bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manageable fine-grained information flow
Authors: Efstathopoulos Petros , Kohler Eddie 
Published: April 2008

The continuing frequency and seriousness of security incidents underline the critical importance of application security. Decentralized information flow control (DIFC), a promising tool for improving application security, gives application developers fine-grained control over security policy and privilege management. DIFC developers can partition much application functionality into untrusted components bound by a kernel- or language-enforced security policy. Unless a (usually smaller and less exposed) trusted component is exploited, the effects of an application compromise are contained by the policy.
Although system-based DIFC can simultaneously achieve high performance and effective isolation, it offers a challenging programming model. Fine-grained policy specifications are spread over several application pieces. Common programming errors may be indistinguishable from policy exploit attempts, the system cannot expose developers to information about these errors, complicating debugging. Static checking (as in language based systems) and new system primitives can reduce these problems, but for dynamic applications like web servers, they do not eliminate them.
In this paper we propose subsystems that make decentralized information flow more manageable. First, a policy description language specifies an application-wide security policy in one localized place; communication restrictions are compiled into lower-level labels. Second, information flow-safe debugging mechanisms let developers debug DIFC applications without violating security policies. Although these mechanisms are preliminary, we demonstrate their effectiveness using applications similar to those developed for Asbestos and other DIFC systems.
Validity of Four Self-reported Colorectal Cancer Screening Modalities in a General Population: Differences over Time and by Intervention Assignment
Authors: Jones Resa M. , Mongin Steven J. , Lazovich DeAnn , Church Timothy R. , Yeazel Mark W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLittle is known about the validity of self-reported colorectal cancer screening. To date, few published studies have validated all four screening modalities per recommended guidelines or included a general population-based sample, and none has assessed validity over time and by intervention condition. To estimate the validity of self-reported screening, a random sample of 200 adults, ages ≥50 years, was selected from those completing annual surveys on screening behavior as part of an intervention study. Approximately 60% of the validation sample authorized medical record review. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for baseline and year 1 follow-up reports for each test and for overall screening adherence. Sensitivity at baseline ranged from 86.9% (flexible sigmoidoscopy) to 100% (colonoscopy). Sensitivity at follow-up was slightly lower. Adjusting for validity measures, the sample overreported screening prevalence at baseline for each of the four modalities. At follow-up, overreporting was greatest for fecal occult blood test (13.0%). Overreporting across intervention conditions was highest for fecal occult blood test (10.8% for control; 24.8% for the most intense intervention) and overall screening adherence (10.9% for control; 14.3% for the most intense intervention). Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported colorectal cancer screening compared with medical records were high; however, adjusting self-reported screening rates based on relative error rates reduced screening prevalence estimates. Those exposed to more intense interventions to modify screening behavior seemed more likely to overestimate their screening rates compared with those who were not exposed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):777–84)
Association of Mammographic Density with the Pathology of Subsequent Breast Cancer among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ghosh Karthik , Brandt Kathleen R. , Sellers Thomas A. , Reynolds Carol , Scott Christopher G. , Maloney Shaun D. , Carston Michael J. , Pankratz V. Shane , Vachon Celine M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Limited studies have examined the associations between mammographic density and subsequent breast tumor characteristics.Methods: Eligible women were part of a case-control study of postmenopausal breast cancer, were 40 years or older and had a routine mammogram 4 years or more before their diagnosis. Mammographic density (percent density, dense area, and nondense area) was estimated using a computer-assisted thresholding program. At the time of cancer diagnosis, cases were classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic based on medical record review and breast imaging workup. Pathologic review was done blinded to the density status. Linear regression models and tests for trend examined the association between pathologic characteristics of the breast tumor and the components of density for all participants, and stratified by symptom status at diagnosis.Results: Of the 286 eligible cases, 77% were 60 years or older and mean percent density was 29.5% (SD, 14.6%). Density was not significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.22), histologic type (P = 0.77), estrogen receptor (P = 0.11) or progesterone receptor (P = 0.37) status, mitotic activity (P = 0.12), or nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.09; P values for percent density). An inverse association was suggested between tumor grade and percent density (32.0%, 30.3%, 26.7% for grades 1-3; P = 0.06 for trend). The inverse association with tumor grade and its components (nuclear pleomorphism and tubular differentiation) was only evident among the 97 symptomatic women; positive associations of estrogen receptor (P = 0.009) and progesterone receptor (P = 0.04) were also seen with percent density only in this subgroup.Conclusions: The inverse association between tumor grade and percent density in the symptomatic population could inform the biology of the association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):872–9)
Consumption of Raw Cruciferous Vegetables is Inversely Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk
Authors: Tang Li , Zirpoli Gary R. , Guru Khurshid , Moysich Kirsten B. , Zhang Yuesheng , Ambrosone Christine B. , McCann Susan E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables contain isothiocyanates, which show potent chemopreventive activity against bladder cancer in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, previous epidemiologic studies investigating cruciferous vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk have been inconsistent. Cooking can substantially reduce or destroy isothiocyanates, and could account for study inconsistencies. In this hospital-based case-control study involving 275 individuals with incident, primary bladder cancer and 825 individuals without cancer, we examined the usual prediagnostic intake of raw and cooked cruciferous vegetables in relation to bladder cancer risk. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for smoking and other bladder cancer risk factors. We observed a strong and statistically significant inverse association between bladder cancer risk and raw cruciferous vegetable intake (adjusted OR for highest versus lowest category = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97), with a significant trend (P = 0.003); there were no significant associations for fruit, total vegetables, or total cruciferous vegetables. The associations observed for total raw crucifers were also observed for individual raw crucifers. The inverse association remained significant among current and heavy smokers with three or more servings per month of raw cruciferous vegetables (adjusted ORs, 0.46 and 0.60; 95% CI, 0.23-0.93 and 0.38-0.93, respectively). These data suggest that cruciferous vegetables, when consumed raw, may reduce the risk of bladder cancer, an effect consistent with the role of dietary isothiocyanates as chemopreventive agents against bladder cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):938–44)
Height, Body Mass Index, and Ovarian Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 12 Cohort Studies
Authors: Schouten Leo J. , Rivera Christine , Hunter David J. , Spiegelman Donna , Adami Hans-Olov , Arslan Alan , Beeson W. Lawrence , van den Brandt Piet A. , Buring Julie E. , Folsom Aaron R. , Fraser Gary E. , Freudenheim Jo L. , Goldbohm R. Alexandra , Hankinson Susan E. , Lacey James V. , Leitzmann Michael , Lukanova Annekatrin , Marshall James R. , Miller Anthony B. , Patel Alpa V. , Rodriguez Carmen , Rohan Thomas E. , Ross Julie A. , Wolk Alicja , Zhang Shumin M. , Smith-Warner Stephanie A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Although many studies have investigated the association between anthropometry and ovarian cancer risk, results have been inconsistent.
Methods: The associations of height, body mass index (BMI), and ovarian cancer risk were examined in a pooled analysis of primary data from 12 prospective cohort studies from North America and Europe. The study population consisted of 531,583 women among whom 2,036 epithelial ovarian cancer cases were identified. To summarize associations, study-specific relative risks (RR) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then combined using a random-effects model.
Results: Women with height ≥1.70 m had a pooled multivariate RR of 1.38 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-1.65] compared with those with height &lt;1.60 m. For the same comparison, multivariate RRs were 1.79 (95% CI, 1.07-3.00) for premenopausal and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.04-1.49) for postmenopausal ovarian cancer (Pinteraction = 0.14). The multivariate RR for women with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.86-1.22) compared with women with a BMI from 18.5 to 23 kg/m2. For the same comparison, multivariate RRs were 1.72 (95% CI, 1.02-2.89) for premenopausal and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.87-1.33) for postmenopausal women (Pinteraction = 0.07). There was no statistically significant heterogeneity between studies with respect to height or BMI. BMI in early adulthood was not associated with ovarian cancer risk.
Conclusion: Height was associated with an increased ovarian cancer risk, especially in premenopausal women. BMI was not associated with ovarian cancer risk in postmenopausal women but was positively associated with risk in premenopausal women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):902–12)
Evaluation of Claims, Medical Records, and Self-report for Measuring Fecal Occult Blood Testing among Medicare Enrollees in Fee for Service
Authors: Schenck Anna P. , Klabunde Carrie N. , Warren Joan L. , Peacock Sharon , Davis William W. , Hawley Sarah T. , Pignone Michael , Ransohoff David F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: There is no agreement on the best data source for measuring colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Medicare claims have been used to measure CRC testing but the validity of using claims to measure fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) has not been established.
Methods: We compared ascertainment of FOBT among three data sources: self-reports, Medicare claims, and medical records. Data were collected on FOBT use during the study window (1/1/1998 – 12/31/2002). Our study was conducted with North Carolina Medicare enrollees (N = 561) who had previously responded to a telephone survey on CRC tests. FOBT information was abstracted from respondents' physician office medical records and compared with self-reported FOBT use and Medicare claims for FOBT. Data sources were assessed for accuracy and completeness of FOBT reporting using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and agreement.
Results: Reporting of FOBT use in the prior year in medical records and Medicare claims agreed 82% of the time [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 79-85%]. FOBT 1-year use rates from self-report agreed with test use found in medical records 70% of the time (95% CI, 66-74%). The lowest agreement was between self-reported 1-year FOBT use and Medicare claims, which agreed 67% of the time (95% CI, 63-71%).
Conclusions: No data source could be established as providing complete and valid information about FOBT use among Medicare enrollees, showing the difficulty of ascertaining test use rates for noninvasive, low-cost procedures conducted in multiple settings. Caution should be used when attempting to measure FOBT use with self-report, Medicare claims, or medical records. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):799–804)
Validation of Self-reported Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening in a Study of Ethnically Diverse First-Degree Relatives of CRC Cases
Authors: Bastani Roshan , Glenn Beth A. , Maxwell Annette E. , Ganz Patricia A. , Mojica Cynthia M. , Chang L. Cindy 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Evidence about the accuracy of self-reports of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is lacking. We conducted a validation protocol in a randomized trial to increase CRC screening among high-risk individuals.
Methods: First-degree relatives (n = 1,280) of CRC cases who were due for CRC screening were included in the parent trial. All subjects who completed the follow-up interview (n = 948) were asked to participate in validation activities. Self-reports of receipt of CRC screening during the 12-month study period were verified via physicians.
Results: Although 60% (n = 567) verbally agreed, only 171 subjects (18% of original sample) returned the signed validation form with the physician name and contact information and a medical information release statement. The signed forms were mailed to physicians with a $10 incentive and the request to list the dates of recent CRC screening tests. One hundred twenty-three physicians (72% of physicians contacted, 13% of original sample) returned completed validation forms. Rates of agreement were low across all three screening types with physicians verifying self-reported screening for 29% of fecal occult blood testing, 56% of sigmoidoscopy, 55% of colonoscopy, and 57% of any screening test.
Conclusion: Validation of self-report using the type of protocol we used for subjects receiving medical care in many community settings may be unfeasible and cost inefficient. Given the overall low participation rate in validation activities and considerable challenges in collecting high quality data, conclusions about the accuracy of self-reported CRC screening are difficult to make based on the results of this study. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):791–8)
Accuracy of Self-Reported Cancer-Screening Histories: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Rauscher Garth H. , Johnson Timothy P. , Cho Young Ik , Walk Jennifer A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Survey data used to study trends in cancer screening may overestimate screening utilization while potentially underestimating existing disparities in use.
Methods: We did a literature review and meta-analysis of validation studies examining the accuracy of self-reported cancer-screening histories. We calculated summary random-effects estimates for sensitivity and specificity, separately for mammography, clinical breast exam (CBE), Pap smear, prostate-specific antigen testing (PSA), digital rectal exam, fecal occult blood testing, and colorectal endoscopy.
Results: Sensitivity was highest for mammogram, CBE, and Pap smear (0.95, 0.94, and 0.93, respectively) and lowest for PSA and digital rectal exam histories (0.71 and 0.75). Specificity was highest for endoscopy, fecal occult blood testing, and PSA (0.90, 0.78, and 0.73, respectively) and lowest for CBE, Pap smear, and mammogram histories (0.26, 0.48, and 0.61, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity summary estimates tended to be lower in predominantly Black and Hispanic samples compared with predominantly White samples. When estimates of self-report accuracy from this meta-analysis were applied to cancer-screening prevalence estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, results suggested that prevalence estimates are artificially increased and disparities in prevalence are artificially decreased by inaccurate self-reports.
Conclusions: National survey data are overestimating cancer-screening utilization for several common procedures and may be masking disparities in screening due to racial/ethnic differences in reporting accuracy. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):748–57)
A Prospective Evaluation of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I as Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Gunter Marc J. , Hoover Donald R. , Yu Herbert , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Manson JoAnn E. , Li Jixin , Harris Tiffany G. , Rohan Thomas E. , Xue XiaoNan , Ho Gloria Y.F. , Einstein Mark H. , Kaplan Robert C. , Burk Robert D. , Wylie-Rosett Judith , Pollak Michael N. , Anderson Garnet , Howard Barbara V. , Strickler Howard D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity is a major risk factor for endometrial cancer, a relationship thought to be largely explained by the prevalence of high estrogen levels in obese women. Obesity is also associated with high levels of insulin, a known mitogen. However, no prospective studies have directly assessed whether insulin and/or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a related hormone, are associated with endometrial cancer while accounting for estrogen levels. We therefore conducted a case-cohort study of incident endometrial cancer in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a prospective cohort of 93,676 postmenopausal women. The study involved all 250 incident cases and a random subcohort of 465 subjects for comparison. Insulin, total IGF-I, free IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3, glucose, and estradiol levels were measured in fasting baseline serum specimens. Cox models were used to estimate associations with endometrial cancer, particularly endometrioid adenocarcinomas, the main histologic type (n = 205). Our data showed that insulin levels were positively associated with endometrioid adenocarcinoma [hazard ratio contrasting highest versus lowest quartile (HRq4-q1), 2.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.13-4.82] among women not using hormone therapy after adjustment for age and estradiol. Free IGF-I was inversely associated with endometrioid adenocarcinoma (HRq4-q1, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.90) after adjustment for age, hormone therapy use, and estradiol. Both of these associations were stronger among overweight/obese women, especially the association between insulin and endometrioid adenocarcinoma (HRq4-q1, 4.30; 95% CI, 1.62-11.43). These data indicate that hyperinsulinemia may represent a risk factor for endometrioid adenocarcinoma that is independent of estradiol. Free IGF-I levels were inversely associated with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, consistent with prior cross-sectional data. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):921–9)
Transcription Factor 7–like 2Polymorphism and Colon Cancer
Authors: Slattery Martha L. , Folsom Aaron R. , Wolff Roger , Herrick Jenifer , Caan Bette J. , Potter John D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolymorphisms of the transcription factor 7–like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been associated with insulin sensitivity and diabetes, and the TCF7L2 gene is involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, all factors thought to be important in the etiology of colon cancer. In this confirmatory study, we evaluated the rs7903146 TCF7L2 polymorphism with colon cancer using previously collected data on 1,578 cases and 1,966 controls. We did not observe a statistically significant association between the rs7903146 polymorphisms and risk of colon cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.12; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.98-1.28] when evaluating the total population. We did, however, observe a statistically significant interaction between the rs7903146 TCF7L2 polymorphism and recent use of aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; P = 0.001). Increased colon cancer risk associated with the T allele was restricted to those without recent use of aspirin/NSAIDs (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.35-2.02, relative to recent aspirin users, i.e., use of aspirin/NSAIDS within the 2 years before diagnosis, with the CC genotype). Among individuals who reported recent use of aspirin/NSAIDs, the T allele reduced risk of colon cancer (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.62-0.98) in a dose-response fashion (P for linear trend across genotypes = 0.03). These data suggest that colon cancer risk associated with the rs7903146 TCF7L2 polymorphism is modified by use of aspirin/NSAIDs. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):978–82)
Detection and Quantitation ofN′-Nitrosonornicotine in Human Toenails by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Stepanov Irina , Hecht Stephen S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpecific biomarkers of tobacco carcinogen uptake are critical for investigations of the role of tobacco smoke exposure in human cancers. Two new biomarkers of human exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogens have been recently developed by our research group: urinary N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and toenail 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). In this study, we report the presence of NNN in human toenails. Toenails of 17 smokers were analyzed for total NNN. Mean total NNN level in these samples was 4.63 ± 6.48 fmol/mg toenail and correlated with previously reported total NNAL (r = 0.96; P &lt; 0.0001), total nicotine (r = 0.48; P &lt; 0.05), and total cotinine (r = 0.87; P &lt; 0.0001). An interesting finding was that amounts of NNN in smokers' toenails were generally higher than those of total NNAL. The ratio of toenail NNN to NNAL averaged 2.8, whereas the previously reported ratio between these biomarkers in smokers' urine was 0.1. NNN was also found in toenail samples from 12 nonsmokers, averaging 0.35 ± 0.16 fmol/mg and positively correlating with toenail cotinine (r = 0.58; P = 0.05). The results of this study show the feasibility of quantifying NNN in human toenails, providing a potentially useful new biomarker of tobacco carcinogen exposure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):945–8)