bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific Binding of
Autographa californica M
Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occlusion-Derived Virus to Midgut Cells of
Heliothis virescens
Larvae Is Mediated by Products of
pif
Genes
Ac119
and
Ac022
but Not by
Ac115
Authors: Ohkawa Taro , Washburn Jan O. , Sitapara Ronika , Sid Eric , Volkman Loy E. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Per os infectivity factors PIF1 (Ac119) and PIF2 (Ac022), like P74, are essential for oral infection of lepidopteran larval hosts of
Autographa californica M
nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ac
M
NPV). Here we show that Ac115 also is a PIF (PIF3) and that, unlike PIF1 and PIF2, it does not mediate specific binding of Ac
M
NPV occlusion-derived virus (ODV) to midgut target cells. We used an improved in vivo fluorescence dequenching assay to compare binding, fusion, and competition among control Ac
M
NPV ODV and the ODVs of Ac
M
NPV PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 deletion mutants. Our results showed that binding and fusion of PIF1 and PIF2 mutants, but not the PIF3 mutant, were both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of control ODV. Unlike control and PIF3-deficient ODV, an excess of PIF1- or PIF2-deficient ODV failed to compete effectively with control ODV's binding to specific receptors on midgut epithelial cells. Moreover, the levels of PIF1- and PIF2-deficient ODV binding were depressed threefold compared to control levels. Binding, fusion, and competition by PIF3-deficient ODV, however, were all indistinguishable from those of control ODV. These results implicated PIF1 and PIF2 as ODV envelope attachment proteins that mediate specific binding to primary target cells within the midgut. In contrast, PIF3 mediates another unidentified, but critical, early event during primary infection.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Main Neutralization and Hemagglutination Determinants of All Human Adenovirus Prototypes as a Basis for Molecular Classification and Taxonomy
Authors: Madisch Ijad , Harste Gabi , Pommer Heidi , Heim Albert 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases. The neutralization ε determinant (loops 1 and 2) and the hemagglutination γ determinant are relevant for the taxonomy of HAdV. Precise type identification of HAdV prototypes is crucial for detection of infection chains and epidemiology. ε and γ determinant sequences of all 51 HAdV were generated to propose molecular classification criteria. Phylogenetic analysis of ε determinant sequences demonstrated sufficient genetic divergence for molecular classification, with the exception of HAdV-15 and HAdV-29, which also cannot be differentiated by classical cross-neutralization. Precise sequence divergence criteria for typing (<2.5% from loop 2 prototype sequence and <2.4% from loop 1 sequence) were deduced from phylogenetic analysis. These criteria may also facilitate identification of new HAdV prototypes. Fiber knob (γ determinant) phylogeny indicated a two-step model of species evolution and multiple intraspecies recombination events in the origin of HAdV prototypes. HAdV-29 was identified as a recombination variant of HAdV-15 (ε determinant) and a speculative, not-yet-isolated HAdV prototype (γ determinant). Subanalysis of molecular evolution in hypervariable regions 1 to 6 of the ε determinant indicated different selective pressures in subclusters of species HAdV-D. Additionally, γ determinant phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that HAdV-8 did not cluster with -19 and -37 in spite of their having the same tissue tropism. The phylogeny of HAdV-E4 suggested origination by interspecies recombination between HAdV-B (hexon) and HAdV-C (fiber), as in simian adenovirus 25, indicating additional zoonotic transfer. In conclusion, molecular classification by systematic sequence analysis of immunogenic determinants yields new insights into HAdV phylogeny and evolution.
Unique Ligand Binding Sites on CXCR4 Probed by a Chemical Biology Approach: Implications for the Design of Selective Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Choi Won-Tak , Tian Shaomin , Dong Chang-Zhi , Kumar Santosh , Liu Dongxiang , Madani Navid , An Jing , Sodroski Joseph G. , Huang Ziwei 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays an important role as the receptor for the normal physiological function of stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) and the coreceptor for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the cell. In a recent work (S. Tian et al., J. Virol.79:12667-12673, 2005), we found that many residues throughout CXCR4 transmembrane (TM) and extracellular loop 2 domains are specifically involved in interaction with HIV-1 gp120, as most of these sites did not play a role in either SDF-1α binding or signaling. These results provided direct experimental evidence for the distinct functional sites on CXCR4 for HIV-1 and the normal ligand SDF-1α. To further understand the CXCR4-ligand interaction and to develop new CXCR4 inhibitors to block HIV-1 entry, we have recently generated a new family of unnatural chemokines, termed synthetically and modularly modified (SMM) chemokines, derived from the native sequence of SDF-1α or viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II). These SMM chemokines contain various de novo-designed sequence replacements and substitutions byd-amino acids and display more enhanced CXCR4 selectivity, binding affinities, and/or anti-HIV activities than natural chemokines. Using these novel CXCR4-targeting SMM chemokines as receptor probes, we conducted ligand binding site mapping experiments on a panel of site-directed mutants of CXCR4. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence demonstrating that SMM chemokines interact with many residues on CXCR4 TM and extracellular domains that are important for HIV-1 entry, but not SDF-1α binding or signaling. The preferential overlapping in the CXCR4 binding residues of SMM chemokines with HIV-1 over SDF-1α illustrates a mechanism for the potent HIV-1 inhibition by these SMM chemokines. The discovery of distinct functional sites or conformational states influenced by these receptor sites mediating different functions of the natural ligand versus the viral or synthetic ligands has important implications for drug discovery, since the sites shared by SMM chemokines and HIV-1 but not by SDF-1α can be targeted for the development of selective HIV-1 inhibitors devoid of interference with normal SDF-1α function.
Baculovirus Entry into Human Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Matilainen Heli , Rinne Johanna , Gilbert Leona , Marjomäki Varpu , Reunanen Hilkka , Oker-Blom Christian 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus
(AcMNPV), a prototype member of the
Baculoviridae
family, has gained increasing interest as a potential vector candidate for mammalian gene delivery applications. AcMNPV is known to enter both dividing and nondividing mammalian cell lines in vitro, but the mode and kinetics of entry as well as the intracellular transport of the virus in mammalian cells is poorly understood. The general objective of this study was to characterize the entry steps of AcMNPV- and green fluorescent protein-displaying recombinant baculoviruses in human hepatoma cells. The viruses were found to bind and transduce the cell line efficiently, and electron microscopy studies revealed that virions were located on the cell surface in pits with an electron-dense coating resembling clathrin. In addition, virus particles were found in larger noncoated plasma membrane invaginations and in intracellular vesicles resembling macropinosomes. In double-labeling experiments, virus particles were detected by confocal microscopy in early endosomes at 30 min and in late endosomes starting at 45 min posttransduction. Viruses were also seen in structures specific for early endosomal as well as late endosomal/lysosomal markers by nanogold preembedding immunoelectron microscopy. No indication of viral entry into recycling endosomes or the Golgi complex was observed by confocal microscopy. In conclusion, these results suggest that AcMNPV enters mammalian cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and possibly via macropinocytosis. Thus, the data presented here should enable future design of baculovirus vectors suitable for more specific and enhanced delivery of genetic material into mammalian cells.
Attenuation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Infection by Prophylactic Immunization with DNA and Recombinant Adenoviral Vaccine Vectors Expressing Gag
Authors: Casimiro Danilo R. , Wang Fubao , Schleif William A. , Liang Xiaoping , Zhang Zhi-Qiang , Tobery Timothy W. , Davies Mary-Ellen , McDermott Adrian B. , O'Connor David H. , Fridman Arthur , Bagchi Ansu , Tussey Lynda G. , Bett Andrew J. , Finnefrock Adam C. , Fu Tong-ming , Tang Aimin , Wilson Keith A. , Chen Minchun , Perry Helen C. , Heidecker Gwendolyn J. , Freed Daniel C. , Carella Anthony , Punt Kara S. , Sykes Kara J. , Huang Lingyi , Ausensi Virginia I. , Bachinsky Margaret , Sadasivan-Nair Usha , Watkins David I. , Emini Emilio A. , Shiver John W. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe prophylactic efficacy of DNA and replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag was examined in rhesus macaques using an SIVmac239 challenge. Cohorts of either Mamu-A*01(+) or Mamu-A*01(−) macaques were immunized with a DNA prime-Ad5 boost regimen; for comparison, a third cohort consisting of Mamu-A*01(+) monkeys was immunized using the Ad5 vector alone for both prime and boost. All animals, along with unvaccinated control cohorts of Mamu-A*01(+) and Mamu-A*01(−) macaques, were challenged intrarectally with SIVmac239. Viral loads were measured in both peripheral and lymphoid compartments. Only the DNA prime-Ad5-boosted Mamu-A*01(+) cohort exhibited a notable reduction in peak plasma viral load (sevenfold) as well as in early set-point viral burdens in both plasma and lymphoid tissues (10-fold) relative to those observed in the control monkeys sharing the same Mamu-A*01 allele. The degree of control in each animal correlated with the levels of Gag-specific immunity before virus challenge. However, virus control was short-lived, and indications of viral escape were evident as early as 6 months postinfection. The implications of these results in vaccine design and clinical testing are discussed.
Identification of a Functional Envelope Protein from the HERV-K Family of Human Endogenous Retroviruses
Authors: Dewannieux Marie , Blaise Sandra , Heidmann Thierry 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Genome-wide screening of sequence databases for human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) has led to the identification of 18 coding
env
genes, among which two—the
syncytin
genes—encode fusogenic ENV proteins possibly involved in placenta physiology. Here we show that a third ENV, originating from the most “recent” HERV-K(HML2) family, is functional. Immunofluorescence analysis of
env
-transduced cells demonstrates expression of the protein at the cell surface, and we show that the protein confers infectivity to simian immunodeficiency virus pseudotypes. Western blot analysis of the pseudotyped virions further discloses the expected specific cleavage of the ENV precursor protein. This functional ENV could play a role in the amplification—via infection of the germ line—of the HERV-K genomic copies, all the more as coding HERV-K
gag
and
pol
genes can similarly be found in the human genome, which could therefore generate infectious virions of a fully endogenous origin.
Frostbite: incidence and predisposing factors in mountaineers
Authors: Harirchi I , Arvin A , Vash J H , Zafarmand V 
Published: November 2005

Background:Frostbite, the most common cold injury, occurs in mountaineers, a major group at risk, more often than in the general population.Objectives:To describe the incidence of frostbite and the situations associated with it in mountaineering, emphasising factors that can be modified to decrease its frequency and severity.Methods:In this cross sectional, questionnaire based study, 637 mountaineers were asked if they had suffered any frostbite injuries during the preceding two years and to provide the personal and circumstantial details.Results:The mean incidence was 366/1000 population per year. Grade 1 injury (83.0%) and hands (26.4%) and feet (24.1%) involvement were most common. There was a significant relation between lack of proper equipment (odds ratio 14.3) or guide (p<0.001) and the injury. Inappropriate clothing, lack or incorrect use of equipment, and lack of knowledge of how to deal with cold and severe weather were claimed to be the main reasons for the injury.Conclusions:In high altitude and winter expeditions, mountaineers should wear appropriate clothing, have the necessary equipment such as quality boots and mittens, use a competent guide, and have training on how to tackle cold weather. They should also avoid wet clothing, windy terrains, and should never remain in the same position for long periods to reduce the risk of cold injuries.
Classifying sports medicine diagnoses: a comparison of the International classification of diseases 10-Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) and the Orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS-8)
Authors: Rae K , Britt H , Orchard J , Finch C 
Published: November 2005

Background:The International classification of diseases 10-Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) and the Orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS-8) are two classifications currently being used in sports injury research.Objectives:To compare these two systems to determine which was the more reliable and easier to apply in the classification of injury diagnoses of patients who presented to sports physicians in private sports medicine practice.Methods:Ten sports physicians/sports physician registrars each coded one of 10 different lists of 30 sports medicine diagnoses according to both ICD-10-AM and OSICS-8 in random order. The coders noted the time taken to apply each classification system, and allocated an ease of fit score for individual diagnoses into the systems. The 300 diagnoses were each coded twice more by “expert” coders from each system, and these results compared with those of the 10 volunteers.Results:Overall, there was a higher level of agreement between the different coders for OSICS-8 than for ICD-10-AM. On average, it was 23.5 minutes quicker to complete the task with OSICS-8 than with ICD-10-AM. Furthermore, there was also higher concordance between the three coders with OSICS-8. Subjective analysis of the codes assigned indicated reasons for disagreement and showed that, in some instances, even the “expert” coders had difficulties in assigning the most appropriate codes.Conclusions:Based on the results of this study, OSICS-8 appears to be the preferred system for use by inexperienced coders in sports medicine research. The agreement between coders was, however, lower than expected. It is recommended that changes be made to both OSICS-8 and ICD-10-AM to improve their reliability for use in sports medicine research.
Initial effects of anti-pronation tape on the medial longitudinal arch during walking and running
Authors: Vicenzino B , Franettovich M , McPoil T , Russell T , Skardoon G 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To investigate the effect of an augmented LowDye taping technique on the medial longitudinal arch of the foot during dynamic tasks such as walking and jogging, and to elucidate the relation between tape induced changes in static and dynamic foot posture.Methods:Seventeen subjects (mean (SD) age 27 (5.8) years) who were asymptomatic and exhibited a navicular drop greater than 10 mm were studied. Medial longitudinal arch height standardised to foot length during standing and at mid-stance of walking and jogging was measured from digital video images taken before and after the application of an anti-pronation taping technique. A no tape control condition was also included.Results:Compared with the no tape control condition, tape produced a significant mean (SD) increase in the medial longitudinal arch height index of 0.031 (0.015), 0.026 (0.014), and 0.016 (0.017) during standing, walking, and jogging respectively (p<0.05). The relative increase in medial longitudinal arch height represents an anti-pronation effect. The tape induced changes in the medial longitudinal arch height measured during standing correlated strongly with those measured during walking and jogging (Pearson’sr =  0.7 and 0.76 respectively).Conclusions:The augmented LowDye tape was effective in controlling pronation during both static and dynamic activity. Tape induced changes in static foot posture paralleled those during walking and jogging.
Effects of dominant somatotype on aerobic capacity trainability
Authors: Chaouachi M , Chaouachi A , Chamari K , Chtara M , Feki Y , Amri M , Trudeau F 
Published: November 2005

Purpose:This study examined the association between dominant somatotype and the effect on aerobic capacity variables of individualised aerobic interval training.Methods:Forty one white North African subjects (age 21.4±1.3 years; V˙o2max = 52.8±5.7 ml kg−1min−1) performed three exercise tests 1 week apart (i) an incremental test on a cycle ergometer to determine V˙o2maxand V˙o2at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2); (ii) a VAM-EVAL track test to determine maximal aerobic speed (vV˙o2max); and (iii) an exhaustive constant velocity test to determine time limit performed at 100%vV˙o2max(tlim100). Subjects were divided into four somatometric groups: endomorphs-mesomorphs (Endo-meso; n = 9), mesomorphs (Meso; n = 11), mesomorphs-ectomorphs (Meso-ecto; n = 12), and ectomorphs (Ecto; n = 9). Subjects followed a 12 week training program (two sessions/week). Each endurance training session consisted of the maximal number of successive fractions for each subject. Each fraction consisted of one period of exercise at 100% ofvV˙o2maxand one of active recovery at 60% ofvV˙o2max. The duration of each period was equal to half the individual tlim100 duration (153.6±39.7 s). After the training program, all subjects were re-evaluated for comparison with pre-test results.Results:Pre- and post-training data were grouped by dominant somatotype. Two way ANOVA revealed significant somatotype-aerobic training interaction effects (p<0.001) for improvements invV˙o2max, V˙o2maxexpressed classically and according to allometric scaling, and V˙o2at VT2. There were significant differences among groups post-training: the Meso-ecto and the Meso groups showed the greatest improvements in aerobic capacity.Conclusion:The significant somatotype-aerobic training interaction suggests different trainability with intermittent and individualised aerobic training according to somatotype.
Effect of swimming intensity on subsequent cycling and overall triathlon performance
Authors: Peeling P D , Bishop D J , Landers G J 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To investigate the effects of different swimming intensities on subsequent cycling and overall triathlon performance.Methods:Nine highly trained, male triathletes completed five separate laboratory sessions comprising one graded exercise test, a swim time trial (STT), and three sprint distance triathlons (TRI). The swimming velocities of the three TRI sessions were 80–85% (S80), 90–95% (S90), and 98–102% (S100) of the STT velocity. Subsequent cycling and running were performed at a perceived maximal intensity. Swimming stroke mechanics were measured during the swim. Plasma lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded at the conclusion of the swim and over the course of subsequent cycling and running. Oxygen consumption was recorded during the cycle.Results:The S80 and S90 cycle times were faster than the S100 cycle time (p<0.05). The overall triathlon time of S80 was faster than that of S100 (p<0.05). The S100 swim was characterised by a greater stroke rate than S80 and S90 (p<0.05) and a greater plasma lactate concentration than S80 (p<0.01).Conclusion:A swimming intensity below that of a time trial effort significantly improves subsequent cycling and overall triathlon performance.
Space-time in the Study of Time: An Exercise in Critical Interdisciplinarity
Authors:   Fraser
Published: November 2005

AbstractSpace-time is a four-dimensional abstract space, an analytical tool used in carrying out the program of relativity theory. That program requires that the laws of physics be stated in mathematical forms that remain unaffected - that are not changed - by the motion of the coordinate system in which they are applied. The nature of time, as understood in the context of space-time, differs from the common idea of time in that it makes no provisions for a "now" - for a present - and for the passing of time. Ideas about a present instant and about the passage of time have to be imported into physics from domains of knowledge outside physics. With the help of evolutionary epistemology based on evolutionary ontology, this paper locates the time of relativity's space-time in the integrated, interdisciplinary study of time.
Time, Perpetuity and Eternity in Late Antique Platonism
Authors: Siniossoglou Niketas 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper focuses on the late antique conception of time, eternity and perpetual duration and examines the relation between these concepts and Plato's cosmology. By exploring the controversy between pagan philosophers (Proclus, Ammonius, Simplicius, Olympiodorus) and Christian writers (Aeneas of Gaza, Zacharias of Mytilene, Philoponus) in respect to the interpretation of Plato's Timaeus, I argue that the Neoplatonic doctrine of the perpetuity (αιδóτηζ) of the world derives from a) the intellectual paradigm presupposed by the conceptual framework of late antiquity and b) the commentators' principal concern for a coherent conception of Platonic cosmology essentially free from internal contradictions.
Time and the Privileged Observer
Authors:   Hancock
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper addresses the persistent problem concerning the integration of physical (external) with psychological (internal) expressions of time. While the history of cosmological science demonstrates the fallacy of the conception of the physically privileged observational point in the Universe, I argue that it is just such a privileged position which characterizes the unitary nature of individual human consciousness. A rational, but flawed implication of this latter observation is that there is a unique spatiotemporal point within the brain at which reality is experienced. This flaw can be exposed through reference to the sensory simultaneity problem. Evidence indicates that since no such unique neural location exists, the brain finesses the issue of absolute timing at a sensory level by simply avoiding the problem of time-tagging such events altogether. While this finesse solves the simultaneity conundrum at a sensory level, I argue that the need for personal temporal continuity and the ability to outpace exogenous time by the projection of possible futures are solved elsewhere in the brain. A brief account of these latter properties is also presented.
"Une hérésie en matière judiciaire"? The Role of the Judge ad hoc in the International Court
Authors: Scobbie Iain 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn international law, the unfolding of the principle of the equality of the litigants — the sovereign equality of the litigant States — has resulted in their ability to nominate a judge to participate in the decision of the dispute by the International Court of Justice on terms of complete formal equality with the regular, or titular, judges. The institution of the judge ad hoc, appointed by the parties after a dispute has been submitted to the International Court, is alien to domestic systems of adjudication, but essential differences between municipal and international litigation must be given their due. The article questions, however, whether there is any solid basis for the continuation of the system of judges ad hoc.