bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic improvement of the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat: Influence of economic values and prospects for a practical breeding programme
Authors: Bett RC , Kosgey IS , Bebe BO , Kahi AK 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis study determined the influence of economic values on genetic gain and explored the prospects for a practical breeding programme for the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat. The economic values for production traits (live weight (direct), live eight (maternal), milk yield and consumable meat) and functional traits (doe weight, number of kids weaned, kidding frequency and rate, doe weaning and survival rate, pre‐ and post‐weaning survival rate, and residual feed intake for yearlings and does) in the breeding goal addressed the smallholder production system. There was a potential for genetic progress in the breeding‐goal traits even by using simple selection criteria. In the breeding programme, the predicted genetic gains per year for milk yield were 0.737 and 0.047 kg for the sires of sires and dams of dams pathways, respectively. The required population size of 2500 does in the nucleus would be attained within ten years after the start of the breeding programme. The availability of a simple breeding programme for the Kenya Dual Purpose Goat offers enormous opportunities for private large‐scale flocks or for flocks owned by parastatal or research organisations to exploit genetic and economic benefits from the breeding programme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Development and Risk Behavior Among African American, Caucasian, and Mixed‐race Adolescents Living in High Poverty Inner‐city Neighborhoods
Authors: Bolland John M. , Bryant Chalandra M. , Lian Bradley E. , McCallum Debra M. , Vazsonyi Alexander T. , Barth Joan M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractYouths growing up in low‐income inner‐city neighborhoods are at substantial risk for initiating substance use, violent behavior, and sexual intercourse at early ages; these risk behaviors continue at comparatively high rates through adolescence. Hopelessness has been implicated as a risk factor for these behaviors. In this paper, we consider how race influences this process. African Americans form a demographic minority within the United States, but they are often the majority within inner‐city neighborhoods. For Caucasians, the opposite typically holds. Mixed‐race populations form a minority within both contexts. Using longitudinal data, we examine the relationship between race and risk behaviors in several impoverished inner‐city neighborhoods where African Americans form the distinct majority and Caucasians and people of mixed racial heritage form a small minority. We also consider how race moderates the relationship between hopelessness and risk behavior. Our findings show that compared to Caucasian or mixed‐race adolescents, African American adolescents are less likely to engage in risk behaviors, and that hopelessness has a less important impact on their behaviors.
Density effects on organs in self‐thinning Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. stands
Authors: Xue Li , Hagihara Akio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlthough much research on the density effect in nonself‐thinning populations has been conducted, there has been very little research on density effects in self‐thinning populations. Furthermore, the density effect of plant organs in self‐thinning populations is little reported. The present study analyzed the yield–density (Y–D) effects on organs, such as stem, branch and leaf, together with that on stands of self‐thinning Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.. The stand yield‐ and organ Y–D effects were well described by reciprocal and parabolic equations, respectively, throughout the experiment. The value of coefficient B in the reciprocal equation decreased monotonically with increasing stand age and became significantly closer to zero at the end of experiment (33‐year‐old stand), indicating that the constant final stand yield was established regardless of the density realized. The value of the relative growth coefficient h in the allometric equation between mean organ weight and mean aboveground weight was significantly smaller than 1.0 for stem, indicating that stem yield increases monotonically with increasing realized density. The h‐value was significantly larger than 1.0 for branch throughout the experiment, and for leaf except at 33 years old, indicating that optimum densities exist. The h‐value for leaf was not significantly different from 1.0 at 33 years old, indicating that the leaf yield reached a constant level regardless of realized density. The constant final leaf yield was established at almost the same growth stage as the establishment of constant final stand yield.
Direct Method of Preparation of Dodecanesulfonamide Derivatives and Some Surface Properties
Authors: Mousli R. , Tazerouti Amel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlkanesulfonamide compounds are known as surfactants because of the presence of –SO2NH– function in their molecule. Thus, they are used in many formulations in the chemical and textile industries and also as inhibitors of corrosion. Generally, sulfonamide derivatives are prepared using sulfonyl chlorides as the raw material. The methods often described in the literature involve the use of ammonia gas and pressure. A simple and direct method to prepare pure alkanesulfonamide derivatives possessing good surface properties is presented in this work. Thus, n‐dodecanesulfonyl chlorides obtained by photochemical sulfochlorination of n‐dodecane under visible light using sulfuryl chloride were separated from the reaction mixture. These sulfonyl chlorides, a mixture of primary and secondary isomers, were transformed in one step into N‐ethyldodecanesulfonamides, N‐ethanoldodecanesulfonamides and the salts of dodecanesulfonamidoacetic acid. After purification on chromatographic column, the six position isomers of these sulphonamide derivatives were analysed and well separated by gas phase chromatography using a nonpolar column. Then, gas phase chromatography analysis coupled to mass spectrometry using electronic impact (GC/MS/IE) was performed to identify the different position isomers. The primary isomers of sulphonamide derivatives were identified by crossed injection of the compounds obtained by synthesis from the 1‐chlorododecane using the Grignard reagent, and identified by IR,1H‐ and 13C‐RMN, elementary analysis and GC/MS/IE. Some physico‐chemical properties of these sulphonamide derivatives were examined. The variation of surface tension versus the concentration of both primary and secondary sulphonamide derivatives were studied, and the critical micellar concentration was determined for the compounds showing surface activity. The foaming power was also determined by the Bartsch method, and the results obtained were compared to those of a commercial surfactant, the linear alkylbenzenesulfonate. The stability of the foam formed was also evaluated.
Preoperative Fasting: Knowledge and Perceptions
Authors: Baril Patrice , Portman Harriet 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTPREOPERATIVE PATIENT FASTING is an essential element of the patient preparation process, but patients may be fasting for excessive lengths of time.INVESTIGATORS AT ONE FACILITY used semi‐structured interviews to explore the knowledge and beliefs of patients, nurses, and anesthesia care providers regarding the practice of preoperative patient fasting.FINDINGS INDICATE that some patients had excessive fasting times, and practitioners had erroneous perceptions about patient knowledge regarding the rationale for fasting and compliance with instructions. Clinicians expressed concern about the effects of excessive fasting but were reluctant to relax the policy.
Reviews
Authors: Van Wicklin Sharon Ann , Austin Elizabeth A. , Strebeck Jamie , Pelletier Lori A. 
Published: October 2007

Daily Miracles: Stories and Practices of Humanity and Excellence in Health CareAlan Briskin and Jan Boller 2006, 66 pages $13.95 softcoverWomen's Health Concerns Sourcebook second edition, Amy L. Sutton, Ed, 2004, 746 pages $78 hardcoverAcute & Chronic Wounds: Current Management Concepts third edition, Ruth A. Bryant and Denise P. Nix, 2007, 704 pages $59.95 hardcoverGetting Your Way Every Day: Mastering the Lost Art of Pure Persuasion Alan Axelrod, 2006, 304 pages, $17.95 softcover
Biometric and developmental gene–environment interactions: Looking back, moving forward
Authors: Tabery James 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA history of research on gene–environment interaction (G × E) is provided in this article, revealing the fact that there have actually been two distinct concepts of G × E since the very origins of this research. R. A. Fisher introduced what I call thebiometricconcept of G × E (G × EB), whereas Lancelot Hogben introduced what I call thedevelopmentalconcept of G × E (G × ED). Much of the subsequent history of research on G × E has largely consisted of the separate legacies of these separate concepts, along with the (sometimes acrimonious) disputes that have arisen time and again when employers of each have argued over the appropriate way to conceptualize the phenomenon. With this history in place, more recent attempts to distinguish between different concepts of G × E are considered, paying particular attention to the commonly made distinction between “statistical interaction” and “interactionism,” and Michael Rutter's distinction between statistical interaction and “the biological concept of interaction.” I argue that the history of the separate legacies of G × EBand G × EDbetter supports Rutter's analysis of the situation and that this analysis best paves the way for an integrative relationship between the various scientists investigating the place of G × E in the etiology of complex traits.
Association between the recombinant human serotonin transporter linked promoter region polymorphism and behavior in rhesus macaques during a separation paradigm
Authors: Spinelli Simona , Schwandt Melanie L. , Lindell Stephen G. , Newman Timothy K. , Heilig Markus , Suomi Stephen J. , Higley J. Dee , Goldman David , Barr Christina S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHuman studies have suggested an association between a variable length polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene promoter region and vulnerability to anxiety and depression. Relative to the long (l) allele, the short (s) allele increases the risk of developing depression in individuals exposed to stressful life events. An orthologue of the human variant is present in rhesus macaques and allows for studies in animals exposed to stress. Here, we used an established model of early life stress exposure, in which rhesus macaques are raised without adults in a group of peers (peer-only reared [PR]), or with their mothers. At 6 months of age, animals were subjected to 4-day long social separations for 4 consecutive weeks, with 3 days of reunion in between. Data were collected during both the acute (Day 1) and chronic phases (Days 2–4) of separation. Behavioral factors were separately extracted for each phase of separation. For acute separation, the behavioral factors generated were despair and behavioral pathology and, for the chronic phase despair, agitation, and behavioral pathology. During both phases of social separation, PR l/s animals were more likely to exhibit pathological behaviors, whereas PR l/l monkeys show higher levels of despair compared to the other three groups. These findings indicate that early stress affects the behavioral response to separation differently as a function of recombinant human serotonin transporter linked polymorphic repeat genotype and suggest that carriers of the s allele are not only more anxious but may also be more vulnerable to developing behavioral pathology in the face of chronic adversity.
Meta-analysis of gene–environment interactions in developmental psychopathology
Authors: Taylor Alan , Kim-Cohen Julia 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAs studies of measured gene–environment interactions (G × E) in developmental psychopathology gain momentum, methods for systematically and quantitatively summarizing effects across multiple studies are urgently needed. Meta-analyses of G × E findings are critical for evaluating the overall statistical and theoretical significance of any given G × E based on cumulative and systematically combined knowledge. Although meta-analytic methods for the combination of study findings based on single effect measures such as odds ratios and mean differences are well established, equivalent methods for the meta-analysis of studies investigating interactions are not well developed. This article describes one simple approach to the meta-analysis of G × E effects using, as a contemporaneous example, the interaction of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene and the impact of childhood maltreatment on risk for developing antisocial behavior.
Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor D4 to influence temperament in early childhood
Authors: Sheese Brad E. , Voelker Pascale M. , Rothbart Mary K. , Posner Michael I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe examined the influence of a common allelic variation in the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene and caregiver quality on temperament in early childhood. Children 18–21 months of age were genotyped for the DRD4 48 base pair tandem repeat polymorphism, which has been implicated in the development of attention, sensation seeking, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The children also interacted with their caregiver for 10 min in a laboratory setting, and these videotaped interactions were coded for parenting quality using an observational rating procedure. The presence of the DRD4 7-repeat allele was associated with differences in the influence of parenting on a measure of temperamental sensation seeking constructed from caregiver reports on children's activity level, impulsivity, and high-intensity pleasure. Children with the 7-repeat allele were influenced by parenting quality, with lower quality parenting associated with higher levels of sensation seeking; children without the 7-repeat allele were uninfluenced by parenting quality. Differences between alleles were not related to the child's self-regulation as assessed by the effortful control measure. Previous studies have indicated that the 7-repeat allele is under positive selective pressure, and our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DRD4 7-repeat allele increased children's sensitivity to environmental factors such as parenting. This study shows that genes influence the relation between parenting and temperament in ways that are important to normal development and psychopathology.
Bidirectional genetic and environmental influences on mother and child behavior: The family system as the unit of analyses
Authors: Mills-Koonce W. Roger , Propper Cathi B. , Gariepy Jean-Louis , Blair Clancy , Garrett-Peters Patricia , Cox Martha J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFamily systems theory proposes that an individual's functioning depends on interactive processes within the self and within the context of dyadic family subsystems. Previous research on these processes has focused largely on behavioral, cognitive, and psychophysiological properties of the individual and the dyad. The goals of this study were to explore genetic and environmental interactions within the family system by examining how the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) A1+ polymorphism in mothers and children relates to maternal sensitivity, how maternal and child characteristics might mediate those effects, and whether maternal sensitivity moderates the association between DRD2 A1+ and child affective problems. Evidence is found for an evocative effect of child polymorphism on parenting behavior, and for a moderating effect of child polymorphism on the association between maternal sensitivity and later child affective problems. Findings are discussed from a family systems perspective, highlighting the role of the family as a context for gene expression in both mothers and children.
Gene–environment interactions reexamined: Does mother's marital stability interact with the dopamine receptor D2 gene in the etiology of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Authors: Waldman Irwin D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPotential candidate Gene × Environment interactions in the etiology of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are examined between the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) and putative family environmental risk factors that reflect mothers' marital stability. Specifically, interactions were tested between DRD2 and mothers' marital status, number of marriages or cohabiting relationships, and age at first marriage. Moderate relations were found among the marital stability measures, and mother's marital status and number of marriages or cohabiting relationships (but not age at first marriage) were risk factors for their children's ADHD. All three mother's marital stability variables were associated with either the child's or mother's DRD2 genotypes. Gene × Environment interactions were found for children's ADHD diagnoses between children's DRD2 genotypes and mother's marital status and number of marriages or cohabiting relationships. It is of interest that these interactions were strengthened with the progressive addition of sets of covariates intended to control for alternative causal pathways that represent background genetic and environmental context confounds. The present findings highlight the importance of considering both the nexus of putative environmental risk factors and whether their etiology and effects are truly environmental in future Gene × Environment interaction research.
Socioeconomic status mediates the genetic contribution of the dopamine receptor D4 and serotonin transporter linked promoter region repeat polymorphisms to externalization in preadolescence
Authors: Nobile Maria , Giorda Roberto , Marino Cecilia , Carlet Ombretta , Pastore Valentina , Vanzin Laura , Bellina Monica , Molteni Massimo , Battaglia Marco 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and genetic polymorphisms on individual differences for externalized behaviors have often been investigated separately in studies of children and adults. In a general population sample of 607 Italian preadolescents, we examined the independent and joint effects of SES and the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and serotonin transporter linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms upon rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors measured with the Child Behavior CheckList/6–18. We found evidence, which was based on both one locus and two-loci genotype analyses, that low SES andDRD4long and5-HTTLPRlong alleles, both alone and in interaction, are associated with higher aggressive behavior scores. The effects were similar but more modest and limited to one locus genotype analyses for rule-breaking behavior. Consistent with studies that showed the effects of societal moderators on the heritability of externalized behaviors across different segments of the population, we suggest that diminished social constraints associated with low parental SES may act as enhancers of the genetic influence of specificDRD4and5-HTTLPRalleles over aggressive behaviors in preadolescence.
‘A Wave on to Our Shores’: The Exile and Resettlement of Refugees from the Western Front, 1914–1918
Authors: PURSEIGLE PIERRE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn the wake of the German invasion of Belgium and France in August 1914, four million persons went into exile. While such a displacement of population testified to a dramatic change in the character of war in western Europe, historiography and collective memory alike have so far concurred in marginalising the experience of refugees during the First World War. This article examines their unprecedented encounter with host communities in France and Great Britain. It demonstrates that the refugees' plight reveals the strengths as well as the tensions inherent in the process of social mobilisation that was inseparable from the First World War.
Assistance and Surveillance: War Refugees in Italy, 1914–1918
Authors: ERMACORA MATTEO 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article deals with the forms of assistance given to refugees in Italy during the First World War. The entire subject has been neglected because of the dominant myth of a victorious nation. The Italian situation was peculiar because of the high level of migration and the multi-ethnic origin of people in the border areas. By pinpointing the pattern of relocation in Italy during the war this article seeks to explain the policies pursued by the state and by aid agencies, the rationale behind that aid and the continuities and discontinuities in the assistance given to the refugees. Significant political, juridical and social issues evolved around the image of the refugee, including the protection that the state owed to its citizens.
War, Ethnic Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in Lithuania, 1939–1940
Authors: BALKELIS TOMAS 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAfter the destruction of the Polish state by the invading Nazi and Soviet armies in the autumn of 1939, about 30,000 Polish nationals fled to eastern Lithuania. This article examines the relationship between population displacement and ethnic rivalry in Lithuania at the onset of the Second World War. As ‘war victims’ in need of help and protection, over time these Polish refugees became increasingly ‘ethnicised’, socially differentiated and isolated from Lithuanian society, and vilified as a potential political threat. Furthermore, the official decision to create a legal category of so-called ‘newcomers’ deprived those Poles who had settled in Vilnius between the wars of citizenship and residence rights in Lithuania. This policy inflated the number of ‘refugees’ to more than 100,000. Various other official measures, such as the creation of camps, forced labour schemes, deportations and repatriations, show how the government manipulated the refugee crisis for its own political purposes.
Differential interaction of Salmonella enterica serovars with lettuce cultivars and plant-microbe factors influencing the colonization efficiency
Authors: Klerks Michel M , Franz Eelco , van Gent-Pelzer Marga , Zijlstra Carolien , van Bruggen Ariena H C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The availability of knowledge of the route of infection and critical plant and microbe factors influencing the colonization efficiency of plants by human pathogenic bacteria is essential for the design of preventive strategies to maintain safe food. This research describes the differential interaction of human pathogenic Salmonella enterica with commercially available lettuce cultivars. The prevalence and degree of endophytic colonization of axenically grown lettuce by the S. enterica serovars revealed a significant serovar–cultivar interaction for the degree of colonization (S. enterica CFUs per g leaf), but not for the prevalence. The evaluated S. enterica serovars were each able to colonize soil-grown lettuce epiphytically, but only S. enterica serovar Dublin was able to colonize the plants also endophytically. The number of S. enterica CFU per g of lettuce was negatively correlated to the species richness of the surface sterilized lettuce cultivars. A negative trend was observed for cultivars Cancan and Nelly, but not for cultivar Tamburo. Chemotaxis experiments revealed that S. enterica serovars actively move toward root exudates of lettuce cultivar Tamburo. Subsequent micro-array analysis identified genes of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium that were activated by the root exudates of cultivar Tamburo. A sugar-like carbon source was correlated with chemotaxis, while also pathogenicity-related genes were induced in presence of the root exudates. The latter revealed that S. enterica is conditioned for host cell attachment during chemotaxis by these root exudates. Finally, a tentative route of infection is described that includes plant-microbe factors, herewith enabling further design of preventive strategies.