bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐Phosphanylformamidines (phosfam) R2′N–C(H)=N–PR2: One‐Pot Synthesis and Versatile Protonation Reaction
Authors: Le Thanh Dung , Weyland Marie‐Christine , El‐Harouch Yamna , Arquier Damien , Vendier Laure , Miqueu Karinne , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Bastin Stéphanie , Igau Alain 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA straightforward synthesis of unprecedented N‐phosphanylformamidines (phosfam), 3a,b has been developed. The single‐crystal X‐ray study of 3a revealed an E‐formamidine stereoisomer. The structural parameters show a strong localization of the C1–N1 double bond in the formamidine pattern. Versatile protonation reactions with HCl on 3a and 3b are reported, leading to P–N cleavage vs. prototropy. Experimental studies and DFT calculations have evidenced that the imino nitrogen atom is the basic center of phosfams 3a and 3b. DFT calculations show that the isomers and rotamers of the N‐ and P‐protonated forms of 8a/9a and 8b/9b are energetically close, which prevents conclusions being drawn on the existence of thermodynamic and/or kinetic products. The accessibility of the anti bonding PN orbital (σ*P1N1) is partly responsible for the cleavage of the PN bond in 8a; 8b possesses a less energetically accessible σ*P1N1 orbital which is consistent with the preservation of the PN bond and the quantitative formation of the corresponding phosphonium compound 9b·Cl.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Analysis of multiple SNPs in a candidate gene or region
Authors: Chapman Juliet , Whittaker John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe consider the analysis of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a gene or region. The simplest analysis of such data is based on a series of single SNP hypothesis tests, followed by correction for multiple testing, but it is intuitively plausible that a joint analysis of the SNPs will have higher power, particularly when the causal locus may not have been observed. However, standard tests, such as a likelihood ratio test based on an unrestricted alternative hypothesis, tend to have large numbers of degrees of freedom and hence low power. This has motivated a number of alternative test statistics. Here we compare several of the competing methods, including the multivariate score test (Hotelling's test) of Chapman et al. ([2003] Hum. Hered. 56:18–31), Fisher's method for combining P‐values, the minimum P‐value approach, a Fourier‐transform‐based approach recently suggested by Wang and Elston ([2007] Am. J. Human Genet. 80:353–360) and a Bayesian score statistic proposed for microarray data by Goeman et al. ([2005] J. R. Stat. Soc. B 68:477–493). Some relationships between these methods are pointed out, and simulation results given to show that the minimum P‐value and the Goeman et al. ([2005] J. R. Stat. Soc. B 68:477–493) approaches work well over a range of scenarios. The Wang and Elston approach often performs poorly; we explain why, and show how its performance can be substantially improved. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental change during the Late Famennian and Early Tournaisian (Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous): implications from stable isotopes and conodont biofacies in southern Europe
Authors: Kaiser Sandra I. , Steuber Thomas , Becker R. Thomas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA biostratigraphic correlation of the Devonian/Carboniferous (D/C) boundary sections from the Carnic Alps, the Graz Palaeozoic, the Montagne Noire and the Pyrenees resulted in a high‐resolution record of the carbon isotopic composition of micrites (δ13Ccarb), of sedimentary organic matter (δ13Corg) and of oxygen isotope ratios of conodont apatite (δ18Ophosph). The studies focused on the interval between the Upper postera Zone (Late Famennian) and the sandbergi Zone (Lower Tournaisian). For the first time, weak but significant positive carbon isotope excursions in micrites and in the sedimentary organic matter is reported from the Middle and Upper expansa zones of the Carnic Alps. They coincide with a decrease in the oxygen isotope values of conodont apatite. The excursions indicate changes in the global carbon cycle during an episode of high seawater temperatures, and correlate with sedimentary change and a stepwise eustatic rise in the Rhenish Massif. High carbon isotope values were also measured in limestones from the Graz Palaeozoic in the Upper praesulcata Zone, which were previously reported from the Rhenish Massif, Carnic Alps, Montagne Noire and the North America continent. The change from a palmatolepid–polygnathid conodont biofacies to a palmatolepid–bispathodid–branmehlid biofacies in the expansa Zone in the Carnic Alps is obviously influenced by anoxic conditions and repeated transgressive phases. The protognathodids and the polygnathids start to radiate in the Upper praesulcata Zone, after the main end‐Famennian extinction episode. This is connected with the disappearance of the palmatolepids, and environmental stress created by worldwide anoxic conditions, climate change and sea‐level changes, stimulated the radiation of both protognathodids and the polygnathids. The regional correlation of the geochemical records as well as interpretations of these records on a global scale indicate that changes in conodont biofacies of Late Famennian–Early Tournaisian limestones were caused by a complex pattern of environmental changes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasons for psychiatric consultation referrals in Dutch nursing home patients with dementia: a comparison with normative data on prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms
Authors: Kat Martin G. , Zuidema Sytse U. , van der Ploeg Tjeerd , Kalisvaart Kees J. , van Gool Willem A. , Eikelenboom Piet , de Jonghe Jos F. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo study psychiatric consultation referrals of nursing home patients with dementia and to compare referral reasons with normative data on prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms.MethodsThis is part of a cross‐sectional study of 787 patients residing in 14 nursing homes in the Netherlands. Nursing home physicians (NHP) noted the primary reasons for psychiatric consultation according to the Neuropsychiatric Inventory items and two extra domains. Patients were subsequently assessed by an old‐age psychiatrist. Eligible patients were those that had dementia. Reasons for referral were compared with independent data on prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing home patients with dementia.ResultsA total of 325/787 (41.3%) patients had dementia. Agitation, disinhibition and aberrant motor behaviour were frequent reasons for referral (>25%). Psychotic symptoms, apathy and eating behaviour changes were infrequent reasons (<10%) for seeking consultation. Agitation and disinhibition were more often primary reasons for consultation than would have been expected based on normative prevalence estimates of these symptoms. In contrast, delusions, euphoria, apathy, irritability and eating behaviour changes were less often reasons for referral compared with prevalence estimates.ConclusionsThis study is the first to examine psychiatric consultation for dementia patients in Dutch nursing home. Large differences exist between referral reasons and normative data on symptom prevalence. Specialized mental health service was provided for the agitated and disinhibited patient in particular. Chances are that this is at the expense of the apathetic, retarded and quietly ‘not causing any trouble’ patient. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normative study of the Stroop Color and Word Test in an educationally diverse elderly population
Authors: Seo Eun Hyun , Lee Dong Young , Choo ll Han , Kim Shin Gyeom , Kim Ki Woong , Youn Jong Choul , Jhoo Jin Hyeong , Woo Jong Inn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of demographic variables on Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) performance in an educationally diverse elderly population and to provide normative information.MethodsSCWT was administered to 564 community‐dwelling volunteers aged 60–90 years with an educational history of from zero to 25 years of full‐time education. People with serious neurological, medical and psychiatric disorders (including dementia) were excluded.ResultsAge, education and gender were found to be significantly associated with performance on all three pages of the SCWT. Based on the results obtained, SCWT norms were stratified by age (four overlapping tables), education (three strata), and gender.ConclusionsIn the present study, normative information on SCWT was obtained from an educationally diverse elderly population. SCWT would appear to be more useful in poorly educated elderly, and could be used in future cross‐cultural comparisons of geriatric populations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quetiapine decreases alcohol consumption, craving, and psychiatric symptoms in dually diagnosed alcoholics
Authors: Martinotti G. , Andreoli S. , Di Nicola M. , Di Giannantonio M. , Sarchiapone M. , Janiri L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAimsPatients with dual diagnosis are often excluded from clinical trials although more than half of all individuals with Bipolar Disorder have a substance abuse problem at some point in their lifetime, representing a high‐risk clinical population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of quetiapine in the treatment of alcohol dependence comorbid with disorders characterized by high levels of mood and behavioral instability.MethodsTwenty‐eight subjects, after a detoxification period, were orally treated with flexible doses of quetiapine for 16 weeks. At each assessment patients were evaluated through the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for craving, the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA‐Ar), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale.ResultsForty‐three percent of patients remained totally alcohol free, 32% patients relapsed, with an average of 15.4 drinking days in the period of the study (112 days) and 25% dropped‐out. Significant reductions from baseline to exit were observed in the OCDS, VAS, BPRS, HDRS, and number of drinking days per week. Changes in alcohol craving correlated with psychiatric symptoms as to BPRS and HDRS, with the highest level of correlation evidenced for the HDRS items of insomnia.DiscussionIn this open‐label study, quetiapine decreased alcohol consumption, craving for alcohol, and psychiatric symptoms intensity, maintaining a good level of tolerance. A strength of this study is that the use of quetiapine was not adjunctive with other pharmacological and non‐pharmacological treatment. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled studies are required with a larger study population to confirm these data. In the meantime, for a select group of psychiatric patients, quetiapine may offer some advantages in preventing relapse. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of peak flows from small watersheds on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Fu Suhua , Wei Xin , Zhang Guanghui 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPeak flow rate from watersheds is an important criterion used to develop soil conservation plans and to design engineering projects. A peak flow rate equation used in the CREAMS model, with four parameters, can be employed to predict peak flow rate. The purpose of this study was to test and improve this equation of peak flow rate in CREAMS for use on the Loess Plateau of China. Data from 331 storms in 20 small watersheds were used to verify the the peak flow rate equation in CREAMS. The calculated flow rates using the CREAMS equation greatly underestimated the measured peak flows. The model efficiency was only 0·15. Nonlinear regression analysis was then performed to develop a new equation:

which gave a model efficiency of 0·94. A second set of data, including 68 storms from four completely different watersheds, was used to test the new equation, with a resultant model efficiency of 0·90. The result has significant implications for improving the design of soil and water supporting practices, for assessing the soil and water resources, and for implementing conservation programmes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of resolution and topographic uncertainty on melt modelling using hypsometric sub‐grid parameterization
Authors: Hebeler Felix , Purves Ross S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractModelling of physical processes such as ablation or runoff at continental or global scales provides a key challenge: a high degree of abstraction is required in order to minimize computational demands, while spatial and temporal variability of key processes, often at the sub‐scale level, need to be adequately captured and reproduced within a lower resolution model. For some approaches, such as temperature index models, downscaling to lower resolutions is straightforward. However a key issue when using these downscaled models is to assess the impact of scaling on model behaviour and results, including the associated uncertainties. We assess the impact of scaling on both a simple and an enhanced temperature index melt model from 100 m to 1, 5 and 10 km resolutions. Different sub‐grid parameterization approaches are applied to both models across all resolutions and tested for their suitability against high‐resolution reference data, with the aim of developing a robust, scalable and computationally undemanding parameterization. Results show patterns of over‐ and underestimation of potential melt rates for both models, with clear dependencies on scale, terrain roughness and variations of temperature thresholds, among other quantities. The sub‐grid parameterizations tested in this article are found to effectively compensate these effects at little additional computational cost. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of vegetation on snow accumulation and ablation in a mid‐latitude sub‐alpine forest
Authors: Musselman K. N. , Molotch N. P. , Brooks P. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe quantified the effects of forest vegetation on snow accumulation and ablation in a mid‐latitude montane environment in Northern New Mexico. Detailed observations of snow depth along transects extending radially from trees showed that snow depth was 25% greater on the northern versus southern side of trees. At maximum accumulation, canopy interception resulted in a 47% reduction of snow water equivalent (SWE) under canopy. An array of ultrasonic snow depth sensors showed that snow ablation rates were 54% greater in open locations compared to locations under canopy. Maximum accumulation of SWE occurred 21 days later on the north versus south side of the trees. Binary regression tree models indicated strong correlation (R2= 0·68) between micro‐scale (i.e. 10‐cm resolution) canopy structure indices and snow depth. The regression tree model adequately resolved general tree‐well structure, suggesting that future remotely sensed vegetation data may improve snow distribution models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and evaluation of a biodegradable proanthocyanidin‐crosslinked gelatin conduit in peripheral nerve repair
Authors: Liu Bai‐Shuan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study proposed a novel and biodegradable nerve guide conduit in its applicability to peripheral nerve regeneration. A naturally occurring proanthocyanidin (PA) was selected as a cross‐linking reagent in preparing the PA‐crosslinked gelatin (PCG) conduit. Experimental results indicate that 5 wt % of PA was optimal in the complete cross‐linking reaction in the PCG conduit. The PCG conduit was brownish and round with a rough outer surface whereas its inner lumen was smooth. The cross‐linked networks of the PCG conduit resisted enzymatic hydrolysis under in vitro degradation studies. PA and gelatin were released from the soaked PCG conduit. During the release phase, the concentrations of PA, gelatin, and PCG‐soaking solutions were not only nontoxic but also promoted the viability and growth of Schwann cells. The PCG conduit more effectively supported cell attachment and growth. The effectiveness of the PCG conduit as a guidance channel was studied when it was used to repair a 10 mm gap in the rat sciatic nerve. Throughout the 8‐week experimental period, the peak amplitude and area under the muscle action potential curve both increased with the recovery period. Histological observations revealed that various regenerated nerve fibers crossed through and beyond the gap region. These results suggest that the PCG conduit can be a candidate for peripheral nerve repair. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
A system of equations for describing cocyclic Hadamard matrices
Authors: Álvarez V. , Armario J. A. , Frau M. D. , Real P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGiven a basis ${\cal B} = \{f_1,\ldots, f_k\}$ for 2‐cocycles $f:G \times G \rightarrow \{\pm 1\}$ over a group G of order $\vert G\vert=4t$, we describe a nonlinear system of 4t‐1 equations and k indeterminates $x_i$ over ${\cal Z}_2, 1\leq i \leq k$, whose solutions determine the whole set of cocyclic Hadamard matrices over G, in the sense that ($x_1,\ldots ,x_k$) is a solution of the system if and only if the 2‐cocycle $f=f_1^{x_1}\cdots f_k^{x_k}$ gives rise to a cocyclic Hadamard matrix $M_f=(f(g_i,g_j))$. Furthermore, the study of any isolated equation of the system provides upper and lower bounds on the number of coboundary generators in ${\cal B}$ which have to be combined to form a cocyclic Hadamard matrix coming from a special class of cocycles. We include some results on the families of groups ${\cal Z}_2^2 \times {\cal Z}_t$ and $D_{4t}$. A deeper study of the system provides some more nice properties. For instance, in the case of dihedral groups $D_{4t}$, we have found that it suffices to check t instead of the 4t rows of $M_f$, to decide the Hadamard character of the matrix (for a special class of cocycles f). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 276–290, 2008
Self‐reported early trauma as a predictor of adult personality: a study in a military sample
Authors: Rademaker Arthur R. , Vermetten Eric , Geuze Elbert , Muilwijk Anne , Kleber Rolf J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExposure to early trauma has frequently been linked to adult psychopathology, including personality disorders. This cross‐sectional study explored the relationship between personality and retrospectively rated levels of early trauma in 242 soldiers. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant relationship between early trauma and adult personality as exposure to emotional trauma predicted levels of self‐directedness and cooperativeness on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; C. R. Cloninger, T. R. Przybeck, D. M. Svrakic, & R. D. Wetzel, 1994). Overall, these results suggest that early emotional trauma may be related to personality dimensions associated with poor impulse control and interpersonal behavior. These results are noteworthy considering that they were obtained in a healthy sample. They show that early trauma may become ingrained in personality and hamper the potential to effectively engage in social interactions, increasing the risk of emotional and cognitive problems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64: 1–13, 2008.
Physical characterization and in vivo evaluation of poloxamer‐based DNA vaccine formulations
Authors: Hartikka Jukka , Geall Andrew , Bozoukova Vesselina , Kurniadi David , Rusalov Denis , Enas Joel , Yi Ji‐Hyun , Nanci Antonio , Rolland Alain 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundPlasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines have generated significant interest for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases. Broader applications may benefit from the identification of safe and potent vaccine adjuvants. This report describes the development of a novel polymer‐based formulation to enhance the immunogenicity of pDNA‐based vaccines.MethodsPlasmid DNA was formulated with a nonionic block copolymer, poloxamer CRL1005, and the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAK) to produce a thermodynamically stable, self‐assembling system. The influence of parameters such as polymer concentration and BAK composition on the immune responses was evaluated in mice vaccinated with pDNA encoding influenza nucleoprotein.ResultsAt concentrations of 7.5 mg/ml CRL1005, 0.3 mM BAK and 5 mg/ml pDNA, CRL1005/BAK/pDNA particles had a mean diameter of 261 ± 0.2 nm and a surface charge of − 11.6 ± 0.9 mV. The negative surface charge and atomic force microscopy images suggested that pDNA binds to BAK adsorbed to the surface of poloxamer particles. The CRL1005/BAK/pDNA formulation significantly enhanced antigen‐specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and increased transgene levels in muscle and serum. The complexity of the formulation was reduced by replacing the commercial BAK, which is a mixture of four alkyl chains, with a C14 BAK homolog. The substitution yielded an analytically preferable formulation with equivalent physical characteristics and immunogenicity.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the CRL1005/BAK/pDNA formulation may enhance immunogenicity by improving the delivery of pDNA‐based vaccines. This formulation is currently being evaluated for the prevention of CMV‐associated disease in a phase 2 clinical trial. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unexpected dramatic increase in CD4+ cell count in a patient with AIDS after enfuvirtide treatment despite persistent viremia and resistance mutations
Authors: Soria Alessandro , Cavarelli Mariangela , Sala Stefania , Alessandrini Anna Ida , Scarlatti Gabriella , Lazzarin Adriano , Castagna Antonella 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn unexpected dramatic immune recovery was observed in a patient with full‐blown AIDS receiving enfuvirtide‐based antiretroviral therapy after multiple treatment failures. A complex interplay of viral and host factors, including the control of X4 viruses and proviral burden, may favor immune restoration with HIV neutralizing activity, despite persistent viremia. J. Med. Virol. 80:937–941, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human herpesvirus‐6 infection: A prospective study evaluating HHV‐6 DNA levels in liver from children with acute liver failure
Authors: Chevret Laurent , Boutolleau David , Halimi‐Idri Nadia , Branchereau Sophie , Baujard Catherine , Fabre Monique , Gautheret‐Dejean Agnès , Debray Dominique 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this prospective study was to investigate the role of HHV‐6 infection in children with acute onset of liver failure using real‐time quantitative PCR. Twenty‐three children (median age, 24 months) were included: 6 cases of fulminant hepatic failure of undetermined cause (group 1); 4 cases of fulminant hepatic failure of recognized cause (group 2); 3 cases of acute decompensation of chronic liver disease (group 3); and 10 cases of chronic liver disease (group 4). HHV‐6 genomic DNA was detected and quantified using real‐time PCR in plasma and livers obtained at the time of transplantation. HHV6‐DNA detection rate was significantly higher among groups 1, 2, and 3 compared to group 4 (76.9% vs. 20% P = 0.02). Viral loads ranged from 6 to 32,500 copies/106 cells. Significantly higher viral loads were found in 4 of 9 children with acute onset of liver failure of unknown origin (group 1, n = 3; group 3, n = 1) and 1 child with fulminant autoimmune hepatitis (group 2) (P = 0.03). These results strongly support the hypothesis that HHV‐6 may cause fulminant hepatic failure and acute decompensation of chronic liver disease in children. Nevertheless, a threshold viral load value still remains to be determined. J. Med. Virol. 80:1051–1057, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.