25 mg of bf/kg) and low (0.28 mg of bf/ kg) doses. This protocol, which does not differentiate between bf and bd because of the formation of a common product after chromic acid oxidation, was used to diagnose anticoagulant toxicosis in 3 dogs, 1 human being and 1 llama naturally poisoned.
Type-I hypersensitivity as a component of eosinophilic myositis (muscular sarcocystosis) in cattle
Authors: Granstrom D. E. , Ridley R. K. , Baoan Yao , Gershwin L. J. , Nesbitt P. M. , Wempe L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight bovine hearts with lesions of eosinophilic myositis (em) and 2 bovine hearts without em lesions were collected at slaughter. Blood samples from these 10 hearts, and the heart of a newborn calf also were collected. Histologically, Sarcocystis cruzi was identified in the 8 hearts with em lesions and the 2 hearts without em lesions, but not in the heart of the newborn calf.
Serum was harvested from the 10 blood samples and was used in homologous, modified, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests. Antigen was prepared from S cruzi bradyzoites isolated from the 2 hearts without em lesions. Serum samples from the 8 cattle with em lesions reacted positively to S cruzi antigen. When heat-inactivated IgE in serum (56 C for 4 hours) was used, all passive cutaneous anaphylaxis responses were considered negative. Using elisa, serum IgE concentrations from the 10 cattle with and without em lesions were 2.2 to 9 U/mL
As determined by radial immunodiffusion, IgM concentrations were 80 to 215 mg/dl. Immunoglobulin G concentrations were 420 to 2,050 mg/dl, but most were ≤ 1,700 mg/dl. Immunoglobulin A concentrations were 0 to 62 mg/dl; 1 steer with em lesions had 0 mg/dl.
Double-gel immunodiffusion confirmed the presence of Sarcocystis-specific precipitating antibodies. Sera from the 10 cattle with and without em lesions formed at least 1 precipitin band.
Variations in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase activities in horses given carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Bernard William V. , Divers Thomas J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven horses were given 0.5 mg of carbon tetrachloride/kg of body weight via a nasogastric tube. Subsequent hepatocellular damage was monitored by serum enzyme determinations of sorbitol dehydrogenase, isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate transaminase activities. Creatinine kinase activity was evaluated as an indicator of muscle cell damage. Sorbitol dehydrogenase, isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate transaminase activities were significanlty (P < 0.05) increased by 24 hours after carbon tetrachloride administration. Isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities returned to baseline several days before aspartate transaminase activity returned to baseline. Creatine kinase activity remained unchanged.
Analysis of muscle elements, water, and total lipids from healthy dogs and Labrador Retrievers with hereditary muscular dystrophy
Authors: Mehta Jagjivan R. , Braund Kyle G. , McKerrell Rosemary E. , Toivio-Kinnucan Maria 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Skeletal muscles from healthy dogs and Labrador Retrievers with hereditary muscular dystrophy were examined morphologically and histochemically and were analyzed biochemically for Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, CI−, total muscle water, and total neutral lipid content. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for elemental quantitation of hydrochloric acid tissue extracts. Muscle samples from dystrophic dogs contained substantially increased concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cl−, and a considerable reduction in the content of K+ and Mg2+ compared with samples from healthy dogs. Total muscle water and total fat content was higher in muscles from dystrophic dogs. Most muscle samples from dystrophic dogs had a type-2 fiber deficiency and an increase in number of fibers with internalized nuclei.
DNA Homology of Brucella abortus strains 19 and 2308
Authors: Muzny Donna M. , Ficht Thomas A. , Templeton Joe W. , Adams Leslie G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The restriction endonuclease digestion dna patterns from Brucella abortus strains 19 and 2308 were examined with 11 restriction enzymes (AvaI, BamHI, BglII, BstEII, DdeI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, XbaI, and SalI). The dna electrophoretic banding patterns between the 2 strains were highly similar, using this restriction enzyme analysis. Differences were not discernable between B abortus strains 19 and 2308 in any of the restriction banding patterns examined. Methylation at ccgg or gatc sites was not detectable on the basis of digestion with isoschizomers (HpaII and MspI, and DpnI, Sau3AI and MboI).
Homology between B abortus strains 19 and 2308 was assessed, using solution-hybridization techniques followed by S1 nuclease assays. Results of these reassociation experiments indicated 98.6 to 99.3% homology between B abortus strains 19 and 2308 with 13.5 to 18.6% homology between B abortus (strains 19 and 2308) and the E coli HB101 control. We concluded that any dna differences between the 2 B abortus strains are small and will require analysis at the dna sequence level.
Characterization of outer membrane protein-enriched extracts from Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys
Authors: Choi K. H. , Maheswaran S. K. , Felice L. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Outer membrane protein (omp)-enriched extracts of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were examined by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Culture medium did not have a significant effect on the omp profiles of strains of P multocida examined; however, in vivo propagation had an appreciable effect on the omp profile composition of the reference strain P-1059. Such bacteria, expressed several additional omp in the 27-kD, 48-kD, 56-kD, 60-kD, 80-kD, and 94-kD molecular mass regions. These omp were not detected in the electrophorogram of strain P-1059 grown in vitro. The omp profiles of reference strains of the 16 serotypes of P multocida did not identify any serotype-specific protein markers. Field strains of serotype A:3 had variation in omp profiles and did not express omp that all were identical to that expressed by the reference strain P-1059. The live attenuated CU and M9 bacterial vaccine strains expressed strain-specific omp markers of 48-kD and 45-kD molecular masses, respectively. These strain-specific omp markers may be used to differentiate these strains from virulent field strains that are of the same serotype and isolated from turkeys that have succumbed to pasteurel-losis as a result of vaccine-related reactions or breakdown in immunity.
Pathogenesis of naturally acquired bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves: Morphologic and serologic findings
Authors: Kimman T. G. , Straver P. J. , Zimmer G. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lesions in 32 calves that died or were euthanatized during the course of severe natural infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) are described. All calves had been dyspneic for 1 to 2 days. At necropsy, lesions that could be related to dyspnea included congested and cyanotic mucosae and widespread petechiae. The lungs had various lesions in the cranioventral (cv) and caudodorsal (cd) portions. The cv portion of the lungs was consolidated, firm, and edematous. Histologically, the main characteristic was degenerative, necrotic bronchiolitis, with few syncytial cells. Signs of repair, such as epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis, and bronchiolitis obliterans, often were observed. The cd portion of the lungs was markedly distended, owing to severe edema and emphysema. Bronchiolar lesions were lacking in the cd portion. In 14 calves, hyaline membranes were seen in the cv and cd portions. Results of immunofluorescence for brsv were positive in 24 calves, but only in the cv portion of the lungs. The calves had variable concentrations of brsv-specific IgG1 and IgM in serum, lung lavage fluid, or both. The brsv-specific IgA, on the contrary, was seldom detected.
Thus, 2 discrepancies existed. Although the clinical picture appeared to be acute, bronchiolar lesions and serotest results suggested infection of longer duration. Also, although virus and viral cytopathologic features were detected only in the cv portion of the lungs, the cd portion had extensive lesions that consisted of emphysema and edema.
Pathogenesis of naturally acquired bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves: Evidence for the involvement of complement and mast cell mediators
Authors: Kimman T. G. , Terpstra G. K. , Daha M. R. , Westenbrink F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Indicators of immune-mediated disease were studied in calves with severe natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. Although antigen and antibody were detected concurrently in most calves, immune complexes were not detected by use of immunofluorescence, elisa, and binding of the 1q component of complement. Complement component C3, however, was observed by immunofluorescence in the cranioventral, virus-infected portion of the lungs of 19 of 25 calves. Reductions in the amount of histamine and in the numbers of mast cells and mast cell granules in the virus-positive cranioventral and virus-negative caudodorsal portions of the lungs, indicated activation of mast cells and liberation of their granule contents. On the basis of these and previous findings, a model for the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus-induced disease was proposed.
Forces loading the tarsal joint in the hind limb of the horse, determined from in vivo strain measurements of the third metatarsal bone
Authors: Schamhardt H. C. , Hartman W. , Lammertink J. L. M. A 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strain gauge rosettes were bonded to the dorsal, lateral, medial, and plantar aspects of the third metatarsal bone in the hind limbs of 6 ponies. The maximal compressive principal strain was approximately −600 × 10−6 m/m, and exceeded the amplitudes of the tensile strains at all aspects of the bone. After transformation, the shear strain and the principal strains parallel and perpendicular to the bone were obtained. The first peak in the bending strain was higher in the dorsal and lateral aspects, and the second peak was higher in the medial and plantar aspects. Young modulus of elasticity was determined in a 4-point bending test at the dorsal and plantar sides; it averaged 19.5 GPa in tension and compression. Applying linear bending theory, the eccentricity of an axial force parallel or a bending force perpendicular to the bone were calculated. The position where the total force penetrated the tarsometatarsal joint surface was largely within the joint surface, indicating that the joint is merely loaded in (eccentric) compression.
Phagocytic and nitroblue tetrazolium reductive properties of mature and immature neutrophils and eosinophils from blood and bone marrow from cows
Authors: Silva Indira D. , Jain Nemi C. , George Lisle W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Functional capabilities of morphologically mature (segmented) and immature granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) from bone marrow from cows were studied and compared with similar activities of segmented granulocytes from blood. Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and postphagocytic oxidative metabolic stimulation, measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) reduction, were evaluated simultaneously. Phagocytosis was observed readily in segmented neutrophils, neutrophilic bands, and metamyelocytes and rarely in myelocytes. Phagocytosis was not seen in promyelocytes and myeloblasts. Neutrophilic bands and metamyelocytes were phagocytically less active than were segmented neutrophils. Washed segmented bone marrow neutrophils possessed phagocytic activity similar to that of blood neutrophils, whereas the activity of unwashed segmented bone marrow neutrophils was markedly less than that of blood neutrophils. Reduction of nbt was observed only in blood segmented neutrophils and bone marrow segmented neutrophils; the magnitude of nbt reduction was significantly (P = < 0.005) less in bone marrow neutrophils than in blood neutrophils. Eosinophils were phagocytically less competent than were neutrophils. The nbt reduction was observed only in eosinophils from blood, but not in eosinophils from bone marrow.
Survival analysis for evaluation of corneal ulcer healing times in calves with naturally acquired infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Edmondson A. J. , George L. W. , Faruer T. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A clinical trial examining the efficacy of 2 drugs for treatment of a natural epizootic of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was performed. The study was conducted in 103 grazing Hereford calves during the summer of 1985. The calves were prospectively and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at the beginning of the study on June 17, and were examined 3 times weekly thereafter until the final observation on August 6. Calves in group 1 (n = 34) were not treated and were used as controls. Calves of group 2 (n = 34) with corneal ulcers were treated with a long-acting Oxytetracycline formulation (otc group). The parenteral treatment was repeated in 72 hours. Affected calves of group 3 (n = 35) were treated topically with furazolidone spray when they developed new corneal ulcers, or when existing lesions worsened during subsequent examination periods (nfz group). Healing times of the corneal ulcers were reported in 3 ways: the combined times for ulcers present in both eyes of a calf simultaneously (method A), independent times of each ulcer on a calf (method B), and time of the first ulcer for each calf (method C). Censored healing times were examined as left censored (ulcer present at the beginning of the study), right censored (ulcer not healed at the end of the study), or uncensored (true) healing times. The effect that the treatments had on healing times were investigated by use of notched box and whisker plots, life tables, and Cox regression models. The analysis indicated that treatment of calves with either antimicrobial reduced the healing time of corneal ulcers, compared with untreated controls. Calves treated with otc had shorter periods with ulcers present on both eyes than did nfz-treated calves. The healing time of the first ulcer on a calf was faster when treated with either antimicrobial than when not treated, but no significant difference between periods for otc and nfz treatments was found. Censored healing times were consistently longer than uncensored healing times. Box and whisker plots indicated that both treatments shortened healing times more than those for controls, and otc shortened healing times more than did nfz for responses A and B (but not C). Life tables showed that otc healing times were shorter than those for controls, and nfz shorter than controls for response B and C (but not A). Cox regression model (for response A) showed a borderline significant difference between times for otc group and controls, and no significant difference between times for nfz group and controls.
Uterine clearance mechanisms during the early postovulatory period in mares
Authors: LeBlanc Michelle M. , Asbury Atwood C. , Lyle Sara K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Uterine response to inoculation with Streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms, 51Cr-labeled 15-μm microspheres, and charcoal was evaluated in 9 mares (4 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) to determine mechanical and cellular clearance rates during the early postovulatory period. Mares were inoculated at estrus prior to ovulation during estrous cycles 1, 3, and 5. Uterine swab specimens for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic culture and serum for progesterone determination were obtained on postovulation day 3 during estrous cycle 1, on the day of ovulation during estrous cycle 3, and on postovulation day 5 during estrous cycle 5. Immediately thereafter, the uterus was irrigated with 50 ml of sterile physiologic saline solution containing tracer amounts of 125I-labeled human serum albumin.
Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from 10 of 15 (67%) uterine specimens collected from susceptible mares and incubated aerobically. Escherichia coli also was isolated from 2 of the 10 specimens incubated aerobically. Anaerobic bacteriologic culture of specimens from all mares yielded no growth. Chromium-labeled microspheres were recovered twice from 2 susceptible mares, on day 0 and day 5. Charcoal was retained in 5 specimens collected from 3 susceptible mares. Bacteriologic culture of specimens from resistant mares did not yield growth. On day 0, chromium-labeled microspheres and charcoal were recovered once from 1 resistant mare. Mares susceptible to endometritis accumulated more fluid within the uterine lumen after ovulation than did resistant mares (mean ± sem, 52.73 ± 15.22 ml and 7.41 ± 1.96 ml, respectively; P < 0.01). From this study, it appeared that uterine cellular and bactericidal mechanisms are dysfunctional during the early postovulatory period. However, there appeared to be no disruption of the mechanisms responsible for mechanical clearance of materials inoculated in the uterus.
Immunodeficiency in young pigs
Authors: Hammerberg C. , Schurig G. G. , Ochs D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Immunodeficiency in neonatal and young pigs was studied in terms of T-cell function. Generalized T-cell deficiency did not exist in young pigs on the basis of the in vitro response of blood mononuclear cells to a polyclonal T-cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin. However, immunodeficiency that extended from birth up to 4 weeks, was observed in serum antibody concentration and in vitro proliferative responses of blood mononuclear cells from young pigs exposed to a low antigen dose of a T-cell dependent antigen, egg white lysozyme. The low in vitro proliferative response to lysozyme was not attributable simply to a lack of interleukin-2 production, because supplementation with human interleukin-2 did not enhance the in vitro cellular response. Also, pokeweed mitogen-stimulated B cells from young pigs up to the age of 5 to 6 weeks produced immunoglobulin concentration, which also was not affected by the addition of human interleukin-2 to the in vitro cultures. The blood mononuclear cells obtained from pigs within the first 5 to 6 weeks after birth and incubated with monoclonal antibodies reactive to all T cells (MSA4), helper T cells (74-12-4) or suppressor/ cytotoxic T cells (76-2-11) did not yield consistent excess of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. This observed immunodeficiency cannot be attributed to a simple lack of functional T cells or to an excessive number of suppressor/ cytotoxic T cells, but may be a property of the ability of specific T-cell clones to respond to low concentration of T cell-dependent antigens or may be attributable to the induction of a suppressor T-cell population in response to in vitro stimulation with the polyclonal T-cell-dependent pokeweed mitogen system.