bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signal Transduction and Transcriptional Regulation of Plant Defence Responses
Authors: Jalali B. L. , Bhargava S. , Kamble A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPlant defence responses are regulated by a complex network of signal molecules and transcriptional regulators. Resistance (R) genes play a role in specific recognition of a pathogen and initiate defence responses. Three key signal molecules, namely salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) mediate expression of both specific (R gene‐mediated) as well as basal defence responses. The signalling pathways involving these molecules have been studied using mutants showing enhanced susceptibility or resistance to pathogens, or those showing insensitivity to exogenously applied SA, JA or ET. Crosstalk between the different signalling pathways leads to fine‐tuning of the expression of defence‐related genes. Complex regulatory networks modulated by at least eight different families of transcription factors play a role in defence gene expression. The transcription factors bind to cis‐elements present in the promoters of the defence genes and are specific for different transcription factors. Several cis‐elements often lie within the same promoter indicating that different transcription factors may lead to induction of the same defence gene. The redundancy observed in defence signalling and gene expression enables a plant to successfully combat a wide range of pathogens.
Characterization of different cytoplasmic male sterility systems in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss)
Authors: Singh K. H. , Srivastava K. K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSix cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems, viz. moricandia, ogura, oxyrrhina, siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were characterized for agronomic and floral characteristics. Introgression of alien cytoplasm caused alterations in different floral traits in ogura, siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma CMS systems. Varied response to different genetic backgrounds of CMS lines indicated the presence of cytoplasmic–nuclear interaction in alteration of floral traits. On the basis of floral characteristics, CMS systems could be grouped into distinct classes. Siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma CMS lines had narrow petals, while moricandia, ogura and oxyrrhina had wider petals, which were distinguishable on the basis of visual observations. The ratio between length and width of petals were >2.0 in wide petal group but <2.0 in narrow petal group. Further, the relative position of anther and stigma, which was estimated as the ratio between stamen and style length could differentiate the CMS systems. Stamens were longer than styles in oxyrrhina, equal in moricandia and shorter in ogura, siifolia, tournefortii and trachystoma male sterile lines. Non‐viable pollen grains were present in moricandia and oxyrrhina systems, but absent in other systems. In tournefortii and trachystoma, few flowers showed petaloid corolla. All male sterile lines, except trachystoma, which showed crooked siliqua formation were at par with their respective maintainers for flower initiation, plant height, primary branches, seeds per siliqua, seed yield, harvest index, oil and protein content. In general, flower senescence and maturity occurred earlier in male sterile lines than in their respective maintainer lines.
Identification of molecular markers associated with oleic and linolenic acid in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Javidfar F. , Ripley V. L. , Roslinsky V. , Zeinali H. , Abdmishani C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe quality of the oil derived from oilseed rape is determined by its fatty acid composition. Breeding oilseed rape for enhanced oil quality includes the development of cultivars with high oleic and low linolenic acid. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) techniques were investigated for the development of molecular markers for genes controlling oleic and/or linolenic acid. Markers that were identified were converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for use in breeding. Molecular markers associated with these two fatty acids were identified in a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between the oilseed rape lines TO99‐5318‐20, very high oleic (>79%) and very low linolenic acid (<2%) × DH12075, high oleic (68%) and higher linolenic acid (>7%). Eight RAPD markers were associated with oleic and linolenic acid contents. The RAPD marker UBC 2830 accounted for 43% and 13% of the genetic variation for oleic and linolenic acid levels, respectively. The RAPD marker UBC 153550 accounted for 19% of the genetic variation for linolenic acid. The UBC 2830 fragment was converted to a SCAR marker. The markers identified in this study should be useful tools for the early generation selection of high oleic and low linolenic acid genotypes in oilseed rape breeding programmes.
Parathyroid hormone‐related protein as a potential tumor marker: A case report of ovarian clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Suwaki Naoko , Masuyama Hisashi , Mizutani Yasushi , Kodama Junichi , Hiramatsu Yuji 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHypercalcemia is one of the important paraneoplastic syndromes, mostly occurring in patients with advanced cancer. Clear cell carcinoma is known to be one of the most common histological subtypes of ovarian tumor associated with hypercalcemia. We present a case of ovarian clear cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia caused by elevated serum parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP). PTHrP mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis in the primary and metastasis lesions. Serum calcium and PTHrP levels returned to normal after antihypercalcemic treatment and a radical operation, but they elevated along with the recurrence. Because tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen (CA)125 and CA19‐9 were unstable owing to the patient's liver cirrhosis and were not reliable data for management, serum calcium and PTHrP levels are shown to have been a potential indicator of the recurrence in this case.
Studies of compounds that enhance sphingolipid metabolism in human keratinocytes1
Authors: Popa I. , Bennaceur K. , Abdul‐Malak N. , Perrier E. , Schmitt D. , Portoukalian J. 
Published: January 2006

SynopsisSeveral products are known to inhibit the biosynthesis of ceramides and glucosylceramides, but very few stimulate this process. We studied the influence of a hydrolysate of potato proteins (Lipidessence®) in vitro on the sphingolipid metabolism of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. By measuring growth with the thymidine uptake assay, it was seen that Lipidessence®, added in the culture medium up to an 8% concentration, did not change significantly the proliferation rate of keratinocytes, but beyond this concentration a progressive dose‐dependent inhibition of growth was noticeable. Following incubation of cells with the product at 5% and 10% concentrations for 2 days, the lipids were extracted. The different lipid classes were separated by fractionation on columns of aminopropyl silica gel and analyzed by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography. When keratinocytes were cultivated in the presence of Lipidessence®, the biosynthesis of cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and gangliosides was stimulated, and a major increase was noticeable in the biosynthesis of free fatty acids, free ceramides, glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin. Radioactive [14C]‐serine was used as a precursor of sphingoid bases to study sphingolipid biosynthesis. After migration of lipid fractions on thin‐layer plates, autoradiography showed that free ceramides and glucosylceramide were labeled, thus suggesting that de novo biosynthesis was accounting for the increased cellular content in sphingolipids.
Long-Run Links among Money, Prices and Output: Worldwide Evidence
Authors: Herwartz Helmut , Reimers Hans-Eggert 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStarting from the quantity theory of money we analyse the dynamic relationships between money, real output and prices for an unbalanced panel of 110 economies. Complementary to trivariate analyses we also adopt a P-star model explaining inflation via an equilibrium price level ( P-star), which in turn depends on potential output and money. A key issue of the paper is the cross-sectional stability of estimation and inference results. We find cointegration among the considered variables. Particularly for high inflation countries homogeneity between prices and money cannot be rejected. Given homogeneity we find evidence for an error-correction mechanism linking current price changes and the lagged price gap. Parameter estimates indicating the adjustment towards the price equilibrium are larger in absolute value for high inflation countries. The latter results indicate that central banks, even in high inflation countries, can improve price stability by controlling monetary growth.
Possible role of dermoscopy in the detection of a primary cutaneous melanoma of unknown origin
Authors: Stante M , De Giorgi V , Carli P 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor 2–8% of patients with metastatic melanoma, cutaneous and mucosal clinical examination does not lead to diagnosis of the primary tumour, which remains unknown. We report the case of a 41‐year‐old male patient who had received a diagnosis of metastatic melanoma after histological examination of an enlarged axillary lymph node, without previous detection of the primary lesion at his first dermatological examination. No pigmented skin lesions located in the anatomical area potentially drained by the affected axillary basin showed clinical features suggestive of a melanoma. Neither did the so‐called ‘ugly duckling’ sign help us to identify the melanoma, because of the presence of a large number of clinically similar, common or slightly atypical melanocytic lesions located in that area. After dermoscopic examination we were able to narrow the field of possible candidates for excision to four lesions, selected on the basis of their dermoscopic features. Histological examination revealed the primary melanoma (superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), level III, thickness 0.5 mm) – located on the back – and three naevi with atypia. Preoperative distinction of the melanoma from the other three lesions was not possible because of the lack of well‐established features of malignancy, even at dermoscopic analysis (‘featureless’ melanoma). Dermoscopy may thus play a role in the detection of a clinically unknown primary melanoma by narrowing the field of lesions to be removed for histological examination, saving many unnecessary excisions that would otherwise be inevitable.
Basal cell carcinoma of the vulva
Authors: Pisani C , Poggiali S , De Padova La , Andreassi A , Bilenchi R 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBasal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human malignancy, accounting for 75% of all non‐melanoma skin cancer, is uncommon on unexposed skin such as the perianal and genital regions. We describe a woman with BCC of the vulva treated with local resection. All margins of excision were free of disease. The patient recovered without complication and there have been no recurrences after 2 years of follow‐up. Approximately 200 cases of BCC on perianal and genital skin have been reported in the literature. Although the aetiology of vulvar BCC is not known, early diagnosis is important. Because BCC in these sites sometimes seems innocuous, biopsy of all suspect lesions is advisable.
Thymocyte depletion affects neurotrophin receptor expression in thymic stromal cells
Authors: Pérez‐Piñera P. , García‐Suarez O. , Prieto J. G. , Germana A. , Ciriaco E. , del Valle M. E. , Vega J. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThymocytes and thymic stromal cells cross‐talk in a bidirectional manner within the thymus, thus contributing to the generation of mature T‐cells. The thymic stromal cells in the rat express the high‐ (TrkA, TrkB) and low‐affinity (p75NTR) receptors for neurotrophins. In this study we analysed the regulation of TrkA, TrkB and p75NTR expression in the rat thymus by thymocytes. We induced thymocyte apoptosis by administration of corticoids in rats, and then analysed the expression and distribution of these receptors 1, 4 and 10 days later. Thymocyte death was assessed by the activation of caspase‐3 in cells undergoing apoptosis. We observed massive thymocyte apoptosis 1 day after injection and, to a lesser extent, after 4 days, which was parallel with a reduction in the density of thymic epithelial cells normally expressing TrkA and p75NTR. Furthermore, TrkA expression was found in cortical thymic epithelial cells, which normally lack this receptor. The expression of TrkB was restricted to a subset of macrophage‐dendritic cells, and remained unchanged with treatment. The normal pattern of neurotrophin receptor expression was almost completely restored by day 10. The results demonstrate that the expression of neurotrophin receptors by thymic epithelial cells, but not by macrophage‐dendritic cells, is regulated by thymocytes.
Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the early development of the vascular system
Authors: Ribatti Domenico 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe cardiovascular system plays a critical role in vertebrate development and homeostasis. Vascular development is a highly organized sequence of events that requires the correct spatial and temporal expression of specific sets of genes leading to the development of a primary vascular network. There have been intensive efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms regulating vascular growth and development, and much of the rationale for this has stemmed from the increasing clinical importance and therapeutic potential of modulating vascular formation during various disease states.
Muscles of facial expression in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): descriptive, comparative and phylogenetic contexts
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Waller Bridget M. , Parr Lisa A. , Bonar Christopher J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFacial expressions are a critical mode of non‐vocal communication for many mammals, particularly non‐human primates. Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have an elaborate repertoire of facial signals, little is known about the facial expression (i.e. mimetic) musculature underlying these movements, especially when compared with some other catarrhines. Here we present a detailed description of the facial muscles of the chimpanzee, framed in comparative and phylogenetic contexts, through the dissection of preserved faces using a novel approach. The arrangement and appearance of muscles were noted and compared with previous studies of chimpanzees and with prosimians, cercopithecoids and humans. The results showed 23 mimetic muscles in P. troglodytes, including a thin sphincter colli muscle, reported previously only in adult prosimians, a bi‐layered zygomaticus major muscle and a distinct risorius muscle. The presence of these muscles in such definition supports previous studies that describe an elaborate and highly graded facial communication system in this species that remains qualitatively different from that reported for other non‐human primate species. In addition, there are minimal anatomical differences between chimpanzees and humans, contrary to conclusions from previous studies. These results amplify the importance of understanding facial musculature in primate taxa, which may hold great taxonomic value.
Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vázquez J. F. , Mérida‐Velasco J. R. , Verdugo‐López S. , Sánchez‐Montesinos I. , Mérida‐Velasco J. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study was performed on 50 human embryos and fetuses between 7 and 17 weeks of development. Reichert's cartilage is formed in the second pharyngeal arch in two segments. The longer cranial or styloid segment is continuous with the otic capsule; its inferior end is angulated and is situated very close to the oropharynx. The smaller caudal segment is in contact with the body and greater horn of the hyoid cartilaginous structure. No cartilage forms between these segments. The persistent angulation of the inferior end of the cranial or styloid segment of Reichert's cartilage and its important neurovascular relationships may help explain the symptomatology of Eagle's syndrome.
Expression of arginine decarboxylase in brain regions and neuronal cells
Authors: Iyo Abiye H. , Zhu Meng‐Yang , Ordway Gregory A. , Regunathan Soundar 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAfter our initial report of a mammalian gene for arginine decarboxylase, an enzyme for the synthesis of agmatine from arginine, we have determined the regional expression of ADC in rat. We have analyzed the expression of ADC in rat brain regions by activity, protein and mRNA levels, and the regulation of expression in neuronal cells by RNA interference. In rat brain, ADC was widely expressed in major brain regions, with a substantial amount in hypothalamus, followed by cortex, and with least amounts in locus coeruleus and medulla. ADC mRNA was detected in primary astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. While no ADC message was detected in fresh neurons (3 days old), significant message appeared in differentiated neurons (3 weeks old). PC12 cells, treated with nerve growth factor, had higher ADC mRNA compared with naive cells. The siRNA mixture directed towards the N‐terminal regions of ADC cDNA down‐regulated the levels of mRNA and protein in cultured neurons/C6 glioma cells and these cells produced lower agmatine. Thus, this study demonstrates that ADC message is expressed in rat brain regions, that it is regulated in neuronal cells and that the down‐regulation of ADC activity by specific siRNA leads to lower agmatine production.
Involvement of organic anion transporters in the efflux of uremic toxins across the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Deguchi Tsuneo , Isozaki Kouya , Yousuke Kouno , Terasaki Tetsuya , Otagiri Masaki 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRenal failure causes multiple physiological changes involving CNS dysfunction. In cases of uremia, there is close correlation between plasma levels of uremic toxins [e.g. 3‐carboxy‐4‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐2‐furanpropionate (CMPF), hippurate (HA) and indoleacetate (IA)] and the degree of uremic encephalopathy, suggesting that uremic toxins are involved in uremic encephalopathy. In order to evaluate the relevance of uremic toxins to CNS dysfunction, we investigated directional transport of uremic toxins across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) usingin vivointegration plot analysis and the brain efflux index method. We observed saturable efflux transport of [3H]CMPF, [14C]HA and [3H]IA, which was inhibited by probenecid. For all uremic toxins evaluated, apparent efflux clearance across the BBB was greater than apparent influx clearance, suggesting that these toxins are predominantly transported from the brain to blood across the BBB. Saturable efflux transport of [3H]CMPF, [14C]HA and [3H]IA was completely inhibited by benzylpenicillin, which is a substrate of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3). Taurocholate and digoxin, which are common substrates of rat organic anion transporting polypeptide (rOatp), partially inhibited the efflux of [3H]CMPF. Transport experiments using aXenopus laevisoocyte expression system revealed that CMPF, HA and IA are substrates of rOat3, and that CMPF (but not HA or IA) is a substrate of rOap2. These results suggest that rOat3 mediates brain‐to‐blood transport of uremic toxins, and that rOatp2 is involved in efflux of CMPF. Thus, conditions typical of uremia can cause inhibition of brain‐to‐blood transport involving rOat3 and/or rOatp2, leading to accumulation of endogenous metabolites and drugs in the brain.
Imagining the State and Building the Nation: The Case of Nineteenth‐Century Argentina
Authors: Szuchman Mark D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis work analyzes the interplay between the development of the state in nineteenth‐century Argentina and the attempts to forge a sense of nation within a significant portion of the population. By distinguishing between the two concepts – state‐building and nation‐building – the study follows their different developmental paths. The historical literature is reviewed revealing two themes: a record of great economic and cultural development made possible by an elite inspired by liberal ideas derived principally from Europe, as contrasted with a conservative and nationalist view that celebrated the rural and native cultural norms. Regardless of their ideological perspectives, however, both sides shared a great deal of authoritarian traits and implemented measures aimed at establishing and maintaining social control through force.
Death and Memory in Early America
Authors: Dennis Matthew 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDeath is a historical phenomenon – although pervasive and unavoidable, it has not been understood or experienced in a uniform fashion over time. Death has visited some times and places more heavily than others; ideas about death, rites surrounding it, and the memorials and monuments commemorating it have varied over time and place. This article emphasizes the omnipresence of death in early America, an historical reality of great importance that we are peculiarly conditioned today to miss or avoid, both because of the nationalist biases of American history and because American culture is so insulated from actual physical death and mortal remains. Finally, the essay suggests why death mattered and how Americans made sense – and made use – of death and mortal remains in early America.
Steady‐diffusion modelling of a reaction zone between a metamorphosed basic dyke and a marble from Hirao‐dai, Fukuoka, Japan
Authors: FUKUYAMA M. , NISHIYAMA T. , URATA K. , MORI Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA reaction zone between a metamorphosed basic dyke and marble at Hirao‐dai, north Kyushu, Japan, consists of well‐organized sequential zones of diopside, garnet and wollastonite; textures are characteristic of diffusion‐controlled structures. The reaction zone formed during contact metamorphism associated with intrusion of a Cretaceous granodiorite at ∼300 MPa and 700 °C. The metamorphosed basic dyke consists of diopside, biotite and plagioclase (XAb = 0.4–0.8), whereas the marble is almost pure calcite. The initial boundary between the dyke and the marble is probably located within the current diopside zone, as calcite occurs as remnants among diopside grains in areas close to the boundary with the garnet zone. This observation provides a criterion to judge the stability of the zonal sequence in our modelling. The formation of the reaction zone is attributed to a single‐stage steady‐state process with five overstepping reactions. CaO, MgO, FeO, SiO2 and AlO3/2 are the reaction‐controlling components that are necessary to describe the growth of the reaction zone. An isochemical steady‐diffusion model cannot reproduce the measured phase ratios of product minerals; this indicates open‐system behaviour of the reaction zone. The choice of closure components is an essential task in the treatment of open‐system modelling, together with determination of phase ratios (Ashworth & Birdi model) or estimation of boundary fluxes (Johnson & Carlson model). Of all the possible combinations of closure components, closure conditions for CaO and MgO provide the best results for both models. The stability of the zonal sequence is limited at relatively large values of LSiSi/LCaCa. Similar results from the two models confirm their consistency under the same closure conditions.