bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONTRIBUTIONS OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY RESEARCH AND EVALUATION TO EXTENSION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: LARSON OLAF F. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryContributions of Rural Sociology Research and Evaluation to Extension Development in the United StatesThe development of rural sociology in the United States as a scientific discipline corresponds in time to the development of extension work (advisory services). An understanding of the characteristics of the extension services among the states and of changes made over time facilitates understanding the contributions of rural sociology to extension development in the United States. The institutional setting in which rural sociology has developed also helps to explain the contributions which the discipline has made to extension.Five categories of sociological contributions to extension may be identified. In the broadest sense, sociology contributes ‘understanding’ to extension about problems, situations requiring policy decisions, and about extension itself. In the narrowest sense, sociology may contribute a single item of data or a specific methodological technique which may be utilized for extension purposes.The five categories of contributions are: (i) understanding of basic concepts relevant to extension, such as adoption and diffusion of new farm ideas and practices, social action, leadership, locality groups, and informal groups; (2) techniques ‐ developed by sociological research ‐ which may be applied by extension, such as locality group identification and delineation techniques and the sociometric technique for locating informal groups and their leaders; (3) understanding of general problem situations about which broad policy decisions must be made for the extension system; (4) understanding of specific problem situations about which operating or procedural decisions must be made; and (5) research on the extension system itself, along with evaluation of the extension organization, program, methods, and results. Included in the last category is sociological research and evaluation of basic experimental approaches or programs undertaken by extension. Illustrations of these contributions are cited.The direction of changes made by extension has created increased need for sociological knowledge.
TOWARDS THE INTER‐DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC THEORY AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY1
Authors: RÖLING N. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTowards the Inter‐Disciplinary Integration of Economic Theory and Rural SociologyIntroduction: Rural sociology is, to a large extent, economic sociology. Need for integration of economic theory and rural sociology.Section 1: The nature of economics, the assumptions underlying economic generalizations. ‘Economic man’ an ideal type.Section 2: Rural sociology, for as far as it is economic sociology, also accepts ‘economic man’ as an ideal type and studies the institutionalization of economic man, while economics starts from his being there.Section 3 gives a conceptual scheme of the institutionalization of ‘economic man’ and thus provides a link between economic theory and rural sociology.Conclusion: Economics is concerned with the order of civilization (in the sense of McIver and Page, 1950), rural sociology with cultural conditions necessary for development and spread of civilization. Some of these conditions. Rural sociological research has neglected several of them, which have special relevance for the economic development of peasant economics.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ‘GOOD FARMER’
Authors: MAREK JADWIGA 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Significance of the ‘Good Farmer’As a part of a research project on the communication of new farm practices, carried out in 79 rural communities in east and central Poland, 8543 farmers were asked to select those farmers that were in their opinion ‘good farmers’ in their own communities. In 45 communities one or more farmers collected 20 per cent or more of the votes. In the other communities no ‘good farmers’ were mentioned or the votes were too dispersed. The results of this enquiry were compared with findings concerning progressive farmers in the same communities, measured according to objective economic criteria. In the more developed communities, nearer to towns and industries, the subjective evaluation of the ‘good farmer’ correspond more closely than in the more traditionalistic communities with the judgment based on economic criteria. Most usually, no ‘good farmer’ was chosen in the traditionalistic communities, and where one was chosen he was generally not the most progressive farmer. The conclusion is that in the less advanced regions of Poland non‐economic and nonprofessional criteria play a greater part in evaluating leaders. Although innovators rank high in all regions, the innovators chosen in the less‐developed regions are usually not good producers.
THE RURAL‐URBAN CONTINUUM1
Authors: PAHL R. E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Rural‐Urban ContinuumRecent powerful criticisms of the rural‐urban continuum make clear the need for new conceptual orientations. Detailed studies of central areas of cities demonstrate the existence of urban villages in which the pattern of social relationships does not support notions of urban‐ism as a way of life. Settlement types appear in general to be less important than class and life‐cycle characteristics in determining ways of life, yet an ideal‐type metropolitan village, reached as a result of empirical research in S. E. England, demonstrates that this particular settlement type may be an important element in the life‐style of a specific cosmopolitan middle‐class group. Thus, some people are in the city but not of it, whereas others are of the city and not in it. Both gemeinschaftlich and gesellschaftlich relationships are found in different groups in the same place.In an attempt to assess whether the continuum should perhaps be better conceived as a process rather than a typology, empirical studies from various parts of the world are reviewed. The common theme appears to be the confrontation between the local and the national and this is as likely to occur in the urban as in the rural physical setting. This confrontation is seen as a process of crucial importance for the rural sociologist who is primarily interested in small‐scale societies. Future research might fruitfully use the concept of role and social network, or study patron‐client relationships and community power structures when attempting to illuminate or understand the process.There are a whole series of continua, which together form a process, acting not so much on communities as on groups and individuals at particular places in the social structure. Rather than a continuum it would be better to imagine a whole series of meshes of different textures superimposed on each other, together forming a process which is creating a much more complex pattern.
RESEARCH ON PART‐TIME FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: BERTRAND ALVIN L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryResearch on Part‐Time Farming in the United StatesPart‐time farming has gradually increased in the United States since the beginning of the industrialization and urbanization trends. At the present time about one‐fourth of all farms are classed as part‐time operations. The paper discusses the question and continuing problem of the definition of part‐time farming, gives the conclusions of some studies of individual motivation leading to part‐time farming, attempts to make a classification of part‐time farmers according to the characteristic of the off‐farm work opportunities available to them, and finally gives attention to the types of career patterns of part‐time farmers.After the search of literature the author makes clear that many questions related to part‐time farming remain unsolved. Little is known about the impact on agricultural adjustment and the implications for changing social organization. The author expects that part‐time farming will remain an important activity in the future.
TOURISME ET URBANISATION DES CAMPAGNES
Authors: RAMBAUD PLACIDE 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTourism and Urbanization of the CountrysideIn the process of urbanization of the countryside tourism plays an increasingly important role and introduces certain traits which are characteristic of the urban society ‘at leisure’. This offers the rural society an opportunity for an evolution which is completely different from the past. Tourism brings new types of social relations, creating groups which are functionally differentiated. Some groups promote an adaptation to the urban civilization and a break‐up of the rural homogeneity, by bringing another culture into the receiving system. The analysis of a typical case, that of winter sports, gives an example of the implications and the significance for the future of rural society of the contacts in the field of recreation between the city and the countryside.
LE SYNDICALISME AGRICOLE ET LA SOCIÉTÉ INDUSTRIELLE
Authors: BOVET ÉTIENNE 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAGRICULTURAL SYNDICALISM AND THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: In the French farmers' associations emphasis to date has been placed primarily on the analysis of contemporary society which the associations wish to influence. In doing this analysis, however, they are still affected by the mentality of traditional rural society. Moreover, their way of representing contemporary society does not coincide with the description given by sociologists. These distortions, often inspired by a self‐image of industrial society, however right or wrong, are meant to defend rural independence as it has existed in the past. Ways of thinking correspond to these contradictory aspirations, by which the actual position of the farmers and their value‐orientation are linked. This collective image relates to the position of agriculture in an industrial society. In this way it becomes possible to recognize some of the changes which the image must necessarily undergo in order to enable farmers to change their situation.ZusammenfassungLANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE INTERESSEN VERB Ä.NDE UND INDUSTRIELLE GESELLSCHAFT: Die Interessenverbände der französischen Landwirte legen z. Zeit besonderen Wert auf die Analyse der modernen Gesellschaft, auf die sie Einfluß ausúben wollen. Es zeigt sich jedoch, daß sie selbst noch zu den Verhaltensweisen der traditionalen Agrargesellschaft neigen. Außerdem stimmen ihre Anschauungen von einer modernen Gesellschaft nicht mit der von den Soziologen gegebenen Darstellung iiberein. Diese Verzerrungen, vielfach ausgelöst von der ‐ wenn auch richtigen oder falschen ‐ Vorstellung von der industriellen Gesellschaft, dienen dazu, eine landliche Eigenständigkeit zu behaupten wie sie einmal früher bestanden hat. Mit diesen widersprechenden Bestrebungen korrespondieren die Denkweisen, die die gegenwärtige Lage der Landwirte und ihre Wertorientierung beeinflussen. Ihr Kollektiwerhalten steht in Beziehung zur Lage der Landwirtschaft in der industriellen Gesellschaft. So kann man erkennen, welche Wandlungen in gemeinsamen Wertvorstellungen der Landwirte not‐wendig sind, um Veränderungen ihrer Lage herbeizuführen.
A WELSH RURAL COMMUNITY IN TRANSITION: A CASE STUDY IN MID‐WALES
Authors: LEWIS G. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe increasing relationship between the urban community and the rural community has attracted the interest of rural sociologists and geographers in recent years. This study is concerned with the impact of a small town upon the surrounding communities in a sparsely populated part of rural Wales. The empirical investigation of a selected rural community identified three elements of change: demographic, economic, and sociological, and their effect had been to redefine the form of the rural society along certain lines. The elements which characterise the traditional Welsh rural society had weakened, and were being replaced by those of an urban‐rural fringe society. The resultant network of social groupings was increasing in complexity as the socio‐economic value system became dominant. Thus, a Welsh rural community in transition would appear to be one in which the traditional buchedd system was being replaced by newer socio‐economic values.RésuméL'instauration de liens de plus plus étroits entre villes et campagnes retient, depuis quelques années, l'attention des sociologues ruraux et des géographes. La présente étude a pour thème l'influence d'une petite ville sur les communautés environnantes dans une zone rurale à la population éparse du Pays de Galles. L'étude empirique de la communauté rurale choisie a permis d'identifier trois facteurs de transformation: démographique, économique et sociologique qui ont pour effet de remodeler la société rurale. Les éléments caractéristiques de la communauté galloise ont été affaiblis et remplacés par ceux d'une société intermédiaire, mi‐urbaine, mi‐rurale. La complexité du réseau des groupes sociaux s'est accrue tandis que le système de valeurs socio‐économique devenait dominant. Ainsi done une communauté rurale galloise en évolution peut apparaître comme un groupe où le système traditionnel fondé sur le mode de vie est remplacé par de nouvelles valeurs socio‐économiques.ZusammenfassungDie zunehmenden Beziehungen zwischen der städtischen und der ländlichen Gemeinde haben das Interesse ländlicher Soziologen und Geographen in den letzten Jahren erregt. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Einwirkung einer Kleinstadt auf die umgebenden Gemeinden in einem dünn besiedelten Teil des ländlichen Wales. Die empirische Untersuchung einer ausgewählten ländlichen Gemeinde liess drei Elemente des Wandels erkennen: ein demographisches, ein ökonomisches und ein soziales. Diese Faktoren haben es notwendig gemacht, die Form der landlichen Gesellschaft nach gewissen Linien neu zu definieren. Die Elemente, die die traditionelle Waliser ländliche Gesellschaft charakterisieren, sind schwächer geworden und wurden von solchen einer städtisch‐ländlichen Grenzgesellschaft ersetzt. Das resultierende Netz sozialer Gruppierungen wurde ständig komplexer, je mehr das sozio‐ökonomische Wertsystem beherrschend wurde. Eine Waliser ländliche Gemeinde im Übergang würde also eine Gemeinde sein, in der das traditionelle buchedd‐System von neueren sozio‐ökonomischen Werten ersetzt wurde.
PEASANT SOCIETY AND DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA1
Authors: Pausewang Siegfried 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPEASANT SOCIETY AND DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIAA considerable amount of effort and of capital is invested for development in Ethiopia. But the social and political situation in the country is such that all efforts bear little effect. The distribution of property, chances, and influence is extremely unequal. The prevailing power structure enables the landlords, rich merchants and officials to employ every new project for their own interests. Even development projects which were started to improve the lot of the poor peasants end up being additional tools for the rich to exploit the peasants more effectively.Technical aid does often not reflect over its social side‐effects. This helps to increase social and economic differences, instead of filling the gap between rich and poor. If we do not want this situation to continue, we will have to revise our own concept of development, and to accept responsibility for the social consequences of our interference.RésuméSOCIETE PAYSANNE ET DEVELOPPEMBNT EN ETHIOPIELe développement éthiopien a bénéficié d'un effort considérable en hommes et en capital; mais la situation sociale et politique y est telle que ces investissements ont, en réalité, peu d'effet. La répartition de la propriété, du pouvoir, des chances, se caracttrise par son extrCme intgalitC. La structure du pouvoir permet aux propritéaires fonciers, aux riches marchands et am hauts fonctionnaires de détourner a leur profit tout nouveau projet, y compris les projets de développement instaurés pour améliorer la condition des paysans les plus démunis et qui sont devenus, entre les mains de cette classe favorisée, un moyen supplémentaire d'exploitation du paysannat.Le donneur de l'aide technique rarement réfléchit aux effets secondaires sur la structure sociale. En fait, il ne fait qu'accroître les disparités économiques et sociales, au lieu de les diminuer. Si nous souhaitons qu'une telle situation ne puisse se perpétuer, nous devons réviser notre propre concept de développement et accepter la responsabilité des conséquences sociales de notre intervention.
SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE STUDY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD1
Authors: Jayaraman Raja 
Published: March 2008

SummarySOME THEORBTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE STUDY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLDThe object of this paper is to suggest a theoretical approach to the study of social development in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Social development is regarded here as a radical transformation of economy and society, and as something which must be assessed in primarily human terms. After a critical examination of some conventional theories of modernization and social change, the paper goes on to suggest that a fruitful line of research is to view development as fundamental structural change. This would involve examination of social structural features in a society which encourage or hinder social development. Finally, specific empirical research is to be directed to identify agents as well as obstacles to social development.RésuméL'ÉTUDE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DANS LE TIERS‐MONDE QUELQUES CONSIDéRATIONS THÉORIQUESCet article a pour objet de proposer une approche théorique du développement en Asie, Afrique et Amérique Latine. Le développement doit êre considéré comme une transformation radicale du systéme économique de la société, comme un processus dont l'évaluation doit se faire essentiellement en termes sociaux. Aprés un examen critique de quelques théories classiques de la modernisation et du changement social, l'auteur suggére une piste de recherches, beaucoup plus fructueuse que les précédentes: le développement devrait être considéré comme un changement fondamental de structures. Ceci implique une analyse des structures sociales de la société en tant que moteurs ou freins du développement. Enfin des recherches spécifiques doivent être menées pour identifier les agents ou les obstacles au changement social.
THE FUTURE OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Galjart Benno 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTHE FUTURE OF RURAL SOCIOLOGYRural sociology is stagnating because it has been focusing too uncritically on the adaptation of rural sub‐systems to the main society and because it seems unable to relate its subject anew to the global society. An outline of a new, comprehensive, theoretical model is suggested, and in terms of this model the discipline is given new tasks. Emphasis is laid on the provision of feedback information, not in the first place to national governments, but to the agricultural population and the small rural territorial sub‐systems.RésuméL'avenir de la sociologie ruraleLa Sociologie Rurale stagne parce qu'elle s'est concentrée ‐ sans la contester suffisamment ‐ sur l'adaptation des soussystèmes ruraux à la société dominante et parce qu'elle semble incapable de définir de nouvelles relations entre son objet et la société globale. Un essai de nouveau modèle théorique globale est proposé, en fonction duquel la sociologie rurale se voit attribuer de nouvelles tâches. L'accent est mis sur l'information fournie en retour (feedback), pas d'abord aux gouvernements nationaux, mais à la population agricole et aux soussystèmes ruraux de dimensions territoriales restreintes.
REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUSI BESPRECHUNGEN
Authors: Albrecht H. 
Published: March 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Rogers, E. M. and F. F. Shoemaker, (1971). Communication of innovations (New York, London: The Free Press Collier‐Macmillan)Dantwala, M. L. and C. H. Shah (1971), Evaluation of land reforms (with special reference to the western region of India)Lemieux, V. (1971). Parenté et politique. L'organisation sociale dans l'lle d'OrléansAlavi, Hamza (rgz), Theorie der BauemrevolutionLeagans, J. P. and Ch. P. Loomis (eds.) (1971). Behavioral change in agriculture. Concepts and strategies for influencing transitionWorsley, P. (ed.) (1971), Two blades of grass. Rural cooperatives in agricultural moder nizationApthorpe, R. et alii (1972), Rural cooperatives and planned change in Africa: an analytical overviewScully, John J. (1971). Agriculture in the West of Ireland: A study of the low farm income problem (Dublin: Stationery Office, Prl. 2017), 214 pages.Schewczik, Richard (1971), Die Mitarbeit der Biiuerin in der AuBenwirtschaftMakarczyk, Waclaw (1971), Przyswajanie innowacjiChiva, I. et P. Rambaud (éd.) (1972), Les études rurales en France. Tendances et organisation de la rechercheHayami, Y. and V. W. Ruttan (1971), Agricultural development ‐ an international perspectiveClarke, John I. (1971), Population geography and the developing countriesDeffontaines P. (1972), L'homme et sa maison. Géographie humaineDraguhn, W. (1970), Entwicklungsbewuβtsein und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in IndienColfax, J. David and Jack L. Roach, eds., (1971), Radical SociologyValues and the active community. A cross‐national study of the influence of national leadership (1971)Tennekes, J. (1971), Anthropology, relativism and method. An inquiry into the methodological principles of a science of cultureHartmann, Thomas T. (1971). Die Kooperation in der sozialistischen Landwirtschaft der DDR ‐ theoretische Grundlagen, Formen und praktische Beispiele (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot), 207 S.Dilić, E. (1971), Društveni položaj i orijentacija seoske omladineO'Connor, A. M. (1971)Heidtmann, Willy (1970). Strukturverbesserung und Sozialverhalten in landlichen Gemeinden. (Hiltrup: Landwirtschaftsverlag)Vincienne, M. (1972), Du village à la ville. Le systéme de mobilité des agriculteurs. Préface de H. Desroche (Paris‐La Haye; Mouton)Dutta, Ratna (1971). Values in models of modernizationWidstrand, Carl Gösta (ed.) (1970). Co‐operatives and rural development in East Africa (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies)La croissance urbaine en Afrique noire et à Madagascar. Talence 29 septembre‐2 octobre 1970 (1972)Galeski, B. (1971), Innowacje a spolesczność wiejska (Innovations and the rural community)Shanin, T. (1972), The awkward class. Political sociology of peasantry in developing society, Russia 1910–1925Constantiniu, Florin (1972), Relatiile agrare din Tara Romêascêîn secolul al XVIII‐lea(Les relations agraires en Valachie pendant le xvmérne siécle)Scherer, Jacqueline (1972), Contemporary community: Sociological illusion or reality?