bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Alloying Elements and Impurities on in-BWR Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Sell H-J , Trapp-Pritsching S , Garzarolli F 
Published: April 2008

The data base on the corrosion behavior of Zr alloy materials under BWR conditions was evaluated with respect to the burnup target of 70 MWd/kgU. At high bumups, corrosion rate and the rate of hydrogen pickup (HPU) may increase. This onset of increase obviously depends on the material, but also seems to be significantly affected by the coolant water chemistry. Because small differences in corrosion behavior at lower burnup might become more and more important with increasing burnup, Framatome ANP has performed several studies on the separate and combined effects of (1) alloying content of the claddings, (2) cladding material condition, (3) impurity content of the cladding, and (4) the coolant chemistry. This paper focuses on the effects the concentration of alloying elements and of impurities (including microstructural differences imposed by the annealing treatment) have on corrosion. The corrosion effects were evaluated in material test irradiation programs in two BWRs. Zircaloy type materials processed at low temperatures (LTP), defined by a low particle growth parameter (PGP) value, exhibit a maximum corrosion resistance between 1.2 and 1.5 % Sn. Impurities, such as C, O, and P can increase the corrosion of Zircaloy in BWRs at high burnup. The higher the corrosion resistance of the base material, the more pronounced is the increase seen at high burnup. Above a critical PGP value, in-pile corrosion increases. At high burnups, Zry-4 shows a higher increase with increasing PGP than Zry-2, whereas at lower burnups both behave similarly. The critical PGP value varies with the chemical composition, such as Fe, Cr, and Ni content and the distribution of second phase particles (SPP). The effect of Si is more complex. Si increases in-pile corrosion at contents in excess of 140 ppm. Contents at 80 to 140 ppm can be beneficial, when the β-quench rate applied during fabrication is not high enough to ensure a uniform distribution of the SPP, and the alloying composition and the concentration of impurities is in a beneficial range. The hydrogen pickup fraction (HPUF) of Zircaloy type samples in BWRs decreases with decreasing corrosion resistance but differs from plant to plant. There are indications that the difference can partially be attributed to the Fe content in the coolant.
The results are in agreement with the irradiation experience with Zry-2 LTP cladding extending up to 73 MWd/kgU in different BWRs.
Use of the Irradiation-Thermal Creep Model of Zr-1 % Nb Alloy Cladding Tubes to Describe Dimensional Changes of VVER Fuel Rods
Authors: Rogozyanov AY , Smirnov AV , Kanashov BA , Polenok VS , Nuzhdov AA 
Published: April 2008

The objective of this work was firstly to categorize the data on dimensional change of the VVER fuel rods and to identify the primary variables influencing performance, and secondly to benchmark the irradiation-thermal creep model for Zr-1% Nb alloy cladding tubes against the VVER fuel rod dimensional changes data. The creep model was developed using the results of in-pile and out-of-pile tests of tube specimens.
Data arrays on the change of fuel rod diameter and length were obtained during examination of eight VVER-440 fuel assemblies and 16 VVER-1000 fuel assemblies. Qualitative analysis was performed of the measurement results presented as dependencies of averaged axial strain on burnup.
Similar calculated dependencies were obtained using the creep model considering the irradiation growth strain. The quantitative analysis showed that differences between the calculated and actual dimensional changes of the fuel rods did not exceed 3–5 % for VVER-440 and 7 % for VVER-1000.
An Overview of Fundamental and Simulative Performance Tests for Hot Mix Asphalt
Authors: Zhang J , Brown ER , Kandhal PS , West R 
Published: April 2008

Numerous fundamental and simulative test methods are being used to evaluate the performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, loss of surface friction, and stripping are the five main distress types for HMA pavements. All of these distresses can result in loss of performance, but rutting is the one distress that is most likely to be a sudden failure as a result of unsatisfactory HMA. Other distresses are typically long term and show up after a few years of traffic.
This paper provides a general overview of the fundamental, empirical, and simulative tests for HMA corresponding to each of these five distresses. All test methods have been evaluated in terms of advantages and disadvantages. However, major emphasis has been placed on tests for evaluating permanent deformation.
Identification of a Physical Model to Evaluate Rutting Performance of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Drakos CA , Roque R , Birgisson B , Novak M 
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study is to identify a physical model that can provide reliable predictions about a mixture's ability to resist permanent deformation under realistic stress states. Key differences were identified between stress states under the existing Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) loading device (hose) and stress states under radial truck tires, which may indicate potentially different rutting mechanisms. It was shown that the APA hose was not capturing the critical lateral stresses found to be detrimental to rutting and cracking of HMA pavements. A new loading device (rib) was designed and constructed for use in the APA that more closely represents stress states found under radial tires.
Contact-stress measurements under the two loading devices — hose and rib — showed that the rib was able to reproduce the lateral stresses found under individual ribs on a radial-tire tread. Subsequent finite element modeling also showed that the rib appeared to generate similar shear stress patterns to those found under the modeled radial-tire load.
A new method was developed to measure deformations on the surface of APA specimens, where a contour gauge was used to record and store the entire surface profile of the sample throughout the progress of the test. An area-change parameter, which reflects volume change, was introduced to calculate the volumetric changes in the specimen. The area-change parameter can be used to determine whether specimen rutting is primarily due to shear instability or consolidation.
Two mixtures of known field performance — poor and good — were tested to evaluate the test's ability to predict performance with the new loading device and the new measurement and interpretation system. Results showed that the new system (loading strip and profile measurement method) appears to have greater potential of evaluating a mixture's potential for instability rutting than the original (hose and single rut-depth measurement) configuration.
Review of Specific Local Fenestration Units, Building Envelope Interface Practices, and Materials Compared to ASTM E 2112, Current Acceptance Criteria, and Evaluation Practices.
Authors: Ackerman DS 
Published: April 2008

1. Variations in physical installation environments
a. Weather variations in Washington
b. Types of construction and materials used
c. Weather impact on interface materials and exposure periods
d. Installation practices during varying conditions
2. Installation of windows and flashing in single and multifamily projects in the Northwest
a. Divergence of methods between locations and type of construction
b. Agency requirements and inspections
c. Architect construction plan specifications
d. Practice compared to window manufacturers and E2112 specifications
e. Common Installation Problems Caused By Window Installers
f. Practical considerations, standards vs. the real world
f. Window manufacturer's instruction, guidance and training
h. Flashing observations encountered in the development of a new product
3. Consideration of current Acceptance Criteria and Evaluation Reports
Hydraulic Pump Contaminant Wear
Authors: Tessmann RK , Hong IT 
Published: April 2008

The contaminant wear of any pump depends on the operational and the contaminant severity as well as the inherent contaminant sensitivity of the pump. In order to evaluate the contaminant sensitivity of a pump it is necessary to conduct a carefully controlled test. The primary result obtained from this test is a lumped parameter called the contaminant wear sensitivity coefficient, which represents the degree of contaminant tolerance.
A contaminant sensitivity theory has been developed which states that for every contaminant particle that passes through a pumping chamber, the pump looses a finite portion of its flow delivery potential. The degraded flow rate equals the sum of the product obtained by using both the wear sensitivity coefficient and the particle exposure rate for all particles sizes to which the pump has been exposed. The wear sensitivity coefficient is simply the volume of the pumping potential that the pump looses per particle exposed. The particle exposure rate equals the product of the flow rate and the particle concentration in the fluid.
An analytical treatment of the contaminant sensitivity concept is called the Omega Theory. This paper first reviews the contaminant sensitivity test and discusses the various test parameters. In addition, the paper presents the analytical model that permits computer techniques to be applied in deriving and manipulating contaminant sensitivity coefficients obtained from testing in order to construct the contaminant tolerance profile (Omega Life) and calculate the service life for a specific pump. Furthermore, the paper provides a means by which the field service life can be estimated based upon the standard test.
Research of Suitable Material Pairs for Applications Operating with High WaterBased Fluids
Authors: Oberem R , Murrenhoff H 
Published: April 2008

Using high water-based fluids in a hydraulic system requires the application of other materials than in oil hydraulic facilities. High water-based fluids have a content of water not under 80%. The rest is a HWBF concentrate. The content of water defines the features of the liquid. Because of the low viscosity of a high water-based fluid, the loading of the surfaces in water hydraulic systems is much higher than in a machine operating with oil. The low viscosity produces smaller gaps in tribological contacts. It is possible that the surfaces of a tribological contact will not be separated. The problem of adhesive and abrasive damage is increased. The selection of a suitable material pair for a tribological contact is especially important. To substitute a material in a pump or in a motor directly by another material requires great efforts and may become very lengthy and expensive.
IFAS is concerned with the development of a hydrostatic transmission operating with high water-based fluids. The goal of the project is to design and construct a constant displacement motor and a pump with a variable displacement volume based upon the swash plate principle for pressures up to 315 bar. In order to achieve the goal specially coated material pairs and their surface finish have to be tested with the objective of decreasing friction and wear. To reduce the expense of testing, the selection of materials is conducted with a special model. Two ring-shaped test bodies are pressed against each other by a hydraulic cylinder. One of the test bodies is rotated. Both test bodies are flushed by a high water-based fluid. Under different loadings and with different velocities of rotation the friction coefficient and the wear of different material combinations were established. Conventional materials, plastics, PVD coatings, and ceramics were tested. To verify the positive results obtained in the model, one of the materials which was classified as suitable is tested in a swashplate unit.
An Investigation of Fundamental Blistering Phenomena in Rotary Lip Sealing
Authors: Schulz F , Wollesen VM , Vötter M 
Published: April 2008

New investigations concerning the blistering phenomenon in rotary lip sealing have been carried out with fluoro elastomer seals with and without epidermoid layers, using different oil types and seals in different arrangements under static and dynamic conditions, including a microscopic analysis.
The test results indicate that blistering in rotary lip sealing is not only a problem of fluid compatibility but strongly refers to the thermal and mechanical load of the seal in contact with the rotating shaft. Blister-filling may be achieved in a macroscopic way without adsorption and diffusion of the sealed fluid.
This work examines the role of important factors of a blister formation in rotary lip sealing and therefore helps to analyze and prevent blistering in practical applications.
The Importance of Shear Stability in Multigraded Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: Hyndman CW , Kinker BG , Placek DG 
Published: April 2008

Multigrade hydraulic fluids are known to undergo loss of viscosity during service. The mechanism is a function of severe shear forces generated in high pressure operations, which affect polymeric Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) present as additives. The level of shear degradation experienced is related to several factors: the molecular weight and chemical structure of the polymer, the pressure drop and physical design of the hydraulic system, and fluid temperature. Viscosity Index Improver polymer molecular weight will determine thickening power, but also impact the critical parameters of shear stability and low temperature viscometrics.
New data generated in a Sundstrand axial piston pump test stand provide further insight into the relationship between polymer molecular weight and shear stability.
Previous field test work has documented operating conditions encountered by multigrade hydraulic fluids in forestry equipment. The shear stability data gathered in this study can be used to predict fluid performance in high-temperature field applications.
Recent Experiences with Ester Based Fluids in Qualification Tests
Authors: Feldmann DG , Kessler M 
Published: April 2008

To develop a new, for instance a biodegradable hydraulic fluid numerous standard and in-house screening tests are necessary to verify the lubricating properties. It was further determined that evaluation within a hydrostatic transmission, simulating field operating conditions, as a final test is critical but needed, as new fluids will occasionally fail this test, although all prior tests were passed.
This paper describes recent experiences at the authors' institute with ester based hydraulic fluids run in a heavily loaded hydrostatic transmission under laboratory conditions on the so-called “flywheel-test rig” [1–6]. Change of fluid properties and wear behavior of the hydrostatic components are compared to derive statements about the fluids' behavior to be expected in the field application.
Assessment of Damage in a Unidirectional Off-axis Carbon-Epoxy Composite Under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Sorenser LK , Plumtree A 
Published: April 2008

Cyclic tests were conducted on unidirectional HTA/6376 specimens in order to isolate and describe the degradation of an off-axis composite, resulting in matrix dominated failure. Specimens were loaded at 45° to the fibre axis and tested first under quasi-static conditions and then under tension-tension fatigue. Resulting stress-life curves for the 45° off-axis carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy were shallow, resulting in a large amount of scatter.
Damage was monitored using strain gauge rosettes in the loading and transverse directions, as well as perpendicular to the fibres. Hysteresis loops were described by different definitions of modulus and strain accumulation, thus providing models based on dynamic, cyclic creep and total fatigue damage. Although the cyclic creep model described damage, including that in the first cycle, the total fatigue modulus is preferred based on its ability to collapse all damage curves into one. Use of this master curve permits accurate prediction of fatigue lives.
No association between vulvovaginitis-bacterial vaginosis, related drug treatments of pregnant women, and congenital abnormalities in their offspring — A population-based case-control study
Authors: Ács Nándor , Bánhidy Ferenc , Puhó Erzsébet , Czeizel Andrew 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The possible association between prospectively and medically recorded vulvovaginitis-bacterial vaginosis (VV-BV) and different congenital abnormalities (CA) has not been studied. The data set of the population-based Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996 were evaluated, i.e. 22,843 pregnant women who had newborns or fetuses with congenital abnormality (cases) and 38,151 pregnant women who delivered newborn babies without any congenital abnormality (controls). The main outcome measures were different congenital abnormalities. Of 22,843 cases with CA, 1,536 (6.7%) had mothers with VV-BV, while of 38,151 matched controls without CA, 2,698 (7.1%) had mothers with VV-BV in the second and/or third gestational month of pregnancy. Nearly all pregnant women with VV-BV were treated during pregnancy, but a higher risk for the total group of CAs (adjusted POR with 95% CI: 0.95, 0.89–1.02) or any CA group was not found. In addition, the risk for total CAs was significantly lower in cases born to mothers with VV-BV and appropriate treatment than born to mothers with VV-BV but without treatment. Thus maternal VV-BV needs treatment during pregnancy as well, because it helps reduce the rate of preterm birth without a risk for CAs.
siRNA-mediated silencing of the 37/67-kDa high affinity laminin receptor in Hep3B cells induces apoptosis
Authors: Susantad Tharinee , Smith Duncan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe laminin-binding protein, variously called the 37/67-kDa high affinity laminin receptor or p40, mediates the attachment of normal cells to the laminin network, and also has a role as a ribosomal protein. Over-expression of this protein has been strongly correlated with the metastatic phenotype. However, few studies have investigated the cellular consequence of the ablation of this gene’s expression. To address this issue, the expression of the 37/67-kDa high affinity laminin receptor was knocked out with several siRNA constructs via RNA interference in transformed liver (Hep3B) cells. In each case where the message was specifically ablated, apoptosis was induced, as determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and by double staining with annexin V and an antibody directed against the 37/67-kDa high affinity laminin receptor. These results suggest that this protein plays a critical role in maintaining cell viability.
Schedule‐Induced Polydipsia: A Rat Model of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Platt Brian , Beyer Chad E. , Schechter Lee E. , Rosenzweig‐Lipson Sharon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is difficult to model in animals due to the involvement of both mental (obsessions) and physical (compulsions) symptoms. Due to limitations of using animals to evaluate obsessions, OCD models are limited to evaluation of the compulsive and repetitive behaviors of animals. Of these, models of adjunctive behaviors offer the most value in regard to predicting efficacy of anti‐OCD drugs in the clinic. Adjunctive behaviors are those that are maintained indirectly by the variables that control another behavior, rather than directly by their own typical controlling variables. Schedule‐induced polydipsia (SIP) is an adjunctive model in which rats exhibit exaggerated drinking behavior (polydipsia) when presented with food pellets under a fixed‐time schedule. The polydipsic response is an excessive manifestation of a normal behavior (drinking), providing face validity to the model. Furthermore, clinically effective drugs for the treatment of OCD decrease SIP. This protocol describes a rat SIP model of OCD and provides preclinical data for drugs that decrease polydipsia and are clinically effective in the treatment of OCD. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 43:9.27.1‐9.27.8. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interaction Trap/Two‐Hybrid System to Identify Interacting Proteins
Authors: Golemis Erica A. , Serebriiskii Ilya , Finley Russell L. , Kolonin (hunt by interaction mating) Mikhail G. , Gyuris Jeno , Brent Roger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe yeast two‐hybrid method (or interaction trap) is a powerful technique for detecting protein interactions. The procedure is performed using transcriptional activation of a dual reporter system in yeast to identify interactions between a protein of interest (the bait protein) and the candidate proteins for interaction. The method can be used to screen a protein library for interactions with a bait protein or to test for association between proteins that are expected to interact based on prior evidence. Interaction mating facilitates the screening of a library with multiple bait proteins.Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 82:20.1.1‐20.1.35. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mutation Detection Using Automated Fluorescence‐Based Sequencing
Authors: Montgomery Kate T. , Iartchouck Oleg , Li Li , Perera Anoja , Yassin Yosuf , Tamburino Alex , Loomis Stephanie , Kucherlapati Raju 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of high‐throughput DNA sequencing techniques has made direct DNA sequencing of PCR‐amplified genomic DNA a rapid and economical approach to the identification of polymorphisms that may play a role in disease. Point mutations as well as small insertions or deletions are readily identified by DNA sequencing. The mutations may be heterozygous (occurring in one allele while the other allele retains the normal sequence) or homozygous (occurring in both alleles). Sequencing alone cannot discriminate between true homozygosity and apparent homozygosity due to the loss of one allele due to a large deletion. In this unit, strategies are presented for using PCR amplification and automated fluorescence‐based sequencing to identify sequence variation. The size of the project and laboratory preference and experience will dictate how the data is managed and which software tools are used for analysis. A high‐throughput protocol is given that has been used to search for mutations in over 200 different genes at the Harvard Medical School – Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics (HPCGG, http://www.hpcgg.org/). Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 57:7.9.1‐7.9.31. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiplexed Detection of Fungal Nucleic Acid Signatures
Authors: Diaz Mara R. , Dunbar Sherry A. , Jacobson James W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDiagnoses of opportunistic mycotic infections constitute an increasing clinical problem. Conventional diagnostic tests are time consuming and lack specificity and sensitivity for accurate and timely prognoses. This unit provides a comprehensive description of a fungal detection method that combines nucleic acid signatures with flow cytometry. The multiplexed assay, which uses xMAP technology, consists of unique fluorescent microspheres covalently bound to species‐specific fungal oligonucleotide probes. In the presence of the complementary target sequence, the probe hybridizes to its biotinylated target. Quantification of the reaction is based on the fluorescence signal of the reporter molecule that binds to the biotin moieties of the target. The assay can be expanded to include other microorganisms and has the capability to simultaneously test 100 different fungal probes per tube/well. The speed, flexibility in design, and high‐throughput capability makes this assay an attractive diagnostic tool for fungal infections and other related maladies. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 44:13.9.1‐13.9.21. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.