bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host‐plant susceptibility to the carrot fly, Psila rosae. 2. Suitability of various host species for larval development
Authors: DEGEN THOMAS , STÄDLER ERICH , ELLIS P R 
Published: February 2008

SummarySeveral apiaceous and two asteraceous species were tested for their suitability to support larval development of the carrot fly. Plants grown in pots or transplanted from seed beds into pots, were inoculated with a specific number of eggs. Pupae and non‐pupated larvae were collected 6–7 wk after inoculation. Both the number and weights of pupae produced varied widely among the species. Cultivated carrots Daucus carota sativus often gave rise to only moderate numbers of pupae, but these invariably attained the highest weights. Pimpinella major was the only apiaceous plant tested that did not yield any carrot flies. The two asteraceous plants Cichorium intybus and Tanacetum vulgare failed to support larval development. Total carrot fly biomass produced per plant was influenced by both the host species and the root weight. Emergence rates of adult flies were positively correlated with pupal weights. Small individuals tended to have a longer total developmental time from egg to adult fly.
Host‐plant susceptibility to the carrot fly, Psila rosae. 3. The role of oviposition preferences and larval performance
Authors: DEGEN THOMAS , STÄDLER ERIC , ELLIS P R 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe acceptability of various plant species to ovipositing carrot flies was weakly, but significantly correlated with the host's suitability for larval development. Both adult host‐plant preferences and larval performance as determined in laboratory experiments explained a part of the variation in susceptibility among the various test plants observed in the field. Across the whole set of plant species examined, antixenosis contributed more substantially to resistance than antibiosis, while the reverse seemed to be true for carrot cultivars.
Comparative effects of three insect growth regulator insecticides and a dipteran‐active strain of Bacillus thuringiensis on cropping of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus
Authors: WHITE P F 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThree insect growth regulator insecticides and an entomopathogenic strain of Bacillus thuringiensis (GC327), products effective against the mushroom sciarid, Lycoriella auripila, were compared for their effect on mushroom cropping. Cyromazine and diflubenzuron were applied as a surface drench to mushroom compost before or after pasteurisation (at filling or spawning, respectively); admixed into casing material (at casing); or at a combination of these times. Hexaflumuron and GC327 were applied only at filling and casing, respectively. The presence of the target pest, L. auripila, had no effect on treatment trends, although it was accounted for in the analysis by use of a yield model. The trial was notable for the disparate effects that cyromazine and diflubenzuron casing treatments had on mushroom cropping. Cyromazine treatments that included application at casing resulted in increases in yield, compared to the untreated control whereas, with diflubenzuron, the opposite was true, with treatment at casing alone causing the greatest reduction overall (10%). GC327 applied at casing was also conspicuous for giving a 13% increase in yield. Treating the crop at casing with either cyromazine or GC327, therefore, resulted in a 15% or 24% increase in yield, respectively, compared to a similar treatment with diflubenzuron. Hexaflumuron applied at filling caused increases in yield compared to application of cyromazine at filling and cyromazine or diflubenzuron at spawning. There were also effects on crop timing. The addition of a cyromazine casing treatment normally caused the distinct flushes of mushrooms to be produced significantly earlier than the untreated control (up to 2.5 days), as did GC327. With diflubenzuron, the earlier flushes were only produced by those treatments that did not include a casing application. The combinations that included a casing treatment with diflubenzuron initially produced mushroom flushes earlier than the untreated control. They became either synchronous with the control or they were delayed. From the crop tolerance perspective, therefore, cyromazine and GC327 would be the sciarid control products of choice for a commercial mushroom grower.
Water and temperature relations of softrot bacteria: growth and disease development
Authors: SCHOBER B M , ZADOKS J C 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe effect of water availability and the temperature of the growth substrate on growth and disease development of softrot bacteria were studied using artificial media and plant material. Water availability was measured as the osmotic potential of a solution (ψosm) and was assessed for solutions of PEG4000 and KNO3 as artificial osmotica and for plant tissue of chicory heads. Growth of softrot bacteria was found at water potentials from ψ= ‐0.12 MPa to ψ= ‐8.0 MPa but the lag phase of the growth curve increased with decreasing water potential. The relative growth rates of the three softrot pathogens showed a sigmoidal relationship with water potential, the relative growth rates decreasing rapidly at water potentials lower than ψ= ‐1.5 MPa. The water potential of harvested chicory heads decreased with storage time of the harvested crop but was still within the growth limits for softrot bacteria. In relation to temperature, the relative growth rate of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) was highest at 10°C, of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) at 15°C and of Pseudomonas marginalis (Pm) at 5°C. Chicory heads of two cultivars, Rumba and Salsa, inoculated with Ecc, had a significantly higher disease severity at 30°C (0.72 for Rumba and 0.47 for Salsa) than at lower or higher temperatures. In conclusion, temperature and water availability during forcing of chicory were not factors limiting populations of softrot bacteria. Possibilities for crop protection thus only avail during chicory root storage. During storage a high death rate combined with a low growth rate of the softrot bacteria may result in a decrease of bacterial populations below the minimum densities needed for infection during the forcing of chicory heads.
Isolation, characterisation and identification of a potyvirus from Dioscorea alata L. (water yam) in Nigeria
Authors: ODU B O , HUGHES J d'A , SHOYINKA S A , DONGO L N 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA yam potyvirus was isolated from Dioscorea alata samples collected in Nigeria. The virus was not transmissible mechanically but was transmitted by Aphis craccivora to four cowpea cultivars (Ife Brown, IT84S‐2114, IT82E‐10 and TVu2657), and from which it could be mechanically transmitted between the cowpea cultivars. In infectivity‐ tests using cowpea extracts, the virus had a dilution end point of 10‐4, a thermal inactivation point of 60–65°C and longevity in vitro of 2 days at room temperature. The virus coat protein had an estimated molecular weight of 32 100 daltons. The virus was identified as an isolate of Dioscorea alata virus (DAV; syn. yam virus 1) due to its biological characteristics and its serological reaction with antiserum raised against DAV. The virus is not related to yam mosaic virus, but distantly related to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus.
Effects of natural sequence variation on symptom induction by citrus viroid III
Authors: OWENS R A , THOMPSON S M , FELDSTEIN P A , GARNSEY S M 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe potential use of viroids as citrus dwarfing agents has been studied for more than 30 yr, and Semancik, Rakowski, Bash & Gumpf (1997) have recently shown that infection of ‘Valencia’ scions growing on trifoliate orange rootstocks by either citrus viroid Ia, IIa, or IIIb results in a desirable dwarfed tree canopy phenotype and enhanced fruit production. Viroids exist in vivo as populations of closely related sequence variants, and we are interested in isolating variants of citrus viroid III specifically adapted to induce desirable levels of dwarfing in different citrus cultivars. As the first step toward selecting suitable variants from large populations of mutagenised RNA transcripts, we examined the biological properties of several naturally‐occurring variants of CVd‐IIIb. Five sequence variants were cloned and slash‐inoculated into Etrog citron. Four of these including the type sequence CVd‐IIIb were infectious, and most of the sequence changes initially present were maintained in the respective progeny. Two changes in the putative pathogenicity domain of CVd‐III were associated with a marked reduction in symptom expression in Etrog citron. These results suggest that, with a suitable screening assay, it should be possible to select stable variants with different dwarfing properties from populations of mutagenised CVd‐III RNAs synthesised in vitro.
Severity of infection of Moroccan barley yellow dwarf virus PAV isolates correlates with variability in their coat protein sequences
Authors: BENCHARKI B. , MUTTERER J. , YAMANI M El , ZIEGLER‐GRAFF V. , ZAOUI D. , JONARD G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBiological properties and deduced amino acid sequences of the overlapping coat and 17kDa proteins were compared for 12 barley yellow dwarf virus PAV‐type isolates collected at different locations in Morocco. The biological variability of the 12 isolates was investigated by inoculation to a set of as many as eight barley cultivars and an oat cultivar. Significant biological variability was observed among the Moroccan PAV–type isolates, with the isolates falling into two clusters. Cluster 1 contained isolates MA9501, MA9502, MA9504, MA9512 and MA9513, and cluster 2 the MA9415, MA9505, MA9508, MA9511, MA9514, MA9516 and MA9517. Isolates of cluster 2 produced more severe symptoms and stunting than did those of cluster 1 when inoculated to appropriate index plants. In parallel, the nucleic acid sequences were obtained for the region containing the cistron coding for the coat protein (CP) and 17 kDa protein for all 12 isolates by reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction. Sequence homology grouping yielded the same two clusters of the isolates as found by measuring biological variability. Comparisons of the CP sequences between the two clusters revealed 87.4% to 90.5% nucleotide identity and 82.6% to 87.6% amino acid identity. Comparison with other sequenced isolates demonstrated that the CP's of cluster 1 were closely related to the Australian (Vic‐PAV), the North American (NY–PAV, P–PAV), and Japanese (JPN–PAV) PAV–type isolates. The CP's of cluster 2, on the other hand, were closely related to the North American PAV–129 isolate. Finally, an RFLP test on CP gene–derived PCR products has been developed which distinguishes between the two clusters of the PAV–type isolates.
Use of lichen secondary metabolites as antifeedants to protect higher plants from damage caused by slug feeding
Authors: CLARK S J , HENDERSON I F , HILL D J , MARTIN A P 
Published: February 2008

SummaryExtracts of 15 species of lichen were tested for antifeedant properties against the field slug Deroceras reticulation (Müller) (Mollusca: Pulmonata). All but three showed some activity and two of these were from endolithic species. The most effective extract was from Letharia vulpina. The major active compound from this species, vulpinic acid, was tested for dose response, applied as a foliar spray to turnip plants and as a dressing to wheat seeds in laboratory experiments. It provided effective protection against slug feeding under these conditions.
High temperature during storage favours infection potential of resting spores of Polymyxa graminis of Indian origin
Authors: LEGREVE A. , VANPEE B. , DELFOSSE P. , MARAITE H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe infection potential of sporosori of Polymyxa graminis involved in the transmission of the Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) was assessed by culturing bait plants exposed to various concentrations of sporosorus suspensions and then determination of the numbers of plants that became infected. Storage of air‐dried inoculum at temperatures above 30°C resulted in an increase in the infection potential compared to that of sporosori stored at 15°C or 20°C. In contrast, when the sporosori were stored at ‐20°C or freeze‐dried, their infection potential was low. These results confirm the adaptation of P. graminis isolates associated with IPCV transmission to the tropical environment. The implication of storage temperature for the epidemiology of Indian peanut clump virus and for the assessment of the infection potential of the vector in the soil is discussed.
In vitro root induction in axillary microshoots of Quercus robur L.
Authors: PUDDEPHAT I J , ALDERSON P G , WRIGHT N A 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWhilst considerable efforts have been made to optimise shoot multiplication and rooting in oak, little attention has been paid to the impact of conditions used for multiplication on subsequent root formation. An optimised technique for rooting of oak microshoots has been developed to assess the effect of cytokinin treatments applied to shoot multiplication cultures on the subsequent rooting of microshoots. We found IBA to be more effective at inducing root formation in microshoots than NAA. Efficient rooting of oak microshoots (80%) was achieved after 35 days on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg litre‐1 IBA. Lower concentrations of IBA reduced the frequency of root formation and significantly increased the time taken for microshoots to form roots. High concentrations of IBA (3.0 mg litre‐1) produced similar rooting frequencies but with significantly increased numbers of roots formed by each microshoot. However, high concentrations of IBA stimulated the production of basal callus. Rooting of microshoots was unaffected by the concentration of BA used during shoot multiplication, although basal callusing was greater in microshoots taken from multiplication medium supplemented with the highest concentration of BA (1.0 mg litre‐1) and rooted on medium supplemented with 3.0 mg litre IBA. Reducing the period of exposure to auxin to 7 days by transferring microshoots to auxin‐free medium increased the frequency of root formation (84%), led to more rapid root formation and a reduction in basal callus formation.
Response of two strains of Nostoc muscorum to metal stress and salinity
Authors: PANDEY U. , CHATTERJEE C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTwo strains of a cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum, wild‐type N. muscorum (Cds) and an isolate having resistance to the heavy metal cadmium (Cdr), were selected for characterisation of their growth potential and physiological assays in certain defined stress environments.The chosen determinants were copper (heavy metal) and NaCl (salt stress). The observations on growth, heterocyst frequency, chlorophyll and nucleic acid contents, photosynthetic O2 evolution, 14C incorporation and acetylene reduction suggested that the strain Cdr was also resistant to copper. This strain, however, was found to be more sensitive to NaCl in comparison to its wild‐type counterpart. NaCl was found to enhance sugar accumulation in Cds and was more inhibitory to acetylene reduction rates than to the photosynthetic activities. The interaction between Cu and NaCl appeared to be antagonistic as the depression of growth and physiological activities by a mixture of the two was lesser than that caused by either of these. These observations form the first report on the response of a metal resistant strain of cyanobacterium to salinity.
Rapid identification of adult whiteflies in plant consignments using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: SYMONDSON W O C , GASULL T. , LIDDELL J E 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA rapid and simple method for the identification of adult whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) would be valuable, both to facilitate pest management decision making and, more importantly, to prevent the introduction of new pests into non‐infested areas. Considering the enormous economic losses that have resulted in the recent past from the accidental introduction of harmful species, there is a clear and urgent need for a reliable antibody‐based test kit that would allow non‐specialist growers, extension workers and customs authorities to identify whiteflies. As a first step in this process, this paper describes the development and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies capable of distinguishing between major pest species of whitefly, and application of these antibodies in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A monoclonal antibody is described that reacts strongly with both male and female Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) but not with either Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) or B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring. A second antibody is reported that gives a strong response to female Bemisia sp. that does not react with T. vaporariorum of either sex. The two antibodies used in combination provide a powerful means of distinguishing between adult whitefly, particularly at low levels of infestation in plant consignments, when pupae cannot easily be found.
Characterisation of Cydia pomonella granulovirus from codling moths in a laboratory colony and in orchards of British Columbia*
Authors: EASTWELL KENNETH C , COSSENTINE JOAN E , BERNARDY MICHAEL G 
Published: February 2008

SummarySequence analyses indicate that a granulovirus isolated from a laboratory colony of codling moth in British Columbia, Canada is identical or very similar to the Mexican isolate of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV‐M). In addition to codling moth, the vims was found to cause mortality of secondary leafroller pests of North American orchards, including the fruit tree leafroller and the obliquebanded leafroller. A survey in apple growing regions of British Columbia indicates that 23% of the wild population of codling moth larvae carry CpGV.
The potential of reflective mulching in combination with insecticide sprays for control of aphid‐borne viruses of iris and tulip in Tasmania
Authors: WILSON C R 
Published: February 2008

SummarySilver coloured plastic mulches and weekly insecticide sprays were examined individually and in combination for efficacy in reducing spread of tulip breaking potyvirus (TBV) in tulip, and these plus mineral oil treatments, alone and in combination with insecticide and mulch, were evaluated for their effect on iris mild mosaic potyvirus (IMMV) spread in bulbous iris. In the iris trial, significant reductions in virus spread were noted for all treatments, with the combined treatment of mulch and insecticide giving the best virus control. However, with little virus spread there were no significant treatment effects on TBV spread in tulips. Reduced numbers of aphid vectors were trapped over unsprayed mulched than non‐mulched plots. Mulch treatments had no effect on stem length or harvested bulb weight while the insecticide treatment (tulips only) and treatments incorporating mineral oil significantly reduced both stem length and bulb weight. This work suggests that enhanced virus management in flowerbulb production may be achieved by incorporating reflective mulches in current virus control strategies.
Effects of plant extracts on the feeding behaviour of the slug Arion lusitanicus
Authors: BARONE M. , FRANK T. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMethanol extracts of the plants Geranium robertianum, Lepidium sativum, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Salvia pratensis, Saponaha officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Trifolium repens and Valerianella locusta were produced and applied to cotyledons of 6–8 days old rape seedlings to investigate whether they can influence the feeding of the slug Arion lusitanicus on young rape. All plant extracts appeared to reduce slug feeding on rape to some extent, but only the extracts of Saponaria officinalis and V. locusta significantly deterred A. lusitanicus from feeding. The small effects of some extracts may be due to a poor extraction efficiency or an insufficient feeding inhibition capacity of these extracts.
Spectral decomposition of starbursts and active galactic nuclei in 5-8 μm Spitzer-IRS spectra of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies
Authors: Nardini E. , Risaliti G. , Salvati M. , Sani E. , Imanishi M. , Marconi A. , Maiolino R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We present an analysis of the 5–8 μm Spitzer-IRS spectra of a sample of 68 local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Our diagnostic technique allows a clear separation of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and starburst (SB) components in the observed mid-infrared emission, and a simple analytic model provides a quantitative estimate of the AGN/SB contribution to the bolometric luminosity. We show that AGN are ∼30 times brighter at 6 μm than SBs with the same bolometric luminosity, so that even faint AGN can be detected. Star formation events are confirmed as the dominant power source for extreme IR activity, since ∼85 per cent of ULIRG luminosity arises from the SB component. None the less an AGN is present in the majority (46/68) of our sources.
Good food in family day care: Improving nutrition and food safety in family day care
Authors: BRAVO Andy , CASS Yona , TRANTER Dian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim:  To determine the effectiveness of a nutrition and food safety intervention in family day care schemes.Methods:  Staff and carers from seven Sydney family day care schemes completed a nutrition and food safety knowledge questionnaire and diet history about food and drinks offered to children in care before and after attending workshops and receiving advice and resources. Participating schemes' nutrition and food safety policies were assessed before and after intervention. At baseline, 18 staff members and 104 carers were interviewed. Diet histories were collected for 20 infants and 103 one‐to‐five‐year olds. Post intervention, 21 staff and 102 carers were interviewed and diet histories collected for 22 infants and 102 one‐to‐five‐year olds. Baseline and post‐intervention data were compared using the χ2‐test for categorical data (or the Fisher's exact test when expected values were below five), and t‐tests for independent samples for normally distributed means.Results:  Nutrition and food safety knowledge and the number (from one to seven) and quality of appropriate policies improved post intervention. Changes in mean per cent nutrition scores for infants (78.2% to 83.4%) and for one‐to‐five‐year olds (68.8% to 75.2%; P < 0.01) indicated improvements in nutritional quality of food and drinks offered during care.Conclusion:  Health promotion strategies can improve food and drinks offered in family day care and make a sustainable contribution to children's access to safe and nutritious food.