bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Ability to Control Heart Rate: Personality, Strategy, Physiological, and Other Variables
Authors: Levenson Robert W. , Ditto W. Blaine 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments (total N = 102) are reported which examined the relationship between individual differences in ability to control heart rate (HR) with feedback and differences in self‐reported cognitive strategies, personality variables (locus of control, state and trait anxiety), physiological variables (respiration, somatic activity, basal HR and HR variability, and initial ability to control HR without feedback), and several auxiliary variables (e.g., weight, smoking, gender, exercise, and meditation). Two sets of analyses were performed. In the first set, differences in cognitive strategies and physiological concomitants between HR decrease and HR increase were studied revealing disparate patterns of cognitive strategies and physiological concomitants for the two directions of HR control. In the second set, the group of cognitive, strategy, personality, physiological, and auxiliary variables was searched to determine if any variables were related to individual differences in ability to decrease or increase HR. Cognitive strategies, personality, and auxiliary variables were generally unrelated to ability to control HR in either direction. Use of two cognitive strategies was found to be associated with lack of ability to increase HR, and non‐smokers were better able to decrease HR. Strong relationships were found for somatic activity and ability to control HR without feedback, both of which successfully predicted differences in ability to decrease and increase HR with feedback. Implications of these findings for past and future studies of voluntary control of HR are discussed.
Event‐Related Potentials (ERPs) to Interruptions of a Steady Rhythm
Authors: Ford Judith M. , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalps of persons who received repetitive sequences of sounds through earphones. Occasionally and unpredictahly. some ofthe sounds in the sequence occurred at a shorter or longer interstimulus internal (ISI) than usual. In Experiment 1, it was shown that premature noise bursts (ISI = 300 msec) elicited a large, biphasic ERP consisting of an “Ne” component at about 130 msec and a “PE” wave at about 200 msec. The NE‐PE complex was several times larger than the N1‐P2 waves elicited either by the regular bursts (ISI ‐ 600 msec) or by delayed noise bursts (ISI = 600 msec) in a sequence where the regular ISI was 300 msec. In Experiment 2, the peak amplitude of the NE wave elicited by infrequent early tones was considerably increased when attention was directed toward the tones. In Experiment 3, the amplitude ofthe NE‐PE, complex to infrequent early tones in a regular sequence (ISIs of 1200 msec) was either unchanged or actually increased when ISIs were shortened from 600 to 300 msec. It was proposed that the NE‐PE complex belongs to a class of ERPs that are specifically elicited by a mismatch event in a repetitive stimulus sequence.
Electroencephalograms in Children of Alcoholic Fathers
Authors: Gabrielli William F. , Mednick Sarnoff A. , Volavka Jan , Pollock Vicki E. , Schulsinger Fini , Itil Turan M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study tested the hypothesis that 12‐yr‐old sons of alcoholic fathers will evidence an excess of fast EEG activity. Such sons have been shown to be at high risk for alcoholism. In this study, EEGs were recorded on a sample of 265 subjects who had been selected to maximize risk for deviant behavior (children of schizophrenics and children of psychopathic or character disordered parents) or selected as controls (children of normal parents). The sample included 27 children of alcoholic fathers and 258 children of non‐alcoholic parents. The hypothesis was confirmed, suggesting that the biological risk for alcoholism in sons of alcoholics may relate to biological factors predisposing to alcoholism.
Effect of Problem Solving on Right and Left Hemisphere 40 Hertz EEG Activity
Authors: Spydell John D. , Sheer Daniel E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEEG activity within the alpha, beta II and 40 Hz bands was monitored during periods of problem solving and non‐problem solving. Concomitant 40 Hz EMG activity was also monitored to show a dissociation between it and 40 Hz EEG activity. Twenty‐four right‐handed subjects were used. Results indicate that during problem solving there is a reduction in activity within the alpha and beta II bands relative to non‐problem solving periods. Within the 40 Hz EEG band there was increased activity over the hemisphere assumed to be maximally engaged in the problem solving task. Activity within the 40 Hz EMG band showed bilateral increases during problem solving. It was also found that 40 Hz EMG activity made little, if any, contribution to 40 Hz EEG activity.
Physical Anhedonia and Future Psychopathology: An Electrocortical Continuity?
Authors: Simons Robert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade, a great deal of effort has been focused on the identification of subjects who may be at “high‐risk” for the development of psychopathology. Chapman, Chapman, and Raulin (1976) suggested that college students who report pervasive physical anhedonia may comprise a group of subjects vulnerable to the development of schizophrenia. The present study provides cortical evoked potential data consistent with this relationship.Auditory event‐related potentials (ERPs) were collected from anhedonic subjects and normal controls under two conditions of auditory stimulation. In the first condition (nonsignal orienting), anhedonic and normal control subjects did not differ on any measure of the ERP. However, under signal conditions, reliable group differences emerged which were strikingly apparent in the late positive (P3) component. These group differences were maximal when the auditory signal predicted a high‐interest event. Similar observations of reduced P3 activity have been frequently reported in studies with schizophrenic patients. In conjunction with previous investigations of anhedonic subjects, the present data continue to support the hypothesis that these subjects may constitute a psychosis‐prone population.
The Relevance of Dissociations and the Irrelevance of Dissociationism: A Reply to Schwartz and Pritchard
Authors: Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis note examines Schwartz and Pritchard's critique of Donchin and Lindsley's study of the ERPs and retroactive masking. The critique is seen to be an example of the Dissociationist posture in which the failure to confirm a reported relationship between performance and ERPs is reported. The Dissociationist treats psychophysiology as an attempt to establish universally applicable correlations between performance measures and physiological measures. Such universality seems to be the necessary attribute of “physiological correlates” of psychological constructs. To demonstrate that ERPs are not correlates of perception, Schwartz and Pritchard try to show that the correlation reported by Donchin and Lindsley does not hold for U‐shaped masking functions.Donchin and Lindsley did not, however, attempt to establish a universal correlation. Rather, they attempted to utilize the parallelism between ERPs and two‐flash interactions to test models proposed to account for retroactive masking and enhancement. That the relationship is not universal, in that there are masking phenomena wherein the correlation fails, is quite irrelevant to the purpose. The methodology used by Schwartz and Pritchard is also questioned here. Specifically, it is noted that they err in combining in one curve, data obtained with a single stimulus with data obtained with two stimuli. They are thus led by focusing on a product, the d', to the unwarranted assumption that the underlying processes are uniform.
Correction of EOG Artifacts in Event‐Related Potentials of the EEG: Aspects of Reliability and Validity
Authors: Verleger Rolf , Gasser Theo , Möcks Joachim 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCorrection of EOG artifacts using a regression approach is evaluated in terms of reliability and validity. Transmission rates are estimated for eight EEG channels in 67 subjects. The trimmed group means of these rates are shown to provide reliable measures. Eye artifact correction based on these group means is superior to the conventional rejection in terms of reducing correlation between EOG and EEG.
Attenuation of Baroreflexes During Operant Cardiac Conditioning
Authors: Engel Bernard T. , Joseph James A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree monkeys were trained to slow and to speed heart rate on an operant schedule. After the animals were performing highly reliably they received injections of nitroglycerin or phenylephrine to elicit baroreflexes during control periods and during slowing or speeding sessions. The findings were that each animal reliably attenuated its baroreflex sensitivity and thereby avoided shock. Thus, the data showed that under appropriate behavioral conditions homeostatic adjustments of the cardiovascular system are reduced.
Fetal Heart Rate Part I: Factor Analysis
Authors: Emory Eugene K. , Cruz Amelia , Walker Elaine F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe quantification of intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns in normal healthy neonates yielded 17 FHR variables: seven of these measures have not been reported previously. A factor analysis was performed on the 17 FHR variables in order to identify the pattern of interrelationships among them. This analysis resulted in a 6‐factor Varimax solution. The factors, in order of variance accounted for, were descriptively labeled deceleration, complexity, frequency, baserate, acceleration, and variability. The results support the hypothesis that the FHR response to labor is a multi dimensional phenomenon. Specifically, different parameters, i.e., amplitude, frequencies, etc., tended to be uncorrelated across subjects.
Fetal Heart Rate Part II: Behavioral Correlates
Authors: Emory Eugene K. , Walker Elaine F. , Cruz Amelia 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRelatively recent technological developments have made possible continuous electronic monitoring of fetal heart rate (FHR) during labor. These developments have added a new dimension to the understanding of fetal responses to labor. The FHR response to labor is thought to be a multidimensional phenomenon. This study was designed to determine the type and degree of relationship between multiple FHR factors and dimensions of neonatal behavior scored with the Brazelton Newborn Behavior Assessment Scale. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, infants from complicated pregnancies and deliveries were excluded. The behavioral assessment was administered to 90 2–3 day old newborn infants. FHR was recorded during labor and the last hour of recorded FHR was analyzed for the study. Six factors were derived from measures of FHR (e.g. amplitude, frequency, decelerations, accelerations) and were used in a step‐wise multiple regression analysis. Significant multiple correlations were found between FHR factor composites and infant behavioral dimensions of attention‐orientation and arousal.
Correcting Baseline Drift Artifact in Slow Potential Recording
Authors: Simons Robert F. , Miller Gregory A. , Weerts Theodore C. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA problem frequently encountered by investigators measuring scalp‐recorded DC potentials is baseline drift artifact. The sources of baseline drift are many and it is often very difficult to remove drift from the primary data. The problem is particularly acute when long recording epochs are under investigation. The present paper proposes a software solution. A FORTRAN IV computer program defines drift as a significant linear trend in prestimulus voltage on successive experimental trials. When drift is determined to be present, its slope is computed and statistically removed from the data in the poststimulus (response) period. A sample data set is included which demonstrates the method's marked improvement of signal‐to‐noise ratios, as represented by reduced error variance and improved statistical discrimination between the independent variables of an experiment.
Low‐Noise, Optically Isolated Electromyographic Preamplifier
Authors: Fridlund Alan J. , Price A. W. , Fowler Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA low‐noise preamplifier for electromyographic applications is presented. The design features modifiable gain and bandpass characteristics, driven input shielding for high common‐mode rejection, and integral optical isolation for participant safety.
Sequential Expectancies and Decision Making in a Changing Environment: An Electrophysiological Approach
Authors: Johnson Ray , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment addressed two questions. First, we sought to determine how sequential expectancies, as indexed by the amplitude of P300, are formulated when subjects are presented with a series in which the event probabilities are continuously changing. Second, we wanted to determine the effect on P300 amplitude of seeking information prior to a decision when the decisions are required at random intervals. Eight subjects were presented with a Bernoulli series of high and low tones in which the event probabilities reversed at random intervals. Thus, while the event probabilities were either .33 or .67 over short segments of the series, they were .50 over each trial block. The subject's task was to count the number of low‐pitched tones. In two separate conditions (“Unknown” and “Known”) the subjects received different information about the series. In the Unknown condition, the subjects were not informed of the reversals in stimulus probability and were only told that the events were equally probable. In the Known condition, the subjects were informed of the probability reversals and, in addition to the counting task, were asked to detect the probability reversals.The trials were divided into two categories: “transition” and “stable.” The transition trials were those that occurred between the actual probability reversal and the subject's reported detections. The stable trials were all those not included in the transition category. The data from the stable trials revealed that, in most cases, subjects generated their expectancies, as indexed by the amplitude of P300, in an identical manner during both conditions. Accurate knowledge of the stimulus probabilities did, however, influence the amplitude of P300 for events that were preceded by sequences of stimuli that occur only rarely at each level of probability. These data suggest that the mechanism responsible for generating sequential expectancies is largely automatic. Certain aspects of this mechanism are, however, modulated by the subject's knowledge of the parameters of the series. The data from the transition trials revealed that, in the Unknown condition, the subjects’ assignments of subjective probabilities, as indexed by the amplitude of P300, adapted rapidly to meet the new sequence‐generating rules following the probability transitions. In contrast, during the Known condition, the amplitude of the P300 and Slow Wave components steadily increased, as the decision point approached, to levels well above those in the Unknown condition. By the first trial following the decision, this enhancement in P300 and Slow Wave activity was no longer evident. These results are discussed in terms of a descriptive model of the subjects’ decision making behavior.
The Choice of Feedback Stimulus Can Determine the Success of Alpha Feedback Training
Authors: Tyson Paul D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe experimenter's choice of auditory feedback stimulus may determine the success of alpha feedback training, The stimulus medium of the feedback message may interfere with or enhance the person's ability to increase alpha activity. Forty undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two feedback stimulus groups or one of two stimulus control groups. The two auditory stimuli used for feedback produced dramatically different effects on the spectral power in high and low frequency alpha during training, whereas the stimulus controls showed little change from eyes open baselines. The experiences associated with the auditory stimuli before training and the alpha levels for the pre and post stimulus baselines were significant predictors of alpha changes during training. These results suggest that the feedback stimulus may influence how alpha information is received and utilized by affecting arousal, attentional capacity, and control strategies, or may directly influence the generators of the alpha rhythm.
Imagery and Pavlovian Heart Rate Decelerative Conditioning
Authors: Arabian Jane M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment was designed to investigate the role of US‐imagery in Pavlovian heart rate(HR) decelerative conditioning with a head‐up to head‐down body tilt as the unconditional stimulus (US). From imagery theories of Pavlovian conditioning (e.g., King, 1973), it was hypothesized that the nature (content) of the imagery instructions would affect the conditional response (CR). Two groups of 20 subjects were employed: an Experimental (CS‐US) group and a Control (US‐CS) group. Half the subjects in each group were instructed to imagine the tilt‐US whenever the CS was presented (Relevant Imagery condition); the remaining subjects were instructed to imagine a car‐ride whenever the CS was presented (Irrelevant Imagery condition). The HR CR was assessed on a second‐by‐second basis during CS‐alone lest trials.The results of the experiment supported the hypothesis: despite an identical CS‐US contingency, only the Experimental/Relevant Imagery group (as opposed to the Experimental/Irrelevant Imagery group) demonstrated a marked, monophasic decelerative CR to the CS relative to control groups. Differences in imagery ability, instructed‐imagery vividness ratings, and US‐awareness ratings could not account for the data. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to stimulus substitution (S‐R) and cognitive (S‐S) theories of conditioning.
Magnitude of Incentive Effects on Heart Rate
Authors: Tranel Dan T. , Fisher Anne E. , Fowles Don C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious demonstrations of monetary incentive effects on heart rate during a continuous motor task were extended by employing different magnitudes of incentive: 0¢ (feedback only), 2¢, and 5¢ per response. The influence of the total amount of monetary incentive for the experiment was examined by providing monetary incentives either for only 2 trials or for all 5 trials. This procedure also provided an evaluation of the effect on heart rate during the later trials of discontinuing the incentive after 2 trials. The results showed a clear and graded effect of the amount of incentive per response, but no significant effects were obtained for the total amount of incentive, in spite of providing subjects with clear feedback as to how much money they could expect. Discontinuing incentives produced a significant decrease in heart rate, compared to subjects who continued to receive incentives.No effect was found for the magnitude of incentive on the rate of responding on the motor task, rendering unlikely an explanation for the results in terms of cardiac‐somatic coupling. Also, any possible contribution to the heart rate results from frustrative nonreward feedback was eliminated by avoiding any suggestion of failure feedback on the task. It was concluded that the effects are attributable to the incentive value of the monetary reward and that they are large enough to be of considerable interest.
Changes of Achilles Tendon Reflex Amplitudes During a Fixed Foreperiod of Four Seconds
Authors: Brunia C. H. M. , Scheirs J. G. M. , Haagh S. A. V. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPreparation for a voluntary foot or finger response was studied by evoking Achilles tendon (T) reflexes. Reflexes were evoked simultaneously in both legs at 13 points between 100 and 4300 msec after the warning signal. With this paradigm, the time course of changes in reflex amplitudes related to preparatory processes could be measured simultaneously in the leg involved in the response and in the uninvolved leg. Immediately following the warning stimulus, the reflex amplitudes increased in both involved and non‐involved muscles, presumably reflecting a general non‐specific arousal. During the second half of the foreperiod, reflex amplitudes in non‐involved muscles remained elevated, perhaps reflecting a general activation of the motor system, but returned to baseline in the involved muscles. It is hypothesized that the consistently smaller reflex amplitudes in the involved leg during the entire ISI reflect a presynaptic inhibition of the la afferents to the motoneurons involved in the response. Following the response stimulus, reflex amplitudes increased in both involved and non‐involved muscles, although in the former at an earlier point and to a greater extent. It is suggested that this increase following the response stimulus is a manifestation of the transition from motor preparation to response execution.
Psychophysiological Changes Accompanying Different Types of Arousing and Relaxing Imagery
Authors: Carroll Douglas , Marzillier John S. , Merian Sally 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an investigation of hypotheses proposed by Lang (1977) on psychophysiological correlates of emotional imagery, 24 subjects were assigned to two equal‐sized groups. A stimulus group was presented, on 2 occasions, 6 image scripts, 3 of an arousing kind and 3 of a relaxing kind, in which stimulus propositions were stressed. A response group was treated identically except that the scripts stressed response rather than stimulus propositions; further, in the response group each pair of arousing and relaxing scripts separately emphasized either cardiovascular activity, respiration or sudomotor activity, in order to assess the degree of specificity in response‐proposition relationships. Psychophysiological measures of heart rate, respiration and skin resistance, and self‐report measures of imagery vividness, general arousal, and compliance with imagery instructions were taken after each imagery trial.Analysis of the psychophysiological measures indicated that, in line with Lang's predictions, the response group showed significantly greater changes in heart rate and respiration to the arousing scenes than the stimulus group. No significant differences, however, were found for skin resistance. Moreover, there were no differences between the groups on any measures when the relaxing scenes were imagined. The groups did not differ reliably on any of the self‐report measures. Contrary to Lang's theory, however, little specificity in response‐proposition relationships was found. Rather, the present data suggest that certain psychophysiological propositions, in particular cardiovascular propositions, are generally more effective in eliciting fairly widespread psychophysiological changes. Further, a close coupling between heart rate and respiration rate was observed in this experiment.