bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Electrochemical Noise Measurements with Nuclear Waste Tanks
Authors: Mickalonis JI , Jacko RJ , Quirk GP , Eden DA 
Published: March 2009

Processing of nuclear materials for either military or civilian purposes generates waste products. The nuclear wastes are generally stored in plain carbon or stainless steel underground tanks. Corrosive wastes are inhibited to minimize the corrosion of these tanks and maintain tank structural integrity under normal and off-normal conditions. Storage tanks have fairly static conditions, although processing of the waste in these tanks to more stable forms will produce dynamic conditions, which may lead to localized corrosion. Corrosion monitoring under either condition, therefore, would ensure that inhibitive conditions are maintained.
A preliminary investigation was conducted to evaluate electrochemical noise measurements for corrosion monitoring of waste tanks. The initial results indicated that current and potential noise correlate to the solution corrosivity. Further development is necessary to differentiate among the various forms of corrosion.
Electrochemical noise measurements were made in the laboratory with plain carbon steel electrodes under simulated conditions for storage and processing of nuclear waste. Coupons were also exposed in the laboratory test vessels. The primary aggressive species of the waste was the nitrate anion, which induces pitting. The simulated waste was initially inhibited with sodium nitrite and sodium hydroxide. The nitrate concentration was increased over the test period to increase the corrosivity of the solution. The temperature was held constant at 40°C.
The current and potential noise showed an increasing trend with nitrate concentrations. Under inhibited storage conditions, the noise data were fairly stable. Inspection of the electrodes revealed little general corrosion with minimal pitting. The coupons, however, had a significant amount of pitting. This difference was attributed to the microstructure of the electrodes and coupons.
On-Line Monitoring Using Electrochemical Noise Measurement in CO-CO2-H2O Systems
Authors: DeBruyn HJ , Lawson K , Heaver EE 
Published: March 2009

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of carbon steel extends over a narrow range of potentials in environments that contain a mixture of wet carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide (CO-CO2) gas. Normal fluctuations in plant operation may cause movement in and out of this range of potentials. Stress corrosion cracking in this case is discontinuous, and an opportunity exists to prevent it by process control.
Electrochemical noise measurement, because of its capability for operation in thin film condensate conditions, is an attractive technique for monitoring corrosion in wet CO-CO2 systems. Laboratory tests and plant trials were carried out to determine if electrochemical noise measurement could be used to characterize periods of SCC.
The Use of Electrochemical Noise Measurement in the Evaluation of Materials for Steam Generators
Authors: Doherty PE , Psaila-Dombrowski MJ , Harper SL , Schneider WG 
Published: March 2009

In the past ten years, there has been a progressive development in corrosion monitoring technology [1–12]. Initial approaches to evaluate the performance of steam generator (SG) alloys were based on mass-loss coupons and polarization resistance measurements of probes in SG environments or aggressive water chemistries. Corrosion rates and mechanisms were characterized and quantified with data obtained from metallurgical examination of test specimens. Several of these earlier autoclave tests were conducted over a number of years with inconclusive results. Recent interest has focused on the application of modern electrochemical techniques [6,7], such as current and potential electrochemical noise, for greater sensitivity in the evaluation of localized and general corrosion behavior.
This paper reviews the progress to date of a multidisciplinary study to investigate the feasibility of electrochemical techniques to evaluate steam generator materials. The primary techniques investigated were electrochemical current noise measurement (ECNM), zero resistance ammetry (ZRA), and electrochemical potential noise measurement (EPNM). Several applications, including monitoring localized and general corrosion of steam generator tubes and other material combinations, with and without crevices, are discussed. Future developments and their potential impact on plant reliability, integrity, and safety programs are reviewed.
Dependence of Ductile-Brittle Transition Behavior on the Size of Charpy Specimen and The Location Of V-Notch in the Haz of Welded A533B PVS
Authors: Kimura A , Suzuki T , Jincho M , Matsui H 
Published: March 2009

The dependence of ductile-brittle transition (DBT) behavior of welded A533B pressure vessel steel (PVS) on the specimen size and location of notch in the heat affected zone (HAZ) has been investigated utilizing small specimen technique. Submerged arc welded thick plate for plant-use was supplied by Japan Steel Works, LTD. Standard size, one-third size and 1.5mm size Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimens were prepared so as to place the notches at the base metal (M15) and the deposit (D15) 15mm away from fusion boundary and 1 mm inside the base metal (M1) from the boundary. It is interesting that the M1 specimen shows better DBT behavior, namely a larger upper shelf energy (USE) and a lower ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), than the M15 and D15 specimens independent of the specimen size. To investigate the dependence of the DBT behavior on the location of notch in the HAZ in more detail, impact tests were carried out for the one-third size specimens with notches at different distance from the fusion boundary (x=0), that is, x= -15, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +15mm from the boundary. Again the DBTT is the lowest and the USE is the highest for the M1 specimen. On the contrary, impact properties are the worst at a HAZ location 4mm away from the boundary (M4).
Normalization of the USE is successfully done by a curve fitting method. There observed linear relationships between DBTTs obtained using standard and sub-sized specimens of base metal, deposit and HAZ.
Specimen Reconstitution Technique and Verification Testing for Charpy Size SENB Specimens
Authors: Viehrig H-W , Boehmert J 
Published: March 2009

Specimen reconstitution, i.e. the incorporation of a small piece from a previously tested specimen into a compound specimen, allows to multiply the number of tests. This is especially important if the available material is restricted and fracture mechanical parameters have to be determined. For this purpose a technique was developed to reconstitute Charpy size single-edge notch bend specimens (SENB) from broken halves of Charpy V-notch specimens.
The fraction of the insert that is affected by the reconstitution technique is determined by measurements of temperature and hardness gradients and by metallographic examination. The specimen reconstitution technique has been validated for SENB specimens of Charpy geometry. The test methods comprised instrumented impact testing of Charpy-V specimens and elastic-plastic fracture toughness testing with precracked and side grooved SENB specimens.
Fiber/Matrix Interface Studies Using Fragmentation Test
Authors: Armistead JP , Snow AW 
Published: March 2009

Some fiber-resin composite interface work done at the Naval Research Laboratory is reviewed beginning with several applied studies and progressing to more fundamental work. Butadiyne (diacetylene) was evaluated as a novel carbon-fiber surface treatment applied via vapor deposition polymerization. Results of its application to high-strength carbon fibers, high-modulus carbon fibers, and aramid fibers are summarized. Reduction of carbon-fiber surface polarity by annealing under hydrogen was evaluated as a means to decrease the sensitivity of the interface to moisture.
In the above experiments the fragmentation test was used to determine relative levels of adhesion and the mechanisms of failure at the fiber/matrix interface. Comparisons of the adhesion of high-modulus and high-strength carbon fibers to epoxy and cyanate matrices were used to evaluate models for the fragmentation test. For high-modulus fibers the adhesion was poor and a friction factor approach may be suitable for modeling this type of interfacial failure. For high-strength fibers the adhesion was much higher and possibly limited by the shear properties of the matrix.
The simple mechanics models discussed previously do not explain adhesion changes where chemistry is the only variable. In a study of three matrix resins with comparable mechanical properties a linear dependence was shown between measured “good” adhesion and relative resin model compound basicity.
Recycling Used Engine Coolant Using High-volume Stationary, Multiple Technology Equipment
Authors: Haddock ME , Eaton ER 
Published: March 2009

Recycling used engine coolant has become increasingly desirable due to two significant factors. First, engine coolant frequently merits designation as a hazardous waste under the Federal Clean Water Act. Federal and some state environmental protection agencies have instituted strict regulation of the disposal of used engine coolant. In some cases, the disposal of engine coolant requires imposition of waste disposal fees and surcharges. Secondly, ethylene glycol, the principal cost component of engine coolant, has experienced dramatic price fluctuations and occasional shortages in supply. Therefore, there are both environmental and economic pressures to recycle engine coolant and recover the ethylene glycol component in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
This paper discusses a multistage apparatus and a process for recycling used engine coolant that employs a combination of filtration, centrifugation (hydrocyclone separation), dissolved air flotation, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, continuous deionization, and ion exchange processes for separating ethylene glycol and water from used engine coolant. The engine coolant is prefiltered through a series of filters. The filters remove particulate contaminates. This filtered fluid is then subjected to dissolved air flotation and centrifugation to remove petroleum. Then it is heated and pressurized prior to being passed over a series of two different sets of semipermeable membranes. The membrane technologies separate the feed stream into a “permeate” solution of ethylene glycol and water and a “concentrate” waste solution. The concentrate solution is returned to a concentrate tank for continuous circulation through the apparatus. The permeate solution is subjected to final refining by continuous deionization followed by a cation and anion ion exchange polishing process. The continuous deionization reduces ionic contaminants, and the ion exchange system eliminates any ionic contaminants left by the previous purification methods. A mechanical blender is used to mix the purified recovered fluid with fresh ethylene glycol (to adjust freeze point) and performance enhancing chemicals.
Extended Service of “Fully Formulated” Heavy-Duty Antifreeze in American Cars
Authors: Eaton ER , Eaton HS 
Published: March 2009

In 1995, a universal “fully formulated” antifreeze/coolant specification was published for the first time in The Maintenance Council (TMC) Recommended Practices (RP) 329 and 330. It was the intent of TMC to provide a coolant that could be used in both automotive light-duty engines and heavy-duty diesel engines. This simple, one-step coolant would allow fleet managers to decrease maintenance while complying with OEM warranty requirements. In addition, fleet managers would have only one coolant to inventory. Extensive data have been presented by various authors and are recorded in the literature regarding the application of this type of coolant in heavy-duty diesel engines. Herein are reported the positive results and documentation of the successful extended service interval (ESI) application of this coolant in light-duty automobile engines, complementing the heavy-duty performance database. Vehicles from the “Big Three” American car manufacturers were operated for a distance exceeding 100 000 km (62 000 miles) with excellent experience. This paper reports the test parameters, test methods, test data and concludes that both TMC RP-329 and RP-330 compliant, phosphate-free low-silicate coolants offer ESI performance for light-duty as well as heavy-duty applications.
The data reported in this paper are derived from a controlled ESI study. The data compare the behavior of a nitrite/borate/low-silicate, low total dissolved solids (TDS) inhibitor technology in ethylene glycol and in propylene glycol coolants. Both laboratory and fleet data from six cars, powered with different makes of light-duty gasoline engines and cooled with two different types of aqueous glycol coolants for a distance exceeding 100 000 km (62 000 miles), are reported. Data include chemical depletion rates, periodic coolant chemical analyses, coolant use and makeup statistics, and engine/cooling system reliability experience. The engines were completely disassembled both at the inception and at the conclusion of the test, allowing for thorough inspection.
The Effect of 10 Years Exterior Exposure on the Dirt Pickup Resistance and Durability of Textured Acrylic Finishes Used in Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS)
Authors: O'Brien MJ , McKelvey JL , Rimmer JW 
Published: March 2009

The results of over 10 years exterior exposure show that the appearance of an acrylic textured finish used in EIF Systems can be dramatically improved by the choice of acrylic polymer from a new family of acrylic polymers. These new polymers have been found to prolong the cleanliness of these finishes relative to a standard acrylic finish. This benefit can be seen with a range of acrylic polymer compositions of varying Tg (Glass Transition Temperature). Acrylic finishes have been formulated with these new acrylic polymers with a high level of flexibility and dirt pick-up resistance that was formerly not possible with the standard acrylic finish. Besides staying cleaner longer the test results show that these new finishes retain all of the original performance properties associated with the durability of an acrylic finish, such as high adhesion, good water resistance, and excellent resistance to cracking and chalking.
Exterior exposure studies have also shown that by adding an efficient mildewcide to an acrylic finish formulation, the appearance of the coating can be enhanced. The protective properties of the mildewcide have been tested under different climatic conditions.
Development of Alternate Test Methods for Sealant Performance with Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
Authors: Preston WM 
Published: March 2009

For years, the EIFS industry has relied on Adhesion-in-Peel Testing (ASTM C 794) for determining both the compatibility and acceptability of sealants used in EIF Systems. Although peel adhesion is an important parameter, it does not represent field conditions. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a standard test method which addressed EIFS in a working joint. A method was developed which closely parallels ASTM C 1135 — Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants. The proposed method is currently under consideration by the ASTM C 24.20.12 Task Group where round robin testing is underway.
This paper will focus on the proposed test method. It will present data obtained for various sealants and coatings that have been tested by this method, enabling one to determine which sealant and coating best suits the existing need. In addition, the paper will present guidelines for detailing terminations in an EIF System as recommended by the EIFS Industry Members Association (EIMA).
A new possible strategy for prevention and preventive treatment of age-related macular degeneration resting on recent clinical and pathophysiological observations
Authors: Fischer Tamás 
Published: March 2009

Az időskori maculadegeneráció (AMD) létrejöttében és későbbi alakulásában kulcsszerepe van az endotheldiszfunkciónak (ED). Az endothelfunkció-zavarra, illetve annak következményes kóros működésbeli, strukturális és anyagcsere-elváltozásaira különböző gyógyszerek (ACE-inhibitorok, AR-blokkolók, statinok, acetilszalicilsav, trimetazidin, harmadik generációs béta-blokkolók) kedvező hatással vannak. Az ED kedvező befolyásolásának, sikeres kezelésének jótékony hatása az idült vascularis, cardiovascularis betegségekben ma már evidencia. Az ACE-gátlók, az AR-blokkolók és a statinok helyreállítják az oxidatív stressz (OS) indukálta ED-ben a felborult egyensúlyt a vasoconstrictorok és vasodilatatorok, a növekedési faktorok és azok gátlói, a proinflammátorok és antiinflammátorok, valamint a prothromboticus és fibrinolitikus tényezők között. Gátolják az OS kifejlődését, illetve káros hatásainak kialakulását. Az AT
1
-receptor-blokkoló telmisartan ráadásul a peroxiszómaproliferátor-aktivált receptor-gammát (PPARγ) működésbe hozva, a chorioidealis neovascularisatio (CNV) kifejlődését (is) gátolja, a CNV-t klinikailag előnyösen befolyásolja, javítja. A thrombocyta-antiaggregációs pleiotrop hatású aszpirin az endothel nyugalmi állapotának helyreállításában hatásosan közreműködik, a trimetazidin pedig segít normalizálni, helyreállítani az elégtelenül funkcionáló szervszövet kóros anyagcserestátusát. A harmadik generációs béta-blokkoló carvedilol, nebivolol, valamint a peroxiszómaproleferátor-aktivált receptor-gamma- (PPARγ-) agonista pioglitazon és rosiglitazon vascularis protektív hatásaikat éppen mitochondrialis antioxidáns effektusaik révén fejtik ki. Mivel a humán érrendszer egységes, egylényegű, konszubsztanciális, az ED-ben kedvezően ható gyógyszerek a szem, illetve a retina ereiben is előnyösen hatnak. A fentiek alapján logikus a feltevés, hogy elsődleges és másodlagos prevenciós tevékenység részeként adjunk ilyen gyógyszereket 1. azoknak, akiknek nincs ugyan maculadegenerációjuk, de fennállnak az ED-t indukáló AMD-s [és cardiovascularis (CV)] rizikótényezők, és 50 évesek elmúltak; 2. azoknak a betegeknek – a másik szem maculadegenerációs károsodásának kialakulását megelőzendő –, akiknél egyoldali AMD-t állapítottak meg; 3. végül azoknak – a rosszabbodás kivédése és az esetleges javulás reményében –, akiknél mindkét szemen maculadegenerációt diagnosztizáltak. Emellett természetesen törekedjünk az OS-t és konszekutív ED-t indukáló maculadegenerációs (és CV) rizikótényezők teljes kiiktatására.
A new concept for the environmental risk assessment of poorly water soluble compounds and its application to consumer products
Authors: Tolls Johannes , Müller Martin , Willing Andreas , Steber Josef 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Many consumer products contain lipophilic, poorly soluble ingredients representing large-volume substances whose aquatic toxicity cannot be adequately determined with standard methods for a number of reasons. In such cases, a recently developed approach can be used to define an aquatic exposure threshold of no concern (ETNCaq; i.e., a concentration below which no adverse affects on the environment are to be expected). A risk assessment can be performed by comparing the ETNCaq value with the aquatic exposure levels of poorly soluble substances. Accordingly, the aquatic exposure levels of substances with water solubility below the ETNCaq will not exceed the ecotoxicological no-effect concentration; therefore, their risk can be assessed as being negligible. The ETNCaq value relevant for substances with a narcotic mode of action is 1.9 μg/L. To apply the above risk assessment strategy, the solubility in water needs to be known. Most frequently, this parameter is estimated by means of quantitative structure/activity relationships based on the log octanol–water partition coefficient (log KOW). The predictive value of several calculation models for water solubility has been investigated by this method with the use of more recent experimental solubility data for lipophilic compounds. A linear regression model was shown to be the most suitable for providing correct predictions without underestimation of real water solubility. To define a log KOW threshold suitable for reliably predicting a water solubility of less than 1.9 μg/L, a confidence limit was established by statistical comparison of the experimental solubility data with their log KOW. It was found that a threshold of log KOW = 7 generally allows discrimination between substances with solubility greater than and less than 1.9 μg/L. Accordingly, organic substances with a baseline toxicity and log KOW &gt; 7 do not require further testing to prove that they have low environmental risk. In applying this concept, the uncertainty of the prediction of water solubility can be accounted for. If the predicted solubility in water is to be below ETNCaq with a probability of 95%, the corresponding log KOW value is 8.
Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Street Robert A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThin‐film transistors (TFTs) matured later than silicon integrated circuits, but in the past 15 years the technology has grown into a huge industry based on display applications, with amorphous and polycrystalline silicon as the incumbent technology. Recently, an intense search has developed for new materials and new fabrication techniques that can improve the performance, lower manufacturing cost, and enable new functionality. There are now many new options – organic semiconductor (OSCs), metal oxides, nanowires, printing technology as well as thin‐film silicon materials with new properties. All of the new materials have something to offer but none is entirely without technical problems.
On the Fracture Toughness of Advanced Materials
Authors: Launey Maximilien E. , Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFew engineering materials are limited by their strength; rather they are limited by their resistance to fracture or fracture toughness. It is not by accident that most critical structures, such as bridges, ships, nuclear pressure vessels and so forth, are manufactured from materials that are comparatively low in strength but high in toughness. Indeed, in many classes of materials, strength and toughness are almost mutually exclusive. From a fracture‐mechanics perspective, the ability of a microstructure to develop toughening mechanisms acting either ahead or behind the crack tip can result in resistance‐curve (R‐curve) behavior where the fracture resistance actually increases with crack extension; the implication here is that toughness is often developed primarily during crack growth and not for crack initiation. Biological materials are perfect examples of this; moreover, they offer microstructural design strategies for the development of new materials for structural applications demanding combinations of both strength and toughness.