bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Aerarium and its Officials Under the Empire
Authors: Millar Fergus 
Published: May 2006

No analysis of the political character of the Empire can avoid the question of finance. The various sources of revenue of the Emperor and the res publica, the role of the private wealth of the Emperor, the nature of his control over public funds, the question of how and when various public revenues were taken by him—a satisfactory political interpretation of the early Empire must take account of all these.This article attempts merely to take a second preliminary step towards such an interpretation. Its aim is to set out as clearly as possible the evidence as to the nature of the Aerarium and the functions of its officials, and, above all, to avoid the anachronistic approach which our language itself so readily invites. Not all anachronistic views of the subject have had the beautiful obviousness of Ramsay's contribution: even to speak of the ‘world-wide financial administration’ of the Aerarium will prove to be misleading.
Marcus Lepidus, Capax Imperii
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: May 2006

The theme ‘capax imperii', immortalized by Tacitus’ verdict on the Emperor Galba, runs through his writings, and imparts a unity to the record of conspiracies and civil wars. It emerges quickly in the Annals. Augustus, so an anecdote alleges, discussed the matter when his end was near, and made play with the names of three men. M. Lepidus, he said, had the capacity but no desire; Asinius Gallus was eager but not good enough; Arruntius, however, was not unworthy and might make a bid. Moreover, according to; Tacitus, some versions named Cn. Piso instead of Arruntius. There it might rest, a happy invention, or at least an unverifiable report, did not the story raise a problem of historical identity. Who was the Lepidus whom the dying Princeps rated so highly, Marcus or Manius ? The Codex Mediceus has ‘M. Lepidum’: all modern editors alter the praenomen and read ‘M'. Lepidum’.This passage is only the beginning of the trouble. Two Aemilii Lepidi of consular standing recur in the Annals and annoy the conscientious reader. They are not at all easy to keep apart, despite the operations of scholars since Justus Lipsius. Those operations have been considerable. Following Lipsius' lead, Borghesi and Nipperdey evolved a doctrine about the two Lepidi which won rapid and general acceptance, with hardly a murmur of dissent anywhere, and it now stands canonical both in editions of Tacitus and in the works of reference. It involved an alteration of the manuscript reading, easy and trivial to all appearance—the substitution of the abbreviated praenomen M'. for M. That change was made, not only in the passage in Book I about the ‘capaces imperii’, but in seven other, places, no less. In consequence Marcus Lepidus dwindles miserably and is all but blotted out, whereas Manius is augmented and exalted. The time has come to challenge the legitimacy of the procedure, and to look at the results.
Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna
Authors: Jones R. F. J. , Bird D. G. 
Published: May 2006

Recent studies of Roman gold-mining, in Britain at Dolaucothi, and in Spain at las Médulas, Montefurado and Puerto del Palo, have shown that many valuable results can be obtained at such sites by a careful programme of field-work. The present article is the result of field-work in the region of the Rio Duerna in 1970. It was also possible to undertake a special in-depth survey of one of the mines, the working known as los Castellones. This mine was chosen as one of the most important and interesting in the valley.Previously attention has centred on the hard-rock mines of the south of Spain and Portugal, and there are few sources referring to the gold-mines of the north in any but very general terms. O. Davies has compiled a list of most of them and thus rendered a valuable service, in spite of some errors. Strangely he does not give the most comprehensive source as his reference for the mines of the Duerna area (which he calls ‘Quintanilla’ on his map IIIa), although he makes use of it elsewhere.
Cicero,Ad FamiliaresXIII, 26 and 28: Evidence forRevocatioorReiectio Romae/Romam?
Authors: Cotton Hannah M. 
Published: May 2006

The two letters of recommendation,Ad FamiliaresXIII, 26 and 28, were addressed in 46 B.C. to Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, the foremost jurist of the day, and at the time the governor of Achaea. They were written on behalf of Cicero's former quaestor, L. Mescinius Rufus, in anticipation of legal difficulties in the succession of the latter to the inheritance left to him in Achaea by his cousin(?) M. Mindius.Cicero's request, ‘ ut … eos (i.e. Mescinius' opponents) … Romam reieceris ’, backed, as he informed his correspondent, by a letter (litterae quasi commendaticiae) from the consul in Rome (Fam. XIII, 26, 3) has received the most contradictory and mutually exclusive interpretations. Whereas some see in it a perfect example of an appeal launched before trial, others firmly deny this, or reject the very existence of this form of appeal. In its stead a little-used right of Roman citizens in the provinces to request a remittal of their case to Rome is invoked. The alleged appeal or right is variously designatedrevocatio Romae, revocatio Romam, reiectio Romaeor most recently,reiectio Romam.
Calpurnius Siculus and the Claudian Civil War
Authors: Wiseman T. P. 
Published: May 2006

In the first Eclogue of Calpurnius Siculus, Corydon and Ornytus seek to escape from the heat of the sun in a grove sacred to Faunus. There, on a beech tree, they find a long prophecy (lines 33–88), freshly carved by the god himself. After an introductory announcement of joyful news, the inscription proceeds as follows:Aurea secura cum pace renascitur aetaset redit ad terras tandem squalore situquealma Themis posito iuvenemque beata sequuntursaecula, maternis causam qui vicit Iulis.dum populos deus ipse reget, dabit impia victaspost tergum Bellona manus spoliataque telisin sua vesanos torquebit viscera morsuset, modo quae toto civilia distulit orbe,secum bella geret: nullos iam Roma Philipposdeflebit, nullos ducet captiva triumphos;omnia Tartareo subigentur carcere bellaimmergentque caput tenebris lucemque timebunt.
Philippus Arabs and Egypt
Authors: Parsons P. J. 
Published: May 2006

Philippus Arabs ruled the Roman world for five years, A.D. 244 to 249. It is an obscure reign, even for the period: the Augustan History offers no life of Philip, the other literary sources are scanty and dubious. The political historian might turn, like Gibbon, to general criteria—‘the knowledge of human nature, and of the sure operation of its fierce and unrestrained passions’. For economics and administration nothing will serve but more evidence. It seems worthwhile, therefore, to assemble the papyrus documents which reflect Philip's régime in Egypt; and to ask whether any coherent picture emerges from them.This enterprise has its own dangers. The documents from Egypt represent chance finds, on a few sites, in the remoter half of the country. They are oppressively numerous, yet negligible in comparison with the bulk now lost. They allow vivid glimpses of administration at work, but for the most part at the lower levels and in individual cases. Chance survival, local particularism and official incompetence play a large part.
The Ownership of Roman Land: Tiberius Gracchus and the Italians
Authors: Richardson J. S. 
Published: May 2006

The agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus is on any reckoning a significant piece of legislation in the history of the later Roman republic, and it is a measure of our ignorance of that critical period that it should still be possible to ask who he intended its beneficiaries to be without any immediate prospect of a clear answer. This is of especial concern because the problem affects not only the interpretation of Gracchus himself, and the evaluation of the sources for the period, but also our estimate of the whole complex of attitudes and actions which make up the turbulent half-century which followed his death in 133 B.C.In so far as there is any agreement among modern scholars, opinion has favoured the view that Roman citizens alone were intended to profit from the law. I wish to suggest here firstly that the connection between land distribution and citizenship is more intimate and more complex than has sometimes been realised, and also that an inclusion of non-Romans among the beneficiaries of Gracchus' law may explain certain puzzling features in the historical tradition about the law itself and its aftermath.
Calpurnius Siculus and the Munus Neronis
Authors: Townend G. B. 
Published: May 2006

In a recent number of this Journal, Edward Champlin called in question the dating of the Eclogues of Calpurnius Siculus, traditionally placed in the early years of Nero's reign. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the Neronian date fits the references in the poems much better than does Champlin's date in the reign of Severus Alexander, and that there is no valid reason for doubting it.Some of the purely negative arguments may be dealt with briefly. When in 4.87 Calpurnius uses the phrase ‘facundo comitatus Apolline Caesar’, there is no need to take this as referring to the divine comes who becomes part of imperial propaganda in the third century (C., p. 96). Already in Nat. Deor. 2. 165–6 Cicero mentions Homer's attachment of various gods to great men as ‘discriminum et periculorum comites’; and in Rep. 2.44, ‘Fortuna comitata est’ Tarquin. For more specific activities, Propertius (4. 3. 16) makes Arethusa regret that she married ‘non comitante deo’; and this is brought into the realm of poetical composition in Prop. 3. 2. 13 and Ovid, Tr. 4. 1. 20, where the gods act as comites to the writers. This is precisely the context of Calpurnius' words, where Apollo's facundia is set beside the kingliness of Jupiter, as in Ecl. Eins. 1. 29–33, and provides poetic inspiration, just as Apollo does, ibid. 38, amplified in the following lines (39–42) with reference to Nero's poem on the Sack of Troy, and again in Apocol. 4, where there is a suggestion of Nero's identification with the god (‘ille mihi similis voltu similisque decore, nec cantu nec voce minor’). Nero was to exploit this idea much more as the reign proceeded, but Apollo's patronage of the poet-emperor was too firmly established at the beginning of the reign for any doubts to be raised.
Latin Calligraphy at Hawara: P. Hawara 24
Authors: Dow Sterling 
Published: May 2006

Text I (Vergil). Found by Petrie at Hawara eighty years ago, P(apyrus) Hawara 24 is now in the collection at University College, London. It has writing on both sides. On one side is a line of Latin verse repeated over and over; on the other side is other Latin, also repeated over and over. The first editor, A. H. Sayce, whose publication was merely two lines in a check-list, recognized, however, that the line on one side is Vergil, Aeneid 2, 601:Text I Non tibi Tyndaridis facies [invisa Lacaenae]The last two words are torn away and are wholly missing, but all of the rest is plain. Certainly both sides were written for practice. Scholars commonly felt that exercises of this sort have little interest, and so the papyrus had received only a few mentions (bibliography with complete references infra).
Vegetation succession and biological turnover on coal‐mining spoils
Authors: Titlyanova A. A. , Mironycheva‐Tokareva N. P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. This paper describes secondary revegetation and biological turnover development on coal‐mining spoils. Qualitative and quantitative changes in species composition, rate of succession, formation of plant bio‐mass structure and net primary production are described for revegetation stages with an undisturbed meadow system as a reference.The development of biological turnover in grasslands has four stages. The first stage is characterized by the growth of weedy species, high above‐ground standing crop and production and low below‐ground production. The second stage includes the establishment of perennial grasses, a decrease in the above‐ground plant biomass and production, an increase of the below‐ground living and dead root mass, formation of the plant material structure (distribution of plant material among the compartments of the ecosystem) close to steady‐state pattern, the approach to the balance between net primary production and organic matter decomposition. During the third stage a mature species composition is formed and below‐ground production increases up to the steady‐state level. At the fourth stage the humus storage reaches its steady‐state value.
Compositional gradients in the forest vegetation of Finland
Authors: Tonteri Tiina , Mikkola Kari , Lahti Tapani 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Compositional gradients of forest vegetation in Finland were determined using detrended correspondence analysis, and ecologically interpreted with regression analysis. The data were collected in association with the 8th National Forest Inventory, and they comprised 1514 samples and 472 species, covering the whole forested land area of Finland.In the ordination space the first, very stable axis (DCA1) was much stronger than the following three, more unstable axes (DCA2 ‐ 4). Site fertility (reflected by the forest site type series) and latitude had strongest covariation with the ordination space, followed by a number of variables primarily related to forest age or tree stand volume. Fertility variables were most closely parallel with DCA1, latitudinal ones with DCA1 and DCA2, and successional variables with DCA3.The results indicate that compositional overlap of sites classified into different Caj ander site types is considerable.
Leaf nutrients in relation to stature and life form in tropical rain forest
Authors: Bigelow Seth W. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. To document the relationship between a plant's position in the canopy and its leaf nutrient content, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for 30 species growing in mature evergreen lowland rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Species that grow either in the understory, midstory, or the canopy were selected. Species were further separated into three life forms: self‐supporting monocots, self‐supporting dicots, and climbers. Mass‐based nutrient concentrations were expected to decrease with stature, as has been reported in studies of other forests. In fact, mass‐based nitrogen and phosphorus did not vary significantly among the three adult‐stature classes, although area‐based values differed greatly: canopy plants averaged 60 % more nitrogen and 90 % more phosphorus per unit leaf area than understory plants.Differences in leaf characteristics were evident among the three life forms. Most notably, area‐based phosphorus and leaf specific mass were lowest in climbers, intermediate in self‐supporting dicots, and highest in self‐supporting monocots. These results support the characterization of climbers as investing in inexpensive structures, perhaps in order to gain competitive advantage in light capture by allocating resources to maximize elongation rates.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Simberloff Daniel 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Nimis, P. L. & Crovello, T. J. (eds.) 1991. Quantitative Approaches to Phytogeography. (T:VS 24). vii+280 pp. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0–7923–0795‐X. Price USD 169.‐.
Community attributes along a perturbation gradient in a shortgrass steppe
Authors: Milchunas D. G. , Lauenroth W. K. , Chapman P. L. , Kazempour M. K. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We constructed a perturbation (response) gradient that encompassed several types of disturbances (causes) affecting shortgrass steppe communities, and that was confounded by time scales of initiation and duration. The objectives were to (1) examine the type of disturbance and the relative magnitude of response in relation to the history of the shortgrass steppe, and (2) determine which attributes of the plant communities displayed relationships across the perturbation gradient, rather than across traditional successional ‐ time gradients.Comparisons of disturbance types indicated that long‐term heavy grazing by cattle resulted in plant communities which differ less from communities resulting from other disturbances than did long‐term ungrazed sites. The removal of grazers from this system promoted attributes of earlier serai stages. Water addition, below‐ground grazing by white grubs, and water‐plus‐nitrogen enrichment had distinct and large impacts on community composition. Nitrogen enrichment resulted in additions but not losses of species. The shortgrass steppe has a high degree of adaptation to both short‐term drought and aboveground grazing. Belowground grazing and semi‐aridity may be considered antagonistic pressures on the community.Community attributes that displayed a relationship with increasing level of perturbation were decreasing dominance and increasing diversity, and fluctuation in species composition during short‐term wet/dry cycles. The level of perturbation was related to negative impacts on the two primary species and a corresponding increase of other warm‐season species, but was not related to densities of any other species, life‐form, or functional group.
Variation in structure and diversity in Mediterranean grasslands related to trophic status and grazing intensity
Authors: Puerto A. , Rico M. , Matias M. D. , Garcia J. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The spatial organization of Mediterranean grassland in Spain is described, based on samples from 71 sites covering the existing variation in slope exposition and inclination.The whole set can be regarded as representing a trophic gradient, along which gradual variation in soil, species composition, biomass, and coverage were quantified. Corresponding to other studies from varying habitats, maximal species richness, diversity, and heterogeneity were observed on moderately infertile sites. Maximum species richness, over 60 species, occurred on sites with biomass values from 150–350 g / m2. Species richness values are much higher and biomass values are much lower than those found in temperate grasslands. The decrease in diversity towards the mosteutrophic communities is stronger than expected, but can be easily explained by the high grazing pressure here. The variation in diversity observed runs parallel with that in heterogeneity. Zones with a high species richness also have a high heterogeneity, meaning a low amount of dominance.Grazing is understood as abiotic form of disturbance. Differences in grazing pressure may modify the relation between richness and fertility. While the greatest grazing pressure coincides with the most eutrophic communities, decreasing progressively towards the oligotrophic ones, the trend predicted by the resource availability theory is maintained; species diversity will be maximal at intermediate levels of disturbance. Absence of grazing in the eutrophic communities would lead to an investment in the soil of the unconsumed organic matter.
Soil seed banks and post‐fire seed deposition across a forest ‐ fynbos ecotone in the Cape Province
Authors: Manders P. T. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract.The relative sizes and composition of soil seed banks, the influence of fire and the post‐fire deposition of seeds were investigated in a riparian forest and adjacent fynbos and transitional vegetation in Swartboskloof. Brief complementary studies of soil seed banks were conducted in poorly‐developed forest and scree forest soils. Numbers of species in each vegetation type were very similar, but there were fewer seeds in riparian forest soil than in the transitional and fynbos zones. These patterns were not repeated in poorly‐developed forest and scree forest. No effects of fire on soil seed banks were detected. Forest soil had relatively large numbers of seeds stored at 10 to 15 cm deep, with many zoochorous and few myr‐mecochorous seeds.Anemochorous and ornithochorous seeds of forest species formed a major component of seed deposition within the transitional and fynbos zones in the first year after fire. The numbers of anemochorous forest seeds in the fynbos declined with distance from the forest edge. The deposition of ornithochorous forest seeds was less closely related to distance from the source, and was not exclusively associated with the presence of tall or fruit‐bearing shrubs.Regeneration after canopy‐destroying disturbance in the forest is likely to emanate from the soil seed banks of pioneer species which now or previously occurred on forest margins. Seed availability does not appear to limit colonization of fynbos by forest species soon after fire.
Comparative seed biology and co‐existence of two fynbos shrub species
Authors: Kilian D. , Cowling R. M. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Fire‐prone fynbos communities include numerous species which are difficult to distinguish in terms of conventional niche axes since they are morphologically similar and share the same broad life‐history traits. These species compete for space after each fire and lottery theory predicts that those with dissimilar per capita regeneration would not co‐exist in the long‐term.We studied seed production, soil seed bank dynamics, germination and post‐fire seedling establishment and mortality of two obligate reseeding, morphologically similar shrubs which co‐occur in dune fynbos throughout the southwestern Cape. Passerina paleacea produced 30 x more plump seeds and maintained soil seed banks between 1.5 x (pre‐dispersal) and 2.6 x (post‐dispersal) times larger than Phylica ericoides. Seeds of both species showed a high degree of dormancy although germination was stimulated by direct fire‐related cues for Phylica only. Approximately 4 x more Passerina seedlings than Phylica seedlings were counted at the end of the winter germination period after a mild autumn fire. However, seedling mortality in the first five months of the dry summer was more than twice as high for Passerina than for Phylica.We suggest that the long‐term co‐existence of these two species does not result from similar post‐fire regeneration success but rather from population instabilities arising from differential regeneration in relation to fire regime. The results predict that hot fires followed by dry summers would favour Phylica over Passerina as the former has fire‐stimulated germination and greater drought tolerance; cool fires followed by moist summers would favour Passerina.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Cairns John , Atkinson Robert B. 
Published: May 2006

Book reviewed in this issue.Majer, J. D. (ed.) Animals in primary succession: The role of Fauna in Reclaimed Lands. 1989. xii + 547 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0–521–33400–4. Price: GBP 60.‐.