bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of money/energy exchange models
Authors: Miao Maggie , Makarov Dmitrii E , Blom Kristian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Many-body dynamical models in which Boltzmann statistics can be derived directly from the underlying dynamical laws without invoking the fundamental postulates of statistical mechanics are scarce. Interestingly, one such model is found in econophysics and in chemistry classrooms: the money game, in which players exchange money randomly in a process that resembles elastic intermolecular collisions in a gas, giving rise to the Boltzmann distribution of money owned by each player. Although this model offers a pedagogical example that demonstrates the origins of Boltzmann statistics, such demonstrations usually rely on computer simulations. In fact, a proof of the exponential steady-state distribution in this model has only become available in recent years. Here, we study this random money/energy exchange model and its extensions using a simple mean-field-type approach that examines the properties of the one-dimensional random walk performed by one of its participants. We give a simple derivation of the Boltzmann steady-state distribution in this model. Breaking the time-reversal symmetry of the game by modifying its rules results in non-Boltzmann steady-state statistics. In particular, introducing ‘unfair’ exchange rules in which a poorer player is more likely to give money to a richer player than to receive money from that richer player, results in an analytically provable Pareto-type power-law distribution of the money in the limit where the number of players is infinite, with a finite fraction of players in the ‘ground state’ (i.e. with zero money). For a finite number of players, however, the game may give rise to a bimodal distribution of money and to bistable dynamics, in which a participant’s wealth jumps between poor and rich states. The latter corresponds to a scenario where the player accumulates nearly all the available money in the game. The time evolution of a player’s wealth in this case can be thought of as a ‘chemical reaction’, where a transition between ‘reactants’ (rich state) and ‘products’ (poor state) involves crossing a large free energy barrier. We thus analyze the trajectories generated from the game using ideas from the theory of transition paths and highlight non-Markovian effects in the barrier crossing dynamics.
Explanation or Insight?
Authors: Carpenter Amber D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Plato and classical Buddhist philosophers are united in their conviction that true knowledge of an impersonal reality is transformative, and is that without which there is no real liberation. While they are conspicuously opposed on what that reality is, their more significant difference for the would-be knower is in their accounts of what true knowledge is. Plato offers (in the Republic and Philebus, for instance) an explanation-based account of knowledge, trenchantly criticizing (especially in the Theaetetus) the epistemic pretensions of perception. Buddhist epistemology reverses this, favouring experiential, perception-like cognition as the ideal. Dignāga even offers (in the first chapter of his Compendium of Means of Valid Cognition) an account of perception on which it has precisely those characteristics that Plato thinks make it vulnerable to critique. Examining how the pursuit of ideal knowledge effects different ethical transformations on these different accounts of it offers a basis for evaluating these competing versions of ideal epistemological ethics in terms of the plausibility and desirability of the transformations each effects or omits.
Looking for Harmony
Authors: Robbiano Chiara 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how Plato’s goal of a harmonious community requires a ruler who displays creativity. By attributing roles, designing laws and education, the ruler keeps the different elements together that make up the whole of their community. Throughout his dialogues, Plato shows how rulers cannot automatically apply any previous knowledge but need to creatively adapt it to the specific whole of which they are in charge. To sharpen our understanding of harmony in Plato’s works, the chapter compares them with Śāntideva’s Guide. Śāntideva gives pointers towards responsiveness that creates harmony in situations that might lead to suffering. He gives importance to mindfulness and introspection—which somehow parallel the monitoring role of Plato’s ruler—when bad emotions afflict the aspiring bodhisattva. However, the accomplished bodhisattva does not need monitoring: they display creative responsiveness that relieves suffering by harmonizing potentially conflicting elements, without the need to postulate a whole to which such elements belong.
The modern state system
Authors: Diener Alexander C. , Hagen Joshua 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the origins of the modern state system and how it has come to function and be perceived as natural rather than a construct relating to specific historical contingencies. The chapter elucidates the relationship between nationalization and territoriality and how borders were integral to this sea-change in governance and identity. Borders were once predominantly linked to natural geographic features, but they eventually became associated with more abstract ideals of belonging, identity, and citizenship. This mode of dividing political space was exported throughout the world through colonialism, gradually displacing alternative means of governing and controlling political, economic, and cultural spaces. Ultimately, this mode of spatial thinking provided the foundations for the modern state system, including notions of sovereignty and the nation-state which in turn shaped domestic and international sociospatial structures and practices.
The practice of bordering
Authors: Diener Alexander C. , Hagen Joshua 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the early 1990s, the modern state system was predicted to give way to a borderless world as global economic linkages superseded historic rivalries and territorial claims. Globalization has indeed drawn the world into ever more intensely integrated linkages, but states and the borders that define their territories remain profoundly important. Chapter 4 explores the relationships between border security, transnational mobilities (human, financial, trade), and varied forms of sovereignty that have manifested to maintain order and promote justice, including contingent sovereignty, indigenous sovereignty, and graduated sovereignty. The chapter makes clear that borders and territorial rights evolve, and in so doing profoundly affect the lives of people. Emerging borderlands, whether they be maritime, airspace, underground, in outer space, or cyberspace, emanate from human action and invariably reflect the values of those wielding power.
Dostoevsky: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Martinsen Deborah 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dostoevsky: A Very Short Introduction showcases the life story and works of the great Russian novelist. Fyodor Dostoevsky is read worldwide for his gripping plots and distinctive treatment of ethics, psychology, religion, and philosophy. His insights into human nature and society draw upon his eventful life experiences, notably his political imprisonment, Siberian exile, gambling addiction, romances, and marriages. Key themes of his major works include doubling, freedom, shame, social justice, scandal, aesthetics, ethics, faith, and the eternal questions.
Can the dimples on a golf ball be evenly spaced?
Authors: Brown James Robert 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Surprisingly, the dimples on a golf ball (typically around 300-400) cannot be spaced evenly on the surface. I will explain how this is connected to the Platonic solids. The example is interesting, because it illustrates a difference between efficient and formal causation and explanation. I will discuss a few interesting consequences.
Proteome trait regulation of marine Synechococcus elemental stoichiometry under global change
Authors: Garcia Nathan S , Du Mingyu , Guindani Michele , McIlvin Matthew R , Moran Dawn M , Saito Mak A , Martiny Adam C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated regional differences in marine ecosystem C:N:P with implications for carbon and nutrient cycles. Due to strong co-variance, temperature and nutrient stress explain variability in C:N:P equally well. A reductionistic approach can link changes in individual environmental drivers with changes in biochemical traits and cell C:N:P. Thus, we quantified effects of temperature and nutrient stress on Synechococcus chemistry using laboratory chemostats, chemical analyses, and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry proteomics. Nutrient supply accounted for most C:N:Pcell variability and induced tradeoffs between nutrient acquisition and ribosomal proteins. High temperature prompted heat-shock, whereas thermal effects via the “translation-compensation hypothesis” were only seen under P-stress. A Nonparametric Bayesian Local Clustering algorithm suggested that changes in lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, and C-rich compatible solutes may also contribute to C:N:P regulation. Physiological responses match field-based trends in ecosystem stoichiometry and suggest a hierarchical environmental regulation of current and future ocean C:N:P.
Using Bourdieu's Habitus in International Relations
Authors: Nair Deepak 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The concept of habitus is a centerpiece of Pierre Bourdieu's cultural sociology and is among the most popular conceptual imports into the Bourdieu-inspired “practice turn” in International Relations (IR). There have, however, been recurrent questions whether IR work using habitus and Bourdieu mainly “re-describe in different language” what scholars already know about world politics. This article argues that a more traditional use of habitus that pays attention to the production of habitus is key to advancing distinctly Bourdieusian and practice-based accounts of international politics. Drawing on a detailed survey of habitus scholarship in IR, the article shows how the practice turn takes a narrow view of social structure by bracketing social class, race, and gender; is preoccupied with the pedagogical labor of secondary socialization over primary socialization; and neglects the concrete embodied dimension of practice. Looking to Bourdieu's own work, this article calls for theoretically armed empirical attention to social structure, primary socialization, and embodiment. It articulates a specific strategy for this recovery: closer attention to the production of habitus by mapping the biographies of individuals and groups and relating these sedimented histories to agents’ practices and shared structures of experience.
The Language of Responsibility in the United Nations Security Council, 1946–2020
Authors: Bethke Felix S , Haass Felix , Niemann Holger 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the United Nations' most powerful institutional body, charged with the “primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.” The main instrument through which the Council asserts this power is its resolutions, specifically by using resolution text to attribute responsibility. The UNSC uses responsibility language to assign tasks, identify accountability under international law, or reflect the Council's normative interpretation of political principles. Yet we lack a comprehensive empirical description of responsibility attributions in UNSC resolutions. We address this gap by providing an original dataset of the full text of all UNSC resolutions between 1946 and 2020. We use this data to show that the Council has significantly increased responsibility attributions since the end of the Cold War, but only for a very specific subset of terms, targeting predominantly states and individuals. We further demonstrate how the data can inform debates about the timing and status of the “responsibility to protect” as an international norm. The data and findings provide a helpful starting point for many future research endeavors, including the role of member states in the UNSC, quantitative and qualitative research on UNSC decision-making processes, or topic development of the UNSC agenda in general.
Effects of heating soybeans on postruminal amino acid bioavailability, performance, and ruminal fermentation in lactating cows
Authors: Petzel Emily A , Acharya Subash , Titgemeyer Evan C , Bailey Eric A , Brake Derek W 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Soybeans can provide ruminally degradable protein, lipid, and metabolizable amino acid (AA) to lactating dairy cows; however, soy-based trypsin inhibitors can limit protein digestion in nonruminants. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate the impacts of soy-based trypsin inhibitors on nutrient disappearance, lactation, and plasma AA bioavailability. Treatments were abomasal infusion of 0 or 400 g/d casein or a crystalline AA analog of casein with unroasted or roasted soybeans fed at 10% dry matter (DM). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Measures of digestion were determined from fecal output determined with acid detergent insoluble ash and urine output determined from measures of urine creatinine. Neither soybean processing (P ≥ 0.20) nor the source of abomasal infusion (P ≥ 0.60) impacted nutrient digestibility. Ruminal ammonia, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were increased (P ≤ 0.01) among cattle consuming unroasted soybeans. Source of infusion did not affect (P ≥ 0.38) ruminal volatile fatty acids or nitrogen metabolism. Ruminal N metabolism was largely unaffected by soybean processing although microbial N efficiency was greater (P &lt; 0.01) among cows fed unroasted soybeans. DM intake and energy-corrected milk were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in cows fed roasted compared to unroasted soybeans. The proportion of fat, protein, lactose, and solids not fat (SNF) in milk did not differ between soybean processing or postruminal AA source, but fat, protein, lactose, and SNF yield was greater (P ≤ 0.01) when cows were fed roasted soybeans because milk yields were greater when cows were fed roasted vs. unroasted soybeans. As expected, infusion of casein or its crystalline AA analog increased plasma essential AA and milk urea nitrogen concentration. The rate of increase in essential AA concentration in plasma was 2.9× greater for casein than for crystalline AA. These data seem to indicate that soy-based trypsin inhibitors have no impacts on postruminal AA bioavailability when fed to cows and that metabolizable protein from casein is greater than from crystalline AA.
Week-by-week changes in serum levels of bone-related circulating microRNAs and bone turnover markers
Authors: Zarecki Patryk , Gossiel Fatma , Grillari Johannes , Debono Miguel , Hackl Matthias , Eastell Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Due to their regulatory role, microRNAs are differently expressed during specific conditions in healthy and diseased individuals, so microRNAs circulating in the blood could be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various diseases and conditions. We want to investigate the variability of circulating microRNAs and bone turnover markers in weekly time intervals in older women. In a single-site longitudinal study, a panel of 19 bone-related miRNAs was measured using the osteomiR RT-qPCR assay in serum samples of 35 postmenopausal women divided into 3 groups: healthy controls (n = 12), low BMD (n = 14), and vertebral fractures (n = 9). Blood samples for measurement of CTX, PINP, OC, and bone ALP were collected once per week for 8 weeks at 9:00 AM after overnight fasting. Serum samples from all participants were analyzed for 19 microRNA bone biomarkers and 4 bone turnover markers over 8 weeks. We analyzed the data using a mixed model analysis of variance and found no significant changes between week-by-week time points in any of the groups. To estimate intraindividual variability between weekly time points, we have calculated the median coefficient of variation (CV). This was between 28.4% and 80.2% for microRNA, with an assay CV of 21.3%. It was between 8.5% and 15.6% for bone turnover markers, with an assay CV of 3.5% to 6.5%. The intraindividual variability was similar between groups. Circulating microRNAs measured in serum had a higher weekly intraindividual variability than bone turnover markers due in part to a higher assay CV.
The effect of diet composition on the diversity of active gut bacteria and on the growth of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Mugo-Kamiri Loretta , Querejeta Marina , Raymond Ben , Herniou Elisabeth A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a functional role in nutrition among several insects. However, the situation is unclear in Lepidoptera. Field studies suggest the microbiome may not be stable and is determined by diet, while in the laboratory, Lepidoptera are routinely reared on diet containing antibiotics with unknown effects on microbial communities. Furthermore, molecular approaches for the characterization of lepidopteran microbiomes rarely describe the metabolically active gut bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate how diet and antibiotics affect Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) growth and the diversity and activity of the gut bacteria community. We assessed how alfalfa and wheat germ-based diets affected larval growth, in the presence and absence of streptomycin. Alfalfa diet improved larval growth, pupal mass, and survival, but antibiotic was only beneficial in the wheat germ diet. We observed diet-driven changes in the gut bacterial communities. In the active community, the alfalfa colony was dominated by Enterococcus and Rhodococcus whereas in the wheat germ colony, only Enterococcus was present. In contrast, spore-forming Bacilli species were very common members of the DNA community. In both cases, streptomycin had a selective effect on the relative abundance of the taxa present. Our study highlights the importance of characterizing both the diversity and activity of the gut microbiota community. DNA-derived communities may include environmental DNA, spores, or non-viable bacteria, while RNA-derived communities are more likely to give an accurate representation of the diversity of active members that are potentially directly involved in the metabolic processes of the host.
Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Versions
Authors: Silverman Wendy K. , Albano Anne Marie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5), Child and Parent Versions. It was updated for use in clinical practice and in research trials to provide for the differential diagnosis of the full range of psychiatric and behavioral health disorders in children and adolescents while also establishing the child’s full psychiatric history. The ADIS-5 provides for both present and, in the Parent Version, lifetime diagnoses. The Parent Version also contains a module to gather information about the child’s development, functioning, and previous clinical and educational evaluations/services received by the child. This information, in conjunction with information obtained from the diagnostic sections of the ADIS, allows the clinician to complete the Developmental and Clinical Timeline. The timeline is provided to track the onset of key symptoms and diagnoses, achievement of developmental milestones, educational and therapeutic intervention and supports, and life events. The timeline also allows the clinician to organize clinical information and view a summary of the child’s symptoms and functioning to inform the case formulation and treatment plan.
Cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Vogel Dominik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cardiovascular medicine, like all fields of medicine, continues to evolve at a rapid pace, and keeping up to date with the latest literature, guidelines, and protocols, can be a daunting task. The field of cardiovascular medicine is an inexhaustible source for clinical trials. The most feasible way of keeping up to date is referring to guidelines. In addition to those made available by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provides very useful Clinical Practice Guidelines that are accessible via: https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines.
This chapter contains questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Emergencies
Authors: Coryndon Thomas , Parnell Chris , Harnett James , Furmedge Dan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
All doctors have to deal with emergencies—this can be a daunting prospect, particularly when first on the scene. The aim of this chapter is to raise awareness and your working practical knowledge of emergencies in medicine. Core to managing emergencies is a systematic approach working through ABCDE (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure). This chapter contains 32 questions that encompass many of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Imaging Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Nair Arjun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
As with any patient, the need for, and type of, imaging in the critically ill patient must be guided by the clinical question to be answered and an understanding of the advantages and limitations of each type of imaging. Imaging can be used to guide ventilation strategy, assess underlying causative pathology, assess complications, and aid prognostication. Notwithstanding its technical limitations, portable chest radiography overwhelmingly remains the cornerstone of serial critical care imaging. Computed tomographic (CT) protocols can be tailored to the clinical question, with paired low- and high-ventilatory pressure CT a crucial method of assessing alveolar recruitment. Ultrasound has gained an invaluable role in the bedside assessment of both pleural and pulmonary pathology in critically ill patients. In certain units, the COVID-19 pandemic has expanded the role of ultrasound in serial monitoring, given the portable nature of, and simple disinfection procedures for, ultrasound equipment. Newer techniques such as electrical impedance tomography, as well as well-developed but less utilized techniques of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, provide valuable pathophysiologic insights but are currently mainly confined to research applications. A potential role for dual-energy CT pulmonary angiography in quantifying reduced pulmonary blood volume, as a marker of pulmonary vascular immunothrombosis, has been proposed.