bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A software tool: Type‐2 fuzzy logic toolbox
Authors: Ozek Muzeyyen Bulut , Akpolat Zuhtu Hakan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe concept of type‐2 fuzzy set was initially proposed as an extension of classical (type‐1) fuzzy sets. Type‐2 fuzzy sets are very useful in circumstances where it is difficult to determine an exact membership function for a fuzzy set; hence they are very effective for dealing with uncertainties. However, type‐2 fuzzy sets are more difficult to use and understand than type‐1 fuzzy sets. Even in the face of these difficulties, type‐2 fuzzy logic has found applications in many fields. In this article, a new Type‐2 Fuzzy Logic Toolbox written in MATLAB programming language is introduced. The main aim is to help the user to understand and implement type‐2 fuzzy logic systems easily. Type‐2 Fuzzy Logic Controller Block is also prepared for use in SIMULINK. Since general type‐2 fuzzy logic systems are very complicated, they are not preferred in applications. Thus, only interval type‐2 fuzzy logic systems are considered in the proposed Type‐2 Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. Since MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox users are familiar with its windows, all the menus of the developed software are prepared in the same format of the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 137–146, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20138
Solution of weighted finite difference techniques with the advection–diffusion equation using spreadsheets
Authors: Karahan Halil 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study proposes one‐dimensional advection–diffusion equation (ADE) with finite differences method (FDM) using spreadsheet simulation (ADESS). By changing only the values of weighted parameter with ADESS model, solutions are obtained for the FTSC, Upwind and Lax–Wendroff schemes. Two examples which, have the numerical and analytical solutions in literature, are solved in order to test the proposed model. Both examples are solved for three schemes. It has been determined that the Lax–Wendroff scheme is in good agreement with the analytical solution; however the results of FTSC is lower than the analytical solution and the Upwind scheme is higher than the analytical solution. Moreover, it has been obtained that the model accuracy is higher than that of the other models in literature, when the results of the ADESS model are compared with the numerical solutions. Results showed that by changing the input parameters in the ADESS model, the results of the model may easily be examined graphically. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 147–156, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20140
New methodologies in teaching e‐structural mechanics using WWW
Authors: Maiorana Carmelo , Sgarbossa Laura , Salomoni Valentina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA recently initiated phase of experimentation and research in the online Distance Learning (DL) is here described. The project has been developed by the Department of Construction and Transportation Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Padua along with the well‐established e‐learning experience of the SSIS Veneto (Institute for the Formation of Secondary School's Teachers) of Cà Foscari—University of Venice, in collaboration with the webmaster management of TCN‐EnginSoft of Padua. The work deals with teaching methodologies supported by the net, computer communication and information technologies, finalized to give both widespread access to useful resources and to create a more flexible exchange due to net communication. The experimentation of using web‐based technologies to support traditional teaching for working students is described; in fact, Internet‐based innovations offer opportunities for a curriculum improvement to those categories of students who could be considered at a disadvantage, like worker students or students with ear or motion deafness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 189–210, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20167
New Strategies for the Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Hill Matthew D. , Movassaghi Mohammad 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent advances in pyrimidine synthesis are described. Modification of conventional strategies involving N‐C‐N fragment condensation with 1,3‐dicarbonyl derivatives remains a common theme in current literature. Other methods, including N–C fragment condensation strategies, provide reactive intermediates capable of intramolecular cyclization and formation of pyrimidine derivatives. These recently developed methodologies offer a valuable addendum to azaheterocycle synthesis.
Investigation of Biosorption Behavior of Methylene Blue on Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.
Authors: İslek Cemil , Sinağ Ali , Akata Ilgaz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of varying parameters such as dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature on the adsorption capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus is investigated. The commonly available white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is investigated as a viable biomaterial for the biological treatment of synthetic basic methylene blue effluents. The results obtained from the batch experiments reveal the ability of the fungus to remove methylene blue. The performance is dependent on the dye concentration, pH, and fungal biomass. The equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption are investigated and the Langmuir equation is used to fit the equilibrium isotherm. The adsorption isotherm of methylene blue follows only the Langmuir model with a correlation coefficient of ca. 0.96–0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity is ca. 70 mg of dye per g of dry fungus at pH 11, 70 mg L–1 dye, and 0.1 g L–1 fungus concentration, respectively. This study demonstrates that the fungus could be used as an effective biosorbent for the treatment of dye‐containing wastewater streams.
Nucleus paragigantocellularis afferents in male and female rats: Organization, gonadal steroid receptor expression, and activation during sexual behavior
Authors: Normandin Joseph J. , Murphy Anne Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe supraspinal regulation of genital reflexes is poorly understood. The brainstem nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) of rats is a well‐established source of tonic inhibition of genital reflexes. However, the organization, gonadal steroid receptor expression, and activity of nPGi afferents during sex have not been fully characterized in male and female rats. To delineate the anatomical and physiological organization of nPGi afferents, the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold (FG) was injected into the nPGi of sexually experienced male and female rats. Animals engaged in sexual behavior 1 hour before sacrifice. Cells containing FG, estrogen receptor‐α (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), and the immediate‐early gene product Fos were identified immunocytochemically. Retrograde labeling from the nPGi was prominent in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), posterior hypothalamus, precommissural nucleus, deep mesencephalic nucleus, and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of both sexes. Sex differences were observed in the caudal medial preoptic area (MPO), with significantly more FG+ cells observed in males, and in the PAG and inferior colliculus, where significantly more FG+ cells were observed in females. The majority of regions that contained FG+ cells also contained ERα or AR, indicating sensitivity to gonadal steroids. The proportions of FG+ cells that co‐localized with sex‐induced Fos was high in the PVN of both sexes and high in the MPO of males but low in the PAG of both sexes despite the large number of PAG‐nPGi output neurons and Fos+ cells in both sexes. The characterization of these afferents will lead to a further understanding of the neural regulation of genital reflexes. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:771–794, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Domperidone interferes with conditioned disgust reactions but not taste avoidance evoked by a LiCl‐paired taste in infant rats
Authors: Pautassi Ricardo Marcos , Arias Carlos , Molina Juan Carlos , Spear Norman 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRats exhibit taste avoidance and conditioned disgust reactions when stimulated with a tastant paired with lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium‐mediated activation of chemoreceptor nuclei at the brainstem appears to determine the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in adult rodents. Domperidone (DOM), an anti‐emetic drug that does not cross the blood–brain barrier, was employed to analyze mechanisms underlying LiCl‐mediated CTA in infant rats. On postnatal day 13 animals were given DOM followed by a pairing between intraoral saccharin and LiCl. Saccharin consumption at testing was lower in lithium‐treated pups than in controls. DOM did not interfere with this LiCl‐mediated taste avoidance but significantly decreased LiCl‐mediated disgust reactions (head‐shaking and wall climbing). Activation of the emetic system of the brainstem does not seem necessary for the acquisition of LiCl‐mediated conditioned taste avoidance. Yet, these centers seem to be involved in the palatability shift resulting from taste‐LiCl pairings. These results indicate an early dissociation between conditioned disgust reactions and conditioned taste avoidance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 343–352, 2008.
Effects of early weaning on anxiety and prefrontal cortical and hippocampal myelination in male and female wistar rats
Authors: Kodama Yuka , Kikusui Takefumi , Takeuchi Yukari , Mori Yuji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigated developmental changes in myelin formation in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, and behavioral effects of early weaning in Wistar rats. Early‐weaned rats showed decreased numbers of open‐arm entries in an elevated plus‐maze in both sexes at 4 weeks old; this effect persisted in males, but ceased in females after this age. Expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) showed both age‐dependent increases and sex differences; 4‐week‐old males exhibited higher MBP levels in the hippocampus, whereas 7‐week‐old males showed lower MBP levels in the prefrontal cortex compared to females of the same age. There was a tendency for group differences from weaning for the 21.5‐kDa isoform in the prefrontal cortex. Although these results suggest that male rats are more vulnerable than females to early‐weaning effects on anxiety‐related behaviors, further detailed analysis is needed to clarify the functional relationship between myelination and anxiety‐related behaviors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 332–342, 2008.
Rats selectively bred for low levels of 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations exhibit alterations in early social motivation
Authors: Harmon K.M. , Cromwell H.C. , Burgdorf J. , Moskal J.R. , Brudzynski S.M. , Kroes R.A. , Panksepp J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn rats, the rates of 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) can be used as a selective breeding phenotype and variations in this phenotype can be an indicator of affective states. The 50 kHz USV is elicited by rewarding stimuli (e.g., food, sexual behavior) and therefore can express a positive affective state. Conversely, the 22 kHz USV is elicited by aversive stimuli (e.g., presence of a predator, social defeat) indicating a negative affective state. In the present study, we tested the effect of selectively breeding for 50 kHz USVs on a variety of maternal social/emotional behaviors in young rat pups (PND 10‐12). These measures consisted of an assessment of isolation calls and conditioned odor preference paradigm. Results indicate that animals selected for low levels of 50 kHz USVs show the greatest alterations in social behaviors compared to the control animals. The low line animals had an increase in isolation calls tested during place preference conditioning and a decrease in 50 kHz ultrasonic calls in all conditions. These same low line animals failed to show a typical preference for a maternally‐associated odor during the place preference test. The different social behaviors of the high line animals did not consistently vary from those of the control group. These results have important implications for the study of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying emotional states, and possibly contribute to the research underlying the emotional changes in developmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder by providing a novel animal model that displays communication deficits that are interdependent with significant social behavioral impairments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 322–331, 2008.
Could adults be used to improve social skills of young horses, Equus caballus?
Authors: Bourjade Marie , Moulinot Maïc , Henry Séverine , Richard‐Yris Marie‐Annick , Hausberger Martine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigated the effects of the introduction of foreign adults on the behavior of young horses. First, we observed the behavior of 1‐ and 2‐year‐old domestic horses housed in same‐age and same‐sex groups (a standard housing system, but different from a natural situation). Then, two same‐sex adults were introduced into each experimental group. Observations made before, during and after an introduction indicated that young horses reared in homogeneous groups of young had different behaviors compared to other domestic horses reared under more socially natural conditions. After the introduction of adults, young horses expressed new behaviors, preferential social associations emerged, positive social behavior increased and agonistic interactions decreased. These results have important implications both for understanding the influence that adults may have on the behavior of young horses, and in terms of husbandry, indicating the importance of keeping young horses with adults, although further studies are still necessary. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 408–417, 2008.
FGF signaling segregates biliary cell‐lineage from chick hepatoblasts cooperatively with BMP4 and ECM components in vitro
Authors: Yanai Masaaki , Tatsumi Norifumi , Hasunuma Noboru , Katsu Kenjiro , Endo Fumio , Yokouchi Yuji 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) are indispensable for transporting bile secreted from hepatocytes to the hepatic duct. The biliary epithelial cells (BECs) of the IHBD arise from bipotent hepatoblasts around the portal vein, suggesting the portal mesenchyme is essential for their development. However, except for Notch or Activin/TGF‐β signaling molecules, it is not known which molecules regulate IHBD development. Here, we found that FGF receptors and BMP4 are specifically expressed in the developing IHBD and the hepatic mesenchyme, respectively. Using a mesenchyme‐free culture of liver bud, we showed that bFGF and FGF7 induce the hepatoblasts to differentiate into BECs, and that BMP4 enhances bFGF‐induced BEC differentiation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the hepatic mesenchyme induced BEC differentiation. Forced expression of a constitutively active form of the FGF receptor partially induced BEC differentiation markers in vivo. These data strongly suggest that bFGF and FGF7 promote BEC differentiation cooperatively with BMP4 and ECMs in vivo. Developmental Dynamics 237:1268‐1283, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assembly of primary cilia
Authors: Pedersen Lotte B. , Veland Iben R. , Schrøder Jacob M. , Christensen Søren T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPrimary cilia are microtubule‐based, hair‐like sensory organelles present on the surface of most growth‐arrested cells in our body. Recent research has demonstrated a crucial role for primary cilia in regulating vertebrate developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis, and defects in genes involved in primary cilia assembly or function have been associated with a panoply of disorders and diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, left‐right asymmetry defects, hydrocephalus, and Bardet Biedl Syndrome. Here we provide an up‐to‐date review focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in the assembly of primary cilia in vertebrate cells. We present an overview of the early stages of the cilia assembly process, as well as a description of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system. IFT is a highly conserved process required for assembly of almost all eukaryotic cilia and flagella, and much of our current knowledge about IFT is based on studies performed in Chlamydomonas and Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, our review of the IFT literature includes studies performed in these two model organisms. The role of several non‐IFT proteins (e.g., centrosomal proteins) in the ciliary assembly process is also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 237:1993–2006, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nodal and lefty signaling regulates the growth of pancreatic cells
Authors: Zhang You‐Qing , Sterling Lori , Stotland Aleksandr , Hua Hong , Kritzik Marcie , Sarvetnick Nora 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNodal and its antagonist, Lefty, are important mediators specifying the laterality of the organs during embryogenesis. Nodal signals through activin receptors in the presence of its co‐receptor, Cripto. In the present study, we investigated the possible roles of Nodal and Lefty signaling during islet development and regeneration. We found that both Nodal and Lefty are expressed in the pancreas during embryogenesis and islet regeneration. In vitro studies demonstrated that Nodal inhibits, whereas Lefty enhances, the proliferation of a pancreatic cell line. In addition, we showed that Lefty‐1 activates MAPK and Akt phosphorylation in these cells. In vivo blockade of endogenous Lefty using neutralizing Lefty‐1 monoclonal antibody results in a significantly decreased proliferation of duct epithelial cells during islet regeneration. This is the first study to decipher the expression and function of Nodal and Lefty in pancreatic growth. Importantly, our results highlight a novel function of Nodal‐Lefty signaling in the regulation of expansion of pancreatic cells. Developmental Dynamics 237:1255‐1267, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bis‐ and Tris(tetraazamacrocyclic) Copper Complexes with Disulfide Linkers
Authors: Galińska Monika , Korybut‐Daszkiewicz Bohdan , Wawrzyniak Urszula E. , Bilewicz Renata , Śledź Pawel , Kamiński Radosław , Dominiak Paulina , Woźniak Krzysztof 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDi‐ and trinuclear title complexes, 2Cu and 3Cu, containing, respectively, two and three macrocyclic fragments bound by aliphatic linkers with the ‐S–S‐ moieties have been synthesized by using cystamine dihydrochloride in the presence of triethylamine. The structure of the 2Cu complex in the solid state was confirmed by X‐ray analysis. Two macrocyclic rings of 2Cu form a rectangular cavity of size 17.18 Å [S19···S19 (1 – x, –y, –z)] × 3.62 Å. The shorter dimension of the cavity is the shortest observed in bis(macrocycle)s studied by us. The bis(macrocyclic) molecules in the crystal lattice are surrounded by PF6– ions and water molecules. Redox properties of the new compounds were determined by applying various voltammetric techniques. The macrocyclic architectures remained stable in nonaqueous solutions. For the bis‐ and tris(macrocyclic) compounds, the exchange of one electron takes place almost independently at each of the copper centers. The complexes were self‐ assembled at the gold surface to produce stable monolayer‐modified electrodes. The immobilization of these highly charged cations on the electrode required the application of appropriate negative potentials during the self‐assembly process.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Study on the Coordinative Versatility of the Zwitterionic S,N,S Ligand EtNHC(S)­Ph2P=NPPh2C(S)NEt in Its Anionic, Neutral and Cationic Forms – Determination of Absolute pKa Values in CH2Cl2 of RhI Complexes
Authors: Delferro Massimiliano , Cauzzi Daniele , Pattacini Roberto , Tegoni Matteo , Graiff Claudia , Tiripicchio Antonio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe coordination properties of EtNHC(S)Ph2P=NPPh2C(S)NEt (HEtSNS) towards RhI species derived from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and [Rh(cod)Cl]2 (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) were studied. This ligand is an amphoteric zwitterion, which forms the H2EtSNS+ cation upon protonation and the EtSNS– dianion–cation upon deprotonation. All three forms coordinate to metal centers. Their geometrical versatility allows many coordination fashions: S‐monodentate; S,S‐bidentate (with a bite angle spanning from 90 to 180°); S,N,S‐tridentate; N,N,N‐tridentate; and S,S‐bridging, as determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. The [Rh(CO)EtSNS] complex is a biprotic base; its conjugated acids are [Rh(CO)HEtSNS]+ and [Rh(CO)H2EtSNS]2+, and their pKa values were determined in dichloromethane solutions. In this triad of compounds, which are geometrically similar, the RhI metal center features variable charge density as confirmed by the νCO infrared absorption frequency.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Ferromagnetically Coupled Diiron(III) Complex with a m‐Phenylenediamine‐Based Ligand
Authors: Biswas Biplab , Salunke‐Gawali Sunita , Weyhermüller Thomas , Bachler Vinzenz , Bill Eckhard , Chaudhuri Phalguni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Schiff base ligand H2L, N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,3‐diaminobenzene yields a diferric complex, [L2FeIII2(NO3)2] (1), in which the d5 high‐spin iron(III) centers are ferromagnetically coupled through the spin polarization mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Development of a new procedure for lipid extraction from Hevea brasiliensis natural rubber
Authors: Liengprayoon Siriluck , Bonfils Frederic , Sainte‐Beuve Jerome , Sriroth Klanarong , Dubreucq Eric , Vaysse Laurent 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNon‐isoprene components and especially lipids have been reported to be involved in some key properties of natural rubber. Unfortunately, these results are hardly comparable due to different extraction methods. This work aimed to optimize lipid extraction from natural rubber either in the liquid state (latex) or in the dry state (unsmoked sheets). Extraction of unsmoked sheets from the RRIM 600 clone was carried out with different combinations of organic solvents (chloroform/methanol and hexane/isopropanol mixes). Chloroform/methanol (2 : 1 vol/vol) was found to be the most suitable for lipid extraction from unsmoked sheet rubber. The lipid extraction yield was improved by increasing the exchange surfaces by grinding rubber under liquid nitrogen and extracting the ground rubber for 6 h at room temperature, leading to 1.82% lipid extraction yield (versus dry rubber). Concerning latex extraction, the problem of lipid entrapment in the coagulum from immediate coagulation of latex in the solvent was solved by preliminary two times dilution of latex, giving a 3.24% extract (versus dry rubber) containing a minimum quantity of contaminating polyisoprene. Concerning the nature of lipids, dilution increased mainly neutral lipid extraction, which may suggest that neutral lipids were those entrapped by coagulation.
The Introduction of Asymmetry into Alkyl‐Decorated Fréchet‐Type Dendrons
Authors: Constable Edwin C. , Graber Stefan , Hermann B. A. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Malarek Michael S. , Scherer Lukas J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA strategy for the introduction of asymmetry into Fréchet‐type dendrons bearing n‐alkyl chains is described. Starting from a methyl 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoate core, 3,5‐bis(octyloxyphenyl)methoxy and 3,5‐bis(alkoxyphenyl)methoxy units are introduced in a stepwise manner. The method is illustrated by the syntheses of four representative compounds having mixed n‐octyl/n‐butyl, n‐octyl/n‐hexyl, n‐octyl/n‐heptyl and n‐octyl/n‐dodecyl substituents. The new compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)