bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symposium on ear surgery. II. Facial nerve neuroma
Authors: Pulec Jack L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFacial nerve neuromas are uncommon, slow growing, and readily treatable when detected. Fourteen patients with facial nerve neuromas are reported here. These tumors can occur within any part of the intratemporal course of the facial nerve. Occurrence and progression of the symptoms depend on the site of origin of the tumor and are those of facial nerve paralysis, hearing loss, or vertigo; occasionally there may be no symptoms at all. Initial facial paralysis may recover leading to a mistaken diagnosis of Bell's palsy. All patients with facial paralysis should be seen by an otologist whose examination would include audiogram for pure tones and speech, positional and caloric vestibular examination and roentgenogram of the temporal bone. If the possibility of intracranial extension exists, a pre‐operative myelogram of the posterior fossa should be made. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical removal, and graft or end to end anastomosis of the facial nerve would be the goal in the treatment of facial nerve neuromas.
Symposium on ear surgery. III. Reconstructive mastoidectomy with homograft knee cartilage
Authors: Wehrs Roger 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDuring the past decade the trend in surgery on the mastoid segment of the temporal bone has been toward restoration of function and normal anatomical configuration. The primary preservation of the posterior bony canal wall with aeration of the mastoidectomy cavity has eliminated many of the problems associated with an open cavity. The likelihood of good hearing increases when the support for the posterior and superior portions of the tympanic membrane are preserved; however, there are many patients whose surgery included removal of this bony barrier and exposure of the mastoid segment to the outside. It is for these patients that a means has been sought to eliminate the cavity and reconstruct the hearing mechanism.Previous techniques have sought to eliminate the mastoidectomy cavity by obliteration with muscle pedicles, fascia, cartilage and bone. All these techniques tend to modify rather than to reconstruct nature's plan of the middle ear and mastoid. It would seem more physiologic to rebuild these structures as nearly as possible in their normal anatomical relationship and function. It was with this goal in mind that the herein described technique of knee cartilage reconstructive mastoidectomy was developed.A review of the literature revealed that in 1940 cartilage homografts were being used in rhinoplasty by Brown. This author preserved the cartilage in alcohol because it was “simple and safe.” Homograft nasal septum cartilage had been utilized in tympanoplasty by Smyth and Jansen and in otosclerotic surgery by Pfaltz. No previous article referring to the use of knee cartilage for transplantation could be found.Homograft knee cartilage was discovered to possess the gentle curve and thin lower border characteristic of the posterior bony canal wall. With this support the homograft tympanic membrane may be used to reconstruct the drumhead in normal anatomical position. The homograft incus then becomes a prosthesis to rebuild the conduction mechanism in this one stage operation. Silastic sheeting from the eustachian tube to the mastoid antrum prevents adhesions and assures aeration of these structures. Likewise, mucoid discharge from the remaining mastoid cells finds its way to the eustachian tube and nasopharynx.Fifteen ears have been reconstructed by this technique. All cases have healed completely and uneventfully with no infection or extrusion of the knee cartilage transplant. Postoperatively the ear canal and drumhead have an almost normal appearance, and epithelial migration keeps these structures clean and functioning. Hearing improvement has been gratifying with a return to normal in some instances. Three case presentations are included as examples of the procedure.
Symposium on ear surgery. IV. Postoperative complications associated with bilateral stapedectomy
Authors: Pratt Lindsay L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe need for surgical restoration of hearing is frequently expressed by otologic surgeons. All too frequently the surgeon's concern centers around the mechanical reconstruction of the auditory apparatus as demonstrated by the closure of the air bone gap. The functional value of restored hearing to the patient is not considered.A successful operation should be measured by its functional restoration. A successful closure of an air bone gap may not be accompanied by an equally successful functional result.Six functional complications following stapedectomy are discussed. An awareness of their existence should influence the decision to perform a stapedectomy on the opposite ear.
Symposium on ear diseases. I. Sudden deafness and its several treatments
Authors: Saunders William H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIdiopathic sudden deafness, generally unilateral and always sensorineural, is more common than generally recognized. The site of the lesion producing deafness may be either cochlear or neural (retrocochlear), and it is important to attempt to try to distinguish, by means of audiometric examination, one locus from the other.The causes generally are believed to be either vascular or viral. Recently there is evidence to suggest that the two causes need not be separate or mutually exclusive but, in fact, a viral etiology may cause certain vascular changes that result in a reduced blood flow to the cochlea.There is no consensus concerning proper treatment for sudden deafness and about one‐third of the otolaryngologists replying to a questionnaire said they were not certain that any treatment helps; but because the only alternative is no treatment, most physicians will want to offer treatment. A brief plan is given using the site of the lesion as a prognostic and therapeutic guide.
Symposium on ear diseases. II. Vestibular evaluation and the brain stem
Authors: Stroud Malcolm H. , Keltner John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVertigo can be caused by many lesions at many locations both in the peripheral organ and in the central nervous system. The lesions occurring in the central nervous system should be diagnosed and treated by a neurologist, but the otolaryngologist can be of great assistance through the study of the VIIIth cranial nerve function and its connections with the oculomotor system. As examples, four different brain stem syndromes are mentioned. (These were illustrated by movies at the meeting.)
Symposium on ear diseases. III. The older cleft palate patient. (A Clinical Otologic‐Audiologic Study.)
Authors: Bennett Maxine 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA clinical study of 100 randomly selected cleft lip and/or palate adult patients, ages 14 to 77 years. Forty‐nine out of 100 were otologically normal. Forty‐two out of 100 were audiologically normal. A negative history of past ear disease is not an accurate screening method for abnormality. Auditory impairments (27 out of 58) suggesting a sensori‐neural loss were found in relatively young adults. Is there a progressive degenerative sensori‐neural hearing impairment in congenital cleft disease? Thirty‐one out of 58 had conductive losses: these were correlated with the otologic findings on examination. Twenty‐three out of 100 had had palatal pharyn‐goplasty. The surgical procedure to reduce hypernasality probably does not aggravate the Eustachian tubal dysfunction.Approximately 50 percent of the congenital cleft lip and/or palate adults continue to have ear problems, probably for their lifetime.
Symposium on malignancy. I. Supraglottic carcinoma: A 10‐year review at the university hospital
Authors: Rowley Nicholas J. , Boles Roger 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe records of all patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer seen and definitively treated from 1961 to 1970 at the University Hospital were reviewed. The total number of carcinomas felt to arise primarily from the supraglottic area was 118. Of these, 89 had what we considered sufficient follow‐up to be used in tabulating the results of treatment.Tumors irradiated primarily received 6,500 R Cobalt therapy. There were 50 of the 89 patients who received primary irradiation therapy. Thirty‐one of the patients received primary surgical therapy. Of these, three had laryngectomies only, seven partial laryngectomies and neck dissections, and the remaining patients had total laryngectomies and neck dissection. Only eight of the 89 patients received initial combined therapy, or surgery and irradiation within three months of each other.In our experience, supraglottic cancers without nodal metastasis, regardless of size, will have about 73 percent absolute three‐year survival, whether treated with irradiation or surgery primarily.The absolute three‐year survival for supraglottic carcinomas with nodal metastasis and primary irradiation therapy was 6 percent. On the average, these were larger lesions with nodal metastasis. The absolute three‐year survival for supraglottic carcinomas with nodes receiving primary surgery was 23 percent. These were significantly smaller lesions than those irradiated primarily.Of the patients without lymph node metastasis, 24 percent of the supraglottic lesions irradiated primarily developed laryngeal recurrences requiring secondary therapy. None of the patients with similar lesions receiving primary surgery developed laryngeal recurrences. Of the supraglottic carcinomas with nodal metastasis and receiving primary irradiation, 75 percent developed local recurrences and 83 percent had persistent or recurrent neck metastasis in the same neck. Of the patients with similar lesions receiving primary surgery, 20 percent developed local recurrences and 33 percent developed recurrent neck metastasis in the same neck.The alternatives of treatment for primary therapy of a supraglottic carcinoma without nodal metastasis are either full dose irradiation or a partial laryngectomy, if possible, and a neck dissection. Supraglottic carcinomas with evidence of nodal metastasis are probably best treated surgically, in some cases in combination with irradiation therapy.
Symposium on malignancy. V. Hypothyroidism following combined therapy in carcinoma of the laryngopharynx
Authors: Murken Roger E. , Duvall Arndt J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere is an increasing trend to combine high dosage pre‐operative radiation with radical surgery for carcinoma of the laryngopharynx. This could be a hazard to thyroid function, especially when surgery includes a partial thyroidectomy. We initiated a study in 1969 to determine the effect on thyroid function produced by external radiation of the neck followed by radical surgery of the laryngopharynx. A group of 24 patients previously treated with external radiation and/or surgery for carcinoma of the laryngopharynx, and without recurrence, were studied with laboratory determinations of PBI and total serum thyroxine (T4).Out of 12 patients treated with 3,800 to 5,500 tissue rads of pre‐operative Cobalt 60 to the neck, laryngectomy and hemithyroidectomy, eight or 66 percent were found to be hypothyroid at varying time periods (two to 74 months) after treatment. A PBI determination was done on five of these patients and ranged from 0.8 to 3.2 mcg percent (n = 4.0 to 8.0). A total serum thyroxine was done for all eight patients. Those performed by the column method ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 mcg percent thyroxine iodine (n = 2.9 to 6.4) and those performed by the Murphy‐Pattee method ranged from 1.3 to 4.9 meg percent thyroxine (n = 5.0 to 13.7).Two of the other 12 patients were found to be hypothyroid. One patient received 7,000 tissue rads of Cobalt 60 and no surgery. One year following therapy his thyroid studies were normal, but two years after therapy his studies were within the hypothyroid range. The other patient found to be hypothyroid had a laryngectomy and hemithyroidectomy with no pre‐op‐erative Cobalt 60. The operative report indicated that both the superior and inferior thyroid vessels to the remaining lobe were ligated.
Long‐Term results of thornell arytenoidectomy in the surgical treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis
Authors: Whicker James H. , Devine Kenneth D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUnilateral or bilateral Thornell arytenoidectomy provided relief from laryngeal obstruction in 135 of 147 patients (92 percent). Twelve patients required contralateral arytenoidectomy an average of six and one‐half years after an initially successful unilateral procedure. Voice preservation was excellent in all but six patients (4 percent). Complications in seven patients included the formation of granulation polyps (five) and webs (two); corrective procedures rehabilitated all seven.
Laryngeal transplantation: Current status 1974
Authors: Tucker Harvey M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere are four major areas of concern that must be examined before human laryngeal transplantation can be considered feasible in clinical practice. These are: 1. surgical mechanics of revascularization; 2. reinnervation; 3. prevention of host rejection; and 4. justification.Of these criteria, the first two have been met successfully at present. Safe suppression of rejection without increased risk of cancer recurrence remains to be achieved. Until this third criterion is satisfied, one is probably not justified to make further attempts at laryngeal transplantation in humans.
Open tube, proximal illumination mirror and direct laryngeal photography
Authors: Holinger Paul H. , Brubaker Joseph D. , Brubaker James E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEquipment is described for mirror and open tube direct laryngoscopic photography. It consists of specially constructed reflex camera systems that provide adequate exposure and depth of the desired field, sharpness of focus, correct color and effective composition for meaningful illustrations. The separate cameras for still and motion pictures consist of units that contain the light source, lenses, optic reflex systems and film chambers. The mirrors for indirect laryngoscopy and the open tube direct laryngoscopes are attached by rigid, easily released clamps for quick interchange. It is stressed that the laryngologist himself must be the photographer. The pictures are adjuncts to case recording, are supportive evidence of investigative work and may be used as chronologic sequences in study of physiology and pathology and in pre‐ and postoperative evaluation.
D'emblee type of mycosis fungoides of head and neck
Authors: Gupta I. M. , Gupta O. P. , Samant H. C. , Bhatia P. L. , Ankaiah S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMycosis fungoides as a disorder of reticulo‐endothelial system occurs in the eczematous or psoriatic stage, progresses to infiltrated plaque stage and finally to tumorous form with or without systemic spread. The head and neck is rarely involved. A case is presented in which the disease process started as a tumor (d'emblee type) and remained localized in the head and neck region without a generalized spread. The tumorous lesion rapidly increased in size and involved deeper tissues of the neck to cause infranuclear facial palsy and medial bulging of the tonsil; it also extended in the superior mediastinum causing pressure on the trachea and the esophagus. The patient died of respiratory failure.
Soft chemical approaches to inorganic nanostructures
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Agrawal Ved Varun , Biswas Kanishka , Gautam Ujjal K. , Ghosh Moumita , Govindaraj A. , Kulkarni G. U. , Kalyanikutty K. P. , Sardar Kripasindhu , Vivekchand S. R. C. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Chemical approaches have emerged as the preferred means to synthesize nanostructures of various inorganic materials due to superior control over size, shape, and surface functionality. This article provides an overview of the contributions made in the authors' laboratory toward the synthesis of nanocrystals, nanowires, nanotubes, nanowalls, and other nanostructures of several inorganic materials. Thus, thiolized monodisperse metal nanocrystals have been obtained by a ligand exchange process and the stability of their 2D assemblies studied. Nanocrystals of pure CoO and ReO3 have been synthesized, for the first time, employing a one-pot solvothermal technique. The solvothermal method has also been used to obtain organic soluble nanocrystals of semiconducting materials such as CdS, CdSe, and GaN. Inorganic nanowires and nanotubes have been prepared by several soft chemical routes, including surfactant-assisted synthesis and hydrogel templating. A simple reaction between elemental Se and Te with NaBH4 in water has been utilized to obtain nanowires of Se and Te. We also describe the nebulized spray pyrolysis (NSP) technique to synthesize carbon nanotubes and nanowires of metals and III-V nitride semiconductors with improved yields. An important new technique for preparing nanocrystalline films of materials is by the reaction of the metal precursors in the organic layer at the interface of two immiscible liquids, with appropriate reagents. Nanocrystalline films of metals, alloys, and semiconductors and ultra-thin single-crystalline films of metal chalcogenides and oxides have been obtained by this technique. Apart from these, we discuss single precursor routes to iron sulfide, GeSe2, and III-V nitride nanostructures as well as the first synthesis of GaS and GaSe nanowalls and nanotubes obtained through exfoliation by laser irradiation and thermal treatment.
Vapor-phase synthesis of metallic and intermetallic nanoparticles and nanowires: Magnetic and catalytic properties
Authors: Glaspell Garry , Abdelsayed Victor , Saoud Khaled M. , El-Shall M. Samy 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In this paper, we present several examples of the vapor-phase synthesis of intermetallic and alloy nanoparticles and nanowires, and investigate their magnetic and catalytic properties. In the first example, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of intermetallic aluminide nanoparticles. Specifically, FeAl and NiAl nanoparticles were synthesized via laser vaporization controlled condensation (LVCC) from their bulk powders. The NiAl nanoparticles were found to be paramagnetic at room temperature, with a blocking temperature of approximately 15 K. The FeAl nanoparticles displayed room-temperature ferromagnetism. In the second example, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticle catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. The incorporation of Au and Pd nanoparticles into the cobalt oxide support leads to significantly improved catalytic activity and stability of the binary catalyst systems. Finally, we report the synthesis of nanowires of Ge, Mg, Pd, and Pt using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method where the vapor-phase growth of the wire is catalyzed using a proper metal catalyst present in the liquid phase.
Spontaneous generation of negatively charged clusters and their deposition as crystalline films during hot-wire silicon chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kim Jin-Yong , Kim Doh-Yeon , Hwang Nong-Moon 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The hot-wire silicon chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was approached by the new concept of the theory of charged clusters (TCC). The role of a hot wire is to enhance the rate of negative surface ionization producing negative ions. These ions induce nucleation and produce negatively charged silicon clusters, which deposit as polycrystalline films at low temperatures. During the deposition of silicon, an appreciable amount of negative current (~nA/cm2) was measured, and clusters, a few nanometers in size, were captured and observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of bias on the deposition behavior of the clusters indicated that most of the clusters were negatively charged. In order to deposit films with a large grain size with a high mobility, both the generation of neutral clusters and the cluster size should be minimized. A working pressure of 0.3 Torr and a wire temperature of 1800 °C were found to be optimal. Under these conditions, the film with grain size of almost 1 μm could be deposited with a mobility of 175 cm2/Vsec.
Experimental approaches to the preparation of supported metal nanoparticles
Authors: Barkhuizen David , Mabaso Itai , Viljoen Elvera , Welker Cathrin , Claeys Michael , van Steen Eric , Fletcher Jack C. Q. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Supported metal particles play an important role in heterogeneous catalysis. It has been shown lately that the size of the metal crystallites in the supported metal catalysts has a profound effect on the catalytic activity, thus necessitating the need for synthesis methods aimed at a strict control of the metal crystallite size in these catalysts. The classical methods used to synthesize supported metal catalysts typically yield a wide metal crystallite size distribution, and average crystallite sizes which are difficult to control. Suitable techniques have been developed to obtain supported metal catalysts with defined crystallite size distributions, inter alia impregnation of reverse micelle microemulsions, colloid impregnation following reverse micelle precipitation or crystallization, and deposition-precipitation. Using these techniques, a series of supported Ru/γ-Al2O3, Co/SiO2, Fe/γ-Al2O3, Fe/C, and Au/ZnO catalysts have been prepared and characterized.
Unprotected Sex Among Youth Living with HIV Before and After the Advent Of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Rice Eric , Batterham Philip , Rotheram‐Borus Mary Jane 
Published: September 2006

CONTEXT: Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, the incidence of HIV—especially among young men who have sex with men—and the prevalence of unprotected sex among HIV‐positive persons have increased. The characteristics associated with unprotected sex among youth living with HIV since the advent of HAART have not been explored.METHODS: Samples of HIV‐positive youth aged 13‐24 were taken from two intervention studies that targeted the sexual behaviors of HIV‐positive youth—one from 1994 to 1996 (pre‐HAART) and the other from 1999 to 2000 (post‐HAART). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify characteristics associated with unprotected sex in each sample.RESULTS: The prevalence of unprotected sex in the post‐HAART sample was more than twice that in the pre‐HAART sample (62% vs. 25%). Among the pre‐HAART sample, being a man who has sex with men and having sex with a casual partner were negatively associated with the odds of unprotected intercourse (odds ratios, 0.5 and 0.2, respectively). Among the post‐HAART sample, unprotected sex was negatively associated with knowing that a partner was HIV‐negative (0.2) and positively associated with poorer mental health (1.02). In analyses among the post‐HAART sample, poorer mental health was associated with increased odds of unprotected sex among youth living with HIV who were not receiving the treatment (1.02).CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for HIV‐positive youth must be designed to address the complex needs of those youth who simultaneously suffer from HIV and poor mental health.
Actuarial Control Cycle
Authors: Bellis Clare 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The expression ‘Actuarial Control Cycle’ (ACC) is used in two ways: as a model to describe the fundamental nature of actuarial work, and as the name of a subject which since 1996 has formed Part 2 of the Australian actuarial education system. Its introduction as a subject was an important and influential educational innovation, and was the key to popularizing the ACC as a model of actuarial work. The development of the subject is recounted in this article.