bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Φ‐Sulfo Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonate Versus Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate, Secondary Alkane Sulfonate and α‐Sulfo Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonate
Authors: Cohen Leon , Soto Fernando , Melgarejo Ana , Roberts David W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSulfoxidation of fatty acid methyl esters with SO2,O2and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength, has led to the synthesis of methyl esters sulfonates or sulfoxylates, known as Φ‐MES, because of the possible random position of SO3group in the alkyl chain. Aqueous solutions based on the sulfoxylated methyl ester of palmitic acid (Φ‐MES C16) have been studied and compared to the leading types of surfactants used today: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) secondary alkane sulfonate (SAS) and α‐sulfo fatty methyl ester sulfonate (α‐MES) with regard to solubility, performance and skin compatibility. The experimental results obtained indicate that Φ‐MES C16 can be regarded as a potential component of detergent formulations and most likely also of body care products.
Enhancement of the Antitumour Activity for the Synthesised Dodecylcysteine Surfactant using Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Azzam E. M. S. , Morsy S. M. I. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the surfactant dodecylcysteine hydrochloride was synthesised. The surface parameters of the synthesised surfactant were studied using a surface tension technique. The surface parameters show a good surface activity of the prepared surfactant in aqueous solution. The self‐assembling behaviour of the synthesised surfactant comparing with that of cysteine compound on the prepared gold nanoparticles was confirmed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements. The effect of self‐assembling of this surfactant on the size of gold nanoparticles was studied using TEM images. The antitumour activity of the prepared surfactant without and with the gold nanoparticles was investigated. The results show that the antitumour activity of the prepared surfactant was enhanced with the presences of the gold nanoparticles.
Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Seeds of Three Safflower Species
Authors: Sabzalian Mohammad R. , Saeidi Ghodratollah , Mirlohi Aghafakhr 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSeeds of six safflower (C. tinctorius L.) genotypes and 19 accessions of two wild species were analyzed for oil and fatty acid composition. Oil content ranged from 29.20 to 34.00, 20.04 to 30.80 and 15.30 to 20.80% in C. tinctorius, C. oxyacantha Bieb. and C. lanatus L., respectively. The main fatty acids of oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids composed 96–99% of the total fatty acids in all species. The sum of myristic, palmitoleic, arachidic, and behenic fatty acids in oil of the species ranged from 0.43 to 0.57%. The oleic acid in seed oil of C. tinctorius, C. oxyacantha and C. lanatus ranged from 12.24 to 15.43, 14.11 to 19.28 and 16.70 to 19.77%, respectively. The corresponding ranges for linoleic acid were 71.05 to 76.12, 63.90 to 75.43 and 62.47 to 71.08%. Palmitic acid in seed oil varied from 5.48 to 7.59% in C. tinctorius, 6.09 to 8.33% in C. oxyacantha and 7.44 to 8.78% in C. lanatus. The stearic acid of the seed oil showed a variation of 1.72 to 2.86, 2.50 to 4.87 and 3.14 to 4.79% in genotypes of these species, respectively. The fatty acids composition of oil among the cultivated and wild species were not considerably different, indicating that seed oil of the wild safflower is possibly suitable for human consumption and industrial purposes.
Oxidative Stability of Conventional and High‐Oleic Vegetable Oils with Added Antioxidants
Authors: Merrill Lilon I. , Pike Oscar A. , Ogden Lynn V. , Dunn Michael L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe oxidative stability of conventional and high‐oleic varieties of commercial vegetable oils, with and without added antioxidants, was evaluated using the oil stability index (OSI). Oil varieties studied were soybean (SOY), partially‐hydrogenated soybean (PHSOY), corn (CORN), sunflower (SUN), canola (CAN), high‐oleic canola (HOCAN), very high‐oleic canola (VHOCAN), oleic safflower (SAF) and high‐oleic sunflower (HOSUN). One or more commercial antioxidants were added to the four most stable oils at supplier‐recommended levels: rosemary extract (RM; 1,000 ppm), ascorbyl palmitate (AP; 1,000 ppm), tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ; 200 ppm), and mixed tocopherols (TOC; 200 ppm). OSI in hours (h) at 110 °C of the conventional oils were 5.2, 7.6, 8.4, 9.8, 10.9 and 14.3 h for SUN, SOY, CAN, CORN, PHSOY and SAF, respectively. OSI of high‐oleic variants were 12.9, 16.5 and 18.5 h for HOCAN, HOSUN and VHOCAN, respectively. Maximum OSI values for the four most stable oils when treated with antioxidants, were 40.9, 48.5, 48.8 and 55.7 h for HOCAN, VHOCAN, SAF and HOSUN, respectively. Addition of TBHQ, alone and in combination with other antioxidants, resulted in the greatest increase in oxidative stability of SAF and other high‐oleic oils evaluated. AP had a positive synergistic effect when used with TBHQ, while RM decreased TBHQ effectiveness.
Improved bioluminescent assay of somatic cell counts in raw milk
Authors: Frundzhyan Valery G , Parkhomenko Inna M , Brovko Lubov Y , Ugarova Natalia N 
Published: June 2008

Somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is considered to be a valuable indicator of cow mastitis. For assessment of SCC in milk, the bioluminescent assay based on determination of ATP from somatic cells ([ATPsom]) in milk was proposed earlier. However, this assay is still not widely used in practice owing to lower reliability compared with conventional methods such as direct microscopy and flow cytometry. We revised the bioluminescent SCC assay and developed a simple protocol based on determination of the total non-bacterial ATP concentration in milk. It was shown that the novel ATP-releasing agent Neonol-10 (oxy-ethylated iso-nonyl phenol) has superior performance providing 100% lysis of somatic cells while not disrupting bacterial cells of milk at a concentration of 1·5% w/w. There was high correlation (R2=0·99) between measured bioluminescence and SCC as measured by direct microscopy. The observed detection limit of the bioluminescent milk SCC assay was as low as 900 cell/ml, time of analysis was 2–3 min per sample. The proposed method has high potential for on-site mastitis diagnostics.
‘I am notthatold’: inter-personal experiences of thriving and threats at a senior centre
Authors: LUND ANNE , ENGELSRUD GUNN 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe high cultural valuation of youthfulness and fitness in the mass media and more generally in western consumer society is the contextual frame for this study. It examines older people's attitudes towards their own ageing and towards people who are older or frailer than themselves. Participant observation was conducted of the attitudes, actions and interactions of the users of a senior centre in Norway. The users held two sets of attitudes that led to quite different activities and actions at the centre. On the one hand, they saw the centre as helping them ‘thrive’, which was associated with involvement in the community and participation in the structured daily activities to promote the senses of belonging and being useful. On the other hand, some perceived the centre and particularly the other users as ‘threats’ – as reminding them that they were getting old and increasingly vulnerable to sickness and disability. To some, the centre was for old people with disabilities, and they used subtle strategies to distance themselves from this group. Some users' attitudes and behaviour were in tension: they wished to participate in the valued activities but also to distance themselves from frailer users, while not denying their own ageing. The distancing strategies and behaviour amounted to age discrimination in interpersonal relations and interactions at the centre. This behaviour accepts rather than challenges the cultural valuation of youthfulness and the negative representation of old age.
Inter-generational relationships at different ages: an attachment perspective
Authors: MERZ EVA-MARIA , SCHUENGEL CARLO , SCHULZE HANS-JOACHIM 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis study examines the characteristics of parent-child relationships after childhood from a theoretical attachment perspective. It describes how relationships between adult children and their parents vary by age group of the child on three dimensions that were derived from attachment theory: direction, penetration and quality. Data from 4,589 respondents to the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study were analysed to describe relationships between adult-children and their parents. Analyses of covariance were used to specify differences by age group. The results showed that age had notable effects on relationships between adult children and parents, especially their direction and penetration or centrality. The direction was reversed for parents of children in the two oldest age groups. The level of penetration was lower for the older age groups, and quality was higher in the younger age groups, but the effect size was small. The age effects on the dimensions were qualified by the personal circumstances of the adult children. Having one's own children was associated with different patterns of attachment at different ages. Adult children may be an important source of support for their elderly parents and may even become ‘attachment figures’. Given the current increases in longevity, there could be increasing pressure on adult children to support their parents. Attachment theory is a useful framework for studying the characteristics of inter-generational relationships, also after childhood.
English in Asia, Asian Englishes, and the issue of proficiency
Authors: Bolton Kingsley 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe contemporary visibility and importance of English throughout the Asian region coupled with the emergence and development of distinct varieties of Asian Englishes have played an important part in the global story of English in recent years. Across Asia, the numbers of people having at least a functional command of the language have grown exponentially over the last four decades, and current changes in the sociolinguistic realities of the region are often so rapid that it is difficult for academic commentators to keep pace. One basic issue in the telling of this story is the question of what it is we mean by the term ‘Asia’, itself a word of contested etymology, whose geographical reference has ranged in application from the Middle East to Central Asia, and from the Indian sub-continent to Japan and Korea. In this article, my discussion will focus on the countries of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, as it is in these regions that we find not only the greatest concentration of ‘outer-circle’ English-using societies but also a number of the most populous English-learning and English-knowing nations in the world.
‘Death of the mother tongue’ – is English a glottophagic language in South Africa?
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article reflects on the spread of English in South Africa, especially in the wake of the large-scale changes following the collapse of apartheid in the early 1990s. These changes allowed freer mixing of young South Africans of all backgrounds than had been hitherto possible in a segregated society. In particular, schools formerly reserved for Whites, opened their doors to initially small, then increasing numbers of pupils from other race groups: viz. Black, Coloured and Indian (this group is sometimes described as black in the general sense, in lower case, or non-whites in former apartheid-speak). The term Coloured in South Africa denotes communities of multiple ancestry, whose background encompasses the now obsolescent indigenous Khoe-San languages of the country as well as Bantu, European and Asian languages.
English as a lingua franca: between form and function
Authors: Saraceni Mario 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper I wish to discuss some aspects of the current debates about the concept of English as a lingua franca. In doing so, I will use a recount of the pre-publication stages of the volume English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, co-edited by Rani Rubdy and myself (2006) as a starting point, to set the scene, and will move to more theoretical considerations in the second part of the paper.
Spelling, accent and identity in computer-mediated communication
Authors: Shaw Philip 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTAn analysis of home page spellings in relation to the accents they evoke. One of the most obvious developments connected with modern electronic communication is the opening up of an area of publicly visible language from what Sebba (2003a) calls the partially regulated zone of spelling. This zone appears in such synchronous media as instant messaging, chatrooms and ICQ (‘I seek you’) and asynchronous ones including SMS text messages, blogs, email and homepages.
English is getting weirder, and so R wee
Authors: Ch'ien Evelyn Nien-Ming 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTAn exploration of how technology is making English – and the human race – evolve. In The Dead Emcee Scrolls, poet and rap artist Saul Williams describes how his writing was transformed by a dance club experience in which the club's beats reset his biorhythms. He writes, Hail Mary. Mother of God. / Got the whole host of angels in my iPod (Williams, 2006:16). Then, later, Neck back jump kiss BREAK. / Uprock freeze pop lock BREAK. / Don't stop don't stop snap BREAK (30). These lines illustrate a growing use of urban hip-hop vernacular that has been distributed with alarming efficiency by the global music trend, through downloadable music and ipods. Music and its beats have created a rhythm to which this iGeneration dialogues, both internally and externally. Technology has given way to a continuum for emotional highs that can be sustained at any place and time. The technological revolution influences the way we socialize, collaborate and exchange acoustic information. Our changing and globalized subjectivities, as well as increasingly powerful acoustic technology, have exerted changes on the English language, making visible a significant revolution in the shaping of language within an increasingly mobile and technological world.
On the formality and strong Lefschetz property of symplectic manifolds
Authors: HWANG TAEK GYU , KIM JIN HONG 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe main aim of this paper is to give some non-trivial results that exhibit the difference and similarity between Kähler and symplectic manifolds. To be precise, it is known that simply connected symplectic manifolds of dimension greater than 8, in general, do not satisfy the formality satisfied by all Kähler manifolds. In this paper we show that such non-formality of simply connected symplectic manifolds occurs even in dimension 8. We do this by some complicated but explicit construction of a simply connected non-formal symplectic manifold of dimension 8. In this construction we essentially use a variation of the construction of a simply connected symplectic manifold by Gompf. As a consequence, we can give infinitely many simply connected non-formal symplectic manifolds of any even dimension no less than 8.Secondly, we show that every compact symplectic manifold admitting a semi-free Hamiltonian circle action with only isolated fixed points must satisfy the strong Lefschetz property satisfied by all Kähler manifolds. This result shows that the strong Lefschetz property for the symplectic manifold admitting Hamiltonian circle actions is closely related to their fixed point set, as expected.
The last deglaciation of Cape Adare, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Johnson Joanne S. , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter , Smellie John L. , Rocchi Sergio 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe present two 10Be exposure ages from erratic boulders at Cape Adare, northern Victoria Land. The exposure ages obtained suggest that Cape Adare was covered by ice during the last glacial period, and the younger age points to deglaciation around 16.2 ka. Comparison of our younger 10Be exposure age with published radiocarbon dates for Adélie penguin occupation at Cape Adare suggests that the onset of penguin colonization (at 2–3 kyr before present) lagged behind the deglaciation by at least 11.5 kyr. These observations indicate that penguin colonization did not occur until several thousand years after ice free ground became available.
Short Note: Late Miocene marine trace fossils from James Ross Island
Authors: Nelson Anna E. , Smellie John L. , Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: June 2008

Williams et al. (2006) reported asterozoans preserved in Late Miocene volcanic tuffs of the James Ross Island Volcanic Group. The material, from the north-west of James Ross Island at 64°01.9′S 58°20.07′W, was sourced from the newly named Asterozoan Buttress locality, and represented reconnaissance collecting. The volcaniclastic sediments in which the fossils are found are fine- to medium-grained volcanic sandstones with planar, laterally continuous beds 0.5–8 cm thick containing decimetre-scale ripple cross-lamination. In the absence of part and counterpart rock slabs, Williams et al. (2006) hypothesised that the fossils represented the external moulds of starfish or brittlestars pinioned by rapid sedimentation of volcanic tuffs. They noted that these tuffs represented a potential untapped source of fossil material for interpreting Neogene marine shelf environments on the northern Antarctic Peninsula. New fossil material collected at Asterozoan Buttress in February 2007 (by Anna Nelson) includes part and counterpart rock slabs, and demonstrates that the asterozoans are resting traces of animals, referable to the ichnogenus Asteriacites, and not external moulds of entombed animals (Fig. 1a & d). We reinterpret the ‘detached’ arm and ‘current-entrainment’ specimens of Williams et al. (2006, fig. 5c & d) as representing a possible scull mark and movement of the asterozoan across the sediment surface respectively (see Bell 2004, text-fig. 11 for comparison).
Dose–response effects of sotalol on cardiovascular function in conscious, freely moving cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Lynch J J , Wilson A W , Hernandez L E , Nelson R A , Marsh K C , Cox B F , Mittelstadt S W 
Published: June 2008

Background and purpose:The non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist, D,L‐sotalol (sotalol) is commonly employed as a positive control during preclinical cardiovascular safety pharmacology testing, mainly because of its ability to prolong QT interval duration. However, no information appears in the literature, except in abstract form, regarding the dose–response effects of sotalol in unanesthetized monkeys. The current study was conducted to determine the dose– and plasma–response effects of orally administered sotalol on cardiovascular function in conscious non‐human primates.Experimental approach:Male cynomolgus monkeys were implanted with telemetry devices and the effects of sotalol hydrochloride (5, 10 and 30 mg kg−1 of body weight, p.o.) on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and electrocardiogram waveform were continuously monitored for 6 h after dosing. Blood was sampled for the measurement of plasma concentrations of sotalol.Key results:Sotalol dose dependently decreased heart rate and prolonged RR, PR, QT and corrected QT intervals, while having little or no effects on the QRS complex, arterial pressure or body temperature, over the dose range tested. When the data were related to plasma concentrations of sotalol, it was clear that the cardiovascular effects occurred in a similar pattern and to a comparable degree as those reported in human studies.Conclusions and implications:The current study helps demonstrate the validity of utilizing telemetry‐instrumented non‐human primates for the cardiovascular safety pharmacology assessment of drugs prior to first‐in‐human testing, and its findings may serve as a reference source for the dose– and plasma–response effects of orally administered sotalol in conscious monkeys. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1439–1445; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.206; published online 2 June 2008
Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5‐HT in the UK
Authors: Green A R 
Published: June 2008

The vasoconstrictor substance named serotonin was identified as 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) by Maurice Rapport in 1949. In 1951, Rapport gave Gaddum samples of 5‐HT substance allowing him to develop a bioassay to both detect and measure the amine. Gaddum and colleagues rapidly identified 5‐HT in brain and showed that lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) antagonized its action in peripheral tissues. Gaddum accordingly postulated that 5‐HT might have a role in mood regulation. This review examines the role of UK scientists in the first 20 years following these major discoveries, discussing their role in developing assays for 5‐HT in the CNS, identifying the enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of 5‐HT and investigating the effect of drugs on brain 5‐HT. It reviews studies on the effects of LSD in humans, including Gaddum's self‐administration experiments. It outlines investigations on the role of 5‐HT in psychiatric disorders, including studies on the effect of antidepressant drugs on the 5‐HT concentration in rodent and human brain, and the attempts to examine 5‐HT biochemistry in the brains of patients with depressive illness. It is clear that a rather small group of both preclinical scientists and psychiatrists in the UK made major advances in our understanding of the role of 5‐HT in the brain, paving the way for much of the knowledge now taken for granted when discussing ways that 5‐HT might be involved in the control of mood and the idea that therapeutic drugs used to alleviate psychiatric illness might alter the function of cerebral 5‐HT.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 1583–1599; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.207; published online 26 May 2008
Isolated porcine bronchi provide a reliable model for development of bronchodilator anti‐muscarinic agents for human use
Authors: D'Agostino G , Condino A M , Gioglio L , Zonta F , Tonini M , Barbieri A 
Published: June 2008

Background and purpose: In human airways, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) exert a predominant role in the control of airways resistance and anti‐muscarinic agents are currently included in the pharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the development of more effective mAChR antagonists is hampered by considerable species variability in the ultrastrucural and functional control of airway smooth muscle, making extrapolation of any particular animal model questionable. This study was designed to characterize the mAChRs in a bronchial preparation from pigs, animals considered to provide close models of human biology.Experimental approach: Smooth muscle bronchial strips were examined by electron microscopy in order to compare their neuromuscular structure with that of human bronchi and used to study the affinity of a series of selective mAChR antagonists, estimated as pKis in competition binding assays with NMS and pA2, by Schild analysis, in contractile experiments.Key results: Pharmacodynamic binding parameters and affinity profiles of a series of antagonists were consistent with the presence of a majority of M2 mAChRs along with a minor population of M3 mAChRs. Functionally, the highly significant correlation between postjunctional pA2 affinities and corresponding affinity constants at human recombinant M1–M5 subtypes indicated that smooth muscle contraction in porcine bronchi, as in human bronchi, was dependent on the M3 subtype.Conclusion and implications: Based on the characterization of mAChRs, isolated porcine bronchi provide an additional experimental model for development of mAChR antagonists for the treatment of human airway dysfunctions.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1611–1618; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.208; published online 2 June 2008