bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of X‐ray diffraction in studies of the crystallography of monoacid saturated triglycerides
Authors: Hoerr C. W. , Paulicka F. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe contribution that x‐ray diffraction has made to the understanding of triglyceride polymorphism is reviewed. The crystal structure of these compounds is explained in terms of molecular orientation in the crystal lattices. At the present time only the crystal structure of the monoacid saturated triglycerides has been reasonably well defined. Mixed triglycerides and mixtures thereof have not yet been fully investigated. This review stresses the need for systematic correlation of the crystal structure of fats with the molecular composition and configuration.
Applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of lipids
Authors: Freeman Norman K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe uses of infrared spectroscopy in lipid chemistry are discussed, with main emphasis on quantitative analytical methods. In reviewing the infrared technique from an overall perspective, attention is also given to instrumental developments, sampling techniques and qualitative applications. Some features are brought out in the context of examples cited. These include some significant established methods as well as recent developments, such as the use of integrated band intensities and the involvement of computers and computer techniques in infrared analysis. Current trends and future directions are indicated, and some unrealized potentialities are suggested.
Mass spectrometry of lipid molecules
Authors: Sun Kwok K. , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms of mass spectrometric fragmentation and their applications to the elucidation of structure of lipids related to fatty acids are reviewed. The mechanism of fragmentation of saturated fatty acids and the mass spectrometric determination of the position of the double bond in unsaturated esters are emphasized. The use of pyrolysis‐mass spectrometry for locating double bonds is introduced. Patterns of fragmentation of wax esters and glycerides are also given.
The sodium reduction of wool wax
Authors: Eisner Abner , Scanlan John T. , Ault Waldo C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe sodium reduction technique has been modified for application to various grades of lanolin and wool grease. The improved process gives good yields of alcohols with low ester and acid numbers. The sterols present in the grease are not affected by the reduction. A recovery procedure is described which avoids the difficulties with extremely stable emulsions. The essential features of this procedure are the elimination of emulsion‐stabilizing sodium soaps by precipitation with barium chloride prior to the washing of the reduction mixture and acetone extraction of the alcohols from the insoluble barium soaps.
The effect of some inorganic salts in dilute solution on the formation of calcium and magnesium soaps
Authors: Miles Gilbert D. , Ross John 
Published: August 2007

Summary

The reactions in mixtures of dilute solutions of builders, pure soaps and hard water have been examined under conditions for optimum foam stability for the soap solution.

An attempt has been made to interpret these reactions on the basis of solubility products.

For dilute solutions of soaps of pure fatty acids a minimum mole ratio of builder to calcium or magnesium salts is required to prevent the formation of alkaline earth soaps. These mole ratios are different for each soap studied and vary with the particular calcium or magnesium salt and builder combinations.

The procedure used by previous investigators of this subject is discussed.
The authors wish to express their appreciation to C. W. Jakob for performing many of the determinations upon which this paper is based.
Some observations on the polymerization of styrene in the presence of oils
Authors: Falkenburg L. B. , Hill W. H. , Wolff Hans 
Published: August 2007

SummaryData and properties of products obtained by polymerizing styrene in the presence of drying and semidrying oils have been presented. Evidence is given showing that conjugation in an oil or peroxide content are not of fundamental importance for obtaining homogeneous products. The increasing of the viscosity of the oils appears to lead to the formation of styrenated products of higher homogeneity.
Processing variables in peanut protein preparation
Authors: Pominski J. , Laborde E. J. , Cirino V. O. , Vix H. L. E. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA general equation was derived with which the percentage yield of protein may be calculated for a solvent‐extracted peanut meal at various water‐meal ratios.Results of investigations showed that nitrogen solubility for ground and unground meal increased slowly with temperature but was little affected by the water‐meal ratio and that peptization might be considered complete in 30 minutes.For unground meal the yield of protein increased with increase in water‐meal ratio. Low water‐meal ratios left excessive amounts of peptized protein in the spent pulp. The ratio by weight of peptizing liquid in spent pulp to original meal at all water‐meal ratios was practically a constant. Repeated peptizations increased the yield, indicating the desirability of a countercurrent system of peptization. Grinding of meal resulted in increased peptization and increased protein yields.
Determination of moisture and oil in sesame seed
Authors: Stark S. M. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. 
Published: August 2007

SummarySesame seed may be satisfactorily prepared for analysis by use of the Henry nut slicer equipped with a sharp blade.For the determination of combined moisture and volatile matter in both the whole and ground seed, a 5‐gram sample should be dried for 2‐hours at 130°C. in a forced‐draft oven.The A.O.C.S. official method Aa 4‐38 for cottonseed is satisfactory for the determination of oil in sesame seed, provided a 2‐gm. sample is reground with 0.25 gm. of 60‐to 80‐mesh sand after an initial 2‐hour extraction and subsequently re‐extracted for 3 hours.
A laboratory method for studying basket‐type extraction
Authors: Reiners R. A. , Sniegowski M. S. , Baldwin A. R. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA simple laboratory extractor is described which gives results that can be correlated with the operation of a basket‐type extractor. With this apparatus the flow rate of solvent through the meal can be determined, as well as the rate and completeness of extraction. Using flaked expelled corn germ, simple relationships were found to exist between oil content of the expelled meal and completeness of extraction, and between fines content of the flaked meal and flow of solvent through it.
Types and mechanisms of solubilization
Authors: Klevens H. B. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTwo, or possibly three, types of solubilization are shown to occur which depend on the compound being solubilized. Those systems in which the mole ratio, MR (moles material being solubilized per mole solubilizer) increases with increasing soap concentration are characterized by an increase in long X‐ray spacings to the point at which the system becomes saturated with the compound being solubilized. Hydrocarbons such as benzene, ethyl benzene, and normal paraffins fall into this class. Another type is that in which the MR remains constant above the concentration where the soap assumes its full colloidal properties, and this is characterized by no change in long X‐ray spacing. Examples of this type are soap‐soap, soap‐fatty acid, soap‐alcohol, and possibly as a subtype, soap‐dye systems. These systems are shown to be mixed micelles in which the solubilized compound is oriented with the long axis of the solubilized compound lying approximately parallel and in the plane of the long axis of the soap molecules, the hydrophylic group of both constituents being toward the water interface. Protein‐detergent complexes are discussed from the point of view of solubilization.
Factors which affect the stability of highly unsaturated fatty acids. II. The autoxidation of linoleic and alkali conjugated acid in the presence of metallic naphthenates
Authors: Jackson A. H. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe addition of commercial paint driers to unconjugated linoleic acid increased the rate of diene conjugation during autoxidation and greatly lowered the amount of detectable peroxides. On the other hand, the addition of driers to the conjugated isomer lowered the amount of detectable peroxide but mildly promoted destruction of diene conjugation. The hydroperoxide decomposition role of driers is further supported. Metallic naphthenates increased the quantity of diene ketones in both unconjugated and conjugated acid though after a longer period of time in the latter case.
The effect of processing conditions upon the nutritional quality of vegetable oils
Authors: Wilding M. D. , Rice E. E. , Mattil K. F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOn the basis of the chemical, physical, and biological criteria used, all of which have been shown to be sensitive indicators of heat damage to oils, it must be concluded that the overall nutritional quality of an oil is not adversely affected by alkali refining, adsorptive decolorizing, or deodorization; that higher temperatures of deodorization (238C) produce oils nutritionally equivalent to those deodorized at lower temperatures (160C); and that the normal processes used in manufacturing edible oils improve the resistance of these oils to heat damage.
Quantitative analysis of short chain fatty acids using gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Craig B. M. , Tulloch A. P. , Murty N. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe short‐chain fatty acids, propionic to pelargonic, have been analyzed by gas liquid chromatography, as their butyl, phenacyl, and decyl esters to overcome losses due to their volatility. The three methods are compared and the decyl ester procedure offers the most advantages.
Foaming properties of nonionic detergents
Authors: Schick M. J. , Beyer E. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe foam formation and foam stability of aqueous solutions of polyoxyethylene tridecanols, t‐octylphenols, nonylphenols, n‐dodecanols, and n‐octadecanols have been determined as a function of ethylene oxide chain length. In general nonionic detergents form unstable foams; the most stable foams formed by nonionic detergents are comparable to that of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate in the absence of foam promoters. In each homologous series of a nonionic detergent the foam formation and foam stability pass through a max at a critical hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance (CHHB). It is shown that the CHHB corresponds to conditions of minimum foam drainage and max resistance to film rupture.
Reaction of cyclopropenoid fatty acid derivatives with hydrogen halides
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Magne F. C. , Boudreaux G. J. , Skau E. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe treatment ofSterculia foetida oil with concentrated aqueous HCl or with HBr in acetic acid results in the addition of one hydrohalogen molecule per cyclopropenoid moiety. Iodine value (I.V.) and infrared absorption measurements indicate that the mechanism parallels that of the polymerization of sterculic acid and involves the formation of four isomeric monoun‐saturated monohalo moieties.
Selective extraction of phospholipids from egg yolk
Authors: Ramesh B. , Adkar S. S. , Prabhudesai A. V. , Viswanathan C. V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSolubility differences of phospholipids and tri‐glycerides in methanol have been used with advantage for the selective quantitative extraction of phospho‐lipids, almost free of triglycerides, from egg yolk. Cholesterol, a comparatively minor component of egg yolk lipids, is easily removed from the methanolic solution of phospholipids by low temperature crystal‐lization (5 C), if required.
Antimicrobial activity of aroma chemicals and essential oils
Authors: Morris J. A. , Khettry A. , Seitz E. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDetermination of the minimum inhibitory concen‐trations (MIC) of 212 common soap fragrance raw materials demonstrated that the paper disc‐petri plate technique does not reflect the relative anti‐microbial activity of these materials. Commonly used soap bacteriostats were shown to be 100 to 1000 times more effective than the most active fragrance materials. Of 521 fragrance materials initially screened by the petri plate method, 44% were inhibitory against one of the three test organisms, and 15% were effective against all three(Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans). Of a selected number (212) of these positive materials, subsequently screened against a lipophilic diphtheroid organism(Corynebacterium sp.), 64 materials (30%) were positive against all four test organisms. However, only nine materials (4%) had a MIC as low as 50 ppm compared to the common soap bacteriostat TCC, which had a MIC of 0.08 ppm (vs.S. aureus). In hand‐degerming tests, no reduction of bacterial counts was obtained with a soap containing the most active fragrance materials. These results demonstrate that creation of a practical antimicrobial soap fragrance does not appear to be possible.
Analytical test methods for the inorganic portion of the detergent products
Authors: Harris J. C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEvaluation of available methods for preliminary examination of the inorganic portion of detergent compositions indicates that this phase of the analysis has a relatively satisfactory status. Utilization of various spectrographic devices can prove most helpful in both preliminary and in final analysis of detergent components.Several integrated schemes of analysis are available. Most of them are as yet incomplete with respect to a good analysis of sodium tripolyphosphate, but recently described techniques hold considerable promise. These general schemes are under review with the objective of using in them more effective techniques for certain components.Individual component analyses are under critical examination, particularly those for the phosphates. A recently introduced chromatographic technique promises improvement here. Improved techniques for the determination of silica merit examination for integrated schemes as well as for single component analysis. Even sulfate analysis may be improved if published methods are indicative.Analyses for optical brighteners, corrosion inhibitors, and carboxymethyl cellulose are needed and do not now exist in satisfactory form.
Membrane lipid peroxidation and its prevention
Authors: Mead James F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe study of membrane peroxidation has been carried out using model systems consisting of a polyunsaturated fatty acid monolayer and an unsaturated phosphatidylcholine bilayer system. It has been shown that the major products of lipid peroxidation in monolayer and mixed saturated‐unsaturated liposomes are epoxides, hydroxy‐epoxides and their hydrolysis products. These same products are found in lungs of rats, particularly after 24 hr of breathing 6 ppm NO2. In all cases, inclusion of tocopherol introduces a lag period during which little peroxidation occurs.
Thermal oxidation of phospholipids 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphoethanolamine
Authors: Jewell N. E. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare thermal oxidation of phospholipids with that of triglycerides. Two simple saturated sys‐tems were chosen: 1, 2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphoethanolamine and tripalmitoylglycerol. Samples were heated at 150 C for 1 hr in air and the resulting volatile compounds analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Alkanes, ketones and lactones were major products in both cases. However, qualitative and quantitative differences were observed. Alkanals were absent in the oxidized phospholipid. This apparently is largely due to their reaction with the amine group as evidenced by thin layer chromatography. In addition, the phospholipid produced 2‐pentanol, 2‐methyl‐l‐pro‐panol and ethyl hexadecanoate; smaller amounts of hydrocarbons and methyl ketones than with the triacylglycerol; and no 1‐alkanols. Mechanisms which could be responsible for these observations are proposed.
A preconcentration and subsequent gas liquid chromatographic analysis method for trace volatiles
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Pattee H. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA glass column containing a porous polymer was used to concen‐trate headspace volatiles from enzymatically mediated reactions and inserted directly into the injection port of a gas liquid chromatog‐raphy (GLC) for elution and separation of adsorbed volatiles. The polymer column was placed in an entrainment system attached to a water aspirator at 30 psi to collect volatiles produced by the en‐zymatic reaction. A useful chromatogram was obtained from 1 g of raw material by this method. Volatiles collected in this manner could be stored on the polymer matrix at ambient temperatures without deleterious effects for subsequent GLC analysis. Multiple columns of the same or different trapping material could also be used in the entrainment system.
Development and characterization of an improved silicic acid‐KOH arrestant column for routine quantitative isolation of free fatty acids
Authors: Woo A. H. , Lindsay R. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn improved silicic acid‐KOH arrestant column method for the quantitative isolation of free fatty acids (FFA) is described. The method involves preparation of samples in acidified silicic acid caps that are placed directly above alkaline arrestant column portions in glass Chromatographic tubes. Neutral lipids are eluted with solvents whereas FFA are stopped as K‐salts. FFA are recovered by elution with formic acid‐containing solvents. The accuracy and reproduci‐bility of existing methods were greatly improved by minimizing and stabilizing the extent of alkali‐induced glyceride hydrolysis. The improved method is suitable for adaptation to a wide variety of food products and biological systems.
Extraction of phospholipids from plant oils and colorimetric determination of total phosphorus
Authors: Totani Yoichiro , Pretorius H. E. , Plessis L. M. du 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA rapid extraction procedure to isolate phospholipids from plant oils is described. Glacial acetic acid is used as solvent and the extracted phospholipids are quantified by means of a colorimetric method.
Oxidation of unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids by ruthenium tetroxide and ruthenium oxyanions
Authors: Nakano Y. , Foglia T. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe reactions of ruthenium VIII tetroxide (RuO4) and the ruthenium VII and VI oxyanions, perruthenate (RuO4−) and ruthenate (RuO4=) with hydroxy substituted and unsaturated fatty acids have been studied. At a 1:1 molar ratio, ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) and both oxyanions (RuO4− and RuO4=) oxidized 12‐hydroxystearic acid to 12‐ketostearic acid. With 9, 10‐dihydroxystearic acid, the type of oxidation products obtained depended on the amount of ruthenium oxidant used. At high ratios of oxidant to substrate, cleavage to pelargonic and azelaic acids occurred whereas at lower ratios, partial oxidation to diketo and acyloin derivatives predominated. The oxidation of oleic acid with excess ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) or perruthenate anion (RuO4−) gave the cleavage products pelargonic and azelaic acid through the intermediate formation of dihydroxy and diketo intermediates. Ruthenate anion (RuO4=) did not react with the double bond of oleic acid.
Accurate determination oftrans isomers in shortenings and edible oils by infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Madison B. L. , Depalma R. A. , D’Alonzo R. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for the accurate analysis of thetrans content of fats and oils in the range of 0.5–36%trans. This procedure is shown to be more accurate than other current infrared spectrophotomeny methods. This increased accuracy is obtained by using a 2‐component calibration standard mixture and measuring the samples as methyl esters. Good agreement between this method and the measurement oftrans content by a gas chromatography procedure is demonstrated.
Ethoxyquin in fish meal
Authors: Spark A. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFour reliable methods are described for the determination of ethoxyquin antioxidant in fresh fish meal. These include an accurate chromatographic laboratory method, a colorimetric method, and 2 rapid factory methods, one a quantitative titration technique and the other suitable for spot checks for ethoxyquin in “go—no go” situations. With the laboratory method, 6 or 8 Chromatographie columns can be handled simultaneously. The 2 rapid methods are based on l,l‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and may be used routinely in the factory to determine the antioxidant content of several hundred samples.
Titration studies of phytic acid
Authors: Evans W. J. , McCourtney E. J. , Shrager R. I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe 12 pKa values for phytic acid have been obtained from pH titration data and nonlinear regression analysis. The pKa values ranged from 1.9 to 9.5. The results are discussed in terms of previously determined pKa values. Possible reasons are given for the differences between previously determined values and present values.
Preparation of low‐phytate rapeseed protein by ultrafiltration: I. The aqueous extraction of phytate from deoiled rapeseed meals
Authors: Siy R. D. , Talbot D. F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe extraction of phytate and nitrogen‐ and phosphorus‐containing compounds from Tower and Candle variety rapeseed meal and flour using aq sodium chloride solution has been investigated. Single‐stage extraction experiments were made varying the v/n ratio from 10 to 500 mL of extract solution per g of sample and using an extract solution containing 0–10% (w/v) sodium chloride. The pH of the extract solution was varied from 3.0 to 10.0. It was found that phytate and phosphorus‐containing compounds can be completely extracted whereas the extent of extraction of nitrogen‐containing compounds ranged from 27 to 75% and depended on the extent of protein denaturation of the sample. The above observations were found to be independent of the pH of the extract solution. The extraction method is viewed as a first step in the membrane preparation of a low‐phytate rapeseed protein.
Epoxidation of methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate
Authors: Ahmad M. S. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReaction of methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (1b) withm‐chloroperbenzoic acid (1.0 mol) in chloroform yielded methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2,3‐epoxyhexadecanoate (2) in 32% yield. Reaction with 2 mol afforded both methyl 4‐oxo‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (3) (15.3%) and (2) (65.8%). The presence of an allylic hydroxyl group in the α,β‐unsaturated ester enhances the yield of the epoxidation product (2) as well as the keto compound (3). The structures of individual reaction products were established by elemental analyses as well as by spectral studies.
Determination of trace elements in oils by plasma emission spectroscopy
Authors: Dijkstra A. J. , Meert D. , Safinco N. V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn analytical method for the determination of phosphorus and other elements at low concentrations in edible oils has been developed using a plasma emission spectrometer. The method is fast because it eliminates the ashing process in sample preparation and because the actual measurement takes less than 1 min. Reproducibility and accuracy of the measurement are good and very low detection limits have been observed, e.g., 0.5 ppm for phosphorus and 5 ppb for copper. However, the long‐term stability of the instrument cannot as yet be guaranteed and a procedure that prescribes regular measurement of samples of known concentration is essential as a means of detecting any drift in the output signal.