bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Cutting Temperature in Near Dry Machining
Authors: Li Kuan-Ming , Liang Steven Y. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNear dry machining refers to the condition of applying cutting fluid at relatively low flow rates, on the order of 2-100ml∕h, as opposed to the conventional way of using either a large quantity, typically of about 10l∕min, as in wet machining; or no fluid at all, as in dry machining. One important expectation of applying fluids is to control the cutting temperature, which is an important parameter for tool life and part dimensional accuracy in machining processes. In this context, the understanding of cutting temperature variation corresponding to the near dry cooling and lubrication is of interest. This paper models the temperature distributions in the cutting zone under through-the-tool near dry cooling condition. The heat source method is implemented to estimate the cutting temperatures on the tool-chip interface and the tool-workpiece interface. For the temperature rise in the chip, the effects of the primary heat source and the secondary heat source were modeled as moving heat sources. For the temperature rise in the tool, the effects of the secondary heat source, the heat loss due to cooling, and the rubbing heat source due to the tool flank wear, were modeled as stationary heat sources. For the temperature rise in the workpiece, the primary heat source, the heat loss due to cooling, and the rubbing heat source due to the tool flank wear were modeled as moving heat sources. The model describes the dual effects of air-oil mixture in near dry machining in terms of the reduction of cutting temperature through the cooling effect, as well as the reduction of heat generation through the lubricating effect. To pursue model calibration and validation, embedded thermocouple temperature measurement in cutting medium carbon steels with uncoated carbide insets were carried out. The model predictions and experimental measurements show reasonable agreement and results suggest that the combination of the cooling and the lubricating effects in near dry machining reduces the cutting temperatures on the tool-chip interface by about 8% with respect to dry machining. Moreover, the cutting speed remains a dominant factor in cutting temperature compared with the feed and the depth of cut in near dry machining processes.
Incremental Analysis Updates Initialization Technique Applied to 10-km MM5 and MM5 3DVAR
Authors: Lee Mi-Seon , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Barker Dale M. , Lim Eunha 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An incremental analysis updates (IAU) technique is implemented for 3-h updates of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) and model system with a 10-km resolution to remove spurious gravity waves. By gradually incorporating analysis increments, IAU affects only the removal of high frequencies, leaving the waves related to diurnal processes. IAU appears to be efficient in reducing the moisture spinup problem in the MM5 3DVAR cycling system. The advantage of the IAU is the most significant in improving precipitation forecasts. Rapid update cycle (RUC) with 1- and 2-h intervals in conjunction with the IAU indicates a rapid minimization and less spinup and -down problems because of greater balancing between the moisture and dynamic variables. Impact studies are performed on a heavy rainfall case that occurred in the Korean Peninsula. Verification results with a 3-h cycling system are presented on operational environments.
Surface In Situ Observations within the Outflow of Forward-Flank Downdrafts of Supercell Thunderstorms
Authors: Shabbott Christopher J. , Markowski Paul M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the long-standing conceptual model of a supercell thunderstorm, the forward-flank downdraft (FFD) and its associated negative buoyancy originate from precipitation loading and the latent chilling of air due to the melting and evaporation of precipitation. The horizontal buoyancy gradient within the outflow of the FFD has been identified as an important source of low-level, streamwise vorticity in three-dimensional numerical simulations of supercells. These simulations have demonstrated that the formation of low-level mesocyclones is critically dependent on the baroclinic generation of horizontal vorticity within the FFD outflow.Despite the implied dynamical importance of the FFD outflow in the evolution of supercell thunderstorms, only a very limited number of thermodynamic observations have been obtained within FFD outflow. The range of thermodynamic conditions within FFD outflow is not well known, nor is it known whether any systematic relationship exists between the thermodynamic characteristics of FFD outflow and the intensity of low-level mesocyclones and/or tornadogenesis. In this paper, in situ observations obtained at the ground by a mobile mesonet within FFD outflow are used to investigate whether any relationship exists between the thermodynamic characteristics of the outflow and low-level mesocyclogenesis and/or tornadogenesis. The data were obtained within both tornadic and nontornadic supercells (12 cases total) during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) from 1994 to 1995, and in smaller field campaigns during the 1997–99 period.
Virtue, Character and Situation
Authors: Webber Jonathan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhilosophers have recently argued that traditional discussions of virtue and character presuppose an account of behaviour that experimental psychology has shown to be false. Behaviour does not issue from global traits such as prudence, temperance, courage or fairness, they claim, but from local traits such as sailing-in-rough-weather-with-friends-courage and office-party-temperance. The data employed provides evidence for this view only if we understand it in the light of a behaviourist construal of traits in terms of stimulus and response, rather than in the light of the more traditional construal in terms of inner events such as inclinations. More recent experiments have shown this traditional conception to have greater explanatory and predictive power than its behaviourist rival. So we should retain the traditional conception, and hence reject the proposed alteration to our understanding of behaviour. This discussion has further implications for future philosophical investigations of character and virtue.
Correction of scaling mismatches in oligonucleotide microarray data
Authors: Barenco Martino , Stark Jaroslav , Brewer Daniel , Tomescu Daniela , Callard Robin , Hubank Michael 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Gene expression microarray data is notoriously subject to high signal variability. Moreover, unavoidable variation in the concentration of transcripts applied to microarrays may result in poor scaling of the summarized data which can hamper analytical interpretations. This is especially relevant in a systems biology context, where systematic biases in the signals of particular genes can have severe effects on subsequent analyses. Conventionally it would be necessary to replace the mismatched arrays, but individual time points cannot be rerun and inserted because of experimental variability. It would therefore be necessary to repeat the whole time series experiment, which is both impractical and expensive.

Results
We explain how scaling mismatches occur in data summarized by the popular MAS5 (GCOS; Affymetrix) algorithm, and propose a simple recursive algorithm to correct them. Its principle is to identify a set of constant genes and to use this set to rescale the microarray signals. We study the properties of the algorithm using artificially generated data and apply it to experimental data. We show that the set of constant genes it generates can be used to rescale data from other experiments, provided that the underlying system is similar to the original. We also demonstrate, using a simple example, that the method can successfully correct existing imbalancesin the data.

Conclusion
The set of constant genes obtained for a given experiment can be applied to other experiments, provided the systems studied are sufficiently similar. This type of rescaling is especially relevant in systems biology applications using microarray data.
Derivation of species-specific hybridization-like knowledge out of cross-species hybridization results
Authors: Bar-Or Carmiya , Bar-Eyal Meira , Gal Tali Z , Kapulnik Yoram , Czosnek Henryk , Koltai Hinanit 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
One of the approaches for conducting genomics research in organisms without extant microarray platforms is to profile their expression patterns by using Cross-Species Hybridization (CSH). Several different studies using spotted microarray and CSH produced contradicting conclusions in the ability of CSH to reflect biological processes described by species-specific hybridization (SSH).

Results
We used a tomato-spotted cDNA microarray to examine the ability of CSH to reflect SSH data. Potato RNA was hybridized to spotted cDNA tomato and potato microarrays to generate CSH and SSH data, respectively. Difficulties arose in obtaining transcriptomic data from CSH that reflected those obtained from SSH. Nevertheless, once the data was filtered for those corresponding to matching probe sets, by restricting proper cutoffs of probe homology, the CSH transcriptome data showed improved reflection of those of the SSH.

Conclusions
This study evaluated the relative performance of CSH compared to SSH, and proposes methods to ensure that CSH closely reflects the biological process analyzed by SSH.
Radiosensitizers in cervical cancer. Cisplatin and beyond
Authors: Candelaria Myrna , Garcia-Arias Alicia , Cetina Lucely , Dueñas-Gonzalez Alfonso 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Cervical cancer continues to be a significant health burden worldwide. Globally, the majority of cancers are locally advanced at diagnosis; hence, radiation remains the most frequently used therapeutical modality. Currently, the value of adding cisplatin or cisplatin-based chemotherapy to radiation for treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer is strongly supported by randomized studies and meta-analyses. Nevertheless, despite these significant achievements, therapeutic results are far from optimal; thus, novel therapies need to be assayed. A strategy currently being investigated is the use of newer radiosensitizers alone or in combination with platinum compounds. In the present work, we present preclinical information on known and newer cytotoxic agents as radiosensitizers on cervical cancer models, as well as the clinical information emanating from early phase trials that incorporate them to the cervical cancer management. In addition, we present the perspectives on the combined approach of radiation therapy and molecular target-based drugs with proven radiosensitizing capacity.
Influence of metabolic network structure and function on enzyme evolution
Authors: Vitkup Dennis , Kharchenko Peter , Wagner Andreas 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background
Most studies of molecular evolution are focused on individual genes and proteins. However, understanding the design principles and evolutionary properties of molecular networks requires a system-wide perspective. In the present work we connect molecular evolution on the gene level with system properties of a cellular metabolic network. In contrast to protein interaction networks, where several previous studies investigated the molecular evolution of proteins, metabolic networks have a relatively well-defined global function. The ability to consider fluxes in a metabolic network allows us to relate the functional role of each enzyme in a network to its rate of evolution.

Results
Our results, based on the yeast metabolic network, demonstrate that important evolutionary processes, such as the fixation of single nucleotide mutations, gene duplications, and gene deletions, are influenced by the structure and function of the network. Specifically, central and highly connected enzymes evolve more slowly than less connected enzymes. Also, enzymes carrying high metabolic fluxes under natural biological conditions experience higher evolutionary constraints. Genes encoding enzymes with high connectivity and high metabolic flux have higher chances to retain duplicates in evolution. In contrast to protein interaction networks, highly connected enzymes are no more likely to be essential compared to less connected enzymes.

Conclusion
The presented analysis of evolutionary constraints, gene duplication, and essentiality demonstrates that the structure and function of a metabolic network shapes the evolution of its enzymes. Our results underscore the need for systems-based approaches in studies of molecular evolution.
Thermal and Ferroelectric Properties of Chiral Liquid-Crystalline Polytartrate
Authors: Ujiie Seiji , Iimura Kazuyoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Chiral liquid-crystalline polytartrate (LCPTT) with 2R,3R-(+)-tartrate moiety in the skeletal main chain and two mesogenic pendant groups in the repeating unit was prepared. Thermal and ferroelectric properties of LCPTT were dependent on those of the chiral structure. LCPTT exhibited cholesteric and smectic C* phases. The mode value of the spontaneous polarization was 5 mC/m2.
Samarium Diiodide-Promoted Reductive Coupling of Imines
Authors: Imamoto Tsuneo , Nishimura Seijiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Aromatic aldimines are reductively coupled to 1,2-diamines by treatment with samarium diiodide. Cross-coupling of aromatic ketimines with ketones to 2-aminoalcohols is also promoted by the same reagent.
Diphosphonium Salts as Effective Reagents for Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2-cis-Ribofuranosides
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Suda Shinji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
1,2-cis-Ribofuranosides are stereoselectively synthesized in high yields directly from 1-hydroxy sugars and alcohols or trimethylsilylated nucleophiles by the use of diphosphonium salts as a condensation reagent.
Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Novel Binuclear and Mononuclear Manganese(II) Complexes with 2,6-Bis[N-(2-pyridylethyl)iminomethyl]-4-methylphenol
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Fujii Toshinori , Kamisawa Satoru , Kawasaki Yasushi , Tokii Tadashi , Oshio Hiroki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Binuclear and mononuclear manganese(II) complexes with 2,6-bis[N-(2-pyridylethyl)iminomethyl]-4-methylphenol (HL), [Mn2(L)(CH3COO)2(NCS)] and [Mn(HL)(NCS)2(H2O)], have been prepared and characterized by X-ray structure analyses, magnetic susceptibilities (80–300 K), and EPR spectrum.
Diastereoface-Differentiating Reactions in a New Type of Enzyme Bound 5-Deazaflavin Model
Authors: Kawamoto Tetsuji , Tanaka Kiyoshi , Kuroda Yoshihiro , Yoneda Fumio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In a new type of enzyme bound 5-deazaflavin model (1), hydrogen incorporation occurred exclusively at the pseudoequatorial position at C(5) in the reduced product. In hydrocyanation of 1, cyano group occupied both the equatorial and the axial positions depending on the experimental conditions employed. Consideration of bent conformations of the reduced or addition products explains these results.
Effects of Water and Water-Mimicking Solvents on the Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification in an Apolar Solvent
Authors: Kitaguchi Hiroshi , Itoh Isamu , Ono Mitsunori 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The enantioselectivity, as well as the catalytic activity of Candida Cylindracea lipase was found to be affected by water and water-mimicking solvents in n-hexane. There existed a parallel relation between the reaction rate and the selectivity; the faster the former, the higher the latter.
Mechanism of Thermal Dehydrogenation of Hydrotreated Pitch Using Tritium Tracer
Authors: Kabe Toshiaki , Wang Xiangsheng , Ishihara Atsushi , Shono Hiroaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Behavior of hydrogen during the heat treatment of the tritiated coal tar pitch for high performance carbon fiber (HPCF) was investigated under nitrogen atmosphere by using a tritium as a tracer of hydrogen atoms. It was found that the reactions of carbon–carbon bond cleavage and the evaporation of volatile components were end up at about 600 °C. The dehydrogenation of polynuclear aromatic rings are sustained up to 1000 °C.
Conductivity Change of SnO2 with CO2 Adsorption
Authors: Tamaki Jun , Akiyama Morito , Xu Chaonan , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Evidence for the electronic interaction of CO2 with the SnO2 surface has been collected for the first time. The adsorption of CO2 at 100 °C resulted in an considerable increase in electric resistance of SnO2, holding a quantitative relation between them. Such interaction became invisible in the presence of H2O because of the interference.
Synthesis and Structure of the New Organometallic Polyoxovanadates, {[(η-C8H12)Ir]2(V4O12)}2− and [(η-C8H12)Ir(V4O12)]3−
Authors: Day Victor W , Klemperer Walter G , Yagasakl Atsushi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A 1,5-cyclooctadieneiridium complex of V4O124−, {[(η-C8H12)Ir]2(V4O12)}2− is synthesized as a tetra-n-butylammonium salt by reacting [(η-C8H12)IrCl]2 with either [(n-C4H9)4N]3V5O14 or [(n-C4H9)4N]VO3 in CH3CN. The reaction of [(η-C8H12)IrCl]2 with [(n-C4H9)4N]VO3 in CH3CN also yields [(η-C8H12)Ir(V4O12)]3− as a tetra-n-butylammonium salt. X-Ray structural analyses revealed that the [(η-C8H12)Ir(V4O12)]3− and {[(η-C8H12)Ir]2(V4O12)}2− anions contain a V4O124− ring coordinated to one or two (η-C8H12)Ir+ moieties, respectively.
Structural Characterization of the Transition-metal Imido Complex Coordinated in a Bidentate Fashion. Preparation and the Molecular Structure of Seven-Coordinate Hydrido(succinimido-N,O)bis[1,2-bis(dipehnylphosphino)ethane]molybdenum(II)
Authors: Kurishima Susumu , Ito Takashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The photoreaction of [MoH4(dppe)2] with succinimide gave [MoH(succinimido-N,O)(dppe)2], which was characterized spectroscopically as well as X-ray crystallographically to have the imido ligand coordinated to the metal bidentately via nitrogen and oxygen atoms constructing four membered metallacycle.
Synthesis of Glufosinate via Amidocarbonylation
Authors: Takigawa Shinichiro , Shinke Shuzo , Tanaka Masato 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Cobalt carbonyl-catalyzed carbonylation of methylvinylphosphinate with acetamide followed by hydrolysis gave 2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinyl]butanoic acid (glufosinate) in more than 80% overall yield.
Evaluation of Complex Formation of Bis(12-crown-4)s with Sodium Picrate in Solution by 23Na NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Tanaka Minoru , Mizufune Hideya , Shono Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The complex formation of malonate-type bis(12-crown-4)s with sodium picrate was studied by 23Na NMR. The dependence of the 23Na NMR signals on the molar ratio [bis(12-crown-4)]/[Na+] is quite different from that on a molar ratio [monocyclic 12-crown-4]/[Na+], indicating the stable sandwich-type complex formation for the bis(12-crown-4)s.
Axial Preference of Bulky Group- and Electron-Withdrawing Group-Substituted Oxygen Atom on the Chair-Type -Cyclohexanone, -Glutaric Anhydride, and -Glutarimide
Authors: Nagao Yoshimitsu , Goto Michimasa , Ochiai Masahito , Shiro Motoo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Axial preference (&gt;ca. 70% at 25 °C) of alkoxy and silyloxy groups of the chair-type six-membered cyclic compounds has been clarified by the 1H-NMR bandwidth mesurement method. Based on the X-ray analysis of 4-substituted cyclohexanones, it has been disclosed that the cyclohexanone ring adopts chair form and the 4-substituent occupies the axial site in all cases.
Amorphous V–P Mixed Oxide with P/V = 2.0 as Active Phase for Butane Oxidation
Authors: Morishige Hidetaka , Tamaki Jun , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
V–P mixed oxide catalysts prepared by evaporation method was made up of a mixture of an amorphous phase with P/V = 2.0 and a crystalline phase of (VO)2P2O7. The amorphous phase, separated from the (VO)2P2O7 particles by dissolving the precursor in boiled water, was found to show essentially the same selectivity and activity per unit surface area for the maleic anhydride formation from butane as the unseparated catalyst.
Dissociation and Conduction of Alkali Metal Ion in Nafion/Crown Ether Composite Films
Authors: Takeoka Shinji , Sakai Hiromi , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
M+-Nafiori (M = Li, Na, K)/crown ethers (15-crown-5, 18-crown-6) composite films show single ion conduction, reflecting the ion-dipole interaction between cations and crown ethers. Stable cation/crown ether complex leads to the high dissociation of M+-Nafion but results in the low ionic conductivity.
Reactions between Pentadienyltins and 1,2-Naphthoquinones, Regiocontrolled Introduction of Pentadienyl Group
Authors: Nishigaichi Yutaka , Takuwa Akio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
1,2-Naphthoquinones were efficiently pentadienylated at their 4-position with usa of pentadienyltin (PDT) reagents. Regiochemistry of the introduced pentadienyl moiety, α, γ, or ε position of the PDT, was controlled by both the reaction conditions and the reactants.
1H-NMR Spectroscopic Studies on the BiruthenoceniumX+PF6− (X; Br, Cl) Salts
Authors: Watanabe Masanobu , Sano Hirotoshi , Motoyama Izumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
BiruthenoceniumX+PF6− salts expressed as [Ru(II)Cp(C5H4)(C5H4)CpRu(IV)X]+PF6− were obtained by oxidizing biruthenocene with FeX3 in HX–NH4PF6 (X; Br, Cl) solution. 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of the salts suggest the presence of rapid intramolecular electron transfer between the Ru(II) and Ru(IV) atoms at room temperature.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Potassium cis-Diamminetetranitrocobaltate(III). Completion of the Nitroammine Series
Authors: Fujihara Takashi , Fuyuhiro Akira , Yamanari Kazuaki , Kaizaki Sumio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
cis-K[Co(NO2)4(NH3)2] was first synthesized from hexanitrocobaltate(III) in liquid ammonia and characterized by the elemental analysis and electronic and infrared spectra. The cis structure was confirmed by the X-ray analysis. The anomalous congested contact among three oxygens of three nitro ligands was found in the crystal.
Generation, Characterization, and Reactions of Fulvene Dianions
Authors: Kawase Takeshi , Fujino Shin-ichi , Oda Masaji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The dianion of 6,6-diphenylfulvene obtained by reduction with lithium metal was first characterized spectroscopically. Reduction of 6-dimethylamino-6-phenylfulvene also generated its dianion whose reactions with electrophiles led to 6-phenylfulvene derivatives, demonstrating synthetic utility of fulvene dianions.
Syntheses and Properties of Novel Vinyl Monomers Bearing a Glycoside Residue
Authors: Kitazawa Sadaya , Okumura Masakazu , Kinomura Keisuke , Sakakibara Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Novel acrylic monomers bearing a monosaccharide residue were synthesized in reactions of some methyl glycosides with 2-hydroxylethyl acrylate or methacrylate in the presence of heteropoly acid. All of them were highly soluble in water and readily polymerized by radical initiators.
An Efficient and Stereocontrolled Syntheses of (±)-Methyl Epijasmonate and (±)-Cucurbic Acid
Authors: Seto Hideharu , Yoshioka Hirosuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The total synthesis of epijasmonoids, (±)-methyl epijasmonate and (±)-cucurbic acid, starting from norbornene was described, where a key intermediate, 5β-hydroxy-2β-methoxycarbonylmethylcyclopentane 1β-acetic acid γ-lactone was efficiently prepared via a highly regioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of 7-syn-substituted norbornanone based on remote substituent control.
Preparation Method and Lithium Adsorption Property of λ-MnO2-Silica Composite
Authors: Onodera Yoshio , Iwasaki Takashi , Hayashi Hiromichi , Torii Kazuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new composite material based on λ-MnO2 and macroporous silica was prepared by heat-treatment of the silica beads impregnated with a mixed aq. solution of lithium and manganese nitrates (Li/Mn molar ratio = 0.5), followed by acid-treatment. This composite can adsorb Li+ ion selectively and has merit of usable for column operation.