bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variability Studies of Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) for Productivity Traits
Authors: Sumanth, B. T.  , Hongal Shivanand V. , Lakshmidevamma, T. N.  , Koti Shivanand , Hanchinamani Chandrashekar Ningappa , Sadananda, G. K.  
Published: March 2024

Aims: In the present investigation 60 different genotypes of vegetable amaranth were analysed for genetic variability in productivity traits and noticeable range of variability were reported in herbage yield and quality.
Study Design: The layout of experimental plot was prepared according to augmented block design II (Federer, 1956).
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka during summer i.e., from January 2020 to March, 2022.
Methodology: The experiment consisted of 60 vegetable amaranth genotypes that were collected from KRCCH, Arabhavi, NBPGR New-Delhi, TNAU, Coimbtore and some local collections, the whole plot was divided into 4 blocks, wherein, each block contained 19 beds of 1m × 1m dimension, each representing different genotypes including four check varieties. The genotypes were sown in line at the spacing of 20 cm, accommodating 10 plants per line and hence each bed accommodated 50 plants. All growth and yield parameters were recorded in five randomly selected and tagged plants of each genotype and mean was worked out for further statistical analysis. Variability parameters were worked out as per method given by Burton and Devane [1], heritability in broad sense and genetic advance as percent of mean was calculated according to the formula given Johnson et al. [2].
Results: The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for number of leaves, stem weight (g), Stem to leaf ratio, herbage yield per plant (g), herbage yield per plot (kg), leaf area per plant (cm2) and leaf size (cm2) minimum in case of plant height and stem thickness as shown in table. High heritability was observed for all the traits, except plant height and stem thickness maximum was recorded for Herbage yield per hectare (99.45 %) and minimum was observed for stem thickness (1.07%). High heritability (h2 = 99.45%) with high genetic advance (GA=92.47%) as percentage of mean was observed for herbage yield per hectare which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for herbage yield per plant (g) however, lowest for stem thickness (0.27)
Conclusion: Results indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits having high heritability with genetic advance as percent of mean.
Evaluation of Non-response to Hepatitis B Vaccines in Individuals Over 15 Years in the Centre Region of Cameroon: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Essindi Justin Olivier , Bikoï Jacky Njiki , Sake Carole Stéphanie , Mbaga Donatien Serge , Elang Arnaud Franck , Mikangue Chris André Mbongue , Ngoutane Aicha , Membangbi Alexandra Emmanuelle , Touangnou-Chamda Sabine Aimée , Essama Sara Honorine Riwom 
Published: March 2024

Background: To investigate the risks factors associated to the non-response of hepatitis B (HB) immunization in participants over the age of 15 years.
Methods: From October 2020 to December 2021, data were collected from individuals aged over 15 years who receive at least one dose of vaccine. An algorithm consisted of three (03) tests researching anti-HBs whose detectability threshold was 10 IU/L and anti-HBc.
Results: A total of 330 participants were included in this study, among which 158 received three doses of vaccine, of these 83.59% and 6,6% were found positive respectively to anti HBs and anti-HBc. We noted that, age [30 – 40] years [OR= 2.41; CI at 95% (1.24 – 4.80)]; single status [OR=10.80; CI at 95% (1.78 – 114.8)], obesity [OR=2.99; CI at 95% (1.13 – 7.27)], alcohol [OR=10.80; CI at 95% (1.78 – 114.8)]; HEPATITIS vaccine [OR=3.40; CI at 95% (1.24 – 9.10)] were associated with non-response to hepatitis B vaccines.
Conclusion: Non-response to hepatitis B vaccination has been influenced by several risk factors that should be considered during the vaccination process.
Building chromosome-wide LD maps
Authors: Abad-Grau María M. , Montes Rosana , Sebastiani Paola 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: BMapBuilder builds maps of pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) in either two or three dimensions. The optimized resolution allows for graphical display of LD for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a whole chromosome.Availability: The program is coded in Java, which runs on all relevant operating systems, including Windows, Mac and Unix/Linux, and is available fromContact: sebas@bu.eduSupplementary information: Maps displaying chomosome-wide LD are available at
Basing Point Methods of Price Quoting
Authors: Clark J. M. 
Published: June 2006

Basing point methods of price quoting represent one form of imperfect competition in a group of industries, the underlying characteristics of which make some form of imperfect competition inevitable. They are departures from “normal” competition, by our simple inherited theoretical standard. But those who have had contact with the N.R.A. experiment in the United States must have had reason to doubt whether any industry is “normal” by such standards. Possibly the trouble was with what we had conceived as normal. In any case, this form of pricing deserves study uncontrolled by inherited preconceptions.It appears to arise in industries having four main characteristics or predisposing conditions. The first is a standardized commodity, such that purchasers will not buy from one producer if another producer offers even a very slightly lower price. This is true of the main product of the cement industry, and approximately true of basic tonnage steel products, but less so of the higher grades of steel.In the second place, production is localized, with a considerable number of producing points at considerable distances from one another. Some centres of production include a number of rival producers, others only one.
Anglo-Argentine Trade Agreements
Authors: Stewart Robert B. 
Published: June 2006

The term “sterling area”, which came into existence immediately after Great Britain's departure from gold on September 21, 1931, has become increasingly current, so that at the present time it is generally accepted in the terminology of international economics. The term sterling area, or sterling bloc, is necessarily extremely loose. In no sense are the countries contained in this group bound together in a formal monetary union. Nor can the boundaries of the area be defined precisely. As generally understood, however, the sterling area includes those countries both within and outside the British Empire whose currencies are closely linked to the British pound and whose monetary policies are governed more or less directly by those which may be followed from time to time by the British Exchequer and the Bank of England. It includes, in addition to the Dominions and colonies, Argentina, the Scandinavian countries (whose currencies were more promptly and more closely linked to sterling in the 1931 crisis than even those of the Dominions), Finland, Portugal, Egypt, Palestine, and some smaller countries.In contrast to the gold bloc, whose scope is limited strictly to currency problems, the sterling bloc is also to a certain degree an economic bloc. That is, trade within the sterling area represents a fairly large proportion of the total foreign trade of the countries included in that group. The attempt to forge closer links of currency and trade with the countries of this group has now become a well recognized principle of British foreign policy. The instruments which Great Britain has used in forging these closer links are represented by the Ottawa Agreements of 1932, by the reciprocal trade pacts with non-Empire countries, by the maintenance of stable exchange rates with these countries, by securing favourable treatment in exchange allotment, by the development of central banks in the Dominions, and by giving preferential treatment in the matter of international loans, which are, or at least may be, of vital importance in maintaining stability of exchanges in relation to sterling.
Some Aspects of a Pioneer Economy
Authors: Mackintosh W. A. 
Published: June 2006

The economic problems of a new country have, of course, a general as well as a particular interest because new countries are a distinct and important class among the countries of the world. But there are two reasons for an even broader scientific interest in such problems. It is here that problems of economic development can be studied; here are the clearest cases. Economic history continues to suffer because economists know too little history and historians too little economics. It can be said in defence of the historians that the scant attention given by economists to the economics of development has left them with but poor equipment. In criticism it might be said that historians have been over-ready to make economic generalizations. Generalizations in economic history are more attractive and more dangerous than in any other field except historical geography. It is, then, in the history of new countries that the economics of development can best be studied.There is a second reason for our interest. Economists are prone to think in terms of closed systems, i.e., hypothetical economies, isolated and sufficient unto themselves. Studies in international trade and finance have been directed in the main toward the mechanism of adjustment. It is an important problem and a neat, tidy problem, but in most countries policies must rest on an analysis of the operation of open systems—economies functioning in full relation with other countries. I suggest that the fully operating open economic system is best exemplified in new, pioneer countries.
The State and Medicine
Authors: Peebles Allon 
Published: June 2006

Modern civilization and modern science are in constant interplay and the relation of the state to medicine is simply one aspect of a much broader relationship—the changing sphere of government in the lives of the people. Industrialism has meant a large increase in population and the concentration of this population in huge cities. Factories and machine processes play a dominant role. Education has become almost universal. Research, inventions, still more research, and new applications of this research change industrial technology overnight. And the habits of living of the people through the development of apartment houses, radio, automobiles, aeroplanes, are also revolutionized. The pace quickens.The myriad problems of post-War international relations and national security, of currency and tariffs, of economic adversity and unemployment, the mounting public debt—all have thrust upon national and local governments a huge weight of responsibility. The depression has forced governments to assume control of basic economic activities, and, according to present indications, the trend will continue in the direction of more rather than less state activity.Governments have shown an increasing tendency to assume responsibility for the individual's general welfare. Modern industrialism and modern science have produced insecurity for a large section of the population—an uncertainty of life and limb and of employment, a risk of poverty in old age—that labour legislation and social insurance attempt to meet. Almost every type of social legislation has a direct or indirect effect upon the public health. Factory Inspection Acts, minimum wage legislation, control of the hours of work, housing schemes, health insurance, and workmen's compensation laws, illustrate the range of state activity in the field of public health. Legislation affecting medical care and public health agencies is simply a part of a much larger whole—the vast system of state activities and laws which has for its objective the greatest welfare of the people.
The Imperial Conference
Authors: Dawson R. MacG. 
Published: June 2006

The decision to hold a meeting of the Imperial Conference in 1937 while its members are attending the king's coronation, is strictly in accordance with precedent, for in the past these conferences have been frequently associated with Empire ceremonies on a grandiose scale. The first Conference, indeed, owed its very existence to a gathering of this kind, when the colonial premiers who had assembled to honour Queen Victoria at her Jubilee in 1887, met together to discuss informally topics of general imperial interest. The Conference of 1937 will thus celebrate not only the coronation of the new king, but its own golden jubilee as well.The somewhat haphazard venture of 1887 proved to be so successful that it was followed by another meeting at the time of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee ten years later, and a third Conference met when King Edward VII was crowned in 1902. Whether the pomp and panoply of Empire on these occasions were calculated to stir the emotions and give the colonial delegates an increased sense of solidarity and power, or whether the lavish hospitality was supposed to generate a conciliatory spirit and a willingness to forget inter-imperial differences, is not known; but such things have been suspected and frequently alleged. The real reason was doubtless much more simple and not nearly so sinister, namely, the prosaic one of convenience, combined with the British readiness to exalt accidental occurrences into useful precedents. At any rate, the Imperial (it was originally called Colonial) Conference was speedily adopted as a useful device to secure discussion and co-operation in an Empire where the centrifugal fofces were gaining in strength at an alarming rate.
Economic and Accounting Concepts
Authors: Smails R. G. H. 
Published: June 2006

In recent years economists have become increasingly interested in the activities of business-men as reflected in accounting records, and accountants have looked up from their work to take notice of the economist and his abstractions. Numerous articles have appeared in technical journals attempting to explain the accountant to the economist, at least one full-length, book has been written on the subject, and at Chicago last December a joint session of accountants and economists was devoted to a discussion of concepts of capital and income. Dr. Stanley E. Howard in introducing this joint discussion remarked: “Accountants can most effectively serve both their private clients and the public interest, if they can develop accounting principles that have a secure foundation in sound economic theory. Economists can better explain a profit-seeking economy if they clearly understand the principles by which the business records of the profit seekers are made.”There are two barriers to a mutual understanding of the kind desired. The first was indicated by Professor F. A. Fetter (who spoke for the economists at this joint discussion) when he said, “If and when accountants and economists are talking about the same things … they should talk the same language …”. Unfortunately the present position is that the two not only talk different languages but each one of them in his own language uses the same word at different times to denote different things. It is perhaps unreasonable to expect that in two quite separate techniques the same term should hold an identical concept and undesirable to attempt to force it to do so. But obviously it is essential that in each technique consistent use should be made of the same term if a master of the one technique is to be able to make any use of the other without himself becoming a master of that other technique also. The second barrier is the circumstance that accounting is not a science but an art; it has traditions and conventions but not principles; its development has been determined by the practices of business-men, and its categories are derived from a particular legal system. The nature of these barriers suggests that the most useful approach would be by way of an enquiry into the procedures and concepts of the accountant, since these are properly more flexible than those of the economist.
The Significance of Outstanding Securities in the International Movement of Capital
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur I. 
Published: June 2006

It is the purpose of this article to draw attention to, and to make an analysis of, a type of international movement of securities which has, especially in recent years, acquired considerable importance and significance, but concerning which there has been to date virtually no systematic or extended discussion. I refer to what has been called, in various balance-of-payments studies, the “international movement of outstanding securities.”International movements of securities may take a variety of forms. Historically one of the most important types, and certainly the one most commonly referred to in the literature, has been the flotation of new (or refunding) security issues on foreign (or domestic) capital markets, and their purchase by foreign investors. Associated with this has been the repurchase of these issues by their issuers, either governmental or corporate, for sinking-fund or redemption purposes. A further type of securities movement, also of great historical importance, has resulted from the acquisition of a controlling interest in foreign corporations or real estate, or from the establishment abroad by a parent company of branches or subsidiaries. This category is generally known as “direct investments.” In this case, however, international transfers of securities are not always involved; whether they are or not will depend upon the particular method of financing adopted. The same is true with respect to the resale of direct investments abroad to foreigners. The reasons for the establishment or acquisition of subsidiaries abroad are well known and need not be gone into here.
Economic Activity of the State in the British Dominions
Authors: Brady A. 
Published: June 2006

The economic activity of the state in the British Dominions conforms throughout to a common pattern, which might be described as neo-mercantilist, conditioned by the geographic and peculiar socio-economic forces of frontier countries. That activity issues in a complex of policies concerned with tariffs, bounties, quotas, marketing controls, and varied forms of financial assistance, or outright public ownership, in order to establish fresh industries, or to aid those existing, in the face of intense competition from more mature industrial competitors; to facilitate the exploitation of natural resources, and to increase populations. These policies broadly resemble the older mercantilism in that their end, where rationalized in terms of the state, is the achievement of national power and prosperity by the development of the ill-balanced economic life of sparsely settled colonies into economies integrated and diversified.The interpretation of what contributes to national prosperity is determined by the contemporary interests politically powerful, and ordinarily it is a composite product of the many interests with free play under the parliamentary regime. Sometimes there is agreement among the chief interest-groups in recognizing that the claim of a small population to an extensive territory is precarious unless it furthers settlement and development. Such a recognition underlay the generous bonusing of the Canadian Pacific syndicate in the eighties in order to ensure a transcontinental railway, tariffs to develop in Canada east-west traffic, the numerous controls of Commonwealth and state respecting Queensland sugar to guarantee a white population in the Australian tropics, and the aggressive efforts made at some time in every Dominion to increase immigration.
The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Stewart A. 
Published: June 2006

The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act was passed in April, 1935. The circumstances of the immediately preceding years had precipitated a condition of acute distress throughout wide sections, if not over the entire area, of the three Prairie Provinces. The immediate cause of the distress was the persistence over a period of years of low returns to farm producers, the result of a combination of physical and price factors. Within the area to which the Act has been applied, the dominant factor was probably inadequate precipitation, but the situation as it appeared in 1935 would have been substantially different without the aggravating condition of low prices for the principal farm products. Under the condition of reduced gross revenue the rigidity of certain elements of expense became an important factor contributing to farm and community distress.An analysis of the causes of the condition of the distressed areas of the Prairie Provinces suggests: that the lands of the dry areas are physically less productive than could have been anticipated with the knowledge available at the time of their settlement and development; that the price of the principal product, wheat, may be expected to be lower than it was, or was expected to be at that time; and that there remains a considerable measure of uncertainty regarding the “normal” level of physical productivity, the annual variations in physical productivity, and the future prices of agricultural products. But local differences are also significant. Even within the areas to which the Act has been applied, there is considerable diversity of physical conditions, and of the combination of resources and organization of production. In addition, errors of judgment respecting physical productivity and price were not uniformly involved throughout. As a result of these diversities the incidence and effects of drought and of price decline have been appreciably different in different localities.
Interrelated Problems of the Expanding Metropolis
Authors: Faris Robert E. L. 
Published: June 2006

Our civilization is properly called an urban civilization, for the forces which shape it gather in the cities and spread out from them. The cities integrate, and in many ways dominate, the entire society. An inquiry into the nature of the city, then, is also an inquiry into much that is important to the nature of civilization itself. The defects of cities are defects of the whole system of living.There are different types of large cities, but the type which is most significant in this inquiry is the industrial-commercial metropolis. Resort cities, capital cities, shrine cities, and the like may be conspicuous, but they do not have the same kind of influence. It is the metropolis which expresses the essence of our system. All references to cities in this paper are to this type.The most thorough studies of cities have been made in the United States, but in so far as other observations have been made they indicate that with caution the results may be extended to other large cities of the world. It has been shown that the large expanding city has a natural form which is repeated in all cities, and which is not only unplanned, but for the most part not responsive to efforts at control. There is a basic pattern which no city escapes; a spatial order of population groups and institutions and of functional parts of the economy, and a number of states of social organization and disorganization which are related to this order. This paper is principally concerned with the typical forms of disorganization, and the conditions under which they arise and some of the results of efforts to deal with them.