bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular determinants of ginkgolide binding in the glycine receptor pore
Authors: Hawthorne Rebecca , Cromer Brett A. , Ng Hooi‐Ling , Parker Michael W. , Lynch Joseph W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGinkgolides are potent blockers of the glycine receptor Cl– channel (GlyR) pore. We sought to identify their binding sites by comparing the effects of ginkgolides A, B and C and bilobalide on α1, α2, α1β and α2β GlyRs. Bilobalide sensitivity was drastically reduced by incorporation of the β subunit. In contrast, the sensitivities to ginkgolides B and C were enhanced by β subunit expression. However, ginkgolide A sensitivity was increased in the α2β GlyR relative to the α2 GlyR but not in the α1β GlyR relative to the α1 GlyR. We hypothesised that the subunit‐specific differences were mediated by residue differences at the second transmembrane domain 2′ and 6′ pore‐lining positions. The increased ginkgolide A sensitivity of the α2β GlyR was transferred to the α1β GlyR by the G2′A (α1 to α2 subunit) substitution. In addition, the α1 subunit T6′F mutation abolished inhibition by all ginkgolides. As the ginkgolides share closely related structures, their molecular interactions with pore‐lining residues were amenable to mutant cycle analysis. This identified an interaction between the variable R2 position of the ginkgolides and the 2′ residues of both α1 and β subunits. These findings provide strong evidence for ginkgolides binding at the 2′ pore‐lining position.
Outcomes of involuntary hospital admission – a review
Authors: Katsakou C. , Priebe S. 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  This paper reviews studies on outcomes of involuntary hospital admissions in general adult psychiatry, and predictors of outcomes.Method:  Studies assessing observer‐rated clinical change and self‐rated outcomes were identified. Relevant databases were searched and authors were contacted. Studies were classified according to quality criteria.Results:  Eighteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most involuntarily admitted patients show substantial clinical improvement over time. Retrospectively, between 33% and 81% of patients regard the admission as justified and/or the treatment as beneficial. Data on predictors of outcomes is limited and inconsistent. Patients with more marked clinical improvement tend to have more positive retrospective judgements.Conclusion:  A substantial number of involuntary patients do retrospectively not feel that their admission was justified and beneficial. At least for this group, new approaches might have to be considered. Larger studies are required to identify predictors on which patients are likely to fall into this group.
Sequential Immunization with V3 Peptides from Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Produces Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies against Primary Isolates with a Matching Narrow-Neutralization Sequence Motif
Authors: Eda Yasuyuki , Takizawa Mari , Murakami Toshio , Maeda Hiroaki , Kimachi Kazuhiko , Yonemura Hiroshi , Koyanagi Satoshi , Shiosaki Kouichi , Higuchi Hirofumi , Makizumi Keiichi , Nakashima Toshihiro , Osatomi Kiyoshi , Tokiyoshi Sachio , Matsushita Shuzo , Yamamoto Naoki , Honda Mitsuo 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAn antibody response capable of neutralizing not only homologous but also heterologous forms of the CXCR4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MNp and CCR5-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 JR-CSF was achieved through sequential immunization with a combination of synthetic peptides representing HIV-1 Env V3 sequences from field and laboratory HIV-1 clade B isolates. In contrast, repeated immunization with a single V3 peptide generated antibodies that neutralized only type-specific laboratory-adapted homologous viruses. To determine whether the cross-neutralization response could be attributed to a cross-reactive antibody in the immunized animals, we isolated a monoclonal antibody, C25, which neutralized the heterologous primary viruses of HIV-1 clade B. Furthermore, we generated a humanized monoclonal antibody, KD-247, by transferring the genes of the complementary determining region of C25 into genes of the human V region of the antibody. KD-247 bound with high affinity to the “PGR” motif within the HIV-1 Env V3 tip region, and, among the established reference antibodies, it most effectively neutralized primary HIV-1 field isolates possessing the matching neutralization sequence motif, suggesting its promise for clinical applications involving passive immunizations. These results demonstrate that sequential immunization with B-cell epitope peptides may contribute to a humoral immune-based HIV vaccine strategy. Indeed, they help lay the groundwork for the development of HIV-1 vaccine strategies that use sequential immunization with biologically relevant peptides to overcome difficulties associated with otherwise poorly immunogenic epitopes.
Gangliosides Are Essential for Bovine Adeno-Associated Virus Entry
Authors: Schmidt Michael , Chiorini John A. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are promising gene therapy vectors. We have recently identified a bovine adeno-associated virus (BAAV) that demonstrates unique tropism and transduction activity compared to primate AAVs. To better understand the entry pathway and cell tropism of BAAV, we have characterized the initial cell surface interactions required for transduction with BAAV vectors. Like a number of AAVs, BAAV requires cell surface sialic acid groups for transduction and virus attachment. However, glycosphingolipids (GSLs), not cell surface proteins, were required for vector entry and transduction. Incorporation of gangliosides, ceramide-based glycolipids containing one or more sialic acid groups, into the cytoplasmic cell membranes of GSL-depleted COS cells partially reconstituted BAAV transduction. The dependency of BAAV on gangliosides for transduction was further confirmed by studies with C6 cells, a rat glioma cell line that is deficient in the synthesis of complex gangliosides. C6 cells were resistant to transduction by BAAV. Addition of gangliosides to C6 cells prior to transduction rendered the cells susceptible to transduction by BAAV. Therefore, gangliosides are a likely receptor for BAAV.
Deletion of Open Reading Frame UL26 from the Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Results in Reduced Viral Growth, Which Involves Impaired Stability of Viral Particles
Authors: Lorz Kerstin , Hofmann Heike , Berndt Anja , Tavalai Nina , Mueller Regina , Schlötzer-Schrehardt Ursula , Stamminger Thomas 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
We previously showed that open reading frame (ORF) UL26 of human cytomegalovirus, a member of the US22 multigene family of betaherpesviruses, encodes a novel tegument protein, which is imported into cells in the course of viral infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that pUL26 contains a strong transcriptional activation domain and is capable of stimulating the major immediate-early (IE) enhancer-promoter. Since this suggested an important function of pUL26 during the initiation of the viral replicative cycle, we sought to ascertain the relevance of pUL26 by construction of a viral deletion mutant lacking the UL26 ORF using the bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis procedure. The resulting deletion virus was verified by PCR, enzyme restriction, and Southern blot analyses. After infection of human foreskin fibroblasts, the UL26 deletion mutant showed a small-plaque phenotype and replicated to significantly lower titers than wild-type or revertant virus. In particular, we noticed a striking decrease of infectious titers 7 days postinfection in a multistep growth experiment, whereas the release of viral DNA from infected cells was not impaired. A further investigation of this aspect revealed a significantly diminished stability of viral particles derived from the UL26 deletion mutant. Consistent with this, we observed that the tegument composition of the deletion mutant deviates from that of the wild-type virus. We therefore hypothesize that pUL26 plays a role not only in the onset of IE gene transcription but also in the assembly of the viral tegument layer in a stable and correct manner.
Early apoptosis of blood monocytes in the septic host: is it a mechanism of protection in the event of septic shock?
Authors: Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J , Routsi Christina , Plachouras Diamantis , Markaki Vassiliki , Raftogiannis Maria , Zervakis Dimitrios , Koussoulas Vassilios , Orfanos Stylianos , Kotanidou Anastasia , Armaganidis Apostolos , Roussos Charis , Giamarellou Helen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Based on the central role of the triggering of monocytes for the initiation of the septic cascade, it was investigated whether apoptosis of blood monocytes in septic patients is connected to their final outcome.

Methods
Blood monocytes were isolated from 90 patients with septic syndrome due to ventilator-associated pneumonia on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 from the initiation of symptoms. Apoptosis was defined after incubation with annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodine and reading by a flow cytometer. The function of first-day monocytes was evaluated from the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and IL-6 in supernatants of cell cultures after triggering with endotoxins. TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 were estimated in serum by an enzyme immunoassay.

Results
Mortality rates of patients with apoptosis ≤50% compared with patients with apoptosis >50% were 49.12% and 15.15%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a 28-day survival benefit in patients with septic shock and monocyte apoptosis >50% compared with those patients with apoptosis ≤50% (P = 0.0032). Production of IL-6 by monocytes on the first day by patients with apoptosis ≤50% was similar compared with monocytes isolated from healthy controls. Serum concentrations of TNFα were higher in patients with monocyte apoptosis ≤50% and septic shock compared with patients with apoptosis >50% on day 7; similar findings occurred for serum IL-6 on days 1 and 7 and for serum IL-8 on days 1 and 5.

Conclusion
Early apoptosis of monocytes upon presentation of clinical signs of sepsis is connected to a favourable outcome. These findings are of particular importance for the patient with septic shock, where they might constitute a mechanism of pathogenesis.
Point‐of‐care Test Identifies Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Triage
Authors: Naunheim Rosanne , Jang Timothy J. , Banet Gerald , Richmond Alec , McGill Janet 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background:
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common, life‐threatening complication of diabetes. The diagnosis of DKA relies on signs and symptoms, plus laboratory findings of blood glucose (BG) of >250 mg/dL, an anion gap (AG) of ≥15 mmol/L, and carbon dioxide (CO2) of ≤18 mmol/L when other causes of acidosis are excluded.
Objectives:
To compare the results of a point‐of‐care test for the ketone beta‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐OHB) with standard measures for accuracy in predicting DKA.
Methods:
After providing informed consent, 160 patients who presented with BG of >250 mg/dL underwent testing for β‐OHB with the Precision Xtra meter (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) at triage in a large urban hospital emergency department. The diagnosis of DKA was made by clinicians by using standard clinical criteria without knowledge of the β‐OHB test.
Results:
A diagnosis of DKA was made in 57 of 160 subjects. The β‐OHB values correlated strongly with AG (r= 0.66, p < 0.001) and with CO2 (r=−0.69, p < 0.001), as well as with glucose (r= 0.31, p < 0.001). Cross‐classification of DKA vs. β‐OHB yielded sensitivity of 98% (95% CI = 91% to 100%), specificity of 85% (95% CI = 78% to 91%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 6.7 (95% CI = 4.22 to 10.78), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.021 (95% CI = 0.003 to 0.144) at the manufacturer‐suggested β‐OHB level of 1.5. Conclusions: The point‐of‐care test for β‐OHB was as sensitive as more established indicators of DKA. It is more useful than glucose alone for the diagnosis of DKA and offers immediate diagnosis of patients at triage.
Intercalation of n-Alkylamines in Proton-Type Layered Titanium(IV) Oxide
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Hayashi Naomi , Honda Chikako , Endo Kazutoyo , Kanzaki Yasushi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Intercalation of proton-type layered titanium(IV) oxides, H2Ti5O11·xH2O (H-TiO2(A)) and H0.7Ti1.825O4·xH2O (H-TiO2(B)), with n-alkylamines were examined for carbon numbers nc = 3–18 in a benzene solution. The amount of intercalated n-alkylamines was about 1 mol per 1 mol of H-TiO2(A) and well-defined X-ray diffraction patterns were observed for nc = 4–14, reflecting the formation of a n-alkylamine bilayer between the layered lamellae. The alkyl chain in the bilayer was found to incline 66° against the basal plane. For nc = 3, a fluffy suspended colloid appeared in the reactant solution and the amount of intercalated amines was about 2 mol per 1 mol of H-TiO2(A), and weak X-ray diffraction peaks suggested the exfoliation and formation of the monolayer or several multilayer sheet of H-TiO2(A). The size of the exfoliated colloid particles was examined using dynamic light scattering photometry. The scatter angle dependence suggested the shape of the colloid particles was a thin lamella and the average radius was estimated to be about 80 and 210 nm for propylamine and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide intercalation compounds prepared in aqueous solution, respectively. The shape of the colloid particles was rather isotropic and the radius was about 1.0 μm for a propylamine intercalation compound prepared in a benzene solution. The result of dynamic light scattering seems consistent with the exfoliation and following coagulation of layered lamellae of H-TiO2(A).
Elucidation of Concentrated Salt Effects on the Solvolysis Reactions of Typical SN1 and SN2 Substrates in Sulfolane–Water Mixed Solvent
Authors: Hojo Masashi , Ueda Tadaharu , Ueno Eriko , Hamasaki Tensei , Fujimura Daigo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In a 50 vol % sulfolane–H2O mixed solvent, extensive studies have been carried out of the concentrated salt effects on the solvolysis reaction rates of aliphatic halides and related compounds (RX). In the solvent system, the “pseudo” first-order rate constants (k/s−1) of typical SN1 substrates, 1-adamantyl chloride and bromide, or 2-adamantyl bromide, were increased exponentially by the addition of MClO4 (M = Li and Na) and M(ClO4)2 (M = Mg and Ba); the extent of the cation effects increased as Na+ &lt; Li+ &lt; Mg2+ ≈ Ba2+, which was attributed to the “chemical” interaction between the metal ions and the leaving-group anions in the “aqueous” solution modified by the mixed-organic solvents and concentrated salts. Based on the Raman spectra, we discuss the distortion of the bulk water structure and the alteration of properties of water into those of a “non-aqueous” solvent with the addition of the organic solvents and concentrated salts (LiClO4 and Et4NBr) as well as with increasing temperature. However, the addition of non-metallic salts, i.e., Et4NX (X− = ClO4−, Cl−, Br−, and tosylate), caused decreases in the rates substantially, regardless of the leaving group (Cl or Br): the deceleration effects increasing as ClO4− &lt; Br− &lt; Cl− &lt; TsO−. The deceleration in the solvolysis rates with Et4NX and R4NBr (R = Pr and n-Bu) should be caused by mainly the further decrease in water activity of the solvents. In addition, we would like to report solvolyses accompanied by “ion exchange” reactions for the typical SN2 substrates, hexyl chloride, bromide, and tosylate, in the sulfolane–H2O solvent.
From the Particular Reactivity of 8-Iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine towards Copper- and Palladium-Catalyzed Aminations
Authors: Kazock Jean-Yves , Théry Isabelle , Chezal Jean-Michel , Chavignon Olivier , Teulade Jean-Claude , Gueiffier Alain , Enguehard-Gueiffier Cécile 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The reactivity of 8-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine towards copper- and palladium-catalyzed aminations is reported. The copper-based methodology led to the attempted coupling products in only poor yields due to difficult purifications. On the contrary, good coupling yields were obtained using palladium-catalyzed amination protocols. The superiority of Pd2dba3 was demonstrated over Pd(OAc)2.
Stereospecific C–S Bond Formation from Chiral Tertiary Alcohols by Quinone-Mediated Oxidation–Reduction Condensation Using Alkyl Diphenylphosphinites and Its Application to the Synthesis of a Chiral Tertiary Thiol
Authors: Ikegai Kazuhiro , Pluempanupat Wanchai , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Oxidation–reduction condensation between 2-sulfanyl-1,3-benzothiazole (Btz-SH) and the alkyl diphenylphosphinites 1, prepared from tertiary alcohols, proceeded smoothly in the presence of 2,6-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) and the corresponding S-alkylated products 2 were afforded in good yields. The stereo-inverted chiral Btz sulfides 2 were also produced stereospecifically by this condensation that used 1 derived from chiral tertiary alcohols. Subsequent removal of the Btz groups of 2 with t-BuLi or LiAlH4 provided a new synthetic route to chiral tertiary thiols and the structurally-related dialkyl sulfides.
Microwave-Assisted Reduction of Acetophenones Using Ni–Al Alloy in Water
Authors: Miyazawa Akira , Tashiro Masashi , Prakash G K Surya , Olah George A 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The reduction of acetophenones using a Ni–Al alloy catalyst in water (H2O and D2O) under microwave irradiation proceeded to give the corresponding (deuterated) alkylbenzenes in good yields.
Substituent Effect of 2,3-Dicyanopyrazine Dyes on Solid-State Fluorescence
Authors: Horiguchi Emi , Matsumoto Shinya , Funabiki Kazumasa , Matsui Masaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Some pyrazine dyes based on the same chromophoric system with different steric nature were synthesized to evaluate the correlation between solid-state fluorescence and molecular arrangement. It was confirmed that the solid-state fluorescence is significantly correlated with the prevention of complete stacking between chromophoric systems in the crystalline state. This result suggests that the introduction of bulky substituents to fluorescent dyes should be made on substantial positions for preventing the complete stacking between the chromophoric systems on the basis of the crystal structure.
Fluorescence Quenching of Europium(III) by the Interaction with Copper(II) or Nickel(II) Complex of N,N′-Disalicylidene-1,3-propanediamine
Authors: Sakamoto Masatomi , Hashimura Masayuki , Matsuki Kimihiro , Matsumoto Akira , Okawa Hisashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Effect of the co-existence of the titled copper(II) or nickel(II) complex upon the fluorescence of europium(II) has been investigated in methanol. Intensities of the fluorescent bands at 580, 593, 618, 687, and 696 nm are significantly quenched by the addition of the copper(II) or nickel(II) complex but not by a simple metal salt, copper(II) nitrate trihydrate or nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate.
Chiral Bis(1,10-phenanthroline) with Tröger’s Base Skeleton. Synthesis and Interaction with DNA
Authors: Yashima Eiji , Akashi Mitsuru , Miyauchi Noriyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Chiral bis(1,10-phenanthroline) with Tröger’s base skeleton (1) was synthesized from 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline with formaldehyde and HCl. Racemic 1 could interact with DNA from CD spectroscopy and could cleave DNA when it was complexed with copper(I).
Formation of Racemic Solid Solutions and the Solubility Isotherms of [Co(DL-leucinato)(NH3)4]X2 (X = Br and I)
Authors: Fuyuhiro Akira , Hibino Kenji , Yamanari Kazuaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The ternary solubility phase diagrams, [Co(L-leu)(NH3)4]X2–[Co(D-leu)(NH3)4]X2–H2O (leu = leucinate(1−); X = Br and I) were determined at 25 °C. Only one isotherm is obtained in each system and the D:L ratios of the solid phases are variable over entire region from D:L = 100:0 to 0:100. This means that the solid solutions of the enantiomers form in both systems. These phase diagrams are the first examples of solid solutions of metal complexes containing natural amino acids.
Well Defined Organic Surfaces Flat at the Molecular Level. Control of Surface Chemical Groups by Bipolar Surfactant Monolayers on Step-Free Mica Surfaces
Authors: Hato Masakatsu , Minamikawa Hiroyuki , Okamoto Kaoru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new method for preparing well defined organic surfaces flat at the molecular level has been presented. This allows precise control of the composition of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups at the surfaces.
First Mononuclear Bis(sulphide) Molybdenum(IV) Complex of Crown Thioether trans-Mo(S)2(syn-Me8[16]aneS4)
Authors: Yoshida Toshikatsu , Adachi Tomohiro , Matsumura Kazuhiko , Kawazu Kenji , Baba Katsumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reaction of trans-Mo(N2)2(syn-Me8[16]aneS4) with S8 gave trans-Mo(S)2(syn-Me8[16]aneS4) (1), which was also obtained by treating the N2 complex with t-BuSH through the C–S bond cleavage. The novel mononuclear structure of 1 was elucidated by an X-ray analysis.
Synthesis and Properties of Optically Active α-Alkyl-γ-aryloxymethyl-γ-lactones as Chiral Dopants for Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Sakaguchi Kazuhiko , Shiomi Yutaka , Kitamura Tohru , Takehira Yoshikazu , Koden Mitsuhiro , Kuratate Tomoaki , Nakagawa Kenichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Optically active α-alkyl-γ-aryloxymethyl-γ-lactones were synthesized from chiral epichlorohydrin in short steps and found to be superior chiral dopants for ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs).
A New Wet-proof Technique of Gas-diffusion Electrodes
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Shimura Chiyoka , Tsurumi Kazunori , Hara Noriaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The development of an electrode having a completely wet-proofed gas-permeable network was achieved by the introduction of carbon support covered with a thin hydrophobic film of directly fluorinated polyethylene. Its promising property as a long life electrode was demonstrated and the electrode structure was proposed.
An Efficient Synthesis of Quinone Derivatives of Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and Thieno[3,2-b]thieno[2′,3′-d]thiophene and Their Spectral Properties
Authors: Mazaki Yasuhiro , Takiguchi Naoyoshi , Kobayashi Keiji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The quinones of the condensed thiophenes were prepared in good yields by use of an elimination reaction of di-tert-butoxy derivatives. The redox and UV-spectral properties of these compounds are demonstrated.
Synthesis and Photochromic Behavior of 5-Substituted Indolylfulgides
Authors: Yokoyama Yasushi , Tanaka Tatsuo , Yamane Takeshi , Kurita Yukio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
1,2-Dimethylindolylfulgides with 5-methylthio, 5-methoxy, or 5-dimethylamino group on the indole ring were synthesized and their photochromic properties were examined. Electron donating substituents lengthened the absorption maximum of the colored form and decreased the quantum yields of the photoreactions. The colored form of the dimethylaminoindolyl-substituted fulgide has λmax at 673 nm, the longest absorption maximum wavelength ever known as that of a fulgide.
A Convenient Determination of Surface Hydroxyl Group on Silica Gel by FT-IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshinaga Kohji , Rikitake Masaru , Kito Taketoshi , Yamamoto Yukiko , Eguchi Hiroshi , Komatsu Michio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The dimethylsilyl(–Si(CH3)2H) substitution of hydroxyl hydrogen led to a convenient determination of surface silanol group on silica gels by Si-H bond stretching vibrational absorption analysis. The proposed procedure can be freed from influences of adsorbed water and moisture through the measurement process.
Structure Revision of Wittmann’s Trimeric Condensate from Phenylmalonyl Dichloride. 5H-3,5,7-Triphenylfuro[3,2-b]pyran-2,6-dione from 4-Hydroxy-3,6,7-triphenyl-p-tropoquinone
Authors: Mori Akira , Nishiyama Nobuaki , Kodama Masahiro , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The structure of saponified product of Wittmann’s trimeric condensates of phenylmalonyl dichloride is revised from 4-hydroxy-3,6,7-triphenyl-p-tropoquinone to 5H-3,5,7-triphenylfuro[3,2-b]pyran-2,6-dione based on the chemical and X-ray crystallographic results.