bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Surat Castle Revolutions: Myths of an Anglo-Bania Order and Dutch Neutrality, C. 1740-1760
Authors: Kuiper Jitske , Gommans Jos 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn 1759 the British captured Surat Castle. This later turned out to be one of the first steps towards what would soon become their Indian empire. This paper aims to re-examine the history of events leading to this Castle Revolution on the basis of the altogether neglected Dutch sources at the National Archives in The Hague. To make sense of what appears to be a decade of ongoing revolutions and endless jockeying for power, the paper proposes the existence of an underlying mechanism of highly flexible networks that connected and encompassed the various political and commercial, local and interregional, maritime and continental spheres of Surat's open-ended political economy. With this in mind, the paper also briefly reassesses the current idea of the so-called Anglo-Bania order and takes a critical look at the neutralist discourse of the Dutch sources.
The Impact of GEM and MM5 Modeled Meteorological Conditions on CMAQ Air Quality Modeling Results in Eastern Canada and the Northeastern United States
Authors: Smyth Steven C. , Yin Dazhong , Roth Helmut , Jiang Weimin , Moran Michael D. , Crevier Louis-Philippe 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) is currently the meteorological model most widely used as input into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. In this study, meteorological fields produced by the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) meteorological model were compared with those from MM5, and the impact of using the two different modeled datasets as inputs to CMAQ was investigated. Two CMAQ model runs, differing only in meteorological inputs and meteorologically influenced emissions, were conducted for a domain covering eastern Canada and the northeastern United States for a 9-day period in July 1999. Comparison of the two modeled meteorological datasets with surface measurements revealed that GEM and MM5 gave comparable results. For a direct comparison of the two meteorological datasets the differences were small for pressure and temperature but larger for wind speed and relative humidity (RH). The variations in meteorological fields affect emissions and air quality results in differing ways and to differing degrees. The most influential meteorological field on emissions was temperature, which had a minor impact on on-road mobile emissions and a larger impact on biogenic emissions. Performance statistics for O3 and for particulate matter less than 10 μm and less than 2.5 μm (PM10, and PM2.5, respectively) show that GEM-based and MM5-based CMAQ results compare similarly to hourly measurement data, with minor statistical differences. A direct comparison of O3, PM10, PM2.5, and speciated PM2.5 showed that the results correlate to varying degrees and that the differences in RH affect total particulate matter (PM) mass and aerosol species concentrations significantly. Relative humidity affects total particle mass and particle diameters, which in turn affect PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations.
Validation of Improved TAMANN Neural Network for Operational Satellite-Derived Rainfall Estimation in Africa
Authors: Coppola E. , Grimes D. I. F. , Verdecchia M. , Visconti G. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Real-time rainfall monitoring in Africa is of great practical importance for operational applications in hydrology and agriculture. Satellite data have been used in this context for many years because of the lack of surface observations. This paper describes an improved artificial neural network algorithm for operational applications. The algorithm combines numerical weather model information with the satellite data. Using this algorithm, daily rainfall estimates were derived for 4 yr of the Ethiopian and Zambian main rainy seasons and were compared with two other algorithms—a multiple linear regression making use of the same information as that of the neural network and a satellite-only method. All algorithms were validated against rain gauge data. Overall, the neural network performs best, but the extent to which it does so depends on the calibration/validation protocol. The advantages of the neural network are most evident when calibration data are numerous and close in space and time to the validation data. This result emphasizes the importance of a real-time calibration system.
Improvement of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size Estimation Algorithms
Authors: Demuth Julie L. , DeMaria Mark , Knaff John A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Previous work, in which Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data from the Atlantic Ocean and east Pacific Ocean basins during 1999–2001 were used to provide objective estimates of 1-min maximum sustained surface winds, minimum sea level pressure, and the radii of 34-, 50-, and 64-kt (1 kt ≡ 0.5144 m s−1) winds in the northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest quadrants of tropical cyclones, is updated to reflect larger datasets, improved statistical analysis techniques, and improved estimation through dependent variable transforms. A multiple regression approach, which utilizes best-subset predictor selection and cross validation, is employed to develop the estimation models, where the dependent data (i.e., maximum sustained winds, minimum pressure, wind radii) are from the extended best track and the independent data consist of AMSU-derived parameters that give information about retrieved pressure, winds, temperature, moisture, and satellite resolution. The developmental regression models result in mean absolute errors (MAE) of 10.8 kt and 7.8 hPa for estimating maximum winds and minimum pressure, respectively. The MAE for the 34-, 50-, and 64-kt azimuthally averaged wind radii are 16.9, 13.3, and 6.8 n mi (1 n mi ≡ 1852 m), respectively.
Slow disease progression and robust therapy-mediated CD4+ T-cell recovery are associated with efficient thymopoiesis during HIV-1 infection
Authors: Dion Marie-Lise , Bordi Rebeka , Zeidan Joumana , Asaad Robert , Boulassel Mohammed-Rachid , Routy Jean-Pierre , Lederman Micheal M. , Sekaly Rafick-Pierre , Cheynier Remi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn chronic HIV infection, most untreated patients lose naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas a minority preserve them despite persistent high viremia. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART)–mediated viral suppression generally results in a rise of naive and total CD4+ T cells, certain patients experience very little or no T-cell reconstitution. High peripheral T-cell activation has been linked to poor clinical outcomes, interfering with previous evaluations of thymic function in disease progression and therapy-mediated T-cell recovery. To circumvent this, we used the sj/βTREC ratio, a robust index of thymopoiesis that is independent of peripheral T-cell proliferation, to evaluate the thymic contribution to the preservation and restoration of naive CD4+ T cells. We show that the loss of naive and total CD4+ T cells is the result of or is exacerbated by a sustained thymic defect, whereas efficient thymopoiesis supports naive and total CD4+ T-cell maintenance in slow progressor patients. In ART-treated patients, CD4+ T-cell recovery was associated with the normalization of thymopoiesis, whereas the thymic defect persisted in aviremic patients who failed to recover CD4+ T-cell counts. Overall, we demonstrate that efficient thymopoiesis is key in the natural maintenance and in therapy-mediated recovery of naive and total CD4+ T cells.
Why do patients want to have their blood tested? A qualitative study of patient expectations in general practice
Authors: van Bokhoven Marloes A , Pleunis-van Empel Marjolein CH , Koch Hèlen , Grol Richard PTM , Dinant Geert-Jan , van der Weijden Trudy 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
General practitioners often take their impression of patients' expectations into account in their decision to have blood tests done. It is commonly recommended to involve patients in decision-making during consultations. The study aimed to obtain detailed information on patients' expectations about blood tests.

Methods
Qualitative study among patients in waiting rooms of general practices. Each patient was presented with a short questionnaire about their preferences in terms of diagnostics. Patients who would like blood tests to be done were interviewed.

Results
Fifty-seven (26%) of the 224 respondents wanted blood tests. Twenty-two were interviewed. Patients overestimated the qualities of blood tests. Favourable test results were regarded as proof of good health. Patients regarded blood tests as a useful instrument to screen for serious disorders, and were confirmed in this belief by people in their social environment and by the media. Many patients expected their GP to take an active test ordering approach, though some indicated that they might be convinced if their GP proposed a wait-and-see policy.

Conclusions
GPs' perceptions about patient expectations seem justified: patients appear to have high hopes for testing as a diagnostic tool. They expect diagnostic certainty without mistakes and a proof of good health. The question is whether it would be desirable to remove patients' misconceptions, allowing them to participate in policy decisions on the basis of sound information, or whether it would be better to leave the misconceptions uncontested, in order to retain the 'magic' of additional tests and reassure patients. We expect that clarifying the precise nature of patients' expectations by the GP may be helpful in creating a diagnostic strategy that satisfies both patients and GPs. GPs will have to balance the benefits of reassuring their patients by means of blood tests which may be unnecessary against the benefits of avoiding unnecessary tests. Further research is needed into the effects of different types of patient information and the effects of testing on satisfaction and anxiety.
Utilization of diabetes medication and cost of testing supplies in Saskatchewan, 2001
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey A , Pohar Sheri L , Secnik Kristina , Yurgin Nicole , Hirji Zeenat 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the patterns of antidiabetic medication use and the cost of testing supplies in Canada using information collected by Saskatchewan's Drug Plan (DP) in 2001. The diabetes cohort (n = 41,630) included individuals who met the National Diabetes Surveillance System (NDSS) case definition. An algorithm was then used to identify subjects as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Among those identified as having type 2 diabetes (n = 37,625), 38% did not have records for antidiabetic medication in 2001. One-third of patients with type 2 diabetes received monotherapy. Metformin, alone or in combination with other medications, was the most commonly prescribed antidiabetic medication. Just over one-half of the all patients with diabetes had a DP records for diabetes testing supplies. For individuals (n = 4,005) with type 1 diabetes, 79% had a DP record for supplies, with an average annual cost of $472 ± $560. For type 2 diabetes, 50% had records for testing supplies, with an average annual cost of $122 ± $233. Those individuals with type 2 diabetes who used insulin had higher testing supply costs than those on oral antidiabetic medication alone ($359 vs $131; p < 0.001).
Deficiency of functional mannose-binding lectin is not associated with infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Bultink Irene EM , Hamann Dörte , Seelen Marc A , Hart Margreet H , Dijkmans Ben AC , Daha Mohamed R , Voskuyl Alexandre E 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInfection imposes a serious burden on patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The increased infection rate in SLE patients has been attributed in part to defects of immune defence. Recently, the lectin pathway of complement activation has also been suggested to play a role in the occurrence of infections in SLE. In previous studies, SLE patients homozygous for mannose-binding lectin (MBL) variant alleles were at an increased risk of acquiring serious infections in comparison with patients who were heterozygous or homozygous for the normal allele. This association suggests a correlation between functional MBL level and occurrence of infections in SLE patients. We therefore investigated the biological activity of MBL and its relationship with the occurrence of infections in patients with SLE. Demographic and clinical data were collected in 103 patients with SLE. Functional MBL serum levels and MBL-induced C4 deposition were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using mannan as coat and an MBL- or C4b-specific monoclonal antibody. The complete MBL-dependent pathway activity was determined by using an assay that measures the complete MBL pathway activity in serum, starting with binding of MBL to mannan, and was detected with a specific monoclonal antibody against C5b-9. Charts were systematically reviewed to obtain information on documented infections since diagnosis of SLE. Major infections were defined as infections requiring hospital admission and intravenous administration of antibiotics. In total, 115 infections since diagnosis of lupus, including 42 major infections, were documented in the 103 SLE patients (mean age 41 ± 13 years, mean disease duration 7 ± 4 years). The percentage of SLE patients with severe MBL deficiency was similar to that in 100 healthy controls: 13% versus 14%, respectively. Although deposition of C4 to mannan and MBL pathway activity were reduced in 21% and 43% of 103 SLE patients, respectively, neither functional MBL serum levels nor MBL pathway activity was associated with infections or major infections in regression analyses. In conclusion, SLE patients frequently suffer from infections, but deficiency of functional MBL does not confer additional risk.
Transendothelial migration enhances integrin-dependent human neutrophil chemokinesis
Authors: Gonzalez Anjelica L , El-Bjeirami Wafa , West Jennifer L , McIntire Larry V , Smith C Wayne 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTransendothelial migration of neutrophils induces phenotypic changes that influence the interactions of neutrophils with extravascular tissue components. To assess the influence of transmigration on neutrophil chemokinetic motility, we used polyethylene glycol hydrogels covalently modified with specific peptide sequences relevant to extracellular matrix proteins. We evaluated fMLP-stimulated human neutrophil motility on peptides Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) and TMKIIPFNRTLIGG (P2), alone and in combination. RGDS is a bioactive sequence found in a number of proteins, and P2 is a membrane-activated complex-1 (Mac-1) ligand located in the γ-chain of the fibrinogen protein. We evaluated, via video microscopy, cell motility by measuring cell displacement from origin and total accumulated distance traveled and then calculated average velocity. Results indicate that although adhesion and shape change were supported by hydrogels containing RGD alone, motility was not. Mac-1-dependent motility was supported on hydrogels containing P2 alone. Motility was enhanced through combined presentation of RGD and P2, engaging Mac-1, αVβ3, and β1 integrins. Naïve neutrophil motility on combined peptide substrates was dependent on Mac-1, and α4β1 while α6β1 contributed to speed and linear movement. Transmigrated neutrophil motility was dependent on αvβ3 and α5β1, and α4β1, α6β1, and Mac-1 contributed to speed and linear motion. Together, the data demonstrate that efficient neutrophil migration, dependent on multi-integrin interaction, is enhanced after transendothelial migration.
Constructing Literacy: How Goals, Activity Systems, and Text Shape Classroom Practice
Authors: Ares Nancy M. , Peercy Megan M. 
Published: December 2006

Social interaction is important in students' reproduction and transformation of culturally, socially grounded knowledge and skills, as well as their appropriation of the various roles that participation in social groups entails. A focus on social interaction in classrooms provides important perspectives on how teachers' and students' actions and the characteristics of the learning environment shape classroom interactions and outcomes. Using situated learning and cultural-historical activity theories as a framework, our purpose in this case study was to identify and describe features of the classroom context that were important in shaping students' participation in the classroom literacy community. Goals for participation, activity systems, and texts used and produced emerged as profound influences on students' opportunities to participate. Research into how students and teachers construct classroom literacy communities can deepen our understanding of the mutually constitutive relation between contextual elements within classrooms and students' opportunities to learn and to succeed. Interviewer: What does it mean to do English in Camilla's class? Students: English is boring. It makes you want to go to sleep. If you know how to write sentences and spell and you know how to read, you know English. Interviewer: What does it mean to be a reader in this class? Students: To know what you're reading about. Not just reading the words, but understand. I love to read. (Student focus group #2)
The Antiapoptotic Protein BAG3 Is Expressed in Thyroid Carcinomas and Modulates Apoptosis Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
Authors: Chiappetta Gennaro , Ammirante Massimo , Basile Anna , Rosati Alessandra , Festa Michela , Monaco Mario , Vuttariello Emilia , Pasquinelli Rosa , Arra Claudio , Zerilli Monica , Todaro Matilde , Stassi Giorgio , Pezzullo Luciano , Gentilella Antonio , Tosco Alessandra , Pascale Maria , Marzullo Liberato , Belisario Maria Antonietta , Turco Maria Caterina , Leone Arturo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Context: We previously showed that BAG3 protein, a member of the BAG (Bcl-2-associated athanogene) co-chaperone family, modulates apoptosis in human leukemias. The expression of BAG3 in other tumor types has not been extensively investigated so far.
Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze BAG3 expression in thyroid neoplastic cells and investigate its influence in cell apoptotic response to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL).
Design, Setting, and Patients: We investigated BAG3 expression in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines, including NPA, and the effect of BAG3-specific small interfering RNA on TRAIL-induced apoptosis in NPA cells. Subsequently, we analyzed BAG3 expression in 30 benign lesions and 56 carcinomas from patients of the Naples Tumor Institute Fondazione Senatore Pascale.
Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were: analysis of BAG3 protein in NPA cells by Western blot and immunocytochemistry; analysis of apoptosis in TRAIL-stimulated NPA cells by flow cytometry; and evaluation of BAG3 expression in specimens from thyroid lesions by immunohistochemistry.
Results: BAG3 was expressed in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines; small interfering RNA-mediated downmodulation of its levels significantly (P &lt; 0.0195) enhanced NPA cell apoptotic response to TRAIL. The protein was not detectable in 19 of 20 specimens of normal thyroid or goiters, whereas 54 of 56 analyzed carcinomas (15 follicular, 28 papillary, and 13 anaplastic) were clearly positive for BAG3 expression.
Conclusions: BAG3 downmodulates the apoptotic response to TRAIL in human neoplastic thyroid cells. The protein is specifically expressed in thyroid carcinomas and not in normal thyroid tissue or goiter.
A New Ni-Rich Stevensite From the Ophiolite Complex of Othrys, Central Greece
Authors: Christidis George E. , Mitsis Ioannis 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe first occurrence of Ni-rich stevensite found in the ophiolite complex of Othrys, Central Greece is described. The stevensite, which develops in cracks in a host serpentinite, formed at the expense of serpentine. Two varieties of stevensite have been described: a Mg-rich, Ni-poorer variety with 0.4–1.2 octahedral Ni atoms per half formula unit (p.h.f.u.) and a Ni-rich variety with >2 Ni atoms p.h.f.u. The layer charge in both varieties is −0.24 p.h.f.u.. Stevensite layers are completely separated when dispersed in dilute polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions and begin to convert to talc after heating at 250°C for 90 min. Total conversion to talc is observed at 550°C. Formation of Ni-rich stevensite took place at ambient temperature during supergene processes. The scarcity of Ni-rich stevensite occurrences in nature is attributed to the metastability of smectite and to the analytical procedures used in previous studies. Stevensite is considered a phase containing domains with variable numbers of octahedral vacancies. A new experimental protocol is proposed for the determination of Ni-rich stevensite, based on a combination of XRD after solvation with various organic liquids and subsequent heating at 750°C.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Mg-Rich and Mg-Ni-Rich Kaolinite
Authors: Bentabol Maria , Cruz Maria Dolores Ruiz , Huertas Francisco Javier , Linares Jose 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMg-rich kaolinite and Mg+Ni-rich kaolinite have been synthesized in hydrothermal experiments (200 and 400°C) from poorly crystalline kaolinite and Mg- and Mg+Ni-bearing solutions. Al-rich serpentine and Al-rich chlorite were obtained as sub-products of the reactions. The formation of these phases occurred through a dissolution-precipitation mechanism that led to spherical kaolinite after short reaction times. A morphological evolution towards platy particles and stacks occurred at increasing run times.Identification of the several phases was carried out using a combination of X-ray diffraction and transmission/analytical electron microscopy. Analytical data indicate that the Mg content in kaolinite increased as a function of the reaction time and temperature, reaching up to 0.46 atoms per half formula unit (a.p.h.f.u.). The measured (Mg+Ni) content reached up to 0.56 a.p.h.f.u.. Both the gradual increase of the b-cell parameter of kaolinite at increasing Mg contents and the presence of new bands on the FTIR spectra of the synthesized kaolinite point to a Mg-for-Al replacement in the octahedral sheet rather than to the presence of serpentine-like layers interstratified in the kaolinite structure.
Adhered Zeolite Preparation on and Within a Muscovite Mica by Hydrothermal Growth
Authors: Johnson Christopher D. , Mallon Anthony J. , Worrall Fred 
Published: December 2006

AbstractZeolites and other open framework materials provide a powerful tool for remediation and solidification of a range of cationic wastes (e.g.NH4+${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $, Pb2+) due to the combined properties of large surface area and cation exchange capacity. However, practical barriers exist to the continued expansion of their use, including handling issues related to the fine particle size, and continued ion exchange following waste adsorption. This study examines the synthesis and characterization of zeolites adhered to a muscovite mica wafer, in order to assess if practical benefit can be derived from the preparation of layered composite materials. The paper demonstrates that increased metal adsorption, as demonstrated by surface chemical composition, can be induced in regions by growth of zeolite on and within the lamellar structure of the matrix. X-ray diffraction studies suggest that a site-specific crystallization mechanism controls the zeolite type and extent of growth, thereby reducing control over the zeolites prepared. However, although increased adsorption has been introduced to the mica, the amount of zeolite added is small (<50 mg per gram of muscovite), and thus any adsorption is very limited.