bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening of Drugs and Toxic Compounds with Liquid Chromatography-Linear Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sauvage François-Ludovic , Saint-marcoux Franck , Duretz Bénédicte , Deporte Didier , Lachatre Gérard , Marquet Pierre 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: In clinical and forensic toxicology, general unknown screening is used to detect and identify exogenous compounds. In this study, we aimed to develop a comprehensive general unknown screening method based on liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer.
Methods: After solid-phase extraction, separation was performed using gradient reversed-phase chromatography. The mass spectrometer was operated in the information-dependent acquisition mode, switching between a survey scan acquired in the Enhanced Mass Spectrometry mode with dynamic subtraction of background noise and a dependent scan obtained in the enhanced product ion scan mode. The complete cycle time was 1.36 s. A library of 1000 enhanced product ion–tandem mass spectrometry spectra in positive mode and 250 in negative mode, generated using 3 alternated collision tensions during each scan, was created by injecting pure solutions of drugs and toxic compounds.
Results: Comparison with HPLC-diode array detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of 36 clinical samples showed that linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry could identify most of the compounds (94% of the total). Some compounds were detected only by 1 of the other 2 techniques. Specific clinical cases highlighted the advantages and limitations of the method.
Conclusion: A unique combination of new operating modes provided by hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometers and new software features allowed development of a comprehensive and efficient method for the general unknown screening of drugs and toxic compounds in blood or urine.
In Situ Amplified Chemiluminescent Detection of DNA and Immunoassay of IgG Using Special-Shaped Gold Nanoparticles as Label
Authors: Wang Zhouping , Hu Jianqiang , Jin Yan , Yao Xin , Li Jinghong 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: Au(III) catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence (CL) is classic in luminescence analysis. Recently, spherical gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were found displaying far stronger catalytic activity on luminol CL than that of Au(III). Some methods based on Au-NPs probes have been developed for DNA detection or immunoassay. However, more complicated labeling or stripping procedures are often inescapable in these protocols.
Methods: We synthesized specially shaped, irregular gold nanoparticles (IGNPs) and found their catalytic efficiency on luminol CL to be 100-fold greater than that of spherical Au-NPs. Using the IGNPs-functionalized DNA oligomers and the IGNPs-modified anti-IgG as in situ chemiluminescent probes, we established sandwich-type analytic methods for rapid, simple, selective, and sensitive sequence-specific DNA detection and for human plasma IgG immunoassay, respectively. We used 12 clinical human plasma samples to examine the precision and accuracy of the proposed method for IgG content determination.
Results: Calibration curves for the oligonucleotide [ΔI = 15.73 + 27.55 (DNA) × 1010 (mol/L); R2 = 0.9936] and IgG [ΔI = 48.84 + 30.23 (IgG) × 1010 (mol/L); R2 = 0.9964] show good correlation, demonstrating the linear response over the concentrations tested (0.04–10 nmol/L for DNA, 0.05–10 nmol/L for IgG). The limit of detection, calculated based on 50 μL of a solution of calibrators, was 13 pmol/L for DNA and 17 pmol/L for IgG, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. We obtained good intra-and interassay reproducibility. The IgG contents in 12 human plasma samples obtained by the proposed method are identical with the data of clinical laboratory.
Conclusions: We developed a simple and sensitive method for in situ amplified chemiluminescence detection of sequence-specific DNA and immunoassay of IgG by use of highly active, specially shaped, irregular gold nanoparticles (IGNPs) as label and confirmed by clinical samples test. This method has many desirable features including rapid detection, selectivity, and little required instrumentation. This new protocol may be quite promising, with potentially broad applications for clinical immunoassays and DNA hybridization analysis.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Disclosing Medical Errors
Authors: Crone Kimberley G , Muraski Michele B , Skeel Joy D , Love-Gregory Latisha , Ladenson Jack H , Gronowski Ann M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground: Healthcare-related errors cause patient morbidity and mortality. Despite fear of reprimand, laboratory personnel have a professional obligation to rapidly report major medical errors when they are identified. Well-defined protocols regarding how and when to disclose a suspected error by a colleague do not exist.Patient: We describe a woman with a well documented allergy to sulfamethoxazole who was treated with sulfadiazine that led to toxic epidermal necrolysis. After the patient’s death, the laboratory medicine resident was asked by one of the patient’s physicians to measure serum sulfadiazine, but only if the results were not reported in the patient’s electronic medical record. The case was brought to the attention of a laboratory medicine faculty member and the hospital risk management team.Issues: Laboratorians are patient fiduciaries and are responsible for reporting errors. Most medical associations have codes of ethics that address disclosure of incompetence and errors, although the AACC’s Guide to Ethics does not. New types of error, risk management, and root-cause analyses help to shift the focus to system errors and away from individuals’ errors. This can lead to a healthcare environment that encourages truth and disclosure rather than fear and reprimand.Disposition: The individuals involved in the presented case fulfilled their fiduciary duty to the patient by reporting this incident. An extensive investigation showed that, in fact, no medical errors or misconducts had occurred in the care of the patient.
Automation in Chemical Industry (Automatisierung in der Chemischen Industrie)
Authors: Schuler Hans 
Published: July 2006

Summary
Automation technology is an integral part of chemical plants since the beginning of industrial chemistry. The evolution of process automation has been driven by the specific requirements of process industry and by the innovation cycles of instrumentation technology and control theory. Chemical production plants are still a fruitful and inspiring application field of automation with an enormous leverage on production economy. Automation today is an enabling technology for production efficiency and operational excellence of chemical processes. This contribution outlines the development and new applications of automation and control in the field of process industry, and gives some ideas to facilitate the convergence of theoretical development and engineering practice.
Flatness-Based Tracking Control for Parabolic Distributed-Parameter Systems with Boundary Input (Flachheitsbasierte Folgeregelung für parabolische verteilt-parametrische Systeme mit Randeingriff)
Authors: Meurer Thomas , Zeitz Michael 
Published: July 2006

Summary
The contribution considers the tracking control problem for nonlinear parabolic distributed-parameter systems with boundary input. It is shown that the combination of so-called formal power series and suitable summation methods provides an integrated approach to the flatness-based feedforward and feedback tracking control design with observer. The performance of the proposed control scheme is evaluated by considering various diffusion-convection-reaction models for tubular or fixed-bed reactors.
Diagnosis of Discretely Controlled Continuous Systems (Diagnose ereignisgesteuerter Systeme)
Authors: Lunze Jan 
Published: July 2006

Summary
The papers presents five diagnostic methods for discretely controlled continuous systems, which differ with respect to the model and measurement information used. From the hybrid model, four more abstract representations are derived, which have the form of embedded maps, semi-Markov processes, timed automata or nondeterministic automata. The validity of the diagnostic result is ensured by the claim that the models should be complete and, hence, consistent with all the input-output sequences of the discretely controlled system in the appropriate fault case. In this way a hierarchy of models and of diagnostic results is obtained.
Recharge origin, overexploitation, and sustainability of water resources in an arid area from Azraq basin, Jordan: case study
Authors: Bajjali William , Al-Hadidi Khair 
Published: July 2006

The Azraq groundwater basin, found in Jordan, is an important resource for available water to the public. Its magnitude and value has been decreasing for the last two decades. The groundwater level has been declining on a yearly basis since the 1980s, and over-pumping, which has tripled since 1983, has led to the drying up of major springs in the 1990s.
Overexploitation is considered as the adverse effect on groundwater mass balance, where the abstraction increases yearly and beyond the safe yield. Over-pumping and irrigation activities cause groundwater to become more saline.
The isotopic composition of groundwater is divided into two groups. The first group is associated with EMWL, and the second with GMWL. The recharge origin of the first group, which includes the upper and middle aquifers, originate from outside the Azraq basin with a land elevation higher than 1150 m asl. The groundwater of the second group is considered palaeowater. No major recharge component is identified in the basin. Accurate and reliable scientific approaches are indispensable to better understand, plan and manage the groundwater resources.
Varieties of Worldly Wisdom
Authors: Manning C. A. W. 
Published: July 2006

The English and American ways of life have more than a little in common. Except however when “Rhodes Scholars in reverse,” Englishmen do not “major.” Instead, they “specialize”—a very, very few in International Relations. Some of these do it in London. This article is on what that means.In cricket—a staple, incidentally, of the English way of life—there are broadly two techniques for bringing a ball to “turn from the off.” One, the less usual, is the “googly.” Fifty years ago it was a rarity indeed. Yet the writer knew in those days a fellow-schoolboy who, bowling googlies, was unaware that not everybody did. To him, they seemed the natural way to have a ball “turn from the off.”
Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma
Authors: Herz John H. 
Published: July 2006

The heartbreaking plight in which a bipolarized and atom bomb-blessed world finds itself today is but the extreme manifestation of a dilemma with which human societies have had to grapple since the dawn of history. For it stems from a fundamental social constellation, one where a plurality of otherwise interconnected groups constitute ultimate units of political life, that is, where groups live alongside each other without being organized into a higher unity.Wherever such anarchic society has existed—and it has existed in most periods of known history on some level—there has arisen what may be called the ‘security dilemma’ of men, or groups, or their leaders. Groups or individuals living in such a constellation must be, and usually are, concerned about their security from being attacked, subjected, dominated, or annihilated by other groups and individuals. Striving to attain security from such attack, they are driven to acquire more and more power in order to escape the impact of the power of others. This, in turn, renders the others more insecure and compels them to prepare for the worst. Since none can ever feel entirely secure in such a world of competing units, power competition ensues, and the vicious circle of security and power accumulation is on.
The Intellectuals in the Political Development of the New States
Authors: Shils Edward 
Published: July 2006

The gestation, birth, and continuing life of the new states of Asia and Africa, through all their vicissitudes, are in large measure the work of intellectuals. In no state-formations in all of human history have intellectuals played such a role as they have in these events of the present century.In the past, new states were founded by military conquest, by the secession of ethnic groups led by traditional tribal and warrior chiefs, by the gradual extension of the power of the prince through intermarriage, agreement, and conquest, or by separation through military rebellion. In antiquity, the demand that subjects acknowledge the divinity of the Emperor was no more than a requirement that the legitimacy of the existing order be recognized.
International Relations as a Prismatic System
Authors: Riggs Fred W. 
Published: July 2006

Conventional theories of international relations assume, implicitly, the model of an “inter-state system.” According to this model, individually states possess a set of characteristics which differ fundamentally from the characteristics of a system of those states interacting with each other. On this basis we can construct theories about the behavior of component states in the system, and more general propositions about the nature of the inter-state system viewed as a whole. Some of the difficulties of this model will be noted here, and an alternative model proposed.Before pointing to these difficulties, however, we need a clear image of the inter-state model. A classic formulation is contained in a speech given by former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles at a meeting of the American Society for International Law. In it Mr. Dulles identified six characteristics of the nation-state: (1) laws which “reflect the moral judgment of the community”; (2) political machinery to revise these laws as needed; (3) an executive body able to administer the laws; (4) judicial machinery to settle disputes in accord with the laws; (5) superior force to deter violence by enforcing the law upon those who defy it; and (6) sufficient well-being so that people are not driven by desperation to ways of violence. The international system, Mr. Dulles pointed out, in large part lacks these characteristics. He went on to assess the limited success of attempts, ranging from the League of Nations and Kellogg-Briand Pact through the United Nations, to create such a “state system” or “order” at the international level. Mr. Dulles sadly reported that, despite notable progress in the development of international law and judicial machinery, the desired international order does not, as yet, exist.
The Acute International Crisis
Authors: McClelland Charles A. 
Published: July 2006

Accounts of the acute crises of international politics occupy a substantial place in the diplomatic history of the past hundred years. These compounded events have been interpreted as manifestations of international rivalries among the Great Powers. Intermittently, they have drawn intense public attention and have generated heavy anxieties over the possibility that they may lead into general warfare. After the fact, they have become subjects of historical reconstruction, with students and commentators attempting to describe “what really happened.” Thus, both scholarly and popular interest has persisted in the “inside stories” of the several crises belonging to three historical periods: from 1870 to World War I, the interwar period, and the era since World War II.There is, consequently, a large descriptive literature of the crises, mainly connected with the diplomacy of opposing coalitions and of interstate conflicts during these three periods. The depth and quality of this literature vary greatly, most often according to the recency of the events and the amount of available and relevant historical documentation. The Moroccan crisis of 1905 and the circumstances of theAnschlussof 1936 are, quite naturally, better known and more firmly established factually than the inner details of the Suez crisis of 1956. However, the accumulated knowledge of the series of crises of the post-World War II period, uncertain and impressionistic as it still is, has a great deal to do with our understanding of current international affairs. Take away the facts and meanings commonly associated with the crises of Berlin, Korea, Indochina, Suez, Quemoy, the Congo, and Laos and, obviously, the usual estimates of the scope, intensity, and workings of the Cold War will greatly change. Despite this fact, acute crises have not often been made the focus either of theorizing or of intensive analytic research. Students of international relations have not found it important or necessary to consider these events as if they constituted a significant class of phenomena in the international field. The reasons for passing over the acute international crisis as a focus of explanation are worth consideration.
Improving Data Analysis in Political Science
Authors: Tufte Edward R. 
Published: July 2006

Students of politics use statistical and quantitative techniques to: summarize a large body of numbers into a small collection of typical values;confirm (and perhaps sanctify) the results of the analysis by using tests of statistical significance that help protect against sampling and measurement error;discover what's going on in their data and expose some new relationships; andinform their audience what's going on in the data.
Beyond Rational Deterrence: The Struggle for New Conceptions
Authors: Steinbruner John 
Published: July 2006

Throughout the nuclear era, United States strategic defense policy has been conceptualized in terms of the rational theory of decision. Though this has been on balance a happy arrangement for the primary policy of deterrence, there are anomalies in the theory which make its extension to problems of arms control problematic and which lead to well-known doubts about crisis stability. Given the seriousness of the latter issues, it is well to consider the implications of alternative theories of the decision process.A competitive theory of the decision process can be found; that theory, labeled here the cybernetic theory, leads to distinctly different conclusions concerning major matters of defense policy such as force sizing, force targeting, and arms-negotiation strategy. It is very unlikely that such an unfamiliar and underdeveloped theory could either quickly or completely replace established rational conceptions of defense policy, but some plausible marginal adjustments are suggested.
Linkage Politics in China: Internal Mobilization and Articulated External Hostility in the Cultural Revolution, 1967-1969
Authors: Liao Kuang-Sheng 
Published: July 2006

Studies on the relationship between internal politics and external behavior present many contradictions. This paper attempts to modify previous research methods by focusing on the relationship between internal mobilization and articulated external hostility in China during the period of the Cultural Revolution, 1967-1969.The findings suggest that during times of authority crisis, domestic mass mobilization tends to be associated with increased antiforeign verbal accusations and mass protests. The Maoists manipulated the expression of external hostility for the purpose of mobilizing internal support for their own domestic programs. Some suggestions concerning the study of China's international behavior and about cross-national research on the linkage of internal politics and external behavior are provided.
New Perspectives on Appeasement: Some Implications for International Relations
Authors: Richardson J. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHistorical research since the opening of the British archives in the late 1960s has brought about a substantial revision of the image of appeasement that had generally been accepted after World War II. Yet the traditional image has scarcely been questioned in contemporary writing on international relations. This article examines some of the central themes in recent studies relating to appeasement: the “structural” approach, which offers a new overall interpretation; the economic, military, and intelligence “dimensions” of British foreign policy in the 1930s; and the breaking down of traditional stereotypes of the roles of Chamberlain and Churchill. This reappraisal has important implications for the discipline of international relations, its view of the origins of World War II, and theories of international structural change.
Rational Hegemons, Excludable Goods, and Small Groups: An Epitaph for Hegemonic Stability Theory?
Authors: Gowa Joanne 
Published: July 2006

In defining international free trade as a public good, “hegemonic stability theory” posited early in the 1970s that its reliable supply depended upon a distribution of international power analogous to that within a privileged group. More recently, however, critics have challenged three assumptions fundamental to hegemonic theory: its premises of free trade, public goods, and privileged groups. They have concluded that hegemony is not necessary for, and indeed may be antithetical to, a stable world economy based on market exchange.The author argues that the critics overstate their case. The assumptions they attack allow hegemonic theory to represent analytically several critically important barriers to free trade among states. Among these are the existence of strategic interdependence among the actors and the prevalence of informational asymmetries. The most significant flaw in hegemonic theory is its neglect of the essence of the domain to which it applies: the politics of inter-state trade in an anarchic world.
The State and The Effective Control of Foreign Capital: The Case of South Korea
Authors: Mardon Russell 
Published: July 2006

The literature on the political economy of developing nations has focused attention upon the weakness and vulnerability of the nation-state and its limited ability to deal with and effectively alter the dominant forces of the international economy. Despite common international structures, however, the empirical pattern of foreign ownership and control of the means of production varies in newly industrializing nations. Domestic political structures and alternative state strategies may therefore have a significant impact on the pattern of foreign ownership and on the degree of control that foreign capital may exert on a developing economy.The author examines the principal legal and bureaucratic mechanisms utilized by the South Korean state to regulate the domestic economy's interaction with international capital, as well as the impact of these mechanisms upon domestic production patterns. The South Korean case demonstrates that, through the formulation and implementation of appropriate policy, the state in a developing nation possesses the capacity to shape the pattern of interaction with international economic forces. Legal and bureaucratic mechanisms have facilitated an industrial development that is predominantly owned and effectively controlled by Korean nationals.