bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The functional morphology of caudal vertebrae in new world monkeys
Authors: German Rebecca Z. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew World monkeys vary considerably in the manner and degree to which they use their tails. There ought to arise a corresponding variation in the stresses on caudal vertebrae. Consequently, different behavior types will have contrasting caudal morphologies. This study investigates caudal morphology of several New World monkeys representing the large range of ability from totally nonprehensile tails to the dexterous fifth limb of spider monkeys. One largebodied, nonprehensile‐tailed Old World monkey is included to offset the correlation between size and degree of prehensility in New World monkeys. These monkeys vary both within and between species as to the number of caudal vertebrae and the length of individual vertebrae. Despite this variation, the length of caudal vertebrae within a given tail decreases at a constant rate across species. The width of the vertebrae at two points, midbone and the proximal end, separates the monkeys with prehensile tails from those with nonprehensile tails. The middle of the vertebrae is wider and more robust in prehensile‐tailed forms. This is associated with stronger bones in tails subject to greater stress. The proximal width of each bone is also greater in the prehensile‐tailed monkeys. This measure reflects the lateral development of the proximal transverse process. This provides a larger lever arm for M. caudalis lateralis, implying greater rotational ability.
Variability and evolutionary trends in tooth size of Gigantopithecus blacki
Authors: Yinyun Zhang 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe measurements of Gigantopithecus blacki teeth from Liucheng are summarized and comparative statistics are calculated. Compared to the variability of tooth size in living nonhuman primates, emphasizing Pongo because of close ecological and genetic relationships, the hypothesis of a single species for Liucheng specimens is acceptable. The Liucheng sample pattern of variability in tooth size, as well as the South African robust australopithecines, differs from living nonhuman primates in the same way; the first molar is not the least variable of the molars, and the molars are relatively variable compared with the other teeth. Sexual dimorphism may be responsible for this pattern in both cases. Later G. blacki cheek teeth are significantly larger than early G. blacki. From early G. blacki to later, the expansion ratio in tooth breadth is more than in tooth length. The pattern of expansion is like that seen in South African australopithecines. Both G. blacki and South African robust Australopithecus seem to show continued adaptation to more powerful and efficient chewing. The diet of G. blacki is not known, and its reconstruction depends on estimates of body size that differ greatly.
Craniocervical morphology and posture in Australian aboriginals
Authors: Solow B. , Barrett M. J. , Brown T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe length of the spinal column as a percentage of stature is smaller in the Australian aboriginal than in most other ethnic groups (Abbie, 1957). It is conceivable that relative lengths of the cervical column might influence population differences in craniocervical posture and craniofacial morphology. The present study aimed to elucidate this relationship by comparing head posture and craniofacial morphology in Australian aboriginals to the same features in a previously studied sample of 120 Danish students (Solow and Tallgren, 1976).The aboriginal sample consisted of 42 young male adults from the Yuendumu settlement, Northern Territory, Australia. Cephalometric films of the natural head position were taken during a field trip to the settlement. The comparison comprised 18 postural and 61 morphological variables.In the aboriginals, the cervical column was shorter and had a less pronounced lordosis. The head was held about 3° lower, and the upper cervical column was 81/2° more forward inclined. As a consequence, the craniocervical angle was about 6° larger.Comparison of the craniofacial morphology in the two groups showed in the aboriginals a shorter upper facial height, a larger anterior lower facial height, and a larger vertical jaw relationship (NL/ML). The length of the posterior cranial base, s‐ba, was 4 mm shorter (P <0.001) in the aboriginals, possibly developmentally related to the generally shorter spinal column in Australian aboriginals.
Intervertebral osteochondrosis in ancient and modern populations
Authors: Kelley Marc A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkeletal collections are often useful for determining the frequency and distribution of lesions that would otherwise go unnoticed in the living. This study examines a rather common spinal lesion for which there is little clinical or paleopathologic literature available. In such cases, the anterior aspect of the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral plates display crescent‐shaped lesions suggestive of a form of degeneration known as intervertebral osteochondrosis.A total of 2,628 skeletons from three early American Indian sites and one 20th‐century medical‐school cadaver population are examined for this lesion. Variables such as age, sex, weight, race, activity patterns, and other biocultural information are considered in relation to the frequency of this lesion. It is suggested that physical stress during the second and third decades of life is largely responsible for this condition. With advancing age the lesions are obliterated and, in effect, become indistinguishable from spondylosis deformans. Familiarity with this condition is necessary in order to better understand degenerative spinal disease and avoid confusion with other spinal diseases such as tuberculosis.
The morphogenetic triangle: A new conceptual tool for application to problems in dental morphogenesis
Authors: Keene Harris J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA hypothetical mathematical model of human dental crown height attainment during morphogenesis was developed. The model is based on well‐known histologic stages of tooth development from initiation to crown completion, with special emphasis on the dynamics and life‐cycle of the cells of the inner enamel epithelium. From three temporal events (P, initiation of proliferation; D, initiation of differentiation; C, crown completion), and crown height (H) measured at the dentino‐enamel junction, a morphogenetic triangle PDZ can be constructed where Z = coordinates of H and C at the time of crown completion. The slope of lines PZ and DZ represent average proliferation rate (Rp) and average differentiation rate (Rd) of the inner enamel epithelium, respectively, during crown formation. From data available in the literature, and based on morphogenetic triangle principles, Rp and Rd were calculated for the deciduous and succedaneous dentitions. A strong positive correlation between Rp and Rd was observed throughout the 20‐tooth series (r = 0.996); however, Rp and Rd showed moderately strong negative associations with H, P, D, C, and the intervals between PD, PC, and DC. The smaller deciduous tooth in each deciduous:permanent pair was associated with faster Rp and Rd, and shorter intervals between initiation of proliferation, initiation of differentiation, and crown completion. The data generated in this analysis of a hypothetical dentition, while not definitive, provide new insights and a theoretical basis for a broader understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in the attainment of certain tooth dimensions during morphogenesis.
Incidence of Carabelli's trait in Kenyan Africans and Asians
Authors: Hassanali Jameela 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExamination for incidence of Carabelli's trait was done on 1267 Africans and 781 Asian school children, 298 dental plaster casts and 248 skulls of Africans. The African sample is composed of 80% Bantu, 20% Nilote, and Nilo‐Hamitic people. When observed intraorally, the trait is present in 31–35% of Africans and 26–27% of Asians. In the dental casts and skull sample of Africans, the trait is present as pit in 23–28%, groove in 20%, and as tubercle and cusp in 22%. The total trait frequency in Africans is 68%.
How “representative” is the Terry collection? Evidence from the proximal femur
Authors: Ericksen M. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe work reported here is the beginning of an attempt to determine whether data on skeletal aging changes derived from the Terry collection (Smithsonian Institution) can safely be applied to present‐day clinical and forensic problems. Measurements made on radiographs of the proximal third of the right femur below the greater trochanter were compared in three groups of American white females: Terry collection “regulars,” Terry collection willed, and GW (George Washington University Medical Center) willed. Mean birth year for the Terry regulars was 1883, whereas the mean birth year for Terry and GW willed was 1910.Terry willed femora are longer than those of Terry regulars, but not more robust. The two groups show opposing secular trends in femoral length, and in this respect the Terry regulars appear closer to the general U.S. population. In two indices of relative medullary cavity size (which reflect changes in cortical thickness as well as internal and external diameters) all three groups agree in showing age‐related increase of medullary diameters, greater increase in the anterior–posterior dimension, and greatest amount of increase at diaphyseal levels. The major difference between groups is in timing, with medullary cavity expansion becoming evident at least a decade earlier and leading to greater eventual loss of cortical thickness in the willed groups.
Taxonomic identification of human fat patterns
Authors: Bailey Stephen M. , Garn Stanley M. , Katch Victor L. , Guire Kenneth E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe utility of taxonomic approaches in identification of fat patterning was evaluated using hierarchial cluster analysis on a sample of 64 female and 31 male subjects from 18 to 29 years of age. Four clusters, each composed of subjects with similar distributions of 17 skinfold thicknesses corrected for sex, size and total body fat, showed mean pattern profiles that variously contrasted fatness of the trunk and extremities. Average anthropometric differences between clusters corroborated differences in pattern profile. For comparison, principal‐components analysis was carried out on these same data. The results suggest that a taxonomic approach offers advantages in initial interpretation and in design flexibility.
Red cell enzyme polymorphism: Gene differentiation in three populations of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Mukherjee B. N. , Roychoudhury A. K. , Blake N. M. , Kate S. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood samples of 1,266 individuals were collected from three caste populations; Nava Budha (Mahar), Maratha, and a mixed group of Scheduled castes from each of three districts of Maharashtra, Nagpur, Akola, and Thane. The samples were tested for 12 enzyme systems, viz., AcPh, AK, CA‐I, CA‐II, Est‐D, LDH, MDH, Oxidase, PGM‐1, PGM‐2, 6‐PGD, and PHI. The gene frequencies of these loci are within the ranges observed among the Indian populations so far studied. The total differences in gene frequencies for each polymorphic locus was partitioned into three components, i.e., the differences between caste populations, the differences between regions, and the differences due to interaction between caste populations and regions. The results show that besides caste variation for two loci, Est‐D and PGM‐1, the gene frequencies for AK, Est‐D, and G‐6PD loci have different geographical distributions.
Fatness and skeletal maturity of Belgian boys 12 through 17 years of age
Authors: Beunen G. , Malina R. M. , Ostyn M. , Renson R. , Simons J. , Van Gerven D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRelationships between fatness and skeletal maturity are considered in a nationwide sample of 14,259 Belgian boys 12 through 17 years of age (The Leuven Growth Study of Belgian Boys). Absolute fatness was estimated from four skinfolds using the Drinkwater and Ross technique and from the sum of four skinfolds, and was related to skeletal maturity assessed by the Tanner‐Whitehouse method (I and II). In addition, comparisons were made between the fattest 5% and leanest 5% of the boys at each age level. Correlations between the indices of fatness and skeletal age and relative skeletal age (the difference between skeletal and chronological ages) are positive and generally low, ranging from 0.12 to 0.39. They tend to decrease with age from 12 to 17 years. Comparisons between the extreme groups indicate that the leanest boys are more delayed in skeletal maturity, by about 0.8 years, than the fattest boys are advanced, by about 0.5 years. Stature data for the same boys are consistent with the skeletal maturity data and thus suggest that the size differences between the extreme groups are due in part to maturity differences. Over the age span 12 through 20 years, the leanest boys are reduced in stature by about – 1.2 standard deviations, while the fattest boys are larger in stature by about +0.6 standard deviation units. The size differences, however, persist after skeletal maturity is attained so that there may be a specific role for fatness in influencing statural growth.
Ethnic and secular influences on the size and maturity of seven year old children living in Guatemala City
Authors: Bogin Barry , Macvean Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree groups of children, those of European parentage, those of Guatemalan parentage, and those of mixed European‐Guatemalan parentage were measured for height, weight, and skeletal maturity. The children were born between 1945 and 1965, they were all of high socioeconomic status, and they all attended the same private school in Guatemala City. At 7 years, the boys of the European group were significantly taller than boys of the Guatemalan group. European and mixed European‐Guatemalan girls were significantly taller than Guatemalan girls. These results are maturity independent. The influence of skeletal age was removed statistically by analysis of covariance. Girls of the mixed group were significantly heavier than girls of European and Guatemalan groups. Mixed group girls also had more significantly advanced skeletal ages than European girls. When the patterns of size and maturity status are analyzed by sex, there is evidence for a relatively greater environmental influence on the boys and a relatively greater genetic influence on the girls. Dividing the data into two birth year cohorts, 1945 to 1955, and 1956 to 1965, does not provide evidence for secular trends in growth or maturation. These results are similar to those from studies in developed nations that report an end to the secular trend for the “well off” population of those countries.
Patterns of genetic variability in the serum proteins of the Kenyan vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Dracopoli N. C. , Brett F. L. , Turner T. R. , Jolly C. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn electrophoretic survey of 13 serum proteins was carried out on samples drawn from 340 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) living in 30 troops from four different localities in central and southern Kenya. The proportion of polymorphic loci is 0.17 and the average heterozygosity is 0.05. The group specific component, prealbumin carboxylesterase, and transferrin are all polymorphic. The analysis of the patterns of gene diversity show that a large part of the genic variation exists within individual troops and among neighboring troops from the same trapping locality. Only a small proportion of the overall genetic variability occurs between the populations at the different trapping localities which are separated by between 80 and 380 km. The migration of young males from their natal troops is a likely mechanism of gene flow among the vervet populations. Gene flow appears to be sufficient to prevent high levels of geographic variation in the gene frequencies at these loci, but is insufficient to prevent the occasional fixation of alleles in some local populations.
Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Velte Margaret J. , Basmajian John V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElectromyographic recordings were taken from all heads of the triceps brachii and biceps brachii muscles and from the anconeus, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles in a chimpanzee and an orangutan as they stood still and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts.Like the gorilla (Tuttle and Basmajian, 1974a), the chimpanzee and orangutan possess special close‐packed positioning mechanisms that allow the bulky muscles that cross their elbow joints to remain silent during quiet pendant suspension.We found no major myological features that would dramatically separate the arms of knuckle‐walking African apes from those of the orangutan. With a few exceptions, which could as well be attributed to individual variation as to interspecific differences, the brachial muscles acted similarly during quadrupedal positional behaviors, irrespective of whether the hands of the subjects were knuckled (African apes), fisted (chimpanzee and orangutan), or placed in modified palmigrade postures (orangutan).Evolutionary transformations, from brachial and elbow complexes like those of Pongo to ones like Pan, or vice versa, would probably be achieved quite readily as the species changed its substrate preferences and positional habits.
Multiple observers, humidity, and choice of precision statistics: Factors influencing craniometric data quality
Authors: Utermohle Charles J. , Zegura Stephen L. , Heathcote Gary M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study investigates three topics: (1) interobserver measurement error in craniometry, (2) the effects of humidity on craniometric measurements, and (3) the current status of estimators of measurement precision in craniometry and anthropometry. The results of the three‐observer error analysis based on 24 linear measurements taken on 47 crania indicate that minor idiosyncratic variations in measurement technique can lead to high levels of statistical discrimination among the data produced by the different observers. The results of the humidity experiment substantiate the contention that increasing levels of relative humidity are associated with cranial expansion. The results of the comparison of 11 univariate precision estimators suggest that the combination of percentage agreement, the mean absolute difference, and Fisher's nonparametric sign test can give an instructive picture of the frequency, magnitude, and directionality of measurement imprecision. Information on the comparability of technique and measurement precision can then be used in the variable selection process prior to the application of multivariate statistical procedures to strengthen the substantive interpretation of craniometric data.
A new dental wear pattern and evidence for high carbohydrate consumption in a Brazilian Archaic skeletal population
Authors: Turner Christy G. , Machado Lilia M. Cheuiche 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn apparently new type of dental wear pattern, lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT), has been found in 85% of 46 adult crania from a 3000–4200 BP Archaic site called Corondó near the Atlantic Ocean coast of Brazil. LSAMAT is associated with a high caries rate (60% of 77 adults; 11% of 1,219 permanent teeth) in what on archeologica grounds alone would be considered a mainly meat‐eating population. It is suggested that both LSAMAT and caries resulted from eating some starchy plant like manioc.
Genetic factors in the population of Plati, Greece
Authors: Tills Don , Warlow Andrew , Lord Jayne M. , Suter Diana , Kopeć Ada C. , Blumberg Baruch S. , Hesser Jana E. , Economidou Ioanna 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne‐thousand, thirty‐eight individuals from Plati, Greece were examined for the following red cell antigens, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes A A1 Ai B H; MNSs Mg Henshaw Nya Mur Vw; CCwcDEeCe; K k Kpa Kpb Jsa Jsb; P1; Lua; Fy1 Fy2; Jka Jkb; Wra; Zt; Vel; Swa; Jensen, Radin, Gerbich, Diego, Gregory, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Acid phosphatase, Adenylate kinase, Adenosine deaminase, Esterase‐D, Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, Phosphoglucomutase, 6‐Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, Phosphohexose isomerase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase, and Superoxide dismutase. The results are discussed in detail and compared with other Greek and neighbouring populations. Because of the Plati population's long history of residence in the Cappadocian area of Turkey the data have been compared, whenever possible, with results for that region.
Influence of age, sex, and caging on joint mobility in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas)
Authors: Turnquist Jean E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNormal range of joint mobility in the extremities of the patas monkey, Erythrocebus patas, was established for a free‐ranging colony of 64 animals at La Parguera, Puerto Rico (Caribbean Primate Research Center). Eighty‐five animals that had been caged (30″ × 30″ cages) for up to 5 years were used for comparison. Passive joint mobility of anesthetized animals was measured with a goniometer. Nine parameters (five on the forelimb and four on the hindlimb) were measured on each animal. The data were sorted into subsets according to the animal's age, sex, place of birth, and type of confinement, if any. The number of animals in each subset was recorded and the mean (in degrees) and standard deviation for each parameter were calculated. A P⩽0.05 on two‐tailed Student's t‐tests was considered significant. Comparisons between free‐ranging males and females showed significant differences in one or two parameters for all age groups. A cross‐sectional sample of free‐ranging animals of both sexes showed that significant changes in joint mobility occurred only in the first 18 months of life. Joint mobility of all caged animals, however, was highly variable, and even between the more mature animals there were significant differences in several parameters. Almost all comparisons of subsets of the same age and sex showed significant differences between caged and free‐ranging animals in at least one parameter. When the caged animals were laboratory‐born, however, these differences were significant in five out of nine parameters. The results suggest that, although caging itself affects joint mobility, the age of first confinement may have an even greater effect than the length of the confinement.