bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual health promotion for men who have sex with other men
Authors: Keeling Richard P. , Engstrom Eric L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe challenge in developing effective campus health‐promotion strategies for men who have sex with other men is to provide clear information, opportunities for skill building, enhancement of self‐esteem, and community support to a fragmented, diverse, largely invisible audience of stigmatized men who may not identify themselves as needing the interventions, who are frequently targets of prejudice and violence, and about whose concepts of intimacy and sexual behavior relatively little is known.
A supervised hidden markov model framework for efficiently segmenting tiling array data in transcriptional and chIP-chip experiments: systematically incorporating validated biological knowledge
Authors: Du Jiang , Rozowsky Joel S. , Korbel Jan O. , Zhang Zhengdong D. , Royce Thomas E. , Schultz Martin H. , Snyder Michael , Gerstein Mark 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Large-scale tiling array experiments are becoming increasingly common in genomics. In particular, the ENCODE project requires the consistent segmentation of many different tiling array datasets into ‘active regions’ (e.g. finding transfrags from transcriptional data and putative binding sites from ChIP-chip experiments). Previously, such segmentation was done in an unsupervised fashion mainly based on characteristics of the signal distribution in the tiling array data itself. Here we propose a supervised framework for doing this. It has the advantage of explicitly incorporating validated biological knowledge into the model and allowing for formal training and testing.
Methodology: In particular, we use a hidden Markov model (HMM) framework, which is capable of explicitly modeling the dependency between neighboring probes and whose extended version (the generalized HMM) also allows explicit description of state duration density. We introduce a formal definition of the tiling-array analysis problem, and explain how we can use this to describe sampling small genomic regions for experimental validation to build up a gold-standard set for training and testing. We then describe various ideal and practical sampling strategies (e.g. maximizing signal entropy within a selected region versus using gene annotation or known promoters as positives for transcription or ChIP-chip data, respectively).
Results: For the practical sampling and training strategies, we show how the size and noise in the validated training data affects the performance of an HMM applied to the ENCODE transcriptional and ChIP-chip experiments. In particular, we show that the HMM framework is able to efficiently process tiling array data as well as or better than previous approaches. For the idealized sampling strategies, we show how we can assess their performance in a simulation framework and how a maximum entropy approach, which samples sub-regions with very different signal intensities, gives the maximally performing gold-standard. This latter result has strong implications for the optimum way medium-scale validation experiments should be carried out to verify the results of the genome-scale tiling array experiments.
Supplementary information: The supplementary data are available at
Contact: mark.gerstein@yale.edu
Review of methods to predict solder joint reliability under thermo‐mechanical cycling
Authors: RIDOUT S. , BAILEY C. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTSolder joints are often the cause of failure in electronic devices, failing due to cyclic creep induced ductile fatigue. This paper will review the modelling methods available to predict the lifetime of SnPb and SnAgCu solder joints under thermo‐mechanical cycling conditions such as power cycling, accelerated thermal cycling and isothermal testing, the methods do not apply to other damage mechanisms such as vibration or drop‐testing. Analytical methods such as recommended by the IPC are covered, which are simple to use but limited in capability. Finite element modelling methods are reviewed, along with the necessary constitutive laws and fatigue laws for solder, these offer the most accurate predictions at the current time. Research on state‐of‐the‐art damage mechanics methods is also presented, although these have not undergone enough experimental validation to be recommended at present.
A Parametric Lifetime Model for the Prediction of High‐Cycle Fatigue Based on Stress Level and Amplitude
Authors: CASTILLO ENRIQUE , FERNÁNDEZ‐CANTELI ALFONSO 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe goal of this paper is to present a general parametric lifetime model for predicting fatigue behaviour at any stress level and amplitude (for example, at any combination of σmax and σmin pair) in the high‐cycle fatigue regime. The problem of the design of the experimental laboratory test required for such a prediction is dealt with. The surprising and relevant result is that running two groups of tests for two different constant stress levels of σmax or σmin is sufficient to predict the whole collection of Wöhler fields for any possible stress level. However, some combinations of tests, such as one for a fixed value of σmax and one for a fixed value of σmin, are shown to be insufficient. Closed formulas for obtaining any Wöhler field from the results of the experiments corresponding to the two different fixed values of σmax or σmin are given. Together the proposed model and lab tests allow any fatigue analysis to be performed in the current investigation. One example of application illustrates the proposed method.
Feasibility of Automated Detection of Advanced Sleep Disordered Breathing Utilizing an Implantable Pacemaker Ventilation Sensor
Authors: SHALABY ALAA , ATWOOD CHARLES , HANSEN CLAUDIUS , KONERMANN MARTIN , JAMNADAS PRADIP , LEE KENT , WILLEMS ROGER , HARTLEY JESSE , STAHMANN JEFFREY , KWOK JONATHAN , NI QUAN , NEUZNER JOERG 
Published: October 2006

Objectives: This study tested the feasibility of automatically detecting advanced sleep disordered breathing (SDB) from a pacemaker trans‐thoracic impedance sensor.
Background: SDB is prevalent yet under‐diagnosed in patients with cardiovascular disease. The potential for automated detection of SDB in patients receiving pacemakers with respiration sensors has not been fully explored. We hypothesized that the trans‐thoracic impedance sensor could be utilized for automatic detection of advanced SDB.
Methods: Patients underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). The pacemaker trans‐thoracic impedance signal was simultaneously recorded and time synchronized with the polysomnograph. Cardiovascular health variables were abstracted from medical records. Apnea was defined as cessation of inspiratory airflow lasting 10 seconds or longer. Hypopnea was defined as a reduction of tidal volume of at least 30% from baseline tidal volume, lasting 10 seconds or more. A computer algorithm (PM‐A) was developed to automatically detect SDB from the pacemaker impedance sensor data. The performance of automated SDB detection was compared against PSG.
Results: Sixty patients (aged 69 ± 12 years, 45 males) were studied. Advanced SDB (moderate or severe) was diagnosed in 40 patients. Severe SDB (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI]≥ 30) was diagnosed in 32 patients (53%), but only 5 patients had prior diagnosis of the disease. Moderate SDB (30 > AHI > 15) was diagnosed in 8 patients of whom only two were previously diagnosed. Cardiovascular health variables did not predict the presence of advanced SDB. PM‐A derived AHI correlated with that of the PSG (r = 0.80, P < 0.01). The algorithm identified patients with advanced SDB with 82% sensitivity and 88% specificity.
Conclusions: It is feasible to automatically measure SDB severity using a pacemaker trans‐thoracic impedance sensor. Advanced SDB was frequently undiagnosed in this cohort of pacemaker patients.
INFLUENCE OF FOOD ENVIRONMENT ON LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION IN THE GUINEA PIG MODEL
Authors: PANG HOAN‐JEN E. , MATTHEWS KARL R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTListeria monocytogenes is a widespread foodborne pathogen associated with severe illness in humans. Food composition, processing, storage, distribution and handling conditions are all factors that may individually or collectively contribute to the virulence of a pathogen. Using the guinea pig as a human surrogate, we investigated the impact of carrier vehicle and improper food handling practices on the infectivity of L. monocytogenes. Chocolate milk was artificially contaminated with L. monocytogenes prior to exposure to improper handling conditions. Improper handling of chocolate milk included leaving the milk at an elevated temperature (37C) and then placing it in a refrigerator (4C). Guinea pigs were orally challenged with either 102 or 108 cfu of L. monocytogenes in 1 mL of nutrient broth or chocolate milk that had been exposed to improper handling conditions. A third group was challenged with L. monocytogenes suspended in water. On days 2 and 4, upon enrichment of organ samples, the presence of L. monocytogenes was detected in 27% of the animals receiving the low dose regardless of the carrier vehicle and improper handling conditions. Animals fed the high dose (108 cfu) of L. monocytogenes had similar populations of the pathogen in the spleen and liver, regardless of the carrier vehicle. These results are significant in that a low dose (102 cfu) could lead to listerial infection. Under the conditions tested in this study, the carrier vehicle and exposure of the pathogen to improper handling practices had no detectable effect on the establishment of listerial infection in the guinea pig model.
Diurnal Cycle of Shallow and Deep Convection for a Tropical Land and an Ocean Environment and Its Relationship to Synoptic Wind Regimes
Authors: Pereira L. Gustavo , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The characteristics of shallow and deep convection during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM/LBA) and the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere System (EPIC) are evaluated in this study. Using high-quality radar data collected during these two tropical field experiments, the reflectivity profiles, rain rates, fraction of convective area, and fraction of rainfall volume in each region are examined. This study focuses on the diurnal cycle of shallow and deep convection for the identified wind regimes in both regions.
The easterly phase in TRMM/LBA and the northerly wind regime in EPIC were associated with the strongest convection, indicated by larger rain rates, higher reflectivities, and deeper convective cores compared to the westerly phase in TRMM/LBA and the southerly regime in EPIC. The diurnal cycle results indicated that convection initiates in the morning and peaks in the afternoon during TRMM/LBA, whereas in the east Pacific the diurnal cycle of convection is very dependent on the wind regime. Deep convection in the northerly regime peaks around midnight, nearly 6 h before its southerly regime counterpart. Moreover, the northerly regime of EPIC was dominated by convective rainfall, whereas the southerly regime was dominated by stratiform rainfall. The diurnal variability was more pronounced during TRMM/LBA than in EPIC. Shallow convection was associated with 10% and 3% of precipitation during TRMM/LBA and EPIC, respectively.
Efficient Approximate Techniques for Integrating Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Hansen James A. , Penland Cecile 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The delicate (and computationally expensive) nature of stochastic numerical modeling naturally leads one to look for efficient and/or convenient methods for integrating stochastic differential equations. Concomitantly, one may wish to sensibly add stochastic terms to an existing deterministic model without having to rewrite that model. In this note, two possibilities in the context of the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) integration scheme are examined. The first approach entails a hybrid of deterministic and stochastic integration schemes. In these examples, the hybrid RK4 generates time series with the correct climatological probability distributions. However, it is doubtful that the resulting time series are approximate solutions to the stochastic equations at every time step. The second approach uses the standard RK4 integration method modified by appropriately scaling stochastic terms. This is shown to be a special case of the general stochastic Runge–Kutta schemes considered by Ruemelin and has global convergence of order one. Thus, it gives excellent results for cases in which real noise with small but finite correlation time is approximated as white. This restriction on the type of problems to which the stochastic RK4 can be applied is strongly compensated by its computational efficiency.
Storm Morphology and Rainfall Characteristics of TRMM Precipitation Features
Authors: Nesbitt Stephen W. , Cifelli Robert , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR), TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), and Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) observations within the Precipitation Feature (PF) database have been analyzed to examine regional variability in rain area and maximum horizontal extent of rainfall features, and role of storm morphology on rainfall production (and thus modes where vertically integrated heating occurs). Particular attention is focused on the sampling geometry of the PR and the resulting impact on PF statistics across the global Tropics. It was found that 9% of rain features extend to the edge of the PR swath, with edge features contributing 42% of total rainfall. However, the area (maximum dimension) distribution of PR features is similar to the wider-swath TMI up until a truncation point of nearly 30 000 km2 (250 km), so a large portion of the feature size spectrum may be examined using the PR as with past ground-based studies.
This study finds distinct differences in land and ocean storm morphology characteristics, which lead to important differences in rainfall modes regionally. A larger fraction of rainfall comes from more horizontally and vertically developed PFs over land than ocean due to the lack of shallow precipitation in both relative and absolute frequency of occurrence, with a trimodal distribution of rainfall contribution versus feature height observed over the ocean. Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are found to be responsible for up to 90% of rainfall in selected land regions. Tropicswide, MCSs are responsible for more than 50% of rainfall in almost all regions with average annual rainfall exceeding 3 mm day−1. Characteristic variability in the contribution of rainfall by feature type is shown over land and ocean, which suggests new approaches for improved convective parameterizations.
High Winds Generated by Bow Echoes. Part I: Overview of the Omaha Bow Echo 5 July 2003 Storm during BAMEX
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Murphey Hanne V. , Nester Albert , Jorgensen David P. , Atkins Nolan T. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
An analysis of a bow echo that produced damaging winds exceeding F1 in intensity on the Fujita scale near Omaha, Nebraska, is shown. Part I of this study presents a combination of airborne Doppler-derived wind syntheses with a comprehensive damage survey in order to document the generation of strong winds at the surface. A detailed kinematic analysis of the evolution of a quasi-linear convective system into a bow-shaped and, subsequently, a spearhead echo is shown for the first time. It is hypothesized that a large, cyclonic bookend vortex (70–80 km in diameter) north of the bow apex enhanced the rear-inflow jet and initiated the “bowing process.” A hook-shaped echo and mesovortex formed at the apex of a bowed segment of the convective line and was located to the north of the swath of strong damage rated greater than F1 in damage intensity. The peak single-Doppler radial velocity recorded by the tail radar was 43 m s−1 in the low-level outflow near the apex of the bow echo. The regions of the strongest single-Doppler velocities at the lowest grid level were not always associated with the most intense damage at the surface. This discrepancy may be related to the development of a stable nocturnal boundary layer that prevented the strong outflow winds from reaching the surface. An intensifying rear-inflow jet was revealed in vertical cross sections through the bow echo. The relationship between mesovortices and strong surface winds is examined in Part II.
An Observational Examination of Long-Lived Supercells. Part II: Environmental Conditions and Forecasting
Authors: Bunkers Matthew J. , Johnson Jeffrey S. , Czepyha Lee J. , Grzywacz Jason M. , Klimowski Brian A. , Hjelmfelt Mark R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The local and larger-scale environments of 184 long-lived supercell events (containing one or more supercells with lifetimes ≥4 h; see Part I of this paper) are investigated and subsequently compared with those from 137 moderate-lived events (average supercell lifetime 2–4 h) and 119 short-lived events (average supercell lifetime ≤2 h) to better anticipate supercell longevity in the operational setting. Consistent with many previous studies, long-lived supercells occur in environments with much stronger 0–8-km bulk wind shear than what is observed for short-lived supercells; this strong shear leads to significant storm-relative winds in the mid- to upper levels for the longest-lived supercells. Additionally, the bulk Richardson number falls into a relatively narrow range for the longest-lived supercells—ranging mostly from 5 to 45. The mesoscale to synoptic-scale environment can also predispose a supercell to be long or short lived, somewhat independent of the local environment. For example, long-lived supercells may occur when supercells travel within a broad warm sector or else in close proximity to mesoscale or larger-scale boundaries (e.g., along or near a warm front, an old outflow boundary, or a moisture/buoyancy axis), even if the deep-layer shear is suboptimal. By way of contrast, strong atmospheric forcing can result in linear convection (and thus shorter-lived supercells) in a strongly sheared environment that would otherwise favor discrete, long-lived supercells.
A Dynamic Decision Model Applied to Hurricane Landfall
Authors: Regnier Eva , Harr Patrick A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe decision to prepare for an oncoming hurricane is typically framed as a static cost:loss problem, based on a strike-probability forecast. The value of waiting for updated forecasts is therefore neglected. In this paper, the problem is reframed as a sequence of interrelated decisions that more accurately represents the situation faced by a decision maker monitoring an evolving tropical cyclone. A key feature of the decision model is that the decision maker explicitly anticipates and plans for future forecasts whose accuracy improves as lead time declines. A discrete Markov model of hurricane travel is derived from historical tropical cyclone tracks and combined with the dynamic decision model to estimate the additional value that can be extracted from existing forecasts by anticipating updated forecasts, rather than incurring an irreversible preparation cost based on the instantaneous strike probability. The value of anticipating forecasts depends on the specific alternatives and cost profile of each decision maker, but conceptual examples for targets at Norfolk, Virginia, and Galveston, Texas, yield expected savings ranging up to 8% relative to repeated static decisions. In real-time decision making, forecasts of improving information quality could be used in combination with strike-probability forecasts to evaluate the trade-off between lead time and forecast accuracy, estimate the value of waiting for improving forecasts, and thereby reduce the frequency of false alarms.
ZAP-70 enhances B-cell–receptor signaling despite absent or inefficient tyrosine kinase activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma B cells
Authors: Gobessi Stefania , Laurenti Luca , Longo Pablo G. , Sica Simona , Leone Giuseppe , Efremov Dimitar G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExpression of ZAP-70 is an important negative prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This protein tyrosine kinase is a key mediator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and is structurally homologous to Syk, which plays an analogous role in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Recent studies indicate that ZAP-70 may participate in BCR signaling as well, but the mechanism of action is not completely understood. We have now compared antigen receptor-induced activation of ZAP-70 in B cells and T cells by analyzing phosphorylation of critical regulatory tyrosine residues. We show that BCR-mediated activation of ZAP-70 is very inefficient in CLL and lymphoma B cells and is negligible when compared to activation of Syk. Despite the inefficient catalytic activation, the ability of ZAP-70 to recruit downstream signaling molecules in response to antigen receptor stimulation appeared relatively preserved. Moreover, ectopic expression of ZAP-70 enhanced and prolonged activation of several key mediators of BCR signaling, such as the Syk, ERK, and Akt kinases, and decreased the rate of ligand-mediated BCR internalization. We conclude that the role of ZAP-70 in BCR signaling is quite distinct from its role in TCR signaling and is likely mediated by inhibition of events that terminate the signaling response.
Prospective feasibility analysis of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
Authors: Estey Elihu , de Lima Marcos , Tibes Raoul , Pierce Sherry , Kantarjian Hagop , Champlin Richard , Giralt Sergio 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
To prospectively assess the applicability of reduced-intensity conditioning hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RIC-HSCT), we wrote a protocol in which all untreated patients 50 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and unfavorable cytogenetics would be evaluated during induction for a possible RIC-HSCT in first complete remission (CR1). Ninety-nine of 259 patients entered CR. Fifty-three of the 99 were seen by the Transplant Service with the remainder not seen because of illness, lack/unavailability of siblings, refusal, or, primarily, unclear reasons (21 patients). A donor was identified for 26 patients (21 sibling, 5 unrelated) with RIC-HSCT performed in 14 (13 sibling). Results in consulted patients suggested that 50% or fewer of the 85 patients who did not undergo transplantation were potential transplant candidates. We attempted to find one or more chemotherapy pair-mates for each patient who underwent transplantation based on cytogenetics, age, and a relapse-free survival (RFS) time that was more than or equal to the time from CR1 to RIC-HSCT in the patient who underwent transplantation. Thirty-two of the 39 matches favored (longer RFS) RIC-HSCT and 7, chemotherapy. The probability that the corresponding beta distribution was different than expected (ie, that RIC-HSCT was superior) was 0.99 (P = .004). Results were similar with respect to survival. While RIC-HSCT thus seems of interest, methods are needed to extend its applicability.