bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erectile Dysfunction in Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerotic Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice
Authors: Behr-Roussel Delphine , Darblade Benoit , Oudot Alexandra , Compagnie Sandrine , Bernabé Jacques , Alexandre Laurent , Giuliano François 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular diseases share the same risk factors. Although the use of hypercholesterolemic rabbit models has proven to be useful to illustrate the link between ED and hypercholesterolemia, the cost of daily maintenance of the animals and necessity for important amounts of drug have limited their use.

Aim
We aimed to develop a new model of atherosclerosis-associated ED in a well-known experimental model of atherosclerosis, the apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mouse.

Methods
Erectile function was evaluated by recording frequency-dependent increases in intracavernous pressure following electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in 26-, 32-, and 38-week-old ApoE KO mice fed a Western-type diet and age-matched C57BL6/J anesthetized mice. Atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated by planimetry in oil red O-stained aortas.

Results
We found that in contrast to C57BL6/J mice, ApoE mice displayed atherosclerotic lesions covering 22% of the aortic luminal surface at 26 weeks of age and increasing to 27% and 35% at 32 weeks and 38 weeks of age, respectively. The amplitude of erectile responses to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve was markedly impaired in 26-week-old ApoE KO mice as compared with age-matched C57BL6/J mice. Impairment in erectile function persisted in ApoE KO mice 32 and 38 weeks of age.

Conclusions
The ApoE KO mouse, a well-characterized model to study disorders associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in cardiovascular research, could therefore be suitable for investigation of disease-modifying effects of new therapeutic strategies aiming to target both atherosclerosis and ED.
Incentives and Investor Expectations
Authors: O'Byrne Stephen F. , Young S. David 
Published: June 2006

This article argues that the Expectations‐Based Management (EBM) measure proposed by Copeland and Dolgoff (in the previous article) is essentially the same measure that EVA companies have used for years as the basis for performance evaluation and incentive compensation. After pointing out that the analyst‐based measures cited by Copeland and Dolgoff do not provide a basis for a workable compensation plan, the authors present the outline of a widely used expectations‐based EVA bonus plan. In so doing, they demonstrate the two key steps in designing such a plan: (1) using a company's “Future Growth Value”—the part of its current market value that cannot be accounted for by its current earnings— to calibrate the series of annual EVA “improvements” expected by the market; and (2) determining the executive's share of those improvements and thus of the company's expected “excess” return.One of the major objections to the use of EVA, or any single‐period measure, as the basis for a performance evaluation and incentive comp plan is its inability to reflect the longer‐run consequences of current investment and operating decisions. The authors close by presenting a solution to this “delayed productivity of capital” problem in the form of an internal accounting approach for dealing with acquisitions and other large strategic investments.
Interrelationships among Native Peoples, Genetic Research, and the Landscape: Need for Further Research into Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues
Authors: Tano Mervyn L. 
Published: June 2006

During the past four years, the International Institute for Indigenous Resource Management has sponsored and co-sponsored a series of discursive roundtables on the ethical, legal, social, and cultural implications of genetic research on Indian tribes and Indian people. The deliberations of the tribal leaders, legal scholars, researchers, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and others who participated in these roundtables laid out a range of barriers to informed tribal participation in genetic research and proposed a policy, legal, and scientific research agenda to fill gaps in knowledge and to otherwise support indigenous peoples' decision-making on genetic research issues.An understanding of Native American attitudes toward genetic research on their community cannot be fully understood absent an appreciation of the interrelationship among native peoples, genetic research, and the landscape, contaminated as it is by governmental and other factors. The deliberations described herein present invaluable insights into tribal attitudes toward genetic research that have application to ethical, legal and social aspects of forensic DNA databanks, sample collection and retention, and, in particular, issues of secondary non-forensic uses of such DNA.
The Impact of DNA Exonerations on the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Berger Margaret A. 
Published: June 2006

The emergence of post-conviction DNA testing has had profound effects on the American criminal justice system. Although changes in the formal legal landscape are readily noticeable, the DNA exonerations have also produced other consequences that may have potentially more significance. To comprehend and assess the influence of post-conviction DNA testing one must examine more than just the law on the books. After some introductory material, Part I of this essay looks at repercussions DNA exonerations are having on the basic operation of the criminal justice system, Part II examines new statutes that govern procedures for post-conviction DNA testing requests, and Part III briefly considers how these current developments may affect Supreme Court jurisprudence.Post-conviction DNA testing has evolved in little more than a decade. Before 2000, only two states, New York and Illinois, had statutes that authorized post-conviction DNA testing. In other jurisdictions, no formally authorized procedures existed that allowed inmates to make requests for DNA testing of crime scene evidence.
Pediatric Assent: Subject Protection Issues among Adolescent Females Enrolled in Research
Authors: O'Lonergan Theresa , Zodrow John J. 
Published: June 2006

Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) in the medical community are generally lasting longer due to a number of factors, including an increase in the total volume of biomedical research, expanded federal regulatory requirements, and a rise in patient interest in participating as research subjects. Leading national and international initiatives promote clinical research in children. The primary impetus for these initiatives is the need for adequate data for clinical application of new products and treatment approaches in the pediatric population. Clinical investigations must maintain ethical conduct as an essential component of pediatric research.Ethical issues associated with clinical research in general have received prominent public and scientific attention. Of particular interest is informed consent, orassent, as applied to pediatrics. There is little practical guidance concerning pediatric assent from legal and ethical disciplines; the law has played only a small role in few cases.
Wear Calculation for Toroidal Drive
Authors: Xu Lizhong , Huang Zhen 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In this paper, by analyzing relative motion relationship of the toroidal drive, the lengths of the sliding arc and the rolling arc of the stator, worm, and planet are given. The formulas of the sliding ratios of the stator, worm, and planet teeth surfaces are introduced. The formulas of the wear values of teeth surfaces of the stator, worm, and planet for the drive are proposed. Using the formulas, distributions of the wear values of the stator, worm, and planet teeth surfaces are calculated and influences of the principal parameters of the drive on the wear values are discussed. Test results are close to calculating the value of the above wear equation.
Nocturnal Low-Level Jet in a Mountain Basin Complex. Part II: Transport and Diffusion of Tracer under Stable Conditions
Authors: Darby Lisa S. , Allwine K. Jerry , Banta Robert M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Differences in nighttime transport and diffusion of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer in an urban complex-terrain setting (Salt Lake City, Utah) are investigated using surface and Doppler lidar wind data and large-scale surface pressure differences. Interacting scales of motion, as studied through the URBAN 2000 field program combined with the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) experiment, explained the differences in the tracer behavior during three separate intensive operating periods. With an emphasis on nighttime stable boundary layer conditions, these field programs were designed to study flow features responsible for the nighttime transport of airborne substances. This transport has implications for air quality, homeland security, and emergency response if the airborne substances are hazardous. The important flow features investigated included thermally forced canyon and slope flows and a low-level jet (LLJ) that dominated the basin-scale winds when the surface pressure gradient was weak. The presence of thermally forced flows contributed to the complexity and hindered the predictability of the tracer motion within and beyond the city. When organized thermally forced flows were present, the tracer tended to stay closer to the city for longer periods of time, even though a strong basin-scale LLJ did develop. When thermally forced flows were short lived or absent, the basin-scale low-level jet dominated the wind field and enhanced the transport of tracer material out of the city.
Protein C concentrations in severe sepsis: an early directional change in plasma levels predicts outcome
Authors: Shorr Andrew F , Bernard Gordon R , Dhainaut Jean-Francois , Russell James R , Macias William L , Nelson David R , Sundin David P 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Protein C, because of its central role in hemostasis, plays an integral role in the host response to infection. Protein C depletion, resulting from increased consumption, degradation, and/or decreased synthesis, is characteristic of sepsis and has been shown to predict morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether early directional changes in protein C levels correlate with outcome.

Methods
Patients in the Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) clinical trial were assessed and categorized by baseline protein C (n = 1574). Deficiency was categorized as: severe deficiency, protein C levels ≤ 40% of normal protein C activity (n = 615, 39% of patients); deficient, protein C levels 41–80% of normal protein C activity (n = 764, 48.5% of patients); and normal, >80% of normal protein C activity (n = 195, 12.4% of patients). Logistic regression analysis of 28-day mortality for placebo patients was used to investigate whether baseline and day 1 protein C levels were independent risk factors for mortality. The impact of treatment with drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) was also assessed.

Results
Protein C levels at baseline and day 1 were independent risk factors in placebo patients. If baseline protein C levels of severely deficient placebo patients remained ≤ 40% at day 1 their odds of death increased (odds ratio = 2.75, P < 0.0001), while if levels improved to >40% by day 1 their risk of death decreased (odds ratio = 0.43, P = 0.03). If baseline protein C levels of placebo patients were >40% but decreased by ≥ 10% on day 1, their risk of death increased (odds ratio = 1.87, P = 0.02). DrotAA treatment improved protein C levels by day 1 compared with placebo (P = 0.008) and reduced the risk of death in severely deficient (≤ 40%) patients at baseline. Treatment also decreased the number of severely protein C deficient (= 40%) patients and decreased the number of deficient (41–80%) patients and normal (>80%) patients who had a ≥ 10% decrease in protein C levels by day 1.

Conclusion
Baseline protein C levels were an independent predictor of sepsis outcome. Day 1 changes in protein C, regardless of baseline levels, were also predictive of outcome. The association of DrotAA treatment, increased protein C levels, and improved survival may partially explain the mechanism of action.
High-Risk Neuroblastoma Treated With Tandem Autologous Peripheral-Blood Stem Cell–Supported Transplantation: Long-Term Survival Update
Authors: George Rani E. , Li Shuli , Medeiros-Nancarrow Cheryl , Neuberg Donna , Marcus Karen , Shamberger Robert C. , Pulsipher Michael , Grupp Stephan A. , Diller Lisa 
Published: June 2006

Purpose To provide an update on long-term survival of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma treated with tandem cycles of myeloablative therapy and peripheral-blood stem-cell rescue (PBSCR). Patients and Methods Ninety-seven patients with high-risk neuroblastoma were treated between 1994 and 2002. Patients underwent induction therapy with five cycles of standard agents, resection of the primary tumor and local radiation, and two consecutive courses of myeloablative therapy (including total-body irradiation) with PBSCR. Results Fifty-one patients have experienced relapse or died. Median follow-up time among the 46 patients who remain alive without progression is 5.6 years (range, 15.1 months to 9.9 years). Progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 5 years from diagnosis was 47% (95% CI, 36% to 56%), and PFS rate at 7 years was 45% (95% CI, 34% to 55%). Overall survival rate was 60% (95% CI, 48% to 69%) and 53% (95% CI, 40% to 64%) at 5 and 7 years, respectively. The 5- and 7- year PFS rates from time of first transplantation for 82 patients who completed both transplants were 54% (95% CI, 42% to 64%) and 52% (95% CI, 40% to 63%), respectively. Five patients died from treatment-related toxicity after tandem transplantation. Relapse occurred in 37 (42%) of 89 patients, mainly within 3 years of transplantation and primarily in diffuse osseous sites. No primary CNS relapse or secondary leukemia was seen. One patient developed synovial cell sarcoma 8 years after therapy. Conclusion High-dose therapy with tandem autologous stem-cell rescue is effective for treating high-risk neuroblastoma, with encouraging long-term survival. CNS relapse and secondary malignancies are rare after this therapy.
Polymorphisms associated with apolipoprotein B levels in Greek patients with familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Choumerianou Despoina M. , Maumus Sandy , Skoumas John , Pitsavos Christos , Stefanadis Christodoulos , Visvikis-Siest Sophie , Dedoussis George V.Z. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:799–806.
Conceptual and Practical Considerations for Sharing Catastrophic/Systemic Risks
Authors: Skees Jerry R. , Barnett Barry J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCatastrophic or systemic risks are a major challenge for the farm and food system and rural communities. Private sector markets for sharing catastrophic risks are limited, but less so than in the past. This article presents a conceptual base for understanding why markets for sharing catastrophic risks may be incomplete and/or inefficient. Next, federal efforts to address catastrophic risk losses are reviewed. Finally, new capital market developments are presented and an alternative is introduced where the government would write risk options for specific perils.
Sound Policies for Food Security: The Role of Culture and Social Organization
Authors: Molnar Joseph J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCulture conditions the ability to organize to provide food security, but social organization is the immediate source of policies that prevent food insecurity or determine what happens when it does occur. Weather, war, terrorism, conflict, overpopulation, environmental degradation, corruption, and faulty policies have been identified as causes of food insecurity. Perhaps most of the blame for food insecurity should go to faulty policies or poor implementation of sound policy. This article identifies reasons for both kinds of failure that are linked to culture and social organization. The central task of government is to allow the food system to manage its own affairs, but policies must be ready to guide action when market, crop, or policy failures create food insecurity among those with no other means of coping with adversity.
Using Active Learning to Enhance Lectures
Authors: Bonwell Charles C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEighty percent of college professors lecture more than 80% of the time. Since clarity of information is crucial to rigorous disciplines such as agricultural economics, this research‐based article will examine ways in which student comprehension of lectures can be improved through the use of active learning. Specific strategies are suggested for previewing material, organizing information, assessing student learning, signaling transitions, using multiple examples, stressing, important points, providing pauses, eliminating unexplained content, and reviewing information frequently.
Bigger, Smaller, Richer, Poorer: Trends in Agricultural Economics
Authors: Zepeda Lydia , Marchant Mary 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe 1996 American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA) Employment Services Committee (ESC) survey results reveal that although enrollments are declining in both undergraduate and graduate programs, faculty numbers are increasing. These trends belie the fact that the increase in faculty has come among nontenure track faculty and that the number of tenure track assistant professors has declined markedly because of fewer hires, promotions, and attrition. One result is an aging tenure track faculty. Salaries among all faculty have been increasing at over 2% per year; however, a greater proportion of faculty is in the nontenure track at lower salaries. Key strategies to reverse declining enrollments are for departments to improve diversity, to gather information on placement of students at all levels, and especially to learn more about private‐industry placements at the undergraduate and masters levels and about foreign employment at the graduate level.
Shape variation of bilayer membrane daughter vesicles induced by anisotropic membrane inclusions
Authors: Bohinc Klemen , Lombardo Darko , Kraljiglič Veronika , Fošnarič Miha , May Sylvio , Pernuš Franjo , Hägerstrand Henry , Iglič Aleš 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA theoretical model of a two-component bilayer membrane was used in order to describe the influence of anisotropic membrane inclusions on shapes of membrane daughter micro and nano vesicles. It was shown that for weakly anisotropic inclusions the stable vesicle shapes are only slightly out-of-round. In contrast, for strongly anisotropic inclusions the stable vesicle shapes may significantly differ from spheres, i.e. they have a flattened oblate shape at small numbers of inclusions in the membrane, and an elongated cigar-like prolate shape at high numbers of inclusions in the vesicle membrane.
Serum decreases the size of Metafectene-and Genejammer-DNA complexes but does not affect significantly their transfection activity in SCCVII murine squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Konopka Krystyna , Overlid Nathan , Nagaraj Anitha , Düzgüneş Nejat 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCationic liposome-DNA (lipoplexes) or polymer-DNA (polyplexes) complexes have been used to deliver therapeutic genes, both in vitro and in vivo. However, gene transfer by these non-viral vectors is usually inhibited by biological milieu. A relatively high efficiency of transfection could be achieved in human oral cancer cells transfected with the polycationic liposome, Metafectene, and the polyamine reagent, GeneJammer, in the presence of 60% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Konopka et al., Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 10 (2005) 455–470). Here, we examined the efficacy of these vectors to deliver β-galactosidase (β-gal), luciferase and Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) genes to SCCVII murine squamous cell carcinoma cells, which are used to generate an orthotopic murine model of oral cancer. We also evaluated the hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of the vectors and the effect of FBS and mouse serum (up to 60%) on the size of Metafectene and GeneJammer complexes with the pCMV.Luc plasmid. Our results indicate that Metafectene and GeneJammer are highly effective in transfecting SCCVII cells. Approximately 60–70% of SCCVII cells transfected with pCMV.lacZ were positive for β-gal staining. The expression of β-galactosidase was essentially not affected by serum. Mouse serum (20–60%) reduced both Metafectene-and GeneJammer-mediated luciferase expression by ∼30–45%, while FBS did not affect transfection efficiency. The delivery of the HSV-tk gene by Metafectene or GeneJammer in the presence of 0% or 60% FBS, followed by GCV treatment for 6 days, resulted in over 90% cytotoxicity. The mean diameters of the DNA complexes of Metafectene and GeneJammer decreased significantly as a function of the serum concentration. The reduction in the size of the lipoplexes and polyplexes by serum was essentially not inhibitory to transfection of SCCVII cells. This is in contrast to previous hypotheses that serum-induced decrease in the size of lipoplexes is the primary cause of serum inhibition of transfection.
Finding limiting flows of batch extractive distillation with interval arithmetic
Authors: Frits Erika R. , Lelkes Zoltán , Fonyó Zsolt , Rév Endre , Markót Mihály Cs. , Csendes Tibor 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA feasibility study on batch extractive distillation is based on analyzing profile maps. The existence and location of singular points and separatrices in these maps depend on process parameters. The limiting flows of the process are related to those parameter values where the map changes shape. Graphical tools can be used to roughly estimate these values. If a singularity is not found using graphical methods, one cannot guarantee that a singularity does not exist. Reliable computation of all zeroes of a nonlinear multidimensional function can be used to determine these points. This can be accomplished using interval arithmetic. An interval arithmetic–based branch‐and‐bound optimizer is applied to find the singular points and bifurcations. All the singular points of the maps at specified process parameters are found in this way. Limiting flows are determined with the same methodology by finding the bifurcation points and the corresponding parameter values. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Der Weg zur Struktur amorpher Festkörper – eine Studie am Beispiel der Keramik Si3B3N7
Authors: Jansen Martin , Schön J. Christian , van Wüllen Leo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSi3B3N7 ist die Basisverbindung einer neuen Klasse amorpher Keramiken aus Si, B, N und C mit einem einzigartigen Eigenschaftsspektrum. Es bildet ein ungeordnetes Netzwerk, in dem die konstituierenden Elemente überwiegend kovalent aneinander gebunden sind. Wie bei Quarzglas ist die Zusammensetzung von a‐Si3B3N7 nahezu stöchiometrisch. Da alle drei konstituierenden Elemente als Aufatome für strukturempfindliche Sonden fungieren können, wurde Si3B3N7 als Grundlage für systematische Strukturuntersuchungen herangezogen, wobei insbesondere die Verfahren für die Strukturbestimmung bei festen Stoffen ohne Translationssymmetrie erprobt und verbessert werden sollten. Allerdings kann aus experimentellen Ergebnissen nicht die komplette amorphe Struktur abgeleitet werden, weshalb sie durch Computersimulationen überprüft und ergänzt werden müssen. Dazu wurden fünf Familien von Strukturmodellen erzeugt und mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Nur solche Modelle korrelierten gut mit dem Experiment, die bei ihrer Generierung so nahe wie möglich dem tatsächlichen Syntheseweg folgten.