bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherited gynaecological cancer syndromes
Authors: Devlin Lisa A , Morrison Patrick J 
Published: January 2008

Key content

Gynaecological cancer can be inherited in a mendelian fashion as part of a cancer susceptibility syndrome.
Identification of ‘genetic cancer’ is essential so that cancer surveillance can be implemented or prophylactic surgery carried out in at‐risk family members.
Molecular screening is time consuming and expensive and must be targeted at families who are likely to harbour a molecular defect.
Cancer surveillance is still recommended in moderate to high‐risk families who have not had a molecular defect identified.
A germline mutation in a BRCA or mismatch repair gene has been approved for preimplantation genetic diagnosis by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

Learning objectives

To learn about the main cancer susceptibility syndromes associated with gynaecological cancer.
To learn when to refer women.
To learn about the molecular testing available.
To learn about the cancer risks associated with germline mutations in BRCA and mismatch repair genes.
To learn about the options available to those with a germline mutation in a cancer susceptibility gene, showing high penetrance for particular types of cancer.

Ethical issues

The results of an individual's genetic test have implications for all family members.
Genetic testing has implications with regard to insurance policies.

Please cite this article as: Devlin LA, Morrison PJ. Inherited gynaecological cancer syndromes. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:9–15.
Recurrent urinary tract infection in gynaecological practice
Authors: Harris Neil , Teo Roderick , Mayne Christopher , Tincello Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Key content

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the result of interaction between host defences and bacterial pathogenic mechanisms.
Recurrent UTI can be associated with urinary tract abnormalities.
Urinary tract imaging is useful in a minority of women to identify pathological, structural or functional abnormalities.
Adequate fluid intake, topical estrogens and prophylactic antibiotics can be useful in the management of recurrent infections.
Symptoms often reappear despite adequate treatment.

Learning objectives

To understand the pathogenesis of recurrent UTI in women.
To appreciate the value and limitations of urinary tract imaging.
To develop an appropriate management strategy.

Ethical issues

Women with dipstick haematuria, but without bacteriological confirmation of a UTI, should be referred for urological evaluation.
There is no evidence that the risk of altering antibiotic resistance patterns through the use of prophylactic antibiotics outweighs the advantage of reducing UTI in susceptible individuals.

Please cite this article as: Harris N, Teo R, Mayne C, Tincello D. Recurrent urinary tract infection in gynaecological practice. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:17–21.
Contraception in the under‐16s: issues of confidentiality and choice of methods
Authors: Vanhegan Gillian 
Published: January 2008

Key content

The rate of teenage pregnancy in Britain is the highest in Europe.
Long‐acting reversible methods of contraception are highly suitable for young women, including under‐16s.
Fraser competence must be established in under‐16s.
It is essential that consultations are confidential and ‘young people‐friendly’.

Learning objectives

To learn about the current statistics for teenage pregnancy in the UK.
To understand how to deliver information on contraception in a manner acceptable to young women.
To learn about the range of contraceptive methods available to young women and their suitability.
To learn how to hold a user‐friendly consultation with a teenager.

Ethical issues

Doctors often see sexually active teenagers without their parents' knowledge and are required to provide them with information about contraception.
Can informed consent be obtained from a very young woman for administration of an invasive method of contraception?
An awareness of local child protection policies is important.

Please cite this article as: Vanhegan G. Contraception in the under‐16s: issues of confidentiality and choice of methods. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:22–26.
NHS Connecting for Health and the National Programme for Information Technology
Authors: Khong Su‐Yen , Currie Ian , Eccles Simon 
Published: January 2008

Key content

NHS Connecting for Health aims to introduce modern computer systems into the National Health Service (NHS) nationally to integrate patient care.
The NHS Care Records Service (NHS CRS) comprises national (the ‘Spine’) and local databases.
The maternity Do Once and Share (DOAS) programme looks specifically at the needs of maternity units through locally based action teams.

Learning objectives

To understand how engagement with clinicians and representatives from the RCOG will be paramount in the successful development of the National Programme for Information Technology (NPfIT) in maternity care.
To learn about the Secondary Uses Service (SUS), which uses anonymous patient data to study public health trends, efficacy of treatments and planning of NHS needs.

Ethical issues

What concerns will there be regarding breach in patient confidentiality with accessibility to electronic health records, particularly in obstetrics and gynaecology?

Please cite this article as: Khong S‐Y, Currie I, Eccles S. NHS Connecting for Health and the National Programme for Information Technology. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:27–32.
Congenital abnormalities: failure to detect and treat
Authors: Loughna Pamela 
Published: January 2008

Key content

Not all congenital abnormalities can be detected by routine screening.
The primary reason for litigation in this area is failure to offer termination of pregnancy as a result of failure to diagnose a problem.

Learning objectives

To be aware that prenatal screening for anomalies is not restricted to screening for trisomy 21.
To be aware of the limitations of the current UK screening programme.
To be aware that difficulties encountered in achieving a satisfactory screening test must be recorded and the mother informed.

Ethical issues

Prenatal diagnosis is not a ‘seek‐and‐destroy’ mission.
Optimum management may, however, include termination of pregnancy.

Please cite this article as: Loughna P. Congenital abnormalities: failure to detect and treat. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:33–37.
Recent developments in HIV and women's health
Authors: Kelly Brenda , Morrison Joanne , Hurley Pauline 
Published: January 2008

Key content

In the UK, the proportion of HIV‐positive pregnant women diagnosed before delivery is around 95%.
The benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in reducing mother‐to‐child transmission are undisputed; however, there are potentially adverse effects on maternal and fetal/neonatal health.
Vaginal delivery may be considered for HIV‐positive pregnant women with undetectable viral loads who are on HAART.
Hormonal contraception can be affected by drug–drug interactions with HAART or nonantiretroviral medication that HIV‐positive women may be taking.
Although HAART can alter the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), annual cervical cytology is still recommended.

Learning objectives

To be aware of the different types of HAART, their use and associated maternal, fetal and neonatal toxicities.
To be able to critically evaluate the place of prelabour elective caesarean section in light of recent developments in viral load testing and HAART.
To be aware of potential drug–drug interactions that can reduce the efficacy of hormonal contraception in HIV‐positive women.
To appreciate the potential impact of HAART and the recently developed human papillomavirus vaccines on the natural history of CIN in HIV‐positive women.
To know where to find up‐to‐date information on drug–drug interactions and clinical vaccine trials relating to HIV.

Ethical issues

Clear communication about the potential risks and benefits of strategies to reduce mother‐to‐child transmission is critical to enable HIV‐positive pregnant women to reach informed decisions about their care.

Please cite this article as: Kelly B, Morrison J, Hurley P. Recent developments in HIV and women's health. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:42–48.
Studies on the exchange and dipolar couplings in Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe
Authors: Joseyphus R. Justin , Narayanasamy A. , Varga L. K. , Jeyadevan B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The exchange coupling between Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe phases is investigated for Nd10Fe85B5 and Nd11Fe80B9 melt spun ribbons. The exchange coupling is present in Nd10Fe85B5 ribbons when the grain size of the α-Fe phase is as high as 30 nm due to better inter-grain interaction. The exchange coupling is enhanced when the exchange length increases due to the reduction in the value of magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant which is verified by δM measurements at various temperatures. The as-spun nanocomposite ribbons show both exchange and dipolar couplings, whereas annealing results in an increase in the strength of the exchange coupling due to the removal of grain boundary anisotropy as demonstrated from δM studies.
In-situ reaction synthesis and decomposition of Ta2AlC
Authors: Hu Chunfeng , Zhang Jie , Bao Yiwang , Wang Jingyang , Li Meishuan , Zhou Yanchun 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDense bulk Ta2AlC ceramic was fabricated by in-situ reaction/hot pressing of Ta, Al and C powders. The reaction path and effects of initial composition on the purity were investigated. It was found that Ta2AlC formed through the reactions between AlTa2and graphite, or between Ta5Al3C, TaC and graphite at 1500–1550°C. By modifying the molar ratio of the initial Ta, Al, and C powders, single-phase Ta2AlC was prepared at 1550°C under an Ar atmosphere with an optimized composition of Ta: Al: C = 2: 1.2: 0.9. The lattice parameter and a new set of X-ray diffraction data of Ta2AlC were obtained. In addition, Ta2AlC was reported unstable above 1600°C and decomposed to Ta4AlC3, and then to TaCx.
Practical aspects and implications of interfaces in glass-ceramics: a review
Authors: Davis Mark J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Glass-ceramics, prepared from the crystallization of interface-free, homogeneous glass, offer a unique perspective to study the influence of interfaces owing to the controlled manner in which interfaces (grain boundaries) can be introduced into the material. This review begins by considering the kinetics of interface development, itself strongly influenced by surface energetics. We then take up mechanical properties, the increase of which over that of their glassy precursors remains a cornerstone of what makes glass-ceramics desirable. Here, the role of the interface, both between crystals and, in some cases, within crystals (e. g., twin planes), serve to provide multiple ways in which to produce tough and strong materials. Hermetic crystal – glass interfaces are probably the rule in most glass-ceramics, rather than the exception, and are well demonstrated by several systems. Crystal clamping – the process by which crystals surrounded by residual glass in a glass-ceramic undergo stress due to coefficient of thermal expansion mismatches or by the inability of the crystal to go through a polymorphic transition upon cooling – has now been demonstrated in a number of studies with calculated stresses reaching 1 GPa. Electrical property studies of multi-phase glass-ceramics have shown the wide variety of phenomena possible with these materials, although more detailed studies will be necessary to fully understand the complex interplay between crystals, grain boundaries, space-charge regions, and residual glass. Light scattering is one of the more important implications of interfaces in glass-ceramics and quantitative approaches are more and more used to characterize this often unwanted feature. Concluding this review, we attempt to address four key questions that seek to extract those features of interfaces in glass-ceramics that have been application-enabling, require additional understanding and, finally, which might point a way towards new applications in the future.
A new theoretical equation for temperature dependent self-diffusion coefficients of pure liquid metals
Authors: Kaptay George 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A unified equation on the viscosity of pure liquid metals (published recently by the author) is combined with the well-known Sutherland – Einstein equation to obtain a new equation for the temperature dependence of the self-diffusion coefficients of pure liquid metals. The equation does not contain new adjustable parameters. It reproduces perfectly the experimental values, measured under micro-gravity conditions for liquid Sn, Pb, In and Sb. The experimental data, obtained under normal gravity conditions appear to be equal or somewhat higher than those calculated from the present model. This is explained by the effect of gravity induced convection in the liquid.
Microstructural characteristics and elevated temperature wear of Ti-11Si-16Al alloy
Authors: Zhan Yongzhong , Wang Ying , Ma Jianbo , He Linbin , Yu Zhengwen , Xie Haofeng 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The microstructural characteristics and elevated temperature wear behavior of a Ti-11Si-16Al alloy have been investigated, compared with the as-cast Al-free Ti – Si eutectic alloy. Experimental results show that addition of 16 at.% Al greatly modifies the microstructure by forming near-equiaxed Ti5Si3, rod-like Ti3Al and rosette-like eutectic cells distributing on a continuous α-Ti (Al, Si) solid solution phase. Therefore, mechanical properties such as Vickers' hardness, elastic modulus and strength are significantly improved. In-situ hot pressing and sintering of the hybrid oxide particles form a compact-and-hard glaze layer on the worn surface of the alloy. It has protective effects on the Ti-11Si-16Al specimen by relieving oxygen diffusion, alleviating rubbing of the counterpart and providing a solid lubricant effect with the hybrid oxide particles. This effectively improves the elevated temperature wear resistance and friction stability.
Solute transport and phase composition in an Al–Mg–Si alloy solidified under conditions of forced flow
Authors: Turchin A. N. , Eskin D. G. , Pool J. , Belov N. A. , Katgerman L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The objective of the present work was to study the effects of forced flow on solute transport and associated phase composition in an Al – Mg – Si alloy. Possible solidification paths were calculated using Thermo-Calc from macrosegregation patterns obtained for the experimental alloy solidified in the melt velocity range between 0.14 m s−1 and 0.44 m s−1. The comparison of the calculated and experimentally observed phase compositions showed good agreement. In order to reveal the microstructural features and to identify the phases present, metallographic analysis in combination with electron-probe analysis and X-ray measurements was extensively used.
Effect of solidification microstructure and Ca additions on creep strength of magnesium alloy AZ91 processed by Thixomolding
Authors: Eibisch Harald , Lohmüller Andreas , Kömpel Natalie , Singer Robert F. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The compressive creep behaviour of AZ91 processed by Thixomolding with varying solid phase content (2–45%) was investigated. It can be shown that with increasing solid phase content the creep rate at 150°C is reduced by a factor of 3–10. The results can be rationalised in terms of a grain size effect. The solid phase (primary α-Mg phase solidified prior to mould filling) is relatively coarse (40 μm), i. e. the average grain size increases significantly when the material is processed in the semi-solid regime. Grain boundary sliding which is known to contribute significantly to creep deformation depends on the grain size.
The creep rate of high pressure die cast material is found to be similar to thixomolded material. The high pressure die cast materials although nominally processed in the fully liquid regime, contains pre-solidified coarse primary α-Mg phase as well. The coarse solid phase particles are formed early in the process when the melt cools rapidly in the shot sleeve.
AZ91 with Ca-additions up to 5 wt.% were prepared using a newly developed second feeding system that allows the addition of a second sort of granules to the screw in parallel to the main feed. As expected, Ca increases the creep strength very significantly. The reasons for this increase will be discussed.
Evidence of α → ω phase transition in titanium after high pressure torsion
Authors: Ivanisenko Yulia , Kilmametov Askar , Rösner Harald , Valiev Ruslan Z. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
It is well known that a high pressure ω-phase is formed in Ti at high pressures in the range between 2 and 8 GPa. This martensitic-type transformation demonstrates very large hysteresis, and hence the ω-phase can be retained in the material after release of pressure. Additionally, applied shear stresses are known to facilitate the α → ω transformation. This paper describes an investigation on the ω-phase formation after high pressure torsion under a wide range of pressures and shear strains by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. We show that the ω-phase forms in Ti upon high pressure torsion deformation after 300 s under a pressure of 3 GPa. This suggests that the transformation kinetics are notably increased as compared with the kinetics of pressure-induced transformation.
Magnetic hardening mechanism of PrCo5-based ribbons with C addition prepared by melt spinning
Authors: Zhang W. Y. , Yang B. , Stoica M. , Shen J. , Shen B. G. , Eckert J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The effect of C addition on texture, phase formation, and magnetic properties of PrCo5 – x
C
x
(x = 0–0.5) ribbons has been examined. C addition does not favor the formation of (200) texture perpendicular to the ribbon plane for the ribbons spun at 5 m s−1. As x increases, the fraction of PrC2 nonmagnetic phase increases, which enhances the resistance of domain wall movement and thus leads to an obvious coercivity increase in the specimens. The increase in the wheel speed further strengthens the beneficial effect of C addition on the magnetic properties of the PrCo5-based ribbons. When the wheel speed is increased to 25 m s−1, the coercivity and the energy product of the ribbons increase from 1.6 kOe and 1.6 MGOe to 6.7 kOe and 4.3 MGOe with the increase of x from 0 to 0.5. Simultaneously, the coercivity mechanism changes from the reverse domain nucleation type to the domain wall pinning type.
Wear and corrosion properties of nanocrystalline coatings on stainless steel produced by plasma electrolytic nitrocarburizing
Authors: Taheri Peyman , Dehghanian Changiz 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Plasma nitrocarburizing was applied to AISI 316L stainless steel substrates using an electrolytic plasma technique, based on a dielectric barrier discharge created during cathodic saturation in an aqueous electrolyte. The samples were biased cathodically with a direct current high voltage. The wear resistance of the treated samples was evaluated using a pin-on-disk wear testing method. Results indicate that the resultant hardened nitrocarburized layers exhibited excellent abrasive wear resistance. Investigation of the wear characteristics showed that the magnitude of weight loss and the wear mechanisms strongly followed from the treatment experimental parameters. Additionally, in order to evaluate the corrosion properties of the layers a potentiodynamic polarization test was performed on the hardened samples. Results indicated that short time as well as high treatment temperature provided a slight increase in corrosion resistance while in the case of long treatment time the corrosion resistance decreased. These changes in the properties could be attributed to the different nanocrystalline morphologies of the nitrocarburized layers.
Thermodynamic properties and elastic constants of Nd–Mg intermetallics: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Wu Yurong , Hu Wangyu 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The thermal properties and elastic constants of Nd – Mg ordered intermetallic alloys are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated results are in good agreement with the available experimental data and the first-principles data at various temperatures. The calculated elastic constants decrease as the temperature increases, which indicates that thermal softening occurs. Furthermore, the thermal volume expansion values of NdMg, NdMg2, NdMg3, Nd5Mg41 and NdMg12 are 7.26 × 10−5, 7.96 × 10−5, 7.54 × 10−5, 8.29 × 10−5, and 8.02 × 10−5 K−1, respectively, at 298 K. The results indicate that among those intermediate phases, the interatomic force of NdMg is the strongest, and the melting point of the phase is the highest, which is also proved by bulk modulus. In addition, the heat capacities of NdMg, NdMg2, NdMg3, Nd5Mg41 and NdMg12 are 23.46, 23.32, 23.48, 23.38 and 23.40 J mol−1 K−1, respectively, at 298 K.
Dust Separation
Authors: Schmidt Eberhard 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Evaluation of Dust Collection Equipment

3.

Centrifugal Collectors (Cyclones)

3.1.

General

3.2.

Mode of Operation and Basic Designs

3.3.

Design Calculations

3.3.1.

Collection Efficiency

3.3.2.

Pressure Drop

3.4.

Operating Characteristics

4.

Scrubbers

4.1.

General

4.2.

Mode of Operation and Basic Designs

4.3.

Design Calculations

4.3.1.

Collection Efficiency

4.3.2.

Pressure Drop

4.4.

Droplet Separators

5.

Filters

5.1.

General

5.2.

Fibrous Filters (Deep‐Bed Filters)

5.2.1.

Mode of Operation and Basic Designs

5.2.2.

Design Calculations

5.2.2.1.

Collection Efficiency

5.2.2.2.

Pressure Drop

5.3.

Fabric Filters (Surface Filters)

5.3.1.

Mode of Operation

5.3.2.

Basic Designs

5.3.3.

Operating Characteristics

5.3.4.

Design Calculations

5.4.

Granular‐Bed Filters

5.4.1.

General

5.4.2.

Mode of Operation

5.4.3.

Basic Designs

5.4.4.

Design Calculations

5.4.4.1.

Collection Efficiency

5.4.4.2.

Pressure Drop

6.

Electrical Precipitators

6.1.

General

6.2.

Mode of Operation

6.2.1.

Principles

6.2.2.

Charging of Particles

6.2.3.

Effect of Dust Resistivity

6.3.

Basic Designs

6.4.

Design Calculations