bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The four‐capital method of sustainable development evaluation
Authors: Ekins Paul , Dresner Simon , Dahlström Kristina 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper is part of the special issue of European Environment devoted to the outputs of the EU SRDTOOLS project,1 which developed and applied a new model of regional sustainable development evaluation. The paper introduces the concept and framework of the four‐capital model, which was used in the project. First it discusses some issues around sustainable development evaluation, before introducing the theory of the four‐capital model. It then describes how indicators can be used to evaluate programmes such as those financed by the EU Structural Funds against criteria for sustainable regional development in terms of the four capitals. An ‘ideal’ indicator set is listed in the appendix. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 2‐Phenylthio‐Substituted Carbohydrate Acetals and Related Systems: Episulfonium Ions vs. Oxocarbenium Ions as Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Beaver Matthew G. , Billings Susan B. , Woerpel K. A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA powerful approach for controlling the stereochemistry of glycosylation reactions involves using a directing group at an adjacent carbon to influence the stereochemistry of nucleophilic attack. The use of substituents such as I, PhS, and PhSe has proven to be especially valuable because it enables the preparation of 2‐deoxysugars after reductive removal of the directing group. The mechanisms of these reactions are generally considered to involve nucleophilic opening of bridged onium ions and to proceed with inversion. Onium ions, however, equilibrate with open cations, and these open forms can be favored when the cation is highly stabilized. Although the selectivities of reactions of carbohydrate‐derived cations are consistent with the intermediacy of onium ions, the reactions of acyclic cations are not. Instead, consideration of the preferred conformations of the oxocarbenium ions and stereoelectronically favored additions to these intermediates provides a predictive model to explain the diastereoselectivities observed in reactions of oxocarbenium ions bearing proximal heteroatoms.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nucleophilic Substitution at C, Si and P: How Solvation Affects the Shape of Reaction Profiles
Authors: van Bochove Marc A. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe have studied how solvation affects the shape of potential energy surfaces (PES) of archetypal nucleophilic substitution reactions at carbon (SN2@C), silicon (SN2@Si) and phosphorus (SN2@P), using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of density functional theory (DFT) at OLYP/TZ2P. Our model systems cover nucleophilic substitution, in water and in the gas phase, at carbon in X– + CH3Y (SN2@C), at silicon in X– + SiH3Y (SN2@Si), at tricoordinate phosphorus in X– + PR2Y (SN2@P3), and at tetracoordinate phosphorus in X– + POR2Y (SN2@P4) with substituents R = H, F, Cl, CH3, OCH3. In the gas phase, particular types of SN2 reactions are characterized by different shapes of reaction profiles, such assingle‐, double‐ and triple‐well PESs. The main effect of solvation is to turn the PESs of the SN2@C but also of SN2@Si and SN2@P into unimodal reaction profiles which lead from the reactants via one single barrier to the products. The results are discussed in terms of differential solvation of reactants and transition states. We also address the question how the relative heights of reaction barriers are affected by solvation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Diels–Alder Cycloaddition of Difluoro(methylene)cyclopropanes
Authors: Hang Xiao‐Chun , Chen Qing‐Yun , Xiao Ji‐Chang 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Diels–Alder reactions of difluoro(methylene)cyclopropanes (F2MCPs) with cyclic dienes are described. These cycloaddition reactions exhibited complete regioselectivity and high endo‐stereoselectivity. The obtained cycloadducts underwent a retro‐Diels–Alder reaction to give the original dienophiles and dienes when heated, reflecting the reversible Diels–Alder reactivity of F2MCPs.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Unexpected Tethering in the Synthesis of Methyl‐Substituted Acetyl‐1‐oxaspiro[4.5]­decanes: Novel Woody–Ambery Odorants with Improved Bioavailability (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2/2008)
Authors: Kraft Philip , Popaj Kasim 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows the X‐ray crystal structure of a spirocyclic analog of the woody‐ambery odorant Iso Gamma, in which the polarity of the γ‐double bond is mimicked by the oxygen atom of the spiroannulated 3,3‐dimethyltetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl moiety. The log Pow value thereby improves from 5.7 to 3.2, so that this pleasant woody‐ambery odorant, which is reminiscent of Iso E Super with additional agrestic, conifer‐type facets of Cashmeran, can indeed be considered the first water‐soluble perfumery raw material of the woody‐ambery family. According to the European REACH regulations, it is thus classified as being bioavailable and regarded to be nonpersistent in the environment. To emphasize on the paradox of wood being water‐soluble, the wooden ORTEP model seems to dissolve into incense smoke that floats like streaks in water above a wood grain that warps like the ground of the ocean. But besides the interesting physical and olfactory properties of the target structure, P. Kraft and K. Popaj also report on an unprecedented tethering effect that was discovered in the course of synthetic attempts towards this and related structures by Diels–Alder reactions, on p. 261 ff.
Selection of optimal intensity measures in probabilistic seismic demand models of highway bridge portfolios
Authors: Padgett Jamie E. , Nielson Bryant G. , DesRoches Reginald 
Published: December 2007

AbstractProbabilistic seismic demand models are a common and often essential step in generating analytical fragility curves for highway bridges. With these probabilistic models being traditionally conditioned on a single seismic intensity measure (IM), the degree of uncertainty in the models is dependent on the IM used. Selection of an optimal IM for conditioning these demand models is not a trivial matter and has been the focus of numerous studies. Unlike previous studies that consider a single structure for IM selection, this study evaluates optimal IMs for use when generating probabilistic seismic demand models for bridge portfolios such as would be found in HAZUS‐MH. Selection criteria such as efficiency, practicality, sufficiency, and hazard computability are considered in the selection process.A case study is performed considering the multi‐span simply supported steel girder bridge class. Probabilistic seismic demand models are generated considering variability in the geometric configurations and material properties, using two suites of ground motions—one synthetic and one recorded motion suite. Results show that of the 10 IMs considered, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration at the fundamental period are the most optimal for the synthetic motions, and that cumulative absolute velocity is also a close contender when using recorded motions. However, when hazard computability is considered, PGA is selected as the IM of choice. Previous studies have shown that spectrally based quantities perform better than PGA for a given structure, but the findings of this study indicate that when a portfolio of bridges is considered, PGA should be used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation processes of cemented features in karstic cave sites revealed using stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses: A case study at middle paleolithic Amud Cave, Israel
Authors: Shahack‐Gross Ruth , Ayalon Avner , Goldberg Paul , Goren Yuval , Ofek Boaz , Rabinovich Rivka , Hovers Erella 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHearths are important archaeological features, serving to infer past practices related to hominin subsistence and social behaviors. The identification of hearths is not always straightforward due to post‐depositional processes. In karstic cave environments in particular it is not always easy to distinguish, in the field or in the laboratory, between geogenic and anthropogenic cemented features because both are composed of calcite. Here we present a novel study in which bulk oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses were used in order to unequivocally identify anthropogenic calcite derived from hearths in the Neanderthal site of Amud Cave (Israel). We demonstrate that the isotopic composition of wood ash is distinctively different from that of geogenic calcite. The linear relationship observed between carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the various sediment types in Amud Cave is interpreted as a mixing line between wood ash and geogenic calcite, thus enhancing our understanding of the origins of sedimentological variability at the site and showing that not all of the cemented sediments in Amud Cave should be regarded as hearths. Our study suggests that the relative abundance of validated hearths in the various areas of the cave may be associated with Neanderthal use of space in Amud Cave. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled donepezil augmentation in antidepressant‐treated elderly patients with depression and cognitive impairment: a pilot study
Authors: Pelton Gregory H. , Harper Oliver L. , Tabert Matthias H. , Sackeim Harold A. , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Roose Steven P. , Devanand D. P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess combined antidepressant and cognitive enhancer treatment in elderly patients presenting with depression plus cognitive impairment.MethodsTwenty‐three elderly (>50 years old) depressed, cognitively impaired (DEP‐CI) patients participated in a pilot study. We evaluated whether, after 8 weeks of open antidepressant treatment, donepezil HCl (Aricept) would afford added cognitive benefit compared to placebo in a randomized 12‐week trial. A subsample continued in an 8‐month extension phase of open treatment with donepezil. Neuropsychological testing (NPT) was performed and antidepressant response monitored at baseline and the 8, 20, and 52‐week time points.ResultsAt 8‐weeks, the antidepressant response rate was 61% (14/23). Improvement in SRT immediate recall (SRT‐IR; e.g. episodic verbal memory) was observed in responders compared to non‐responders. During the 12‐week, placebo‐controlled, donepezil add‐on trial, patients on donepezil showed further improvement in SRT‐IR versus patients on placebo. In the open extension phase, patients who continued open donepezil treatment (n = 6) maintained improvement in memory and tended to show an advantage over patients who never received donepezil and were evaluated at the 52‐week time point (n = 6). There were no observed significant donepezil effects on non‐memory cognitive domains.ConclusionThese preliminary findings suggest that addition of a cholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) following antidepressant medication treatment in elderly Dep‐CI patients may improve cognition, and support the need for a confirmatory, larger randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential patterns of cortical activation as a function of fluid reasoning complexity
Authors: Perfetti Bernardo , Saggino Aristide , Ferretti Antonio , Caulo Massimo , Romani Gian Luca , Onofrj Marco 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFluid intelligence (gf) refers to abstract reasoning and problem solving abilities. It is considered a human higher cognitive factor central to general intelligence (g). The regions of the cortex supporting gf have been revealed by recent bioimaging studies and valuable hypothesis on the neural correlates of individual differences have been proposed. However, little is known about the interaction between individual variability in gf and variation in cortical activity following task complexity increase. To further investigate this, two samples of participants (high‐IQ, N = 8; low‐IQ, N = 10) with significant differences in gf underwent two reasoning (moderate and complex) tasks and a control task adapted from the Raven progressive matrices. Functional magnetic resonance was used and the recorded signal analyzed between and within the groups. The present study revealed two opposite patterns of neural activity variation which were probably a reflection of the overall differences in cognitive resource modulation: when complexity increased, high‐IQ subjects showed a signal enhancement in some frontal and parietal regions, whereas low‐IQ subjects revealed a decreased activity in the same areas. Moreover, a direct comparison between the groups' activation patterns revealed a greater neural activity in the low‐IQ sample when conducting moderate task, with a strong involvement of medial and lateral frontal regions thus suggesting that the recruitment of executive functioning might be different between the groups. This study provides evidence for neural differences in facing reasoning complexity among subjects with different gf level that are mediated by specific patterns of activation of the underlying fronto‐parietal network. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fra‐1 regulates vimentin during Ha‐RAS‐induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Andreolas Chrysovalantis , Kalogeropoulou Margarita , Voulgari Angeliki , Pintzas Alexander 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe process of epithelial mesenchymal transition, whereby cells acquire molecular alterations and fibroblastic features, is a fundamental process of embryogenesis and cancer invasion/metastasis. The mechanisms responsible for epithelial mesenchymal transition remain elusive. Human tumors frequently establish constitutively activated RAS signaling, which contributes to the malignant phenotype. In an effort to dissect distinct RAS isoform specific functions, we previously established human colon cell lines stably overexpressing activated Harvey‐RAS (Ha‐RAS) and Kirsten‐RAS (Ki‐RAS). Using these, we observed that only oncogenic Ha‐RAS overexpression resulted in morphologic and molecular changes suggestive of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We showed that vimentin, a key molecule of epithelial mesenchymal transition, was differentially regulated between Ha‐RAS and Ki‐RAS leading to a Ha‐RAS specific induction of a migrative phenotype and eventually epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We demonstrated that the AP‐1 sites in vimentin promoter could be involved in this regulation. A potential role of FRA‐1 was suggested in the regulation of vimentin during the Ha‐RAS‐induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition, in association with colon cell migration. Our results therefore propose that in colon cells, the induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition by oncogenic Ha‐RAS could occur through the overexpression of proteins like FRA‐1 and vimentin. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Onium salt reduces the inhibitory polymerization effect from an organic solvent in a model dental adhesive resin
Authors: Ogliari Fabrício A. , Ely Caroline , Lima Giana S. , Conde Marcus C. M. , Petzhold Cesar L. , Demarco Flávio F. , Piva Evandro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of organic solvent concentration on the polymerization kinetics for a model dental adhesive resin containing a ternary photoinitiator system. A monomer blend based on the bis‐GMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA was used as a model dental adhesive resin, which was polymerized using a binary system [camphorquinone (CQ) and ethyl 4‐dimethylamine benzoate (EDAB)] and a ternary system [CQ, EDAB, and diphenyliodonium hexafluorphosphate (DPIHFP)]. Additionally, these blends had 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt % ethanol added. Real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the polymerization reaction over photoactivation time. Data were plotted, and Hill's three‐parameter nonlinear regression was performed for curve fitting. The addition of a solvent to the monomer blends decreased the polymerization kinetics, directly affecting the rate of polymerization, delaying vitrification, and attenuating the Trommsdorf effect. The introduction of DPIHFP displayed a strong increase in reaction kinetics, reducing the solvent inhibition effect. After 10 s of photoactivation, the binary system obtained in 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of ethanol, a degree of conversion of 44.6, 26.3, 13.4, 1.15, and 0.0%, respectively, whereas when a ternary system was used, the values were 54.6, 40.5, 27.4, 14.5, and 3.4%. An improvement was observed in the polymerization kinetics of a model dental adhesive resin when using a ternary photoinitiation system, making the material less sensitive to the residual presence of a solvent before photoactivation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Persistent stickiness of viscous capture threads produced by araneoid orb‐weaving spiders
Authors: Opell Brent D. , Schwend Harold S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe most commonly encountered spider orb‐webs rely on sticky, viscous capture threads to retain prey. These threads are composed of supporting fibers covered by a complex aqueous solution that forms a series of droplets, each with a glycoprotein granule that confers adhesion. This adhesive system normally functions for less than a day before being replaced. Despite their ephemeral nature, we found that the stickiness of viscous threads persists for much longer. When measured over the course of 7 days, small decreases in the adhesion of Larinioides cornutus threads were not statistically significant. Threads of Araneus marmoreus, Argiope trifasciata, and Metepeira labyrinthea were aged for 8–10 months and remeasured under environmental conditions similar to those under which initial measurements were made. When returned to humidity similar to that under which measurements were initially made, neither the droplet volumes nor the stickiness of aged threads differed significantly from those of newly spun threads. These observations indicate that when viscous threads are protected from contamination, the compounds responsible for their hydrophilic and adhesive properties do not degrade easily. J. Exp. Zool. 309:11–16, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the human astrovirus nsp1a coding region: Design of a new RFLP typing method
Authors: Guix Susana , Caballero Santiago , Fuentes Cristina , Bosch Albert , Pintó Rosa M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHuman astroviruses (HAstV) are causative agents of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. A hypervariable region (HVR) is located close to the C‐terminus of the nsP1a, and recent data support the involvement of the HVR‐containing nonstructural protein in viral RNA replication processes, suggesting a correlation between variability in this region and pathogenic properties. The HVR of the C‐terminal nsP1a coding region of 104 wild‐type and reference isolates of HAstV was sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify different genotypes, and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was designed. An extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence variability was observed, as well as many insertions and deletions that retained the reading frame. The resultant phylogenetic tree supported the subdivision of HAstV into the two previously described major genetic groups, genogroup A and B, and the identification of 12 genotypes (9 within genogroup A, and 3 within genogroup B), which could be identified by RFLP. A correlation analysis was performed between genotype information and viral load using information from 35 clinical samples. Significant differences were observed between the viral load in clinical samples and certain HAstV genotypes that belonged to the same serotype, confirming the influence of C‐terminal nsP1a variability on the viral replication phenotype. The use of the new RFLP typing method based on the HVR of the C‐terminal nsP1a coding region by diagnosticians would help to understand the relationship between different genotypes and the severity of the gastroenteritis. J. Med. Virol. 80:306–315, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of a new mumps virus genotype during parotitis epidemic of 2006–2007 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Santos C.L.S. , Ishida M.A. , Foster P.G. , Sallum M.A.M. , Benega M.A. , Borges D.B. , Corrêa K.O. , Constantino C.R.O. , Afzal M.A. , Paiva T.M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNucleotide sequence analyses of the SH gene of 18 mumps virus isolates collected in the 2006–2007 parotitis epidemic in the state of São Paulo identified a new genotype, designated genotype M. This new designation fulfills all the parameters required to define a new mumps virus genotype. The parameters were established by an expert panel in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005. This information will enhance the mumps virus surveillance program both at the national and global levels. J. Med. Virol. 80:323–329, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Globalization of the HR function: The next step in HR's transformation?
Authors: Piercy Karen , Vernon Philip 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA study confirms HR's progress in moving from a transactional function to a strategic partner. The function now faces pressures to globalize by adopting service delivery models that better rationalize costs, leverage common technology and processes, and focus resources on global HR processes that can create competitive differentiation for the enterprise. The authors discuss five service delivery models along a continuum of commonality of business needs, and present four cases of global companies that found the best fit for their needs. Key determinants include financial considerations, HR service requirements, and cultural readiness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Best practices in the Japanese software market
Authors: Ojala Arto , Tyrväinen Pasi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGlobalization of software markets is driving software firms to seek market share and growth opportunities from leading software markets in the world. As the second largest software market, Japan offers high growth potential for foreign software firms. In Japan, the information and communication technology industry is the largest market sector, and the size of the software market in Japan was US$131.8 billion in 2004. Despite great opportunities in the Japanese market, entering the market and conducting successful business there can be difficult due to cultural differences between Japan and Western countries. In this multi‐case study we focus on nine software firms in order to examine the best practices which these firms perceived as critical for successful operations in the Japanese software market.The findings from this study indicate that software firms operating in business‐to‐business market niches rank factors related to the personal marketing of products higher than factors related to mass marketing. These firms value competence in the Japanese language, the general competence of personnel, and customer satisfaction and honesty more than they value brand image. These software companies also emphasize the value of an integrated product strategy that combines the uniqueness and quality of the product with packaging and product adaptation or customization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.