bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expedient Synthesis of an Anomerically Modified Trisaccharide Component of the Capsular Polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 19F
Authors: Kaji Eisuke , Matsui Eiko , Kobayashi Mie , Zen Shonosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A practical stereoselective synthesis is described for α-d-ManNAc-(1→4)-α-d-Glc-(1→2)-l-Rha, an anomerically modified trisaccharide component of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F. The key intermediary disaccharide, 2-(benzoyloxyimino)-2-deoxyglycosyl-α(1→4)-glucoside, was prepared by α-selective glycosylation (AgOTf–TMU/CH2Cl2, 90%) of a suitably blocked p-methoxybenzyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranoside with 3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-2-(benzoyloxyimino)-2-deoxy-α-d-arabino-hexopyranosyl bromide, and converted into an α-d-ManNAc-(1→4)-α-d-Glc-(1→MBn) derivative by means of a manno-selective reduction (BH3·THF → Ac2O, 55%). Consecutive anomeric activation (1-OMBn → 1-OH → 1-F, 45% over 2 steps), glycosylation (SnCl2–AgClO4/CH2Cl2, 71%, α : β = 2 : 1) of 2-OH of benzyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, and deblocking (NaOMe → Pd-C/H2, 90%) gave the target trisaccharide.
Depressive Symptoms as a Longitudinal Predictor of Sexual Risk Behaviors Among US Middle and High School Students
Authors: Lehrer Jocelyn A. , Shrier Lydia A. , Gortmaker Steven , Buka Stephen 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine whether depressive symptoms are predictive of subsequent sexual risk behavior in a national probability sample of US middle and high school students.METHODS. Sexually active, unmarried, middle and high school students (n = 4152) participated in home interviews in waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, at an ∼1-year interval. Associations between baseline depressive symptoms and sexual risk behaviors over the course of the following year were examined separately for boys and girls, adjusting for demographic variables, religiosity, same-sex attraction/behavior, sexual intercourse before age 10, and baseline sexual risk behavior.RESULTS. In adjusted models, boys and girls with high depressive symptom levels at baseline were significantly more likely than those with low symptom levels to report ≥1 of the examined sexual risk behaviors over the course of the 1-year follow-up period. For boys, high depressive symptom levels were specifically predictive of condom nonuse at last sex, birth control nonuse at last sex, and substance use at last sex; these results were similar to those of parallel analyses with a continuous depression measure. For girls, moderate depressive symptoms were associated with substance use at last sex, and no significant associations were found between high depressive symptom levels and individual sexual risk behaviors. Parallel analyses with the continuous depression measure found significant associations for condom nonuse at last sex, birth control nonuse at last sex, ≥3 sexual partners, and any sexual risk behavior.CONCLUSION. In this study, depressive symptoms predicted sexual risk behavior in a national sample of male and female middle and high school students over a 1-year period.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of an Early-Intervention Program in Reducing Parenting Stress After Preterm Birth
Authors: Kaaresen Per Ivar , Rønning John A. , Ulvund Stein Erik , Dahl Lauritz B. 
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND. Preterm birth has been associated with increased parenting stress in early infancy, and some reports have found this to be a risk factor for later behavioral problems. There are, however, few studies and conflicting results. Information about the fathers is scarce.OBJECTIVES. Our goal was to study the effects of an early-intervention program on parenting stress after a preterm birth until 1 year corrected age.METHODS. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted including infants with a birth weight &lt;2000 g treated at the University Hospital of North Norway Trust, which serves the 2 northern-most counties in Norway, to examine the effects of a modified version of the Mother-Infant Transaction Program on parenting stress measured by the Parenting Stress Index. A term control group was also recruited. The Parenting Stress Index was administered to the mothers at 6 and 12 months’ corrected age and to the fathers at 12 months’ corrected age. The intervention consisted of 8 sessions shortly before discharge and 4 home visits by specially trained nurses focusing on the infant’s unique characteristics, temperament, and developmental potential and the interaction between the infant and the parents.RESULTS. Seventy-one infants were included in the preterm intervention group, and 69 were included in the preterm control group. The preterm groups were well balanced. Seventy-four infants were included in the term control group. Compared with the preterm controls, both the mothers and fathers in the preterm intervention group reported significant lower scores in child domain, parent domain, and total stress on all occasions except the mother-reported child domain at 12 months. These differences were not related to birth weight or gestational age. The level of stress among the preterm intervention group was comparable to their term peers. Both parents in the intervention group reported consistently lower scores within the distractibility/hyperactivity, reinforces parents, competence, and attachment subscales compared with the preterm control group. There were no differences in mean summary stress scores between the mothers and fathers in the 2 preterm groups at 12 months, but the intraclass correlation coefficient was higher in the intervention group.CONCLUSIONS. This early-intervention program reduces parenting stress among both mothers and fathers of preterm infants to a level comparable to their term peers. We are now studying whether this will result in long-term beneficial effects.
Development of a Child Safety Seat Hassles Scale in a Largely Low-Income Latino Population
Authors: Agran Phyllis F. , Anderson Craig , Winn Diane G. 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. High rates of use of child safety seats have been achieved. A remaining challenge in child passenger safety is to reach the Healthy People 2010 objective of child safety seat use to 100%. Several factors have been reported to influence child safety seat use. A child safety seat Hassles Scale was developed to explore hassles that are associated with child safety seat nonuse.METHODS. Focus groups with violators of the California Child Passenger Safety Law provided data to construct the 29-item Hassles Scale. The scale was used in an interview that was conducted with 132 parents who were cited for violation of the law and whose children were 12 to 47 months of age and weighed 20 to 40 pounds. Interviews were conducted 3 months after parents paid the fine for the citation. Each hassle was rated 0 to 3 on frequency and intensity. Parent report of child safety seat use was obtained. Factor analysis was used to construct subscales. Relationship of subscale frequency and intensity scores to reported child safety seat use was assessed with linear regression.RESULTS. The sample was 86% Latino, 45% Spanish-speaking, and 55% with income &lt;$30000. Thirty-one percent of the parents reported that the child did not now always use a child safety seat. Four subscales were identified: child, crowding/inconvenience, busy, and vehicle. Only the frequency of the child subscale items (eg, resists, gets out of seat) and the frequency and the intensity of the crowding/inconvenience subscale items (eg, child safety seat takes up too much room, too many passengers) were related to child safety seat nonuse. Sixty-nine percent agreement with parent report of child safety seat use was achieved using only the frequency scores for the 9 items in the 2 subscales child and crowding/inconvenience, compared with 65% for the 29-item scale.CONCLUSIONS. In this low-income largely Latino population of violators, self-report of “always using a child safety seat” when transporting their child was low (59%). Child safety seat nonuse was related to hassles that are associated with child behaviors and vehicle crowding/inconvenience. The child safety seat Hassles Scale documented barriers and difficulties with the use of a child safety seat in a high-risk population for nonuse. These concepts can be explored by clinicians and others who work to increase consistent child safety seat use. Additional evaluation and development of the instrument requires validation for its use as a screening or educational tool.
Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Young Children
Authors: Bourgeois Florence T. , Valim Clarissa , Wei Jennie C. , McAdam Alexander J. , Mandl Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND. Influenza and other winter respiratory viruses cause substantial morbidity among children. Previous estimates of the burden of illness of these viruses have neglected to include the emergency department, where a large number of patients seek acute care for respiratory illnesses. This study provides city- and statewide population estimates of the burden of illness attributable to respiratory viruses for children receiving emergency department–based care for respiratory infections during the winter months.
METHODS. The number of patients ≤7 years of age presenting to the emergency department of an urban tertiary care pediatric hospital with acute respiratory infections was estimated by using a classifier based on presenting complaints. The rates of specific viral infections in this population were estimated by using the rates of positivity for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus. Local emergency department market share and US Census data enabled determination of the rates of emergency department visits in the Boston, Massachusetts, area and in Massachusetts.
RESULTS. During the 11-year study period, the mean yearly number of patients ≤7 years of age presenting to the study emergency department during the winter season was 17397. On the basis of the respiratory classifier, the mean number of patients with an acute respiratory infection was 6923, or 398 per 1000 emergency department visits. In the city population, the mean number of emergency department visits for acute respiratory infections was 17906, which is equivalent to 113.9 per 1000 children residing in the city, and in the state population the mean number was 61529, or 94.5 per 1000 children residing in the state. At the state level, 23114 of the visits were for respiratory syncytial virus, 5650 for influenza, 1751 for parainfluenza virus, 2848 for adenovirus, and 798 for enterovirus. For patients 6 to 23 months of age in the state population, there were 19860 emergency department visits for acute respiratory infections, or 168 per 1000 children in this age group, with 6235 visits resulting from respiratory syncytial virus and 2112 resulting from influenza.
CONCLUSION. There is a high incidence of emergency department visits for infectious respiratory illnesses among children. This important component of health care use should be included in estimates of the burden of illness attributable to influenza and other winter respiratory viruses.
Clinical Features Affecting Final Adult Height in Patients With Pediatric-Onset Crohn's Disease
Authors: Sawczenko Andrew , Ballinger Anne B. , Savage Martin O. , Sanderson Ian R. 
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND. Growth failure is a recognized complication of pediatric-onset Crohn's disease, but there are few data on final adult height.
OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this work was to determine adult height and the clinical features that influence long-term growth impairment.
METHODS. We retrospectively studied 123 patients with Crohn's disease (65 male and 58 female) who had reached adult height. All of the case subjects were diagnosed before age 16.0 years. Heights were converted to SD scores and univariate analysis performed of factors postulated to influence final height, that is, interval from onset of symptoms to diagnosis, prepubertal onset of symptoms, gender, jejunal disease present at diagnosis, systemic steroid therapy, intestinal surgery, and midparental height SD scores. Significant univariate factors were additional analyzed in regression models.
RESULTS. Mean height deficit at diagnosis was −0.50 SD scores, which improved to −0.29 SD scores at final height. Mean final height compared with target height, calculated from parental height, was −2.4 cm (range: −20.0 to 9.0 cm). Nineteen percent of the case subjects achieved a final height &gt;8.0 cm below target height. The length of the interval between symptom onset and diagnosis correlated negatively with height SD scores at diagnosis. Height SD scores at diagnosis were related to final height SD scores, independent of midparental height. The presence of jejunal disease was negatively related to final height.
CONCLUSIONS. Mean final adult height showed a modest deficit compared with target height, but in one fifth of patients, final height was significantly less than target height. Earlier diagnosis and improved treatment of jejunal disease would be likely to improve final height.
Force platform evaluation of lameness severity following extracorporeal shock wave therapy in horses with unilateral forelimb lameness
Authors: Dahlberg Jessica A. , McClure Scott R. , Evans Richard B. , Reinertson Eric L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To measure alterations in lameness severity that occur following use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in horses with naturally occurring unilateral forelimb lameness.
Design—Nonrandomized clinical trial.
Animals—9 horses with unilateral forelimb lameness.
Procedures—Force platform gait analysis was performed prior to administration of any treatments (baseline) and after use of local anesthesia to eliminate the lameness. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy was then administered, and gait analysis was repeated 8 hours later and then daily for 7 days.
Results—Compared with the baseline value, peak vertical force was significantly increased 8 hours and 2 days after ESWT, and peak vertical force on day 2 was not significantly different from force measured after use of local anesthesia to eliminate the lameness. Similarly, vertical impulse was significantly increased, compared with the baseline value, 8 hours and 2 days after ESWT, but at all times, it was significantly lower than vertical impulse measured after use of local anesthesia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in horses with naturally occurring lameness, use of ESWT results in a period of acute improvement in lameness severity that typically persists for 2 days. Thus, in horses undergoing ESWT, exercise should be controlled for a minimum of 2 days after treatment to prevent further injury.
Clinical aspects of natural infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis in cats: 8 cases (1991–2005)
Authors: Gilor Chen , Graves Thomas K. , Barger Anne M. , O'Dell-Anderson Kristen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate clinical and laboratory findings, treatment, and clinical outcome in cats with blastomycosis.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—8 cats with naturally occurring blastomycosis.
Procedures—Medical records of the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital were searched for cases of blastomycosis in cats diagnosed via cytologic or histopathologic findings. Clinical and laboratory findings, treatment, and clinical outcome were determined. Radiographs were reviewed for the 8 cases.
Results—All cats were systemically ill. Respiratory tract signs and dermal lesions were most commonly observed. All cats had radiographic evidence of respiratory tract disease. Seven of the 8 cats had ill-defined soft-tissue opacities (nodules or masses) or alveolar consolidation of the lungs. Antemortem diagnosis was achieved cytologically in 6 of the 8 cats, and 3 were successfully treated and survived.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In contrast to previous reports, diagnosis was achieved antemortem in most of the cats (all by cytologic identification of the organism). Clinical signs, laboratory findings, and outcome were similar to previous descriptions of this rare disease in cats.
Screening of subtelomeric rearrangements in autistic disorder: Identification of a partial trisomy of 13q34 in a patient bearing a 13q;21p translocation
Authors: Di Bella Maria Antonietta , Calì Francesco , Seidita Gregorio , Mirisola Mario , Ragusa Angela , Ragalmuto Alda , Galesi Ornella , Elia Maurizio , Greco Donatella , Zingale Marinella , Gambino Giovanna , D'Anna Rosalba P. , Regan Regina , Carbone Maria Carmela , Gallo Alessia , Romano Valentino 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWithin the framework of a FISH screening protocol to detect cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements in autistic disorder (AD), a patient bearing three copies of the subtelomeric portion of the q arm of chromosome 13 has been identified. Beside AD, the patient also has severe mental retardation and displays several dysmorphic features. Further FISH analyses revealed that the trisomy was caused by the translocation of a 13q subtelomeric fragment to the acrocentric tip of one chromosome 21 [46,XY.ish der(21) t(13;21) (q34;p13)(D13S1825+)]. Gene dosage experiments carried out with three multiallelic polymorphisms of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 13q showed that the putative length of the triplicate region does not exceed 300 kb about, that is, the distance from telomere to the first normally inherited marker. In addition, gene dosage analysis performed on the derivative chromosome 21, did not reveal loss of the most telomeric protein‐encoding genes on 21p. The potential relationship between a postulated increased expression of genes on 13q34 and the complex phenotype in this trisomic patient is discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring an interaction of adenosine A2A receptor variability with coffee and tea intake in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tan E.K. , Lu Z.Y. , Fook‐Chong S.M.C. , Tan E. , Shen H. , Chua E. , Yih Y. , Teo Y.Y. , Zhao Y. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCaffeine is an adenosine receptor A1 and A2A receptor antagonist and a putative functional genetic variant of the A2A receptor (2592C > Tins) mediates caffeine‐induced anxiety. Here we investigated the potential interaction of this A2A genetic variant with the quantity of coffee and tea intake and their relationship with the risk of PD. A total of 441 subjects consisting of 222 PD and 219 race, gender and age matched controls were included. A multivariate analysis of the variables including the 2592C > Tins A2A genotypes, age of onset, gender, and the quantity of tea and coffee intake, interaction of the A2A genotypes with coffee intake, interaction of A(2)A genotypes with tea intake demonstrated the quantity of coffee intake to be significantly associated with PD (P < 0.0005, OR = 0.922, 95% CI: 0.881, 0.964). However, there was no significant interaction of the A2A genotypes with the quantity of coffee and tea intake in modulating the risk of PD. The dose dependent protective effect of coffee intake in PD was independent of the 2592C > Tins A2A genotype suggesting that the pharmacogenetic action of caffeine in PD may be mediated differently from other caffeine‐induced neurologic syndromes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NOS2A and the modulating effect of cigarette smoking in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hancock Dana B. , Martin Eden R. , Fujiwara Kenichiro , Stacy Mark A. , Scott Burton L. , Stajich Jeffrey M. , Jewett Rita , Li Yi‐Ju , Hauser Michael A. , Vance Jeffery M. , Scott William K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveInducible nitric oxide synthase, a protein product of NOS2A, generates nitric oxide as a defense mechanism, but excessive levels threaten cellular survival. NOS2A is a candidate gene for Parkinson's disease (PD) that potentially interacts with cigarette smoking. We examined NOS2A for association with PD risk and age at onset (AAO) and for interaction with smoking.MethodsWe genotyped 13 NOS2A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 466 singleton families and in a validation set of 286 multiplex families. We tested allelic and haplotypic association using the association in the presence of linkage test, genotypic associations using the genotype pedigree disequilibrium test, AAO effects using the quantitative transmission disequilibrium test, and interactions using generalized estimating equations.ResultsAmong the pooled earliest onset families, rs2255929 and rs1060826 generated significant allelic (p = 0.000059 and 0.0062, respectively) and genotypic (p = 0.0039 and 0.0014, respectively) associations with risk and AAO (p = 0.00070 and 0.0073, respectively); the two‐SNP haplotype generated even stronger association with PD (p = 0.000013). Significant interactions with smoking (p = 0.0015 for rs 2255929 and p < 0.0001 for rs 1060826) were detected in a subset of the families; smoking was inversely associated with PD among risk allele noncarriers, but significance diminished among carriers.InterpretationOur findings support NOS2A as a genetic risk factor in PD, potentially by influencing AAO and by modifying the inverse association between PD and smoking. Ann Neurol 2006
Solution structures and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus Rev responsive element IIB RNA targeting zinc finger proteins
Authors: Mishra Subrata H. , Shelley Christopher M. , Barrow Doyle J. , Darby Martyn K. , Germann Markus W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Rev responsive element (RRE), a part of unspliced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA, serves a crucial role in the production of infectious HIV virions. The viral protein Rev binds to RRE and facilitates transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm. Inhibition of the Rev–RRE interaction disrupts the viral life cycle. Using a phage display protocol, dual zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) were generated that bind specifically to RREIIB at the high affinity Rev binding site. These proteins were further shortened and simplified, and they still retained their RNA binding affinity. The solution structures of ZNF29 and a mutant, ZNF29G29R, have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Both proteins form C2H2‐type zinc fingers with essentially identical structures. RNA protein interactions were evaluated quantitatively by isothermal titration calorimetry, which revealed dissociation constants (Kd's) in the nanomolar range. The interaction with the RNA is dependent upon the zinc finger structure; in the presence of EDTA, RNA binding is abolished. For both proteins, RNA binding is mediated by the α‐helical portion of the zinc fingers and target the bulge region of RREIIB‐TR. However, ZNF29G29R exhibits significantly stronger binding to the RNA target than ZNF29; this illustrates that the binding of the zinc finger scaffold is amenable to further improvements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopoly 83:352–364, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com