bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Bonaparte's Russian Policy
Authors: Ragsdale Hugh 
Published: April 2006

Napoleon Bonaparte used a variety of means of appealing to the Russians When he needed them, as he often did. He asked Alexander I for an interview before the battle of Austerlitz, a request which Alexander must later have regretted turning down. He marched to Friedland and Tilsit for the inauguration of the Grand Empire two years later. And in 1812 he pursued them all the way to Moscow, only to be eluded.But the occasion of his earliest overtures to the Russians, therapprochementwith Tsar Paul during the winter of 1800-1801—an arrangement in which Albert Sorel found all the “grands projet et les grandes rȇveries” of Tilsit—though often remarked, has remained little understood. The Russians had withdrawn from the Second Coalition, but they had not reestablished diplomatic relations with France.
An “Era of Reconciliation” in German-Polish Relations (1890-1894)
Authors: Blanke Richard 
Published: April 2006

With Bismarck's dismissal as head of the German and Prussian governments in 1890, a number of policies bearing his personal stamp were called into question, including his Polish policy. The chancellorship of General von Caprivi (1890-94) saw a perceptible twist in the long history of relations between the Prussian/German governments and their Polish subjects, causing both contemporaries and historians to speak of an “era of reconciliation” (Versöhnungsära). During this period, Polish leaders supported government legislation and offered to work to strengthen the German Empire, while the Caprivi administration indicated its desire for better relations with the Poles and made a number of concessions to them. The Era of Reconciliation did not last long, however, not even as long as Caprivi's own tenure; its net results were meager, and after 1894 the idea of German-Polish cooperation faded away.Although this period has attracted the interest of some scholars of German-Polish relations, it has not received (perhaps because of its aberrant character) its fair share of attention in general works on German-Polish relations. Quite fundamental questions—for example, what prompted the milder Polish policies and why did they turn out so disappointingly—remain without adequate answers. In considering these questions, it is important to keep in mind that the Era of Reconciliation was a two-way street: a merger of government policy under Caprivi with a parallel trend toward “loyalism” within the Polish leadership.
A Neglected Source of Lenin's Nationality Policy
Authors: Kreindler Isabelle 
Published: April 2006

Lenin's crucial role in formulating and laying the foundations of Soviet nationality policy is acknowledged by all. His nationality program—whether one views it as opportunist and pseudo-Marxist or as “the outstanding contribution to the treasure trove of creative Marxism”—is considered to be his most original and perhaps most successful policy. Lenin's lasting impact on the nationalities themselves is attested by the fact that national dissidents in the Soviet Union often call for a return to “Leninist” policy. One dissident writes, “It is difficult to find today anything more useful, noble and imperative than the restoration of Lenin's nationalities policy.”According to most biographers, Lenin became involved with the nationality question only on the eve of World War I while living in exile in the multinational Austrian Empire. It was there that he recognized nationalism as a powerful force and began to devise a program that would harness it for the revolution. Opposing both the cultural autonomy scheme of the Austrian Marxists and the total scorn of nationalism by Rosa Luxemburg, Lenin, in debates with fellow Marxists, formulated his own program.
Nietzsche in Russia: The Case of Merezhkovsky
Authors: Rosenthal Bernice Glatzer 
Published: April 2006

Behold the good and the just! Whom do they hate most? The man who breaks their tablets of values, the breaker, the lawbreaker; yet he is the creatorBehold the believers of all faiths! Whom do they hate most? The man who breaks their tablets of values, the breaker, the lawbreaker; yet he is the creator.Companions, the creator seeks, not corpses, not herd and believers. Fellow creators, the creator seeksâ—those who write new values on new tablets.Thus Spake ZarathustraBetween 1898 and 1917 a massive surge of creative activity transformed the Russian cultural scene. Experimentation in all the arts was accompanied by a revival of interest in philosophy and religion. This is the era of Diaghilev and the Russian ballet, of the painters Chagall and Kandinsky, the composers Stravinsky and Skriabin, and scores of lesser-known artists and writers. Poetry, dormant since the 1840s, revived and flourished, and literature explored new themes and techniques.
The Ordeal by Water (Swimming of Witches) in the East Slavic World
Authors: Zguta Russell 
Published: April 2006

During the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, much of Western Europe was caught up in the phenomenon known as the witch craze. Before it finally ended in the early eighteenth century this mass hysteria had claimed a goodly number of victims, mostly women, who were seized, tortured, tried, and executed, sometimes on the flimsiest of evidence, for alleged maleficia against their neighbors and heresy against the church.Once the accusation of witchcraft was leveled against someone the judicial process, either formal or informal, was set in motion to determine whether the suspect was indeed a witch. On the Continent this was facilitated by torture and the Malleus Maleficarum, a manual of procedure compiled by the two German Dominicans Sprenger and Krämer and published in 1486.
Soviet Russia’s Bibliophiles and Their Foes: A Review Article
Authors: Friedberg Maurice 
Published: April 2006

An article printed in 1970 in the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, of which several volumes are still to appear, defined bibliofil'stvo and bibliofiliia as the pursuit of collecting “rare and valuable publications.” The author of the entry, O. G. Lasunskii, had nothing but praise for the activity:In addition to its great value in enhancing the intellectual and spiritual growth of the collector (bibliophile) himself, bibliophilia also plays a significant social role. It promotes the assembling of significant collections of printed materials, the preservation of rare publications, of individual books noteworthy for the quality of their print, illustrations and bindings, as well as of books that contain autographs and markings by their former owners that are of historical and scholarly interest
Tatarovedenie and the “New Historiography” in the Soviet Union: Revising the Interpretation of the Tatar-Russian Relationship
Authors: Lazzerini Edward J. 
Published: April 2006

“A writer must know more than just the present of his people. A real writer must comprehend and absorb in all its depth the people’s rich experience of the past.”Fatih Hösni“Who were we and what have we become?”Gomar Bashir
Russia and the “Printing Revolution”: Notes and Observations
Authors: Marker Gary 
Published: April 2006

In recent years the history of early printing in Western Europe has received renewed attention from scholars with an interest not only in elucidating the internal evolution of printing, but also in demonstrating the relevance of this development for history in general. Indeed, some historians of printing now argue that the advent of movable type was a major landmark of the centuries between the Renaissance and the French Revolution. This proposition has given rise to the still bolder hypothesis that a “printing” or “typographical” revolution visibly altered European culture in the post-Gutenberg era.While Western scholarship has directed considerable attention to printing in early modern Europe, the history of communications outside the West has gone relatively unnoticed. The failure to consider even those societies that stood on the periphery of European experience — Russia, Byzantium, the Balkans — is especially surprising since in many ways these societies were part of European culture. In the case of Russia, at least, the neglect of theoretical issues does not stem from a lack of published information, since the study of the Russian book has a long and rich past among Russian and Soviet bibliographers and literary historians.
Grinev's Dream: The Captain's Daughter and a Father's Blessing
Authors: Emerson Caryl 
Published: April 2006

There can be no doubt that the connections between our typical dreams and fairy tales and the material of other kinds of creative writing are neither few nor accidental It sometimes happens that : the sharp eye of a creative writer has an analytic realization of the process of transformation of which he is habitually no more than a tool.Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams
Russian Stereotypes in the Freud-Jung Correspondence
Authors: Rice James L. 
Published: April 2006

Your Russian (and I must tell you again how I admire your patience, or rather your resignation) probably has some Utopian dream of a world-benefiting therapy and feels the work is not getting on fast enough. I believe their race more than any other lacks the knack for self-inflicted drudgery. By the way, do you know the story about the “glass rear end”? A practicing physician should never forget it.Freud to Jung, June 3, 1909From 1906 to 1914 C. G. Jung and Sigmund Freud exchanged 360 personal letters, most of them mailed between Zürich and Vienna. These years saw the consolidation of an international Freudian school by 1909 and multiple schisms within the movement, from the defection of Adler in 1911 to the final alienation of Jung himself. Given the era and the specific localities, it is not surprising to find that Russians and Russian political issues now and then figure, oddly and elliptically, among the welter of topics raised in the Freud-Jung Briefwechsel. Out of the fragmented data an incident of sorts emerges, with a Russian cast in the role of seductress (later heroine), Jung as victim (and unwitting villain), and Freud himself intervening “Sherlock Holmes-like” (as he put it) to help solve the case. Beyond its intrinsic and eccentric appeal, the material holds a three-fold historic significance for the Slavicist.
George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia
Authors: Halperin Charles J. 
Published: April 2006

Eurasianism, the theory that Russia was neither Europe nor Asia but a world unto itself, Eurasia, runs through much, if not all, of George Vernadsky's enormous scholarly output. Eurasianism was the fuel of his impressive productivity, the central, unifying theme of his varied investigations of Russian, Byzantine, and Inner Asian history. Despite the high esteem in which Vernadsky came to be held, there have been few examinations of his contributions to historical knowledge. Yet Vernadsky's career and his scholarship have much to tell us of the fate of the Imperial Russian historiographic tradition in the twentieth century.Vernadsky is most often associated with the theme of the significance of the Mongols in Russian history. Vernadsky's observations on this topic over the course of his nearly sixty-year career provide an excellent medium for understanding the ambiguities of his adherence to Eurasianism and for tracing the evolution of his Eurasianism in response to the different political and cultural environments in which he worked. As we shall see, the assumption of his eulogists that Vernadsky's Eurasianism was static is too simplistic, while the equally facile conclusion that Vernadsky gradually tempered the extremist elements of Eurasianism is too imprecise to be satisfactory. Indeed, the development of Vernadsky's historical concepts is far more complex than has hitherto been appreciated.
Freudian Theory Under Bolshevik Rule: The Theoretical Controversy During the 1920s
Authors: Miller Martin A. 
Published: April 2006

“The Bolshevik party is not yet clear whether it should accept or reject the psychoanalytic theory of Freud.”René Fülöp-Miller, 1925“Psychoanalysis has a future only under socialism because it undermines bourgeois ideology.”Wilhelm Reich, 1929“You as Marxists should know that in its development the mentality of man lags behind his actual condition.”Stalin, 1933For a little more than a decade following the Revolution of 1917, Russia experienced an unparalleled social transformation. Hardly any area of daily existence was left untouched by this juggernaut of change, from social mobility in the villages to the nature of the fine arts in the cities. If the term had not been appropriated by Stalin to describe the process of proletarianization in a somewhat later period, it would perhaps be more accurate to describe the decade of the 1920s in the Soviet Union as a genuine “cultural revolution.” Parallel and independent efforts were made in many areas—politics, economics, philosophy, science, literature, painting, health care—to reconceptualize society in a socialist context.
Aleksandr Miliukov's Svetoch and Dostoevskii's Vremia: A Case of Recycled Ideas?
Authors: Chances Ellen 
Published: April 2006

“Miliukov has become the editor… of the journal Svetoch. It will be a good journal.“Letter of Mikhail Dostoevskii, February 1, 1860Speaking of the Russian institution known as the “thick journal” (tolstyi zhurnal), Trotskii once wrote, “Our journals were laboratories in which intellectual currents were being worked out.“ In certain ways the “thick journals” of the 1860s replaced the salons of the 1840s as forums for the exchange of ideas. And it was on the pages of one of these journals, Vremia (later replaced by Epokha), that Fedor Dostoevskii and his brother Mikhail, as editors—with great help from Nikolai Strakhov and Apollon Grigor'ev—worked out the ideology they dubbed the “concept of the soil” (pochvennichestvo)? The main ideas were to steer a course midway between Slavophilism and Westernism and to achieve a reconciliation between the educated segment of society and the narod.
The Carnival-Grotesque and Blok's The Puppet Show
Authors: Westphalen Timothy C. 
Published: April 2006

If so many poets have been attracted by the dramatic form, this is not because it gives them the somewhat crude (and generally dearly paid for) joy of realizing their conceptions in flesh and bone amid an atmosphere of painted cardboard, but precisely because it permits them to let the profound voices they hear in their hearts speak.–Edouard DujardinOf all of Blok's works, The Puppet Show (Balaganchik) is perhaps the most recalcitrant in terms of interpretation. Despite the considerable scholarship that has grown up around the play, many basic questions perplex critics. For instance, the motivation and, to a significant degree, the effect of Blok's decision to incorporate elements of the commedia dell'arte into his little "fairy play" (feeriia) remain unresolved problems. Such lacunae in our knowledge of the play stem from either biographical or socio-economic assumptions behind two traditional approaches to the play.
Russia's First Income Taxes: The Effects of Modernized Taxes on Commerce and Industry, 1885- 1914
Authors: Bowman Linda 
Published: April 2006

And if they have anything, they conceal all they can … as men are wont
to do where they are in fear of foreign invasion. …Giles Fletcher, Of the Rus CommonwealthEveryone knows that tax inspectors are monsters.Mikhail Bulgakov, The White Guard.During the last three decades of the tsarist regime the business tax system became the experimental vanguard of the entire tax structure. Thirty-one years before a general income tax on all estates (sosloviia) was confirmed in April 1916, Russia's first permanent income taxes on business were imposed in January 1885.
The Transfiguring of Context in the Work of Abram Terts
Authors: Holmgren Beth 
Published: April 2006

In particular, I am very interested in the problem of prose, prose as space.Andrei SiniavskiiIn 1974, soon after his expulsion from the Soviet Union, the literary scholar Andrei Siniavskii once again deferred to his created alter ego, the writer Abram Terts, to pass provocative judgment on the Soviet literary scene. The essay ascribed to Terts, “Literaturnyi protsess v Rossii,” reviews unofficial Soviet literature to highlight its artistic (rather than moral) appeal. As Terts reads it, the punitive context of this literature—established by Stalin and enforced to a less rigorous extent through the Leonid Brezhnev era—inadvertently guaranteed art and the fate of the artist richness and power:
At this moment the fate of the Russian writer has become the most intriguing, the most fruitful literary topic in the whole world; he is either being imprisoned, pilloried, internally exiled, or simply kicked out. The writer nowadays is walking a knife-edge; but unlike the old days, when writers were simply eliminated one after another, he now derives pleasure and moral satisfaction from this curious pastime. The writer is now someone to be reckoned with. And all the attempts to make him see reason, to terrorize or crush him, to corrupt or liquidate him, only raise his literary achievement to higher and higher levels.
What Did Russians Mean When They Called Themselves “Slaves of the Tsar”?
Authors: Poe Marshall 
Published: April 2006

The Germans criticize the fact that here people of all ranks call themselves the “sovereign's slaves.” But they do not consider that among diem people call themselves “vassals,” and this word is not Latin, but German, and means “orphan,” and so all Germans once called themselves in their language. Similarly, the tide “knecht” was once dignified, and even today Scotsmen call their dignified cavaliers “knechts,” diat is, “slaves.“—Iurii Krizhanich, Politika, 1663-66The analysis of ritual plays an important role in efforts to reconstruct medieval mentalities. Often mute and always cryptic, medieval cultures rarely provide historians widi the rich programmatic texts that facilitate the study of political ideas. In response to this relative dearth of treatises and manifestoes, scholars have turned to various forms of symbolic behavior for clues concerning the character of the medieval mind. Students of Muscovy are certainly no exception. Recognizing that Old Russia was particularly “silent” (as George Florovsky put it), historians of late have turned their attention to the iconography of Russian life in an attempt to divine the nature of Muscovite ideology, and particularly political ideology.
Aleksei Gastev and the Metallization of the Revolutionary Body
Authors: Hellebust Rolf 
Published: April 2006

Since Marx was strong on criticizing capitalism, not so strong on the practical mechanics of revolution, and rather wobbly on the communist future itself, we cannot blame his Soviet followers if their ultimate goal always remained a religious mystery, veiled by the pseudoscience of political dogma. The veil enhances the mystery; it obscures the fact that thereisa mystery—that the real transformation of society into Utopia and the individual into unfetteredhomo laboranscannot be described in scientific language at all but can only be symbolized.This becomes clear when we move from politics to art, to the sphere of culture dominated by symbolic language. Despite its debt to the explicit Utopian tradition of Chernyshevskii and the nineteenthcentury radicals, Soviet literature limits itself to an exclusively symbolic depiction of the flowering of communism. In Christianity, a transformation of analogous importance is symbolized by the bread and wine of the Eucharist.
The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention
Authors: Todorova Maria 
Published: April 2006

Beyond and below what was once Czechoslovakia lie the deep Balkans. They are, it has been said, a sort of hell paved with the bad intentions of the powersBy the beginning of the twentieth century Europe had added to its repertoire ofSchimpfwörter, or disparagements, a new one which turned out to be more persistent than others with centuries old traditions. "Balkanization" not only had come to denote the parcelization of large and viable political units but also had become a synonym for a reversion to the tribal, the backward, the primitive, the barbarian. In its latest hypostasis, particularly in American academe, it has been completely decontextualized and paradigmatically related to a variety of problems.
The cytoplast concept in dividing plant cells: cytoplasmic domains and the evolution of spatially organized cell division
Authors: Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D. , Gunning Brian E. S. , Brown Roy C. , Lemmon Betty E. , Cleary Ann L. 
Published: April 2006

The unique cytokinetic apparatus of higher plant cells comprises two cytoskeletal systems: a predictive preprophase band of microtubules (MTs), which defines the future division site, and the phragmoplast, which mediates crosswall formation after mitosis. We review features of plant cell division in an evolutionary context and from the viewpoint that the cell is a domain of cytoplasm (cytoplast) organized around the nucleus by a cytoskeleton consisting of a single “tensegral” unit. The term “tensegrity” is a contraction of “tensional integrity” and the concept proposes that the whole cell is organized by an integrated cytoskeleton of tension elements (e.g., actin fibers) extended over compression‐resistant elements (e.g., MTs).During cell division, a primary role of the spindle is seen as generating two cytoplasts from one with separation of chromosomes a later, derived function. The telophase spindle separates the newly forming cytoplasts and the overlap between half spindles (the shared edge of two new domains) dictates the position at which cytokinesis occurs. Wall MTs of higher plant cells, like the MT cytoskeleton in animal and protistan cells, spatially define the interphase cytoplast. Redeployment of actin and MTs into the preprophase band (PPB) is the overt signal that the boundary between two nascent cytoplasts has been delineated. The “actin‐depleted zone” that marks the site of the PPB throughout mitosis may be a more persistent manifestation of this delineation of two domains of cortical actin. The growth of the phragmoplast is controlled by these domains, not just by the spindle. These domains play a major role in controlling the path of phragmoplast expansion. Primitive land plants show different morphological changes that reveal that the plane of division, with or without the PPB, has been determined well in advance of mitosis.The green alga Spirogyra suggests how the phragmoplast system might have evolved: cytokinesis starts with cleavage and then actin‐related determinants stimulate and positionally control cell‐plate formation in a phragmoplast arising from interzonal MTs from the spindle. Actin in the PPB of higher plants may be assembling into a potential furrow, imprinting a cleavage site whose persistent determinants (perhaps actin) align the outgrowing edge of the phragmoplast, as in Spirogyra. Cytochalasin spatially disrupts polarized mitosis and positioning of the phragmoplast. Thus, the tensegral interaction of actin with MTs (at the spindle pole and in the phragmoplast) is critical to morphogenesis, just as they seem to be during division of animal cells. In advanced green plants, intercalary expansion driven by turgor is controlled by MTs, which in conjunction with actin, may act as stress detectors, thereby affecting the plane of division (a response clearly evident after wounding of tissue). The PPB might be one manifestation of this strain detection apparatus.