bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
End Users‘ Knowledge, Beliefs, and Preferences for Lighting
Authors: Veitch Jennifer A. , Hine Donald W. , Gifford Robert 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE: An understanding of end users is necessary if one is to design to meet human needs. This study measured four broad concepts related to lighting to contribute to our understanding of end users in this domain: knowledge about technical aspects of lighting; beliefs about the effects of lighting on people; preferences regarding lighting; and importance of lighting.RESEARCH DESIGN: The study was a survey of a large group of university undergraduates. Sets of questions relating to each of the four concepts were created from the literature on lighting and interviews with other subjects. The lighting types and settings deliberately referred to circumstances familiar to these subjects. The questionnaire was completed during university classes.ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses of specific hypotheses were used to assess the state of these end users’ knowledge, beliefs, preferences, and ratings of the importance of lighting and the interrelations between these variables.KEY FINDINGS: The results show that lighting is important to laypeople and reveal that people to whom it is important desire more control over lighting. These subjects perceived that they had little control over lighting but desired much more. A large percentage of respondents believed that fluorescent lighting can be detrimental to one's health, and those who endorse these views about health effects also believe that natural daylight is superior to electric light.CONCLUSION: Design to meet human needs will improve if better understanding is gained of the beliefs, preferences, and knowledge of the client. This report includes specific suggestions for applications and provides pointers for both designers and researchers.
Antebellum Southern Parlor Inventories, 1845–1860
Authors: Rahe Lee W. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE: This paper contributes to knowledge of interior design in the antebellum American South by identifying patterns of parlor furnishing ownership, use, and characteristics among Greene County, Alabama, slave owners from 1845 to 1860. RESEARCH DESIGN: A variety of historical documents, primarily probate court inventories (N = 326), were used to provide information on the furnishing of antebellum southern parlors. Primary evidence from Greene County was compared to information on furnishing practices gathered from mid–nineteenth–century American publications to enhance interpretation of the inventories. ANALYSIS: Primary historical documents were identified and evaluated to establish a body of appropriate data. Electronic quantification systems generated descriptive statistics for the inventory data. Statistics and other findings were compared to evidence from American publications. KEY FINDINGS: Readily discernible patterns are evident in the occurrence, physical characteristics, and assemblage of furnishings in Greene County parlors. The study revealed that there were differences but also striking similarities between the furnishing practices of southern Americans and those advocated in mid–nineteenth–century American publications. It also found that the total wealth of decedents was related but not directly correlated to the quantity and value of their residential furnishings. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative analysis of data on furnishings drawn from probate court inventories provides valuable information for interior design historians. These findings produced information applicable to the recreation of historical environments and the development of conclusions about life among Americans in the antebellum lower South.
Practitioners‘ Perceptions of Interior Design
Authors: White Allison Carll , Dickson Ann W. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the perceptions of leaders of interior design practitioner organizations regarding the purpose, need, and importance of graduate education. RESEARCH DESIGN: Two surveys were conducted using a modified DELPHI technique. Responses from the first survey were used to generate questions for the second survey. Targeted respondents included the top two tiers of leadership of the member organizations of the Unified Voice Task Force. ANALYSIS: The data were analyzed using cross–tabular presentation with chi–square or the Fisher Exact Test used to determine statistical significance. KEY FINDINGS: Although practitioners recognize that graduate education can develop an area of practice specialization and result in scholarship that expands the body of knowledge, there appears to be confusion regarding the purpose, need, and importance of graduate education to interior design. The practitioners indicated that specialization could be achieved through continuing education, and they appear to view the development of the body of knowledge from an insular position as opposed to broadening the intellectual foundation of the profession. CONCLUSIONS: Increased collaboration among industry, practice, and education is needed to rectify the problems that presently exist with graduate education in the field of interior design.
Cultivating the Next Generation of Interior Designers: The Undergraduate as Design Researcher
Authors: Gibson Kathleen 
Published: June 2008

ISSUE: To cultivate better designers and design researchers, should undergraduates test their own hypotheses concerning the built environment? APPLICATION: A third–year undergraduate student developed a research strategy to investigate how furniture placement affects human behavior. Two different furniture arrangements, one existing layout and one layout designed by the student, were used as the experiment's dependent variables. GOAL: Primary goals for this study were to demonstrate how research could be directly meaningful to the undergraduate educational experience in interior design and to increase understanding of the complexities of mentoring young design researchers. DESCRIPTION: The student was involved in all aspects of the research project from conceptualization and grant proposal writing to data analysis and presentation of results. The entire process occurred within a five–month period. CONCLUSION: This research experience provided the student with increased confidence and a broader theoretical background from which to analyze and challenge previously accepted viewpoints held by the design community. To lead the interior design discipline into the next century, young designers should be trained to assess critically and analyze new information and methods. Summary As we prepare today’ graduates for leadership roles, we must develop in them the ability for critical thought along with the aesthetic and technical skills stressed in the design studio. Design students, like students in any other discipline, need to know how to define a problem, collect data, draw valid conclusions, and communicate the results. If not taught these skills, the next generation of designers will be unable to distinguish between valid scholarly research and unsubstantiated beliefs. The future of the design discipline will depend on interior designers having the intellectual tools to find that “simple error and to provide an appropriate solution. The undergraduate research project is one method to provide the next generation of designers with the intellectual skills needed to make informed decisions.
The Polsky Forum: The Creation of a Vision for the Interior Design Profession in the Year 2010
Authors: Dickson Ann Whiteside , White Allison Carll 
Published: June 2008

Objective The purpose of the Polsky Forum was to initiate a dialogue between the three constituency groups in the profession (industry, practice, and education) for the exploration of critical issues related to interior design research and graduate education. The specific objectives of the forum were (1) to formulate a vision for the profession for the year 2010; (2) to recommend a research agenda based on the vision; and (3) to develop strategies for implementing the agenda. Forum Design Nominations were sought for participants to address the issues in a forum setting. From over 85 applicants, 15 individuals representing the three constituency groups were selected. Before the forum, participants were given reading materials and brainstorming questions that constituted a framework for initiating discussions regarding research and graduate education. Small group and whole group discussion sessions were employed to facilitate communication. Forum Results Discussions initiated die breakdown of communication barriers between the three constituency groups. Consensus was reached regarding a view for the future of the interior design profession. Research and graduate education were considered means by which the profession can document its value to society, empower its members, and ensure long–term sustainability. The outcomes of the weekend are presented here in the form of a position paper to stimulate further discussion. Conclusion Without graduate education and a strong, ever–expanding knowledge base, interior design may cease to exist as a separate and distinct profession.
Sitting or Receiving: George W. Payne and the Plan Book Reception Hall
Authors: Jennings Jan 
Published: June 2008

Objective Drawing on design theory and historical research, this article offers a design analysis and cultural account of a special hall–as–room type, the reception hall, as represented in the designs of architect George W. Payne. Research Design A source of design for the everyday hall was located: twelve cottage designs of plan book architect George W. Payne, published between 1888 and 1898 in Carpentry and Building. Comparative design analyses along with primary source materials establish criteria for interpreting associational values and social and cultural dimensions of Payne's hall designs. Analysis George W. Payne's hall designs were compared with other plan book designs and model halls from millwork catalogs and compared with each other in terms of formal design theory (relationships among hall types, circulation patterns, and perceptual qualities). Key Findings Payne's cottages illustrate that the reception hall was not reserved for large, expensive houses. In modest houses, Payne often substituted a vestibule for a hall. When the hall became a specialized room, ambiguous meanings emerged, for example, the reception hall could not function as a homey place because of expectations about the social life of the hall. In the end, reception halls favored abundance in architectural treatment, requiring little furnishing. Conclusion Payne's concepts were at odds with social uses of the spaces, for example, sitting or receiving. In spite of the ideals about the hall as another living space, the hall served as a place of contradiction, blending and mixing ambiguity regarding design and behavior.
Development of an Instrument to Study the Meaning of Color in Interior Environments
Authors: Guerin Denise A. , Park Youngsoon , Yang Sehwa 
Published: June 2008

Objective The objective of this study was to develop an instrument by which the meaning of color in the interior environment could be determined. Research Design An abstract color palette was developed that was representative of a picture of an interior. Six palettes were developed based on pictures of six interiors. The palettes were computer–generated color compositions of hue, value, chroma, contrast, overlapping, and adjacencies. Sixty–four volunteer subjects were asked to view each picture, then later each palette, and determine the degree of absence or presence of a characteristic in each. Twenty–one descriptor words represented the characteristics; they were used with a Likert–type, single–word scale. Analysis A t–test was run on the responses to each word to determine significant differences in subjects’ responses to the descriptor word for the picture and the palette. Key Findings For fourteen words, 66.7%, there were no significant differences between the pictures and the palettes. The abstract color palette was shown to be a valid testing instrument for meaning of color in the interior environment because it reflected the same meaning as the picture. Conclusion Although additional validation of this instrument must be completed, this study showed potential for use of the abstract color palette as a visual research instrument that focuses only on the meaning of color and eliminates all other interior components.
Redesigning the Design Studio to Foster Critical Thinking
Authors: Kucko Jane K. , Caldwell Lark F. 
Published: June 2008

Issue The design educator can respond to the significant need to enhance critical thinking by creating a studio environment that fosters self–discovery and synthesis of information and places the responsibility of learning upon the students. Goal A studio environment that promotes critical thinking encourages students to explore and analyzes various issues and theories, thereby enhancing of their ability to build a substantiated case for an interior design solution. Application Distinctions between problem solving, decision making, concept development, and critical thinking clarify for the student the various roles of these thinking strategies. A comparison between a traditional interior design studio versus one that fosters critical thinking clarifies for the educator the type of environment necessary to promote this order of thinking. The importance of critical thinking is emphasized, and students are more confident and experiential in their approach to interior design. Students are also better able to articulate their rationale for an interior design solution. Description The major component of critical thinking includes the thorough examination of a problem, resulting in a solution that is supported by education and theory. Differentiating between facts and values, relevant versus irrelevant information, determining the credibility of the source of information and identifying logical fallacies are a few measures one can take to analyze a design problem critically. This analysis evolves into a defense (the justification for an interior design solution). Conclusion Providing a studio environment that enhances critical thinking results in an interactive learning environment. Students actively participate in the learning process, creating in a dynamic educational environment.
Day Care Facility Design: A Multimodal, Active Learning Process
Authors: Boschetti Margaret A. 
Published: June 2008

Issue Day care interior design is an emerging issue that deserves attention by both design educators and the design profession. Day care facility design offers an opportunity for bridging theory and practice in the classroom through focus on spatial implications of children's developmental needs. An active learning approach builds students’ competence and confidence by requiring them to apply what they are learning. Application A multimodal, active learning process is described that takes students from personal experience, through study and observation of theory and practice, to application and evaluation in a seven–week project on day care design. Goal Knowledge of day care design is acquired within a conceptual framework linking children's developmental needs with aspects of the physical environment. This method provides students with a theoretical foundation for critical analysis of a day care setting. Description Classroom activities (lectures/discussion, small group interaction, guest speakers, a class field trip) are supported by a variety of students’ assignments (readings, library research, oral reports, site observations) that lead to applied problem solving in a demonstrated product (case study) for evaluation. Conclusion With expanded knowledge of day care facility design, based on understanding of children's developmental needs and critical thinking and problem–solving skills, interior design students will have an advantage in communicating with child care experts and, therefore, in promoting their design services in this important arena.
Attachment to Personal Possessions: An Interpretive Study of the Older Person's Experience
Authors: Boschetti Margaret A. 
Published: June 2008

Objective An exploratory study was undertaken to examine the role of personal possessions in older people's attachment to place. Research Design A qualitative research strategy was selected to gather descriptive data and to capture meanings of personal experience (Rowles and Reinharz, 1988). Over a ten–month period, multiple, in–depth interviews were conducted with a small sample of volunteer subjects in their homes. Analysis A phenomenological method of analysis based on procedures outlined by Giorgi (1985) was followed. Key Findings A complex pattern of attachment to possessions was revealed through discovery of two interpretive themes, connection/extension and continuity/discontinuity, that provide deeper understanding of the person–place phenomenon as experienced by the older person. Conclusion The study validates and extends other studies showing relationships between personal possessions and identity of older people. Attachment of a sense of self to micro–elements of the physical environment has crucial implications for place–making in the older person's residential setting.
Intimate Space Issues in Preschool Environments
Authors: Friedmann Sigal , Thompson Jo Ann Asher 
Published: June 2008

Objective The importance of spatial design and its psychological and physical impact on people is receiving increasing recognition and attention among researchers, educators, health–care providers, and businesses. As increasingly more children are in preschools at a younger age, more research is needed to help determine the impact of the physical environment on children's development. Research Design In this investigation two intimate spaces or boxes of contrasting designs were installed in an open plan preschool. One box was a “cozy” space and the other a “slick” space as defined by the use of specific interior textures and materials. Analysis An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine whether there was any relationship between subject age (3–, 4–, and 5–year–olds) and box type (cozy versus slick) in terms of the average relative time spent in each box type. Key Findings Results from this study showed that preschool children used the intimate spaces frequently and stayed in them for varying lengths of time. When both boxes were present in the preschool, a significant interaction at P<0.06 between box type and subject age was observed. Conclusion These results support the importance of incorporating intimate spaces into the design of open plan preschools.
Personality Types of Interior Design Students: Implications for Education
Authors: Russ Randall R. , Weber Margaret J. 
Published: June 2008

Objective The purposes of this study were to explore students’ career aspirations in interior design and identify any relationship between their self–assessed curriculum strengths, career aspirations, and personality types. Research Design The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and a career aspirations questionnaire were administered to 234 junior and senior interior design students currently enrolled in Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) accredited programs at 12 universities in the United States. Analysis A factor analysis was used to assess career aspirations from the questionnaire relative to personality type resulting in six factors. An analysis of variance was conducted on the four groups of MBTI types and the six career factors to determine relationships between specific personality types and the six career factors. Key Findings Of the 234 respondents, 40.2% were in the catalyst type with 16.2% of this group falling in the Extroverted–INtuitive–Feeling–Perceiving (ENFP) type. The six factors did not show any significance with the MBTI types. Conclusion The results of this research indicated there was not a definite link between personality and career aspirations in interior design. However, further research of the MBTI types and their relationship to career aspirations in interior design could provide an opportunity for educators to help students become more aware of their career aspirations in the field.
An Interior Design Experience Program, Part I: Defining the Need
Authors: Harwood Buie 
Published: June 2008

Objective The objective of this study was to identify the need for an apprentice or interior design experience program and, if supported, to propose such a program. Research Design The study investigated entry level work experience and related requirements impacting the career path of professional interior designers. Requirements established by educational accreditation, professional examination, and legal recognition/licensing, as well as professional apprenticeships in other fields were investigated. Analysis A qualitative analysis of existing materials found that a monitored and structured experience program could do three things for the interior design profession: (a) bridge the gap between formal education and competent professional practice, (b) link the process of educational accreditation by the Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) with that of professional examination by the National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ), and (c) address the need for quality experience required of NCIDQ candidates. Key Findings The findings supported the need for a structured work experience program for entry level interior designers. Conclusion Such a program could provide a critical link between the education and examination processes and fill a void in the career path of professional interior designers.
Distance Education for Interior Design: A Needs Assessment
Authors: Ali Yousri , DiCicco David B. 
Published: June 2008

Issue By the year 2000, over 50% of all college students will be non–traditional, that is, over 25 years old, married, and working. Traditional higher education delivery systems limit non–traditional students’ access to education. Distance education offers an opportunity for increased access to higher education for non–traditional students. How can interior design programs implement distance education pedagogy? Goal This report discusses the potential of distance education to respond to the changing demography of students, decreasing university resources, and developing educational technologies. Application A tool for interior design educators and administrators to assess distance education's potential to enrich interior design curricula is developed. Description This report provides a needs assessment strategy for interior design programs considering implementation of distance education. A needs assessment is the first of four stages associated with the decision to implement distance education into an interior design program. The other three stages—delivery technology options, interactivity, and faculty participation/development—are subjects for future discussions. Conclusion Distance education provides a method for addressing the needs of non–traditional students and may offer an opportunity to enhance interior design education through resource sharing.