bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomedical image visualization research using the Visible Human Datasets
Authors: Robb Richard A. , Hanson Dennis P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe practice of medicine and conduct of research in major segments of the biologic sciences have always relied on visualizations to study the relationship of anatomic structure to biologic function. Traditionally, these visualizations have either been direct, via vivisection and postmortem examination, or have required extensive mental reconstruction. The revolutionary capabilities of 3‐D and 4‐D medical imaging modalities, together with computer reconstruction and rendering of multidimensional medical and histological volume image data, obviate the need for physical dissection or abstract assembly. The availability of the Visible Human Datasets from the National Library of Medicine, coupled with the development of advanced computer algorithms to accurately and rapidly process, segment, register, measure, and display high resolution 3‐D images, has provided a rich opportunity to help advance these important new imaging, visualization, and analysis methodologies from scientific theory to clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 19:240–253, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Novel 3‐(Alkylcarbamoyl)‐2‐aryl‐1,2‐dihydro‐6,7‐(methylenedioxy)‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐ones as Anticonvulsant Agents
Authors: Micale Nicola , Postorino Giovanna , Grasso Silvana , Zappalà Maria , Zuccalà Giuseppe , Ferreri Guido , De Sarro Giovambattista 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of 3‐(alkylcarbamoyl)‐2‐aryl‐1,2‐dihydro‐6,7‐(methylenedioxy)‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐ones, compounds 3–6, were synthesized, and screened as anticonvulsant agents in DBA/2 mice against sound‐induced seizure (Table). The new compounds were found to display anticonvulsant properties inferior to those of the known dehydro congeners 1 and 2. The binding affinities of 1–6 at the AMPA and NMDA receptors were also evaluated.
Kinetics of Heterogeneous Deacetylation of β‐Chitin
Authors: Jiang C. J. , Xu M. Q. 
Published: March 2006

Abstractβ‐Chitin was extracted from squid pens and its heterogeneous alkaline deacetylation was performed under various conditions. The kinetics of the first, second and third deacetylation reaction of β‐chitin was investigated under conditions minimizing bulk mass transfer. It was found that the effects of temperature and reaction time on the first, second and third deacetylation of β‐chitin were similar. A shrinking core model of a sphere with surface reaction is proposed to describe the deacetylation reaction of β‐chitin. The experimental data fit the theoretical model very well. The controlling step of the reaction changes from the chemical reaction to diffusion through an ash layer with increase in temperature and time of deacetylation. The phenomenon of stagnation is mainly caused by the structure of β‐chitin.
Rapid and Effective Adsorption of Lead Ions on Fine Poly(phenylenediamine) Microparticles
Authors: Huang Mei‐Rong , Peng Qian‐Yun , Li Xin‐Gui 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFine microparticles of poly(p‐phenylenediamine) (PpPD) and poly(m‐phenylenediamine) (PmPD) were directly synthesized by a facile oxidative precipitation polymerization and their strong ability to adsorb lead ions from aqueous solution was examined. It was found that the degree of adsorption of the lead ions depends on the pH, concentration, and temperature of the lead ion solution, as well as the contact time and microparticle dose. The adsorption data fit the Langmuir isotherm and the process obeyed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacities of lead ions onto PpPD and PmPD microparticles at 30 °C are 253.2 and 242.7 mg g−1, respectively. The highest adsorptivity of lead ions is up to 99.8 %. The adsorption is very rapid with a loading half‐time of only 2 min as well as initial adsorption rates of 95.24 and 83.06 mg g−1 min−1 on PpPD and PmPD particles, respectively. A series of batch experiment results showed that the PpPD microparticles possess an even stronger capability to adsorb lead ions than the PmPD microparticles, but the PmPD microparticles, with a more‐quinoid‐like structure, show a stronger dependence of lead‐ion adsorption on the pH and temperature of the lead‐ion solution. A possible adsorption mechanism through complexation between Pb2+ ions and N groups on the macromolecular chains has been proposed. The powerful lead‐ion adsorption on the microparticles makes them promising adsorbents for wastewater cleanup.
The Mechanism of the Hydroalkoxycarbonylation of Ethene and Alkene–CO Copolymerization Catalyzed by PdII–Diphosphine Cations
Authors: Liu Jianke , Heaton Brian T. , Iggo Jonathan A. , Whyman Robin , Bickley Jamie F. , Steiner Alexander 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAll the intermediates in the “carboalkoxy” pathway, and their interconversions giving complete catalytic cycles, for palladium–diphosphine‐catalyzed hydroalkoxycarbonylation of alkenes, and for alkene–CO copolymerization, have been demonstrated using 31P{1H} and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The propagation and termination steps of the “hydride” cycles and the crossover between the hydride and carboalkoxy cycles have also been demonstrated, providing the first examples of both cycles, and of chain crossover, being delineated for the same catalyst. Comparison of the propagation and termination steps in the pathways affords new insight into the selectivity‐determining steps. Thus, reaction of [Pd(dibpp)(CH3CN)2](OTf)2 (dibpp = 1,3‐(iBu2P)2C3H6) with Et3N and CH3OH affords [Pd(dibpp)(OCH3)(CH3CN)]OTf, which, on exposure to CO, gives [Pd(dibpp){C(O)OCH3}(CH3CN)]OTf immediately. Labeling studies show the reaction to be readily reversible. However, the back reaction is strongly inhibited by PPh3, indicating an insertion/deinsertion pathway. Ethene reacts with [Pd(dibpp){C(O)OCH3}(CH3CN)]OTf at 243 K to give [Pd(dibpp){CH2CH2C(O)OCH3}]OTf, that is, there is no intrinsic barrier to alkene insertion into the PdC(O)OMe bond, as had been proposed. Instead, termination is proposed to be selectivity determining. Methanolysis of the acyl intermediate [Pd(dibpp){C(O)CH3}L]X (L = CO, CH3OH; X = CF3SO3− (OTf−), CH3C6H4SO3− (OTs−)) is required in the hydride cycle to give an ester and occurs at 243 K on the timescale of minutes, whereas methanolysis of the β chelate, required to give an ester from the carbomethoxy cycle, is slow on a timescale of days, at 298 K. These results suggest that slow methanolysis of the β chelate, rather than slow insertion of an alkene into the Pdcarboalkoxy bond, as had previously been proposed, is responsible for the dominance of the hydride mechanism in hydroalkoxycarbonylation.
α‐Carbonyl Substituent Effect on the Lifetimes of Triplet 1,4‐Biradicals from Norrish‐Type‐II Reactions
Authors: Cai Xichen , Cygon Peter , Goldfuss Bernd , Griesbeck Axel G. , Heckroth Heike , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTriplet 1,4‐biradicals were generated by Norrish‐Type‐II hydrogen transfer from α‐heteroatom‐substituted β‐branched butyrophenones 1–6 and detected by laser flash absorption measurements. For three oxy‐substituted compounds 2–4 (Rα=OH, OCOMe, OCOOEt) comparable lifetimes were determined in acetonitrile (roughly 1.5 μs). In benzene, divergent trends were observed: for the hydroxy compound 2 a lower lifetime of 790 ns was determined, whereas for 3 and 4 the lifetimes increased to 4.9 μs. Photolyses of the α‐amino‐substituted compounds 1 and 6 resulted in transient species with significant lower lifetimes (for 1 160 ns in benzene and 450 ns in acetonitrile; for 6 <100 ns in both solvents). The mesyloxy substrate 5 undergoes rapid CO bond cleavage upon photolysis and no transient triplet species were detected. Computational (UB3 LYP/6–31G* and natural don orbital (NBO) analyses) results supported the assumption of a negative hyperconjugative interaction strongly stabilizing α‐oxy‐substituted over α‐amino‐substituted radicals.
Structural Development of Free or Coordinated 4′‐(4‐Pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine Ligands through N‐Alkylation: New Strategies for Metallamacrocycle Formation
Authors: Constable Edwin C. , Dunphy Emma L. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Kylberg William , Neuburger Markus , Schaffner Silvia , Schofield Emma R. , Smith Christopher B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of N‐alkylated derivatives of [Ru(pytpy)2]2+ (pytpy=4′‐(4‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) has been synthesised and characterised. These include both model and functionalised complexes that complement previously reported iron(II) analogues. Reaction of [Ru(pytpy)2]2+ with bis[4‐(bromomethyl)phenyl]methane leads to the formation of a [2+2] ruthenamacrocycle. Related ferramacrocycles could not be accessed by this route, and instead were prepared in two steps by first reacting bis[4‐(bromomethyl)phenyl]methane or 4,4′‐bis(bromomethyl)biphenyl with two equivalents of pytpy, and then treating the resulting bis(N‐alkylated) product with iron(II) salts.
An Extremely Stable Host–Guest Complex That Functions as a Fluorescence Probe for Calcium Ions
Authors: Lin Chi‐Feng , Liu Yi‐Hung , Lai Chien‐Chen , Peng Shie‐Ming , Chiu Sheng‐Hsien 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHerein, we report a crown ether based molecular cage that forms extremely stable supramolecular complexes with dimethyldiazapyrenium (DMDAP) ions in CD3CN through the collaboration of multiple weak CH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. The very strong binding affinity in this host–guest system allows the molecular cage to bleach the fluorescence signal of DMDAP substantially in equimolar solutions at concentrations as low as 1×10−5 M. Remarkably, a 1×10−5 M equimolar solution of the molecular cage and DMDAP is highly selective toward Ca2+ ions—relative to other biologically important Li+, Na+, K+, and Mg2+ ions—and causes a substantial increase in the fluorescence intensity of the solution. As a result, this molecular cage/DMDAP complex behaves as a supramolecular fluorescence probe for the detection of Ca2+ ions in solution.
Combination therapy of intraarterial 5‐fluorouracil and systemic interferon‐alpha for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous invasion
Authors: Obi Shuntaro , Yoshida Haruhiko , Toune Risa , Unuma Tadao , Kanda Miho , Sato Shinpei , Tateishi Ryosuke , Teratani Takuma , Shiina Shuichiro , Omata Masao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal venous invasion (PVI) has a very poor prognosis, with a median survival of 3 months and virtually no survival at 1 year. The combination of intraarterial 5‐fluorouracil (FU) and systemic interferon‐α (IFNα) was recently reported to be effective against HCC with PVI, but these were small pilot studies.METHODSOne hundred and sixteen patients with HCC with PVI received IFNα (5,000,000 U intramuscularly on Days 1, 3, and 5 of each week of treatment) and 5‐FU (500 mg into hepatic artery on Days 1‐5 of the first and second week of each 4‐week cycle). The therapy was either terminated at the end of the first cycle in cases with progressive disease, or continued for at least 3 cycles, when responses to treatment were evaluated by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group criteria. The survival rate was compared with that of historical controls (n = 40).RESULTSNineteen (16%) patients showed complete response and another 42 (36%) showed partial response. Adverse events were limited to nausea and appetite loss. The survival rates at 12 and 24 months among overall patients were 34% and 18%, respectively, in contrast to 15% and 5% among the historical controls. Survival rates at 12 and 24 months were 81% and 59% among complete responders, respectively, and 43% and 18% among partial responders.CONCLUSIONThe combination therapy with 5‐FU and IFN was safe, and substantially improved the survival rate among the complete responders. These results provide a rationale for future randomized controlled trials. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Multicenter Phase II trial of high‐dose imatinib mesylate in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Wyman Ken , Atkins Michael B. , Prieto Victor , Eton Omar , McDermott David F. , Hubbard Francie , Byrnes Christine , Sanders Kathleen , Sosman Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDSystemic treatment of metastatic melanoma is largely ineffective and alternative approaches are needed. Imatinib mesylate is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets bcr‐Abl, c‐kit, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α, and PDGFR‐β, leading to remarkable clinical responses in several cancers. Signal transduction via c‐kit, PDGFR‐α, and PDGFR‐β has been demonstrated in malignant melanoma.METHODSThe primary objective of this Phase II study was to determine the response rate, response duration, and the frequency of 6‐month progression‐free survival in patients who could receive up to 2 prior therapeutic regimens. Initially, patients received imatinib at at dose of 400 mg twice orally each day. Based on Simon's optimal design, the study allowed entry of 21 patients; if there were ≥ 2 objective responses, accrual would then continue to a total of 41 patients.RESULTSTwenty‐six patients were enrolled. Patients experienced 29 episodes of Grade 3 and 2 episodes of Grade 4 toxicity (according to National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria). No objective clinical responses were noted among the 25 evaluable patients. The median time to progression was 54 days and the median overall survival was 200 days. No patient was free of disease progression at 6 months. Paraffin‐embedded tumor specimens from 15 patients were tested for expression of imatinib responsive kinases by immunohistochemistry. Three tumors had moderate and 5 tumors had weak staining for c‐kit. Five tumor samples had weak staining for PDGFR‐α and ‐β.CONCLUSIONSImatinib is an inactive single agent in metastatic melanoma in a population of predominately pretreated patients. The levels of c‐kit and/or PDGFR‐α, ‐β expression in the current study were lower than previously reported. Alternative treatment strategies remain a priority for patients with advanced melanoma. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Central venous catheter and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia in cancer patients
Authors: Boktour Maha , Hanna Hend , Ansari Shoaib , Bahna Boulos , Hachem Ray , Tarrand Jeffrey , Rolston Kenneth , Safdar Amar , Raad Issam 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDStenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia is frequently found in cancer patients. This study attempted to determine how often the catheters were the source of this infection and the risk factors associated with catheter‐related bacteremias.METHODSThe microbiology records were retrospectively reviewed of all cancer patients having S. maltophilia bacteremia and indwelling central venous catheters seen between January 1998 and January 2004. In a multivariate analysis the patients' clinical characteristics, antimicrobial therapy, outcome, and source of bacteremia that were significantly associated with definite catheter‐related S. maltophilia bacteremia as opposed to secondary bacteremia were identified.RESULTSA total of 217 bacteremias were identified in 207 patients: 159 (73%) were primary catheter‐related (53 definite, 89 probable, and 17 possible), 11 (5%) were primary noncatheter‐related, and 47 (22%) were secondary. Multivariate analysis showed the following factors to be independently associated with definite catheter‐related bacteremias: 1) polymicrobial bacteremia (odds ratio [OR], 7.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3–45.5); 2) no prior intensive care unit admission (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.005–0.578); and 3) nonneutropenic status at onset (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.013–0.419). The response rate to appropriate antibiotics and catheter removal was 95% in the patients with definite catheter‐related bloodstream infections, compared with only 56% in the patients with secondary bacteremias (P = .001).CONCLUSIONSThe majority of the S. maltophilia bacteremias occurring in cancer patients with indwelling central venous catheters appear to be catheter‐related and are often polymicrobial. Catheter‐related S. maltophilia bacteremias occurred more frequently in noncritically ill, nonneutropenic patients, and prompt removal of the catheter was found to be associated with a better prognosis. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Differential expression of VEGF‐A and angiopoietins in cartilage tumors and regulation by interleukin‐1β
Authors: Kalinski Thomas , Krueger Sabine , Sel Saadettin , Werner Kerstin , Ropke Martin , Roessner Albert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A and angiopoietin (Ang)‐1 and Ang‐2 are key factors in angiogenic signaling. In this study the expression of these factors was identified in cartilage tumors. As interleukin (IL)‐1β has been found to be an indispensable factor in angiogenic signaling, we further analyzed the effect of IL‐1β on the expression of VEGF‐A, Ang‐1, and Ang‐2 using a previously established cell culture model.METHODSSurgical specimens of enchondromas, conventional chondrosarcomas, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas were obtained from 72 patients. VEGF‐A, Ang‐1, and Ang‐2 mRNA expression was detected by conventional and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). VEGF‐A expression was also detected by immunohistochemistry or Western blot.RESULTSDifferential expression of VEGF‐A, Ang‐1, and Ang‐2 was clearly demonstrated in cartilage tumors. VEGF‐A expression was positively correlated with the tumor type. Higher VEGF‐A expression levels were detected in conventional chondrosarcomas Grades II and III (using a 3‐tier grading system) than in dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (P < .05). A typical pattern of VEGF‐A isoforms was identified, including VEGF121, VEGF145, VEGF165, and VEGF189. Ang‐1 presented as a low‐level transcript with slightly elevated levels in chondrosarcomas (P < .05). Highly variable Ang‐2 expression levels were detected in solitary cases of conventional chondrosarcomas. IL‐1β regulated VEGF‐A and Ang‐1 expressions in a dose‐dependent manner. Whereas low IL‐1β concentrations increased VEGF‐A and Ang‐1 transcription, high IL‐1β concentrations had the opposite effect. IL‐1β did not activate Ang‐2 expression.CONCLUSIONSAngiogenic signaling in cartilage tumors is variable and at least partly regulable by IL‐1β. The findings are of therapeutic relevance, either as a desired effect or a side effect in medical treatment. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Complementary stripes of phospholipase Cβ3 and Cβ4 expression by Purkinje cell subsets in the mouse cerebellum
Authors: Sarna Justyna R. , Marzban Hassan , Watanabe Masahiko , Hawkes Richard 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTransverse boundaries divide the cerebellar cortex into four transverse zones, and within each zone the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. Several molecules believed to mediate long‐term depression at the parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapse are known to be expressed in stripes. We have therefore explored the distributions of phospholipase Cβ3 and phospholipase Cβ4, key components in the transduction of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor‐mediated responses. The data reveal that both phospholipase Cβ isotypes are expressed strongly in the mouse cerebellum in subsets of Purkinje cells. The two distributions are distinct and largely nonoverlapping. The pattern of phospholipase Cβ3 expression is unique, revealing stripes in three of the four transverse zones and a uniform distribution in the fourth. In contrast, phospholipase Cβ4 appears to be confined largely to the Purkinje cells that are phospholipase Cβ3‐negative. PLCβ3 is restricted to the zebrin II‐immunopositive Purkinje cell subset. Not all zebrin II‐immunoreactive Purkinje cells express PLCβ3: in lobules IX and X it is restricted to that zebrin II‐immunopositive subset that also expresses the small heat shock protein HSP25. PLCβ4 expression is restricted to, and coextensive with, the zebrin II‐immunonegative Purkinje cell subset. These nonoverlapping expression patterns suggest that long‐term depression may be manifested differently between cerebellar modules. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:303–313, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the second cervical dorsal root ganglion to the cochlear nucleus in rats
Authors: Zhan Xiping , Pongstaporn Tan , Ryugo David K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPhysiological, anatomical, and clinical data have demonstrated interactions between somatosensory and auditory brainstem structures. Spinal nerve projections influence auditory responses, although the nature of the pathway(s) is not known. To address this issue, we injected biotinylated dextran amine into the cochlear nucleus or dorsal root ganglion (DRG) at the second cervical segment (C2). Cochlear nucleus injections retrogradely labeled small ganglion cells in C2 DRG. C2 DRG injections produced anterograde labeling in the external cuneate nucleus, cuneate nucleus, nucleus X, central cervical nucleus, dorsal horn of upper cervical spinal segments, and cochlear nucleus. The terminal field in the cochlear nucleus was concentrated in the subpeduncular corner and lamina of the granule cell domain, where endings of various size and shapes appeared. Examination under an electron microscope revealed that the C2 DRG terminals contained numerous round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric synapses, implying depolarizing influences on the target cell. Labeled endings synapsed with the stalk of the primary dendrite of unipolar brush cells, distal dendrites of presumptive granule cells, and endings containing pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. These primary somatosensory projections contribute to circuits that are hypothesized to mediate integrative functions of hearing. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:335–348, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple olfactory receptor neurons and their axonal projections in the antennal lobe of the honeybee Apis mellifera
Authors: Kelber Christina , Rössler Wolfgang , Kleineidam Christoph Johannes 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe poreplate sensilla of honeybees are equipped with multiple olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), which innervate glomeruli of the antennal lobe (AL). We investigated the axonal projection pattern in glomeruli of the AL (glomerular pattern), formed by the multiple ORNs of individual poreplate sensilla. We used the different glomerular patterns to draw conclusions about the equipment of poreplate sensilla with different ORN types. ORNs of single poreplate sensilla were stained and analyzed by laser‐scanning confocal microscopy and 3D software (AMIRA). In 13 specimens we found between 7 and 23 ORNs. This is in accordance with data found in the literature (5–35 ORNs) suggesting that all ORNs of the single poreplate sensilla were stained. The ORNs innervate the AL via all four sensory tracts (T1–T4), and glomeruli of the anterior part of the AL are more often innervated. Each ORN innervates a single glomerulus (uniglomerular), and all ORNs of one poreplate sensillum project to different glomeruli. Visual inspection and individual identification of glomeruli, based on the honeybee digital AL atlas, were used to evaluate mapping of glomeruli by a rigid transformation of the experimental ALs onto a reference AL. ORNs belonging to individual poreplate sensilla form variable glomerular patterns, and we did not find a common organization of glomerular patterns. We conclude that poreplate sensilla are equipped with different ORN types but that the same ORN types can be found in different poreplate sensilla. The equipment of poreplate sensilla with ORNs is overlapping. The mapping of glomeruli by rigid transformation is revealed to be a powerful tool for comparative neuroanatomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:395–405, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.