bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON BETWEEN SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS FOR MEALINESS ASSESSMENT IN APPLES. A COLLABORATIVE TEST
Authors: BARREIRO P. , ORTIZ C. , RUIZ‐ALTISENT M. , V. DE SMEDT  , SCHOTTE S. , ANDANI Z. , WAKELING I. , BEYT P. K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDefinition and establishment of assessment procedures for mealiness of apple fruits using sensory and instrumental measurements were performed on ‘Boskoop', ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ and ‘Jonagold’ samples with varying degrees of mealiness. The sensory procedure profiled mealiness as a loss of crispness, hardness, and juiciness, with an increase in the floury sensation in the mouth. High correlations between the sensory descriptors and instrumental parameters was shown through principal component analysis. The instrumental procedures (confined compression of fruit cylinders and acoustic impulse response) gave coefficients of determination for juiciness and crispness of 0.85 and 0.71, respectively. This level of accuracy indicates the possibility of establishing
RHEOLOGY OF ACID‐INDUCED SODIUM CASEINATE STABILIZED EMULSION GELS
Authors: CHEN JIANSHE , DICKINSON ERIC , EDWARDS MATTHEW 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe storage modulus G', loss modulus G”, and phase angle δ of acidinduced sodium caseinate emulsion gels were measured at 25C for a certain period of time after the addition of glucono‐δ‐lactone (GDL). Comparison between pure protein gels and emulsion gels revealed that the presence of emulsion droplets greatly enhanced the gel strength. Acidification by mixing an emulsion with a GDL solution caused immediate gelation but the emulsion gel had similar mechanical properties to the gel formed by direct addition of GDL granules. The viscoelasticity of the gel was strongly related to the pH value of the system. There was no evidence for a three‐dimensional network when the pH value was higher than 5.8 or lower than 3.2. The largest storage and loss moduli were observed for gels formed at pH values near the isoelectric point of sodium caseinate (pH 4.6). Rheological differences for gels made at different pH values became distinguishable at low frequencies, where a much smaller phase angle was determined for a gel made at a pH value below the isoelectric point. Partial recovery of the three‐dimensional gel network was observed for disrupted gels formed at a pH near the isoelectric point.
ENHANCING EFFECT OF AN OIL PHASE ON THE SENSORY INTENSITY OF SALT TASTE OF NACL IN OIL/WATER EMULSIONS
Authors: YAMAMOTO YUKIKO , NAKABAYASHI MIKI 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of an oil phase on the sensory intensity of the salt taste of NaCl in an oil/water emulsion was studied using the magnitude estimation technique. The perceived intensity of the salt taste of 0.9 wt % NaCl in emulsions containing 10 wt % egg yolk, 70 wt % oil and 20 wt % water was much higher than that of the aqueous solution without oil droplets at the same NaCl concentration. The salt taste of low‐fat emulsion (35 wt % oil) was less intense than that of the high‐fat emulsion (70 wt % oil) at the same NaCl concentration, suggesting that the sensory score depends on the oil content. The NaCl concentration measured in the water phase of the high‐fat emulsion, containing 0.9 wt % NaCl, was 2.66 wt %. The sensory score of the high‐fat emulsion, containing 0.9 wt % NaCl, was much lower than that of an aqueous solution of 2.66 wt % NaCl without oil droplets. These results suggest that the enhancing effect of an oil phase on the perceived intensity of the salt taste in an oil/water emulsion might be due to a combination of the concentrated NaCl in the water phase and the suppressed contact of NaCl to gustatory cells by the oil droplets.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LARGE STRAIN METHODS FOR ASSESSING FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED FOOD GELS
Authors: TRUONG V. D. , DAUBERT C. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVane rheometry was compared with uniaxial compression and torsion in evaluating the effects of strain rate on failure shear stress and deformation of soybean protein (tofu) and gellan gum gels. A Haake VT 550 viscotester was used for torsion and vane tests, and compression was performed with an Instron/MTS universal testing machine. Strain or angular deformation at failure was independent of strain rate in the three testing modes. In vane rheometry, failure shear stress increased with increasing low shear rates (< 0.100 s−1) and was rate independent at higher rates. This strain rate dependency was also evident in compression, varying with the material. For torsion, fracture stress appeared to be rate independent. Shear fracture stresses measured in torsion and compression were in good agreement at strain rates above 0.025 s−1 and 0.100 s−1 for tofu and gellan gels, respectively. Shear stresses from the vane method were lower than shear stresses of torsion and compression. Similar texture maps of the food gels studied were generated by plotting stress and strain or angular deformation values of the three testing methods. The findings validate the vane technique as an alternative to torsion and compression for rapid textural characterization of viscoelastic foods.
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF OIL‐IN‐WATER EMULSIONS STABILIZED WITH POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: QUINTANA J. M. , CALIFANO A. N. , ZARITZKY N. E. , PARTAL P. , FRANCO J. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe rheological behavior and stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized by different thickening agents were analyzed. Food emulsions were prepared with commercial sunflower oil (40% w/w oil‐in‐water) and stabilized with 1% emulsifier. The tested thickeners were: (1) 1% w/w xanthan gum (XG), (2) 5% w/w potato starch (PS), (3) 5% PS + 0.5% XG, (4) 1% w/w guar gum (GG), and (5) 0.5% XG + 0.5% GG. Mean droplet size and droplet size distribution (DSD) of emulsions were determined by static light scattering. Steady flow (viscosity versus shear rate), transient flow (viscosity versus time) and oscillatory shear tests (linear viscoelasticity) were performed. The addition of thickening agents improved the stability of the emulsions, the effect was less marked in systems containing only GG. DSD was not significantly modified in emulsions containing starch or hydrocolloids. Microscopic observations showed that all the tested emulsions were flocculated due to the presence of hydrocolloids. The observed shear thinning behavior was attributed to the molecular structure of the polysaccharides and to the flocculation/deflocculation process; viscosity data were satisfactorily fitted to the Cross model. Frequency sweeps showed that emulsions with PS or XG have a weak gel structural network (G’ > G); those with GG correspond to a polymeric solution where G’ and G″ curves intersect within the range of tested frequencies. The viscoelastic linear behavior was described according to the Maxwell generalized model. The discrete relaxation spectrum and relaxation times were estimated from the experimental values of G’ and G″ for emulsions with PS, PS + XG, and XG. Nonlinear viscoelasticity was also studied from stress relaxation curves at different shear strains. The damping function was calculated and the Soskey‐Winter parameters were determined. Transient flow viscosities at different shear rates were comparable to the values estimated from stress relaxation measurements.
TEXTURAL QUALITY OF WHITE PAN BREAD BY SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: GÅMBARO A. , VARELA P. , GIMÉNEZ A. , ALDROVANDI A. , FISZMAN S. M. , HOUGH G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCommercial samples of white pan bread were evaluated by instrumental and sensory methods to determine the relationship between sensory and instrumental assessments, and relate them to product quality. Samples were evaluated on days 4 and 12 after baking. Sensory analysis was carried out by a panel of ten assessors trained in descriptive analysis of bread texture. A Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) was carried out using a TA.‐XT2 Texture Analyzer. Collected data was statistically analyzed by Three‐Factor Analysis of Variance, Principal Component Analysis, and Linear Partial Least Squares Regression Analysis (PLS). PLS revealed that sensory texture could be well predicted by instrumental texture measurements. It can be concluded that the evaluation of a few sensory manual texture parameters can be used as a tool to establish specifications for quality control programs.
The Regulatory Environment and Rural Hospital Long‐Term Care Strategies From 1997 to 2003
Authors: Fennell Mary L. , Campbell Susan E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context: Since the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, rural hospitals have struggled with the need to strategically adapt to an abundance of changing reimbursement and regulatory programs, as well as to respond to the needs of an increasingly frail elder population in need of postacute and long‐term care (LTC). Purpose: This article has 2 goals: (1) to provide a summary of the many legislative acts and provisions influencing rural hospital LTC strategies during the 1997‐2003 period and (2) to track changes in the LTC strategies of a national sample of rural hospitals through this 7‐year period. Methods: A 3‐wave panel of rural hospital discharge planners in 540 nonfederal community‐general hospitals were interviewed in 1997, 2000, and 2003. Questions focused on hospital structure, discharge planning process, and reports of internal and external organizational arrangements for providing LTC services to hospitalized patients, and changes in LTC strategy since the previous interview. Descriptive statistics are presented on LTC strategies in place in 1997 and dropped or added in 2000 and 2003. Findings and Conclusions: The general shape of the regulatory environment confronting rural hospitals and their LTC strategies during the recent past can be described as complicated, rapidly changing, and at times contradictory in intended effects. There has been a large volume of strategy change during this 7‐year period, without the emergence of any identifiable pattern or LTC strategy profile, other than swing‐bed participation combined with home health agency ownership.
Assessing Health Disparities in Rural Hawaii Using the Hoshin Facilitation Method
Authors: Withy Kelley , Andaya January May , Mikami Judith S. , Yamada Seiji 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context: Health disparities between rural and urban communities are well documented. There are many suggested causes and many proposed solutions but no one‐size‐fits‐all answer. The most successful community interventions have been introduced by communities themselves. However, before communities invest in such interventions, each group must identify and prioritize their needs. Purpose: This article describes the Hoshin facilitation method as a practical option assisting communities in assessing their needs and gaining consensus for future steps. Methods: Thirty‐four meetings were held in 11 rural communities in Hawaii using the Hoshin process to identify factors that impact rural health. Themes were identified by constant comparative analysis and thematic frequency described. Commonality of responses between communities was examined. Informal feedback was collected from meeting participants. Findings: There was a great deal of commonality between community responses, with economic factors, drug use, lack of community leadership, lack of health care services and access to services, lack of healthy activities for youth, and poor public education being the most common issues noted. Group involvement in the meetings was high, and the facilitation method received positive feedback from participants. Conclusions: The Hoshin facilitation method is a very useful tool to help communities rapidly identify and prioritize areas for programmatic attention.
Identifying Rural Health Care Needs Using Community Conversations
Authors: Moulton Patricia L. , Miller Marlene E. , Offutt Sue M. , Gibbens Brad P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context: Community input can lead to better‐defined goals in an organization. With this in mind, the Center for Rural Health at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences embarked on a series of 13 meetings with representatives of organizations serving rural communities, including 5 Native American reservations. Purpose: To give a detailed description of the steps involved in planning, and the outcomes and lessons learned from the meetings. Organizations will be able to use this information when incorporating community involvement as part of their planning process. Project: Each meeting included a presentation of the Center for Rural Health efforts throughout the state and a discussion in which residents were asked about health care barriers they have encountered and how the Center for Rural Health could align its efforts to assist communities. Conclusions: The conversations from these meetings have provided a wealth of information about barriers to providing quality health care facing rural and Native American residents. The Center for Rural Health has incorporated this information into its strategic planning process and has formed several work groups to address issues raised. Community conversations allow organizations to better determine priorities that will be valid and realistic to the communities they serve.
Introducing Cellular Manufacturing: Operations, Human Resources and High‐Trust Dynamics
Authors: Procter Stephen J. , Hassard John , Rowlinson Michael 
Published: February 2007

Stephen Procter, John Hassard and Michael Rowlinson investigate the introduction of cellular manufacturing in two units of a large British engineering group. They explore the reasons for its introduction – in both cases it was the cumbersome, functionally‐based system of production that precluded quick and easy reaction to changes in conditions – and the effects such as the flattening of the organisational structure and the new role of the cell leader. A comparison of the two companies shows the difficulties involved in trying to enhance discretion by means of a process that was explicitly low‐trust in nature. In one case an open and participative style was used which appeared to meet with success. In the second case, management adopted a closed and uncommunicative style which induced indifference and, at worst, resistance.Stephen Procter and Michael Rowlinson are Lecturers in the School of Management and Finance at the University of Nottingham, and John Hassard is Professor in the Department of Management at the University of Keele.
rpoN
Gene of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Alters Its Susceptibility to Quinolones and Carbapenems
Authors: Viducic Darija , Ono Tsuneko , Murakami Keiji , Katakami Mikiko , Susilowati Heni , Miyake Yoichiro 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

The alternative sigma factor σ
54
has been implicated in diverse functions within the cells. In this study, we have constructed an
rpoN
mutant of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and investigated its importance as a target for antimicrobial agents, such as quinolones and carbapenems. The stationary-phase cells of the
rpoN
mutant displayed a survival rate approximately 15 times higher than that of the wild-type cells in the presence of quinolones and carbapenems. The stationary phase led to substantial production of pyoverdine by the
P. aeruginosa rpoN
mutant. Pyoverdine synthesis correlated with decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that stationary-phase cells of the
rpoN
mutant grown without an antimicrobial agent had approximately 4- to 140- and 2- to 14-fold-higher levels of transcripts of the
pvdS
and
vqsR
genes, respectively, than the wild-type strain. In the presence of an antimicrobial agent, levels of
pvdS
and
vqsR
transcripts were elevated 400- and 5-fold, respectively, in comparison to the wild-type levels. Flow cytometry assays using a green fluorescent protein reporter demonstrated increased expression of the
vqsR
gene in the
rpoN
mutant throughout growth. A
pvdS
mutant of
P. aeruginosa
, deficient in pyoverdine production, was shown to be susceptible to biapenem. These findings suggest that
rpoN
is involved in tolerance to antimicrobial agents in
P. aeruginosa
and that its tolerant effect is partly dependent on increased pyoverdine production and
vqsR
gene expression.
Structural Characterization of
Campylobacter jejuni
Lipooligosaccharide Outer Cores Associated with Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher Syndromes
Authors: Godschalk Peggy C. R. , Kuijf Mark L. , Li Jianjun , St. Michael Frank , Ang C. Wim , Jacobs Bart C. , Karwaski Marie-France , Brochu Denis , Moterassed Ali , Endtz Hubert P. , van Belkum Alex , Gilbert Michel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Molecular mimicry between lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of
Campylobacter jejuni
and gangliosides in peripheral nerves plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of
C. jejuni
-related Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). We have analyzed the LOS outer core structures of 26
C. jejuni
strains associated with GBS and its variant, Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), by capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Sixteen out of 22 (73%) GBS-associated and all 4 (100%) MFS-associated strains expressed LOS with ganglioside mimics. GM1a was the most prevalent ganglioside mimic in GBS-associated strains (10/22, 45%), and in eight of these strains, GM1a was found in combination with GD1a mimics. All seven strains isolated from patients with ophthalmoplegia (GBS or MFS) expressed disialylated (GD3 or GD1c) mimics. Three out of 22 GBS-associated strains (14%) did not express sialylated ganglioside mimics because their LOS locus lacked the genes necessary for sialylation. Three other strains (14%) did not express ganglioside mimics because of frameshift mutations in either the
cstII
sialyltransferase gene or the
cgtB
galactosyltransferase gene. It is not possible to determine if these mutations were already present during
C. jejuni
infection. This is the first report in which mass spectrometry combined with DNA sequence data were used to infer the LOS outer core structures of a large number of neuropathy-associated
C. jejuni
strains. We conclude that molecular mimicry between gangliosides and
C. jejuni
LOS is the presumable pathogenic mechanism in most cases of
C. jejuni
-related GBS. However, our findings suggest that in some cases, other mechanisms may play a role. Further examination of the disease etiology in these patients is mandatory.
Contributions of Histamine, Prostanoids, and Neurokinins to Edema Elicited by Edema Toxin fromBacillus anthracis
Authors: Tessier Jeffrey , Green Candace , Padgett Diana , Zhao Wei , Schwartz Lawrence , Hughes Molly , Hewlett Erik 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBacillus anthracisedema toxin (ET), composed of protective antigen and an adenylate cyclase edema factor (EF), elicits edema in host tissues, but the target cells and events leading from EF-mediated cyclic-AMP production to edema are unknown. We evaluated the direct effect of ET on several cell types in vitro and tested the possibility that mediators of vascular leakage, such as histamine, contribute to edema in rabbits given intradermal ET. ET increased the transendothelial electrical resistance of endothelial monolayers, a response that is mechanistically inconsistent with the in vivo vascular leakage induced by ET. Screening of several drugs by intradermal treatment prior to toxin injection demonstrated reduced ET-induced vascular leakage with a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), agents that interfere with histamine (pyrilamine or cromolyn), or a neurokinin antagonist (spantide). Systemic administration of indomethacin or celecoxib (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors), pyrilamine, aprepitant (a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist), or indomethacin with pyrilamine significantly reduced vascular leakage associated with ET. Although the effects of pyrilamine, cromolyn, or aprepitant on ET-induced vascular leakage suggest a possible role for mast cells (MC) and sensory neurons in ET-induced edema, ET did not elicit degranulation of human skin MC or substance P release from NT2N cells in vitro. Our results indicate that ET, acting indirectly or directly on a target yet to be identified, stimulates the production/release of multiple inflammatory mediators, specifically neurokinins, prostanoids, and histamine. These mediators, individually and through complex interactions, increase vascular permeability, and interventions directed at these mediators may benefit hosts infected withB. anthracis.
On Time and the Origin of the Theory of Evolution
Authors:   Hancock
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a perspective upon how the confluence of three differing faces of time may have served as fundamental stimulus for Charles Darwin's formulation of the theory of evolution. The first temporal perspective is represented in Lyell's exposition of 'deep' geological time. This provided Darwin the temporal canvas upon which to conceive the possibility of the prolonged process of change upon which the conceptual basis of the theory of evolution is founded. The second face of time is epitomized in the linguistic treatment of temporality by the Polynesian culture, in whose environs Darwin found himself studying these respective processes of change. The linguistic and conceptual emphasis of this culture on the immediacy of a continual 'specious' present in perception and action provides evident examples of naming transformations of objects and entities well within the observational lifetime of a single individual. The juxtaposition of these conflicting, enormously 'deep' and exceptionally 'shallow' perspectives on time permits the step of insight on the process of change and consistency that became the bedrock of evolution itself. The final element of time, crucial to this whole process of understanding, was the necessary interval of duration for this synthesis to emerge. As a gentleman-scholar aboard the Beagle, Darwin possessed this boon of contemplative time in which to recognize and reconcile these vastly different yet eventually, deeply compatible views of time. Darwin's studious and painstaking development of evolution theory stands in stark contrast to the equivalent, but much more sudden brisance of understanding on behalf of Alfred Wallace whose own insight I shall argue is an exemplar of another form of time's influence.
The Implications of Relativistic Time Dilation on the Nature of Physical Time: A Non-Newtonian Interpretation of Special Relativity
Authors: McGee Ben Wright 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Theory of Relativity, in both the Special and General cases, possesses profound inferences concerning the nature of time as a physical component of universal structure, and not as either an abstract concept or a universal entropic progression as is commonly perceived. While the time-slowing observations of what is known as Relativistic "time dilation" are well documented, the temporal interpretations of such dilation effects were critically affected by a Newtonian view of universally invariant time. Consequently, the most sophisticated interpretations of time dilation were parasitically molded by archaic views of physical time and have remained essentially unchallenged for a century, inhibiting any attempts to functionally integrate the observations of Relativity with Newtonian Mechanics. By freeing relativistic observations from the limited paradigm of Newtonian temporal concepts, an alternative, robust interpretation of Special Relativity, one acting in concert with the actions of bodies as described by Newtonian Mechanics, is produced and discussed.