bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DUCHESNE, BUISSON, DURANDE, EARLY FOLLOWERS OF THE NATURAL METHOD OF THE JUSSIEUS
Authors: Guédès Michel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDuchesne'sManuel de Botanique(Paris, 1764) contains the first publication of Bernard de Jussieu's natural system, the only one that appeared during Bernard's lifetime. Buisson'sClasses et noms des plantes(Paris, 1779) and Durande'sNotions élémentaires de Botanique(Dijon, 1781) include publications of Antoine‐Laurent's 1774 system, which constituted an intermediary stage between Bernard's method and that of the 1789Genera plantarum, and in accordance with which the botany school in Paris was replanted.
KARYOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SOME SPECIES OF LAURACEAE
Authors: Okada Hiroshi , Tartaka Ryuso 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe chromosomes of sixteen species of nine genera of Lauraceae were studied morphologically at interphase, prophase and metaphase. The chromosomes of Cassytha filiformis were found to show different morphological characteristics in comparison with the other fifteen species, although the basic number of its chromosomes was the same, i. e., x = 12. The karyomorphological evidence in these species coincides with the proposal of Melchior (1964) to divide the Lauraceae into two subfamilies, Lauroideae and Cassythoideae.
SYSTEMATICS AND APPRECIATION OF REALITY
Authors: Smith Albert C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxonomy is defined as a technique of systematics, which in turn is an aspect of evolutionary biology. The thesis is developed that, among scientists dealing with life, systematists are in a unique position to appreciate the reality of evolutionary processes and to help interpret them. The primary questions propounded by students of historical evolution delimit the area of systematic biology as the study of organisms in time and in space. While systematics is completely dependent upon other disciplines for its basic data, those data derived from observational approaches remain essential in providing the outline of the probable course of events in the past. Speculation, hypothesis, and cumulative circumstantial evidence are all valid parts of these approaches. Data derived from experimental approaches are also essential in clarifying matters of detail and in defining unexplored areas of endeavor.The systematist, to perform effective research, is required to adopt an external philosophical viewpoint in his contemplation of life on this planet and the prior phases of atomic evolution. This viewpoint, rejecting any but natural causes, is that of the cosmic optimist. Within the limits imposed by time, intellectual competence, and the currently available evidence, this viewpoint can most satisfactorily lead to a comprehension and an appreciation of reality.
ADDITIONS TO THE BIBLIOTHECA RAFINESQUIANA
Authors: Stuckey Ronald L. , Roberts Marvin L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryConstantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783‐1840) is undoubtedly the most discussed North American naturalist. HisBibliothecanow numbers at least 370 entries, of which 127 are here indexed for the first time. These 127 entries complement the already 134 titles published by Fitzpatrick in 1911 and the 109 titles listed by Merrill in 1949.
PHYLOGENY OF THE CHAROPHYTA
Authors: Grambast Louis J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe affinities of the phylum Charophyta and the general evolutionary trends undergone by this group since the Late Silurian are discussed briefly. The main emphasis is placed on the Mesozoic family Clavatoraceae as the rapid changes in the utricle, a supplementary envelope investing the female gametangium, have led to quite diversified and elaborate structures that allow more detailed phylogenetic studies.Three lineages are analysed which, throughout the Lower Cretaceous, show a sequence of gradual changes linking quite distinct extreme types. These lineages concern respectively the genus Globator, the genera Perimneste and Atopochara, and the genera Flabellochara and Clypeator, for each of which new data are presented.The relationships between the three subfamilies and the several genera of the Clavatoraceae are discussed, as well as the mode of extinction of the group at the end of the Cretaceous and the rates of taxonomic evolution in the studied lineages. A biochronological zonation is established for the Lower Cretaceous on the basis of the three described evolutionary sequences. The zonation, with nine biozones from the Berriasian to the Cenomanian, seems to be useful in correlating non‐marine formations on a worldwide scale.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OFCYNODONL. C. RICH. (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Harlan J. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genusCynodonwas subdivided intoC. arcuatusJ. S. Presl ex C. B. Presl,C. aethiopicusClayton et Harlan,C. barberiRang. et Tad.,C. dactylon(L.) Pers. var.dactylon, var.afghanieusHarlan et de Wet, var.aridusHarlan et de Wet, var.coursii(A. Camus) Harlan et de Wet var.elegansRendle and var.polevansii(Stent) Harlan and de Wet,C. incompletusNees var.incompletusand var.hirsutus(Stent) de Wet et Harlan,C. nlemfuensisVanderyst var.nlemfuensisand var.rcbustusClayton and Harlan,C. plectostachyus(K. Schum.) Pilg., and C.transvaalensisBurrt‐Davy.Cynodon arcuatus, C. aethiopicus, C. barberi, C. incompletusand C.plectostachyusare well isolated genetically from each other and the other species. The other taxa are closely allied genetically, but remain morphologically distinct in nature. Their classification is a functional one based almost exclusively on gross morphological discontinuities.
EVOLUTION OF GRASSES AND GRASSLANDS IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Burkart Arturo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis is a discussion of the South American grasslands from the standpoint of their evolution and composition. The tribes are considered in relation to climate, and grasses are classified as mega‐, meso‐, or microthermic with respect to their temperature requirements. The principal grassland regions are three: (A) Tropical and Subtropical, which include the Llanos of the Orinoco River system and the Campos Cerrados of Central Brazil; (B) Temperate, including the Pampa of Argentina and the Campos of Uruguay; and (C) Cold Country Grasslands, which are the Steppes of the high Andes and Patagonia, and also the Páramos of Colombia and Ecuador. Some attention is given to the floristic composition of each of these regions. The subject of endemism is dealt with, as well as the problem of disjunct distribution. Included is a discussion of changes brought about by agriculture and ranching in historic times, and what may be expected in the future.
AN ECOLOGICAL AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GRASSLANDS OF MEXICO
Authors: Rzedowski J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGrassland covers no less than 10–12% of the territory of Mexico. Its main types are briefly described and grouped according to their ecological determinism as climatic, edaphic, and anthropogenic. Ecological affinities of Mexican grasslands in relation to those of other parts of America are discussed, and 5 different communities dominated by grasses are analyzed as to the total geographical distribution of their genera and species, utilizing floristic lists available in the literature.The grassland characteristic of the semiarid areas of the High Plateau shows a high percentage of endemic species and genera. Its flora is similar to that of xerophilous scrubs of Mexico and has relatively little in common with the flora of the United States, in spite of the fact that ecologically this plant community is similar to the “short‐grass prairie” of western North America. The alpine grassland is also rich in species which are restricted to Mexico, but the analysis does not show any genus of limited area. On the other hand neotropical and holarctic influences in the flora are more or less even, although by its ecology and physiognomy the community is analogous to some “páramos” of the South American Andes. The savannas, or warm and humid climate grasslands, have few endemics in Mexico, and their floristic and ecological affinities are directed evidently to the south. The inland variant of the halophilous grassland shows moderate abundance of elements of restricted distribution, and the neotropical influence prevails slightly in its flora over the holarctic. The gypsophilous grassland, which does not seem to exist in America outside northern Mexico and adjacent areas of the United States, is rich in endemic genera and species, many of the last being obligate gypsophytes of very limited distribution.There is no direct evidence regarding the origin and the age of Mexican grasslands, but on the basis of data obtained from the analysis made, from the distribution of several grasses important in these grasslands, as well as from some paleogeographical and paleozoological data, it can be speculated that the existence of grasslands in Mexico may date from the middle or even from the early Tertiary. It is postulated that semiarid grasslands of this country, as well as the gypsophilous ones, had an “autochthonous” origin and a long evolutionary history. It is also possible that Mexico played an important role in the evolution of the halophilous grasslands of America. In contrast, the alpine ones seem to have a relatively recent origin, and the savannas possibly originated and evolved mainly in other sections of tropical America.
CHEMOSYSTEMATIC AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF JUNIPERUS PINCHOTII SUDW.
Authors: Adams R. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJuniperus pinchotii Sudw. was analyzed for areas of population differentiation and possible hybridization with other species of Juniperus, utilizing both morphological and chemical (terpenoid) characters. The volatile terpenoids of the foliage were analyzed by gas chromatography. Numerical methods included: analysis of variance; SNK tests; contour mapping of individual characters; differential systematics; and numerical taxonomy. Juniperus pinchotii appears to be a somewhat variable taxon with some quite divergent populations in the trans‐Pecos region of west Texas where it is morphologically similar to J. monosperma Sarg. No evidence of introgression was detected but some hybridization with J. monosperma in the Palo Duro Canyon of the Texas Panhandle was confirmed.
THE GENERIC NAME HORMIDIUM AS APPLIED TO GREEN ALGAE
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Mattox Karl R. , Blackwell Will H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHormidium Kützing 1843 (non Lindley ex Heynhold 1840, Orchidaceae) is shown to have been lectotypified with H. velutinum, a schizogoniaceous alga. Hormidium sensu Klebs 1896 comprises ulotrichaceous algae. Although intended to apply to ulotrichaceous algae, Chlorhormidium Fott 1960 can be associated only with schizogoniaceous algae inasmuch as the name was proposed as a substitute for Hormidium Kützing. Klebs's concept of Hormidium is therefore described as a new genus, for which the name Klebsormidium is proposed.
OSBECKIA CHINENSIS L. AND O. ZEYLANICA L.f. (MELASTOMATACEAE)
Authors: Hansen C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMainly on the basis of the correspondence between Linnaeus and Osbeck in 1752, I point out that contrary to some recently published opinions, specimens brought by Osbeck, and not the figure of E. maderaspatana, are the types of O. chinensis; subsequently the species is typified. To avoid further confusion due to the rather poor differential characters of O. chinensis and zeylanica in most writings, a set of valuable differential characters is given.
ALLIUM DESCENDENSL., A NOMEN AMBIGUUM
Authors: Kollmann Fonia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryConflicting interpretations ofAllium descendensL. made it necessary to determine the original usage of this epithet in Linnaeus'sSpecies Plantarum(1753).The single sheet (419.15) of this species in the Linnaean Herbarium, named by Linnaeus, is from SE. Russia, whereas Linnaeus quoted Helvetia as its area of distribution. Thus, the Linnaean specimen cannot be considered as the type. No illustration cited inSpecies Plantarumis adequate to serve as lectotype of the species. It is also possible that the species was based on a cultivated plant of unknown origin.As the name A.descendensL. was applied in later literature to several spscies, it is recommended that it be rejected as anomen ambiguum.
A SOLUTION OF THE STARTING POINT PROBLEM IN THE NOMENCLATURE OF FUNGI
Authors: Demoulin V. , Hawksworth D. L. , Korf R. P. , Pouzar Z. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe present system of disparate starting points for fungi is shown to be incapable of producing a stable unambiguous nomenclature. Its faithful application not only imposes an intolerable sterile bibliographic burden on taxonomists but also forces them to make subjective biological decisions. A solution to this problem exists in Prop. 32 for modification of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This proposal would give a single starting point date of 1753 for all fungi but would retain the protected status granted by the existing Art. 13.1.f to names used by Fries in his Systema vol. 2 and 3 extend it to vol. 1 and to Persoon's Synopsis for the names for which this was the starting point book. The advantages for nomenclatural stability and simplicity of this proposal are outlined, and contrasted with the catastrophic changes that would arise from adoption of the current Prop. 31 (which we therefore strongly oppose).
HYBRID POPULATIONS OF HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS AND H. MICROCEPHALUS AFTER 22 YEARS
Authors: Heiser Charles B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThree hybrid swarms of H. divaricatus, a species generally of open or semi‐open habitats, and H. microcephalus, a species generally found in shaded areas, were studied in 1950, 1961, and 1972. In one population considerable hybridity was still evident in 1972, probably the result of continued disturbance in the area. Although the habitat has become more closed in the other two sites, H. divaricatus‐like plants were dominant in one and the sole representatives at the other in 1972. These results may be partly explained by H. divaricatus being the more abundant species in these two localities in 1950 and by its greater life span. That H. divaricatus may owe its increased shade tolerance to introgression from H. microcephalus is also suggested as a possibility.
A GENERAL SYSTEM FOR CODING TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: Dallwitz M. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA generalized system for the concise representation and manipulation of taxonomic descriptions is described. The system is versatile, easy to understand, and designed to minimise coding errors. The descriptions can replace natural‐language descriptions both at the time of recording and in publications. The descriptions are also computer‐readable, and a program is available for translation into natural language and into the formats required by some key‐generation and numerical‐classification programs.
A COMPARISON OF MULTIVARIATE METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF HYBRIDIZATION
Authors: Adams Robert P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPrincipal component analysis (PCA), Wells' hybrid distance diagram, principal coordinate analysis (PCO) using weighted Gower metrics, and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were compared using data from artificial crosses of sunfish (Lepomis) and putative hybridization in Juniperus. The results were similar between the two data sets in that using the weighted characters (F ratios from ANOVA of the parents) produced well resolved parental groups and generally ordinated the hybrids between the parents. The F weighted PCO and Wells' distance diagrams were found to be better suited for the analysis of hybridization than PCA or CVA. Several limitations of PCA and CVA are discussed.
HETEROBASIDION (FOMES) ANNOSUM AND THE BONDARZEWIACEAE
Authors: Stalpers Joost A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomic position of Heterobasidion annosum is discussed. The species is closely related to Bondarzewia and has to be placed in the Bondarzewiaceae. This family includes the Amylariaceae and the Echinodontiaceae.
GENUS COMMUNITIES AS A SYSTEMATIC TOOL IN THE STUDY OF NEW WORLD BOTRYCHIUM (OPHIOGLOSSACEAE)
Authors: Wagner W. H. , Wagner Florence S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryProblems in the taxonomy of Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae) are outlined and discussed. Species interpretation has been controversial because many taxa are little known, poorly collected, highly variable, and subtly differentiated. A method of study based upon the tendency of the species to co‐exist with each other in the same habitats is discussed, and examples from our field work are given. The “Genus Community Method” and the related “Mutual Associates Method” allow critical comparisons to be made. Cohabitation of two or more species without successful interbreeding demonstrates biological discreteness and confirms that the character differences are most likely genetically fixed. A summary of our knowledge of what pairs of species have been found to co‐exist is given for subg. Sceptridium and subg. Botrychium. For the former, the major associations occur in eastern North America and tropical America north of Panama, including the Antilles. For the latter, the major associations occur in western North America. As many as seven species may grow together in one habitat. We conclude that the genus may not be as difficult taxonomically as previously believed. By discovering and analyzing genus communities of Botrychium, we can show which taxa are consistently and persistently distinct.
ATLAS OF DISTRIBUTION OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN POLAND (ATPOL)
Authors: Zając Adam 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Atlas of Distribution of Vascular Plants in Poland (ATPOL) is a new project in floristic cartography in eastern central Europe being realized by the cartogram method. The basic map unit is a square 10km x 10km. The whole of the Polish vascular flora (about 2400 taxa) is being included. The data are being gathered and processed using electronic data processing (EDP).The concept of ATPOL was proposed by J. Komas in 1966 as a continuation and extension of the already well advanced local cartographic projects which cover various physiographic, historic or administrative regions of Poland (e.g. the Carpathians, the Silesia, the former Lublin voivodship in central‐eastern Poland, etc.), as well as some taxonomic or ecological plant groups (e.g. the trees and shrubs, Browicz, 1963–1976).
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ENCALYPTA AFFINIS (MUSCI): MAINTENANCE OF CONTINUITY BETWEEN EPITHET AND TAXONOMIC CONCEPT
Authors: Horton Diana G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomic concept of E. affinis is well established historically and the epithet affinis has been fairly consistently applied to this taxon, particularly recently. Even though the original description and illustrations were, at least in part, based upon plants of E. affinis, the potential type specimens presently in the original author's herbarium consist of another distinct, and probably only distantly related species, E. alpina. As the specimen in the collector's herbarium consists of both E. affinis and E. alpina, it is concluded that the original description was based upon a mixed collection, a portion of which has since been removed. Therefore, E. affinis is lectotypified in the collector's herbarium in order to maintain the continuity established between the taxonomic concept and the epithet, in accordance with Recommendation 7B of the ICBN.
POLYPLOIDY IN THE FLORA OF PAKISTAN IN RELATION TO LATITUDE, LIFE FORM, AND TAXONOMIC GROUPS
Authors: Baquar S. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis is the first attempt in Pakistan to relate frequency of polyploidy to life‐form and geographical distribution. In dicotyledonous plants the degree of ploidy was found to be at all levels from triploid to decaploid while in monocotyledonous plants, tetraploids and pentaploids were noted. The perennials, in dicots as well as in monocots, had a higher percentage of polyploidy than annuals, being 47.6% in dicots and 40.0%) in monocots in contrast to 39.6%) and 21.6% in annual dicots and monocots respectively. Six large families investigated for percentage of polyploidy ‐ Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Gramineae, Compositae, Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae ‐ showed 90.0%, 89.7%, 30.4%), 22.2%, 19.2%) and 85.7%) respectively, which supports earlier conclusions, that percentage of polyploidy varies from family to family as much or more than from one latitude to another.
AN AUTOMATED DATA BANK FOR GRASS GENERA
Authors: Watson L. , Dallwitz M. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn automated taxonomic data bank for grass genera is described, and an example of an automatically typeset generic description is presented. There are 324 generic descriptions currently available, coded in DELTA format. These are provided on microfiche, translated into English by CONFOR, along with a sample key to eu‐panicoids generated by the program KEY.
THE HERBARIA OF LEHMANN AND SONDER IN STOCKHOLM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECKLON AND ZEYHER COLLECTION
Authors: Nordenstam Bertil 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm (S) acquired the greater part of J. G. C. Lehmann's private herbarium in 1860–61 and O. W. Sonder's South African collection in 1875. Type specimens for the early volumes of Flora capensis are to be sought in Stockholm whenever “Herb. Sond.” is cited, although substantial sets of duplicates, or fragments, exist in Lyon (LY) and Melbourne (MEL). The most complete Ecklon & Zeyher collection, including the unicates, is also in S, where lectotypification of Ecklon & Zeyher's taxa is recommended. Statistics for the genera Aspalathus and Crassula are provided as evidence. Because of these early acquisitions, the Stockholm herbarium also contains various other original specimens, e.g. from J. G. C. Lehmann (including his Hepaticae), C. G. D. Nees von Esenbeck, E. Meyer, F. Buchenau and G. Bentham.
THE CIRCUMSCRIPTION OF POACEAE SUBFAMILY POOIDEAE, WITH NOTES ON SOME CONTROVERSIAL GENERA
Authors: Macfarlane T. D. , Watson L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFollowing morphological and anatomical study of 230 species of Poaceae, representing 156 genera putatively of subfamily Pooideae, the subfamily has been recircumscribed in detail. A subfamily description is provided giving frequencies of states for characters; the 148 genera included are listed, and reasons are given for excluding others.
THE EVOLUTION OF KARYOTYPE AND POLYPLOIDY IN ARBOREAL PLANTS
Authors: Grant William F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlthough relatively few biochemical studies have been carried out on woody plants, interesting correlations (and discrepancies) have been noted between nuclear DNA content and several parameters such as geographic range (latitude), ecological adaptation, nuclear volume, and karyotypic differences such as chromosome length. Hybridization between genomes with complements possessing chromosomes of different relative sizes, B chromosomes, and repetitious DNA and heterochromatin, have been reasons advanced for changes in karyotypes and nuclear DNA response. B chromosomes may not be as rare in tree species as previously considered. It may be expected that DNA‐RNA hybridization and Giemsa staining procedures will reveal differences in karyotypes between species in genera where genomes at present exhibit only moderate differences between species. While successful callus production has been induced for a number of woody species, so far no haploid trees have been produced. In Betula there appears to be little barrier to cross fertilization and plants with different euploid chromosome numbers have been obtained from seed from the same parental tree.
BETALAINS AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS IN GISEKIA L. (CENTROSPERMAE)
Authors: Mabry Tom J. , Behnke H.‐Dietmar , Eifert Imre J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe discovery of betalains and P‐type sieve‐element plastids in Gisekia africana and G. pharnaceoides supports the alliance of this genus with the betalain‐containing centrospermous families.