bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytopathogenicity of Classical Swine Fever Virus Correlates with Attenuation in the Natural Host
Authors: Gallei Andreas , Blome Sandra , Gilgenbach Stefanie , Tautz Norbert , Moennig Volker , Becher Paul 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT

For the important livestock pathogens classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cp viruses are distinguished according to the induction of apoptosis in infected tissue culture cells. However, it is currently unknown whether cp CSFV differs from non-cp CSFV with regard to virulence in the acutely infected host. In this study, we generated helper virus-independent CSFV Alfort-Jiv, which encompasses sequences encoding domain Jiv-90 of cellular J-domain protein interacting with viral protein (Jiv). Expanding the knowledge of BVDV, our results suggest that Jiv acts as a regulating cofactor for the nonstructural (NS) protein NS2 autoprotease of CSFV and initiates NS2-3 cleavage in
trans
. For Alfort-Jiv, the resulting expression of large amounts of NS3 correlated with increased viral RNA synthesis and viral cytopathogenicity. Moreover, both cp Alfort-Jiv and the parental non-cp CSFV strain Alfort-p447 efficiently replicate in cell culture. Animal experiments demonstrated that in contrast to parental non-cp Alfort-p447, infection with cp Alfort-Jiv did not cause disease in pigs but induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies, thus elucidating that cp CSFV is highly attenuated in its natural host. In contrast to virulent Alfort-p447, the attenuated CSFV strain Alfort-Jiv induces the expression of cellular Mx protein in porcine PK-15 cells. Accordingly, the remarkable difference between cp and non-cp CSFV with regard to the ability to cause classical swine fever in pigs correlates with different effects of cp and non-cp CSFV on cellular antiviral defense mechanisms.
Adenovirus E4orf4 Protein DownregulatesMYCExpression through Interaction with the PP2A-B55 Subunit
Authors: Ben-Israel Haggit , Sharf Rakefet , Rechavi Gideon , Kleinberger Tamar 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThe adenovirus E4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) protein is a multifunctional viral regulator that is involved in the temporal regulation of viral gene expression by modulating cellular and viral genes at the transcription and translation levels and by controlling alternative splicing of adenoviral late mRNAs. When expressed individually, E4orf4 induces apoptosis in transformed cells. Using oligonucleotide microarray analysis, validated by quantitative real time PCR, we found thatMYC(also known as c-Myc) is downregulated early after the induction of E4orf4 expression. As a result, Myc protein levels are reduced in E4orf4-expressing cells.MYCdownregulation is observed both when E4orf4 is expressed individually and within the context of viral infection. E4orf4 reducesMYCtranscription but does not affect transcriptional elongation or RNA stability. An interaction with the PP2A-B55 subunit is required for the downregulation ofMYCby E4orf4. Since Myc overexpression was previously shown to inhibit adenovirus replication, the downregulation of Myc by E4orf4 would contribute to efficient virus infection.
Quantitative Whole-Cell Proteome Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Skiba Martin , Mettenleiter Thomas C. , Karger Axel 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT
A quantitative proteome study using the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture technique was performed on bovine kidney cells after infection with the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), the etiological agent of Aujeszky's disease. To enhance yields of proteins to be identified, raw extracts were fractionated by affinity solid-phase extraction with a combination of a cibacron blue F3G-A and a heparin matrix and with a phosphoprotein-specific matrix. After two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in different pH ranges between pH 3 and pH 10, 2,600 proteins representing 565 genes were identified by mass spectrometry and screened for virus-induced changes in relative protein levels. Four hours after infection, significant quantitative variations were found for constituents of the nuclear lamina, representatives of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, proteins involved in membrane trafficking and intracellular transport, a ribosomal protein, and heat shock protein 27. Several proteins were present in multiple charge variants that were differentially affected by infection with PrV. As a common pattern for all these proteins, a mass shift in favor of the more acidic isoforms was observed, suggesting the involvement of viral or cellular kinases.
Public attitudes towards smoking and tobacco control policy in Russia
Authors: Danishevski K , Gilmore A , McKee M 
Published: July 2008

Background:Since the political transition in 1991, Russia has been targeted intensively by the transnational tobacco industry. Already high smoking rates among men have increased further; traditionally low rates among women have more than doubled. The tobacco companies have so far faced little opposition as they shape the discourse on smoking in Russia. This paper asks what ordinary Russians really think about possible actions to reduce smoking.Methods:A representative sample of the Russian population (1600 respondents) was interviewed face to face in November 2007.Results:Only 14% of respondents considered tobacco control in Russia adequate, while 37% thought that nothing was being done at all. There was support for prices keeping pace with or even exceeding inflation. Over 70% of all respondents favoured a ban on sales from street kiosks, while 56% believed that existing health warnings (currently 4% of front and back of packs) were inadequate. The current policy of designating a few tables in bars and restaurants as non-smoking was supported by less than 10% of respondents, while almost a third supported a total ban, with 44% supporting provision of equal space for smokers and non-smokers. Older age, non-smoking status and living in a smaller town all emerged as significantly associated with the propensity to support antismoking measures. The tobacco companies were generally viewed as behaving like most other companies in Russia, with three-quarters of respondents believing that these companies definitely or maybe bribe politicians. Knowledge of impact of smoking on health was limited with significant underestimation of dangers and addictive qualities of tobacco. A third believed that light cigarettes are safer than normal cigarettes.Conclusion:The majority of the Russian population would support considerable strengthening of tobacco control policies but there is also a need for effective public education campaigns.
Systematics of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using plastid DNA sequence dataThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Authors: Hall Jocelyn C. 
Published: July 2008

The phylogenetic relationships in Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were examined using two plastid genes, ndhF and matK, to address outstanding systematic questions in the two families. Specifically, the monophyly of the two type genera, Capparis and Cleome , has recently been questioned. Capparaceae and Cleomaceae were broadly sampled to assess the generic circumscriptions of both genera, which house the majority of species for each family. Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods strongly contradict monophyly for both type genera. Within Capparaceae, Capparis is diphyletic: the sampled species belong to two of the five major lineages recovered in the family, which corresponds with their geographic distribution. One lineage contains all sampled New World Capparis and four other genera ( Atamisquea , Belencita , Morisonia , and Steriphoma ) that are distributed exclusively in the New World. The other lineage contains Capparis species from the Old World and Australasia, as well as the Australian genus, Apophyllum . Species of Cleome are scattered across each of four major lineages identified within Cleomaceae: (i) Cleome in part, Dactylaena , Dipterygium , Gynandropsis , Podandrogyne , and Polanisia ; (ii) Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.; (iii) Cleome arabica L., and Cleome ornithopodioides L.; and (iv) Cleome in part, Cleomella , Isomeris , Oxystylis , and Wislizenia . Resolution within and among these major clades of Cleomaceae is limited, and there is no clear correspondence of clades with geographic distribution. Within each family, morphological support and taxonomic implications of the molecular-based clades are discussed.
Systematics of thePhialophora verrucosacomplex: new insights from analyses of β-tubulin, large subunit nuclear rDNA and ITS sequencesThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Authors: Untereiner Wendy A. , Angus Andrea , Réblová Martina , Orr Mary-Jane 
Published: July 2008

Phialophora Medlar, as defined currently, is a genus encompassing melanized, anamorphic Ascomycota that produce one-celled conidia from phialides with distinct, darkened collarettes. The type species, Phialophora verrucosa Medlar, is closely related to Phialophora americana (Nannf.) S. Hughes, the anamorph of Capronia semiimmersa (Candoussau & Sulmont) Untereiner & Naveau (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales). To confirm that P. americana and P. verrucosa are distinct taxa, and to examine their phylogenetic relationships to species of Capronia and other representatives of the Chaetothyriales, we sequenced portions of the β-tubulin gene and nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron (ITS and LSU rDNA). We also compared isolates of P. americana grown on a number of media. Isolates of C. semiimmersa, Capronia svrcekiana Réblová, and P. americana produced phialides bearing deep, vase-shaped collarettes and formed a strongly supported clade that did not include P. verrucosa in a phylogeny inferred from the combined β-tubulin–ITS–LSU dataset. Capronia svrcekiana was found to be conspecific with C. semiimmersa based on the comparison of cultural, micromorphological, and molecular characters. In the LSU phylogeny, three recently described species of Phialophora ( Phialophora europaea de Hoog et al., Phialophora reptans de Hoog, and Phialophora sessilis de Hoog) were grouped outside of the clade containing sampled members of the Herpotrichiellaceae. While the position of these species in the Chaetothyriales remained unresolved, it was evident that P. europaea, P. reptans, and P. sessilis are not members of the P. verrucosa complex.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female Collegiate Soccer Players
Authors: Gilchrist Julie , Mandelbaum Bert R. , Melancon Heidi , Ryan George W. , Silvers Holly J. , Griffin Letha Y. , Watanabe Diane S. , Dick Randall W. , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: July 2008

Background Neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs can decrease noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries; however, they may be difficult to implement within an entire team or the community at large. Hypothesis A simple on-field alternative warm-up program can reduce noncontact ACL injuries. Study Design Randomized controlled trial (clustered); Level of evidence, 1. Methods Participating National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's soccer teams were assigned randomly to intervention or control groups. Intervention teams were asked to perform the program 3 times per week during the fall 2002 season. All teams reported athletes’ participation in games and practices and any knee injuries. Injury rates were calculated based on athlete exposures, expressed as rate per 1000 athlete exposures. A z statistic was used for rate ratio comparisons. Results Sixty-one teams with 1435 athletes completed the study (852 control athletes; 583 intervention). The overall anterior cruciate ligament injury rate among intervention athletes was 1.7 times less than in control athletes (0.199 vs 0.340; P = .198; 41 % decrease). Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury rate among intervention athletes was 3.3 times less than in control athletes (0.057 vs 0.189; P = .066; 70% decrease). No anterior cruciate ligament injuries occurred among intervention athletes during practice versus 6 among control athletes ( P = .014). Game-related noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury rates in intervention athletes were reduced by more than half (0.233 vs 0.564; P = .218). Intervention athletes with a history of anterior cruciate ligament injury were significantly less likely to suffer another anterior cruciate ligament injury compared with control athletes with a similar history ( P = .046 for noncontact injuries). Conclusion This program, which focuses on neuromuscular control, appears to reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in collegiate female soccer players, especially those with a history of anterior cruciate ligament injury.
Modeling cellular deformations using the level set formalism
Authors: Yang Liu , Effler Janet C , Kutscher Brett L , Sullivan Sarah E , Robinson Douglas N , Iglesias Pablo A 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Many cellular processes involve substantial shape changes. Traditional simulations of these cell shape changes require that grids and boundaries be moved as the cell's shape evolves. Here we demonstrate that accurate cell shape changes can be recreated using level set methods (LSM), in which the cellular shape is defined implicitly, thereby eschewing the need for updating boundaries.

Results
We obtain a viscoelastic model of Dictyostelium cells using micropipette aspiration and show how this viscoelastic model can be incorporated into LSM simulations to recreate the observed protrusion of cells into the micropipette faithfully. We also demonstrate the use of our techniques by simulating the cell shape changes elicited by the chemotactic response to an external chemoattractant gradient.

Conclusion
Our results provide a simple but effective means of incorporating cellular deformations into mathematical simulations of cell signaling. Such methods will be useful for simulating important cellular events such as chemotaxis and cytokinesis.
Recurrent prurigo nodularis related to infected tonsils: a case report
Authors: Katotomichelakis Michael , Balatsouras Dimitrios G , Bassioukas Konstantinos , Kontogiannis Nikolaos , Simopoulos Konstantinos , Danielides Vassilios 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Prurigo nodularis is an unusual disorder of unknown aetiology, which is notoriously resistant to therapy, and is characterized by extremely pruritic nodules with well-defined clinical symptoms and histopathological findings.

Case presentation
We report the case of a patient presenting with pruritic papules and nodules on his legs, arms and trunk over the past 4 years, recurring after episodes of acute tonsillitis. Although oral and topical corticosteroids, oral antibiotics and emollients were used in his therapy, only tonsillectomy finally proved the definitive treatment.

Conclusion
We discuss the aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of prurigo nodularis associated with chronic tonsillitis, and we further review the literature on this rare condition.
Covariation assessment for neutral and emotional verbal stimuli in paranoid delusions
Authors: Díez‐Alegría Cristina , Vázquez Carmelo , Hernández‐Lloreda María J. 
Published: July 2008

ObjectivesSelective processing of emotion‐relevant information is considered a central feature in various types of psychopathology, yet the mechanisms underlying these biases are not well understood. One of the first steps in processing information is to gather data to judge the covariation or association of events. The aim of this study was to explore whether patients with persecutory delusions would show a covariation bias when processing stimuli related to social threat.Design and methodsWe assessed estimations of covariation in‐patients with current persecutory (CP) beliefs (N = 40), patients with past persecutory (PP) beliefs (N = 25), and a non‐clinical control (NC) group (N = 36). Covariation estimations were assessed under three different experimental conditions. The first two conditions focused on neutral behaviours (Condition 1) and psychological traits (Condition 2) for two distant cultural groups, while the third condition included self‐relevant material by exposing the participant to either protective social (positive) or threatening social (negative) statements about the participant or a third person.ResultsOur results showed that all participants were precise in their covariation estimations. However, when judging covariation for self‐relevant sentences related to social statements (Condition 3), all groups showed a significant tendency to associate positive social interaction (protection themed) sentences to the self. Yet, when using sentences related to social‐threat, the CP group showed a bias consisting of overestimating the number of self‐referent sentences.ConclusionsOur results showed that there was no specific covariation assessment bias related to paranoid beliefs. Both NCs and participants with persecutory beliefs showed a similar pattern of results when processing neutral or social threat‐related sentences. The implications for understanding of the role of self‐referent information processing biases in delusion formation are discussed.
Protolytic equilibrium in lyophilic nanosized dispersions: Differentiating influence of the pseudophase and salt effects
Authors: Mchedlov-Petrossyan Nikolay O. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe so-called apparent ionization constants of various acids (mainly indicator dyes) in versatile organized solutions are analyzed. Aqueous micellar solutions of colloidal surfactants and related lyophilic colloidal systems display a strongdifferentiating influenceon the acidic strength of indicators located in the dispersed pseudophase, i.e., non-uniform changes of pKaon going from water to the given system. This concept allows the influence of such media on acid-base properties of dissolved reagents to be rationalized. It is demonstrated that the differentiating phenomenon is the main reason for limitation of the common electrostatic model of acid-base interactions, and is the principal hindrance to exact evaluations of the interfacial electrical potentials of ionic micelles by means of acid-base indicators. Salt effects, i.e., the influence of supporting electrolytes on the apparent ionization constants of acid-base indicators in the Stern region of ionic micelles, are considered. These salt effects can be conventionally divided into two kinds, namely,general(normal) andspecial(specific) effects. While the first type adds up to screening of the surface charge, the second one consists in micellar transitions caused by hydrophobic counterions.
Elucidation of specific ion association in nonaqueous solution environments
Authors: Hojo Masashi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The paper reviews ion aggregation in ionic solution in solvents of low and high permittivity. Although higher ion aggregates from 1:1 type electrolytes in low-pemittivity media (εr &lt; 10) are widely accepted, only a few chemists have recognized the higher ion aggregation in the higher-permittivity media. However, we have clarified that the chemical interaction, such as coordination, can operate between simple anions and cations in nonaqueous solvents (20 &lt; εr &lt; 65) of low solvation ability. Acids (HA) and their conjugate base anions (A-) may react with each other to form homoconjugated species, such as A-(HA)2, in acetonitrile or benzonitrile (i.e., solvents possessing poor hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor abilities). An analytical method of conductivity data for 1:1 electrolytes has been developed and successfully applied to very complicated systems, in which the ion pair (1:1), triple ions (2:1 and 1:2), and the quadrupole (2:2 association) are involved in a solution at the same time. After observing the direct reaction of some anions (e.g., Cl-) and cations (e.g., Li+) toward a certain species, we interpreted comprehensively the salt effects in chemical equilibria, based on distinct chemical interactions and not merely a vague term, "medium effect". The mechanism of salt effects on solvolysis reactions of the SN1 type in organic-aqueous mixed solvents has been elucidated. We discussed that a reaction manner similar to that in nonaqueous solution can take place even in some "aqueous" solution if the huge network of hydrogen-bonding of bulk water (the number of water, n
w &gt; ~108) is destroyed due to any spatial barriers (such as ions, molecules, surface) or elevated temperature.
Liquid-liquid phase transition in solutions of ionic liquids with halide anions: Criticality and corresponding states
Authors: Butka Annamaria , Vale Vlad Romeo , Saracsan Dragos , Rybarsch Cornelia , Weiss Volker C. , Schröer Wolffram 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Measurements of the liquid-liquid phase diagrams of solutions of the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C12mimCl) in arenes (benzene, toluene, o-xylene, tetraline) and 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C14mimCl) in CCl4 are reported and compared with those of solutions of trihexyl-tetradecyl-phosphonium halides (P666 14Cl, P666 14Br) in hydrocarbons and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates (CnmimBF4) in alcohols and water. The phase diagrams of solutions of tetrapentyl-ammonium bromide (N5555Br) in water and KI in SO2 are also discussed. Except for the KI/SO2 system, which features a lower critical solution point (LCSP), all systems have an upper critical solution point (UCSP) and show corresponding-states behavior. The experimental data are compared with results from simulations and theory concerning the model fluid of charged hard spheres in a dielectric continuum, termed restricted primitive model (RPM). The analysis in terms of of RPM variables shows agreement with the location of the critical point (CP) of the model with noticeable systematic deviations. However, for protic solvents, the CP becomes an LCSP, while in aprotic solvents the CP is a UCSP as expected for Coulomb systems. This indicates that in aprotic solvents, the phase transition is essentially determined by the Coulomb interactions, while in the solutions in protic solvents with hydrogen bonds, both Coulomb and solvophobic interactions are important.
Functional Analysis in a Bicultural Context
Authors: Evans Ian M. , Paewai Mahalia K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOne of the dilemmas in behavioural assessment is the extent to which both specific functional analyses and more general case formulations are dependent on professional judgement and thus subject to bias. While in theory the functional analysis represents hypotheses about controlling variables which can then be subjected to empirical test, the clinical reality is that many such hypotheses are only loosely evaluated, post-hoc, by virtue of the success, or otherwise, of treatment. The role of cultural variables in the development and testing of hypothesised functional relationships is thus particularly difficult to evaluate. This paper suggests guidelines for evaluating the cultural context of behavioural assessment in clinical practice. The proposed criteria are seen as having relevance in assessing clients of both dominant and nondominant cultures. In Aotearoa / New Zealand these issues are examined within a bicultural framework. Legal and moral imperatives defining a partnership between two peoples mandate additional considerations for sound clinical assessment. The practical implications of these issues for ensuring a culturally sensitive application of behavioural assessment principles are examined according to psychometric standards, principles of behaviour change, and ethics.