bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Treatment and Disposal of Oily Solids
Authors: Wright R. A. D. , Noordhuis B. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Oily solids are generated as a waste product of Brunei Shell Petroleum's drilling and production activities. The main sources are waste oil based mud, tank bottom sludges, and oil contaminated soil. The oily solids are stored in a purpose built holding basin which is gradually being filled up. The need for appropriate treatment and an acceptable means of final disposal of the solids has been recognised as an item for attention in the Company's Environmental Management Plan. The paper describes the resulting feasibility study which is evaluating the relative merits of processes such as incineration, lime stabilisation, and landfarming. The feasibility study is considering the guantity and properties of the solids, the environmental conditions in Brunei, the availability of treatment services in the country, and the need to define acceptable environmental criteria for the treatment and disposal methods. The way in which these factors influence the study are discussed.
Radioactive Scales in Oil and Gas Production Centers
Authors: Bassignani A. , Di Luise G. , Fenzi A. , Finazzi P. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Due to the presence of Uranium, in small concentrations of the entire surface of the earth, and due to particular geological features, liquids coming from reservoirs may have significant radio activity levels.
In Oil & Gas Productions centers, the deposits of radioactive elements U and Ra 226 underthe form of chemical salts, may lead to situations known as "Radioactive Scales Problem".
Their identification is important because of the potential risks for workers due to the irradiation-contamination, connected to their presence in critical areas or to the handling of pieces, during the maintenance operations.
The work reports the data coming from an investigations program and a geological correlation is given in order to propose some explanation to the problem.
Evaluating the Real Risks of Radioactive Scale in Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Reed G. , Holland B. , McArthur A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the deposition of naturally occuring radioactive materials (NORM) in oil and gas production facilities. Hazards arising from process., maintenance and cleaning operations areconsidered and relevant legislation is detailed.
Potential doses to personnel are estimated and compared with actual doses received. Measures to reduce hazard to the workforce and general population are discussed.
Minimizing the Environmental Impact of Seismic Operations in Canada and Alaska
Authors: Wren J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper looks at some of the impacts of seismic operations on the environment in Alaska and Canada. It covers all stages of the operation from initial planning to the abandonment of the area and discusses the impact each can have on the different aspects of the environment - air, water, wildlife, vegetation, people etc. It also pinpoints some areas where environmental accidents could occur and proposes some solutions.
Maturin East Seismic Program: Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Ruiz O. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Maturin East Seismic Program consists of the exploration of the swamp region which lies to the north and southeast of the state of Monagas, with the intention of locating new fields of petroleum and gas which would permit the increase of national reserves of these hydrocarbons.
In the desire to develop the Seismic Program in harmony with the dynamic environmental equilibrium under its influence, the company carried out an Environmental Impact Evaluation through the Office of Environmental Protection of its Department of Integral Protection, based on the visual and digital interpretation of satellite images and field work.
The design and execution of the forementioned evaluation was based on the characteristics of the program and the requirements of the Ministry of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. The evaluation will establish a basis for the decision-making process involved in the handling of operational and environmental measures to control and minimize the possible environmental impact.
In the first place, the study justifies the need for the development of an evaluation adapted to the Characteristics of the Seismic Program. Secondly the objectives, methodology and characterization of the project and its area of influence are presented. Next the actions of the project and the possible environmental impact generated by them are identified, analyzed and evaluated. Furthermore, operational and environmental recommendations are proposed to prevent and minimize those affects which could limit the development of the project and environmentally affect the area. Finally, and as a result of the environmental impact study, 14 geographic maps are presented of the area, in a scale of 1: 50,000. Each one contains: -environmental characteristics of the area.-environmental response units (polygons).-program activities.-environmental and operational restrictions.
Environmental Auditing in Exploration and Production Companies: A Tool for Improving Environmental Performance
Authors: Tan G. T. , Hartog J. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Exploration and Production Coordination of Shell International Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. (SIPM-EP, a service company to the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of companies) has led a number of environmental audits on request of Group E&P Operating Companies since 1983. The essential steps and methods for conducting such environmental audits are discussed as well as the main topics covered in an audit.
Almost all recommendations made in the audits have been implemented. Environmental audits carried out with SIPM- EP assistance have helped managements of audited Operating Companies control the quality of existing and future operations and develop strategies for improvements in anticipation of future demands. Consequently, environmental performance has improved through such audits.
Common findings have been identified and where necessary Group action has been taken. SIPM-EP has also learnt many lessons from these audits providing useful feedbacks for improving the audit process and the management of environmental matters.
Environmental Auditing in European Operations
Authors: Whitehead A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Hie paper will describe briefly the background to environmental auditing in BP Exploration's european operations and its evolution in the 1980's into a regular programmed activity as part of environmental protection management. It will discuss the experience gained with environmental auditing and the development of the ideas that have lead to the incorporation of environmental concerns into the wider loss control auditing system.
Early environmental audits, or review, carried out on BP Exploration operations tended to be general in character, cover only large operations and sites, and had terms of reference related to that specific audit.
The development of the Environmental Protection Management system in the 1980's, of which environmental auditing is an essential element, dictated the need for a structured auditing system applicable to all operating sites large and small. The system developed permitted site managers to track their environmental performance from audit to audit and also allowed some comparison between similar sites.
The adoption, by BP, of the International Safety Rating System (ISRS) gave the opportunity to produce an integrated system for auditing loss control management in its widest sense. The system, which is compatible with ISRS, explicitly includes environmental management.
The paper will include details of environmental management audits, baseline audits and technical audits which now comprise the current environmenta auditing system employed by BP Exploration.
Measuring Safety Culture and Attitudes
Authors: Donald I. J. , Canter D. V. , Chalk J. R. , Hale A. R. , Gerlings P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development of a questionnaire to assess safety culture and attitudes in organisations is described1. The questionnaire is based upon an extensive review of the organisational and human factors literature, and was developed by Surrey University as a result of major studies in the UK Steel Industry. A short form questionnaire has been developed and refined from an extensive pilot question set addressing 6 critical factors in the management of industrial safety, the people who make up the safety system, their attitudes and behaviour, the activities they carry out, the focus of those activities (both specific to their jobs and in the organisation as a whole), and phase of the life cycle in which those are carried out (design/planning, operational, etc.) and the conditions under which the work is carried out (normal, maintenance, emergency). The questionnaire is designed to measure efficiently the effectiveness of the safety culture and attitudes, and to indicate where improvements need to be made.
The questionnaire has been developed in the UK steel and chemical industries. It is currently being tested and refined in a joint project between UK, Netherlands and Luxembourg. The available results show that the questionnaire has good validity in cross-cultural contexts, and in correlating with the accident rates across plants with different production processes.
Review of Environmental Research and Policy With Regard to Oil and Gas Extraction on the Dutch Continental Shelf
Authors: de Krieger M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the past 25 years huge investments have enabled the development of a very busy offshore industry in the North Sea area. International environmental policy regulations for this type of activity are given by the Paris Commission and by International Conferences on the Protection of the North Sea.
The North Sea Directorate of Rijkswaterstaat in the Netherlands is responsible for the management of the Dutch sector of the North Sea, i.e. responsible for the quality of the watersystem and the management of several human activities which have an impact on the sea.
The activities which result directly from this are:
- detection and removal of oil spills and other marine pollutants; - contingency planning; - issuing of dumping and discharging licenses; - coordination of research, and development of policy; - sounding and dredging of water routes; - international consultation related with these activities.
This paper starts with a short overview of North Sea use, North Sea policy and development of airborne surveillance.
Design Of A Subsea Petroleum Production System
Authors: Thomas John P. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Paper outlines a system for the complete development of deepwater offshore oilfields incorporating a subsea capsule. The capsule permits the economical drilling, production, permits the economical drilling, production, storage and shipping of oil and gas.

Introduction
As the petroleum industry moves further offshore into deeper water in the quest for reserves, the cost of drilling and producing has increased dramatically. Conventional techniques restrict the reservoir characteristics and reserves which can be economically exploited in the deep waters now being explored.
Standard surface structures, subsurface structures or subsea well heads are extremely costly in initial capital investment or in operational expense. In addition, they represent only a portion of the total system required to produce an offshore reservoir. Additional facilities are needed, such as pipelines, production equipment, storage and pipelines, production equipment, storage and a marine terminal.
Contributions to Total Storage Capacity in Devonian Shales
Authors: Schettler P. D. , Parmely C. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Sorption properties of individual constituents of Devonian shale were compared with similar properties of a wide variety of shales of different lithologies. Major components examined included illite, quartz, chlorite, kerogen, and oil. Kerogen was isolated from a core sample retrieved from a producing gas well, while the oil used was taken from a gas well in West Virginia that is producing from the shale interval. Helium and methane isotherms were collected up to 1000 psia for analysis of the adsorptive properties of these substances. It is shown that about 50% of the gas in the rock is associated with and stored in the open porosity of the rock. The remaining 50% is more intimately associated with some of the mineral or organic constituents of the shale. Some of the gas is dissolved in the oil which serves as an efficient storage material. In addition, the solid kerogen can also store gas by adsorption, as can other minerals, such as illite. All materials examined contributed to the total sorption isotherm, with smaller amounts being associated with storage in quartz and chlorite. This total isotherm is, however, less than the composite isotherm obtained by summing the separate isotherms of its constituents. This implies a possible blocking phenomenon that reduces the storage efficiency of the minerals.
Recharge Models for Devonian Shales
Authors: Carlson E. S. , Mercer J. C. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Devonian shale gas reservoirs, which are believed to be highly fractured, require the use of dual porosity simulators to adequately describe the dynamic production processes. When using a dual porosity model, one has the option of using the pseudosteady- or the unsteady-state matrix recharge models. The recharge model determines how much gas can flow from the shale matrix, where most storage takes place, to the fracture system which provides the formation permeability. This study examines rigorously the differences between the two recharge models and how these differences impact specifically the performance calculations of Devonian shale wells. The paper presents the circumstances for which each of the models is appropriate. A parameter is given which roughly estimates when the unsteady or the pseudosteady models should be used. This parameter depends only on the shale matrix properties.
The paper shows, both theoretically and by example, that even when the pseudosteady model is approximately valid for the calculation of cumulative productions, shut-in pressure calculations may still require the use of the unsteady model.
A Simple Method for Predicting the Performance of a Sucker-Rod Pumping System
Authors: Khodabandeh A. , Miska S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a simple and efficient approach for predicting the dynamic behavior of the sucker rod string. The dynamic behavior of the sucker rod string is an important factor for predicting the performance of a pumping system, and it is presently modeled by a second-order partial differential equation. The proposed approach, unlike other approaches, requires neither familiarity with nor solution of the partial differential equation(s). In this study, the model consists of two linear algebraic equations that are used to calculate the dynamic changes in forces and velocities along the rod. Practical usefulness of the proposed approach is shown by solving simple examples and by generating dynamometer cards for conventional pumping units. The computer-generated cards are compared to the cards actually recorded on the pumping wells simulated by the method. This study shows that the proposed approach is very efficient for designing and predicting the performance of a sucker rod pumping system.
Pipe Soil Interaction For A Buried Offshore Pipeline
Authors: Reese L.C. , Casbarian A.O.P. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Introduction
A problem that has been encountered by the oil industry in offshore operations is the large movement of pipelines. This movement may result in the parting of the line. There have been reports of many damaged pipelines following storms in the Gulf of Mexico. The aim of the research program described in this paper is to develop design criteria to allow offshore pipelines to be constructed in such a manner pipelines to be constructed in such a manner that movements will not occur, but that the pipeline will be stable over a long time. pipeline will be stable over a long time. To develop design criteria so that the stability of a pipeline can be assured, it is necessary to have an understanding of the manner in which a pipeline interacts with the supporting soil. This interaction is affected by many parameters. Some of these parameters are the size and weight of the line, the character of the soil, the method of the installation of the line, the kind of fluids pumped through the line, the temperature pumped through the line, the temperature variation of the line, the possible vibration of the line, the currents in the water at the ocean floor, the initial tension in the line, the possible upward flow of water in the vicinity of the line, the geometry of the line, the geology of the area and depositional environment, [possibility of submarine flowslides] and the possible scour or sedimentation at the ocean floor. While it obviously will be very difficult to evaluate the influence of some of the above parameters, it is thought that research should lead to a generally good understanding of the interaction between the pipeline and the supporting soil and, hopefully, to a rational design procedure.

THEORY CONCERNING VERTICAL STABILITY
Much study has been given to the design of pipelines for marshy areas or offshore pipelines for marshy areas or offshore locations; however, it is apparent that some confusion exists in regard to certain design parameters. In this discussion, the equilibrium parameters. In this discussion, the equilibrium under static conditions of a submerged pipeline will be considered.
Fig. 1 shows a cylinder immersed in water and assumed to be motionless. The cylinder is also assumed to be very long so that a two-dimensional analysis is valid.
The stability of the cylinder can be studied by considering the forces acting on it. These forces are the weight of the cylinder and the resultant of the water pressure on the cylinder boundary. The weight of the cylinder is wL where w = weight per unit length, and L = length of cylinder under consideration.
The horizontal forces exerted on the cylinder by the water evidently add up to zero and are not shown.
Producing the Oriskany in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Henderson F. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
CNG Producing Company currently operates forty (40) Oriskany wells in southwestern Pennsylvania. A variety of both downhole and surface production problems have been encountered in the past four years. This paper will address four major factors effecting the success of Oriskany production operations. They are: 1) Pre-Production Decisions, 2) Downhole Production Problems and Solutions, 3) Surface Production Problems and Solutions and 4) Avoiding Production Downtime
The Use of Injection/Falloff Tests and Pressure Buildup Tests To Evaluate Fracture Geometry and Post-Stimulation Well Performance in the Devonian Shales
Authors: Hopkins C. W. , Lancaster D. E. , Foster J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes a series of experiments performed on the Gilbert Exploration Emma Preece No. 1 well in Martin Co., KY which have led to a better understanding of fracture geometry and post-stimulation well performance in the Devonian Shales. The Preece well, like many Devonian Shale wells, was perforated and stimulated with a single treatment over a large, perforated interval (727 ft). Post-fracture well tests performed after initial completion indicated little improvement over pre-fracture well performance. In 1989, the treated interval was sub-divided into four distinct zones to further evaluate the fracture treatment using isolation, communication, nitrogen injection/falloff, and flow/buildup tests. Results of these tests indicate (1) that the large completion interval was not uniformly stimulated by the fracture treatment and (2) that reservoir quality was different for each perforated interval, indicating the completion interval should be treated as a layered reservoir. These results help explain the apparent short fracture half-length and the less-than-expected flow rates for this well following stimulation.
Environmentally Safe Salt Replacement for Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Himes R. E. , Vinson E. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of salts, such as potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl), as temporary clay stabilizers during oil well drilling, completions and servicing has been in practice for many years. Their effectiveness in this practice has been well established throughout the industry. However, because of the bulk and potential environmental hazards associated with the salts, many operators have begun to search out alternatives to their use.
Recent research has developed a relationship between physical properties of various cations (K+, Na+, etc.) and their efficiency as temporary clay stabilizers. These physical properties were then utilized to synthesize an organic cation with a higher efficiency as a clay stabilizer than the typical salts now used in the oil industry. This allows much lower salt concentrations to be used to obtain the same clay stabilizing effectiveness. The liquid product has proven to be much easier to handle and transport. It has been shown to be environmentally compatible and is biodegradable in its diluted form. Its effectiveness in fracturing operations has been extensively proven in numerous treatments in various formations throughout the U.S. and Canada.
Polynomial Approximations for Gas Pseudopressure and Pseudotime
Authors: Aminian K. , Ameri S. , Abbitt W. E. , Cunningham L. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The gas pseudopressure and pseudotime have significantly improved the accuracy of the gas reservoir engineering analysis. However, the cumbersome calculations involved in evaluation of the pseudo—functions have hindered their application in gas engineering practice. This paper introduces simple analytical expressions for evaluation of the gas pseudopressure and pseudotime. The analytical expressions have been developed with aid of the polynomial regression analysis.
The polynomials provide a quick, yet accurate method of calculating gas pseudo—functions. The comparison of the values determined from the polynomials and the published values of the psuedopressure and pseudotime indicate only 0.3 percent difference. This is well within the range of accuracy for engineering analysis.
The polynomials can significantly enhance the utilization of the gas pseudo—function in gas reservoir engineering applications and the gas reservoir simulation.
Estimating the Stabilized Deliverability of a Gas Well Using the Rawlins and Schellhardt Method: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Johnston J. L. , Lee W. J. , Blasingame T. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces a direct method to use the results of Houpeurt deliverability analysis to derive the constants "C" and "n" in the Rawlins and Schellhardt gas well deliverability equation. The motivation for this effort is the need to report the results of Rawlins and Schellhardt analysis to regulatory agencies, and the widespread use of their deliverability equation by engineers. We present a detailed procedure which shows how these results can be applied to deliverability forecasting. This paper includes an illustrative example in which the new method is applied to field data from the literature. This example presents comparisons between Houpeurt and Rawlins and Schellhardt analyses and shows the correlation between the two methods.