bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Swedish adults
Authors: Ekelund Ulf , Sepp Hanna , Brage Sören , Becker Wulf , Jakes Rupert , Hennings Mark , Wareham Nicholas J 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the validity of the short, last 7-day, self-administered form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).DesignAll subjects wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days and completed the IPAQ questionnaire on the eighth day. Criterion validity was assessed by linear regression analysis and by modified Bland–Altman analysis. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for classifying respondents according to the physical activity guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.SettingWorkplaces in Uppsala, Sweden.SubjectsOne hundred and eighty-five (87 males) participants, aged 20 to 69 years.ResultsTotal self-reported physical activity (PA) (MET-min day−1) was significantly correlated with average intensity of activity (counts min−1) from accelerometry (r=0.34, P<0.001). Gender, age, education and body mass index did not affect this relationship. Further, subcomponents of self-reported PA (time spent sitting, time in PA, time in moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA)) were significantly correlated with objectively measured PA (P<0.05). Self-reported time in PA was significantly different from time measured by accelerometry (mean difference: −25.9 min day−1; 95% limits of agreement: −172 to 120 min day−1; P<0.001). IPAQ identified 77% (specificity) of those who met the current PA guidelines of accumulating more than 30 min day−1 in MVPA as determined by accelerometry, whereas only 45% (sensitivity) of those not meeting the guidelines were classified correctly.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the short, last 7-days version of the IPAQ has acceptable criterion validity for use in Swedish adults. However, the IPAQ instrument significantly overestimated self-reported time spent in PA. The specificity to correctly classify people achieving current PA guidelines was acceptable, whereas the sensitivity was low.
Disentangling women's responses on complex dietary intake patterns from an Indian cross-sectional survey: a latent class analysis
Authors: Padmadas Sabu S , Dias José G , Willekens Frans J 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the degree of individual heterogeneity related to complex dietary behaviour and to further examine the associations of different dietary compositions with selected characteristics.DesignLatent class analysis was applied to data from the recent cross-sectional National Family Health Survey that collected information on the intake frequency of selected foods. Different responses regarding intake frequency were condensed into a set of five meaningful latent clusters representing different dietary patterns and these clusters were then labelled based on the reported degree of diet mixing.SettingIndian states.SubjectsIn total, 90 180 women aged 15–49 years.ResultsThree clusters were predominantly non-vegetarian and two were vegetarian. A very high or high mixed-diet pattern was observed particularly in the southern and a few north-eastern states. Many women in the very high mixed-diet cluster consumed mostly non-green/leafy vegetables on a daily basis, and fruits and other non-vegetarian diet on a weekly basis. In contrast, those in the low mixed-diet cluster consumed more than three-fifths of the major vegetarian diet ingredients alone on a daily basis. The affluent group that represented the low mixed-diet cluster were primarily vegetarians and those who represented the very high mixed-diet cluster were mostly non-vegetarians. The significant interrelationships of different characteristics highlight not only socio-economic, spatial and cultural disparities related to dietary practices, but also the substantial heterogeneity in diet mixing behaviour.ConclusionsThe results of this study confirmed our hypothesis of heterogeneous dietary behaviour of Indian women and yielded useful policy-oriented results which might be difficult to establish otherwise.
Eating rough: food sources and acquisition practices of homeless young people in Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Booth Sue 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the food sources and acquisition practices used by homeless youth in Adelaide. This work is part of a larger study that aimed to examine the extent and nature of food insecurity among homeless youth.DesignCross-sectional design involving quantitative and qualitative methods.SettingFour health and welfare inner-city agencies serving homeless youth in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsA sample of 150 homeless youth aged between 15 and 24 years recruited from these agencies. Fifteen were selected via snowball sampling for interview.ResultsUse of welfare food sources was high (63%). Food from welfare agencies was supplemented by unorthodox food acquisition methods such as theft (65%), begging for money for food (61%), begging for food items (44%) and asking for help from friends and relatives (34%). Reasons given for non-usage of welfare food services included affordability, access, being too busy, shame or embarrassment.ConclusionsFood insecurity is a salient issue for some homeless youth in Adelaide. Clarifying food acquisition practices of food-insecure homeless youth is essential for rational planning and improvement of food-related services to meet their needs. Such an understanding also underpins the development of broader public policy responses that improve individual and household skills and resources to acquire food and ensure food security. Nutrition professionals, welfare professionals and policy-makers need to work sensitively with welfare food agencies and others to improve food access and food security for homeless youth.
The Women's Health Initiative. What is on trial: nutrition and chronic disease? Or misinterpreted science, media havoc and the sound of silence from peers?
Authors: Lissner Lauren , Majem Lluis Serra , Vaz de Almeida Maria Daniel , Berg Christina , Hughes Roger , Cannon Geoffrey , Thorsdottir Inga , Kearney John , Gustafsson Jan-Å , Rafter Joseph , Elmadfa Lbrahim , Kennedy Nick 
Published: March 2006

SummaryThe first results of the Women's Health Initiative dietary intervention trial were published in the USA in February. This is a colossal intervention designed to see if diets lower in fat and higher in fruits, vegetables and grains than is usual in high-income countries reduce the incidence of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, heart disease and other chronic diseases, in women aged 50–79 years. As interpreted by US government media releases, the results were unimpressive. As interpreted by a global media blitz, the results indicate that food and nutrition has little or
nothing to do with health and disease. But the trial was in key respects not reaching its aims, was methodologically controversial, and in any case has not produced the reported null results. What should the public health nutrition profession do about such messes?
A dynamic programming algorithm for binning microbial community profiles
Authors: Ruan Quansong , Steele Joshua A. , Schwalbach Michael S. , Fuhrman Jed A. , Sun Fengzhu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Motivation: A number of community profiling approaches have been widely used to study the microbial community composition and its variations in environmental ecology. Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) is one such technique. ARISA has been used to study microbial communities using 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer length heterogeneity at different times and places. Owing to errors in sampling, random mutations in PCR amplification, and probably mostly variations in readings from the equipment used to analyze fragment sizes, the data read directly from the fragment analyzer should not be used for down stream statistical analysis. No optimal data preprocessing methods are available. A commonly used approach is to bin the reading lengths of the 16S–23S intergenic spacer. We have developed a dynamic programming algorithm based binning method for ARISA data analysis which minimizes the overall differences between replicates from the same sampling location and time.
Results: In a test example from an ocean time series sampling program, data preprocessing identified several outliers which upon re-examination were found to be because of systematic errors. Clustering analysis of the ARISA from different times based on the dynamic programming algorithm binned data revealed important features of the biodiversity of the microbial communities.
Availability: The algorithm is implemented in a software package and it is available upon request from the corresponding author.
Contact: fsun@usc.edu
β2-Adrenoceptor Genotype Affects Vasopressor Requirements during Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Smiley Richard M. , Blouin Jean-Louis , Negron Maria , Landau Ruth 
Published: March 2006

Background
Maternal hypotension is common after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. There is wide variability in the incidence and severity of hypotension and in the response to treatment. The beta2 adrenoceptor (beta2AR) possesses several polymorphic sites. Codons 16 (Arg16Gly) and 27 (Glu27Gln) have been shown to affect desensitization of the receptor. The goal of this study was to determine whether genetic variants of the beta2AR alter incidence of hypotension or the amount of vasopressor treatment required during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.

Methods
One hundred seventy healthy women undergoing elective cesarean delivery were studied. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 12 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine, 25 microg fentanyl, and 200 microg morphine. Hypotension was treated with ephedrine and/or phenylephrine intravenously, and beta2AR genotype at codons 16 and 27 was determined. Analysis of variance was used to compare variables between genotypes, with data expressed as mean +/- SD.

Results
Ephedrine or phenylephrine was used in more than 90% of patients, with no difference in the incidence of hypotension between beta2AR genotypes. However, there was a significant effect of genotype on the amount of vasopressor required. Gly16 homozygotes received significantly less ephedrine (18 +/- 14 mg) than Arg16 homozygotes (28 +/- 13 mg) and Arg16Gly heterozygotes (30 +/- 20 mg; P = 0.0005). Glu27 homozygotes required significantly less ephedrine than Gln 27 homozygotes (14 +/- 13 vs. 30 +/- 19 mg; P = 0.002). Gln27Glu heterozygotes received less ephedrine than Gln27 homozygotes (23 +/- 16 vs. 30 +/- 19 mg; P = 0.03).

Conclusions
Glycine at position 16 and/or glutamate at position 27 of the beta2AR leads to lower vasopressor use for treatment of hypotension during spinal anesthesia.
A New Equal Area Method to Calculate and Represent Physiologic, Anatomical, and Alveolar Dead Spaces
Authors: Tang Yongquan , Turner Martin J. , Baker A Barry 
Published: March 2006

Background
Physiologic dead space is usually estimated by the Bohr-Enghoff equation or the Fletcher method. Alveolar dead space is calculated as the difference between anatomical dead space estimated by the Fowler equal area method and physiologic dead space. This study introduces a graphical method that uses similar principles for measuring and displaying anatomical, physiologic, and alveolar dead spaces.

Methods
A new graphical equal area method for estimating physiologic dead space is derived. Physiologic dead spaces of 1,200 carbon dioxide expirograms obtained from 10 ventilated patients were calculated by the Bohr-Enghoff equation, the Fletcher area method, and the new graphical equal area method and were compared by Bland-Altman analysis. Dead space was varied by varying tidal volume, end-expiratory pressure, inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio, and inspiratory hold in each patient.

Results
The new graphical equal area method for calculating physiologic dead space is shown analytically to be identical to the Bohr-Enghoff calculation. The mean difference (limits of agreement) between the physiologic dead spaces calculated by the new equal area method and Bohr-Enghoff equation was -0.07 ml (-1.27 to 1.13 ml). The mean difference between new equal area method and the Fletcher area method was -0.09 ml (-1.52 to 1.34 ml).

Conclusions
The authors' equal area method for calculating, displaying, and visualizing physiologic dead space is easy to understand and yields the same results as the classic Bohr-Enghoff equation and Fletcher area method. All three dead spaces--physiologic, anatomical, and alveolar--together with their relations to expired volume, can be displayed conveniently on the x-axis of a carbon dioxide expirogram.
Halothane Does Not Inhibit the Functional Coupling between the β2-Adrenergic Receptor and the GαsHeterotrimeric G Protein
Authors: Hayashi Masao , Penheiter Sumedha G. , Nakayama Tetsuzo , Penheiter Alan R. , Warner David O. , Jones Keith A. 
Published: March 2006

Background
This study investigated whether halothane affects the functional coupling between the beta2 adrenergic receptor and the alpha subunit of its cognate stimulatory heterotrimeric guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein (Galphas). The authors hypothesized that halothane does not affect isoproterenol-promoted guanosine nucleotide exchange at Galphas and hence would not affect isoproterenol-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle.

Methods
Halothane effects on isoproterenol-induced inhibition of calcium sensitivity were measured in permeabilized porcine airway smooth muscle. Galphas nucleotide exchange was measured in crude membranes prepared from COS-7 cells transfected to transiently coexpress the human beta1 or beta2 receptor each with human short Galphas. A radioactive, nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, [S]GTPgammaS, was used as the reporter for nucleotide exchange at Galphas.

Results
Halothane (0.75 mm, approximately 2.8 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC] in pigs) did not affect isoproterenol-induced inhibition of calcium sensitivity. Isoproterenol caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in Galphas nucleotide exchange. Halothane, even at concentrations of 1.5 mm (approximately 5.6 MAC), had no effect on basal Galphas nucleotide exchange in the absence of isoproterenol, whereas halothane inhibited isoproterenol-promoted Galphas nucleotide exchange in both the beta1-Galphas and beta2-Galphas expressing membranes. However, the effect was significantly greater on beta1-Galphas coupling compared with beta2-Galphas coupling, with no effect on beta2-Galphas coupling at 2.8 MAC halothane.

Conclusion
Halothane does not inhibit the biochemical coupling between the beta2 receptor and Galphas and hence does not affect the inhibition of calcium sensitivity induced by isoproterenol. Therefore, halothane should not affect the efficacy of beta2 agonists, as suggested by studies of in vivo animal models of asthma.
Discontinuous Monitoring of Propofol Concentrations in Expired Alveolar Gas and in Arterial and Venous Plasma during Artificial Ventilation
Authors: Grossherr Martin , Hengstenberg Andreas , Meier Torsten , Dibbelt Leif , Gerlach Klaus , Gehring Hartmut 
Published: March 2006

Background
Analyzing propofol concentration in expired alveolar gas (cPA) may be considered as a convenient, noninvasive method to follow the propofol concentration in plasma (cPPL). In the current study, the authors established procedures to measure cPA and cPPL for the assessment of their relation in two animal models during anesthesia.

Methods
Expired alveolar gas and mixed venous and arterial blood were simultaneously sampled during continuous application of propofol for general anesthesia to three goats and three pigs. Propofol infusion rates were varied to modify plasma concentrations. cPA, sampled cumulatively over several respiratory cycles, was quantified by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. cPPL was determined using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Results
cPA ranged from 0 to 1.4 and from 0 to 22 parts per billion in goats and pigs, respectively, at cPPL of 0-8 microg/ml. The relation between cPA and cPPL was linear; however, the slopes of the regression lines varied between animals.

Conclusion
Propofol can be quantified in expired alveolar gas. The results stress the role of marked species-specific variability.
Cutaneous mesenchymal hamartoma with mixed myogenous differentiation
Authors: Schrecengost John Edwin , Tabbara Sana , Patterson James , Wick Mark R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract:A 3‐month‐old infant girl presented with a polypoid lesion in the perianal region. No changes in this lesion had been noted since birth. Microscopic examination of the excised specimen showed a mixture of mesenchymal elements, dominated by haphazard thin fascicles of skeletal muscle. Collagen and vascular changes were also apparent. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for muscle‐specific actin and desmin in the fascicular components of the lesion, and smooth muscle actin, desmin, and h‐caldesmon positivity in a haphazard collection of muscle fibers in the deep dermis and anal submucosa. Numerous Verhoeff‐van Gieson positive elastic fibers were also noted. Hamartomas containing skeletal muscle have rarely been reported outside of the head and neck region. They must be distinguished from a variety of other tumors, including juvenile rhabdomyoma, benign Triton tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Intraepithelial sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid misdiagnosed as Bowen's disease
Authors: Leibovitch Igal , Selva Dinesh , Huilgol Shyamala , Davis Garry , Dodd Thomas , James Craig L. 
Published: March 2006

Background:  Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is well known for its ability to masquerade clinically and histologically as a variety of periocular conditions resulting in a delayed diagnosis. We present a series of periocular SC cases and discuss the difficulties in histopathological diagnosis when this tumor presents with a Bowenoid pattern of intraepithelial spread.Methods:  A retrospective case study of all patients with SC of the eyelid treated in our Hospital, from 1997 to 2004, was conducted.Results:  Eight patients were identified (four females and four males). Seven cases involved the upper eyelid. Initial clinical diagnoses included blepharitis (three cases), blepharoconjunctivitis (one case), cicatrizing conjunctivitis (one case), and lid lesions (two cases). Histopathologically, 87.5% of cases were misdiagnosed as Bowen's disease (BD) on the initial biopsy. Six of these cases showed no invasive disease on the initial biopsy and were eventually found to be invasive SC on subsequent excisions. In one case, the tumor was wholly in situ. Delay in diagnosis ranged from 0 to 56 months.Conclusions:  SC should always be considered in the histological differential diagnosis of any eyelid lesion which resembles BD, particularly if the upper eyelid is involved or if multivacuolated cytoplasmic clear cell changes are seen.
Association of plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 proteolytic cascade with blood–CNS barrier damage of angiostrongyliasis
Authors: Chen Ke‐Min , Liu Jer‐Yuh , Lai Shih‐Chan , Hsu Li‐Sung , Lee Hsiu‐Hsiung 
Published: March 2006

SummaryBlood–central nervous system (blood–CNS) barrier breakdown, an important pathophysiological event in meningitis, results in extravasation of leucocytes into subarachnoid space. The blood–CNS barrier disruption is mediated by primarily two enzyme systems, the plasminogen activators (PAs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The present study showed that the activities of tissue‐type PA (tPA), urokinase‐type activator (uPA) and MMP‐9 in cerebrospinal‐like fluid (CSF‐like fluid) were significantly increased in mice with eosinophilic meningitis compared with uninfected mice. Eosinophilia significantly correlated with tPA, uPA and MMP‐9 activities, and albumin concentration. In addition, when GM6001, a specific matrix metalloproteinase blocker, was injected into infected mice, MMP‐9 activity and total protein concentrations declined from their preinjection highs. These results suggest that the PAs and MMP‐9 proteolytic cascade may be associated with blood–CNS barrier disruption in eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Intragranulomatous necrosis in pulmonary granulomas is not related to resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in experimental murine models induced by aerosol
Authors: Guirado Evelyn , Gordillo Sergi , Gil Olga , Díaz Jorge , Tapia Gustavo , Vilaplana Cristina , Ausina Vicenç , Cardona Pere‐Joan 
Published: March 2006

SummaryIntragranulomatous necrosis is a primary feature in the natural history of human tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, this phenomenon is not usually seen in the experimental TB murine model. Artificial induction of this necrosis in pulmonary granulomas (INPG) may be achieved through aerosol inoculation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 3 weeks after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. At week 9 post‐infection, the centre of primary granulomas became larger, showing eosinophilic necrosis. Interestingly, INPG induction was related to mice strains C57BL/6 and 129/Sv, but not to BALB/c and DBA/2. Furthermore, the same pattern was obtained with the induction of infection using a clinical M. tuberculosis strain (UTE 0335R) that naturally induces INPG. In all the mice strains tested, the study of pulmonary mRNA expression revealed a tendency to increase or to maintain the expression of RANTES, interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor and iNOS, in both LPS‐ and UTE 0335R‐induced INPG, thus suggesting that this response must be necessary but not sufficient for inducing INPG. Our work supports that INPG induction is a local phenomenon unrelated to the resistant (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) or susceptible (129/Sv and DBA/2) background of mice strains against M. tuberculosis infection.
Histopathology in a murine model of anthrax
Authors: Duong Scott , Chiaraviglio Lucius , Kirby James E. 
Published: March 2006

SummarySystemic anthrax infection is usually fatal even with optimal medical care. Further insights into anthrax pathogenesis are therefore urgently needed to develop more effective therapies. Animal models that reproduce human disease will facilitate this research. Here, we describe the detailed histopathology of systemic anthrax infection in A/J mice infected with Bacillus anthracis Sterne, a strain with reduced virulence for humans. Subcutaneous infection leads to systemic disease with multiple pathologies including oedema, haemorrhage, secondary pneumonia and lymphocytolysis. These pathologies bear marked similarity to primary pathologies observed during human disease. Therefore, this simple, small animal model will allow researchers to study the major pathologies observed in humans, while permitting experimentation in more widely available Biosafety Level 2 facilities.