bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Did SCHIP Affect the Insurance Coverage of Immigrant Children?
Authors: Buchmueller Thomas C , Lo Sasso Anthony T , Wong Kathleen N 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) significantly expanded public insurance eligibility and coverage for children in ``working poor" families. Despite this success, it is estimated that over 6 million children who are eligible for public insurance remain uninsured. An important first step for designing strategies to increase enrollment of eligible but uninsured children is to determine how the take-up of public coverage varies within the population. Because of their low rates of insurance coverage and unique enrollment barriers, children of immigrants are an especially important group to consider. We compare the effect of SCHIP eligibility on the insurance coverage of children of foreign-born and native-born parents. In contrast to research on the earlier Medicaid expansions, we find similar take-up rates for the two groups. This suggests that state outreach strategies were not only effective at increasing take-up overall, but were successful in reducing disparities in access to coverage.
The Effect of the Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985 on Health Care Utilization of Employment Separators
Authors: Zimmer David M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper uses data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate the effect of COBRA on health care utilization among a sample of individuals who experience employment separation. The empirical specification employs a structural simultaneous equations model of insurance choice and utilization that is estimated by Maximum Simulated Likelihood. Results indicate that employment separators who elect COBRA appear to consume more health care compared to individuals who become temporarily uninsured. In addition, results do not indicate adverse selection into COBRA. Although COBRA enrollees consume more health care than temporary insurance losers, election appears to exhibit favorable selection with respect to physician utilization.
Sequential Patterns of Drug Use Initiation - Can We Believe In the Gateway Theory?
Authors: Bretteville-Jensen Anne L , Melberg Hans O , Jones Andrew M 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The gateway, or stepping stone, hypothesis is important as it has had considerable influence on drug policy and legislation in many countries. The gateway hypothesis offers one possible explanation for young people's development of serious drug problems. It simply states that the use of one drug increases the risk of starting to consume another, possibly more harmful, drug later on and that the risk increases with frequency of use (dose-response). The empirical basis for the hypothesis is the common finding that most heavy drug users have started with less dangerous drugs first and that there seems to be a "staircase" from alcohol and solvents via cannabis and tablets to amphetamine, cocaine and heroin. The core question is whether the sequential initiation pattern of drug use is best explained by the gateway hypothesis or whether the phenomenon is better understood by employing the concepts of accessibility and/or transition proneness? Based on unique data from a representative sample of 21-30 year olds in Oslo we have examined the gateway effect of both legal (alcohol) and illegal drugs (cannabis) on subsequent use of cannabis and hard drugs (amphetamine and cocaine). We are the first to use multivariate probit models to examine the hypothesis. The models take into account unobservable individual-specific effects to reduce the possibility of a spurious effect of soft drug use on the onset of hard drug use. The gateway effects are greater when we do not take account of unobserved heterogeneity, but, although substantially reduced, they remain considerable when unobserved factors are accounted for.
Resources for Sale: Corruption, Democracy and the Natural Resource Curse
Authors: Bulte Erwin , Damania Richard 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A puzzling piece of empirical evidence suggests that resource-abundant countries tend to grow slower than their resource-poor counterparts. We attempt to explain this phenomenon by developing a lobbying game in which rent seeking firms interact with corrupt governments. The presence or absence of political competition, as well as the potential costs of political transitions, turn out to be key elements in generating the 'resource curse.' These variables define the degree of freedom that incumbent governments have in pursuing development policies that maximize surplus in the lobbying game, but put the economy off its optimal path.
Vector Order Statistics Operators As Edge Detectors of Objects in Noised Colour Images
Authors: Niedziela Tadeusz , Krukar Wojciech 
Published: April 2008

Vector Order Statistics Operators As Edge Detectors of Objects in Noised Colour ImagesThe paper offers review of most effective methods of detecting edges in noised colour images. Presented has been effectiveness of vector order operators and vector difference operators, as well as variants thereof enriched with filters of different types. Detectors gained in this way are complicated to different degrees from the viewpoint of computations, and resistant to impulsive and Gaussian noises. In the case of DV operators, addition of filtering elements significantly increases resistance thereof to the presence of noise. Best effects of edge extraction in noised images have been gained using the DV_α-trim operator.
Wybrane Charakterystyki Funkcjonalne Stopu Ni-Ti Z pamięcią Kształtu W Warunkach Obciążeń Termomechanicznych
Authors: KUŚ Krzysztof 
Published: April 2008

Wybrane Charakterystyki Funkcjonalne Stopu Ni-Ti Z pamięcią Kształtu W Warunkach Obciążeń TermomechanicznychNiniejszy artykuł dotyczy badania wybranych charakterystyk funkcjonalnych (głównie zmian odkształceń odzyskiwanych i trwałych) w stopie Ni-Ti w trakcie cyklicznego obciążania termomechanicznego. Efekt pamięci kształtu (SME) był oceniany na zestawie pomiarowym, w którym deformacja materiału odbywała się przez zginanie. SME był indukowany wskutek obciążeń termomechanicznych o różnych profilach. Wstępne wyżarzanie w różnych warunkach umożliwiło uzyskanie określonych temperatur krytycznych przemian fazowych w badanym stopie. Przemiany fazowe oceniano za pomocą różnicowej analizy kalorymetrycznej (DSC). Z kolei identyfikację fazową po obróbce wyżarzania przeprowadzono przy użyciu metody dyfrakcji promieniowania rentgenowskiego (XRD). Ustalono, że na zmiany badanych odkształceń mają wpływ różne stosowane profile obciążeń termomechanicznych, zwłaszcza realizacja odzysku kształtu w polu naprężen. Nie bez znaczenia są także zachodzące zmiany w mikrostrukturze materiału poddanego obciążeniom cyklicznym.
Masked Symptoms: Mid-life Women, Health, and Work
Authors: Abramson Zelda 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTData from the Canadian Labour Force Survey (1997) reveal that relatively few mid-life women offer ill health as a reason for leaving their job or downshifting to part-time employment, implying that the role of ill health may be inconsequential in effecting changing patterns in mid-life women's labour force activity. In contrast, interviews with 30 mid-life women (aged 40 to 54 years) illustrate that, although they do not offer illness as their main reason for leaving their job or working part-time, health is a determining factor. This research also maps the complex relationship between work and ill health, showing that stressful working conditions (due to funding cuts and policy changes) affected the mental and physical health of this group of mid-life women, which, in turn, influenced their decision to change their labour force activity. The author concludes that policy makers must recognize that ill health may be under-reported among mid-life women in large surveys and that research is needed that specifically examines women's working conditions as they relate to health. Such research should not be based solely on large surveys but must also include qualitative studies that capture women's experiences.
L'hébergement institutionnel d'un parent âgé ayant des pertes cognitives
Authors: Belleau Hélène 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis study examines the decision of institutionalizing an elderly parent suffering from cognitive impairments and the various people involved in this process: the elderly person, the informal caregiver, certain family members and health and social service professionals. Based on a qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with 16 elderly people and their family networks, this study reveals the importance of considering the point of view of everyone involved. The results show that one of the main reasons behind the decision to institutionalize an elderly person is the appearance of disturbing behaviours related to his or her cognitive impairments. Diverse strategies used by family members and health and social service professionals in order to bring about the institutionalization of an elderly person when he or she is opposed to it are presented as well as the ethical dilemmas this raises. We conclude with a presentation of research and intervention recommendations.
Physical and Psychological Correlates of Disability among a Cohort of Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Marks Ray 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTWhile the physical correlates of knee osteoarthritis are well documented, less well documented are aspects of psychological functioning that may affect overall health and functional status. This paper describes the findings of a cross-sectional analysis that examined the strength of the relationship between selected psychological factors and the walking ability of adults with knee joint osteoarthritis. The variables assessed were pain, depression, levels of self-efficacy for pain and other-symptoms management, walking endurance, walking speed, and perceived exertion when walking. The sample, including 57 persons with unilateral and 43 persons with bilateral radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, mean age, 69.9 ± 1 years, underwent standard assessment procedures on a single test occasion using several validated questionnaires and a series of walking tests on level ground. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses revealed that (a) higher pain and other-symptoms self-efficacy scores were associated with lower levels of pain (r= −0.29, −0.20.), perceived exertion during a walking task (r= −0.29, −0.31), and depression scores (r= −0.46, −0.54) (p< 0.001); (b) subjects with higher levels of self-efficacy for managing symptoms other than pain also recorded faster and fast speed walking velocities than those with lower self-efficacy scores (r= 0.30, 0.31) (p< 0.001); (c) self-efficacy for pain was the strongest predictor of pain intensity, and self-efficacy for symptom management was the strongest predictor of perceived exertion during walking, depression, and pain self-efficacy. Although no cause–effect relationship can be deduced from a cross-sectional analysis, these data imply that efforts to heighten self-efficacy for pain and other-symptoms management may influence the affective status, function, and effort-related perceptions of people with knee osteoarthritis quite significantly.
Can They Keep Going on Their Own? A Four-Year Randomized Trial of Functional Assessments of Community Residents
Authors: Thomas Roger , Worrall Graham , Elgar Frank , Knight John 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjectives:Are people 75 or over enabled to stay at home longer through annual assessments and referrals to health/social services than through assessments only or without assessments?Design:randomized controlled trialParticipants:520 people 75 or over living in their own homesIntervention:Four annual RAI-HC computerized functional assessments. Intervention group 1: elders and primary caregivers received the results and were invited to take appropriate actions. Intervention group 2: elders and primary caregivers were offered referrals to health/social services.Measurements/Outcomes:death, institutionalization, home care services, RAI-HC scores, self-rated health, perceived self-efficacy, caregiver burdenResults:By the end of the study, annual functional assessment and offers of referrals to health/social services led to a greater use of home care (6.3%) than did assessment alone (1.8%), but there were no significant differences in death rates, institutionalization, perceived self-efficacy, self-rated health status, or caregiver burden scores between groups.Conclusion:We discovered that this was a group of healthy seniors. Multi-dimensional functional assessment is time- and labour-intensive and should be targeted at the minority of least self-reliant seniors.
Ways That Families Engage with Staff in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Gladstone James W. , Dupuis Sherry L. , Wexler Evelyn 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this qualitative study was to explore styles of engagement used by families with staff in long-term care facilities. Data were gathered through personal interviews with 35 family members. Five styles of engagement were identified: positive, negative, peremptory, cautious, and limited. Factors associated with these different styles were also identified. Implications for practice are discussed.
Susan M. Enguídanos. Evidence-Based Interventions for Community Dwelling Older Adults. New York: Haworth Press, 2006.
Authors: Dalby Dawn M. 
Published: April 2008

RÉSUMÉLes fournisseurs faisant partie d'environnements communautaires participent de plus en plus à l'instauration de meilleures pratiques en matière de soins aux adultes plus âgés. Evidence-Based Interventions for Community Dwelling Older Adults offre une vue d'ensemble de la structure de la médecine factuelle, donne des exemples concrets sur la façon de mettre cette médecine en oeuvre, et discute des défis et des barrières inhérentes à ce type de processus. Bien que le présent guide offre une excellente introduction aux concepts liés à la médecine factuelle communautaire pour les adultes plus âgés, il est moins pratique pour les fournisseurs à la recherche de stratégies détaillées leur permettant de mettre en oeuvre la médecine fondée sur des preuves.
Investigating the specificity of periosteal reactions in pathology museum specimens
Authors: Weston Darlene A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relationship between periosteal new bone formation and a number of infectious and metabolic conditions frequently seen in archeological human skeletal remains was investigated by studying human long bones demonstrating periosteal new bone formation archived in two London, UK, pathology museums: the St. George's Hospital Pathology Museum and the Hunterian Museum. The samples were subjected to macroscopic and radiographic analysis to determine if the characteristics of their periosteal lesions were specific to the corresponding disease states. The results demonstrated that no qualitative or quantitative characteristics of the periosteal reactions emerged that were specific to individual disease states. It was established that disease progression, rather than disease type, was the most important determinant of periosteal lesion appearance. A critical analysis of the bioarcheology literature pertaining to the recording and interpretation of periosteal reactions determined that the varied pathogenesis of periosteal new bone formation has been largely ignored in favor of a diagnosis of “nonspecific infection.” Assumptions regarding the infectious etiology of periosteal lesions have become embedded into the bioarcheology literature potentially skewing the results of skeletal population‐based paleoepidemiological studies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterocyclische Carbene – Synthese und Koordinationschemie
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Jahnke Mareike C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDie Chemie der heterocyclischen Carbene hat sich in den letzten Jahren stürmisch entwickelt. Nach den Imidazolin‐2‐ylidenen wurden weitere cyclische Diaminocarbene mit unterschiedlichen Ringgrößen beschrieben. Neben den Diaminocarbenen sind auch P‐heterocyclische Carbene sowie Derivate mit nur einem oder gar keinem Heteroatom im Carbenring bekannt. Gleichzeitig sind zahlreiche neue Methoden zur Synthese von Komplexen heterocyclischer Carbene, wie die oxidative Addition oder die Cyclisierung von β‐funktionalisierten Isocyaniden an einem Metalltemplat, etabliert worden. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Fortschritte bei der Synthese von heterocyclischen Carbenen und ihren Komplexen zusammen.
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of LLDPE/glass fiber composite
Authors: Liu Yuxin , Yang Qi , Li Guangxian 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization behavior of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/glass fiber (GF) composite was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that the crystallization temperature peak (Tp) of LLDPE composite containing 5.0 wt % GF (LLDPE/GF5) was higher than that of the pure LLDPE at various cooling rates. The half‐time of crystallization (t1/2) of LLDPE/GF5 composite was shortened under the effect of GF. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of LLDPE and LLDPE/GF5 composite were analyzed through the Avrami, Ozawa, and Mo equations. The results indicated that the data of the nonisothermal crystallization for LLDPE and LLDPE/GF5 composite calculated based on the Ozawa equation did not have the good linear relationship, but the nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of LLDPE and LLDPE/GF5 composite could be successfully described by the modified Avrami and Mo methods. The crystallization rate Zc of the modified Avrami parameter of LLDPE/GF5 composite was higher than that of pure LLDPE at the same cooling rate. The Mo parameter F(T) of LLDPE/GF5 composite was lower than that of LLDPE at the same degree of crystallinity. Through the Kissinger equation, the activation energies Ed of LLDPE and LLDPE/GF5 composite were evaluated, and their values were 312.3 and 251.2 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymer networks from polyurethane and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
Authors: Jin Hua , Yoon Sung Soo , Kim Sung Chul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInterpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) combining polyurethane (PU) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) networks were prepared with simultaneous polymerization. PU was synthesized from biocompatible and biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol, and the hydroxyl group of poly(ethylene glycol) was substituted with a crosslinkable acrylate group. The effects of the PU/PEGDA compositions and the crosslink density of PU and PEGDA on the thermal properties, swelling ratio, surface energy, mechanical properties, and morphologies were investigated. The mechanical properties of PEGDA networks were improved by the presence of PU networks, particularly in the 75% PU/25% PEGDA IPNs. All PU/PEGDA IPNs showed a microphase‐separated structure with cocontinuous morphology, as observed by atomic force microscopy, which was in agreement with the results of swelling ratio and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis measurements. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Electrical aging of polyurethane under ac voltage
Authors: Nedjar M. , Beroual A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe electrical aging of polyurethane under ac voltage has been investigated using Weibull statistical analysis. It is shown that the time to breakdown characteristic (V‐t) of this polymer includes three zones corresponding, respectively, to the youth defects, the statistical dispersion of the intrinsic defects, and the real aging of the polymer. The variation of slope of the V‐t curve is related to the change of the degradation mechanism. This degradation is governed by the action of partial discharges according to three stages: (1) the appearance of very fast discharges within the cavities; (2) the initiation of discharges resulting of a very thin layer of oxidation products; and (3) the formation of crystals having small dimensions leading to degradation by electrical tree. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Structural propensities in the heme binding region of apocytochrome b5. I. Free peptides
Authors: Davis Ronald B. , Lecomte Juliette T. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe water‐soluble domain of rat microsomal cytochrome b5 is a small globular hemoprotein. Under native conditions, the apoprotein consists of a well‐folded hydrophobic core and a 42‐residue loop, which is substantially disordered in solution. Association with the heme cofactor causes the loop to organize into a second well‐folded hydrophobic core encompassing four short helices, H2‐H5. Of these, H3 and H4 are recognized as intrinsically disordered by algorithms that analyze primary structures for folding propensities. Three peptides, spanning H2‐H5, H2‐H3, and H4‐H5, were designed, synthesized, and characterized to identify local structural preferences in the isolated loop. In addition, two replacements (D60R and N57P, which are known to stabilize holocytochrome b5) were introduced individually in the H4‐H5 peptide. Helical content measured by nuclear magnetic resonance and far‐UV circular dichroism spectroscopy in solutions of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol revealed that H4 possessed a lower propensity to form the holoprotein structure than H3. Both replacements in H4 resulted in measurable changes in observed overall helical propensities. It was concluded that the prediction of intrinsic disorder was reliable. Furthermore, the stability of the holoprotein did not correlate simply with helical propensities in the disordered regions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 544–555, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Charge‐dependent and charge‐independent contributions to ion‐protein interaction
Authors: Ciferri Alberto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe thermodynamic framework and recent molecular descriptions of protein‐salt interactions are critically reviewed. A reanalysis of earlier and recent data describing the role of salts on the thermal stability of collagen I over a wide range of concentration evidences the complex encroachment of charge‐dependent and charge‐independent interactions. Charge‐independent interactions, operationally quantified by dilution parameters and association constants, are found to be the overriding factor for the large stabilization observed with nonbinding salts and for the large destabilization observed when strong salt binding occurs. Charge‐dependent interactions, namely screening and selective ion adsorption, are instead the prevailing components at low ionic strength and nonisoelectric pH. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 700–709, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com