bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulations of Shape Selectivity Effects
Authors: Smit Berend , Maesen Theo M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionConventional Hydroconversion MechanismsBasic MechanismShape Selectivity: General PrinciplesATransition‐State Shape SelectivityBReactant Shape SelectivityCProduct Shape SelectivityDExterior Surface Shape SelectivityEOther Forms of Shape SelectivityMolecular SimulationsSimulation TechniquesAMolecular Dynamics of Adsorbed MoleculesBMonteCarlo Simulation of Adsorbed MoleculesCConfigurational‐BiasMonteCarlo TechniqueDRare Event SimulationsIntermolecular PotentialsAZeolite–Zeolite InteractionsBAdsorbate–Adsorbate InteractionsCZeolite–Adsorbate InteractionsFree Energy ModelIntroductionConventional Shape SelectivityTransition‐State and Reaction‐Intermediate Shape SelectivityReactant Shape SelectivityProduct Shape SelectivityConcluding RemarksAcknowledgments
Rate Procurement and Kinetic Modelling1A list of symbols used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Kapteijn Freek , Berger Rob J. , Moulijn Jacob A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Rate Procurement—Types of Laboratory Reactors

Kinetic Modeling

Rate Expression

Derivation of the Rate Expression

Characteristics of the
LHHW
Rate Expression

Adaptation of
LHHW
Models and Other Models

Deactivation Kinetics

Parameter Estimation—Model Discrimination

Data Regression

Maximum Likelihood and Variance Models

Linear Regression

Nonlinear Regression

Kinetic Data Handling

Model Testing

Statistical Testing—Model Adequacy

Statistical Testing—Parameter Significance

Statistical Testing—Residual Distribution

Physicochemical Testing—Kinetic Parameters

Physicochemical Testing—Site Density

Discrimination Between Rival Models

Model Discrimination—Initial Rate Expressions

Model Discrimination—Diagnostic Parameters

Model Discrimination—
B
artlett's Chi‐Squared Test

Sequential Experimental Design

Discrimination Between Rival Models—Design Criterion

Parameter Improvement

Parameter Improvement—

D

Optimality (Minimum Volume Design)

Parameter Improvement—

E

Optimality (Shape Design)

Improved Parameter Estimation—

A

Optimality

Improved Parameter Estimation—Other Criteria

Flowsheet for Sequential Experimental Design

Multi‐response Models

Computer Codes and Software Packages

Conclusion

List of Symbols
11C,13Nand15OPositron (β+) Emitters in Catalysis Research
Authors: Hensen Emiel J. M. , Jonkers Gert , van Santen Rutger A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCharacteristics of β‐EmittersProduction of Labeled Material11CO,11CO2,11CH3C5H1113NO,13NH315OO,N215ODetection of β‐ and Annihilation RadiationApplications in Heterogeneous CatalysisTracer Exchange Positron Emission Profiling (TEX‐PEP)Ammonia Oxidation onPtConclusions
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Catalytic Reactors
Authors: Deutschmann Olaf 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionModeling of Reactive FlowsGoverning Equations of Multicomponent FlowsTurbulent FlowsHomogeneous Chemical Reactions in the Gas PhaseModeling Surface Reaction RatesCoupling with the Flow FieldModeling the Surface Reaction RateMean Field Approximation and Reaction KineticsDevelopment of Multi‐Step Surface Reaction MechanismsLimitation of the Models and Alternative ApproachesModel EvaluationTransport and Reactions in Porous MediaMomentum and Energy Equations for Porous MediaReaction–Diffusion EquationDusty Gas ModelNumerical Methods and Computational ToolsNumerical Methods for the Solution of the Governing EquationsCFDSoftwareSolvers for StiffODEandDAESystemsReactor SimulationsFlow Through ChannelsMonolithic ReactorsFixed‐Bed ReactorsWire GauzesCatalytic Reactors with Multi‐Phase FluidsSummary and OutlookAcknowledgments
Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity
Authors: Vayenas Constantinos G. , Katsaounis Alexandros , Brosda Susanne , Hammad Ahmad 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCatalytic and Electrocatalytic KineticsSolid ElectrolytesSolid Electrolyte Potentiometry (SEP)Electrocatalytic Operation of Solid Electrolyte CellsElectrochemical Promotion of CatalysisSelectivity Modification and Promotional Effects on ChemisorptionSelectivity ModificationPromotional Effects on ChemisorptionBasic QuestionsOrigin of Electrochemical PromotionMagnitude of Electrochemical Promotion and the Sacrificial Promoter MechanismMechanism of Metal–Support InteractionsInterrelation of Promotion, Electrochemical Promotion and Metal–Support Interactions: the Double‐Layer Model of CatalysisWhy the “New” Supports?Double‐Layer Approach to CatalysisWhy Double Layer? Rationalization and Prediction of Desired Types of Promoters and SupportsThe Four Types of Rate–Work Function Dependence and the Promotional RulesDouble‐Layer Isotherms and KineticsElectropromotion of Thin Films and Electropromoted Monolithic ReactorsSummary and PerspectivesOutlook
Photocatalysis: Development of Highly Functional Titanium Oxide Photocatalysts
Authors: Takeuchi Masato , Kitano Masaaki , Matsuoka Masaya , Anpo Masakazu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionIon Engineering Techniques for the Preparation of Well‐Defined TiO2PhotocatalystsVisible Light‐Responsive TiO2PhotocatalystsModification of the Electronic Properties of TiO2Semiconducting Fine Powder Photocatalysts by an Advanced Metal Ion Implantation MethodPreparation of Highly Transparent TiO2Thin‐Film PhotocatalystsPreparation of Visible Light‐Responsive TiO2Thin‐Film Photocatalysts byRF‐Magnetron Sputtering (RF‐MS) Deposition in a Single ProcessPhoto‐induced Superhydrophilic Properties on the Surface of the TiO2Thin‐Film PhotocatalystsConclusions
Laboratory Catalytic Reactors: Aspects of Catalyst Testing1A list of symbols used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Kapteijn Freek , Moulijn Jacob A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Reactor Systems

Classification

Types of Laboratory Reactors

Gas–Solid and liquid–Solid Reactions

Gas–Liquid–Solid Reactions

Design Equations

CSTR

PFR

Summary of Laboratory Systems

Mass and Heat Transfer

Extraparticle Gradients

Intraparticle Gradients

Catalyst Bed Gradients

Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer

Comparison of Criteria

Mass Transport

Heat Transport

Effect of Transport Limitations on Observed Behavior

Diagnostic Experimental Tests

Extraparticle Concentration Gradients

Intraparticle Concentration Gradients

Temperature Gradients

Proper Catalyst Testing and Kinetic Studies

Current Trends in Catalyst Testing

Parallelization/High‐Throughput Experimentation

Miniaturization
Catalytic Fixed‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Eigenberger Gerhart 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCatalyst Shapes for Fixed‐Bed ReactorsRandom PackingsMonolithsGas Flow and Pressure Drop in Fixed BedsHeat Transfer in Catalyst‐Filled TubesComparison of Different Catalyst ShapesTypes of Fixed‐Bed ReactorAdiabatic ReactorsMulti‐Stage ReactorsCooled or Heated Multitubular Fixed‐Bed ReactorsHeat‐Transfer MediaDesign Concepts for Exothermic ReactionsDesign Concepts for Endothermic ReactionsReaction Control by Controlling the Heat‐Transfer Medium TemperatureReaction Control through Catalyst Activity ProfileMultifunctional Fixed‐Bed ReactorsHeat‐Integrated ReactorsHeat‐Integrated Reactors for Exothermic ReactionsHeat‐Integrated Reactors for Endothermic ReactionsSorptive and Membrane Reactor ConceptsSafety Issues of Fixed‐Bed ReactorsParametric Sensitivity and Run‐AwayWrong‐Way Behavior and Transient Run‐AwayDecoking of Fixed‐Bed ReactorsOther Safety AspectsConclusions
Fluidized‐Bed Reactors1A list of abbreviations/acronyms used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Werther Joachim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Fluidization PrincipleForms of Fluidized BedsAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Fluidized‐Bed ReactorFluid‐Mechanical PrinciplesMinimum Fluidization VelocityFluidization Properties of Typical Bed SolidsGas DistributionGas Jets in Fluidized BedsBubble DevelopmentElutriationCirculating Fluidized BedsCatalyst AttritionGas Mixing in Fluidized‐Bed ReactorsGas Mixing in Bubbling Fluidized BedsGas Mixing in Circulating Fluidized BedsGas–Solid SeparationInjection of Liquid Reactants into Fluidized BedsIndustrial ApplicationsHeterogeneous Catalytic Gas‐Phase ReactionsPolymerization of AlkenesModeling of Fluidized‐Bed ReactorsBubbling Fluidized‐Bed ReactorsCirculating Fluidized‐Bed ReactorsNew Developments in Fluidized‐Bed Reactor ModelingScale‐UpBed DiameterGrid DesignInternalsCatalyst Particle‐Size DistributionSecondary Reactions in the FreeboardCatalyst AttritionOther FactorsConclusionsList of Symbols
Slurry Reactors1A list of symbols used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Nedeltchev Stoyan , Schumpe Adrian 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Types of Slurry Reactor

Slurry Bubble Column Reactor

Other Reactor Types

Hydrodynamics of Slurry Reactors

Flow Regimes

Minimum Suspension Conditions

Average Bubble Diameter

Backmixing

Gas Holdup

Bubble Rise Velocity

Mass Transfer in Slurry Reactors

Volumetric Liquid‐Side Mass‐Transfer Coefficient (
k
L
a
)

k
L
a
in the Slurry Bubble Column

k
L
a
in the Stirred Tank

Gas–Liquid Specific Interfacial Area (
a
)

Liquid‐Side Mass‐Transfer Coefficient at the Gas–Liquid Interface (
k
L
)

Gas‐Side Mass‐Transfer Coefficient (
k
G
)

Liquid‐Solid Mass‐Transfer Coefficient (
k
S
)

Enhancement of Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer

Adsorptive Transport (“Shuttle Mechanism”)

Absorption with Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction

Reactive Particles

Optimum Catalyst Size

Heat Transfer in Slurry Reactors

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Catalytic Distillation
Authors: Miracca Ivano , Judzis Arvids , Sahay Nishit , Sanfilippo Domenico 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPotential versus ConstraintsPractical Realization of Catalytic DistillationTray TowersPacked TowersModeling Catalytic DistillationEquilibrium‐Stage ModelsRate‐Based ModelsSelected ProcessesFuture Perspectives
Automotive Exhaust Treatment1A list of abbreviations/acronyms used in the text is provided at the end of the chapter.
Authors: Lox Egbert S. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOrigin of EmissionsImportance of Road TransportLegislationHistoryPresent and FutureMeasurement of EmissionsPassenger Cars and Light Duty VehiclesHeavy Duty Trucks and BusesTechnology to Meet LegislationSpark‐Ignition EnginesCompression‐Ignition EnginesCatalytic Systems for Gasoline‐Fueled, Indirect Injection Spark‐Ignition EnginesIntroductionEngine‐Out EmissionsReactionsEmission Control ConceptsAspects of Three‐Way Catalyst DesignGeneral AspectsBead CatalystsCeramic Monolithic SubstratesMetallic Monolithic SubstratesWashcoatPrecious MetalsAspects of Three‐Way Catalyst PerformanceIntroductionMeasurement of Catalyst PerformanceInfluence of Catalyst Operating ConditionsInfluence of Substrate and Converter DesignInfluence of Catalyst FormulationDeactivation of Three‐Way CatalystsIntroductionAssessment of DurabilitySelected Deactivation PhenomenaFuture Developments and ConceptsCatalytic Systems for Gasoline‐Fueled Direct Injection Spark‐Ignition EnginesIntroductionAspects of Operation ofNOx‐Adsorber SystemsAspects of Deactivation ofNOx‐Adsorber SystemsCatalytic Systems for Diesel‐Fueled Compression‐Ignition EnginesIntroductionDiesel Oxidation CatalystsAspects of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst DesignAspects of DeactivationFuture Developments and ConceptsCatalytic Diesel Particulate Filter SystemsAspects of Diesel Filter System DesignAspects of Filter System OperationDieselNOx‐Reduction SystemsIntroductionHC‐DeNOx‐SystemsDieselNOx‐adsorber systemsSCRSystemsFuture Developments and ConceptsConclusions and OutlookAcknowledgmentsList of Abbreviations and Symbols
Catalytic Routes to Hydro(chloro)fluorocarbons
Authors: Ainbinder Zarah , Manzer Leo E. , Nappa Mario J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areBackgroundCatalytic TransformationsAddition ofHFHalogen ExchangeIsomerizationsDisproportionations/ConproportionationsHXElimination ReactionsHydrodehalogenations/DehydrohalogenationsOxygenates as Reactive IntermediatesCouplingChlorinations/ChlorofluorinationsCFCDestructionPurification TechniquesOpportunities for the FutureConclusions
Catalysis in Water Remediation
Authors: Prüße Ulf , Thielecke Nadine , Vorlop Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOxidation ProcessesWet Air Oxidation (WAO)Conventional Wet Air OxidationSupercritical Water OxidationCatalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO)Fenton ProcessesConventional Fenton ProcessesPhoto‐Assisted Fenton ProcessesApplications of Fenton ProcessesPhotocatalysisOther Oxidation ProcessesReduction ProcessesHydrodechlorination/HydrodehalogenationHydrodechlorination by Zero‐Valent MetalsHydrodechlorination with Supported Metal CatalystsHydrodenitrationConclusions
Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Schlögl Robert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSome Basic ConsiderationsCatalyst Materials: Iron and RutheniumAmmonia Synthesis as the Reference ReactionChoice of Catalyst: Historic DevelopmentChoice of Catalyst: Theory‐Based ApproachReaction Efficiency and Research NeedsThermodynamic AspectsDi‐NitrogenNitridesHydrogenThe ReactionPhase DiagramsRuthenium SubstratesGeneration and Structure of “Ammonia Iron”Reference ExperimentsStructure of the Oxide PrecursorActivation ProcessActivated Catalyst: MicrotextureActivated Catalyst: MicrostructureNature of the Iron CatalystAbundance of Active SitesSingle Crystal Approach in the Iron SystemSingle‐Crystal StructuresEnergetics of Hydrogen and Nitrogen ChemisorptionStructure and Energetics of Chemisorbed AmmoniaKinetics of Nitrogen ChemisorptionPotassium Promoter EffectPolycrystalline SubstratesThe Material Gap: Alumina as PromoterNitrogen Chemisorption on Model SystemsNitrogen Chemisorption on Polycrystalline SubstratesNon‐Fe Systems:RuCatalystsNanostructuredRuSurface‐Science Studies of theRuSystemMechanism of Ammonia SynthesisBasic Kinetic InformationAnalytical Rate ExpressionsMicrokinetic ModelsConclusions
Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN) Production
Authors: Sauer Jörg , Bewersdorf Martin , Köstner Martin , Rinner Michael , Wolf Dorit 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTheAndrussow ProcessHistoryFundamentalsProduction of Liquid Hydrocyanic AcidPressure VariantOxygen VariantAmmonia RecyclingReactor and CatalystTheBMAProcessOverviewDevelopment of the CatalystDevelopment of theBMATubesReactor DesignMechanism and Kinetics ofHCNformation in theBMAandAndrussow ProcessesKinetics and Mechanism of theBMAProcessThermodynamic ContextHCNandN2FormationCoke FormationOn the Role of Gas‐Phase ReactionsCatalytically Active CentersKinetics and Mechanism of theAndrussow ProcessThermodynamic RelationshipsHCNFormationHCNHydrolysisCatalytically Active CentersFinal Remarks
Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Näumann Fritz , Schulz Matthias 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Contact Process

Thermodynamic Considerations

Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics

Sulfur Dioxide as the Basis of Sulfuric Acid Production

Classical Sulfuric Acid Production

Sulfur Dioxide from Combustion of Elemental Sulfur

Sulfur Dioxide from Roasting of Pyrite

Sulfur Dioxide from Metallurgical Plants

Copper Smelting

Zinc Blende Roasting

Nickel Sulfide and Lead Sulfide

Sulfur Dioxide from Decomposition of Acid

Sulfur Dioxide from Combustion of H
2
S

Sulfur Dioxide from Sulfates

Decomposition of Gypsum (
M
üller–
K
ühne Process)

Decomposition of Iron Sulfate

Sulfuric Acid from Sulfur Dioxide in Tail Gases from Power Stations

The Contact Process: Practical Application

Fundamentals

Single Absorption Catalysis

Double Absorption Catalysis

Pressure Catalysis

Fluidized‐Bed Technology

The Catalyst

Catalyst Production

Catalyst Requirements

Disposal of Spent Catalyst
Hydrotreating
Authors: Prins Roel 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Reaction Mechanisms

Hydrodesulfurization

Hydrodenitrogenation

Hydrodeoxygenation

Hydrodechlorination

Hydrotreating of Mixtures

The
C

X
Bond Breaking Mechanism

Catalyst Structure

Structure of the Oxidic Catalyst Precursor

Structure of the Sulfidic Catalyst

Structure of
Mo

Structure of the Promoter

Surface Sites

Modifiers

Structure–Reactivity Relations

Hydrotreating Technology

Catalysts

Reactor Systems

FCC
Naphtha Hydrotreating

Direct Hydrotreating

Pre‐ or Post‐octane Upgrading

Diesel Hydrotreating

Other Desulfurization Technologies

The Future of Hydrotreating
Hydrodemetalation
Authors: Wei James 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metal Compounds in Petroleum

Residue Hydrotreating Technology

Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion in Catalytic Hydrodemetalation

Model Compound Kinetic Studies

Model Compound Diffusion

Intraparticle Metal Deposition Profiles

Hydrodemetalation of Petroleum Oils and Residua

Catalyst Deactivation

Conclusions
Catalytic Reforming
Authors: Moser Mark D. , Bogdan Paula L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Chemistry of Reforming

Feed Composition and Characteristics

Reforming Products

Reforming Reactions

Reforming Catalysts

General Aspects

Catalyst Regeneration

Reforming Processes

Process Variables

Commercial Catalysts

Modeling/Optimization of Commercial Reforming Units

Process Flow Schemes

Future Developments
Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Authors: Cheng Wu‐Cheng , Habib E. Thomas , Rajagopalan Kuppuswamy , Roberie Terry G. , Wormsbecher Richard F. , Ziebarth Michael S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction and OverviewHistoryFCCTodayPosition in a Modern Petroleum RefineryEnvironmental IssuesFCCUnit Hardware and OperationsUnit TypesHeat BalanceModes of OperationRegeneration Mode—Partial Burn vs. Full BurnResid ProcessingPetrochemical Mode (Light Olefins)FCCFeedsSources and TrendsMolecular TypesCharacterizationEffects onFCCUnit OperationConradson Carbon and Feed HeavinessFeedstock CompositionMetals:Ni,V,NaandFeSulfurNitrogenThe Chemistry of Catalytic CrackingCarbocationsFormation of CarbocationsIsomerization ReactionsCarbonCarbon Bond Breaking by Beta‐ScissionHydride Transfer (also Referred to as Hydrogen Transfer)Heteroatom Chemistry: SulfurFCCCatalystsDescription and FormulationZeolite ComponentZeolite ModificationsZeolite Activity and Selectivity EffectsMatrixCommercial MatricesEffect of Matrix on SelectivityCharacterizationZSM‐5 AdditivesFCCUEnvironmental Emissions ControlsOverview—Catalyst Versus HardwareParticulatesCarbon Monoxide (CO)Sulfur Oxides (SOx)Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)Laboratory Evaluations and Pilot Plant TestingAccelerated Aging of CatalystsSimulation of Metals PoisoningReactor Types—Fixed Bed vs. Fluid Bed vs. Transport PhaseTemperature Profile and Isothermal vs. Adiabatic TestingSummary and Future Trends in Catalytic Cracking
Hydrocracking and Catalytic Dewaxing
Authors: van Veen J. A. Rob , Minderhoud Johannes K. , Huve Laurent G. , Stork Wim H. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHydrocrackingProcesses and Process ConfigurationsTwo‐Stage HydrocrackingSingle‐Stage HydrocrackingAlternative Process SchemesMild HydrocrackingReactor Design AspectsFeedstocksProductsCatalyst SystemsHCCatalyst Design RulesCoke DeactivationZeolite‐Based CatalystsEffect of Recycle OperationNew Catalyst DevelopmentsRing OpeningCatalytic DewaxingCommercial DevelopmentsShape‐Selective CatalysisDewaxing CatalystsReaction PathwayProcess Line‐UpsCracking DewaxingIsomerization DewaxingFuture Trends in Catalytic Dewaxing—the Gas to Liquid Route
Isomerization
Authors: Sie Swan Tiong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMechanism of Skeletal Isomerization ofC5+Alkanes with Acid CatalystsReaction Cycle in Isomerization of AlkanesThe Isomerization Reaction: Rearrangement of the Intermediate Carbenium IonSupporting Evidence for the Protonated Cyclopropane (PCP) Isomerization MechanismReactions withn‐ButaneEffect of Chain Length on the Relative Rates of Isomerization ofn‐AlkanesLocation of Branching in Isomerized AlkanesChain Termination Reactions: Catalyst DeactivationAcid‐catalyzed Cracking and Isomerization: Effect of Chain Length on Selectivity for IsomerizationMechanism ofC4Alkane IsomerizationIsomerization CatalystsMonofunctional Acidic CatalystsBifunctional CatalystsIsomerization of Pentanes and Hexanes for Octane EnhancementOctane Numbers and Thermodynamic Equilibrium Concentrations of Isomeric Pentanes and HexanesProcesses for Isomerization of Pentanes and HexanesProcesses Using Aluminum Chloride/Hydrochloric Acid as Monofunctional CatalystProcesses Using Bifunctional Catalysts Consisting ofPtSupported on Chlorinated AluminaProcesses Using a Noble Metal on Amorphous Silica–Alumina as Bifunctional CatalystProcesses Using a Noble Metal on Zeolite as Bifunctional CatalystCombiningC5andC6Alkane Isomerization with Physical SeparationsProcesses for Isomerization of Higher AlkanesProcesses for Conversion ofn‐Butane to IsobutaneRole of Alkane Isomerization in the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry
Oligomerization
Authors: O'Connor Cyril T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBackgroundFundamentalsMechanism of Alkene OligomerizationThermodynamics of Alkene OligomerizationKinetics of Alkene OligomerizationCatalysts Used in Alkene OligomerizationZeolitesMesoporous CatalystsOther Acid CatalystsCatalysts Incorporating MetalsIndustrial Applications of Alkene OligomerizationZeolite‐Based ProcessesCatpoly ProcessDimerization ProcessesConclusions
Etherification
Authors: Krause A. Outi I. , Keskinen Kari I. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Scope

Introduction and History of Tertiary Ethers

Chemistry

Main Etherification Reactions

Most Important Side Reactions

Thermodynamics of Ether Reactions

Kinetic Models

Other Ethers

Heavier Ethers

C
8
Alkenes

Higher Alcohols

Polyfunctional Ethers

Catalysts

Acidic Ion‐Exchange Resins

Zeolites and Modified Zeolites

Other Acidic Catalysts

Catalyst Deactivation

Raw Materials and Products

Typical Raw Materials

Feed Stream Treatment

Ether Products

Hydrocarbon Products

Processes

Operating Conditions

Processes for
MTBE
Production

Conventional
MTBE
Units

Reactive Distillation in
MTBE
Production

Processes for
ETBE
Production

Conversion of
MTBE
Plants for
ETBE
Production

Processes for
TAME
Production

Multipurpose Processes for Production of Ethers

Diesel Ethers

Dimethyl Ether

Properties of Dimethyl Ether

Processes for Dimethyl Ether Production

Di‐
n
‐Pentyl Ether

The Future