bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membrane processing of crude vegetable oils: Pilot plant scale remoyal of solvent from oil miscellas
Authors: Köseoglu S. S. , Lawhon J. T. , Lusas E. W. 
Published: January 2007

The recovery of solvents used in the extraction step of edible oil processing is required for economical, environmental, and safety considerations. The miscella (mixture of extracted oil and solvent) exits the extractor at 70 to 75 wt% solvent content. Currently, the solvent is recovered by distillation.This paper reports the results of a study on separation of vegetable oils from commercial extraction solvents using various types of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes.Solvent permeation rates and separation performances of various RO and UF membranes were determined by using ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and hexane as the solvents. One membrane exhibited a flux of 200 GFD (ethanol) with 1% oil remaining in the permeate. However, hexane rapidly deteriorated all but one of the membranes tested. The membrane that was compatible with hexane had a low flux and unacceptably low oil retention.Industrial‐scale membranes were also evaluated in pilot plant trials. A hexane separation was attempted with a hollow‐fiber membrane unit, and it was noted that the pores of the fibers swelled almost closed. Some of the commercially available membranes selectively removed solvent (ethanol or isopropanol) from the edible oil miscellas with reasonable flow rates.The research reported has shown that membranes manufactured from polyamide were the least affected by hexane. Fluxes achieved during solvent‐oil separations were increased by increases in either temperature or pressure and decreased by increases in oil concentration in the feed. The processing temperature affected the percentage of oil in solution in either ethanol or isopropanol as well as the viscosity of the feed. Both of these factors in turn influenced the flux achieved.Approximately 2 trillion Btu/yr could be saved using a hybrid membrane system to recover solvents used in the extraction step of crude oil production. Studies to date report marginal success. The development of hexane‐resistant membranes may make this application viable.
Yield and quality of tofu made form soybeans and soy/peanut blends
Authors: Lim Bon Tong , deMan J. M. , deMan L. 
Published: January 2007

The yield and quality of tofu made from blends of soybeans and raw peanuts, partially defatted peanut flour, and defatted peanut flour were investigated. Defatted peanut flour appears to be the most compatible with soybeans for tofu making, followed by partially defatted peanut flour and raw peanuts. Raw peanuts could be incorporated at levels of 10% while partially defatted or defatted peanut flour could be incorporated at a level of 20%: higher levels produced tofu with either poor texture or low yield.SEM images of tofu made from 100% soybeans showed a uniform, continuous, three‐dimensional honeycomb‐like protein network structure. When 10% of the soybeans was replaced by either raw peanuts; partially defatted peanut flour; or defatted peanut flour, the protein strands that make up the network structure were thicker than those of 100% soybean tofu. When soybeans were replaced with either of the three peanut products at a 30% level, the protein strands of the network structure were either less continuous or appeared perforated.
Influence of heat on oxidative stability and on effectiveness of metal‐inactivating agents in vegetable oils
Authors: Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D. , Schwab A. W. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryMetal‐inactivating agents, such as citric acid, sorbitol, lecithin, and carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid, are not active in unheated vegetable oils. Apparently trace metals present in normal glyceride oils are held within a complex of unknown structure. After heating an oil, the metals can be complexed by metal‐inactivating agents, such as citric acid. The release of metals appears to be associated closely with the breakdown of the fatty acid hydroperoxides. Formation of some association or complex between the metal and the hydroperoxide group or between the metal and the unsaturated linkage of the fatty hydroperoxide is suggested. The metals are held very tenaciously within this unknown structure. Although the metal is not available as an uncomplexed metallic ion, it does behave as a very strong pro‐oxidant catalyst. The application of heat releases the metal so it can be complexed by added metal inactivators.
The effect of mono‐enoic fatty acid esters on the growth and fecal lipides of rats
Authors: Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A. , Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm M. J. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe growth rates of rats fed a purified diet containing 5% corn oil or the methyl esters of oleic, eicosenoic, orerucic acid have been compared. At this level none of the esters significantly depressed the growth of male rats, but all three reduced the growth of females below that of those fed corn oil. Food efficiency and food consumption were not significantly reduced by any of the esters. Symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency occurred only among rats fed the fatty acid esters and not among rats fed the fat‐free diet.Methyl erucate increased the excretion of true fatty acids, acidic material not soluble in hexane and unsaponifiable matter, as compared to methyl oleate. The true fatty acid excreted was largely erucic. Methyl eicosenoate gave results not appreciably different from methyl oleate except for a slight increase in the excretion of mono‐unsaturated fatty acid from rats fed eicosenoate. Both corn oil and methyl erucate increased the excretion of unsaponi‐fiable matter. The coefficient of digestibility of methyl eicosenoate and erucate were 96% and 90%, respectively, which are higher values than have been previously reported.
Preparation of 3‐stearoyl‐D‐glucose—A bread‐softening agent
Authors: Otey F. H. , Mehltretter C. L. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryIn previous work 3‐stearoyl‐d‐glucose was found to have superior bread softening action. This paper describes its synthesis by reaction of stearoyl chloride with 1,2∶5,6‐diisopropylidene‐d‐glucose and subsequent deacetonation of the intermediate stearoyl diisopropylidene‐d‐glucose. Acetonation of the product, followed by saponification of the acyl group, produced 1,2∶5,6‐diisopropylidene‐d‐glucose and indicated that the substance is 3‐stearoyl‐d‐glucose.
Vapor pressure equilibrium of stearic acid in triglyceride and in high paraffin solutions
Authors: Sarkadi D. Szabo 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe vapor pressure equilibrium of stearic acid has been determined at 180°C. in peanut oil and highparaffin solutions. Positive deviation from Raoult's law has been observed in both of the systems; it was however essentially stronger in the nonpolar high‐paraffin.Extrapolation of the vapor pressures obtained in paraffin to infinite dilution indicated that monomer stearic acid in free state would have a vapor pressure of 3.9 mm. Hg. at 180°C. in comparison with 0.80 mm. of the pure stearic acid itself, which is a mixture of monomer and dimer molecules.Quantitative relationships could be established between degree of association and vapor pressure. For pure dimeric acid at 180°C. a vapor pressure of 0.015 mm. Hg. has been calculated.
The use of human blood cells in the study of lipid metabolism
Authors: Sparkes R. S. , Beutler Ernest 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCertain aspects of the use of human blood cells in the study of lipid metabolism are reviewed. A discussion of the different cells and their varied functions illustrates the complex nature of the formed elements of the blood, and that studies of these cells must take into account this heterogeneity in planning experiments and in interpreting results. Investigation of blood cell lipids requires either the use of anticoagulants or defibrination for the separation of the cells from the fluid part of the blood. Some of the problems resulting from these procedures are reviewed. Available methods for separating the heterogeneous cell mixture of normal blood into homogeneous cell populations are presented. It is stressed that the large number of methods attests to their limitations and that none is completely satisfactory. The preparation of the separated cells for lipid analysis is discussed, but methods of lipid analysis are not presented. A brief presentation of the lipid synthesis and content of human blood cells in normal and abnormal conditions is given with occasional supplementary data from the study of other species.
Human platelet lipids and their relationship to blood coagulation
Authors: Marcus Aaron J. , Zucker‐Franklin Dorothea 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere is now reasonable agreement on the sequence of physiological and biochemical events leading to fibrin formation, and phospholipids are an important part of this process. The phosphatides are ordinarily provided by platelets, and it appears that a lipoprotein complex is responsible for this activity. The anatomic site of this complex is not known, but evidence is presented that it may be a property of the platelet membrane. Methods for the study of platelet lipids including fatty acids and aldehydes are described, and include silicic acid column and paper chromatography, as well as thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic procedures. These are also being utilized in studies of subcellular platelet particles, where only limited amts of biological material are available for study. It is stressed that experimental results obtained from studies on isolated lipids should be interpreted with a certain degree of caution. It is unlikely that they are available as such in in vivo coagulation, and the drastic procedures used for their extraction and isolation may alter their basic physiological properties.
Characterization of unsaturated fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Hofstetter H. H. , Sen N. , Holman R. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe equivalent chain length (ECL) has been determined on 79 methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids and on 7 ethyl esters by gas chromatography. Ethylene glycol succinate (EGS), diethylene glycol succinate, ॆ‐cyclodextrin acetate and Apiezon L were chosen as the liquid phases to be used. For methyl esters of mono‐ and polyenoic acids, the differences between ECL on EGS and ECL on Apiezon L approximate 0.84 per double bond. For positional isomers, the ECL on both EGS and Apiezon L are usually greater for the isomer having the longer proximal end of the molecule (smallest ३ value). In these terms a triple bond is approximately equal to three double bonds. Esters of nonconjugated dienoic and trienoic acids of the same chain length are not separable on Apiezon L if their proximal structures are the same. This also applies to tetraenoic and pentaenoic acids of the same chain length and the same proximal structure. Conjugation of double bonds, either with the ester carbonyl group or with themselves, yields ECL values on Apiezon L greater than the number of carbon atoms in the acid. Monounsaturated and nonconjugated polyunsaturated esters have ECL values on Apiezon L lower than the number of carbon atoms of the acid. The ECL values of ethyl esters of 18 and 20 carbon acids are greater than the corresponding methyl esters on Apiezon L.
Engineering and economic aspects of continuous soapstock acidulation
Authors: Stahle C. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRecovery of 98舑100% of the total fatty acid content of soapstock may be achieved by continuous acidulation of soapstock with minimum acid consumption. The relatively high reaction pH allows the use of ordinary stainless steel equipment. By use of a two‐stage separation process, quality acid‐oil may be produced from even the most difficult foots, with a by‐product stream high in phosphatides. Acid water from the system is suitable for waste disposal with little or no additional treatment.Analysis of the process economics as compared to conventional batch acidulation shows that a 2舑4 year system payout may be realized through acid savings, improved oil yield, and reduced labor costs.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of bile acids
Authors: Kuksis Arnis 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethods are reviewed for the preparation, gasliquid chromatographic (GLC) separation, identification, and quantitative estimation of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of bile acid methyl esters. Of the stationary phases tried (SE‐30, QF‐1 and XE‐60) methylfluoroalkyl silicone (QF‐1) was best suited for analysis of the trifluoroacetates. This phase (1舑2% QF‐1 on 100舑120 mesh Gas Chrom P) allowed an orderly resolution of conformational isomers and consistently gave GLC columns (stainless steel tubes, 1/8 in. O.D. ȕ 3 ft) from which the bile acid derivatives could be recovered in high yield. Applications to biological materials are illustrated with bile acid samples from animal biles and from human duodenal drainage and feces. Identifications of the major bile acids made by the GLC of the trifluoroacetates were confirmed by results obtained with bile acid methyl esters and bile acid methyl ester acetates on QF‐1 and the other liquid phases investigated. For most mixtures of bile acids, however, it appears that GLC of methyl esters and methyl ester trifluoroacetates on QF‐1 is sufficient for a reliable recognition of common bile acids. Overall accuracy of the estimates was of the order of ŷ 5%, but it varied with the nature and concn of the component.
Solidification of cocoa butter
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCocoa butter and other confectionery fats do not behave alike on molding. Explanations for the behavior of cocoa butter generally are unavailable. The linear contraction of molded cocoa butter on solidification under various conditions was determined. Maximum linear contraction of about 2% was measured when a well‐seeded sample was solidified at 16C. Nearly all of this contraction occurred during the first half hour. A theoretical explanation for this contraction was developed. Linear contraction takes place after the well‐seeded cocoa butter has solidified in the next‐to‐highest melting form and while this solid form is transforming to the most stable polymorph. Addition information was developed on the polymorphic forms of cocoa butter, the permanence of seed crystals at various temps, rates of solidification, and solidification characteristics of unseeded cocoa butter. The data were obtained by dilatometric examination of a small sample using a volumetric dilatometer and direct measurement of linear contraction during solidification in a mold.
Inclusion compounds of urea and thiourea with cationic surfactants
Authors: Cadwallader D. E. , Richards J. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractQuaternary ammonium compounds, having at least one long aliphatic group, readily formed adducts with urea. These cationics also had structural features that allowed adduct formation with thiourea. IR analysis confirmed that these adducts were of the canal complex type of inclusion compound.
Physical and chemical properties of selected metal complexes of gossypol
Authors: Ramaswamy H. N. , O’Connor R. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn order to understand the chemistry of complexes of gossypol several metal ion‐gossypol complexes have been synthesized. They do not melt below 300 C and turn dark in color after drying in a vacuum oven. The stability constants and stoichiometry of CO++, Ni++ and Cu++ gossypol complexes have been established by several analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The infrared spectra of solid samples show a greatly diminished absorption at 2.8µ and the 6.2µ band is shifted to a lower wavelength indicating binding of the metal through the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups. Electronic absorption spectra also support this conclusion. Bis(o‐carboxyphenylimino) gossypol gives a copper (II) complex, where the carboxylic group, but not the phenolic hydroxyl group, of the gossypol is ionized. In this instance copper ion is bound to the carboxy oxygen and nitrogen of the imine.
Removal of chlorinated pesticides from crude vegetable oils by simulated commercial processing procedures
Authors: Smith Keith J. , Polen Percy B. , de Vries D. M. , Coon Francis B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrude soybean and cottonseed oil were processed using simulated commercial processing procedures to determine if oil processing would remove chlorinated pesticide contaminants of either natural or spiked origin. Two crude oil lots were spiked with endrin, DDT, DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide before processing. Representative samples of crude oil and products following each processing step were analyzed for pesticide contamination. Results indicated that alkali‐refining or subsequent bleaching did not reduce chlorinated pesticide contamination. Hydrogenation prior to deodorization reduced endrin contamination. Deodorization, with or without hydrogenation, eliminated chlorinated pesticides. The results of this study indicate that normal commercial processing of crude vegetable oils for human consumption effectively removes any chlorinated pesticides which may be present in crude oils. It is hypothesized that chlorinated pesticide removal is achieved by volatilization during deodroization, which is supported by known volatilization characteristics, similarity of behavior in pesticides studied, and absence of the pesticide or its conversion products in the finished oils, or both.
Use of animal fats in rations for beef cattle
Authors: Matsushima J. , Dowe T. W. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryChoice yearling Hereford steers were fed pellets containing 5.53% edible beef tallow, 68.14% ground corn cobs, 14.73% soybean oil meal, 9.20% blackstrap molasses, 1.31% urea, and 1.08% feeding bonemeal. In addition to the pellets, the steers received ground ear corn, brome hay, vitamin A supplement, and trace minerals. The steers receiving this ration gained 300 pounds in a total feeding period of 150 days for an average daily gain of 2.0 pounds. Comparable steers on a standard ration consisting of ground shelled corn, soybean oil meal, brome hay, vitamin A supplement, and trace minerals gained 317 pounds with an average daily gain of 2.11 pounds. Another group of steers were fed corn oil pellets. These steers gained 261 pounds per head or an average daily gain of 1.74 pounds.No digestive disturbances were observed throughout the feeding period in Lot 2 fed the beef tallow pellets. There were no apparent differences in carcass quality when the animals were slaughtered.The beef tallow pellets were prepared to have approximately 75% as much energy as corn, assuming that one pound of fat contributed 2.25 times more energy than a pound of carbohydrates. In this feeding test the economy of gain was in favor of the group of steers fed the beef tallow pellets.
Effect of equilibrium oil extraction on the chemical composition and sensory quality of soy flour and concentrates
Authors: Clark P. K. , Proctor A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that ambient‐temperature equilibrium, hexane extraction of soy flour yielded the same amount of oil as was extracted from soy flakes by conventional high‐temperature processing. The oil obtained at ambient temperatures contained less phospholipid than commercial crude oils obtained by traditional processing. In this study, chemical composition, flavor and odor of soy flour obtained after oil extraction by the equilibrium procedure were evaluated before and after toasting. Results were compared with those obtained for commercial untoasted food‐grade soy flakes. Chemical and sensory analyses were performed on soy protein concentrates (SPC) prepared from defatted flour, defatted toasted flour and commercial defatted white food‐grade flakes. SPC were made by acid and ethanol‐extraction methods. Ethanol extraction of soy flour produced SPC with similar protein, lipid and sensory qualities to those obtained from commercial flakes. Acid extraction produced SPC with more lipid than was obtained by ethanol extraction. Toasted soy flour and flakes had similar sensory properties, as did the SPC prepared from them.
Detoxification of castor seed meal by interaction with sal seed meal
Authors: Gandhi V. M. , Cherian K. M. , Mulky M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCastor (Ricinus communis) seed meal was detoxified by a novel method of wet mixing with sal (Shorea robusta) seed meal so that the toxic constituents of castor seed meal were neutralized by tannins, the toxicants present in the sal seed meal. The resulting product was innocuous, as revealed in the feeding studies in rats. The nutritional benefit of the treated material is improved by synergistic action of a protein such as casein. The aqueous extract of castor seed meal produced a smooth‐muscle stimulant effect, whereas this effect was not observed with the extract from treated meal. This is a new concept of neutralization of two toxins by each other in two seed meals. The method can be employed to investigate the suitability of such a processed seed meal as an animal feedstuff ingredient.
Effect of alkali metal ions on gel formation in the 12‐hydroxystearic acid/soybean oil system
Authors: Tamura Takamitsu , Suetake Takashi , Ohkubo Toshinaga , Ohbu Kazuo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt has been known that 12‐hydroxystearic acid (12HSA) forms a thermoreversible gel with a fibrous associated network in organic solvents. Mechanically durable gels were induced by the addition of small amounts of alkali metal ions, which can be supplied in the form of alkali metal salts of 12HSA (abbreviated as 12HS‐M), even at a lower concentration range of gelling agent than with 12HSA alone. The structure of the networks was investigated by infrared spectrometry (IR), circular dichroism (CD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments were carried out over a total concentration range of 0.1≈4.0 wt/vol% of 12HSA and 12HS‐M in soybean oil. 12HS‐Na showed more effective gel forming power than any other alkali metal ions. The molar ratio of 12HSA/12HS‐Na for obtaining optimal gel forming effect was 100:1. The intensity of the absorption bands of the IR spectra, due to the hydrogen‐bonded hydroxyl groups, remained constant regardless of the amount of added 12HS‐Na. A remarkable molar ellipticity decrease was observed with an increase in the concentration of 12HS‐Na, although the maximum wavelength of the CD spectrum, originating from the chirality of 12HSA, remained constant. By SEM observation, linearly extended fibrils were observed with the addition of 12HS‐Na. These results suggest that the mechanical trengthening of the gel by alkali metal ions is due to alteration of the dispersed state of the helically grown fibrous crystals of 12HSA.
A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides
Authors: Feairheller S. H. , Bistline R. G. , Bilyk A. , Dudley R. L. , Kozempel M. F. , Haas M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA low‐temperature synthesis of fatty alkanolamides, fatty diamides and fatty aralkylamides directly from triglycerides and primary amines provides essentially quantitative yields of the various products. The reactions run to completion in 3–12 h at temperatures of 50–60°C, approximately 100°C lower than employed in present conventional practice. The amines are used in excess and serve as solvent, reagent and, perhaps, as catalyst. The amides were characterized by melting point and spectroscopic (infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance) methods. If the mixed amides produced from the various natural triglyceride mixtures of fats and oils are acceptable products, this synthetic method provides these products in satisfactory quality while conserving energy and avoiding the intermediate production of free fatty acids or their esters.