bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antioxidancy of Some n‐Alkyl, t‐Alkyl, Homologous and Isomeric Lipidic Alkylthiobisphenols
Authors: Tyman John H. P. , Johnson Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo study the relationship between structure and properties of members of the lipidic thiobis phenol series, as extreme pressure additives in lubricants, a series of homologous compounds has been synthesised by the reaction of alkylphenols with sulphur dichloride. The isomeric n‐nonylphenols have been reacted to form the C9 isomeric 2,2′‐and 4,4′‐thiobisphenols. Longer alkyl side‐chains resulted mainly in the formation of 4,4′‐thiobisphenols and some of the 2,2′ isomer. With short alkyl, particularly t‐alkyl side‐chains, steric hindrance resulted in the 2,2′‐compound. Additive studies have indicated that the longer chain 4,4′ compounds possessed antioxidant properties comparable and superior to former commercial branched chain 2,2′ compounds produced from petrochemical intermediates.
Hereditäre Nierentumoren
Authors: Decker H.J. 
Published: May 2007

Zusammenfassung
Etwa 1–4% aller Nierentumoren sind mit spezifischen Keimbahndefekten assoziiert. Nierentumoren sind sehr heterogen. Eine neue histogenetische Klassifikation beruht auf pathomorphologischen wie auch auf genetischen Kriterien. Für jede der 4 häufigsten Tumortypen besteht ein Bezug zu einer hereditären Form bzw. den jeweils betroffenen Genen. Bis heute sind mindestens 10 hereditäre Konditionen bekannt, bei denen Nierentumoren auftreten. Dieser Review stellt die heute zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkeiten einer individuellen Betreuung von Patienten mit diesen seltenen syndromalen und nichtsyndromalen hereditären Formen dar.
Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess folate intake of Dutch elderly people
Authors: van de Rest Ondine , Durga Jane , Verhoef Petra , Melse-Boonstra Alida , Brants Henny A. M. 
Published: May 2007

Folate is required for 1-carbon metabolism and deficiency in folate leads to megaloblastic anemia. Low levels of folate have been associated with increased risk of vascular disease. To investigate whether RDA of folate are met, habitual folate intake needs to be assessed reliably. We developed a FFQ to specifically measure folate intake over the previous 3 months in elderly people in the Netherlands. Major sources of folate intake, i.e. foods contributing to at least 80 % of the average folate intake, were identified through an analysis of the second Dutch Food Consumption Survey for the sub-population of men and women aged 50–70. In 2000 and 2001, folate intake was estimated with this questionnaire in 1286 individuals aged 50–75 years. Concentrations of serum and erythrocyte folate served as biomarkers with which relative validity of the questionnaire was assessed. The same FFQ was repeated after 3 years in 803 subjects in order to assess long-term reproducibility. Mean folate intake was estimated to be 196 (sd 69) μg/d. Spearman correlation coefficients between folate intake and serum and erythrocyte concentrations were 0·14 (P < 0·01) and 0·05 (P = 0·06) respectively. Spearman correlations between folate intakes measured at baseline and after 3 years were 0·58 (P < 0·01). 47 % of the participants were classified in the same quartiles on the two occasions. Our FFQ showed a weak correlation between folate intake and blood folate concentrations and reproducibility was acceptable. This FFQ is able to rank subjects according to their folate intake.
Relationships between acceptance of sour taste and fruit intakes in 18-month-old infants
Authors: Blossfeld Ivonne , Collins Aoife , Boland Suzanne , Baixauli Raquel , Kiely Mairead , Delahunty Conor 
Published: May 2007

The present study examined whether infants show an acceptance for extreme sour tastes and whether acceptance of sour taste is related to infants' fruit intake. Fruit intake of fifty-three infants at 6, 12 and 18 months was assessed using 3 d food records. Sour acceptance of these infants was studied at 18·1 (sd1·5) months. Acceptance for four solutions differing in citric acid concentrations (0·00m, 0·013m, 0·029mand 0·065m) was measured by allowing infantsad libitumingestion of each solution over brief time periods. The base solution to which citric acid was added was blackcurrant squash diluted in water. Infants' relative intake of each solution was used as a measure of sour acceptance. At 18 months, twelve infants readily accepted the two highest citric acid concentrations, whereas the remaining infants rejected these. Infants who accepted the most sour solutions had a significantly higher fruit intake (P = 0·025) and a higher fruit variety (P = 0·015) at 18 months than the infants who rejected the highly sour taste. Furthermore, infants who accepted the most sour solutions consumed fruits more frequently at 18 months (χ25·1;P = 0·024). Infants who accepted the sourest solutions also had a higher fruit intake at 6 months, and a significantly higher increase in their fruit intake from 12 to 18 months. This is the first scientific study that demonstrates the acceptance of sour tastes in some infants at the age of 18 months. Furthermore, the present results suggest a relationship between acceptance of sour tastes and infants' fruit intakes.
Selection responses of means and inbreeding depression for female fecundity inDrosophila melanogastersuggest contributions from intermediate-frequency alleles to quantitative trait variation
Authors: CHARLESWORTH BRIAN , MIYO TAKAHIRO , BORTHWICK HELEN 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe extent to which quantitative trait variability is caused by rare alleles maintained by mutation, versus intermediate-frequency alleles maintained by balancing selection, is an unsolved problem of evolutionary genetics. We describe the results of an experiment to examine the effects of selection on the mean and extent of inbreeding depression for early female fecundity inDrosophila melanogaster. Theory predicts that rare, partially recessive deleterious alleles should cause a much larger change in the effect of inbreeding than in the mean of the outbred population, with the change in inbreeding effect having an opposite sign to the change in mean. The present experiment fails to support this prediction, suggesting that intermediate-frequency alleles contribute substantially to genetic variation in early fecundity.
Auditory cortical activation and speech perception in cochlear implant users
Authors: Green K M J , Julyan P J , Hastings D L , Ramsden R T 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCochlear implantation is generally accepted as a successful means of restoring auditory sensation to profoundly deaf individuals. Although most patients can expect a satisfactory outcome following implantation, some have poor speech perception outcomes. This investigation used [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to measure cortical activity resulting from auditory stimulation in seven ‘good’ and four ‘poor’ cochlear implant recipients. Activations were significantly greater in both the primary and association cortices in the good compared with the poor implant users. We suggest that the ability to access the more specialised speech processing abilities of the auditory association cortices helps determine outcome following cochlear implantation.
Buccinator myomucosal flap: clinical results and review of anatomy, surgical technique and applications
Authors: Van Lierop A C , Fagan J J 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground:The buccinator musculomucosal flap is an axial-pattern flap based on either the buccal or the facial artery. We present our experience with this flap and describe its surgical anatomy, the surgical techniques utilised to raise the flap and its clinical applications.Materials and methods:We retrospectively reviewed all patients who had had buccinator myomucosal flaps created at the Groote Schuur Hospital between 1999 and 2004. Patients were also recalled to assess flap sensation and to record reduction of mouth opening as a consequence of donor site scarring.Results:Of the 14 patients who had had a buccinator myomucosal flap created, there was one flap failure. Sensation was present in 71 per cent of flaps, and there was no trismus due to donor site scarring.Conclusions:The buccinator myomycosal flap is a dependable flap with good functional outcome and low morbidity.
Challenges in management of chronic suppurative otitis media in a developing country
Authors: Akinpelu O V , Amusa Y B , Komolafe E O , Adeolu A A , Oladele A O , Ameye S A 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground:In developing countries, the rate of complications from chronic suppurative otitis media is still high, due to factors associated with poverty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media and associated complications.Patients and methods:We prospectively studied all patients presenting with chronic suppurative otitis media to the ear, nose and throat unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, over a two-year period.Results:One hundred and sixty new cases of chronic suppurative otitis media were seen. These constituted 11.1 per cent of all new cases and 21.5 per cent of all otological cases seen. About half (51.7 per cent) of these patients were younger than 15 years. Most patients were from rural areas and had been previously managed by unlicensed, untrained practitioners. Complications were mostly seen in children. Intracranial complications were seen in 10 (6.3 per cent) cases; this was associated with a high mortality rate.Conclusion:This study found that, in Nigeria, a developing country, ‘safe’ chronic suppurative otitis media was not without serious problems. Provision of adequate health facilities may reduce such problems.
Parallel electric fields: variations in space and time on auroral field lines
Authors: VEDIN J. , RÖNNMARK K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe present results from a particle–fluid simulation of auroral electrons and discuss the distribution of parallel electric fields along auroral field lines and the processes occurring during the build up of these electric fields. Neglecting field-aligned ion dynamics, the main potential drop has a width of about 5000, km and is centered at an altitude of roughly 5000, km. We find that the gradient in the potential becomes steeper and the build up of the potential drop becomes faster if the temperature of the magnetospheric electrons is lower.
Comparison of cysteine peptidase activities inTrichobilharzia regentiandSchistosoma mansonicercariae
Authors: KAŠNÝ M. , MIKEŠ L. , DALTON J. P. , MOUNTFORD A. P. , HORÁK P. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYCercariae of the bird schistosomeTrichobilharzia regentiand of the human schistosomeSchistosoma mansoniemploy proteases to invade the skin of their definitive hosts. To investigate whether a similar proteolytic mechanism is used by both species, cercarial extracts ofT. regentiandS. mansoniwere biochemically characterized, with the primary focus on cysteine peptidases. A similar pattern of cysteine peptidase activities was detected by zymography of cercarial extracts and their chromatographic fractions fromT. regentiandS. mansoni.The greatest peptidase activity was recorded in both species against the fluorogenic peptide substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC, commonly used to detect cathepsins B and L, and was markedly inhibited (>96%) by Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2at pH 4·5. Cysteine peptidases of 33 kDa and 33–34 kDa were identified in extracts ofT. regentiandS. mansonicercariae employing a biotinylated Clan CA cysteine peptidase-specific inhibitor (DCG-04). Finally, cercarial extracts from bothT. regentiandS. mansoniwere able to degrade native substrates present in skin (collagen II and IV, keratin) at physiological pH suggesting that cysteine peptidases are important in the pentration of host skin.
Ω-estimates for a class of arithmetic error terms
Authors: KACZOROWSKI JERZY , WIERTELAK KAZIMIERZ 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe main aim of this paper is to present a general method of proving Ω-estimates for a class of arithmetic error terms. We assume that error terms in question are boundary values of harmonic functions on the upper half-plane satisfying certain subsidiary conditions. We prove a general theorem for an axiomatically defined class of such functions and then we show how this result can be used to give statements in concrete situations. As examples we treat the classical case of the remainder term in the prime number formula obtaining a new proof of the well-known result of J. E. Littlewood, and the case of the remainder term in the asymptotic formula for the summatory function of the square-free divisor function. In the latter case our result is new.
On functional relations between the Mordell–Tornheim double zeta functions and the Riemann zeta function
Authors: TSUMURA HIROFUMI 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we give certain analytic functional relations between the Mordell–Tornheim double zeta functions and the Riemann zeta function. These can be regarded as continuous generalizations of the known discrete relations between the Mordell–Tornheim double zeta values and the Riemann zeta values at positive integers discovered in the 1950's.
Ecological processes in Antarctic inland waters: interactions between physical processes and the nitrogen cycle
Authors: Howard-Williams Clive , Hawes Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this review we consider the physical processes that shape inland aquatic ecosystems and how these affect ecosystem processes, with particular focus on the nitrogen cycle. Inland Antarctica is dominated by microbial communities that are usually concentrated in, or adjacent to, habitats with free water. The presence of free vs frozen water is dependent on very small changes in temperature around 0°C, so significant variability in the distribution of free water can be expected in response to variations in climate over diel, decadal, to millennial time scales and a range of spatial scales. Antarctic inland waters take many forms: snow-surface melt pockets, cryoconites, basal regions of wet-based glaciers, ponds (varying in salinity and degree of desiccation), melt streams, perennially and seasonally ice covered lakes and even hypersaline, ice free lakes. The important processes and transformations that characterize the nitrogen cycle worldwide have all been identified in Antarctic inland waters and in some cases (e.g. N-uptake, N-fixation), rates are similar to those at lower latitudes. The unique features of Antarctic ecosystems stem from the extreme and variable physical conditions under which these processes operate rather than any unique ecosystem processes per se.
Breast-feeding mothers can exercise: results of a cohort study
Authors: Su Dada , Zhao Yun , Binns Colin , Scott Jane , Oddy Wendy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo study the relationship between exercise by the mother and breast-feeding initiation and duration, and its effect on infant growth.DesignA cohort study of mothers and infants, recruited at birth. Infant feeding methods were recorded in detail and breast-feeding was categorised as ‘any’ or ‘full’. Exercise levels were categorised using the metabolic equivalent tasks approach based on details of physical activity recorded in questionnaires.SettingPerth, Western Australia.SubjectsA total of 587 mothers were interviewed on seven occasions over a period of 12 months.ResultsThere was no difference in the means of infant weight and length changes, indicating that exercise appeared to have no significant influence on infant growth up to 52 weeks after birth (P = 0.236 and 0.974, respectively). The mother's level of exercise was not significantly associated with breast-feeding to 6 or 12 months. This applied to ‘full’ and ‘any’ categories of breast-feeding.ConclusionExercise does not affect breast-feeding outcomes at the usual levels of activity undertaken by mothers. Breast-feeding and exercise are important for maintaining and promoting health, and this study provides reassurance to health professionals wishing to encourage mothers to continue both behaviours.
Improving Prolog programs: Refactoring for Prolog
Authors: SEREBRENIK ALEXANDER , SCHRIJVERS TOM , DEMOEN BART 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRefactoring is an established technique from the object-oriented (OO) programming community to restructure code: it aims at improving software readability, maintainability, and extensibility. Although refactoring is not tied to the OO-paradigm in particular, its ideas have not been applied to logic programming until now. This paper applies the ideas of refactoring to Prolog programs. A catalogue is presented listing refactorings classified according to scope. Some of the refactorings have been adapted from the OO-paradigm, while others have been specifically designed for Prolog. The discrepancy between intended and operational semantics in Prolog is also addressed by some of the refactorings. In addition, ViPReSS, a semi-automatic refactoring browser, is discussed and the experience with applying ViPReSS to a large Prolog legacy system is reported. The main conclusion is that refactoring is both a viable technique in Prolog and a rather desirable one.
A possible biogenic origin for hydrogen peroxide on Mars: the Viking results reinterpreted
Authors: Houtkooper Joop M. , Schulze-Makuch Dirk 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe adaptability of extremophiles on Earth raises the question of what strategies putative life might have used to adapt to the present conditions on Mars. Here, we hypothesize that organisms might utilize a water–hydrogen peroxide (H2O–H2O2) mixture rather than water as an intracellular liquid. This adaptation would have the particular advantages in the Martian environment of providing a low freezing point, a source of oxygen and hygroscopicity. The findings by the Viking experiments are reinterpreted in light of this hypothesis. Our conclusion is that the hitherto mysterious oxidant in the Martian soil, which evolves oxygen when humidified, might be H2O2of biological origin. This interpretation has consequences for site selection for future missions to search for life on Mars.
Canopy structure and imaging geometry may create unique problems during spectral reflectance measurements of crop canopies in bioregenerative advanced life support systems
Authors: Schuerger Andrew C. , Copenhaver Kenneth L. , Lewis David , Kincaid Russell , May George 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHuman exploration missions to the Moon or Mars might be helped by the development of a bioregenerative advanced life-support (ALS) system that utilizes higher plants to regenerate water, oxygen and food. In order to make bioregenerative ALS systems competitive to physiochemical life-support systems, the ‘equivalent system mass’ (ESM) must be reduced by as much as possible. One method to reduce the ESM of a bioregenerative ALS system would be to deploy an automated remote sensing system within plant production modules to monitor crop productivity and disease outbreaks. The current study investigated the effects of canopy structure and imaging geometries on the efficiency of measuring the spectral reflectance of individual plants and crop canopies in a simulated ALS system. Results indicate that canopy structure, shading artefacts and imaging geometries are likely to create unique challenges in developing an automated remote sensing system for ALS modules. The cramped quarters within ALS plant growth units will create problems in collecting spectral reflectance measurements from the nadir position (i.e. directly above plant canopies) and, thus, crop canopies likely will be imaged from a diversity of orientations relative to the primary illumination source. In general, highly reflective white or polished surfaces will be used within an ALS plant growth module to maximize the stray light that is reflected onto plant canopies. Initial work suggested that these highly reflective surfaces might interfere with the collection of spectral reflectance measurements of plants, but the use of simple remote sensing algorithms such as 760/685 band ratios or normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images greatly reduced the effects of the reflective backgrounds. A direct comparison of 760/685 and NDVI images from canopies of lettuce, pepper and tomato plants indicated that unique models of individual plants are going to be required to properly assess the health conditions of canopies. A mixed model of all three plant species was not effective in predicting plant stress using either the 760/685 or NDVI remote sensing algorithms.
Urban voices: The quality-of-life experience among women of color with breast cancer
Authors: FATONE ANNE M. , MOADEL ALYSON B. , FOLEY FREDERICK W. , FLEMING MEGAN , JANDORF. LINA 
Published: May 2007

Objectives:Research on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) among women of color (i.e., Hispanics and African Americans) with breast cancer suggests that they may be at elevated risk for a variety of physical and psychosocial sequelae. The context in which these women perceive, experience, and respond to these HRQL challenges can provide important information for planning a culturally appropriate palliative care treatment plan.Methods: In an effort to understand the quality of lifeexperienceafter breast cancer among women of color, this study describes the nature and impact of physical, emotional, and menopausal symptoms among African American (n= 8) and Hispanic (n= 12) breast cancer survivors based on qualitative data gathered through semistructured interviews. Themes were identified and categorized into six HRQL domains: physical (e.g., pain, nausea), psychological (e.g., sadness, irritability), cognitive (e.g., memory problems), sexual (e.g., decreased desire), social/functional (e.g., financial strain, social distress), and spiritual/existential (e.g., increased faith, spiritual coping), with high interrater reliability (kappa = .81).Results:For both groups, physical issues had a major impact on HRQL, with psychological issues being additionally salient for Hispanic women. Most (88%) African American women voiced positive changes in their faith after diagnosis whereas 50% of Hispanic women viewed faith as an important way of coping with breast cancer.Significance of results:This research broadens our understanding of the experience of breast cancer among ethnic minority women, and in turn, offers some key directions for guiding the development of culturally tailored HRQL interventions.
Unmet needs among adolescent cancer patients: A pilot study
Authors: PALMER SUSAN , MITCHELL ANNE , THOMPSON KATE , SEXTON MAREE 
Published: May 2007

Objective:Adolescents with cancer pose a unique challenge to current health systems and the professional working with them. Throughout the world, it is increasingly recognized that the needs of this particular group of patients may not be met through existing services within either the pediatric or adult systems. In Australia, this is a new area of research, and little is known about the unmet physical, psychological, and social needs of this patient group. This study reports the outcomes of a focus group conducted to explore these issues.Methods:Six young people, with a mean age at diagnosis of 17 years and 6 months, participated in a 2-h focus group. A qualitative analytic approach was utilized to examine themes.Results:The participants identified a number of concerns relating to three broad categories: information provision, treatment processes, and survivorship.Significance of results:The research findings support previously documented evidence that indicate gaps in cancer services provided to this age group. Importantly, these gaps can be narrowed by improving access to adolescent multidisciplinary teams and introducing specific training for health care professionals.