bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRE‐HARVEST DESICCATION OF HERBAGE SEED CROPS AND ITS EFFECT ON SEED QUALITY
Authors: Roberts H. M. , Griffiths D. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSeed crops of perennial ryegrass S321 and tetraploid hybrid ryegrass Sabrina were sprayed with 3 pt diquat in 30 gal. water/ac (4.21 diquat in 337 1 water/ha) a few days before the normal date for harvest. Very low germination values were obtained wben the harvested seed was later tested and the production of abnormal seedlings from the treated crops was attributed to the presence of diquat in the seed. On the basis of these results the use of diquat is not recommended as a pre‐harvest desiccant for ryegrass seed crops.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH NITROGEN LEVELS AND STOCKING RATES ON MILK OUTPUT FROM PASTURE
Authors: Gordon F. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAn experiment using 40 lactating dairy cows was conducted for 3 successive years to examine the effects of fertilizer N applied at 400 and 700 kg/ha (358 and 627 lb/ac) at stocking rates of 4.94 and 7.41 cows/ba (2 and 3 cows/ac). The animals were grazed in groups of 10 per treatment, using a fixed rotational grazing system, for 22 weeks in each year.Milk ontput/cow and/ha was significantly affected by stocking rate, the mean milk outputs being 2499 and 2218 kg/cow (5498 and 4880 lb/ cow) and 12313 and 16396 kg/ha (11032 and 14691 lb/ac) at the lower and higher stocking rates, respectively.Milk yield/cow at the lower stocking rate was not affected by N level. At tbe higher stocking rate, increasing the amount of N resulted in a 7.4% increase in milk output/cow and/ha. This response to N declined from 1.7% in the first year of the trial to 2.4% in the third year. The response in milk yield to N appeared to he greatest during the first part of the grazing season.Milk composition, liveweight change, and herbage availahilities and intakes were also recorded.
SHEEP GRAZING PREFERENCES ON A SALTINGS PASTURE AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR WIGEON (ANAS PENELOPE L.) CONSERVATION
Authors: Cadwalladr D. A. , Morley J. V. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTArising from the need to improve the palatability of tussocky, rank Festuca rubra swards to provide a greaer area of grazing for overwintering wigeon which avoided these swards, the effect of sheep grazing on these and close‐mown F. rubra swards was studied by a point‐quadrat method. This showed that close mowing improved the palatability of Festuca rubra swards for sheep to a degree comparable with swards made up of Puccinellia maritima and Agrostis stolonifera, for which sheep and wigeon had previonsly been shown to have a significant preference. The results of the study are discussed in relation to methods of managing an area of saltings pastnre made up of these two types of swards to increase the area of grazing available for wigeon; whilst still being compatible with the objectives of the grazier's sheep husbandry.
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WEEPING LOVEGRASS DURING THE SPRING SEASON
Authors: Vera R. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFaecal samples from a continuous digestibility trial with Eragrostis curvula were analyzed for cell‐wall contents, acid‐detergent fibre, lignin, asb and N. DM digestibility was regressed on all these fractions and organic‐matter digestibility was also regressed on faecal organic‐matter N. The best predictions of digestibility were obtained by the use of faecal lignin as a percentage of acid‐detergent fibre, and by cell‐wall contents. N was a comparatively poor predictor and it is shown that its relationship with organic‐matter digestibility varies with the level of N in the diet. It is concluded that both lignin and cell‐wall contents could serve as useful internal indicators since their use is unlikely to be biassed by metabolic and microbial contamination.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF NUMBER ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RED CLOVER SEEDLINGS TO PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION
Authors: Jones T. W.A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe duration of the juvenile phase in early‐flowering (Dorset Marl) and late‐flowering (S123) red clover is described. Neither cultivar responded to inductive conditions at the first leaf stage but Dorset Marl attained maximum sensitivity by the 3‐leaf stage. A comparable response was obtained with S123 only after the production of 12–13 leaves. The growth characteristics of the two types under continuous long or short days are described and possible explanations are advanced for the characteristic differences in tillering and stem internode number.
THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND GRAZING ON THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND OUTPUT OF AN AGROSTIS/FESTUCA SWARD
Authors: Elliott J. G. , Oswald A. K. , Allen G. P. , Haggar R. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe results are reported of the effects of fertilizer and grazing or cutting for hay over a period of 6 years on the composition of an Agrostis/Festuca permanent pasture on low‐lying land at Beghroke Hill. Applications of N up to 264 units/ac each year associated with frequent defoliation every 21 days produced only small changes in sward composition; Agrostis spp. declined and Poa trivialis increased. Lolium perenne did not increase from a small initial presence. Records of animal performance and hay yield showed that the mean output from the experiment as a whole was 530 Ib liveweight gain/ac and 0·5 ton hay/ac.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DRYING OF HERBAGE AT TEMPERATURES UP TO 50°C*
Authors: Rees D. V. H. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments to determine the exposed layer drying rate of cut leaves and stems of a tetraploid (Sabel) and diploid (S23) ryegrass are described. Drying was achieved by passing air through the crop; the changes in weight were monitored continuously. Airflow was fixed throughout the experiments at 37·5 ft/min (0·190 m/s) and the temperatures were controlled in the range 25°C to 50°C. Comparisons were also made of the drying rates at different stages of maturity. Drying curves were determined and moisture content was shown to decay exponentially with time, the relationship approximating closely to a two term exponential.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN, STOCKING RATE AND GRAZING METHOD ON THE OUTPUT OF PASTURE GRAZED BY BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Horton G. M. J. , Holmes W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted in 1971 and 1972 to study the effects of two levels of fertilizer N (50 and 504 kg/ha) on the productivity of pastures grazed by young beef cattle. Two stocking rates were imposed at the lower N level and three at the higher. In addition to rotational grazing, set‐stocking and an integrated grazing‐conservation system were included. The responses/kg N were approximately 1 kg live‐weight gain, 19–24 Meal ME and 8–9 kg DM. Maximum yields of 1200–1300 kg live‐weight gain/ha and 25,000–27,000 Meal ME/ha were recorded. Productivity of set‐stocked pasture was similar to rotational grazing at the high N level, but lower at low N. The integrated system yielded comparable results to high‐N rotational grazing. Performances and herbage intakes per animal reflected the stocking rates imposed.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION TO PASTURE ON BEEF PRODUCTION
Authors: Holmes J. C. , Lang R. W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFive grazing experiments each lasting 2 or 3 years were made between 1955 and 1967, all starting in the first year of ryegrass/cocksfoot/clover or ryegrass/clover leys. A high and a low rate of N, 235 and 45 Ib/ac on average (263 and 51 kg/ha) were compared for beef production. High‐ and low‐N treatments gave mean clover contents for the grazing season of 8 and 24 % on a dry‐weight basis, respectively. High N consistently gave a smaller liveweight gain/animal than low N, on average 1±92 and 2±08 Ib/day (0±87 and 0±94 kg/day), respectively. Liveweight gain/ac was 20% greater for high N than for low N, and in terms of net energy the production from high‐ and low‐N, respectively, was 18,500 and 15,000 MJ/ac (45,700 and 37,100 MJ/ha). Data from these experiments, together with published results, were used to calculate a regression of liveweight gain response on N rate and an equation was derived from this to express the output in terms of profit. At 1971 prices profit was maximal at λ0±9/ac (λ2/ha) with 112 Ib N/ac (125 kg N/ha); it was considerably greater at 1973 prices when higher rates of N were justified.
A COMPARISON OF THE GROWTH OF A CUT SWARD WITH THAT OF GRAZED SWARDS, USING A TECHNIQUE TO ELIMINATE FOULING AND TREADING
Authors: Smith A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPlots of S24 perennial ryegrass were grazed fire times by sheep to stubble heights of 10–15 cm (treatment L), 5 cm (M) and 2 cm (S), other plots were cut (C) at approximately the same height as in M. the quantity of digestible organic matter (DOM) harvested by cutting at 5 cm was not significantly different from that harvested by grazing at the same average height there were only minor differences between grazing treatments in the amounts of DOM harvested, but the number of hours for which the sheep had to be maintained on the plots in order to graze the swards to the required heights increased 4‐fold between treatments L and S. the results are discussed in relation to the total DOM harvested in each treatment.
POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES
Authors: Davies D. A. , Munro J. M. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTResown S23 perennial ryegrass pastures showed considerably greater response to the application of fertilizer N (0·1075 kg N/ha per year = 0–960 Ib N/ac) at 305 m O.D. than the native Festuca ovina/Agrostis tenuis and Molinia caerulea dominant communities on identical brown earth and peaty gley soils. Ryegrass DM production during 1967–70 increased with N application rates up to 538 kg N/ha per year (480 Ib N/ac) on the acid‐brown earth, while on the extremely N‐deficient gley soil yield responses were recorded up to 1075 kg N/ha (960 Ib N/ac). Percentage N recovery by ryegrass, bowever, although improved by grazing and re circulation, was less than under lowland conditions and the response to N during the growing season was also lower, exceeding 20 kg DM/kg N from applications in May, June and July only. The recovery of N by Festuca/Agrostis and Molinia in 1968–70 ranged from 3% and 2% at 938 kg N/ha to 14% and 9% at 117 kg N/ba per year, respectively. The respective maximum average DM yields recorded were 29 t/ha and 2.2 t/ha from the native communities and 70 t/ha and 62 t/ha from the corresponding resown pastures (2610, 1950, 6250 and 5520 Ib/ac). The results are discussed in relation to the strategy of land improvement in upland areas.
A FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND STOCKING RATE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PASTURE FOR BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Umoh J. E. , Holmes W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe liveweight gain was measured of beef cattle on pastures stocked at 5.9 to 11.8 cattle/ha and receiving 50, 182 or 329 kg N/ha in a 12‐week season. N levels and stocking rates were so adjusted that similar yields of herbage per animal were expected. Results showed that similar liveweight gains per animal, averaging 1.03 kg/day, occurred at all N levels. Liveweight gain/ha ranged from 547 to 1037 kg in 12 weeks and the corresponding quantities of metabolizable energy utilized were 9890 and 17590 Meal. The results confinn earlier work (4, 7).
POTENTIAL PASTURE PRODUCTION IN THE UPLANDS OF WALES
Authors: Munro J. M. M. , Davies D. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe DM and N contribution of S184 white clover in mixed ryegrass/clover swards was recorded at Pant‐y‐dwr Hill Centre (305 m) for 4 years, 1967–70. By direct comparison with fertilized grass swards it was estimated that the clover N contribution on peaty gley soil averaged 100 kg N/ha per year (89 Ib N/ac) under cutting and 98 kg N/ha (87 ib/ac) under grazing with faecal return. On more fertile acid brown earth the corresponding contributions were 81 and 90 kg N/ha (72 and 80 Ib/ac). Full replacement of clover by N fertilizer would require average annual applications of 268, 229, 156 and 128 kg fertilizer N/ha, respectively (239, 204, 139 and 114 Ib N/ac).
THE EFFECT OF HEAVY DRESSINGS OF SLURRY ON FORAGE MAIZE PRODUCTION
Authors: Pain B. F. , Phipps R. H. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTACTCow slony was incorporated into land at levels equivalent to 0, 125, 250 or 500 t/ha (0, 50, 100 or 200 tons/ac) shortly before sowing maize (INRA 200). Quantity and quality determinations were made on the crop at 73, 93, 115 and 137 days after plant emergence.The slurry dressings delayed the emergence of maize plants. The 250 t/ha (100 tons/ac) treatment gave a significant increase in DM yield at the final harvest, but 500 t/ha (200 tons/ac) tended to depress yields of the whole crop and of the ear. There was no significant effect on the percentage DM of the crop.Slurry applications increased the level of E and nitrate‐N in the plants, but depressed Mg. Crude protein and in vitro digestibility were not affected.
EFFECT OF HIGH FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND STOCKING RATES ON LIVEWEIGHT GAIN PER ANIMAL AND PER HECTARE
Authors: Marsh R. , Murdoch J. C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of increasing annual fertilizer N application rate from 400 to 800 kg/ha (357 to 714 lb N/ac) and stocking rate from 5.0 to 7.5 animals per forage ha (2.02 to 3.04 animals per forage ac) on herbage availability, digestible OM intake and live weight gain was investigated in a grazing experiment repeated in 3 consecutive years. A 21×1 day rotational paddock grazing system was used in which the grazing area was increased in the ratio of 1:1.5:3 on two predetermined occasions.Increasing the fertilizer N application rate increased herbage availability by 12% but failed to increase live weight gain. Increasing stocking rate decreased herbage availability per ha and per animal, and also live weight gain per animal, but increased live weight gain per forage ha by 17.6%.
THE USE OF PROPIONIC ACID AS AN ADDITIVE FOR MAIZE SILAGE
Authors: Leaver J. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo clamps of maize silage were prepared in mid‐October, one with 0·33% propionic acid applied during harvesting and one without additive. The treated silage had a peak temperature 3°C below that of the untreated silage. The estimated loss of DM during ensiling was 8% greater in the untreated silage. The stability and acceptability of the silages were tested after exposure to air. The treated silage was slightly more stable than the untreated milage and the intakes by heifers were sligbtly greater. The digestibilities of the two silages estimated in wether sheep were similar, averaging 68·6% digestible OM in the DM at maintenance level and 63·5% at a high level of feeding. The intakes and growth rates of calves and beifers oifered the two silages were also similar.
FORAGE COMPOSITION AND THE CONDUCT OF DIGESTION TRIALS FOR THE COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LABORATORY PROCEDURES
Authors: Osbourn D. F. , Cammell S. B. , Terry R. A. , Outen G. E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFifty‐four grass, legume and whole‐crop maize forages were frozen and fed to sheep in amounts calculated to meet their daily DOM requirements for maintenance. The mean level of feeding achieved was 1·01±0·014 ± maintenance, and the mean and median values of the standard error of means of the coefficients of apparent DM digestibility determined were 0·66 and 0·50 percentage units. The range in composition of the forages was: cell walls 25·0– 64·2, digested cell walls 15·1–50·0, and apparently digested organic matter 56·4 to 76·1 g/100 g DM. The proportion of the DOM arising from cell walls had an even greater range (22–72%) and differed markedly between the forage species in mean value and in respect of the trend with advancing maturity. It was concluded that the conduct of the digestion trials and the range in composition of the forage samples examined were adequate to provide samples of herhage suitable for the comparison of laboratory procedures of forage evaluation.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN SPRING AND AUTUMN PASTURE FOR BEEF CATTLE AT EQUAL GRAZING PRESSURES
Authors: Marsh R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo comparisons between spring and autumn pasture for beef cattle were made. Animals used in all comparisons were of similar breed and weight and were subjected to the same feeding regime for 6–8 weeks before turn‐out. The pastures were grazed on an equal grazing pressure basis between season comparisons. The pastures received similar rates of fertilizer N between seasons and had similar lengths of rest period for regrowth.Intakes of digestible OM were greater per unit of metabolic liveweight in spring than in autumn. Daily liveweight gains in spring were high, being 1·09 and 1·37 kg (2·4 lb and 3·0 lb), but were lower from autumn pasture at 0·98 and 0·71 kg (2·2 lb and 1·6 lb). Weather was implicated as a factor affecting daily gain from autumn pasture. Greater herbage yields in spring supported 42 and 204 more grazing days per ha which together with the greater gains per animal supported 80–120% more liveweight gain/ha.
VARIATIONS IN SEED QUALITY BETWEEN CERTIFIED SEED LOTS OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS, AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO NITROGEN SUPPLY AND MOISTURE STATUS DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Ene B. N. , Bean E. W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTen Certified Seed lots of S23 perennial ryegrass produced in different counties in England during 1966, and ten lots produced in 1972, were examined for differences in characters affecting seed quality. The 1966 seed lots differed significantly in 1000–seed weight, germination rate, N content of the seed and seedling dry weight, and there was a significant correlation between seed N content and the seedling weight of the progeny.In both S23 and S24 perennial ryegrass N applied at inflorescence emergence or at anthesis increased N content of the seed and seedling dry weight. In S24 application of N at anthesis increased 1000–seed weight also. When plants of S23 perennial ryegrass were subjected to reduced moisture supplies their seed N content was increased. It is concluded that late N applications to grass seed crops may affect seed quality.
SWARD PRODUCTIVITY UNDER ALTERNATE OR REPEATED CUTTING OF ADJACENT SMALL AREAS
Authors: Smith A. , Arnott R. A. , Macauley J. R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTCutting patterns producing high and low areas were imposed on swards of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne to test whether output could be increased when compared with traditional uniform cutting methods. In two experiments, swards of both grasses were divided into parallel 9 cm strips which were cut alternately on different occasions to a height of 5 cm. These swards yielded a similar quantity of herbage DM to that from other swards cut uniformly at the same height and frequency. In a third experiment, swards of Lolium perenne were divided into alternate strips of unequal width (9 and 4.5 cm). The narrow strips were allowed to grow to a height of 15 cm and were occasionally trimmed at this height. The wide strips were cut to 5 cm at 2–or 4–weekly intervals. Areas cut to 5 cm every 2 weeks yielded significantly more DM when adjacent to high areas than when adjacent to areas cut to 5 cm every 2 weeks (i.e. under uniform cutting). The interaction between adjacent areas having different defoliation regimes is discussed in relation to the possibility of obtaining some additional output from a suitable no niform cutting system compared with uniform cutting. Sward productivity under no niform grazing patterns of livestock is also discussed.
POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF RED CLOVER VARIETIES IN S.W. SCOTLAND
Authors: Hunt I. V. , Frame J. , Harkess R. D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA reassessment of the potential productivity of 37 varieties of red eiover suggests that DM productivity is equivalent to grass given fertilizer N at 252 kg/ha for the 1st year, 209 kg/ha for 2nd year and 144 kg/ha for 3rd year of production. Corresponding equivalents for CP productivity of the red clover swards were 298, 228 and 206 kg N/ha. Varietal differences in productivity were significant Average yields of total herbage DM in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd harvesting years were 10.9, 8.7 and 8.2 t/ha, containing 6.5, 5.9 and 6.0 t/ha red clover, respectively. For two harvesting years, the most productive varieties were Essi, Kuhn, Hungaropoly, Robina, Tilo Daehnfeldt, Redhead and Corona Otofte. Rea 4N and a few other tetraploid varieties were very productive in the 3rd year. Hungaropoly, although showing a decline in the 3rd year, was the most productive over 3 years, with an average yield of 11.5 t/ha per year total herbage DM containing 10.2 t/ha per year red clover DM.Such high potential DM production warrants further investigation into the persistence of red clover, its conservation and the problems of its utilization by livestock.
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION OF GRASRUCTOSAN OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF POLYMERIZATION
Authors: Kühbauch W. , Kleeberger A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe bacterial decomposition of grass fructosans with different degrees of polymerization was monitored in vitro. The period required for the microbial decomposition of polymeric fructosans was directly related to the extent of polymerization. It was concluded that there might be a relationship between the digestibility of other organic nutrients of fodder plants and polymerization and that polymerization increases with maturity of the plant.
ESTIMATION OF THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF OESOPHAGEAL EXTRUSA SAMPLES. 1. A MODIFIED MICROSCOPE POINT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Hamilton B. A. , Hall D. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTExtras samples were collected from ocsophageally fistulated sheep that had been fed mixtures of known proportions of a legume and a grass. The botanical composition of these samples was estimated by two microscope point techniques. When estimates were made by recording hits on each species the legume content of the ingesta was consistently underestimated by up to 23%. Much of this underestimate was attributed to the weight per unit area of the leaves of the legume being approximately twice that of the grass leaves. When the microscope hits were adjusted for the weight per unit area of each of the plant components (leaves, petioles, flowers and seed pods) the relationship between the estimated and actual legume consumed was improved, the greatest difference between actual and estimated legume being approximately 5%.
THE STATE OF HAYMAKING TECHNOLOGY—A REVIEW
Authors: Klinner W. E. , Shepperson G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe main objectives of research and development In haymaking are to minimize dependence on weather and to reduce loss of nutrients. Treatment of a cut crop, especially by mechanical conditioning, shortens drying time substantially while the use of chemical desiccants before or after cutting may also increase the drying rate.The advantages of terminating field exposure before drying has been completed are particularly important. Barn drying from about 40% moisture content (m.c.) wet basis has given good results. A useful alternative might be the application of preservatives to hay of high moisture content. The suppression of harmful spores, whether through barn drying or preservative treatment, lessens the risks to human and animal health.