bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the central nervous system effects produce by six H1‐receptor antagonists
Authors: SIMONS F. E. R. , FRASER T. G. , REGGIN J. D. , SIMONS K. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
A comprehensive comparative study of the central nervous system (CNS) properties of newer H1‐receptor antagonists is needed.Objective
Our objective was to investigate the central nervous system eifects of u single manufacturer's recommended dose of six H1‐receptor antagonists, using appropriate controls.Methods
Fifteen healthy subjects received astemizole 10mg, cetirizine 10mg, ketotifen 2mg, loratadine 10 mg, terfenadine 60mg, diphenhydramine 50mg or placebo. Before and 2‐1.5 h after dosing, cognitive function was assessed using the P300‐event‐related potential, somnolence was assessed using a subjective score, and histamine skin tests were performed.Results
In rank order from least to greatest effect on the P300 latency, the medications were: terfenadine, placebo, cetirizine, ketotifen, loratadine, astemizole and diphenhydramine. Only diphenhydramine increased the P300 latency significantly compared with baseline and placebo. Subjective somnolence was significantly greater than baseline and placebo after cetirizine, ketotifen and diphenhydramine. All the H1‐receptor antagonists suppressed the histamine‐induced weal significantly compared with baseline.Conclusions
The H1‐receptor antagonists tested affected cognitive functioning and somnolence to different extents, although all produced satisfactory peripheral H1‐blockade.
Antihistamines: topical vs oral administration
Authors: DAVIES R. J. , BAGNALL A. C. , McCABE R. N. , CALDERON M. A. , WANG J. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is complex, involving not only histamine and mast cell‐derived tryptase, but also eosinophil‐ and neutrophil‐derived mediators, cytokines, and intercellular cell adhesion molecules (ICAM‐1). It is surprising that antihistamines, which block only one component of the process, have proved so effective in the management of allergic rhinitis. Research has therefore focused on whether antihistamines have additional pharmacological activities. In vitro studies have shown that high concentrations of second generation antihistamines can block inflammatory mediator release from basophils and mast cells, and reduce ICAM‐1 expression in epithelial cell lines. In vivo studies have also shown an effect on the allergen‐induced inflammatory reaction; both oral and intranasal antihistamines cause a reduction in nasal symptoms and inflammatory cell influx. Oral terfenadine and cetirizine and intranasal levocabastine and azelastine have also demonstrated a lowering of ICAM‐1 expression on epithelial cells. With regard to clinical efficacy, topical levocabastine (0.5mg/mL eye drop solution and 0.5 mg/mL nasal spray) was shown to be more effective than oral terfenadine (60mg twice daily) in relieving ocular itch (P=0.02) and reducing nasal symptoms in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. In a further study. levocabastine eye drops were as effective and well tolerated as sodium cromoglycate in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Intranasal azelastine (0.28mg twice daily) showed a trend for superior relief of rhinorrhoea and nasal obstruction compared with oral terfenadine (60mg twice daily). In addition, intranasal azelastine (0.28 mg twice daily) resulted in significant reductions in sneezing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea and itching in perennial rhinitis, compared with the lower efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate (0.1 mg twice daily). As well as benefits in efficacy, topical administration is associated with improved safety. Some antihistamines, particularly those metabolized in the liver, are associated with occasional reports of severe side‐effects. It is therefore logical to administer antihistatnines directly to the target organ.
Response of nose and bronchi to exercise in asthma and rhinitis: similarities and differences
Authors: PICADO C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe response of asthmatic patients to exercise differs from that of healthy subjects, and the mechanisms responsible for the exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction in the former group remain uncertain. The severity of bronchospasm may be related to water loss from the respiratory tree, but there are conflicting explanations for this.The response of the nose to exercise, in healthy subjects or in patients with asthma and rhinitis, has been the subject of few investigations, but a recent study found that the nose responds in a different fashion to the bronchi in patients with rhinitis and asthma. The bronchial tree responds by narrowing, while the nose becomes more patent. There is evidence that the bronchi are the main sites of airway narrowing in exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction, while there can also be simultaneous tracheal dilatation. In addition, it now appears that the nasal response to exercise in all subjects parallels that of the trachea. In total, the results suggest that different mechanisms are responsible for regulating the patency of the upper and lower airways.
Differential effects of inhaled budesonide and oral prednisolone on serum immunoglobulin G and its subclasses in healthy adult volunteers
Authors: VAN SCHOOR J. , TOOGOOD J. H. , PAUWELS R. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Glucocorticosteroid (GCS) treatment lowers serum IgG and IgG subclass (IgG‐SC) levels, but the minimal dose and duration of administration at which this occurs is not known.Objective The aim of this study was to define the daily dose of a 2‐week course of GCS at which IgG(‐SC) suppression occurs.Methods The effects of three GCS treatment schemes on serum IgG(‐SC) levels in healthy adults were studied in a double‐blind, randomized trial. Group I (n= 10) was treated with 40mg oral prednisolone/day, group 2 (n= 10) with 10 mg oral prednisolone/day and group 3 (n= 10) with 3.2 mg inhaled budesonide/day. Blood sampling was performed at baseline and at the end of the 2‐week treatment period.Results In group 1, IgGl, IgG2 and lgG3 levels were significantly decreased after treatment, while in group 2 this was only so for IgG3. In both groups, the decrease of total IgG tended towards or just reached significance. In group 3, no statistically significant changes were observed.Conclusion A course of 40mg oral prednisolone/day for 2 weeks induces significant suppression of serum IgG‐SC levels; lower doses cause more subtle changes, indicating that GCS‐induced IgG‐SC suppression is a dose‐dependent phenomenon. Short courses of very high doses of inhaled budesonide appear to be devoid of this side‐effect.
The prevalence of allergic diseases in primary school children in Edirne, Turkey
Authors: SELÇUK Z. TOROS , ÇAGLAR T. , ENÜNLÜ T. , TOPAL T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Allergic diseases present a major health burden for children as shown by the rising morbidity and increased mortality from asthma. Information on the prevalences of allergic disorders and contributing factors as well will help to establish feasible measures to change this trend, and more efficient assignment of the limited health resources.Objective To assess the prevalences of asthma and other allergic diseases and the contribution of various risk factors in primary school children in Edirne, Turkey.Methods Children aged 7 to 12 in primary schools in the municipality and 24 villages of Edirne were surveyed via a questionnaire completed by the parents. The cumulative (lifetime) and current (last 12 months) prevalences of allergic diseases and the presence of passive smoking, atopic family history, animal contact and breast‐feeding in infancy were determined.Results A total of 5412 children (70.1% from the metropolitan and 29.9% from the rural area) were enrolled. The cumulative and current prevalences of all allergic diseases were 24.6% and 9.9% respectively. The cumulative (lifetime) prevalences of bronchial asthma, wheezing, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were 16.4%, 18.9%, 12.3% and 2.2%, and the current (last 12 months) prevalences were 5.6%, 5.8%, 4.5% and 0.9% respectively. Three‐fourths of the children were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. Atopic heredity appeared the most prominent risk factor for any allergic disorder. Neither age, breast‐feeding nor place of habitation affected the occurrence of allergic disorders. Animal contact was a significant risk factor for asthma and wheezing (adjusted odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for current prevalences are 1.38 (CI= 1.04–1.83) and 1.35 (CI= 1.02–1.78) respectively), exposure to indoor tobacco smoke for wheezing (OR =1.52, CI= 1.10–2.09), and male gender for asthma (OR = 1.50, CI= 1.16–1.93). Current prevalences for all allergic diseases were significantly lower than those previously reported in Ankara, Turkey.Conclusions Allergic diseases are a major health burden for primary school children in Edirne, Turkey. Although atopic heredity appears to be the foremost important risk factor, reduction of exposure to indoor tobacco smoke and animal contact, especially for those with atopic family history, are important preventive measures. The impact of environmental exposures on distinguishing prevalences of allergic diseases in Ankara and Edirne should be further investigated.
Mast cell derived heparin activates the contact system: a link to kinin generation in allergic reactions
Authors: BRUNNEE T. , REDDIGARI S. R. , SHIBAYAMA Y. , KAPLAN A. P. , SILVERBERG M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryContact activation occurs when plasma comes in contact with negatively charged man‐made surfaces but no substance that initiates contact activation in vivo has been identified. We have isolated a mast cell heparin proteoglycan (MC‐HepPG) from a Furth mouse mastocytoma‐derived cell line that is analogous to human tissue‐type mast cell HepPG. This material and other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were tested for their ability to accelerate the reciprocal activation of factor XII and prekallikrein and the autoactivation of factor XII. Quantitative analysis showed the MC‐HepPG to be as active as dextran sulfate on a weight basis; hog intestine heparin, dermatan sulfate. keratan polysulfate and chondroitin sulfate C were less active, other sulfated polysaccharides were essentially inactive. Incubation of MC‐HepPG in 1:4 diluted plasma resulted in complete cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen in a factor Xll‐dependent reaction. All of the MC‐HepPG dependent reactions described above were inhibited by preincubation of MC‐HepPG with heparinase I and II but not by pretreatment with heparitinase. chondroitinase ABC or the serine protease inhibitor aPMSF thus indicating that heparin proteoglycan is indeed acting as an initiating ‘surface’. We analysed the proteoglycan preparation by HPLC gel filtration. Fractions spanning a molecular weight range of > 400000–8000 were active initiators. Comparison of the chromatograms obtained before and after cleavage of GAG side chains from the protein core suggested that dissociated GAGs in the MW range 69000–17000 are the most active species rather than the complete proteoglycan. MC‐HepPG GAGs therefore represent a physiologic macromolecule with activity comparable to non‐physiological surfaces in a purified system and with the capability to induce activation of the contact system in diluted plasma. Its ability to promote kinin generation links cellular and humoral inflammatory responses in the perivasculature and provides a possible explanation for the elevated kinin levels observed after allergen exposure.
Long‐term follow‐up of nasal immunotherapy to Parietaria: clinical and local immunological effects
Authors: PASSALACQUA G. , ALBANO M. , PRONZATO C. , RICCIO A. M. , SCORDAMAGLIA A. , FALAGIANI P. , CANONICA G. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) with extracts in powder has been detnonstrated clinically effective and devoid of side‐effects in several controlled trials; nevertheless, no data concerning the long‐term effects of LNIT are presently available.Methods
In a recent double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of LNIT to Parietaria pollen we observed, by means of specific nasal provocation test (SNPT) that LNIT is able to modify the local allergic inflammatory response. In the present study we followed up the same patients in open fashion for 2 further years.Results
The results confirmed the clinical efficacy of LNIT and showed that it is strictly dependent on pre‐seasonal administration: in fact, after LNIT discontinuation a clinical relapse was observed. A certain long‐lasting protective effect on SNPT parameters (nasal symptoms and neutrophils infiltration) was also observed, whereas an increase of eosinophils count and ICAM‐1 expression on nasal epithelial cells appeared as possible markers of clinical relapse.Conclusion
The present study suggests that pre‐seasonal LNIT can be taken in consideration in selected subjects as prophylactic treatment for pollen‐induced rhinitis. In addition, the results obtained provide informations about the duration of clinical efficacy and add data about the local allergic inflammation and its modulation.
Disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus value of laboratory criteria
Authors: CLAUDY A.L. , TOURAINE J.L. , ALARIO A. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Serum samples and skin specimens from twenty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were studied for antinuclear antibodies, C3 and C4 levels, circulating immune complexes, B and T lymphocytes and lupus hand test. The patients were divided into three categories: Group I, six patients with inactive disease; Group II, eleven patients with mildly active disease without renal involvement; Group III, three patients with severely active disease and renal involvement. In Groups II and III, high levels of antinuclear antibodies, low C4 values, persistence of circulating immune complexes, reduction in T-lymphocyte number and positive lupus band test in uninvolved light exposed areas were usually associated with active lupus and tended to correlate with disease activity.
Systemic amyloidosis with an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder report of a case in which nail involvement was a presenting feature
Authors: BREATHNACH S.M. , WILKINSON J.D. , BLACK M.M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A case of systemic amyloidosis with an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder is described. Nail changes, which included longitudinal striation, crumbling and brittleness were striking and preceded the appearance of other cutaneous lesions by a period of 5 months. A nail biopsy confirmed the presence of amyloid deposits in the nail fold and distal part of the nail bed.
FIELD CONTINUATION AND THE STEP MODEL IN AEROMAGNETIC INTERPRETATION*
Authors: HENDERSON ROLAND G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTDownward continuation of the field in the neighborhood of a singularity of a magnetic anomaly is used to render the anomaly more two‐dimensional, to make the bottom of the causal body more remote, and to obtain an auxiliary function, φ (O.z), by means of which the anomaly may be interpreted in terms of an equivalent vertical contact or step model. The concept of “apparent depth” is introduced and used in studying depth extent and susceptibility. The methods are illustrated with theoretical and practical examples.
ESSAI DE DETERMINATION AUTOMATIQUE DES VITESSES SISMIQUES PAR MESURES ENTRE PUITS*
Authors: BOIS P. , LA PORTE M. , LAVERGNE M. , THOMAS G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLarge memory computers create new possibilities for seismic interpretation in well‐drilled areas, and more generally in problems involving deep sources.Records obtained by well‐to‐surface, surface‐to‐well and/or well‐to‐well propagation contain a large amount of information, owing to the great number of seismic rays travelling throughout the subsurface.This paper considers two successive steps:— direct case: computation of the first arrival times of seismic rays propagating through a two‐dimensional subsurface with given vertical and horizontal velocity variations;— inverse case: computation of a two‐dimensional velocity distribution, knowing the travel times of seismic rays through the subsurface.A computer program has been elaborated to solve both direct and inverse problems. There are no difficulties with the direct case; a certain number of uncertainties remain with the inverse case.
MAGNETOTELLURIC EFFECT OF DIPPING ANISOTROPIES*
Authors: REDDY I. K. , RANKIN D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractReddy, I. K., D. Rankin, 1971, Magnetotelluric Effect of Dipping Anisotropies, Geophysical Prospecting 19, 84–97.A solution is obtained for the magnetotelluric effect in the case of multi‐layered earth, each layer containing dipping anisotropy, with the strike of anisotropy oriented at an arbitrary angle to the measuring directions. A technique to compute tensor impedances and tensor apparent resistivities is presented and the importance of anisotropies in magnetotelluric interpretation is discussed.
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES BY A CONDUCTING OVERBURDEN*
Authors: GAUR V. K. , VERMA O. P. , GUPTA C. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of a conducting overburden on the electromagnetic response of sulphide ore‐bodies has been studied with the help of quantitative electromagnetic model experiments. These experiments were conducted at a fixed, crystal controlled, frequency of 100 kHz using a number of transmitter‐receiver configurations, though the results discussed here mostly pertain to a horizontal coplanar system. An analysis of the anomaly profiles—after accounting for the regional anomaly—indicates a general enhancement of the response. This is attributed (a) to the concentration of the current lines in the host‐rock effected by the embedded target and (b) to the change in the phase and space orientation of the field vectors, brought about by the conducting overburden. The enhancement is most pronounced in the case of non‐symmetrical bodies such as veins and ribbon‐like structures represented by sheet models, but is also observed to a lesser degree for isometric structures. These results are expected to pave the way for a more accurate interpretation of the induction prospecting data.
INTERPROFILE CORRELATION AND SELF‐SETTING FILTRATION METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GEOPHYSICAL DATA *
Authors: BHIMASANKARAM V. L. S. , TARKHOV A. G. , NIKITIN A. A. , RAO S. V. SESHAGIRI 
Published: April 2006

AbstractApplication of statistical methods of analysis of geophysical data is often helpful for the detection of weak anomalies against a noisy background. The processing and analysis of areal geophysical data by two such methods are presented. The advantage of these methods are illustrated with the help of two field examples.
OFFSHORE USE OF THE SELF‐POTENTIAL METHOD*
Authors: CORWIN R. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn offshore self‐potential array, towed behind a small boat, has recorded anomalies of up to −300 mV. These anomalies were related to conductive onshore deposits, and appear to be caused by offshore extensions of the deposits. Along with locating onshore deposits and their offshore extensions, the system may be useful for locating offshore deposits with no onshore extension. The background noise level of the system typically is a few tenths of a millivolt, allowing reliable recording of one millivolt gradient anomalies under average sea conditions.
DEPTH ESTIMATION OF MAGNETIC SOURCES BY MEANS OF FOURIER AMPLITUDE SPECTRA*
Authors: HAHN A. , KIND E. G. , MISHRA D. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Fourier transform of a square‐shaped section of a magnetic survey, digitized in a square grid, forms a rectangular matrix of coefficients which can be condensed to a series of average amplitudes dependent only on their frequency and no longer on the direction of the respective partial waves. These average amplitudes together represent a spectrum which–when plotted in a semilogarithmic coordinate system (log amplitude versus frequency)–often shows straight segments which decrease with increasing frequency. By continuing the given field downwards these straight segments become horizontal at a certain depth, the so‐called “white depth”. This white depth may be used as a first estimate for the depth of magnetic sources producing the respective part of the field. It is shown that the sources which correspond to such use of the white depth can be expected to be “randomly distributed with some positive autocorrelation”.As an example for such a depth estimation the interpretation of the aeromagnetic survey of NW‐Germany by a relief in 8–16 km depth is given. The relief divides the subsurface in an upper nonmagnetic layer and a lower layer with magnetization M= 2 Am−1.
EFFICIENT DESIGN OF AIR‐GUN ARRAYS*
Authors: SAFAR M. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new technique is developed for shaping the pressure bubble pulse radiated by an array of air‐guns. It involves the proper spacing of identical units. It is shown that considerable shortening of the pressure bubble pulse can be achieved provided there is sufficient mutual coupling between all the air‐guns.The existing air‐gun array technique for reducing the bubble pulse involves the redistribution of the energy of the bubble pulses which are produced by an array of variable sized air‐guns such that no energy of the bubble pulses is radiated along the perpendicular to the array axis and only the sum of the initial pulses produced by the air‐guns forming the array is radiated along that direction. However, the new air‐guns array technique involves the damping of the bubble pulses which are produced by an array of identical air‐guns by means of mutual interaction and the effective pressure pulse radiated by the array is given by the sum of the damped bubble pulses produced by the mutually coupled identical air‐guns.Preliminary field trials gave results consistent with the theoretical predictions. A comparison between the waveforms of the pressure bubble pulses radiated by a single air‐gun and by an array of four identical air‐guns shows that, due to the presence of mutual coupling between the four air‐guns, effective damping of the bubble pulse radiated by the array is about 50% greater than that of the bubble pulse radiated by the single air‐gun.
INTERPRETATION OF POTENTIAL FIELD DATA A GENERALIZED INVERSE APPROACH*
Authors: PEDERSEN L. BØRSTING 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe interpretation of potential field data from two‐dimensional structures with a single interface of density or susceptibility contrasts is solved in terms of generalized matrix inversion. The model equations are derived, and important features of generalized matrix inversion are treated. The method is subsequently used to solve two gravity problems, an artificial one where the solution is known, and a geophysical one related to the crust‐mantle interface. The solution is shown to compare well with the FFT results of Oldenburg. The method is also used to solve two magnetic problems, an artificial one with the solution known, and a geophysical one from the continental shelf of Greenland. The advantages and limitations of the method are finally discussed.