bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF ALANINE AND ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES BY α‐OXODERIVATIVES OF THE BRANCHED‐CHAIN AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Lysiak Wieslawa , Pienkowska‐Vogel Maria , Szutowicz A. , Angielski S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract—

L‐Alanine: α‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase was partly purified from rat brain and liver. The enzyme from the brain has about 10 times less activity than that from the liver.
Both enzymes have identical apparent Km values for L‐alanine, L‐glutamate, α‐oxoglutarate and pyruvate. Moreover they are competitively inhibited by L‐leucine. α‐oxoisocaproate and α‐oxotsovalerate. Obtained K, values are very similar and do not depend on the course of reaction.
α‐Oxoisocaproate inhibits the activity of crystalline L‐aspartate: α‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase; Kj is about 4–7 mM.
The pyridoxamine form of L‐alanine: α‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase seems to be more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the compounds investigated.
The effect of branched‐chain amino acids and their α‐oxoanalogues on the metabolism of amino groups in maple syrup urine disease is discussed.
THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND ITS MOLECULAR FORMS IN PIG CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Mclntosh C. H. S. , Plummer D. T. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The distribution of acetylcholinesterase among the subcellular fractions of pig cerebral cortex was determined. The crude mitochondrial and microsomal fractions obtained by differential centrifugation accounted for 75% of the enzyme, with the remainder divided between the crude nuclear and soluble fractions.The occurrence and distribution of the multiple molecular forms of AChE was the same in all four fractions with the dominant species of molecular weights 350,000, 270,000 and 60,000. Further purification of the mitochondrial fraction by density gradient centrifugation gave a series of membrane fractions with very similar multiple forms. The one possible exception was the fraction containing the purified synaptosomal membranes where one band of mol wt 270,000 predominated, although the other molecular weight entities were present. The electrophoretic pattern of AChE present in the fractionated microsomes was the same as in the crude preparation. The content and pattern of the multiple molecular forms of AChE was therefore the same in all fractions of pig brain, apart from that containing the purified synaptosomal membranes.
MALNUTRITION AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: CEREBELLAR WEIGHT, DNA, RNA, PROTEIN AND HISTOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS
Authors: Griffin W. S. T. , Woodward D. J. , Chanda R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Rat pups were reared in litters of 20 and litters of 6 to study effects of malnutrition on cerebellar development. Cell production and cell content were determined by assaying for DNA, as a measure of cell number, and RNA and protein, as indicators of cell constituents. By comparing DNA contents at 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 28 days after birth, we concluded that (a) there is little nutritional reserve at birth since significant differences appear by day 4, (b) most relative differences between groups appeared by day 8, with absolute differences increasing to day 21, and (c) there is partial recovery of cell number and cell constituents in the malnourished rats between 21 and 28 days.Areal measurements of histological preparations showed that malnutrition resulted in less total area in cerebellar midsagittal sections at days 8, 11. and 14. In malnourished animals, the germinal matrix area of the cerebellum, the external granular layer, was smaller on the 8th postnatal day, the same on the eleventh day, and larger on the fourteenth day when compared with that of well fed animals. At all three ages alterations could be discerned in the distribution of cells between the mitotic external mantle and nonmitotic internal matrix portions of the external granular layer.Further studies involving exchanging animals between large and small litters at various ages indicated that the time around days 4 to 8 is most sensitive to malnutrition. The results suggest a process in which malnutrition exerts its maximum effect by a slowing of cell production in the external granular layer in the initial exponential growth phase. It is likely that an adaptation occurs immediately in the external granular layer which subsequently permits a partial recovery of cerebellar growth between days 21 and 28.
DOPAMINE‐SENSITIVE ADENYLATE CYCLASE FROM THE RAT CAUDATE NUCLEUS: REGULATION BY GUANYL NUCLEOTIDES AND THE INTERACTION OF MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ATP1
Authors: Clement‐Cormier Yvonne C. , Rudolph Frederick B. , Robison G. Alan 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— An adenylate cyclase present in the caudate nucleus of the rat brain, which is selectively stimulated by low concentrations of dopamine and which is believed to mediate dopaminergic synaptic transmission has been characterized with respect to interactions with guanyl nucleotides and magnesium ions. The addition of GTP (10−5 M) or GMPPNP (10−5 M) did not alter the linear increase in cyclic AMP as a function of time in the presence and absence of dopamine. GTP did, however, inhibit basal adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of the caudate but the dopamine‐stimulated enzyme activity was not affected, thus increasing the percent stimulation produced by dopamine. This ability of GTP to increase responsiveness to dopamine was not dependent on the level of added Mg2+ in the assay medium. Conversely, GMPPNP (10−5 M) markedly lowered the basal as well as the dopamine stimulated activity as a function of magnesium in the caudate. These results suggest an important role for GTP and Mg2+ in the regulation of caudate adenylate cyclase and its activation by dopamine. In homogenates of the cortex the most dramatic effect of GTP and GMPPNP was on the potentiation of the norepinephrine effect. The guanyl nucleotides studied in the cortex did not have the inhibitory effect on basal enzyme activity as observed in homogenates of the caudate.Interactions between Mg2+ and MgATP2‐ and the dopamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase from the rat caudate nucleus have also been studied. The data are consistent with a bireactant sequential mechanism where Mg2+ is a required activator and free ATP4 is not a significant inhibitor of the reaction. The data show that dopamine lowered the apparent Km for free Mg2+ about 2‐fold without significantly changing the Vmax. GTP and GMPPNP did not alter the apparent Km for Mg2+ but did lower the Vmax both in the presence and absence of dopamine. GMPPNP was more potent than GTP in producing these effects in the striatal enzyme. The data presented herein implicate an important role for guanyl nucleotides and Mg2+ in the regulation of brain adenylate cyclase and its activation by various neurotransmitters. Furthermore, the results also suggest that although the role for guanyl nucleotides may be equally important in various areas of the brain, the mechanisms of action of guanyl nucleotides in these areas may differ.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID IN RAT BRAIN VIA ACYL DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE
Authors: Hajra Amiya K. , Burke Caryl 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The enzymes for the biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid from acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate were shown to be present in rat brain. These enzymes were mainly localized in the microsomal fraction of 12–14 day old rat brains. The brain microsomal acyl CoA: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyl transferase (EC 2.3.1.42), exhibited a broad pH optimum between pH 5 and 9 with maximum activity at pH 5.4. Km for DHAP at pH 5.4 was 0.1 mm and Vmax was 0.86nmol/min/mg of microsomal protein. The corresponding microsomal enzyme for the glycerophosphate pathway (acyl CoA: sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyl transferase EC 2.3.1.15) was shown to have a different pH optimum (pH 7.6). On the basis of the differences in pH optima, differential effects of sodium cholate in the enzymes and a common substrate competition study, these acyl transferases were postulated to be two different microsomal enzymes.Acyl DHAP:NADPH oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.101) in brain microsomes was found to be quite specific for NADPH as cofactor, being able to utilize NADH only at very high concentrations. This enzyme exhibited a Km of 8.6 μm with NADPH and Vmx of 0.81 nmol/min/mg protein. The presence of these two enzymes and the known presence of l‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate: acyl CoA acyl transferase in brain (Fleming & Hajra, 1977) demonstrated the biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid in brain via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Phosphatidic acid was shown to form when dihydroxyacetone phosphate, acyl CoA, NADPH and other cofactors were incubated together with brain microsomes. Further properties of the enzymes and the probable importance of the presence of this pathway in brain were discussed.
Vascular α1‐adrenoceptors in isolated perfused rat kidney: influence of ageing
Authors: Awe S. O. , Adeagbo A. S. O. 
Published: December 2006

Summary 1 The present study identifies α1‐adrenoceptor subtype(s) involved in constrictor responses of the kidney and how ageing influences it. 2 The study was conducted on kidneys from F344BNF1 rats, which unlike F344 or Wistar rats used by many previous investigators do not exhibit glomerulonephritis at advanced age. 3 Noradrenaline (NA) and phenylephrine (PHE) (non‐selective α1) and A61063 (selective α1A) adrenoceptor agonists elicited constriction of perfused kidneys of young and old rats. The pD2 values (index of renovascular reactivity) were significantly higher for A61603 than for either PHE or NA, and significantly decrease across age groups. 4 BMY 7378 or RS 100329, α1D‐ or α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively antagonized the constrictor responses and suppressed the maximal responses to all agonists in young adult rat kidneys. However, antagonism of PHE or A61063 by BMY 7378 in old rat kidneys was surmountable. 5 This study suggests that: (i) α1A and α1D‐adrenoceptor subtypes mediate vasoconstriction of perfused rat kidney; (ii) α1A‐adrenoceptor subtype appears to predominate in renal vasculature based on agonist relative potencies. (iii) Ageing significantly decreases α1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated vasoconstriction of rat kidney.
The classical competitive antagonism of phentolamine on smooth muscle preparations, investigated by two procedures
Authors: Patil P. N. 
Published: December 2006

Summary 1 In isolated smooth muscle tissues taken from rats, rabbits and guinea‐pigs, all at 37.5 °C, the equilibrium dissociation constant (K) of the competitive, reversible α‐adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine varied between 4 and 28 nm. 2 The concentration of the antagonist required to inhibit contractions to direct‐ or indirect‐acting α‐adrenenoceptor agonists by 50% (IC50) also varied between 5 and 30 nm. 3 From one tissue to another, the IC50/K ratio of the blocker varied from 1 to 2.5, the values being close to those predicted by classical receptor theory based on the law of mass action. 4 At 27.5 °C, using phenylephrine as the spasmogen in rat aorta, the IC50/K ratio for phentolamine was 3.1. 5 A significantly higher IC50 compared with K for phentolamine indicates that the procedures for estimating affinity constants for a competitive antagonist are not equivalent.
Heterogeneous effect of leucotriene CysLT1receptor antagonists on antigen‐induced motor and inflammatory responses in guinea‐pig airways
Authors: Alfieri A. B. , Tramontana M. , Cialdai C. , Lecci A. , Giuliani S. , Crea A. , Manzini S. , Maggi C. A. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1 The effect of montelukast or MEN91507, selective leucotriene CysLT1receptor antagonists, on antigen‐induced airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction were compared in anaesthetized guinea‐pigs.2 In sensitized animals, ovalbumin (0.3 mg kg−1, i.v.)‐induced microvascular leakage in trachea, intrapulmonary airways, total lung (parenchyma and intrapulmonary airways) and urinary bladder was reduced by MEN91507 (0.01–1 μmol kg−1, i.v.), whereas montelukast (0.01–1 μmol kg−1, i.v.) antagonized the effect of the antigen only in the lung and urinary bladder.3 Ovalbumin (1 mg kg−1, i.v.)‐induced bronchoconstriction was dose dependently antagonized by MEN91507 (10–30 μmol kg−1, i.v.), whereas the effect of montelukast (0.1–30 μmol kg−1, i.v.) was marginal (15–30% inhibition). Neither MEN91507 nor montelukast (30 μmol kg−1, i.v.) affected the bronchoconstrictor response induced by acetylcholine (0.3 μmol kg−1, i.v.) in sensitized animals.4 It is concluded that montelukast and MEN91507 display a differential activity against the effect of endogenous leucotrienes, despite the fact that both compounds show a similar antagonist profile against exogenous leucotrienes acting through CysLT1receptors.
In vivoeffects of amtolmetin guacyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems in different models of gastrointestinal injury
Authors: Kirkova M. , Kesiova M. , Konstantinova S. , Alexandrova A. , Petrov L. , Tsvetanova E. , Todorov S. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1 Thein vivoeffects of the non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) amtolmetin guacyl (AMG) on lipid peroxidation (LP) and on antioxidant enzyme and non‐enzyme defence systems were investigated in models of stomach and colon damages, induced by other NSAIDs, by ethanol or by 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS).2 Indomethacin increased LP, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (Glu‐6‐P‐DH) activities and decreased glutathione levels in gastric mucosa. Pretreatment with AMG normalized some of the parameters affected by indomethacin.3 Treatment of rats with ethanol for 0.5 h led to a decrease in glutathione levels as well as activities of glutathione reductase and Glu‐6‐P‐DH in gastric mucosa. AMG, administered 0.5 h before ethanol, limited the adverse actions of ethanol.4 Amtolmetin guacyl failed to abolish the TNBS‐induced changes in the followed‐up parameters in colon mucosa and liver, but additional alterations (as with tolmetin) were not observed.5 The beneficial profile of AMG in the various experimental models of free radical‐induced damage investigated in this study suggests the possibility that this drug might possess antioxidant activity.
Can Hip Protector Use in the Nursing Home Be Predicted?
Authors: Honkanen Lisa A. , Monaghan Niall , Reid M. C. , Newstein David , Pillemer Karl , Lachs Mark S. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To identify resident‐ and caregiver‐related factors that influence hip protector (HP) usage.DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study over 6 weeks.SETTING: A 409‐bed nursing home located in New York City.PARTICIPANTS: Fifty‐two residents and 60 certified nursing assistants (CNAs).INTERVENTION: Free HPs were provided to residents enrolled in the study.MEASUREMENTS: HP adherence (number of hours HPs were worn/shift); HP users (subjects who used HPs for more than 1 hour during any 8‐hour shift as recorded by CNAs in week 6 or who used HPs at checks performed by research staff in week 6 and intended future use); CNAs' scores on a questionnaire quantifying osteoporosis knowledge, opinions on HPs, job satisfaction, and health locus of control.RESULTS: Sixty‐eight percent of residents were HP users. Factors independently associated with this outcome included male sex, age, Parkinson's disease, family involvement, impaired cognition, dependent ambulation, and CNAs' sense that chance affects health outcomes. In multivariate models, anxiety, resistive behaviors, ambulation, and fall history in residents and CNAs' perceptions of HPs and their sense of how chance or other staff determine health outcomes predicted HP adherence.CONCLUSION: Resident‐related factors and CNAs' sense of external controls predicted HP users and HP adherence. CNAs' understanding of osteoporosis and HP affected only HP adherence. Most resident‐related factors were not remediable but might help to target likely HP users. To improve HP adherence, educational programs should be designed to improve CNAs' understanding of osteoporosis and HP. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Income dynamics in Tamil Nadu, India from 1971 to 2003: changing roles of land and human capital
Authors: Kajisa Kei , Palanichamy N. Venkatesa 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article examines the changing role of physical and human capital in income dynamics in Tamil Nadu, India, using detailed daily records of farming households from 1971 to 2003. We find that income growth until the early 1990s is attributed to the rice Green Revolution and the associated development of nonrice farm sector. Further growth after the 1990s became possible due to the rapid nonfarm sector development that has been stimulated by the liberalization of Indian economy since 1991. In accordance with this change in income structure, the importance of physical and human capital has changed. Human capital was important in the early 1970s to take advantage of the rice Green Revolution technology. Once the new technology became standard among farmers, human capital became an insignificant factor. The importance of human capital has revived in a different manner in recent years firstly because it has increased farmers' access to nonfarm job opportunities, and secondly because farm management has become more knowledge intensive in the face of increasing scarcity of labor and water. The contribution of physical capital increased during the Green Revolution period, while it started declining after that. The changing mechanism is characterized as the shifting importance from physical to human capital in accordance with the changing engines of income growth from the Green Revolution to the development of nonfarm sector.
The Conquest of the Past inThe History of the Kings of Britain
Authors: Faletra Michael A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article surveys a range of twentieth‐century scholarly discourse concerning Geoffrey of Monmouth's apparent political sympathies in his mid‐twelfth‐century Anglo‐LatinThe History of the Kings of Britain, especially in regard to his stance toward the Welsh and his use of source materials. In contrast to recent critics, especially Monika Otter and Michelle Warren, who see Geoffrey's enormously popular and influential pseudo‐history as fundamentally ambivalent or ambiguous, the present author aligns Geoffrey with his Norman patrons and contends thatThe History of the Kings of Britaincreates a past that posits the ancient Britons, the ancestors of the twelfth‐century Welsh, as eminently fit for conquest. In terms of its general historiographic emplotment,The History of the Kings of Britainnarrates pre‐Saxon British history as a long decline. In tandem with this larger narrative structure, Geoffrey's strategic use of the prophecies of Merlin likewise subverts any potential rallying point for British or Welsh resurgence. Both historiographically and teleologically, Geoffrey'sHistory of the Kings of Britainultimately works against the ancient Britons and their Welsh descendants, legitimating Norman colonial ambitions in Wales.
Victorian Feeling and the Victorian Novel
Authors: Ablow Rachel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article examines the recent explosion of interest in the emotions in the context of the Victorian novel. It focuses specifically on work published since the “theoretical turn” of the 1970s, describing how recent feminist critics have expanded the range of texts we examine and questioned the value we grant or refuse to sentimental literature, how Foucauldian critics have called attention to the historicity of the emotions, and how post‐Althusserian critics have redefined literature as an Ideological State Apparatus. The result has been a renewed interest in – as well as a new skepticism about – emotional responses to literary texts.
Does dermal thermometry predict clinical outcome in diabetic foot infection? Analysis of data from the SIDESTEP* trial
Authors: Armstrong David G , Lipsky Benjamin A , Polis Adam B , Abramson Murray A 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to assess in patients with a diabetic foot infection (DFI), whether differences in skin temperature of the affected foot as compared to the corresponding site on the contralateral foot using dermal thermometry (DT) correlates with infection severity and clinical outcome. As part of the SIDESTEP DFI study, investigators took DT measurements at baseline and the discontinuation of intravenous therapy (DCIV) and performed a systematic evaluation of the infected limb to calculate a wound score. We compared the skin temperature differential between the limbs at the two assessments and determined the correlation between this value and surrogate markers of inflammation and the clinical response to treatment. Among patients enrolled in SIDESTEP, 332 were fully evaluable. The mean temperature differential between the limbs was 2·81 ± 5·75°F at baseline and 2·43 ± 4·84°F at DCIV (mean change: −0·37; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0·98, 0·23; P= 0·225). Skin temperature differential at baseline did not correlate with white blood cell count, level of C‐reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate or the infection severity score (r= 0·058, 0·148, −0·002, 0·067, respectively). We observed no overall trend between surface temperature differential at baseline and clinical outcome at DCIV, but patients with a skin temperature differential of ≥10°F at baseline had a significantly lower clinical response than those whose differential was <10°F (81·4% versus 94·3%; difference 12·9%; 95% CI: 3·5, 27·3%, P= 0·007). While there was no overall relationship between skin temperature and poor clinical outcome, there may be a threshold effect in DT (<10°F versus >10°F) between the limbs at baseline that predicts outcome of therapy.
The management of deep sternal wound infections using vacuum assisted closure™ (V.A.C.®) therapy
Authors: Fleck Tatjana , Gustafsson Ronny , Harding Keith , Ingemansson Richard , Lirtzman Mitchell D , Meites Herbert L , Moidl Reinhard , Price Patricia , Ritchie Andrew , Salazar Jorge , Sjögren Johan , Song David H , Sumpio Bauer E , Toursarkissian Boulos , Waldenberger Ferdinand , Wetzel‐Roth Walter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA group of international experts met in May 2006 to develop clinical guidelines on the practical application of vacuum assisted closure™ (V.A.C.®)† therapy in deep sternal wound infections. Group discussion and an anonymous interactive voting system were used to develop content. The recommendations are based on current evidence or, where this was not available, the majority consensus of the international group. The principles of treatment for deep sternal wound infections include early recognition and treatment of infection. V.A.C. therapy should be instigated early, following thorough wound irrigation and surgical debridement. V.A.C. therapy in deep sternal wound infections requires specialist surgical supervision and should only be undertaken by clinicians with adequate experience and training in the use of the technique.