bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of death in the Kasekela chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Williams J. M. , Lonsdorf E. V. , Wilson M. L. , Schumacher‐Stankey J. , Goodall J. , Pusey A. E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUnderstanding the rates and causes of mortality in wild chimpanzee populations has important implications for a variety of fields, including wildlife conservation and human evolution. Because chimpanzees are long‐lived, accurate mortality data requires very long‐term studies. Here, we analyze 47 years of data on the Kasekela community in Gombe National Park. Community size fluctuated between 38 and 60, containing 60 individuals in 2006. From records on 220 chimpanzees and 130 deaths, we found that the most important cause of mortality in the Kasekela community was illness (58% of deaths with known cause), followed by intraspecific aggression (20% of deaths with known cause). Previous studies at other sites also found that illness was the primary cause of mortality and that some epidemic disease could be traced to humans. As at other study sites, most deaths due to illness occurred during epidemics, and the most common category of disease was respiratory. Intraspecific lethal aggression occurred within the community, including the killing of infants by both males and females, and among adult males during the course of dominance‐related aggression. Aggression between communities resulted in the deaths of at least five adult males and two adult females in the Kasekela and Kahama communities. The frequency of intercommunity violence appears to vary considerably among sites and over time. Intercommunity lethal aggression involving the Kasekela community was observed most frequently during two periods. Other less common causes of death included injury, loss of mother, maternal disability, and poaching. Am. J. Primatol. 70:766–777, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water sorption characteristics in moderately hydrophilic polymers, Part 1: Effect of polar groups concentration and temperature in water sorption in aromatic polysulfones
Authors: Gaudichet‐Maurin E. , Thominette F. , Verdu J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe water equilibrium concentration has been determined for three aromatic polysulfones differentiated essentially by the sulfone concentration, in the 0–0.9 activity range, at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70°C, using a dynamic vapor sorption apparatus. In all the cases, Henry's law was obeyed. The corresponding solubility S and heat of dissolution Hs were determined and their relationships with structure were investigated. The fact that S increases nonlinearly with the sulfone concentration and that Hs is also an increasing function of the latter leads one to abandon classical approaches to polymer–water interactions and propose a model in which water is doubly bonded. Then, S depends on the distribution of distances between polar groups, characterized by a function P(r) and Hs depends on both P(r) and the hydrogen bond potential U(r). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of a poly(acrylic acid)‐graft‐methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) comblike copolymer
Authors: Luo Yanling , Ran Qianping , Wu Shishan , Shen Jian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MPEO) grafted poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) comblike copolymer was synthesized by the direct condensation of MPEO onto the PAA backbone in the presence of dicyclohexyl dimethylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Its chemical structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR spectroscopies. The effects of different catalysts, solvents, reaction temperatures, and reaction times on the grafting degree of the PAA‐g‐MPEO comblike copolymer were investigated. Compared to p‐toluene sulfonic acid, DMAP/DCC as a catalyst markedly increased the grafting degree. The optimum reaction conditions were a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture solvent, a reaction temperature of 50°C, and a reaction time of 168 h. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Evaluation of headspace‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of benzene in vitamin C drinks; pitfalls of headspace in benzene detection
Authors: Ju Hyun Kyoung , Park Jeong Hill , Kwon Sung Won 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRecently, there have been reports regarding the presence of benzene in vitamin C drinks. This is caused by sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which can react together to induce benzene formation. While the headspace gas chromatography method is well known for the detection of benzene, there could be pitfalls in the process of benzene extraction. This study was performed to check if benzene could be generated under high‐temperature incubation conditions. As a result, the amount of benzene detected by headspace‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HSGC/MS) was affected by temperature changes. As the temperature of the sample vial was increased, newly generated benzene from the headspace also increased, causing false‐positive determination of benzene. Although 80°C is generally accepted for the temperature of headspace sample vials, lower temperatures, such as 40°C, minimize the false‐positive identification of benzene. Considering that this minimization allows benzene to be quantified at around 5 ppb, this lower temperature should definitely be considered since benzene, which is formed in sodium benzoate, can appear in vitamin C drinks under certain circumstances. The proposed analysis method of benzene in vitamin C drinks by HSGC/MS at 40°C is an accurate and universal method for the monitoring of benzene without false‐positive identification. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycosaminoglycan in cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem of young sheep brain with particular reference to compositional and structural variations of chondroitin–dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan
Authors: Kilia Virginia , Skandalis Spyros S. , Theocharis Achilleas D. , Theocharis Dimitrios A. , Karamanos Nikos K. , Papageorgakopoulou Nickoletta 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRecent advances in the structural biology of chondroitin sulfate chains have suggested important biological functions in the development of the brain. Several studies have demonstrated that the composition of chondroitin sulfate chains changes with aging and normal brain maturation. In this study, we determined the concentration of all glycosaminoglycan types, i.e. chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin in cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem of young sheep brain. In all cases, chondroitin sulfate was the predominant glycosaminoglycan type, comprising about 54–58% of total glycosaminoglycans, with hyaluronan being present also in significant amounts of about 19–28%. Of particular interest was the increased presence of the disulfated disaccharides and dermatan sulfate in cerebellum and brainstem, respectively, as well as the detectable and measurable occurrence of chondroitin in young sheep brain. Among the three brain areas, cerebrum was found to be significantly richer in chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan, two major extracellular matrix components. These findings imply that the extracellular matrix of the cerebrum is different from those of cerebellum and brainstem, and probably this fact is related to the particular histological and functional characteristics of each anatomic area of the brain. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization, validation and application of a method for the determination of trichloroethylene in rat plasma by headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Yongzhen , Muralidhara Srinivasa , Bruckner James V. , Bartlett Michael G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTrichloroethylene (TCE) is a small halogenated compound that has been used extensively as a metal degreaser and a solvent for the past 100 years. As a result of its widespread use, TCE can be found in the groundwater of about one‐third of the hazardous waste sites on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List. Human exposure to TCE in the environmental media is of concern because TCE has been found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. This paper describes the development and validation of a HS‐SPME‐GC/MS method for determination of TCE in rat plasma. The effects of different parameters such as sample volume, extraction and desorption conditions, fiber positions and salt addition were investigated and optimized. The method is rapid, simple, sensitive and requires a very small sample volume. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.25 ng/mL and correlation coefficient (r2) values for the linear range of 0.25–100 ng/mL were 0.996 or greater. The precision and accuracy for intra‐day and inter‐day were better than 8.0%. This validated method was successfully applied to study the toxicokinetic behavior of TCE following low levels of oral administration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of clonidine with LLOQ of 10 pg/mL in human plasma
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Kandikere Vishwottam , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Komarneni Prashanth 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography–positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of clonidine in human plasma. Following liquid–liquid extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse‐phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 230 to 44 for clonidine and m/z 254 to 44 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 10–2000 pg/mL for clonidine in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 10 pg/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 6.8%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 250 human plasma samples per day. The validated method was successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic methods for biotransformation studies of ochratoxin A
Authors: Schaut A. , Saeger S. De , Sergent T. , Schneider Y.‐J. , Larondelle Y. , Pussemier L. , Blank R. , Peteghem C. Van 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLiquid chromatographic methods were used for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its metabolites ochratoxin alpha (OTα), 10‐hydroxy OTA (10‐OHOTA), 4R‐hydroxy OTA (4R‐OHOTA) and the ethyl ester of OTA (OTC) in in vitro samples, obtained with Caco‐2 cell culture experiments and in in vivo urine samples from sheep. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FLD) and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method were developed and validated for the detection of OTA and its metabolites OTα, 10‐OHOTA, 4R‐OHOTA and OTC, which was used as internal standard. The LOD/LOQ values for OTα, 4R‐OHOTA and OTA were 0.63/2.11, 0.99/3.31 and 0.84/2.81 µg/L, respectively, for the HPLC‐FLD method and 0.98/3.28, 1.11/3.72 and 0.88/2.96 µg/L, respectively for the LC‐MS/MS method. Within‐day and between‐day precision were both <12% for the HPLC‐FLD method, and <10% for the LC‐MS/MS method. The recovery of OTA and its metabolites ranged between 71 and 111% for the HPLC‐FLD method and between 79 and 110 % for the LC‐MS/MS method. In the first experiment only OTA was added to the Caco‐2 cells while in the second experiment 3‐methylcholanthrene (3MC) was also present in the cell culture systems. Besides OTA, which was recovered in all the samples, an unknown compound was also observed in the second experiment. When 3MC was added, the results showed that the OTA concentration in the basolateral samples was decreased by 50%. The methods were also implemented for the analysis of urine samples of sheep, fed increasing amounts of OTA. With the HPLC‐FLD method it could be concluded that the concentration of OTA and OTα increased according to ingested amounts of OTA, with OTα being the most abundant compound. The results obtained with the LC‐MS/MS method confirmed these results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of sodium cromoglycate in human plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass
Authors: Liu Xiao‐yan , Qu Ting‐ting , Wang Ben‐jie , Wei Chun‐min , Yuan Gui‐yan , Zhang Rui , Guo Rui‐chen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in human plasma after a nasal dose of 10.4 mg sodium cromoglycate nasal spray, using pravastatin sodium as the internal standard. The method was validated over a linear range of 0.300–20.0 ng/mL. SCG and I.S. were extracted from 1.0 mL of heparinized plasma by C18 solid‐phase extraction cartridges using methanol as eluting solvent. The dried residue was reconstituted with 100 µL of mobile phase, and 10 µL was injected onto the LC–MS/MS system. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) with a mobile phase of methanol–acetonitrile–water (containing 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate; 42.5:42.5:15, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The analytes were detected with a triple quad LC‐MS/MS using ESI with positive ionization. Ions monitored in the multiple reaction monitoring mode were m/z 469.0 (precursor ion) to m/z 245.0 (product ion) for SCG and m/z 447.2 (precursor ion) to m/z327.1 (product ion) for pravastatin sodium (internal standard) The average recovery of SCG from human plasma was 94.88% and the lower limit of quantitation was 0.3 ng/mL. Results from a 3‐day validation study demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy across the calibration range of 0.3–20 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of SCG in healthy Chinese volunteers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of major xanthones and steroidal saponins in rat urine by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry technology following oral administration of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction
Authors: Ma Chunhui , Wang Longxing , Tang Yihong , Fan Mingsong , Xiao Hongbin , Huang Chenggang 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRhizoma Anemarrhenae (Zhimu in Chinese), the dried rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. (Fam. Liliaceae), is a well‐known traditional Chinese medicinal herb and has been used clinically in China for centuries to cure various diseases. However, like other traditional Chinese medicines, the effective constituents of this medicine, especially the assimilation and metabolites in vivo, which are very important to show their effects, have not been systematically studied. In this paper, solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry technologies were used to study the constituents absorbed into rat urine and their metabolites after oral administration of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction. A total of 11 compounds, including two xanthones, three of their metabolites and six steroidal saponins, were identified in rat urine sample. They were neomangiferin (1), glucuronide and monomethyl conjugate of mangiferin (2), mangiferin (3), monomethyl conjugate of mangiferin (4), dimethyl conjugate of mangiferin (5), timosaponin N or timosaponin E1 (6), timosaponin BII (7), timosaponin BIII (8), anemarrhenasaponin I or anemarrhenasaponin II (9), timosaponin AII (10) and timosaponin AIII (11). The results would efficaciously narrow the potentially active compounds range in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction, and pave a helpful way for follow‐up mechanism of action research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of seven bioactive lignans in Herpetospermum caudigerum by RP‐HPLC method
Authors: Cong Long‐bo , Yuan Hai‐long , Wang Qi , Li Xian‐yi , Gong Qian‐feng , Xiao Xiao‐he 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection was established to simultaneously determine the seven bioactive lignans in Herpetospermum caudigerum, namely ent‐isolariciresinol (1), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (2), herpetrione (3), herpetin (4), herpetetrone (5), herpetotriol (6) amd herpetal (7). The HPLC assay was performed on a Restek Pinnacle DB C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid within 65 min. The detection wavelength was 240 nm. The flow‐rate was 1.0 mL/min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9998) within test ranges. The method was reproducible with intra‐ and inter‐day variation of less than 1.98%. The method provided good accuracy with recoveries in the range 95.19–102.64% with RSDs less than 1.52%. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of seven constituents in 15 H. caudigerum samples collected from different cities. The results indicated that the developed assay could be considered as a suitable quality control method for H. caudigerum. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of iridoids from Harpagophytum and eleutherosides from Eleutherococcus senticosus in horse urine
Authors: Colas C. , Popot M.‐A. , Garcia P. , Bonnaire Y. , Bouchonnet S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLC/ESI‐MSn methods have been previously set up to detect the administration of (i) Harpagophytum and (ii) preparations containing a plant capable of anti‐stress properties: Eleutherococcus senticosus. Harpagoside has been found to be the main indicator of Harpagophytum administration in the horse. These methods have been applied to a large number of horse urine samples of various origins. Regarding the detection of Harpagophytum administration, harpagoside, harpagide and 8‐para‐coumaroyl harpagide were detected together in only one sample out of 317. Eleutheroside E was found to be the main indicator of Eleutherococcus senticosus administration. It was detected in post‐administration samples collected from two horses having received a feed supplement containing Eleutherococcus senticosus for several days. Out of the 382 samples tested, eleutheroside E was found in an unexpected large number of urine samples (39%) of various origins and its presence cannot be only due to the sole use of herbal dietary supplements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid‐phase extraction for preconcentration of pharmaceuticals in molluscs prior to determination by HPLC
Authors: Cueva‐Mestanza R. , Torres‐Padrón M. E. , Sosa‐Ferrera Z. , Santana‐Rodríguez J. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA simple and specific analytical method was developed and tested for the determination of pharmaceuticals in mollusc samples. A combination of microwave‐assisted micellar extraction (MAME) and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) using a non‐ionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether, was examined to extract and determine simultaneously a group of pharmaceuticals such as carbamazepine, clorfibric acid, ketoprofen, naproxen, bezafibrate and ibuprofen by liquid chromatography using UV‐diode array detector. The MAME extraction performance was evaluated by studying various parameters such as the volume and concentration of surfactant and microwave conditions. Finally, an OASIS HLB cartridge was used as an optimum SPE sorbent to clean up the extracts and preconcentrate the selected analytes. The proposed method showed satisfactory linearity and reproducibility (between 3 and 15%), as well as detection limits ranging from 30 to 220 ng/g. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the determination of the target pharmaceuticals in various kinds of mollusc samples. This study has demonstrated that microwave‐assisted micellar extraction with solid‐phase extraction may be used as a viable alternative to conventional methods for the extraction of pharmaceuticals in this type of matrices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of scopolin in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Xia Yu‐Feng , Dai Yue , Wang Qiang , Cai Fei 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAn analytical method based on high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for determination of scopolin in rat plasma using aesculin as internal standard (IS). After protein precipitation of plasma sample with methanol, the supernatant was directly injected and analyzed. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using methanol and distilled water (22:78, v/v) containing 0.2% (v/v) glacial acetic acid as mobile phase with a column temperature of 30°C. The UV detector was set at 338 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.105–13.125 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The retention times of aesculin and scopolin were 10.4 and 12.8 min, respectively. The recoveries for plasma samples of 0.105, 4.725 and 13.125 µg/mL were 91.08, 95.30 and 96.10%, respectively. The RSD of intra‐ and inter‐day assay variations was less than 7.35%. The lower limit of detection was 0.03 µg/mL .This HPLC assay is a simple, sensitive and accurate and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of scopolin in rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐fast chromatographic micro‐assay for quantification of diphenidol in plasma: application in an oral multi‐dose switchability trial
Authors: Marcelín‐Jiménez Gabriel , Morales‐Martínez Miriam , Ángeles‐Moreno Alionka P. , Mendoza‐Morales Luís 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPharmacokinetics of diphenidol (DPN) is limited due to the lack of analytical methodology. Here, a micro‐assay for DPN quantification was developed, by coupling ultra‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The procedure involved plasma precipitation and injection of supernatant into UPLC with an Acquity™ C18 column. Detection was in positive electrospray, following transitions of m/z 310.3 → 292.3 and m/z 275.3 → 230.2 for DPN and chlorphenamine (internal standard), respectively. The method was linear with a range of 4–400 ng/mL, and a 2 min run time. This method was applied in a switchability trial, where both formulations of DPN were bioequivalent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a Sugarcane Bagasse Acid Hydrolysis Technology
Authors: de Ávila Rodrigues F. , Guirardello R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractConceptual process synthesis (CPS) is an important issue in chemical processing industries. In this paper, the general steps of the life cycle of an acid hydrolysis industrial project are evaluated. Chemical route synthesis, process development (experiments for kinetics and fluid dynamics) and process engineering (definition of basic equipment for economic evaluation) are all investigated. A mathematical model was used to generate the most favorable operating conditions for glucose and furfural production from sugarcane bagasse. The material and energy balances were performed by UNISim™ software. The suspension mass fraction and the thermal energy consumption are key issues to account for the profitable operation of the plant.