bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of proximal surface cleansing agents
Authors: Wolffe G. N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effectiveness of the Interspace® brush, Inter‐Dens®, and waxed dental floss as proximal surface cleansing agents was compared in 35 subjects. Each subject used all three methods of cleansing in random order of selection.Statistical analysis of the results showed that there was no difference in the effectiveness of any one of these three agents. However, proximal surfaces of anterior teeth where cleaned more effectively than posterior teeth. The coronal half of the proximal surfaces was cleaned more effectively than the apical half and the facial half more effectively than the lingual half when Inter‐Dens was used. Comparison of cleansing effectiveness between facial and lingual halves of proximal surfaces for the Interspace brush and waxed dental floss showed no significant difference. Mesial and distal proximal surfaces were cleaned with similar effectiveness. Plaque control was only satisfactory on approximately half of the proximal surfaces, though a wide variation occurred. Significantly lower plaque scores were found 1 week after the initial instruction session, irrespective of the agent used. The majority of subjects preferred Inter‐Dens whilst waxed dental floss was the least‐liked method of cleansing.
Control of plaque by non‐chemical means
Authors: Strahan J. D. , Bashaarat A. , Greenslade R. N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Bacterial plaque at the dento‐gingival margin is always associated with gingivitis. Measures which keep the area free from plaque will maintain health or encourage healing of existing gingivitis.Scaling and polishing at 6‐month intervals may be sufficient for those patients who practice near‐perfect oral hygiene but it is not an effective way of promoting the resolution of established gingivitis.A change to effective oral hygiene measures by the patient is the major factor in resolving gingivitis, but the association with scaling and polishing provides the ideal combination.Toothbrushing may only clean the oral and facial aspects of the teeth so interdental cleaning is necessary where gingivitis is established. There is no clear evidence that any particular oral hygiene routine is better than any other for all patients. It is generally agreed that thoroughness is extremely important.There is a variety of ways of motivating patients to practice effective oral hygiene but all reports indicate that it is most likely to be effective on a person‐to‐person basis. Motivation itself is not enough and must be associated with education and instruction. Long‐term failure is likely unless the message is reinforced at regular intervals.
Antibacterial properties of Hibitane
Authors: Hennessey T. D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The key features of the interaction of chlorhexidine with bacteria leading to death are adsorption, damage to permeability barriers and precipitation of the cytoplasm. The bacteriostatic profile indicates that Streptococcus mutans is highly susceptible but it is not known whether bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity is crucial to antiplaque activity. Although some correlation overall was found between bactericidal and bacteriostatic susceptibility amongst more than 80 strains of various species, reference to the minimum inhibitory concentration alone gives no firm indication about the possible lethal action of chlorhexidine.The effects of saliva and pH on antibacterial activity are given. In human studies reported by others, repeated oral application of chlorhexidine reduced the numbers of salivary organisms recoverable and this was accompanied by slight (seemingly clinically insignificant) alterations in the sensitivity of certain salivary organisms. Daily application of a chlorhexidine dental gel in a 6‐week trial did not result in detectable changes of susceptibility of the salivary flora. Rats dosed daily in drinking water (5‐10 mg chlorhexidine base per kg) over a 2‐year period yielded buccal organisms with reduced sensitivity: this was not reflected amongst faecal bacteria. The faecal flora changed quantitatively in a dose‐dependent manner and coliform organisms particularly were reduced in number.Caution is required in interpreting relative sensitivities of different bacterial strains or species from data obtained using agar‐diffusion methods.
Safety of Hibitane I. Laboratory experiments
Authors: Case D. E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The safety evaluation of chlorhexidine (Hibitane) in animal species will be briefly reviewed. The relevance of these studies to human use will be discussed, and species comparisons made where possible.Animal studies with chlorhexidine were begun more than two decades ago and the evaluation of its safety has been under continual review ever since. Chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed after oral administration, well tolerated after parenteral administration and its percutaneous absorption is absolutely minimal. No clinical or histological effects have been obtained in any animal study to cause hesitation in the light of proliferating applications of chlorhexidine in human use.The various lexicological studies in animals will be described and in particular the results of a 2‐year study in rats will be outlined. In this, as in an earlier long‐term study, there were no effects whatsoever to suggest that chlorhexidine treatment could give rise to any kind of tumourigenic effect or any other toxic sign.
Safety of Hibitane II. Human experience
Authors: Rushton A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Chlorhexidine has been widely used in medical practice since its introduction on to the market in the early 1950s. Primarily it has been used for topical antisepsis, e.g. pre‐surgery skin preparation, burns prophylaxis, and prior to obstetrical/gynaecological procedures. This extensive experience has demonstrated the virtual absence of sensitization and a low irritancy potential for the compound. Only one significant adverse effect has been identified during medical use, namely, the production of sensorineural deafness after direct instillation into the middle ear, a property shared by several commonly used antiseptics. The encouraging reports of the use of Chlorhexidine for plaque control prompted further safety investigations, ft has been shown that absorption after oral ingestion is very low, and long‐term oral use has not produced changes in haematological and biochemical parameters. Occasional oral intolerance of mouthrinse formulations has been reported, although no histological abnormalities were present in gingival biopsies taken after 18 months' daily use.Very occasionally, a reversible swelling of the parotid glands has been reported after use of Chlorhexidine in mouthrinse formulations, but not after other methods of administration. Tooth discoloration, which shows wide inter‐individual variation is seen after ail denial formulations. This undesirable cosmetic effect would appear to represent the only significant argument against everyday prophylactic oral use of Chlorhexidine.
Epidemiology of dental disease
Authors: Barmes David E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Having addressed the problem of standard methods and comparability of epidemiological data and recognizing the problems which remain, at an intercountry level, even when data have been carefully selected, the Oral Health unit of WHO has been able to develop a global picture of dental caries prevalence and is constructing similar maps for periodontal diseases. Inevitably, the precision and representativeness of such data vary from country to country, but they are nevertheless invaluable for their intended purpose of providing a good approximation of disease prevalence and trends.It is clear that populations in highly developed countries almost always have high or very high prevalence of dental caries. It is even more striking that developing countries have or have had low to extremely low prevalence of the disease, but are suffering rapid and unmanageable increases in prevalence. At the same time, high to very high prevalence of periodontal diseases persists in all populations, though the problem seems to be greatest in developing countries.It is extremely disappointing and indeed tragic that this state of affairs can exist in 1976 when, for decades, we have had effective preventive measures available and have new methods appearing almost daily.The WHO oral health programme has given prevention its top priority position and its approach is based on the premise that we can and must implement the preventive methodology we have, to halt increases in dental caries prevalence, to reduce its prevalence and to control periodontal diseases.
Hibitane in oral disease in handicapped patients
Authors: Storhaug K. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract All the problems connected with conservative dental treatment for handicapped patients and the hazards to dental health which many handicaps represent, indicate that preventive measures are of special importance for these patients. Conventional toothcleaning techniques may be difficult or impossible to carry out for a large number of handicapped persons. In these cases chemical plaque control may be the only alternative.Chlorhexidine gluconate has so far proved to be the chemical agent best suited for removal of dental plaque. Different modes of chlorhexidine application have been tried. Mouthrinse with a 0.1 % or 0.2 % aqueous solution of Chlorhexidine twice a day has proved to give a good plaque‐inhibiting effect. Such mouthrinses are often the treatment of choice for short‐term plaque control for a wide variety of patient groups.Chlorhexidine‐containing toothpastes have been used in controlled clinical trials on handicapped children. This method of application may be indicated for long‐term use.Chlorhexidine gel in individually made applicators may be the only possible toothcleaning method in seriously handicapped, uncooperative adult patients.Side effects of Chlorhexidine application such as discolouration of teeth and fillings and temporary disturbance of taste has so far limited the use of Chlorhexidine in preventive dentistry. These side effects are, however, often overshadowed by the fact that the use of Chlorhexidine may be the only possible solution to the handicapped patient's oral health problems.
A clinical study of the relationship between crowding of teeth, plaque and gingival condition
Authors: Ingervall Bengt , Jacobsson Ulrika , Nyman Sture 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. A clinical trial was undertaken to assess whether crowded teeth were more likely to accumulate plaque and develop gingivitis than non‐crowded teeth. A tooth was considered crowded if it was displaced by 2 mm and/or rotated 15 degrees or more from the normal position in the arch.The material consisted of 50 dental students aged 21 to 32 years. An initial examination comprised assessment of Plaque Index, Gingival Index and pocket depths. After this examination the subjects refrained from using interdental cleaning aids but continued with their normal toothbrushing for 40 days. After re‐examination they were instructed in the effective use of dental floss. A final examination was carried out after 140 days.At the start of the trial no difference was found in regard to the Plaque Index between crowded and non‐crowded teeth. The Gingival Index for crowded front teeth, but not for crowded premolars, was somewhat higher than for the corresponding controls. The cessation of interdental cleaning resulted in a similar increase in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in both non‐crowded and crowded teeth. The use of denial floss for approximal tooth cleaning resulted in a similar decrease in the Plaque‐ and Gingival Indices for both types of teeth.The results demonstrate that in a group of young adults, crowding of teeth (1) did not favour plaque accumulation on approximal tooth surfaces and (2) influenced the degree of gingival inflammation only to a minor extent.
Autologous tooth transplantation to replace molars lost in patients with juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Borring‐Møller Gert , Frandsen Asger 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A method is described to replace periodontaily destroyed first molars in patients with juvenile periodontitis by auto‐transplantation of third molars.Fifteen molars which had been extracted due to periodontal destruction were replaced by autologous third molars with incomplete root formation. The patients were then observed for a period up to 7 years.In ail cases complete regeneration of the alveolar bone took place and radiographically a normal periodontal membrane was established. All of the transplanted teeth continued their root formation and there was no radiographic evidence for root resorption, ankylosis or necrosis of the pulp. None of the transplanted teeth displayed pocket depths over 3 mm and no abnormal mobility was detectable.
The effect of metronidazole on the development of plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog
Authors: Heijl L. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was performed in order to assess if the administration of metronidazole changed the composition of developing plaque in dogs, which at the start of the study were free from signs of gingivitis. Five beagle dogs were used. Throughout the observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation. A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate. Gingival biopsies were sampled and the tissue examined by a point counting procedure. The composition of the subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark‐field microscopy. The bacteria were characterized into the following types: coccoid cells, straight rods, filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods and spirochetes.Following the baseline examination the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque. A careful tooth cleaning program was maintained in the left jaw quadrants. Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and biopsies sampled in the right jaws after 7, 14 and 28 days of no tooth cleaning. On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated. A new baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which the tooth cleaning program also in this part of the dentition was terminated. During the subsequent 28‐day period each animal was given a dosage of 20 mg metronidazole/kilogram bodyweight/day. Clinical examinations and biopsies were repeated after 7, 14 and 28 days.The results demonstrated that metronidazole administered via the systemic route during a 28‐day period can effectively decrease plaque and gingivitis development in dogs. The bacterial flora from subgingival sites of healthy gingiva was dominated by coccoid cells and straight rods. During the phase of developing gingivitis the percentage of coccoid cells and rods tended to decrease, while motile rods and spirochetes increased. During the 28 days of metronidazole treatment the subgingival plaque flora maintained its “healthy” composition, i.e. a gradual influx of motile rods and spirochetes was prevented.
Periodontal self‐examination A motivational tool in periodontics
Authors: Glavind Leif , Attström Rolf 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The institution of proper oral hygiene procedures and habits is a learning process. This paper describes a self‐instructing periodontal self‐examination program to be used in the initial phase of periodontal treatment. The program was designed in an effort to facilitate learning by taking the teaching conditions into consideration. The program tries to utilize the patient's curiosity and need for activity and to involve the patient himself in an effort to make the patient apprehend the relevance of subject matter. The program also allows for an individualized learning speed of the patient.The self‐examination program was tested on 108 periodontal patients (19–75 years of age) and the patients' findings were compared to those made by a dentist. Questionnaires before and after the self‐examination were used in the evaluation of opinions of the patient. The present study showed that the patients were able to perform the self‐examination without individual professional guidance. A rather close correlation was noted between findings made by the patient and the dentist. Furthermore, the program was well accepted and appreciated by the patients according to their answers on the questionnaires.
Clinical evaluation of Spiramycin and Erythromycin in control of periodontal disease
Authors: Mills W. H. , Thompson G. W. , Beagrie G. S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Two studies are reported. Each was double‐blind in which Spiramycin was compared to Erythromycin and a placebo, to determine the value of Spiramycin as a therapeutic agent in the control of periodontal disease. In Study 1, 48 adults with varying degrees of periodontal disease were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Assessments of gingival index, plaque height, pocket depth, crevicular fluid volume and wet plaque weight were made. During this 4‐week clinical trial, the patients maintained their usual oral hygiene. The medication was administered systemically for 5 days, starting at the conclusion of week 2.Spiramycin significantly reduced the scores for the five parameters recorded. When comparisons were made, the greatest recorded effect with Spiramycin treatment was found in patients with advanced periodontal disease. The indication of this trend favouring Spiramycin led to art extension of this clinical trial involving only patients with advanced periodontal lesions.This second study comprised 54 adults. The same parameters, were measured over the same time period as in Study 1. Spiramycin again was responsible for the greatest reduction in the recorded scores. For example, average pocket depth was decreased by approximately 30%, whereas Erythromycin produced a reduction of 15%. It would appear that Spiramycin is of definite benefit in the management of periodontal disease, especially in the more advanced cases.
The effect of splinting on tooth mobility (2) After osseous surgery
Authors: Galler Cary , Selipsky Herbert , Phillips Ceib , Ammons WilliamF. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if fixed splinting of teeth with intraoral wire and acrylic splints had advantages with respect to tooth mobility, bone level and attachment level over unsplinted teeth following osseous surgery. Ten patients were chosen who exhibited bilaterally similar chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. One maxillary sextant was splinted, while the other was unsplinted. Both sextants functioned against an unsplinted mandibular arch. Following initial therapy, osseous surgery was performed in both maxillary sextants on the same day. Tooth mobility data was collected 1 week before and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following surgery. Levels of gingival attachment and bone were recorded before and 24 weeks after surgery. Splints were removed before measurements, then replaced, and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxes and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every 3 weeks throughout the study.For all categories of teeth and mobility examined, tooth mobility increased initially after surgery and subsequently decreased by 24 weeks to about presurgical values. The splinted and unsplinted segments reacted similarly throughout the study; splinting did not significantly reduce the mobility of individual teeth. Pre‐ and postsurgical bone and ginuival attachment levels were also similar for the splinted and unsplinted segments.
Subgingival microflora and periodontal disease
Authors: Slots Jørgen 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This article describes the subgingival microflora of the healthy periodontium, gingivitis, advanced adult periodontitis, and juvenile periodontitis. A total of seven to nine subjects were examined in each of the four periodontal clinical entities listed. The individual bacteriological samples included material from the base of a single periodontal pocket. The sampling, the treatment of the samples, and the bacteriological cultivations were carried out using continuous anaerobic techniques.Briefly, the healthy gingival sulcus harbored a scant microflora dominated by Gram‐positive organisms (85%), usually Streptococcus and facultative Actinomyces species. The development of gingivitis was accompanied by a marked increase in the total number of Gram‐negative organisms. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss. intermedius, Haemophilus species, and other Gram‐negative organisms comprised about 45% of the total gingivitis isolates. Streptococcus and facultative and anaerobic Actinomyces species constituted the majority of the Gram‐positive gingivitis isolates. The micro‐flora of advanced adult periodontitis was comprised mainly of Gram‐negative anaerobic rods (about 75%), B. melaninogenicus ss. asaccharolyticus and F. nucleatum being the most predominant isolates. The deep pocket microflora in juvenile periodontitis was also made up mainly of Gram‐negative organisms (about 65%), but was of a nature different from that of adult periodontitis, being predominated by isolates of Bacteroides species and other organisms of unknown species.The present article also concerns factors of importance for the colonization of Gram‐negative anaerobic rods in the oral cavity and periodontal pockets. In vitro experiments showed that cells of B. melaninogenicus ss. asaccharolyticus and other Gram‐negative organisms attached in high numbers to epithelial cells, hydrosyapatite (HA) surface, and Gram‐positive bacteria when suspended in phosphate‐buffered saline; however, the bacterial attachment to epithelial cells and HA was strongly inhibited in the presence of human saliva and serum. In contrast, saliva and serum had little effect upon the attachment of Gram‐negative bacteria to Gram‐positive bacterial cells. These findings agreed well with data from an in vivo study, in which streptomycin‐labeled cells of B. melaninogenicus ss. asaccharolyticus were introduced into the mouth of two volunteers. A significantly higher number of B. melaninogenicus cells was recovered from dental plaque than from the other oral surfaces studied.The present series of studies has pointed to certain Gram‐negative organisms as potential pathogens in rapidly progressing periodontal lesions. The available data on oral microbial ecology suggest that the presence of dental plaque containing Gram‐positive organisms may be essential for the attachment and colonization of several Gram‐negative species after their initial introduction into the mouth and the periodontal pocket area. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
Periodontal therapy by local delivery of tetracycline
Authors: Goodson J. M. , Haffajee A. , Socransky S. S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present investigation assessed the feasibility of treating periodontal disease by controlled delivery of antibacterial agents from within periodontal pockets. Tetra‐cycline‐filled hollow fibers placed in the gingival sulcus were shown to have a dramatic effect both on the periodontal microflora and clinical manifestations of disease. Furthermore, it was found that drug‐filled cellulose acetate hollow fibers are biologically compatible with the environment and can be manipulated by dental personnel to provide drug therapy with less than 1/1000 the amount of tetracycline that would have been used for systemic therapy.Of theoretical importance is the observation that virtual elimination of spirochetes from the gingival sulcus is possible by a single placement of tetracycline‐filled hollow fibers, and spirochetes, ones eliminated from a site, do not rapidly recolonize despite the persistence of viable organisms elsewhere in the mouth.