bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective simultaneous quantification of human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reconstitution in young recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants
Authors: Lilleri Daniele , Gerna Giuseppe , Fornara Chiara , Lozza Laura , Maccario Rita , Locatelli Franco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe investigated immune reconstitution against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in 57 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, aged 1 to 24 years, through a novel method combining T-cell stimulation by HCMV-infected autologous dendritic cells with simultaneous cytometric quantification of HCMV-specific, IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Lymphoproliferative response (LPR) to HCMV antigens was also determined. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to HCMV serostatus, comprising 39 HCMV-seropositive (R+) and 18 HCMV-seronegative (R–) patients who received a transplant from a sero-positive donor. Recovery of both HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immunity occurred in all 39 R+ patients within 6 months and in 6 (33%) of 18 R– patients within 12 months. In R+ patients, the median numbers of HCMV-specific CD8+ and CD4+T cells were significantly higher than those of healthy controls, starting from days +60 and +180, respectively. In R– patients, the median numbers of HCMV-specific T cells were consistently lower than in R+ patients. LPR was delayed compared with reconstitution of IFNγ-producing T cells. Patients with delayed specific immune reconstitution experienced recurrent episodes of HCMV infection. HCMV seropositivity of young HSCT recipients is the major factor responsible for HCMV-specific immune reconstitution, irrespective of donor serostatus, and measurement of HCMV-specific T cells appears useful for correct management of HCMV infection.
Activating NOTCH1 mutations predict favorable early treatment response and long-term outcome in childhood precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Breit Stephen , Stanulla Martin , Flohr Thomas , Schrappe Martin , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Tolle Gabriele , Happich Margit , Muckenthaler Martina U. , Kulozik Andreas E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Activating mutations of the transmembrane receptor NOTCH1 are common in precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We systematically analyzed the impact of activating NOTCH1 mutations on early treatment response and long-term outcome in 157 patients with T-ALL of the pediatric ALL–Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) 2000 study. We confirm previous results that NOTCH1 mutations occur in more than 50% of T-ALL in children. In 82 patients (82/157; 52.2%), activating NOTCH1 mutations were identified either in the heterodimerization (55/82; 67.1%), in the PEST (13/82; 15.9%), or in both domains (14/82; 17.0%). The presence of NOTCH1 mutations was significantly correlated with a good prednisone response and favorable minimal residual disease (MRD) kinetics, which was independent from sex, age, white blood cell count, and T-cell immunophenotype at the time of diagnosis. Furthermore, activating NOTCH1 mutations specified a large subgroup of patients with an excellent prognosis. These findings indicate that in the context of the ALL-BFM 2000 treatment strategy, NOTCH1 mutations predict a more rapid early treatment response and a favorable long-term outcome in children with T-ALL.
Identifying Bioethics Learning Needs: A Survey of Canadian Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Pauls Merril A. , Ackroyd‐Stolarz Stacy 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
Emergency medicine (EM) postgraduate training programs must prepare residents for the ethical challenges of clinical practice. Bioethics curricula have been developed for EM residents, but they are based on expert opinion rather than resident learning needs. Educational interventions based on identified learning needs are more effective at changing practice than interventions that are not. The goal of this study was to identify the bioethics learning needs of Canadian EM residents.
Methods:
A survey‐based needs assessment of Canadian EM residents was performed between July 2000 and June 2001. Residents were asked to identify their learning needs by rating bioethics topics and by relating their clinical experiences. Physicians and nurses who work with residents were surveyed in a similar manner and also asked to identify the residents' bioethics learning needs.
Results:
A total of 129 EM residents (77% of eligible residents), 94 physicians, and 87 nurses responded. Residents, physicians, and nurses all identified issues in end‐of‐life care as the greatest bioethics learning needs of the residents. Other areas identified as learning needs included negotiating consent, capacity assessment, truth telling, and breaking bad news. A learning need identified by nurses, but not residents, was the manner in which residents interact with patients and colleagues.
Conclusions:
This needs assessment provides valuable information about the ethical challenges EM residents encounter and the ethical issues they believe they have not been prepared to face. This information should be used to direct and shape ethics education interventions for EM residents.
Endocrine-Disrupting Organotin Compounds Are Potent Inducers of Adipogenesis in Vertebrates
Authors: Grün Felix , Watanabe Hajime , Zamanian Zamaneh , Maeda Lauren , Arima Kayo , Cubacha Ryan , Gardiner David M. , Kanno Jun , Iguchi Taisen , Blumberg Bruce 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDietary and xenobiotic compounds can disrupt endocrine signaling, particularly of steroid receptors and sexual differentiation. Evidence is also mounting that implicates environmental agents in the growing epidemic of obesity. Despite a long-standing interest in such compounds, their identity has remained elusive. Here we show that the persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, tributyltin chloride (TBT), induces the differentiation of adipocytes in vitro and increases adipose mass in vivo. TBT is a dual, nanomolar affinity ligand for both the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). TBT promotes adipogenesis in the murine 3T3-L1 cell model and perturbs key regulators of adipogenesis and lipogenic pathways in vivo. Moreover, in utero exposure to TBT leads to strikingly elevated lipid accumulation in adipose depots, liver, and testis of neonate mice and results in increased epididymal adipose mass in adults. In the amphibian Xenopus laevis, ectopic adipocytes form in and around gonadal tissues after organotin, RXR, or PPARγ ligand exposure. TBT represents, to our knowledge, the first example of an environmental endocrine disrupter that promotes adipogenesis through RXR and PPARγ activation. Developmental or chronic lifetime exposure to organotins may therefore act as a chemical stressor for obesity and related disorders.
Inclusion of Substituted Ferrocenes and Aromatic Compounds into MoS2 Layers as New Intercalation Compounds
Authors: Tagaya Hideyuki , Hashimoto Tohru , Karasu Masa , Izumi Taeko , Chiba Koji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Non electron donors were intercalated into MoS2 layers by a method of exfoliation followed by its restacking. Interlayer spacings of substituted ferrocene intercalates indicate the formation of a bilayer of guest molecules, whereas, aromatic compounds are included with an orientation of the ring plane perpendicular to the host layers.
A Novel Approach to Bicyclic Alkaloids Using a Tandem Diastereoselective Acyliminocyclization and Retro Diels–Alder Reaction Sequence. Synthesis of (+)-Indolizidine and (+)-Laburnine
Authors: Arai Yoshitsugu , Kontani Tohru , Koizumi Toru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new approach to a diastereoselective cationic cyclization by stereocontrol due to the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene moiety in a chiral γ-hydroxy lactam is described. The diastereoselective reaction followed by Diels–Alder cycloreversion has been successfully applied to a chiral synthesis of (+)-indolizidine and (+)-laburnine (=trachelanthamidine).
Aza-analogs of Stilbene with a Dipolar Character. (E)-1-Alkyl-[2-(azolyl-2-idene)etylidene]dihydropyridines and (E)-2-[2-(1-Alkyl-3-pyridinium)vinyl]azolate Inner Salts
Authors: Alcalde Ermitas , Roca Tomás , Fayet Jean Pierre , Vertut Marie Claire 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The first synthesis and characterization of several examples of the title compounds is described. Their physicochemical properties are discussed on the basis of the 1H NMR data and the large experimental dipole moments 11.66 to 13.0 Debye. Furthermore, all the experimental results for (E)-1-alkyl-[2-(azolyl-2-idene)-etylidene]-dihydropyridines (A↔B) favour the dipolar structure (B).
A New Synthesis of ε-Form Nickel Phthalocyanine by Using DBU at Low Temperature
Authors: Enokida Toshio , Hirohashi Ryo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new crystal named ε-form nickel phthalocyanine(NiPc), has been synthesized from NiCl2 and phthalonitrile by using 1,8-diaza-bicyclo(5,4,0)undecene-7(DBU) in 2-butoxyethanol at 100 °C. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of ε-NiPc was distinguishable from other polymorphs. The IR and electronic absorption spectra suggest that this ε-NiPc forms a new crystal phase of an intermediate atate.
New Molecular Superconductor, β-[(CH3)4N][Pd(dmit)2]2
Authors: Kobayashi Akiko , Kobayashi Hayao , Miyamoto Akihito , Kato Reizo , Clark R A , Underhill A E 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
High-pressure resistivity studies on [(CH3)4N][Pd(dmit)2]2 have revealed the system to be a new molecular superconductor. The superconducting transition has been observed above 6 kbar. The mid-point transition temperature T is 6.2 K at 6.5 kbar. The crystal has the structure almost isomorphous to the high-pressure superconductor, [(CH3)4N][Ni(dmit)2]2.
Highly Diastereoselective Michael Addition Reactions of Lithium Enolates to Ethyl 3-Trifluoromethylacrylate
Authors: Yamazaki Takashi , Haga Jiro , Kitazume Tomoya , Nakamura Shinichiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Michael addition reactions of lithium enolates derived from ketones, esters, and amides to ethyl 3-trifluoromethylacrylate were found to proceed smoothly in moderate to excellent chemical yields as well as with a high degree of diastereoselectivity at the newly formed carbon–carbon bond.
Regioselective Monofluorination of Hydrofluorocarbons by the Use of Cobalt Trifluoride
Authors: Sekiya Akira , Kurosawa Shigeru , Yamada Toshiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The geminal-difluoro hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were fluorinated by the use of cobalt trifluoride (CoF3). Regioselective monofluorination of geminal-difluoro compound was achieved on methylene position neighboring gem-difluoromethylene group, and trifluoro compounds were obtained in good yields under mild conditions.
Electroreductive Coupling of Aromatic Imines with Electrophiles in the Presence of Chlorotrimethylsilane
Authors: Shono Tatsuya , Kise Naoki , Kunimi Nobutaka , Nomura Ryoji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Electroreduction of aromatic imines in the presence of electrophiles gave the corresponding inter- and intramolecular coupling products when the reaction was carried out with the use of chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) as the trapping agent of an anion intermediate.
Isolation and X-Ray Structure of trans-3,5-Bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiphospholane 3,5-Disulfide
Authors: Toyota Kozo , Ishikawa Yasuhisa , Yoshifuji Masaaki , Okada Kengo , Hosomi Keiji , Hirotsu Ken 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A phosphorus-containing novel heterocyclic compound, trans-3,5-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,3,5-dithiadiphospholane 3,5-disulfide (trans-1), was isolated in the reaction of 1,3-bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphaallene with sulfur and the structure of trans-1 was confirmed by the X-ray crystallography. Desulfurization of trans-1 afforded the corresponding trans-1,2,4-thiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide.
Syntheses of Novel Optically Active Bicyclic Lactams from an Acidic Saccharide
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Mori Ken-ichi , Okada Masahiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
New optically active lactams having a bicyclo[3.2.1]octene or -octane skeleton were synthesized from d-glucuronic acid. The key step is an intramolecular cyclization of N-(p-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-d-glucuronamide with simultaneous elimination of acetic acid molecules.
Effects of Solvents in Deep Desulfurization of Benzothiophene and Dibenzothiophene
Authors: Kabe Toshiaki , Ishihara Atsushi , Nomura Masatoshi , Itoh Tetsuro , Qi Pingyen 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Solvent effects on hydrodesulfurization of benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) catalyzed by Co–Mo/Al2O3 were investigated under deep desulfurization conditions by using Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L–H) rate law. Solvents affected heats of adsorption of thiophenes rather than activation energy of HDS. Activation energies of HDS and heats of adsorption of thiophenes and solvents were estimated from the kinetic data.
Highly Efficient Chromatographic Optical Resolution of fac-Tris(β-alaninato)cobalt(III) with an Optically Active ob3 Isomer of Tris(trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)cobalt(III) Cation Adsorbed on a Cation-Exchange Resin
Authors: Mizuta Tsutomu , Uchiyama Atsushi , Ueda Kazumasa , Miyoshi Katsuhiko , Yoneda Hayami 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An extraordinarily high separation factor, amounting approximately to 7, was attained in the title system, where only the Λ enantiomer is strongly associated with the Δ-ob3 isomer on the resin. The efficiency is explained in terms of the linearity of the triple hydrogen-bonds formed between the three lone-pairs of fac-[Co(β-ala)3] and the three N-H groups of the Δ-ob3-[Co{(+)-chxn}3]3+.
Novel Fluorometric Sensing of Ammonium Ions by Pyrene Functionalized Homotrioxacalix[3]arenes
Authors: Takeshita Michinori , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Pyrene functionalized homotrioxacalix[3]arenes selectively recognize primary ammonium ions detected by an intramolecular excimer fluorescence change of partial cone conformer. This is a novel sensing system for primary ammonium ions.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding within Cyclometalated Palladium(II) Complex Containing l(−)-1-Phenylethylamine Ligand
Authors: Yoneda Akio , Hakushi Tadao , Newkome George R , Morimoto Yukio , Yasuoka Noritake 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Tow novel C-metalated Pd(II) complexes containing diethylmalonate pendants have been prepared. A single crystal X-ray structure analysis of C26H30N2O5Pd reveals that two molecules are adjoined and exactly oriented face to face due to intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. The structural evidence was also observed in solution from the 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (E) and (Z)-Vinylsilane by the Addition Reaction of Organometallic Reagent to Silyl-substituted Fischer-type Carbene Complex
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu , Saitou Masatoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The addition reaction of organolithium or Grignard reagents to pentacarbonyl[methoxy(methyldiphenylsilyl)carbene]molybdenum is examined, and either (E)- or (Z)-vinylsilanes are obtained with high selectivities depending on the reaction conditions.
High-Yielding Catalytic Synthesis of Glycosyl Azides from Peracylated Sugars
Authors: Matsubara Koki , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalyst generated from SnCl4 and AgClO4, or Yb(OTf)3 various glycosyl azides are synthesized in high yields with complete stereoselectivities from peracylated sugars and trimethylsilyl azide by choosing a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane or nitromethane.
Promotion of the Oxidation of Nitric Oxide and Hydrocarbon by the Thermal Decomposition of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) at Night
Authors: Iwamoto Issei , Tanihara Hitoshi , Kawahara Masaaki , Otsuka Soichi , Sakamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The decomposition of PAN in the presence of nitric oxide and propene in the air was investigated at 30 °C under dark conditions. The number of nitric oxide molecules oxidized per each PAN molecule decomposed varied from 3.7 to above 5 with increase of the ratio of initial concentration of propene to that of nitric oxide.
Unique Temperature Dependence of Acetic Acid Formation in CO2 Hydrogenation on Ag-promoted Rh/SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Ikehara Noriyuki , Hara Kouji , Satsuma Atsushi , Hattori Tadashi , Murakami Yuichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The rate of acetic acid formation in CO2 hydrogenation on Ag-Rh/SiO2 catalyst took two maxima at 463 K and 553 K. At 463 K, the rate was much faster than that of C2-oxygenates formation in CO hydrogenation. It was suggested that, at lower temperature, acetic acid is formed through the direct incorporation of adsorbed CO2.
Synthesis of C-Ribo-nucleosides Having Typical Aromatic Heterocycles as Base Moiety
Authors: Yokoyama Masataka , Toyoshima Akira , Akiba Takahiro , Togo Hideo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Some C-ribo-nucleosides having typical aromatic heterocycles as base moiety were synthesized from the stereoselective addition of lithium salt of aromatic heterocycles to the protected d-ribose followed by the stereospecific cyclization under Mitsunobu conditions.
Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Diethylzinc to Chalcones Using NiCl2-Chiral β-Diamine Complex as Catalyst
Authors: Asami Masatoshi , Usui Kenji , Higuchi Sohmei , Inoue Seiichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A chiral catalyst prepared from nickel(II) chloride and chiral β-diamine, (S)-1-pentyl-2-anilinomethylpyrrolidine, was found to be effective for the enantioselective conjugate addition of diethylzinc to chalcones to afford corresponding β-substituted ketones in up to 89% ee.
Synthesis of the First Platinum Blue Complex with 2,2′-Bipyridine as the Amine Ligand and Its Aqueous Solution Behavior
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Urata Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Synthesis of the first platinum blue complex with 2,2′-bipyridine ligand, [Pt4(bpy)4(GI)4]5+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; GI = glutarimidate) and its solution behavior are reported.
Hydrogen Formation during Wet Grinding of Alumina and Silicon Carbide
Authors: Suzuki Noboru , Sanada Mikio , Iimura Ken-ichi , Nozawa Takeshi , Utsugi Hiroshi , Kato Teiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Alumina and silicon carbide powders were ground in water, butanol, benzene and hexane using planetary ball mill, and the gas phase inside the mill pot was analyzed by a gas chromatograph. The effect of liquid media on the grindability varied with the kind of feed powders, and the main product in the gas phase was hydrogen. The amount of it was in the order of benzene ≤ butanol &lt; hexane for alumina and no gas product was detected for water. However, that for silicon carbide was considerable in water and in butanol, and was very small in benzene and in hexane. The mechanism of these mechanochemical reactions was discussed.
Novel Electrochemical Synthesis of CdS Films from Supersaturated Solutions
Authors: Minoura Hideki , Kajita Tsutomu , Yamaguchi Kouichi , Takahashi Yasutaka , Amalnerkar Dinesh P 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A novel method, combining chemical and electrochemical processes and involving a principle of supersaturation of the solutions, has been offered for the deposition of CdS films. A wider choice of sulphur sources and versatility in film formation are the attractive features of this method.
Syntheses and Characterization of Phosphorinecopper(I) Halide Complexes
Authors: Shiotsuka Michito , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Halogeno(2-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphorine)copper(I) complexes were synthesized and characterized by 31P-, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. It was revealed that the phosphorine coordinates to copper(I) ions as a monodentate ligand and undergoes π-back donation to stabilize Cu–P bonding.
Stepwise Syntheses of a Series of Thiolate-Bridged Diruthenium Complexes [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*X] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; X = SPri, alkynyl, H) and [Cp*RuR(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H] (R = CH2Ph, CH2CH2Ph). Facile Dinuclear Reductive Elimination of PhCH3 from [Cp*Ru(CH2Ph)(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H]
Authors: Takahashi Akeo , Mizobe Yasushi , Hidai Masanobu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Diruthenium complex [Cp*Ru(μ-SPri)3RuCp*] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) reacted with PhCH2Br to give [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*(SPri)] (3) and PhCH2CH2Ph. Treatment of 3 with HC≡CR (R = But, 4-MeC6H4) or H2 resulted in the formation of [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*(C≡CR)] (4) or [Cp*RuBr(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H] (5), respectively. Complex 5 was further converted into [Cp*RuR(μ-SPri)2RuCp*H] (6a: R = PhCH2; 6b: R = PhCH2CH2) by the reaction with RMgX (X = Cl, Br). In contrast to the inertness of 6b, 6a dissolved in benzene underwent dinuclear reductive elimination to give PhMe in high yield at room temperature, accompanied by the generation of [Cp*Ru(μ-SPri)2RuCp*].
Rotational Isomerization of trans-2-Styrylanthracene between (s)-trans and (s)-cis Rotamers in the Excited States. Investigation of Its Sterically Restricted Model Compounds
Authors: Karatsu Takashi , Yoshikawa Nobuko , Kitamura Akihide , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Rotational isomerizm of (s)-cis and (s)-trans rotamers of trans-2-styrylanthracene was investigated by the comparison of the absorption, emission and transient absorption spectra with those of the model compounds. The (s)-cis isomer is more stable than the (s)-trans on the excited state and (s)-trans → (s)-cis one-way rotational isomerization takes place on the triplet state with an activation energy of 7.2 kcal mol−1.
Reactions of Neocarzinostatin Chromophore Analogues with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Fujiwara Kenshu , Sakai Hiromi , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Hirama Masahiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Cross-conjugated 5-methylene-3-heptene-1,6-diyne derivatives have been proved to be readily epoxidized by molecular oxygen.
Dynamic Stereochemistry of Di(3-methyl-1-azulenyl)phenylmethyl Cation. Flip of One Azulene Ring as the Threshold Rotation Mechanism
Authors: Ito Shunji , Morita Noboru , Asao Toyonobu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Dynamic stereochemistry of di(3-methyl-1-azulenyl)phenylmethyl hexafluorophosphate (5) was studied by temperature dependent 1H NMR spectra. The low temperature NMR indicated that the compound (5) exists in three propeller conformations (C1 and two C2 symmetry), and at higher temperature the spectra reflect rapid isomerization, which were interpreted by the flip mechanism of one azulene ring. The processes have activation energies of 53.8 and 45.2 kJ mol−1.
One-Pot Synthesis of α,γ-Dinucleoside 5′-Triphosphates, G5′pppG and A5′pppA, Using S,S′-Bis(4-chlorophenyl) phosphorodithioate
Authors: Fukuoka Koichiro , Suda Fuminori , Suzuki Ryo , Ishikawa Masahide , Hata Tsujiaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
S,S′-Bis(4-chlorophenyl) phosphorodithioate was useful for the synthesis of α,γ-dinucleoside 5′-triphosphates, G5′pppG and A5′pppA starting from the corresponding unprotected nucleoside 5′-phosphates under neutral conditions. G5′pppG was used for the synthesis of m7G5′pppG by means of the N7-methylation of one of two guanine moieties of G5′pppG.
Formation of Thiophene Oligomers and Polythiophene on a Roughened Gold Electrode Studied by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Fujita Wataru , Teramae Norio , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Thiophene adsorbed on a roughened gold electrode was studied in an aqueous solution at various potentials from 0 to 1.0 V vs. SCE by use of surface enhanced Raman scattering. It was found that thiophene oligomers and polythiophene were produced on the electrode surface at potential ranges of 0–0.6 V and 0.8–1.0 V, respectively. This potential range is significantly low compared to the potential used in the conventional electropolymerization of thiophene monomer (1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in acetonitrile medium.