bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CTOD WITH SLOW STABLE CRACK GROWTH: ANALYSIS OF THE ELASTIC COMPONENT
Authors: Perezipiña J. E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— The errors made during calculations for the “elastic” component of CTOD, δe, under slow stable crack growth conditions are analyzed and a model that considers this situation is proposed. Some examples are shown in which important errors occur in the CTOD value as a consequence of not having considered slow stable crack growth. This analysis complements previous work where an adaptation of the Plastic Hinge Model was made in order to consider corrections in the plastic component of CTOD due to rotation and stable crack growth.The errors in Schwalbe's CTOD term, δ5, which relate to a lack of alignment to the average crack front are also studied. Since the absolute value of this inexactitude is not known, bounds are set to this error.
Pathological features of Gleason score 6 prostate cancers in the low and intermediate range of prostate‐specific antigen level: is there a difference?
Authors: Pelzer Alexandre E. , Colleselli Daniela , Bektic Jasmin , Steiner Eberhard , Ramoner Reinhold , Mitterberger Michael , Schwentner Christian , Schaefer Georg , Ongarello Stefano , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVETo assess the pathological features of Gleason score 6 prostate cancers after radical prostatectomy in the low (<4 ng/mL) and intermediate range of prostate‐specific antigen level (4–10 ng/mL), as such prostate cancers are considered to be well differentiated tumours with a low risk for recurrence after therapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 1354 patients with T1c prostate cancer and PSA levels of <10.0 ng/mL had a radical retropubic prostatectomy. Patients with Gleason score 6 tumours were divided into two groups, those with PSA levels of <4 and 4.0–10.0 ng/mL. Extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, biochemical recurrence (BCR) and mean time to BCR were evaluated.RESULTSOf the 1354 patients, there were 437 (32.3%) with Gleason score 6 prostate cancers. Patients in the low PSA group had less extraprostatic disease than those with a higher level (5.9% vs 14.5%) and both groups had an almost equal proportion of positive surgical margins (9.4% vs 11.0%). In the low PSA group there was statistically significantly shorter BCR than in the high PSA group, with a mean time to BCR of 1.7 vs 3.1 years.CONCLUSIONSThese results show a statistically significantly higher rate of extraprostatic disease and earlier BCR in men with a high than a low PSA level even in Gleason score 6 prostate cancer. As the rate of BCR and extracapsular extension are significantly related to prostate cancer mortality, these findings further support the concept of screening using low PSA levels.
Zones of ambiguity and identity politics in Samoa
Authors: Mageo Jeannette 
Published: February 2008

Here I illustrate a deconstructive practice through which indigenes actively resist colonial identity politics. By creating ‘zones of ambiguity’ in the performing arts, indigenes think through colonial images of gender and race. Bhabha's ‘zones of ambivalence’ characterize contradictions in colonists’ approach to the colonized and self‐contradictory identities that colonists force ‘mimic men’ to assume. Zones of ambiguity, in contrast, characterize indigenes’ approach to the hybrid identities that colonists’ ambivalence visits upon them: indigenes purposefully design these zones to transform stereotypic projections and to comment on colonial experience. I explore these ideas through two evening performances in Samoa described in two 1930s travelogues that allude to key figures in Samoan (post)colonial history – the ceremonial virgin (tāupōu) and the male transvestite (fa’afafine).RésuméL’auteur illustre ici une pratique déconstructive par laquelle les autochtones résistent activement aux politiques identitaires coloniales. En créant des « zones d’ambiguïté» dans les arts du spectacle, les autochtones détournent les images coloniales du genre et de la race. Les « zones d’ambivalence » de Bhabha caractérisent les contradictions dans l’approche par le colonisateur des colonisés et les identités entrant en contradiction avec elles‐mêmes qu’il impose aux « mimic men ». En revanche, les zones d’ambiguïté caractérisent l’approche par les autochtones des identités hybrides que l’ambivalence des colons leur renvoie : ils conçoivent délibérément ces zones de manière à transformer les projections stéréotypées et à commenter l’expérience coloniale. L’auteur explore ces idées par l’intermédiaire de deux spectacles donnés en soirée aux Samoa, décrites par des voyageurs‐conférenciers dans les années 1930 et faisant référence à des personnages clés de l’histoire (post)coloniale des Samoa : la vierge cérémonielle (tāupōu) et le travesti masculin (fa’afafine).
The English negative comparative particle1
Authors: Laker Stephen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe most common dialectal alternative to the Modern English comparative particle than is a negative form with variants such as ne, na, and nor, e.g. You’re my son – more to me nor any son (Dickens, Great Expectationsii. xx). This paper presents a detailed historical survey of this dialectal usage in varieties of British and Irish English, and offers an assessment of its regional distribution since the medieval period. The paper also investigates the possible origins of the form, first highlighting some problems of previous analyses, before comparing and contrasting the use of negation in comparative constructions in French and Insular Celtic. The evidence strongly suggests that the negative comparative particle in English should be seen as an areal feature of the British Isles, and that language contact with Celtic lies at the root of it.
Social network analysis and the eighteenth‐century family network: a case study of the Walpole family
Authors: Henstra Froukje 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this paper1 I demonstrate that the present‐day research model of social network analysis can successfully be used to describe and explain linguistic variation and change in a historical context. I do so by presenting a case study of the language of the Walpole family in relation to the norm as set in contemporary eighteenth‐century grammars. I select three linguistic features which were commented on by Lowth and test these against the corpus of the letters of Walpole family members, which I have created from the complete edition of Horace Walpole’s correspondence.
Contribution to the study of a euphemism in the intimate lexis of Slavonic and Germanic languages1
Authors: Cooper Brian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper studies the metaphorical origin of a well‐known vulgar euphemistic name for the penis, especially in Germanic (e.g. English cock and German Hahn) and Slavonic (e.g. words with the stems pet‐/pit‐, kur‐ and kog‐/koh‐/kok‐), but also in some other languages. Although it can be surmised that the vulgar sense of these words in some languages may have arisen from the sense ‘(stop)cock’, in view of the urinary function of the penis, this view seems inaccurate not only in the Slavonic but also in the Germanic languages. Judging by the material presented, it is much more probable that the reasons underlying the metaphor Hahn/cock/petux‘rooster’ > Hahn/cock/petux‘penis’ are linked first and foremost with the ancient association of the rooster with male characteristics, primarily of the procreative type. It is from this metaphor that the sense Hahn/cock/petux‘spigot’ arises (the penis is envisaged as a tap). It is possible that this same metaphor gave rise to the concept Hahn/cock/kurok‘hammer of a firearm’ (the cocking piece and the penis can stick up like the neck and head of a crowing cock).
The “Strong Programme”, Normativity, and Social Causes
Authors: CALVERT‐MINOR CHRIS 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTBarry Barnes and David Bloor of the Strong Programme of the sociology of knowledge advance a naturalized epistemology that reduces all accounts of normativity to social causes. I endorse their program of naturalizing one kind of normativity, but I argue that there is another kind they cannot naturalize. Within the context of sociological explanations of rationality, there are (1) norms of rationality instantiated by scientists that Barnes and Bloor study, and (2) Barnes and Bloor's own normative ascriptions of scientists as rational beings. I argue that Barnes and Bloor successfully justify their naturalization of the norms of rationality of the scientists they describe by a methodological caution and arguments from under‐determination and finitism. But they inevitably fail to naturalize their own normative ascriptions of those scientists as rational.
The MTHFD1 Gene is not Involved in Cleft Lip with or Without Palate Onset Among the Italian Population
Authors: Palmieri A. , Masiero E. , Martinelli M. , Scapoli L. , Pezzetti F. , Caramelli E. , Guidotti L. , Carinci F. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryNonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common orofacial malformation, having a non‐Mendelian and multifactorial aetiology. It has been shown that polymorphic variants of genes encoding key proteins of folate and methionine metabolism might be important maternal risk factors for having a child with these craniofacial anomalies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of two polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) gene, the A1958G and the G401A variants, on the risk of CL/P in the Italian population.A1958G and G401A polymorphism genotyping of MTHFD1 was performed on 216 CL/P triads, (patient and parents), for this study by restriction endonuclease digestion of PCR products. Linkage disequilibrium between markers and disease was tested using both pairwise and haplotype analyses. In our case‐parents triad design no significant association between MTHFD1 and the disease is evident. Our data do not support MTHFD1 involvement in CL/P onset among the Italian population.
NUCLEOMORPH KARYOTYPE DIVERSITY IN THE FRESHWATER CRYPTOPHYTE GENUS CRYPTOMONAS1
Authors: Phipps Kyle D. , Donaher Natalie A. , Lane Christopher E. , Archibald John M. 
Published: February 2008

Cryptophytes are unicellular, biflagellate algae with plastids (chloroplasts) derived from the uptake of a red algal endosymbiont. These organisms are unusual in that the nucleus of the engulfed red alga persists in a highly reduced form called a nucleomorph. Nucleomorph genomes are remarkable in their small size (<1,000 kilobase pairs [kbp]) and high degree of compaction (∼1 kbp per gene). Here, we investigated the molecular and karyotypic diversity of nucleomorph genomes in members of the genus Cryptomonas. 18S rDNA genes were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed from C. tetrapyrenoidosa Skuja CCAP979/63, C. erosa Ehrenb. emmend. Hoef‐Emden CCAP979/67, Cryptomonas sp. CCAP979/52, C. lundii Hoef‐Emden et Melkonian CCAP979/69, and C. lucens Skuja CCAP979/35 in the context of a large set of publicly available nucleomorph 18S rDNA sequences. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to examine the nucleomorph genome karyotype of each of these strains. Individual chromosomes ranged from ∼160 to 280 kbp in size, with total genome sizes estimated to be ∼600–655 kbp. Unexpectedly, the nucleomorph karyotype of Cryptomonas sp. CCAP979/52 is significantly different from that of C. tetrapyrenoidosa and C. lucens, despite the fact that their 18S rDNA genes are >99% identical to one another. These results suggest that nucleomorph karyotype similarity is not a reliable indicator of evolutionary affinity and provides a starting point for further investigation of the fine‐scale dynamics of nucleomorph genome evolution within members of the genus Cryptomonas.
Effects of 6 Months of Aging in Water on Hardness and Surface Roughness of Two Microhybrid Dental Composites
Authors: De Moraes Rafael Ratto , Marimon José Laurindo Machado , Jochims Schneider Luis Felipe , Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre Coelho , Correr‐Sobrinho Lourenço , Bueno Márcia 
Published: February 2008

Abstract Purpose: This study assessed the effect of 6 months of aging in water on surface roughness and surface/subsurface hardness of two microhybrid resin composites. Materials and Methods: Filtek Z250 and Charisma were tested. Cylindrical specimens were obtained and stored in distilled water for 24 hours or 6 months, at 37°C. For Knoop hardness evaluation, the specimens were transversely wet‐flattened, and indentations were made on surface and subsurface layers. Data were submitted to three‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α≤ 0.05). Surface roughness baseline measurements were made at 24 hours and repeated after 6 months of storage. Data were submitted to repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (α≤ 0.05). Results: Surface hardness (KHN, kg/mm2) means (± standard deviation) ranged from 55 ± 1 to 49 ± 4 for Z250 and from 50 ± 2 to 41 ± 3 for Charisma, at 24 hours and 6 months, respectively. Subsurface means ranged from 58 ± 2 to 61 ± 3 for Z250 and from 50 ± 1 to 54 ± 2 for Charisma, at 24 hours and 6 months. For both composites, the aged specimens presented significantly softer surfaces (p < 0.01). For the subsurface hardness, alteration after storage was detected only for Charisma, which presented a significant rise in hardness (p < 0.01). Z250 presented significantly harder surface and subsurface layers in comparison with Charisma. Surface roughness (Ra, μm) means ranged from 0.07 ± 0.00 to 0.07 ± 0.01 for Z250 and from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.07 ± 0.01 for Charisma, at 24 hours and 6 months, respectively. For both composites, no significant roughness alteration was detected during the study (p= 0.386). Conclusions: The 6‐month period of storage in water presented a significant softening effect on the surfaces of the composites, although no significant deleterious alteration was detected for the subsurface hardness. In addition, the storage period had no significant effect on the surface roughness of the materials.
A Double‐Point Mutation in the Selectivity Filter Site of the KCNQ1 Potassium Channel Results in a Severe Phenotype, LQT1, of Long QT Syndrome
Authors: IKRAR TARUNA , HANAWA HARUO , WATANABE HIROSHI , OKADA SHINSUKE , AIZAWA YOSHIYASU , RAMADAN MAHMOUD M. , KOMURA SATORU , YAMASHITA FUMIO , CHINUSHI MASAOMI , AIZAWA YOSHIFUSA 
Published: February 2008

Introduction: Slowly activating delayed‐rectifier potassium currents in the heart are produced by a complex protein with α and β subunits composed of the potassium voltage‐gated channel KQT‐like subfamily, member 1 (KCNQ1) and the potassium voltage‐gated channel Isk‐related family, member 1 (KCNE1), respectively. Mutations in KCNQ1 underlie the most common type of hereditary long QT syndrome (LQTS). Like other potassium channels, KCNQ1 has six transmembrane domains and a highly conserved potassium selectivity filter in the pore helix called “the signature sequence.” We aimed to investigate the functional consequences of a newly identified mutation within the signature sequence. Methods and Results: Potassium channel genomic DNA from a family with clinical evidence of LQTS was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the resulting products were then sequenced. Three family members had a double‐point mutation in KCNQ1 at nucleotides 938 (T‐to‐A) and 939 (C‐to‐A), resulting in an isoleucine‐to‐lysine change at amino acid position 313. These patients displayed prolonged QTc intervals (629, 508, and 500 ms1/2, respectively) and repetitive episodes of syncope, but no deafness. Three‐dimensional structure modeling of KCNQ1 revealed that this mutation is located at the center of the channel pore. COS‐7 cells displayed a lack of current when transfected with a plasmid expressing the mutant. In addition, the mutant displayed a dominant negative effect on current but appeared normal with respect to plasma membrane integration. Conclusion: An I313K mutation within the selectivity filter of KCNQ1 results in a dominant‐negative loss of channel function, leading to a long QT interval and subsequent syncope.
A primer for the prescription of short‐daily and nocturnal hemodialysis
Authors: BENAROIA Mark , PIERRATOS Andreas , NESRALLAH Gihad E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMore frequent and intensive hemodialysis (HD) schedules continue to garner interest internationally. Two dominant regimens have emerged, namely short‐daily and nocturnal HD. A growing body of observational data suggests that these regimens allow more rigorous control of biochemical and physical parameters when compared with conventional HD. This review describes the methodology used in providing more frequent or sustained HD both in center and at home, and attempts to provide a physiological rationale for the practices described in the current literature.
Applications of SELDI‐MS technology in oncology
Authors: Whelan L. C. , Power K. A. R. , McDowell D. T. , Kennedy J. , Gallagher W. M. 
Published: February 2008

Introduction
Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionisation‐mass spectrometry
Sampling
Clinical applications
In vitro applications
Protein interactions
Advantages over conventional technologies
Limitations
Conclusions

AbstractConsiderable interest, speculation and controversy have been generated utilising surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization in conjunction with mass spectrometry (SELDI‐MS) for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring of cancer and offers an attractive approach to cancer biomarker discovery from tissues and biological fluids. This technology utilises a combination of mass spectrometry and chromatography to facilitate protein profiling of complex biological mixtures. Compared to some other more traditional proteomic platforms, such as 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it has a high‐throughput capability and can resolve low‐mass proteins. However, a considerable number of challenging issues related to the design of studies, including reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity, variation in sample collection, processing and storage, have been reported as problematic with this technology; albeit some of these concerns could perhaps also be lauded against other proteomic approaches that have attempted to address complex protein mixtures, such as plasma. Applications, successes and limitations of SELDI‐MS in both clinical and basic science arenas will be reviewed in this article.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 5‐FLUOROURACIL ANALOGUES, GLYCOSIDES AND POLY‐FU*
Authors: Fikus Magdalena , Wierzchowski K. L. , Shugar D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— 1. The primary photoproduct of 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐Ruorouracil (DMFu) in aqueous medium is the hydrate, 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐hydro‐6‐hydroxyhydro‐5‐fluorouracil (DMFu.H2O).2. When irradiated at wavelengths shorter than 270 mμ, DMFu.H2O in turn eliminates HF, the resulting photoproduct being principally 1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acid.3. Hence irradiation of DMFu with mercury resonance lamps (254 mμ) leads initially to formation of DMFu.H2O, then to dimethylbarbituric acid, and finally to further products.4. A similar sequence of reactions prevails on irradiation of DMFu in methanol, the primary photoproduct being DMFuCH3OH; this in turn is transformed by elimination of HF at 254 mμ to 1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐methoxyuracil.5. At room temperature DMFu.H2O is remarkably stable at neutral and acid pH. At 100° in 1N HCI for 1 hr it is quantitatively converted to DMFu. In alkaline medium (pH˜ 10) about 5–10 per cent reverts to DMFu, the remainder undergoing ring opening. By contrast the methanol addition product eliminates CH3OH to regenerate DMFu in both acid and alkaline media.6. Both the neutral and anionic forms of 5‐fluorouracil, its glycosides, and poly‐FU exhibit analogous photochemical behaviour. Quantum yields for these have been evaluated in both ordinary and heavy water.7. It follows that u.v.‐inactivated viruses or infectious RNA, containing incorporated fluorouracil residues, should be susceptible to biological dark reactivation. The extent of such dark reactivation should be greater with increasing wavelengths of irradiation where initial photoproduct formation is limited to the hydrate. Some additional potential biological applications of the results are discussed.
Complex aetiology of an apparently Mendelian form of Mental Retardation
Authors: Beleza-Meireles Ana , Kockum Ingrid , Yuan Qiu-Ping , Picelli Simone , Wetterberg Lennart , Gustavson Karl-Henrik , Schalling Martin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Mental Retardation is a common heterogeneous neurodevelopment condition, which causes are still largely elusive. It has been suggested that half of the phenotypic variation of intelligence is explained by genetic variation. And genetic or inherited factors indeed account for most of the cases of mental retardation with an identifiable cause. However, only a few autosomal genes have been mapped and identified to date. In this report, the genetic causes for an apparently recessive form of mental retardation, in a large nordern swedish pedigree, are investigated.

Methods
After extensive evaluation of the patients, which ruled out recognizable patterns of malformation and excluded known causes of MR, a comprehensive genome-wide linkage analysis, with 500 microsatellite markers, was performed in 24 members of this family. Additionally, a genome-wide copy number analysis, using an affimetrix 250 K SNP chip, was performed in this pedigree.

Results
No significant LOD score was found with either parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis. The highest scores are located at chromosomes 13, 15 and 17. Genome-wide copy number analysis identified no clear cause for the disorder; but rather, several variants were present in the family members, irrespective of their affected status.

Conclusion
These results suggest that mental retardation in this family, unlikely what was expected, has a heterogeneous aetiology; and that several lower effect genes variants might be involved. To demonstrate such effects, our family may be too small. This study also indicates that the ascertainment of the cause of MR may be challenging, and that a complex aetiology may be present even within a pedigree, constituting an additional obstacle for genetic counselling. Variants in genes involved in molecular mechanisms of cellular plasticity, in genes involved in the development of underlying neural architectures, and in genes involved in neurodevelopment and in the ongoing function of terminally differentiated neurons may underlie the phenotypic variation of intelligence and explain instances of intellectual impairment.
Impaction grafting with a bone-graft substitute in a sheep model of revision hip replacement
Authors: Coathup M. , Smith N. , Kingsley C. , Buckland T. , Dattani R. , Ascroft G. P. , Blunn G. 
Published: February 2008

An experimental sheep model was used for impaction allografting of 12 hemiarthroplasty femoral components placed into two equal-sized groups. In group 1, a 50:50 mixture of ApaPore hydroxyapatite bone-graft substitute and allograft was used. In group 2, ApaPore and allograft were mixed in a 90:10 ratio. Both groups were killed at six months. Ground reaction force results demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups at 8, 16 and 24 weeks post-operatively, and all animals remained active. The mean bone turnover rates were significantly greater in group 1, at 0.00206 mm/day, compared to group 2 at 0.0013 mm/day (p < 0.05). The results for the area of new bone formation demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups. No significant differences were found between the two groups in thickness of the cement mantle (p > 0.05) and percentage ApaPore-bone contact (p > 0.05). The results of this animal study demonstrated that a mixture of ApaPore allograft in a 90:10 ratio was comparable to using a 50:50 mixture.