bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the biceps and brachialis in human fetuses
Authors: Kwolczak‐McGrath A. , Kolesnik A. , Ciszek B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractForty upper limbs (20 right and 20 left) of spontaneously aborted human fetuses were examined to determine the branching patterns of the musculocutaneous nerve. The mean age of the fetuses was 21.3 weeks. We identified three branching patterns of the musculocutaneous nerve to the biceps muscle. Type I with a single primary branch occurred in 47.5% of cases. Type II with two primary branches each to a separate head of the biceps muscle was observed in 42.5% of cases. Type III consisted of two primary branches, the proximal dividing into two branches, each to a different head of the biceps, and the distal branch supplying the common belly. Type III was present in 10% of cases. We found only one branching pattern for the brachialis muscle, a single primary branch. In our material communicating branches between the median and musculocutaneous nerves were found in 20% of specimens. We measured the distances between the acromion and the exit points of the first and second branch to the biceps, which averaged 36.3% for the first branch regardless of the type of branching pattern, 54.2% for the second branch in Type II, 60.7% for the second branch in Type III and 60.9% for the branch to brachialis, expressed as a percentage of the distance between the acromion and the lateral epicondyle. Clin. Anat. 21:142–146, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on Thermal Reactivity of β‐(1,2‐Allenyl)butenolides and 2‐Allyl‐3‐allenylcyclohex‐2‐enones
Authors: Gu Zhenhua , Ma Shengming 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of thermal pericyclic reactions of β‐allenylfuranones have been studied. It was observed that β‐allenylfuranones would undergo 1,5‐hydrogen shift to afford a new type of trienes upon heating. Due to their high reactivity, these trienes would undergo subsequent pericyclic reactions based on the nature of the substituent group R: When R is an alkyl group, the intermediate 4 a or 4 b would undergo a further 1,7‐hydrogen shift to afford a more stable conjugated triene 3; with R being phenyl or cyclopropyl group, the 1,7‐hydrogen shift was inhibited and the 4‐type conjugated triene would form a six‐membered ring 5 via 6π‐electrocyclization. Interestingly, introducing another CC double bond into the triene intermediate (R = CHCH2), the 18‐type intermediate would undergo 8π‐electrocyclization reaction to form an eight‐membered ring. Such a transformation was also observed with 2‐allyl‐3‐allenylcyclohex‐2‐enones. The deuterium‐labeling mechanistic studies show that the alkyl groups at the allenyl moiety of 1 participated in the isomerization process via 1,7‐hydrogen shifts between 18 A, 20 A, and 29 A.
Structurally Characterized Coinage‐Metal–Ethylene Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 4/2008)
Authors: Dias H. V. Rasika , Wu Jiang 
Published: January 2008

Abstractthe cover picture shows the formation of coinage metal (copper, silver, gold) complexes of ethylene supported by scorpionate ligands on an X‐ray diffraction background (because the article focuses on the structurally characterized molecules). Thermally stable molecules containing bonds between coinage metal atoms and ethylene are still rare but have grown in number significantly over the last few years. Tris(pyrazolyl)borate (commonly known as scorpionate) ligands have played a major role in this chemistry. Indeed, they have served as the supporting ligands in the isolation of the first ethylene adduct of all three coinage metal ions. Most of the resulting complexes feature κ3‐bonded scorpionate ligands, while a few others show rare κ2‐coordination (as depicted here, a gold atom held by a scorpion with the scorpion's tail up). Details are presented in the Microreview by H. V. R. Dias and J. Wu on p. 509 ff. H. V. R. D. gratefully acknowledges the Robert A. Welch Foundation (grant Y‐1289) for providing financial support for his research.
Salinograph trends as indicators of the recession characteristics of stream components
Authors: Werner A. D. , Wood M. , Simmons C. T. , Lockington D. A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCompared to hydrograph recession analysis, which is widely applied in engineering hydrology, the quantitative assessment of stream salinity with time (i.e. the salinograph) has received significantly less attention. In particular, while in many previous hydrological studies an inverse relationship between hydrograph and salinograph responses is apparent, the concept of salinity accession (the inversely related salinity counterpart to hydrograph recession) has not been introduced nor quantitatively evaluated in previous literature. In this study, we conduct a mathematical analysis of salinograph accession, and determine new quantitative relationships between salinity accession and hydrograph recession parameters. An equation is formulated that reproduces the general trend in salinity accession. A salinity accession parameter kc is then introduced and is shown to be the ratio of direct runoff to total stream flow recession parameters: kr/k. The groundwater recession parameter kg was estimated using a simple and rapid method that uses both salinograph and hydrograph data. Salinity accession type‐curves illustrate that under certain conditions, the relative steepness of individual salinographs is dependent upon the ratio of groundwater salinity to direct runoff salinity: Cg/Cr. The salinity accession algorithms are applied to two contrasting field settings: Scott Creek, South Australia and Sandy Creek, northern Queensland, Australia. It was found that kg > k during periods of obvious stream flow recession, for the events analysed. Salinograph accession behaviour was fairly similar for both sites, despite contrasting environments. Using assumed end‐member salinities for groundwater and direct runoff based upon field observations, the behaviour of kc from the Scott Creek site was approximately reproduced by varying the initial groundwater to runoff flow ratio: Qg0/Qr0, within reasonable parameter ranges. The use of salinograph information when used in addition to standard hydrograph analyses provided useful information on recession characteristics of stream components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adeno‐associated virus vector‐mediated systemic interleukin‐10 expression ameliorates hypertensive organ damage in Dahl salt‐sensitive rats
Authors: Nonaka‐Sarukawa Mutsuko , Okada Takashi , Ito Takayuki , Yamamoto Keiji , Yoshioka Toru , Nomoto Tatsuya , Hojo Yukihiro , Shimpo Masahisa , Urabe Masashi , Mizukami Hiroaki , Kume Akihiro , Ikeda Uichi , Shimada Kazuyuki , Ozawa Keiya 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundInflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and hypertensive organ damage. Interleukin (IL)‐10, a pleiotropic anti‐inflammatory cytokine, exerts vasculoprotective effects in many animal models. In the present study, we examined the preventive effects of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector‐mediated sustained IL‐10 expression against hypertensive heart disease and renal dysfunction in Dahl salt‐sensitive rats.MethodsWe injected the rats intramuscularly with an AAV type 1‐based vector encoding rat IL‐10 or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at 5 weeks of age; subsequently, the rats were fed a high‐sodium diet from 6 weeks of age.ResultsSustained IL‐10 expression significantly improved survival rate of Dahl salt‐sensitive rats compared with EGFP expression (62.5% versus 0%, p < 0.001); it also caused 26.0% reduction in systolic blood pressure at 15 weeks (p < 0.0001). Echocardiography exhibited a 22.0% reduction in hypertrophy (p < 0.0001) and a 26.3% improvement in fractional shortening (p < 0.0001) of the rat left ventricle in the IL‐10 group compared to the EGFP group. IL‐10 expression also caused a 21.7% decrease in the heart weight/body weight index and cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide levels. Histopathological studies revealed that IL‐10 decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, and transforming growth factor‐β1 levels in the failing heart. Furthermore, IL‐10 expression significantly reduced urine protein excretion with increased glomerular filtration rates.ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate that the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 has a significant anti‐hypertensive effect. AAV vector‐mediated IL‐10 expression potentially prevents the progression of refractory hypertension and hypertensive organ damage in humans. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing the number of independent subsets over trees with bounded degree
Authors: Heuberger Clemens , Wagner Stephan G 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe number of independent vertex subsets is a graph parameter that is, apart from its purely mathematical importance, of interest in mathematical chemistry. In particular, the problem of maximizing or minimizing the number of independent vertex subsets within a given class of graphs has already been investigated by many authors. In view of the applications of this graph parameter, trees of restricted degree are of particular interest. In the current article, we give a characterization of the trees with given maximum degree which maximize the number of independent subsets, and show that these trees also minimize the number of independent edge subsets. The structure of these trees is quite interesting and unexpected: it can be described by means of a novel digital system—in the case of maximum degree 3, we obtain a binary system using the digits 1 and 4. The proof mainly depends on an exchange lemma for branches of a tree. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 58: 49–68, 2008
Excess thermodynamic properties in liquid binary mixtures
Authors: Aliotta F. , Saija F. , Ponterio R. C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractExcess volumes and adiabatic compressibility have been measured in several binary liquid mixtures to answer the question whether structural information can be gained through the analysis of the concentration dependence of the excess quantities. The obtained results are compared with independent indications from Raman spectroscopy, which is able to probe directly the occurrence and the nature of effective intermolecular interactions. Some doubts have arisen against the usual approach adopted for estimating the excess quantities and about the adequacy of the usual assumptions for the reference ideal behaviours. In particular, it is shown how excess compressibility can result just from statistical effects also in absence of any excess volume contribution. The leading idea is supported by the comparison of the experimental data with the results from a naive model for binary mixtures of hard spheres. The model turns out to be able to produce a very wide spectrum of structural and thermodynamic behaviours depending on the values of its parameters and on the nature (additive or non‐additive) of the hard‐sphere potential. A discussion is proposed on the re‐evaluation of excess thermodynamic data and on their ability in providing direct information on intermolecular interactions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Texture analysis of raw and cooked tubers of short‐duration lines of cassava by multivariate and fractional conversion techniques
Authors: Sajeev Moothandassery S , Sreekumar Janardhanan , Moorthy Subramoney N , Suja Girija , Shanavas Salim 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Cassava tubers are mainly consumed after boiling in water. Their cooking quality depends on the variety, maturity, growing conditions and physicochemical and starch properties. In this study the textural and gelatinisation characteristics of ten short‐duration lines of cassava were assessed. Textural changes due to cooking were modelled by fractional conversion techniques and correlated with gelatinisation and physicochemical properties by principal component analysis.RESULTS:There was a significant variation (P< 0.05) in the textural properties of tubers and the thermal and pasting properties of flours among varieties. The degree of cooking and relative firmness of tubers were modelled by a linear equation. The thermal softening behaviour was modelled by a dual‐mechanism first‐order kinetic model with rate constant values ranging from 0.106 to 0.190 min−1. About 69.21% of the total variation in texture profile, gelatinisation and physicochemical parameters could be explained by the first three principal components.CONCLUSION:The results indicated that the textural and gelatinisation properties varied considerably among different varieties. However, the interaction between the components of the tubers and the structural make‐up of the tuber tissues played a more important role than the physicochemical and functional properties. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Copolymerization of (Meth)acrylates with Olefins Using Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ARGET ATRP)
Authors: Tanaka Kenya , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSummary: Controlled copolymerization of polar (meth)acrylates with non‐polar olefin monomers (1‐octene, norbornene, vinylcyclohexane) was studied by ARGET (activators regenerated by electron transfer) ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization). When a normal ATRP of n‐butyl acrylate (nBA) and 1‐octene was conducted, the polymerization resulted in relatively low conversion, limited control over the polymerization process and high polydispersity (PDI > 1.6). This was due to formation of a dormant species, by reaction of 1‐octene radicals with Cu(II) deactivator, that could not be reactivated. However, in ARGET ATRP with 10 ppm amounts of Cu‐based catalyst, higher yields and a better controlled copolymerization was obtained (PDI < 1.4), because the low concentration of Cu(II) deactivator reduced the formation of the non‐reactive dormant species. The influence of the amount of Cu catalyst, ligand structure, initiators with different halogens, the reaction temperature, and monomer feed ratio were also investigated for ARGET ATRP. In copolymerization of (meth)acrylates with non‐polar alkenes, the level of control and the total conversion in ARGET ATRP were higher than those for normal ATRP.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic ABCBA‐Type Pentablock Copolymer from Consecutive ATRPs and Self‐Assembly in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhang Lifen , Cheng Zhenping , Zhou Nianchen , Zhang Rongmei , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSummary: A novel amphiphilic ABCBA‐type pentablock copolymer with properties that are sensitive to temperature and pH, poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(2,2,2‐ trifluoroethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA‐ b‐PTFEMA‐b‐PCL‐b‐PTFEMA‐b‐PDMAEMA), was synthesized via consecutive atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRPs). The copolymers obtained were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The aggregation behaviors of the pentablock copolymers in aqueous solution with different pH (pH = 4.0, 7.0 and 8.5) were studied. Transmission electron microscopic images revealed that spherical micelles from self‐assembly of the pentablock copolymer were prevalent in all cases. The mean diameters of these micelles increased from 34, 46, to 119 nm when the pH of the aqueous solution decreased from 8.5, 7.0, to 4.0, respectively.
Polymer Gel Dosimeters with Increased Solubility: A Preliminary Investigation of the NMR and Optical Dose‐Response Using Different Crosslinkers and Co‐Solvents
Authors: Koeva V. I. , Csaszar E. S. , Senden R. J. , McAuley K. B. , Schreiner L. J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSummary: The potential of ten different crosslinkers was investigated, with the aim of improving the performance of polymer gel dosimeters used for detecting radiation dose distributions generated by cancer radiation therapy equipment. Unfortunately, none of the candidate crosslinkers was shown to be more effective than N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide, the standard crosslinker used in polymer gel dosimetry applications. Two co‐solvents, glycerol and isopropanol, were used to increase the solubility of N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide crosslinker in polymer gel dosimeter recipes. Using isopropanol, the crosslinker solubility increased from approximately from 3 to 10% by weight, enabling the manufacture of polymer gel dosimeters with much higher levels of crosslinking than was previously possible. The new dosimeter recipes can be imaged effectively using nuclear magnetic resonance and optical techniques, and may be suitable for read‐out using x‐ray CT (Computed Tomography).
Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand
Authors: Mavric Elvira , Wittmann Silvia , Barth Gerold , Henle Thomas 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds 3‐deoxyglucosulose (3‐DG), glyoxal (GO), and methylglyoxal (MGO) were measured as the corresponding quinoxalines after derivatization with orthophenylendiamine using RP‐HPLC and UV‐detection in commercially available honey samples. Whereas for most of the samples values for 3‐DG, MGO, and GO were comparable to previously published data, for six samples of New Zealand Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey very high amounts of MGO were found, ranging from 38 to 761 mg/kg, which is up to 100‐fold higher compared to conventional honeys. MGO was unambigously identified as the corresponding quinoxaline via photodiodearry detection as well as by means of mass spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity of honey and solutions of 1,2‐dicarbonyl towards Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were analyzed using an agar well diffusion assay. Minimum concentrations needed for inhibition of bacterial growth (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) of MGO were 1.1 mM for both types of bacteria. MIC for GO was 6.9 mM (E. coli) or 4.3 mM (S. aureus), respectively. 3‐DG showed no inhibition in concentrations up to 60 mM. Whereas most of the honey samples investigated showed no inhibition in dilutions of 80% (v/v with water) or below, the samples of Manuka honey exhibited antibacterial activity when diluted to 15–30%, which corresponded to MGO concentrations of 1.1–1.8 mM. This clearly demonstrates that the pronounced antibacterial activity of New Zealand Manuka honey directly originates from MGO.
An implicit corrected SPH formulation for thermal diffusion with linear free surface boundary conditions
Authors: Schwaiger Hans F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has proven useful for modeling large deformation of fluids including fluids with stress‐free surfaces. Because of the Lagrangian nature of the method, it is well suited to address the thermal evolution of these free surface flows. Boundary conditions at the interface of the fluid with a solid wall are usually enforced through the use of boundary particles. However, applying conditions at free surfaces, in particular gradient boundary conditions, can be problematic with traditional SPH formulations due to the degradation of the gradient approximation in these regions. Compounding this difficulty is that traditional approximations of the Laplacian operator suffer a similar degradation near free surfaces. A new SPH formulation of the Laplacian operator is presented, which improves the accuracy near free surface boundaries. This new form is based on a gradient approximation commonly used in thermal, viscous, and pressure projection problems, but includes higher‐order terms in the appropriate Taylor series. Comparisons with other approximations of second‐order derivatives are given. The discretization is tested by solving steady‐state and transient problems of thermal diffusion using the Backward Euler method with a GMRES solver. Boundary conditions are imposed through an augmented matrix. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesh adaptive computation of upper and lower bounds in limit analysis
Authors: Ciria H. , Peraire J. , Bonet J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAn efficient procedure to compute strict upper and lower bounds for the exact collapse multiplier in limit analysis is presented, with a formulation that explicitly considers the exact convex yield condition. The approach consists of two main steps. First, the continuous problem, under the form of the static principle of limit analysis, is discretized twice (one per bound) using particularly chosen finite element spaces for the stresses and velocities that guarantee the attainment of an upper or a lower bound. The second step consists of solving the resulting discrete non‐linear optimization problems. These are reformulated as second‐order cone programs, which allows for the use of primal–dual interior point methods that optimally exploit the convexity and duality properties of the limit analysis model. To benefit from the fact that collapse mechanisms are typically highly localized, a novel method for adaptive meshing is introduced. The method first decomposes the total bound gap as the sum of positive contributions from each element in the mesh and then refines those elements with higher contributions. The efficiency of the methodology is illustrated with applications in plane stress and plane strain problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving variational problems by homotopy–perturbation method
Authors: Abdulaziz O. , Hashim I. , Chowdhury M. S. H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we consider some problems in calculus of variations. Homotopy–perturbation method (HPM) is adopted to obtain approximate analytical solutions to variational problems. The solutions are obtained in the form of rapidly convergent infinite series with easily computable terms. Numerical results reveal that HPM is very effective and simple for obtaining approximate solutions to variational problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New development in extended finite element modeling of large elasto‐plastic deformations
Authors: Anahid M. , Khoei A. R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper presents new achievements in the extended finite element modeling of large elasto‐plastic deformation in solid problems. The computational technique is presented based on the extended finite element method (X‐FEM) coupled with the Lagrangian formulation in order to model arbitrary interfaces in large deformations. In X‐FEM, the material interfaces are represented independently of element boundaries, and the process is accomplished by partitioning the domain with some triangular sub‐elements whose Gauss points are used for integration of the domain of elements. The large elasto‐plastic deformation formulation is employed within the X‐FEM framework to simulate the non‐linear behavior of materials. The interface between two bodies is modeled by using the X‐FEM technique and applying the Heaviside‐ and level‐set‐based enrichment functions. Finally, several numerical examples are analyzed, including arbitrary material interfaces, to demonstrate the efficiency of the X‐FEM technique in large plasticity deformations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.