bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genes associated with the tumour microenvironment are differentially expressed in curedversusprimary chemotherapy‐refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Linderoth Johan , Edén Patrik , Ehinger Mats , Valcich Jeanette , Jerkeman Mats , Bendahl Pär‐Ola , Berglund Mattias , Enblad Gunilla , Erlanson Martin , Roos Göran , Cavallin‐Ståhl Eva 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn order to identify genes associated with primary chemotherapy‐resistance, gene expression profiles (GEP) in tumour tissue from 37 patients with de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), stage II–IV, either in continuous complete remission (n = 24) or with progressive disease during primary treatment (n = 13), were examined using spotted 55K oligonucleotide arrays. Immunohistochemistry was used for confirmation at the protein level. The top 86 genes that best discriminated between the two cohorts were chosen for further analysis. Only seven of 86 genes were overexpressed in the refractory cohort, e.g.RABGGTBandPOLE, both potential targets for drug intervention. Seventy‐nine of 86 genes were overexpressed in the cured cohort and mainly coded for proteins expressed in the tumour microenvironment, many of them involved in proteolytic activity and remodelling of extra cellular matrix. Furthermore, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules,CD3DandICAM1were overexpressed, indicating an enhanced immunological reaction. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the GEP results. The frequency of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, macrophages, and reactive cells expressing ICAM‐1, lysozyme, cathepsin D, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, and galectin‐3 was higher in the cured cohort. These findings indicate that a reactive microenvironment has an impact on the outcome of chemotherapy in DLBCL.
Induction of gamma‐globin gene transcription by hydroxycarbamide in primary erythroid cell cultures from Lepore patients
Authors: Calzolari Roberta , Pecoraro Alice , Borruso Vito , Troia Antonio , Acuto Santina , Maggio Aurelio , Di Marzo Rosalba 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIncreased expression of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) may ameliorate the clinical course of beta‐thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Some pharmacological agents, such as hydroxycarbamide (HC), can increase fetal haemoglobin synthesis during adult life. Cellular selection and/or molecular mechanisms have been proposed to account for this increase. To explore the mechanism of action of HC we focused on homozygous Hb‐Lepore patients that presented with high fetal haemoglobin levels and were good responders to HC treatment “in vivo”. We performed primary erythroid cultures from peripheral blood of four homozygous Lepore patients. The increase in HBG (γ‐globin) transcription levels and HbF content in these cultures, after HC treatment, were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis and flow cytometric analysis. Primary transcript “in‐situ” hybridization analysis showed a 2‐fold increase in the number of cells expressing both HBG alleles in HC‐treated erythroid cultures. These studies, demonstrating the larger number of biallelic HBG expressing cells, suggest that HC is able to stimulate the activation of HBG transcription. These observations provide evidences that the molecular mechanism of action is involved in the increase of fetal haemoglobin production by HC.
Hypoxia inducible factor‐alpha activation in lymphoma and relationship to the thioredoxin family
Authors: Evens Andrew M. , Schumacker Paul T. , Helenowski Irene B. , Singh Amareshwar T. K. , Dokic Danijela , Keswani Anjeni , Kordeluk Elizabeth , Raji Adekunle , Winter Jane N. , Jovanovic Borko D. , Holmgren Arne , Nelson Beverly P. , Gordon Leo I. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryHypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) activate oncogenic pathways, while thioredoxins (Trx), including Trx1 and Trx reductases‐1 and ‐2 (TrxR1 and TrxR2), promote HIF‐α stabilization. In immunoblotting studies in lymphoma cell lines we found that Raji and SUDHL4 cells exhibited normoxic HIF‐2α protein stabilization. Five cell lines showed increased TrxR1 expression, while only Namalwa, HF1 and SUDHL4 had Trx1 and TrxR2 activation. Tissue microarrays in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) identified different HIF expression among histological subgroups (e.g. 44% DLBCL vs. 11% of FL cases with moderate‐to‐high expression of HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α, P = 0·0017). These data demonstrate that HIF and the thioredoxin family are abnormally activated in lymphoma.
Sporadic bloody diarrhoea‐associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐haemolytic uraemic syndrome: an adult and paediatric comparison
Authors: Karpac Charity A. , Li Xiaoning , Terrell Deirdra R. , Kremer Hovinga Johanna A. , Lämmle Bernhard , Vesely Sara K. , George James N. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAlthough diarrhoea‐associated haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children is well described, the clinical features of bloody diarrhoea‐associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)‐HUS in adults are not documented. Twenty‐one adults, 6·5% of the 322 adults in The Oklahoma TTP–HUS Registry, 1989–2006, have presented with bloody diarrhoea. There were no case clusters. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified in five patients, but many patients did not have appropriate studies. The annual incidence was 0·68/106, 10‐fold less than the incidence of diarrhoea‐associated HUS in children in Oklahoma. Two (13%) of 16 patients in whom ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with a ThromboSpondin type 1 motif, member 13) was measured had <10% activity. Severe neurological abnormalities (67%) and renal failure (62%) were common; seven patients (33%) died; no survivors have relapsed. Compared to the 38 other Oklahoma Registry patients with ADAMTS13 <10%, frequency of severe neurological abnormalities and death was not different; frequency of renal failure was greater; frequency of relapse was less. Compared to 5999 children with sporadic diarrhoea‐associated HUS in published reports, frequency of renal failure and relapse was not different; frequency of severe neurological abnormalities and death was greater (P < 0·05 for all differences). Awareness of the continuous occurrence of sporadic bloody diarrhoea‐associated TTP–HUS in adults is important for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
Serum levels of adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein (AFABP) are increased in chronic haemodialysis (CD)
Authors: Sommer Grit , Ziegelmeier Michaela , Bachmann Anette , Kralisch Susan , Lossner Ulrike , Kratzsch Jürgen , Blüher Matthias , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias 
Published: April 2008

SummaryObjective  Adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein (AFABP) was recently introduced as an adipocyte‐expressed factor, serum levels of which independently correlate with the development of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in humans. In the current study, we investigated renal elimination of this protein by comparing circulating AFABP levels in patients on chronic haemodialysis (CD) with controls. We hypothesized that if renal filtration is a significant route of elimination of AFABP, it would accumulate in CD patients.Patients and measurements  AFABP was determined by ELISA in control (n = 60) and CD (n = 60) patients and correlated to clinical and biochemical measures of renal function, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation, in both groups.Results  Median serum AFABP levels were more than 10‐fold higher in CD patients (510·9 ± 294·7 µg/l) as compared to controls (44·3 ± 35·2 µg/l). Furthermore, CD independently predicted AFABP concentrations in multiple regression analysis. In addition, body mass index and free fatty acids were independently associated with circulating AFABP.Conclusions  Renal filtration appears as an important route of elimination of AFABP. Future studies should elucidate whether this adipocyte‐expressed factor contributes to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease found in end‐stage renal disease.
Genetic structure and demographic history of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations from the southern Balkans
Authors: APOSTOLIDIS APOSTOLOS P. , MADEIRA MARIA‐JOSE , HANSEN MICHAEL M. , MACHORDOM ANNIE 
Published: April 2008

Summary1. The present study was designed to characterize the genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations from the southern Balkans and to assess the spread of non‐native strains and their introgression into native trout gene pools. We analysed polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci in seven supposedly non‐admixed and three stocked brown trout populations.2. The analyses confirmed the absence of immigration and extraordinarily strong genetic differentiation among the seven non‐introgressed populations in parallel with low levels of intrapopulation genetic variability. In contrast, analyses of the stocked populations revealed that the genetic integrity of the local populations had been substantially changed, and the populations must be characterized as hybrid swarms. The pattern of population differentiation observed at microsatellites contrasted to that depicted previously by mtDNA variation. However, the close relationships between populations from the Danube and Axios river systems proposed solely by microsatellites could be explained by palaeogeographic events.3. Our research showed that most of the populations examined represent unique gene pools, whose existence is critically compromised. Therefore, appropriate management and conservation strategies should be developed urgently in order to protect the subspecific biodiversity and to reverse currently negative trends.
Non‐lethal effects of invertebrate predators on Daphnia: morphological and life‐history consequences of water mite kairomone
Authors: CARTER MAURICIO J. , VEGA‐RETTER CAREN , RAMOS‐JILIBERTO RODRIGO 
Published: April 2008

Summary1. Here, we report morphological and life‐historical changes in the cladoceran Daphnia ambigua in response to chemical cues released by the predatory water mite Piona chilensis. Both species are common inhabitants of southern temperate lakes.2. We found significant differences in adult body size at first, second and third reproduction. Also, individuals exposed to kairomones had longer tail spines at first reproduction, and the resultant offspring had smaller bodies and shorter tail spines.3. Exposure to mite cues did not exert effects on brood size at first reproduction, but decreased offspring number in subsequent broods. Similarly, only the second and third reproduction events were delayed by kairomone exposure.4. The intrinsic population growth rate of predator‐induced animals was lower than that in controls, but simulations based on a parameterized matrix model showed that the fitness costs could be overcome if the reported phenotypic responses reduced predation rate moderately. The gain in protection from predators needed to cancel out the reduction in fitness associated with predator cues was directly related to juvenile survival and fertility, and inversely related to adult survival.5. This is the first work reporting phenotypic plasticity in Cladocera in response to kairomones released by water mites, which are conspicuous predators in many austral fresh waters.
Critically classifying: UK e‐government website benchmarking and the recasting of the citizen as customer
Authors: Mosse Benjamin , Whitley Edgar A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn recent years, discussion of the provision of government services has paid particular attention to notions of customer choice and improved service delivery. However, there appears to be marked shift in the relationship between the citizen and the state moving from government being responsive to the needs of citizens to viewing citizens explicitly as customers. This paper argues that this change is being accelerated by government use of techniques like benchmarking, which have been widely used in the private sector. To illustrate this point, the paper focuses on the adoption of website benchmarking techniques by the public sector. The paper argues that the essence of these benchmarking technologies, a process comprised of both finding and producing truth, is fundamentally based on the act of classifying and draws on Martin Heidegger's etymological enquiry to reinterpret classification as a dynamic movement towards order that both creates and obfuscates truth. In so doing, it demonstrates how Heidegger's seminal ideas can be adapted for critical social research by showing that technology is more than an instrument as it has epistemic implications for what counts as truth. This stance is used as the basis for understanding empirical work reporting on a UK government website benchmarking project. Our analysis identifies the means involved in producing the classifications inherent in such benchmarking projects and relates these to the more general move that is recasting the relationship between the citizen and the state, and increasingly blurring the boundaries between the state and the private sector. Recent developments in other attempts by the UK government to use private‐sector technologies and approaches indicate ways in which this move might be challenged.
Antifungal activity of fatty acids and their monoglycerides against Fusarium spp. in a laboratory medium
Authors: Altieri Clelia , Bevilacqua Antonio , Cardillo Daniela , Sinigaglia Milena 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe antifungal activity of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids and their monoglycerides against fusaria was investigated. Data were modelled through a re‐parameterized Gompertz equation and the Minimum Detection Time (MDT), i.e. the time (days) to attain 1 cm colony diameter, was evaluated. Lauric acid exerted a strong bioactivity against moulds; palmitic and myristic acids and their monoglycerides showed a moderate effectiveness and in a reversible manner. The results of this work could be considered quite promising; however, further investigations are proposed to validate these data in foods.
The role of volatile compounds on aroma and flavour perception in coloured raw carrot genotypes
Authors: Kreutzmann Stine , Thybo Anette K. , Edelenbos Merete , Christensen Lars P. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryQuantitative analyses of volatile compounds isolated from raw carrots were combined with sensory analysis in order to identify the role of these compounds on aroma and flavour perception in coloured carrots. A sensory map of carrots with different colours was developed, the content of the isolated volatiles was determined and the role of these compounds for harsh flavour perception in raw coloured carrots was evaluated using multivariate data analysis. The sensory map showed that the coloured carrots formed distinct groups within the sensory profile. The orange genotypes were characterised by having significantly higher intensities in carrot flavour and aroma, while the reverse was true for the yellow genotypes. The purple genotype was characterised by having significantly higher intensity in sickenly sweet flavour and nutty flavour, and the red genotype was characterised by having significantly higher intensities in green aroma and flavour, bitterness and burning aftertaste. From the multivariate data analysis it was concluded that the isolated terpenes do correlate to the harsh flavour attributes.
Tree species range shifts at a continental scale: new predictive insights from a process‐based model
Authors: Morin Xavier , Viner David , Chuine Isabelle 
Published: April 2008

Summary

Climate change has already caused distribution shifts in many species, and climate predictions strongly suggest that these will accelerate in the future. Obtaining reliable predictions of species range shifts under climate change is thus currently one of the most crucial challenges for both ecologists and stakeholders.
Here we simulate the distributions of 16 North American tree species at a continental scale for the 21st century according to two IPCC storylines, using a process‐based species distribution model that for the first time allows identification of the possible causes of distribution change.
Our projections show local extinctions in the south of species ranges (21% of the present distribution, on average), and colonizations of new habitats in the north, though these are limited by dispersal ability for most species. Areas undergoing local extinctions are slightly larger under climate scenario A2 (+3.2 C, +22% on average) than B2 (+1.0 C, +19% on average). This small difference is caused by nonlinear responses of processes (leaves and flowers phenological processes in particular) to temperature. We also show that local extinction may proceed at a slower rate than forecasted so far.
Although predicted distribution shifts are very species‐specific, we show that the loss of habitats southward will be mostly due to increased drought mortality and decreased reproductive success, while northward colonizations will be primarily promoted by increased probability of fruit ripening and flower frost survival.
Synthesis. Our results show that different species will not face the same risks due to climate change, because their responses to climate differ as well as their dispersal rate. Focusing on processes, our study therefore tempers the alarming conclusions of widely used niche‐based models about biodiversity loss, mainly because our predictions take into account the local adaptation and trait plasticity to climate of the species.
Rainfall effects on rare annual plants
Authors: Levine Jonathan M. , McEachern A. Kathryn , Cowan Clark 
Published: April 2008

Summary

Variation in climate is predicted to increase over much of the planet this century. Forecasting species persistence with climate change thus requires understanding of how populations respond to climate variability, and the mechanisms underlying this response. Variable rainfall is well known to drive fluctuations in annual plant populations, yet the degree to which population response is driven by between‐year variation in germination cueing, water limitation or competitive suppression is poorly understood.
We used demographic monitoring and population models to examine how three seed banking, rare annual plants of the California Channel Islands respond to natural variation in precipitation and their competitive environments. Island plants are particularly threatened by climate change because their current ranges are unlikely to overlap regions that are climatically favourable in the future.
Species showed 9 to 100‐fold between‐year variation in plant density over the 5–12 years of censusing, including a severe drought and a wet El Niño year. During the drought, population sizes were low for all species. However, even in non‐drought years, population sizes and per capita growth rates showed considerable temporal variation, variation that was uncorrelated with total rainfall. These population fluctuations were instead correlated with the temperature after the first major storm event of the season, a germination cue for annual plants.
Temporal variation in the density of the focal species was uncorrelated with the total vegetative cover in the surrounding community, suggesting that variation in competitive environments does not strongly determine population fluctuations. At the same time, the uncorrelated responses of the focal species and their competitors to environmental variation may favour persistence via the storage effect.
Population growth rate analyses suggested differential endangerment of the focal annuals. Elasticity analyses and life table response experiments indicated that variation in germination has the same potential as the seeds produced per germinant to drive variation in population growth rates, but only the former was clearly related to rainfall.
Synthesis. Our work suggests that future changes in the timing and temperatures associated with the first major rains, acting through germination, may more strongly affect population persistence than changes in season‐long rainfall.
Rhizobial mediation of Acacia adaptation to soil salinity: evidence of underlying trade‐offs and tests of expected patterns
Authors: Thrall Peter H. , Bever James D. , Slattery Jo F. 
Published: April 2008

Summary

The ecological importance of host–soil symbiont associations for plant community structure and dynamics has been recently highlighted, particularly with regard to ecological and evolutionary responses along environmental gradients.
We used a range of native Australian shrubby legumes (Acacia spp.) and associated root‐nodule forming bacteria (rhizobia) in laboratory and glasshouse studies to investigate the ecology of Acacia–rhizobial interactions with respect to soil salinity, a major environmental stressor in many parts of the world.
Analysis of laboratory growth data provided clear evidence of a trade‐off in that growth rate of individual rhizobial isolates was reduced with increasing salt tolerance in culture.
A large replicated glasshouse inoculation trial using 40 strains of rhizobia and nine species of Acacia that varied in their ability to grow in saline soils found strong evidence of host specificity, but neither the average growth promotion of host plants nor the specificity of growth promotion was related to salt tolerance of the isolates.
In a second glasshouse experiment, we used a subset of salt‐sensitive and salt‐tolerant rhizobia and six Acacia species to evaluate performance and symbiotic effectiveness across different levels of soil salinity. Overall, we found no evidence of a relationship between rhizobial salt‐tolerance (as measured in the laboratory) and impact on host growth performance, either in saline or non‐saline soils, and there was no evidence that salt‐tolerant rhizobia perform better in more saline environments.
Synthesis. More salt tolerant Acacia spp. were less responsive in growth to rhizobial inoculation than salt sensitive hosts, implying that evolution towards reduced dependence on the symbiosis may facilitate adaptation to salt, raising a general question regarding the extent to which shifts in dependence on microbial symbionts underlies plant adaptation to other environmental gradients.