bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late quaternary geomorphological change and the origins of agriculture in south central Turkey
Authors: Roberts Neil 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between environmental change and the origins of agriculture in the Near East, with special reference to the Konya and Beysehir‐Sušla Basins of south central Anatolia. The Konya Basin, now largely dry, was formerly occupied by an extensive lake, which last attained a high level between 23,000 and 17,000 years ago. It is concluded that there was only an indirect link between the drying up of the former Konya Lake and the appearance of early agricultural (Neolithic) settlements on the floor of the plain. An equally important factor was the creation of new land and water resources which resulted from changes in river regimes and alluvial sedimentation after the end of the Pleistocene. Neolithic sites were not only clustered on water‐retentive alluvial soils, but have also been partly buried by Holocene alluviation. The revised site chronology which follows from these geoarchaeological observations has significant implications for the interpretation of the Neolithic settlement system in south central Turkey.
Genesis of calcretes from the calc‐pan site of Singi Talav near Didwana, Rajasthan, India—A micromorphological approach
Authors: Raghavan H. , Gaillard C. , Rajaguru S. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChemistry and micromorphological studies of calcretes occurring in the interdunal calcpan site of Singi Talav, near Didwana, Rajasthan, India are presented in this paper. These analyses reveal that the calcretes are formed by a process of reprecipitation and recementation. They are pedo‐sedimentary and are also affected by groundwater during origin. A geomorphic model for explaining the evolution of the calc‐pan site is suggested.
Geophysical investigations in the El‐Wad Cave, MT. Carmel, Israel
Authors: Weinstein‐Evron Mina , Mart Yossi , Beck Alex 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMeasurements of the thickness of the sediment fill in the el‐Wad Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel were carried out using seismic refraction methods. The cave is one of the famous Mt. Carmel Caves, where finds of Mousterian to Natufian prehistoric cultures had been encountered. The survey discovered a series of karstic pits in several chambers in the cave, with good correlation between the dimension of the chambers and the thickness of the sediment fill. The deepest pit was found in the inner part of the cave, where the oldest archaeological material could be expected.
Weathering of archaeological cherts: A case study from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Sheppard Peter J. , Pavlish Larry A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWeathering of chert artifacts from three Lapita sites (ca. 3000–2000 B.P.) in the Southeast Solomons is examined. It is shown that the rate of weathering is strongly influenced by soil pH, mineralogy, and prehistoric burning of the material. The concentrations of some major elements (Na, Cl, K, Al) are shown to have been altered during the weathering process. Implications of this work for the sourcing and dating of cherts are discussed.
An evaluation of micromorphology as an aid to archaeological interpretation
Authors: Davidson Donald A. , Carter Stephen P. , Quine Timothy A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe detailed description, analysis, and interpretation of field stratigraphy is fundamental to archaeological site interpretation. Investigation of morphology at the macro level can be supplemented by examination under the microscope of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Until recently the main emphasis in micromorphological research associated with archaeology has been to assist with paleoenvironmental interpretation. This article reports experience gained from the routine investigation of soil thin sections collected from many archaeological sites throughout Scotland. Greater emphasis is now being given to the investigation of sediment type, anthropogenic features, and nature of disturbance during occupation and post‐depositional processes. Examples from known contexts such as hearths, byres, floors, and anthropogenic soils are given to illustrate the extent to which site formation processes can be elucidated from micromorphological characteristics. It is concluded that the accumulation of data from thin section description of known functional areas will ensure that micromorphology becomes a key research technique in geoarchaeology.
Landforms and archaeological site location in the little Missouri badlands: A new look at some well‐established patterns
Authors: Kuehn David D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPatterns in the distribution of archaeological sites in the Little Missouri Badlands of North Dakota have previously been attributed to prehistoric cultural preference for certain landforms. These patterns include the concentration of Plains Archaic sites in upland settings and the predominance of Late Prehistoric sites in the alluvial lowlands. An understanding of Holocene stratigraphy provides new insights into these patterns, and other spatial/temporal aspects of the archaeological record. These insights in turn illustrate the need for comprehensive stratigraphic studies prior to the formulation of prehistoric settlement models in highly eroded environments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Side‐scan sonar reveals submerged remains of the first tay railway bridge
Authors: Duck R. W. , Dow W. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSide‐scan sonar surveys, augmented with echo‐sounding, have revealed a series of columnar bodies, broken into segments, lying on the bed of the Tay Estuary at the southern end of the first Tay Railway Bridge. These are, with the aid of archive material, interpreted as the remains of 11 twin, brick uprights (Pier Nos. 4–14) that survived the infamous Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879, but were demolished after the opening of the new railway bridge. The piers in question, along with three farther to the south (Nos. 1–3), supported the southernmost 1550 feet (ca. 470 m) of the 2‐mile structure, the only part of that ill‐fated bridge which was built to the original plans of its designer, Thomas Bouch. They have lain forgotten on the bed of the Tay Estuary for over 100 years. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platforms in the akalche at E1 Mirador, Peten, Guatemala and their implications
Authors: Dahlin Bruce H. , Dahlin Andrea 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLate Preclassic Period platforms were surveyed and test‐excavated in a seasonal swamp orakalche, at the large ancient lowland Maya site of El Mirador in Peten, Guatemala. Pedological, hydrological, and archaeological evidence suggest that the climatic and hydrological regimes were drier than they are today to permit habitation and warrant the investment in labor. Nevertheless, observations of present conditions, including the clayey soils, indicate that the akalche was almost as inhospitable in antiquity as it is today, that it had the same extremely poor agricultural potentials and that intensive wetland cultivation would have necessitated sizeable investments in dams to dampen the extreme seasonal fluctuations in water levels. Dams are not observed, and evidence is elicited to indicate that they would be readily observable today had they been emplaced here in antiquity. We offer evidence suggesting that these platforms had domestic functions, but we are forced to conclude that intensive wetland cultivation did not sustain them nor this large regional center as a whole. We argue, instead, that these habitations constitute evidence for population pressures on urban upland resources, especially building sites and perhaps agricultural land. Akalche households appear to have sustained themselves, at least in part, by foraging for animal and plant foods, cordage products, building materials, and firewood. The data are inadequate to decide if these structures housed full or part time specialists, or if they were self‐sufficient in subsistence. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The geological occurrence of lithic material and stone tool production strategies
Authors: Andrefsky William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study shows how the occurrence of lithic raw‐materials articulate with hunter gatherer technological organization. Three archaeological data sets representing 109 different sites and one ethnographic data set from Australia are examined to show that lithic raw‐material size, shape, quality, and availability play a major role in hunter gatherer decisions to make various kinds of stone tools. These characteristics of lithic material occurrence are used to help explain why expedient technologies such as bipolar tool production are sometimes used, and why formalized technologies such as bifacial production may be selected as a tool production strategy. Stone tool morphological variability and technological variability are shown to be directly related to the geological occurrence of stone tool raw materials. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron spin resonance dating of burned flint from Kebara Cave, Israel
Authors: Porat N. , Schwarcz H. P. , Valladas H. , Bar‐Yosef O. , Vandermeersch B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of heated flint from Kebara cave show the presence of two radiation sensitive signals: E' and Al. Both are strongly interfered with by organic signals produced during heating of the flint. The signal subtraction method of Porat and Schwarcz (1991) was used to determine equivalent doses for flint samples from levels VII‐XII, for which thermoluminescence (TL) ages on the same samples are known. Ages were determined using dose rates based on analyses of the flint and TLD measurements of external dose rates. The average E' age of 48.5 ± 5.1 ka is much less than the average TL age (62.2 ± 4.3 ka), whereas the average age of 64.6 ± 12 ka given by the Al signal is in good agreement with the TL age, but with much larger dispersion. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vertical accretion of flood deposits and deeply stratified archaeological site formation in Central Maine, USA
Authors: Putnam David E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInvestigation of deeply stratified archaeological sites on the Piscataquis River in central Maine has revealed a continuous sequence of human occupation from ca. 10,000 yr B.P. to the near present. As an integrated aspect of the archaeological excavations, geomorphic features and surficial deposits were mapped from aerial photographs and field checked. Stratigraphic profiles were recorded from various locations and sediment column samples were collected and analyzed for grain size distribution in 1‐cm vertical intervals from a 3‐m deep excavation at the Sharrow site (ME 90‐2D) to examine the flood deposits. Results include a general chronology of fluvial processes of the Piscataquis River since deglaciation and evidence of dominant vertical accretion of flood sediments on floodplain terraces throughout the Holocene epoch. This article defines an archaeologically significant but rarely recognized depositional regime characterized by a laterally controlled river channel and the exclusive vertical accretion of flood sediments. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A landscape analysis of the candelaria watershed in mexico: Insights into paleoclimates affecting upland horticulture in the southern yucatan peninsula semi‐karst
Authors: Gunn Joel D. , Folan William J. , Robichaux Hubert R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiocultural systems adapt to global climate change through its regional manifestations. Subsistence customs are the cultural interface between regional climate and culture at large. Swidden horticulturalists in Campeche, Mexico report that dry April followed by early onset of the wet season enhances the productivity of upland tropical gardens, or milpas. To relate regional seasonality of moisture to global climate, growing season discharge for Mexico's Candelaria River from 1958 to 1990 was analyzed relative to global average temperature. Analysis of covariance revealed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001). Further analysis showed that hot global climate eliminates the dry season, which lowers milpa productivity by preventing burning of the slash. Cold global climate delays the wet season and planting, also at cost of productivity. Intermediate global temperature fosters optimal wet—dry season combinations. Productivity of milpas is therefore directly related to global climate through the intervening mechanism of seasonality of moisture. A regression model reflecting these findings is used to retrodict paleohydrology for the last 3000 years. The pattern of ascendancy and decline of ancient southern Maya lowland urban centers is reviewed in the perspective of changing hydrological conditions. The model indicates that fluorescence occurred with optimal balance of wet and dry season duration and catastrophes unfolded during extended wet or dry periods. We suggest that the southern Maya lowlands have had a precipitous record of urban development and collapse in part because of complex interactions of global climate and upland horticulture. The most productive conditions for milpa issue from an inherently unstable overlay of global climate on a relatively narrow band of partially developed karst (semikarst) geological formations.
Site formation processes in loess areas: A case study from moravany‐žakovska, western slovakia
Authors: Bánesz Ladislav , Hromada Josef , Kozlowski Janusz , Sobczyk Krzysztof , Pawlikowski Maciej 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe site of Moravany‐Žakovska in western Slovakia is situated in a loessic terrain and is dated to the end of the Late Glacial Maximum. This article shows the importance of analyzing the 0.01‐0.1 mm fraction to interpret the sedimentological environment and a number of measured anthropogenic indices, such as burnt quartz grains, charcoal, radiolarite chips, microflakes, and microfragments of bone. Analysis of the profile of the site through time reveals the relationship between occupational levels and phases of slope wash that occurred during wetter climatic episodes; these are separated by phases of aeolian sedimentation. At the same time, analysis of anthropogenic indices in this size fraction permitted the identification of occupational levels, including those not recorded by macrofinds. Analysis of anthropogenic indices in horizontal exposures enabled the identification of latent settlement structures such as hearths, areas of radiolarite processing, zones where mineral dyes were prepared, and other structures not recorded by macrofinds.
The use of ground‐penetrating radar to map the buried structures and landscape of the ceren site, el salvador
Authors: Conyers Lawrence B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMore than 7800 m of digital ground‐penetrating radar data were acquired at the buried 6th century archaeological site of Ceren in El Salvador. The data were used to explore for buried structures and map the paleotopography through more than 5 m of volcanic overburden. The archaeological site consists of an agricultural village that was rapidly buried by pyroclastic debris erupted from a nearby volcano, preserving structures, plants, agricultural fields, and much of the surrounding landscape. Ground‐penetrating radar profiles were computer‐processed to remove system and background noise and time‐depth corrected to identify the reflection which represents the ancient ground surface. This buried surface, and the structures built on it, were computer‐modeled in two dimensions to aid in anomaly identification and interpretation. Twenty‐six buried structures were identified on GPR profiles and an accurate representation of the landscape and environment, as it existed just prior to the eruption, was reconstructed. Ground‐penetrating radar is an excellent geophysical tool with which to reconstruct buried landscapes and map cultural features due to its ability to accurately resolve underground features in three dimensions.
On Nanognathia, a New Gnathostomulid Genus from the East Coast of the United States
Authors: Sterrer Wolfgang E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn continuation of a series of papers describing new representatives of the phylum Gnathostomulida from the east coast of North America, the monotypic genus Nanognathia is presented. It is distinguished by small size, grouped epidermal inclusions on the ventral body surface, and flattened basket‐type jaws with long teeth of which one is developed as a terminal tooth. Together with the structure of the reproductive system, these characteristics place Nanognathia within the suborder Scleroperalia, family Onychognathiidae.
Some Evidence for Aquatic Macrophytes as Repellents for a Limnetic Species of Daphnia
Authors: Pennak Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnder controlled laboratory conditions Daphnia rosea SARS is strongly repelled by substances secreted by Elodea, Nitella, and Myriophyllum. This phenomenon can be easily demonstrated in a large glass U‐tube having a small sprig of hydrophyte at the surface of the water on one side of the U‐tube. It can also be demonstrated in a long narrow aquarium having an incomplete vertical plastic divider at the center, and with the hydrophyte on one side of the divider. Simulated plastic aquarium vegetation in control aquaria has only a slight repellent or „shading”︁ effect. The implications of this phenomenon in the hydrophyte zone of lakes and ponds are discussed.
Dissolved Organic Carbon: Patterns of Utilization and Turnover in Two Small Lakes
Authors: Allen Harold L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlanktonic bacterial utilization of 14C‐labelled glucose and acetate was monitored by kinetic measurements throughout an annual period in a small lake. Resulting kinetic uptake data have shown that from 1–15% of the total dissolved organic carbon pool was removed chemo‐organotrophically per day during the year by bacteria capable of metabolizing these substrates.The kinetic uptake of nine selected organic compounds was measured in a second small lake during summer thermal stratification. Metabolism of glucose, acetate, and glycollate was preferred. Respiration rates of the nine compounds varied generally between 20–60% of the total uptake. The uptake of these compounds accounted for removal of 3–8% of the total dissolved organic carbon pool per day.
Phytoplankton in Two Ponds in Kathmandu Valley (Nepal)
Authors: Hickel Barbara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA qualitative and quantitative analysis of the plankton of two ponds in Kathmandu Valley (Nepal) was made. Vertical and seasonal variations of the plankton of one pond were studied as well as physical and chemical properties of the water (temperature, visibility, electrical conductivity, pH‐value, alkalinity). During the dry winter the number of plankton species and individuals was low. In summer, before the onset of the monsoon mass developments of different μ‐algae and Ceratium hirundinella occurred.
Seasonal Occurrence of Several Groups of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Two Reservoirs
Authors: Straškrabová Vêra 
Published: February 2007

Abstract75% of the isolated strains were Gram negative, asporogenous bacteria. Almost a half of them fermented glucose, which was probably caused by a selectivity of the agar medium for the particular types. The groups tentatively classified as Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas, prevailed during summer, whereas pseudomonads and Acinetobacter were more common in winter.
On the Possibilities of Averaging the Seasonal Pattern in Kjeldahl Nitrogen in a Group of Water Bodies
Authors: Hrbáček J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is shown that the seasonal change of Kjeldahl nitrogen in several ponds and several years shows an average seasonal change which is statistically significant on a month‐to‐month basis although not apparent at first sight. The relative deviation of Kjeldahl nitrogen values in individual months and individual ponds from seasonal averages of individual ponds is closer to lognormal than to normal distribution. The seasonal curve based on average values of relative deviations in individual months and ponds from the seasonal averages of individual ponds shows the lowest variation of average monthly values and is therefore most adequate to a comparison of the seasonal pattern of two or more groups of water bodies.
Ceratium hirundinella in lake erken: horizontal distribution and form variation
Authors: Dottne‐Lindgren Åsa , Ekbohm Gunnar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe horizontal distribution of Ceratium hirundinella (MÜLL.) BERGH was investigated in Lake Erken at ten stations in the summer of 1969. Abundance, total length and number of horns were studied. The conclusion is that the lake contained a horizontally uniform population of the alga. A correlation between form variation and the growth curve of the population was found, which can be explainable with PEARSALL'S (1929) theory, linking form variation with cellular metabolism.
The relation of incident radiation to diurnal rates of photosynthesis in lough neagh
Authors: Jewson D. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe homogeneous nature of the water column in L. Neagh enabled the testing of a semi‐empirical model for calculating the integral gross photosynthesis with respect to depth and time. In particular a logarithmic function describing the photosynthetically available radiation was examined, as the other major determinants in the model remained relatively constant, during a diurnal study on 3. 6. 70. Agreement between planimetric and calculated rates of integral gross photosynthesis for both instantaneous and daily periods is comparable with the performance of more complex models; however the problem of measuring net yields of ‘column’ photosynthesis remain.
Typologie de bactéries prélevées devant le delta du Rhöne. Classification hiérarchique par une méthode d'agrégation suivant la variance. Clustering of Bacteria Isolated Seaward from the Rhǒne Outlet. Hierarchical Classification Using the Method of Aggregation According to Variance
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Durbec J.‐P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBacteria isolated from surface sea waters, brackish waters and from algal cultures were studied to attempt a nutritional clustering. A hierarchical method, using aggregation according to variance, was used to compute the data. Six nutritional groups had been separated by differences in genus composition and nutritional characteristics. Groups range from one with bacteria which are poorly versatile, i.e. attach few different substances, and which grow on sugars, amino‐acids and organic acids without any selectivity, to one with bacteria which are versatile, and which attack numerous organic acids and amino‐acids, but only a few sugars. Bacteria from different origins are not spread randomly in the different clusters. Strains isolated from algal cultures are mainly associated with the lowest versatility; those isolated from the undiluted sea water are associated with the highest versatility. Bacteria from diluted sea waters appear to be intermediate in regard to their capability of using organic substances as their sole source of carbon. It also appears that organic acids provide individually the most discriminating substrates, i.e. the most useful for separating individual groups, but amino‐acids and organic acids, as a whole, are not easy to use in classification, because they are too heterogeneous. Sugar contribution to classification is almost nil.