bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO STEROL AND STEROID SYNTHESIS BY OVARIES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED IMMATURE RATS TREATED WITH HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Bai R. Uma , Bischoff K. , Macome J. C. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The in vitro conversion of sodium [ 1,2- 14C] acetate into sterols and steroids was studied following the incubation of groups of ovaries from hypophysectomized immature rats with human gonadotrophins. Tritium labelled internal standards were used to monitor procedural losses and sterols and steroids were isolated in a radiochemically homogeneous form. The gonadotrophin preparations studied included a highly purified human urinary LH preparation (with no detectable FSH activity) as well as human urinary FSH and HCG preparations in which the LH and FSH-like activity, respectively, was selectively neutralized by the addition of appropriate antigonadotrophic sera.
The ovaries of saline-treated control animals converted considerable quantities of labelled acetate into cholesterol and small amounts into cholesterol esters. Little, if any, acetate was converted by these ovaries into steroids.
The injection of a human urinary LH-free FSH preparation or of a highly purified human urinary LH preparation resulted in a marked increase in the incorporation of labelled acetate into cholesterol, which was accompanied by a slightly increased incorporation into cholesteryl esters. Small amounts of carbon-14 labelled androstenedione and testosterone were also isolated but no pregnenolone or progesterone was found.
MALE HERMAPHRODITE WITH 46,XX CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION
Authors: Takayasu Hisao , Kinoshita Kenji , Isurugi Koichiro , Matsumoto Yutaka , Komine Yukikuni , Tonomura Akira 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A 25-year-old male hermaphrodite with the sex chromosome constitution of 46,XX is reported. Clinical, endocrinological, pathological and cytogenetical studies are presented and discussed in comparison with findings in the so-called XX males reported in the literature.
Some theories to explain the paradoxical occurrence of a testis in XX males and XX male hermaphrodites are mentioned and a possible aetiological relationship between these XX male syndromes and Klinefelter's syndrome is suggested.
STUDIES IN CONGENITAL GENERALIZED LIPODYSTROPHY
Authors: Oseid Svein 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Studies of the plasma immunoreactive human growth hormone (HGH) levels in six patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy revealed low normal basal values without any rise in plasma HGH following stimulation with insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, arginine or vasopressin. The results are interpreted as indicating either a disturbed regulation of the HGH secretion or the formation of an abnormal growth hormone.
EVIDENCE FOR THE INTERNAL FEEDBACK PHENOMENON IN HUMAN SUBJECTS: EFFECTS OF ACTH ON PLASMA CRF
Authors: Upton G. V. , Corbin A. , Mabry C. C. , Hollingsworth D. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Corticotrophin (ACTH) was administered to three patients with lipoatrophic diabetes (LD), one hypophysectomized LD patient and one control subject in an effort to simulate the internal feedback mechanism as measured by plasma corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) activity. Plasma cortisol was determined at zero, five and eight hours after the beginning of ACTH infusion. Every LD patient showed a lack of adrenal response to ACTH as evidenced by the absence of significant increments in plasma cortisol levels. The control subject had a normal adrenal response to ACTH. Three of the four LD patients showed a reduction in plasma CRF levels after ACTH. The control subject had no detectable plasma CRF before or after ACTH.
The reduction in plasma CRF accompanied by constant levels of plasma cortisol after ACTH administration suggests a direct regulatory effect of ACTH on CRF secretion. These data provide strong supportive evidence for the existence of an internal or 'short-loop' feedback system in human subjects in which the levels of plasma CRF appear to be regulated directly by blood levels of ACTH – presumably at the hypothalamic level.
OESTRIOL CONJUGATES IN AMNIOTIC FLUID. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS, INCLUDING PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN Rh ISOIMMUNIZATION
Authors: Tikkanen M. J. , Adlercreutz H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In addition to oestriol-16-glucosiduronate (OE3-16Gl), oestriol-3-sulphate (OE3-3S) and oestriol-3-sulphate, 16-glucosiduronate (OE3-3S,16Gl), a fourth conjugate, oestriol-3-glucosiduronate (OE3-3Gl), was tentatively identified in human late pregnancy amniotic fluid. A method was developed for the determination of all four conjugates in amniotic fluid and analyses were carried out on 11 normal samples and on six samples obtained in pregnancies complicated by mild Rh isoimmunization. The concentrations and proportions of these oestriol conjugates in normal amniotic fluid were: OE3-16Gl: 847 μg/l (61 %), OE3-3S: 245 μg/l (16%), OE3-3S,16Gl: 195 μg/l (14%) and OE3-3Gl: 134 μg/l (9%). In mild Rh isoimmunization the pattern of oestriol conjugates did not differ significantly from normal.
THE 5β-METABOLITES OF TESTOSTERONE: MODE AND SEX-SPECIFICITY OF THEIR FORMATION IN THE RAT LIVER
Authors: Ghraf Rüdiger , Hoff Hanns-Georg , Lax Edmund Rodney , Schriefers Herbert 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Rat liver slices provide a suitable test model which, with simple and variable experimental conditions, contributes direct evidence for the formation of the 5β-metabolites, 17β-hydroxy-5β-androstan-3-one, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one, from a direct hydrogenation of testosterone glucuronide.
When liver slices are incubated with testosterone in a KHR-phosphate medium no glucuronidation occurs and no 5β-metabolites are formed. They are produced, however, in a KHR-hydrogencarbonate medium, in which the slices are able to form glucuronides.
Moreover, the production rate of 5β-hydrogenated products like that of testosterone glucuronide formation is sex-specific. The male animal metabolizes less testosterone by oxidoreductive pathways than the female and thus exhibits the higher testosterone glucuronide formation. This higher glucuronide formation rate is closely associated with the appearance of 5β-metabolites in the aglucone fraction. Apparently, the testosterone glucuronide formation rate of the female animal is not sufficiently high to allow the production of 5β-configurated C19O2-aglucones in measurable quantities.
An experimentally induced feminization of the hepatic metabolism of genetically male rats by a single injection of 300 μg oestradiol benzoate on day 2 of life reduces the testosterone glucuronide formation rate to the female level and causes the 5β-metabolites to disappear.
Thus, it is evident that at least those 5β-metabolites mentioned above are products of a direct hydrogenation of testosterone glucuronide.
METABOLISM AND MODE OF ACTION OF ANDROGENS IN TARGET TISSUE OF MALE RATS
Authors: Schmidt H. , Giba-Tziampiri O. , Rotteck G. v. , Voigt K. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects of 5α-androstane-3,17-dione2), of 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol and of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol on protein and nucleic acid content as well as on the activities of some enzymes have been studied in the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles of immature castrated rats. The androgens were administered in doses of 0.1 mg or 1 mg three times at 24 h intervals respectively, and the animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. In accordance with the literature 5α-androstane-3,17-dione had a distinctly greater effect on the ventral prostates than on the seminal vesicles. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that in seminal vesicles this androgen had no effect on cell proliferation, whereas cell metabolism was slightly stimulated. The lack of cell proliferation in seminal vesicles is probably due to a smaller conversion of the steroid to 5α-dihydrotestosterone, i.e. to a weaker activity of the 17β-oxidoreductase in this target organ. The 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol as well as the 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol had a marked effect on DNA increase, comparable to that of 5α-dihydrotestosterone in both target organs. In the case of the 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol this effect could be due to its high conversion rate to 5α-dihydrotestosterone. However, this is not the case for the 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol. It seems possible that the 3β-hydroxy group of an androgen also exerts a cell proliferative effect. Concerning stimulation of cell metabolism in both target organs a greater effect was found after the administration of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol. This again leads to the conclusion that there are different sites of androgen action at the cellular level.
REGULATION OF RAT PITUITARY THYMIDINE KINASE ACTIVITY BY ANDROGENS
Authors: Valotaire Yves , Duval Jacques 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) has been studied in the pituitary postmitochondrial supernatant of growing male rats. This enzyme requires ATP and Mg++ to exhibit full activity. Pre-incubation at 37°C in the absence of substrate partly inactivates the enzyme. Apparent Michaelis constant (Km) is 5 × 10−6 m for normal rats as well as for castrated rats. After an initial decrease which terminates a few days after weaning, the specific activity is at a maximum between 30 and 35 days and then decreases regularly. These variations, previously observed for thymidine monophosphate kinase (dTMP kinase), confirm the importance of the prepuberal period in pituitary development.
Two days after castration of immature male rats, pituitary thymidine kinase specific activity increases 20 to 100 % over the control value. The injection of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone to castrated animals maintains the activity to the basal level of the sham operated animals. Cycloheximide injected immediately after gonadectomy prevents the usual increase; low doses of actinomycin D do not abolish the difference between control and castrated animals.
If thymidine kinase is an enzyme involved in the regulation of DNA metabolism, it follows that androgens somehow exert a regulatory effect on pituitary development via the thymidylic nucleotides pathway. This effect might be due to dihydrotestosterone and might take place at the level of enzyme biosynthesis.
ANALYSIS OF THE INHIBITION OF THE ACTH RELEASE BY HYPOTHALAMIC IMPLANTS OF ATROPINE
Authors: Kaplanski J. , Smelik P. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of anterior hypothalamic atropine implants on the secretion of corticotrophin in the rat, as indicated by the corticosteroid production by adrenal glands incubated in vitro and/or by the plasma corticosterone concentration, was studied. It was found that atropine implants markedly inhibit the adrenocortical responses evoked by all the stress stimuli tested, except for that to a CRF preparation. The onset of the blockade was very fast; the duration of the inhibition lasted for about 2 h. Smaller amounts of atropine (2×15 μg) were also effective when implanted bilaterally into the anterior hypothalamic region. It is concluded that cholinergic synapses in the hypothalamus may be involved in the activation of the pituitary-adrenal system after stressful stimuli.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF LITHIUM ON THE ACTION AND RELEASE OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE IN RATS
Authors: Torp-Pedersen Chr. , Thorn N. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Intravenous infusion of lithium in a concentration of 13 or 5 mm in a hypotonic fluid at a rate of 0.167 ml per minute to Inactin® anaesthetized 200 g rats caused an inhibition of the effect of 80 μU arginine-vasopressin on diuresis, urine osmolality and urine conductivity. This inhibition was not reversible for up to 150 min after cessation of the infusion of lithium.
When isolated hemilobes of neurohypophyses of rats were stimulated by a high concentration of potassium in the incubation medium, pre-incubation with 24 mm lithium in the medium did not inhibit the release of hormone. On the contrary, when the hemilobes were stimulated a second time, a higher release of hormone into the medium than in control experiments was found.
THYROID NODULE AUTONOMY: ITS DEMONSTRATION BY THE THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) STIMULATION TEST
Authors: Karlberg Bengt E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The response of thyrotrophin (TSH) to a single iv stimulation test with synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was compared with a thyroxine (T4)suppression test including thyroid scintiscans in 23 patients with palpable single thyroid nodules and in a control group of subjects without thyroid disease. In 16 patients with toxic adenomas and clinical hyperthyroidism no TSH-response to TRH was found as well as lack of suppression of the radioiodine uptake after T4. Thyroid scintiscans remained unchanged. Seven patients, judged to be euthyroid by clinical examination and laboratory tests, also showed no suppression by T4, as well as unchanged scintiscans. Six out of these seven patients had an absent TSH response to TRH, one had a "blunted" response. These patients were classified as having autonomously functioning thyroid adenomas. Thus there was a close correlation between absent TSH-response to TRH and non-suppressibility by T4 and it is concluded that in patients with single thyroid nodules, autonomous thyroid function can be demonstrated by the simple iv TRH stimulation test (potential hyperthyroidism or preclinical hyperthyroidism).
The possibility of an altered T3/T4-secretion ratio in the development of abnormal thyroid function in thyroid adenomas is discussed. It is suggested that the rapid iv TRH stimulation test is preferable to suppression tests as a screening test for the assessment of abnormal thyroid function in patients with single thyroid nodules, providing that a reliable TSH assay method is available.
LACTATION AND INTRA-MAMMARY PRESSURE IN RATS BEARING OESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE OR NORETHINDRONE MAMMARY IMPLANTS; EFFECTS OF OXYTOCIN
Authors: Bruce J. D. , Cofre X. , Ramirez V. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A study was made of the effect on lactation of progesterone, oestrogen or norehindrone implanted directly into the mammary gland of lactating rats compared to that in control animals. The results showed that progesterone did not disturb the milk yield of the mothers, growth of the pups or the action of oxytocin upon intra-mammary pressure. On the contrary, confirming earlier results, oestrogen showed a definitive deleterious effect upon lactation probably through an alteration of the milk ejection mechanism, since oestrogen reduced the mammary pressure effect of oxytocin. Norethindrone, a weak oestrogenic progestational compound, also showed an inhibitory action on lactation. These results support the hypothesis that oestrogen and progesterone have different direct actions upon the mammary function during lactation.
EARLY INSULIN RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE STIMULATION IN SIBLINGS OF JUVENILE DIABETICS
Authors: Sterky Göran , Thorell Jan I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An intravenous glucose tolerance test was carried out in 33 young sibs of juvenile diabetics and in 53 matched controls. No significant difference was found in blood glucose, glucose disappearance rate or FFA response between the two groups. The variation of the early insulin response (ER) was wide, but the mean (±sd) was significantly lower for the sibs (71 ±41 μU/ml) than for the controls (116 ± 58 μU/ml). This difference was due mainly to the fact that high ER was almost lacking among the sibs, while low or medium ER occurred in both groups. No correlation was found between ER and age (12–26 years), body weight or skinfold thickness. The ER and the glucose disapperance rates were positively correlated. The healthy brother and sister, respectively, in two pairs of monozygotic twins, whose sibs had juvenile diabetes, showed normal glucose tolerance and a normal ER (58 and 103 μU/ml) falling within 1 sd of the normals.
The results lend support to the view that the ER is affected by close kinship to juvenile diabetics, revealed by group comparison. The results do not indicate that individual »pre-diabetics« can be identified by a low ER.
EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: Trams G. , Brewitt H. , Möllmann H. , Maass H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of gestagenic compounds on the oestrogen induced nucleic acid and protein synthesis of the rat uterus after castration was investigated. Progesterone causes an inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation into uterine RNA. The inhibitory effect is strongest when progesterone is administered within 1 hour before isotope labelling. Evaluation of the free labelled nucleotides shows that this effect is not achieved by a blockade of permeability at the cell membrane or by reduction of the phosphorylation process. As a result of this progesterone-induced inhibition, protein synthesis is also reduced.
These results are discussed with regard to the modifying effect of progesterone on oestrogen dependent functions in the uterus.
SERUM LH DURING OVULATORY AND ANOVULATORY MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN MACAQUES
Authors: Mori J. , Hafez E. S. E. , Jaszczak S. , Kanagawa H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Serum LH concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay, in peripheral blood obtained daily throughout 21 ovulatory and 3 anovulatory cycles in 18 crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis) and 7 cycles in 4 bonnet macaques (M. radiata). The occurrence of ovulation was determined by laparoscopic and/or laparotomic examinations in both macaque species. A single mid-cycle peak in LH concentration was detected. LH concentrations were similar during the follicular and luteal phase of the cycle and increased abruptly to approximately a 2–10 fold rise at mid-cycle. LH surge occurred predominantly as a single distinctive peak lasting for one day. In some cycles additional burst in LH concentration occurred 2–4 days after the main LH peak. Ovulation occurred about 6–24 hours after the peak concentration of serum LH. At the time of LH surge, the cervical mucus showed maximal quantity, spinnbarkeit and arborization. The pre-ovulatory LH surge occurred most frequently on Days 10–13 of the cycle. The variability of the length of the menstrual cycle was due primarily to variation in duration of follicular phase, whereas the luteal phase was remarkably constant.
Anovulatory cycles were unaccompanied by mid-cycle LH surge. The mean value of serum LH concentration in anovulatory cycles was similar to the pre- and post-peak serum LH levels in ovulatory cycles. Serum LH was seldom flat but there were often rhythmic oscillations ranging from 20 to 100% of calculated mean value of serum LH.
DEHYDROGENASES IN THE PREPUBERTAL RAT OVARY: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF Δ5-3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE AND ENZYMES OF CARBOHYDRATE OXIDATION FOLLOWING OXYTHIAMINE TREATMENT
Authors: Gupta Jayasree Sen , Dey Sudhansu K. , Deb C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A histochemical study of the NAD- and NADP-linked dehydrogenases, Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Δ5-3β-ODH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and the corresponding tetrazolium reductases in prepubertal rat ovaries following the administration of oxythiamine HCl revealed diminution in the activities of the two dehydrogenases, while the NAD- and NADP-tetrazolium reductase activities remained unchanged. The same treatment resulted in stimulation of dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase (DLDH) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in the ovarian tissues. Supplementary histochemical demonstration of Δ5-3β-OHD activity in phosphate buffer at pH 9.0 revealed a similar localization of the enzyme as that observed at pH 7.1 and which was free of the NAD-linked diaphorase activity. A diminution of this ovarian enzyme activity at this pH was also evident, following oxythiamine treatment. The results indicate a suppression of ovarian steroidogenesis in the prepubertal rats as a result of an alteration of the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme, G-6-PD, following treatment with oxythiamine HCl.
A SIMPLE CLINICAL TEST FOR MEASURING THE SERUM TESTOSTERONE RESPONSE TO INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN (HCG)
Authors: Vivanco F. , Gonzalez-Gancedo P. , Ramos F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A simple clinical test for measuring the blood testosterone response to intravenous infusions of HCG is described. Testosterone was measured in serum by a competitive protein-binding method at 0, 4, 12 and 24 h after the iv infusion of 5000 IU of HCG. Normal men showed a maximal increase of serum testosterone of about 2.5 times the basal levels at 12–24 h after starting the HCG infusion. Normal women did not respond at all to HCG stimulation. Four cases of proven Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) had basal testosterone values higher than in women but significantly lower than in normal men and did not show any response to HCG stimulation. In two orchidectomized patients with very low basal levels of serum testosterone the response to iv HCG was also negative. The test appears to measure specifically the testosterone secretion of the Leydig cells and may be very useful for the differential diagnosis of male hypogonadal syndromes.
EFFECT OF DOSE AND ADMINISTRATION PERIOD OF GROWTH HORMONE ON LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: Thorngren K.-G. , Hansson L. I. , Menander-Sellman K. , Stenström A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of bovine growth hormone (NIH-GH-B15) on the growth in length of the proximal growth plate of the tibia in hypophysectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by the tetracycline method. The width of the growth plate was also determined and the weight of the body and heart was registered. The completeness of the hypophysectomy was determined microscopically.
The daily sc injection of 25 μg NIH-GH-B15 for 10, 20 or 30 days resulted in an increasing growth in length with increasing administration period. When various doses (5, 25, 100 or 400 μg) NIH-GH-B15 were administered daily for 20 days, the growth in length increased with the dose. A single injection of 45 mg/kg cortisone acetate given at hypophysectomy depressed the growth stimulation of growth hormone. The age at hypophysectomy also influenced the growth hormone-induced growth stimulation. Animals hypophysectomized at 40 days of age had a higher growth in length for the same doses and administration periods of growth hormone than those operated at 60 days of age. The width of the growth plate of the proximal tibia and the weight of the body and heart responded in a similar manner as the longitudinal bone growth to various doses and administration periods of growth hormone, but the changes were less obvious.
The dose-response relation after the administration of various doses of growth hormone for 20 days was tested for different growth parameters by the index of precision (λ). Of the growth parameters in this investigation, the accumulated growth in length in animals hypophysectomized at 60 days of age without cortisone at operation was found to be most suitable for dose-response determination of growth hormone. The intention is to develop a bio-assay for growth hormone.