bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rising pandemic of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities
Authors: Kramer M. 
Published: August 2007

Prevalence rates of mental disorders, hypertensive disease, cerebrovascular disease and other chronic conditions are increasing throughout the world. Two mechanisms are responsible for this situation: the large relative increases that are occurring in the number of persons in age groups at high risk for developing these conditions; and the increase in average duration of chronic diseases resulting from the successful application of techniques for arresting their fatal complications and prolonging the lives of affected individuals. In the absence of effective techniques for reducing incidence, the prevalence of such diseases will continue to increase.The chronic mental disorders and conditions related to them are used to illustrate the manner in which these mechanisms are operating. Data are presented to demonstrate the increases likely to occur between 1975 and 2000 in the number of persons with these conditions in the more and less developed regions of the world and in selected countries.These findings set new priorities for future epidemiologic research. Emphasis must be placed on discovering the preventable causes of the conditions which are increasing in prevalence.
Some clinical aspects of criminology: A study of criminal psychiatrie patients at the Lantoro Psychiatrie Institution
Authors: Odejide A. O. 
Published: August 2007

Mentally ill criminals at Lantoro Institution (an annex of Aro Neuropsychiatric long‐stay Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria) were studied. Thirty‐six (67.9 %) of the 53 patients had committed homicide while 11 (20.7 %) had been involved in other offences against the person. Forty (75.5 %) of the 53 patients were diagnosed as schizophrenic patients with the paranoid subtypes predominating. All the 10 epileptics had committed homicide whereas the few cases of organic psychosis had committed less grievous offences such as disorderly behaviour and stealing.In comparison with the civil (voluntary) admissions to the institution, a greater percentage of the involuntary patients (mentally ill criminals) were found to have lost social contacts especially with their key relatives. Some of the factors thought to be responsible for this phenomenon were the long duration of hospitalization and the social implications of the offences committed. Measures for rehabilitating the mentally ill criminals in Nigeria were suggested.
Age distribution of patients with delirium tremens in Denmark 1836–1978
Authors: Kramp P. , Hemmingsen R. 
Published: August 2007

The age of Danish delirium tremens (DT) patients in five different time periods – 1836, 1897, 1954–60, 1961 and 1978 – was compared. The age distribution of DT patients was very similar in the 1836‐, 1897‐ and 1978‐studies, about half of the patients were below the age of 40. The studies from the middle of this century differ remarkably from this, only 10–15% of the patients were below the age of 40 in these two studies. Similar changes in the age of DT patients seemingly have occurred in other countries. The similarity in the age distribution of DT patients in the last century and today may suggest that independently of many other factors young persons excessively drinking alcohol have a greater risk of developing a DT than have older alcohol‐abusing persons. The alcohol consumption of the general population and the incidence of DT have been found to correlate. The high mean age of DT patients in the 1950's could be explained by the low alcohol consumption – and thereby the low incidence of DT – in this period, which in turn gives a decreasing number of DT patients; the largest decrease would occur in the most sensitive group – the young alcoholics – causing an increasing age maximum of the patients.The age distribution of DT patients in the various materials has been corrected according to changes in the age distribution of the general population during the 150 years investigated. These corrections did not change the main conclusion: independently of a series of social, health and environmental factors young alcohol‐abusing persons are especially prone to develop a DT. Finally, some possible explanations of this phenomenon are suggested.
Sulpiride and the role of dopaminergic receptor blockade in the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptics
Authors: Memo M. , Battaini F. , Pano P. F. , Trabucchi M. 
Published: August 2007

It is now generally recognized that dopamine receptors exist in the CNS as different subtypes: D1 receptors, associated with adenylyl cyclase activity, and D2 receptor, uncoupled to a cyclic AMP generating system. In order to understand the role of D1 and D2 receptors in the antipsychotic action of neuroleptics, we have performed subchronic treatment with haloperidol, a drug which acts on D2 receptors, and sulpiride, a selective antagonist to D2 receptors.Long‐term treatment with haloperidol does not induce significant supersensitivity of the D2 receptors. In fact under these conditions 3H‐(‐)‐sulpiride binding, which is a marker of D2 receptor function, does not increase in rat striatum, while the long‐term administration of sulpiride itself produces supersensitivity of D2 receptors. Moreover, sulpiride does not induce supersensitivity of the D1 receptors, characterized by 3H‐spiroperidol binding.These data suggest that both types of dopamine receptors may be involved in the clinical antipsychotic effects of neuroleptics.Unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway produces an increase of striatal dopaminergic receptors, measured either by 3H‐spiroperidol and 3H‐(‐)‐sulpiride binding. These findings suggest that D1 and D2 receptors are present in postsynaptic membranes while it is still not known whether they exist in the same cellular elements.
Similarities and differences in the approach of R. M. Reitan and A. R. Luria
Authors: Diamant J. J. 
Published: August 2007

The approaches of Reitan and Luria to the brain‐behaviour relationships are compared in ternis of the dichotomies between clinical neuropsychology and behavioural neurology, indirect inference and direct inference, standard approach and flexible approach.The underlying neuropsychological models of Halstead and Reitan and of Luria are confronted. The outcomes of a pilot study comparing the results of the Halstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNTB) and Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation (LNI) in Christensen's version are briefly mentioned.The possibilities of an integration of these two approaches are discussed and a step approach to the neuropsychological assessment described.
Pre‐ and postsynaptic effects of zimelidine and norzimelidine on the serotoninergic system: single cell studies in the rat
Authors: Montigny C. De , Blier P. , Caillé G. , Kouassi E. 
Published: August 2007

The pre‐ and postsynaptic effects of zimelidine and norzimelidine were studied in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The potency of the presynaptic effect was estimated from their ability to depress the rate of firing of serotonin (5‐HT)‐containing raphe neurons. Chronic administration of tricyclic antidepressant drugs has been shown to sensitize forebrain postsynaptic 5‐HT receptors. The effect of zimelidine on these receptors was compared to that of saline and chlorimipramine by assessing the responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal cells to microiontophoretic applications of 5‐HT, norepinephrine (NE) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA).Consistent with their known 5‐HT reuptake blocking property, acute intravenous administration of zimelidine and norzimelidine depressed the firing rate of 5‐HT‐containing dorsal raphe neurons. ED50 of zimelidine and norzimelidine were respectively 1.1 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg.Chronic administration of zimelidine (5 and 10 mg/kg, q.d. for 14 days) did not modify the responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal cells to iontophoretic applications of 5‐HT, NE and GABA, whereas chlorimipramine (5 mg/kg, q.d. for 14 days) increased selectively their sensitivity to 5‐HT.Since the antidepressant efficacy of zimelidine is well documented, it is concluded that sensitization of forebrain postsynaptic 5‐HT receptors is not a prerequisite for a drug to exert an antidepressant effect. It is suggested that an enhancement of the 5‐HT‐mediated synaptic transmission might be the final effect of the various types of antidepressant treatment whether their primary effect is pre‐ or postsynaptic.
5‐HT reuptake inhibitors plus tryptophan in endogenous depression
Authors: Wålinder J. , Carlsson A. , Persson R. 
Published: August 2007

In a previous double‐blind, 3‐week study we compared the effect of clomipramine + placebo with clomipramine + tryptophan in 24 patients with endogenous depression. The patients in the latter group showed a significantly more rapid improvement than those in the former group, especially with regard to the depression‐anxiety cluster of symptoms.These results prompted us to perform a similar study in which zimelidine, a more specific inhibitor of 5‐HT reuptake, was used instead of clomipramine. In other respects the design was practically identical to that used in the previous study.Unexpectedly, tryptophan in combination with zimelidine, was not superior to placebo + zimelidine with respect to antidepressant activity. In comparison with the previous study, the antidepressant action of zimelidine showed no statistically significant difference from clomipramine. However, the patients tended to show a more prompt response after zimelidine + placebo than after clomipramine + placebo. The changes in CSF amine metabolites were likewise different in the two studies. In the two studies taken together 12 out of 49 patients showed prompt improvement within one week. This raises the question whether the therapeutic response to antidepressant drugs necessarily involves a delay as is generally assumed. Side effects were remarkably few and mild in the second study.
Comparison of peripheral anticholinergic effects of antidepressants: dry mouth
Authors: Rafaelsen O. J. , Clemmesen L. , Lund H. , Mikkelsen P. L. , Bolwig T. G. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐one healthy volunteers were given single doses of placebo or antidepressants corresponding to average daily doses of patient medications. Spontaneous whole mouth and parotid salivation was measured two, six, and ten hours after drug administration in session 1; in session 2 after ten hours.The results indicate that a subdivision of antidepressants into four groups can be made according to inhibitory effect on salivation: (a) isocarboxazide and lithium citrate with no effect, (b) zimelidine and nomifensine with slight effect, (c) imipramine oxide and mianserin with moderate effect and (d) maprotiline, nortriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, and amitriptyline with pronounced effect.Research implications and predictive value for new antidepressants are discussed.
Effects of antidepressants on cardiac function
Authors: Burgess C. D. 
Published: August 2007

Most antidepressants may affect the cardiovascular system adversely although their mode of action in causing these complications differs. They affect the cardiovascular System directly or through drug interactions. They may affect blood pressure, the inotropic state of the heart and cardiac conduction.The causes of these complications are discussed with relevance to the known action of these agents.Although serious cardiovascular complications do not occur frequently at therapeutic dosage, a knowledge of these abnormalities is essential for safe prescribing. After overdose many of these agents may prove lethal.
Tryptophan malabsorption in dementia. Improvement in certain cases after tryptophan therapy as indicated by mental behaviour and blood analysis
Authors: Lehmann J. , Persson S. , Wålinder J. , Wallin L. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐four senile dementia patients in the age range 65–85 years were subjected to a new sensitive tryptophan loading test: Dopa‐Tryptophan loading (“Dop‐Try loading”) in order to determine whether Try malabsorption occurs in senile dementia and if so how frequent this is. For comparison the same loading test was performed on 23 subjects in the same age grouping but with normal mental function. The differences in Try absorption were statistically analyzed and this revealed that absorption was less effective in the senile dementia group.Four patients with Try malabsorption were treated with 3 G 1‐Try + 50 mg d1‐5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) per day orally for 20–30 days and four patients with normal absorption were treated in the same way. The Dop‐Try loading test was repeated after this treatment. Two patients showed improved absorption and coincident mental improvement, while one showed decreased absorption and mental deterioration. One died during the course of the treatment. None of the four patients with normal absorption showed mental improvement after the treatment. This pilot study suggests that increase in Try absorption following the Try treatment is a necessary condition for improvement in the mental state. The study is being continued with larger numbers of patients.
Prevention/treatment of tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Gerlach J. 
Published: August 2007

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a syndrome of involuntary hyperkinetic movements associated with long‐term neuroleptic treatment. The syndrome depends on1. predisposing factors, especially high age and an unknown constitutional vulnerability, and2. a postsynaptic dopamine receptor hypersensitivity and/or a cholinergic hypofunction developed during prolonged antidopaminergic (neuroleptic) treatment.TD is easily kept in check by continued and intensified neuroleptic treatment, which on the other hand presumably involves an aggravation of the underlying pathological process. On this account the importance of prevention can hardly be exaggerated. The most important prophylactic measures are:1. narrowing the field of indications for the use of neuroleptics,2. taking particular measures in predisposed subjects,3. limiting the antidopaminergic influence by the use of neuroleptics with slight striatal antidopaminergic effect, lowest possible dose, shortest possible time of treatment, as well as increased intervals, and4. paying close attention to the possible development of TD (early detection).The significance of anticholinergics is still not clarified. Apparently anticholinergics accentuate TD at the time of treatment, without contributing to the development of the underlying primary defect.
Cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and clopenthixol in the treatment of acute psychoses and exacerbations of chronic psychoses| A DOUBLE‐BLIND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Gravem A. , Bugge A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe clinical effect of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol has been compared with that of clopenthixol, which is a mixture of the pharmacologically active cis(Z)‐isomer and the inactive trans(E)‐isomer. In the 4‐week double‐blind trial were included 20 patients with acute psychoses and exacerbations of chronic psychoses, mainly schizophrenics. Ratings evaluating severity of illness, therapeutic effect, possible interference of side effects with the patient's functioning were done at weeks 0, 2, and 4, at which occassions also the BPRS was filled in.All patients improved, most of them so much that their final BPRS‐score was less than half their initial score. In conclusion, the antipsychotic effect of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol was found equal to that of clopenthixol whereas the cis(Z)‐isomer on a mg/mg basis was twice as active as clopenthixol. Side effects were few, similar, and equally frequent in the two groups, extrapyramidal side effects and drowsiness being the most common.
Neuroleptic treatment of oligophrenic patients| A DOUBLE‐BLIND CLINICAL MULTICENTRE TRIAL OF CIS(Z)‐CLOPENTHIXOL AND HALOPERIDOL
Authors: Karsten D. , Kivimäki T. , Linna S.‐L. , Pollari L. , Turunen S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTOne hundred mentally retarded patients from five Finnish institutions took part in a double‐blind, double‐dummy 12‐week trial assessing the therapeutic effect of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and haloperidol. Assessments including CGI by psychiatrists and ward personnel as well as a 4‐item target symptom scale were done at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Improvement was registered by the psychiatrists in 16, 21, and 24 cis(Z)‐clopenthixol patients and in 11, 6, and 7 haloperidol patients at weeks 4, 8, and 12, respectively ‐ the difference between the two drugs being significant at weeks 8 and 12. The ratings of CGI by the personnel and the 4‐item scale by the psychiatrists showed less improvements and no significant differences between the two drugs. While the overall impression of interference of patients’ functioning by side‐effects were in the favour of haloperidol the number of single side effects increased more with haloperidol than with cis(Z)‐clopenthixol during the 12 weeks. Average doses administered at week 12 were 34 mg cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and 5 mg haloperidol.
Serum concentrations of cis(Z)‐ and trans(E)‐clopenthixol after administration of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and clopenthixol to human volunteers
Authors: Aaes‐Jørgensen T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe serum concentrations of cis(Z)‐ and trans(E)‐clopenthixol have been estimated in human volunteers by an HPLC‐method after administration of a clopenthixol tablet, which contains the cis(Z)‐ and the trans(E)‐isomers in the ratio 1/2, or a cis(Z)‐clopenthixol tablet. The serum concentration curves obtained for the cis(Z)‐isomer after administration of the two drug preparations were very similar, and thus independent of the presence of the trans(E)‐isomer in one of the preparations. Likewise the biological half‐lives and the areas under the serum concentration curves for cis(Z)‐clopenthixol were similar after the two preparations. The biological half‐life of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol was as a mean 20 hours (12–29 hours) indicating that from a pharmacokinetic point of view a dosage interval of 24 hours is possible for most patients. The biological half‐life of trans(E)‐clopenthixol is found to be longer than that for cis(Z)‐clopenthixol.
The time structure of depressive mood in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Strian F. , Heger R. , Klicpera C. 
Published: August 2007

This research focused on the depressive mood of 134 inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. All of the patients filled in a self‐rating mood scale (Befindlichkeits‐Skala by von Zerssen) every other day.The frequency of depressive mood and the intensity and dynamics of each period of depression were analysed with the aid of defined algorithms. Marked depression was found in more than half of the patients. Depression was seen predominantly at the beginning of hospitalization, and subsequent occurrences were not concentrated in any specific time periods.The results suggested that depression in schizophrenia is predominantly an experience or consequence of the underlying illness and that pharmacological factors are not of as great importance as has been thus far assumed in the literature.
Half‐way services in the rehabilitation of chronic mental patients
Authors: Mezquita J. 
Published: August 2007

The importance of adequate community facilities in the rehabilitation of chronic mental patients is stressed. In view of the common reluctance of relatives to accept this type of patient back home again, a residential programme was designed to obviate this problem. The rehabilitation unit described, achieved reintegration into the community of 36.1 % of the patients through the use of hostels and sheltered accommodation. In all, 58.4 % of the patients were discharged.Finally, inention is made of the advantages of the system, especially its economy, availability, and helpful collaboration of land‐ladies.
Early life experiences and psychiatric disorders: An adoptee study
Authors: von Knorring A.‐L. , Bohman M. , Sigvardsson S. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is any correlation between negative experiences in early infancy and the later occurrence of psychiatric disorders.The subjects in this study were a cohort of 2,215 adoptees born 1930–1949. Information about the probands' early experiences has been obtained from the files of the Child Welfare Office, which include age at time of placement in the adoptive home and type of care before placement. 136 of the probands had been treated in a psychiatric department or mental hospital. From the case records a uniform classification of diagnoses was made. The analyses have been carried out in two steps; first as repeated univariate analyses and secondly as series of discriminant function analyses. Reactive neurotic depression was significantly correlated with placement at the age of 6–12 months, but with this sole exception there was no support for the hypothesis of a correlation between psychiatric disorders and early experiences.
The application of the epidemiological method in psychiatry
Authors: Shepherd M. 
Published: August 2007

The assumptions underlying the epidemiological approach to psychiatry were clearly summarized in the report of a World Health Organization Expert Committee (WHO (1960)). It had, says the report, become increasingly apparent that “…the problems of studying personal susceptibility and the modifying effects of the environment or habit on the risks of attack were essentially similar in the communicable diseases and in other kinds of human illness. Consequently, the methods which had been used so successfully in uncovering the origin and mode of spread of diseases associated with microbial infection came to be increasingly applied to the study of mental disorders and the use of the term‘epidemiology’to imply the study of their distribution and behaviour in differing conditions of life in human communities became widely accepted”.The application of epidemiological concepts to the field of psychiatry can thus be viewed as part of a more general change in medical attitudes towards the problems of chronic non‐infectious disease. The principal advantage to be derived from this outlook is a unification of research strategies, a drawing together of such previously varied topics as the analysis of institutional statistics, the use of psychometric tests in the screening of child populations, the demographic and sociological studies of suicide from the time of Durkheim onwards, the area population surveys of the German and Scandinavian geneticists, the ecological research of the Chicago school, and the many descriptive accounts of collective psychopathology.
Urinary β‐hexosaminidase excretion in patients treated with lithium, thymoleptic and/or neuroleptic drugs
Authors: Thysell H. , And B. Hultberg , Regnell G. 
Published: August 2007

In order to evaluate the nephrotoxic effect of serum lithium within the therapeutical range, the urinary excretion of P‐hexosaminidase was studied in 44 well‐managed long‐term lithium treated patients and in 27 healthy controls. In addition, six patients on thymoleptic and 16 patients on neuroleptic drugs were studied. The enzyme excretion was slightly increased in the lithium treated patients, but not in the patients only treated with thymoleptic or neuroleptic drugs.The findings are consistent with the suggestion that long‐term lithium treatment causes a slowly progressive nephropathy. To follow the urinary F‐hexosaminidase excretion might be a measure to identify patients at higher risk. In two cases of lithium intoxication the enzyme excretion was considerably increased.