bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ultrastructure of the Sensory Dorsal Organ of Crustacea1)
Authors: Macmillan David L. , Sandow Shaun L. , Laverack Michael S. , Ritchie Gordon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present study compares the ultrastructure of "dorsal organs" on the anterior, dorsal carapace of the syncarid Anaspides tasmaniae and the crangonid shrimp Crangon crangon. Although the species are not closely related phylogenetically, and the elements of their dorsal organs are arranged differently, they are remarkably similar ultrastructurally. The common elements include an island of thinner epicuticle lying across the aperture of a hole through the surrounding cuticle, squarish in the case of Anaspides, and lozenge shaped in Crangon. This whole area appears to be flexible. At the centre of the thin region is a tabular invagination of cuticle ending blindly in Anaspides and with a pore at the bottom in Crangon. The tube is surrounded by a single large cell with extensive internal membranes and basal vacuoles or vesicles. This part of the organ is not innervated. Four small papillae are disposed about this central region, in quincunx formation in Anaspides, and a pair each side in a row in Crangon. The cuticle thins further over the papillae and the underside is closely associated with four sensory dendrites so that each organ is innervated by a total of sixteen neurons. The four dendrites beneath each papilla have basal bodies and cilliary microtubules typical of mechanosensors. The region close to the tips of the dendrites is surrounded by non-cellular material and the dendrites are separated from each other by a series of sheath cells. On the basis of this similarity, and because the relationship between these elements, as evidenced by studies of the external structure across a wide range of taxa, is strongly conserved, we propose that the organs described here belong to a particular class of "dorsal organs" which we call sensory dorsal organs (of Laverack). On the basis of the ultrastructure, and the conservation of the proximity of
Designation of a Type-Species for the Genus Pseudochirella G. O. Sars, 1920 (Copepoda, Calanoida)
Authors: Von Vaupel Klein J.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPseudochirella obesa G. O. Sars, 1920, is hereby designated as the type-species of the genus Pseudochirella G. O. Sars, 1920, by subsequent designation.
Dromothelphusa Sangwan N. Sp., a New Freshwater Crab From Thailand (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae)
Authors: Naiyanetr Phaibul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA new species of freshwater crab, Dromothelphusa sangwan, is described from Thailand. The species is closest to Dromothelphusa nayung Naiyanetr, 1994; the differences between the two are discussed.
Little Known Harpacticoid Copepods From Italy, and Description of Parastenocaris Crenobia N. Sp. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Authors: Galassi Diana M.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLittle known harpacticoid copepods are recorded from subterranean habitats of Italy and Parastenocaris crenobia n. sp. is described from a rheocrene spring of Abruzzo (central Italy). Elaphoidella rossellae Pesce, Galassi & Apostolov, 1987 is herein synonymized with Elaphoidella plutonis plutonis Chappuis, 1938. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations are given for E. plutonis plutonis, with taxonomic, zoogeographical and ecological remarks.
A Cytogenetic Study of the Crayfish Procambarus Digueti (Bouvier, 1897) (Decapoda, Cambaridae) From Lake Camecuaro, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Zarate Lazaro A. , Foster Nora R. , Diupotex Chong M.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis work was carried out to determine and describe the karyology and the ideogram of the crayfish, Procambarus digueti. A new technique for the cytogenetic study of freshwater Decapoda was adapted for these investigations. For P. digueti, the fundamental chromosome number is f.n. = 204, with a diploid number 2n = 102. The chromosomal formula is 35 mediocentrics (M), 15 metacentrics (m), and one submetacentric (St). We discuss the usefulness of cytogenetic methodology in discriminating closely related taxa, and, also, as a tool for supporting existing taxonomic criteria.
Monocheres Cagarrensis Sp. Nov. (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) From Brazil
Authors: Johnsson Rodrigo , Bustamante Alicelena O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMonocheres cagarrensis sp. nov., a second species of the genus Monocheres, has been discovered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, associated with sponges. It shows the reduction of the fifth leg to a seta, which characterizes the genus. M. cagarrensis differs from its congener by the length of the siphon which reaches the insertion of P2, and by the presence of a group of denticles on the postero-lateral comers of the genital double-somite, a denticle on the postero-lateral comers of the postgenital somite, and 2 setae on the second endopodal segment of the antenna.
Intraspecific Variation of Fatty Acid Profile in Wild Populations of Chirocephalus Diaphanus Prévost (Anostraca)
Authors: Bocca A. , Delise M. , Fabietti F. , Ferrara F. , Mura G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTen Chirocephalus diaphanus populations from mountain and plain pools have been studied to evaluate intraspecific variation in fatty acid composition. A high variability in total lipid contents was recorded within mountain and plain populations, the latter having on the average higher lipid totals than the former. Similarly, significant differences in fatty acid profiles were found irrespective of the predictable or stable characteristics of the pool of origin and of the range of variation in the environmental variables. This seems to suggest that food quality and/or availability, rather than abiotic characteristics themselves, affect the fatty acid pattern of the fairy shrimps.
Toward Phenomenologically Based Research in Psychology
Authors: Girogi Amedeo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOur position is that psychology must have a sound basis if it is to develop properly. Due to the historical influences of the physical sciences on the development of psychology, we do not believe that psychology has been developing within a proper frame of reference and it is our opinion that a phenomenological perspective can provide a more adequate frame of reference. This is true for experimental psychology as well as clinical psychology and personality theory. However, in order to understand the project of phenomenological psychology, it should be understood that a wholly different way of looking at psychological subject matter and methods is being suggested and thus, standard natural scientific criteria are not applicable. The lack of appreciation of this fact has led to innumerable misunderstandings in the past and still contributes to communication problems in the present. Consequently, after the clarification of key terms and after speaking to these difficulties of communication, the approach in this article was to speak from within the perspective of phenomenological psychology itself and we have tried to describe the general kinds of problems that spontaneously arose when we attempted to do research on psychological phenomena. The presence of these problems in no way altered our fundamental thesis that, in principle, it is possible to conduct precise and rigorous experiments within the framework of phenomenological psychology even though different means of executing precision and rigor will have to be invented. The specific challenge mentioned in this paper concerning the articulation of the praxis of phenomenological psychology was seen in the light of being able to conceive of new ways of approaching the phenomena of psychology, and this is essentially a theoretical task.
Challenges of Qualitative Inquiry and the Need for Follow-Up in Descriptive Science
Authors: Peterson Gerald 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present article explores problems of descriptive reporting, relativism, and the lack of systematic follow-up of qualitative research. Such issues are discussed in relation to components of phenomenologically based research reports, with emphasis on the articulation of the research approach, and steps to facilitate validation. The value of a descriptive science derived from phenomenological principles is discussed as forming a common ground for initial qualitative inquiry, while providing a critically reflective base upon which rational consensus can be developed. I suggest that the values of follow-up, tentativeness, and humility in research reporting, and a rational framework of critical validation, constitute a common core of science. In addition, phenomenological tenets are discussed as providing a corrective to the uncritical search for absolutes, or the "anything counts" conception of relativistic movements.
"My So-Called Delusions": Solipsism, Madness, and the Schreber Case
Authors: Sass Louis A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper offers a critique of a central psychopathological concept, the notion of "poor reality-testing. "Using ideas from the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, I consider the nature of delusions in schizophrenia, largely through examining Daniel Paul Schreber's famous Memoirs of My Nervous Illness. Many schizophrenic individuals do not in fact mistake their fantasies for reality, as is traditionally assumed. Rather, I argue, they engage in a solipsistic mode of experience, a felt subjectivization of the lived world that is associated with a stance of passivity and hyperconsciousness. I discuss the existential conditions and consequences of this stance and show that certain anomalous or paradoxical features of schizophrenic delusion are explicable on this phenomenological account.
The "Human" Voices in Hallucinations
Authors: Rojcewicz Stephen J. , Rojcewicz Richard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSchizophrenic hallucinations can be understood only as a function of the totality of the schizophrenic's personality, that is, only in the context of the person's entire being-in-the-world. For essential reasons, there is a predominance of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, and these typically take the form of human voices. This paper argues that the essential reasons here are human reasons. That is, hallucinations arise primarily on account of a human or personal deficit. We argue that the deficit in question is, most fundamentally, the radical one of a disturbed relation between the subject and the world in general. The schizophrenic slackens the normal "intentional arc" (Merleau-Ponty) that casts the subject out into a world. Our thesis is that this slackening has interpersonal roots and that hallucination can be understood as a desperate attempt to compensate for the impoverishment of being-in-the-world and, specifically, for the deficiency in human relations; hence, the "human" voices.
Sociobiological and Social Constructionist Accounts of Altruism: a Phenomenological Critique
Authors: Gantt Edwin E. , Reber Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMuch theorizing about altruism has been undertaken within a naturalistic and deterministic sociobiological framework that has sought to explain altruistic action in terms of underlying genetic selfishness. Recently, however, social constructionist thinkers have developed an alternative to such theorizing which suggests that human action arises out of fundamentally open-ended and malleable social relationships. This paper intends to show, however, that a reductive egoism is nonetheless still at work in such accounts, typically taking the form of an underlying concern for matters of personal status and social recognition. As a response, this paper will briefly outline the work of the French phenomenologists Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Emmanuel Levinas as an example of non-reductive and fundamentally Other-oriented alternatives to both sociobiological and social constructionist accounts of altruistic action.
The Russian-Japanese "Pazyryk" Programme the First Year of Joint Studies
Authors: Molodin V.I. , Derevyanko A.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe early Iron Age tumuli of the Altai mountains are unique in preserving largely intact frozen corpses, horses, textiles, leather and wood of the Scythian period. Further such burials exist: in 1991 a reconnaissance excavation of a frozen tumulus at Ak-Alakh again yielded a fabulous inventory. However the conditions of their preservation require their rapid rescue and conservation and adequate funding to do so. In 1991 the USSR and Japan signed an agreement for the joint study of the tumuli of the Pazyryk culture, which included provisions for the conduct of field research on the Ukok plateau, the restoration and conservation of materials from the tumuli (Japan has made Yens 100 m available for this purpose), and the transport of the excavated tumuli to musea. A large tumulus of the 5th-3rd c. B.C. at Kurtuguntas has since been excavated, the unique material recovered was conserved on site and the burial construction transported to the museum at Akademgorodok. In the Bertok valley 60 sites were surveyed and 15 excavated (only one tulumus had been disturbed in antiquity). A monograph is in preparation.
Parthian and Middle-Persian Documents From South Turkmenistan a Survey
Authors: Nikitin A.B. , Livshits V.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA survey is given of Parthian inscriptions on ceramics (5 sets published and 12 unpublished) from the region, recently discovered or released for study, which are not included in the Corpus inscriptionum iranicarum. 38 published and 1 unpublished sets of Middle Persian documents discovered in the 20th c. arc briefly described.
Greek Epigraphy of the North Black Sea Coast, the Caucasus and Central Asia (1985-1990)
Authors: Vinogradov Yu G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article prints and critically reviews the most important monumental and minor inscriptions discovered in a five-year period in the former USSR. It includes published materials from Olbia, Chersonesos, Kerkinitis, Bosporus, Colchis and Bactriana, and previously unpublished inscriptions from Tyras, Olbia(?) and Bosporus.
The Corpus of Ancient Lamps in the State Historical Museum (Moscow). Vol. I: Lamps From Chersonesos
Authors: Zhuravlyov Denis , Chrzanovski Laurent 
Published: April 2008

Abstractdespite the huge quantity of ancient lamps preserved in museums of the former USSR, this category of finds has been very little studied. The State Historical Museum owns a corpus of more than a thousand lamps, almost all unpublished. The authors announce here the next publication of the first volume of this corpus, dedicated to the collection of lamps from Chersonesos, and explain briefly the history and the importance of these materials.
Rethinking Europe and the Islamic World in the Age of Exploration
Authors: Darling Linda T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOur image of early modern Europe is one of religious wars, intellectual and scientific discoveries, and global explorations that "circumvented" the Islamic world and left it behind in the dust of progress. The Islamic world in the same period is pictured as stagnant and declining, unable or unwilling to adopt technologies or profit from discoveries made by a dynamic Europe. However, the idea of eastern immobility reflects not the reality of the east but the persistence of ancient western stereotypes. This essay describes the growth of those stereotypes, then discusses recent research on conditions in the Islamic world and how its results affect our understanding of relations between east and west. It sees transformations in the Islamic world as similar to those in western Europe, generating an image of two civilizations on parallel rather than opposing tracks. The source of European superiority in the modern period should not be sought in the decline of the east. The idea that while the west progressed the east stood still should be relegated to the horse-and-buggy era as something once believed but no longer credible, like the flat earth, spontaneous generation, or the medical use of leeches.
The Military Revolution, Administrative Development, and Cultural Change in Early Modern Russia
Authors: Poe Marshall 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmong Western historians it is generally agreed that the "military revolution" spurred bureaucratization, and that bureaucracy in turn caused social and cultural change. This essay examines the links between military reform, administrative development, and cultural change in the Muscovite context. It argues that the "Europeanizing" military reforms of the mid-sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century indeed had a significant impact on both Russian government and culture, at least among the service elite. In the era of Ivan III (1462-1505), the Muscovite court was a moderately-sized gathering of unlettered warriors who, together with a small group of scribes, managed a considerable principality in northeastern Rus'. A bit more than a century later the court was a much more complex entity comprising a well-stratified political elite, a system of functionally differentiated chancelleries, and a large network of gunpowder military forces. Behind this transformation were successive waves of military reform, waves which brought with them well-elaborated literate administration. The coming of literate administration to the governing class-the court elite, chancellery personnel, and higher gentry-had four effects: integration on an imperial level; increased status and functional differentiation; a slow movement from mechanical to organic solidarity; and, finally, the impersonalization of social identity.
At War With God: Ju/'Hoan Curing Dances
Authors: Platvoet Jan G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the 1950s and 1960s, only a few !Kung speaking San, or Bushmen, continued to follow the traditional way of life of nomadic food gathering in the Kalahari semi-desert of Southern Africa. One group were the Ju/'hoansi of the Nyae Nyae and Dobe areas of the Northwestern Kalahari. It is their religion that is discussed in this article. Their central rite was the curing dance, an all-night ritual which they often practised (and practise now, after they have settled permanently, even more commonly than before).2 It served as their major means of maintaining solidarity within their egalitarian bands3 and of removing conflict from it__another means being the sharing of the food they had collected and the meat they had hunted. Solidarity was maintained through the curing dance, partly because the dance was itself a process of sharing, of n/um, 'curing power', and partly because it served as a ritual of exclusion. God and the deceased were blamed for the evil present in the group, were declared personae non gratae and refused admission to the dances as unwelcome aliens, the !Kung waging a continual ritual war upon them as their sole enemies. The special interest of this religion and this ritual for the comparative study of religions is highlighted by an examination of the link between the anthropological study of the !Kung curing dances and recent archaeological research on San art, especially the thousands of rock paintings which have been found all over Southern Africa, and which are interpreted now as reflecting a tradition of San curing dances dating back for many millennia.
"True Felicity": Paradise in the Thought of Avicenna and Maimonides
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe attitude of Muslim and Jewish medieval philosophers to paradise was determined by their religious traditions as well as by their rationalistic philosophical approach. The present article examines the way in which medieval philosophers of the Islamic world handled this philosophic and religious heritage. In particular, it focuses on Avicenna and Maimonides, who represent, among Muslim and Jewish falasifa respectively, the first explicit and sustained attempts to translate the religious traditions on paradise into philosophical language. The article presents their interpretations of the notion of paradise, and attempt to show that, within the boundaries of their common philosophical outlook, their differing religious traditions dictated different nuances of attitude.
The Prayer Upon the Prophet Muhammad (Tasliya): a Manifestation of Islamic Religiosity
Authors: De La Puente Cristina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article is a study of the supererogatory prayer called tasliya, uttered by the believer after the name of the Prophet and summarized in the expression salla allāh alay-hi wa-sallam. The topic is addressed from different perspectives: the meaning of the prayer upon the prophet; the various aims of the tasliya; and, finally, its significance for the traditionists. The recitation of the tasliya is linked with the evolution of Muslim veneration of the prophet. This practice must be considered a manifestation of Islamic religiosity and not only a religious characteristic of Sufi circles.
Ecological approaches to the study of religion
Authors: Burhenn Herbert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article is an attempt to describe and assess recent appeals to ecology for the purpose of explaining and understanding religious beliefs and practices. These appeals are divided into two kinds, those which trace out mono-directional causation and those which display functional relationships with feedback loops. The latter approach is found to be far more helpful and revealing, though some of the examples considered here lack quantitative precision or convincing empirical support. Examination of ecological explanations should help us to appreciate the value of having a variety of explanatory techniques.
Der Heliand Und Das Thomasevangelium
Authors: Huisman J.A. , Quispel G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWir schliessen unsere Untersuchung ab. Wir glauben bewiesen zu haben, dass der Heliand auf einem sehr abweichenden und altertümlichen Text des Diatessarons beruht, welcher Varianten mit dem Thomasevangelium gemein hat. Möge der Germanist auch diese oder jene Parallele anders beurteilen, die Entsprechungen sind zu zahlreich um zufällig zu sein. Wenn Krogmann so sehr die germanische Eigenart des Heliands benachdruckt, dass er jede Verbindung mit Tatian und Thomas leugnet, möge er bedenken, dass es eben verschiedene Versionen des Diatessarons gibt, und dass die Kontinuität der christlichen Kultur, vom Syrer bis zum Sachsen, nicht weniger eindrucksvoll ist als die germanische Eigenart. Und wenn die Forscher recht haben, die meinen, dass das Thomasevangelium eine unabhängige, judenchristliche Tradition enthält, dürfte sogar im Heliand noch ein Nachklang dieser Stimme zu spüren sein. Diejenigen, welche sich um die ursprüngliche Form der Jesusüberlieferung bemühen, können die Tradition des Diatessarons, und so auch den Heliand, nicht länger vernachlässigen.
The Apocalypse of Adam and Pre-Christian Gnosticism
Authors: Carroll Scott T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSolomonic legend evolved through four clearly perceptible stages. The first stage found in the pre-Christian literature was marked by the most primitive notions about Solomon-as-exorcist. These legends about Solomon's abilities, however, were controlled by several qualifiers. Solomon controlled the demons by means of his God-given gift of wisdom along with the aid of some archaic talismans. The second evolutionary stage which spanned the first and second centuries A.D. expanded the theme of Solomon-as-exorcist. Solomon controlled the demons with talismans (his ring, seal, shield, magic roots, incantations, magic bottles ...), but God was still seen as the ultimate source of his power. Demons were used by the exorcist solely to help build the Temple in Jerusalem. The third stage, from the late second through the fourth centuries, was a watershed in the development of Solomonic legend. Solomon-the-magician extraordinaire was first attested at this date. Solomon's source of power was no longer readily identified with God. At this stage, demons were used by Solomon to accomplish manifold tasks. The final stage of development, dominated by Muslim adaptations, expanded the theme of Solomon-the-wizard and the idea of subservient demons, to imaginative heights.