bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal blood group phenotypes: current practice and future prospects
Authors: Daniels Geoff , Finning Kirstin , Martin Pete , Massey Edwin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFetuses of women with alloantibodies to RhD (D) are at risk from hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, but only if the fetal red cells are D‐positive. In such pregnancies, it is beneficial to determine fetal D type, as this will affect the management of the pregnancy. It is possible to predict, with a high level of accuracy, fetal blood group phenotypes from genotyping tests on fetal DNA. The best source is the small quantity of fetal DNA in the blood of pregnant women, as this avoids the requirement for invasive procedures of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Many laboratories worldwide now provide noninvasive fetal D genotyping as a routine service for alloimmunized women, and some also test for c, E, C and K.In many countries, anti‐D immunoglobulin injections are offered to D‐negative pregnant women, to reduce the chances of prenatal immunization, even though up to 40% of these women will have a D‐negative fetus. High‐throughput, noninvasive fetal D genotyping technologies are being developed so that unnecessary treatment of pregnant women can be avoided. Trials suggest that fetal D typing of all D‐negative pregnant women is feasible and should become common practice in the near future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing and ameliorating young children's chronic problem behaviors: An ecological classroom‐based approach
Authors: Conroy Maureen , Sutherland Kevin , Haydon Todd , Stormont Melissa , Harmon Jennifer 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe number of young children who demonstrate chronic problem behaviors placing them at high risk for the future development of emotional and behavioral disorders is increasing. These children's problem behaviors often exist prior to entering school and become apparent as they interact with their parents at home. In fact, researchers have suggested that children who demonstrate chronic problem behaviors and their parents often end up developing well‐established negative interaction patterns that can evolve into coercive relationships and persist upon entry into school. This article describes an ecological classroom‐based approach, which emphasizes changing teacher‐‐student interaction patterns as a means for preventing and possibly ameliorating coercive interaction patterns demonstrated by young children and their teachers. First, a brief overview of current service delivery models and intervention programs addressing young children's behavioral excesses is presented. Next, a description of the ecological classroom‐based intervention model for addressing the behavioral needs of these children is described. This section includes the theoretical frameworks on which the model is based and an overview of model components. Additionally, the application of the model to a school‐wide systems approach is explored. Finally, future research directions are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and radical polymerization of dissymmetric fumarates with alkoxyethyl and bulky siloxy groups
Authors: Ohnishi Masato , Uno Takahiro , Kubo Masataka , Itoh Takahito 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNovel dissymmetric fumarate monomers (1a–c) having both an alkoxyethyl group such as 2‐methoxyethyl (a), 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl (b), and 2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl (c) and a bulky 3‐[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl group were synthesized successfully, and their radical homopolymerizations and copolymerizations with styrene (St) were investigated. Monomer reactivities of the 1a–c in homopolymerizations were enhanced with an increase in the length of alkoxyethyl chains. The enhancement in the reactivity was explained with the suppression of the termination reaction, resulting from the increased steric hindrance induced by an increase in the size of alkoxyethyl chains. Copolymerizations of the 1a–c with St were carried out in bulk in the presence of AIBN at 60 °C, and their copolymerizations proceeded in a highly alternating tendency regardless of alkoxyethyl chain lengths. The Q, e values of the 1a–c were obtained as 0.48, +1.55 for the 1a, 0.66, +1.16 for the 1b, and 0.60, +1.16 for the 1c, respectively, from the terminal model reactivity ratios, and the 1a–c were found to be conjugative, electron‐accepting monomers. Membranes containing the 1a unit, prepared by the copolymerization of 1a with N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) and terpolymerization of 1a, NVP, and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, have higher oxygen permeability than those containing no 1a unit, and also they have much better transparency compared with the membranes containing 3‐[tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate unit. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 420–433, 2009
Solid‐State NMR investigations of anhydrous proton‐conducting acid–base poly(acrylic acid)– poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) polymer blend system: A study of hydrogen bonding and proton conduction
Authors: Akbey Ümit , Graf Robert , Peng Yuan G. , Chu Peter P. , Spiess Hans W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNMR studies of the structure and dynamics of a system composed of the acidic polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and the basic polymer poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) are presented. This system aims at the application of anhydrous proton‐conducting membranes that can be used at elevated temperatures at which the proton conduction of hydrated membranes breaks down. The 1H NMR measurements have been preformed under fast magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions to achieve sufficient resolution and the applied 1H NMR methods vary from simple 1H MAS to double‐quantum filtered methods and two‐dimensional 1H double‐quantum spectroscopy. The dynamic behavior of the systems has been investigated via variable temperature 1H MAS NMR. 13C cross‐polarization MAS NMR provides additional aspects of dynamic and structural features to complete the picture. Different types of acidic protons have been identified in the studied PAA‐P4VP systems that are nonhydrogen‐bonded free acidic protons, hydrogen‐bonded dicarboxylic dimers, and protons forming hydrogen bonds between carboxylic protons and ring nitrogens. The conversion of dimer structures in dried PAA to free carboxylic acid groups is accomplished at temperatures above 380 K. However, the stability of hydrogen‐bonding strongly depends on the hydration level of the polymer systems. The effect of hydration becomes less apparent in the complexes. An inverse proportionality between hydrogen‐bonding strength and proton conduction in the PAA‐P4VP acid–base polymer blend systems was established. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 138–155, 2009
Fluctuation‐assisted crystallization of an iPP/PEOc polymer alloy prepared on a single multicatalyst reactor granule
Authors: Du Jiang , Zhang Xiaohua , Han Charles C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe new fluctuation‐assisted mechanism for nucleation and crystallization in the isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) alloy has been studied. We found that the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) had a dominant influence on the crystallization kinetics through the nucleation process. After LLPS, the nucleation of crystallization mainly occurred at the interface of the phase‐separated domains. It is because that the concentration fluctuations of the LLPS induced the motion of polymer chains and possibly some segmental alignment and/or orientation in the concentration gradient regions through interdiffusion, which could assist the formation of nuclei for crystallization. In other words, the usual nucleation energy barrier could be overcome (or at least partially) by the concentration fluctuation growth of LLPS in the unstable regions. This could be viewed as a new kind of heterogeneous nucleation and could be an addition to the regular nucleation and growth mechanism for crystallization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 166–172, 2009
Segmental dynamics in poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(L‐lactide) copolymer networks
Authors: Sabater i Serra Roser , Escobar Ivirico Jorge L. , Meseguer Dueñas Jose María , Balado Andreu Andrio , Gómez Ribelles José Luis , Salmerón Sánchez Manuel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPoly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) networks were prepared from macromonomer diols functionalized with methacrylic anhydride, which allows one to get self‐crosslinkable polymers. Besides, both macromonomers were copolymerized to get copolymer networks with different compositions (namely, PCL/PLA: 0/100, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 100/0). Dielectric and calorimetric experiments allow one to conclude the microphase separation of the system: one phase made of pure PCL domains while the second one consists of caprolactone units, which somehow plasticize PLA and moves its main relaxation (glass transition) to lower temperatures. The effect of crosslinking PLA on the dynamics of the system was further investigated by comparing with the dynamics for linear PLA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 183–193, 2009
Crystalline structure of sequential poly(ester amide)s derived from glycolic acid, 1,6‐hexanediamine, and even aliphatic dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Casas María Teresa , Puiggalí Jordi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBasic structural data of two sequential poly(ester amide)s derived from glycolic acid, 1,6‐hexanediamine, and adipic acid or dodecanodioic acid have been determined by means of X‐ray and electron diffraction patterns from fibers and single crystals. Chain‐folded lamellar crystals were obtained by isothermal crystallization from diol or glycerine solutions, and the crystalline habit was investigated by real space electron microscopy. Polyethylene decoration techniques were applied to evaluate the regularity of the folding surfaces. Spherulites prepared from evaporation of formic acid solutions were also studied. The two sequential poly(ester amide)s crystallized according to triclinic and monoclinic unit cells, in which the a crystallographic parameter was close to the typical distance between hydrogen‐bonded chains. Projections viewed down the chain axis revealed differences in the packing mode since oblique and rectangular cells were found for the adipic acid and dodecanodioic acid derivatives, respectively. Both structures can be envisaged as a stacking of hydrogen‐bonded sheets although clear differences concerning the shift between consecutive sheets and the number of layers comprising the unit cell were found. The large unit cells that have been deduced seem to be a consequence of the different packing preferences of the diester and diamide moieties. Both polymers have a molecular conformation that deviates from the all‐trans conformation typical of aliphatic polyamides and polyesters with a large number of methylene groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 194–206, 2009
Scaling law for the radius of gyration of proteins and its dependence on hydrophobicity
Authors: Hong Liu , Lei Jinzhi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe scaling law between the radius of gyration and the length of a polymer chain has long been an interesting topic since the Flory theory. In this article, we seek to derive a unified formula for the scaling exponent of proteins under different solvent conditions. The formula is obtained by considering the balance between the excluded volume effect and elastic interactions among monomers. Our results show that the scaling exponent is closely related to the fractal dimension of a protein's structure at the equilibrium state. Applying this formula to natural proteins yields a 2/5 law with fractal dimension 2 at the native state, which is in good agreement with other studies based on Protein Data Bank analysis. We also study the dependence of the scaling exponent on the hydrophobicity of a protein chain through a simple two‐letters HP model. The results provides a way to estimate the globular structure of a protein, and could be helpful for the investigation of the mechanisms of protein folding. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 207–214, 2009
The role of illness representations in coping and health of patients treated for breast cancer
Authors: Rozema Hetje , Völlink Trijntje , Lechner Lilian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective: The present study examined the relation of cognitive and emotional representations of illness specified by the Common Sense Model of Illness Cognition (Handbook of Psychology and Health: Social Psychological Aspects of Health. Earlbaum, Hillsdale: New York, 1984; 219–252) with the coping strategies and perceived health of patients who were treated for breast cancer.Methods: Participants were 119 women within 2 years after their diagnosis of breast cancer, who completed a questionnaire containing measures of illness representations, coping strategies and perceived physical and mental health.Results: Breast cancer patients differ in the subjective perception of their disease. Patients who view their illness as a condition with serious symptoms and consequences, patients who believe their illness is chronic and patients who consider their illness uncontrollable were found to report worse physical and mental health than those who believed the opposite. Regression analysis showed that, after controlling for external variables, the cognitive illness representations identity and consequences explained 57% of variance in physical health, whereas emotional illness representation and treatment control explained 47% of variance in mental health.Conclusion: Results provide some support for the hypotheses of the Common Sense Model of Illness Cognition. Illness representations seem to play an important role in perceived health in breast cancer. The implications of these findings for the design of health‐care‐related interventions for breast cancer patients are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing touch‐screen technology to enhance recognition of distress
Authors: Clark K. , Bardwell W. A. , Arsenault T. , DeTeresa R. , Loscalzo M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective: The University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center implemented a systematic approach for patients to communicate with their health‐care team in real‐time regarding psychosocial problem‐related distress using touch‐screen technology. The purpose of this report is to describe our experience in implementing touch‐screen problem‐related distress screening as the standard of care for all outpatients in a health‐care setting. Although early identification of distress has recently gained wide attention, the practical issues of implementing psychosocial screening with and without the use of technology have not been fully addressed or investigated.Methods: ‘The How Can We Help You and Your Family?’ screening instrument was used to identify and address patient problem‐related distress for clinical services, program development, research and education. Using a HIPPA‐compliant approach, the touch‐screen technology also helped to identify patients interested in clinical trials and additional support services.Results: We found that the biggest barrier to implementing this technology was the attitude of the front desk staff (i.e. schedulers, clerks, administrative staff) who felt that the touch‐screen would be burdensome. Our experience suggested that it was essential to actively involve these personnel from the beginning of the planning process. As specifically acknowledged in the recent 2007 Institute of Medicine report (Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, 2007), use of this computerized version of the screening instrument was able to bridge the gap between the detection of problem‐related distress and referrals for assessment or treatment.Conclusion: We found that it is feasible to implement a computerized problem‐related distress screening program in a comprehensive cancer center. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommended drug treatment of BPH in primary care
Authors: Taylor Claire , Foley Charlotte , Kirby Roger 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe development of safe and effective drugs for the treatment of BPH has allowed many patients to be managed in primary care. Our Drug review considers the efficacy and side‐effects of current treatments, followed by sources of further information and an analysis of prescription data. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Variation in visitor perceptions of a polar bear enclosure based on the presence of natural vs. un‐natural enrichment items
Authors: Kutska Debra 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA debate exists among modern zoo staff as to whether or not the addition of un‐naturalistic enrichment takes away from, or even defeats, the educational messages designers are trying to incorporate in naturalistic exhibits. A visitor study was conducted at the Central Park Zoo's polar bear exhibit in order to determine whether or not the type of enrichment in an enclosure actually alters guest perceptions. Visitors were exposed to one of two enrichment treatments in the bear enclosure: Naturalistic or Un‐naturalistic. The results of this study suggest that enrichment type did not alter the perceptions of visitors. However, it did identify some of the different ways adults and youths perceive animals and zoos. Additionally, the study highlighted the varying perceptions individuals have of the concept of polar bears vs. their perceptions of the captive individuals at the Central Park Zoo. Implications for enrichment usage and exhibit design are discussed. Zoo Biol 28:292–306, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpectedly high field-effect mobility of a soluble, low molecular weight oligoquaterthiophene fraction with low polydispersity
Authors: Pingel Patrick , Zen Achmad , Neher Dieter , Lieberwirth Ingo , Wegner Gerhard , Allard Sybille , Scherf Ullrich 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Layers made from soluble low molecular weight polythiophene PQT-12 with low polydispersity exhibit a highly ordered structure and charge-carrier mobilities of the order of 10−3 cm2/(V s), which we attribute to its proximity to monodispersity. We propose that polydispersity is a decisive factor with regard to structure formation and transport properties of soluble low molecular weight polythiophenes.
Formulating Alcohol‐Free Microemulsions Using Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant and Rhamnolipid Mixtures
Authors: Nguyen Thu T. , Sabatini David A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis research focused on developing alcohol‐free biosurfactant‐based microemulsions. Rhamnolipid‐based mixtures were found to have double the solubilization parameter as compared to sodium bis(2‐ethyl) dihexyl sulfosuccinate/sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate/sodium mono‐ and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate at the same total molar concentration. For the first time, a phase diagram was developed for surfactant mixtures containing soy methyl ester ethoxylate, rhamnolipid and oleyl alcohol with limonene oil. This phase diagram can be used as a guideline for selecting a surfactant system and surfactant ratio to formulate microemulsions with a given oil. In addition, the alcohol‐free biosurfactant‐based microemulsions required reasonable salinity values for limonene, making it viable in a variety of applications.
Conservative versus surgical treatment of late-onset Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: A radiographic comparison at skeletal maturity
Authors: Arkader Alexandre , Sankar Wudbhav N. , Amorim Romildo Merçon 
Published: December 2008

Background Late-onset Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD; i.e., disease onset after 8 years) has been associated with a more aggressive course and poorer long-term outcomes. The optimal treatment method of LCPD is still controversial, especially in this late-onset patient population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic outcomes at the end of skeletal maturity in a cohort of patients with late-onset LCPD, comparing the results between conservative and surgical treatment. Methods We performed a retrospective comparative study of all 371 patients with LCPD seen at a single institution during a 30-year period. Children younger than 9 years of age at disease onset, bilateral cases, and children that had not reached skeletal maturity at last follow-up were excluded. Clinical data was collected from chart review and radiographs were staged according to the Waldenstrom and Catterall classifications. Patients treated conservatively (adductor tenotomy, bracing and physical therapy, or physical therapy alone) were compared to those treated with more extensive surgery (varus femoral osteotomy or Chiari pelvic osteotomy [CPO]). Final radiographic outcomes were based on a modified Stulberg criteria. Results Forty-three patients with an average age of 10.8 years and a mean follow-up of 10 years were identified. Twenty-one children received conservative treatment (15 underwent adductor tenotomy, followed by abduction cast or brace and physical therapy; six had only physical therapy) and 22 underwent surgery (16 underwent femoral varus osteotomy and six had CPO). Based on the modified Stulberg criteria, there was no significant difference in radiographic outcome between the surgical and the conservative treatment groups, but there were twice as many patients with a poor result in the conservative group. Conclusion Late-onset LCPD presents with an extensive head involvement and shorter disease course. While there was no statistical difference between surgical and conservative treatment, there was a trend toward better radiographic outcomes when varus derotational osteotomy was performed early in the disease process.
Platelet aggregation, eicosanoid production and thrombogenic ratio in individuals at high cardiovascular risk consuming meat enriched in walnut paste. A crossover, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Canales Amaia , Bastida Sara , Librelottto Josana , Nus Meritxell , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco J. , Benedi Juana 
Published: December 2008

Walnut consumption produces beneficial cardiovascular effects. The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of meat enriched in walnut paste (WM) and low-fat meat (LM) consumptions on platelet aggregation, plasma thromboxane A2(TXA2, measured as TXB2), prostacyclin I2(PGI2, as 6-keto-PGF1α) and the thrombogenic ratio (TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α) in volunteers at high CVD risk. Twenty-two adults were placed on a random, non-blinded crossover study involving two test periods (five portions WM/week for 5 week; five portions LM/week for 5 week) separated by a 4- to 6-week washout period. The participants were asked to complete a diet record throughout the study. Platelet aggregation, plasma TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1αproduction and the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio were determined at baseline and at weeks 3 and 5 for the two dietary periods. The WM diet contains a lower SFA content, a higher concentration of PUFA and a more favourablen-6/n-3 ratio than the LM diet. Significant time × treatment interactions were observed for TXB2(P = 0·048) and the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio (P = 0·028). The WM diet significantly increased the level of 6-keto-PGF1α (P = 0·037) and decreased the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio (P = 0·048). At week 5, significant differences (P < 0·05) between treatments were found for maximum aggregation rate, TXB2values and the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio. The effects on TXB2and the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio were time-course dependent (P = 0·019 and 0·011, respectively). The WM and LM diets reduced TXB2levels most (P = 0·050) in obese individuals, while the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio decreased most (P = 0·066) in volunteers whose serum cholesterol levels were ≥ 2200 mg/l. The WM diet should be considered a functional meat because it improves the thrombogenic status mainly in individuals with high-cholesterol levels or high BMI.