bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salmonellosis in Goats
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Anderson Bruce C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three episodes of salmonellosis in goats were similar to the disease described in neonatal calves, 2- to 4-week-old calves, and adult cattle. However, bloody diarrhea so often associated with salmonellosis in other animals was not seen in any of the goats. Mortality was high despite fluid therapy and the use of antibiotics shown to be effective in vitro. The importance of specific etiologic diagnosis was emphasized, inasmuch as salmonellosis of goats can be confused with other, more common diseases and, though other measures can be used to treat or control these similar diseases, strict sanitation and management changes were the only means found to be effective in the control of caprine salmonellosis.
Canine Silica Urolithiasis
Authors: Osborne Carl A. , Hammer Robert F. , Klausner Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Silica “jack-stone” uroliths developed in the urinary bladder and urethra of 83 dogs living in the United States. Naturally occurring silica jack stones have not been encountered prior to 1976. German Shepherd Dogs comprised more than ⅓ of affected animals; the remainder encompassed 26 other breeds. In this series, 81 were males and 2 were females. The mean age of the dogs was 5.8 years, with a range of 1.5 to 12 years. Several observations prompt the hypothesis that development of silica uroliths may be related to diet.
Although most silica uroliths had a characteristic jack-stone appearance, not all silica uroliths had a jack-stone configuration and not all jack stones were composed of silica. Some calculi were comprised of a combination of silica and struvite. Silica uroliths were radiodense, compared with adjacent tissue, but were not associated with identifiable crystals in urine. The urine pH of affected dogs varied from acid to alkaline.
Silica urolithiasis recurred in 5 dogs following surgery. Urinary tract infections, when they occurred, appeared to be a sequela of silica urolithiasis.
Pending further studies, management of silica uroliths should include their removal from the urinary tract and eradication of associated urinary tract infections. Prophylactic measures should include attempts to augment urine volume and change of diet.
Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on Quantitative Culture of Canine Urine
Authors: Padilla Jorge , Osborne Carl A. , Ward Gilbert E. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Results of quantitative culture of 26 canine urine samples stored at different temperatures for varying periods (2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours) following collection were compared. Samples stored at room temperature (21 to 25 C) were unreliable for diagnostic quantitative culture after 24 hours. False-positive results were obtained in 13 (50%) of the samples, and false-negative results were obtained in 1 (4%) sample. Likewise, samples sent via the US mail were unreliable for diagnostic quantitative culture since false-positive results were obtained in 9 (35%) of the samples.
Samples stored at refrigeration temperature (3 to 8 C) provided more satisfactory data. Culture of urine samples refrigerated for 2 hours resulted in quantitative results that were similar and interpretations that were identical to those obtained for samples cultured without having been refrigerated. Refrigeration for periods up to 6 hours resulted in quantitative counts that differed from those obtained after initial culture of the nonrefrigerated samples, but interpretations of results were identical. After 24 hours of refrigeration there were no false-positive results; however, false-negative results were observed in 1 (4%) of the samples.
These observations indicated that optimal results of quantitative culture of urine can be consistently obtained only if samples are immediately processed following collection. If immediate culture is not possible, the specimens may be stored for at least 6 hours at refrigeration temperature without compromising the validity of results.
Orthovoltage Radiotherapy of Oral Fibrosarcomas in Dogs
Authors: Thrall Donald E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventeen dogs with oral fibrosarcomas were referred for radiotherapy. All dogs were treated with orthovoltage x-rays at doses that approached the tolerance level of normal tissue. Acceptable normal tissue complications (epilation, mucositis, and moist desquamation) developed in all dogs surviving radiotherapy. Osteonecrosis, an unacceptable complication of radiotherapy, developed in 2 dogs.
Of the 17 treated dogs, 2 died before radiotherapy was completed and 2 lived less than 1 month after treatment. One of the 17 was alive, with osteonecrosis, 27 months after radiotherapy and was free of tumor. The mean time to tumor regrowth and mean survival time in the other 12 dogs were 3.9 and 6.8 months, respectively.
The results indicated a poor response of oral fibrosarcomas to treatment with orthovoltage x-rays. It was concluded that treatment of oral fibrosarcomas with other modalities, eg, 60Co gamma rays, may lead to improved results.
Olfactory Tractotomy for Control ofObjectionable Urine Spraying and Urine Marking in Cats
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Olfactory tractotomy proved effective for control of urine spraying in 6 of 11 male cats and in 1 female cat in which it was performed. The operation also was effective for control of urine marking in 1 male and 3 female cats. It was concluded that olfactory tractotomy is a low-risk, simple operation requiring little in the way of specialized equipment and that it can be recommended as a last resort for cats that do not respond to more conservative treatment.
Anatomy and Therapeutic Resection of the Peroneus Tertius Muscle in a Foal
Authors: Trout Donald R. , Lohse Carleton L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A foal with a congenital flexure deformity of the right hock was unable to walk because of an abnormally short peroneus tertius (pt) muscle. Tension on the muscle origin and insertions limited the dorsal angle of hock extension to a 70-degree arc. The intrauterine position of the fetus probably caused the defect. All the pt attachments were dissected in several other limbs, and illustrations made from these dissections were used to study the anatomy and surgical approach. Immediately after resection of the pt muscle, the foal's right hock extended an additional 30 degrees. Two months later, the foal had normal gaits, with normal extension and flexion of the hock and stifle.
Volvulus of the Bovine Abomasum and Omasum
Authors: Habel Robert E. , Smith Donald F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two cows with right-side volvulus (torsion) of the abomasum and omasum were embalmed, and the viscera were dissected to study the topography and mechanics of the condition. In both cases, the abomasum and omasum were greatly distended and formed a loop with the cranial part of the duodenum. The loop was twisted 360 degrees counterclockwise, as viewed from the rear or from the right, around an axis through the lesser omentum. The reticulum was drawn caudally on the right side of the rumen by its attachment to the fundus of the abomasum. Study of a model of the stomach and omenta indicated that the more probable mode of rotation was in a sagittal plane. The mode of rotation made no difference in the result or in the method of reduction, which was deflation and rotation in the opposite direction. Pressure and tension damage to the ventral vagal trunk and to the blood vessels would indicate a guarded prognosis.
A Field Evaluation of Pro-Benzimidazole, Benzimidazole, and Non-Benzimidazole Anthelmintics in Horses
Authors: Herd R. P. , Miller T. B. , Gabel A. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effectiveness of 1 pro-benzimidazole (pro-bzd) drug, 3 benzimidazole (bzd) drugs, and 3 non-benzimidazole (non-bzd) drugs in keeping fecal egg counts below 50 eggs per gram 2 and 4 weeks after treatment at 6-week intervals was compared in groups of brood mares and yearlings at 2 Standardbred farms. In a preliminary study (December 1978 to April 1979) as well as a major study (April to November 1979), horses were kept in the same groups in the same areas. In the major study, treatments were arranged in a Latin square design.
On farm 1, which had a history of repeated use of bzd drugs since 1964, the non-bzd drugs, dichlorvos and pyrantel pamoate, rated 83%-100% in their ability to suppress egg counts below 50 eggs per gram. They were significantly better (P<0.05) than pro-bzd (febantel) or bzd (cambendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole) drugs, which rated 13%-58%. Phenothiazine-piperazine-carbon disulfide rated 60%-77% on farm 1 and also was significantly better (P<0.05) than pro-bzd or bzd drugs. On farm 2, which had a history of limited use of bzd drugs, there was no significant difference between the 3 classes of anthelmintics, which all rated between 67% and 100%. Results of larval culture showed small strongyles to be the major source of high egg counts. In all groups of horses, irrespective of the treatment, there was a marked increase in fecal egg counts by 6 weeks after treatment.
Indications for Unilateral Bovine Nephrectomy: A Report of Four Cases
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. , Deem Debra A. , Donawick William J. , Whitlock R. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Unilateral nephrectomy was done on 4 cows with renal disease. The history and clinical signs varied and were not pathognomonic for disease of the urinary system.
Serum creatinine and bun concentrations were normal in each cow prior to nephrectomy, in spite of advanced renal disease. Results of urinalysis were abnormal in 3 cows. Cystoscopic examination aided in the diagnosis, by revealing unilateral hematuria in 1 cow. Palpation per rectum revealed a large abdominal mass adjacent to the kidney in 2 cows. Exploratory celiotomy was necessary in 3 cows to determine the exact nature of their disease. Nephrectomy was easily performed; however, ligature security was critical. A biopsy of the remaining kidney at the time of nephrectomy aided in determining medical therapy and prognosis. Three cows recovered from the effects of the disease and became productive members of the herd. One cow was euthanatized because of end-stage renal disease in the remaining kidney.
Comparison of Various Extenders for Freeze-Preservation of Semen from Selective Captive Wild Ungulates
Authors: Howard J. G. , Pursel V. G. , Wildt D. E. , Bush M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Semen collected by electroejaculation from selected captive wild ungulates was used to evaluate the cryoprotective ability of 4 semen diluents. Three species of ungulates were used: blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi), dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), and onager (Equus hemionus onager). Fresh semen was immediately evaluated for the percentage of motility and the progressive motility, and an aliquot was fixed for evaluation of the acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa. The remaining volume of ejaculate was divided into equal aliquots and either frozen raw on dry ice or extended with each of the 4 diluents. Samples were concurrently equilibrated at 5 C, frozen on dry ice, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Aliquots were thawed for evaluation of motility traits and spermatozoal acrosomes. Each diluent provided cryoprotection in each species. However, spermatozoa varied in ability to survive cryopreservation, and postthaw viability was influenced by the semen diluent used. Although ineffective in the onager, the study of morphologic forms of spermatozoal acrosomes proved useful for assessing the cryoprotective property of semen diluents in the blesbok and dorcas gazelle.
Cyclic Dermatitis Associated with Fusarium Sp Infection in Pinnipeds
Authors: Montali Richard J. , Bush Mitchell , Strandberg John D. , Janssen Donald L. , Boness Daryl J. , Whitla Joan C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dermatitis associated with Fusarium sp infection developed in 3 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and 3 gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC. The lesions were papular or nodular and were distributed mainly on the face, trunk, and flippers. One sea lion died 6 weeks after extensive cutaneous involvement. The lesions regressed after 1 mild exacerbation in the other 2 sea lions. In the gray seals, the skin condition appeared to worsen during the summer and to regress during the winter, despite oral and topical treatment with miconazole and thiabendazole.
Fusarium sp was repeatedly isolated from biopsy specimens of lesions. Hyperplasia of epidermal and follicular epithelium was associated with acute and chronic inflammation and fungal hyphae. The species of the fungus in 1 of the gray seals was determined to be F solani, a type occasionally associated with keratitis and opportunistic infections in human beings.
Initial excessive chlorination and high fluctuating pool temperatures attributed to a faulty water treatment system were considered as factors in promoting fungal growth.
Antibody Response to an Inactivated Vaccine for Rhinotracheitis, Caliciviral Disease, and Panleukopenia in Nondomestic Felids
Authors: Bush Mitchell , Povey R. Charles , Koonse Howard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for the prevention of feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr), feline caliciviral disease (fcvd), and feline panleukopenia (fpl) was tested in 27 nondomestic adult felids from 7 species. The vaccine was given im at the standard domestic cat dose in 19 animals and double this dose in 8 others. The animals were vaccinated either 1, 2, or 3 times. Serum-neutralization (sn) antibodies to fvr (mean sn titer, 23) developed in all 15 animals that were previously seronegative, and sn antibodies to fcvd (mean sn titer, 11) developed in 19 of 21 animals that were previously seronegative. There was no significant increase of sn antibody titers by doubling the vaccine dose or by administering a 3rd vaccination. The optimal response could be obtained by using the domestic cat vaccination protocol of a single dose given twice, 4 weeks apart.
The critical evaluation of the sn antibody titer for fpl was complicated by preexisting titers to fpl from previous vaccinations, but in 23 animals the titers became higher, whereas they remained unchanged in only 4 animals.
The persistence of the sn titers was evaluated 7 to 9 months later and found to be satisfactory for fvr (mean sn titer, 18), fcvd (mean sn titer, 43), and fpl (mean sn titer, 517). Enhanced persistence of titer could not be demonstrated by doubling the dose or administering a 3rd vaccination.
Prevalence and Sequelae of Feline Leukemia Virus Infection in Laboratory Cats
Authors: Ladiges Warren C. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Wardrop K. Jane , Hardy William D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Over a 4-year period, 1,683 pound-source cats received at a research institution were screened for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Viremia was detected in 83 of the cats, for a prevalence of 4.9%. During this period, FeLV infection was detected in 5 kittens on a research project; lymphoma or anemia developed 6 to 17 months after the infections were detected. It was concluded that apparently healthy cats infected with FeLV may not be appropriate for some biomedical research projects.
Pathogenesis of Contagious Streptococcal Lymphadenitis in Cats
Authors: Swindle M. M. , Narayan O. , Luzarraga M. , Bobbie D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmission and pathogenesis studies were undertaken in cats inoculated orally with Lancefield group G beta-hemolytic streptococci. These bacteria, which had been isolated from cats during a natural episode of lymphadenitis, rapidly colonized the tonsils of inoculated cats and disseminated along lymphatic channels. Acute purulent inflammation of lymph nodes on the head and neck was followed by toxemia, which coincided with pyrexia and other signs of clinical illness.
Public Health and Gerbils: Microbial Evaluation
Authors: Hoff Gerald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were purchased from 25 retail outlets. The aerobic oral and fecal bacterial flora as well as the dermatophyte flora were examined for potential human pathogens. The study revealed that gerbils purchased from retail outlets constituted no public health threat in terms of disease caused by these organisms. Among the retail outlets there were no differences in findings between gerbils that originated with commercial breeders or those supplied by customers of the retail outlet.
Veterinary Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Klebsiella Infections
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In March 1978, 3 cases of Klebsiella infection occurred in dogs in the intensive care unit at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. The hospital staff was concerned about the possibility of a common-source epidemic, and a record review was conducted for the period January 1977 to April 1978, to examine the past pattern of nosocomial Klebsiella infection. Twenty-three dogs and 1 cat were identified as having had nosocomial Klebsiella infection; the incidence among hospitalized dogs for the 6-month period was 0.85%. Surgical wounds were the most common site of infection, followed by the urinary tract and blood. Prophylactic use of antibiotics appeared to increase the risk of infection and to induce antibiotic resistance.
Relationship of Serum Total Calcium to Albumin and Total Protein in Dogs
Authors: Meuten Donald J. , Chew Dennis J. , Capen Charles C. , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A positive linear relationship was found between total calcium and albumin and between total calcium and total protein in the serum of 209 dogs. Total calcium concentration correlated with the concentration of albumin (r=0.575; P<0.001) and with the concentration of total protein (r= 0.411; P<0.001). A correction formula for calcium was derived on the basis of the concentration of albumin: adjusted calcium (mg/dl) = calcium (mg/dl ) – albumin (g/dl) + 3.5. The correction formula for calcium, based on the concentration of serum total protein was: adjusted calcium (mg/dl) = calcium (mg/dl) –0.4 [total serum protein (g/dl)] + 3.3.
Hypocalcemia (⦤ 8.7 mg/dl) was detected in 32 of the dogs. After adjustment of the measured total calcium for albumin and serum total protein, 29 (91%) of the dogs had calcium concentrations within the normal range. Hypercalcemia was not associated with hyperalbuminemia or hyperproteinemia. In 91% of dogs with disorders of calcium metabolism and in 86% of dogs less than 6 months old, calcium concentrations were outside the 95% confidence intervals for albumin and total protein calculated from the 209 dogs. It was concluded that adjustment of serum total calcium for protein concentration is essential for correct interpretation of calcium values and detection of abnormalities in calcium metabolism.
Indirect Immunofluorescence Testing for Diagnosis of Occult Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Three Cats
Authors: Dillon Ray , Sakas Peter S. , Buxton Bonnie A. , Schultz Ronald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test for the detection of antibody to microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis was used as an aid in the diagnosis of occult dirofilariasis in 3 cats. The test was a modification of the ifa test used for detection of canine dirofilariasis. The cats had clinical signs and thoracic radiographic changes compatible with dirofilariasis but were modified Knott test-negative. After treatment with thiacetarsamide, the cats became clinically normal, although ifa titers persisted in 2 cats and 1 of these had live adult worms at necropsy. It was concluded that the ifa test can provide a diagnosis in occult D immitis infection when the absence of circulating microfilariae is attributable to antimicrofilarial antibodies.
Canine Parvovirus Infection Potentiates Canine Distemper Encephalitis Attributable to Modified Live-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Olsen Richard G. , Axthelm Michael K. , Rice Jacqueline , Winters Karen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve gnotobiotic dogs from 2 litters were allotted to 3 groups. Group A dogs received a modified-live polyvalent (canine distemper, adenovirus type 2, and parainfluenza viruses and Leptospira canicola-icterohemorrhagiae bacterin) vaccine 3 days prior to oral inoculation with canine parvovirus (cpv). Group B dogs received cpv alone. Group C dogs received 1 dose of vaccine only. In none of the 9 cpv-inoculated dogs did clinical signs of cpv infection develop, although high serum antibody titers for cpv developed in all of them. However, in 2 of the 5 cpv-inoculated vaccinates, canine distemper virus encephalomyelitis subsequently developed. The results suggested that cpv exerts an immunomodulating effect on canine immune responses and may be responsible for vaccination failures in dogs.
Vincristine in the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia in Five Dogs
Authors: Greene Craig E. , Scoggin James , Thomas James E. , Barsanti Jeanne A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five dogs with idiopathic thrombocytopenic pur-pura were successfully treated with vincristine alone or in combination with a glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoid therapy alone appeared ineffective in increasing the platelet count. Four dogs were effectively treated after a single dose of vincristine, but the remaining dog required an additional dose. Vincristine, although effective, is not recommended as the primary therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenia in the dog. High cost and potential side effects should make its use restricted to cases in which glucocorticoid therapy is either ineffective or contraindicated.
The Nature and Treatment of Giardiasis in Parakeets
Authors: Scholtens Robert G. , New John C. , Johnson Sandra 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence of giardiasis was studied in 77 parakeets from 4 widely varied sources and was found to be 66%. The infection appeared most common in young birds. Cysts and trophozoites were found in fecal samples and persisted in birds caged alone for up to 4 months. New infections appeared when infected and noninfected birds were caged together. Treatment with 200 ppm of dimetridazole in the drinking water was less effective than 3 oral doses given at the rate of 1.5 mg/30 g of body weight every 12 hours by stomach tube. Metronidazole therapy was not effective.
Forelimb tic in a horse
Authors: Beech Jill 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An 18-month-old male Quarter Horse was referred for evaluation of a tic that had started after injury to the right forelimb 4 weeks earlier. The right forelimb appeared paretic and had constant regular twitches of variable intensity that were usually sufficiently forceful to move the trunk, neck, and head. The horse frequently threw the limb forward. The twitch persisted during sleep but disappeared during general anesthesia and following sedation with xylazine. It was unaffected by acetylpromazine, diphenylhydantoin, diazepam, carbamazepine, trimethadione, procainamide, quinidine, propranolol, dantrolene, methocarbamol, dimethyl sulfoxide mixed with xylocaine, or by low volar nerve anesthesia. It remained unchanged during 21 days of hospitalization but had stopped 10 weeks after discharge. Electromyographic tracings of the limb and neck and radiographs of the cervical and proximal thoracic spine, scapulohumeral joints, and adjacent ribs were normal. A localized spinal cord lesion or peripheral neuropathy and neuralgia secondary to trauma were suspected.