bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microdensitometric analysis for study of skeletal growth and aging in the living subject
Authors: Israel Harry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicrodensitometric analysis of a radiographic image of mineralized tissue offers information on the morphologic characteristics of the specimen examined. The use of microstructure (such as individual trabecula of bone) and macrostructure (such as Harris lines of arrest) as in vivo bone markers allows for assessment of gross skeletal changes in nondestructive fashion. This technique is also applicable to the study of the interrelationship of tooth and bone. In addition, microdensitometry offers precise information on the fine structure of bone as regards the trabecular elements. This technique is applicable in determining the size and quantity of trabeculae, their persistence over long periods of time, and the factors responsible for change or lack of change in trabeculae during growth and aging.
Natural markers in bone growth
Authors: Lee Marjorie M. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree features in the long bones, shown by radiograms, have been used as markers for the study of bone growth.
Transverse lines of arrested growth. Radiograms of six long limb bones from 1,576 individuals were investigated for clearness and persistence of these lines. Both ends of tibia and fibula showed very high frequency of suitable lines for markers, possibly also the distal end of femur and radius.
Notches in the base of second and fifth metacarpal bones. Measurements of growth from apex of the basal notch to the ends of the shaft were performed on serial hand radiograms. The proportion of growth from distal and basal ends averaged 87:13 in the second and 80:20 in the fifth metacarpal bones.
Nutrient canals. The initial point of ossification was determined by a prolongation of the nutrient canal intersecting the central axis of the medullary cavity. The proportion of growth from that point to distal and basal ends of the shaft averaged 68:32 and 64:36 for the second and the fifth metacarpal bones, respectively. These values are significantly different from the measurements obtained from the notches.
Genetic structure of a population of Valparaiso. II. Distribution of two dental traits with anthropological importance
Authors: Pinto‐Cisternas Juan , Figueroa Hernán 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of Carabelli's cusp (27.24%) and shovel‐shaped incisors (45.72%) were determined in a sample of students from the city of Valparaíso. These values are intermediate between those found in Caucasian and Mongolian populations. A sexual dimorphism was observed for shovel‐shaped incisors; the relation of this trait to a socio‐economic index and occlusal type is indicated. Carabelli's cusp is found to vary with the number of foreign ancestors of an individual and his or her ABO blood group and color vision. There is also evidence that Carabelli's cusp serves better as an ethnic marker in a mixed population such as ours than does shovel‐shaped incisors. This is thought to be due to the less complicated genetic basis of the former. It is also shown that the two traits are independent in their expression.
The skin of primates. XXXVI. The skin of the pigmy marmoset — Callithrix (=Cebuella) Pygmaea
Authors: Perkins Edwin M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe pigmy marmoset — Callithrix (= Cebuella) pygmaea Spix — is the second detailed study of the members of the family Callithricidae. It is closely allied to the red‐mantled tamarin — Saguinus (=Tamarinus) fuscicollis illigeri Spix — and shares some of its characteristics with both Prosimii and Anthropoidea. The epidermis and dermis contain moderate numbers of concurrent, melanotic melanocytes. The dermis is rich in elastin. Hair follicles grow in groups of three or four over the general body surface, and one apocrine gland is associated with each grouping. Arrectores pilorum muscles are well developed. On the ventral ulnar wrist are sinus hairs associated with apocrine glands. Most hair follicles have nerve end‐organs around them that are reactive for acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase. There is a large aggregation of sebaceous glands in the suprapubic region. The large sebaceous glands in the eyelid, face, and external genitalia are surrounded by cholinesterasereactive nerves. Apocrine glands are found over most of the hairy skin except the brow, scalp and back; a large grouping of them is present in the sternal region. Only the secretory coils of apocrine glands in the external genitalia are invested with butyrylcholinesterase‐rich nerves. Eccrine glands are confined to the volar surfaces of the pes and manus. They have dark cells with abundant glycogen and clear cells with neither glycogen nor PAS‐reactive material. The nerves around the eccrine secretory coil are reactive only for acetylcholinesterase.
A study of the A1A2BO blood group system and ABO(H) secretion in six endogamous groups of Punjab
Authors: Seth Swadesh 
Published: February 2006

Abstract2,596 Aroras and 2,629 Khatris comprising six endogamous groups of the Punjabis have been studied for A1A2BO blood groups and secretion of ABO(H) group specific substances. The values of chi‐square and the genetical difference (G2) among these groups do not show statistically significant differences in these groups regarding the genetical characters studied. There is a closer affinity between Beri and Bunjahi on the one hand and Uttaradhi and Dhakhandian on the other and also between Uttaradhi and Khukhran; Dhakhandian and Sareen show a great difference among themselves as well as with other groups. The comparison of ABO blood group distribution and secretor factor among the different populations of India show that the distribution is similar among the North Indians.
On the groove configuration of mandibular molars: The unreliability of the “dryopithecus pattern” and a new method for classifying mandibular molars
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe long‐used qualitative nomenclature for the cusp‐groove pattern of lower molars, and the definition applying to it, was investigated and found to be unsatisfactory for the repetitive classification of lower molars. Moreover, developmental grooves per se were found to represent the results of highly variable environmental phenomena and therefore their use cannot be justified as an evolutionary determinant. A simple, but effective classification for lower molars, based on cusp size, cusp number, distal fovea, and distal marginal ridge was presented.
An analysis of the ABO blood group clines in Europe
Authors: Livingstone Frank B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWith estimates of the fitnesses of the genotypes and selection by incompatibility for the ABO locus which seem reasonable given the state of knowledge, a computer model has been developed to replicate the clines of the A and B genes in Europe. With a fitness change in the BB and BO genotypes of as little as 0.5%, the differences in the frequencies in East and West Europe can be maintained at equilibrium. Appreciable changes in the amount of migration does not affect the equilibrium frequencies in the two areas significantly, while with no selection through incompatibility the equilibrium frequencies were changed about 5%.
Sex differences in the growth of the human bony pelvis
Authors: Coleman William H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of individual patterns of longitudinal growth of the bony pelvic complex reveals the following findings concerning the sex differences in the growth of the bony pelvis.(1) The patterns of growth show the same individual variability and male‐female overlap as the adult configuration of pelves.(2) The sex differences in the adult bony pelvis cannot be attributed to the differential response of one bone to sex hormone.(3) Sex differences develop from complicated variations in rates and direction of growth of local areas of the pelvic complex.(4) The superior functional division of the bony pelvis shows only one notable sex difference — the sexual dimorphism of the directional growth of the anterior one‐half of the iliac crest.(5) The inferior functional division of the bony pelvis shows numerous local areas of sexually dimorphic growth, but the major sex differences result from the greater lateral migration of the ischia.(6) Of the regions showing definite sexual dimorphism in growth, the pelvic inlet and sciatic notch are the more variable because of their dependency on two separate anatomical systems for their final adult morphological configuration. The subpubic angle and length of the superior pubic ramus are directly associated with only one anatomical system, the enlargement of the pelvic cavity, thus, they show less variability and more definitive sex difference.
Dental chipping in Aleuts, Eskimos and Indians
Authors: Turner Christy G. , Cadien James D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of dentitions belonging to 324 prehistoric and protohistoric Aleuts, Eskimos and northern Indians, all of whom were regularly meat‐eaters, reveals a significant difference between Eskimos and Aleut‐Indians for a little known type of tooth wear. This wear is characterized by severe crushing and/or flaking of the crown surface of one or more teeth (termed “pressure‐chipping”). It occurs chiefly in dentitions of high arctic Eskimos of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, and significantly less often in the teeth of Kodiak Island Eskimos, Aleuts and northern Indians. Sex differences do not exist but pressure‐chipping occurs significantly more often in adult (21–x years) than in non‐adult (0–20 years) Eskimos. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for pressure‐chipping is unknown, although ethnographic accounts of Eskimo eating habits suggest that crushing of hard substances such as bone was involved. The severity of this wear could have contributed to the selection for, or preservation of, large and complex crowns in high arctic Eskimos. Pressure‐chipping is offered as evidence favoring the view that tooth size (longevity) may have had in the past some adaptive value.
Paleodemography of India and Ceylon since 3000 B.C.
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth A. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiological and cultural adaptations of prehistoric man in South Asia are surveyed against the background of geological‐climatic‐biotic changes occurring within Pleistocene and post‐Pleistocene times. The earliest human remains discovered thus far in the Indian sub‐continent are skeletons associated with Late Stone Age (Mesolithic) cultural materials. These series and those associated with subsequent cultural horizons (Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Harappan, Iron Age and Early Historic) are reviewed in terms of their suitability for palaeodemographic study. In South Asia this kind of research is best approached through the analysis of local sites where skeletal material is available and where reconstruction of ancient ecological settings is feasible. Three cases are presented: (1) population displacement and mobility in the pre‐Vedda and Vedda biological continuum in Ceylon; (2) influence of changing nutritional factors upon the pathology of jaws and teeth for the Late Stone Age skeletal series from Langhnaj; (3) causes of death at Mohenjo‐daro, with a discussion of the undue emphasis in the anthropological literature upon trauma and neglect of significant attempts to discern causes of death where these are relevant to pathology and to specific ecological adaptations.
Dental mutilation and associated abnormalities in Uganda
Authors: Pindborg J. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn 1966 during a dental survey of four districts in Uganda — Acholi in the north, Bugisu in the east, and Kigezi and Toro in the southwest — 1169 Africans were examined. In the sample from Kigezi District 11.9% of the Bakiga tribe showed a form of dental mutilation consisting of the filing away of the mesial angle of the upper central incisors. In the sample from Acholi District 16.1% of the Acholi tribe showed abnormal conditions related to the ritual extraction of the primary canines. Extraction of the lower permanent incisors was seen occasionally in the Acholis (8), Batoros (1) and Bugisus (3).Removal of the primary canines is attributed to a belief that infantile fever originates from these teeth. Because the primary canines were removed in a crude fashion, malformation, non‐eruption or premature eruption of the underlying permanent canines resulted.
Blood groups, red cell enzymes, and cerumen types of the Ahousat (Nootka) Indians
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Birkbeck John , Lee Melvin , Petrakis Nicholas L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA survey of the blood groups of a Nootka band produced frequencies characteristic of North American Indians for the ABO system (0.99 for 0, 0.0 for B, and 0.01 for A), Rhesus (0.822 for cDE, 0.011 for cde, 0.023 for cDe), Lutheran (1.00 for Lu(a—)), Duffy (0.505 for Fy(a+)) and Diego (0.039 for Di(a+)). K is not absent though the frequency is not great (0.028). Surprising results were obtained for the MN locus (0.399 for M, 0.601 for N), P (0.209 for P1), and Lewis (0.568 for Le(a+)). A frequency of phosphoglucomutase type PGM11 of 0.890 was found; all hemoglobins were type AA; no G‐6‐PD deficiency was found an all were type B positive; the frequency of the dry cerumen allele was found to be 0.323.
Bushman, Hottentot and South African Negro crania studied by distance and discrimination
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthropometric, serological and previous skeletal studies bearing on the question of Bushman‐Hottentot similarities and the relationships of these populations to South African Negroes are summarized briefly. Measurements of well documented crania representative of these three groups are then examined using the multivariate statistical techniques of generalized distance and discriminant function analysis, and the following points emerge:The Bushman‐Hottentot generalized distance as computed on Mahalanobis' D2for six characters, and again on D2and Penrose's C2Husing 12 measurements, appears small (and non‐significant) relative to the Bushman‐Negro and Hottentot‐Negro separations, which achieve statistical significance at the 5% level; in general the analysis suggests Bushmen and Hottentots to be fully as similar in cranial form as in blood group and serum protein distributions. That these peoples should be “lumped” in a Negro category appears doubtful on the evidence available.Simple two‐group discriminant functions, computed on subsets of variables selected from the 35 original measurements, correctly assign “race” in 89% of cases when Bushman and Hottentot males are compared, and in 98–100% of cases when Bushman skulls are paired with those of Zulus. The latter discriminants also perform well when confronted with “new” (Sotho) skulls of both sexes. By showing which measurements or aspects of morphology are important to group separation, discriminant analysis provides an interpretation of differences between these series, and the functions themselves should prove efficient aids for classifying material of unknown of questionable origin, assuming that such skulls in fact belong in one of the parent groups included in the analysis.A multiple discriminant approach, whereby seven groups of Bushman, Hottentot and Negro crania are located in a multidimensional space or statistical framework defined by six 29‐variable functions as axes, permits simultaneous discrimination by both sex and race and allows correct assignments to be made for nearly 80% of all (179) individuals tested. Examination of the scaled vector versions of the functions suggests that measurements of over‐all vault size are generally important in distinguishing between the sexes, while various aspects of skull form are the more efficient race discriminators. It seems likely that other shape‐directed measurements, more sensitive to racial variation in cranial morphology than many currently employed, could and should be devised in order to exploit fully the capabilities of discriminants as tools not only for assigning individual specimens to a population but also for classifying the populations themselves in objective terms.
Bigeneric nomina: An historical and evolutionary perspective
Authors: Eckhardt Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is suggested that the addition of bigeneric or bispecific nomina to designate fossils which are intermediate between two chronogenera or chronospecies is inadvisable, because the use of either of these categories to describe cases involving a single phyletic line, consisting of a continuous chain of time‐sequential populations, misrepresents the nature of the evolutionary processes involved; and that in such cases fossils might best be referred to by specimen numbers.
Polymorphism of the C line of palmar dermatoglyphics with a new classification of the C line terminations
Authors: Plato Chris C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe terminations of the C line of the palm were classified into four modal types according to the direction of their path. These are (1) Ulnar type with 3, 4, 5′, 5″, 6 or 7 terminations; (2) Radial type with terminations in the palmar areas 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13; (3) Proximal type representing the terminations X, x, or 8; and (4) Absent type where no c triradius is present. The frequency of these four modal types exhibits strong racial variation, as well as strong bilateral polymorphism.
The relationship between facial proportions and root length in the dentition of dogs
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse , Siegel Michael I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present analysis represents a follow‐up to a previous experimental study in which facial shortening obtained in rats by septum removal produced also shortening of the molar roots. In the present study relative root length was compared in short‐faced as against long‐faced dogs and significant correlations between relative facial length and dental root length were found. Root shortening in the maxilla of short‐faced dogs clusters around the areas of the premaxillary‐maxillary suture and the maxillary‐palatine suture. For the mandible it shifts one tooth more distally and is of lower statistical significance. This distribution seems to tie in with the greater growth arrest in the above sutural areas in the maxilla of short‐faced dogs and the lesser growth arrest of their mandible.
Metric variability of the postcanine dentition in colobus monkeys
Authors: Leutenegger Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe postcanine dentition of three species of colobus monkeys (Colobus polykomos polykomos, Procolobus badius badius and Procolobus verus) is compared metrically for three characters: interdental relations, sexual dimorphism and interspecific relations. Interdental relations reveal that the postcanine teeth represent a single morphogenetic field, which supports Butler's concept on the nature of the differentiation and variability of mammalian dentition. However, comparisons of the coefficients of variation show that interdental differences are not significant, except in a few cases. Also, sex differences in variability are not significant. However, comparisons of the means reveal highly significant sex differences, particularly in the dimensions of the first lower premolar in all three species. The analysis of interspecific relations of the postcanine dentition supports the current idea about the systematics of colobus monkeys. The findings are discussed with comparative data from other cercopithecoids and hominoids.
Studies on agenesis in the permanent dentition
Authors: Baum Bruce J. , Cohen M. Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth dimensions in 104 males and females with agenesis of one or more permanent teeth, other than third molars, have been examined. The amounts of size reduction from normal in mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters appear to be independent. Also some apparent differences from normal tooth size variability were noted. Interestingly, first molars and canines, both considered to be stable components of the dentition, showed significant variability in tooth size. In addition the incidence of individual tooth agenesis within this sample was noted and maxillary lateral incisor was most frequently absent in both sexes.
Significance of canine wear in pongid evolution
Authors: St. Hoyme Lucile E. , Koritzer Richard T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPongid canines, as frequently claimed, do not prevent chewing motions which lead to the flattened “human” pattern of molar and canine wear. Teeth are worn flat in contemporary pongids as the results of physiologic function. It would therefore seem improper to use wear pattern in fossils such as Gigantopithecus for taxonomic purposes out of the physiological context.
New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Mungai J. M. , Walker A. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive new specimens of fossil hominids, including a nearly complete cranium, from Plio‐Pleistocene sediments near Lake Rudolf, Kenya are described. These descriptions are presented without comparative data and no taxonomic assessments have been made to date. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published in due course.
Morphological variation and heritability in three Melanesian populations: A multivariate approach
Authors: McHenry Henry , Giles Eugene 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn two previous papers Giles, Walsh and Bradley ('66) and Giles, Wyber and Walsh ('70) have shown that the inhabitants of three adjacent villages on the edge of the Markham Valley in New Guinea have significant heterogeneity in all blood group frequencies tested. The language, environment, culture, and ancestry of these people are essentially identical. The differences in the blood group frequencies were attributed to genetic drift and particularly to founder effect.In this paper the anthropometric data from these villages are analysed. Analysis of variance shows that 50% of the traits are significantly different. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates that the villages can be significantly separated morphologically. The heritability of each trait is determined using an analysis of within and among sibship variation. Traits with strong “genetic” components of variation and traits with strong “environmental” components contribute significantly to the morphological heterogeneity among the villages. Some speculations are presented on the cause of the “genetic” component of morphological variation.
Relative brain size: A critique of a new measure
Authors: Wanner James A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn analysis of a relative brain size measuring technique proposed by Radinsky ('67) shows it to be inapplicable on lower taxonomic levels of primates. The relationship among foramen magnum area, total skeletal weight (a suggested index of body size) and cranial capacity are analyzed by a partial correlation technique. Results indicate that foramen magnum size is significantly associated with total skeletal weight through its relationship to cranial capacity.