bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in high‐school students' competence beliefs, utility value and achievement goals in mathematics
Authors: Chouinard Roch. , Roy Normand. 
Published: April 2007

BackgroundMany studies have revealed that there is a significant decrease over time in high‐school students' attitudes towards mathematics learning. Some authors conclude that motivation in mathematics stabilizes or improves around grade 9; others propose that the decline is continuous. It is unclear if girls or boys are more affected by this phenomenon.AimsThe present study aims to further examine changes in competence beliefs, utility value and achievement goals in mathematics during high school, taking gender and period of the academic year into account.Sample1,130 participants from 18 secondary schools, distributed in two cohorts (grades 7 and 9).MethodAttitudinal scales designed to measure competence beliefs, utility value and achievement goals in mathematics were administered at the beginning and end of three academic years in a longitudinal cohort‐sequential research design using two sequential cohorts. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to analyse the data.ResultsResults showed an ongoing reduction of most of the variables measured. This was the case for both cohorts and genders. However, boys were more affected than girls. Furthermore, for all variables, motivation tended to be lower at the end of the academic year than at the beginning.ConclusionsOur results support the hypothesis of a regular decline of motivation in mathematics during high school, accentuated between grades 9 and 11. Moreover, our results illustrate gender convergence in mathematics rather than gender differentiation. Finally, the gradual drop in motivation in mathematics appears to be a two‐step phenomenon: a decrease between and within grade levels.
An empirical definition of clinical supervision
Authors: Milne Derek 
Published: April 2007

Objectives The growing recognition of clinical supervision as the basis for high‐quality mental health services is apparent in policy, research and clinical practice, but an empirical definition is required to progress research and practice.Method A logical analysis was used to draft a working definition, and then a systematic review of 24 empirical studies of clinical supervision produced a best evidence synthesis, which was used to test and improve this definition.Results The logical analysis indicated that the most popular definition (Bernard & Goodyear, 1992) failed all four necessary tests of a good definition: precision, specification, operationalization and corroboration. The systematic review synthesis was then used to test the working definition, which passed these tests (with two amendments).Conclusion These two complementary review approaches created a firmer basis for advancing research and practice.
Szénforráskezelés hatása a talaj mikrobiális aktivitására és biomasszájára felhagyott homoki szántókon
Authors: Szili-Kovács Tibor , Török Katalin 
Published: April 2007

Felhagyott homoki szántók természetes regenerációjának felgyorsítása érdekében különböző szénforrásokat alkalmaztunk a talaj-nitrogén mikrobiális immobilizációjának elősegítésére. Azt vizsgáltuk, hogy a kezelések hatással vannak-e a talajok mikrobiális aktivitására és biomasszájára. A mikrobiális biomassza becslés megbízhatóságát három eltérő módszerrel hasonlítottuk össze. A Kiskunsági Nemzeti Park fülöpházi homokbuckása mellett három kísérleti területen - egymáshoz közel, de eltérő térszínen (buckatető, buckaköz és mélyedésben fekvő rét) - a nitrogén immobilizációjának elősegítésére gyorsan (szacharóz) és lassan lebomló (tölgyfa fűrészpor) szénforrásokat alkalmaztunk 100 m²-es parcellákon. A mikrobiális biomassza nagyságát kloroform fumigációs extrakciós (CFE), kloroform fumigációs inkubációval (CFI) és szubsztrát indukált respirációs (SIR) módszerrel becsültük. A szénforráskezelések hatására a nitrogén hozzáférhetősége, különösen a nitráté erősen lecsökkent a talajanalízisek és az in situ N-mineralizációs vizsgálatok eredményei alapján. A talaj nitrát-N koncentrációja mind a három területen a kezelt parcellákban szignifikánsan kisebbnek mutatkozott a tavaszi szénforrás-kezeléseket követően. A vegetációs időszak alatt a talaj-N felvehetősége lecsökkent a kezelt parcellákban mind a három területen, az in situ ioncserélő teszt alapján. Ez alól csak a nyár elejei másfél hónapos időszak kivétel, feltehetőleg azért, mert akkor alig volt csapadék. 2003 tavaszán (április 17.), csaknem fél évvel a megelőző szénforrás-kezelést követően, az alaprespiráció a buckaközi és rét területen, a SIR mind-három területen, a CFI a buckaközi területen, a CFE a rét területen szignifikánsan nagyobb volt a kezelt parcellák talajában. A másfél hónappal későbbi (május 29-i) mintavétel elemzésekor, miközben egyszer volt fűrészpor- és kétszer cukorkezelés, az alaprespiráció és a SIR mindhárom területen, a CFI és a CFE a buckaközi és a rét területen szignifikánsan nagyobb volt a kezelt parcellákban. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a szénforráskezelések rövidtávon megnövelik a talaj mikrobiális biomasszáját, és ez a hatás, kisebb mértékben ugyan, de hosszabb időszakon keresztül fennmaradhat. A mikrobiális biomassza növekedése indirekt módon a N-immobilizációt is jelzi. Az alaprespiráció, a SIR, a CFI és CFE között szignifikáns korreláció volt mindkét vizsgált időpontban. A szénforráskezeléssel serkentett N-immobilizáció miatt megváltozott feltételek a természetvédelmi restauráció során segíthetik a jelentős N-igényű fajok visszaszorulását.
Unburying the Dead in the “Mother City”: Urban Topographies of Erasure
Authors: Grunebaum Heidi 
Published: April 2007

Those who have died have never never left The dead have a pact with the living—Birago Diop, “Breaths”CAPE TOWN, A GLOBAL CITY IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN POSTCOLONY. The emancipatory or transformative moments signaled by the prefix post are often incomplete, unfinished, haunted. This essay is about the human bones on which the foundations of Cape Town are built. It is a story about the human cost of the city's development, which led to the resurfacings of disavowed histories of violence. It is a recounting of a slowly unfolding reckoning with the haunting claims of the dead as they return, in their time and on their terms.
The Fate of a Stereotype: Little Paris
Authors: Spiridon Monica 
Published: April 2007

“The French Connection”A CHRONIC IDENTITY CRISIS AND AN OBESSIVE INTEREST IN STRONG LEGITIMATING MODELS ARE PERHAPS THE MOST CHARACTERISTC maladies of the modern Romanian cultural consciousness. Like many other peripheral nations, Romania has always been in search of strategies for being accepted as a full-fledged member of the “western European club.” Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the interminable debates concerning national identity focused repeatedly on the cultural heritage of the Roman Empire and the Romance origins of the Romanian language. Membership of the national idiom in the club of Romance languages was viewed as an irrefutable proof of a western European connection and allegiance.
Evidence and Effectiveness in Decisionmaking for Quarantine
Authors: Bensimon Cécile M. , Upshur Ross E.G. 
Published: April 2007

When public health decisionmakers turned to quarantine during the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, difficult questions were raised about the legitimacy and acceptability of restrictive measures to attain public health goals. SARS also brought to light how scientific uncertainty can permeate public health decisionmaking, leading us to think about the relationship between the adequacy of evidence of the effectiveness of an intervention and its role in the justification of public health action. In this article, we critically examine the role of evidence and effectiveness in decision-making for quarantine. It is our contention that the effectiveness of a public health intervention should not be defined exclusively in (absolute and objective) scientific terms but rather conceptualized relationally and normatively in public health decisionmaking.
Optimal Shift Duration and Sequence: Recommended Approach for Short-Term Emergency Response Activations for Public Health and Emergency Management
Authors: Burgess Paula A. 
Published: April 2007

Since September 11, 2001, and the consequent restructuring of the US preparedness and response activities, public health workers are increasingly called on to activate a temporary round-the-clock staffing schedule. These workers may have to make key decisions that could significantly impact the health and safety of the public. The unique physiological demands of rotational shift work and night shift work have the potential to negatively impact decisionmaking ability. A responsible, evidence-based approach to scheduling applies the principles of circadian physiology, as well as unique individual physiologies and preferences. Optimal scheduling would use a clockwise (morning-afternoon-night) rotational schedule: limiting night shifts to blocks of 3, limiting shift duration to 8 hours, and allowing 3 days of recuperation after night shifts.
A Review of Model Public Health Laws
Authors: Hartsfield DeKeely , Moulton Anthony D. , McKie Karen L. 
Published: April 2007

Model public health laws (public health laws or private policies publicly recommended by at least 1 organization for adoption by government bodies or by specified private entities) are promoted as exemplary. We assessed the information sponsors of model public health laws provide on the methods used in developing their models and on their models’ adoption and effectiveness. Through a systematic search, we identified 107 model public health laws published from 1907 to 2004. As of our assessment in 2005, only 18 (44%) of the sponsors presented any information on the procedures and evidence used in developing their model public health laws; information on adoption was provided for only 7 (6.5%) model laws. No sponsors provided information on model effectiveness. We recommend sponsors improve their disclosure of information about the methods and evidence used in developing model public health laws and about their adoption and effectiveness.
Disaster Planning and Risk Communication With Vulnerable Communities: Lessons From Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Eisenman David P. , Cordasco Kristina M. , Asch Steve , Golden Joya F. , Glik Deborah 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We studied the experience of Hurricane Katrina evacuees to better understand factors influencing evacuation decisions in impoverished, mainly minority communities that were most severely affected by the disaster.Methods. We performed qualitative interviews with 58 randomly selected evacuees living in Houston’s major evacuation centers from September 9 to 12, 2005. Transcripts were content analyzed using grounded theory methodology.Results. Participants were mainly African American, had low incomes, and were from New Orleans. Participants’ strong ties to extended family, friends, and community groups influenced other factors affecting evacuation, including transportation, access to shelter, and perception of evacuation messages. These social connections cut both ways, which facilitated and hindered evacuation decisions.Conclusions. Effective disaster plans must account for the specific obstacles encountered by vulnerable and minority communities. Removing the more apparent obstacles of shelter and transportation will likely be insufficient for improving disaster plans for impoverished, minority communities. The important influence of extended families and social networks demand better community-based communication and preparation strategies.
Trauma and Stress Response Among Hurricane Katrina Evacuees
Authors: Mills Mary Alice , Edmondson Donald , Park Crystal L. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. Hurricane Katrina’s impact on public health has been significant and multifaceted, with trauma-related psychological sequelae likely to result in a sizable burden of disease. Data were collected that assessed acute stress disorder (ASD) prevalence and factors related to ASD symptomatology among sheltered evacuees.Methods. On days 12 to 19 after Katrina, evacuees at a major emergency shelter completed surveys that assessed demographics, Katrina-specific experiences, and ASD symptomatology.Results. Sixty-two percent of the sample met ASD threshold criterion. Projections based on the predictive power of ASD to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that 38% to 49% of the sample will meet PTSD criteria 2 years post-disaster. Female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 4.08), positive psychiatric history (OR=5.84), injury (OR=2.75), increased life-threat perception (OR=1.37), and decreased sense of personal control (OR=1.56) were significantly related to ASD. Black race was associated with greater symptom severity (B=7.85, SE[B]=3.50).Conclusions. Katrina-related trauma and its psychological sequelae will remain a significant public health issue for years to come. The identification of several vulnerability factors related to ASD and PTSD provides a brief sketch of those at greatest risk.
The Role of the Public Health Official in Communicating Public Health Information
Authors: Regidor Enrique , de la Fuente Luis , Gutiérrez-Fisac Juan L. , de Mateo Salvador , Pascual Cruz , Sánchez-Payá José , Ronda Elena 
Published: April 2007

The prevailing views on the role of public health professionals refer to professionals in the academic world, without taking into account the fact that many public health professionals are government employees. For example, the American Public Health Association states that public health professionals play an active role in communicating public health information to nonscientific audiences, such as the general population or the mass media. We propose that public health officials have an important responsibility to promote the practice of public health. However, they must do so within the bureaucracy. Any actions that public health officials wish to take as advocates of particular public health activities should be carried out independent of their role as government officials.
Tsunami Mortality Estimates and Vulnerability Mapping in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Doocy Shannon , Gorokhovich Yuri , Burnham Gilbert , Balk Deborah , Robinson Courtland 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We aimed to quantify tsunami mortality and compare approaches to mortality assessment in the emergency context in Aceh, Indonesia, where the impact of the 2004 tsunami was greatest. Methods. Mortality was estimated using geographic information systems–based vulnerability models and demographic methods from surveys of tsunami-displaced populations. Results. Tsunami mortality in Aceh as estimated by demographic models was 131066 and was similar to official figures of 128063; however, it was a conservative estimate of actual mortality and is substantially less than official estimates of 168561 presumed dead, which included those classified as missing. Tsunami impact was greatest in the district of Aceh Jaya, where an estimated 27.0% (n=23862) of the population perished; Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh were also severely affected, with mortality at 21.0% (n = 61 650) and 11.5% (n = 25 903), respectively. Mortality was estimated at 23.7% for the population at risk and 5.6% overall. Conclusions. Mortality estimates were derived using methodologies that can be applied in future disasters when predisaster demographic data are not available. Models could be useful in the early stages of disaster response by facilitating geographic targeting and management of humanitarian assistance.
Benefits and Barriers to Electronic Laboratory Results Reporting for Notifiable Diseases: The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Experience
Authors: Nguyen Trang Quyen , Thorpe Lorna , Makki Hadi A. , Mostashari Farzad 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. Despite national support for electronic laboratory reporting (ELR), the transition from paper to electronic reporting has been slow both nationally and locally. We assessed the ELR experience of New York City’s surveillance programs to identify barriers to ELR implementation and generalizable lessons about automated electronic notifiable disease surveillance. Methods. We conducted interviews with key staff of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to evaluate ELR implementation. A review of paper and ELR disease reports enabled a comparison of the reporting systems. Results. The completeness and timeliness of ELR were similar to, and sometimes better than, paper reporting for certain diseases. Incorporating electronic data into surveillance databases created new problems with data quality, shifted work demands, and required additional skills for data monitoring. ELR improved the handling of high-volume and time-sensitive diseases but did not completely automate reporting for diseases that required complicated assessments by staff. Conclusions. Although ELR streamlines data processing, electronic reporting has its own limitations. A more successful use of ELR can be achieved by understanding its strengths and limitations for different disease types.
The Effect of the 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago on All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality
Authors: Kaiser Reinhard , Le Tertre Alain , Schwartz Joel , Gotway Carol A. , Daley W. Randolph , Rubin Carol H. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We sought to reexamine the effects of the 1995 Chicago heat wave on all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including mortality displacement, using advanced time-series analysis methods. Methods. We used Poisson regression with penalized regression splines to model excess mortality and mortality displacement over a 50-day period centered on the day in which the heat wave temperature peaked, adjusting for meteorological and other variables. We controlled for temporal trends by using daily mortality data during 1993–1997. We estimated relative risks (RRs) with reference to the first day of the 50-day period. Results. We estimated that there were 692 excess deaths from June 21, 1995, to August 10, 1995; 26% of these deaths were owing to mortality displacement. RR for all-cause mortality on the day with peak mortality was 1.74 (95% confidence interval=1.67, 1.81). Risk of heat-related death was significantly higher among Blacks, and mortality displacement was substantially lower. Conclusions. The 1995 Chicago heat wave substantially effected all-cause and cause-specific mortality, but mortality displacement was limited. Mortality risks and displacement affected Blacks disproportionally. Appropriately targeted interventions may have a tangible effect on life expectancy.
African Americans’ Decisions Not to Evacuate New Orleans Before Hurricane Katrina: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Elder Keith , Xirasagar Sudha , Miller Nancy , Bowen Shelly Ann , Glover Saundra , Piper Crystal 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We examined the psychosocial and personal factors that influenced African Americans’ decision not to evacuate New Orleans, La, before Hurricane Katrina’s landfall.Methods. We conducted 6 focus groups with 53 African Americans from New Orleans who were evacuated to Columbia, SC, within 2 months of Hurricane Katrina.Results. The major themes identified related to participants’ decision to not evacuate were as follows: (1) perceived susceptability, including optimism about the outcome because of riding out past hurricanes at home and religious faith; (2) perceived severity of the hurricane because of inconsistent evacuation orders; (3) barriers because of financial constraints and neighborhood crime; and (4) perceived racism and inequities.Conclusions. Federal, state, and local government disaster preparedness plans should specify criteria for timely evacuation orders, needed resources, and their allocation (including a decentralized distribution system for cash or vouchers for gas and incidentals during evacuation) and culturally sensitive logistic planning for the evacuation of minority, low-income, and underserved communities. Perceptions of racism and inequities warrant further investigation.
The Courts, Public Health, and Legal Preparedness
Authors: Stier Daniel D. , Nicks Diane , Cowan Gregory J. 
Published: April 2007

The judicial branch’s key roles, as guardian of civil liberties and protector of the rule of law, can be acutely relevant during public health emergencies when courts may need to issue orders authorizing actions to protect public health or restraining public health actions that are determined to unduly interfere with civil rights. Legal preparedness for public health emergencies, therefore, necessitates an understanding of the court system and how courts are involved in public health issues. In this article we briefly describe the court system and then focus on what public health practitioners need to know about the judicial system in a public health emergency, including the courts’ roles and the consequent need to keep courts open during emergencies.
Use of Electronic Health Records in Disaster Response: The Experience of Department of Veterans Affairs After Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Brown Steven H. , Fischetti Linda F. , Graham Gail , Bates Jack , Lancaster Anne E. , McDaniel David , Gillon Joseph , Darbe Melody , Kolodner Robert M. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We describe electronic health data use by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the month after Katrina, including supporting technologies, the extent and nature of information accessed, and lessons learned. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study using cross-sectional panels of data collected sequentially over time. Results. By September 30, 2005, clinical data were accessed electronically for at least 38% (14941 of 39910) of patients cared for prior to Hurricane Katrina by New Orleans–area VA medical facilities. Approximately 1000 patients per day had data accessed during the month following Hurricane Katrina, a rate approximately two thirds of pre-Katrina values. Health care data were transmitted to more than 200 sites in 48 states and to at least 2300 users. Conclusions. The VA electronic health records supported continuity of care for evacuated veterans after Katrina. Our findings suggest that pharmacy and laboratory computerization alone will not be sufficient for future disaster support systems.
Sorption and Fractionation of Dissolved Organic Matter and Associated Phosphorus in Agricultural Soil
Authors: Gjettermann B. , Styczen M. , Hansen S. , Borggaard O. K. , Hansen H. C. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly affects the export of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from soils to surface waters. To study the sorption and mobility of dissolved organic C and P (DOC, DOP) in soil, the pH‐dependent sorption of DOM to samples from Ap, EB, and Bt horizons from a Danish agricultural Humic Hapludult was investigated and a kinetic model applicable in field‐scale models tested. Sorption experiments of 1 to 72 h duration were conducted at two pH levels (pH 5.0 and 7.0) and six initial DOC concentrations (0–4.7 mmol L−1). Most sorption/desorption occurred during the first few hours. Dissolved organic carbon and DOP sorption decreased strongly with increased pH and desorption dominated at pH 7, especially for DOC. Due to fractionation during DOM sorption/desorption at DOC concentrations up to 2 mmol L−1, the solution fraction of DOM was enriched in P indicating preferred leaching of DOP. The kinetics of sorption was expressed as a function of how far the solution DOC or DOP concentrations deviate from “equilibrium.” The model was able to simulate the kinetics of DOC and DOP sorption/desorption at all concentrations investigated and at both pH levels making it useful for incorporation in field‐scale models for quantifying DOC and DOP dynamics.