bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of the client in physiotherapy student's practical learning sessions: a discourse analytic study
Authors: Laitinen‐Väänänen Sirpa , Talvitie Ulla , Luukka Minna‐Riitta 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a tendency to stress the active role and equal partnership of clients in social and healthcare. Moreover, research in the role of clients has attracted growing interest. Clinical education has been seen as an excellent arena for learning the distinctiveness of the interaction between the client and the professional physiotherapist by giving students the chance to participate in actual healthcare encounters. This study focuses on examining the construction of various client roles through interactions between participants in practical learning sessions that physiotherapy students took part in. These sessions were real professional physiotherapy encounters. Qualitative discourse analysis was applied to 12 videotaped practical learning sessions and four constructions of the client were identified. These interpretative repertoires were named according to the client's role in the interaction as ‘receiver’, ‘executer’, ‘participator’ and ‘fellow’. The identified repertoires represented the multi‐dimensionality and contradictory construction of the client during sessions where two professionals differing in knowledge and skills worked together. Although the professional appeared to play a dominant role in constructing the client role, the client's eagerness to participate was also significant. Extrapolating from the study, we suggest that in aiming to enhance student understanding and practice of patient‐centred physiotherapy, clinical educators should be aware of the interactional practices through which the participation of the client can be supported.
Roles of c‐Src in α1B‐adrenoceptor phosphorylation and desensitization
Authors: Alcántara‐Hernández R. , Casas‐González P. , García‐Sáinz J. A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary1 The role of the protein tyrosine kinase, c‐Src, on the function and phosphorylation of α1B‐adrenoceptors (α1B‐AR) and their association with G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK) isozymes was studied.2 Inhibitors of this kinase (PP2 and Src Inhibitor II) decreased (≈50–75%) noradrenaline‐ (NA) and phorbol myristate acetate‐mediated receptor phosphorylation. Expression of a dominant‐negative mutant of c‐Src similarly reduced receptor phosphorylation induced by the natural agonists, active phorbol esters and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1).3 c‐Src, GRK2, GRK3 and GRK5 coimmunoprecipitate with α1B‐ARs in the basal state. In cells treated with NA or phorbol myristate acetate the amount of coimmunoprecipitated GRK2 and GRK3 increased (≈2‐ to 3‐fold), while treatment with ET‐1 only augmented the amount of coimmunoprecipitated GRK2 (≈2‐fold). The Src inhibitor, PP2, markedly attenuated all these increases.4 Cell pretreatment with PP2 amplified the increase in intracellular‐free calcium observed with NA, in the basal state and after the stimulation (desensitization) induced by ET‐1.5 The data suggest a role of c‐Src in α1B‐AR desensitization/phosphorylation and in the interaction of these ARs with GRKs.
Effect of nestbox type on occupancy and breeding biology of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus in central Spain
Authors: GARCÍA‐NAVAS VICENTE , ARROYO LUIS , JOSÉ SANZ JUAN , DÍAZ MARIO 
Published: February 2008

Avian life‐history studies are often conducted on populations nesting in nestboxes. However, the type of nestbox used is a potentially confounding variable, as each model shows specific characteristics. In recent decades, a new commercial model of artificial nestbox made of woodcrete, a mixture of sawdust and additives, has become popular owing to its better protection against predators compared with the classic wooden design. We assess the effect of nestbox type on the breeding ecology of Tree Sparrows Passer montanus, focusing on their thermal properties, an influential factor in nestbox selection. Occupancy rates and reproductive parameters of Tree Sparrows were compared between birds breeding in woodcrete and wooden nestboxes over 5 years. Woodcrete nestboxes had a higher occupancy rate and birds breeding in them had earlier clutches, a shorter incubation period and more reproductive attempts per season than birds nesting in wooden boxes. Clutch size and nestling condition did not differ between nestbox types, but reproductive success was higher in woodcrete nestboxes. The higher temperature in woodcrete nestboxes (1.5 °C higher on average) might explain these differences. Such differences may bias results obtained in comparative studies where more than one nestbox type is used.
Passerine diversity in the late Oligocene of Germany: earliest evidence for the sympatric coexistence of Suboscines and Oscines
Authors: MANEGOLD ALBRECHT 
Published: February 2008

A passerine avifauna from the late Oligocene (c.26–25 mya) of Germany was characterized by a high diversity of conspicuously small birds ranging in size from the smallest known Oscines to moderately small forms. The avifauna comprised both Oscines and Suboscines. Other passerine fragments showed such an unexpected mosaic of characters that it was impossible to assign them with certainty to any subordinate clade within the Passeriformes. The isolated remains of oscine passerines are the earliest evidence of this taxon in the Northern Hemisphere. Coexistence of oscine and suboscine passerines during the late Oligocene is also documented for the first time in the Northern Hemisphere. These finds reduce a major gap in the passerine fossil record and allow new insights into the composition and natural history of ancient avifaunas.
Functional analysis of the Drosophila immune response during aging
Authors: Ramsden Sean , Cheung Yeuk Yu , Seroude Laurent 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOne of the most dramatic changes associated with aging involves immunity. In aging mammals, immune function declines and chronic inflammation develops. The biological significance of this phenomenon and its relationship with aging is a priority for aging research. Drosophila is an invaluable tool in understanding the effects of aging on the immune response. Similar to the state of chronic inflammation in mammals, Drosophila exhibits a drastic up‐regulation of immunity‐related genes with age. However, it remains unclear whether immune function declines with age as seen in mammals. We evaluated the impact of aging on Drosophila immune function by examining across age the ability to eliminate and survive different doses of bacterial invaders. Our findings show that aging reduces the capacity to survive a bacterial infection. In contrast, we found no evidence that aging affects the ability to eliminate bacteria indicating that the mechanisms underlying immune senescence are not involved in eliminating bacteria or preventing their proliferation.
Glyoxalase‐1 prevents mitochondrial protein modification and enhances lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Morcos Michael , Du Xueliang , Pfisterer Friederike , Hutter Harald , Sayed Ahmed A. R. , Thornalley Paul , Ahmed Naila , Baynes John , Thorpe Suzanne , Kukudov Georgi , Schlotterer Andreas , Bozorgmehr Farastuk , El Baki Randa Abd , Stern David , Moehrlen Frank , Ibrahim Youssef , Oikonomou Dimitrios , Hamann Andreas , Becker Christian , Zeier Martin , Schwenger Vedat , Miftari Nexhat , Humpert Per , Hammes Hans‐Peter , Buechler Markus , Bierhaus Angelika , Brownlee Michael , Nawroth Peter P. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryStudies of mutations affecting lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans show that mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major causative role in organismal aging. Here, we describe a novel mechanism for regulating mitochondrial ROS production and lifespan in C. elegans: progressive mitochondrial protein modification by the glycolysis‐derived dicarbonyl metabolite methylglyoxal (MG). We demonstrate that the activity of glyoxalase‐1, an enzyme detoxifying MG, is markedly reduced with age despite unchanged levels of glyoxalase‐1 mRNA. The decrease in enzymatic activity promotes accumulation of MG‐derived adducts and oxidative stress markers, which cause further inhibition of glyoxalase‐1 expression. Over‐expression of the C. elegans glyoxalase‐1 orthologue CeGly decreases MG modifications of mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial ROS production, and prolongs C. elegans lifespan. In contrast, knock‐down of CeGly increases MG modifications of mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial ROS production, and decreases C. elegans lifespan.
Epidermal stem cells are retained in vivo throughout skin aging
Authors: Giangreco Adam , Qin Mei , Pintar John E. , Watt Fiona M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn healthy individuals, skin integrity is maintained by epidermal stem cells which self‐renew and generate daughter cells that undergo terminal differentiation. It is currently unknown whether epidermal stem cells influence or are affected by skin aging. We therefore compared young and aged skin stem cell abundance, organization, and proliferation. We discovered that despite age‐associated differences in epidermal proliferation, dermal thickness, follicle patterning, and immune cell abundance, epidermal stem cells were maintained at normal levels throughout life. These findings, coupled with observed dermal gene expression changes, suggest that epidermal stem cells themselves are intrinsically aging resistant and that local environmental or systemic factors modulate skin aging.
Drosophila lifespan control by dietary restriction independent of insulin‐like signaling
Authors: Min Kyung‐Jin , Yamamoto Rochele , Buch Susanne , Pankratz Michael , Tatar Marc 
Published: February 2008

SummaryReduced insulin/insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) signaling may be a natural way for the reduction of dietary nutrients to extend lifespan. While evidence challenging this hypothesis is accumulating with Caenorhabditis elegans, for Drosophila melanogaster it is still thought that insulin/IGF and the mechanisms of dietary restriction (DR) might as yet function through overlapping mechanisms. Here, we aim to understand this potential overlap. We found that over‐expression of dFOXO in head fat body extends lifespan and reduces steady‐state mRNA abundance of insulin‐like peptide‐2 under conditions of high dietary yeast, but not when yeast is limiting. In contrast, conditions of DR that increase lifespan change only insulin‐like peptide‐5 (ilp5) mRNA abundance. Thus, reduction of ilp5 mRNA is associated with longevity extension by DR, while reduction of insulin‐like peptide‐2 is associated with the diet‐dependent effects of FOXO over‐expression upon lifespan. To assess whether reduction of ilp5 is required for DR to extend lifespan, we blocked its diet‐dependent change with RNAi. Loss of the ilp5 dietary response did not diminish the capacity of DR to extend lifespan. Finally, we assessed the capacity of DR to extend lifespan in the absence of dFOXO, the insulin/IGF‐responsive transcription factor. As with the knockdown of ilp5 diet responsiveness, DR was equally effective among genotypes with and without dFOXO. It is clear from many Drosophila studies that insulin/IGF mediates growth and metabolic responses to nutrition, but we now find no evidence that this endocrine system mediates the interaction between dietary yeast and longevity extension.
Operations Research and public policy for Africa: harnessing the revolution in management science instruction
Authors: Caulkins Jonathan P. , Eelman Emily , Ratnatunga Minoli , Schaarsmith David 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOperations Research (OR) has made major contributions in the developed world to public policy domains that are of great relevance to Africa. Inasmuch as OR has failed to live up to its potential for addressing such issues in Africa, a principal barrier may have been distance between OR analysts and decision makers. However, the revolution in management science instruction and potential to train end‐user modelers has democratized OR. This makes training for policy makers and managers in the public and non‐profit sectors in Africa both feasible and highly beneficial. Existing management science courses for public and non‐profit leaders, such as those taught at Carnegie Mellon's Heinz School, could be adapted to fit the needs of educators and policy makers in Africa and disseminated via a “train the trainers” approach. A plan is sketched whereby 800,000 end‐user modelers might be trained in Africa (one for every 1000 people) at an annual cost of about $5 million/year. Such budgets are well within the range of investments in human capital formation currently being made in Africa.
An update on cardiovascular adrenergic receptor physiology and potential pharmacological applications in veterinary critical care
Authors: Long Kathryn M. , Kirby Rebecca 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective:To review the recent human and veterinary literature on current adrenergic receptor physiology/pathophysiology and potential applications in veterinary critical care.Data sources:Human and veterinary clinical studies, reviews, texts, and recent research in receptor molecular biology.Human data synthesis:Recent development of molecular cloning and other biological research techniques has advanced the field of adrenergic physiology. The past decade of research has made available new knowledge of adrenergic receptor subtypes as well as their locations and functions. Many of the diagnostic compounds used in biochemical research to distinguish between α‐ and β‐receptor subtypes may emerge as important additions to the arsenal of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals.Veterinary data synthesis:Veterinary adrenoceptor research is typically directed at investigating the effects of commercially available medications. Such studies demonstrate important species differences in addition to potential side effects and new indications for therapy. Many of the human molecular biology studies are performed on animal species, which can have direct application to veterinary medicine.Conclusions:Proper cardiovascular responses are essential to maintaining tissue perfusion and cellular homeostasis. α‐ and β‐adrenergic receptors play a vital role not only in the pathophysiology but also in the therapy of diseases involving the cardiovascular system. For adrenergic pharmacotherapy to be successfully used, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying adrenoceptor physiology is necessary. Recent research has illuminated various subsets within the α‐ and β‐receptor classifications. Awareness of currently available and emerging adrenoceptor subtype‐specific treatment options allows precise pharmacologic targeting of disease processes in critical illness.
Calcium channel blocker toxicity
Authors: Costello Merilee , Syring Rebecca S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective: Calcium channel blockers (CCB) are frequently prescribed for veterinary patients and the incidence of toxicosis secondary to these agents is increasing. The purpose of this review is to discuss toxicity of these agents and review therapeutic options.Etiology: Calcium plays a vital role in maintaining cellular functions within the cardiovascular system. Toxicosis secondary to these drugs can have deleterious effects on vascular tone, cardiac contractility, as well as electrical conduction in the heart.Diagnosis: The intitial diagnosis is often made based on history of ingestion, physical examination and electrocardiography. Definitive diagnosis of CCB overdose can be made via quantification of serum concentrations of the drug ingested.Therapy: Initial therapy should consist of inducing emesis and administration of activated charcoal. Other potential therapies include intravenous calcium, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, glucagon, insulin and dextrose, placement of a temporary pacemaker, or calcium channel agonists.Prognosis: There is little data on the outcome of CCB toxicosis. Aggressive management of these cases is necessary to try and minimize morbidity and mortality.
Intussusception following methiocarb toxicity in three dogs
Authors: Corfield Gordon S. , Connor Lucy M. , Swindells Katrin L. , Johnson Victoria S. , Raisis Anthea L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective: To report intussusception as a complication of methiocarb toxicity in dogs and discuss possible risk factors.Series summary: Intestinal intussusception was diagnosed from 24 hours to 18 days following symptomatic treatment of methiocarb toxicity in three dogs. All cases had persistent clinical signs of methiocarb toxicity despite initial treatment and attempts to eliminate residual toxin. Cases 1 and 3 recovered uneventfully following supportive care, enterectomy of the affected bowel and end‐to‐end anastamosis. All dogs were <8 months of age.New information provided: Details of three cases of methiocarb toxicity that later developed intussusception and possible risk factors in these cases.
Accuracy of Physical Examination and Intra‐Access Pressure in the Detection of Stenosis in Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Campos Rodrigo Peixoto , Chula Domingos Candiota , Perreto Sonia , Riella Miguel Carlos , Do Nascimento Marcelo Mazza 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBoth physical examination (PE) and intra‐access pressure (IAP) measurements have been used in the identification of stenosis in an arteriovenous access. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of PE and IAP in the diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) stenosis. A total of 84 patients were enrolled in the study (54% men, mean age of 50.7 ± 12.7 years and mean AVF patency of 24.9 ± 7.8 months, 52% radiocephalic). Abnormalities of pulse and thrill were used as the diagnostic tools for the detection of stenosis using the physical examination. For IAP, stenosis was suspected when the ratio between IAP at the arterial puncture site and the mean blood pressure was <0.13 or >0.43. The diagnosis of stenosis was confirmed by Doppler ultrasound (DU). Sensitivity (S), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (PNV), and accuracy were calculated for the two early detection tests. According to DU, 50 (59%) AVF were considered positive for the presence of stenosis. Fifty‐six (66%) AVF were considered positive for the presence of stenosis by PE and 34 (40%) by IAP. S, SP, PPV, and NPV for PE and IAP were 96%, 76%, 86%, and 93% and 60%, 88%, 88%, and 60%, respectively. The accuracy for PE and IAP was 88% and 71%, respectively. PE proved to be an accurate method for the diagnosis of stenosis and should be part of all surveillance protocols of stenosis detection in AVF.
Implementation of routine screening for Kell antibodies: does it improve perinatal survival?
Authors: Kamphuis Marije M. , Lindenburg Irene , Van Kamp Inge L. , Meerman Robertjan H. , Kanhai Humphrey H.H. , Oepkes Dick 
Published: February 2008

BACKGROUND: In 1998 a national program for first‐trimester screening for red cell (RBC) antibodies in all pregnant women was implemented. The aim of our study was to assess the impact on perinatal mortality caused by Kell alloimmunizationSTUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospectively collected data on all pregnant women referred to our center from 1988 until 2005 for intrauterine transfusion (IUT) for fetal anemia due to Kell alloantibodies were analyzed. The cohort was divided into two groups, those treated before 1998 and those treated after 1998. The primary outcome was fetal and neonatal survival. Secondary outcome variables were gestational age, fetal hemoglobin (Hb) levels at first IUT, severity of hydrops, and total number of IUTs per pregnancy. Causes for mortality were analyzed in detail.RESULTS: A total of 43 pregnancies were included, 18 before introduction of screening and 25 thereafter. Perinatal survival increased from 61 percent in the first period to 100 percent after introduction of screening. After 1998, fetal hydrops was generally less severe at first IUT, while gestational age and fetal Hb levels at first IUT were similar.CONCLUSION: Implementation of routine screening for Kell antibodies in pregnancy was associated with an increased referral rate for suspected fetal anemia, more timely referrals, and a higher perinatal survival rate after intrauterine treatment.
Electrophysiological Characteristics and Catheter Ablation in Patients with Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia and Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: CHANG SHIH‐LIN , TAI CHING‐TAI , LIN YENN‐JIANG , LO LI‐WEI , TUAN TA‐CHUAN , UDYAVAR AMEYA R. , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , HSIEH MING‐ HSIUNG , HU YU‐FENG , CHIANG SHUO‐JU , CHEN YI‐JEN , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , UENG KWO‐CHANG , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: February 2008

Introduction:
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is often associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the relationship between PSVT and AF is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics in patients with PSVT and AF, and to demonstrate the origin of the AF before the radiofrequency (RF) ablation of AF.
Methods and Results:
Four hundred and two consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF (338 had a pure PV foci and 64 had a non‐PV foci) that underwent RF ablation were included. Twenty‐one patients (10 females; mean age 47 ± 18 years) with both PSVT and AF were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 14 patients with inducible atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and AF. Group 2 consisted of seven patients with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) syndrome and AF. Patients with non‐PV foci of AF had a higher incidence of AVNRT than those with PV foci (11% vs. 2%, P = 0.003). Patients with AF and atypical AVNRT had a higher incidence of AF ectopy from the superior vena cava (SVC) than those with AF and typical AVNRT (86% vs. 14%, P = 0.03). Group 1 patients had smaller left atrial (LA) diameter (36 ± 3 vs. 41 ± 3 mm, P = 0.004) and higher incidence of an SVC origin of AF (50% vs. 0%, P = 0.047) than did those in Group 2.
Conclusion:
The SVC AF has a close relationship with AVNRT. The effect of atrial vulnerability and remodeling may differ between AVNRT and WPW syndrome.
Estimation of Global Ventricular Activation Sequences by Noninvasive Three‐Dimensional Electrical Imaging: Validation Studies in a Swine Model During Pacing
Authors: LIU CHENGUANG , SKADSBERG NICHOLAS D. , AHLBERG SARAH E. , SWINGEN CORY M. , IAIZZO PAUL A. , HE BIN 
Published: February 2008

Background: A novel noninvasive imaging technique, the heart‐model‐based three‐dimensional cardiac electrical imaging (3DCEI) approach was previously developed and validated to estimate the initiation site (IS) of cardiac activity and the activation sequence (AS) from body surface potential maps (BSPMs) in a rabbit model. The aim of the present study was to validate the 3DCEI in an intact large mammalian model (swine) during acute ventricular pacing. Methods and Results: The heart–torso geometries were constructed from preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images acquired from each animal. Body surface potential mapping and intracavitary noncontact mapping (NCM) were performed simultaneously during pacing from both right ventricular (RV) (intramural) and left ventricular (LV) sites (endocardial). Subsequent 3DCEI analyses were performed from the measured BSPMs. The estimated ISs were compared with the precise pacing locations and estimated ASs were compared with those recorded by the NCM system. In total, five RV and five LV sites from control and heart failure (HF) animals were paced and sequences of 100 paced beats were analyzed (10 for each site). The averaged localization error (LE) of the RV and LV sites were 7.3 ± 1.8 mm (n = 50) and 7.0 ± 2.2 mm (n = 50), respectively. The global 3D ASs throughout the ventricular myocardium were also derived. The endocardial ASs as a subset of the estimated 3D ASs were consistent with those reconstructed from the NCM system. Conclusion: The present experimental results demonstrate that the noninvasive 3DCEI approach can localize the IS and estimate AS with good accuracy in an in vivo setting under control, paced, and/or diseased conditions.