bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenolic acids in the jute plant (corchorus capsularis)
Authors: Mosihuzzaman M. , Chowdhury T. A. , Mollah A. H. , Theander Olof , Lundgren Lennart N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe bark and the stem of unretted jute plant (Corchorus capsularis) were found to contain various free, glycosidic and ester‐linked phenolic acids. From an 80% aqueous ethanol extract, p‐coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, vanillic and p‐hydroxybenzoic acids were identified and quantified. p‐Coumaric acid, the major component, and β‐sitosterol were isolated and characterised.
Effects of wheat proteins on the viscoelastic properties of starch gels
Authors: Lindahl Lennart , Eliasson Ann‐Charlotte 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe interactions between starch and wheat proteins were studied in oscillatory rheological measurements. The starch varieties examined were maize, barley, wheat, triticale, rye and potato. The storage modulus, G′, and the phase angle, δ, were found to be most sensitive to the composition of the starch gel. When starch was gelatinised in presence of gluten it was found that G′ increased for wheat and rye starches, whereas the presence of gluten proteins caused the opposite effect to maize starch. The viscoelastic behaviour of the other starches was not affected by the presence of gluten. A water soluble wheat protein fraction had the same effect on the viscoelastic behaviour of wheat starch as gluten, whereas ligolin behaved like a polar lipid.
Extractability and bioavailability of zinic, nickle, cadmium and copper in three Danish soils sampled 5 years after application of sewage sludge
Authors: Sanders J. Roger , Adams Trevor McM. , Christensen Bent T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSoils from three Danish experiments testing identical quantities of sewage sludge were sampled 5 years after the application of sludge ceased. Chemical studies on the soils involving single and sequential extractions, displaced solution measurements and plant uptake experiments in a glasshouse showed that sludge‐added Zn, Ni, Cd and Cu persisted in extractable and bioavailable forms in the topsoils and that soil pH and texture influenced their chemistry and availability. The EDTA‐extractabilities of native and of sludge‐added Cd were similar, but native Zn, Ni and Cu were less extractable than sludge‐added metals. 0.1 M‐calcium chloride was the best extractant for predicting plant uptake. In some cases a chelating extractant combined with pH measurements is suitable if a single reagent is to be used for all four metals.
A small, simple sorghum decorticating device
Authors: Ali Rustom M. , Wills Ron B. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA small commercially available laboratory mill was found to be suitable to dehull small batches of sorghum grain. The device used one grinding plate and an agitating dimpled plate and took about 1 min to adequately dehull the grain. At the completion of dehulling period decorticated grain was collected directly in a sample holder. Data from various cultivars, grain sizes and types of grain were reproducible. It only required 10 s to clear the device between samples.
Peptic hydrolysis of gluten, glutenin and gliadin from wheat grain: Kinetics and characterisation of peptides
Authors: Masson Philippe , Tomè Daniel , Popineau Yves 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the hydrolysis of gluten, glutenin and gliadin by pepsin was studied by following the reaction of the hydrolysate with ninhydrin and by SDS‐gel electro‐phoresis. Glutenin was more rapidly hydrolysed than native molecules of gliadin and produced components of different size. The first stage of hydrolysis of gliadin resulted in the formation of fragments mainly in the range 25 000 and 10 000 daltons whereas polypeptides generated from glutenin had subunits of molecular weight (MW) in the range 65 000, 30 000 and 10 000. Further hydrolysis resulted in the formation of subunits of MW around 24 000 and 14 000 for glutenin and gliadin respectively. The final stage of hydrolysis produced a quantity of peptides of MW under 10 000 and a small quantity of free amino acids. No obvious differences in the molecular weights of the polypeptides released were found when the enzyme to gliadin ratio was varied. Components obtained from glutenin and gliadin were further characterised after gel filtration on Sephadex G50. Large polypeptides derived from both gliadin and glutenin contained large amounts of proline and glutamate. Surface hydrophobicity of derived components were different, and inferior to, those of the reduced glutenin and native gliadin. Reduction of disulphide bonds of digested polypeptides of glutenin showed the existence of peptides branched by interchain disulphide bonds. Peptic cleavage sites were probably located differently in glutenin and gliadin molecules.
Rain damaged wheat tester: An instrument for the rapid assessment of sprouted grain at silos
Authors: Barnes William C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA small unit for the rapid assessment of sprouted grain in cereal samples has been developed. The technique is based on the use of a β‐amylase‐resistant α‐amylase chromogenic starch substrate, and is therefore specific for α‐amylase. Extraction time for α‐amylase from the grain is 30 s using a blender. Incubation time with the substrate in the unit is 3 min. Results are expressed as the percentage of sprouted grain in the sample. The small size of the unit, and the rapid warm‐up time, enable the unit to be readily moved between grain receival points. The unit is electrically mains operated.
Measurement of protein in tannin‐protein precipitates using ninhydrin
Authors: Marks David , Glyphis John , Leighton Mark 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method was tested for quantifying protein in precipitated tannin‐protein complexes in which protein was hydrolysed with acid and the amino acids released were measured with ninhydrin. Unlike previously published methods, this technique requires no prior separation of tannin and protein and can be used to compare the binding of different soluble proteins to tannins under identical conditions. The method was used to compare the precipitation of bovine serum albumin, porcine pancreatic protease, β‐glucosidase and γ‐globulin by tannic acid. The amount of tannic acid required to precipitate maximal amounts of protease and β‐glucosidase was approximately 7–8 times that required to cause maximal precipitation of albumin and γ‐globulin when tested with 2 mg ml−1 protein. All protein preparations contained a fraction (10–40% of total protein) which was not precipitated by tannic acid. Protein in tannin‐protein precipitates produced in a standard haemanalysis assay were also measured with ninhydrin. Per cent precipitation at each tannic acid concentration as measured with ninhydrin was identical to that determined by haemanalysis within the linear portions of the binding curves produced by the two methods. These results confirm that the ninhydrin method accurately measures precipitation of protein by tannin.
Influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the solubility of the protein hydrolysates from sardine (Sardina pilchardus)
Authors: Quaglia G. B. , Orban E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of different degrees of hydrolysis on the solubility of sardine proteins and on its correlation with the molecular weight distribution of the protein hydrolysates was examined. All the hydrolysates showed high solubility with a more pronounced reduction for products with a lower degree of hydrolysis in acid pH at both high and low ionic strength. Furthermore, from the gel‐chromatographic analysis, a decrease was noted in the high molecular weight fraction as the degree of hydrolysis increased.
Wheat‐bug damage in New Zealand wheats. Development of a simple SDS‐sedimentation test for bug damage
Authors: Cressey Peter J. , McStay Catrina L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLines of three varieties of New Zealand wheat (cv. Aotea, Oroua and Kopara) damaged by wheat‐bug were investigated. Hydrolysis of gluten proteins was shown to be of the endo‐ rather than the exo‐proteolytic type. Electrophoresis revealed that the bug protease had a high specificity for the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. An autolytic assay method was developed based on the decrease in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐sedimentation volume for bug‐damaged flours when they were incubated in distilled water for 30 min at 37°C. This method was specific for bug damage and exhibited no interference from other grain defects such as heat damage, field sprouting and laboratory germination.
Three α‐gliadins of Cappelle‐Desprez
Authors: Ewart John A. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe strong α‐doublet running behind the fastest major α‐gliadin of Cappelle‐Desprez on gel electrophoresis has been separated into three proteins. They were named: slow, middle and fast (S, M and F) from their mobilities on alkaline gels. The amino acid compositions were typical of gliadins, with no free thiol groups. Molecular weights and % amidation were: S31000, 96; M32 000, 94; F29000, 91. No convincing evidence for a glycoprotein nature was found. At acid pH the order seems to be, in decreasing mobility, F, S, M.
Volatile aroma compounds of raw and roasted palm kernel
Authors: Jayalekshmy A. , Narayanan C. S. , Mathew A. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe volatile aroma compounds of raw and roasted palm kernel, isolated by hydrodistillation, were analysed by g.l.c. and g.c.‐m.s. A number of compounds have been identified for the first time in this commodity. It was found that δ‐lactones and ethyl esters were predominant in the flavour profile. In roasted palm kernels, flavour analysis showed the presence of a number of pyrazines formed during heating. Most of the lactones and esters identified in raw palm kernel were present in the roasted samples also. The flavour concentrate included a number of fatty acids in both the raw and roasted samples, in small amounts.
A study on the occurrence of N‐triacontanol, a plant growth regulator, in tea
Authors: Rao Jenuswamy M. , Natarajan Coimbatore P. , Seshadri Ramachandran 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe compound n ‐triacontanol, reported to have exceptional plant growth promoting properties, has now been identified as a constituent of tea. Tea wastes from instant tea processing, green tea and black tea have decreasing quantities of this compound in that order. This may be attributed to the higher firing temperatures in the case of green tea and black tea. Polyphenol oxidase does not seem to have any effect as shown byin vitroexperiments.
The protein and the amino acid composition of some rice and maize varieties grown in North Vietnam
Authors: Khoi Bui Huy , Dien Le Doan , Lásztity Radomir , Salgó Andras 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe protein and amino acid composition of several rice and maize varieties grown in North Vietnam, and their digestibility, was determined.The protein content (N×5.95) of rice cultivars ranged from 7.0 to 10.8% of which 70–80% was in the glutelin fraction. The true digestibility was relatively good (87.6–91.8%). In general, lysine and threonine were found to be the first and second nutritionally limiting amino acids, except for two varieties, which had a low content of sulphur‐containing amino acids.The protein content of maize cultivars ranged from 8.4 to 12.9%. Zein and glutelin were the main components occurring in near‐equal quantities (except in the opaque‐2 mutant). The overall amino acid distribution was similar to that of maize grown in other countries. Lysine levels were relatively low, and it was the first nutritionally limiting amino acid, except in the opaque‐2 cultivar, tryptophan being the second one. The digestibility ranged from 87.5 to 91.1%.
Polyphenols of chickpea and blackgram as affected by domestic processing and cooking methods
Authors: Jood Sudesh , Chauhan Bhag Mal , Kapoor Amin C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of soaking, cooking, autoclaving and sprouting on the polyphenol contents of eight cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and four of blackgram (Vigna mungo) were studied. All the treatments reduced the polyphenols of the legume seeds, but to a varying extent. Sprouting and autoclaving had the most pronounced effect; ordinary cooking and soaking were relatively less effective.
Viscosity studies on the polysaccharide gum from Rhizobium strain CB744
Authors: Beyer Richard , Melton Laurence D. , Kennedy Lawrence D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe apparent viscosity of aqueous solutions of polysaccharide gum from the nitrogen‐fixing bacteria Rhizobium strain CB744 has been determined to ascertain the gum's potential in commercial applications as a food conditioner. Solutions of the rhizobium gum had a viscosity that was dependent on the shear rate and showed thixotropic behaviour. The rhizobium gum solutions had an apparent viscosity of 0·05 Pa s at a concentration of 0·4% and 0·16 Pa s at a concentration of 1·0% when measured at 60 rev min−1 with a Brookfield Synchro‐Lectric viscometer at 15°C. The viscosity of the gum solution showed a moderate decrease with decreasing pH, while Sn2+ and Ca2+ did not have any effect. Interaction with other common food components was examined by adding sucrose, salt and polysaccharide food additives. Addition of sucrose (15%, w/v) reduced the viscosity by about 30%. Up to 2% NaCl had little effect but 3% NaClgave a considerable reduction in the viscosity of the gum. Addition of guar or xanthan gum did not produce a synergistic effect. Pasteurisation and slow freezing had a pronounced and irreversible effect on the viscosity of gum solutions.
Effects of heat treatments of antinutritional factors and quality of proteins in winged bean
Authors: Kadam Santram S. , Smithard Ronald R. , Eyre Michael D. , Armstrong David G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of heat treatments, namely microwave, infrared, hot air oven, autoclaving and cooking in boiling water, on trypsin inhibitor and haemagglutinating activities, tannin and phytate contents, essential amino acid composition and quality of proteins in winged bean, were investigated. The infrared, autoclaving and boiling‐water treatments destroyed most of the trypsin inhibitor and haemagglutinating activities, and reduced the level of tannins. However, the microwave and oven heat treatments had no effect on these constituents of winged bean meal. Lysine and valine contents in the meals from infrared, autoclaving and cooking in boiling water treatments were lower than in untreated meal. There was a significant loss of threonine and arginine due to cooking of beans in boiling water. None of the treatments had any effect on phytate content.Rats fed on untreated, microwave‐treated and oven‐heated meal diets had low dry‐matter intakes and lost weight significantly. However, remarkable improvements in dry‐matter intake and weight gain were recorded for the diets containing meal from infrared, autoclaving and boiling‐water treatments. The digestibility of proteins in the meal improved from 50 to 84% as a result of infrared and boiling‐water treatments, whereas a noticeable decrease in protein digestibility was observed in oven‐heated meals. There was a significant improvement in biological values and net protein utilisation values for the diets containing meals from infrared, autoclaving and boiling‐water treatments over those of a diet having untreated meal.
Changes in lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase activities during the development and storage of French bean seed
Authors: Kermasha Selim , Metche Maurice 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe production of off‐flavour in French bean seed may be related closely to certain enzymic activities. Lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase activities were investigated during the development and maturation of French bean seed after freeze‐storage or drying. Lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide isomerase activities were determined in French bean seed prior to germination, 5 days after germination, 30 days before maturity, and in the mature succulent green bean (0 days before maturation). Activities of both enzymes were very low before germination, increased dramatically after 5 days of germination, then decreased slightly with time to day 0 before maturity. Blanching treatment inhibited both activities completely when seed was stored for 18 months at −18°C. Lipoxygenase activity increased in the unblanched seed whereas hydroperoxide isomerase activity decreased after 18 months of freeze‐storage at −18°C. Air‐drying inhibited the activities of both enzymes.
In‐silo losses from wheat ensiled in bunker silos in a subtropical climate
Authors: Ashbell G. , Kashanchi Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe condition of wheat plants ensiled under farm conditions in two successive years was investigated. Net bags with samples were buried at eight different locations in the bunker. Temperature and gas were measured during the fermentation period in these locations.Chemical analyses of the fresh material and the silages were carried out and dry matter losses were calculated. Mishandlings which were discovered in the first year of the experiment were improved in the second year and decreased losses. Chemical analyses, temperature and gas changes in the two experiments are given.Mean losses in the middle of the bunker ranged between 2.8 and 16%; near the wall between 10.1 and 22.7%; in the cover layer (middle) losses ranged between 13.9 and 26.7%; and near the wall (cover) it reached between 20.4 and 75.8% DM losses.
Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in peanut, sorghum and maize from Mysore (India)
Authors: Bhavanishankar Thimmappaiah N. , Shantha Thimmappaji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPeanut, sorghum and maize samples were collected from the wholesale market in Mysore, India, over a period of one year (October 1984 to September 1985). The samples were analysed for the natural occurrence of T‐2 toxin (T‐2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone by thin‐layer chromatography, dermal toxicity test and gas chromatography. Of the total number of peanut samples analysed, 6.9% were positive for the toxic trichothecene(s) (T‐2, up to 38.89 mg kg−1; DAS, up to 2.03 mg kg−1); 4.8% of total sorghum samples analysed contained T‐2 up to 15 mg kg−1. Zearalenone was not found in any of the samples tested, and no toxins were detected in any of the maize samples. Samples marketed during winter and summer periods were contaminated with the toxins. All the toxin‐positive samples except one peanut sample were found in produce stored for more than a week.
Composition of European hake, Merluccius merluccius
Authors: Pérez‐Villarreal Begoña , Howgate Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEleven batches of European hake, Merluccius merluccius, caught in waters off Scotland, were analysed. The following mean values were obtained: water 79.04%, total nitrogen 2.96%, ash 1.31%, lipid 2.24%, non‐protein nitrogen 0.304%. There was a small effect of season on these values. The length/weight relationship, the condition factor, and the yields of various parts of the fish were also determined.
Composition and rumen degradability of straw from three varieties of oilseed rape before and after alkali, hydrothermal and oxidative treatment
Authors: Alexander Bryan W. , Gordon Alex H. , Lomax James A. , Chesson Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe composition and rumen degradability of straw from three varieties of oilseed rape Brassica napus L. (cv. Bienvenu, Rafal and Jet Neuf) grown under the same conditions were compared. Analysis accounted for greater than 97% of dry matter in each case. Although the composition of the three straws was broadly similar, Jet Neuf had a lower carbohydrate (67% of dry matter) and phenolic (8.4% of dry matter) content and a higher crude protein (9.4% of dry matter) content than Bienvenu (74.5, 10.0% and 5.4% respectively) or Rafal (73.9%, 10.1% and 3.9%, respectively). Values obtained for neutral and acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin were consistent with these differences. Additional information about the nature of the polysaccharides present in straw was obtained by methylation of whole straw samples. Degradability measurements in a sheep, made using the nylon bag technique, showed that the rate and extent of dry matter disappearance from Bienvenu and Rafal were virtually identical. Both straws were poorly degraded, showing only a 35% loss of dry matter after extended incubation. Jet Neuf had a higher degradability with 45% of dry matter lost after 72 h. Ammonia treatment had little effect on straw composition and no effect on its degradability. Sodium hydroxide solubilised between 10–20% of the total phenolics initially present in straw and improved the degradability of Bienvenu and Rafal by approximately 10 units but produced little improvement in the degradability of Jet Neuf. Autoclaving straw samples in water at 160°C and 200°C for 1 h resulted in a substantial solubilisation of dry matter. The degradability of the recovered insoluble residues, however, was not increased. Sulphur dioxide, ozone and alkaline hydrogen peroxide selectively degraded phenolic material without modifying the carbohydrate content of the straw. The degradability of ozone‐treated straw was substantially increased, whereas sulphur dioxide treatment had a lesser effect, and treatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide was largely ineffective. Results obtained are discussed in relation to the structure of rape straw cell walls.
Cassava leaf meal as a replacement for coconut oil meal in pig diet
Authors: Ravindran Velmurugu , Kornegay Erwin T. , Rajaguru Sundara B. , Notter David R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo feeding trials were conducted to evaluate cassava leaf meal (CLM) as a replacement for coconut oil meal (COM) in tropical pig diets. In each trial, 36 pigs (initial weight, 14.5 kg) were limit fed diets containing 0, 133, 267 and 400 g kg−1 CLM substituted for equal amounts (w/w) of COM in a 179 g kg−1 protein basal diet. An extra‐period Latin‐square changeover design with 2‐week periods was used. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were improved when diets containing 133 g kg−1 CLM were fed, which may be attributed to the higher lysine content of CLM. Daily gain and feed efficiency of pigs fed diets containing 267 g kg−1 CLM were similar to those on the basal diet. Poor performance of pigs fed the 400 g kg−1 CLM diets may be explained by the low energy content and the presence of anti‐nutritional factors, such as cyanide and tannin, in CLM.Two balance trials were conducted using 16 barrows (castrated male pigs, initial weight, 37.2 kg). Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, protein, cell contents, cell wall and hemicellulose were depressed, whereas those for ash and lignin were improved as CLM was substituted for COM. The data indicate that cassava leaf protein is utilised efficiently, although other nutrients in CLM are not as digestible as those in COM.