bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions and priorities of owners of dogs with heart disease regarding quality versus quantity of life for their pets
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Rush John E. , O'Sullivan M. Lynne , Williams Regan M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Petrie Jean-Paul , Sleeper Meg M. , Brown Dorothy Cimino 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To describe the relative importance of pets' quality versus quantity of life among owners of dogs with heart disease.
Design—Prospective questionnaire-based clinical study.
Sample Population—Owners of 201 dogs with heart disease.
Procedures—Owners each completed a questionnaire that was designed to ascertain the relative importance of quality versus quantity of life for their pet and to assess the owners' willingness to trade survival time for quality of life, if that were possible. Analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with owner willingness to trade time for quality of life.
Results—Most owners (170/197 [86%]) were willing to trade survival time for quality of life for their heart disease–affected dogs; of those owners, 88 (52%) were willing to trade 6 months. Owners were highly concerned with detection of perceived pet suffering and their pet's ability to interact with them. Owners whose pets had respiratory difficulty or fainting episodes and were treated on an outpatient basis had a greater willingness to trade survival time than owners of dogs that were treated on an emergency basis. Among owners willing to trade time for quality of life, younger owners and those whose pets had fainting episodes were willing to trade the most amount of time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that quality of life is highly important to owners of dogs with heart disease. Owners' priorities partly depend on owner age and the pet's clinical circumstances; ongoing client-veterinarian communication is important to optimize treatment success as perceived by owners.
Effect of age at the time of vaccination on antibody titers and feedlot performance in beef calves
Authors: Kirkpatrick John G. , Step Douglas L. , Payton Mark E. , Richards Jeffrey B. , McTague Lawrence F. , Saliki Jeremiah T. , Confer Anthony W. , Cook Billy J. , Ingram Shan H. , Wright John C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare antibody responses, feedlot morbidity and mortality rates, feedlot performance, and carcass value for calves vaccinated with 1 of 2 vaccination strategies and for unvaccinated control calves.
Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Animals—451 beef steers and heifers.
Procedures—Calves were vaccinated with a modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 (BVDV1) and 2 (BVDV2), parainfluenza type 3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida bacterin-toxoid at approximately 67 and 190 days of age (group 1; n = 151) or at approximately 167 and 190 days of age (group 2; 150) or were not vaccinated (control; 150). Serum antibody titers were measured at approximately 2, 67, 167, 190, and 232 days of age. Morbidity and mortality rates, feedlot performance, and carcass value were recorded for 361 calves shipped to feedlots.
Results—Percentages of calves seroconverting to IBRV, BVDV1, and BVDV2 were significantly higher for groups 1 and 2 than for the control group. Mean treatment costs were significantly lower for vaccinated than for control calves, and mean mortality rate was significantly higher for control calves than for group 1 calves. Feedlot performance and carcass value did not vary significantly among groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that vaccination of beef calves with a 5-antigen modified-live virus vaccine at 67 and 190 days of age was as effective in terms of immunologic responses as was vaccination at 167 and 190 days of age.
Assessment of acute injuries, exposure to environmental toxins, and five-year health surveillance of New York Police Department working dogs following the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center terrorist attack
Authors: Fox Philip R. , Puschner Birgit , Ebel Joseph G. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine deployment logistics of New York Police Department (NYPD) working dogs that assisted in relief efforts at the World Trade Center (WTC) site following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack; establish types and rates of related acute injuries and illnesses; identify environmental toxin exposures; and determine long-term (ie, 5-year) health effects of deployment.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—27 working dogs.
Procedures—Deployment logistics for the period from September 11, 2001, through May 30, 2002, were determined, and acute health disorders were identified by means of physical examination; a questionnaire; interviews with dog handlers; and toxicologic (blood and hair samples), clinicopathologic, microbiologic (nasal swab specimens submitted for Bacillus anthracis culture), and radiographic methods. Long-term health surveillance ended September 21, 2006.
Results—Dogs worked a total of 1,428 days (15,148 hours) at the site. Seventeen of the 27 (62.9%) dogs had health disorders during the first week. Specific conditions included fatigue (incidence rate [events/1,000 active deployment hours], 13.1), conjunctival irritation (13.1), respiratory tract problems (12.4), decreased appetite (10.8), dehydration (10), and cuts (9.3). Only minor hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities were identified. Bacterial culture of nasal swab specimens did not yield B anthracis. Only mild and infrequent health conditions were identified during the 5-year follow-up period. None of the dogs were identified as having chronic respiratory tract disease. Six dogs died of various causes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that acute injuries and illnesses were common among NYPD working dogs deployed to the WTC disaster site, but that longterm health complications were minimal.
The Association of Shelter Veterinarians veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs
Authors: Looney Andrea L. , Bohling Mark W. , Bushby Philip A. , Howe Lisa M. , Griffin Brenda , Levy Julie K. , Eddlestone Susan M. , Weedon James R. , Appel Leslie D. , Rigdon-Brestle Y. Karla , Ferguson Nancy J. , Sweeney David J. , Tyson Kathy A. , Voors Adriana H. , White Sara C. , Wilford Christine L. , Farrell Kelly A. , Jefferson Ellen P. , Moyer Michael R. , Newbury Sandra P. , Saxton Melissa A. , Scarlett Janet M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
As efforts to reduce the overpopulation and euthanasia of unwanted and unowned dogs and cats have increased, greater attention has been focused on spay-neuter programs throughout the United States. Because of the wide range of geographic and demographic needs, a wide variety of programs have been developed to increase delivery of spay-neuter services to targeted populations of animals, including stationary and mobile clinics, MASH-style operations, shelter services, feral cat programs, and services provided through private practitioners. In an effort to ensure a consistent level of care, the Association of Shelter Veterinarians convened a task force of veterinarians to develop veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. The guidelines consist of recommendations for preoperative care (eg, patient transport and housing, patient selection, client communication, record keeping, and medical considerations), anesthetic management (eg, equipment, monitoring, perioperative considerations, anesthetic protocols, and emergency preparedness), surgical care (eg, operating-area environment; surgical-pack preparation; patient preparation; surgeon preparation; surgical procedures for pediatric, juvenile, and adult patients; and identification of neutered animals), and postoperative care (eg, analgesia, recovery, and release). These guidelines are based on current principles of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, microbiology, and surgical practice, as determined from published evidence and expert opinion. They represent acceptable practices that are attainable in spay-neuter programs.
Pastoral Economics and Marketing in North Africa: A Literature Review
Authors: Dutilly-Diane Céline 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Although pastoralism is the primary economic activity in the steppe areas that occupy a large part of North Africa, very little is known about its contribution to national economies. This is partly because of the complex integration between crop and livestock sectors, and the major transformation in pastoral systems (e.g. decreased mobility, greater dependence on feed supplements), which makes it difficult to define a 'pastoral' household in North Africa in today's context. It is crucial to evaluate the contribution of the pastoral sector in national economies in order to influence government policies on livestock pastoralism and rangeland management. Future work should aim to fill the gaps in statistical data, examine long-term trends in steppe pastoral systems (which are often masked by high fluctuation in both climatic and economic conditions), and consider not only livestock production but also other environmental goods and services provided by the pastoral zones.
Tabular iceberg collisions within the coastal regime
Authors: MacAyeal Douglas R. , Okal Marianne H. , Thom Jonathan E. , Brunt Kelly M. , Kim Young-Jin , Bliss Andrew K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDuring 2000–07, five giant icebergs (B15A, B15J, B15K, C16 and C25) adrift in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica, were instrumented with global positioning system (GPS) receivers and other instruments to monitor their behavior in the near-coastal environment. The measurements show that collision processes can strongly influence iceberg behavior and delay their progress in drifting to the open ocean. Collisions appear to have been a dominant control on the movement of B15A, the largest of the icebergs, during the 4-year period it gyrated within the limited confines of Ross Island, the fixed Ross Ice Shelf and grounded C16. Iceberg interactions in the near-coastal regime are largely driven by ocean tidal effects which determine the magnitude of forces generated during collision and break-up events. Estimates of forces derived from the observed drift trajectories during the iceberg-collisioninduced calving of iceberg C19 from the Ross Ice Shelf, during the iceberg-induced break-off of the tip of the Drygalski Ice Tongue and the break-up of B15A provide a crude estimate of the stress scale involved in iceberg calving. Considering the total area the vertical face of new rifts created in the calving or break-up process, and not accounting for local stress amplification near rift tips, this estimated stress scale is 104 Pa.
Hydrochemical characteristics of bulk meltwater from an entire ablation season, Longyearbreen, Svalbard
Authors: Yde Jacob C. , Riger-Kusk Mette , Christiansen Hanne H. , Tvis Knudsen N. , Humlum Ole 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe ionic and isotopic characteristics of bulk waters emanating from the cold-based Longyearbreen, central Svalbard, in 2004 are examined to determine lithological, hydrological and glaciological controls on water composition, solute provenance and chemical denudation. The geology consisted of reactive coal seams and associated sedimentary rocks. Acidity caused by microbial-mediated oxidation of sulfides and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen-bearing minerals was neutralized by congruent dissolution of dolomite and incongruent weathering of silicates in open-system subglacial drainage channels. The ablation season was divided into an early melt season, a peak-flow period and a late melt season. The runoff distribution during these periods was 1.7%, 89.7% and 8.6%, respectively, whereas the solute flux distribution was 1.9%, 82.1% and 16.0%, respectively. Comparisons between different annual solute flux estimation methods indicated that extrapolation of peak-flow period data significantly underestimated both the early- and late-melt-season solute fluxes. About 3.8% of the solutes derived from sea-salt spray, 0.7% from acid aerosol deposition and 95.5% from crustal/organic sources. The physical and chemical conditions resulted in diffusion of CO2 rather than atmospheric drawdown. The cation-equivalent weathering rate and the crustal solute yield were 322 ΣmEq+m−2 a−1 and 22 t km−2 a−1, respectively, which are within the regional range of Svalbard. However, the chemical weathering intensity was as high as 940 ΣmEq+ m−3 owing to the relatively low specific discharge of 0.34 m a−1.
Expandable intramedullary nailing and platelet rich plasma to treat long bone non-unions
Authors: Galasso Olimpio , Mariconda Massimo , Romano Gaetano , Capuano Nicola , Romano Luigi , Iannò Bruno , Milano Carlo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Roentgenographic and functional outcomes of expandable self locking intramedullary nailing and platelet rich plasma (PRP) gel in the treatment of long bone non-unions are reported.

Materials and methods
Twenty-two patients suffering from atrophic diaphyseal long bone non-unions were enrolled in the study. Patients were treated with removal of pre-existing hardware, decortication of non-union fragments, and fixation of pseudoarthrosis with expandable intramedullary nailing (Fixion™, Disc’O Tech, Tel Aviv, Israel). At surgery, PRP was placed in the pseudoarthrosis rim.

Results
The thirteen-month follow-up showed 91% (20/22 patients) of patients attaining bony union. The average time to union was 21.5 weeks. No infection, neurovascular complication, rotational malalignment, or limb shortening >4 mm were observed. The healing rate of non-unions was comparable to that observed in previous studies but with a lower complication frequency.

Conclusions
The combined use of self locking intramedullary nailing and PRP in the management of atrophic diaphyseal long bone non-unions seems to produce comparable results with less complications than previously reported. Further data are warranted to investigate the single contribution of PRP gel and Fixion nail.
Clinical significance of cardiac troponins I and T in acute heart failure
Authors: Ilva Tuomo , Lassus Johan , Siirilä‐Waris Krista , Melin John , Peuhkurinen Keijo , Pulkki Kari , Nieminen Markku S. , Mustonen Harri , Porela Pekka , Harjola Veli‐Pekka 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground:Elevated cardiac troponin (cTn) levels are relatively common in acute heart failure (AHF).Aims:To evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of elevated cTnI and cTnT in AHF.Methods:FINN‐AKVA is a prospective, multicenter study in AHF. In this analysis, 364 non‐ACS patients with measurements of cTnI and cTnT taken on admission and 48 h thereafter were analyzed.Results:Of the 364 AHF patients, 51.1% had cTnI and 29.7% cTnT levels above the cut‐off value. Six‐month all‐cause mortality was 18.7%. Both cTnI (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2−3.5, p=0.01) and cTnT (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5−4.4, p=0.0006) were associated with adverse outcome. The mortality risk was proportional to the magnitude of cTn release. On multivariable analysis, Cystatin C (OR 6.3, 95% CI 3.2−13, p<0.0001), logNT‐proBNP (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0−1.8, p=0.03) and systolic blood pressure on admission (/10 mm Hg increase, OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8−0.9, p=0.0004) were independent risk markers, whereas the troponins were not significantly associated with increased mortality.Conclusions:cTn elevations are frequent in AHF patients without ACS. cTnI is more often elevated than cTnT. Both cTnI and cTnT elevations are associated with increased mortality proportional to the degree elevation but they do not act as independent risk markers.
Toward public health nutrition strategies in the European Union to implement food based dietary guidelines and to enhance healthier lifestyles
Authors: Sjöström Michael , Stockley Lynn 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper suggests strategies for implementing the EU food based dietary guidelines. Dietary guidelines have been developed and disseminated in many countries across the world. However, the EU guidelines are the first to include a specific section on implementation. The aims of the guidelines are twofold, 1) to provide food based dietary guidelines which can be used as a consistent communication tool and 2) as a springboard to planning, implementing, and evaluating public health nutrition strategies.The report is not intended to be prescriptive. It aims to build upon a solid evidence base to provide practical and cost effective suggestions for developing public health strategies, which member countries can use and tailor to the social, cultural and health needs of their populations.Diet and physical activity related diseases impose vast costs on the European economy. However, despite the enormous costs to healthcare systems and in terms of lost productivity, there have been a very few resources allocated in Europe to attempting to prevent these, rather than treating them.The burden of disease exists in the majority of the population, and not in high-risk groups. The optimal public health strategy is thus to focus on the population as a whole, rather than targeting those with increased risk factors or pre-existing disease. Reviews have been carried out on the health impact effectiveness of various types of intervention to promote healthy eating and physical activity in the population. These conclude that the most effective interventions a) adopt an integrated, multidisciplinary, and comprehensive approach b) involve a complementary range of actions, and c) work at an individual, community, environmental and policy level. Information provision in isolation is not effective, and may exacerbate inequalities in health.In some countries inequities in diet and physical activity are not only significant contributors to inequalities in health, but are increasing. Effective interventions to address inequities need to tackle the broader determinants of health, including social exclusion, social cohesion, environmental, and structural factors.One of the most easily transferable frameworks for the development of public health strategies attempts to capture the individual, community, environmental and policy levels, by working through ‘target groups’, ‘settings’, and ‘approaches’. The Working Party has suggested outline strategies for each of the key target groups, setting and approaches which it has identified as having the potential for maximum reach and influence. The key characteristics of effective interventions for each of these is given.Finally, the evidence base points to the importance of a co-ordinated, multisectoral and population wide strategy. In order to develop and implement such strategies, identifiable structures and mechanisms will be needed at a national level within member states.
Toxicity of Anthrax Toxin Is Influenced by Receptor Expression
Authors: Taft Sarah C. , Weiss Alison A. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT
Anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) binds to its cellular receptor, and seven subunits self-associate to form a heptameric ring that mediates the cytoplasmic entry of lethal factor or edema factor. The influence of receptor type on susceptibility to anthrax toxin components was examined using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the human form of one of two PA receptors: TEM8 or CMG2. Unexpectedly, PA alone, previously believed to only mediate entry of lethal factor or edema factor, was found to be toxic to CHO-TEM8 cells; cells treated with PA alone displayed reduced cell growth and decreased metabolic activity. PA-treated cells swelled and became permeable to membrane-excluded dye, suggesting that PA formed cell surface pores on CHO-TEM8 cells. While CHO-CMG2 cells were not killed by wild-type PA, they were susceptible to the PA variant, F427A. Receptor expression also conferred differences in susceptibility to edema factor.
Effects of Ageing and Gender on Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides and Virulence-Associated Proteins
Authors: Simell Birgit , Lahdenkari Mika , Reunanen Antti , Käyhty Helena , Väkeväinen Merja 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTElderly individuals are susceptible to pneumococcal infections. Although factors contributing to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to bacterial infections may be several, compromised immune function, a consequence of normal human ageing, is widely accepted to play a role. We evaluated the effect of ageing on the concentrations of naturally acquired antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PPS) and protein antigens. The concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to the PPS of serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, and 23F and IgG antibodies to the pneumococcal virulence-associated proteins CbpA, LytC, PhtD and its C-terminal fragment (PhtD C), NanA, PspA fam1, and PspA fam2 were measured by enzyme immunoassay in the sera of younger (30 to 64 years of age) and elderly (65 to 97 years of age) adults. The concentrations of anti-PPS IgG against serotypes 3 and 6B, of anti-PPS IgM against serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, and 23F, and of anti-protein IgG against all tested antigens were significantly lower in the elderly than in younger adults. A stronger decline in anti-PPS antibody concentrations was seen with age in women compared to men, while anti-protein antibody concentrations were mainly similar between the genders. Age, gender, and the nature of the antigen have substantial and varying effects on the antibody concentrations in the sera of adults.
VanB Phenotype-
vanA
Genotype
Enterococcus faecium
with Heterogeneous Expression of Teicoplanin Resistance
Authors: Park Il Joong , Lee Wee Gyo , Shin Jong Hee , Lee Kyung Won , Woo Gun Jo 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

Six VanB phenotype-
vanA
genotype isolates of
Enterococcus faecium
with heterogeneous expression of teicoplanin resistance which gave rise to an outbreak at a Korean tertiary care teaching hospital have IS
1216V
in the coding region of
vanS
. This could be the underlying cause of the VanB phenotype-
vanA
genotype with heterogeneous expression of teicoplanin resistance.
Functional Analysis of the Complextrans-Activating Response Element RNA Structure in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Centlivre Mireille , Klaver Bep , Berkhout Ben , Das Atze T. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTTranscription of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is activated through binding of the viral Tat protein to thetrans-activating response (TAR) element at the 5′ end of the nascent transcript. Whereas HIV type 1 (HIV-1) TAR folds a simple hairpin structure, the corresponding domains of HIV-2 and SIVmac exhibit a more complex structure composed of three stem-loops. This structural polymorphism may be attributed to additional functions of TAR in HIV-2/SIVmac replication. We recently constructed an SIVmac variant that does not require the Tat-TAR interaction for transcription. We used this variant to study additional roles of TAR in SIVmac replication and generated mutants with a truncated TAR structure. We demonstrate that partial or nearly complete removal of TAR does not impair viral transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Moreover, these deletions do not significantly affect virus replication in the PM1 T-cell line and macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results demonstrate that the complex TAR structure in SIVmac has no other essential function in virus replication in vitro besides its role in Tat-mediated activation of transcription.