bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metabolism of 1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate by Periplaneta americana
Authors: Cocks John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe in vivo release of 14CO2 arising from decarbamoylation of l‐naphthyl methyl [14C]carbamate (carbaryl) injected into male and female Periplaneta americana was measured over the range from 0.2 to 50 nmol carbaryl/g body weight. The amount of 14CO2 released was proportional to the dose of [14C]‐carbaryl injected and was not significantly different between male and female cockroaches.Carbaryl was found to be more toxic to male (KD100, 12 nmol carbaryl/g) than female (KD100′ 57 nmol carbaryl/g) cockroaches, at any dose which caused knockdown, females showed a greater ability to recover from the toxic syndrome than did males.The [14C]‐carbaryl metabolism (decarbamoylation) was temperature dependent and could be partially inhibited by sesamex, tri‐orthocresyl phosphate and anoxia.Secondary effects of carbaryl poisoning were severe dehydration of the animals and in some cases abdominal swelling due to air being gulped into the crop. The amount of dehydration was essentially unaltered by the chemical inhibitors, but was partially reduced by anoxia and cooling. In the most severe cases of dehydration animals lost 18 % of their body water content.
Mechanism of action of clenpyrin on the cattle tick Boophilus microplus
Authors: Andrews Peter , Stendel Wilhelm 
Published: November 2006

AbstractClenpyrin is effective against all stages of development of one‐host cattle ticks (Boophilus spp.) including strains resistant to organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Ticks treated with clenpyrin are quickly immobilised due to a slackening of the muscles. Manometric measurements revealed a marked depression in respiratory gas exchange and a rise in the R Q within 24 h after treatment. Clenpyrin inhibits NADH oxidation and, as a result, all synthesising processes in the tick. The breakdown of proteins taken up with the blood meal is also inhibited. Clenpyrin, however, does not interfere with carbohydrate degradation. These results have been corroborated in detail by determining various substances in treated and untreated ticks: proteins, haematin, guanine, glycogen, glucose, lactate, ATP, lipoids and cuticular wax. Clenpyrin does not inhibit tick proteinase, tick and other acetylcholinesterase, or rat monoamine oxidase; therefore, the mode of action of clenpyrin differs from that of other known tickicides, especially those involving the acetylcholinesterase system.
Insecticidal activity of some tenuazonic acid analogues
Authors: la Croix Eric A. S. , Mhasalkar Solomon E. , Mamalis Patrick , Harrington Frank P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of analogues of the larvicide tenuazonic acid [3‐acetyl‐5‐(l‐methylpropyl)‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione] was prepared in an attempt to increase its activity and breadth of spectrum. Substitution brought about some changes in specificity, the greatest improvement being obtained with chlorophenyl substituents.
A mixed indicator strip for phosphine detection
Authors: Kashi Kattera P. , Muthu Mysore 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and reliable mixed indicator paper strip impregnated with dimethyl yellow (0.05%), cresol red (0.1%) and mercuric chloride (1.0%) in methanol has been developed for the detection of phosphine (PH3) in air at the permissible level (TLV). The paper strip turns red in the presence of phosphine. It is highly sensitive and has better shelf‐life than indicator strips impregnated with dimethyl yellow plus mercuric chloride or cresol red plus mercuric chloride.
Neural effects of allethrin on the free walking cockroach Periplaneta Americana: An investigation using defined doses at 15 and 32°C
Authors: Gammon Derek W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe action of allethrin has been studied in the free‐walking cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L) using implanted electrodes, at 15 and 32°C, following topical application of an LD95 dose (that at 32°C being approximately ten times the LD95 at 15°C). At both temperatures there was marked hyperexcitation of the peripheral nervous system. At 32°C there was also hyperexcitation of the central nervous system but central effects at 15°C were probably secondary. Likewise, nerve blockage often did not occur until many hours after paralysis and could thus be a secondary consequence of allethrin poisoning.
Diflubenzuron: Some aspects of its ovicidal and larvicidal mode of action and an evaluation of its practical possibilities
Authors: Grosscurt Arnold C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiflubenzuron, 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐difluorobenzoyl)urea, possesses larvicidal and ovicidal activities. On larvae it acts mainly as a stomach poison, yet it sometimes exhibits important contact activity. Though all instars can be controlled, older instars are generally less susceptible than younger ones. Histological inspections of Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae revealed that after ending exposure to the compound, distortions in newly deposited cuticular layers decreased gradually. Ovicidal effects resulted from direct contact of diflubenzuron with eggs or from contamination of females by contact or feeding. Electron microscopic observations of embryos of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, contaminated via the female, also showed disturbed cuticule formation, suggesting a similar activity of the compound in larvae and in eggs.Spraying the eggs of Leucoptera scitella shows the compound to be mainly ovidical at a rate of 100 mg litre−1, whilst with lower concentrations (10 and 1 mg litre−1) the young larval instar will be killed. The levels of cross‐resistance to diflubenzuron as a larvicide are low and the compound can be used effectively in the field against populations that are highly resistant to conventional insecticides. Laboratory and field results, based on larvicidal and ovicidal activities of diflubenzuron, are discussed in respect of species belonging to the Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Acarina (Phyllocoptruta oleivora) and Hemiptera (Eurydema oleraceum and Psylla piri).
Laboratory and glasshouse screening of pesticides for adverse effects on the parasite Encarsia formosa gahan
Authors: Ledieu Michael S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlasshouse screening of ten pesticides and the effect of water damping showed that all of the pesticides, with the possible exceptions of quinomethionate and heptenophos, were suitable for use in integrated control programmes involving Encarsia formosa. About 50 pesticides were screened in the laboratory for residual effects on adult E. formosa. They were grouped according to whether their effects were harmful, moderate or negligible. Acaricides, except quinomethionate, had negligible effects; fungicides generally had negligible effects though a few had moderate effects. Insecticides were equally divided between those which were harmful or moderate in effect. Individual examples are discussed more fully in relation to previous work and their commercial use in integrated control programmes. The two screening methods produced similar results though the laboratory method had the advantage of being much more rapid. Attention is drawn to the need for a simple test to identify pesticides having sublethal effects on natural enemies and for the standardisation of test methods.
A survey of pesticide usage against leatherjackets (Tipula species) in south‐west scotland in 1975
Authors: Tucker Graham G. , Cutler James R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey of 2000 farms in south‐west Scotland revealed that 3.5% of the cereal area had been treated with pesticides for the control of leatherjackets (Tipula spp.) in 1975. A small area of recently established grass and some turnip fields were also treated. DDT and gamma‐HCH were the most commonly used compounds with an estimated use respectively of 1863 and 376 kg of active ingredient. Pesticide usage in 1975 appeared to have been consistent with the generally low leatherjacket population in that year.
Cuticular lipids of two resistant and a susceptible strain of houseflies
Authors: Patil Vasant L. , Guthrie Frank E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the composition of the cuticular lipids of two resistant strains of houseflies (Rutgers and Fc), both of which show a reduced rate of absorption of insecticides as a partial mechanism of resistance and a susceptible strain (CSMA). Total lipids, monoglycerides, diglycerides and sterol esters (except in the Fc strain), sterols, fatty acids and phospholipid phosphorus were higher in resistant strains than in the susceptible strain. Phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine and phosphatidyl‐choline were major constituents of the phospholipid fractions and were appreciably higher in the resistant strains. Cuticular wax contents did not differ among strains. Incorporation of lipid precursors, [U‐14]acetate and [32P]orthophosphate, was greater in the cuticle of one or both resistant strains, depending on the lipid component examined.
Translocation of benomyl, prochloraz and procymidone in relation to control of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries
Authors: Cooke Barry K. , Pappas Athanasios C. , Jordan Victor W. L. , Western Nigel M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenomyl, prochloraz or procymidone, applied as an overall plant spray at the openflower stage, effectively suppressed Botrytis cinerea fruit rot, whereas no control was achieved by foliar application only. Fruit rot was prevented using procymidone applied to the soil 12 days before inoculation of the flowers, whereas benomyl or prochloraz gave little or no control, respectively when applied in the same manner. Bioassays, using Penicillium expansum on leaf and flower extracts of strawberry plants growing in soil treated with procymidone, showed the presence of an inhibitory compound with the same RF value on thin‐layer chromatography as that of procymidone. Analysis by gas chromatography and identification by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry established that the fungicide procymidone was translocated from the root system of strawberry plants to the leaves and flowers.
A new general method of resolving racemic alcohols and its application to (rs)‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐(3‐phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile and (rs)‐allethrolone
Authors: Martel Jacques J. , Demoute Jean P. , Tèche André P. , Tessier Jean R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe preparation is described of pure (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐(3‐phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (the alcohol component of some very active pyrethroids) from the racemic form of this 2‐hydroxyacetonitrile. The new resolution process is based on differences in physical properties of two diastereoisomeric ethers. The resolving agents used are chiral hemiacetal compounds; one of these, 4‐hydroxy‐6,6‐dimethyl‐3‐oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐2‐one, is available from an industrial synthesis of chrysanthemic acid, and appears specially useful for a two‐step resolution of many racemic alcohols, even base‐sensitive types.
Effects of annual applications of sodium azide on soil fungal populations with emphasis on Trichoderma species
Authors: Kelley Walter D. , Rodriguez‐Kabana Rodriguez 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of a granular formulation of sodium azide, applied annually to pine nursery beds at rates of 0, 67.2, and 134.5 kg a. i. ha−1 under water seal or plastic seal, on soil fungal populations was determined over a 3‐year period. Populations of fungi in the soil decreased following application of the sodium azide each year; the greatest decrease occurred at the highest rate of application. Populations of fungi in soil treated with the azide generally remained lower than in the controls throughout each of the 3 years; however, the population disparity between treated and control plots decreased in magnitude with each succeeding year. Populations of Trichoderma spp., in plots treated with 134.5 kg sodium azide ha−1, increased 2 weeks after treatment each year, and the population peaks increased in magnitude each year. In addition the effect of sodium azide (technical grade > 99%) at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg ml−1 in potato dextrose agar and blackstrap molasses agar media was determined in vitro for 14 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum. Growth and sporulation differed among the isolates and between the two media tested. Generally, the azide temporarily inhibited growth of the fungi, but the majority of the isolates were able to grow on either medium containing 50 μg sodium azide ml−1, although sporulation was more profuse on the molasses than on the potato dextrose agar medium.
Studies of the mechanism of action of asulam in plants. Part I: Antagonistic interaction of asulam and 4‐aminobenzoic acid
Authors: Veerasekaran Ponnan , Kirkwood Ralph C. , Parnell Edgar W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies have been carried out on the herbicidal action of asulam [methyl (4‐aminophenylsulphonyl)carbamate] and sulphanilamide, alone or in association either with 4‐aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) or 4, 6‐diamino‐1‐(3, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 2‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine (DCDT). The soaking of wheat seeds (Triticum estivum L.) for 12 h at 30°C in asulam and DCDT in a 10:1 ratio doubled the inhibition of root growth produced by soaking in asulam alone; the addition of 4ABA partially reversed the activity of asulam. Foliar applications of a mixture of asulam + DCDT (1.1 + 0.55 kg ha−1) markedly increased the activity of asulam in susceptible wheat, wild oat (Avena fatua L.), tolerant flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and in Stellaria media L. The activity of asulam at 1.1 kg ha−1 was reversed by 4ABA at 2.2 kg ha−1 by about 50% in wheat and wild oat, 82% in flax and 100% in S. media. The results indicate that asulam and sulphanilamide act by similar mechanisms in apparently inhibiting the biosynthesis of folic acid.
Decay control and fungicide residues in citrus fruits seal‐packed in a high‐density polyethylene film
Authors: Ben‐Yehoshua Shimshon , Apelbaum Akiva , Cohen Eliahou 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of a new packaging method of sealing individual fruits in film of highdensity polyethylene (HDPE), on decay control and the residue levels of various fungicides applied to the fruit, were investigated with four different citrus cultivars. HDPE seal‐packaging by itself reduced the decay of Marsh grapefruit but slightly enhanced the decay of Valencia orange fruit in comparison with conventionally handled fruit. Seal‐packaging of individual fruit resulted in much less decay than sealing a whole carton of fruit together. The fungicides imazalil, sec‐butylamine, 2‐phenylphenol, benomyl and thiabendazole markedly reduced the decay of sealed fruit in all cultivars of citrus fruits tested. Residue levels in treated fruit were below the tolerances permitted. The new method of packaging had no effect on the residue levels of benomyl, 2‐phenyl‐phenol and thiabendazole in the fruit; neither did it affect the extent of absorption of these fungicides into the fruit. Only the volatile fungicide sec‐butylamine was found at a higher level (73% higher in the packaged fruit compared with conventionally treated fruit).
Permethrin and deltamethrin residues on lettuce
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Verstraeten Roland , Steurbaut Walter , Melkebeke Guy , Kips René H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPermethrin and deltamethrin, two synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, are registered in several countries for use on lettuce. Both chemicals were applied on autumn and spring grown lettuce in the glasshouse. When applied at the normal prescribed dose rates of 25 and 12.5 g a.i. ha−1, < 1 mg kg−1 of either compound was found in the lettuce at harvest, even when applied only a few days before harvest. The total amount of active ingredient applied was too low to reach the 1 mg kg−1 level when evenly applied on marketable lettuce heads weighing about 200 g each. Applying a higher dose than 25 g permethrin a.i. ha−1 or 12.5 g deltamethrin a.i. ha−1, or applying two applications in the 2 weeks prior to harvest, may well result in residue levels higher than the maximum residue limit of 1 mg kg−1 for permethrin and certainly higher than the maximum residue limit of 0.2 mg kg−1 for deltamethrin, which is more persistent.
Action of the microbial metabolite and chitin synthesis inhibitor nikkomycin on the mite Tetranychus urticae; an electron microscope study
Authors: Mothes Ursula , Seitz Karl‐August 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChitinous structures of Tetranychus urticae K., after treatment with the microbial metabolite nikkomycin, were examined using an electron microscope. The results were compared with published information on the mechanisms of action of this antibiotic. Application of the drug resulted in an inhibition of moulting, due to a deficient or abnormal differentiation of the procuticle during ecdysis. Damage to the procuticle caused disorders in the muscle attachments, preventing the chrysalis stages leaving their exuviae after treatment with the metabolite. Application of nikkomycin to an adult female caused plug‐like accumulations below the procuticle of the prosoma and cranial opisthosoma, as well as inside the hypodermis. The egg shell was another site of action of nikkomycin; depending on when drug treatment began, an abnormally thickened or incomplete plaque‐like egg shell was produced. The deposition of affected eggs was strongly inhibited, if they were laid at all. The electron micrographs supported the suggestion that a competitive inhibition of chitin synthetase results in inhibition of cuticle synthesis. However, such a mechanism of action cannot explain the results on egg shell damage after nikkomycin treatment, which indicates some other influences of the antibiotic.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic determination of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations and in samples stored at an elevated temperature
Authors: Bakker Henk , Martijn Albertus , Schreuder Rudolf H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of small amounts of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations. Following derivative formation with pentafluorobenz‐aldehyde, the pentafluorobenzaldehyde azine was extracted with hexane and determined by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection. Recoveries of 72‐80% were obtained from samples fortified with 1 and 10 μg of hydrazine. The limit of detection was 0.05 mg kg−1. Fourteen commercial formulations with maleic hydrazide concentrations ranging from 180‐360 g litre−1 were investigated. The hydrazine content of the maleic hydrazide used in these formulations ranged from less than 0.05 to 53 mg kg−1. During the storage of two samples at 50°C for 10 weeks, the hydrazine contents increased from 2.2 to 124 and 0.4 to 54 mg litre−1, respectively.
Structure‐activity relationships in a series of new antifungal nitroalcohol derivatives
Authors: Lopata Antal , Darvas Ferenc , Valkó Klára , Mikite Gyula , Jakucs Erzsébet , Kis‐Tamás Attila 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe structure‐antifungal activity correlations of 23 new nitroalcohol derivatives (1‐substituted‐2‐nitropropane‐1, 3‐diols, their ethers and esters) were investigated using a generalised quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) method, combining Golender and Rozenblit's logico‐structural approach and the Free‐Wilson and Hansch analyses. Based on results obtained from principal component analysis, the in‐vitro activities against Helminthosporium sativum, the inhibition of germination and of growth could be assumed to be governed by a common mechanism. It is suggested that the antifungal activity of the compounds studied is determined mainly by the presence or absence of an aromatic ring (unsubstituted, or bearing a hydrophobic group that is small in bulk and electron‐attracting) at position 1, of a (potential) double bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2, and of an acyloxy group at position 3. Among these factors, the double bond seems to be the most important, and the mechanism of the antifungal action is probably dependent on the reactivity of this bond towards thiol groups of endogenous substances.
The effect of drop speed, size and surfactant on the deposition of spray on barley and radish or mustard
Authors: Taylor William A. , Shaw Georgina B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSprays composed of uniformly‐sized drops were applied at different drop speeds to barley and either radish or mustard. Retention by the two broad‐leafed species showed no major response to changes in drop speed, nor to the presence or absence of a surfactant. In contrast, the barley retained less spray when there was no surfactant and when the drops possessed higher momenta. The application of spray dropsat higher speeds would therefore appear to provide a basis for the development of selective retention techniques.
Resistance in mutagen‐induced mutants of Ustilago maydis to fungicides which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis
Authors: Barug Daniel , Kerkenaar Antonius 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResistance to a number of inhibitors of sterol C‐14 demethylation, (clotrimazole, imazalil, miconazole, fenarimol, nuarimol and triadimefon), as well as resistance to inhibitors of sterol C‐14(15) double bond reduction, (tridemorph and fenpropi‐morph), was readily induced in Ustilago maydis. Resistant mutants were obtained after mutagenic treatment by ultraviolet irradiation, or by treatment with 1‐methyl‐3‐nitro‐1‐nitrosoguanidine, of sporidia of the wild‐type strain, followed by selection in the presence of the toxicant. The level of resistance of these mutants varied appreciably. Although not always reciprocal, cross‐resistance to fungicides which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis (EBIs) appeared to be present in most cases. Several of the U. maydis mutants which were resistant to inhibitors of sterol C‐14 demethylation lacked cross‐resistance to tridemorph and fenpropimorph, or displayed increased sensitivity to fenpropimorph (negatively correlated cross‐resistance). Cross‐resistance between EBIs and the antimicrobial agents climbazole and lombazole was also established. It is suggested that fungal mutants that possess a resistance mechanism based on a deficiency in sterol C‐14 demethylation or sterol C‐14(15) double bond reduction, have a greatly reduced chance of survival.
Lipoprotein composition and serum cholesterol ester fatty acids in nonwesternized melanesians
Authors: Lindeberg Staffan , Nilsson‐Ehle Peter , Vessby Bengt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, the relationships between dietary fat [as measured by serum cholesterol ester fatty acids (CE‐FA)], age, smoking, body mass index, and serum lipids were analyzed in 151 subsistence horticulturalists, aged 20–86 yr, from Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea. Their diet consists of tubers, fruit, coconut, fish, and vegetables with a negligible influence of western food and alcohol. Total fat intake is low [21% of energy (en%)], while saturated fat intake from coconuts is high (17 en%, mainly lauric and myristic acid). In multivariate analysis, 11–43% of the variation of the serum lipoprotein composition was explained by CE‐FA, age, and smoking habits. The proportion of CE20∶5n‐3 explained much of the variation of triglycerides (TG, negative relation) and high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C, positive) in both sexes and serum apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1, positive) in the males. CE16∶0 was positively related to TG and negatively related to HDL‐C and ApoA1 in both sexes, and in males it related negatively to total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDI‐C). In males, negative relationships were present between CE18∶2n‐6 and TC and between CE14∶0 and serum lipoprotein(a). Smoking was independently associated with lower ApoA1 in both sexes and with lower HDL‐C and higher TG, TC, LDL‐C, and apolipoprotein B in males. In conclusion, marine n‐3 fatty acids and linoleic acid showed the same potentially beneficial relationships with lipoproteins and apolipoproteins as in western populations. The relations of palmitic acid to serum lipids may be explained in terms of endogenous fat synthesis at a low‐fat intake, rather than reflecting its relative intake.