bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Varying Stimulus Parameters on Judgments of Nociceptive Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Price Kenneth P. , Tursky Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of varying duration and increment of step‐increase of electrical stimulation on the reliability and interjudgment predictability of subjective nociceptive judgments (discomfort, pain, and tolerance) was tested. Differences in mA levels for the nociceptive judgments were consistent but small in comparison to the changes in step and duration. Previous findings related to reliability and predictability were confirmed, and the implications of these findings for the use of electrical stimulation as a pain stimulus are discussed.
The Relationship Between Cardiac Activity and Sensory Acuity
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Catania Jeffrey 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between cardiac activity and sensory acuity suggested by Lacey and Lacey was tested by recording heart rates of Ss attempting to detect a threshold‐level visual stimulus. Heart rate decelerations during a warning tone preceding the threshold stimulus were found in be greater on hit trials than on miss trials, supporting the suggested relationship.
Tone Intensity and Rise‐Decay Time Effects on Cardiac Responses During Sleep
Authors: Berg W. Keith , Jackson Jan C. , Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIf the prolonged orienting response, reflected in monophasic cardiac deceleration, indicates attention to stimulus inputs, it should not be easy to evoke the response during sleep. Two experiments confirmed and extended previous work showing that the heart rate response in sleep is primarily accelerative. Acceleration occurred with low intensity. 1000 Hz tones of gradual onset and even to tone offsets when either tone onsets or offsets also elicited a K‐Complex. In the absense of a K‐complex, there were no significant or consistent changes. Since the accelerative component was present on the first trial, habituation could not account for its appearance. It was concluded that the sleep response probably does not reflect an orienting response.
The Effects of d‐Tubocurarine Chloride and Respiratory Settings on Heart Rate and Blood Gas Composition in the Albino Rat
Authors: Hahn William W. , Schwartz Michael L. , Sapper Herbert V. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty albino rats were subjected to four conditions of cururization and respiratory settings. Heart rate, Pco2, Po2, pH, and bicarbonate levels of arterial blood were sampled and analyzed at 30 and 70 min post curare injection. Results indicated that the respiratory settings used and dosage levels of curare produce severe disturbances in biochemical and cardiovascular regulation with severely abnormal states created under some of the most frequently used curare dosages and respiratory settings.
Continuous Biofeedback and Discrete Posttrial Verbal Feedback in Frontalis Muscle Relaxation Training
Authors: Kinsman Robert A. , O'Banion Katy , Robinson Sharon , Staudenmayer Herman 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDuring training to relax the frontalis muscle, continuous biofeedback (BF) was compared to discrete verbal feedback (VF) delivered immediately after each trial. Both feedback modalities were based on frontalis electromyographic (EMG) activity. Training consisted of 3 consecutive daily session‐each comprised of 3 baseline (nonfeedback) trials followed by 10 training trials of 128 see. The presence or absence of the two informationally positive feedback modalities were combined factorially to define four training conditions: BF + VF, NO BF + VF, BF + NO VF, and NO BF + NO VF.Results indicated that while VF alone facilitated muscle relaxation, BF was clearly prepotent ill effecting consistent decreases in EMG activity both across trials and days of training. Additionally, the facilitating effect of BF transferred to nonfeedback trials while VF did not affect performance on nonfeedback trials. Finally, accuracy of self‐evaluations of performance on a trial by trial basis was markedly improved by BF, while VF improved accuracy only for trials having a very large absolute difference between levels of EMG activity. Ss receiving no feedback neither reduced muscle tension during training not were able to evaluate their performance accurately even when large absolute differences occurred between trials in frontalis EMG activity.
The Psychological Control of Preoperative Anxiety
Authors: Williams James G. L. , Jones John R. , Workhoven M. Nicholas , Williams Barbara 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty healthy volunteer hospital patients who had been admitted For therapeutic abortions were given anxiety scale questionnaires during the afternoon of the day before operation. That evening. the anesthesiologist conducted either a “cursory” (brief and minimally informative) or “supportive” (long and relatively) informative with maximal rapport) preoperative interview. The following morning the Skin Conductance Anxiety Test (SCAT), a physiological measure of anxiety level, was carried out as part of the induction procedure on the non‐premedicated patients. The random order determining the type of interview was known only to the anesthesiologist and no scoring was carried out until after the conclusion of all testing.The investigation showed that highly anxious patients had their anxiety level significantly reduced by both cursory and supportive interviews, while the relatively non‐anxious patients had their anxiety levels significantly increased by cursory interviews. It was again demonstrated that the level of anxiety is a determinant of the amount of thiopental sodium required for induction.
The Cardiovascular‐Behavioral Interaction—As It Appears Today
Authors: Obrist Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResearch is reviewed concerning the interrelationships among cardiodynamics, blood pressure control mechanisms, somatic activity, and the stimulus parameter of active vs passive coping. Emerging evidence suggests that with passive coping such as classical aversive conditioning, the heart is more under vagal control which is directionally linked with somatic activity, while blood pressure is more dominated by vascular processes. With active coping such as shock avoidance, the heart is under greater sympathetic control which is directionally independent of concomitant somatic activity, while cardiac influences on blood pressure become more dominant. Several current psycho physiological issues are discussed including the possible significance of these effects for cardiovascular disease processes.
Instrumental Control of Peripheral Vasomotor Responses in Children
Authors: Lynch Wesley C. , Hama Haruyo , Kohn Sorel , Miller Neal E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn two experiments children acquired instrumental control over skin temperature with the aid visual feedback. In Experiment 1,3 out of 4 children learned to control the temperature difference their two hands. In Experiment 2. one of these children acquired significant control of the difference between two fingers of one hand. Such highly specific responses apparently reflect direct instrumental modification of the vasomotor system since generalized effects due to muscular tension or respiration could he ruled out.
An Analysis of the Error Inherent in Estimating Heart Rate From Carcliotachometer Records
Authors: Thorne Phillip R. , Engel Bernard T. , Holmblad John B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the inherent discrepancy between the mean heart rate computed from a series of cardiotachometer data points and the true average heart rate. A mathematical proof that the mean cardiotachometer rate always exceeds the true when individual beats are sampled in the presence of variability is given. Examples which illustrate the magnitude of the discrepancy also are presented.
Heart Rate Regulation as Skill Learning: Strength‐Endurance versus Cardiac Reaction Time
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Young Larry D. , Volger Jim 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFleishman's (1966) model of complex motor skill learning is applied to viscera) self‐regulation. Five different underlying abilities are illustrated: strength, endurance, steadiness, control precision, and reaction time. In the experiment, 16 subjects were pre and post tested with instructions alone for degree of cardiac Strength and Endurance control (SE) (maximally increase or decrease heart rate and sustain it for a minute) and degree of cardiac Reaction Time control (RT) (produce a small, 3 sec burst of increased or decreased heart rate as quickly as possible to the onset of a trial). All subjects received heart rate biofeedback during training, but half practiced SE while the other practiced RT. It was predicted that cardiac learning would be specific to the skill practiced during biofeedback, with little transfer to the other task. The data indicated that SE training led to improved SE control (30%) accompanied by a slight decrement in RT control (‐5%). Conversely, RT training led to markedly improved RT control (120%)H accompanied by a small decrement in SE control(18%). The value of conceptualizing complex visceral skills as reflecting learned patterns of underlying neurophysiological abilities is illustrated.
An Economical Multichannel Programming Unit For Use With Magnetic Tape
Authors: Yonovitz A. , Mitchfll Charles 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTQuite often psychological experiments or clinical treatments of patients could benefit from automation. This article describes a simple, economical, multichannel programming apparatus that will efficiently control several devices in a temporal sequence. The unit will provide frequency multiplexed tone encoding and decoding on a single channel of magnetic tape.
Tonic and Phasic Relationships Between Heart Rate and Somato‐motor Activity in Monkeys
Authors: Eggel Bernard T. , Gottlieb Sheldon H. , Hayhurst Viola F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR) and somato‐motor activity were measured in monkeys (Macaca mulatto) during sessions when the animals were operantly conditioned to slow and to speed HR. Tonic (baseline) levels of HR were independent of somato‐motor activity. Phasic changes of HR during conditioning were variably coupled with phasic chants in activity. The discriminative cues which signaled the operant contingencies reliably elicited cardiac operants and somato‐motor responses. Monotonic trends in cardiac phasic activity generally were independent of phasic responses in somato‐motor activity. Short term phasic responses in HR often were correlated with short term phasic responses in somato‐motor responses. The findings indicate that the relationship of HR to somato‐motor activity) depends upon temporal adjustments within given conditions and stages of training, and upon particular adjustments within each animal. The main conclusion of this study is that HR and somato‐motor activity are variably coupled hut that conditioned HR responses are not necessarily caused by somato‐motor responses.
Auditory Evoked Potentials to Unpredictable Shifts in Pitch
Authors: Ford Judith M. , Roth Walton T. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded from subjects presented with a regular series of tone pips at one of three rates (1/sec, 2/sec, or 4/sec). Occasionally one of the pips was 5%, 25%, or 100% (an octave) different in pitch from the repetitive background pips. These “mismatch” tones occurred at random with a mean interval of 12 sec (range 1–24 sec) for all of the repetition rates. This determined an average sequential probability = 0.083, 0.042, 0.021 that a tone would be a mismatch. On different runs, subjects either responded with a button press each time they heard a mismatch or they read a book. The amplitude of a large negative component (N2 at 154 msec) evoked after mismatch tones was unrelated to degree of mismatch but was larger to all the mismatch tones than to the background pip. Instructions to attend did not affect N2. A subsequent positive peak at 277 msec (P3), recorded during reading, did increase in amplitude with increasing mismatch, as did a P3 at 330 msec recorded during responding. Sequential probability had no main effect on N2 or P3. This lack of an effect on P3 suggests that the well‐known influence of stimulus uncertainty on P3 may be determined by the temporal rather than sequential uncertainty of events, or that our range of probabilities was too narrow to obtain the effect.
Hemispheric Laterality and Cognitive Style Associated With Transcendental Meditation
Authors: Bennett James E. , Trinder John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hemispheres of the brain are thought to be specialized with respect to the manner in which they process information. In view of this it is possible to explore the way information is processed during the performance of a specified task by identifying the relative activity of the hemispheres. The hypothesis, that meditation is characterized by a gestalt, holistic and spacial cognitive style associated with the right hemisphere was tested. Sixteen Transcendental Meditators were compared to 16 control subjects with respect to the degree of lateral asymmetry during meditation‐relaxation and the performance of two analytic and two spacial cognitive tasks. Lateral asymmetry was assessed by the relative distribution of alpha activity. The only difference between the two groups was that meditators showed a greater degree of lateral asymmetry on both analytical and spacial tasks. During both meditation and relaxation the hemispheres were found to be symmetrical with respect to the distribution of alpha activity, suggesting that neither analytical nor spacial processing was dominant during these exercises.
Bilateral Electrodermal Activity, Lateralized Cerebral Processing and Sex
Authors: Ketterer Mark W. , Smith Barry D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study involved the assessment of systematic differences between skin conductance measures recorded bilaterally and concomitantly from 59 right‐handed subjects while they were exposed to three types of stimuli. The stimuli were 5 min each of: a quiet period, a period of music, and a period of listening to a series of paragraphs. The music and paragraph conditions served, respectively, as operational definitions of right and left hemisphere tasks. Sex and genetic handedness were also assessed. Results showed that subjects with a family history of sinistrality gave more frequent SCRs on the left hand than on the right hand under the verbal condition, while those with entirely dextral families showed no left‐right differentiation. In addition, musical stimulation produced more frequent responses in males than females, while the reverse was true for verbal stimuli. Finally, tonic SCL was higher on the right hand in males and on the left in females. Stimulation intended for a specific hemisphere did not produce significantly greater electrodermal activity on the contralateral hand.
The Role of Instructions Versus Instructions Plus Feedback in Voluntary Heart Rate Slowing
Authors: Bouchard Marc‐André , Granger Luc 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo independent groups of human subjects (both sexes) received continuous binary feedback plus instructions or instructions alone in a heart rate (HR) slowing task. The results indicated that subjects in both groups decreased HR over time, but there were no salient group differences. This suggests that, at least for HR slowing, feedback is not a powerful controller of the behavior; indeed, the stronger statement that feedback is superfluous in HR slowing tasks seems warranted, but must be qualified since there was not a feedback‐only group. It was suggested that inclusion of a no‐feedback, instructions alone group, is a necessary condition from which to compare the effects of feedback.
Selective Lateralization of Cognitive Style Related to Occupation as Determined by EEG Alpha Asymmetry
Authors: Doktor Robert , Bloom David M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study reports a frequency analysis of hemispheric EEG asymmetries in 14 right‐handed male subjects performing two cognitive tasks. Eight of the subjects were Presidents or Chief Operating Officers of large corporations and the 6 remaining subjects were Operations Researchers. For the Operations Researchers, language and analytic tasks were expected to engage primarily the left hemisphere; spatial and intuitive tasks were expected to engage primarily the right hemisphere, consistent with earlier findings with normal subjects. The Presidents were expected to engage primarily the right hemisphere independent of cognitive task. Recordings from temporal leads (T3, T4) referred to the vertex CZ were subjected to discrete Fourier transforms; ratios of power from homologous leads (T4/T3) were computed in the alpha band. The results support the expectation of different responses between the two occupational groups. The lack of communication and understanding between the two occupational groups and the general lack of utilization and implementation of operations research by corporations may he inferred to be partially related to these differences.
The Effects of Presleep Stimuli of Different Sources and Types on REM Sleep
Authors: Cartwright Rosalind , Butters Elizabeth , Weinstein Martin , Kroeker Leonard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe sleep patterns of 12 experienced meditators and 9 age‐matched prospective meditators were compared to determine the effect of presleep stimuli of different sources and types on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. All subjects were EEG monitored for two nights. On both nights the experienced meditators attended to internal stimuli, i.e. meditated prior to sleep, and the prospective meditators attended to external stimuli, i.e. listened to music through earphones, for an equal time. The music group had a significantly higher REM percent. Post hoc tests showed this was not due to a rebound following a difficult adaptation night. To test whether the elevation following music was a response specific to those committed to presleep external stimulus reduction, a second study compared the REM percent of a non‐meditation oriented student sample following presleep verbal or music stimulation to their base rate. These subjects showed REM percents higher than their base after music and lower than base following verbal stimulation.
Adrenalectomy‐Produced Facilitation of Pavlovian Conditioned Cardiodecelerations in Immobilized Rats
Authors: Wilson J. Roger , Simpson C. Wayne , DiCara Leo V. , Carroll Bernard J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious evidence has suggested that both hormonal and behavioral aspects of adrenal stress activation may contribute to heart rate (HR) conditioning during physical/pharmacological immobilization. Accordingly, four studies were conducted to determine if bilateral adrenalectomy facilitates stimulus‐control over Pavlovian conditioned cardiodecelerations in rats immobilized either through physical restraint or neuromuscular paralysis. Plasma corticosterone assays were used as an index of the effectiveness of adrenal removal. The results showed that adrenalectomy facilitated both simple and discriminated Pavlovian conditioned cardiodecelerations in rats paralyzed with d‐tubocurarine chloride (dTC) without significantly altering the characteristics of EMG recovery from paralysis. Similarly, adrenalectomy facilitated simple Pavlovian HR conditioning in physically restrained rats. The results suggest that adrenal activation may disrupt the parasympathetically‐mediated Pavlovian conditioned cardiodeceleration in the physically‐and dTC‐immobilized rat. However, the specific nature of neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying cardiovascular conditioning during immobilization remains problematical.
Maternal Physiological Response to Infant Signals
Authors: Donovan Wilberta L. , Leavitt Lewis A. , Balling John D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study reports the use of maternal physiologic responses as an index of maternal attention to infant signals. Thirty‐two women, each of whom had a 3‐month‐old infant, were shown 10‐sec silent images on a videotape monitor of a 3‐month‐old infant, en face, exhibiting either a smiling or a crying facial expression. Heart rate and skin conductance were recorded continuously while each woman viewed a sequence of 6 identical episodes of one expression followed by 6 episodes of the other expression. Both cardiac and skin conductance responses to the smile expression decreased following repeated presentations of the cry stimulus. Cardiac deceleration to the cry was prolonged following the viewing of the smiling infant. Mothers' perception of their own infants' temperament assessed by the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire (1970) was systematically related to maternal heart rate response. Mothers who described their infants as more difficult were physiologically less sensitive to changes in infant expressions. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of infant signals upon developing mother‐infant reciprocity.
Eyeblink EMG: A Miniature Eyelid Electrode for Recording from Orbicularis Oculi
Authors: Silverstein Louis D. , Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTReflex blinking is primarily controlled by fast fibers of the palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi but it is difficult to record EMG from these fibers with standard surface electrodes. To solve this problem, a small, easily‐prepared, silver/silver chloride electrode embedded in a dental cement casing was developed. Using this electrode, recordings could be obtained from the palpebral component which were of high quality and were many times larger than those recorded from the slow or mixed fibers in the orbital portion.
Electrolyte Medium Effects on Measurements of Palmar Skin Potential
Authors: Fowles Don C. , Schneider Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments with 12 subjects each compared skin potential recordings taken simultaneously with four different electrolytes. These were polyethylene glycol, hydrated agar (at a site presoaked with water), fresh agar (i.e., not presoaked), and Unibase. The glycol controlled epidermal hydration at a minimal level, while presoaking produced a high level of hydration at the hydrated agar site. Fresh agar and Unibase represented normal recording conditions for these two electrolytes which have been recommended as “standard” for electrodermal measurements. This design permitted a comparison of two standard electrolytes with each other and with recordings from hydrated and unhydrated sites. These comparisons were made for both monophasic negative SPRs and positive SPRs and the prestimulus levels associated with each.The results replicated previous studies in showing a large effect of epidermal hydration on skin potential measurements. Recordings with agar and Unibase did not differ significantly. The effects of hydration were interpreted in terms of a reduction in the resistance of the stratum corneum and of alterations in the functioning of the dermal and epidermal membranes as a result of blockage of the sweat gland pore. In the light of this interpretation, it was suggested that both agar and Unibase substantially alter the functioning of the sweat glands under some conditions, and neither may be entirely suitable for skin potential measurements.