bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans fatty acids: Definition and occurrence in foods
Authors: Ledoux Martial , Juanéda Pierre , Sébédio Jean‐Louis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMost of fatty acid double bonds are in cis configuration, but some processes may isomerise double bonds from cis to trans configuration and from their naturally occurring positions in the carbon chain. Since some fatty acids with trans double bond(s) are suspected to have adverse effects, several countries have regulated the inclusion of trans fatty acid (TFA) content labelling. The French governmental authorities requested AFSSA to propose recommendations regarding food labelling. This first article summarises the discussion on a regulatory TFA definition and reviews the occurrence and origins of TFA in foods. From a chemical point of view, a TFA is any kind of fatty acid that has one or more double bond(s) in trans configuration, but restricted TFA definitions have been proposed for food labelling purposes. These definitions exclude fatty acids with conjugated double bonds on different criteria which are commented on in this paper. Taking into account the goal of TFA labelling and the potential harmful properties of some trans conjugated fatty acids, the working group proposes the chemical definition for TFA labelling purposes. The main TFA natural origin is ruminal biohydrogenation, and therefore TFA are present in dairy products and ruminant meat. TFA are also found in domestically or industrially processed foods due to hydrogenation or heat treatment effects on oils and fats. Although the TFA molecules produced by both natural and industrial processes are often quite similar, TFA distribution profiles and levels are very different from one case to another.
Microliter Volume Determination of Cosmetic Mercury with a Partially Crosslinked Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Modified Screen‐Printed Three‐Electrode Portable Assembly
Authors: Zen Jyh‐Myng , Senthil Kumar Annamalai , Lee Sing‐Chuan , Shih Ying 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe successfully demonstrated microliter (μL) volume determination of Mercury (Hg) using an in‐built screen‐printed three electrodes containing partially crosslinked poly(4‐vinlylpyridine) (designated as pcPVP) modified carbon‐working, carbon‐counter, and Ag+‐quasireference electrodes (SPE/pcPVP) in a pH 4 acetate buffer solution with 2 M KCl by using the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) technique. Instrumental and solution phase conditions were systematically optimized. Experiments were carried out by simply placing a 500 μL‐droplet of Hg containing real sample mixed with the base electrolyte on the SPE/pcPVP surface. The SPE/Ag+ quasi‐reference system shifted the Hg‐SWASV detection potential ca. 250 mV positive, but the quantitative current values were appreciably similar to that of a standard Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Under optimal condition, the calibration graph is linear in the window of 100–1000 ppb of the Hg droplet system with a detection limit of 69.5 ppb (S/N=3). Finally real sample assays were demonstrated for prohibited cosmetic Hg containing skin‐lightening agents in parallel with ICP‐OES measurements.
Exploring Alkylated Ferrocene Sulfonates as Electrocatalysts for Sulfide Detection
Authors: Banks Craig E. , Yashina Alexandra S. , Tustin Gary J. , Lafitte Valerie G. H. , Jones Timothy G. J. , Lawrence Nathan S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlkylated ferrocene sulfonate compounds, 1,1′‐dimethyl ferrocene sulfonate, t‐butyl ferrocene sulfonate, ethyl ferrocene sulfonate, and n‐butyl ferrocene sulfonate are explored for the electrocatalytic detection of sulfide at a boron‐doped diamond electrode. Voltammetric interrogation of the ferrocene sulfonate compounds is investigated to determine oxidizing potentials, diffusion coefficients and responses towards sulfide. In the latter case, measurement of the electrocatalytic rate constants by means of chronoamperometry indicates a high electrocatalytic activity (ca. 103 M−1 s−1) towards sulfide.
Novel coupling Rosenbrock‐based algorithms for real‐time dynamic substructure testing
Authors: Bursi O. S. , Gonzalez‐Buelga A. , Vulcan L. , Neild S. A. , Wagg D. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractReal‐time testing with dynamic substructuring is a novel experimental technique capable of assessing the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic loadings including earthquakes. The technique involves recreating the dynamics of the entire structure by combining an experimental test piece consisting of part of the structure with a numerical model simulating the remainder of the structure. These substructures interact in real time to emulate the behaviour of the entire structure. Time integration is the most versatile method for analysing the general case of linear and non‐linear semi‐discretized equations of motion. In this paper we propose for substructure testing, L‐stable real‐time (LSRT) compatible integrators with two and three stages derived from the Rosenbrock methods. These algorithms are unconditionally stable for uncoupled problems and entail a moderate computational cost for real‐time performance. They can also effectively deal with stiff problems, i.e. complex emulated structures for which solutions can change on a time scale that is very short compared with the interval of time integration, but where the solution of interest changes on a much longer time scale. Stability conditions of the coupled substructures are analysed by means of the zero‐stability approach, and the accuracy of the novel algorithms in the coupled case is assessed in both the unforced and forced conditions. LSRT algorithms are shown to be more competitive than popular Runge–Kutta methods in terms of stability, accuracy and ease of implementation. Numerical simulations and real‐time substructure tests are used to demonstrate the favourable properties of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very high spatial resolution imagery for channel bathymetry and topography from an unmanned mapping controlled platform
Authors: Lejot J. , Delacourt C. , Piégay H. , Fournier T. , Trémélo M‐L. , Allemand P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe increasing availability of aerial photography and satellite imagery offers new possibilities for characterizing river morphology. The precision of new very high resolution (VHR) images allows smaller scale objects within river corridors to be studied. High survey frequencies provide increased opportunities for the monitoring of river restoration.Following this evolution in platform technology, a small radio‐controlled motorized vehicle flying at low altitude was used to study both channel water depth and gravel bar geometry. The VHR imagery provided by this equipment allowed both channel bathymetry and a high accuracy photogrammetric digital elevation model (DEM) to be realized. Using case studies from the Ain and the Drôme Rivers in France, the accuracy of the results is presented and the various challenges associated with the new platform are discussed. One significant issue is that due to the low elevation of the survey the coverage of a target area is usually based on several photographs, which leads to variations in illumination conditions that stem from atmospheric changes. The images were processed to minimize this source of error but a number of issues have yet to be resolved.Bathymetric models with R2 values between 0·59 and 0·90 were created in spite of the lack of channel bed homogeneity at the various sites. The gravel bar was also effectively mapped, and the photogrammetrically predicted DEM provided a 5–10 cm pixel resolution with a vertical precision between 2 and 40 cm according to the position within the image. This paper shows that, despite unstable image acquisition, unmanned radio‐controlled platforms provide significant advantages for the study of river processes, offering a flexible very high resolution data source for both channel bathymetry and gravel bar topography. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognising depression in residential facilities: an Australian challenge
Authors: Snowdon John , Fleming Richard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundDepression in aged care facilities (ACFs) is reportedly under‐recognised and under‐treated. Observer‐rated and self‐rated depression rating scales can help identify cases of depression, and could be used to estimate the prevalence of depression in ACFs.MethodDirect care staff in 168 ACFs used a survey form and administered the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and (in those able to be tested) the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15) to every fourth resident. In seven facilities the same subjects were clinically assessed and (where appropriate) diagnosed by a psychiatrist.ResultsSurvey forms and CSDD ratings were completed by staff concerning 91.6% of the one‐in‐four selected subjects. Their mean age was 82.1 years. CSDD scores of 8 or more, indicating depression, were recorded for 34.7% of the ACF residents, comprising 40.5% of the 1,084 high care (nursing home level) residents, and 25.4% of the 674 low care residents. Of 1,250 residents tested with the GDS‐15, 41.1% scored 6 or more, indicating depression. The correlation between GDS‐15 and CSDD scores was 0.6. Use of the survey tool allowed staff to identify which factors were most strongly associated with depression, the strongest being grief over loss of abilities and opportunities to participate in valued activities.ConclusionsThe CSDD (and the GDS‐15 in those without severe cognitive impairment) proved useful in identifying residents who were depressed. Survey questions helped draw attention to factors of importance in development or persistence of these depressions, and hence to strategies for intervention. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reduced local lymph node assay: the impact of group size
Authors: Ryan Cindy A. , Chaney Joel G. , Kern Petra S. , Patlewicz Grace Y. , Basketter David A. , Betts Catherine J. , Dearman Rebecca J. , Kimber Ian , Gerberick G. Frank 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a skin sensitization test that provides animal welfare benefits. To reduce animal usage further, a modified version (rLLNA) was proposed. Conducting the rLLNA as a screening test with a single high dose group and vehicle control differentiated accurately between skin sensitizers and non‐sensitizers. This study examined whether a reduction in animal number/group is feasible. Historical data were utilized to examine the impact of conducting the rLLNA with two mice/group. To assess the effect on the stimulation index (SI) 41 datasets with individual animal data derived using five mice/group were analysed. SIs were calculated on all possible combinations of two control and two high dose group disintegrations per minute (dpm) values. For 25 of 33 sensitizer datasets, > 96% of possible dpm combinations resulted in a calculated SI > 3. The lowest percentages of positive SIs were observed with weak allergens when, in the standard LLNA, the mean SIs would have been nearer to the threshold value of 3. The results indicate that moderate, strong and extreme allergens are more likely than weak allergens to be identified as sensitizers when group sizes of two mice are used within the rLLNA. It is concluded that a rLLNA with two mice/group would display decreased sensitivity and is inappropriate for use in hazard identification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Highly Transparent and Thermally Stable Films of α‐Cyclodextrin/Polymer Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Mori Takafumi , Dong Tungalag , Yazawa Kouji , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFilms of an α‐cyclodextrin/poly(ε‐caprolactone) inclusion complex have been successfully prepared and show high transparency and heat resistance in comparison to the pure polymer film. The physical properties, such as transparency, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, of the α‐CD‐PCL‐IC films are found to depend on the α‐cyclodextrin‐to‐polymer stoichiometry.magnified image
Conformational analysis of a helically distorted gold(I) macrocycle derived from xantphos: evidence for the aurophilic Au… Au interaction from NMR
Authors: Tárkányi Gábor , Király Péter , Pálinkás Gábor , Deák Andrea 
Published: September 2007

AbstractVariable‐temperature solution 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR experiments are reported for [Au2(xantphos)2](NO3)2 gold(I) complex incorporating a 16‐membered Au2P4C8O2 macrocycle derived from the 9,9‐dimethyl‐4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (xantphos) ligand. These NMR studies provide detailed structural information about its solution structure in comparison to the solid‐state structure available from single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Two‐dimensional 1H‐NOESY spectroscopy at low temperatures allowed the full assignment of proton resonances, which are severely exchange‐broadened at room temperature. The 1H1H spatial connectivities of the large number of non‐equivalent protons unravel the complete stereochemistry of the gold(I) macrocycle in its symmetrically twisted conformation. Chemical exchange between particular proton pairs has allowed understanding the molecular dynamics and ruled out formation of coordination oligomers. Spectral analysis of the unique phosphorous AA′BB′ spin system has revealed three‐bond 31P31P scalar couplings mediated through the Au… Au bond, and has confirmed the existence of the aurophilic contact in low‐temperature solutions. The solution 13C and 31P spectra are compared to the solid state 31P‐MAS and 13CCP/MAS spectra, where signal doubling effects due to the crystal packing have been discovered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonic hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Koritala S. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe rate of hydrogenation of soybean oil with either copper chromite or nickel catalysts increased more than a hundredfold with the aid of ultrasonication. In a continuous reaction system, the selectivity with copper catalyst for linolenate reduction was somewhat lower when ultrasonic energy was applied than when not applied. With ultrasonic energy, 87% hydrogenation of linolenate in soybean oil was obtained in 9 sec at 115 psig H2 with 1% copper chromite at 181 C and 77% linolenate hydrogenation with 0.025% nickel. Without ultrasonic energy, only 59% linolenate hydrogenation was obtained in 240 sec with copper chromite at 198 C and 500 psig H2 and 68% linolenate hydrogenation in 480 sec with nickel at 200 C and 115 psig H2. This innovation may offer an important advantage in increasing the activity of commercial catalysts, particularly copper chromite, for fats and oil hydrogenation.
An emulsion method for the sensory evaluation of edible oils
Authors: Rebecca Stone , Earl G. Hammond 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe flavor intensity of soybean oils was evaluated in emulsions stabilized with gum acacia. A 10‐point scale was used with a blank to establish the bland end of the scale and a standard diacetyl solution to establish a point near midscale. Tasting oils in emulsion gave significantly different scores than tasting oil directly. Evaluation in emulsion decreased panel error for poor quality oils but not for very bland oils. At least six samples could be tasted in emulsion without casusing panel fatigue or reducing accuracy. The concentration of oil in the emulsion could be adjusted to increase sensitivity to weak flavors or improve the evaluation of intensely flavored oils. Soybean oils containing various amounts of linolenic acid were evaluated by the emulsion method, and those with lesser amounts of linolenic acid were shown to be more stable. A gas Chromatographic total volatile method was shown to correlate fairly well with sensory evaluation of oils tasted in emulsions under conditions where both flavors scores and total volatiles changed significantly with time.
Study of the neutral lipids of sunflower meal and isolates
Authors: Millan F. , Vioque E. , Maza M. P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwo types of sunflower protein isolates have been obtained from prepress and solvent extracted sunflower meal. The first was obtained by precipitation (at the isoelectric point) of the alkaline extract of the meal, and washing the curd with water. In the second, the alkaline extraction was carried out in the presence of sodium sulfite, and the curd was washed with water, ethanol and acetone. Both isolates were air‐dried and then dried under vacuum at 50 C. From the total lipids, obtained with 86% ethanol, the neutral lipids were separated using a column of Florisil. The lipids studied were those of the two isolates mentioned above as well as those of the original meal. The following types of compounds were separated, identified and quantified: hydrocarbons, waxes, methyl esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, free sterols, and hydroxy fatty acids.
A reduced adsorption isotherm for surfactant mixtures
Authors: Scamehorn John F. , Schechter Robert S. , Wade William H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of surfactants of similar structure on mineral oxide surfaces can be described by a single adsorption isotherm when plotted against reduced concentration. The total adsorption of mixtures of these surfactants and the adsorption of each individual surfactant in the mixture can be estimated from this reduced adsorption isotherm. No mixture data are required for this calculation. The method of calculating the reduced concentration for pure surfactants and surfactant mixtures is discussed. Adsorption data of three isomerically pure alkylbenzene sulfonates and binary mixtures of these surfactants on alumina and kaolinite is used to illustrate this correlation.
Whitener selection for today's detergents
Authors: Findley William R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe ultimate choice of a whitener or whitener system for a specific formulation often represents a compromise between the optimum technical performance desired and economic considerations. This overview provides an introduction to fluorescent whitening agents to those new to the field of laundry product formulations and, perhaps, serves as a refresher course for the more experienced formulator. In actual practice, the selection of an optimum whitener system is based on extensive laboratory trials and evaluations.
Labeling laws as they pertain to the detergent industry
Authors: Leenerts Lester O. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGovernment regulations have proliferated in the past 25 years. Many directly affecting the detergent industry are reviewed and discussed. These include the 1966 Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, the 1972 Consumer Product Safety Act, the Hazardous Substances Act, and the Poison Prevention Packaging Act.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Araya Carlos E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPost-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) emerged in the mid-1990s as a major graft- and life-threatening complication of pediatric kidney transplantation. This condition, usually involving uncontrolled B lymphocyte proliferation, straddles the border between infection and malignancy, since Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is intimately associated with the pathogenesis. PTLD is seen more in younger children (more likely to be EBV seronegative), Caucasian race, and in association with the more potent immunosuppression drugs. The clinical presentation typically involves multiple enlarged lymph nodes but varies based on localization of the lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is based primarily on histopathological features. Treatment strategies include reduction of immunosuppression, use of anti-B cell antibodies, infusion of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and chemotherapy. Many different strategies have been tried to prevent PTLD, ranging from serial EBV viral load monitoring and pre-emptive immunosuppression reduction to anti-viral prophylaxis. None of the major treatment or prevention strategies has been subject to randomized clinical trials, so their relative efficacy is still unknown. PTLD remains a risk factor for graft loss, though re-transplants have not, to date, been associated with repeat PTLD.
Bibliometric Study in the Heartland: Comparative and Electronic Citation Practices of the Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio Supreme Courts (1994–2004)
Authors: Cosanici Dragomir 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study by Dragomir Cosanici provides a bibliometric, comparative study of the citation practices of the state supreme courts in the common law jurisdictions of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio, USA during a recent ten-year span (1994–2004). It focuses on the type of legal materials most frequently cited as authority, examining the importance of both primary and secondary sources. It specifically analyses the growing usage of electronic citations by the four supreme courts.
Mencken
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken believed that the Constitution and Bill of Rights were sacred documents that set clear lines of demarcation that no government should trespass. “The two main ideas that run through all of my writing”, he said, “whether it be literary criticism or political polemic, are these: I am strongly in favor of liberty and I hate fraud”. Freedom had always been an issue with Mencken: first, freedom from his father's choice of a career; later, as he developed as a critic, from the Victorian Puritanism that stifled American life; then, from governmental laws that violated civil liberties for whites and blacks; and finally, during the two world wars, freedom from censorship of the press.
THE ETERNAL BOY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces the themes that formed Mencken's views later in his life. Mencken's experience as an adolescent during the Depression of 1893 foreshadowed his view of the Great Depression of the 1930s; his preference for realism in his reading and writing blossomed when he became a national critic; and his love of books and writing inspired him to become a newspaperman. Other themes include his love of music and romance with the opposite sex.
MENCKEN, NATHAN, AND GOD
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In September 1914, Mencken became the new editor of The Smart Set, the magazine that he began to edit with partner, drama critic George Jean Nathan. Their discovery of new, realistic writers included Ruth Suckow, Eugene O'Neill, Willa Cather, Ben Hecht, F. Scott Fitzgerald and James Branch Cabell, Edgar Lee Masters, W. E. B. Dubois, James Joyce, as well as Latino and immigrant writers. Together, they were viewed as the leaders in changing the literary and dramatic scene. To offset the costs of printing, Mencken and Nathan launched Black Mask, a detective magazine that launched the career of Dashiell Hammett.
THE PREVAILING WINDS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
America's entry into war on April 2, 1917, turned Mencken's life upside down. As a German-American now writing for the New York Evening Mail, he became the target of super-patriots. George Creel launched the Espionage Act, containing some of the broadest and most restrictive sanctions against civil liberties and free speech that the country ever witnessed. As a German-American who felt separated from American society, Mencken began to gain insight on another group he had derided years earlier: African-Americans. Together with James Weldon Johnson, they urged black Americans to start writing realistically about racial issues, including lynching. Mencken also met Philip Goodman, and wrote A Book of Prefaces and Damn a Book of Calumny, both of which attacked American literature and conformity head on.