bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply
Authors: Knutson Thomas R. , Tuleya Robert E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A response is made to the comments of Michaels et al. concerning a recent study by the authors. Even after considering Michaels et al.’s comments, the authors stand behind the conclusions of the original study. In contrast to Michaels et al., who exclusively emphasize uncertainties that lead to smaller future changes, uncertainties are noted that could lead to either smaller or larger changes in future intensities of hurricanes than those summarized in the original study, with accompanying smaller or larger societal impacts.
Treatment of Undercanopy Turbulence in Land Models
Authors: Zeng Xubin , Barlage Michael , Dickinson Robert E. , Dai Yongjiu , Wang Guiling , Oleson Keith 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In arid and semiarid regions most of the solar radiation penetrates through the canopy and reaches the ground, and hence the turbulent exchange coefficient under canopy Cs becomes important. The use of a constant Cs that is only appropriate for thick canopies is found to be primarily responsible for the excessive warm bias of around 10 K in monthly mean ground temperature over these regions in version 2 of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM2). New Cs formulations are developed for the consistent treatment of undercanopy turbulence for both thick and thin canopies in land models, and provide a preliminary solution of this problem.
A Comparison of the Influence of Additive and Multiplicative Stochastic Forcing on a Coupled Model of ENSO
Authors: Perez Cristina L. , Moore Andrew M. , Zavala-Garay Javier , Kleeman Richard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA currently popular idea is that El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can be viewed as a linear deterministic system forced by noise representing processes with periods shorter than ENSO. Also, there is observational evidence to suggest that the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) acts to trigger and/or amplify the warm phase of ENSO in this way. The feedback of the slower process, ENSO, to higher-frequency atmospheric phenomena, of which a large part of the variability in the intraseasonal band is due to the MJO, has received little attention. This paper considers the hypothesis that the probability of an El Niño event is modified by high MJO activity and that, in turn, the MJO is regulated by ENSO activity. If this is indeed the case, then viewing ENSO as a low-frequency oscillation forced by additive stochastic noise would not present a complete picture.This paper tests the above hypothesis using a stochastically forced intermediate coupled model by allowing ENSO to directly influence the stochastic forcing. The model response to a variety of stochastic forcing types is found to be sensitive to the type of forcing applied. When the model is operated beyond its intrinsic Hopf bifurcation, its probability distribution function (PDF) is fundamentally altered when the stochastic forcing is changed from additive to multiplicative. The model integration period also influences the shape of the PDF, which is also compared to the PDF derived from observations. It is found that multiplicative stochastic forcing reproduces some measures of the observations better than the additive stochastic forcing.
ENSO and the Spatial Extent of Interannual Precipitation Extremes in Tropical Land Areas
Authors: Lyon Bradfield , Barnston Anthony G. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The extreme phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are known to dominate the interannual variability of tropical rainfall. However, the relationship between ENSO and the spatial extent of drought and excessively wet conditions is an important characteristic of the tropical climate that has received relatively less attention from researchers. Here, a standardized precipitation index is computed from monthly rainfall analyses and the temporal variability of the spatial extent of such extremes, for various levels of severity, is examined from a Tropics-wide perspective (land areas only, 30°S–30°N). Maxima in the spatial extent of both precipitation extremes are compared across multiple ENSO events that occurred during the period 1950–2003. The focus on tropical land areas is motivated by the numerous, often negative, impacts of ENSO-related precipitation variability on human populations.
Results show that major peaks in the spatial extent of drought and excessively wet conditions are generally associated with extreme phases of ENSO. A remarkably robust linear relationship is documented between the spatial extent of drought in the Tropics and El Niño strength (based on Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies), with a comparatively weaker relationship for La Niña and excessive wetness. Both conditions are found to increase by about a factor of 2 between strong and weak ENSO events, and in several locations they are shown to be more likely during ENSO events than at all other times, especially for severe categories. Relatively stronger El Niño events during recent decades are associated with increased drought extent in tropical land areas with increasing surface temperatures likely acting to exacerbate these dry conditions.
Structure and Formation Mechanisms of the Northern Hemisphere Summertime Subtropical Highs
Authors: Miyasaka Takafumi , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the climatological-mean summertime subtropical highs over the North Pacific and Atlantic (i.e., the Azores high) are investigated. Each of the observed surface highs is accompanied by a meridional vorticity dipole aloft, exhibiting barotropic and baroclinic structures in its northern and southern portions, respectively, in a manner dynamically consistent with the observed midtropospheric subsidence. Each of the highs develops over the relatively cool eastern ocean, where a pronounced near-surface thermal contrast exists with a heated landmass to the east. The authors demonstrate through numerical experiments that those highs can be reproduced in response to a local shallow cooling–heating couplet associated with this thermal contrast, although the upper-level response is somewhat underestimated. The model experiments suggest that the near-surface thermal contrasts associated with those surface subtropical highs over the Pacific and Atlantic can act as sources of the observed planetary waves over the Western Hemisphere. In fact, a wave activity flux for stationary Rossby waves is distinctively upward and diverging toward downstream in the upper troposphere above each of the observed surface highs. The observed wave activity injection is significant into the Azores high but not at all into the Pacific high. Since each of the subtropical highs can be reproduced reasonably well, even for the premonsoon season (i.e., May), in response to a local shallow land–sea heating contrast, it is suggested that the monsoonal convective heating may not necessarily be a significant direct forcing factor for the formation of the summertime subtropical highs. In fact, the model response is quite weak if forced only by mid- and upper-tropospheric convective heating. The present study suggests the presence of a local land–sea–atmosphere feedback loop associated with a subtropical high and a continental low to its east, which may be triggered by increasing insolation over land from spring to summer.
Human thymus contains multipotent progenitors with T/B lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineage potential
Authors: Weerkamp Floor , Baert Miranda R. M. , Brugman Martijn H. , Dik Willem A. , de Haas Edwin F. E. , Visser Trudi P. , de Groot Christianne J. M. , Wagemaker Gerard , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , Staal Frank J. T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIt is a longstanding question which bone marrow–derived cell seeds the thymus and to what level this cell is committed to the T-cell lineage. We sought to elucidate this issue by examining gene expression, lineage potential, and self-renewal capacity of the 2 most immature subsets in the human thymus, namely CD34+CD1a– and CD34+CD1a+ thymocytes. DNA microarrays revealed the presence of several myeloid and erythroid transcripts in CD34+CD1a– thymocytes but not in CD34+CD1a+ thymocytes. Lineage potential of both subpopulations was assessed using in vitro colony assays, bone marrow stroma cultures, and in vivo transplantation into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. The CD34+CD1a– subset contained progenitors with lymphoid (both T and B), myeloid, and erythroid lineage potential. Remarkably, development of CD34+CD1a– thymocytes toward the T-cell lineage, as shown by T-cell receptor δ gene rearrangements, could be reversed into a myeloid-cell fate. In contrast, the CD34+CD1a+ cells yielded only T-cell progenitors, demonstrating their irreversible commitment to the T-cell lineage. Both CD34+CD1a– and CD34+CD1a+ thymocytes failed to repopulate NOD/SCID mice. We conclude that the human thymus is seeded by multipotent progenitors with a much broader lineage potential than previously assumed. These cells resemble hematopoietic stem cells but, by analogy with murine thymocytes, apparently lack sufficient self-renewal capacity.
Correction of canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by in vivo retroviral gene therapy
Authors: Ravin Suk See Ting–De , Kennedy Douglas R. , Naumann Nora , Kennedy Jeffrey S. , Choi Uimook , Hartnett Brian J. , Linton Gilda F. , Whiting-Theobald Narda L. , Moore Peter F. , Vernau William , Malech Harry L. , Felsburg Peter J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractX-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is characterized by profound immunodeficiency and early mortality, the only potential cure being hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation or gene therapy. Current clinical gene therapy protocols targeting HSCs are based upon ex vivo gene transfer, potentially limited by the adequacy of HSC harvest, transduction efficiencies of repopulating HSCs, and the potential loss of their engraftment potential during ex vivo culture. We demonstrate an important proof of principle by showing achievement of durable immune reconstitution in XSCID dogs following intravenous injection of concentrated RD114-pseudotyped retrovirus vector encoding the corrective gene, the interleukin-2 receptor γ chain (γc). In 3 of 4 dogs treated, normalization of numbers and function of T cells were observed. Two long-term–surviving animals (16 and 18 months) showed significant marking of B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, normalization of IgG levels, and protective humoral immune response to immunization. There were no adverse effects from in vivo gene therapy, and in one dog that reached sexual maturity, sparing of gonadal tissue from gene transfer was demonstrated. This is the first demonstration that in vivo gene therapy targeting HSCs can restore both cellular and humoral immunity in a large-animal model of a fatal immunodeficiency.
Increased number of B-cells in bronchial biopsies in COPD
Authors: Gosman M. M. E. , Willemse B. W. M. , Jansen D. F. , Lapperre T. S. , van Schadewijk A. , Hiemstra P. S. , Postma D. S. , Timens W. , Kerstjens H. A. M. ,   the Groningen and Leiden Universities Corticosteroids in Obstructive Lung Disease (GLUCOLD) Study Group
Published: December 2005

Recently, it has been shown that the accumulated volume of B-cells in small airways is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages 3 and 4. Little is known about the number of B-cells in central airways in COPD.The present authors hypothesised that the number of B-cells in bronchial biopsies of large airways is higher in patients with COPD than in controls without airflow limitation and higher in more severe COPD. Therefore, bronchial biopsies were collected from 114 COPD patients (postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 63±9 % predicted value, FEV1/inspiratory vital capacity (IVC) 48±9%) and 28 controls (postbronchodilator FEV1108±12 % predicted value, FEV1/IVC 78±4%).Paraffin sections were stained for B-cells (CD20+) and their number was determined in the subepithelial area (excluding muscle, glands and vessels). B-cell numbers were higher in patients with COPDversuscontrols (8.5versus3.9 cells·mm−2, respectively) and higher in patients with GOLD severity stage 3 (n = 11) than stage 2 (n = 103; 22.3versus7.8 cells·mm−2).No relationship was found between the number of B-cells and clinical characteristics within the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group. The authors suggest that these increased B-cell numbers may have an important contribution to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Effect of clarithromycin on rhinovirus-16 infection in A549 cells
Authors: Jang Y. J. , Kwon H-J. , Lee B-J. 
Published: December 2005

Clarithromycin (CM) has been found to inhibit the production of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, which may have beneficial effects on the pathophysiological changes related to rhinovirus (RV) infection. The effect of CM on RV infection in A549 cells was therefore investigated.Cells were pre-treated with 1, 10 or 100 μM CM, either starting 3 days before infection and continuing thereafter, or by addition at the time of infection. RV titre, as measured by culture on Medical Research Council 5 cells, was reduced by CM, with the degree of reduction being greater when CM was added 3 days before infection than when it was added at the time of infection.CM treatment inhibited the RV-induced increase in ICAM-1 mRNA and protein, as well as the RV-induced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. These effects were greater in cells treated with 10 μM than in those treated with 100 μM CM, and the maximum effect was observed 3 days after viral infection. In contrast, secretion of IL-8 was not inhibited significantly when CM was added at the time of viral infection.The findings of this study suggest that, in A549 cells, clarithromycin inhibits the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, cytokine elaboration, and viral infection.
Hypoxic ventilatory response in successful extreme altitude climbers
Authors: Bernardi L. , Schneider A. , Pomidori L. , Paolucci E. , Cogo A. 
Published: December 2005

A very high ventilatory response to hypoxia is believed necessary to reach extreme altitude without oxygen. Alternatively, the excessive ventilation could be counterproductive by exhausting the ventilatory reserve early on.To test these alternatives, 11 elite climbers (2004 Everest-K2 Italian Expedition) were evaluated as follows: 1) at sea level, and 2) at 5,200 m, after 15 days of acclimatisation at altitude. Resting oxygen saturation, minute ventilation, breathing rate, hypoxic ventilatory response, maximal voluntary ventilation, ventilatory reserve (at oxygen saturation = 70%) and two indices of ventilatory efficiency were measured.Everest and K2 summits were reached 29 and 61 days, respectively, after the last measurement. Five climbers summited without oxygen, the other six did not, or succeeded with oxygen (two climbers). At sea level, all data were similar. At 5,200 m, the five summiters without oxygen showed lower resting minute ventilation, breathing rate and ventilatory response to hypoxia, and higher ventilatory reserve and ventilatory efficiency, compared to the other climbers.Thus, the more successful climbers had smaller responses to hypoxia during acclimatisation to 5,200 m, but, as a result, had greater available reserve for the summit. A less sensitive hypoxic response and a greater ventilatory efficiency might increase ventilatory reserve and allow sustainable ventilation in the extreme hypoxia at the summit.
Parental education and children's respiratory and allergic symptoms in the Pollution and the Young (PATY) study
Authors: Gehring U. , Pattenden S. , Slachtova H. , Antova T. , Braun-Fahrländer C. , Fabianova E. , Fletcher T. , Galassi C. , Hoek G. , Kuzmin S. V. , Luttmann-Gibson H. , Moshammer H. , Rudnai P. , Zlotkowska R. , Heinrich J. 
Published: December 2005

Inequalities in health between socio-economic groups are a major public health concern. The current authors studied associations between parental socio-economic status (SES) and children's respiratory and allergic symptoms in 13 diverse countries, including the Russian Federation, North America (Canada and the USA), and countries across Eastern and Western Europe.Data of 57,000 children aged 6–12 yrs, originating from eight cross-sectional studies, were analysed. SES was defined by parental education. Respiratory and allergic symptoms were defined by parental questionnaire reports.Multiple logistic regressions showed that low parental education was associated with a decreased risk of inhalant allergy and itchy rash in school children. Furthermore, low parental education was associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze and nocturnal dry cough. No clear association was found between parental education and prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma and bronchitis. Part of the difference between socio-economic groups with regard to their children's symptoms was explained by established risk factors, such as parental allergy, smoking during pregnancy, pet ownership, crowding, mould/moisture in the home, use of gas for cooking, and air pollution (particulate matter with a diameter of <10 µm). However, differences remained after adjusting for these variables.Children's health was associated with parental education. The association could not fully be explained by established risk factors.
Methacholine and adenosine 5′-monophosphate challenges in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans
Authors: Yoo Y. , Yu J. , Kim D. K. , Choi S. H. , Kim C. K. , Koh Y. Y. 
Published: December 2005

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a characteristic feature of asthma, but is also frequently demonstrated by children and adults with chronic obstructive lung diseases. AHR is usually measured by bronchial challenges using direct or indirect stimuli. The aim of this study was to compare these two types of bronchial challenge in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (BO).Methacholine and adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) challenges were used as tools for the evaluation of AHR to direct and indirect stimuli, respectively, in children with post-infectious BO (n = 28). These results were compared with those of asthmatic (n = 30) and control children (n = 25).Altogether, twenty-two patients (78.6%) with post-infectious BO were hyperreactive to methacholine with a provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second(PC20) of <16 mg·mL−1, but only six (21.4%) were hyperreactive to AMP with a PC20of <200 mg·mL−1. All patients with asthma responded positively to methacholine, and most (28, 93.3%) also responded positively to AMP. The majority of controls were insensitive to both challenges.Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine is a frequent, but by no means universal, finding in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, but is usually not accompanied by airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine 5′-monophosphate. This finding suggests that airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans has characteristics that differ from those of asthmatic subjects.
Investigation of young children with severe recurrent wheeze: any clinical benefit?
Authors: Saglani S. , Nicholson A. G. , Scallan M. , Balfour-Lynn I. , Rosenthal M. , Payne D. N. , Bush A. 
Published: December 2005

The management of young children with severe recurrent wheeze is difficult because symptoms are often refractory to conventional asthma therapy and other diagnoses must be excluded. The present authors aimed to evaluate the outcome of detailed, invasive investigations in such patients.Children aged between 3 months and 5 yrs with severe recurrent wheezing, who had been referred to a tertiary centre, underwent a protocol of investigations including a chest computed tomography scan, blood tests, nasal ciliary brushings, fibreoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial biopsy and passage of an oesophageal pH probe.A total of 47 children (25 males) with a median age of 26 (range 5–58) months underwent investigation. Of these, 39% were atopic, two-thirds had evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux and 37 out of 47 had an abnormal bronchoscopy. Findings included structural abnormalities (13 out of 37), excessive mucus (20 out of 37) and macroscopic inflammation (10 out of 37). BAL revealed bacterial growth in 12 out of 44 (27%) patients. Good quality endobronchial biopsies were obtained from 36 out of 46 (78%) patients; of these, 44% had tissue eosinophila and 28% had a thickened reticular basement membrane.Additional investigations (including bronchoscopy) in young children with severe wheeze may help to identify positive diagnoses and provide information to support a clinical diagnosis of asthma. This hypothesis-generating work should form the basis of future interventional studies.
Management of asthma in patients supervised by primary care physicians or by specialists
Authors: Laforest L. , Van Ganse E. , Devouassoux G. , Chretin S. , Osman L. , Bauguil G. , Pacheco Y. , Chamba G. 
Published: December 2005

French asthma patients may be supervised by general practitioners (GPs) and/or specialists. Therefore, this study examined asthma management in patients exclusively supervised by specialists (SPE), GPs, (GP) and both (GP+SPE group), and compared the findings.Asthma patients were consecutively recruited in 348 pharmacies. Each patient completed a questionnaire providing data on personal characteristics, asthma management, perception of disease and asthma supervision. Asthma control was measured using the Asthma Control Test. Questionnaires were linked to computerised records of medications which had been dispensed before inclusion in the study.From the 1,256 patients (mean age = 36.1 yrs, 54.3% females), 11.4, 36.6, and 52.0% were placed in the SPE, GP, and GP+SPE groups, respectively. During the previous 4 weeks, most patients in the SPE group were properly controlled (52.2versus26.4 and 21.5% in GP and GP+SPE groups, respectively). The SPE group made more use of fixed combinations of long-acting beta agonist and inhaled corticosteroid, while receiving less short-acting beta agonists, antitussives and antibiotics.Striking differences in symptoms and asthma management were observed according to the type of asthma supervision. The current results strongly support the need to improve the management of asthma in primary care, and the coordination of care between general practitioners and specialists.