bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminine Disguise in The Hind and the Panther
Authors: Cotterill Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the disguise and threat of the feminine in Dryden's long, bewildering beast fable, The Hind and the Panther (1687), which apparently defends James II's Edict of Toleration while offering the public their long-awaited story of Dryden's conversion to Roman Catholicism. The laureate bursts every convention of fable and public relations to challenge readers hungry for blood with a confusing self-image. He invokes the feminine symbol of Eastern mystery and anti-Catholic propaganda — the Scarlet Whore of Babylon and Beast of the Apocalypse — to create protective mystification: against an ominous setting of violent menace he creates not one but two female voices, predator and prey, two beastly mother churches that eerily resemble each other, while the narrator intrudes digressive self-reflection. The lady beasts match wits and exchange dark prophetic fables late into the night to forestall the end of their encounter and the real physical violence threatening the King.
Agent's Awareness and Knowledge of Our Mental Actions
Authors: O'Brien Lucy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter attempted to characterize the nature of an agent's awareness. It argues that an agent's awareness is a familiar feature of active psychological phenomena rather than passive ones, and is therefore a feature of paradigm thoughts and utterances; an agent's awareness is an awareness we can have without conceptualizing or self-ascribing it; and that agent's awareness is a feature of thoughts and utterances that the thought or utterance has by virtue of its mode of occurrence.
What are Actions?
Authors: O'Brien Lucy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the essential elements of an account that must be in place for the consequent discussion of self knowledge to be intelligible. It sets out the bare bones of an account of actions that takes them to be, at the personal level, primitive psychological phenomena. It articulates a view of actions that denies that they are composable into more primitive personal-level psychological events, such as intentions, willings or trying, and movements of the body. In short, the chapter's main goal is to do little more than make the view of actions assumed in Chapter 9 seem a possible, and not obviously unreasonable, view.
The Low-Countries wars
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The English and Scots volunteers who fought in the Dutch army during the Eighty Years War were conscious of participating in a Protestant crusade as well as countering Spanish power in the Low Countries. They assimilated the neo-Stoic values of constancy, devotion to military duties, and the acceptance of perpetual warfare while serving an apprenticeship in the most advanced school of war in Europe under the tutelage of Maurice of Nassau. While these gentlemen volunteers learned much about modern siege warfare and were exposed to a martial culture based upon technical expertise and merit, their commanders, such as the earl of Leicester and the third earl of Essex, were chosen on the basis of noble rank and tended to pursue individual honour and glory rather than rational military and political objectives. Catholic Irish volunteers learned the theory and practice of modern warfare in the opposing Spanish Army of Flanders.
British manpower and the States' Army
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Military service was not linked to patriotism in the Dutch Republic, and the Dutch army was a mercenary force consisting mostly of foreigners. The native Dutch soldiers were usually found in garrisons, and in the time of Maurice of Nassau, the English and the Scots comprised a large part of the Dutch field armies. While the English and Scots officers were all volunteers and eagerly pursued careers in the States’ Army, the private soldiers were mostly impressed, although many English lawyers regarded the practice as illegal. Both the English and Scots governments allowed military enterprisers to recruit for mainland European armies whether Catholic or Protestant. Moreover, wastage resulting from death, disease, and desertion required that regiments raised for foreign service be subsequently replenished.
Military and naval expeditions of the 1620s
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Jacobean Peace — which followed James VI and I’s accession to the English throne and the end of the Anglo-Spanish war — was characterized by the official pursuit of diplomacy rather than war in order to resolve the religious and dynastic conflicts of Europe, and led to a neglect of the arts of war and the decay of the military forces of the crown. James’s policy of peace sought marital alliances with the leading Protestant and Catholic powers. His son-in-law Frederick V, elector palatine’s unwise acceptance of the Bohemian crown precipitated the Thirty Years War and provoked the Hapsburg invasion of the Rhenish Palatinate. James’s Puritan subjects were dismayed at the king’s slow response in defending the Protestant cause and his family’s honour, and the military and naval expeditions to the Palatinate, Cadiz, and the Isle of Rhé demonstrated the military ineffectiveness of the governments of James I and his son and heir Charles I, as well as the incompetence of the royal favourite and chief minister, the duke of Buckingham.
Mercenaries and gentlemen
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Because of lingering prejudices against soldiers of fortune at the beginning of the British and Irish civil wars, Scottish and English aristocrats believed that they possessed the best claim to military command because of their superior social rank and the military exploits of their ancestors, despite evidence of the military experience and competence of the British and Irish veterans of the mainland European wars. The concept that military hierarchies were necessary for order and discipline still had not etched itself upon the English military mentality at home. It was thought that the king’s honour required that armies be commanded by men of noble birth, and this emphasis upon social hierarchy made some sense as long as noblemen could recruit their tenants or kinsmen to fill their regiments; the actual command of such units in the field could be entrusted to experienced professionals. This arrangement worked well in Scotland, parts of Ireland, and in Wales and northern England, but was a notable failure throughout the remainder of England where rents rather than loyalty had become the nexus between lord and smallholder. The Parliamentary New Model Army gained an advantage when the grandees, such as the third earl of Essex and the earl of Manchester, who belonged to the peace party which advocated limited war aims, were purged in favour of generals and officers who gained promotion by merit and seniority, and aimed at total victory.
Atrocity, plunder and discipline
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Professional officers who kept abreast of military innovations understood the need to discipline their soldiers and keep them focused on achieving military goals. Armies which foraged and plundered often became involved in secondary wars with local communities, and forfeited the goodwill of those who might offer intelligence and assistance. Regular payment of troops and developed systems of supply obviated the need for plunder, while improved discipline reduced the incidence of mutiny. The articles of war of various British and Irish armies — which were based upon mainland European models — attempted to regulate crimes and depredations by soldiers, generally secured the more humane treatment of prisoners of war, and restrained plundering and atrocities committed against civilian populations. Ireland was an exception to this trend to improve discipline and limit the destructiveness of war. Here, the parliamentary forces, which became captives of their own anti-Catholic propaganda and the determination of Cromwell to achieve total victory, pursued a policy of ‘fire and sword’ and committed atrocities which made the war in Ireland more bitter.
Standing armies in the Three Kingdoms
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Restoration settlement which placed Charles II on his throne allowed the king a small defensive military establishment consisting of guards and garrisons. But since it could not deploy a field army, it barely qualified as a standing army. The subsequent expansion of the English army during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars and the suppression of the Monmouth Rebellion revived the fear of a standing army as a tool of absolutism and popery in the French manner. Moreover, the need to buy or reward the support of the aristocracy wiped out whatever progress toward a merit system of awarding military offices had been achieved in the Parliamentarian and Royalist armies during the civil wars, and reasserted the distinction between gentlemen and professional officers. A purchase system for commissions took root and received official sanction. This system reserved the choicest military offices in the home army for courtiers and noblemen, and drove experienced officers and soldiers into destitution or military service in foreign armies.
English, Irish and Scots in mainland European armies
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
At the Restoration, there were limited places for Cromwellian and Cavalier veterans in the standing armies of the Three Kingdoms. Consequently, there was a considerable exodus of professional soldiers and men who had grown up knowing none other than the military life. Once again, they served in the same armies they had before the civil wars, including Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Poland, Imperial Austria, France, Venice, and especially the Dutch Republic. They also served in the newly independent kingdom of Portugal and Muscovite Russia. Those who wished to pursue careers as officers continued to serve a military apprenticeship in the ranks as gentlemen volunteers, and volunteers who desired adventure were especially attracted to the campaigns and sieges of the Imperialist and Venetian forces in their struggles to drive the Ottoman Turks from Europe and the Mediterranean world. Until William of Orange’s invasion of England and conquest of Scotland and Ireland — which together with England’s involvement in the Nine Years War brought an expansion of the English/British armies — the British Isles continued to be a significant source of manpower for mainland European armies. Since the Anglo-Dutch forces drew heavily upon these manpower sources during the Nine Years War, those (including the ‘wild geese’) who continued make careers in continental European armies came largely from the Catholic populations of the British Isles.
Conclusion: military professionalism
Authors: Manning Roger B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
At the end of the 17th century, it was still possible to become an officer in the English army by serving an apprenticeship in arms, but purchasing a commission became the more usual way of gaining entry into the officer corps. Although William III and Queen Anne disapproved of the purchase system, most members of Parliament approved of it as a means of weeding out soldiers of fortune, of favouring aristocrats from their own ranks, and maintaining political loyalty and stability. In contrast to the strides made towards a system of advancement based upon proficiency and merit in the Royal Navy, the purchase system delayed professionalization in the English/British army. William III preferred officers from the Dutch army for the highest commands in the English army because he did not trust many of James II’s officers who had changed their colours in the middle of battle. Those British and Irish officers whom he did promote were usually veterans of the Dutch army or other mainland European armies. Because he assigned a higher priority to raising larger armies quickly, William did little to promote professionalization in the English army as he had done in Dutch army.
An Introduction to British Management History
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter lays out the book’s aims and examines the historical origins of management. It presents the three main ways in which the term management is commonly used: modern management as an organizational process, activity or system; as an organizational structure of evolving complexity up to the ‘M-form’ associated with managerial capitalism; and as an occupational grouping or class of people carrying out managerial roles within the workforce. There are two other issues to consider: a developmental periodization of management in Britain that provides a chronological framework; and an international economic comparison from 1820 onwards against which our story can be told, since the underlying question of the book is essentially a comparative one to explain Britain’s relative performance.
Managers—The Social and Cultural Environment
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of industry in British society, reflecting Rubinstein’s argument that ‘Britain’s was never fundamentally an industrial and manufacturing economy; rather, it was always, even at the height of the industrial revolution, essentially a commercial, financial, and service-based economy’. Thus, the energies, esteem, and recognition that an elite put into manufacturing industry in other countries were, in Britain, channelled into other activities. The psychology of industrialists is considered, followed by attitudes to management as a career. The final part of the chapter looks at the managerial labour market to examine management backgrounds, education, and progression, and uses surveys from the 1950s to provide a snapshot in historical time.
Conclusions
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews the frames of reference that have been used throughout the book, especially the development models and the changing implications of the drivers. It then examines the developments in the four themes, in particular how they have changed very considerably to bring Britain’s management systems and structures into line with those of other countries, especially in the last three decades or so. A further section seeks to identify changes in the managerial role during the 20th century and to place the very large increase in managerial numbers into perspective. The final section provides some reflections about the transition to managerial capitalism and financial capitalism, the possible trend to managerialism, and the potential for further change in the future.
Default Meanings
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews approaches to default interpretations in semantic and pragmatic theories then proposes a classification of presumed, salient, default interpretations. Cognitive defaults are discussed at length and derived from the phenomenological principle of intentionality of mental states that underlie acts of communication. Cultural and social defaults are introduced and the problem of the fuzzy boundary between default interpretations and conscious pragmatic processing is addressed.
The Institutional Nature of ICT and Organizational Change
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter draws on institutionalist theory, which takes social structures and long-enduring organizing processes to be historically formed and culturally sustained. From this general theoretical perspective, both management and ICT are seen as institutionally constituted. The chapter draws from studies which argued that far from being merely the outcome of rational knowledge, management know-how is the result of specific social processes. Rather than seeing ICT as a set of converging technologies that spread everywhere by virtue of their technical functionality, ICT is discussed as a network of industries, professions, and widely cultivated assumptions about the value of information, computers, and telecommunications in modern society.
Gellius the Etymologist
Authors: Cavazza Franco 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Gellius often discusses questions of etymology, sometimes following other writers' work, sometimes apparently offering suggestions of his own. This chapter employs source-criticism to isolate etymologies that seem to be his own (while acknowledging the possibility that they may not be), compares them with the findings of modern linguistics, and relates them to the etymological principles current amongst ancient grammarians, in particular borrowing from Greek, suffixation, composition out of two words, or use by antiphrasis to mean the opposite of the expected sense. He makes intelligent and informed use of these principles, proving himself an expert in the ars grammatica. Most of his derivations by suffixation or composition are correct, as are most derivations from Greek if the category is extended to include the common Indo-European descent of which antiquity had no notion.
Genre, Conventions, and Cultural Programme in Gellius' Noctes Atticae
Authors: Vardi Amiel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The chapter aims to delineate Gellius' view of knowledge and intellectual life by examining his adhesion and departure from the generic conventions of ancient miscellanies and similar works. His professedly selective assemblage of a broad range of learned material presented as an disarrayed sequence of self-contained items reflects a perception of the body of knowledge as an unsystematic congeries of isolated pieces of information, which stands in sharp contrast to the view of knowledge as an organic system that modern science shares with the main stream of ancient scholars. At the same time, the arrangement of the book as a whole and the variety of dramatic settings of its individual chapters also creates a model of intellectual life in which knowledge is assiduously sought, but randomly encountered and accumulated throughout one's adult life, and which thus conveys no sense of a linear progression in learning.
Gellius, Apuleius, and Satire on the Intellectual
Authors: Keulen Wytse 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter compares Gellius' and Apuleius' techniques of characterizing and satirizing certain types of intellectuals. These techniques are shown to be often common to both authors and to rely on a wide and long tradition of satirical portrayal of intellectual that goes back to Aristophanes, the Platonic dialogue and the role assigned to the figure of Socrates therein, and up to Plutarch's Table Talks. Both authors are also shown to direct their censure at shared targets, especially pseudo-intellectuals, pedantry, polymathy, incredible stories, and the resort to alleged autopsy to establish credibility. Finally, the chapter examines to what extent Gellius and Apuleius satirize themselves through their ‘autobiographical’ portrayals, Apuleius mainly through the portrayal of Lucius, his satirical alter ego in the Metamorphoses, and Gellius in a series of anecdotes in which the author's ‘I’ or one of his admired teachers are made to face justifiable criticism.
1 New Managerialism and Public Services Reform: From Regulated Autonomy to Institutionalized Distrust
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter has five purposes. First, to provide a general theoretical orientation and framework to analyse changes in UK higher education at the institutional, organizational, and individual academic and manager-academic levels. Second, to provide an analytical narrative about the emergence and subsequent development of ‘New Managerialism’ (NM). Third, to review the discursive strategies and control technologies embodied in different formulations of NM and New Public Management (NPM). Fourth, to identify and assess the endemic contradictions, tensions, and conflicts within and between these discursive strategies and control technologies, as well as their broader implications for longer-term institutional change and organizational innovation. Fifth, to provide an initial interpretation of the process of ‘hybridization’ in public services domains and organizationals, and its wider significance for the development of universities as ‘knowledge-intensive organizations’.
2 Alternative Comedy: The Language of the Theatre
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Augustine's use of Roman comedy and mime in the Confessions, through a consideration of a series of incidents where comic language is used. It is suggested that the Confessions may be read as a sort of anti-comedy, where the ‘happy ending’ consists not in his lawful marriage but in his renunciation of sexuality. While Augustine himself plays the part of the jeune premier, his mother Monica is cast as a comic ancilla domini. This comedy would then offer the educated reader with a real-life alternative to that offered at the theatre.
Biblical Idioms in theConfessions
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter charts two of the strategies by which Augustine justifies the language of the Latin Bible, a style he himself had previously found unattractive. First, it can be located within the classical categories of rhetoric as belonging to the ‘humble style’, a description which is naturally rich in theological associations. Second, the arbitrary nature of language makes ‘biblical Latin’ as valid an idiom as any other form of Latin. It is argued that biblical usage gives Augustine a new range of linguistic options, which derive much of their force precisely from their opposition to classical norms. This is illustrated through consideration of his use of unusual plurals and of loan-words.
Constructions at Work
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book investigates the nature of generalizations in language, drawing parallels between our linguistic knowledge and more general conceptual knowledge. The book combines theoretical, corpus, and experimental methodology to provide a constructionist account of how linguistic generalizations are learned, and how cross-linguistic and language-internal generalizations can be explained. Part I argues that broad generalizations involve the surface forms in language, and that much of our knowledge of language consists of a delicate balance of specific items and generalizations over those items. Part II addresses issues surrounding how and why generalizations are learned and how they are constrained. Part III demonstrates how independently needed pragmatic and cognitive processes can account for language-internal and cross-linguistic generalizations, without appeal to stipulations that are specific to language.
How argument structure constructions are learned
Authors: Goldberg Adele 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAdvances to our understanding of statistical learning mechanisms were not envisioned in the 1960s when the notion that critical aspects of grammar were unlearnable became dogma in the field of linguistics. This chapter joins the growing body of literature that detracts from the poverty of the stimulus argument by presenting evidence that the language input children receive provides more than adequate means by which learners can induce the association of meaning with certain argument structure patterns. Well-established categorization principles apply straightforwardly to this domain. This chapter outlines the first experimental studies to investigate novel construction learning. Results demonstrate that skewed input such that a single verb in a novel construction accounts for the preponderance of tokens, facilitates learners getting a ‘fix’ on the construction's meaning. One verb accounts for the lion's share of tokens of each argument frame considered in an extensive corpus study. In this way, grammatical constructions may arise developmentally as generalizations over lexical items in particular patterns.