bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearts And Minds Change Programmes Make A Difference
Authors: van der Graaf Gerard , Bryden Robin , Zijlker Volkert , Hudson Patrick 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For many years Shell, have shared at SPE conferences the insights gained from research together with universities of Leiden, Manchester and Aberdeen, into incident prevention and human behaviour. Some of the tools developed from this research, notably Tripod BETA and Tripod DELTA have been made available to the industry. During the last conference an overview was given of 15 years of research and its results. The present paper provides an overview and update of recent research, the practical tools that have been developed and the methods and strategy to successfully turn science into practice. A stage has now been reached in which these "Hearts and Minds" tools really start to make a difference and successes become visible in the form of revived enthusiasm and genuine care for HSE, which is not forced by the management system but comes from "inside" because the people believe in it. As Shell believes that the tools represent "best practice" in behaviour and culture change programmes they are made available at this conference.
Safety and Situation Awareness in Offshore Crews
Authors: Sneddon A. , Mearns K. , Flin R. , Bryden R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Much work involved on offshore installations has the capacity to be hazardous, and despite many rules and regulations in place to ensure that accident risk is kept to a minimum, accidents still occur. One factor known in other industries (e.g. aviation) to contribute to the occurrence of accidents is a reduction in the "situation awareness" (SA) of those concerned. Good SA is essential when work is potentially hazardous, as workers must accurately discern and monitor conditions if they are to reduce accidents. Accident analyses have shown that a team can lose their shared awareness of the situation when it is vital to the safety of their operation. This may be particularly relevant to drill crews given the interactive and hazardous nature of their work. In this way, lack of/reduced SA may be a predictor of the likelihood of an accident occurring.
This paper presents a brief history of SA, an overview of the study, a preliminary review of an accident database, and results from interviews with onshore and offshore oil and gas industry personnel.
Integrating Organisational Safety and Human Factors
Authors: Hudson Patrick , van der Graaf Gerard , Bryden Robin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since 1985 psychologists have been working to understand and manage the human factor in Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. This work has led to the development of a model for organisational accidents, known as either Tripod or the Swiss Cheese model, and the development of tools for accident analysis and prevention based on that model that has subsequently become a world standard in a wide variety of industries. The organisational model was aimed specifically at systemic factors and was intended to divert attention away from individuals. More recently attention has returned to individual human factors with a research program aimed at discovering how to get people to be intrinsically motivated for good HSE behaviours. This was translated into the development of a culture of HSE and, as the Hearts and Minds program, is also supported by a variety of tools.
Because the two approaches, organisational and individual, appear very different, this can lead to confusion and the belief that one set of tools replaces the other. This paper sets out the wider underlying theory and show how the two models are part of a larger approach to understanding the human factor and how it can be managed in hazardous industries.
Inherently Safer Design; Changing Attitudes and Relationships
Authors: Dalzell G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There is safe design and there is safer design. With safe design, there are active safeguards to prevent the occurrence of hazardous events and to protect people and plant from the effects. With safer design, there are fewer hazards, fewer causes and fewer people to be exposed to the effects. Currently, the majority of our designs strive to produce safe designs but in doing so, the facilities are becoming more complex, with increased maintenance and human exposure. This paper argues that industry has been trying too hard, and in doing so, has lost many of the opportunities to minimize risk at source. This paper offers an alternative route to design safety, an inherently safer one, through simplification, reliability and longevity. It uses examples from offshore facilities to illustrate these arguments.
Results From a Four Year Regulatory Campaign To Reduce Offshore Hydrocarbon Releases
Authors: Edmondson Neville 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In April 2000, The Offshore Safety Division of the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive launched a 4 year campaign to try to reduce the number of hydrocarbon releases occurring on offshore installations in the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). The target was to reduce the annual number of major and significant releases by 50% by the end of March 2004. The campaign resulted from concerns that no improvement had been seen in the hydrocarbon release record over the previous several years. The paper will
Outline the main elements of the campaign Report on ‘bottom line’ progress in reducing release numbers Indicate the main problem areas (in terms of both equipment and systems procedures) that have been identified as involved in the releases, report on the remedial measures formulated to counter these problems areas and indicate the effectiveness of the measures Report on the excellent co-operation achieved between regulators and industry in pursuance of the campaign and indicate some of the forms that the co-operation has taken Conclude that carefully formulated joint action plans between regulators and industry can lead to significant reductions in annual hydrocarbon release numbers
Integrating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Management Into Capital Projects Planning
Authors: Cain John , Grant Jonathan , Shinn John , Milliet Michael , Lee Arthur 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Issues of international interest, economics, energy technology and public perception drive the complexity of the climate change issue for businesses and industries. Since 2002, ChevronTexaco has compiled comprehensive annual emissions inventories of its worldwide operations and interests using the SANGEA™ system. At the same time, ChevronTexaco made a public commitment to integrate greenhouse gas emissions management into its business planning processes. This paper describes ChevronTexaco's process and tools for integrating greenhouse gas emissions management into the planning and review of new projects. The tools include a screening tool, to quickly and with minimal data estimate the potential impact of greenhouse gas emissions on a project's economics, and the more rigorous ChevronTexaco Projector, for detailed greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emission projections. The tools also include a mitigation options planning tool and a tool for evaluating the greenhouse gas implications of potential mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures. Finally, a capital projects GHG evaluation flowchart provides guidance regarding when each tool should be applied, with the recommendations made appropriate according to the potential significance of greenhouse gas concerns for the specific project.
The tools and flowchart are innovative applications in greenhouse gas emissions management. They allow capital project teams to quickly determine the magnitude of potential greenhouse gas concerns for their projects, and then tailor their analyses appropriately. This assures that any capital project team, regardless of whether greenhouse gas emissions are a major issue or a relatively insignificant issue for their project, will devote the appropriate level of effort, at the right times, and with the necessary support tools, to evaluating potential greenhouse gas emissions impacts and benefits from greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
Management of Sour Gas by Underground Injection - Assessment, Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Abou-Sayed Ahmed S. , Zaki Karim , Summers Chris 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many of the world's Mega-fields (&gt; 1 billion barrels of reserves) contain sour gas, a blend of natural gas and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), either alone or in combination with carbon dioxide (CO2). H2S gas is extremely toxic, the combination of H2S and CO2 (Acid Gas - AG), can be highly corrosive, the elemental sulphur reacts with water to form acid rain, and CO2 is now recognized as a significant green house gas. Where there is a demand for the natural gas, and capacity to separate the components, the H2S and CO2 can be separated out. However, these components must be managed in a cost-effect way and according to regulatory requirements to maximize recovery of hydrocarbons and minimize AG safety and environmental impacts. To date, the CO2 components have typically been vented to the atmosphere, and sulphur has been produced for industrial uses. Novel step changes are needed to handle the large sour gas volumes to be produced by the mega-fields under development in the Caspian Sea and Middle East regions.
Underground injection and sequestration of E&P associated streams(such as produced water, drill cuttings slurries, and production/completion return fluids) have been practiced for many years by the industry; sour gas injection is a relatively new technology. This paper reviews comparative economic and risk analyses of various H2S management options available to developing middle East and Caspian fields, considering: the impact on recovery (including rate, ultimate total volume, engineering capacity), the health and safety risks, impact on environment, reputation consequences, implementation (including construction and operation complexity), and regulatory Issues (based on current North American standards, recent judicial actions, and Kyoto Protocols). Emphasis is given to H2S gas injection in improved oil recovery (IOR) projects/schemes because:
- It is an environmentally sound solution that manages both H2S and other green house gases.
- It provides for permanent, reliable storage and eliminates current taxation (in foreign countries) or future liability associated with emissions and/or surface storage of sulphur. For example, one operator in the Caspian Sea was recently fined several million dollars US because of sulphur storage above ground.
- Compared with other options, H2S injection can reduce acid production, dust generation and avoid adverse impact on agriculture and aquaculture, thus it improve the operator's image and reputation with local community.
- It is the easiest sulphur-handling method to implement, as it uses established technologies, without requiring sulphur-separation plant and equipment.
- H2S mixture has better sweeping efficiency than CO2 or sweet gas alone, therefore H2S injection may increase recoverable hydrocarbon in an EOR or IOR schemes.
- It has the opportunity for favorable economics, both in terms of operating cost (lower energy, no storage operations) and by improving production through use in IOR schemes.
Forecasting Energy Demand, Emissions and Discharges for the Petroleum Industry - Examples and Experiences
Authors: Bakkane Kristin Keiserås , Husdal Geir , Linde Melhus Marta S. , Utvik Toril Røe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents state of the art methodology for establishing reliable fuel consumption and emissions to air forecasts for the offshore petroleum business in Norway. The methodology is applicable for any operation within the upstream oil and gas industry. It is unique due to a combination of simple input, simple algorithms and accurate output results.
The general forecasting method is established as a process between the operators and Norwegian Authorities, under the management by FUN (Forum for Forecasting and Uncertainty Evaluations). The accuracy is proven by simple calibration techniques, comparing measured fuel consumption against calculated demands from using the forecasting method.
Forecasts have been established by Novatech on behalf of the operator Norsk Hydro. Results for the Troll oil field are shown as a sample case. The case verifies the ability to forecast fuel consumption within an accuracy of 2-3% when the forecasting model is checked by use of actual activity level input data.
Also by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD)'s experience the precition of reported fuel and emission forecasts has been gradually improved as the methodology as described below has been implemented by the operators.
Development of a Consistent Approach to Estimating Greenhouse gas Emissions for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Nordrum Susann , Loreti Chris , McMahon Michael , Ritter Karin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As petroleum companies throughout the world work to improve their understanding of potential contributions to human induced climate change, developing an inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is an important step for each company. In order to achieve consistent, meaningful data, it is important that petroleum companies have consistent definitions of what is included in the inventory, and use consistent methodologies for calculating the emissions. The International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) have taken the lead in developing guidance for reporting of GHG emissions. A recently-completed IPIECA-led effort has led to the development of the Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, which focuses on petroleum industry accounting and reporting of GHG emissions at the facility through the corporate level. The Guidelines were coordinated with API's Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry. The API Compendium has been developed to provide a consistent set of emission estimation methodologies for the petroleum industry. API is also providing a tool for estimating emissions, the SANGEA™ Energy and Emissions Estimating System. This paper will describe highlights of the Guidelines, the Compendium, and provide examples of how these documents can be used with the SANGEA™ software tool to develop a meaningful estimate of emissions from petroleum industry operations.
Results, Observations and Conclusions: A credible, systematic approach, as embodied in the Petroleum Industry Guidelines and the API Compendium, provides strategic value to the petroleum industry as we address the climate change issue.
By working towards a consistent standard for greenhouse gas emissions estimating, our industry improves its credibility and provides a foundation for future cooperative efforts among petroleum industry companies, regulators and other industries to address this important issue.
Environmental Business Plans: Strategy Through to Implementation
Authors: Teal Andrew , Shield Helga 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the strategic planning process for effective environmental management within a comprehensive HS&E managing system utilizing the corporate planning process. The focus of the presentation will be a guide to effective process and tools for integration of Environmental Business Plans with other corporate managing systems.
Through the implementation of the Environmental Business Planning process, ExxonMobil's goals are to apply continuous efforts to improve environmental performance, efficiently obtain development approvals, minimize environmental liability and foster development of public policy based on sound science. In Canada, both Imperial Oil Resources and ExxonMobil Canada utilize this strategic planning tool. This process leads to increased stakeholder confidence and lowest total cost operations. The key to success lies in a sustained stewardship process that is owned by operating and project departments supported by HS&E staff.
The key components of the system are:
- Situation analysis - Long term strategy - Objectives, Goals and Targets - Environmental Management Plans - Environmental Aspects - Environmental Improvement Plans - Routine environmental expenditures - Clear roles and accountabilities - Stewardship of plan implementation and performance results - Performance overview
Global Sustainability Reporting Practices and Trends in the Oil and Gas Industry - A Survey
Authors: Depraz Sophie , Retzsch Walter C. , Salmond Donald A. , Metzger Bernhard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil and natural gas companies realize that measuring and reporting sustainability performance is increasingly important to both internal and external stakeholders. Not only is it an opportunity to enhance a company's reputation, it provides license to operate and access to new opportunities. It also clarifies the industry position for external stakeholders.
Oil and gas companies have for many years been carefully measuring and openly reporting financial performance according to well prescribed accounting rules. Yet, companies face significant challenges when they extend the same practice to reporting sustainability performance: There is no industry consensus on what constitutes sustainability reporting.As companies internalize the concepts of sustainability, they discover that the measures change.While guidelines such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) are emerging, it is not clear that they satisfy the needs of the oil and gas industry.
In response to this challenge, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) initiated an industry-led initiative in 2001 to help oil and gas companies and industry associations improve the quality, scope, completeness and usefulness of reporting sustainability performance as a means to meet the needs and expectations of key internal and external stakeholders.
Benefits of Locality Management in the Context of Hydrocarbon Development: A Journey Towards Sustainable Development in the Gulf of Paria, Venezuela
Authors: Rodriguez Fernando D. , Rivera Francis , Rawa Agnieszka D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
ConocoPhillips has partnered with Corporacion Venezolana de Petroleo (CVP), Eni Venezuela B.V and OPIC Karimun Corporation to develop hydrocarbon reserves in the Gulf of Paria West (GOPW), in northeastern Venezuela. First oil is expected in 2006 with an estimated initial production of 55,000 barrels of oil per day. Located at the convergence of the Caribbean Sea and Orinoco River system, the Gulf of Paria (GOP) is a socio-economically complex, ecologically sensitive, and internationally significant region. ConocoPhillips has developed an innovative Locality Management Strategy (LMS) to minimize the risks of development and maximize potential benefits of hydrocarbon development. The LMS integrates environmental, social, and economic programs with input obtained from a continuing dialogue with local, national and international stakeholders. This paper will highlight the benefits of implementing a sustainable development strategy throughout all phases of hydrocarbon development in sensitive environments.
To date the LMS has enabled ConocoPhillips to anticipate project sensitivities and proactively work with stakeholders while also meeting Company business. Partners have been identified to leverage socioeconomic, environmental and operational programs in the region. Since 2000 and in partnership with non-government organizations, more than 6,000 man-hours have been invested in building human capacity in communities closest to the projects. In collaboration with international and national organizations, a local biodiversity conservation plan is being developed, and-through skill development, training and employment opportunities-the company is encouraging the creation of a community organization that will maximize benefits from certain aspects of operations. Based on continuous stakeholder consultation, the LMS continues to evolve and provide opportunities to leverage project benefits to the local, national and international project stakeholders.
Integrating Sustainable Development In The Oil And Gas Industry: The Logical Level Approach To Enhance SD Training Effectiveness
Authors: de Bie Steven , Gilden Nanda 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
More and more oil and gas exploration and production companies are aware of the shift they need to make in their efforts to perform, both environmentally and socially. Societal concerns require a significant change in business management in order to maintain their license to exist. Sustainable Development (SD), together with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), has become a major issue for oil and gas companies and their operations. Companies try to live up to the respective expectations through integrating SD into their business.
Consequently, both management and staff of oil and gas companies have to be aware of the values and principles that come along with SD, and to understand the importance for their license to exist and continuous improvement of overall performance. They need to know about instruments and tools that facilitate them to integrate SD in daily operations. Also they need skills and competencies to communicate with their colleagues, management, contractors and relevant stakeholders on their efforts, obstacles and achievements.
We developed a two-day SD-training module that contains all these three elements: awareness, instruments and tools, and communication skills. The training module pays special attention to provide a lively mixture of focus on awareness and commitment, and familiarising with practical tools, techniques and skills for daily practice at the one hand, and working individually and in small groups alternately at the other hand.
We realised that managing change, increase awareness and adoption of new tools and techniques can only be effective if provided at the appropriate ‘logical level’ level of an employee, at his innate level of driving force, and at a corresponding level in his company. Therefore the training module is structured according to the principle that change at a higher level will result in change at lower levels.
As we noticed the utmost importance of avoiding soft and abstract discussions, the red line in the module is the focus on practice and skills, bringing SD close to the people, their work and individual habits, their individual ecological footprint, and especially on giving the participants guidance how to contribute to SD the next day, at home and at work.
The training module was provided to various workforce levels of a (western) EP company and judged by the participants as being a highly appreciated and effective training.
We conclude that SD training modules such as the one we developed can play an important and often decisive role in the enhancing a company's license to exist.