bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Beliefs: Religion and the Sociology of Religion in America
Authors: Yamane David 
Published: March 2007

What is the relationship between the official teachings of religious bodies and the beliefs of individual adherents in the United States today? At first glance, this question appears rather straightforward. One simply needs to identify religious bodies, specify their teachings and empirically establish the connection between those teachings and adherents' beliefs. But establishing and of these elements is anything but simple. To begin to untangle this knotty subject, the author first uses a restrictive definition of religious bodies, teachings, and beliefs, focusing on the core doctrinal teachings of clearly identifiable religious denominations. He then steps back and takes a broader view of the situation using a less restrictive definition, exploring the influence of affiliation with religious “families” on individuals' moral beliefs. The author conclucdes with some thoughts about how both religion and the sociology of religion in America are moving beyond beliefs. French Quelle est aujourd'hui la relation entre les enseignements officiels des organes religieux et les croyances dles fidèles individuels aux États- Unis? Au premier abord, la réponse à cette question paraît plutôt claire. II suffirait simplement d'identifier les organes religieux, dle préciser leurs enseignements et d'établir empiriquement le lien entre ces enseignements et les croyances cles fidéles. Mais établir ces éléments est tout saufsimple. Afin dle démêler ce sujet epineux, I'auteur utilise d'abord une définition restrictive des organes religieux, des enseignements et cles croyances, en se focalisant sur les enseignements doctrinaux centraux de confessions religieuses clairement icdentifiables. II cdresse ensuite unie vue d'ensemble de la situation, en utilisant une definition moins restrictive et en explorant l'influence cle l'affiliation avec des 'familles" religieuses sur les croyances morales indivicluelles. L'auteur conclut avec quelques réflexions sur la manière dont à la fois la religion et la sociologie dle la religion aux États-Unis vont au-cdelà cles crovances.
La socialisation scolaire du croire et sa gestion institutionnelle: Bible, catéchisme et histoire de l'Église á l'école publique québécoise (1905-1970)
Authors: Turcotte Paul-André 
Published: March 2007

English For a century two versions of religious teaching have pitted themselves against each other in the programmes in French-speaking public schools in Quebec: one of a Catholic nature, the other cultural. Both conflicting positions express themselves in the public domain, in a clerical context, principally among the bishops, religious orders and school boards. The problem is important for the definition, the organization and the control of the educational socialization of belief in its relations to the affirmation of cultural identity, religious belonging and the entry into modernity with regards to tradition. The interactions of both sides become less with the retreat of religious orders from public schools, to which is added the ecclesiastical intention of appropriating the exclusive direction of religious instruction and the state's claim on the regulation of educational socialization, including in matters of religion. French Depuis un siècle, dans les programmes des écoles publiques québécoises dle langue française, dleux versions de l'enseignement religieux s'affrontent, l'une de nature confessionnelle catholique, I'autre à caractère culturel. Des positions conflictuelles s'expriment dans la discussion publique, soit entre les instances cléricales, l'épiscopat principalement, les ordres religieux enseignants et les directions scolaires. C'est que l'enjeu s'avère de taille quant à la définition, à la gestion et au contrôle de la socialisation scolaire du croire, dans ses rapports avec laffirmation de l'identité culturelle, I'appartenance religieuse et l'insertion dlans la modernite en regard de la tradition. Les transactions de part et d'autre reculent avec le retrait des ordres religieux des écoles publiques, à quoi s'ajoutent l'intention ecclésiastique de s'approprier la direction exclusive de l'enseignement religieux et la revendlication étatique d'une regulation entière de la socialisation scolaire, y compris en matière de religion.
The DC-SIGN–related lectin LSECtin mediates antigen capture and pathogen binding by human myeloid cells
Authors: Dominguez-Soto Angeles , Aragoneses-Fenoll Laura , Martin-Gayo Enrique , Martinez-Prats Lorena , Colmenares Maria , Naranjo-Gomez Marisa , Borras Francesc E. , Munoz Pilar , Zubiaur Mercedes , Toribio Maria L. , Delgado Rafael , Corbi Angel L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLiver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (LSECtin [CLEC4G]) is a C-type lectin encoded within the liver/lymph node–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (L-SIGN)/dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)/CD23 gene cluster. LSECtin expression has been previously described as restricted to sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver and lymph node. We now report LSECtin expression in human peripheral blood and thymic dendritic cells isolated ex vivo. LSECtin is also detected in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells at the RNA and protein level. In vitro, interleukin-4 (IL-4) induces the expression of 3 LSECtin alternatively spliced isoforms, including a potentially soluble form (Δ2 isoform) and a shorter version of the prototypic molecule (Δ3/4 isoform). LSECtin functions as a pathogen receptor, because its expression confers Ebola virus–binding capacity to leukemic cells. Sugar-binding studies indicate that LSECtin specifically recognizes N-acetyl-glucosamine, whereas no LSECtin binding to Mannan- or N-acetyl-galactosamine–containing matrices are observed. Antibody or ligand-mediated engagement triggers a rapid internalization of LSECtin,which is dependent on tyrosine and diglutamic-containing motifs within the cytoplasmic tail. Therefore, LSECtin is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor in human myeloid cells. In addition, our results suggest that LSECtin participates in antigen uptake and internalization, and might be a suitable target molecule in vaccination strategies.
TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
Authors: Kim Youn H. , Willemze Rein , Pimpinelli Nicola , Whittaker Sean , Olsen Elise A. , Ranki Annamari , Dummer Reinhard , Hoppe Richard T. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Currently availabel staging systems for non-Hodgkin lymphomas are not useful for clinical staging classification of most primary cutaneous lymphomas. The tumor, node, metastases (TNM) system used for mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) is not appropriate for other primary cutaneous lymphomas. A usable, unified staging system would improve the communication about the state of disease, selection of appropriate management, standardization of enrollment/response criteria in clinical trials, and collection/analysis of prospective survival data. Toward this goal, during the recent meetings of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the representatives have established a consensus proposal of a TNM classification system applicable for all primary cutaneous lymphomas other than MF and SS. Due to the clinical and pathologic heterogeneity of the cutaneous lymphomas, the currently proposed TNM system is meant to be primarily an anatomic documentation of disease extent and not to be used as a prognostic guide.
SpliceMiner: a high-throughput database implementation of the NCBI Evidence Viewer for microarray splice variant analysis
Authors: Kahn Ari B , Ryan Michael C , Liu Hongfang , Zeeberg Barry R , Jamison D Curtis , Weinstein John N 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
There are many fewer genes in the human genome than there are expressed transcripts. Alternative splicing is the reason. Alternatively spliced transcripts are often specific to tissue type, developmental stage, environmental condition, or disease state. Accurate analysis of microarray expression data and design of new arrays for alternative splicing require assessment of probes at the sequence and exon levels.

Description
SpliceMiner is a web interface for querying Evidence Viewer Database (EVDB). EVDB is a comprehensive, non-redundant compendium of splice variant data for human genes. We constructed EVDB as a queryable implementation of the NCBI Evidence Viewer (EV). EVDB is based on data obtained from NCBI Entrez Gene and EV. The automated EVDB build process uses only complete coding sequences, which may or may not include partial or complete 5' and 3' UTRs, and filters redundant splice variants. Unlike EV, which supports only one-at-a-time queries, SpliceMiner supports high-throughput batch queries and provides results in an easily parsable format. SpliceMiner maps probes to splice variants, effectively delineating the variants identified by a probe.

Conclusion
EVDB can be queried by gene symbol, genomic coordinates, or probe sequence via a user-friendly web-based tool we call SpliceMiner (http://discover.nci.nih.gov/spliceminer). The EVDB/SpliceMiner combination provides an interface with human splice variant information and, going beyond the very valuable NCBI Evidence Viewer, supports fluent, high-throughput analysis. Integration of EVDB information into microarray analysis and design pipelines has the potential to improve the analysis and bioinformatic interpretation of gene expression data, for both batch and interactive processing. For example, whenever a gene expression value is recognized as important or appears anomalous in a microarray experiment, the interactive mode of SpliceMiner can be used quickly and easily to check for possible splice variant issues.
A cryptic promoter in potato virus X vector interrupted plasmid construction
Authors: Guo Yuyuan , German Thomas L , Schultz Ronald D 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundPotato virus X has been developed into an expression vector for plants. It is widely used to express foreign genes. In molecular manipulation, the foreign genes need to be sub-cloned into the vector. The constructed plasmid needs to be amplified. Usually, during amplification stage, the foreign genes are not expressed. However, if the foreign gene is expressed, the construction work could be interrupted. Two different viral genes were sub-cloned into the vector, but only one foreign gene was successfully sub-cloned. The other foreign gene, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) VP1 could not be sub-cloned into the vector and amplified without mutation (frame shift mutation).ResultsA cryptic promoter in the PVX vector was discovered with RT-PCR. The promoter activity was studied with Northern blots and Real-time RT-PCR.ConclusionIt is important to recognize the homologous promoter sequences in the vector when a virus is developed as an expression vector. During the plasmid amplification stage, an unexpected expression of the CPV-2 VP1 gene (not in the target plants, but inE. coli) can interrupt the downstream work.
An Optimal Treatment for Pediatric Graves’ Disease Is Radioiodine
Authors: Rivkees Scott A. , Dinauer Catherine 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Context: Antithyroid medications, surgery, and radioactive iodine have been used for more than five decades for the treatment of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease in children, adolescents, and adults. Despite the widespread use of these different approaches, controversy still exists relative to the merits of each treatment, especially regarding the use of radioactive iodine.
Objective: The objective of the study was to address the risk and benefits of 131I therapy, as compared with other treatment approaches.
Position: Long-term, spontaneous remission of Graves’ disease occurs in less than 30% of children. Thus, the majority of children with Graves’ disease will need definitive, curative therapy. There is little evidence that use of antithyroid medications beyond 1 or 2 yr increases the likelihood of spontaneous, long-term remission. Although the use of antithyroid medications is standard practice, the use of antithyroid medications involves definite risks. When used at sufficient doses, radioactive iodine is an effective cure for Graves’ disease and is associated with few acute side effects. Potential long-term adverse side effects, including thyroid cancer and genetic damage, have yet to be observed in individuals treated as children or adolescents with 131I.
Conclusion: Properly administered, radioactive iodine remains an ideal form of treatment for Graves’ disease in the pediatric population. Because of the increased risk of thyroid cancer associated with low-dose thyroid irradiation in children, larger, rather than smaller, doses of 131I should be given.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Photoperiodic Response and Stage of Diapause in the Pitcher-Plant Mosquito,Wyeomyia smithii
Authors: Mathias Derrick , Jacky Lucien , Bradshaw William E , Holzapfel Christina M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA wide variety of temperate animals rely on length of day (photoperiodism) to anticipate and prepare for changing seasons by regulating the timing of development, reproduction, dormancy, and migration. Although the molecular basis of circadian rhythms regulating daily activities is well defined, the molecular basis for the photoperiodic regulation of seasonal activities is largely unknown. We use geographic variation in the photoperiodic control of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii to create the first QTL map of photoperiodism in any animal. For critical photoperiod (CPP), we detect QTL that are unique, a QTL that is sex linked, QTL that overlap with QTL for stage of diapause (SOD), and a QTL that interacts epistatically with the circadian rhythm gene, timeless. Results presented here confirm earlier studies concluding that CPP is under directional selection over the climatic gradient of North America and that the evolution of CPP is genetically correlated with SOD. Despite epistasis between timeless and a QTL for CPP, timeless is not located within any detectable QTL, indicating that it plays an ancillary role in the evolution of photoperiodism in W. smithii. Finally, we highlight one region of the genome that includes loci contributing to CPP, SOD, and hormonal regulation of development.
Fungal Infections
Authors: Hay Roderick J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Fungal infections are diseases affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissue. They include common conditions such as dermatophytosis or ringworm,
Malassezia
infection and superficial
Candida
infection. Subcutaneous fungal infections are now amongst the conditions classified as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) or skin NTDs. Life‐threatening systemic mycoses which are internal infections can also affect the skin, often after blood stream dissemination. They are diagnosed by a combination of microscopy, histopathology and fungal culture, which is increasingly being replaced by molecular detection methods. There is also a wide range of antifungal agents available including griseofulvin, topical azole antifungals, itraconazole, fluconazole and the allylamine, terbinafine. Deeper infections are often treated with voriconazole, amphotericin B or echinocandin drugs, although there are increasing reports of antifungal drug resistance.
Eczematous Disorders
Authors: Mughal Avad A. , Ingram John R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Eczematous disorders comprise manifestations of inflammatory skin conditions that may be aspects of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis or other conditions that in the main have an eczema‐like nature in both their presentation and response to treatment. Eczema and its management is covered in other chapters of this book. However, it is useful to consider the common aspects of nummular eczema, asteatotic eczema, lichenification and erythroderma in more detail together as sometimes the distinction between diagnoses is difficult with considerable overlap. Infectious eczema, whilst sharing physical characteristics with other eczemas, will respond differently to treatments. There are differences in how eczema presents on the hands, lower legs and the eyelids. Finally some other eczematous conditions are covered such as pityriasis alba and post‐traumatic eczema.
Autoinflammatory Diseases Presenting in the Skin
Authors: Lipsker Dan , Grattan Clive E. H. , Lovell Christopher R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Autoinflammatory diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of inherited monogenic and acquired polygenic multisystem disorders that may present in the skin and are therefore of importance to dermatologists. The inherited monogenic disorders typically present in childhood. Those that present with urticarial rashes are particularly important to differentiate from chronic urticaria since the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment are completely different. Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome should be suspected in children with a family history of chronic urticaria that does not respond to H
1
antihistamines and who have systemic symptoms of malaise and fever with persistently raised inflammatory indices. Autoinflammatory syndromes also may present with: unexplained fever, erysipelas‐like rash (familial Mediterranean fever), oedema (tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated periodic syndrome), granulomatous dermatitis (Blau syndrome), an aseptic pustular dermatosis (deficiency of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist) or pyoderma gangrenosum (pyogenic sterile arthritis, acne and pyoderma gangrenosum), chilblain or acral erythematous atrophic or necrotic lesions in a toddler with neurological (Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome) or interstitial pneumonia (STING‐associated vasculopathy of infancy), lipoatrophy (chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature), livedo, nodules (vasculitis) and stroke (deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2), aphtous stomatis with early‐onset bowel disease (haploinsufficiency of A20 or of RELA). Acquired autoinflammatory syndromes which present in adult life include Schnitzler syndrome and adult Still disease; the differential diagnosis includes urticarial vasculitis.
Neutrophilic Dermatoses
Authors: Hampton Philip J. , Ball Stephanie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The neutrophilic dermatoses are a collection of non‐infectious dermatoses involving triggering of inflammation in the context of a reduced threshold for neutrophilic inflammation. Genetic factors have been identified in rare cases and numerous predisposing diseases play a role. They are best described as autoinflammatory conditions whereby the triggering of the inflammatory process begins with abnormal activation of the innate immune system, distinct from an autoimmune process involving T cells or antibody production. Two classical neutrophilic dermatoses exist. Pyoderma is distinguished by the tendency for ulceration and tissue destruction. Sweet syndrome is generally more time limited with full recovery expected. Multiple variants exist and the optimal treatment strategies have not been agreed.
Dermatomyositis
Authors: Gordon Patrick , Creamer Daniel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the skin, skeletal muscle and, in some patients, the lungs. At one end of the spectrum myopathy predominates, at the other end skin disease is prominent with minimal or absent myositis (amyopathic DM). Most patients develop a facial rash initially; all sites can be affected but upper eyelid involvement is typical. A rash on the hands, extensor surfaces of the limbs, upper torso and scalp tends to occur subsequently. Muscle disease in DM usually becomes clinically apparent in the weeks to months after the onset of skin signs. DM can be a paraneoplastic disorder with up to 30% of patients having an internal malignancy, therefore investigations must include screening for an underlying neoplasm. Myositis‐specific antibodies (MSAs) target a variety of cell function proteins, some of which may be pathogenic. Currently MSAs are used to stratify DM patients into subgroups characterised by shared clinical traits. Systemic corticosteroid is the primary treatment for DM when both skin and muscles are involved. Immunosuppressant drugs (such as mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and tacrolimus) are used to control the disease as the dose of prednisolone is tapered. Intravenous immunoglobulin can be used as a steroid‐sparing agent; it is effective for both muscle and skin features in DM. Topical therapy for skin DM, including super‐potent steroids, is often disappointing; however recent studies have suggested the efficacy of Janus kinase inhibitors for DM skin disease.
Undifferentiated and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Dermatological Manifestations of Rheumatoid Disease
Authors: Laws Philip M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) and mixed connective tissue diseases (MCTD) include a spectrum of rheumatological signs and symptoms which overlap with traditional connective tissue diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and dermatomyositis (DM) (the reader is directed to relevant chapters for discussion of SLE, DM and SSc). Describing the clinical features associated with UCTD and MCTD is inherently challenging due to the difficulties classifying overlap disorders precisely and the variable nomenclature in the literature. Despite this challenge the dermatologist has a key role in early recognition and diagnosis of affected patients. While the majority of rheumatological disease management focuses on controlling or reducing joint symptoms, several conditions have cutaneous features which may indicate active disease, impact on morbidity and negatively affect quality of life. In addition to UCTD and MCTD other rheumatic diseases which have significant cutaneous features include: rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, Still syndrome and rheumatic fever. This chapter provides an overview to these conditions with specific reference to cutaneous features. Appreciating the spectrum of dermatological manifestations associated with rheumatological disease and how these impact on the individual patient is important to promoting holistic, patient‐centred care. Close collaboration between dermatologists and rheumatologists is an essential prerequisite in supporting effective diagnosis and treatment of this complex cohort of patients.
Cutaneous Porphyrias
Authors: Sarkany Robert P. E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of disorders caused by defects in the biosynthesis of haem. Their relevance to the skin arises from the phototoxic properties of the porphyrins, which accumulate in most porphyrias and cause photosensitivity. The majority of the porphyrias are inherited. Many of them affect other organs as well as the skin. The recognition and management of both the genetic and internal consequences of porphyrias presenting in the skin are a key challenge for the dermatologist. Clinical management in these disorders is made easier when the clinician understands their theoretical basis. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section provides a theoretical basis for understanding the porphyrias, the general principles of clinical management and a clinician’s guide to laboratory testing. The second section covers individual porphyrias in detail: congenital erythropoietic porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria and a dermatosis with a cutaneous presentation similar to bullous porphyria: pseudoporphyria.