bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Residual Stress and Elastic Follow-Up on Fracture
Authors: Aird C. J. , Hadidi-Moud S. , Truman C. E. , Smith D. J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The presence of tensile residual stress in cracked structures combined with external loading leads to circumstances where a structure may fail at a lower applied load than when residual stresses are not present. This is taken into consideration in the fracture assessment codes which are usually invoked to determine whether a cracked structure is fit-for-purpose. These codes typically attempt to decompose the stresses present in the structure under consideration into either “secondary” or “primary” components, in order to simplify the assessment and avoid the need for detailed numerical modeling. It is acknowledged that whether a given residual stress field should be classified as “secondary” or as “primary” is dependent on the level of associated elastic follow-up (EFU). However, although there is a significant body of work related to the influence of EFU on the high temperature creep behavior of uncracked structures, the EFU concept has not yet been rigorously applied to the fracture assessment of cracked structures. This paper represents a first step towards a more rigorous application of the EFU concept to the fracture assessment of cracked structures containing residual stresses. Insight is provided into the influence of residual stress and EFU on fracture by considering the behavior of a simple three-bar assembly. Having introduced the concept, a three-bar type test rig capable of generating fit-up residual stresses with varying levels of EFU in a compact-tension fracture-specimen is presented. Results, produced using this test rig, from two cases with identical levels of initial residual stress but different levels of associated EFU are considered. It is concluded that EFU is important in determining how the residual force in the specimen changes (and therefore how the component of crack driving force associated with the residual force changes) as damage accumulates in the specimen subsequent to fracture initiation.
Heat Treatment and Interface Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of SiC-Particle Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites
Authors: Myriounis D. P. , Hasan S. T. , Matikas T. E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The interface plays a vital role in composites. Strengthening behavior of SiC-particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites relies on load transfer behavior across the interface, whereas toughness is influenced by crack deflection at the boundary between matrix and reinforcement and ductility is affected by relaxation of peak stresses near the interface. In general, metal matrix composites often behave asymmetrically in tension and in compression and have higher ultimate tensile strength, yet lower proportional limits, than monolithic alloys. Such behavior of composites lies with the factors governing matrix plasticity, which can be divided into two areas: those affecting the stress rate of the matrix, and those which alter the flow properties of the matrix through changes in microstructure induced by inclusion of the reinforcement. This work focuses on the characterization of the mechanical response of the interface to stresses arising from an applied load in SiC-particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites. The composites have been studied in the as-received (T1) and in the T6 and modified T6 (HT1) conditions. In the nonequilibrium heat treatment processing of the composites, nonequilibrium segregation arises due to imbalances in point defect concentrations set up around interfaces. Mechanical properties, including microhardness and stress-strain behavior, of aluminum matrix composites containing various percentages of SiC particulate reinforcement have been investigated. The elastic modulus, the yield/tensile strengths, and ductility of the composites were controlled primarily by the volume percentage of SiC reinforcement, the temper condition, and the precipitation hardening.
Concentrations of Selected Chemical Species in the Airliner Cabin Environment
Authors: MacGregor Ian C. , Spicer Chester W. , Buehler Stephanie S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Reported here are the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) measured in the cabin and bleed air, and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) measured in only the cabin air, on four different commercial airliners in revenue service within the continental United States. Sampling was conducted over various time intervals including boarding, takeoff, cruise, and descent. Bleed air CO was never measured above the instrument detection limit of 2 ppm, and cabin CO only exceeded the detection limit briefly on one flight. The concentration of CO2 in bleed air was at ambient background levels for all flights, and cabin concentrations of CO2 were always well below the 5000 ppm Federal Aviation Administration standard. PM2.5 concentrations were well below levels of concern, with the exception of boarding and deplaning during one flight only. Ozone was present at elevated levels in bleed air compared to cabin air, and was higher in the cabin during cruise than during boarding or deplaning for all four flights. Ozone cabin air/bleed air concentration ratios ranged from 0.37 to 0.80, and on one flight the cabin ozone concentration exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 0.12 ppm for over one hour, and nearly exceeded the FAA standard of 0.1 ppm for a three-hour average. Ethanol and acetone were the dominant VOCs observed on all flights; other VOCs, such as toluene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were found, but at significantly lower concentrations. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene were found in the cabin air on all flights. Other SVOCs, such as the pesticide permethrin, were detected, but isomers of tricresyl phosphate were not. Concentrations reported here are compared to applicable regulatory standards and to similar measurements performed during previous cabin air quality studies.
Fatigue Response of Aluminum Aircraft Structure under Engineered Residual Stress Processing
Authors: Langer Kristina , VanHoogen Scott , Hoover Jeffery 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Advanced surface treatment methods for imparting beneficial residual compressive stresses into fatigue-prone metallic components such as laser shock processing (LSP) and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) have proven highly effective in prolonging the life of titanium turbine engine blades. The objective of the current effort was to experimentally evaluate whether similar life enhancement benefits are possible for metallic aircraft structures. Under this initiative, aluminum test specimens were processed using three engineered residual stress techniques, referred to as LSP 1, LSP 2, and LPB, and subsequently fatigue tested under uniaxial, constant amplitude loading conditions. Evaluation of the test results indicated that both the LSP and LPB processes, if carefully designed and applied, have the potential to increase the fatigue life of aircraft structural components.
Comparison of Thermal Expansion Behavior of Phosphoric Irons with Conventional Concrete Reinforcement Steel
Authors: Sahoo Gadadhar , Balasubramaniam R. , Mungole M. N. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Phase transformations using dilatometry and microstructures in two phosphoric irons (Fe-0.11P-0.028C, Fe-0.49P-0.022C) and a low carbon steel (Fe-0.148C-0.542Mn–0.128Si), all in weight percent, were studied. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of phosphoric irons was comparable to that of carbon steel. The phase transformation temperatures were not well defined in the case of phosphoric irons. While low-phosphorus steel exhibited single-phase microstructure, high-phosphorus steel exhibited dual-phase ferritic microstructure consisting of prior ferrite and prior austenite. The low carbon steel revealed a ferrite-pearlite microstructure at the center of the cross section and tempered martensite at the rim.
Lack of Laminin γ1 in Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Causes Inhomogeneous Electrical Spreading Despite Intact Differentiation and Function
Authors: Malan Daniela , Reppel Michael , Dobrowolski Radoslaw , Roell Wilhelm , Smyth Neil , Hescheler Juergen , Paulsson Mats , Bloch Wilhelm , Fleischmann Bernd K. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Laminins form a large family of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and their expression is a prerequisite for normal embryonic development. Herein we investigated the role of the laminin γ1 chain for cardiac muscle differentiation and function using cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells deficient in the LAMC1 gene. Laminin γ1 (−/−) cardiomyocytes lacked basement membranes (BM), whereas their sarcomeric organization was unaffected. Accordingly, electrical activity and hormonal regulation were found to be intact. However, the inadequate BM formation led to an increase of ECM deposits between adjacent cardiomyocytes, and this resulted in defects of the electrical signal propagation. Furthermore, we also found an increase in the number of pacemaker areas. Thus, although laminin and intact BM are not essential for cardiomyocyte development and differentiation per se, they are required for the normal deposition of matrix molecules and critical for intact electrical signal propagation.
Potassic late orogenic Stephanian volcanism in the Southwest French Massif central (Decazeville, Figeac, Lacapelle-Marival basins): an example for mantle metasomatism along strike-slip faults?
Authors: Lapierre Henriette , Basile Christophe , Berly Thomas , Canard Emmanuel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the southwestern part of the French Massif central (Decazeville basin, at the Sillon Houiller fault termination; Figeac and Lacapelle-Marival basins along the Argentat fault), Stephanian volcanism exhibits shoshonitic affinities. Their chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are enriched in light REE, but almost flat for heavy REE, with marked negative Eu anomalies. Primitive mantle-normalized element spectra show negative Nb, Ta, P, Sm, Ti, and positive Th, U, Pb anomalies, respectively. εNd values are negative and homogeneous (−6 to −4). This volcanism shares the same geochemical patterns as the late-orogenic Stephanian-Permian magmatism from the southern part of the Variscan belt (Pyrénées, Alps, Sardinia). We explain these geochemical characteristics as resulting from the partial melting of a metasomatised mantle. We propose a new mechanism to explain this melting process: horizontal displacement along the main late-orogenic strike-slip faults might bring into contact a hydrated lower crust with the lithospheric mantle. Mantle metasomatism within the strike-slip fault zone may then induce partial melting.
Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Liraglutide, Glimepiride, and Placebo, All in Combination With Metformin, in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nauck Michael , Frid Anders , Hermansen Kjeld , Shah Nalini S. , Tankova Tsvetalina , Mitha Ismail H. , Zdravkovic Milan , Düring Maria , Matthews David R. ,   for the LEAD-2 Study Group
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—The efficacy and safety of adding liraglutide (a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist) to metformin were compared with addition of placebo or glimepiride to metformin in subjects previously treated with oral antidiabetes (OAD) therapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this 26-week, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group trial, 1,091 subjects were randomly assigned (2:2:2:1:2) to once-daily liraglutide (either 0.6, 1.2, or 1.8 mg/day injected subcutaneously), to placebo, or to glimepiride (4 mg once daily). All treatments were in combination therapy with metformin (1g twice daily). Enrolled subjects (aged 25–79 years) had type 2 diabetes, A1C of 7–11% (previous OAD monotherapy for ≥3 months) or 7–10% (previous OAD combination therapy for ≥3 months), and BMI ≤40 kg/m2.
RESULTS—A1C values were significantly reduced in all liraglutide groups versus the placebo group (P &lt; 0.0001) with mean decreases of 1.0% for 1.8 mg liraglutide, 1.2 mg liraglutide, and glimepiride and 0.7% for 0.6 mg liraglutide and an increase of 0.1% for placebo. Body weight decreased in all liraglutide groups (1.8–2.8 kg) compared with an increase in the glimepiride group (1.0 kg; P &lt; 0.0001). The incidence of minor hypoglycemia with liraglutide (∼3%) was comparable to that with placebo but less than that with glimepiride (17%; P &lt; 0.001). Nausea was reported by 11–19% of the liraglutide-treated subjects versus 3–4% in the placebo and glimepiride groups. The incidence of nausea declined over time.
CONCLUSIONS—In subjects with type 2 diabetes, once-daily liraglutide induced similar glycemic control, reduced body weight, and lowered the occurrence of hypoglycemia compared with glimepiride, when both had background therapy of metformin.
The Precolonial Baule : A Reconstruction
Authors: Weiskel Timothy C. 
Published: October 2008

T. C. Weiskel — Le Baule précolonial : reconstruction.
Essai de description globale de l'histoire et des structures socio-politiques du Baule avant la pénétration française. Critique de l'acceptation inconditionnelle, par Dela-fosse, de la légende de la reine Aura Poku, qui implique une migration massive à partir de l'Ashanti au XVIIIe siècle : l'installation akan a dû se faire par petits groupes à une époque plus ancienne, le nom même de Baule apparaissant, sous des formes diverses, dans des documents européens du xvme siècle. Les relations commerciales, jusqu'au XIXe siècle, étaient établies avec les Akan orientaux plutôt qu'avec la côte. Après la « révolution du palmiste », l'économie commerciale baule garde un caractère archaïque, reposant sur les produits de luxe (or, pagnes, ivoire, esclaves) plus que sur les denrées agricoles ; elle se réoriente vers la côte, avec des chaînes parallèles et rivales. Les conditions d'installation expliquent le changement du système de parenté, cognatique et fondé sur l'établissement local, aura bo, plutôt que sur le matrilignage, abusua, des Akan nucléaires. Le système politique est hiérarchique mais non centralisé, l'autorité se fondant sur le succès —contrôle d'un effectif humain important — et non sur la séniorité. L'organisation économique à la fin du xixe siècle est telle que l'intervention française aura des répercussions chez les Baule avant même que le contact direct ait été établi.
Transactional Spheres and Inter-Societal Exchange in Ivory Coast.
Authors: Launay Robert 
Published: October 2008

R. Launay — Sphères de transactions et échanges entre sociétés en Côte d'Ivoire.
Dans l'introduction de Markets in Africa, Bohannan et Dalton utilisent la notion d' « économie multicentrique », formée de « sphères de transactions » différenciées à la fois par les produits et services échangés, les modes d'échange et les valeurs morales qui y sont associées. Les échanges de biens ressortissant à la même sphère sont baptisés « transferts » (conveyances), ceux de biens ressortissant à des sphères différentes, « conversions », ascendantes ou descendantes — ou bonnes ou mauvaises — suivant la hiérarchie des sphères reconnue par les échangeurs. Ce modèle pose la question de savoir comment le « gagnant » parviendrait à convaincre le « perdant » d'accepter un marché désavantageux. En fait, si les partenaires membres de sociétés différentes reconnaissent des systèmes de valeurs distincts, il peut n'y avoir point de perdant. Pour comprendre le système économique d'une société, il faut prendre en considération non seulement sa propre échelle de valeurs, mais encore celles de ses voisines, ce que démontre l'étude des échanges entre les Dyula d'une part, et les Guro et Senufo Kiembara d'autre part.
La parenté mise à nu, ou Pandore chez les Bete de Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Dozon—Kinship Laid Bare, or Pandora among the Bete (Ivory Coast).
This paper is based upon the analysis of a Bete etiological myth. It is a critical examination of an anthropological endeavour purporting to interpret social order. The myth takes apart the institutional forms of Bete society, especially those per-taining to kinship organisation, and reduces them to a representation of the origins of sexual difference. This process results in a kind of negative print of production and social division. Far from a dissolution within the integrative logic of a system-ic analysis (symbol and kinship Systems), this leads to an explicitation which maintains a distance between structure and dynamics, and between lineage organisation and segmentary or residential history. [pp. 101-110]
Évasions féminines dans la Volta noire.
Authors: Laurentin-Retel Anne 
Published: October 2008

A. Retel-Laurentin—Women's Absconding in the Black Volta.
In the Black Volta district of the Voltaic Republic, many Bwa women surrepti-tiously desert their husband's home at night to seek refuge with another man. This man is not considered guilty of adultery but rather of a kind of theft or kidnapping. The deserted husband may recover his wife by legal action, with the help of his own kin. Far from chastising her if and when she cornes back, he 'flatters' her by various gifts, sometimes extended to her family. This occurs in a society which considers marriage as irreversible. Relying on anthropological and statistical enquiries, the author shows that the apparent disparity between legal rule and actual pratice implies a tacit agreement of the group. Women's absconding does probabiy act as a regulating mechanism in a System in which endogamy and endo-local residence might otherwise lessen exchanges to a dangerous degree. [pp. 253-298]
Images de la femme kru à travers une cérémonie de funérailles (Côte d'Ivoire).
Authors: Schwartz Alfred 
Published: October 2008

A. Schwartz—Kru Woman-Images as Evidenced in a Funeral Ceremony (Ivory Coast).
Funerals provide Kru women with an opportunity for challenging the prevailing social order, that is a maie order that allows women, in spite of their contribution to its reproduction, little control on their own destiny. An analysis of four dirges reveals that this challenge is ambiguous, insofar as by letting women vent out their wrath and frustration, it acts as a safety valve rather than as anoutrightrejection of institutions, and especially of marriage. [pp. 323-327]
Structural Characteristics of Underdevelopment in the Mafia Archipelago : An Historical Analysis.
Authors: Van Spengen Wim 
Published: October 2008

W. van Spengen—Caractéristiques structurelles du sous-développement dans l'archipel de Mafia : analyse historique.
Au XVIe siècle, l'archipel présentait une situation économique prospère, fondée sur une agriculture combinée à un commerce maritime des produits locaux. La domination portugaise bouleversa cette situation et, à partir de la reconquista omani et de la domination zanzibarite, on voit apparaître une économie de plantation, au bénéfice des latifundiaires esclavagistes d'origine arabe, eux-mêmes exploités par les Indiens. La colonisation allemande entraîne l'apparition de grands domaines européens, qui bénéficient de la suppression progressive de l'esclavage. La désagrégation de l'économie locale, manifeste sur le plan des cultures alimentaires, est liée à une structure sociale inégalitaire, très hiérarchisée, et dominée de l'extérieur.
The Economic and Social Significance of Rubber Production and Exchange on the Gold and Ivory Coasts, 1880-1900.
Authors: Arhin Kwame 
Published: October 2008

K. Arhin — Signification économique et sociale de la production et du commerce du caoutchouc en Côte d'Ivoire et Côte de l'Or, 1880-1900.
Quel qu'ait été le rôle joué par le cacao dans les transformations économiques de cette région, la voie avait été préparée, à la fin du xixe siècle, par le développement de la demande de caoutchouc sur le marché mondial. C'est son commerce qui a familiarisé les populations du Centre et de l'Ouest de la Côte de l'Or et de l'Est de la Côte d'Ivoire avec l'économie monétaire, tout en introduisant, dans l'organisation foncière, des changements préparant ceux qui ont suivi l'introduction du cacao. En outre, la production, basée sur l'utilisation d'une main-d'œuvre servile, a marqué une rupture avec l'ancienne organisation familiale du travail et un stade de transition avec l'économie salariale liée à la production cacaoyère.
Islamic Networks and Urban Capitalism : An Instance of Articulation from Northern Nigeria.
Authors: Lubeck Paul M. 
Published: October 2008

P. Lubeck—Réseaux islamiques et capitalisme urbain : vin exemple d'articulation au Nigeria du Nord.
Etude comparative de la situation des étudiants des écoles coraniques de Kano, avant la période coloniale, pendant cette période et de nos jours, montrant comment une institution précapitaliste réagit à l'introduction et à l'évolution du capitalisme, et s'articule aux institutions capitalistes de façon imprévisible et souvent contradictoire. Cette catégorie sociale, recrutée dans la paysannerie, s'est développée au xixe siècle, à la suite de l'établissement de l'empire de Sokoto ; le capitalisme colonial marchand (arachide) a utilisé ses membres comme travailleurs temporaires ; de nos jours, ils constituent une proportion importante de la main-d'œuvre industrielle non qualifiée, les emplois supérieurs étant réservés aux bénéficiaires d'une éducation de type moderne, généralement citadins. Un des résultats de cette situation est que les conflits sociaux du secteur industrialisé s'expriment souvent en termes de valeurs précapitalistes.
Stratégies familiales, stratégies résidentielles en milieu urbain.
Authors: Osmont Annick 
Published: October 2008

A. Osmont—Strategies of Kinship and Residence in an Urban Context.
A number of previous studies have advanced the hypothesis that the European-type nuclear family forming a single residential group is becoming or has become the rule in African cities. Starting from the study in depth of a Senegalese family urbanized for nve generations, A. Osmont establishes that the descent group, the extended family with several residential units, remains the main basis of social and economie relationships in today's urban milieu.
Bilan et avenir de la lutte contre les grandes endémies en Afrique occidentale francophone.
Authors: Ricossé Jean-Henri , Husser Jean-Alain 
Published: October 2008

J.-H. Ricosse & J.-A. Husser — Fighting Endemie Diseases in French-Speaking West Africa: Assessment and Perspectives.
A short history of the fight against widespread endemie diseases from the pioneer efforts of Dr. Jamot against sleeping-sickness to the creation, in 1960, of the international OCCGE (Organization for Coordination and Cooperation agamst Endemie Diseases). The methods devised since the early thirties to check the spread of trypanosomiasis and leprosy (especially the mobile teams operating in the country-side) have been extended to other endemie diseases: malaria, river-blindness, ancy-lostomiasis, etc. The present trend, implemented by the national health services as well as by the World Health Organization, is oriented toward an enlarged vaccination program and the development of primary care Systems.