bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily wind, pressure, and temperature variation up to 30 km over the tropical western Pacific
Authors: Hastenrath S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe diurnal and semi‐diurnal variations of wind, pressure and temperature at 23 levels between 1,000 and 10 mb over eight stations in the tropical western Pacific are obtained by combining six‐hourly soundings taken at different times in April‐July 1956 and 1958. Results of all stations are combined according to local time. The prevalence of the semi‐diurnal pressure wave in the lower layers gradually yields to the first harmonic in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, as a consequence of the predominantly diurnal variation of temperature. The semi‐diurnal variation of temperature is found to increase slightly with height. Increase of the second harmonic amplitude of the u and v wind components with height is roughly proportional to the decrease of air density, with the phase remaining nearly constant, except for the lower layers.The phase relationship between the semi‐diurnal variations of pressure, and eastward and northward directed wind components is discussed in terms of a model based on a linearized form of the equations of motion, frictionless flow, and the assumption that the oscillations are simple progressive waves.
Studies of turbulence in the surface layer over water (Lough Neagh). Part II. Production and dissipation of velocity and temperature fluctuations
Authors: Garratt J. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe paper is concerned with the analysis of fluctuations in vertical and longitudinal velocity components and in temperature at heights of 1.5, 4 and 12 m over a water surface (Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland) in relation to simultaneous profiles of mean wind speed and temperature to a height of 16 m. The matters at issue are (a) the evaluation of the constants in the Kolmogorov predictions on the form of the velocity component and temperature power spectra and structure functions in the inertial sub‐range, (b) the nature of the budgets of turbulent kinetic energy E and mean square temperature anomaly T̄, and (c) inferring fluxes of heat and momentum from the dissipation rates and local gradient Richardson number.For kinetic energy, assuming a local balance between energy production and dissipation, we find the constants βu and γu in the one‐dimensional spectral density of the variance (øu(k) = βuε2/3k−5/3) and structure function (Du(γ) = γuε2/3γ2/3) relations to be 0.49 ± 0.09 and 1.61 ± 0.25 respectively, whilst that for vertical velocity βω = 0.68 ± 0.06. These results imply γu/βu = 3.25 and βω/βu = 1.38 independent of the measurement of ε. For the temperature spectrum (γT(k) = βTNε−1/3k−5/3) again assuming local balance, we find βT = 0.60 ± 0.40, i.e. a much larger relative variation.In the light of our and other results we suggest βu = 0.50, βω = 0.67, γu = 1.6, βT = 0.8 are best estimates of the constants.The normalized dissipation rate kξzu*−3 in relation to z/L( = ξ) is found to be broadly consistent with ξM(ξ) = (1 − 16ξ)−1/4 for ξ < 0 and ΦM(ξ) = 1 + 5ξ for ξ > 0, but is no critical test of these profile forms.The vertical flux divergence of E appears on occasions to be significant in the energy budget but on average is small. The flux divergence of T̄2 shows even less determinate features.
The possible use of Laguerre polynomials for representing the vertical structure of numerical models of the atmosphere
Authors: Francis P. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe technique of expressing the vertical structure of meteorological parameters as finite sums of analytic orthogonal functions is described, and some properties of a specific set of such functions, the Laguerre polynomials, are given. The application of these polynomials to a two‐dimensional system of meteorological equations is described, and a linear analysis of the computational stability of a lateral finite difference scheme is performed. This analysis reveals a computational penalty, in that, for the example considered the necessary time‐step to ensure linear stability is an order of magnitude smaller than that needed in an equivalent multi‐level model.
A general circulation model of the atmosphere suitable for long period integrations
Authors: Corby G. A. , Gilchrist A. , Newson R. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe design of a general circulation model using the primitive equations in spherical form is described, including a statement of the finite difference forms used to integrate the system and explanations of the motives for unusual aspects of the finite difference scheme. The model incorporates the hydrological cycle, topography, a simple scheme for the radiative exchanges and arrangements for the simulation of deep free convection (sub grid‐scale) and for the representation of exchanges of momentum, sensible and latent heat with the underlying surface. An experiment performed with the model forms the subject of a separate paper.
The relation between temperature and humidity in the free atmosphere under conditions of stable stratification and strong thermal intermittency ‐ a case study
Authors: Warhaft Z. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRefractive index, temperature and wind profiles, to a height of 2,100 m, obtained from a tethered balloon flight are analysed in terms of static and dynamic stability on a day of an elevated temperature inversion associated with stable layering in humidity and strong intermittent temperature fluctuations. It is shown that large humidity gradients in stratified layers contribute significantly to the total density gradient and must be taken into account in the evaluation of Richardson number. Fluctuations in temperature and humidity occurred both in regions of strong positive and negative static stability. No evidence was found to suggest that the occurrence of fluctuations is associated with a critical gradient Richardson number. Cross‐correlation between humidity and temperature was found to be strongly negative across the boundaries of stratified layers and positive in strong intermittent bursts of temperature observed at the top of the temperature inversion. Spectral slopes of refractive index, temperature and humidity in the region of strong density gradients were found to be, in general, greater than the ‐5/3 slope predicted by inertial subrange theory.
The use of digital weather radar records for short‐term precipitation forecasting
Authors: Austin G. L. , Bellon A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWeather radar may be used for forecasting the motion and development of precipitation patterns. A technique is described here which uses digital data sets and a computer pattern‐matching programme to forecast storm motion for periods between one‐half and 2 or 3 hours. The technique is able to track systems as they appear over the edge of the display by locking on to the leading edge features. Considerable attention has been given to evaluation techniques and more than 30 experiments involving seven different days of data from radars in Toronto and Montreal have been performed. It was found that although different classes of events had different forecastabilities, it was possible to obtain useful results for one hour forecasts on all the events studied.
The influence of momentum advections on a well‐mixed layer
Authors: Mahrt L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examines the influence of weak horizontal advections of momentum on a well‐mixed planetary boundary layer. In the simple flow system examined, the direction and magnitude of flow modifications depend on the Rossby number, the nondimensional surface drag coefficient and the orientation of the geostrophic wind gradient field. It is found that advective modification of the boundary layer vertical motion field involves dependencies on the square of the local vorticity and dependencies on vorticity gradients. The mixed‐layer assumptions are relaxed for a special flow case to show that these results do not depend crucially on the mixed‐layer condition.
Charge separation due to water drop and cloud droplet interactions in an electric field
Authors: Jennings S. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMeasurements were made of the electric charge acquired by drops of mean radius of about 750μm, in the presence of a vertical electric field E, the value of which could be varied from 4·5 to 27kV/m. It was found that the average charge acquired by the water drop as a consequence of the inductive process increased from 0·1fC to about 0·25fC as the electric field strength increased from 5kV/m to about 15kV/m, but there‐after decreased with increasing values of electric field.This work suggests that the collisions between polarized rain‐drops and cloud droplets in natural clouds could give rise, very effectively, to the production of electric fields of about 30kV/m; but that significantly larger fields could not be produced since all collisions in the higher fields would result in permanent coalescence.
The temperature dependence of the ozone concentration near the stratopause
Authors: Barnett J. J. , Houghton J. T. , Pyle J. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing measurements from two instruments on the Nimbus 4 satellite comparisons between ozone concentration and temperature have been made at levels near 1mb during an occasion of stratospheric warming. High correlation exists between ozone concentration and temperature. Good agreement has been found with a photochemical model which incorporates ‘classical’ oxygen photochemistry together with reactions involving OH.
The nature of orographic rain at wintertime cold fronts
Authors: Browning K. A. , Pardoe C. W. , Hill F. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome of the largest falls of orographic rain in the western parts of the British Isles are associated with wintertime cold fronts. This paper contains four case studies of wet cold fronts which were all characterized by south‐westerly prefrontal low‐level jets but were widely different in other respects. The distribution of rainfall in England and Wales is analysed using a network of autographic raingauges, specially augmented near the coast and over the hills of south Wales, and the orographic effects are explained using data from series of hourly rawinsonde ascents from a single station. The rain is considered in three distinct regions: pre‐frontal, the surface cold front, and post‐frontal. Behind the front orographic effects were found to be well defined but rather slight. At the surface front orographic effects were negligible, heavy rain tending to occur regardless of topography. Ahead of the front, orographic effects varied from small to very large, depending on the existence of a moist low‐level feeder cloud and seeding particles. The occurrence of heavy orographic rain ahead of the cold front is favoured by the presence of the low‐level jet, since this ensures the replenishment of a high liquid water content in the feeder cloud despite its rapid depletion by washout. Low‐level ascent, or at least the absence of descent, in the general airflow upwind of the hills is also needed if the feeder cloud is to have a high liquid water content. The required seeding particles in some cases originate from melted ice crystals grown aloft; alternatively they may be generated within the low‐level cloud itself even in the absence of the ice phase.
The field of mean vertical velocity at 200mb in south temperate latitudes as estimated from EOLE constant level balloon flights
Authors: Angell J. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mean 200mb vertical‐velocity field in south temperate latitudes during 1971‐1972 has been estimated through 6200 evaluations of 24‐hour temperature changes along 46 EOLE constant level balloon flights, and use of the adiabatic method. There is a significant tendency for ascending motion to occur over the western hemisphere and descending motion over the eastern hemisphere in winter and in the mean for the year. In winter the average maximum ascending motion of more than 2mm s−1 occurs about 30 degrees longitude west of the Andes Mountains, and the maximum descending motion of 2mm s−1 occurs over Australia. It is suggested that the Andes Mountains are basically responsible for the observed longitudinal variation in 200mb vertical velocity, both because they act as a barrier to the strong westerly flow, and also because they serve to anchor the long waves and the vertical‐velocity patterns associated therewith.
Fluctuations and trends in indices of the southern hemispheric circulation
Authors: Trenberth K. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndices of the southern hemisphere circulation are derived for the Australasian area using sea level pressure data. As well as considering indices of zonal and meridional flow, indices are derived based on the empirical orthogonal function analysis of Trenberth (1975). The first two patterns, P1 and P2, of this analysis can be approximately represented by only a few station values, and in this way their time series can be extended.‘Regimes’ of weather are defined based on the short term mean behaviour of P1 and P2. These regimes are also characterized by large changes in the periodicities at which most of the variance occurs. The quasibiennial oscillation shows up as a fairly stable feature of the meridional indices and P2.Trends in both P1 and P2 since the 1940s are related to the rising temperature trend in New Zealand. There has been a trend for less westerly especially between 25 and 45°S, some increase in westerly south of 45°S and less southwesterly or more northeasterly component to the flow across the whole of New Zealand as a result of the increased tendency for anticyclones to persist to the east of New Zealand rather than over Australia and the Tasman Sea, and their preference for higher latitude blocking.
Dynamic initialization for barotropic and multi‐level models
Authors: Temperton C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of dynamic initialization is examined first for the case of a linearized barotropic model in which both the meteorological and gravity‐wave modes have non‐zero frequencies, and all variables are allowed to adjust mutually. It is shown that the gravity‐wave mode is rapidly damped, leaving the meteorological mode almost intact with appropriate values of divergence as well as balanced mass and vorticity fields. There are some problems associated with the slower rate of convergence at large scales; it is suggested how these might be overcome using spectral rather than finite‐difference methods. Mutual adjustment of the variables is shown to be generally more appropriate than forced adjustment.The arguments are extended to a multi‐level model by diagonalizing it into its vertical normal modes. The analysis indicates that the external gravity‐wave mode should be rapidly damped by dynamic initialization, giving appropriate values of the vertically‐meaned divergence, while low‐frequency internal modes will be relatively unaffected by the initialization procedure.A series of experiments is performed using a 5‐level hemispheric model, and the predictions of the linearized theory are confirmed. In particular it is found that the amount of computation required to reduce the amplitude of the external gravity‐wave mode to small levels is equivalent to that required for only 2–3 hours of forward integration. However, the quality of the forecast appears to be surprisingly insensitive to the presence or absence of gravity waves, and the need for such an initialization procedure is not conclusively demonstrated.
Structure and motion of tropical squall‐lines over Venezuela
Authors: Betts A. K. , Grover R. W. , Moncrieff M. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of squall‐lines observed during the second Venezuelan International Meteorological and Hydrological Experiment (VIMHEX‐1972) are compared with the predictions of Moncrieff and Miller (1976). These squall‐lines are highly organized, propagate in a distinctive fashion, and effect a significant modification on both the thermodynamic and dynamic structure of the synoptic‐scale flow. The predicted propagation speeds and transport properties are similar to those observed, although some significant differences are also apparent.
Ozone trend and the stratospheric circulation over Australia
Authors: Kulkarni R. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTrends in total ozone for the period 1963–1974 at Australian stations Darwin, Brisbane, Aspendale and Macquarie Island have been discussed. Only Aspendale has a decreasing trend, which may be statistically significant. Trends in ozone at other places are not statistically significant.From the trend analysis of temperature at the 100mb level, and from Umkehr analysis, it is concluded that the changes in circulation in the lower stratosphere are sufficient to explain the observed trends.
Annual rainfall in England since 1725
Authors: Craddock J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRepresentative annual rainfall totals, expressed as percentages of appropriate standards, are given for most of the years from 1725 to the present for each of 11 regions covering most of England. The evidence for these values is discussed, and their relationships examined as groundwork for the production of long series of monthly rainfall totals for regions covering almost the whole of Great Britain.
Job stress and work attitudes between temporary and permanently employed nurses
Authors: Yeh Ying‐Jung Yvonne , Ko Jyh‐Jer Roger , Chang Yu‐Shen , Chen Chun‐Hsi Vivian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe authors examine job stress and work attitudes among temporary (i.e. fixed‐term) and permanently employed nurses, using data collected via a structured questionnaire filled out by 249 nurses in two hospitals in northern Taiwan. Temporary nurses in the sample were generally younger, less experienced, unmarried, or married without children. Questionnaire responses also indicate that they suffer from greater job stress and lower affective organizational and occupational commitments compared to their permanent counterparts. A positive correlation was found between perceived contract breaches and job stress and a negative correlation was identified between perceived contract breaches and affective occupational commitment. In both cases the effects were more intense among full‐time, permanently employed nurses. The paper ends with a discussion of implications for decision makers and researchers of non‐standard work arrangements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NTP‐PoCT: a conformance test tool for push‐to‐talk over cellular network
Authors: Lin Yi‐Bing , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Lu Chih‐Hung , Hsu Miao‐Ru 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a conformance test tool for push‐to‐talk over cellular network developed on an Open Mobile Alliance Service Interoperability Test Platform. Based on the TTCN‐3 specifications, we show how PoC test cases can be efficiently implemented on the test platform. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronisch-entzündliche Krankheiten
Authors: Schreiber S. 
Published: February 2007

Zusammenfassung
Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa sind die wesentlichen Formen der chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED). Die systematische Aufklärung von Suszeptibilitätsgenen für diese komplexen Krankheitsbilder hat das pathophysiologische Verständnis wesentlich verändert. Die Vervollständigung der genetischen Risikokarte wird zukünftig zu einer Neuausrichtung von Therapien führen.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer using transported in vitro-matured oocytes in cynomolgus monkey
Authors: Chen N. , Liow S-L. , Abdullah R. Bin , Wan Embong WK. Khadijah , Yip W-Y. , Tan L-G. , Tong G-Q. , Ng S-C. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYSomatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is not successful so far in non-human primates. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of stimulation cycles (first and repeat) on oocyte retrieval and in vitro maturation (IVM) and to evaluate the effects of stimulation cycles and donor cell type (cumulus and fetal skin fibroblasts) on efficiency of SCNT with transported IVM oocytes. In this study, 369 immature oocytes were collected laparoscopically at 24 h following human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) treatment from 12 cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in 24 stimulation cycles, and shipped in pre-equilibrated IVM medium for a 5 h journey, placed in a dry portable incubator (37 °C) without CO2 supplement. A total of 70.6% (247/350) of immature oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) stage at 36 h after hCG administration, MII spindle could be seen clearly in 80.6% (104/129) of matured IVM oocytes under polarized microscopy. A total of 50.0% (37/74) of reconstructive SCNT embryos cleaved after activation; after cleavage, 37.8% (14/37) developed to the 8-cell stage and 8.1% (3/37) developed to morula, but unfortunately none developed to the blastocyst stage. Many more oocytes could be retrieved per cycle from monkeys in the first cycle than in repeated cycles (19.1 vs. 11.7, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the maturation rate (70.0 vs. 71.4%, p > 0.05) and MII spindle rate under polarized microscopy (76.4 vs. 86.0%, p > 0.05) between the first and repeat cycles. There were also no significant differences in the cleavage rate, and the 4-cell, 8-cell and morula development rate of SCNT embryos between the first and repeat cycles. When fibroblast cells and cumulus cells were used as the donor cells for SCNT, first cleavage rate was not significantly different, but 4-cell (50.0 vs. 88.9%, p < 0.05) and 8-cell (0 vs. 51.9%, p < 0.01) development rate were significantly lower for the former. In conclusion, the number of stimulation cycles has a significant effect on oocyte retrieval, but has no effect on maturation and SCNT embryo development; however, different donor cell types (cumulus and fibroblast) resulted in different developmental potentials of SCNT embryos.
Differential expression of the human α‐enolase gene in oral epithelium and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ito Satoshi , Honma Takayoshi , Ishida Kosei , Wada Naoyuki , Sasaoka Shunsuke , Hosoda Masaru , Nohno Tsutomu 
Published: February 2007

α‐Enolase and c‐myc promoter binding protein 1 are encoded by a single gene, ENO1, and are synthesized from the same transcript through alternative use of translational start sites. We have investigated the localization of ENO1 gene transcripts detected as proteins with an immunohistochemical method and also as mRNA with an in situ hybridization method on tissue sections of oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma, and demonstrated the differential distribution of the gene transcripts in normal oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma in humans. Expression of the ENO1 transcript was detectable in the region from the basal cell layers to the lower granular cell layers. Three patterns of ENO1 localization were observed with immunostaining in the epithelia: cytoplasm, nuclei, and both nuclei and cytoplasm. These patterns were observed randomly within the same specimen. In contrast to normal oral epithelium, ENO1 protein was not detectable in the nuclei of carcinoma cells. Our results indicate that differential subcellular localization of ENO1 products may be closely related to carcinogenesis of the oral epithelium. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 499–505)