bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The reliability of ERP components in the auditory oddball paradigm
Authors: SEGALOWITZ SIDNEY J. , BARNES KERRY L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNineteen adolescents (average age 15 years, 3 months) were tested and retested using a standard 40 target, auditory oddball ERP paradigm across an interval of 1 year, 10 months to determine reliability of the ERP components, both in terms of intersubject stability and score agreement and in terms of trait (between‐session reliability) versus state (within‐session reliability). Significant trait stability was found for the N100, P200, and P300 latencies (r= .48, .51, and .74, respectively), and for P300 amplitude (r= .62), supporting the P300 as a reliable measure, with the stability required for group research but not necessarily for clinical applications. Discussion and examples illustrate the application of reliability information to the planning and evaluation of ERP paradigms.
On the relation between cardiodynamics and heartbeat perception
Authors: SCHANDRY RAINER , BESTLER MICHAEL , MONTOYA PEDRO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mediation of heartbeat perception by cardiodynamic parameters was investigated by experimentally introducing changes in heart performance. Twenty‐five subjects (14 women 11 men) underwent bicycle ergometric exercises (0–75 W) at different tilt angles (90°‐0°), After each of the 31 tilt/exercise phases, the following measures of cardiac performance were taken using impedance cardiography: stroke volume, Heather Index (as an indicator of contractile force), heart rate, and an estimate of the momentum of the ejected blood mass. Additionally, a heartbeat perception task was performed. The different tilt/exercise combinations induced profound changes in all cardiodynamic. measures, The correlation between heartbeat perception and cardiodynamic parameters was highest for “momentum”(r= 67) and for stroke volume (r= 59). From our data, we infer that intraindividually occurring changes in cardiac perception are mediated partially by characteristics of heart dynamics and that the source of these interoceptive signals lies in the heart or in its close vicinity.
Early and late VEPs for reading stimuli are altered by common binocular misalignments
Authors: SUTER PENELOPE S. , BASS BRENDA L. , SUTER STEVE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffects of mild binocular anomalies on early and late evoked response complexes to word stimuli were examined in visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded over occipital cortex, Wernicke's area, and its right side homolog in university students with (fixation disparity group) and without (normal group) fixation disparity. Stimuli were monocularly or binocularly viewed words of a paragraph presented individually for 100 ms, one per second, and a binocular control condition without linguistic content. An early complex (P125‐N170) recorded at Oz and a late complex (N170‐late P) recorded from the t4emporoparietal placements were analyzed. The early complex as not influenced by linguistic content. Binocular stimuli generally resulted in larger early and late VEP amplitudes than did monocular stimuli except that the fixation disparity group had no binocular amplitude enhancement at Oz. Left hemisphere amplitude was greater than right for all conditions, more so for words than for nonlinguistic stimuli. For words, the left hemisphere advantage was significant only for the normal group. Relationships between basic visual processing and language processing in relation to early and late complexes are considered from several perspectives.
Startle reflex facilitation as a function of classical eyeblink conditioning in humans
Authors: FLATEN MAGNE ARVE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractI investigated whether classical eyeblink conditioning increases the activating effect of the conditional stimulus (CS) on the relevant alpha motoneuron pool in the facial nucleus. The activating effect was measured by the reflex modification method, where startle reflexes, sharing the facial nerve motor pathway with conditional and unconditional eyeblink reflexes, were elicited in the presence of reinforced and nonreinforced CSs (CS+ and CS−). To reduce influences of conditional arousal on startle, a weak airpuff to the eye was used as unconditional stimulus and relatively short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 300 and 600 ms were used in three startle tests presented while conditioning was in progress. Two groups (N= 72) received 100% or 0% reinforcement (Groups 100 and 0) of a tone CS+. The CS− was not reinforced. Three startle tests, consisting of acoustic startle probes presented alone and after CS+ and CS− onset, were conducted early, middle, and late in conditioning. Results showed increased startle reflex facilitation after CS+ onset in the late startle test in Group 100, indicating that startle increased as a function of classical conditioning. Although reflex facilitation at the 300‐ms SOA in Group 100 is consistent with the hypothesis that CS presentations activated motoneurons in the facial nucleus, the present study cannot itself definitively support this hypothesis. Reflex facilitation at the 600‐ms SOA in Group 100 could be influenced by conditional arousal.
Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw‐elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two‐choice serial reaction task
Authors: VAN BOXTEL A. , JESSURUN M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn earlier studies, positive but inconsistent relationships have been reported between mental effort and electro‐myogram (EMG) amplitude in task‐irrelevant limb muscles. In this study, we explored whether facial EMG activity would provide more consistent results. Tonic EMG activity of six different facial and jaw‐elevator muscles was bilaterally recorded during a two‐choice serial reaction task with paced presentation of auditory or visual signals. In Experiment 1, task load (signal presentation rate) was kept constant for 20 min at the level of the subject's maximal capacity. In Experiment 2, task load was increased in a stepwise fashion over six successive 2‐min periods from sub‐ to supramaximal capacity levels. EMG amplitude and coherency between momentary bilateral amplitude fluctuations were measured.In Experiment 1, EMG amplitude of frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oris inferior showed a strong gradual increase throughout the task period, whereas task performance remained fairly stable. Orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major, and temporalis EMG showed a much smaller increase or no increase. In Experiment 2, the first three muscles showed a fairly consistent increase in EMG amplitude with increasing task load. Orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus major were not active until task load became supramaximal. Effects of stimulus modality or laterality were not found in any experiment. These results are consistent with the notion that EMG amplitude of frontalis, corrugator, and orbicularis oris provides a sensitive index of the degree of exerted mental effort.
Memory template comparison processes in anhedonia and dysthymia
Authors: GIESE‐DAVIS JANINE E. , MILLER GREGORY A. , KNIGHT RAYMOND A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnhedonic subjects, potentially at risk for psychopathology because of a deficient ability to experience pleasure, have demonstrated a large N200 component in the event‐related brain potential (ERP). The present experiment attempted to determine the psychological significance of this finding in light of Näätänen's (1990) distinction between N2a and N2b subcomponents. Anhedonics were contrasted with controls and dysthymics, an at‐risk group reporting depression. Across groups, N2a was larger when a tone mismatched a longer run of preceding identical tones. Thus, an involuntary mismatch process appears to be intact in both at‐risk groups. However, the three groups produced distinct N2bs as a function of stimulus sequence. The N2b finding for anhedonics is consistent with Knight's (1984, 1992) model of early stimulus processing deficits in schizophrenia.
Probing the orienting response with startle modification and secondary reaction time
Authors: FILION DIANE L. , DAWSON MICHAEL E. , SCHELL ANNE M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCurrent models of orienting suggest a relationship between the orienting response and attentional processing. This relationship was examined using two independent probe techniques to index attentional processing: secondary reaction time and startle eyeblink modification. Twenty‐eight college‐age subjects received intermixed presentations of to‐be‐attended and to‐be‐ignored tones. Skin conductance orienting responses were obtained during a subset of the tones. Each of the remaining tones contained either a secondary reaction time probe at lead intervals of 150 or 2,000 ms or a startle eyeblink probe presented at lead intervals of 120 or 2,000 ms. In addition, reaction time and startle probes also were presented during selected intertone intervals, and responses to these stimuli served as the baselines from which to compare changes in reaction time and blink amplitude produced by the attended and ignored tones. The results revealed that, compared with the ignored tones, the attended tones were associated with larger skin conductance orienting responses, greater blink inhibition at the 120‐ms lead interval, greater blink facilitation at the 2,000‐ms lead interval, and greater reaction time slowing at the 2,000‐ms lead interval. Consistent with previous findings, the ignored tone was associated with greater reaction time slowing than was the attended tone at the 150‐ms lead interval. The results support a relationship between elicitation of the skin conductance orienting response and attentional processes and suggest that the secondary reaction time and blink modification techniques may provide unique information regarding this relationship.
Is a stimulus conveying task‐relevant information a sufficient condition to elicit a stimulus‐preceding negativity?
Authors: DAMEN ERNST J. P. , BRUNIA CORNELIS H. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMovement‐preceding and stimulus‐preceding negativities were recorded when a movement was followed by one of three informative visual stimuli. The meaning of the visual stimulus alternated between (a) conveying a task‐relevant instruction about a subsequent time production task and (b) providing feedback (knowledge of results) about performance on the current time production task. In a control condition, premovement and postmovement scalp potentials were recorded when subjects made the same movements but in a voluntary, self‐paced manner. Under all conditions, movements were preceded by a movement‐preceding negativity, and neither the amplitude nor the lateral asymmetry of this negativity was affected by the subsequent presentation of either kind of informative stimulus. When the movement was followed by a stimulus conveying knowledge of results, the negativity in the postmovement epoch was enhanced, but this enhancement was not evident in epochs preceding instruction stimuli. We conclude that not all task relevant stimuli elicit a stimulus‐preceding negativity, and we provide a functional interpretation of this negativity in terms of emotional anticipation and the contingency of the stimulus on a previous event.
Heart rate and sustained attention during childhood: Age changes in anticipatory heart rate, primary bradycardia, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Authors: WEBER EDITH J. M. , VAN DER MOLEN MAURITS W. , MOLENAAR PETER C. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examined age changes in three aspects of heart rate responsivity elicited in an auditory oddball task; anticipatory heart rate change, primary bradycardia, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Three age groups (5‐, 7‐, and 9‐year‐old boys) were presented with series of target (15%) and standard (85%) tones. The results were consistent with the findings reported previously in the adult literature. Heart rate decreased in anticipation of the target tone. The morphology of anticipatory deceleration was somewhat different for the 5‐year‐olds compared to the older children. Stimuli presented during the early part of the cardiac cycle induced added deceleration, but this primary bradycardia did not differ between age groups. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia did not discriminate between age groups but was suppressed during the performance of the oddball task relative to base level. It was concluded that these three aspects of heart rate responsivity show developmental constancy rather than change.
Muscle tension in generalized anxiety disorder: Elevated muscle tonus or agitated movement?
Authors: HAZLETT RICHARD L. , McLEOD DANIEL R. , HOEHN‐SARIC RUDOLF 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the amplitude characteristics of frontalis and gastrocnemius electro‐myographic (EMG) activity in clinically anxious and nonanxious populations. Eighteen women with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and 19 nonanxious women were compared during baseline, laboratory stressor, and recovery conditions. EMG mean levels were greater for the GAD group, but there were no group differences in EMG skewness. During the stressor the GAD group had a significant reduction in frontalis EMG variability. Gastrocnemius muscle activity for both groups during the stressor condition increased in mean levels and variability while decreasing in skewness. These results indicate that clinically anxious individuals have elevated muscular tonus and have reduced variability in frontalis activity during stressful tasks. Also, the gastrocnemius muscle exhibited a stressor reactivity, whereas the frontalis did not. This study presents an approach to EMG analysis that could be useful in distinguishing unique features of anxiety as well as other emotional disorders.
Neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal skin conductance responses
Authors: TRANEL DANIEL , DAMASIO HANNA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied the electrodermal skin conductance responses (SCRs) of 36 subjects with well‐characterized lesions in various regions of the cerebral hemispheres. Several lesion loci were consistently associated with defective electrodermal responding: the ventromedial frontal region (right and left), the right inferior parietal region, and the anterior cingulate gyrus (right and left). Our findings provide direct information regarding neural correlates of skin conductance responses in humans.
Effects of data limitations on heartbeat detection in the method of constant stimuli
Authors: BRENER JASPER , RING CHRISTOPHER , LIU XIAOQING 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the method of constant stimuli applied to measuring heartbeat detection, subjects judge the simultaneity of heartbeats and exteroceptive comparison stimuli presented at various intervals after the R‐wave (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ms). Using versions of this procedure, investigators have found that between 20% (Yates, Jones, Marie, & Hogben, 1985) and 54% (Brener, Liu, & Ring, 1993) of subjects can detect heartbeat sensations. Whereas Yates et al. used a single comparison stimulus on each trial and Brener et al. used 10, the present study examined whether this disparity in heartbeat detection performance could be attributed to the number of comparison stimuli presented on each trial. In each of 360 trials, 30 subjects judged the simultaneity of heartbeat sensations and tones following 1, 5, or 10 comparison stimulus presentations. Significantly fewer subjects met the criterion for heartbeat detection with I tone presentation (13%) than with either 5 (43%) or 10 (47%) tone presentations. It is concluded that a single stimulus presentation imposes data limitations that result in underestimation of the accuracy of heartbeat detection. The presentation of at least 5 stimuli in each trial alleviates this limitation.
Modulation of the acoustic startle response by film‐induced fear and sexual arousal
Authors: JANSEN DORINE M. , FRIJDA NICO H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe response matching model of Lang, Bradley, and Cuthbert (1992) predicts startle reflex facilitation during negative relative to positive emotional states. Using slide and imagery paradigms, larger eyeblink responses to startle probes for unpleasant than for pleasant conditions have consistently been reported. The present study extended the previously observed relationship between valence and startle to more complex stimuli, namely 1‐min film fragments. Thirty‐three subjects viewed a sequences of 27 film fragments with neutral, negative (fearful), and positive (sexual) contents, presented in one of three mixed orders. Blink magnitude to brief bursts of white noise was larger during fearful fragments than during sexual fragments. Blink magnitudes habituated across successive film fragments, but the positive‐negative difference remained stable within film fragments and during the entire length of the videotape (approximately 40 min).
Energy expenditure and motor performance relationships in humans learning a motor task
Authors: SPARROW W. A. , NEWELL K. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability of human subjects to learn minimum energy‐demanding variants of biological motion was examined in three adult males trained to walk on hand and feet (creep) on a motor‐driven treadmill at constant speed (0.64 m/s) for 16 3‐min trials. Two subjects systematically decreased oxygen consumption and heart rate over trials. Following this acquisition phase, subjects completed walking and creeping trials at positive and negative treadmill grades and selected a freely chosen creeping grade that felt “most comfortable.” One subject selected a grade that was more efficient than those imposed. Oxygen‐consumption curves for walking and creeping converged with increasing positive grade, indicating that increased grade influences the metabolic energy viability of the task (creeping or walking). The acquisition data provide empirical support for the “principle of least effort” and lend support to the concept of a “comfort mode” in the execution of motor tasks.
The roles of stimulus novelty and significance in determining the electrodermal orienting response: Interactive versus additive approaches
Authors: BEN‐SHAKHAR GERSHON 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo competing approaches for the roles of stimulus significance and novelty in determining orienting responses (ORs) were tested and compared. According to the first, ORs to significant stimuli are determined by sets and expectations and are relatively independent of the contrast between the test stimulus and preceding stimuli, whereas responses to nonsignificant test stimuli are products of a Sokolovian match/mismatch process. According to an alternative approach, novelty and significance contribute independently and additively to the OR. Stimulus significance and novelty were independently manipulated in two experiments, and the electrodermal component of the OR was measured while sequences comprising compound pictorial or verbal stimuli were presented. Each sequence included a test stimulus that was either significant or neutral and was preceeded by several control stimuli. Novelty was manipulated by varying the contrast between the test and the control stimuli. The results revealing no interaction between stimulus significance and novelty were interpreted as supporting the theory proposed by Gati and Ben‐Shakhar (1990).
Attentional modulation of the mismatch negativity elicited by frequency differences between binaurally presented tone bursts
Authors: TREJO LEONARD J. , RYAN‐JONES DAVID L. , KRAMER ARTHUR F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined the attentional sensitivity of the frequency‐change mismatch negativity (MMN). Subjects listened to a binaural mixture of a narrative and a series of tone bursts that included 1200‐Hz standards and two deviants (1000 and 1400 Hz). In the attend‐tones condition, subjects responded to one deviant and ignored the narrative. In the attend‐words condition, subjects responded to target words in the narrative and ignored the tones. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for the tones, and differences waves (deviant ERPs minus standard ERPs) were computed. Two negative peaks in the difference waves, DNI (100–180 ms) and DN2 (200–300 ms), overlapped the known scalp distribution and latency of the MMN. Mean DN1 and DN2 amplitudes were greater in the attend‐tones condition than in the attend‐words condition. These data suggest that the frequency‐change MMN is modulated by nonspatial shifts of auditory attention.
Emotional modulation of skin conductance and eyeblink responses to a startle probe
Authors: VRANA SCOTT R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, I examined emotional modulation of the eyeblink, skin conductance, and cardiac responses to an acoustic startle (103 dB[A] white noise) probe. Twenty‐five female and 17 male undergraduates imagined pleasant, neutral, and fearful situations in a tone‐cued imagery procedure. Both the eyeblink and skin conductance responses to startle probes were potentiated (larger magnitude, shorter latency) during fear as compared with neutral and pleasant imagery. The amount of emotional modulation in these two response systems was significantly correlated both between and within subjects. The startle probe interrupted ongoing cardiac deceleration during the imagery task, but this interruption was not related to the emotional content of imagery.
Emotional expectancy: Brain electrical activity associated with an emotional bias in interpreting life events
Authors: CHUNG GEOFFREY , TUCKER DON M. , WEST PAULA , POTTS GEOFFREY F. , LIOTTI MARIO , LUU PHAN , HARTRY ANN L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUniversity students in either an optimistic or pessimistic mood state read brief stories of daily life events as event‐related brain potentials were collected during the final word of each story. For subjects in a pessimistic mood, a bias to expect negative outcomes was seen as an N400/P300 effect over posterior scalp regions. For subjects in an optimistic mood, a differentiation between good and bad outcomes was also observed, but it was specific to medial frontal areas. Analysis of single‐trial P300 latencies suggested that semantically incongruent and mood‐incongruent outcome words resulted in increased median latency of the late positive complex (LPC) and resulted in increased variability of LPC latency across trials.
Meta‐analysis of P300 normative aging studies
Authors: POLICH JOHN 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe theoretical and empirical backgrounds for the utility of the P300 event‐related potential (ERP) as a measure of cognitive aging are summarized. P300 latency data from 32 different normative aging studies are then reviewed and assessed with meta‐analytic procedures. Evaluation of moderator variables indicates that sample characteristics, stimulus factors, and task conditions contribute significantly to the “normal” change in peak latency that occurs with aging. These findings are critiqued in the context of previous reports, and implications are outlined for future applications of ERPs to normative aging. It is concluded that P300 latency can provide useful information about cognitive aging but that specific variables must be considered to obtain more precise results.