bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple and exploratory way to determine the mean–variance relationship in generalized linear models
Authors: Tsou Tsung‐Shan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces an exploratory way to determine how variance relates to the mean in generalized linear models. This novel method employs the robust likelihood technique introduced by Royall and Tsou.A urinary data set collected by Ginsberg et al. and the fabric data set analysed by Lee and Nelder are considered to demonstrate the applicability and simplicity of the proposed technique. Application of the proposed method could easily reveal a mean–variance relationship that would generally be left unnoticed, or that would require more complex modelling to detect. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A relaxation of the gamma frailty (Burr) model
Authors: Perperoglou Aris , van Houwelingen Hans C. , Henderson Robin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrailty models are used in univariate data to account for individual heterogeneity. In the popular gamma frailty model the marginal hazard has the form of a Burr model. Although the Burr model is very useful and can offer insight on the data, it is far from perfect. The estimation of the covariate effects is linked to the baseline hazard and this makes the model coefficients hard to interpret. At the same time, the frailties are assumed constant over time, while biological reasoning in some cases may indicate that frailties may be time dependent. In this paper we present a relaxation of the Burr model which is based on loosening the link between the estimation of the covariate effects and the baseline hazard. This can be achieved by replacing the cumulative baseline hazard in the Burr model by a set of time functions, and the frailty variance by a vector of coefficients directly estimated from the data using a partial likelihood. We illustrate the similarities of the model with the Burr model and a further extension of the latter, a model with an autoregressive stochastic process for the frailty. We compare the models on simulated data sets with constant and time‐dependent frailties and show how the relaxed Burr models performs on two different real data sets. We show that the relaxed Burr model serves as a good approximation to the Burr model when the frailty is constant, and furthermore it gives better results when the frailty is time dependent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited
Authors: Senn Stephen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe case for preferring analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to the simple analysis of change scores (SACS) has often been made. Nevertheless, claims continue to be made that analysis of covariance is biased if the groups are not equal at baseline. If the required equality were in expectation only, this would permit the use of ANCOVA in randomized clinical trials but not in observational studies. The discussion is related to Lord's paradox. In this note, it is shown, however that it is not a necessary condition for groups to be equal at baseline, not even in expectation, for ANCOVA to provide unbiased estimates of treatment effects. It is also shown that although many situations can be envisaged where ANCOVA is biased it is very difficult to imagine circumstances under which SACS would then be unbiased and a causal interpretation could be made. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of studies on the electric field and the current induced in a human body exposed to electromagnetic fields
Authors: Takuma Tadasu , Watanbe Soichi , Kawamoto  , Yamazaki Kenichi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHow high an electric field or current is induced inside a human body when exposed to an electromagnetic field has recently attracted much attention. The background for this is twofold; concern about the possible health effects of electromagnetic fields (usually called ‘EMF issues’), and their positive application to medical treatment or new research subjects. This paper reviews various aspects related to this topic in terms of the following items: basic formulas for field calculation, effect of electromagnetic fields, calculation methods, an Investigation Committee in the IEEJ, and future research subjects. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technology interaction of Electrical Engineering
Authors: Fumio Arakawa , Masao Takahashi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe paper reviews the global activities of the Technical Committee for History of Electrical Engineering (HEE) in Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ) to discuss its future activities. Introducing HEE global activities in the Maui Meeting (MM) and International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), the paper discusses the framework of the International Joint Study Programme for History of Technology Interaction (IJSP/HTI) on the basis of its current study conducted by the Investigation Committee for International Joint Study for History of Technology Interaction (IC/HTI). It concludes the discussion with the view that the study of history could serve as a foundation for us to achieve global contributions in the field of engineering as well. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Portable application of thermal plasma and arc discharge for waste treatment, thermal spraying and surface treatment
Authors: Iwao Toru , Yumoto Motoshige 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThermal plasma and arc discharge have numerous useful characteristics related to their high temperature and intense radiation. Many applications have been developed. Recently, a portable twin‐torch plasma arc furnace for waste treatment, thermal spraying torches, steam plasma torches, and surface treatment of low‐pressure arc was developed. This paper describes the recent development of a portable application of thermal plasma and arc discharge. The portable device can treat wastes and perform thermal spraying and surface treatments on site. This technology is expected to become more attractive. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Braun‐tube display of Katakana ‘i’ by Kenjirou Takayanagi in the early days of Television Development
Authors: Suematsu Yasuharu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe age of television, especially opto‐electronics, began with the development of electronic image display technology with Braun‐tube (CRT). Kenjirou Takayanagi says that in the early stages of its development, he succeeded in putting up a Japanese character ‘τ’ (which is pronounced as ‘i’) on a cathode‐ray tube (CRT) as an electric image for the first time in December 1926. Electronic type television technologies have advanced through the development of the television camera tube and electronic image display technology carried out by Philo T. Farnsworth, Vladimir K. Zworykin, Kenjirou Tayayanagi and others. As a result of these developments, the electronic image display device has developed into ‘a man‐machine interface’ and has also evolved into a key technology of information and telecommunication networks.This paper is an edited version of the paper ‘Electronic Image Display Developed as Key Device for Information Technology ∼ First Braun‐Tube‐Display of Katakana ‘i’ by Kenjirou Takayanagi in early day of Television Development and its effects’ by Y. Suematsu, Journal of Institute of Image and Television Engineers, vol. 59, No.11, pp.1564–1568. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of a two‐dimensional integrated magnetic sensor for position sensing and motor control
Authors: Kimura Takayuki , Takasaki Keigo , Masuzawa Toru 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo‐dimensional integrated magnetic sensors for position sensing were designed and fabricated with the standard 0.35‐µm CMOS process on silicon. One such type is the n‐type Hall sensor that uses an inversion layer under the gate oxide of the MOSFET. The Hall sensors were arrayed (64 × 64), and the control digital circuits and output amplifier were also integrated into the same chip. ‘One pixel’ was 50 × 50 µm, and the entire chip was 4.9 × 4.9 mm. The sensitivity of one of these sensors was 2.7 mV/(mA·kG). The two‐dimensional magnetic flux distribution was measured from the 5‐mm diameter Nd–Fe–B rare‐earth permanent magnet. About 42 s was required to measure one frame. The position of the magnet could be detected with the fabricated sensors. Magnetic sensors using an inversion layer in MOSFETs are useful for position sensing systems, but their noise characteristics, such as poor sensitivity, should be improved. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improved method to simulate gradient in alumina packing fraction in alumina/epoxy composite fabricated by a centrifugal method
Authors: Hayashi Noriyuki , Sugahara Tetsuo , Tsuru Shin‐Ichiro , Hara Masanori 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA centrifugal method was used to fabricate large‐scale functionally graded materials (FGMs) from solid‐particles/viscous‐matrix mixtures at room temperature. The conventional simulation procedure of the centrifugal process was improved by considering the dependency of the viscosity η of the mixture on the packing fraction νp of particle, the effects of arbitrary shape of the actual fillers on η, the statistical dispersion of the diameters of the actual fillers, and the formation and growth of the fully packed layer (FPL) near the FGM bottom. The new simulation method was applied to three centrifugal processes employed for experimental FGM fabrications from alumina/epoxy mixtures. The numerical profiles of νp are in good agreement with the experimental ones regardless of the shapes of fillers and 'ponding viscosity of the solutions without fillers, the total amount of fillers loaded, and the centrifugal conditions. The saturating nature of νp near the far end of the FGM column is also simulated with reasonable precision. Finally, the manner in which the particles exert varying influences on the gradient of νp is demonstrated: the particles exhibit different movements depending on their size. On the basis of these results, the effectiveness of the new simulation method proposed is confirmed for the modeling of similar processes involved in the fabrication of FGMs from solid‐particles/viscous‐matrix mixtures by the centrifugal method. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The new EU merger regulation: Implications for EU‐U.S. merger strategies
Authors: Akbar Yusaf H. , Suder Gabriele G. S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article examines the implications of the new EU merger regulation (EU 139/2004) on international merger strategies. Important changes in the new regulation on both a substantive and procedural level are analyzed in the comparative context of EU and U.S. merger‐control policies. In particular, the article evaluates whether the “substantial impediment to effective competition” (SIEC) test in the new regulation implies convergence with the U.S. “substantial lessening of competition” (SLC) benchmark. In this context, the article develops scenarios for convergence between EU and U.S. merger‐control policies. The EU merger process has emerged against a background of significant political and institutional development in the European Union, and this is an important explanatory element in the development of competition policy in general and for the new merger regulation in particular. It also has implications for merger strategies examined at the end of the article. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing Russian consumers' imported versus domestic product bias
Authors: Thelen Shawn , Ford John B. , Honeycutt Earl D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractData from a cross‐section of 438 Russian consumers were collected and analyzed to evaluate consumer preference for ten product types—five consumables and five durables. Results indicate that when Russian consumers consider purchasing a consumable product, consumer ethnocentrism levels and product characteristics reinforce each other, resulting in a strong domestic bias; however, these variables conflict with each other when consumers consider durable products, resulting in consumers exhibiting an inclination for imported durables. This indicates that product characteristics may influence product preference (domestic versus imported) more than consumer ethnocentrism levels. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of adopters and organizational changes
Authors: Askarany Davood 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAdopting Rogers's (1995) diffusion model and the modified diffusion model presented by Askarany (2003), this article explores the impact of characteristics of adopters on the diffusion of administrative innovations in general and then examines their associations with the diffusion of balanced scorecard (as a proxy of administrative changes) in particular. Findings suggest that attributes of adopters significantly influence decision(s) to adopt (or not) administrative innovations. However, with particular reference to balanced scorecard, the findings indicate that attributes of adopters do not appear to remain as significant as before the decision was made. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How similar is the world in the internet era? A comparison of e‐business in China, Russia, and Sweden
Authors: Fey Carl F. , Koning Alice de , Delios Andrew 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMuch has been written about how e‐business can serve as a strong homogenizing influence and essentially make the world into one market. Yet, little research has empirically investigated this question. This study seeks to describe e‐business activity in China, Sweden, and Russia to identify similarities and differences in the portfolios of e‐business applications in these countries. Our results indicate that different e‐business applications are emerging as more prevalent in different countries. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased TCA cycle activity and reduced oxygen consumption during cytochrome P450‐dependent biotransformation in fission yeast
Authors: Drǎgan Cǎlin‐Aurel , Blank Lars M. , Bureik Matthias 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCytochrome P450s are haem‐containing monooxygenases that catalyse a variety of oxidations utilizing a large substrate spectrum and are therefore of interest for biotechnological applications. We expressed human CYP21 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a eukaryotic model for P450‐dependent whole‐cell biotransformation. The resulting strain displayed strong steroid hydroxylase activity that was accompanied by contrary effects on respiration and non‐respiratory oxygen consumption, which combined to a significant decline in total oxygen consumption of the cells. While production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) decreased, the TCA cycle activity increased, as was shown by metabolic flux (METAFoR) analysis. Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activity was found to be negligible, regardless of growth phase, CYP21 expression or biocatalytic activity, indicating that NADPH levels in Sz. pombe are sufficiently high to support an exogenous P450 without adaptations of central carbon metabolism. We conclude from these data that neither oxygen supply nor NADPH availability are limiting factors in P450‐dependent biocatalysis in Sz. pombe. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key physiological differences in Candida albicans CDR1 induction by steroid hormones and antifungal drugs
Authors: Larsen Bryan , Anderson Seth , Brockman Andrea , Essmann Michael , Schmidt Martin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Candida albicans CDR1 gene, encoding an ABC transporter that functions as an efflux pump, is thought to be involved in pathogenic adaptation and uses mammalian hormones and other environmental cues to regulate its activity. Exposure of several clinical isolates of C. albicans to 1 × 10−8 M 17β‐oestradiol increased CDR1 expression and the isolates showed a positive correlation between oestrogen induction of CDR1 and growth in the presence of oestrogen. A reporter strain carrying the GFP gene under the control of the CDR1 promoter was used to analyse the effect of steroid hormones and antifungal drugs on CDR1 expression by flow cytometry. We found that among the many hormones tested, only oestradiol and progesterone induce CDR1 expression. CDR1 induction requires hormone concentrations greater than 10−8 M, a threshold reached in vivo only by progesterone. Using the GFP‐reporter strain, we show CDR1 induction by female but not male human serum and demonstrate that exposure of C. albicans to physiological concentrations of progesterone measurably increases resistance to fluconazole, miconazole and 5‐fluorouracil. Simultaneous exposure of C. albicans to hormones and antifungal drugs provided evidence that both agents induce CDR1 expression via different mechanisms with different saturation points. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble forms of YlCrh1p and YlCrh2p, cell wall proteins of Yarrowia lipolytica, have β‐1,3‐glycosidase activity
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Sook , Seo Dong‐Hyuck , Kim Jeong‐Yoon 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCrh1p and Crh2p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are cell wall proteins covalently attached to cell wall glucan and are thought to be putative glycosidases involved in cell wall remodelling. We investigated whether YlCrh1p and YlCrh2p, the Yarrowia lipolytica proteins homologous to ScCrh1p and ScCrh2p, had the required glycosidase activity for cell wall biosynthesis and maintenance. Ylcrh1Δ and Ylcrh2Δ mutants showed sensitivity to compounds that interfere with cell wall construction. Soluble forms of YlCrh1p and YlCrh2p that lacked the C‐terminal consensus sequence for GPI anchoring showed glycosidase activity on laminarin, a substrate carrying β‐1,3‐glycosidic linkage. Our study suggests that the YlCrh1p and YlCrh2p may participate in cell wall biosynthesis and remodelling through their β‐1,3‐glycosidase activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombineering reagents for improved inducible expression and selection marker re‐use in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Erler Axel , Maresca Marcello , Fu Jun , Stewart A. Francis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent model organism for cell biology. However, its genetic toolbox is less developed than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the first part of this study we describe an improved inducible expression vector based on tetracycline regulation of the CaMV35S promoter, which is also capable of chromosomal integration and therefore works in minimal and in rich media. We found that anhydrotetracycline is a superior ligand for induction. Maximum expression levels were observed after 12 h in minimal media (EMM) and after 9 h in rich media (YES), which is faster than the nmt1 promoter system. The system was combined with a convenient recombineering‐based subcloning strategy for ease of cloning. In the second part we present four template plasmids, pSVEM‐bsd, pSVEM‐nat, pSVEM‐kan and pSVEM‐hph, which harbour four recyclable disruption cassettes based on the Cre recombinase lox71/66 strategy for use in PCR targeting methods. Cre‐mediated excision leaves a non‐functional mutant lox site in the genome, allowing the reiterative usage of these cassettes for multiple targetings. These cassettes are also configured with dual eukaryotic/prokaryotic promoters so that they can be used for recombineering in E. coli. Amongst other purposes, this permits the rapid and convenient creation of targeting constructs with much longer homology arms for difficult and complex targetings in the Sz. pombe genome. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐step method for the introduction of single or multiple defined point mutations into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Toulmay Alexandre , Schneiter Roger 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe introduction of defined mutations into open reading frames (ORF) or non‐translated regions of the genome is important to study of the structure–function relationship of amino acid residues in proteins or that of sequence motifs at the genome level. We describe a simple two‐step method for the introduction of defined single or multiple point mutations into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method circumvents the need for plasmid‐based mutagenesis and thus ensures homogenous expression of the gene of interest within the cell population. It is based on the introduction of a selectable marker downstream of the gene of interest. This marker is then amplified with a gene‐specific primer that harbours the desired point mutation, creating a selectable marker‐tagged mutant version of the gene of interest. The mutant fragment is then integrated into the genome of a wild‐type strain through homologous recombination. Successive rounds of amplification of the mutant loci with primers that introduce additional point mutations upstream of existing mutations will generate multiple defined mutations within a single gene. As a proof of principle, we have employed this method to generate a temperature‐sensitive mutant version of the plasma membrane ATPase, pma1‐7, which bears two point mutations (Pro434Ala and Gly789Ser). Phenotypic analysis of a pma1‐7 haploid strain indicates that this allele has the same characteristics as the original pma1‐7 allele. It confers a temperature‐sensitive growth phenotype and the newly synthesized Pma1‐7 protein is unstable and rapidly degraded. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen source and the retrograde signalling pathway affect detection, not generation, of the [URE3] prion
Authors: Edskes Herman K. , Naglieri Benedetta M. , Wickner Reed B. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract[URE3] is an infectious (prion) inactive amyloid form of Ure2p, a regulator of nitrogen catabolism. [URE3] clones are selected on NH4+, using their derepressed expression of DAL5 to allow uptake of ureidosuccinate (USA). We previously reported that mks1Δ prevents generation of [URE3] and others reported that glutamate in the medium or the elevated glutamate in mks1Δ strains blocks [URE3] generation. We show here that elevated glutamate does not block [URE3] generation, but that neither does mks1Δ. Rather, a post‐transcriptional effect on DAL5 of mks1Δ through the retrograde regulation pathway prevents detection of [URE3] prion‐containing colonies. Moreover, the presence of both ammonia and glutamate blocks USA uptake in a known [URE3] strain, so that detection of the prion is prevented, rather than its generation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.