bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rainbow Coalitions in Four Big Cities: San Antonio, Denver, Chicago and Philadelphia
Authors: Muñoz Carlos , Henry Charles 
Published: April 2006

The election of black and Latino mayors in big cities during the past five years has provided the opportunity to critically examine the role of minority mobilization and coalitions. The focus of this study is on the election of four minority mayors, Henry Cisneros in San Antonio in 1981, Federico Peña in Denver, Harold Washington in Chicago, and Wilson Goode in Philadelphia, all in 1983. The pioneering study by Browning, Marshall, and Tabb (1984) highlights the significance of minority mayoral elections in the context of the struggle for political equality. We have placed our analysis in the context of the three central questions underscored in their theory of political incorporation: How open are urban political systems to minorities? How does minority political incorporation occur? Does political incorporation make a difference for minority interests? Although the four cities we examine are different in some respects from the Northern California cities covered by Browning, Marshall, and Tabb, their findings are generally applicable with modifications.ChicagoHow open is the system? Machine politics have dominated Chicago for over fifty years with decidedly mixed results for the city's black population. Black political power remained disproportionally small and subordinate throughout the machine's existence. Thus, Harold Washington's election in 1983 marked a structural transformation of the electoral system as well as a political coming of age for blacks. Washington inherited a city council divided along ideological and racial lines. Although Washington could not command a majority of the city council when he was first elected, the 1986 council races left him with an even split. Of the 50 council seats, 25 represent liberal votes and 25 are identified with the more conservative Democratic party machine, 16 are black and 4 are Latino. Washington, as mayor, holds the deciding vote.
Easy Riders: Gramm-Rudman-Hollings and the Legislative Fast Track
Authors: Hoadley John F. 
Published: April 2006

Conventional wisdom suggests that the legislative process is not an efficient or speedy one when it comes to major legislation or significant policy changes. According to Price (1985, p. 162), “Congress is often difficult to mobilize, particularly on high-conflict issues of broad scope.” The multiyear effort to enact Medicare legislation and the inability of Congress to enact comprehensive energy legislation in the 1970s are but two examples of the deliberate pace of the deliberative process.Yet in 1985, a major reform of the budgetary process, popularly known as Gramm-Rudman-Hollings, was enacted in a relatively short time without the benefit of extended subcommittee and committee deliberation. This “fast track” legislation, on the heels of other accelerated decisions since 1981, makes it difficult to draw the conclusion that Congress is unable to act quickly on major policies. In fact, the nature of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings debate suggests that modifications to our theories of the legislative process are needed.No one who has watched Congress would labor under the misconception that legislation routinely follows the process outlined on those neat charts in introductory American government textbooks. There are all too many examples of major bills that were approved as riders to minor legislation or that bypassed the normal committee process. For example, portions of President Carter's energy package were approved as amendments to tariff bills on bicycle parts and bobsleds. Furthermore, there are many examples of steps taken to bypass a powerful committee chairman, such as the drafting of the 1963 civil-rights bill so that it would go to the Senate Commerce Committee instead of the Judiciary Committee where it would be killed by Chairman James Eastland (D-Miss.).
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of a Series of Genistein Derivatives
Authors: Li Huan‐Qiu , Ge Hui‐Ming , Chen Yun‐Xi , Xu Chen , Shi Lei , Ding Hui , Zhu Hai‐Liang , Tan Ren‐Xiang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThirty genistein (=5,7‐dihydroxy‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one; GEN) derivatives were synthesized from genistein through a facile approach in high yields. Compounds 9, 11, 12, 23–30 were reported for the first time, while 13–22 have already been reported in our recent paper. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated against a human nasopharyngeal epidermoid tumor cell line KB. Compounds 7–9, 12, 14, 16–19, 21, 24, 27, 29 showed remarkable antitumor activities in vitro, which was comparable with 5‐fluorouracil, an anticancer drug. On the basis of the obtained experimental data, structure–effect relationships were discussed.
Patterns of criminality and alcohol abuse: results of the Tuebingen Criminal Behaviour Development Study
Authors: Kerner Hans‐Juergen , Weitekamp Elmar G.M. , Stelly Wolfgang , Thomas Juergen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper examines, first, the official German criminal police statistics in order to elucidate the role of alcohol with regard to the commitment of crimes and, second, the relationship of alcohol abuse and chronic offenders in a life course perspective. The results, based on the Tuebingen Criminal Behaviour Development Study (TCBDS), show that the more a person is involved in crime the more he is drinking. But neither early experiences of socialisation nor imprisonment experiences are sufficient causal conditions for a heavy alcohol consumption in later life. The analyses indicate that alcohol abuse is an expression of the typical behavioural patterns and daily routine of criminals. Delinquency, alcohol consumption and a deviant lifestyle seem to interact and to enhance each other in the sense of an increasing spiral which leads to a decrease in opportunities for developing and maintaining a normal, socially integrated biography. Nevertheless heavy drinking in the past does not prohibit processes of desistance but desistance from crime goes hand in hand with desistance from heavy drinking. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Polyhydroxycinnamic Acid Ester Derivatives.
Authors: Venkateswarlu Somepalli , Ramachandra Marellapudi S. , Krishnaraju Alluri V. , Trimurtulu Golakoti , Subbaraju Gottumukkala V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Posttranslational modifications of collagen studied by off‐line coupling of HPLC and CE
Authors: Mikulíková Katerina , Eckhardt Adam , Mikšík Ivan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA typical example of non‐enzymatic change of collagen is glycation (the Maillard reaction, formation of advanced glycation end products) resulting from the reaction of sugars with the ε‐amino group of lysine. Posttranslational non‐enzymatic modifications of collagen by sugars were studied. Collagenous tissues were incubated as a test protein separately with both glucose and ribose. The collagen mixture was digested by bacterial collagenase and separated by reversed‐phase HPLC (in a Jupiter Proteo 90 A column). The eluate from this HPLC separation was collected as seven fractions and consecutively analysed by CE in a bare fused silica capillary (57/50 cm×75 mm id) using 100 mM sodium 1‐heptanesulfonate in 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.5 (NaH2PO4 adjusted to pH by phosphoric acid). The chromatographic and electromigration behaviour of individual peptides varied considerably. This off‐line HPLC‐CE coupling made it possible to discover minor changes in the structure of collagen caused by posttranslational modifications. A new HPLC‐CE technique for peptide analysis was developed, and applied to the identification of posttranslational modifications in slowly metabolised test proteins.
Analysis of Salvia officinalis plant extracts by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ben Hameda Azdeen , Gajdošová Dagmar , Havel Josef 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSalvia officinalis (commonly called Sage) and similar plants contain many compounds of pharmaceutical interest and are used as a tea or in various pharmaceutical products. In this work, the use of CE for analysis of aqueous or ethanolic extracts from various Salvia plants has been studied. Especially, several buffers like borate, phosphate, acetate, etc., were examined under different concentrations, pH, separation voltage, injection time, and other parameters to find the optimal separation conditions. The optimization was also performed using experimental design and artificial neural networks. The optimal conditions were: separation voltage +20 kV, 40 mM buffer borate, pH 9.2, injection time 5 s, and UV detection at 280 nm. A new CE method has been developed, validated, and applied to analyze samples of S. officinalis from various countries.
A comparison of Australian and Canadian occupational therapy students' career choices
Authors: Esdaile Susan A. , Lokan Jan J. , Madill Helen M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aims of this study were to explore values, and life‐role salience differences within occupational groups in different cultures, using Australian and Canadian occupational therapy students as examples; and to examine the effects of compromise choices by exploring differences between those who chose occupational therapy as their first career preference and those who had other first career preferences. Assessment tools included Super's (1983) Work Importance Study (WIS) instruments, and a tailored questionnaire, previously used with a national sample of Canadian occupational therapy students to assess their locus of control, work experience, career preference and compromise choices (Madill et al., 1986a; Lokan & Esdaile, 1994). These tests were administered to 203 senior (fourth year) students in the School of Occupational Therapy at La Trobe University, Melbourne, in 1993 and 1994. There were significant differences on several variables of the Salience and Value Scales, and the tailored questionnaire between Australian students from the 1993 cohort and Canadian students, and between students for whom occupational therapy had been a first, or later preference in 1993, and whose first choice had been to study physical therapy in 1994. A number of issues related to student selection and ultimate career choices are raised. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
EXT‐related pathways are not involved in the pathogenesis of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica and metachondromatosis
Authors: Bovée JVMG , Hameetman L , Kroon HM , Aigner T , Hogendoorn PCW 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) and metachondromatosis (MC) are considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary and hereditary osteochondromas. Both are rare disorders with DEH demonstrating cartilaginous overgrowth of an epiphysis and MC exhibiting synchronous enchondromas and osteochondromas. Ten cases of DEH and two of MC were compared with osteochondromas at the histological and molecular level. Histologically, clumping of chondrocytes within a fibrillary chondroid matrix is characteristic of DEH, while osteochondromas and MC display the characteristic growth plate architecture. Using cDNA microarray analysis we demonstrate that DEH and MC cluster separately from osteochondromas and growth plates. The EXT genes, involved in the hereditary multiple osteochondromas syndrome, and downregulated in osteochondroma, were normally expressed in DEH and MC as shown by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). EXT is involved in heparan sulphate biosynthesis, important for Indian Hedgehog/ParaThyroid Hormone Like Hormone (IHH/PTHLH) growth plate signalling pathways. IHH/PTHLH signalling molecules were expressed in DEH and MC as shown by both qPCR and immunohistochemistry, suggesting that this pathway is active. This is in contrast to osteochondroma, in which PTHLH signalling is downregulated. Thus, lesions of DEH and MC are separate entities from osteochondroma as confirmed by their different cDNA and protein expression profiles. Downstream targets of EXT, which are downregulated in osteochondroma, are expressed in DEH and MC, suggesting that EXT signalling is not disturbed. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life cycle inventory and analysis of re‐usable plastic containers and display‐ready corrugated containers used for packaging fresh fruits and vegetables
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Chonhenchob Vanee , Singh Jagjit 
Published: April 2006

AbstractToday's demanding distribution challenges require engineers to choose from various types of materials, design and construction methods, to develop containers that can deliver goods with minimal damage. The challenge is even greater when packing and shipping goods which are perishable and sensitive to both physical and climatic changes in environment. In recent years the type of packaging material used to design and construct containers has undergone more scrutiny than ever, due to environmental challenges. This study focuses on two types of containers that have been designed and are being used to pack and ship fresh fruits and vegetables. The study compares the re‐usable plastic containers to single‐use display‐ready paper corrugated trays. Results show that, based on the scope of this study and comparing 10 different produce items, such as apples, carrots, grapes, oranges, onions, tomatoes, strawberries, etc., the re‐usable plastic containers require 39% less total energy, produce 95% less total solid waste and generate 29% less total greenhouse gas emissions. This study focused on the North American market. Major European nations have been using a large number of re‐usable plastic containers for these types of fresh produce for the past three decades. This study was initiated by the Franklin Associates, an independent consulting firm for allowing an in‐depth review of all data and results from a two year study titled: Life Cycle Inventory of Reusable Plastic Containers and Display‐Ready Corrugated Containers Used for Fresh Produce Applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of packaging material on bread characteristics during ageing
Authors: Pagani M. Ambrogina , Lucisano Mara , Mariotti Manuela , Limbo Sara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne of the priorities of today's bread‐making industry is to find suitable packaging solutions to satisfy the peculiar requirements of bread, mostly appreciated by Italian consumers for its crispy crust. The packaging material should allow for both rapid heat exchange with the environment and water vapour evaporation to prevent condensation inside the package. Perforated orientated polypropylene (OPP) films are currently the best materials available for satisfying the industry's requirements. Recently, our group demonstrated that bread wrapping with perforated films is efficacious against bread contamination. The aim of this work was to verify whether these types of films could also influence the trend of phenomena related to product ageing. In particular, variations in the moisture inside the loaf during storage and their influence on changes in crumb softness were investigated. Three OPP films and one double‐layer film bag with different hole size characteristics were chosen for this study and their performances were compared with those of a paper bag. Because of the considerable differences in the hole size characteristics, the films showed very different barrier effects to water evaporation. The C250 OPP film (hole mean diameter = 0.54 mm and density = 21.4 holes/cm2) played an interesting role in modulating moisture variations. Wrapping bread in this film enabled both crust crispness and crumb softness to be maintained during 48h of storage. Such performances cannot effectively be obtained by using alternative industrial bread packaging materials, such as paper bags. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desmoplastic Stromal Reaction in Medullary Thyroid Cancer—An Intraoperative “Marker” for Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Scheuba Christian , Kaserer Klaus , Kaczirek Klaus , Asari Reza , Niederle Bruno 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundMedullary thyroid cancer (MTC) disseminates early to lymph nodes (LN). There is no pre‐ or intraoperative marker to exclude LN involvement and thereby avoid lateral neck dissection in LN‐negative patients.Materials and MethodsThis study was intended to verify the observation that patients with MTC lacking desmoplastic stromal reaction (DSR) never have LN metastases. In 120 patients undergoing primary operation for sporadic MTC the prognostic value of DSR with respect to LN involvement was evaluated.ResultsThirty‐two (27%) of 120 tumors were DSR negative, and 88 (73%) were DSR positive. All 32 (100%) DSR‐negative tumors were LN negative (N0), and all patients were biochemically cured. Of 88 DSR‐positive tumors, 57 (65%) were staged N0, and 31 (36%) were staged N1(LN positive; Fisher’s exact test: P = 0.0001). In a comparison of the LN involvement to the DSR characteristics, 32 (36%) of the 89 N0 patients and none of the 31 N1 patients were DSR negative. The sensitivity of DSR in predicting N0 is 38% (95% confidence interval: CI 95% = 27 %–55%), the specificity is 100% (CI 95% = 88%–100%). The sensitivity and specificity for the parameter DSR to differentiate between N0 or N1 were 100% and 36%, respectively.ConclusionsThe desmoplastic stromal reaction appears to be an excellent intraoperative marker to predict LN involvement with a high specificity but low sensitivity. We therefore propose to avoid initial lateral neck dissection in MTC patients without DSR.
Structural similarity in radial correlations and spectra of longitudinal velocity fluctuations in pipe flow
Authors: Bullock K. J. , Cooper R. E. , Abernathy F. H. 
Published: April 2006

The paper describes correlation measurements in both broad and narrow frequency bands of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations in fully developed pipe flow at four positions for a reference probe whilst a second probe was traversed radially from deep in the sublayer to a position near the axis with both longitudinal and transverse separations zero (Δx = Δz = 0). Such measurements require that both the Covariant (Co) and Quadrature (Quad) correlations be determined for each of the 15 frequencies used to constrain the wave component λx.The new data demonstrate that low frequency, large scale turbulence fluctuations extend over the majority of the radial region and that these components are highly correlated. By using a similarity variable kxy, along with a normalized wall distance y/y REF, both correlation functions, i.e. the Co and the Quad components, are shown to collapse. The physical significance of this is discussed.The broad-band data do not collapse because of the large range of wave sizes. However, the present experiment does show that strong radial correlations exist even when one probe is at y+ = 1. This conflicts with the earlier data of Favre, but agrees with the more recent work of Comte-Bellot. There is a significant amount of turbulent energy in frequencies less than 16 Hz (ω+ = 0·008) for turbulent flows of about 105 Reynolds number.The spectral function ωΦ(ω) is also presented for a range of y+ values. Using this form for the power spectral density, along with the stochastic wave modelling and similarity arguments of this paper, it is shown how a consistent explanation for the behaviour of these spectra is obtained. In addition some preliminary results from cross-spectral analyses are presented and suggestions made as to their physical significance.
On the evolution of compression pulses in an exploding atmosphere: initial behaviour
Authors: Clarke J. F. 
Published: April 2006

The development in space and time of a plane initial disturbance to a spatially uniform exploding atmosphere is analysed on the assumption that the disturbance amplitude is comparable in magnitude with the inverse (dimensionless) activation energy of the explosion reaction. Particular attention is focused on the shock-fitting problem, which has features that distinguish it from its inert-atmosphere counterpart.Using the positive half of a sine wave to typify an isolated compression perturbation, it is found that the amplifying effect of the ambient reaction leads to very rapid shock wave development, which depends significantly on the spatial extent of the disturbance. The latter also influences the question of whether local explosion (local explosion is recognized here as a logarithmically unbounded growth of the disturbance amplitude; in other words as a local breakdown of the present approximations) occurs at the shock wave or some distance behind it. The subsequent evolution of these two states will no doubt be significantly different, but the answer to this speculation must await extension of the present theory to encompass the rapid events that ensue near the local explosion regions.
Spectrin interacts with EVL (Enabled/vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein‐like protein), a protein involved in actin polymerization
Authors: Bournier Odile , Kroviarski Yolande , Rotter Björn , Nicolas Gaël , Lecomte Marie C. , Dhermy Didier 
Published: April 2006

Background information. The α‐ and β‐spectrin chains constitute the filaments of the spectrin‐based skeleton, which was first identified in erythrocytes. The discovery of analogous structures at plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells has led to investigations of the role of this spectrin skeleton in many cellular processes. The αII‐spectrin chain expressed in nucleated cells harbours in its central region several functional motifs, including an SH3 (Src homology 3) domain.Results. Using yeast two‐hybrid screening, we have identified EVL [Enabled/VASP (vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein)‐like protein] as a new potential partner of the αII‐spectrin SH3 domain. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of the αII‐spectrin SH3 domain with EVL and compared this with other proteins related to EVL [Mena (mammalian Enabled) and VASP]. We confirmed the in vitro interaction between EVL and the αII‐spectrin SH3 domain by GST (glutathione S‐transferase) pull‐down assays, and showed that the co‐expression of EVL with the αII‐spectrin SH3 domain in COS‐7 cells resulted in the partial delocalization of the SH3 domain from cytoplasm to filopodia and lamellipodia, where it was co‐localized with EVL. In kidney epithelial and COS‐7 cells, we demonstrated the co‐immunoprecipitation of the αII‐spectrin chain with over‐expressed EVL. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the over‐expression of EVL in COS‐7 cells promoted the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia, and the expressed EVL was detected in filopodial tips and the leading edge of lamellipodia. In these cells over‐expressing EVL, the αII‐spectrin membrane labelling lagged behind EVL staining in lamellipodia and filopodia, with co‐localization of these two stains in the contact area. In kidney epithelial cell lines, focused co‐localization of spectrin with expressed EVL was observed in the membrane of the lateral domain, where the cell—cell contacts are reinforced.Conclusions. The possible link between the spectrin‐based skeleton and actin via the EVL protein suggests a new way of integrating the spectrin‐based skeleton in areas of dynamic actin reorganization.