bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young Children's Emotionality, Regulation and Social Functioning and Their Responses When They Are Targets of a Peer's Anger
Authors: Murphy Bridget C. , Eisenberg Nancy 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe examined the relations of young children's (N = 70) anger‐related responses (i.e., behavioral scripts when they are targets of a peer's anger, perceptions of a peer's anger intensity, and involvement in real‐life anger conflict incidents) to children's emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Children aged 4 to 6 used puppets to act out their responses to hypothetical situations in which they inadvertently provoked a peer who then became angry at them. Boys viewed by teachers as emotionally intense, unregulated, nonconstructive copers, aggressive, and socially inappropriate tended to enact unfriendly responses when they were targets of a peer's anger. In addition, boys and girls viewed as aggressive (by teachers and mothers, respectively) and girls whose teachers viewed them as unregulated enacted assertive puppet responses. Children's enacted responses did not vary as a function of sex or level of the peer's anger. Girls' perceptions of relatively high levels of peers' anger were related to mothers' reports of aggressiveness and low self‐regulation. Finally, peer reports of children's involvement in anger conflicts were associated with children's high emotional intensity, nonconstructive coping, low regulation, and socially inappropriate behavior, and boys' aggressiveness and low popularity.
Conflict Outcome as a Function of Parental Accuracy in Perceiving Child Cognitions and Affect.
Authors: Hastings Paul , Grusec Joan E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is usually maintained that positive family functioning and internalization of parental values are promoted by parents' consistent use of particular discipline strategies or styles of childrearing. In this paper a different position is presented, viz., that parents who can accurately perceive their children's thoughts and feelings during a disagreement will have the most successful outcomes because they can tailor their disciplinary interventions to the particular states of their children at the time. Adolescents and their parents were interviewed about recent disagreements and asked to rate themselves and their partner on measures of anger, blame, acceptability of their own and their partner's behavior, and satisfaction. In families where fathers were accurate in their perceptions of their adolescent's cognitions and affect there were fewer conflicts per week. Accurate perception on the mothers' parts was related to their satisfaction with the outcomes of the disagreements. There was no relation between adolescents' perceptual accuracy and number of conflicts or their satisfaction with the outcomes.
The Nature of Social Competence: A Theoretical Review
Authors: Rose‐Krasnor Linda 
Published: April 2006

AbstractConsistent with much of the research literature, social competence is defined as effectiveness in social interaction. Effectiveness is broadly considered, and includes both self and other perspectives. Social competence is viewed as an organizing construct, with transactional, context‐dependent, and goal‐specific characteristics. Four general approaches to the operational definition of social competence are identified: social skills, sociometric status, relationships, and functional outcomes. A Prism Model of social competence is presented, based on theoretical, index and skills levels of analyses. The implications of the Prism Model for developmental, gender, cultural, assessment and intervention issues are also discussed.
When the Name Says it All: Preschoolers' Recognition and Use of the Gendered Nature of Common Proper Names
Authors: Bauer Patricia J. , Coyne Molly J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBy the time they enter preschool children have acquired extensive knowledge of gender stereotypes. There has been little work on their use of this knowledge to make inferences about behavior; there is virtually no information as to how the explicitness of gender‐category information influences the reliability of inferences. In two experiments we tested 3‐112‐year‐old children's recognition and use of less‐than‐explicit, yet highly reliable, cues to gender‐category membership: common proper names. In Experiment 1 children reliably associated feminine‐stereotyped names with pictures of girls and masculine‐stereotyped names with pictures of boys; they did not reliably associate gender‐neutral names with pictures of girls and boys. In Experiment 2 children used their knowledge of same‐gender‐category names to make predictions about the preferences of otherwise sex‐unspecified targets; they did not make reliable predictions when the targets were labeled with opposite‐gender‐category names. In contrast, when the targets were labeled with gendered common nouns (“girl” and “boy”) performance was reliable and was not affected by match or mismatch between the sex of the child and the gender category of the target. The findings indicate differential patterns of development and application of gender‐category consistent versus gender‐category inconsistent knowledge.
A Cross‐Cultural Exploration of the Stability of Children's Friendships and the Predictors of their Continuation
Authors: Schneider Barry H. , Fonzi Ada , Tani Franca , Tomada Giovanna 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore cultural differences in children's perceptions of friendship quality and in the predictors of the subsequent continuation of their relationships. Participants were third and fourth‐grade children in Florence, Italy, and Toronto, Canada. A total of 184 dyads of children who indicated that they were friends near the beginning of the school year completed questionnaires regarding the quality of their relationships. Among the Italian children, especially the girls, a higher proportion of friendships remained intact at the end of the school year than among the Canadians. Positive aspects of relationship quality at the first data collection point were associated with future friendship status, but earlier conflict within the dyad was unrelated to the continuation of friendship. The levels of conflict reported by the children were lower in the Italian sample than in Canada.
War Toy Play and Aggression in Dutch Kindergarten Children
Authors: Hellendoorn Joop , Harinck Frits J. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe play behavior of 54 four to seven‐year‐old Dutch children in the presence of a standard set of war toys and neutral toys was related to five groups of variables, i.e., parental attitude, possession of war toys at home, the habitual aggressiveness of the child in daily life, the characteristics of the toys themselves, and the play situation. Real object‐ or person‐oriented aggression was rare and was not related to play with the war toys. Suppression of aggression by the experimental situation seemed unlikely. During play, the levels of involvement and fantasy were generally high. Regularly, playful fighting was observed, differentiated as Make‐Believe‐Aggression and Rough‐and‐Tumble. These two Play ‘Aggression’ factors, and Real Aggression, could be predicted from other variables, principally from gender, the influence of session partners, play involvement, type of war toy used and parental attitude.
LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE CARBON TO CHLOROPHYLL a RATIO IN MICROALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANKTON
Authors: GEIDER RICHARD J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe carbon:chlorophyll a ratio (C:chl a or θ) is a sensitive indicator of physiological state in microalgae. The dependence of θ on photon flux density (PFD or I) and temperature in exponentially growing nutrient‐sufficient microalgae can be described by an empirical equation with four coefficients. C:chl a increases linearly with increased light level at constant temperature and decreases exponentially with increased temperature at constant light level. Both the slope (ɛ) and intercept (θ0) of linear regressions of θ on photon flux density increase at low temperature. The intercept, θ0, increases from 6 to 40 g of carbon per gram of chlorophyll a (g C g chl a−1) between 30 and 0 °C and ɛ increases by over an order of magnitude from 004 to 1·9 g C g chl a−l m2 s μol photon−1 over the same temperature range.Low‐temperature chlorosis can be interpreted as an adaptive response in the allocation of cell resources between temperature‐independent biophysical reactions involved in light‐harvesting and temperature‐dependent biochemical reactions. This response also reduces the potential for photoinhibitory damage at high light levels which can be exacerbated by low temperatures.The range of values for θ in nature has not been adequately determined because of difficulty in separating phytoplankton from detritus, bacteria and microzooplankton. Based on the laboratory observations summarized in this paper, it would appear that use of a single value of θ for phytoplankton is inappropriate for ecological studies. For example, at a PFD of 50 μmol m−2 s−1, θ increases from 10 to 130 g C g chl a−1 between 30 and 0 °C under nutrient‐sufficient conditions.These conclusions are based on observations for eight diatoms, two green algae, one euglenoid and two cyanobacteria for which the appropriate data are available. In contrast to these groups, the dinofiagellates contain substantially less chlorophyll a The available data indicate that θ is about three times larger in dinoflagellates than in other algae under comparable PFDs at 20 °C. There are insufficient data available, however, to evaluate the light and temperature dependence of θ in dinoflagellates.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE AUKHORN PEAT MOUNDS, KEISS, CAITHNESS: POLLEN, PLANT MACROFOSSIL AND CHARCOAL ANALYSES
Authors: ROBINSON DAVID 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPollen, plant macrofossil and charcoal analyses are presented from two of the Aukhorn group of peat mounds which are located in an extensive area of blanket peat on the Caithness Plain north‐west of Wick. Radiocarbon dates have been obtained for selected horizons in one of the mounds.The vegetational and fire history are outlined for this area of the Caithness Plain over the past 8000 years. Evidence for fire is present in the earliest deposits and there are signs of human interference with the sparse woodland cover from 5000 bp onwards.Events associated with the initiation of the blanket peat are described and the possible processes involved are discussed. There is evidence that peat initiation was accompanied by widespread burning and in the earliest example by a change in vegetation from open grassland through Calluna heath to wet birch woodland. The possible involvement of Mesolithic populations in this transition is discussed.Localized mounding of the peat began c. 5000 years bp. It apparently resulted from a coincidence of local mire stratigraphy or subpeat soil conditions such that water was retained and local peat accumulation rate maintained above that of the surrounding mire surface at a time of increased desiccation. Surface fires are considered to have acted to amplify the effect.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the widely introduced estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis
Authors: DARLING JOHN A. , REITZEL ADAM M. , FINNERTY JOHN R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe characterized 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from Nematostella vectensis, a burrowing anemone recently introduced to estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America and the southeast coast of England. Preliminary results indicate high variability and significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, the latter likely the result of population genetic structure and reproductive plasticity. Both results are consistent with earlier genetic analyses. These markers will be useful for resolving global patterns of introduction and for describing spatio‐temporal genetic structure at local and regional scales.
Multiple tumors of follicular infundibulum with sweat duct differentiation
Authors: Horn Thomas D. , Vennos Elizabeth M. , Bernstein Benjamin D. , Cooper Philip H. 
Published: April 2006

A 67‐year‐old man is reported with multiple tumors of follicular infundibulum containing ducts. Approximately 30 hypopigmented, scaling macules and minimally elevated papules were present on the face. Skin biopsy specimens from 5 representative lesions revealed similar findings. There was a proliferation of ramifying strands of pale‐staining keratinocytes in the upper dermis showing connections with follicular infundibula of vellus follicles and epidermis. There was evidence of hair follicle differentiation with small follicular bulbs, papillary mesenchymal bodies, keratocysts, and occasional hair shafts in the tumor. These findings are characteristic of prior reports of TFI. Ducts were also present within the epithelial cords. Carcinoembryonic antigen, gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15, epithelial membrane antigen, and S‐100 protein were identified within the tumor. We theorize that the ductal elements within these TFI reflect the multipotential differentiating capacity of portions of infundibular epithelium.Horn TD, Vennos EM, Bernstein BD, Cooper PH. Multiple tumors of follicular infundibulum with sweat duct differentiation.
Complement receptors in HIV infection
Authors: Speth Cornelia , Kacani Laco , Dierich Manfred R 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe complement system plays an important role in the antimicrobial defense of the organism. Its components recognize a large variety of pathogens and target them for destruction, either directly by formation of a membrane attack complex or indirectly by recruiting phagocytic cells. In addition, it has several functions in cell activation, clearance of immune complexes, control of inflammatory reactions, chemotaxis and autoimmunity For mediation of all these tasks of the complement system, complement receptor molecules on the cell surface play a key role. Current knowledge on structure, function, signal transduction and associated molecules is briefly summarized here.The role of complement receptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated pathogenesis is ambiguous and varies depending on cell type. On the one hand, complement receptors support the infected host to manage HIV infection and to defend itself, at least partially, against viral spreading throughout the organism. Such complement receptor‐mediated supporting mechanisms are activation of immune cells and lysis of viral particles and infected host cells. On the other hand, HIV employs complement receptors to intrude more easily into various cell types, to become localized into lymph follicles and to activate viral replication in latently infected cells. This review summarizes the complex interaction of virus and complement receptors in HIV infection for different cell types.
Complement and immunity to viruses
Authors: Lachmann Peter J. , Davies Alexandra 
Published: April 2006

SummaryComplement is one of the first lines of host defence to be faced and countered by viruses as they struggle to establish an infection. As an important arm of the humoral immune response, the complement system is immediately ready to target and eliminate virus particles and to interact with the surface of virus‐infected cells to mark them for destruction by other branches of the immune response. Nevertheless, some viruses are still very successful human pathogens. This article will discuss the role of complement in antiviral immunity, the mechanisms by which complement may be activated by viruses or virus‐infected cells, and explore some of the strategies which viruses have evolved to subvert the immune response, including mechanisms by which complement activation may be prevented or aborted.
αβ and γδ T‐cell networks and their roles in natural resistance to viral infections
Authors: Welsh Raymond M. , Lin Meei‐Yun , Lohman Barbara L. , Varga Steven M. , Zarozinski Christopher C. , Selin Liisa K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBoth αβ and γδ T‐cell populations and natural killer (NK) cells include cytotoxic, interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing lymphocytes that actively respond to viral infections. We show here that all three populations can provide “natural resistance“ of viruses very early in infection and describe how the T‐tell populations are modulated TO provide this function. γδ T cells were shown to play a role in controlling vaccinia virus (VV) infections, as VV grew to much higher titers in γδ T‐cell knockout mice than in normal mice 3–4 days post‐infection. Our studies of the of T‐cell responses to viruses revealed an interactive network of T cells that is modulated substantially during systemic infections. There is an induction phase associated with a massive virus‐specific CD8 T‐cell response, an apoptosis phase during which the T cells become sensitized to activation‐induced ceil death (AICD). a silencing phase, during which the T‐cell number and activation state is reduced, and. finally, a memory phase associated with the very stable preservation of virus‐specific memory cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte precursors (pCTL). Infection of mice immune to one‐H US with a heterologous virus leads to a selective expansion of memory CTL cross‐reacting between the two viruses, but, after homeostasis is again established, there is a quantitative reduction and quantitative alteration of memory to the first virus. Our results suggest that memory of T cells cross‐reactive between heterologous viruses mediate both immunopathology and protective immunity at early stages of the second viruses infection. Thus, memory αβ T cells can, like γδ T cells and NK cells, provide natural immunity to viral infections.
Role of the B‐cell response in recovery of mice from primary influenza virus infection
Authors: Gerhard Walter , Mozdzanowska Krystyna , Furchner Michelle , Washko George , Maiese Krista 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecovery from influenza virus infection has long been known to require an intact T‐cell compartment. More recent studies revealed that CD8 and CD4Tcells can promote recovery through independent mechanisms. The CD4 T‐cell‐dependent recovery process appears to operate primarily through promotion of the T‐dependent antibody response as B‐cell‐deficient μMT mice cannot recover from infection if they have been depleted of CDS T cells. The potential therapeutic activity of the B‐cell response was further studied by transfer of antibodies into infected SCID mice. At the dose of 200 μg/mouse. most antibodies (of IgG2a isotype) to the viral transmembrane protein HA cured the infection, while those to the transmembrane proteins NA and M2 suppressed virus titers in the lung but failed to clear the infection. The ability of passive antibody to resolve the‐infection was closely related to its prophylactic activity, suggesting that neutralization of progeny virus (VN) played an important role in the process of virus clearance in vivo, while reaction of antibodies with infected host cells contributed to but was insufficient, on its own for cure. HA‐specific antibodies of IgM and IgA isotypes were therapeutically ineffective against pulmonary infection, presumably because of a preferential delivery into the upper respiratory tract, while IgG exhibited highest activity against pulmonary and minimal activity against nasal infection. B cells appear to be of similar importance for recovery from primary infection as CDS T cells.
Cytokines and immunity to viral infections
Authors: Ramshaw Ian A. , Ramsay Alistair J. , Karupiah Gunasegaran , Rolph Michael S. , Mahalingam Surendran , Ruby Janet C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn this review, we discuss two broad approaches we have taken to study the role of cytokines and chemokines in antiviral immunity. Firstly, recombinant vaccinia viruses were engineered to exit encoding cytokines and chemokines of interest. Potent antiviral activity was mediated by many of these encoded factors, including IL‐2, IL12. IFN‐γ. TNF‐α. CD40L. Mig and Crg‐2, In some cases, liosi defense mechanisms were induced (IL‐2, IL‐t2. Mig and Crg‐2), whilst for others, a direct antiviral effect was demonstrated (IFN‐γ. TNF‐α and CD40L), In sharp contrast, vector‐directed expression of IL 4, a type 2 factor, greatly increased virus virulence, due 10 a downregulation of host type 1 immune responses. Our second experimental approach involved the use of strains of mice deficient for the production of particular cytokines or their receptors, often in combination with our engineered viruses. Mice deficient in either IFN‐γ, IFN‐γR, IFN‐α/βR, TNFFRs, CD40 or IL‐6 were, in general, highly susceptible to poxvirus infection. Surprisingly, not only the TNFR1, but also the TNFR2, was able to mediate the antiviral effects of TNF‐α in viv, whilst the antiviral activity observed following CD40‐CD40L interaction is a newly defined function which may involve apoptosis of infected cells. Through the use of perforin‐deficient mice, we were able to demonstrate a requirement for this molecule in the clearance of some viruses. such as ectromelia virus, whilst for others, such as vaccinia virus, perforin was less important but IFN‐γ was essential.
Vaccinia virus immune evasion
Authors: Smith Geoffrey L. , Symons Julian A. , Khanna Anu , Vanderplasschen Alain , Alcami Antonio 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVaccinia virus and other poxviruses express a wide variety of proteins which are nonessential for virus replication in culture but help the virus to evade the host response to infection. Examples include proteins which oppose apoptosis. Synthesise steroids, capture chemokines, counteract complement, interfere with interferon and intercept interleukins. This review provides an overview of such proteins, with an emphasis on work from our laboratory, and illustrates how the study of these proteins can increase our understanding of virus pathogenesis, the function of the immune system and how to make safer and more immunogenic poxvirus‐based vaccines.
The infection of mouse by Theiler's virus: from genetics to immunology
Authors: Monteyne Philippe , Bureau Jean‐Francois , Brahic Michel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTheiler's virus is a picornavirus of mouse which Closes U ac UK encephalomyelitis followed by a persistent infection of the white matter o f the spinal cord with chronic inflammation and demyelination. This Ute disease is studied as a model for multiple sclerosis. Inbred strains of mice differ in their susceptibility to persistent infection and demyelination, Resistant strains clear the infection after the acute encephalomyelitis. This observation is the basis of genetic studies which we used as a thread for this review. The H‐2D locus has a major effect on susceptibility. The H‐2Db gene is involved in a fast and intense CTL response which confers resistance. The Tcrb locus is also implicated, although there is no proof that the susceptibility gene in this region co des for the T‐cell receptor. A complete screen of the genome uncovered the role of the Ing locus and led to the demonstration that IFN‐γ limits viral spread in the white matter. The roles of NK cells and B cells in limiting the infection are discussed. CD4+ T cells participate both in protection against the infection and in demyelination. Finally, the effect of non‐immune factors in resistance is illustrated by mice with mutations in the MBP or PLP gene.