bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Heterocyclic Enaminonitriles, XVI. Reactions of 2‐Benzamido‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐thiophene‐ and ‐3‐furancarbonitriles with Cyanomethylene Compounds
Authors: Yamagata Kenji , Hashimoto Yoshichika , Yamazaki Motoyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reactions of 2‐benzamido‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐thiophene‐ and ‐3‐furancarbonitriles (1 and 2) with ethyl or methyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile (2 equiv.) in the presence of sodium hydride (1 equiv.) in dimethyl sulfoxide at 140°C gave ethyl or methyl cyano[3‐cyano‐4,5‐dihydro‐2(3H)‐thienylidene‐ and ‐furanylidene]acetates (3a or 3b and 4a or 4b) and [3‐cyano‐4,5‐dihydro‐2(3H)‐thienylidene‐ and ‐furanylidene]propanedinitriles (3c and 4c). On the other hand, compound 2 reacted with malononitrile (2 equiv.) in the presence of sodium hydride (1 equiv.) in dimethylformamide at room temp. to give [(2‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐furanyl)(benzamido)‐methylene]propanedinitrile (5). The same treatment of 2 with ethyl or methyl cyanoacetate followed by reaction with acetic anhydride gave ethyl or methyl 6‐acetoxy‐3‐benzamido‐2,4‐dicyano‐2‐hexenoate (6a or 6b). magnified image
Synthetic Microbial Chemistry, XXVI. Absolute Configuration of (+)‐Xanthocidin as Determined by the Synthesis of its Enantiomers of Known Stereochemistry
Authors: Mori Kenji , Horinaka Akio , Kido Masaru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe absolute configuration of the antibiotic (+)‐xanthocidin (4,5‐dihydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐methylene‐3‐oxocyclopentane‐1‐carboxylicacid, 1) was shown to be 1R,4S,5S by the synthesis of its enantiomers. Lipase AK (Amano) was used for the key resolution step, and the absolute configuration of the resolved intermediate (+)‐16 was determined by the X‐ray analysis of its (1S)‐camphanic ester (+)‐20. magnified image
Synthesis of Medium and Large Ring Compounds, XXXVII. Synthesis and Olfactory Properties of (Z)‐5,6‐Dimethylcyclododec‐5‐en‐1‐one and (Z)‐(±)‐5,6‐Dimethylcyclododec‐5‐en‐1‐ol
Authors: Kraft Philip , Tochtermann Werner 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAccording to molecular modelling calculations the title compound 13 should fit the olfactory receptor of trans‐10‐ethyltetrahydroionol (1). In order to check this prediction the target molecule 13 and ketone 12 have been synthesized by starting from cyclooctyne and furan. Cleavage of the oxanorbornene bridge of the selectively hydrogenated Diels‐Alder adduct 5 with LTBAH/triethylborane, oxidation, epoxidation and α,β‐epoxyketone → alkynone fragmentation result in a ring enlargement of cyclooctyne by an oxotetramethylene unit. Key reaction is the diboration of cycloalkynone 9 followed by a Suzuki coupling with iodomethane. Reduction of ketone 12 gives the desired dimethylcyclododecenol 13, which possesses only a weak cedarwood note. In contrast, the corresponding ketone 12 has an intensive odor described as dry, cedar‐wood‐like with interesting cooling animal facets. magnified image
Secondary Metabolites by Chemical Screening, 28. Aspinonene, a New Multifunctional Fungal Metabolite
Authors: Fuchser Jens , Grabley Susanne , Noltemeyer Mathias , Philipps Siegrid , Thiericke Ralf , Zeeck Axel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new C9 epoxide named aspinonene (1) was found by chemical screening in the culture broth of Aspergillus ochraceus (strain FH‐A 6692). Its structure was deduced from spectroscopic data as well as from an X‐ray analysis of the dibromobenzoate of 1. The configuration of C‐2 was further verified by esterification of the ketone 4 with chiral acids (Helmchen's method). The reactivity of the functional groups was studied by acylation, silylation, ketalization, and oxidation. Due to the diversity of its functional groups and the neighbouring centres of chirality 1 is discussed as a secondary metabolite suited as a building block for synthesis. magnified image
The Absolute Configuration of Muamvatin
Authors: Dahmann Georg , Hoffmann Reinhard W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA degradation product 2 of muamvatin has been synthesized starting from the stereodefined building blocks 7 and 9. This synthesis allowed assignment of the absolute configuration of muamvatin as well as of the relative configuration at all stereocenters except for C‐11. The latter configuration is proposed on the basis of the 1H‐NMR data of natural muamvatin. Attempts have been made to clarify the configuration at C‐11 of muamvatin by synthesis starting from the aldehyde 9 and the ketones 28. magnified image
Reaction of 2′‐Deoxyguanosine with Glyceraldehyde
Authors: Ochs Stefan , Severin Theodor 
Published: July 2007

AbstractReaction of 2′‐deoxyguanosine with glyceraldehyde under physiological conditions leads to the formation of ammonium 2‐[9‐(2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐6,9‐dihydro‐6‐oxo‐1H‐purin‐2‐ylamino]propionate (8). The same substance can be detected in 2′‐deoxyguanosine/glucose reaction mixtures as minor product. magnified image
Preparation of Diastereomeric 3,4‐O‐Pyruvate Acetal‐Containing D‐Galactopyranose Derivatives, Structural Assignment and Use for Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Ziegler Thomas , Herold Gerhard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTreatment of phenyl 1‐thio‐ and allyl 2,6‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐galactopyranosides 3 with methyl pyruvate and BF3 · Et2O in various solvents gave 1,6‐anhydro‐3,4‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phenylthio‐β‐D‐idopyranose (4) and the corresponding diastereomers of 3,4‐O‐pyruvate acetal‐containing galactosides 5. The phenyl 1‐thio‐β‐galactoside R‐5a and the allyl a‐galactoside R‐5b were both converted into methyl 3,4‐O‐[1‐(R)‐(methoxycarbonyl)ethylidene]‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (9), the structure of which as well as that of 4 was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Compound R‐5a was converted into 5‐[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]pentyl 6‐O‐benzoyl‐3,4‐O‐[1‐(R)‐(methoxycarbonyl)ethylidene]‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (18) by using the (2‐chloroacetoxymethyl)benzoyl (CAMB) group for the temporary protection of position 2. Glucosamination of 18 and subsequent deblocking of the intermediate disaccharide gave β‐D‐GlcpNAc‐(1→2)‐3,4‐(S)‐pyruvate‐β‐D‐Galp‐O(CH2)5NH2 (21) which represents a fragment of the Escherichia coli K 47 polysaccharide.
[(2H‐Azirin‐2‐yl)methyl]phosphonate: Darstellung aus allylischen α‐ und γ‐Hydroxyphosphonaten und Anwendung zur diastereoselektiven Synthese von substituirten [(Aziridin‐2‐yl)methyl]phosphonsäureestern
Authors: Öhler Elisabeth , Kanzler Silvia 
Published: July 2007

[(2H‐Azirin‐2‐yl)methyl]phosphonates: Synthesis from Allylic α‐ and γ‐Hydroxyphosphonates and Application to Diastereoselective Formation of Substituted [(Aziriden‐2‐yl)methyl]phosphonatesVarious substituted (3‐azido‐1‐alkenyl)phosphonates 3 (R3 = alkyl) or their equilibrium mixtures with the regioisomeric α‐azidophosphonates 4 (R3 = Ph) have been synthesized from allylic α‐ or γ‐hydroxyphosphonates 2 or 1 by Mitsunobu reaction with TPP/DEAD/HN3, and converted into the new [(2H‐azirin‐2yl)methyl]phosphonates 6 upon heating in toluene with DBU catalysis. The transformation 3/4→6 proceeds via base‐catalyzed rearrangement to the (3‐azido‐2‐alkenyl)‐phosphonates 5 and subsequent thermolysis. Reduction of the 2H‐azirines 6 with NaBH4 in methanol at 5°C results in the predominant formation of the disubstituted aziridines cis‐7. Addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to compounds 6 yields stereoselectively the highly functionalized aziridines trans‐8, while NaOCH3‐catalyzed addition of dimethyl phosphite proceeds with even higher selectivity to yield the bisphosphonates trans‐9 with excellent yields.
Rubidium‐selektive Chromoionophore mit N‐(Arylazoalkenoyl)azacoronand‐Struktur
Authors: Kirschke Klaus , Baumann Hendrik , Costisella Burkhard , Ramm Matthias 
Published: July 2007

Rubidium‐Selective Chromoionophores with N‐(Arylazoalkenoyl)azacoronand StructureThe N‐(arylazoalkenoyl)azacoronands 2a–2c have been synthesized by ring‐opening reaction of the dichloropyrazolin‐5(4H)‐one 1 with the corresponding azacrowns. The structure of 2a was determined by X‐ray analysis. In the presence of Rb+ salts the neutral solutions of 2a and 2b in acetonitrile or acetonitrile/water mixtures show a change of colour from yellow to red. Spectroscopic results of 1H‐, 2H‐, 13C‐ and 87Rb‐NMR investigations indicate a complexation of the Rb ion between the crown and the phenolic OH group of 2b.
Einfluß lipophiler Reste in Glucosaminderivaten auf deren Umsetzung durch Galactosyltransferase
Authors: Áts Sándor‐Csaba , Lehmann Jochen 
Published: July 2007

Influence of Lipophilic N‐Acyl Derivatives of D‐Glucosamine in the Galactosylation with GalactosyltransferaseSeveral D‐glucosamine derivatives varying in N‐acylation were used as acceptor substrates for galactosyltransferase and the relative rates of their galactosylation by UDP‐Gal measured. One of them, 2‐deoxy‐2‐[4‐(2‐indolyl)butyramido]‐D‐glucose (6) was newly synthesised and galactosylated at a signficantly enhanced rate (14 times) in competition with GlcNAc as standard. Generally an increased lipophilicity increases the relative rate, provided the N‐acyl group in question does not sterically hinder acceptor binding because it increases the bulk of the pyranose ring system.
Contribution to the Transformations of 1‐Thioflavonoids with Hypervalent Oxidants
Authors: Somogyi László 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPermanganate oxidation transforms 1‐thioflavanone (1a) to the corresponding 1,1‐dioxide 1c. Periodate oxidation of 1a affords in the cold mainly the corresponding sulfoxide 1b, and that of 1a or 1‐thioflavone 1‐oxide (2b) provides on heating 1‐thioflavone 1,1‐dioxide (2c). Since 1b is resistant to ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) the mechanism of the dehydrogenation reaction of 1a with CAN furnishing 1‐thioflavone (2a) with transient formation of 1b, as suggested in the literature, is questionable.
Synthesis of Indeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine N‐Oxides by Reaction of Ninhydrin with 1,2‐Bishydroxylamines
Authors: Mazhukin Dmitrii G. , Tikhonov Aleksei Ya. , Volodarsky Leonid B. , Evlampieva Natal'ya P. , Vetchinov Valerii P. , Mamatyuk Victor I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction of the ninhydrin (1) with 1,2‐bishydroxylamines 2a–c affords dihydroindeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine N,N′‐dioxides 5a–c. The intermediates hexahydro‐ and tetrahydroindeno[1,2‐b]pyrazines 3a and 4c, which have been isolated, are easily transformed into 5a, c. Heating of 5b, c or keeping of 5b on alumina gives indeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine N‐oxides 6b, c, N,N′‐dioxide 7c and indeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine 8. Treatment of 5b with a solution of hydrochloric acid in H2O/MeOH leads to 6b, whereas treatment of 5b with KOH furnishes mono‐N‐oxides 6b, 9 and dioxide 7b. Compound 8 is prepared by deoxygenation of 6b with TiCl3. The reduction of 6b with NaBH4 yields alcohol 10 and the reaction of 6b with NH2OH/AcOH gives a mixture of isomeric oximes (E)‐11 and (Z)‐11.
Chemical Interactions of Thiosemicarbazides with 1,4‐Benzo‐ and 1,4‐Naphthoquinones
Authors: Hassan Alla A. , Ibrahim Yusria R. , Semida Ashraf A. , Mourad Aboul‐Fetouh E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThiosemicarbazones 2a–e form charge‐transfer (CT) complexes with chloranil (CHL), fluoranil (TFQ) and 2,3‐dicyano‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (DCNQ). The donors 2a–d react with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) to yield 3‐amino‐5‐arylthiadiazoles 7 and DDQ‐H2 (8). The thiosemicarbazide itself interacts with CHL via CT complexation to form the products 10–13. Heating of thiosemicarbazide (1) with 2,3‐dichloro‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (DCHNQ) affords the thiadiazine derivative 15.
The Reaction of Some α‐Oxygenated Cyclic Ketones with Sulfur Ylides
Authors: Marschner Christoph , Baumgartner Judith , Griengl Herfried 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCyclopentanones 1, 4 and 7, as well as uloses 11, 14, 17, and 20, all possessing an oxygen atom in α‐position with respect to the carbonyl group, have been allowed to react with dimethylsulfonium and dimethyloxosulfonium methylides. It has been found that the nucleophilic attack can be directed by the neighboring axial oxygen substituent, which leads to unusual selectivity compared to normal nucleophilic attack. The isomeric epoxides resulting from sterically directed attack have been prepared in all cases either by reaction with bromomethyllithium or by using an olefination‐epoxidation procedure.
Megastigmanes and Other Constituents of the Absolute of Boronia megastigma from Tasmania
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Bork Wolf‐Rainer , Rilk Rainer 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome low‐volatile constituents of the absolute of Boronia megastigma (Rutaceae) from Tasmania were isolated and characterized. Besides β‐ionone (1) and many of its derivatives, e.g. 2–7, we isolated the isomeric 3‐hydroxymegastigm‐7‐en‐9‐ones 8–10 and the megastigm‐7‐ene‐3,9‐dione (11). Furthermore, the p‐coumaric acid derivatives (E, Z)‐12 and ‐13, alkyl esters of 8‐hydroxylinalool (16a–g) and the N‐[2‐(4‐prenyloxyphenyl)ethyl]tiglamide (17) were identified.
Tetrazinodihetarene: Synthese und Eigenschaften neuer mehrstufiger Redoxsysteme vom „Weitz‐Typ”︁
Authors: Stumpf Martin , Balli Heinz 
Published: July 2007

Tetrazinodihetarenes: Synthesis and Properties of New Multistep “Weitz‐Type” Redox SystemsThe s‐tetrazine derivatives 3a–d and 6 were obtained by electrophilic amination of N‐heterocycles bearing a leaving group in α‐position and subsequent condensation under basic conditions. The corresponding N‐amino salts 2a–f, 5 and 7 could be isolated and characterised. Under the same conditions, it was not possible to obtain a corresponding tetrazine from 5 but the mesoionic hetarylium‐N‐imide 6 could be isolated. The structure of 11 was supported by X‐ray structure determination of its hydrogen sulfate salt. The redox potentials of the new compounds were determined by cyclovoltammetric methods. The tetrazines easily form radical salts which show unusually high stability.
A New Convenient Route for the Synthesis of DOPA Peptides
Authors: Nakonieczna Lucja , Przychodzeń Witold , Chimiak Andrzej 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe tert‐butyldimethylsilyl group as the catechol protective group of DOPA (compound 1a), Boc‐DOPA (compound 1b) and DOPA esters (compounds 2a–c) is introduced. The compounds 2a–c and 1b are used as the starting substrates for the synthesis of the protected N‐terminal DOPA and C‐terminal DOPA dipeptides, 3a–d and 4a–f, respectively. Optimal conditions for deprotection are presented. Acidolysis of the fully protected DOPA peptides 3a–d and 4a–f gives quantitatively the pure DOPA dipeptides in one step.
Caffeic Acid Glycoside Esters from Gratiola officinalis L.
Authors: Rothenburger Jan , Haslinger Ernst 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo caffeic acid glycoside esters, verbascoside and arenarioside, were isolated from “hedgehyssop” Gratiola officinalis L. Their structures were determined by several one‐and twodimensional NMR experiments. After hydrolysis with 2 N hydrochloric acid and 4% sodium hydroxide solution the components were identified by GC. The absolute configuration of the monosaccharides was determined by GC separation of the diastereomers which were obtained by glycosidation with (S)‐(+)‐2‐butanol. An equilibrium between Z and E isomers was observed.
Derivate der Oxalyldimalonsäure
Authors: Stachel Hans‐Dietrich , Schorp Matthias , Maier Ludwig , Dandl Klaus 
Published: July 2007

Derivatives of Oxalyldimalonic AcidStarting with furanone 3 and mesoxalic acid esters, the compounds 8 as monolactones of the title compound have been synthesized. A versatile intermediate is the dioxinone 15, the masked acylketene 16. Regioselective partial saponification of 8a led to the diester 8e which was converted into the dilactone 2. The enamine 8d isomerizes by two pathways. By alkanolate catalysis the γ‐alkylidenetetramic acid 24 was obtained and used to prepare the lactam‐lactone 25 and the dilactam 27. Thermal isomerization of 8d gave the cyclic tetracarbonylmethane derivative 19. Ring opening reactions of 19 did not furnish derivatives of the title compound but the isomeric acids 20–23. Some open‐chain derivatives of oxalylbismalonic acid (12, 26) were obtained from 8c/8d by lactone cleavage.
Aufbau und Konformation der Hexahydro‐isochino[2,1‐b][2]benzazepine
Authors: Meise Werner , Arth Christoph , Zlotos Darius , Jansen Martin , Feldmann Claus 
Published: July 2007

Synthesis and Conformation of the Hexahydro‐isoquino[2,1‐b][2]benzazepinesThe synthesis of Hexahydro‐isoquino[2,1‐b][2]benzazepines 6a–c in a three‐step reaction is reported; their conformation is investigated by spectroscopic methods, X‐ray analysis and dehydrogenation with mercury(II) acetate.
Partial Synthesis of Nitrogenous Brassinosteroid Analogues with 22,26‐Epiminocholestane and Spirosolane Skeleton
Authors: Quyen Le Thi , Adam Günter , Schreiber Klaus 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStarting with the known (22S,25R)‐16β‐acetoxy‐N‐acetyl‐22,26‐epiminocholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol (4), which has been prepared from the Solanum steroid alkaloid solasodine (3), we synthesized the nitrogenous brassinosteroid analogues (22S,25R)‐2α,3α,16β‐trihydroxy‐22,26‐epimino‐5α‐cholestan‐6‐one (11), (25R)‐2α,22α‐dihydroxy‐5α,22αN‐spirosolan‐6‐one (13), (22S,25R)‐2α,3α,16β‐trihydroxy‐22,26‐epimino‐6,7‐seco‐5α‐cholestano‐6,7‐lactone (15), and (25R)‐2α‐3α‐dihydroxy‐6,7‐seco‐5α,22αN‐spirosolano‐6,7‐lactone (18) as well as some of their derivatives.
Synthesis of (3R)‐3‐Hydroxy‐2‐Hexanone, (2R,3R)‐2,3‐hexanediol and (2S,3R)‐2,3‐hexanediol, the Male Sex Pheromone of Hylotrupes bajulus and Pyrrhidium sanguineum (cerambycidae)
Authors: Schröder Frank , Fettköther Regina , Noldt Uwe , Dettner Konrad , König Wilfried A. , Francke Wittko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe following compounds were identified as male pheromone components of the longhorn beetles Hylotrupes bajulus and Pyrrhidium sanguineum: (3R)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone [(3R)‐1], (2S,3R)‐2,3‐hexanediol [(2S,3R)‐4] and (2R,3R)‐2,3‐hexanediol [(2R,3R)‐4]. The syntheses of enantiomerically pure samples, enantiomeric separation by chiral gas chromatography and unambiguous structure assignment of the target compounds are described.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of a Potent Renin Inhibitor of the Azapeptide Type
Authors: Gante Joachim , Krug Michael , Lauterbach Günter , Weitzel Reinhard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA highly potent renin inhibitor of the azapeptide type (2) is synthesized by starting from the hydrazine derivative 3. This peptide analogue inhibits renin in the same range (nanomolar) as its purely peptidic original 2a, but reveals much higher specificity for renin than 2a does.
ENSO history recorded in Agathis australis (kauri) tree rings. Part B: 423 years of ENSO robustness
Authors: Fowler A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPart A of this study identified the potential of kauri tree rings for reconstructing the history of past ENSO activity. Plausible indices of multidecadal to centennial‐scale ENSO activity (phase dominance and robustness) that could be derived from kauri regional master chronologies are hypothesized here, and they are tested against the instrumental SOI record, using partitioning and graphical analyses. The subset of the indices passing this first screening are then tested for sensitivity to the complex evolving sample depth and site‐composition mix that characterizes regional tree‐ring chronologies. Corrections for evolving sample depth are developed where possible. The two indices of ENSO activity remaining after these two screening phases (evolving chronology time‐series variance and decadal‐scale spectral signature) are used to infer 423 years of ENSO robustness and the results are compared to two multiproxy ENSO reconstructions. Results suggest that ENSO robustness (1) peaked in the 20th century, (2) is characterized by persistent 55–80 year cyclicity, (3) was low in the mid‐20th century only relative to robust ENSO activity at the beginning and end of that century, (4) reached a pre‐20th century peak in the mid‐18th century, and (5) was weakest near the beginning of the 19th century. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of large‐scale conditions associated with convection over the Indian monsoon region
Authors: Roy Bhowmik S. K. , Sen Roy Soma , Kundu P. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the thermodynamics of the atmosphere in relation to occurrence of convective rainfall over the Indian region. Various thermodynamical and kinematic parameters such as convective available potential energy (CAPE), convective inhibition energy (CINE), equivalent potential temperature and relative vorticity field are computed based on model analysis field of the limited area model of India Meteorological Department. The data period of this study is from 15 March 2001 to 28 February 2002. The study shows that the spatial distribution of CAPE in pre‐monsoon and monsoon season exhibits a belt of high CAPE along the east coast extending north up to Gangetic West Bengal and another zone of high CAPE along the southwest coast. During post‐monsoon and winter seasons, the belt of maximum CAPE shifts over the extreme southern Peninsula. The annual variation of CAPE over all stations is bi‐modal in nature with twin peaks each at the beginning and at the end of the monsoon season. Magnitude of CINE on the other hand is nearly zero during the monsoon season. The result shows that presence of strong thermodynamic environment is not sufficient for the occurrence of deep convection. Factors like proper dynamic conditions play a very important role in controlling the occurrence of deep convection. The surface warming during the pre‐monsoon season destabilizes the atmosphere, but large‐scale moist convection, generally, does not take place until CINE becomes close to zero (in the monsoon season). Preceding the monsoon season, the land sea contrast heating strengthens circulation in the lower atmosphere, which in turn leads to the moistening and destabilization of lapse rate. This process starts about a month prior to the actual start of the monsoon rainfall, allowing moisture to build up to lead to the widespread monsoon rainfall. During winter months, rainfall occurs over northwest India in association with high negative value of CINE and over southern Peninsula in association with high value of CAPE. Substantial changes are noticed in the equivalent potential temperature (θe) and vorticity profiles between days with and without rainfall over northwest India (Delhi). The results suggest that the increase in moisture in association with the occurrence of rainfall over Delhi is of advective origin. Where as, other regions (Kolkata, Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram) display relatively smaller changes in the vertical profiles of θe, indicating an in situ presence of moisture. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Study of erythemal, UV (A + B) and global solar radiation in Valencia (Spain)
Authors: Cañada J. , Esteve A. R. , Marín M. J. , Utrillas M. P. , Tena F. , Martínez‐Lozano J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough ultraviolet B radiation (UVB), the solar radiation band between 280 and 315 nm, is only a small fraction of the extraterrestrial solar radiation, it accounts for 80% of the harmful effects of exposure to the sun. In this work values of erythemal solar irradiance (UVER) measured in Valencia on a horizontal plane in the period between June 2003 and June 2005 are analysed and compared with measures of UV (A + B) and global irradiances on a horizontal plane. UV erythemal (UVER) irradiance has been measured using a YES‐UVB‐1 broadband radiometer; UV (A + B) irradiance has been measured using a TUVR Eppley radiometer with spectral response between 290 and 385 nm and global irradiance on a horizontal plane has been measured with a Kipp and Zonen model CM‐6 broadband radiometer. A study of a statistically representative index of UVER irradiance has been made by comparing with the results corresponding to UV (A + B) irradiance and those of global irradiance on a horizontal plane. A fit has been performed using all the irradiance values to estimate the UVER and UV (A + B) components as functions of the other ranges. We have calculated for each month the irradiation acumulated during an average day, for the UVER, UV (A + B) and global, the highest values was 4.1, 791 and 25 146 kJ/m2 respectively. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society