bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limb body wall complex in a still born fetus: a case report
Authors: Plakkal Nishad , John Joseph , Jacob Sajini Elizabeth , Chithira J , Sampath Sowmya 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We report the case of a male, low birth weight, stillborn fetus of 36 weeks gestation with limb body wall complex. An interesting and rare feature noted in the propositus was the absence of the left subclavian artery and complete absence of the left upper limb. These findings seem to favor the vascular theory in the pathogenesis of this condition.
Genomic analysis of the relationship between gene expression variation and DNA polymorphism in Drosophila simulans
Authors: Lawniczak Mara KN , Holloway Alisha K , Begun David J , Jones Corbin D 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Background
Understanding how DNA sequence polymorphism relates to variation in gene expression is essential to connecting genotypic differences with phenotypic differences among individuals. Addressing this question requires linking population genomic data with gene expression variation.

Results
Using whole genome expression data and recent light shotgun genome sequencing of six Drosophila simulans genotypes, we assessed the relationship between expression variation in males and females and nucleotide polymorphism across thousands of loci. By examining sequence polymorphism in gene features, such as untranslated regions and introns, we find that genes showing greater variation in gene expression between genotypes also have higher levels of sequence polymorphism in many gene features. Accordingly, X-linked genes, which have lower sequence polymorphism levels than autosomal genes, also show less expression variation than autosomal genes. We also find that sex-specifically expressed genes show higher local levels of polymorphism and divergence than both sex-biased and unbiased genes, and that they appear to have simpler regulatory regions.

Conclusion
The gene-feature-based analyses and the X-to-autosome comparisons suggest that sequence polymorphism in cis-acting elements is an important determinant of expression variation. However, this relationship varies among the different categories of sex-biased expression, and trans factors might contribute more to male-specific gene expression than cis effects. Our analysis of sex-specific gene expression also shows that female-specific genes have been overlooked in analyses that only point to male-biased genes as having unusual patterns of evolution and that studies of sexually dimorphic traits need to recognize that the relationship between genetic and expression variation at these traits is different from the genome as a whole.
‘Psychoticism’ and Psychotic Illness
Authors: McPherson F. M. , Presly A. S. , Armstrong Jennifer , Curtis R. H. 
Published: August 2008

This study concerns the scores on a questionnaire measure of ‘Psychoticism’ of patients with a diagnosed psychotic illness.Eysenck (1952) postulated the existence of three main dimensions of personality—Extra-version, Neuroticism and Psychoticism. The label ‘Psychoticism’ as used to suggest the hypothesis: ‘that there exists a set of correlated behaviour variables indicative of predisposition to psychoticbreakdown, demonstrableas a continuous variable in the normal population and independent of E and N (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1968a). Psychotically ill patients are held to mark the extreme end of this dimension.
Dimensions of Behaviour in Infant School Children
Authors: Kolvin I. , Wolff S. , Barber L. M. , Tweddle E. G. , Garside R. F. , Scott D. McI. , Chambers S. 
Published: August 2008

Much attention has been devoted to the classification of the behaviour disorders of childhood, and various authors have identified what they consider to be clinically homogeneous groups. The alternative to a clinical approach to classification is a multivariate approach in an attempt to identify more scientifically the main dimensions underlying the wide range of behaviour disorders that occur in children. A model for a multivariate classification was pioneered by Hewitt and Jenkins (1946), who delineated three behaviour syndromes:
(a)socialized delinquency;(b)unsocialized aggressive behaviour;(c)over-inhibited behaviour.
Multivariate Analysis: The Need for Data, and other Problems
Authors: Everitt B. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMultivariate analyses are an aid to, not a substitute for critical thinking in the area of data analysis. Meaningful results can only be produced by these methods if careful consideration is given to questions of sample size, variable type, variable distribution etc., and accusations of subjectivity in interpretation can only be overcome by replication.The computer revolution has produced many problems for statisticians, not least of which is the ease with which experimenters may access packages of programs for multivariate analysis, and so bypass a ‘difficult’ (by which is meant one who will not do simply as he is told) statistician. Of course there are many abuses of univariate statistical methods. Here, however, the abuses are not likely to lead to such seriously misleading results as in the multivariate case.Perhaps a major cause of the continuing misuse of statistical methods is the insistence of many journal editors in psychology and related areas, on articles being laced with multivariate analyses, and on encouraging the pedantic use of significance levels, i.e. the inevitable p < —, as if such inclusions lent an air of respectability to their journal which it might not otherwise have had. Research workers in these fields would be better encouraged to devote more time to an initial screening of their data using simple graphical techniques, to ensure that their data are at least approximately suitable for more complicated multivariate analyses.
Suicide in Dublin: II. The Influence of Some Social and Medical Factors on Coroners' Verdicts
Authors: Walsh Brendan , Walsh Dermot , Whelan Brendan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper presents an analysis of the factors which influence coroners in their decision to classify some deaths as suicides and others as accidental or ‘open‘. The most important influence on coroners' behaviour was seen to be the manner by which the person died. Those who died by cutting, hanging, drugs or gas were significantly more likely to receive a suicide verdict than those whose deaths were due to drowning, jumping, shooting or poisoning. If the deceased left any intimation of a suicidal intent, this increased the likelihood that a suicide verdict would be returned. Finally, persons aged under 40 were significantly more likely to be returned as suicides than older victims, especially those aged over 70. All of these results show that coroners operate by observing the law as it defines suicide, that is, by looking for evidence of intent of self-inflicted death. Our findings concerning the factors associated with the suicide verdict help to clarify the meaning of the official data on suicides in Ireland, and illuminate the reasons why, using clinical rather than legal criteria, a much higher rate is obtained.
Information Leading to Accurate Diagnosis in the Elderly
Authors: Kellett John M. , Copeland John R. M. , Kelleher Michael J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychiatric diagnosis in the elderly has been examined in order to extract the information which leads to later modification of the diagnosis. Initial diagnoses of neuroses and toxic states were least stable, 14 out of 29 changing to a different category. Information from relatives and further interviews contributed most to the modification of the initial diagnosis, though affective and neurotic syndromes were particularly susceptible to change resulting from conceptual differences, and dementia to change consequent on physical examination.It is concluded that an adequate initial interview of a patient and his next of kin will achieve a diagnosiswhich iscorrectin itsmajor categoryon 95 per cent ofoccasions.
Accidents and Drug Treatment in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. , Ramsay Anna C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA survey of 351 accidents occurring in a two-year period in a psychiatric hospital showed that 77 per cent of the accidents involved female patients and 48 per cent involved patients with organic psychoses; 236 accidents were falls and 280 occurred in the ward setting.In 277 instances adequate controls were available. Seventy-five per cent of the accident patients had received a psychotropic drug on the day of the accident as opposed to 61 per cent of the controls. The possibility that the side-effects of psychotropic drugs may have contributed to some of these accidents is discussed.
Lithium in Non-Manic-Depressives: Antiaggressive Effect and Red Blood Cell Lithium Values
Authors: Worrall Ernest P. , Moody J. P. , Naylor Graham J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryLithium was given to eight aggressive, non-manic-depressive female defectives in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The group as a whole showed a reduction in aggression scores while on lithium (p < 0.01): three patients became less aggressive, one became worse and two were unchanged. Both affective and predatory aggression seemed to be reduced. Two patients had to be withdrawn from the trial at an early stage because of the development of neurotoxicity.R.B.C./plasma lithium ratios showed a wide inter-patient variation in this group of non-manic-depressives.The study adds further weight to evidence that lithium has an antiaggressive effect at normal therapeutic dosage in non-manic-depressives. The implications of this for hypotheses about the mode of action of lithium and its putative specificity for manic-depressive psychosis are discussed.
A Technique of Insight-Directed Psychotherapy for Health Service Use
Authors: Haldane F. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA technique of psychotherapy seemingly compatible with psychoanalytical knowledge is described, and compared and contrasted with psychoanalysis. Its mode of action, efficacy, advantages and difficulties, and its suitability for once-a-week individual or group psychotherapy and therefore for Health Service use is discussed.
The Mental Health of Jehovah's Witnesses
Authors: Spencer John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe function of religion in human society is complex. The part played by religion in psychiatric disorders is even more obscure. Previous literature and theories are divided into two groups: one school believes that intense religiosity is a symptom-complex indicative of psychiatric disorder, while the opposing view is that religious belief in some way acts as a defence mechanism protecting the individual and his psyche.The present study of 50 Jehovah's Witnesses admitted to the Mental Health Service facilities of Western Australia suggests that members of this section of the community are more likely to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital than the general population. Furthermore, followers of the sect are three times more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and nearly four times more likely from paranoid schizophrenia than the rest of the population at risk.These findings suggest that being a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses faith may be a risk factor predisposing to a schizophrenic illness. Further studies would be interesting in investigating whether pre-psychotic people are more likely to join the sect than normal people and what part (if any) membership has in bringing about such a breakdown.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Some Familial and Social Factors in Depressive Illness
Authors: Fernando S. J. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA study of familial and social factors among Jewish and Protestant depressives and non-psychiatric controls revealed the following positive findings:Depressives compared to normals as a whole had: (a) a higher rate of psychiatric illness in their families; (b) lower scores on maternal overprotection; and (c) a higher rate of marriage in both ethnic groups and both sexes, except in the case of Jewish men. Religiousness was associated with depression among Jews but not among Protestants. Jewish fathers compared to Protestant fathers were: (a) less strict in the normal group; and (b) less strict, less ‘dominant’ and more ‘inadequate’ in the depressed group. Ethnic links among depressed Jews were probably weaker than those among depressed Protestants.The findings suggest that: (a) depression among Jews may be related to mental stress arising from ‘marginality’; and (b) single Jewish men may be particularly vulnerable to depression.
Factors Predictive of Outcome in Neurosis
Authors: Sims Andrew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA follow-up study was conducted on 146 patients, all the first admissions of one year with the diagnosis of neurosis, admitted as in-patients and day-patients to a hospital giving a general psychiatric early treatment service in Birmingham. Tracing exceeded 97 per cent. Various methods of treatment had been used. Patients were followed up with an interview at their home 12 years after discharge. There were two interviewers, a social worker and a psychiatrist. Assessment at follow-up was on a five-point graded scale in which contributions to the total outcome were made by the social and symptomatic state of the ex-patient.Twenty-six statistically significant predictive factors were found from the detailed initial information when a graded rating for total outcome at follow-up was compared with presence or absence of the factor. When individual factors were combined, unsatisfactory marital and sexual relationship, poor material management, unsatisfactory social state, and unsatisfactory early environment were predictive of poor outcome. Tests for validity and reliability of the method were carried out.
The Relationship between Personality and the Symptoms of Depressive Illness
Authors: Serra Adriano Vaz , Pollitt John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, with additional items to assess depressive functional shift features and outlook on life values, were administered to 100 patients diagnosed as suffering from depressive illness. Patients’ scores for questions eliciting information about symptoms assumed to be dependent on personality correlated at substantial and significant levels with N scale scores of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Similar levels of correlation were found for the added items for assessing life values. Items believed to assess changes in functions independent of personality, such as the features of the Depressive Functional Shift, showed no correlation with either N or E scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, while demonstrating a substantial level of correlation with the depression scale. It is concluded that whereas changes in innate biological functions independent of environment are direct indications of the depressive illness process, psychological symptoms of the illness may reflect changes in personality dependent on upbringing, education and cultural background, thereby producing greater variation in this group of psychological symptoms.
Attitudes towards Self-Poisoning among Physicians and Nurses in a General Hospital
Authors: Ramon S. , Bancroft J. H. J. , Skrimshire A. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-five doctors and 50 nurses working in the medical wards of a general hospital were interviewed. They were asked to indicate typical motives for self-poisoning and were then shown brief accounts of four typical case histories. They were asked to choose from a list of motives those they considered applied to each case. They then rated each motive for acceptability and understandability, and each case for sympathy and readiness to help.Motives were of two principal types—‘manipulative’ (i.e. aimed at eliciting a response from others) and ‘depressive’ (i.e. communicating despair and aimed at withdrawal, escape or death). ‘Depressive’ motives were more acceptable and evoked more sympathy or readiness to help in both doctors and nurses than ‘manipulative’ motives.Doctors and nurses differed in various ways. Nurses were generally more accepting, more sympathetic and more likely to seek professional help as an alternative way of coping. Doctors distinguished more clearly between ‘suicidal’ motives, of which they were relatively accepting, and ‘manipulative’ motives, which they accepted less. Attitudes to the four cases differed, primarily in the motives attributed. Those differences may also reflect differing severity of problems, personal responsibility for problems, social class, sex or age.
Treatment of Chronic Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis by in-vivo Exposure
Authors: Marks I. M. , Hodgson R. , Rachman S. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty patients with chronic obsessive-compulsive rituals were treated in a partially controlled design by in-vivo (real life) exposure with self-imposed response prevention. Treatment included 4–12 weeks as in-patients, and lasted a mean of 23 sessions. All patients were followed-up for at least two years. No patients dropped out during the trial, though one refused domiciliary treatment after discharge. Significant improvement in compulsions was found after three weeks of real-life exposure, and continued during follow-up. At two years follow-up 14 patients were much improved, one improved and 5 unchanged; in a third year of follow-up the improved patient became symptom-free after further exposure treatment. Improvement after three weeks exposure predicted good outcome at 6 and 12 months follow-up.Muscular relaxation treatment had no significant effect on rituals. Modelling of exposure conferred no advantage over exposure alone for the group as a whole, though it may help selected patients. The role of response prevention is unknown. Patients' commitment to treatment facilitates exposure. Domiciliary treatment with involvement of family members in therapy seems crucial in some cases. Pilot group treatment of patients and families together suggests that this may be a useful adjuvant to individual treatment by increasing motivation and aiding follow-up.Compulsive slowness presents special treatment problems but can be improved by a prompting and pacing approach.The course of rituals was often independent of that of agoraphobia, marital problems and depression where these had initially coexisted with rituals. Depressive episodes were common before, during and after treatment, and required tricyclic medication.The trial sample was predominantly female but was otherwise typical of patients with compulsive rituals. Of the 125 obsessive-compulsives seen in the first author's unit over four years 96 per cent were offered behavioural or antidepressant treatment. One quarter refused behavioural treatment after it was offered.Real-life exposure with self-imposed response prevention is usually an effective procedure for lasting reduction of chronic compulsive rituals in well motivated patients.
The Problem of Generalization in the Operant Conditioning of Social Speech in the Severely Subnormal
Authors: Barton Elizabeth Spindler 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMany severely subnormal patients talk little to each other. In this experiment, three pairs of subjects were reinforced for talking to each other, and learned to do so quite quickly. Whether social speech would continue to occur without the benefit of external reinforcement was examined by observing the subjects through a one-way mirror in a bare interview room adjacent to the teaching room immediately after each training session. On some occasions untrained subjects were observed in the bare room with the trained subjects.The reinforcement of social speech was demonstrated to be effective by the use of a reversal design (baseline, reinforcement, no reinforcement, reinforcement), where the rate of speech increased considerably when reinforcement was available but decreased when it was discontinued. Generalization of the increased social speech, however, was very poor and only significantly above baseline levels with the pair who seemed responsive to social as well as material reinforcement. The implications of this for training programmes are discussed.
Schizophrenia in a 47,Xyy Male
Authors: Faber Raymond , Abrams Richard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case of schizophrenia in a 47,XYY male diagnosed according to strict phenomenologicai criteria is presented. The authors suggest that the 47,XYY chromosome anomaly should be added to the list of possible causes of symptomatic schizophrenia, and express the hope that future investigations of the effects of an extra Y chromosome on brain function will yield clues as to the aetiology of idiopathic schizophrenia.
Assessment of Intent—an Approach to the Preparation of Court Reports
Authors: Briscoe O. V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a minority of persons interviewed for the purposes of a court report it will be found impossible to determine retrospectively their intention at the material time with any exactness. This in itself is an indication of an abnormal mental state when the alleged crime was committed, irrespective of Bow the accused may appear when interviewed later. As well as issues arising under the McNaughton Rules or Diminished Responsibility to which intention is relevant, many offences require a specific intention to be proved so that the reporting psychiatrist should enquire into the accused's intention when preparing a court report.
The Social Setting of Hysteria
Authors: Mayou Richard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious reviews of hysteria have emphasized the most severe and disabling forms and ignored evidence from a wide variety of sources. It is argued that hysteria is more prevalent in medical settings than is usually recognized, that the same psychological mechanisms are of wide occurrence, often being accepted as normal for the culture. Discussion of the social factors affecting prevalence suggests that there is a universal potential for the hysterical reaction, with individual variation in susceptibility in appropriate circumstances.
X-Linkage and Manic-Depressive Illness
Authors: Loranger Armand W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty years ago it was suggested that the apparently higher incidence of manic-depressive illness in women might be due to X-linked heredity. The hypothesis was undermined by subsequent reports of the frequent occurrence of father to son transmission. Winokur and his associates recently revived it, providing data which indicated that such transmission is absent or rare in the bipolar form of the illness. Additional support has come from linkage studies with known genetic markers located on the X chromosome. The present study, based on the 400 parents of 100 male and 100 female bipolar manic-depressive probands, failed to discover a lack of father-son compared to other affected parent-child pairs. This finding, together with a review of the literature, would indicate that it is premature to invoke X-linked heredity as a general explanation for bipolar manic-depressive illness, though there is mounting evidence that it may account for the illness in some family pedigrees.
Drug Therapy in Mental Handicap
Authors: Kirman Brian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDefinitions of mental handicap are imprecise in practice, and a wide spectrum of patients are provided for under this heading. There can be no question of specific treatment for ‘mental handicap’ as such. Many situations arising in institutions for the mentally handicapped derive from the nature of the institution and the regime. Drugs may be used ‘faute de mieux’ when environmental manipulation would be more appropriate. There is much overprescribing, and the choice of drugs is not always logical; monitoring of dose is seldom employed. A major source of behaviour disturbance in the mentally handicapped is lack of suitable occupation. Apart from a few specific indications, use of sedatives and tranquillizers for the mentally handicapped should be seen as a holding device, to enable a different system of management to be adopted or to disrupt an undesirable behaviour pattern.