bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat utilization by the arboreal boa Corallus grenadensis in two ecologically disparate habitats on Grenada
Authors: Henderson Robert W. , Sajdak Richard A. , Winstel R. Allan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Habitat utilization by the arboreal boid Corallus grenadensis was studied at two ecologically disparate sites on the West Indian island of Grenada: one devoted largely to agriculture, the other largely devoid of agricultural activity. Small snakes (< 600 mm SVL) were most often encountered in uncultivated scrub woodland at both sites; large snakes (>1100 mm SVL) were encountered most often in fruit trees at one site and in mangroves at the other. Snakes of medium size (600-1100 mm SVL) occurred in both kinds of habitat. These size classes correspond to an ontogenetic shift in diet (lizards to mammals), and this is associated with a corresponding shift in habitat utilization.
Factors Affecting Reactions To Mysis By Newly Hatched Sepia
Authors: Wells M.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI) Young Sepia, kept in filtered seawater from the moment of hatching until they have absorbed most of the yolk within them, will always attack and eat Mysis when these are presented. 2) When fed daily on Mysis, no change in the movements made in attacking was observed, but the delay before reacting when the mysis was presented decreased from about two minutes on the first occasion to 5-10 seconds on the fifth and subsequent occasions. 3) The length of the delay before attacking was shown to depend upon the number of attacks already made, regardless of the age of the animal or whether it had been allowed to feed when it attacked. 4) Coincident with this increase in speed of attack on mysids. there was an increase in the probability of attack on a variety of other moving objects. ranging from fixed mysids to strips of celluloid, that were at first rarely or never attacked. 5) These results are interpreted as indicating a facilitation process occurring somewhere between the retina and the motor centres, such facilitation leading to a higher probability of attack in a given visual situation and an incidental increase in the range of patterns of stimulation that can evoke attacks. This situation is transient and the animal soon begins to learn to restrict attacks to certain patterns only. 6) The capacity to learn appears to be correlated with the development of the vertical lobe of the brain, a part known to be intimately concerned with learning processes in adult Cephalopods, which is poorly developed in newly hatched Sepia
Genetic, Physiological and Behavioral Backround of reproduction in the Rabbit: IV. An Analysis of Maternal Behavior at Successive Parturitions
Authors: Denenberg Victor H , Fromer Gabriel P , Sawin Paul B , Ross Sherman 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA previous study of maternal behavior in the rabbit dealing with the improvement in nest quality in successive parturitions is here extended to four other aspects of maternal behavior. No significant differences were found for scores on interest in young or pre-parturient aggression either among the four races investigated or over a number of litters. Race differences significant at the .05 level were obtained for post-parturient aggression scores involving two and four litters. A linear increase significant at the .01 level was revealed in the same measure for one race when four litters were considered. Significant racial differences were also found with respect to time of nest building. A second set of analyses dealt with the relation of other variables to the quality of nest construction. The only measure found to have a distinct positive relation to nest quality was the percentage of liveborn young suckled on the first day of life. An ambiguous, but weakly positive relationship was found between nest quality and time of nest building relative to parturition. A weak relationship was found between time of nest construction and the percent of liveborn young suckled the first day. These findings suggest the possibility of some factor or factors acting in common upon the nesting and suckling activities in maternal behavior.
Strain Differences in Sexual Behavior of the Male Rat1)
Authors: Whalen R.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe sexual behavior of four strains of inbred rats was studied. These strains are characterized by differences in problem solving ability and in the levels of brain acetylcholine and cholinesterase. I. The S1, and S3 strains appeared similar motivationally. The S3 animals had more difficulty in achieving intromission, and ejaculated after fewer intromissions (14.6 vs. 7.1). The S3 males resumed mating sooner after ejaculation than did the S1 males (410 sec. vs. 293 sec.). 2. The RDH and RDL strains were homogeneous on all measures of sexual performance. These strains were similar to the S1 strain in latency measures, but were like the S3 strain in the number of intromissions needed for ejaculation. 3. The data were interpreted to mean that intromission frequency is particularly likely to be under genetic control, and that the ejaculation process may be related to the absolute levels and relative balance of acetylcholine and cholinesterase within the central nervous system.
Maternal Behavior in the Rabbit: Yearly and Seasonal Variation in Nest Building1)
Authors: Denenberg V.H. , Sawin P.B. , Ross Sherman , Zarrow M.X. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn analysis was made of more than nine hundred successful parturitions in four strains of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, for the period, 1953-59. The strains studied were : III, IIIc, AcEp, and X. The results showed that the number of successful pregnancies (production of one or more live-born young) varied from 57 percent in the winter months to 82 percent during the summer. This pattern was significantly different among strains. Within the successful pregnancy group, the proportion of failures to build material nests did not change significantly from season to season or from year to year. The time of nest building was found to differ significantly among the strains.
Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls Ii : Incubation Behaviour in the Laying Period
Authors: Beer C.G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(i) Gulls in the laying period show incubation responses towards eggs in the nest but the pattern differs from the incubation pattern shown by gulls in the incubation period; the birds in the laying period rise and settle more often, complete relatively fewer of their settling sequences, sit for less of the available time, and the partners spend more time together on the territory. (ii) By adding two eggs to nests in the one-egg stage, and by comparing the behaviour of birds in the one-egg stage with birds with clutches of one egg in the incubation period, it is shown that part of the difference between the behaviour of birds in the laying period and birds in the incubation period can be attributed to the difference in clutch sizes but that this factor does not account for all the difference. (iii) Experiments with cylindrical models at the two stages of the laying period indicate that, at this time, the gulls are not as sensitive to the sharp corners of the models as they are in the incubation period; birds sitting or trying to sit on the oddly shaped "eggs" did not rise and resettle as often in the laying period as they did in the incubation period. (iv) It is suggested that during the laying period there is progressive increase in the tendency to sit on the nest and eggs coupled with increase in sensitivity to the shapes of the objects sat on. (v) The males perform more settlings and sit for more time than do the females during the laying period but both partners spend about equal amounts of time near the nest at this time. (vi) The proportion of eggs warm to the touch steadily increases during the laying period. (vii) Defeathering of the brood-patches progresses during the laying period. (viii) The tendency to return to the nest in the face of fear stimulation increases as the laying period advances. (ix) Increase in effective incubation during the laying period accounts for the differences between laying and hatching intervals. Functional aspects of this are discussed.
Quantitative Measurement of Sexual Receptivity in Female Rats 1)
Authors: Kuehn Robert E. , Beach Frank A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThirty-four intact female rats were observed at hourly intervals in standardized tests designed to reveal the presence and intensity of sexual receptivity. The onset of this condition was related to the artificial light-dark cycle, with a majority of females becoming receptive a few hours before or shortly after the beginning of the dark phase. Disappearance of receptivity was less closely related to conditions of illumination. The median duration of the receptive period was 19 hours. As measured by a specially devised "Sensitivity Index", the degree of sexual responsiveness increases sharply during the early stages of the receptive period, and then undergoes a more gradual decline. The duration of the female's mating response (lordosis) depends in part upon the nature of the male's mating reaction. Mounting without intromission evokes a very brief reaction, whereas a response involving ejaculation by the male elicits a protracted response on the part of the receptive female. This seems to be independent of the stage of receptivity but to bear some relation to the individual level of over-all sexual responsiveness of the particular female in question.
A Comparative Study of Sandbathing Behavior in Heteromyid Rodents
Authors: Eisenberg John F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe movement patterns found in sandbathing were studied in selected species from all five genera of the rodent family Heteromyidae. The primitive subfamily Heteromyinae has a stereotyped pattern for spreading scent consisting of rubbing the ventrum on the substrate. There is no sandbathing in the functional sense. The Perognathinae and Dipodomyinae have both the ventral-rub and side-rub components and often combine these acts into a complex sandbathing pattern. These last two subfamilies have adapted to arid habitats and secrete copiously from their sebaceous glands. Evidence is given for the chemical communicatory nature of the places were sandbathing and ventral-rubbing have taken place. It is suggested that sandbathing has evolved secondarily as a pelage dressing motor pattern while still retaining a function as a means of chemical communication which is the only function of the simple ventral-rubbing found in the Heteromyinae. From a discussion of sandbathing in other rodent families it is proposed that the convergently-evolved sandbathing behavior has originated from different motor patterns.
A Neurological Study of the Clasp Reflex in Xenopus Laevis (Daudin)1)
Authors: Hutchison J.B. , Poynton J.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring amplexus, an intact Xenopus male shows a number of distinct clasp patterns which serve to keep it attached to the female. A light "maintenance" clasp, keeps the male in the clasp position when the clasping pair are immobile. Elaborate "emergency'' patterns prevent the male from being dislodged if either the female's swimming movements or external forces tend to dislodge the male. The neural mechanisms controlling these male clasp patterns have been investigated by subjecting the CNS to a series of transections. Groups of male and female frogs were transected at specific levels in the CNS and then subjected to stimuli which resemble those normally eliciting clasp patterns in the intact male during amplexus. It was found that males transected in the posterior medulla, mid-brain and fore-brain could not be stimulated to display clasping behaviour. However males transected in the anterior medulla could be stimulated to display reflex activity which appeared to be identical to the clasp patterns of intact males in amplexus. Xenopus females, transected in the anterior medulla, could also be stimulated to display the basic male clasp patterns. Quantitative measurements of recordings of the clasp patterns of transected males suggest that control mechanisms are situated in the medulla which "store" the complete emergency and maintenance patterns. These control mechanisms are only fired off by specific stimuli. The effects of variation in the level of sex hormones on the functioning of the clasp control mechanisms have been tested. For this purpose, sexually active males and females, (injected with chorionic gonadotropin) and sexually inactive males and females (untreated and gonadectomised) were transected and their behaviour patterns compared. Variation in the level of sex hormones was found to have no effect on the behaviour of either transected males or females. The results of this investigation suggest that, during amplexus, the clasping behaviour of the male is controlled by a "self-regulating unit" situated in the medulla and spine. When the male is in amplexus this unit can function independently of the mid- and forebrain. This conclusion is contrary to the hypothesis put forward by RUSSELL (1954) on the functioning of the clasp control mechanism in Xenopus.
Marching and Colour in Locust Hoppers in Relation To Social Factors
Authors: Ellis Peggy E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Restriction of social contact in hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.) leads to reduced marching, so that animals reared in isolation march very little, even when placed in a crowd. Various types of restriction have been studied in the laboratory. 2. Hoppers crowded in small cages did not march as vigorously as those reared crowded in large cages and reduction of density during rearing led to a further reduction in marching. 3. Hoppers crowded for part of the day or night marched as much as those crowded all the time, although they were not fully gregarious in colour. 4. Olfactory, visual and auditory contact between hoppers had little effect on marching. 5. Exercise increased marching performance a little in animals in which contact was restricted. 6. The full development of marching behaviour depended on tactile contact between hoppers during rearing. 7. The pigmentation, which likewise depends on social contact between hoppers, did not respond in the same way as marching.
Potential Ethological Isolating Mechanisms and Assortative Mating in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Lill Alan , Wood-Gush D.G.M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(1) Potential ethological isolating mechanisms were observed between breeds and strains of domestic fowl. (2) Brown and White Leghorn females exhibited homogamy, but females of a Broiler strain showed a preference for Breeding Line Brown Leghorn males, which bear a close phenotypic resemblance to the Red Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus). (3) Observations indicated that females discriminated between males on physical characteristics rather than quantitative differences in male courtship. (4) In a ''choice-situation'', males which had been reared with own-breed females courted caged own-breed hens significantly more than others. Males reared with their own and other breeds showed only weak own-breed preferences, and in two cases, heterogamy was observed. (5) Males apparently discriminated between females on visual cues, particularly female plumage colour. (6) Assortative mating within a single line was also observed, females preferring some males to others. Quantitative differences in male courtship were not important in this respect. (7) In tests of short duration, males did not exert preferences for individual hens of a single line. (8) A sequential analysis of the courtship of the Brown Leghorn cock revealed that two displays were important in evoking female solicitation, namely the waltz and the rear approach. Three other displays were interpreted as increasing sexual arousal in the female. (9) The evolutionary significance of some of the results is briefly discussed.
Some Observations On Social Organisation and Non-Random Mating in Captive Burmese Red Junglefowl (Gallus Gallus Spadiceus)
Authors: Lill Alan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Non-random mating was observed in captive Burmese Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in three experimental situations. 2. When eight cocks were released singly for short periods (one hour) with each of two female flocks it was found that, in one flock, crouching and the coition incidence were non-random; the distribution of female crouching exerted only a limited effect on the distribution of copulations. 3. A quantitative analysis of the courtship of these males revealed that the correlation between differences in male courtship and the distribution of crouching was of an incomplete nature. The cock which elicited most crouches, R, also performed more crouch-evoking displays than other males. Other factors were also important in effecting non-random crouching by females. 4. In a heterosexual flock with four resident males there was a strong correlation between male dominance status and sexual activity. Only the top ranking cock interfered with other males' matings, his own matings being undisturbed. The result was non-random mating, in which only the alpha cock copulated. 5. When the number of males was increased to six, interference was not restricted to the alpha cock and several of his attempted matings were disturbed. This was due to increased sexual excitement through social facilitation, and the net result was a reduction in copulatory activity, effecting random-mating. It was further found that non-random female crouching occurred, the second ranking cock eliciting significantly more sexual crouches than any other male. 6. In two female flocks with single resident males, some elements of male courtship activity were non-randomly distributed amongst the females. In flock II female crouching behaviour exerted a strong affect on male courtship activity, but this was not the case in flock 1. The difference was attributable to a different level of sexual vigour between the two males. 7. The basis of non-random courtship by the males is obscure but is probably based on differences in female behaviour. It is misleading to regard this phenomenon as male "preference" for individual females, it is better categorised as a response to signals irrespective of the identity of the 'signaller'. 8. The occurrence of non-random mating in wild gallinaceous species, particularly those exhibiting a 'lek' courtship, is discussed briefly. Some tentative parallels are drawn with the present work. 9. The present results are very similar to those obtained by several authors for the domestic fowl, which has a very similar social behaviour repertoire.
The Effects of Food Deprivation of Rats On Swimming To Exhaustion
Authors: Uyeno Edward T. , Graham R. Alan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale Wistar rats were deprived of food for 3 days and then forced to swim continuously to a criterion of exhaustion. Controls swam after ad libitum feeding. In the first experiment a load equal to 11% of the rat's body weight was attached to the dorsal skin near the tail during the swim. In a second study, two matched groups, treated identically as those in the first study swam without a load in water treated with a wetting agent, "Aerosol O.T." In a third experiment, controls as well as experimentals were deprived of food for three days. The control group, however, was fed for 30 minutes, immediately before the swim. A fourth experiment was conducted in a similar manner as the third, except both groups were deprived 6 hours. In each of the experiments the deprived groups swam significantly longer than the fed groups.
Sociobiology of Rhesus Monkeys Iii: the Basic Communication Network
Authors: Altmann Stuart A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe observed distribution among age-sex classes of socially significant behavior in free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago was tested against a series of progressively stronger null hypotheses. The first hypothesis was of purely random interactions, in which it was assumed that all individuals were equally likely to interact, all were as likely to be actor as to be object of any social signal, and all chose their social partners at random. This model proved untenable. In particular, adult males and females interacted with each other much more often than expected from the random model, and adult males interacted more often than expected with other males, both adult and juvenile. Juvenile females tended to interact relatively infrequently with other animals of any age-sex class. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes seldom interacted with infants. A second model, which took into account these age changes and sex differences in reactivity, but ignored the possibility of social preferences and assumed that interactions could be predicted from the overall reactivity or sociability of the monkeys involved, was also inadequate to account for the observed results. Apparently rhesus social behavior not only changes with age and differs with sex, but also is affected by "attractions" and "repulsions" within the group. The result was frequent interaction between adult males and females, between adult females and infants, and among juvenile males. Juvenile females, despite their general nonsociability, were apparently attracted to juvenile males, with whom they intracted more often than expected. Males, both adult and juvenile, tended to avoid infants, and vice versa. Adult males tended to avoid and to be avoided by juveniles of both sexes. Finally, the effects on paired interactions of these age changes, sex differences attractions and repulsions constitute a new model expressed in the form of an action constant and a receptivity constant for each age-sex class, and two interaction constants for each pair of age-sex classes. A method is given for extrapolating the results to populations with other compositions.
The Basis for Individual Recognition By Voice in the Sandwich Tern (Sterna Sandvicensis)
Authors: Hutchison R.E. , Stevenson J.G. , Thorpe W.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. There is a considerable amount of observational evidence to show that in a number of bird species, especially colony-nesting sea birds, a bird's recognition of its mate and the mutual recognition of parent and young may, in certain circumstances, be based upon individual peculiarities of voice. However, with the exception of a preliminary account of the matter in the Guillemot, (Uria aalge), there is no analytical evidence to support these conclusions. 2. The Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) provides good opportunity for study of one aspect of this problem, namely the individual distinctiveness of the 'fish-call' of the returning parent bird. Different individuals were recorded and the results analysed by sound spectrograph. 3. The fish-call is shown to be composed of three segments of sound; each segment displaying individual characteristics of duration, fine structure, pitch etc. The overall relations between them, the "patterning" of the call, is also shown to be characteristic. 4. The extent to which these separate individual characteristics are recognised as distinctive by birds themselves has not been investigated but it is clear that if the fish-call is to be used as an effective means of individual recognition in a large colony the patterning of the call (in the sense of the 'gestalt' or the overall relationship of the component parts) must play a major role.