bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stripping Chronopotentiometry and Stripping Voltammetry of Mixtures of Heavy Metal Ions Producing Close Signals: The Cd(II)‐Pb(II)‐Phthalate System
Authors: Serrano Núria , Díaz‐Cruz José Manuel , Ariño Cristina , Esteban Miquel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of the proximity of the signals of two heavy metal ions in stripping voltammetry (SV) and constant‐current stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP) is studied at mercury drop (HMDE) and mercury film (MFE) electrodes. For this purpose, the Cd(II)‐Pb(II)‐phthalate system is used, taking advantage of the approaching of the signals corresponding to Cd(II)‐phthalate and Pb(II)‐phthalate labile complexes as phthalate is added to mixtures of Cd(II) and Pb(II)‐ions. The results are compared with those obtained by differential pulse polarography (DPP) and by stripping measurements on the Pb(II)‐phthalate system alone, showing discrepancies in SCP data under nondepletive conditions and negligible differences in the other cases.
High‐order stable interpolations for immersed boundary methods
Authors: Peller Nikolaus , Duc Anne Le , Tremblay Frédéric , Manhart Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe analysis and improvement of an immersed boundary method (IBM) for simulating turbulent flows over complex geometries are presented. Direct forcing is employed. It consists in interpolating boundary conditions from the solid body to the Cartesian mesh on which the computation is performed. Lagrange and least squares high‐order interpolations are considered. The direct forcing IBM is implemented in an incompressible finite volume Navier–Stokes solver for direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large eddy simulations (LES) on staggered grids. An algorithm to identify the body and construct the interpolation schemes for arbitrarily complex geometries consisting of triangular elements is presented. A matrix stability analysis of both interpolation schemes demonstrates the superiority of least squares interpolation over Lagrange interpolation in terms of stability. Preservation of time and space accuracy of the original solver is proven with the laminar two‐dimensional Taylor–Couette flow. Finally, practicability of the method for simulating complex flows is demonstrated with the computation of the fully turbulent three‐dimensional flow in an air‐conditioning exhaust pipe. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Nickel Electrodeposition on Paraffin‐Impregnated Graphite Electrode
Authors: Strečková Magdaléna , Oriňáková Renáta , Rozik Roland , Trnková Libuše , Gálová Miriam 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to elucidate the mechanism of electrolytic deposition of Ni on paraffin‐impregnated graphite electrode (PIGE). This process is influenced by H2 evolution, which occurs in the same potential region. On the basis of the results obtained by linear and cyclic voltammetry, elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS) was used to evaluate both processes. H2 Evolution alone was studied in sulfate supporting electrolyte, and the previously suggested mechanism for this process according to Volmer–Heyrovsky was confirmed by EVLS. It was found that both the Ni2+ concentration and pH affect the polarization behavior of PIGE significantly. Two separated cathodic peaks were observed at low Ni2+ and high H+ concentrations, and the separation was better at higher scan rates. EVLS confirmed the most‐probable mechanism of Ni deposition as being controlled by slow transfer of the first electron under formation of [NiOH]+ as an intermediate. EVLS also indicated slow reduction of H+ preceding the reduction of Ni2+. The same was confirmed by studying the anodic dissolution at different switching potentials. The results were complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
A New Approach to Sesquiterpene Arenes of the 9,11‐Drimenyl Type (= [(1E,2RS,4aRS,8aRS)‐Octahydro‐2,5,5,8a‐tetramethylnaphthalen‐1(2H)‐ylidene] methyl Type)
Authors: Bernet Andreas , Seifert Karlheinz 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new reaction sequence for the synthesis of the sesquiterpene arenes (±)‐wiedendiol B ((±)‐1) and the siphonodictyal B derivative (±)‐ 21 consists in the coupling of (±)‐drimanoyl chloride ((±)‐3) with lithiated and appropriately substituted aromatic synthons to furnish the ketones (±)‐7 and (±)‐17 which were reduced to the benzyl alcohols (±)‐8a,b and (±)‐18a,b, respectively (Schemes 5, 4, and 12). The 9,11‐double bond of the drimenes (±)‐9 and (±)‐19 was formed by elimination of H2O from the benzyl alcohols (±)‐8a,b and (±)‐18a,b (Schemes 6 and 12). New alternatives were applied to this elimination reaction involving either the pyridine ⋅ SO3 complex or chloral as reagents.
Nutrigenomics—new approaches for human nutrition research
Authors: Roche Helen M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFood intake and nutrient exposure are key environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis and progression of the common polygenic, diet‐related diseases. An individual's phenotype represents a complex interaction between the human genome and environmental factors during an individual's lifetime. This review explores the concept that there is a dynamic, two‐way interaction between nutrition and the human genome which determines gene expression, the metabolic response and an individual's health status. It addresses the relevance of new high‐throughput genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic technologies within human nutrition research. Common, polygenic, diet‐related diseases (CVD, obesity, T2DM, etc.) reflect multiple genetic variants interacting with numerous environmental factors, each combination making a relatively small contribution to overall cellular homeostasis, whole body metabolism and health. This review highlights the value of a nutrigenomics‐based systems biology approach to understanding human nutrition and identifying new biomarkers of nutrition and health. The challenge will be to develop and apply robust nutritional genomics research initiatives that are sensitive enough to take account of both human genetic heterogeneity and diverse nutrient exposure. If nutrigenomic approaches enhance our understanding of human nutrition at the molecular level, then it may be possible to apply a more targeted and effective personalized nutrition approach to attenuate the effect of risk factors associated with diet‐related diseases. Indeed it could be proposed that a personalized nutrition approach may assist in improving the effectiveness of dietary guidelines/recommendations in general. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Purification of major glucosinolates from Brassicaceae seeds and preparation of isothiocyanate and amine metabolites
Authors: Song Lijiang , Iori Renato , Thornalley Paul J 
Published: April 2006

AbstractConsumption of Brassica vegetables containing glucosinolates is associated with decreased risk of cancer at several tissue sites. Studies of the relative potency and metabolism of the major dietary isothiocyanates have been hindered by limited availability of high‐purity isothiocyanates and their glucosinolate precursors. We describe a simple procedure for the preparation of glucosinolates sinigrin, gluconapin, progoitrin, glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucoalyssin and gluconasturtiin from vegetable seeds. Glucosinolates were extracted from the seeds of mustard, oilseed, broccoli, cauliflower and winter cress. Purification by preparative anion exchange and reversed‐phase column chromatography gave the pure glucosinolates. Good separation was achieved without using ion‐pair reagents. Related isothiocyanates and amine degradation products were prepared by myrosinase‐catalysed hydrolysis of the corresponding glucosinolate and by organic synthesis, respectively. The compounds were characterized by analytical HPLC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. Optimized conditions for detection and quantitation of these glucosinolates and metabolites by LC‐MS/MS are also given. Large‐scale glucosinolate preparation could be performed, giving amounts suitable for pharmacological evaluation in vivo. These methods will facilitate studies of the pharmacological activity and metabolism of dietary glucosinolates. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Experiences with the COPM and client‐centred practice in adult neurorehabilitation in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Ya‐Hsin , Rodger Sylvia , Polatajko Helene 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe application of a client‐centred approach and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) were investigated in a neurorehabilitation unit in Taiwan. Four Taiwanese occupational therapists were trained in the use of client‐centred practice and the COPM before using them with 12 clients attending neurorehabilitation. The COPM and the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNL) were administered before treatment and after one month of neurorehabilitation to investigate the sensitivity of the COPM in measuring change. Pre and post interviews were also conducted with the participating occupational therapists to ascertain their perceptions of the clinical utility of the COPM, and to determine their views about the client‐centred approach. Matched t‐tests showed significant increases in clients' self‐ratings of performance and satisfaction on the COPM and in RNL scores between pre and post tests. The qualitative findings highlighted issues regarding the administration, scoring and identification of problems in the COPM and client‐centred practice, such as clients' willingness to manage their own health care and empowerment to participate in intervention, as well as therapists' knowledge of and confidence with this new approach. Although this study was limited by small sample size and the use of only one hospital neurorehabilitation unit, it has shown the utility of the COPM as an outcome measure in this setting. Further research is warranted to investigate cultural influences on client‐centred practice. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Performance of school‐aged children on a Chinese handwriting speed test
Authors: Tseng Mei Hui , Hsueh I‐Ping 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSlow handwriting speed is one of the major problems encountered by school‐aged children having handwriting difficulties. These children are often referred to occupational therapists for assessment and intervention. However, to date, no norms of handwriting speed have been published for the Chinese writing system for school‐aged children. The purpose of this study was to document handwriting speed performance of Chinese children from Grades 2 to 6. The results of this study will provide occupational therapists with an objective guideline when screening children who have handwriting speed problems. Participants were 1525 children from Grades 2 to 6 from three elementary schools in the Taipei area. Participants were asked to copy texts from a Chinese textbook that they had studied in the second semester of the first grade. The test lasted for five minutes. Results showed that handwriting speed increased with age; and the rate of increase was found to be greatest among Grades 2, 3, and 4. Furthermore, girls wrote faster than boys in Grades 3, 4, and 5. This study's baseline data on handwriting speed for the Chinese writing system provide further substantial information for future research and clinical practice. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A physiotherapy test package for assessing back and neck dysfunction — discriminative ability for patients versus healthy control subjects
Authors: Ljungquist Therese , Fransson Britt , Harms‐Ringdahl Karin , Björnham Åke , Nygren Åke 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and PurposeA physiotherapy test package of 10 tests designed for assessing dysfunction due to back or neck pain was tested for its ability to discriminate between back‐ or neck‐pain sufferers and healthy control subjects. Twenty‐seven patients and 26 healthy control subjects participated in the study.MethodFifteen patients suffering from back or neck pain and 15 matched healthy control subjects were assessed using the package to compare the results between the groups. The results from a further 12 back‐ or neck‐pain sufferers and 11 unmatched healthy control subjects were analysed with respect to sensitivity and specificity, cluster formation and correlation with ratings of pain and perceived exertion.ResultsThe differences in the test results for the patients and the matched healthy control subjects were highly significant in all variables but one. High sensitivity for cut‐off points of clinical relevance was found in all variables but one, whereas specificity was moderate in most variables.ConclusionsDespite the small sample size, the significant differences between patients and healthy control subjects, with the sensitivity and specificity figures, suggest that the content validity of the test package is satisfactory. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Analysis of antiretroviral immunotherapy trials with potentially non‐normal and incomplete longitudinal data
Authors: Mogg Robin , Mehrotra Devan V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor many HIV‐infected patients, use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in a sustained suppression of plasma viral load to undetectable levels. However, due to lack of antigenic stimulation, this may also result in a gradual loss of cell‐mediated immune (CMI) responses that help control HIV infection. In concept, augmenting ART with periodic administrations of an HIV vaccine that boosts CMI responses could enhance control of viral replication. Researchers are designing ‘antiretroviral immunotherapy’ (ARI) trials to test this hypothesis. In a typical ARI trial, HIV‐infected patients with sustained viral suppression will receive inoculations of an experimental HIV vaccine or a placebo, and subsequently stop taking their antiretroviral drugs. The goal is to assess whether plasma viral loads during the ART interruption phase are generally lower in the vaccine group. Assessment of a vaccine effect will be challenging if some subjects resume ART or drop out before the end of the treatment interruption phase. To tackle this ‘missing’ data problem and potential non‐normality of the viral loads in ARI trials, we propose a two‐step approach: multiple imputation of the missing values followed by use of the Wei–Lachin method with Wilcoxon scores. We use a numerical example and extensive simulations to illustrate the robustness and power advantages of our proposed method compared with other methods for incomplete longitudinal data, including REML, weighted GEE, last observation carried forward, and ‘worst‐rank’ methods. Our proposed method is general enough for the robust analysis of longitudinal data in other therapeutic areas as well. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic Lateral Approach Thyroid Lobectomy: Safe Evolution from Endoscopic Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Sebag F. , Palazzo F.F. , Harding J. , Sierra M. , Ippolito G. , Henry J.F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionEndoscopic thyroid surgery has been shown to be feasible. Most minimal access procedures have been performed via a midline approach. Based on our experience of more than 500 endoscopic parathyroidectomies via a lateral approach we have used the same method for thyroid lobectomy.MethodsWe present our experience of endoscopic thyroid lobectomy via a lateral approach (ETLA) and review of the results over a 1‐year period (2004). Inclusion criteria for ETLA were (1) solitary nodule with atypical/suspicious fine–needle biopsy (FNB) or solitary toxic nodule; (2) lesions with a diameter of <3 cm. Patients with a history of previous neck surgery or radiation exposure were excluded. All patients underwent postoperative vocal cord checks and plasma calcium evaluation.ResultsA total of 742 thyroid procedures were performed during 2004. Among them, 38 patients (5.1%) underwent ETLA. Indications for surgery were suspicious FNB results (36 patients) and a toxic nodule (2 patients). Mean nodule size was 19.2 mm. Mean ± SD operating time was 102 ± 27 minutes. All recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified (including one that was nonrecurrent). Of the 38 patients, the superior parathyroid gland was identified in 36 and the inferior parathyroid gland in 33. There were two conversions due to difficulty with the dissection. Two operations were converted because malignancy was diagnosed on frozen section examination. Two patients underwent a delayed completion thyroidectomy when definitive histology necessitated it. There were no permanent operative complications, and all patients were discharged on the first postoperative day.ConclusionsETLA offers excellent intraoperative visualization of the vital structures and is a safe alternative to conventional thyroid lobectomy in selected cases.
PROPORTIONALITY AND VARIABLE INTENSITY OF REVIEW
Authors: Rivers Julian 
Published: April 2006

ARTICLES 29 and 30 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights contain a series of limitations to human rights. Article 29(2) states:In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
Flow in a channel with pulsating walls
Authors: Secomb T. W. 
Published: April 2006

In this paper calculations are made of the two-dimensional flow field of an incompressible viscous fluid in a long parallel-sided channel whose walls pulsate in a prescribed way. The study covers all values of the unsteadiness parameter α and the steady-streaming Reynolds number. The wall motion is, in general, assumed to be of small amplitude and sinusoidal. Particular attention is given to the steady component of the flow at second order in the amplitude parameter ε. The results for the corresponding problem in axisymmetric geometry are given in an appendix.Next the following problem is considered: the calculation of the wall motion which will result, in response to prescribed unsteady pressures imposed at the ends of the channel and outside its walls, if the walls are assumed to respond elastically to variations in transmural pressure. It is found that the system has a natural frequency of oscillation, and that resonance will occur if this frequency is close to a multiple of the frequency of the external pressure fluctuations. Finally the preceding work is applied in a discussion of blood flow in the coronary arteries of large mammals.
Acoustic emulsification. Part 1. The instability of the oil-water interface to form the initial droplets
Authors: Li M. K. , Fogler H. S. 
Published: April 2006

A technique has been developed to study the phenomenon of ultrasonic emulsification in which oil is dispersed as a fine suspension into water at 20 kHz. It was found that the emulsification takes place in two stages. In the first stage, oil droplets of the order of 70 μm are formed from the instability of interfacial waves. In the second stage these large droplets are successively broken into small droplets by cavitation until a stable droplet size is reached. In this paper, the criterion for the instability of the interfacial waves is developed from a linearized stability analysis of the planar oil-water interface exposed to acoustic excitation. The characteristic droplet diameter produced by the instability is related to the induced capillary wavelength at the interface.The amplitude of the ultrasonic transducer and the theoretical amplitude of vibration necessary for the instability of the interfacial waves were found to be in agreement. In addition, the sizes of the large droplets present in the suspension systems at short irradiation times agree closely with the predicted droplet diameters.
Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed. Part 1. The sand-silt river
Authors: Parker Gary 
Published: April 2006

Rivers and canals with perimeters composed of non-cohesive sand and silt have self-formed active beds and banks. They thus provide a most interesting fluid flow problem, for which one must determine the container as well as the flow. If bed load alone occurs across the perimeter of a wide channel, gravity will pull particles down the lateral slope of the banks; bank erosion is accomplished and the channel widens. In order to maintain equilibrium, this export of material from the banks must be countered by an import of sediment from the channel centre.The mechanism postulated for this import is lateral diffusion of suspended sediment, which overloads the flow near the banks and causes deposition. The model is formulated analytically with the aid of a series of approximate but reasonable assumptions. Singular perturbation techniques are used to define the channel geometry and obtain rational regime relations for straight channels. A comparison with data lends credence to the model.It is hoped that a first step has been made towards a more general treatment, which would include various complicating factors that are important features of natural rivers but are not essential to the maintenance of channel width. Among these factors are meandering, sediment sorting and seepage.
Unsteady vortical and entropic distortions of potential flows round arbitrary obstacles
Authors: Goldstein M. E. 
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with small amplitude vortical and entropic unsteady motions imposed on steady potential flows. Its main purpose is to show that, even in this unsteady compressible and vortical flow, the perturbations in pressure p’ and velocity u can be written as p’ = ρ0D0ϕ/Dt and u = ϕ + u(I) respectively, where D0/Dt is the convective derivative relative to the mean potential flow, u(I) is a known function of the imposed upstream disturbance and ϕ is a solution to the linear inhomogeneous wave equation
\[
\frac{D_0}{Dt}\bigg(\frac{1}{c^2_0}\frac{D_0\phi}{Dt}\bigg)-\frac{1}{\rho_0}\nabla\cdot(\rho_0\nabla\phi)=\frac{1}{\rho_0}\nabla\cdot\rho_0{\bf u}^{(I)}
\]
with a dipole source term ρ0−1 [xdtri ]ρ0u(I) whose strength ρ0u(I) is a known function of the imposed upstream distortion field. (Here c0 and ρ0 denote the speed of sound and density of the background potential flow.) This equation is used to extend Hunt's (1973) generalization of the ‘rapid-distortion’ theory of turbulence developed by Batchelor & Proudman (1954) and Ribner & Tucker (1953). These theories predict changes occurring in weakly turbulent flows that are distorted (by solid obstacles and other external influences) in a time short relative to the Lagrangian integral scale.The theory is applied to the unsteady supersonic flow around a corner and a closed-form analytical solution is obtained. Detailed calculations are carried out to show how the expansion at the corner affects a turbulent incident stream.