bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Holmdahl Tore H:son , Johansson Elof D. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Peripheral plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone* were measured during normal human pregnancy. During the first trimester measurements of peripheral plasma progesterone were also included. Five cases of early pregnancies were followed with frequent blood-sampling until the 14th week of gestation. In one of the women daily blood samples were collected from 10 days prior to conception until the beginning of the 6th week. From the 18th week on, a total of 173 blood-samples were obtained from individual patients. During the 7th week the average plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone reached a maximum of 3.7 ng per ml followed by a gradual decline. From week 14 to week 34 the mean level was around 0.5 ng per ml. Thereafter an increase towards term was noted with a mean plasma level of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone of about 2 ng per ml in week 40. Peripheral plasma progesterone decreased from a mean level of 27.0 ng per ml in week 5 to reach a nadir of 16.0 ng per ml in weeks 8 and 9 followed by a gradual increase. No correlation between the plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and the clinical outcome of pregnancy could be demonstrated.
DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF STEROIDS AND STEROID SULPHATES BY THE TESTICLES OF THE HUMAN FOETUS AT MIDGESTATION
Authors: Mathur R. S. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The de novo synthesis of steroids and steroid sulphates by the testicles of four human foetuses at midgestation was studied. Two foetuses and two foeto-placental units were perfused at 36°C for 120 minutes with 3.0 and 6.0 mCi of [14C] sodium acetate, respectively.
Radiochemically homogeneous steroids and steroid sulphates were isolated from the testicular extracts. Tritium labelled internal standards were used in order to assess procedural losses.
No labelled steroids were detected in the testicular extracts in one case. From the testicles of each of the three other foetuses pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, Δ5-androstenediol and testosterone were isolated. Progesterone and androstenedione were isolated in only one case each. Pregnenolone was found to be the predominant steroid formed.
It is concluded that the testicles of midgestation human foetuses synthesize and secrete testosterone. It is likely that for the synthesis of this testosterone, the foetal testicles utilize preferentially the so-called Δ5-pathway.
PEPTIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE HYPOTHALAMI OF RATS TREATED NEONATALLY WITH OESTROGEN
Authors: Griffiths E. C. , Hooper K. C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The previous paper (Griffiths & Hooper 1973) described the activity of certain hypothalamic peptidases following orchidectomy and testosterone propionate injection, and suggested that changes in enzyme levels may be used as an index of gonadotrophin release in male rats, in a similar way to that previously described for female rats (Griffiths & Hooper 1972a). Using this approach, the effect of neonatally administered oestrogen on the hypothalamus was investigated. The marked increase in supernatant activity in male rats and the equally marked decrease in supernatant activity in female rats, both injected during the critical period of hypothalamic sexual differentiation, are interpreted as indicating decreased LH secretion in males and increased LH secretion in females respectively. It can be concluded that the changes in reproductive function produced by neonatally administered oestrogen are caused by alterations in LH-RF metabolism and that the peptidases in the rat hypothalamus are responsible for this metabolism.
INSULIN ANTIBODY FORMATION
Authors: Andersen O. Ortved 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Sixty-three patients with diabetes mellitus were treated with a porcine or a bovine insulin preparation, either in solution or in a crystal suspension of protamine-insulin. The amounts of circulating insulin-binding antibodies were periodically determined for up to 3 years. Forty-nine patients developed antibodies during the first 6 to 9 months of treatment. Taking into account the length of insulin treatment and the age of the patients, the amounts of antibodies developed were compared for groups treated with the different insulin preparations. Of the patients treated with insulin in a neutral solution, those who had received bovine insulin developed significantly more antibodies than those treated with porcine insulin. Patients treated with porcine insulin in a neutral solution developed only traces of antibodies. The mean titre was significantly less than for patients treated with porcine insulin in an acid solution or as protamine-insulin. Treatment with porcine protamine-insulin resulted in significantly less antibody formation, provided the patients had received porcine insulin in a neutral solution before the treatment with protamineinsulin. It was shown that as a rule, patients developed antibodies with the same avidity for porcine and bovine insulin, although a few patients treated with porcine or bovine insulin developed antibodies with greatest avidity for bovine insulin.
C21 STEROID METABOLISM AND CONJUGATION IN THE HUMAN PREMATURE NEONATE
Authors: Ducharme Jacques R. , Limal Jean-Marie , Antic Branislava , Sandor Thomas 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The metabolism and conjugation in vitro of exogenous cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, corticosterone and pregnenolone by liver, adrenal, kidney, intestine, lung, thymus, spleen and skin tissue preparations of premature and full-term newborn infants were studied. A number of tissues possess the enzymatic capacity to transform cortisol to its major metabolites, while metabolism of 11-deoxycortisol was effected exclusively by adrenal tissue preparations. 6β-Hydroxylation of exogenous cortisol was demonstrated by liver, adrenal and intestinal tissue, the latter being the most active. In the liver, 6β-hydroxylation of cortisol was associated with the "mitochondrial" sediment. The conversion of cortisol to cortisone was effected by all tissue preparations, except perhaps the lung in which it was not characterized, but was most pronounced when kidney or adrenal preparations were used as the source of enzymes. Ring A reduction of cortisol to tetrahydro-metabolites was demonstrated by all tissue preparations with the exception of the thymus. Similarly, all tissue preparations were able to produce glucuronide and sulphate conjugates of cortisol metabolites, though the formation of steroid sulphates was relatively low in all tissues under the present experimental conditions. Glucuro- and sulpho-conjugation was effected more readily when pregnenolone and corticosterone were used as substrate instead of cortisol. It is concluded that conjugation and catabolism of corticosteroids, namely cortisol, corticosterone and pregnenolone in the neonate may be the function of many tissues coordinated by factor(s) presently unknown.
INAPPROPRIATE LACTATION AND AMENORRHOEA: PATHOLOGICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Gates R. B. , Friesen H. , Samaan N. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Clinical courses and investigations in 4 patients with inappropriate lactation and amenorrhoea of different aetiologies (pituitary tumour, "empty sella" syndrome, del Castillo syndrome and hypothalamic lesion due to histiocytosis-x disease) are reported. Basal serum immunoreactive prolactin (HPr) was normal in the patient with "empty sella" syndrome but subnormal after intravenous synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) administration. In the 3 other patients HPr levels at basal and during TRH administration were high. Highly increased serum HPr levels were reduced after trans-sphenoidal removal of a prolactin producing tumour and a normal pregnancy occurred. Clomiphene citrate failed to increase serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels or oestrogen excretion in the patient with histiocytosis-x disease who had a posterior hypothalamic lesion but intact anterior pituitary. Absent growth hormone (HGH) secretion during stimulation studies was also associated with the posterior hypothalamic lesion.
PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS AND 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN PATIENTS WITH THE XYY SYNDROME
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of pituitary gonadotrophins and 17-ketosteroids was studied in nine males with karyotype 47,XYY and the serum testosterone in five such patients. We found a comparatively low urinary excretion of pituitary gonadotrophins as well as of dehydroepiandrosterone. The conclusion of the study combined with previous results is, however, that there are no indications of any pronounced abnormality in the urinary excretion of pituitary gonadotrophins or 17-ketosteroids and normal concentrations of serum testosterone in males with the XYY syndrome, in spite of the abnormality of the testis found in a high proportion of such patients.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN AND CARBAMAZEPINE ON THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF FREE URINARY CORTICOIDS AND ON THE SUPPRESSIBILITY OF THE BASAL AND THE "IMPULSIVE" ACTIVITY BY DEXAMETHASONE
Authors: Köbberling J. , zur Mühlen A. v. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In eight normal volunteers the circadian rhythm of cortisol was established by the determination of free urinary corticoids in 2 h urine samples by the competitive protein binding method. After two control days dexamethasone was infused between 10 p. m. and 4 a. m. in doses between 50 and 400 μg/h. These experiments were repeated after pre-treatment with 400 mg diphenylhydantion/day for one week and again after pre-treatment with 800 mg carbamazepine/day.
Under the influence of these anti-convulsant drugs the circadian rhythm of free urinary corticoids was still present but showed more irregularities and sometimes additional peaks in the course of the day. The 24 h excretion values, the peak and the nadir values and the time of the morning peaks were not significantly different from the control days. The degree of suppression by dexamethasone was dose related both with and without the application of the anti-convulsants but under the influence of both these drugs comparable effects could only be achieved by 2 to 4 fold higher doses of dexamethasone. The suppression of basal and impulsive cortisol activities was inhibited in a similar way. According to these results it can be assumed that the anti-convulsants interfere with the feedback mechanism by decreasing the sensitivity of the central nervous system to changes in plasma glucocorticoid concentrations. An intact feedback mechanism does not seem to be an essential condition for the circadian rhythm.
FAMILIAL POLY-ENDOCRINOPATHY
Authors: Frey Harald M. M. , Vogt Jørgen H. , Nerup Jørgen 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two family histories are presented. In the first (family W.) two siblings, aged 12 and 16, had idiopathic Addison's disease. The younger patient also had a goitre, possibly representing Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In the second family Graves' disease was present in three generations in direct succession. The oldest patient in addition had Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus and total alopecia. Organ-specific antibodies were looked for quite extensively in the serum of the patients and their relatives, with several positive findings, but without a consistent pattern.
A review is given of the literature on familial poly-endocrinopathies and the probable auto-immune character of these dieases.
The present cases constitute strong evidence for a genetic transmission of these diseases, and for a common basic aetiology. If this common basis is an auto-immuno aberration, it seems most reasonable, in view of the polyglandular involvement, to assume that the immune-system proper is at fault, rather than a defect in the individual organs.
INFLUENCE OF GONADOTROPHINS AND CYCLIC AMP ON CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE IMMATURE RAT OVARY
Authors: Hamberger Lars , Herlitz Hans , Sjögren Anita 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Ovaries from rats varying in age between 5–12 days were incubated in Krebs bicarbonate buffer at 37°C containing 5.5 mmol/l glucose. A 2 h incubation in the presence of 0.01 μg/ml LH (NIH-LH-B6) caused an increase in lactic acid production as compared to controls, and a clear dose-response was demonstrated up to 100 μg/ml. In vitro the addition of 100 μg/ml FSH (NIH-FSH-S5) or 10 mmol/l cyclic AMP also caused stimulatory effects on lactate production. In experiments with ovaries from 8–9 day old rats, incubations were carried out in a medium containing 0.1 mmol/l [14C]AIB (α-aminoisobutyric acid), and the distribution ratios for this model amino acid were determined after 2 h incubation in the absence and presence of LH, FSH or cyclic AMP respectively. No hormonal effects were demonstrated, while cyclic AMP caused a significant increase in the [14C]AIB uptake.
In further experiments ovaries from 9 day old rats were incubated in medium containing both [14C]AIB (0.1 mmol/l) and [3H]leucine (0.03 mmol/l). Four hours before the removal and incubation of the ovaries the rats were injected ip with FSH or LH (500 μg/100 g body weight) or saline. The distribution ratios of both [14C]AIB and [3H]leucine were significantly elevated in the FSH injected group while LH was ineffective. In similar experiments with 0.01 mmol/l [3H]proline it was also possible to demonstrate an increased incorporation of this amino acid into ovarian protein after a single FSH injection 2 h before the incubation.
A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THYROXINE SECRETION RATE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: England P. , Webb J. , Harland W. A. , Whaley K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Thyroxine secretion rates in mice may be estimated by a single bleed following injection of a tracer dose of radiothyroxine. Assumptions inherent in the procedure under different experimental conditions are discussed and validated at several environmental temperatures.
BLOOD LIPIDS DURING TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Jacobsen Bendt Brock 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Thirty patients with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism were examined with regard to a unified analysis of the relationship between the changes in lipid metabolism and the thyroid function. Before and after one week's treatment with thiamazol, determinations of the free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride and paper lipoprotein electrophoresis were made on venous blood, together with determinations of PBI, T4, T3 test and basal metabolic rate (BMR).
The FFA and glycerol concentrations were increased, but not correlated in the untreated patients. During treatment the lipolysis decreased in step with the fall in thyroid function and BMR. The concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride were well correlated in the untreated patients. During the treatment the serum cholesterol rose significantly, while the rise in phospholipid and triglyceride was less pronounced. The changes were related with the changes in the T3 test. The rise occurred more frequently in patients with goitre. The lipid changes could not be demonstrated by the technique of lipoprotein electrophoresis used. Thus FFA, glycerol and to a lesser extent cholesterol in the blood are sensitive indicators of the antithyroid treatment.
STUDIES IN CONGENITAL GENERALIZED LIPODYSTROPHY (SEIP-BERARDINELLI SYNDROME)
Authors: Oseid Svein 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Six cases of congenital generalized lipodystrophy have been studied at different ages from infancy to adolescence with regard to glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. During the first few years of life there is normal glucose tolerance. The fasting immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) levels are either slightly elevated or normal. The IRI response to glucose is exaggerated and prolonged, at least from the third year of life. Some degree of insulin resistance is already present in infancy.
From the age of 8–10 years glucose tolerance decreases rapidly. The fasting IRI levels are usually grossly elevated, while fasting plasma glucose levels are only moderately elevated or normal. The IRI responses to oral and iv administered glucose, and to tolbutamide are exaggerated; the insulinogenic indices are high. Cortisone primed glucose tolerance tests become abnormal. Insulin resistance is marked, and increases with age.
After cessation of growth at approximately 12 years of age, frank diabetes with fasting hyperglycaemia and diabetic glucose tolerance curves developed in the one patient followed beyond this age. Her fasting IRI was increased, but there was a poor IRI response to glucose stimulation, suggesting a partial exhaustion of the β-cells. Her initial IRI response to tolbutamide was still good, but not as brisk as in the younger patients. This type of diabetes is quite different from the juvenile form, and also from the diabetes of older age. It may be causally related to the lack of an adequate adipose organ necessary for the disposal of excesses of glucose, or possibly related to another anti-insulin mechanism.
ON THE ACTION OF TOLBUTAMIDE IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: Widström A. , Cerasi E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The plasma insulin response to intravenously administered tolbutamide was measured in healthy subjects under experimentally induced variations in the blood glucose concentration. Decreasing blood glucose concentration down to 51 and 25% of the basal level by the iv administration of 0.05 and 0.10 IU of insulin/kg body weight, respectively, resulted in significant inhibition of the insulin response to tolbutamide. The degree of inhibition was correlated to the extent of the hypoglycaemia. This inhibition seems to be only partially mediated by catecholamines, since blocking the α-adrenergic receptors with phentolamine could not restore the action of tolbutamide. Furthermore, whereas the prevention of the hypoglycaemia that normally follows tolbutamide administration resulted in an enhancement of the insulin response to the drug, phentolamine had no such effect. These results indicate that the decrease in blood glucose concentration as such, rather than activation of the adrenergic mechanisms, is responsible for the inhibition of tolbutamide-induced insulin release. Hence, the blood glucose level at the time of tolbutamide administration seems to determine the insulin response to the drug.
The administration of the β-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, in doses known to suppress glucose-induced insulin release in man, had no effect on the insulin response to tolbutamide. Our studies thus do not confirm the reports of other investigators that sulphonylureas may act on the islet cell as β-adrenergic agonists.
THE EFFECTS OF OVARIAN STEROIDS ON FOOD AND WATER INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT IN THE FEMALE RAT
Authors: Tarttelin M. F. , Gorski R. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The influence of ovarian steroids on food intake (FI), water intake (WI) and body weight (BWt) was measured under various conditions. Ovariectomy results in an increase in FI and BWt, which plateaued around one month after surgery. Daily injection of 1.5 μg oestradiol benzoate (OB) initiated at this time significantly reduced both FI and BWt. This effect of daily OB treatment on FI is only transitory since the FI returns to normal during OB treatment although the effect on BWt is maintained throughout and beyond OB treatment. Following ovariectomy, WI gradually falls, but is returned to normal by daily OB treatment. When oestrogen treatment is initiated at the time of ovariectomy, the increase in FI and BWt is prevented. In additional ovariectomized rats, 3 μg OB was injected every fifth day with either progesterone or oil administered on the intervening days. Although no influence of progesterone injection (either with OB or alone) was detected, the intermittent injection of OB induced cyclic suppression of FI, and the pattern of FI approached that of the intact cycling female. Adaptation to the intermittent injection of OB was not observed. Finally, OB treatment was found to decrease the increased FI seen during pseudopregnancy by a proportion similar to the effect of oestrogen in the long-term ovariectomized animal. These results suggest that oestrogen, but not progesterone, is the ovarian hormone active in the regulation of intake parameters and body weight in the female rat.
THE EFFECT OF AN OESTROGENIC STEROID ON THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE UNDER DIFFERENT HORMONAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Thanavala Yasmin M. , Rao Shanta S. , Thakur A. N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of mestranol was studied on the secondary antibody response in mice under different hormonal environments. The results revealed that in the intact and ovariectomized animals treated with the oestrogen, the antibody response was of the parabolic type. In adrenalectomized mice, the administration of the steroid resulted in appreciably elevated levels of anti-tetanus antibodies. The response obtained was similar in animals receiving both the low and high doses of the oestrogen. Removal of both the ovaries and the adrenals resulted in marked increases in the antibody levels.
Thus mestranol exerts an enhancing effect on the secondary antibody response in mice. This enhancement is, however, modified and regulated by the endogenous ovarian and adrenal hormones.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) STIMULATION TEST IN PATIENTS WITH THYROID, PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC DISORDERS
Authors: Karlberg Bengt E. , Almqvist Sven 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The clinical value of a standardized iv TRH-stimulation test was studied in 96 patients with thyroid, pituitary and hypothalamic disorders.
A lack of TSH-response to TRH, 50–200 μg iv was observed in 38 patients with overt hyperthyroidism. Nor was there any response in three clinically euthyroid patients with suspected hyperthyroidism, normal routine thyroid tests and failing suppressibility after the administration of T3 or T4.
Twenty-one patients with primary hypothyroidism had high basal TSH-levels (mean ± sem = 85.6 ±12 μU/ml).
Furthermore, a prolonged TSH-response was characteristic of this group. No correlation was found between the degrees of clinical hypofunction and basal TSH or TSH-responses.
Nine patients with hypothyroidism secondary to pituitary lesions did not respond to TRH-stimulation.
In clinically euthyroid patients with pituitary chromophobe adenomas, two exhibited normal and five impaired TSH-responses.
Nine out of 12 patients with active acromegaly showed no or impaired TSH-response, and, on an average, there was a slight increase in the serum TSH at 20 minutes in response to TRH. A several-fold increase in serum STH occurred after TRH in five acromegalic patients.
A normal TSH-response was obtained in four of six patients with hypothalamic lesions.
In conclusion, the TRH-stimulation test is of special clinical value in patients with hyperthyroidism (no response), in discriminating between primary and secondary hypothyroidism and in assessing the functional pituitary TSH-reserve in pituitary and hypothalamic lesions.