bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of position of ester group and temperature on critical micelle concentration of ester containing surfactants
Authors: Hikota T. , Meguro K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe critical micelle concentrations of sodium sulfoalkyl alkanoates, CnH2n+1 COO(CH2)mSO3Na (n=9, 10, and 11; m=2, 3, and 4), in aqueous solution were measured by an electro conductivity method from 15 to 50 C. Plots of critical micelle concentrations versus temperature show a minimum for all of the surfactants. Increasing the number of methylene groups between the ester and sulfonate groups in the surfactant molecule lowered the temperature at which the minimum critical micelle concentration was observed. When the percentage deviation of critical micelle concentration values obtained at different temperatures from critical micelle concentration values at 30 C was plotted as a function of the temperature, deviation in the range below 30 C increased with length of the hydrocarbon chain in the fatty acid portion of the surfactant, and decreased with the increase in length of the hydrocarbon chain situated between ester and sulfonate groups. These phenomena suggest that the change of interaction between the ester group and water molecule with the temperature is largely dependent on the position of the ester group in the alkyl chain of the surfactant. On the other hand, deviation values above 30 C increased with length of the hydrocarbon chain in the fatty acid portion and of the hydrocarbon chain situated between ester and sulfonate groups. These results indicate that interaction between the ester group and water molecule decreases with rise in temperature. The enthalpies, free energies, and entropies of micelle formation were calculated from temperature variation of critical micelle concentrations, and are consistent with current theories of the role of solvent in micelle formation.
Density estimation for fatty acids and vegetable oils based on their fatty acid composition
Authors: Halvorsen J. D. , Mammel W. C. , Clements L. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe liquid density of fatty acids can be accurately estimated by the modified Rackett equation over a wide range of temperatures. The modified Rackett equation requires the critical properties and an empirical parameter,ZRA, for each acid as the basis for computing density as a function of temperature. The liquid density of vegetable oils can be estimated by using mixture properties corresponding to the fatty acid composition and a correction for the triglyceride form. The density prediction is explicitly temperature‐dependent.
Mass spectrometric characterization ofVernonia galamensis oil
Authors: Anderson Melissa A. , Collier Ledelle , Dilliplane Robert , Ayorinde Folahan O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVernonia galamensis seed oil is a natural source of epoxidized triacylglycerols, which consist of 52% trivernolin and a mixture of other triacylglycerols. Epoxidized oils are used for industrial applications, such as coatings and plastic formulations. To determine the major molecular species present in Vernonia oil, desorption chemical ionization/mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry were used to determine its glyceride composition. Seven triacylglycerols predominated: divernoloylarachidonate, trivernolin, divernoloylstearate, divernoloyloleate, divernoloyllinoleate, dilinolenoyl vernolate and divernoloylpalmitate.
Antioxidant activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract
Authors: Tsuda Takanori , Osawa Toshihiko , Nakayama Tsutomu , Kawakishi Shunro , Ohshima Katsumi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAntioxidative activity of pea bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extract was evaluated by using a linoleic acid system, and the methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidative activity as measured by the thiocyanate method. The crude methanol extract was partitioned between then‐butanol phase (BP) and the water phase (WP). Then, the antioxidative activity of the BP and the WP was determined by using a linoleic acid system. The WP showed strong antioxidative activity, while BP showed only weak activity as measured by the thiocyanate method. Next, the synergistic antioxidative action of WP with α‐tocopherol was examined by using linoleic acid and liposome systems. The WP had a synergistic effect with α‐tocopherol in both the food model and liposome systems. For purification and isolation of the antioxidative substances of the pea bean, preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography was carried out with an octadecylsilyl column. Five fractions were collected, and antioxidative activity was determined in a linoleic acid system. Although fraction 1 had strong activity by the thiocyanate method, the purification of this active fraction was difficult; therefore, the partly characterized active fraction was investigated. The contents of total phenolics and sugars were 0.31±0.01 mg/g of fraction 1 and 406.1±0.1 mg/g, respectively. The ninhydrin chromogenic reaction was positive, and the ultraviolet absorption spectral λ max value in distilled water was 264.0 nm, indicating that the water‐soluble antioxidative components from pea bean may be a new type of antioxidant. Isolation and identification are currently being investigated.
Detection of interesterified fat in hydrogenated fat by lipase hydrolysis and by cooling curve analysis
Authors: Roy S. Sil , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPorcine pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and Jensen’s cooling curve methods can be adopted for detecting interesterified fat products in a mixture with hydrogenated fats. Lipolysis of interesterified fats shows a relatively greater amount of saturated fatty acids in the 2‐monoglycerides in comparison with hydrogenated fats. A similar trend of the distribution pattern of fatty acids also can be noted in a mixture. Interesterified fats do not show any rise in temperature in Jensen’s cooling curve experiment, whereas hydrogenated fats show a distinct rise in temperature. A gradual increase in temperature is obtained for an interesterified fat when it is mixed with increasing content of a hydrogenated fat. On the other hand, hydrogenated fat shows a lowering in the rise of temperature when it is mixed with an interesterified fat. Simultaneous determination of the fatty acid profiles of the 2‐monoglycerides and Jensen’s cooling curve characteritics can be utilized in detecting the occurrence of one modified fat in another.
Effect of irradiation on the proteinase inhibitor activity and digestibility (in vitro) of safflower oilcake
Authors: Joseph Anu , Dikshit Madhurima 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTrypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of safflower oilcake were studied before and after irradiation. The various doses to which samples were exposed ranged from 7 Gy to 10 kGy. The trypsin inhibitor is inactivated at 42 Gy, whereas the chymotrypsin inhibitor remains active, even at the much higher dose of 10 kGy. Thein vitro digestibility values also showed a significant improvement after irradiation. Exposure to a low dose of 42 Gy is sufficient to improve the nutritional value of the oilcake.
The effect of processing conditions on the properties of screw‐press cottonseed meal and oil
Authors: Thurber F. H. , Vix H. L. E. , Pons Walter A. , Crovetto A. J. , Knoepfler N. B. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryProcessing conditions, particularly cooking procedures, have a marked influence on the chemical properties of screw‐pressed meal and oil. Cooking prepared meats at 240–250°F., as in normal mill practice, produced meals with low free gossypol content but at the expense of considerable protein damage. The resultant crude oils showed some color reversion upon storage at 95°F. Dry cooking (7% moisture) at temperatures not exceeding 200°F. gave meals of improved chemical properties, but the crude oils exhibited considerable color reversion on storage.Wet low‐temperature cooking (200–210°F.), followed by evaporative cooling, yielded a meal intermediate in quality between that for normal mill practice and dry low‐temperature cooking. The crude oils, which corresponded to hydraulic‐pressed oil, did not exhibit any appreciable color reversion upon storage at elevated temperatures.The selection of processing conditions, notably cooking, enables wide variations in the distribution of gossypol between meal and oil.The increase in the bleach color of crude oils stored at 95–100°F. was found to be directly related to the initial gossypol content of the crude oils.
Kinetics of linoleate oxidation in model systems
Authors: Labuza T. P. , Tsuyuki H. , Karel M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOxidation of methyl linoleate, trilinoleate and linoleic acid has been studied in model systems based on various solid supports. Oxidation was followed by measurement of oxygen absorption, peroxide values and products of oxidation as a function of moisture equilibrium relative humidity. Effects of various metals, histidine and the antioxidants propyl gallate and butylated hydroxytoluene were studied. The results indicate: (a) at 50 C oxidation of protein increases with increasing moisture content and the protein interacts with peroxides changing the overall oxidation rate; (b) increasing moisture content shows the same inhibitory effect on oxidation of trilinoleate as it does on methyl linoleate; (c) the effectiveness of antioxidants is increased with increasing humidity but some chelating agents complexed with metals become catalytic at the higher moisture content; and (d) at moisture contents in the region of capillary condensation, mobility of reactants is enhanced since the rate of oxidation increases significantly.
Adsorption of dimer, trimer, stearic, oleic, linoleic, nonanoic and azelaic acids on ferric oxide
Authors: Wheeler D. H. , Potente D. , Wittcoff Harold 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe adsorption isotherms of solutions of dimer, trimer, stearic, oleic, linoleic, nonanoic and azelaic acids in organic solvents, (mostly hexane) have been determined on an alpha ferric oxide with a surface area (B.E.T. N2 adsorption) of 99 m2 (99 × 1020 A2) per gram. They all showed limiting adsorption as grams adsorbed per gram of iron oxide beyond a concentration of about 1 g/100 cc, analagous to the Langmuir type monolayer isotherm. Areas per molecule were calculated and compared with areas of close‐packed models in positions parallel to and perpendicular to the surface. The calculated areas corresponded more closely to the flat or parallel positions. Heats of adsorption were determined and were in the range of 27–71 kcal/eq, suggesting chemisorption of the COOH group at the surface. The value of dimer acid suggests that both COOH groups are chemisorbed. Models show that the parallel position permits both COOH groups to touch the surface. The perpendicular position generally does not permit both COOH groups to touch the surface. Dimer acid showed a value (71 kcal/eq) higher than the monobasic acids (44–55 kcal/eq), possibly due to interaction of the ring structure (partly aromatic) with the surface. Azelaic acid from an 80–20t‐butanol‐hexane solvent showed a lower value of 27 kcal/eq, possibly due to adsorption of a hydrogenbonded alcohol‐acid moiety as such.
A method for the quantitative determination of individual oils in a blend
Authors: Abu‐Hadeed A. M. , Kotb Ahmed R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA matrix inversion method, based on the data obtained by GLC analysis of fatty acids, sterols, 4‐methylsterols, triterpene alcohols, tocopherols and squalene, was applied to quantitatively determine ingredients of vegetable oil blends. Identification of individual oils in mixtures was achieved by comparison of a set of data derived on the basis of the level of certain characteristic components in each pure oil, and the concentration of the same components in the blends.A computer program was prepared in BASIC to facilitate automatic calculations and printout of results. Sets of formulae also were derived to enable manual estimations without the need for computer facilities.The program was evaluated by analysis of 19 different laboratory prepared mixtures containing two, three and six components of the oils of corn, soybean, sunflower, palm, cottonseed, palm kernel, sesame, coconut and olive. The system was fully successful in the qualitative identification of the ingredients of all blends tested. For the quantitative determination of these ingredients, the system was better than 80% accurate for the two‐, three‐, and six‐component mixtures.
Specific viscosity of Newtonian aqueous solutions containing an anionic surfactant and an alkaline pyrophosphate
Authors: Conejo A. F. Guerrero , Montes C. Gallegos , Luque V. Flores , Herrera C. Gomez 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects that both temperature and solute concentrations exert on specific viscosity are studied in this paper. The products used were sodium or triethanolammonium dodecylsulfates or dodecylbenzenesulfonates, as surfactants, and tetrasodium or tetrapotassium pyrophosphates, as electrolytes. All are of technical quality. As temperature decreases, within the temperature range studied, a phase separation or an appearance of non‐Newtonian behavior is noted in many solutions. The solutions studied fit, within the accuracy range for experimental measurements, an empirical equation that agrees with what is called the activated diffusive relaxation model. For this model, the relative viscosity is a linear superposition of stresses coming from hydrodynamic interactions and from activation energy due to structural relaxation of the uniform distribution of micelles in the quiescent micellar solution. Solutions containing a dodecylsulfate show very slight hydrodynamic effects. Their activation energy, which is independent of temperature, becomes greater by increasing the concentrations of surfactant and pyrophosphate. The specific viscosities of these solutions also increase by replacing the triethanolammonium counter‐ion with sodium. Solutions containing sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate show considerable hydrodynamic effects, which increase with the addition of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The activation energy is independent of temperature. Solutions containing triethanolammonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate show decreasing activation energy values when temperature is increased. Consequently, a maximum for specific viscosity appears at a certain temperature. This maximum diminishes progressively with the addition of pyrophosphate, while the corresponding temperature becomes higher. From the investigation carried out, the necessity for further basic studies remains clear. Research should be done on concentrated aqueous solutions containing surfactants and electrolytes, taking into consideration the variations that their dynamic viscosities present along with composition and temperature. All of this, naturally, must be carried out before developmental research on manufacturing, commercialization and usage of such solutions proceeds.
The french vegetable oil industry
Authors: Barsacq J. C. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryOver the years, the French industry has shown a dynamic ability to adapt to an economic environment undergoing dramatic changes—“profound evolution.” Today, we find ourselves confronted with new changes right across the board, notably:
•increasing EEC production of rapeseed and sunflower
•improvement of meal quality of EEC crops
•competition from Third World oil‐producing nations, and unfair commercial practices
•EEC enlargement with Spain and Portugal joining, and the resultant effects on our political, agricultural and economic future
•changing patterns in consumer oil preferences
•stagnation in worldwide oil consumption
•changing world trading patterns
•protectionist rules regarding price controls
This list is not comprehensive, but shows why, at the moment when France is about to take on major changes, the French oil industry must take the measures necessary to allow it to face the challenge of future years, in an environment of increasingly difficult competition.Everyone is conscious that, beyond the oil industry, what is at stake is the dynamism of the whole series of connected oilseed producers in France, and its future in a European community of 12 members.
Laboratory and pilot solvent extraction of extruded high‐oil corn
Authors: Agullera J. M. , Lusas E. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOil extraction of flakes and extrudates of high‐oil (HO) corn was studied, using hexane as solvent. HO corn contained 19.5% oil, 70% of which was located in the germ. Microstructures of starchy endosperm and germ were analyzed by scanning electron and light microscopy. Conventionally extruded samples extracted faster and to a lower residual oil content than flakes and steam‐injected extrudates. Ultrastructural disruption and cooking of conventionally extruded material was adequate to free the oil from the spherosomes and produce a porous pellet with a high proportion of “surface oil.” Encapsulation of the oil within a gelatinized starch matrix made it partly unavailable in steam‐injected extrudate samples. Data presented for laboratory and pilot plant runs demonstrate that conventional extrusion is a promising pretreatment for solvent extraction of high‐oil, starchy materials.
Adaptation of an HPLC system to quantify cholesterol
Authors: Brown Helen G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn HPLC system for separating oxidized components of crude soybean oil was adapted for use in quantifying cholesterol. At 210 nm there was linear integrator repsonse to concentration of cholesterol. The response was linear at four detector ranges, and the relationship remained linear when data were adjusted to one range. Spray‐dried egg yolks contained 3,048 mg (± 117) of cholesterol per 100 g, a value similar to literature measures.
Economics of occupational cotton dust control in cottonseed oil mills
Authors: Burford C. L. , Bethea R. M. , Kao J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn economic analysis of the total cost for various dust control systems for a 500 ton/day model cottonseed oil mill has been performed. All cost data have been adjusted to reflect May 1981 prices. Cost data are presented for the dust collection system, cyclone(s), baghouse(s) and prime air mover(s) for each major processing area at 3 different air‐to‐cloth ratios. Data were obtained for equipment and installation costs from mills using the various devices and/or complete systems wherever possible. In cases where these data were not available, estimates were obtained from several firms that manufacture and install similar equipment. At the recommended air‐to‐cloth ratio of 20:1, the initial capital cost was estimated as $707,900, the annual operating expenses as $226,490 and the life cycle cost as $607,510.
Cotton dust particle size distribution in oil mills
Authors: Thibodeaux D. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnalytical procedures have been developed for characterizing the size and shape of cotton dust particulates collected by the vertical elutriator (VE) sampler. Data are reported for dust distributions on VE filters collected from different processing areas (cleaning, delintering, hulling, and baling) in cottonseed oil mills. Results of particle volume distributions obtained with a Coulter counter are compared with data obtained from an image‐analysis system designed to classify cotton dust into fibrous and nonfibrous (particulate) components. The image‐analysis data include distributions of the lengths and widths of fibers and the areas and diameters of particles present on the VE filters. In many of the locations studied, a considerable amount of the total dust sampled can be attributed to lint, lint fragments, and also to particles significantly larger than 15 µm diameter.
Determination of total gossypol at parts‐per‐million levels
Authors: Fisher Gordon S. , Frank A. W. , Cherry J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe official AOCS method Ba 8‐78 for total gossypol has been modified by introduction of two clean‐up steps. These steps reduce sample blanks and also substantially increase the concentration of dianilinogossypol available for spectrophotometric measurement. An improved method of correcting sample absorptions for blanks, which reduces the possibility of over or under compensation, and criteria for judging the quality of the results have been added. With these modifications, the method is more than adequate for grading glandless cottonseed under Rule 112 of the National Cottonseed Products Association. As little as 1 ppm can easily be measured in sound cottonseed samples. The method is not universally applicable to mixtures that may contain TG, but the criteria of quality should permit identification of samples to which it is not applicable and, hence, prevent reporting of inaccurate TG concentrations. Additional modifications for use with foods and other complex mixtures are suggested.
Usefulness of osteoprotegerin in assessing responses to neridronate treatment in Paget's disease of bone
Authors: Ulivieri F. M. , Piodi L. P. , Marotta G. , Marchelli D. , Commadini C. , Parravicini L. , Verdoia C. , Gerundini P. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a protein that inhibits of osteoclastogenesis. The aim this study was to evaluate the response of serum OPG levels to neridronate treatment in patients with Paget's disease of bone resistant to previous therapy. Nine patients (4 men) affected by active Paget’s disease of bone (6 polyostotic, 3 monostotic) not responsive to clodronate were studied. Serum OPG, osteocalcin, total and bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (AP and BAP, respectively), and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were measured before and 5 months after neridronate treatment (100 mg/day, i.v. for two days). A scintigraphic activity index (SAI) was also calculated before treatment. Mean baseline OPG levels were within normal values and were not significantly different 5 months after neridronate treatment. In contrast, there were significant reductions in AP (41.9%, p<0.02) and BAP (38.8%, p<0.04). Serum OPG levels correlated with DPD (r=0.925) and SAI (r=0.689). Although OPG is an important regulator of bone metabolism, in our series of already treated patients it was not a sensitive marker for diagnosing Paget's disease and for monitoring the response to pharmacological treatment, whereas AP and BAP confirmed their clinical usefulness. This preliminary study requires confirmation by a study with a larger population.
Arterial injury following a low energy pubic rami fracture
Authors: Sivan M. , Glyn-Jones S. , Phillips Hughes J. , Willett K. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Patients with simple pubic rami fractures can be divided into two main groups: young people subject to high-energy trauma and elderly people who sustain osteoporotic fractures after minor falls. Cases associated with lifethreatening arterial injury mostly relate to the high-energy group. We report the case of a 70-year-old woman in whom a low-energy fall caused a stable pubic rami fracture injury associated with angiographyproven multiple hemorrhage from branches of both the internal and external iliac arteries which necessitated embolization of the bleeding vessels. As far as we are aware, angiography-proven bleeding from branches of the internal and external iliac arteries in a low-energy, stable pubic rami fracture has not been reported before. This case emphasizes the need for admission and careful hemodynamic monitoring in such cases.