bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment and growth of different plantain propagation materials
Authors: Obiefuna Julius C. , Ndubizu O. C. Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFive different types of plantain (Musa spp. AAB) planting materials—early sword suckers, late sword suckers, peepers, maidens and bits—were established at the beginning of the rainy season and grown for 9 months, over the first subsequent dry season. Their pre‐floral vegetative growth during the 9 month period was then studied. The late sword suckers made most growth and had the best survival rate over the dry season followed by maidens and early sword suckers. Peepers and bits were the least successful materials and are not recommended as propagation materials in areas with long and severe dry seasons.
The association of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and oleic acid with wheat flour components during dough making
Authors: Warwick Michael J. , Shearer George 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe association of lipids with other flour components after dough making has been examined by aqueous fractionation of flour prior to the extraction of lipids. Glycerol tripalmitate has been shown to be associated with acetic‐acid‐insoluble protein while glycerol trioleate associates with the glutenin of acetic‐acid‐soluble protein. Oleic acid divides fairly evenly between these fractions. Changes in lipid and protein distribution in some fractions are associated with the addition of oleic acid to the dough. Some of these changes are at least partially reversed by increasing the triglyceride content of the dough.
The distribution of acyl lipids and tocopherols in flours millstreams
Authors: Morrison William R. , Coventry Anne M. , Barnes Peter J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKernels from a mixed hard wheat grist were dissected into germ, bran (pericarp, testa and aleurone), and starchy endosperm for direct analysis of tocopherols in lipid extracts by high‐performance liquid chromatography. α‐ and β‐tocopherols were almost exclusively in the germ, α‐tocotrienol was mostly in the bran, and β‐tocotrienol was equally distributed between the bran and the starchy endosperm. Acyl lipids and tocopherols were quantified in 23 millstreams obtained from this grist. Components related to germ and bran (triglyceride, diacylphospholipids, ã‐ and β‐tocopherols) and testa (flour colour) showed the highest coefficients of variation whereas endosperm components (glycolipids, N‐acylphospholipids and β‐T‐3) showed exceptionally low variation. The quantities of marker tocopherols in the streams were used to calculate the composition of the lipid transferred to the flour from germ and aleurone, and to predict the composition of the basic endosperm, free of aleurone and germ lipids. Low proportions of diacylphospholipids in the lipid transferred to high‐grade millstreams indicated the transfer of spherosome lipid. The low‐grade streams exhibited high proportions of phospholipids suggesting additional transfer of germ tissue and aleurone tissue containing membrane lipids. Protein and ash contents of the transferred fraction confirmed that a substantial proportion of the transferred lipid was probably accompanied by protein bodies or by tissue fragments. It is estimated that aleurone contributed less than one‐quarter of the transferred lipid in any stream. Hexane‐extractable free lipids in four representative streams consisted of almost all the non‐polar lipids, 40–67% of the glycolipids, 47–54% of the diacylphospholipids and 30–60% of the lysophospholipids.
The determination of olaquindox in pig feeds by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Thente Karin , Andersson Bernt 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple, rapid method, based on high performance liquid chromatography, h.p.l.c., is described for the determination of olaquindox in pig feeds. The drug is extracted from the feed by use of a methanol‐water mixture, an aliquot is injected on to the h.p.l.c.‐column and quantified by u.v.‐detection. The method has been tested on feeds and premixes containing olaquindox between 1–400 mg kg−1.
Effects of husbandry treatments on nitrogen concentration of grain and related yields in winter‐wheat experiments made in South‐East England
Authors: Benzian Blanche , Lane Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperiments by Rothamsted staff over 20 years show that N (protein) concentration in wheat grain is influenced considerably by several husbandry treatments other than total fertiliser N. Even small differences can be of practical importance if values lie close to the minimum standard for bread wheat. In 15 experiments which tested timing of fertiliser N, an extra 60 kg ha−1 would have been needed in autumn to increase grain‐N concentration by 0.1% on average, but only 43 kg in early and 30 kg in late spring. The response to autumn N was similar in a ley‐arable rotation experiment Fertiliser N applied to a previous potato crop gave a grain‐N% increase equivalent to a quarter of the fresh application on a silty clay loam soil but none on a sandy loam. Cumulative annual dressings of farmyard manure benefited grain‐N% as did residues from FYM applied to a previous potato crop, which gave increases equivalent to those from 16 kg ha−1 of fresh fertiliser N. In ley‐arable rotation experiments, wheat after arable cropping did not reach bread‐quality standard with the largest amount of fertiliser N (150 kg ha−1), but after lucerne N% values exceeded the threshold value of 2.14% N with all rates. Benefits from lucerne and a grass‐clover ley were still considerable when wheat was grown as a second test crop after potatoes. Yield responses to these husbandry treatments tended to be small and positive, except that in the presence of larger dosager of fertiliser N farmyard manure sometimes caused a depression.
Water uptake by cocoa seeds during fermentation‐like incubation
Authors: Biehl Böle , Quesnel Victor C. , Passern Detlef , Sagemann Wilfried 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring anaerobic incubation in citric acid/NaOH (35 mmol; pH 5.5) at 40°C the fresh weight of ripe cocoa seeds (without testae) increases considerably (17–27% within 40 h) by water absorption. This is similar to water uptake during germination at 25–30°C. At 50°C in the same medium, weight increase (3.5–7.3% within 40 h) as well as net water uptake is low. Subcellular compartmentation is destroyed at 50 but not at 40°C. Since water uptake is greatly reduced or is impaired at 40°C in the presence of osmotically active substances like sucrose, it is concluded that intact vacuoles in the cotyledons are responsible for high water absorption. In the presence of acetic acid (200 mmol; 50°C) weight increase is low but loss of dry matter is increased by exudation. These findings are discussed with respect to protein vacuole swelling and proteolysis during fermentation and germination.
Plant growth inhibitory activity of extracts of raw and treated pig slurry
Authors: Ramirez Maureen E. A. , Garraway James L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStrong acid extracts from raw and treated pig slurries were highly inhibitory to the germination and root growth of barley and wheat. While the activity of the extracts reflected the level of phenolic acids therein, the possibility of other substances contributing to this activity cannot be excluded. Tests with pure compounds showed that certain individual phenolic acids identified in pig slurries inhibited germination and root growth but at higher concentrations than previously reported. Of the treatment systems studied, aeration of pig slurry was the most effective in removing the inhibitory activity associated with extracts.
Proteolysis during fermentation‐like incubation of cocoa seeds
Authors: Biehl Bole , Passern Detlef 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProteolysis in cocoa seeds was studied by fermentation‐like anaerobic incubation to determine whether post‐mortem proteolysis depends only on temperature and acidity. In acetone dry powder incubation, autolytic release of α‐amino nitrogen is optimal at pH 4.0‐4.5 and is higher at 55°C than at 45°C. Proteolysis increases with acidification. However, in seed and seed fragment incubation, acetic acid is more effective than citric acid under similar conditions. Further, a first incubation at a low temperature (40°C) in contrast to a high temperature (50°C) favours post‐mortem proteolysis during a subsequent incubation of cotyledon tissue at 50°C in an acetic solution, whereas it does not with cotyledon dry powder in the same solution. This effect of pre‐incubation temperature in seeds is diminished in the presence of a high concentration of acetic acid. It does not depend on microorganisms, on exudation or on interaction of proteins and polyhydroxyphenols. Since increased proteolysis after incubation at 40°C correlates with structural changes in protein vacuoles and with water uptake by the intact seeds, a causal relationship is indicated.
Degradation of cell walls of forages by sequential treatment with sodium hydroxide and a commercial cellulase preparation
Authors: Hartley Roy D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCell walls of barley straw (whole sample and stem), Italian ryegrass (shoot) and lucerne (mature stem) were treated sequentially with NaOH followed by a commercial ‘cellulase’ preparation and, in other experiments, with the cellulase followed by the alkali. The phenolic compounds released by NaOH were determined and related to increases in the degradability of the walls as measured with cellulase. Two sequential treatments of the cell walls of barley straw increased degradability from 11% on treatment with cellulase alone to 87%, compared with increases from 72 to 99% and from 19 to 54% for the ryegrass and lucerne walls respectively. The first alkali treatment released ferulic and p‐coumaric acids from the walls of barley and ryegrass together with other u.v. absorbing compounds, whereas the compounds released by the second alkali treatment did not include these two acids. The treatment with alkali did not release either ferulic acid or p‐coumaric acid from the walls of lucerne and the amounts of other u.v. absorbing compounds that were released were much smaller.
A study of the variability of the endogenous energy output by adult roosters and a determination of the available energy of nine different feedstuffs
Authors: Campbell L. D. , Jacobsen I. , Eggum B. O. , Just A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe variability of energy excretion by adult roosters starved for 24 h or force‐fedvarying levels of dextrose following a 24‐h fast was studied in three separate balance trials. A fourth balance trial was conducted to determine the available energy content of several feedstuffs. Dry matter and energy excretion were measured in the first three trials and available energy was determined as true metabolisable energy (TME) for adult roosters and as apparent metabolisable energy (AME) corrected to zero nitrogen retention for growing rats and pigs in the fourth trial. A significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation (r=0.81) between body weight (range 1.9–2.8 kg) of roosters and energy excretion was observed. Energy excretion by roosters tended to vary with the level of dextrose force‐fed and the calculation of TME of dextrose produced values equal to its gross energy at high (50–60 g) levels of intake. The TME content of nine feedstuffs varying in chemical composition are given and compared with AME values determined with rats and pigs.
Relationships between labile‐P, NAHCO3‐soluble P, and mobilisation of non‐labile P in soils treated with inorganic phosphate fertilisers and organic manures
Authors: Brookes Philip C. , Mattingly Geoffrey E. G. , White Rodger P. , Mitchell J. Douglas D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWeighted‐mean L‐values and uptakes of P by plants were determined using ryegrass grown in a controlled environment on soils obtained from long‐term field experiments at Rothamsted (Batcombe and Winchester soil series), Woburn (Stackyard and Cottenham series) and Saxmundham (Beccles series) given different organic and inorganic manurial treatments. Linear regression analysis showed that, under the experimental conditions used, (small soil volume, weekly additions of all nutrients other than P) initial soil NaHCO3‐soluble P accounted for more than 95% of the variance of plant‐P uptake and weighted‐mean L‐values. The relationships between NaHCO3‐soluble P, plant‐P uptakes and weighted‐mean L‐values (labile P) were all independent of soil type and form of P fertiliser applied. In most soils, L‐values increased with increasing cut number, and the rate of increase was linearly related to initial soil NaHCO3‐soluble P, suggesting that NaHCO3‐P measurements may provide useful information on the availability of initially non‐isotopically exchangeable soil‐P reserves. The plants removed about 68% more P from the soils than was measured as initially NaHCO3‐soluble and about one‐half the labile soil‐P. Labile soil‐P was 3.5 times greater than initial NaHCO3‐soluble P. The initial soil NaHCO3‐soluble P required to provide at least 95% of maximum yield increased with increasing cut number (from 37 mg P kg−1 soil at cut 1 to 160 mg P kg−1 soil at cut 4), probably because the NaHCO3‐P pool was replenished more slowly than P was removed by the plants.
Response of grassland to the application of sulphur at two sites in north‐east scotland
Authors: Scott Norman M. , Watson Marion E. , Caldwell Kynoch S. , Inkson Robert H. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of sulphur fertilisation on yield and herbage composition was investigated in two successive years at two grassland sites, one with ryegrass and one with ryegrass/ clover, where the available sulphur in the soil was less than 10 mg kg−1. When supplies of N, P and K were not limiting, herbage yields increased with added sulphur at both sites, particularly at the second and third cuts and in the second year. Sulphur additions also increased the concentrations of total S and SO4−2−S in the crop, and reduced the N:S ratio. The figures for these parameters in herbage from control plots confirmed that low yields in the presence of normal nitrogen fertilisation were probably caused by sulphur deficiency.
Solubilisation and characterisation of wheat gluten proteins: Correlations between the amount of aggregated proteins and baking quality
Authors: Field J. Michael , Shewry Peter R. , Miflin Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA comparison was made of the effectiveness of various solvents in extracting protein from wheat gluten. The best proved to be 0.055m cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide‐6m urea‐0.01m acetic acid. When extracts were separated on columns of controlledpore glass, with a nominal exclusion limit of 1.2 × 106 daltons for molecules in the extended form, two peaks were obtained termed F1 and F2. F1 was excluded from the column and contained material which was stable in the absence of reducing agent but was markedly reduced in size in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol. SDS‐PAGE showed that F1 was enriched in high molecular weight polypeptides (about 100 000 daltons) and also contained polypeptides with molecular weights in the range 30 000–45 000. F2 consisted almost entirely of polypeptides with molecular weights of less than 50 000. The ratio of F1 :F2 in different varieties varied from 0.1 to 0.58 and this variation was correlated with the NIAB potential breadmaking quality score. However, there did not appear to be any difference between the total amounts of high molecular weight polypeptides in a poor and a good breadmaking variety.
Folate content of various Nigerian foods
Authors: Huq Razia S. , Abalaka Joseph A. , Stafford Winnie L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVarious raw and processed food items commonly consumed in three selected communities around Zaria, in northern Nigeria, have been examined for their folate contents using Lactobacillus casei. The folate levels of most of the foodstuffs were low. The estimated folate intake by individuals consuming these foodstuffs, calculated on a normal three‐meals‐a‐day basis, was less than recommended daily intake levels.
Autolysis of mimosine to 3‐hydroxy‐4‐1(h)pyridone in green tissues of Leucaena leucocephala
Authors: Lowry J. Brian , Maryanto  , Tangendjaja Budi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEnzymes present in Leucaena leucocephala can rapidly degrade mimosine to 3‐hydroxy‐4‐1(H)pyridone (DHP). At 45°C, half of the mimosine in macerated leaves is degraded in 4 min. This activity is confined to leaflets and lamina of the young pod, although mimosine also occurs in other tissues. Simple processing can give a leaf meal largely free from minosine, or can break down most of the mimosine in pods used as human food; the problem then becomes that of the toxicity of DHP. Leaf autolysis can be utilised to prepare DHP.
Increased drying rate of cut lucerne (alfalfa) with alkali metal carbonate solutions
Authors: Johnson Timothy R. , Thomas J. William 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpray treatment of cut lucerne (alfalfa) with 0.2m solutions containing carbonates of the alkali metal group increased mean dry matter content and drying rates above an untreated control. Dry matter content of lucerne sprayed with carbonates of caesium, rubidium or potassium was greater than that of lucerne treated with solutions containing sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate or left as untreated control, throughout the drying period. Drying rates at any given water content between 2.5 and 0.5 were also greatest for lucerne treated with solutions containing caesium, rubidium or potassium carbonate. Mean drying rate of lucerne sprayed with alkali metals was positively related to their ionic radius and increased from lithium to caesium.
Assessment of nitrogen status of soils for cereal crops: Use of plant and soil analysis to diagnose nitrogen status of spring barley
Authors: O'Neill Eileen J. , Batey Thomas , Cresser Malcolm S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe results of field experiments with spring barley at two locations in 1978 and 1979 were used to evaluate early season measurement of soil mineral N, plant N and chlorophyll, and nitrogen stress as indicators of straw and grain yields and N uptake at maturity. A new definition of N stress based upon rates of N uptake is proposed. Plant N and chlorophyll contents early in the season were positively related (P< 0.001) to final N uptake. Early season N stress (based on growth rate) was negatively related (mainly P< 0.001) to grain yield and, less strongly, to N uptake. There appeared to be some advantage in using rate of N uptake rather than growth rate to define N stress for the purpose of predicting crop final N uptake.
An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for total glycoalkaloids in potato tubers
Authors: Morgan Michael R. A. , McNerney Ruth , Matthew Jennifer A. , Coxon David T. , Chan Henry W.‐S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn antiserum raised against a solanine‐bovine serum albumin conjugate has been characterised and shown to be specific for the glycoalkaloids found in commercially available potatoes. The antiserum has been employed at high dilution in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the glycoalkaloids. The assay is sensitive and precise and has many advantages over alternative procedures currently employed. Potato sample preparation is minimal and no recovery factors are required.
Improvement of nutritional value of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by autoclaving or extraction
Authors: Wyckoff Sheri , Vohra Pran , Kratzer F. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLarval weight of Tribolium castaneum was used to evaluate six varieties of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Beans incorporated into test diets were raw, autoclaved, or extracted with either water or 80% methanol. All treatments improved the nutritional quality of beans when compared to raw beans. The bean extracts were growth depressing. In another study heating of the freeze‐dried water extract of black beans improved its nutritive value but not of the methanol extract. Tribolium castaneum larvae may be used to evaluate the nutritional quality of Phaseolus vulgaris and different bean treatments.
A survey of styrene monomer levels in foods and plastic packaging by coupled mass spectrometry—automatic headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Gilbert John , Startin James R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn extensive UK survey of styrene monomer levels in styrene based plastic packaging materials and their contained foods (133 samples) has been carried out, examining a wide range of retail foods of different brand names and including yogurts, creams, salads, coleslaws, soft cheeses, margarines, hot and cold beverages from dispensing machines, spreads, fresh and cooked meats, candied fruits, fresh strawberries, and take‐away ‘fast’ foods. Analysis by headspace gas chromatography of styrene levels in the plastic containers showed levels of monomer ranging from 16 to 1300 mg kg−1 although the majority of containers (73%) had styrene levels in the range 100–500 mg kg−1 and only five plastic tubs had levels exceeding 1000 mg kg−1. Analysis of the food contents of the plastic containers by automated headspace gas chromatography with single ion monitoring mass spectrometric detection showed levels of the monomer ranging from < 1 μg kg−1 to 200 μg kg−1, although the majority of foods (77%) had styrene levels below 10 μg kg−1, and 26% of the total number analysed had levels below 1 μg kg−1.
Protein degradation in the rumen of sheep and cattle
Authors: Siddons Rodney C. , Paradine John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSheep and steers were given, at a maintenance level of feeding, four diets consisting of either poor quality dried grass, good quality dried grass or separate mixtures (63:35) of each of the dried grasses and barley. Ammonia and total N concentrations in rumen liquor were significantly higher in sheep than in steers whereas total volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly lower and protein N concentration, pH and rumen fluid dilution rate did not differ significantly between species. For all rumen measurements, except total volatile fatty acid concentration, there were significant differences between diets with the dietary responses being similar in both species. Protein degrading activity in the rumen was measured in vitro with casein as the substrate and in situ by measuring N disappearance when soyabean meal, cotton seed meal, groundnut meal, meat and bone meal, fish meal and dried grass were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen. Casein degrading activity of rumen liquor did not differ significantly between species, whereas rumen in‐situ degradation of all feedstuffs, except fish meal, was significantly higher in sheep. In both species, ruminal casein degrading activity was higher when the good quality forage was given than when the poor quality forage was given and also increased when part of each forage was replaced by barley. In contrast, rumen in‐situ degradability of feedstuffs did not differ when the two all‐forage diets were given and the inclusion of barley in the diet reduced the rate of degradation. In both species and with all diets the rumen in‐situ degradability ranking of the feedstuffs was similar.
Studies on keeping quality of ghari prepared from cow and buffalo milk
Authors: Khader Vijaya , Bhavana Desai B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGhari prepared from cow and buffalo milk stored at room temperature was found to be acceptable for 2 weeks, whereas refrigerated ghari remained acceptable for 4 weeks. Acidity increased and iodine value decreased on storage but no significant difference was observed between the temperature treatments. Saponification value remained constant throughout the study. The increase in peroxide value was directly proportional to storage time and temperature. Cow ghari had a higher unsaturated fatty acids content but it declined as the storage time increased. No adverse changes were observed in the fatty acids in ghari samples stored at two different temperatures for a period of 4 weeks.