bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The failure to show a necessary role for C3 in the in vitro antibody response
Authors: Waldmann H. , Lachmann P. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro antibody response of mouse spleen cells to TNP coupled to both T‐dependent and T‐independent carriers as well as to sheep erythrocytes has been studied to investigate the possible role of complement activation in the induction of antibody formation.The following has been found.(1) In vitro responses of both IgM and IgG can be obtained to both T‐dependent and T‐independent antigens in serum‐free media, although they are smaller than those found in serum‐containing media. This shows that no exogenous source of complement is necessary for in vitro antibody formation by spleen cells.(2) Similarly, normal antibody responses are obtained if the cultures are grown in human serum depleted of C3b‐inactivator, which contains high concentrations of C3b.(3) In the presence of antibody to mouse C3 the response to the T‐independent antigen is reduced, the IgM responses being more affected than the IgG. However, purified F(ab′)2 anti‐C3 has no inhibitory effect and it therefore seems likely that it is the formation of intact immune complexes containing Fc rather than the interference with C3 function that is responsible for the inhibition seen.(4) The conventionally purified anti‐complementary factor from cobra venom has no effect on the antibody response in serum‐free culture or when human or fetal calf sera are used. In no experiment was any potentiation of T‐dependent responses observed. However, the presence of quite small concentrations (2 %) of cobra venom factor (CVF)‐treated normal mouse serum produced a profound inhibition of the antibody responses, affecting IgG responses more than IgM, and being T‐dependent more than T‐independent, but no part of the response being unaffected. However, CVF heated to 70 °C which destroys the anticomplementary activity but not the contaminating phospholipase A was equally effective. More highly purified CVF, on the other hand, was not. These findings strongly suggest that the inhibition observed is due to residual phospholipase A reacting with lecithin in the mouse serum rather than to any anticomplementary effect.(5) Spleen cells taken from mice treated with CVF in vivo were also unable to give a full IgG response to the T‐dependent antigens if challenged 24 h after CVF treatment. However, after 48 h no inhibition was observed.It therefore seems to us that it is unlikely that C3 plays any real part in the in vitro antibody response. Our data – like the occurrence of genetically C3‐deficient humans with apparently normal antibody responses – would seem to preclude any necessary role for C3 in antibody production.
Expression of a mouse Ig V gene in antibodies of three immunoglobulin classes
Authors: Imanishi Thereza , Hurme M. , Sarvas Heikki , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn an earlier study we found that some mouse strains, including the C57BL/6, produced irregular IgG anti‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibodies to protein conjugates of this hapten. This antibody had heteroclitic fine specificity and a characteristic isoelectric focusing pattern. Breeding studies suggested that these qualities of the C57BL/6 anti‐NP were controlled by a V gene of the heavy chain. We have now found that this V gene is expressed in anti‐NP antibodies and plaque‐forming cells of all major immunoglobulin classes: IgG, IgA and IgM.
Inactivation of hapten‐modified bacteriophage by antib increased sensitivity of the assay in media containing polyethylene glycol
Authors: Franěk F. , Doskočil J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInactivation of dinitrophenylated bacteriophage T4 by porcine and rabbit anti‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies was studied by the complex inactivation method. The inactivation titers increased 20–30 times when polyethylene glycol, mol. wt. 6000, was added to the incubation media. Consequently, the detection of dinitrophenylated serum albumin with the modified bacteriophage could be carried out with higher sensitivity upon addition of polyethylene glycol.
Lack of requirement for thymocytes for efficient antibody formation to trinitrophenylated mouse red cells in mice: Role for thymocytes in suppression of the immune response
Authors: Naor D. , Saltoun Rita , Falkenberg F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe requirement of thymus‐derived cells for the immune response to trinitrophenylated syngeneic mouse red cells (TNP‐MRC) was investigated. In three sets of experiments the following results were obtained: a) irradiated mice which were reconstituted with bone marrow cells alone showed a better anti‐TNP response after injection with TNP‐MRC than those reconstituted with both bone marrow cells and thymocytes. b) Anti‐thymocyte serum augmented the mouse anti‐TNP response to TNP‐MRC. c) Nude thymusless mice showed a better anti‐TNP response to TNP‐MRC than their normal littermate controls. These results indicate that the anti‐TNP response of mice to TNP‐MRC does not require thymus‐derived helper cells. Moreover, thymus‐derived cells have a suppressive effect on the anti‐TNP response.
Histocompatibility antigens acting as helper determinants for tumor‐associated antigens of murine lymphosarcoma
Authors: Colnaghi Maria I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of effectiveness of allogeneic versus syngeneic immunization in mounting a humoral specific immune response against tumor‐associated antigens of murine urethan‐induced thymic lymphosarcomas was studied. C57BL mice immunized with untreated or blocked C3Hf lymphoma cells yielded sera with complement‐dependent cytotoxicity for C57BL lymphosarcomas, whereas they did not respond to repeated injections of blocked syngeniec lymphoma cells, indicating a helper activity of alien alloantigens in the reflex of tumor antigens. Thymectomized, lethally‐irradiated and T, but not B‐reconstituted mice produced active sera, suggesting a T‐dependent response. The anti‐tumor activity of the serum ran parallel with the anti‐histocompatibility one. The tumor‐associated and the alien histocompatibility determinants had to be present on the same cell membrane. In addition, active sera were obtained when immunizing syngeneic lymphoma cell inocula were followed by allogeneic normal immunocompetent cells.It is suggested that either a helper mechanism with B and T cells cooperating in recognizing haptenic tumor‐associated and carrier histocompatibility antigens or a graft‐versus‐host reaction determining an abnormal induction of the immune system is needed in order to detect the weak tumor‐associated antigens of urethan‐induced lymphomas.
Subclasses of T cells with different sensitivities to cytotoxic antibody in the presence of anesthetics
Authors: Lee S.‐K. , Singh J. , Taylor R. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen cytotoxic titrations were made of rabbit anti‐mouse brain and anti‐Thy‐1.2 sera against mouse lymphoid cells in the presence of sodium barbital or xylocaine, it was observed that a proportion of T cells were much more sensitive (50 x) than the remainder. This effect could be detected with ethidium or fluorescein diacetate as indicators of cell death, but not with trypan blue or 51Cr. The highly sensitive cells were found in all lymphoid tissues, being most numerous in spleen and least in lymph nodes.
p‐Azobenzenearsonate‐L‐tyrosine‐mediated helper function in immune responses of guinea pigs and rats
Authors: Becker M. J. , Ray A. , Andersson L. C. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA small bifunctional antigen (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl‐ϵ‐aminocaproyl‐L‐tyrosine‐azobenzene‐ p‐arsonate [NIP‐cap‐TYR(ABA)] was found to induce fair humoral antibody formation against NIP‐cap but very little anti‐ABA‐TYR. This was observed in rats and guinea pigs. Prior immunization with ABA‐TYR, either as such or coupled to dodecanoylated bovine serum albumin (lipid‐BSA), primed rats for an enhanced anti‐NIP response to NIP‐cap‐TYR(ABA). An attempt to encourage rats to produce anti‐ABA‐TYR in response to the bifunctional antigen by priming them with NIP‐cap‐lipid‐BSA failed.Priming with ABA‐TYR was dose‐depedent. An injection of 1.5–15 nanomoles per rat primed for an increased production of anti‐NIP while 150 nanomoles did not.Adult thymectomized x‐irradiated rats had a poor anti‐NIP response to the bifunctional antigen if they were reconstituted with T‐enriched lymphoid cells from control mice, but a good response if reconstituted with similar cells from ABA‐TYR‐primed syngeneic rats.
Significance of spontaneous autorosettes in rats
Authors: Gluckman J.‐C , Gattegno Liliane , Cornillot P 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBetween 103 and 104 auto‐rosette‐forming cells (RFC) per 106 lymphocytes are observed in lymphoid organs of normal rats in vitro. Counts are significantly higher inthe thymus than in other organs. Contrary to what has been previously described in mice, auto‐RFC are not inhibited by fresh normal rat serum. The data presented are compatible with the hypothesis that auto‐RFC differ from the lymphocytes which recognize only alloerythrocytes according to histocompatibility differences. There is evidence which suggests that autorosette formation is linked to the expression of new determinants on ageing erythrocyte membranes.
Analysis of human thymocyte subpopulations using discontinuous gradients of albumin: precursor lymphocytes in human thymus
Authors: Gatien J. G. , Schneeberger E. E. , Merler E 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrecursor lymphocytes, obtained from human tissue on bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients followed by removal of sheep erythrocyte (E)‐reactive thymocytes on Ficoll, are the predominant lymphoid subpopulation found in young fetal thymuses. This subpopulation shows a progressive decline in relative numbers during fetal life, accompanied by a rise in both the relative and absolute numbers of E‐reactive thymocytes. Precursor thymocytes differentiate in vitro to E‐reactive cells resembling T cells in their morphology, sedimentation on BSA gradients, and response to phytohemagglutinin. Agents tending to increase intracellular concentrations of cyclic‐AMP accelerate the rate of differentiation of precursor cells to lymphocytes which closely resembleT cells.
Leukocyte‐dependent antibody in sheep immunized with murine mastocytoma cells
Authors: Grant C. K. , Adams E , Miller H. R. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSheep serum removed after hyperimmunization with murine P‐815mastocytoma cells was fractionated and two types of cytotoxic antibody were isolated. Complement‐dependent antibody (CDA) was detected inthe IgM and IgG1 fractions, whereas “leukocyte”‐dependent antibody (LDA) was found in the IgG1 and IgG2 fractions. Effector cells that mediated LDA cytotoxicity were isolated from sheep blood but not from sheep lymph, showing that recirculating lymphocytes do not have LDA effector function. Removal of adherent cells from blood leukocyte suspensions reduced antibody‐mediated cytotoxicity, suggesting that LDA effector leukocytes may be a heterogenous population containing both adherent and nonadherent cells.
Quantitative contributions of IgG, IgM and C3 to erythrophagocytosisand rosette formation by peritoneal macrophages, and anti‐opsoninactivity of dextran sulfate 500
Authors: Wellek Brigitte , Hahn H , Opferkuch W 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn vitro phagocytosis by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages of immune complexes (EA) was shown to be dependent on IgG antibody in a dosedependent fashion. C3b enhanced phagocytosis of EA at limited IgG antibody concentrations only. When IgM antibody was used for sensitzation ofsheep red blood cells (SRBC), phagocytosis and rosette formation did notoccur in the absence of bound C3. The polyanion, dextran sulfate 500 (DS), was shown to depress both rosette formation and phagocytosis of EAIgG, EAIgGC1423 and EAIgMC1423, as well as immune adherence of human group 0 erythrocytes and hemolytic activity of C3. This effect of DS was seen only when it was actually present in the incubation medium.
Recruitment of effector lymphocytes by initiator lymphocytes. In vivo migration of in vitro sensitized initiator T lymphocytes
Authors: Livant S , Cohen I. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe previously found that mouse T lymphocytes sensitized in vitro against allo‐ or syngeneic fibroblasts, upon injection into syngeneic recipients, do not themselves differentiate into effector cells, but recruit effector T lymphocytes within the draining lymph nodes. Asaresult of sensitization, these initiator lymphocytes acquire a trypsin‐sensitive membrane property which is necessary for recruitment.We now report studies on the in vivo migratory behavior of initiator lymphocytes following sensitization. We injected 51Cr‐labeled initiator lymphocytes into recipient footpads and found significantly increased migration of sensitized cells to the draining popliteal lymph node (PLN) during the first day. By amputation ofthe foot at various times, we showed that migration during the first 12—24 hours was critical for subsequent recruitment. Trypsin treatment of initiator lymphocytes abolished this accelerated migration. Lymphocytes triggered nonspecifically by Con A migrated to the PLN like antigen‐sensitized cells. We also compared the migration of injected lymphocytes from the footpad to the PLN in graftversus‐host and host‐versus‐graft reactions, and found these reactions to differ both from each other and from recruitment in terms of lymphocyte migration.These findings are discussed in terms of the physiology of the cell‐mediated immune response and the notion of peripheral sensitization.
5‐Hydroxytryptophan effect on the development of the immune response: IgM and IgG antibodies and rosette formation in primary and secondary responses
Authors: Devoino Lidia , Eliseeva Ludmila , Eremina Olga , Idova Galina , Cheido Margarita 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn animals immunized with bovine serum albumin, 5‐hydroxytryptophan prolonged the latent period of the IgM and IgG primary responses, decreased response intensity, delayed the response peak and suppressed IgG immunological memory.In 5‐hydroxytryptophan‐treated mice, the number of rosette‐forming cells (RFC) in the lymph node and spleen decreased during the primary and secondary responses. This effect was due to the decreased number of IgG RFC and to the later involvement of IgM RFC in theimmune response. The absence of the secondary response was related to unprimed IgG memory cells.5‐hydroxytryptophan does not inhibit the primary and secondaryresponses after the connections between the hypothalamus and pituitaryhave been disrupted.The participation of the n.raphe‐hypothalaminc‐pituitary system in immunoregulation and the putative mechanism underlying serotonin effect on the immune response are discussed.
Enzymatic modification of lymphocyte receptors for antigen. III. Resistance of receptors to trypsin at the peak of the immune response
Authors: Ashman R. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as the antigen, two subpopulations of spleen antigen‐binding lymphocytes could be distinguished by a marked difference in the susceptibility of their receptors to trypsin. In unimmunized animals, 30 % of the antigen‐binding cells were trypsin‐resistant, whereas at 5 days after immunization, 80–90% were trypsin‐resistant, indicating an increase of about 50‐fold in trypsin‐resistant antigen‐binding cells per spleen. In contrast, trypsinsensitive cells per spleen were only 4‐fold higher on day 5 than before immunization. Therise in % trypsin sensitivity preceded the increase in rosettes per spleen, implying that immunization produced a preferential increase in trypsinresistant antigen binding cells partly by converting sensitive cells to resistant cells. After the 5th day, the trypsin sensitivity of antigen‐binding cells slowly returned toward the unimmunized level, but a booster injection of SRBC restored trypsin resistance.Trypsin resistance was not lost in the presence of sodium azide or protein synthesis inhibitors. But a slightly increased trypsin susceptibility was conferred by 2‐deoxyglucose, implying that glycolysis or the glycosylation of protein may be involved in maintaining trypsin resistance.
Micromethods for induction and assay of mouse mixed lymphocyte reactions and cytotoxicity
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth , Gordon R. , Taylor Moya , Mertin J. , Chandler P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new method in which induction of mixed lymphocyte responses and cytotoxicity can be performed under identical conditions is described. This enables the investigation of the relationship between MLR and cytotoxicity. A micro method for the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxicity is described using both mitogen‐induced blasts and tumors as target cells. Under the conditions used data obtained is suitable for linear regression analysis, enabling quantitative comparisons to be made.
Analysis of the role of different cell types in the genetic regulation of antibody production to the thymus‐independent synthetic polypeptide poly (DTyr, DGlu)‐poly(DPro)‐‐poly (DLys)
Authors: Schmitt‐Verhulst Anne‐Marie , Mozes Edna , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response potential of mice to the thymus‐independent synthetic polypeptide poly (DTyr, DGlu)‐poly (DPro)‐‐poly(DLys)[D(T, G)‐Pro‐‐L] is genetically regulated. The detect in the ability of low responder mice to mount an immune response to this antigen appears to be expressed in their B cell population since the presence of thymocytes, or addition of “educated T cells” or supernatant of T cells after stimulation with the antigen neither enhanced, nor suppressed the level of antibodies produced in both low and high responder mice. Low responsiveness could not be enhanced either by stimulation of macrophages or by injection of poly(A). poly(U) in contrast to the significant effect of these agents on low responses to the thymus‐dependent poly(LTyr, LGlu)‐poly(LPro)‐‐poly(LLys) [L(T, G)‐Pro‐‐L]. These results suggest that macrophages do not participate in the limiting step, or are not involved at all, in anti‐body production towards the thymus‐independent polypeptide.The antibodies produced in response to D(T, G)‐Pro‐‐L were found to be mainly of the 7 S class. T cells are not required for the production of mercaptoethanol resistant antibodies to this immunogen since they were found in intact mice as well as in T cell depleted animals.
Precipitin and mitogenic behavior of dimeric and tetrameric concanavalin A
Authors: Sawyer W. H. , Hammarström S. , Möller G. , Goldstein I. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe results of double diffusion and quantitative precipitin tests show that in contrast to the concanavalin A tetramer, the dimer is incapable of precipitating glycogen. The results support previous work suggesting that dimers composed of two fragmented monomer units possess only one binding site for carbohydrate (McKenzie and Sawyer, J. Biol. Chem. 1973. 248: 549). On the other hand, dimer and tetramer species had similar mitogenic activity as measured by the incorporation of radioactive thymidine by mouse spleen lymphocytes and induced cap formation to similar degrees. Results are discussed in terms of the affinity and valency of the polymeric forms and their stability at the cell surface.
Idiotype suppression. II. Amplification of a suppressor T cell with anti‐idiotypic activity
Authors: Eichmann K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGuinea pig IgG2 anti‐idiotypic antibody (āId2) against the strain A/J antibody A5A has a suppressive effect on the expression of the A5A idiotype in adult A/J mice immunized with Group A streptococci. High doses of āId2 cause an immediate but transient suppression, whereas low doses of āId2 result in a delayed but chronic suppression which lasted for more than 1 year without any indication of recovery.Chronic suppression is transferred by as few as 105 spleen cells, but an interval of 6 weeks after transfer is required for completion of suppression. The suppressive capacity of āId2‐induced suppressor cells was virtually inexhaustable in 4 consecutive transfers spaced at 3 month intervals. The suppressor cell is a T cell which adheres to histamine‐rabbit serum albumin‐Sepharose 2B columns.
Separation of complement‐dependent and lymphocytedependent cytotoxic activity in human sera
Authors: Miller June L. , Mann D. L. , Yust I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo human sera having both complement‐dependent and lymphocyte‐dependent antibody activities (CDA, LDA) were applied to isoelectrofocusing columns. Maximum LDA activity for both sera was found focused at a higher pH than maximum CDA activity. The studies suggest that LDA molecules may exist without having complement‐dependent activity.
Sharing of idiotypic specificities between different antibody populations from an individual rabbit
Authors: Urbain J. , Tasiaux N. , Leuwenkroon R. , Van Acker A. , Mariame B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRabbits hyperimmunized with tobacco mosaic virus synthesize very heterogeneous antibodies. Despite this, specific anti‐idiotypic sera recognizing a large part (70%) of these antibodies can be raised in rabbits matched for allotypic specificities a1, a2, a3, b4, b5, b6, c7, and b9. Different rabbits synthesize antibodies with different idiotypic specificities. However, in the serum of a single rabbit antibody fractions of different isoelectric pH share some idiotypic specificities. The results show that, at least in certain cases, antibodies against one antigen are not simply a random collection of immunoglobulin which happen to fit with this antigen, but that some definite relationship exists between the products of different clones which have been activated by antigen. These findings are discussed in the light of network concepts of the immune system.
In vitro studies on the selective binding of IgG from different species to tissue sections of the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Kemler R. , Mossmann H. , Strohmaier Ulrike , Kickhöfen B. , Hammer D. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTissue sections of the mammary gland of cattle provide a sensitive and reproducible model for studying the initial events of the selective transport of bovine IgGs by the acinar epithelium (AE). Mammary tissue was reacted with purified antibody to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and exposed to HRP. The sites of peroxidase activity were revealed cytochemically.The highly selective binding of IgGs by AE of the colostrum‐forming gland but never of the lactating gland was most notable, whereas IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses and IgM and IgA lacked any binding capacity. An inhibition assay showed that the inhibitory capacity of IgGs was abolished by either alanylation or acetylation, whereas binding of IgGs was blocked by both Fab/c and isolated H‐chains, but not by F(ab′)2, Fab and Fc. The inhibitory pattern suggests that the region on the IgGs molecule involved in binding to the AE receptor may be located within the CH2 domian.In addition, IgG preparations of human, sheep and rabbit origin were found to be equally efficient in inhibiting the binding of IgGs to AE, whereas no inhibition was obtained with nonmammalian (turtle and chicken) IgG. Similarly, human myeloma proteins of the subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 caused complete inhibition, while IgG2 and IgG4 were inefficient. It is suggested that molecular evolution of IgG within mammalian species is accompanied by the conservation of structures fitting to receptors on the cells surface of different species.