bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Improved Method for Drop Recording of Arterial or Venous Blood Flow.
Authors: LINDGREN PERCY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An improved method for drop recording of blood flow is described. Its principle is that the blood drops collect and fall through a colorless incompressible fluid (silicone) instead of through air. The principal advantages of the silicone drop chamber over the original air drop chamber are largely the following:1. The method is equally suitable for arterial and for venous blood flow.2. The large drops, 7—9 per ml (as compared with 17—20 per ml when the drops fall in air from the same nozzle), enable relatively large blood flows to be recorded; 30 ml per minute has been recorded without difficulty.3. No blood can splash on the chamber walls and thus affect the light intensity; the photocell may be quite sensitive to such changes.4. There is no Windkessel effect which is of special importance in arterial recording. Pulse waves have less influence on the release of drops from the nozzle. The intervals between drops are almost as regular as those in recording of venous blood flow.5. There are no errors in measurement during rapid and extreme changes of blood pressure.
On the Toxicity of Sodium β‐mercaptopyruvate and Its Antidotal Effect against Cyanide
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , FREDRIKSSON TORSTEN , HANSEN BERTIL , HULTMAN HOLTER , SÖRBO BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Sodium β‐mercaptopyruvate (MPA) was found to have a low toxicity when injected in different animals.2. The compound had no or only weak cholinergic effects.3. The antidote effect against hydrogen cyanide was low in the rabbit, but in the rat MPA gave protection against about 4 lethal doses of hydrogen cyanide.4. The difference in the antidote effect of MPA in the rabbit and the rat is briefly discussed.
Cold Defense Reactions Elicited by Electrical Stimulation within the Septal Area of the Brain in Goats
Authors: ANDERSSON B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Responses were evoked in the hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells by stimulation of the dorsal fornix.2. Current flow at different instants after the shock and from different positions within the hippocampal laminae is described.3. Evidence is presented to show that the evoked potential is not propagated in the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells.4. After repetitive stimulation, or after injury, signs of inward current may be detected in the layer of apical dendrites.5. This inward current is associated in some way with seizure discharges.6. Seizure discharges may propagate by routes which do not correspond to normally conducting pathways.
Effects of Atropine on “Waltzing Syndrome” in Mice after Iminodipropionitrile
Authors: RUDBERG T. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.If atropine sulphate, in doses of 0.2 g/kg, is given subcutaneously to mice, previously treated with iminodipropionitrile and showing “waltzing syndrome” with pronounced hyperactivity and compulsive, circling movements, these symptoms are greatly reduced. The effect of atropine generally lasts 3—6 hours; after 24 hours full hyperactivity has returned. The effect of atropine can then be repeated.
Glycolysis and Respiration in Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells.1
Authors: KVAMME ELLING 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Between 0—40 μmoles of inorganic phosphate per ml of extracellular fluid was rate determining for aerobic glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. The oxygen uptake during aerobic glycolysis was either unaffected or slightly inhibited by phosphate.2. Aerobic glycolysis was accompanied by a reduction in cellular inorganic phosphate and an accumulation of total acid soluble organic phosphate, acid labile phosphate, hexosephosphates and ATP. The ATP increased at the expense of ADP and AMP. In IAA inhibited cells, acid soluble phosphate esters accumulated during aerobic glycolysis, but the total adenine nucleotides decreased markedly.3. Glycolysis as well as respiration greatly stimulated the uptake of P32 into organic phosphate fractions, while the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium seemed to be a major factor determining the total uptake of P32 by the ascites tumour cells.
Methylation of Noradrenaline in Beef Suprarenal Homogenates
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , FLODING I. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Noradrenaline added to homogenate of beef adrenal medulla is methylated to about 10 per cent after incubation in Krebs‐Ringer solution for 2 hours at pH 6.0 7.5 but not at pH 5.0. No ATP or methyl donors were added in these experiments.2. There was no indication of any inactivation during the incubation period.
On the Arylsulphatase Activity of the Rat Liver During the Fetal Life. Comparison of in vivo and Tissue Cultivation Analyses
Authors: HARTIALA K. J. V. , HÄKKINEN I. P. T. , PULKKINEN M. O. , SAVOLA P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The arylsulphatase activity of rat liver was measured at different fetal age. An increase in this activity was associated with the increasing age of the fetus. Specimens from the same material were cultivated in free medium and on cellulose sponge. With the former cultivation method the enzyme activity disappeared whereas the sponge method gave constant readings for arylsulphatase activity. No increase in this activity took place, however, during the cultivation.
The Action of Tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the Kitten Diaphragm
Authors: STOVNER JACOB 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The action of tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the contractions of the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation from kittens has been investigated and compared with the action on other mammalian nerve‐muscle preparations.2. TEA in a concentration of 1 mM increased the height of isotonically recorded muscle twitches about 20 to 30% after stimulation of the muscle both indirectly and directly after full curarization. No change in the muscle action potentials was observed after addition of TEA to a concentration of 1 mM. The β‐hydroxy‐derivative of TEA had a similar but slightly less potent effect on the twitch height.3. Addition of TEA to the bath fluid of the kitten diaphragm increased the isometric peak twitch tension and the time from stimulus to twitch peak without significant increase in the rate of rise of tension. The maximal tetanic tension was unaltered or lowered after addition of TEA. These changes can be accounted for by a prolongation of the active state of the muscle by TEA.4. TEA in a concentration of 1 mM did not significantly change the twitch height of isolated diaphragm preparations from rats, young guinea pigs or young rabbits. Injection of TEA (5 mg/kg) in rabbits and cats did not increase the twitch height of the hind limb muscles. The respiratory excursions of rabbits were unchanged while those of the cat increased markedly after this dose of TEA. It is concluded that the diaphragm muscle of kittens and of cats is more sensitive to TEA than the other mammalian muscles investigated.
The Fluorescence of Tetracycline in Rats Treated with Dihydrotachysterol
Authors: HÄKKINEN ILKKA P. T. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Typical calcified metastases were produced with AT 10 in the kidneys, stomachs, heart muscles and lungs of rats. Tetracycline given parenterally to these rats led to the appearance of regions in the calcified areas that fluoresced yellow in ultraviolet light. The intensity of the fluorescence was observed to increase in proportion to the dose of AT 10.
Erythropoietic Activity of Saline Washings of Blood Cells Subjected to Low Atmospheric Pressure in vitro
Authors: HIRSJÄRVI EVA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In order to test the erythropoietic activity of saline in which blood cells were suspended during low pressure exposure the following experiments were performed.1. Six rabbits had intraperitoneal injections of 2—5 ml of “anoxic saline”. The injection was followed by an increase in the number of red cells on the 4 first days. (Average increase on 3—4 days 0.42 ± 0.14 millions/μl.)2. Eight rabbits were given intravenously 7—15 ml of “anoxic saline”. The animals reacted to the injection with an increase in the erythrocyte count which was of a smaller magnitude than in the previous group. (Average increase on 2—3 days 0.20 ± 0.07 millions/μl.)3. Eight control rabbits had intravenous injections of saline in which blood cells were suspended under normal pressure. In this group the injection was followed by a moderate decrease in the erythrocyte count. The difference between the reactions in the second and third groups is statistically significant (difference on the 3rd day 0.47 ± 0.15 millions/μl).4. Three rabbits had intravenous injections of saline in which cells from anoxic blood were suspended for 20 minutes. The injection was followed by an increase in the erythrocyte count of a similar magnitude as in group 2.
Effect of Decentralisation on the Content of Catechol Amines in the Spleen and Kidney of the Cat
Authors: REHN NILS O. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe adrenaline and noradrenaline content has been determined in the kidneys and in the spleen of the cat with and without preganglionic denervation, effected by splanchnicotomy on the left side. No significant difference was observed between the catechol amine values in the control organs and after decentralization. It is concluded that the preganglionic sympathetic fibres do not exert an influence on the noradrenaline content in the postganglionic nerve fibres nor on the adrenaline content of the organ. The postganglionic neurones are in this way similar to the chromaffin cells. The results further suggest that the splanchnic nerve does not supply postganglionic fibres to the spleen and the kidney.
Catechol Amines in the Vascular Wall
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LISHAJKO F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Bovine splenic arteries and veins contain about 0.3—0.4 μg noradrenaline per g indicating that also the veins have an important supply of adrenergic vasomotor nerves.2. Bovine pulmonary vessels with a diameter of 2 mm and above (“large vessels”) contain similar amounts of catechol amines as the splenic vessels; lung vessels and other vessels from dog show even higher figures.3. “Large” bovine lung vessels contain some 10 times more noradrenaline than peripheral lung tissue. This implies that while the larger pulmonary vessels are amply supplied with adrenergic‐vasomotor fibres, the small lung vessels are poorly innervated with adrenergic vasomotor fibres.4. Chromatographic separation of catechol substances in splenic and pulmonary vessels has indicated the presence of dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, dihydroxymandelic acid, dopamine and noradrenaline in amounts which are similar for the two kinds of vessels but differ greatly from the relative and absolute amounts found in lung tissue.
The Influence of Hypoglycemia on the Histolog‐ic Structure of the Alpha Cells in the Pancreas.
Authors: HÖKFELT BERNT , HULTQUIST GÖSTA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

After the administration of insulin and of BZ 55 to rabbits identical reduction in the stainability of the alpha cells in the pancreas was obtained; the degree of the changes was closely related to the degree and duration of the hypoglycemia. The nuclear surface of the alpha cells tended to increase as the granulation and stainability decreased, signs probably representing a state of hyperactivity.
In our opinion, it is conceivable that the alpha cells play a part in counteracting hypoglycemia and thus are of significance for the blood sugar homeostasis.
The Mechanism of the Vasodilator Effect of Adrenaline
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The effects of adrenaline. noradrenaline. lactic acid and sodium lactate. in intravenous infusion. upon the cardiac output. blood pressure. oxygen consumption. heart and respiration rates, and lactic, acid content of the blood were investigated in unanesthetized rabbits. Control experiments were performed with infusion of saline alone.
Both adrenaline and lactic acid infusions were followed by a rise in the cardiac output but no change in blood pressure, which finding indicated a reduction of the total peripheral resistance. The increase in cardiac output was greater than the rise in oxygen consumption.
After sodium lactate the cardiac output rose only to the same degree as the oxygen consumption.
Noradrenaline elevated the cardiac output. oxygen consumption and lactic. acid production very slightly. concurrently with a pressor effect.
The stimulating action of adrenaline in a low‐ concentration on the cardiac output is thought to be largely of reflex origin. resulting from a primary vasodilator effect. caused by adrenaline's stimulation of the lactic acid production in skeletal muscle. Lactic acid induces vasodilatation in the following ways: (1) Through the rise in the lactic acid content of skeletal muscle, CO, is liberated from the tissue bicarbonate and vasodilatation is produced via the increased CO2 tension. (2) When the lactic acid content rises in the blood, the latter's CO2 transporting capacity is impaired, and this also tends to raise the CO2 tension in the tissues. (3) With oxidation of the lactate the blood flow increases, chiefly in the liver.
The discrepancies in the hemodynamic effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline are attributed to the fact that the former hormone, even in low concentrations, has a powerful stimulatory action on the lactic acid production, but the latter almost none.
The lactic acid producing effect of adrenaline in muscle is assumed to be a phase of the mechanism by which it elicits an emergency reaction in the organism.
Changes in the Content of Nucleic Acids in Organs of Young Rats During Arrested Growth
Authors: LØVTRUP SØREN , SWANSON. VIRGINIA L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Normal growing rats were fed a diet deficient in protein for varying periods up to four months. Data were collected on changes in organ weight, total nitrogen, DNA and RKA content per organ. Organs studied were liver, heart, kidney, brain, lung, spleen arid thymus.
The constancy of the DNA content during protein starvation was confirmed. In the livers of protein‐starved animals, while DNA per gram of tissue remained constant, histologically cell size diminished and the number of nuclei tripled. It is suggested that reduction of polyploid nuclei to the diploid form might partly account for this finding.
Alterations in RNA content paralleled those of DNA and seem to establish that in young rats RNA is almost as “stable” metabolically as DNA.
The Effect of Acetaldehyde on the Secretion of Adrenaline and Korndrenaline from the Suprarenal Gland of the Cat
Authors: PERMAN E. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the suprarenal was determined by bioassay of suprarenal venous plasma collected from nembutalized cats. The administration of acetaldehyde 7.5–50 mg/kg regularly produced a marked increase in the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The increase was more pronounced for adrenaline. The effect remained after section of the splanchnic nerves. The results are discussed in relation to some pharmacological effects of alcohol.
Studies of the Effect of X‐Rays on the Glucuronide Synthesis by the Gastric Mucous Membrane
Authors: HARTIALA K. , NÄNTÖ V. , RINNE U. K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of X‐rays on the glucuronide synthesis by the gastric mucous membrane was studied in the rat. The glucuronide conjugation capacity was measured in vitro with tissue slices incubated in the presence of o‐aminophenol. It appeared that radiation doses of 400 r and 1,200 r given locally to the isolated stomach reduced equally the glucuronide conjugation capacity but not more than to about half of the original capacity. The effect is reversible. The recovery appears to be slower after the higher irradiation doses.
Isolation and Some Biochemical Properties of the Catechol Amine Granules in the Cow Adrenal Medulla
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐AKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

By means of density gradient centrifugation the catechol amine granules in the cow adrenal medulla have been isolated free or practically free from mitochondria and microsomal material.
The isolated granules have a very high content of pressor amines (about 35 μmoles/mg protein‐N). The soluble protein fraction that is released together with the amines at osinoticlysis of the granules, represents the main part (77 per cent) of the total granule proteins.
The granules show a high ATPase activity and probably contain an adenylate kinase.
Enzymic Conversion of Mononucleotides by Rat Diaphragm in vitro.
Authors: ALERTSEN AA. RYE , WALAAS O. , WALAAS E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The enzymatic conversion of mononucleotides by the isolated rat diaphragm during incubation in Krebs Ringer phosphate medium has been investigated. This has been achieved by adding several different mononucleotides to the incubation medium and fractionation of the reaction products by a chromatographic procedure on an anion exchange resin.
Dephosphorylating as well as transphosphorylating enzymic activity are exerted by the rat diaphragm in vitro. Particularly the presence of ATPase, myokinase, 5'adenylic acid deaminase and nucleoside diphosphokinase has been demonstrated.
The breakdown of ATP added to the medium proceeds by the sequence ATP + ADP – AMP –. IMP –f Inosine. By addition of ITP, GTP, CTP, and UTP, these nucleoside triphosphates are broken down to the corresponding diphosphate and mono‐phosphate derivatives.
Indications have been obtained that ATPase is firmly bound at or near the muscle cell surface. On the other hand a leakage of myokinase, 5′ adenylic acid deaminase and nucleoside diphospho‐kinase from the diaphragm into the medium during incubation has been demonstrated.
The Release of Catechols from the Adrenal Medulla on Activation of the Sympathetic Vasodilator Nerves to the Skeletal Muscles in the Cat by Hypothalamic Stimulation.
Authors: GRANT R. , LINDGREN P. , ROSEN A. , UVNÄS B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The amount of catechols secreted from the adrenal glands concomitant with activation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow by hypothalamic stimulation was studied in 14 cats.
Blood samples from the left adrenal vein were collected during control and stimulation periods, and were tested (rat uterus and rat colon) after separating adrenaline and noradrenaline by paper chromatography.
The mean values for the adrenaline output in the control samples and those taken during hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic vasodilator area were 0.06 and 0.32 μg/kg/min (increase 433 per cent). The corresponding figures for noradrenaline were 0.19 and 0.35 μg/kg/min (increase 84 per cent). As will be seen from these values the increase of catechol output consisted predominantly of adrenaline.
The conclusion is drawn that in most experiments the amounts of adrenaline released were of such a low magnitude as to have only minor vascular effects, they may have been sufficient to produce metabolic effects.
The findings are discussed in view of our hypothesis that activation of the vasodilator outflow under physiologic conditions is an integral part of emergency reactions.
Methylation of Histamine by Mouse Liver in Vitro
Authors: LINDAHL KERSTIN M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The exposed experiments give evidence that the histamine degradation in mouse liver is achieved by the methylating enzyme system, demonstrated in vivo by Schayer. Thus the main histamine metabolite found in slices is l‐methylimidazole‐4‐acetic acid. Furthermore, the histamine destruction is largely resistant to aminoguanidine which is a strong diamine oxidase inhibitor. Isobutyl‐isonicotinylhydrazin, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, prevents the formation of l‐methylimidazole‐4‐acetic acid, but does not altogether exclude the formation of l‐methyl‐4–(β‐ami‐noethyl) imidazole. These characteristics are to be expected for the methylating enzyme system on account of recent findings in vivo (Schayer and Karjala 1956).
Uber die Anzahl der motorischen Impulse (die Periodenzahl) des Elektromyogranims als quantitativer Ausdruck der volnntären, zentrnlen Kontrolle der Muskelaktion
Authors: BERGSTRÖM. Von R. M. 
Published: December 2008

ZusammenfassungIn vorliegender Arbeit liess sich innerhalb der Grenzen der Versuchsbedingungen (leichte Muskelaktionen des m. interosseus dors. I) eine lineare Proportionalität zwischen Anzahl der im Muskel registrierten motorischen EMG‐Impulse (Periodenzahl) und dem vom Muskel erzeugten physikalischen Kraftimpuls nachweisen. Da sich bei erlebnismässig äquivalenten Muskelkontraktionen eine Äquivalenz sowohl der Anzahl der motorischen Impulse als der vom Muskel erzeugten Kraftimpuls nachweisen liess, wird angenommen, dass die Kontrolle der voluntären Muskelaktionen teilweise im Bereich einces sog., zentralin Faktors, d. h. durch Regulierung der Anzahl der motorischen Impulse im motorischen Nervensystem, der den vom Muskel währen einer Zeitperiode erzeugten physikalischen Kraftimpuls angiebt. Unter Berücksichtgung der Versuchsergebnisse wurde ein quantitativer Ausdruck hergeleitet, der diese voluntäre Kontrolle der Muskelaktion beschreibt und sowohl den zentraleu als den peripheren Faktor enthält.
A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol.
Authors: HAUGE JENS G. , NICOLAYSEN RAGNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Total cholesterol is determined in 50 μl of serum by extraction with chloroform. The acetyl chloride‐ZnCl2 colour reaction for cholesterol is carried out directly in this extract. The procedure includes an initial brief saponification step, and dehydration of the chloroform phase with anhydrous MgSO4. Serum values for duplicate determinations arc obtained with an accuracy of ± 2% for intermediate cholesterol concentrations.
Activation of the Contractile Mechanism in Striated Muscle
Authors: AXELSSON J. , THESLEFF S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

When a frog's striated muscle (m. sartorius) is immersed in Ringer solution containing 2.5–10 × 10–4 w/v of the free base caffeine tension develops and the muscle contracts. The contracture is graded according to dose and reverses rapidly upon removal of the drug. Higher concentrations of caffeine produce an irreversible contracture.
In a muscle immersed in isotonic K2SO4 or KCl solution caffeine produces exactly the same kind of muscle contracture as in a muscle kept in Ringer's fluid. Prolonged soaking (96 hours) of a muscle in isotonic K2SO4 solution does not reduce its responsiveness to caffeine.
Local application of caffeine from a micropipette to a muscle fibre produces a localized contracture when the tip of the pipette is at the outer surface of the cell membrane. When the tip is inserted into the fibre no contracture is observed indicating that the caffeine action is confined to the muscle membrane.
In concentrations helow 10‐3 w/v caffeine does not alter the resting meinhrane potential of iituscle fibres. Neither does the drug markedly reduce the transverse niuscle iiienibraiie resistance.
It is suggested that caffeine at the niuscle membrane starts a process which activates the contractile mechanism in the interior of the fibre. This process is believed to be the same as that activated by the propagated action potential. The nature of the process (or processes) linking the membrane to the contractile elements is unknown hut the present results makes it unlikely that it is an electric current or potential change.