bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior in Japanese Quail
Authors: Selinger Howard E. , Bermant Gordon 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Thirty-four five-month old male Coturnix were divided into 17 pairs on the basis of matched body weights (mean difference within pairs = 2 grams). The members of each pair were separated except during daily five-minute pair encounters. 2. Two classes of response were measured during the encounters: "head-grabs" and "pecks". A bird was called dominant if he performed more head-grabs and pecks than his pair-mate during the last three of four preexperimental encounters. 3. After the first four encounters the 17 pairs were divided into four groups: castrate, in which the dominant birds underwent bilateral gonadectomy (five pairs); sham operate, in which the dominant birds underwent the surgical procedure of the castrate group except for testis removal (four pairs) ; TCP injected, in which the submissive birds were administered testosterone cyclopentypropionate on a regular schedule (four pairs) ; and saline injected, in which the submissive birds were administered saline on the same schedule (four pairs). Pairs were observed for 23 encounters subsequent to the first experimental manipulations. 4. Gonadectomy had a clear, rapid effect on the behavior measured. From the fourth postoperative encounter through the eleventh, the (originally dominant) castrated birds performed zero head-grabs and zero pecks. The behavior of the pair-mates increased sharply during this time. 5. From the eleventh through the twenty-third postoperative encounter the castrated birds were given four injections of TCP. Androgen injections led to the reestablishment of original dominance relations in all cases. 6. Sham operations produced a mild effect on the established dominance relations. The operated animals showed relatively slight decreases in head-grabs and pecks; some pair-mates showed increased peck frequencies. In contrast to the behavior of the castrates, zero responding by the sham operates was rare. 7. TCP injections produced large changes in the behavior of three out of four intact submissive birds, and a slight change in the fourth. Androgen increased the average number of headgrabs and pecks exhibited by the injected animals by a factor of more than four; the pair-mates showed substantially reduced rates of responding (encounters 6-9). Cessation of androgen treatment produced a reversion to original relations within nine encounters after the last injection. 8. Treatment with saline had no effect on the originally established dominance relations. 9. The level of aggressive activity could be manipulated by varying the level of circulating androgen. Analysis of the functional significance of the observed behavior was made difficult by the close similarity of response in these homosexual contacts to that observed during heterosexual contact.
The Relation Between Organization and Function of Song in Cardinals
Authors: Lemon Robert E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. This paper represents an attempt to relate the organization of song in North American cardinals to the manner in which song is used. 2. Each cardinal has several distinctive song types in common with his neighbours. When singing each male sings a series or bout of one song type, followed by a series of another song type. 3. Often when two or more cardinals are singing simultaneously, the song types of the singers are the same. 4. Matching was recorded from males singing under natural conditions. It usually ranged from between 25 and 50% of the time the birds were singing together, although the differences in the amounts of matching by the different pairs of males were not significant. Two males did match significantly more when closer together than when further apart. 5. The relative amount of matching by two males was noted when brought together at the common boundary of their territories. One of these males was also provoked into considerable singing and matching by a tape recorder and decoy placed inside his territory. In both cases the amount of singing and matching was higher than in the normal situation. Also, the latencies of matching were much shorter, as were the bouts. 6. A male exposed to repeated recordings on five successive occasions showed almost perfect matching on the first occasion, but decreased the amount of matching regularly thereafter. The amount of matching was found to be consistent with other variables of song. 7. Matching of song types occurred to a high degree between mated males and females, in fact, to a higher extent than between males. Females do not sing very often so the total amount of this matching with the males is probably no higher than between males. 8. The peculiarities of the organization of song in cardinals are interpreted as reflecting a feed-back system by which homoeostasis of the territorial system is maintained, and as such it permits the co-ordination of the singing of two individuals. Under high stimulation the co-ordination becomes more precise with higher amounts of matching, shorter latencies of matching, and more changes of song type per unit of time. 9. In addition to being used by cardinals, this kind of communication occurs among other members of the Fringillidac and Paridae. All of these species exhibit long tenure of territory throughout the year and some, at least, over several years.
The Effect of Experience and Novelty On Avian Feeding Behavior With Reference To the Evolution of Warning Coloration in Butterflies Part I: Reactions of Wild-Caught Adult Blue Jays To Novel Insects
Authors: Coppinger Raymond P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral neo-tropical butterfly species were presented to 171 wild-caught adult Blue Jays to determine if insects of unfamiliar color pattern would elicit an attack response from an avian predator regardless of the visual characteristics of the prey. It was found that unfamiliar insects do not always elicit an attack response. Four aspects of the birds' behaviors were noted: 1) the initial responses to various training diets were different; 2) the training diets had a direct effect on the reactions of the birds to new insects; 3) there was a difference in the attack responses of the birds to different novel insects ; 4) there was an interaction between training diets and novel insects. Four aspects of avian feeding behavior were discussed as possible explanations of the results : preference for familiar food, generalization from previous experience, innate avoidance of specific stimuli, and innate avoidance of novel stimuli.
Application of the Method of Second Order Sign Behavior To the Study of Non-Spatial Delayed Response in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Cardu Bruno 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behavior of seven rhesus monkeys on a test of non-spatial delayed response based on the method of second order sign behavior is reported. Four stimuli were used: two first order stimuli presented individually (two sounds or two lights) and two second order stimuli presented simultaneously (two objects). Subjects first learned to associate one of the objects to each of the two first order stimuli. An interval between the termination of the first signal and the moment of choice was then introduced; hence the subjects' short-term memory could be estimated. All subjects succeeded in this task; the limits of the memory span ranged from 20 to 45 seconds.
Behavioral Aspects of Spatial Organization in the Chipmunk, Tamias Striatus
Authors: Dunford Christopher 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study attempts to demonstrate the possible role of agonistic behavior and vocalization in maintaining the spatial organization found in a population of 12 eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus. The home ranges of the chipmunks overlapped almost entirely, but their burrow entrances were regularly spaced in the study area and their core areas did not overlap. Agonistic behavior was studied while attracting the chipmunks to small piles of sunflower seeds. Chasing occurred most often in 398 agonistic encounters. The chase orders at 15 locations in the study area were remarkably different. Reversal of dominance consistently occurred between neighboring chipmunks. Each chipmunk seemed to maintain a dominance area centered around its burrow entrance. This dominance area roughly coincided with its core area. If reversal of dominance with difference in space is accepted as a criterion of territorial behavior, chipmunks seem to exhibit territorial behavior. Chipmunk vocalizations form a graded sound system. There is a gradation of both temporal patterning and frequency. All vocalizations seem to function as alarm calls. One of the vocalizations, chipping, may also function as an agonistic signal. Reciprocal chasing between neighboring chipmunks may in part explain the regular spacing of burrow entrances and the mutual exclusiveness of the core areas. Since each animal's dominance area centers around its burrow entrance, the chipmunk can, by chasing, prevent another chipmunk, from digging or using a burrow near its own. Since the dominance area roughly coincides with its core area, the animal can likewise prevent other chipmunks from frequenctly using its core area. It is also possible that the vocalizations of the chipmunks, especially chipping, help maintain the spatial organization of the population. The chipping could well advertise the presence of a chipmunk in its dominance area, thereby dissuading intrusion by neighboring chipmunks.
Das Erkundungsverhalten Und Seine Beeinflussbarkeit Durch Vorerfahrung Bei Der WeißEn Ratte (Ratt Us Norvegicus)
Authors: Kramer Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract5.1 Weiße Ratten wurden in Versuchslabyrinthen an zwei gleich beduftete Luftströme, an zwei gleiche optische Muster oder an zwei gleiche taktile Muster gewöhnt. Nach einer solchen Gewöhnung wurden beide Reizgeber ausgewechselt, einer gegen einen gleichen gewohnten Reizgeber, der andere gegen einen neuen, aber jeweils innerhalb der gleichen Modalität. Beobachtet und gemessen wurde die durch Erstzuwendung und Zuwendungszeiten zum Ausdruck kommende relative Bewertung des neuen Duftes, optischen Musters oder taktilen Musters gegenüber dem jeweils bekannten Reizmuster. In allen drei Fällen wurde eine deutliche Bevorzugung des jeweils neuen Reizes beobachtet. Das Ausmaß dieser Bevorzugung wurde als Maß für die Stärke der Erkundungstendenz betrachtet. 5.2 Weiterhin wurde geprüft, welchen Einfluß wechselreiche, bzw. ,,reizreiche" Vorbehandlungen auf die Stärke der Erkundungstendenzen gegenüber den verschiedenen neuen Reizen hatten. Solche reizreichen Vorbehandlungen wurden entweder langfristig in einer sich täglich ändernden Wohnkasten-Umwelt oder kurzfristig unmittelbar vor der Prüfung der Stärke der Erkundungstendenz im Versuchslabyrinth durchgeführt. Langfristig reizreich vorbehandelte Vt waren im Versuchslabyrinth in den ersten Minuten lokomotorisch aktiver, später weniger aktiv als monoton vorbehandelte Vt. Kurzfristig reizreich vorbehandelte Vt unterschieden sich bezüglich lokomotorischer Aktivität nie von monoton vorbehandelten. Die Ergebnisse der Prüfungen der Stärke der Erkundungstendenz lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Von den gebotenen reizreichen Vorbehandlungen sind diejenigen, in denen eine Anzahl von Düften enthalten ist, besonders geeignet, die Erkundungstendenz zu schwächen. Besonders gut beeinflußbar durch eine solche Vorbehandlung ist die Erkundungstendenz gegenüber einem neuen Duft. Schwächend auf die Erkundungstendenz wirken nicht die gebotenen Düfte selbst, sondern die Duftwechsel. Für diese Schwächung der Erkundungstendenz ist nicht eine Empfindlichkeitsveränderung des Geruchs-Sinnesorgans verantwortlich. 5.3 Abschließend werden Fragen der Reizspezifität der Veränderungen innerhalb der zentralnervösen Mechanismen diskutiert. die das Erkundungsverhalten auslösen.
Exposure of the Nasonov Gland By Honeybees (Apis Mellifera) Collecting Water
Authors: Free J.B. , Williams Ingrid H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt has been found that when worker honeybees have made several consecutive trips for water many of them expose their Nasonov glands at the source of supply, and especially when it lacks an odour of its own. It is suggested that the tendency of bees to expose their Nasonov glands when collecting sugar syrup or abnormally abundant supplies of nectar is an adaptation of the behaviour that naturally occurs when collecting water.
Interspecific Differences in Avian Feeding Behavior and the Evolution of Batesian Mimicry
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper describes an experiment on interspecific differences in the response of bird predators to an artificial Batesian mimic/model complex. Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) were offered a series of 24 pairs of models and mimics after an initial presentation of the emetic model (a 1/2 mealworm adulterated with quinine sulphate and with a black dot painted on it). Chickadees attacked many mimics (unaltered 1/2 mealworms) and a few models. White-crowned sparrows attacked few mimics and almost no models. Differences between species in the manner of preparing mealworms for consumption may have contributed to the interspecific differences in the treatment of the series of model/mimic pairs. Perhaps more importantly, the chickadees, as opportunistic feeders dependent on a wide variety of prey, may possess special tolerance to noxious stimuli. The sparrows, conservative feeders with a more limited range of prey species, need not possess this tolerance in order to exploit their niche fully. Interspecific differences in feeding behavior could contribute to the origin and perfection of Batesian mimicry.
A Cheap Method of Recording Behavioural Events, for Direct Computer-Access
Authors: Dawkins Richard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA new system is described for recording behavioural events on a time scale, in a form which can be fed directly into a computer. The user presses keys on a keyboard to denote behavioural events. The number of separate events which can be distinguished depends on the quality of equipment used, and can be over 60. The main disadvantage of the system is that no two events can be recorded simultaneously. The information is coded on magnetic tape, using an unmodified single channel domestic tape recorder. The encoding unit is light and battery driven, and together with the tape recorder can easily be taken into the field. The tapes are later played back through a simple interface to a small computer. The computer decodes them, and punches out a permanent paper tape record of which behaviours occurred, and when, to the nearest tenth of a second. These paper tapes can then be fed back into the same or another computer for analysis. In addition to recording discrete events, the system can be used as a simple analogue to digital converter. The main advantage of the system is that it is extremely cheap and easy to make. This is because a very simple frequency code is used, and the computer itself is programmed to perform the whole decoding operation.
Studies On the Behaviour of Cyprinodent Fish I. the Agonistic and Sexual Behaviour of Aphyosemion Bivittatum (Lönnberg 1895)
Authors: Ewing A.W. , Evans V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The agonistic and sexual behaviour of the Cyprinodont fish Aphyoseznion bivittatum is described. Both males and females develop colour patterns which are useful in identifying the motivational state of the fish and these are also described. Aggressive encounters between males are prolonged and highly ritualised. They result in dominant - subordinate relationships being set up and this is probably associated with a hierarchical structure of social organisation in the wild. The data was analysed to show differences in the sequences of aggressive behaviour of dominant and subordinate males. The possible adaptive values of the differences found are discussed. The sequence of courtship behaviour is relatively simple due to the limited behavioural repertoire of females.
Effect of Number, Kind and Order of Song Elements On Playback Responses of the Golden-Winged Warbler
Authors: Ficken Millicent S. , Ficken Robert W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) has a simple, stereotyped song consisting of an introductory trill (Z) followed by a variable number of similar lower-pitched trills (B). Individual variation is slight, with overlap in the seven individuals studied in syllables per trill, maximum and minimum frequency (pitch), frequency range, duration and interval. However, differences in frequency and perhaps number of syllables per trill may be sufficient for individual recognition. Species recognition probably depends on the grosser aspects of the same parameters. Playback experiments were conducted with both natural and artificial songs to test the effects of number, kind and ordering of trills. Responses were measured in terms of number of playbacks within 30 feet of the speaker. A rigid ordering is necessary for maximal responsiveness with the Z preceding any B trills. The natural song is "read" from the first Z trill to the last B trill. Responsiveness differed according to the number of B trills. Both the Z and B trills are necessary for maximal responsiveness. The minimum effective song was ZB, a naturally occurring song in conflict situations. The song of this species is particularly rich in possibilities for transmitting motivational information. We suggest that such information transfer occurs through varying the number of B trills, amplitude, rate of singing and major changes in the song (frequency, syllables per trill, interval).
Further Studies of the Sea-Finding Mechanism in Green Turtle Hatchlings
Authors: Mrosovsky N. , Shettleworth Sara J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Further studies were made of the simultaneous comparison mechanism used by hatchling green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in sea-finding behaviour. The aim was to learn if visual inputs from different directions, stimulating different parts of the retina, had the same effects on orientation. To do this goggles were designed that permitted occlusion of parts of the visual field. Wearing goggles did not in itself affect orientation. When the nasal visual field for one eye and the temporal field for the other eye were covered, turtles circled consistently in the direction of the eye with the nasal occlusion. The total numbers of circles made in a given time by such turtles were not significantly different from those made by animals with simple unilateral blindfolds. Covering the temporal field of one eye resulted in some, though not all, turtles turning contralateral to that eye, provided the other eye was totally covered. On the whole the data were consistent with the idea that inputs in the nasal field are associated with contralateral turning and those in the temporal field with ipsilateral turning. Some complications to this interpretation are also discussed. However, the results demonstrate unequivocally that inputs from different directions contribute differently to sea-finding orientation of green turtles.
Mother-Young Interactions in the Common Seal, Phoca Vitulina Vitulina
Authors: Wilson Susan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe mother-young relationship of the common seal Phoca vitulina in Strangford Lough, N.E. Ireland, lasted about three weeks. Mothers with young were most active during the first two hours of the ebb, and also they spent more time in the water when the ebb occurred towards evening than in the morning. Characteristic behaviour in the water included (i) the mother guiding the pup and maintaining close contact with it (ii) playing, and (iii) the pup sleeping at the surface with the mother close by. Progressive changes in the relationship included a slight decrease in time spent by the mother in guiding the pup, a slight increase in time spent close together, an increase in time spent at a considerable distance apart, and an increase in time spent by the pup sleeping at the surface. Throughout the suckling period the mother controlled the onset of suckling, but rarely terminated it. Throughout, also, the pup broke contact the most, while the mother re-established contact the most. Just before weaning, mothers left their pups for long periods, the separation sometimes terminating a play bout.
Immediate Effects of Allogrooming in Adult Stump-Tailed Macaques Macaca Arctoides
Authors: Goosen C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behaviour of an adult Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides) while in three different experimental situations, is compared. The experimental situations were the following: (I) the female is alone, (II) the female is in the presence of a male while allogrooming is prevented by a plexiglas partition, or (III) the male is present and allogrooming is allowed through a slit in the partition. Comparison of the situations (I) and (II) shows the presence of male induces in the female a tendency to stay close to the male, a slight reduction of locomotion and an increase in the duration of autogrooming. When the female has the opportunity to allogroom, comparing II and III, she prefers to allogroom over walking away from the male as well as over autogrooming.
Neural Mechanisms of Releasing (Unclasping) in American Toad
Authors: Schmidt Robert S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe tendency to clasp is increased greatly, in the toad Bufo cognatus, by injections of gonadotrophin. In B. americanus, the forebrain and medial parts of the inferior colliculi are not necessary for releasing (i.e. unclasping) behavior. Small lesions at the lateral edge of the anterio-dorsal nucleus of the inferior colliculi abolish releasing. After removal of the clasp-inhibition mechanisms of the trigemino-isthmic tegmentum, toads show strong clasping (foreleg adduction) and strong releasing (hindleg kicking) movements simultaneously. This suggests that releasing is a distinct behavior pattern, rather than merely an inhibition of clasping Normal releasing can be evoked in B. americanus after complete bilateral labyrinthectomy, and the presence of a nearby, release-calling male does not evoke releasing by a clasping male. Therefore, it must be mainly the tactile effects, rather than the auditory or vestibular effects, of the release signals that evoke releasing. The effects of section of the dorsal roots of various spinal nerves in B. americanus confirm that the foreleg is the most important area for reception of the tactile stimuli evoking clasping and releasing. Gross lesions of the forefoot and sections of various nerves to the forefoot show that receptors involved in eliciting these behaviors are widely distributed in this area. The forefoot sensory field of the deep radial nerve is especially involved in clasping.