bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating Consumption and Investment Motives in a Neoclassical Model of Demand for Education
Authors: Kodde David A. , Ritzen Jozef M. M. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYEmpirical evidence does not agree with the investment‐model of the demand for education: out of pocket costs have another impact than earnings foregone. This difference can be explained by consumption motives. The demand for education is then greater, the full price of education exceeds discounted future incremental earnings, net discounted wealth is not maximum and the rate of return to marginal investments in education is smaller than the interest rate.
Global Conflict or Cooperation over the CO2 Climate Impact?
Authors: Kosobud Richard F. , Daly Thomas A. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe objective of this study is to present some preliminary estimates of regional long run benefits and costs due to the CO2 greenhouse effect within an economic framework that permits an appraisal of CO2 policy control costs. We utilize a mathematical programming framework to solve for growth paths for North and South America both for CO2 constrained (by an optimal emissions tax rate) and unconstrained scenarios. The possible losses to North America and gains to South America suggest international cooperation on CO2 control policy may be very difficult. Cooperative adjustments to increased CO2 may prove more feasible.
A Theory of Truth in Autobiography
Authors: BUCHANAN JAMES M. , TOLLISON ROBERT D. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe ‘truth’ in autobiography depends on the observable historical record of a person's life. The less attractive the observed life, the more ‘truthful’ is the autobiography. This result does not require differential standards of honesty among autobiographers. It does depend on the presupposition that there exists a common value scale along which lives may be judged, and upon the common directional bias toward the ‘good’ in all autobiography.
Der konjunkturelle Einfluss der Geld‐ und Fiskalpolitik in der Bundesrepublik 1972‐1982
Authors: Hansen Gerd 
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn dieser Studie werden Schätzungen der Strukturparameter und Multiplikatoren eines neuen klassischen makroökonometrischen Modells (mit rationalen Erwartungen) vorgestellt und mit denen der unrestringierten reduzierten Form sowie mit Schätzungen eines Modells ohne strukturelle Restriktionen aber mit den Restriktionen der rationalen Erwartungen verglichen. Als Ergebnis werden die strukturellen Restriktionen, die insbesondere aus der Lucas‐Sargent‐Angebotsfunktion resultieren, abgelehnt. Die unrestringierte Schätzung ergibt signifikante Einflüsse der erwarteten Komponenten der Staatsausgaben, der Exporte und der Terms of Trade auf den Output, aber keine dominanten Einflüsse der erwarteten und unerwarteten Geldmenge. Eine deutliche Verantwortung der Bundesbank für die Konjunkturzyklen seit der ersten ölkrise lässt sich daher nicht nachweisen. Das Testresultat für die aus den rationalen Erwartungen resultierenden Restriktionen hängt davon ab, wie die Erwartungen über die exogenen Variablen gebildet werden. Die Restriktionen aus rationalen Erwartungen werden angenommen, wenn autoregressive Prozesse für die Erwartungsbildung verwendet werden, sie werden abgelehnt, wenn gleitende Durchschnitte benutzt werden. Schliesslich wird die Hypothese der Konstanz der Parameter der Lucas‐Sargent‐Angebotsfunktion getestet und dabei abgelehnt.
A Model of the Political Economy of International Investment Sanctions: The Case of South Africa
Authors: KAEMPFER WILLIAM H. , LOWENBERG ANTON D. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYMany advocates of sanctions against South Africa have proposed that such measures will reduce the wealth of white South Africans and thereby raise the costs of apartheid to those who benefit from it by such a large amount that whites will voluntarily choose to terminate the apartheid system. This paper examines the likely effects of disinvestment sanctions on the survivability of apartheid. An ‘interest‐group’ model of the South African state is developed, in which apartheid policies are treated as endogenous outcomes of a political decision‐making process. The effects of sanctions are introduced through the impact of international capital flows and asset prices on the major interest groups within the white electorate. It is shown that disinvestment policies may not diminish apartheid via market effects, but could have an impact upon the political costs of maintaining apartheid institutions.
Some Testable Implications of a Preference for Subjective Novelty
Authors: Middleton Elliott 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYA model of the response to subjective novelty represented by the Wundt curve was first informally introduced to economists by Scitovsky [1976]. The present paper operationalizes the subjective novelty concept using information theory. A distinction is drawn between informational utility and physical utility in the standard model. A successful empirical test is performed using a measure of consumer sentiment.
Risk Allocation in Large‐Scale Resource Ventures
Authors: SIEBERT HORST 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe paper analyzes risk allocation in large‐scale resource ventures. High set‐up costs, a long gestation period of ten years and more and a high financial risk are characteristics for large‐scale resource ventures. Financial risk is the result of economic risk (price risk, cost risk), technological risk (innovation in extraction, exploration) and political risk (taxation schemes, extraction rights). Large‐scale resource ventures represent an interesting case of risk allocation in which many players are involved. Institutional arrangements for risk allocation in large‐scale resource ventures are interpreted as a complex net of contractual relationships between different players. The paper analyzes a theoretical framework in which risk allocation is studied. Policies of risk shifting for the individual agent and institutional arrangements for risk shifting in the case of large‐scale resource ventures are studied. The net of relations between different players is a check on the strategic behavior arising from idiosyncratic problems and thus reduces contract risk.
Does Economic Sclerosis Set in with Age? An Empirical Study of the Olson Hypothesis
Authors: WALLIS JOHN JOSEPH , OATES WALLACE E. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYMANCUR OLSON has suggested that the rate of economic growth declines as stable polities grow older, a proposition he tested using data from the United States in the 1960s. We reexamine OLSON'S hypothesis, using a large panel data set covering the twentieth century in the U.S. We find, first, that younger states typically had relatively large governments, rather than the smaller governments one might suspect if OLSON were correct. Second, we fail to find convincing evidence to support OLSON'S specific claim: that older states have, ceteris paribus, lower rates of economic growth. The only specification that supports the hypothesis is one in which population movements are attributed wholly to OLSONian forces. The obstacles to testing the OLSON hypothesis are formidable because of the difficulty of separating migration into OLSON and non‐OLSON components.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGMANCUR OLSON hat die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass das Wirtschaftswachstum mit dem zunehmenden Alter stabiler politischer Systeme abnimmt, und diese Hypothese mittels Daten aus den Vereinigten Staaten der sechziger Jahre getestet. Die Autoren überprüfen OLSONS Hypothese, wobei sie umfangreiches Datenmaterial verwenden, welches das 20.Jahrhundert in den USA abdeckt. Hiernach lässt sich kein überzeu‐gender Hinweis zur Stützung von OLSONS Behauptung finden. Die einzige Spezifika‐tion, welche die Hypothese unterstützt, ist jene, in welcher Bevölkerungsbewegungen vollständig OLSONschen Kräften zugeordnet werden. Die Hindernisse beim Testen der Hypothese sind gewaltig wegen der Schwierigkeiten, Wanderungen in OLSON‐und Nicht‐OLSON‐Komponenten zu unterteilen.RÉSUMÉMANCUR OLSON a suggéré que le taux de croissance économique décline lorsque les structures politiques vieillissent, hypothèse qu'il a testée sur des données américaines de la fin des années 60. Nous reexaminons l'hypothèse d'OLSON en utilisant un vaste ensemble de données couvrant le 20e siècle aux Etats‐Unis. Nous avons d'abord trouvé que les jeunes états ont des gouvernments relativement étoffes, alors que si OLSON avait vu juste, ces gouvernements auraient du̧ȩtre plus réduits. En second lieu, nous n'avons pu trouver de preuve convaincante de l'affirmation principale d'OLSONà savoir que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les états les plus anciens connaissent des taux de croissance économique plus faibles. La seule caractéristique qui pourrait soutenir l'hypothèse est celle dans laquelle les mouvements de population sont attribués grossièrement aux forces olsoniennes. Mais il est extrèmement difficile de tester l'hypothèse d'OLSON car on a beaucoup de mal a séparer, dans les migrations, les composantes olsoniennes et non olsoniennes.
International and Multinational Strategic Behaviour
Authors: Jacquemin Alexis 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis paper shows that the recent work introducing the strategic dimension into the analysis of international trade allows a fruitful enlargement of the traditional approach. The first section highlights certain aspects of international strategic relations, including the role played by the public authorities. The second applies this approach to private and public collusive strategies in international trade. Finally the third section introduces the elements of a theory of strategic foreign direct investment in the European context. The conclusion underlines that the central message of the strategic approach is not a support to more activist trade policies but the need for international credible rules and coordination that prevent unilateral strategies leading to ruinous industrial policy and mutually destructive trade wars.
Things Governments Do to Money: A Recent History of Currency Reform Schemes and Scams
Authors: Mas Ignacio 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYConfiscation of currency has sometimes occurred through the fine print of currency reforms. While only a small fraction of currency reforms world‐wide have masked a confiscation, when they don't they are likely to follow a hyperinflationary bout. Thus, one way or another, currency reforms are emblematic of government reneging on its most idiosyncratic liability or extracting monopoly rents from its provision of an exchange medium. This paper reviews the international experience with currency reforms over the last fifty years. It focuses on the purported justifications, mechanism for implementation, common pitfalls and revenues associated with actual discriminatory currency conversion exercises.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Einziehung von Währungen ist irn Rahmen von Wähngsreformen manchmal vorgekommen. Weltweit hat nur ein kleiner Teil der Wähngsreformen die Einziehung getamt. Täten sie dies nicht, so würden sie wahrscheinlich einen hyperinflationären Kampf führen. Auf die eine oder andere Art sind Wähngsreformen daher typisch füreine Regierung, die auf ihre charakteristischen Verpflichtungen zurückkommt oder die Monopolrenten durch die Bereitstellung eines Tauschmittels herausholt. Dieser Artikel gewährt einen Übexblick über die internationalen Erfahrungen mit Wähngsreformen während den letzten fünfzig Jahren. Dabei konzenhiert man sich auf die vorgegebenen Rechtfertigungen, die Techniken der Durchführung, übliche Fallgruben und auf die Erträge in Zusammenhang mit gegenwärtigen diskriminiemden Wähngsumtauschübungen.RÉUMÉLa confiscation de la monnaie a été parfois mise en valeur à travers ľanalyse fine des réformes mon. monétäires. Tandis que seulernent une faible fraction des réformes monétaires a mondialement caché une confiscation, wlles sont, dans le cas contraire, de nature à suivre un rythme hyper‐inflationniste. Ainsi, ďune manièreg ou ďune autre, les réformes financières sont emblématiques du renoncement du gouvernement vis à vis de ses plus distinctives responsabilités ou ses rentes du situation de monopole provenant de ses réserves de moyen ďéchange. Cet article passe en revue, sur les cinquante derniéres années, les expériences internationales en matière de réforme monétaire. II se concentre sur les justifications avancées, les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre, les pièges usuels et les revenus associés aux réel exercises discrimminatoires de conversion monétaire.
PROCEDURES FOR MANAGERS IN IDEA‐DEFICIENT SITUATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF BRAINSTORMING APPROACHES
Authors: Rickards T. , Freedman B. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe literature of brainstroming procedures has been examined in order to obtain guidlines for managers in idea‐deficient situations. Various techniques and procedures have developed and are often incorporated into larger systems of managerial problem‐solving. There seem two main reasons for utilizing the processes. The first is as an aid to creativity. The second is as an effective means of amassing ideas. These underlying principles have not been satisfactorily validated in the literature, but use of the technique for the latter, variety generating purpose, may be easier to justify than use as a creativity spurring device. It is suggested that further research is needed into expectations of practitioners and clients of brainstorming sessions.
BUSINESSMEN AND BUSINESS SCHOOL FACULTY: A COMPARISON OF VALUE SYSTEMS
Authors: Hofstede Geert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeventeen faculty members at a European business school scored two values tests, L. V. Gordon's S.I.V. and S.P.V. Their scores are compared to those of 372 executive course participants in general, to those of sixteen American participants in particular, and to those of participants who were rated by the faculty as top performers in class. Results show faculty to differ significantly from participants toward more academic values and less will to manage, and this being a role rather than a nationality difference. Results also show that faculty members evaluate most highly participants with value profiles largely similar to theirs, but higher in ‘Leadership’ and relatively low in ‘Independence’. These data are considered as a demonstration of the type of organizational socialization which businessmen undergo when they participate in a campus course.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND JOB INVOLVEMENT AS ANTECEDENTS OF BOUNDARY SPANNING BEHAVIOUR: A PATH ANALYSIS
Authors: Dailey Robert C. , Morgan Cyril P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationships between age, aspects of tenure, locus of control, job involvement, and boundary spanning behaviour (B.S.B.) were examined using path analysis for 281 scientists and engineers. It was found that locus of control and age were significant determinants of job involvement. It was also shown that locus of control and job involvement were significant determinants of B.S.B. These findings are discussed relative to previous research on locus of control, job involvement, and B.S.B. Finally, new research designs are advocated which incorporate task characteristics, role dynamics constructs, and environmental uncertainty as determinants of B.S.B.
CONGEALING OIL: INVENTING IDEOLOGIES TO JUSTIFY ACTING IDEOLOGIES OUT
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of organizations in crisis show how forcefully and universally ideologies affect organizations, and life in general. Under the influence of societal and organizational ideologies, quite normal organizations manufacture crises for themselves, and then escape or succumb, depending on which ideologies dominate. Yet organization theorists have paid little attention to the ideological elements in organizations—apparently because of misguided perceptions that objectively measurable phenomena are more real or more important.Organization theorists have carried out numerous studies of so‐called objective phenomena, and their aggregate finding is that almost nothing correlates strongly and consistently with anything else. This null finding fits the hypothesis that organizational structures and technologies are primarily arbitrary, temporary, and superficial characteristics. These characteristics are determined by complex interactions among ideologies‐ although determined may be an inappropriate description because people acting under the influence of ideologies perceive that they are choosing freely.Ideologies are logically integrated clusters of beliefs, values, rituals, and symbols. The interactions among elements within an ideology enable a change by one element to produce far‐reaching effects. The interactions between ideologies are probably controlled by ceremonies and rituals, and communications between ideologies emphasize stylized or metaphorical language. One can see rituals and language at work when organizations are acting.Organizations can act in either of two modes: a problem‐solving mode in which perceived problems instigate searches for solutions, or an action generating mode in which choices of actions stimulate the creation of problems to justify the actions. Problem solving is abnormal, and action generating normal. In the action‐generating mode, people watch the results of their actions, appraise these results as good or bad, and propose needs for action. Whether needs for action are real is decided by collective voting in which votes are phrased as clichts about causation. These clichts give birth to quasi‐theories that explain why certain actions are needed to solve problems.
THE IRRATIONALITY OF ACTION AND ACTION RATIONALITY: DECISIONS, IDEOLOGIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIONS
Authors: Brunsson Nils 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIrrationality is a basic feature of organizational behaviour. Organizational decision making tends to be irrational, and organizational ideologies bias organizations’perceptions. Much effort has been spent on prescribing how organizations should achieve more rationality. However, rational decision making affords a bad basis for action. Some irrationalities are necessary requirements for organizational actions. Choices are facilitated by narrow and clear organizational ideologies, and actions are facilitated by irrational decision‐making procedures which maximize motivation and commitment.
HOW IDEOLOGIES SUPPLANT FORMAL STRUCTURES AND SHAPE RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Meyer Alan D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTObservations of nineteen hospitals show how organizational ideologies are manifested and sustained by beliefs, stories, languages, and ceremonial acts. The data indicate that harmonious ideologies accompany simple structures, but that discordant ones accompany elaborate structures. Through their effects on people and structures, ideologies guide organizations’responses to external threats.
SOME EVIDENCE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL MANAGERIAL CULTURE
Authors: Everett James E. , Stening Bruce W. , Longton Peter A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAn analysis is reported of the relations between the semantic responses obtained from managers of four nationalities. A total of 365 expatriate and local managers in the Singaporean subsidiaries of 34 American, British and Japanese M.N.C.s assessed their own and each of the other groups along each of 18 adjectival antonym pairs. For each nationality the correlations between the semantic items are used as similarity data for multidimensional scaling of the adjectives. It is shown that the 18 adjectival pairs can be reduced to a two‐dimensional circular map for each nationality, and that the placing of the adjectives on the circle agrees with a root mean square misfit of about 10° for the four nationalities. The results support the hypothesis that, for the groups considered, a shared international culture exists in the managerial context. The two dimensions on which the 36 semantic items can be mapped are interpretable as functional/dysfunctional and open/closed.
PERFORMANCE IN PLANNING A LARGE PROJECT [1]
Authors: Woodward S. N. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPerformance assessment in matrix structures is particularly problematical, for matrix structures themselves represent a compromise, and performance within the structure usually requires achievement of an ‘even balance’—and there are no conventions for judging ‘evenness’. Analysis of a planning project in British Rail suggests that under conditions of ‘conservative incrementalism’, the agreement of interested parties itself constitutes evidence of successful performance in a matrix structure, as well as providing essential pre‐construction monitoring. More generally, where conventional performance indicators are deficient or inadequate, analysis of the problems in the task environment provides a base against which to assess performance.
ANALYZING CULTURAL STEREOTYPES IN MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS: UNITED STATES AND AUSTRALIA
Authors: Jenner Stephen R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAs U.S. business becomes more international, so does U.S. management education. Executive development programmes offer courses in the U.S. and abroad to managers from many nations. As part of the transfer of U.S. management methods, the concepts, techniques and beliefs taught in these programmes may not be easily accepted, especially by foreign managers. Careful examination of cultural differences in attitudes and opinions is a necessary step in the successful transfer of management technology.This paper compares U.S. and Australian managers' values, attitudes, beliefs and opinions on a wide range of topics using a modified version of Schein's Public Opinion Questionnaire. Our findings suggest that there are common business management views as well as national differences among managers in the U.S. and Australia.
ABSENTEEISM AND TURNOVER: IS THERE A PROGRESSION? [1]
Authors: Gupta Nina , Jenkins G. Douglas 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThree patterns of relationships between employee absenteeism and turnover have been suggested in the past—that withdrawal progresses from absenteeism to turnover, that absenteeism and turnover are alternatives to each other, and that absenteeism and turnover are unrelated. This paper examines the proposition that there is a rising trend of absences for leavers as the point of their turnover approaches, using data from employees of two midwestern U.S. organizations, a bank and a manufacturing company. A paired subjects design is used for analysis of the progression notion. The results affirm the existence of a positive association between absenteeism and turnover but provide, at best, weak confirmation of the progression hypothesis. The results from the two organizations are also different from each other. Measurement, sample, analysis, and theory problems are discussed as potential explanations of the differential results.
IMPLANTED DECISION‐MAKING: AMERICAN OWNED FIRMS IN BRITAIN [I]
Authors: Mallory Geoffrey R. , Butler Richard J. , Cray David , Hickson David J. , Wilson David C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT decision‐making processes are compared in American and British subsidiaries in Britain to investigate how far processual characteristics as distinct from structural features, may be implanted in subsidiaries abroad. Managements in the British owned subsidiaries tend to route their biggest decisions through the formalities of standing committees in conformity with customary procedures, taking a comparatively long time to do so. Managements in the American owned subsidiaries tend to rely on informally assembled working groups which help to arrive at a decision comparatively rapidly through a process which does not ostensibly follow any recognized procedure. The British mode is formal within a non‐formalized customary pattern, the American mode informal within a formalized frame.