bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosity studies of some long‐chain thiol esters
Authors: Fountaine J. E. , Sasin Richard , Sasin G. S. , Witnauer L. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractViscosity studies of thiolaurates, thiomyristates, thiopalmitates and thiostearates of the normal C6, C7, C14, C16, C18; C6, C8, C10, C11, C13, C14, C15, C16, C18; C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C16, C17, C18 and C4, C9, C10, C11, C12, C14, C16 and C18, respectively, were made. In addition,n‐propyl andn‐heptyl thioacetates as well asn‐heptyl thiohexanoate were studied. Viscosities of thiol esters increase with increasing chain length. These increases are not linear. For each compound, the viscosity decreases with increasing temp. Activation energies for viscous flow were calculated. The activation energies increase as the chains increase. These increases are not linear.
Mass spectrometric identification of triacylglycerols of enzymatically modified butterfat separated on a polarizable phenylmethylsilicone column
Authors: Kalo Paavo , Kemppinen Asmo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOriginal butter oil, butter oil interesterified withPseudomonas fluorescens lipase as catalyst, and the saturated, monoene, diene and triene fractions of interesterified butter oil from silver ion chromatography on ap‐propylbenzene sulfonic acid column were analyzed on a polarizable phenyl(65%)methylsilicone column. Major and also some minor molecular species of triacylglycerols (TG) were identified from the electron‐impact (EI) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical data for the original and lipase‐modified butter oil and the four fractions. Acyl + 74 and acyl + 128 fragments of EI mass spectral data proved useful, in addition to acyl and M ‐ RCOO fragments, in the identification of molecular species of TG. The TG compositions of the modified butter oils were compared with the composition calculated according to random distribution and with the TG composition of original butter oil.
Parent‐offspring relationships in apomictic guayule
Authors: Ray Dennis T. , Dierig David A. , Thompson Anson E. , Diallo Mamadou M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe genetic base of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) germ plasm that is available is narrow; yet, significant variability has been described within this germ plasm. This variability is surprising because guayule reproduces by facultative apomixis (asexual reproduction by seed), but evidence suggests that progress through selection is feasible. It has been hypothesized that this variation has arisen through periodic sexual reproduction; however, this has not been quantified. This study was designed to describe and compare eight components of yield and the expression of two isozyme systems in twenty parent plants and half‐sib, open‐pollinated families from each parent. Extensive variation for all characters was found among both the parents and the progeny, with fresh and dry weights being highly correlated to rubber yield. Parent‐offspring regressions were not significantly different from zero. This implies low heritabilities for the major components of yield in guayule, and we believe that family selection, rather than single‐plant selection, may generate higher‐yielding and more genetically uniform lines at an escalated rate than single‐plant selection. Periodic sexuality resulting in genetic variation was estimated by differences in isozyme expression within the half‐sib families. Fifteen of the twenty progeny families were polymorphic for either esterase or peroxidase or both isozymes. This amount of sexuality is significant, and guayule must be considered an open‐pollinated crop. We conclude from this study that we should rethink our breeding procedures to include controlled pollination and family selection.
Anthropometry and body composition of south Indian babies at birth
Authors: Muthayya S , Dwarkanath P , Thomas T , Vaz M , Mhaskar A , Mhaskar R , Thomas A , Bhat S , Kurpad AV 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the consequences on body composition of increasing birth weight in Indian babies in relation to reported values in Western babies, and to assess the relationship between maternal and neonatal anthropometry and body composition.DesignProspective observational study.SettingBangalore City, India.SubjectsA total of 712 women were recruited at 12.5±3.1 weeks of gestation (mean±standard deviation, SD) and followed up until delivery; 14.5% were lost to follow-up. Maternal body weight, height, mid upper-arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses were measured at recruitment. Weight and body composition of the baby (skinfold thicknesses, mid upper-arm circumference, derived arm fat index and arm muscle index; AFI and AMI, respectively) were measured at birth in hospital.ResultsThe mean±SD birth weight of all newborns was 2.80±0.44 kg. Birth weight was significantly related to the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness of the baby. In a small number of babies with large birth weight for gestational age, there was a relatively higher normalised AFI relative to AMI than for babies with lower or appropriate birth weight for gestational age. Maternal height and fat-free mass were significantly associated with the baby's length at birth.ConclusionsSkinfold thicknesses in Indian babies were similar to those reported in a Western population with comparable birth weights, and the relationship of AFI to birth weight appeared to be steeper in Indian babies. Thus, measures to increase birth weight in Indian babies should take into account possible adverse consequences on body composition. There were no significant relationships between maternal anthropometry and body composition at birth on multivariate analysis, except for sum of the baby's skinfold thicknesses and maternal fat-free mass (P<0.02).
Mineral metabolism, bone histomorphometry and vascular calcification in alternate night nocturnal haemodialysis
Authors: VAN EPS CAROLYN L , JEFFRIES JANINE K , ANDERSON JOHN A , BERGIN PATRICK T , JOHNSON DAVID W , CAMPBELL SCOTT B , CARPENTER SALLY M , ISBEL NICOLE M , MUDGE DAVID W , HAWLEY CARMEL M 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY:Background:  Poor control of bone mineral metabolism (BMM) is associated with renal osteodystrophy and mortality in dialysis‐dependent patients. The authors explored the efficacy of alternate nightly home haemodialysis (ANHHD) in controlling BMM parameters and its effects on bone mineral density and histomorphometry.Methods:  In this prospective observational study, 26 patients on home haemodialysis (3–5 h, 3.5–4 sessions weekly) were converted to ANHHD (6–9 h, 3.5–4 sessions weekly). Biochemical parameters of BMM at baseline, 6 and 12 months, radiological parameters at baseline and 12 months and bone histomorphometry at 12 months are described.Results:  Pre‐dialysis serum phosphate fell from 2.13 ± 0.65 to 1.38 ± 0.35 mmol/L; P < 0.0001. No binders were required in 77.2% compared with 7.7% at baseline. Calcium‐phosphate product fell from 5.28 ± 1.64 to 3.42 ± 0.88 mmol2/L2; P < 0.0001 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) from 301 (110–471) to 127 (47–240) ng/L; P = 0.01. Bone mineral density remained stable. Vascular and ectopic calcification improved or stabilized in 87.5%. Bone histomorphometry at 12 months showed high, normal and low bone turnover in 10, 3 and 4 patients, respectively, with 6/17 patients having abnormal mineralization.Conclusion:  Alternate nightly home haemodialysis effectively manages biochemical parameters of BMM. Patients with very high PTH at baseline (>1000 ng/L) did not significantly improve parathyroid hormone status. Abnormal bone turnover and mineralization were present in a significant proportion of patients at 12 months but low turnover was uncommon. Vascular calcification was stabilized or improved in the majority. ANHHD compares favourably with every night and short daily therapy in relation to BMM management and may offer lifestyle advantages for patients.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis; 15 years’ experience in a Dutch burns centre
Authors: Gerdts B , Vloemans AFPM , Kreis RW 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe and potentially fatal drug reaction characterized by an extensive skin rash with blisters and exfoliation, frequently accompanied by mucositis. The wounds caused by TEN are similar to second‐degree burns and severe cases may involve large areas of skin loss.Objectives  Analysis of our results in patients with TEN and evaluation of the variety of therapeutic interventions that has been studied and suggested in TEN.Patients/methods  Retrospective analysis of 19 consecutive patients with TEN treated in our burns centre between 1989 and 2004.Results  Immediate withdrawal of any potentially fatal drug, maximum supportive care, and a restricted and tailored antibiotic, medical and surgical treatment regimen confined mortality to 21%, whereas prognosis scores like APACHE II and SCORTEN predicted mortality of 22 and 30%, respectively. A positive contribution of selective digestive decontamination is suggested but has yet to be established.Conclusions  Because of a potentially fatal outcome, fast referral of a patient suspected of TEN to a specialized centre (mostly a burns unit or specialized dermatology centre) for expert wound management and tailored comprehensive care is strongly advised and contributes to survival.
HLA‐DRB1*03 is a susceptibility gene in patients with Graves’ disease with and without ophthalmopathy
Authors: Yarman S. , Oguz F. , Carin M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryWe sought an association between certain human leucocyte antigen (HLA) markers and Graves’ disease (GD) with and without ophthalmopathy (OP). One hundred and thirty‐one Turkish patients with GD (50 without OP, 81 with OP) and 250 local healthy controls were studied. HLA‐DRB1 typing was performed by using polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) method.The frequencies of DRB1*03 was significantly increased in GD compared to controls (OR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.24–3.44), whereas DRB1*13 (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.18–0.61) and DRB1*07 (OR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.13–0.70) were significantly increased in controls compared to patients. None of the three associations showed any specificity to the OP group.
How enduring were the inequalities among European immigrant groups in the United States?
Authors: Alba Richard , Lutz Amy , Vesselinov Elena 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA long-standing and unresolved issue in the study of racial and ethnic groups concerns the persistence of initial inequalities among groups. Recently it has surfaced again in the study of U.S. immigrant groups, in George Borjas’s (1994) claim that the human capital differences among early-twentieth-century immigrant groups are reflected in the relative socioeconomic achievements of their third generations. Reexamining this claim, we find that Borjas’s analysis hinges on a series of problematic decisions, such as his inclusion of non-European groups as well as his failure to take ethnically mixed ancestry into account and to compensate for the weak correspondence in eastern Europe between ethnic ancestry and the national frontiers of the early 1900s. We replicate a portion of his analysis, correcting for these problems. Our results reveal no correspondence between the literacy of the first generation and the educational attainment of the third among European groups. Borjas’s analysis seems to go farthest astray in including non-Europeans, especially Mexicans, because of the more systematic legal and social liabilities suffered by these groups.
Circular, invisible, and ambiguous migrants: Components of difference in estimates of the number of unauthorized Mexican migrants in the United States
Authors: Bean Frank D. , Corona Rodolfo , Tuiran Rodolfo , Woodrow-Lafield Karen A. , Van Hook Jennifer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBased on an equation that can be used with available data and that provides a basis for facilitating decomposition analyses, this research estimates that about 2.54 million total (as opposed to enumerated) unauthorized Mexicans resided in the United States in 1996. Comparing this figure with an estimate of about 2.70 million released by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) during the 1990s, we find that the two estimates involve different assumptions about circular, invisible, and ambiguous migrants. Such differences not only can have important policy implications; they can also be sizable and can operate in opposite directions, as illustrated by findings from a components-of-difference analysis. The results are also extrapolated to 2000, and implications for 2000 census counts are discussed.
Simultaneity in the use of maternal-child health care and contraceptives: evidence from developing countries
Authors: Ahmed Saifuddin , Mosley W. Henry 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This study examined the relationship between the use of maternal-child health (MCH) care and the use of contraceptives. The high correlation between the two may be due to the independent effect of one on the other or to an association of both with the same or similar background factors. We used structural equation models to examine the relationship between these two interventions. The data were derived from six Demographic and Health Surveys: Zimbabwe from Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand from Asia, Egypt and Tunisia from North Africa, and Guatemala and Colombia from Latin America. The results show that in all six countries, the use of contraceptives and MCH care are significantly associated, independent of intervening factors; this finding suggests that families develop a joint demand for better-quality health and limited family size and translate these demands into action by using health services for mothers and for children and by voluntarily regulating fertility.
Forest fires, air pollution, and mortality in Southeast Asia
Authors: Sastry Narayan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
I assess the population health effects in Malaysia of air pollution from a widespread series of fires that occurred in Indonesia between April and November of 1997. I describe how the fires occurred and why the associated air pollution was so widespread and long lasting. The main objective is to uncover any mortality effects and to assess how large and important they were. I also investigate whether the mortality effects were persistent or whether they represented a short-term, mortality-harvesting effect. The results show that the smoke haze from the fires had a deleterious effect on the health of the population in Malaysia.
Self-reported work-limitation data: What they can and cannot tell US
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Daly Mary C. , Houtenville Andrew J. , Nargis Nigar 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Despite their widespread use in the literature, the Current Population Survey (CPS) and similar surveys have come under attack of late. We put the criticisms in perspective by systematically examining what the CPS data can and cannot be used for in disability research compared to the National Health Interview Survey. On the basis of our findings, we argue (1) that the CPS can be used to monitor trends in outcomes of those with disabilities and (2) that the dramatic decline in the employment of people with disabilities we describe in the CPS during the 1990s is not an artifact of the data.
Mortality rates of elderly Asian American populations based on medicare and social security data
Authors: Lauderdale Diane S. , Kestenbaum Bert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We present sex- and age-specific death probabilities for the elderly of six Asian American subgroups— Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese—based on data from Social Security Administration files. We determined ethnicity by combining race, place of birth, surname, and given name. The data source and ethnic determination are the same for deaths and the population at risk, avoiding the problem of noncomparability present when data for the numerator come from vital records and data for the denominator come from census records. We found that death rates for elderly Asian Americans are lower than those for whites, and that socioeconomic differences between subgroups do not translate into like differences in mortality.
Demography and the social contract
Authors: Tienda Marta 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
As the most demographically complex nation in the world, the United States faces ever more formidable challenges to fulfill its commitment to the democratic values of equity and inclusion as the foreign-born share of the population increases. Immigration, the major source of the contemporary diversification of the population, provides several lessons about how to prepare for that future within a framework of social justice and how to realign recent demographic trends with cherished democratic principles. A review of historical and contemporary controversies about the representation of the foreign-born and alien suffrage both illustrates the reemergence of ascriptive civic hierarchies and highlights some potentially deleterious social and civic consequences of recent demographic trends.
Family size and support of older adults in urban and rural China: Current effects and future implications
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Kwong Julia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChange in China’s age structure is creating concerns about whether reductions in family size undermine traditional support mechanisms for older adults. Future generations may expect less support as the availability of children declines. In this article, the association between number of children and the receipt of instrumental and financial support is examined for rural and urban populations. Probabilities are modeled as bivariate probits. Coefficients are used to conduct simulations in which support is examined across hypothetical distributions of number of children. The results show that the number of children is an important determinant of support, but future reductions in support may not be as dramatic as anticipated.
Decomposing change in life expectancy: A bouquet of formulas in honor of Nathan Keyfitz’s 90th birthday
Authors: Vaupel James W. , Romo Vladimir Canudas 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We extend Nathan Keyfitz’s research on continuous change in life expectancy over time by presenting and proving a new formula for decomposing such change. The formula separates change in life expectancy over time into two terms. The first term captures the general effect of reduction in death rates at all ages, and the second term captures the effect of heterogeneity in the pace of improvement in mortality at different ages. We extend the formula to decompose change in life expectancy into age-specific and cause-specific components, and apply the methods to analyze changes in life expectancy in Sweden and Japan.
Why poverty remains high: The role of income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure, 1949–1999
Authors: Iceland John 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
After dramatic declines in poverty from 1950 to the early 1970s in the United States, progress stalled. This article examines the association between trends in poverty and income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure using three measures of poverty: an absolute measure, a relative measure, and a quasi-relative one. I found that income growth explains most of the trend in absolute poverty, while inequality generally plays the most significant role in explaining trends in relative poverty. Rising inequality in the 1970s and 1980s was especially important in explaining increases in poverty among Hispanics, whereas changes in family structure played a significant role for children and African Americans through 1990. Notably, changes in family structure no longer had a significant association with trends in poverty for any group in the 1990s.
Verification of the ages of supercentenarians in the United States: Results of a matching study
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira , Stone Leslie F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnprecedented declines in mortality among the very old have led to the emergence of “true” supercentenarians (persons aged 110 and over). The ages of these individuals have been welldocumented in European countries with a history of birth registration, but have not been systematically studied in the United States, which lacks similar documentation and where the inaccuracy of age reporting has been an issue. To verify age, we linked records from the Social Security Administration for close to 700 individuals who died from 1980 to 1999 purportedly at ages 110 and older to records of the U.S. censuses of 1880 and 1900, conducted when these individuals were children. This group was a residual group from an earlier file that was reduced by the SSA after data checks that eliminated incorrect records. The results of the matched records for the residual file indicate that over 90% of the whites were accurately reported as supercentenarians, but only half of the blacks appeared to have attained age 110. The verification of age shows that the United States has more “true” supercentenarians than do other nations
Workers' Health and Colonial Mercury Mining at Huancavelica, Peru
Authors: Brown Kendall W. 
Published: February 2007

Mining had far-reaching ecological consequences throughout much of colonial Spanish America. It deformed the landscape, introduced pollutants such as sulfur, mercury and salt into the biosphere, and caused human settlement of sparsely populated or uninhabited regions. Forests succumbed to the charcoal makers' axes. Workers' lungs filled with silicosis-causing dust. Cave-ins snuffed out lives or crippled those they spared.As unhealthy as mining was elsewhere in Spanish America, it was reported to have been especially harmful in the central Andes at Huancavelica. Workers there suffered the common diseases and injuries associated with the industry such as respiratory disease and broken limbs. They also had to overcome the challenges of arduous labor at high altitude. Most pernicious of all was the toxic nature of the mercury they were mining. Colonial critics asserted that Huancavelica was an environmental tragedy that placed workers in exceptionally dangerous conditions in order to produce the mercury needed by silver refiners to amalgamate and refine their ores. The critics claimed that the mercury mines' human cost was immoral, yet their cries of despair and outrage could not overcome quicksilver's crucial importance to the imperial economy. Killing and maiming, Huancavelica earned for itself an infamous reputation as themina de la muerte(the mine of death).