bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to epithelial lineage
Authors: Păunescu Virgil , Deak Erika , Herman Diana , Siska Ioana Raluca , T˘anasie Gabriela , Bunu Carmen , Anghel Simona , Tatu Calin A. , Oprea Tudor I. , Henschler Reinhard , Rüster Brigitte , Bistrian Roxana , Seifried Erhard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOur study examined whether human bone marrow‐derived MSCs are able to differentiate, in vitro, into functional epithelial‐like cells. MSCs were isolated from the sternum of 8 patients with different hematological disorders. The surface phenotype of these cells was characterized.To induce epithelial differentiation, MSCs were cultured using Epidermal Growth Factor, Keratinocyte Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Insulin‐like growth Factor‐II. Differentiated cells were further characterized both morphologically and functionally by their capacity to express markers with specificity for epithelial lineage. The expression of cytokeratin 19 was assessed by immunocytochemistry, and cytokeratin 18 was evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR (Taq‐man). The data demonstrate that human MSCs isolated from human bone marrow can differentiate into epithelial‐like cells and may thus serve as a cell source for tissue engineering and cell therapy of epithelial tissue.
Colon cancer metastasis in mouse liver is not affected by hypercoagulability due to Factor V Leiden mutation
Authors: Klerk C.P.W. , Smorenburg S.M. , Spek C.A. , Van Noorden C.J.F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClinical trials have shown life‐prolonging effects of antithrombotics in cancer patients, but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown due to the multitude of their effects. We investigated in a mouse model whether one of the targets of antithrombotic therapy, fibrin deposition, stimulates tumour development. Fibrin may provide either protection of cancer cells in the circulation against mechanical stress and the immune system, or form a matrix for tumours and/or angiogenesis in tumours to develop. Mice homozygous for Factor V Leiden (FVL), a mutation in one of the coagulation factors that facilitates fibrin formation, were used to investigate whether hypercoagulability affects tumour development in an experimental metastasis model. Liver metastases of colon cancer were induced in mice with the FVL mutation and wild‐type littermates. At day 21, number and size of tumours at the liver surface, fibrin/fibrinogen distribution, vessel density and the presence of newly formed vessels in tumours were analysed. Number and size of tumours did not differ between mice with and without the FVL mutation. Fibrin/fibrinogen was found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cancer cells, in blood vessels in liver and tumour tissue and diffusely distributed outside vessels in tumours, indicating leaky vessels. Vessel density and angiogenesis varied widely between tumours, but a pre‐dominance for vessel‐rich or vessel‐poor tumours or vessel formation could not be found in either genotype. In conclusion, the FVL mutation has no effect on the development of secondary tumours of colon cancer in livers of mice. Fibrin deposition and thus inhibition of fibrin formation by anticoagulants do not seem to affect tumour development in this model.
Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? –‘Interesting Times’ and the Lesson of ‘A Corner in Lightning’
Authors: Amigoni David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Victorian Literary Studies and future directions. This group of four essays was originally commissioned by Francis O’Gorman (University of Leeds), who also provides an introduction to the cluster.The full cluster is made up of the following articles:‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Introduction’, Francis O’Gorman, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00467.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Revising the Canon, Extending Cultural Boundaries, and the Challenge of Interdisciplinarity’, Joanne Shattock, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00468.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? –“Interesting Times” and the Lesson of “A Corner in Lightning”’, David Amigoni, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00469.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Historicism, Collaboration and Digital Editing’, Valerie Sanders, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00470.x.‘Where Next in Victorian Literary Studies? – Historicism and Hospitality’, John Bowen, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00471.x.***The question ‘where next in Victorian literary studies’ involves thinking simultaneously about the revolution in communications which constituted Victorian culture, and the digital revolution of our present. The article considers the challenges faced by Victorian literary studies in a number of contexts: the production and dissemination of contemporary scholarship; interdisciplinarity as evidenced in the science‐literature relationship; the question of periodisation as evidenced in the study of the Victorian novel and historiography; and finally the question of the ‘globalising’ turn in Victorian Studies which is illustrated through a reading of George Griffiths's 1898 scientific romance ‘A Corner in Lightning’.
A “Dignitary Tort” as a Bridge between the Idea of Informed Consent and the Law of Informed Consent
Authors: Meisel Alan 
Published: July 2007

More than 30 years have passed since the phrase informed consent was first uttered in a judicial opinion. Jay Katz's own ground-breaking work on informed consent is now more than 10 years old, and the insights ofThe Silent World of Doctor and Patientare so constantly fresh that it is easy to forget it too was not just recently published. While trying to develop some new thoughts about informed consent for this essay—a task made virtually impossible by Jay's work—I had reviewed an article by Professor Joseph Goldstein, one of Jay's frequent collaborators. Goldstein recounted discovering an index card he had written almost 30 years earlier (ironically for me, the year I was born) containing some notes about Harold Lasswell's work. Not only is law a seamless web, it is a timeless one.Jay's work on informed consent is pervaded by a timeless theme that I wish to address here: how the dignity of the individual, the shining beacon of the idea of informed consent, is sorely neglected in the law of informed consent.
Professional Liability and the Quality of Mental Health Care
Authors: Bonnie Richard J. 
Published: July 2007

Any lawyer in a gathering of health professionals, especially physicians, can expect to be bombarded by complaints about the law of professional liability and the high cost of malpractice insurance. It is well-established, of course, that the number of medical malpractice claims significantly increased in the 1960s, precipitating the first insurance crisis in the early 1970s, and leading to a wave of legislative reforms. Now, after a quiescent period, the number of claims filed and the cost of insurance are rising again, and the legislatures have responded with a new wave of reforms.According to the American Medical Association's socio-economic monitoring system, the number of claims filed against physicians increased from an average annual rate of 3.2 per 100 physicians before 1981 to 8.2 from 1981-1984 and to 10.1 in 1985. The annual cost of insurance premiums, which had increased only by 4 percent per year from 1976 to 1982, increased by an annual average of 21.9 percent between 1983 and 1985. The cost of insurance represents about 4 percent of the gross revenues of the average self-employed physician.
The Silent World of Collaborators from Different Disciplines
Authors: Goldstein Joseph 
Published: July 2007

For ten years, starting in 1958, Jay Katz and I were each other's teachers and each other's students in a teaching and writing collaboration at the Yale Law School. What was the nature of the collaborative relationship that Jay the physician-psychiatrist-psychoanalyst-in-training and I, trained in law and political science, expected to establish? Were we making informed choices when we entered into, carried out and ended our collaboration? Did we recome and acknowledge to ourselves and to each other why we were doing what we did? In accord with Jay's prescriptions in The Silent World of Doctor and Patient—a monumental contribution to our thinking about another collaboration—did we seek to help each other understand the decisions we had reached?A word, first, about the kind of collaboration described in this essay. In a fundamental sense all intellectual and scholarly work—even work in the creative arts—is collaborative. All who engage in these activities build on or respond to the work of others.
“I Think I Do”: Another Perspective on Consent and the Law
Authors: Baker Lynn A. 
Published: July 2007

The doctrine of informed consent, introduced by the courts in 1957, is but one of many legally imposed duties to disclose to arise over the last several decades. In myriad areas of everyday life, including medical decision-making, the law has come to require that a person or entity with presumptively superior information as to risks, contents, or consequences take affirmative steps to disclose that information at the time another individual is faced with a decision for which it might prove pertinent.Such disclosure requirements underscore the values of individual liberty and self-determination that are at the core of our rights-based legal system. Rather than directly and more paternalistically regulating citizen behavior by, for example, simply prohibiting a given riskcreating activity, the State takes the less intrusive step of mandating that the individual be provided information that might affect her behavior.
Pandemic Influenza: Public Health Preparedness for the Next Global Health Emergency
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. 
Published: July 2007

The threat posed by avian influenza appears to be rising, yet global and national health programs are preparing only fitfully. A lethal form of avian flu has rooted itself deeply into the poultry flocks of poor Asian countries that will have a hard time eradicating it. Every so often a sick bird infects a human, who usually dies from the encounter, and on rare occasions the virus seems to have spread from one person to another before the chain of infection dies out. All it would take to set off a raging global pandemic would be for the virus to mutate into a form that is readily transmissible among humans.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) garnered a great deal of public attention because it was novel and its potential for spread was unknown. However, the SARS corona virus is significantly less virulent than pandemic influenza viral infections.
What are the Limits of Bioethics in a Culturally Pluralistic Society?
Authors: Bowman Kerry 
Published: July 2007

Modern bioethics, which is based on Western moral philosophy and Western biomedical perspectives, has evolved within a complex, highly individualistic culture that draws a sharp distinction between church and state and tolerates a multitude of values. This discipline defines its principles in secular and objective terms that often are bewildering to people of non-Western origin. Despite much discourse, principlism remains the fundamental framework of bioethics. Principlism is held in such high regard that many bioethicists equate autonomy with personhood, as if autonomy exists independently of specific beliefs and commitments.In addition, we continue to minimize the substantial differences in the way people of different cultures perceive, experience, and explain illness, although our views of the potential cultural limitations of Western medicine have grown and expanded in recent years. At the heart of it we continue to be tied to a biomedical focus that largely neglects the context of the situation.
Carbapenemases: the Versatile β-Lactamases
Authors: Queenan Anne Marie , Bush Karen 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYCarbapenemases are β-lactamases with versatile hydrolytic capacities. They have the ability to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Bacteria producing these β-lactamases may cause serious infections in which the carbapenemase activity renders many β-lactams ineffective. Carbapenemases are members of the molecular class A, B, and D β-lactamases. Class A and D enzymes have a serine-based hydrolytic mechanism, while class B enzymes are metallo-β-lactamases that contain zinc in the active site. The class A carbapenemase group includes members of the SME, IMI, NMC, GES, and KPC families. Of these, the KPC carbapenemases are the most prevalent, found mostly on plasmids inKlebsiella pneumoniae. The class D carbapenemases consist of OXA-type β-lactamases frequently detected inAcinetobacter baumannii. The metallo-β-lactamases belong to the IMP, VIM, SPM, GIM, and SIM families and have been detected primarily inPseudomonas aeruginosa; however, there are increasing numbers of reports worldwide of this group of β-lactamases in theEnterobacteriaceae. This review updates the characteristics, epidemiology, and detection of the carbapenemases found in pathogenic bacteria.
Setting and Revising Antibacterial Susceptibility Breakpoints
Authors: Turnidge John , Paterson David L. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY
Clinical microbiology laboratories need to communicate results of antibacterial susceptibility testing to prescribers. Sophisticated prescribers who are knowledgeable of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterials may desire no more information than the MIC of the drug in question. However, most prescribers require interpretation of antibacterial susceptibility testing results. Breakpoints can assist in determining if an antibacterial is potentially useful in the treatment of a bacterial infection. Breakpoints should be set prior to an antibacterial being used clinically. Breakpoint setting requires integration of knowledge of the wild-type distribution of MICs, assessment of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of the antibacterial, and study of the clinical outcome of infections when the antibacterial is used. It is mandatory that breakpoints be reviewed when antibacterial agents have been in clinical use for some time, particularly if mechanisms of bacterial resistance to the drug have been described. In general, greater amounts of information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an antibacterial are available when breakpoints need to be revised. However, the opportunity to conduct randomized clinical studies of an antibacterial declines after the drug has been released commercially. Well-designed observational clinical studies are therefore necessary in order to provide reliable data to inform those reevaluating breakpoints. Breakpoint-setting organizations may also play a role in developing phenotypic tests for detection of resistance mechanisms, as this information may complement use of the breakpoint in some circumstances.
Identifying Latent Classes of Adults at Risk for Skin Cancer Based on Constitutional Risk and Sun Protection Behavior
Authors: Steffen Alana D. , Glanz Karen , Wilkens Lynne R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Objective: This study used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify homogeneous subgroups of individuals at risk for skin cancer on the basis of their risk factors and sun protection habits to understand patterns of sun exposure and sun protection behaviors.
Method: Adults (n = 725), screened to be at risk for skin cancer, were recruited through primary care physicians and completed the mailed baseline survey as part of a skin cancer prevention trial. LCA was used to identify homogeneous subgroups, on the basis of skin cancer risk and usual sun habits, by sex. LCA solutions were then validated by assessing if class predicted differences in sun exposure, recent sunburn, outdoor activities, attitudes toward tanning, and demographics.
Results: Females and males were divided into four and three classes, respectively, that reflected the level of sun protection habits and showed that these habits were greater for those with higher constitutional risk for skin cancer. The classes seemed to represent a continuum of sun protection efforts rather than distinct patterns of protection behaviors. Females were distinguished on their use of all habits assessed whereas males, who reported less use of sun protection overall, only differed in their use of sunscreen. Females using more protection reported less sunburn whereas males using less protection reported less sunburn. However, all subgroups reported significant annual prevalence of sunburn (including mild) of 48% to 83%.
Conclusion: LCA can distinguish subgroups of at-risk adults that are relevant and valid. This technique is recommended for targeting intervention efforts when individual tailoring is not feasible. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1422–7)
The Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway as a Potential Target for Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Kopelovich Levy , Fay Judith R. , Sigman Caroline C. , Crowell James A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key signaling node coordinating cell cycle progression and cell growth in response to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental conditions. Pathways involved in mTOR signaling are dysregulated in precancerous human tissues. These findings, together with the intriguing possibility that mTOR suppression may be associated with antitumor actions of caloric restriction, suggest that mTOR signaling may be an important target for chemopreventive drugs. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1330–40)
Anthropometry and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: An Illustration of the Importance of Microscopic Verification
Authors: Verhage Bas A.J. , Schouten Leo J. , Goldbohm R. Alexandra , van den Brandt Piet A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Using data collected of a large population-based cohort study, we studied the association between anthropometric factors and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we investigated whether these associations differ among microscopically confirmed pancreatic cancer (MCPC) cases and non-MCPC (NMCPC) cases. The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer started in 1986 (120,852 men and women) and uses the case-cohort methodology. After 13.3 years of follow-up, 446 pancreatic cancer cases (of which 65% was microscopically confirmed) and 4,774 subcohort members were available for analysis. The multivariable incidence rate ratio of MCPC of men was 1.10 per increment of 1 kg·m−2 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.18). Women had a rate ratio of MCPC of 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.13). Obese men [body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg·m−2] had a 2.6-fold increased risk of MCPC compared with men with BMI 23 to 25 kg·m−2. For women, this increase in risk was 1.7-fold. Change in BMI between age 20 years and baseline was also associated with MCPC in both men and women. In men and women, none of these associations were observed for NMCPC, with the exception of the increased risk for pancreatic cancer in obese men. We observed statistically significant associations between both BMI, gain in BMI, and pancreatic cancer risk. These associations are observed only in MCPC and not in NMCPC. If MCPC and NMCPC had been considered as one group, the reported associations would not have been detected. These findings stress the need to evaluate heterogeneity among pancreatic cancer cases in etiologic studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1449–54)
How I treat chronic myeloid leukemia in the imatinib era
Authors: Goldman John M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough it is now generally accepted that imatinib is the best initial treatment for patients newly diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase, a number of questions remain unanswered. For example, (1) Is imatinib the best initial treatment for every chronic-phase patient? (2) At what dose should imatinib be started? (3) How should response to treatment be monitored? (4) For how long should the drug be continued in patients who have achieved and maintain a complete molecular response? (5) How does one handle a patient who achieves a 2-log but not a 3-log reduction in BCR-ABL transcripts? (6) How should response or failure be defined? (7) For the patient deemed to have failed imatinib, should one offer dasatinib or nilotinib? (8) For the patient who has failed imatinib but has a possible allogeneic transplant donor, should one offer dasatinib or nilotinib before recommending a transplantation? (9) Should the transplantation be myeloablative or reduced intensity conditioning? (10) How should one treat the patient who relapses after allografting? This paper will address these issues, many of which cannot yet be answered definitively.
Fungal CSL transcription factors
Authors: Převorovský Martin , Půta František , Folk Petr 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The CSL (C BF1/RBP-Jκ/S uppressor of Hairless/L AG-1) transcription factor family members are well-known components of the transmembrane receptor Notch signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in metazoan development. They function as context-dependent activators or repressors of transcription of their responsive genes, the promoters of which harbor the GTG(G/A)GAA consensus elements. Recently, several studies described Notch-independent activities of the CSL proteins.

Results
We have identified putative CSL genes in several fungal species, showing that this family is not confined to metazoans. We have analyzed their sequence conservation and identified the presence of well-defined domains typical of genuine CSL proteins. Furthermore, we have shown that the candidate fungal protein sequences contain highly conserved regions known to be required for sequence-specific DNA binding in their metazoan counterparts. The phylogenetic analysis of the newly identified fungal CSL proteins revealed the existence of two distinct classes, both of which are present in all the species studied.

Conclusion
Our findings support the evolutionary origin of the CSL transcription factor family in the last common ancestor of fungi and metazoans. We hypothesize that the ancestral CSL function involved DNA binding and Notch-independent regulation of transcription and that this function may still be shared, to a certain degree, by the present CSL family members from both fungi and metazoans.