bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
We Must Abandon the Myth: Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein is
not a Lipoprotein that Plays a Key Role in Atherogenesis
Authors: Orekhov Alexander N. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract:
The purpose of this review is to revisit in detail the arguments supporting or
disproving the hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a key role
in atherosclerotic lesion development. The detection of oxidized LDL in vivo was extremely
important for confirming its key role in atherogenesis. Indirect evidence of its
existence included the presence of autoantibodies against malondialdehyde-treated LDL
in human blood; however, the affinity of circulating antibodies to another LDL modification,
such as desialylated LDL, was an order of magnitude stronger. At least 3 forms of
atherogenic modified lipoproteins were isolated from the blood of atherosclerotic patients
using different methods, namely, small dense, electronegative and desialylated.
Their properties were so similar that it was suggested that the three types could be classified
as the same multiple-modified LDL particle. It has been shown that when native (unmodified)
LDL is incubated with autologous serum from patients with atherosclerosis,
multiple modifications occur, which include desialylation, a decrease in the content of
phospholipids and neutral lipids, a decrease in particle size, an increase in negative
charge and other physical and chemical changes. Longer incubation also increased the
susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Thus, LDL oxidation is not the only, much less the
most important, form of atherogenic modification of LDL since it occurs at the last
stages of multiple modifications cascade and does not significantly increase the atherogenic
potential of multiple-modified LDL. Finally, clinical trials did not support the
oxidative hypothesis; however, research on oxidized LDL continues, influencing the future
research. It is time to abandon the myth!
Armodafinil as a Potential Pharmacological Treatment for Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Review
Authors: Lamas-Aguilar Reyna , Diaz-Ruiz Araceli , Navarro Luz , Miranda-Ojeda Raúl , de los Ángeles Martínez-Cárdenas María , Mata-Bermudez Alfonso , Rios Camilo 
Published: March 2024

Introduction::
Armodafinil is a psychostimulant that promotes alertness, and it has been
shown to improve attention, memory, and fatigue in healthy adults and adults with neurodevelopmental
conditions that share symptoms with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is generally
well tolerated and safe, and most of the adverse events reported are considered not serious. However,
the available evidence on the efficacy of armodafinil for the treatment of ADHD in adults is
scarce.

Objective::
The present review aims to perform a systematized search of the available evidence on the
possible therapeutic benefit of armodafinil treatment in adult patients with ADHD.

Methods::
A literature review using PubMed was conducted to compile and summarize the available
clinical and scientific evidence on the possible use of armodafinil as a pharmacological treatment in
adult patients with ADHD.

Results::
From the 86 articles reviewed, the available evidence showed that both acute and chronic
treatment with armodafinil can improve wakefulness, memory, impulse control, and executive functions
in adults with sleep disorders and other conditions. In addition, evidence of improvement in cognitive
functions and mood alterations in other neuropsychiatric conditions was shown.

Conclusion::
Armodafinil could be useful for the treatment of ADHD in adults, according to the
review of the literature from both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A Mechanistic Review on Protective Effects of Mangosteen and its
Xanthones Against Hazardous Materials and Toxins
Authors: Yahyazadeh Roghayeh , Rahimi Vafa Baradaran , Yahyazadeh Ahmad , Askari Vahid Reza 
Published: March 2024

:
Due to its pharmacological properties, α-Mangostin, mainly found in Garcinia mangostana
(G. mangostana) L. (Mangosteen, queen of fruits), treats wounds, skin infections, and many other disorders.
In fact, α-Mangostin and other xanthonoid, including β-Mangostin and γ-Mangostin, are found
in G. mangostana, which have various advantages, namely neuroprotective, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive,
antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic through multiple
signaling mechanisms, for instance, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK 1/2), mitogenactivated
Protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), transforming growth factor beta1
(TGF-β1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review presents comprehensive information
on Mangosteen's pharmacological and antitoxic aspects and its xanthones against various natural
and chemical toxins. Because of the insufficient clinical study, we hope the current research can
benefit from performing clinical and preclinical studies against different toxic agents.
Manifestations of Criminal Professionalism in the Activities of Robber Gangs of Pre-Revolutionary Russia
Authors: Zarubina K. A. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. Professional crime is one of the most dangerous, relatively independent types of crime, which poses a serious threat to modern society and the state. Currently, there is no unified approach to assessing the state, dynamics and trends of this dangerous criminal phenomenon. Mechanisms to combat this type of criminal activity that are adequate to the level of danger have not been identified. In this regard, special studies of professional crime in all its complexity and ambiguity are becoming particularly relevant, including those affecting certain issues of the evolution of this dangerous criminal phenomenon in time and space.The purpose. He purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis and definition of the socio-legal essence of professional crime in pre-revolutionary Russia (using the example of the analysis of socially dangerous activities of robber gangs).Objectives: to analyze the domestic legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, providing for accountability for repeated robbery; to determine the specifics of committing crimes on a professional basis by robber gangs in prerevolutionary Russia; to identify elements of the criminal subculture supported by the community of professional robbers in the period under study in Russia.Methodology. To achieve this goal, such general scientific and private scientific research methods as the method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparative legal and chronological methods were used.Results. It was determined that many robbers who traded on the «high roads» during the studied period possessed all the signs of criminal professionalism: the presence of criminal specialization, qualifications, perception of criminal activity as a source of income, connections with the criminal world, including those expressed in the perception and multiplication of values and norms of the emerging criminal subculture.Conclusion. By the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a monolithic, well–structured consolidated and criminal world had formed in Russia, in which the professional criminal «core» played a special role. Professional robbers occupied not the least place in the criminal hierarchy, causing significant harm to economic relations in society and the national security of the country.
Military Education and Military-Physical Training of Schoolchildren in the Chkalovsk (Orenburg) Region During the Great Patriotic War
Authors: Khisamutdinova R. R. , Aptikiev A. Kh. 
Published: March 2024

The relevance of studying the problem of military education and military physical training of schoolchildren of the Chkalovsky (Orenburg) region during the Great Patriotic War has scientific, practical and cognitive significance, since the study of this topic reveals the regional aspect of the problem.The purpose of the study is to study military education and military physical training of school students of the Chkalov (Orenburg) region during the war as a scientific problem.The objectives are a systematic analysis of military training and military-physical training of schoolchildren in the region during the war period, revealing the difficulties and complexities of solving this problem.The methodology of the work is based on following the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. Both general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis) and special historical methods were used: problemchronological, comparative historical.Results. During the Great Patriotic War, the issue of organizing military-physical training of high school students on a large state scale became particularly acute. It was thanks to the purposeful and coordinated work of all authorities to solve this problem in the schools of the country, including the Chkalov region, that relatively prepared reinforcements arrived in the troops.Conclusion. With the outbreak of the war, there was a practical need for students to undergo military training while still at school, since many after graduation entered the active army. Although this work was launched in the prewar years, but in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War it took on a full-scale character. The country's leadership was able to build in extreme conditions a fairly effective system of training young people for military trials, as close as possible to combat. However, the solution to this problem has caused a number of difficulties in the Chkalov region: incomplete staffing of schools with military instructors and teachers of military affairs; low general education and pedagogical training of some of them; staff turnover; insufficient material provision of schools with sports, gymnastics and military equipment. However, these problems were gradually resolved over the course of the war.
Development of Digital Technologies in the Procedures of Administration of Public Non-Tax Payments
Authors: Kurkin I. V. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. The effectiveness of administration in any of the spheres of legal regulation is determined by the ability of the relevant sphere to adapt to the changing conditions of public relations, allowing it to develop and improve in proportion to the demands formed by the existing living conditions. The permanent development of digital technologies is one of the distinctive features of modernity, which, in turn, requires their timely and effective use in the process of legal regulation. The sphere of administration of public non-tax payments is no exception. The use of various IT technologies in the field of administration of taxes and fees, which has recently become habitual, remains uncharacteristic for the administration of a «parallel tax system», which significantly hinders the systemic development of the relevant sphere of legal regulation.The purpose is a theoretical and legal study of the state of digitalization of the administration of public non-tax payments, the impact of the use of IT technologies on the efficiency of administration.The objectives of this research are a comparative analysis of the use of IT technologies in the administration of public tax and non-tax payments, as well as the development of specific practice-oriented proposals for the introduction of digital government information services in the regulation of the payment of the latter.The methodology of this scientific research is based on the dialectical universal method, and also includes methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, logical, comparative legal and legal modeling.Results. In the course of this scientific research, a comparative legal analysis of the use of IT technologies in the administration of public tax and non-tax payments was carried out, specific practice-oriented conclusions were formulated to increase the level of digitalization of the administration of public non-tax payments.Conclusion. The level of digitalization of the process of administration of public non-tax payments is significantly lower than the level of digitalization of the process of administration of tax payments, and therefore there is a need to borrow IT technologies used by tax control authorities in the process of administration of payments not included in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
Evaluation of Interleukin 4, High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Activity of Alanine Transaminase Among Cooks in Nnewi
Authors: Ihim Augustine Chinedu , Iloka Joy Chiemeka , Onah Christian Ejike , Obi Patrick Chinedu , Osakue N , Agbo Ejiofor Christopher , Awalu JC 
Published: March 2024

Soot arises from burning wood, oils, tires, and other hydrocarbon or organic compounds. Soot is widespread and has a massive detrimental effect on human health, climate, and air quality. The serum levels of Interleukin 4, High sensitivity C-reactive protein, and alanine transaminase activity were evaluated. This cross–sectional study recruited 90 participants consisting of 45 participants exposed to soot (test group) and 45 participants not exposed to soot (control group). The Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology Ethics Committee at Nnamdi Azikiwe University granted ethical approval, and participants’ informed consent was acquired. Interleukin 4 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were determined using the Sandwich ELISA method while the activity of alanine transaminase was determined using the spectrophotometric method. Questionnaires were used to obtain the socio-demographic data of the participants and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated using weight (kg)/height2 (m2). Independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis and significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that the mean serum activity of alanine transaminase (9.30 ± 0.28) was significantly lower in the participants exposed to soot compared with the control (9.48 ± 0.37) (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the mean serum levels of Interleukin 4 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein of participants exposed to soot compared with the control (p>0.05). Hence, exposure to soot through the use of firewood did not predispose cooks to systemic inflammation, or cardiovascular and hepatic dysfunctions.
Keywords: Soot, alanine transaminase, Interleukin 4, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, inflammation
A Comprehensive Review of Tamaric gallica Linn.: A Herbal Haemostat with special reference in Unani Medicine
Authors: Ateeq Iram , Firdose Kouser Fathima 
Published: March 2024

Background and aim: Tamarix gallica L. is commonly known as “Jhau”. These deciduous, herbaceous, twiggy shrub or small tree reaching up to about 5 meters high and mainly found in the salty regions and is found between interdunal areas of the desert. It has enormous potential and having a broad spectrum of activity on a variety of illnesses such as leukoderma, eye diseases, teeth disorder, any type of hemorrhage, spleen disorders etc. This review aims to compile maximum information available, regarding its various traditional uses, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities to enrich our knowledge about this plant.
Materials and methods: A manual literature survey of classical Unani texts such as Khazā’in al-Adwiya, Tanqīh-al-Mufradāt, Bustān-al- Mufradāt, Muḥīṭ-i-A‘ẓam and online literature survey from Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane library, science direct was conducted to collect the information available on the plant Tamarix gallica.
Result and discussion: The findings of the literature survey on the basis of previous phytochemical analyses of this plant revealed the presence of a number of components, some of which are tannin, tannic acid, tamarixin, significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidants like carotenoids and essential oils which are extracted from various parts of the plants. Its reported pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic activity and hepatoprotective activities.
Keywords: Tamarix gallica, phytochemical analyses, tannin, antioxidant, pharmacological activities, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiproliferative, antibacterial.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. Among Pregnant Women Attending General Hospitals in Delta Central Senatorial District, Nigeria
Authors: Egbule Olivia Sochi , Morka Emmanuel , Omenogor Patricia Konye 
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. among pregnant women who visit the General Hospital in Delta Central Senatorial District, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the vaginal and rectum areas of pregnant women attending the General Hospitals of Abraka, Oghara, Udu, Ughelli North and Ughelli South. Bacteriological and biochemical analyses were conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify the bacteria. Two types of bacteria were found; Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. The study result showed that Staphylococcus aureus (13.7%) was more prevalent than other isolates and was found in samples obtained from Udu General Hospital. In comparison, Ughelli South General Hospital had the lowest prevalence for S. aureus (7.9%). Samples from Oghara General Hospital had the highest prevalence for Enterococcus sp. (3.7%) while the lowest prevalence for Enterococcus sp. (1.1%) was obtained from Ughelli South General Hospital. S. aureus (51.6%) was found to be the most prevalent bacterium, while Enterococcus sp. (11.1%) was the least prevalent. The bacterial load from the vaginal swab samples was higher than that of rectum swab samples, which suggests that pregnant women attending these hospitals may have infections. The total bacterial count among pregnant women was highest in samples obtained from Udu General Hospital (5.4±0.5), followed by Abraka (5.0±0.6), Oghara (4.8±0.2), and Ughelli North (4.5±0.15), and while the least count was recorded from samples obtained from Ughelli South General Hospital (3.0±0.2). This study helps manage and plan future medical treatments. Pregnant women should be screened early in their pregnancies, between the 12th and 16th weeks, which is the second trimester, and treated appropriately to avoid complications that arise from untreated infections.
Keywords: Prevalence, vaginal, pregnancy, women, infection
A Traditional Review: The Utilization of Nutraceutical as a Traditional Cure for the Modern World at Current Prospectus for Multiple Health Conditions
Authors: Pandey Prachi , Pal Rahul , Koli Manju , Malakar Raj Kumar , Verma Sandeep , Kumar Narendra , Kumar Pavan 
Published: March 2024

Nutraceuticals refer to food products that have a positive impact on the well-being of individuals. This category includes dietary supplements, herbal products, probiotics, and prebiotics, as well as medical foods designed for disease prevention and treatment. The nutraceutical market is witnessing substantial growth worldwide, primarily due to the growing awareness among consumers about the connection between diet and health. Additionally, there is a rising demand for functional foods and dietary supplements. As consumers prioritize preventive healthcare, they are increasingly looking for products that provide targeted health benefits beyond basic nutrition. The rise of this trend can be attributed to various factors, including the aging population, rising healthcare expenses, and a preference for natural and organic ingredients. Nutraceuticals, as a major force in the industry, offer numerous beneficial effects with minimal undesirable impacts, thus attracting more consumer interest. The increasing shift towards preventive treatments, along with the growth in disposable income and a positive market outlook for the pharmaceutical sector, has primarily contributed to the expanding nutraceutical market in India. However, challenges such as the lack of regulation and awareness, high pricing, marketing, and distribution issues need to be addressed. Nutraceutical market is seeing flowing development chiefly in United States, India, and European nations. This review article primarily focuses on providing a concise overview of nutraceuticals, categorizing them, and discussing their significant roles in various health conditions. Additionally, it delves into the present and future status of nutraceuticals on a global scale.
Keywords: traditional cure; nutraceuticals; remedy; prebiotics; probiotics; regulatory compliance; supplementary diets; nutraceutical ingredients.
Clinical study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Boozidaan (Pyrethrum indicum) in the management of Niqris Muzmin (Chronic Gout)
Authors: AMIN JOSEE , Islam Naquibul , Rafeeqi Towseef Amin 
Published: March 2024

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to observe the Efficacy of unani pharmacopoeial formulation Boozidan (Pyrethrum indicum) for the management of Niqris Muzmin (Chronic gout) and to observe any concomitant and adverse effects of formulation.
Methods: This single blind, randomized and standard control clinical study was conducted between April 2021 to October 2021 for a period of 28 days. 60 patients diagnosed with chronic gout were divided into two groups, 30 Test group and 30 Control group. The test group was administered with 5g boozidaan in powder form once daily with water and the patients of control group were given tablet febuxostat 80mg once daily. Patients were followed up and improvements in subjective parameters were assessed weekly at 7th, 14th, 21st, and 29th day. Objective parameters were assessed at the baseline and at 29th day. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis.
Results: Both the test and control drug were effective in reducing Serum uric acid level, ESR and CRP levels. A significant improvement in subjective and objective parameters was observed in both test and control groups and no adverse effects were observed during and after the study.
However, the test drug had superior efficacy in reducing the objective parameters and it was statistically significant (p-value<0.0001).
Conclusion: Both Boozidaan and Febuxostat were safe and significantly effective in resolving the symptoms and signs of gouty arthritis and both have significant effect on reducing serum uric acid level.
Keywords: Boozidaan, Chronic gout, Niqris, Febuxostat, serum uric acid, unani medicine
Current Perspective in Mixed Pain
Authors: Guillén-Núñez María del Rocío , Juárez-Lemus Angel Manuel , Hernández-Porras Berenice Carolina , Hernández-Rodríguez Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Pain is one of the 10 leading causes of medical consultation worldwide and is the alarm symptom of the organism in situations that threaten its integrity, however, when it becomes chronic, it loses its protective capacity and becomes, in many cases, the disease itself.
According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) pain is classified as nociceptive, neuropathic and nociplastic. Mixed pain has been described years ago due to the coexistence of different types of pain.
We can conclude that we do not have a screening tool and/or treatment algorithm for mixed pain, so it is preferable that pain management begins with a rigorous assessment, using the latest available tools, followed by individualized evidence-based treatment with multimodal therapy when appropriate.
Keywords: nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, mixed pain.