bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Ethanol Self‐Administration and Anxiety‐Like Behavior During Acute Ethanol Withdrawal and Protracted Abstinence: Regulation by Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor
Authors: Valdez Glenn R. , Roberts Amanda J. , Chan Karen , Davis Heather , Brennan Molly , Zorrilla Eric P. , Koob George F. 
Published: April 2006

Background Animal models of alcohol dependence suggest that long‐term alterations in brain corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) systems, key mediators of the behavioral stress response, may be involved in the development and reinstatement of dependence on drugs of abuse. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of CRF in the regulation of ethanol self‐administration and to examine the behavioral stress response during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence.Methods Male Wistar rats were made dependent on ethanol via chronic exposure to ethanol vapor. Ethanol self‐administration and exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze were measured at 2 hr and 3 to 5 weeks after exposure. The role of CRF in ethanol self‐administration was examined via central injection of the CRF receptor antagonist D‐Phe‐CRF(12–41).Results Rats showed increased responding for ethanol 2 hr and 3 to 5 weeks after chronic ethanol exposure, which was attenuated by central injection of D‐Phe‐CRF(12–41). In addition, rats displayed a decrease in open‐arm exploration in the elevated plus maze when tested 2 hr and 4 weeks after exposure.Conclusions These results indicate that chronic ethanol exposure leads to increased ethanol self‐administration and decreased open‐arm exploration in the elevated plus maze during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence. Attenuation of ethanol self‐administration via central injection of D‐Phe‐CRF(12–41) implicates CRF as an underlying mechanism regulating long‐term motivational effects associated with alcohol dependence.
Neonatal Activation of Alcohol‐Related Prenatal Memories: Impact on the First Suckling Response
Authors: Abate Paula , Varlinskaya Elena I. , Cheslock Sarah J. , Spear Norman E. , Carlos Molina Juan 
Published: April 2006

Background Rat fetuses seem to be capable of associative learning mediated through alcohol's unconditioned properties. The newborn's suckling response immediately after birth is dependent on olfactory stimuli present in the fetal milieu and/or odorants perceived immediately after birth. The present study analyzed the impact of olfactory fetal learning supported by maternal–fetal alcohol intoxication on the newborn's first postnatal suckling response, in the presence or absence of chemosensory cues originally associated with alcohol during prenatal life.Methods During gestational days 17 to 20, fetuses experienced a salient novel cue (cineole) explicitly paired or not with the induction of alcohol intoxication resulting from maternal intragastric intubation of a 2 g/kg ethanol dose. A separate set of dams were intubated with only water. In experiment 1, cesarean‐delivered pups were tested shortly after birth for their response to a surrogate nutritive nipple scented with cineole or with no explicit odor. In experiment 2, pups were similarly evaluated after the prenatal treatment when cineole, a novel odorant (lemon), or no explicit odor was presented either in conjunction with the nipple or before being tested with the nipple.Results In both experiments, fetal olfactory conditioning supported by alcohol intoxication had a significant effect on the newborn's first suckling episode, depending on the olfactory cues presented before or during suckling. Presence of cineole but not of novel odorants seemed to activate the associative memory acquired in utero. Once the memory was activated, pups that were subjected to fetal odor‐alcohol pairings were found to attach significantly more to surrogate nutritive nipples than did fetal control animals.Conclusions Prenatal experience with alcohol intoxication can result in chemosensory associative learning mediated by the drug's postabsorptive effects. This learning determines attachment patterns of newborns when they reexperience olfactory cues that had signaled onset of the state of acute alcohol intoxication when they were fetuses. Considered in view of previous experiments, the present results generate two alternative hypotheses relative to the affective component of the memory established in utero: (1) alcohol intoxication is an appetitive reinforcer during fetal life, or (2) the calming effects of postnatal suckling behavior counteract negative hedonic components of the memory accrued in utero.
Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory
Authors: De Micheli Denise , Formigoni Maria Lucia O.S. 
Published: April 2006

Background Adolescent involvement with alcohol and other drugs is rising in Brazil, and there is an increasing need for psychometrically sound assessment tools to detect early drug involvement.Methods The psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) were examined in a sample composed of 71 non–drug‐dependent adolescents and 142 adolescents who met DSM‐III‐R criteria for drug dependence.Results With a cutoff score of 13% or lower for the absolute density index of the substance use area, DUSI correctly classified 80% of the drug‐dependent adolescents and 90% of the non–drug‐dependent adolescents, thus correctly classifying 83.6% of the sample. Factor analysis applied to each of the 10 DUSI areas indicated their unidimensionality, with substantial percentages of variance on the first factor. The Brazilian version of DUSI presented strong internal consistency reliability for the whole sample (drug‐dependents and non–drug‐dependent adolescents) with an average across all 10 scales for Cronbach's α reliability coefficient of 0.96 (standard deviation = 0.02) and for the split‐half reliability coefficient of 0.88 (standard deviation = 0.08).Conclusions These results suggest that the Brazilian version of DUSI preserves its original psychometric properties and is a sensitive and useful screening instrument for drug use.
Carbohydrate‐Deficient Transferrin Levels Reflect Heavy Drinking in Alcohol‐Dependent Women Seeking Treatment
Authors: Rukstalis Margaret R. , Lynch Kevin G. , Oslin David W. , Pettinati Helen M. , Anderson Suzanne M. , Volpicelli Joseph R. , Anton Raymond F. 
Published: April 2006

Background Carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT) is a biochemical marker that has been shown to be sensitive in detecting heavy drinking in men, but studies examining CDT in women have been inconsistent because of small sample sizes and failure to consider hormonal status. In healthy female subjects, CDT levels are significantly higher in premenopausal women with higher estradiol (E2) levels (>30 pg/ml) and those taking exogenous estrogens (oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy) compared with men and postmenopausal women. This study examined the relationship between drinking behavior and CDT levels in a large sample of alcohol‐dependent women and contrasted findings in a comparison group of alcohol‐dependent men. The study also examined the extent that E2 levels mediated the relationship between CDT levels and heavy drinking in the alcohol‐dependent women.Methods This study examined the association between CDT level at treatment entry and alcohol consumption the month before initiating treatment in 96 women with a DSM‐III‐R diagnosis of alcohol dependence, as compared with similar data in 123 male alcoholics. To explore the relationship between E2 and CDT, E2 was measured in women at the time of CDT sampling. Linear regression was used to examine whether patterns of alcohol consumption in the 28 days before the CDT blood sampling predicted the CDT level in women and men presenting for treatment for alcohol dependence.Results CDT levels were higher in women than men and were related to quantitative alcohol consumption (total standard drinks, percentage of days drinking, percentage of days of heavy drinking) in the month before initiating treatment, irrespective of E2 levels in women.Conclusions These results suggest that in a larger sample of female alcoholics, the amount of alcohol consumed predicted CDT, similar to what has been reported in male alcoholics. The E2 status did not seem to mediate these results.
Amisulpride Does Not Prevent Relapse in Primary Alcohol Dependence: Results of a Pilot Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Marra Donata , Warot Dominique , Berlin Ivan , Hispard Eric , Notides Christine , Tilikete Samir , Payan Christine , Lépine Jean‐Pierre , Dally Sylvain , Aubin Henri‐Jean 
Published: April 2006

Background Few medications have been proved to be effective in preventing relapse in alcoholism. The mesolimbic dopamine system is known to play an important role in alcohol dependence. Amisulpride, a substituted benzamide, seems to facilitate dopaminergic neurotransmission at low doses.Methods After short‐term, inpatient detoxification, 71 patients participated in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of amisulpride in relapse prevention. Patients received amisulpride 50 mg/day or placebo for 6 months.Results There were no differences between the two groups of treatment for time to first drink, length of time before dropout, number of drinking days, and number of heavy drinking days. However, significantly more patients who were treated with amisulpride than those who were treated with placebo were nonabstinent and had relapsed at each visit. Craving for alcohol was significantly higher in the amisulpride than in the placebo group. Transaminases, γ‐glutamyl‐transferase, and mean erythrocyte corpuscular volume were regularly higher in the amisulpride group than in the placebo group.Conclusions The results indicate that treatment with amisulpride was not effective in preventing relapse to drinking in detoxified, alcohol‐dependent patients. The significance of this finding is discussed, particularly in terms of the effects of neuroleptics on alcohol consumption.
Survey Data Need Not Underestimate Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Casswell Sally , Huckle Taisia , Pledger Megan 
Published: April 2006

Background There are two main ways to assess alcohol consumption in a population: per capita estimates, usually derived from data on taxable alcohol available for consumption, and population‐based surveys. Population‐based survey estimates of alcohol consumption are often compared with estimates based on taxable alcohol available for consumption as a measure of validity. Discrepancies between these two measures occur, with the majority of population‐based surveys substantially underestimating taxable alcohol available for consumption.Methods This article argues, however, that high proportions of taxable alcohol available for consumption can be accounted for by population‐based surveys and reports a method of data collection for a national alcohol survey that has accounted for 94% of the taxable alcohol in New Zealand.Results The ability of the survey methodology to account for this proportion of taxable alcohol is likely due to the within‐location beverage‐specific alcohol consumption measures used in the survey, the process of recording the quantity of alcohol consumed, the use of a computer‐assisted telephone interview system, and the population coverage achieved.Conclusions Population‐based surveys using the methodology outlined in this article may account for, if not exceed, the high proportions of taxable alcohol available for consumption estimates for some populations.
Alcohol‐Induced Increases in Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Binding Protein‐1 Are Partially Mediated by TNF
Authors: Kumar Vinayshree , Silvis Christine , Nystrom Gerald , Deshpande Nobuko , Vary Thomas C. , Frost Robert A. , Lang Charles H. 
Published: April 2006

Background Alcohol (EtOH) alters the plasma and tissue content of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I, an important anabolic hormone. However, the bioavailability and bioactivity of IGF‐I can also be modulated by changes in soluble proteins that bind IGF‐I (IGFBPs). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether EtOH intoxication in rats alters the plasma concentration and tissue mRNA content of various IGFBPs. Based on initial results subsequent studies were performed to assess potential mechanisms by which EtOH increased IGFBP‐1.Methods Rats were administered EtOH (75 mmol/kg) and blood and tissues collected at various times thereafter. Separate groups of rats were also pretreated with 4‐methylpyrazole (4‐MP; alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor), cyanamide (inhibitor of acetaldehyde metabolism), RU486 (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) or the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist (TNFBP) prior to EtOH administration.Results Acute EtOH intoxication did not alter the mRNA content of IGFBP‐3, ‐4 or ‐5 in liver or kidney. However, EtOH increased IGFBP‐1 in blood (5‐fold), which was associated with an up‐regulation of IGFBP‐1 mRNA content in liver and kidney (2‐ to 3‐fold). Likewise, the injection of the nonmetabolizable alcohol tert‐butanol also increased IGFBP‐1 in plasma, liver, and kidney. The increased IGFBP‐1 in blood and tissues was not prevented by inhibiting alcohol metabolism with 4‐MP. However, pretreatment with cyanamide markedly accentuated the EtOH‐induced increase in IGFBP‐1 in blood (20‐fold), liver (3.5‐fold), and kidney (12‐fold), indicating that accumulation of acetaldehyde can enhance IGFBP‐1 synthesis. A time course study indicated that EtOH increased plasma IGFBP‐1 levels as early as 0.5–1 hr, and that this response was associated with elevated IGFBP‐1 mRNA in liver but not kidney. Pretreatment with RU486 did not prevent or attenuate the EtOH‐induced increase in IGFBP‐1. However, the alcohol‐induced increase in IGFBP‐1 was attenuated by TNFBP.Conclusions These data suggest that the acute alcohol‐induced increase in IGFBP‐1 is mediated, at least in part, by TNF and is independent of EtOH metabolism and increases in endogenous glucocorticoids.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Attachment Behavior in Children
Authors: O'Connor Mary J. , Kogan Nina , Findlay Richard 
Published: April 2006

Background This study examined the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and attachment behavior in 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children. Prenatal alcohol exposure was hypothesized to be associated with insecure attachment behavior of the child toward the mother. It was also hypothesized that children with heavier prenatal alcohol exposure would exhibit higher levels of negative affect as well as poorer coping skills. The quality of maternal support in interaction with the child was predicted to mediate prenatal exposure effects.Methods Participants were 42 mother‐child dyads, the majority of whom came from poverty backgrounds in which the mother was a single parent. Attachment security was measured using the Attachment Q‐Set.Results Results revealed that prenatal alcohol exposure was highly related to attachment insecurity. Eighty percent of children who were exposed to alcohol during gestation were insecure, whereas 36% of unexposed children were insecure. Prenatal alcohol exposure also predicted child negative affect, which was related to lower levels of maternal emotional support of the child. However, when the mothers of the prenatally exposed children provided high levels of support, these children evidenced better coping skills and more secure attachment relations.Conclusions Although prenatal alcohol exposure was found to relate to higher levels of insecure attachment, children of mothers who provided them with emotional support were more able to deal with frustration. These children also exhibited higher levels of attachment security. Thus, the mother's supportive presence may mediate the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and the child's security of attachment.
Hormone Responses to Citalopram in Abstinent Alcohol Dependent Subjects
Authors: Gotjen Deidre , Szabo Zsolt , Lee Shing , Wand Gary 
Published: April 2006

Background The integrity of serotonin neurotransmission may be important in reducing risk for alcoholism and in preventing relapse to alcohol dependence. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that alcohol dependent persons have an altered and/or injured serotonin system. The purpose of this study was to examine ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin responses to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), citalopram, as a function of personal or family history of alcohol dependence in a group of abstinent alcohol dependent men.Methods Twelve healthy, abstinent male participants who met diagnostic criteria for a history of alcohol dependence but not for other Axis I disorders were included in the study (mean years abstinent, 3.5 ± 3.7; mean years of dependent drinking, 15.2 ± 6.9). Fourteen healthy volunteers served as control subjects. Controls did not meet the DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for any Axis I disorders and history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence. All subjects were also characterized by the presence or absence of family history of alcoholism validated by collateral interviews.Results ACTH responses to citalopram were minimally faster in abstinent alcohol dependent men compared to controls. However, cortisol and prolactin responses to citalopram did not differ by personal or family history of alcohol dependence. There was no correlation between hormone responses and the duration of abstinence from alcohol; between hormone responses and the years of dependent drinking and between hormone responses and NEO Personality Inventory scores.Conclusion By probing the functional capacity of the serotonin system with citalopram, we did not detect physiologically relevant hormone differences between abstinent alcohol dependent men and controls.
Lateral Asymmetries in the Frontal Brain: Effects of Depression and a Family History of Alcoholism in Female Adolescents
Authors: Bauer Lance O. , Hesselbrock Victor M. 
Published: April 2006

Background Subtle electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities have been detected among subjects with depressed affect. The present study attempted to discern whether these abnormalities reflect a main effect or an interaction between depression and either of two family history variables—a family history of alcoholism or a family history of depression.Methods The subjects were 151 adolescent females, aged 14 to 20 years, of whom 58 met DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria for a lifetime history of a major depressive episode. The electroencephalogram was recorded from 31 electrode sites while the subjects sat relaxed, with their eyes open, for 5 min.Results Analyses of EEG data revealed that a personal history of depression and a family history of alcoholism had opposite effects on the EEG power spectrum. Depression was associated with an increase in α power (7.5–12.5 Hz). In contrast, a family history of alcoholism was associated with an increase in fast β power (19–30 Hz) and a decrease in θ power (4–7 Hz). There were no significant main or interactive effects of a family history of depression. Current source density topographic analyses of the significant group differences in α and fast β power demonstrated that the effects of depression could be localized to the right frontal brain, whereas the effects of a family history of alcoholism were localized to the left frontal area.Conclusions The laterally opposite effects of depression and a family history of alcoholism suggest a high level of functional differentiation of the frontal brain. They also suggest that the different neurophysiological substrates of depression and familial risk can be distinguished through the use of modern methods of EEG source localization.
Screening for Alcohol Problems in the U.S. General Population: Comparison of the CAGE, RAPS4, and RAPS4‐QF by Gender, Ethnicity, and Service Utilization
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. 
Published: April 2006

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the performance (sensitivity and specificity) of two brief screening instruments, CAGE and the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen 4 (RAPS4), against ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol dependence and abuse in a representative sample of the U.S. adult household population by gender, ethnicity, and service utilization (emergency room and primary care) in the last year.Methods Data are from the Alcohol Research Group's 2000 National Alcohol Survey (n= 7612), which is a computer‐assisted telephone interview survey of the U.S. general population 18 and over in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.Results Sensitivity of the RAPS4 (0.86) was better than the CAGE (0.67) given similar specificity (0.95 vs. 0.98) and outperformed the CAGE for alcohol dependence across all gender, ethnic, and service utilization groups, except among blacks and Hispanics. The RAPS4 also performed equally well for females and males (0.88 vs. 0.85), whereas sensitivity of the CAGE was lower for females. Although sensitivity of the RAPS4 was better than the CAGE for alcohol abuse, sensitivity was low for both (0.56 and 0.36, respectively). When quantity‐frequency (QF) questions (drinking five or more drinks on at least one occasion during the last year and drinking as often as once a month during the last year) were added to the RAPS4, the RAPS4‐QF performed significantly better for alcohol abuse and outperformed the CAGE at a cut point of one across all gender, ethnic, and service utilization groups. The RAPS4‐QF appeared to be most sensitive for alcohol abuse among both males and females reporting emergency room use (0.90).Conclusions The data suggest that the RAPS4 outperforms the CAGE in this general population sample. The addition of a QF question to the RAPS4 improves performance in relation to sensitivity for alcohol abuse, and the RAPS4 and RAPS4‐QF may be the instruments of choice in brief screening for alcohol use disorders. Additional research is needed to further explore these issues.