bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Search of the Global Architect: the Case of Norman Foster (and Partners)
Authors: MCNEILL DONALD 
Published: October 2005

The figure of the global architect is often quoted in public discourse but loosely used. This article focuses on Norman Foster, the prolific British architect, and seeks to examine his successful exploitation of the processes of architectural globalization. Yet it also seeks to unravel the varying meanings of Foster — as ‘creative’ individual, as visual design style, and as architectural practice or firm. To illustrate this, I consider the architect in multiple ways: as an individual creative designer within an increasingly globalized architectural ‘star system’; through his corporeal presence at various stages of project design or commissioning; as the manager and leader of a design process and studio; and through a discussion of the relationship between ‘signature’ and brand, questioning the nature of authorship in contemporary architectural production.L’architecte planétaire est souvent mais imprécisément évoqué dans le discours public. En se consacrant au prolifique architecte britannique Norman Foster; cet article examine son exploitation pertinente des processus de mondialisation architecturale, tout en démêlant les sens que revêt Foster — individu créatif, style de conception visuel, et exercice ou cabinet d’architecte. Pour ce faire, l’homme est observé de plusieurs façons: comme concepteur créatif particulier dans un ‘star system’ d’architectes toujours plus mondialisé; à travers sa présence physique à divers stades de conception ou de réception du projet; en tant que dirigeant et chef de file d’un processus et d’un studio de création; et via une discussion sur le rapport entre ‘signature’ et marque, mettant en doute la paternité des productions architecturales contemporaines.
Change in the Social Hierarchy of French Urban Housing between 1978 and 1996
Authors: LÉVY JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: October 2005

This article discusses aspects of stability and instability in the social hierarchy of French urban housing over time. The analysis is based on the creation of housing categories using the occupancy characteristics of 58 types of housing units. Each category represents the position of a housing unit and its occupant in a socially hierarchized residential space. Our study looked at the movements of housing units between these different positions, the residential distribution of 11 cohorts of households and the residential trajectories of social groups from 1978 to 1996. Its results highlight the emergence of a twofold residential contrast — between the top and the bottom of the social hierarchy, and between the generations who benefited from economic growth during the period known as the Trente Glorieuses and other generations. These contrasts are expressed through a significant erosion of the most socially mixed sections of the housing stock, most recently through increasingly rigid channels of access to housing, and through upward residential trajectories that now exclude working‐class social groups and are no longer totally guaranteed to young households in the higher social groups.Cet article porte sur les stabilités et les instabilités temporelles de la hiérarchie sociale de l’habitat urbain français. L’analyse est basée sur la construction de catégories d’habitat élaborées à partir des caractéristiques d’occupation de 58 types de logements. Chaque catégorie traduit une position du logement et de son occupant dans un espace résidentiel socialement hiérarchisé. L’étude présente, entre 1978 et 1996, les mouvements des logements entre ces différentes positions, la distribution résidentielle de 11 cohortes de ménages et les trajectoires résidentielles des groupes sociaux. Les résultats font apparaître la mise en place d’une double opposition résidentielle entre le haut et le bas de la hiérarchie sociale et entre les générations qui ont bénéficié de l’expansion économique des Trente Glorieuses et les autres. Ces oppositions se traduisent par une érosion sensible des fractions de parc les plus mixées socialement, des filières d’accès au logement de plus en plus rigides dans la période la plus récente, et des trajectoires résidentielles ascendantes qui excluent dorénavant les catégories populaires et ne sont plus totalement assurées pour les jeunes ménages des couches supérieures.
Immigrants Contesting Ethnic Exclusion: Structures and Practices of Identity
Authors: GOICOECHEA EUGENIA RAMÍREZ 
Published: October 2005

Most of the literature on social exclusion has concentrated exclusively on socio‐economic and political factors as the causes denying people access to social services and civil and political rights. Structures have been seen as established outside and independently of the practice and experience of individual and collective social actors. In this article I intend to show how social actors implement social strategies of inclusion to counteract practices and classifications of social exclusion within different possibilities of success. This I will do taking into account various arenas and landscapes of macro‐structural constraints, which allow but also limit both autonomy and agency. In doing so, I will stress the complexities and variety of social exclusion/inclusion dynamics within contemporary urban societies that are strongly marked by demographic and ethnic changes. These issues will be explored through two different ethnographic cases: second‐generation Spanish migrants to the Basque Country and Polish immigrants to Spain.En majorité, la littérature sur l’exclusion sociale s’est consacrée exclusivement aux facteurs socio‐économiques et politiques comme causes du refus d’accès de populations aux services sociaux ainsi qu’aux droits civils et politiques. On considère que les structures sont établies hors et indépendamment de la pratique et du vécu des acteurs sociaux individuels et collectifs. L’article vise à montrer comment ces acteurs mettent en œuvre des stratégies sociales d’inclusion pour compenser les pratiques et classifications d’exclusion sociale propres aux différentes possibilités de réussite. Cette approche tient compte de plusieurs arènes et paysages de contraintes macro‐structurelles qui permettent, et restreignent parallèlement, autonomie et agence. Dans le même temps, l’article souligne les complexités et la diversité des dynamiques d’exclusion/inclusion sociale au sein des sociétés urbaines contemporaines, fortement marquées par les transformations démographiques et ethniques. Ces aspects sont étudiés à travers deux cas ethnographiques: les migrants espagnols de deuxième génération dans le Pays basque et les immigrants polonais en Espagne.
Multiculturalism in Canada: Accidental Discourse, Alternative Vision, Urban Practice
Authors: WOOD PATRICIA K. , GILBERT LIETTE 
Published: October 2005

Multiculturalism became an official policy of the Canadian government in 1971. Since then, Canada has been cited as a world leader in diversity issues and a model of social engineering and institutional arrangement. In particular, former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau is remembered as its visionary author. Another debate, mostly internal to Canada, criticizes the Multiculturalism Act as limited and flawed, and questions its impact. The present article submits that multiculturalism as a policy is not the product of longstanding, intentional initiatives, but more an ‘accident’ or a coincidence of several factors. Moreover, multiculturalism as a social reality and/or nationalist vision is not the result of the policy, but a deeper social history. Canadians, even scholars, know very little about why multiculturalism ‘works’ or does not work, and why it has taken root in different ways in different cities. We suggest a theory regarding the central role of urban public space, not only as a decreed place for public life, but rather as the place for an emerging process of democracy.En 1971, le multiculturalisme est devenu une politique officielle du gouvernement canadien. Depuis, le Canada a été cité en exemple sur les questions de diversité et en modèle pour la construction sociale et l’aménagement institutionnel. L’ancien Premier Ministre, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, s’est notamment inscrit dans les esprits comme son créateur visionnaire. Un autre débat, national pour l’essentiel, critique la Loi sur le Multiculturalisme comme étant limitée et imparfaite, et remet en cause son impact. Cet article avance que le multiculturalisme en tant que politique n’est pas le produit d’initiatives intentionnelles sur le long terme, mais plutôt un ‘accident’ ou une coïncidence entre plusieurs facteurs. De plus, le multiculturalisme en tant que réalité sociale et/ou vision nationaliste ne résulte pas de la politique, mais d’une histoire sociale plus profonde. Les Canadiens, intellectuels compris, en savent très peu sur ce qui fit que le multiculturalisme ‘marche’ ou pas, et qu’il s’ancre de manières différentes dans des villes différentes. L’article présente une théorie sur le rôle central de l’espace public urbain, non seulement en tant que lieu décrété pour la vie publique, mais surtout comme site pour un processus de démocratie naissant.
Reading the Territorial Restructuring of Business Services as an Innovation Process: The Case of German Advertising
Authors: THIEL JOACHIM 
Published: October 2005

This article provides a particular perspective on change in the spatial structure and organization of the German advertising industry, i.e. considering it as based on a fundamental innovation process. This in turn involves integrating this change into the wider debates on territory and innovation which have strongly influenced regional science over the last 20 years, focusing on two opposing views of the relation between actors and their environment: the GREMI approach of innovative milieus and Storper and Walker's ‘window of locational opportunity’ argument. After a brief outline of this theoretical framework, the innovation process within German advertising is traced, starting from the success story of one pioneer agency and examining its impact on the national landscape of advertising agencies and on the pattern of competition between them. It is concluded that in conceptualizing the spatial dimension of innovation in business services, it is vital to take the labour market of professionals into account.Cet article offre une perspective particulière sur l’évolution de l’organisation et de la structure spatiale du secteur publicitaire en Allemagne, en le caractérisant par un processus d’innovation fondamental. Cette base implique elle‐même d’intégrer cette évolution dans des débats plus larges sur le territoire et l’innovation, lesquels ont fortement influencé la science régionale au cours des vingt dernières années. Deux visions opposées de la relation entre les acteurs et leur environnement sont donc examinées: l’approche des milieux innovateurs du GREMI et l’argument de ‘la fenêtre d’opportunité localisée’ de Storper et Walker. Une courte esquisse de ce cadre théorique précède la description du processus d’innovation au sein de la publicité allemande; celle‐ci débute par le récit du succès d’une agence d’avant‐garde, puis examine son impact sur le paysage national des agences publicitaires et sur le modèle de concurrence qui les anime. L’article conclut que, pour conceptualiser la dimension spatiale de l’innovation dans les services aux entreprises, il est crucial de tenir compte du marché du travail des spécialistes.
Uncertainty, Real Options, and Cost Behavior: Evidence from Washington State Hospitals
Authors: KALLAPUR SANJAY , ELDENBURG LESLIE 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTThis study tests an implication of the real‐options theory of investment, that uncertainty leads firms to prefer technologies with low fixed and high variable costs. In 1983, a change in Medicare reimbursement increased the uncertainty of revenues for hospitals. Using a sample of 831 departments in 59 Washington State hospitals over the 1977–1994 period, we find that the ratio of variable to total costs increased after 1983. This increase is not attributable to a gradual increase in the ratio over time: We estimate a significant increase after 1983 even after controlling for a time trend. Further, we find a greater increase in the variable‐to‐total cost ratio for hospitals that had higher percentages of Medicare patients, increasing our confidence in the conclusion that the change in cost behavior is attributable to Medicare's change in reimbursement.
The Ability of Earnings to Predict Future Operating Cash Flows Has Been Increasing—Not Decreasing
Authors: KIM MYUNGSUN , KROSS WILLIAM 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTWe investigate the relationship between earnings and one‐year‐ahead operating cash flows from 1973 to 2000. Although the extant research indicates a weakening relationship between contemporaneous earnings and stock prices over time, we find that the relationship between current earnings and future operating cash flows has increased over time. This result holds for numerous divisions of our sample. Out‐of‐sample predictions of operating cash flows generally show increasing forecast accuracy over time. Increasing accounting conservatism appears to play a role in this phenomenon.
Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia
Authors: van Os J. , Burns T. , Cavallaro R. , Leucht S. , Peuskens J. , Helldin L. , Bernardo M. , Arango C. , Fleischhacker W. , Lachaux B. , Kane J. M. 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Recent work has focussed on schizophrenia as a ‘deficit’ state but little attention has been paid to defining illness plasticity in terms of symptomatic remission.Method:  A qualitative review of a recently proposed concept of remission [N.C. Andreasen, W.T. Carpenter Jr, J.M. Kane, R.A. Lasser, S.R. Marder, D.R. Weinberger (2005) Am J Psychiatry 162: 441] is presented.Results:  The proposed definition of remission is conceptually viable, and can be easily implemented in clinical trials and clinical practice. Its increasing acceptance may reset expectations of treatment to a higher level, improve documentation of clinical status and facilitate dialogue on treatment expectations. The availability of validated outcome measures based on remission will enhance the conduct and reporting of clinical investigations, and could facilitate the design and interpretation of new studies on cognition and functional outcomes. While useful as a concept, it is important to consider that remission is distinct from recovery.Conclusion:  The introduction of standardized remission criteria may offer significant opportunities for clinical practice, health services research and clinical trials.
Randomized dose‐ranging pilot trial of omega‐3 fatty acids for postpartum depression
Authors: Freeman M. P. , Hibbeln J. R. , Wisner K. L. , Brumbach B. H. , Watchman M. , Gelenberg A. J. 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10–15% of mothers. Omega‐3 fatty acids are an intriguing potential treatment for PPD.Method:  The efficacy of omega‐3 fatty acids for PPD was assessed in an 8‐week dose‐ranging trial. Subjects were randomized to 0.5 g/day (n = 6), 1.4 g/day (n = 3), or 2.8 g/day (n = 7).Results:  Across groups, pretreatment Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) mean scores were 18.1 and 19.1 respectively; post‐treatment mean scores were 9.3 and 10.0. Percent decreases on the EPDS and HRSD were 51.5% and 48.8%, respectively; changes from baseline were significant within each group and when combining groups. Groups did not significantly differ in pre‐ or post‐test scores, or change in scores. The treatment was well tolerated.Conclusion:  This study was limited by small sample size and lack of placebo group. However, these results support further study of omega‐3 fatty acids as a treatment for PPD.
Internet forums: a self‐help approach for individuals with schizophrenia?
Authors: Haker H. , Lauber C. , Rössler W. 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  To study if and how online self‐help forums for individuals with schizophrenia are used.Method:  We analysed 1200 postings of 576 users in 12 international schizophrenia forums regarding communicative skills [fields of interest and self‐help mechanisms (SHM)].Results:  The forums were predominantly used by affected individuals, few relatives or friends. The fields of interest of the users concern daily problems of the illness like symptoms and emotional involvement with the illness. Self‐help mechanisms mostly used are disclosure and providing information. Emotional interaction e.g. empathy or gratitude were comparatively rare.Conclusion:  Individuals suffering from schizophrenia participate in online self‐help forums using the same SHM, discussing similar topics as do individuals with other psychiatric disorders as well as not affected relatives and caregivers. Therefore, this tool seems to be a useful approach to cope with alienation and isolation, albeit only a small number of schizophrenia forums are found in the Internet.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Caldwell John C. , Stanton Cynthia 
Published: October 2005

Books Reviewed in this Article:Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Editor Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing CountriesDepartment of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization Beyond the Numbers:Reviewing Maternal Deaths and Complications To Make Pregnancy Safer
Ballistic Impact: Recent Advances in Analytical Modeling of Plate
Penetration Dynamics–A Review
Authors: Ben-Dor Gabi , Dubinsky Anatoly , Elperin Tov 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This review covers studies dealing with simplified analytical models for ballistic penetration of an impactor into different solid media, namely, metals, soil, concrete, and composites at high speeds, but not at hypervelocities. The overview covers mainly papers that were published in the last decade, but not analyzed in previous reviews on impact dynamics. Both mathematical models and their engineering applications are considered. The review covers 280 citations.
Analysis of Dynamic Systems With Various Friction Laws
Authors: Awrejcewicz J. , Olejnik P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis survey is devoted to the significant role of various dry friction laws in engineering sciences. Both advantages and disadvantages of a frictional process are illustrated and discussed, but excluding the nature of friction. It is shown how the classical friction laws and modern friction theories exist in today’s pure and applied sciences. Static and dynamic friction models are described. An important role of purely theoretical and experimental investigations in developing the appropriate friction models is outlined, placing an emphasis on new approaches (models proposed by Bay-Wanheim, Dahl, Bliman-Sorine, Lund-Grenoble, as well as atomic scale and fractal models, among others). Friction treated as a complex process being in interaction with wear, heat emission, and deformation is also discussed. Then the impact of dry friction models on current dynamical systems theory is reviewed. Finally, an application of friction to model a brake mechanism as a mechanical system with two degrees-of-freedom, including experimental and numerical analyses, is given. This review paper contains 254 references.
Physical Landscape Correlates of the Expansion of Mechanized Agriculture in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Jasinski Ellen , Morton Douglas , DeFries Ruth , Shimabukuro Yosio , Anderson Liana , Hansen Matthew 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Mechanized agriculture is rapidly expanding in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. In the past five years, land area planted with soybeans, the state’s principal crop, has increased at an average rate of 19.4% yr−1. Drivers of this large-scale land-use conversion are principally economic and sociopolitical, but physical properties of the landscape make some areas more attractive than others for expansion of mechanized agriculture. The goal of this study is to evaluate several physical characteristics of land in Mato Grosso and to quantify their respective weights in determining the likelihood of land-use conversion to crop production. A 2003 land-cover classification at 250-m resolution was compared to maps of five physical landscape characteristics (surface slope, soil type, total November precipitation, distance from paved roads, and previous land-cover type based on a 2001 classification). A land-cover transition matrix was generated to inform analysis of the role of previous land-cover type, and statewide distributions of the other four landscape characteristics were examined across agricultural and nonagricultural land. Finally, logistic regressions were performed to quantify the respective correlations of these various characteristics with the probability of conversion to mechanized agriculture. Areas of new cropland in 2003 (converted since the 2001 classification) were nearly 3 times as likely to have been converted from pasture/cerrado as from all other land-cover types combined, but in terms of class original extent, bare soil was by far the most likely class to be converted to cropland, with 56% of its 2001 land area being converted by 2003. The physical landscape parameter found most highly correlated with conversion to mechanized agriculture between 2001 and 2003 was that of the previous land-cover type, followed by topographic slope and distance from paved roads. Soil type and total November precipitation were poorly correlated with mechanized agriculture. Findings from this study suggest that holistic, spatially explicit models of likelihood of conversion to mechanized agriculture should consider land cover, slope, and proximity to main roads in addition to political and economic parameters to generate realistic scenarios for sustainable land-use planning.