bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1.2‐eV GaAsN/InGaAs strain‐compensated superlattice structures for high efficiency solar cells
Authors: Wu Pei‐Hsuan , Su Yan‐Kuin , Chen I‐Liang , Chiou Chih‐Hung , Hsu Jung‐Tsung , Chen Wen‐Ray 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the suitability of MOCVD‐grown of GaAsN/InGaAs strain compensated superlattice cells for the application in solar cells. Limitations of lattice‐mismatch could be overcome because the compressive strain in the InGaAs layers matched the tensile strain in the GaAsN layers. GaAsN/InGaAs strained layer superlattice cells, lattice matched to GaAs, are proposed as a means of extending the long wavelength absorption of the bottom cell in a cascade solar cell structure. A strain‐compensated superlattice solar cell with 0.2 μm GaAsN/InGaAs incorporated in the intrinsic‐region of p‐i‐n GaAs cells was fabricated. The higher In incorporation extended the absorption of the long wavelength. This was accomplished by using a strain‐compensated structure. The spectrum of internal quantum efficiency could be extended to 1.2‐eV and a high short‐circuit current density of about 20.87 mA/cm2 was obtained by increasing the In. It should be noted that the efficiency of the GaAsN/InGaAs superlattice cell was 4.3%, which is comparable to that of the InGaNAs cell. The GaAsN/InGaAs strain‐compensated superlattice structures showed many of the characteristics required to make it a candidate for the next generation of multi‐junction solar cells, which means this design can be used as the third junction in a future generation of ultrahigh‐efficiency three‐ and four‐junction devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaAs/c‐GaN/GaAs multi‐layered structure fabricated by using RF‐plasma source nitridation technique
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Mori M. , Otsubo H. , Maruyama T. , Naritsuka S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUltra thin nitrided layers on GaAs surfaces and GaAs/c‐GaN/GaAs multi‐layer, where c‐GaN thin layer plays a role as both insulating mask and intermediate layer of growth, were fabricated by using RF‐MBE. An effect of dislocation reduction with regard to the nitridation condition of c‐GaN intermediate layer was studied using cross sectional TEM observation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New developments in the theory of molecular K‐shell photoionization
Authors: Cherepkov N. A. , Semenov S. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new version of the relaxed core Hartree–Fock approximation with a fractional charge of the molecular ion state is applied for calculations of molecular photoionization processes. The set of continuous spectrum wave functions obtained by that method is used when taking many‐electron correlations into account in the framework of the random‐phase approximation. The vibrational motion is also included into consideration. In that way, the most reliable results for the vibrationally resolved partial photoionization cross sections and the angular asymmetry parameter β for the K‐shells of CO and N2 molecules have been obtained. A good agreement with the state‐of‐the‐art experimental data is demonstrated. From our calculations it follows that the nondipole effects for the K‐shells of N2 and CO molecules are small near the ionization thresholds, in agreement with the latest experimental data. Two predictions have been made based on these calculations. One of them is the appearance of the correlational maximum in the photoionization cross section of the 1σu shell of N2 molecule near the σ* shape resonance, which is now fully confirmed by the experiment. The second prediction concerns the behavior of the nondipole parameters for the 1σg and 1σu shells of N2. According to our calculation, they oscillate in antiphase with rather large amplitudes around the unresolved values, so that after summation of the contributions of the two K‐shells, the oscillations practically disappear. This prediction does not yet have an experimental confirmation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Direct determination of phosphorylated intracellular anabolites of stavudine (d4T) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pruvost Alain , Becher François , Bardouille Patrick , Guerrero Catherine , Creminon Christophe , Delfraissy Jean‐François , Goujard Cécile , Grassi Jacques , Benech Henri 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2001; 15: 1401–1408.
Largest 4‐connected components of 3‐connected planar triangulations
Authors: Bender Edward A. , Richmond L. Bruce , Wormald Nicholas C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLet Tn be a 3‐connected n‐vertex planar triangulation chosen uniformly at random. Then the number of vertices in the largest 4‐connected component of Tn is asymptotic to n/2 with probability tending to 1 as n → ∞. It follows that almost all 3‐connected triangulations with n vertices have a cycle of length at least n/2 + o(n).
Optimal sampling strategies for quicksort
Authors: McGeoch C. C. , Tygar J. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA well‐known improvement on the basic Quicksort algorithm is to sample from the subarray at each recursive stage and to use the sample median as the partition element. General sampling strategies, which allow sample size to vary as a function of subarray size, are analyzed here in terms of the total cost of comparisons required for sorting plus those required for median selection. Both this generalization and this cost measure are new to the analysis of Quicksort. A square‐root strategy, which takes a sample of size Φ(√n) for a subarray of size n, is shown to be optimal over a large class of strategies. The square‐root strategy has O(n1,5) worst‐case cost. The exact optimal strategy for a standard implementation of Quicksort is found computationally for n below 3000. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the impossibility of amplifying the independence of random variables
Authors: Cai Jin‐Yi , Chari Suresh 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper we prove improved lower and upper bounds on the size of sample spaces which which are required to be independent on specified neighborhoods. Our new constructions yield sample spaces whose size is smaller than previous constructions due to Schulman. Our lower bounds generalize the known lower bounds of Alon et al. and Chor et al. In obtaining these bounds we examine the possibilities and limitations of amplifying limited independence by fixed functions. We show that in general independence cannot be amplified from k‐wise independence to (k + 1)‐wise independence. Finally, we enumerate all possible logical consequences of pairwise independence random bits, i.e., events whose probabilities are a consequence of pairwise independence.
Hope as a factor in remission of illness
Authors: Udelman Harold D. , Udelman Donna Lou 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral studies have strongly implicated the emotion of hope as a significant factor in the onset and/or course of illness. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness of unknown etiology, and the impact of hopelessness and helplessness spreads inexorably to family members. In conjunction with rheumatologists, we have begun a 12‐month study of rheumatoid patients who are receiving their first course of remission‐inducing therapy. If psychological and physiological responses can be shown to correlate, predictive profiles might be designed to identify ‘at risk’ populations. Therapeutic efforts might then be undertaken to increase hope.
Saliva: The misunderstood and underrated fluid
Authors: Morse Donald R. , Furst M. Lawrence , Schacterle George R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis review begins with a brief consideration of the many roles of saliva. Then a summary is given of the eight studies by our laboratory on the physiological and psychological relationships of stress, relaxation and saliva. This is followed by a consideration of the effects of stress and relaxation on dental caries. Finally, a summary is provided of the two studies by our laboratory on the relationship of stress and relaxation to oral digestion of complex carbohydrates.
Perceived control and the cold pressor test
Authors: Kilminster Shaun G. , Jones Dylan M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe cold pressor test was used as a stressor in 30 subjects who were randomly assigned to either a perceived control group or a group without perceived control over the stressor. Physiological response (frontalis EMG and heart rate) was measured during exposure to the stressor. The psychological aftereffects of stress were monitored with the Stroop test, which was administered following exposure to the stressor. Perceived control resulted in higher frontalis EMG during the cold pressor test. There was no significant effect of perceived control upon heart rate. Performance on three parts of the Stroop test (word, colour and colour‐word cards) was superior in the group having perceived control. Perceived control had no significant effect upon any Stroop interference scores. The pattern of results suggests that perceived control increases the amount of effort expended on a task. This increased effort results in superior performance of the Stroop test when subjects have perceived control over a stressor.
Statement of editorial policy
Authors: Schendel Dan , Ansoff Igor , Channon Derek 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSystematic strategic management is a recent and still developing concern of both practitioners and students of management. It is necessary, therefore, to define in this first issue of the Strategic Management Journal (SMJ) both the limits and the contents of the subject which will be welcomed to its pages.Since we hope to attract our readers and contributors from both practice and academia, it is appropriate to describe strategic management from their respective viewpoints.
Can top managers be strategists?
Authors: Hunsicker J. Quincy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGiven the multiple calls on top excutive time and the increasingly complex and disparate makeup of most large diversified companies today, top management involvement in the strategic planning process in too often limited to little more than the basic allocation of corporate resources among previously selected options. This situation, the author suggests, is for from ideal; it is time to reassess top management's role in and generally orchestrating the diverse human elements of the planning process so as to steer it on a course between advocacy and consensus toward the best possible strategy for the corporation as a whole.
Corporate strategy and the concept of market failure
Authors: Dundas K. N. M. , Richardson P. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMarket failure concepts together with a corporate strategy taxonomy have important implications for the direction of growth of firms and their possible success. This paper discusses the relationship between these concepts and shows how specific types of market failure give rise to specific classes of firms. Arguments are presented why specific types of firms will be more or less successful than others. Empirical research by Rumelt is then cited which supports the themes developed in the paper.
The Strategy and structure of top 100 Japanese industrial enterprises 1950–1970
Authors: Suzuki Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the strategic and structural development of the 100 largest Japanese manufacturing enterprises between 1950 and 1970. Unlike other studies of Japanese business the author focuses not only on some of the key differences between Western and Japanese firms such as the emergence of widely diversified industrial groups, but also on similarities. Using the model developed originally by Channon the author traces the development of diversification in Japan and the emergence of the multidivisional forms of organization which as in the West prove to be the major strategic and structural forms in Japan by 1970.
Entrepreneurship, strategy, and organization: Individual and organization in the behaviour of the firm
Authors: Minkes A. L. , Foxall G. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to set out a number of ideas on business policy and corporate strategy which underlie a larger research project. It arises in part from a University Seminar in Industrial Economics which for many years provided a forum for academics and businessmen to discuss the growth and organization of particular firms: in part from the upsurge of interest in teaching business policy: and in part from a growing preoccupation, especially among business historians, with the decision‐making processes within firms. These have wide implications for the understanding of the nature of entrepreneurship and strategy in the modern business corporation.
Autonomy strategies of government owned business corporations in Canada
Authors: Sexty Robert W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractState‐owned enterprises, referred to as “government owned business corporations” in this paper, are a common phenomenon in Canada, are increasing in number, and are contributing substantially to the economy. The environment for these corporations is examined to establish the principal components and to identify two dominating trends in public policy, privatization and commercialization.The paper suggests that these trends, plus management's desire for flexibility, are resulting in the formulation of autonomy strategies designed to increase management's decision making capability relating to operating and strategic management with less government interference.A final section integrates the environment and autonomy strategies discussions to develop a typology for classifying the behaviour of government owned business corporations. The paper concludes that managers of government owned business corporations in Canada are formulating and implementing autonomy strategies because of environmental factors, public policies, and management's desire for independence.
Strategic intelligence activity: The management of the sales force as a source of strategic information
Authors: Thietart R. A. , Vivas R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnvironmental information is very important to strategic management. Human sources are among the most commonly used sources of information and among them, boundary people, such as salesman, hold a privileged position. One dimension which measures the quality of a strategic response is its speed of implementation. Recognizing this, to ensure a good (fast) strategic response, fast communication of information is imperative.This article focuses on factors which influence the speed of communication of environmental information. It is based on an exploratory research which has been carried out on a sample of salesmen of an industrial company. Management policies regarding the use of the sales force as an efficient source of strategic information are proposed in conclusion.
Research notes and communications. Toward the development of a planning scale: An example from the banking industry
Authors: Wood D. Robley , Laforge R. Lawrence 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study dealt with the degree of formal planning undertaken by the commercial banking industry during 1969, 1972, 1975, and 1978. The study found that the Guttman scaling method can be used to develop a corporate planning scale. An outline of the steps in the construction of a Guttman planning scale is presented. Future research into the relationship between formal planning efforts and organizational performance might incorporate this approach.
Long range planning in the mature corporation
Authors: Higgins Richard B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe decade of the seventies has seen a dramatic surge in the acceptance and adoption of long range planning systems by U.S. firms. This paper examines the planning experiences of 86 Fortune 1000 companies, many of them with formal planning systems ten years of age or more. Data collected in this study suggests that planning systems move through different phases in a development cycle. The ability to cope with planning problems, the satisfaction of planning participants, and the extent to which companies formulate explicit policies to recognize managerial contributions to long range planning activities are associated with the age of a company's formal planning system and its phase of planning system development. Mature system companies do a better job in coping with planning problems, are more satisfied with their planning systems, and are more likely to recognize managerial contributions to long range planning.
Strategic planning for regulated companies
Authors: Mahon John F. , Murray Edwin A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe need for strategic planning by firms to achieve an alignment with their environment is widely recognized. Various studies have analysed the structures and strategic processes utilized by firms in their attempts to establish domains and attain goals. Yet the problems faced by firms in regulated environments by and large have been ignored.This paper examines the critical differences found in regulated environments that affect strategic planning. Propositions which can serve as the basis of future empirical research are offered and a theoretical framework in which to view the regulated industry situation is developed.
Research notes and communications. Some connections between corporate‐level planning and diversity
Authors: Leontiades Milton , Tezel Ahmet 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo accepted concepts of management literature are (a) increasing diversification as companies progress through ‘stages of growth’, and (b) the responsibility of the corporate level for diversification‐type planning. The thrust of this research note is to provide an empirical test of these independently developed concepts; that is, a test that focuses on the relationship between corporate‐level planning and diversity.
Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum
Authors: Miller Danny , Friesen Peter H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo very different models of product innovation are postulated and tested. The conservative model assumes that innovation is performed reluctantly, mainly in response to serious challenges. It therefore predicts that innovation will correlate positively with environmental, information processing, structural and decision making variables that represent, or help to recognize and cope with these challenges. In contrast, the entrepreneurial model supposes that innovation is always aggressively pursued and will be very high unless decision makers are warned to slow down. Thus negative correlations are predicted between innovation and the variables that can provide such warning. Correlational and curvilinear regression analyses revealed that each model was supported by conservative and entrepreneurial sub‐samples, respectively, in a diverse sample of 52 Canadian firms.
Dimensions of the public affairs/government relations function in major American corporations
Authors: Baysinger Barry D. , Woodman Richard W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe public affairs/government relations (PA/GR) function appears to be growing in importance in large corporations. A survey of the 500 largest U.S. industrial concerns was undertaken to ascertain their views and practices with regard to the PA/GR function. 130 of the 163 firms responding to the survey have a formalized PA/GR function in place. Survey data supports the idea that top corporate decision makers are allocating significant staff and decision making authority to the PA/GR function and that this activity differs significantly from the traditional lobbying and public affairs activities of the past.
The modelling of business profitability: A new approach
Authors: Burgess Arthur R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVarious methods are in use for the ‘top down’ assessment and comparison of the future profitabilities of businesses. The most advanced is the PAR equation of the PIMS programme, which combines quantitative evaluations of the average effect of various business characteristics on profitability. However it is not a true model in the OR sense being essentially a linear regression equation. The proposed new approach is a first attempt to combine the characteristics in a way which models the bargaining of customers with suppliers who are in competition for the supply of a bulk product. All the constants in the resulting non‐linear equation (called 5C) are meaningful in marketing or production terms. The model is in a preliminary non‐optimized state, but seems to offer opportunities for ongoing development. It is in this spirit that it is offered for discussion.
Strategy, management design and firm performance
Authors: Horovitz J. H. , Thietart R. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne of the requirements for a strategy to be successful is the use of the proper management system to implement it.The purpose of this paper is to report on an empirical investigation dealing with this issue. Specifically the research attempts to answer the following general questions:Do successful firms use a different type of match between their strategy and their management system than unsuccessful ones (description)?If so, for a given strategy, what are the best ‘organizational arrangements’ (management system) which are likely to lead to a firm's success? Do firms using the prescribed fit or match between strategy and management system get better overall results (prediction)?Management system or design is here defined as the processes of organizing, planning and controlling, staffing and directing in a company.
Strategic management in not‐for‐profit organizations
Authors: Hatten Mary Louise 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWith many executives spending at least part of their management careers in not‐for‐profit organizations, the application of viable principles from corporate experience to the not‐for‐profit situation is important if these managers are to transfer their talents between organizational forms effectively. Strategy identification, evaluation, and reformulation for the not‐for‐profit organization are discussed in this paper, as an adaptation of the principles developed for corporate strategic management.
Why sacrifice rigour for relevance? A proposal for combining laboratory and field research in strategic management
Authors: Schwenk Charles R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo of the most common objections to laboratory research in strategic management are presented and critically evaluated. Commonly accepted normative models of the research process in strategic management are based on the assumption that field research is appropriate in an emerging field and that laboratory research is only appropriate after sufficient field research has been done. The alternative normative model for research in strategic management presented in this paper involves the simultaneous use of laboratory and field methodologies.
A concept of entrepreneurial strategy
Authors: Murray John A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEntrepreneurial strategy is characterized as strategy involving widespread and more‐or‐less simultaneous change in the pattern of decisions taken by an organization. The concept is distinguished from others which use ‘entrepreneurial’ to characterize a long‐term pattern of strategic behaviour. Entrepreneurial strategy will be enacted with some greater or lesser frequency by all firms, whether their long‐term behaviour is conservative or innovative. It is hypothesized that such strategy will be observed occurring in cycles at the single business‐unit level in response to both environmental and organizational stimuli and that it will reflect choice from a limited repertoire of basic strategic moves.