bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canine neoplasia – Introductory paper
Authors: GAMLEM HANS , NORDSTOGA KNUT , GLATTRE EYSTEIN 
Published: January 2009

The paper gives a brief introduction to canine oncology, including its comparative aspects as basis for recording tumours in the animal kingdom. In an abbreviated presentation of the Norwegian Canine Cancer Project for the years 1990 – 1998, the data (n=14,401) were divided into age groups, each of two years, into different categories of tumours, and into age and gender. As expected, cutaneous histiocytoma was the dominant tumour type in both sexes during the two first years of life. In the age group 2 – 3.99 years histiocytoma was still the largest group in males, but was surpassed by benign epithelial skin tumours in females. After the age of 4 years, benign epithelial skin tumours constituted the greatest circumscribed group in males, and mammary tumours in females, although the summated other tumours, not explained in this survey, dominated overall in males. Maligancies (cancer) were shown in the same way, by corresponding groups of gender and age. While mastocytoma was the most common tumour and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma the second most common during the two first years of life in females, the situation was reversed in males. Later, mammary tumours dominated in females, while different tumour types not further specified in this summarized report dominated in males, until the end of the age registration (above 14 years). Number, sex and location of most common tumours are shown in a tabular outline.Comparative aspects between human and dog tumours are considered: mammary and testicular neoplasia seemed more frequent in dogs than in humans in Norway, while intestinal, pulmonary and prostatic malignancies were less common in dogs. In our study, vascular tumours and tumour‐like lesions constituted about 3% of the total data. As benign vascular tumours are incompletely reported to the human Cancer Registry, no dependable comparison may be made, but malignant vascular tumours have been on the rise during the last decades in the Norwegian human population, more so in men then in women.Finally, the article deals briefly with the development of endothelial cells, and the sparse information on causal factors of vascular tumours.
An audit of the time to initial treatment in avulsion injuries
Authors: Kargul Betul , Welbury Richard 
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  The prognosis of avulsed teeth depends on prompt and appropriate treatment. Good outcome requires education of the general public and non‐dental professionals.Aim:  Retrospective observational survey of case records of avulsion injuries attending a dental hospital trauma clinic.Method:  Data collected included: hospital number, date of birth, gender, source of patient’s referral, date of trauma, number of avulsed teeth, place of initial presentation, storage, hours till initial presentation, and initial treatment.Results:  One hundred and twenty teeth with avulsion were identified in 75 children. The mean age of the patients was 9.8 years (SD = 2.3 years) at the time of trauma with avulsions recorded in 44 (58.7%) boys and in 31 (41.3%) girls. Only 51 (42.5%) teeth were stored in an appropriate medium before attendance at any site and only 48 (40%) of the teeth were seen within 1 h. 83.3% received emergency treatment at general hospital, 89.7% in dental practice and 92.9% at dental hospital.Conclusions:  A minority of avulsion injuries were seen within the first hour and a minority were in appropriate storage medium at presentation. Geographical location plays a huge role in the time taken to reach secondary care. However, improving public and non‐dental professional knowledge about tooth storage in avulsion injuries is critical to long‐term prognosis of the teeth.
Effects of Trade Barriers on U.S. and World Apple Markets
Authors: Devadoss Stephen , Sridharan Prasanna , Wahl Thomas 
Published: January 2009

Regional apple demand and supply parameters using Bayesian estimation were utilized to develop a spatial equilibrium model for the world apple market. A baseline scenario with existing tariffs was developed; a reduced tariff and free trade scenarios were simulated. Comparison of these scenarios with the baseline shows that apple trade is significantly greater under trade liberalization. China increases its exports by 174% under free trade and replaces France as the largest exporter. U.S. exports increased by about 140% to all regions except to Canada and Southeast Asia. Results confirm the importance of transportation costs and the interlinkages of prices in the world market in determining the trade flows. Nous avons utilisé des paramètres régionaux de l'offre et de la demande de pomme, déterminés à l'aide d'une estimation bayésienne, pour élaborer un modèle d'équilibre spatial du marché mondial de la pomme. Nous avons élaboré un scénario de base utilisant des tarifs douaniers existants et nous avons simulé des scénarios utilisant des tarifs douaniers réduits et le libre‐échange. Une comparaison de ces scénarios avec le scénario de base montre que le commerce de la pomme est significativement plus important dans un contexte de libéralisation des échanges. La Chine augmente ses exportations de 174 p. 100 dans un contexte de libre‐échange et détrône la France en tant que premier exportateur mondial. Les exportations des États‐Unis augmentent d'environ 140 p. 100 dans toutes les régions sauf au Canada et en Asie du Sud‐Est. Les résultats confirment l'importance des coûts de transport et des liens entre les prix sur le marché mondial dans la détermination du flux des échanges commerciaux.
Examining the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in the Canadian Food Processing Industry
Authors: Brewin Derek G. , Monchuk Daniel C. , Partridge Mark D. 
Published: January 2009

In this paper we study the factors associated with innovation in the food processing industry using a survey of Western Canadian food processors. Our primary motivation is to gain a better understanding of the mechanics of innovation related to the adoption of product and process innovation. In particular, we consider the jointness ofex postrealizations of product and process innovations, and assess whether there are underlying differences that result from innovations developed inhouse versus those developed externally by a third party. Using a multivariate probit model, we find evidence of significant interrelationships between product and process innovations that are developed inhouse. These findings suggest that firms that conduct both process and product innovations inhouse are better able to enjoy complementarities that arise in the discovery process. We also find that firms are more likely to innovate in response to keeping pace with competitors.Dans le présent article, nous examinons les facteurs liés à l'innovation dans l'industrie de la transformation alimentaire, à l'aide d'un sondage effectué auprès des transformateurs agroalimentaires dans l'Ouest canadien. L'objectif principal vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de l'innovation liés à l'adoption de nouveaux produits et procédés. Nous examinons les liens entre les réalisations ex post de nouveaux produits et procédés, et nous évaluons s'il existe ou non des différences sous‐jacentes découlant du développement de produits à l'interne par rapport au développement de produits à l'externe par des tiers. À l'aide d'un modèle probit multivariable, nous montrons qu'il existe une interdépendance considérable entre les nouveaux produits et procédés élaborés à l'interne. Ces résultats autorisent à penser que les entreprises qui mettent au point de nouveaux produits et procédés à l'interne sont mieux en mesure de profiter des avantages complémentaires qu'engendre le processus de découverte. Les entreprises sont également plus enclines à innover pour suivre les concurrents.
Willingness‐to‐Pay for Fresh Brand Name Beef
Authors: Froehlich Eve J. , Carlberg Jared G. , Ward Clement E. 
Published: January 2009

Willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for hypothetical brand name fresh beef products was measured using the Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak experimental auction procedure. Auctions were conducted in a field setting in and around Winnipeg, Manitoba during the summer of 2006. Four hypothetical brands were developed to individually represent local/Canadian, natural, guaranteed tender, and Angus attributes, respectively. It was found that WTP was highest, approximately $1.31 per 12 ounce steak, for branded steaks associated with the natural, guaranteed tender, and Angus attributes. It was further discovered that WTP is positively affected by preference for the brand name, frequency with which beef is consumed, and the male gender. Conversely, confidence in selecting beef tended to reduce WTP, while effects of age, education, and income were uncertain. It is concluded that the industry should explore opportunities to market higher value products both domestically and abroad if the cost of doing so does not exceed WTP premiums. Nous avons évalué, à l'aide de la procédure d'enchères expérimentales Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak, la volonté de payer (VdP) des consommateurs pour des produits de bœuf frais de marques hypothétiques. Nous avons organisé des enchères à, et aux alentours de, Winnipeg au Manitoba, au cours de l'été 2006. Quatre marques hypothétiques ont étéélaborées pour représenter respectivement les caractéristiques suivantes: bœuf canadien ou local, bœuf naturel, bœuf à tendreté garantie et bœuf Angus. Nous avons noté une VdP plus élevée, soit d'environ 1,31 $ par bifteck de 12 onces, pour le bœuf naturel, le bœuf à tendreté garantie et le bœuf Angus. Nous avons également observé que la préférence pour la marque, la fréquence de consommation de bœuf et le sexe masculin avaient une influence favorable sur la VdP. Réciproquement, la confiance dans le choix du bœuf avait tendance à diminuer la VdP, tandis que l'influence de l'âge, de la scolarité et du revenu était incertaine. Nous avons conclu que l'industrie devrait examiner les possibilités de vendre des produits à plus grande valeur, tant au pays qu'à l'étranger, si le coût n'excède pas les bonifications que les consommateurs sont prêts à payer.
REDUCING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: AN EVALUATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE JUSTICE SYSTEM‐COMMUNITY COLLABORATION*
Authors: VISHER CHRISTY A. , HARRELL ADELE , NEWMARK LISA , YAHNER JENNIFER 
Published: January 2009

Research Summary In 1999, three communities were selected to participate in a research demonstration designed to test the feasibility and impact of a coordinated response to intimate partner violence that involved the courts and justice agencies in a central role. The primary goals of the Judicial Oversight Demonstration (JOD) were to increase victim safety, hold offenders accountable, and reduce repeat offending using coordinated community services and integrated justice system policies in intimate partner violence court cases. The partnerships differed from earlier coordinated community responses to domestic violence by placing special focus on the role of the court, specifically the judge, to facilitate offender accountability in collaboration with both nonprofit service providers and other criminal justice agencies. This article presents the results of an impact evaluation of this demonstration in all sites. The demonstration received mostly positive responses from justice system agencies, service providers, offenders, and victims. Improvements were made in offender monitoring, consistent sanctioning, and increased supervision. However, these changes did not translate into gains in victim perceptions of their safety or into reductions in repeat violence in all sites. Policy Implications The demonstration had minimal impact on changing offender attitudes and behavior. The mixed results of the evaluation indicate that the most effective justice system responses to intimate partner violence must include a focus on protecting victims, close monitoring of offenders, and rapid responses with penalties when violations of court‐ordered conditions are detected. Indications were found that JOD strategies were effective for some subgroups, including younger offenders with fewer ties to the victim and offenders with extensive arrest histories. The observed reductions in intimate partner violence in selected subgroups in the JOD sites may suggest a fruitful way to begin designing new intervention strategies, including prevention programs for men and women.
TOWARD A NATIONAL ESTIMATE OF POLICE USE OF NONLETHAL FORCE*
Authors: HICKMAN MATTHEW J. , PIQUERO ALEX R. , GARNER JOEL H. 
Published: January 2009

Research Summary Despite frequent calls for national data on police use of force, the literature is dominated by unrepresentative samples from a small number of primarily urban jurisdictions, inconsistent definitions of force, and differing universes for the computation of rates. Among 36 publications that report on the amount of nonlethal force used by the police, rates vary from 0.1% to 31.8%. To improve our ability to estimate the amount of nonlethal force in the United States, we employ data from two sources: the Police‐Public Contact Survey (PPCS) and the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ). Using comparable measures from these surveys, we estimate that the police use or threaten to use force in 1.7% of all contacts and in 20.0% of all arrests. The PPCS accounts for 87% of the total force incidents derived from both surveys. Males, youths, and racial minorities report greater rates of police use of force, but multivariate models highlight the role of potentially provoking behaviors on the likelihood and severity of force. Policy Implications Improved estimates from the combined PPCS‐SILJ samples support the proposition that police use force infrequently and at the lower end of the severity scale. Reported amounts of force vary based on respondent race, sex, and age, but greater variation in police use of force is explained by suspect behavior. The combined PPCS‐SILJ sample provides a more representative basis for estimating the rate and correlates of nonlethal force. State and local estimates from less representative samples can be interpreted in light of these findings. National estimates could be improved by devoting sufficient resources to support the collection of agency records of both lethal and nonlethal force.
Comparative Analysis of GPCR Crystal Structures†
Authors: Lodowski David T. , Angel Thomas E. , Palczewski Krzysztof 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe phototransduction cascade is perhaps the best understood model system for G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Phototransduction links the absorption of a single photon of light to a decrease in cytosolic cGMP. Depletion of the cGMP pool induces closure of cGMP‐gated cation channels resulting in the hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cells and consequently a neuronal response. Many biochemical and both low‐ and high‐resolution structural approaches have been utilized to increase our understanding of rhodopsin, the key molecule of this signaling cascade. Rhodopsin, a member of the GPCR or seven‐transmembrane spanning receptor superfamily, is composed of a chromophore, 11‐cis‐retinal that is covalently bound by a protonated Schiff base linkage to the apo‐protein opsin at Lys296 (in bovine opsin). Upon absorption of a photon, isomerization of the chromophore to an all‐trans‐retinylidene conformation induces changes in the rhodopsin structure, ultimately converting it from an inactive to an activated state. This state allows it to activate the heterotrimeric G protein, transducin, by triggering nucleotide exchange. To fully understand the structural and functional aspects of rhodopsin it is necessary to critically examine crystal structures of its different photointermediates. In this review we summarize recent progress on the structure and activation of rhodopsin in the context of other GPCR structures.
pH‐dependent Interaction of Rhodopsin with Cyanidin‐3‐glucoside. 1. Structural Aspects†
Authors: Yanamala Naveena , Tirupula Kalyan C. , Balem Fernanda , Klein‐Seetharaman Judith 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAnthocyanins are a class of natural compounds common in flowers and vegetables. Because of the increasing preference of consumers for food containing natural colorants and the demonstrated beneficial effects of anthocyanins on human health, it is important to decipher the molecular mechanisms of their action. Previous studies indicated that the anthocyanin cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G) modulates the function of the photoreceptor rhodopsin. In this paper, we show using selective excitation 1H NMR spectroscopy that C3G binds to rhodopsin. Ligand resonances broaden upon rhodopsin addition and rhodopsin resonances exhibit chemical shift changes as well as broadening effects in specific resonances, in an activation state‐dependent manner. Furthermore, dark‐adapted and light‐activated states of rhodopsin show preferences for different C3G species. Molecular docking studies of the flavylium cation, quinoidal base, carbinol pseudobase and chalcone forms of C3G to models of the dark, light‐activated and opsin structures of rhodopsin also support this conclusion. The results provide new insights into anthocyanin–protein interactions and may have relevance for the enhancement of night vision by this class of compounds. This work is also the first report of the study of ligand binding to a full‐length membrane receptor in detergent micelles by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Such studies were previously hampered by the presence of detergent micelle resonances, a problem overcome by the selective excitation approach.
Glu 87 of Channelrhodopsin‐1 Causes pH‐dependent Color Tuning and Fast Photocurrent Inactivation†
Authors: Tsunoda Satoshi P. , Hegemann Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChannelrhodopsins (ChR1 and ChR2) are directly light‐gated ion channels acting as sensory photoreceptors in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These channels open rapidly after light absorption and both become permeable for cations such as H+, Li+, Na+, K+ and Ca2+. Km for Ca2+ is 16.6 mm in ChR1 and 18.3 mm in ChR2 whereas the Km values for Na+ are higher than 100 mm for both ChRs. Action spectra of ChR1 peak between 470 and 500 nm depending on the pH conditions, whereas ChR2 peaks at 470 nm regardless of the pH value. Now we created two chimeric ChRs possessing helix 1–5 of ChR1 and 6, 7 of ChR2 (ChR1/25/2), or 1, 2 from ChR1 and 3–7 from ChR2 (ChR1/22/5). Both ChR‐chimera still showed pH‐dependent action spectra shifts. Finally, a mutant ChR1E87Q was generated that inactivated only slowly in the light and showed no spectral shift upon pH change. The results indicate that protonation/deprotonation of E87 in helix 1 alters the chromophore polarity, which shifts the absorption and modifies channel inactivation accordingly. We propose a trimodal counter ion complex for ChR1 but only a bimodal complex for ChR2.
A Tin Oxide Transparent Electrode Provides the Means for Rapid Time‐resolved pH Measurements: Application to Photoinduced Proton Transfer of Bacteriorhodopsin and Proteorhodopsin†
Authors: Tamogami Jun , Kikukawa Takashi , Miyauchi Seiji , Muneyuki Eiro , Kamo Naoki 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn electrochemical cell was previously reported in which bacteriorhodopsin (BR, purple membrane) was adsorbed on the surface of a transparent SnO2 electrode, and illumination resulted in potential or current changes (Koyama et al., Science 265:762–765, 1994; Robertson and Lukashev, Biophys. J. 68:1507–1517, 1995; Koyama et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 68:400–406, 1998). In this paper, we concluded that pH changes caused by proton transfer by the deposited BR or proteorhodopsin (PR) films lead to the flash‐induced potential change in the SnO2 electrode. Thus, the signals originate from BR and PR acting as light‐driven proton pumps. This conclusion was drawn from the following observations. (1) The relation between the potential of a bare electrode and pH is linear for a wide pH range. (2) The flash‐induced potential changes decrease with an increase in the buffer concentration. (3) The action spectrum of PR agrees well with the absorption spectrum. (4) The present electrode can monitor the pH change in the time range from 10 ms to several hundred milliseconds, as deduced by comparing the SnO2 signal with the signals of pH‐sensitive dyes. Using this electrode system, flash‐induced proton transfer by BR was measured for a wide pH range from 2 to 10. From these data, we reconfirmed various pKa values reported previously, indicating that the present method can give the correct pKa values. This is the first report to estimate these pKa values directly from the proton transfer. We then applied this method to flash‐induced proton transfer of PR. We observed proton uptake followed by release for the pH range from 4 to 9.5, and in other pH ranges, proton release followed by uptake was observed.
Evaluation of newly developed combination therapy of intra‐arterial 5‐fluorouracil and systemic pegylated interferon α‐2b for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous invasion: preliminary results
Authors: Kasai Kazuhiro , Kuroda Hidekatsu , Ushio Akira , Sawara Kei , Takikawa Yasuhiro , Suzuki Kazuyuki 
Published: January 2009

Aim:  Prognosis is extremely poor for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with portal invasion. The present study evaluated the efficacy of combined intra‐arterial 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and systemic pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN)α‐2b in patients with advanced HCC.Methods:  The subjects comprised nine HCC patients with portal vein thrombosis treated using subcutaneous administration of PEG‐IFNα‐2b (50–100 µg on day 1 of every week, for 4 weeks) and intra‐arterial infusion of 5‐FU (250 mg/day for 5 h on days 1–5 of every week, for 4 weeks). For four patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, oral administration of ribavirin (400–800 mg/day) was added. At the end of every cycle, response to therapy was assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines.Results:  Partial response (PR) was observed in seven of nine patients, with stable or progressive disease in the remaining two patients. Tumors were resectable in three patients displaying PR after treatment. Tumor markers decreased significantly after therapy. Serum HCV‐RNA titers were markedly decreased and became undetectable in all patients with HCV infection. National Cancer Institute–Common Toxicity Criteria: version 3.0 (NCI‐CTC) grade 3 thrombocytopenia was seen in one case at the end of treatment, but was resolved with cessation of treatment. Other adverse effects were manageable.Conclusion:  Combination therapy with intra‐arterial 5‐FU and systemic PEG‐IFNα‐2b may be useful as a palliative treatment for patients with advanced HCC. A prospective controlled trial using a larger population of patients with advanced HCC is needed to evaluate this new combination therapy.