bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peptabody‐EGF: A novel apoptosis inducer targeting ErbB1 receptor overexpressing cancer cells
Authors: Fattah Omar M. , Cloutier Sylvain M. , Kündig Christoph , Felber Loyse M. , Gygi Christian M. , Jichlinski Patrice , Leisinger Hans‐Jürg , Gauthier Eric R. , Mach Jean Pierre , Deperthes David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a central role in cell life by controlling processes such as growth or proliferation. This receptor is commonly overexpressed in a number of epithelial malignancies and its upregulation is often associated with an aggressive phenotype of the tumor. Thus, targeting of EGFR represents a very promising challenge in oncology, and antibodies raised against this receptor have been investigated as potential antitumor agents. Various putative mechanisms of action were proposed for such antibodies, including decreased proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of the immunological response against targeted cancer cells or combinations thereof. We report here the development of an alternative high affinity molecule that is directed against EGFR. Production of this pentameric protein, named peptabody‐EGF, includes expression in a bacterial expression system and subsequent refolding and multimerization of peptabody monomers. The protein complex contains 5 human EGF ligand domains, which confer specific binding towards the extracellular portion of EGFR. Receptor binding of the peptabody‐EGF had a strong antiproliferative effect on different cancer cell lines overexpressing EGFR. However, cells expressing constitutive levels of the target receptor were barely affected. Peptabody‐EGF treated cancer cells exhibited typical characteristics of apoptosis, which was found to be induced within 30 min after the addition of the peptabody‐EGF. In vitro experiments demonstrated a significantly higher binding activity for peptabody‐EGF than for the therapeutic monoclonal EGFR antibody Mab‐425. Furthermore, the antitumor action provoked by the peptabody‐EGF was greatly superior than antibody mediated effects when tested on EGFR overexpressing cancer cell lines. These findings suggest a potential application of this high affinity molecule as a novel tool for anti‐EGFR therapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telomeres: Prognostic markers for solid tumors
Authors: Bisoffi Marco , Heaphy Christopher M. , Griffith Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSolid tumors continue to affect millions of people worldwide. Increasingly sophisticated diagnostic tools contribute to the high incidence rates for some tumor types, and treatment options continue to expand. However, the progression of solid tumors represents a challenge for the appropriate treatment of individual patients because of the relative inaccuracy of current prognostic markers, including the widely used Tumor‐Nodes‐Metastasis (TNM) staging system, to predict the course of disease. As a result, both over‐ and undertreatment are clinical realities in the management of patients diagnosed with solid tumors. Therefore, population‐based screening programs that increase the overall cancer incidence rates are controversial, as they may do little to improve the patient's quality of life. Consequently, there is a strong need to develop novel and independent markers of prognosis. In this context, we review the use of telomeres as prognostic markers for solid tumors, including cancers from lung, breast, prostate, colon, brain and head and neck. Telomeric sequences, the repetitive DNA at the end of human chromosomes, are mediators of genomic stability and can undergo length alterations during tumor initiation and progression. In a number of studies reviewed here, these alterations, measured as telomere attrition and elongation, have been shown either to be associated with clinical markers of disease progression or to be independent markers of cancer prognosis. We conclude from these studies that careful assessment of telomere length or its proxies, such as telomere DNA content, will be part of novel risk assessment and prognostic modalities for patients with solid tumors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urea bonded cyclodextrin derivatives onto silica for chiral HPLC
Authors: Muderawan I. Wayan , Ong Teng‐Teng , Ng Siu‐Choon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeveral structurally well‐defined perfunctionalised cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (CD CSPs) for high performance liquid chromatography have been successfully prepared by immobilisation of perfunctionalised cyclodextrins on silica through urea linkage(s) using the Staudinger reaction. These CSPs show high chiral recognition efficiency and are utilised in the resolution of various types of racemic compounds. This paper reviews the development of sixteen perfunctionalised cyclodextrin‐based CSPs, their preparation, and their application to enantioseparation of seventy‐seven racemic compounds under a range of separation conditions.
Self‐Assembled Fibrillar Networks of Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) Based Organogelators
Authors: Praveen Vakayil K. , George Subi J. , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSelf‐assembly induced gelation of a few oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) (OPV) derivatives in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents is described. The gelation is the result of hydrogen bond assisted π‐interaction between OPV moieties which facilitate the formation of supramolecular polymeric assemblies, eventually leading to three dimensional fibrillar networks. The number of the aliphatic side chains and the nature of the end functional groups of the OPV backbone play crucial roles in the gelation of hydrocarbon solvents.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hydrophobically End‐Capped Poly(ethylene oxide)s [PEOs]
Authors: Badiger M. V. , Kadam V. S. , Lele A. K. , Wadgaonkar P. P. , Hourdet D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe report on the synthesis and characterization of a novel hydrophobically modified end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide)s. The end‐capping agent of this polymer was designed and synthesised from a renewable resource material namely, gallic acid (i.e. 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid), the byproduct of tannin industry. The hydroxyl groups at 3, 4 and 5 positions of gallic acid provide an opportunity for varying the hydrophobicity of the compound. The hydrophobic end‐capping compound, 3,4,5‐tridodecyloxy bezoylazide was prepared from gallic acid and PEGs with different chain lengths (of number average molecular weights, 10000 and 35000 g/mol) were end‐capped using 3,4,5‐tridodecyloxybenzoyl azide. The quantitative analysis of end‐capping in the polymers was demonstrated by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and the rheological studies were carried out in the surfactant solutions.
Polymeric Multiporous Materials from Fibrillar Networks
Authors: Dasgupta Debarshi , Nandi Arun K. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Summary: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) forms thermoreversible gels with liquid alkyl diesters as well as with camphor which is solid at room temperature. The diesters are replaced by another low boiling solvent cyclohexane by solvent exchange technique while camphor is dried just by exposing the material in vacuum to yield highly porous materials. Nano pores are generated as a result of solvent removal from polymer‐solvent intercalates whereas macropores are contributed by percolation of polymer fibrils. The porosity thus created covers a wide range from 3 nm to 400 µm producing multiporous materials. Pores greater than 6 nm are measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and pores of diameter less than 6 nm is observed by N2 adsorption porosimetry. The dried samples show two melting regions, low temperature hump for porous portion and high temperature peak for bulk portion. The porous materials have the ability to absorb water‐soluble herbicides from around 10‐ppm aqueous solution as indicated in UV spectrophotometric experiment.
Effects of substrate geometry on growth cone behavior and axon branching
Authors: Withers Ginger S. , James Conrad D. , Kingman Caroline E. , Craighead Harold G. , Banker Gary A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAt the leading edge of a growing axon, the growth cone determines the path the axon takes and also plays a role in the formation of branches, decisions that are regulated by a complex array of chemical signals. Here, we used microfabrication technology to determine whether differences in substrate geometry, independent of changes in substrate chemistry, can modulate growth cone motility and branching, by patterning a polylysine grid of narrow (2 or 5 μm wide) intersecting lines. The shape of the intersections varied from circular nodes 15 μm in diameter to simple crossed lines (nodeless intersections). Time‐lapse recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons showed that simple variations in substrate geometry changed growth cone shape, and altered the rate of growth and the probability of branching. When crossing onto a node intersection the growth cone paused, often for hours, and microtubules appeared to defasciculate. Once beyond the node, filopodia and lamellipodia persisted at that site, sometimes forming a collateral branch. At nodeless intersections, the growth cone passed through with minimal hesitation, often becoming divided into separate areas of motility that led to the growth of separate branches. When several lines intersected at a common point, growth cones sometimes split into several subdivisions, resulting in the emergence of as many as five branches. Such experiments revealed an intrinsic preference for branches to form at angles less than 90°. These data show that simple changes in the geometry of a chemically homogeneous substrate are detected by the growth cone and can regulate axonal growth and the formation of branches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 66: 1183–1194, 2006
Understanding the opposition
Authors: Baldwin Thomas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCurrent debates about sex selection start from a paradox: on the one hand, the ‘liberal’ argument in favour of sex selection is often thought to be sound; but on the other hand there is widespread public opposition to sex selection. So it is worth spending some time examining the arguments against sex selection. Four different types of argument are identified: (i) religious arguments; (ii) consequentialist arguments, mainly concerning disturbance to the sex ratio; (iii) arguments to the effect that sex selection involves a failure to respect the autonomy of a child; (iv) arguments to the effect that the motivation for sex selection brings with it an instrumental attitude to children not compatible with a child's need for unconditional acceptance and love.In the end the conclusion is reached that none of these arguments provide decisive arguments against the liberal thesis that sex selection ought to be permitted, especially where 'family balancing' is envisaged. In the light of this conclusion the issue of fetal sexing followed by selective feticide as a method of sex selection is discussed. It is argued that sex selection is not in general a good reason for abortion, but that this practice may become unstoppable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐invasive diagnosis of fetal sex; utilisation of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma and ultrasound
Authors: Avent Neil D. , Chitty Lyn S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNon‐invasive prenatal diagnosis is now a clinical reality, using both early ultrasound and molecular DNA methods. Technical advances in the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), coupled with the finding that significant levels of fetal DNA (ffDNA) are found in maternal plasma and serum, has enabled the ready detection of paternally inherited genes or polymorphisms. Routine maternal plasma‐based genotyping is now available for the determination of fetal sex andRHDblood group status (Van der Schootet al., 2003). This review touches briefly on the ultrasound diagnoses and then focuses on the application of free ffDNA for fetal sex determination, indicating the Y‐chromosome targets exploited in this strategy and the merits of their utilisation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene Soils and Soil-Geomorphic Relations in an Arid Region of Southern New Mexico
Authors: Gile Leland H. 
Published: July 2006

A study area in an arid region of southern New Mexico is in basin-and-range topography and includes both a river valley and a closed basin. Holocene soils occur in valley fills and low terraces between Pleistocene fans, in and near drainageways on the fan-piedmont, on ridges, and in dunes. Holocene soils suggest the character of initial development in soils that are much older and more complex, and record the beginnings of various soil horizons. Noncalcareous brown or reddish brown B horizons have formed in low-carbonate parent materials of stable sites. Incipient development of the argillic horizon and the Haplargids occurs at stable sites in very gravelly materials that are about 1–2000 yr old. The cambic horizon and Camborthids occur in adjacent low-gravel materials of the same age. The argillic horizon occurs continuously in soils of earliest Holocene, particularly in very gravelly materials. Where soils have been truncated, as in areas affected by landscape dissection, argillic and cambic horizons are usually absent and the soils are Torripsamments, Torriorthents, or Torrifluvents depending on content of sand, gravel, and organic carbon. In high-carbonate parent materials, noncalcareous, reddish brown B horizons have not formed at any time in the Holocene. Most of these soils are Torriorthents or Torrifluvents although an incipient calcic horizon has formed in some of the oldest Holocene soils; the latter are Calciorthids. Horizons of carbonate accumulation are the best and most common pedogenic indicators of soil age. Stage I carbonate horizons are a major feature of pedogenesis in the Holocene. Because of additions of carbonate from the atmosphere, carbonate horizons are morphologically similar whether they have formed in high or low-carbonate alluvium. The carbonate accumulations are illuvial.Some Holocene deposits apparently resulted from changes in climate. Others, such as the youthful deposits of coppice dunes, apparently were caused by man's introduction of cattle and subsequent overgrazing and seed dispersal.
Peopling of the Americas
Authors: Rouse Irving 
Published: July 2006

Study of the prehistory of an Americas has proceeded through successive cycles, in which archaeologists have assumed or postulated hypotheses of migration and development, have searched for evidence with which to test these hypotheses, and have abandoned them when the evidence proved to be contradictory. We are completing the current cycle and must seek new hypotheses that better fit our present evidence.The available data are reviewed to show the inaccuracy of the current hypotheses and to develop new ones. It is suggested that the first Indians arrived during a Lower Lithic age, marked by the manufacture of irregular flakes, trimmed only on their edges. This age may have started as early as 30,000 BP.South of the Laurentide ice sheet, the Lower Lithic age began to give way about 14,000 BP to a Middle Lithic Age. This was marked by a variety of types of bifacially chipped projectile points which seem to have developed locally: Folsomoid points in Anglo-America, Joboid points in the Circum-Caribbean region, and Magelloid points in western and southern South America.North of the ice sheet, the place of the Middle Lithic age was taken by an Upper Lithic age, marked by microblades of Asiatic origin. These appear to have reached the Bering Strait region about 14,000 BP. The dichotomy between the Middle and Upper Lithic ages lasted until the retreat of the ice ca. 8000 BP.
Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Aqaba (Elat), Red Sea
Authors: Reiss Z. , Luz B. , Almogi-Labin A. , Halicz E. , Winter A. , Wolf M. , Ross D. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe quantitative distribution of planktonic foraminifera, pteropods, and coccolithophorids, as well as oxygen-isotope variations were analyzed in four deep-sea cores from the Gulf of Aqaba (Elat) and the northernmost Red Sea. The core record covers about 150,000 yr. Detailed stratigraphic subdivision is facilitated by combining all calcareous plankton groups. Time-stratigraphic correlation and dating beyond the radiocarbon range are possible by comparison of the oxygen-isotope curves. During the glacial maximum salinity rose to more than 50‰, while winter temperature of the upper waters fell by at least 4°C compared to the present. The rise in salinity can be accounted for by sea-strait dynamics and lowering of sea level. The Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea were continuously connected through the Straits of Tiran, and there is no indication of desiccation during the glacial maximum.
Surface Circulation of the Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum, Approximately 18,000 yr B.P.
Authors: Prell Warren L. , Hutson William H. , Williams Douglas F. , Bé Allan W.H. , Geitzenauer Kurt , Molfino Barbara 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA seasonal reconstruction of the Indian Ocean during the last glacial maximum (∼18,000 yr B.P.) reveals that its surface circulation and sea surface temperature patterns were significantly different from the modern Indian Ocean. This reconstruction is based on the planktonic foraminiferal biogeography and estimated sea surface temperatures in 42 Indian Ocean samples. Compared to modern conditions, the polar front was 5° to 10° latitude further north during the last glacial maximum; the Subtropical Convergence was 2° to 5° latitude further north. The West Australian Current was more intense as part of the West Wind Drift was deflected northward along the coast of Australia. The Agulhas Current was cooler and weaker during the summer and more saline and subtropical during the winter. In general, the low latitudes underwent little temperature change. The western Arabian Sea was warmer which implies less upwelling and a weaker Southwest Monsoon. On the average, the Indian Ocean was 1.9°C cooler in February and 1.7°C cooler in August during the last glacial maximum.
Recent Increased Aridity in Peninsular Florida
Authors: Coleman James M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrecipitation and river-flow data from peninsular Florida show a trend toward increased aridity beginning about 1960. The trend follows by 10–20 yr the onset of Northern Hemispheric cooling and indicates a possible present-day link between this cooling and the recent decrease in precipitation in peninsular Florida. This phenomenon tends to support the hypothesis of a return to cooler and drier conditions, perhaps, similar to those prevailing during the Little Ice Age.
Paleoenvironmental Implications of a Late Glacial Insect Assemblage from Northwestern New York
Authors: Schwert Donald P. , Morgan Alan V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Winter Gulf site near North Collins, New York is a 0.8-m sequence of organic detritus dated at approximately 12,700 yr B.P. A 260-kg sample produced over 500 identified individuals representing five orders of insects. Three insect zones were recognized, the lowest representing an open mire with sparse numbers of carices and other sedges; aquatic beetles were rare, and no trees were in the vicinity of the sample site. The middle zone indicated an extensive marsh or moist meadow environment with spruce nearby. The upper zone represented a mixed riparian and spruce forest insect assemblage.The results of the Winter Gulf insect analyses support published hypotheses that the site was probably a protected embayment of early lake Warren. Although the flora at the site has been previously interpreted as representing parkland tundra, temperature analyses of the fauna indicate that the thermal conditions were much warmer than parkland tundra regions of North America today. These results have important significance for the region immediately south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during this period of the Late Wisconsinan.
Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary Estuarine Deposits and Amino Acid Stereochemistry of Oyster Shells Beneath San Francisco Bay, California
Authors: Atwater Brian F. , Ross Bruce E. , Wehmiller John F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe sequence of Quaternary deposits beneath the floor of San Francisco Bay includes four to seven noncontemporaneous estuarine units intercalated with alluvium and dune sand. Units L (0–10,000 B.P.), M (>40,000 B.P., probably ca. 80,000–140,000 B.P.), and N (older than unit M) are distinctly superposed. The dominant molluscan fossil in each of these three units is Ostrea lurida Carpenter, the native oyster along much of the pacific Coast of North America. Despite a lamellar structure that suggests vulnerability to contamination, O. lurida shells generally yield amino acid enantiomeric ratios that are analytically reproducible and stratigraphically consistent. The kinetics of racemization in O. lurida conceivably resembles that of Protothaca and Saxidomus, other bivalves whose kinetics of racemization are relatively well understood. Assuming such a resemblance, enantiomeric ratios in O. lurida imply that (1) unit M is the same approximate age as estuarine terrace deposits bordering San Pablo Bay and Carquinez Strait, providing that the terrace deposits have been at diagenetic temperatures 1°-2°C warmer than unit M; and (2) the age of unit N is about four times greater than that of unit M, providing that both units have been at the same approximate diagenetic temperature.
Assessing the Global Meltwater Spike
Authors: Jones Glenn A. , Ruddiman William F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractL. V. Worthington (1968, Meteorological Monographs 8, 63–67) hypothesized that a low-salinity lid covered the entire world ocean. By deconvolving isotopic curves from the western equatorial Pacific and equatorial Atlantic, W. H. Berger, R. F. Johnson, and J. S. Killingley (1977), Nature (London) 269, 661–663) and W. H. Berger (1978, Deep-Sea Research 25, 473–480) reconstructed “meltwater spikes” similar to those actually observed in the Gulf of Mexico and thus apparently confirmed the Worthington hypothesis. It is shown that this conclusion is unwarranted. The primary flaw in the reconstructed meltwater spikes is that the mixing intensity used in the deconvolution operation is overestimated. As a result, structure recorded in the mixed isotopic record becomes exaggerated in the attempt to restore the original unmixed record. This structure can be attributed to variable ice-volume decay during deglaciation, effects of differential solution on planktonic foraminifera, temporal changes in abundance of the foraminifera carrying the isotopic signal, and analytical error. An alternative geographic view to the global low-salinity lid is offered: a map showing portions of the ocean potentially affected by increased deglacial meltwater at middle and high latitudes and by increased precipitation-induced runoff at low and middle latitudes.