bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Nitrogen Economy and Productivity of Wheat as Affected by Rainy Season Legumes under Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Singh S. , Ahlawat I. P. S. , Ahuja K. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted during July 1986–April 1988 at New Delhi, to evaluate the relative contribution of rainy‐season legumes towards the growth and productivity of succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum [L.] emend. Fiori & Paol), find out economic optimum dose of nitrogen for succeeding wheat and screen a legume which can be best knitted in wheat based cropping system.HD 2329 wheat performed better when grown after legumes than when grown after Local fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). N economy in wheat was greater (65–78 kg/ha) after Sona clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taubert) and T‐9 blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) over sorghum. The economic optimum dose of N for wheat following pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.), soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), groundnut (Aracbis bypogaea L.), blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) and clusterbean were 110.1, 103.6, 113.7, 109.6 and 92.3 kg/ha respectively.
Lichtaufnahme und Stoffproduktion eines konventionellen und eines epigonalen Genotyps der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus)
Authors: Aufhammer W. , Stützel H. , Rautenkranz A. , Falfus J. , Nalborczyk E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Light interception and dry matter production of a conventional and an epigonal genotype of the white lupine (Lupinus albus) Yield formation of two white lupin (Lupinus albus) genotypes differing substantially in growth habit was investigated. Grain production was quantified as the product of harvest index and dry matter production, the latter being a function of light interception and utilization. Experimental data were obtained from two‐year field experiments with a combined variation of plant density and distribution. The conventional, freely branching cultivar Kalina showed higher leaf area indices and growth rates than the “epigonal” (little branching) genotype. The higher growth rates of Kalina were partly due to increased light interception, but were mainly a result of a higher light use efficiency. This can be explained with a more even light distribution over a greater leaf area. The more rapid increase of the harvest index in the epigonal genotype compared to Kalina only partially compensated for the differences in dry matter production.
Correlation Studies on Ammonium/Nitrate Concentrations in Soil and Growth and Yield of Wheat
Authors: Joseph P. A. , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the growth and yield of wheat as influenced by the concentrations of ammonium‐N and nitrate‐N in soil. A series of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen concentrations in soil on a time frame was developed by treating prilled urea with nitrification inhibitors DCD or neem cake as well as by changing the dose and time of N application. The study revealed that number of tillers m‐1 as well as ears m‐1 row length were significantly positively correlated with ammonium‐N concentration at 15 and 30 DAS and nitrate‐N concentration at 30 and 45 DAS. Number of grains ear‐1 was significantly positively correlated with ammonium‐N at 30, 45 and 60 DAS and nitrate‐N at 45 and 60 DAS. Ultimately grain yield in wheat was significantly positively correlated with ammonium‐N concentration at 15 and 30 DAS and nitrate‐N concentration at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. The response between grain yield and concentrations of both ammonium and nitrate forms of N was quadratic. The optimum concentration of ammonium‐N in soil for maximum grain yield gradually decreased with the age of the crop from 54.6 to 63.6 μg g‐1 at 15 DAS to 22.7 to 26 μg g‐1 at 30 DAS. In the case of nitrate‐N its optimum concentration for maximum grain yield increased with age of the crop from 25.1 to 30 μg g‐1 at 15 DAS to 31.6 to 34 at 45 DAS and it decreased thereafter.
The Effect of Damage to the Root System Caused by Inter‐Row Cultivation on Growth of Maize
Authors: van der Werf H. M. G. , Tollenaar M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInter‐row cultivation of a weed‐free maize crop may affect yield. This study was done to establish whether inter‐row cultivation damages crop roots in maize (Zea mays L.) and to assess the effect of root pruning on growth and yield. In 1986 and 1987 inter‐row cultivation and root cutting treatments were applied to field‐grown maize crops in three experiments. Growth analysis revealed that the crop responded differently to the treatments in each trial. Measuring xylem exudate shortly after application of the treatments as an estimator of root damage proved useful in explaining crop responses. In one experiment no root damage occurred and crop growth was not affected. When root damage did occur (in the other two experiments), dry matter yield 3 weeks after treatments was found to be related to xylem exudate yield shortly after the treatments. A reduction of xylem exudate of 1 g/h per plant was associated with a reduction of 360 to 700 kg/ha in whole plant dry matter. In one of these experiments the effect of root damage in whole plant dry matter yield remained until final harvest; in the other experiment all treatments had similar yields at final harvest.
Translocation of N in Pods of Oilseed Rape during Siliqua Developing
Authors: Zhang Q. Z. , Xi H. F. , Kullmann A. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to investigate the translocation of N in pods during siliqua developing of oilseed rape using 15N‐urea. The 15N was applied on the surface of pods at lower stem in three periods after flowering. At maturity the hulls and seeds of pods at different parts of plants were subjected to analyse N content and 15N abundance and calculate recoveries of N applied.79.1–84.3 % of labelled N applied were recovered from the total pods including 75.3–80.4 % in labelled pods. A great part of the N was translocated in seeds, the later the labelled N application, the more proportion of N in seeds was. Application of MgSO4 combined with urea promoted the uptake and translocation of N, but not at a significant level.
Polynomial Functional Models to Simulate Crop Growth in Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars
Authors: Prasad T. V. Ramachandra , Krishnamurthy K. , Devendra R. , Kailasam C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolynomial and polynomial exponential models of order one to four were tried to describe crop growth in two maize cultivars viz., Deccan hybrid and Deccan 101 of an agronomic trial conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, on alfisols. Relative growth rate (RGR) of classical and functional methods was compared. Models performance was assessed based on r2, χ2 residuals sum of squares (RSS), root mean standard deviation (RMSD) and presence or absence of heteroscedasticity in models' predictions. In the cultivars, polynomials of order three and four in Deccan hybrid and cubic polynomial in Deccan 101 simulated dry matter production (DMP) by 99.5 % and showed good distribution of error variance over the observed DMP. The RGR from the third and fourth degree polynomials in both the cultivars was comparable to the classical method and explained better during post‐silking period. Polynomial exponentials predicted very low RGR. Between cultivars, Deccan 101 showed higher RGR during 45–80 days after sowing and contributed significantly more to final DMP.
Nitrogen Effects on Seedling Roots of Crucifers and Legumes
Authors: Ilgen B. , Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCrucifers, like oilradish and mustard as well as the legumes pea and vetch, are often grown as catch crops. Differences in the content of soil nitrogen, left by preceding crops, may influence seedling root development. Exact observations under field conditions are difficult. For this reason, plants of the above mentioned species were grown in tubes filled with a solid soil substrate for 14 days. Nitrogen was added at six levels (mg N/100 g substrate: 0, 0.32, 0.64, 1.28, 2.56, 3.84). Shoot dry matter increased with N supply, but N concentrations of 2.56 g N and 3.84 N hindered the production of shoot dry matter. A low to medium N supply was generally optimum, while above this level of N a strong reduction in root dry matter occurred. The shoot: root ratios for pea, vetch and oilradish were minimum at a low N supply, and increased with a higher N supply. In mustard, the root surface area was reduced by any increase in N supply, while pea, vetch and oilradish had optimum values at medium N supply. Generally, the root surface area was reduced by a very high N supply. In crucifers, an initially very wide ratio of root surface area: root dry matter decreased with even a slight increase in N supply. In the legumes, a rather close ratio remained almost constant at lower levels of N supply but increased somewhat at medium and higher N levels. The length of the main root axis of the legumes had an optimum at a higher N concentration than that of oilradish while an increase in N supply always reduced the length of the main root of mustard. With the exception of pea, a very high N supply generally reduced the length of the main root. Length of lateral roots was usually retarded by nitrogen. In crucifers, a low to medium N supply increased the number of laterals markedly, whereas they were clearly reduced at a high N supply. The legumes showed no reaction to a low N supply, whereas at a high N supply the number of lateral roots increased. Implications of these results for the choice of catch crops for specific purposes are discussed.
Cotton Response to Salinity and Different Potassium‐Sodium Ratio in Irrigation Water
Authors: Abd Ella M. K. , Shalaby Essam E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate cotton response to different salinity levels at different K/Na ratios of irrigation water.The salinity levels in irrigation water were 3200 and 6400 mg/1 and the control treatment had a 320 mg/L. Potassium/Sodium ratios in irrigation water were 1: 9 and 1: 4.Some agronomic traits were studied as well as leaf water Potential (LWP), and leaf samples were taken for elemental analysis.Statistical analysis showed that increasing total salinity of irrigation water reduced seed yield and total dry weight of cotton but not number of total or open bolls. Lower K/Na ratio (1:9) was of benificial effects on most agronomic traits.Increasing salinity of irrigation water caused an increase in Na, but not K or Ca content of the cotton leaves; while decreasing K/Na ratio in the saline irrigation water decreased the K/Na ratio in the leaves. Lower leaf water potential was found to be associated with higher levels of both water salinity and K/Na ratio.A strong relationships were found between cotton seed yield, LWP and K/total bases content in leaves. Ionic content relations (K/Na and K/total bases content) were found to be of a strong association with LWP.In brief, it could be concluded that increasing K to certain extent; K/Na (1: 9) could be useful in irrigating cotton plant with high water salinity.The benificial effects of potassium additions to diminish the salinity effects in cotton may be the consequence of improved plant water relations, as well as the status of ion relationships.
Changes of the Methionine Content During Maize Grain Maturation
Authors: Horvatić Marija , Balint L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe changes in the amounts of dry matter, total nitrogen and methionine during maturation of normal maize hybrids grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions on two consecutive vegetation years were examined.Total nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl's method and methionine spectrophotometrically from papain hydrolysate by the method of McCarthy and Sullivan. Analysis of variance was applied to assess the significance of the changes in particular components during grain maturation.A significant increase (p = 0.01) in amounts of the all investigated components in original grain matter up until a late stage of dough maturity in both vegetation years was determined. The increase was mostly expressed by the end of milky maturity. The correlation between these components during maturation is positive and highly significant (p = 0.001). The methionine content in dry matter attained in stage of milky maturation the value being characteristic for mature grain. On a total‐proteins basis, the methionine content is significantly the least (p = 0.01) at the early stage of milky maturation and increases up until dough maturity reaching a value that does not significantly differ from the value in full maturity of grain.
Effect of Component Densities on the Productivity of Soybean/Maize and Soybean/Sorghum Intercrop
Authors: Pal U. R. , Oseni T. O. , Norman J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1986 and 1987 at the Yandev Agricultural Experiment Station to investigate the effects of component density on the yield of sorghum or maize intercropped with soybean. Seed yield of the monocrops of sorghum, maize and soybean were higher than the individual components in the intercrops. Yields of component crops in the intercrop varied significantly with the components population density. The sorghum/soybean intercrops which had LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) up to 1.40 in 1986 and 1.35 in 1987 were more productive than soybean/maize intercrop with maximum LER of 1.28 and 1.34 respectively during 1986 and 1987. Similarly the ATER (Area X Time Equivalent Ratio) of sorghum/soybean was greater than in soybean/maize. However, for maximum productivity of sorghum or maize intercropped with soybean, optimum population of one component crop plus 1/2 optimum population of the companion crop is recommended depending on which of the crop is regarded as main or minor crop.
Stickstoffverluste unter begülltem Grünland
Authors: Thome U. , Kühbauch W. , Stratmann B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Leaching of nitrogen from permanent grassland treated with cattle slurry The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cattle slurry and mineral nitrogen fertilization on nitrate contamination of the interflow soil water.Field experiments were conducted at grassland research station ‘Rengen’ in the Eifel area (475 m a.s.L., 7.5 °C mean temperature, 806 mm mean yearly precipitation). In the respective plots soil consisted of 40 cm loamy material over a compact, almost water impermeable soil layer. The 2 × 6 m sized individual plots were prepared 1985 in a way so that surrounding soil was removed down to the compact soil layer about 45 cm deep and the monolith beeing packed by polyethylene sheets, waterproofing the plots down to the water impermeable soil layer. At the open lower ends of the plots near the soil surface and at 45 cm depth respectively, metal sheets were inserted to drain the surface run‐off and interflow water into gutters and from there into collecting tanks.Nitrogen fertilization included two cattle slurry treatments (240 kg and 480 kg ha−1 a−1 total nitrogen), combination of mineral nitrogen with cattle slurry (200 kg + 160 kg ha−1 a−1) and mineral nitrogen treatments without slurry (200 kg ‐ ha−1 a−1). Control plots received neither mineral nor slurry nitrogen. The quantification of interflow water and its nitrogen concentration started in 1986. In this year relatively high nitrate concentrations up to 56 mg l−1 appeared in the interflow water. 1987 nitrogen concentrations dramatically decreased to mean values between 10 and 15 mg l−1 in all fertilization treatments. Similar levels of nitrate concentrations were observed in the following two years. Total amounts of nitrogen losses did nor exceed 5 kg ha−1 a−1 in any of the years from 1986 to 1988, nor were differences observed in nitrate concentration among the fertilization treatments.
Contribution of Pre‐ and Post‐anthesis Photosynthates to Grains in Pearl Millet under Water Deficit
Authors: Mahalakshmi V. , Sivaramakrishnan S. , Bidinger F. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhen rains end early, grain yield productivity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), a rainfed cereal crop of arid and semi‐arid regions is limited by water deficits during flowering and grainfilling. Reserves of assimilates present at flowering and available for later remobilization to the grains, could act has buffer under water deficit conditions during flowering and grainfilling. The contribution of pre‐ and post‐anthesis assimilates to grain yield under water‐deficit conditions during flowering and grainfilling was investigated by 14C labeling of leaves at boot and 10 days after anthesis of field‐grown plants. Water deficit resulted in 20 percent reduction to grain yield in the main tiller. The distribution pattern of labeled carbon at harvest in various plant parts in water deficit and irrigated control treatments was similar. About 25 percent of the pre‐anthesis assimilates was translocated to the grain at harvest, while 95 percent of the post‐anthesis (current) assimilates was translocated to the grain. At grain maturity, about 60 percent of the pre‐anthesis assimilate was distributed in inflorescence structures, and in upper three inter‐nodes which were the active sinks at boot stage. Post‐anthesis assimilates were directed towards the grain development which was the active sink after flowering. In conclusion, about 25 percent of the pre‐anthesis assimilates are translocated to the grain at harvest and there was no additional contribution under water deficit and post‐anthesis assimilates were primarily translocated to the developing grain.
Effect of Time of Harvest and Storage Conditions on Germination of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is a valuable tropical spice crop, which is not easily propagated vegetatively. As the seeds of this species lose viability soon after harvest, storage for research causes problems, especially due to the seasonality of production. Thus, a study evaluated the characteristics of nutmeg seeds, and the relationship between time of harvest, drying temperature, and storage condition on germinability. Seeds were picked at full maturity, full ripeness or were collected within 2 hours after falling from the tree. Seed moisture contents, germination characters and germination indices were determined soon after harvest. The freshly fallen seeds were used for the drying and storage due to their better germination characters and higher germination index.Seed moisture contents were high in the seeds. These values decreased and germinability increased with increasing seed maturity. Germination percentages were lost at higher moisture contents at a faster rate when dried at higher temperatures. All seeds lost germinability at moisture contents below 45 % (dry wt basis) when dried at the selected temperatures. Germination of stored seed were maintained for a longer period of time when stored at 5 °C in sealed transparent polythene packs, in contrast to when stored at room temperature. The results suggest the recalcitrant nature of nutmeg seeds and present possible methods of storage for short period of time while maintaining some degree of germinability.
Relationship Between Cold Severity and Yield Loss in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)*
Authors: Singh K. B. , Malhotra R. S. , Saxena M. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is substantially increased by advancing sowing date from the traditional spring to early winter at low to medium elevation areas around the Mediterranean Sea. This shift, however, increases the probability of the exposure to subzero temperatures as low as ‐10 °C for up to 60 days in a year. These low temperatures often reduce seed yield of cold‐susceptible cultivars. Yield losses from cold were estimated in two experiments conducted at Tel Hadya, Syria. In experiment 1, of 96 genotypes sown on nine dates ranging from autumn to spring during the 1981–82 season, those lacking tolerance to cold were killed and produced no yield in autumn sowing, whereas lines with cold tolerance produced nearly 4 t/ha which corresponds to a four‐fold increase over spring sowing. Moderately cold‐tolerant genotypes sown during early winter produced substantially more seed yield than the normal spring‐sown crop. Seedlings were more cold tolerant than the plants in early or late vegetative stages. In experiment 2, in which yield loss due to cold in the field was estimated in 12 yield trials comprising 288 newly bred lines in the 1989–90 season, the regression of cold susceptibility on seed yield in each of the trials was highly significant and negative. On average, winter‐sown trials produced 67 % more seed yield than spring‐sown trials, but 125 out of 288 genotypes produced yield more than double in winter sowing. Early maturing lines suffered severe cold damage and many lines produced no seed.
Influence of Soil Moisture on Growth, Water Use and Yield of Mustard
Authors: Begum F. A. , Paul N. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod‐filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000‐seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased.
Integrated Nitrogen Management with Green Manures in Rice‐Chickpea Cropping System
Authors: Rathore A. L. , Patel S. L. , Pali G. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted during wet and dry seasons of 1987–88 and 1988–89 to evaluate the performance of green manures with and without fertilizer nitrogen in lowland rice and their residual effect on succeeding crop of chickpea grown under rice‐chickpea cropping system. Incorporation of Ipomea carnea (green leaves), Cassia tora and Parthenium hysterophorus (green young plants) ca. 5 t/ha fresh weight significantly improved yield and yield components namely panicles per hill, panicle length, grains per panicle and test weight of transplanted rice. The results showed that at least 20 kg/ha fertilizer nitrogen applied to rice could be replaced by incorporation of 5 t/ha fresh weight green manure. Supplementation of 60 kg N/ha through urea to the green manures treated plots proved to be the best in respect of grain yield and was comparable to the yield obtained under 80 kg N/ha as urea alone. Plant N‐uptake followed the similar pattern of rice grain yield. Residual fertility in terms of available nitrogen increased under the green manure treatments, whereas urea nitrogen alone made no impact on fertility build‐up. Green manures showed significantly higher residual response than fertilizer N alone to seed yield and N uptake of chickpea.