bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacity Choice and Allocation: Strategic Behavior and Supply Chain Performance
Authors: Cachon Gérard P. , Lariviere Martin A. 
Published: November 2008

We consider a simple supply chain in which a single supplier sells to several downstream retailers. The supplier has limited capacity, and retailers are privately informed of their optimal stocking levels. If retailer orders exceed available capacity, the supplier allocates capacity using a publicly known allocation mechanism, a mapping from retailer orders to capacity assignments. We show that a broad class of mechanisms are prone to manipulation: Retailers will order more than they need to gain a more favorable allocation. Another class of mechanisms induces the retailers to order exactly their needs, thereby revealing their private information. However, there does not exist a truth-inducing mechanism that maximizes total retailer profits. We also consider the supplier's capacity choice. We show that a manipulable mechanism may lead the supplier to choose a higher level of capacity than she would under a truth-inducing mechanism. Nevertheless, her choice will appear excessively restrictive relative to the prevailing distribution of orders. Furthermore, switching to a truth-inducing mechanism can lower profits for the supplier, the supply chain, and even her retailers. Hence, truth-telling is not a universally desirable goal.
A Linear Programming Approach to the Chemical Equilibrium Problem
Authors: Dantzig George , Johnson Selmer , White Wayne 
Published: November 2008

The well known chemical equilibrium problem is expressed in the form of minimizing the free energy of a mixture in order to compute the chemical composition at equilibrium. By piece-wise linear approximations to the free energy function, the problem becomes a linear program which can be solved by a standard code on a computing machine. Successive approximations give any degree of accuracy.
Rational Systems and Logics of Action: The Factory Situation
Authors: Abruzzi Adam 
Published: November 2008

The field of management science has reached a stage of development where it can profit from the enriched collection of empirical information currently available about factory problems. This information can be useful in the process of constructing a unified theory of management science. It can also be useful by showing to what extent rational models need to be elaborated for an optimum result in applications. The paper shows that rational models intersect in a fundamental way with the value logics of the people affected. The result is that restraints and restrictions arise; these must be taken into account in developing rational techniques for factory activity. Rational techniques, in essence, should supply a framework within which the value logics of the various groups involved can come to equilibrium. A particular technique with this property is the technique of job evaluation. Within the rational base of a job evaluation system, there exist abundant possibilities for the expression of value logics. A particularly revealing example is the existence of the so-called halo effect; this effect can profitably be exploited for making needed local adjustments, always, of course, with the rational base as framework. In summary, the Russian factory system is shown to exhibit similar characteristics. Rational techniques there too are constantly interacting with the value logics of the groups affected. This contradicts the original view that the factory system could be run exclusively by rational means.
A New Approach to the Determination of Replacement Costs
Authors: Olmer Francois J. 
Published: November 2008

The time adjusted minimum average costs of an industrial equipment or process are expressed in terms of the logarithmic decrement of its salvage values. The obsolescence gradient and/or the economic life of the equipment do not enter into the formula of the minimum average costs, which are thus obtained more simply and accurately than through the classical estimation procedures.
Inter-Temporal Analysis and Optimization of Bank Portfolios
Authors: Chambers D. , Charnes A. 
Published: November 2008

This paper is concerned with formulating, exploring and interpreting the uses and constructs which may be derived from a mathematical model of programming type which expresses more realistically than past efforts the actual conditions of current operations. It is an attempt to provide a means of attaining thereby an objective understanding of the implications of actual Federal Reserve liquidity policy on the actions and opportunities of banking institutions. The model presented corresponds to the problem of determining an optimal portfolio for an individual bank over several time periods in accordance with requirements laid down by bank examiners which are interpreted as defining limits within which the level of risk associated with the return on the portfolio is an acceptable one. The problem is transformed into an equivalent one offering advantages of analysis and of computation. Some methods of effective computation are explored.
How Rational Should a Manager be?
Authors: Good I. J. 
Published: November 2008

It is often rightly stressed that research workers should learn how to sell their work to managers, by avoiding technical jargon, and by otherwise acquiring skill in exposition. But managers often take a step towards the research men by learning a little science. I wish to advocate that managers should learn to use a little of the language of the theory of rationality, to make judgments of inequalities between probabilities and between utilities, and to understand what it means to be reasonably consistent. In my opinion the consequences would be a great increase in the value of operational research. A brief description of what I mean by rationality is followed by a tentative definition of “degrees of rationality.” Here it seems to be necessary to make use of the notion of rationality of “types I and II.” The remainder of Section 3 is concerned with an elaboration of some aspects of rationality that seem to me to be important, and either somewhat novel or not often enough emphasized in print. In Sections 4 and 5 some of the benefits and difficulties associated with the use of the theory are mentioned.
Optimum Bond Portfolio Selections
Authors: Cheng Pao Lun 
Published: November 2008

This paper is concerned with adapting Dr. Harry M. Markowitz's work on optimum portfolio selection of equity issues to portfolio selection of debt issues for achieving optimum maturity distribution. In establishing the optimum, investor's “tactics” take place of individual securities in Markowitz's analysis. An investor can choose from sets of efficient tactics either to minimize the variance of portfolio return or to maximize expected portfolio return. The model requires similar computational methods advanced by Markowitz himself and by others. It presents an exploration of techniques needed to optimize bond portfolio of financial firms in a way which will allow funds to be re-invested at minimum opportunity loss.
Organization Size and Efficiency: The Choice Between Reading and Writing
Authors: Theil H. 
Published: November 2008

In a recent article in Management Science, F. P. Adler [Adler, F. P. 1960. Relationships between organization size and efficiency. Management Sci. 7 (1, October) 80–84.] developed a simple model to analyze the implications of a growing research organization and the resulting increase of internal mail on the creative productivity of the individual worker of that organization. His approach involves the assumption of a constant fraction of the total written output being read by each individual, and this leads to the interesting conclusion that this total output approaches a finite upper limit when the size of the organization grows indefinitely. In plain terms, this means that when the organization is big enough, everyone devotes his time essentially to reading reports written by others. In this paper an attempt is made to formulate a simple mathematical model which concentrates on the individual's creative output (Section 2); Section 3 contains some brief hints on how to apply it in the framework of an organization.
Comparative Evaluation of Performance Using Multiple Criteria
Authors: Terry Herbert 
Published: November 2008

Comparative evaluation of performance, whether of personnel, products, or projects, may be necessary for purposes of selection, assignment, or improvement. Where multiple criteria are involved, it is useful to derive a single measure which will meaningfully distinguish among the competing items. In deriving such a measure, three factors are significant: 1) The specific purpose of the measure. 2) Type and amount of information available. 3) Relationship between various criteria. Neglect of these factors results in needlessly complicated “scoring” systems or in misleading results. The utility of various techniques is reviewed, and application of a Game Theory approach is discussed in detail.
Obsolescence of Commodities which are Subject to Deterioration in Store
Authors: Eilon Samuel 
Published: November 2008

When the useful life of a commodity in the field (“the field life”) is affected by the time the commodity spends in store prior to issue (“the store-age”), it is necessary to assess under what conditions goods become obsolete in the store before they are issued. Other problems of interest are: What is the total useful field life expected from a given stock-pile and what is the optimal quantity of goods that should be ordered? These problems are discussed for three cases: 1. A stock-pile of identical units 2. A stock-pile of non-identical units 3. A stock-pile of several batches of components. It is further shown that the last case is a general model, from which the first two and several other special cases may be derived.
New Mathematical Methods in Operations Research
Authors: Koopman Bernard O. 
Published: November 2008

On the somewhat infrequent occasions when a mathematician looks at the practical problems of operations research, his first impression is apt to be that only known and elementary parts of mathematics are needed. But if he dwells with the subject longer, his reaction tends to be quite the opposite: he begins to realize that, when rightly conceived and formulated, these practical problems often turn on mathematical questions deep enough to go beyond existing knowledge and to require for their answer research into new mathematical fields. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Reliability of Airborne Radar Equipment
Authors: Boodman David M. 
Published: November 2008

One of the current aims in the design of electronic machines is the development of higher performance equipment utilizing, where possible, automatic control, guidance, and computing features. The incorporation of these features generally results in more complex and, hence, less reliable equipment. Since many situations requiring highly complex machinery also require a high degree of reliability, designers and users alike are confronted with the problems of deciding what degree of reliability in a given operation is acceptable and of determining the degree of complexity in a machine that will decrease the reliability beyond this acceptable value. The present paper examines these questions as they pertain to airborne radar equipment, whose growth in complexity in recent years has paralleled that of Naval electronics in general. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
A Comparison of Stochastic and Direct Methods for the Solution of Some Special Problems
Authors: Thomas L. H. 
Published: November 2008

The amount of computing work required to reach a given precision by stochastic and by various direct methods is estimated for certain special problems. These comprise the evaluation of the definite integrals of functions of various types over multidimensional domains, the solution of partial differential equations over various domains, and problems of multiple scattering. The conclusion is reached that, although stochastic methods may be useful for rough surveys, precise results will usually require much less work by direct methods. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Application of Operations-Research Techniques to Airborne Weapon System Planning
Authors: Bailey Robert A. 
Published: November 2008

It is believed that the extension and application of operations research techniques to systems analysis can improve the basis for decisions on new airborne weapon systems. Although the surface has only been scratched in this field and many things are yet to be learned, experience to date has provided reason for confidence that these methods will prove to be reliable and useful tools for the executive over the years. As experience and know-how increase, and sufficient groups of qualified personnel become available in both industry and the military, such analyses should become recognized as matters of good business procedure. It is to be hoped that in the future standard practice both in industry and in the Department of Defense will require that systems analyses be performed in advance of all basic planning decisions for design and production of future weapon systems. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Sampling Methods in Railroad Accounting
Authors: Van Voorhis W. R. 
Published: November 2008

When a package is shipped by rail from one point to another, a waybill is prepared at the originating freight office. This document shows, among other things, the total freight amount of the shipment. When a less-than-carload (lcl) shipment involves more than one railroad, the revenue from the shipment is apportioned (at the end of each month) among the participating carriers. Theoretically, it would be possible to compute for each individual waybill the required divisions of the revenue, in accordance with existing rate tables, ICC regulations, agreements, routing charts, etc., but, because of the tremendous number of lcl shipments, a monthly ‘100 per cent count’ would be prohibitive from the standpoint of cost and because of the lack of trained personnel. Consequently, railroads have agreed on a ‘percentage plan’ for making lcl ‘interline settlements.’ Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Methods of Reducing Sample Size in Monte Carlo Computations
Authors: Kahn H. , Marshall A. W. 
Published: November 2008

This paper deals with the problem of increasing the efficiency of Monte Carlo calculations. The methods of doing so permit one to reduce the sample size required to produce estimates of a fixed level of accuracy or, alternatively, to increase the accuracy of the estimates for a fixed cost of computation. Few theorems are known with regard to optimal sampling schemes, but several helpful ideas of very general applicability are available for use in designing Monte Carlo sampling schemes. Three of these ideas are discussed and illustrated in simple cases. These ideas are (1) correlation of samples, (2) importance sampling, and (3) statistical estimation. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Operations Analysis in the United States Air Force
Authors: Brothers Leroy A. 
Published: November 2008

Examples of operations analysis done for the United States Air Force are given, together with the author's conclusions as to conditions necessary for successful operations analysis, and an approach to a definition of the term. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
A Comparison of Order Structures for Automatic Digital Computers
Authors: Carter W. C. , Ellis M. 
Published: November 2008

The choice of design parameters of automatic digital computers represents compromises among many factors. Some of these factors are programing convenience, speed of operation, ease of maintenance, efficiency of storage, cost of implementation, number precision, and machine capacity. The choice of particular values of a design parameter is simplified if the effect of the parameter on some of the indicated factors can be measured. A method is developed which results in a numerical measure of the effect of order types on speed and storage efficiency. This method and considerations of equipment cost are applied to a company payroll calculation in order to determine which of two specific order types is preferable. In addition to testing order type, some estimate of the equipment required to implement these order types is made. Only generally accepted features of the organization of automatic digital computers are assumed for this analysis. The example illustrating an application of this method is taken from actual experience and indicates the kind of information designers and potential customers should have in order to evaluate the performance of automatic digital computing equipment. Some of the detailed programing used in illustrating the method is included. Sample tabulations are also included and show how numerical measures of performance are calculated. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Priority Assignment in Waiting Line Problems
Authors: Cobham Alan 
Published: November 2008

There are several commonly occurring situations in which the position of a unit or member of a waiting line is determined by a priority assigned to the unit rather than by its time of arrival in the line. An example is the line formed by messages awaiting transmission over a crowded communication channel in which urgent messages may take precedence over routine ones. With the passage of time a given unit may move forward in the line owing to the servicing of units at the front of the line or may move back owing to the arrival of units holding higher priorities. Though it does not provide a complete description of this process, the average elapsed time between the arrival in the line of a unit of a given priority and its admission to the facility for servicing is useful in evaluating the procedure by which priority assignments are made. Expressions for this quantity are derived for two cases—the single-channel system in which the unit servicing times are arbitrarily distributed (Eq. 3) and the multiple-channel system in which the servicing times are exponentially distributed (Eq. 6). In both cases it is assumed that arrivals occur at random. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Traffic Delays at Toll Booths
Authors: Edie Leslie C. 
Published: November 2008

The collection of vehicular tolls at Port Authority tunnels and bridges is one of the most important operations conducted by the police personnel. More than 250 traffic officers are utilized, and the payroll costs exceed a million dollars annually. In staffing its toll plazas the Port Authority attempts to handle traffic with a minimum number of toll collectors consistent with uniformly good service to the public and properly spaced relief periods for the toll collectors. This requires finding the level of traffic delays that gives the best compromise between the conflicting objectives of economy and service. In the past the number of toll collectors provided for operating a toll plaza was determined by judgment based on experience and a rule-of-thumb work standard which had not been related to service. Judgment was likewise used to allocate manpower and control the number of toll booths opened at any time. This method resulted in patron delays observed to vary from 2 to 50 sec. The tools of probability theory provide methods for dealing with the problem in quantitative terms. They enable determination of the relations between traffic volumes, number of toll booths, and grade of service. With this knowledge the optimum grade of service can be established in a logical manner and the number of toll booths required at any time of day can be specified in advance. Use of this method permitted savings in toll collection expenses and better service. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
A Verification of Lanchester's Law
Authors: Engel J. H. 
Published: November 2008

The validity of Lanchester's equations is demonstrated in an actual combat situation where U.S. forces captured the island of Iwo Jima. The equations tested are dM/dt = P(t) − AN, and dN/dt = −BM, with t the time elapsed since the beginning of the engagement, measured in days; M(t), and N(t) the number of effective friendly and enemy troops, respectively; A and B the friendly and enemy combat loss rates, respectively, per opposing combatant; and P(t) the rate friendly troops enter combat. Information required for the verification is the number of friendly troops put ashore each day and the number of friendly casualties for each day of the engagement, knowledge that enemy troops are not reinforced or withdrawn, the number of enemy troops at the beginning and end of the engagement, and the time T at the end of the engagement. If the number of enemy troops at the beginning of the engagement is not known, but the time, T, when the enemy is destroyed is known, it is still possible to determine whether Lanchester's equations are valid. In the analysis of the capture of Iwo Jima, the equations were found to be applicable. The value of such analyses increases when repeated often enough to permit general conclusions to be drawn. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Optimum Preventative Sampling
Authors: Whittle P. 
Published: November 2008

The situation envisaged is that in which a number of articles of varying value and liability to defect are sampled and inspected, the ultimate aim being not so much to detect defects as to discourage their arisal. General results are obtained (see “The General Equations”), of which the following specific result is typical, under certain circumstances the optimum sampling fraction for those articles having value vi is approximately [Formula: see text] Here F is the predetermined total sampling fraction, vG the geometric mean value of all articles, and C a coefficient measuring the deterrent effect of sampling on carelessness, etc. Under the same circumstances, the ratio of the expected total avoidable loss under optimum sampling to that under uniform sampling is approximately vG/vA, where vA is the arithmetic mean article value. The ratio vA/vG thus provides a measure of the advantage to be expected in using an optimum sampling scheme. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—Simulation by Computation as an Operations Research Tool
Authors: Hurd Cuthbert C. 
Published: November 2008

An object of operations research in business is to apply scientific methodology to the solution of management problems; in particular, the operations-research tool, simulation, in useful. In this paper the simulation employed in two engineering design problems is described, and it is shown that similar methods can be employed in two other management problems: estimation of costs and machine shop loading. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.