bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indosat: A Successful State‐Owned Firm
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Indosat did not collapse into the poorly run firm that has become the image of state-owned enterprises. On the contrary, it embarked on a bold new mission, invested in maintenance and new capacity, expanded rapidly, kept up with new technologies, and was profitable. Good management and the lack of harmful government intervention played a major role in Indosat's performance, but there was another important factor, and one that casts something of a shadow over the enterprise. An inherited tradition that Indosat chose not to modify in the post-ITT era was the use of monopoly power to charge its customers high prices.
Paiton's Power: A New Contender
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
With US government help, the second contender for Paiton I would strike a deal that promised huge profits and few risks. Lacking the kind of technological edge that protected ITT, investors would include influential domestic parties and add a set of defenses based on the new international property rights. They would ensure themselves access to international arbitration and encourage future backing from the US and Japanese governments should trouble arise.
Enron: Another Kind of Official Insurance
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The story of Enron's attempt to build in East Java is another power project that was the subject of an insurance claim. The importance of the story lies primarily in why the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the insurance agency of the World Bank Group, issued a policy for the project in the first place and in the cordial relation that MIGA retained with Indonesians when the conflict occurred.
Nationality, Corporate Strategy, and the New Property Rights
Authors: Wells Louis T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
By 2004, the restructuring of the twenty-seven private power agreements was all but complete, with only the Karaha Bodas battle still raging. The overall outcomes show some important conclusions about corporate behavior and the new international property rights. Brief summaries of two more stories suggest that the nationality of an owner matters in a company's decisions with respect to the role of the new property rights, and that it was possible for at least one investor to escape pressures to include questionable partners. Moreover, the notable absence of some major international power companies raises questions about why they chose not to join competitors in the world's fourth largest country.
A Metaphysics for the Mob
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGeorge Berkeley notoriously claimed that his immaterialist metaphysics was not only consistent with common sense, but that it was also integral to its defense. This book argues that understanding the basic connection between Berkeley's philosophy and common sense requires a better understanding of the four principle components of Berkeley's positive metaphysics: the nature of being, the divine language thesis, the active/passive distinction, and the nature of spirits. This book begins by focusing on Berkeley's view of the nature of being. It elucidates Berkeley's view on Locke and the Cartesians, and examines Berkeley's views about related concepts such as unity and simplicity. From there, it moves on to Berkeley's philosophy of language, arguing that scrutiny of the famous Introduction to the Principles of Human Knowledge reveals that Berkeley identified the ideational theory of meaning and understanding as the root cause of some of the worst of humanity's intellectual errors, not abstract ideas. Abstract ideas are, rather, the most debilitating symptom of this underlying ailment. In place of the ideational theory, Berkeley defends a rudimentary use theory of meaning. This understanding of Berkeley's approach to semantics is then applied to the divine language thesis and is shown to have important consequences for Berkeley's pragmatic approach to the ontology of natural objects and for his approach to our knowledge of, and relation to, other minds, including God's. Turning next to Berkeley's much maligned account of spirits, the book defends the coherence of Berkeley's view of spirits by way of providing an interpretation of the active/passive distinction as marking a normative distinction and by focusing on the role that divine language plays in letting Berkeley identify the soul with the will. With these four principles of Berkeley's philosophy in hand, the book returns to the topic of common sense and offers a defense of Berkeley's philosophy as built upon, and expressive of, the deepest metaphysical commitments of mainstream Christianity.
Agency and Occasionalism
Authors: Roberts John Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter applies the various interpretive tools developed in the previous chapters to the question of the relationship between Berkeley's metaphysics and occasionalism. It is widely believed that Berkeley's own views on human and divine agency imply a commitment to some form of occasionalism. This chapter makes plain just how deeply incompatible Berkeley's views and occasionalism are, and shows how difficult it is within Berkeley's metaphysics to raise the sort of problems that motivate occasionalism in the first place.
Prophecy and Sociology of Religion
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reality and truth of divine revelation is realized most of all in the lived faith of the church. It is here that prophecy has played its most significant role. Prophets are not called mainly to change tradition but to enliven it. Alessandro Toniolo's reception of the works of Victor Turner provides a deeper insight in the way this occurs. According to the modality of structure, antistructure, and restructurization, the inner dynamism of prophecy is such that it may lead people to new ways of realizing and living the core of Christian faith. In doing so, they may appear as marginal and as if departing from the core of the church, but in reality they are rearranging the way they live the Christian mystery in ways that better fit their times. The inner power of true prophecy is not centrifugal but centripetal, leading anew towards the core of faith.
Clausewitz's Puzzle
Authors: Herberg-Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book argues that Clausewitz developed a wide-ranging political theory of war by reflecting not only on the success, but also on the limitations and the failure of Napoleon's method of waging war. Successes, failures, and defeats of Napoleon forced Clausewitz to reflect on questions that went beyond purely military matters and led him to develop a political theory of war. Analyses of three paradigmatic campaigns — which are symbolized by Jena, Moscow, and Waterloo — are placed at the center of understanding surrounding Clausewitz's On War and it's inherent problems, like the relation of absolute and real war, theory and practice, the primacy of politics, the enigma of the first chapter, and the dialectics of attack and defense. Clausewitz's analysis of these war campaigns are the cornerstones of On War and redounded to the ‘wondrous trinity’, which is the basis for a general theory of war and which is quite different from the so-called trinitarian war.
4 Clausewitz's Legacy: The Trinity
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the trinity as Clausewitz's attempt to summarize his different war experiences. The internal development of the first chapter with the trinity at its end follows an immanent logic of action and (symmetrical as well as asymmetrical) counter-action, which is explained in a detailed interpretation of all consequent paragraphs. Clausewitz's various preliminary efforts to conceptualize warfare (like his definition, his concept of war, and even his world-renowned formula) finally result in the wondrous trinity, which he himself called his result for theory. Clausewitz therefore introduces the trinity at the end of the first chapter, because it integrates methodologically all previous concepts. By making the trinity a basis for the whole interpretation, it is possible to combine all of Clausewitz's various conceptualizations into one comprehensive theory.
The Changing Role of Education in Economic Analysis
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The idea that education can provide benefits, even economic ones, is certainly an old one. At least by the late 18th century, some people started thinking about skilled individuals as a kind of expensive instrument and machine, a kind of capital whose long-term benefit would compensate the efforts and expenditures of years of early personal and intellectual development. These metaphors about the economic potential of education and training coalesced in the late 1950s becoming one of the most popular research programs of contemporary economics. It is nevertheless rather peculiar that it took so much time for economists to pick-up on those metaphors and turn them into a fully-fledged theoretical framework. Likewise, it is quite interesting to investigate the way prior resistances or lack of attention gave way to subsequent popularity within the discipline. This chapter analyzes the early lack of attention and the increasing attention in the postwar period to the economic value of education.
Appraising the Impact of the Human Capital Research Program
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Despite fruitful collaborations and developments, human capital analysis was increasingly challenged. The criticisms became more noticeable in the mid-1970s when the private returns to education started falling rapidly. It was argued that because earlier estimates of returns to education had been based on cross-sectional data, they had overestimated the returns to education, and with the progressive expansion of educated labor the returns would diminish steadily. The effect of the arrival of the college-educated, post-World War II baby boomers on the labor market seemed to fulfill this prophecy. The contribution of human capital in understanding inequality and labor market outcomes came under severe scrutiny from the early 1970s onwards. This chapter examines the major criticisms of the human capital approach to the labor market and the way human capital dealt with these will be scrutinized. Moreover, it assesses Mincer's contribution to these debates and to what extent his research endured through those controversies.
Human Capital and the Long‐Term View of the Labor Market
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter starts by making a brief portrait of labor economics in the decades preceding Mincer's work. When Jacob Mincer started his academic career, labor economics was finishing a long process of change that marked the postwar years. This transformation, crucial for understanding the emergence of human capital theory, was generally characterized by the increasing pervasiveness of neoclassical economic theory in a field traditionally more attached to an empirical and institutionalist research agenda. Under the stimulus of some prominent labor researchers, Mincer became increasingly interested in labor issues, namely in labor supply behavior. This chapter analyzes some of his major pieces of research around the theme of labor supply and lifetime labor income, and the way these differed from previous labor research. This work is also presented in a way that shows the close links between Mincer's research on human capital and the long-term behavior of labor supply.
Human Capital and Labor Market Dynamics
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Although Jacob Mincer is well known for his work on income distribution and the labor supply phenomena, he also explored other important topics in labor research. This chapter explores his efforts to understand better the dynamic nature of the labor market, especially with regard to workers' mobility and unemployment. The chapter also analyzes Mincer's work on the impact of some labor market regulations and on the employment effects of economic growth. The analysis of that part of his research provides a better understanding of the main characteristics of Mincer's work and helps to grasp fully his influence on contemporary labor research. It also reveals that underlying and unifying his research was a persistent aim at exploring the explanatory power of human capital analysis and its implications for the dynamics of the labor market.
The Influence of Jacob Mincer on Modern Labor Economics
Authors: Mincer Jacob 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter appraises the role played by Jacob Mincer in labor economics during his long and prolific career. Mincer is certainly a good example of the capacity that many academics have to attract the attention of those around them and to interest them in pursuing similar lines of research. His ability to lure students and colleagues to human capital research was extremely relevant for the development of the human capital research program, especially in the early crucial years. Moreover, his persistent and methodic interest in the analysis of the implications of human capital for labor market analysis had a lasting influence on several generations of labor economists, and contributed to the strengthening of the position human capital came to occupy in labor economics during the last forty years. This chapter analyzes the impact Mincer had through his publications, as a teacher, and especially as a mentor of several emerging leading labor economists. The impact this relationship with his students had on the development of the human capital research agenda is explored.
Norms and the Philosophy of Law
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe last two chapters were devoted to empirical dialetheias produced by the natural world. This chapter discusses some produced by the social world, in particular, dialetheias that are produced by systems of norms or rules. Legal dilemmas and dialetheias, in particular, are discussed in detail. A dialetheic deontic logic is described. The chapter ends with some comments on rule-following, and in particular on Wittgenstein's remarks on the subject.
Levelling the Playing Field
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

Abstract‘Equality of opportunity for all’ is a fine piece of political rhetoric but the ideal that lies behind it is slippery. Some see it as an alternative to a more robust form of egalitarianism, whilst others think that when it is properly understood it provides us with a real radical vision of what it is to level the playing field. This book combines a meritocratic conception of equality of opportunity that governs access to advantaged social positions, with redistributive principles that seek to mitigate the effects of differences in people's circumstances. Taken together, these spell out what it is to level the playing field in the way that justice requires.
Equality, Priority, and Sufficiency
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that particular versions of the mitigation approach may also incorporate ‘quasi-egalitarian principles’ — principles which hold that certain kinds or degrees of inequality are objectionable. It is also maintained here that a defensible version of the mitigation approach might incorporate more than one kind of principle — it need not consist entirely of quasi-egalitarian principles, nor need it be exhausted by a prioritarian or sufficiency principle — and, furthermore, that different kinds of principles might be appropriate for different goods or different aspects of people's circumstances.
A Responsible Egalitarianism
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores this form of egalitarianism further by asking when justice requires us to hold people responsible for their behaviour by requiring them to bear its costs. Some maintain that people can legitimately be required to bear the costs of their behaviour if and only if they could have acted otherwise and no excusing conditions apply. Against this formulation, some would argue that what matters is whether an agent's behaviour is responsive to his reasons in the right way, and whether there are any excusing conditions, but not whether he could have acted otherwise. It is argued that both of these accounts are inadequate because they do not recognize the full range of reasons we might have for not requiring a person to bear the full costs of his behaviour.
1 Reconstructing Jovinian
Authors: Hunter David G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The main outlines of the teaching of Jovinian can be reconstructed from the reports of Siricius, Ambrose, and Jerome. Condemned at Rome and Milan in spring of 393, Jovinian acquired a considerable following by denying that celibate Christians were, ipso facto, superior to married Christians. He also appears to have accused his opponents of heresy, especially ‘Manichaeism’. For example, he charged that Ambrose was guilty of heresy for teaching that Mary the mother of Jesus remained physically intact in the process of giving birth (virginitas in partu). Jovinian stressed the power of baptism to overcome evil and to guarantee salvation for all Christians.
2 Jovinian and Christian Rome
Authors: Hunter David G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the background of the Jovinianist controversy there is plentiful evidence of Christian opposition to asceticism, especially at Rome. One reason for this is that by the mid‐fourth century a Christian aristocratic culture had begun to develop, in which ‘assimilation and accommodation’ (Salzman) to traditional aristocratic values was the norm. Even when late Roman aristocrats adopted asceticism, they often did so in line with traditional aristocratic expectations of their class and without significant disruption of lifestyle. The adoption of asceticism by female members of the gens Anicii is a notable example.
6 Against Jovinian: From Siricius to Jerome
Authors: Hunter David G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Although they all concurred in condemning Jovinian, Pope Siricius, Ambrose, and Jerome had different views of asceticism and clerical office. Siricius had long been lukewarm towards ascetic piety; he insisted that monks had to work their way through the ranks of the clergy before becoming presbyters or bishops, at the same time as he insisted on sexual continence for the higher clergy. Ambrose, by contrast, saw monks as the ideal candidates for the episcopacy, and he encouraged the ascetical life, especially in the form of consecrated female virginity. Jerome favoured the ascetic life and looked down on most of the clergy. He also was overtly hostile towards both Siricius and Ambrose. All of these different dynamics came into play in the course of the Jovinianist Controversy
Intellectual Virtues
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Some of the most interesting work in late-20th-century epistemology reintroduced, from ancient and medieval philosophy, the idea of an intellectual virtue and the related idea of proper epistemic function. But most of that work employed such concepts, with questionable success, in the interest of defining justification, warrant, or knowledge; and little or none of it offered detailed analyses of intellectual virtues. This book proposes and illustrates a different purpose for epistemology, one that we see in early modern thinkers, especially John Locke — namely that of guiding, refining, and informing the epistemic practices of the intellectual segment of the population. One important aspect of the project of such a ‘regulative epistemology’ is the intellectual character of the epistemic agent. For this purpose, fairly detailed sketches of particular intellectual virtues and of virtues' relations to epistemic goods, epistemic faculties, and epistemic practices, gain special importance. An underlying thesis is that a strict dichotomy between the intellectual virtues and the moral virtues is a mistake.
Epistemology
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Because of the importance of knowledge in human life, epistemology (the study of knowledge) ought to be a core-curriculum subject; but it isn't. The reason is because it has been preoccupied with scepticism and with arcane efforts to define knowledge. The recent turn to the virtues in epistemology has so far yielded only unsuccessful efforts to supply the logically necessary and sufficient conditions for anything being a case of knowledge. Greco's and Zagzebski's definitions are examined. Wolterstorff has distinguished analytic from regulative epistemology and attributed the latter project to John Locke. This chapter proposes a regulative virtues epistemology — an epistemology that does not aim to define justification, warrant, or knowledge except roughly and for present purposes, but instead aspires to deepen our understanding of intellectual character traits, and thus provide a guide for intellectual life.
Goods
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Recent Anglo-American epistemology has largely focused on propositional knowledge: true belief with a third, good-making property (justification, warrant). This chapter proposes a broadened conception of knowledge of which propositional knowledge is an aspect. The other two aspects are understanding (a grasping of connections between things) and acquaintance (immediate experience of something). High-functioning knowers use ‘knowledge’ for all of these, and are justified in doing so by the intimate links between them. For example, in many cases where a belief is properly basic, the belief is generated by an acquaintance (say, the perception of a bird in a tree), an acquaintance which could not function in that way were it not in some sense understood; and if one's knowledge of a proposition is justified by evidence, one must understand the evidence as supporting the belief. The chapter sketches how all of these aspects of knowledge are served by intellectual virtues.
Faculties
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Faculties are the innate basis of our powers to do things; intellectual faculties are the innate basis of our intellectual powers — our abilities to acquire, refine, and transmit intellectual goods. Virtues and skills, by contrast, are acquired traits, powers that exploit the faculties and/or are mature realizations of them. Properly functioning faculties may be sufficient for the acquisition of simple kinds of knowledge, but they are not sufficient for the acquisition of high-level moral, scientific, scholarly, and religious knowledge. With special attention to the work of Ernest Sosa and Alvin Plantinga, this chapter examines the relations of non-epistemic faculties, and those of self-knowledge and testimonial credulity, to intellectual virtues.
Practices
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Knowledge and related intellectual goods are discovered, refined, preserved, transmitted, and received by an enormous variety of activities of data collection, observation, concept clarification, hypothesis invention, hypothesis testing, critical discussion, teaching, and textual reading and interpretation. Most intellectual practices have a strongly social dimension. Some are highly specialized, while others are widely shared; they are a cultural inheritance. To practice them well requires far more than properly functioning faculties; these need to be integrated into skills and employed by whole people with at least minimally well integrated character. For the achievement of high level epistemic goods, virtues such as tenacity, love of knowledge, courage, and truthfulness are needed. The social dimensions of the intellectual practices are served by humility and generosity, and supporting all of the epistemic virtues is intellectual practical wisdom.