bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time of Helicobacter pylori Eradication Assessment Following Treatment
Authors: Neil G.A. , Suchower L.J. , Ronca P.D. , Skoglund M.L. 
Published: February 2007

Background.The most appropriate time to assess accurately Helicobacter pylori eradication following treatment has been debated, with recommendations ranging from 1 to 3 months. The purpose of this study was to validate the assessment of H. pylori eradication 1 month following treatment.Materials and Methods.Three randomized, double‐blind, active‐controlled clinical trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically verified, active duodenal ulcers and H. pylori infection. Patients were treated with various treatment regimens of omeprazole plus amoxicillin. Ulcer healing, H. pylori eradication, and ulcer relapse were examined. Patients underwent repeat endoscopy and biopsy at 1 and 6 months following treatment (or sooner if symptoms returned) to determine the recurrence of ulcers and H. pylori status. To determine the accuracy of measuring H. pylori eradication at 1 month posttreatment, we compared the H. pylori status at 1 month and 6 months following treatment.Results.In a combination of treatment groups and studies, a total of 384 evaluable patients represented data at both time points and were included in the analysis. Of those eradicated at 1 month posttreatment, 94% (141 of 150) remained eradicated at 6 months posttreatment. The proportion of patients with H. pylori eradicated at 1 month posttreatment did not differ significantly from that at 6 months posttreatment for each study. The overall efficiency of the two tests (agreement between tests) was 93% (359 of 384). Agreement between the 1‐month and 6‐month posttreatment H. pylori assessment was apparent, regardless of the treatment used.Conclusion. H. pylori eradication measured 1 month following cessation of treatment accurately reflects successful treatment of the infection.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Respiratory Physicians Performing Bronchoscopy: A Comparison with Gastroenterologists Using the Carbon 13 Urea Breath Test
Authors: Potts Lindsay F. , Lewis Stephen J. , Mountford Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

Background.The mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori is unclear, but it has been shown that gastroenterologists are at a greater risk of acquiring the infection when performing endoscopy. The current study was designed to assess the risk H. pylori infection in respiratory physicians performing bronchoscopy compared to an at‐risk group of gastroenterologists. We were interested in identifying whether the oral cavity is important in the transmission of H. pylori.Materials and Methods.Respiratory physicians and gastroenterologists in southern England and Wales were invited to participate in the study. Medical, personal, and professional details were recorded, and H. pylori status was established using a carbon 13 urea breath test.Results.The study included 30 gastroenterologists and 30 respiratory physicians. The groups were similar for age (mean age, 46.2 years [SD 8.7] and 43.9 years [SD 8.5], respectively), number of years in practice (mean, 16.1 [6.8] and 13.2 [5.5], respectively), amount of Third‐World travel, and glove and drug use (antacids, H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, promotility agents, and bismuth). The prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms (indigestion, heartburn, abdominal pain) and history of previous peptic ulcer or hiatus hernia were similar for both groups. Fifteen of thirty gastroenterologists and three of thirty respiratory physicians had positive breath tests (χ square, p < .001, 1 df  ). There was no relation between age and H. pylori status. Within the group of gastroenterologists, performance of endoscopy without gloves for longer than 7 years was associated with an increased prevalence of infection (>7 years, 11 of 15 breath‐test‐positive; <7 years, 4 of 15 breath‐test‐positive [χ square, p = .01, 1 df  ]).Conclusions.Gastroenterologists in this study appeared to be at risk of infection, whereas respiratory physicians are not. Gastroenterologists who wear gloves during endoscopy appear to be at lower risk of H. pylori infection.
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different Stages of the Rat Estrous Cycle: Implications for Menstrual Migraine
Authors: Martin Vincent T. , Lee James , Behbehani Michael M. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives.—To determine if the sensitization of the trigeminal system changes after dural activation of the trigeminal nerve during different stages of the rat estrous cycle.Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past animal studies have suggested that the response properties of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) may change during the different phases of the rat estrous cycle, but none have been performed in an experimental paradigm for migraine headache.Methods.—Sixty‐one cycling female Sprague–Dawley rats were used for these experiments. The stage of the estrous cycle of each animal was identified by examination of the cellular morphology of vaginal lavage. The animals were anesthetized and a 7 mm portion of the skull was removed that was centered over the sagittal sinus. A tungsten electrode was used to record from neurons in the TNC or CI‐CIII regions. Only neurons that had both dural and cutaneous receptive fields were used for these experiments. Facial receptive field sizes (RFS) were mapped and neurophysiologic response properties of the TNC/CI‐CIII neurons to cutaneous and dural stimuli was ascertained before and after application of capsaicin to the dura. One‐way and repeated measure analysis of variance were used to compare changes in RFS and response properties of TNC/CI‐CIII neurons from animals during different stages of the rat estrous cycle.Results.—When data were analyzed individually for each stage, there was greater enlargement of cutaneous receptive fields and enhanced sensitivity of the trigeminal system to cutaneous stimuli during proestrus as compared to metestrus and diestrus after dural activation with capsaicin (P values <.05). When data were pooled from stages with similar hormonal milieus, the percent change in the response magnitude of TNC neurons to electrical stimulation of the dura was greater and receptive field enlargement was larger from the proestrous/estrous group compared to those from the metestrous/diestrous group after administration of capsaicin (P values <.05).Conclusions.—There is enhanced sensitization of the trigeminal system during the later halves of proestrus and estrus, which represent stages of the rat estrous cycle during and immediately following an abrupt decline in ovarian hormones. If similar changes occur during the human menstrual cycle these results could have important implications for menstrual migraine.
Cation‐Chloride Cotransporters and GABA‐ergic Innervation in the Human Epileptic Hippocampus
Authors: Muñoz Alberto , Méndez Pablo , DeFelipe Javier , Alvarez‐Leefmans Francisco Javier 
Published: February 2007

Summary:  Intracellular chloride concentration, [Cl−]i, determines the polarity of GABAA‐induced neuronal Cl− currents. In neurons, [Cl−]i is set by the activity of Na+, K+, 2Cl− cotransporters (NKCC) such as NKCC1, which physiologically accumulate Cl− in the cell, and Cl− extruding K+, Cl− cotransporters like KCC2. Alterations in the balance of NKCC1 and KCC2 activity may determine the switch from hyperpolarizing to depolarizing effects of GABA, reported in the subiculum of epileptic patients with hippocampal sclerosis. We studied the expression of NKCC (putative NKCC1) and KCC2 in human normal temporal neocortex by Western blot analysis and in normal and epileptic regions of the subiculum and the hippocampus proper using immunocytochemistry. Western blot analysis revealed NKCC and KCC2 proteins in adult human neocortical membranes similar to those in rat neocortex.NKCC and KCC2 immunolabeling of pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells was found in normal and epileptic hippocampal formation. In the transition between the subiculum with sclerotic regions of CA1, known to exhibit epileptogenic activity, double immunolabeling of NKCC and KCC2 revealed that approximately 20% of the NKCC‐immunoreactive neurons do not express KCC2. In these same areas some neurons were distinctly hyperinnervated by parvalbumin (PV) positive hypertrophic basket formations that innervated mostly neurons expressing NKCC (74%) and to a lesser extent NKCC‐immunonegative neurons (26%). Hypertrophic basket formations also innervated KCC2‐positive (76%) and ‐negative (24%) neurons. The data suggest that changes in the relative expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 in neurons having aberrant GABA‐ergic hyperinnervation may contribute to epileptiform activity in the subicular regions adjacent to sclerotic areas of the hippocampus.
Characteristics of School‐Age Children Who Had Colic as Infants: Mothers' Views
Authors: Neu Madalynn , Keefe Maureen R. 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To describe the behavioral style and personality characteristics of young school‐age children who were identified as colicky infants and the parents' perspective of any residual behaviors or effects.DESIGN AND METHODS. A qualitative descriptive design with mothers of 12 children identified with colic as infants and 8 mothers of children who did not have colic.RESULTS. Three themes of children who had colic: independence/self‐reliance, activity, and emotional lability/intensity.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Children generally were perceived as normal and healthy. Residual feelings, parent‐child interaction issues, and perceived or real persistent child characteristics may surface in families who experienced colic, especially during stressful periods.
Ebb and Flow When Navigating Adolescence: Predictors of Daily Hassles Among African‐American Adolescent Girls
Authors: Guthrie Barbara J. , Young Amy M. , Boyd Carol J. , Kintner Eileen K. 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. To examine the nature of daily hassles as perceived by African‐American adolescen females.DESIGN AND METHODS. As part of a larger, cross‐sectional study, nonrandom network sampling technique was used to survey 178 adolescent girls between the ages of 11 and 19.RESULTS. This study found that the most common hassles were school and academic, followed by family and economic hassles, peer and social hassles, and personal safety hassles. Socioeconomic factors were strongly associated with the level of hassles reported.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Assess African‐American girl's perception of daily hassles, specifically school‐ and family‐ related hassles, and also examine the interrelationship between the type of hassles and health problems.
Ground Water Quality In the Aquifer of the Upper Mad River Valley 1940 to 1983
Authors: Pennino James D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMore than 40 years of ground water quality monitoring data from the aquifer of the Upper Mad River Valley have been accumulated by various agencies in Ohio. The data consist of concentrations for more than 30 chemical substances found in the ground water. Evaluation of this data using statistical analysis, tables and graphs indicates that there have been moderate increases in total dissolved solids, sulfate, fluoride, calcium, magnesium and potassium. More significant increases were discovered for chloride and sodium. Iron and zinc show a general decline in concentration. The metals arsenic, barium and lead also show increases in recent years. However, large variations in the concentrations and limited data for these metals limit the reliability of the apparent trends shown in the tabulated data.The increases in chloride and sodium are attributed to the use of road de‐icing salt. Increases in sulfate and potassium may be due to use of fertilizers in a region which is largely agricultural. The most recent data may indicate that the ground water quality is improving in terms of these two parameters. Although most of the data indicate increases in concentrations with time, inconsistencies in sampling procedures and difficulties in assessing many factors which affect ground water quality preclude the broad conclusion that urbanization and industrialization have caused regional ground water quality degradation.The inability to interpret much of the data underlies the need for an integrated environmental monitoring program. Such a program should provide a data base for assessing factors such as air and river quality and historical land use practices so that their impact on ground water quality in the Mad River Valley can be better understood.
Innovative Sampling Techniques for Ground Water Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Emenhiser Thomas C. , Singh Udai P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe authors have recently used several innovative sampling techniques for ground water monitoring at hazardous waste sites. Two of these techniques were used for the first time on the Biscayne Aquifer Super‐fund Project in Miami, Florida. This is the largest sampling program conducted so far under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Program.One sampling technique involved the use of the new ISCO Model 2600 submersible portable well sampling pump. A compressed air source forces water from the well into the pump casing and then delivers it to the surface (through a pulsating action). This pump was used in wells that could not be sampled with surface lift devices.Another sampling technique involved the use of a Teflon manifold sampling device. The manifold is inserted into the top of the sampling bottle and a peristaltic pump creates a vacuum to draw the water sample from the well into the bottle. The major advantage of using this sampling technique for ground water monitoring at hazardous waste sites is the direct delivery of the water sample into the collection container. In this manner, the potential for contamination is reduced because, prior to delivery to the sample container, the sample contacts only the Teflon, which is well‐known for its inert properties.Quality assurance results from the Superfund project indicate that these sampling techniques are successful in reducing cross‐contamination between monitoring wells. Analysis of field blanks using organic‐free water in contact with these sampling devices did not show any concentration at or above the method detection limit for each priority pollutant.
An Integrated Ground Water Monitoring Program Using Multilevel Gas‐Driven Samplers and Conventional Monitoring Wells
Authors: Nazar Andrzej , Prieur James , Threlfall Daniel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHydrogeologic and ground water quality data obtained from a gas‐driven multilevel sampler system and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) monitoring well nest with the same aquifer communication intervals are compared. All monitoring points are in close proximity to each other.The study was conducted at an eight‐acre uncontrolled hazardous waste site. The site is located in an alluvial valley composed of approximately 40 feet of alluvium overlying shale bedrock. The ground water at the site is contaminated with various organic constituents.A ground water monitoring network consisting of 26 conventional monitoring wells, nine observation well points, and six multilevel gas‐driven samplers was established to characterize the hydrogeologic regime and define the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination in the vicinity of the abandoned chemical plant. As part of this study, a multilevel monitoring system was installed adjacent to a well nest. The communication zones of the multilevel samplers were placed at the same elevation as the sand packs of the well nest. The multilevel sampler system and well nest are located in a contaminated area directly downgradient of the site. A comparison of the vertical head distribution and ground water quality was performed between the well nest and the multilevel sampling system.The gas‐driven multilevel sampling system consists of three gas‐driven samplers that monitor separate intervals in the unconsolidated materials. The well nest, composed of two PVC monitoring wells in separate boreholes, has the same communication interval as the other two gas‐driven samplers.Hydraulic head information for each multilevel sampler was obtained using capillary tubing. This was compared with heads obtained from the well nest utilizing an electric water level indicator.Chemical analyses from the PVC and multilevel sampler wells were performed and compared with one another. The analyses included organic acids, base neutrals, pesticides, PCBs, metals, volatile organics, TOX, TOC, CN, pH and specific conductance.
The Suction Side Sample Catcher in Ground Water Quality Sampling
Authors: Armstrong Richard , McLaren Frederick R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA suction side sample collector (SSSC) is a contrivance installed hydraulically ahead of the intake port of a pumping device. This paper describes construction and operational details of SSSCs fitted to a submersible pump with packer for use in a 6‐inch cased borehole, an air lift pump with packer for use in a 1‐inch or 2.5‐inch cased borehole, a bladder pump for use in a casing of 2‐inch or greater diameter, and a jet pump with packer for use in a 2‐inch cased borehole.Each form of SSSC has been thoroughly tested in ground water quality sampling for volatile organic chemicals. Comparative data for samples collected with the SSSCs and conventional sample collecting gear are presented. The SSSC is demonstrated to be superior to other methods of collecting volatile organic chemical samples owing to its freedom from contamination by the pump delivery line and to its mode of collecting the sample from a position in the well remote from disturbance by the pumping technique.SSSCs are conveniently decontaminated, easily transported, and can be used to deliver samples to the laboratory while still at formation pressure. The air‐lift pumps, described in this paper for use with SSSCs in 1‐ and 2.5‐inch casings, have pumping capacities greater than obtained by other methods that can operate in these small casings. Discharge rates of up to 2 gpm are routinely achieved with the 1‐inch model and higher rates are common With the 2.5‐inch model. The use of packers with these pumps reduces the time needed to replace the water in the casing with fresh water from the formation.
Electrical Resistivity Studies to Delimit Zones of Acceptable Ground Water Quality
Authors: Ringstad Clyde A. , Bugenig Dale C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA total of four vertical electrical soundings were conducted in a layered andesitic rock aquifer known in places to yield ground water with total dissolved solids (TDS) in excess of 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The objective of the soundings was to locate zones of moderate to high permeability but with acceptable chemical quality.The resistivity of a geologic unit is a function that includes the quantity of total dissolved solids in the interstitial water and the distribution of the water within the unit. Thus, the resistivity of most granular soils and rocks is controlled more by porosity, water content and water quality than by the conductivity of the matrix materials.The electrical data delimited a drill site where it was believed that ground water of acceptable chemical quality could be expected. Completion and test pumping of two exploration wells confirmed the electrical sounding results.The first test well drilled prior to the survey yielded only small amounts of ground water with total dissolved solids in excess of 2,000 mg/L. The second exploration well drilled at the site as a result of the electrical study yielded in excess of 100 gallons per minute of ground water with total dissolved solids of 830 mg/L.
Techniques and Equipment Used in Contaminant Detection at Hoe Creek Underground Coal Gasification Experimental Site
Authors: Davidson Stephen C. , McTernan Elizabeth M. , Kunzel Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractData from an existing network of ground water monitoring wells at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hoe Creek Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Experimental Site indicated that organic contaminants, particularly phenols produced during gasification experiments, were threatening neighboring ground water resources. The existing monitoring well network was sparse and further definition of the extent and direction of contaminant migration was needed. Additionally, water level data, important in determining flow directions, was incomplete. A field program was designed and implemented to locate and define the organic contamination and expand the existing ground water monitoring program. The program utilized field analysis of phenol for contaminant detection and well location, followed by completion using gas‐drive ground water samplers/piezometers. Geophysical logging was used to permit optimum placement of the samplers. The geologic aspects of the site posed some interesting problems to the installation of the samplers. The contaminant plume edge was defined in the east, west and south directions during the field program. Further work is needed in the north direction.
A Simple Pneumatic Device and Technique for Performing Rising Water Level Slug Tests
Authors: Leap Darrell I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTransmissivity can be estimated by several well documented methods employing data from rising water level slug tests in wells. A very simple and relatively inexpensive system can be constructed to lower the water level in a well. Compressed air is injected through a sealed device called a well head manifold, which screws onto the casing top and contains an air pressure gauge, an air entry valve, a quick release valve and a multi‐channel water level indicator or a pressure transducer. Either of the latter is lowered into the well prior to pressurization.Compressed air is injected into the casing at a low rate through the manifold, depressing the water level a desired amount. After stabilization, the quick release valve is opened and the air pressure inside the casing is reduced to atmospheric pressure instantaneously; the water level then starts to rise. Successive elevations of the rising water level are determined with the indicator or transducer and their elapsed times from valve opening are recorded. Plots of water level recovery vs. time can then be used to estimate transmissivity by the published methods of Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1967), Ferris and Knowles (1954) and Hvorslev(1951).All of the items used for construction, with the exception of the quick release valve, can be bought off the shelf. The valve can be easily constructed in a machine shop. The total cost of the device, exclusive of the transducer, should be less than $500.
Design and Implementation of Evapotranspiration Measuring Equipment for Owens Valley, California
Authors: Simpson Michael R. , Duell Lowell F.W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs part of a plant survivability and ground water study in Owens Valley, California, semipermanent installations are used to measure continuous range‐land evapotranspiration in the valley's phreatophyte community. A proposed mobile installation also has been designed. The semipermanent micrometeoro‐logical station collects continuous data for solution of the Bowen ratio/energy budget equation and the Penman combination equation. Three sites were chosen for this type of installation to provide a representative sampling of Owens Valley. The proposed mobile aerodynamic installation should be capable of calculating evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method. This instrumentation will be used throughout the valley for short periods of time (up to five days). Many problems with equipment operation, calibration and design have been identified and resolved by means of improved calibration techniques, systematic error‐removal techniques, reduced cycle times, modified equipment design and proper observer training. The collected evapotranspiration data will be instrumental in developing a one‐dimensional evapotranspiration flux algorithm for a model of valleywide ground water flow.