bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histochemical characteristics of the goblet cell mucins and their role in defence mechanisms against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the small intestine of mice
Authors: ISHIKAWA N. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe histochemical characteristics of the small intestinal goblet cell mucins of mice and their protective role during the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis adult worms were examined. Lectin histochemistry revealed that, before infection, strongly positive stainability of Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) and Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA) was observed in all of the small intestinal goblet cell mucins of mice. When ‘normal’or ‘damaged’N. brasiliensis adult worms were implanted separately into the small intestine of euthymic mice, 50% of them were established in the intestine on day one after implantation, but were subsequently expelled within one week in association with HPA and LFA positive goblet cell hyperplasia. On the other hand, in dexamethasone treated euthymic mice, 70% of implanted ‘normal’worms were expelled by day 7 and 80% of implanted ‘damaged’worms were expelled by day 4 in association with HPA and LFA positive goblet cell mucins but no goblet cell hyperplasia. This is consistent with the fact that, in spite of no increase in goblet cell number in hypothymic nu/nu mice, all of the implanted ‘damaged’worms were expelled within day 5 and 80% of implanted ‘normal’worms were expelled by day 14 post implantation, possibly associated with strngly expressed terminal GalNAc and sialic acid residues of the small intestinal goblet cell mucins prior to infection.
Hepatic recruitment of mast cells occurs in rats but not mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: MILLER H. R. P. , NEWLANDS G. F. J. , McKELLAR A. , INGLIS L. , COULSON P. S. , WILSON R. A. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe pathogenesis of infection with Schistosoma mansoni in rats is distinct from that in mice. Rats are non‐permissive hosts and infection is terminated in the liver before egg laying commences whereas the parasite completes its life cycle in mice. Comparison of the mast cell responses in the two species reveals that a pronounced hepatic mastocytosis occurs in the rat and this is concomitant with the demise of the parasite. The majority of recruited hepatic mast cells contain the highly soluble granule chymase, rat mast cell protease‐II, which is released systemically into blood during the period of parasite elimination. In contrast, very few mast cells are found in livers of parasitized mice and none contain the soluble granule chymase mouse mast cell protease‐1. However, during egg deposition in the gut, an intraepithelial mastocytosis occurs in parasitized mice. These intraepithelial cells are typical mucosal mast cells as determined by their content of mouse mast cell protease‐1. Recruitment of mucosal mast cells occurs in the intestinal lamina propria of infected rats soon after the parasites migrate to the liver. These findings suggest that mast cells of the mucosal phenotype are involved in the pathogenesis of the hepatic response to infection in the rat but that, in the mouse, mucosal mastocytosis is associated with intestinal sensitization by egg antigens.
Reconstitution by bone marrow grafting of the defective protective capacity at the migratory phase but not at the intestinal phase of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in W/Wv mice
Authors: ISHIKAWA N. , HORII Y. , NAWA Y. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAfter a primary infection by subcutaneous inoculation with the infective larvae (L3) of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, the intestinal worm burden was higher and expulsion was slower in W/Wv mice than in +/+ mice. When the course of infection was segregated into the migratory and intestinal phases, protection during the migratory phase examined by the larval recovery from the lungs and that during the intestinal phase measured by worm burden after intraduodenal implantation with adult worms were both defective in W/Wv mice. The higher susceptibility of W/Wv mice during the migratory phase was normalized by bone marrow re constitution. On the other hand, higher susceptibility of W/Wv mice during the intestinal phase, which was measured by worm burden 24 h after intraduodenal implantation of the larvae recovered from the lungs of rats, was not normalized by bone marrow grafting. Furthermore, slower expulsion seen in W/Wv mice after intraduodenal implantation with adult worms was not hastened by bone marrow reconstitution. These results indicate that the protective mechanisms against N. brasiliensis operating during the migratory phase and those during the intestinal phase were different in terms of bone marrow dependency and that nonmyeloid cells utilizing c‐kit ligand/receptor system to express their functions are involved in the rnucosal defence against N. brasiliensis.
Heterogeneity of IgG antibody responses to cloned Onchocerca volvulus antigens in microfiladermia positive individuals from Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador
Authors: TRENHOLME KATHARINE R. , TREE TIM I. M. , GILLESPIE ANDREW J. , GUDERIAN RONALD , MAIZELS RICK M. , BRADLEY JANETTE E. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe prevalence of IgG antibodies to three recombinant O. volvulus antigens, OvMBP/10, OvMBP/11 and OvMBP/29 was determined in a group of 94 microfilaria positive (mf+) individuals resident in the hyperendemic onchocercal area of Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Clone OvMBP/11 was the antigen most frequently recognized by patients sera followed by OvMBP/10 and OvMBP/29. When a cocktail of the three recombinant antigens was used the proportion of positive sera increased to 100%. Antibody responses to the fusion partner maltose binding protein (MBP) were low in comparison with those to the cloned antigens and no correlation of responses between individual antigens was observed. The relative level of antibody response to each of the clones in the cocktail varied between individuals. The distribution of IgG responses to OvMBP/11 was bimodal and those to OvMBP/29 and OvMBP/10 were positively and negatively skewed, respectively. When the three recombinant antigens were used in combination this variation was minimized and the pattern of responses showed a normal distribution as was also seen to crude O. volvulus antigen. The cocktail of recombinants thus offers excellent diagnostic sensitivity in combination with the parasite specificity demonstrated previously.
Recognition of Giardia lamblia cyst‐specific antigens by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: CAMPBELL J. D. , FAUBERT G. M. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYImmunization of BALB/c mice with a sonicated extract of in vitro‐generated Giardia lamblia cysts produced six cystspecific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Two MoAbs (8C5.C11 and 5A4.G6), which recognize proteinaceous cyst antigens, were selected for further study. In indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), MoAb 8C5.C11 reacted with encystation‐specific vesicles in trophozoites beginning 3 h after the induction ofencystation in vitro. This MoAb also recognized cysts which began to appear at 12 h. In contrast, MoAb 5A4.G6 stained only cyst walls. In Western blots, both MoAbs also reacted with cyst antigens, but not trophozoite antigens. MoAb 8C5.C11 first recognized cyst antigen from 3 h encysting cultures, reacting with 26, 28, 42 and 46 kD bands. MoAb 5A4.G6 reacted with a 38 kD band, beginning with 12 h encysting cultures. When added to G. lamblia encysting cultures before the appearance of cysts (0 to 9 h) and in the presence of a source of complement, MoAb 8C5.C11 caused a significant reduction in the numbers of water‐resistant cysts produced in vitro compared to the control. MoAb 5A4.G6 did not affect in vitro encystation. These findings confirm the heterogeneity of cyst antigens, and also indicate that the process of encystation in vitro can be interrupted by antibodies and complement.
Antibodies to the serine rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP) prevent amoebic liver abscess in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice
Authors: ZHANG TONGHAI , CIESLAK PAUL R. , FOSTER LYNNE , KUNZ‐JENKINS CYNTHIA , STANLEY SAMUEL L. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAmoebic liver abscess caused by Entamoeba histolytica is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We used mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID mice) to study the role of antibody in protection from amoebic liver abscess, and to identify protective antigens of E. histolytica. Antisera to recombinant versions of two major surface antigens of E. histolytica, the serine rich E. histolytica protein (SREHP) and the 170 kDa adhesin were used in this study. We found that 100% of SCID mice passively immunized with antiserum to the recombinant SREHP molecule were protected from developing amoebic liver abscess after intrahepatic challenge with virulent E. histolytica trophozoites. In contrast, preimmune serum, antiserum to a portion of the 170 kDa adhesin, and antiserum to the trpE fusion partner of SREHP did not protect SCID mice from amoebic liver abscess. Our study demonstrates that antibodies to a recombinant version of the amoebic SREHP molecule can protect against amoebic liver abscess, and suggest the recombinant SREHP molecule should be considered as a possible vaccine candidate to prevent amoebic liver abscess.
Genetic control of the antibody repertoire against excretory/secretory products and acetylcholinesterases ofDictyocaulus viviparus
Authors: McKEAND J. B. , KNOX D. P. , DUNCAN J. L. , KENNEDY M. W. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYOutbred Dunkin‐Hartley and inbred strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs were immunized withDictyocaulus viviparusadult ES products prior to challenge with third stage larvae. Antibody responses of the three strains to adult ES products and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) isoforms which they contain were examined. Using immunoprecipitation and ELISA, it was observed that responses in the three strains to adult ES products were distinct: considerable heterogeneity in the antibody repertoire was observed between outbred Dunkin‐Hartley animals, with only slight variation occurring amongst the inbred individuals. Responses to the AChE isoforms were heterogeneous amongst individual outbred guinea pigs but were more consistent in inbred strain 2 and 13 animals in which strain‐specific patterns of recognition were observed. Previous studies with nematode infections have indicated a role for the major histocompatibility complex in determining the nature and level of the immune response. As the inbred strains bear different alleles at the Class II region but are identical at the Class I region, the differences observed are likely to be due to genes mapping to the Class II locus. This is therefore the first report of genetic restriction of the antibody repertoire to secreted AChEs of a parasitic nematode.
Severe cryptosporidiosis in children with normal T‐cell subsets
Authors: MØLBAK KARE , LISSE IDA M. , HØJLYNG NIELS , AABY PETER 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThough Cryptosporidium spp. is considered to cause only a self‐limiting illness in immunocompetent children, data from Guinea Bissau suggest that cryptosporidiosis may be a significant cause of deaths in developing countries. An impaired cellular immune function could explain the severe course of cryptosporidiosis in these children. We therefore investigated in a community study whether pre‐infectious CD4/CD8 status had an impact on incidence and severity of cryptosporidiosis. Of 168 children below two years of age 21 experienced Cryptosporidium‐infection within 156 days after blood sampling, but no tendencies of pre‐infectious impaired cellular immune function was found in the cases compared with controls, nor did nine children who acquired persistent diarrhoea or three who died have impaired CD4/CD8 status.
Temporal differences in the expression of mRNA for IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in the brains and spleens of C57BL/10 mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: BURKE JOANNE M. , ROBERTS CRAIG W. , HUNTER CHRIS A. , MURRAY MAX , ALEXANDER JAMES 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYC57BL/10 Sc Sn (B10) mice infected orally with Toxo‐plasma gondii tissue cysts were killed at regular intervals up to day 116 post infection (p.i.) and their brains excised. These were used either to count the total number of cysts in the brain, for RNA purification or histopathological studies. Mortality levels in a parallel group of T. gondii infected B10 mice were also monitored and regular plasma samples taken to measure specific antibody production. Seventy per cent of mice died within the first 35 days of infection. Thereafter deaths were infrequent. Inflammation in the brain was apparent from day 10 onwards and by day 25 there was widespread astrocyte activation, perivascular cuffing, meningitis and extensive encephalitis. Total cyst numbers increased rapidly from day 15 to day 35 when they peaked. By day 60, however, cyst numbers had dropped dramatically and this decrease continued through to day 116. Using the polymerase chain reaction mRNA transcripts for IFN‐γ were detected from the first time point sampled, day 25 p.i., until the end of the study. Transcripts for IL‐10, an inhibitor of IFN‐γ production, release and activity, were not detected until day 70. The predominant antibody detected against T. gondii was IgG2a but not IgG1. Significantly transcripts for IFN‐γ were found in the spleens of infected but not noninfected animals. Our results suggest that an inflammatory response associated with IFN‐γ production in B10 mice eventually controls T. gondii infection. After the cyst burden has dropped dramatically transcripts for IL‐10 are detected in the brain, perhaps to suppress inflammation, and limit pathology.
Bancroftian filariasis‐differential reactivity of anti‐sheath antibodies in microfilariae carriers
Authors: RAVINDRAN B. , SATAPATHY A. K. , SAHOO P. K. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAnti‐sheath antibodies have been detected using an immunofluorescent assay (IFAT) in the sera of microfilariae carriers (AS cases) residing in areas endemic for Bancroftian filariasis. Microfilariae (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti purified from five different mf carriers were used separately as antigen to identify anti‐sheath antibodies. The reactivity of sera from AS cases to mf sheath was found to be variable to the five different mf preparations. While as high as 25% of the sera reacted with mf purified from one individual, none of them reacted with mf purified from two other individuals. Such a differential reactivity to the sheath was found to be a feature of antibodies in AS cases only. Sera of seven amicrofilaraemic patients with elephantiasis reacted uniformly with all five mf preparations. The possible existence of polymorphic antigen (s) on the sheath of W. bancrofti mf has been proposed.
Neutralization of the activity of a Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L proteinase by anti‐cathepsin L antibodies
Authors: SMITH ANGELA M. , CARMONA CARLOS , DOWD ANDREW J. , McGONIGLE SHARON , ACOSTA DANIEL , DALTON JOHN P. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYFasciola hepatica secretes a cathepsin L proteinase that is suggested to play an in vivo role in immunoprotection since the enzyme can cleave host immunoglobulin. In the present report, rabbit anti‐cathepsin L IgG was shown to bind to the cathepsin L enzyme and inhibit its ability to cleave IgG molecules. Cathepsin L can prevent the antibody‐mediated attachment of eosinophils to newly excysted juveniles in in vitro assays; however, if anti‐cathepsin L IgG are mixed with the cathepsin L prior to the addition of the enzyme to the assay, eosinophils attach to the newly excysted juveniles. Thus it is possible to prepare antibodies that can bind and disrupt the biological activity of the F. hepatica cathepsin L.
Inhibitory effects of concurrently present ‘normal’Nippostrongylus brasiliensis worms on expulsion of ‘damaged’worms and associated goblet cell changes in rats
Authors: ISHIKAWA N. , HORII Y. , NAWA Y. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARY Nippostrongylus brasiliensis worms obtained from the stable phase of a primary infection (‘normal’worms) are able to establish and survive in naïve recipient rats into which they have been adoptively transferred, whereas those obtained at the time of expulsion (‘damaged’worms) are rapidly expelled. Expulsion is associated with quantitative/ qualitative goblet cell changes. Thus, N. brasiliensis adult worms seem to stimulate the expulsion process only after being ‘damaged’by the host's immunity, whereas it is possible that ‘normal’worms may inhibit the expulsion process. To see whether ‘normal’worms have such inhibitory effects, the fate of concurrently implanted ‘normal’and ‘damaged’worms was examined with reference to goblet cell changes in the intestine. By using either male or female worms as ‘normal’or ‘damaged’populations, it was possible to determine the origin of worms remaining in the intestine. The results show that not only ‘normal’worms but also ‘damaged’worms, which would normally be expelled, remained in the intestines of the recipients on Day five. Goblet cell hyperplasia and alteration of terminal sugars of mucins, which was induced within five days after implantation of ‘damaged’worms, were completely inhibited by the concurrent presence of ‘normal’worms. The inhibitory effects of ‘normal’worms were destroyed when they were killed by heating before implantation. Possible mechanisms leading to expulsion of N. brasiliensis are discussed.
Antigenic diversity of the asexual developmental stages of Eimeria tenella
Authors: TOMLEY FIONA 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYTotal polypeptides from unsporulated and sporulated oocysts, sporozoites and the first two generations of merozoites of Eimeria tenella were fractionated by electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels. The parasites are complex and the arrays of polypeptides differ for each of the developmental stages indicating that there is stagespecific control of gene expression. In particular, first generation merozoites display a markedly different polypeptide profile to that of either sporozoites or second generation merozoites. Changes in antigenicity during sporulation and the antigenic relationships between the three asexual zoite stages were examined by probing electroblotted polypeptides with a panel of antisera raised in rabbits to purified preparations of each stage. Antigenic cross‐reactivity is well maintained throughout sporulation even though the sizes of antibody‐reactive polypeptides change. In contrast there is a marked lack of cross‐reactive epitopes between sporozoites, first and second generation merozoites.
Resistance and disease in Brugia malayi infection of ferrets following prior infection, injection of attenuated infective larvae and injections of larval extracts
Authors: CRANDALL R. , CRANDALL C. , NAYAR J. , DOYLE T. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYA partial resistance expressed by a 53% to 78% reduction in lymphatic filariae from a challenge infection was induced in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) by a prior infection and by injection of radiation attenuated infective larvae (L3) but not by injections of lyophilized microfilariae (mf) or L3. Equivalent acquired resistance was demonstrated with and without overt filarial disease. A prior infection resulted in peripheral lymphoedema in approximately one‐third of the amicrofilaraemic resistant ferrets following challenge infection and injection of attenuated larvae resulted in inflammatory responses characteristic of a hyper‐responsive syndrome in one‐half of the amicrofilaraemic ferrets. Injections of lyophilized mf inhibited microfilaraemia and promoted development of lymphostatic disease. A limited examination of immune responses and histopathology suggested that disease in partially resistant ferrets was associated with high TH2 dependent responses directed, at least in part, to mature filariae and to mf. Mechanisms of resistance were not identified.
Protective antibodies against Taenia taeniaeformis in rats infected with eggs or injected with non‐viable oncospheres or recombinant antigens of oncospheres
Authors: ITO AKIRA , ASANO KAZUHITO , OKAMOTO KEN‐ICHI 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAntibody responses against Taenia taeniaeformis in rats infected with eggs or injected with non‐viable oncospheres or recombinant antigens of oncospheres were analysed by passive transfer of serum and Western blotting. When recipient rats were injected with 1 ml serum from donors infected with eggs (infected serum), they all showed complete resistance to oral egg challenge, whereas those injected with 1 ml serum from donors injected with either oncospheres or recombinant antigens (vaccinated serum) showed no resistance. IgG and IgG subclass responses detected by Western blotting revealed that antibody responses to oncosphere antigens in infected serum thoroughly differed from those in vaccinated serum. It is suggested that IgG2a responses in infected serum should be used for screening of epitopes for candidate vaccine.
Detection of Bm86 antigen in different strains of Boophilus microplus and effectiveness of immunization with recombinant Bm86
Authors: PENICHET MANUEL , RODRIGUEZ MANUEL , CASTELLANO ORLANDO , MANDADO SARA , ROJAS YOLANDA , RUBIERA ROGER , SANCHEZ PEDRO , LLEONART RICARDO , FUENTE JOSE DE LA 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe control of tick populations by using conventional strategies poses several problems, including the appearance of organophosphate resistant strains, among others. The possibility of using alternative strategies such as vaccination with tick antigens has been suggested by several authors. One particular antigen (Bm86) has been described and shown to be able to induce a protective immunity against the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. In this paper we demonstrate by means of immunohistochemical staining that this antigen is conserved among several strains of this species. These results correlate with those showing that animals vaccinated with a preparation of recombinant Bm86 were protected against challenge with the four different strains tested, including one resistant to organophosphates. These results favour the immunization with recombinant Bm86 for the control of the cattle tick B. microplus.
Vaccination against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep using purified secretory acetylcholinesterase from Trichostrongylus colubriformis– an initial pilot study
Authors: GRIFFITHS G. , PRITCHARD D. I. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYPurified secretory acetylcholinesterase (sAChE) from Trichostrongylus colubriformis was used as a candidate vaccine against mixed T. colubriformis, Haemonchus contortus and C. oncophora challenge infections of sheep. Cross species protection was achieved with an average reduction in worm burden of all species of 31%, rising to 58% in individual cases. There was no consistent reduction in faecal egg counts and increases in anti‐T. colubriformis sAChE IgG antibody levels following vaccination were modest. We suggest that improved antigen delivery systems will result in increased host protection.
Immunoglobulin G binding proteins in male Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks
Authors: WANG HUI , NUTTALL PATRICIA A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThree abundant immunoglobulin G binding proteins (IGBPs) of29kDa (IGBP‐MA), 25kDa (IGBP‐MB), and 21 kDa (IGBP‐MC) were isolated from partly fed male Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using an agar‐ose‐IgG column. After separating the proteins by SDS‐PA GE, each individual IGBP band was cutou tfrom the gel and used to raise antiserum in guinea pigs. Using immuno‐blotting, each of the three IGBPs was shown to be antigenically distinct, and specific for feeding male R. appendiculatus ticks. They were detected in the salivary glands of male ticks that had been feeding in either the presence of absence of female ticks, and appeared to be glycoproteins. The smallest protein, IGBP‐MC, bound to guinea pig IgG (on which species the ticks were fed) and also bound to human and bovine IgG, whereas IGBP‐MA and possibly IGBP‐MB only bound to guinea pig IgG. The function of IGBPs in tick salivary glands and their significance in male ticks are discussed.