bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The integration of grazing management and summer treatments for the control of trichostrongylid infections in Merino weaners
Authors: NIVEN P , ANDERSON N , VIZARD AL 
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare two strategies for the preparation of pastures that have reduced trichostrongylid infections during winter and spring for Merino weaners. Design A replicated field experiment was conducted over two successive years. A ‘standard’ strategy, comprising set‐stocked wethers given anthelmintic treatments in late October and early February, was compared with a ‘new’ one in which intensive grazing for 1 month after each treatment and destocking for 1 or 2 months was integrated with the anthelmintic treatments. Paddocks prepared according to these strategies were set‐stocked at 15 Merino weaners/ha from April to October inclusively. Results Contamination of pastures prepared according to the new strategy was substantially reduced compared to those of the standard strategy. Worm counts showed that on new strategy paddocks the numbers of trichostrongylid larvae, except Nematodirus spp, were reduced by 50 to 95% compared to standard strategy paddocks.Worm egg counts from the set‐stocked weaners were reduced by about 50% on new strategy paddocks from April to October. Weaners grazing the new strategy paddocks grew significantly more clean wool (254 g, P=0.01) and were significantly heavier in October (3.2 kg, P = 0.01) than weaners in the standard strategy paddocks. The improved production was attributable partially to better pasture growth early in winter and partially to reduced parasitism. Conclusion The new strategy is a simple, practical and widely applicable example of the integration of grazing management with strategically timed anthelmintic treatments to reliably reduce trichostrongylid infections in weaners grazing during winter and spring.
Trichostrongylid infections in sheep after rainfall during summer in southern Australia
Authors: NIVEN P , ANDERSON N , VIZARD AL 
Published: March 2008

Objective To relate trichostrongylid infections acquired by sheep during summer to prevailing weather conditions. Procedure Groups of worm‐free ‘tracer’ sheep were put onto pastures, previously contaminated with trichostrongylid eggs, for successive periods of 2 weeks from December to March. After grazing the sheep were housed for 6 weeks. Weekly worm egg counts and worm counts were used to estimate the numbers of worms acquired and related to weather conditions during the grazing period. Results No worm eggs were detected in the faeces of sheep that grazed at the end of January when only 7 mm of rainfall was recorded. At other times rainfall between 12 and 24 mm occurred and strongyle egg counts were generally either < 50 or > 150 eggs per g (epg). Mean counts of 1100 Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus adults gave rise to mean counts of about 350 epg whereas about 6000 Nematodirus spp were associated with mean egg counts of about 200 Nematodirus spp epg. Conclusions Rainfall events during summer determine the numbers of trichostrongylid larvae acquired by sheep in summer but further studies are necessary before the implications for strategic control programs in southern Australia can be fully assessed.
Spironucleosis in Australian king parrots (Alisterus scapularis)
Authors: PHILBEY AW , ANDREW PL , GESTIER AW , REECE RL , ARZEY KE 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe a syndrome of wasting, diarrhoea and mortality in Australian king parrots (Alisterus scapularis). DesignField observations and laboratory examinations.Procedure Pathological examinations were performed on 50 Australian king parrots with wasting and diarrhoea. Wet preparations of intestinal contents were examined by light microscopy. Tannins were extracted from acorns (Quercussp) and tested for toxicity in mice. Clinicalsigns and epidemiology A syndrome of wasting, diarrhoea and mortality was observed in wild juvenile Australian king parrots in eastern Australia from 1984 to 2000. Sporadic cases and outbreaks of disease occurred from May to September in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. Outbreaks in the Australian Capital Territory in 1990 and 1991 were associated with parrots congregating to feed on acorns. Most affected birds failed to respond to treatment with dimetridazole and died 1 to 14 days after hospitalisation. Selected cases recovered following treatment with metronidazole. PathologyAffected birds were emaciated, with faecal matting of feathers around the cloaca and yellow‐green fluid, foamy intestinal contents. Abundant motile Spironucleus trophozoites were observed in wet preparations of faeces of clinically affected birds and intestinal contents of birds examined within 1 h of death. Protozoa were detected histologically in crypts of Lieberkühn in the intestine in association with exudation of mucus (catarrhal enteritis) or lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. ToxicologyTannin extracts from acorns induced periacinar hepatic necrosis in mice. ConclusionWasting, diarrhoea and mortality in wild juvenile Australian king parrots were associated with Spironucleuslike protozoa in the intestine. Acorns were not considered to be the cause of the syndrome.
Cytology of haematological cells of otariid seals indigenous to Australasian waters
Authors: CLARK P , BOARDMAN WS , DUIGNAN PJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo characterise the morphology of cells from the blood of otariid seals. MethodsExamination of blood by light and scanning electron micrcoscopy. ResultsErythrocytes were typically discocytes. Leukocytes that were recognised included neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. The morphology varied little between species for neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Some variation between species was observed for eosinophils and basophils. Platelets were generally aggregated. ConclusionThis study provides a guide for the identification of cells from the blood of otariid seals.
Effect of local anaesthetic combined with wound cauterisation on the cortisol response to dehorning in calves
Authors: SUTHERLAND MA , MELLOR DJ , STAFFORD KJ , GREGORY NG , BRUCE RA , WARD RN 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo reassess whether local anaesthesia before dehorning and wound cauterisation after dehorning eliminates the cortisol response to dehorning. MethodsA control group was compared with three dehorned groups (dehorned alone, dehorned after local anaesthesia, dehorned after local anaesthesia then cautery of the amputation wounds). The local anaesthetic regimen used produced nerve blockade for about 5 h. Blood samples were taken before and after dehorning and plasma cortisol concentrations were determined. ResultsDehorning caused a marked cortisol response lasting for about 7 h. Local anaesthetic reduced the plasma cortisol concentrations to control values for 5 h, after which they increased for a further 5 h. Subsequently in both groups, cortisol concentrations remained at control values until at least 24 h after treatment. Local anaesthetic combined with wound cautery virtually abolished the cortisol response until at least 24 h after dehorning. ConclusionCombining local anaesthesia with cautery of the amputation wounds substantially reduced the cortisol response until at least 24 h after dehorning.
Assessment of organoleptic postmortem inspection techniques for bovine offal
Authors: UZAL FA , MORE SJ , DOBRENOV B , KELLY WR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate organoleptic postmortem inspection techniques for bovine livers and kidneys. Study design At Australian export abattoirs, bovine liver and kidneys are assessed and graded by qualified meat inspectors during normal operations. Over a 12‐month period at a large abattoir in eastern Australia during 1997 and 1998, a sample of these organs was reassessed independently using a range of pathological and microbiological methods. Agreement between routine inspection and independent assessment was evaluated using methods of inter‐rater agreement. Results A total of 944 livers and 1374 kidneys were included in the study. All of these organs had been classified during routine inspection. The authors examined 363 livers and 329 kidneys both grossly and histologically, including 36 livers and 14 kidneys that were also subjected to microbiological examination. All other organs were only examined grossly. There was only a moderate level of agreement between the routine and independent assessment methods. For livers, the percentage agreement was 80.2%, McNemar's test of symmetry 55.2 (3 degrees of freedom, P<0.001) and kappa 0.63. For kidneys, the percentage agreement was 67.8%, McNemar's test of symmetry 9.9 (1df, P = 0.002) and kappa 0.35. Conclusions The results reinforce concerns from a number of authors about organoleptic postmortem inspection. Risk assessment methodologies offer the opportunity to modify inspection techniques in a manner that is most relevant to current public health concerns.
Longitudinal study of veterinarians from entry to the veterinary course to ten years after graduation: career paths
Authors: HEATH TJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveDesignMethodsData from 129 (96%) questionnaires completed during the eleventh year after graduation were coded numerically then analysed, together with data from previous questionnaires, with SAS System 7 for Windows 95.ResultsTen years after they graduated, 80% were doing veterinary work, 60% were in private practice, 40% in small animal practice and 18% in mixed practice. The equivalent of 25% of the working time of all females was taken up by family duties. When part‐time work was taken into account, veterinary work constituted the equivalent of 66% of the group working full‐time. That 66% consisted of 52% on small animals, 7% on horses, 6% on cattle/sheep and 1% on pigs/poultry. Those who had grown up on farms with animals were twice as likely to be working with farm animals as were those from other backgrounds. Forecasts made on entry to the veterinary course were of no value in predicting who would remain in mixed practice.Conclusionsfewer than one‐fifth of graduates were in mixed practice after 10 years, but the number was higher for those who grew up on farms with animals. Forecasts that may be made at interview before entry to the course were of little value in predicting the likelihood of remaining in mixed veterinary practice.
Noninvasive estimation of cardiac systolic function using continuous‐wave Doppler echocardiography in dogs with experimental mitral regurgitation
Authors: ASANO K. , MASUI Y. , MASUDA K. , FUJINAGA T. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive estimation of cardiac systolic function using transthoracic continuous‐wave Doppler echocardiography in dogs with mitral regurgitation. Procedure Seven mongrel dogs with experimental mitral regurgitation were used. Left ventriculography and measurement of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were performed under inhalational anaesthesia. A micromanometer‐tipped catheter was placed into the left ventricle and transthoracic echocardiography was carried out. The peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise (peak dP/dt) was derived simultaneously by continuous‐wave Doppler and manometer measurements. The Doppler‐derived dP/dt was compared with the catheter‐measured peak dP/dt in the dogs. Results Classification of the severity of mitral regurgitation in the dogs was as follows: 1+, 2 dogs; 2+, 1 dog; 3+, 2 dogs; 4+, 1 dog; and not examined, 1 dog. We were able to derive dP/dt from the transthoracic continuous‐wave Doppler echocar‐diography in all dogs. Doppler‐derived dP/dt had a significant correlation with the catheter‐measured peak dP/dt (r = 0.90, P < 0.0001). Conclusion It was demonstrated that transthoracic continuous‐wave Doppler echocardiography is a feasible method of noninvasive estimation of cardiac systolic function in dogs with experimental mitral regurgitation and may have clinical usefulness in canine patients with spontaneous mitral regurgitation.
Brain damage in sheep from penetrating captive bolt stunning
Authors: FINNIE JW , MANAVIS J. , BLUMBERGS PC , SUMMERSIDES GE 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the severity and distribution of structural changes in the brains of adult sheep stunned by penetrating captive bolt.ProcedureThe unconstrained heads of ten, anaesthetised, unhorned, 2‐year‐old Merino sheep were impacted at the summit of the head with a penetrating captive bolt pistol. Six sheep were ventilated and four received no respiratory support. Two hours after impact, brains from the six ventilated sheep were perfusion‐fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Sixteen whole, serial coronal sections from each brain were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemi‐cally for amyloid precursor protein, a sensitive marker of axonal and neuronal reaction in the brain after trauma. Pathological changes in these brains were then quantified by morphometric analysis.ResultsStructural change in all impacted brains was a mixture of focal injury around the wound track and more widely distributed damage in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brainstem, but varied considerably in severity between individual sheep. All nonventilated sheep died rapidly following respiratory arrest.ConclusionsAfter penetrating captive bolt stunning, damage to the central reticular formation, axonal connections, and the cortical mantle is the likely reason for failure of respiratory control and traumatic loss of consciousness.
Evaluation of d,l‐ethionine as a mechanism for pancreatic islet regeneration in dogs
Authors: GOVENDIR M. , CANFIELD PJ , EMSLIE DR , WATSON ADJ , CHURCH DB 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether induction of pancreatic necrosis and islet proliferation by d,l‐ethionine has potential for treating dogs with b ‐cell insufficiency. Design Eighteen mixed breed dogs of both sexes were given d,l‐ethionine at 100 mg/kg three times weekly for 2 weeks; 6 dogs were euthanased at 2, 14 and 28 d after the last dose. Methods Clinical signs during administration and recovery were assessed. Routine biochemical analyses were performed before each ethionine dose and then once weekly. Faecal samples were examined weekly for malassimilated nutrients and blood. Blood coagulation screening tests (OSPT and APTT) were determined on four dogs after ethionine administration. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were conducted before the first and after the last ethionine dose and then fortnightly. All dogs were necropsied and pancreas, liver, kidney and jejunum were examined microscopically. Results During ethionine administration all animals displayed vomiting, inappetence, diarrhoea (often with blood), weight loss and depression. Three dogs were euthanased prematurely due to severe illness, but those allowed to recover were eating and brighter 7 d after cessation of ethio‐nine administration. Serum concentrations of TLI, amylase and lipase increased initially, then decreased, during administration but returned to normal during recovery. Concentrations of ALT, ALP, unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin increased during administration then decreased slowly. Histological examination revealed hepatic lipidosis and necrosis, but no renal or jejunal lesions. In most dogs, faecal examination demonstrated increased undigested starch and muscle, as well as increased digested and undigested fat, during ethio‐nine administration or early during the recovery period, suggesting transient malassimilation. APTT was unchanged but OSPT was prolonged in all dogs. There was no impairment of insulin secretion or glucose intolerance and C‐peptide concentrations were unaffected. Immediately after ethionine administration there was delayed insulin degradation and by day 43 there was evidence of increased insulin sensitivity. Conclusion d,l‐ethionine administration in dogs appeared not to interfere with insulin secretion, but caused clinical signs and laboratory changes indicative of pancreatic exocrine necrosis, severe hepatobiliary disease and transient malas‐similation. Pancreatic and hepatic dysfunction was severe but clinical recovery occurred after ethionine administration ceased. The severe side‐effects observed with d,l‐ethionine should preclude its potential use for treating diabetes mellitus in dogs.
Intramedullary interlocking nail stabilisation of 21 humeral fractures in 19 dogs and one cat
Authors: MOSES PA , LEWIS DD , LANZ OI , STUBBS WP , CROSS AR , SMITH KR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the suitability of the intramedullary interlocking nail to stabilise humeral diaphyseal fractures in dogs and cats.Method This multi‐centre study retrospectively examined medical records, between June 1994 and May 2001, of 19 dogs and one cat, in which a total of 21 humeral fractures were stabilised with intramedullary interlocking nails.Results Animals ranged in body‐weight from 4 to 97 kg. Eighteen (86%) of the fractures were comminuted. Adjunctive stabilisation was used in twelve (57%) fractures and bone grafts in nine (43%) fractures. A rapid return of function was noted in the majority of animals, with 14 (67%) having good or excellent function within four days of surgery. In two fractures the repair collapsed when a single proximal transcortical screw was placed cranial to the tricipital line of the humerus. This suggests that if a single transcortical screw is placed proximally the screw should be distal or caudal to the tricipital line in order to engage sufficient cortical bone. Eighteen (86%) of the fractures healed when stabilised with intramedullary interlocking nails. Three fractures did not heal. One was in a dog where a pathological fracture was temporarily stabilised with an intramedullary interlocking nail, one in a dog that died of an abdominal crisis three weeks after surgery and one in a dog in which fracture stabilisation collapsed due to incorrect implant selection.Conclusion Intramedullary interlocking nails are well suited to the stabilisation of humeral diaphyseal fractures in dogs and cats.
Renal pathology of polycystic kidney disease and concurrent hereditary nephritis in Bull Terriers
Authors: O'LEARY CA , GHODDUSI M. , HUXTABLE CR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the renal lesions in Bull Terrier poly‐cystic kidney disease (BTPKD), to confirm that the renal cysts in BTPKD arise from the nephron or collecting tubule, and to identify lesions consistent with concurrent BTPKD and Bull Terrier hereditary nephritis (BTHN).Design Renal tissue from five Bull Terriers with BTPKD and eight control dogs was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Clinical data were collected from all dogs, and family history of BTPKD and BTHN for all Bull Terriers.Results In BTPKD the renal cysts were lined by epithelial cells of nephron or collecting duct origin that were usually squamous or cuboidal, with few organelles. They had normal junctional complexes, and basal laminae of varying thicknesses. Glomeruli with small, atrophic tufts and dilated Bowman's capsules, tubular loss and dilation, and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis were common. Whereas the lesions seen in BTHN by light microscope were nonspecific, the presence of characteristic ultrastructural glomerular basement membrane (GMB) lesions and a family history of this disease indicated concurrent BTHN was likely in three of five cases of BTPKD.Conclusion This paper provides evidence that renal cysts in BTPKD are of nephron or collecting duct origin. In addition, GBM lesions are described that strongly suggest that BTPKD and BTHN may occur simultaneously.
Specificity of absorbed ELISA and agar gel immuno‐diffusion tests for paratuberculosis in goats with observations about use of these tests in infected goats
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ , EAMENS GJ , COUSINS DV 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the specificity of serological tests that are currently used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Australia for detection of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp para‐tuberculosisinfection in goats. Design A laboratory study. Procedure Four tests were studied, comprising AGID with M a paratuberculosis antigen derived from cattle isolates of caprine or bovine origin, the EMAI caprine Johne's disease absorbed ELISA and the CSL PARACHEK Johne's absorbed EIA. The specificities of AGID and ELISA for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) were estimated after examining a panel of 1000 serum samples collected from goats in Western Australia, a region free of paratuberculosis. In addition a comparison was made of test performance in a small number of paratuberculous goats from New South Wales using sera from two archival collections. Results The specificity of the AGID tests was 100% while the specificities of the two absorbed ELISA were 99.7 to 99.8% at appropriate positive‐negative cut‐offs. Based on testing the small sample of sera from infected goats, the absorbed ELISA tests detected about twice as many goats with Johne's disease as the AGID. Each test detected para‐tuberculous animals regardless of whether infection was caused by cattle or sheep strains of M a paratuberculosis. Conclusions Both ELISA and AGID tests for paratubercu‐losis have high specificity and can be used in a market assurance program without risk of generating large proportions of false positive test results. However, the results suggested the ELISA is more sensitive for detection of infected goats and should be used in preference to the AGID. The two formats of ELISA evaluated in this study have similar characteristics and could be used in paratuberculosis control programs for the goat industries, but further data on sensitivity would increase confidence in their application.
Comparison of two doses of oestradiol benzoate administered at a resynchronised oestrus on reproductive performance of dairy cows
Authors: CAVALIERI J , HEPWORTH G , EAGLES VE , MACMILLAN KL 
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare the effects of two doses of oestra‐diol benzoate (ODB) administered as part of a treatment designed to resynchronise returns to oestrus on the reproductive performance of cows in a controlled breeding program. Design Cohort study Procedure Lactating dairy cows on two farms were treated to synchronise three successive oestrous cycles. An intrav‐aginal progesterone releasing insert (IVP4) was used to synchronise the first oestrous cycle. The cows were then treated 15 days after the first treatment by reinsertion of an IVP4 that had been used to synchronise the first oestrus and administration of 1.0 mg of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) IM at device insertion. The IVP4 device was removed 8 days later and either 0.5 (n = 421) or 1.0 mg of ODB (n = 446) was administered 24 h later. Injections of (ODB) with or without the use of an IVP4 were used to synchronise the third oestrous cycle. Different synchronisation treatments were used to synchronise first and third oestrous cycles but differences were included in statistical models to account for variation in the data. This enabled examination of effects due to differences in the dose of ODB used to synchronise the second synchronised oestrus. Results The dose of ODB (0.5 or 1.0 mg) administered just before the second synchronised oestrus did not significantly (P > 0.10) affect the cumulative pregnancy rates over three successive rounds of artificial insemination, the mating start date to the conception intervals, the conception rates to the first or second insemination, the proportion of cows submitted for insemination at the second synchronised oestrus or the proportion of cows that were not pregnant yet failed to show signs of oestrous (phantom cows) identified within each herd. Conclusion There was no difference in reproductive performance between cows receiving either 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg ODB after removal of used IVP4 devices that had been inserted to resynchronise them for a second insemination.