bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiparasitic effectiveness of ivermectin in the horse
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Hamm D. , Greenway T. , Tilley W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
By way of a controlled trial, the anthelmintic efficacies of the injectable and paste formulations of ivermectin were evaluated in the horse. Treatment was given at the rate of 200 μg/kg of body weight. Regardless of formulation, 100% removals were demonstrated for Strongylus vulgaris (intestinal), S edentatus, 2nd and 3rd instars of Gastrophilus nasalis and G intestinalis, “small strongyles”, Triodontophorus serratus and T tenuicollis. Adult Cylicocyclus insigne populations were eliminated at the rates of 99.9% and 96.3% by the injectable and paste formulations, respectively. Levels of 4th-stage Cylicocyclus spp larvae, as detected in the luminal contents of the colon, were reduced by 88.3% and 33.2% by the injectable and paste formulations, respectively. There were no adverse tissue or behavioral reactions induced by either preparation of ivermectin.
Immunoassay for the steroid-induced isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in the dog
Authors: Wellman Maxey L. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Dorner Joseph L. , Mock Richard E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antiserum directed against the steroid-induced alkaline phosphatase (alp) isoenzyme of the dog was produced in rabbits. This antiserum was used to develop a sensitive and quantitative assay for the detection of the steroid-induced alp isoenzyme in the serum of dogs. This antiserum was also used to enhance the electrophoretic separation of the steroid-induced and hepatic alp isoenzymes.
Multidirectional in vivo strain analysis of the equine radius and tibia during dynamic loading with and without a cast
Authors: Schneider R. K. , Milne D. W. , Gabel A. A. , Groom J. J. , Bramlage L. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rosette strain gauges were applied to the equine radius and tibia. Three sites were examined on each bone on separate occasions (proximal metaphysis, middiaphysis, and distal metaphysis). At each site, 4 rosette gauges were applied around the bone (ie, cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral). Strain recordings were made while walking the horse with and without a full-limb plaster cast. The principal axis of tensile strain was on the craniolateral aspect of the radius. Distally, on the radius, the largest strains were torsional. The cast changed the principal axis of tensile strain on the radius from the craniolateral surface to the caudal surface. The principal tensile strain of the tibia was just to the lateral side of cranial in the proximal and diaphyseal regions. Distally, the principal axis of tensile strain was craniolateral; however, the largest strains measured here were torsional. The cast changed the principal axis of tensile strain on the distal metaphysis of the tibia, but it did not reduce the magnitude of the strains measured. Casts may not aid stabilization of radial or tibial fractures repaired with internal fixation and may in fact place additional stress on the fracture site.
Efficacy of a benzenedisulfonamide against experimental Fasciola hepatica infections in calves
Authors: Wyckoff J. H. , Bradley R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anthelmintic efficacy of a benzenedisulfonamide was evaluated by administering the drug parenterally at dosage levels of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg of body weight to crossbred Brahman calves with experimental Fasciola hepatica infections. In the 3-week period after treatment, fluke ova counts of treated calves were markedly reduced from counts obtained just before treatment. At necropsy, the mean fluke recovery for all 4 benzenedisulfonamide dosages were significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced. The efficacy of benzenedisulfonamide against F hepatica at dosage levels of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg was 97.5%, 99.5%, 100%, and 100%, respectively.
Plasma pyruvate kinase activity vs creatine kinase activity as an indicator of the porcine stress syndrome
Authors: Duthie Garry G. , Arthur John R. , Simpson S. Patricia , Nicol Fergus 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma pyruvate kinase (pk) and creatine kinase (ck) activities were increased significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) in homozygote halothane-reacting pigs (nn), compared with those activities in homozygote nonreacting pigs (NN). Pyruvate kinase activity was less variable within groups than was ck activity, allowing more effective discrimination between nn and NN genotypes. The pk and ck activities in plasma increase with age in halothane-reacting pigs and the nonreacting pigs. Enzyme activities in heterozygote (Nn) nonreacting pigs did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from enzyme activities of homozygote (NN) nonreacting pigs. Although pk was better than ck in identifying stress-susceptible pigs, age-related effects and the failure to identify heterozygotes may restrict the use of plasma pk activity as a diagnostic test for the stress syndrome.
Influence of alterations in heart rate on echocardiographic measurements in the dog
Authors: Jacobs Gilbert , Mahjoob Kooros 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
M-mode echocardiograms were recorded from 10 conscious, clinically normal dogs at various heart rates during atrial pacing. Heart rate was recorded as cycle length (seconds), and measurements were made only during sustained 1:1 atrial-to-ventricular conduction. In all dogs studied, there was a significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation of left ventricular internal chamber dimension in diastole and systole to cycle length. Also, there was positive correlation between these left ventricular dimensions and the square root of cycle length, which predicted a plateau in dimensional changes as cycle length increased. Echocardiographic shortening fraction and left ventricular and septal wall thickness measurements did not change consistently during pacing. We concluded that left ventricular chamber dimensions in the dog may be significantly affected by alterations in heart rate.
Seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of beef calves grazed on irrigated pastures in the lower Sacramento Valley of California
Authors: Charles T. P. , Baker N. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two worm-free calves were allowed to graze on irrigated pasture with a naturally infected herd for each of 34 one-month periods from November 1979 to August 1982. After each grazing period, the calves were transferred to a cement-floored pen for 3 weeks and then were euthanatized and necropsied.
Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora were the most prevalent species of nematodes recovered. Adults and larvae of Ostertagia spp and Cooperia spp were most numerous in winter and spring and least numerous during summer. The proportions of Ostertagia spp that were inhibited as fourth-stage larvae increased in late fall, peaked from March through April, and then decreased to low values during summer. The maximal inhibition in 1980, 1981, and 1982 was 72, 65, and 62%, respectively. The number of larval Cooperia spp was highest in winter months and, except for one grazing period when 55% of the Cooperia spp were larvae, the total numbers represented < 15% of the nematode population during all grazing periods. Other nematodes encountered were Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus spp, O lyrata, and O occidentalis in the abomasum; C surnabata, C punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, T colubriformis, and Bunostomum phlebotomum in the small intestine; and Oesopha-gostomum venulosum and Trichuris ovis in the large intestine.
In vitro comparison of three fixation methods for humeral fracture repair in adult horses
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Nunamaker David M. , Wheat J. D. , Sams Andrew E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The stiffness, load to failure, and bending moments of adult intact equine humeri and humeri repaired with 3 fixation techniques were determined in vitro. Bones were tested in axial compression (30 pairs), mediolateral 3-point bending (15 pairs), and caudocranial 3-point bending (15 pairs). An oblique osteotomy of 1 humerus of each pair was performed to simulate the long spiral oblique fractures that occur clinically in horses. Bones were repaired in 3 ways: group 1—nylon band cerclage fixation (20 bones); group 2—multiple intramedullary pinning (20 bones); and group 3—nylon band cerclage fixation and multiple intramedullary pinning (20 bones).
Intact bones were significantly (P < 0.05) stronger than repaired bones in each testing mode. Bones repaired with bands only were significantly less stiff in bending than were bones repaired with pins only or with pins and bands. In compression, only specimens repaired with pins and bands were significantly stiffer than were bones repaired with bands only. Bones repaired with bands only required significantly less load to failure in compression and in caudocranial bending than did bones repaired with pins only or with pins and bands.
Bones repaired with pins only deformed through the full displacement of the actuator (5 cm), and pins deformed plastically. Bones repaired with pins and bands were stiffer and had higher bending moments than did bones repaired with pins only, but the differences were not significant.
Cutaneous fungal flora in twenty horses free of skin or ocular disease
Authors: Ihrke Peter J. , Wong Anita , Stannard Anthony A. , Vivrette Sarah L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The fungal flora of the hair and underlying skin from 2 sites was examined qualitatively in 20 horses free of skin or ocular disease. Fungi were isolated from both the hair and the underlying skin of all 20 horses. Twenty-two genera regarded commonly as saprophytes were identified and an additional 2 fungi resembled the perfect state of the cutaneous pathogenic genera Microsporum and Trichophyton. Cladosporium spp, Penicillium spp, and Rhizopus spp were the most frequently isolated saprophytes. In general, similar fungi were isolated from the hair and underlying skin, and differences were not noted in isolates from the saddle and rump regions.
Column chromatographic characterization of cytoplasmic proteins in Eimeria maxima oocysts from chickens
Authors: Ainsworth A. Jerald , Pote Linda , Haney Judith , Brown Jesse 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cytoplasmic proteins from unsporulated and sporulated Eimeria maxima oocysts were analyzed by gel-filtration column chromatography. Unsporulated oocysts were characterized as having 3 major cytoplasmic proteins and sporulated oocysts as having 5 major cytoplasmic proteins. Molecular weights ranged from 5 × 103 to 1.4 × 106. Larger molecular weight proteins were detected in sporulated and unsporulated oocysts, but were associated more with sporocysts of sporulated oocysts.
Effects of Moraxella bovis and culture filtrates on 51Cr-labeled bovine neutrophils
Authors: Kagonyera George M. , George Lisle , Miller Michael 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cytotoxicity of Moraxella bovis whole cells and culture filtrates was studied, using 51Cr-labeled bovine and human blood neutrophils. The cytotoxicity of living M bovis was directly related to the concentration of bacteria in the neutrophil cultures, and was maximal at an approximate neutrophil to bacteria ratio of 1:10. Cytotoxicity was maximal by 30 minutes after living bacteria were added to the suspension of the 51Cr-labeled neutrophils. Expression of the cytotoxicity was dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the media, and was independent of the presence of Mg2+. Cytotoxic activity was eliminated by inactivating M bovis in buffers containing formalin or sodium azide. Hemolytic and nonhemolytic isolates of M bovis were examined for cytotoxic activity. All 7 of the hemolytic isolates were cytotoxic for bovine neutrophils, but all 4 of the nonhemolytic isolates were devoid of cytotoxic activity. None of the 11 isolates were cytotoxic for human neutrophils.
Sterile filtrates from 6-hour shaker cultures of a hemolytic M bovis isolate were cytotoxic for bovine neutrophils. Cytotoxicity of the filtrate was eliminated by heating, incubation with trypsin, or addition of EDTA to the media. Bacterial homogenates or sterile filtrates prepared from statically incubated cultures of M bovis were not toxic for bovine neutrophils.
Comparison of bovine and human platelet deformability, using micropipette elastimetry
Authors: Smith Clark M. , Burris Steven M. , Weiss Douglas J. , White James G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We evaluated the deformability of bovine platelets and contrasted the effects of pharmacologic and thermal perturbations on cytoskeletal structure of human and bovine platelets. Platelets were aspirated into micropipettes (0.7 to 0.8 μm in diameter) by stepwise increments in tension. The resulting lengths of the cell extensions were recorded. The cell extensions aspirated from bovine platelets were shorter than the extensions drawn from human platelelets. Disassembly of the circumferential microtubule coil allowed human platelets to pass through the pipette, but the same treatments only slightly increased the deformability of bovine platelets. Alteration of the actin filament cytoskeleton caused increased mechanical fragility of human platelets. In contrast, even the combined use of microtubule and actin filament-disrupting agents only modestly increased the deformability of bovine platelets and did not cause premature fragmentation of the cells. Unusual cytoskeletal structure, absence of an open canalicular system, and disparity in granule size may all contribute to the variance in deformability between the platelets of the 2 species. Reduced cell deformability may impair bovine platelet surface interactions by diminishing the ease of cell spreading and formation of areas of contact between the platelet and other cell surfaces.
Comparative study of continuous lumbar segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in Holstein cows
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Muir William W. , Hubbell John A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight adult Holstein cows were used to compare the effects of lumbar segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) and lumbar segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A modified 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into either the epidural space at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. The catheters were advanced so that their tips lay at the anterior lumbar (L1-L2) epidural space or at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 5% solution of procaine HCl was used at mean doses of 300 mg (6 ml) to induce SEA and 84.4 ± 12.9 mg (1.7 ± 0.3 ml) to induce SSA. Onset of analgesia to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation was significantly (P < 0.05) faster in cows with SSA than in those with SEA (10.4 ± 2.3 minutes vs 15.9 ± 3.8 minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T12 to L4 on one or both sides of the vertebral column during SEA and from T10 to L3 on one or both sides during SSA. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P < 0.05) longer in cows with SEA than in those with SSA (76.2 ± 16.2 minutes vs 53.7 ± 14.3 minutes). The advantages and disadvantages of the SEA catheter technique are discussed.
Neutralizing antibodies for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in eggs of Steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Shors Scott T. , Winston Vern 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neutralizing antibodies specific for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) were isolated from eggs of spawning Steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) , using sodium sulfate precipitation. The isolated material was used in place of the primary antibody (rabbit anti-IHNV) in a protein immunoblotting assay to detect IHNV proteins specifically. The egg component that bound specifically to IHNV proteins was determined to be trout antibody by using antiserum toward trout immune globulins as the second antibody conjugate in the protein immunoblotting assay. The antibody recovered from eggs neutralized IHNV infectivity in cell culture. An average of 87.5% decrease in infectivity was observed.
Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype-8 isolates and their antigenic relationships with other A pleuropneumoniae serotypes
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Higgins R. , Larivière S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antigenic relationship of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype-8 isolates with other sero-types was studied, using tube agglutination, with and without 2-mercaptoethanol, indirect hemagglutination with and without 2-mercaptoethanol, ring precipitation, coagglutination, and immunodiffusion tests. Serotype-8 isolates possessed serotype-specific, group-specific common antigens cross-reactive with serotypes 3 and 6 and species-specific common antigens cross-reactive with other serotypes.
Absorption studies were done to study the antigenic relationship of serotype 8 with serotypes 3 and 6. Rabbit antisera against whole-cell (WC) suspensions of reference strains of serotypes 3, 6, and 8 were used for absorption studies with wc and boiled WC suspensions of homologous and heterologous serotypes. Unabsorbed and absorbed sera were tested for antibodies against wc and boiled wc antigen preparations of serotype 8, using various serotests. Absorption studies revealed that serotype-8 strains possessed 2 main types of epitopes, one of which was serotype-specific and did not have cross-reactivity with other serotypes. The second type of epitopes was group specific and was cross-reactive with serotypes 3 and 6.
Effect of subchondral drilling on repair of partial-thickness cartilage defects of third carpal bones in horses
Authors: Shamis Lawrence D. , Bramlage Lawrence R. , Gabel A. A. , Weisbrode Steven 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Arthrotomies of middle carpal joints were done on 13 horses, and a 1-cm partial thickness, round defect was made on the radial facet of both third carpal bones. In one joint, 1-mm diameter 1-cm deep holes were drilled within the defect, and one joint was used as a control. Horses were assigned to 2 groups-group 1 (n = 6 horses), 5 drill holes; group 2 (n = 7 horses), 11 drill holes.
At 1 and 3 weeks after surgery, differences between joints in synovial fluid total protein values, WBC counts, or results of mucin precipitate tests were not significant (P = 0.005). Physically and radiographically, horses were the same during the 12 initial weeks they were housed in stalls and the 9 weeks they were kept in paddocks.
Twenty-one weeks after surgery, horses were euthanatized. Joints with drill holes had a significantly greater area(P < 0.05) of healthy fibrocartilage new tissue: group 1-33 to 68% new tissue, compared with 0 to 23% new tissue in controls; and group 2-22 to 64% new tissue, compared with 0 to 37% new tissue in controls. Differences between healing of defects with drill holes in groups 1 and 2 were not significant.
Thickness of new tissue over drill holes was 33 to 61% of thickness of cartilage adjacent to the defect, and thickness of tissue between drill holes was 11 to 43% (group 1) and 8 to 79% (group 2) of the thickness of cartilage adjacent to the defect. In all defects with drill holes, new tissue in the form of fibrocartilage was detected deep in drill holes, whereas fibrous tissue was observed superficially and adjacent to drill holes.
Effect of zearalenone on the growth of mouse embryos from blastocysts to the egg cylinder stage in vitro
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Turek John J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Embryos were harvested at the blastocyst stage from nontreated outbred mice and were grown in vitro for 4 days. Embryos cultured in control medium hatched and grew to the egg cylinder stage. Purified zearalenone (ZEN) added to the culture medium at concentrations of 8.5 to 68 μg/ml decreased the number of embryos growing, with a 50% decrease in the number growing in 32 μg of ZEN/ml of medium. Embryos growing in ZEN had decreased numbers of cells derived from the inner cell mass, normal growth of the trophoblast, less cellular differentiation than was seen in control embryos, and increased numbers of phagosomes. Undifferentiated cells of the inner cell mass of control and treated embryos were of the same size, as determined by morphometric analysis. Addition of 25 μg of estradiol/ml of culture medium caused no decrease in number of embryos growing or in embryonic size. Saturation of culture medium with ZEN (68 μg/ml) did not inhibit the growth of a tissue culture line of goat synovial cells. Seemingly, ZEN at concentrations near saturation inhibited the growth of mouse embryos in vitro. This effect was not duplicated with similar concentrations of estradiol and was not manifested in culture-adapted cells.
Chemical and protective properties of Brucella lipopolysaccharide obtained by butanol extraction
Authors: Phillips Marshall , Pugh George W. , Deyoe Billy L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lipopolysaccharide (lps) fractions were obtained from smooth cultures of Brucella abortus strains 2308 and S-19 by butanol extraction procedures. The lps from the initial butanol extraction contained 10 to 15% protein and was reduced to < 1% protein by treatment with proteinase K. The lps fractions were identified and characterized on the basis of the chemical analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, cesium chloride gradients, electron microscopy, and gel immunodiffusion. Results indicated that the butanol procedure is a reliable method in the extraction of lps from Brucella abortus cells.
Proteinase K-treated lps containing < 1% protein from strain 2308 was used to vaccinate BALB/cByJ mice. Immune and protective criteria for vaccinated and nonvaccinated mice were increased immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) titers in sera of prechallenge-exposed mice, reduced colony-forming units/spleen, and splenomegaly in post-challenge-exposed mice. Results indicated that proteinase K-treated lps was immunogenic as well as protective for mice.
Sites of virus replication in the genital organs of boars inoculated in the cavum vaginale with pseudorabies virus
Authors: Miry C. , Pensaert M. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the sites of replication and the evolution of pseudorabies virus infection in boar genital organs, 5 Belgian Landrace boars were inoculated with pseudorabies virus unilaterally in the cavum vaginale of the testis. Virus replication took place only in cells of the tunica vaginalis of both cava vaginalia. Infection of the serosa led to exudative periorchitis and increased scrotal fluid, resulting in a severely swollen scrotal region. These experimental findings were similar to findings in boars with naturally acquired pseudorabies virus infection. Scrotal fluid contained large amounts of virus, making it a useful specimen for diagnosis of the disease in affected boars.
Arterial supply to the spinal cord of dogs and cats
Authors: Caulkins S. E. , Purinton P. T. , Oliver J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The blood supply patterns to the spinal cord were examined and compared in 15 dogs and 10 cats by use of dissection and radiographic visualization. The lowest percentages of radicular contributions and the smallest diameter vessels were found in the thoracic part of the spinal cord. The central arteries were fewest in number in the thoracic region and unilaterally or bilaterally supplied the gray matter. The percentages of bilaterally distributed central arteries increased from the cervical to the lumbar regions. The anastomotic plexus on the surface of the spinal cord was found to be most dense in the cervical and lumbar regions.