bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photofrin Uptake in the Tumor and Normal Tissues of Patients Receiving Intraperitoneal Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Hahn Stephen M. , Putt Mary E. , Metz James , Shin Daniel B. , Rickter Elizabeth , Menon Chandrakala , Smith Debbie , Glatstein Eli , Fraker Douglas L. , Busch Theresa M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: A phase II trial of Photofrin-mediated i.p. photodynamic therapy shown in a previous report limited efficacy and significant acute, but not chronic, toxicity. A secondary aim of this trial and the subject of this report is to determine Photofrin uptake in tumor and normal tissues.
Experimental Design: Patients received Photofrin, 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., 48 hours before debulking surgery. Photofrin uptake was measured by spectroflurometric analysis of drug extracted from tumor and normal tissues removed at surgery. Differences in drug uptake among these tissues were statistically considered using mixed-effects models.
Results: Photofrin concentration was measured in 301 samples collected from 58 of 100 patients enrolled on the trial. In normal tissues, drug uptake significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) differed as a function of seven different tissue types. In the toxicity-limiting tissue of intestine, the model-based mean (SE) Photofrin level was 2.70 ng/mg (0.32 ng/mg) and 3.42 ng/mg (0.24 ng/mg) in full-thickness large and small intestine, respectively. In tumors, drug uptake significantly (P = 0.0015) differed as a function of patient cohort: model-based mean Photofrin level was 3.32 to 5.31 ng/mg among patients with ovarian, gastric, or small bowel cancer; 2.09 to 2.45 ng/mg among patients with sarcoma and appendiceal or colon cancer; and 0.93 ng/mg in patients with pseudomyxoma. Ovarian, gastric, and small bowel cancers showed significantly higher Photofrin uptake than full-thickness large and/or small intestine. However, the ratio of mean drug level in tumor versus intestine was modest (≤2.31).
Conclusions: Some selectivity is found in Photofrin uptake between tumor and normal tissues of the peritoneal cavity, but absolute differences in drug uptake relative to toxicity-limiting normal tissues (intestine) are small. This narrow differential in drug selectivity likely contributes to a narrow window in therapeutic application, which has been previously reported.
Curcumin Inhibits Neurotensin-Mediated Interleukin-8 Production and Migration of HCT116 Human Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Xiaofu , Wang Qingding , Ives Kirk L. , Evers B. Mark 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Neurotensin, a gut tridecapeptide, acts as a potent cellular mitogen for various colorectal and pancreatic cancers that possess high-affinity neurotensin receptors. Cytokine/chemokine proteins are increasingly recognized as important local factors that play a role in the metastasis and invasion of multiple cancers. The purpose of this study was to (a) determine the effect of neurotensin on cytokine/chemokine gene expression and cell migration in human cancer cells and (b) assess the effect of curcumin, a natural dietary product, on neurotensin-mediated processes.
Experimental Design: The human colorectal cancer, HCT116, was treated with neurotensin, with or without curcumin, and interleukin (IL)-8 expression and protein secretion was measured. Signaling pathways, which contribute to the effects of neurotensin, were assessed. Finally, the effect of curcumin on neurotensin-mediated HCT116 cell migration was analyzed.
Results: We show that neurotensin, acting through the native high-affinity neurotensin receptor, induced IL-8 expression in human colorectal cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. This stimulation involves Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase–dependent activator protein-1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase–independent nuclear factor-κB pathways. Curcumin inhibited neurotensin-mediated activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB activation and Ca2+ mobilization. Moreover, curcumin blocked neurotensin-stimulated IL-8 gene induction and protein secretion and, at a low concentration (i.e., 10 μmol/L), blocked neurotensin-stimulated colon cancer cell migration.
Conclusions: Neurotensin-mediated induction of tumor cell IL-8 expression and secretion may contribute to the procarcinogenic effects of neurotensin on gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, a potential mechanism for the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of curcumin on colon cancers may be through the inhibition of gastrointestinal hormone (e.g., neurotensin)–induced chemokine expression and cell migration.
Adjuvanticity of Plasmid DNA Encoding Cytokines Fused to Immunoglobulin Fc Domains
Authors: Ferrone Cristina R. , Perales Miguel-Angel , Goldberg Stacie M. , Somberg C. Joy , Hirschhorn-Cymerman Daniel , Gregor Polly D. , Turk Mary Jo , Ramirez-Montagut Teresa , Gold Jason S. , Houghton Alan N. , Wolchok Jedd D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: Plasmid DNAs encoding cytokines enhance immune responses to vaccination in models of infectious diseases and cancer. We compared DNA adjuvants for their ability to enhance immunity against a poorly immunogenic self-antigen expressed by cancer.Experimental Design: DNAs encoding cytokines that affect T cells [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, and the chemokine CCL21] and antigen-presenting cells [granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] were compared in mouse models as adjuvants to enhance CD8+ T-cell responses and tumor immunity. A DNA vaccine against a self-antigen, gp100, expressed by melanoma was used in combination with DNA encoding cytokines and cytokines fused to the Fc domain of mouse IgG1 (Ig).Results: We found that (a) cytokine DNAs generally increased CD8+ T-cell responses against gp100; (b) ligation to Fc domains further enhanced T-cell responses; (c) adjuvant effects were sensitive to timing of DNA injection; (d) the most efficacious individual adjuvants for improving tumor-free survival were IL-12/Ig, IL-15/Ig, IL-21/Ig, GM-CSF/Ig, and CCL21; and (e) combinations of IL-2/Ig + IL-12/Ig, IL-2/Ig + IL-15/Ig, IL-12/Ig + IL-15/Ig, and IL-12/Ig + IL-21/Ig were most active; and (f) increased adjuvanticity of cytokine/Ig fusion DNAs was not related to higher tissue levels or greater stability.Conclusions: These observations support the potential of cytokine DNA adjuvants for immunization against self-antigens expressed by cancer, the importance of timing, and the enhancement of immune responses by Fc domains through mechanisms unrelated to increased half-life.
The Scaling of Winner-Takes-All Accuracy with Population Size
Authors: Shamir Maoz 
Published: September 2006

Empirical studies seem to support conflicting hypotheses with regard to the nature of the neural code. While some studies highlight the role of a distributed population code, others emphasize the possibility of a “single-best-cell” readout. One particularly interesting example of single-best-cell readout is provided by the winner-takes-all (WTA) approach. According to the WTA, every cell is characterized by one particular preferred stimulus, to which it responds maximally. The WTA estimate for the stimulus is defined as the preferred stimulus of the cell with the strongest response. From a theoretical point of view, not much is known about the efficiency of single-best-cell readout mechanisms, in contrast to the considerable existing theoretical knowledge on the efficiency of distributed population codes. In this work, we provide a basic theoretical framework for investigating single-best-cell readout mechanisms. We study the accuracy of the WTA readout. In particular, we are interested in how the WTA accuracy scales with the number of cells in the population. Using this framework, we show that for large neuronal populations, the WTA accuracy is dominated by the tail of the single-cell-response distribution. Furthermore, we find that although the WTA accuracy does improve when larger populations are considered, this improvement is extremely weak compared to other types of population codes. More precisely, we show that while the accuracy of a linear readout scales linearly with the population size, the accuracy of the WTA readout scales logarithmically with the number of cells in the population.
Nematicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts and two cinnamates isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom) against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Choi In-Ho , Park Ju-Yong , Shin Sang-Chul , Park Il-Kwon 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Extracts from 40 medicinal plant species in 27 families were tested for their
nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus, in 96-well plate bioassays. Responses varied with plant material
and concentration. Extracts of Acorus gramineus (Araceae), Asiasarum
sieboldi (Aristolochiaceae), Illicium verum (Illicaiceae) and Kaempferia
galanga (Zingiberaceae) showed nematicidal activity against male, female and
juvenile nematodes of B. xylophilus at 2000 μg ml−1. Among test plant
species, Kaempferia galanga showed the most potent nematicidal activity. As
K. galanga was the most nematicidally active of the 40 species, the extracts
were chromatographically fractionated and two cinnamates, ethyl
trans-cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, were discovered to be
responsible for much of the activity. The nematicidal activity of ethyl
trans-cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate was 100% at 60 μg ml−1.
Panagrolobus vanmegenae, a new genus and species from The Netherlands and Ukraine, with taxonomic revision and two new species of the genus Teratolobus Andrássy, 1968 (Nematoda: Cephalobidae)
Authors: Holovachov Oleksandr , Boström Sven 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFive species of the subfamily Acrolobinae, viz. Panagrolobus vanmegenae gen. n., sp. n., Teratolobus regulus Andrássy, 1968, T. obscurus sp. n., T. hamatus (Andrássy, 1986) comb. n. and T. similis sp. n., are described and illustrated from material collected in The Netherlands, Ukraine, Costa Rica, Mexico, Australia and South Africa. The new genus is characterised by a crown-shaped labial region with six well-developed, leaf-like lips having a biradial symmetry; lips separated by narrow and internally sclerotised U-shaped clefts; lateral lips half as wide as the subdorsal and subventral ones; a broad anisomorphic stoma; strongly sclerotised, hookshaped, cheilorhabdia; a strongly developed dorsal prostegorhabdion extending inside the stegostom cavity; a conoid tail with a rounded terminus bearing a dorsally curved, hook-like, mucro; and phasmids located at 70-90% of tail length. Teratolobus obscurus sp. n. is distinguished from the closely related T. regulus by the following characters: a smaller spermatheca (7.0-14.5 vs 26-61 μm); a shorter PUB (12-19 vs 18-42 μm); a shorter female tail (42-50 vs 55-72 μm); and differently shaped mucro on the tail terminus (harpoon-like vs hook-like). Teratolobus similis sp. n. is distinguished from the closely related T. baloghi (Andrássy, 1986) comb. n. by the following characters: a smaller body (350-420 vs 470-480 μm); a shorter PUB (9-12 vs 35-38 μm; 0.5-0.8 vs ca. 2 VBD long); shorter female tail (41-53 vs 62-65 μm; c′ = 3.4-5.4 vs 6.5-7.0); and differently shaped mucro on the tail terminus (arrowhead-like vs finely forked). Based on current research, a revision is proposed of the taxonomy of the genus Teratolobus and the subfamily Acrolobinae. The following new combinations are proposed: Teratolobus baloghi; T. hamatus; and T. occultus (De Ley & Coomans, 1990) comb. n. Panagroteratus is proposed as a synonym of Teratolobus.
Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28S rRNA gene sequences
Authors: Subbotin Sergei A. , Sturhan Dieter , Chizhov Vladimir N. , Vovlas Nicola , Baldwin James G. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The evolutionary relationships of 82 species of tylenchid and aphelenchid
nematodes were evaluated by use of sequence data of the D2 and D3 expansion
fragments of the 28S ribosomal RNA genes. Nine automatic and one culled
sequence alignments were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian
inference approaches. The molecular data sets showed that the order
Tylenchida comprises lineages that largely correspond to two suborders,
Hoplolaimina and Criconematina, and other taxonomic divisions as proposed by
Siddiqi (2000). Several significant results also derived from our study
include: i) the basal position of groups that include entomoparasitic
nematodes within tylenchid trees; ii) paraphyly of the superfamily
Dolichodoroidea sensu Siddiqi (2000); iii) evidence for a Pratylenchus,
Hirschmanniella and Meloidogyne clade; and iv) lack of support for widely
held traditional placement of Radopholus within Pratylenchidae and placement
of this genus within Hoplolaimidae or Heteroderidae. Congruence and
incongruence of molecular phylogeny and traditional classifications and
morphological-based hypotheses of phylogeny of tylenchids are discussed.
Molecular characterisation of two novel 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase genes from the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines
Authors: Skantar Andrea M. , Guimond Nicole A. , Chitwood David J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Heterodera glycines Hg-hsd-1 and Hg-hsd-2 are two homologues of let-767, a
short-chain dehydrogenase gene from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis
elegans. Both genes share similarity to 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
(17β-HSDs), enzymes known to be involved in the production of steroid
hormones in mammals. Hg-hsd-1 and Hg-hsd-2 encode distinct protein sequences
that share 51% amino acid identity with each other and 48% identity with
LET-767. The Hg-HSD-1 protein sequence was most similar to those encoded by
ESTs from the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Hg-HSD-2 protein
was most similar to sequences from another cyst nematode, Globodera pallida.
Quantitative real-time PCR revealed the highest expression of both genes in
developing females, with relatively low levels in second-stage juveniles,
eggs, or males. Transcription levels of both genes declined as females aged,
decreasing with increased cuticle pigmentation. Transcription was
up-regulated in the cyst bodies and fluid that had been manually separated
from the developing embryos, suggesting that Hg-hsd-1 and Hg-hsd-2 are most
likely involved in gonad development or oogenesis in the female. It is
possible that these 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are involved in the
conversion of sterols, which nematodes must ingest from dietary sources,
into necessary steroid hormones.
DESS: a versatile solution for preserving morphology and extractable DNA of nematodes
Authors: Yoder Melissa , De Ley Irma Tandingan , Wm King Ian , Mundo-Ocampo Manuel , Mann Jenna , Blaxter Mark , Poiras Larisa , De Ley Paul 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A solution containing dimethyl sulphoxide, disodium EDTA, and saturated NaCl
(abbreviated here as DESS) was tested for various applications in the
preservation of nematodes for combined morphological and molecular analyses.
The solution can be used to preserve individual nematodes, nematode
extracts, or entire soil/sediment samples. Preserved material can be easily
stored for months at room temperature, shipped by mail, or carried in
luggage. Morphological features are usually well preserved; specimen quality
being comparable to formalin-based fixatives and much better than ethanol
fixation. Specimens can be transferred to glycerin with little or no
modification of traditional protocols. Unlike formalin-preserved material,
routine PCR can be performed on individual specimens after any of these
procedures with success rates and amplification sizes comparable to PCR of
fresh specimens. At this point we have no data on long-term preservation
quality. Nevertheless, DESS solution clearly enhances and simplifies a wide
range of nematological studies due to its combined suitability for
morphological and molecular analyses, as well as its less hazardous chemical
properties.
Laboratory studies on the enhancement of nematicidal activity of ammonia-releasing fertilisers by alkaline amendments
Authors: Oka Yuji , Tkachi Nadia , Shuker Shimshon , Rosenberg Rivka , Suriano Shoshi , Fine Pinchas 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The effect of manipulating soil pH on the nematicidal activity of
ammonia-releasing fertilisers was tested with cement kiln dust (CKD) and
alkaline stabilised biosolid (ASB) as alkaline amendments. The nematicidal
activity of chicken litter (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g kg−1) or ammonium sulphate
(50 mg N kg−1) was enhanced by combination with CKD at 1.0 and 2.0 g kg−1 or
ASB at 5, 10 and 20 g kg−1. The amendment of soil with alkaline amendments
or fertilisers alone did not reduce, or reduced only moderately, Meloidogyne
javanica infection of the plant roots. The application of CKD and ASB
increased the soil pH from ca 8.5 to ca 11.0, and converted ammonium (NH+4)
released from the fertilisers into nematicidal ammonia (NH3). Increased
ammonia concentrations by 5.2- to 6.7-fold in the soil were probably the
major factor responsible for nematode suppression, whereas increased soil pH
was less detrimental to the nematodes. Combination of ammonia-releasing
fertilisers with alkaline amendments to soil may serve as a nematode control
method.
Chromosome structure and behaviour in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) germ cells and early embryo
Authors: Hasegawa Koichi , Mota Manuel M. , Futai Kazuyoshi , Miwa Johji 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChromosome structure and behaviour in both meiosis of the germ cells and mitosis of the embryo from fertilisation to the two-cell stage in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were examined by DAPI staining and three-dimensional reconstruction of serial-section images from confocal laser-scanning microscopy. By this method, each chromosome's shape and behaviour were clearly visible in early embryogenesis from fertilisation through the formation and fusion of the male and female pronuclei to the first mitotic division. The male pronucleus was bigger than that of the female, although the oocyte is larger and richer in nutrients than the sperm. From the shape of the separating chromosomes at anaphase, the mitotic chromosomes appeared to be polycentric or holocentric rather than monocentric. Each chromosome was clearly distinguishable in the male and female germ cells, pronuclei of the one-cell stage embryo, and the early embryonic nuclei. The haploid number of chromosomes (N) was six (2n = 12), and all chromosomes appeared similar. The chromosome pair containing the ribosomal RNA-coding site was visualised by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Unlike the sex determination system in Caenorhabditis elegans (XX in hermaphrodite and XO in male), the system for B. xylophilus may consist of an XX female and an XY male.
New Thelastomatoidea (Nematoda: Oxyurida) from Australian burrowing cockroaches (Blaberidae: Geoscapheinae, Panesthiinae)
Authors: Jex Aaron R. , Schneider Margaret A. , Rose Harley A. , Cribb Tom H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFour new species and two new genera of thelastomatoid are described from several species of Australian burrowing cockroaches (Blattodea: Panesthiinae; Geoscapheinae). Corpicracens munozae n. g., n. sp., Pseudodesmicola botti n. g., n. sp. and Cephalobellus nolani n. sp. are described from Geoscapheus dilatatus (Blattodea: Geoscapheinae) from Mendooran, New South Wales; one new thelastomatid, Blattophila praelongicauda n. sp., is described from Panesthia cribrata from Lamington National Park, Queensland. Corpicracens munozae n. g., n. sp. is long and slender, with a monodelphic female reproductive system, a clavate corpus with a slight posterior pseudobulb, oval eggs flattened at the poles, and a relatively robust, subulate tail. Pseudodesmicola botti n. g., n. sp. is slightly more robust in body, also has a monodelphic reproductive system, a cylindrical corpus with a posterior pseudobulb, ovoid eggs and a very long, subulate tail. Cephalobellus nolani n. sp. is distinguished from other members of the genus by its relatively short and broad body and egg shape. Lastly, Blattophila praelongicauda n. sp. is distinguished from other members of the genus by having eggs with a single, polar operculum, tail length, and position of the vulva, nerve ring and excretory pore. An additional species, known by a single specimen from Panesthia tryoni tryoni from the same locality is characterised but not named. The species found are all relatively rare parasites of Australian burrowing cockroaches, each having a prevalence of less than 10%.
Thelastomatoidea (Nematoda: Oxyurida) of the Australian giant burrowing cockroach, Macropanesthia rhinoceros (Blaberidae: Geoscapheinae)
Authors: Jex Aaron R. , Schneider Margaret A. , Rose Harley A. , Cribb Thomas H. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The thelastomatoid fauna of Macropanesthia rhinoceros was examined from 13
localities across its range in Queensland, Australia. Nine species of
thelastomatoids, including two representing new genera, Geoscaphenema
megaovum n. g., n. sp. and Jaidenema rhinoceratum n. g., n. sp., were found.
Macropanesthia rhinoceros is reported as a new host for seven species
previously recorded from Panesthia cribrata (Blaberidae: Panesthiinae) and
P. tryoni tryoni, viz, Blattophila sphaerolaima, Leidynemella fusiformis,
Cordonicola gibsoni, Travassosinema jaidenae, Coronostoma australiae,
Hammerschmidtiella hochi and Desmicola ornata. Overall estimated richness
for the system ranged from 10.1-13.5 species. The high degree of parasite
faunal overlap between M. rhinoceros and the two Panesthia species is
surprising given the disparate ecological niches that they occupy; P.
cribrata and P. tryoni tryoni burrow in, and feed upon, moist decaying wood
and require a climate that is moist all year round, whereas M. rhinoceros
burrows in loose soil, feeds on fallen leaf litter and is tolerant of much
drier environments.
How different is induced host resistance against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, by two avirulent microbes?
Authors: Takeuchi Yuko , Kanzaki Natsumi , Futai Kazuyoshi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has been devastating pine forests in Japan for a century but an effective method for controlling the disease is still needed. Pre-inoculation of the host plant with an avirulent pathogen can induce resistance against subsequent infection with virulent pathogens; this is called 'induced resistance'. Host pine trees have this type of resistance against pine wilt disease but the detailed mechanism is unknown. In this study, 1-year-old potted seedlings of the susceptible Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, were pre-inoculated with an avirulent isolate of PWN (C14-5), as well as an avirulent fungus, Botrytis cinerea, to induce host resistance against PWN. One, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after inoculation, the seedlings were challenged with a virulent isolate of PWN (S10), and the survival of these seedlings was estimated by their external symptoms. Pre-inoculation with either C14-5 or Botrytis delayed the symptom development caused by subsequent inoculation with S10, suggesting that pre-inoculation induced host resistance against PWN. The resistance induced by pre-inoculation with C14-5 lasted for at least 5 weeks, while that induced by Botrytis weakened with time. It has been reported that the PWN survives inside the host seedlings for a long period without causing any symptoms under certain conditions, but Botrytis survives only for a while in the seedlings. Thus, the duration of host resistance induced by pre-inoculation may vary with the viability of the inoculum used for pre-inoculation. In order to obtain durable induced resistance, it may be necessary to repeat inoculations of avirulent microbes to be able to control pine wilt disease.