bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Election of Archbishop Stablewski
Authors: Rosenthal Harry Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

The selection of a successor to Archbishop Dinder of the Poseń-Gnesen (Poznań-Gniezno) archdiocese resulted in one of the more interesting episodes in German-Polish relations. Coming as it did, just after the fall of the Iron Chancellor, the process of selection revealed with the utmost clarity the perceptions and priorities of the participating Germans and Poles.The history of the Posen-Gnesen archbishopric gave significance to the question, for in the German Empire, as both German and Pole knew, only the Posen-Gnesen archdiocese had customarily had a Polish archbishop. This churchman tended to be the Polish community's most prominent spokesman and its visible head. He symbolized a unique and worthy tradition. In his person, until 1886, Polonia lived. Then, in that year, the Vatican and Bismarck dealt a severe blow to the Polish community by agreeing on the German Dinder to succeed the Pole Ledóchowski who had been forced to surrender his position.
Das Kapital Comes to Russia
Authors: Resis Albert 
Published: April 2006

Pro captu lectoris habent sua fata libelli.TERENTIANUS MAURUSThe triumph of Marxism in backward Russia is commonly regarded as a historical anomaly. Yet, some forty-five years before the Bolshevik Revolution, Marx's Das Kapital in Russian translation had already won quick acclaim. Indeed, the book for a brief time enjoyed greater renown in Russia than in any other country, and it won a warm reception—for highly varied reasons— in many political quarters. Although valuable studies have been written on the first responses to Marxism in Russia, little note has been taken of the rapid and widespread success the book scored, and the reasons for this success have received even less attention. An exploration of these reasons will therefore cover a rarely traveled byway of Russian intellectual history.
The Statistics on the Russian Land Commune, 1905-1917
Authors: Atkinson Dorothy 
Published: April 2006

Western and Soviet scholars have generally maintained different interpretations of the period between 1905 and 1917 in Russia, describing it respectively as a time of amelioration or of immiseration for the masses. Both groups, however, have stressed the progress of capitalism in prerevolutionary Russia. Despite standard references to the agrarian problem, most of the attention given to socioeconomic development in this period has focused on industrialization and the urban sector. Yet 87 percent of the population was rural when revolution broke out in 1905, and 85 percent still rural when it erupted again in 1917.During the interrevolutionary period the imperial government adopted a program that was intended to provide a take-off base for agriculture. Prime Minister Stolypin’s policy was aimed at the replacement of the archaic communal structure by a new order of individualized peasant landholdings that would give scope to personal initiative and technological innovation.
Peasant Migration and the Russian Working Class: Moscow at the End of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Johnson Robert Eugene 
Published: April 2006

Almost a hundred years have elapsed since Russian Marxists and Populists began their polemics over the social effects of industrialization, and seven decades have gone by since Bolsheviks and Mensheviks first clashed over the “ripeness” or maturity of the Russian working class. Nevertheless, debate continues to this day over the outlook of the prerevolutionary Russian working class.No one disputes the fact that in the decades before 1917 a majority— albeit a shrinking proportion—of factory workers came from the peasant estate (soslovie). Before the Stolypin legislation of 1906, a peasant who moved to the city or factory found it almost impossible to end his legal obligation to the village commune where he was born, and roughly 90 percent of the industrial workers in the city of Moscow were legally peasants. The question remains, however, whether the ties imposed by the passport system and obligatory land allotments were an empty formality: Were the “peasants“ in Russian factories peasants in name only? How did the move to the cities and factories affect their ideas, values, or behavior ?
The Status of Women in a Socialist Order: Czechoslovakia, 1948-1978
Authors: Wolchik Sharon L. 
Published: April 2006

All citizens shall have equal rights and equal duties. Men and women shall have equal status in the family, at work and in public activity. The society of the working people shall ensure the equality of all citizens by creating equal possibilities and equal opportunities in all fields of public life.ČSSR Constitution, Article 20When we Communist women protested against the disbanding of the women's organization, we were informed that we had equality. That we were equal, happy, joyful, and content, and that, therefore, our problem was solved.Woman Delegate to the Prague Conferenceof District Party Officials, May 1968When Communist elites came to power in Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War, they attempted to create a new social and political order. As part of this process, efforts were made to improve the status of women and to incorporate them as full participants in a socialist society.
The Friends and Foes of Change: Reformism and Conservatism in the Soviet Union
Authors: Cohen Stephen F. 
Published: April 2006

The combination of conservative institutions with revolutionary ideas meant that the Republic was the first successful attempt to reconcile the conservative and revolutionary traditions in France. But it also meant that in the twentieth century the forces of change were resisted and obstructed to the point of frustration.David Thomson, Democracy in FranceThe theme of the meeting, “Tradition and Innovation,” offers an occasion to talk about serious things.Mikhail Romm (1962)Change in the Stalinist system, and stubborn resistance to change, have been the central features of Soviet political life since Stalin's death in 1953. The rival forces of “innovation and tradition,” to use the language of the official press, have become “two poles” in Soviet politics and society, which are expressed through “sharp clashes between people standing on both sides of the psychological barrier.“
Ephebes and Precursors in Chekhov's The Seagull
Authors: Curtis James M. 
Published: April 2006

Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence takes the Freudian concept of an oedipal relationship between father and son as a model for the relationship that exists when one artist, the father figure (or precursor, as Bloom calls him), influences another artist (the ephebe, in Bloom's terminology). Bloom's work provides a desirable redefinition of standard treatments of influence and stylistic change in that it offers a dynamic, rather than a static, paradigm, and denies any simplistic dissociation of the artist as historical figure from the poet as poet. Furthermore, it denies that literary influences can occur as purely verbal processes, and it affirms that the creative process is emotionally charged, like so many other important human experiences.In Anxiety of Influence Bloom states, in typically absolute terms, “Poetic Influence—when it involves two strong, authentic poets,—always proceeds by a misreading of the prior poet, an act of creative correction that is actually and necessarily a misinterpretation.“
Public and Private Values in the Soviet Press, 1921-1928
Authors: Brooks Jeffrey 
Published: April 2006

The Bolsheviks created a new system for the production and distribution of the printed word to replace the prerevolutionary print media. This innovation was in many respects the most remarkable of the early revolutionary years, since it led to the radical dichotomy between public and private codes of behavior that has plagued Soviet society ever since.The central feature of the new information system was a publishing monopoly, with corresponding prepublication censorship of all reading material. The link between producers and consumers that the market had provided was cut, and Bolshevik publishers did not have to offer what consumers wished to read. The result was to alter abruptly the flow of printed information and particularly the flow to and from the lower levels of the reading public.
Self-Censorship and the Russian Intelligentsia, 1905-1914
Authors: Kelly Aileen 
Published: April 2006

How long ago was it that, terrified from childhood, we ceased to kill in ourselves the most innocent desires? How long ago did we cease to shudder when finding in our souls passionate impulses unrecorded in the tariff of romanticism?Aleksandr Herzen, From The Other ShoreIn a letter to his friends in Russia in 1850, Aleksandr Herzen complained of the “democratic orthodoxy” that was forming among the exiled revolutionaries of 1848:They have established their own radical inquisition, their poll tax on ideas: ideas and thoughts which satisfy their demands have the rights of citizenship … the others are … the proletariat of the moral world: they have to be silent or win their place by a head-on attack. Against rebellious ideas there has appeared a democratic censorship, incomparably more dangerous than any other, because it has neither police, nor packed juries … nor prisons, nor fines. When the reactionary censorship takes a book from your hands, the book receives universal respect: they persecute the author, close a printing house, smash the machinery, and the persecuted word acquires the status of a belief. Democratic censorship achieves the moral destruction of its object: its accusations are promulgated not … from a procurator's mouth, but from the distance of exile, the darkness of prisons. A verdict written by a hand which bears the marks of chains leaves a deep impression on the heart, which does not prevent it from being unjust.
Speaking the Sorrow of Women: Turgenev's “Neschastnaia” and Evgeniia Tur's “Antonina”
Authors: Costlow Jane T. 
Published: April 2006

In a letter of 1868 to Pavel Annenkov, Ivan Turgenev spoke of "Neschastnaia," the story that he had just finished writing, as "moia posledniaia dochka."' Authorship and paternity are conflated in this phrase, as are story and heroine: The melancholy Russian has given birth to a daughter.Turgenev's statement of affiliation both hints at and obscures the genealogical truths of a story that takes familial complexity and silence as its explicit topic. "Neschastnaia" is a story which is about the silence surrounding a young woman's true place in a patriarchal household; its heroine is at once bound by and excluded from filial relationship. Beyond such explicit thematics, however, there lies another genealogical story in which Turgenev himself takes part. This second story concerns the legitimacy of Turgenev himself as much as that of his heroine; it touches on the genesis of Turgenev's own art and his relationship to women writers of the 184Qs. It is a story suggested by the thematics of paternity and legitimacy and also by the very structure of Turgenev's narrative.
Russia between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space
Authors: Bassin Mark 
Published: April 2006

Gehört Russland zu Europa? Der Geograph hat die Antwort am ehesten zur Hand.Georg von RauchWe should remember that a geographical region is in the last resort an abstraction with a history which can sometimes tell us much about the past.Denys HayRussia's position between Europe and Asia is once again a timely subject. On the most official level, it figures regularly in Mikhail Gorbachev's pronouncements on foreign policy: somberly invoked either in western capitals in order to press his vision of a “common European home” from the Atlantic to the Urals or in the Far East to affirm the Soviet Union's natural identity as an Asian country. At the same time, dissident intellectual circles in the Soviet Union have been expostulating upon the Europe-Russia-Asia juxtaposition for some years and frequently enough arrive at conclusions very different from those of the general secretary.
Modelling the Reading Act: Gogol'’s Mute Scene and Its Intertexts
Authors: Robey Judith 
Published: April 2006

The mute scene at the end of Nikolai GogoFs comedyThe Inspector Generalhas been described as apocalyptic, metapoetic, and pictorial. It begins when the gendarme announces the arrival of therealinspector general to the town’s corrupt officials: their horrified expressions create a protracted, silent tableau, and the audience (having been told in the play’s epigraph and the mayor’s aside that they are looking at their own “crooked mugs”) is left to stare back at the players for ninety seconds. Gogol' expected this scene to be a transformative moment for all of Russia. But exactly how he meant for the tableau to set up a moral-aesthetic event has never been adequately explained.As some critics have noted, for Gogol' images of viewers looking at paintings are a means of commenting on the potential power of art over the human soul.
Elasticity of Land: Problems of Property Restitution in Transylvania
Authors: Verdery Katherine 
Published: April 2006

"Land doesn't expand and it doesn't contract; we'll find your piece of it."(Judge in a court case over land)"Hey! Since when did my garden shrink?" "It didn't shrink, it stretched."(Two neighbors arguing over the boundary between their gardens)"The day will come when a man will go out into his field and not know
where it begins or ends."(Biblical reference by villagers to the imminent end of the world)In memory of loan AluaşIn February 1991 the Romanian Parliament passed a law for the restoration of land to its former owners. Known as Law 18/1991, the Law on Agricultural Land Resources (Legea Fondului Funciar) liquidated collective farms and returned their lands to the households that had given them over at collectivization (1959-1962).' The former owners recover not merely usufruct, or use rights, but full rights of ownership.
Living on the Edge: The East European Roma in Postcommunist Politics and Societies
Authors: Barany Zoltan D. 
Published: April 2006

You watch your pocket. Gypsies. They don't work, only steal, and make children so the government will give them money every timeNadine Gordimer"I am no racist," he said. "But some Gypsies you would have to shoot."Jozef Pacai, mayor of the Slovak village of MedzevThe east European communist regimes, in contrast to their frequently repeated claims, not only did not weed out nationalism in their domains but in some cases attempted to manipulate and exploit it for their own purposes. Nonetheless, since the collapse of communism the region has experienced a robust resurgence of at times violent ethnic conflicts and racism explained by the simultaneous occurrence of several factors accompanying the postcommunist transition process
A Century of Achievement and Unfinished Work
Authors: Aldrich George H. , Chinkin Christine M. 
Published: April 2006

The Hague Conferences that produced the Conventions of 1899 and 1907 closed the nineteenth century and opened the twentieth. They established an agenda for negotiation, in the parliamentary-diplomatic mode, for the next hundred years; elevated the development of mechanisms of dispute resolution to new prominence; tried to order many areas of armed conflict with new international law; and, perhaps unintentionally, set parameters for the future diplomacy of international conferences.Subsequent international lawmaking efforts grappled with many of the themes debated at The Hague, even as the political landscape of international law was completely transformed by the breakup of empires and the advent of almost two hundred new states; the founding of international organizations and regional organizations that could scarcely have been imagined in 1899, and the establishment of a truly permanent international judicial institution, followed by the creation of many other judicial institutions with more focused jurisdictions. Despite these changes, much of the style of the Hague Conferences left a deep imprint on international law. The mixture of lofty rhetoric, prophetic international legal vision, and narrow political interest of the Hague Conferences became a characteristic, even an expected feature, of collective international lawmaking efforts in this century.
The Ace in "The Queen of Spades"
Authors: Davydov Sergei 
Published: April 2006

–A. S. Pushkin, Evgenii Onegin, 8:37(And slowly, as his mind and feeling / descend into a languid dream, / Imagination takes up dealing / her motley Faro game to him.)At a card table at the beginning of "Pikovaia dama" (The queen of spades), Tomskii recounts a tale about his flamboyant grandmother, an avid Faro player. In her youth the Countess once lost a large sum to the Duke of Orleans aujeu de laReine at Versailles. When her husband refused to pay off her debt, the Countess turned to the adventurer and wonderman Count Saint-Germain for help.
Subaltern Dialogues: Subversion and Resistance in Soviet Uzbek Family Law
Authors: Northrop Douglas 
Published: April 2006

We must address this question very seriously. We can no longer be patient with violations of women's rights. Our country is growing [and] moving ahead; the collective farms are growing; culture is expanding; we are moving forward on all sides with regards to women. We must take care to help them. Among us Uzbeks it is said that only a crazy person gets mixed up in family matters between a husband and wife. This is not so: what about the cases in which signals arose of [bad] relations between husband and wife, [but] based on this sentiment no attention was paid and bad results [followed]. This [advice to leave family affairs alone] is the invention ofbois [wealthy people] and the religious clergy and only serves their hostile ends.-Abdurakhmanov to a conference of Uzbek Stakhanovite kolkhoz women, 1940
Patristic and Contemporary Borrowing in the Caroline Divines
Authors: Stanwood P. G. 
Published: April 2006

'A cold coming we had of it,Just the worst time of the yearFor a journey, and such a long journey:The ways deep and the weather sharp,The very dead of winter.'The celebrated opening of T. S. Eliot's ‘Journey of the Magi' adapts a passage from Lancelot Andrewes’ fifteenth sermon on the Nativity (1622). This is well known, but less familiar may be the fact that Andrews himself was making free use of St. John Chrysostom's Homily vi on Matt. 2:1,2—the scriptural text which describes the coming of the ‘wise men’ from the east to Jerusalem to worship Jesus. The number of wise men (once thought to be twelve), their station in life, their origin, and the nature and meaning of their journey were questions which gave rise to a long tradition of patristic and later commentary on the Epiphany, as the manifestation of Christ to the world and the commemorative feast of the Church came to be called.
Erasmus' Commitment to the Canons Regular of St.
Augustine
Authors: Demolen Richard L. 
Published: April 2006

By the northwest coast of England . . . there's a college of canons,
to whom, however, the Latins add the title of Regulars: an order
midway between monks and the canons called Seculars. You tell me of
amphibians, such as the beaver. Yes, and the crocodile. But details
aside, I'll try to satisfy you in a few words. In unfavorable matters,
they're canons; in favorable ones, monks.Erasmus, Colloquies (1526), tr. Craig
ThompsonErasmus offered this observation of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine in
the colloquy 'A Pilgrimage for Religion's Sake.' Filled with bite and
insight, it reflects Erasmus' understanding of the apostolate of the order
which he formally joined in 1488. The Canons Regular of St. Augustine, also
known as the Austin Canons, performed many of the duties of secular priests.
They served parishes, taught in schools and colleges, and served as
chaplains.
Leda and the Swan: Rabelais's Parody of Michelangelo
Authors: Rigolot Francois 
Published: April 2006

“oysons bridez … et aultres telles painctures contrefaictes à plaisir pour exciter le monde à rire.” (Gargantua, Prologue)It is no novelty to stress the paradistic aspects of Rabelais's style. As early as 1915, Emile Besch had described Gargantua and Pantagruel as “une parodie des romans de chevalerie,” and this broad critical assessment has not really been seriously challenged ever since. Yet most of the studies devoted to Rabelais's comical imitations seem to concentrate either on what he owes to the ancient, medieval or humanistic tradition, or on the specific techniques through which he mocks or distorts various genres, modes or styles. More specifically, very little attention has been paid so far to Rabelais's attitude vis-à-vis art works of his time, although we know very well that, like many other contemporary writers, he had a keen interest in pictorial compositions.
Titian's Helle and Ascanio de' Mori
Authors: Shiff Jonathan 
Published: April 2006

In 1564 Titian traveled to Brescia to discuss a commission for a set of three allegorical paintings for the ceiling of the Council Hall. While there, according to a hitherto unnoticed reference in Ascanio de’ Mori's Giuoco piacevole, he presented a Brescian noblewoman, Barbara Calina, with a painting or drawing representing the mythological figure Helle.Ascanio Pipino de’ Mori da Ceno (1533—1591) is most often remembered today for his fourteen stories which are said to epitomize the adjustment of novellieri to the new moral climate of the Counter Reformation. In his own day, however, this Mantuan courtiersoldier- turned-author was perhaps best known for his Giuoco piacevole, which was popular enough to warrant three editions, in 1575, 1580, and 1590.
The Studia Humanitatis: Contemporary Scholarship and Renaissance Ideals
Authors: Proctor Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

Let me pursue for a moment the question that Professor Nauert raised at the end of his paper: how successful were the new classical schools of the Renaissance in achieving the highest goal of the humanist educational program, that of inspiring their students to seek wisdom and virtue?This is a difficult question for us to answer for two reasons. First, as a result of the deterioration of the tradition of moral philosophy in the west after the Enlightenment, the kind of deterioration that Alasdair Maclntyre describes in his well-known book After Virtue, our society is deeply confused about the meaning, purpose and possibility of moral education.
Dutch Proverbs and Ancient Sources in Erasmus'sPraise of Folly
Authors: Wesseling Ari 
Published: April 2006

Clarence Miller, the learned editor and commentator of Erasmus'sPraise of Folly, made a challenging remark in a recent issue ofRenaissance Quarterly. In discussing a collection of essays on theMoriaand theColloquies,he observes in conclusion that it is “very difficult to say much that is both new and true” about Erasmus's satire. With a view to the flood of secondary literature on the subject, his observation seems quite to the point.I shall illustrate a number of basic textual ingredients in theMoriawhose origin has escaped the attention of Erasmus specialists, namely, Dutch proverbs and expressions. More than once it is Folly herself that suggests she is going to quote from the vernacular.
Johann Valentin Andreae's Utopian Brotherhoods*
Authors: Dickson Donald R. 
Published: April 2006

Howbeit we know after a time there wil now be a general reformation, both of divine and humane things, according to our desire, and the expectation of others: for it's fitting, that before the rising of the Sun, there should appear and break forthAurora, or some clearness, or divine light in the sky; and so in the mean time some few, which shall give their names, may joyn together, thereby to increase the number and respect of ourFraternity, and make a happy and wished for beginning of ourPhilosophical Canons, prescribed to us by our brother R.C. and be partakers with us of our treasures (which never can fail or be wasted) in all humility, and love to be eased of this worlds labor, and not walk so blindly in the knowledge of the wonderful works of God.— Fama fraternitatis (1614)