bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase Transition in the Ammonium Bromide Crystal: The Thermal Motion of the Ammonium Ion
Authors: Sorai Michio , Suga Hiroshi , Seki Syûzô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We have measured the heat capacities of the ammonium bromide crystal from 13°K to 305 °K and have found two phase transitions in this temperature region. From the results, the heat and entropy of transitions at the transition points, 107.5°K and 235.0°K, have been derived: for the lower transition, ΔHtr=29.29 cal. mol.−1 and ΔStr=0.271 cal. deg−1·mol−1; for the upper one, ΔHtr=156.1 cal.·mol−1 and ΔStr=0.714 cal. deg−1 mol−1. The values of the entropy and enthalpy function at 298.15°K are: S°=26.97 cal. deg−1 mol−1 and (H°–H°O)⁄T=13.56 cal. deg−1 mol−1. The torsional motions of the ammonium ions may well be represented in terms of a periodic potential function at the lowest temperature modification. The torsional frequency, 340±7 cm−1, and the potential barrier height, 4.00±0.16 kcal.mol−1, as determined on the basis of the thermal data, agree well with the values obtained in other experiments.
The infrared spectra of thin, non-scattering films of ammonium bromide have been obtained at 298°K, 100°K, 88°K, 40°K and 18°K. The torsional frequencies determined from the spectra by adopting Wagner-Hornig’s assignments have been found to be almost independent of the temperature in the lowest modification.
Studies of Antibiotics and Related Substances. XXI. The Synthesis of Deoxy and Chlorodeoxy Derivatives of Kanamycin
Authors: Tsuchiya Tsutomu , Umezawa Sumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1) Deoxykanamycin has been synthesized in a four-stage sequence beginning with kanamycin. Kanamycin has been converted to tetra-N-carbobenzoxykanamycin, and this transformed in turn to tetra-N-carbobenzoxy-mono-O-tosylkanamycin (or the corresponding nasyl derivative), to tetra-N-carbobenzoxy-deoxyiodokanamycin, and finally to deoxykanamycin.
2) The above nasyl derivative has been transformed via tetra-N-carbobenzoxy-chlorodeoxy-kanamycin to chlorodeoxy-kanamycin.
3) 6-O-(3-Amino-6-chloro-3,6-dideoxy-α-d-glucosyl)-deoxystreptamine hydrochloride has been obtained by the controlled acid-hydrolysis of chlorodeoxy-kanamycin.
4) The hydrogenolysis of tetra-N-carbobenzoxy-bromodeoxy-kanamycin has given deoxykanamycin.
5) It has been found that deoxykanamycin and chlorodeoxy-kanamycin are strongly antibacterial and that their antibiotic spectra are essentially similar to that of kanamycin.
Studies of Peptide Antibiotics. II. Cyclo-l-valyl-l-ornithyl-l-leucyl-d-phenylalanyl-l-prolylglycyl
Authors: Kato Tetsuo , Kondo Michio , Ohno Motonori , Izumiya Nobuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A cyclic hexapeptide, cyclo-l-valyl-l-ornithyl-l-leucyl-d-phenylalanyl-l-prolylglycyl, was synthesized for the purpose of comparing its antibacterial action, if any, with the cyclopeptide antibiotics, such as gramicidin S, with which it shares several common structural features.
Synthesis was achieved by condensation of p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl-l-valyl-δ- benzyl-oxycarbonyl-l-ornithine azide with l-leucyl-d-phenylalanyl-l-prolylglycine ethyl ester, followed by treatment of the resulting diacyl hexapeptide ester with alkali to remove the ethyl ester group. The diacyl hexapeptide so derived was converted to the p-nitrophenyl ester by the action of di-p-nitrophenyl sulfite, and after removal of the p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl group with trifluoroactetic acid, the hexapeptide p-nitrophenyl ester was transformed to the cyclic benzyloxycarbonyl-substituted hexapeptide by treatment with a large excess of pyridine. The cyclic benzyloxycarbonyl-substituted peptide was hydrogenated in the presence of palladium black to yield the desired cyclic hexapeptide hydrochloride.
The effects of the synthesized cyclic peptide on bacterial growth were examined. No antibacterial activities were observed against the microorganisms utilized here.
The Formation Constants of Chromium(III)-Glycinato and α-Alaninato Complexes
Authors: Matsukawa Hiroharu , Ohta Mitsuo , Takata Shichiro , Tsuchiya Ryokichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The formation constants of chromium(III) glycinato and α-alaninato complexes have been determined by the pH method. The values Connected with these two complexes are so close to each other that no effect of the presence of a methyl group could be found.
The values of the first formation constants of these complexes are smaller than the mean value of those of ethylenediamine and oxalato complexes. These facts have been explained in terms of the finding that the decrease in the entropies of the formation of α-amino acid complexes is larger than that of ethylenediamine or oxalato complexes because the symmetry of the amino acid complexes is lower than of the ethylenediamine or oxalato complexes.
The Diamagnetic Study of the Nature of the Association of Acetic Acid. II. The Binary Systems of Acetic Acid with Triethylamine, Pyridine and Aniline
Authors: Sriraman S , Shanmugasundaram V , Sabesan R 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The diamagnetic susceptibilities of three binary systems have been studied using the Gouy method. Deviations of the observed diamagnetic susceptibility values from Wiedemann’s additive law have been discussed in the light of the partial ionisation of acetic acid with the solvent bases.
Studies on Antibiotics and Related Substances. XX. The Synthesis of Adenine Nucleosides of 3-Amino-3-deoxyglucose and 6-Amino-6-deoxyglucose
Authors: Fukatsu Shunzo , Umezawa Sumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1) The subject amino-nucleoside have been synthesized from blocked acetohalogeno amino-sugars and 6-benzamidopurine.
2) It has been shown that the α- and β- anomers of blocked acetohalogeno aminosugars (Ia, Ib and Via, VIb) both yield the same β- nucleosides (V, IX).
3) 9-(3-Amino-3-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)- adenine was found to possess a weak antitumor activity.
Vinyl Polymerization. CXVI. The Effects of Several Sulfides and Oxides on Radical Polymerization
Authors: Tsuda Kazuichi , Kobayashi Shigeru , Otsu Takayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A study has been made to see how some sulfides, such as diphenyl disulfide, diphenyl sulfide, dibenzyl disulfide, and dibenzyl sulfide, and such oxides as diphenyl ether and dibenzyl ether affect the radical polymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate. None of these compounds acted effectively either as an initiator or as a retarder in the thermal polymerization at 60°C. When employed as photo-sensitizers, the disulfides have been proven to have a remarkable activity of initiation, the monosulfides acting less effectively as initiators. Moreover, the oxides showed no such activity at all. When sulfides were used as photo-sensitizers, the rate of polymerization did not obey the equation of the square root of the concentrations of the sulfides. This may be attributable to the participation of the sulfide radicals in the initiation and termination. The chain transfer constants of these compounds at 60°C were in the order of disulfides&gt;monosulfides&gt;oxides.
Quinoxaline Derivatives. VI. An Unusual Chlorine Substitution during the Reaction of 3-Hydroxy-2-phenylquinoxaline 1-Oxide with Acetyl Chloride
Authors: Ahmad Yusuf , Habib M S , Ziauddin  , Bashir Naz 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3-Hydroxy-2-phenylquinoxaline 1-oxide (Ia), on being heated with acetyl chloride, instead of giving the acetyl derivative, gives a chloro compound (IIg), with a simultaneous loss of its N-oxide function. Ia, on being refluxed with a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and acetic acid, undergoes the same transformation. Other derivatives (Ib–f) of Ia behave similarly and give the corresponding chlorine-substituted bases (IIh—1), the structure of which has been established by authentic syntheses.
A nucleophilic mechanism of this chlorination has been proposed, in which the presence of an oxygen function a position 3 of the 2-substituted quinoxaline 1-oxides seems to direct the chlorine substitution to position 6.
The Formation of Crystal Violet by the Reaction of N,N-Dimethylaniline with Aluminum Chloride
Authors: Sato Hiroyasu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of N,N-dimethylaniline with aluminum chloride in vacuo has given a deep blue solution. This blue solution turns violet because of moisture or the added methanol. The electronic spectra of these solutions seem to be identical with that of crystal violet. The finding that transient green species appear when the vacuum cell system is opened to air can be interpreted in terms of the color of crystal violet dissolved in hydrochloric acid. From these findings the formation of crystal violet has been concluded.
Phase Transitions in Crystalline Divalent Metal Dicalcium Propionates. I. Calorimetric and Dielectric Investigations of Strontium- and Lead Dicalcium Propionates
Authors: Nakamura Nobuo , Suga Hiroshi , Chihara Hideaki , Seki Syûzô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Heat capacities have been measured for strontium and lead dicalcium propionates from 15 to 300°K with an adiabatic-type calorimeter in connection with the ferroelectric phase transition of strontium salt. The heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energy functions in the standard state have been determined. For the strontium salt, the transition temperature, the heat of transition, and the entropy of transition for the ferroelectric phase transition are 282.6°K, 159.6 cal.mol−1, and 0.6 e.u. respectively. Another phase transition was discovered at 104°K; the heat and entropy of this transition amount to 255 cal.mol−1 and 3.2e.u. respectively.
For the lead salt, a phase transition was found at 191.5°K, and the heat and the entropy of the transition are 1160.0 cal. mol−1 and 5.8 e.u. respectively. Low frequency dielectric constants have been measured for the lead salt from the liquid nitrogen temperature to 90°C. A discontinuous change in the dielectric constants at 183°K and another dielectric anomaly at 60°C have been observed. The absence of evidence of ferroelectricity above room temperature has also been confirmed.
The ferroelectric phase transition of the strontium salt has been treated by the Bragg-Williams theory. The temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization has tentatively been interpreted with torsional oscillations of the methyl groups of the propionate anions.
The Copolymerization of the Vinyl Monomer with a Cyclic Compound. II. The Cationic Copolymerization of Some Vinyl Monomers with β-Propiolactone
Authors: Aoki Shuzo , Harita Yoshiyuki , Otsu Takayuki , Imoto Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The copolymerization of several vinyl monomers, such as styrene (St), α-methylstyrene and isobutyl vinyl ether, with β-propiolactone (β-PL) as catalyzed by Lewis acids has been investigated in methylene chloride at 0°C. In the copolymerization of β-PL and St using boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate or stannic chloride as a catalyst, the copolymer was obtained. The apparent monomer reactivity ratios were estimated to be as follows:
r (β−PL)=0.2; r(St)=20
In the other copolymerization systems, the copolymer was not obtained. The mechanism of these copolymerizations has been discussed.
The Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aniline
Authors: Hagihara Hiroshi , Echigoya Etsuro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1) The order of the activity of a metal catalyst for the hydrogenation of aniline is Co&gt;Ni&gt;Fe, Cu. The order of their selectivity is Co&gt;Ni.
2) The activity of the mixed metals (Co-Ni, Co-Fe) is lower than that of a cobalt single catalyst.
3) The rate of hydrogenation increases with the temperature up to 180–200°C, and then decreases at higher temperatures. This phenomenon may be explained in terms of the kinetics of the reaction.
4) The catalyst which consists of a complex between the metal and its carrier-oxide is less active than the free metal catalyst for the hydrogenation reaction, and it almost completely loses its activity for the hydrogenolysis reaction.
5) The production of cyclohexylamine is affected by the property of the carrier oxide.
6) The main course of the production of dicyclohexylamine is considered to proceed through the condensation of two cyclohexylamine molecules and through N-cyclohexylidene-cyclohexylamine.
Notation:r. p. c.=relative partial charge on the oxygen of oxide (reported by R. T. Sanderson)
−ΔH0°=standard heat of formation of the higest oxide per metal g.-atm.
Surface Chemistry of the Polyamide Series. I. Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on the Nature of Poly-α-amino Acid Monolayers
Authors: Yamashita Takuya , Isemura Toshizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of hydrogen bonding on the nature of poly-α-amino acid monolayers has been studied at the air/water and oil/water interfaces with poly-l-alanine, poly-Dl-alanine, polysarcosine, copoly-1 : 1-(glycine, sarcosine), copoly-1 : 1-(Dl-alanine, sarcosine) and poly-α-aminoisobutyric acid.
Poly-l-alanine and poly-Dl-alanine gave monolayers of the condensed type on distilled water, and the surface viscosity of poly-Dl-alanine was first detected at a much larger area than its close-packed area where the surface pressure was sufficiently low. This fact suggests that there exists a strong interaction between peptide bonds of polyalanine. Both polymers would assume a β-configration. On the concentrated sulfuric acid subsolutions, the film of poly-Dl-alanine was expanded and an increase in surface moment was observed because of the breaking of hydrogen bonds between peptide linkages.
A steric hindrance to the hydrogen bond formation was observed with the film of poly-α-amino isobutyric acid. This polypeptide gave an expanded monolayer on distilled water, and its surface viscosity could be first detected at a very small area where the surface pressure was remarkably high.
The film of copoly-1 : 1-(Dl-alanine, sarcosine) was of the expanded type on the 3 m potassium chloride subsolution because of the decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds and that in the double-bond nature of the main chain.
At the oil/distilled water interface, a marked difference was found between the monolayers of poly-Dl-alanine and polysarcosine, although these polymers have the same side chains. Poly-Dl-alanine gave a considerably condensed monolayer, even at the oil/water interface. On the other hand, the film of polysarcosine was of the expanded type. The difference between the films of these polymers is mainly to be ascribed to the presence or the absence of hydrogen bonds. The 1 : 1-copolymer of sarcosine with glycine or Dl-alanine also gave an expanded monolayer.
Photoelectric Emission and Electrical Conductivity of the Cesium Complex with Pyrene Derivatives
Authors: Ogino Kyohei , Iwashima Satoshi , Inokuchi Hiroo , Harada Yoshiya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
On the basis o the charge transfer process of the complexes, the photoemission and the electronic conduction of the complexes between cesium and pyrene derivatives, tetranitropyrene (TNO2P), tetrachloropyrene (TClP), tetrabromopyrene (TBrP) and tetracyanopyrene (TCNP) have been measured. A strong increase in the quantum yield of photoemission, from 10−3–10−4 to 10−1–102, resulting from the formation of the complexes, has been found. The promotion may take place by means of an electron transfer from cesium metal to a partner molecule; [Cs+] [Aromatics−]. The assumption is supported by the findings concerning electron spin resonance absorption and charge-transfer spectra.
The electrical resistivity of the complexes, ρ at 15°C of pyrene-Cs=2.1×104 Ωcm., (TClP)-Cs=8Ωcm., (TBrP)-Cs=1.6×101 Ωcm., (TNO2P)-Cs=2×106 Ωcm. and (TCNP)-Cs=6×105 Ωcm., is strongly affected by the contribution of the, dative-bond character of the complexes.
Studies of Mixed Cyano Cobalt(III) Complexes. I. The Cyano-Diamine Series
Authors: Ohkawa Kuwako , Fujita Junnosuke , Shimura Yoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several new mixed cyano-diamine complexes, M[Co(CN)4en]·xH2O (M=K, x=1; M=Na, x=3.5), Ba[Co(CN)4tn]2·4H2O, [Co(CN)2pn2]2S2O3·H2O and [Co(CN)2tn2]2S2O3, have been prepared, and their infrared, visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra have been determined. From these spectral results, it has been concluded that the two dicyano complexes are cis isomers.
No remarkable Cotton effect has been observed in the region of the spin-forbidden band of the cis-[Co(CN)2en2]+.
The Hydroesterification of Propylene with Carbon Monoxide and Methanol in the Presence of Dicobalt Octacarbonyl
Authors: Matsuda Akio , Uchida Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Propylene can be hydroesterified to methyl butyrate in a good yield and with an initial rate as high as the initial rate of the hydroformylation of propylene, provided a small amount of hydrogen and excess pyridine are present. Detailed data on the initial rates at the zero-conversion of propylene for both the hydroesterification and hydroformylation and the ratio between the two initial rates have been presented as a function of the amount of pyridine and hydrogen, together with data on the products obtained from the respective reactions.
The initial rate of hydroesterification in this study has proved to be first-order with respect to the propylene concentration. This result is different from that of Ercoli et al., who carried out hydroesterification runs of olefins with pure carbon monoxide.
The Chemiluminescence, Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of 2,4,5-Triphenylimidazole
Authors: Maeda Koko , Ojima Heijiro , Hayashi Taro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The chemiluminescence spectra of 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole (lophine) in 1n ethanolic potassium hydroxide exhibited with oxygen and with hydrogen peroxide at 70°C have been measured. Both spectra spread, over about 470–660 mμ; the maximum wavelengths are 545 mμ and 555 mμ respectively.
The fluorescence spectra of solutions of lophine have been measured at 70°C. The maximum wavelengths are as follows: 371 mμ, 388 mμ (ethanol), 441 mμ (1n KOH–C2H5OH) and 391 mμ (1 n CH3COOH–C2H5OH).
The absorption spectra of lophine have also been measured: λmax 303 mμ (ε= 2.56× 1O4) in ethanol: λmax 326 mμ (ε=3.33×104) 1n ethanol potassium hydroxide, and λmax 295 mμ (ε=2.03×104) in a 1n solution of acetic acid in ethanol.
Acid and Basic Hydrolyses of p-Nitrophenyl Benzenesulfonate
Authors: Oae Shigeru , Kiritani Reiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The mechanisms of both the acid- and the alkaline-catalyzed hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl benzenesulfonate have been investigated by means of the 18O-tracer technique. The acid-catalyzed hydrolysis apparently proceeds via a SN2-type process involving the nucleophilic attack of water on the sulfur atom, with a S–O bond cleavage. Much as with the earlier findings concerning other nucleophiles, the major portion of the alkaline hydrolysis was also found to proceed through a SN2 process which involves the nucleophilic attack of the hydroxide ion on the sulfur atom, with a S–O bond fission; only a small portion of the reaction appeared to proceed via an aromatic SN2-type process.
Studies of the Organic Reactions of Metal Carbonyls. VI. The Isomerization of Acylcobalt Carbonyls—The Effects of Solvents and of the Structure of the Acyl Group
Authors: Takegami Yoshinobu , Yokokawa Chikao , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Masada Hiromitsu , Okuda Yasukazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of n-butyryl chloride, isobutyryl bromide, α-ethylbutyryl chloride and n-caproyl chloride with potassium cobalt carbonylate have been studied. The results of this investigation are as follows.
(1) It has been observed that solvents have great effects on the isomerization of butyrylcobalt carbonyls, as do the reaction temperature and the atmosphere. The rate and the equilibrium of this isomerization are remarkably affected by the solvents; in polar solvents, the equilibrium proportion of products (iso/normal) is almost zero in dioxane, 1/3 in ethyl acetate, and 1 in diethyl ether. This isomerization proceeds more rapidly under nitrogen atmosphere than under carbon monoxide. On the other hand, in nonpolar solvents such as benzene this isomerization apparently does not occur.
(2) α-Ethylbutyrylcobalt carbonyl relatively readily isomerizes to n-caproylcobalt carbonyl. This isomerization is also accelerated under nitrogen atmosphere.
Direct Preparation of Partially Fluorinated Methane
Authors: Nagase Shunji , Tanaka Kiyoshi , Baba Hajime 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Partially fluorinated methanes were obtained directly from methane in a reasonable conversion and current efficiency by electrochemical fluorination, using a cell equipped with a bubbling arrangement. This fluorination unit worked satisfactorily for controlling the fluorination reaction of gases slightly soluble in hydrogen fluoride.
Performance and effect of the bubbler, and the effect of sample feed rate, electrolysis temperature, dilution of the sample with helium, the amount of sodium fluoride, and the anodic current density, on the fluorination reaction are described and discussed in detail.
The Preparation of Heavy Metal Hydride and Its Catalytic Activity. VIII Information on the Mechanism of Iron Hydride Formation
Authors: Takegami Yoshinobu , Ueno Toru , Kawajiri Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Some information on the mechanism of iron hydride formation in the reaction of iron (III) chloride with phenylmagnesium bromide under a hydrogen atmosphere has been presented. When the molar ratio (C6H5MgBr/FeCl3) is larger than 5, 3–4 (mol./mol. FeCl3) of hydrogen is absorbed during the synthesis of hydrides. The amounts of benzene, one of the by-products formed in the synthesis, have also been determined. The treatment of these hydrides with styrene under a nitrogen atmosphere has given ethylbenzene in amounts which correlate well with the amounts of hydrogen absorbed during the hydride synthesis. These observations can be taken as support for the formation of iron hydride. On the other hand, a mixture prepared by the reaction of iron(III) chloride with phenylmagnesium bromide under a nitrogen atmosphere evolved about 0.5 (mol./mol.FeCl3) of hydrogen on hydrolysis. When the hydride prepared under a hydrogen atmosphere was hydrolyzed with dideuterosulfuric acid, D2 as well as HD was evolved. These results seem to indicate that not only hydride sites but also metallic sites were formed during the iron hydride synthesis. On the basis of these observations, a possible mechanism for the formation of complex hydride containing iron and magnesium has been presented.
The Conversion of Cellulose into Soluble Glucose Polymers in a Sulfur Dioxide Solution of Sulfur Trioxide
Authors: Sakai Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The conversion of cellulose into soluble glucose polymers was shown to be composed of a set of irreversible reactions in series: A\xrightarrowk1B\xrightarrowk2C, where A is cellulose; B, a soluble glucose polymer, and C, the decomposition product, which does not give reducing sugar under further hydrolysis by dilute acid. The first-order rate constants, k1 (hr−1) and k2 (hr−1), were given in 0.32 to 3.3% sulfur dioxide solutions of sulfur trioxide:
k 1=2.64×1011C1.63exp[−16700⁄(RT)] (for 0–50°C),
and k2=8.99×1015C1.63exp[−24500⁄(RT)] (for 25–50°C),
From k1 and k2, the sulfur trioxide concentration, C, and temperature, T, the maximum yields of the soluble glucose polymer and the time required to attain a maximum yield were obtained. It was shown that the application of the technique to wood saccharification is possible.