bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Betriebliche Kontinuität als Teil eines integrierten Risikomanagements
Authors: von Rössing Rolf 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn den vergangenen Jahren haben die Begriffe “Risikomanagement”, “Corporate Governance” und “internes Kontrollsystem” weitreichende Popularität erlangt. Die Tendenz zur nahezu allumfassenden Kontrolle der Prozesse im Unternehmen wird stärker, zumal die Haftung der Vorstände und Aufsichtsräte ebenfalls erweitert wurde. Es leuchtet ein, dass Vertreter dieser Gruppen einer präventiven Absicherung zuneigen, die ihre Haftungsrisiken minimiert und zugleich eine klare Außenwirkung für das Unternehmen erzeugt. Im Ergebnis führt dieses Vorhaben jedoch häufig zu enorm komplexen und aufwändigen Kontrollsystemen, die durch ausufernde Mechanismen der Überwachung und Freigabe eine eigene Form der Bürokratie schaffen. Es ist ja gerade die Geschäftstätigkeit an sich, die ein unternehmerisches Risiko in sich birgt – dieses Risiko gilt es abzuwägen und in geeigneter Form zu begrenzen. Wäre das Kontrollsystem ausschließlich an der Vermeidung jeglicher Risiken ausgerichtet, so könnte dies in letzter Konsequenz nur zur Einstellung des Betriebs führen.
Rüsten für den Notfall – Business Continuity Management und Risiko‐Vorsorge
Authors: Schmidt Heidrun 
Published: October 2005

AbstractJe mehr geschäftskritische Applikationen Unternehmen einsetzen, desto größer werden auch die möglichen Bedrohungen. Fallen solche Ressourcen aus, liegt der Geschäftsbetrieb sehr schnell lahm, wenn nicht rechtzeitig und proaktiv gegengesteuert wurde. Business Continuity Management setzt genau dort an und stellt die Fortführung der kritischen Geschäftsprozesse bei Eintritt eines Notfalles sicher.
In Abrahams Schoß – Absicherung der “Business Continuity” durch Software‐Escrow
Authors: Krüger Johannes M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLaut Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamts haben im Jahr 2004 rund 39.000 deutsche Firmen Insolvenz anmeldet, darunter eine erhebliche Anzahl von Software‐Herstellern. Nach einschlägiger Erfahrung werden zwar Berichte wie über die drohende Insolvenz des Herstellers der so genannten “Hartz IV”‐Software oder die Probleme des “Toll Collect”‐Konsortiums durchaus wahrgenommen. Die Frage, ob denn nicht dasselbe Risiko für das eigene Unternehmens besteht, wird zumeist aber nicht gestellt.
Bankportfolio‐Zinsrisikomanagement – Aufsichtliche Überprüfung des Zinsänderungsrisikos im Anlagebuch (Säule 2 von Basel II) in Österreich
Authors: Hudetz Thomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDer Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Meldeerfordernisse für Zinsänderungsrisiken im Anlagebuch österreichischer Kreditinstitute, die seit 2000 von der österreichischen Bankenaufsicht vorangetrieben wird. Das Thema ist eingebettet in den hochaktuellen Rahmen der Basel‐II‐Erfordernisse, die ab Anfang 2007 für die “Aufsichtliche Überprüfung” (Säule 2) gelten.
Generation of natural motions for redundant multi‐joint systems: A differential‐geometric approach based upon the principle of least actions
Authors: Arimoto S. , Hashiguchi H. , Sekimoto M. , Ozawa R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis article challenges Bernstein's problem of redundant degrees of freedom (DOF) that remains unsolved from both the standpoints of physiology and robotics. A rather simpler but difficult control problem of movements of human‐like multi‐joint reaching with excess DOF is analyzed from Newtonian mechanics and differential geometry. It is shown that, regardless of ill‐posedness of inverse kinematics for such a redundant system, a simpler control signal composed of a well‐tuned (synergistic) combination of task‐space position feedback (corresponding to spring‐like forces) and joint velocity feedback (viscous‐like forces) leads to a skilled motion of reaching in a natural way without solving inverse kinematics or dynamics. Fundamental characteristics of human skilled multi‐joint movements such as (1) generation of a quasi‐straight line trajectory of the endpoint and (2) a little “variability” in task space but notable “variability” in joint space are analyzed from the concepts of “stability on an EP (equilibrium‐point) manifold” and “transferability to an EP submanifold.” It is claimed that the control signal exerts torques on joints of the whole arm just like a single virtual‐spring drawing the endpoint of the arm to the target while giving a specified viscosity to each joint. This leads to an interpretation that skilled reaching movements emerge through formation of a set of neuro‐motor signals exerting relevant group of muscles to generate a total potential energy equivalent to that of the spring. Discussions are presented on how such control signals in case of human reaching can be generated in a feedforward manner with capability of anticipatory adjustments of stiffness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A natural redundancy‐resolution for 3‐D multi‐joint reaching under the gravity effect
Authors: Sekimoto Masahiro , Arimoto Suguru 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA simple control method for 3‐dimensional multi‐joint reaching movements under redundancy of degrees of freedom (DOF) is proposed, which need neither introduce any performance index to solve inverse kinematics uniquely nor calculate pseudo‐inverse of the Jacobian matrix of task coordinates with respect to joint coordinates. The proposed control signal is composed of linear superposition of three terms: (1) angular‐velocity feedback for damping shaping, (2) task‐space position error feedback with a single stiffness parameter, and (3) compensation for gravity force on the basis of estimates for uncertain parameters of the potential energy without calculation any inverse joint position to the target in task space. Through a theoretical analysis of the closed‐loop dynamics and a variety of computer simulations by using a whole arm model with five DOFs, the importance of synergistic adjustments of damping factors as well as its relation to selection of the stiffness parameter is pointed out. It is shown that if damping factors are chosen synergistically corresponding to the inertia matrix at the initial time and the stiffness parameter then the endpoint converges asymptotically to the target position and reaches it smoothly without incurring any self‐motion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forces, activation and displacement prediction during free movement in the hand and forearm
Authors: Chalfoun J. , Younes R. , Renault M. , Ouezdou F. B. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with the development of a highly realistic human hand and forearm model. The model contains 38 muscles and 24 degrees of freedom representing the joints of the system. The adopted model has to be as close as possible to the reality of the human being hand, to address several features linked to manipulation tasks, grasping objects and daily routine movements like shaving, writing, etc. In addition, a better comprehension of the biomechanical and neuromuscular behavior of the system is aimed. This will allow having a tool for the simulation of repairing surgery, acts such as tendon transfer. In this paper, we focus on the muscle forces determination for a given task. An optimization technique is used to resolve the redundant problem over the 24 joints of the system. Also, a muscle model is used and is integrated in the optimization technique, in order to determine measurable values, like the activation and the displacement of each muscle in the system. The calculation is made during a real‐time simulation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal robot arm control using the minimum variance model
Authors: Simmons Gavin , Demiris Yiannis 
Published: October 2005

AbstractModels of human movement from computational neuroscience provide a starting point for building a system that can produce flexible adaptive movement on a robot. There have been many computational models of human upper limb movement put forward, each attempting to explain one or more of the stereotypical features that characterize such movements. While these models successfully capture some of the features of human movement, they often lack a compelling biological basis for the criteria they choose to optimize. One that does provide such a basis is the minimum variance model (and its extension—task optimization in the presence of signal‐dependent noise). Here, the variance of the hand position at the end of a movement is minimized, given that the control signals on the arm's actuators are subject to random noise with zero mean and variance proportional to the amplitude of the signal. Since large control signals, required to move fast, would have higher amplitude noise, the speed‐accuracy trade‐off emerges as a direct result of the optimization process. We chose to implement a version of this model that would be suitable for the control of a robot arm, using an optimal control scheme based on the discrete‐time linear quadratic regulator. This implementation allowed us to examine the applicability of the minimum variance model to producing humanlike movement. In this paper, we describe our implementation of the minimum variance model, both for point‐to‐point reaching movements and for more complex trajectories involving via points. We also evaluate its performance in producing humanlike movement and show its advantages over other optimization based models (the well‐known minimum jerk and minimum torque‐change models) for the control of a robot arm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial effects of reservoirs on fish assemblages in Great Plains streams in Kansas, USA
Authors: Falke Jeffrey A. , Gido Keith B. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractReservoirs are important components of modern aquatic ecosystems that have negative impacts on native aquatic biota both up‐ and downstream. We used a landscape‐scale geographic information system (GIS) approach to quantify the spatial effects of 19 large reservoirs on upstream prairie fish assemblages at 219 sites in Kansas, USA. We hypothesized that fish assemblage structure would vary with increasing distance from a reservoir and that the abundance of reservoir fishes in upstream reaches would decline with distance from a reservoir. Ordination of sample sites showed variation in fish assemblage structure occurred primarily across river basins and with stream size. Variance partitioning of a canonical ordination revealed that the pure effect of reservoir distance explained a small but significant (6%; F = 4.90, P = 0.002) amount of variability in fish assemblage structure in upstream reaches. Moreover, reservoir species catch per unit of effort (CPUE) significantly declined with distance from a reservoir, but only in fourth‐ and fifth‐ order streams (r2 = 0.32, P < 0.001 and r2 = 0.49, P < 0.001, respectively). Finally, a multivariate regression model including measures of stream size, catchment area, river basin, and reservoir distance successfully predicted CPUE of reservoir species at sites upstream of Kansas reservoirs (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.001). Overall, we found significant upstream effects of reservoirs on Kansas stream fish assemblages, which over time has led to a general homogenization of fish assemblages because of species introductions and extirpations. However, characteristic reservoir species are present throughout these systems and the importance of spatial proximity to reservoirs is probably dependent on the availability of suitable habitat (e.g. deep pools) in these tributary streams. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying spatial hydraulic principles to quantify stream habitat
Authors: Crowder David W. , Diplas Panayiotis 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFlow complexity plays an important role in stream ecology. Yet, a paucity of research exists with regard to quantifying flow complexity and relating it to the habitats that aquatic organisms utilize. Here we provide a generalized example of how two‐dimensional (2‐D) numerical hydraulic models and spatial hydraulic metrics can be used to simulate and quantify biologically important flow patterns within streams. A detailed topographic survey, incorporating meso‐scale topographic features (e.g. exposed boulders and bedrock outcrops) is performed for a small urbanized stream. The 2‐D hydraulic model RMA2 is then used to model the flow conditions within the stream reach. Model results demonstrate that the meso‐scale topographic features create highly complex flow patterns of potential biological importance. Recently developed spatial hydraulic metrics, based on hydraulic engineering principles (vorticity, circulation and kinetic energy gradients), are then used to quantify the various types of flow complexity found within the stream reach. In particular, spatial hydraulic metrics are used to quantify the stream reach's overall flow complexity and the flow complexity surrounding three chub mounds. A method for uniquely characterizing circulation zones is then developed and applied to five circulation zones within the study reach. The principles used in performing this study's topographic survey, spatial explicit hydraulic modelling and spatial hydraulic analyses, form a general framework for quantifying flow complexity in any stream. The ways in which using hydraulic models and spatial hydraulic metrics can help establish better habitat suitability criteria and design best management practices for use in stream and catchment area restoration projects is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proofs of the Parisi and Coppersmith‐Sorkin random assignment conjectures
Authors: Nair Chandra , Prabhakar Balaji , Sharma Mayank 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSuppose that there are n jobs and n machines and it costs cij to execute job i on machine j. The assignment problem concerns the determination of a one‐to‐one assignment of jobs onto machines so as to minimize the cost of executing all the jobs. When the cij are independent and identically distributed exponentials of mean 1, Parisi [Technical Report cond‐mat/9801176, xxx LANL Archive, 1998] made the beautiful conjecture that the expected cost of the minimum assignment equals $\sum_{i=1}^n (1/i^2)$. Coppersmith and Sorkin [Random Structures Algorithms 15 (1999), 113–144] generalized Parisi's conjecture to the average value of the smallest k‐assignment when there are n jobs and m machines. Building on the previous work of Sharma and Prabhakar [Proc 40th Annu Allerton Conf Communication Control and Computing, 2002, 657–666] and Nair [Proc 40th Annu Allerton Conf Communication Control and Computing, 2002, 667–673], we resolve the Parisi and Coppersmith‐Sorkin conjectures. In the process we obtain a number of combinatorial results which may be of general interest.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. 2005
Mild tricuspid regurgitation: a benign fetal finding at various stages of pregnancy
Authors: Messing B. , Porat S. , Imbar T. , Valsky D. V. , Anteby E. Y. , Yagel S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveTricuspid regurgitation (TR) may accompany various anatomical malformations and/or dysfunction of the fetal right heart. It may also appear in an anatomically healthy heart. With improved ultrasound modalities, more cases than the previously estimated prevalence of fetal TR in the low‐risk population are being diagnosed. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of mild fetal TR in a low‐risk obstetric population.MethodsIn 157 low‐risk pregnant women (age range, 18–42 years) undergoing both early second‐trimester and mid‐trimester targeted organ scanning, including complete fetal echocardiography according to the five transverse planes technique, the apical four‐chamber view was visualized using gray‐scale, color Doppler and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) ultrasound modalities, with optimal acquisition parameters.ResultsMild‐to‐moderate TR was discovered in the early second‐trimester scan in 131/157 (83.4%) fetuses. No cases of cardiac malformation were found. All fetuses showed normal flow in the ductus venosus, including in one case diagnosed with moderate TR. Only in 39 (24.8%) cases was mild TR still evident at the second, mid‐trimester scan. Neonatal echocardiography revealed mild TR in eight (5.1%) cases. No cases of chromosomal anomalies were detected.ConclusionMild TR is a benign finding of a temporal nature in early pregnancy. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scattering signatures for some human tissues using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Castro C. R. F. , Barroso R. C. , Lopes R. T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAt photon energies below 100 keV, coherent scatter becomes important and because of its sharply forward peaked nature, it is the dominant interaction at small angles. Further, in the momentum transfer region above 0.5 Å−1, free atom form factors are sufficient to describe coherent scattering. The angular distribution of the coherent scattering carries detailed information about the object and can be used as a signature of the tissue type of the object. The aim of this work was to analyze the scattering properties of different human tissues according to histological classifications. The coherent scattering signatures of healthy and neoplastic breast, uterus and kidney tissues were measured using x‐ray synchrotron radiation at the XRD2 beamline at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: GRANT BRIDGET F. , HASIN DEBORAH S. , STINSON FREDERICK S. , DAWSON DEBORAH A. , JUNE RUAN W. , GOLDSTEIN RISË B. , SMITH SHARON M. , SAHA TULSHI D. , HUANG BOJI 
Published: October 2005

Background. This study addressed the prevalences, correlates, co-morbidity and disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychiatric disorders in a large national survey of the general population, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's (NIAAA) National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The study presents nationally representative data, for the first time, on prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV GAD.Method. Data are taken from a large (n=43093) representative sample of the adult USA population.Results. Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime GAD were 2·1% and 4·1%. Being female, middle-aged, widowed/separated/divorced, and low income increased risk, while being Asian, Hispanic, or Black decreased risk. GAD was highly co-morbid with substance use, and other anxiety, mood, and personality disorders. Co-morbidity in GAD was not substantially greater than for most other Axis I and II disorders. Disability and impairment in pure GAD were equivalent to pure mood disorders, but significantly greater than in pure substance use, and other anxiety and personality disorders. Individuals co-morbid for GAD and each mood disorder were more disabled than those with pure forms of GAD or each mood disorder. When co-morbid with GAD, nicotine dependence and other anxiety and personality disorders were not associated with increased disability over that associated with pure GAD, but GAD did show increased disability over that due to each of these disorders in pure form.Conclusions. Associations between GAD and Axis I and II disorders were strong and significant, with variation among specific disorders. Results strongly support GAD as an independent disorder with significant impairment and disability.
Effect of Various Freezing Parameters on the Immediate Post‐Thaw Membrane Integrity of Adipose Tissue Derived Adult Stem Cells
Authors: Thirumala Sreedhar , Zvonic Sanjin , Floyd Elizabeth , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Devireddy Ram V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe effect of four thermal parameters on post‐thaw membrane integrity of adipose tissue derived adult stem (ADAS) cells after controlled‐rate freezing was investigated with the help of a two‐level four‐parameter (24) experimental design. The four thermal parameters studied were cooling rate (CR), end temperature (ET), hold time (HT), and thawing rate (TR). Several passages, including Passage‐0 (P0), Passage‐1 (P1), Passage‐2 (P2), Passage‐3 (P3), and Passage‐4 (P4), obtained from the suspended culture of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the ADAS cells were used for this study. The two levels (low and high) of the four parameters [CR (1 and 40 °C/min); ET (–80 and –20 °C); HT (1 and 15 min); and TR (10 and 200 °C/min)] are chosen in such a way that they enclosed all parameter values possible using commercially available controlled‐rate freezing equipment. Individual effect of each parameter on the immediate post‐thaw membrane integrity was determined through the calculation of parameter effect values (E), and any synergy among the parameters on post‐thaw membrane integrity was assessed through the calculation of two or more parameter interaction effect values (I). Nonlinearity in the experimental results was represented through the calculation of curvature value (CV). The results suggest that for 99% confidence level the parameters CR and ET have considerable effect on post‐thaw membrane integrity of all passages of ADAS cells. A significant individual effect of TR was observed with P3 and P4 cells and a significant two‐parameter interaction was observed between CR‐ET for all passages. These observed results will be used as a basis to further develop freezing storage protocols of ADAS cells.
Development of Industrial‐Medium‐Required Elimination of the 2,3‐Butanediol Fermentation Pathway To Maintain Ethanol Yield in an Ethanologenic Strain of Klebsiellaoxytoca
Authors: Wood Brent E. , Yomano L. P. , York S. W. , Ingram L. O. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFermentation efficiency and nutrient costs are both significant factors in process economics for the microbial conversion of cellulosic biomass to commodity chemicals such as ethanol. In this study, we have developed a more industrial medium (OUM1) composed of 0.5% corn steep liquor (dry weight basis) supplemented with mineral salts (0.2%), urea (0.06%), and glucose (9%). Although the growth of strain P2 was vigorous in this medium, approximately 14% of substrate carbon was diverted into 2,3‐butanediol and acetoin under the low pH conditions needed for optimal cellulase activity during simultaneous saccharification. Deleting the central region of the budAB genes encoding α‐acetolactate synthase and α‐acetolactate decarboxylase eliminated the butanediol and acetoin coproducts and increased ethanol yields by 12%. In OUM1 medium at pH 5.2, strain BW21 produced over 4% ethanol in 48 h (0.47 g ethanol per g glucose). Average productivity (48 h), ethanol titer, and ethanol yield for BW21 in OUM1 medium (pH 5.2) exceeded that of the parent (strain P2) in rich laboratory medium (Luria broth).
Sample size determination for the false discovery rate
Authors: Pounds Stan , Cheng Cheng 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMotivation: There is not a widely applicable method to determine the sample size for experiments basing statistical significance on the false discovery rate (FDR).Results: We propose and develop the anticipated FDR (aFDR) as a conceptual tool for determining sample size. We derive mathematical expressions for the aFDR and anticipated average statistical power. These expressions are used to develop a general algorithm to determine sample size. We provide specific details on how to implement the algorithm for a k-group (k ≥ 2) comparisons. The algorithm performs well for k-group comparisons in a series of traditional simulations and in a real-data simulation conducted by resampling from a large, publicly available dataset.Availability: Documented S-plus and R code libraries are freely available fromContact: stanley.pounds@stjude.orgSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.