bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus DNA in leukocytes of patients with hepatitis B virus‐associated liver diseases
Authors: Shen Horng‐Der , Choo Kong‐Bung , Lee Shou‐Dong , Tsai Yang‐Te , Han Shou‐Hwa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to determine the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of human white blood cells and different forms of HBV‐associated liver diseases, we tested for HBV DNA in the sera and leukocytes of 11 healthy individuals without any serological markers of HBV infection and 91 patients with HBV infection and other gastrointestinal and urinary diseases by dot and Southern blot hybridization. HBV DNA was found in leukocytes of chronic HBV carriers, in acute and chronic hepatitis, and in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Between 27 and 50% of individuals in different categories of patients examined were positive for leukocyte HBV DNA. HBV DNA was also detected in the sera of some of these patients but was absent in others. Serum HBV DNA‐positive rates seemed to be highest in hepatitis B e antigen‐positive asymptomatic carriers (8/10, 80%), and tended to drop to lower levels as the disease progressed to liver cirrhosis (0/8) while leukocyte HBV DNA‐positive rates were highest in patients with cirrhosis (4/8, 50%). The results also show that in individuals who were serologically negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive for antibodies to HBsAg and/or HBcAg, HBV DNA was absent in most of the sera (27/28, 96%) but it was present in leukocytes of some of these patients (7/28, 25%). In control experiments with 11 healthy individuals, HBV DNA was not detected in either sera or leukocytes. In all the cases with leukocyte HBV DNA, the HBV DNA molecules were present in free forms with discrete sizes. The exceptions were a case of liver cirrhosis and a case of chronic hepatitis with possible HBV sequence integration into high molecular weight cellular DNA. Since HBV does infect human leukocytes, it may perhaps interfere with the immunological functions of the white blood cells, and thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of HBV‐induced liver disease.
Antigenic homogeneity of adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6
Authors: Kaier Birgit , Wigand Reinhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred twenty strains of adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6 (subgenus C), isolated at various times and places, were tested by neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition with two antisera of each type. Except for one type 5 strain they reacted largely type‐specifically in both tests and neither qualitative nor quantitative differences were observed. Serologically intermediate strains were not found. The antigenic homogeneity is in contrast to the heterogeneity of the genomes of subgenus C adenoviruses.
Inhibitory effect of acyclovir on the growth of inoue‐melnick virus isolated from cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Nishibe Yoko , Inoue Yukishige K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInoue‐Melnick virus (IMV) was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic neurologic disorders. The effect of acyclovir (ACV), 9‐(2‐hydroxyethoxymethyl)‐guanine, on the growth of IMV was studied in human diploid cell cultures. ACV markedly inhibited the multiplication of all three IMV serotypes in vitro with the same inhibitory effect. By passage of IMV in the presence of ACV in the medium, ACV‐resistant mutants of three IMV serotypes were easily isolated.
Rapid diagnosis of echovirus 33 infection by neutralizing specific IgM antibody
Authors: Pozzetto Bruno , Le Bihan Jean‐Claude , Gaudin Odette‐Germaine 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn 1982, we isolated 20 strains of echovirus type 33 (EV33) from 18 patients. We studied the humoral response to EV33 of 2,437 subjects from whom at least one serum was available during the same year. In 388 subjects with the neutralizing antibody level at 64 or more, we assayed the EV33 IgM antibodies by seroneutralization test after fractionation of sera by ion exchange chromatography. One hundred ninety‐five subjects (8.0%) had a high titre (≤ 32) of EV33 IgM antibodies, which was considered as evidence of recent infection. The EV33‐positive IgM fractions were assayed against five other enteroviruses. Sixty percent of the IgM fractions did not cross‐react with any of the five serotypes, 8.7% cross‐reacted with at least one serotype but with predominant EV33 IgM response, and 31.3% had an equivalent or greater amount of non‐EV33 IgM antibodies; the type specificity of the assay was directly related to the age of the subjects. These findings suggest that determination of neutralizing specific IgM antibody is a sensitive and rapid test for the diagnosis of enterovirus infections, especially in young people.
Establishment and characterization of a chronic infectious mononucleosislike syndrome in common marmosets
Authors: Emini Emilio A. , Luka Janos , Armstrong Marcy E. , Banker Franklyn S. , Provost Philip J. , Pearson Gary R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was inoculated into two species of marmosets. Successful infection was established in the majority of the animals of one species, Callithrix jacchus, as evidenced by the development of high, persistent levels of antibody against virus‐specific capsid and early nonstructural proteins. Antibodies also were produced against the major membrane antigen and, in some animals, against EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) 2 but not against EBNA 1. This is the antibody profile normally noted in individuals with chronic infectious mononucleosis (IM). EBV‐induced lymphoproliferation was not seen, and EBV‐specific proteins were not detected in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of infected animals. Hence, EBV infection in C. jacchus apparently does not generally include extensive B‐cell involvement. However, the marmosets clearly are useful as a model for EBV primary infection and also possibly for chronic IM.
Radioimmunoassay for detection of the snow mountain agent of viral gastroenteritis
Authors: Dolin Raphael , Treanor John J. , Reichman Richard C. , Paul Madore H. , Phillips Michael , Roessner Karen D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Snow Mountain Agent (SMA) is a Norwalk‐like viral agent of acute gastroenteritis that has been detected only by immune electron microscopy (IEM). We established a solid phase microtiter radioimmunoassay (RIA) for SMA antigen employing pre‐ and post‐challenge sera from volunteer studies as capture antibodies. SMA was detected in 12 of 67 stool samples from volunteers who were ill after oral challenge with SMA. All samples in which virus particles were detected by IEM were positive by RIA, but the RIA was 10–80 times more sensitive than IEM. To detect serum antibody to SMA, a blocking test was developed, employing diarrheal stool containing SMA as a standard source of antigen. Serum antibody rises were detected in eight out of nine volunteers with experimentally induced illness following challenge with SMA, as well as in three out of three naturally occurring cases. A preliminary sero‐epidemiologic survey suggested that infection with SMA was common in the population surveyed. This RIA should permit large scale seroepidemiologic studies of SMA to be carried out, and should also facilitate characterization of this agent.
Homology between HBV‐DNA and a sequence regulating the interferon‐induced antiviral system: Possible mechanism of persistent infection
Authors: Thomas H. C. , Pignatelli M. , Lever A. M. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTreatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected hepatocytes with lymphoblastoid α‐interferon (IFN) leads to an increased expression of the core antigen (HBcAg) and reduced expression of surface antigen (HBsAg). We have identified the presence of a nucleotide sequence at the start of the HBc gene in the hepatitis B virus genome similar to a consensus sequence known to occur upstream from genes induced by IFN in mammalian cells. It is possible that interferon influences the expression of the viral genes because of the presence of this homologous sequence. This sequence in the viral genome may determine the site of integration of the virus and could influence the ability of the cell containing the integrated viral sequence to respond to interferon. This “neutralisation” of the interferon system by viral integration might not only facilitate persistent infection but might also adversely affect response to α‐interferon therapy.
Antibody response to the rubella virus structural proteins in infants with the congenital rubella syndrome
Authors: de Matancourt Anne , Waxham M. N. , Nicolas J. C. , Wolinsky Jerrr Y. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForty‐five serum samples from 31 newborns and infants with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were tested by immunoprecipitation to determine their antibody spectra to each of the structural proteins of rubella virus. Most sera (37/45) contained little or no E2 protein‐specific antibody, but some (6/45) precipitated a greater amount of the E2 glycoprotein than the El glycoprotein. The relative E1/E2 ratio was found to decrease with time when serial serum samples from the same patient were tested. No correlation between the IgG class hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and the E1/E2 ratio could be demonstrated. However, in some serum specimens relatively high neutralizing antibody titers were correlated with immunoprecipitation of the E2 glycopolypeptide. None of the CRS sera reacted well with the C protein. The immunoprecipitation patterns found in CRS sera were qualitatively different from those observed in a series of 25 sera from young adults with conventional serologic evidence of rubella immunity following natural infection. All of the natural immune sera recognized each of the three structural polypeptides of rubella virus.
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence, and virus isolation: A comparative study
Authors: Popow‐Kraupp Therese , Kern Gabriele , Binder Christa , Tuma Wolfgang , Kundi Michael , Kunz Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigens in nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) from children with acute respiratory disease. Antisera against RSV nucleocapsids were used as immunoreagents for this test system. The results obtained by RSV antigen ELISA were compared to those of indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and tissue culture virus isolation (TC). Of the 404 NPS obtained, 278 were tested in parallel by ELISA and IF and 205 by ELISA and TC, and 89 were screened in parallel by all three methods. The sensitivity of ELISA in relation to IF was 86.7%, the specificity 95.7%. Sensitivity and specificity obtained by ELISA were 89.9% and 94.4%, respectively, compared to TC. False‐negative results were obtained with all three test systems used.
Superiority of tissue‐culture‐grown antigens over egg‐grown antigens for serologic diagnosis of influenza B virus infections
Authors: Lathey Janet L. , van Voris Lee P. , Belshe Robert B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcute and convalescent sera obtained from 10 adults and 21 children who were infected with influenza B virus were tested by hemagglutination inhibition. Of four antigens used, two tissue‐culture‐grown antigens were superior to either egg‐grown or egg‐grown, ether‐treated antigens in detecting fourfold antibody rise during influenza B virus infection.
μ‐Antibody capture elisa for the rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infections in patients with aseptic meningitis
Authors: Bell Eleanor J. , McCartney R.A. , Basquill Diane , Chaudhuri A.K.R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBetween August and November 1985, 45 patients with suspected aseptic meningitis were investigated using conventional virus isolation procedures and the m̈‐antibody capture Coxsackie B IgM enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) test, which is well known to cross‐react with other members of the enterovirus group. An enterovirus was isolated from 22% of patients compared with 67% who were positive in the ELISA test. Not only was the rate of enterovirus detection increased by using this ELISA method, the clinician received a result within 2 days of submission of serum to the laboratory. A positive result was reassuring to the patient and helpful in clinical management. The main disadvantage of this test was its cost since Coxsackie B1‐5 virus antigens were essential. Development of a single inexpensive enterovirus‐specific antigen is thus desirable.
Lymphocyte‐Associated viremia in varicella
Authors: Ozaki Takao , Ichikawa Takayuki , Matsui Yoshiharu , Kondo Hisashi , Nagai Takao , Asano Yoshizo , Yarnanishi Koichi , Takahashi Michiaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVaricella‐zoster virus was isolated from mononuclear cells from seven immunocompetent children with varicella during the late incubation period and during the acute phase of the disease. The cells from which the virus was isolated were nonphagocytic and did not adhere to the surface of plates. The results indicate lymphocyte‐associated viremia at the time of onset of varicella.
Genital herpes and hepatitis in healthy young adults
Authors: Minuk G.Y. , Nicolle L.E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough case reports of herpes simplex virus (HSV) causing acute hepatitis in otherwise healthy adults have appeared recently in the literature, a prospective study of the incidence of HSV‐hepatitis in the general population hitherto has not been reported. In the present study, serum samples from 124 young adults attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic with either genital herpes infections (n = 86) or non‐herpes sexually transmitted diseases (n = 38) (controls) were analyzed for liver enzyme abnormalities (including aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]). Twelve of eighty‐six (14%) herpes‐infected patients had mildly abnormal liver enzyme tests (≤ twice the upper limit of normal) as opposed to only 1 of 38 controls (2.6%), (P < .05). All individuals in the herpes‐hepatitis group were anicteric, and only two complained of constitutional symptoms (malaise and fatigue). Liver enzyme tests were repeated in nine herpes‐hepatitis patients 1 week after their genital lesions had resolved, and in six of nine patients the results had returned to within normal limits. Four patients subsequently returned at the onset of a recurrence of their genital herpes. In all four, serum ALT levels were elevated from the previous occasion, and in three of the four levels just exceeded the upper limit of normal. One patient was followed through three recurrences of his genital herpes. In that individual, the extent of liver enzyme abnormalities appeared to correlate with the presence or absence of his genital lesions. The results of this study indicate that individuals with genital herpes infections more commonly have elevated liver enzyme levels than individuals with non‐herpes sexually transmitted disease. The limited extent of the enzyme elevations, however, suggests that genital herpes is rarely associated with significant liver disease in healthy young adults.
Neutralization Epitope Diversity of Coxsackievirus B4 Isolates Detected by Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Webb Stanley R. , Kearse Kelly P. , Foulke Cynthia L. , Hartig Phillip C. , Prabhakar Bellur S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOnly recently have we begun to fully realize the diversity of virions within a single human isolate of the group B Coxsackieviruses. These intratypic (strain) differences may be one of the important factors influencing pathogenesis, e.g., myocarditis vs. pancreatitis. Yet, until the virion strains within a type can be well differentiated, a thorough analysis of the pathogenic potential of each is not possible. We compared two human isolates, JVB and Edwards, and 15 isolates derived from these two in search of determinants of strain specificity and to evaluate the diversity/stability of neutralization epitopes on the virions comprising each isolate. Polyclonal antisera failed to show strain specific determinants. However, monoclonal antibodies directed to individual neutralization epitopes defined strain specific differences. Plaque reduction neutralization tests with these monoclonal antibodies allowed the quantitation of the expression of epitopes on the virions in each isolate. These data helped to establish the limits of diversity and stability of the neutralization epitopes of Coxsackievirus B4 virions and describe the changes in epitopes among laboratory isolates.
Detection of an Antigen (AN6520), Possibly Related to Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis, by Monoclonal Antibodies. I
Authors: Akatsuka Toshitaka , Tohmatsu Jun‐Ichi , Yoshihara Namiko , Odaka Takeshi , Katsuhara Norimichi , Okamoto Takeshi , Shikata Toshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antibody to AN6520 antigen, which was isolated from the liver of a patient with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH), has been detected frequently in convalescent sera from patients with NANBH by the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test. In a further study, we established hybridoma cells secreting antibodies against AN6520 antigen and obtained ascitic fluids with PHA titers ranging from 1: 105 to 1: 107. In immunodiffusion with AN6520 antigen, all monoclonal antibodies were found to form an identical precipitin line. These lines were also identical to those formed by rabbit antiserum against AN6520 antigen and by convalescent sera from patients with NANBH. With one of the monoclonal antibodies, 1‐F12, solidphase radioimmunoassay (SP‐RIA) for detecting AN6520 antigen was developed as well as blocking RIA for anti‐AN6520 antibody detection. The antigen assay was 50 times more sensitive than the reverse passive hemagglutination (R‐PHA) test, with a sensitivity threshold of the 1 ng/ml of antigen solution; the antibody assay was 10 times more sensitive than PHA. The results with this blocking RIA were mostly in agreement with the data obtained by PHA. Furthermore, the antigen in human sera, which had never been detected by R‐PHA test, could be detected by SP‐RIA.
Herpes Simplex Virus Detection by ELISA: Effect of Enzyme Amplification, Nature of Lesion Sampled and Specimen Treatment
Authors: Clayton Anne‐Louise , Roberts Carol , Chantler Shireen M. , Godley Margaret , Best Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative sensitivity of two enzyme detection procedures was investigated in a simultaneous “monoclonal” ELISA for herpes simplex virus (HSV). A cyclical enzyme amplified detection system with alkaline phosphatase. rather than horseradish peroxidase and a conventional chromogenic substrate, gave an increase in absolute sensitivity and a 20 to 30% increase in the detection of HSV in routine isolation‐positive genital specimens collected in transport medium. The HSV detection rate, with both procedures, was shown to vary with the site and clinical stage of lesion sampled; it was highest with penile vesicular lesions. Direct extraction of the swab specimen in a small volume of diluent further increased the sensitivity of antigen detection giving positive and negative predictive values of 100 and 96% respectively. The overall sensitivity of HSV detection was equivalent to that obtained by isolation in cell culture. The amplified ELISA offers an alternative, rapid, simple, non‐culture technique for routine HSV diagnosis that does not rely upon retention of virus viability.
Thermostabilization of Inoue‐Melnick Virus by Salt
Authors: Nishibe Yoko , Inoue Yukishige K. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInoue‐Melnick virus (IMV) was stabilized to thermal inactivation at 50°C by 1 M Na2S04 but not by 1 M MgC12, 1 M MgS04, 2 M NaC1, and 2 M KCl. The latter salts enhanced the inactivation over that in distilled water. Na2S04 stabilized IMV at 1 M concentration but enhanced inactivation at 0.1 M. Three types of IMV were stabilized by 1 M Na2S04 at 50°C to almost the same degree. The pattern of the thermostabilization of IMV by salts was similar to that of herpes simplex virus; however, the degree of its stabilization was lower with prolonged heating.
Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing Pre‐S(2) Epitope of Hepatitis B Virus: Characterization of Pre‐S(2) Epitope and Anti‐Pre‐S(2) Antibody
Authors: Budkowska Agata , Riottot Marie‐Madeleine , Dubreuil Pascal , Lazizi Yamina , Petit Marie‐Anne , Pillot Jacques , Brechot Christian , Sobczak Eliane 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA hybrid cell line producing monoclonal antibodies recognizing an epitope encoded by the pre‐(S)2 region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome was obtained by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes from mice immunized with HBV. The monoclonal antibody Mo‐F124 secreted from the hybrid line reacted with the pre‐S(2) epitope expressed on the surface of both viral and recombinant HBsAg particles–pre‐S(2) and S gene product–localised on 34 kD glycoprotein of the viral envelope. The pre‐S(2) epitope was sensitive to digestion with V8 protease from Staphylucoccus aureus. The enzyme abolished reactivity with Mo‐F124 and polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA) binding activity of recombinant particles. Mo‐F124 antibody was used to develop highly sensitive radioimmunoassays for determination of pre‐S(2) epitope and anti‐pre‐S(2) antibody in sera of hepatitis B patients.Detection of a pre‐S(2) epitope by the monoclonal antibody‐based assay in the early phase of acute HBV infection correlated well with the presence of markers of active viral replication (HBeAg, HBV DNA). The appearance of anti‐pre‐S(2) antibody, usually in the third month after onset of symptoms, was followed by elimination of circulating HBsAg and seroconversion to anti‐HBs in all tested cases of uncomplicated acute hepatitis followed by recovery. Anti‐pre‐S(2) response was not observed in patients with chronic hepatitis B or acute HBV infection progressing to chronic disease. The observed correlation of anti‐pre‐S(2) response with recovery suggests that the pre‐S(2) epitope may represent one of the epitopes inducing antibodies that neutralize the hepatitis B virus.
Binding and Internalization of Herpes Simplex Virus‐Antibody Complexes by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Smith Jerry W. , Bingham Eve L. , Jachimowicz James R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied the interactions between rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and the RE strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) to determine better the role of inflammatory cells in herpetic stromal keratitis. PMN were found to be nonpermissive for HSV replication and were unable to bind virus in the absence of antibody. However, PMN did bind and internalize HSV‐antibody complexes in vitro as was demonstrated visually by electron microscopic studies and quantitatively by measurement of activity associated with radiolabeled HSV‐antibody complexes. Virus used for immune complex formation was labeled with either 125Iodine or 35S‐methionine. In some experiments, anti‐HSV IgG used for immune complex formation was labeled with 125Iodine before incubation with virus. Use of all three radiolabeling approaches resulted in the same general pattern of binding, indicating a requirement for both antibody and virus for interaction with PMN. The activity associated with PMN was increased by preincubation with complement. The results suggest an active role for PMN in controlling HSV infection through their ability to bind and ingest virus‐antibody complexes.