bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient severity as an indicator of nursing workload in the intensive care unit
Authors: Kiekkas Panagiotis , Brokalaki Hero , Manolis Evangelos , Samios Adamantios , Skartsani Chrisula , Baltopoulos George 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe importance of measuring nursing workload in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been supported by both an increasing demand for nursing personnel and the relationship of nursing workload with patient safety. According to previous studies, the correlation between clinical severity of ICU patients and nursing workload measured by Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System has been estimated to be particularly high. The aim of this study was to investigate whether clinical severity of ICU patients can be used for the prediction of nursing workload on a daily basis. All patients admitted in the ICU of the General University Hospital of Patras for a 5‐month period were enrolled in the study. Projet de Recherche en Nursing (PRN) Réa and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores of patients were calculated, the first on a daily basis and the second on the day of admission. Simple linear regression was used for statistical analysis of data. One hundred thirty‐eight patients were studied. A progressive increase in mean daily PRN Réa of patients all along the amplitude of APACHE II values was shown. APACHE II could predict 25·6% (p < 0·01) of the daily variability of PRN Réa of patients. Regarding categories of PRN Réa, respiration, communication, diagnostic methods and treatments were significantly predicted by APACHE II. APACHE II explained higher proportions of PRN Réa in medical male patients aged >60 years. Clinical severity of the ICU patients measured by APACHE II is an important early indicator of daily nursing workload, especially of care demands associated with respiration, diagnostic methods and treatments.
Fluid management and diuretic therapy in acute renal failure
Authors: Sumnall Rebecca 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAcute renal failure (ARF) is a common problem in critical care; therefore, nurses should consider it to be a potential issue for all of their patients. Fluid management and diuretic therapy are important in these patients. The aim of this study is to review the use of these interventions in patients in acute renal failure. Initially, the paper will review renal physiology and discuss some of the causes of acute renal failure. This will be followed by a critical examination of the evidence surrounding the use of crystalloids and colloids for fluid resuscitation, as well as the role of diuretics in patients with acute renal failure. The paper concludes by identifying approaches for developing future practice in this area.
Fluid flow during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust: zircon U‐Pb age and O‐isotope studies of a quartz vein within ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite
Authors: ZHENG Y.‐F. , GAO T.‐S. , WU Y.‐B. , GONG B. , LIU X. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractQuartz veins in high‐pressure to ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks witness channelized fluid flow that transports both mass and heat during collisional orogenesis. This flow can occur in the direction of changing temperature/pressure during subduction or exhumation. SHRIMP U‐Pb dating of zircon from a kyanite‐quartz vein within ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite in the Dabie continental collision orogen yields two age groups at 212 ± 7 and 181 ± 13 Ma, which are similar to two groups of LA‐ICPMS age at 210 ± 4 and 180 ± 5 Ma for the same sample. These ages are significantly younger than zircon U‐Pb ages of 224 ± 2 Ma from the host eclogite. Thus the two age groups from the vein date two episodes of fluid flow involving zircon growth: the first due to decompression dehydration during exhumation, and the second due to heating dehydration in response to a cryptic thermal event after continental collision. Laser fluorination O‐isotope analyses gave similar δ18O values for minerals from both vein and eclogite, indicating that the vein‐forming fluid was internally derived. Synchronous cooling between the vein and eclogite is suggested by almost the same quartz–mineral fractionation values, with regularly decreasing temperatures that are in concordance with rates of O diffusion in the minerals. While the quartz veining was caused by decompression dehydration at 700–650 °C in a transition from ultrahigh‐pressure to high‐pressure eclogite‐facies retrogression, the postcollisional fluid flow was retriggered by heating dehydration at ∼500 °C without corresponding metamorphism. In either case, the kyanite–quartz vein formed later than the peak ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic event at the Middle Triassic, pointing to focused fluid flow during exhumation rather than subduction. The growth of metamorphic zircon in the eclogite appears to have depended on fluid availability, so that their occurrence is a type of geohygrometer besides geochronological applicability to dating of metamorphic events in orogenic cycles.
Influence of host diet on parasitoid fitness: unravelling the complexity of a temperate pastoral agroecosystem
Authors: Urrutia C. Mauricio A. , Wade Mark R. , Phillips Craig B. , Wratten Steve D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParasitoid fitness is closely associated with the condition of the host insect, and the condition of the host is partly dependent on the quality and quantity of plant food available. The relationship between host diet and parasitoid fitness therefore has the potential to indirectly mediate complex multitrophic interactions. This relationship may be influenced both by the presence of mycotoxins from endophytic fungi, which share symbiotic relationships with plants and cause reductions in host‐plant quality for herbivores, and by the availability of beneficial nutrient‐rich plant foods such as pollen. This study used a multitrophic system involving ryegrass, a fungal endophyte, pollen, and an insect herbivore and its parasitoid to study the effect of host diet on parasitoid fitness. Previous studies showed that the larval stage of the parasitoid was negatively influenced by the presence of fungal‐derived alkaloids in the diet of its host, but no assessment of effects on the adult stage of the parasitoid had been made. Similarly, the effect of pollen in the diet of the host on the fitness of the parasitoid had not previously been examined. In this study, the fitness of parasitoids reared from hosts fed endophyte‐free ryegrass, endophyte‐free ryegrass plus pollen, or endophyte‐infected ryegrass was assessed in two laboratory experiments. Host insects exhibited significant responses to treatment, but remarkably, there were no significant treatment effects on parasitoid development times, the number of successful parasitoid emergences, tibia length, or preoviposition egg complement. The absence of a strong relationship between host diet and parasitoid fitness in this study differs markedly from studies of other parasitoid–host systems in that the adult stage of this parasitoid appears remarkably unresponsive to variation in host condition. This work contributes to a better understanding of multitrophic interactions and to the refinement of integrated pest management tactics in a temperate pastoral agroecosystem.
Satisfaction with dental care among elderly Finnish men
Authors: Tuominen Risto , Tuominen Maija 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –To study satisfaction with dental care among elderly Finnish men and to estimate the role of different factors affecting it, a questionnaire was sent to a systematic sample of 2043 elderly Finnish men (mean age 73 years). Acceptably filled‐out questionnaires were returned by 1561, a participation rate of 76.4%. The questionnaire included 44 questions concerning dental and denture services and a modied 14‐item Dental Satisfaction Questionnaire. The subjects were asked to express how strongly they agreed or disagreed with each of the 14 statements. These were later transformed and recoded to indicate level of satisfaction from +2 (very satised) to –2 (very dissatised). Overall satisfaction was estimated by summing up all the 14 scores. Dentate subjects were signicantly (P < 0.01) more satised than the edentulous. Subjects were least satised with dental care fees and most satised with accessibility and availability of services. Dentate subjects viewed almost all 14 items signicantly more favorably than did the edentulous. Economics was seen to have a strong inuence on dissatisfaction with dental care fees, which was related to income level. Maintaining the remaining dentition and supporting the dentition withxed or removable dentures seem to be the means to increase satisfaction among the dentate. The benets of belonging to a clinics recall system should be explained thoroughly to the elderly.
Satisfaction as a determinant of compliance
Authors: Albrecht Gonnie , Hoogstraten Johan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –In this study the relation between satisfaction and compliance is examined in terms of specificity and predictive value. Satisfaction is assumed to be a determinant of compliance, especially if both concepts are measured at the same level of specificity (i.e., a dental level). A total of 176 subjects reported their satisfaction with dental visits and the dental practice, their dental compliance and their general tendency to comply. The results show a relation between satisfaction and compliance and that compliance can be predicted by satisfaction. Surprisingly, the relation between dental satisfaction and general compliance is stronger than the relation between dental satisfaction and dental compliance. This finding can be explained by the possible relation between different levels of compliance and the complexity of the concept dental compliance.
Methods of evaluating dental care costs in the Swedish public dental health care sector
Authors: Oscarson Nils , Källestål Carina , Karlsson Göran 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Twenty‐six Swedish dental health care clinics participating in the intervention study “Evaluation of caries preventive measures” have been analysed with focus on costs, with the aim of demonstrating techniques suitable for evaluating direct dental care costs and also finding out whether charges are acceptable as a proxy for real costs. Three different approaches to calculating unit costs are discussed: average treatment time cost and two methods of different allocation of overhead cost. Average treatment time cost shows treatment time cost regardless of who (dentist, dental hygienist or nurse) provides the dental care. The other two methods reflect both the differences of treatment costs depending on practitioners' skill level and competence (salary) an the methods of handling overhead cost allocation. Our conclusions are that the proposed methods seem useful for evaluating costs in cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benet analysis. The alternative to average treatment time cost or unit time cost depends on what data is available and the perspective of the analysis. This study also concludes that charges are not sufficient as an alternative to a more detailed cost evaluation, at least not in Swedish public dental health care, since charges do not cover costs.
DMFT, dmft and treatment requirements of schoolchildren in Asturias, Spain
Authors: Alvarez‐Arenal Angel , Alvarez‐Riesgo Jose Antonio , A‐Lopez Jose Miguel Pen , Fernandez‐Vazquez Jose Pedro 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –An epidemiological survey was carried out in 1992 to study the dental health status of schoolchildren aged 6, 9 and 12 in Asturias, Spain. It focused on the caries prevalence, dmtf, DMFT, restoration indices and dental treatment needs of this population. A representative sample of 1839 subjects, randomly selected and proportionally assigned by age group (6, 9 and 12) with the classroom as the sample unit, was examined. Analysis of the data showed that in 6‐year‐old children the caries prevalence in primary teeth was 45.8%. The mean caries in‐dices were 2.10 dmft and 0.25 DMFT. At 9 years old the prevalence of caries in primary teeth was 62.8% and in the permanent teeth 49.1%. The mean level of caries was 2.38 dmft and 1.50 DMFT. At 12 years old the caries prevalence in permanent teeth was 71% and in first molars 64.2%. The mean caries experienced was 3.30 DMFT. In all groups the D‐component constituted the major part of the caries index. The results for girls were higher than for boys in almost all age groups. Surface fillings were the treatment most required in all age groups.
Changes in the oral health of adults from Trondelag, Norway, 1973—1983—1994
Authors: Schuller Annemarie A. , Holst Dorthe 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –The purpose of this paper is to describe the changes in the oral health of adults from Trendelag, Norway, over two decades (1973–1983–1994), from both a quasi‐longitudinal and a time‐lag perspective. Study participants were selected by random sampling in 1973, 1983 and 1994 (n=1759, n=3195, n=2341). Data were collected by epidemiological registrations and questionnaires. Oral health was measured by the additive DMF index. The number of decayed teeth was low in all age groups in 1994. There was a reduction in the number of filled teeth from 1983 to 1994 in the time‐lag perspective in the youngest age group and the urban middle‐aged group. The rural middle‐aged adults and the older adults showed more filled teeth in 1994 than in 1983. In a quasi‐longitudinal perspective, no significant changes in the 1960 birth cohort and the 1939–48 urban birth cohort were shown from 1983 to 1994, while the 1930–38 birth cohort and 1939–48 rural birth cohort acquired more filled surfaces during this period. There are now at least two different oral health populations of adults. The younger with the potential to carry oral health benefits into old age, and an elderly population burdened with extensive treatment but keeping their natural teeth.
The reliability of interview data for age at which infants' toothcleaning begins
Authors: Kwan Stella Y. L. , Williams Sonia A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –A number of studies have reported on the age at which toothbrushing started and drawn important conclusions. Such studies often relied on parental recall of a particular event that occurred some years previously, assuming the quality of retrospectively reported data. The present study aimed to investigate consistency of reporting the age at which toothcleaning began. Mothers from two different cultural backgrounds, 100 Caucasian and 150 Asian living in a deprived inner city area, were interviewed in their homes on two separate occasions, when the sample child was 6–24 months old and again at 3–4 years. Of the 39 Caucasian and 31 Asian mothers who specified an age at which toothbrushing commenced at both interviews, complete agreement occurred among 4 (10%) Caucasian and 2 (6%) Asian mothers, with a variation of +/– 2 months among 12 (31%) and 5 (16%) respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients s were –0.01 for Caucasian and −0.46 for Asian mothers. Kappa values were 0 and –0.09 respectively. Of the 139 mothers who stated that their children's teeth were not cleaned at the time of the first interview, 17 claimed an earlier age than this at the second interview. It was concluded that there was little agreement between the two interviews, although the extent of the variation differed between the two cultural groups. Although these findings represent relatively deprived population groups, caution is recommended in unquestioningly accepting the accuracy of retrospective re‐porting of oral hygiene practices in dental surveys until evidence of better reliability is available.
Dental caries and changes in dental anxiety in late adolescence
Authors: Kruger Esther , Thomson W. Murray , Poulton Richie , Davies Simon , Brown R. Harvey , Silva Phil A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Little is known about changes in dental anxiety with ageing and their association with changes in oral health. This study examined the relationship between changes in dental caries experience and dental anxiety from 15 to 18 years of age among adolescent participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Dental anxiety was estimated using the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), and individuals with a DAS score of 13 + were identied as being dentally anxious. Dental examinations were performed on 649 individuals at ages 15 and 18, and a DMFS score was computed for each. Caries prevalence among those who were dentally anxious at both 15 and 18 years was signicantly higher than for those who were not at either age. Regression analysis revealed that dental anxiety predicted caries incidence between ages 15 and 18 years. Dental anxiety is likely to be a signicant predictor of dental caries experience, and may be a risk factor for dental caries incidence.
Caries prediction: a review of the literature
Authors: Powell L. Virginia 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –For over a decade researchers have been looking for the formula that will allow caries prediction. The purpose of this summary is to review recent multi‐factorial prediction models for adults and children with the aim of identifying the most successful and consistent methods. Conclusions from this review include the following: Clinical variables, especially past caries experience, are confirmed as the most significant predictors of future caries development. The status of the most recently erupted/exposed surface is the most successful measure of past caries experience. Bacterial levels are included in the most accurate prediction models. Sociodemographic variables are most important to caries prediction models for young children and older adults.
Perceptions of dental aesthetics in the United States and Nigeria
Authors: Otuyemi Olayinka D. , Ogunyinka Adeola , Dosumu Oluwole , Cons Naham C. , Jenny Joanna , Kohout Frank J. , Jakobsen Jane 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –The standard dental aesthetic index (DAI) is an orthodontic treatment need index based on perceptions of dental aesthetics in the United States. It is a regression equation that links perceptions of the social acceptability of dental aesthetics with the objective intraoral measurements of ten occlusal traits. For the index to be universally acceptable, the perceptions of dental aesthetics in other countries must be similar to those of the United States. This study was designed to determine whether the perceptions of dental aesthetics of Nigerian students are similar to those of different groups of the US population. The same 25 stimuli (photographs of dental configurations, a subset of the 200 stimuli used in deriving the standard DAI equation) were rated for dental aesthetics by Nigerian students. Their ratings were compared with ratings of the same 25 stimuli by US parents, students and orthodontists. Spearman rank‐order correlations ranged from 0.75 to 0.84. These correlations were highly significant (P < 0.0001), and showed that the perceptions of dental aesthetics of Nigerian students were very similar to those of the US groups. The study therefore concluded that standard DAI could be used as a screening tool and without modification in epidemiological surveys among Nigerians.
Biological mechanisms of dental fluorosis relevant to the use of fluoride supplements
Authors: DenBesten P. K. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –Fluorosis occurs when fluoride interacts with mineralizing tissues, causing alterations in the mineralization process. In dental enamel, fluorosis causes subsurface hypomineralizations or porosity, which extend toward the dentinal‐enamel junction as severity increases. This subsurface porosity is most likely caused by a delay in the hydrolysis and removal of enamel proteins, particularly amelogenins, as the enamel matures. This delay could be due to the direct effect of fluoride on the ameloblasts or to an interaction of fluoride with the proteins or proteinases in the mineralizing matrix. The specic mechanisms by which fluoride causes the changes leading to enamel fluorosis are not well dened; though the early‐maturation stage of enamel formation appears to be particularly sensitive to fluoride exposure. The development of fluorosis is highly dependent on the dose, duration, and timing of fluoride exposure. The risk of enamel fluorosis is lowest when exposure takes place only during the secretory stage, but highest when exposure occurs in both secretory and maturation stages. The incidence of dental fluorosis is best correlated with the total cumulative fluoride exposure to the developing dentition. Fluoride supplements can contribute to the total fluoride exposure of children, and if the total fluoride exposure to the developing teeth is excessive, fluorosis will result.
International fluoride supplement recommendations
Authors: Banting David W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –A telefax survey was conducted to determine the current and past recommended schedules for fluoride supplementation using tablets, salt or milk. Twenty‐one of 90 countries listed in the 1997 FDI directory responded. Information on additional countries was gathered from a recent textbook on fluoride and a dental health survey report. The summary table provided is far from comprehensive but it represents the best data available at this time. The conclusions are limited to the information received but there is a clear trend to lower dosage recommendations and no fluoride supplementation to very young children. Several issues are identied which should be addressed whenever fluoride tablet supplementation schedules are being considered.
A re‐examination of the pre‐eruptive and post‐eruptive mechanism of the anti‐caries effects of fluoride: is there any anti‐caries benefit from swallowing fluoride?
Authors: Limeback Hardy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract –The belief that fluoridated water reduces caries incidence by half stems from years of fluoridation studies where the caries rates of people in various fluoridated and non‐fluoridated communities were compared. By their nature, the water fluoridation trials were not able to distinguish between the topical effects of the fluoride in the water and the systemic effects of the fluoride that is inevitably swallowed and incorporated into developing teeth. Some attempts have been made to estimate the contribution of systemic fluoride to the control of dental caries but researchers are discovering that the topical effects of fluoride are likely to mask any benefits that ingesting fluoride might have. In this updated review of the pre‐eruptive vs post‐eruptive benefits of fluoride in the prevention of dental caries, a re‐examination of the literature, which is often cited to support the notion that swallowing fluoride, either in water or in pill form, was done in recognition of the mounting evidence for the topical mechanism as being the primary mechanism for the prevention of dental caries. Maximum benefits from exposing newly erupted teeth to topical fluoride in the oral cavity may have been seriously under‐estimated. This has obvious implications for the use of systemic fluorides to prevent dental caries and forces everyone working in the field to examine more closely the risks and benefits of fluoride in all its delivery forms.