bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Psychiatry: Results of a Public Opinion Survey
Authors: Lauber Christoph , Nordt Carlos , Haker Helene , Falcato Luis , Rössler Wulf 
Published: June 2006

Background: Mental health authorities must know the public's attitude to community psychiatry when planning community mental health services. However, previous studies have only investigated the impact of demographic variables on the attitude to community psychiatry. Aim: To assess the influence of psychological and sociological parameters on the public opinion of community psychiatry in Switzerland. Method: Linear regression analyses of the results of a public opinion survey on a representative population sample in Switzerland (n 1/4 1737). Results: Most respondents have positive attitudes to community psychiatry. In the regression analysis (R2 adjusted 1/4 21.2%), negative emotions towards mentally ill people as depicted in the vignette, great social distance, a positive attitude to restrictions, negative stereotypes, high rigidity and no participation in community activities significantly influenced negative attitudes to community psychiatry. Additionally, other parameters, e.g. contact with mentally ill people and the nationality of the interviewee, have a significant influence. Conclusions: In planning psychiatric community services, general individual traits and emotive issues should be considered because they influence the response towards community psychiatry facilities in the host community.
Mental Health Aspects of Turkish Women from Polygamous Versus Monogamous Families
Authors: Ozkan Mustafa , Altindag Abdurrahman , Oto Remzi , Sentunali Esin 
Published: June 2006

Background: Polygamy is illegal in Turkey, but is common among rural villagers in the southeastern region. Polygamous marriage may have a negative effect on the wives involved. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the relationship between psychiatric disorder and polygamous marriage. Method: The mental status of 42 senior and 46 junior wives from polygamous marriages and 50 wives from monogamous marriages was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and Somato-form Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: There was a statistically significant difference among senior, junior and monogamous wives in terms of the prevalence of somatization disorder. The prevalence of somatization disorder was the highest in polygamous senior wives. The mean total SDQ scores differed significantly among the three groups. It was the highest in senior wives. Conclusions: It is clear that the participants from polygamous families, especially senior wives, reported more psychological distress. It is essential to increase awareness of the significance of polygamous family structures among psychiatrists and other therapists.
Explanatory Models of Common Mental Disorders among Traditional Healers and Their Patients in Rural South India
Authors: Shankar B. Ravi , Saravanan B. , Jacob K. S. 
Published: June 2006

Objective: To delineate concepts, categories, causes of common mental disorders (CMD) and their treatment as understood by traditional healers practicing in rural South India. Methods: Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with traditional and faith healers were conducted to identify concepts, causes, presentations and treatments for CMD. Patients attending clinics conducted by these healers were interviewed using the Tamil versions of the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and the Short Explanatory Model Interview (SEMI) in order to identify CMD and understand their explanatory models of illness respectively. Results: Different terms, concepts and treatments were used by traditional and faith healers. A total of 72 patients were interviewed using the CIS-R and the SEMI. Thirty (42.3%) satisfied the International Classification of Diseases-10 Primary Care Version criteria for CMD. Mixed anxiety depression was the most common diagnosis (40%). Conclusions: An understanding of local patient perspectives of common mental disorders will allow modern medicine to provide culturally sensitive and locally acceptable health care.
Porous Silver Monolith Formation Using a Hydrogel Template
Authors: Sisk Charlotte N , Gill Simerjeet K , Hope-Weeks Louisa J 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
We report the formation of a porous silver monolith via a novel one-pot, low-temperature reaction. This is achieved using silica hydrogel as an inorganic sacrificial template to control the resultant pore structure of the metal.
Unusual Temperature Effect on Induced Circular Dichroism of Charge-transfer Complex in Micelles
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroko , Masuoka Yuichi , Yamada Koh-ichi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In sodium tetradecylsulfate micelles, a charge-transfer (CT) complex of amphiphilic [5]thiaheterohelicene with a chiral tetranitrofluorenone derivative induced intense circular dichroism (CD) absorption. The CD intensity decreased by up to about one fourth with a temperature decrease from 40 to 17 °C, and this temperature dependence was completely reversible.
Beneficial Effect of TMSCl in the Lewis Acid-mediated Carboxylation of Aromatic Compounds with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Nemoto Koji , Yoshida Hiroki , Suzuki Yutaka , Morohashi Naoya , Hattori Tetsutaro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Lewis acid-mediated carboxylation of aromatic compounds with CO2 is significantly promoted by the addition of a large excess of chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) to give arylcarboxylic acids in good to excellent yields.
Three-Dimensional Crystal Structures of Illite-Smectite Minerals in Paleozoic K-Bentonites from the Appalachian Basin
Authors: McCarty Douglas K. , Reynolds Robert C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe three-dimensional crystal structures of illite-smectite (I-S) in K-bentonite samples from the Appalachian Basin are characterized by rotational disorder in the stacking sequence of 2:1 illite layers, different proportions ofn60° rotations (as opposed ton120°) in the rotated layers, and layers with centrosymmetrictrans-vacant (tv) octahedral sites that are randomly interstratified with noncentriccis-vacant (cv) layers. The proportion ofcvinterstratification in the I-S increases with tetrahedral A1 and decreases with octahedral Mg and Fe content. The I-S minerals in the northern Appalachian basin K-bentonites are characterized by high (79% average) proportions of cv (Pcv) layers. In contrast, I-S from equivalent K- bentonites from the southern Appalachian basin has low Pcv values (38% average). These values do not correlate with expandability or rotational disorder. The geographic distribution of these I-S structural parameters may have resulted from possibly short-term, hot, and advective fluid migrations that differed in Mg concentrations and/or other physical and chemical parameters.
Properties and Acid Dissolution of Metal-Substituted Hematites
Authors: Wells M. A. , Gilkes R. J. , Fitzpatrick R. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe dissolution in 1 M HC1 of Al-, Mn-, and Ni-substituted hematites and the influence of metal substitution on dissolution rate and kinetics of dissolution were investigated. The inhomogeneous dissolution of most of the hematites investigated was well described by the Avrami-Erofe'ev rate equation, kt = √[-ln(l − α)], where k is the dissolution rate in time, t, and α is the Fe dissolved. Dissolution of Al-substituted hematite occurred mostly by edge attack and hole formation normal to (001), with the rate of dissolution, k, directly related to surface area (SA). Dissolution of rhombohedral Mn- and Ni-bearing hematites occurred at domain boundaries, crystal edges, and corners with k unrelated to SA. The morphology of Mn- and Ni-substituted hematites changed during dissolution with clover-leaf-like forms developing as dissolution proceeded, whereas the original plate-like morphology of Al-bearing hematite was generally retained. Acid attack of platy and rhomboidal hematite is influenced by the direct (e.g., metaloxygen bond energy, hematite crystallinity) and indirect (e.g., crystal size and shape) affects associated with incorporation of foreign ions within hematite.
Vermiculitization of Phlogopite in Metagabbro, Central Turkey
Authors: Toksoy-Köksal Fatma , Türkmenoğlu Asuman G. , Göncüoğlu M. Cemal 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDioctahedral vermiculite occurs in an isolated metagabbro klippe (Kurançalı Metagabbro) that belongs to the Central Anatolian Ophiolites from central Turkey. Both the metagabbro and the structurally underlying high-grade metamorphic rocks are intruded by granitic rocks. The Kurançalı Metagabbro is characterized by its well-developed compositional layering, and the presence of vermiculitized phlogopiterich layers. Petrographic and mineralogie studies show that the primary mineral phases in the host rock are diopside, tschermakitic hornblende, Fe-rich phlogopite, and plagioclase. Secondary minerals are hornblende, actinolitic hornblende, Fe-rich phlogopite, and vermiculite. A two-phase history of alteration involving acidic weathering and alkaline metasomatism is suggested for the dioctahedral vermiculite and secondary Fe-rich phlogopite, respectively. The alteration of phlogopite to dioctahedral vermiculite proceeded both along cleavage planes and at crystal edges. The vermiculite is colorless to pale yellow with weak pleochroism and shows optical continuity with the parent mineral. Vermiculite flakes, analyzed semi-quantitatively by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDS) and electron microprobe (EMP), are characterized by partially expanded interlayers, K depletion, and Mg and/or A1 enrichment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis-thermal gravimetric (DTA-TG) analyses indicate that phlogopite is not a pure phase, although it is the dominant one. The XRD patterns show the presence of both dioctahedral vermiculite having dehydrated interlayers and hydroxy-Al interlayers, and interstratified phlogopite-vermiculite. The transformation of phlogopite to vermiculite is thought to represent an initial stage of weathering in an acidic environment.
Experimental Clay-Mineral Formation from a Subvolcanic Rock by Interaction with 1 M NaOH Solution at Room Temperature
Authors: Drief A. , Nieto F. , Sanchez-Navas A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe alteration process of a subvolcanic rock with calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine as major components was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). Experimental interaction with 1 M NaOH solution led to the formation of dioctahedral beidellite to Fe-rich montmorillonite after 1 and 3 d of reaction. This range of smectite composition is similar to that from natural subvolcanic-derived soil formed from the same parent material. After 14 d of reaction, a berthierine-smectite (B-S) interstratified clay had partially replaced the smectite. Although, the presence of smectite interlayers prevented analysis of pure berthierine, berthierine-rich BS interstratifications have a composition similar to pure berthierine. After 40 d, the alteration process led to a 7-Å S interstratification whose composition falls between greenalite and lizardite. A series of amorphous materials were also found in the 14 and 40-d experiments. The most abundant of these is a Si-CaFe-rich material, whose chemical composition approaches that of the starting rock. In contrast, two other amorphous materials had a smectitic composition.
Methylene Blue Dimerization Does Not Interfere in Surface-Area Measurements of Kaolinite and Soils
Authors: Avena Marcelo J. , Valenti Laura E. , Pfaffen Valeria , De Pauli Carlos P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMethylene blue (MB) was adsorbed from aqueous solutions onto a kaolinite and four soil samples to determine the effects of MB dimerization on the measured surface area. Adsorption isotherms were prepared using four adsorbing solutions containing, respectively, 9, 46, 71, and 83% of MB molecules in the dimeric state. Langmuir-type isotherms were obtained in each case. The results indicate that equilibration occurs quickly. The aggregation state of MB molecules at the surface does not depend on the aggregation state in the initial adsorbing solutions, but on the final equilibrium concentration of MB. A comparison with the specific surface area measured by adsorption of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether indicates that MB adsorbs as a monomer, regardless of the aggregation number in solution. This result occurs owing to the strength of monomer-surface and monomer-monomer interactions. If monomer-surface interactions are favored, the MB dimer adsorbs in the monomeric form. If monomer-monomer interactions are favored, dimer adsorption may occur. The visible spectra of adsorbed molecules indicated that MB was present at the surface as a mixture of monomeric and dimeric species. These results suggest that dimers are formed in the contact region between two aggregating particles.
High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Newly Formed Sediments in the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea
Authors: Taitel-Goldman Nurit , Singer Arieh 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIron and silicon in various proportions are the major components of the newly formed hydrothermal sediments in the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea. Iron-rich 2:1 phyllosilicates with morphologies varying from ribbons to plates represent clays in initial formation stage. Well-crystallized goethite particles contain domains of hundreds of nanometers in length with the rare presence of dislocations. Molar compositions show ratios of Si/Fe = 0.12 and Al/Fe = 0.05. Euhedral feroxyhyte with curled edges forms clusters with the goethite. The feroxyhyte has ratios of Si/Fe = 0.3 and are the major Si-associated iron oxides. Two nanometer-size phases showing short range periodity are common in the newly formed Atlantis II sediments: (1) hematite with traces of Si and (2) ferrihydrite with Si/Fe molar ratios varying between 0.17–0.89. The ferrihydrite forms large clusters. Hematite appears also as well-crystallized large crystals. Feroxyhyte probably forms at the transition zone between Red Sea Deep Water and the upper convective layer in the brine, whereas goethite and ferrihydrite form in the upper convective layer. The two forms of hematite represent two stages of recrystallization, which occur within the brine.
Mica Structure and Fibrous Growth of Illite
Authors: Güven Necip 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe relative growth rates of the three joint chains of silica tetrahedra and metal octahedra in the [100], [1̅10] and [1̅1̅0] directions within the mica layer (referring to the 1M unit-cell) seem to control the morphology of mica crystallites. Laths and fibers are the products of relatively fast growth along the [100] direction compared to growth along the [1̅10] and [1̅1̅0] directions. The (010) growth front in 1M micas with trans-octahedral vacancies exposes a pair of reactive OH ions that can form organic or inorganic complexes and ‘poison’ the growth on the (010) face.Authigenic illite fibers in two sandstones with contrasting lithologies are found to have grown on mica or kaolinite cores. Illite fibers appear in single sets or in multiple sets, 120° apart. This texture seems to be related to the stacking sequence of the layers in mica or kaolinite in the core of these fibers.
Unusual X-Ray Characteristics of Vermiculite from Wiry, Lower Silesia, Poland
Authors: Sakharov Boris A. , Dubińska Elżbieta , Bylina Paweł , Kaproń Grzegorz 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCoarse-grained vermiculite from a serpentinite-pegmatite thermal zone displays a rational series of narrow 14.4 Å basal reflections and an unusual broad 28 Å peak. X-ray diffraction simulations and fitting techniques show that the 28 Å peak is related to 28 Å domains consisting of elongated 2:1 layers of different lengths. The domains are located at the crystal edges of the vermiculite.
Nordstrandite in Bauxite Derived from Phonolite, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Authors: Dani Norberto , Formoso Milton Luiz Laquintinie , Decarreau Alain , Meunier Alain 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNordstrandite from Lages represents the first occurrence of this mineral in an oxisoil that does not involve the influence of a calcareous substrate. This is also the first reported occurrence in Brazil. Nordstrandite occurs near the city of Lages only in the weathered bedrock facies, mostly where the circulation of meteoric water is restricted. There is also a close association between nordstrandite and the weathering of modified pseudoleucite structures. The interaction of meteoric water and feldspathic alkaline country rock with uncommon texture and mineralogy (rich in nepheline, sodalite, nosean, analcime and natrolite) promotes the development of solutions enriched in alkaline ions with basic pH, necessary to form nordstrandite. A detailed study by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy in natural or chemically leached samples was performed to identify the Al(OH)3 polymorphs of gibbsite and nordstrandite.
Clay Poultices in Salt Extraction from Ornamental Stones: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Vicente Maria Angeles , Vicente-Tavera Santiago 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe extraction of salts by layered (bentonite) and fibrous (sepiolite) clay poultices from stone materials currently used in Heritage buildings was studied. Analyses were performed on stones affected by salts but not submitted to humidity, and also on stones affected by salts and simultaneously submitted to continuous or intermittent humidity during the salt-extraction process. From the experimental results and the statistical analysis, the application of two successive poultices is sufficient for an efficient extraction of Cl− and NO3- in the absence of humidity. However, under humid conditions, the efficiency of the method is reduced considerably. For SO42-, the use of hydrotalcites (anionic clays) is recommended for more effective extraction.
The Relationship between the Thermal Behavior of Clinoptilolite and Its Chemical Composition
Authors: Kitsopoulos Konstantinos P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe matrix of the Pliocene volcaniclastics from the Akrotiri area of the Santorini island (Greece) is dominated by clinoptilolite. Smectite, occasionally illite-smectite, opal-CT, cristobalite and mordenite are also present. The clinoptilolite-rich samples were heated at 460 and 560°C for 12 h and the reductions in the intensity of the 020 diffraction peak were measured. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) was then used to study the chemical composition of the clinoptilolite. Statistical analysis proved a strong and quantifiable relationship between the reduction of the 020 diffraction peak of the clinoptilolite and the Na/K ratio. A representative set of microprobe analyses of clinoptilolite was performed before any correlation with thermal behavior was attempted. The presence of K in the structure of clinoptilolite as well as its relationship with Na are most important in the thermal behavior of clinoptilolite.
Simulations of Interlayer Methanol in Ca- and Na-Saturated Montmorillonites Using Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Pintore Marco , Deiana Salvatore , Demontis Pierfranco , Manunza Bruno , Suffritti Giuseppe Baldovino , Gessa Carlo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMolecular dynamics computer simulations were used to study methanol molecules confined between the layers of 2:1 phyllosilicates. The model systems are based on natural Ca- and Na-rich montmorillonites. Data from the literature and determined by fitting the calculated layer spacing to experimental values were employed to obtain interactions between the charged 2:1 layers and the solvent molecules. The montmorillonite surface atoms were held rigid and the methyl group in the methanol molecule was represented by a soft Lennard-Jones sphere. Electrostatic interactions were determined by the Ewald sum method, whereas the van der Waals interactions were described by a Lennard-Jones potential. Comparison of our results with diffraction data indicates a good reproduction of the layer spacing. After the initial solvent layer forms, additional solvent layers form only after previous layers are complete. Each Ca2+ and Na+ ion in the monolayer has four and two methanol molecules, respectively, in the first solvation shell, whereas the solvation shell in the multilayer contains six and four methanol molecules, respectively. This agrees well with experimental data.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Hydrothermal Illite in Izumiyama Pottery Stone from Arita, Saga Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Kuwahara Yoshihiro , Uehara Seiichiro , Aoki Yoshikazu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe surface microtopographic observations and analyses of Izumiyama hydrothermal illite particles were made by utilizing tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM). The Izumiyama illite particles showed platy to lath shapes. Platy particles exhibited various spiral growth patterns, i.e. circular, malformed circular, or polygonal single unit-cell layer spirals, polygonal parallel step spiral, or interlaced spiral patterns. The polygonal parallel step spiral and interlaced spiral patterns are formed by two single unit-cell layers rotated by 180° and 120° arising from a single screw dislocation point, respectively. The spiral patterns indicate that the illite particles have 1M, 2O and 2M1 polytypes. Lath-shaped particles show only interlacing patterns supporting the formation of 2M1 structures.Particles showing circular or malformed circular spirals were found to be thinner and to have narrower step separations than particles showing polygonal spirals. Polygonal platy and lath-shaped particles showing interlaced patterns tended to be thicker and to have wider step separations than the other polygonal platy particles.These results suggest that the Izumiyama illites crystallize as the result of a mechanism involving solution-mediated polytypes and spiral-type transformations of illite. The mechanism involves the Ostwald ripening process, i.e. a transformation of the polytype and spiral shape. The sequence of crystallization of the Izumiyama illite is: 1M circular spirals → 1M, 2O polygonal spirals → 2M1 polygonal spirals occurring during crystal growth and sequentially overgrowing on the initial particle surfaces. The super-saturation of the hydrothermal solution probably decreases gradually during the transformation, and this decrease may cause not only the transformation from a circular to a polygonal crystal morphology but also the development of a lath habit due to the inhibition of the growth rate in the [010] direction of the particle.
A HRTEM Study of Cronstedtite: Determination of Polytypes and Layer Polarity in Trioctahedral 1:1 Phyllosilicates
Authors: Kogure Toshihiro , Hybler Jiří , Ďurovič Slavomil 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is shown that polytypes or stacking sequences of cronstedtite, an Fe-bearing trioctahedral 1:1 phyllosilicate, can be determined using near-atomic high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). By viewing along the [010], [310] and directions (orthohexagonal indexing), the four groups of the standard polytypes can be distinguished. Imaging along the [100], [110] and directions allows determination of the polytypes in each group. The polytypic sequences of groups A and C are intergrown at the monolayer level in cronstedtite from Lostwithiel, England, which is a new insight if compared with previous suggestions that layer stackings characteristic of different groups do not occur together. The HRTEM images also revealed the relationship between the layer polarity and the morphology of the cronstedtite crystals, where the tetrahedral sheet side points towards the top of the truncated pyramidal shape of the crystal.