bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some cenozoic catarrhines: The late divergence hypothesis revisited
Authors: Feldesman Marc R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWashburn's Late Divergence Hypothesis (LDH) makes a series of predictions about the phyletic affinities of extant hominoids and also predicts the locomotor behavior of the “formative ape,” the common ancestor to the African apes and humans, and of the earliest hominids. The present study explores some of these predictions in the light of distal humerus morphology. Multivariate analysis of distal humerus metrics, corrected for the within‐groups distortion of shape by size, was used to compare a broad sample of 22 modern anthropoid taxa with 15 fossils from the Fayum, Rusinga Island, Ft. Ternan, Neudorf an der March, Kanapoi, Kromdraai, Lake Turkana, and Hadar. The results of this analysis support some aspects of the LDH, while other aspects are unresolved. Specifically, the distal humeri of the large hominoids are very distinct from those of other anthropoids; however, Hylobates is not associated clearly with either hominoids or monkeys. This suggests that “brachiation” (sensu Hylobates) is too specialized a behavior and cannot explain the common set of characteristics known to unify the hominoids. Among the large apes, there is no discrimination that can be made between the African apes and Pongo, and Homo appears only slightly closer to Pongo than to the other apes. This offers little insight into the question of whether humans did, or did not, go through a “knuckle‐walking” stage in their ancestry. The Oligocene and Miocene distal humeri sustain Washburn's assertion that the “formative apes” resembled the suspensory quadrupedal platyrrhines like Ateles. The Miocene P. africanus specimen highlights the uniqueness of Hylobates in showing that this fossil “bridges” the morphology of the acrobatic cebids and the morphology of the larger apes; it appears to be clearly “intermediate” between the two groups. Hylobates, by contrast, has affinities with no fossil, does not connect with the apes, and is generally isolated except for its connection with colobines. Among the Plio‐Pleistocene fossils, the Hadar sample proves to be quite primitive, and may be close to the point where hominids and pongids diverged. The Kanapoi distal humerus (KP 271), far from being more “human‐like” than Australopithecus, clearly associates with the hyperrobust Australopithecines from Lake Turkana. The stratigraphically late Kromdraai distal humerus is the only hominid to be projected near Homo. The Plio‐Pleistocene hominids generally evince a pattern consistent with the prediction of a late separation of hominids and pongids. But, the results of this study, like many before it, fail to resolve the central question of whether the last common ancestor of the African apes and humans “knuckle‐walked.” It is suggested here that this may be an unresolvable problem.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. III. Relative heritability of skeletal nonmetric and metric traits
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study addresses the long‐standing controversy in skeletal biology concerning the relative utility of skeletal metric and nonmetric traits for studies of biological relationship. This controversy centers on the relative heritability of these two trait sets. This paper presents heritabilities for a series of skeletal metric and nonmetric traits measured with the same sample of mother‐offspring pairs from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection of rhesus macaques. Skeletal nonmetric traits display significantly greater heritability estimates than metric traits. This difference is due primarily to the high heritability estimates of hyperostotic nonmetric traits. Foraminal traits are not significantly more heritable than skeletal metric traits. The generality of this pattern of heritability values, in which hyperostotic nonmetric traits are more highly heritable than foraminal nonmetric and metric traits, depends on future empirical study of the correlation of heritability values in populations and theoretical work.
Altitude and infant growth in Bolivia: A longitudinal study
Authors: Haas Jere D. , Moreno‐Black Geraldine , Frongillo Edward A. , Pabon A. Javier , Pareja L. Gerardo , Ybarnegaray U. Jorge , Hurtado G. Luis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe growth of 79 healthy, well‐nourished lowland (400 M) and highland (3600 M) Bolivian infants was analyzed in a longitudinal study through the first postnatal year. Compared to low altitude infants, the high altitude infants were found, by analysis of covariance controlling for size at the previous exam, to be significantly shorter at birth, 1 and 6 months, while they were significantly lighter only at birth and 1 year. Recumbent length gain was slower in the high altitude infants in the early months of life, while weight gain did not differ between altitudes. The observed lower weights at high altitude throughout the first year appear to be due to a persistence of lower weights seen at birth and not to postnatal growth retardation. Significantly greater triceps and subscapular skin‐fold thickness measurements were found in the highland group, despite their smaller length and weight. The possible causes and implications of the greater fat accumulation in the highland infants are discussed.
Commentary on two misconceptions of phylogeny and classification
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA recent brief communication criticizes a morphometric study of the structure of Daubentonia (Oxnard, 1981). The criticisms are invalid because they apply to the concept of the detailed character state in a localized anatomical region, a type of morphological information different than the broad measurement that embodies many characters. The criticisms themselves display, moreover, exactly those problems of prior assumption that the underlying philosophy of multivariate morphometric studies as used by Oxnard (1981) tries to eliminate.
Bivariate versus multivariate allometry: A note on a paper by Jungers and German
Authors: Hills M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractJungers and German (1981) found differences when they compared 1) coefficients of allometry from bivariate plots of log measurements versus log body weight with 2) those coefficients from the first principal component of the log measurements excluding body weight. It is argued here that an arbitrary choice of unit for “internal size” is all that separates these coefficients. When the unit is chosen to make internal size isometric with body weight the coefficients agree rather well.
The basicranium of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems
Authors: Laitman Jeffrey T. , Heimbuch Raymond C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOur analyses of extant primates have shown that a relationship exists between the degree of flexion of the basicranium and the location of upper respiratory structures such as the larynx and pharynx (Laitman et al., 1978). Based upon these relationships, we have previously used the basicrania of late Pleistocene hominids as a guide to the reconstruction of their upper respiratory anatomy (Laitman et al., 1979). This study continues our approach by examining the basicrania of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids and reconstructing their upper respiratory systems.Nine Plio‐Pleistocene hominids had basicrania complete enough to be used in this study. These included the originals of Sts 5, MLD 37/38, SK 47, SK 48, SK 83, Taung, KNM‐ER 406, OH 24, and a cast of OH 5. Craniometric analysis of the basicrania of these specimens showed that they had marked similarities to those of extant pongids. These basicranial similarities between Plio‐Pleistocene hominids and extant apes suggest that the upper respiratory systems of these groups were also alike in appearance. As with living nonhuman primates, the early hominids probably exhibited a larynx and pharynx positioned high in the neck. This high position would have permitted an intranarial epiglottis to be present during both normal respiration and the ingestion of a liquid bolus of food. The high position of the larynx would have also greatly restricted the supralaryngeal portion of the pharynx available to modify laryngeal sounds. It is thus possible that the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids exhibited modes of breathing, swallowing and vocalizing similar to those of living apes.
Crown dimensions of deciduous teeth from Pre‐Columbian Peru
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Mosadomi Adeyemi , Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mean mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters are presented for the deciduous teeth from Pre‐Columbian Peru. Generally, the deciduous teeth from Pre‐Columbian Peru are larger in most dimensions than the deciduous teeth of modern populations of European descent and smaller than those of modern Australian aboriginals. Differences in crown dimensions between the Pre‐Columbian Peruvian deciduous teeth and those from Prehistoric Inamgaon and Mesolithic Europe are inconsistent. However, the maxillary and mandibular second molars are larger in the Peruvian population while the incisors are smaller. Since comparative data for prehistoric deciduous teeth are rare, this paper adds valuable data to the growing literature on deciduous crown dimensions.
Electron spin resonance dating of human bones from Brazilian shell‐mounds (Sambaquís)
Authors: Mascarenhas S. , Filho O. Baffa , Ikeya M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) signals from bone increase with exposure to radiation. This permits the dating of ancient bone from its exposure to natural radiation over the centuries. The ESR technique was used for dating human bones from Brazilian shell mounds. The results were compared with 14C dates on charcoal found near the bone. The natural radiation dose rate of the bones was about 0.01 Gy/year (1 rad/year), similar to that found in Japanese shell‐mounds. Ages of the bone samples dated ranged from 2000–5000 years BP.
Patterns of intraspecific and interspecific allometry in Old World primates
Authors: Steudel Karen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of 22 variables representing many skeletal elements were measured on a sample of 255 individuals from ten species of Old World primates to discover for which variables intraspecific or intragroup allometric curves differed from interspecific curves. Skeletal weight was used to represent size. These results were then used to evaluate several hypotheses that have been advanced as possible explanations of such differences. Two explanations seem likely to apply frequently, but in different cases. First, the correlation between a variable and size is often low intraspecifically so that the reliability of the curve describing the relationship is poor. This applies equally to results from leastsquares regression or reduced major axis. The low correlation may result from a situation in which a feature need not vary in close response to body size intraspecifically. The interspecific curve would be produced as a result of different optima in a series of species. Second, the results for many variables suggest that the nature of an organism's adaptive response to change in size differs between groups. The intragroup (or intraspecific) curves describe that response, while the interspecific curve is a summary of the consequences of size across all the included groups, which may be heavily infuenced by the differing adaptations of those groups.
Some dermatoglyphic features of Australian aboriginals from Mornington Island
Authors: Loesch Danuta 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTopologically significant dermatoglyphic patterns on palms and fingers have been analyzed in a sample of 118 Lardiil and 37 Kaiadilt males and females living on Mornington Island. The purpose of this analysis has been to demonstrate the applications of the topological classification in comparative studies and to point out some general developmental problems which have emerged from dermatoglyphic study of distant populations. The results are presented in the form of distributions of total pattern types on palms and on a set of five or 10 fingers, frequencies of pattern elements, and mean pattern intensities on different palmar areas and on individual fingers, and of intercorrelations between different patterns and different fingers. Moreover, finger ridge counts have been analyzed with respect to bilateral asymmetry. A sample of Australian aboriginals is compared with 300 individuals of British origin of corresponding sex and with some data on Polish family and twin samples.The results indicate that pattern intensity is considerably increased on fingers II, III, and IV and somewhat decreased on palms, mainly on account of much lowered frequency of some hypothenar patterns, while the patterns on the radial border of the palm are increased, a deviation being more pronounced in the females. The intercorrelations between fingers for pattern intensity and ridge counts are lowered. A possible relationship of these findings to peculiarities in the morphological structure of the hand in the aboriginals, as distinguished from that of the white Europeans, is discussed. Moreover, a lack of sexual dimorphism in finger ridge count and a high proportion of ridge dissociation in this sample indicates the need for cytogenetical investigation, especially towards peculiarities of the X chromosome, but other possible causes for these deviations should also be considered.
Volume and composition of hand sweat of white and black men and women in desert walks
Authors: Dill D. B. , Yousef M. K. , Goldman A. , Hillyard S. D. , Davis T. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany investigators have sought, but failed to find, ethnic differences in the number and regional distribution of active sweat glands. In this study measurements have been made of sweat secreted on one hand and also on the whole body of Whites and Blacks walking in desert heat. Whites numbered 31 men and 27 women, ages 30 to 88 years; there were 21 Black men and 31 Black women, ages 16 to 61 years. Each walked on three occasions for 1 hour at a rate that required an oxygen consumption of about 40% of aerobic capacity. Ambient temperature ranged from 32 to 44°C in 1979 and 1980; means were 38.4°C in 1979 and 36.7°C in 1980. There was no sweat in the gloves of many Blacks; this was true of only a few Whites. Volume of body sweat increased in both races with rate of walking; volume of hand sweat increased more in Whites than in Blacks. The Mann‐Whitney test revealed that volumes of hand sweat were significantly greater for Whites than for Blacks. It was concluded that in desert walks most Whites and few Blacks sweat freely on their hands. In samples of hand sweat, Na+, K+, and Cl− were determined. Concentrations of each ion varied widely in both races, and were unrelated to race. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl− generally are somewhat higher in hand sweat than in body sweat; concentrations of K+ are much higher. It follows that the values for concentration of Na+ and Cl− reported in Table 3 probably are somewhat higher than would have been found in body sweat, and concentrations of K+ are probably much higher.
Subnasal alveolar morphology and the systematic position of Sivapithecus
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Kimbel William H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent collecting in the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan has produced several new maxillae attributable to Sivapithecus. Since the subnasal region is preserved in most of these specimens, comparisons with early Miocene hominoid and Pliocene hominid maxillae become possible. On the basis of these comparisons, it has become clear that subnasal/premaxillary morphology distinguishes Asian and African hominoids. Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus share with Pongo an “Asian” subnasal pattern. The Proconsul species from the early Miocene of western Kenya and Australopithecus afarensis from the Hadar Formation of Ethiopia present two subsets of an “African” subnasal pattern. We think it likely that Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus represent a lineage that postdates the last common ancestor of African and Asian hominoids.
Alveolar dehiscences and fenestrae in dried south African Negro mandibles
Authors: Tal Haim 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe buccal and lingual roots of 1077 teeth from 100 mandibles of South African Negroes were examined for the presence of dehiscences and fenestrae. All specimens were obtained from cadavers of known sex, tribe, and stated age; 10.5% of teeth were affected. Canines and first premolars were the most common teeth associated with dehiscences and fenestrae. Dehiscences occurred more commonly than fenestrae (1:0.49). The defects were found exclusively in the buccal plate of the alveolar process.
Longitudinal trends in subcutaneous fat thickness during adolescence
Authors: Cronk Christine E. , Roche Alex F. , Kent Ralph , Eichorn Dorothy , McCammon Robert W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLongitudinal principal components (LPC) analysis is used to summarize adolescent trends in subcutaneous fat thickness at three sites (biceps, suprailiac, and abdominal). For each site, component 1 (C1) represents fatness level, and component 2 (C2) represents an increase followed by a decrease (fat wave) in fatness. Components 3–5 (retained for girls only) represent more complicated patterns of change (multiple increases and decreases). Correlations among scores for C1 for each site and among scores for C2 for each site indicate a high correspondence of fatness level and the magnitude of the fat wave. Associations between components and other indicators of maturity are apparent, indicating that serial fat patterns are controlled to some degree by influences affecting other pubescent events. Continuity between childhood fatness levels and adolescent patterns of fatness are relatively weak. Continuity between adolescent and adulthood fatness is somewhat greater.
Dental size traits within families: Path analysis for first molar and lateral incisor
Authors: Potter Rosario H. Yap , Rice John P. , Dahlberg Albert A. , Dahlberg Thelma 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious works on the inheritance of dental traits have traditionally followed Fisher's model for family data under the assumption that phenotypic similarity between relatives is due solely to genetic factors. This study uses recent causal models that incorporate the contribution of nonrandom environmental sources of variation to familial resemblance on dental size. Path analysis was applied to observed interclass and intraclass correlations of sex‐specific parent‐offspring and sib pairs in 293 Pima Indian families from the southwest United States. The mesiodistal dimension of an early‐forming and stable tooth (first molar) was contrasted with a late‐forming and variable tooth (upper lateral incisor) for genetic and familial environmental components of variation. Parameters were estimated according to the XTAU models of Rice et al. (1980) and linear constraints placed upon the parameters were tested. The proportion of variance accounted for by genetic and environmental transmissible factors is estimated to be 52% for the first molar and 35% for the lateral incisor. Neither X‐linkage nor sex‐specific environmental effects are required to explain the transmission of dental size. Nontransmissible environmental effects that account for sibling correlations are detectable. Furthermore, sex differences are found in correlated sibling environments for the lateral incisor but not the first molar, to explain in part male‐female differences in the distributions of the upper lateral incisor size.
The mandibular corpus of female primates: Taxonomic, dietary, and allometric correlates of interspecific variations in size and shape
Authors: Smith Richard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements were taken on skulls of 253 adult female anthropoid primates from 32 species, in order to determine patterns and possible causes for variation among species in the cross‐sectional size and shape of the mandibular corpus under M1.When all 32 species are considered as a group, there is a tendency for corpus shape to become more robust with increasing body size. However, this does not hold for colobines or cercopithecines evaluated separately. When diets are classified into the general categories of folivory or frugivory, neither size‐adjusted measurements of mandibular corpus breadth and height, nor estimates of the second moments of inertia or the polar moment of inertia of the mandibular cross section, show any relationship to dietary variation among species. Species reported to include hard nuts in their diets have larger mandibular cross sections than other species, and the size of the corpus is significantly correlated with size of the dentition and molar enamel thickness.A biomechanical model taking into account frictional effects of tooth‐to‐tooth contact indicates that mandibular corpus robusticity may not be related to a large horizontal component of force during mastication.
Mortality of pregnant females in Arikara villages: Osteological evidence
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Bradtmiller Bruce 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHigh infant mortality and high mortality for late adolescent and young adult females suggest that obstetrical hazards may be one explanation for differences in male and female mortality curves. This possiblity is investigated in Arikara skeletal series by determining the frequency of females who died with fetal remains in utero. Two females (0.9%) were so identified. Examination of the females and the fetal remains do not provide evidence that stress of childbearing was the cause of death in these cases.
A craniofacial growth maturity gradient for males and females between 4 and 16 years of age
Authors: Buschang Peter H. , Baume Robert M. , Nass G. Gisela 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDifferential growth of the craniofacial complex implies variation in ontogenetic patterns of development. This investigation quantifies the relative maturity—as defined by percent adult status—of nine cephalometric dimensions and stature. Analysis is based on 663 lateral cephalograms from a mixed longitudinal sample of 26 males and 25 females between 4 and 16 years of age. Graphic comparison of maturity status across the age range shows that variation is intergraded between the neural and somatic growth maturity patterns, as described by head height and stature, respectively. The maturity gradient moves from head height through anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base and maxillary length, upper facial height, corpus length, and ramus height to stature. After 9 years of age ramus height is less mature than stature. Anterior maxillary and mandibular heights diminish during transitional dentition and thereafter exhibit maturity patterns that compare to corpus length. Although females are consistently more mature than males, the gradient of variation between dimensions is sex independent.