bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The legacy of a Pariah state: South Africa's Arms trade in the 1990s
Authors: Willett Susan 
Published: July 2007

South Africa's defence industry was built up in the context of the UN arms embargo and during the period from 1975 to 1989. It was developed and coordinated by the Armaments Corporation of South Africa (Armscor), renowned for an unaccountable, insidious covert culture which involved arms smuggling, corruption and most recently selling $30million worth of arms to the government of Rwanda. A commission of inquiry ‐ the Cameron Commission has been set up by the government to look at an apparent lack of control within the defence sector. Yet, since the end of apartheid, Armscor has attempted to recast itself as a socially responsible institution in its commitment to greater openness and transparency. The debate which supports the expansion of South Africa's arms trade contend that the industry is an important economic asset and that the contract which Armscor has secured from the government will treble arms sales over five years, creating 20,000 new jobs. But at what price? As the industry is faced with a declining domestic market it is likely to revert to markets it is familiar with, where high profits are guaranteed.
As Susan Willett states, the controversy between the moral and economic arguments — utilising different norms and assumptions resulting in political impasse ‐ must become more rigorous and detailed in order to overcome a stalemate. This article seeks to avoid further polarisation by considering the arms trade in terms of orthodox economic analysis and the political debate ensuing in the context of a fragile and embryonic democracy.
Djibouti: between war and peace
Authors: Kadamy Mohamed 
Published: July 2007

Tardivement accedée a l'independance, en 1977 la République de Djibouti, à l'instar des autres régions de la Corne d'Afrique, vit à son tour une guerre civile depuis octobre 1991. La lutte armée menée par le FRUD (Front pur la Restauration de l'Unité et pour la Démocratie) qui recrute principalement chez les Afars a revelé la fragilité de l'Etat djiboutien ainsi que sa dimension stratégique. La lutte pour la démocratistion et l'équilibre ethnique s'est heurtée a l'intransigeance du regime et à la mefiance de certains Etats: La France, l'Ethiopie et l'Erythree.
Cet article essaie de retracer l'évolution du regime et la genèse de l'opposition particuliérement de sa composante armée. Après avoir derivé vers un système de parti unique, le pouvoir de Hassan Gouled a suivi sa propre trajectoire par l'appropriation clanique de tous les secteurs de la vie économique et politique. La radicalisation du regime est‐elle inscrite dans san nature clanique? A l'instar du regime de Siad Barré, le pouvoir djiboutien ne risque‐t'il pas de remettre en cause les fondements de l'Etat? L'inquietude semble gagner certains secteurs du pouvoir, ainsi que certains Etats comme la France, l'Ethiopie, l'Erythrée. La volonté des forces de l'opposition sera t'elle suffisante pour empêcher l'implosion de ce micro Etat?
The concurrence of several troublesome events plunged Djibouti into a profound crisis in the first half of the 1990s.The most serious was a revolt against an emerging ethnic dictatorship. It was exacerbated by grave economic problems, and compounded with a ferocious struggle for the succession of President Hassan Gouled who is seriously ill. This article traces the course of events that brought Djibouti to the most dangerous point in its short history.
Aid, NGOs and grassroots development: Northern Burkina Faso
Authors: Atampugre Nicholas 
Published: July 2007

The last two decades (and perhaps the next decade) could be described as the age of Non‐Governmental Organisations (NGOs). These organisations have become important players on the development scene. They are also major recipients of international aid. Between 1970 and 1990 aid channelled through NGOs rose from $2.7 billion to $7.2 billion. This trend has continued, with the OECD estimating in 1993 that northern NGO spending is between $9 billion and $10 billion annually. The significance of NGO involvement is particularly marked in Africa. For example, in 1991 forty‐four World Bank assisted projects implemented by associated local NGOs took up 55 per cent of all loans and credits granted Africa that year (Marcussen, 1996:406). The increasing importance of what remains a poorly defined and heterogeneous sector is reflected not only in the amount of resources being channelled through these organisations but also in the increasing controversy surrounding their role in Africa's development.
In this article, we review the experiences of two UK based NGOs ‐ Oxfam‐UK/Eire and ACORD ‐ who have been promoting (for nearly two decades now) grassroots development in a country which has not recently experienced conflict ‐ Burkina Faso. We draw lessons from their experiences and suggest that whilst some good work has been done, northern NGOs facilitating the emergence of grassroots organisations still face enormous challenges.
The Dawn of Aboriginal Psychiatry
Authors: Duke Michael 
Published: July 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper was to survey the writings by Western-trained and other psychiatrists and mental health professionals about Aboriginal peoples of Australia. Method: A literature survey of works by psychiatrists and Aboriginal people from 1788 to the mid-1990s was undertaken. Results: There is a dearth of literature until the 1960s when there is an upsurge which continues to grow. Conclusions: There has been an exponential growth of interest in Aboriginal and psychiatric perspectives since the 1960s. Some suggestions are made to explain this.
Trainee Psychiatrists’ views about their Supervisors and Supervision
Authors: Chur-Hansen Anna , McLean Steve 
Published: July 2007

Objective: Supervision is fundamental to the trainee experience in psychiatry, but few researchers have considered this in a systematic way. In this paper, we explore trainees’ perceptions of the supervisor–trainee relationship and the supervision process. This is the first of two papers, with the second focussing on supervisors’ perceptions of supervision and trainees. Method: Fifteen trainees were interviewed and the resultant data subjected to qualitative analysis. Results: Trainees described the characteristics of a ‘good’ supervisor, as well as what they considered to be evident in a ‘poor’ supervisor. Conclusions: The results of this study would be useful in designing training programs for both experienced and novice supervisors. Future research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of such training programs, as currently very little investigation into postgraduate clinical supervision has been undertaken.
Reaction Times for Simple Shape Discriminations Requiring One or Both Visual Cortices
Authors: Brindley G. S. , Carpenter R. H. S. , Rushton D. N. 
Published: July 2007

Reaction times for a simple two-choice shape discrimination requiring either one or both visual cortices were measured. In a total reaction time of around 400 millisec. the difference found was 3.0 ± 2.6 millisec. If subjects were weighted according to number of observations, and — 1.34 ± 1.68 millisec. if they were weighted according to reciprocals of variances of differences of means; that is, it was not significant.
Training of Fast Tapping with Reduction of Kinaesthetic, Tactile, Visual and Auditory Sensations
Authors: Laszlo Judith I. 
Published: July 2007

Five subjects were trained to tap on a light Morse-key during nerve compression block. The training sessions lasted for 40 sec., with a 5 sec. rest after the first 20 sec. work period. The group learning curve reached 89.5 per cent. level of normal performance by the eighth training session. In the ninth, the testing session, subjects tapped with visual and auditory sense reduction superimposed on the kinaesthetic and tactile impairment of the training condition. Performance in the testing session reached 40.9 per cent. of normal. The sixth subject was trained in the same task as the other five subjects, but the training condition included elimination of cues from all four sensory channels. He reached 79.09 per cent. of his normal tapping performance in the seventh session. These results show that the motor skill of tapping can be relearned in the absence of kinaesthetic cues. Furthermore when the subject has no conscious knowledge of any peripheral sensory cues connected with the ongoing motor activity, learning can nevertheless take place. These findings lead to the hypothesis, that skilled motor activity can be monitored by central processes alone. During the training sessions subjects showed a tendency of tapping in groups of gradually increasing length. It is hypothesized that increased number of taps forming a group gives an indication to the possible mode of action of these central processes.
Latency of Different Verbal Responses to the Same Stimulus
Authors: Fraisse Paul 
Published: July 2007

A response of reading (letter O) or of naming (circle) can be given to the same sign O. The verbal reaction time is higher when naming than when reading (difference 100 millisec.). This fact verifies that naming is a longer process than reading, the difficulty of perceiving the stimulus being equal. The response “zero” which may be given to the same sign is nearer to the reading-response time than the naming-response. These facts can be explained if we say that uncertainty for coding concrete signs is greater than for alphabetical or numerical signs.
Shadowing in Bisensory Memory
Authors: Dornbush Rhea L. 
Published: July 2007

Shadowing (vocalization-at-presentation) was applied to a bisensory situation where different messages were simultaneously presented to the visual and auditory modalities. Three groups of subjects were employed: Group I shadowed the visual modality; Group II shadowed the auditory modality; Group III was a control, shadowing neither modality. Shadowing in the present experiment facilitated recall of the shadowed modality, particularly the visual modality, which is usually inferior to auditory recall. It also became apparent that visual recall in an ordinary bisensory situation was minimal if not near an incidental level and that a true bisensory situation with equal division of attention between the two modalities employed does not exist.
Concept Identification with and without Blank Trials
Authors: Coltheart Veronika 
Published: July 2007

The blank trials technique introduced by Levine (1966) has been of considerable importance in the study of concept identification and human discrimination learning, as it provides a means of identifying the hypotheses generating choice responses. However, this technique involves the interpolation between normal feedback trials of several trials during which no feedback concerning the correctness of a subject's responses is given. An experiment was conducted to study the comparability of concept identification with and without blank trials. No differences in trials to criterion, number of errors, or in presolution latencies were observed. These results tend to justify inferences about normal concept identification from blank trial data, and they also have some implications concerning the role of memory in concept identification.
Feature-Testing Models and Their Application to Perception and Memory for Speech
Authors: Smith Philip T. 
Published: July 2007

Four models of the organization of feature-testing units in the perception of phonemes are developed and tested against data drawn from a number of published studies. The independence model, which asserts that features are tested independently of each other, is conclusively rejected. The response-conditional and stimulus-conditional models require individual feature-testing units to be dependent, respectively, on the responses of other feature-testing units and on the other features present in the stimulus. Both these models handle perceptual confusions very well among stop and nasal consonants, but are less satisfactory for fricatives. Finally, the correct-conditional model requires individual feature-testing units to be dependent on the correctness of the decisions made by other feature-testing units; this model is very poor for perceptual confusions but quite good for mnemonic confusions. In addition, some of the distinctive features currently favoured by linguists are shown to provide unsatisfactory descriptions. The implications of this study are that perceptual and mnemonic processes are different in certain basic respects, and that many current scaling models are ignoring important types of structure in the data they analyse.
A Psycho-ontological Analysis of Genesis 2-6.
Authors: Peterson Jordan B. 
Published: July 2007

Individuals operating within the scientific paradigm presume that the world is made of matter. Although the perspective engendered by this presupposition is very powerful, it excludes value and subjective experience from its fundamental ontology. In addition, it provides very little guidance with regards to the fundamentals of ethical action. Individuals within the religious paradigm, by contrast, presume that the world is made out of what matters. From such a perspective, the phenomenon of meaning is the primary reality. This meaning is revealed both subjectively and objectively, and serves—under the appropriate conditions—as an unerring guide to ethical action. The ancient stories of Genesis cannot be properly understood without viewing them from within the religious paradigm. Genesis describes the primary categories of the world of meaning, as well as the eternal interactions of those categories. Order arises out of Chaos, through the creative intermediation of Logos, and man is manifested, in turn. Man, a constrained Logos, exists within a bounded state of being, Eden. Eden is a place where order and chaos, nature and culture, find their optimal state of balance. Because Eden is a walled garden, however—a bounded state of being—something is inevitably excluded. Unfortunately, what is excluded does not simply cease to exist. Every bounded paradise thus contains something forbidden and unknown. Man's curiosity inevitably drives him to investigate what has been excluded. The knowledge thus generated perpetually destroys the presuppositions and boundaries that allow his temporary Edens to exist. Thus, man is eternally fallen. The existential pain generated by this endlessly fallen state can undermine man's belief in the moral justifiability of being—and may turn him, like Cain, against brother and God.
Third Santorini conference pharmacogenomics workshop report: “Pharmacogenomics at the crossroads: what else than good science will be needed for the field to become part of Personalized Medicine?”
Authors: LLerena Adrián , Michel Gerd , Jeannesson Elise , Wong Steven , Manolopoulos Vangelis G. , Hockett Richard Dean , Boubekeur Karima , Siest Gérard , Beaune Philippe , Haefliger Carolina , Arnold Hans Peter , Junien Claudine , Petrovic Nenad , Molloy Roisin , Bekers Otto , Donnelly Claudine , Arens Hans-Juergen , Kaput Jim , McComb Joel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis workshop discussed the use of pharmacogenomics knowledge in clinical practice. It was organized in three sections: educational needs, definition of industry as a potential trigger, and regulatory aspects. Regarding pharmacogenomics education, it appears that this is truly lacking, except for patients, who are becoming increasingly educated thanks to the media. Regarding administrators, education is mainly a problem of cost. Indeed, even if cost-effective for society on the whole, pharmacogenomic tests will be expensive for hospitals. Physicians are facing an overabundance of information. They must be helped to bridge the gap between knowledge/research and clinical application. Collaboration between the pharmaceutical industry and the diagnostics industry could be one of the triggers. Moreover, there is a lack of qualification of this information, even though some guidelines are being produced. The Food and Drug Administration organizes workshops that often lead to publications on pharmacogenomic education, genomic data aims and development concepts, which can finally be translated into guidelines. Industry can contribute to pharmacogenomic development, not only through research, but also through marketing activities, which would promote the use of pharmacogenomics by physicians. Legal aspects were also considered in terms of the problem of availability and the degree of qualification of commercial drug tests on the market. The Innovative Medicine Initiative was also presented, which is a public-private partnership to create a biomedical research and development leader to benefit patients and society. Finally, a technical report from the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies on the socioeconomic impact of pharmacogenomics in the EU was presented.Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:843–50.
Job Flexibility, Job Security, and Mental Health Among US Working Adults
Authors: Wang Monica L. , Narcisse Marie-Rachelle , Togher Katherine , McElfish Pearl A. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceUnderstanding the association between job characteristics and mental health can inform policies and practices to promote employee well-being.ObjectiveTo investigate associations between job characteristics and mental health, work absenteeism, and mental health care use among US adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey and included adults aged 18 years or older who reported employment during the past 12 months. Data were analyzed from May 2023 to January 2024.ExposuresJob flexibility was assessed as a summative variable to 3 questions: perceived ease of changing one’s work schedule to do things important to oneself or their family, regularity of work schedule changes, and advance notice of work hours. Job security was measured as perceived likelihood of losing one’s job.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMental health outcomes included self-reported serious psychological distress and frequency of anxiety. Work absenteeism was assessed using the number of missed workdays due to illness. Mental health care use was examined for both current and past year use. Multivariable logistic and binomial regression analyses were used to examine associations of interest.ResultsThe analytic sample consisted of 18 144 adults (52.3% [95% CI, 51.5%-53.2%] male; mean age, 42.2 [95% CI, 41.9-42.6] years). Greater job flexibility was associated with decreased odds of serious psychological distress (odds ratio [OR], 0.74 [95% CI, 0.63-0.86]; P &amp;lt; .001) and lower odds of weekly anxiety (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.81-0.97]; P = .008) or daily anxiety (OR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.79-0.96]; P = .005). Greater job security was associated with decreased odds of serious psychological distress (OR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.65-0.87]; P &amp;lt; .001) and lower odds of anxiety weekly (OR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.71-0.88]; P &amp;lt; .001) or daily (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.66-0.81]; P &amp;lt; .001). Greater job flexibility (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.84 [95% CI, 0.74-0.96]; P = .008) and job security (IRR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.65-0.87]; P &amp;lt; .001) were each associated with decreased number of days worked despite feeling ill over the past 3 months. Greater job security was associated with decreased absenteeism in the past year (IRR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.82-0.98]; P &amp;lt; .014).Conclusions and RelevanceOrganizational policies that enhance job flexibility and security may facilitate a healthier work environment, mitigate work-related stress, and ultimately promote better mental health.
Estimation with extended sequential order statistics: A link function approach
Authors: Pesch Tim , Cramer Erhard , Polpo Adriano , Cripps Edward 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe model of extended sequential order statistics (ESOS) comprises of two valuable characteristics making the model powerful when modelling multi‐component systems. First, components can be assumed to be heterogeneous and second, component lifetime distributions can change upon failure of other components. This degree of flexibility comes at the cost of a large number of parameters. The exact number depends on the system size and the observation depth and can quickly exceed the number of observations available. Consequently, the model would benefit from a reduction in the dimension of the parameter space to make it more readily applicable to real‐world problems. In this article, we introduce link functions to the ESOS model to reduce the dimension of the parameter space while retaining the flexibility of the model. These functions model the relation between model parameters of a component across levels. By construction the proposed ‘link estimates’ conveniently yield ordered model estimates. We demonstrate how those ordered estimates lead to better results compared to their unordered counterparts, particularly when sample sizes are small.
Cover Picture: Astron. Nachr. 2/2024
Authors: Wang Zhengli , Lu Jiguang , Jiang Jingchen , Cao Shunshun , Wang Weiyang , Liang Enwei , Xu Renxin 
Published: March 2024

It has been proposed that the building blocks of pulsar matter could be ‘an’, strangeons analogy of atomic nucleons but with negative strangeness. A bare strangeon star should not have a smooth surface, but be covered with small hills (‘zits’), as indicated by red spots in this schematic illustration. These zits on the pulsar surface might be responsible for the magnetospheric activity and the mysterious coherent radio emission, as discussed in the contribution by Xu and Wang, this issue, p. e230153. Zits may also be responsible for the significantly non‐symmetrical sparking discovered in the 110‐min polarization observation of pulsar PSR B0950+08 targeted with China's Five‐hundred‐meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, FAST. Details can be found in the contribution by Wang et al., this issue, e240010.
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Superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with melanocytosis that was endoscopically difficult to differentiate from malignant melanoma
Authors: Horikawa Yoshinori , Goda Kenichi , Koyanagi Ryota , Kondo Masayuki , Abe Keiichiro , Kanamori Akira , Hamada Koichi , Ishida Kazuyuki , Irisawa Atsushi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with dark spots caused by melanocytosis is very rare. A reddish and flat lesion, 4 cm in length and covering over two‐thirds of the circumference, was found in the midthoracic esophagus of a 66‐year‐old male. Multiple brown and black spots are observed in the lesion. Superficial SCC with melanocytosis or malignant melanoma was also suspected. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed without biopsies of the spots. Histologically, a few melanocytes were observed in the black spots, and the lesion was diagnosed as SCC (T1a‐lamina propria mucosae) with melanocytosis. We report a case of esophageal SCC with dark black spots that were difficult to differentiate endoscopically from malignant melanoma.