bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion and focusing: Phonological variation and social networks In Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Salami L. Oladipo 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis article reports on the application of the concept ofsocial networkto the process of language usage among Yoruba-speaking city dwellers in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. The study, modeled on L. Milroy (1980), focuses mainly on phonetic/phonological variation within Common Spoken Yoruba (CmSpY). The analysis of the data gathered mainly within face-to-face interviews shows that, whereas we can claim that there is stratification within CmSpY on the basis of sociodemographic factors, the variable of social network manifests a powerful influence on variation in Yoruba language usage and potential change within CmSpY in Ile-Ife. (Linguistic variation, social networks, linguistic focusing)
The pragmatics of minority politics in Belgium
Authors: Blommaert Jan , Verschueren Jef 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTNewspaper reports, political policy papers, and investigations by social scientists concerning issues related to the presence of a community of migrant workers in Belgium are subjected to a systematic, pragmatic analysis. The analysis reveals an eminently coherent world of beliefs and attitudes with respect to (1) perceptions of the “other,” (2) the self-perception of majority members, (3) formulations of “the problem,” and (4) proposed solutions. This world of beliefs and attitudes is shown to be centered around stable – even if vague – notions of culture, nation and state, democracy and human rights, and around related recipes for “integration” that reveal a collective psyche profoundly troubled by the very idea of diversity in society (linguistic or otherwise). Homogeneity appears to be a strict norm for average members of Belgian society, irrespective of the specific political positions they take. (Minority politics, language and ideology, pragmatics, political rhetoric, news reporting, ethnicity)
Abstract categories or limited-scope formulae? The case of children's determiners
Authors: VALIAN VIRGINIA , SOLT STEPHANIE , STEWART JOHN 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSix tests of the spontaneous speech of twenty-one English-speaking children (1 ; 10 to 2 ; 8; MLUs 1·53 to 4·38) demonstrate the presence of the syntactic category determiner from the start of combinatorial speech, supporting nativist accounts. Children use multiple determiners before a noun to the same extent as their mothers (1) when only a and the or (2) all determiners are analyzed, or (3) when children and mothers are matched on determiner and noun types and determiner+noun tokens. (4) Overlap increases as opportunity for overlap increases: children use multiple determiners with more than 50% of nouns used at least twice with a determiner and with 80% of nouns used at least six times with a determiner. (5) Formulae play a limited role in low-MLU children's determiner usage, increasing with MLU. (6) Less than 1% of determiner uses are errors. Prior results showing no overlap are likely a sampling artifact.
Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years
Authors: Manton Michael 
Published: January 2009

Although the Anthropocene is usually defined as the period since the late eighteenth century when humans started to influence global climate, the past 100 years is the period when the impact of humans on climate has led to a discernible signal above the noise of natural climate variability. Since 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has regularly documented the continuing increase of our knowledge of policy‐relevant scientific and technical issues associated with climate change, and the number of journal articles and books on the topic has grown rapidly. It is therefore difficult to write a book that brings new light to the science issues.The eclectic nature of the areas covered by Climate Variability and Extremes During the Past 100 Years does produce an interesting set of snapshots on the state of our understanding of climate variability. The book, with 55 contributors and 24 chapters, is based on a workshop of the same name. The workshop was held in Switzerland in July 2006 and brought together climatologists, modelers, and chemists. Discussions at the workshop would have been extremely interesting, as modelers commented on the state of the observed climate record and those more focused on observation commented on the ability of models to simulate the climate system. However, the book only records formal papers prepared for the workshop.
The Effects of Context on the Classroom Discourse Skills of Children With Language Impairment
Authors: Peets Kathleen F. 
Published: January 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of context on the classroom discourse skills of children with language impairment (LI).MethodFour classroom contexts were audiotaped among 11 children with LI: a journal-writing conference, a small-group lesson, a peer play session, and sharing time.ResultsContext affected the children’s performances on language productivity and complexity measures, self-monitoring strategies, and turn-taking patterns.Clinical ImplicationsClassroom discourse as a set of discourse genres is critical in the assessment and intervention of LI. In order to be representative of a given child’s competence, several of such genres must be sampled in language assessment.
Screening for Transgenic Japanese Quail Offspring
Authors: Poynter Greg , Huss David , Lansford Rusty 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONAfter mosaic founder breeding pairs of Japanese quail start to produce fertile eggs, the hatchlings must be screened for germ-line transmission to the subsequent G1 generation. This article describes how to isolate hatchling genomic DNA from the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), which remains inside the egg after hatching. Collecting genomic DNA from the CAM decreases the hatchling’s stress during handling and eliminates the need for a blood draw. By following this protocol, the CAM of a single egg will provide 50 μg or more of high-quality genomic DNA. The article also describes how to screen the genomic DNA samples for the transgene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR genotyping should be used for screening hatchlings with a nonfluorescent transgene or with a fluorescently labeled transgene that does not lend itself well to phenotypic screening.
Culturing Lamprey Embryos: Figure 1.
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONLampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. This protocol describes how to produce lamprey embryos by collecting sperm and eggs from mature lampreys, performing fertilization, and culturing the embryos through to the desired developmental stage.
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization on Lamprey Embryos
Authors: Nikitina Natalya , Bronner-Fraser Marianne , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONLampreys are one of the most basal animals in which many of the true vertebrate characteristics (e.g., neural crest, placodes, segmented brain, skull, paired sensory organs, pharyngeal skeleton) are present. Studying the molecular and developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of these structures in lamprey and higher vertebrates can provide insight into how these vertebrate characteristics evolved. The relative ease of obtaining mature adults and embryos makes this animal an ideal model for investigations into early vertebrate evolution. In addition, studies of features that are unique to lampreys can provide insights into mechanisms of parallel evolution. This protocol describes an optimized procedure for RNA in situ hybridization in lamprey embryos.
Microinjection of dsRNA into Fully-Grown Mouse Oocytes: Figure 1.
Authors: Stein Paula 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in a number of model systems. The following protocol describes delivery of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of choice into fully-grown, germinal vesicle-intact (GV) mouse oocytes by microinjection. Microinjected oocytes can be cultured for up to 2 d or they can be matured to metaphase II. The metaphase II eggs can be fertilized in vitro and cultured up to the blastocyst stage. The efficiency of knockdown by RNAi can be assayed by quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR (qPCR).
Microinjection of dsRNA into Mouse One-Cell Embryos: Figure 1.
Authors: Stein Paula 
Published: January 2009

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a suitable method for sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in a number of model systems. The following protocol describes delivery of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of choice into mouse one-cell embryos by microinjection. Microinjected embryos can be cultured for up to 4 d, i.e., to the blastocyst stage. The efficiency of knockdown by RNAi can be assayed by quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR (qPCR).
Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) of whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) labelled haematopoietic cell populations in the zebrafish
Authors: Dobson Joseph T. , Da’as Sahar , McBride Eileen R. , Berman Jason N. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe zebrafish is a robust animal model for studying vertebrate haematopoiesis and immune cell interactions. However, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) has been limited due to a paucity of available functional zebrafish antibodies. We have developed a technique combining FACS with whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) that enables the sorting and examining of fixed zebrafish blood cell populations at different stages of embryonic development, providing the opportunity to correlate RNA expression data with cellular morphology.
Attitudes toward home‐based employment for mothers of young children: Australian evidence
Authors: Kelley C.G.E. , Kelley S.M.C. , Evans M.D.R. , Kelley J. 
Published: January 2009

Kelley CGE, Kelley SMC, Evans MDR, Kelley J. Attitudes toward home‐based employment for mothers of young children: Australian evidence Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 33–44 © 2008 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.People have mixed feelings about paid employment for mothers with young children. This might reflect opposition to women's work per se or, instead, fear that children are harmed by the mother's absence from the home. To find out, we developed new questions differentiating support for or opposition to mothers working for pay depending on whether the employment is home‐based or outside the home. Data from a large representative national sample of Australia (n= 1,324) show that public support for employment is about 30 percentage points greater if the mother works at home. Structural equation analyses show social differences in levels of support. Thus work at home provides a way of increasing labour force participation and earnings for mothers (with the welfare benefits that implies), which is congruent with public opinion.
The impact of discontinuation of 7‐day storage of apheresis platelets (PASSPORT) on recipient safety: an illustration of the need for proper risk assessments
Authors: Kleinman Steven , Dumont Larry J. , Tomasulo Peter , Bianco Celso , Katz Louis , Benjamin Richard J. , Gajic Ognjen , Brecher Mark E. 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Seven‐day stored apheresis platelets (APs) were withdrawn from the US market after detection of two culture‐positive units from 2571 tested at outdate in the PASSPORT surveillance study. The impact of this discontinuation on recipient safety was explored using mathematical modeling.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Risk models for septic transfusion reactions (STRs) and transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) were developed. Key assumptions were 400,000 annual APs transfused, equivalent STR risk for platelets (PLTs) stored for 5 days or more and zero for PLTs stored for less than 5 days, whole blood–derived PLTs (WBplts) administered in 5‐unit pools, a 4.6‐fold higher risk of false‐negatives with surrogate versus culture‐based bacterial testing, an AP TRALI risk between 1 per 1000 and 1 per 10,000, and a delay in TRALI risk reduction implementation in some centers by 6 to 12 months due to limited PLT availability.RESULTS: STR risk could increase, decrease, or remain the same depending on the percentage of inventory replaced by surrogate‐tested WBplts versus culture‐tested apheresis or whole blood PLTs. A delay in TRALI risk reduction implementation is likely to result in a comparable or greater risk during the delayed implementation period than the safety achieved with regard to STRs, even in the most favorable case scenario.CONCLUSION: A comprehensive risk assessment should have been conducted before the decision to discontinue PASSPORT. Risk assessments using accepted methods (and actual data when available) should precede any major blood safety decisions.
Prenatal Risk Factors for Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: Follow-up of 2,594,783 Danes Born from 1950 to 2002
Authors: Olesen Anne Vingaard , Parner Erik Thorlund , Mortensen Preben Bo , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Olsen Jørn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma has increased in young adults, specifically in Denmark. In this study, we examined the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to prenatal markers of hormone levels and to family-related risk factors. The study was based on a follow-up of 2,594,783 Danes born from 1950 to 2002. Occurrence of possible hormone-related cancers among family members and indicators of abnormal prenatal hormone levels were not associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma risk, whereas family size and mother's age at first birth were significant risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma in offspring. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):155–61)
Randomized Controlled Trial of Aerobic Exercise on Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factors in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Yale Exercise and Survivorship Study
Authors: Irwin Melinda L. , Varma Katie , Alvarez-Reeves Marty , Cadmus Lisa , Wiley Andrew , Chung Gina G. , DiPietro Loretta , Mayne Susan T. , Yu Herbert 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: High insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels may be associated with an increased breast cancer risk and/or death. Given the need to identify modifiable factors that decrease insulin, IGF-I, and breast cancer risk and death, we investigated the effects of a 6-month randomized controlled aerobic exercise intervention versus usual care on fasting insulin, IGF-I, and its binding protein (IGFBP-3) in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
Methods: Seventy-five postmenopausal breast cancer survivors were identified from the Yale-New Haven Hospital Tumor Registry and randomly assigned to an exercise (n = 37) or usual care (n = 38) group. The exercise group participated in 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The usual care group was instructed to maintain their current physical activity level. A fasting blood sample was collected on each study participant at baseline and 6 months. Blood levels of insulin and IGF were measured with ELISA.
Results: On average, exercisers increased aerobic exercise by 129 minutes per week compared with 45 minutes per week among usual care participants (P &lt; 0.001). Women randomized to exercise experienced decreases in insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3, whereas women randomized to usual care had increases in these hormones. Between-group differences in insulin, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 were 20.7% (P = 0.089), 8.9% (P = 0.026), and 7.9% (P = 0.006), respectively.
Conclusions: Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, decreases IGF-I and IGFBP-3. The exercise-induced decreases in IGF may mediate the observed association between higher levels of physical activity and improved survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):306–13)
Gynecologic and Breast Cancers in Women After Exposure to Blue Asbestos at Wittenoom
Authors: Reid Alison , Segal Amanda , Heyworth Jane S. , de Klerk Nicholas H. , Musk Arthur W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Introduction: Animal studies have suggested an association between asbestos and ovarian cancer, and asbestos fibers have been detected in human ovaries. Sexual intercourse may introduce asbestos fibers into the vagina and to the cervix and ovaries. Occupational cohorts have reported excess mortality from reproductive cancers, but exposure-response relationships are inconsistent. We examine the incidence and exposure-response relationships of these cancers among 2,968 women and girls exposed to blue asbestos at Wittenoom, Western Australia.
Methods: 2,552 women were residents of the town and 416 worked for the asbestos company (Australian Blue Asbestos). Standardized incidence ratios compared the Wittenoom women with the Western Australian population. A nested case-control design and conditional logistic regression examined exposure-response relationships.
Results: Ovarian (standardized incidence ratio, 1.27), cervical (standardized incidence ratio, 1.44), and uterine cancer (standardized incidence ratio, 1.23) increased but not statistically significantly among the Wittenoom women compared with the Western Australian population. Among the Australian Blue Asbestos workers, cervical cancer was twice that of the Western Australian population (standardized incidence ratio, 2.38), but ovarian cancer was less (standardized incidence ratio, 0.65). Women who first arrived at Wittenoom aged ≥40 years had an odds ratio of 13.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-90.2) for cervical cancer compared with those aged &lt;15 years at first arrival. Women who lived with or washed the clothes of an Australian Blue Asbestos worker did not have an increased risk for any of the gynecologic or breast cancers.
Discussion: There is no consistent evidence of an increased risk for gynecologic and breast cancers among the women from Wittenoom. Ovarian cancers and peritoneal mesotheliomas were not misclassified in this cohort. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):OF140–8)
Sex Hormone Levels, Breast Cancer Risk, and Cancer Receptor Status in Postmenopausal Women: the ORDET Cohort
Authors: Sieri Sabina , Krogh Vittorio , Bolelli Gianfranco , Abagnato Carlo Alberto , Grioni Sara , Pala Valeria , Evangelista Alberto , Allemani Claudia , Micheli Andrea , Tagliabue Giovanna , Schunemann Holger J. , Menard Sylvie , Berrino Franco , Muti Paola 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: Endogenous sex hormone levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in several prospective studies. However, it remains unclear to what extent serum hormone-breast cancer associations differ with receptor status.
Methods: Associations between serum sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk were assessed in a nested case-control study on postmenopausal women of the ORDET cohort. After a median follow-up of 13.5 years, 165 women developed breast cancer. Relative risks of developing breast cancer were estimated by conditional logistic regression.
Results: Total and free testosterone levels were directly associated with breast cancer risk [relative risk, 3.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.93-5.55) and 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 1.66-4.94), respectively, for highest versus lowest quartile]. When relations between hormone level and risk of breast cancer expressing various receptor combinations were assessed, high total testosterone was significantly associated with increased risk of estrogen receptor–positive cancers, irrespective of progesterone receptor status. High total testosterone was also associated with increased risk of both human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative (HER2−) and HER2+ cancers. High estradiol tended to be associated with increased risk of HER2− cancer and inversely associated with HER2+ cancer, with significant (P = 0.027) heterogeneity between HER2+ and HER2− cancers. However, there were relatively few HER2+ cases.
Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that high levels of circulating testosterone increase the risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The cancers that develop are mainly estrogen receptor positive. Although HER2+ and HER2− breast cancers were both associated with high total testosterone, they showed opposing associations with estrogen. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):169–76)
Long-term Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Endometrial Cancer Incidence: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Friberg Emilie , Wolk Alicja 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Alcohol consumption has been hypothesized to increase the risk of endometrial cancer. We used data from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort including 61,226 women to examine the association between alcohol and endometrial cancer incidence. Alcohol consumption was assessed with validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline 1987 to 1990 and at follow-up in 1997. During a mean follow-up of 17.6 years, 687 endometrial cancer cases were identified in the Swedish cancer registries. We found no association between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk after adjustment for age, body mass index, and smoking. The multivariable rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the three upper categories of long-term alcohol consumption as compared with no consumption were 1.01 (0.84-1.22) for &lt;3.4 g/d, 1.01 (0.80-1.27) for 3.4 to 9.9 g/d, and 1.09 (0.71-1.67) for ≥10 g/d, respectively. The association did not differ by age, body mass index, folic acid intake, or postmenopausal hormone use in stratified analysis. In conclusion, our results suggest that low alcohol consumption (up to one drink per day) is unlikely to substantially influence risk of endometrial cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):355–8)