bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial Introduction: Community and identity in the new Chinese migration order
Authors: Pieke Frank N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMigration from China has fundamentally changed in the past 25 years. Much has been written on the benefits and threats of different types of Chinese migration flows for receiving countries. Almost equally as much has been written about the many forms of Chinese transnationalism and cosmopolitanism brought forth by the new Chinese migration. This article discusses the new types of migratory flows emanating from China, with a focus on ethnic identity formation, competition and cooperation between different migrant Chinese groups, both new and old, in different settings in Europe, North America and Africa. The article concludes with some observations on future changes in the pattern of Chinese migration and their impact on the world migration order. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperation, conflict and integration among sub‐ethnic immigrant groups from Taiwan
Authors: Avenarius Christine 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates how immigrants from Taiwan who share a common place of origin but not the same sub‐ethnic affiliation create social lives for themselves in southern California's vast areas of urban sprawl. With affluence, the first generation of immigrants has become increasingly able to socialise exclusively with others who share similar cultural and political backgrounds. There is less need to maintain ties with outsiders for the sake of survival and adaptation as immigrants. Today, few older Hoklo Taiwanese keep up relationships with non‐Taiwanese. The community organisations in which they participate have predominantly Taiwanese members who speak Hoklo when they are together. They are connected to similar groups because they have members in common and are therefore part of a cluster of Taiwanese organisations. Older immigrants emphasise sub‐ethnic differences more than most people in Taiwan itself. In contrast, the interaction patterns of younger first‐generation immigrants from Taiwan depend on their self‐identification and degree of participation in the ethnic community. Ethnographic fieldwork for this paper was conducted in Orange County, California, in 1997 and 1998. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting on the margins: Cantonese ‘old‐timers’ and Fujianese ‘newcomers’
Authors: Beck Sean 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBritain's Chinese population is typically portrayed as a homogeneous ethnic group, both in the media and by wider society. However, investigations into how Liverpool's well‐established Cantonese community perceives and reacts to more recent Fujianese arrivals demonstrate that the concept of sub‐ethnic difference is an important one. Rather than integrating into the established Cantonese community, the Fujianese tend to live in social isolation and have become part of a wider multi‐ethnic pool of cheap manual labour. The establishment, development and consolidation of a Cantonese‐dominated Chinese community in Liverpool has created extensive Cantonese social networks which the Fujianese find impenetrable. This situation is compounded by the Fujianese migrants' own poorly endowed social networks, the increasing commercialisation of Fujianese irregular migration to Britain and intervention by the Immigration Service, which combine to lead new Fujianese immigrants into exploitation. The geographical mobility of the Fujianese in Britain also inhibits the formation of close ties with settled Cantonese communities. The result is that the two groups have two different geographies: the Cantonese are stable and settled, whilst the Fujianese remain itinerant and marginalised. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tigers and gangsters: masculinities and feminised migration in Indonesia
Authors: Elmhirst Rebecca 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper considers the implications of feminised labour migration for young men in Lampung, Indonesia, drawing on performative approaches to masculinities in the context of wider political economic change. Since the early 1990s it has become commonplace for unmarried women to make temporary migrations to work in the export factories of West Java, with a view to remitting money to their natal households and, at the same time, gathering experience of modernity. Whilst unmarried men have been involved in similar movements, a combination of gender‐specific labour demands in different places, emerging migrant networks and familial pressures has led to a large cohort of young men being ‘left behind’, in more than one sense. Drawing on material from interviews and group discussions, the paper focuses on the experiences of these young men, and examines the complex cultural politics of masculinity and femininity that emerging gendered mobility and employment patterns appear to have invoked. In a context where brushes with modernity (through migration and urban employment) are held to contribute to personal power and authority, and where work and the achievement of valued forms of adult masculinity are closely linked to financial autonomy, men's perception of their economic, cultural and social ‘lack’ relative to young women is a source of community conflict as young men seek to assert themselves as modern subjects in unexpected and sometimes threatening ways. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rural parents with urban children: social and economic implications of migration for the rural elderly in Thailand
Authors: Knodel John , Saengtienchai Chanpen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe present study explores the social and economic consequences of the migration of adult children to urban areas for rural parents in Thailand. Attention is given to the circumstances under which such migration takes place, including the role parents play in the process and the extent to which the implications of migration for the parents are taken into consideration. The analysis relies primarily on open‐ended interviews conducted in 2004 with older age parents with migrant children in four purposely selected rural communities that were studied ten years earlier. Our findings suggest that migration of children to urban areas contributes positively to the material well‐being of their elderly parents who remain in rural areas. Negative impacts of migration on social support, defined in terms of maintaining contact and visits, have been attenuated by the advent of technological changes in communication and also by improvements in transportation. Phone contact, especially through mobile phones, is now pervasive, in sharp contrast to the situation ten years earlier when it was extremely rare. Much of the change in Thailand in terms of the relationships between rural parents and their geographically dispersed adult children is quite consistent with the concept of the ‘modified extended family’, a perspective that has become common in discussions regarding elderly parents in industrial and post‐industrial societies but rarely applied to the situation of elderly parents in developing country settings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How far are the left‐behind left behind? A preliminary study in rural China
Authors: Biao Xiang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWhile the linkage between migration and development has attracted much academic and policy attention, a key aspect of the linkage, namely those left behind in the community of origin, remains under‐researched. As one of the first academic attempts to provide a systematic overview of this group in China, this paper describes the basic problems faced by it, discusses the institutional causes of the problems, and explores long‐term and short‐term solutions. The paper first establishes the fact that, while it seems that individuals decide who migrates and who stays back, there are fundamental institutional constraints on such decisions. The paper then shows that the three main left‐behind groups, namely wives, the elderly and children, encounter various problems, but in general their situation is not much worse than that of those living with all family members. Their problems cannot just be attributed to being left‐behind individuals; instead, the fundamental cause is that many rural communities as a whole have been left behind economically and socially. Although migration exacerbates the hardship, preventing migration is certainly not a solution. The paper instead calls for measures to redress the urban–rural divide and to improve the provision of public goods in rural communities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bleaching kinetics of indoly‐benzylfulgimide in PMMA
Authors: Rupp Romano A. , Zheng Yuan , Wang Yingli , Dong Weibin , Menke Neimule , Yao Baoli , Zhao Wei , Chen Yi , Fan Meigong , Xu Jinjun , Fally Martin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIndoly‐benzylfulgimide belongs to the photochromic fulgide family and follows photochemical first order kinetics. Its bleaching kinetics is investigated at 633 nm and 640 nm by spectroscopy, by the time dependence of transmission and of diffraction from holographically induced gratings. The non‐exponential decay law resulting for diffraction experiments with a Gaussian beam profile is calculated and verified experimentally. For a quasi‐homogeneous beam profile the time constant determined from diffraction decay is half the one for absorbance decay. The photochemical reaction rate of indoly‐benzylfulgimide in PMMA is (3.9 ± 0.3) cm2/J at 650 nm. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles study of electronic structure and ground‐state properties of alkali‐metal sulfides – Li2S, Na2S, K2S and Rb2S
Authors: Eithiraj R. D. , Jaiganesh G. , Kalpana G. , Rajagopalan M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFirst‐principles calculations have been performed to investigate the electronic structure and ground‐state properties of alkali‐metal sulfides Li2S, Na2S, K2S and Rb2S using the tight‐binding linear muffin‐tin orbital (TB‐LMTO) method. At ambient conditions these compounds are found to crystallize in the cubic antifluorite (anti‐CaF2‐type) structure. The exchange correlation energy is described in the local density approximation (LDA) using the von‐Barth and Hedin parameterization scheme. The calculated ground‐state properties of these compounds such as equilibrium lattice parameter and bulk modulus are in agreement with the other theoretical calculations and experiment results. From the results of the electronic‐structure calculations, we find that Li2S, K2S and Rb2S are indirect bandgap semiconductors, whereas Na2S is found to be a direct bandgap semiconductor. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐dimensional electrons at n‐GaAs/AlGaAs heterointerface under uniaxial compression
Authors: Minina N. Ya. , Bogdanov E. V. , Ilievsky A. A. , Polyansky A. V. , Kraak W. , Savin A. M. , Berman I. V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt has been shown that under uniaxial compression P applied at low temperatures the transport properties of 2D electrons at a n‐(001)GaAs/Alx Ga1–x As heterointerface are governed mainly by the piezoelectric field. It arises across the structure in the [001] direction when the stress is applied in the [110] or [1$ \bar 1 $0] directions and causes the corresponding compensating redistribution of charges that increases the 2D electron concentration in a quantum well if P ‖[110] and decreases it if P ‖[1$ \bar 1 $0]. The anisotropy of the 2D electron mobility does not significantly change under uniaxial stress up to 3.5 kbar and does not indicate the change of the energy spectrum anisotropy that takes place in a 2D hole system under compression. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Threshold currents under pressure in InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb laser diodes
Authors: Adamiec P. , Bohdan R. , Bercha A. , Dybala F. , Trzeciakowski W. , Rouillard Y. , Joullié A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThreshold currents in quantum well InGaAsSb lasers grown on GaSb substrates have been measured in the temperature range from 170 up to 320 K at pressures up to 20 kbar. These measurements were aiming at the identification of major recombination channels in these devices: Auger recombination involving spin–orbit split‐off band and leakage of electrons to p‐claddings. The emission lines shifted with pressure 12 meV per kbar. Our results indicated that the expected resonance of Auger recombination for E g = Δ does not occur in the studied pressure/temperature range. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pressure‐induced phase transition in Co‐doped ZnO
Authors: Mori Y. , Niiya N. , Mizuno T. , Nishii T. , Fujii A. , Fujii Y. , Takarabe K. , Wang Y. , Jiang J. Z. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHigh‐pressure X‐ray diffraction studies of Cox Zn1–x O (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10) were carried out with a synchrotron radiation source. The crystal parameters for three samples under pressure were refined by the Rietveld method. The bulk moduli for Cox Zn1–x O (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10) were determined by Birch's equation of state to be 144.9 ± 0.6, 143.4 ± 4.2, and 138.5 ± 1.9 GPa, and also the transition pressure from the wurtzite structure to the rocksalt structure were determined to be 8.2, 7.7, and 6.1 GPa, respectively. On increasing the Co‐doping into the ZnO, both the bulk moduli and transition pressures decrease, but the rates are quite different. The bulk modulus decreases by 4.8% with 10% Co‐doping but the transition pressure decreases by 25%. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal stability and pressure‐induced phase transitions in scheelite AWO4 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, Eu) binary oxides. I: A review of recent ab initio calculations, ADXRD, XANES, and Raman studies
Authors: López‐Solano J. , Rodríguez‐Hernández P. , Radescu S. , Mujica A. , Muñoz A. , Errandonea D. , Manjón F. J. , Pellicer‐Porres J. , Garro N. , Segura A. , Ferrer‐Roca Ch. , Kumar R. S. , Tschauner O. , Aquilanti G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe structural properties of CaWO4, SrWO4, BaWO4, PbWO4, and EuWO4 scintillating crystals under pressure have been studied by X‐ray powder diffraction, X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and ab initio density functional theory calculations. The results obtained from these studies will be reviewed here and their differences and similitudes discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High pressure studies of the radial breathing modes in double‐wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Arvanitidis J. , Christofilos D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis work focuses on the high pressure Raman study of the radial breathing modes (RBMs) of bundled double‐wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) using different excitation energies. The detailed examination of the Raman peaks attributed to the RBMs of the inner and outer tubes comprising the DWCNTs as a function of pressure provides a wealth of information concerning the pressure response of individual nanotubes as well as the inner‐outer tube (intratube) interactions. The outer tube acts as a protection shield for the inner tube whereas the latter increase the structural stability of the externals upon pressure application. More importantly, the pressure response of the inner tubes, expressed by the normalized pressure slopes Γi = (1/ωi) (∂ωi /∂P) vs. frequency of their RBMs, shows a remarkable grouping in quasi‐linear distributions wherein Γi increases with ω. This behavior is explained by assuming that the pressure response of an internal tube is crucially dependent on the intratube spacing and thus the structural characteristics of the encapsulating tube. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kinetics of photo‐darkening and self‐bleaching in amorphous As2S3 and As2Se3 thin films
Authors: Munzar M. , Tichý L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of photo‐darkening of amorphous As2S3 and a‐As2Se3 thin films follows a single exponential, but the magnitude and the rate of the process is higher in case of As2S3. The kinetics of self‐bleaching (dark relaxation) in advance photo‐darkened state follows a stretched exponential (SRE) with different stretching parameter for a‐As2S3 and a‐As2Se3. Within the J. C. Phillips approach we suppose that photo‐darkening in amorphous As2S3 films is, to some extent, accompanied by changes in short‐range order interactions, while photo‐darkening of amorphous As2Se3 is accompanied rather by changes in Coulomb interactions. The self‐bleaching process reduced the magnitude of photo‐darkening up to 45% and 60% for amorphous As2S3 and As2Se3 films, respectively. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Differential effects of three species of Hypericum in an open field test
Authors: Diana Giovanni , Capasso Anna , Quaranta Emilia , Feo Vincenzo De 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effects of three species of Hypericum (H.) on mice motor activity were compared in an automated open field test. Methanol extracts of H. perforatum L., H. hircinum L. and H. perfoliatum L. were tested at doses ranging from 2.5 to 200 mg i.p. H. hircinum decreased locomotion at most dose levels. Moreover, a dose of 200 mg/kg of all three herbal species sharply decreased motor activity. Ten mg/kg of H. perforatum, a dose that is comparable to that endowed with antidepressant effects in humans, tended to increase exploration and stereotypic activity and to decrease immobility. The study suggests that there are differences in the neuropharmacological actions of the three plant extracts. However, common constituents might explain the reduced motor activity observed at high dose levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the Mixed‐field‐environments concept in lifetime prediction of some ceramic components
Authors: Salmela Olli 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn lifetime prediction, the effect of a certain use environment on the lifetime is taken into account by using an acceleration factor that is specific to that use environment. The fact that the product may be used in different countries with differing environmental conditions results in a set of acceleration factor values. Prior to this paper, the effect of multiple field environments has been taken into account by using an average value of the acceleration factors obtained for several use environments. As the magnitudes of the acceleration factors (each specific to a certain use environment) vary a lot, the use of the average value has resulted in unrealistic lifetime estimates. The unrealism related to the use of the average value can be avoided when using the mixture‐of‐distributions concept, since the true acceleration factor values, instead of an average value, can then be used. In this paper, the mixture‐of‐distributions concept is applied for the first time to evaluate the effect of multiple use environments (thermal cycling) on the lifetime of a component population. By using this concept, it is possible to evaluate all of the key figures of reliability for the whole population based on the fractions of the component population that are used in multiple, different use environments. This approach can be applied when allocating maintenance and spare parts for a product that is used worldwide. The mixture‐of‐distributions concept in lifetime prediction is demonstrated by analyzing the test results of some ceramic leadless chip carrier components. Acceleration factors in four alternative field environments are estimated by running thermo‐mechanical finite element analysis simulations. The lifetime performance of the whole component population used in certain alternative field environments is then evaluated by applying the mixture‐of‐distributions concept. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground‐based experimental platforms in gravitational biology and human physiology
Authors: Hemmersbach Ruth , von der Wiesche Melanie , Seibt Dieter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractScientists and technicians have been innovative in order to find experimental approaches to study the influence of gravity. Depending on the scientific question and the time course of events which are under investigation, different experimental platforms are available to provide conditions of altered gravitational stimulation on ground and to prepare space experimentsi.e.under real microgravity conditions. The application profile ranges from studies with molecules or single cells up to humans.
Fabrication of DNA micropatterns on the polycarbonate surface of compact discs
Authors: Wang Zhen , Li Rong-Xian 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
DNA micropatterns have been fabricated on the surface of Polycarbonate (PC) bases of compact discs, with the ultimate goal of using conventional CD technology for DNA analysis. To confirm the formation of -COOH groups on the PC surface upon UV/ozone treatment, contact angle titrations were carried out on the PC surfaces. The surface morphologies of PC surface were measured by Tapping-mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). As the surface as “anchor” to attach the amine-modified ssDNA by covalent conjugates via amide bonds, the results of fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the fluorescein labeled complementary ssDNA can be used for detection the ssDNA immobilized on the patterned CD polycarbonate substrate.
Is dissociative amnesia a culture-bound syndrome? Findings from a survey of historical literature
Authors: POPE HARRISON G. , POLIAKOFF MICHAEL B. , PARKER MICHAEL P. , BOYNES MATTHEW , HUDSON JAMES I. 
Published: December 2006

Background. Natural human psychological phenomena, such as depression, anxiety, delusions, hallucinations and dementia, are documented across the ages in both fictional and non-fictional works. We asked whether ‘dissociative amnesia’ was similarly documented throughout history.Method. We advertised in three languages on more than 30 Internet web sites and discussion groups, and also in print, offering US$1000 to the first individual who could find a case of dissociative amnesia for a traumatic event in any fictional or non-fictional work before 1800.Results. Our search generated more than 100 replies; it produced numerous examples of ordinary forgetfulness, infantile amnesia and biological amnesia throughout works in English, other European languages, Latin, Greek, Arabic, Sanskrit and Chinese before 1800, but no descriptions of individuals showing dissociative amnesia for a traumatic event.Conclusions. If dissociative amnesia for traumatic events were a natural psychological phenomenon, an innate capacity of the brain, then throughout the millennia before 1800, individuals would presumably have witnessed such cases and portrayed them in non-fictional works or in fictional characters. The absence of cases before 1800 cannot reasonably be explained by arguing that our ancestors understood or described psychological phenomena so differently as to make them unrecognizable to modern readers because spontaneous complete amnesia for a major traumatic event, in an otherwise lucid individual, is so graphic that it would be recognizable even through a dense veil of cultural interpretation. Therefore, it appears that dissociative amnesia is not a natural neuropsychological phenomenon, but instead a culture-bound syndrome, dating from the nineteenth century.