bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LATBSDC alternative design case study—concrete shear wall only beyond 240‐foot LABC code limit: optimized behavior
Authors: Youssef Nabih , Wilkerson Ryan , Fischer Kurt 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe resurgence of high‐rise construction has presented a challenge for the structural engineering community to bridge the gap between the requirements of prescriptive building code procedures and optimal structural system design. In response, the Los Angeles Tall Building Structural Design Council has formulated an alternate design procedure that provides a tool for the engineer to use to optimize the design the lateral force resisting system for high‐rise buildings with the goal of achieving a design that would yield a performance at least equivalent to the prescriptive methods contained within the building code. Using the alternate procedures, a case study was performed for a sample high‐rise building and compared to the same building design by prescriptive code procedures. The comparison was aimed at determining whether it could be concluded that an equivalent performance was obtained and what the required structural elements are for the two approaches. Lastly, a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks alternative design process itself is presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RF MEMS technology
Authors: Kim Hyeon Cheol , Chun Kukjin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecently, to meet the demands of multimode/multiband functions for the next generation communication systems, RF MEMS technology is being developed for the reconfigurable transceiver system. In this article, RF MEMS devices such as switches, high‐Q inductors, and high‐Q resonators are reviewed for their operating principles and device structures, as well as the reliability and commercial issues. Single pole single throw (SPST)‐type MEMS switches show characteristics superior to solid‐state switches in the aspects of insertion loss, isolation, and linearity. Single pole multithrow (SPMT) switches will enable ultra small‐sized cellular phones, but insertion loss and coupling between channels should be improved. For a high‐Q inductor, out‐of‐plane inductors show improved results, and an inductor with a Q‐factor of 75 at 1GHz has been fabricated by using the internal stress of a MoCr film. The MEMS inductor improves the performance of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), but proper hermetic packaging and standard libraries are also necessary for mass production. The MEMS resonator can operate up to 1.4 GHz and can be used as an oscillator for the timing device as well as component of the filter circuit. The SiTime Company recently has started delivery of a product with performance similar to the quartz oscillator, in which they solved the reliability issues by modifying the annealing and vacuum packaging. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fast calculation method for fine‐tuned design of need‐based collateralized debt obligation (CDO)
Authors: Nakae Tatsuya , Baba Kenji , Moritsu Toshiyuki , Komoda Norihisa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper we propose a speed‐up method for need‐based collateralized debt obligation (CDO) that meets the investor needs of the attributes of the CDO. We note the fact that the computing time to derive the best portfolio is proportional to the number of generated contract conditions that constitute the portfolio. Our method reduces the number of portfolios that can never be the best portfolios by skipping the generation of redundant contract conditions of Super Senior (SS) debt and Equity debt, which is the main cause for the increase of the generated contract conditions. A comparative experiment indicates that the proposed method makes it possible to double the types of tranches or to raise the calculation accuracy nearly 6‐fold, keeping the urgency of the calculation. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Low cross talk design and simple fabrication process of electrostatic vertical comb‐drive actuators for positioning application
Authors: Zickar Michael , Mita Makoto , Ataka Manabu , Fujita Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper, different types of vertical electrostatic comb‐drive actuators are proposed. The aim of design is to minimize the cross talk between vertical and lateral motions with a relatively simple fabrication process, namely, with only two ICP‐RIE steps from the front side with layered masks. Three designs are analyzed by MEMCAD, a finite‐element modeling package, combined with a micromachining process simulator. After optimization based on the calculation, all types were fabricated and tested. The experimental results are qualitatively in good agreement with the calculations. Because of the excess undercutting in our ICP‐RIE machine, the supports were softer than designed. The displacement was larger than expected. According to obtained results, we can expect to generate a vertical force of 0.5 µN per tooth at around 50 V. The measured cross talk between vertical motion and the horizontal motion was 20%. The resonant frequency of a typical device is 9 kHz and the displacement is 1.5 µm at 50 V. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐sensitivity surface micromachinable accelerometer using a ferroelectric substrate and its characterization
Authors: Aoyagi Seiji , Isono Yuichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study reports the fabrication and characterization of a high‐sensitivity surface micromachinable accelerometer using a ferroelectric material having a large dielectric constant, such as bulk PZT (εr= 2600). The measurement principle is the detection of capacitance change with respect to the dielectric mass movement in the fringe electrical field. Considering the practical fabrication, a ferroelectric material is used for the substrate instead of the suspended proof mass. Since capacitance is increased not mechanically but electrically, high sensitivity can be expected while maintaining mechanical stiffness, which has the advantage of preventing touch down of the proof mass and widening the allowable measuring range of acceleration. A fabricated sensor is characterized. A high sensitivity of several sub‐pF/g is confirmed, which is hundreds of times higher compared to that of a sensor fabricated using the Parylene polymer (εr= 3.15). This sensitivity is an order higher compared to those of other reported capacitive microaccelerometers, which have comparable proof mass sizes and comparable detectable acceleration ranges to the newly fabricated sensor. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel fabrication method for long silicon microneedles with three‐dimensional sharp tips and complicated shank shapes by isotropic dry etching
Authors: Izumi Hayato , Aoyagi Seiji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel fabrication method for long solid microneedles made of silicon, which have a three‐dimensional sharp tip, by using isotropic dry etching. Since the fabrication is done in a direction parallel to the surface of the silicon substrate, there is no limit for the needle length. Also, the shank shape of this needle is freely designed three‐dimensionally by defining the mask on the silicon surface. For example, a jagged or harpoon shape is possible by using the proposed method, which may be effective for some medical applications. First, several three‐dimensional, complicated‐shaped needles with sharp tip angles were fabricated by changing the mask pattern. Second, a penetration experiment with them on an artificial skin was carried out, and easy penetration comparable with a conventional metal solid needle was confirmed. For an example of lancet application for diabetics, one of the needles was inserted into a human skin, and bleeding was confirmed. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cellular automaton simulation of micropowder blasting with mask erosion
Authors: Yagyu Hiromasa , Tabata Osamu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDevelopment of a two‐dimensional (2D) micropowder blasting simulator for microfabrication of a glass substrate with a patterned polymer mask is reported. In order to investigate the effect of mask erosion on a processed glass profile, a cellular automaton simulation in which erosion of the glass and the polymer mask were taken into account was applied to the micropowder blasting process for the first time. From a comparison of the simulation result with the processed glass profile in the experiment, it was demonstrated that the processed glass profile with the mask erosion could be simulated using our simulator. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the processed profile in the glass depended on the mask profile and the ratio of the deformation wear and the cutting wear of a mask. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Hydrated Ternary Cerium Sulfates: Mixed‐valence K5Ce2(SO4)6·H2O and K2Ce(SO4)3·H2O
Authors: Casari Barbara M. , Langer Vratislav 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new chemical and structural interpretation of K5Ce2(SO4)6·H2O (I) and a redetermination of the structure of K2Ce(SO4)3·H2O (II) is presented. The mixed‐valent compound I crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 17.7321(3), b = 7.0599(1), c = 19.4628(4) Å, β = 112.373(1)° and Z = 4. Compound I has been discussed earlier with space group Cc. In the structure of I, there are pairs of edge sharing cerium polyhedra connected by sulfate oxygen atoms in the μ3 bonding mode. These cerium dimers are linked through edge and corner sharing sulfate bridges, forming layers. The layers are joined by potassium ions which together with the water molecules are placed between the layers. No irregularity in the distribution of the CeIII and CeIV to cause the lost of a crystallographic center of symmetry was detected. We suggest that the charge exerted by the extra f1 electron for every cerium dimer is delocalized over the Ce1–O2–Ce2 moiety in a non‐bonding mode. As a result, the oxidations state of each cerium ion is a mean value between III and IV at each atomic position. Compound II crystallizes in the space group C2 with a = 20.6149(2), b = 7.0742(1), c = 17.8570(1) Å, β = 122.720(1)° and Z = 8. The hydrogen atoms have been located and the absolute structure has been established. Neither hydrogen atom positions nor anisotropic displacement parameters were given in the previous reports. In compound II, the cerium polyhedra are connected by edge and corner sharing sulfate groups forming a three‐dimensional network. This network contains Z‐shaped channels hosting the charge compensating potassium ions.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of New Lead(II) Thiosaccharinates. Molecular Structure of Bis(thiosaccharinato)tetrakis(pyridine)dilead(II) and Thiosaccharinato‐bis(1,10‐phenantroline)lead(II) Thiosaccharinate
Authors: Pérez Diego R. , Tarulli Susana H. , Quinzani Oscar V. , Dristas Jorge , Faccio Ricardo , Suescun Leopoldo , Mombrú Alvaro W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour new lead(II) thiosaccharinate complexes: [Pb(tsac)2H2O] (1) (tsac: thiosaccharinate anion), [Pb2(tsac)4(py)4] (2) (py: pyridine), [Pb(tsac)(o‐phen)2](tsac)·CH3CN (3) (o‐phen: 1,10‐phenantroline), and [Pb(tsac)2(bipy)] (4) (bipy: 2,2′‐bipyridine) were prepared. The infrared and electronic spectra as well as the thermal analysis of all the compounds were recorded and discussed. The thiosaccharinate anion acts in three different coordination forms, one of then reported for the first time. The crystal structures of complexes 2 and 3 have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffractometry. In complex 2, two monomeric moieties are joined together forming a symmetric bis‐μ‐sulphur bridged dimer by interaction of two lead(II) atoms through the exocyclic sulphur atoms of two thiosaccharinate ligands. The seven‐fold coordination sphere of each lead atom is completed by two pyridine nitrogen atoms and by another sulfur and two nitrogen atoms of the thiosaccharinate anions. In complex 3, the lead(II) atom is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of two 1,10‐phenantroline molecules and by the sulfur and nitrogen atoms of one thiosaccharinate ion. The second anion has an electrostatic interaction with the nucleus.
Über den Phosphandiyl‐Transfer von invers‐polarisierten Phosphaalkenen R1P=C(NMe2)2 (R1 = tBu, Cy, Ph, H) auf Phospheniumkomplexe [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2M=P(R2)R3] (R2 = R3 = Ph; R2 = tBu, R3 = H; R2 = Ph, R3 = N(SiMe3)2)
Authors: Weber L. , Noveski G. , Stammler H.‐G. , Neumann B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhosphanediyl Transfer from Inversely Polarized Phosphaalkenes R1P=C(NMe2)2 (R1 = tBu, Cy, Ph, H) onto Phosphenium Complexes [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2M=P(R2)R3] (R2 = R3 = Ph; R2 = tBu, R3 = H; R2 = Ph, R3 = N(SiMe3)2)Reaction of the freshly prepared phosphenium tungsten complex [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2W=PPh2] (3) with the inversely polarized phosphaalkenes RP=C(NMe2)2 (1) (a: R = tBu; b: Cy; c: Ph) led to the η2‐diphosphanyl complexes $\rm [(\eta^{5}-C_{5}H_{5})(CO)_{2}\overline {W-P(R)-P}Ph_{2}]$ (9a‐c) which were isolated by column chromatography as yellow crystals in 24‐30 % yield. Similarly, phosphenium complexes [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2M=P(H)tBu] (M = W (6); Mo (8)) were converted into $\rm [(\eta^{5}-C_{5}H_{5})(CO)_{2}\overline {MP({\it t}Bu)P}(H){\it t}Bu]$ (M = W (11); Mo (12)) by the formal abstraction of the phosphanediyl [PtBu] from 1a. Treatment of [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2W=P(Ph)N(SiMe3)2] (4) with HP=C(NMe2)2 (1d) gave rise to the formation of yellow crystalline $\rm [(\eta^{5}-C_{5}H_{5})(CO)_{2}\overline {W-P(H)-P} (Ph)N(SiMe_{3})_{2}]$ (10). The products were characterized by elemental analyses and spectra (IR, 1H, 13C‐, 31P‐NMR, MS). The molecular structure of compound 10 was elucidated by an X‐ray diffraction analysis.
The Structure of Tris(trifluoromethyl)tellurium Fluoride Dimethylformamide, $\rm [Te(CF_{3})_{3} \times DMF(\mu-F)]{\infty}$
Authors: Kirij Natalya V. , Yagupolskii Yurii L. , Tyrra Wieland , Pantenburg Ingo , Naumann Dieter 
Published: April 2007

Abstract$\rm [Te(CF_{3})_{3} \times DMF(\mu-F)]{\infty}$ represents the first structurally characterized example of a trifluoromethyl main group element compound with more than 8‐N (where N is the main group number) perfluoroalkyl groups and also the first fluoro(triorgano)tellurium derivative. Its polymeric nature is caused by asymmetric bridging fluorine atoms forming infinite chains.
Vitamin B13 Complexes of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) with Ethanolamine: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Spectroscopic and Thermal Studies
Authors: Yeşsilel Okan Zafer , Şahin Ertan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFac‐bis(ethanolamine)orotatonickel(II), [Ni(HOr)(ea)2] and mer‐bis(ethanolamine)orotatocopper(II) dihydrate, [Cu(HOr)(ea)2]· 2H2O were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, UV‐Vis Spectroscopy and thermal analysis. In addition, their solid‐state structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Both the fac‐[Ni(HOr)(ea)2] (1) and mer‐[Cu(HOr)(ea)2]·2H2O (2) complexes are isomorphous and crystallize in the triclinic space group $P {\bar 1}$. The Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions are coordinated by two neutral ea ligands and one orotate dianion in a distorted octahedral fashion. The ea ligand acts as a bidentate donor through the amine N and hydroxyl O atoms, while orotate dianion is coordinated through deprotonated N3 pyrimidine atom and carboxylate oxygen atom as a bidentate ligand. Thermal decompositions of the complexes are studied in over the range 20–600 °C on heating in a static air atmosphere.
Structural and Spectroscopic Studies of Halocuprate(I) and Haloargentate(I) Complexes [M2XnX′4−n]2−
Authors: Bowmaker Graham A. , Bruce Michael I. , Skelton Brian W. , Somers Neil , White Allan H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe complexes [Cu2Br4]2−, [Cu2I4]2−, [Cu2I2Br2]2−, [Cu2I3Cl]2−, [Ag2Cl4]2− have been characterized as their isomorphous bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium ([Ph3PNPPh3]+ = PNP+) salts by single crystal structural determinations. All anions show the centrosymmetric doubly halogen‐bridged forms [XM(μ‐X)2MX]2− with three‐coordinate metal atoms that have been observed in [M2X4]2− complexes with other large organic cations. In [Cu2I2Br2]2− the iodide ligands occupy the bridging positions and the bromide the terminal positions, while in [Cu2I3Cl]2−, obtained in an attempt to prepare [Cu2I2Cl2]2−, two of the iodide ligands occupy the bridging positions with the third iodide and the chloride ligand occupying two statistically disordered terminal positions. In [Ag2Cl4]2− the distortion from ideal trigonal coordination of the metal atom is greater than in the copper complexes, but less than in other previously reported [Ag2Cl4]2− complexes with organic cations. The ν(MX) bands have been assigned in the far‐IR spectra, and confirm previous observations regarding the unexpectedly simple IR spectra of [Cu2X4]2− complexes.
Isolation and identification oftrans‐3,5‐dimethoxystilbene from high quality tall oil fatty acids by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Min David B. S. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstracttrans‐3,5‐Dimethoxystilbene has been isolated from high quality tall oil fatty acids (unsaponifiables 1.5% maximum, rosin acids 1.5% maximum), using liquid column chromatography and low temperature solvent fractional crystallization. The structure of this compound was determined with the aid of IR, mass and NMR spectrometry. Thetrans‐3,5‐dimethyoxystilbene was found to be responsible for the development of a red color during the epoxidation of the tall oil fatty acids.
Some practical aspects connected with the presence of calcium in soybean oils
Authors: Letan A. , Yaron A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPresence of calcium in crude and degummed soybean oils prevents complete elimination of phosphatides by hydration and enhances the formation of heavy precipitates. They block industrial centrifuges at the later stages of the refining processes. Industrially extracted degummed soybean oils contain appreciable amounts of calcium (ca. 100 ppm) and its source was traced to the processed soybeans. Various pre‐extraction treatments of the soybeans in industry augment the calcium content in the oils, since crude Soxhlet‐extracted soybean oils contained only 15 ppm calcium. Additions at the alkali‐refining stages of EDTA or of polyphosphate, to stabilize aqueous suspensions which also contain calcium salts, are suggested as a partial remedy to the frequent blocking of the centrifuges.
Projection and prospects for rapeseed and mustard seed
Authors: Ohlson Ragnar 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRapeseed is number five among the oilseeds of the world. During the last 10 years the crop has increased more in per cent than any other oilseed crop. In the FAO prospects an annual rate of increase of 4.7% is foreseen. The fatty acid composition will change during the next years so that erucic acid will be practically removed. The content of glucosinolates will also be reduced dramatically, and consequently the meal will be accepted much more readily.
Crystallization of hydrogenated sunflower‐cottonseed oil
Authors: Rivarola G. , Segura J. A. , Añón M. C. , Calvelo A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCrystal structures formed during solidification of hydrogenated cottonseed oil, sunflowerseed oil and their blends were analyzed by using an X‐ray diffraction technique, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy. Temperatures and times of crystallization under conditions which tend to produce β′ type structures were determined in terms of refrigeration parameters. Microscopy with polarized light also helped clarify some aspects of the tridimensional network of crystals that contribute to the consistency of products made from hydrogenated oils.
Reaction of methyltrans‐2,3‐epoxyoctadecanoate with phenyl isocyanate: Synthesis of fatty 3‐phenyl‐2‐oxazolidones
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Ahmad M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReaction of methyltrans‐2,3‐epoxyoctadecanoate (I) with phenyl isocyanate in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 as catalyst has yielded 3‐phenyl‐4‐pentadecylmethyleneoxazolid‐2,5‐dione (II) and 4(5)‐carbomethoxy‐5 (4)‐pentadecyl‐3‐phenyl‐cis‐2‐oxazolidone (III). The products have been characterized with the help of spectral data and microanalyses.
Preparation and characterization of double‐chain destructible surfactants and derived vesicles
Authors: Jaeger David A. , Golich Timothy G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDouble‐chain destructible surfactants 1 and 2 were prepared, and vesicles derived from them were characterized. The hydrolyses of 1 and 2 to nonsurfactant compounds were demonstrated, and the application of 1 and 2 in preparative chemistry and in pH‐controlled delivery is discussed.
Reductive ozonolysis of soybean oil: Laboratory optimization of process variables
Authors: Throckmorton P. E. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStatistically designed experiments were carried out to determine the effect of reaction variables in the reductive ozonolysis of soybean oil to azelaaldehydic glyceride methyl acetal. Yields of this acetal were essentially quantitiative under optimum conditions, which include a 1:1 mixture of acetic acid and butanol as solvent, a solvent‐oil ratio of 1.5:1, and hydrogenation at 150 psig and 50 C with palladiumon‐charcoal catalyst.
Determination of critical micelle concentration of surfactant by ultraviolet absorption spectra
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method was investigated for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) by the shift of absorption maxima when an organic compound (I) with ultraviolet absorption was added to an aqueous solution of a surfactant. When I was added to the surfactant solution at higher concentrations (above the CMC), λmax of I approached the value inn‐octane, since I was solubilized in the hydrocarbon atmosphere of the inner part of the surfactant micelle. At lower concentrations (below the CMC), however, I was present in the water phase and λmax approached the value in water. The curve of λmax vs. surfactant concentration declined from the high concentration values as the CMC was approached and at the CMC, the curve broke upward sharply. Then, it rose for some time and approached the value in water. N,N′‐diethylaniline was used because it exhibited larger shifts of λmax. The standard amount used was 0.002 ml/3–10 ml of aqueous solution of the surfactant. The CMC values obtained agreed with those obtained by the electric conductivity method, dye adsorption method and light scattering method, for surfactants such as tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyoxyethylene cetyl ether.
Some carbonyl flavor compounds of oxidized soybean and linseed oils
Authors: Seals R. G. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEvidence is presented that 2,3‐pentanedione, as well as diacetyl, contributes to the buttery flavor found in the early stages of oxidation of soybean oil. Components with a fishy and potatoey flavor were found in distillates from soybean oil that had a fishy or paint‐like flavor. Linseed oil proved a reliable source of these flavor compounds. The fishy compound was identified ascis‐4‐heptenal and the potatoey compound is probably 2,4‐pentadienal. Mechanisms for the production of these compounds are suggested.