bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signification and Truth Epistemology at the Crossroads of Semantics and Ontology in Augustine's Early Philosophical Writings
Authors: Germann Nadja , Cesalli Laurent 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article is about the conception of truth and signification in Augustine's early philosophical writings. In the first, semantic-linguistic part, the gradual shift of Augustine's position towards the Academics is treated closely. It reveals that Augustine develops a notion of sign which, by integrating elements of Stoic epistemology, is suited to function as a transmitter of true knowledge through linguistic expressions. In the second part, both the ontological structure of signified (sensible) things and Augustine's solution to the apparent tautologies of mathematical truths are examined. Again his notion of sign turns out to be the keystone; this time, however, the natural in contrast to the conventional sign of linguistic expressions. In their complementarity, both parts show how Augustine intensely struggles with and (partially) overcomes the skepticism of the sensible world through his conception of sign and signification.
Hosea's (In)Fertility God
Authors: Keefe Alice 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper challenges the prevailing view of Hosea's concept of God as a deity wholly other than and opposed to the fertility deities of Canaan. This view depends upon the dominant reading of Hosea's sexual metaphors in which "adultery" with the baalim is understood as a critique of popular fertility religious practices. This paper argues that the theological conflict Hosea addresses is not one of fertility religion verses faith in a "God of History," but rather of localized and/or nationalized concepts of deity verses the prophet's vision of YHWH as a high god who incorporates into Himself all the powers of all the gods, including the powers of fertility.
Reading Hosea and Imagining YHWH
Authors: Ben Zvi Ehud 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAs the readers among whom and for whom the book of Hosea was composed read and reread it they could not but construe images of YHWH. In the process, metaphors from different source conceptual domains were evoked. Each of them involved important aspects of the worldview of these readers, their understanding of themselves and their deity, and very often a sense of resistance to imperial ideological constructions. The centrally enabling metaphor of YHWH as didactic communicator, that is teacher of Israel, played a central role in the social and ideological worldview of the literati who wrote, read, and reread the book of Hosea and other prophetic and authoritative books in ancient Yehud and reflected the social roles of the literati and of the repertoire of prophetic books that evolved in ancient Yehud, among which the book of Hosea, in its present form, evolved and found its place.
A Parameterization of Shear-Driven Turbulence for Ocean Climate Models
Authors: Jackson L. , Hallberg R. , Legg S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper presents a new parameterization for shear-driven, stratified, turbulent mixing that is pertinent to climate models, in particular the shear-driven mixing in overflows and the Equatorial Undercurrent. This parameterization satisfies a critical requirement for climate applications by being simple enough to be implemented implicitly and thereby allowing the parameterization to be used with time steps that are long compared to both the time scale on which the turbulence evolves and the time scale with which it alters the large-scale ocean state.
The mixing is expressed in terms of a turbulent diffusivity that is dependent on the shear forcing and a length scale that is the minimum of the width of the low Richardson number region (Ri = N 2/|uz|2, where N is the buoyancy frequency and |uz| is the vertical shear) and the buoyancy length scale over which the turbulence decays [Lb = Q1/2/N, where Q is the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)]. This also allows a decay of turbulence vertically away from the low Richardson number region over the buoyancy scale, a process that the results show is important for mixing across a jet. The diffusivity is determined by solving a vertically nonlocal steady-state TKE equation and a vertically elliptic equilibrium equation for the diffusivity itself.
High-resolution nonhydrostatic simulations of shear-driven stratified mixing are conducted in both a shear layer and a jet. The results of these simulations support the theory presented and are used, together with discussions of various limits and reviews of previous work, to constrain parameters.
A Form of Potential Vorticity Equation for Depth-Integrated Flow with a Free Surface
Authors: Hughes Chris W. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A form of linear, barotropic potential vorticity equation is derived for an ocean with a free surface, in which only one scalar variable appears (ocean bottom pressure, or subsurface pressure). Unlike quasigeostrophic or rigid-lid derivations, the only approximation made (apart from linearization) is that changes in the circulation must be slow compared with the inertial frequency. Effects of stratification are included, but only parametrically in the sense that density is treated as a given quantity or forcing term rather than a variable.
Generation of a Buoyancy-Driven Coastal Current by an Antarctic Polynya
Authors: Wilchinsky Alexander V. , Feltham Daniel L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Descent and spreading of high salinity water generated by salt rejection during sea ice formation in an Antarctic coastal polynya is studied using a hydrostatic, primitive equation three-dimensional ocean model called the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modeling System (POLCOMS). The shape of the polynya is assumed to be a rectangle 100 km long and 30 km wide, and the salinity flux into the polynya at its surface is constant. The model has been run at high horizontal spatial resolution (500 m), and numerical simulations reveal a buoyancy-driven coastal current. The coastal current is a robust feature and appears in a range of simulations designed to investigate the influence of a sloping bottom, variable bottom drag, variable vertical turbulent diffusivities, higher salinity flux, and an offshore position of the polynya. It is shown that bottom drag is the main factor determining the current width. This coastal current has not been produced with other numerical models of polynyas, which may be because these models were run at coarser resolutions. The coastal current becomes unstable upstream of its front when the polynya is adjacent to the coast. When the polynya is situated offshore, an unstable current is produced from its outset owing to the capture of cyclonic eddies. The effect of a coastal protrusion and a canyon on the current motion is investigated. In particular, due to the convex shape of the coastal protrusion, the current sheds a dipolar eddy.
A Joint Statistical and Dynamical Assessment of Atmospheric Response to North Pacific Oceanic Variability in CCSM3
Authors: Zhong Yafang , Liu Zhengyu 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Atmospheric response to North Pacific oceanic variability is assessed in Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) using two statistical methods and one dynamical method. All methods identify an equivalent barotropic low response to a warmer sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the Kuroshio Extension region (KOE) during early–midwinter. While all three methods capture the major features of the response, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment method (GEFA) isolates the impact of KOE SST from a complex context, and thus makes itself an excellent choice for similar practice.
Response of the Zonal Mean Atmospheric Circulation to El Niño versus Global Warming
Authors: Lu Jian , Chen Gang , Frierson Dargan M. W. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The change in the zonal mean atmospheric circulation under global warming is studied in comparison with the response to El Niño forcing, by examining the model simulations conducted for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In contrast to the strengthening and contraction of the Hadley cell and the equatorward shift of the tropospheric zonal jets in response to El Niño, the Hadley cell weakens and expands poleward, and the jets move poleward in a warmed climate, despite the projected “El Niño–like” enhanced warming over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. The hydrological impacts of global warming also exhibit distinct patterns over the subtropics and midlatitudes in comparison to the El Niño.
Two feasible mechanisms are proposed for the zonal mean circulation response to global warming: 1) The increase in static stability of the subtropical and midlatitude troposphere, a robust result of the quasi-moist adiabatic adjustment to the surface warming, may stabilize the baroclinic eddy growth on the equatorward side of the storm tracks and push the eddy activity and the associated eddy-driven wind and subsidence poleward, leading to the poleward expansion of the Hadley cell and the shift of midlatitude jets; 2) the strengthening of the midlatitude wind at the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, arguably a consequence of increases in the meridional temperature gradient near the tropopause level due to the tropospheric warming and tropopause slope, may increase the eastward propagation of the eddies emanating from the midlatitudes, and thus the subtropical region of wave breaking displaces poleward together with the eddy-driven circulation. Both mechanisms are somewhat, if not completely, distinct from those in response to the El Niño condition.
Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part III: Energy Balance and Flux
Authors: Capet X. , McWilliams J. C. , Molemaker M. J. , Shchepetkin A. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This is the last of a suite of three papers about the transition that occurs in numerical simulations for an idealized equilibrium, subtropical, eastern-boundary upwelling current system similar to the California Current. The transition is mainly explained by the emergence of ubiquitous submesoscale density fronts and ageostrophic circulations about them in the weakly stratified surface boundary layer. Here the high-resolution simulations are further analyzed from the perspective of the kinetic energy (KE) spectrum shape and spectral energy fluxes in the mesoscale-to-submesoscale range in the upper ocean. For wavenumbers greater than the mesoscale energy peak, there is a submesoscale power-law regime in the spectrum with an exponent close to −2. In the KE balance an important conversion from potential to kinetic energy takes place at all wavenumbers in both mesoscale and submesoscale ranges; this conversion is the energetic counterpart of the vertical restratification flux and frontogenesis discussed in the earlier papers. A significant forward cascade of KE occurs in the submesoscale range en route to dissipation at even smaller scales. This is contrary to the inverse energy cascade of geostrophic turbulence and it is, in fact, fundamentally associated with the horizontally divergent (i.e., ageostrophic) velocity component. The submesoscale dynamical processes of frontogenesis, frontal instability, and breakdown of diagnostic force balance are all essential elements of the energy cycle of potential energy conversion and forward KE cascade.
Application of the Semi-Lagrangian Inherently Conserving and Efficient (SLICE) Transport Method to Divergent Flows on a C Grid
Authors: Mahidjiba Ahmed , Qaddouri Abdessamad , Côté Jean 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Local conservation with the Semi-Lagrangian Inherently Conserving and Efficient (SLICE) transport method with a new trajectory algorithm is studied. Validation results of 1D and 2D passive advection with this new algorithm, which converges twice as fast as the old one, on the Arakawa C grid of a model in Cartesian coordinates are obtained. The effects of numerically computed divergence and trajectories on the results were also investigated. Random small-scale errors due to the divergence, especially with realistic winds, can be observed. The total mass is conserved, however, and is not affected since the results show clearly that SLICE ensures a perfect local conservation. This work represents the first step toward implementation of SLICE in the operational Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model.
Evaluating the Usefulness of a New Set of Hurricane Classification Indices
Authors: Jordan Mark R. , Clayson Carol Anne 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper provides a thorough evaluation of the hurricane indices (i.e., intensity, damage, and surge) recently proposed by Kantha. A database of past U.S. landfalling hurricanes was developed, and the indices were calculated based upon each storm’s individual parameters. Comparisons are made among various storms’ index values based on actual intensity, damage, and surge values. Only the surge index provided information that added appreciably to the information provided by the Saffir–Simpson scale; the value of the surge index as a prelandfall surge indicator and as a postanalysis tool is explored.
The Use of Parenteral Nutrition in a Severely Malnourished Hemodialysis Patient With Hypercalcemia
Authors: Ohlrich Heather , Barco Kathy , Silver Marcia R. 
Published: May 2008

There is a high prevalence of protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) in chronic dialysis patients. Causes of PEM include the catabolic effects of hemodialysis treatments, acidemia associated with end‐stage renal disease, common comorbid conditions, and uremia‐induced anorexia. Morbidity and mortality increase with PEM. Before considering parenteral nutrition (PN) as a nutrition intervention in a maintenance dialysis patient, all other efforts to promote optimal nutrition need to be exhausted. The first step is careful evaluation of protein‐energy status, followed by intensive nutrition counseling. If necessary, this is followed by oral nutrition supplementation, appetite stimulation, enteral tube feedings, and finally PN.Short‐term parenteral nutrition (PN) became a crucial component of the management of a 38‐year‐old hemodialysis (HD) patient who endured serious complications after kidney transplant rejection. A profound and prolonged malnourished state followed her treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis. She had developed persistent hypercalcemia believed secondary to tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and immobilization. Later, she developed hungry bone syndrome (HBS) after parathyroidectomy (PTX). She also developed refeeding syndrome after initiation of PN. The patient's persistent, poorly understood hypercalcemia did not resolve even after PTX and removal of all other sources of vitamin D and calcium from her feedings, medications, and dialysis bath. The close communication of the inpatient and outpatient dialysis multidisciplinary teams became a key component to the successful outcome in this complex patient.
Nationwide Survey of Hospital Practices When Compounding Parenteral Nutrition Solutions in Latex‐Allergic Patients
Authors: El‐Atti Samia Abd , Martinelli Barbara , Yourich Bryan , Wasicek Kelley , Weber Robert 
Published: May 2008

We surveyed 100 institutions in 50 states, varying in size from 50 to 1000 beds. The purpose of this survey was to examine the policies and techniques hospitals used in confirming latex allergy (LA) in patients and preparing parenteral nutrition (PN) for LA patients.Our survey indicated that within the institutions in our study, many inpatient pharmacists do not use any defined method for confirming LA other than what is documented in the patient profile upon admission. Most inpatient pharmacies are not aware of any institutional policy concerning parenteral medications in LA patients, and some do not identify the importance of LA in preparing PN.It is apparent from the results of this survey that uniform guidelines or practice standards for this important issue should be developed. Although the publications on LA are numerous, they mostly deal with the exposure to latex gloves or latex devices. Knowledge of preparing parenteral medications for LA patients in the literature is minimal. It is also clear that awareness and knowledge of pharmacy personnel should be enhanced. Finally, we are hoping that this survey will send a clear message to pharmacy organizations to develop guidelines or pharmacy practice standards for this issue, and for health institutions to develop policies and make them available to their personnel.
Computer Technology and the Nutrition Support Professional: Make It Work For You!
Authors: Charney Pamela 
Published: May 2008

Healthcare professionals caring for patients receiving enteral and parenteral nutrition (PN) are faced with the need to develop and expand their technologic skills. Patients and their caregivers are finding information from the Internet that healthcare professionals are then tasked with evaluating for accuracy and veracity. Healthcare professionals themselves must be able to rapidly find information to answer clinical questions that arise during daily practice. Information‐seeking skills must be well developed in order to find information from the Internet, as well as in the professional literature. Such skills include the ability to formulate a search strategy that limits extraneous results as much as possible yet ensures that relevant results are not missed.In addition, electronic health records are being implemented in many facilities now, with a national goal of an electronic health record in place by 2014. Clinicians must be involved with implementation at all stages, including planning, purchasing, implementing, and evaluating an electronic system. Electronic health records can include very sophisticated components that provide for computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and decision support. Nutrition support must be an integral part of these systems.This paper provides some background information on the Internet and the World Wide Web, along with strategies to find information using search engines. Information is also provided on the use of MEDLINE to search medical literature. Finally, a brief overview of the electronic health record is provided, with suggestions for involvement by nutrition support clinicians in implementation of electronic health records in the workplace.
The Use of a Computer in Parenteral Alimentation of Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Giacoia George P. , Chopra Raman 
Published: May 2008

A computer program which aids in the formulation and preparation of parenteral nutrition fluids for low birth weight infants is described. The program performs a number of calculations for fluid and specific nutrient requirements taking into account environmental conditions, potential renal solute load, deficits, and surpluses. Safety and precipitation checks are also included in the calculations. Its use has considerably reduced the workload on both physician and pharmacy personnel involved in the formulation and preparation of individualized parenteral nutrition solutions for low birth weight infants.A controlled study in 15 very low birth weight infants utilizing this program revealed a reduced incidence of hyperglycemia, decrease in fluctuations in serum sodium, a more physiologic urine osmolality, and a reduction of weight loss in the first days of life.
Influence of Lipid Infusion (0.4 g/kg/hr) and Positive End Expiratory Pressure (8 cm H2O) on Pulmonary Function and Hemodynamics in Healthy Anesthetized Pigs
Authors: Rosegger Hellfried , Trittenwein Gerhard , Metzler Hellfried , Tscheliessnig Karl‐Heinz , Hermann Wolfgang 
Published: May 2008

Fat emulsions are used increasingly for parenteral nutrition in premature infants suffering from various disorders, including respiratory insufficiency necessitating artificial ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Both PEEP and lipid infusions (LI) may alter pulmonary hemodynamics. The simultaneous effect of LI and PEEP were therefore investigated. Five adult anesthetized Göttinger mini‐pigs were infused with a 20% LI at a high rate of 0.4 g/kg/hr for 30 min, followed by PEEP of 8 cm H2O for 15 min. Catheters were inserted into the upper vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the right and left atrium, and the aorta, and pressures recorded continuously. Ventilation volume, respiratory fractional gas concentrations of O2 and CO2 (mass snectrometer). and blood gases were measured. The following parameters were calculated : total peripheral resistance, pulmonary arteriolar resistance, right‐to‐left shunt (Qs/QT) dead space ventilation (VD/ VT) and effective compliance.Total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. Pulmonary arteriolar resistance increased significantly during PEEP, PEEP + LI, but not during LI alone. QS/QT increased significantly during LI and returned to normal when PEEP was applied. VD/VT and effective compliance did not change during LI. The increased right to left shunt, caused by LI, is reduced by means of PEEP, while the pulmonary arteriolar resistance increased with PEEP and LI.
Simultaneous Bilateral Central Catheters: A Safe Technique
Authors: Jakobowski Diane , Moon Millie , Arbeter Alan , August Charles , Pereira Gilberto , Roth Karl , Cooper Arthur , Ziegler Moritz M. 
Published: May 2008

Optimal central catheter care includes restriction on usage for blood sampling and blood product administration to enhance continued sterility, but our experience with 25 children receiving bone marrow transplants after cytoreduction challenges this concept. Prior to transplantation, bilateral percutaneous subclavian vein silastic catheters were inserted without incident, one utilized for continuous nutritional support in caloric quantity to assure body weight maintenance, and the contralateral catheter utilized for daily venous sampling plus administration of medications including blood products. Patients subsequently entered a protective environment and biweekly surveillance cultures were monitored.Nutritional therapy was given for 876 days through 53 catheters. One patient developed culture‐proven sepsis, an organism first cultured from the skin. The patient complication rate of 4% and the per diem rate of 0.11% in this immunocompromised population compares favorably to the 10.5 and 0.32% incidence we previously reported for 200 children with unilateral catheters. These data demonstrate that bilateral central catheters can be safely utilized in children for nutrition and sampling.