bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of enzootic pneumonia of pigs on growth performance
Authors: BYRT D. , HEAP P. , POINTON A.M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Growing pigs were naturally infected with a field strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to assess the effect of enzootic pneumonia on production. Both the initial (breakdown) and endemic stages of infection were evaluated. The pigs were reared under environmental and management conditions commonly found on commercial piggeries in South Australia.Growth rate of pigs held in‐contact with inoculated pigs was reduced by 12.7% (p<0.01) between 50 to 85 kg bodyweight. In the second trial inoculated gilts were used to naturally infect piglets during suckling. Growth rate of infected pigs was reduced by 15.9% (p<0.001) between 8 to 85 kg bodyweight, while feed conversion was depressed by 13.8% (p<0.05) between 10 to 25 kg bodyweight. At current feed and production costs this reduced performance added approximately 2.80 to the cost of every pig produced. These losses were recorded in groups of pigs in which enzootic pneumonia was present. At slaughter, 40% of lungs contained gross lesions of enzootic pneumonia which were free of significant secondary bacteria.The nature of the infection was established by gross and microscopic pathology and confirmed by the detection of specific complement fixing antibody in infected pigs and the demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae by direct immunofluorescent staining of lung sections.
Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of goats
Authors: BARTON N. J. , TRAINOR B. L. , URIE J. S. , ATKINS J. W. , PYMANS M. F. S. , WOLSTENCROFT I. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Cases of anthelmintic resistance on 3 goat farms in Gippsland were investigated. On the first farm Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta were found to be resistant to fenbendazole, but the first 2 species were fully susceptible to levamisole. On the second farm a population of T. colubriformis, resistant to concurrent full doses of levamisole and a benzimidazole, was found to retain this resistance when transferred to sheep. On the third farm, heavy mortality due to Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp burdens was arrested only by the use of concurrent full doses of levamisole and oxfendazole; no single anthelmintic was found to be effective.A disturbing rise in the incidence of clinical helminthiosis, often accompanied by anthelmintic resistance, occurred on goat farms in Gippsland early in 1984.
A meatworks survey of bovine hydatidosis in southern Queensland
Authors: BALDOCK F. C. , ARTHUR R. J. , LAWRENCE A. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A meatworks survey was undertaken in 1981–82 to define the distribution and prevalence of hydatidosis in beef cattle in southern Queensland. Hydatid cysts, mostly degenerate, were found in 14.6% of the 22,916 animals examined. The endemic area was to the east of a line approximating the 500 mm isohyet. Prevalence varied with age and origin of cattle, but not sex. Prevalence increased linearly with age, at least up to 4 years. Prevalence on the east coast ranged from 4.3% in yearlings to 52.2% in 4‐year‐old cattle. At the western limit of the endemic area, the prevalence ranged from 1.4% in yearlings to 10.8% in 4‐year‐olds. On the Darling Downs, prevalence was highest in areas where cattle raising is the main industry. On the south western Downs, where sheep‐farming predominates, the prevalence in cattle was much lower, probably because of fewer dingoes.Livers only were affected in 46.5% of infected cattle, lungs only in 17.7/0, and 35.8% of infected animals had both organs affected. Infection in other organs was uncommon. A detailed study of 133 infected cattle showed that 3.8% had lesions misdiagnosed as hydatid cysts at slaughter.
Trace element supplementation of sheep: evaluation of various copper supplements and a soluble glass bullet containing copper, cobalt and selenium
Authors: TRENGOVE C. L. , JUDSON G. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The effect of 5 different copper supplements on copper status of Merino sheep at pasture was examined. Transient increases in plasma copper concentrations occurred following treatment with copper calcium EDTA, copper sulphate, and glass bullets impregnated with copper, cobalt and selenium, but these increases were not copper, cobalt considered to be a reliable indication of changes in liver copper reserves. Sheep receiving the glass bullet or 2.5 g oxidised copper wire particles orally or 50 mg copper as copper calcium EDTA parenterally had liver copper concentrations significantly greater than those of untreated sheep for periods up to 51 weeks. Oral doses of 30 mg copper as copper oxychloride, or 300 mg copper as copper sulphate did not alter the liver copper reserves at any stage. The bodyweight and greasy fleece weights were not significantly altered by any of the copper supplements.Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations in sheep given the glass bullet were increased for about 5 months. Thereafter increased plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were observed in all sheep. Blood selenium concentrations were also high during the experiment thereby preventing the evaluation of the glass bullet as a source of selenium.
Left abomasal displacement and ulceration in an eight‐week‐old calf
Authors: HAWKINS C. D. , FRASER D. M. , BOLTON J. R. , WYBURN R. S. , McGILL C. A. , PEARSE B. H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Left displacement of the abomasum was diagnosed radiographically in an 8‐week‐old female Friesian calf. At surgery, a 4 cm ulcer was repaired and an abomasopexy performed during closure of the abdomen. Recovery from surgery was slow, and regurgitation of rumen contents occurred. Despite medical treatment, the calf died 4 days later.Left abomasal displacement is a well documented disease of dairy cattle (Robertson 1968; Coppock 1974; Martin et al 1978a; Poulsen 1976), but in young calves the condition is rare (Dirksen 1981). This report describes a case of left abomasal displacement with ulceration in an 8‐week‐old female Friesian calf.
A microplate enzyme‐linked immunorsorbent assay for measuring antibody to Anaplasma marginale in cattle serum
Authors: BARRY D N , PARKER R J , DE VOS A J , DUNSTER P. , RODWELL B J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An enzyme‐linked immunorsorbent assay (ELISA) method is described for measuring antibody against Anaplasma marginale in cattle serum. This method was more sensitive and objective than a previously described ELISA method for A. marginale and possible reasons for this are discussed.All 83 cattle experimentally infected with A. marginale (81) or A. centrale (2) developed demonstrable specific antibody but the serums of 98.8% of 839 cattle from cattle tick‐free areas did not react by ELISA; 378 serums containing antibody to Babesia bovis were tested for cross reactions in the A. marginale ELISA. There were no significant cross‐reactions except when cattle had been inoculated at least twice with B. bovis‐infected erythrocytes, presumably due to antibodies reacting with erythrocyte material in the ELISA antigen.The ELISA detected antibodies for more than 3 years after infection, at least 2 years longer than did a complement fixation test. When A. marginale infections in cattle were eliminated by long acting oxytetracycline, their serums ceased to react by ELISA. An ELISA score for serum antibody level was shown to have a statistically significant correlation with ELISA titre.
Survey of anthelmintic resistance in Western Australian sheep flocks 2. Relationship with sheep management and parasite control practices
Authors: EDWARDS J R , WROTH R. , de CHANEET G C , BESIER R B , KARLSSON J. , MORCOMBE P W , DALTON‐MORGAN G. , ROBERTS D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Owners of 116 farms, whose flocks had been tested for anthelmintic resistance, were interviewed to determine their use of various sheep management and parasite control practices and their knowledge and adoption of recommended procedures for the prevention and control of resistance.Farmers knowledge of current recommendations related mainly to changing drenches and drench groups. Other aspects of the recommended program including reduction of drenching frequency and the use of alternative management strategies were not considered as important by farmers. For most questions a high proportion of farmers (>2 0 %) had no opinion.Associations between various strategies for nematode control and resistance of Trichosfrongylus and Teladorsagia to thiabendazole and levamisole were examined. These relationships differed between anthelmintics and nematode genera.A number of factors were related to resistance of one or both nematode genera to one or both anthelmintic groups. These factors included flock size, percentage of ewes in the flock, cattle number, main sheep production activity, grazing strategy, frequency of drenching, changes in the frequency of drenching, number of summer drenches and the method of estimating dose rates.It was concluded that the methods employed to control anthelmintic resistance may vary with the nematode, its resistance status and the anthelmintic to which it is exposed. Modifications to the previously recommended program have been proposed which incorporate selection of the anthelmintic to be used following a test for anthelmintic resistance.
Improved fertility in dairy cows after treatment with selenium pellets
Authors: McCLURE T J , EAMENS G J , HEALY P J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Dairy cows on 3 New South Wales dairy farms with herd mean blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities of <70 U/g haemoglobin, showed a significant improvement in first service conception rates following treatment with oral selenium pellets.Treated cows had significantly higher blood GSH‐Px activities compared with control cows, with a lag phase of 4 to 5 months to reach peak mean levels of 88 to 159 U/g haemoglobin.
A modified indirect immunofluorescent assay for the detection of antibody to Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep
Authors: NICHOLLS T J , VEALE P I 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Experimental ovine eperythrozoonosis was studied using Giemsa staining of blood films and a modified indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFAA). The serums of 21 Border Leicester Merino cross lambs between 12 weeks and 7 months‐of‐age were analysed before and after infection with Eperythrozoon ovis (E. ovis) using the IFAA test. No rise in the IFAA titre was seen until day 7 and this coincided with the first detection of E. ovis organisms in blood smears stained with Giemsa. The percentage of E. ovis infected red blood cells peaked on day 14, but the IFAA titre did not peak until day 35. Titres to E. ovis, on average, had begun to drop by day 63.There was considerable individual variation in response to E. ovis infection as measured by the IFAA. Titres as high as 6,400 were observed in individual sheep at the peak of E. ovis parasitaemia of red cells. One sheep had a titre of 51,200 nineteen days after infection, and titres of 3,000 were maintained for several months in a few sheep.The assay proved reliable, and up to 100 samples per day could be tested. The antigenicity of the slide preparations was found to be satisfactory after storage for 6 months at ‐ 20°C and 4°C and for 28 months at ‐ 70°C. Temperature fluctuations during storage rendered slides unsuitable for the IFAA after these times. A method of storing E. ovis infected blood in liquid nitrogen is described.
Survey of disc diffusion antimicrobial sensitivity testing in avian bacteriology laboratories and the evaluation of a standardised method
Authors: WHITHEAR K G , HTWE TIN , SULAIMAN I 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A survey was conducted in which 15 laboratories involved in avian bacteriology tested the antimicrobial sensitivity of cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis and Salmonella typhimurium, using the disc diffusion test as routinely practised in each laboratory. Up to 28 different antimicrobials or antimicrobial combinations were used. The most commonly tested agents were ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin, sulphonamlde, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphonamide. Results between laboratories were compared according to the width of the zone of inhibition (annular radius) where 5 or more laboratories used the same disc content of a particular antimicrobial agent, and on whether a culture was interpreted as being sensitive or resistant to a particular agent.The variation in annular radii about the mean values were < ± 2 SD in 39.5% and > ± 3 SD in 32.6% of 43 different antimicrobial/culture combinations involving 8 different agents. The range of annular radii measurements was greatest with trimethoprim/sulphonamide and streplomycin discs and with the S. epidermidis culture. Variation in the interpretation of test results was greatest with the Gram‐negative bacteria, where for each of the more frequently tested agents at least one, commonly 2 and sometimes all 3 cultures were reported as sensitive and resistant to the same agent by different laboratories.The calibrated dichotomous sensitivity (CDS) test of Bell (1975, 1984) was evaluated as a standardised disc diffusion procedure and was found to be reproducible and accurate. Results obtained using antmicrobial agents calibrated for use in the CDS test were compared with results obtained in the survey using the same agents or agents showing identical resistance patterns. There was agreement in 246 out of 289 (85.1%) tests. It is recommended that bacteriology laboratories testing avian pathogens should consider adopting a uniform method of disc diffusion testing. The CDS test is a simple and reliable method which may prove to be suitable for this purpose.
The distribution and prevalence of stephanofilariasis in cattle in Queensland
Authors: JOHNSON S J , ARTHUR R J , SHEPHERD R K 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A total of 10,543 cattle from 1,386 farms throughout Queensland was examined at abattoirs and the presence of stephanofilarial lesions was related to property of origin, sex, breed, and age of the slaughtered cattle and season of slaughter.The mean prevalence was 38% and within the infected area this varied from less than 5% in south east Queensland to 95% on Cape York Peninsula. The prevalence of lesions was higher in bulls than in cows and was least in steers. Bos Indicus animals had a lower prevalence than B. taurus. Prevalence increased with age. The distribution of the disease closely matched that of the buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua.
Bluetongue virus serotype 20: experimental infection of pregnant heifers
Authors: PARSONSON I M , DELLA‐PORTA A J , McPHEE D A , CYBINSKI D H , SQUIRE K R E , UREN M F 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three groups of 4 cows at 84 to 95 days, 100 to 160 days, and 170 to 180 days pregnant were inoculated both intradermal and subcutaneously with bluetongue virus serotype 20 (BTV20). Clinical observations and the viraemic and serological responses of the cows were followed for 9 to 17 weeks after inoculation.Viraemia developed in 9 of the 12 cows and was first detected 4 to 9 days after inoculation. Viraemia was detected for 4 to 21 days and in some animals only intermittently. The titre of the viraemia was obtained in 4 cows and ranged from detectable only, to 101 to 102.8 50% tissue culture infecting doses per ml.Both serum neutralising and precipitating antibodies were detected in 11 of the 12 cows within 2 to 8 weeks after inoculation.No clinical responses were seen and one cow (516) did not develop a viraemia or produce detectable antibodies to the virus. The cows, calves and foetuses were necropsied following either parturition or slaughter between 200 and 270 days of pregnancy. No virus isolations were made from a wide range of tissues from the cows, calves or foetuses and no immunoglobulins or serum neutralising antibodies were detected in the serums of precolostral calves or foetuses at necropsy. No gross or histopathological lesions were seen in the cows, calves or foetuses, and there was no evidence that BTV20 crossed the bovine placenta or infected the foetus.
Use of an antigen detection assay to determine mortality of Dirofilaria immitis after thiacetarsamide therapy
Authors: VANKAN D M , ATWELL R B , BLAKE A S , BUNDESEN P G , RYLATT D B , WATSON A R 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe use of an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (ElA) to determine the post‐treatment infection status of 16 dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis was investigated. Dogs were treated with thiacetarsamide at a dose rate of 12mg/4.5kg twice daily for 2 days, bled at regular intervals and necropsied 9 weeks later.The infection status of all dogs at necropsy was compared to the ratios of optical density (OD) values from the EIA using fresh plasma samples (day 60/day 0 = R60) and dogs were divided into 2 groups. Using the R60 ratios, those dogs with fewer than 2 live adult worms or immature worms at necropsy (“cleared” dogs) could be differentiated with 95% confidence from those dogs with more than 1 live adult worm (“non‐cleared” dogs). Changes in the average OD values from the plasma of “cleared” dogs and “non‐cleared” dogs were similar up to 46 days after treatment but diverged significantly thereafter. The efficacy of thiacetarsamide was 50% if all worms were considered and 75% if the presence of immature worms was ignored.The benefits of antigen detection assays for diagnosis and improved patient assessment and the use of an R60 ratio to assess the efficacy of adulticides such as thiacetarsamide are discussed in relation to their practical significance for clinicians.
Revised post‐mortem inspection procedures for cattle and pigs slaughtered Australian abattoirs
Authors: McMAHON J. , KAHN S. , BATEY R. , MURRAY J. G. , MOO D. , SLOAN C. 
Published: March 2008

Revised procedures for the post‐mortem inspection of cattle and pigs at Australian abattoirs were developed as minimum national requirements. Comparative trials of current and revised procedures were conducted at 3 and 4 Australian abattoirs for pigs and cattle respectively. Residual pathological changes after inspection and removal of lesions from heads, carcases or viscera were recorded by an evaluation team with the data used to determine relative effectiveness. For cattle, there was no significant difference between current and revised procedures. Although it had been proposed to eliminate routine incision of cervical lymph nodes for pigs, it was found necessary to retain this procedure. The data also revealed a significant variation in detection of pathology between abattoirs for both species. Parasitic conditions accounted for the greatest proportion of undetected lesions in both species for both current and revised procedures. These comprised mainly fascioliasis in cattle and ascariasis in pigs. The former was associated with the study being conducted in eastern Australia. Chronic interstitial nephritis was also a common undetected lesion, reinforcing the need for intensified inspection of kidneys. However, such residual pathology was considered to be of only limited significance to human health.The revised procedures and findings are discussed in the context of animal and human health and of the importance of the meat industry to Australian exports. Some attention has been given to specific conditions likely to be affected by the proposals including tuberculosis, bovine cysticercosis, fascioliasis, porcine arthritis and salmonellosis. The role of meat inspection in monitoring for specific diseases is discussed. The relevance of specific procedures and the deployment of meat inspection staff should depend on local circumstances and regional occurrence of disease. The proposals may also have industrial implications arising from the reduced inspection effort.
The incidence, cost and factors associated with foot lameness in dairy cattle in south‐western Victoria
Authors: HARRIS DJ , HIBBURT CD , ANDERSON GA , YOUNIS PJ , FITSPATRICK DH , DUNN AC , PARSONS IW , McBEATH NR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A survey of 73 dairy farms in south‐western Victoria was conducted to assess the cost and mean herd incidence of foot lameness for the period from calving to the end of November, 1985, and to identify the herd, management and environmental factors associated with foot lameness. The mean herd size was 125 cows (range 82 to 220). Lameness occurred in 64 (88%) herds, and the mean herd incidence was 7.0% (range 0.0 to 30.9%).The main clinical signs associated with lameness were the presence of overworn and/ or bruised soles, or stones lodged in the interdigital cleft. Factors associated with lameness were: property and herd size, age of cow, bail feeding, voluntary entry into the bails, and features of the farm track including its length, the presence of steep slopes, the type of surface material, presence and treatment of broken sections and maintenance including rolling history. The association of these factors with specific clinical signs was examined. The mean cost was estimated to be $42.90 per lame cow due to loss of production, treatment, the culling or death of lame cows, and extra man hours spent managing lame cows. It was concluded that the site, construction, maintenance and use of the farm track were of major importance to the incidence of lameness in herds in this area and recommendations for reducing lameness are made.
Enterocolitis in cattle associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection
Authors: CALLINAN R B , COOK R W , BOULTON J G , FRASER G C , UNGER D B 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A syndrome in cattle of diarrhoea and death associated with enteric Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection is described. Outbreaks occurred during winter and early spring in adult cattle grazing pastures waterlogged by recent flooding or persistent heavy rain. Antibiotic therapy was effective early in the course of the syndrome. At necropsy there was severe acute enterocolitis, and bacteria consistent with Y. pseudotuberculosis were observed in the lesions. This organism could usually be isolated from the intestines of affected animals but was recovered less often from other organs. Representative isolates were identified as Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype III.The association of this syndrome with waterlogged pastures and low temperatures suggests that these conditions favour transmission of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in cattle. The role of Y. pseudotuberculosis as primary pathogen requires confirmation.