bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training the Helpers
Authors: Sapir Selma G. 
Published: December 2008

In reflecting on training, respondents to the future survey called for higher standards in preparing practitioners and researchers and zeroed in on deficiencies in training program content. On a broader level, they stressed the importance of education and consultation programs for the general public and for those professionals who come into contact with the LD population. Picking up on several themes raised in the survey, Selma Sapir shares ideas based on her scholarly activity and personal experiences related to improving the field's approach to training. She argues for preparing personnel to have a broad theoretical understanding of individual differences; she stresses the training implications of interdisciplinary collaboration and of working with families. In keeping with these perspectives, she opts for generic training programs with specialization only in terms of severity of learning impairment. To illustrate her points, she offers an outline for such a core program. Because of the importance and complexity of the topic, Sapir's paper is followed by a presentation intended to broaden the discussion of staffing the field effectively for the future. The thrust of the second paper is on highlighting basic staffing concerns beyond training and offering thoughts about fundamental changes that must be made in order to recruit, train, and retain the type of high quality professionals needed if the field is to make significant advances. Since the papers in this series are meant to stimulate ideas to help shape the field's future, we look forward to receiving a diverse range of ideas and commentaries regarding how the field can deal with its major staffing issues and problems.‐Howard S. Adelman, PhD, and Linda Taylor, PhD, Guest Editors
The CLD Position Statements
Authors: Leigh Jim 
Published: December 2008

Editor's Comment: As a matter of policy the editorial staff of the Journal of Learning Disabilities (JLD) considers for publication reports and position papers prepared by professional organizations which concern persons with learning disabilities. Such material is subject to the peer review process and can be rejected if the staff and consulting editors feel that the information presented is inappropriate for JLD. In this issue, three position papers of the Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD) are presented. These position statements oppose (a) the use of discrepancy formulas in the identification of individuals with learning disabilities, (b) the inclusion of nonhandicapped low achievers and underachievers in learning disability programs, and (c) the measurement and training of perceptual and perceptual-motor functions. As has been done in the past with statements of other professional organizations, these publications are preceded by a brief discussion of the organization and evolution of the statements. Dr. Jim Leigh describes CLD and the development of these three statements. Readers' comments are welcome.—JLW
Are We Preparing Adolescents with Learning Disabilities to Cope with Social Issues?
Authors: Fine Elaine 
Published: December 2008

The staff of the Journal of Learning Disabilities receives a number of research reports that we and the consulting editors believe would be of interest to some of the readers. Because of space constraints it is not possible to publish all of these manuscripts. Consequently, we ask some authors to provide us with a brief discussion of their study and findings to publish as a “Research Brief.” Readers who wish a copy of the entire report should write directly to the author(s).—JLW Poor thinking skills, social skills deficits, and a weak information base may affect adolescents with learning disabilities in their ability to make appropriate decisions regarding social issues and may make them more vulnerable to resulting negative consequences. Research on instruction in social issues will be discussed.
Reading Vowels in Kannada Script
Authors: Purushothama G. 
Published: December 2008

Editor's Comment: The staff of the Journal of Learning Disabilities receives a number of research reports that we and the consulting editors believe would be of interest to some of the readers. Because of space constraints it is not possible to publish all of these manuscripts. Consequently, we ask some authors to provide us with a brief discussion of their study and findings to publish as a Research Brief. Readers who wish a copy of the entire report should write directly to the author(s). The following article, by G. Purushothama from the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, describes the reading of vowels in Kannada script by poor readers.---JLW Among speakers of English, a greater number of vowels are misread by poor readers than are consonants. This is thought to be due to the complex way that vowels are represented in the alphabetic script. In Kannada, which has a phonetically regular script, children learn to read using a clear set of rules with respect to vowels and consonants. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of misreadings of vowels by two groups, good readers and poor readers of Kannada. The poor readers misread a large number of items in two lists of syllables and words. Both groups misread vowels in equal proportion to their total number of misreadings. The results are discussed.
Hypertext Computer Study Guides and the Social Studies Achievement of Students with Learning Disabilities, Remedial Students, and Regular Education Students
Authors: Higgins Kyle , Boone Randall 
Published: December 2008

Editor's Comment: The purpose of the Interventions section of the journal is to provide professional practitioners with overviews of successful interventions that can be replicated with individuals with learning disabilities. These interventions can be either physiological or psychoeducational and can occur in school settings, clinics, hospitals, homes, communities, or employment sites. The discussion of these interventions generally includes (a) the theory or rationale of the interventions, (b) previous research findings, (c) characteristics of the individuals receiving the interventions, (d) the intervention that was applied, and (e) the criteria used to evaluate its success. In the following article, Drs. Kyle Higgins and Randall Boone of the University of Washington chronicle the use of hypertext computer study guides with a variety of students, including those with learning disabilities. The results indicated that such an approach is an effective instructional medium. In addition, retention of information appears to be improved. Such an approach would likely be helpful when employed with other students with learning disabilities. Hypertext is a relatively new term for today's teachers, who work hard to stay abreast of the quickly changing field of computer technology in education. Hypertext as an educational tool is very different from traditional computer-assisted instructional software, offering the reader immediate access through its computer format to supplemental information. Two related studies were conducted to design and field-test hypertext computer study guides. In Study 1, 40 students (10 with learning disabilities, 15 remedial, and 15 regular education) worked in three different treatment groups (lecture, lecture/computer study guide, and computer study guide). Study 2 involved the five lowest achieving students (two with learning disabilities and three remedial) from Study I in an A-B-A design. Results indicated that (a) the computer study guide treatment was as effective as lecture, (b) the lecture/computer study guide treatment was as effective as lecture, (c) posttest scores were higher for the computer study guide group, and (d) retention test scores were higher for the computer study guide group.
The Effects of Blending and Spelling Training on the Decoding Skills of Young Poor Readers
Authors: DiVeta Susan Kay , Speece Deborah L. 
Published: December 2008

Editor's Comment: The staff of the Journal of Learning Disabilities receives a number of research reports that we and the consulting editors believe would be of interest to some of the readers. Because of space constraints it is not possible to publish all of these manuscripts. Consequently, we ask some authors to provide us with a brief discussion of their study and findings to publish as a Research Brief. Readers who wish a copy of the entire report should write directly to the author(s).---JLW Blending and spelling training were compared in this experiment to determine which intervention would improve the decoding skills of two first-grade boys with learning disabilities who were in the phonetic cue stage of reading. Additionally, the two boys received pre- and posttest administrations of a phonemic segmentation task. Although neither intervention proved superior, the children met the learning criterion for both interventions and demonstrated both maintenance and generalization of their skills. They also improved their phonemic skills, even though independent training in this area was not provided. It appeared that the equivalence of the interventions may have been due to the intensive instructional setting and use of systematic error analysis procedures.
The Measurement of Stress Among Regular Classroom and Special Education Teachers
Authors: Moracco John C. , Danford Deborah , D'Arienzo Raymond V. 
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of occupational stress between regular and special education teachers. Also, symptoms of stress for both groups of teachers were compared, as were the strategies used by each group to reduce the effects of stress in teaching. Results indicated that special education teachers perceive less stress from teaching than regular classroom teachers. There were very small differences beween the two groups in symptoms of stress and strategies used to reduce the effects of stress. Both groups seem about equally disposed to use appropriate strategies for reducing stress. There was no difference between the two groups when they were assessed about becoming teachers again if they had their lives to live over again. One explanation for the differences on perceptions of stress is that special education teachers have training procedures prepare them for stress in teaching. Also, classes in special cation are generally smaller and more resources are availa special education teachers. Still another explanation is that cial education teachers have a similar set of characteristic insulate them from some effects of stress.
Visions of the Special Class
Authors: Safford Philip L. , Safford Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Although the advent of public school special day classes for children with disabilities at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th marked a major shift in the service model, apparently in the direction of educational and societal inclusion, such classes had different meanings for different students. They reflected at least three different “visions,” which can be understood by the metaphors cluster, clinic, and clearing-house, though the last was not sustained for the students for whom it was intended, nor can it be today. The story of each may offer guidance for special educators today and in the future.
Lorazepam in the Treatment of Refractory Neonatal Seizures
Authors: Maytal Joseph , Novak Gerald P. , King Katherine C. 
Published: December 2008

We report the results of treatment of intractable seizures with lorazepam in seven neonates. All of the patients were part of a prospective study, who failed to respond to 40 mg/k of phenobarbital. Lorazepam was given intravenously at 0.05 mg/k and repeated up to a total dose of 0.15 mg/k if necessary. The diagnosis of seizures and the efficacy of treatment was assessed clinically and by EEG during the administration of lorazepam in three patients and on clinical grounds in four patients. Six patients were full term and one was premature; there were five males and two females. Four patients had hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, two had intracranial hemorrhage, and one had bacterial meningitis. Two patients received one dose of lorazepam, three received two doses, and two received three doses. Six patients responded with a complete cessation of seizures within three minutes of their last dose; the remaining patient (who received two doses) had a reduction in seizures. No patients developed apnea or hypotension during or immediately after the infusion of lorazepam and no other adverse effects were observed. Four patients remained seizure-free for the rest of the neonatal period and no other anticonvulsant medications were added. Seizures recurred in one patient at 16 hours; subsequent intermittent seizures were managed with additional phenobarbital. In another patient, seizures recurred at 12 hours and subsequent intermittent seizures were managed with phenytoin. In one patient, seizures continued with reduction of frequency and duration. We conclude that lorazepam may be effective in the treatment of neonatal seizures refractory to phenobarbital and that further treatment with intravenous phenytoin may be unnecessary under these circumstances. (J Child Neurol 1991;6:319-323).
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection Associated With Central Nervous System Complications
Authors: Fernandez Conrad V. , Bortolussi Robert , Gordon Kevin , Lee Spencer H. S. , Gatien John G. , Shahdrabadi M.S. 
Published: December 2008

We describe two children who had central nervous system complications, encephalitis and meningoencephalitis, temporally associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. M pneumoniae was identified as the cause of the illnesses on the basis of at least a fourfold increase in complement fixation antibody titers. Despite extensive viral and bacterial investigation, no evidence of any other pathogen was found. Two strategies were used to determine whether M pneumoniae was directly invasive: (1) by examining cerebrospinal fluid using a M pneumoniae- specific DNA probe and (2) by determining whether complement-fixating antibody to M pneumoniae was produced locally through comparison of the cerebrospinal fluid/serum ratio of M pneumoniae antibody to the cerebrospinal fluid/serum ratio of immunoglobulin M. Both assessments were negative. M pneumoniae did not appear to directly invade the central nervous system in these two patients. We conclude that the direct invasion of the cerebrospinal fluid is not necessary in the pathogenesis of M pneumoniae-induced neurologic disease. (J Child Neurol 1993;8:27-31).
The Constitution of Adhesives, and its Relationship to Solvent Abuse
Authors: Akerman H.E. 
Published: December 2008

1 An adhesive, in general, must be a liquid at the time of application, so that the adherends are wetted out, but must then solidify to enable development of adequate bond strength. The use of volatile solvent is only one way in which the solid ingredients can be converted to a liquid for application. 2 Only those adhesives containing solvents are capable of providing the narcotic effect desired by the 'sniffer'. 3 Solvents used in adhesives include highly volatile hydrocarbons, esters, ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 4 Commonly available domestic materials other than solvent-borne adhesives contain such solvents, and are hence capable of misuse by 'sniffers'. Often such materials are of greater potential harm to the mis-user. 5 Aversive additives in solvent-borne adhesives have been found ineffective and also deter the bona fide user. 6 Aqueous substitutes for existing popular and safely-used solvent-borne adhesives have not found sufficient favour with the domestic adhesive user as to enable the manufacturers to replace the solvent-borne type in the market place. 7 Removal of solvent-borne adhesives from the market would not of itself solve the problem of solvent abuse because of the other solvent sources available. The remedy lies in the removal of the causes of such social misbehaviour, rather than in treatment of the symptoms.
Abuse of Aerosol Products by Inhalation
Authors: Roberts D.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 The nature of an aerosol and the techniques that have been used to obtain altered states of consciousness by deliberately inhaling the contents are described. 2 The development of the phenomenon, first in the USA, and subsequently in the UK is traced. 3 The consultation between Government Departments and the British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA) is outlined, and the decisions reached are detailed. 4 Reference is made to the ingredients contained in aerosols which when abused, cause altered states of consciousness and a brief review of their properties is included. 5 The mortality statistics in the UK collected by BAMA are described and analysed in detail and finally the approach of manufacturers to the problem is defined.
Neurological Sequelae of Toluene Abuse
Authors: King Mary D. 
Published: December 2008

1 Twenty patients, aged eight to 14 years, were admitted to hospital over a six year period with an acute encephalopathy following toluene abuse. 2 In all cases toxicity was confined to the central nervous system. Electroencephalography performed in ten patients was abnormal in three. 3 Fourteen patients made a complete recovery, five had evidence of personality impairment but were lost to follow-up, one had a persistent cerebellar ataxia one year after admission, despite absence of exposure to toluene. 4 Solvent abuse may be impossible to establish on history, as in six of these patients. Blood assay of toluene is vital in such cases, as is an awareness that toluene abuse may lead to acute encephalopathy.
Drug-related Acute Medical Admissions
Authors: Ramsay Lawrence E. , Freestone Stephen , Silas Joseph H. 
Published: December 2008

1 A survey of urgent admissions to a general medical unit in Sheffield in 1978 showed that about 25% of admissions were caused by drug-related illness; 18% by self-poisoning, 3.1% by definite or probable adverse reactions, 3.1 % by possible adverse reactions, and 1.4 % by non-compliance with drug treatment. These patients accounted for 10.8% of the bed use by patients admitted urgently. 2 Drug-related admissions to the unit did not increase between 1974 and 1980. 3 The use of barbiturates for self-poisoning declined sharply, while that of paracetamol increased steadily. Self-poisoning with dextropropoxyphene appeared to peak in 1978, and then decline. 4 While drug-related illness caused the admission of 81 % of all patients under the age of 30 years, they rarely came to harm. Self-poisoning had a high mortality in older patients, and they were also the principal sufferers from adverse drug reactions.
Hazards of Household Cleaning Products
Authors: Edwards J.N. , Jenkins H.L. , Volans G.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 All enquiries received by the London Centre of the National Poisons Information Service [NPIS(L)] relating to household cleaning products were followed up by questionnaire for a 4-month period from November 1978 to February 1979. 2 130 reports (43% of total followed-up) were received. 3 The incidence of misuse of household cleaning products has remained largely unchanged since a less detailed survey was performed in 1974-1975. 4 The source of enquiries, age groups and products involved were similar to the earlier survey. 5 Sixty-two per cent of cases were asymptomatic and no serious or life-threatening reactions were reported. 6 Although an increasing number of patients were admitted to hospital, little treatment was needed and the use of gastric lavage and aspiration had declined markedly. 7 Household cleaning products in the UK still cause no serious poisoning when misused or accidentally ingested.
Maternal Anti-nauseants and Clefts of Lip and Palate
Authors: Golding J. , Vivian S. , Baldwin late J. A. 
Published: December 2008

1 Data on drug prescriptions were obtained from the general practitioners of 196 women who had had infants with clefts of lip or palate and those of 407 control women, matched for age, parity, social class and year of delivery. 2 There was no excess of index women who had presented with nausea or vomiting. 3 There was a significant excess (12 cases, nine controls, P<0.02) of women who had been prescribed Debendox (the 3-constituent, or pre-1976, formulation of Bendectin) in early pregnancy. 4 This result was not thought to be conclusive evidence of a teratogenic effect but caution in prescribing is advised pending more extensive studies.
Pattern of Uptake of Americium-241 by the Rat Skeleton and its Subsequent Redistribution and Retention: Implications for Human Dosimetry and Toxicology
Authors: Priest N.D. , Howells G. , Green D. , Haines J.W. 
Published: December 2008

The distribution and retention of intravenously injected 241Am in the skeleton of the female rat has been investigated using autoradiographic and radiochemical techniques. The studies were designed to assess the dosimetric and toxicologic implications of an 241Am intake by man. They showed that in the rat approximately one third of the intravenously injected 241Am was deposited in the skeleton where it appeared to be retained with a long biological half-time. The studies also showed: 1241Am is initially deposited onto all types of bone surface including endosteal surfaces, periosteal surfaces and those of the vascular canals within cortical bone, but seems to be preferentially deposited onto those that are resorbing, 2 Bone accretion results in the burial of surface deposits of 241Am, 3 Bone resorption causes the removal of 241 Am from surfaces, 4 Resorbed 241Am is retained by phagocytic cells (probably macrophages) in the bone marrow, 5 The transfer of 241Am from the phagocytic cells in the marrow to adjacent bone surfaces seems to occur, (local recycling). 6 The possibility that some of the 241Am removed from the bone surfaces enters the blood and is redeposited in bone, (systemic recycling) cannot be dismissed These results show that 241Am deposition and redistribution in bone shares many characteristics with other 'bone surface-seeking radionuclides' typified by 239Pu. Consequently, it is suggested that a similar model to that used to calculate annual limits of intake for 239Pu in man would be suitable for the calculation of corresponding values for the 241Am isotopes.
Arterial Perfusion for Hydrofluoric Acid Burns
Authors: Velvart J. 
Published: December 2008

The perfusion method is briefly summarised: 1 An arteriogram (under brachial plexus block) is carried out, and the radial, ulnar or brachial artery chosen as infusion site, according to the location and extent of the damage. 2 The infusion is administered over 4 h: Radial or ulnar artery 10 ml 20% calcium gluconate in 40 ml normal saline, or brachial artery: 20 ml 20 % calcium gluconate in 80 ml normal saline. 3 Heparin 200 u per kg body weight as long as the arterial catheter is in place.