bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the Consumer Interest: Challenges for Advocates
Authors: BROBECK STEPHEN 
Published: February 2006

From its birth, The Journal of Consumer Affairs has provided a forum for government officials, consumer activists, and academics to discuss the definition of the consumer interest and how best to pursue it. In the inaugural issue of JCA, published in the summer of 1967, three of the first four articles were titled “The View from Washington” (by Deputy Assistant Secretary of Labor David Swankin), “Is It Time to Re‐Evaluate the Consumer Protection Activities of the Federal Government?” (by Consumers Union president Colston E. Warne), and “The Consumer Interest—the Real Issue” (by Professor of Marketing Robert D. Schooler). When JCA began publication in 1967, a few landmark pieces of consumer legislation had already been passed concerning pharmaceuticals, cigarettes, and motor vehicles, but the heyday of the consumer movement—and consumer research—was just beginning. In his article, Warne wrote: “The time has come, I think, for consumers and consumer movements to face some highly unpleasant problems” (p. 24). Schooler chastised the federal government for being “misdirected toward real but secondary issues” (p. 40). Swankin called for an organization and a professional journal capable of creating “an intellectual climate in which the phrases ‘consumer interest,’‘consumer economics,’ and, yes, ‘consumer information’ can be developed and can flourish” (pp. 9–10). Nearly forty years later, and long after the zenith of the U.S. consumer movement, we still face a host of consumer problems and a federal government disinclined to address them. We do, however, have a respected journal in whose pages the consumer interest and consumer policy can be examined. On April 25, 2005, the University of Utah hosted a symposium on consumer policy in honor of the retirement of Dr. John R. Burton. John, who established the consumer studies program at the University of Utah, has devoted his career to teaching, research, and service that advance the consumer interest. Seven nationally renowned speakers, including professors Monroe Friedman, Loren Geistfeld, Jeanne Hogarth, Jean Lown, and Ivan Preston, presented papers pertaining to the consumer interest. Two of the seven papers are reproduced here. The first is by Stephen Brobeck, long‐time executive director of the Consumer Federation of America (CFA) and the editor of The Encyclopedia of the Consumer Movement. Dr. Brobeck's article examines how a major consumer advocacy organization like CFA decides what public policy positions are in the consumer interest. The article applies a general framework to the specific issue of automobile fuel economy standards. In the companion piece to this article, Michael Burton, an assistant professor of political science at Ohio University and the son of the symposium's honoree, draws on his experience as a congressional aide and vice presidential staff member to describe and defend the art of compromise as it applies to consumer politics. –Robert N. Mayer, University of Utah
“When to Hold ‘Em; When to Fold ‘Em”: Choosing Consumer Protection Battles
Authors: BURTON MICHAEL JOHN 
Published: February 2006

On April 25, 2005, the University of Utah hosted a symposium on consumer policy in honor of the retirement of Dr. John R. Burton. All seven of the papers presented addressed, either directly or indirectly, the nature of the consumer interest. In the companion piece to this article, Dr. Stephen Brobeck, executive director of the Consumer Federation of America (CFA), describes how a major consumer advocacy organization like CFA decides what public policy positions are in the consumer interest. In this article, Michael Burton, an assistant professor of political science at Ohio University and the son of the symposium's honoree, draws on his experience on the staffs of Congressman Paul E. Kanjorski (1991–93) and Vice President Al Gore (1993–98) to describe and defend the art of compromise in advancing the consumer interest. –Robert N. Mayer, University of Utah
The impact of nurse‐directed patient education on quality of life and functional capacity in people with heart failure
Authors: Kutzleb Judith , Reiner Dana 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of a nurse‐directed approach to patient education, which focused on lifestyle modification, daily weight management, diet, and medication compliance to improve the quality of life (QOL) and functional capacity in people with heart failure.Data sources: This was a prospective quasiexperimental multicenter research study of 23 patients comparing a nurse‐directed care (NC) group (n= 13), which received comprehensive disease management education and weekly telephone follow‐up, and the routine care (RC) group (n= 10) that received protocol‐driven medical management. The study length was 12 months.Conclusions: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for equality of variance–covariance matrices in the study population over time. ANCOVA measured baseline and two data intervals for a total of 9 months between the control and experimental (NC and RC) groups. There was statistically significant improvement in the NC group for the domains of total QOL: F= 3.569, p= 0.000; health and function: F= 3.995, p= 0.003; social and economic: F= 14.109, p= 0.000; psychological and spiritual: F= 13.212, p= 0.000; and family: F= 2.384, p= 0.048. Functional capacity was not significantly impacted by the study team interventions (F= 0.228, p= 0.949).Implications for practice: Results indicate that nurse‐directed patient education was effective in improving QOL. A nurse‐directed treatment strategy significantly improves patients’ role in symptom control and disease self‐management.
The use of the nicotine inhaler in smoking cessation
Authors: Burkett Jenny Sigel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPurpose: To raise awareness among nurse practitioners (NPs) about the nicotine inhaler by providing clinical and practical information about the use of the nicotine inhaler as a treatment option for smoking cessation.Data sources: This included data‐based and review articles in the medical literature, tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guideline, and Medline and Cinahl search engines. Criteria for search keywords were “nicotine inhaler” and “nicotine replacement therapy.” Initial search was done in December 2004.Conclusions: The nicotine inhaler has been tested as safe and efficacious in the treatment of tobacco cessation. Clinical trials show the nicotine inhaler to be useful alone or as an adjunct to other pharmacological therapies. Current national guidelines recommend that the nicotine inhaler be used in smoking cessation therapy.Implications for practice: The nicotine inhaler is appropriate for many different smokers, including certain types of cardiac patients. NPs can include the nicotine inhaler in a group of nicotine replacement therapies to ensure that smokers are successful in tobacco cessation.
Disorders of glucose metabolism in the context of human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Larson Ruth , Capili Bernadette , Eckert‐Norton Margaret , Colagreco Joseph P. , Anastasi Joyce K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPurpose: To discuss the pathophysiology and the current treatment approaches for the dysregulation of glucose metabolism in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Data sources: Selected research, clinical studies, clinical guidelines, and review articles.Conclusions: In HIV infection, multiple factors are associated with the pathogenesis of glucose dysregulation. Studies suggest that protease inhibitors, a class of antiretroviral agent, as well as viral factors, lipodystrophy, hepatitis C infection, injection drug use, and second‐generation antipsychotics have been implicated in the development of glucose disorders and diabetes. Current treatment recommendations are based on extrapolated data from non‐HIV diabetic patients. More research is needed to establish the most appropriate management for the disorders of glucose metabolism in the context of HIV infection.Implications for practice: If left untreated, patients are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and complications associated with untreated diabetes.
Improving patient outcomes with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in elderly with hypertension
Authors: Frost Brandy K. , Hajjar Ihab M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) use in clinical practice and to provide example cases for its use in a hypertension (HTN) specialty clinic.Data sources: Published research trials, medical literature, and cases from the Center for Senior Hypertension.Conclusions: The knowledge of ABPM benefits to using ABPM are substantial and improves the care and management of many conditions, including white coat HTN, white coat normotension, resistant, borderline, episodic, paroxysmal HTN, and finally orthostatic hypotension. Third‐party payers only cover ABPM for “white coat” HTN.Implications for practice: This article reviews previous studies and explains the benefit to changing our current practice to match the knowledge we have gained through research through case studies.
Concordance of provider recommendations with American Diabetes Association's Guidelines
Authors: Morritt Taub Leslie‐Faith 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPurpose: To determine if selected client characteristics were factors influencing the provision of provider advice for diet, exercise, smoking cessation, alcohol cessation, eye and foot care, and influenza and pneumonia vaccine for those told by a provider that they had diabetes.Data sources: Data from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey were used in a secondary analysis to answer the research question. This study used a subsample who self‐reported having provider‐diagnosed diabetes; the subsample comprised 2287 unweighted subjects that, when weighted, represent 6.38% of the civilian noninstitutionalized individuals with diabetes in the United States.Conclusions: This study suggests that many patients are not receiving all the eight processes of care studied, particularly those with new onset diabetes, elders, black people, and Hispanics.Implications for practice: This study suggests that the present paradigm is not early prevention but treatment of established disease. Changes in entrenched thinking about clinical care need to be addressed. Patients with diabetes need to have an awareness that there is a standard of optimal care, and they should be encouraged to seek those who provide this care. Further, system changes may be required to address changes that are not easily made at the provider level.
Breathing pattern and kinematics in normal subjects during speech, singing and loud whispering
Authors: Binazzi B. , Lanini B. , Bianchi R. , Romagnoli I. , Nerini M. , Gigliotti F. , Duranti R. , Milic‐Emili J. , Scano G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAims:  We used for the first time a non‐invasive optoelectronic plethysmography to assess breathing movements and to provide a quantitative description of chest wall kinematics during phonation.Methods:  Volumes of different chest wall compartments (abdomen and lung apposed to rib cage and abdomen) were assessed using optoelectronic plethysmography in 16 normal Italians (eight men) during reading, singing and high‐effort whispering (HW).Results:  During phonation the breathing pattern was different from quiet breathing and exercise. (1) During phonation, tidal volume and expiratory time increased while inspiratory time decreased. The expiratory volume changes and flows during HW were considerably greater than during vocalization. During HW, the overall end‐expiratory thoracic volume significantly decreased as a result of decreased volume of all compartments and essentially impinged on the maximal expiratory flow‐volume curve. (2) While, as previously shown, during exercise the expired volume is due entirely to the abdomen, during phonation all three chest wall compartments contribute to it. Under all conditions studied breathing was, on average, more costal in females than in males but this was mainly related to different size rather than gender per se.Conclusions:  Physical characteristics have a greater importance than gender in determining breathing pattern and chest wall kinematics during phonation. The activity of the control of expiration during phonation is more complex than during exercise.
Localization of tubular uptake segment of filtered Cystatin C and Aprotinin in the rat kidney
Authors: Baran D. , Tenstad O. , Aukland K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAim:  The renal tubular uptake of 125I‐Aprotinin (*Ap) is on average located more superficially than its filtration site, causing transfer of some of *Ap filtered in deep to more superficial cortical zones. 125I‐Cystatin C (*Cy) showed less uptake in deep cortical zones than Ap, suggesting a longer and/or a more superficial tubular uptake site. To test that hypothesis and to quantify the outward transfer of the filtered polypeptides, we estimated the tubular uptake pattern of the tracers in perfusion fixed rat kidneys after intravenous injection of *Cy and *Ap.Methods:  Autoradiographs were made from 10 μm thick slices of Microfil nephron casts from outer (OC), middle (MC) and inner (IC) cortical zones to quantify cortical border‐crossing *Ap transfer. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (snGFR) was estimated as the zonal uptake of *Ap corrected for *Ap transfer, divided by its time‐integrated plasma concentration and the zonal number of glomeruli.Results:  *Ap and *Cy uptake fell exponentially along the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), indicating an uptake proportional to luminal concentration. Uptake in IC exceededx that in MC and OC nephrons. The per cent PCT length with *Cy uptake (67.2 ± 1.6) exceeded that of *Ap (54.6 ± 1.8). The zonal border‐crossing PCT length (29–34% of total PCT) from deep to more superficial cortical zones transferred 4–6% more *Cy than *Ap.Conclusion:  Greater tubular uptake length of *Cy than of *Ap causes more cortical border‐crossing of *Cy. The zonal snGFR estimated from Aprotinin uptake corrected for border‐crossing agreed well with that obtained with the Hanssen ferrocyanide technique.
Relative Entropy Based Method for Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis
in Engineering Design
Authors: Liu Huibin , Chen Wei , Sudjianto Agus 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In this paper, a new Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) approach based on the concept of relative entropy is proposed for design under uncertainty. The relative entropy based method evaluates the impact of a random variable on a design performance by measuring the divergence between two probability density functions of the performance response, obtained before and after the variation reduction of the random variable. The method can be applied both over the whole distribution of a performance response [called global response probabilistic sensitivity analysis (GRPSA)] and in any interested partial range of a response distribution [called regional response probabilistic sensitivity analysis (RRPSA)]. Such flexibility of our approach facilitates its use under various scenarios of design under uncertainty, for instance in robust design, reliability-based design, and utility optimization. The proposed method is applicable to both the prior-design stage for variable screening when a design solution is yet identified and the post-design stage for uncertainty reduction after an optimal design has been determined. The saddlepoint approximation approach is introduced for improving the computational efficiency of applying our proposed method. The proposed method is illustrated and verified by numerical examples and industrial design cases.
Kinematic Registration in 3D Using the 2D Reuleaux Method
Authors: Eberharter Johannes K. , Ravani Bahram 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a method for kinematic registration in three dimensions using a classical technique from two-dimensional kinematics, namely the Reuleaux method. In three dimensions the kinematic registration problem involves reconstruction of a spatial displacement from data on a minimum of three homologous points at two finitely separated positions of a rigid body. When more than the minimum number of homologous points are specified or when errors in specification of these points are considered, the problem becomes an over determined approximation problem. A computational geometric method is presented, resulting in a linear solution of the over determined system. The results have applications in robotics, manufacturing, and biomedical imaging. The paper considers the kinematic registration when minimal, over-determined, infinitesimal, and perturbed sets of homologous point data are given.
Helicobacter pyloriInduces IκB Kinase α Nuclear Translocation and Chemokine Production in Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Hirata Yoshihiro , Maeda Shin , Ohmae Tomoya , Shibata Wataru , Yanai Ayako , Ogura Keiji , Yoshida Haruhiko , Kawabe Takao , Omata Masao 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTNF-κB is an important transcriptional factor that is involved in multiple cellular responses, such as inflammation and antiapoptosis. IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ, which are critical regulators of NF-κB activity, possess various mechanisms for NF-κB activation. This variability in NF-κB signaling may be associated with distinct inflammatory responses in specific cell types. The gastric pathogenHelicobacter pyloriis known to activate NF-κB. However, the role of IKK inH. pyloriinfection remains unclear. In this report, we show thatH. pyloriactivates both IKKα and IKKβ in gastric cancer cells and enhances NF-κB signaling in distinct manners. We found that IKKβ acted as an IκBα kinase duringH. pyloriinfection, whereas IKKα did not.H. pyloriinduced IKKα nuclear translocation in time-, multiplicity of infection-, andcagpathogenicity island-dependent manners. In contrast, p100 processing, which is a known IKKα activity induced by several cytokines, was not induced byH. pylori. Both IKKs were responsible for chemokine secretion by infected cells. However, the antiapoptotic effect ofH. pyloriwas merely transduced by IKKβ. Microarray analysis and real-time PCR indicated that both IKKs were involved in the transcriptional activation of genes associated with inflammation, antiapoptosis, and signal transduction. Our results indicate thatH. pyloriactivates NF-κB via both IKKα and IKKβ using distinct mechanisms. IKKα nuclear translocation induced byH. pyloriis indispensable for appropriate inflammatory responses but not for antiapoptosis, which suggests a critical role for IKKα in gastritis development.
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) Augments the Progression of Liver Fibrosis by Regulating IL-13 Activity
Authors: Reiman Rachael M. , Thompson Robert W. , Feng Carl G. , Hari Danielle , Knight Rachel , Cheever Allen W. , Rosenberg Helene F. , Wynn Thomas A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTEosinophils are frequently found in increased numbers in a variety of chronic fibrotic diseases; however, their role in the development of hepatic fibrosis has not been dissected in vivo. Here, we used interleukin-5 (IL-5) knockout (KO) mice to determine whether eosinophils contribute to the progressive liver fibrosis that develops in response to chronicSchistosoma mansoniinfection. Although infection intensities were similar in C57BL/6 and IL-5 KO mice, the average size of granulomas was significantly smaller in both acutely and chronically infected IL-5 KO mice. Their granulomas were also completely devoid of eosinophils. In addition, the knockout mice displayed over a 40% reduction in hepatic fibrosis by week 16 postinfection. The reduced fibrosis was associated with increased production of the antifibrotic cytokine gamma interferon. Moreover, although IL-13 production did not decrease consistently in the absence of IL-5, IL-13-triggered responses were substantially reduced in the granulomatous tissues. This was confirmed by analyzing the expression of several genes associated with alternative macrophage activation, including arginase 1, Fizz-1, and YM-1. Importantly, all of these IL-13-regulated genes have been linked with the mechanisms of wound healing and fibrosis. In addition to IL-5 polarizing the antigen-specific CD4+Th2 cell response, we found that granuloma eosinophils were themselves a significant source of IL-13. Thus, by producing profibrotic mediators and polarizing the Th2 response, these findings illustrate both direct and indirect roles for eosinophils and IL-5 in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis. Thus, inhibiting the activity of IL-5 or eosinophils may prove effective for a variety of chronic fibrotic diseases.
Human Dendritic Cells followingAspergillus fumigatusInfection Express the CCR7 Receptor and a Differential Pattern of Interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-23, and IL-27 Cytokines, Which Lead to a Th1 Response
Authors: Gafa Valérie , Lande Roberto , Gagliardi Maria Cristina , Severa Martina , Giacomini Elena , Remoli Maria Elena , Nisini Roberto , Ramoni Carlo , Di Francesco Paolo , Aldebert Delphine , Grillot Renée , Coccia Eliana M. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen and causes fatal invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Given the essential role of dendritic cells (DC) in initiating and regulating immune responses, we investigated the impact ofA. fumigatusconidial infection on human DC.A. fumigatusconidia were rapidly internalized and induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha within the first 8 h. AfterA. fumigatusinfection, the majority of DC underwent full maturation, although CCR7 expression was observed only in DC that had internalized the conidia. Additionally, the analysis of regulatory cytokines showed that infected DC simultaneously produced interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) and significant amounts of IL-10. IL-10 neutralization was not able to further increase IL-12p70 production from infected DC. Whereas the central role of IL-12 in the generation of Th1 cells has long been appreciated, recently two other members of the IL-12 family, IL-23 and IL-27, were reported to play important roles in the regulation of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production from naïve and memory T cells.A. fumigatus-infected DC were also able to express high levels of IL-23p19 and low levels of IL-27p28 at later stages of infection. According to this expression pattern,A. fumigatus-infected DC were able to prime IFN-γ production of naïve T cells. Thus, this study on the expression of the new IL-12 family members controlling the Th1 response sheds light on a novel aspect of the contribution of DC to anti-Aspergillusimmunity.