bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DSM III in Outreach Psychiatry
Authors: Blansjaar Ben A. , Bruna Tijs 
Published: March 2007

As making a diagnosis in emergency psychiatry is often difficult, whether the systematic use of a diagnostic classification is worthwhile can be questioned. In the psychiatric emergency service in The Hague, The Netherlands, the use of a DSM III classification list was evaluated by comparing emergency service diagnoses during subsequent psychiatric treatments in 237 out of 300 consecutive contacts. For Organic Mental Disorders, Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders, the Kappa coefficient of agreement was found to lie between 0.5 and 0.6. The application of DSM III categories is considered to be suited to diagnostic classification in outreach emergency psychiatry.
Community-Based Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in U.S.a. and Norway: Insights for New Service Delivery Systems
Authors: Kleiner Robert J. , Drews Dale 
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a successful community-based psychiatric treatment program in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and describes subsequent experiences seeking approval of similar programs in Philadelphia and in Oslo, Norway. Previous studies have shown that the Philadelphia community-based program, which used patient social networks and indigenous community workers assisted by psychologi cal and psychiatric professionals, provided better treatment outcomes than traditional hospital programs and socioenvironmental treatment programs. On the basis of these experiences a new service delivery system was proposed which integrates patient social networks, community workers, and lay community organizations with mental health center professionals. Examination of differences in official responses to the proposal shows the importance of several factors, including the mental health bureaucracy's perception of patient potential, their openness to social psychological therapy, and the power struggles within the bureaucracy and the professional community.
Working Status and Anxiety Levels of Urban Educated Women in Calcutta
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Susmita , Dewanji Anup , Majumder Partha P. 
Published: March 2007

The primary objective of the present study was to assess the impact of out-of-home employment on anxiety levels of mothers. A study group of working mothers resident in Calcutta (India) was compared with a socioeconomically similar group of non-working mothers with respect to their anxiety level, measured by the Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, in terms of the total anxiety score and its various personality components. The possible relationships between anxiety score and age of these mothers as well as their children were studied. Non-working mothers showed higher anxiety levels than their working counterparts with respect to the total anxiety score as well as its components, although the differences were statistically non-significant. The anxiety scores of non-working mothers showed increasing values with increasing age of children. This trend was absent among the working mothers. The age of these mothers was not related to their anxiety level.
More on the Influence of End Constraints on Off-Axis Tensile Tests
Authors: Rizzo R.R. 
Published: March 2007

An analytical investigation has been made of gripping effects on the off-axis tensile test results for flat specimens. It is an extension of the earlier work of Pagano and Halpin [1] and aims at establishing approxi mate bounds on the accuracy of the subject test. Considered are the cases of rigid clamping with and without end rotation for selected properties which are typical of glass, boron and graphite composites. Solutions of the corresponding mathematical models are effected numerically, utilizing a computerized finite-element approach. The results support the findings of [1] in demonstrating that length/width ratio and type of constraint can significantly modify the intended uniform stress/strain fields in the subject test. Despite this adverse effect, the analysis suggests that if strain measurements can be properly recorded, reasonably accurate test results should be obtain able for even small length/width specimens. Moreover, though the numerical results lack the generality of closed-form solutions, it would still appear that the trends estimated for the special glass, boron, and graphite systems are typical of other hard composite systems in these respective families.
Patterns of Diplomacy
Authors: Galtung Johan , Ruge Mari Holmboe 
Published: March 2007

In this article the institution of diplomacy is examined in terms of its main functions: negotiation, representation and as a channel of information. Some theses about how diplomacy changes with growing internationalization, about changes in diplomatic style from elite-oriented via treaty-oriented to structure-oriented diplomacy, about the various effects the extraordinarily high rank of the diplomat has, about the types of contact diplomats usually have in the host-society and about the loyalty problems of diplomats, are advanced, illustrated with examples and discussed. In the second part of the article the changes over time in one particular foreign service, that of Norway, are analyzed. The method used was to obtain all available information about the social backgrounds, education and diplomatic careers of the 398 who had been or still were members of the Norwegian foreign service as diplomats from the last century up to the end of 1964. Most of the article shows trends in these data when they are divided in five or six phases, defined by events in the history of Norway in general and its foreign service in particular. These trends are found to be consistent with the theory fragments advanced in the first part of the article, but other interpretations are also possible. Finally some predictions are made with regard to what future diplomacy will look like, and some major sources of conflict are pointed out.
Reliability and Validity of Some Patterns of International Interaction in an Inter-Nation Simulation
Authors: Nardin Terry , Cutler Meal E. 
Published: March 2007

The study evaluates the reliability and validity of the Inter-Nation Simulation (INS) as an operating model of international interaction. Reliability is evaluated by comparing correlation coefficients describing patterns of interaction in one series of runs of the INS with coefficients generated during a second series of runs. Of 21 reliability comparisons, 2 were found to differ by a magnitude of .20 or more. Validity is evaluated by comparing coefficients describing patterns of interaction in the combined runs of the INS with coefficients observed in data from the international system chosen as a referent. Of 21 validity comparisons, 10 were found to differ by a magnitude of .20 or more. These 10 comparisons, all involving relationships represented by high correlations in the referent system but low correlations in the INS, are interpreted as mispredictions of the INS—i. e., as relationships which exist in the referent system, but which the INS fails to gener ate. Further analysis aimed at isolating the particular relationships and variables involved in these mispredictions is reported as a basis for revising the INS model.
Un Peace-Keeping: the Cyprus Venture
Authors: Stegenga James A. 
Published: March 2007

The United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was established in March 1964 to help deal with the explosive communal violence that had racked the tiny Mediterranean island since the previous Christmas — violence that threatened to plunge NATO allies Greece and Turkey into a war that would inevitably have involved the great powers. This latest major UN military operation reveals a great deal about the limits and possibilities of UN peace- keeping in volatile Third World trouble spots. Generally, UNFICYP has been a model of administrative efficiency. And the Force has ably, honorably, and imaginatively performed a wide array of helpful peace-keeping and civic-action functions. On the other hand, it has become clear that a military operation, even one under United Nations auspices and encompassing extensive civic-action projects, has a limited capacity to mitigate civil conflict and is no substitute for traditional political settlement procedures. The UNFICYP experience serves to illustrate the peace-making limitations of even the most highly effective peace-keeping force to date. Finally, UNFICYP seems to be a more likely model for possible future United Nations peace-keeping forces than either the Suez or Congo operations.
Economic and Power Frustrations as Predictors of Industrial an d pOlitical Con Flict Strategies
Authors: Talikka Annikki 
Published: March 2007

The article is a precis of a thesis originally published in Finnish. The study aimed at elu cidating the connection between short term situations of economic and power frustration, and conflict strategies of different parties (Right, Center, and Left) in internal political conflict in countries with multiparty system and capitalistic economy. The object of inquiry was primarily Finland 1919-1933. Material was gathered from sta tistics and comparable documents. Situations of economic frustration were measured by i. a. decrease of profits in agriculture, by bankruptcies in industry and commerce, and by price indexes for various products. Situations of power frustration were measured by the distribution of political power among parties in Parliament and communal councils during different election periods. Conflict strategies of the Left were measured by workers' membership in trade unions, and by union activity. Right and Center conflict strategies were measured by degree of organization of the employers and by activity of their organi zations, by propaganda competition and its prevention, by support given the armed bour geois militia, and by application of laws designed to criminalize the Left. The analysis had two phases. Preliminary classification of variables was made by factor analysis, and the subsequent main analysis by canonical correlations, taking the frustration situations and the conflict strategies of the Left as prognostic factors and conflict strategies of the Right and Center as those to be predicted. Our main hypothesis - that economic frustration leads to intensified conflict strategies against the opposing party - was completely supported. Generally we can say that in favour able economic conditions the conflicting parties choose a cooperative strategy advantageous to themselves; in situations of slight economic frustration they tend to choose a strategy of competition manifested in the use of money or other forms; while in situations of serious economic frustration they choose a strategy of suppression aimed at partial or total elimi nation of the opposition power. The hypothesis that situations of power frustration have a sharpening influence on conflict strategies, on the other hand, seemed valid only as far as the Center was concerned: according to our findings the Center is inclined to sharpen its strategies when its power diminishes, but the Right as its power increases. The explanation may lie in the powerful basic frustration of the Right consequent upon the realization of political democracy. Minor victories in elections were not able to eliminate the basic frus tration and therefore the Right, while in the ascendancy, strove in one way or another to undermine the power of its opponent, the Left, at least of the influence it had lost when political democracy was realized.
Peace and Security by Means of Arms Limitations — Six Imperatives of the German Grundgesetz to Orient Defense Policy towards its Consequences
Authors: Lutz Dieter S. 
Published: March 2007

One of the imperatives binding the state's defense measures is the quest for peace in the Grundgesetz, especially as it is expressed in Articles 24-26, directed against any form of abstract endangerment of peace. The logic of these imperatives, intending to avoid all mea sures which might infringe upon peace, implies that the FRG is obliged to renounce every armament measure, insofar as defensive character of an arms system is not beyond doubt. Moreover, we must keep in mind that it is not the German citizen, but man and his rights in general, who forms the focus of the Grundgesetz, insofar as there is a concept of peace, in positive terms, unequivocally underlying the Grundgesetz. Consequently, mea sures of defense against an external attack may never have the effect of retaliation. The parti cipation of the FRG in the system of deterrence is thus inhibited by the extent that she would have to threaten to retaliate upon potential external enemies to maintain her 'credibility'.
Nationalization of Oil in Venezuela
Authors: Bye Vegard 
Published: March 2007

Venezuela has been one of the leading proponents of a new international economic order. As a major oil producer it was instrumental in the creation of OPEC. It has also realized a basic element of a NIEO — the nationalization of basic economic resources. The oil industry was nationalized on January 1, 1976, while the second-ranking export industry, iron and steel, had been expropriated one year earlier. In this paper the effects of oil nationalization in Venezuela are studied to establish whether the previous structure of foreign dominance has been fundamentally altered. A set of dominance indicators is defined and applied to Venezuela before and after nationalization. The main conclusion is that dominance structures persisted, but with some differences between indicators. The expected long-term effect of increased oil prices, oil nationalization and the new development strategy, is that the degree of mono-production will be reduced, whereas economic and technological penetration as well as dependence on foreign trade will actually increase. This points to the need for more fundamental changes in power relation ships inside the country. Nationalization alone does not guarantee a development in the interests of the majority.
Social Carriers of Techniques for Development
Authors: Edquist Charles , Edqvist Olle 
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between social change and technical change in developing countries. However, we believe that our approach and our concepts — with relevant modifications — are applicable to the industrialized countries as well. Initially we distinguish between the concepts of technique and technology and discuss certain characteristic properties of techniques and their consequences for society. Thereafter we point to the fact that the structure of the socio-economic and political system conditions the choice of technique. Thus, this choice is not mainly a matter of conscious policy-making by certain decisionmakers (actors). However, social entities and institutions actually do make decisions to implement some techniques rather than others, and they do have some freedom of action. Therefore, if the relation between social and technical change is to be properly understood, we claim that an actor-oriented perspective is necessary as a supplement to the structural perspective. Such an actor-oriented perspective is introduced through the presentation of the concept social carriers of techniques. A social carrier of a technique is a social entity which chooses and implements a tehnique: it 'carries' it into the society. Such a carrier may be a company, an agricultural cooperative, or an individual peasant. Every technique must have an actual social carrier in order to be chosen and implemented. Finally we scrutinize the notion of 'appropriate technology', stressing the fact that the main — and disregarded — problem with implementation of these 'appropriate techniques' is that they have no social carriers. Even if they had, they would not in themselves solve the problem of widespread unemployment in developing countries.
The Correlation of World Forces: the Soviet Concept
Authors: Lider Julian 
Published: March 2007

Four questions in the Soviet concept of the correlation of world forces are discussed: the actors, the forces, the character of the correlation, and the role of the correlation in world development. The discussion concludes with a comment on the differences between the Soviet and the Western approaches. The Soviet concept differs from the traditional notion of the balance of power in three respects. First, it is based on the Marxist-Leninist philosophy, which sees the world as evolving according to the laws of history towards socialism; a favourable correlation of world forces is both the outcome of such a development and a condition of further progress. Secondly, Soviet politicians and scholars regard the international system as based on the interaction of two antagonistic camps, opposed to each other in their socio-economic and political systems, doctrines, and policies. Finally, the concept seems to entail three, or even four, kinds of correlation: 1) the correlation of power on the global scale; 2) the correlation on the highly important regional scale, i. e. which concerns the power of the Warsaw Treaty states and the NATO states in Europe; and 3) the correlation, within the socialist system, of the power of the Soviet Union and other states. Recently a fourth kind of correlation has been included: that between the Soviet Union and China, and it is regarded as playing a significant role in the world equation of power. Balance of power theories and models based on the concept of the interplay of a number of great powers are dismissed by Soviet scholars as outmoded and artificial, distort ing the real correlation of forces between the actual competitors. In spite of Soviet argumentation, the differences between Soviet and the traditional con cepts are not very clear. This is because the Soviet concept is treated as a means of policy rather than as a scientific construction. It is used to justify the status of the Soviet Union as one of the two leading world powers capable of backing by its military posture a widening range of interests; further to confirm Soviet predominance in the socialist camp; finally, to buttress the bargaining position of the Soviet Union in negotiations concerning arms control and regional cocrrelation of forces.
Invulnerability without Threat
Authors: Fischer Dietrich 
Published: March 2007

The notion of'military strength' must be divided into two different concepts. One is offensive power, the ability to inflict harm on others or to exert threats. This stimulates the arms race and is detrimental to international security. The other is defensive power, invulnerability, the ability to resist harm intended by others, which strengthens international security. This paper classifies various measures, both military and non-military, intended to protect national security, along the offensive-defensive dimension. Among the defensive measures considered is the potential for self-sufficiency in vital sectors of the economy, such as food and energy, during an emergency, as an alternative to reliance on obtaining such supplies from abroad, if necessary by force. It is then examined to what extent the Swiss concept of general defense corresponds to a desirable model. Ways are proposed in which a country can contribute to international peace, without risking its security through unilateral disarmament, through a form of 'transarmament', a shift to purely defensive measures, which do not reduce the security of others, but may indeed strengthen it as well.
Simulation of Casual Sustainment During Naval Combat Operations
Authors: Blood Christopher G. , Odowick Michael S. , Marks Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2007

Medical resource planning for military operations requires estimates of the average daily patient flows as well as maximum and minimum daily patient loads. To this end, a medical casualty projection system for shipboard forces (SHIPCAS) has been developed. The SHIPCAS simulation system provides estimates of the numbers of ships that may be attacked in a given scenario, and then yields numbers of expected casualties. The basis of the projections are eighty naval engagements which took place during the Second World War. The statistical distributions of ship hit rates, wounded-in- action, killed-in-action, and disease and non- battle injuries incidence were analyzed by battle intensity, weapon system, and ship type. Simulated data reflect the salient character istics of empirical data in terms of number and distributions of ship attacks, ship type hit distributions, and weapon-specific casualty sustainment. The casualty estimates from the simulation results may be used as input for medical resource planning projections.
Compensation for Delay in the Visual Display of a Driving Simulator
Authors: Hogema Jeroen H. 
Published: March 2007

One of the aspects that cause an interactive vehicle simulator to differ from the real system is delay in the visual display. Because of this delay, the person in the simulator receives visual feedback of his control actions slightly later when compared with the real system, which can reduce the task performance. Compensation techniques can be applied to reduce the effects of delay. This article describes an algorithm that was implemented in a driving simulator for this purpose. Two experiments were carried out, in which subjects drove the simulator with and without compensation, to evaluate its effect on task performance and control effort. The results show that the display delay is counterbalanced by the compensation in an effective and efficient manner: when using the compensation, driving behaviour in the simulator has a better resemblance to that in the real vehicle.
Analyse sociologique du changement social et religieux
Authors: Laloux J. 
Published: March 2007

At the origin of a change in the religious behavior of a group there is often a social mutation. Religious sociology in itself is not sufficient in the analysis of this phenomenon. The comparison of sociographic studies makes possible a further step ahead. If they are made in a historical perspective, their value is still greater. The explanation of phenomena, however, and of their various processes requires sociological and psycholo gical analyses. It is therefore necessary to begin with a sociological theory of religious change. The author develops a theory which he calls «con frontation». This appears in the individual in the case of a social or cultural change. The confrontation provokes a tension. The latter in turn often occasions a conflict (especially one of values), which is resolved either by a new synthesis, or else by a rupture. This process is studied on the level of the individual and on that of the group. The theory of subject-object adequation serves also to complete the sociological explanation of religious changes. 1 Ed. Spes, Paris, 1956. 2 Emile Pin, s.j., op. cit., pp. 264 et 265. Abbé J. LALOUX, membre du Centre de Recherches socio-religieuses de Bruxelles, directeur du Bureau de Namur. 5, place du Chapitre, Namur - Belgique.