bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVIDENCE THAT THYROID HORMONES REGULATE GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM GLYCEROL IN MAN
Authors: McCULLOCH A. J. , JOHNSTON D. G. , BAYLIS P. H. , KENDALL‐TAYLOR P. , CLARK F. , YOUNG E.T. , ALBERTI K. G. M. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have previously reported that glucose production assessed using radioiso‐topic methods is 50% increased in hyperthyroidism but 30% decreased in hypothyroidism. These studies, however, do not distinguish between glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In fasting man more than 80% of circulating glycerol is cleared by the liver and enters the gluconeogenic pathway. We have therefore measured glycerol clearance following bolus intravenous glycerol administration as an indirect assessment of gluconeogenic capacity. Hyperthyroid and hypothyroid subjects were compared with separate matched controls after an overnight fast. In hyperthyroid subjects blood glucose and blood glycerol were increased but lactate, pyruvate, and alanine concentrations were normal. Glycerol clearance was increased in hyperthyroidism and followed a double exponential decay with a shortened second component half‐time. Endogenous glycerol production was increased three‐fold. In hypothyroidism fasting circulating levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, and glycerol were normal but glycerol clearance was diminished. Both first and second component half‐times were prolonged in hypothyroidism and endogenous glycerol production was decreased by 50%. Thus in hyperthyroidism glycerol clearance is greatly enhanced whilst in hypothyroidism glycerol clearance is diminished. The magnitude of the changes suggests that alterations in gluconeogenesis are probably the major factors concerned in the reported increase and decrease in glucose production in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism respectively.
A CASE OF MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE ADENOMATOSIS (TYPE 1) WITH NESIDIOBLASTOSIS, TERMINATING WITH AN EXOCRINE PANCREATIC CARCINOMA
Authors: OLIVER M. H. , DRURY P. L. , VAN'T HOFF W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe describe a patient with multiple endocrine adenomatosis Type I, characterized by pituitary‐dependent Cushing's Syndrome, marked hyperprolactinaemia, primary hyperparathyroidism and hyperinsulinism leading to hypoglycaemia. The patient subsequently developed an exocrine pancreatic carcinoma at the age of 32 years from which she died. An additional finding was the demonstration by immunocytochemistry of nesidioblastosis in the pancreas.
MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO 11β‐HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: HAGUE W. M. , HONOUR J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo brothers, aged 20 and 12, with the 11β‐hydroxylase deficient form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, are presented. They had refused treatment for the previous four years until the younger was admitted with malignant hypertension, partial blindness and evidence of myocardial damage. The elder was therefore admitted for assessment and found to have less severe hypertension. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the steroids in urine from each revealed a possible difference in the enzyme defect between the two brothers—the younger having a complete, while the elder had only a partial block. Family studies have confirmed no association with the HLA locus.
INHIBITION OF PROLACTIN SECRETION BY LOW‐DOSE DOPAMINE INFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
Authors: CONNELL J. M. C. , PADFIELD P. L. , BUNTING E. A. , BALL S. G. , INGLIS G. C. , BEASTALL G. H. , TEASDALE G. M. , DAVIES D. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDopamine inhibits the secretion of prolactin from the pituitary. We have examined the relation between plasma dopamine and serum prolactin in 12 patients with hyperprolactinaemia during the infusion of dopamine at low doses (0·01, 0·1 and 1 μg/kg/min). Plasma dopamine levels were raised from less than 100 pg/ml at the lowest rate of infusion to more than 20 000 pg/ml at the highest. Suppression of prolactin secretion was seen in some patients even at the lowest rate of infusion (0·01 μg/kg/min); marked suppression of prolactin secretion (60%; 17–83%) was found at the intermediate dose (0·1 μg/kg/min) in 11 of the 12 subjects with little further decrease in serum prolactin (70%; 50–87%) in those in whom the rate of dopamine infusion was increased ten‐fold. One patient with the highest serum prolactin (82 500 mu/l) showed no decrease in prolactin either at the lowest or intermediate rates of dopamine infusion. Serum prolactin levels returned to values similar to or greater than basal on cessation of dopamine infusion. Infusion of dopamine at doses much lower than previously used in man exposes the pituitary to a concentration of dopamine sufficient to suppress prolactin secretion. These observations have important implications in understanding the pathophysiology of prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland and for future investigations of the control of hormone release by dopamine.
FERTILITY AFTER CHILDBIRTH: PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH BREAST FEEDING
Authors: McNEILLY A. S. , GLASIER A. F. , HOWIE P. W. , HOUSTON M. J. , COOK A. , BOYLE H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDuring studies on the resumption of fertility postpartum in 12 breast feeding mothers who were using no contraception, eight pregnancies occurred. In seven cases these pregnancies occurred while the mothers continued to breast feed while in one it occurred within 2 weeks of weaning. In two cases pregnancy occurred prior to first postpartum menstruation but followed an abrupt decline in suckling frequency and duration resulting in resumption of follicular development and ovulation. In the remaining six cases, pregnancy was preceded by between 1 and 7 menstrual cycles, the majority of which (13/19) had deficient luteal phases or were anovular (4/19).In all mothers a significant decrease in the suckling frequency and duration observed during lactational amenorrhoea had occurred prior to the resumption of ovulation and conception. No mother conceived with a suckling frequency of greater than three times per day although some mothers ovulated without conceiving when suckling four times per day.The results suggests that if a breast feeding mother wishes to rely upon the infertility associated with lactational amenorrhoea, she must suckle at least five times per day with a total suckling duration of more than 65 min per day (more than 10 min per feed). Any reduction below either of these limits may result in a return of fertility.
ANDROGEN RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS IN SKIN FIBROBLASTS FROM MEN WITH PUBERTAL MACROMASTIA
Authors: EIL C. , LIPPMAN M. E. , DE MOSS E. V. , LORIAUX D. LYNN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEndocrine studies in men with pubertal macromastia (PM) have failed to reveal a hormonal abnormality to account for the disorder. As a result, it has been hypothesized that this form of gynecomastia may be a manifestation of a target organ abnormality.Because the syndromes of apparent androgen resistance, such as testicular feminization and Reifenstein's Syndrome, are associated with gynaecomastia, we examined skin fibroblasts cultured from men with pubertal macromastia for androgen receptor defects. We studied 12 men with PM and confirmed that plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol, gonadotrophins, and prolactin, were all within the normal range; findings identical to those of a similar series of patients previously reported. Androgen receptor content (Ro) and binding affinity (Kd) in cultured areolar and pubic skin fibroblasts were measured using a dispersed, whole cell assay. Nineteen areolar cell lines from the 12 patients with PM were compared with 4 areolar cell lines from three normal men and 9 areolar cell lines from nine normal women. There was no difference in the mean androgen receptor content (approximately 10 000 sites/cell) or binding affinity (approximately 1 nM) between the patients' fibroblasts and those of the normal subjects. Similarly, there were no differences in these parameters when pubic skin fibroblast androgen receptors were used for the comparison.We conclude that, although PM may yet be due to a defect in breast tissue sensitivity to androgen, the disorder cannot be explained by abnormalities in fibroblast androgen receptor number or affinity.
FREE THYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN SUBJECTS WITH VARIOUS ABNORMALITIES OF BINDING PROTEINS: EXPERIENCE WITH AMERLEX FREE‐T4 AND FREE‐T3 ASSAYS
Authors: BYFIELD P. G. H. , LALLOZ M. R. A. , PEARCE C. J. , HIMSWORTH R. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFree thyroid hormone concentrations measured by Amerlex assays were studied in subjects with inherited disorders of thyroxine‐binding globulin (TBG) synthesis, variant albumins with a high avidity for T4, and iodothyronine‐binding autoantibodies. Free T4 (fT4) and free T3 (fT3) levels were normal in euthyroid subjects with TBG deficiency and excess. Free T3 concentration was in the low normal range in subjects having a variant albumin but f T4 (Amerlex) was erroneously elevated because of the enhanced affinity of the 125I‐T4 analogue employed in the assay for the abnormal albumin. The 125I‐T3 analogue used in the f T3 assay does not bind more strongly to this variant albumin than to normal albumin. Amerlex assays for fT4 and fT3 in patients with iodothyronine‐binding autoantibodies to thyroglobulin give variable results according to the specificity of the autoantibodies: non‐specific antibodies cause extraordinarily high values even in hypothyroid patients; fT3 measurements may be appropriate in patients with T4‐specific antibodies and even in some with T3‐specific antibodies. The presence of such antibodies should be suspected if the results of Amerlex assays for fT4 and f T3 are discordant or are inconsistent with the clinical picture or TSH levels.
THYROID HORMONE SECRETION RATES: RESPONSE TO ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS TSH IN MAN DURING SURGERY*
Authors: TEGLER L. , GILLQUIST J. , LINDVALL R. , ALMQVIST S. , ROOS P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe thyroid hormone secretory response to TSH was studied in twenty‐eight patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Eighteen patients received bovine or human exogenous TSH by injection into a thyroid artery, and 10 received TRH to stimulate endogenous TSH secretion. Thyroid secretion rates of T4, T3, and rT3 were determined directly from measurement of blood flow and the hormone gradient across the gland. A significant secretory response was seen for all three hormones following TSH increase. T3 secretion accelerated more rapidly than that of T4 and rT3, thus reducing the T4/T3 and rT3/T3 ratios. The T4/rT3 ratio fell during the first 30 min but then increased. The responses correlated with the area under the curve of the TSH serum concentration, and were similar after administration of bovine and human exogenous TSH, and TRH. Conclusions regarding preferential secretion ought to be made by comparing ratios of thyroid hormone secretion with those of the hormone content of the gland, but our results indicate that TSH induces preferential secretion of triiodothyronines in man.
SEASONAL VARIATION OF PLASMA DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE AND URINARY ANDROGEN EXCRETION IN POST‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: DESLYPERE J. P. , DE BISCOP G. , VERMEULEN A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUrinary levels of the glucuronides of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, 5α‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐diol and 5β‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐diol, were determined in twenty‐two‐post menopausal women both in spring and in autumn–winter. In sixteen women dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate plasma levels were also measured. Plasma DHAS levels as well as urinary metabolite excretion values were significantly higher in autumn–winter than in spring. This seasonal variability should be taken into account in long‐term studies involving adrenal hormone levels, excretion or metabolism. Moreover this seasonal variability might be of relevance for the cyclical growth rate of hormone dependent tumours such as breast cancer.
RESPONSE OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE TO HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN INSULIN‐DEPENDENT DIABETICS WITH AND WITHOUT RESIDUAL β‐CELL FUNCTION
Authors: KRARUP T. , MADSBAD S. , HILSTED J. , CHRISTENSEN N.J. , SESTOFT L. , SCHWARTZ T.W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTo investigate a possible association between the β‐cells and the cells secreting pancreatic polypeptide (PP), the response of PP to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia was investigated in seven insulin‐dependent diabetics with and seven without residual β‐cell function, all without signs of autonomic neuropathy. The mean concentrations of PP was significantly greater from 15 to 60 min after symptoms of hypoglycaemia in patients with residual β‐cell function than in patients without (P < 0·05) despite similar blood glucose concentrations in the two groups. Also the total integrated areas beneath the response curves as well as the incremental integrated areas were significantly greater in patients with β‐cell function (216 + 36 pmol/l × min and 188 ± 34 pmol/l X min, respectively) than in patients without β‐cell function (125 ± 26 pmol/1 × min and 102 ± 26 pmol/l × min) (P < 0·05 for both). The mean maximal concentrations of adrenaline (1±53 ± 0·28 ng/ml v. 1·29 ± 0·12 ng/ml) and noradrenaline (0·56 ± 0·16 ng/ml v. 0·45 ± 0·04 ng/ml) were not statistically different in the two groups. No well established explanation for an association between residual insulin secretion and capacity for PP‐response to hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetics exists.
THYROTOXICOSIS IN PREGNANCY: RESULTS OF TREATMENT BY ANTITHYROID DRUGS COMBINED WITH T4
Authors: RAMSAY IAN , KAUR S. , KRASSAS G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTreatment of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy with antithyroid drugs plus supplementary T4 is controversial. Data are presented on twenty consecutive pregnancies treated by this method. The mean birth weights of the babies and their gestation did not differ from those of normal controls. Cord blood mean T4 and free T4 index (FT4I) were not significantly different from controls and total T3 and free T3 index (FT3I), though significantly lower than the controls, were all within the normal range. In five babies in whom they were measured, FT3, FT4 and rT3 levels were not significantly different from controls. Cord TSH was significantly higher in the babies of thyrotoxic mothers than in the control babies. One baby had a goitre at birth which disappeared after a few days. Another baby, born euthyroid, developed neonatal thyrotoxicosis the day after birth. Data collected from the literature on this method of treatment are compared with similar data from women treated with antithyroid drugs alone.
ENTEROGLUCAGON AND GIP AFTER ORAL GLUCOSE IN PATIENTS WITH PROLACTINOMA AND ACROMEGALY
Authors: CASSAR J. , GHATEI M. A. , SARSON D. L. , JOPLIN G. F. , MASHITER K. , BLOOM S. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in nine patients with prolactinomas, eight patients with active acromegaly, five patients with acromegaly in remission and nine normal controls, and measured blood glucose, plasma insulin, pancreatic glucagon, enteroglucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and GH during the test. Patients with prolactinomas and with active acromegaly were hyperinsulinaemic and five of the nine patients with prolactinomas had impaired glucose tolerance, with blood glucose levels that were significantly higher than the normal controls. Prolactinoma patients had higher GIP levels than those with active acromegaly and both showed a failure of suppression of pancreatic glucagon. Of particular interest was the finding that enteroglucagon, a putative gut growth factor, was low in active acromegaly when compared with acromegaly in remission, but similar to normal in the rest of the patients.
RECIPROCAL PATTERN OF THE TSH AND PRL RESPONSES TO DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKADE IN WOMEN WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
Authors: MASSARA F. , CAMANNI F. , MARTRA M. , DOLFIN G. C. , MÜLLER E. E. , MOLINATTI G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe TSH and PRL responses to administration of the two dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists sulpiride and domperidone, were studied in fifteen normoprolactinaemic subjects, twenty‐two post‐partum women and sixteen subjects with presumptive evidence of (six subjects) or surgically confirmed (ten subjects) prolactinomas. Sulpiride (100 mg i.m.) or domperidone (10 mg i.v.) elicited a slight increase in basal TSH levels in both normoprolactinaemic and post‐partum women, but induced a clear‐cut TSH rise in subjects with a tumour. Conversely, sulpiride and domperidone strikingly stimulated PRL secretion in normoprolactinaemic and post‐partum women, but only slightly enhanced base‐line PRL levels in women with prolactinomas. The reason for the reciprocal pattern of TSH and PRL responsiveness to DA receptor blockade of post‐partum women and subjects with prolactinomas is presently obscure. Since baseline PRL levels in the two hyperprolactinaemic states overlapped widely, it would appear that hyperprolactinaemia per se is not responsible for such behaviour.
A TEST OF 1,25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 SECRETORY CAPACITY IN NORMAL SUBJECTS FOR APPLICATION IN METABOLIC BONE DISEASES
Authors: PRINCE R. L. , WARK J. D. , OMOND S. , OPIE J. M. , EISMAN J. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe circulating concentration of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25‐(OH)2D3] varies in man in response to a variety of physiological stimuli. In pathological states, random plasma 1,25‐(OH)2D3 levels reflect the sum of the underlying pathological process and the homeostatic corrections to those perturbations. Hence random 1,25‐(OH)2D3 levels do not allow differentiation as to whether changes in 1,25‐(OH)2D3 production or metabolism are primary or secondary to other changes. Similarly random levels do not provide much insight into the reserve of 1,25‐(OH)2D3 secretory capacity. We have developed a single infusion of parathyroid extract (PTE) as a test of 1,25‐(OH)2D3 secretory capacity. Normal responses in twelve males and six females consisted of an increase in plasma 1,25‐(OH)2D3 levels of 78% over basal in the male and 77% over basal in the female subjects. The peak response occurred 18–22 h after the PTE was administered. This test of 1,25‐(OH)2D3 secretory capacity should prove useful in the evaluation of patients with metabolic bone disease. As part of this study, the diurnal plasma 1,25‐(OH)2D3 level was examined in six males and seven females. There was no significant diurnal rhythm between 8.00 and 22.00 h.
NALOXONE INHIBITS EXERCISE‐INDUCED RELEASE OF PRL AND GH IN ATHLETES
Authors: MORETTI C. , FABBRI A. , GNESSI L. , CAPPA M. , CALZOLARI A. , FRAIOLI F. , GROSSMAN A. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOpiate peptides stimulate the release of GH and PRL, and such changes have also been reported following physical exercise. To investigate opiate involvement in the exercise‐induced release of these hormones, eight professional athletes were exercised to 80% of their maximal heart rate on a bicycle ergometer. This exercise alone induced an increase in circulating mean GH (basal to maximal level, 3·1 ± 0·9 ng/ml–27·3 ± 5·9 ng/ml) and mean PRL level (6·1 ± 11 ng/ml–19·5 ± 1·9 ng/ml). Infusion of naloxone (0·3 mg/min) antagonized these responses in mean serum GH (5·6 ± 1·0 ng/ml to 8·6 ± 1·1 ng/ml) and PRL levels (6·4 ± 1·1 ng/ml–8·1 ± 1·2 ng/ml), which were both significantly less than during the control infusions (P < 0·01). It is suggested that certain forms of stress stimulate the release of PRL and GH via endogenous opiate peptides.
DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF PROPRANOLOL, ALPRENOLOL, SOTALOL, ATENOLOL AND METOPROLOL ON SERUM T3 AND SERUM rT3 IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: PERRILD H. , HANSEN J. MØLHOLM , SKOVSTED L. , CHRISTENSEN L. KORSGAARD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum T4, T3, rT3 and T3 resin uptake (T3 RU) were measured before and after 7 days of treatment with either propranolol, alprenolol, sotalol, atenolol or metoprolol in hyperthyroid patients. We found a significant decrease in serum T3 after propranolol, alprenolol, atenolol and metoprolol but no change in the sotalol treated group. A significant increase in rT3 was found in the propranolol and alprenolol treated groups whereas a significant fall in rT3 was found in the atenolol and metoprolol treated groups. No change was found in the sotalol treated group. The changes observed in serum T3 and in rT3 could be explained by an inhibition of the 5′deiodinase enzyme by propranolol and alprenolol and an inhibition of both the 5′deiodinase and 5 deiodinase enzymes caused by atenolol and metoprolol.
AN ADRENAL ADENOMA CAUSING VIRILIZATION OF MOTHER AND INFANT
Authors: FULLER P. J. , PETTIGREW I. G. , PIKE J. W. , STOCKIGT J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA right adrenal androgen‐producing adenoma was identified by CT scanning in a 33‐year‐old woman after delivery of an otherwise‐normal, virilized female infant. Despite clinical evidence of mild chronic androgen excess, maternal reproductive function was normal. Post‐partum studies showed 2–5‐fold excess in maternal plasma testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulphate; urinary androgen metabolites were increased 3–10‐fold. Androgen production from the tumour increased acutely in response to hCG administration; after removal of the tumour, androgen levels were normal and showed negligible responses to hCG. These findings lead us to speculate that endogenous chorionic gonadotrophin may have led to augmented androgen production from the adrenal tumour during pregnancy, causing fetal virilization as previously described in patients with ovarian tumours. This study demonstrates that CT scanning can be valuable in distinguishing between adrenal and ovarian androgen‐producing tumours, a distinction which is often unreliable when based on physiological manipulations of hormone secretion.
THE ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CIMETIDINE
Authors: STUBBS W. A. , DELITALA G. , BESSER G. M. , EDWARDS C. R. W. , LABROOY S. , TAYLOR R. , MISIEWICZ J. J. , ALBERTI K. G. M. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerial blood sampling in nine patients treated with cimetidine (1 g/day) showed that PRL values were within the normal range apart from a stress‐induced initial rise. Hormonal and metabolic profiles from 08.30 to 18.30 h were performed in six patients before and after 1 month's treatment with cimetidine (1 g/day). Circulating PRL, LH, FSH, GH, TSH T3, T4 and testosterone were similar before and after treatment. The mean blood glucose fell from 5·4 ± 0·3 mmol/l to 4·8 ± 0·2 mmol/l on cimetidine (P<0·02). Small changes were also observed in blood pyruvate, lactate, 3‐hydroxybutyrate and the (lactate)/(pyruvate) ratio. The effects of oral or i.v. cimetidine on the circulating concentrations of insulin, glucose and intermediary metabolites were investigated in normal subjects. Intravenous cimetidine (100 mg/h for 4 h) given to fasting subjects decreased blood glucose and serum insulin by 15 and 34% respectively at 150 min. During an oral GTT, i.v. cimetidine caused a striking decline in blood glucose, lactate and pyruvate responses compared with control studies, although the serum insulin was similar to control values. When given for 48 h before the study, oral cimetidine did not alter basal serum insulin and blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol and 3‐hydroxybutyrate levels. However, 150 min after an oral GTT the serum insulin was increased by 47% by oral cimetidine although the blood glucose was not significantly changed compared with the control day. Oral cimetidine had no effect on the blood glucose or serum insulin during an i.v. GTT. These results show that oral cimetidine given at therapeutic doses to patients with peptic ulcers does not produce consistent changes in circulating anterior pituitary hormones. Oral cimetidine given to patients for 1 month and i.v. cimetidine given to normal subjects have mild hypoglycaemic effects. Oral cimetidine administered over 48 h to normal subjects has little effect on blood glucose concentration.