bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal variation and interaction between nutritional and developmental instability in prehistoric Japanese populations
Authors: Hoover Kara C. , Matsumura Hirofumi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe examined nutritional and developmental instability in prehistoric Japan, using data from 49 individuals across 13 archaeological sites. Hypoplasia incidence was used as a measure of nutritional stress, and fluctuating asymmetry (of upper facial breath, orbital breadth, and orbital height) as an indirect assessment of developmental instability. Abundant resources due to a stable climate during the Middle Jomon (5,000–3,000 BP) encouraged population growth, which led to regional cultural homogeneity and complexity. A population crash on Honshu in the Late/Final Jomon (roughly 4,000–2,000 BP) led to regionally divergent subsistence economies and settlement patterns. We find that the nutritional stress was consistent between periods, but developmental instability (DI) decreased in the Late/Final Jomon. While the DI values were not statistically significant, the higher values for Middle Jomon may result from sedentism, social stratification, and differential access to resources. On Hokkaido, Jomon culture persisted until the Okhotsk period (1,000–600 BP), marked by the arrival of immigrants from Sakhalin. Nutritional stress was consistent between Middle and Late/Final Jomon, but DI increased in the Late/Final. Nutritional and developmental instability decreased from Late/Final to Okhotsk, suggesting a positive immigrant effect. We expected to find an association between stress markers due to the synergistic relationship between nutrition and pathology. The data support this hypothesis, but only one finding was statistically significant. While high critical values from small sample sizes place limits on the significance of our results, we find that the impact of environmental and cultural change to prehistoric Japanese populations was minimal. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is Central Asia the eastern outpost of the Neandertal range? A reassessment of the Teshik‐Tash child
Authors: Glantz Michelle , Athreya Sheela , Ritzman Terrence 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSince its discovery in southeastern Uzbekistan in 1938, the Teshik‐Tash child has been considered a Neandertal. Its affinity is important to studies of Late Pleistocene hominin growth and development as well as interpretations of the Central Asian Middle Paleolithic and the geographic distribution of Neandertals. A close examination of the original Russian monograph reveals the incompleteness of key morphologies associated with the cranial base and face and problems with the reconstruction of the Teshik‐Tash cranium, making its Neandertal attribution less certain than previously assumed. This study reassesses the Neandertal status of Teshik‐Tash 1 by comparing it to a sample of Neandertal, Middle and Upper Paleolithic modern humans, and recent human sub‐adults. Separate examinations of the cranium and mandible are conducted using multinomial logistic regression and discriminant function analysis to assess group membership. Results of the cranial analysis group Teshik‐Tash with Upper Paleolithic modern humans when variables are not size‐standardized, while results of the mandibular analysis place the specimen with recent modern humans for both raw and size‐standardized data. Although these results are influenced by limitations related to the incomplete nature of the comparative sample, they suggest that the morphology of Teshik‐Tash 1 as expressed in craniometrics is equivocal. Although, further quantitative studies as well as additional sub‐adult fossil finds from this region are needed to ascertain the morphological pattern of this specimen specifically, and Central Asian Middle Paleolithic hominins in general, these results challenge current characterizations of this territory as the eastern boundary of the Neandertal range during the Late Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Dental development and enamel thickness in the Lakonis Neanderthal molar
Authors: Smith T.M. , Harvati K. , Olejniczak A.J. , Reid D.J. , Hublin J.‐J. , Panagopoulou E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDevelopmental and structural affinities between modern human and Neanderthal dental remains continue to be a subject of debate as well as their utility for informing assessments of life history and taxonomy. Excavation of the Middle Paleolithic cave site Lakonis in southern Greece has yielded a lower third molar (LKH 1). Here, we detail the crown development and enamel thickness of the distal cusps of the LKH 1 specimen, which has been classified as a Neanderthal based on the presence of an anterior fovea and mid‐trigonid crest. Crown formation was determined using standard histological techniques, and enamel thickness was measured from a virtual plane of section. Developmental differences include thinner cuspal enamel and a lower periodicity than modern humans. Crown formation in the LKH 1 hypoconid is estimated to be 2.6–2.7 years, which is shorter than modern human times. The LKH 1 hypoconid also shows a more rapid overall crown extension rate than modern humans. Relative enamel thickness was approximately half that of a modern human sample mean; enamel on the distal cusps of modern human third molars is extremely thick in absolute and relative terms. These findings are consistent with recent studies that demonstrate differences in crown development, tissue proportions, and enamel thickness between Neanderthals and modern humans. Although overlap in some developmental variables may be found, the results of this and other studies suggest that Neanderthal molars formed in shorter periods of time than modern humans, due in part to thinner enamel and faster crown extension rates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Standardized and semiautomated Harris lines detection
Authors: Suter S. , Harders M. , Papageorgopoulou C. , Kuhn G. , Székely G. , Rühli F.J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractArrest in long bone growth and the subsequent resumption of growth may be visible as radiopaque transverse lines in radiographs (Harris lines, HL; Harris, HA. 1933. Bone growth in health and disease. London: Oxford University Press). The assessment of individual age at occurrence of such lines, as part of paleopathological skeletal studies, is time‐consuming and shows large intra‐ and interobserver variability. Thus, a standardized, automated detection algorithm would help to increase the validity of such paleopathological research. We present an image analysis application facilitating automatic detection of HL. On the basis of established age calculation methods, the individual age‐at‐formation can be automatically assessed with the tool presented. Additional user input to confirm the automatic result is possible via an intuitive graphical user interface. Automated detection of HL from digital radiographs of a sample of late Medieval Swiss tibiae was compared to the consensus of manual assessment by two blinded expert observers. The intra‐ and interobserver variability was high. The quality of the observer result improved when standardized detection criteria were defined and applied. The newly developed algorithm detected two‐thirds of the HL that were identified as consensus lines between the observers. It was, however, necessary to validate the last one‐third by manual editing. The lack of a large test series must be noted. The application is freely available for further testing by any interested researcher. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allometry of facial mobility in anthropoid primates: Implications for the evolution of facial expression
Authors: Dobson Seth D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBody size may be an important factor influencing the evolution of facial expression in anthropoid primates due to allometric constraints on the perception of facial movements. Given this hypothesis, I tested the prediction that observed facial mobility is positively correlated with body size in a comparative sample of nonhuman anthropoids. Facial mobility, or the variety of facial movements a species can produce, was estimated using a novel application of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). I used FACS to estimate facial mobility in 12 nonhuman anthropoid species, based on video recordings of facial activity in zoo animals. Body mass data were taken from the literature. I used phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to perform a multiple regression analysis with facial mobility as the dependent variable and two independent variables: log body mass and dummy‐coded infraorder. Together, body mass and infraorder explain 92% of the variance in facial mobility. However, the partial effect of body mass is much stronger than for infraorder. The results of my study suggest that allometry is an important constraint on the evolution of facial mobility, which may limit the complexity of facial expression in smaller species. More work is needed to clarify the perceptual bases of this allometric pattern. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
mtDNA and Y‐chromosome variation in the Talysh of Iran and Azerbaijan
Authors: Nasidze Ivan , Quinque Dominique , Rahmani Manijeh , Alemohamad Seyed Ali , Asadova Pervin , Zhukova Olga , Stoneking Mark 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Northern Talysh from Azerbaijan and the Southern Talysh from Iran self‐identify as one ethnic group and speak a Northwestern Iranian language. However, the Northern and Southern Talysh dialects are so different that they may actually be separate languages. Does this linguistic differentiation reflect internal change due to isolation, or could contact‐induced change have played a role? We analyzed mtDNA HVI sequences, 11 Y‐chromosome bi‐allelic markers, and 9 Y‐STR loci in Northern and Southern Talysh and compared them with their neighboring groups. The mtDNA data show a close relatedness of both groups with each other and with neighboring groups, whereas the Northern Talysh Y‐chromosome variation differs from that of neighboring groups, probably as a result of genetic drift. This genetic drift most likely reflects a founder event in the male gene pool of Northern Talysh: either fewer males than females migrated to Azerbaijan, or there was a higher degree of relatedness among the male migrants. Since we find no evidence of substantial genetic contact between either Northern or Southern Talysh and neighboring groups, we conclude that internal change, rather than contact‐induced change, most likely explains the linguistic differentiation between Northern and Southern Talysh. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative limb strength and locomotion in Homo habilis
Authors: Ruff Christopher 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Homo habilis OH 62 partial skeleton has played an important, although controversial role in interpretations of early Homo locomotor behavior. Past interpretive problems stemmed from uncertain bone length estimates and comparisons using external bone breadth proportions, which do not clearly distinguish between modern humans and apes. Here, true cross‐sectional bone strength measurements of the OH 62 femur and humerus are compared with those of modern humans and chimpanzees, as well as two early H. erectus specimens—KNM‐WT 15000 and KNM‐ER 1808. The comparative sections include two locations in the femur and two in the humerus in order to encompass the range of possible section positions in the OH 62 specimens. For each combination of section locations, femoral to humeral strength proportions of OH 62 fall below the 95% confidence interval of modern humans, and for most comparisons, within the 95% confidence interval of chimpanzees. In contrast, the two H. erectus specimens both fall within or even above the modern human distributions. This indicates that load distribution between the limbs, and by implication, locomotor behavior, was significantly different in H. habilis from that of H. erectus and modern humans. When considered with other postcranial evidence, the most likely interpretation is that H. habilis, although bipedal when terrestrial, still engaged in frequent arboreal behavior, while H. erectus was a completely committed terrestrial biped. This adds to the evidence that H. habilis (sensu stricto) and H. erectus represent ecologically distinct, parallel lineages during the early Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth in colony living anubis baboon infants and its relationship with maternal activity budgets and reproductive status
Authors: Garcia Cécile , Lee Phyllis C. , Rosetta Lyliane 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEarly growth is of interest because it is susceptible to maternal effects and linked to fitness components for a range of species. Here we present anthropometric measurements on 23 infant olive baboons born into a captive colony in order to describe growth over the first 2 years of life, to explore maternal influences on growth, and to assess the impact of growth profiles on maternal reproduction. Six main findings emerged: 1) Infant growth rates in our colony were higher than those reported for wild populations but comparable to those observed for food‐enhanced animals. 2) The ratio of infant mass to maternal mass was positively associated with reproductive parameters, such as duration of post‐partum amenorrhea and interbirth interval. 3) Mothers resumed cycling and reconceived when their infants attained a relatively consistent threshold mass. 4) Infant mass‐for‐age was associated with maternal rank and, independently, with maternal mass such that females of high dominance rank and heavy females had relatively large infants at their resumption of cycling. 5) Low‐ranking and lighter females had longer investment periods but smaller infants. They continued investment in infant through prolonged lactation until their infants reached a mass similar to that of infants of high‐ranking/heavy mothers, suggesting that the lengthening of investment is essentially compensatory for slow early growth. 6) There was no relationship between infant growth and maternal activity budgets. Maternal physical and social factors, not energetics, contributed to differences among infants in growth trajectories, and infant growth temporally influenced successive reproductive events. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rhesus macaque milk: Magnitude, sources, and consequences of individual variation over lactation
Authors: Hinde Katherine , Power Michael L. , Oftedal Olav T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLactation represents the greatest postnatal energetic expenditure for mammalian mothers, and a mother's ability to sustain the costs of lactation is influenced by her physical condition. Mothers in good condition may produce infants who weigh more, grow faster, and are more likely to survive than the infants of mothers in poor condition. These effects may be partially mediated through the quantity and quality of milk that mothers produce during lactation. However, we know relatively little about the relationships between maternal condition, milk composition, milk yield, and infant outcomes. Here, we present the first systematic investigation of the magnitude, sources, and consequences of individual variation in milk for an Old World monkey. Rhesus macaques produce dilute milk typical of the primate order, but there was substantial variation among mothers in the composition and amount of milk they produced and thus in the milk energy available to infants. Relative milk yield value (MYV), the grams of milk obtained by mammary evacuation after 3.5–4 h of maternal‐infant separation, increased with maternal parity and was positively associated with infant weight. Both milk gross energy (GE) and MYV increased during lactation as infants aged. There was, however, a trade‐off; those mothers with greater increases in GE had smaller increases in MYV, and their infants grew more slowly. These results from a well‐fed captive population demonstrate that differences between mothers can have important implications for milk synthesis and infant outcome. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new method for estimating age‐at‐death from the first rib
Authors: DiGangi Elizabeth A. , Bethard Jonathan D. , Kimmerle Erin H. , Konigsberg Lyle W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA new method for estimating adult age‐at‐death from the first rib was developed as a modification of the Kunos et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 110 (1999) 303–323) method. Data were collected on three aspects of the first rib (costal face, rib head, and tubercle facet) for 470 known‐age males of Balkan ancestry collected as evidence during investigations conducted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Ages‐at‐death range from 12 to 90 years (mean of 47.7 years). Several variables were extracted from the original study utilizing all three skeletal aspects of the first rib. This list was modified to 11 variables as preliminary tests on seriations of the samples were undertaken. A cumulative probit model with age measured on a log scale was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the ages‐of‐transition for each component. Multivariate analysis of the three components was also performed. The lowest correlation (r= 0.079, controlling for age) was between the geometric shape of the costal face and the surface texture of the tubercle facet. Assuming a correlation of zero, these two traits were used to calculate the highest posterior density regions for estimating individual ages‐at‐death. Age‐at‐death estimates generated from 50 and 95% posterior density regions indicate that this method captures age‐related change reaching the ninth decade. The Bayesian statistical approach used here produced a valuable and promising new method for estimating age‐at‐death. Additional research is necessary to determine if these highest posterior density regions produce results highly correlated with age in other samples and its applicability to females. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Under restrictive conditions, can the widths of linear enamel hypoplasias be used as relative indicators of stress episode duration?
Authors: Hubbard Amelia , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLinear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), a type of enamel defect reflecting nonspecific physiological stress, has traditionally been used by bioarchaeologists to assess human health. Initially, measurements of defect width were used to estimate the duration of stress episodes. More recently, methods of counting within‐defect perikymata (enamel growth increments) were developed to more accurately assess duration. Because perikymata are often not continuously visible within defects, while widths can usually be measured, the primary purpose of this article was to determine if, under restrictive conditions, the widths of LEH defects might be used as relative indicators of stress episode duration. Using a set of dental replicas from the prehistoric Irene Mound (1150–1400 A.D.), this study also investigated potential sources of variation in defect widths and how often defect widths could be measured and within‐defect perikymata counted. Of 120 defects, only 47 contained both measurable defect widths and total within‐defect perikymata, while 79 had measurable defect widths. Regression analysis revealed that, for these 47 defects, defect widths were more strongly related to the total number of within‐defect perikymata than they were to crown region or tooth type. Although wide prediction intervals indicated that a defect's width could not be used to predict the number of within‐defect perikymata for an individual, narrower confidence intervals associated with hypothetical mean population widths suggested that mean defect widths might be used to rank populations in terms of relative average stress episode duration. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physicochemical studies of globular proteins—Bovine serum albumin, egg albumin, and lysozyme—In some aqueous iodide salts solutions of IA group and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide systems
Authors: Singh Man 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDensities (ρ, kg m−3), and viscosities (η, 0.1 kg m−1 s−1) of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Egg Albumin, and Lysozyme in aqueous iodide salts of lithium, sodium, and potassium, along with cationic surfactant‐cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were measured at a temperature of 303.15 K. The 0.0010–0.0018 g %, w/v of each protein at an interval of 0.0002 mol L−1 in 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 millimol L−1 of salt and CTAB are studied. Data are used for apparent molar volumes (Vϕ, 10−6 m3 mol−1) and intrinsic viscosities ([η], dL kg−1), respectively. Data are regressed and extrapolated to zero concentrations for ρ0, η0, and $$V_{\phi}^{0} $$ limiting values and Sd, Sη and SV corresponding slopes for protein–salt structural interactions. With size of cations, the densities decrease as CTAB > LiI > NaI > KI and increase with salts concentrations, with salts the densities are as Lysozyme > BSA > Egg Albumin, viscosities and Vϕ as BSA > Egg–Albumin > Lysozyme. The ρ and η values with CTAB higher and [η] are lower and converse at around 0.4 mmol L−1 salt and is effective for greater stability of proteins. The [η] in CTAB are higher than other salts and decreases with size of cations with stronger intermolecular forces. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes based on N1,N4‐bis[(4‐hydroxyphenyl)methylene]succinohydrazide hard segment
Authors: Raghu A. V. , Gadaginamath G. S. , Priya M. , Seema P. , Jeong Han Mo , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article deals with the synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes (PUs) by the reaction between two aromatic diisocyanates (4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and tolylene 2,4‐diisocyanate) and two aliphatic diisocyanates (isophorone diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate) with N1,N4‐bis[(4‐hydroxyphenyl)methylene]succinohydrazide, which acted as hard segment. UV–vis, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DSC/TGA analytical technique has been used to determine the structural characterization and thermal properties of the hard segmented PUs. X‐ray diffraction revealed that PUs contained semicrystalline and amorphous regions that varied depending upon the nature of the backbone structures. PUs were soluble in polar aprotic solvents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of chemical modifications on the thermal stability and degradation of banana fiber and banana fiber‐reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites
Authors: Joseph Seena , Sreekala M. S. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBanana fiber has been modified by treatments with sodium hydroxide, silanes, cyanoethylation, heat treatment, and latex treatment and the thermal degradation behavior of the fiber was analyzed by thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry analysis. Both treated and untreated fibers showed two‐stage decomposition. All the treatments were found to increase the thermal stability of the fiber due to the physical and chemical changes induced by the treatments. The thermal degradation of treated and untreated banana fiber‐reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites has also been analyzed. It was found that the thermal stability of the composites was much higher than that of fibers but they are less stable compared to neat PF resin matrix. Composite samples were found to have four‐stage degradation. The NaOH treated fiber‐reinforced composites have very good fiber/matrix adhesion and hence improvement in thermal stability is observed. Though both silane treatments increased the thermal stability of the composite the vinyl silane is found to be more effective. Heat treatment improves the crystallinity of the fiber and decreases the moisture content, hence an improved thermal stability. The latex treatment and cyanoethylation make the fiber surface hydrophobic, here also the composite is thermally more stable than untreated one. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008