bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the effects of empagliflozin and liraglutide on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in diabetic mice
Authors: Yang Qiong , Deng Ling , Feng Changmei , Wen Jianghua 
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives
Recent studies have shown that the imbalance of intestinal flora is related to the occurrence and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and can affect lipid metabolism. Sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist are commonly used hypoglycemic drugs and have excellent renal safety. The purpose of this study was to compare the protective effects of empagliflozin and liraglutide on kidneys, lipid metabolism, and intestinal microbiota in diabetic mice.

Methods
We established a mouse model of type two diabetes by feeding rats a high-fat diet (HFD) followed by an intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The mice were randomly divided into groups: normal control (NC), diabetic model (DM), liraglutide treatment (LirT), empagliflozin treatment (EmpT), and liraglutide combined with empagliflozin treatment (Emp&LirT) groups. Blood glucose, lipids, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as urinary nitrogen and albumin levels were measured. The renal tissues were subjected to HE, PAS and Masson’s staining. These parameters were used to evaluate renal function and histopathological changes in mice. Mice feces were also collected for 16sRNA sequencing to analyze the composition of the intestinal flora.

Results
All the indexes related to renal function were significantly improved after treatment with drugs. With respect to lipid metabolism, both drugs significantly decreased the serum triglyceride levels in diabetic mice, but the effect of liraglutide on reducing serum cholesterol was better than that of empagliflozin. However, empagliflozin had a better effect on the reduction of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The two drugs had different effects on intestinal flora. At the phylum level, empagliflozin significantly reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota, but no effect was seen with liraglutide. At the genus level, both of them decreased the number of Helicobacter and increased the number of Lactobacillus. Empagliflozin also significantly increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae, Muribaculum, Olsenella, and Odoribacter, while liraglutide significantly increased that of Ruminococcus.

Conclusion
Liraglutide and empagliflozin were both able to improve diabetes-related renal injury. However, the ability of empagliflozin to reduce LDL was better compared to liraglutide. In addition, their effects on the intestine bacterial flora were significantly different.
Characterization of social frailty domains and related adverse health outcomes in the Asia-Pacific: a systematic literature review
Authors: Hamid Tengku Aizan , Salih Sarah Abdulkareem , Zillah Abdullah Siti Farra , Ibrahim Rahimah , Mahmud Aidalina 
Published: March 2024

Background
Frailty is a significant healthcare challenge worldwide, increasing interest in developing more assessment tools covering for frailty. Recently, there has been a growing awareness of a correlation between social variables and frailty in older people. However, there is a lack of understanding of the social domains of frailty and the related adverse outcomes, particularly in the Asia-Pacific settings. This study aimed to characterize the social frailty domains and their health outcomes by overviewing the frailty screening tools in older people living in the Asia-Pacific region.

Methodology
A systematic review, using the PRISMA guideline, was conducted on articles published between 2002 and 2023 from three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. A manual search was conducted for the references of the included articles using Google Scholar. Included articles must be in English and were based on empirical evidence published in peer-reviewed journals and focus on the assessment of domains of social frailty in older people aged 60 or over in the Asia-Pacific (East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania).

Result
A total of 31 studies were included in the thematic analysis, from which 16 screening tools measuring six social domains were reviewed. The six domains were: social networks, followed by social activities, social support, financial difficulties, social roles, and socioeconomic, arranged in four categories: social resources, social needs, social behaviors (or social activities), and general resources. The six social domains predicted mortality, physical difficulties, and disability incidence. Other adverse health outcomes were also associated with these social domains, including cognitive disorders, mental illness, and nutritional disorders (n = 5 domains each), dementia (n = 4 domains), and oral frailty, hearing loss, obesity, and chronic pain (n = 3 domains each).

Conclusion
Overall, social frailty is a complex construct with multiple dimensions, including the frailty of social and general resources, social behaviors, and social needs, leading to several health disorders. The findings contribute to understanding the conceptual framework of social frailty in older people and its related health outcomes. Therefore, it could facilitate professionals and researchers to monitor and reduce the risks of adverse health outcomes related to each domain of social frailty, contributing to a better aging process.
Comparative Analysis of Technical and Operational Characteristics of Controllers Used to Automate the Operation of Rod Depth Pumps
Authors: Khamis Hashimov Khanlar , Alasgar Allahverdiyev Vugar 
Published: March 2024

The paper examines the technical and economic characteristics of the most common controllers from popular manufacturers in the United States, designed to automate the operation of rod depth pumps installed in oil-producing pumping machines. The main functional components, including sensors and actuators, are presented. A comparative analysis of the functionality is made, namely, the operating modes of the automation systems for switching on and off electric motors of rod pumps.
The main distinguishing features of the presented controllers is that some of them lack any sensors and in which the dynamograms are controlled in the function of currents and voltages. In addition, there are also types that use radio communication with the main control and control panel, which greatly simplifies wiring diagrams, eliminates the need to install relatively long cable networks.
The Transformers: The Conflicts between Humans and Cyborgs and the Resulting Discrimination
Authors: Christian Calvin 
Published: March 2024

In this study, I want to analyze a movie that came from a series made by Hasbro, which is titled Transformers. In my study, I found out that the conflict between the human characters and the cyborg characters in the movie revolve around discrimination which is caused by the conflict itself. I would also like to explore what are the kinds of discrimination within the movie so that I can determine the cause of it and with the research, to learn about not to discriminate. For the analysis of my study, I will use the theory of Posthumanism by Cary Wolfe, which implies that the process of Posthuman transformation includes cyborg enhancements to improve the capabilities of human beings. I also found that from these so-called cyborg enhancements, comes discrimination from the people who think negatively towards the process of the enhancements, and thus discriminate against them.
Supporting Children with Speech, Language and Communication Needs: Finnish Early Childhood Special Education Teachers’ Views
Authors: Staffans Eva , Ström Kristina , Björklund Siv 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In today’s society, the need for functional communication is essential from an early age. However, many children struggle with speech, language, and communication during their time in early childhood education and care (ECEC). This paper examines early childhood special education teachers’ (ECSETs) views on how children with speech, language and communication needs are supported in regular ECEC. The empirical data comprised four focus group interviews with 14 itinerant ECSETs. A thematic analysis was used to examine the teachers’ support strategies. The following four themes related to the research question were identified after an iterative process of coding and close reading of data: (a) cooperation and professionalism as prerequisites for providing support; (b) processes and procedures for providing support; (c) consultation for personnel enabling support for children in a group; and (d) adjusting support based on each child’s individual needs. The study provides insight into providing support for children with speech, language and communication needs and related challenges. The results indicate several areas that work well in providing support during specific activities and for certain group compositions. However, potential pitfalls include ECSETs’ workload and lack of knowledge and motivation among personnel to support children in need of support.
Inside Front Cover: Excimer‐Based White Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Nearly 100 % Internal Quantum Efficiency (Adv. Mater. 2/2007)
Authors: Williams E. L. , Haavisto K. , Li J. , Jabbour G. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBy combining the monomer and excimer/aggregate emission of FPt, a white OLED can be obtained. Incorporating the novel host material 26mCPy and engineering the charge balance properties, Jabbour and co‐workers used FPt to demonstrate, for the first time, nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in white OLEDs (as shown in the image). The work is reported on p. 197.
Spintronik: eine Herausforderung für Materialwissenschaften und Festkörperchemie
Authors: Felser Claudia , Fecher Gerhard H. , Balke Benjamin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSpintronik ist ein multidisziplinäres Forschungsfeld zwischen Physik, Material‐ und Ingenieurwissenschaften, aber auch ein neuer Forschungsbereich der Festkörperforschung. Für die verschiedensten Anforderungen müssen unterschiedlichste Materialien gefunden werden. Die Suche nach ferromagnetischen Halbleitern und stabilen halbmetallischen Ferromagneten mit Curie‐Temperaturen höher als Raumtemperatur ist immer noch eine zentrale Aufgabe für die Festkörperchemie. Ein allgemeines Verständnis der Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung für das Design neuer Materialien. In diesem Aufsatz werden die wichtigsten Entwicklungen im Bereich der Spintronik aus der Perspektive des Materialwissenschaftlers dargestellt.
Spintronics: A Challenge for Materials Science and Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Felser Claudia , Fecher Gerhard H. , Balke Benjamin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSpintronics is a multidisciplinary field involving physics, chemistry, and engineering, and is a new research area for solid‐state scientists. A variety of new materials must be found to satisfy different demands. The search for ferromagnetic semiconductors and stable half‐metallic ferromagnets with Curie temperatures higher than room temperature remains a priority for solid‐state chemistry. A general understanding of structure–property relationships is a necessary prerequisite for the design of new materials. In this Review, the most important developments in the field of spintronics are described from the point of view of materials science.
Studies on Interfacial Tension of Crystal‐impure Solution Interface Using One‐layer Adsorption Model
Authors: Dhanasekaran R. , Ramasamy P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFrom the chemical potential of the components in the adlayer of crystal‐impure solution interface in one layer adsorption model based on the Bragg‐William approximation with empty sites, an equation for the variation of interfacial tension connecting the amount of adsorbed solute and impurity molecules and the interaction energies between the adsorbed molecules is derived. It is shown that the amount of impurity molecules and the interaction energies play an important role in the variation of interfacial tension.
Differential Thermal Analysis Studies on the Crystallization of Strontium Tungstate from Sodium Tungstate Melts Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters
Authors: Roy B. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFrom the estimated diffusion rate‐constants (kD1) of strontium tungstate crystal growth from sodium tungstate melts in platinum crucibles, energy (E), enthalpy (ΔHa), entropy (ΔSa) and free‐energy (ΔGa) of activation and the pre‐exponential factor (k0) for the process were estimated using an ordinary Arrhenius equation kDl = k0e−E/RT. These thermodynamic parameters were virtually unaffected by the changes in crystallization temperatures (T0) and cooling rates (R)T. The distance (r12), between a diffusing species and its host necesary for a successful diffusion, increased with T0 and TT but there was no direct correlation.
An Experimental Study of the Recrystallization of Potash Alum Suspension in a Double Crystallizer
Authors: Žáček S. , Hostomský J. , Skřivánek J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExperimental results of the development in time particle size distribution pertataining to a KAl(SO4)2· 12 H2O suspension being recrystallized at 25 °C in a laboratory double crystallizer are presented. The technique used represents a suitable means for studying the dependence of the intensity of recrystallization on experimental conditions, particularly on the frequency and amplitude of the temperature cycling, to which the suspension is exposed in the apparatus.
Structural Defects in Type I Diamonds
Authors: Moriyoshi Y. , Kamo M. , Sato Y. , Setaka N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNatural gem diamonds of Type I single crystals were observed with an ultra high voltage transmission electron microscope in order to characterize structural defects such as dislocation, dislocation loops, and platelets. The results of analyses indicated that edge dislocations with Burgers vector 1/2 [0111] and 60° dislocations which were inclined at an angle of 60° to 〈011〉 directions were present in the diamonds. Dislocation loops were concluded to be in interstitical character. It was speculated that an impurity associated with the platelets was silicon and dislocation loops were formed by dislocation motion.
Water Vapour Adsorption on the Iron(111) Surface Studied by LEED and WFC
Authors: Müssig H.‐J. , Arabczyk W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn a sample isolation and gas inlet system for aggressive gases saturation states of adsorption as a function of water vapour pressure were generated on the Fe(111)‐surface at room temperature and analyzed quantitatively under ultra‐high vacuum conditions using the methods LEED and WFC. There is a random adsorption layer emerging passing over into a p(1 × 1) structure when heated between 200°C and 400°C. This structure is more resistent to heat and oxygen treatment than an oxygen adsorption or oxide layer, respectively. The adsorption velocity for oxygen on the p(1 × 1)–H2O structure amounts to only about 15% of the adsorption velocity on the p(1 × 1)–O structure. The adsorption isotherm measured can be described through a theoretical model.
Growth Bands in InSb‐NiSb Eutectic
Authors: Modrzejewski A. , Ślepowroński M. , Warchol S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe InSb‐1.8 wt% NiSb eutectic alloys were directionally solidified using the vertical Bridgman‐type method, under the imposed temperature gradients from 15 to 150 °C/cm. The drive velocity of samples was 5 mm/h. Three kinds of the microstructure faults were observed: single‐phase growth bands, two‐phase growth bands and rapid changes in the needle spacing. The aligned structure free of growth bands was obtained in the sample for the imposed temperature gradient 150 °C/cm.
Interface Breakdown in Heavily Doped Germanium Single Crystals Grown from the Melt
Authors: Vidal J. , Romero R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCZ growth of high Gallium content Germanium single crystals has proven that smooth solid‐liquid interfaces may discrupt into broken line contours. It is suggested that this occurs as a consequence of homogeneous nucleation within the melt having constitutional supercooling allow for the driving force. It has been found that the abnormal segregation that follows from irregular interface shapes gives way to second phase precipitates and to solute trails. Rough interface broakdown has been seen preceded by interface oscillations of the Mullins‐Sekerka kind.
On the Growth Morphology of K2Cr2O7 (KBC) Crystals
Authors: Szurgot M. , Sangwal K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe morphology of potassium dichromate (KBC) crystals grown under different conditions by solvent evaporation method is investigated. Observations of the examination of asgrown surfaces and inclusions, and of the realtion between dislocations and inclusions are presented. The results indicate that the change in the morphology of KBC crystals can be associated with the dislocation structure in the crystal.
Influence of Microdefects on the Generation of Dislocations in Homoepitaxial Gallium Phosphide Layers Grown on LEC Substrates
Authors: Wagner G. , Gottschalch V. , Pasmann M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGaP LEC substrates doped with sulphur (ND – NA roughly (3–7) × 1017 cm−3) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. This material was found to contain microdefects such as perfect perismatic dislocation loops, and spherical precipitates. Cross‐sectional TEM investigations perfomed have shown that above all perfect dislocation loops lying directly at the substrate/layer interface are sources for the formation of extended dislocations propagating through the epitaxial layer. Using the methods of selective photoetching and AB‐etching on (110) cleavage faces this phenomenon was observed, too.
Structures of Azomethine Imines of the Pyrazolidone‐(3)‐type (I). The Structure of 1‐(4‐Nitrobenzylidene‐pyrazolidone‐(3)‐betaine
Authors: Kulpe S. , Seidel I. , Geissler G. , Tomaschewski G. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract1‐(4‐Nitrobenzylidene)‐pyrazolidone‐(3)‐betaine crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with eight molecules per unit cell. The lattice parameters are a = 11.025 Å; b = 22.995 Å; c = 7. 677 Å. With X‐ray diffraction data, collected on a automatical four circle diffractometer, the crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R‐value of 0.047 for 1516 symmetrically independent reflections. The structure determination has been performed to contribute to the explanation of the photochromic behaviour of this special class of azomethine imines.
Preparation and structure of CdGeP2
Authors: Süss B. , Hein K. , Buhrig E. , Oettel H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe production of CdGeP2 through vapour transport was studied. Proceeding from thermodynamic observations on the possibility of Ge‐transport in the form of chloride an optimisation of the parameters in volved in the process was achieved through systematic variation of the transport conditions. The produced crystals were characterized through main component chemical analysis, microhardness measurements, microprobe analysis and X‐ray phase analysis.
The crystal and molecular structure of the nematogenic compound 4′‐cyanophenyl‐4‐n‐pentylcyclohexanoate
Authors: Baumeister U. , Hartung H. , Jaskólski M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crystal and molecular structure of the title compound with the formula C5H11– –C6H10–COO–C6H4–CN (CPPCH) has been determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with two molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 5.774 Å, b = 9.150 Å, c = 16.878 Å, α = 93.05°, β = 97.19°, γ = 93.58°. The structure has been solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.059.The CPPCH molecule adopts a considerably stretched form. The planar bridging carboxylic group is inclined to the benzene ring by 67.3° and by 39.9° to a plane bisecting the cyclohexane ring through its 1 and 4 positions. In the crystal structure a parallel imbricated packing mode with antiparallel neighbouring molecules is approached.
Induction periods and mechanism and kinetics of nucleation of barium tungstate crystal growth from sodium tungstate melts in platinum crucibles
Authors: Roy B. N. , Roy M. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInduction periods (t) and mechanism and kinetics of nucleation in barium tungstate crystallization from sodium tungstate melts in platinum crucibles were studied. A theoretical relation has been developed to express the dependence of t on the cooling rates (RT) and the rate (Rc) of development of excess solute concentration. At any crystallization temperature the average rate‐constant (kn) for heterogeneous nucleation was related to Rc by (kn/p)1/(p+1) = 1/(tRcγ), where γ is a constant and p is the average number of particles in the critical nuclei. The critical temperature (T), critical supersaturation (S) and γ values were estimated.
Photoelectron spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies of the formation of iron boride layers on pure iron substrates in powder boriding
Authors: Than E. , Wagner W. , Bochmann G. , Marx G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn‐situ studies of chemical reactions and transport processes occurring in powderous rection media during the production of refractory layers on metallic substrates are impossible. However, results of the studies of the layers formed by means of suitable surface analyses, e.g. ESCA, combined with thermodynamic estimations permit these processes to be deduced.Element distribution and bonding states in the boundary region of the surface as determined from the photoelectron spectra of powder‐borided high grade iron samples correlate with the occurrence of thermodynamically possible gaseous intermediate compounds which may be formed from the components of a certain boriding powder. This permits a closed model of the processes in the reaction media and at the surface of the sample during boriding to be discussed.
Dislocations in silicon observed by high‐voltage, high‐resolution electron microscopy
Authors: Hiraga K. , Hirabayashi M. , Sato M. , Sumino K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDislocations in deformed silicon crystals have been studied by high‐resolution electron microscopy with the axial illumination along the [110] direction using a 1 MV electron microscope. Extended 60 dislocations, Z‐shape faulted dipoles and stacking fault tetrahedra were observed in atomic level. The results demonstrated the potentiality of highvoltage, high‐resolution electron microscopy for the study of atomic configurations of structural defects.
Comparative structural investigations of mechanically treated mgo‐powders (ii) type of strain: impact
Authors: Kretzschmar U. , Ebert I. , Steinike U. , Hennig H. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnder the applied conditions the treatment by impact (jet mill) results only in relative small effects of pulverizing and in insignificant lattice disorders investigated by X‐ray diffraction. By investigations of electron spin resonance strong and weak disturbances of cubic symmetry of crystal field are detected. Impact generates increased concentrations of point defects and few dislocations in the bulk of the grains of the powder.