bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetization transfer in cartilage and its constituent macromolecules
Authors: Gray Martha L. , Burstein Deborah , Lesperance Leann M. , Gehrke Lee 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe goal of this work was to investigate magnetization transfer (MT) in cartilage by measuring water proton signals Ms/Mo, as an indicator of MT, in (i) single‐component systems of the tissue's constituent macromolecules and (ii) intact cartilage under control conditions and after two pathomimetic interventions. Ms/Mo was quantified with a 12‐μT saturation pulse applied 6 kHz off resonance. Both glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen exhibited concentration dependent effects on Ms/Mo, being approximately linear for GAG solutions (Ms/Mo = ‐0.0137[% GAG] + 1.02] and exponential for collagen suspensions (Ms/Mo = 0.80 x exp[‐(%collagen)/6.66] + 0.20); the direct saturation of water could not account for the measured Ms/Mo. Although the effect of collagen on Ms/Mo is much stronger than for a corresponding concentration of GAG, Ms/Mo is not very sensitive to changes in collagen concentration in the physiological range. Tissue degradation with 25 mg/ml trypsin led to an increase inMs/Mo from the baseline value of 0.2 (final/initial values = 1.15 ± 0.13, n = 11, P < 0.001). In contrast, a 10‐day treatment of cartilage with 100 ng/ml of interleukin‐1β (1L‐1β) caused a 19% decrease in Ms/Mo (final/initial values = 0.81 ± 0.08, n = 3, P = 0.085). The changes in hydration and macromolecular content for the two treatments were comparable, suggesting that Ms/Mo is sensitive to macromolecular structure as well as concentration. In conclusion, whereas the baseline Ms/Mo value in cartilage may be primarily due to the tissue collagen concentration, changes in Ms/Mo may be due to physiological or pathophysiological changes in GAG concentration and tissue structure, and the measured Ms/Mo may differentiate between various pathomimetic degradative procedures.
On the use of two‐dimensional‐J NMR measurements for in Vivo proton MRS: Measurement of homonuclear decoupled spectra without the need for short echo times
Authors: Dreher Wolfgang , Leibfritz Dieter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe potential of two‐dimensional (2D)‐J NMR for in vivo proton MRS is examined. Single voxel measurements on the rat brain were performed at 4.7 T using point‐resolved spectrocopy localization with a voxel size of 64 μl and total measuring times of 10‐15 min. It is shown that a series of measurements with only 16 or fewer different echo times (TE) enables good signal localization in the f1 axis corresponding to the coupling patterns. For data evaluation, the 2D‐J NMR spectrum as well as cross‐sections at given f1 values and projections onto the f2 axis are used. A comparison between cross‐section spectra taken at different f1 values may help to solve problems of peak assignment. The projection of the 2D magnitude spectrum onto the f2 axis corresponds to a homonuclear decoupled 1D proton spectrum. Because the T2 relaxation times of several coupled resonances (e.g., myo‐inositol and glutamate) are rather long, only minor losses in the quality of the projection spectra occur if the measurements with short TE (≤ 50 ms) are not used for data processing. Thus, homonuclear decoupled proton spectra detecting uncoupled and several coupled resonances can be measured with high quality in vivo, even on MR systems that are not equipped with actively shielded gradients, prohibiting data acquisition with TEs of 50 ms or less.
Correlation of rapid changes in the average water diffusion constant and the concentrations of lactate and ATP breakdown products during global ischemia in cat brain
Authors: Decanniere Caroline , Eleff Scott , Davis Delphine , Zijl Peter C. M. Van 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRapid changes in the average water diffusion constant, Dav = 1/3{Dxx + Dyy + Dzz}, and in the concentrations of lactate and purine nucleotides and nucleosides were measured upon global ischemia (cardiac arrest) in cat brain, at a combined time resolution of 36 s (n = 7). At this time resolution, the normalized time curves of 1 ‐ Dav and the increases in ATP breakdown products did not coincide, with the changes in Dav being most rapid. The normalized curves of 1 ‐ Dav and the lactate increase coincided for the first 2‐2.5 min after which the change in Dav was more rapid. After this time point, an excellent correlation was found between the drop in Dav and the decrease in energy utilization rate, which was calculated from the measured time curves of lactate formation and ATP breakdown, and from the time curve for phosphocreatine use reported in the literature. These results are in agreement with the expected biphasic changes in ion and water homeostasis during ischemia and with the model of diffusional changes being a consequence of a water shift from interstitial to intra‐cellular space.
Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo‐planar mri
Authors: Biswal Bharat , Zerrin Yetkin F. , Haughton Victor M. , Hyde James S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn MRI time course of 512 echo‐planar images (EPI) in resting human brain obtained every 250 ms reveals fluctuations in signal intensity in each pixel that have a physiologic origin. Regions of the sensorimotor cortex that were activated secondary to hand movement were identified using functional MRI methodology (FMRI). Time courses of low frequency (<0.1 Hz) fluctuations in resting brain were observed to have a high degree of temporal correlation (P < 10−3) within these regions and also with time courses in several other regions that can be associated with motor function. It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.
A precise and fast temperature mapping using water proton chemical shift
Authors: Ishihara Yasutoshi , Calderon Arturo , Watanabe Hidehiro , Okamoto Kazuya , Suzuki Yoshinori , Kuroda Kagayaki , Suzuki Yutaka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new temperature measurement procedure using phase mapping was developed that makes use of the temperature dependence of the water proton chemical shift. Highly accurate and fast measurements were obtained during phantom and in vivo experiments. In the pure water phantom experiments, an accuracy of more than ± 0.5°C was obtained within a few seconds/slice using a field echo pulse sequence (TR/TE = 115/13 ms, matrix = 128 × 128, number of slices = 5). The temperature dependence of the water proton chemical shift was found to be almost the same for different materials with a chemical composition similar to living tissues (water, glucide, protein). Using this method, the temperature change inside a cat's brain was obtained with an accuracy of more than ± 1°C and an in‐plane resolution of 0.6 x 0.6 mm. The temperature measurement error was affected by several factors in the living system (B0 shifts caused by position shifts of the sample, blood flow, etc.), the position shift effect being the most serious.
Waiting time analysis of the M/G/1 queue with finite retrial group
Authors: Artalejo Jesus R. , Gómez‐Corral A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe consider an M/G/1 retrial queue with finite capacity of the retrial group. First, we obtain equations governing the dynamic of the waiting time. Then, we focus on the numerical inversion of the density function and the computation of moments. These results are used to approximate the waiting time of the M/G/1 queue with infinite retrial group for which direct analysis seems intractable. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
A clinical evaluation of the B‐D Pen
Authors: Rowe B R , Pizzey M , Barnett A H 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe applicability and acceptability of the B‐D pen device (Becton Dickinson & Co) with Humulin insulin cartridges (Eli Lilly & Co., Ltd) in the daily treatment of one hundred diabetic patients were investigated during a three‐month open study. Questionnaire ratings demonstrated a high degree of patient acceptability, with no change in frequency of hypoglycaemia. A total of 94% of patients completed the study and all preferred the pen device to conventional syringes.
The prevalence of foot deformity in diabetic subjects: A population study in an English community
Authors: Walters D P , Gatling W , Hill R D , Mullee M A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of foot deformity was estimated in 1077 diabetic subjects registered with ten general practices (total list size 97,034) in a geographically defined area of East Dorset. An age and sex matched non‐diabetic group consisting of 480 individuals drawn from the same population was also studied. Foot deformity was determined by clinical examination. The prevalence of foot deformity was 44.5% (95%CI 41.5) in the diabetic subjects and 47.7% (95% CI 42.7 to 52.2) in the non‐diabetic group. After adjusting for age, the difference was not significant (odds ratio (OR) 0.91, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.14, p=0.40). The prevalence of foot deformity increased with age and was more common in women for either group. Claw toe deformity, after adjusting for age, was more frequent in both types of diabetes although only reaching statistical significance for Type I subjects (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.08 to 4.61, p=0.03 for Type I diabetes and OR 1.41 95% CI 0.95 to 2.10, p=0.09 for Type 2 diabetes). Foot deformity was significantly associated with foot ulceration and peripheral neuropathy. Since foot deformity may be a risk factor for foot ulceration, Preventive strategies should be targeted to elderly diabetic subjects.
A versatile, inexpensive and intuitive off‐the‐shelf computer system for diabetes clinic audit
Authors: Levy A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPersonal computer systems have now advanced to such a degree that facilities previously available only to computer buffs can be readily accessed by the layman. A simple, versatile and inexpensive data handling programme File Maker ProTM (Claris) has been used to set up a straightforward diabetes clinic audit system which can be used to generate letters to general practictioners and to automatically calculate parameters such as BMI, GFR and mean HBA1c. The computer file is arranged as if each patient's record is a single A4‐sized sheet in a ring‐bound pad. A letter is typed (from dictation) in the usual way into the space provided and a few simple physical and biochemical data entered. The collected data can be sorted by any of the parameters listed to facilitate audit and the format of the file changed at any time without disturbing pre‐existing data. Because the unsorted output of the system is clinic letters, much of the data entry can be carried out by the existing secretariat with little extra effort, and as the system would be physically based with the secretaries, the ambience and business of the clinic would be left undisturbed.
Objective assessment of morbidity and disability in aged diabetic patients
Authors: Jenkins C , Bayer AJ , Sinclair AJ 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe decided to study the impact of diabetes mellitus on morbidity and disability in the elderly. Three groups were studied: (1) 30 consecutively admitted diabetic in‐patients; (2) 30 contemporary non‐diabetic in‐patients; (3) a community group of 30 non‐diabetic subjects. Comprehensive surveys of subjects' clinical histories, social details, visual acuities, activity of daily living (ADL) indices and mental status scores were performed. Compared with non‐diabetic in‐patients, diabetic in‐patients had a significantly higher prevalence of neuropathy (p<0.05) and amputation (p < 0.05) and significantly lower scores for the Barthel Index (p<0.02), Nottingham Extended ADL Index (p<0.001) and MMSE (p<0.05). Three of the diabetic in‐patients were registered blind.Compared with community controls, diabetic in‐patients had a significantly higher use of social services (p<0.05), wheelchairs (p<0.01) and hospitals in the preceding year (p<0.05). They had a significantly higher prevalence of stroke (p<0.002), neuropathy (p<0.05), foot ulceration (p<0.05) and amputation (p<0.05). They scored significantly lower on Barthel Index (p<0.001), Nottingham Extended ADL Index (p<0.001) and MMSE (p<0.001).Two conclusions were drawn from this: (1) compared with non‐diabetic control subjects, elderly in‐patients with diabetes have a high level of disability associated with a higher prevalence of micro and macro‐vascular complications; and (2) further studies on the impact of diabetes in the community may be required to guide future health care strategies in reducing this huge social, economic and personal health burden.
A telephone study of diabetic retinopathy and the diabetes miniclinic in general practice: A regional study in Wessex
Authors: Alexander M M , Canning C R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWith the objective of examining the structure, staffing and policies for screening in diabetes miniclinics in general practices throughout a health region in the United Kingdom, a telephone study was conducted of 296 practices which had applied for permission from the local Family Health Servic Authority (FHSA) to conduct a diabetes clinic. All the clinics offered services to people with diabetes within the five FHSAs which comprise the region of Wessex.Of the practices contacted, 286 (97%) provided information. Of these, 249 (84%) were conducting diabetes clinics which covered 65.4% of the Wessex population; 207 (83%) of the clinics were run in practices with a computerised record system. The most common model of care in 120 clinics (48%) was one in which each GP reviewed his or her own diabetic patients. The types of diabetic patients reviewed showed that 55% of the practices contacted saw both insulin‐dependent (IDDMs) and non‐insulin‐dependent (NIDDMs) diabetics; 28% of the clinics saw mainly NIDDMs with few IDDMs; and 12% of the clinics reviewed solely NIDDMs. In all, 23% of the clinics contacted never checked visual acuity and 23% never examined the fundus. Fundal examination through a dilated pupil occurred in fewer than half of the clinics (47%) and only 35% performed a full screening of visual acuity and dilated fundal examination.It is concluded that the services offered to diabetic patients attending clinics in general practice are inadequate for the purpose of eye screening and will fail to detect much treatable pathology.
Awareness of chiropody services among patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nankhonya JM 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany patients have diabetes‐related complications at diagnosis. This study assessed the awareness of chiropody provision among patients with diabetes mellitus and evaluated whether age, gender, duration of diabetes or treatment type influenced exposure to a chiropodist.One hundred and twenty eight patients participated in the study. Mean duration of diabetes was 9.3 years. Duration of diabetes, gender, or treatment type per se did not influence exposure to a chiropodist; only age did (p=0.017). Forty‐one (32%) patients had no contact with a chiropodist since diagnosis, and 35 (27%) were not sure how to request this service. Fortynine patients were unsure whether chiropody was free to those with diabetes.This project highlights the need to increase patients' awareness and access to proper chiropodial treatment in our quest to reduce discomfort and leg amputation rates.
Are diaries worthwhile in the diabetes clinic? A pilot study
Authors: Stewart MW , Kyne‐Grzebalski DA , Marshall S , Taylor R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo improve diabetes control, people with diabetes are often encouraged to monitor blood and/or urine glucose concentrations and record their results in a diary. The aims of this study were to establish how many people in the clinic possessed a diary, monitored and recorded their results, and responded to the result: and then to determine the effect this had on metabolic control. One hundred and ninety eight people were interviewed over five consecutive outpatient clinics using a simple questionnaire. The group included 102 males and 96 females of whom 22 (11%) were treated with diet, 43(22%) with oral agents, and 133 (67%) with insulin. Of these, 129 (65%) possessed a diary, of whom 126 (96%) performed glucose monitoring, but only 35 (27%) made any adjustment to treatment. HbA1c concentrations were similar in those with and without a diary: 7.1 (SD 1.8)% (diary) v 6.6 (SD 1.8%) (no diary). In conclusion, although people use diaries to record their glucose concentrations, their usefulness in helping people manage their own diabetes and improve metabolic control may be limited.
The mass rearing and utilization of Trichogramma to control lepidopterous pests: Achievements and outlook
Authors: Hassan Sherif A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe release of mass‐produced egg parasites of the genus Trichogramma to control Lepidopterous pests has gained increasing attention in the last few years. About 18 different species of this egg parasite are being used to control pests on corn, sugar‐cane, rice, soybean, cotton, sugar‐beet, vegetables and pine. Some information on the global use of Trichogramma is given.Trichogramma evanescens(Westw.) has been used commercially to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in Germany since 1980. The treated area reached about 6200 ha in 1992. The use of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura to control the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) and the summer fruit tortrix moth Adoxophyes orana (F.R.) was started in 1990 and covered an area of c. 15 ha in 1992. Research is being carried out to select effective Trichogramma species to control other pests such as grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.), plum fruit moth Cydia funebrana Tr. and diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.).
The impact of impurities in synthetic peptides on the outcome of T‐cell stimulation assays
Authors: de Beukelaar Janet W. , Gratama Jan W. , Smitt Peter A. Sillevis , Verjans Georges M. , Kraan Jaco , Luider Theo M. , Burgers Peter C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProtein‐spanning peptide pools have proven valuable as a screening tool for detecting T‐lymphocyte responses against a wide range of proteins. We have used this approach in our search for T cells reactive to the onconeural protein HuD. We found positive responses in only 3 of 127 individuals; however, these were highly unusual in that the same class I HLA alleles and peptides were involved. These T‐cell responses were not confirmed when peptides re‐synthesized by the same manufacturer with similar and with higher purity levels were used. Our observations indicated that these T‐cell responses were not directed against the designed HuD peptides. Here, we report on (i) comparisons of the peptide batches analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI‐FTMS) that did –and did not – elicit T‐cell responses and (ii) a detailed analysis of the various by‐products of peptides, irrespective of T‐cell assay outcome. We found numerous differences between the peptide batches, such as omissions of amino acids in the primary structure of the peptides. Furthermore, some batches revealed strong interactions with calcium ions or contained sulfated peptides. Our data reveal that different batches from the same peptide may contain artefacts that influence the outcome of HLA‐restricted T‐cell response assays. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface pressure‐area curves compression isotherm of sericin Langmuir monolayer
Authors: Jianbin Yang , Puxing Zhu , Dacheng Wu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Langmuir monolayer of sericin protein was studied by means of surface pressure (π)—molecular area (A) isotherms at different pH subphase. The monolayer of sericin exhibits typical phase transition phenomena at pH 2, pH 4.8, pH 7 and pH 11, respectively, including from gas state to gas‐liquid state and finally to condensed solid state. However, the monolayer of sericin on pH 11 subphase appears to be solid state. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical models for ROC curve summary measures: Design and analysis of multi‐reader, multi‐modality studies of medical tests
Authors: Wang Fei , Gatsonis Constantine A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractComparative studies of the accuracy of diagnostic tests often involve designs according to which each study participant is examined by two or more of the tests and the diagnostic examinations are interpreted by several readers. Tests are then compared on the basis of a summary index, such as the (full or partial) area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, averaged over the population of readers. The design and analysis of such studies naturally need to take into account the correlated nature of the diagnostic test results and interpretations.In this paper, we describe the use of hierarchical modelling for ROC summary measures derived from multi‐reader, multi‐modality studies. The models allow the variance of the estimates to depend on the actual value of the index and account for the correlation in the data both explicitlyviaparameters and implicitlyviathe hierarchical structure. After showing how the hierarchical models can be employed in the analysis of data from multi‐reader, multi‐modality studies, we discuss the design of such studies using the simulation‐based, Bayesian design approach of Wang and Gelfand (Stat. Sci.2002;17(2):193–208). The methodology is illustratedviathe analysis of data from a study conducted to evaluate a computer‐aided diagnosis tool for screen film mammography andviathe development of design considerations for a multi‐reader study comparing display modes for digital mammography. The hierarchical model methodology described in this paper is also applicable to the meta‐analysis of ROC studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the cost effectiveness of an immunization programme for rotavirus gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom
Authors: LORGELLY P. K. , JOSHI D. , ITURRIZA GÓMARA M. , GRAY J. , MUGFORD M. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYRotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children aged <5 years old, two new vaccines have recently been developed which can prevent associated morbidity and mortality. While apparently safe and efficacious, it is also important to establish whether rotavirus immunization is cost effective. A decision analytical model which employs data from a review of published evidence is used to determine the cost effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine. The results suggest that some of the health sector costs, and all of the societal costs, of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children can be avoided by an immunization programme. The additional cost to the health sector may be considered worthwhile if there is a sufficient improvement in the quality-of-life of children and parents affected by gastroenteritis; this study did not find any evidence of research which has measured the utility gains from vaccination.