bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconfiguring North–South Solidarity: Critical Reflections on Experiences of Transnational Resistance
Authors: Sundberg Juanita 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a critical reflection on transnational solidarity between the movement to close the School of the Americas in the United States and H.I.J.@.S.‐Vancouver, made up of Latin Americans living in exile in Canada. We analyze what solidarity looks and feels like from the insiders' perspective in order to critically reflect on the ways in which “empire as a way of life” in the US shapes the geometries of power in relations of solidarity. Our analysis is the product of a collaborative research and writing project.
CONSTRUCTION OF CROSSOVER DESIGNS WITH CORRELATED ERRORS
Authors: Williams E.R. , John J.A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryCrossover experiments are widely used, particularly where a sequence of treatments is given to subjects. Correlations between observations on the same subject are therefore likely and should be considered in both the design and analysis of crossover experiments. This paper presents an algorithm for the generation of efficient crossover designs with autoregressive and linear variance structures. The algorithm has been implemented as a module in the experimental design generation package CycDesigN (Release 3.0; CycSoftware, Hamilton, New Zealand). Output from the algorithm is compared with earlier work. Some results are given from the analysis of a crossover experiment assuming correlated errors.
Work Effort, Moderation in Expulsion, and Illegal Migration
Authors: Stark Oded 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIllegal migrants supply a valuable productive input: effort. But their status as illegals means that these migrants face a strictly positive probability of expulsion. A return to their country of origin entails reduced earnings when the wage at origin is lower than the wage at destination. This prospect induces illegal migrants to exert more work effort than comparable workers who face no such prospect. The lower the probable, alternative earnings, the harsher the penalty that illegal migrants will be subjected to upon their return, for a given probability of expulsion, and the higher the level of effort they will exert at destination. While the home‐country wage that awaits the illegal migrants upon their return is exogenous to the host country, the probability of their return is not. Given the home‐country wage, a higher probability of expulsion will induce illegal migrants to supply more effort. Hence, different combinations of probabilities of expulsion and home‐country wages yield the same level of effort. Thus, variation in the extent to which receiving countries undertake measures aimed at apprehending and expelling illegal migrants can be attributed not to characteristics of the illegal migrants themselves but to a feature that pertains to the illegal migrants’ country of origin.
The Home Market Effect in Models with Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Larch Mario 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTrade patterns in new trade theory models and agglomeration patterns in new economic geography models crucially depend on the effect that a higher local demand leads to a larger share of production of these products, namely the home market effect. Multinationals can exploit higher foreign demand without incurring transport costs by setting up a plant abroad. This paper demonstrates that in the presence of multinationals the home market effect appears even in cases where it otherwise would not. But it works via a different channel, relying on the repatriation of profits rather than on interindustry trade.
Y‐chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y‐STR Polymorphisms
Authors: Nonaka I. , Minaguchi K. , Takezaki N. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryWe investigated Y chromosomal binary and STR polymorphisms in 263 unrelated male individuals from the Japanese population and further examined the relationships between the two separate types of data. Using 47 biallelic markers we distinguished 20 haplogroups, four of which (D2b1/‐022457, O3/‐002611*, O3/‐LINE1 del, and O3/‐021354*) were newly defined in this study. Most haplogroups in the Japanese population are found in one of the three major clades, C, D, or O. Among these, two major lineages, D2b and O2b, account for 66% of Japanese Y chromosomes. Haplotype diversity of binary markers was calculated at 86.3%. The addition of 16 Y‐STR markers increased the number of haplotypes to 225, yielding a haplotype diversity of 99.40%. A comparison of binary haplogroups and Y‐STR type revealed a close association between certain binary haplogroups and Y‐STR allelic or conformational differences, such as those at the DXYS156Y, DYS390m, DYS392, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS388 loci. Based on our data on the relationships between binary and STR polymorphisms, we estimated the binary haplogroups of individuals from STR haplotypes and frequencies of binary haplogroups in other Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese Han populations. The present data will enable researchers to connect data from binary haplogrouping in anthropological studies and Y‐STR typing in forensic studies in East Asian populations, especially those in and around Japan.
Looking across the Tasman: New Zealand Exemplars in Australian Indigenous Affairs, 1920s–1970s1
Authors: McGregor Russell 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article explores some ways in which those Australians who sought to advance Aboriginal interests looked to New Zealand for guidance and inspiration during the half‐century from the 1920s to the 1970s. I consider this trans‐Tasman interaction under three headings: parliamentary representation, respect and recognition, and land rights. These, according to Australian activists, Maori possessed and Aborigines lacked. Making up the deficiency, they claimed, would promote Aboriginal well‐being. I also look at how and why the prominence of New Zealand exemplars, relative to those from other countries, changed over these fifty years.
Onychomycosis: A 3‐Year Clinicomycologic Hospital‐Based Study
Authors: Sehgal Virendra N. , Aggarwal Ashok K. , Srivastava Govind , Gupta Manish , Chaudhary Anuradha 
Published: February 2007

Background. Despite onychomycosis being an established entity, only a few studies are available from the Indian subcontinent. The authors investigated the comprehensive pattern of the condition.
Aim. To investigate the epidemiologic, clinical, and mycologic factors associated with onychomycosis in 50 patients using a prospective study design.
Methods. Fifty patients with potassium hydroxide positive tests were evaluated according to a predetermined protocal recording details of epidemiologic, clinical, and mycologic characteristics. The collected data were analyzed to determine the correlation of various parameters.
Results. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, total dystrophic onychomycosis, and superficial white onychomycosis variants of onychomycosis were identified, mostly in men 21–30 years of age (mean age, 34.5 years). Epidemiologic characteristics were instrumental to either initiate, perpetuate, or disseminate the disease process. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were the main causative dermatophytes; yeasts and molds were less common.
Conclusions. Recognition of onychomycosis is less difficult providing the clinician is aware of the entity. Should the etiologic diagnosis be made, its eradication is desirable to surmount its implication in the society at large.
The pineal melatonin rhythm and its regulation by light in a subterranean rodent, the valley pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae)
Authors: Reiter Russel J. , Reiter M. Nancy , Hattori Atsuhiko , Yaga Ken , Herbert Damon C. , Barlow‐Walden Lornell 
Published: February 2007

Reiter RJ, Reiter MN, Hattori A, Yaga K, Herbert DC, Barlow‐Walden L. The pineal melatonin rhythm and its regulation by light in a subterranean rodent, the valley pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae). J. Pineal Res. 1994; 16: 145–153.AbstractThe daytime and nighttime levels of pineal N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity, hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity, and melatonin were measured in adult male and female valley pocket gophers, Thomomys bottae. This species was chosen for study because it is a subterranean rodent that inhabits burrows whose openings to the surface are closed. Therefore, under field conditions it is estimated that the pocket gopher spends roughly 99% of its time in absolute darkness in underground burrows. When wild captured pocket gophers were maintained under a light dark cycle (light intensity during the day of roughly 140 μ,W/cm2), nighttime levels of pineal NAT activity and melatonin content were higher than values measured during the day; on the other hand, HIOMT activity in the pineal gland was similar in the day and at night. When pocket gophers were exposed to an extended light period (220 μW/cm2) 4 hr into the night, the rise in melatonin synthesis normally associated with darkness onset was not inhibited. Also, when gophers were acutely exposed to a light intensity of 400 μW/cm2 for 1 hr beginning 4 hr after darkness onset, neither high nocturnal levels of pineal NAT nor pineal melatonin contents were reduced. Finally, when pocket gophers were exposed to a 600 (μW/cm2 light intensity at either 4 hr or 8 hr into the dark period, pineal melatonin synthesis remained elevated at a level comparable to that measured in dark‐exposed controls. The results show that under controlled laboratory conditions the pineal gland of the valley pocket gopher, a species that in its natural habitat spends about 99% of its time in absolute darkness, exhibits higher melatonin synthesis during night than during the day. While the rhythm in pineal melatonin production in the pocket gopher is clearly synchronized by the prevailing light: dark cycle, high nighttime pineal melatonin synthesis is not readily inhibited by light in the intensity range of 220 to 600μW/cm2. In terms of its relative insensitivity to light at night, the pineal gland of the valley pocket gopher resembles that of other diurnally active rodents.
Meta‐analysis of published data on incompletely excised basal cell carcinomas of the ear and nose with introduction of an innovative treatment strategy
Authors: Rogalski Christina , Kauer Friederike , Simon Jan Christoph , Paasch Uwe 
Published: February 2007

Summary Background: Auricular/nasal basal cell carcinomas (BCC) often require more surgical procedures than BCCs at other sites. Methods: A meta‐analysis of incompletely excised BCCs compares those on the ear and nose to other sites. The combination of photodynamic diagnostics (PDD) and fresh‐frozen sections is compared to multi‐stage excisions; in each case, the tissue margins were histographically controlled. Results: The relative risk of an incomplete excision of a BCC on the ear/nose is 2.5 fold higher than on the rest of the body. The combination of PDD and micrographic surgery with fresh‐frozen sections reduces the length of stay by 42.86 % from median 14 d to 8 d as well as increasing the revenue per patient per day by 41.9 % from 320.61 € to 454.95 € with nearly a comparable rate of recurrences after one year. Conclusions: PDD in combination with single‐stage surgery is an equivalent therapy with few side effects and conforming to guidelines. It takes into account both quality assurance and patient preferences. Multicenter, randomized trials seem desirable.
Systemically Administered Human Growth Hormone Improves Initial Implant Stability: An Experimental Study in the Rabbit
Authors: Franke Stenport Victoria , Olsson Bob , Morberg Per , Törnell Jan , Johansson Carina B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study was an investigation to determine whether human growth hormone (hGH) continuously adminis‐ tered to rabbits may improve implant integration in bone. Materials and Methods: Thirty‐two commercially pure titanium (c.P. Ti) implants were inserted in the tibiae of 16 rab‐ bits. Human growth hormone (0.3 U/kg/d) or sodium chloride (NaCl) was administered by subcutaneous pumps. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) levels in blood were measured. Two biomechanical tests were performed (1) every second week resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was used to investigate implant stability or stiffness at the interface and, after 8 weeks of follow‐up, (2) removal torque (a measure of implant integration and stability) was registered. Further evaluation was performed by dual energy x‐ray analysis (DEXA), to evaluate bone mineral density, and histomorphomet‐ ric analysis of tissue‐to‐implant integration on undecalcified cut and ground sections. Results: A difference in implant stability was detected with the RFA technique after 2 weeks and 8 weeks in favor of the hGH‐treated rabbits. No significant differences were detected with removal torque, DEXA, and histomorphometric mea‐ surements. The blood test demonstrated antibody development in the rabbits treated with hGH after 4 weeks. Conclusion: Growth hormone has an initial beneficial effect on implant integration; however, owing to rapid antibody formation, this study did not demonstrate whether this effect remains in the long term.
Rapid On‐site Topographic Mapping with a Handheld Laser Range Finder for a Geoarchaeological Survey in Syria
Authors: HAYAKAWA YUICHI S. , OGUCHI TAKASHI , KOMATSUBARA JUNKO , ITO KAORI , HORI KAZUAKI , NISHIAKI YOSHIHIRO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA digital elevation model and a topographic map of an archaeological site in Syria were created from a field topographic survey with a handheld laser range finder and data post‐processing using a notebook personal computer with Geographical Information System software. The method enabled rapid on‐site topographical mapping even under technical and political restrictions in the country. In an area of about 1 km2, coordinates of random points on the land surface were measured, and a DEM with a 10 m interval grid was generated from the point cloud using Kriging interpolation. The DEM enables various topographic representations to be constructed, such as contour lines, cross sections and slope distribution maps. The DEM‐derived contour lines with a 1 m interval were combined with vector data showing roads and buildings to provide a topographic map. Topographic cross sections created from the DEM generally agree with sections surveyed with a hand level and a measurement tape. The obtained DEM and map are useful for preliminary field research.
Fictional Characters
Authors: Friend Stacie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIf there are no fictional characters, how do we explain thought and discourse apparently about them? If there are, what are they like? A growing number of philosophers claim that fictional characters are abstract objects akin to novels or plots. They argue that postulating characters provides the most straightforward explanation of our literary practices as well as a uniform account of discourse and thought about fiction. Anti‐realists counter that postulation is neither necessary nor straightforward, and that the invocation of pretense provides a better account of the same phenomena. I outline and assess these competing theories.
Mental Causation
Authors: Bennett Karen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConcerns about ‘mental causation’ are concerns about how it is possible for mental states to cause anything to happen. How does what we believe, want, see, feel, hope, or dread manage to cause us to act? Certain positions on the mind‐body problem – including some forms of physicalism – make such causation look highly problematic. This entry sketches several of the main reasons to worry, and raises some questions for further investigation.
C-Terminal WxL Domain Mediates Cell Wall Binding in
Enterococcus faecalis
and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Brinster Sophie , Furlan Sylviane , Serror Pascale 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

Analysis of the genome sequence of
Enterococcus faecalis
clinical isolate V583 revealed novel genes encoding surface proteins. Twenty-seven of these proteins, annotated as having unknown functions, possess a putative N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved C-terminal region characterized by a novel conserved domain designated WxL. Proteins having similar characteristics were also detected in other low-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria. We hypothesized that the WxL region might be a determinant of bacterial cell location. This hypothesis was tested by generating protein fusions between the C-terminal regions of two WxL proteins in
E. faecalis
and a nuclease reporter protein. We demonstrated that the C-terminal regions of both proteins conferred a cell surface localization to the reporter fusions in
E. faecalis
. This localization was eliminated by introducing specific deletions into the domains. Interestingly, exogenously added protein fusions displayed binding to whole cells of various gram-positive bacteria. We also showed that the peptidoglycan was a binding ligand for WxL domain attachment to the cell surface and that neither proteins nor carbohydrates were necessary for binding. Based on our findings, we propose that the WxL region is a novel cell wall binding domain in
E. faecalis
and other gram-positive bacteria.
Population Genetics and Linkage Analysis of Loci within the FCT Region ofStreptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Kratovac Zerina , Manoharan Anand , Luo Feng , Lizano Sergio , Bessen Debra E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe FCT regions ofStreptococcus pyogenesstrains encode a variety of cell wall-anchored surface proteins that bind the extracellular matrix of the human host and/or give rise to pilus-like appendages. Strong linkage is evident between transcription-regulatory loci positioned within the FCT andemmregions and theemmpattern genotype marker for preferred infection of the throat or skin. These findings provide a basis for the hypothesis that FCT region gene products contribute to tissue-specific infection. In an initial series of steps to address this possibility, the FCT regions of 13 strains underwent comparative sequence analysis, the gene content of the FCT region was characterized for 113 strains via PCR, and genetic linkage was assessed. A history of extensive recombination within FCT regions was evident. Theemmpattern D-defined skin specialist strains were highly homogenous in their FCT region gene contents, whereas theemmpattern A-C-defined throat specialist strains displayed a greater variety of forms. Most pattern A-C strains harboredprtF1(75%) but lackedcpa(75%). In contrast, the majority ofemmpattern D strains hadcpa(92%) but lackedprtF1(79%). Models based on FCT andemmregion genotypes revealed the most parsimonious pathways of evolution. Using niche-determining candidate genes to infer phylogeny,emmpattern E strains—the so-called generalists, which lack a strong tissue site preference—occupied a transition zone separating most throat specialists from skin specialists. Overall, population genetic analysis supports the possibility that the FCT region gives rise to surface proteins that are largely necessary, but not always sufficient, to confer tissue site preference for infection.
Systematic Survey of Nonspecific Agglutination by
Candida
spp. in Latex Assays
Authors: Becker Karsten , Almasri Ahmed S. , von Eiff Christof , Peters Georg , Heilmann Christine , Fegeler Wolfgang 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT

In order to demonstrate that cells of
Candida
spp. may show considerable nonspecific agglutination in latex agglutination tests, 150 clinical and reference isolates of 12 yeast species were systematically studied by applying various test parameters. In fact, 40 (26.7%) of these isolates revealed nonspecific results, significantly associated with the time allowed for agglutination.
Discovery of a New Capsular Serotype (6C) within Serogroup 6 ofStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Park In Ho , Pritchard David G. , Cartee Rob , Brandao Angela , Brandileone Maria Cristina C. , Nahm Moon H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTUsing two monoclonal antibodies, we found subtypes among pneumococcal isolates that are typed as serotype 6A by the quellung reaction. The prevalent subtype bound to both monoclonal antibodies and was labeled here 6Aα, whereas the minor subtype bound to only one monoclonal antibody and was labeled 6Aβ. To determine the biochemical nature of the two serologically defined subtypes, we purified capsular polysaccharides (PSs) from the two subtypes and examined their chemical structures with gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The study results for 6Aα PS are consistent with the previously published structure of 6A PS, which is →2) galactose (1→3) glucose (1→3) rhamnose (1→3) ribitol (5→phosphate. In contrast, the 6Aβ PS study results show that its repeating unit is →2) glucose 1 (1→3) glucose 2 (1→3) rhamnose (1→3) ribitol (5→phosphate. We propose to continue referring to 6Aα as serotype 6A but to refer to 6Aβ as serotype 6C. Serotype 6C would thus represent the 91st pneumococcal serotype, with 90 pneumococcal serotypes having previously been recognized. This study also demonstrates that a new serotype may exist within an established and well-characterized serogroup or serotype.
Structures of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6 Polypeptide Bound to MAGUK Proteins: Mechanisms of Targeting Tumor Suppressors by a High-Risk HPV Oncoprotein
Authors: Zhang Yi , Dasgupta Jhimli , Ma Runlin Z. , Banks Lawrence , Thomas Miranda , Chen Xiaojiang S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoprotein targets certain tumor suppressors such as MAGI-1 and SAP97/hDlg for degradation. A short peptide at the C terminus of E6 interacts specifically with the PDZ domains of these tumor suppressors, which is a property unique to high-risk HPVs that are associated with cervical cancer. The detailed recognition mechanisms between HPV E6 and PDZ proteins are unclear. To understand the specific binding of cellular PDZ substrates by HPV E6, we have solved the crystal structures of the complexes containing a peptide from HPV18 E6 bound to three PDZ domains from MAGI-1 and SAP97/Dlg. The complex crystal structures reveal novel features of PDZ peptide recognition that explain why high-risk HPV E6 can specifically target these cellular tumor suppressors for destruction. Moreover, a new peptide-binding loop on these PDZs is identified as interacting with the E6 peptide. Furthermore, we have identified an arginine residue, unique to high-risk HPV E6 but outside the canonical core PDZ recognition motif, that plays an important role in the binding of the PDZs of both MAGI-I and SAP97/Dlg, the mutation of which abolishes E6's ability to degrade the two proteins. Finally, we have identified a dimer form of MAGI-1 PDZ domain 1 in the cocrystal structure with E6 peptide, which may have functional relevance for MAGI-1 activity. In addition to its novel insights into the biochemistry of PDZ interactions, this study is important for understanding HPV-induced oncogenesis; this could provide a basis for developing antiviral and anticancer compounds.