bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The monoene and other Wax alcohols of human skin surface lipid and their relation to the fatty acids of this lipid
Authors: Nicolaides N. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Wax alcohols (as acetates) were isolated from human skin surface lipid and separated into a saturated and a monoene fraction.
Four main chain types were found for both saturated and monoene alcohols: normal even, normal odd, iso and anteiso. (“Even” and “odd” refer to the number of C‐atoms in the straight chain.)
The monoene alcohol acetates were separated into homologues of each chain type by preparative gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and the positions of the double bonds for each homologue were determined by analytical GLC of the original fraction, its hydrogenated derivative, and the products it formed by reductive ozonolysis.
The fragments formed by reductive ozonolysis of the monoene alcohol acetates were compared to those formed from the total monoenoic fatty acids (as methyl esters), both obtained from the same sample of surface lipid. (Comparisons were best made by ozonolysis of a portion of the entire sample of each ester group.
The terminal ends of both groups of monoene fatty chains yielded a very similar pattern of aldehydes in terms of types and amounts. This could be explained by the hypothesis that both fatty acid and fatty alcohol chains of lengths ranging mainly from C14 to C18 were first biosynthesized, then desaturated at Δ6.
The functional group ends gave a distinct pattern of aldehyde esters for the acids and another for the alcohols. Both patterns consisted nearly entirely of members having aneven number of C‐atoms from the double bond to the functional group. This suggested that the members of each pattern were formed by chain extensions of an integral number of C2 units beyond the lengths arrived at in 4a). Thus 71% of the fatty acid monoenes were not extended, 25% were extended by 1 C2 unit and the remainder extended from 2 to 5 C2 units, whereas nearly all the fatty alcohols were extended mainly by 2, 3 or 4 C2 units, with decreasing amounts up to 8 C2 units.
A small amount (∼5%) of odd chain aldehyde esters for both fatty acids and fatty alcohols were found and some unidentified alcohols were detected.
Comparison of the lipid composition ofCulex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells obtained from the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth
Authors: McMeans E. , Yang T. K. , Anderson L. E. , Louloudes S. , Jenkin H. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCulex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells were grown in spinner culture medium. The cells were harvested at late logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The total lipid, total neutral lipid, and total phospholipid contents of the cells were analyzed to determine changes that occurred in the fatty acid profiles of the lipids with aging and between species. There was an increase in the amount of total neutral lipids with a corresponding decrease in amount of total phospholipid from logarithmic to stationary phases of growth of theCulex quinquefasciatus cells. Chain elongation and/or desaturation of acids occurred with aging of cells. The fatty acids of the phospholipids had a longer average chain length than the neutral lipids.
Cuticular lipids of insects: VIII. Alkanes of the mormon cricketAnabrus simplex
Authors: Jackson Larry L. , Blomquist Gary L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cuticular hydrocarbons of the Mormon cricket,Anabrus simplex, are all saturated and consist of n‐alkanes (29+%), 3‐methylalkanes (12%), internally branched monomethylalkanes (26+%), and dimethylalkanes (28+%). The principal n‐alkane is the C29 component, with a range from C23 to C33. The 3‐methylalkanes range from C28 to C32, and the internally branched monomethyl‐and dimethylalkanes range from C29 to C39. When the branched alkanes ofA. simplex are compared to those from other insects in the order Orthoptera, interesting patterns of methyl branching are observed.
Progestagens, anabolic‐androgenic compounds, estrogens: Effects on triglycerides and postheraprin lipolytic enzymes
Authors: Glueck C. J. , Scheel D. , Fishback J. , Steiner P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOral contraceptives, estrogens, progestagens and anabolic‐androgenic compounds have extensive effects on plasma triglycerides and on triglyceride clearing enzymes. This review will center on recent advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these compounds, both in normals and in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.
Control of lipid metabolism in cultured cells
Authors: Bailey J. M. , Howard B. V. , Dunbar L. M. , Tillman S. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral studies are presented which indicate that composition of cell lipid is regulated by interaction between intracellular metabolism and lipid transport processes. When the fatty acid composition of cells cultured in essential fatty acid deficient conditions was studied, activation of synthesis of unusual polyun‐saturated fatty acids was observed for a number of cell lines. In addition cells contained persistent residual amounts of linoleic acid, presumably owing to efficient scavenging mechanisms. The source of cell lipids was studied in both chemically defined and serum‐supplemented media. In the absence of exogenous lipid, cells synthesize lipids from simple precursors, a process which is inhibited by adding serum. When serum lipid is present, cells preferentially utilize fatty acids as a source of nonsterol lipid. These are subsequently esterified intracellularly to make glycerides and phospholipids. When triglyceride is utilized as a source of cell lipid, it is first hydrolyzed before being taken up. By use of a nonhydrolyzable cholesterol ester analog, it is confirmed that both free and ester cholesterol are taken up and excreted by cells. Intracellular cholesterol content is thus regulated by rates of uptake, hydrolysis and excretion as well as by biosynthesis.
Bile acid pool in wistar rats
Authors: Fisher M. M. , Kakis G. , Yousef I. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bile acid pool was found to be ca. 50 μmoles/100 g body wt in male and female rats maintained on standard laboratory chow and ca. 30 μmoles/100 g body wt in those maintained on a standard semisynthetic diet. The distribution of bile acids within the pool was similar in plasma, liver, and intestinal tract, except for a higher concentration of deoxycholic acid in the intestinal tract. Sex differences in bile acid composition were found to be influenced by the dietary regimen of the animals.
Dual‐labeled technique for human lipid metabolism studies using deuterated fatty acid isomers
Authors: Emken E. A. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J. , Dougherty R. , Iacono J. M. , Mackin J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo deuterated fatty acids, elaidate‐d2 and oleate‐d4, were fed simultaneously to a human subject as a mixture of trielaidin‐d6 and triolein‐d12. Periodically, blood samples were drawn, and red blood cells were separated from the plasma. Red blood cells and plasma lipids were fractionated and analyzed by combined gas chromatography—multiple ion mass spectroscopy. Dual deuterium‐labeling allows rate and extent of fatty acid incorporation to be followed in various plasma and red cell neutral and phospholipid fractions. Maximum amount of deuterated fat varied from 4% in cholesterol ester to 64% in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The highest levels of deuterated fat occurred in either 6‐, 8‐, or 12‐hr samples; generally, <1% labeled fatty acids could be detected in 72‐hr samples. Because the method is based on dual‐labeling, differences in the relative incorporation of both fatty acid isomers can be compared directly. Differences in rates of incorporation, rates of removal, and extent of incorporation of labeled fatty acids into blood plasma can also be determined reliably. Our experimental labeling of fats with deuterium permits for the first time the metabolism of two fatty acid isomers to be compared simultaneously in human subjects. This new method should be applicable to a variety of other lipid metabolic studies.
Incorporation of oxygen‐18 into secondary alcohols of grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes
Authors: Blomquist Gary J. , McCain Douglas C. , Jackson Larry L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncorporation of18O2 and H218O into the secondary alcohol moiety of wax esters in the grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes was determined by mass spectrometry. Results of this study show that oxygen‐18 from18O2 was incorporated into the secondary alcohol, whereas no incorporation of oxygen‐18 from H218O was detected. The data suggest that the reaction, which hydroxylates n‐alkanes at or near the center of the carbon chain, involves a mixed function oxidase type enzyme.
Synthesis and analysis of phytyl and phytenoyl wax esters
Authors: Gellerman Joanne L. , Anderson Wayne H. , Schlenk Hermann 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn efficient procedure for preparing phytenic acid methyl ester, free of isomers, from phytol is reported. Phytyl phytenate and other isoprenoid wax esters were synthesized. Gas liquid chromatography of these wax esters and other compounds related to phytol and phytenic acid is described. The alkyl constituents of isoprenoid wax esters can be analyzed after alkaline methanolysis and the acyl constituents after acidic methanolysis. The applicability of these methods to natural mixtures was demonstrated with wax esters from mosses which contained both types of isoprenoids and with wax esters from healthy and frost damaged grass which contained phytol, but not phytenic acid.
Examination of acetolysis products of phosphatidylcholine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Hasegawa K. , Suzuki T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison of monoacetyldiglycerides obtained from authentic phosphatidylcholines by acetolysis with those obtained by phospholipase C‐acetylation was made to examine the intermolecular acyl migration, the intramolecular acyl migration between C‐1 and C‐2, and the formation of 1,3‐isomer in the acetolysis reaction. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine also was used. It was revealed that in acetolysis, the intermolecular acyl migration and selective degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not take place at all. The intramolecular acyl migration, including the formation of 1,3‐isomer, occurred to a small extent. Appreciable difference was not found in comparison of molecular species compositions of monoacetyldiglycerides derived by both methods from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, except small differences found in the contents of two kinds of molecular species.
Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by adenine nucleotides
Authors: Harris R. A. , Yount R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncubation of liver slices and isolated liver cells with adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate at concentrations which inhibit lipogenesis was found to expand the pool size of the noncyclic adenine nucleotides in the intact cells of the preparations. This observation led to studies which demonstrated that adenosine and adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate also inhibited lipogenesis and expanded the adenine nucleotide pool size. It is proposed but not proven that the increase in intracellular nucleotides produced by a denosine‐5′‐monophosphate, adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate, and adenosine may have an adverse effect upon the synthesis of fatty acids. Because of the expansion of the adenine nucleotide pool size, high concentrations of adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate should not be used to investigate the mechanism responsible for hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. As an added complication, exogenous adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate was found to produce a small but significant increase in the intracellular concentration of adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate of isolated liver cells. This effect also may be a factor in the inhibition of lipogenesis by adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate. Low concentrations of N6,O2′‐dibutyryl adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate were found to inhibit lipogenesis without increasing the intracellular adenine nucleotide content of either liver slices or isolated liver cells. It is concluded that studies on the mechanism of glucagon regulation of lipogenesis should be carried out with glucagon or low concentrations of N6,O2′‐dibutyryl adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate.
Effect of (−)N‐[α‐phenyl‐β‐(p‐tolyl)ethyl] linoleamide on lipid levels in serum and liver in cholesterol‐fed rats
Authors: Nagata Akihiko , Aono Shunji , Nakatani Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of (−)N‐[α‐phenyl‐β‐(p‐tolyl) ethyl] linoleamide (PTLA) on lipid levels in serum and liver was compared with that of sitosterols in rats maintained on a diet supplemented with 1% of cholesterol, 0.5% of ox bile extracts, and 10% of hydrogenated coconut oil for 8 weeks. When PTLA was added to the diet at a level of 0.1%, the mean liver cholesterol level of male rats was reduced to 41% of the control and that of female rats was reduced to 19% of the control. In female rats, which showed higher cholesterol levels in serum and liver than male rats after cholesterol feeding, PTLA lowered the liver cholesterol level even at 0.0008% in the diet. Serum cholesterol was lowered by PTLA but not so markedly as liver cholesterol. The inhibition of cholesterol deposition in the liver suggests that the interference with cholesterol absorption is one of the main actions of PTLA. Sitosterols showed a similar pattern of lipid‐lowering action, but the potency was far less than that of PTLA.
Positional analysis of isovaleroyl triglycerides using proton magnetic resonance with Eu(fod)3 and Pr(fod)3 shift reagents: II. Cetacean triglycerides
Authors: Wedmid Yuri , Litchfield Carter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe positional distribution of isovaleric acid in natural cetacean triglycerides has been studied using proton magnetic resonance with lanthanide shift reagents. Twenty‐nine samples of melon, jaw, and blubber triglycerides from 13 genera in the Delphinidae, Phocoenidae, and Monodontidae families were examined. Isovaleric acid was found esterified only at the 1,3‐positions in the monoisovaleroyl and diisovaleroyl triglycerides of these animals.
Hypolipidemic principles ofCicer Arietinum: Biochanin‐A and formononetin
Authors: Tauseef Siddiqui M. , Siddiqi Majid 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo isoflavones, biochanin‐A and formononetin isolated from gramCicer arietinum, have been shown to possess hypolipidemic properties for Triton WR‐1339 induced hyperlipidemia in male albino rats, when administered as a crude extract or as individual compounds.
Autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Separation and analysis of isomeric mixtures of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides and methyl hydroxylinoleates
Authors: Chan Henry W. ‐S. , Levett Gordon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mixture of conjugated diene hydroperoxide isomers obtained from autoxidation of methyl linoleate was separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four major isomers were obtained from adsorption chromatography and identified as the 9 and 13 positional isomers having thetrans‐trans andcis‐trans configurations. The latter geometrical isomers have thetrans double bond adjacent to the hydroperoxide group. The hydroxy compounds (methyl hydroxylinoleates) obtained from the hydroperoxides by NaBH4 reduction were similarly separated but with improved resolution. This is the first instance of the complete separation of these compounds and provides a rapid method for their analysis. Unlike adsorption chromatography, reversed‐phase chromatography separates the mixtures only according to the geometrical isomerism of the double bonds and not according to the position of the hydroxy or hydroperoxide function.
Effect of acute ethanol ingestion on fat absorption
Authors: Boquillon Micheline 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA test meal (300 mg casein, 600 mg sucrose, 100 mg corn oil, tracer dose of 9.103H oleic acid) was given to fasting adult rats with intestinal lymph fistulas. One group received an acute oral dose of ethanol (3.2 g/kg body weight) simultaneously with the test meal. Controls received 2.5 ml of water instead of ethanol. Ingestion of ethanol temporarily delayed the removal of lipid radioactivity from the stomachs. More than 25% of radioactivity fed remained 8 hr after feeding whereas with control rats less than 10% of lipid radioactivity fed remained 6 hr after feeding. In controls and ethanoltreated rats, the amounts of exogenous lipids in the intestinal lumen and mucosa were low and similar enough. Quantities of endogenous and exogenous lipids found in the lymph collected during 24 hr after feeding were similar in the two groups, but the fat absorption peak was found after 6 hr in alcoholic rats and before 6 hr in controls. This delay was probably due to the retention of lipids in the stomach. More of the exogenous lipid was always transported by small particles moving in the region of α1 globulins in cellulose acetate electrophoresis than by larger particles remaining at the origin. This proportion was enhanced in the ethanoltreated animals. The larger fat particles were richer in endogenous fatty acids in alcohol‐treated rats than in controls.
Glycolipids ofBriza spicata seed
Authors: Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seeds ofBriza spicata contain 20% of lipid that is semisolid and quite unusual in character. This lipid contains 49% digalactosylglycerides, 29% monogalactosylglycerides, and consequently little, if any, conventional triglycerides. The predominant fatty acids present are palmitic, oleic, and linoleic. Partial resolution of the galactosylglycerides on the basis of fatty acid composition was achieved by countercurrent distribution.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of skin; Identification and14C‐Acetate incorporation
Authors: Wilkinson David I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFollowing exposure of the tissue to14C‐acetate, polyunsaturated fatty acids were separated from the total fatty acids of newborn human preputial and mouse skin using argentative thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic procedures. They were characterized by conventional methods including oxidative cleavage and gas liquid chromatography of fission fragments. Members of the linoleic and linolenic acid classes were present in labeled form including the parent acids. Linoleic and arachidonic acids predominated, all others occurring in relatively small amounts. Patterns for the two types of skin were similar in distribution of both mass and radioactivity of individual acids.
Azasteroids: Potent inhibitors of insect molting and metamorphosis
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Thompson M. J. , Robbins W. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on previous structure‐activity studies, four new azasteroids were synthesized and tested in several species of insects. These compounds, which are the most potent azasteroid inhibitors of insect growth and development tested to date, affect the hormone‐regulated processes of molting and metamorphosis.
The biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols by brain tissue: I. Subcellular biosynthesis in vitro
Authors: Ramsey R. B. , Jones J. P. , Naqvi S. H. M. , Nicholas H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biosynthesis of cholesterol by subcellular particles from rat brain was studied with several labeled cholesterol precursors as substrates. Rats from two age groups were used for preparation of the subcellular fractions: 15‐day‐old and adult. Microsomes and a soluble fraction were required for maximum biosynthesis of14C‐nonsaponifiable material. The latter was synthesized in good yield by subcellular fractions from both age groups, but 90% or more was present as14C‐squalene, when either U‐14C‐glucose, 2‐14C‐sodium acetate or 2‐14C‐mevalonic acid was the radioactive substrate. Neither3H‐squalene oxide nor14C‐lanosterol was converted to sterol when incubated with microsomal+soluble preparations, but some 4% of14C‐desmosterol was converted to cholesterol by adult preparations. Thus a metabolic block, largely between squalene to desmosterol, exists in isolated microsomal+soluble preparations from both 15‐day‐old and adult rat brain.
Glyceryl ether containing lipids of whole brains from germ‐free and conventional rats
Authors: Hagen Per‐Otto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe percentage alkyl and alk‐1’‐enyl glyceryl ethers of the polar lipids isolated from germ‐free and conventional rat brain tissue has been determined. No difference could be detected in the quantity of the ether‐containing lipids in these animals. Similarly, the composition of the aldehydic chain of the alk‐1’‐enyl glyceryl ethers from germ‐free and conventional rat brain tissue was shown to be the same. The microbial flora, therefore, do not influence either the quantity of the ether‐containing lipids or the composition of the aldehyde chain of the alk‐1’‐enyl glyceryl ethers in the rat brain.
Effect of dietary fats on pentobarbitone‐induced sleeping times and hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 in rats
Authors: Hopkins G. J. , West C. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFemale Wistar‐derived rats were fed diets containing either sunflowerseed oil or tallow for 4 weeks. Rats fed the sunflowerseed oil diet had longer pentobarbitone‐induced sleeping times and lower concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 than rats fed the tallow diet. The addition of pentobarbitone to the drinking water of rats caused approximately 2‐fold increases in the concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 but did not alter the relative effect of the diets.
The lipid composition of microsomal preparations from lactating bovine mammary tissue
Authors: Kinsella J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe microsomes isolated from lactating bovine mammary tissue contained 4.3 mg lipid per milligram nitrogen. Phospholipids comprised 83% of the lipids. The neutral lipids were composed of triglycerides (20–30%), diglycerides (5–10%), free fatty acids (15–30%, cholesterol (35–40% and cholesterol esters (10–12%, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid component (>50%), and the remainder consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (21–13%), phosphatidylserine (4–6%), phosphatidylinositol (8%), sphingomyelin (9%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (2%) respectively. The composition of the microsomal phospholipids was similar to that of isolated mammary cells and tissue homogenates but quite different from milk and fat globule membrane phospholipids. The triglycerides contained short chain fatty acids but their relative concentrations were lower than in milk triglycerides. The various lipid fractions had a variable proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e., triglycerides (47.7%), diglycerides (86.7%), free fatty acids (70.6%), phosphatidylcholine (50.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (50.8%), phosphatidylserine (35.3%), phosphatidylinositol (40.5%) and sphingomyelin (82.3%), respectively. The molecular distribution of fatty acids in the microsomal triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine was similar to that occurring in milk, i.e., the short chain and unsaturated fatty acids were concentrated in the primary positions (sn1 andsn3) of the triglycerides, and the unsaturated acids were preferentially located in positionsn2 of the phosphatidylcholine. The compositional data indicate that mammary microsomes are not the direct source of the phospholipids of the milk fat globule.
Occurrence of glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate in the eye of the sand troutCynoscion arenarius
Authors: Nicol J. A. C. , Arnott H. J. , Mizuno G. R. , Ellison E. C. , Chipault J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pigment epithelium of the eye of the sand trout (Cynoscion arenarius) contains a reflecting layer or tapetum lucidum, consisting of lipid spherules approximately 400 nm in diameter. The lipids consist amost exclusively of triglycerides and the fatty acids contain up to 95% docosahexaenoic acid. Thus the lipid of this reflecting layer appears to be nearly pure glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate. The adjacent tissues contain much less docosahexaenoic acid (retina 65%; choroid 9%) and little, if any, tridocosahexaenoin. The possible importance of this nearly pure, highly unsaturated, mono acid triglyceride is briefly discussed.