bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of socioeconomic status on dietary intake, physical activity and Body Mass Index in Austrian pregnant women
Authors: Freisling H. , Elmadfa I. , Gall I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives  To examine the associations of socioeconomic status (SES) with dietary intake and health related factors in pregnant women.Subjects  A total of 261 pregnant women attending maternity clinics in Austria.Methods  Descriptive cross‐sectional survey using a self‐administered questionnaire in combination with an interview to assess dietary intake (24‐hour‐recall).Results  In the linear regression models, women with a higher level of education showed a higher intake of dietary fibre (P = 0.015), folate (P = 0.048), beta‐carotene (P = 0.008), and calcium (P = 0.003), whereas the intake of total fat (P = 0.039) was lower. The mean reported prepregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) of lower educated women (23.6 kg m−2) was significantly higher (p for trend = 0.018) than that of women with medium or high levels of education (21.7 and 21.6 kg m−2, respectively). The manual occupation group was more than four times less likely to engage in structured physical activity compared with the nonmanual occupation group (adjusted odds ratio for manual group = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08; 0.87).Conclusions  Education is a strong and independent predictor of nutrient intake and BMI in pregnant women. The use of occupation and household income in addition to education improves the description of socioeconomic inequalities in diet and health related factors.
Regulation and manipulation of ABA biosynthesis in roots
Authors: THOMPSON ANDREW J. , MULHOLLAND BARRY J. , JACKSON ALISON C. , MCKEE JOHN M. T. , HILTON HOWARD W. , SYMONDS RACHAEL C. , SONNEVELD TINEKE , BURBIDGE ALAN , STEVENSON PATRICK , TAYLOR IAN B. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTOverexpression of 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is known to cause abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, seeds and whole plants. Here we investigated the manipulation of ABA biosynthesis in roots. Roots from whole tomato plants that constitutively overexpress LeNCED1 had a higher ABA content than wild‐type (WT) roots. This could be explained by enhanced in situ ABA biosynthesis, rather than import of ABA from the shoot, because root cultures also had higher ABA content, and because tetracycline (Tc)‐induced LeNCED1 expression caused ABA accumulation in isolated tobacco roots. However, the Tc‐induced expression led to greater accumulation of ABA in leaves than in roots. This demonstrates for the first time that NCED is rate‐limiting in root tissues, but suggests that other steps were also restrictive to pathway flux, more so in roots than in leaves. Dehydration and NCED overexpression acted synergistically in enhancing ABA accumulation in tomato root cultures. One explanation is that xanthophyll synthesis was increased during root dehydration, and, in support of this, dehydration treatments increased β‐carotene hydroxylase mRNA levels. Whole plants overexpressing LeNCED1 exhibited greatly reduced stomatal conductance and grafting experiments from this study demonstrated that this was predominantly due to increased ABA biosynthesis in leaves rather than in roots. Genetic manipulation of both xanthophyll supply and epoxycarotenoid cleavage may be needed to enhance root ABA biosynthesis sufficiently to signal stomatal closure in the shoot.
Carbon isotope stratigraphy: a tool for basin to carbonate platform correlation
Authors: Ferreri V. , Weissert H. , D'Argenio B. , Buonocunto F. P. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe Early Cretaceous carbonate carbon isotope stratigraphy established in pelagic limestones is marked by several pronounced excursions towards positive δ13C values. We investigated a biostratigraphically and palaeomagnetically calibrated Aptian section to see whether C isotope stratigraphy could be recognized in shallow‐water carbonates. The chosen carbonate platform sections are located in southern Italy and have been dated by biostratigraphy. Bulk samples, chosen from the Barremian‐Albian part of the sequence, were analysed for their O and C isotope compositions. The C isotope curve established shows two major positive excursions which can be correlated with the synchronous and globally recognized Aptian C isotope events. The data provide evidence that C isotope stratigraphy can be used as a powerful correlation tool between pelagic and shallow‐water limestone sequences.
Why do continents break‐up parallel to ancient orogenic belts?
Authors: Vauchez A. , Barruol G. , Tommasi A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe frequently observed parallelism between rifts and the preexisting orogenic fabric of continents suggests that the inherited tectonic fabric of the lithosphere influences the rupture of continents. We propose that the existence of a pervasive fabric in the lithospheric mantle induces an anisotropic strength in the lithosphere, that guides the propagation of continental rifts. Subcrustal mantle mechanical anisotropy is supported by (i) the anisotropic strength of olivine, (ii) an ubiquitous tectonic fabric in exposed mantle rocks, and (iii) measurements of seismic and electrical anisotropy. During major episodes of continent assembly, a pervasive deformation of the lithosphere induces a lattice‐preferred orientation of olivine in mantle rocks. Later on, this crystallographic fabric is ‘frozen‐in’ and represents the main source of shear wave splitting. This olivine fabric may entail a mechanical anisotropy in the lithospheric mantle. During subsequent tectonic events, especially during rifting, mechanical anisotropy may control the tectonic behaviour of the lithosphere
Active tectonism in the central Alps: contrasting stress regimes north and south of the Rhone Valley
Authors: Maurer H. R. , Burkhard M. , Deichmann N. , Green A. G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAn integrated interpretation of seismicity, fault plane solutions and deep seismic reflection data suggests that the NE–SW to NW–SE trending Rhone–Simplon fault zone and the gently S‐dipping basal Penninic thrust separate fundamentally different stress regimes in the western Swiss Alps. North of the Rhone‐Simplon fault zone, strike‐slip earthquakes on steep‐dipping faults within the Helvetic nappes are a consequence of regional NW–SE compression and NE–SW extension. To the south, vertical maximum stress and N–S extension are responsible for normal mechanism earthquakes that occur entirely within the Penninic nappes above the basal Penninic thrust. Such normal faulting likely results from extension associated with southward movements (collapse) of the Penninic nappes and/or continued uplift and relative northward displacements of the underlying Alpine massifs. Geological mapping and fission‐track dating suggest that the two distinct stress regimes have controlled tectonism in the western Swiss Alps since at least the Neogene.
Exhumation in a convergent orogen: the western Tauern window
Authors: Fiigenschuh Bernhard , Seward Diane , Mancktelow Neil 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTUnroofing of the western Tauern window involved both low‐angle detachment faulting (Brenner Fault) and enhanced footwall erosion, contemporaneous with upright antiformal folding. This combination reflects orogen‐parallel (˜E–W) extension during continued ˜N–S Alpine convergence. New fission‐track ages establish the relative chronology of folding and faulting and demonstrate that displacement was not always accommodated on the same surface. During exhumation, some units migrated from the footwall to the hanging wall of the main detachment fault, due to the interplay between folding and faulting. The region can effectively be divided into 3 distinct domains. (1) The Penninic units of the western Tauern Window were always in the footwall to the fault, with maximum exhumation in the core of the dome, due to folding and erosion. (2) The Lower Austroalpine unit north of the Tauern Window was first part of the hanging wall to the Brenner Fault. At a later stage this unit was exhumed by a further 4–5 km as part of the footwall to a more discrete, through‐going fault (the Silltal Fault). (3) The Middle and Upper Austroalpine units west of the Tauern Window were always within the hanging wall.Exhumation of the footwall from an initial depth of ∼ 25 km led to a transition in mechanical behaviour. The curviplanar (folded) ductile shear zone marking the boundary to the Tauern window was eventually transected by a more planar discrete brittle fault (Silltal Fault, with unit 2 now in the footwall), along which the pre‐existing mylonites were passively exhumed to the surface.
Crustal decoupling and intracrustal flow beneath domal exhumed core complexes, Betics (SE Spain)
Authors: Martinez‐Martinez J. M. , Soto J. I. , Balanyá J. C. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe Sierra Nevada core, located in the Betic hinterland, features a N‐S large‐scale open antiform with a central relatively uplifted highly extended domain placed between two less extended domains (in the east and in the west) dipping eastwards and westwards, respectively. The core‐bounding detachment system formed during the Serravallian (15–11 Ma) in an episode of ENE‐WSW extension. The ESCI‐Beticas 2 deep seismic reflection profile, a transect through the core, shows a highly reflective deep crust overlying a subhorizontal Moho, and a fairly transparent upper crust and upper mantle. The lack of Moho relief beneath this area, with differential values for supra‐crustal thinning, suggests a mechanism of intracrustal isostatic compensation. Surface geology data together with seismic imaging indicate intracrustal flow and upward doming as a response to footwall unloading accompanying the middle Miocene supracrustal extension. A prominent mid‐crustal reflector (MCR) is deemed to represent a decoupling zone between the upper and the deep crust. Subsequent N‐S shortening and associated folding occurred in the late Miocene. The interference pattern of this folding over the middle Miocene core produced the current E–W dome‐shaped tectonic windows where the deepest complex of the Betic hinterland crops out.
Constriction due to subduction: evidence for slab pull in the Mariánské Lázně complex (central European Variscides)
Authors: Zulauf Gernold 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTPervasive L and L ≪ S tectonites of the Mariánské Lázně eclogites include pencil fabrics, constrictional folds and mullions, that result from the first deformation increment observed. Petrological and microstructural data suggest that these structures formed by constrictional flow at deep subduction levels after, or even during, the eclogite facies stage and before the subsequent high‐pressure granulite facies overprint. Constriction at mantle depths is explained by taking into account the geometry and seismic properties of recent subduction zones. Here, constrictional strain and associated L ≫ S tectonites should be expected below the rheologycontrolled slab bend (at about 40 km depth), where dip‐parallel extension and a reduced viscosity of the downgoing slab are compatible with a coaxial flow regime.
Morphology and architecture of a late Pleistocene cliff‐front dune, Mallorca, Western Mediterranean
Authors: Clemmensen Lars B. , Fornós Joan J. , Rodriguez‐Perea Antonio 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTCliff‐front dunes are a common coastal feature, but this is the first time that the structures indicative of their formation are documented. A late Pleistocene cliff‐front dune in southern Mallorca has been studied. Owing to early lithification of the calcarenite, its morphology is well preserved. The dune occurs in front of a curved, near‐vertical coastal cliff, but the bedform cannot be classified as a fixed echo dune. The dune grew with time and its brinkline gradually moved closer to the cliff front. In the final stage of evolution the top of the dune reached a height of at least 23 m. The dune is composed of wind‐ripple strata. These strata are arranged in critical to supercritical climbing‐dune cross‐stratification recording its growth stages. The angle of climb of the dune increases toward the cliff and reaches 50°. The morphological features of cliff‐front dunes result from both cliff slope and whether the cliff front is curved or straight.
Ridge‐trench collision‐induced switching of arc tectonics and magma sources: clues from Antarctic Peninsula mafic dykes
Authors: Scarrow J.H. , Vaughan A.P.M. , Leat P.T. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTCompositions and distributions of mafic dykes in the Antarctic Peninsula continental arc show that tapping of several mantle sources was tectonically controlled. In the Cretaceous to Tertiary, between 135 Ma and 55 Ma, calc‐alkaline dykes intruded the arc. In the late Cretaceous, however, between 95 Ma and 65 Ma, there was a pulse of compositionally diverse magmatism. This change resulted from collision of an ocean spreading centre with the trench. As a consequence, non‐partitioned dextral transtensional shear in the overriding plate became partitioned into strike‐slip and extensional domains. Calc‐alkaline magmatism was, therefore, replaced by strike‐slip‐related shoshonitic magmatism towards the rear‐arc and extensionrelated tholeiitic magmatism towards the fore‐arc. OIB‐like dykes were emplaced because of the break in otherwise continuous subduction. During the early Tertiary subduction continued but ceased after a late Tertiary ridge‐trench collision.
Continental subductions beneath Tibet and the Himalayan orogeny: a review
Authors: Matte Ph. , Mattauer M. , Olivet J. M. , Griot D. A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTArgand (1924) and later Holmes (1965) proposed that the Himalayan orogeny and Tibet uplift were the result of large underthrusting of the Indian continental crust beneath Tibet. Since then, plate motion studies have yielded new constraints on the relative displacements of India and Asia and a large number of geological and geophysical investigations have helped to determine the structure of the Himalayas and Tibet, the best natural laboratory for understanding mountain belts. The aim of this paper is to review briefly the various models of Himalayan mountain building in light of recent geological and geophysical data and to estimate the role of continental subductions.
A functional group approach to the management of UK arable weeds to support biological diversity
Authors: STORKEY J 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWeeds have an important role in maintaining farmland biodiversity. This needs to be balanced with their potential negative impact on crop yield and quality. Mechanistic models of crop–weed competition are an important tool in striking this balance. A range of common UK annual weeds were screened for the eco‐physiological traits required by the models. Using multivariate techniques, a number of functional groups with a similar pattern of productivity and competition were identified, based on trade‐offs between traits. A scheme was developed to assign species outside of the data set to one of the groups, based on life cycle, seed mass, maximum height and time of first flowering. As well as having a similar competitive ability, species within a group also appeared to have a similar ecosystem function, in terms of supporting higher trophic groups. Two beneficial groups of species were identified that combined a relatively low competitive ability with a high importance for invertebrates and birds. The identification of functional groups in the UK arable flora is a useful tool for assessing a weed community in the context of reconciling biodiversity provision with crop production. Preserving beneficial plant functional types within the crop would complement non‐cropped wildlife refuges, such as field margins.
Comparing rice germplasm groups for growth, grain yield and weed‐suppressive ability under aerobic soil conditions
Authors: ZHAO D L , ATLIN G N , BASTIAANS L , SPIERTZ J H J 
Published: November 2006

SummaryGermplasm and cultivars need to be selected as parents for breeding weed‐competitive aerobic rice in the tropics. Forty rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars belonging to the aus, indica and tropical japonica germplasm groups, or derived from crosses among them, were evaluated in adjacent weed‐free and weedy trials in aerobic soil conditions during the wet seasons of 2001–2003. The objectives of this study were to assess vegetative growth, grain yield under weed‐free (YF) and weedy (YW) conditions, and weed‐suppressive ability (WSA) of different germplasm groups. In the first 4 weeks after sowing, indica cultivars had faster growth in height, tillering and crop biomass than other groups. They also had high YF, YW and strong WSA. Aus cultivars were similar to the indica types in early growth and WSA, but were poor in YF. Tropical japonica groups and the group derived from indica/tropical japonica crosses were generally inferior to aus and indica groups in early growth and WSA. Both of their YF and YW were lower than that of the indica group. Therefore, indica germplasm seemed to be most suitable for breeding high‐yielding and weed‐suppressive aerobic rice for the tropics. The relationship of WSA with various traits within tropical japonica germplasm revealed that fast early growth, rather than plant erectness, is crucial to WSA.
Modelling interactions between herbicide and nitrogen fertiliser in terms of weed response
Authors: KIM D S , MARSHALL E J P , CASELEY J C , BRAIN P 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe effects of nitrogen fertiliser on herbicide dose–response of weeds were investigated by measuring weed biomass after growth at a range of nitrogen levels and treatment with a range of herbicide doses. Increasing weed biomass at no‐herbicide treatment (W0) and the response rate of the dose–response curve (B), with increasing nitrogen were successfully described by the linear model and the exponential model respectively. Conversely, decreasing ED50 value with increasing nitrogen was well described by the logistic model. A combined model was then developed by incorporating these models into the standard dose–response model to describe the interactive effects of herbicide dose and nitrogen levels on biomass of Brassica napus, Matricaria perforata, Papaver rhoeas and Galium aparine. The model developed allowed the systematic description of increased herbicide performance with increasing nitrogen. The model was also used to predict weed biomass as affected by both herbicide doses and nitrogen levels. The mathematical relationships between herbicide dose–response and nitrogen levels may also be applied to the crop–weed competition model and then to decision making for optimum uses of nitrogen fertiliser and herbicide.
Influence of obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris on the community of its host Mikania micrantha
Authors: LIAN J Y , YE W H , CAO H L , LAI Z M , WANG Z M , CAI C X 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAs a means of biologically controlling Mikania micrantha in South China, the influence of the native obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris on its natural community was studied in the field. Mikania micrantha is a non‐indigenous vine that smothers other vegetation and has become a major invader of agricultural land and native areas in Southern China. These preliminary results showed pronounced effects on M. micrantha by C. campestris. Cuscuta campestris significantly reduced biomass of M. micrantha, increased species diversity and helped re‐establishment of native species. Biomass of M. micrantha decreased from 328 g m−2 to 82 g m−2, biomass of companion species increased from 41 g m−2 to 145 g m−2, the total number of species increased from 7 to 19 and the species diversity index from 1.8 to 5.6, when C. campestris was present. These results indicated that the use of C. campestris could be a potentially effective way of controlling M. micrantha and could help us achieve the novel objective of biological control of weeds using weeds.
Moderate superficial hypothermia prolongs bleeding time in humans
Authors: Romlin B. , Petruson K. , Nilsson K. 
Published: November 2006

Background:  In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that mild systemic hypothermia influences platelet adhesion and aggregation and coagulation reactions. We wanted to test the hypothesis that mild local hypothermia in healthy volunteers with preserved core temperature increased bleeding time. A secondary aim was to evaluate if local cooling influenced whole blood coagulation measured by thrombelastograph (TEG) in the same setting.Methods:  Bleeding time was measured at the left volar forearm at a baseline skin temperature of 32 °C and after cooling to 30 °C and 28 °C in a water bath. Skin temperature was continuously measured by contact thermistors. Measurements of coagulation by TEG were performed at baseline skin temperature before cooling and after cooling to 28 °C skin temperature. Tympanic membrane temperature was continuously measured.Results:  Compared with baseline, bleeding time was significantly prolonged at 30 °C skin temperature and further prolonged at 28 °C skin temperature. No significant differences were measured in any of the TEG parameters. During the procedure, tympanic membrane temperature did not change.Conclusion:  Lowering the skin temperature from 32 °C to 30 °C and 28 °C with a preserved core temperature more than doubled the bleeding time. Whole blood coagulation measured by TEG was not influenced by the local cooling. In addition to core temperature, local temperature may offer information in understanding the surgical site of bleeding.
Antithrombin reduces pulmonary hypertension during reperfusion after cardiopulmonary bypass in a pig
Authors: Jormalainen M. , Vento A. E. , Wartiovaara‐Kautto U. , Suojaranta‐Ylinen R. , Lauronen J. , Paavonen T. , Petäjä J. 
Published: November 2006

Background:  Antithrombin (AT) may alleviate many cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R)‐related adverse effects. Using a porcine model of clinical cardiac surgery on CPB, we tested the effects of supplementary AT on myocardial and lung I/R injury.Methods:  Twenty pigs undergoing 60‐min aortic clamping and 75‐min normothermic perfusion were randomized in a blinded setting to receive an intravenous (i.v.) bolus of AT (250 IU/kg) (AT group, n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) 15 min before aortic declamping. An additional group of five animals received 500 IU/kg AT in an open‐label setting (AT+). Thrombin–antithrombin complexes (TAT), activated clotting times (ACT), AT and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, troponin T, and several hemodynamic parameters were measured before CPB and after weaning from CPB up to 120 min after aortic declamping. After 120 min of reperfusion, myocardial and lung biopsies were taken for histological examination.Results:  AT effectively inhibited coagulation as assessed by ACT. In the AT and AT+ groups only, cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) showed a trend of post‐ischemic recovery during the first 15 min after CPB. AT‐attenuated reperfusion induced an increase in pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PAPD) but did not have significant effects on systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance. The effects of AT on SV, CO, and PAPD were fortified in the AT+ group. AT did not show effects on inflammatory changes in either myocardial or pulmonary tissue specimens. AT did not reduce post‐ischemic troponin T release.Conclusion:  Supplementary AT, in doses with significant anticoagulant effect, did not alleviate myocardial I/R injury in terms of histological inflammatory changes or post‐ischemic troponin T release. Instead, however, AT‐attenuated reperfusion induced an increase in pulmonary pressure after CPB. Mechanisms and clinical implications of these effects remain to be explored.