bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological risk factors for lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma of pedunculated or semipedunculated type
Authors: Sohn Dae Kyung , Chang Hee Jin , Park Ji Won , Choi Dong Hyun , Han Kyung Su , Hong Chang Won , Jung Kyung Hae , Kim Dae Yong , Lim Seok-Byung , Choi Hyo Seong , Jeong Seung-Yong 
Published: September 2006

Aims:To evaluate the histopathological risk factors for lymph node metastasis in cases of pedunculated or semipedunculated submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma (SICC).Methods:A total of 48 patients with non-sessile SICC who underwent systematic lymph node dissection were included. Tumour size, histological grade, angiolymphatic invasion, tumour budding, dedifferentiation, objective submucosal invasion depth from the identified muscularis mucosa, relative invasion depth of the submucosal layer, and depth of stalk invasion were investigated histopathologically.Results:Lymph node metastasis was observed in seven cases (14.6%). Univariate analysis showed angiolymphatic invasion and tumour budding to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that tumour budding was the only independent factor associated with lymph node metastasis in cases of non-sessile SICC.Conclusions:Results indicate that tumour budding is a useful risk factor for predicting lymph node metastasis in cases of pedunculated or semipedunculated SICC.
Finding the Kool Mixx: how Brown & Williamson used music marketing to sell cigarettes
Authors: Hafez Navid , Ling Pamela M 
Published: September 2006

Objective:To describe the history of Kool’s music-themed promotions and analyse the role that music played in the promotion of the brand.Methods:Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents, legal documents, and promotional materials.Results:Brown & Williamson started Kool sponsorship of musical events in 1975 with Kool Jazz concerts. Music was considered to be an effective marketing tool because: (1) music helped consumers make emotional connections with the brand; (2) music concerts were effective for targeted marketing; (3) music tied together an integrated marketing campaign; and (4) music had potential to appeal widely to a young audience. Brown & Williamson’s first music campaigns successfully targeted young African-American male audiences. Subsequent campaigns were less effective, exploring different types of music to achieve a broader young adult appeal.Conclusions:This case study suggests Brown & Williamson used music most successfully for targeted marketing, but they failed to develop a wider audience using music because their attempts lacked consistency with the Kool brand’s established identity. The 2004 “Kool Mixx” campaign both returned to Brown & Williamson’s historic practice targeting young African-American males, and also exploited a musical genre with much more potential to bring Kool more universal appeal, as hip-hop music is increasingly popular among diverse audiences. Tobacco control efforts led by African-American community activists to oppose these marketing strategies should continue; expanding these coalitions to include the hip-hop community may further increase their effectiveness.
US news media coverage of tobacco control issues
Authors: Long Marilee , Slater Michael D , Lysengen Lindsay 
Published: September 2006

Objective:To characterise the relative amount and type of daily newspaper, local and national TV newscast, and national news magazine coverage of tobacco control issues in the United States in 2002 and 2003.Design:Content analysis of daily newspapers, news magazines, and TV newscasts.Subjects:Items about tobacco in daily newspapers, local and national TV newscasts, and three national news magazines in a nationally representative sample of 56 days of news stratified by day of week and season of the year, from 2002 and 2003.Main outcome measures:Story theme, tobacco topics, sources, story prominence, story valence (orientation), and story type.Results:Tobacco coverage was modest over the two-year period as estimated in our sample. Only 21 TV stories, 17 news magazine stories, and 335 daily newspaper stories were found during the two-year sampling period. Noteworthy results for the newspaper data set include the following: (1) government topics predominated coverage; (2) government action and negative health effects topics tended not to occur together in stories; (3) tobacco stories were fairly prominently placed in newspapers; (4) opinion news items tended to favour tobacco control policies, while news and feature stories were evenly split between positive and negative stories; and (5) tobacco coverage in the southeast, which is the country’s major tobacco producing region, did not differ from the rest of the country.Conclusion:Results suggest mixed support in news coverage for tobacco control efforts in the United States. The modest amount of news coverage of tobacco is troubling, particularly because so few news stories were found on TV, which is a more important news source for Americans than newspapers. When tobacco was covered, government themed stories, which often did not include mentions of negative health effects, were typical, suggesting that media coverage does not reinforce the reason for tobacco control efforts. However, some results were encouraging. For example, when newspapers did cover tobacco, they accorded the stories relatively high prominence, thus increasing the chance that readers would see tobacco stories when they were published.
Effects of preoperative smoking cessation on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adult smokers: a systematic review: Table 1
Authors: Theadom Alice , Cropley Mark 
Published: September 2006

Objectives:To establish the effect of preoperative smoking cessation on the risk of postoperative complications, and to identify the effect of the timing of preoperative cessation.Data sources:The Cochrane Library Database, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Medline, and CINAHL databases were searched, using the terms: “smoking”, “smoking-cessation”, “tobacco-use”, “tobacco-abstinence”, “cigarett$”, “complication$”, “postoperative-complication$”, “preoperative”, “perioperative” and “surg$”. Further articles were obtained from reference lists. The search was limited to articles on adults, written in English and published up to November 2005.Study selection:Prospective cohort designs exploring the effects of preoperative smoking cessation on postoperative complications were included. Two reviewers independently scanned abstracts of relevant articles to determine eligibility. Lack of agreement was resolved through discussion and consensus. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria.Data extraction:Methodological quality was assessed by both reviewers, exploring validation of smoking status, clear definition of the period of smoking cessation, control for confounding variables and length of follow-up.Data synthesis:Only four of the studies specified the exact period of smoking cessation, with six studies specifying the length of the follow-up period. Five studies revealed a lower risk or incidence of postoperative complications in past smokers than current smokers or reported that there was no significant difference between past smokers and non-smokers.Conclusions:Longer periods of smoking cessation appear to be more effective in reducing the incidence/risk of postoperative complications; there was no increased risk in postoperative complications from short term cessation. An optimal period of preoperative smoking cessation could not be identified from the available evidence.
Adolescent snus use in Finland in 1981–2003: trend, total sales ban and acquisition
Authors: Huhtala Heini S A , Rainio Susanna U , Rimpelä Arja H 
Published: September 2006

Objective:To study changes in adolescent snus use from 1981 to 2003, the effects of the total snus sales ban (1995) and snus acquisition.Design:Biennial postal surveys in 1981–2003.Setting and participants:Entire Finland; 12-, 14-, 16-, and 18-year-olds (n  =  73 946; 3105−8390 per year).Main outcome measures:Snus use (experimental, daily/occasionally), snus acquisition (2001, 2003).Results:Snus experimentation grew in popularity before the total sales ban in 16- and 18-year-old boys and after the ban in all age and sex groups. A decrease was seen between 2001 and 2003, except for 18-year-old boys. Daily/occasional use mainly followed the same pattern in boys while in girls the daily/occasional use was rare and no significant changes were observed. In 2003, boys experimented with snus more often than girls (12-year-olds 1%v0%, 14-year-olds 9%v4%, 16-year-olds 30%v12%, 18-year-olds 44%v18%). Hardly any girls used snus daily/occasionally, but 1% of 14-year-old boys, 7% of 16-year-olds, and 9% of 18-year-olds did. Of daily/occasional users, 84% acquired snus from friends or acquaintances, 55% from tourist trips to neighbouring countries (Estonia, Sweden), and 7% through sport teams; 24% obtained it from under-the-counter sources. For experimenters, the corresponding figures were 79%, 18%, 0.3%, and 5%.Conclusions:The total sales ban did not stop snus use; instead, the increase continued after the ban. Friends who travel to neighbouring countries act as go-betweens reselling snus. Snus is used even by the youngest adolescents, thus contributing to the nicotine dependence process.
Smoking in immigrants: do socioeconomic gradients follow the pattern expected from the tobacco epidemic?
Authors: Nierkens Vera , de Vries Hein , Stronks Karien 
Published: September 2006

Objectives:Although socioeconomic patterns of smoking across the different stages of the tobacco epidemic have been well researched, less is known about these patterns among immigrant populations. This paper aims to assess the smoking prevalence and its socioeconomic gradients among three immigrant populations.Methods:Three cross-sectional studies, using structured face-to-face interviews, were conducted in three representative (for socioeconomic status) samples of 385 Turkish, 316 Moroccan, and 1072 Surinamese first-generation immigrants aged 35–60 years in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Information gathered included information about smoking behaviour, educational level and background characteristics. The associations between educational level and smoking rates were assessed using logistic regression analyses stratified by age and sex, for each ethnic group separately.Results:The prevalence of smoking differed per group, being highest among Turkish and Surinamese men (63% and 55%, respectively), followed by Moroccan men and Turkish and Surinamese women (30%, 32% and 27%, respectively). Higher smoking rates were found among women with higher educational levels, except for Surinamese women aged 35–44 years. However, among Turkish and Moroccan men aged 35–44 years and Surinamese men, smoking rates were higher in lower socioeconomic groups.Conclusions:The prevalence figures and educational associations suggest that the socioeconomic gradient changes in earlier stages of the epidemic in immigrant populations than in the Western host populations, particularly in men. This provides indications to suggest that smoking prevention measures in male immigrant groups need to be tailored to lower socioeconomic groups in particular throughout the tobacco epidemic, and to higher socioeconomic groups among women.
Smokers and non-smokers talk about regulatory options in tobacco control
Authors: Carter Stacy M , Chapman Simon 
Published: September 2006

Objective:Community members are occasionally polled about tobacco control policies, but are rarely given opportunities to elaborate on their views. We examined laypeople’s conversations to understand how 11 regulatory options were supported or opposed in interactions.Design:Qualitative design; purposive quota sampling; data collection via focus groups.Setting:Three locations in Sydney, Australia.Participants:63 smokers and 75 non-smokers, men and women, from three age groups (18–24, 35–44, 55–64 years), recruited primarily via telephone.Measurements:Semi-structured question route; data managed in NVivo; responses compared between groups.Results:Laypeople rejected some regulatory proposals and certain arguments about taxation and the cost of cessation treatments. Protecting children and hypothecating tobacco excise for health education and care were highly acceptable. Plain packaging, banning retail displays and youth smoking prevention received qualified support. Bans on political donations from tobacco corporations were popular in principle but considered logistically fraught. Smokers asked for better cessation assistance and were curious about cigarette ingredients. Justice was an important evaluative principle. Support was often conditional and unresolved arguments frequent. We present both sides of these conflicts and the ways in which policies were legitimised or de-legitimised in conversation.Conclusions:Simple measures of agreement used in polls may obscure the complexity of community responses to tobacco policy. Support was frequently present but contested; some arguments that seem self-evident to advocates were not so to participants. The detailed understanding of laypeople’s responses provided through qualitative methods may help frame proposals and arguments to meet concerns about justice, effectiveness and feasibility.
Observed smoking in cars: a method and differences by socioeconomic area: Table 1
Authors: Martin Josh , George Robert , Andrews Kirsty , Barr Peter , Bicknell Derryn , Insull Elizabeth , Knox Carl , Liu Jessie , Naqshband Mumraiz , Romeril Kate , Wong Donny , Thomson George , Wilson Nick 
Published: September 2006

Objectives:To establish a reproducible method to estimate he point prevalence of smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in cars, and to compare this prevalence between two areas of contrasting socioeconomic status.Method:A method involving two teams of observers was developed and evaluated. It involved observing 16 055 cars in Wellington, New Zealand. Two of the observation sites represented a high and a low area of deprivation (based on a neighbourhood deprivation index) and three were in the central city.Results:A 4.1% point prevalence of smoking in cars was observed (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8% to 4.4%). There was a higher prevalence of smoking in cars in the high deprivation area relative to the other sites, and particularly compared to the low deprivation area (rate ratio relative to the latter 3.2, 95% CI 2.6 to 4.0). Of cars with smoking, 23.7% had other occupants being exposed to SHS. Cars with smoking and other occupants were significantly more likely to have a window open (especially if the smoker was not the driver). The observation method developed was practical, and inter-observer agreement was high (κ value for the “smoking seen in car” category 0.95).Conclusions:Observational studies can be an effective way of investigating smoking in cars. The data from this survey suggest that smoking in cars occurs at a higher rate in relatively deprived populations and hence may contribute to health inequalities. Fortunately, there are a number of policy options for reducing SHS exposure in cars including mass media campaigns and laws for smoke-free cars.
Estrogenic Regulation of Host Immunity against an Estrogen Receptor–Negative Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Curran Edward M. , Judy Barbara M. , Duru Ngozi A. , Wang Hui-Qun , Vergara Leoncio A. , Lubahn Dennis B. , Estes D. Mark 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurpose: The risk of developing breast cancer is positively correlated with exposure to increased levels of estrogen and/or an increased duration of estrogen exposure. Many different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association of estrogens with breast cancer risk; however, the well-documented immune modulatory properties of estrogen have received little attention. In part, this is due to a lack of suitable models for studying this relationship.Experimental Design: We have developed an animal model using estrogen receptor (ER)-negative human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-468, xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. We also generated the ER-α knockout (ER-αKO) mice on the SCID background and then tested the ability of 17β-estradiol to stimulate growth of xenografted ER-negative human breast cancer tumors in wild-type and ER-αKO SCID mice. We quantified vascularization of tumors, macrophage recruitment to the tumor site by immunocytochemistry, and inflammatory cytokine production.Results: We show that estrogen treatment of C57BL/6/SCID mice promotes the growth of xenografted ER-negative tumors in wild-type mice and this estrogen-induced tumor growth is abrogated in ER-αKO mice. Tumor neovascularization of estrogen-treated mice was unchanged versus control; however, estrogen treatment of the C57BL/6/SCID host suppressed macrophage recruitment to and inflammatory cytokine production at the tumor site.Conclusions: These data are consistent with estrogen modulation of the inflammatory response as a contributing factor in estrogen-stimulated growth of an ER-negative tumor. This effect on the host innate immune response was mediated by ER-α.
A Phase I Biological and Pharmacologic Study of the Heparanase Inhibitor PI-88 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Basche Michele , Gustafson Daniel L. , Holden Scott N. , O'Bryant Cindy L. , Gore Lia , Witta Samir , Schultz Mary Kay , Morrow Mark , Levin Adrah , Creese Brian R. , Kangas Michael , Roberts Kaye , Nguyen Thu , Davis Kat , Addison Russell S. , Moore Jane C. , Eckhardt S. Gail 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose: PI-88 is a mixture of highly sulfated oligosaccharides that inhibits heparanase, an extracellular matrix endoglycosidase, and the binding of angiogenic growth factors to heparan sulfate. This agent showed potent inhibition of placental blood vessel angiogenesis as well as growth inhibition in multiple xenograft models, thus forming the basis for this study.
Experimental Design: This study evaluated the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of PI-88 (80-315 mg) when administered s.c. daily for 4 consecutive days bimonthly (part 1) or weekly (part 2).
Results: Forty-two patients [median age, 53 years (range, 19-78 years); median performance status, 1] with a range of advanced solid tumors received a total of 232 courses. The maximum tolerated dose was 250 mg/d. Dose-limiting toxicity consisted of thrombocytopenia and pulmonary embolism. Other toxicity was generally mild and included prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time and injection site echymosis. The pharmacokinetics were linear with dose. Intrapatient variability was low and interpatient variability was moderate. Both AUC and Cmax correlated with the percent increase in activated partial thromboplastin time, showing that this pharmacodynamic end point can be used as a surrogate for drug exposure. No association between PI-88 administration and vascular endothelial growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor levels was observed. One patient with melanoma had a partial response, which was maintained for &gt;50 months, and 9 patients had stable disease for ≥6 months.
Conclusion: The recommended dose of PI-88 administered for 4 consecutive days bimonthly or weekly is 250 mg/d. PI-88 was generally well tolerated. Evidence of efficacy in melanoma supports further evaluation of PI-88 in phase II trials.
Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Delivery Shows Antiatherosclerotic Activity in Apolipoprotein E–Null Diabetic Mice
Authors: Secchiero Paola , Candido Riccardo , Corallini Federica , Zacchigna Serena , Toffoli Barbara , Rimondi Erika , Fabris Bruno , Giacca Mauro , Zauli Giorgio 
Published: September 2006

Background—Although in vitro studies have suggested that tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) might be involved in vascular biology, its potential role in the pathogenesis and/or treatment of atherosclerosis has not been investigated.Methods and Results—Both recombinant human TRAIL and an adeno-associated virus vector expressing human TRAIL were used to deliver TRAIL in apolipoprotein E (apoE)–null mice in which diabetes mellitus was induced by destruction of islet cells with streptozotocin. Diabetes in apoE-null mice was associated with a significant increase in atherosclerotic plaque area and complexity in the aorta as assessed by a marked increase in interstitial collagen, cellular proliferation, and macrophage infiltration and a focal loss of endothelial coverage. Repeated intraperitoneal injections of recombinant human TRAIL and a single intravenous injection of adeno-associated virus–human TRAIL significantly attenuated the development of atherosclerotic plaques in apoE-null animals. TRAIL also markedly affected the cellular composition of plaque lesions by inducing apoptosis of infiltrating macrophages and increasing the vascular smooth muscle cell content. Moreover, TRAIL promoted the in vitro migration of cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells but not of monocytes or macrophages. Conversely, TRAIL selectively induced apoptosis of human cultured macrophages but not of vascular smooth muscle cells.Conclusions—Overall, data from the present study indicate that atherosclerosis in diabetic apoE-null mice is ameliorated by systemic TRAIL administration and that adeno-associated virus–mediated TRAIL gene delivery might represent an innovative method for the therapy of diabetic vascular diseases.
Source of trait deterioration in entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae during in vivo culture
Authors: Bilgrami Anwar L. , Gaugler Randy , Shapiro-Ilan David I. , Adams Byron J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The stability of traits important for biological control was studied in the
entomopathogenic nematode-bacteria complexes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
and Steinernema carpocapsae. Five experimental lines of each species were
subcultured for 20 serial passages in Galleria mellonella larvae to assess
trait stability. Subculturing impaired performance of both H. bacteriophora
and S. carpocapsae. Virulence, heat tolerance and fecundity deteriorated in
all H. bacteriophora experimental lines, and four out of five experimental
lines deteriorated in host-finding ability. All S. carpocapsae experimental
lines deteriorated in heat tolerance and nictation, and four out of five
experimental lines declined for reproductive capacity, whereas virulence
declined in two experimental lines. Determination of whether trait
deterioration was due to changes in nematode, bacteria, or both symbiotic
partners was tested by exchanging nematodes or bacteria from control
populations with nematodes or bacteria from the most deteriorated
experimental lines and assessing trait recovery. The source of deterioration
varied according to trait, but only the bacterial partner played a role in
trait reductions for every trait and species, whereas the nematode was the
main source only for S. carpocapsae nictation. These results emphasise the
important role each symbiotic partner plays in the stability and expression
of beneficial traits.