bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratified oceans and oxygenation of the late Precambrian environment: a post glacial geochemical record from the Neoproterozoic of W. Mongolia
Authors: Shields Graham , Stille Peter , Brasier Martin D. , Atudorei Nicu‐Viorel 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe late Neoproterozoic (750–545 Ma) was a time of revolutionary environmental change, recurrent glaciation and tectonic upheaval, which culminated in the evolution of metazoans and animal biomineralization. Geochemical data are presented for a post glacial (∼ 700 Ma) limestone succession from W. Mongolia. 87Sr/86Sr is used to constrain the timing of early diagenetic exchange. Stratigraphic trends to high δ13C(carb)) and δ13C(org) mirror sea‐level fluctuations, which, we argue, is consistent with the hypothesis that late Precambrian ocean chemistry, was controlled by vertical stratification. Repeated establishment of stratification 700–545 Ma would have led to greater oxygen availability in the surface environment. A causal link between this oxygenation and the further evolution of animals is proposed.
Translating Milankovitch climate forcing into eustatic fluctuations via thermal deep water expansion: a conceptual link
Authors: Schulz Michael , Schäfer‐Neth Christian 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTSedimentological evidence indicates metre‐scale, cyclic changes in global sea‐level during Mesozoic greenhouse climates; the cyclicity is thought to be due to Milankovitch forcing. The absence of continental ice‐caps requires other mechanisms than glacier build‐up to explain these variations. We propose that thermal expansion of the entire oceanic water column may partly explain the observed sea‐level variations on Milankovitch timescales. Using existing climate model results, we show that an increase in deep water temperature of ∼ 2°C and a corresponding sea‐level rise of 1.7 m by thermal expansion can be induced by Milankovitch forcing via increased formation of warm deep waters in low latitudes.
Detrital zircon ages from the Loch Maree Group, Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland: confirmation of a Palaeoproterozoic Laurentia—Fennoscandia connection
Authors: Whitehouse M. J. , Bridgwater D. , Park R. G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTIon‐microprobe U‐Pb zircon ages of detrital zircons from a metasediment of the Loch Maree Group, Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland show striking similarities to those in coeval Palaeoproterozoic belts of Laurentia and Fennoscandia, and confirm previous suggestions of a connection between them. Late‐Archaean zircons (3.06–2.48 Gyr old) represent derivation from Lewisian quartzofeldspathic gneisses, andlor a contemporaneous terrane. Palaeoproterozoic zircons (2.2–2.0 Gyrold) place a maximum age constraint upon deposition. An appropriate quartzofeldspathic source for these latter zircons is not presently known, either in the Lewisian or the wider Laurentia‐Fennoscandia region, although its requirement would be consistent with a development of the Loch Maree Group, together with juvenile magmatic arc rocks, at an active margin which was probably removed by lateral tectonics. Comparisons are made with contemporaneous supracrustal sequences throughout the Laurentia–Fennoscandia region, which exhibit marked similarities in source region age characteristics, lithologies, and inferred depositional environment.
Weed suppression in mixed cropped grain peas and false flax (Camelina sativa)
Authors: SAUCKE H , ACKERMANN K 
Published: November 2006

SummaryMixed cropping peas with false flax, a brassica oil seed crop, in additive arrangements had a significant suppressive effect on weed coverage (63% in 2003 and 52% in 2004), compared with the monocropped pea plots. Weed suppression by false flax was apparently restricted to the establishment phase, because effects were significant against the key annuals Fallopia convolvulus, Sonchus oleraceus and Matricaria recutita, but ineffective towards the major perennials Cirsium arvense and Elytrigia repens. Relatively higher yields in mixed stands with calculated land equivalent ratios (LER) of 1.43 (2003) and 1.98 (2004) were the result of low monocrop yields mainly related to weed pressure not only in pea but also in false flax. Partial LERs were in favour of peas, demonstrating a balanced but asymmetric complementarity of the components, with peas as the main and false flax as the minor crop component. The role of false flax in row‐cropped peas can be characterized as both a smother crop and weed antagonist with no obvious indications for allelopathic traits. Weed suppression was probably achieved by a mutually enhanced competitiveness of both crop components, indicating a mechanism based on resource allocation, but further research is needed for a better understanding of weed‐suppressive traits in pea–false flax mixed cropping systems.
Current practice of hemodynamic monitoring and vasopressor and inotropic therapy in post‐operative cardiac surgery patients in Germany: results from a postal survey
Authors: Kastrup M. , Markewitz A. , Spies C. , Carl M. , Erb J. , Große J. , Schirmer U. 
Published: November 2006

Background:  In Germany, more than 100,000 patients are monitored and treated in 80 intensive care units (ICUs) following cardiac surgery each year. The controversies concerning the different methods of hemodynamic monitoring and the appropriate agents for volume therapy and inotropic support are well known. However, little is known about how monitoring and treatment are currently performed.Methods:  A questionnaire with 39 questions was sent to the leading physicians of 80 ICUs in Germany, treating patients after cardiac surgery. The questions to be answered covered the current practice of hemodynamic monitoring, volume replacement, inotropic/vasopressor support and transfusions in patients after cardiac surgery.Results:  Sixty‐nine per cent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. All ICUs used basic monitoring as recommended by the societies. The use of advanced hemodynamic monitoring included the pulmonary artery catheter (58.2%), transesophageal echocardiography (38.1%) and transpulmonary dilution techniques (13%). Crystalloids (21.2%) and colloids (73%) were used for volume replacement. Epinephrine (41.8%) and dobutamine (30.9%) were the first‐choice inotropic drugs for the treatment of low cardiac output syndrome, followed by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (14.5%). Second‐choice drugs for the treatment of low cardiac output syndrome were enoximone (29%), milrinone (25%) and dobutamine (25%). A written transfusion protocol and a transfusion threshold for red blood cells existed in 59% and 79% of ICUs, respectively.Conclusion:  Hemodynamic monitoring and the variability in clinical practice with regard to volume replacement, transfusion triggers and the use of vasopressors/inotropes in cardiac surgery patients tend to follow the results of traditional experience rather than current scientific knowledge. Guidelines are therefore necessary to help to improve the standards of intensive care after cardiac surgery and thus the outcome of patients.
The Effects of SNP Genotyping Errors on the Power of The Cochran‐Armitage Linear Trend Test for Case/Control Association Studies
Authors: Ahn Kwangmi , Haynes Chad , Kim Wonkuk , Fleur Rose St. , Gordon Derek , Finch Stephen J. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe questions addressed in this paper are: What single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping errors are most costly, in terms of minimum sample size necessary (MSSN) to maintain constant asymptotic power and significance level, when performing case‐control studies of genetic association applying the Cochran‐Armitage trend test? And which trend test or χ2 test is more powerful under standard genetic models with genotyping errors? Our strategy is to expand the non‐centrality parameter of the asymptotic distribution of the trend test to approximate the MSSN using a Taylor series linear in the genotyping error rates. We apply our strategy to example scenarios that assume recessive, dominant, additive, or over‐dominant disease models.The most costly errors are recording the more common homozygote as the less common homozygote, and the more common homozygote as the heterozygote, with MSSN that become indefinitely large as the minor SNP allele frequency approaches zero. Misclassifying the heterozygote as the less common homozygote is costly when using the recessive trend test on data from a recessive model. The χ2 test has power close to, but less than, the optimal trend test and is never dominated over all genetic models studied by any specific trend test.
Innate immunity and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: JIN Ou , SUN Lingyun , KAVIKONDALA Sushma , LAU Chak‐Sing 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInnate immunity is the first‐line host defence against pathogens and damaged host cells, and the major cellular components are phagocytes such as monocytes/macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells and dendritic cells. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of tolerance to self‐antigens, the source of which has been suggested to be apoptotic cells. In this article, we will review studies on apoptosis in SLE and discuss the contribution of innate immunity abnormalities in the development of this condition.
An overview of clinical manifestations and survival of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in Asia
Authors: NAVARRA Sandra V. , KING Jacqueline O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAim:  To provide an overview of the clinical manifestations, survival and causes of mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Asia.Methods:  Literature retrieval utilized the following sources: (i) computerized bibliographic database of the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE 1986–2006) by PubMed; (ii) articles on SLE published in journals of national medical or rheumatology societies; and (iii) abstracts presented in national, regional and international rheumatology and SLE conferences. The available materials were cited to summarize and extrapolate data deemed most representative of each Asian country.Results:  The average age at SLE diagnosis ranged from 24–33 years, with a ratio ranging from 8–28 females to one male. Cutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations were the most frequently observed, ranging from 45–98% and 36–85%, respectively. Renal involvement ranged from 6–100% (overall), or 26–74% (excluding presenting manifestations, and data obtained from a renal centre). Survival rates ranged from 65–98% at 5 years, and 50–84% at 10 years, with a trend for improved survival in more recent reports. Infection and active SLE disease were the predominant causes of mortality, with renal and central nervous system involvement as the main organs involved at time of death.Summary:  This overview substantiates the potential vastness of clinical material on SLE in Asia, and reinforces the need for concerted efforts to encourage more research designed to address special issues and develop a more efficient health care delivery system tailored to the Asian lupus patient.
B‐cell abnormality and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: TSUBATA Takeshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAntigen‐stimulated mature B‐cells either undergo apoptosis leading to tolerance, or undergo activation leading to immune responses. Antigen‐induced apoptosis appears to be crucial for maintenance of self‐tolerance by tolerating mature self‐reactive B‐cells, which have escaped self‐tolerance at the immature B‐cells stage in the bone marrow. Various molecules are involved in determining the fate of antigen‐stimulated mature B‐cells whether they undergo apoptosis or activation. Molecules such as CD40L, BAFF or TLR ligands are required for activation of antigen‐stimulated B‐cells. In the absence of these stimuli, B‐cells undergo apoptosis. In contrast, coreceptors CD22 and CD72 are essential for antigen‐induced apoptosis of mature B‐cells. Accumulating pieces of evidence including those on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Asia suggest that abnormalities of these molecular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, probably by converting the apoptotic fate of self‐reactive B‐cells to activation.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS. III. FREEZE SUBSTITUTION OF AMPHIDINIUM RHYNCHOCEPHALUM1
Authors: Farmer Mark A. , Roberts Keith R. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe flagellar apparatus of the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium rhynchocephalum Anissimowa was examined using the techniques of rapid freezing/freeze substitution and serial thin section three dimensional reconstruction. The flagellar apparatus is composed of two basal bodies that are offset from one another and lie at an angle of approximately 150° The transverse basal body is associated with two individual microtubules that extend from the proximal end of the basal body toward the flagellar opening. One of these microtubules is closely appressed to a striated fibrous root that also extends from the proximal base of the transverse basal body. The longitudinal basal body is associated with a nine member microtubular root that extends from the proximal end of the basal body toward the posterior of the cell. The longitudinal microtubular root and the transverse striated fiber are connected by a striated connective fiber. In addition to the microtubules associated with the transverse and longitudinal basal bodies, a group of microtubules originates adjacent to one of the transverse flagellar roots and extends into the cytoplasm. Vesicular channels extend from the flagellar openings to the region of the basal bodies where they expand to encompass the various connective structures of the flagellar apparatus. The possible function and evolutionary importance of these structures is discussed.
ESTABLISHMENT, PERSISTENCE AND DOMINANCE OF CORALLINA (RHODOPHYTA) IN ALGAL TURF1
Authors: Stewart Joan G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT The dominance of Corallina thalli in an intertidal algal assemblage was examined by a series of algal removal experiments to test the hypothesis that other tam are competitively excluded from rock substrate. An alternate explanation, that environmental factors seasonally filter out taxa leaving Corallina as the only alga adapted for year to year survival, was considered. Development of vegetation on patches of naturally exposed bare rock was monitored and compared with manipulated surfaces. Thalli of several species were selectively removed from exposed surfaces and intact turf;. changes in tam occupying primary substrate were recorded over more than three years. No significant differences in mean percent cover for Corallina, Lithothrix, bare rock, or algal crusts were found among treatments. Except for initial growth of colonizing species, abundances of other species dad not increase in the absence of Corallina. Large amounts of rock remained bare or intermittently covered by transient populations of short‐lived algae. Data from single quad‐rats, where individual clumps of Lithothrix were followed from month to month, indicated that the continued presence of this co‐occurring and often abundant species depended on turnover of short‐lived thalli rather than persistence of the same clumps. No interactions were found among the several categories of species that appeared after rock substrate was cleared. Most species were the same ones that grew, epiphytically in intact turf at the same time. In control quadrats Corallina maintained 59‐95% cover while slowly increasing on surfaces earlier exposed. I predict that Corallina species will regain their dominance in the absence of competitors for primary substrate if the slowly spreading basal crusts remain undisturbed. Morphological and life history characteristics are identified that adapt Corallina to its dominant role in this habitat.
EFFECTS OF IRRADIANCE AND GRAZING ON LOTIC ALGAL ASSEMBLAGES1
Authors: Steinman Alan D. , McIntire C. David , Gregory Stanley V. , Lamberti Gary A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTA laboratory experiment was conducted for 75 days to examine how irradiance levels and grazing influence algal biomass and community structure. Twelve laboratory streams were used for experimental analyses, with four channels exposed to one of three irradiance levels (15, 100, or 400 μE·m−2·s−1). Three of the four stream at each light level were stocked with the snail Juga silicula (250·m−2), leaving one stream at each light level without snails. Grazed stream exposed to low light levels developed low amounts of algal biomass (<2 g AFDW·m−2) and were dominated by adnately attached diatoms. Mean algal biomass increased over time in the grazed streams exposed to intermediate light; by day 75, these streams were characterized by moderate algal biomasses (30‐40 g AFDW·m−2) and filamentous chlorophytes. Algal assemblages in high light, grazed channels had high levels of biomass at day 43 (70 g AFDW·m−2) that declined to 30 g AFDW·m−2at day 75 and were dominated by chlorophytes. Among ungrazed streams, algal biomass at day 75 was relatively low in the low light streams (<7g AFDW·m−2) and was dominated by adnately attached diatoms. Ungrazed streams exposed to intermediate and high light levels had moderate biomasses (23 and 19 g AFDW·m−2, respectively) and were dominated by chlorophytes and large diatoms. Grazing appeared both to delay and alter successional trajectories of algal assemblages, with alterations most noticeable during early seral stages at intermediate and high light levels. Grazing had the least effect on successional trajectories at low light.
SPECTRAL LIGHT ABSORPTION BY INTACT BLADES OF PORPHYRA ABBOTTAE (RHODOPHYTA): EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CULTURE1
Authors: Hannach Gabriela 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTWhole thallus absorptance spectra were recorded for Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy gametophytes grown in batch culture at combinations of temperature (8, 10, 12° C), irradiance (17.5, 70, 140 μmol photons·m−2·s−1), nutrients (f/4, f/2, f media) and water motion (0, 50, 100, 150 rpm). Light, nutrients, water motion and the interaction of nutrients with water motion all significance affected broadband (400‐700 nm) absorptance and absorptance by phycoerythrin (566 nm), phycocyanin (624 nm) and chlorophyll a (680 nm). Absorptances increased in low light, low water motion and high nutrient levels. Shifts in phycoerythrin: chlorophyll a absorptance ratios closely paralleled changes of absorptance by the major pigments, whereas the phycoerythrin: phycocyanin ratio decreased only with increasing nutrient supply Absorptance ratios were significantly correlated with growth rate. Absorptance increased asymptotically with blade thickness or pigment content. Based on previously determined growth rates, nutrient saturated P. abbottae can synthesize photosynthetic pigments in excess of immediate needs. Allocation is given preferentially to the phycobiliproteins, with highest preference for phycocyanin.
THE RED ALGAL EPIPHYTES MICROCLADIA COULTERI AND M. CALIFORNICA (RHODOPHYCEAE, CERAMIACEAE). I. TAXONOMY, LIFE HISTORY AND PHENOLOGY1
Authors: Gonzalez Mariela A. , Goff Lynda J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTIn the northeast Pa@, there are two epiphytic species of the genus Microcladia Grev. Microcladia coulteri Ham. grows on a wide range of red algal and occasionally brown algal basiphytes whereas M. californica Farl. grows only on the brown alga Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch. Although both are obligate epiphytes in the field, they complete their life history in culture in the absence of their respective basiphytes. Along the coast of central California, M. californica exhibits distinct seasonal patterns in reproduction whereas M. coulteri does not. In addition to previously documented daferences in cystocarp development and branchlet patterns, the two taxa can be delineated by differences in spore sizes, timing of spore attachment and morphology of the primary rhizoid. The haploid chromosome number for both species ranges from 14‐16. Attempts to hybridize the two species have been unsuccessful. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the plastid DNA of the two species provides further evidence that Microcladia coulteri and Microcladia californica represent distinctive species.
Article 82 of the LOS Convention—Revenue Sharing—The Mining Industry's Perspective
Authors: Mingay George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper will provide an overview of Article 82 LOSC and look at the philosophy and intention behind Article 82's revenue sharing provisions in relation to resources exploited on the outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. A brief examination will follow of whether the realities faced at the time of drafting are the same as those faced today. The provisions of Article 82 have yet to be successfully implemented and it seems likely that more work will be required in refining certain aspects of the Article before they can be. Any such refinements are likely to be of significant interest to the mining industry as the theory behind the Article gives way to its practical implementation. The term mining industry covers a range of interests from oil and gas to mineral and metal deposits. Clearly, the economies of scale will be different for each of these interests as will the margins within which they operate. This is likely to have quite an individual effect on the desirability of Article 82 revenue sharing within the industry. Most likely as a consequence of Article 82 not yet having an effect, in addition to the relative costliness of deep water exploration, the mining industry has not widely publicised its view on the implications for the industry of Article 82. Notwithstanding this, there are concerns and factors that will be relevant to the industry as a whole. A look at some of the specific incentives and disincentives that Article 82 brings for the mining industry, in addition to the role of technology in the revenue sharing equation are some of the further issues which will be addressed.
Activation of RAGE induces elevated O2− generation by mononuclear phagocytes in diabetes
Authors: Ding Yong , Kantarci Alpdogan , Hasturk Hatice , Trackman Philip C , Malabanan Alan , Van Dyke Thomas E 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidative stress has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to define the oxidative burst of diabetic monocytes to characterize the phenotype associated with poor diabetic control. Superoxide (O2−) is the first molecule generated during the respiratory burst of phagocytes by NADPH oxidase, and its generation by monocytes from 26 controls and 34 diabetic subjects was evaluated in this study. Under resting states or stimulation by PMA or opsonized zymosan, diabetic monocytes produce significantly more O2− than nondiabetic cells. The increased O2− generation was found to be correlated with glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin) of patients. To clarify the effects of hyperglycemia on O2− generation, normal human monocytes were treated with receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) ligands (AGE protein and S100B) or high glucose media before stimulation. RAGE ligands and high glucose concentration increased O2− generation from human mononuclear phagocytes. RAGE ligands, specifically and potently, increased O2− generation from mononuclear phagocytes, and high-glucose effects were associated with correspondingly increased osmotic pressure. Differentiated THP-1 cells, from a human monocytic cell line, were used as a model of human monocytes to study the effects of S100B, the RAGE ligand. It was confirmed that RAGE is involved in the priming of O2− generation by S100B. This study demonstrates that RAGE ligands can contribute significantly to the hyper-responsive phenotype of diabetic monocytes, which might be reversible by blocking the RAGE or controlling the presence of RAGE ligands by controlling hyperglycemia.