bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Response to Institutional Influences on Information Systems Outsourcing
Authors: Ang Soon , Cummings Larry L. 
Published: October 2008

This paper underscores the importance of examining strategic response to institutional influences in light of hypercompetition. Focusing on the banking industry, which is hypercompetitive and highly institutionalized, affords a unique opportunity to understand how individual corporations in such an industry respond strategically to institutional pressures. We examine critical contingencies arising from hypercompetition that moderate institutional influences on information systems outsourcing in commercial banks. Using data from 226 banks and hierarchical moderated regression analyses, we show that the propensity of banks to conform to or resist institutional pressures depends on the nature of institutional pressures, perceived gain in production economies, financial capacity to resist institutional influences, and transaction cost considerations.
Control and Performance in International Joint Ventures
Authors: Mjoen Hans , Tallman Stephen 
Published: October 2008

The authors examine the meaning of control in international joint ventures (IJVs) and the relationships of potential means of control in such organizations to the performance satisfaction of the foreign partner. They propose a conceptual model that provides both a traditional ownership-focused internalization perspective on those issues and an integrated approach combining a broader transaction cost interpretation of control with a resource input-based bargaining power model. A set of simultaneous structural equations with endogenous explanatory variables provides multiple possible paths from various resource and power inputs through different means of control to perceived performance satisfaction. In such a model, intermediate variables act both as dependent and independent variables; thus the complex theoretical interactions of the variables are modeled more comprehensively and realistically than in single-equation models. To test the model and compare the theoretical relationships, the authors used data from a survey of managers in Norwegian multinational firms having at least one IJV. For structural equation modeling with latent variables, they used the LISREL VII program that simultaneously fits the measured variables to the latent variables and provides a maximum likelihood solution for the structural equation system. The results clearly reject the traditional internalization approach to IJV governance that relies strictly on ownership share to delineate degree of control. However, relative resource input has a strong relationship to relative bargaining of the parent companies, which then drives equity share, control over specific activities, and perceptions of overall control of the IJV. That result supports a bargaining-power-based model of IJV control. The relatedness of the strategic resources of the parent and the joint venture also drives specific control, implying that although transaction risk is important to governance, governance is provided by specific control rather than ownership level. Perceptions of performance are strongly and positively related to overall control. Those results suggest that specialized control provides both protection and exploitation of key resource inputs and is gained through increased bargaining power. Higher levels of specific control result in a perception of overall control and thereby satisfaction with perceived levels of IJV performance among foreign parent company managers. Interestingly, traditional exogenous determinants of IJV control and performance such as government mandates, cultural similarity, and international experience levels fail to provide significant effects. Rather, the focus is on endogenous aspects of the parent-IJV relationship, suggesting that the key to parent firm satisfaction with an IJV is control over operations that use key strategic inputs from the parent.
The Link Between Ethical Judgment and Action in Organizations: A Moral Approbation Approach
Authors: Jones Thomas M. , Ryan Lori Verstegen 
Published: October 2008

Existing models of ethical decision making cannot yet explain the disparity between what organization members decide is “right” to do in a given situation and what they actually do. The current paper advances these models with the development of a new idea called moral approbation, defined as moral approval from oneself or others. By arguing that people rely on the opinions of their referent groups when deciding how to behave, the paper also explains how organizational or environmental factors can affect individuals' ethical behavior. This theory proposes that individuals consider four factors when determining their own or someone else's level of moral responsibility in a given situation: the severity of the act's consequences, the certainty that the act is moral or immoral, the actor's degree of complicity in the act, and the extent of pressure the actor feels to behave unethically. A moral agent in an organizational predicament uses these four factors to determine the level of moral responsibility that his or her referent group will attribute to him or her. Based on that perceived level of responsibility, he or she will plan a certain course of action and estimate how much moral approbation can be expected from that referent group based on that behavior. The agent then compares this anticipated level of moral approbation to the minimum that he or she can tolerate. If the anticipated moral approbation meets that threshold, the agent is likely to establish a formal intention of behaving according to the projected plan, and is more likely to act in accordance with that plan. On the other hand, if the comparison shows that the threshold will not be met, the actor is likely to rethink his or her course of action and continue to go through the moral approbation process until a plan is developed that will lead to the necessary level of approbation. The moral approbation model begins to fill the theoretical gap between moral judgment and moral action in organizations, with some explicit observations about the effect of organizational influences. These issues are of both scholarly interest and practical concern.
Organization Studies and the New Pragmatism: Positivism, Anti-positivism, and the Search for Ethics
Authors: Wicks Andrew C. , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: October 2008

The central claim of this paper is that organization studies needs to be fundamentally reshaped. Such change is needed to provide room for ethics and to increase the relevance of research. We argue that the new pragmatism provides critical resources for this change. Pragmatism is a particularly helpful tool to use in that it highlights the moral dimensions of organizing (is this useful for our purposes?) while at the same time avoiding entrenched epistemological distinctions that marginalize ethics and make research less useful.The paper begins by discussing the relative absence of ethics within the mainstream of organization studies, indicates why this relative absence is problematic, and proceeds to show how pragmatism offers a preferable approach. Epistemology—specifically the debate between positivists and anti-positivists—becomes a central issue because the framework of positivism is overtly hostile to ethics (and other nonquantitative approaches to studying organizations), rendering it a marginal subject. While anti-positivism holds promise for overcoming this hostility towards ethics, it retains some of the destructive elements of positivism that create new and equally troubling difficulties. The paper claims, in contrast to the proposals of others (e.g., Zald's 1993 position) that the preferred alternative is not to split the difference, but to move beyond the positivism vs. antipositivism debate and work from an alternative framework. Pragmatism allows researchers to put this debate to the side and, in the process, develop research that is focused on serving human purposes—i.e., both morally rich and useful to organizations and the communities in which they operate.
Knowledge Worker Communications and Recipient Availability: Toward a Task Closure Explanation of Media Choice
Authors: Straub Detmar , Karahanna Elena 
Published: October 2008

Recent innovations in organizational forms, such as delayered management, empowered workers, telework, and ad hoc work groups, have created a need to ensure that communication between dispersed knowledge workers can be supported. The movement toward a less cohesive workplace suggests a need to deploy computer-based media, but it is not clear which media should be deployed and under what circumstances. Addressing such significant issues must begin with insights into why knowledge workers choose particular media for particular tasks in the first place. Prior research theorizing about media choice has focused on: (1) task, (2) medium, (3) the fit between task and medium, and (4) social environment. It has not sufficiently considered the role of the availability of the intended recipient or the interaction between recipient availability and task social presence variables which could have a significant impact on media choice. To examine the effects of these two factors, the authors conducted an initial exploratory study and a subsequent controlled factor study. In the initial study, an analysis of 1,669 hypothetical scenarios from 100 knowledge workers at a worldwide transportation company indicated that social presence (SP) theory proves to be a good predictor of media choice, as does the recipient availability construct. The analysis also suggested that the interaction between recipient availability and task social presence might be a good predictor. With a partial replication, randomized treatment design, including 1,883 scenarios from 257 workers, the controlled factor study at a large financial institution generally confirmed the study hypotheses. The authors examine rival explanations simultaneously along the dimensions of task, medium, fit between task and medium, and social environment. They propose and test a new model of media choice and suggest directions for future testing of a new “task closure” model of media choice. They conclude by offering guidelines for managers deploying electronic communications in the workplace.
The Scope of Alliances
Authors: Khanna Tarun 
Published: October 2008

We develop the notion that the choice of alliance scope materially affects the character of benefits that alliance participants receive, and thereby affects a range of issues having to do with the initiation, evolution, and termination of the alliance. Indeed, while under-emphasized by academics, determining alliance scope ranks among the most important tasks undertaken by practitioners of alliances. Restricting ourselves to alliances where mutual learning is the primary raison d'être, we first define private benefits as those that accrue to subsets of participants in an alliance, and common benefits as those that accrue collectively to all participants. We demonstrate how the choice of alliance scope affects the mix of private and common benefits, and draw on earlier work to show how this, in turn, affects alliance partners' incentives to invest in learning. As illustrations of the utility of the framework of private and common benefits, we consider two applications. A simple model illustrates the relationship between the choice of alliance scope, the realization of private and common benefits, and the stability, or lack thereof, of the alliance. A second application sheds light on alliance evolution. It examines factors affecting both (a) how a particular alliance evolves, and (b) how firms manage sequences of alliances. Two broader theoretical points also emerge from this discussion of alliance scope. First, we argue that an analytical focus solely on the individual alliance may be inappropriate for studying a wide range of issues. Of the multiple sources of benefits that accrue to alliance participants, there are some whose realization depends on activities in which the firm is engaged, but that may have little to do with the alliance in question. Second, in contrast to much of the literature on alliances, our analysis is based upon the primitives of benefit streams, rather than on transaction cost reasoning. This complementary perspective is better suited to the task of highlighting how activities not governed by an alliance might nonetheless affect multiple aspects of the alliance.
Stable Phase-Plane and Car-Following Behavior as Applied to a Macroscopic Phenomenon
Authors: Ceder Avishai 
Published: October 2008

An attempt is made to furnish plausible explanations for some observed traffic-flow phenomena, based on known behavior of a pair of cars in a car-following situation, A fundamental psychophysical approach is applied deterministically in assessing actual driver performance. Observation of driver behavior in the traffic stream indicates that there are trajectories which loop clockwise in the phase (spacing/relative speed) plane. Based on these observations, and on a car-following equation appropriate for a two-regime (free-flow and congested-flow) phenomenon, an approximate limit cycle in the phase plane (switch-type behavior) is derived. The enveloping curves to these limit cycles may represent actual relatively close spacing conditions. It is realized that the intersection point of an approximate enveloping curve and a threshold curve for detecting relative speed at a given spacing has an important property, and may be associated with the critical spacing which represents transition between the congested-flow and free-flow regimes.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Machemehl Randy , Adler Thomas J. , Rosenbloom Sandra 
Published: October 2008

Metropolitan Transportation Planning, John W. Dickey, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983, xiii + 607 pp—reviewed by Randy Machemehl. Recent Advances in Travel Demand Analysis, edited by Susan Carpenter and Peter Jones, Gower Publishing, Brookfield, Vt., 1983, xii + 474 pp—reviewed by Thomas J. Adler. Special Transport Services for Elderly and Disabled People, J. M. Bailey and A. D. Layzell, Oxford Studies in Transport, Gower Publishing, Brookfield, Vt., 1983, $44, 352 pp—reviewed by Sandra Rosenbloom.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Daskin Mark S. , Chan Yupo 
Published: October 2008

Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods, Yosef Sheffi, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1985, 399 pp + xvi—reviewed by Mark S. Daskin. The U.S. Commuter Airline Industry, James F. Molloy, Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass., 1985, 224 pp—reviewed by Yupo Chan.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Miller Eric J. , Patterson Philip D. , Kostyniuk Lidia P. , Viton Philip A. , Anas Alex 
Published: October 2008

Qualitative Choice Analysis: Theory, Econometrics, and an Application to Automobile Demand, by Kenneth Train, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1986, 252 pp—reviewed by Eric J. Miller. Regulating the Automobile, by Robert W. Crandall, Howard K. Gruenspecht, Theodore E. Keeler and Lester B. Lave, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1986, 202 pp—reviewed by Philip D. Patterson. New Survey Methods in Transport, by E. S. Ampt, A. J. Richardson and W. Brog (eds.), VNU Science Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1985, 367 pp—reviewed by Lidia P. Kostyniuk. The Economic Effects of Airline Deregulation, by Steven Morrison and Clifford Winston, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1986, 84 pp. + xi—reviewed by Philip A. Viton. Advances in Urban Systems Modeling, by Bruce Hutchinson and Michael Batty (eds.), Elsevier, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986, 432 pp. + xi—reviewed by Alex Anas.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Chang Gang-Len , Harker Patrick T. , Janson Bruce N. , Dendrinos Dimitrios S. 
Published: October 2008

The Geography of Urban Transportation, edited by Susan Hanson, Guilford Publications Inc., New York, 1986, 424 pp—reviewed by Gang-Len Chang. Multicriteria Optimization in Engineering and in the Sciences, edited by Wolfram Stadler, Plenum Publishing, New York, N.Y., 1988—reviewed by Patrick T. Harker. Evaluation Methodologies for Transport Investment, Michael S. Roe, Avebury Books (Gower Publishing Company, Ltd.), Aldershot, England, 1987—reviewed by Bruce N. Janson. Urban Systems: Contemporary Approaches to Modelling, edited by C. S. Bertuglia, G. Leonardi, S. Occelli, G. A. Rabino, R. Tadei, and A. G. Wilson, Croom Helm, 1987, 677 pp—reviewed by Dimitrios S. Dendrinos.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Galvão Roberto Diéguez , Govind Shekhar 
Published: October 2008

Discrete Location Theory, Pitu B. Mirchandani and Richard L. Francis (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990—reviewed by Roberto Diéguez Galvão. Urban Port and Harbor Management, Marc J. Hershman (ed.), Taylor and Francis, New York, 1988—reviewed by Shekhar Govind.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Hurdle Vanolin F. , Assad Arjang A. , Goldschmidt Olivier 
Published: October 2008

Theory of Highway Traffic Signals, Gordon F. Newell, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1989, 442 pp—reviewed by Vanolin F. Hurdle. Operational Research '90, edited by Hugh E. Bradley, Pergamon Press, New York, 1991—reviewed by Arjang A. Assad. Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines, Emile Aarts and Jan Korst, Wiley-Interscience Series in Discrete Mathematics and Optimization, New York, 1988—reviewed by Olivier Goldschmidt.
The Capacitated Carrier Transportation Problem: An Application of the Axial Three-Dimensional Transportation Problem with Heuristic
Authors: Current John , Imai Akio , Pirkul Hasan 
Published: October 2008

The classic transportation problem assumes that either (1) there is a single carrier who can transport all of the required shipments at the given, per unit O-D costs or (2), there are multiple carriers and each O-D pair can be served by its least cost carrier. These assumptions, however, are unrealistic for logistics problems in which the transportation needs exceed the short-term capacity of any one available carrier. In such cases, it cannot be assumed that every potential O-D pair can be served by its least costly carrier. For example, firms in the paper product and tire industries conduct promotional activities (e.g., specials or truck-load sales). Such activities result in extremely large, short-term peaks in their transportation requirements which cannot be met by their private fleets and/or contracted common carriers within the necessary time constraints. We refer to this problem as the capacitated carrier transportation problem (CCTP). In this paper we formulate the CCTP as an integer version of the axial three-dimensional transportation problem and present a heuristic based upon Lagrangian relaxation for solving it. Test problem results indicate that the heuristic identifies near optimal solutions in reasonable time.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Jaillet Patrick , Bernstein David , Leonard John D. , Taylor Dean 
Published: October 2008

Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, by Ravindra K. Ahuja, Thomas L. Magnanti, and James B. Orlin, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993, xv + 846 pp.—reviewed by Patrick Jaillet. Network Economics: A Variational Inequality Approach by Anna Nagurney, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 1993, xxi + 326 pp.—reviewed by David Bernstein. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory edited by C. F. Daganzo, Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1993, 596 pp.—reviewed by John D. Leonard II. The Bicycle and City Traffic, edited by Hugh McClintock, Bellhaven Press, London, 1992—reviewed by Dean Taylor.
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Hauer Ezra , Kaysi Isam A. 
Published: October 2008

Target Risk by G. J. S. Wilde, PDE Publications, Toronto, 1994—reviewed by Ezra Hauer Beyond Traffic Safety by J. P. Rothe, Transaction Publications, New Brunswick, MA and London, 1994—reviewed by Ezra Hauer Urbon Travel Demand Modeling: From Individual Choices to General Equilibrium by Norbert Oppenheim, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1995, xx + 480 pp., ISBN 0-471-55723-4—reviewed by Isam A. Kaysi
Bibliographic Section
Authors: Allsop Richard , Harrison Robert 
Published: October 2008

Transportation and Traffic Theory—Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory, Lyon, July 1996. Edited by Jean-Baptiste Lesort. Oxford: Pergamon 1996, xv + 758 pp—reviewed by Richard Allsop. Roads in a Market Economy, by Gabriel Roth, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Avebury Technical, Aldershot, England, 1996, 272 pp—reviewed by Robert Harrison.
Presence of Donor-Derived DNA and Cells in the Urine of Sex-Mismatched Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Implication for the Transrenal Hypothesis
Authors: Hung Emily C W , Shing Tristan K F , Chim Stephen S C , Yeung Philip C , Chan Rebecca W Y , Chik Ki W , Lee Vincent , Tsui Nancy B Y , Li Chi-Kong , Wong Cesar S C , Chiu Rossa W K , Lo Y M Dennis 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground: The term “transrenal DNA” was coined in 2000 to signify that DNA in urine may come from the passage of plasma DNA through the kidney barrier. Although DNA in the urine has the potential to provide a completely noninvasive source of nucleic acids for molecular diagnosis, its existence remains controversial.Methods: We obtained blood and urine samples from 22 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and used fluorescence in situ hybridization, PCR for short tandem repeats, mass spectrometry, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence detection to study donor-derived DNA in the urine.Results: All HSCT recipients exhibited high amounts of donor-derived DNA in buffy coat and plasma samples. Male donor–derived DNA was detected in supernatants of urine samples from all 5 female sex-mismatched HSCT recipients. Surprisingly, the amount of DNA in urine supernatants was not correlated with the plasma value. Moreover, cell-free urine supernatants contained DNA fragments &gt;350 bp that were absent in plasma. Donor-derived polymorphs were detected in urine by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Coincidentally, donor-derived cytokeratin-producing epithelial cells were discovered in urine samples from 3 of 10 sex-mismatched HSCT recipients as long as 14.2 years after transplantation.Conclusions: This report is the first to demonstrate the presence of donor-derived DNA in the urine of HSCT recipients; however, we show that much of this DNA originates from donor-derived cells, rather than from the transrenal passage of cell-free plasma DNA. Our discovery of donor-derived cytokeratin-producing epithelial cells raises interesting biological and therapeutic implications, e.g., the capacity of marrow stem cells to serve as an extrarenal source for renal tubule regeneration.