bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of higher‐order wavefront aberrations on the eye's depth of focus
Authors: CHATEAU N , MAIA ROCHA K , VABRE L , RAMOS ESTEBAN J , KRUEGER RR 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of higher order aberrations (HOA), defined by individual Zernike polynomial coefficients, on the eye's depth of focus using an adaptive optics (AO) system. Methods A crx1 AO visual simulator (Imagine Eyes, France) was used to introduce different amounts of individual 3rd and 4th order HOA in 10 healthy eyes. These HOA included coma (Z(3,‐1)) and trefoil (Z(3,‐3)) at magnitudes of +/‐0.3 µm, and spherical aberration (SA) (Z(4,0)) at magnitudes of +/‐0.3,+/‐0.6 and +/‐0.9 µm through a fixed 6‐mm pupil diameter. A through‐focus response (TFR) curve was assessed by recording the percentage of optotype letters of fixed 20/50 size that the subject could identify while these letters were presented at various target distances. Testing was performed under cycloplegia. For each applied HOA, the subject's depth of focus (DoF) and center of focus (CoF) were computed as, respectively, the half‐maximum width and the midpoint of the TFR curve. Results The introduction of SA resulted in linearly shifting the CoF by 1.3 D for each 0.5 µm of wavefront. The shift was hyperopic with positive SA, myopic with negative SA. The simulation of either positive or negative SA also had the effect of enhancing the DoF, up to a maximum increase of 2 D with 0.6 µm of SA. The enhancement became smaller when the SA was further increased. Trefoil and coma appeared to neither shift the CoF nor significantly modify the DoF. Conclusion AO technology allowed us to selectively test the visual impact of several HOA on the DoF. The introduction of SA significantly shifted and expanded the subjects’ overall DoF. This technique could help in designing optimal corrections for presbyopia and allowing patients to preview refractive surgery outcomes.
Commercial interest
Neuroophthalmological findings of sarcoidosis and Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome
Authors: AKOVA Y 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBesides common ocular manifestations neurologic involvement including optic nerve disease, cranial nerve palsies and disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland was also identified in 12% of patients with sarcoidosis. Facial nerve palsy is the most common but usually self‐limited neurological manifestation. Optic nerve involvement is the most common neuroophthalmic manifestation. Papilledema, compressive, ischemic, or neuritic optic neuropathy due to granulamatous infiltration of any part of the optic nerve may be seen. Lacrimal gland involvement is also common and is usually asymptomatic. Extensive granulomas may lead to diplopia. Orbital symptoms may mimic other inflammatory syndromes. Like sarcoidosis Vogt‐Koyanagi Harada is a disorder characterized with bilateral, granulomatous panuveitis associated with central nervous system and auditory manifestations. At prodromal stage lumbar puncture reveals a pleocystosis, ultrasonography shows diffuse thickening of the choroid tissue. At this stage patients typically report severe headaches, nausea, meningismus, dysacusia, tinnitus, and may even have fever, orbital pain and photophobia. Prodromal phase usually lasts for several days, which may persist for several weeks. It is followed by acute uveitic phase, characterized by bilateral choroiditis, vitritis and papillitis. After that chronic phase is seen with vitiligo, poliosis and resolution of exudative retinal detachments. Neuroophthalmological manifestations may help in diagnosis of rare disorders like Sarcoidosis and VKH syndrome.
Multiple sclerosis & Behçet disease
Authors: TUGAL‐TUTKUN I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To discuss uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis and Behcet disease Methods Literature review Results Uveitis is an uncommon manifestation of MS occurring in around 1% of patients. MS uveitis is more common in females between 20‐40 years of age. Intermediate uveitis and retinal periphlebitis are the most common forms of intraocular inflammation associated with MS. Isolated anterior uveitis, more commonly granulomatous, is also seen. The onset of uveitis may precede the diagnosis of MS by several years. The presence of retinal periphlebitis shows a strong correlation with progressive neurological dysfunction.Uveitis is a common manifestation of Behcet disease occurring in around 70% of patients whereas neurological involvement develops in around 5%. Both uveitis and neurological involvement are more common in males, and the typical age of onset is in the 3rd or 4th decade of life. There are mainly two types of neurological involvement. Around 70% of patients have parenchymal involvement which is characterized by an aseptic meningoencephalitis involving the brainstem structures. Around 30% of patients with neurological involvement have dural sinus thrombosis. The most common form of ocular involvement in Behcet disease is nongranulomatous panuveitis and retinal vasculitis with a relapsing and remitting course. Conclusion While uveitis is uncommon in multiple sclerosis, it is one of the most frequent manifestations of Behcet disease. Clinical findings and course of the disease help in the differential diagnosis.
Herpes virus infections
Authors: LABETOULLE M 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is characterized by its neurotropism and the balance between latent infection and reactivation. Studies on human post‐mortem tissues showed that HSV is widely distributed in the population, with a preferential location within the trigeminal ganglions (innervating the cornea), but also in the superior cervical ganglions (innervating the iris) or in brain/medullar tissues (innervating the retina). It is thus logical to observe in patients some association between neurological and ophthalmologic infection. Whereas retinitis, and in a lesser extent uveitis, may be classically associated to meningitis or meningo‐encephalitis, such association is rarer for herpetic keratitis or conjunctivitis, despite their superior frequency. This discrepancy is probably explained by sites from which virus reactivates, with a higher risk of encephalitis when reactivation occurs in the brain, comparatively to the trigeminal ganglion for example. Ideally, complete work‐up of presumed herpetic retinitis should include neurological examination, brain imaging, and lumbar puncture. In some cases, HSV (or VZV) are found in the cerebrospinal fluid, showing that viral reactivation is not only localized in ocular tissues.
Commercial interest
Corneal biomechanics and IOP measurements: the implications for glaucoma management
Authors: KOTECHA A 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhilst the effects of variations in central corneal thickness and corneal curvature on intraocular pressure measurement are well known, it has only been recently possible to measure corneal biomechanical properties in vivo. Reichert has produced an instrument, the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert Corporation; Depew, USA), that measures the corneal response to indentation by a rapid air pulse. The instrument generates a measure of corneal viscoelasticity, corneal hysteresis, which is a direct measure of the cornea’s biomechanical properties. This parameter may more completely describe the contribution of corneal resistance to IOP measurements than CCT alone. This talk will consider the effects of corneal parameters, including biomechanics, on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. The potential role of corneal biomechanics as an indicator of globe structural integrity will be discussed.
Is audible alarm useful in increasing adherence?
Authors: KOTHY P , HOLLO G 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To investigate if objectively monitored adherence to travoprost administered once daily in the evening, improves if the alarm function of the monitoring device is activated. Methods Thirty‐nine glaucoma patients were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were topical medication with once daily, evening administered travoprost 0,004% (Travatan, Alcon, Forth Worth, Texas, USA). Adherence to travoprost was monitored with an electronic monitoring device (Travalert Dosing Aid, TDA, Alcon, Forth Worth, Texas, USA). In the initial 3‐month period no alarm function was used, but in the second 3‐month period it was activated. Patients were instructed to instill travoprost at 9 p.m. Adherence was defined with instillation of travoprost at 9 p.m. (+/‐2 hours) as recorded by the device. Non‐adherence for the study period was defined as the ratio (%) of the non‐adherent days and all study days. Results Thirty‐four participants completed both study periods. Adherence was 81.6 % in the first, and 85.3 % in the second phase. Non‐adherence was 18.4 +/‐ 18.9 % in the first period and 14.7 +/‐ 18.9 % in the second period (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p=0.059). Conclusion Though the adherence was very good already in the first phase, it improved further when the audible alarm signal became activated. The improvement, however, did not reach the statistically significant level.
Malt lymphoma
Authors: COUPLAND SE 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To review the histomorphology, immunophenotype and genotypic features of conjunctival "MALT" lymphomas. Methods The conjunctival lymphomas represent the malignant end of the spectrum of lymphoproliferative lesions occurring in this site. The new W.H.O. Lymphoma Classification is the most suitable system for subdividing the conjunctival lymphomas, whereby the extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of MALT type (or “MALT lymphoma”) represents the most common lymphoma subtype. Results MALT lymphomas are characterized by mainly small B‐cells in the marginal zone. Their immunophenotype is: CD20+, CD43 (+/‐), BCL‐2, IgM+, and a low Ki‐67 growth fraction. A number of chromosomal changes have been described in conjunctival MALT lymphomas, and include trisomy 3, t(14;18), t(3;14), t(11;18), t(1;14) and loss of 6q23.3‐24. Through differing pathways, these chromosomal alterations result in the dysregulation of NF‐KB, and hence the uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes. In some geographical regions, there may be an association between these neoplasms and microorganisms, such as Chlamydia, Helicobacter as well as HCV. Management of patients with MALT lymphomas includes a thorough systemic medical examination to establish the clinical stage of the disease. The majority of patients with conjunctival lymphoma have Stage IE disease (Ann Arbor); however, systemic spread is not uncommon. Reported prognostic criteria for MALT lymphomas are few but include stage of disease at presentation; serum lactate dehydrogenase level; and tumour cell growth rate. A new more refined clinical staging system has been proposed by the TNM/AJCC committee and is to be published in its 7th Edition. Conclusion Although the most common lymphoid neoplasm of the conjunctiva, there is still much to learn about MALT lymphomas.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma in the Ocular Region
Authors: HEEGAARD S 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To characterize the clinicopathological features of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in the ocular region. Methods All lymphoid lesions were retrieved searching the Danish Ocular Lymphoma Database 1980‐2007. Specimens were collected from Danish pathology departments and re‐evaluated with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. For all patients with confirmed MCL the complete clinical files were collected and reviewed. Results Twenty‐one patients with MCL were identified comprising nine percent (21/230) of all lymphomas in the ocular region. There were 18 male and three female patients with an age range from 60 to 90 years (median 75 years). Ocular region MCL as first presenting symptom included 67% of the patients. Of these, 71% had bilateral involvement and all had lymphoma in more than one site within the ocular region. The orbit (71%) and eyelids (64%) were the most commonly affected sites. At the time of diagnosis 93% of the patients were in Ann Arbor stage III/IV, with bone marrow involvement (79%) and B‐symptoms (50%). Median overall survival (OS) was 30 months and the five‐year OS rate was 21%. Patients receiving anti‐CD20 (Rituximab)‐containing chemotherapy had a significant better 5‐year OS rate (80 %) (p < 0,027) than patients in treatment regimes without Rituximab (5‐year OS rate, 29%). Conclusion MCL presenting in the ocular region has a male predominance and affects elderly patients. The orbit and eyelids were frequently involved. Patients with ocular region MCL as first presenting symptom had a high proportion of bilateral affection. Patients had advanced stage disease at diagnosis, multiple relapses and a low 5‐year OS rate similar to systemic MCL. Treatment with Rituximab‐containing chemotherapy improved survival significantly.
Current and possible future treatment of ocular adnexal lymphomas
Authors: PETTITT A 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To review the current and possible future therapies of ocular adnexal lymphomas. Methods Ocular adnexal lymphomas represent approx. 8% of all extranodal lymphomas. The majority of these can be classified as extranodal marginal zone (MALT) lymphomas, and are usually staged as Stage IE disease. Results Recommended therapy in Stage IE tumours is low‐dose radiotherapy, while disseminated disease (>Stage IIE) is treated with chemotherapy. Although often responding to initial therapy, the MALT lymphomas tend to recur in distant extranodal sites. Few biomarkers are available to aid prediction of either recurrence or systemic dissemination, which occurs in up to 25% of patients. The ocular morbidity associated with current therapies is not insignificant, and, therefore, more effective treatment is being sought. Conclusion The newer treatment options, including rituximab and doxycyclin, will be discussed
A patient preference comparison of two fixed combinations, brinzolamide 10 mg/ml+timolol 5 mg/ml suspension and dorzolamide 20 mg/ml +timolol 5 mg/ml solution in patients with open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
Authors: NOTIVOL R 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To assess patient preference and comfort of Brinzolamide 10 mg/ml+Timolol 5 mg/ml Suspension (Brinz/Tim) compared to Dorzolamide 20 mg/ml+Timolol 5 mg/ml Solution (Dorz/Tim; COSOPT®) after topical ocular administration of a single drop. Methods This was a double‐masked, randomized, active‐controlled, cross‐over, multi‐center study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a single drop in both eyes of either Brinz/Tim or Dorz/Tim on day 1 followed by a single drop of the other medication on day 2. Immediately after dosing, the patients completed an ocular discomfort assessment (on a scale of 0‐9; 0 = no discomfort; 9 = substantial discomfort). On day 2 the patients also responded to a preference question. Results Of the 129 patients enrolled, on day 1, 63 received Brinz/Tim and 66 received Dorz/Tim. Of these patients, 106 (82.2%) expressed a drop preference and met all inclusion/exclusion criteria (PP population). Brinz/Tim was preferred by 84 patients (79.2%) while 22 patients (20.8%) preferred Dorz/Tim (P < 0.0001). The mean discomfort scores (± SE) were 1.5 ± 0.2 for Brinz/Tim and 3.3 ± 0.2 for Dorz/Tim. Brinz/Tim was significantly more comfortable than Dorz/Tim (P < 0.05). Conclusion Brinz/Tim was preferred by more patients than Dorz/Tim. Patients also responded that Brinz/Tim was the more comfortable medication. This significant advantage in comfort may promote patients compliance with respect to the chronic use of their IOP‐lowering medication.
Commercial interest
Phase III, 24‐month study investigating the efficacy and safety of tafluprost vs latanoprost in patients with open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
Authors: UUSITALO HMT , PILLUNAT LE , BAUDOUIN C , TRAVERSO C , BERGSTRÖM A , JENSSEN FT , ZAGORSKI Z , NESHER R 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose This double‐masked, active‐controlled, parallel‐group, multinational, multicentre, phase III, 24‐month study, conducted in 49 centres across 8 countries, investigated the efficacy and safety of tafluprost 0.0015% vs latanoprost 0.005% (once‐daily at 20:00) in 533 patients with open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Methods The primary endpoints were change from baseline IOP after 24 months (1.5 mmHg non‐inferiority limit [tafluprost‐latanoprost]) and safety. Results Both treatments yielded a substantial IOP reduction, that was sustained for 24 months (tafluprost ‐7.1 mmHg; latanoprost ‐7.7 mmHg; n=402). Non‐inferiority was shown with ANOVA and almost reached with ANCOVA (upper limits of the 95% CI for the treatment difference were 1.38 and 1.52, respectively; RM models). Most ocular adverse events were mild and comparable between groups (48% vs 44%). Conclusion This 24‐month phase III study demonstrated that both tafluprost and latanoprost yielded a substantial reduction in IOP that was sustained for 24 months, and a similar safety profile.
Commercial interest
Measurement of time‐resolved autofluorescence
Authors: SCHWEITZER D , SCHENKE S , JENTSCH S , QUICK S , GEHLERT S , HAMMER M , BERGMANN N 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Functional alterations are first signs of reversible pathologic processes. Whereas microcirculation studies metabolism globally, autofluorescence of endogenous fluorophores has the potential for description of cellular basic processes. Therefore, a discrimination of fluorophores is required in the tissue. Methods Besides excitation and emission spectra, the fluorescence lifetime after short‐time excitation is a promising substance‐specific mark. Using the opto‐mechanical system of a HRA II (Heidelberg Engineering), a fluorescence lifetime mapper was developed. Picosecond pulse‐lasers (448nm, 468nm, 100ps FWHM, 80MHz) can be used for excitation and the emission will be detected in 2 spectral ranges (490‐560nm, 560‐700nm). The dynamic fluorescence will be detected in time‐correlated single photon counting (SPC 150, Becker/Hickl, Berlin). An on line image registration is realised by simultaneously detected infrared images during measuring time. Approximating the fluorescence decay by 3‐exponential model function, images (lifetime and amplitudes), histograms, and cluster diagrams can be calculated for interpretation. Results Examples are given for healthy subjects, AMD patients (non‐exudative, exudative, geographic atrophy), diabetic retinopathy, and oedema. Measurements of excitation and emission spectra as well as lifetimes are performed of expected substances and of anatomical ocular structures for comparison. Conclusion Fluorescence lifetime measurement at the eye is a new method for evaluation of functional metabolic state.
Is there a role for dynamic retinal vessel analysis in internal medicine?
Authors: LANZL IM , SCHMIDT‐TRUCKSÄSS A , KOTLIAR KE 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Human retinal vessels and their reaction to stimuli change during life and in disease due to physiological, genetic and pathological influences. Using the Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA, Fa. IMEDOS, Jena) it is possible to assess changes in retinal vessel diameters in response to vasoactive stimuli in real time and non‐invasively. Methods Retinal arterial vessel reaction in the natural time course and to the average of 3 consecutive monochromatic flicker stimulations (530‐600 nm, 12,5 Hz, 20 s) with a 80 s observation pause between stimulations was investigated in healthy volunteers of different age groups, obese patients, diabetes type 1 patients, systemic hypertensive patients and patients with lysosomal storage disease. Statistical data analysis of vessel reactions independent from the DVA program was performed. Results There is a statistically significant difference in retinal vascular behaviour in different age groups in a healthy population. The same is true between a healthy population and each of the diseases investigated. Lysosomal storage disease however demonstrated an increase in dilation following flicker stimulation compared to normal persons. Conclusion Flicker stimulation of the retina light evokes a prompt vessel reaction in all healthy subjects. We could demonstrate an age dependence of the retinal arterial reaction in medically healthy persons and in hypertension, diabetes and obese patients. From the increased reaction in lysosomal storage disease further understanding of different factors leading to the vascular reaction to stimuli may be derived. Application of flicker stimulus to retinal vessels represents a method to assess the endothelial function of vessels which is important to understand in systemic disease.
Mechanisms driving neovascularisation and microangiopathy in DR: VEGF‐triggers cell adhesion via endothelial‐ and leukocyte‐induced pathways
Authors: SHIMA DT , ADAMIS AP 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Our research strategy has been to study VEGF‐A and the adaptive response to ischemia, with the aim of better understanding the benefit that VEGF‐A may bring to ischemic tissues, and to characterize the basis for the chaotic and poorly controlled neovascular response that usually accompanies ischemia in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Methods Acute retinal inflammation was induced using VEGF‐A and the mechanisms and consequences of retinal inflammation were examined in STZ‐induced diabetes in mice and rats. Various antagonists of VEGF signaling and of leukocyte adhesion were examined. Results VEGF‐A induced upregulation of ICAM‐1 on endothelial cells in a VEGFR2‐dependent and Neuropilin‐1 dependent manner. VEGF‐A also triggered leuokocyte invasion via signaling through VEGFR1. These data predict that inhibiting the influx of leukocytes may demonstrate a benefit in DR, which was demonstrated by inhibition of ICAM‐1 function following STZ‐induced retinopathy Conclusion Targeting of VEGF‐induced inflammation or leukocyte adhesion via ICAM‐1/LFA‐1 may provide a means of normalizing the microvasculature in DR
Commercial interest
Chemokines in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Authors: ABU EL ASRAR AM , STRUYF S , KANGAVE D , GEBOES K , VAN DAMME J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To determine levels of the chemokines I‐309, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MCP‐3, MCP‐2, ENA‐78, GCP‐2, IP‐10 and I‐TAC in vitreous and serum from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and retinal detachment with no PVR (RD) and expression of MCP‐1, SDF‐1 and the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in epiretinal membranes. Methods Vitreous and serum samples were obtained from 57 RD, 32 PVR and 88 PDR patients. The levels of chemokines were measured by ELISAs. Epiretinal membranes were studied by immunohistochemistry. Results MCP‐1 and IP‐10 were the only chemokines detected in vitreous. Levels and incidence of detection in vitreous were significantly higher than that in serum for MCP‐1 (p<0.001 for both comparisons) and IP‐10 (p=0.0035; <0.001, respectively). Levels were significantly higher in vitreous from patients with PVR and PDR compared with RD for MCP‐1 (p=0.0002) and IP‐10 (p=0.0083). Incidence of IP‐10 detection was significantly associated with increased levels of MCP‐1 in vitreous (p<0.001). MCP‐1, SDF and CXCR3 were expressed by myofibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells in membranes. Conclusion MCP‐1, IP‐10 and SDF‐1 may participate in pathogenesis of PVR. Clinical Relevance: Chemokines and their receptors could be molecular targets for preventing angiogenesis / fibrosis in the eye.