bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Produksi Miselia Rhizopus sp. Berkadar Asam Nukleat Rendah untuk Pengembangan Mikoprotein
Authors: Firmansyah Riza , Sukarno Nampiah , Suharsono Utut Widyastuti , Sukarno Sukarno , Fadillah Wendi Nurul 
Published: March 2024

Fungi, including Rhizopus sp., are food sources that commonly contain high nucleic acid levels. Therefore, the nucleic acid content must be reduced to achieve health standard requirements. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and produce Rhizopus sp. mycelium containing low nucleic acid. The Rhizopus spp. were isolated from tempeh collected from 12 different areas in Indonesia. Fungal identification was conducted based on morphological characteristics. The fungal isolates were selected based on mycelial growth and spore production on PDA. Biomass production of mycelium was carried out in potato extract and soybean extract media obtained from 200 g/L and 333.3 g/L, respectively. In each medium, 6 sugar levels were added, namely 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 g/L. Mycelium nucleic acid content reduction was achieved by heat treatment at 50°C and 60°C for 15 minutes and measured by a spectrophotometer at 260 nm. Fifty-eight isolates that were identified into 3 species were obtained in this experiment: R. oryzae, R. stolonifera, and R. microsporus. R. Microsporus had higher mycelium biomass and lower spore number than the other species. R. Microsporus produced a higher mycelium biomass in the soybean extract medium with 5 g/L additional sugar. The nucleic acid content of the 50°C heat-treated mycelium was 1.82% and 1.73% at 65°C. These values fulfilled the standard of mycelial nucleic acid content permitted in food by the USDA.

Keywords: morphology, Rhizopus microspores, spore, soybean extract, tempeh
Optimisasi Waktu Pemanasan Tingkat Kesukaan Kecap Kelapa
Authors: Fatima Siti , Masriani Masriani , Abdullah Abdullah , Wardatullatifah Ince Siti 
Published: March 2024

This study aims to optimize the heating length in terms of the sensory properties of sweet soy sauce made from coconut water. This experiment used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 7 treatment levels, with each combination of treatments repeated 3 times so that the total was 21 treatments. It was concluded that the length of heating affects the color, taste, and viscosity of sweet soy sauce. Panelists favored the 160-minute warm-up time in terms of color, taste, and viscosity. The color favorability score was 5.64 (like), taste was 4.87 (somewhat like), viscosity was 5.61 (like), and aroma was 5.27 (somewhat like).

Keywords: organoleptic, length of heating, sweet soy sauce
Karakter Morfo-agronomi Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.) Fase Awal Vegetatif pada Kondisi Stres Jenuh Air
Authors: Siaga Erna , Meihana Mei , Lumbantoruan Santa Maria , Sakagami Jun-Ichi , Lakitan Benyamin 
Published: March 2024

Vegetable cultivation in tropical riparian wetland is currently suboptimal due to unpredictability of water dynamics. Chili pepper is a fruity vegetable that is often cultivated in tropical riparian wetland but is often constrained by conditions of excessive water saturation, such as shallow water tables, waterlogging and submergence in the transition period (dry to rainy season). The aim of this research was to study the morpho-agronomy of varieties of chili peppers under waterlogging stress during the early vegetative stage. A Plot Design was used in this experiment. The main plot consisted of (1) control (field capacity, regularly watering) and (2) waterlogging (simulated by adding water to the growing substrate until a thin layer of water was visible above the substrate surface during four days, followed by a seven-day recovery time during seven days). The subplot consisted of three chili pepper varieties, namely Laris, Romario, and Takanotsume (Japanese variety). Results of this study revealed that waterlogging stress significantly affected root length, number of leaves, total leaf area, chlorophyll content (SPAD), root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight after stress and after recovery time. Meanwhile, chili pepper varieties were only significantly affected the total leaf area and chlorophyll content (SPAD). The total dry weight of Romario and Takanotsume before stress, after stress and after recovery did not significantly increase under waterlogging stress, whereas the total dry weight of Laris was precisely increased, indicating that vegetative growth is continuing. The Laris was categorized as one of chili pepper varieties that had medium tolerance to waterlogging stress at the early vegetative stage.

Keywords: Capsicum annum L., soil plant analyses development, total dry weight, waterlogging
Aplikasi Biokanat Guna Memperbaiki Sifat Kimia dan Menanggulangi Kontaminan Merkuri di Tanah Bekas Tambang Emas
Authors: Gusmini Gusmini , Adrinal Adrinal , Arlius Feri , Putri Elsa Lolita 
Published: March 2024

Gold mining is an activity that utilizes natural resources by extracting the economic value of the deposits. Mining activities can produce hazardous pollutants, namely Hg (mercury), which can physically, biologically, or chemically damage soil quality. This study aimed to determine the role of biokanat application on the chemical properties of ex-mining land and to determine the effect of biokanat on reducing Hg levels in Kanagarian Padang Sibusuak, Sijunjung Regency. This study was a field experiment with 3 biokanat treatments (0, 10, and 20 ton/ha) with 3 replicates. The experimental 9 units were allocated based on Randomised Block Design. The data were statistically analyzed using an F-test with a 5% significance level. Then, it was continued using DNMRT if the Fcalculated > Ftable. The results showed that the dose of biokanat 20 ton/ha could increase the soil pH to 6.08, organic-C to 2.4%, P-available to 11.96 ppm, total-N to 0.23%, CEC to 2.58 cmol/kg, the basic cations especially Ca into 3.53 cmol/kg, Mg into 0.37 cmol/kg, K into 0.26 cmol/kg, and Na into 0.29 cmol/kg. Application of biokanat 20 ton/ha reduced the soil mercury (Hg) content to 15.96 ppm.

Keywords: biocanat, mercury, gold mining
Kemampuan Kapang Dark Septate Endophyte dari Akar Tanaman Aren dalam Menghambat Ganoderma sp.
Authors: Sukmawati Dalia , Supiyani Atin Supiyani , Nur Afifah Zakiah , Balqis Mutia Balqis , Fikriyyah Nabilah Nov , Bimo Setiarto Raden Haryo , Sari Dessy Putriana 
Published: March 2024

Ganoderma is a fungal pathogen that can cause rot disease at the base of plant stems. This disease threatens oil palm production, especially in Southeast Asia. Trichoderma sp. fungi can control Basal Stem Rot disease in Ganoderma boninense but are ineffective. One solution that can be done to inhibit the growth of Ganoderma sp. is by using Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) fungi. Research on DSE isolated from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) has not been widely studied. The sugar palm plant is related to the oil palm plant in the Arecaceae family. This study aims to analyze the potential of DSE fungi from the roots of the sugar palm plant in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi Ganoderma sp. The stages of this research were isolation and purification of DSE fungi from sugar palm roots, DSE antagonists against Ganoderma sp., and DSE volatile compounds against Ganoderma sp. The results of isolation and purification showed that there were 18 DSE isolates grouped based on morphological similarities in the form of DSE fungi colony colors, where there were ten fungi isolates representing ten different colony colors, namely, isolate A.3.1 (1); A.3.2 (2); A.4.1 (2); A.4.1 (3); A.4.2; A.5.2; A.5.3; A.6.1(a); A.6.2(a); A.6.4(a). A total of 8 fungi isolates were tested for antagonists and volatile compound testing on Ganoderma sp. The results of the antagonist test showed that DSE A4.1(2) had the highest percentage of inhibition with a value of 36.12%, and isolated A6.2 had the highest percentage of inhibition and the lowest with a value of 15.65%. The testing results for volatile compounds showed that the isolate of DSE A4.2 had the highest percentage of inhibition against Ganoderma sp. at 18.25%. In comparison, the lowest inhibition percentage was obtained from DSE A5.2 fungi isolate with a value of 0.43%.

Keywords: dark septate endophyte, ganoderma, sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.)
Self-organisation of early stress response in the biology of cancer
Authors: Erenpreisa Jekaterina , Salmina Kristine , Vainshelbaum Ninel M , Inashkina Inna , Freivalds Talivaldis 
Published: March 2024

The early stress response by AP-1 (FOS/JUN), supported by upregulation of c-Myc and involved in cell-fate changes and adaptation to hostile environments, is increased in cancer. The review shows the biphasic character of this response with negative feed-back typically lasting a few hours as a feature of the genome regulation by self-organising criticality. It involves rapid splitting of the pericentromeric heterochromatin clusters, opening of the active chromatin, and a massive transcription acceleration wave. Phylostratigraphic analysis revealed that AP-1 genes evolved in the Cambrian explosion ~500 Mya integrating the protein interaction networks of reproduction including proto-placenta intertwined with cytokine and immunity pathways, sex determination, oocyte maturation, and embryonal stemness. The peak of this response as part of accelerated cell senescence led by AP-1 and IL-1β was found in breast cancer cell-line resistant to doxorubicin. Adaptability of aggressive cancer to treatments can be explained by emergent stress response evolutionarily protecting reproduction
Fornir bendingarformar av kenniorðinum og lýsingarorðum í hvørjumfalli, varðveittir í Norðuroyamáli
Authors: Zachariasen Ulf 
Published: March 2024

Attention is drawn to an aberration in the dialect of Norðuroyar, an archipelago among the Faroes, from the usual Faroese definite article in dative singular. Faroese has usually coincidence of neutre with masculine, -(i)num, while the dialect in some of the settlements on Norðuroyar carries out the feminine form, -(i)ni, in all genders. It is the authors opinion, that it is an early coincidence of fem. -(i)nni with neutr. -(i)nu, arisen through a weakening of the unstressed vowel -u for the benefit of -i, which is the presupposition of this particular development, in that fem. and neutre have formed a block with the ending -(i)ni, who has pushed into the masculine.
It is also brought into notice, that the original dative-form of weakly inflected adjectives in the plural, -um, which in Faroese usually is superseded by -u from the other cases, has been preserved in the dialect of Fugloy, the eastermost of the six Norðuroyar.
Føroysk fuglanøvn hjá franska fuglafrøðinginum Brisson (1760)
Authors: Skårup Poul 
Published: March 2024

Dans le dernier volume de son Ornithologie (1760), Brisson fait mention de plusieurs noms d'oiseaux feroiens. II a empruntá quelques-uns de ces noms á des auteurs anterieurs, mais d'autres noms, avec les oiseaux euxmemes, ont átá envoyes des Feroe en France par le capitaine Francois Thurot, qui visita les lles dans l'hiver de 1759/60 (A. Degn 1927). Quelques-uns de ces noms ne se trouvent pas dans des sources ácrites anterieures á Brisson.
Suivent des remarques etymologiques sur quelques-uns de ces mots. Le francais alque n'a pas ete emprunte au norvegien (FEW XV. 1, 17), mais au latin scientifique, qui l'a emprunte au feroien. — Comme nous l'avons montrá dans des articles antárieurs (voir la bibliographie cidessus, il n'y a aucune raison de penser que le francais eider ait ete emprunte au suedois par le commerce (FEW XV. 2, 84), mais le mot a ete empruntá au latin scientifique, qui doit le tenir de l'islandais; il est vrai que le premier á l'employer en latin, Ole Worm (1655), dáclare avoir reju l'oiseau des Feroá, mais la forme eider ne peut etre qu'islandaise (et l'islandais n'est pas la langue des Feroá, cf. R. Arveiller 1963, 103—4). — Le mot gorfou a ete cree par Brisson, non d'apres un mot danois (Robert III 301; Nouv. dict. etym. Larousse; le danois n'est pas la langue des Fároá), mais d'apres le nom feroi'en Goirfugel, comme l'ecrivait Clusius en 1605, aujourd'hui gorfuglur.
Un nomen agentis germanique, *harilon, plus tard *herla 'oiseau qui fait du bruit', derive de *hari)ón 'piller, devaster', peut etre l'etymon de plusieurs mots dont l'etymologie a ete inconnue jusqu'ici: la seconde partie du feroíen ógvella 'harelde' et de l'isl. hávella, haferla (ecrit Havellda par Worm 1655, change fautivement par des auteurs posterieurs en Harelda, forme employee en latin scientifique, d'oú harelde en fran^ais, voir Lockwood 1961, p. 11), l'ecossais herle 'háron', l'anglais *Herle(-king) (d'oú le francais Hellequin, Harlequin), et l'anglais *herle (d'oú le francais herle, harle, nom d'oiseau); de mSme l'etymon du francais gievre 'grebe; harle' (FEW XII 244), de l'occitan gahre, nom de plusieurs oiseaux (FEW IV 17) et du francoprov. grebe (FEW XXI 246) est probablement la racine celtique et germanique *grbo- 'oiseau qui fait du bruit' (Marstrander 1910, 391), plutót que le celtique *gabro- 'bouc'. Un nomen actionis francique apparente, *harila(n) 'tumulte, bruit', peut avoir passe dans le franfais deux fois: avant l'umlaut: harele 'tumulte, bruit', et de nouveau apres l'umlaut et la syncope: herle 'bruit', d'oú herler 'faire du bruit'; pour d'autres explications, voir FEW XVI 149 et M. Delbouille 1958.
Færøysk-norsk i folkevisediktinga
Authors: Solheim Svale 
Published: March 2024

Those engaged in Scandinavian ballad research are in agreement that chey reckon with an East-Scandinavian and a West-Scandinavian region. Caracteristic of the West-Scandinavian region are the heroic and troll ballads. The situation in Iceland is unique, so that for the most part the West-Scandinavian region comprises the Faroe Islands and Norway. In this case, which was the center for the composition of heroic and troll ballads, the Faroe Islands or Norway? There are two opposing opinions here, the one represented by Knut Liestøl, Sverker Ek, and H. Griiner-Nielsen. They maintained that Norway was the most important area, wíth Bergen as the center of diffusion, and that a large number of the heroic and troll ballads spread from there to the Faroes. In opposition was the view of E. von der Reoke, that the West-Scandinavian ballads had their center in the Faroes.
In recent years new material has appeared, which seems to cast new Hght on the Faroese-Norwegian relationship. This is a systematic catalog of the ballad compositions in the Sohandinavian languages, prepared by Dr. Bengt Jonsson of the Svenskt Visarkiv and the author. Here the ballads are arranged in categories according to the traditional scheme: ballads concerning nature myths, ballads concerning legends, and so on. When it comes to the typical West-Scandinavian categories, the heroicand troll ballads, the catalog shows strong Faroese dominance. It is so unamhiguous and so convincing, that there is reason to maintain the applicability of E. von der Recke's theory that the Faroe Islands were the most important area within the West-Scandinavian region.
Kanningar av gongdini hjá fjarðarsild í Føroyum gjøgnum samdøgrið
Authors: Hoydal Kjartan 
Published: March 2024

In october 1968 investigations on plankton and 1, 2 and 3 years old herring were carried out during 24 hours in Funningsfjørður, Faroe Islands. Plankton as well as herring showed vertical migration.
In daytime the main part of the herring and the plankton stayed from the bottom up to a level of 10 m below the surface, in the night they moved up from bottom coming to íhe surface entirely.
The echograms showing the movements of the herring form a picture corresponding with Ball's (1951) three step movement described for middle depths in the North Sea. The only factor which the day and night migrations could be correlated with was the light intensity.
Stomach contents was found in the afternoon, whereas a sample of herring taken at 730 GMT, at sunrise, had empty stomachs only. The herring feed was composed of Acartia sp. besides some few Temora longicornis. Acartia longiremis and Acartia Clausii were dominating in the plankton samples, ohiefly females with egg sacks.
Útlitið fyri áhaldandi vøkstri í fólkatali Føroya
Authors: Guttesen Rolf 
Published: March 2024

This paper discusses the demographic development on the Faroe Islands. Using the socalled comparative and flow diagrams developped by Kurt Witthauer, the crude birth rates and crude death rates are shown in fig. I for the Faroes and some neighbour countries around 1780, making visible the very special situation for the Faroes in this period. Both the crudebirth rate and the death rate are much lower than in the other countries. The flow diagram, fig. 2, with birth rate as ordinate and death rate as abscissa, shows the evolution in the rates for the period 1770—1780 to 1961—65, with the single years 1969 and 1970 to give an impression of the trend today when »the pill« is more commonly used. The natural increase in population can be read on the oblique lines. As shown on the figure it is estimated that the fertility rate will fall with Ve from 23 °/ooto 19 or 18 °/oo, and the death rate will increase slowly to about 8 °/oo, due to the aging of the population. These trends together are estimated to give a natural increase of about 10 °/oo, shown on the figure with a dotted area in the lower, right side of the diagram. On fig. 4 the migrations are taken in consideration. Abscissa = net migrations which can be positive or nagative. Ordinate = natural increase. Oblique lines = actual increase. The migrations are calculated indirectly, using the known figures for the total population in different years (the censuses) and the registrated numbers of births and deaths. Usually there is a net migration out from the Faroes. Only two periods in the 19 th century are showing net immigration. As the peak is reached in the crude birth rate, the net emigration is simultaneously increasing. Following the economic crisis in thefirst half of the 1950-ie5, there is a very serious emigration, but later the figures stabilizes on about 4 °/oo. With the supposed lowering in natural increase, the actual increase in the Faroese population is estimated to be only 8 °/o or maybe lower in the nearest future, (the dotted area). The composistion of the net migration of the net migration stream to Denmark (figures for the total net migration are not available, but 80—85 °/o of the faroese migrations are going to Denmark) are calculated as themean for the period 1961—68, fig. 3. The figure makes the remarkable feature clear that 50 % of this stream is made up of women in the class 15—19 years, and there is a net emigration in all classes except for men in the class 25—29 years, which balances. This distorted composition of the net migration stream results in an ever increasing number of men per 100 women. In earlier periods there was a surplus of women. The proportion balanced in 1921 and 1925, but in 1966 there were 110 men per 100 women.
The outlook for the future growth of the faroese population is, according to these estimates for the near future, not very brigth. The main causes are the present lowering in the birth rate and the distortion of the composition of the population, caused by the serious surplus emigration of young women.
Ein »rímnaflokkur« í føroyskari tungulist?
Authors: Nolsøe Mortan 
Published: March 2024

The dominant stanzaic forms of the Faroese popular songs in oral tradition are the ballad couplet and especially the ballad quatraine. The latter is thus the normal stanzaic meter of the Faroese heroic ballad which also shows a strong affinity regarding its style and its subject matter with Medieval ícelandic literature, i. e. Eddic lays and sagas. In Iceland the heroic ballad is, however, only sparsely represented. Here the rímur poetry which has developed other stanzaic forms combining end rhyme and metrical alliteration, has had a dominating position dating back to late Medieval time. Compared to the heroic ballad the rímur poetry shows much stronger ties regarding its form and content with such Medieval Icelandic literature as scaldic lays and sagas. Outside Iceland traces of Icelandic rímur poetry have only been found in the Faroe Islands where such a poem CCF 111 Koralds kvæði was first recorded as early as 1639. The aim of my paper is to demonstrate that another Faroese popular »heroic ballad«, i. e. CCF 112 Bevusar tattir, originally represents an else lost Icelandic set of rímur (rímnajlokkur) which is supposed to have entered Faroese tradition either through oral og MS transmission before the end of 16th century.
Some traces of Gaelic in Faroese
Authors: Lockwood W.B. 
Published: March 2024

Greinin tekur til viðgerðar ávísar gæliskar tættir í føroyskum máli. Fyrst verður víst á, at viðurnevni Gríms Kambans er runnið av forngæliskum ''cambán 'kylva nýtt í leikinum báire, gamal írskur bóltleikur líkur hockey'. Før. dunna er komið av forngæl. ''tunna, t fremst í orðinum broytt til d vegna árin frá onkrum heimaorði, helst fn. dúnn 'dún'. Orð úr kópaveiði-umhvørvi eru síðan tikin fyri. Skotið verður upp á endaligar upprunaskýringar av orðunum grúkur og gassi (frá forngæl. grúac, gass) og sýnt á møguligan skyldskap millum orðafellini feitur sum selur og at sláa kópar og samsvarandi gælisk orðasambond. Somuleiðis dýr sum navn á kópi í »sjómáli«. Síðan verður eisini sýnt á, at orðafelli sum at fara á soppin hava gæliska fyrimynd, og tað sama man vera um orðafellið at fara í gólv við tilbrigdum. At enda er sipað til møguligan gæliskan skyldskap við før. orðafellið sólin fer í kav og við før.-ísl sólarlag. Í vissum førum er trúligari, at árimni eru úr skotsk-gæliskum heldur enn úr írskgæliskum.