bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Arrest Warrant and the Sovereign State: A Marriage of Convenience?
Authors: Fichera Massimo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe article aims to analyse the extent to which mutual recognition and mutual trust in the criminal law area are developing in the EU in the context of the implementation of the European Arrest Warrant (EAW). First, an overview of the decisions of the Constitutional Courts in Germany, Poland, Cyprus and Czech Republic will be given. These decisions are evidence of a tension, on the one hand, between mutual recognition and state sovereignty and, on the other hand, between the powers of the European institutions in criminal matters and the fundamental rights of the individual. Second, national case‐law in the UK, Belgium, Spain and Italy will be examined. Third, an analysis of the recent decision of the European Court of Justice of 3 May 2007 will be carried out. Finally, a global assessment of the EAW will be made. Is this instrument effectively promoting normative mutual trust among the judicial authorities in the EU? Should it be amended or is it the wrong response at the wrong time? Some suggestions will be put forward, in light of what is considered to be the nature of the EAW and the birth of this instrument as part of the mutual recognition agenda.
Inbreeding Coefficients for X‐linked and Autosomal Genes in Consanguineous Marriages in Spanish Populations: The Case of Guipúzcoa (Basque Country)
Authors: Calderón R. , Aresti U. , Ambrosio B. , González‐Martín A. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryInbreeding patterns over the past two centuries have been studied more extensively in Spain and Italy than anywhere else in Europe. Consanguinity studies in mainland Spain have shown that populations settled along the Cantabrian cornice share inbreeding patterns that distinguish them from other populations further south. A visual representation of spatial variations of two key inbreeding variables is presented here for the first time via contour maps. This paper also analyzes time trends of mean inbreeding coefficients for X‐linked (Fx) and autosomal genes (F) (1862–1995) together with variations in Fx/F ratios in Guipúzcoa, the most autochthonous Spanish Basque province. Because close cousin marriages are a mark of identity of the study population, we evaluated the contribution of uncle‐niece/aunt‐nephew (M12) and first cousin (M22) marriages to Fx and F values and compared the frequencies of M12 and M22 pedigree subtypes and their corresponding Fx/F ratios to those found in other Spanish populations. The mean Fx and F inbreeding levels in Guipúzcoa for the 134‐year period analyzed were 1.51 × 10−3 and 1.04 × 10−3, respectively, and the Fx/F ratio was seen to be very stable over time. Our findings show that major similarities exist for close consanguineous marriage subtypes between Basque and non‐Basque Spanish populations, despite significant geographic variability in terms of first cousin pedigrees. The distortion seems to be caused by Guipúzcoa. The Fx/F ratios for first cousins in Spanish populations were higher than expected (1.25), with values ranging from 1.34 to 1.48. The findings of the present study may be useful for advancing knowledge on the effects of the interaction between biology and culture and for exploring associations between mating patterns and the prevalence of certain diseases.
Distinct clinical characteristics of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex patients with no mutation identified
Authors: Camposano S. E. , Greenberg E. , Kwiatkowski D. J. , Thiele E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multi‐system disorder that is highly variable in its clinical presentation. Current molecular diagnostic methods permit identification of mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2 in 75–85% of TSC patients. Here we examine the clinical characteristics of those TSC patients who have no mutation identified (NMI). A retrospective review of our patient population that had comprehensive testing for mutations in TSC1/TSC2 identified 23/157 (15%) that were NMI. NMI patients had a lower incidence of brain findings on imaging studies, neurological features, and renal findings than those with TSC2 mutations. In contrast, NMI patients had a lower incidence of seizures than TSC patients with TSC1 mutations, but had a higher incidence of both renal angiomyolipomas and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. This distinct constellation of findings suggest that NMI patients may have a unique molecular pathogenesis, different from that seen in TSC patients with the usual mutations in TSC1 and TSC2. We suggest that the mechanisms of disease in these patients include both mosaicism for a TSC2 mutation, and unusual non‐coding region mutations in TSC2.
Testing co‐evolutionary hypotheses over geological timescales: interactions between Mesozoic non‐avian dinosaurs and cycads
Authors: Butler Richard J. , Barrett Paul M. , Kenrick Paul , Penn Malcolm G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe significance of co‐evolution over ecological timescales is well established, yet it remains unclear to what extent co‐evolutionary processes contribute to driving large‐scale evolutionary and ecological changes over geological timescales. Some of the most intriguing and pervasive long‐term co‐evolutionary hypotheses relate to proposed interactions between herbivorous non‐avian dinosaurs and Mesozoic plants, including cycads. Dinosaurs have been proposed as key dispersers of cycad seeds during the Mesozoic, and temporal variation in cycad diversity and abundance has been linked to dinosaur faunal changes. Here we assess the evidence for proposed hypotheses of trophic and evolutionary interactions between these two groups using diversity analyses, a new database of Cretaceous dinosaur and plant co‐occurrence data, and a geographical information system (GIS) as a visualisation tool. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that the origins of several key biological properties of cycads (e.g. toxins, bright‐coloured seeds) likely predated the origin of dinosaurs. Direct evidence of dinosaur–cycad interactions is lacking, but evidence from extant ecosystems suggests that dinosaurs may plausibly have acted as seed dispersers for cycads, although it is likely that other vertebrate groups (e.g. birds, early mammals) also played a role. Although the Late Triassic radiations of dinosaurs and cycads appear to have been approximately contemporaneous, few significant changes in dinosaur faunas coincide with the late Early Cretaceous cycad decline. No significant spatiotemporal associations between particular dinosaur groups and cycads can be identified – GIS visualisation reveals disparities between the spatiotemporal distributions of some dinosaur groups (e.g. sauropodomorphs) and cycads that are inconsistent with co‐evolutionary hypotheses. The available data provide no unequivocal support for any of the proposed co‐evolutionary interactions between cycads and herbivorous dinosaurs – diffuse co‐evolutionary scenarios that are proposed to operate over geological timescales are plausible, but such hypotheses need to be firmly grounded on direct evidence of interaction and may be difficult to support given the patchiness of the fossil record.
LEISHMANIASIS ENTOMOLOGICAL FIELD STUDIES: ETHICAL ISSUES
Authors: ANDRADE‐NARVAEZ FERNANDO , CANTO‐LARA SILVIA B. , DEL ROSARIO GARCIA‐MISS MARIA 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTOccupational health remains neglected in developing countries because of competing social, economic and political challenges. Ethical issues in the workplace related to the hazards and risks of becoming infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, through the bite of naturally infected sand flies, is another area of concern that has been neglected as well. We report here the results of reviewing two entomological field studies carried out in our research center from 2003 to 2006. Eight students from our School of Biology were invited to catch sand flies. A total of six of the eight (75%) developed a typical clinical picture of Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by L. (L.) mexicana. In this article we identify the ethical issues related to these kinds of studies and propose some guidelines for conducting them.
Adopting Information Technology to Drive Improvements in Patient Safety: Lessons from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Health Information Technology Grantees
Authors: Damberg Cheryl L. , Ridgely M. Susan , Shaw Rebecca , Meili Robin C. , Sorbero Melony E.S. , Bradley Lily A. , Farley Donna O. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. To document and assess the experiences of 104 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)‐funded health information technology (health IT) grantees in planning and implementing health IT systems.Data Source. Grant proposals and interviews with the AHRQ health IT grantees.Data Collection Method. Extracted descriptive data from the health IT grant proposals; conducted telephone interviews with principal investigators.Principal Findings. AHRQ funding of the health IT projects provided important support for health IT development work in various health care settings. Successful implementation required commitment from top management, dedicated staff and financial resources, an open process to encourage buy‐in and enthusiasm by end users, and sheer persistence. Technologies required tailoring to the specific organization's needs. Grantees felt their projects could be replicated by others, if organizations had ample IT expertise and resources. Evaluating the value of health IT was hampered by the absence of validated instruments and measures, organizational demands that competed with data collection, and lack of evaluation expertise among health IT implementers.Conclusions. Experiences of the health IT grantees provide rich information for use by health care providers, AHRQ, and other policy makers to help strengthen future health IT development efforts, including the need to improve evaluation design and standards to assess impact.
Assessment of Contributions to Patient Safety Knowledge by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality‐Funded Patient Safety Projects
Authors: Sorbero Melony E.S. , Ricci Karen A. , Lovejoy Susan , Haviland Amelia M. , Smith Linda , Bradley Lily A. , Hiatt Liisa , Farley Donna O. 
Published: December 2008

Objective. To characterize the activities of projects funded in Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)'s patient safety portfolio and assess their aggregate potential to contribute to knowledge development.Data Sources. Information abstracted from proposals for projects funded in AHRQ's patient safety portfolio, information on safety practices from the AHRQ Evidence Report on Patient Safety Practices, and products produced by the projects.Study Design. This represented one part of the process evaluation conducted as part of a longitudinal evaluation based on the Context–Input–Process–Product model.Principal Findings. The 234 projects funded through AHRQ's patient safety portfolio examined a wide variety of patient safety issues and extended their work beyond the hospital setting to less studied parts of the health care system. Many of the projects implemented and tested practices for which the patient safety evidence report identified a need for additional evidence. The funded projects also generated a substantial body of new patient safety knowledge through a growing number of journal articles and other products.Conclusions. The projects funded in AHRQ's patient safety portfolio have the potential to make substantial contributions to the knowledge base on patient safety. The full value of this new knowledge remains to be confirmed through the synthesis of results.
Evaluation of the AHRQ Patient Safety Initiative: Synthesis of Findings
Authors: Farley Donna O. , Damberg Cheryl L. 
Published: December 2008

Objective. To present overall findings from the 4‐year evaluation of the national patient safety initiative operated by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).Data Sources. Interviews with AHRQ staff, grantees, and other patient safety stakeholders; published materials; and internal AHRQ documents.Study Design. The evaluation was structured to address a system framework of five components involved in improving safety. The initiative's contributions to improving each system component were assessed qualitatively, comparing results from three separate analyses—AHRQ's achievement of its patient safety goals, our own assessment of the initiative's activities, and independent stakeholder ratings of AHRQ's contributions.Findings and Conclusions. AHRQ has faced a daunting challenge for improving patient safety, given the complex problems of the U.S. health care system and the limited resources AHRQ has had to address them. The patient safety initiative achieved strongest progress for its contributions to knowledge of patient safety epidemiology and effective practices, where AHRQ has considerable experience, and to strengthening infrastructure to support adoption of safe practices. Progress was slower in establishing a national monitoring capability and dissemination of safe practices for adoption. AHRQ needs to expand efforts to apply new knowledge for stimulating use of safe practices in the field.
TRUTH AND WHAT IS SAID*
Authors: Zardini Elia 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA notion oftruthas applicable to events of assertoric use (utterances) of a sentence token is arguably presupposed and required by our evaluative practices of the use of language. The truth of an utterance seems clearly to depend on what the utterancesays. This fundamental dependence seems in turn to be captured by the schema that, if an utteranceusays thatP, thenuis true iffP. Such a schema may thus be thought to constitute a suitable basis for an adequate theory of utterance truth, so much so that it seems straightforwardly to avoid the problems arising fromcontext dependenceand thesemantic paradoxeswhich notoriously beset theories of utterance truth based on a simpledisquotationalschema. The paper argues that appearances are deceptive in both cases. On the one hand, the schema cannot allow for plausible if not uncontroversialnon‐indexicalforms of context dependence, arising from the possibility that what an utterance says can be the case or not relative to different situations and that the truth of an utteranceuof a sentence ϕ arguably depends on the truth of ϕ at the situation “associated” withu. On the other hand, aquantified utterance‐truthvariation on the liar paradox shows that the schema entails some consequence ϕ and at the same time the untruth of any utterance of ϕ; moreover, a resilientquantified propositionalvariation on the contingent liar paradox is offered, which only relies on resources usually employed by theories of utterance truth based on the schema.
Genesis of metapelitic migmatites in the Adirondack Mountains, New York
Authors: LANCASTER P. J. , FU B. , PAGE F. Z. , KITA N. T. , BICKFORD M. E. , HILL B. M. , McLELLAND J. M. , VALLEY J. W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOxygen isotope ratios and rare earth element (REE) concentrations provide independent tests of competing models of injection v. anatexis for the origin of migmatites from amphibolite and granulite facies metasedimentary rocks of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Values of δ18O and REE profiles were measured by ion microprobe in garnet–zircon pairs from 10 sample localities. Prior U–Pb SIMS dating of zircon grains indicates that inherited cores (1.7–1.2 Ga) are surrounded by overgrowths crystallized during the Grenville orogenic cycle (∼1.2–1.0 Ga). Cathodoluminescence imaging records three populations of zircon: (i) featureless rounded ‘whole grains’ (interpreted as metamorphic or anatectic), and rhythmically zoned (igneous) cores truncated by rims that are either (ii) discordant rhythmically zoned (igneous) or (iii) unzoned (metamorphic or anatectic). These textural interpretations are supported by geochronology and oxygen isotope analysis. In both the amphibolite facies NW Adirondacks and the granulite facies SE Adirondacks, δ18O(Zrc) values in overgrowths and whole zircon are highly variable for metamorphic zircon (6.1–13.4‰; n = 95, 10 μm spot). In contrast, garnet is typically unzoned and δ18O(Grt) values are constant at each locality, differing only between leucosomes and corresponding melanosomes. None of the analysed metamorphic zircon–garnet pairs attained oxygen isotope equilibrium, indicating that zircon rims and garnet are not coeval. Furthermore, REE profiles from zircon rims indicate zircon growth in all regions was prior to significant garnet growth. Thus, petrological estimates from garnet equilibria (e.g. P–T) cannot be associated uncritically with ages determined from zircon. The unusually high δ18O values (>10‰) in zircon overgrowths from leucocratic layers are distinctly different from associated metaigneous rocks (δ18O(Zrc) < 10‰) indicating that these leucosomes are not injected magmas derived from known igneous rocks. Surrounding melanosomes have similarly high δ18O(Zrc) values, suggesting that leucosomes are related to surrounding melanosomes, and that these migmatites formed by anatexis of high δ18O metasedimentary rocks.
Lumbar Root Stimulation for Restoring Leg Function: Stimulator and Measurement of Muscle Actions
Authors: Donaldson N. de N. , Perkins T.A. , Worley A.C.M. 
Published: December 2008

We are studying the feasibility of restoring lower limb functions toparaplegics by stimulating their lumbar anterior roots (L2‐S2). The potentialadvantages ofplacing electrodes at the roots, at the cauda equina, were set out by Rushton(1), and our results so far are in a companion paper by Rushton et al. In thispaper, we describebriefly the stimulator system and a special apparatus we call the multimomentchair. The stimulator is a development from an earlier design of an implantableperipheral nervestimulator (2) and has features that make it easier to use. The multimomentchair enables us to gather simultaneously isometric joint moments from 14 axesof the legs duringstimulation while the body is fixed in a posture between sitting and fullextension. Such rapid data collection is essential to discover the effects ofmultiple‐root stimulation and its functional possibilities.
An Analysis of the Effect of a Vent Hole on Excess Cement Expressed at the Crown–Abutment Margin for Cement‐Retained Implant Crowns
Authors: Patel Dipan , Invest James C.F. , Tredwin Christopher J. , Setchell Derrick J. , Moles David R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Purpose: The labial margins of anterior implant‐retained crowns are often positioned subgingivally for a superior esthetic appearance. One of the consequences of subgingival margins is the increased risk of leaving excess cement behind following cementation. This can lead to potential problems, including peri‐implant inflammation, soft tissue swelling, soreness, bleeding or suppuration on probing, and bone loss. The purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate the effect of placement, location, and diameter of a vent hole on the amount of cement being expressed at the margin of an anterior implant abutment‐retained crown. Materials and Methods: Three implant crown copings were fabricated to fit on the same custom abutment. Three vent diameters (0.75, 1.25, and 1.65 mm) and three locations on the palatal surface of the coping (cervico‐palatally, mid‐palatally, inciso‐palatally) were chosen for vent hole placement. For each test, the coping was cemented onto the abutment under standardized conditions. A preweighed thin coating of cement was applied to the fit surface of the coping. The amount of cement expressed at the margin and vent hole was measured by weight and calculated as a proportion of the amount of cement placed in the coping before seating. The procedure was completed 15 times for each variable. The results were statistically analyzed using univariate ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni‐adjusted independent samples t‐tests. Results: The presence of a vent hole influenced the proportion of cement expressed at the coping margin (p < 0.05). The location of a vent hole influenced the proportion of cement expressed at the coping margin (p < 0.05), with the exception of the mid‐palatal and inciso‐palatal positioning where there was no significant difference (p= 0.61) between groups. The diameter of the vent hole did not significantly influence the proportion of cement expressed at the coping margin (p= 0.096). Conclusions: When using anterior cement‐retained implant crowns, the use of a 0.75‐mm mid‐palatal or inciso‐palatal vent hole to minimize the amount of cement expressed at the margin during cementation should be considered.
Impact of Interproximal Groove Placement and Remaining Coronal Tooth Structure on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Anterior Teeth
Authors: Cho Hyunki , Michalakis Konstantinos X. , Kim Yeongjeong , Hirayama Hiroshi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Purpose: This in vitro study investigated the effect of grooves, remaining tooth structure, and their combination on tooth fracture resistance of endodontically treated anterior teeth with cast dowel and cores. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted maxillary anterior teeth of similar dimensions were endodontically treated and then randomly divided into three groups of 20 teeth each. The teeth in the first group were cut horizontally at the widest part of their anatomical crowns. Three hundred and sixty degree 1 and 2 mm axial walls for ferrule effect were provided for the teeth in the second and the third groups, respectively. Cast dowel and cores were fabricated for all teeth. Each group was then subdivided in two groups: one with no grooves and another with mesial and distal grooves. Hence, six groups were created as follows: (1) teeth with no remaining coronal tooth structure and no grooves (group A‐control); (2) teeth with no remaining coronal tooth structure, with mesial and distal grooves (group B); (3) teeth with 1 mm remaining coronal tooth structure, with no grooves (group C); (4) teeth with 1 mm remaining coronal tooth structure, with mesial and distal grooves (group D); (5) teeth with 2 mm remaining coronal tooth structure and no grooves (group E); and (6) teeth with 2 mm remaining coronal tooth structure, with mesial and distal grooves (group F). Complete cast crowns were then fabricated for all teeth. A universal testing machine applied controlled loads to the teeth at a crosshead speed of 2.54 mm/min at an angle of 130° to the long axes of the teeth until failure occurred. The loads were applied 2 mm lower than the incisal edges of the specimens. Descriptive statistics, one‐way ANOVA (α= 0.05) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used to determine the effect of failure loads among the tested groups (α= 0.05). Results: The mean failure loads were (N): group A (control), 151.21 ± 38.18; group B, 221.53 ± 107.03; group C, 295.35 ± 81.92; group D, 270.20 ± 76.01; group E, 491.70 ± 180.36; group F, 432.67 ± 193.83. Group E presented the highest failure load and group A (control) the lowest. Conclusion: The inclusion of interproximal grooves on the cast dowel and cores of endodontically treated anterior teeth with 1–2 mm of remaining coronal tooth structure does not significantly lower the failure threshold.