bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the National Care Standards in Scotland: Putting Article 20 into Practice?
Authors: Stevens Irene 
Published: June 2008

AbstractArticle 20 of the UNCRC entitles young people in residential care to 'special protection.' This presents a challenge to states parties about how such protection can be guaranteed. It is suggested that one way to do this is through the establishment and monitoring of standards. The National Care Standards are the baseline for measuring the quality of care in residential establishments in Scotland. This study was funded by the Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care, the body charged with the responsibility of inspecting children's homes in Scotland. It set out to elicit the views of young people about their experience of care and to develop a framework for their participation in the inspection process. This paper presents some of the findings from the study. In particular, it will outline the views of young people about their care in light of Article 20. 24 young people aged between 15 and 19 years, took part in the study. The findings indicated that young people have a mixed experience of their care setting. They reported experiencing good support, improving living environments and a range of developmental opportunities. Staff attitudes, as demonstrated by listening, expressing care, and spending time with them, were central to positive experiences. However, on a negative note, young people often reported not feeling safe and raised questions in relation to staff training. Young people also questioned the effectiveness of complaints procedures. Analysis of the findings and implications for practice are explored.
A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database
Authors: Landsea Christopher W. , Glenn David A. , Bredemeyer William , Chenoweth Michael , Ellis Ryan , Gamache John , Hufstetler Lyle , Mock Cary , Perez Ramon , Prieto Ricardo , Sánchez-Sesma Jorge , Thomas Donna , Woolcock Lenworth 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A reanalysis of the Atlantic basin tropical storm and hurricane database (“best track”) for the period of 1911–20 has been completed. This reassessment of the main archive for tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico was necessary to correct systematic biases and random errors in the data as well as to search for previously unrecognized systems. A methodology for the reanalysis process for revising the track and intensity of tropical cyclone data is provided in detail. The dataset now includes several new tropical cyclones, excludes one system previously considered a tropical storm, makes generally large alterations in the intensity estimates of most tropical cyclones (both toward stronger and weaker intensities), and typically adjusts existing tracks with minor corrections. Average errors in intensity and track values are estimated for both open ocean conditions as well as for landfalling systems. Finally, highlights are given for changes to the more significant hurricanes to impact the United States, Central America, and the Caribbean for this decade.
Predictive Skill of AGCM Seasonal Climate Forecasts Subject to Different SST Prediction Methodologies
Authors: Li Shuhua , Goddard Lisa , DeWitt David G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This study examines skill of retrospective forecasts using the ECHAM4.5 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with predicted sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from methods of varying complexity. The SST fields are predicted in three ways: persisted observed SST anomalies, empirically predicted SSTs, and predicted SSTs from a dynamically coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Investigation of relative skill of the three sets of retrospective forecasts focuses on the ensemble mean, which constitutes the portion of the model response attributable to the prescribed boundary conditions. The anomaly correlation skill analyses for precipitation and 2-m air temperature indicate that dynamically predicted SSTs generally improve upon persisted and empirically predicted SSTs when they are used as boundary forcing in the AGCM predictions. This is particularly the case for precipitation forecasts. The skill differences in these experiments are ascribed to the skill of SST predictions in the tropical ocean basins. The multiscenario forecast by averaging the three retrospective experiments performs, overall, as well as or better than the best of the three individual experiments in specific seasons and regions. The advantage of multiscenario forecast manifests both in the deterministic and probabilistic skill. In particular, the multiscenario precipitation forecast for the December–February season demonstrates better skill than the best of the three scenarios over several regions, such as the western United States and southeastern South America. These results suggest the potential value in producing superensembles spanning different SST prediction scenarios.
Role of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation in the Tropical Pacific SST Changes
Authors: Su Jingzhi , Wang Huijun , Yang Haijun , Drange Helge , Gao Yongqi , Bentsen Mats 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A coupled climate model is used to explore the response of the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) to positive SST anomalies in the global extratropics. The main model results here are consistent with previous numerical studies. In response to prescribed SST anomalies in the extratropics, the tropical SSTs rise rapidly and reach a quasi-equilibrium state within several years, and the tropical subsurface temperatures show a slow response. The annual-mean Hadley cell, as well as the surface trades, are weakened. The weakened trades reduce the poleward Ekman transports in the tropical ocean and, furthermore, lead to anomalous positive convergences of heat transport, which is the main mechanism for maintaining the tropical Pacific SST warming.
The process of an extratropical influence on the tropics is related to both the atmospheric and oceanic circulations. The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) moves southward and eastward in the Pacific, corresponding to a reduction of the Hadley circulation and Walker circulation. At the same time, convective precipitation anomalies are formed on the boundary of the climatological ITCZ, while the climatological mean convections centered in the Southeast Asia region are suppressed. The largely delayed response of the tropical subsurface temperature cannot be explained only by the strength change of the subtropical cells (STCs), but can be traced back to the slow changing of subsurface temperature in the extratropics. In the extratropical oceans, warming and freshening reduce the surface water density, and the outcropping lines of certain isopycnal layers are moved poleward. This poleward movement of outcropping lines can weaken the positive temperature anomalies, or even lead to negative anomalies, on given isopycnal layers. Displayed on time-dependent isopycnal layers, positive subsurface temperature anomalies are present only in the region after subduction, and are subsequently replaced by negative temperature anomalies in the deep tropics regions. The noticeable features of the density compensation of temperature and salinity indicate that diapycnal processes play an important role in the equatorward transport of the temperature and salinity anomalies from the midlatitude.
Interannual Variations of the Stratosphere and Troposphere during Northern Winter as Simulated by WACCM
Authors: Taguchi Masakazu 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
This study explores interannual variations (IAVs) of the stratosphere and troposphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter using a 50-yr simulation of Sassi et al. with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The simulation is forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice distributions from 1950 to 1999. The focus herein is on tropical tropospheric variations correlated with NH stratospheric variations and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
The discussed correlation analysis generally reproduces the following features as obtained in observational studies by Salby and Callaghan: an intensification of the Brewer–Dobson (BD) circulation driven by enhanced planetary wave (PW) drag in the NH stratosphere is accompanied by intensification of the Hadley circulation and anomalous warming of the tropical troposphere. It is further revealed that the tropical tropospheric warming is a reflection of the ENSO variability resulting from a positive correlation between the PW driving/BD circulation and ENSO, whereas the Hadley circulation does intensify with the BD circulation even when ENSO’s effects are removed.
Time Scales and Spatial Patterns of Passive Ocean–Atmosphere Decay Modes*
Authors: Lintner Benjamin R. , Neelin J. David 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The decay characteristics of a mixed layer ocean passively coupled to an atmospheric model are important to the response of the climate system to stochastic or external forcing. Two salient features of such decay—the spatial-scale dependence of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) decay time scales and the spatial inhomogeneities of SSTA decay modes—are addressed using intermediate-level complexity and simple analytic models of the tropical atmosphere. As expected, decay time scales increase with the spatial extent of the SSTA. Most modes decay rapidly—with characteristic decay times of 50–100 days for a 50-m mixed layer—with the decay determined by local surface flux adjustment. Only those modes with spatial scales approaching or larger than the tropical basin scale exhibit decay time scales distinctively longer than the local decay, with the decay time scale of the most slowly decaying mode of the order of 250–300 days in the tropics (500 days globally). Simple analytic prototypes of the spatial-scale dependence and the effect of basic-state inhomogeneities, especially the impact of nonconvecting regions, elucidate these results. Horizontal energy transport sets the transition between fast, essentially local, decay time scales and the slower decay at larger spatial scales; within the tropics, efficient wave dynamics accounts for the small number of slowly decaying modes. Inhomogeneities in the basic-state climate, such as the presence or absence of mean tropical deep convection, strongly impact large-scale SSTA decay characteristics. For nonconvecting regions, SSTA decay is slow because evaporation is limited by relatively slow moisture divergence. The separation of convecting- and nonconvecting-region decay times and the closeness of the slower nonconvecting-region decay time scale to the most slowly decaying modes cause a blending between local nonconvecting modes and the large-scale modes, resulting in pronounced spatial inhomogeneity in the slow decay modes.
The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part I: Global Mean and Land–Ocean Exchanges
Authors: Fasullo John T. , Trenberth Kevin E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The mean and annual cycle of energy flowing into the climate system and its storage, release, and transport in the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are estimated with recent observations. An emphasis is placed on establishing internally consistent quantitative estimates with discussion and assessment of uncertainty. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), adjusted radiances from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) are used, while in the atmosphere the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis and 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) estimates are used. The net upward surface flux (FS) over ocean is derived as the residual of the TOA and atmospheric energy budgets, and is compared with direct calculations of ocean heat content (OE) and its tendency (δOE/δt) from several ocean temperature datasets. Over land, FS from a stand-alone simulation of the Community Land Model forced by observed fields is used. A depiction of the full energy budget based on ERBE fluxes from 1985 to 1989 and CERES fluxes from 2000 to 2004 is constructed that matches estimates of the global, global ocean, and global land imbalances. In addition, the annual cycle of the energy budget during both periods is examined and compared with ocean heat content changes.
The near balance between the net TOA radiation (RT) and FS over ocean and thus with OE, and between RT and atmospheric total energy divergence over land, are documented both in the mean and for the annual cycle. However, there is an annual mean transport of energy by the atmosphere from ocean to land regions of 2.2 ± 0.1 PW (1 PW = 1015 W) primarily in the northern winter when the transport exceeds 5 PW. The global albedo is dominated by a semiannual cycle over the oceans, but combines with the large annual cycle in solar insolation to produce a peak in absorbed solar and net radiation in February, somewhat after the perihelion, and with the net radiation 4.3 PW higher than the annual mean, as it is enhanced by the annual cycle of outgoing longwave radiation that is dominated by land regions. In situ estimates of the annual variation of OE are found to be unrealistically large. Challenges in diagnosing the interannual variability in the energy budget and its relationship to climate change are identified in the context of the episodic and inconsistent nature of the observations.
The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part II: Meridional Structures and Poleward Transports
Authors: Fasullo John T. , Trenberth Kevin E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Meridional structure and transports of energy in the atmosphere, ocean, and land are evaluated holistically for the mean and annual cycle zonal averages over the ocean, land, and global domains, with discussion and assessment of uncertainty. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), adjusted radiances from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) are used along with estimates of energy storage and transport from two global reanalysis datasets for the atmosphere. Three ocean temperature datasets are used to assess changes in the ocean heat content (OE) and their relationship to the net upward surface energy flux over ocean (FoS), which is derived from the residual of the TOA and atmospheric energy budgets. The surface flux over land is from a stand-alone simulation of the Community Land Model forced by observed fields.
In the extratropics, absorbed solar radiation (ASR) achieves a maximum in summer with peak values near the solstices. Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) maxima also occur in summer but lag ASR by 1–2 months, consistent with temperature maxima over land. In the tropics, however, OLR relates to high cloud variations and peaks late in the dry monsoon season, while the OLR minima in summer coincide with deep convection in the monsoon trough at the height of the rainy season. Most of the difference between the TOA radiation and atmospheric energy storage tendency is made up by a large heat flux into the ocean in summer and out of the ocean in winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the transport of energy from ocean to land regions is substantial in winter, and modest in summer. In the Southern Hemisphere extratropics, land − ocean differences play only a small role and the main energy transport by the atmosphere and ocean is poleward. There is reasonably good agreement between FoS and observed changes in OE, except for south of 40°S, where differences among several ocean datasets point to that region as the main source of errors in achieving an overall energy balance. The winter hemisphere atmospheric circulation is the dominant contributor to poleward energy transports outside of the tropics [6–7 PW (1 petawatt = 1015 W)], with summer transports being relatively weak (∼3 PW)—slightly more in the Southern Hemisphere and slightly less in the Northern Hemisphere. Ocean transports outside of the tropics are found to be small (&lt;2 PW) for all months. Strong cross-equatorial heat transports in the ocean of up to 5 PW exhibit a large annual cycle in phase with poleward atmospheric transports of the winter hemisphere.
Improvements to NOAA’s Historical Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880–2006)
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Reynolds Richard W. , Peterson Thomas C. , Lawrimore Jay 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Observations of sea surface and land–near-surface merged temperature anomalies are used to monitor climate variations and to evaluate climate simulations; therefore, it is important to make analyses of these data as accurate as possible. Analysis uncertainty occurs because of data errors and incomplete sampling over the historical period. This manuscript documents recent improvements in NOAA’s merged global surface temperature anomaly analysis, monthly, in spatial 5° grid boxes. These improvements allow better analysis of temperatures throughout the record, with the greatest improvements in the late nineteenth century and since 1985. Improvements in the late nineteenth century are due to improved tuning of the analysis methods. Beginning in 1985, improvements are due to the inclusion of bias-adjusted satellite data. The old analysis (version 2) was documented in 2005, and this improved analysis is called version 3.
Terrestrial Vegetation Dynamics and Global Climate Controls in North America: 2001–05
Authors: Potter Christopher , Boriah Shyam , Steinbach Michael , Kumar Vipin , Klooster Steven 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Monthly composite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite sensor was used to reconstruct vegetation dynamics in response to climate patterns over the period 2001–05 for North America. Results imply that plant growth over extensive land areas were closely coupled to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on regional climate. Areas strongly tied to recent (2002–03) ENSO climate effects were located mainly in northwestern Canada, interior Alaska, the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, and throughout northern Mexico. Localized variations in precipitation were detected as the predominant controllers of monthly values for the MODIS fraction absorbed of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) over these regions.
Diurnal to Annual Precipitation Sensitivity to Convective and Land Surface Schemes
Authors: Ruane Alex C. , Roads John O. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Precipitation’s diurnal to annual variance distribution and atmospheric water cycle component interactions are examined globally for sensitivity to convective and land surface schemes. The main regional features of statistics identified in previous reanalyses are robust in unconstrained continuous simulations corresponding to the reanalyses’ convective and land surface schemes. A change from the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) to the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS) convection scheme reorganizes the variance of rainfall at low latitudes to a redder spectrum. Despite the potential increase in soil moisture memory, a change from the Oregon State University (OSU2) to the Noah land surface model does not noticeably affect the variance distribution of precipitation. The competition between dynamic and thermodynamic sources of precipitation’s variability is affected by the choice of both the land surface model and the convective scheme. Noah reduces evaporation’s role over land, with vapor convergence compensating, while RAS/SAS sensitivities result in complex regional redistributions of component covariance.
Estimating the Surface Area of Small Rivers in the Southwestern Amazon and Their Role in CO2 Outgassing
Authors: de Fátima F. L. Rasera Maria , Ballester Maria Victoria R. , Krusche Alex V. , Salimon Cleber , Montebelo Letícia A. , Alin Simone R. , Victoria Reynaldo L. , Richey Jeffrey E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A recent estimate of CO2 outgassing from Amazonian wetlands suggests that an order of magnitude more CO2 leaves rivers through gas exchange with the atmosphere than is exported to the ocean as organic plus inorganic carbon. However, the contribution of smaller rivers is still poorly understood, mainly because of limitations in mapping their spatial extent. Considering that the largest extension of the Amazon River network is composed of small rivers, the authors’ objective was to elucidate their role in air–water CO2 exchange by developing a geographic information system (GIS)-based model to calculate the surface area covered by rivers with channels less than 100 m wide, combined with estimated CO2 outgassing rates at the Ji-Paraná River basin, in the western Amazon. Estimated CO2 outgassing was the main carbon export pathway for this river basin, totaling 289 Gg C yr−1, about 2.4 times the amount of carbon exported as dissolved inorganic carbon (121 Gg C yr−1) and 1.6 times the dissolved organic carbon export (185 Gg C yr−1). The relationships established here between drainage area and channel width provide a new model for determining small river surface area, allowing regional extrapolations of air–water gas exchange. Applying this model to the entire Amazon River network of channels less than 100 m wide (third to fifth order), the authors calculate that the surface area of small rivers is 0.3 ± 0.05 million km2, and it is potentially evading to the atmosphere 170 ± 42 Tg C yr−1 as CO2. Therefore, these ecosystems play an important role in the regional carbon balance.
Alternating Antipyretics: Antipyretic Efficacy of Acetaminophen Versus Acetaminophen Alternated With Ibuprofen in Children
Authors: Kramer Lynne C. , Richards Peaches A. , Thompson Amy M. , Harper David P. , Fairchok Mary P. 
Published: June 2008

Methods A prospective, randomized double-blind placebo control study comparing the efficacy of acetaminophen to acetaminophen alternated with ibuprofen in 38 healthy outpatient children 6 months to 6 years presenting to the outpatient clinic with fever >38°C was conducted. Temperatures were recorded at 0, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. Side effect diaries and parental perception of efficacy were filled out hourly by parents. Results There were no significant differences in temperature between the 2 groups at times 0, 3, and 6 hours. The alternating group had significantly lower mean temperatures at both 4 hours (38.0°C vs 37.4°C; P = .05) and 5 hours (37.1°C vs 37.9°C; P = .0032). Parents did not perceive any difference in fever control between the groups. Conclusions An alternating regimen of acetaminophen with ibuprofen significantly decreased fever at 4 and 5 hours compared with acetaminophen alone. However, parents did not perceive a difference in efficacy.
Ulk1 plays a critical role in the autophagic clearance of mitochondria and ribosomes during reticulocyte maturation
Authors: Kundu Mondira , Lindsten Tullia , Yang Chia-Ying , Wu Junmin , Zhao Fangping , Zhang Ji , Selak Mary A. , Ney Paul A. , Thompson Craig B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractProduction of a red blood cell's hemoglobin depends on mitochondrial heme synthesis. However, mature red blood cells are devoid of mitochondria and rely on glycolysis for ATP production. The molecular basis for the selective elimination of mitochondria from mature red blood cells remains controversial. Recent evidence suggests that clearance of both mitochondria and ribosomes, which occurs in reticulocytes following nuclear extrusion, depends on autophagy. Here, we demonstrate that Ulk1, a serine threonine kinase with homology to yeast atg1p, is a critical regulator of mitochondrial and ribosomal clearance during the final stages of erythroid maturation. However, in contrast to the core autophagy genes such as atg5 and atg7, expression of ulk1 is not essential for induction of macroautophagy in response to nutrient deprivation or for survival of newborn mice. Together, these data suggest that the ATG1 homologue, Ulk1, is a component of the selective autophagy machinery that leads to the elimination of organelles in erythroid cells rather that an essential mechanistic component of autophagy.