bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgens stimulate both growth rate and epidermal growth factor receptor activity of the human prostate tumor cell LNCaP
Authors: Schuurmans Alex L. G. , Bolt Joan , Mulder Eppo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLNCaP cells (derived from a lymph node carcinoma of the human prostate) contain androgen receptors and show androgen‐responsive growth in vitro. Maximal effects on growth were seen at 0.1 nM of the synthetic androgen R1881 or 0.2 nM of epidermal growth factor (EGF); both compounds independently increased the growth rate 2–3 times.EGF‐receptors were measured after 6 days culture in the presence or absence of 0.1 nM R1881. A 2.3–fold increase in receptor number/cell was found when binding was measured at 0°C (from 12,500 to 28,900 sites/cell in stimulated cells). The kD value (0.45 nM) was not affected by androgen treatment. The increase of EGF‐receptor activity was first observed between 6 and 12 h after exposure to androgen.It is concluded that LNCaP cells are sensitive to low concentrations of EGF (or EGF‐like compounds) and that one of the mechanisms involved in androgen action on these cells is an increase of EGF‐receptor expression at the cell surface.
Butyrate effects on growth, morphology, and fibronectin production in PC‐3 prostatic carcinoma cells
Authors: Halgunset Jostein , Lamvik Torarin , Espevik Terje 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSodium butyrate (NaBT) induces differentiation in several transformed cell lines. The present paper describes the effects of NaBT on some transformation‐associated parameters in PC‐3, a human prostatic carcinoma cell line. NaBT produces a reversible inhibition of cell proliferation, but anchorage‐independent growth is more sensitive than monolayer growth. Soft agarose colonies are reduced by over 50% at 0.1 mM, a concentration that hardly affects growth on solid substrata. Monolayer cells respond to NaBT by spreading and flattening, as demonstrated by a combined light and electron microscopic, morphometric technique. After 4 days' exposure to 2 mM NaBT, the average cell covers an area of substratum that is approximately double that covered by control cells. The average cell volume, however, remains unchanged. This flattening is paralleled by an increase in the number of stress fibers, as seen by fluorescence microscopy. Only minor changes are observed in the microtubule and intermediate filament patterns. While control cells contain very little antifibronectin reactive material, substantial amounts of such material appear upon NaBT treatment. The amount of fibronectin increases up to 100‐fold in cells exposed to NaBT. The changes observed correspond to a suppression of properties that are generally associated with the malignant phenotype.
Plasma levels of hydroxy‐flutamide in patients with prostatic cancer receiving the combined hormonal therapy: An LHRH agonist and flutamide
Authors: Bélanger Alain , Giasson Marcelle , Couture Jean , Dupont André , Cusan Leonello , Labrie Fernand 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study describes a method for the measurement of the plasma levels of hydroxy‐flutamide (Flu‐OH), the biologically active and main circulating metabolite of flutamide. We have observed that two to four hours after oral administration of 250 mg of flutamide to healthy young men, as well as to patients with prostate cancer, the plasma concentration of Flu‐OH reaches a peak at approximately 1.7 μM. The plasma concentration of Flu‐OH measured at months 6, 12, and 18 of treatment shows a minimal basal level of 3.4 μM with a maximal increase at 6.8 to 8.5 μM at 2 to 4 hours. Since the serum levels of testosterone in these patients are approximately 1 nM, the levels of the active antiandrogen are at a 5000‐ to 10000‐fold excess. However, due to the low affinity of the antiandrogen for the androgen receptor, it is extremely important to maintain this concentration of the antiandrogen in plasma constant.
Histologic changes in the rat prostate cancer model after treatment with somatostatin analogs and D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH
Authors: Zalatnai Attila , Paz‐Bouza Jose I. , Redding Tommie W. , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHistopathologic changes produced during the treatment of Dunning R3327 prostate cancer with new superactive somatostatin analogs (RC‐121 and RC‐160) and D‐Trp‐6 analog of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist (D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH) were studied. A significant reduction of the tumor weight could be observed in all treated groups, but the greatest decrease in the tumor volume was seen in the groups receiving the combination of the somatostatin analog and D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH. Histologically, the treatments resulted in a loss of the tumorous glandular elements and the proliferation of the stromal cells. In the tumors treated with somatostatin analogs, the amount of connective tissue was greatly increased and was accompanied by the appearance of thick collagenous fibers. In the D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH treated groups, regressive changes in the epithelium were seen in addition to the proliferation of connective tissue. The greatest histologic improvement was observed in the group treated with the combination of RC‐160 and D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH. This histopathologic evaluation clearly supports our contention that superactive analogs of somatostatin greatly potentiate the inhibitory effect of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH on the growth of Dunning prostate tumors and may improve the clinical response in patients with prostate cancer.
Immunoglobulin‐producing cells in human prostate
Authors: Bene M. C. , Studer A. , Faure G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunohistological techniques were used to investigate the presence of immunoglobulin‐producing cells in human prostate. Surgical samples from 14 patients with prostate hyperplasia were analyzed. Lymphoid infiltration was rarely seen and was in no way comparable with the classical structure of mucosae‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Plasma cells were observed in nine cases. They produced predominantly IgA and lambda chains, but noticeable numbers of IgM‐secreting cells were also seen. These cells were most numerous in patients with antecedents of infection or prostatitis. These data suggest that the local immune system of the prostate is in relation with the MALT, and can be colonized by MALT‐derived cells in response to bacterial stimuli.
Transplantable human prostatic carcinoma (PC‐82) in athymic nude mice. III. Effects of estrogens on the growth of the tumor tissue
Authors: van Steenbrugge G. J. , Groen M. , Van Kreuningen A. , De Jong F. H. , Gallee M. P. W. , Schröder F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe transplantable human prostatic tumor model (PC‐82) in nude mice was used to evaluate the indirect and possibly direct effects of estrogens on the growth of prostatic tumor tissue. High (pharmalogical) doses of plasma estradiol (E2) were achieved in tumor‐bearing mice by using E2‐containing Silastic implants of different lengths. In comparison with the situation in men, in mice much higher concentrations of circulating E2 (exceeding 3 nmol/liter) were necessary to attain (near)‐castrate levels of plasma testosterone (T). Treatment of tumor‐bearing mice with a high dose of E2 resulted in tumor growth arrest and a subsequent decline of the tumor volume, which equals the effects of castration. No evidence was found that either of the two doses of E2 applied had any additive inhibitory effect on tumor growth when compared to castration alone. It was inferred from these findings that in the PC‐82 tumor model, estrogens, rather than having a direct effect on the tumor tissue, mainly act indirectly by their suppressive effect on T secretion in the host animal. A different and unexpected result was obtained in castrated tumor‐bearing mice treated with a combination of E2 and and T. With both doses of E2 this type of treatment led to a smaller increase of the tumor volume compared with mice receiving T only, the result of the high dose being statistically significant. This antagonistic effect of the two steroids on the PC‐82 tissue was paradoxically associated with a sharp increase of nuclear androgen receptor levels and a higher concentration of dihydrotestosterone in the tumor tissue. Plasma and tissue concentrations of T appeared to be unaltered. The present study of the PC‐82 prostate tumor shows that only by careful monitoring of plasma steroid levels in tumor‐bearing mice can conclusions about the effectiveness of hormonal treatment regimens, such as estrogen therapy, be drawn.
Clinical characteristics of prostatic cancer detected by mass screening
Authors: Imai Kyoichi , Zinbo Susumu , Shimizu Kamon , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Kumasaka Fuminari , Sato Zin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince 1981 we have been studying prostate cancer (Pca) by mass screening in three cities, eight towns and seven villages in Gunma prefecture, Japan. From 1981 to 1985, 5,770 subjects were examined. The clinical character of Pea detected by mass screening is compared with control (i.e., Pca detected in the outpatient clinic in Gunma University). Of the 54 Pca patients detected by mass screening (Stage B: 28, C: 8, D: 18), approximately 50% had early‐stage Pca. The ratio of early‐stage Pca is significantly higher than in the control. An extended survival rate in high‐stage Pca detected by mass screening also was observed through comparison with control. We determined two types of Pca in advanced stage: (1) asymptomatic or less symptomatic and better prognostic Pca found in mass screening and (2) symptomatic and worse prognostic Pca found in control.
Enzymatic and electrolytic profiles of human semen
Authors: Gershbein Leon L. , Thielen David R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChemical parameters comprising urea and creatinine nitrogen, cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+), chloride, phosphorus, protein, cholesterol and enzymes, aminotransferases, alkaline and prostatic acid phosphatases, γ‐glutamyltransferase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were ascertained for semen from groups A (vasectomized), B (oligo‐spermic), and C (normospermic) men, 19 to 55 years of age. Of the parameters, the vasectomized group underwent definite depressions in potassium ion, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyltransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase as compared with the normospermic group; the last three enzymes and, possibly, the urea‐creatinine ratio were decreased for the oligospermic group vs. the normospermic men. In the comparison of groups A and B, only the decrements in alaninc aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were statistically significant. In corroboration of past reports, CK‐BB comprised the main isoenzyme of semen creatine kinase.
The long‐term influence of vasectomy on prostatic volume and morphology in man
Authors: Jakobsen Henrik , Torp‐Pedersen Søren , Juul Niels , Hald Tage 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring the past two decades several papers have described the changes in prostatic secretory capacity following vasectomy. Based upon results indicating a reduction of secretory function, it was suggested that even prostatic size and the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) might be altered after the operation.In this study, which included 56 males who had been vasectomized 8 years previously and 56 age‐matched control persons, transrectal ultrasonic scanning of the prostate was used for exact measurements of the prostatic volume and for the investigation of intraprostatic echo pattern.The total prostatic volume, the volume of the periurethral gland, and the volume of the peripheral zone were not influenced by the vasectomy; nor was the growth rate of these zones affected. In the vasectomy group, the frequency of adenomatous prostates was 19.6%, whereas 30.3% of prostates in the control group had ultrasonic signs of BPH. However, this is not a statistically significant difference. Subdividing the material according to age did not reveal altered BPH frequency in any age group when vasectomized and controls were compared.
Exocrine secretion of epidermal growth factor by the rat prostate: Effect of adrenergic agents, cholinergic agents, and vasoactive intestinal peptide
Authors: Jacobs Stephen C. , Story Michael T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPerfusion of the rat prostatic urethra in vivo provided a means of collecting the rat prostatic secretory product. The secretion of the protein epidermal growth factor (EGF) was investigated by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Baseline secretion of EGF into prostatic fluid was <.03 ± .004 SEM ng/min. The α‐adrenergic agonist phenylephrine caused an increase in EGF to 3.6 ± .4 SEM ng per 30‐min period. The stimulation was blocked completely by prazosin and only partially by yohimbine, indicating primarily α1 control. One mg/kg IV phenylephrine produced a maximal response. The β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused no increased secretion of EGF. The cholinergic agonist pilocarpine stimulated EGF secretion to 3.2 ± .6 SEM ng per 30‐min period. Atropine blocked the cholinergic stimulation. The combination of phenylephrine and pilocarpine did not result in greater stimulation than either agent alone. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) did not stimulate EGF secretion, nor did it augment either pilocarpine or phenylephrine‐stimulated secretion. EGF secretion into rat prostatic fluid is under both α1‐adrenergic and cholinergic control.
Treatment with antiandrogens induces an androgen‐repressed gene in the rat ventral prostate
Authors: Léger Jocelyne G. , And Rene Le Guellec , Tenniswood Martin P. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have recently described an androgen‐repressed gene in the rat ventral prostate, termed TRPM‐2, that appears to be involved in the processes of cell regression and programmed cell death. We have analyzed the effect of two antiandrogens currently used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma on the induction of this gene. Cyproterone acetate (10 mg/day) and flutamide (15 mg/day), when administered to castrated rats receiving a maintenance dose of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone proprionate (250 μg/day), induce the expression of TRPM‐2. Northern hybridization and dot blot analysis demonstrate that TRPM‐2 steady‐state levels reach a maximum on day 4 of treatment with cyproterone acetate (520 ppm) and on day 6 of treatment with flutamide (190 ppm). During this time the steady‐state levels of the androgen‐dependent prostate steroid‐binding protein mRNA are reduced dramatically (from approximately 75,000 to 10,000 ppm), but are not eliminated even after extended treatment. Treatment with the two antiandrogens produces a substantial reduction in the organ weight/ body weight ratio and RNA content of the prostate when compared to rats receiving the maintenance dose alone. These results suggest that while neither cyproterone acetate nor flutamide fully repress the androgen‐dependent functions of the prostate, they do induce some of the androgen‐repressed sequences in the prostate that have been implicated in the process of cell death.
Nonrandom involvement of chromosome 4 in the progression of rat prostatic cancer
Authors: Lsaacs John T. , Hukku Bharati 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOwing to progression of the original spontaneous Dunning R‐3327 rat prostatic cancer, a large series of transplantable prostatic tumors have been isolated that differ widely in their histological degree of differentiation, growth rate, androgen sensitivity, and metastatic ability. Using these parameters as criteria, the full spectrum of disease progression is represented within this Dunning system of rat prostatic cancers, ranging from slow‐growing, well‐differentiated, androgen‐sensitive, nonmetastatic forms to fast‐growing, anaplastic, androgen‐independent, highly metastatic forms.Cytogenetic analysis of the two least progressionally advanced Dunning cancers (i.e., histologically well‐differentiated, slow‐growing, nonmetastatic variants) demonstrated no structural or numerical chromosomal aberration, suggesting that the initial development of prostatic cancer may not require detectable cytogenetic changes. In contrast, all 16 of the progressionally more advanced Dunning variants analyzed had a series of characteristic structural and/or numerical chromosomal aberrations that minimally involved chromosome 4. This nonrandom involvement of chromosome 4 was consistently observed regardless of whether the karyotype of the cancer was near‐diploid or hyperaneuploid, suggesting that chromosome 4 aberrations are specifically involved in the progression of rat prostatic cancer. In addition, all four variants that were highly metastatic had, besides aberration of chromosome 4, structural aberrations involving chromosomes 1, 2, and 11. Of the 14 variants that did not have a high metastatic ability, only two had a similar aberrations involving chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 11, suggesting that these specific chromosomal aberrations may be necessary, albeit not sufficient, for a high metastatic ability of rat prostatic cancers.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of insulin or insulin‐like immunoreactivity in the rat prostate gland
Authors: Stahler Michael S. , Pansky Ben , Budd G. Colin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe indirect immunocytochemical technique was used in conjunction with anti‐insulin antisera to localize insulin‐like immunoreactivity in tissue sections and primary cell cultures from rat prostate gland. Positive immunostaining for insulin‐like reactivity was demonstrated in the epithelium of the prostate gland. There appeared to be some variation in the intensity and localization of the immunoreactivity within different regions of the gland. Prostatic epithelial cells grown in culture in an insulin‐free medium displayed strong cytoplasmic immunostaining when treated with anti‐insulin antisera, while nuclear staining was absent. These results demonstrate that insulin‐like immunoreactivity is present in the epithelium of the prostate gland and suggest that there may be some local insulin or insulin‐like synthesis in this organ.
Effectiveness of ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of patients with prostatism
Authors: Hendrikx A. J. M. , Doesburg W. H. , Reintjes A. G. M. , Strijk S. P. , Debruyne F. M. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo avoid the disadvantages of intravenous urography (IVU) and urethrocystoscopy (UCS), we investigated prospectively their replacement by ultrasound, performed during one visit in the outpatient department, in the evaluation of patients with symptoms of prostatism. One hundred twenty patients (aged 44‐89 years) were included in this study. All patients underwent two main diagnostic procedures: ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder and transrectal ultrasound of the prostate (procedure A1) This was compared with IVU and UCS (procedure A2). Following procedure A1, the main diagnoses made were benign prostatic hypertrophy in 84 patients, prostatitis in 24 patients, and prostatic cancer in 12 patients. By following procedure A2, the diagnosis was changed in 20 cases. Fourteen patients had a bladder neck sclerosis, and six had a urethral stricture. There was no relevant diagnostic difference between IVU and ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder.Ultrasound of the prostate gives better information on prostatic abnormalities than does IVU or UCS. A patient with prostatism can be screened completely during one visit at the outpatient department. Only for detection of bladder neck sclerosis and urethral strictures does UCS remain preferable.
Light microscopic morphometric analysis of castration effects in the different lobes of the rat prostate
Authors: Kiplesund Kjell Magne , Halgunset Jostein , Fjösne Hans E. , Sunde Arne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe morphologic effects of androgen deprivation in the different lobes of the rat prostate were examined by light microscopic morphometry. The prostates of Wistar male rats (260‐340 g) were fixed in situ by glutaraldehyde perfusion in castrated animals 1 week after gonadectomy and in intact animals. The ventral (VP), dorsal (DP), and lateral (LP) lobes as well as the coagulating gland (CG) were dissected out, weighed, and processed for light microscopy. Using stereologic methods the following parameters were estimated for each lobe: volume fraction of connective tissue, epithelium and glandular lumina, average epithelial height, average epithelial cell volume, and total number of epithelial cells. Castration leads to a 58‐76% reduction of the wet weight of all prostatic lobes. The decrease of glandular tissue is greater in VP than in LP, DP, and CG. In VP and LP, there is a 39‐45% reduction of the epithelial height, and this effect is less pronounced in DP and CG. For all lobes, the shnnkage of average epithelial cell volume is in the same range (25‐30%). Moreover, in VP and LP, there is a 70% reduction of the total number of cells, whereas the reduction is less in DP and CG. It thus seems that the reduction of prostatic epithelial tissue mass upon castration is due to a reduction of the number of cells as well as a reduction of the volume of individual cells. VP and LP appear to be more androgen‐dependent than DP and CG.
Intraluminal crystalloids in whole‐organ sections of prostate
Authors: Ro Jae Y. , Grignon David J. , Troncoso Patricia , Ayala Alberto G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDemonstration of intraluminal crystalloids and mucin can aid in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Crystalloids have been reported in 10% to 23% of prostatic adenocarcinomas. This incidence may not be accurate, however, because previous studies were based on specimens obtained by transurethral resection or transrectal biopsy. This study was based on the examination of 54 prostates (9 obtained from radical prostatectomies for prostate cancer and 45 from cystoprostatectomies for bladder carcinoma) processed by a whole‐organ section method. Crystalloids were found in all nine prostatic carcinomas from radical prostatectomy specimens. Thirty‐one of 45 specimens from cystoprostatectomies had single or multiple foci of adenocarcinoma; of these, 20 cases (64.5%) had crystalloids. Numbers of crystalloids vaned not only from case to case but also from area to area within the same case. Crystalloids were occasionally identified in benign and dysplastic glands that were adjacent to areas of carcinoma. Cases without prostatic carcinoma and benign or dysplastic glands distant from areas of carcinoma did not contain crystalloids. Twenty‐four prostatic adenocarcinomas had intraluminal mucin; mucin was not found in benign glands. In conclusion we found the incidence of crystalloids to be higher than that reported in previous studies, a difference we believe is because of sampling. We confirm previous observations that intraluminal crystalloids and mucin are helpful in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma.
Oncogene expression in prostate cancer: Dunning R3327 rat dorsal prostatic adenocarcinoma system
Authors: Cooke D. B. , Quarmby V. E. , Mickey D. D. , Isaacs J. T. , French F. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSteady‐state levels of myc, fos, p53, sis, and neu mRNAs were measured in eight variants derived from the Dunning R3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma and compared to levels in normal dorsal prostate. Expression of the myb and serbB oncogenes in the Dunning tumors was below the limits of detection. Myc, p53, and sis mRNA levels in all tumors were at or above control levels. Fos mRNA levels were below control levels in four of five anaplastic tumors and were above control levels in the remaining tumors. A comparison of mRNA levels along the two Dunning lineages revealed that increased expression of these oncogenes did not correlate with tumor progression.