bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permutation testing of orthogonal factorial effects in a language‐processing experiment using fMRI
Authors: Suckling John , Davis Matthew H. , Ooi Cinly , Wink Alle Meije , Fadili Jalal , Salvador Raymond , Welchew David , Şendur Levent , Maxim Vochita , Bullmore Edward T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe block‐paradigm of the Functional Image Analysis Contest (FIAC) dataset was analysed with the Brain Activation and Morphological Mapping software. Permutation methods in the wavelet domain were used for inference on cluster‐based test statistics of orthogonal contrasts relevant to the factorial design of the study, namely: the average response across all active blocks, the main effect of speaker, the main effect of sentence, and the interaction between sentence and speaker. Extensive activation was seen with all these contrasts. In particular, different vs. same‐speaker blocks produced elevated activation in bilateral regions of the superior temporal lobe and repetition suppression for linguistic materials (same vs. different‐sentence blocks) in left inferior frontal regions. These are regions previously reported in the literature. Additional regions were detected in this study, perhaps due to the enhanced sensitivity of the methodology. Within‐block sentence suppression was tested post‐hoc by regression of an exponential decay model onto the extracted time series from the left inferior frontal gyrus, but no strong evidence of such an effect was found. The significance levels set for the activation maps are P‐values at which we expect <1 false‐positive cluster per image. Nominal type I error control was verified by empirical testing of a test statistic corresponding to a randomly ordered design matrix. The small size of the BOLD effect necessitates sensitive methods of detection of brain activation. Permutation methods permit the necessary flexibility to develop novel test statistics to meet this challenge. Hum Brain Mapp27:425–433, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioeconomic gradients in clinical stage at presentation and survival among breast cancer patients in the Stockholm area 1977–1997
Authors: Rutqvist Lars. E. , Bern Annete 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA program to ensure an equivalent standard of care for all patients with breast cancer was initiated in the Stockholm area in the mid 1970s. As part of an evaluation of this program, social gradients in clinical stage at presentation and survival were analyzed among patients diagnosed during 1977 through 1997. The patients (n = 15,021) were selected from a database covering about 88% of all diagnosed breast cancer cases in the region. Putative associations were analyzed between clinical stage, survival and different socioeconomic indicators (level of education, income and occupation). There were significant social differences (p < 0.01) in distribution of clinical stage as well as in total and stage‐specific survival. High income, more skilled work and a high level of education were all associated with clinically less advanced tumors and hence better survival. However, stage‐specific survival differences were mostly generated by differences in nonbreast cancer mortality. The results indicate social inequalities regarding awareness of the disease and/or access to early detection. Social gradients in nonbreast cancer mortality were also found to influence observed survival. In contrast, we observed no significant social differences in stage‐specific breast cancer mortality. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in the incidence of cancer in Qidong, China, 1978–2002
Authors: Chen Jian‐Guo , Zhu Jian , Parkin Donald Maxwell , Zhang Yong‐Hui , Lu Jian‐Hua , Zhu Yuan‐Rong , Chen Tao‐Yang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA population‐based cancer registry was established in Qidong, Jiangsu Province, China, in 1972, and the trends in incidence rates of the major cancer sites have been analyzed for a 25‐year period, 1978–2002. Five‐year age‐specific rates, crude incidence rates, world age‐standardized rates (ASR), percent change (PC) and annual percent change (APC) were calculated using annual data on population size, and estimates of its age structure. The indices of histological verification of diagnosis, death certificate only and proportion of mortality to incidence were employed for assessing the registration quality. A total of 51,933 incident cases of cancer were registered in Qidong from years 1978 to 2002, with a male‐to‐female sex ratio of 1.9:1. Crude incidence increased markedly over the 25‐year period (PC and APC of +55.6% and +2.1%, respectively), but ASR showed a slight decrease (−0.4% in males, and −0.3% in females), indicating that the major part of this is due to population ageing. The leading cancer sites in rank were liver (average ASR = 50.8 per 100,000), stomach (26.7), lung (22.7), colon‐rectum (8.9), oesophagus (7.4) and breast (5.4). Cancers of liver, lung, colon‐rectum and female breast all showed increases in incidence during the study period, with APCs (ASR) of +0.1%, +1.7% and +1.4% for males, and +0.2%, +0.9%, +1.9% and +1.1% for females, while the cancers of stomach (APC: −3.2% in male, and −2.4% in female) and cervix (APC: −4.7%) showed notable declines. Examination of age‐specific rates showed declining trends in the younger generations for liver cancer, but increases for cervix cancer. The results underline the increasing importance of cancer as a cause of mortality and morbidity in a population that is ageing and undergoing profound changes in socioeconomic development and lifestyle. The cancers of high lethality that have been common in the Chinese population (liver, stomach, oesophagus) are showing some evidence of decline, at least in younger generations, but they remain major problems. At the same time, the cancers associated with economically “developed” societies—lung, colon‐rectum and female breast—are showing increases. The population‐based cancer registry is an indispensable tool for providing data for planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control in all societies. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UDP‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine:polypeptide N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (ppGalNAc‐T6) mRNA as a potential new marker for detection of bone marrow‐disseminated breast cancer cells
Authors: Freire Teresa , Berois Nora , Sóñora Cecilia , Varangot Mario , Barrios Enrique , Osinaga Eduardo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe evaluation of disseminated epithelial tumor cells in patients with early stages of breast cancer has generated considerable interest because of its potential association with poor clinical outcome. Considering that O‐glycosylation pathways are frequently altered in breast cancer, we performed this work to evaluate the potential usefulness of UDP‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine:polypeptide N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc‐Ts) (a family of glycosyltransferases which catalyze the first key step of mucin‐type O‐glycosylation) to detect disseminated cells in bone marrow samples from patients with operable breast cancer. Using RT‐PCR assays, we studied the gene expression of 9 enzymes (ppGalNAc‐T1–T9). Among the ppGalNAc‐Ts expressed by breast tumors (‐T1, ‐T2, ‐T3, ‐T6 and ‐T7), the best specificity (negative results on all PBMN cell samples from healthy donors) was shown for ppGalNAc‐T6. Thus, we selected this enzyme as a target gene for further evaluation. ppGalNAc‐T6 mRNA was found in 22/25 (88%) breast cancer samples, in all 3 human breast cancer cell lines evaluated (MCF‐7, ZR75‐1 and T47D), in 1/30 (3%) PBMN cells and 0/19 bone marrow samples obtained from patients without cancer. Using this method, 22/61 (36%) patients with breast cancer, who underwent curative surgery, showed positive ppGalNAc‐T6 mRNA in bone marrow aspirates obtained prior to surgery, including 11/34 patients with stage‐I or ‐II, without histopathological lymph node involvement. In a preliminary follow‐up evaluation, 19/61 patients experienced recurrence of the disease. ppGalNAc‐T6 was positive in 11/19 (57.9%) of these patients. Interestingly, in the group of patients without lymph node involvement, disease recurrence was observed in 54.5% of patients who showed ppGalNAc‐T6 mRNA‐positive bone marrow aspirates and only in 4.3% of patients when ppGalNAc‐T6 was negative (p = 0.014). These results indicate that ppGalNAc‐T6 mRNA could be a specific marker applicable to the molecular diagnosis of breast cancer cells dissemination. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Durability of a cardiac valve leaflet made of calf pericardium: Fatigue and energy consumption
Authors: Páez J.M. García , Sanmartín A. Carrera , Herrero E. Jorge , Millán I. , Cordon A. , Rocha A. , Maestro M. , Burgos R. , Téllez G. , Castillo‐Olivares J.L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe studied the mechanical behavior of membranes of calf pericardium, similar to those employed in prosthetic valve leaflets, when subjected to tensile fatigue. The objective was to assess its durability, as a fundamental property of cardiac bioprosthesis, and analyze the energy consumption. For this purpose, the authors built a hydraulic simulator to subject a spherical valve leaflet made of calf pericardium to cyclic stress mimicking cardiac function. A total of 522 assays were performed in 40 samples, subjected to cyclic pressures greater than 6 atm, and 482 subjected to pressures ranging between 2 and 6 atm. The mathematical expression that establishes the relationship between the pressure exerted and the frequency was obtained. If we assume that the function is continuous, this equation provides the range of fatigue tolerated for a given number of cycles. Using the optimal values (the five highest values per series), the expression was found to be y = 9.95x−0 1214 (R2 = 0.955), where x represents the frequency in cycles per second and y the pressure in atmospheres. In addition, we established the mathematical relationship between the energy consumed and the frequency, which was a function of the pressure exerted, regardless of the region or zone from which the samples had been obtained. The methods of manual and morphology‐based selection employed produced widely dispersed results. When a mechanical criterion was included, the similarity in the energy consumed during fatigue testing markedly improved the correlation, with a coefficient of determination between paired samples of R2 = 0.7477. A mechanical criterion, such as energy consumption, can help to improve sample selection and produce more consistent results. Finally, we obtained the mathematical expression that relates the energy consumed to the pressure exerted and the number of cycles per second to which the valve leaflet was subjected. This procedure enables us to establish the limit to the energy that a biomaterial can consume over a period of time during which it is subjected to a working pressure and, thus, calculate more precisely its durability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Cartilage tissue engineering using human auricular chondrocytes embedded in different hydrogel materials
Authors: Yamaoka Hisayo , Asato Hirotaka , Ogasawara Toru , Nishizawa Satoru , Takahashi Tsuguharu , Nakatsuka Takashi , Koshima Isao , Nakamura Kozo , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Chung Ung‐il , Takato Tsuyoshi , Hoshi Kazuto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo seek a suitable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering, we compared various hydrogel materials originating from animals, plants, or synthetic peptides. Human auricular chondrocytes were embedded in atelopeptide collagen, alginate, or PuraMatrix™, all of which are or will soon be clinically available. The chondrocytes in the atelopeptide collagen proliferated well, while the others showed no proliferation. A high‐cell density culture within each hydrogel enhanced the expression of collagen type II mRNA, when compared with that without hydrogel. By stimulation with insulin and BMP‐2, collagen type II and glycosaminoglycan were significantly accumulated within all hydrogels. Chondrocytes in the atelopeptide collagen showed high expression of β1 integrin, seemingly promoting cell–matrix signaling. The N‐cadherin expression was inhibited in the alginate, implying that decrease in cell‐to‐cell contacts may maintain chondrocyte activity. The matrix synthesis in PuraMatrix™ was less than that in others, while its Young's modulus was the lowest, suggesting a weakness in gelling ability and storage of cells and matrices. Considering biological effects and clinical availability, atelopeptide collagen may be accessible for clinical use. However, because synthetic peptides can control the risk of disease transmission and immunoreactivities, some improvement in gelling ability would provide a more useful hydrogel for ideal cartilage regeneration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Nanoparticles of poly(D,L‐lactide)/methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(D,L‐lactide) blends for controlled release of paclitaxel
Authors: Dong Yuancai , Feng Si‐Shen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPaclitaxel is one of the best antineoplastic drugs found in nature in the past decades, which has excellent therapeutic effects against a wide spectrum of cancers. Because of its high hydrophobicity, Cremophor EL has to be used as adjuvant in its clinical dosage form (Taxol®), which has been found to cause serious side effects. Nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers may provide an ideal solution. In this research, paclitaxel‐loaded nanoparticles of poly(D,L‐lactide)/methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐polylactide (PLA/MPEG‐PLA) blends of various blend ratio 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 were formulated by the nanoprecipitation method for controlled release of paclitaxel. It was found that increasing the proportion of MPEG‐PLA component in the blend from 0 to 100% resulted in a progressive decrease of the particle size from 230.6 ± 11.1 nm to 74.8 ± 14.0 nm. The zeta potential of the drug‐loaded nanoparticles was increased accordingly from −19.60 ± 1.13 mV to a nearly neutral, that is, −0.33 ± 0.28 mV, which indicates the gradual enrichment of PEG segments on the particle surface. The findings were further confirmed by X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of PLA was significantly decreased from 58.7 to 52.1°C with an increase of MPEG‐PLA proportion from 0 to 75%, suggesting the miscibility of PLA and MPEG‐PLA. The pure PLA nanoparticles (100/0) exhibited the slowest drug‐release rate with 37.3% encapsulated drug released from the nanoparticles for 14 days while the MPEG‐PLA nanoparticles (0/100) achieved the fastest drug release with 95.9% drug release in the same period. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
A novel tool for high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy of intact interfaces between bone and metallic implants
Authors: Engqvist H. , Botton G. A. , Couillard M. , Mohammadi S. , Malmström J. , Emanuelsson L. , Hermansson L. , Phaneuf M. W. , Thomsen P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA key feature in the understanding of the mechanisms of integration versus rejection of implanted materials is a deepened understanding of the elemental and molecular compositions of the interface zone between the surface of the synthetic man‐made material and the biological components of tissue. Intact interfaces between metallic implants and tissues have not been able to image and analyse on the ultrastructural level with the common transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation techniques. By using focused ion beam microscopy for site‐specific preparation of TEM samples, intact interfaces between metal implants and calcified tissue were imaged for the first time. The interface's elemental and crystallographic compositions were determined using energy dispersive X‐ray mapping and electron diffraction. The developed technique fulfills a long‐sought‐for demand to correlate the surface properties of implanted metal prostheses with the fine structure and composition of preserved interfaces with tissues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Bioactivation of a cobalt alloy by coating with wollastonite during investment casting
Authors: Almanza J.M. , Escobedo J.C. , Ortiz J.C. , Cortés D.A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCobalt alloy samples were bioactivated during investment casting. The cavities of the investment mold were previously coated with wollastonite. Additionally, before coating with wollastonite, some mold cavities were filled out with graphite rods to avoid a chemical reaction between the wollastonite powder and the investment material. Half of the cast samples were heat treated at 1220°C for 1 h. To perform the in vitro bioactivity assessment, the cast and heat‐treated samples were immersed in a simulated body fluid solution (SBF) for a period of 21 days. The surface of the samples before and after immersion in SBF was characterized by SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. During the casting, particles of pseudowollastonite were embedded on the metallic surface. After immersion of the samples in SBF, a ceramic layer was formed on both the alloy obtained by using the investment mold and the alloy obtained by using the graphite‐filled cavity. The ceramic layer was thicker on the alloy cast in the investment mold. The layer was identified as hydroxyapatite by XRD analysis, in all the cases. The heat‐treated samples after immersion in SBF showed the formation of a thin homogeneous layer consisting of fine grains of apatite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Hypoxia and DNA‐damaging agent bleomycin both increase the cellular level of the protein 4E‐BP
Authors: Le Bouffant Ronan , Cormier Patrick , Mulner‐Lorillon Odile , Bellé Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe 4E‐binding proteins (4E‐BPs) regulate the cap‐dependent eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). The level of 4E‐BP protein is regulated during early development of sea urchin embryos. Fertilization leads to the rapid disappearance of the protein that reappears later in development. We show that two important cellular stresses, hypoxia and bleomycin prolonged checkpoint mobilization provoked the overexpression of the protein 4E‐BP in developing sea urchin embryos. Hypoxia resulted after 1 h in a reversible gradual increase in the protein 4E‐BP level. At 20 h, the protein 4E‐BP had reached the level existing in the unfertilized eggs. Bleomycin used as a DNA‐damaging agent for checkpoint activation, provoked cell cycle inhibition and after prolonged exposure (20 h), induced the expression of the protein 4E‐BP. The effect of bleomycin on 4E‐BP protein overexpression was dose‐dependent between 0.4 and 1.2 mM. The role of the overexpression of the protein 4E‐BP is discussed in relation with cellular stress responses. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of skeletal muscle autoantigens by expression library screening using sera from autoimmune rippling muscle disease (ARMD) patients
Authors: Watkins Thomas C. , Zelinka Lisa M. , Kesic Matt , Ansevin Carl F. , Walker Gary R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNovel forms of contractile regulation observed in skeletal muscle are evident in neuromuscular diseases like rippling muscle disease (RMD). Previous studies of an autoimmune form of RMD (ARMD) identified a very high molecular weight skeletal muscle protein antigen recognized by ARMD patient antisera. This study utilized ARMD and myasthenia gravis (MG) patient antisera, to screen a human skeletal muscle cDNA library that subsequently identified proteins that could play a role in ARMD. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, three distinct ARMD antigens were identified: titin Isoform N2A, ATP synthase 6, and PPP1R3 (protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3). The region of titin identified by ARMD antisera is distinct from the main immunogenic region (MIR) recognized by classical MG antibodies. Sera from classical MG patient identifies an expressed sequence corresponding to the titin MIR. Although the mechanism of antibody penetration is not known, previous studies have shown that rippling muscle antibodies affect the contractile machinery of myofibers resulting in mechanical sensitivity. Titin's role as a modulator of muscle contractility makes it a potential target in understanding muscle mechanosensitive regulation. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro toxicology evaluation of pharmaceuticals using Raman micro‐spectroscopy
Authors: Owen Chris A. , Selvakumaran Jamuna , Notingher Ioan , Jell Gavin , Hench Larry L. , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRaman micro‐spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis was employed to monitor real‐time biochemical changes induced in living cells in vitro following exposure to a pharmaceutical. The cancer drug etoposide (topoisomerase II inhibitor) was used to induce double‐strand DNA breaks in human type II pneumocyte‐like cells (A549 cell‐line). Raman spectra of A549 cells exposed to 100 µM etoposide were collected and classical least squares (CLS) analysis used to determine the relative concentrations of the main cellular components. It was found that the concentrations of DNA and RNA significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, whilst the concentration of lipids significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing etoposide exposure time as compared to control untreated A549 cells. The concentration of DNA decreased by 27.5 and 87.0% after 24 and 48 h exposure to etoposide respectively. Principal components analysis (PCA) successfully discriminated between treated and untreated cells, with the main variance between treatment groups attributed to changes in DNA and lipid. DNA fragmentation was confirmed by Western blot analysis of apoptosis regulator protein p53 and cell metabolic activity determined by MTT assay. The over‐expression of p53 protein in the etoposide treated cells indicated a significant level of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. MTT tests confirmed that cellular metabolic activity decreased following exposure to etoposide by 29.4 and 61.2% after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Raman micro‐spectroscopy may find applications in the toxicology screening of other drugs, chemicals and new biomaterials, with a range of cell types. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.