bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity of Influenza Viruses with Genes from the 1918 Pandemic Virus: Functional Roles of Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophils in Limiting Virus Replication and Mortality in Mice
Authors: Tumpey Terrence M. , García-Sastre Adolfo , Taubenberger Jeffery K. , Palese Peter , Swayne David E. , Pantin-Jackwood Mary J. , Schultz-Cherry Stacey , Solórzano Alicia , Van Rooijen Nico , Katz Jacqueline M. , Basler Christopher F. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919 swept the globe and resulted in the deaths of at least 20 million people. The basis of the pulmonary damage and high lethality caused by the 1918 H1N1 influenza virus remains largely unknown. Recombinant influenza viruses bearing the 1918 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins were rescued in the genetic background of the human A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1) (1918 HA/NA:Tx/91) virus. Pathogenesis experiments revealed that the 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91 virus was lethal for BALB/c mice without the prior adaptation that is usually required for human influenza A H1N1 viruses. The increased mortality of 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91-infected mice was accompanied by (i) increased (>200-fold) viral replication, (ii) greater influx of neutrophils into the lung, (iii) increased numbers of alveolar macrophages (AMs), and (iv) increased protein expression of cytokines and chemokines in lung tissues compared with the levels seen for control Tx/91 virus-infected mice. Because pathological changes in AMs and neutrophil migration correlated with lung inflammation, we assessed the role of these cells in the pathogenesis associated with 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91 virus infection. Neutrophil and/or AM depletion initiated 3 or 5 days after infection did not have a significant effect on the disease outcome following a lethal 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91 virus infection. By contrast, depletion of these cells before a sublethal infection with 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91 virus resulted in uncontrolled virus growth and mortality in mice. In addition, neutrophil and/or AM depletion was associated with decreased expression of cytokines and chemokines. These results indicate that a human influenza H1N1 virus possessing the 1918 HA and NA glycoproteins can induce severe lung inflammation consisting of AMs and neutrophils, which play a role in controlling the replication and spread of 1918 HA/NA:Tx/91 virus after intranasal infection of mice.
Inhibition of E2 Binding to Brd4 Enhances Viral Genome Loss and Phenotypic Reversion of Bovine Papillomavirus-Transformed Cells
Authors: You Jianxin , Schweiger Michal-Ruth , Howley Peter M. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
The bovine papillomavirus E2 protein tethers the viral genomes to mitotic chromosomes in dividing cells through binding to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Brd4. Expression of the Brd4-CTD competes the binding of E2 to endogenous Brd4 in cells. Here we extend our previous study that identified Brd4 as the E2 mitotic chromosome receptor to show that Brd4-CTD expression released the viral DNA from mitotic chromosomes in BPV-1 transformed cells. Furthermore, stable expression of Brd4-CTD enhanced the frequency of morphological reversion of BPV-1 transformed C127 cells resulting in the complete elimination of the viral DNA in the resulting flat revertants.
Identification of Two Residues within the LDL-A Module of Tva That Dictate the Altered Receptor Specificity of Mutant Subgroup A Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses
Authors: Rai Tia , Caffrey Michael , Rong Lijun 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTAvian sarcoma and leukosis virus subgroup A (ASLV-A) entry is mediated by interactions between the viral glycoprotein EnvA and its cognate receptor Tva. Previously, some interesting mutants of ASLV-A have been selected by others which can use chicken Tva, but not quail Tva, for efficient entry. The mutant phenotypes are caused by two point mutations within the surface subunit of EnvA (S. L. Holmen, D. C. Melder, and M. J. Federspiel, J. Virol.75:726-737, 2001). In this study, we have shown that the altered receptor specificity maps to the LDL-A module of Tva. Further, we have identified two residues in the chicken LDL-A module that allow more efficient viral entry by the mutant viruses. These results demonstrate that the altered receptor specificity of the mutant viruses is determined by specific interactions with residues in the LDL-A module of Tva.
Sensitization to Apoptosis Underlies Kras
D12
-Dependent Oncolysis of Murine C26 Colorectal Carcinoma Cells by Reovirus T3D
Authors: Smakman Niels , van den Wollenberg Diana J. M. , Rinkes Inne H. M. Borel , Hoeben Rob C. , Kranenburg Onno 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Reovirus T3D is an oncolytic agent that preferentially targets tumor cells expressing an activated
Ras
oncogene. Ras signaling interferes with the cellular stress response that inhibits translation of reovirus RNAs. Murine C26 colorectal carcinoma cells express a mutant Kras
D12
gene. Reovirus T3D efficiently kills C26 cells, but not C26 cells in which the Kras
D12
mRNA is stably repressed by expression of Kras
D12
-directed short-hairpin RNAs. Surprisingly, neither reovirus T3D protein synthesis nor T3D virus yields were suppressed by deletion of Kras
D12
. Rather, reovirus-induced tumor cell apoptosis was completely abrogated as a result of
Kras
knockdown. We conclude that sensitization of C26 tumor cells to reovirus-induced apoptosis underlies the Ras dependency of reovirus T3D oncolysis.
Tat
28-35
SL8-Specific CD8
+
T Lymphocytes Are More Effective than Gag
181-189
CM9-Specific CD8
+
T Lymphocytes at Suppressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in a Functional In Vitro Assay
Authors: Loffredo John T. , Rakasz Eva G. , Giraldo Juan Pablo , Spencer Sean P. , Grafton Kelly K. , Martin Sarah R. , Napoé Gnankang , Yant Levi J. , Wilson Nancy A. , Watkins David I. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Epitope-specific CD8
+
T lymphocytes may play an important role in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus replication. Unfortunately, standard cellular assays do not measure the antiviral efficacy (the ability to suppress virus replication) of CD8
+
T lymphocytes. Certain epitope-specific CD8
+
T lymphocytes may be better than others at suppressing viral replication. We compared the antiviral efficacy of two immunodominant CD8
+
T lymphocyte responses—Tat
28-35
SL8 and Gag
181-189
CM9—by using a functional in vitro assay. Viral suppression by Tat-specific CD8
+
T lymphocytes was consistently greater than that of Gag-specific CD8
+
T lymphocytes. Such differences in antigen-specific CD8
+
-T-lymphocyte efficacy may be important for selecting CD8
+
T lymphocyte epitopes for inclusion in future HIV vaccines.
Authentic Indigenization and Liberation in the Theology of Canaan Sodindo Banana (1936–2003) of Zimbabwe
Authors: Thomas Norman 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAfrican theologies are most often classified as either theologies of inculturation, or of liberation. Canaan Banana was one of few African theologians who combine authentic indigenization and liberation in their thought. The author, who knew Rev. Banana personally, based his analysis on Banana's writings and on interpretations by other scholars. Banana's theology was influenced by his ecumenical leadership as a Methodist minister, studies in the United States, involvement in the liberation struggle, and national leadership as the first President of Zimbabwe. Banana's liberation perspective, in contrast to those of most South African black theologians, dealt with issues of class rather than of color. His political theology, articulated when he was president of Zimbabwe, focused on the relation of socialism and Christianity. For him liberation involved struggle and even armed struggle. In his last decade former President Banana began to articulate a prophetic "Combat Theology." Banana stimulated a heated discussion on biblical hermeneutics in southern Africa by proposing deletion from the Bible of passages used to justify oppression. Believing that God is revealed also through creation and African culture, he found creative myths and images of Jesus in the cultures of his own Shona and Ndebele peoples. His contribution is a theology that can help Christianity to be both indigenous and socially relevant in 21st century Africa.
What Makes Mission Christian?
Authors: Little Christopher 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThere is evidence to suggest that the contemporary evangelical missions movement is reformulating its missional role in the world. Through the widespread influence of holistic mission and the kingdom of God motif, the priority of proclamation is taking a back seat to addressing the socio-economic dilemmas of humankind. Yet such an emphasis falls short of accurately representing both Jesus and Paul who were constrained by a doxological approach to mission. If evangelical mission is to more clearly reflect biblical mission, then this doxological orientation must be recovered.
Ecumenical Dislodgings
Authors: Irvin Dale 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEcumenics and missions through much of the 20th century were closely related disciplines. In recent years mission studies has matured significantly in coming to grips with a new world Christian reality. The ecumenical movement on the other hand has not fared so well. A renewed effort to relate Christianity to its local projects across the historical landscape of the globe, which was intrinsic to the 20th century ecumenical project, is called for, along with a renewed effort to understand what fellowship and visible unity mean for world Christianity today. The ecumenical movement must become engaged in a fresh way in border crossing and territorial dislodging. Border crossing was intrinsic to the New Testament understanding of the faith. Moving to the margins, crossing social and cultural frontiers, defined the apostolic movement. The dispersal of the apostles was as fundamental to the Christian identity as their gathering in eucharistic unity. A consciousness of such dispersal is necessary for ecumenical life today. The modern missionary movement brought about such dispersal through its deterritorialization of the Christian religion. Those who continue to think that Christianity belongs to the West are still in the grips of the Christendom mentality. To this end Christianity must shed its territorial complex in order to recover its true identity. Ecumenical renewal will be found in being dislodged from its Christian homelands, and the entire Christian community is under the imperative not only to missionize, but to be missionized, to be transformed by the renewing of its collective and individual minds in this manner. To this end we need to become uncomfortable with inherited identities of language, tribe, and nation, to regard all lands and all identities, including our existing Christian ones as foreign places, in order to move in the light of the divine community that awaits us still.
Empowering as a Missional Concept vs. Empowerment as a Political Ideology
Authors: Kasambala Amon Eddie 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article contrasts the meaning of empowerment in a political ideological perspective with a Christian mission understanding of empowering as a process of reaching out to the other with the love of the triune God; Father, Son and Holy Spirit. It is argued that as far as the developing world is concerned there are many reasons for an empowering process in Christian mission, and one of them is an existing identity crisis facing churches in the developing countries (sometimes referred to as third world churches). The article also undertakes to work with a proposition that states that the solution to a perceived paternalism from the churches in the developed world over those in developing nations does not necessary lie in a moratorium call, however, it should be found in embracing a notion of empowering that creates an attitude of partnership between both churches. Three basic principles are proposed that should under gird this process; namely, Unconditional acceptance, Unconditional respect, Unconditional dignity. An African tale is given to illustrate the basic working assumptions and presuppositions of this article.
Effects of Geometrical and Material Features on Damage Onset and Propagation in Single-lap Bolted Composite Joints under Tensile Load: Part II – Numerical Studies
Authors: Riccio A. 
Published: November 2005

A numerical investigation has been carried out in single-lap bolted composite joints. A previously developed three-dimensional progressive damage FEM model, based on the Hashin failure criteria and ply discount material degradation rules, has been adopted in order to point out the influence of geometrical and material characteristics on the damage onset and propagation under tensile loading conditions. The numerical results in terms of load versus displacement curves and in terms of strains have been compared with experimental data presented in Part 1 of the present study. From the same experimental campaign, useful data on damage evolution, found by non-destructive ultrasonic evaluations, have been used to further validate the adopted numerical tool. This tool has been found to be able to give detailed information, complementary to the experimental data, on the matrix cracking and fiber breakage onset and growth during the loading process in composite single-lap joints with different bolt types (protruding and countersunk), different bolt diameters, and different plates' interfaces (composite–composite and composite– aluminum).
Abstracts: problems classified from the user perspective
Authors: Montesi Michela , Urdiciain Blanca Gil 
Published: November 2005

Background: most of the recent research into abstracts conducted by the information science (IS) community has had little practical implication in terms of improvement and quality. A possible explanation of this is the lack of connection with the real problems that the poor quality of abstracts may pose in the 'real' context of researchers accessing information. Purpose: the types of problem abstracts may pose for potential users have been studied, and then classified and compared with current IS research into the quality of abstracts. Method: 62 interviews were held with researchers from six European universities to ascertain the opinions of potential users. These participants commented on a set of database abstracts in the areas of Education and Agriculture. Results: the participants pointed out different types of problem which were classified under the following headings: terminology, over-condensation, lack and excess of information, expectations and coherence, structure, register and layout. Conclusion: the problems described were at variance with those commonly dealt with in the literature on the subject, thus suggesting new areas of research.
How do younger patients view long-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors?
Authors: Grime J C , Pollock K 
Published: November 2005

Dyspepsia (also called indigestion or heartburn) is a common reason for consulting a general practitioner (GP). One of the medicines available for treating dyspepsia is a type of acid suppressant called a proton pump inhibitor or PPI. There is a growing concern over the rapid increase in prescribing PPI drugs and the escalating costs associated with this trend. There has been an effort to reduce prescribing of PPIs. Most patients who are prescribed these drugs are aged over 45 years. Younger patients (those under 45) are a minority but, in absolute terms, a sizeable number who could potentially be taking PPIs for many years and therefore be expensive. This is a group for whom the appropriateness of prescribing PPIs is often questioned because of the everyday and non-life threatening nature of gastric disorders. A widespread association between dyspeptic symptoms and features of adverse lifestyle that are, at least in principle, easily avoidable has led to the suggestion that PPIs might be used to support unhealthy lifestyles. The perspective of younger patients taking PPIs in the long term has been neglected. In this paper the accounts of ten younger respondents, from a large qualitative investigation of patient and GP perspectives on long-term PPI prescribing, are examined to gain insight into how younger patients viewed their stomach problem, the effectiveness of PPIs and long-term PPI taking. The findings showed a gap between patient experience and medical perception. The perspectives of younger patients need to be recognised in order to deal adequately with their concerns about illness and treat their gastrointestinal conditions effectively.
Suggestions in maternal and child health for the National Technology Assessment Programme: a consideration of consumer and professional priorities
Authors: Johanson R , Rigby C , Newburn M , Stewart M , Jones P 
Published: November 2005

In North Staffordshire, the Achieving Sustainable Quality in Maternity (ASQUAM) meetings provide the programme for clinical guidelines and audit over the following year. The ASQUAM clinical effectiveness programme has attempted to address a number of the issues identified as obstacles to informed democratic prioritisation. For example, it became clear that a number of topics raised were actually research questions. The organisers therefore decided to split the fourth ASQUAM day into an ‘audit’ morning and a ‘research’ afternoon. The meeting organised by RJ, CR and PJ in partnership with the Midwives Information and Resource Service and the National Childbirth Trust, was timed to allow the research ideas to feed into the national Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme. This meeting was designed to increase the profile of ASQUAM amongst consumers and to increase their representation at the meeting. Objectives were to choose a new set of research priorities for the year 2000, and to ascertain the voting pattern of comparison to health professionals. There was overall agreement in terms of priorities, with the consumer group prioritising 8 of the 10 topics chosen by the professionals (or 10 of the 11). No significant differences between the proportions of voted cast for each topic by professionals and consumers were found apart from topic 20. The numbers of consumers were small which does limit the number the validity of statistical comparisons. Nevertheless, it is clear that voting patterns were similar. Overall the process suggests that democratic prioritisation is a viable option and one that may become essential within the framework of clinical and research governance.
A study of fetal anomalies detected by ultrasound in Bangladesh and their relative frequencies
Authors: Rashid Sabrina Q 
Published: November 2005

A total of 5,841 obstetric patients were scanned over a period of 34 months. This study was undertaken to establish the anomalies that can be detected by ultrasound and to find out their relative frequencies in Bangladesh. Of the 41 cases of congenital anomalies, seven cases were of hydrocephalus, seven were of hydronephrosis, five were of mild hydrocele (which could be just a physiological variant), five of anencephalus, five of fetal ascites, three of omphalocele, two of small biparietal diameter (BPD), two of short-limb, and one each of gastroschisis, renal cyst, hepatosplenomegaly, pleural effusion with oedema (hydrops fetalis) and bradycardia with irregular fetal heart beats. The benefits of the procedure are that in some cases like hydronephrosis, early detection can lead to early treatment to save the kidney by removing the congenital obstruction soon after birth, and in hydrocephalus and anencephalus it will help in proper management. The problem was there was a chance of higher detection of hydrocephalus and anencephalus as these were clinically suspected by the obstetrician and referred for a scan.
Lessons to be learned: a case study approach
Authors: Daniels I R , Layer G T , Chisholm E M 
Published: November 2005

The commonest sites for breast cancer metastases are the bones, lungs, liver, pleura, adrenals and central nervous system. However, although other sites have been reported, solitary metastases to the gastrointestinal tract are extremely uncommon. Widely disseminated gastrointestinal metastases may be found in up to 20% of patients. Although only 15% of patients with breast cancer will have the lobular variety, these make up the majority of patients with solitary gastrointestinal metastases. Here we present three cases where solitary lobular breast cancer metastases have been demonstrated to be the cause of bowel obstruction. In two cases of duodenal obstruction was demonstrated and in the third colonic obstruction. In all cases a focal extrinsic compression was found.
Cholera: a continuous epidemic in Africa
Authors: Naidoo A , Patric K 
Published: November 2005

Cholera continues to plague many parts of the world, but has largely been concentrated in Africa, which contributes more than 80% of the total cases worldwide. Natural disasters, like the 2000 floods in Mozambique and the volcanic eruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2002, generally lead to new outbreaks of the disease. The refugee problem in many countries throughout the world also causes potential threats for disease outbreaks. Case fatality rates are high, and we are not anywhere near curbing new cholera epidemics, especially in Africa. It is thus imperative to renew discussions about the nature of this deadly disease, its treatment, measures for prevention and control, modes of transmission, its physical, social and economic impact, and potential solutions.
Dogs, zoonoses and immunosuppression
Authors: Robinson R A , N Pugh R 
Published: November 2005

Dogs are the source of a wide range of zoonotic infections that pose a significant threat to human health. This is particularly the case for immuno-compromised people, although there are few robust studies that determine immunosuppression as a risk factor for transmission of zoonoses from dogs to humans. An increasing proportion of human society is immunodeficient, principally through the advent of HIV infection and through more people, particularly the expanding elderly group, being subjected to immunosuppressive agents. This is happening at a time when more such people are capitalising on the acknowledged benefits of dog ownership, making for a potentially dangerous mix. Enteric pathogens (for example, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium species, that may be canine derived) are a frequent risk to the health of immunocompromised persons. Veterinarians and physicians can be criticised for not communicating with each other, and for not providing adequate risk assessment to pet owners. There is scope for voluntary groups to provide information and support for the immunosup-pressed who wish to keep their dogs. Key recommendations are to maintain a clean personal environment and intact mucocutaneous barriers. Public health professionals could help rectify the current communications gap between veterinary and medical staff and so facilitate in the appropriate management of dog-owning immunocompromised people.