bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Controlled Study of Neurodevelopment in HIV-Uninfected Children Exposed to Combination Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnancy
Authors: Alimenti Ariane , Forbes John C. , Oberlander Tim F. , Money Deborah M. , Grunau Ruth E. , Papsdorf Michael P. , Maan Evelyn , Cole Lesley J. , Burdge David R. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our intent was to investigate the neurodevelopment of HIV-uninfected children exposed to combination highly active antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy compared with children not exposed to highly active antiretroviral therapy but with similar socioeconomic backgrounds.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. A prospective controlled cross-sectional study of the neurodevelopment of children exposed to highly active antiretroviral therapy versus those not exposed was performed by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales at 18 to 36 months of age. The highly active antiretroviral therapy–exposed children were born to HIV-infected women but were uninfected themselves. The control children were born to HIV-uninfected women with similar anticipated socioeconomic background (hepatitis C infected and high proportion of substance use). Sociodemographic, clinical, highly active antiretroviral therapy (antenatal, intrapartum, neonatal), and substance-use histories were collected. Results were compared by using analyses of covariance and χ2 analysis.
RESULTS. Thirty-nine highly active antiretroviral therapy–exposed and 24 control children were assessed. All mean scores were lower for those in the highly active antiretroviral therapy–exposed group than those in the control group (Bayley Mental Development Index: 85.4 vs 94.3; Bayley Psychomotor Development Index: 93.4 vs 96.6; Vineland mean communication score: 90.1 vs 94.4; Vineland mean daily-living score: 91.2 vs 93.6; Vineland mean socialization score: 97.1 vs 98.4). However, when maternal substance use during pregnancy was controlled for, there were no significant differences between the groups in any domains assessed. Children in both groups exposed to maternal substance use scored significantly lower than children not exposed in all domains except communication skills. It is important to note that there were no differences between the highly active antiretroviral therapy–exposed children with no substance exposure and the control children with no substance exposure in any of the scores.
CONCLUSIONS. HIV- and highly active antiretroviral therapy–exposed HIV-uninfected children had lower development and adaptive behavior scores when compared with children who had not been exposed. However, these differences were not significant after correcting for maternal substance use, which had a greater impact on neurodevelopment than highly active antiretroviral therapy exposure. These results suggest that perinatal highly active antiretroviral therapy exposure is not associated with altered development and behavior at 18 to 36 months of age.
Advanced Ceramic Materials for High Temperature Applications
Authors: Belmonte M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe increasing interest in ecological aspects related to the reduction of harmful emissions to the atmosphere and, at the same time, the need to achieve higher efficiencies of energy production are the driving forces that justify the current development of advanced ceramic materials for high temperature applications, namely those associated to energy and transportation industries. Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are increasingly used to work under the new demanding conditions. In this review, the recent progress and trends in the research and development of CMCs, TBCs, EBCs and SOFCs based on ceramic materials for high temperature applications are highlighted.
Ethnic differences in stroke recurrence
Authors: Lisabeth Lynda D. , Smith Melinda A. , Brown Devin L. , Moyé Lemuel A. , Risser Jan M. H. , Morgenstern Lewis B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether stroke recurrence and the effect of recurrence on mortality differ by ethnicity.MethodsUsing methods from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project, we prospectively identified first‐ever ischemic strokes from emergency department logs and hospital admissions (January 2000 to December 2004). Recurrent strokes and deaths were identified for the same period. Cumulative probability of stroke recurrence was estimated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine ethnic differences in recurrence and to examine the relation among ethnicity, recurrence, and mortality.ResultsDuring the time interval, 1,345 first‐ever ischemic strokes were validated. Median age of patients was 72 years; 53% were Mexican American (MA). There were 126 recurrent strokes. Cumulative risk for recurrence at 30 days and 1 year was 2.6 and 7.5%, respectively. MAs had higher risk for stroke recurrence (risk ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.34) compared with non‐Hispanic white patients, adjusted for demographics, stroke risk factors, and stroke severity. Stroke recurrence was related to mortality to a similar extent across ethnic groups (non‐Hispanic white patients: risk ratio, 3.32; 95% confidence interval, 2.07–5.32; MAs: risk ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–3.88).InterpretationMAs had higher stroke recurrence risk compared with non‐Hispanic white patients. Stroke recurrence had an important impact on mortality. Efforts to reduce stroke recurrence in MAs are needed. Ann Neurol 2006
Encoded Microcarriers For High‐Throughput Multiplexed Detection
Authors: Wilson Robert , Cossins Andrew R. , Spiller David G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSince the decoding of the human genome, the quest to obtain more and more molecular information from smaller and smaller samples is intensifying. Today the burden of this challenge is being borne by planar arrays, but the quality of the data provided by this approach is limited by variations in performance between different arrays. Suspension arrays of encoded microspheres provide higher quality data, but the amount of molecular information that can be acquired with them is limited by the number of codes that can be distinguished in the same sample. New methods of preparing encoded particles promise to alleviate this problem, but in the face of a growing number of new technologies it is sometimes difficult to decide which, if any, will succeed. Herein we appraise these new forms of encoded particle critically, and ask if they can deliver the necessary multiplexing power and whether they will perform well in multiplexed assays.
Simulate methylation reaction of arsenic(III) with methyl iodide in an aquatic system
Authors: Chen Baowei , Wang Thanh , He Bin , Yuan Chungang , Gao Erle , Jiang Guibin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe methylation reaction of inorganic arsenic occurring in aquatic systems was studied by HPLC‐HG‐AFS as a method to separate and detect soluble methylarsenic species. Transformation from inorganic arsenic to methylarsenic was essential for major changes in toxicity to organisms. Monomethylarsenic [AsOCH3(OH)2] was the only product in the methylation reaction of inorganic arsenic(III) with methyl iodide (MeI). This process can be described as an oxidative carbonium‐ion transfer, with MeI acting as a methyl donor. From a thermodynamic point of view, the activity of the carbonium ion and pH were the two major influencing factors. The pH dependence of redox potential of As(III) was the reason for the effect of pH on methylation of arsenic. The influences of salinity and concentration of the methyl donor may be explained by their effects on the activity of carbonium. Moreover, kinetics experiments demonstrated that the methylation reaction was first‐order for both As(III) and methyl iodide. First‐order reaction rates were also calculated at different pH, salinity and MeI, and were found to be in the range 0.0026–0.0123 h−1. The methylation rate varied largely under different reaction conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of cassava starch graft poly(acrylic acid) and poly[(acrylic acid)‐co‐acrylamide] and polymer flocculants for wastewater treatment
Authors: Jiraprasertkul W. , Nuisin R. , Jinsart W. , Kiatkamjornwong S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStarch‐g‐poly(acrylic acid) and poly[(acrylic acid)‐co‐acrylamide] synthesized via chemically crosslinking polymerization were then each mixed with inorganic coagulants of aluminum sulfate hydrate [Al2(SO4)3·18H2O], calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], and ferric sulfate [Fe2(SO4)3] in a proper ratio to form complex polymeric flocculants (CPFs). All CPFs exhibited low water absorbency than those of the uncomplexed superabsorbent copolymers. The color reduction by the CPFs was tested with both synthetic wastewater and selected wastewater samples from textile industries. The synthetic wastewater was prepared from a direct dye in a concentration of 50 mg dm−3 at pH 7. The CPFs of poly[(acrylic acid)‐co‐acrylamide] with calcium hydroxide at a ratio of 1:2 is the most effective CPF for the wastewater color reduction. The CPF concentration of 500 mg dm−3 could reduce the color of the synthetic wastewater containing the direct dye solution by 95.4% and that of the industrial wastewater by 76%. Starch‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)/Ca(OH)2 CPF can reduce the synthetic direct dye and the industrial wastewater by 74% and 18%, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand, residual metal ion concentrations, pHs, turbidity of the wastewater were also investigated and the potential use of the complex polymer flocculants for textile wastewater treatment was indicated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2915–2928, 2006
DSC study of transitions involved in thermal treatment of foamable mixtures of PE and EVA copolymer with azodicarbonamide
Authors: Reyes‐Labarta J. A. , Olaya M. M. , Marcilla A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe transitions and reactions involved in the thermal processing of binary mixtures of polyethylene and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) copolymers with different concentrations of a foaming agent (azodicarbonamide) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of ZnO as a kicker also was discussed. The temperature at the maximum rate and the heat evolved were measured for all the processes—melting, transitions, and reactions—all the mixtures prepared were measured and compared. Azodicarbonamide decomposed differently depending on the polymeric matrix. These data can be very useful for the plastic processing industry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2015–2025, 2006
Polymerization of resole resins with several formaldehyde/phenol molar ratios: Amine catalysts against sodium hydroxide catalysts
Authors: Gabilondo N. , Larrañaga M. , Peña C. , Corcuera M. A. , Echeverría J. M. , Mondragon I. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTriethylamine and sodium hydroxide catalyzed phenol/formaldehyde resole resins were investigated in terms of their behavior during both addition and polymerization reactions. Amine‐catalyzed prepolymers were mainly ortho‐substituted structures, whereas the sodium hydroxide catalyst directed the addition reaction to para reactive sites. During polymerization, triethylamine led to dimethylene ether bridges as the principal linkages between aromatic structures, increasing their final concentration as the starting hydroxymethyl group concentration increased. In contrast, the use of sodium hydroxide reduced dramatically the dimethylene ether bridge concentration, favoring methylene bridge formation. The influence of hydroxyl ions on the stability of quinone methide intermediates could be the reason for those differences. Despite the formation of dimethylene ether bridges, at higher curing temperatures, more oxidized groups started to appear in cured resoles when the formaldehyde/phenol molar ratio was higher. The presence of infrared bands associated with quinones, aldehydes, and/or carbonyl groups, mainly in high‐formaldehyde‐content resins, could indicate a direct oxidation process from dimethylene ether bridges and/or residual hydroxymethyl groups, without the formation of methylene bridges. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2623–2631, 2006
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of glass‐bead‐filled polypropylene
Authors: Yuan Qiang , Jiang Wei , An Lijia , Misra R. D. K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effects of the glass‐bead content and size on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of polypropylene (PP)/glass‐bead blends were studied with differential scanning calorimetry. The degree of crystallinity decreased with the addition of glass bead, and the crystallization temperature of the blends was marginally higher than that of pure PP at various cooling rates. Furthermore, the half‐time for crystallization decreased with an increase in the glass‐bead content or particle size, implying the nucleating role of the glass beads. The nonisothermal crystallization data were analyzed with the methods of Avrami, Ozawa, and Mo. The validity of various kinetic models for the nonisothermal crystallization process of PP/glass‐bead blends was examined. The approach developed by Mo successfully described the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PP and PP/glass‐bead blends. Finally, the activation energy for the nonisothermal crystallization of pure PP and PP/glass‐bead blends based on the Kissinger method was evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2026–2033, 2006
Synthesis of polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butene) block copolymers by anionic living polymerization and subsequent noncatalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Liang Guo‐Dong , Xu Jun‐Ting , Fan Zhi‐Qiang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA series of polystyrene‐b‐polybutadiene (PSt‐b‐PBd) block copolymers with various chain lengths and compositions were synthesized by sequential living anionic polymerization and then converted into the corresponding polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butene) (PSt‐b‐PEB) block copolymers through the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated polybutadiene segments. Noncatalytic hydrogenation was carried out with diimide as the hydrogen source. The microstructures of PSt‐b‐PBd and PSt‐b‐PEB were investigated with gel permeation chromatography, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the hydrogenation reaction was conducted successfully and that the chain length and molecular weight distribution were not altered by hydrogenation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2632–2638, 2006
Synthesis of two‐end‐functionalized copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate via living radical polymerization
Authors: Cai Jie , Xu Li , Mao Zhiqing , Chen Zhijun , Liu Yun , Jiang Xiqun , Cheng Rongshi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe random copolymers (HO‐P(St‐r‐MMA)‐COOH) of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with hydroxyl group at one end and carboxyl group at another end were synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated living radical polymerization initiated by 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) and 4‐hydroxyl‐2,2,6,6–tetramethylpiperidineoxyl (TEMPO‐OH). The experimental results have shown that all synthesized copolymers have narrow molecular weight distribution. The conversion of monomers and the molecular weight of copolymer increase with polymerization time. Thus, a copolymerization mechanism containing living radical polymerization is suggested. The use of this method permits the copolymer with two functional chain ends and controllable molecular weight as well as low molecular weight distribution. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy result shows that the synthesized copolymers can be tethered on the surface of silicon wafer through the reaction between the hydroxyl end of the copolymer and native oxide layer on the wafer. In addition, an organic/inorganic hybrid surface has achieved by treating copolymer tethered Si‐substrates with SiCl4 vapor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3118–3122, 2006
Transport properties of trogamid: Comparison of different experimental techniques*
Authors: Etxeberria A. , Garcia A. , Iriarte M. , Iruin J. J. , Uriarte C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe transport properties of an amorphous polyamide, poly(trymethylhexamethylene terephtalamide) or Trogamid‐T, were determined by different experimental methods. Sorption methods included two electrobalances, one for subatmospheric pressures and the other one up to 20 bar, and a pressure decay cell. Also, a permeability cell was used to measure permeability coefficients for pure gases and a gas mixture. The solubility, diffusion, and permeability coefficients calculated by different methods were in good agreement. With regard to permeability, measurements showed the difference between ideal and real permselectivity. Moreover, the results confirmed the good barrier properties of Trogamid‐T. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2034–2042, 2006
Ultrasonic treatment of polypropylene, polyamide 6, and their blends
Authors: Lin Heng , Isayev A. I. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (PA6), and their blends treated by high‐intensity ultrasound during extrusion were investigated. A lower head pressure was achieved in the extrusion of these thermoplastics. The mechanochemical and sonochemical effects of ultrasound led to simultaneous ionic condensation reactions and degradation in a homogeneous melt of PA6, with a prevailing effect of enhanced polycondensation reactions. The observed improvements in the mechanical properties of ultrasonically treated PA6 were attributed to condensation reactions, which yield a higher molecular weight, a higher crystallinity, and a more uniform crystal size distribution. At high ultrasound amplitudes, for PP, the degradation of polymer chains was observed with little deterioration of the mechanical properties. For ultrasonically treated PP/PA6 blends, a competition between the degradation and partial in situ compatibilization effect was found. At certain blend ratios, the tensile toughness and impact strength of the treated blends were almost double those of the untreated blends. However, full compatibilization was not achieved, possibly because of the low coupling selectivity of highly reactive radicals. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2643–2653, 2006
Nonequilibrium morphology development in seeded emulsion polymerization. V. The effect of crosslinking agent
Authors: Stubbs Jeffrey M. , Sundberg Donald C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is understood that a major controlling factor in the development of latex particle morphology is the extent to which second stage oligomeric radicals can diffuse into the particles after entry from the aqueous phase. This leads to the expectation that any factor which decreases the diffusion rate of second stage radicals should decrease radical penetration, and thus favor the formation of core–shell type morphologies. The occurrence of crosslinking reactions during the second stage may be one such factor, since the branched and crosslinked chains diffuse much more slowly (if at all) than their linear counterparts. This paper addresses the effect of the addition of crosslinking agent (a divinyl monomer) during the second stage polymerization on particle morphology. It is shown experimentally that, contrary to what one might expect, crosslinking during the second stage has very little, if any, effect on morphology. Modeling suggests that the reason is that the probability for radicals to develop a branch before penetrating a significant distance into the particles is very low (under conditions where full penetration is possible in the absence of crosslinking agent), especially for what is considered to be typical concentrations of crosslinking agent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2043–2054, 2006
Poly(methyl methacrylate) as masking material for microelectromechanical system (MEMS) fabrication
Authors: Bodas Dhananjay S. , Gangal S. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the present study direct current (dc) sputtered poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films deposited on silicon substrates were evaluated as masking materials for anisotropic etching of silicon in aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solutions. Sputtered PMMA films were characterized by FTIR to ascertain the bonding, by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the elemental composition, and by the contact angle for measuring the adhesion of the film with the substrate. FTIR and XPS data showed the presence of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene)‐like film on the silicon substrate. The interfacial tension was calculated from the contact angle value, which was 0.82 dyne/cm, confirming good adhesion of the film and the substrate. A pattern was lithographically transferred through the masking material on the silicon substrate, and the etch rate of the masking layer was calculated from the masking time data of the films. The etch rate value of 4 Å/min obtained for the masking material is low compared to the etch rate of the conventional masking materials (60 Å/min for SiO2 and 8 Å/min for Si3N4). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2094–2098, 2006
Water vapor adsorption and volumetric swelling of melt‐impregnated wood–polymer composites
Authors: Zhang Yaolin , Zhang S. Y. , Chui Ying Hei 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWood–plastic composites were prepared through impregnation of solid wood with polyethylene. A resolution IV screening design of 16 runs for seven factors at two levels was adopted. The seven factors tested were ratio of maleated polyethylene in formulations, ratio of polyethylene of different molecular weights, four process factors (vacuum, pressure, time, and temperature), and wood species (red maple and aspen). Moisture adsorption content and volumetric changes as a function of time were investigated. This study also examined the effects of impregnation parameters and impregnants on water vapor adsorption and dimensional stability. The process parameters (pressure and temperature), polymer impregnants (polyethylene of different molecular weights), and wood species contributed significantly to the equilibrium moisture content (EMC), whereas the moisture adsorption rate was mainly affected by the polymer impregnants (polyethylene of different molecular weights). The EMC was inversely proportional to polymer retention. However, none of the variables significantly contributed to volumetric swelling; the volumetric swelling rate was mainly affected by wood species, the molecular weight of the polyethylene, and impregnation vacuum. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2668–2676, 2006
Preparation and properties of a new coating method for preparing conductive polyester fibers with permanent conductivity
Authors: Jin Xin , Xiao Changfa , An Shulin , Wang Yongyue , Jia Guangxia 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new coating method based on dissolution (the dissolving‐coating method) was designed to prepare carbon black–coated electrically conductive polyester fibers. The effects of the composition of the coating mixture on the volume resistivity of the fibers were investigated. The mechanical properties and conductive permanence of the coated fibers were studied. The coated fibers prepared by the dissolving‐coating method had the characteristics of lower volume resistivity (9.6 × 100 Ω cm) and permanent conductivity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2685–2691, 2006