bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL‐8 enhances antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human neutrophils
Authors: REALI EVA , SPISANI SUSANNA , GAVIOLI RICCARDO , LANZA FRANCESCO , MORETTI SABRINA , TRANIELLO SERENA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman neutrophils are able to kill in vitro colorectal carcinoma cell line SW11‐16 coated with mAb 17‐1A, but they are not cytotoxic towards a non‐immunized tumour target. Neutrophil exposure to the inflammatory cytokine, IL‐8, produces a significant increase in antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which is related to IL‐8 concentration. Oxyradical production is one of the lytic mechanisms used by phagocytes, and IL‐8 is shown to activate this function, which does not occur if neutrophils are pretreated with the protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, but is increased by R59022, a dyacylglycerol kinase inhibitor. The IL‐8 effect is mediated by protein kinase C, which is potentiated by the calcium flux induced by the interaction between antibody coating tumour target and FcγRIII on effector cells, as previously demonstrated. Data suggest a possible new role for IL‐8 in tumour surveillance.
Expression and immune recognition of stress proteins in sarcoidosis and other chronic interstitial lung diseases
Authors: STATON J. M. , DENCH J. E. , CURRIE B. , FITZPATRICK D. R. , HIMBECK R. P. , ALLEN R. , BRUCE J. , ROBINSON B. W. S. , BIELEFELDT‐OHMANN H. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryStress proteins (SP) are major immunogens in a number of microbial infections and have been implicated in some autoimmune diseases. The aetiology of sarcoidosis, a non‐caseating granulomatous disease, remains unknown, but mycobacteria as well as autoimmunity have been considered. In the present study, patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis and other interstitial lung diseases (ILD), as well as healthy volunteers were studied to determine; (i) the level of expression of SP in alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes; (ii) the serum levels of antibodies specific for mycobacterial SP65 and SP70; and (iii) the reactivity of peripheral blood and alveolar lymphocytes to mycobacterial SP65. Our results suggest that SP are expressed constitutively at high levels in alveolar macrophages, retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage, from all individuals regardless of health status. In contrast, freshly isolated blood monocytes express low levels of SP, which are, however, readily upregulated following exposure to IFN‐γ and TNF‐α. Lymphocyte reactivity and presence of antibodies against mycobacterial SP may reflect the current state of in vivo inflammation rather than the cause of inflammation.
Cell mediated immunity in Antarctic wintering personnel; 1984–1992
Authors: MULLER HK , LUGG DJ , QUINN D 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCell‐mediated immune responses were studied in 12 Antarctic and sub‐Antarctic wintering groups at quarterly intervals over the period 1948–1992, using the cutaneous CMI Multitest. These populations are among the most isolated on earth. While the sub‐Antarctic population at Macquarie Island had levels of responsiveness and hypoergy (9%) comparable to healthy populations in temperate zones, the Antarctic Continental group showed a level of hypoergy of 36%. There was no seasonal variation in the pattern of responses. It is concluded that the extreme and isolated environment and stress factors are responsible for the decreased immunological responsiveness but the mechanisms are presently unclear. On review, one factor appears to be perceived anxiety. The high rate of hypoergy in Antarctica, where medical care is limited, may have health implications. These groups provide an excellent analogue for immunological investigations in longer term space flight.
Spontaneous generation of human CD8+ TCRαβ+ cells derived from precursors within the double negative compartment
Authors: FUJIMIYA YOSHIAKI , NAKAYAMA MASAYUKI , SHIBATA TORU , ABE JUN , SHIMADA MUNEHIRO , KOHSAKA TAKAO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFlow cytometric analysis demonstrated that fresh human thymocytes contain only a low level of mature CD8αβ+ TCRαβ+ or CD8+ TCRγδ+ cells and that they consist of − 70% double positive (DP) and − 10% double negative (DN) cells. These unfractionated thymocytes could be selectively expanded in vitro by stimulation with 12‐o‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) and PHA in the presence of IL‐2. The majority of the cells expanded from unfractionated thymocytes expressed CD3, TCRαβ and CD8 molecules after long‐term culture (18 days). When highly purified DN thymocytes were expanded over a period of 18 days in the presence of DP cells, they also co‐expressed CD3, TCRγδ and CD8 molecules on their surface. However, when pruified DN thymocytes were expanded alone, that is, in the absence of DP cells for 18 days, they expressed CD3‐assoeiated TCRαβ, but not CD8 or TCRαβ. Despite the expression of measurable levels of IL‐2 α and β receptors, as well as a significant level of TCRαβ, purified DP cells failed to proliferate. These findings provide the first evidence, in humans, that the progression of precursor cells in the DN compartment to a later stage of differentiation can be induced outside the thymus and that DP cells can affect the development of TCR expression in proliferating DN thymocytes.
Immune response to hepatitis C virus core protein in mice
Authors: HARASE ICHIRO , MORIYAMA TAKASHI , KANEKO TAKASHI , KITA HIROTO , NOMURA MASAYUKI , SUZUKI GEN , OHNISHI HIROO , MUTO YASUTOSHI , YAZAKI YOSHIO , IMAWARI MICHIO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTo analyse the immune response to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein, we immunized mice with the protein. BALB/c (H‐2d) and C3H/He (H‐2k) mice were high responders, while C57BL/6 (H‐2b) mice were low responders in terms of Th cell proliferative responses. All the strains showed comparable levels of antibody responses to the HCV core protein. The Th cell lines recognized residues 61–90 of the HCV core protein in the context of I‐Ad (BALB/c) and residues 11–30 in the context of I‐Ek (C3H/He), respectively. The Th cell lines were restricted by I‐Ab in C57BL/6 mice but recognized no synthetic peptide that spanned the region, although derivative clones from the line recognized residues 1–20 and 91–110 of the HCV core protein, respectively. The Th cell lines were Thl subset in all three strains based on the profile of lymphokine secretion. The major B cell epitope of the protein was found to be within residues 21–40 of the HCV core protein in all three strains. These observations should be useful for better understanding of the immune response to the HCV core protein in vivo.
Deficiency in T cell responses of human fetal lymph node cells: A lack of accessory cells
Authors: VON HOEGEN* PAUL , SARIN SUJATA , KROWKA JOHN F 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLymph node and spleen cells of human foetuses from the 18th to the 24th week of gestation were analysed with regard to their phenotypes and their functional capacities. Fetal mesenteric lymph nodes contain high percentages of CD45RA+ T cells and few B cells and monocytes, whereas the fetal spleen is comprised of equal numbers of T and B cells as well as monocytes/macrophages. Functional analysis of lymph node T cells revealed a lack of proliferative response to PHA or CD3 specific mAb, despite induction of expression of the activation marker CD69. Proliferation of LN cells and thymocytes was observed upon addition of exogenous IL‐2. An allogeneic EBV transformed tumour cell line, known to be an effective antigen presenting cell, could induce proliferation of LN cells without exogenous IL‐2 and fetal spleen cells could proliferate in response to all stimuli tested without additional IL‐2. Splenic non‐T cells could restore the proliferation of lymph node cells as efficiently as IL‐2 or the EBV transformed B cell line. Separated B cells were more effective than plastic adherent cells on a per cell basis. Naivity of the fetal immune system is therefore not only reflected by the expression of markers representative for naive lymphocytes but can also be due to the absence of potential accessory cells in the different lymphoid organs.
Search for linkage disequilibrium between alleles in the T cell receptor α and β chain loci and susceptibility to rheumatic fever
Authors: ABBOTT WGH , GEURSEN A , PEAKE JS , SIMPSON IJ , SKINNER MA , TAN PLJ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA population‐based linkage disequilibrium study was conducted to search for associations between alleles in T cell receptor a and p chain polymorphic loci and susceptibility to rheumatic fever. The allele frequencies of four T cell receptor locus restriction fragment length polymorphisms were measured in 47 European and 51 Maori subjects with a history of rheumatic fever. These allele frequencies were compared to the allele frequencies in three or four independently recruited, race‐matched control groups totalling 125 Europeans and 117 Maoris with no history of rheumatic fever. The polymorphisms studied were (locus/ enzyme/probe) Cα/Taq1/Y14, Vα/Taq1/Y14, Vβ/BAMHI/Vβ7.4 and Vβ8/BAMHI/Vβ8.1. There was no evidence for linkage disequilibrium between rheumatic fever and these Tcr alleles in either the Maori or European subjects.
The immune system and integrated homeostasis
Authors: HUSBAND ALAN J 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe immune system is usually viewed as an effector mechanism reacting to environmental antigenic challenge with defensive responses designed to eliminate ‘foreign’ substances and return to standby or surveillance mode. However, there is now substantial evidence to suggest that immunity is not effector‐biased but is also a sensory organ and forms part of an integrated homeostatic network. Evidence that communication pathways exist between the immune and central nervous systems which support bi‐directional information flow, and that the output of the immune system influences other physiological adjustments to environmental change, is discussed in this paper. The proposition that an endocrine‐immune gradient determines the homeostatic response to combined microbial and other ambient stressors is established and the potential for management of this gradient is explored.
Antibacterial proteins from porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Authors: ALBERDI FERNANDO , ALDERTON MALCOLM R. , KOROLIK VICTORIA , COLOE PETER J. , SMITH STUART C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAntibacterial peptides were purified from porcine neutrophil granules collected from healthy pigs. Granule proteins, extracted with 0.2 mol/L sodium acetate, were subjected to ion‐exchange chromatography and five peaks (designated A to E) were detected. Individual porcine neutrophil granule proteins were shown to inhibit the growth of target organisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was shown to be concentration and time dependent. Peak D showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and peak C (with a greater number of eluted proteins) was shown to be active against both S. aureus and E. coli. One of the peptides was purified further by reverse‐phase HPLC from peak fraction C. The MW of this peptide was approximately 5500 Da as determined by SDS‐PAGE and mass spectral analysis and was active against both E. coli and S. aureus in vitro sustaining a > 90% decrease, respectively, in CFU after a 2 h exposure with 50 μg of this peptide. Amino acid analysis showed the peptide was rich in aspartate/aspartic acid, glutamine/glutamic acid, proline, arginine and threonine. The antimicrobial activity of this peptide and other novel proteins in porcine neutrophilic granules demonstrates the probable role of these proteins and peptides in host defence of porcine neutrophils against bacterial infection.
Acute on chronic bronchitis: A model of mucosal immunology
Authors: CLANCY ROBERT , PANG GERALD , DUNKLEY MARGARET , TAYLOR DIANA , CRIPPS ALLAN 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAcute bronchitis has been studied as a model of disturbed mucosal immunoregulation. A new hypothesis relating to the pathogenesis of acute bronchitis has been developed, based on altered host response as the prime mover. Infection‐prone subjects had low levels of lysozyme. Effective oral immunization, especially if early, reduced levels of bacterial colonization. Future attention focuses on intra bronchial inflammation and its link to the host‐parasite relationship.
Pulmonary immunity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: CRIPPS ALLAN W , DUNKLEY MARGARET L , CLANCY ROBERT L , KYD JENNELLE 
Published: July 2007

Summary Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an oportunistic bacterial pathogen, is a major course of morbidity and mortality in subjects with compromised respiratory function despite the significant advances in therapeutic practices. The bacteria produces an armoury of products which modify its infective niche to ensure bacterial survival. The role of antibody in protection against pulmonary infection remains poorly defined. Protection appears to be associated with opsonizing antibody whilst some other antibody responses may be deleterious and promote further lung damage. Cell mediated responses are clearly important in protection against infection. This review proposes a vaccine strategy aimed at enhancing specific T cell responses in the lung which, through T cell‐derived cytokines, drive the recruitment of neutrophils to the lung and the subsequent activation of these cells results in the clearance of bacteria from the lung.
Phorbol ester activates CD5+ leukaemic B cells via a T cell‐independent mechanism
Authors: TANGYE STUART G. , WESTON KATHRYN M. , RAISON ROBERT L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryB cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of sIgM+ CD5+ lymphocytes that fail to progress to the final stages of B cell development. Stimulation of unfractionated PBL from three patients with B‐CLL with the phorbol ester PMA and the mitogens PHA and PWM resulted in significant increases in cell proliferation, RNA synthesis and IgM secretion when compared to unstimulated cell populations. PMA was the most potent inducer of IgM secretion and this occurred irrespective of the presence of residual T cells. PMA‐induced proliferation and RNA synthesis was also independent of T cells. However, in the presence of T cells, these parameters of cellular activation were enhanced during in vitro culture. Thus, the inductive ability of PMA on CD5+ CLL B cells was independent of T cells. In contrast, activation and differentiation of the malignant CD5+ B cells into IgM‐secreting cells following culture with mitogens did not occur in the absence of T cells.
Hind III genomic polymorphism of the C3b receptor (CR1) in patients with SLE: Low erythrocyte CR1 expression is an acquired phenomenon
Authors: KUMAR AMIT , KUMAR ASHOK , SINHA SUBRATA , KHANDEKAR PS , BANERJEE KAKOLI , SRIVASTAVA LM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryExpression of the human erythrocyte C3b receptor (CR1‐CD35) and its Hind III RFLP was studied in a group of 37 patients with SLE, 15 consanguineous relatives of the patients and 48 healthy normal subjects. The CR1 number on erythrocytes was quantitated by ELISA using a mAb to CR1. Serum levels of complement proteins (C3, C4, C3d) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were estimated simultaneously in controls and relatives. The patients were followed up during the course of the treatment. The CR1/erythrocyte (CR1/E) in patients were found to be significantly low in comparison to controls. The gene frequencies for the alleles H and L (7.4 and 6.9 kb Hind III restriction fragments) in the patients were 0.75 and 0.25. respectively, which did not differ significantly from the controls (0.77 and 0.23 in normal subjects and 0.79 and 0.21 in consanguineous relatives of the patients). However, patients expressed fewer CR1/E within each genotype than their relatives and healthy subjects. CR1/E was found to be stable in consecutive samples in controls. In patients, the numbers varied between low and high during the course of the treatment. The variation in the numbers was significantly correlated with C3d and CIC as well as with the severity of the disease. Our results suggest that low levels of CR1 on erythrocytes in SLE patients are acquired during the course of the disease and that the 6.9 kb restriction fragment does not play a role in causing susceptibility to the disease.
Prolactin as an immunoreactive agent
Authors: DRAČA S 
Published: July 2007

SummaryProlactin (PRL), an endocrine hormone from the anterior pituitary, is also synthesized and secreted by activated immunocytes, mostly T cells and thymocytes. In vitro PRL acts as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor which regulates the proliferation of previously stimulated immunocompetent cells. PRL acts through its specific cell surface receptors expressed on different immunocytes including T cells, B cells, monocytes, NK cells and neutrophils. In vivo the immunoregulatory role of PRL is still the subject of intense investigation, especially in the conditions of stress and reproduction. The conflicting results suggest that PRL concentration, sex hormones and some other factors influence the immunomodulatory role of PRL.
Interferon‐γ downregulates the proliferative response of hapten‐specific B cells stimulated by antigen and cytokines
Authors: VOGEL LOTHAR , PIKE BEVERLEY L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIFN‐γ plays a role in many aspects of cellular interactions, both positive and negative. Among its functions during the immune response, the antagonistic effects of IFN‐γ and IL‐4 are well documented. Observations in our laboratory suggested that IFN‐γ could also interfere with the activation of single, antigen‐specific B cells by antigen and other cytokines. Closer examination revealed that IFN‐γ reduced the number of proliferating cell clones in response to antigen and a variety of cytokines, alone or in combination. Cell viability remained at the initial level and the cells were still able to produce Ig, albeit to a lesser extent than in the absence of IFN‐γ. On the other hand, the frequency of IgM secreting clones was not affected, whereas the total amount of secreted IgM was lower in the presence of IFN‐γ, probably due to the reduced cell number and a decrease in Ig production. In addition, proliferation was prevented when B cells were pre‐incubated with IFN‐γ and then stimulated by other cytokines. Kinetic studies revealed that INF‐γ had to be present from the onset of culture because delayed addition did not inhibit the proliferation of the B cells. After its initial action, IFN‐γ could be removed without abolishing the negative signal for proliferation. From these results it can be concluded that IFN‐γ transmits a signal that causes B cells to stop proliferating and prevents them from forming large clones.
Characterization of immunorelated peptides to porcidin P1
Authors: ALBERDI FERNANDO , ALDERTON MALCOLM R , COLOE PETER J , SMITH STUART C 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPorcidin P1, an antimicrobial peptide purified from the granules of porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) using ultrafillration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC), was covalently conjugated to BSA and used to generate monospecific polyclonal ascites. Antibodies raised against porcidin P1 were covalently coupled to an Affi‐gel Hz affinity column and used for immunoaffinity chromatography of peptides from porcine PMN cell extract. Eleven immunorelated peptides were eluted from the column from neutrophil cell extracts and purified to homogeneity by HPLC. The molecular weights of the immunorelated peptides were determined by mass spectral analysis and ranged in size from 1.91 to 10.65 kDa. Of the II immunorelated peptides which were bound to the affinity column, only six peptides were recognized by the anti‐porcidin antibodies after HPLC purification. Three immunoreactive peptides displayed potent antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. reducing viability by as much as 99.9% (> 3 log reduction in CFU) when 5 μg/mL of each purified peptide was used. The polydonal monospecific antibodies also reacted with proteins from ovine and human PMN, illustrating possible structural relationships between small antibacterial peptides from the different species.
Role of the PS integrins in Drosophila development
Authors: BROWER DANNY L , BRABANT MARC C , BUNCH THOMAS A 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe PS1 and PS2 integrins of Drosophila are heterodimers of αPS1βPS and αPS2βPS subunits, respectively, with very strong structural similarity to vertebrate integrins. Cell transfection experiments indicate that the PS integrins are receptors for extracellular matrix components and are functionally analogous to vertebrate integrins. Matrix ligands from Drosophila tissues have been identified for PS1 and PS2 integrins, using transformed cells and a cell‐spreading assay. Mutations in all three subunit genes have been identified, and the phenotypes of mutants indicate that PS integrins are required for the proper morphogenesis of a number of embryonic tissues. Using methods to produce genetic mosaics and transformation of integrin transgenes into whole animals, integrin functions in adult morphogenesis also have been examined. In the pupal wing, integrins are critically required to maintain the connection between dorsal and ventral epithelia, and recent results suggest that in early pupal development, the integrins are acting as specific receptors, as opposed to a non‐specific cell‐matrix glue.
Contributions of an orthopteran to the understanding of neuronal pathfinding
Authors: SANCHEZ DIEGO , GANEORNINA MARIA D , BASTIANI MICHAEL J 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDuring the development of the nervous system neurons extend axons through a complex embryonic environment. To find a correct target, often located at a long distance, the neuronal growth cones travel along highly specific and stereotyped pathways. Proper neuronal pathfinding is thought to be accomplished by the specific interaction of receptors on the neuronal surface with molecular cues in the environment. We review the information obtained in an invertebrate model system, the grasshopper embryo, about the specific role of the cell surface in wiring the nervous system.
ARE FIXED-TERM JOBS BAD FOR YOUR HEALTH?: A COMPARISON OF WEST-GERMANY AND SPAIN
Authors: Gash Vanessa , Mertens Antje , Gordo Laura Romeu 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper we analyse the health effects of fixed-term contract status for men and women in West-Germany and Spain using panel data. This paper asks whether changes in the employment relationship, as a result of the liberalisation of employment law, have altered the positive health effects associated with employment (Jahoda 1982; Goldsmith et al. 1996). Using information on switches between unemployment and employment by contract type we analyze whether transitions to different contracts have different health effects. We find that unemployed workers show positive health effects at job acquisition, and also find the positive effect to be smaller for workers who obtain a fixed-term job. We also establish surprising differences by gender and country, with women less likely to report positive health effects at job acquisition. For West-Germany, this was found to be a function of the dual-burden of paid and unpaid care within the home.
EMPLOYEE CONTROL IN THE ERA OF FLEXIBILITY: A STRESS BUFFER OR A STRESS AMPLIFIER?
Authors: Grönlund Anne 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Traditionally, employee control has been considered a buffer against stress, but debate about the transformation of work raises new questions. Can individual control really counteract the high demands in downsized organisations? Or does it make flexible work even more difficult to define and delimit, physically and emotionally? This article, based on survey data from 800 Swedish employees, studies the effect of job control on work hours, work-family conflict and psychological wellbeing. The results show that high job demands are associated with longer work hours, more work-family conflict and lower wellbeing, while control has positive effects, even when demands are high.