bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms on minority influence
Authors: Maass Anne , Clark Russell D. , Haberkorn Gerald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigated how either perceived competency or self‐interest‐and Zeitgeist affect minority influence, or: how Moscovici's theory does apply to actual social minorities. The self‐interest notion predicts that ‘single’ minorities (deviating only in terms of beliefs) are more influential than ‘double’ minorities (deviating also in category membership) while the competency notion predicts the reverse. Further, either minority is expected to be influential only when the Zeitgeist is in favour of the minority position. In a 2 (pro/anti Zeitgeist) × 3 (single/double minority/control) factorial design, 120 conservative male American undergraduates discussed in groups of six‐including two either male (single minority) or female (double minority) consistently liberal con federates‐one of two issues: abortion (pro‐) or death penalty (anti‐ Zeitgeist). The results support the self‐interest notion: double minorities are perceived as having a stronger self‐interest and exerted less influence than single minorities. The Zeitgeist hypothesis is confirmed, too. The underlying attributional processes and the ecological validity of previous studies are discussed.
Three patterns of social categorization in attribution memory
Authors: Arcuri Luciano 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied within the framework of accentuation theory the effects of three categorization conditions on attribution memory. Using the experimental approach proposed by Taylor et al (1978) we have tested the hypothesis that subject's discriminative accuracy in associating the sentences to the pictures of the person who produced them depends on the use of categorical criteria. On the basis of TajteL's model, it is plausible to expect the number of intercategorical errors to be smaller than the number of intercategorical errors. If a relation holds between the number of intercategorical errors and ‘strength’ of categorization criteria, then comparing the data of simple categorization situation with those of a situation of superimposed categorization we should expect a decrease of intercategorical errors in the latter. In the case of crossed categorizations, an increase of this type of errors should be expected. The results support this hypothesis. The data in the crossed categorizations condition are discussed in relation to explanation proposed by Brown and Turner (1979).
Psychological space and regulation of social behaviour
Authors: Reykowski Janusz , Smolenska Zuzanna 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe theory of social categorization assumes that the social behaviour of people can be explained as a result of cognitive differentiation of social objects into dichotomous categories (in‐group, out‐group). An argument can be put forth that social Categorization is a specific instance of functioning of a cognitive system that operates as multidimensional psychological space. Distances between representations of objects in the space influence the process of application of judgements to the given object and to the degree of involvement instigated by a state of an object and tendency lo produce specific behavioural acts toward the object. Typically, the relationship has a characteristic of an exponential function. There are conditions (social and psychological) that foster a discontinuity in a functioning of a cognitive system and therefore, lead to a dichotomous classification of social phenomena, while in some other conditions a continuity may prevail. Data that seem to support the above conjecture are described.
The social implications of embarrassment displays and restitution behaviour
Authors: Semin Gün R. , Manstead A. S. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the evaluative consequences of two kinds of reaction to committing a social transgression. In an experimental study, embarrassment display and restitution behaviour were manipulated orthogonally in the context of a videotaped incident in which an actor was seen to upset a sales display in a store. Subjects were shown one of the four versions of this incident and asked to rate the actor responsible for the mishap. It was reasoned that both appearing embarrassed and engaging in restitution would have positive, but distinct, effects on social evaluation, and that the beneficial effect of restitution would be mitigated by embarrassment display. Results were consistent with these expectations. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for the social function of embarrassment displays.
Lay theories of delinquency
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Henderson Monika 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the range, structure and determinants of lay people's implicit theories of delinquency. The different explicit psychological and sociological theories were reviewed as were studies on lay beliefs about crime and delinquency. After pilot interviews in which people were asked to list what they believed to be the major causes of delinquency, over 350 people completed a questionnaire in which they rated 30 explanations for their importance in explaining delinquency. The results showed numerous sex, age and voting differences. Conservatives tended to blame a person's poor education for his or her delinquency, while Labour voters tended to explain delinquency in terms of societal factors. A factor analysis revealed six clear explanation types for delinquency some of which were clearly related to explicit theories. Results were discussed in terms of the psychology of explanations and the relationship between explicit and implicit theories. Implications of this research were also noted.
Internalization versus compliance: Differential processes underlying minority influence and conformity
Authors: Maass Anne , Clark Russell D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be replicated, (2) minorities would trigger more arguments and counter‐arguments, and (3) cognitive activity would mediate internalization but not compliance. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported. The second hypothesis was not supported. However, minorities were found to trigger more arguments and fewer counter‐arguments than majorities. The results were interpreted as supporting the dual process model.
The ‘crisis’ in social psychology, an empirical approach
Authors: Nederhof Anton J. , Zwier A. Gerard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe preponderance of empirical research in social psychology has ofren been a central issue in the ‘crisis literature’. However, no extensive empirical study has ever been undertaken vis a vis the ‘crisis’ in social psychology. In two studies, factors effecting the perceptions of social psychologists of their discipline were investigated. Although in the first study, among Dutch social psychologists, four hypotheses were tested and confirmed, a large part of the total variance in the perception of the ‘crisis’ remained unexplained. In the second study, both a worldwide sample of active social psychological researchers as well as a sample of authors of the ‘crisis literature’ were surveyed. The stances of both groups differed considerably. Although a majority of the active researchers did not agree that a crisis is at hand in social psychology, a large minority did. The active researchers agreed with many of the criticisms of social psychological research and theorizing. Attitudes on nine central issues, including the functioning of the editor/reviewer publishing system, predicted a large percentage of the total variance in the subjects' attitude toward the existence of a ‘crisis’ in their discipline.
On the measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm
Authors: Bornstein Gershon , Crum Larry , Wittenbraker John , Harring Kathleen , Insko Chester A. , Thibaut John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour procedures for measuring between‐group orientations were described and evaluated. These include the procedures developed by Tajfel and his associates, Brewer and Silver, Locksley et al., Ng, and a revised procedure. The revised procedure was designed to measure seven between‐group Orientations. Use of the new measure and the Tajfel measure with college sophomores revealed somewhat different results. The Tajfel measure revealed evidence for the typically found pulls, but the new measure revealed only evidence for equality between groups and maximizing joint rewards with an advantage to own group. Use of the new meausure with 15 year‐old boys and girls revealed evidence for maximizing own‐group reward for both sexes, equality for girls only, and maximizing relative advantage to own group for boys only. For neither sex was maximizing own relative advantage (analogous to Tajfel's MD) the largest orientation.
Reply to Turner's comments
Authors: Bornstein Gershon , Crum Larry , Wittenbraker John , Harring Kathleen , Insko Chester A. , Thibaut John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn response to Turner it was argued that the maximizing outcomes assumption is plausible, his ‘continuous variable’ assumption is implausible, and his assertion that sets of pull scores yield unconfounded measures is incorrect. In addition to considering still further matters, such as the reduction of Tajfel matrices to simplified‐binary matrices, data from two new experiments were presented. One experiment reveals that, contrary to Turner's reservations, the allocution of points (or money) to one own‐group and one other‐group member versus different own‐group and different other‐group members has no differential effect. The second experiment found that Turner's assertion that Bornstein et al.'s cover story created a sense of precedence that reduced fairness is incorrect. In view of the existence of a clearly superior alternative it was concluded that further use of the Tajfel matrices would be unwise.
A second reply to Bornstein, Crum, Wittenbraker, Harring, Insko and Thibaut on the measurement of social orientations
Authors: Turner John C 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is argued in response to Bornstein et al. (1983a) that most preferreed outcomes are not restricted to the maximal values of strategies, that the revised matrices are conpromise between maximal discrimination and exact fairness, that strategies can and should be measured as variables, and that their further criticisms of the Taifel matrices again fail to withstand careful examination. Their new data are irrelevant to the measurement issue. It is concluded that the Tajfel matrices are superior to the revised matrices if one wishes to measure strategies as unconfounded variables and without defining subjects' most preferred outcomes a priori.
Attitude extremity, consensus and diagnosticity
Authors: van der Pllgt Joop , Ester Peter , van der Linden Joop 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effects of attitude extremity on perceived consensus and willingness to ascribe trait terms to others with either pro or anti nuclear attitudes. Results showed that attitude extremity affected consensus estimates. Trait attributions revealed a clear effect for valence, especially for the extreme attitude groups. Subjects with extreme attitudes also ascribed more traits to both pro and anti others than subjects with relatively moderate attitudes.
Minority influence and musical preference: Innovation by conversion not coercion
Authors: Aebischer Verena , Hewstone Miles , Henderson Monika 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effect of social categorization, strength of influence and predisposition to influence on social influence concerning musical preferences. One‐hundred and sixty‐eight French adolescents (age 15 years) were assigned to the eight conditions of a 2 (social categorization: majority/minority) × 2 (strength of influence: strong/weak) × 2 (predisposition to influence: pervious/impervious) design. Influence source was an opinion poll based on pupils from two types of secondary school. Direct influence was exerted from ‘hard‐rock’ to ‘new wave’ music; indirect influence was measured by subjects' preferences for hard‐rock versus ‘contemporary’ music. Ratings of the source were also elicited.Analyses of variance revealed indirect influence to be significantly greater with the minority than the majority source (p < 0.02). Indirect influence was especially high for subjects with a clear predisposition to influence and when the influence was weak (p < 0.0005). Further analyses confirmed the effect to be due to the actual numbers of subjects influenced. The study thus demonstrated the generalizability of the ‘conversion’ notion (minority influence on an indirect level) from numerical to social minorities.
Minimal majorities and minorities
Authors: Sachdev Itesh , Bourhis Richard Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study is one of a series of experiments designed to examine how sociostructural factors such as group numbers, power and status affect intergroup behaviour. Using a variant of Tajfel's ‘minimal group’ paradigm the present study investigated the intergroup behaviour of college students categorized as numerical minority, majority or ‘equal’ group members. The effects of salient (S) versus non‐salient (S̄) group categorizations were also examined. These manipulations yielded a 3 × 2 design matrix consisting of majority/equal/minority × salient (S)/non‐salient (S̄) group conditions. Unlike most previous studies using this paradigm, subjects' responses on Tajfel's point distribution matrices were supplemented with subjects' report of their own and outgroup's point distribution strategies. As expected, minimal group results were replicated in the ‘equal’ group (S̄) condition such that mere categorization into ingroup/outgroup was sufficient to foster intergroup discrimination. However salient (S) equal group members were more fair than discriminatory in their responses. Minorities (S/S̄) were generally less fair than equal groups, showed high levels of absolute ingroup favouritism (S̄) while simultaneously attempting to establish positive distinctiveness from majorities. Though majorities were generally fair (S/S̄), they also appeared to be more concerned than minorities about maintaining positive differentials between themselves and minorities. Although, majority (S/S̄) and equal group (S̄) members accurately reported their actual distribution strategies, minorities (S/S̄) and equal (S) group members were not as accurate in their self reports. Overall the present results are consistent with hypotheses derived from Social Identity Theory. But the results also show that sociostructural variables such as group numbers can have an important impact on intergroup behaviours.
Compliance, conversion and the Asch paradigm
Authors: Mugny Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

Abstract120 subjects took part in an Asch type experiment, using a material which was suitable for the measurement of indirect influence. The subjects were given the consistent incorrect response of a source which was either a majority (the response given by 88 per cent of a parent population of college students) or a minority (12 per cent). Part of the subjects were told that the experiment was investigating perceptual illusions and an example of such illusions was given. An authority condition was also introduced: the experimenter himself gave the incorrect response. A control condition did not involve any influence or illusion. The results show that direct influence increases when there is a stronger symbolic social pressure. They also show that an indirect influence may be induced by a numerical majority (provided that the subjects believe that there is an illusion) as well as a numerical minority (provided that an illusion does not invalidate its response). These results underline how important it is to control the exact significance of experimental situations that are supposed to represent the psychological conditions of majority or minority influence.
Effects of hypothesis and assigned task on question selection strategies
Authors: Meertens Roel W. , Koomen Willem , Delpeut Alfred P. , Hager Gerlof A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSemin and Strack (1980) demonstrated that the findings obtained by Snyder and Swann (1978) with respect to an hypothesis‐confirming strategy in social interaction were due to the assigned task, and not to a person's hypothesis.In our first experiment we replicated Semin and Strack's results. In a second experiment, employing a more effective manipulation of the subject's hypothesis, support was obtained for an effect of the hypothesis factor. It was concluded that both an assigned task effect and an hypothesis effect can be demonstrated in the laboratory and probably exist in reality.
The judgement of behaviour as aggressive and sanctionable
Authors: Löschper Gabi , Mummendey Amélie , Linneweber Volker , Bornewasser Manfred 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe influence of the factors norm deviation, intent, and injury, on the judgement of a critical act as aggressive and sanctionable was tested using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design.Scenarios depicting aggressive interactions represented the experimental conditions. 859 school children rated these scenarios on bipolar rating scales.The results show that norm deviation, intent, and injury, are important criteria for the interpretation of aggressive behaviour. Judging an action as sanctionable proved to be more sensitive for the variation of factors than the interpretation of behaviour as aggressive.In addition, an analysis of how the scenarios representing the experimental conditions were subjectively interpreted by the subjects was carried out. This showed that all combinations of the three definition criteria are psychologically meaningful. However, preferences were observed for specific interpretation patterns.
When reactance effects persist despite restoration of freedom: Investigations of time delay and vicarious control
Authors: Schwarz Norbert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo studies are reported indicating that changes in attractiveness induced by psychological reactance are eliminated by a restoration of freedom only if the restoration occurs immediately following the threat. When the restoration was delayed, changes in attractiveness were attenuated but were still significant, no matter whether the restoration occurred by chance or was under subjects' vicarious control. A threat immediately followed by a restoration, however, may be perceived as one event, and thus may not be very threatening. Therefore, the absence of reactance effects after immediate restoration may be due to a weak induction of reactance rather than to a reduction of reactance. To this extent, the incomplete reduction of reactance effects found after delayed restoration, on the other hand, calls into question earlier conclusions (based on immediate restoration) that reactance is completely reduced by restoration of freedom and that reactance effects will no longer be obtained.
Gender dependency of occupational deviance and role overload as determinants of fear of success imagery
Authors: Janman Karen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of occupational deviance and role overload on Fear of Success (FOS) scores were investigated following Bremer and Wittig's (1980) finding that these inflate FOS scores when a story cue describing a female character is given to respondents of both sexes. This finding was replicated by the present study. However, stories were also given that described events involving a male character. In this condition occupational deviance and role overload produced no such effect upon the FOS scores. Bremer and Wittig's suggestion that these two variables are independent of the sex of the cue character is therefore refuted and it is argued instead that these variables will be interpreted very differently depending on the sex of the cue character.The finding that male and female respondents produce very similar FOS scores to the same stories provides further evidence that such measurement techniques evoke sex‐role stereotypes rather than an indication of the individual's motivation. The particular relevance to Parsons and Goff's (1980) emphasis upon the incentive value component of the McClelland/Atkinson Motivational Model is also explored.
Influence of prolonged deprivation, age and culture on the development of future orientation
Authors: Agarwal A. , Tripathi K. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProlonged deprivation and future orientation (FO) were studied in 200 Indian and Nepalese students of 14–16 and 18–20 years with verbal measures. In both cultures low deprived subjects were significantly more future‐oriented. In the development of FO both age and deprivation were significant with experiential aspect of socialization exerting greater influence than physico‐economic deprivation.
Interpersonal attraction, social identification and psychological group formation
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Turner John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo perspectives on the nature of the social group and psychological group formation are discussed. The traditional social cohesion approach traces group formation to processes of interpersonal attraction, while the social identity approach defines the group in cognitive terms and considers identification, or self‐categorization, to be the mechanism of psychological group formation. On the basis of an experiment by Turner, Sachdev and Hogg (1983) it is hypothesized that interpersonal attraction (positive or negative) is related to group formation only in so far as it enhances intergroup distinctiveness. This hypothesis is experimentally tested in a 2 × 3 (interpersonal liking/disliking per se versus no explicit categorization/random categorization/criterial categorization on the basis of affect) factorial design employing the ‘minimal group’ paradigm. People who like each other and were not explicitly categorized formed a group. This effect was enhanced by criterial categorization but disappeared when categorization was random. Although the results do not support the hypothesis, they are not explicable in social cohesion terms. A social identity explanation is furnished—attraction influences group formation by acting, under certain specifiable conditions, as a cognitive criterion for common category membership. This explanation is located in current theorizing and is proposed as part of a reconceptualization of the relationship between interpersonal attraction and group formation.
Cooperative, competitive and individual problem‐solving
Authors: Georgas James 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurpose of this study was the problem‐solving effectiveness and time required for solution under cooperative, competitive, and individual conditions of 108 sixth grade Greek children. Thirty six three‐person groups, half all‐male and half all‐female, were given Mastermind and Questions problems across all three conditions. The sex (2) × conditions (3) A NOVA with repeated measures across conditions resulted in the most effective problem solver working individually was more effective than the cooperative condition or the competitive condition. The least effective problem solver working individually was less effective than the cooperative condition or the competitive condition. The average individual did not differ in problem‐solving from the cooperative condition, as would be predicted by Johnson et al. (1981). Cooperative group interaction was more effective than competitive, but only with Mastermind. Individuals were not necessarily faster than groups. No sex differences were found. In comparing problem‐solving effectiveness of individuals and groups, qualifications should be made regarding comparisons with the average individual or high individual.