bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiomyopathy in stranded pygmy and dwarf sperm whales
Authors: Bossart Gregory D. , Odell Daniel K. , Altman Norman H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Necropsy and histologic examinations were performed in 23 pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and 6 dwarf sperm whales (Kogia simus) that had been stranded singly or in cow-calf pairs along the southeastern coastline of the United States. At necropsy, the gross findings in the adult whales included pale, flabby right ventricles. Microscopically, lesions in the hearts of the whales were characterized by moderate to extensive myocellular degeneration, atrophy, and fibrosis. Similar changes were not seen in 5 of 6 sexually immature whales or in the whale calves. Hepatic changes were consistent with heart failure. The cause of the myocardial lesions was not determined. The systemic effects of failing myocardium probably were a major reason for the stranding of the adult whales.
Effects of yohimbine on combined xylazine-ketamine-induced sedation and immobilization in juvenile African elephants
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Allen Jack , Martin Howard , Kollias George V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-two juvenile African elephants were given a combination of xylazine (mean ± sd = 0.14 ± 0.03 mg/kg of body weight) and ketamine (1.14 ± 0.21 mg/kg) as a single im injection; one elephant was immobilized twice, 77 days apart. After injection, 14 elephants were immobilized, 4 were sedated deeply, 2 were sedated moderately, and 2 were sedated minimally. Immobilized elephants had a mean immobilization time of 11.6 ± 6.9 minutes. At the conclusion of a variety of clinical procedures, 12 of the 14 elephants immobilized with a single dose combination of xylazine and ketamine were given yohimbine (0.13 ± 0.03 mg/kg) iv, and the remaining 2 elephants were allowed to recover spontaneously; the elephants given yohimbine had a mean standing time of 2.4 ± 1.1 minutes. Of the 8 sedated elephants, 5 were given an additional dose of combined xylazine (0.08 ± 0.03 mg/kg), and ketamine (0.61 ± 0.19 mg/kg) im, and 1 elephant was given ketamine (0.47 mg/kg) iv. After injection, 4 of the 8 elephants were recumbent laterally within 17 minutes and 2 remained standing, under deep sedation. Seven of the 8 elephants were given yohimbine (0.13 ± 0.03 mg/kg) iv; all were ambulatory in 2 minutes.
Results indicated that yohimbine may be useful in controlling duration of xylazine-ketamine sedation and immobilization in juvenile African elephants.
Evaluation of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in differentiating chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions in dogs and cats
Authors: Fossum Theresa W. , Jacobs Robert M. , Birchard Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum and pleural fluid cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and cholesterol/triglyceride ratios were determined in 9 dogs and 9 cats with pleural effusion (8 nonchylous, 10 chylous). The pleural fluid triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the pleural cholesterol/triglyceride ratios were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in chylous effusions than in nonchylous effusions in all animals. There were no differences in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and serum cholesterol/triglyceride ratios for chylous and nonchylous effusions in either species. There also were no differences in pleural fluid cholesterol concentrations between the 2 groups in the dog or cat. It was concluded that determinations of cholesterol/triglyceride ratios may be an accurate method for helping distinguish chylous from nonchylous effusions in dogs and cats.
Technique for arthroscopic repair of third carpal bone slab fractures in horses
Authors: Richardson Dean W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A technique involving internal fixation guided by arthroscopy was used to repair third carpal slab fractures in 23 horses. The technique allowed good reduction and compression of the fractures, with minimal surgical trauma. Ten of 17 horses with a 6-month or longer follow-up have returned to race successfully.
Evaluation of commercial oral replacement formulas in healthy neonatal calves
Authors: Fettman Martin J. , Brooks Patricia A. , Burrows Karen P. , Phillips Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of 5 commercial oral replacement formulas on hematologic and plasma biochemical values, body weight, and prevalence of diarrhea were studied in healthy neonatal calves. Products were fed according to manufacturers' recommendations beginning at 3 to 7 days of age for 3 days. Whole milk, diluted 1:1 with commercial formulas, was fed for 3 days thereafter. There were no consistently significant (P > 0.05) effects of commercial product feeding with time or by treatment, as compared with those in whole milk-fed controls, on the hematologic or biochemical values of pcv, leukocyte count, platelet count, or plasma K, Cl, glucose, and lactic acid concentrations. Plasma Na concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with age in all groups.
After 2 weeks, milk-fed calves had gained 2.09 ± 0.96 kg, and calves fed all but 2 hypertonic energy-dense products 1 and 5 had significant (P < 0.05) weight losses (up to 2.95 ± 1.34 kg). Transition to a diet of whole milk and commercial product at one half each of their standard doses resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) occurrence of diarrhea. Seemingly, such formulas should not be fed to healthy calves on a long term basis. The product with the lowest osmolal and caloric content was associated with the greatest weight loss.
Serum thyroxine concentrations after radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Meric Susan Μ. , Hawkins Eleanor C. , Washabau Robert J. , Turrel Jane Μ. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-one cats with hyperthyroidism were given one dose of radioactive iodine (131I) iv. Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured before treatment in all cats, at 12-hour intervals after treatment in 10 cats, and at 48-hour intervals after treatment in 21 cats. Serum T4 concentrations also were measured one month after 131I therapy in 29 cats. Activity of 131I administered was 1.5 to 6.13 mCi, resulting in a dose of 20,000 rads to the thyroid.
Serum T4 concentrations before 131I administration were 5.3 to 51.0 μg/dl, with a median T4 concentration of 11.0 μg/dl. Serum T4 decreased most rapidly during the first 3 to 6 days after treatment. Sixteen cats (55%) had normal serum thyroxine concentrations by day 4 after 131I administration, and 23 cats (74%) were euthyroxinemic by day 8 after treatment.
One month after administration of 131I, the 29 cats evaluated were clinically improved, and 24 (83%) of the 29 cats evaluated had normal serum T4 concentrations, 3 cats (10%) remained hyperthyroxinemic, and 2 cats (7%) were hypothyroxinemic. Therefore, administration of 131I was a safe and effective method to quickly decrease serum T4 concentrations in hyperthyroid cats.
New plate for acetabular fractures: Technique of application and long-term follow-Up evaluation
Authors: Braden T. D. , Prieur W. D. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A stainless steel plate was designed for use on the dorsal rim of the acetabulum of the dog. The surgical procedure, using this plate, is easier and less time consuming than previous techniques, because the plate is easier to contour to the dorsal rim of the acetabulum. The use of this plate, compared with other types of plates, has resulted in more accurate anatomic reduction after fixation. No long-term complications caused by the plate or screws have been identified. Follow-up examinations have revealed that the functional use of the limb is as good as with other types of plates.
Comparison of palpable corpora lutea with serum progesterone concentrations in cows
Authors: Ott R. S. , Bretzlaff K. N. , Hixon J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum progesterone concentrations were used to evaluate rectal palpation of corpora lutea as a method for assignment of postpartum beef cows to prostaglandin treatment and nontreatment groups. On the basis of 124 evaluations, 18% of the cows were assigned incorrectly to the treatment group and 37% of the cows were assigned incorrectly to the nontreatment group. The inability of palpators to accurately select cows with a mature corpus luteum may diminish the success of estrus synchronization regimens that use rectal palpation of corpora lutea for selection of cows for prostaglandin therapy.
Survey of the prevalence and types of infertility in beef cows and heifers
Authors: Mickelsen W. D. , Paisley L. G. , Anderson P. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty to 180 days after natural mating to bulls, 8,184 beef cows and heifers were palpated rectally for pregnancy determination. Of these, 7,396 (90%) were pregnant and 815 (10%) were not pregnant. Regarding the nonpregnant cattle, 315 (38.7%) had a normal uterus and a functional corpus luteum, suggesting that they were cycling; the rest had palpable pathologic findings: 455 (55.8%) had ovarian inactivity and uterine atrophy; 16 (2%) had pyometra; 12 (1.5%) had a mummified fetus; 7 (0.9%) had chronic metritis; 6 (0.8%) had an involuting uterus; and 4 (0.5%) had adhesions of the uterus, ovaries, or a combination of both.
For the purpose of comparison, the cattle were grouped according to age: group 1—1,035 nulliparous heifers 18 to 24 months of age; group 2—1,137 primiparous heifers 30 to 36 months of age; group 3 —5,548 multiparous cows between 4 and 9 years of age; and group 4—464 cows 9 years of age or older. The pregnancy rates were 79.1, 72.2, 96.8, and 78.2, respectively, for these groups. The pregnancy rate for 4- to 9-year-old cows was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that for the other age groups.
Portosystemic shunts in cats: Seven cases (1976–1984)
Authors: Scavelli Thomas D. , Hornbuckle William E. , Roth Lois , Rendano Victor T. , de Lahunta Alexander , Center Sharon A. , French Tracy W. , Zimmer James F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Congenital portosystemic venous shunt causing signs of hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed in 7 cats. The left gastric vein served as the shunt in four of these. Increases in blood ammonia and postprandial serum bile acids were the most consistent serum biochemical abnormalities. Excessive variation in red blood cell shape was a common but nonspecific hematologic finding. The jejunal-mesenteric venous injection of contrast material was the preferred method of portography to diagnose portosystemic shunts. Two cats were treated successfully by partial surgical occlusion of their shunts.
Brucellosis in heifers weaned from seropositive dams
Authors: Crawford R. P. , Huber J. D. , Sanders R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty-six heifers were weaned from dams that were card-test positive for brucellosis. Forty-four dams were positive by rivanol and complement-fixation tests and Brucella abortus field strain was isolated from 14. Numbers of expected pregnancies following natural breeding and numbers of viable calves produced were not reduced in the heifers. Persistent B abortus infection was documented in 2 of 37 parturient heifers from reactor dams. The frequency of infection was 1 of 10 in strain 19-vaccinated heifers, and 1 of 27 in nonvaccinated heifers. The 2 persistently infected heifers had atypical serologic reaction patterns before normal parturitions.
Use of pulmonary hydrogen gas excretion to detect carbohydrate malabsorption in dogs
Authors: Washabau Robert J. , Strombeck Donald R. , Buffington Charles A. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pulmonary H2 excretion was measured in 10 healthy dogs, in 6 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, and in 6 dogs with chronic small intestinal disease. Concentration of expired H2 in fasted healthy dogs was 0.9 ± 0.1 ppm (mean ± sem) and peak H2 concentration of 1.4 ± 0.2 ppm was detected up to 8 hours after feeding. Dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency had fasting expired H2 concentrations of 3.3 ± 0.9 ppm, which increased to a mean peak H2 concentration of 28.8 ± 2.0 ppm 6.5 hours after feeding. Following xylose administration, expired H2 concentrations increased from fasting concentrations of 3.6 ± 0.9 ppm to peak at 19.0 ± 2.0 ppm in 1.5 hours. Blood xylose concentrations were diagnostic for carbohydrate malabsorption in 4 of 6 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Plasma p-aminobenzoic acid concentration identified bentiromide maldigestion in all dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In 3 pancreatic exocrine insufficient dogs tested, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy partially corrected carbohydrate malabsorption.
Fasting expired H2 concentration was 5.3 ± 1.3 ppm in dogs with chronic small intestinal disease and increased to a peak H2 of 72.2 ± 18.0 ppm 7 hours after feeding. Following administration of xylose to dogs with chronic small intestinal disease, fasting expired H2 concentration increased from 3.0 ± 1.0 ppm to a peak of 35.5 ± 7.2 ppm at 2 hours. Blood xylose concentration was abnormal in only 2 of 6 dogs with chronic small intestinal disease.
Results of these studies indicate that expired H2 analysis can identify carbohydrate malabsorption in dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency or chronic small intestinal disease, and that pulmonary H2 testing is more sensitive than xylose absorption testing for the identification of carbohydrate malabsorption.
Clinicopathologic, renal immunofluorescent, and light microscopic features of glomerulonephritis in the dog: 41 cases (1975-1985)
Authors: Center S. A. , Smith C. A. , Wilkinson E. , Erb H. N. , Lewis R. M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
In a 10-year retrospective study, we evaluated the clinicopathologic features and renal immunofluorescence patterns of glomerulonephritis in 41 dogs. On the basis of results of histologic examinations, the dogs were segregated into 3 groups, including membranous (n = 12), mesangioproliferative (n = 15), or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 14). No significant differences existed among groups in regard to age or duration of illness. Most dogs had been ill for one month or longer. The proportion of dogs with azotemia, anemia, and hyperphosphatemia were not different among the disease groups. Proportion of dogs with hypoalbuminemia and the severity of hypoalbuminemia were not different among groups. Highest urine protein losses and 24-hour urine protein/creatinine ratios developed in dogs with membranous glomerulonephritis. Although hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia were common (49%), the formation of edema or ascites was not (15%) and, therefore, few dogs had all of the classic features of the nephrotic syndrome. Few dogs suffered thromboembolic complications. Antinuclear antibody titers developed in 11 dogs, the highest titers developing in dogs with polyarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis detected α2 and β1 globulin spikes in most dogs (87%).
Results of renal immunofluorescence testing were positive in 36 dogs, using polyvalent antisera for immunoglobulins (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, and/or antisera for complement factor C3. When monovalent antisera for IgG, IgA, and IgM, and fibrinogen were used, immunofluorescence was not observed as often. The major fluorescent pattern was discrete multifocal segmental granular glomerular fluorescence, consistent with immune-complex deposition. Two dogs had linear glomerular staining patterns; however, antibodies directed against normal glomerular basement membrane were not found via elution studies.
A high prevalence of glucocorticoid excess (treatment with glucocorticoids and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism) (34%), chronic inflammatory skin disease (27%), neoplasia (17%), polyarthritis (12%), and systemic lupus erythematosis (7%) were observed as clinical problems concurrent with glomerulonephritis.
In 5 dogs, treatment of glomerulonephritis with prednisolone (0.5 to 1.1mg/kg) did not result in beneficial effects and in fact appeared to be detrimental, leading to azotemia and worsening proteinuria and physical condition in some of the dogs. The high prevalence of glucocorticoid excess in the studied population and the poor response to glucocorticoid treatment in 5 dogs supported the contention that treatment with glucocorticoids is inappropriate for glomerulonephritis in the dog.
Hemorrhagic fibrinonecrotic duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses: 20 cases (1977–1984)
Authors: White N. A. , Tyler D. E. , Blackwell R. B. , Allen D. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Records of 20 horses with small intestinal disease causing acute colic and affecting the proximal portion of the small intestine were examined retrospectively. The disease was characterized by severe to moderate pain, which was replaced by depression, fever, gastric reflux, slight distention of the affected small intestine, leukocytosis, and high concentrations of total protein in the peritoneal fluid.
Grossly, the affected intestines were hemorrhagic and had yellow discoloration. Histopathologic findings included submucosal edema, neutrophilic infiltration of the submucosal and laminal propria, and mucosal slough at the villous tips. Advanced lesions were characterized by mucosal sloughing with transmural edema, hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and necrosis. No cause was determined. In 6 horses, bypass of most of the affected small intestine was helpful by alleviating the severe gastric reflux.
Umbilical cord remnant infections in foals: 16 cases (1975-1985)
Authors: Adams Stephen B. , Fessler John F. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Infection of the umbilical cord remnants was diagnosed in 16 foals. The infection was found in the urachus alone in 3 foals, the umbilical arteries in 2 foals, the urachus and umbilical arteries in 3 foals, the urachus and umbilical vein in 2 foals, and the urachus, umbilical vein, and umbilical arteries in 2 foals. The specific location of the infection was not determined in 4 foals. Eleven foals developed an acquired patent urachus between 4 and 16 days of age. Seven foals had one or more joints infected. All foals with umbilical cord remnant infections were treated with orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously administered antibiotics and 9 foals had the umbilical cord remnants excised. Nine foals survived, 6 of which had had excision of the infected remnants. Only 2 foals with joint infections survived.
New perspectives in cardiovascular medicine: The calcium channel blocking drugs
Authors: Allert J. Alan , Adams H. Richard 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Calcium channel blocking drugs reduce the influx of calcium (Ca++) through cell membrane passageways in excitable tissues. This unique pharmacodynamic action represents an important new addition to cardiovascular therapeutics. Clinically available members of this diverse group of compounds are verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem. Beneficial responses to these drugs can be explained by vasodilatation and resulting hemodynamic improvement in tissue perfusion-oxygen demand relationships, by suppression of Ca++-dependent arrhythmogenic mechanisms, by direct reduction of pathologic Ca++ overload in ischemic injured cells, or by a combination of these effects. Calcium channel blockade already has become a therapeutic mainstay in human medicine for management of ischemic heart disease and some forms of cardiac dysrhythmias. Relative to veterinary medicine, Ca++ channel blocking drugs may provide a clinical option for controlling supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Other indications might include obstructive cardiomyopathies, shock-trauma, and congestive heart failure. Importantly, however, essential issues about adverse cardiovascular side effects of Ca++ channel blocking drugs remain unresolved and controversial. Recent studies especially have raised questions about the tendency for Ca++ channel blockade to exacerbate preexisting or occult myocardial contractile failure. Such pharmacodynamic complexities should be assessed judiciously as the Ca++ channel blocking drugs are appraised for entry into veterinary internal medicine.
A technique for estimating progression of chronic renal failure in the dog
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Jaenke Roger S. , Fettman Martin J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A simple method for estimating the rate of progression of chronic renal failure was evaluated in 11 dogs. The plot of the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration vs age declined linearly, and projection of the regression line to the abscissa accurately predicted each dog's age at the time of death attributable to renal failure. The linear decline of the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration vs age indicated that nephrons may be lost at a constant rate in dogs with chronic renal failure. Changes in the slope of this line may provide a means of evaluating response to treatment.
Canine prostatic disease—comparison of ultrasonographic appearance with morphologic and microbiologic findings: 30 cases (1981-1985)
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Klausner J. S. , Perman V. , Leininger J. R. , Tomlinson M. J. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A retrospective analysis was made of 30 cases of canine prostatic disease, with the objective of identifying (via a prepubic approach) the 2-dimensional, gray-scale ultrasonographic appearance most often associated with the various spontaneous prostatic diseases. Ultrasonography was of value in characterizing the parenchymal architecture as normal vs focally hyperechoic and diffusely hyperechoic (associated with chronic inflammation and neoplasia) or focally hypoechoic or anechoic (either accompanied by distant enhancement), which was associated with retention cyst or abscess. Further specificity based only on abnormal echotexture was not possible. Ultrasonography facilitated the differentiation of radiographically identifiable prostatomegaly attributable to abscess or neoplasia from apparent prostatomegaly attributable to paraprostatic cyst.
An imaging protocol consisting of distention retrograde urethrocystography and prepubic ultrasonography was recommended, as a distended bladder aided ultrasonographic identification of the prostate gland. In addition, the combination of urethral morphologic features and urethroprostatic reflux appearance complemented the ultrasonographic appearance for differentiation of prostatic abscess from prostatic carcinoma. A classification scheme for spontaneous canine prostatic disease combining germane imaging morphologic features with microscopic and microbiologic findings was proposed.
A urethral extension technique to correct urine pooling (vesicovaginal reflux) in mares
Authors: McKinnon A. O. , Beiden J. O. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A surgical technique involving reconstruction of the caudal vaginal vault was used to correct vesicovaginal reflux in 32 of 34 mares. After surgery, 22 of 24 mares became pregnant, and embryos were harvested for transfer from 6 of the other 10 mares. It was concluded that the procedure was safe and efficacious.