bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fumigation with methyl bromide II. Equipment and methods for sampling and analysing deep field soil atmospheres
Authors: Kolbezen M. J. , Abu‐el‐haj F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProcedures were developed for the rapid sampling of deep soil atmospheres in the field and analysing them by gas chromatography. The methods described here have been used in studies on the diffusion of methyl bromide in relation to the control of Armillaria mellea.
Uptake and movement of paraquat in cocksfoot and wheat as influenced by surfactants
Authors: Brian R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurfactants are used to increase the efficiency of herbicide formulations mainly because they wet out leaf surfaces, thereby stabilising and increasing the contact area of droplets on the surface. Herbicide penetration through the cuticle may also be facilitated.The work described eliminates effects on wetting and contact area in order to study the effect of surfactants on the penetration and movement of paraquat in cocksfoot. Surfactants were various types of alcohols and amine oxides condensed with 2 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide used at 0.1 to 0.5%. An adult leaf of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) was immersed briefly to constant area in paraquat solutions containing surfactant and uptake and movement of paraquat is recorded.Uptake was little affected by differences in surfactant structure except where surface activity was low and solutions failed to wet out the leaf surface. Percentage movement with 0.5% surfactant was often less than that with 0.1% and a high ethylene oxide content also reduced percentage movement. Paraquat activity was influenced by both the degree of uptake and movement, but movement was the greater influence.Amine oxide surfactants reduced movement less than those based on alcohols. The action of surfactants is discussed in terms of a hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance in the surfactant molecule.
A new screening procedure for detecting plant growth regulating compounds
Authors: Brown B. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana has been developed as a convenient screening plant to detect synthetic plant growth regulating substances. The plants are grown on nutrient agar in which the compounds to be screened are incorporated. The plants have been shown to exhibit a wide variety of responses to known plant growth regulators, which were not only qualitatively apparent, but could be quantitatively assessed. The rapid growth, small size and uniformity of the plants enables any changes in their lifecycle, from germination through growth, flowering and senescence, to be observed.
Gas chromatographic residue method for iodofenphos and two of its metabolites in animal tissues, fat and milk
Authors: Burkhard N. , Voss G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA gas chromatographic residue method for use on animal tissues, fat, and milk is presented for the organophosphorus insecticide iodofenphos. The procedure includes the determination of two potential metabolites, iodofenoxon, and 2,5‐dichloro‐4‐iodophenol. The two phosphorus‐containing compounds are analysed by means of a flame photometric detector after cleanup including silica gel column and thin‐layer chromatography. The substituted phenol is determined separately as the acetylated derivative using an electron capture detector. Some information on the problem of specificity with regard to possible interferences by closely related insecticides or their corresponding phenols is also given.
The mobility of some organophosphorus sheep dip insecticides in soil
Authors: Inch T. D. , Ley R. V. , Utley D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe technique of soil thin‐layer chromatography has been adapted to permit the use of repeated or prolonged irrigation procedures so that the mobility characteristics of relatively non‐mobile insecticides may be studied. The procedure has been used to study the relative movement of organophosphorus insecticides such as chlorfenvinphos, trithion, delnav and dichlofenthion which are widely used as sheep dips.
The influence of additives on the penetration of foliar applied growth regulator herbicides
Authors: Turner D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possibilities are demonstrated of increasing the activity of foliar applied growth regulator herbicides by mixing them with chemicals which injure the cuticle or epidermis.S, S, S‐Tributyl phosphorotrithioate (“DEF”) increases the effects of picloram, 2,4,5‐T and mecoprop salts on four woody species, privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.), poplar (× Populus gelrica Ait.), bluegum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.). Mixtures with esters of the herbicides are not synergistic and often antagonistic.DEF, tributyl phosphorotrithioite, a number of alkyl and aryl phosphates and phosphites and potassium ethyl xanthate enhance the phytotoxicity of picloram solution on dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mixtures of picloram with tributyl phosphorotrithioite, tributyl phosphate, mixed acid butyl phosphates, trimethyl phosphate and mixed isomers of tritolyl phosphate are synergistic when applied to guava foliage. Tributyl phosphate and mixed acid butyl phosphates interact similarly with picloram on privet and tributyl phosphate increases the effects of foliar applied mecoprop salt on guava.The mode of action of the additives is not fully understood but there is evidence that DEF facilitates the entry of water soluble growth regulator herbicides into leaves and has little effect on the rate at which the herbicides move through the plant.Tributyl phosphate and mixed acid butyl phosphates are suggested for practical use in herbicide formulations to control woody plants, as they are relatively cheap and non‐toxic.
The effect of processing in lowering the BHC residue in green leafy vegetables
Authors: Visweswariah K. , Jayaram M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInvestigations conducted on certain varieties of green leafy vegetables revealed very high BHC residues. The significance of certain common processing techniques in reducing the pesticide residue level on the raw material was investigated. Cooking the material in water for 5 minutes and immersion of the sample in 1% acetic acid solution and subsequent cooking reduced the level of pesticide residue within the permissible limit.
The phytotoxicity of some methylphosphonofluoridates
Authors: Howells D. J. , Hambrook Joy L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phytotoxicity of some O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates has been studied by examining the effects of the compounds and their likely breakdown products on the germination of wheat seed and on the growth of wheat seedlings (14 to 18 days old) in hydroponic culture. The four O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates (ethyl; isopropyl; 3,3‐dimethylbut‐2‐yl(pinacolyl) and cyclohexyl) were found to be phytotoxic and the phytotoxicity was shown to be a property of the compounds as such and not of their breakdown products. The phytotoxicity of the phosphonofluoridates was apparently influenced by the nature of the O‐alkyl group and tended to increase as follows: ethyl <isopropyl < pinacolyl <cyclohexyl.
The determination of thiabendazole (2‐(4‐thiazolyl)‐benzimidazole) in citrus fruit dips
Authors: Holmes M. Glennie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods for analysing the strength of thiabendazole (TBZ) dipping fluids are described. The methods which require only the minimum laboratory facilities and can be used in citrus packing houses, are based upon (i) a titration method utilising the complex formed by TBZ with silver ions, for accurate work, and (ii) a refractive index method after concentration for rapid checking by packing house employees. These methods are compared with a spectrophotometric method.
Antisporulant activity of 8‐hydroxyquinoline and its 5‐ and 6‐n‐alkyl derivatives against Gloeosporium fructigenum berk
Authors: Sneh B. , Clifford D. R. , Corke A. T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antisporulant activities of 8‐hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and members of the homologous 5‐ and 6‐n‐alkyloxine series against Gloeosporium fructigenum at varying ambient pH values and in the presence or absence of added Cu2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+ are described. Whilst changes in the pH value only influenced the antisporulant activity of oxine at low concentrations, lowering the ambient pH increased considerably the activities of the 5‐ and 6‐alkyl isomers at all concentrations. Below pH 7.0 the addition of these ions to the oxines resulted in decreased antisporulant activity (Fe2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+) whereas, at pH 8.0, the addition of Cu2+ increased the activity of some oxines. It is suggested that at low pH (3.2) the oxine cation is an important toxicant.
The uptake of [14C] dieldrin via the roots of young cotton plants
Authors: Kavadia V. S. , Phillips F. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe stems and leaves of young cotton plants growing in nutrient solution containing a radioactive dieldrin suspension became radioactive. After 2 weeks, dieldrin was taken up at a constant rate which differered slightly in different environments probably because the plants transpired at different rates.
Residues of chlorpyrifos in various crops II. Residues after field treatments
Authors: Maini Paolo , Collina Arrigo , Passarini Ireneo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive agricultural crops were treated with OO‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos) granular or emulsifiable concentrate formulations at dosages from 0.5 to 6.0 kg (a.i.)/ha and at different periods before harvest. Chlorpyrifos residues were determined by gas chromatography after extraction and sweep co‐distillation clean‐up. Low residue levels were found. The average values in lettuce were 0.046 and 0.070 part/million, in sugar beet leaves 0.037 to 0.128 part/million and roots <0.005 to 0.038 part/million; no chlorpyrifos was detected in carrots, potatoes and cured tobacco leaves at the limit of the method (0.005 part/million).
Interactions between organophosphorus compounds and soil materials I. Adsorption of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate by clay and organic matter preparations and by soils
Authors: Hayes M. H. B. , Lundie P. R. , Stacey M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractData for the adsorption of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate from aqueous and the vapour phases onto montmorillonite and kaolinite clays, onto soil organic matter preparations, and onto a limited number of soils are reported. These show that the phosphonofluoridate was absorbed from the vapour phase onto the dry clay preparations by physical‐chemical forces but was not adsorbed by the organic soil materials. In a general way adsorption onto dry soils could be related to their clay contents when the organic matter contents were low. Water was found to compete effectively with the phosphonofluoridate for adsorption sites, and it is concluded that this molecule will be most effectively retained by dry soils low in organic matter and rich in clay. Mechanisms for its adsorption onto clays are discussed.
The control of solute movement into sieve elements
Authors: Peel A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA review is given of work on the movement of solutes into sieve elements, particularly with regard to investigations in which sieve tube exudate is obtained via the severed stylets of the aphid Tuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin), sited on bark strips or stem segments of willow.Evidence is given showing that the uptake of naturally occurring solutes is an active and highly selective process, thus the rate of uptake is governed not by differences in concentration between the sieve tube and the source cells, but by “potential” gradients. It is pointed out that the phenomenon of selectivity by the sieve tube cannot yet be explained, though experiments are described which indicate the site of selection to be the tonoplast of the source cells, at least in the case of sugars.Calcium is generally considered to be a rather phloem‐immobile cation. Evidence is given which demonstrates that a factor determining the immobility of this substance may be its inability to enter the sieve elements.Some data are provided on the movement of certain synthetic growth regulators and herbicides into the sieve elements of willow. These were found to be loaded within a short time from their application to the cambial surface of bark strip. It is suggested that their ability to move into sieve elements is brought about by competition with naturally occurring solutes.The conclusion is reached that investigations on solute loading are probably of more practical importance than those on the mechanism of longitudinal transport, since the control of the overall rate of transport may be in the former, rather than the latter, process.
Plant growth substance action on lecithin and lecithin/cholesterol vesicles
Authors: Kennedy C. D. , Harvey J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of some plant growth regulating compounds onto lecithin and equimolar lecithin/cholesterol vesicles and the effect of these substances on the rate of chloride/nitrate and sodium/potassium ion exchange across the vesicular membranes have been examined.On comparing the binding of 2,4‐D, 2,6‐D, 2,4,5‐T and IAA to lecithin vesicles in solution at various pH values it is found that the unionised form of these acids is bound very much more strongly than the ionised form. Compounds having relatively low oil/water partition coefficients such as 2,4‐D, 2,6‐D and 2,4,5‐T are adsorbed onto vesicles, from solutions containing equimolar equilibrium concentrations of the unionised molecules, to markedly different extents (depending on the structure of the lipophilic portion of these molecules). Where the oil/water partition coefficient is higher, as for 2,4‐dichlorophenol and 2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)ethanol, binding to vesicles may also arise due to non‐specific solution within the hydrocarbon region of the lipid bilayers. The affinity of these compounds for lecithin has also been assessed by noting the extent to which the inclusion of lecithin in the oil phase increases the oil/water partition coefficient. This has shown that affinity for lecithin depends on the structure of both the lipophilic and hydrophilic portions of the molecule.Only the unionised form of the compounds examined had any large effect on ion flux across the vesicle membranes. Significant increases in the rate of chloride/nitrate exchange were obtained on introducing quite high concentrations (0.015 to 1.5 mM) of the compounds 2,4‐D, 2,6‐D, 2,4,5‐T, IAA, and 2,4‐dichlorophenol, but not 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyethanol, to suspensions of lecithin vesicles. Similar flux increases were observed with lecithin/cholesterol vesicles except that more pronounced effects on flux were obtained on adding 2,4‐dichlorophenol and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyethanol. In contrast 2,4‐D, 2,6‐D, 2,4‐dichlorophenol and IAA had no significant effect on the rate of Na+/K+ ion exchange across lecithin vesicles although increases were observed with equimolar lecithin/cholesterol vesicles.Interpretations of these phenomena are suggested and their relevance to plant growth substance effects at the plasmalemma membrane discussed.
An assessment of the consequences of the controlled release of pesticides from granular formulations
Authors: Osgerby J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe value of an analytical approach to the assessment of the advantages resulting from the use of controlled release granular formulations of pesticides is discussed. The methods are illustrated by considering the concentration‐time profiles resulting from the application of such formulations to water and to soils. The importance of the particular environment in which these formulations are used and of the dynamic nature of the pest population is emphasised. It is concluded that relatively simple controlled release granular formulations could give improvements in the performance of pesticides compared with conventional formulations but that the practicality of producing such formulations with a sufficiently large range of release rate constants is uncertain. Equally their use under field conditions might be subject to practical difficulties.
Effects of placement and distribution on the performance of granular formulations of insecticides for carrot fly control
Authors: Wheatley G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of granule distribution relative to carrot rows are discussed and further results described. Placing insecticides 5 to 10 cm deep 7.5 cm away from the centre line of the carrot row usually, but not always, improved their performance compared with bow‐wave applications. Both sides of the row need to be protected. The efficiency of chlorfenvinphos in a sandy loam, and phorate in a peaty‐loam, decreased with increasing distance from the row but they were slightly effective even 19 cm away. The optimum depth for side‐placing granules at sowing time varied from 5 to 10 cm, and combining side‐placement with a bow‐wave application did not greatly enhance efficiency. The most effective combination on a peaty‐loam was a bow‐wave application of 3 kg phorate/ha at sowing time followed 6 to 9 weeks later by a similar amount side‐placed 7.5 cm deep 7.5 cm from the row centre. Comparison of the performance of phorate broadcast, applied by the bow‐wave method or deep side‐placed indicated that efficiency was improved by restricting the granule distribution but that higher concentrations of granules were then needed in the treated zones to be equitoxic with more uniformly broadcast granules. Uptake by the carrot root system is an important factor in the action of insecticides against carrot fly larvae.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: A further report on the bromide contents of imported foods and feedingstuffs
Authors: Hill E. G. , Thompson R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are presented for the determination of total bromide residues in cereals and cereal products, pulses, oilseed products, dried fruits, nuts and a variety of other products sampled in Britain during the 3‐year period July 1968 to June 1971. Of the 948 samples examined 801 (84%) contained not more than 100 mg/kg. bromide while only 20 samples (2 %) contained more than 200 mg/kg bromide. The highest residues were found in samples of nuts from India, South Africa and some East African countries and in some animal feedingstuffs.
Comparative tolerance of some dicotyledons to pronamide and chlorpropham
Authors: Roberts H. A. , Ricketts Margaret E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn laboratory tests with 115 species of dicotyledons, the concentration of pronamide in water for 50% inhibition of root elongation ranged from 0.03 to >8 parts/million. With certain exceptions, species within a family responded similarly. Polygonaceae and Caryophyllaceae were the most susceptible and Compositae the most tolerant, as they were also to chlorpropham. There was good correspondence between the test results and the relative susceptibility of species to pre‐emergence application in the field.
The effect of benomyl and some related compounds on Lumbricus terrestris and other earthworms
Authors: Stringer Austin , Wright Michael A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEarthworm populations in apple orchard plots sprayed with benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl were greatly reduced. Lumbricus terrestris, a surface‐feeding species, was not found in the treated plots. Captive worms would not feed on leaf material with spray deposits of benomyl, MBC and thiophanate‐methyl at 1.75 μg/cm2, and feeding was significantly reduced when deposits were 0.87 μg/cm2. There was 100 % kill of worms in pots of soil within 14 days following a benomyl drench at the rate of 7.75 kg/ha, and a 60 % kill following a drench at the rate of 1.55 kg/ha. Worms immersed for 1 min in benomyl suspensions of 0.05 or 0.5 % died within 27 and 13 days respectively; those immersed in lower concentrations would not feed for 2 weeks but eventually did so. It is suggested that the lethal effects of benomyl may be due to anti‐cholinesterase activity of the carbamate moiety of the molecule.
Derivatives of N‐(pyrid‐2‐yl)thiourea as root growth inhibitors
Authors: Brown B. T. , Harris R. L. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractN‐Benzoyl‐N'‐(3‐methylpyrid‐2‐yl)thiourea has been shown to inhibit the elongation of linseed roots grown on nutrient agar, 50% inhibition being observed at a concentration of 0.18 μ. Similar effects were observed at higher concentrations on lettuce, ryegrass, cress, tomatoes and mustard. The effects were qualitatively similar to those caused by trifluralin. A structure‐activity study of analogues of this pyridyl thiourea indicates that structural requirements for this biological activity are extremely specific. In soil tests, this compound exhibits pre‐emergent herbicidal activity with a spectrum of selectivity different from that of trifluralin.
Gas chromatographic method for the residue analysis of soil exposed to fenazaflor
Authors: Whiteoak Roger J. , Crofts Michael , Harris Richard J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for routine determination of residues in soil of 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzimidazole, the major product formed in soil from the acaricide fenazaflor. The residue is extracted from moistened soil with acidified aqueous methanol. After clean‐up by partition the residue is determined by g.l.c. with electron capture detection.Details are presented of the investigations which led to the adoption of this procedure in preference to other variations.
Bacteria and protozoa in the rhizosphere
Authors: Darbyshire John F. , Greaves Michael P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe origin and a modern interpretation of the term “rhizosphere”, the zone of soil close to plant roots, are discussed with special reference to soil bacteria and protozoa. The physical, chemical and biological factors which are known to influence the rhizosphere populations of these microbes are briefly considered. Root exudates and electronmicrographs of roots are discussed in relation to microbial ecology.
Some observations on microbial populations and nitrogen in soils infested with the take‐all fungus
Authors: Pearson Vivienne , Brown Margaret E. , Hornby David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome possible causes of “take‐all decline”, the decrease in the severity of attack by Gaeumannomyces graminis on cereals after several years' consecutive culture, are discussed. The possible relationships between the NO3−–N:NH4+–N ratio in the rhizosphere, populations of rhizosphere bacteria and the incidence of take‐all are considered.
A simple laboratory spray method for use in crop protection research with special reference to ULV practice
Authors: Koopmans M. J. , Balk W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA concise description is given of a method suitable for laboratory tests of crop protection agents, based on handspraying by means of a perfected spraying apparatus.The dosage range is very wide, and the method is in fact applicable even in the ULV field.
Progress in research on resistance in arthropods
Authors: Busvine James R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis is a short review of the history of the extensive research on resistance in the post‐DDT era, in relation to advancing experimental technique. The subject began as a serious concern to applied entomologists only, gradually involved other disciplines, notably genetics and biochemistry; and the inherent interest and challenge of the problem attracted the attention of experts in these fields. It will be convenient to divide the 25 years involved into three periods: the years up to 1952, the decade 1953‐62 and the decade 1963‐72. The various types of investigation can be categorised as: (1) detection and measurement, (2) genetic studies, (3) primary toxicology and (4) biochemical toxicology.