bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Fracture Corridors from Dynamic Data by Factor Analysis
Authors: Ozkaya S. I. , Siyabi S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In this paper, we explore the potential of factor analysis in mapping and modeling fracture corridors using dynamic data in mature fields. Fracture corridors are sub-vertical tabular swarms of fault related conductive fractures which often intersect the entire reservoir, extend laterally for several hundred meters and play major role in reservoir dynamics. Most fracture corridors are too small to be captured by seismic maps. Therefore additional borehole data is needed to map fracture corridors deterministically.
The objective of factor analysis is to discover a few underlying variables which exert control over several observed variables. Measurements of dynamic data in wells, such as productivity Index (PI), gross rates, water cut, Khtest/Khcore ratio, Gas oil ratio (GOR), lost circulation etc. are visible manifestations of underlying factors such as porosity, permeability, mobility ratio, thickness etc. If one of the underlying variables can be identified as fracture corridors, it may be used to identify and map fracture corridors from dynamic data.
Factor analysis was applied in mature carbonate reservoir. The field has a large number of vertical wells with dynamic data and a small number of horizontal wells with borehole image logs. The analysis shows that two factors account for more than 90% of total variation in the observed data from vertical producers. The first factor is correlated with gross rates, water cut rate of rise, mud losses, stepping flow profiles, and injector-producer short cuts. This factor is interpreted as representing fracture corridors. Correlation of mud losses with image logs from horizontal wells confirmed the interpretation which eventually led to successful mapping of fracture corridors in the field from dynamic data.
Effective Water Production Control Through Utilizing ECP and Passive ICD Completion Technologies: Case Histories
Authors: Al-Ahmadi Hasan A. , Al-Mutairi Saad M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Inflow control devices (ICD) have been successfully deployed in Saudi Arabia, in both clastic and carbonate reservoirs, with the objective of creating uniform flow profiles across horizontal wells, delaying early water breakthrough, and preventing water coning and/or gas cusping. The ultimate objective is to increase the oil recovery.
ICDs have been deployed in horizontal wells drilled behind the flood front, in a large carbonate reservoir, in Saudi Arabia. Due to the remaining thin oil column behind the flood front, and their close proximity to injection wells, vertical producers in these areas of the field, normally, produce with high water cut, and consequently die. A campaign was initiated to sidetrack some of these wells and re-complete them horizontally at the top of the reservoir to recover the remaining oil at the top. The reservoir geology is characterized with fractures, which increases the chance for early water breakthrough, since horizontal wells are likely to encounter fractures.
With the utilization of external casing packers (ECP) and ICDs, it has been possible, in most cases, to successfully limit the effect of these loss circulation zones/fractures and enhances well performance. This paper will review some of these wells and will demonstrate the impact and value added resulting from introducing these technologies.
Cystatin C, Renal Function and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Wagner Carola 
Published: August 2008

Cystatin C, Renal Function and Cardiovascular RiskCystatin C is a novel serum marker of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a critical measure of normal kidney function. Unlike serum creatinine, cystatin C concentrations are independent of gender, age and muscle mass. As cystatin C shown no tubular secretion, it is a much earlier indicator of decreased GFR and allows the detection of mild reductions in GFR, which are not detected by creatinine. Cystatin C has been shown to be associated with future cardiovascular disease and deaths in a dose-dependent relationship that possibly reflects a very early stage of chronic ranal dysfunction. In addition, >sub-clinically< elevated cystatin C concentrations in individuals without chronic kidney disease indicated by creatinine are an independent predictor of progression to chronic kidney disease, heart failure and all-cause mortality.
Limits to Nanopatterning of Fluids on Surfaces in Soft Lithography
Authors: Wigenius Jens A. , Hamedi Mahiar , Inganäs Olle 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSoft lithographic microcontact printing using the residual polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) found in elastomeric PDMS stamps is demonstrated to lead to unstable prints with sub‐micrometer dimensions. The statics and dynamics of the process have been followed with time‐resolved atomic force microscopy, imaging ellipsometry, water contact angle measurement, and optical diffraction. It is proposed that this instability places a fundamental limitation on patterning by macromolecular fluids, which is of general relevance to soft lithography and nanoimprint lithography with low viscosity polymers.
SERS Aptatags: New Responsive Metallic Nanostructures for Heterogeneous Protein Detection by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Fabris Laura , Dante Mark , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Bazan Guillermo C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report here “aptatags,” which consist of aptamer‐modified silver nanoparticles (NPs) held together by an optical reporter. It is possible to use these materials to design a heterogeneous method for protein identification that takes advantage of the Raman signal enhancement by metallic nanostructures and the recognition capabilities of aptamers. Aptatags are formed by linking silver NPs with an organic dithiol molecule, followed by surface modification with thiolated single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) corresponding to the sequence of the aptamer probe. The sensing surface involves a silver layer containing the thiolated capturing aptamer and mercaptohexadecanoic acid to minimize nonspecific binding. The overall process provides excellent selectivity and sensitivity. Detailed characterization of the sensing surface by SERS maps and atomic force microscopy was carried out to understand how structural features lead to signal generation.
Toxicity and the cardiovascular activity of organotin compounds: a review
Authors: Nath Mala 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA comprehensive review on toxicity of organotin compounds including sources of their intake and mode of action, and cardiovascular activity of organotin compounds is presented. Further research to develop novel useful organotin compounds having hypertensive activity needs to be carried out. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and application of bimetallic chiral [Co(salen)]‐type complexes: a new catalytic approach to synthesis of optically pure β‐blockers via kinetic resolution of epichlorohydrin
Authors: Kawthekar Rahul B. , Bi Wen‐tao , Kim Geon‐Joong 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA series of bimetallic chiral [Co(salen)]‐type complexes were successfully applied for the synthesis of optically pure β‐blockers via phenolic kinetic resolution (PKR) of racemic epichlorohydrin [2‐(chloromethyl)oxirane; ( ± )ECH]. The reaction proceeded readily at room temperature and consequently provided enantiomerically enriched corresponding α‐aryloxy alcohols with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee. The PKR method described in this work is highly efficient and straightforward strategy for the synthesis of chiral building blocks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of heterotelechelic poly(ethylene glycol)s with amino acid at one end and hydroxyl group at another end
Authors: Zhang Jing , Su Zhi‐Guo , Ma Guang‐Hui 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHeterotelechelic poly(ethylene glycol)s are widely used in the modification, conjugation, and crosslinking of biomacromolecules. A series of heterotelechelic PEGs with amino acid at one end and hydroxyl group at another end, including α‐glycine‐ω‐hydroxyl‐PEG, α‐proline‐ω‐hydroxyl‐PEG, and α‐phenylalanine‐ω‐hydroxyl‐PEG, were first synthesized in this study. The reaction proceeded at ambient temperature under alkaline conditions via an aqueous solution polymerization of ethylene oxide. Amino group of glycine, proline, and phenylalanine was the initiating center in the polymerizations, and carboxyl group of these amino acids was reserved as one of the active end groups of the obtained heterotelechelic PEG. Purification of the desired products was accomplished by silica gel column chromatography. The obtained heterotelechelic PEGs were characterized by means of FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and RP‐HPLC. They were in different forms depending on the type of initiating amino acid, e.g. α‐glycine‐ω‐hydroxyl‐PEG and α‐phenylalanine‐ω‐hydroxyl‐PEG are in branched form, and α‐proline‐ω‐hydroxyl‐PEG is linear. Amino acids were conjugated to PEG chains through the stable carbon–nitrogen bond. Compared with the traditional critical polymerization conditions, the advantage of this method is that various amino acid ended heterotelechelic PEGs can be designed and obtained by using different amino acid as the initiator through a much more convenient route, which proceeded in aqueous solution at ambient temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Morphologies and mechanical properties of HDPE induced by small amount of high‐molecular‐weight polyolefin and shear stress produced by dynamic packing injection molding
Authors: Chen Zhanchun , Lei Jun , Gao Xueqin , Deng Cong , Gao Lei , Shen Kaizhi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo better understand the effect of a small amount of high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (HMWPE) on the mechanical properties and crystal morphology under the shear stress field, the dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM) was used to prepare the oriented pure polyethylene and its blends with 4% HMWPE. The experiment substantiated that the further improvement of tensile strength along the flow direction (MD) of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/HMWPE samples was achieved, whereas the tensile strength along the transverse direction (TD) still substantially exceeded that of conventional molding. Tensile strength in both flow and TDs were highly enhanced, with improvements from 23 to 76 MPa in MD and from 23 to 31 MPa in TD, besides the toughness was highly improved. So, the samples of HDPE/HMWPE transformed from high strength and brittleness to high strength and toughness. The obtained samples were characterized via SEM and TEM. For HDPE/HMWPE, the lamellae of the one shish‐kebab in the oriented region may be stretched into other shish‐kebab structures, and one lamella enjoys two shish or even more. This unique crystal morphology could lead to no yielding and necking phenomena in the stress–strain curves of HDPE/HMWPE samples by DPIM. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of a natural rubber core/polymer shell in a nanomatrix by graft copolymerization
Authors: Arayapranee Wanvimon , Rempel Garry L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe grafting of a vinyl monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene (ST), onto a natural rubber (NR) exhibited a core–shell structure, with NR as the core and poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene as the shell. The grafting efficiency (GE) of the graft copolymer was determined by a solvent‐extraction technique. The synthesized graft copolymer was purified and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The effects of the graft parameters, including time, initiator content, and concentration, and the type of monomer, MMA or ST, were investigated. A longer time was favorable for the graft copolymerization. GE first increased and then decreased with increasing concentration of initiator. GE decreased with increasing monomer content, and it was confirmed that the graft copolymerization was a surface‐controlled process. The grafting ST monomer had a higher GE compared to MMA under the same conditions. The characterization of the particles by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a core–shell structure. From the micrographs, we inferred that at 71% GE, the NR seed particle had a complete closed shell several nanometers in thickness. Therefore, the NR particle was dispersed in a polymer nanomatrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
CYP17 Inhibitors. Annulations of Additional Rings in Methylene Imidazole Substituted Biphenyls: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling
Authors: Pinto‐Bazurco Mendieta Mariano A. E. , Negri Matthias , Hu Qingzhong , Hille Ulrike E. , Jagusch Carsten , Jahn‐Hoffmann Kerstin , Müller‐Vieira Ursula , Schmidt Dirk , Lauterbach Thomas , Hartmann Rolf W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTwenty‐one novel compounds originating from two classes of annulated biphenyls were synthesized as mimetics of the steroidal A‐ and C‐rings and examined for their potency as inhibitors of human CYP17. Selected compounds were tested for inhibition of the hepatic CYP enzyme 3A4. Potent CYP17 inhibitors were found for each class, compound 9 (17 and 71% at 0.2 and 2 μM, respectively) and 21 (591 nM). Compound 21 showed only weak inhibition of CYP3A4 (32 and 64% at 2 and 10 μM, respectively). Both compounds, however, exhibited moderate to strong inhibition of the glucocorticoid‐forming enzyme CYP11B1. The most interesting compounds were docked into our protein model. They bound into one of the modes which we have previously published. New interaction regions were identified.
Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Evaluation of New N4‐(Benzyl)spermidyl‐linked bis(1,3,5‐thiadiazinane‐2‐thiones)
Authors: Coro Julieta , Little Susan , Yardley Vanessa , Suárez Margarita , Rodríguez Hortensia , Martín Nazario , Perez‐Pineiro Rolando 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe synthesis and in‐vitro antiprotozoal evaluation of novel N4‐(benzyl)spermidyl‐linked bis(1,3,5‐thiadiazinane‐2‐thione) (bis‐THTT) derivatives from N4‐(benzyl)spermidine is disclosed. Several of the new bis‐THTT have in‐vitro activities against L. donovani and T. cruzi that are comparable or superior to those of currently employed protozoocidal agents.
Information resources in High‐Energy Physics: Surveying the present landscape and charting the future course
Authors: Gentil‐Beccot Anne , Mele Salvatore , Holtkamp Annette , O'Connell Heath B. , Brooks Travis C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAccess to previous results is of paramount importance in the scientific process. Recent progress in information management focuses on building e‐infrastructures for the optimization of the research workflow, through both policy‐driven and user‐pulled dynamics. For decades, High Energy Physics (HEP) has pioneered innovative solutions in the field of information management and dissemination. In light of a transforming information environment, it is important to assess the current usage of information resources by researchers and HEP provides a unique test bed for this assessment. A survey of about 10% of practitioners in the field reveals usage trends and information needs. Community‐based services, such as the pioneering arXiv and SPIRES systems, largely answer the need of the scientists, with a limited but increasing fraction of younger users relying on Google. Commercial services offered by publishers or database vendors are essentially unused in the field. The survey offers an insight into the most important features that users require to optimize their research workflow. These results inform the future evolution of information management in HEP and, as these researchers are traditionally “early adopters” of innovation in scholarly communication, can inspire developments of disciplinary repositories serving other communities.
Investigations of a simulated geomagnetic field experienced by the international space station on attentional performance
Authors: Del Seppia Cristina , Mezzasalma Lorena , Messerotti Mauro , Cordelli Alessandro , Ghione Sergio 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe have previously reported that the exposure to an abnormal magnetic field simulating the one encountered by the International Space Station (ISS) orbiting around the Earth may enhance autonomic response to emotional stimuli. Here we report the results of the second part of that study which tested whether this field also affects cognitive functions. Twenty‐four volunteers participated in the study, 12 exposed to the natural geomagnetic field and 12 to the magnetic field encountered by ISS. The test protocol consisted of a set of eight tests chosen from a computerized test battery for the assessment of attentional performance. The duration of exposure was 90 min. No effect of exposure to ISS magnetic field was observed on attentional performance. Bioelectromagnetics 30:45–51, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controllable Synthesis of Zinc‐Substituted α‐ and β‐Nickel Hydroxide Nanostructures and Their Collective Intrinsic Properties
Authors: Hu Bo , Chen Shao‐Feng , Liu Shu‐Juan , Wu Qing‐Song , Yao Wei‐Tang , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA new controllable homogeneous precipitation approach has been developed to synthesize zinc‐substituted nickel hydroxide nanostructures with different Zn contents from a zinc nanostructured reactant. As typical layered double hydroxides (LDHs), zinc‐substituted nickel hydroxide nanostructures can be formulated as NiZnx(Cl)y(OH)2(1+x)−y⋅z H2O (x=0.34–0.89, y=0–0.24, z=0–1.36). The structure and morphology of zinc‐substituted nickel hydroxide nanostructures can be systematically controlled by adjustment of the zinc content. The effects of temperature and the amounts of ammonia and zinc nanostructured precursor on the reaction were systematically investigated. In our new method, although zinc‐substituted α‐and β‐nickel hydroxides have the typical 3D flowerlike architecture and stacks‐of‐pancakes nanostructures, respectively, their growth processes are different from those previously reported. A coordinative homogeneous precipitation mechanism is proposed to explain the formation process of zinc‐substituted nickel hydroxide nanostructures. The zinc‐substituted nickel hydroxide nanostructures exhibit some interesting intrinsic properties, and changing the zinc content can effectively tune their optical, magnetic, and electrical properties.
Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer
Authors: Akl Elie A. , Rohilla Sandeep , Barba Maddalena , Sperati Francesca , Terrenato Irene , Muti Paola , Bdair Fadi , Schünemann Holger J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The authors compared the relative efficacy and safety of low‐ molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) between patients with and without cancer.METHODS.By using Cochrane methodology for systematic reviews, separate meta‐analyses were conducted for subgroups of patients with and without cancer, and relative risks (RRs) were compared for statistical significance. The methodologic quality for each outcome was assessed by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.RESULTS.LMWH reduced mortality significantly compared with UFH in patients with cancer (RR of 0.71; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.52‐0.98 [moderate‐quality evidence]) but not in patients without cancer (RR of 0.97; 95% CI, 0.65‐1.46 [low‐quality evidence]). However, the difference in the RR for the 2 subgroups did not reach statistical significance (P = .113). The difference between LMWH and UFH in the effect on recurrent VTE was not statistically significant in the subgroup with cancer (RR of 0.78; 95% CI, 0.29‐2.08 [low‐quality evidence]), in the subgroup without cancer (RR of 0.94; 95% CI, 0.60‐1.46 [low‐quality evidence]), or between the 2 subgroups (P = .367). No data were available for bleeding outcomes, thrombocytopenia, or postphlebitic syndrome.CONCLUSIONS.The current results indicated that LMWH most likely is superior to UFH in reducing mortality in the initial treatment of VTE for patients with cancer. There is a need for more and better designed trials to confirm these findings. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Licensing, trade shows lead to software success
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMicro Solutions is a New Orleans software company that has had some luck with GASMAN, a system that follows purchases, sales, and administration of gas in accordance with a model of the gas industry (Figure 1). The company developed this system for one customer, then expanded the system and made it more general to sell to other customers.To find the secrets of Micro Solutions' success, in late December we interviewed Faye J. Weatherbe, vice president of operations and marketing.
Investor‐relations decision a “no‐brainer”
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIt wouldn't seem to require much of a brain for a public company like an LDC to make the decision to install an investor‐relations (IR) function, an ongoing effort that attempts to attract investors to the company's securities. The cost is small and the results are huge.At least, that's the impression that I got from a late‐January discussion on the subject with two intrepid IR executives at Brooklyn Union Gas Company, the LDC that serves much of New York City. These worthies are Robert R. Wieczorek, vice president and treasurer; and Norma Y. Rodriguez, director of investor relations.
The december freeze vs. The regulatory structure
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFrom the amount of press coverage that the December freeze has had, particularly about how well the gas Industry responded, one almost wants to travel to 825 North Capitol Street, Washington, and to provide for the front lobby of that august building a bronze bust of, say, Martha Hesse. But the freeze was not that good to those cut out of the action when several of the pipelines went to firm sales (which the pipelines themselves rely on when they make their sales) and cut out interruptible transportation (IT, which the marketers and others rely on).Many are making their unhappiness known. For example, Dynasty Gas Marketing, a small Houston‐based marketer, said: “[In December,] when pipelines curtailed interruptible capacity, the wellhead prices in the spot market fell—At the same time, demand for gas that could be delivered into the pipelines serving the same market area and with interruptible capacity increased. Prices for such gas increased accordingly.” Another industry source told me that the pipelines sold gas high to the LDCs and bought replacement gas low from the producers. This reasoning implies abuse of monopoly power.In addition, five gas marketers have brought Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. before the FERC. These marketers surmise that in late December, Panhandle may have cut out IT to replace it with firm sales in order to fill sales quotas. More implied monopolistic abuse.Did it happen? Were there uncontrolled monopoly powers rampant in the producing areas? Not according to Michael I. German, an economist who is senior vice president of the American Gas Association, an Arlington, Virginia, association that represents some producers and pipelines and a large number of LDCs.
LDCs to hold position or expand
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWith a more permissive attitude towards bypass, some industry observers have speculated that as the century ends, so may the importance of the LDCs. But this opinion is not that of Donald J. Heim, chairman and chief executive officer of Washington Gas Light Company and 1990 chairman of the American Gas Association.In late‐April we had an exclusive interview with Heim concerning bypass, take‐or‐pay pass‐through, and the future of the LDC segment. He told us not only that bypass is an isolated phenomenon, but also that in the 1990s there are new opportunities for many LDCs, in their traditional areas of operation, that are taking up as much capital as these companies can generate.