bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Problems in the Study of Hostility and Aggression in Middle-Class American Families
Authors: Naegele K. D. 
Published: June 2006

This paper is primarily an impressionistic sketch of an on-going piece of family research. No conclusions can as yet be offered. Instead, I intend briefly to suggest a frame of reference for the study of family hostility as well as enumerate some of the procedures of field work used in the present project.Much has been written about the family by many sociologists of various persuasions. Yet a large part of this phase of sociological effort leaves one dissatisfied. Admittedly data on our own types of family structure are hidden from clear view precisely because of their familiarity as well as their privacy. But this fact is not sufficient to account for the disparity between the experienced complexity of family life and the sparsity of published details made significant by a sustained and incisive theoretic orientation. Headway could be made by the use of a frame of reference which combines sociological with psychological considerations, without confusing them, and which draws its vitality from the impassioned analyses of the structure of large-scale social systems and of individual character as begun by Weber and Freud. At the present time family research seems on the whole to have made little consistent use of the leads of kinship analysis and to have by-passed a cumulative effort at spelling out the empirical details of the social structure of various types of American families. As it is, we hear much about the family as a “unity of interacting personalities,” about processes of accommodation or conflict, or about the kinds of valuation that marital partners place upon one another; yet we hear little of the intervening details which, in their fullness, would give us a sense of how indeed a family as an on-going concern functions and how the inherent or emergent demands of its social structure are met, how the social structure of a family is related meaningfully or functionally to the rest of the social system, and how any given family of orientation dissolves into successive families of procreation.
Mr. King and Parliamentary Government
Authors: Forsey Eugene 
Published: June 2006

What Mr. King said and did about parliamentary government constitutes his most important and distinctive contribution to the development of our constitution, and to Canadian political ideas. This is partly because parliamentary government is the very essence of our constitution; partly because Mr. King had an enormous amount to say about it, and an unrivalled opportunity to put his ideas into practice; and partly because this is the one field in which his ideas were completely original.This is notably true of his theory of the Crown. Two facts about it are unmistakable. First, he did not believe in the “rubber stamp” theory. In the 1926 crisis, he said three times, once in the House of Commons and twice in his opening campaign speech, that there would be circumstances in which the Crown would be justified in refusing dissolution. He also said, before the vote on the Robb motion, that if Mr. Meighen's Government were defeated, and did not resign, the Governor-General should dismiss it, and he himself would take responsibility for the dismissal. This is about as far from the “rubber stamp” theory as anybody could get. Second, except in its remoteness from the “rubber stamp” theory, Mr. King's theory was startlingly different from the received doctrine of British parliamentary government. A single example will dispel any doubts. If there is one firmly established point in British constitutional practice, it is that a retiring Prime Minister has no right even to offer advice as to his successor, let alone have it accepted.
The Economic Problem of the Newfoundland Fisheries
Authors: Mayo H. B. 
Published: June 2006

Adequate descriptive accounts of the Newfoundland fisheries have more than once been given, and it would be superfluous to attempt another within the limits of this note. Only a few of the essential features of the industry need be called to mind as background to a more analytical discussion of its problems and prospects.Newfoundland and codfish have been almost synonymous terms for 450 years, ever since John Cabot brought back to Europe his reports of the teeming fish in the vicinity of the island. Although with the passing years other fisheries have been developed, especially herring, lobster, salmon, seal, and whale, the cod fishery remains by far the most important branch. The other fisheries, although in the aggregate important, are still subsidiary and for the most part are followed by men who are cod fishermen as well.The economic importance of the fisheries derives chiefly from the fact that together they form an industry which easily takes the lead in giving employment. It may even now be true that a majority (although not a large one) of the population depends either directly or indirectly upon the fisheries for its main source of livelihood. Over the long run, the number of fishermen seems to be decreasing. In 1935 the number was about the same as in 1891, and shows a considerable decline from the numbers engaged in the intervening census years. During and since the recent war there has been considerable fluctuation in the numbers of fishermen, but there appear to be somewhat fewer today than in 1935.
Some Notes on the Economics of Transportation
Authors: McDonald J. A. 
Published: June 2006

Since well before the turn of this century economists have been attempting to explain the phenomena associated with pricing in the transportation industry. Of recent years this subject has received both descriptive and prescriptive treatment at the hands of welfare economists. In the course of this paper it will be argued that the current descriptive theory is based upon a fundamental misconception of the nature of transportation output and that, in consequence, the policy prescriptions, even when they are right, are usually right for the wrong reasons.As a starting point it will be useful to recall a controversy which began with a journal article, written some sixty years ago, in which Professor Taussig was endeavouring to show that railway rates could be fitted within the framework of general price theory. He argued that the wide differentials which were apparent in the railways' charges for their services could be explained by the preponderant influence of joint costs. If this were true, the rates charged for output A would be the consequence of passive adjustments in price to changes in the output of B in response to changes in demand for the latter product. Actually Taussig argued that the commodities transported (e.g., coal and copper) were sold to different consumers and should be treated as different products. Many years later the criticisms of Professor Pigou precipitated a lengthy debate over the validity of the joint cost doctrine, Pigou contending that railway output was homogeneous and measurable in units of ton-miles.
The United Nations
Authors: Angus H. F. 
Published: June 2006

The fruits of victory in a world war are never easy to appraise and perhaps it is not wise to look this gift horse of Providence too closely in the mouth. We cannot say with any degree of confidence what our condition would have been if we had lost the war, if we had made a compromise peace, or if we had avoided the conflict altogether by submitting to the will of the enemy. And the results of victory consist only in part in escaping the unpleasant consequences of defeat and the possibly less distasteful consequences of compromise or submission. They include, as well, a fleeting opportunity to reorganize the world on better lines.So probable is it that this opportunity will vanish in abject failure, as similar opportunities have vanished in the past, and so little can anyone do to enhance its prospects of success, that it bears some resemblance to an expensive lottery ticket, whose holder has paid a high price for an infinitesimal chance of winning a great prize. Mathematics may reveal to us (as they did to Pascal) that an infinitesimal chance may have an immense value if the prize is adequate; but psychologically even the most inveterate of gamblers will shrink from backing an argument such as this.
Internal Determinants of the Canadian Upswing, 1921–9
Authors: Malach Vernon W. 
Published: June 2006

In this paper, the peculiar pattern of the 1921-9 Canadian upswing of activity is examined and its major domestic determinants indicated. In addition, various factors are examined to ascertain their relative significance in determining the size of these domestic determinants. External determinants are not discussed in this paper.The Canadian upswing from 1921 to 1929, generally speaking, was relatively sharp. By the latter year gross national product had risen 46.9 per cent over the 1921 level; net national income increased 50.4 per cent in the same period. Despite the relatively great strength of the initial expansionary forces, however, the expansion in the years 1923 and 1924 was relatively slow. Gross national product in real terms had risen 16.9 per cent from 1921 to 1922; by 1924 it had only risen 25.9 per cent above the 1921 level. By 1929 gross national product in real terms was 34.8 per cent above the 1924 level. Generally speaking, before 1925 the development proceeded gradually; from 1925 on more violence is evidenced. Hence the problem arises of explaining this peculiar pattern of the Canadian upswing and particularly its failure to continue at its original speedy rate.Canadian incomes rose at a relatively fast pace in 1922 mainly because of increased investment activity. The theory of the multiplier and acceleration principle would lead us to expect then that as incomes rose from the increased investment, consumption would also rise and thus encourage additional investment in the consumers’ goods sector and those industries equipping this sector.
The Canadian Labour Press from 1867: A Chronological Annotated Directory
Authors: Elliott Robbins L. 
Published: June 2006

The outstanding characteristic of Canadian labour journals is the shortness of their lives. They have been born to ride the crest of a rising membership within the union, and have fallen with the union into the slough of a business cycle recession, or been snuffed out by technological change, or simply by apathy. Numerous small papers arise almost weekly, while as many more pass out of existence without notice. Nearly 250 labour journals have been established in Canada since 1867 and fewer than seventy are publishing today. Accordingly any directory of the labour press is subject to the inaccuracies consequent upon the high mortality among such publications.But the labour press is meriting more and more careful consideration. A greater number of labour organs, of, by, and for the working man, are being published today than ever before. And what the labour press is saying to its readers is of importance, for Canadian union members comprise approximately 10 per cent of the adult population of Canada.The directory contains essential information concerning 239 labour publications, the majority of which are, or were, official organs of Canadian or international labour organizations, while the remainder are sponsored by fraternal groups, political parties, and private individuals. Some few of these latter publications, while written for the labouring man, are definitely anti-union in character. The criterion for inclusion in this directory was not whether a publication was pro-union or anti-union, but rather whether it was addressed primarily to the working people of Canada.
Some Aspects of the Problem of Guaranteed Wages and Employment
Authors: Ross H. F. 
Published: June 2006

The Need for Income and Employment Security. In modern times insecurity of income has been the lot of many workers in most countries. This income insecurity is the result of the effects of seasonal variations, cyclical fluctuations, secular changes, and random fluctuations upon production in individual plants and businesses. Production in industries such as meat packing, fruit canning, or clothing manufacturing is typically seasonal because of the nature of their raw materials, or of the demand for their products. Cyclical fluctuations in economic activity affect the economy as a whole but hit particularly severely durable goods industries such as the building and construction industry, or the automobile industry. Further, the economy is subject to secular changes owing to such causes as changes in the size and age structure of the population, technological advance, or changes in the buying habits of consumers. In addition, economic phenomena exhibit chance or random fluctuations.The security of income and employment of the working population is affected by all these different types of economic variations but it is with cyclical and seasonal unemployment that we are concerned chiefly here. It is difficult to determine whether a worker is suffering as a result of either cyclical or seasonal unemployment as there is generally a combination of both in most industries. In many cases, however, unemployment is markedly cyclical or seasonal in character although it is little consolation to the worker to know the kind of unemployment of which he is the victim.
Regionalism and Administration: North American Experiments
Authors: Hare F. Kenneth 
Published: June 2006

It is customary to regard the planning function as being distributed over three levels of government—national, local and regional. This analysis radically differs from existing administrative machinery in most modern states: nevertheless it has been widely recognized that comprehensive, nation-wide planning cannot be carried out solely through the normal processes of national and local government. There is a need for a new level of power and responsibility: a level of government intermediate in function between central government and the municipality both geographically and administratively. To quote E. A. Gutkind: “Planning implies a systematic procedure starting from the top and the bottom at the same time. It includes large-scale plans as well as local plans, or in other words, its general framework consists of a national plan while local plans constitute, as it were, the cellular components which are bound together through the medium of regional schemes. Consequently planning proceeds on the different levels of national, regional and local activities forming one coherent whole ….”Although this idea is probably true of planning, however its field is defined, it is worth remembering that the word is loose in meaning, and that under it several very different activities have been lumped together. In its commonest usage, planning means city planning: the reconstruction of cities to render them more efficient and more liveable. Though such planning usually requires permissive national legislation for its prosecution, it is emphatically a local activity, carried out normally in the smallest governmental units. Primarily, it is a matter for the architect and the engineer. But equally vital (perhaps more vital) to the community is the planning work of the conservationist, who is concerned to stop the wastage of physical resources and amenities. In the United States, the conservation movement has gathered impetus in this century until there are now many governmental agencies wholly concerned with work of this character. The work chiefly rests with either state or federal agencies: it involves too great an expenditure and too wide a viewpoint to be carried out locally. Lastly there is the group of purely national activities we can label economic and social planning, which may cover anything from public investment policies to such matters as the relocation of industry, the colonization of hitherto undeveloped country, or the systematic restriction of some field of production.
Old Age Security in Canada: Changing Attitudes
Authors: Wallace Elisabeth 
Published: June 2006

Old age pensions of $40 a month became available on January 1, 1952, to every Canadian over seventy years of age, who had lived in the country for twenty years. As Canada has now had pensions for old people (subject to a means test) for only a quarter of a century, the idea is usually thought of as relatively new. In point of fact, however, Canadians were interested in old age security as far back as 1889, when the Royal Commission on the Relations of Labour and Capital mentioned with approval a French scheme to provide annuities for elderly workmen and their widows. The need for government action in the matter has been widely discussed in the Dominion ever since.Great Britain's example in this, as in so many other matters, had an important influence. As early as 1773 a bill to provide annuities for “the industrious poor” had been passed by the House of Commons at Westminster, only to be rejected by the Lords. During the eighteen-eighties and nineties British enthusiasm for pensions for the aged revived, largely owing to Charles Booth. His monumental study of the Life and Labour of the People of London showed that some thirty per cent of the population of the metropolis lived in conditions of extreme poverty, because their earnings were not high enough to allow a decent standard of living, much less to make feasible any provision against old age. The government, Booth argued, ought under these circumstances to accept some responsibility for its elderly citizens.
Recent Canadian Economic Policy: Some Alternatives
Authors: Eastman H. C. 
Published: June 2006

Until the Canadian dollar was raised to parity with the American dollar in July, 1946, Canadian foreign exchange reserves had been maintained at a satisfactory level by an inflow of capital which offset the substantial current account deficit with the United States. After the appreciation, which was undertaken to insulate the domestic price level from rising prices abroad, the capital flow was reversed and the official liquid reserves diminished rapidly until the end of 1947. The weakness in Canada's balance of payments position was caused by the fact that her surplus on current account was smaller than the rate at which her foreign loans were drawn down. The governmental policies undertaken to correct the balance of payments disequilibrium combined with a high level of national income in the United States to decrease the deficit in the current account with the United States and to replenish the reserves in 1948 and 1949.The rapid increase in the merchandise deficit with the United States, evident in the first six months of 1951, and the declining rate of capital import pointed to the possibility of a deterioration in Canada's foreign exchange position. It is thus opportune to examine the effect of the policies followed by the Canadian government in its attempt to deal with the balance of payments disequilibrium of 1947. An attempt is made in this paper to discover how much these policies, especially import controls, contributed to the solution of the problem.
Television as a Political Issue in Britain
Authors: Harris John S. 
Published: June 2006

Since its return to power in 1951 the Conservative party of Great Britain, in its programme to restrict the influence of government in the economy and ensure greater scope and freedom for private enterprise, has projected television for the first time into the arena of partisan politics. And with the emergence of television as a political issue public attention has been focused on the relative merits of public service versus commercial television. The Government's announcement in May, 1952, that “in the expanding field of television provision should be made to permit some element of competition” touched off a controversy of unusual intensity and breadth of interest. Two years later the debate culminated in action by Parliament permitting the introduction of commercial competition.From the beginning, opposition to commercial television was vehement and articulate because of the strong conviction that television (to a far greater extent, indeed, than sound broadcasting) is a force, potentially at least, capable of revolutionizing the lives of men and reshaping the course of civilization. Thus, Herbert Morrison, deputy leader of the parliamentary Labour party, declared in December, 1953, just prior to Parliament's approval of the Government's proposal, that the debate on television policy was the most important since the war. Statements concerning the gravity of the change came from diverse groups—the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the universities, the Labour party, a substantial segment of British industry, and even the Conservative Government itself.
The Combines Investigation Act: Its Intent And Application
Authors: Skeoch L. A. 
Published: June 2006

In reviewing the literature on the purpose and administration of the combines and anti-trust legislation for this paper, it became apparent that there were topics very close to the core of the matter which, although they were separately the subject of exhaustive analysis, were rarely brought face to face; nor were the problems involved in their integration fully probed. Recent developments in economic theory and differences of approach on the part of lawyers and economists, to mention only two areas of potential discord, may create issues that are attributed to quite different sources. Neither time nor personal competence will permit a detailed exploration of this important subject. Nevertheless, a brief survey of some of the issues that often lie submerged in our discussions of combines matters may serve as a useful background for the more detailed review that follows.The difference in the approach of lawyers and economists to the problems of monopoly and restraints of trade was the subject of a recent paper by Dr. Jesse W. Markham, then Acting Director of the Bureau of Industrial Economics of the Federal Trade Commission. Basically, legal and economic disciplines are regarded as being oriented toward different sets of values and sometimes differently toward the same set of values.Economics [Dr. Markham said] is concerned largely with fundamental social phenomena and with the laws of human behaviour by which man brings order to economic activity. The law, on the other hand, is concerned with formal rules enforceable in the courts. The law, on the other hand, is concerned with formal rules enforceable in the courts. Thus, the economist views the competitive enterprise system as a particular form of economic organization … while the legal mind views it as a set of rights and obligations related to private property, contracts, and other aspects of business as expressed in the formal law. In brief, economics is oriented toward fundamental relationships among men and business firms; while the law is simply the accepted rules of conduct for such relationships.