bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are required for specification of the mammalian vestibular apparatus
Authors: Robledo Raymond F. , Lufkin Thomas 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe mammalian inner ear is a complex organ that develops from a surface ectoderm into distinct auditory and vestibular components. Congenital malformation of these two components resulting from single or multiple gene defects is a common clinical occurrence and is observed in patients with split hand/split foot malformation, a malformation which is phenocopied by Dlx5/6 null mice. Analysis of mice lacking Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes identified their restricted and combined expression in the otic epithelium as a crucial regulator of vestibular cell fates. Otic induction initiates without incident in Dlx5/6−/− embryos, but dorsal otic derivatives including the semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic duct fail to form. Dlx5 and Dlx6 seem to influence vestibular cell fates by restricting Pax2 and activating Gbx2 and Bmp4 expression domains. Given their proximity to the disease locus and the observed phenotype in Dlx5/6 null mice, Dlx5/6 are likely candidates to mediate the inner ear defects observed in patients with split hand/split foot malformation. genesis 44:425–437, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commentary on ‘Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children’
Authors: Grimm Paul 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Bloomfield P, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003772. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003772.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThese are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Arnold SR, Straus SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003539. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003539.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation’
Authors: Bellù R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Cools F, Offringa M. Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002773. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002773.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A wide‐field‐of‐view catadioptrical head‐mounted display
Authors: Nagahara Hajime , Yagi Yasushi , Yachida Masahiko 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe head‐mounted display (HMD) has been used widely as a visual presentation device in virtual reality, composite reality, and telepresence. However, the HMDs which are on the market have only a very narrow angular field of view, which is less than 60°in the horizontal direction. This is very narrow compared to the human field of view and is far from generating a feeling of presence. The poor feeling of presence is considered to be a factor that degrades the sense of realism for the user and the operating efficiency in the virtual space. In this paper, we propose an HMD with a wide field of view based on a catadioptrical system composed of hyperboloidal and ellipsoidal mirrors. The proposed HMD achieves a horizontal view angle of 180°, which covers the human peripheral field of vision. This wide field of view gives the user a stronger feeling of reality and ambience. The proposed HMD has a binocular overlap area of 60°from the center, which helps to achieve stereoscopic vision by presenting parallax images. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(9): 33–43, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20304
Rapid CD40‐mediated rescue from CD95‐induced apoptosis requires TNFR‐associated factor‐6 and PI3K
Authors: Benson Rebecca J. , Hostager Bruce S. , Bishop Gail A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe activation molecule CD40 and the death receptor CD95/Fas play important roles in regulating B cells so that effective antimicrobial immunity occurs without autoimmunity. CD40 signaling increases CD95 expression, sensitizing cells to apoptosis, but sustained CD40 signals rescue B cells from CD95 killing. Here we describe a mechanism of early CD40‐mediated rescue from CD95‐induced apoptosis in B cells. Maximal rescue was achieved when CD40 signals were given within 1–2 h of initiating CD95 apoptosis. CD40 signaling did not block association of Fas‐associated death domain‐containing protein with CD95, but decreased CD95‐induced activation of caspases 3 and 8. Rapid CD40 rescue did not require NF‐κB activation and was independent of de novo protein synthesis, but was dependent upon active PI3 K. Signaling via a CD40 mutant that does not bind TNFR‐associated factor (TRAF)1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 rescued B cells from CD95‐induced apoptosis. TRAF1/2/3‐independent rescue was confirmed in B cell lines made deficient in these TRAF molecules by gene targeting. In contrast, CD40 rescue was completely abrogated in TRAF6‐deficient B cells, which showed reduced activation of Akt in response to CD40 engagement. These results reveal a new rapid mechanism to balance B cell activation and apoptosis.
Regional wind fields and dunefield migration, southern Brazil
Authors: Hesp Patrick , Abreu de Castilhos Janete , Miot da Silva Graziela , Dillenburg Sergio , Martinho Caroline Thais , Aguiar Débora , Fornari Michele , Fornari Milene , Antunes Glauco 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper examines a seemingly anomalous situation in southern Brazil where the dunefields on Santa Catarina Island (e.g. Joaquina Beach) migrate to the NNW, almost completely the opposite direction (c. 160) to the dunefields immediately to the south (e.g. Pinheira Beach), and some much further to the north (e.g. Cabo Frio) which migrate to the SSW. A variety of mechanisms are examined to explain the differences in dunefield migration including grain size variations, topographic effects on local winds, shoreline orientation, and regional wind field changes. The mean grain sizes of the two beaches, Pinheira and Joaquina, are not sufficiently different to restrict aeolian sediment transport in either place, nor to account for a lack of transport from the NNE to the SSW in the case of Joaquina. Some topographic steering of the wind is likely but could not account for the long‐term average difference in migration trends of the island dunefields compared to the mainland dunefields. While the orientation of the shoreline to prevailing winds is an important control on beach and dune sediment transport, it is not the dominant controlling mechanism. An analysis of the regional wind patterns demonstrates that there is a major shift in the regional wind field near the island such that the dominant island winds blow from the SW/SSW while those further south blow from the NE. It is concluded that this is the predominant reason for the divergence in the direction of migration of the dunefields. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolite profile of sibutramine in human urine: a liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometric study
Authors: Link Marek , Hakala Kati S. , Wsól Vladimír , Kostiainen Risto , Ketola Raimo A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present a detailed experimental approach to detection and subsequent structural characterization of unknown metabolites of sibutramine, using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometric techniques. The full‐, precursor ion, and constant neutral loss scan modes of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were used for screening sibutramine metabolites in human urine. The structural assessment of unknown metabolites was based on MSn ion trap mass spectrometric analysis and comparison of MSn spectra between the standards and compounds detected. Two phase‐I (M1 and M2) and eight phase‐II (M3‐M6) metabolites of sibutramine were found in human urine. Metabolites M1 and M2, which were found as minor metabolites, originated from N‐demethylation of sibutramine. Carbamoyl glucuronides formed from metabolites M1, M2, and their hydroxylated analogs were the main metabolites of sibutramine and were characterized by tandem mass spectrometric analysis and by the chemical modification of their structure. We demonstrate the usefulness of the chemical derivatization approach for estimation of the site of glucuronidation and propose the formation of hydroxylated regioisomers of metabolites M4 and M6. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of the suitability of a plastic thermometer screen for climatic data collection
Authors: Perry M. C. , Prior M. J. , Parker D. E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFor over a century, wooden thermometer screens of the Stevenson design have been used in the meteorological station network administered by the UK Met Office. A screen is now being manufactured of the same dimensions but made from plastic. This requires minimal maintenance and has the potential for a much longer life than the wooden type. In order to determine whether a changeover to the plastic type would be acceptable for climatological applications, in particular for studies of climate change, a 12‐month trial was carried out at 3 contrasting UK locations. Temperature and relative humidity measurements were made at 1‐minute intervals in plastic and wooden trial screens installed at each site, as well as in the existing operational wooden screens. At the start of the trial, acceptance criteria based on Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) standards were set for mean and extreme temperature values. The temperature differences between the trial wooden and plastic screens were all found to be within these acceptance criteria. The largest differences occurred between pairs of wooden screens, not between wooden and plastic screens. Analysis of humidity differences between wooden and plastic screens did not yield clear results. To help understand the temperature and humidity differences, the screen data were analysed in terms of other current weather conditions, principally solar radiation and wind speed. We recommend that, in temperate climates, the plastic thermometer screen is a climatologically consistent alternative to the wooden design, requiring no adjustments to long‐term records. © Crown Copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plants, medicines and man
Authors: Fowler Michael W 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPlants have long been a source of therapeutic agents used by man. Some 80% of the world's population still rely upon plants for primary health care; even today in Western medicine, and despite progress in synthetic chemistry, some 25% of prescription medicines are still derived either directly or indirectly from plants. The use of plants in medicines ranges from crude preparations or extracts, to refined extracts and single molecular species. In terms of categories of use this encompasses food supplements, herbal medicines, botanical drugs and prescription medicines. Increased interest in plants as a source of novel pharmacophores recognizes their chemical diversity and versatility, not matched by synthetic chemistry libraries. In spite of the surge of activity in synthetic chemistry over the last 20 years or so, almost half the some 850 small molecules introduced as drugs were derived from plant sources. Over 100 small molecules derived either directly or indirectly from plants are currently at some point in the clinical trials process. It is argued that the present use of plant‐derived drugs and remedies only scratches the surface of what is a major reservoir of untapped potential, the level of biological and chemical diversity possessed by plants having much to offer in the drive for novel therapeutic agents in the fight against disease. Additionally novel developments in plant biotechnology and molecular biology add further dimensions to the use of plants in the production of therapeutic agents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Deformation theorems on non‐metrizable vector spaces and applications to critical point theory
Authors: Bartsch Thomas , Ding Yanheng 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLet E be a Banach space and Φ : E → ℝ a 𝒞1‐functional. Let 𝒫 be a family of semi‐norms on E which separates points and generates a (possibly non‐metrizable) topology 𝒯𝒫 on E weaker than the norm topology. This is a special case of a gage space, that is, a topological space where the topology is generated by a family of semi‐metrics. We develop some critical point theory for Φ : (E, 𝒫) → ℝ. In particular, we prove deformation lemmas where the deformations are continuous with respect to 𝒯𝒫. In applications this yields a gain in compactness when Φ does not satisfy the Palais–Smale condition because one can work with the weak topology.We also prove some foundational results on gage spaces. In particular, we introduce the concept of Lipschitz continuity in this setting and prove the existence of Lipschitz continuous partitions of unity. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrospun Nanofibers Modified with Phospholipid Moieties for Enzyme Immobilization
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Jun , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Wan Ling‐Shu , Innocent Christophe , Seta Patrick 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: PANCMPCs containing phospholipid side moieties were electrospun into nanofibers with a mean diameter of 90 nm. Field emission SEM was used to characterize the morphologies of the nanofibers. These phospholipid‐modified nanofibers were explored as supports for enzyme immobilization due to the characteristics of excellent biocompatibility, high surface/volume ratio, and porosity, which were beneficial to the catalytic efficiency and activity of immobilized enzymes. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized on these nanofibers by adsorption. Preliminary results indicated that the properties of the immobilized lipase on these phospholipid‐modified nanofibers were greatly promising.Schematic representation of the structure and electrostatic properties of phospholipid‐modified nanofibers.magnified imageSchematic representation of the structure and electrostatic properties of phospholipid‐modified nanofibers.
Mechanism of Dithiobenzoate‐Mediated RAFT Polymerization: A Missing Reaction Step
Authors: Buback Michael , Vana Philipp 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: The debate on the mechanism of dithiobenzoate‐mediated RAFT polymerization may be resolved by including the reaction between a propagating radical and the star‐shaped combination product from irreversible termination into the kinetic scheme. By this step, a highly reactive propagating radical and a not overly stable three‐arm star species are transformed into the resonance‐stabilized RAFT intermediate radical and a very stable polymer molecule. The time evolution of concentrations is discussed for the main‐equilibrium range of CDB‐mediated methyl acrylate polymerization.Illustration of the novel understanding of the RAFT mechanism in dithiobenzoate‐mediated RAFT polymerization.magnified imageIllustration of the novel understanding of the RAFT mechanism in dithiobenzoate‐mediated RAFT polymerization.
Developing new enrichment functions for crack simulation in orthotropic media by the extended finite element method
Authors: Asadpoure A. , Mohammadi S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNew enrichment functions are proposed for crack modelling in orthotropic media using the extended finite element method (XFEM). In this method, Heaviside and near‐tip functions are utilized in the framework of the partition of unity method for modelling discontinuities in the classical finite element method. In this procedure, by using meshless based ideas, elements containing a crack are not required to conform to crack edges. Therefore, mesh generation is directly performed ignoring the existence of any crack while the method remains capable of extending the crack without any remeshing requirement. Furthermore, the type of elements around the crack‐tip remains the same as other parts of the finite element model and the number of nodes and consequently degrees of freedom are reduced considerably in comparison to the classical finite element method. Mixed‐mode stress intensity factors (SIFs) are evaluated to determine the fracture properties of domain and to compare the proposed approach with other available methods. In this paper, the interaction integral (M‐integral) is adopted, which is considered as one of the most accurate numerical methods for calculating stress intensity factors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel universal approach to mesh motion and application to rotors in forward flight
Authors: Allen C. B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNumerical simulation of unsteady flows including moving boundaries, whether rigid, prescribed, or deforming, requires the mesh to move/deform also. Many approaches to mesh motion have been considered, but the approach adopted often depends on both the meshing approach used and the proposed application. A universal approach to grid motion is presented here. The method developed has several important properties, the most significant of which is that the scheme requires no grid point connectivity information, i.e. each point can be moved totally independently to its neighbours. This has two major implications: first, it means the scheme is universal, i.e. applicable to any grid type, unstructured, hybrid or structured single‐ and multiblock. Second, and equally as important, is that the scheme is perfectly parallel, as no communication is required between points/blocks. Each block can be updated independently to its neighbours so there is no connectivity data required, and this also means the flow‐solver does not have to carry the grid motion parameterization data in memory. The scheme accounts for moving surface rotations as well as displacements, and this ensures grid quality is preserved by maintaining orthogonality. The method is applied to a four‐bladed lifting rotor in forward flight. This is a particularly challenging unsteady problem as there are multiple bodies in relative motion, each one with its own axis system, as each blade has a cyclic pitch variation. Grid quality is proven to be preserved even when a large deformation case is considered and, significantly, the scheme adds only around 1% to the cost of a flow solution real time step. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Etanercept for therapy‐resistant macrophage activation syndrome
Authors: Makay Balahan , Yılmaz Şebnem , Türkyılmaz Zeynep , Ünal Nurettin , Ören Hale , Ünsal Erbil 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMacrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe, potentially fatal complication of childhood rheumatic diseases, especially systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA). We report a 4‐year‐old girl with probable SoJIA who presented with MAS. She did not respond to pulse methyl prednisolone and Cyclosporine A (CsA). She also failed to respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Etanercept was started, based on the observation of increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in patients with MAS. Her condition improved following etanercept, suggesting that etanercept might have a therapeutic role in resistant MAS. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:419–421. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of MPEG–PCL diblock copolymers with thermo‐responsive sol–gel–sol phase transition
Authors: Kim Moon Suk , Hyun Hoon , Seo Kwang Su , Cho Young Ho , Won Lee Jung , Rae Lee Chang , Khang Gilson , Lee Hai Bang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMPEG–PCL diblock copolymers consisting of methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG, 750 g/mol) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization. Aqueous solutions of the synthesized diblock copolymers were prepared by dissolving the MPEG–PCL diblock copolymers at concentrations in the range of 0–20 wt %. When the PCL molecular weight was 3000 or greater, the polymer was only partially soluble in water. As the temperature was increased from room temperature, the diblock copolymer solutions showed two phase transitions: a sol‐to‐gel transition and a gel‐to‐sol transition. The sol‐to‐gel phase transition temperature decreased substantially with increasing PCL length. The sol–gel–sol transition with the increase in temperature was confirmed by monitoring the viscosity as a function of temperature. The temperature ranges of the phase transitions measured by the tilting method were in full agreement with those determined from the viscosity measurements. The maximum viscosity of the copolymer solution increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the diblock copolymer and with increasing copolymer concentration. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed that the diblock copolymers exhibited crystalline domains that favored the formation of an aggregated gel because of the tight aggregation and strong packing interactions between PCL blocks. Scanning electron micrographs of the diblock copolymer solutions in the sol state showed interconnected polyhedral pore structures, whereas those of the gel state revealed a fibrillar‐like morphology. Atomic force microscope (AFM) studies of the sol and gel surfaces showed that the sol surface was covered with fine globular particles, whereas the gel surface was covered with particles in micron‐scale irregular islets. These findings are consistent with uniform mixing of the diblock copolymer and water in the sol state, and aggregation of PCL blocks in the gel state. In conclusion, we confirm that the MPEG–PCL diblock copolymer solution exhibited a sol–gel–sol transition as a function of temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5413–5423, 2006