bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Activity in IDDM Men Who Smoke: Possible Factor for Unfavorable Lipoprotein Profile
Authors: Dullaart Robin P F , Groener Johanna E M , Dikkeschei Bert D , Erkelens D Willem , Doorenbos Hieronymus 
Published: March 2007

Objectives
To determine the effect of cigarette smoking on the activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and high-density (HDL), low-density (LDL), and very-low-density (VLDL) lipoproteins in insulindependent diabetic (IDDM) men with microvascular complications.

Research Design and Methods
We perfomed a case-control study in a referral-based diabetes clinic on a sequential sample of 9 cigarettesmoking and 12 nonsmoking IDDM men with microvascular complications and 12 nonsmoking control men. CETP activity was determined in each serum with an isotope assay with exogenous cholesteryl esterlabeled LDL and HDL. The method is independent of the endogenous lipoprotein present in serum.

Results
The HDL-cholesterol (VLDL and LDL) ratio was lower in the smoking diabetic men than in the other groups (P &lt; 0.05 vs. the nonsmoking diabetic men and P &lt;0.01 vs. the control subjects). CETP activity was 70% higher in the smoking diabetic men than in the control subjects (P &lt;0.01) and 30% higher than in the nonsmoking diabetic men (P &lt;0.05). The HDL-cholesterol (VLDL and LDL) ratio and the apolipoprotein A-l-B ratio were inversely correlated to CETP activity in the diabetic patients (r = −0.52, P &lt;0.02 and r = −0.45, P &lt;0.05, respectively).

Conclusions
CETP activity is increased in cigarette-smoking IDDM men with microvascular complications. High CETP activity may contribute to the unfavorable lipoprotein profile in these patients.
Epidemiology of childhood IDDM in U.S. Virgin Islands from 1979 to 1988: Evidence of an Epidemic in Early 1980s and Variation by Degree of Racial Admixture
Authors: Tull Eugene S , Roseman Jeffrey M , Christian Cora L E 
Published: March 2007

Objective
The epidemiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was evaluated in a predominantly black population in the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Research Design and Methodsd
Primary ascertainment of diabetic subjects was by retrospective review of hospital and clinic records, and IDDM was defined by Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group criteria.

Results
For the period 1979–1988, 28 children &lt; 15 yr of age were diagnosed with IDDM resulting in an average annual IDDM incidence rate (IR) of 7.5∕100,000 (95% confidence interval 4.7–10.3). A significant increase in IDDM incidence (P &lt; 0.01) was observed when the IR rose to 28.4∕100,000 in 1984. White children had the highest IR (28.9∕100,000). The IR for Hispanics (7.2∕100,000) was slightly higher than that for blacks (5.9∕100,000). Among black children, a slight but nonsignificant male excess in incidence was observed (male-female ratio 1.5). When black or Hispanic patients were compared with age-matched control subjects with respect to grandparental race, the diabetic subjects had a greater percentage of white ancestry (P &lt; 0.02 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively). The incidence of IDDM in Caribbean blacks (West Indians) in the U.S. Virgin Islands was similar to blacks in the U.S.

Conclusions
The epidemic of IDDM in 1984 provides support for a possible pandemic in the early 1980s.
Does Insulin Species Modify Counterregulatory Hormone Response to Hypoglycemia?
Authors: Jones Timothy W , Caprio Sonia , Diamond Michael P , Hallarman Lynn , Boulware Susan D , Sherwin Robert S , Tamborlane William V 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To examine whether pork and human insulin induce different counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia.

Research Design and Methods
The responses to a mild hypoglycemic stimulus were determined in 35 healthy young adults with the glucose-clamp technique to ensure standardization of glucose and insulin levels. Either pork (n = 15) or human (n = 20) regular insulin was infused (0.8 mU·kg−1·min−1) to lower plasma glucose from 4.7 ± 0.07 to 3.3 ± 0.04 mM (both groups) over ∼ 40 min. Plasma glucose was maintained at that level (with variable rate glucose infusion) for an additional 60 min.

Results
Steady-state insulin levels were similar in both groups (316 ± 50 vs. 280 ± 29 pM, pork vs. human). Before insulin administration, basal counterregulatory hormone levels were indistinguishable. Most importantly, after plasma glucose was lowered, hormonal responses were nearly identical. No significant differences in peak values of epinephrine (1769 ± 404 vs. 1775 ± 311 pM, pork vs. human), norepinephrine (1.64 ± 0.23 vs. 1.87 ± 0.20 nM, pork vs. human), glucagon (163 ± 29 vs. 175 ± 20 ng/L, pork vs. human), growth hormone (14 ± 3 vs. 17 ± 3 μ/L, pork vs. human), or cortisol (543 ± 83 vs. 458 ± 28 nM, pork vs. human) occurred.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that pork and human insulin produce a comparable and robust hormonal response in healthy adults under conditions of controlled hypoglycemia.
Lipid Status After Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Larsen Jennifer L , Stratta Robert J , Ozaki Claire F , Taylor Rodney J , Miller Suzanne A , Duckworth W C 
Published: March 2007

Objective
–This study was performed to determine the net effects of euglycemia, resolution of renal failure, immunosuppressant drugs, and hyperinsulinemia on fasting lipid profiles of patients with renal failure and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation (PKT).

Research Design and Methods
–Thirty subjects with IDDM received PKT between April 1989 and October 1990, and all were studied. Mean ± SE age was 35.2 ± 1.3 yr; 19 recipients were men, and 11 were women. All had a functioning pancreatic allograft post-PKT. Fasting lipid profiles including total cholesterol (C), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), and C/HDL-chol were compared before and after PKT (38–555 days divided into groups: preoperation and 0–2, 3–8, and 9–19 mo).

Results
–Significant hyperlipidemia was observed preoperatively (means ± SE): C, 5.92 ± 0.27 mM; HDL-chol, 1.07 ± 0.09 mM; TG, 5.85 ± 0.56 mM; and C/HDL-chol, 6.49 ± 0.83. All lipids and C/HDL-chol dropped immediately after PKT (0-2 mo vs. preoperation, all P &lt; 0.01, except HDL-chol). After this immediate postoperative period, C, HDL-chol, and TG stabilized at new concentrations. C (5.44 ± 0.22 mM) and TG (4.54 ± 0.48 mM) levels were &lt; preoperation (not statistically significant and P &lt; 0.05, respectively). HDL-chol was greater than preoperative values (1.29 ± 0.06 mM, P &lt; 0.05). C/HDL-chol dropped after PKT (0-2 mo, 4.85 ± 0.18, P &lt; 0.01) and continued to decrease throughout the observation period (3-8 mo, 4.42 ± 0.23; 9-19 mo, 4.23 ± 0.23; both P &lt; 0.01 vs. preoperation). There was no statistical difference between lipid concentrations in male and female subjects.

Conclusions
–The lipid status of subjects with IDDM and renal failure was abnormal before PKT and once lipid concentrations stabilized after PKT (&gt; 2 mo), HDL-chol was higher and TG and C/HDL-chol levels were significantly lower than preoperative values. If these changes are sustained, risk of future cardiovascular disease in this group of patients might be significantly reduced.
Topical Capsaicin in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Controlled Study With Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Tandan Rup , Lewis Gloria A , Krusinski Patricia B , Badger Gary B , Fries Timothy J 
Published: March 2007

Objective
–We conducted an 8-wk controlled study with topical 0.075% capsaicin in subjects with chronic severe painful diabetic neuropathy who were unresponsive or intolerant to conventional therapy. Capsaicin is an alkaloid found in capsicum peppers and produces desensitization to noxious thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli when applied topically.

Research Design and Methods
In 22 randomly assigned subjects, either capsaicin or vehicle cream was applied to painful areas 4 times/day. Pain measurements were recorded at baseline and at 2-wk intervals for 8 wk.

Results
–Capsaicin treatment was more beneficial than vehicle treatment in the overall clinical improvement of pain status, as measured by physician's global evaluation (P = 0.038) and by a categorical pain severity scale (P = 0.057). Decrease in mean pain intensity by a visual analogue scale was 16% in capsaicin-treated and 4.1' in vehicle-treated subjects. Mean pain relief on visual analogue scale was 44.6 and 23.2', respectively. In a follow-up open-label study, – 50' of subjects reported improved pain control or were cured, and 25' each were unchanged or worse. A burning sensation at the application site was noted by some subjects but both its magnitude and duration decreased with time.

Conclusions
–Results from this preliminary study suggest that topical 0.075' capsaicin may be of value in subjects with diabetic neuropathy and intractable pain.
Lack of Effects of Hypoglycemia on Glucose Absorption in Healthy Men
Authors: Møller Jens , Laker Michael F , Gillespie Susan M , Ovesen Per G , Abildgaard Niels , Tian Rong , Jørgensen Jens O , Møller Niels 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effects of hypoglycemia on glucose absorption by examining the systemic appearance of 3-OMG (a glucose analogue that is transported by the same mechanism as glucose) after oral administration.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Six healthy males 22–31 yr of age were studied during a hypoglycemic (50 mg [2.7 mM]/100 ml) and a euglycemic (90 mg [5.0 mM]/100 ml) glucose clamp. At 50 min after exposure to insulin, an oral glucose load containing 20 g of glucose and 4.5 g of 3-OMG dissolved in 300 ml of tap water was administered. Insulin administration was interrupted 30 min after oral glucose administration.

RESULTS
Plasma glucose was clamped at 88 ± 1.3 mg (4.9 ± 0.1 mM)/100 ml during euglycemia and at 50 ± 1.9 mg (2.7 ± 0.1 mM)/100 ml during hypoglycemia. Concentrations of glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine were significantly elevated during hypoglycemia. After 60 min, circulating 3-OMG concentrations increased to zeniths of 11.4 ± 0.2 mg (585 ± 10.0 mM)/100 ml (hypoglycemia) and 11.6 ± 1.1 mg (585 ± 56.0 μM)/100 ml (euglycemia; P = 0.95). Absorption of 3-OMG was evident between 15 and 20 min after administrations in both situations. Serum insulin was significantly lower during hypoglycemia compared with the control situation (345 ± 50 microM [hypoglycemia], 445 ± 50 μM [euglycemia], P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that hypoglycemia does not seem to affect intestinal absorption of glucose as judged by systemic appearance of 3-OMG.
Clinical Characteristics of IDDM in Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites: Little evidence of heterogeneity by ethnicity
Authors: Kostraba Jill N , Cruickshanks Karen J , Neville Terri G , Lawler-Heavner Janet , Chase H Peter , Klingensmith Georgeanna J , Gay Elizabeth C , Hamman Richard F 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the clinical characteristics of IDDM in HD and NHWD subjects in order to evaluate potential heterogeneity of IDDM by ethnicity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
HD subjects (n = 73) and NHWD subjects (n = 97) were recruited from the Colorado IDDM Registry. The registry included individuals who were Colorado residents, &lt; 18 yr old at diagnosis, placed on insulin within 2 wk of diagnosis, and had diabetes not secondary to other conditions. Residual β-cell function was measured as the 1-h C-peptide response to a Sustacal challenge.

RESULTS
HD subjects were similar to NHWD subjects in insulin dose, HbA1, HLA-DR antigens, ICAs, and family history of IDDM. HD subjects were more likely to have a family history of NIDDM than NHWD subjects (11 vs. 3%, P = 0.03). HD girls had higher C-peptide levels (0.27 vs. 0.11 nm/L [0.83 vs. 0.33 ng/ml], P = 0.01), BMI (22.7 vs. 20.9 kg/m2 P = 0.04), subscapular skinfold thickness (18.9 vs. 15.0 mm, P = 0.04), and WHR (0.81 vs. 0.77, P = 0.03) than NHWD females. After controlling for diabetes duration, BMI, sex, and family history of NIDDM, residual β-cell function was associated significantly with Hispanic ethnicity, although the term accounted for just 3% of the overall variability in C-peptide levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Little evidence of heterogeneity by ethnicity of IDDM patients in the Colorado IDDM Registry was found. Ethnic differences in C-peptide levels may be related to differences in body fat distribution in females rather than heterogeneity of the disease.
Prevalence of Corynebacteria in Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Bessman Alice N , Geiger Paul J , Canawati Hanna 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Microbiological flora of diabetic foot infections are usually polymicrobial and frequently include bacteria of the Corynebacterium sp. (diphtheroids). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of these bacteria in both deep and superficial cultures in diabetic patients with foot infections.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The charts of 50 patients of successive admissions to the Orthopedic-Diabetes Service at our hospital were reviewed to obtain the following data: age, sex, ethnic origin, method of treatment of diabetes, blood glucose level, prior antibiotics, and reports of cultures taken from bedside and intraoperative sites. Data were analyzed to compare the prevalence of diphtheroids in reliable versus nonreliable cultures and the influence of other parameters on the presence of these organisms.

RESULTS
Fourteen of 19 (74%) of the intraoperative specimens grew diphtheroids compared with 25 of 65 (39%) of the bedside cultures, a highly significant difference. In addition, there was a somewhat greater occurrence of diphtheroids in women compared with men. The likelihood that contamination is the cause for the presence of diphtheroids is highly unlikely, because one arm of the study included cultures derived from deep tissue at the time of the surgical procedure (i.e., the intraoperative cultures). Cultures always grew at least one other organism in addition to the diphtheroid.

CONCLUSIONS
Corynebacteria, commonly known as diphtheroids, are present as a part of the polymicrobial flora in a large percentage of diabetic patients with foot infections. Because the diphtheroids were identified in culture material taken in the operating room or at the time of incision and drainage in a higher percentage of patients than in specimens from superficial cultures, it is highly unlikely that they are contaminants.
Glycemic Control and Complications in Type II Diabetes: Design of a feasibility trial
Authors: Abraira Carlos , Emanuele Nicholas , Colwell John , Henderson William , Comstock John , Levin Seymour , Nuttall Frank , Sawin Clark ,   VA CS Group (CSDM)
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine, after 1 yr of follow-up in type II diabetes patients, whether a statistically and clinically significant difference can be achieved in HbA1c between a standard therapy group and an intensively treated group, while maintaining HbA1c levels in both groups within ranges acceptable in regular community practice. Secondary objectives include assessment of patient adherence to protocol, side effects, and accuracy of data collection.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This is a prospective, randomized, controlled VA CS conducted with 151 patients at five VAMCs. Patients are males, age 40–69 yr, treated at entry with a maximum dose of sulfonylurea or with insulin, exhibiting an HbA1c level &gt; 3 SDs above the normal mean (5.05 + 3 × 0.50 = &gt; 6.55%). Standard control is achieved with insulin and intensive control with a step-up regimen including insulin alone or insulin/glipizide combinations. Education and management of cardiovascular risk factors are handled similarly in both groups. Primary macrovascular end points are nonfatal myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, amputation, and cardiovascular death. Primary microvascular end points are appearance and progression of retinopathy, documented by centrally read seven-field-stereo fundus photographs. Other measured indicators include resting and ambulatory ECGs, ventricular function (MUGA scan), serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels, plasma fibrinogen, nonsymptomatic peripheral vasculopathy, neuroautonomic status by heart-beat variation on Valsalva maneuver, and microalbuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS
This study may be the basis for a long-term trial, involving 1400 patients, to assess the long-term effects of metabolic control on macro- and microvascular end points.
Prediction of Infant Birth Weight by GDM Screening Tests: Importance of plasma triglyceride
Authors: Knopp Robert H , Magee M Scott , Walden Carolyn E , Bonet Bartolome , Benedetti Thomas J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
We measured plasma glucose, GHb, GPro, IRI and TG at 24–28-wk gestation to determine the extent of elevations in GDM and relationships to glucose intolerance and infant macrosomia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Plasma samples were obtained 1 h after ingestion of 50 g glucose after an overnight fast in 521 randomly selected negative screenees, 264 positive screenees with GTT−, and 96 positive screenees with GTT+ (GDM).

RESULTS
Screening test values in GDM subjects exceeded the GTT− group, whose values exceeded those of negative screenees: glucose, 9.6*, 8.7*, 6.3 mM; GHb, 5.2*, 4.9*, 4.7%; GPro, 3.1*, 3.0*, 2.8%; IRI, 791*, 662*, 410 pM; and TG, 2.3*, 1.9, 1.9 mM, (*P &lt; 0.005 vs. negative screenees). TG was the only test elevated in the GDM but not in the GTT− groups. Screening test values correlated with GTT values in the following order (strongest to weakest): glucose* &gt; TG* &gt; GHb* &gt; IRI &gt; GPro (*statistical significance). Plasma TG was the only screening test significantly associated with birth weight corrected for gestational age (birth-weight ratio) (r = 0.09–0.16) (P &lt; 0.05 to &lt; 0.01) and was of the same order as 1- and 2-h GTT associations with birth weight (r = 0.13 and 0.14, respectively) (P &lt; 0.05 to &lt; 0.01). Plots of TG/birth-weight ratio increased linearly to the 80–90th TG percentile in negative screenees and GTT− subjects. GDM subjects followed this trend but with more variation. Above the 90th percentile for TGs, birth-weight ratio trended lower, significantly so when the groups were combined (P &lt; 0.05). In multivariate analysis, TG was associated with birth-weight ratio even when maternal prepregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain associations with TG and birth-weight ratio were controlled (P &lt; 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS
Of the five screening tests evaluated, all were elevated in GDM, but TG is the best discriminator of GDM from the GTT− group, and it is the only test significantly related to birth-weight ratio—and to glucose intolerance besides glucose itself. The TG association with birth weight is not explained fully by maternal weight. The results suggest that plasma TG may be a physiological contributor to infant birth weight. Further evaluation of plasma TG in GDM screening is justified, but GHb, GPro, and IRI appear to hold less promise.
Catecholamine Response During Human and Pork Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in IDDM Patients
Authors: Lingenfelser Thomas , Renn Walter , Plonz Christian , Radjaipour Mahmud , Eggstein Manfred , Jakober Bernhard 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To evaluate the catecholamine response during human and pork insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Research Design and Methods
Ten insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients without any signs of autonomic neuropathy received either human or pork insulin in a randomized crossover fashion on 2 nonconsecutive days. The glucose clamp technique was applied to achieve stable glycemic plateaus of 5.6, 3.3, 2.2, and 1.7 mM.

Results
The effect of both types of insulin on glucose metabolism and circulating catecholamines was almost identical. There was a sharp rise of both epinephrine (P &lt; 0.05) and norepinephrine (P &lt; 0.02) during hypoglycemia,which did not depend on the type of insulin applicated. Symptom awareness increased significantly during the decrease of blood glucose concentration. Only during developing hypoglycemia (3.3-mM plateau), was this effect more pronounced (cumulative symptom score 2 vs. 26, P &lt; 0.05) with pork insulin.

Conclusions
An attenuated catecholamine secretion seems not to be the putative mechanism of a reduced awareness of human insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Incidence of IDDM in Western Australia in Children Aged 0–14 Yr From 1985 to 1989
Authors: Kelly Heath A , Byrne Geoffrey C 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To document the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Western Australia in children aged 0–14 yr between 1985 and 1989 and to test for differences in incidence by year of diagnosis, age of diagnosis, and sex.

Research Design and Methods
A population-based register that used a primary source of case ascertainment (diabetes clinics at teaching hospitals and direct approach to general practitioners and general physicians) and a secondary source (Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data System) established numerator data. Denominator data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Results
From 1985 to 1989 inclusive, 235 children in the 0- to 14-yr agegroup were diagnosed with IDDM in Western Australia. Case ascertainment was estimated at 99% complete. The mean age-adjusted (developed-world population) annual incidence of IDDM was 13.2 per 100,000 person-yr and there was no evidence of an increasing incidence over the 5 yr. However, girls were more likely than boys to be diagnosed with IDDM in this period (P = 0.006).

Conclusions
The incidence of IDDM in Western Australia is in the middle range of IDDM incidence in countries throughout the world. The unexpected finding of an increased incidence of IDDM in girls compared with boys needs to be confirmed in a future study.
In Vivo Demonstration of Insulin-Receptor Defect With 123I-Labeled Insulin and Scintigraphic Scanning in Severe Insulin Resistance
Authors: Dozio Nicoletta , Micossi Piero , Galimberti Gabrilla , Sartori Stefano , Pozza Guido , Dosio Flaviand , Savi Annarita , Gerundini Paolo G , Fazio Ferruccio , Chiumello Giuseppe , Gargantini Luigi , Sodoyez-Goffaux Françoise , Sodoyez Jean-Claude 
Published: March 2007

Objective
Insulin-receptor function in humans is usually studied in vitro on readily available cells, e.g., erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Although these cells are not metabolically important targets for insulin action, information derived from them are often taken as representative of other tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate insulin receptors in vitro on erythrocytes and in vivo on one of the main insulin-target organs, the liver.

Research Design and Methods
A 16-yr-old girl affected by severe insulin resistance was identified. Insulin receptor binding was measured on the erythrocytes of the patient and of 6 nondiabetic volunteers. The biodistribution of 123I-labeled insulin was studied in vivo by scintigraphic scanning in the insulin-resistant patient and in 10 nondiabetic volunteers.

Results
Erythrocytes of this patient displayed a markedly reduced [125I]insulin binding. In vivo 123I-insulin biodistribution was characterized by lack of hormone uptake by the liver (4 vs. 21% of the injected dose in control subjects) contrasting with intense accumulation of radioactivity in the kidneys.

Conclusions
Our studies show that defects of insulin binding can be directly demonstrated in vivo on liver receptors with a noninvasive technique with low radiotoxicity.