bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of the entrepreneurial university in evolution of the triple helix
Authors: Zhou Chunyan 
Published: February 2008

PurposeThe study aims at disclosing the evolution process to an entrepreneurial university in the government‐pulled triple helix in China through the analysis of MIT and Stanford model of “university‐pushed triple helix” in which academic institutions take the lead in regional innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a case study of the Northeastern University (NEU), which is located in the Northeast China where there is a dominant government‐pulled triple helix and with the establishment of China's first science park in which a highly successful software company (Neusoft) was created.FindingsThe pathway to an entrepreneurial university begins with government‐pulled + industry‐university collaboration, to university‐industry collaboration + interaction triple helix. This may be followed by a gradually developing “university‐industry collaboration” in which companies fund academic research with potential industrial use, the beginnings of a university‐pushed triple helix.Originality/valueThe analysis of NEU exemplifies the emergence of the entrepreneurial university in China and provides strategic implications for policy makers in terms of designing the appropriate policy to support university enterprising strategy.
Commercial Ripening Starter Microorganisms Inoculated into Cheese Milk Do Not Successfully Establish Themselves in the Resident Microbial Ripening Consortia of a South German Red Smear Cheese
Authors: Goerges Stefanie , Mounier Jérôme , Rea Mary C. , Gelsomino Roberto , Heise Valeska , Beduhn Rüdiger , Cogan Timothy M. , Vancanneyt Marc , Scherer Siegfried 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Production of smear-ripened cheese critically depends on the surface growth of multispecies microbial consortia comprising bacteria and yeasts. These microorganisms often originate from the cheese-making facility and, over many years, have developed into rather stable, dairy-specific associations. While commercial smear starters are frequently used, it is unclear to what degree these are able to establish successfully within the resident microbial consortia. Thus, the fate of the smear starters of a German Limburger cheese subjected to the “old-young” smearing technique was investigated during ripening. The cheese milk was supplemented with a commercial smear starter culture containing
Debaryomyces hansenii
,
Galactomyces geotrichum
,
Arthrobacter arilaitensis
, and
Brevibacterium aurantiacum.
Additionally, the cheese surface was inoculated with an extremely stable in-house microbial consortium. A total of 1,114 yeast and 1,201 bacterial isolates were identified and differentiated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA, repetitive PCR, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis analyses were used to type selected isolates below the species level. The
D. hansenii
starter strain was primarily found early in the ripening process. The
G. geotrichum
starter strain in particular established itself after relocation to a new ripening room. Otherwise, it occurred at low frequencies. The bacterial smear starters could not be reisolated from the cheese surface at all. It is concluded that none of the smear starter strains were able to compete significantly and in a stable fashion against the resident microbial consortia, a result which might have been linked to the method of application. This finding raises the issue of whether addition of starter microorganisms during production of this type of cheese is actually necessary.
Cell Invasion and Matricide during
Photorhabdus luminescens
Transmission by
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
Nematodes
Authors: Ciche Todd A. , Kim Kwi-suk , Kaufmann-Daszczuk Bettina , Nguyen Ken C. Q. , Hall David H. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Many animals and plants have symbiotic relationships with beneficial bacteria. Experimentally tractable models are necessary to understand the processes involved in the selective transmission of symbiotic bacteria. One such model is the transmission of the insect-pathogenic bacterial symbionts
Photorhabdus
spp. by
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
infective juvenile (IJ)-stage nematodes. By observing egg-laying behavior and IJ development, it was determined that IJs develop exclusively via intrauterine hatching and matricide (i.e., endotokia matricida). By transiently exposing nematodes to fluorescently labeled symbionts, it was determined that symbionts infect the maternal intestine as a biofilm and then invade and breach the rectal gland epithelium, becoming available to the IJ offspring developing in the pseudocoelom. Cell- and stage-specific infection occurs again in the pre-IJ pharyngeal intestinal valve cells, which helps symbionts to persist as IJs develop and move to a new host. Synchronous with nematode development are changes in symbiont and host behavior (e.g., adherence versus invasion). Thus,
Photorhabdus
symbionts are maternally transmitted by an elaborate infectious process involving multiple selective steps in order to achieve symbiont-specific transmission.
Transcription of
hupSL
in
Anabaena variabilis
ATCC 29413 Is Regulated by NtcA and Not by Hydrogen
Authors: Weyman Philip D. , Pratte Brenda , Thiel Teresa 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria such as
Anabaena variabilis
ATCC 29413 use an uptake hydrogenase, encoded by
hupSL
, to recycle hydrogen gas that is produced as an obligate by-product of nitrogen fixation. The regulation of
hupSL
in
A. variabilis
is likely to differ from that of the closely related
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120 because
A. variabilis
lacks the excision element-mediated regulation that characterizes
hupSL
regulation in strain PCC 7120. An analysis of the
hupSL
transcript in a nitrogenase mutant of
A. variabilis
that does not produce any detectable hydrogen indicated that neither nitrogen fixation nor hydrogen gas was required for the induction of
hupSL
. Furthermore, exogenous addition of hydrogen gas did not stimulate
hupSL
transcription. Transcriptional reporter constructs indicated that the accumulation of
hupSL
transcript after nitrogen step-down was restricted primarily to the microaerobic heterocysts. Anoxic conditions were not sufficient to induce
hupSL
transcription. The induction of
hupSL
after nitrogen step-down was reduced in a mutant in the global nitrogen regulator NtcA, but was not reduced in a mutant unable to form heterocysts. A consensus NtcA-binding site was identified upstream of
hupSL
, and NtcA was found to bind to this region. Thus, while neither hydrogen gas nor anoxia controlled the expression of
hupSL
, its expression was controlled by NtcA. Heterocyst differentiation was not required for
hupSL
induction in response to nitrogen step-down, but heterocyst-localized cues may add an additional level of regulation to
hupSL
.
Evidence for Involvement of Copper Ions and Redox State in Regulation of Butane Monooxygenase in
Pseudomonas butanovora
Authors: Doughty D. M. , Kurth E. G. , Sayavedra-Soto L. A. , Arp D. J. , Bottomley P. J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas butanovora
possesses an alcohol-inducible alkane monooxygenase, butane monooxygenase (BMO), that initiates growth on C
2
-C
9
alkanes. A
lacZ
transcriptional reporter strain,
P. butanovora bmoX
::
lacZ
, in which the BMO promoter controls the expression of β-galactosidase activity, was used to show that 1-butanol induced the BMO promoter in the presence or absence of O
2
when lactate-grown, BMO-repressed cells were washed free of lactate and incubated in NH
4
Cl-KNa phosphate buffer. In contrast, when lactate-grown cells of the reporter strain were incubated in phosphate buffer containing the mineral salts of standard growth medium, 1-butanol-dependent induction was significantly repressed at low O
2
(1 to 2% [vol/vol]) and totally repressed under anoxic conditions. The repressive effect of the mineral salts was traced to its copper content. In cells exposed to 1% (vol/vol) O
2
, CuSO
4
(0.5 μM) repressed 1-butanol-dependent induction of β-galactosidase activity. Under oxic conditions (20% O
2
[vol/vol]), significantly higher concentrations of CuSO
4
(2 μM) were required for almost complete repression of induction in lactate-grown cells. A combination of the Cu
2+
reducing agent Na ascorbate (100 μM) and CuSO
4
(0.5 μM) repressed the induction of β-galactosidase activity under oxic conditions to the same extent that 0.5 μM CuSO
4
alone repressed it under anoxic conditions. Under oxic conditions, 2 μM CuSO
4
repressed induction of the BMO promoter less effectively in butyrate-grown cells of the
bmoX
::
lacZ
strain and of an R8-
bmoX
::
lacZ
mutant reporter strain with a putative BMO regulator, BmoR, inactivated. Under anoxic conditions, CuSO
4
repression remained highly effective, regardless of the growth substrate, in both BmoR-positive and -negative reporter strains.
Lgt: a Family of Cytotoxic Glucosyltransferases Produced by
Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Belyi Yury , Tabakova Irina , Stahl Michael , Aktories Klaus 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Legionella pneumophila
is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for severe lung disease in humans, known as legionellosis or Legionnaires' disease. Previously, we reported on the ∼60-kDa glucosyltransferase (Lgt1) from
Legionella pneumophila
, which modified eukaryotic elongation factor 1A. In the present study, using
L. pneumophila
Philadelphia-1, Lens, Paris, and Corby genome databases, we identified several genes coding for proteins with considerable sequence homology to Lgt1. These new enzymes form three subfamilies, termed Lgt1 to -3, glucosylate mammalian elongation factor eEF1A at serine-53, inhibit its activity, and subsequently kill target eukaryotic cells. Expression studies on
L. pneumophila
grown in broth medium or in
Acanthamoeba castellanii
revealed that production of Lgt1 was maximal at stationary phase of broth culture or during the late phase of
Legionella
-host cell interaction, respectively. In contrast, synthesis of Lgt3 peaked during the lag phase of liquid culture and at early steps of bacterium-amoeba interaction. Thus, the data indicate that members of the
L. pneumophila
glucosyltransferase family are differentially regulated, affect protein synthesis of host cells, and represent potential virulence factors of
Legionella
.
SprB Is a Cell Surface Component of the
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
Gliding Motility Machinery
Authors: Nelson Shawn S. , Bollampalli Sreelekha , McBride Mark J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Cells of the gliding bacterium
Flavobacterium johnsoniae
move rapidly over surfaces by an unknown mechanism. Transposon insertions in
sprB
resulted in cells that were defective in gliding. SprB is a highly repetitive 669-kDa cell surface protein, and antibodies against SprB inhibited the motility of wild-type cells. Polystyrene microspheres coated with antibodies against SprB attached to and were rapidly propelled along the cell surface, suggesting that SprB is one of the outermost components of the motility machinery. The movement of SprB along the cell surface supports a model of gliding motility in which motors anchored to the cell wall rapidly propel cell surface adhesins.
Isolation and Characterization of an Autoinducer Synthase from
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Niu Chen , Clemmer Katy M. , Bonomo Robert A. , Rather Philip N. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

The opportunistic human pathogen
Acinetobacter baumannii
strain M2 was found to produce distinct acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signals based on the use of an
Agrobacterium tumefaciens traG-lacZ
biosensor. An
A. baumannii
gene, designated
abaI
, was cloned and directed AHL production in recombinant
Escherichia coli
. The AbaI protein was similar to members of the LuxI family of autoinducer synthases and was predicted to be the only autoinducer synthase encoded by
A. baumannii
. The primary AHL signal directed by AbaI was identified by mass spectrometry as being
N
-(3-hydroxydodecanoyl)-
l
-HSL (3-hydroxy-C
12
-HSL). Minor amounts of at least five additional AHLs were also identified. The expression of
abaI
at the transcriptional level was activated by ethyl acetate extracts of culture supernatants or by synthetic 3-hydroxy-C
12
-HSL. An
abaI
::Km mutant failed to produce any detectable AHL signals and was impaired in biofilm development.
Russia's Criminal Procedure Code Five Years Out
Authors: Burnham William , Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAfter a long delay in drafting, a new Criminal Procedure Code for Russia was passed in 2001 and went into effect in 2002. The new Code contains some striking innovations, most notably changes at the trial stage, which implement the constitutional requirement of adversarial principles. However, it also preserves several remnants of the past, particularly its preservation of the formal pretrial investigation, during which evidence is analyzed and compiled in a dossier, which then dominates the trial of the case. The result is that old and new constantly contend with each other. Implementation of the new adversarial procedures is also made difficult by the enormity of the changes demanded by them. This article examines these and other issues in the new Code's implementation over its first five years of operation.
The Method εξ υποεσεως at Meno 86e1-87d8
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: February 2008

AbstractScholars ubiquitously refer to the method εξ υποεσεως, introduced at Meno 86e1-87d8, as a method of hypothesis. In contrast, this paper argues that the method εξ υποεσεως in Meno is not a hypothetical method. On the contrary, in the Meno passage, υποεσις means “postulate”, that is, cognitively secure proposition. Furthermore, the method εξ υποεσεως is derived from the method of geometrical analysis. More precisely, it is derived from the use of geometrical analysis to achieve reduction, that is, reduction of a less tractable problem to a more tractable problem. As such, the method εξ υποεσεως does not by itself serve to solve problems.
Alveolar macrophages from susceptible mice are more competent than those of resistant mice to control initialParacoccidioides brasiliensisinfection
Authors: Pina Adriana , Bernardino Simone , Calich Vera L G 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlveolar macrophages (AM) are the first host cells to interact with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), a primary human pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in Latin America. To better understand innate immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, we decided to study the fungicidal and secretory abilities of AM from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to infection. Untreated, IFN-γ and IL-12 primed AM from B10.A and A/J mice were challenged with P. brasiliensis yeasts and cocultured for 72 h. B10.A macrophages presented an efficient fungicidal ability, were easily activated by both cytokines, produced high levels of nitric oxide (NO), IL-12, and MCP-1 associated with low amounts of IL-10 and GM-CSF. In contrast, A/J AM showed impaired cytokine activation and fungal killing, secreted high levels of IL-10 and GM-CSF but low concentrations of NO, IL-12, and MCP-1. The fungicidal ability of B10.A but not of A/J macrophages was diminished by aminoguanidine treatment, although only the neutralization of TGF-β restored the fungicidal activity of A/J cells. This pattern of macrophage activation resulted in high expression of MHC class II antigens by A/J cells, while B10.A macrophages expressed elevated levels of CD40. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrated that susceptibility to a fungal pathogen can be associated with an efficient innate immunity, while a deficient innate response can ultimately favor the development of a resistant pattern to infection. Moreover, our data suggest that different pathogen recognition receptors are used by resistant and susceptible hosts to interact with P. brasiliensis yeasts, resulting in divergent antigen presentation, acquired immunity, and disease outcomes.
Docetaxel in Combination With Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide As Adjuvant Treatment for Early Node-Positive Breast Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Utility Analysis
Authors: Wolowacz Sorrel E. , Cameron David A. , Tate Helen C. , Bagust Adrian 
Published: February 2008

Purpose To estimate the cost effectiveness of TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) compared with FAC (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) when administered as adjuvant therapy to women with node-positive early breast cancer in the United Kingdom (UK), both with and without primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Methods A standard health economic Markov model estimated the cost and outcome for node-positive early breast cancer patients, from initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy to death. Patient-level data were used from the Breast Cancer International Research Group (BCIRG) 001 trial for estimates of the effect of chemotherapy on toxicity and outcome, and an observational data set collected from a UK university hospital provided estimates of resource use and outcome for patients with relapsed disease. Results Over a 10-year analysis timeframe, the incremental cost per life-year saved associated with the use of TAC rather than FAC was estimated as £15,418 (95% CI, £13,734 to £17,997) and the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained (IC/QALY) was £18,188 (95% CI, £14,161 to £32,422). The addition of primary G-CSF (lenograstim or filgrastim) to the TAC regimen resulted in an IC/QALY of £20,432. The results were most sensitive to the quality-of-life (QOL) score for patients in remission postchemotherapy. However, even if QOL was assumed to be as poor as for patients with metastatic disease, the IC/QALY estimate rose only to £32,430. Conclusion The use of adjuvant TAC rather than FAC for node-positive early breast cancer patients is cost effective, despite the increased drug and toxicity treatment costs, and when primary G-CSF prophylaxis is given to all patients.
Long-Term Prediction of Prostate Cancer: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Velocity Is Predictive but Does Not Improve the Predictive Accuracy of a Single PSA Measurement 15 Years or More Before Cancer Diagnosis in a Large, Representative, Unscreened Population
Authors: Ulmert David , Serio Angel M. , O'Brien Matthew F. , Becker Charlotte , Eastham James A. , Scardino Peter T. , Björk Thomas , Berglund Göran , Vickers Andrew J. , Lilja Hans 
Published: February 2008

Purpose We tested whether total prostate-specific antigen velocity (tPSAv) improves accuracy of a model using PSA level to predict long-term risk of prostate cancer diagnosis. Methods During 1974 to 1986 in a preventive medicine study in Sweden, 5,722 men aged ≤ 50 gave two blood samples about 6 years apart. We measured free (fPSA) and total PSA (tPSA) in archived plasma samples from 4,907 participants. Prostate cancer was subsequently diagnosed in 443 (9%) men. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate tPSA and tPSAv as predictors of prostate cancer. Predictive accuracy was assessed by the concordance index. Results The median time from second blood draw to cancer diagnosis was 16 years; median follow-up for men without prostate cancer was 21 years. In univariate models, tPSA level at second assessment and tPSAv between first and second assessments were associated with prostate cancer (both P < .001). tPSAv was highly correlated with tPSA level (r = 0.93). Twenty-year probabilities of cancer for men at 50th, 90th, and 95th percentile of tPSA and tPSAv were 10.6%, 17.1%, and 21.2% for tPSA, and 9.1%, 11.8%, and 14.1% for tPSAv, respectively. The concordance index for tPSA level was 0.771. Adding tPSAv, fPSA, %fPSA or velocities of fPSA and %fPSA did not importantly increase accuracy of tPSA to predict prostate cancer. Results were unchanged if the analysis was restricted to patients with advanced cancer at diagnosis. Conclusion Although PSA velocity is significantly increased in men with prostate cancer up to two decades before diagnosis, it does not aid long-term prediction of prostate cancer.
Clinical Significance of MYCN Amplification and Ploidy in Favorable-Stage Neuroblastoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Schneiderman Jennifer , London Wendy B. , Brodeur Garrett M. , Castleberry Robert P. , Look A. Thomas , Cohn Susan L. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose MYCN amplification is rarely detected in patients with favorable-stage neuroblastoma (NB). To determine the clinical significance of MYCN amplification in children with favorable-stage NB, we performed a retrospective review of data from the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) biology study 9047. Patients and Methods MYCN status, tumor cell ploidy, treatment, and outcome of patients with stage A, B, or Ds NB, enrolled on POG 9047 between 1990 and 1999 were analyzed. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall (OS) survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Of the 1,667 patients enrolled on POG 9047, 643 had favorable-stage disease. Of these, follow-up data were available on 568 (34%) with stage A, B, or Ds disease and normal MYCN copy number, and 32 (1.9%) patients with MYCN-amplified, stage A, B, or Ds tumors. Within the cohort lacking MYCN amplification, the 7-year EFS and OS rates (± SE) were 91% ± 1% and 96% ± 1%, respectively. Patients with MYCN amplification had significantly worse EFS and OS (50% ± 9% and 59% ± 9%, respectively, P < .0001). Within the cohort of children with MYCN amplification, the 7-year EFS and OS rates were 80% ± 10% and 87% ± 9%, respectively for patients with hyperdiploid tumors and 25% ± 11% and 38% ± 12% for patients with diploid/hypodiploid NBs (P = .0063 and P = .0074, respectively). Conclusion Tumor cell ploidy may be a clinically useful factor for prognostication and treatment stratification in children with MYCN-amplified, favorable-stage NB tumors.
Support staff in community pharmacy: who are they and what do they want?
Authors: Schafheutle Ellen I , Samuels Tanya , Hassell Karen 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Objective
To collect information on different categories of support staff, their deployment in community pharmacy, their levels of experience and qualifications, and their opinions on a number of topical issues, such as training and regulation.

Method
Two ‘snapshot’ surveys, one of community pharmacists, another of support staff employed by them. Three focus groups with support staff.

Setting
The surveys were conducted in community pharmacies in two primary care trusts (PCTs) in England. Two focus groups were conducted in one of the PCTs with respondents who had taken part in the survey; a third took place in a third PCT during the design phase.

Key findings
Medicines counter assistants (MCAs) formed the largest category of support staff (56%); 21% were dispensing assistants (DAs); 17% were pharmacy technicians (PTs). All community pharmacies employed at least one (60%), and often more than one MCA, but 20% had no DAs and 40% operated without a PT. Nearly all (93%) support staff were women, and about one-third worked part-time. More mature (40+ years) staff commonly only held an MCA qualification and were often not keen on further training. Younger staff held higher qualifications and were interested in further training and career progression. The majority of all categories of staff showed high levels of job satisfaction and loyalty to their employer. Most held positive views towards the regulation of support staff. Poor salaries were identified as potential barriers to further training and regulation, and pharmacists identified problems recruiting support staff.

Conclusion
Many different categories of support staff are employed in community pharmacies, although some operated without DAs or a PT. Support staff were generally satisfied with their jobs, but increasing requirements for formal qualifications and regulation of support staff, if not accompanied by adequate recognition and remuneration, may worsen recruitment problems.