bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTROL OF NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN GRAZING HORSES WITH CALCIUM PLUS PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Gartner R. J. W. , Blaney B. J. , Glanville R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA supplement system for the control of equine nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) was evaluated on 4 farms in the Arcadia Valley of the Queensland brigalow region. Thirty‐three local stock horses (of which 13 had clinical NSH and 7 were recent introductions) were grazed on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) for the 6 months from September 1979 to February 1980. Each horse was fed 1.0 kg of a mixture of ground limestone plus dicalcium phosphate (1:2) in 1.5 kg molasses each week. The pasture was hazardous during this time (total oxalate content above 0.5% and calcium: oxalate ratio below 0.5), but no new NSH cases occurred and those horses with clinical NSH improved, most becoming normal. After the first 6 months of supplementation, 3 new cases occurred on one farm. Doubling of the supplement dose and substituting rock phosphate in molasses for the previous mixture corrected the problem. The breakdown was thought to be partly because the supplement dose was slightly inadequate and partly because of behavioural factors.
WHITE LIVER DISEASE IN LAMBS
Authors: Richards R. B. , Harrison M. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn outbreak of white liver disease in lambs in Western Australia is described. The disease affected 2‐ to 3‐month‐old lambs and was characterised by liver damage, severe ill‐thrift, depression, serous ocular discharge, photosensitisation, and a high mortality rate. Transient central nervous system signs occurred. A positive response to vitamin B12 therapy was demonstrated.
EXAMINATION OF STOCKFEEDS FOR SALMONELLA
Authors: Thomas R. J. , Smeltzer T. I. , Tranter G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 100 stockfeeds examined for Salmonella 45 were positive by pre‐enrichment followed by selective enrichment of 10 times 25 g samples. Forty‐three were positive by selective enrichment of pooled aliquots of the pre‐enrichment broths from the 10 times 25 g samples.Aliquots of the pre‐enrichment broths from the 10 times 25 g samples of 77 of the feeds were stored at 4°C and retested after 6 days. One hundred and ten of these (770) subsamples were found to contain salmonellas initially, and 107 were found to contain salmonellas after storage for 6 days.The testing of feeds by the examination of multiple 25 g samples and pooled pre‐enrichment broths is recommended. Aliquots of the pre‐enrichment broths may be stored at 4°C for 6 days and retested if an estimation of the numbers in the feed is required. Further pre‐enrichment after cold storage is not required.
TERMINATION OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN EWES BY USE OF A PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUE AND SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY
Authors: Tyrrell R. N. , Lane J. G. , Nancarrow C. D. , Connell P. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 87 Dorset ewes injected at 20 to 60 days of pregnancy with either 125 μg or 250 μg of the prostaglandin F2α analogue, cloprostenol, 72 (83%) were detected in oestrus by teaser rams within 7 days. A total of 60 ewes mated with fertile rams 14 to 28 days after treatment and 36 of these (60%) subsequently lambed. Thirty‐eight ewes mated with fertile rams 29 to 56 days after treatment and 30 of these (79%) subsequently lambed. The difference in fertility between the 2 periods was not significant.Six additional ewes which did not respond to the cloprostenol lambed normally within 6 weeks. They were more than 100 days pregnant when treated.In ewes which first exhibited oestrus by 7 days of treatment, plasma progesterone concentrations fell from near 4 ng/ml to 0.6 ng/ml within 48 h of treatment. In ewes not detected in oestrus progesterone concentrations did not decrease to similar low levels (1.4 ng/ml; t‐test p < 0.005). Concentrations in the 6 ewes treated near 100 days of pregnancy dropped from 7.4 to 4.4 ng/ml over 48 h. Overall, the progesterone concentrations indicated that 92% of ewes treated at 20 to 60 days of pregnancy experienced rapid luteolysis in response to the cloprostenol.There were no differences between the 2 doses of cloprostenol in the responses or subsequent fertility of the ewes.
RESISTANCE TO BENZIMIDAZOLE ANTHELMINTICS IN EQUINE STRONGYLES
Authors: Kelly J. D. , Webster J. H. , Griffin D. L. , Whitlock H. V. , Martin I. C. A. , Gunawan M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA survey was conducted to determine whether benzimidazole resistant populations of equine strongyles are present in New South Wales and north central Victoria; what is their frequency and geographical distribution; which species are involved; and whether different methods of parasite control could be related to the occurrence and frequency of anthelmintic resistant populations.Resistant populations of strongyles were found over wide areas of New South Wales and in north central Victoria. There was no relationship between geographical location and the occurrence of benzimidazole resistance. The species involved were small strongyles of the sub‐family Cyathostominae. There was a direct correlation between the occurrence of resistance (including the level at which it is present) and the frequency of use of benzimidazole anthelmintics.Examination of management practices showed that resistance is not an important problem on farms where different chemical classes of anthelminitcs were used in a slow rotation programme; combination anthelmintic therapy (for example, benzimidazole/piperazine/organophosphates) was used and anthelmintic treatment was given at intervals of not less than 16 weeks. Tentative suggestions are made for the control of small strongyles in the light of an emerging resistance problem.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NATURAL AND AMPROLIUM‐INDUCED POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN SHEEP
Authors: Spicer E. M. , Horton B. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) induced in sheep was compared with the disease found in naturally occurring cases. Blood biochemical indicators measured were pyruvate, lactate, glucose, erythrocyte transketolase (TK) and stimulation of TK by addition of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP effect). Faeces and rumen contents were assayed for thiaminase activity. The effect of treating affected sheep with thiamine was also noted.It was found that amprolium treatment could induce thrombocytopenia, but once the sheep became accustomed to amprolium in the diet they seemed to be resistant to this effect. In sheep receiving amprolium significant weight losses preceded the onset of clinical signs. Further weight loss continued throughout the recovery period despite removal of amprolium from the diet and treatment with thiamine. Blood glucose was variable, and was elevated only when marked clinical signs were present. Pyruvate and lactate levels showed marked variation throughout the trial. TK values were depressed and TPP effects increased well before the onset of clinical signs, although some naturally occurring cases had normal levels. Faecal thiaminase activity was negligible in all the sheep on the amprolium trial but most field cases had a high level. High faecal thiaminase was observed in about 5% of clinically normal animals from affected flocks. Depression of erythrocyte TK activity coupled with the presence of faecal thiaminase appeared to be the most reliable diagnostic biochemical parameters for PEM. Treatment of PEM affected sheep with thiamine rapidly brought the biochemical status of the animals to normal. However where advanced brain lesions were present the damage was permanent and such sheep treated with thiamine remained partially decorticate.
ISOLATION OF A HAEMAGGLUTINATING ADENO‐LIKE VIRUS RELATED TO VIRUS 127 FROM AN AUSTRALIAN POULTRY FLOCK WITH AN EGG DROP SYNDROME
Authors: Firth G. A. , Hall M. J. , McFerran J. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An egg drop syndrome within Australian broiler poultry is described. The syndrome was characterised by delayed onset of laying, a lower peak in egg production and a drop in egg production shortly after reaching peak production.Antibody to virus 127 was detected in 102 of 106 fowl serums tested. Two haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from one affected flock and one was subjected to further study. It was adenovirus‐like on electron‐microscopic examination and haemagglutination was not inhibited by a specific antiserum to Newcastle disease virus. An antiserum was raised in White Leghorn fowl against the isolate and this antiserum was found to cross‐react with virus 127, a prototype virus of Egg Drop Syndrome 76.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY STRIKE AND DERMATOPHILOSIS OF SHEEP UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Gherardi S. G. , Monzu N. , Sutherland S. S. , Johnson K. G. , Robertson G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The assocation of dermatophilosis with body strike of sheep caused by Lucilia cuprina was studied in a controlled environment.When sheep with areas of wet normal fleece and areas of wet fleece containing scabs induced by infection of the skin with Dermatophilus congolensis were exposed to gravid L. cuprina the flies oviposited only on dermatophilosis‐affected areas.In wet dermatophilosis‐affected fleece, naturally oviposited L. cuprina eggs hatched and the larvae developed to the second instar stage.Artificially implanted L. cuprina eggs hatched in both wet dermatophilosis‐affected fleece and wet normal fleece. In wet dermatophilosis‐affected fleece the larvae from implanted eggs developed normally but in wet normal fleece they did not develop past the first instar stage.It was concluded that wet but otherwise uncomplicated dermatophilosis lesions are attractive to L. cuprina and provide sufficient protein to allow larval development to take place.
HELMINTH PARASITES AND ARTHROPODS OF FERAL CATS
Authors: Coman B.J. , Jones E.H. , Driesen M.A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The prevalence (%) of helminth parasites in 327 mainly adult feral cats from 3 habitat groupings in Victoria and New South Wales was determined. The cestodes Taenia taeniaeformis (33%) and Spirometra erinacei (33%) were common; Dipylidium caninum was rare (2%). The nematodes Toxocara cati (28%), Cyathospirura dasyuridis and Cylicospirura felineus combined (27%) and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (14%) were common but their prevalence differed markedly between habitats. Ollulanus tricuspis (5%), Gnathostoma spinigerum (<1%) and an Acanthocephala, Onicola sp (19%), also occurred.Arthropod parasites were collected from 204 of these cats, Ctenocephalides felis (16%) and Echidnophaga spp. (28%) were common. Spilopsyllus cuniculi (3%) and Ctenocephalides canis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (<1% each) were rare. Other rare ectoparasites were the louse, Felicola subrostrata (4%), the mites, Otodectes cynotis, Cheyletiella sp and a trombiculid (<1% each); and the tick Ixodes tasmani (<1%).There was no correlation between degree of parasitism and general condition of the cats.
MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER IN FARMED RUSA DEER (CERVUS TIMORENSIS): 1. Clinico‐Pathological Observations
Authors: Denholm L. J. , Westbury H. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A sporadic fatal disease is described in 7 Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) from 5 deer farms in Victoria. Bilateral ophthalmia and wasting were the most significant signs in a clinical course varying from 4 to 34 days.Bilateral hypopyon, peripheral corneal opacities and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration of the renal cortex with pronounced mural thickening and dilatation of vessels at the cortico‐medullary junction were the only consistent lesions. Haemorrhagic ileitis, colitis and typhlitis were the major lesions in two deer that died 4 and 6 days after onset of clinical disease. Ecchymotic haemorrhages and sub‐serosal haematomas on the intestines and mesentery were the main finding in cases with a longer clinical course. Other gross lesions varied between cases.The most significant histological lesion was fibrinoid necrotising vasculitis with adventitial lymphoid cell infiltration characteristic of bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Mucosal erosions seen in protracted cases of this disease were associated with lymphoid cell infiltration into foci of degenerating epithelial cells. In many lymph nodes there was severe follicular necroses. In chromic cases extensive proliferation of lymphoblastoid cells was seen in the parafollicular cortex and medullary sinuses of nodes which also showed discrete follicular necrosis.
POSTNATAL MORTALITY, BODYWEIGHT GAIN AND WOOL PRODUCTION TO TWO YEARS OF AGE OF LAMBS SURVIVING CAESAREAN OR STRESSFUL VAGINAL BIRTH
Authors: Haughey K. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This experiment tested the hypothesis that prolonged, stressful vaginal birth in sheep results in injury to the fetal CNS manifest by meningeal haemorhage, thereby causing increased neonatal mortality or depressed production of affected survivors. Mortality, bodyweight gain and wool production to 740 days of age were measured in single‐reared Merino lambs surviving caesarean (caesarean group) or artificially prolonged vaginal birth (delayed group). Total mortality of live births in the delayed group was higher than that in the caesarean group (38.7% v. 23.7%, p < 0.025). Virtually all the difference was due to higher neonatal mortality in the delayed group within 7 days of birth compared to the caesarean group (34.2% v. 17.1%, p < 0.01). As meningeal haemorrhage was detected at autopsy of the delayed group only, the additional mortality was attributed to birth injury to the fetal CNS. Fifty‐three per cent were affected, at prevalences relative to time of death after birth strongly suggestive of a dose‐response to varying levels of birth injury. Meningeal lesions were present in all lambs dying within 3 hours of delivery and in 32% of those dying over the next 7 days. In the latter the lesions were associated invariably with evidence of starvation and cold injury, implying a causal relationship between the presence of meningeal haemorrhage and impaired feeding activity and cold injury. Although stressful birth and presumed sub‐lethal injury to the fetal CNS had no permanent adverse effect on the growth and wool production of survivors, there was equivocal evidence of a birth related temporary residual handicap, as the mean growth rate of the delayed group born in 1973 was significantly lower than that of the caesarean group during a three‐monthly period of pasture shortage.Stressful vaginal birth clearly increased the level of neonatal mortality. The results also demonstrated the pathological significance of meningeal haemorrhage as an index of stressful birth and presumed damage to the fetal CNS, and strongly suggested the probable role of such injury in the pathogenesis of the starvation‐mismothering‐exposure complex.
WHITE LIVER DISEASE OF SHEEP
Authors: Mitchell P. J. , McOrist S. , Thomas K. W. , McCausland I. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Outbreaks of ovine white liver disease (WLD) on 7 farms in eastern Victoria were investigated. Most occurred in late spring and mainly affected lambs 3 to 6 months old, with a morbidity of 20 to 100% and mortality of 8 to 15%. Clinically affected lambs showed illthrift, emaciation and bilateral, serous, ocular discharge. Clinical pathology showed mild anaemia, elevated serum liver enzymes (GGT, OCT, AST) and low levels of serum vitamin B12. Grossly, the livers were pale, fatty and friable; microscopically there was parenchymal fatty change, bile duct proliferation and ceroid pigmentation. Liver cobalt values were consistently low (mean 0.4 ± 0.4 μmol/kg D.W.). Levels of cobalt in pasture from 2 properties were very low (0.34 μmol/kg D.W.). The diagnosis of white liver disease was made on the basis of clinical features, specific liver pathology and low cobalt status.Treatment trials established that cobalt injections or oral bullet administration resulted in clinical improvement, significant weight gains, and improved serum vitamin B12 levels. WLD did not recur in previously affected sheep using these treatments. However, when blocks containing cobalt were available continuously, WLD recurred 2 years after the initial outbreak.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON EQUINE PHYCOMYCOSIS
Authors: Miller R. I. , Campbell R. S. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY During a clinical study of equine phycomycosis in tropical northern Australia 3 specific forms of phycomycosis were identified. Of 266 cases diagnosed in 5 different laboratories, hyphomycosis caused by Hyphomyces destruens was responsible for 76.7%, basidiobolomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus for 18.0%, and entomophthoramycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus for 5.3%.Most cases of hyphomycosis were observed between March and July, that is after the monsoonal wet summer, but were calculated from clinical histories to originate in the wet season between November and May. Basidiobolomycosis and entomophthoramycosis occurred regularly during the year and no seasonal incidence could be determined. All of these conditions occurred in horses in similar tropical regions of Queensland and the Northern Territory. No breed, sex or age predisposition was found but significant differences between the 3 fungal diseases in site of infection and appearance and size of the lesion were observed.Hyphomycosis was seen as an ulcerative granuloma containing characteristic coral‐like kunkers. Lesions were most commonly found on the legs and ventral parts of the chest and abdomen, areas where contact with swamp water was apparent. Basidiobolomycosis was clinically similar to hyphomycosis but was mostly found on the lateral parts of the trunk and face where contact with contaminated soil might be expected. All lesions of entomophthoramycosis were located in the nasal region thus suggesting infection by inhalation.
RENAL CALCULI IN APPARENTLY NORMAL SHEEP
Authors: Nottle M. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The incidence of renal calculi in sheep was determined and the effects of season, sex and difference between left and right kidneys were considered. Examinations for calculi were made by x‐ray photography and stereomicroscopy.The seasonal study extended from June 1972 to June 1973. The lowest incidence of calculi, occurred from November to February (25 to 35%) and the highest, in June 1972 (61%) and May 1973 (63%); in other months it generally ranged from 40 to 50%. These differences were highly significant (P < 0.001).The incidence of calculi greater than 2 mm diameter was 0% and 3% in January and February and, except for 18% in June 1972 values were about 8%. Subepithelial deposits ranged from 2% (April) to 25% (June 1972) about a mean of 11%.Calculi were found most frequently in the middle third of the kidney and near the fornices. Of kidneys with microcalculi (<0.05 mm diameter) visual assessment showed 64% contained silica, 29% oxalate, 15% carbonate and 5% material of undetermined nature.Differences in the incidence of calculi between ewes and wethers and between left and right kidneys were not significant and the distribution of calculi within these kidneys was similar to that in the seasonal study.These results are discussed in relation to urinary tract obstruction in grazing sheep and to possible factors affecting the retention in and movement of calculi from the kidney.
A national survey of the clinical features, treatment and importance of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: SLATTER D. H. , EDWARDS M. E. , HAWKINS C. D. , WILCOX G. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A postal survey of cattle producers throughout Australia was conducted to obtain information concerning the occurrence, signs and treatment of infectious bovine keratocojunctivitis, animal breeds, animal numbers and types, environmental conditions under which the animals were kept and management routines and systems of the animals (Slatter et al 1982).The most common clinical signs reported were ocular discharge (43.9%), corneal opacity (9.9%), or both (46.1%). The majority of respondents (54.8%) indicated duration of infections of at least 3 weeks. The condition was predominantly unilateral (74.7%) but 22.3% of respondents reported an equal occurrence of the condition unilaterally and bilaterally.The most frequently used drugs were homidium bromide (26.7%), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (22.8%), chloramphenicol derivatives (13.7%) and penicillin derivatives (13.5%). However, described treatment regimes indicated that therapeutic levels of antibiotics would not be maintained in the eyes of treated animals.Producers considered that 75% of affected animals showed reduced rates of weight gain, and 64% indicated they were more difficult to handle. An approximate figure of $22,000,000 was determined for loss of national production due to the disease, based on producers' estimates. In addition, a further cost of $1,566,500 was estimated for the labour involved in current treatment regimes. Beef and dairy producers spent different amounts on medications and treated for different durations. The economic significance of the disease justifies further studies on production losses due to the disease and cost effective methods of treatment.
Mycoplasmas and mites in the ears of clinically normal goats
Authors: COTTEW G. S. , YEATS F. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Mycoplasmas were detected in the external ear canal of goats by swabbing and culture. Up to 108 colony forming units were recovered from single swabs. The resulting cultures were usually mixtures of mycoplasmas containing up to 5 species. The species present in sequential swabs varied. Pathogenic species (M.agalactiae, M.capricolum, M.mycoides subsp. capri, M.mycoides subsp. mycoides of the large colony (LC) type, M.putrefaciens) were isolated from the ears and in addition 3 untyped mycoplasmas G, U and V were often present. The same mycoplasmas were found in large numbers in the mites Psoroptes cuniculi and Raillietla caprae which were sometimes present in the external ear canal.The role of the mycoplasmas in the external ear canal as a source of infection and disease and of the mites in the spread of infection requires further elucidation.
Animal welfare and the Australian veterinarian
Authors: SMITH J.B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This paper discusses the moral and philosophical arguments related to animal welfare. The veterinary profession in Australia has, to date, addressed this matter on a superficial and unsatisfactory level. In my view, the Australian Veterinary Association has not yet considered sound philosophical and moral positions in any area of animal welfare.This paper provides some examples of arguments concerning animal rights. It is suggested that the veterinary profession in Australia needs to take heed of these arguments and to develop a philosophy of its own. The profession is not seen to be having sufficient influence on the development of community standards in animal welfare. For example, public statements on the stray cat and dog problem concern the nuisance to human society and little is said of the welfare or rights of the animals themselves. The Australian Veterinary Association has not looked thoroughly at problems of animal welfare in the livestock industries, where the need for attention is urgent.Few veterinarians in Australia have the knowledge and experience to tackle problems in the area of animal experimentation. These include questions of laboratory animal production and disease, as well as those of a moral and philosophical nature. A discussion of ethical problems in studies on animal behaviour points to the lack of experience el veterinarians in this area. Possible mechanisms for statutory control of animal experimentation are explored. Antivivisectionist ideas and the significance of their political influence are outlined.