bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drilling reveals transition from continental breakup to early magmatic crust
Authors:   ODP Leg 173 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

For the first time in an ocean‐continent transition zone (OCT), drilling has sampled rocks above and below what appears to be a synrift tectonic crust‐mantle contact. Research in the West Iberia OCT is assembling important data on the histories and ages of the basement rocks there. The principal result has been to show that evolution of the margin was dominated by extensional tectonics with only slight evidence of possible synrift melting.A significant preliminary finding of the recently completed Leg 173 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is that many, if not all, fault blocks underlain by a low‐angle reflector on multichannel seismic profiles under the 5000‐m deep Iberia Abyssal Plain consist of continental crust and are quite thin. The drilling has also shown that lower crust and peridotite became exposed in the OCT between the blocks of continental crust and the first products of oceanic accretion over a zone that appears to be tens of kilometers wide. This supports the hypotheses that predict a broad zone of upper mantle basement beneath the sediments in the development of the West Iberia zone. Preliminary observations of textural and compositional variations of the peridotite from east to west suggest that further studies will document the evolution of the mantle from continental breakup to oceanic accretion.
Indian nuclear tests prompt worldwide concern
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

India's attempt in mid‐May to blast its way into the nuclear age with the detonation of several underground nuclear tests at a desert site near the Pakistan border left many people around the world shocked and angry about the dangerous escalation in southern Asia's arms race and the threat to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.U.S. President Bill Clinton moved quickly to cut off direct aid and block billions of dollars worth of development bank assistance. Many other nations, including Pakistan, which has fought several wars with India, condemned the explosions. However, Indians appear to widely support the tests.
First Congress of the United States tackled geophysics in 1789
Authors: Silverman Sam 
Published: October 2006

When the first Congress of the United States under the new Constitution convened in the spring of 1789, one of the first orders of business involved a geophysical project. This involved, first, a petition from John Churchman for protection of an invention for determination of longitude using magnetic variation, and second, a request for congressional support for a voyage to Baffin's Bay to determine the cause of the magnetic variation. The discussions and arguments are an instructive introduction to those that arise when Congress considers scientific projects.The new government came into being after ratification by the requisite nine states. The new Congress met for the first time on March 4, 1789, in New York, but almost immediately adjourned in the absence of a quorum.
Program aims to reduce impact of tsunamis on Pacific states
Authors: Bernard Eddie N. 
Published: October 2006

A state/federal partnership is underway to lessen the impact of tsunamis in U.S. communities along the Pacific Ocean. Now in its second year, the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program is continuing to prepare tsunami inundation maps, construct deepocean tsunami detectors, upgrade seismic networks, and develop mitigation plans for each state along the Pacific coast. Goals include providing early warning of tsunamis and educating residents about evacuation.Coastal communities in Alaska, northern California, southeastern Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington are particularly threatened by tsunamis generated by local earthquakes. For example, there is mounting geological and seismological evidence that a number of large, local earthquakes in the past 2000 years generated tsunamis resulting in sudden and extensive flooding along the coastlines of Washington, Oregon, and California [Clague, 1997]. The earthquake zones shown in Figure 1 subject all five Pacific states to local tsunami threat. These zones and other seismically active areas of the Pacific rim also expose these states to distant tsunami hazard.
Arrhenius and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Authors: Lapenis Andrei G. 
Published: October 2006

Svante August Arrhenius was the first to calculate global climate sensitivity to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. He was also the first to calculate the anthropogenic rate of CO2 buildup in the modern atmosphere. There is apparently an inconsistency, however, between the references to these estimates [e.g., Uppenbrink, 1996] and the real numbers Arrhenius derived in his later works.The citations of Arrhenius' calculations are usually based on the work published in 1896 [Arrhenius, 1896]. In this paper Arrhenius reported that CO2 doubling should increase the Earth's mean temperature by 5–6°C. In the same ear, he estimated that it would take about 3000 y ears for mankind to double the atmospheric concentration through the burning of fossil fuels [Arrhenius, 1896]. However, the 1896 paper was not his last publication on the problem of global warming.
Arrhenius and current climate concerns: Continuity or a 100‐year gap?
Authors: Fleming James Rodger 
Published: October 2006

In a paper presented to the Stockholm Physical Society in 1895 and published the following year, Svante Arrhenius demonstrated that variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration could have a very great effect on the overall heat budget and surface temperature of the planet. It would be a mistake, however, to consider this work as a direct forerunner of current climate concerns [Uppenbrink, 1996].Arrhenius, who has recently gained renewed attention as the “father” of the theory of the greenhouse effect, held assumptions and produced results that are not continuous with present‐day climate research. For example, he suggested that increasing the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels might be beneficial, making the Earth's climates warmer and “more equable,” stimulating plant growth, and providing more food for a larger population [Arrhenius, 1908]. Arrhenius's view of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide emissions differs radically from current concerns over the harmful effects of a global warming caused by industrial activity and deforestation [Fleming, 1998].
Search for a mantle plume under central Europe
Authors: Ritter J. R. R. , Christensen U. R. R. , Achauer U. , Bahr K. , Weber M. H. 
Published: October 2006

A multidisciplinary team of scientists has begun searching for a mantle plume under the Eifel region in central Europe and has already detected a plume‐like structure. The researchers, from a number of European institutions, hope to establish the existence of a plume, thereby explaining better than in the past the known thermal mantle anomaly beneath the region.Known as the Eifel Plume Project, the research involves a seismic network spanning nearly 500 km × 500 km. Fieldwork began in 1997 and continued until summer 1998.
A misuse of public funds: U.N. support for geomagnetic forecasting of earthquakes and meteorological disasters
Authors: Campbell Wallace H. 
Published: October 2006

The legitimate scientific community needs to be alerted to the expenditure of considerable public funds forpseudoscientific projects that build false hopes of protection from geophysical hazards. One example of such a project is a recently published, 147‐ page United Nations (U.N.) document titled “Manual on the Forecasting of Natural Disasters: Geomagnetic Methods.” Although the document has been distributed internationally, it seems not to have been subjected to pre‐publication, international peer review.The manual was prepared for a U.N. international workshop recently held in Beijing, China, from February 12 to 18,1998. The meeting was sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the State Seismological Bureau of China, the U.N. Global Programme for the Integration of Public Administration and Science of Disasters in the Department for Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), and the U.N. Development Programme (UNDP) in Beijing.
GOES imagery fills gaps in Montserrat volcanic cloud observations
Authors: Davies Mark A. , Rose William I. 
Published: October 2006

GOES satellite imagery offers great potential to lessen the risk of volcanic ash clouds to aviation, and the situation at Montserrat in the Caribbean is providing the proof. Many transatlantic, commercial, and private aircraft use airspace around Montserrat, where the Soufriere Hills Volcano has been erupting since 1995.Worldwide over the last 15 years, more than 80 airplanes have reported encountering volcanic ash along flight paths. Encounters cannot be avoided because onboard radar cannot detect fine‐grained ash particles—those with a radius of 15 microns or less. In recent years volcanic cloud encounters are estimated to have caused hundreds of millions of dollars worth of damage and in a few cases have caused in‐flight engine failure [Casadevall et al., 1996].
New program maps geoscience data sets interactively
Authors: Becker Thorsten W. , Braun Alexander 
Published: October 2006

During the last decade many new and improved global geoscience data sets have been evaluated by researchers around the world. While new techniques such as satellite altimetry were developed to compute the geoid and marine gravity field to high resolution, existing data sets such as earthquake catalogs and hotspot location lists were enhanced.These data sets contain invaluable information for every Earth scientist whether the focus is global or regional. With the advent of high‐speed Internet connections, global access to these immense resources is now easy, but actual processing still poses some obstacles.
Looking back on a half century of repeat magnetic measurements in France
Authors: Alexandrescu Mioara Mandea , Gilder Stuart , Courtillot Vincent , Le Mouël Jean Louis , Gilbert Daniel 
Published: October 2006

Birds do it. Bees do it. And with the discovery of lodestone over 2200 years ago, humans too could incorporate the Earth's magnetic field into their daily lives. Some of the oldest applications for tracking the magnetic field were in land and sea navigation. Magnetic field measurements quickly became an important economic factor in world trade, with documented use dating from the 11th century in China.The measurements are important in other applications as well. For example, rapid field variations are generated by solar activity and its interaction with the terrestrial environment. Large magnetic storms can disrupt satellite operation, communication systems, power transmission networks, and so forth [Campbell, 1997].Geomagnetism also provides a unique opportunity to explore the Earth's outer core, which is mostly liquid (molten) iron, where the field is generated. Field measurements can also yield valuable insights into the location of mineral deposits and aid in applications in the petroleum industry.
Collaborating “ocean ecologists” assess achievements, prepare for challenges
Authors: Hay Mark , Jumars Peter 
Published: October 2006

Remarkable advances in our understanding of the biology and ecology of the world's oceans are leading to a newer, more integrative approach to investigations of those oceans. The approach, which we have called “ocean ecology” is blurring previous distinctions between marine ecology and biological oceanography. Researchers in those fields now collaborate and trade methods and scientific perspectives and, as a result, find themselves part of the intellectual underpinnings and histories of subdisciplines other than their own.Collaboration comes none too soon. One of the greatest challenges facing ocean ecologists in the present and coming decades is understanding and resolving anthropogenic versus natural variability and change. The need is urgent to focus investigations on coastal ocean degradation and its acceleration and to deal effectively with environmental change wrought by humans.
Report outlines continued importance of ground‐based solar studies
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Observations of the Sun from space have provided some stunning imagery and scientific data that could not be gained from the Earth. But a new report emphasizes that ground‐based solar observations continue to be vital, and that there is an urgent need to develop a coherent strategy for ground‐based research in the United States that addresses aging facilities and limited capabilities to pursue important scientific problems.The report by the Space Studies Board of the National Research Council,“Ground‐Based Solar Research: An Assessment and Strategy for the Future,” says that ground‐based programs are required for research involving spatial and temporal resolution and long‐term synoptic coverage. In addition, the report notes that ground‐based facilities provide the solar‐physics community with easy accessibility, are a means for providing hands‐on education for the next generation of solar researchers, are relatively easy to repair or replace, and typically cost far less than space‐based instruments.
NASA nabs a Webby
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While Shakespeare and Steven Spielberg garnered Oscars at the Academy Awards last week, NASA came home with a Webby People's Voice Award for “best science site.” The Webby, presented by the International Academy of the Digital Arts and Sciences, recognized the Science@NASA site (http://science.nasa.gov), which received support from people who voted online.“This is really an exceptional honor for all of us here at the Space Sciences Laboratory, at the Marshall Space Flight Center, and at NASA,” said John Horack, director of NASA/Marshall's science communications process in Huntsville, Ala.
Preliminary results are in from mid‐ocean ridge three‐dimensional seismic reflection survey
Authors: Singh S. C. , Sinha M. C. , Harding A. J. , Kent G. M. , Barton P. J. , Orcutt J. A. , White R. S. , Hobbs R. W. 
Published: October 2006

The first three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic reflection survey of a mid‐ocean ridge was shot in 1997 and, while it is still too early for firm interpretations of the data, it can be confirmed that significant crustal melt bodies have been located and one widely accepted model does not seem to apply to the presence of a robust magma supply there.The survey the Anatomy of a Ridge‐Axis Discontinuity (ARAD) experiment, was centered over an overlapping spreading center (OSC) system that offsets the ridge axis at 9°03′ north latitude on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) (Figure 1). It was conducted aboard the R/V Maurice Ewing during September and October and included a coincident 3‐D crustal seismic tomography experiment.
New strategy needed in earthquake, volcano monitoring
Authors: Thatcher Wayne 
Published: October 2006

Recent advances in space geodesy provide unprecedented opportunities for measuring and understanding processes related to earthquake occurrence and volcanic eruptions in the United States and elsewhere. The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses Earth‐orbiting satellites to obtain relative movements of ground points accurate to a few millimeters, either through periodically repeated surveys or by continuous measurements at permanent sites [Segall and Davis, 1997]. Satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) uses repeat‐pass radar backscatter images of Earth's surface to obtain complete spatial mappings of surface deformation over 100 km × 100 km scenes to centimeter precision [Massonnet and Feigl, 1998].During the past 5 years GPS and InSAR increasingly have been applied to local studies of active fault zones and volcanic systems, imaging the sources of deformation buried in Earth's crust and quantifying the hazards they pose to society. The potential now exists to deploy these tools to map and monitor all of the actively deforming western United States, and a new scientific initiative with these goals is under active discussion [Silver et al, 1998].
USGS Study reveals a decline in long‐record streamgages
Authors: Lanfear Kenneth J. , Hirsch Robert M. 
Published: October 2006

Every year more than 100 USGS streamgaging stations with record lengths (more than 30 years) are being discontinued due to lack of funding. This trend, described in a recent USGS report to Congress, is troublesome in light of the many issues hydrologists and engineers must address in the coming years.Although there is considerable year‐to‐year variability the underlying dynamic characteristics of the population of USGS streamgages have changed from 30 years ago. During the peak 1959–1968 growth period, the number of active 30‐year record stations increased by about 90 stations per year. A combination of increased station mortality and increased reactivation rates since 1968 means that stations are coming into and out of active collection phases much more quickly than before 1968.
Financial support at the time of paper acceptance: a survey of three medical journals
Authors: Schroter Sara , Tite Leanne , Kassem Ahmed 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe author‐pays model (open access publishing funded through author charges) is dependent on authors having access to financial support at the time their research papers are accepted. We conducted an author survey to determine the availability of external funding for publication charges at different points in the research process. Of the 377/524 (72%) who responded, 62% (233/377) received external funding to support their study, but with notable differences between journals. Only 25% (95/377) could withdraw funds from a grant at the time of paper acceptance. The grant was closed at this time for almost half (105/233, 45%) of those who were externally funded. Non‐externally funded research was largely supported through departmental resources (56%, 80/144) or carrying out research in own time (63%, 91/144). To conclude, a large proportion of published research is not externally funded, and many funded researchers do not have access to financial support at the time their paper is accepted for publication.
eDrug: a dynamic interactive electronic drug formulary for medical students
Authors: Maxwell Simon R. J. , McQueen Daniel S. , Ellaway Rachel 
Published: October 2006

What is already known about this subject• Delivering education about an ever‐increasing number of prescribable drugs to medical students represents a major challenge.• Drug names are generally not logical or intuitive, and many students find learning them akin to learning a foreign language.• Pharmacology and therapeutics teaching is struggling for visibility in some integrated medical curricula.What this study adds• Development of electronic tools allowing web delivery of a restricted student formulary facilitates dynamic access to core learning materials, improves the profile of this aspect of the curriculum and is highly appreciated by students.AimsPrescribing drugs is a key responsibility of a doctor and requires a solid grounding in the relevant scientific disciplines of pharmacology and therapeutics (PT). The move away from basic science disciplines towards a more system‐based and integrated undergraduate curriculum has created difficulties in the delivery of PT teaching in some medical schools. We aimed to develop a web‐based strategy to overcome these problems and improve the PT learning experience.MethodsWe designed and introduced ‘eDrug’, a dynamic interactive web‐based student formulary, as an aid to teaching and learning of PT throughout a 5‐year integrated medical curriculum in a UK medical school of 1300 students. This was followed by a prospective observational study of student‐reported views about its impact on their PT learning experience.ResultseDrug was rated highly by students and staff, with the main benefits being increased visibility of PT in the curriculum, clear identification of core drugs, regular sourcing of drug information via direct links to accredited sources including the British National Formulary, prioritization of learning, immediate access and responsiveness. It has also served as a focus of discussion concerning core PT learning objectives amongst staff and students.ConclusionsWeb‐based delivery of PT learning objectives actively supports learning within an integrated curriculum.
Evaluation of flurbiprofen urinary ratios asin vivoindices for CYP2C9 activity
Authors: Zgheib N. K. , Frye R. F. , Tracy T. S. , Romkes M. , Branch R. A. 
Published: October 2006

AimsWe investigated flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics in 12 volunteers to develop a phenotypic trait measure that correlates with the fractional clearance to 4′‐hydroxyflurbiprofen. The effect of the CYP2C9 inhibitor fluconazole on flurbiprofen metabolism was also evaluated.MethodsFlurbiprofen pharmacokinetics were evaluated before and after the first and seventh doses of fluconazole. The urinary recovery ratio was calculated as FLRR = 4′‐OHF/[4′‐OHF + Ftot] and the urinary metabolic ratio was calculated as FLMR = 4′‐OHF/Ftot, where 4′‐OHF andFtotrepresent total (conjugated and unconjugated) amounts recovered in urine.ResultsThere was a statistically significant relationship between the 4′‐OHF formation clearance (4OHCLf) and both the 8‐h FLRR and the 8‐h FLMR with and without administration of fluconazole. The flurbiprofen apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was decreased by 53% [90% confidence interval (CI) −58, −48] and 64% (90% CI −69, −59), respectively, after administration of one and seven doses of fluconazole when compared with administration of flurbiprofen alone; similarly, the 4OHCLf decreased by 69% (90% CI −74, −64) and 78% (90% CI −83, −73), the 8‐h FLRR decreased by 35% (90% CI −41, −29) and 40% (90% CI −46, −35) and the 8‐h FLMR decreased by 61% (90% CI −65, −58) and 67% (90% CI −70, −63). The magnitude of decrease in CL/Fand 4OHCLf was greater after seven doses compared with after one dose of fluconazole (P < 0.005).ConclusionsThis study provides strong evidence that both the 8‐h FLRR and the 8‐h FLMR are suitable phenotypic indices for CYP2C9 activity.