bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus removal and indomethacin on the response to tachykinin NK‐2 and NK‐3 receptor agonists in the circular muscle of the guinea‐pig ileum
Authors: Maggi Carlo Alberto , Patacchini Riccardo , Meini Stefania , Giuliani Sandro 
Published: January 2008

1 The effect of removal of the longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus (LM‐MP) and/ or indomethacin (10 ‐μM) on the response to the tachykinin NK‐2 receptor selective agonist, [βAla8]NKA(4–10), or to the NK‐3 receptor selective agonist, senktide, was investigated by measuring mechanical activity (isotonic recording) of circular muscle (ring preparation) of the guinea‐pig ileum.2 Indomethacin (10 μM) increased the percentage of ileal rings displaying spontaneous activity, either intact or LM‐MP‐free. The response to senktide (10nM and 1 μM) was lower in LM‐MP‐free than in intact ileal rings, either in the absence or presence of indomethacin. The response to a low concentration (10 nM) of [βAla8] NKA (4–10) was enhanced in LM‐MP‐free rings and by indomethacin.3 In intact ileal rings, the response to senktide was unaffected by atropine (3 μM) alone or by the tachykinin NK‐2 receptor antagonist MEN 10,376 (10 μM) alone while it was reduced by the combined administration of the two antagonists. The response to senktide was greatly reduced by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM). Senktide‐induced contractions (10 nM) were also reduced by the blocker of N‐type voltage‐sensitive calcium channels, ω‐conotoxin (CTX, 0.1 μM).4 In about 30% of preparations tested, an inhibitory response (decrease in spontaneous activity) to 10 nM senktide, was disclosed in CTX‐treated intact ileal rings. This inhibitory effect was TTX‐sensitive.5 In LM‐MP‐free ileal rings, the response to senktide was abolished or reduced by atropine and MEN 10,376, alone or in combination, and was also reduced or abolished by TTX and CTX.6 The response to [βAla8]NKA (4–10) was inhibited by MEN 10,376, in both intact and LM‐MP‐free ileal rings while it was unaffected by atropine, TTX or CTX.7 These results indicate that indomethacin pretreatment induces a regular background activity for studying the motor response to tachykinins in the circular muscle of the ileum, probably by blocking the formation of relaxant prostanoids. A further increase in sensitivity to direct smooth muscle stimulation (NK‐2 receptor agonist) can be obtained by removal of the LM‐MP. The response to NK‐3 receptor stimulation is diminished but not abolished by removal of the LM‐MP, suggesting that NK‐3 receptors are located on neuronal bodies of myenteric neurons, but possibly also at other sites (possibly, nerve terminals). Furthermore, the presence of NK‐3 receptors on myenteric plexus neurons, which inhibit circular muscle activity, is suggested.
Increased sensitivity of neonatal mouse myocardia to autonomic transmitters
Authors: Tanaka H. , Manita S. , Shigenobu K. 
Published: January 2008

1 Chronotropic and inotropic responses to noradrenaline and acetylcholine were examined in isolated right atrial and ventricular preparations from neonatal and adult mice.2 Noradrenaline and acetylcholine produced positive and negative chronotropic responses, respectively, in the atria from both ages. Noradrenaline produced positive inotropic responses in ventricular preparations from both ages. In all cases, the sensitivity, expressed in terms of pD2 values, was higher in neonatal preparations.3 In the ventricle, desipramine produced a leftward shift of the concentration–response curve for noradrenaline in the adult, but no such shift was observed in the neonate. The sensitivity to isoprenaline of ventricular preparations was higher in the neonate than in the adult.4 Our results demonstrated developmental decreases in sensitivities to autonomic transmitters in mouse myocardia. As for the inotropic response to noradrenaline of ventricular muscle, both pre‐ and postjunctional mechanisms were responsible for the developmental decrease in sensitivity.
Interactions between endothelin and the dihydropyridine‐type calcium antagonist nicardipine in the human renal artery: a radioligand and autoradiographic study
Authors: Amenta F. , Rossodivita I. , Ferrante F. 
Published: January 2008

1 The interactions between dihydropyridine Ca2+ channels and endothelin were analysed using combined radioligand binding and autoradiographic techniques.2 Endothelin is a potent constrictor peptide of arterial smooth muscle. Endothelin‐induced vasoconstriction is attenuated by dihydropyridine‐type Ca2+ antagonists such as nicardipine. However, the molecular mechanisms of this effect are not yet understood.3 Sections of the human renal artery bound [3H]‐nicardipine in a manner consistent with the labelling of dihydropyridine‐type Ca2+ channels. The highest density of [3H]‐nicardipine binding sites occurred within the tunica media of the renal artery, probably over smooth muscle. A lower density of [3H]‐nicardipine binding sites was noticeable in the tunica adventitia, whereas no specific binding occurred in the tunica intima.4 Endothelin‐1, from a concentration of 1 pm 1−1, reduced [3H]‐nicardipine binding as a function of concentration. A 10 nm endothelin concentration reduced [3H]‐nicardipine binding by about 85%. The isoform, endothelin‐3, had little effect on [3H]‐nicardipine binding.5 The above findings suggest the occurrence of an interaction, probably at the receptor level, between [3H]‐nicardipine binding and endothelin‐1. This interaction probably accounts for the attenuation of endothelin‐1‐elicited vasoconstriction induced by nicardipine.
Inhibition of serotonin‐induced increase in canine external carotid blood flow by drugs that decrease the sympathetic outflow
Authors: Terrón José A. , Hong Enrique , López‐Muñoz Francisco J. , Villalón Carlos M. 
Published: January 2008

1 The present study was designed to analyse the effect of the centrally‐acting sympatho‐inhibitory drugs, prazosin and ketanserin, on the increase in external carotid blood flow (external CBF) produced by 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in pentobarbital‐anaesthetized dogs.2 Intracarotid (i.c.) infusions of 5‐HT (10 μ g min−1 during 1 min) produced an increase in external CBF without changes in mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate. This response to 5‐HT was dose‐dependently blocked by intravenous (i.v.) administration of prazosin (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg kg−1) or ketanserin (10, 30, 100 and 300 μg kg−1).3 Furthermore, 5‐HT‐induced increase in external CBF was inhibited by either the ganglionic blocking agent, mecamylamine (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 mg kg−1), the mixed 5‐HT1‐like and 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist, methiothepin (3, 10 and 30 μ g kg−1) or the 5‐HT1A ligand, spiroxatrine (10, 30, 100 and 300 μg kg−1). In contrast, the selective 5‐HT2 and 5‐HT1C receptor antagonist, ritanserin (30 and 100 μg kg−1, i.v.), was unable to block the above response to 5‐HT.4 It is concluded that the inhibition of 5‐HT‐induced increase in external CBF by prazosin, ketanserin, mecamylamine and spiroxatrine is due to a reduction in the sympathetic tone and not to a blockade of 5‐HT receptors.
Muscle layer and regional differences in autonomic innervation and responsiveness to transmitter agents in swine myometrium
Authors: Taneike Tetsuro , Bando Shin‐Ichi , Takasaki Kumiko , Okumura Mayumi , Sato Hitomi , Teraoka Hiroki , Kitazawa Takio , Ohga Akira 
Published: January 2008

1 To clarify possible regional and muscle layer differences in adrenergic innervation of swine myometrium, functional, biochemical and histochemical experiments were performed on longitudinal (LM) and circular (CM) muscle isolated from nonpregnant uteri of 84 gilts.2 Transmural stimulation (TMS) in the presence of propranolol evoked tetrodotoxin‐sensitive contractions in a frequency‐dependent manner (2–20 Hz) in LM and CM. The cornual LM contractions were attenuated by phentolamine (1 μm) and by guanethidine (10 μm) though unaffected by atropine (1 μm). Contractions in cervical LM were diminished by atropine but not by phentolamine, and the corpus LM contractions were reduced incrementally by atropine and phentolamine when added sequentially. In CM, the TMS‐induced contractions were abolished by tetrodotoxin and atropine in all three regions.3 In response to noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh), LM contractile intensity was the most potent in cornua, slightly weaker in the corpus and weakest in the cervix. CM was insensitive to NA, and contractile responses elicited by ACh indicated no regional variation.4 NA content, significantly greater in LM than in CM, was most highly concentrated in cornual LM. Nerves exhibiting glyoxylic acid‐induced histofluorescence occurred in both LM and CM, though more abundantly in LM and with notable density in the cornual LM. Cholinesterase activity, distributed evenly throughout the three myometrial regions studied, was more intense in LM than in CM.5 These results show that, in swine myometrium, innervation in cornual LM is predominantly noradrenergic, cervical LM is mostly cholinergic, and throughout the myometrium the CM layers are principally cholinergic.
Effect of chemical sympathectomy on (−)‐isoprenaline‐induced changes in cardiac β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in the guinea‐pig and rat
Authors: Kompa Andrew R. , Molenaar Peter , Summers Roger J. 
Published: January 2008

1 Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine β‐adrenoceptor densities in cardiac regions of guinea‐pigs and rats after chemical sympathectomy with 6‐hydroxydopamine, and to examine how chemical sympathectomy affected β‐adrenoceptor changes following infusion of (‐)‐isoprenaline (400 μg kg−1 hr−1, 7 days).2 Seven days after 6‐hydroxydopamine (100 mg kg−1, i.v.), cardiac tissue levels of noradrenaline were reduced by 94.0± 3.5% (guinea‐pig) and 86.0 ± 7.0% (rat). The blood pressure increase in rats to tyramine (0.5 mg, i.v.) was reduced from 118 mmHg in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐treated animals.3 There were no changes 7 and 14 days after 6‐hydroxydopamine treatment in total, β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor density in the atrioventricular conducting system and atrial and ventricular myocardium in both species.4 In control animals, (‐)‐isoprenaline infusion produced selective reductions in β2‐adrenoceptor density, whilst β1‐adrenoceptor density remained unchanged.5 In 6‐hydroxydopamine treated guinea‐pigs or rats, (‐)‐isoprenaline infusion caused no change in β1‐radrenoceptors except in the right bundle branch whilst β2‐adrenoceptors were reduced in the atrioventricular conducting system (atrioventricular node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches) and myocardium (interventricular septum and atria).6 The differential effect of (‐)‐isoprenaline on β1‐and β2‐adrenoceptors is not therefore due to the occupation of β1‐adrenoceptors by noradrenaline or to prior down‐regulation of β1‐adrenoceptors by noradrenaline, since it persists after depletion of noradrenaline.
XV.:Investigations on Cutaneous Reaction in Scarlatina.
Authors: MALMBERG N. , JACOBSOHN G. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY1. The Dick reaction taken on 1 200 children, 0–15 years, was positive in 66,8 %, negative in 24,2 % and of an uncertain character in 9 %.2. Investigations of the frequency of positive Dick reaction at different ages gave results agreeing with those hitherto published.3. Children with a history of scarlatina gave a positive Dick reaction in 11 %.4. Pseudoreactions were more often found in children with increased sensitivity to tuberculine than in those without.5. Investigations on 320 children of the variability (»Spontanschwankungen») of the Dick reaction, showed that a positive reaction gives practically no changes on retesting (occurred in only 1 % of our cases); a negative reaction on the other hand may in a certain percentage of cases (our figure was slightly less than 20 %) change to a positive one on retesting.6. It thus seems permissible to regard a positive reaction as giving definite information, while a negative one should be judged more cautiously and under certain conditions occasion a retesting.7. We have hitherto tested 16 foreign toxins derived from scarlatina streptococci and only 2 were found to compare in strength with the toxin which we ordinarily use. Ten toxins, among which were 2 derived from Dick strains, have plainly appeared considerably weaker, and 4 have shown themselves to be practically atoxic.For further information, cf. Acta Pædiatrica, Vol. VI. p. 442; Svenska Läkaresällskapets Förhandlingar (Transactions of the Society of Swedish Physicians) 1927.
On acute Encephalitis as a Cause of Sudden Death.
Authors: MUHL GRETA 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe author is relating five cases of acute encephalitis who died within the course of < 12–24 hours.The age of the patiens was 91/2, 11/2, 41/2, 4 months and 8 years 8 months respectively.The most prominent clinical symptoms were: peracute onset after previous perfect health or a few days of mild fever or, as in one case, sudden aggravation in connection with bronchitis.Very rapid onset of unconsciousness.High temperature.Signs of circulatory disturbances.In most cases spasms and vomiting.In three cases symptoms indicating localised cerebral disease. In the two others no such symptoms.Lumbar puncture, carried out in two cases, showed increased pressure and increased cell contents.Patho‐anat. ex. In one case haemorrhagic encephalitis, in the four others there were no macroscopic pathological changes. Macroscopic examination is thus insufficient.Microscopical examination of the brain: in four cases encephalitis of non‐specific type, in the fifth case signs of toxic influence: pseudoencephalitis. Since in this case, however, there was an increased number of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid with increased pressure there a commencing encephalitis was considered present.In the differential diagnosis various kinds of meningitis have to be considered, besides poliomyelitis, sepsis, toxicosis and possibly pneumonia.
Some less common Lung Complications in asthmatic Conditions in Children
Authors: SÖDERLING BERTH 
Published: January 2008

Summary.In children with asthmatic bronchitis or bronchial asthma we sometimes meet with the following complications, to which less attention seems to have been paid in the past.

Parenchymatous changes which, having regard also to the clinical examination, course of disease and radiological appearance, must be considered a condition of atelectasis. These conditions seem to have been fairly little observed in this relation and to have caused considerable difficulties in the differential diagnosis. They refer to children of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years of age respectively.
Bronchiectasis. A couple of eases are related and their etiology discussed.
Pleural changes. These may cause one to suspect tuberculosis both in. the form of residual changes (fibrous bands) and of active pleurisy.

The author is finally referring to a tuberculin‐negative asthmatic patient with calcification of the parenchyma.All the children have been tested with the Mantoux intracutaneous tuberculin method–most of them repeatedly–and most of them have been followed and after‐examined for a relatively long time.To avoid a mistake in the diagnosis (tuberculosis is particularly liable) it is important to know of the above‐mentioned complications; several of the cases referred to have been regarded as tuberculous and even been under treatment in sanatoria.
Die Aetiologie des Pyloruspasmus (hypertrophische Pylorusstenose Typus Hirschsprung.)
Authors: HALBERTSMA T. J. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung.Der Krankheitsbild des Pyloruspasmus wird aufgefasst als Symtomkomplex Spasmus, Tumorbildung, Erbrechen, der zustande kommt als Folgeerscheinung einer angeborenen Missbildung: primär ist der Schleimhautkanal des Pylorus zu lang und zu eng angelegt.In den ersten drei Lebenswochen genügt das Lumen noch für die Passage der relativ geringen Nahrungsmengen. Mit steigender Beanspruchung wird die Passage behindert. In wenigen Wochen kann als Reaktion auf die Passage‐Störung der Muskeltumor entstehen.Diese Auffassung der Genese des Pyloruspasmus stützt sich auf röntgenologische und klinische Befunde verschiedener Autoren und folgende eigene Beobachtungen:1. Bei einer Recidiv‐Operation wurde im Verlauf von 5 Wochen eine starke Zunahme eines Pylorus‐Tumors beobachtet.2. Unter 32 eigenen Beobachtungen von Pyloruspasmus trat das Leiden in nicht weniger als drei Familien gehäuft auf bei insgesammt 7 Kindern. Da zwei dieser Familien ausserdem eng verwandt sind, lässt sich hier ein Stammbaum aufstellen, wobei wahrscheinlich gemacht wird, dass auch in der vorhergehenden Generation das Leiden vorkam.3. Bei zweieiigen Zwilligen tritt die Krankheit ebenso häufig wie bei den übrigen Geschwisterschaften auf. Bei eineiigen Zwillingspaaren sind beide Pyloruspastilter.Mit grösster Wahrscheinlichkeit handelt es sich also beim Pyloruspasmus um eine angeborene, familiäre vererbte Missbildung.
Über die Behandlung des kindlichen Diabetes ohne Diät
Authors: RÄIHÄ C.‐E. 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung:Seit dem Herbst 1934 sind die Diabetiker auf der Kinderstation des Allgemeinen Krankenhauses zu Helsinki ohne Diät behandelt worden. Die Kranken haben frei essen dürfen, was sie wünschten, und die Insulindosen sind so gross bemessen worden, dass die Kranken säurefrei bleiben und der Harn dauernd Zucker enthält. Der letzterwähnte Umstand ist mit Rücksicht auf die Hypoglykämiegefahr als Massstab für die Insulindosierung betrachtet worden. Auf Grand unserer bisher gewonnenen Erfahrung ist diese Behandlungsmethode des kindlichen Diabetes der früher angewandten Diätbehandlung bedeutend überlegen. Unsere Ansicht gründet sich auf folgende Tatsachen:

Die Mortalität der Kinder an Diabetes ist nach der Einführung der neuen Behandlungsmethode erheblich gesunken. Früher starben über die Hälfte der an Diabetes erkrankten Kinder innerhalb der ersten zwei Jahre. Von den mit freier Kost Behandelten ist vorläufig nur knapp ein Sechstelgestorben.
Die bei freier Kost lebenden Kinder fühlen sich subjektiv und objektiv wohler als diejenigen, welche eine Diät einhalten; sie entwickeln sich normal und überstehen Infektionskrankheiten relativ gut.
Gourbe évolutive de la teneur leucocyiaire du sang pendant la première année de I'existence
Authors: MAGNUSSON Par J. HENNING 
Published: January 2008

Résumé.Le présent travail étudie la courbe évolutive de la teneur leucocytaire du sang dans une série formée de 52 enfants prématurés (la limite supérieure admise pour le poids à la naissance était 2 250 gr.) & âgés de 3 semaines à un an. L'au‐teur compare les résultats obtenus pour cette série avec ceux que donna L'examen, – aax mêmes âges, – d'une série de coniparaison formée de 47 enfants à terme (la limite inférieure admise pour le poids à la naissance était 3 000 gr.; la limite supérieure était 3 500 gr.)Cette étude autorise la conclusion suivante:Les enfants prématurés offrent une insuffisance dans la teneur leucocjtaire de leur sang. A un certain âge on constate, chez les prématurés, un niveau inférieur aussi Men pour le total général des globules blancs que pour les totaux partiels des gra‐nidocytes, des lymphocytes & des monocytes.La série de comparaison montre que, durant la première année de l'existence des enfants à terme, les variations pré‐sentent une grande amplitude aussi bien pour le total général des leucocytes que pour les valeurs des différentes espèces de cellules. Cette observation est également applicable aux enfants prématurés
ÜBER MONGOLOIDE PARTIALSYMPTOME MIT BESONDERER BEACHTUNG DER SOG. VIERFINGERFURGHE.
Authors: BRANDER T. 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungNach einer Übersicht der Literatur über mongoloide Partialsymptome, mit besonderer Beachtung der Vierfingerfurche (V. F. F.) wird über die Resultate einer Untersuchung an über 700 schwedischsprachigen Volksschulschülern in Helsingfors, von denen die meisten im Alter von 7–13 Jahren standen, berichtet. Der Prozentsatz für das Vorkommen des Epicanthus sank bei den Knaben von 7.7% bei einem Alter von 7 Jahren auf 4.2% bei 13 Jahren, bei den Mädchen waren die entsprechenden Werte 13.3 % resp. 5.9 % und für das gesamte Material 10.7% resp. 4.9%. Im ganzen Material wurde Epicanthus in 7.6 ± 1.0 % beobachtet. Schraggestellte Lidspalten wurden im Mittel bei Knaben in 31.3%, bei Madchen in 45.3% und im ganzen Material in 38.9 ± 1.8% vermerkt. Auch bei dieser Eigenheit ist eine leichte Tendenz für das Sinken der Prozentzahlen mit zunehmendem Alter festzustellen. Auch die allerleichtesten Fälle sind in diesen Zahlen mit einberechnet. Die V. F. F. mit ihren Übergangsformen war vollständig altersstabil. Übergangsform 1 nach Portius kam bei 5.8 ± 0.9 %, Übergangsform 2 nach demselben Autor bei 2.8 ± 0.6% und Typus 3 desselben Verfassers samt klassische V. F. F. bei 2.4 ± 0.6 % der Untersuchten vor. Die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens der V. F. F. war bei Kindern mit übrigen mongoloiden Stigmata nicht bewiesenermassen grösser; desgleichen spielt dabei auch das Geschlecht der Probanden keine wichtigere Rolle.
MICROCEPHALUS UND TETRAPLEGIE BEI EINEM KINDE NACH KOHL'ENMONOXYDVERGIFTUNG DER MUTTER WAHREND DER SCHWANGERSCHAFT.
Authors: BRANDER T. 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungEs handelt sich um einen Fall von Microcephalus, kompletter Idiotie und Tetraplegie (Littlesches Syndrom). Hereditär nichts von Interesse. Im 4. Schwangerschaftsmonat erlitt die Mutter eine Kohlenmonoxydvergiftung, wobei sie für 5 Stunden das Bewusstsein verloren hatte. Die Geburt des Kindes verlief ohne etwas Bemerkenswertes, und doch wurden sofort nach der Geburt schwere cerebrale Erscheinungen beobachtet. Im Alter von 4 Jahren weist das Kind, das weder ein Wort sprechen noch den Kopf heben kann, Symptome auf, die u. a. auf Hydromyelia cervicalis hinweisen.
The acute leukemia in children
Authors: RMS. JOHAN 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Account of 24 cases of acute leukemia in children.The acute leukemia in children as a rule is a myeloblast‐leuke‐mia (in at least 21 of 24 cases).The initial symptoms are diffuse, – fatigue, fever, lack of appetite and pallor. In most cases (23 of 24) there is found either splenic or glandular enlargement and besides, in 13 cases also enlargement of the liver. These symptoms are considered as specially valuable in an early diagnosis.3/4 of the cases commence in the first 5 years of life.Anemia is a frequent symptom in an early stage of the disease, but in some cases it may be absent for weeks.The red blood corpuscles show no characteristics. Index varies between 0.7 and 1.8. In 20 out of 23 cases index lies between 0.8 and 1.2.Clinical bleeding‐tendency is found in 50 % of the patients in the more advanced stages of the disease. No connection between the bleeding‐tendency and the number of thrombocytes has been demonstrated.The number of white blood cells varies within wide limits, from 1300 to 185 000 per mm3 of blood. It also varies highly from time to time in the individual patient. On admission to the department, 21 of 24 patients show values below 20 000 white blood cells per mm3 of blood, 17 below 10 000. 2 patients showed above 30 000 white blood cells per mm3 of blood.Eoentgen picture of the bones have been taken in 17 patients. 5 show certain changes similar to those that sometimes are found in acute leukemia.In 18 cases it has been made successful sternal puncture with findings of bone marrow rich in cells, with up to 99.4 % of myeloblasts. The pathological cellular type has in all cases been demonstrated in blood‐smear preparations, in 17 of 18 cases however, they have been recognised as myeloblasts only after successful sternal puncture having ascertained the diagnosis.