bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of the nature of citation measures with journals and scientific specialties
Authors: Murugesan Poovanalingam , Moravcsik Michael J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe classification of scientific citations according to their quality and function, established in a previous paper, is strengthened by tests of its reproducibility and universality. The method is then applied to articles in various specialties of theoretical physics published in various journals, and conclusions are drawn about differences by specialty and by geographical areas. Specifically, it is shown for the sample investigated (a) that the number of papers referred to per article is much lower for Soviet journals than for European, US, or Japanese journals; (b) that this number is much lower for solid state physics than for high energy or nuclear physics; (c) that US journals have a higher percentage of conceptual citations, and a much higher percentage of organic citations than Soviet journals; (d) that the Soviet Journal of Nuclear Physics has citation patterns markedly different than the other two Soviet journals investigated and is rather similar to that of the US journals; (e) that high energy physics shows a significantly higher percentage of organic citations and a somewhat higher percentage of evolutionary citations than either nuclear physics or solid state physics. Some speculations are presented to “explain” these effects.
Redesigning library jobs
Authors: Shaughnessy Thomas W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRapid technological change is examined from the viewpoint of its impact on library jobs. The article explains from an historical perspective how new technologies have, in many cases, absorbed routine work, and have the potential to make jobs much more challenging. Management must respond to these changes, however, by redesigning jobs to accommodate both technological innovation and human values. Specific steps in the job redesign process are described.
Opinion paper: Science, shcharansky, and the soviets
Authors: Minker Jack 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is argued that scientists and scientific organizations have an obligation to speak out in defense of human rights of scientists. The sentencing of Anatoly Shcharansky by the Soviet Union to thirteen years imprisonment is cited as a case in point. Because it is questionable that the Soviet Union upholds international scientific standards it is urged that either scientific conferences not be held in the Soviet Union, or that the organizing committee and attendees be vigilant in assuring free and open conferences. Finally, it is questioned as to whether or not it is advisable to cooperate in official scientific exchanges with the Soviet Union in view of their repressive acts against scientists.
The application of multiple‐criteria utility theory to the evaluation of information systems
Authors: Herner Saul , Snapper Kurt J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of multiple‐criteria theory, a means of measuring degree of satisfaction of predetermined evaluative criteria, quantifying their relative importance, identifying trade offs among them, and determining the best tradeoffs, is proposed for the evaluation of information systems. Use of the proposed method is demonstrated via the evaluation of a hypothetical selective dissemination of information (SDI) system. The illustrative evaluation involves (1) selection of two sets of typically antithetic criteria: efficiency (the inner workings of the system) and effectiveness (its impact on its users); (2) ranking and scoring each criterion in the two sets; (3) selection of alternative configurations of the system under study; (4) scoring the specimen and the alternative systems in terms of the rated efficiency and effectiveness criteria; and (5) identifying the system that scores the highest. The comparative scores for the systems are determined by Ui = [(W′) (Si′) + (W″) (S″i)], where S″i and S′i denote the efficiency and effectiveness scores of the ith alternative, and W′ and W′ are weighting constants that reflect the computed relative importance of efficiency and effectiveness.
Designing a multilingual terminology bank for united states translators
Authors: Morton Sara E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA multilingual terminology bank consists of a data base of multilingual terminology and various programs to access it. The bank acts as a computerized dictionary, accessible to translators either on‐line or through hard‐copy printouts. Retrieved information consists of a record containing a term, its equivalents in other languages, and descriptive information which includes usage samples, synonyms, definitions, and grammatical information. Banks currently operate in Canada and Europe where they have proved extremely useful to translators. A terminology bank for the United States is being designed at Carnegie‐Mellon University, in a project undertaken jointly by the Translation Center and the Department of Computer Science. Surveys, interviews, and reviews of the literature have been used to design a bank suitable for a small, relatively impoverished sponsoring institution. The bank is to serve technical translators either on‐line or off‐line, with a data base consisting of records of English, German, French, Spanish, or Russian terms used in business or engineering. The bank will begin operation with procedures only to enter and retrieve terms; later, more complex facilities will be added.
Can retrieval of information from citation indexes be simplified? Multiple mention of a reference as a characteristic of the link between cited and citing article
Authors: Herlach Gertrud 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis is tested and accepted that the mechanistically identifiable citation link characteristic, mention of a given reference more than once within the same research paper, indicates a close and useful relationship of a citing to a given cited paper. Closeness and usefulness of the relationship between papers linked by citation were determined by means of users' judgments. It is shown that as a selection criterion for document retrieval, multiple mention of a reference would yield good precision but low recall, since a considerable number of papers with corresponding single mention were judged closely related to the given cited paper. Frequency counts showed that approximately one‐third of all bibliographic references in the research papers checked are mentioned in the text more than once.
Academic librarians' jobtype and contact with information sources
Authors: McClure Charles R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe jobtype of an academic librarian appears to be an important determinant as to his/her corresponding contacts with various types of information sources. Administrators contact substantially more information sources than do public service librarians, who, in turn, contact more information sources than technical service librarians. Contacts with information sources may be a useful means to describe the nature of an employee's position not only in terms of routineness, but other organizational characteristics as well.
Simulating circulation‐use characteristic curves using circulation data
Authors: Trueswell Richard W. , Turner Stephen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe statistics of time since the last due date for books in a library collection can be analyzed using the last‐circulation method. The method works toward identifying those books in a library's stack collection that determine any given percentage of the current circulation. The application of the method traditionally requires a random sample from the stack collection but this requirement can be eliminated whenever records on circulation volume are available. The effectiveness of the method is improved significantly by consideration of the number of books in the stacks that have been acquired but not circulated. A theoretical foundation is provided showing the basic components and requirements, of the more efficient technique. This theory is then applied in an example that manipulates data collected from a university library.
Assessing the effect of computer augmentation on staff productivity
Authors: Bamford Harold E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComputers are being used increasingly to augment the information processing abilities of staff. Yet evidence of resulting increases in staff productivity has been lacking. An operational trial of computer augmentation by a National Science Foundation program office provided an assessment opportunity. For repeated work samples, participating staff members estimated the times they spent at various activities, the times they would have had to spend to produce equivalent output without augmentation, and the times they would not have spent had augmentation not been provided. On the basis of the resulting data it could be concluded that if augmentation had not been provided during the assessment periods approximately 19% of the program officers' output and 25% of the secretary's output would have been lost. Augmentation had resulted in productivity increases of 22% for the program officers and 33% for the secretary. Generalization of these results is limited by the work sampling and measurement procedures of the study. An experimental design by which the limitations can be overcome is suggested.
The library of congress: A proposed role in a national information and referral network
Authors: Donohue Joseph C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInformation and referral (I&R) services provide needed communication between citizens and agencies that serve them. There is need for coordination of general and specialized I&R services into a national network to improve effectiveness and economy, as recommended by a recent report of the U.S. Comptroller General. The Library of Congress should coordinate the federal resources being spent for I&R, in much the same way as it does library services to the physically handicapped. Placement of this function in the legislative branch could assure greater continuity of support and responsiveness to the citizen and in turn could provide a stronger bond between legislators and their constituencies.
Depth of indexing
Authors: Maron M. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor many years it has been believed that in order to design optimal document retrieval systems one must assign index terms to documents at their optimal depth; therefore, it was of primary importance to answer the following question: “What is the optimal depth of indexing?” This article offers an analysis and answer to this question. We show that the issue of depth of indexing is, in fact, not a central issue in the design of effective document retrieval systems. It turns out that the answer to the question about optimal depth is a logical consequence of answers (which this article provides) to more fundamental questions about indexing and retrieval.
Deficiencies of scientific information access and output in less developed countries
Authors: Gordon Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problems of scientists working in “less developed countries” (LDCs) have recently attracted considerable attention, as has their low level of scientific output This article presents an examination of the editorial evaluation of papers which LDC authors are able to produce, in an attempt to illuminate their problems through analysis of their output. LDC authors are shown to experience far higher rejection rates than authors in developed countries (57% vs. 17%) and to be faulted on specific points which tend to indicate that their major problems are those of maintaining current awareness. It is thus indicated that the problems LDC researchers experience in accessing scientific information are a major factor in inhibiting the quality and quantity of their own scientific information output.
To protest or to ignore? a scientist's alternatives in reacting to the persecution of his colleagues
Authors: Lerner Alexander 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe important issues raised in Professor Minker's [1] article are about participation by scientists in the fight for human rights (in particular the rights of their colleagues in the Soviet Union), the relation between science and politics, solidarity between scientists, and how they can affect the fate of scientists subjected to unjust reprisals. We know for sure that the facts presented in Minker's article are true, that the mechanism of enslaving scientists that he describes actually operates in the USSR, and that in several cases foreign scientists have helped win concessions from the authorities in the sphere of honoring the rights of scientists. In response to Editor Charles Meadow's appeal, I have decided to voice my ideas on the issues raised in Minker's article, since it seems to me that along with opinions from the outside, a look from the inside at the system in which enslaving scientists and the misuse of science have become the law can also be of interest. I feel it is timely and of vital importance for scientists to discuss these questions on the pages of a scientific journal.
A reply to robertson's diatribe on the nature of Fuzz
Authors: Cerny Barbara A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA reply is addressed to Robertson's article “On the Nature of Fuzz: A Diatribe.” The purpose is not to take issue with Robertson's conclusions on the role of fuzzy set theory (FST) with regard to information science at this time, but rather to clarify and enlarge upon some basic aspects of FST itself. In particular, his discussions of uncertainty, min/max connectives, and relevance are considered in the light of recent work.
On the economics and timing of data evaluation and estimation in an industrial setting
Authors: Bondi A. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA composite picture of the role of data evaluation and estimation in the course of industrial chemical development, from exploratory chemistry to plant startup, shows that the effective cost of ignorance rises steeply throughout this period. Yet, uncertainty regarding the actual need for information or data, quite rationally, postpones any allocation of scarce and expansive manpower resources for its generation until the penalty of a gaping knowledge hole is clarly visible. This is but one of many examples of the inherent unanswerability of the quest for a single‐valued benefit/cost ratio for information in an industrial setting. In fact, in industry the real need is generally less for “information” than for the availability of the talented technical professional who has the combination of engineering judgment and basic scientific knowledge to be able to generate required but specific information at the right time. The anchor role provided by the existence of critically evaluated data and estimation methods in the overall innovation cycle is emphasized.
Automatic detection and correction of spelling errors in a large data base
Authors: Zamora Antonio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOn‐line bibliographic search systems tend to increase the visibility of spelling errors through the use of indexes of unique terms; even low error rates in a data base can result in large numbers of misspelled terms in these indexes. This article describes the techniques used to detect and correct spelling errors in the data base of Chemical Abstracts Service. A computer program for spelling error detection achieves a high level of performance using hashing techniques for dictionary look‐up and compression. Heuristic procedures extend the dictionary and increase the proportion of misspelled words in the words flagged. Automatic correction procedures are applied only to words which are known to be misspelled; other corrections are performed manually during the normal editorial cycle. The constraints imposed on the selection of a spelling error detection technique by a complex data base, human factors, and high‐volume production are discussed.
The implementation of SCATT
Authors: Davis Peter , Sachs Wladimir 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA brief description of the current field of Science and Technology Information Transfer clearly indicates that it suffers from a number of problems which cannot be solved unless a whole‐system perspective is adopted. A planning methodology is needed which would allow us to organize a cooperative effort of different stakeholders to design an image of the desired system. Idealized planning is such a methodology. It was applied in a large participative planning effort aimed at an idealized design of a Scientific Communication and Technology Transfer System. This design is briefly described. Various alternative strategies for implementing change in the field of science and technology information transfer are reviewed. Difficulties arising from incrementalist and rational‐comprehensive approaches are contrasted. The role of a planner in implementing change is also discussed. Finally, the experience generated with the idealized planning approach is used in order to build a typology of stakeholders in the field. They are categorized by personal traits and by institutional characteristics.
Informatics and transborder data flow: The question of social impact
Authors: Veith Richard H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring the 1970s, computerized information‐processing networks have been established on a large scale linking much of the world. It has generally been accepted that the massive transborder data flows involved will have serious social, political, and economic consequences. Since 1973, a growing number of nations has enacted legislation attempting to forestall any adverse social effects of the transborder digital traffic. During the next few years, several world bodies will finalize policies on transborder data flow, and international laws or treaties may be called for. Unfortunately, the analysis of the extent of transborder data traffic, as well as of attendant social effects, is merely beginning. This article attempts to summarize what has been suggested so far as a move toward focusing the question of social effects.
On‐line systems: History, technology, and economics
Authors: Bourne Charles P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe development of on‐line systems in science and technology, beginning with the first demonstrations of batch searching through the development of multinational on‐line services, is outlined. The key technological components are described: computers that operate in a time‐shared mode and an efficient, low‐cost telecommunications system. Insight is provided on how on‐line systems are put together and made accessible to users. Finally, on the economics of on‐line systems, the great effort and expenditures underlying the production of services are examined.
Characterizing the industrial special library universe
Authors: Jackson Eugene B. , Jackson Ruth L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe industrial groups included in FORTUNE 500 listings had previously been shown to be valid aggregates for comparing the quality of industrial special library support. Business Week's 600 tabulations were explored as a means of comparing quantity of support and/or superiority of subject classification. Other than showing that firms with libraries spend five times as much on R∧D than those without, the resulting tables yielded disappointing results. Future comparative work should be focused on the FORTUNE 500 groups. An estimate is made that 1% or less of industrial private R&D funds goes to support special library materials and services.
Journal of the ASIS vs. Nachrichten für Dokumentation: A Comparative Analysis of Citations
Authors: Wellisch Hans 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn article with this title appeared in the April 1979 issue of Nachrichten für Dokumentation (NfD) [1]. It is a revised and condensed version of the equivalent of a Master's thesis, written by Otto‐Hermann Eisenhardt at the Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation in Frankfurt am Main. For the benefit of readers of this journal not fluent in German, it was thought useful to provide a summary of the findings and to evaluate them. A related article was recently published in JASIS [2].
Answer‐passage retrieval by text searching
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPassage retrieval (already operational for lawyers) has advantages in output form over reference retrieval and is economically feasible. Previous experiments in passage retrieval for scientists have demonstrated recall and false retrieval rates as good or better than those of present reference retrieval services. The present experiment involved a greater variety of forms of retrieval question. In addition, search words were selected independently by two different people for each retrieval question. The search words selected, in combination with the computer procedures used for passage retrieval, produced average recall ratios of 72 and 67%, respectively, for the two selectors. The false retrieval rates were (except for one predictably difficult question) respectively 13 and 10 falsely retrieved sentences per answer‐paper retrieved.
Fuzzy requests: An approach to weighted boolean searches
Authors: Bookstein Abraham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article concerns the problem of how to permit a patron to represent the relative importance of various index terms in a Boolean request while retaining the desirable properties of a Boolean system. The character of classical Boolean systems is reviewed and related to the notion of fuzzy sets. The fuzzy set concept then forms the basis of the concept of a fuzzy request in which weights are assigned to index terms. The properties of such a system are discussed, and it is shown that such systems retain the manipulability of traditional Boolean requests.
Approaches to forecasting demands for library network services
Authors: Kang Jong H. , Rouse William B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problem of forecasting monthly demands for library network services is considered, especially in terms of using forecasts as inputs to policy analysis models and in terms of the use of forecasts as an aid to budgeting and staffing decisions. Forecasting methods considered include Box‐Jenkins time‐series methodology, adaptive filtering, and linear regression. Using demand data from the Illinois Library and Information Network for 1971–1978, it is shown that fading‐memory regression is the most appropriate method, in terms of both accuracy and ease of use.
The combined use of bibliographic coupling and cocitation for document retrieval
Authors: Bichteler Julie , Eaton Edward A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA linkage similarity measure which takes into account both the bibliographic coupling of documents and their cocitations (both cited and citing papers) produced improved document retrieval over a measure based only on bibliographic coupling. The test collection consisted of 1712 papers whose relevance to specific queries had been judged by users. To evaluate the effect of using cocitation data, we calculated for each query two measures of similarity between each relevant paper and every other paper retrieved. Papers were then sorted by the similarity measures, producing two ordered lists. We then compared the resulting predictions of relevance, partial relevance, and non‐relevance to the user's evaluations of the same papers. Over‐all, the change from the bibliographic coupling measure to the linkage similarity measure, representing the introduction of cocitation data, resulted in better retrieval performance.