bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Clonostachys rosea and Trichoderma spp. as Potential Biocontrol Agents to Pesticides
Authors: Roberti R. , Badiali F. , Pisi A. , Veronesi A. , Pancaldi D. , Cesari A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Clonostachys rosea 47 (CR47), Trichoderma atroviride 59 (TA59), T. atroviride 312 (TA312), Trichoderma harzianum 24 (TH24), Trichoderma longibrachiatum 9 (TL9), T. longibrachiatum 144 (TL144) and Trichoderma viride 15 (TV15) were tested to evaluate their in vitro sensitivity towards five fungicides (carboxin, guazatine, prochloraz, thiram and triticonazole) and four herbicides (chlorsulfuron, chlorotoluron, flufenacet and pendimethalin). All antagonists showed low sensitivity to carboxin and thiram and high sensitivity to prochloraz. For mycelial radial growth, TV15 was highly sensitive to guazatine, prochloraz and triticonazole and TH24 moderately insensitive to carboxin, guazatine and thiram. For conidial germination TL144 was the most sensitive to the fungicides, for mycelial radial growth and conidial germination CR47 was the least sensitive. None of the antagonists showed any mycelial radial growth inhibition in presence of the herbicides at field dose, except for TL144. Most antagonists did not show any conidial germination inhibition by the herbicides. The in vitro toxicity of prochloraz, guazatine and triticonazole towards the antagonists was confirmed by light and scanning electron microscope showing hyphal disruptions and extrusion of cytoplasmic content. A mixture of CR47 and/or TA312 with carboxin, thiram and triticonazole, applied to wheat seeds, was able to control Fusarium culmorum artificially inoculated to wheat seedlings in growth chambers. In the field, the antagonists applied along with triticonazole or thiram, at 1/10 of the field dose to seeds naturally infected by F. culmorum, gave a disease control comparable to that induced by triticonazole at full field dose. Our results demonstrate how an integration of microorganisms with pesticides makes the control of wheat foot rot possible.
Relatedness Among Agronomically Important Rusts Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene and Ribosomal ITS Sequences
Authors: Grasso V. , Sierotzki H. , Garibaldi A. , Gisi U. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of 13 agronomically important plant pathogenic Basidiomycetes was sequenced, including several Puccinia spp., Uromyces appendiculatus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Hemileia vastatrix and Rhizoctonia solani. The deduced amino acid sequences (residues 142–266) were used to study the relatedness of these pathogens as compared to other species of the Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Oomycetes. The relatedness was also studied at nuclear level using the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) in the ribosomal DNA. Phylogenic trees were constructed with the maximum parsimony (MP) and the neighbour‐joining (NJ) methods. On the basis of both cytochrome b and ITS sequences, the Puccinia species pathogenic to graminaceous crop plants, such as Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, Puccinia hordei, P. recondita f. sp. secalis and Puccinia sorghi, together with Puccinia horiana from Chrysanthemum, were very closely related to each other, whereas Puccinia arachidis (from peanut) was closely related to U. appendiculatus (from beans) but more distant from the other Puccinia species. Both rusts on soybean (P. pachyrhizi) and coffee (H. vastatrix) were outside the Puccinia cluster. All rusts were separated from other Basidiomycetes such as R. solani and the strobilurin producing species Strobilurus tenacellus and Mycena galopoda. Our results demonstrate that the amino acid sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b is a valid tool to study phylogenic relatedness among plant pathogenic Basidiomycetes and supports taxonomic grouping based on morphological structures and host specificity. Because of their high variability, ITS sequences were able to discriminate Puccinia species, which were identical on the basis of the cytochrome b amino acid sequence. Thus, ITS sequences could better show differences among species or within a species, whereas cytochrome b is more suitable than ITS for phyologenic inference at family or genus level. In addition, the sequence data obtained during this study represent essential information for easy isolation of the cyt b gene and detection of point mutations conferring resistance to Qo Inhibitor fungicides that eventually may evolve.
Estimating the ECB Policy Reaction Function
Authors: Carstensen Kai 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper estimates the policy reaction function of the European Central Bank in the first four years of EMU using an ordered probit model which accounts for the fact that central bank rates are set at multiples of 25 basis points. Starting from a baseline model which mimics the Taylor rule, the impacts of different economic variables on interest rate decisions are analysed. It is concluded that the monetary growth measure which was announced by the ECB as the first pillar of their monetary strategy does not play an outstanding role for the actual interest rate decisions. More sophisticated measures like the money overhang which uses information from both pillars are better suited. Overall, it is concluded that the revision of the monetary policy strategy in May 2003 which implied a downgrading of the first pillar will not induce any observable changes in monetary policy decisions.
Some Observations on the Great Depression in Germany
Authors: Weder Mark 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This paper evaluates the role of preference shocks during the Great Depression in Germany. From Euler equation residuals, I am able to identify a series of contractionary shocks that struck the German economy from 1929 to 1932. I apply the sequence of these taste innovations to a dynamic general-equilibrium model and find that the size and the order of shocks can generate a pattern that can explain the lion’s share of the decline in economic activity. The artificial economy also predicts a swift recovery after 1932, thereby questioning any significant effects of Nazi economic policy.
The distribution of intermediate‐conductance, calcium‐activated, potassium (IK) channels in epithelial cells
Authors: Thompson‐Vest Nichola , Shimizu Yasutake , Hunne Billie , Furness John B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIntermediate‐conductance, calcium‐activated, potassium (IK) channels were first identified by their roles in cell volume regulation, and were later shown to be involved in control of proliferation of lymphocytes and to provide a K+current for epithelial secretory activity. Until now, there has been no systematic investigation of IK channel localization within different epithelia. IK channel immunoreactivity was present in most epithelia, where it occurred in surface membranes of epithelial cells. It was found in all stratified epithelia, including skin, cornea, oral mucosa, vaginal mucosa, urothelium and the oesophageal lining. It occurred in the ducts of fluid‐secreting glands, the salivary glands, lacrimal glands and pancreas, and in the respiratory epithelium. A low level of expression was seen in serous acinar cells. It was also found in other epithelia with fluid‐exchange properties, the choroid plexus epithelium, the ependyma, visceral pleura and peritoneum, bile ducts and intestinal lining epithelium. However, there was little or no expression in vascular endothelial cells, kidney tubules or collecting ducts, lung alveoli, or in sebaceous glands. It is concluded that the channel is present in surface epithelia (e.g. skin) where it has a cell‐protective role against osmotic challenge, and in epithelia where there is anion secretion that is facilitated by a K+current‐dependent hyperpolarization. It was also in some epithelial cells where its roles are as yet unknown.
The superior colliculus of the camel: a neuronal‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and neuropeptide study
Authors: Mensah‐Brown E. P. K. , Garey L. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this study we examined the superior colliculus of the midbrain of the one‐humped (dromedary) camel, Camelus dromedarius, using Nissl staining and anti‐neuronal‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) immunohistochemistry for total neuronal population as well as for the enkephalins, somatostatin (SOM) and substance P (SP). It was found that, unlike in most mammals, the superior colliculus is much larger than the inferior colliculus. The superior colliculus is concerned with visual reflexes and the co‐ordination of head, neck and eye movements, which are certainly of importance to this animal with large eyes, head and neck, and apparently good vision. The basic neuronal architecture and lamination of the superior colliculus are similar to that in other mammals. However, we describe for the first time an unusually large content of neurons in the superior colliculus with strong immunoreactivity for met‐enkephalin, an endogenous opioid. We classified the majority of these neurons as small (perimeters of 40–50 µm), and localized diffusely throughout the superficial grey and stratum opticum. In addition, large pyramidal‐like neurons with perimeters of 100 µm and above were present in the intermediate grey layer. Large unipolar cells were located immediately dorsal to the deep grey layer. By contrast, small neurons (perimeters of 40–50 µm) immunopositive to SOM and SP were located exclusively in the superficial grey layer. We propose that this system may be associated with a pain‐inhibiting pathway that has been described from the periaqueductal grey matter, juxtaposing the deep layers of the superior colliculus, to the lower brainstem and spinal cord. Such pain inhibition could be important in relation to the camel's life in the harsh environment of its native deserts, often living in very high temperatures with no shade and a diet consisting largely of thorny branches.
In vivo fibreoptic confocal imaging (FOCI) of the human ocular surface
Authors: Wells A. P. , Wakely L. , Birchall W. , Delaney P. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecent developments in the miniaturization of confocal imaging technology have resulted in the development of a hand‐held confocal microscope probe. There are many structures of interest in the human eye that are within reach of a fluorescence‐mode confocal microscope; this study assessed the feasibility of in vivo human ocular imaging. Safety analysis was undertaken to ensure that the laser light applied to the ocular surface structures constituted no threat to patient safety. A fibreoptic confocal imaging (FOCI) probe using an illumination wavelength of 488 nm was applied to the ocular surface of four volunteers after topical administration of sodium fluorescein. Stabilization of the probe on the ocular surface was difficult, but movement artefacts could be minimized to a satisfactory level in most subjects by a variety of procedures. High‐quality images of conjunctival epithelial and goblet cells, lamina propria structures, accessory lacrimal glands, lacrimal ducts and superficial sclera were obtained. Lateral resolution was 1–1.5 µm and axial resolution was approximately 30 µm; individual erythrocytes could be seen in conjunctival vessels. The rete ridges and intervening epithelial components, including the probable location of corneal limbal stem cells, could be viewed, although it was not possible to distinguish cell subgroups. The study showed that fluorescence‐mode imaging of the ocular surface is a viable and promising tool for assessment of diseases and processes involving superficial ocular structures. Refinement of equipment and techniques, particularly probe stabilization, is necessary to realize fully the potential of FOCI for ocular use.
Immunohistochemical localization of G protein βγ subunits in the lateral wall of the rat cochlea
Authors: Khan Khalid M. , Sarfaraz Noorjehan , Siddiqui Sammer , Nawaz Haq 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe role of G protein‐mediated signal transduction in the production of endolymph, an extracellular fluid of unusual ionic composition, is beginning to be understood. The identity of Gα subunits in the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct is well established. However, little is known about the presence of βγ subunits. This study used immunohistochemistry to investigate the distribution of G protein βγ subunits in the lateral wall of the cochlea. Temporal bones of 6‐ to 8‐week‐old rats were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde and processed for embedding in paraffin wax. The dewaxed, midmodiolar sections of the cochlea were incubated with subunit‐specific polyclonal antibodies. The results show that the pattern of immunoreactivity varies for the G protein β1–4 and γ1–3, 5 and 7 subunits in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. In the stria vascularis, immunoreactivity was detected for β2, β3, β4, γ1, γ2 and γ7 subunits. All five types of fibrocytes in the spiral ligament exhibited positive staining for γ2 and γ7. However, immunoreactivity for β1–4 subunits was variable. Immunoreactivity for γ3 and γ5 subunits was not detected in the lateral cochlear wall. The expression pattern of G protein βγ subunits in lateral wall provides a basis for interpreting the functions of G protein‐coupled receptors in cochlear fluid homeostasis.
New Approaches to Bourgeois Resistance in Germany and Austria, 1933–1945
Authors: Kurlander Eric 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMiddle class Protestants and Catholics constituted the largest single constituency in the Third Reich, inclusive of Austria. Yet few historians in recent years have examined the role of bourgeois resistance. Rather, contemporary scholarship tends to emphasize the willingness of the German middle classes to accommodate National Socialism (Anpassung), focusing almost exclusively on working class, women's and minority opposition (ResistenzorVerweigerung). The purpose of this article is to offer some fruitful lines of inquiry that might help us to reassess the role of the German and Austrian middle classes in resisting the Third Reich.
Technology and the World the Slaves Made
Authors: Gudmestad Robert 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe study of American slavery is a crowded field and each year the historical profession witnesses the publication of several new books. Despite this steady onslaught of scholarship, significant gaps remain in our understanding of slavery and its influence on the South. One area that has lacked sustained attention is the nexus of slavery and technological development. Several new books demonstrate that changes in technology profoundly altered the lives and labor of slaves. Historians have approached the presence of technology in a slave society from several different traditions. Some scholars argued that plantation development and mechanical progress were difficult to wed together, while others noted the progressive nature of southern agricultural production, but discussions of white attitudes and behavior overshadowed the effects of machinery on the lives of slaves. An innovative approach has emphasized the employment of slaves in factories, but such works have done little to provide insight into how technological innovation influenced plantation slaves. Several new studies have reversed these trends and promise to lead us in important directions. Examinations of the cotton gin, steamboats, sugar plantations, and clocks have revealed that technology brought enormous change to the bulk of slaves, not just those living in urban areas or working in factories. Patterns and practices of work, opportunities for autonomy, and time away from the master's unstinting gaze, all changed because of mechanical innovation. Taken together, these new works also provide clues to the making and remaking of the southern economy and society.
Exsolution textures of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in high‐grade BIF of the Voronezh Crystalline Massif: evidence of ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism
Authors: FONAREV V. I. , PILUGIN S. M. , SAVKO K. A. , NOVIKOVA M. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractArchaean banded iron formation (BIF) of the Voronezh Crystalline Massif (VCM) contains coexisting clino‐ and orthopyroxenes with exsolution textures. The pyroxene in the VCM BIF is found in two generations, with only the first generation containing such textures. Clinopyroxene contains large (up to 5–10 μm) (0 0 1) orthopyroxene (Opx1L) lamellae in a host clinopyroxene (Cpx1H). This host Cpx, in turn, exsolves into thin (∼1 μm) (1 0 0) lamellae of orthopyroxene (Opx2L) and clinopyroxene (Cpx2H). Orthopyroxene exhibits similar exsolution textures with large (up to 50 μm) (0 0 1) clinopyroxene (Cpx1L) lamellae developed in a host orthopyroxene (Opx1H). This clinopyroxene Cpx1L shows further exsolution of thin (1 0 0) Opx2LL lamellae and clinopyroxene (Cpx2LH). Point microprobe analysis, raster‐mode microprobe analysis, and microprobe element mapping of mineral grains with a large number of point analysis were used to determine the composition of the exsolution products and the primary chemistry of the coexisting clinopyroxene (CaO = 14.86–17.26 wt%) and pigeonite (CaO = 4.45–6.23 wt%). These pyroxenes crystallized during the peak of metamorphism, and application of the Lindsley geothermometer suggested that they formed at extremely high temperatures of about 1000 °C. Primary very dense CO2‐rich fluid inclusions (ρ = 1.152 g cm−3,Th = −49.2 °C) were discovered for the first time in these BIF. With these data, the metamorphic pressure was estimated as 10–11 kbar (depth 36–40 km). Such ultrahigh temperature–high pressure (UHT–HP) conditions for the regional metamorphism of the Precambrian BIF have previously been reported only for Archaean meta‐ironstone from the Napier Complex (Enderby Land, Antarctica). They give an insight into the peak metamorphic conditions of the BIF of the VCM, their burial under thickened continental crust during this period of Earth evolution and suggest a more complicated multistage metamorphic and tectono‐thermal history for the region than has previously been postulated.
Haplotypes of the Human RET Proto‐oncogene Associated with Hirschsprung Disease in the Italian Population Derive from a Single Ancestral Combination of Alleles
Authors: Lantieri F. , Griseri P. , Puppo F. , Campus R. , Martucciello G. , Ravazzolo R. , Devoto M. , Ceccherini I. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe RET proto‐oncogene is the major gene involved in the complex genetics of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), or aganglionic megacolon, showing causative loss‐of‐function mutations in 15–30% of the sporadic cases. Several RET polymorphisms and haplotypes have been described in association with the disease, suggesting a role for this gene in HSCR predisposition, also in the absence of mutations in the coding region. Finally, the presence of a functional variant in intron 1 has repeatedly been proposed to explain such findings. Here we report a case‐control study conducted on 97 Italian HSCR sporadic patients and 85 population matched controls, using 13 RET polymorphisms distributed throughout the gene, from the basal promoter to the 3′UTR. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses have shown increased recombination between the 5′ and 3′ portions of the gene and an over‐representation, in the cases studied, of two haplotypes sharing a common allelic combination that extends from the promoter up to intron 5. We propose that these two disease‐associated haplotypes derive from a single founding locus, extending up to intron 19 and successively rearranged in correspondence with a high recombination rate region located between the proximal and distal portions of the gene. Our results suggests the possibility that a common HSCR predisposing variant, in linkage disequilibrium with such haplotypes, is located further downstream than the previously suggested interval encompassing intron 1.
Differential Distribution of Human Mitochondrial DNA in Somatic Tissues and Hairs
Authors: Lee Hwan Young , Chung Ukhee , Park Myung Jin , Yoo Ji‐Eun , Han Gil‐Ro , Shin Kyoung‐Jin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) distribution within tissues during life, we observed length heteroplasmy in a polycytosine tract of the mitochondrial HV2 region by size‐based separation of PCR products, using a mutagenic primer which was designed to avoid stutter production. Blood, brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscle and hair shaft samples were collected during autopsies of 25 individuals. Here, we demonstrate differences in the level of mtDNA length heteroplasmy both within and between individuals and tissues. We also show that mtDNA is distributed randomly in varying proportions in various somatic tissues during growth, resulting in an imbalance in the composition of mtDNA pools among tissues. This mtDNA distribution appears not to be strictly random, and can be explained by the random somatic segregation of nucleoids. On the other hand, significant qualitative/quantitative mtDNA peak pattern variations in hair shafts are thought to be a result of the different developmental origins of hairs. Each hair shaft may have a restricted or clonal set of mtDNA molecules derived from a discrete group of stem cells.
Transfusion‐associated Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) in Mexico: implications for transfusion medicine in the United States
Authors: Kirchhoff Louis V. , Paredes Patricia , Lomelí‐Guerrero Abel , Paredes‐Espinoza Mario , Ron‐Guerrero Carlos S. , Delgado‐Mejía Manuel , Peña‐Muñoz José G. 
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND:  Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan cause of Chagas disease, causes life‐long infection and is easily transmitted by blood transfusion. Our goals were to determine the prevalence of Chagas disease among donors in five Mexican blood banks, to look for evidence of transmission of T. cruzi by transfusion, and to evaluate two serologic assays for Chagas disease.STUDY DESIGN and METHODS:  Blood samples from donors were tested initially with the Abbott Chagas EIA or the Meridian Chagas’ IgG ELISA. Samples giving readings that were at least 50% of the cutoffs were run in a confirmatory radioimmune precipitation assay (RIPA), as were samples from recipients of blood products from RIPA‐positive donors.RESULTS:  The overall prevalence of Chagas disease was 1/133 (55/7,296; 0.75%). In addition, 4 of 9 surviving recipients of blood products from T. cruzi‐infected donors were in turn infected. Using the manufacturers’ recommended cutoffs, the sensitivity and specificity of the Abbott test were 92.0% (23/25) and 99.8% (2,865/2,872) respectively, and the corresponding values for the Meridian assay were 70.0% (21/30) and 100.0% (4,369/4,369).CONCLUSIONS:  These findings indicate clearly that transfusion‐associated transmission of T. cruzi is occurring in the study areas. Serologic testing of blood donors for Chagas disease should be performed there and in the rest of Mexico. The two screening assays evaluated may lack the accuracy necessary for blood donor testing when used as suggested by the manufacturers.