bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary linseed oil and marine oil on lipid peroxidation in monkey liverin vivo andin vitro
Authors: Kaasgaard Svend G. , Hølmer Gunhild , Høy Carl‐Erik , Behrens Willy A. , Beare‐Rogers Joyce L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiets rich in linoleic acid (CO) from corn oil, or in linoleic acid and either α‐linolenic acid (LO) based on linseed oil or n−3 fatty acids (MO) from menhaden oil were fed to male and female Cynomolgus monkeys for 15 wk. In the liver a 40% reduction of α‐tocopherol occurred in the MO group relative to the CO and LO groups followed by increased formation of lipofuscinin vivo. A four‐fold increase of α‐tocopherol in the MO diet (MO+E) brought the level in the liver to that found with CO and LO. The increased peroxidation in the MO group in the liver phospholipids was associated with the replacement of 60% of the n−6 fatty acids by n−3 fatty acids from menhaden oil. Similar fatty acid profiles were found in groups fed MO and MO+E, respectively. Compared to the CO fed group, feeding α‐linolenic acid only resulted in a slight incorporation of n−3 fatty acids in the liver membranes mainly due to a direct incorporation of α‐linolenic acid. However, in monkeys fed menhaden oil more than 30% of the total fatty acids in the liver phospholipids were n−3 fatty acids. The various diets did not influence the activity of liver catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) nor superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), but glutathione‐peroxidase activity (EC 1.11.1.9) was higher in monkeys fed the MO diet. The catalase activity in females was 20% higher than in males. In anin vitro assay, liver microsomes from monkeys fed the MO diet or the MO diet supplemented with tocopherol produced similar amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and at a much higher rate than microsomes from the CO and LO groups. It appeared that α‐tocopherol did not protect long‐chain n−3 C20 and C22 fatty acids as well as n−6 fattya acids against peroxidation. The present data showed that monkeys were not fully able to compensate for increased peroxidative stress but a four‐fold supplement of vitamin E to the diets reduced the oxidation.
Modulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase by dietary fats in rat heart
Authors: Dubois Madeleine , Croset Martine , Némoz Georges , Lagarde Michel , Prigent Annie‐France 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeeding oils of different fatty acid composition modifies the fatty acid composition of cardiac membrane phospholipids, thereby inducing changes in cardiac contractility and altering response of adenylate cyclase to catecholamines. In the present study, the effect of such dietary manipulations on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, which is involved in the control of cyclic nucleotide intracellular levels and in the control of cardiac contractility, was investigated. Rats were fed either a saturated fatty acid‐enriched diet (8 weight percent [%] coconut oil +2% sunflower oil), an n−6 fatty acid‐enriched diet (10% sunflower oil) or an n−3 fatty acid‐enriched diet (8% fish oil +2% sunflower oil). The fatty acid composition of cardiac phospholipids, as well as the nonesterified fatty acid content of heart were markedly altered by the diets. The 18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6 content of cardiac phospholipids was markedly (−49%) depressed by fish oil as compared with sunflower oil feeding, but the nonesterified fatty acid level of heart membrane was lowest in coconut oil‐fed rats. In addition, fish oil feeding more drastically depressed the n−6/n−3 fatty acid ratio in the nonesterified fatty acid pool than in cardiac phospholipids. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity was the lowest in both the particulate and soluble fractions of heart from rats fed sunflower oil, whereas cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was not altered by the diets. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity was decreased by 18 and 12% in heart membranes of the sunflower oil group as compared to that of the coconut oil and fish oil groups, respectively. In heart cytosol, the activity decreased by 30% when compared with the activity of the coconut oil group. Additionalin vitro experiments showed that polyunsaturated fatty acids were more potent inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase than saturated fatty acids. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acid‐enriched diets might decrease heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity by increasing non‐esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n−6 series, but more complex and indirect mechanisms are very likely to be involved.
trans fatty acids, 5. Fatty acid composition of lipids of the brain and other organs in suckling piglets
Authors: Pettersen Jan , Opstvedt Johannes 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of dietarytrans fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of the brain in comparison with other organs were studied in 3‐wk‐old suckling piglets. In Experiment (Expt.) 1 the piglets were delivered from sows fed partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) (28%trans), partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) (36%trans) or lard (0%trans). In Expt. 2 the piglets were delivered from sows fed PHFO, hydrogenated fish oil (HFO) (19%trans) or coconut fat (CF) (0%trans) with two levels of dietary linoleic acid (1 and 2.7%) according to factorial design. In both experiments the mother's milk was the piglets' only food. The level of incorporation oftrans fatty acids in the organs was dependent on the levels in the diets and independent of fat source (i.e., PHSBO, PHFO or HFO). Incorporation oftrans fatty acids into brain PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) was non‐detectable in Expt. 1. In Expt. 2, small amounts (less than 0.5%) of 18∶1trans isomers were found in the brain, the level being slightly more on the lower level of dietary linoleic acid compared to the higher. In the other organs the percentage of 18∶1trans increased in the following order: heart PE, liver mitochondria PE, plasma lipids and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Small amounts of 20∶1trans were found in adipose tissue and plasma lipids. Other very long‐chain fatty acids from PHFO or HFO (i.e., 20∶1cis and 22∶1cis+trans) were found in all organ lipids except for brain PE. Dietarytrans fatty acids increased the percentage of 22∶5n−6 in brain PE. Except for the brain and the heart, dietarytrans fatty acids reduced the percentage of saturated fatty acids and increased the percentage of monoenoic acids (includingtrans). The overall conclusion was that dietarytrans fatty acids had no noticeable effect on the brain PE composition but slight to moderate effects on the fatty acid profile of other organs of suckling piglets.
Lipids and lipophilic pollutants in three species of migratory shorebirds and their food in shepody bay (Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick)
Authors: Napolitano Guillermo E. , Ackman Robert G. , Parrish Christopher C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo study food web transfers of lipids in the intertidal zone, three specimens of each of the semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla [L.]), the semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte) and the short‐billed dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus [Gmelin]) were examined after capture during the summer of 1989. They were feeding intensively, prior to migration, on the amphipod,Corophium volutator, on the mudflats of Dorchester Cape, New Brunswick, Canada. The ragworm,Nereis diversicolor, and samples of sea foam were also collected from the mudflats at the same location in 1989 and 1990. Total body lipids of semipalmated sandpipers and short‐billed dowitchers were about 20% of the wet weights, while those of the semipalmated plovers ranged from 35 to 40%. Adipose tissue fatty acids showed a trend from marine fatty acids (20∶5n−3, 22∶6n−3) at 10% ofC. pusilla acids through 5% inC. semipalmatus to 1% inL. griseus. These proportions confirm differences in feeding habits proposed from analyses of gut contents. Short‐billed dowitcher adipose fat included the lowest values of polychlorinated biphenyls (0.078 to 0.266 ppm). The other two species of shore‐birds showed levels as high as 1.64 ppm. Concentrations of 1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane and 2,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dichloroethylene were also variable, but with three exceptions were ≤0.1 ppm of adipose fat. Sea foam collected in the tidal channels and at the edge of the water during the rising tides was found to include diverse lipophilic materials, capable of transfer to higher trophic levels. Triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sterols, hydrocarbons and pigments were typically present at a concentration of 65×103 μg/L. The long‐chain isoprenoid squalene, of endogenous origin and apparently derived from featherwax, was the only hydrocarbon present in the depot fats of the three species of birds analyzed. This indicates that the birds basically inhabited a pristine environment free of hydrocarbon pollutants. The hydrocarbon present in the sea foam consisted of a series of normal alkanes, from C20 to C39, with no odd/even chain‐length preference (carbon preference index=1.008). These hydrocarbons probably originated in detritus from decaying vascular plants but could possibly reflect a very low level of petroleum contamination. The lack of local pollution appears to favor continued success of the migratory pattern of these birds.
Dietary fat and breast cancer
Authors: Carroll Kenneth K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐fat diets are throught to increase the risk of breast cancer because animals develop mammary cancer more readily when they are fed high‐fat compared to low‐fat diets, and breast cancer incidence and mortality are higher in countries with high‐fat as compared to those with lowfat diets. Prospective cohort studies and case‐control studies have failed to provide much support for this theory, but such studies are less capable of showing the relationship because of smaller differences in dietary fat intakes of the study populations; difficulties in assessing the diets of individuals over a period of time; and possible differences in genetic susceptibility of cases and controls to breast cancer. Studies on migrants have shown that breast cancer incidence and mortality increase in populations who move from countries with low‐fat to those with high‐fat diets, indicating that observed geographical differences in breast cancer are due to environmental rather than genetic factors. This is supported by time‐trend studies showing that breast cancer increases in countries as the level of fat in the diet rises. Controlled, long‐term dietary trials are needed to determine whether the converse is true: namely, that reduction of dietary fat can reduce the risk of breast cancer. Large groups are required to achieve statistical significance, but smaller numbers may be adequate for studies on high‐risk individuals. Preliminary experiments already have demonstrated the feasibility of carrying out such dietary trials.
Dietary fat, fatty acids and prostate cancer
Authors: Rose David P. , Connolly Jeanne M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInternational comparisons suggest a relationship between prostate cancer incidence and dietary fat, an inference supported by migration studies, the changing incidence rates and levels of animal fat consumption in Japan and the results from some case‐control studies. Overall, however, epidemiological studies have been inconclusive, and although prostate cancer is one of the hormone‐dependent tumors, evidence of interactions between dietary fats and male endocrine function is incomplete. Laboratory experimentation has shown that n−6 fatty acids stimulate and n−3 fatty acids inhibit human prostate cancer cells in culture; also, feeding diets rich in marine oils suppresses growth of these cells as solid tumors in athymic nude mice. These growth effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids appear to involve both prostaglandins and leukotrienes and to interconnect with autocrine regulation by epidermal growth factor‐related polypeptides.
Dietary fat and the development of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Roebuck B. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPancreatic cancer is the fifth most common cause of death due to cancer. Except for an association with cigarette smoking, its etiology is poorly understood. Because of the dearth of epidemiological clues as to causation, studies with experiemntal animal models assume greater importance. Rodent models of pancreatic cancer indicate that while dietary fatper se does not cause pancreatic cancer, it does enhance or promote tumor development. Subsequent to treatment with a pancreatic carcinogen, high intakes of dietary unsaturated fats of the n−6 series, but not saturated fats, enhance or promote tumor development. A requisite level of linoleic acid is needed for this promotion. Fats of the n−3 series (e.g., certain fish oils) are inhibitory to tumor growth. Promotion by dietary fats appears only partly related to the high caloric content of fat. Mechanistically, certain dietary unsaturated fats appear to selectively enhance the growth rate of carcinogeninduced, pre‐cancerous lesions. Irrespective of precise understanding of mechanisms of promotion, it, appears possible to intervene in the process of cancer development and reduce the burden of cancer. Experimentally, this may be accomplished by decreasing total fat intake, decreasing caloric intake, increasing exercise or increasing the intake of n−3 fatty acids.
Dietary fat and colon cancer: Animal model studies
Authors: Reddy Bandaru S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince it was first suggested that high dietary fat is a risk factor in colon cancer, there have been several studies to test this hypothesis. Epidemiologic studies suggested a positive association between dietary fat and colon cancer. Laboratory animal model studies demonstrated that not only the amount of rat, but also types of fat differing in fatty acid composition are important determining factors in colon tumor development. Chemically‐induced colon tumor incidence was increased in rats fed the semipurified diets containing 23% corn oil, safflower oil, lard or beef tallow (high‐fat) as compared to those fed 5% corn oil, safflower oil, lard or beef tallow diets (low‐fat). Diets containing 23% conconut oil, olive oil or fish oil, or high‐fat diets containing varying levels oftrans fat, had no colon tumor‐enhancing effect compared to their respective low fat diets. The stage at which the effect of dietary fat is exerted appears to be mostly during the post‐initiation phase of colon carcinogenesis. Lack of a colon tumor enhancing effect of dietary fish oil is observed both during the initiation and postinitiation phases. The mechanisms by which various dietary fats increase colon carcinogenesis are not fully understood. In most instances, however, the high‐fat diet appears to enhance tumorigenesis through elevation of agents, such as secondary bile acids, that act as promoters of tumor development. Lack of colon tumor promotion by dietary fish oil andtrans fat appears to be mediated through their effect on mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity, colonic secondary bile acids and/or prostaglandin synthesis.
Utilization of extracellular lipids by HT29/219 cancer cells in culture
Authors: Pazouki S. , Baty J. D. , Wallace H. M. , Coleman C. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUptake and incorporation of long‐chain fatty acids were studied in a human colorectal cancer cell line (HT29/219) grown in culture medium supplemented with either fetal calf serum (FSC) or horse serum (HS). The cells were grown for 120 h with no change of medium; the two major cellular lipid classes, the phospholipids and the triacylglycerols, were analyzed at regular time‐points. We observed significant changes in the concentration of most fatty acids throughout culture, and differences in their composition when different sera were used to supplement the medium. Minimal levels of free fatty acids were found in the cells, indicating a very small “free fatty acid pool”. A major difference between the cells grown in media supplemented with different sera was the changes observed in concentrations of cellular polyunsaturated fatty acids during growth. In cells grown with FCS (in which 20∶4n−6 is present), the levels of this acid in the phsopholipid and triacylglycerol fractions declined rapidly during cell growth, suggesting further metabolism. In cells grown in medium supplemented with HS, 18∶2n−6 was the major polyunsaturated acid present. There was clear evidence that this acid accumulated in the cellular triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions. Furthermore, its concentration did not decline during growth in culture, suggesting minimal conversion to other polyunsaturated n−6 acids. Our results suggest that fatty acids from additional sources in the medium, for example triacylglycerols and phospholipids associated with the lipoproteins, are taken up by the cells. There is also indication of cellular fatty acid synthesis, particularly of monounsaturated and saturated acids during the culture period. HT29/219 cells were shown to take up and incorporate radioactivity when trace amounts of [1‐14C]‐labeled arachidonic, linoleic or oleic acids were added to the culture medium. Most (80%) of the label was detected in cellular phospholipids and triacylglycerols, although the specific activities of these various fatty acids were different in the two lipid fractions.
Effects of aging on the content, composition and synthesis of sphingomyelin in the central nervous system
Authors: Giusto Norma M. , Roque Marta E. , Ilincheta de Boschero Monica G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSphingomyelin (SPH) content and composition in different regions of the brain were analyzed in 2.5, 21.5 and 26.5‐month‐old rats. SPH content increased in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla oblongata plus pons as age increased. The highest SPH content was observed in 26.5‐month‐old rats, with values increasing by 1.74, 2.75 and 0.88‐fold, respectively, over 2.5‐month‐old rats. The SPH fatty acid composition of brains from aged rats was markedly different from that of adult rats. Between 2.5 and 26.5 months of age the monoenoic/saturated fatty acid ratio increased from 0.22, 0.30 and 0.54 to 0.54, 0.68 and 1.03 in cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla oblongata plus pons, respectively. The percentage and content of fatty acids longer than 22 carbon atoms esterified to SPH increased with age from 18, 26 and 44 to 48, 52 and 62 mole % in cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla oblongata plus pons in 26.5‐month‐old rats. In subcortical white matter from aged rats, monoenoic 22–26 carbon atom fatty acids increased more than the saturated ones in 21.5‐month‐old rats relative to 2.5‐month‐old rats.In vitro synthesis of SPH from [3H]choline and [3H]palmitic acid in cerebral cortex and cerebellum showed no significant differences between adult rats and those 21.5 months of age. In cerebellum and in cerebral cortex, [14C] serine incorporation increased in aged rats. The results suggest that aging induces increases in both SPH content and in the monoenoic/saturated fatty acid ratio. These increases are quantitatively different in all brain regions analyzed.
Determination of β‐carotene in plasma, blood cells and buccal mucosa by electrochemical detection
Authors: Murata Takuji , Tamai Hiroshi , Morinobu Takao , Manago Mitsuhiro , Takenaka Akira , Takenaka Hiroyuki , Mino Makoto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe β‐carotene concentrations in plasma, blood cells and buccal mucosal cells were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. This method was 1,000 times more sensitive than the conventional spectrophotometric method. Polymorphonuclear cells and red blood cells had lower β‐carotene levels than the other cells. After oral administration of 580 mg/day of all‐trans β‐carotene to human male volunteers for a week, the β‐carotene concentrations in all cell types increased at least several times above the original levels.
Gender and dietary fat affect α‐tocopherol status in F344/N rats
Authors: Chen Haw‐Wen , Cook Laura R. , Hendrich Suzanne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor four weeks, groups of eight male and eight female F344/N rats were fed diets containing 15.5, 20, 30 or 40% of energy (en%) as fat. The fat was composed of corn oil and beef tallow with 9 en% from linoleate in all diets. Females had greater mean hepatic α‐tocopherol levels, whereas males had greater plasma α‐tocopherol and cholesterol concentrations. In males, the plasma ratio of α‐tocopherol/cholesterol was significantly greater than in females (P<0.05). Plasma α‐tocopherol increased with increasing en% fat (r=0.51,P<0.001) in both sexes, but dietary fat did not alter hepatic α‐tocopherol levels. These results suggest that plasma α‐tocopherol may serve as a biomarker of total dietary fat intake and that in F344/N rats gender differences affect α‐tocopherol and cholesterol status.
The absorption of fish oils and concentrates
Authors: Ackman R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth preventive and curative therapies have created a considerable demand for eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The most common sources for ω3 fatty acids are fish oil. The concentrations of EPA and DHA in commercial oils, after modest enrichment, reach about 300 mg/g; alternative technologies can produce reasonably priced fish oils containing 400 or even 500 mg/g of ω3 acids. When the acids are liberated from the glycerides, concentrates of ethyl esters or free acids with 65 to 70% total ω3 fatty acids (at least 50% EPA+DHA) are readily prepared. Difficulties have arisen because most clinical trials have used fish oils of unspecified composition, and some trials are now based on either ethyl esters or free acids. There are at least three different, but not mutually exclusive, absorption routes in humans, namely the preduodenal route, the lymphatic routevia chylomicrons, and the routevia the portal vein to the liver. This makes it difficult to compare results. The difficulty in obtaining dose‐related clinical data may in part be due to the form in which the ω3 acids are offered and due in part to the natural presence of these fatty acids in the body. The nontriglyceride forms, especially the free acids, have been advocated for standardization of trials to facilitate interlaboratory comparisons.
Human mammary gland function at the onset of lactation: medium‐chain fatty acid synthesis
Authors: Spear M. L. , Bitman J. , Hamosh M. , Wood D. L. , Gavula D. , Hamosh P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe onset of medium‐chain fatty acid synthesis in the human mammary gland was investigated. Colostrum and serum were collected from 31 healthy women and the fatty acid composition of total lipid was analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Although colostrum/serum ratios for most fatty acids range from 0.7–2.4, very low levels of 10∶0 and 12∶0 were present in serum lipids as compared to much higher concentrations of these fatty acids in colostrum lipids (colostrum/serum ratio 16.23 and 17.11 for 10∶0 and 12∶0, respectively). We have previously found that medium‐chain fatty acid levels are very low inprepartum mammary secretions (6–10 wk before term delivery) but are higher and similar in colostrum of women who deliver preterm (3–14 wk) or at full term. The data indicate that parturition, irrespective of length of pregnancy, is the trigger for medium‐chain fatty acid synthesis in the human mammary gland.