bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Radiation From an Infinite Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shell With Doubly Periodic Rings
Authors: Yin X. W. , Liu L. J. , Hua H. X. , Shen R. Y. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Acoustic radiation from a point-driven, infinite fluid-loaded, laminated composite shell, which is reinforced by doubly periodic rings, is investigated theoretically. The theory is based on the classical laminated composite shell theory, the Helmholtz equation, and the boundary conditions at the shell-fluid interface as well as at the junctions between the shell and the rings. The rings interact with the shell only through normal forces. The solution for the radial displacement in wave number domain is developed by using Mace’s method (1980, “Sound Radiation Form a Plate Reinforced by Two Sets of Parallel Stiffeners,” J. Sound Vib., 71(3), pp. 435–441) for an infinite flat plate. The stationary phase approximate is then employed to find the expression for the far-field pressure. Numerical results are presented for discussion of the effects of lamination schemes, Poisson’s ratios, ply angles, and damping on the far-field acoustic radiation, which may lend themselves to better understanding the characteristics of acoustic radiation from the laminated composite shells. In addition, the helical wave spectra of the stiffened cylinders are presented, in which the effects of wave number conversion due to the periodic rings are obviously identified as additional bright patterns.
Bacterial Particle Endocytosis by Epithelial Cells Is Selective and Enhanced by Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Ligands
Authors: Clark Robin T. , Hope Andrew , Lopez-Fraga Marta , Schiller Neal , Lo David D. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Bacterial pathogens use virulence strategies to invade epithelial barriers, but active processes of epithelial cells may also contribute to the endocytosis of microbial particles. To focus on the latter, we studied the uptake of fixed and fluorescently labeled bacterial particles in intestinal and bronchoepithelial cell cultures and found it to be enhanced in Caco-2BBe and NCI-H292 cells after treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha and an agonist antibody against the lymphotoxin beta receptor. Confocal fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Yersinia enterocolitica
were readily endocytosed, although there was scant uptake of
Shigella sonnei
,
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
particles. Endocytosed
Staphylococcus
was often associated with cytoplasmic claudin-4 vesicles; this was not found for
Yersinia
, suggesting that cytokine treatment upregulated two distinct endocytosis pathways. Interestingly, when
Staphylococcus
and
Yersinia
were coincubated with epithelial monolayers, the cells were unlikely to take up
Yersinia
unless they had also endocytosed large numbers of
Staphylococcus
particles, although the two bacteria were apparently processed in distinct compartments. Cytokine treatment induced an upregulation and redistribution of β1 integrin to the apical surface of NCI-H292 cells; consistent with this effect, treatment with anti-β1 integrin antibody blocked uptake of both
Yersinia
and
Staphylococcus
in NCI-H292 and Caco-2BBe cells. Our results suggest that capture of bacterial particles by mucosal epithelial cells is selective and that different endocytic mechanisms are enhanced by proinflammatory cytokines.
Relationship between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coinfection, Anemia, and Levels and Function of Antibodies to Variant Surface Antigens in Pregnancy-Associated Malaria
Authors: Jaworowski Anthony , Fernandes Liselle A. , Yosaatmadja Francisca , Feng Gaoqian , Mwapasa Victor , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Meshnick Steven R. , Lewis Jenny , Rogerson Stephen J. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coinfection decreases antibodies to variant surface antigens implicated in pregnancy-associated malaria (VSA-PAM) caused by
Plasmodium falciparum
. The effect of HIV-1 on antibody functions that may protect mothers from pregnancy-associated malaria is unknown. Sera from multigravid pregnant women with malaria and HIV-1 coinfection (
n
= 58) or malaria alone (
n
= 29) and from HIV-1-infected (
n
= 102) or -uninfected (
n
= 54) multigravidae without malaria were analyzed for anti-VSA-PAM antibodies by flow cytometry, the ability to inhibit adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A, or to opsonize CS2-infected erythrocytes for phagocytosis by THP-1 cells. In women with malaria, anti-VSA-PAM levels correlated better with opsonic activity (
r
= 0.60) than with adhesion-blocking activity (
r
= 0.33). In univariate analysis, HIV-1 coinfection was associated with lower opsonic activity but not adhesion-blocking activity or anti-VSA-PAM levels. Malaria-infected women with anemia (hemoglobin levels of <11.0 g/dl) had lower opsonic activity than nonanemic women (
P
= 0.007) independent of HIV-1 status. By multivariate analysis, in malaria-infected women, anemia (but not HIV status) was associated with opsonic activity. In women without malaria, opsonic activity was not associated with either anemia or HIV-1 status. In multigravid pregnant women with malaria, impaired serum opsonic activity may contribute to anemia and possibly to the decreased immunity to pregnancy-associated malaria associated with HIV-1.
Humoral Immune Responses of White-Tailed Deer (
Odocoileus virginianus
) to
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG Vaccination and Experimental Challenge with
M. bovis
Authors: Nol P. , Lyashchenko K. P. , Greenwald R. , Esfandiari J. , Waters W. R. , Palmer M. V. , Nonnecke B. J. , Keefe T. J. , Thacker T. C. , Rhyan J. C. , Aldwell F. E. , Salman M. D. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Monitoring of the kinetics of production of serum antibodies to multiple mycobacterial antigens can be useful as a diagnostic tool for the detection of
Mycobacterium bovis
infection as well as for the characterization of disease progression and the efficacy of intervention strategies in several species. The humoral immune responses to multiple
M. bovis
antigens by white-tailed deer vaccinated with BCG orally via a lipid-formulated bait (
n
= 5), orally in liquid form (
n
= 5), and subcutaneously (
n
= 6) were evaluated over time after vaccination and after experimental challenge with virulent
M. bovis
and were compared to the responses by unvaccinated deer (
n
= 6). Antibody responses were evaluated by using a rapid test (RT), a multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA), a lipoarabinomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LAM-ELISA), and immunoblotting to whole-cell sonicate and recombinant antigen MPB83. MAPIA and RT detected minimal to no antibody responses over those at the baseline to multiple
M. bovis
antigens in vaccinated white-tailed deer after challenge. This was in contrast to the presence of more readily detectable antibody responses in nonvaccinated deer with more advanced disease. The LAM-ELISA results indicated an overall decrease in the level of production of detectable antibodies against lipoarabinomannan-enriched mycobacterial antigen in vaccinated animals compared to that in nonvaccinated animals after challenge. Immunoblot data were inconsistent but did suggest the occurrence of unique antibody responses by certain vaccinated groups to Ag85 and HSP70. These findings support further research toward the improvement and potential use of antibody-based assays, such as MAPIA, RT, and LAM-ELISA, as tools for the antemortem assessment of disease progression in white-tailed deer in both experimental and field vaccine trials.
Detection of Anthrax Toxin by an Ultrasensitive Immunoassay Using Europium Nanoparticles
Authors: Tang Shixing , Moayeri Mahtab , Chen Zhaochun , Harma Harri , Zhao Jiangqin , Hu Haijing , Purcell Robert H. , Leppla Stephen H. , Hewlett Indira K. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

We developed a europium nanoparticle-based immunoassay (ENIA) for the sensitive detection of anthrax protective antigen (PA). The ENIA exhibited a linear dose-dependent pattern within the detection range of 0.01 to 100 ng/ml and was approximately 100-fold more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). False-positive results were not observed with serum samples from healthy adults, mouse plasma without PA, or plasma samples collected from mice injected with anthrax lethal factor or edema factor alone. For the detection of plasma samples spiked with PA, the detection sensitivities for ENIA and ELISA were 100% (11/11 samples) and 36.4% (4/11 samples), respectively. The assay exhibited a linear but qualitative correlation between the PA injected and the PA detected in murine blood (
r
= 0.97731;
P
< 0.0001). Anthrax PA was also detected in the circulation of mice infected with spores from a toxigenic Sterne-like strain of
Bacillus anthracis
, but only in the later stages of infection. These results indicate that the universal labeling technology based on europium nanoparticles and its application may provide a rapid and sensitive testing platform for clinical diagnosis and laboratory research.
A Systems Biology Approach To Identify the Combination Effects of Human Herpesvirus 8 Genes on NF-κB Activation
Authors: Konrad Andreas , Wies Effi , Thurau Mathias , Marquardt Gaby , Naschberger Elisabeth , Hentschel Sonja , Jochmann Ramona , Schulz Thomas F. , Erfle Holger , Brors Benedikt , Lausen Berthold , Neipel Frank , Stürzl Michael 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. Activation of the cellular transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is essential for latent persistence of HHV-8, survival of HHV-8-infected cells, and disease progression. We used reverse-transfected cell microarrays (RTCM) as an unbiased systems biology approach to systematically analyze the effects of HHV-8 genes on the NF-κB signaling pathway. All HHV-8 genes individually (
n
= 86) and, additionally, all K and latent genes in pairwise combinations (
n
= 231) were investigated. Statistical analyses of more than 14,000 transfections identified ORF75 as a novel and confirmed K13 as a known HHV-8 activator of NF-κB. K13 and ORF75 showed cooperative NF-κB activation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of ORF75 expression demonstrated that this gene contributes significantly to NF-κB activation in HHV-8-infected cells. Furthermore, our approach confirmed K10.5 as an NF-κB inhibitor and newly identified K1 as an inhibitor of both K13- and ORF75-mediated NF-κB activation. All results obtained with RTCM were confirmed with classical transfection experiments. Our work describes the first successful application of RTCM for the systematic analysis of pathofunctions of genes of an infectious agent. With this approach, ORF75 and K1 were identified as novel HHV-8 regulatory molecules on the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. The genes identified may be involved in fine-tuning of the balance between latency and lytic replication, since this depends critically on the state of NF-κB activity.
Sindbis Virus-Based Measles DNA Vaccines Protect Cotton Rats against Respiratory Measles: Relevance of Antibodies, Mucosal and Systemic Antibody-Secreting Cells, Memory B Cells, and Th1-Type Cytokines as Correlates of Immunity
Authors: Pasetti Marcela F. , Ramirez Karina , Resendiz-Albor Aldo , Ulmer Jeffrey , Barry Eileen M. , Levine Myron M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Measles remains an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially among infants who are too young to receive the current licensed live attenuated measles vaccine. We developed two Sindbis virus DNA vaccines encoding the measles virus hemagglutinin (pMSIN-H) and fusion proteins (pMSINH-FdU) and examined their immunogenicities and protective efficacies when administered alone or followed by the live measles virus vaccine in cotton rats. Neutralizing antibodies, mucosal and systemic antibody-secreting cells, memory B cells, and gamma interferon-secreting T cells developed after priming and increased after boosting. pMSIN-H priming conferred 100% protection against pulmonary measles, whereas pMSINH-FdU protected only in conjunction with the live measles virus vaccine boost.
Borna Disease Virus Requires Cholesterol in both Cellular Membrane and Viral Envelope for Efficient Cell Entry
Authors: Clemente Roberto , de Parseval Aymeric , Perez Mar , de la Torre Juan C. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBorna disease virus (BDV), the prototypic member of the familyBornaviridaewithin the orderMononegavirales, provides an important model for the investigation of viral persistence within the central nervous system (CNS) and of associated brain disorders. BDV is highly neurotropic and enters its target cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis, a process mediated by the virus surface glycoprotein (G), but the cellular factors and pathways determining BDV cell tropism within the CNS remain mostly unknown. Cholesterol has been shown to influence viral infections via its effects on different viral processes, including replication, budding, and cell entry. In this work, we show that cell entry, but not replication and gene expression, of BDV was drastically inhibited by depletion of cellular cholesterol levels. BDV G-mediated attachment to BDV-susceptible cells was cholesterol independent, but G localized to lipid rafts (LR) at the plasma membrane. LR structure and function critically depend on cholesterol, and hence, compromised structural integrity and function of LR caused by cholesterol depletion likely inhibited the initial stages of BDV cell internalization. Furthermore, we also show that viral-envelope cholesterol is required for BDV infectivity.
A Basic Patch on α-Adaptin Is Required for Binding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef and Cooperative Assembly of a CD4-Nef-AP-2 Complex
Authors: Chaudhuri Rittik , Mattera Rafael , Lindwasser O. Wolf , Robinson Margaret S. , Bonifacino Juan S. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
A critical function of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein is the downregulation of CD4 from the surfaces of infected cells. Nef is believed to act by linking the cytosolic tail of CD4 to the endocytic machinery, thereby increasing the rate of CD4 internalization. In support of this model, weak binary interactions between CD4, Nef, and the endocytic adaptor complex, AP-2, have been reported. In particular, dileucine and diacidic motifs in the C-terminal flexible loop of Nef have been shown to mediate binding to a combination of the α and σ2 subunits of AP-2. Here, we report the identification of a potential binding site for the Nef diacidic motif on α-adaptin. This site comprises two basic residues, lysine-297 and arginine-340, on the α-adaptin trunk domain. The mutation of these residues specifically inhibits the ability of Nef to bind AP-2 and downregulate CD4. We also present evidence that the diacidic motif on Nef and the basic patch on α-adaptin are both required for the cooperative assembly of a CD4-Nef-AP-2 complex. This cooperativity explains how Nef is able to efficiently downregulate CD4 despite weak binary interactions between components of the tripartite complex.
Partial Protection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected Rhesus Monkeys against Superinfection with a Heterologous SIV Isolate
Authors: Yeh Wendy W. , Jaru-ampornpan Pimkwan , Nevidomskyte Daiva , Asmal Mohammed , Rao Srinivas S. , Buzby Adam P. , Montefiori David C. , Korber Bette T. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Although there is increasing evidence that individuals already infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be infected with a heterologous strain of the virus, the extent of protection against superinfection conferred by the first infection and the biologic consequences of superinfection are not well understood. We explored these questions in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus monkey model of HIV-1/AIDS. We infected cohorts of rhesus monkeys with either SIVmac251 or SIVsmE660 and then exposed animals to the reciprocal virus through intrarectal inoculations. Employing a quantitative real-time PCR assay, we determined the replication kinetics of the two strains of virus for 20 weeks. We found that primary infection with a replication-competent virus did not protect against acquisition of infection by a heterologous virus but did confer relative control of the superinfecting virus. In animals that became superinfected, there was a reduction in peak replication and rapid control of the second virus. The relative susceptibility to superinfection was not correlated with CD4
+
T-cell count, CD4
+
memory T-cell subsets, cytokine production by virus-specific CD8
+
or CD4
+
cells, or neutralizing antibodies at the time of exposure to the second virus. Although there were transient increases in viral loads of the primary virus and a modest decline in CD4
+
T-cell counts after superinfection, there was no evidence of disease acceleration. These findings indicate that an immunodeficiency virus infection confers partial protection against a second immunodeficiency virus infection, but this protection may be mediated by mechanisms other than classical adaptive immune responses.
Papillomavirus E2 Proteins and the Host Brd4 Protein Associate with Transcriptionally Active Cellular Chromatin
Authors: Jang Moon Kyoo , Kwon Deukwoo , McBride Alison A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
The interaction of papillomavirus E2 proteins with cellular Brd4 protein is important for transcriptional regulation of viral genes and partitioning of viral genomes. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E2 binds cellular chromatin in complex with Brd4 in both mitotic and interphase cells. To identify specific sites of E2 interaction on cellular chromatin, a genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip analysis was carried out using human promoter sequences. Both E2 and Brd4 were found bound to most transcriptionally active promoters in C33A cells. These promoters were also bound by RNA polymerase II and were modified by histone H3 acetylation and K4 trimethylation, all indicators of active transcription. E2 binding strongly correlated with Brd4 and RNA polymerase II occupancy and H3K4me3 modification at all human promoters, indicating that E2 bound to active promoters. E2 binding did not correlate with the presence of consensus E2 binding sites in the promoters. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of E2-bound cellular genes were not significantly changed by E2 expression. Thus, the papillomavirus E2 proteins bind to transcriptionally active cellular genes but do not change their activity. We propose that this may be a way for the virus to ensure that the viral genome is retained in transcriptionally active regions of the nucleus to escape silencing. Therefore, E2-mediated tethering of viral genomes to host chromatin has multiple roles: to partition the viral genome to daughter cells, to ensure that the genomes are retained in the nucleus, and to make certain that the genomes are retained in functionally active nuclear domains.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Kinase RSK2 Plays a Role in Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Kakugawa Satoshi , Shimojima Masayuki , Goto Hideo , Horimoto Taisuke , Oshimori Naoki , Neumann Gabriele , Yamamoto Tadashi , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Viral infections induce signaling pathways in mammalian cells that stimulate innate immune responses and affect cellular processes, such as apoptosis, mitosis, and differentiation. Here, we report that the ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha 3 (RSK2), which is activated through the “classical” mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, plays a role in innate immune responses to influenza virus infection. RSK2 functions in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation but was not known to play a role in the cellular antiviral response. We have found that knockdown of RSK2 enhanced viral polymerase activity and growth of influenza viruses. Influenza virus infection stimulates NK-κB- and beta interferon-dependent promoters. This stimulation was reduced in RSK2 knockdown cells, suggesting that RSK2 executes its effect through innate immune response pathways. Furthermore, RSK2 knockdown suppressed influenza virus-induced phosphorylation of the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR, a known antiviral protein. These findings establish a role for RSK2 in the cellular antiviral response.
High Specific Infectivity of Plasma Virus from the Pre-Ramp-Up and Ramp-Up Stages of Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Ma Zhong-Min , Stone Mars , Piatak Mike , Schweighardt Becky , Haigwood Nancy L. , Montefiori David , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Busch Michael P. , Miller Christopher J. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTTo define the ratio of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RNA molecules to infectious virions in plasma, a ramp-up-stage plasma pool was made from the earliest viral RNA (vRNA)-positive plasma samples (collected approximately 7 days after inoculation) from seven macaques, and a set-point-stage plasma pool was made from plasma samples collected 10 to 16 weeks after peak viremia from seven macaques; vRNA levels in these plasma pools were determined, and serial 10-fold dilutions containing 1 to 1,500 vRNA copies/ml were made. Intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of a 1-ml aliquot of diluted ramp-up-stage plasma containing 20 vRNA copies infected 2 of 2 rhesus macaques, while for the set-point-stage plasma, i.v. inoculation with 1,500 vRNA copies was needed to transmit infection. Further, when the heat-inactivated set-point-stage plasma pool was mixed with ramp-up-stage virions, infection of inoculated macaques was blocked. Notably, 2 of 2 animals inoculated with 85 ml of a pre-ramp-up plasma pool containing <3 SIV RNA copies/ml developed SIV infections characterized by high levels of viral replication, demonstrating that “vRNA-negative” plasma collected from macaques in the pre-ramp-up stage is infectious. Furthermore, there is a high ratio of infectious virions to total virions in ramp-up-stage plasma (between 1:1 and 1:10) and a lower ratio in set-point-stage plasma (between 1:75 and 1:750). Heat-inactivated chronic-stage plasma can “neutralize” the highly infectious ramp-up-stage virions. These findings have implications for the understanding of the natural history of SIV and human immunodeficiency virus infection and transmission.
TERNARY AND NON-ASSOCIATIVE STRUCTURES
Authors: KERNER RICHARD 
Published: January 2009

We discuss ternary algebraic structures appearing in various domains of theoretical and mathematical physics. Some of them are associative, and some are not. Their interesting and curious properties can be exploited in future applications to enlarged and generalized field theoretical models in the years to come. Many ideas presented here have been developed and clarified in countless discussions with Michel Dubois-Violette.
RENORMALIZED PERTURBATION THEORY: A MISSING CHAPTER
Authors: STORA RAYMOND 
Published: January 2009

Renormalized perturbation theory à la BPHZ can be founded on causality as analyzed by Epstein and Glaser in the seventies. Here, we list and discuss a number of additional constraints of algebraic character some of which have to be considered as parts of the core of the BPHZ framework.