bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF HEART RATE AND GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE IN THE RAT
Authors: Holdstock T. L. , Schwartzbaum J. S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA comparison was made between classical conditioning and pseudoconditioning of heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) using low or high intensity shock as unconditioned stimuli (UCS). Conditioning treatment involved 5‐sec delayed conditioning, 32 trials/session for 5 sessions with shock administered randomly on half the trials. Pseudoconditioning was exactly the same except for pairing of CS and UCS.In contrast to pseudoconditioning, which produced mild acceleration of HR, minimal GSR, and frequent somatic response to the CS (as defined electromyographically), conditioning treatment produced consistent deceleration of HR, larger magnitude and frequency of GSR, and minimal overt somatic response to CS. The conditioned decelerative HR response developed rapidly and persisted throughout the experiment. Such apparent conditioning phenomena may still involve sensitization‐type effects and somatic interactions.
ON THE CONSTANT‐CURRENT ERROR IN SKIN RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Wilcott R. C. , Hammond L. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA substantial reduction in skin resistance (SR) is produced by a rise in induced voltage. This indicates that with a constant‐current circuit, variations in voltage can have a significant effect on the SR level. Therefore, SR levels obtained with a constant‐current and constant‐voltage circuits were compared for a group of Ss. The higher the SR level, the greater the discrepancy between the constant‐current and constant‐voltage measurements. The use of a constant‐voltage circuit when measuring high SR levels is recommended.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SKIN POTENTIAL, SKIN RESISTANCE AND SWEATING OF THE CAT'S FOOT PAD
Authors: Wilcott R. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA study was made of the skin potential (SP), skin resistance (SR), and sweating of the cat's foot pad. Since many of the variables studied had previously been investigated in humans, comparable data were obtained. The characteristics of SP and SR of the cat are similar to those of humans, except that in cats, SP responses have a shorter latency than SR responses, and variation of the SP basal potential resulting from induction of a voltage between the SP electrodes has no effect on the amplitude or wave form of SP responses. Dissociation produced by arterial occlusion and procaine injection around the nerve suggest that SP responses of the cat are innervated by different nerve fibers than those which lead to the sweat glands.
A CARDIO PREAMPLIFIER FOR THE FREE‐ROVING RAT
Authors: Mundl William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA transistorized amplifier has been designed with the aim of providing a reliable triggering signal for a cardiotachograph when it is recording from small animals. The frequent base‐line instabilities of the cardio signal caused by the animal's movements are eliminated by the use of a transformer at the input. Direct coupling between the stages assures fast recovery of the amplifier from overloads produced by large transient signals. Correct placement of the electrodes is important for obtaining a large electrocardiogram (EKG) signal and for the reduction of artifacts. (W. J. Mundl)
A RESPIRATION TRANSDUCER FOR THE RAT
Authors: Mundl William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTransducers using strain gauges as sensing elements were successfully employed to record respiration from rats. The transducers were shaped to fit over the animals’ backs, and were used in both restrained and free‐roving situations. A direct current (DC) bridge in conjunction with an alternating current (AC) amplifier eliminated base‐line adjustments.
FINGER‐SWEAT PRINTS IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LOW AND HIGH INCENTIVE
Authors: Malmo Robert H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe differential effect of incentive on finger sweating compared with the effects on various other physiological measures was investigated in a group of 59 Ss. Finger sweating (FS) appeared slightly superior to palmar conductance (PC) in discriminating between low and high incentive conditions, but heart rate (HR) and muscle potentials appeared to be the best of those discriminators used.Correlations between PC and visual ratings for FS were 0.65 and 0.09 for high and low incentive conditions, respectively. There were numerous significant correlations between physiological measures (at relatively low levels) but the two FS measures correlated only with PC and with each other. Correlations between physiological and performance measures were also obtained. On the one hand HR and electromyograms (EMGs), and on the other PC and FS ratings, differed with respect to the incentive conditions under which significant correlations with performance were obtained. In the main, HR and EMGs showed significant correlations with performance under low, and PC and FS ratings under high incentive.Further evidence for less sweating by dark‐skinned Ss compared with light‐skinned Ss was reported.
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES AMONG HOUSEWIVES IN PSYCHOPHYSICAL ANH SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Sternbach Richard A. , Tursky Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFrom earlier work on the effects of instructional sets, it was hypothesized that subcultural differences in attitudes toward pain should be reflected in psycho‐physiological correlates. Yankee, Irish. Jewish, and Italian housewives participated in threshold and magnitude estimation studies of electric shock, and their skin potential responses to repetitive electrical stimulation were recorded. Significant differences in upper thresholds and in the adaptation of diphasic palmar skin potentials are consonant with attitudinal differences, and such differences support earlier findings on the influence of sets on psychophysiological functioning.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF HEART RATE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Opton EdWward , Rankin Neil O. , Lazakus Richard S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTheoretical and practical considerations require a heart rate measurement method which produces substantial correspondence between heart rate and other autonomic and psychological measures of arousal, and which also is fast and inexpensive. A new heart rate measurement method, the peak rate method. meets these criteria. The peak rate method corresponds as closely to a skin conductance measure of reaction to a stressful movie as does the method of mean cyclic maxima (Malmstrom. Opton, & Lazarus, in press). The peak rate method also yields heart rate curves which are markedly elevated at the most psychologically stressful points during the movie. The peak rate method does not involve the laborious, expensive computations required by the method of mean cyclic maxima.Smoothing heart rate curves by a method of moving averages is also shown to be desirable.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PATTERN QUANTIFICATION AND THE AROUSAL CONIINIUM
Authors: Daniel Robert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe view that the EEG shows a continuum correlated with behavioral arousal was subjected to experimental test. A simple model of the expected results from five experimental states of arousal was used as a criterion against which to evaluate various parameters of EEG data after they had been processed by electronic analysis systems.Eighteen normal young adults were the Ss. Occipital and parietal recordings were taken during relaxation, attention, arousal, recovery, and relief states. Sample epochs of the records were analyzed by amplitude distribution, frequency spectrum, power spectrum, wavelength distribution, autocorrelation, and cross correlation.No single parameter matched the predicted model in a convincing manner. However, correlograms of occipital recordings after interpretation by relative power ratios did support the hypothesis with statistically significant differences. It was concluded that behavioral arousal is inversely related to the scaled continua of (1) the proportion of total power to be found at the dominant frequency, and (2) rhythmicity of the dominant wave.
AN INEXPENSIVE MASKING NOISE GENERATOR: MONAURAL OR STEREO
Authors: Tart Charles T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simple masking noise generator which can be constructed for about thirty five dollars is described. The output is sufficient to drive several pairs of headphones or a loudspeaker in a Skinner box. Duplication of the unit for another twenty five dollars allows “stereo” masking noise to be used on the headphones, a feature which most subjects find more pleasant than monaural masking noise.
AUTONOMIC COMPONENTS OF ORIENTING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Uno Tadao , Grings William W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTChanges in skin conductance (GSR), skin potential (SP), heart rate (HR), finger blood volume (BV), and pulse volume (PV) were recorded in response to 2‐sec bursts of white noise. Five intensity levels of sound (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 db) were presented over 5 repetitions. Results showed that: (1) response magnitudes and latencies were directly related to stimulus intensity and inversely related to number of repetitions; (2) for BV, SP, and GSR the effect of repetition varied with stimulus intensity; (3) HR changes were primarily monophasic; and (4) BV and PV were more sensitive to stimulus intensity differences than were the electrodermal responses.
MEASUREMENT OF RESPIRATORY RATE IN THE UNRESTRAINED RAT
Authors: EISMAN EUGENE 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA method is presented for recording breathing rate in the unrestrained rat. A thermocouple is implanted in the nose and the leads are externalized through a terminal implanted on the skull. The difference in temperature between inspired and expired air is taken as the measure of breathing. Techniques for construction and implantation of the thermocouple unit are presented.
SPECIFICITY OF EEG PHOTIC FLICKER RESPONSES TO COLOR AS RELATED TO VISUAL IMAGERY ABILITY
Authors: Brown BarbaraB. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of subjects were selected from a previously studied population sample: a group of habitual visualizers, most of whom developed eye movements during recall of motion, and a group of non‐visualizers, most of whom did not. EEG following responses to red photic flicker differed markedly for the two groups, being diminished in visualizers but enhanced in non‐visualizers as compared to their EEG following responses to blue or green. Mental and visual imagery tasks induced significantly greater alpha blocking in visualizers than in non‐visualizers. The partial or complete desynchronization of on‐going rhythmic EEG activity suggests a lower threshold for EEG desynchronization for visualizers than for non‐visualizers. The augmented EEG following of non‐visualizers to red flicker appears to represent a different aspect of the same response continuum.
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE‐CONTINGENT AVERSIVE TONES ON GASTROINTESTINAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Stern Robert M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to compare the effects of response‐contingent and random aversive auditory stimulation on gastrointestinal motility. Ss were presented with four consecutive 10‐min treatment periods in the following order: response‐contingent (R‐C), random, R‐C, random. During R‐C, S could avoid the 5‐sec 90 db tone, which was programmed to come on every 30 sec, by pressing a key once during the 5 sec preceding the tone. During the random period, S had no control over the presentation of the tone. The results indicated that during R‐C, amplitude of gastrointestinal motility was significantly greater and latency briefer than under random conditions. These results are accounted for in terms of the dual role of the tone in the R‐C condition, i.e. it is aversive and it signifies to S that his time estimation was incorrect.
THE “RESPIRATORY VASOMOTOR REELEX” IN THE EOREHEAD AND EINGER
Authors: Royer Fred L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe so‐called respiratory vasomotor reflex, long observed in plethysmography of the extremities, was examined in seven normal Ss ranging in age from 17 to 38 years. With a photometric method, the vascular responses of the skin of the forehead and the finger were found to differ following a deep breath like a sigh. These responses were quite similar to the vascular components of the orienting reflex, i.e., vasodilation in the forehead and vasoconstriction in the hand. A polyphasic response in the forehead in some Ss followed the deliberate deep inspirations. This polyphasic response has also been observed during the orieinting reflex but without changes in respiration. This type of response appears to be associated with bradycardia, and may be related to similar vascular responses observed following cardiac arrhythmias.
THE FIRST NIGHT EFFECT: AN EEG STUDYOF SLEEP
Authors: Agnew H. W. , Webb Wilse B. , Williams Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment were studied in an effort to describe the First Night Effect. These records showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I‐rapid eye movement sleep. There is a delay in the onset of Stages IV and I‐REM and the sleep is more changeable. These effects rapidly adapt out by the second night of sleep.
INDIVIDUAL THERMAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS IN COLD‐INDUCED VASODILATATION
Authors: Teichner Warren H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIndividuals were classified as fast and non‐vasodilators during a first hand‐cooling experience. They were then required to carry out a prolonged detection task in 80°F and in 55°F air temperature. Comparisons were made of bodily thermal characteristics during hand cooling and during the detection sessions and of the percentage and speed of detection. The results suggest the possibility of characteristic differences between the two classified groups as well as of a relationship between behavioral and thermal regulating mechanisms.
THIRTY‐DAY STABILITY OF SPONTANEOUS GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES IN MAN
Authors: Docter Richard F. , Friedman Louis F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMeasures of long‐range stability of spontaneous GSRs (Galvanic Skin Response) were obtained from 23 male university students. Records were taken throughout a weekly recording period and compared with measures obtained under identical conditions 30 days later. In addition to the investigation of long‐term spontaneous GSR stability, this design permitted analysis of the 24‐hr stability of measured responses within each of the recording periods.Results yielded significant correlations between measures obtained 24 hr apart, as well as a significant correlation between the median weekly rates of spontaneous GSR emission taken 30 days apart. Comparison of emission rates on comparable recording days 30 days apart failed to manifest a significant relationship.Present data support earlier studies of 24‐hr spontaneous GSR stability. In spite of the failure to find significant relationships between emission rates on comparable days of the two recording periods, the authors conclude that the significant relationship between median weekly rates of emission, taken 30 days apart, indicates that spontaneous GSR is an intra‐individual characteristic which remains relatively stable, even over extended periods of time.
INDIVIDUAL AND INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BINOCULAR RETINAL RIVALRY IN MAN
Authors: Aafjes Marlene , Hueting Johan E. , Visser Piet 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a group of 12 male and female subjects of ages between 18 and 45 years the alternation frequency of binocular retinal rivalry (BRR) has been found to change depending upon the durations of the periods for which the target is fixated, and of the intercalated resting time. Analysis of variance indicated significant inter‐individual differences in level of mean frequency and in rate of increase.
THE AVERAGED EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE TO COMPLEX VISUAL STIMULI
Authors: Lifshitz Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAveraged cortical evoked responses in man to repetitive informationally complex pictorial stimuli, as opposed to other visual stimulation, were obtained from scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The method used involved the projection of lantern slides. Included were three different categories (indifferent scenic, repulsive medical, and nude female photographs) assumed to evoke, respectively, neutral, negative, and positive reactions in the normal young male subjects. In all subjects, recordings from occipital or occipitoparietal scalp leads consistently resulted in evoked response patterns to pictorial slides measurably differing from responses to these same slides made non‐associational through defocusing, or to blank light flashes. Responses to pictorial stimuli were also different than those to motivated observation of projected words, colors, or geometric patterns. The evoked responses to the three different categories of pictorial stimuli also showed significant differences. These differences were not as marked and were clearly replicable only for some subjects.
ORIENTING AND ADAPTIVE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO HEAT AND COLD
Authors: Zimny George H. , Miller Frank L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to test nine hypotheses derived from the theory of E. N. Sokolov. The hypotheses tested dealt with the habituation and return of the orienting response, and with the relationship between the orienting and adaptive responses. Three presentations of an auditory stimulus were interpolated among a series of 28 presentations of a cold stimulus administered to one group of 13 human subjects and among 28 presentations of a hot stimulus administered to another group of 13 subjects. Heart rate and amplitude and latency of vasomotor response to all stimuli were measured using a finger photoplethysmograph. When vasoconstrictive orienting responses to hot and to cold habituated out, vasoconstrictive adaptive responses to cold and vasodilatory adaptive responses to heat appeared. Eight of the nine hypotheses were confirmed, thereby providing strong support for Sokolov's theory, upon which the hypotheses were based.
BODY MOVEMENT ARTIFACT AS A CONTAMINANT IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SLEEP1
Authors: Altshuler Kenneth Z. , Brebbia D. Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperiments were undertaken to define the relationships between body movements and changes in oxygen consumption rate (V̇O2) and pulse rate. Methods included the use of indirect calorimetry for determination of V̇O2, a bedspring transducer and multiple electromyographic leads for movements, electrocardiograms for pulse rate, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings for condition of wakefulness or stage of sleep. Major and minor movements were distinguishable from each other in wakeful subjects by their effects on V̇O2 and pulse rate. Both types of movements evoked shorter changes during sleep. The concurrence of muscle potential or artifact on the EEG leads and polygraphic deflection from the bedspring was found to be a reliable indicator of movements eliciting such changes. Movements in sleep which evoked measureable changes in V̇O2 were noted to involve a considerable proportion of total muscle mass. V̇O2 response to movements during sleep endured for 1.52 min (S.D. ± 0.60), compared to 3.34 min (S.D. ± 0.99) in wakeful subjects. Pulse rate response was 0.26 min (S.D. ± 0.13) in wakeful subjects and appeared to be far briefer during sleep.
EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSES TO AFFECTIVE VISUAL STIMULI
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Gross Milton M. , Kissin Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of affective meaning on visual evoked responses was investigated in male college students. By utilization of conditioning procedures, previously meaningless figures (CS) acquired affective loadings, e.g., positive, negative, and neutral. The semantic differential scale and critical flicker interval (CFI) were used as indices of conditioning. Although conditioning occurred without awareness, both measures of conditioning yielded results in the same direction, and all three affective conditions differed significantly from one another. Averaged evoked responses were obtained for each affective stimulus. Amplitudes were found to differ significantly from one another in all three conditions, the unpleasant stimulus eliciting the lowest evoked response, and the neutral condition evoking the highest amplitude. Significantly shorter latencies were obtained for the unpleasant stimulus, whereas the latencies of the positive and neutral stimuli did not differ significantly from each other. The results suggest a direct influence of the emotional centers (limbic system) on the visual perception of affective stimuli. Further studies were suggested to clarify the role of awareness and the specific modalities involved in conditioning.
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE LATENCY, AMPLITUDE AND DURATION SCORES AS MEASURES OF AROUSAL AND HABITUATION IN NORMAL AND RETARDED ADULTS1
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf , O'Connor Neil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe comparability of latency, duration and amplitude scores of the first derivative of the galvanic skin response (GSR) in normal and retarded young adults was studied under various conditions of stimulus intensity, duration, and repetition. Duration scores were a measure of the onset‐to‐peak time of the primary wave and were found to be most sensitive to changes in stimulus conditions, least subject to measurement errors, and least cumbersome to handle statistically. Latency scores were found to be least sensitive, with amplitude scores occupying an intermediate position. The correlations between the three types of responses were low and showed no substantial or meaningful differences between stimulus conditions and subject groups. The authors concluded that for some types of GSR measurement, duration scores can replace the more commonly used amplitude scores.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF LEARNING AND OVERLEARNING
Authors: Andreassi John L. , Whalen Patricia M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to investigate physiological activity associated with original learning and overlearning of verbal materials (nonsense syllables). In Experiment 1, the physiological responses measured were heart rate (HR), palmar skin conductance (PSC), and galvanic skin responses (GSRs) during original learning, overlearning, and new learning. In Experiment 2, the same physiological responses were recorded but original learning was followed by two overlearning phases.The results showed that: there were decreases in all of the physiological measures with overlearning; there were increases in all of the measures with new learning; and further decreases in physiological activity occurred with “double overlearning.” It was concluded that the drop in physiological activity which occurred with overlearning was due to an habituation of physiological responses when Ss were no longer required to assimilate novel materials and a reduction in apprehensiveness as the experiment progressed.