bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ON PLASMA AMINO ACIDS TRANSPORT IN HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM
Authors: Sato Tamotu , Uchigata Yasuko 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The chronic effects of human growth hormone (hGH) on the transport of plasma amino acids (PAA) induced by glucose administration were studied in 17 patients with GH deficiency at different stages in the course of GH therapy. The study comprised 9 patients before and after 2–3 months of the therapy and 8 patients after prolonged treatment of 2–3 years. Five normal children served as controls. Analysis of 13 neutral and acidic PAA concentrations before and 2 h after glucose loading was carried out, and a decrease in PAA was expressed as a percentage of 2 h value to the initial level (PAA ratio). Fasting levels of several PAA before treatment were significantly lower than those of controls which gradually rose during the course of the therapy. The mean ± sd value of PAA ratio was also reduced before treatment (68 ± 16 %) vs. that of controls (82 ± 16 %, P < 0.05), which rose after 2–3 months of GH therapy to a comparable level of controls (91 ± 26 %). In patients treated for 2–3 years, however, PAA ratio was decreased to the level of pre-treatment (57 ± 17 %), P < 0.01 vs. control). These changes were pronounced in glucogenic, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. Serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) activity was also low before GH therapy and normalized by the treatment. However, no significant correlation was noted between PAA ratio and serum GGTP activity or GH level. These results indicate that PAA transport evoked by endogenous insulin changes considerably according to the duration of GH therapy, and this may reflect a peripheral alteration of responsiveness to exogenous GH in the prolonged course of GH therapy in pituitary dwarfs.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ON PITUITARY PROLACTIN-SECRETING TUMOURS
Authors: Zárate Arturo , Canales Elias S. , Alger Mucia , Forsbach Gerardo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Management of the amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome due to pituitary tumour is still controversial. However, in cases of pituitary prolactinproducing adenomas, ovulation and pregnancy are readily induced medically with bromocriptine. In our series of 14 patients conception occurred in all cases within 6 months of treatment. All of the 14 women had uneventful full term pregnancies and normal infants. Neither neurological nor visual symptoms appeared in these patients during their pregnancies. Lactation had no apparent effect on the growth of the pituitary tumour since radiological and neurological evaluations were unchanged. Prolactin levels for each patient following the termination of pregnancy and breast feeding were apparently diminished or similar to the prolactin levels obtained prior to treatment. This finding could add to the evidence that probably there was no further growth of the pituitary tumour. Three of the 14 women have had a second pregnancy without any complications. It is recommended that patients with microadenomas can be allowed to become pregnant on bromocriptine alone, provided that they are carefully supervised during pregnancy.
FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES TO SYNTHETIC HUMAN CALCITONIN DURING TREATMENT OF PAGET'S DISEASE
Authors: Dietrich F. M. , Fischer J. A. , Bijvoet O. L. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Low-titre antibodies to synthetic human calcitonin (hCT) were detected in a 69-year-old woman suffering from Paget's disease who was treated for 16 months with hCT and the diphosphonate EHDP. Levels of antibody were highest between 10 and 18 months after commencement of therapy, slowly decreased after completion of treatment and were later no longer measurable. There was no immunological response to a single re-injection of hCT 14 months after discontinuation of therapy. Formation of antibodies to hCT in man is a very rare event, this being the first recorded case of an immune response to synthetic human calcitonin, whereas synthetic salmon calcitonin induces an immune response in a high percentage (up to 78 %) of the patients treated with this hormone.
TSH SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE IN THE THYROIDECTOMIZED RAT:
Authors: Spira O. , Birkenfeld A. , Gross J. , Gordon A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Groups of surgically thyroidectomized (T) male rats were sacrificed at intervals during the period of 1 to 5 and 30 to 180 days after <UNK> Plasma T3, T4 and TSH levels and pituitary TSH content were measured by RIA. A drop of plasma T3 and T4 from normal to undetectable values occurred by day 3 post <UNK>. There was a progressive increase of plasma TSH from the normal value of 136 ± 14 ng/ml to 1623 ± 186 ng/ml (mean ± sem) at day 5 post T, reaching at 30 days a new plateau of 8618 ± 527 ng/ml. These levels remained unchanged up to 130 days post <UNK>. At 180 days, plasma TSH (4123 ± 991 ng/ml) fell significantly below the plateau level. Pituitary TSH content fell from the normal value of 80.9 ± 15.9 μg/mg to a nadir of 12.7 ± 1.4 μg/mg at day 4 post <UNK> and then slowly rose to 98.6 ± 5.9 μg/mg at 100 days, remaining at this level for another 30 days and finally declining significantly at 180 days post <UNK>.
The rates of TSH release and synthesis were calculated using the metabolic clearance rates (MCR), determined from the curves of disappearance of injected [125I]-TSH by a non-compartmental analysis. The MCR values decreased, starting at 8 days after T, and reached about half the normal value from 30 days onwards (0.257 ± 0.03 to 0.144 ± 0.001 ml/min/100 g b.w.).
The rate of TSH release was increased as early as the first day post <UNK>. A 6-fold increase was reached after 5 days and a new steady state of about 32-fold increase was attained within 1 month. TSH synthesis was also stimulated. However, it lagged behind the stimulation of the release for the first 4 days after <UNK>.
The data indicate that: a) The depletion of thyroid hormones affects both synthesis and release of TSH. b) Under prolonged hypothyroidism TSH release and synthesis are in equilibrium, at a markedly enhanced rate. c) Very severe and prolonged hypothyroidism results in a decline in both pituitary and plasma TSH levels.
TSH SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE IN THE THYROIDECTOMIZED RAT:
Authors: Spira O. , Birkenfeld A. , Avni A. , Gross J. , Gordon A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The time and dose dependent effects of T3 on the anterior pituitary (AP) TSH release and synthesis were studied in rats 5 days after thyroidectomy (<UNK>-5d). T3, in various doses, was injected iv to animals which were killed at various times later. Plasma and AP TSH were measured. T3 lowered plasma TSH to a minimum within 3 h. An inverse linear relationship was found between T3, up to 634 ± 134 ng/100 g b.w. (mean ± sd) and plasma TSH. Higher doses of T3 did not lower plasma TSH any further. At T3 of 634 ± 134 ng/100 g b.w. the specific AP binder was calculated to be 68 % to 90 % saturated; thus suggesting a relationship between occupancy by T3 of the AP binder and the regulation of TSH release.
The TSH release and synthesis rates were compared after 0.5 μg, 1 μg and 25 μg T3. All three doses of T3 suppressed the release as well as the synthesis. The effect of T3 on the synthesis rate, however, lagged behind the effect on the release both in time and magnitude.
CORRELATION OF PLASMA NON-CONJUGATED OESTRIOL AND PLASMA CORTISOL IN LATE HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Reck G. , Renner A. , Sinns G. , Breckwoldt M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The present study concerns the diurnal variations of free plasma oestriol and their relationship to maternal plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy. Four pregnant women volunteered for the study. According to the half-life time of oestriol blood was drawn at intervals of 30 and 60 minutes, respectively, over a period of 24 hours.
Free oestriol was measured by radioimmunoassay and cortisol was quantitated by a protein binding method.
All patients exhibited a circadian rhytm for free oestriol with higher values in the evening and early night (14.4 ± 3.7 ng/ml) than in the morning (11.3 ± 2.3 ng/ml, P < 0.001). The course of oestriol followed plasma cortisol in a significant negative correlation (r = −0.566, P < 0.001). During the period of low cortisol concentration oestriol levels demonstrated the phenomenon of episodic secretion.
The results suggest that the maternal adrenals predominantly regulate the circadian rhythm of free oestriol by a negative feed-back action on the foetal hypothalamus.
ANOVULATION AND OVIDUCTAL HYPERPLASIA IN RATS TREATED WITH CLOMIPHENE CITRATE 5 DAYS AFTER BIRTH
Authors: Morishita Hajime , Nakago Kichijiro , Ii Kunio , Hashimoto Tadashi , Kawamoto Masaru , Tanaka Toshiro , Higuchi Kazuhiko , Miyauchi Yasuyo , Ozasa Teruyasu 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Five day old female rats were administered either 500 μg clomiphene citrate or propylene glycol. Vaginal opening occurred significantly earlier in the clomiphene treated group as compared with the control group. Clomiphene treated rats showed permanent sterility associated with anovulatory vaginal cycles in which the stage of vaginal cornification predominated. Furthermore, clomiphene treated rats exhibited a high incidence of pyosalpinx (or oviductal abscess). The possible mechanisms responsible for the anovulatory sterility and the pyosalpinx induced by neonatal clomiphene treatment are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF THE PURITY OF THE IODINATED TRACER ON THE SPECIFICITY OF THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: Marana R. , Suginami H. , Robertson D. M. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to establish whether [125I]hFSH subunits are formed during iodination of hFSH by a mild (lactoperoxidase) technique, and if so which fractionation procedure provides the best separation of [125I]hFSH from its subunits. In addition, the effect of the 125I subunits on the specificity of the hFSH radioimmunoassay technique was examined. The products of iodination of hFSH were fractionated by a number of techniques consisting of low and high resolution gel filtration procedures and adsorption on either cellulose or Concanavalin A coupled to Sepharose. The efficacy of the adsorption methods was assessed by a subsequent high resolution gel filtration procedure (Ultrogel AcA 54). Radioreceptor and radioimmunoassay methods were used to monitor the profiles of hFSH, hFSHα and hFSHβ subunits and to assess the recoveries of radioreceptor-active hFSH obtained by the different procedures.
Iodination of a highly purified hFSH preparation invariably resulted in the formation of both [125I]hFSH and [125I]hFSH subunits. The proportion of radioactivity associated with the 125I subunit peak to that of the [125I]hFSH peak was 10 % when the iodination products after low resolution gel filtration were fractionated by a high resolution gel filtration procedure. The corresponding amount of subunits obtained by adsorption on cellulose and Concanavalin A was 71 % and 6 %, respectively. Thus in comparison with low resolution gel filtration there was a partial separation of [125I]hFSH from [125I]hFSH subunits on Concanavalin A while no separation was effected on cellulose. In fact, the results suggest that 125I subunits were formed during fractionation on cellulose. The recoveries of hFSH activity following fractionation on cellulose and Concanavalin A were significantly lower (27 % and 65 %) than those obtained by either low or high resolution gel filtration techniques. A marked reduction in the specificity of the RIA of hFSH was found when [125I]hFSH subunits rather than [125I] hFSH were used as tracer in the assay.
It is concluded that the presence of 125I subunits in [125I]hFSH preparations used as tracer in the RIA of hFSH can diminish the specificity of the assay. The routine employment of a high resolution gel filtration procedure which provides a complete separation of 125I subunits from the intact hormone, is suitable for the elimination of this source of assay invalidity while the other fractionation procedures tested (cellulose adsorption or Concanavalin A) are not.
THE ASSAY OF HUMAN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE PREPARATIONS: THE CHOICE OF A SUITABLE STANDARD
Authors: Marana R. , Robertson D. M. , Suginami H. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Eleven pituitary or urinary preparations of varying purity were assayed for FSH activity by an in vitro bioassay method, a receptor binding assay (RBA) technique and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure, employing two anti-FSH sera with and without absorption with hCG. All methods were specific for hFSH, since other glycoproteins (hFSHα and hFSHβ subunits, hLH, hCG and hTSH) elicited little, if any, response. A partially purified hFSH preparation (1st IRP of Human Pituitary Gonadotrophins (FSH and LH/ICSH) for bioassay, code No. 69/104) was used as standard in all assays. In addition, potency estimates were expressed in terms of a highly purified hFSH preparation (hFSH-Kabi, Lot No. 19344) and in terms of the hMG (2nd IRP).
Significant differences in the ratios of biological activity to receptor binding activity (B/R) and to immunological reactivity (B/I) were observed between preparations which were unrelated to their level of purity. The use of the 69/104 preparation as standard gave significantly higher B/R and B/I ratios than the use of the hMG (2nd IRP) and of a highly purified hFSH preparation. In addition, the use of the hMG (2nd IRP) as a standard gave significantly higher B/R ratios than that of the highly purified hFSH preparation.
These results indicate that the 69/104 and hMG (2nd IRP) preparations contain significantly more biologically inactive receptor binding material than the more extensively purified hFSH preparation. Furthermore, the 69/104 preparation contains significantly more biologically inactive immunologically reactive material than both hMG reference standards and the highly purified hFSH preparation.
It is concluded that, because of the presence in the 69/104 preparation of relatively large quantities of biologically inactive material which behaves in both the receptor binding assay (RBA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures as hFSH, this preparation is unsuitable as standard for the quantitation of FSH activity by methods other than bioassays. For the same reason, the relatively crude 2nd IRP (but not its replacement, the 1st IS for human urinary FSH and LH for bioassay) appears to be unsuitable as a standard for the assay of hFSH by RBA procedures. Among the limited number of preparations studied, a highly purified pituitary hFSH preparation appears to be the most satisfactory as a provisional standard for hFSH assays, although even this material contains some biologically inactive hFSH-like material.
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) IN PLASMA
Authors: Robertson D. M. , Puri Vipla , Lindberg Monica , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The relationship between the biological and immunological activities of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) in plasma collected from female subjects was examined. The biological activity was measured by an in vitro bioassay and the immunological activity by an hLH radioimmunoassay (RIA), using improved reagents, such as the 1st IRP for human pituitary LH for immunoassay (code No. 68/40) as standard, a subunit-free biologically active iodinated hLH preparation as tracer and an anti-hLH serum of relatively high specificity.
Similar profiles of biological (B) and immunological (I) activity were obtained in the plasma samples collected daily throughout 40 menstrual cycles (5 cycles from each of 8 subjects). However, the B/I ratios were significantly lower during the period of LH surge (P < 0.001) than throughout the remainder of the cycle.
The within- and between-assay variation in B/I ratios was investigated by the simultaneous assay of biological and immunological activities in plasma pools obtained by combining equal aliquots of plasma from each daily sample of the menstrual cycle from each of 5 cycles of each of 4 subjects. The analysis of these 20 pools revealed highly significant individual differences in B/I ratios, ranging from 0.81 to 1.33. The coefficient of variation was 20 % between-subjects and 5 % within-subjects. There was no seasonal variation in B/I ratios. That the individual differences in plasma B/I ratios were not attributable to the procedure of pooling was ascertained by the simultaneous assay of both activities in parellel in daily plasma samples and in the pools formed from these samples from three complete cycles.
Thus the analysis of the differences in B/I ratios obtained throughout the menstrual cycle revealed three major sources of variation. The first occurs in the form of generally elevated (higher than unity) B/I ratios, the second consists of a significant drop in B/I ratios during the midcycle LH surge, and the third source is represented by the significant between-subject differences.
It is concluded that the first source is attributable to the relatively higher levels of "impurity" (i.e. biologically inactive, immunologically active material) in the standard preparation compared to those present in plasma, whereas the other sources are due most probably to the presence in plasma of biologically inactive, immunologically active material of unknown composition and origin. If so, the latter source limits the quantitative significance of the RIA procedures employed. It is suggested that these three sources of variation account for most of the differences in B/I ratios for plasma hLH reported in the literature.
DIFFERENCES IN THE BLOOD GLUCOSE RESPONSE OF MICE TO ALLOXAN AND ALLOXAN-INHIBITING COMPOUNDS
Authors: Boquist L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A typical triphasic blood glucose response (response A) is seen in fed and starved mice treated with alloxan alone, whereas a marked initial hyperglycaemia (to which alloxan probably has not contributed) and an abolished second hyperglycaemia (response B) are found in starved mice given D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, and sodium lactate, and in fed mice treated with p-hydroxymercurigenzoate (PMB), D-mannoheptulose (MH) or diphenylhydantoin (DPH) before alloxan injection. An abolished initial hyperglycaemia, but a preserved "second" hyperglycaemia (response C), is observed in starved mice given PMB, MH or DPH before alloxan, indicating that an initial hyperglycaemia is not a prerequisite for B-cell damage and development of alloxan diabetes. Fed and starved mice pre-treated with NaHCO3, acetazolamide (AZM), L-leucine or tolbutamide exhibit neither any initial nor any second hyperglycaemia (response D) following alloxan injection.
The findings suggest that the inhibition of alloxan toxicity caused by pre-treatment with D- glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, PMB, MH or DPH, and to some extent also sodium lactate, is dependent upon development of hyperglycaemia which may affect the B-cells secondarily and make them insensitive to alloxan, whereas these compounds are not antagonistic to alloxan in the absence of hyperglycaemia, e.g. when PMB, MH or DPH are given to starved mice. NaHCO3, AZM, L-leucine and tolbutamide seem to antagonize alloxan by other mechanism(s), probably through a direct action upon the B-cells.
INACTIVATION OF RENIN IN A MIXED MITOCHONDRIAL-LYSOSOMAL FRACTION OF POST-PARTUM UTERUS
Authors: Jørgensen Jørgen 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The marked renin inactivation seen during in vitro incubation of post-partum uterine slices which mimics the in vivo condition, is not accompanied by a similar general proteolysis. The inactivating mechanism is so far non-specific with respect to organ or species as added hog renal renin is inactivated at a similar rate as endogenous renin. Endogenous alkaline phosphatase is not significantly inactivated and added alkaline phosphatase is completely stable.
A marked inactivation of endogenous renin also takes place during incubation of a mixed mitochondrial-lysosomal suspension prepared from post-partum uterus. The process is more pronounced at pH 7.4 than at 6.8. Freezing and thawing and addition of Triton X-100 prior to incubation inhibits the inactivation. ATP and α-ketoglutarate slightly stimulates the process while CoA and chloroquine have no effect. Both iodoacetate and phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride inhibit the inactivation, suggesting that more than one enzyme is involved in the inactivation.
CALCITONIN IN EXTRATHYROIDAL TISSUES OF MAN
Authors: Becker Kenneth L. , Snider Richard H. , Moore Charles F. , Monaghan Kathleen G. , Silva Omega L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Prior studies have demonstrated detectable immunoreactive calcitonin in the serum and urine of totally thyroidectomized humans, suggesting that the hormone may be secreted by extrathyroidal tissues. Accordingly, a study of the immunoreactive calcitonin content of human tissues was undertaken, utilizing autopsy material from 23 patients. Significant amounts of calcitonin were found in many extrathyroidal tissues, ranging up to 40 ng/g wet weight. The hormone was detectable with two antibodies having different region specificities for calcitonin. Gel filtration and subsequent radioimmunoassay demonstrated that extrathyroidal tissue has calcitonin fractions of the same molecular size and charge characteristics as do the serum and thyroid. The finding of large amounts of extrathyroidal calcitonin may explain why thyroidectomy in man is not accompanied by marked changes in calcium metabolism.
Cholinergic inputs to the amygdala and the control of gonadotrophin release
Authors: Piva Flavio , Borrell José , Limonta Patrizia , Gavazzi Gilberto , Martini Luciano 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Adult female rats castrated 4 weeks before were implanted bilaterally into the basomedial area of the amygdala with drugs known to mimic or to counteract the actions of acetylcholine. The animals were sacrificed at different time intervals after the implantation of the different compounds, and serum levels of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoasay. The data obtained indicate that the intra-amygdalar implantation of the muscarinic blocker atropine induces a significant increase of the release of LH without altering FSH secretion. The implantation of two cholinomimetic drugs, pilocarpine, an almost pure muscarinic agonist, and carbachol, which possesses both muscarinic and nicotinic properties, exerted an inhibitory effect only on LH release. On the contrary, the intra-amygdalar placement of the nicotinic blocker mecamylamine was followed by an increase of FSH with no changes in LH. These observations may suggest that cholinergic signals reaching the amygdala may be of some relevance in the mechanisms controlling gonadotrophin secretion. Muscarinic receptors seem to play an inhibitory role in the regulation of LH secretion, while nicotinic receptors seem to modulate in an inhibitory way FSH release.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism associated with hypercalcitoninaemia
Authors: Wägar Gustav , Lehtivuori Juhani , Salvén Ilkka , Backman Ralf , Sivula Arto 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A case of a 33 year old man with type I of pseudohypoparathyroidism associated with hypercalci toninaemia and deficiency of prolactin and growth hormone is reported. The diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism was made by recognition of the classic skeletal signs of Albright's osteodystrophy and confirmed by an infusion test with parathyroid hormone, which revealed a lack of both a cyclic AMP and phospaturic response. By investigation of the endocrine status the function of the pituitary/thyroid and pituitary/testis axes as well as the adrenal cortex was observed to be normal. The basal prolactin concentration was however, lower than normal and a lack of response in the growth hormone level in two glucagon tests was observed. Furthermore the basal calcitonin level was higher than normal and by provocation with pentagastrine the calcitonin secretion was very high despite an only slightly decreased serum calcium level. By operation the thyroid gland was normal and by light microscopy of a biopsy no signs of medullary carcinoma was observed. No good explanation for the high calcitonin basal level and secretion was found.