bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correctional Research in Theory and Praxis: Political and Operational Hindrances
Authors: Peak Ken 
Published: March 2007

This article explores a growing paradoxical aspect of research in U.S. correctional systems: On the one hand, the need to know what is being done and "what works" inside our prisons, which now command an annual outlay of $20 billion; conversely, there is the apparent cloak of secrecy surrounding these closed, "total institutions" (using Goffman's definition). The article discusses the tremendous need for cooperation between correctional practitioners and researchers, especially in light of the widespread notion spawned in the mid-1970s that "nothing works" inside prisons to change inmates. Primary differences between the methods, goals, and personalities of practitioners and researchers are discussed; and the Supreme Court's removal of the 'iron curtain' between prisons and society, Wolff v. McDonnell (1974), is examined in relation to research. For future correctional researchers, several political and operational problems actually encountered in a recent national survey of prisons are outlined. This case study provides considerable insight regarding the extent of difficulty and even paranoia the prison researcher should expect to encounter, as much or more on the part of the central office (state department of corrections) staff as with grass roots employees.
Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults
Authors: Liveright A.A. 
Published: March 2007

In its last round of grants prior to dissolution, the Fund for Adult Education made generous provisions for the continuation of the Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults. Necessarily the support was at a reduced scale. The Center staff devoted more than a year to a careful consideration of the crucial aspects of this program which should be continued under a reduced budget. University administrators af adult education were consulted at all points. With this statement, originally made to all Association of University Evening Colleges and National Uni versity Extension Association deans and directors and others with whom the Center works directly, Director A. A. Liveright shares with the field the Center's decisions regarding the directions the new core program will take. Although the Center works primarily with higher education, it has made contributions to many segments of adult education, and we be lieve this memorandum will be of interest to readers of Adult Education.
Development of Anthron®*, an Antithrombogenic Coating for Angiographic Catheters
Authors: Nagaoka Shoji , Noishiki Yasuharu 
Published: March 2007

A new heparinized hydrophilic polymer (Anthron) which contains a large amount of heparin ionically bound to the polymer matrix has been de veloped. Anthron showed excellent and long-term blood compatibility both in animal and clinical tests. It has been clarified that the long-term blood compat ibility of Anthron results from its negative membrane potential and con tinuous release of heparin from its surface into the blood at the rate of more than 0.01 unit/cm2 min. The application of Anthron for angiographic catheters was studied, and we evaluated the effects of our antithrombogenic angiographic catheter (AAC). As controls, polyurethane catheters (PUC), and polyethylene catheters (PEC), were studied in a similar manner. In addition, the mechanisms of thrombus for mation and its complications are discussed.
Case Study
Authors: Burlingame Harold W. , Gulotta Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

The potential for using a cash balance pension plan as a restructuring tool is one reason it is gaining favor throughout corporate America. Another reason is that it can give employees a better understanding and appreciation of their retirement benefits. Both reasons are important at a time when companies are changing rapidly and sometimes downsizing and when employees are less likely to stay in one place long enough to anticipate reaping the rewards of a defined bene-fit plan. Cash balance plans combine some of the best features of defined contribution (DC) and defined benefit (DB) plans. For employers, they provide more flexibility than traditional DB plans and help companies achieve their strategic objectives. For employees, they better meet the needs of a changing workforce by delivering portable, easily understood benefits. Since 1985, more than 200 companies have replaced their DB pension plans with a cash bal-ance design. One of the newest and most enthu-siastic proponents is AT&T, which, with the help of consulting firm ASA, Inc., designed a cash bal-. ance plan to help meet its restructuring goals.
The anhedonias: a conceptual history
Authors: Berrios G.E. , Olivares J.M. 
Published: March 2007

Background. The term and concept of 'anhedonia' refer to a group of clinical phenomena whose common denominator is the complaint of a putative incapacity to 'experience pleasure'. Linked to disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, anhedonia remains difficult to define and measure. Method. This paper explores the historical frames in which anhedonia was originally constructed; and is fully based on primary sources. It makes use of the 'conceptual method', i.e. it differentiates the history of the word from that of the behaviours and concepts involved. Results. Historical analysis shows that the boundaries of 'anhedonia' have been fuzzy since the time of Ribot, and that this has made it conceptually unstable. One reason for this instability pertains to the fact that from the start its definition has been parasitical upon the (itself evolving) concept of 'pleasure'. Another that it is defined negatively, i.e. as a reduction or abolition in a putative unitary function. Yet another, that there is little evidence that anhedonia itself is a unitary phenomenon. Conclusions. It is concluded that at this stage it might be advisable to refer to the concept in the plural (the anhedonias); that a definition should be formulated that it is less dependent upon the ongoing concept of pleasure; and that far more empirical research is needed to find out whether anhedonia is more than a final common pathway.
Uneven Redevelopment
Authors: Rodríguez Arantxa , Martínez Elena , Guenaga Galder 
Published: March 2007

Since the mid 1980s, European cities and regions have become increasingly concerned with competitive restructuring and economic growth. This concern goes hand in hand with a rediscovery of the central role of cities in the performance of regional and national economies as a whole. But, in a context of radical transformation of production and demand conditions globally, the performance of cities is mediated by their capacity to lead a process of competitive redevelopment. To meet the challenges posed by the changing global competitive climate, the policy agenda of many cities has been drastically reorganized. On the one hand, the search for growth has transformed urban revitalization in one of the main domains of urban intervention. On the other, the new urban policy agenda is singularly framed in a language of competitiveness, improved efficiency, flexibility, entrepreneurship, partnership and collaborative advantage that underwrite the remaking of planning objectives, functions and instruments. In this article, we examine the rise of new urban policies in Bilbao (Spain), a city where two decades of manufacturing decline and economic restructuring are gradually giving way to so-called urban renaissance. During the 1990s, Bilbao has followed on the tracks of other old industrial cities adopting a revitalization strategy focused around large-scale and emblematic redevelopment projects. The article discusses one of these projects, Abandoibarra, a paradigmatic waterfront development that embodies the new logic of urban intervention.The first section of the paper presents an analysis of economic restructuring and sociospatial fragmentation dynamics in the city in the last two decades. The second section discusses changes in urban policy-making locating Bilbao’s regeneration strategy in the context of the ‘New Urban Policies’. The third section focuses on emerging governance dynamics and the critical role of new governance institutions in the management of Abandoibarra’s redevelopment scheme. Finally, the fourth part of the article attempts to provide an evaluation of the impact of the project, highlighting the shadows behind what is presented as a new success story in urban revitalization.
Audience Interpretations of (Former) East Germany’s Representation in the German Media
Authors: Hörschelmann Kathrin 
Published: March 2007

Although there has been growing concern among analysts of German politics and society over the last 10 years about the persistence of a ‘cultural’,‘social’ or ‘psychological’ divide between (former) east and west Germany, most current research in this field shies away from a thorough investigation of the complex networks of socio-material, historical and spatial relations that contribute to the construction of social identities. Few studies exist on the impact of media representations and on the differential way in which many of the latter portray east and west Germans, while even less attention has been paid to people’s own interpretations and their capacity to negotiate between media representations and other social experiences in the process of identity formation. In this paper I begin to address these issues by focusing on the interlink ages between (former) east and west German interviewees’ understanding of their ‘place’ in the unified nation and the interpretations they construct of representations in the televised media. My aim is to show both the significant role which images play in the formation of marginalized v. centred social positions and identities, and the way in which viewers’ embodiment in complex networks of social relations helps to reiterate as well as to contradict the meanings that they find constructed in media representations. The point of this paper is not to determine whether binary definitions of east and west German identities are ‘true’ or ‘false’, but how effective they are and on what basis they can be contested.
Formulating an S&T Policy for Sri Lanka in the Context of Globalisation
Authors: Vitarana Tissa 
Published: March 2007

Sri Lanka like most Third World countries is faced with problems of economic stagnation and increasing poverty among wider sections of the population. In such a context, science and technology policy is instrumental to the process of industrialisation and ultimately sustainable economic development. This paper presents a practitioner's account of science and technology policy in Sri Lanka. It argues that the problems of small size and continued dependence on primary commodity exports coupled with the pervasive influence of globalisation present a double bind for the development and implementation of science and technology policy.
Penetrating the Natives: Peanut Breeding, Peasants and the Colonial State in Senegal (1900-1950)1
Authors: Bonneuil Christophe 
Published: March 2007

In the period between the two World Wars Senegal was the world's second largest peanut exporter. Plant breeding became the priority of agricultural policy in Senegal and by 1951 half of the peanut production was due to 'improved' varieties. This paper explores the research and agricultural practices in the agricultural station of Bambey, which stood in sharp contrast with the Sereer farming system. Also, the extension of 'improved' strains is analysed as a learning process rather than a diffusion process. During this process, some practices and constraints of the station were imposed on the farmers. The paper finally reflects on the turning of African peasantries into objects of knowledge and intervention. At a time when colonial state control and knowledge of agrarian societies were very weak, seed intervention was a tool of the cognitive penetration of Sereer and Wolof communities by the state and its experts, and a means to render them more amena ble to state intervention.
The Comedy of the Commons Revisited
Authors: Mesterton-Gibbons Michael 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Civil Liability for Negligent and Inadequate Training: A Private Security Problem
Authors: Moore Richter H. 
Published: March 2007

Statutory requirements for training of private security personnel are very limited. Less than half the states require any training for private security personnel. Some training may be required of those who carry deadly weapons. The courts are seeing more and more cases involving injuries to citizens by private security personnel. Most of these cases arise from actions such as assault, battery, false arrest, and false imprisonment. However, the facts of the cases clearly reveal a lack of proper training of the private security officer involved. In the cases where negligent training has been an issue the courts make it clear that a lack of training is a basis of support for a cause of action for injury by private security personnel. If the private security industry is to better serve the public it must train its personnel. If the industry does not train its personnel and the public continues to be injured by ill prepared, untrained private security officers the public may have to seek legislative recourse for mandated private security training.
Design of a General-Purpose MIMO Predictor with Neural Networks
Authors: Xianzhong Cui  , Shin Kang G. 
Published: March 2007

A new multi-step predictor for multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems is proposed. The output prediction of such a system is represented as a mapping from its historical data and future inputs to future outputs. A neural network is designed to learn the mapping without re quiring a priori knowledge of the parameters and structure of the system. The major problem in de veloping such a predictor is how to train the neural network. In case of the back propagation algorithm, the network is trained by using the network's output error which is not known due to the unknown predicted future system outputs. To overcome this problem, the concept of updating, in stead of training, a neural network is introduced and verified with simulations. The predictor then uses only the system's historical data to update the configuration of the neural network and always works in a closed loop. If each node can only handle scalar operations, emulation of an MIMO mapping requires the neural network to be excessively large, and it is difficult to specify some known coupling effects of the predicted system. So, we propose a vector-structured, multilayer perceptron for the predictor design. MIMO linear, nonlinear, time-invariant, and time-varying systems are tested via simulation, and all showed very promising performances.
Conventional and Microwave Heating of Beef: Use of Plastic Wrap1
Authors: Ruyack Diane Ferger , Paul Pauline C. 
Published: March 2007

Until recently, heat has been the usual direct energy source for cooking. Microwave energy has become available through the use of electronic ovens. The development of plastic wraps that can be used in oven cookery led to a study of the effects of these on cooking losses and other characteristics of beef roasts cooked by microwave and by heat energy.Twenty‐four choice semitendinosus muscles were divided into anterior and posterior sections, and each was allocated to one of four cooking methods: conventional electric oven, meat uncovered; conventional oven, meat tied in modified polyester sleeve; microwave oven, meat uncovered; microwave oven, meat tied in polyester sleeve. A randomized incomplete block design was used and replicated 12 times.Cooking times were significantly less and cooking losses greater for roasts cooked by microwave than by conventional heating. Use of polyester wrap increased the cooking losses for both heating methods. The change in percent total solids with cooking was greater for roasts cooked electronically than for roasts cooked conventionally. Shear force was not affected by any of the four cooking methods. Penetrometer readings ranged from highest for uncovered roasts to lowest for covered roasts in the conventional oven. Of taste panel scores, only the scores for external color differed significantly.
Home Maintenance and Improvement Behavior of Owners1
Authors: Meeks Carol B. , Firebaugh Francille M. 
Published: March 2007

A systems approach was the basis for analysis of maintenance and improvement behavior of owners of single‐family dwellings. Situational determinants influencing demands and resources were analyzed as well as the influence of demands and resources on the behavior. The sample was composed of 188 male heads of intact families living in small towns.Least squares analysis of variance revealed that maintenance skill and time available influenced maintenance behavior; improvement skill affected improvement behavior; goal preferences decreased with age of the head whereas occurrent wants increased with increased age and with a decreased consumption orientation, but decreased with increased house value. In relation to resources, the consumption orientation of the head affected maintenance skill and interest, and improvement skill and interest. Community location affected maintenance skill and interest, while occupation of the head affected maintenance and improvement interest. Improvement interest also varied with husband's age.
Role Satisfaction of Vocational Students as Individual, Parent, and Spouse
Authors: Petrich Beatrice , Henning Judy , Rodman Nancy 
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with individual, parent, and spouse role satisfaction of recent graduates of Wisconsin's Vocational, Technical, and Adult Education system. Responses from 1,302 subjects were analyzed. Subscores on the “Life Skills” Inventory determined the level of satisfaction.Scores indicated overall satisfaction with preparation for life skills. However, analysis of variance revealed significant differences on Individual Role scores by sex, age, and current residence. Spouse Role scores were significantly different for marital status and current residence. Significant differences due to sex, marital status, and number of children were found for Parent Role scores. Differences in satisfaction with life skills imply that curriculum development for education for individual, parent, and spouse roles should proceed differently for persons differing in sex, age, residence, marital status, and number of children.
Edge Abrasion of Durable‐Press Fabrics Due to Launderin and Wear
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Prato Harriet H. 
Published: March 2007

In a wear study of polyesterlcotton durable‐press trousers, the laundry process was found to cause approximately half of the total edge abrasion. No significant differences in amount of edge abrasion were found among trousers laundered by different methods. Laboratory studies using polyesterlcotton fabrics indicated that the least abrasion occurred when simulated cuff samples were washed wrong side out, with slow agitation speed, or with a shortened wash cycle.Studies using 100 percent cotton durable‐press fabrics indicated that an increase in tumble drying time resulted in a significant increase in amount of edge abrasion. Turning samples wrong side out, shortening the wash period, and using slow agitation speed tended to reduce the amount of edge abrasion. Edge abrasion was evaluated by comparison of samples with photographic standards and examination of samples with the scanning electron microscope.
Consumer Preferences and Selected Socioeconomic Variables Related to Physical Adequacy of Housing
Authors: Zey‐Ferrell Mary , Kelley Eleanor A. , Bertrand Alvin L. 
Published: March 2007

To a large extent, the adequacy of physical conditions of housing is considered to be associated with the consumer's preferences for alternative consumption items and various socioeconomic characteristics of that consumer. The relationships of housing adequacy to race, town, tenure, wife's education, occupational prestige of the head of household, family income, and preferences for long‐ and short‐range alternatives to housing were analyzed to determine which socioeconomic conditions and preferences were related to housing adequacy.The sample consisted of 361 females in two culturally different, small Louisiana communities with less than 6,500 populations. Orthogonal factor analysis of the attitude items, followed by least squares analysis of variance or simple linear correlations, where statistically appropriate, was used to determine significant differences in the adequacy of housing factor scores.Housing was significantly less adequate for blacks, for those living in the north Louisi ana community, and for those who lived in rented houses. The families of females who possessed lower levels of education and the families of males who worked at jobs with lower occupational prestige also lived in less adequate housing. The females who did not prefer to spend their resources on long‐range alternatives to housing lived in less adequate housing. Thus, both socioeconomic variables and consumer preferences were directly associated with housing adequacy. The theoretical proposition that consumer preferences serve as an attitudinal link between the socioeconomic variables and housing adequacy was not supported by our data. The socioeconomic variables were related to housing adequacy but not generally related to consumer preferences. Only the socioeconomic variable, town, was related to consumer preferences.
Calcium and Phosphorus Contents and Ratios in Tofu as Affected by the Coagulants Used
Authors: Tseng Rose Y. L. , Smith‐Nury Elveda , Chang Young Sook 
Published: March 2007

Analyses of three commercial brands of tofu (soybean curd) were conducted to determine the calcium and phosphorus contents and the calcium/phosphorus ratios. The firm tofu, precipitated with calcium sulfate, contained over four times as much calcium and over twice as much phosphorus as the soft tofu precipitated with glucono delta lactone. The calcium/phosphorus ratios of the firm and soft tofu samples were 2.0–2.5/1 and 1/1, respectively.Tofu, a high protein food, is a good source of dietary calcium. Since the average American diet has a high phosphorus content and a low calcium/phosphorus ratio, tofu, particularly the firmer kind, also would result in a better calcium/phosphorus ratio.
Consumer Perception and Acceptance of Color Change in Textiles
Authors: Crown E.M. 
Published: March 2007

A major objective of this study was to determine male and female consumers' perception of color change in fabrics and to determine at what stage these consumers judge the fabrics to be unaccept able for intended use because of color change. Pairs of colored fabrics representing Gray Scale ratings of 5 to 2 were shown to two hundred consumers. The majority of consumers perceived a color change equal to step 4–5 for most samples. When both the original and faded samples were to be in one garment, little color change was accepted. Greater change was accepted when the complete garment was to have changed color.Perception of color change was related to color discrimination score but was not affected by age, sex, social status, marital status, or clothing value orientation. Acceptance of color change was re lated to both perception of color change and color discrimination and was affected by the sex, age, and social status of consumers.