bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staging for prostate cancer
Authors: Roach Mack , Weinberg Vivian , Sandler Howard , Thompson Ian 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for prostate cancer is based primarily based on clinical tumor (T) classification. In this article, the authors summarize arguments for incorporating additional pretreatment parameters and creating a new staging system for prostate cancer.METHODS.Men with localized prostate cancer who received treatment with external beam radiation alone were analyzed using the 1997 AJCC staging system compared with a system that included pretreatment prostate‐specific antigen (pPSA) level and Gleason score (GS). Multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional‐hazards model were carried out to evaluate T classification, GS, and pPSA as predictors of overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and freedom from PSA failure (FFPF).RESULTS.Based on pretreatment characteristics in a series of contemporary patients, only 0.6% of patients were classified with AJCC stage I disease, 16.0% were classified with AJCC stage III disease, and 83.4% were classified with AJCC stage II disease. Multivariate analyses indicated the independent statistical significance of T classification, GS, and pPSA in predicting OS, DSS, and FFPF (model chi‐square value,P< .0001 for each). Using these 3 predictors, subsets of patients who had similar outcomes were combined to provide examples of the insensitivity of the AJCC system for predicting outcomes. Incorporating pPSA and GS allowed the identification of differences in OS, DSS, and FFPF for subsets of patients with AJCC stage II disease (P< .0001,P= .005, andP< .0001, respectively).CONCLUSIONS.The current AJCC staging system does not divide contemporary patients with prostate cancer into prognostic subgroups and does not identify patients who have comparable biochemical control and survival. The AJCC staging system for prostate cancer should be changed to incorporate pPSA, GS, and risk stratification. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nuclear expression of survivin is associated with improved survival in metastatic ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Kleinberg Lilach , Flørenes Vivi Ann , Silins Ilvars , Haug Kristiane , Trope Claes G. , Nesland Jahn M. , Davidson Ben 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) mediate cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. The expression of XIAP, Survivin, and Livin in ovarian carcinoma was analyzed.METHODS.Effusions (106) were analyzed for XIAP, Survivin, and Livin expression using immunoblotting. Effusions (220), corresponding primary tumors (60), and solid metastases (103) were further immunohistochemically analyzed for XIAP and Survivin expression. The results were analyzed for association with anatomic site, clinicopathologic parameters, and survival.RESULTS.Immunoblotting showed frequent expression of XIAP and Survivin, and no expression of Livin. Immunohistochemistry showed cytoplasmic XIAP expression in 208 of 220 (94%) effusions, 50 of 60 (83%) primary tumors, and 87 of 103 (84%) solid metastases, with a significantly higher staining extent in effusions (P < .001). Cytoplasmic Survivin was found in 194 of 220 (88%) effusions, 55 of 60 (92%) primary tumors, and 102 of 103 (99%) solid metastases, with a significantly higher cytoplasmic staining extent in solid metastases (P = .018 and P = .006 compared with primary tumors and effusions, respectively). Nuclear Survivin was expressed in 159 of 220 (72%) effusions, 54 of 60 (90%) primary carcinomas, and 96 of 103 (93%) solid metastases (P > .05). For patients with prechemotherapy effusions, higher nuclear Survivin expression correlated with better progression‐free (P = .0003) and overall (P = .002) survival in univariate survival analysis. Nuclear Survivin expression was found to be an independent predictor of progression‐free survival (P = .004).CONCLUSIONS.XIAP and Survivin, but not Livin, are frequently expressed in ovarian carcinoma. XIAP and cytoplasmic Survivin are up‐regulated in effusions and solid metastases, respectively, possibly mediating survival at these sites. Nuclear Survivin expression predicts better outcome in prechemotherapy patients. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Disordered eating related behaviors among Arab schoolgirls in Israel: An epidemiological study
Authors: Latzer Yael , Tzischinsky Orna , Azaiza Faisal 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective:To examine the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among three religious subgroups of Arab schoolgirls in Israel (Moslems, Druze, and Christians).Method:The sample consisted of 1,131 Arab schoolgirls in Israel, including 922 (81.5%) Moslem, 125 (11.1%) Christian, and 84 (7.4%) Druze adolescents, in the 7–12th grades. The sample was drawn from urban and rural residential settings from all parts of Israel using a clusters sampling method.Results:The Christian subgroup had a significantly lower total eating disorder inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) score than the Druze and Moslem subgroups, which had similar total EDI‐2 scores. Significant differences were found between the three religious subgroups in all subscales, except in drive for thinness (DT), bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and asceticism. A total of 154 (13%) Arab schoolgirls scored higher than the cut‐off point of ≫14 on the EDI‐DT subscale.Conclusion:The results are discussed in light of the differences between the Christian, Druze, and Moslem subgroups and in terms of various aspects of Arab culture in Israel. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Scheduling algorithm for fairness improvement among subscribers in multihop wireless networks
Authors: Izumikawa Haruki , Sugiyama Keizo , Matsumoto Shuichi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecently, attention has focused on multihop wireless networks capable of expanding the communication area by employing wireless relays between nodes and access points. However, the problem in a multihop wireless network is differences arise in the throughput caused by the number of hops from the base station connected to wired networks. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm which solves this problem. In this proposal, the uplink packets and downlink packets are queued separately, and the uplink packets are classified into packets originated within the node and forwarded packets from adjacent wireless nodes and queued. When the node transmits a packet, the fairness among the nodes is improved by scheduling based on the source identifiers of the queued packets. The results of a performance evaluation using a network simulator verified a maximum tenfold improvement in the fairness among the subscribers compared to typical schemes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(4): 11–22, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20364
Hardware decoder for turbo trellis‐coded modulations with higher‐order modulation schemes
Authors: Shohon Toshiyuki , Koshi Kenichi , Tamura Masahiro , Ogiwara Haruo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses the realization of a hardware decoder for turbo trellis‐coded modulation with high‐order modulation levels. In order to avoid an increase of decoding processing with the increase of modulation levels, a simplified decoding algorithm based on Max‐log MAP is considered, and a method for fast execution is proposed. When the proposed decoding procedure is used, the amount of computation can be reduced to approximately 1/25 of that by Max‐log MAP without degrading the performance (when the number of states in the element encoder is 8 and the number of input bits is 7). In order to realize the hardware decoder, the number of bits needed for each variable is analyzed. Then an efficient design procedure for the path metric module is presented. As an example of the design of a hardware decoder based on these investigations, the design of a turbo TCM decoder for 256QAM is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(4): 27 – 38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20252
The radiation‐induced block in spermatogonial differentiation is due to damage to the somatic environment, not the germ cells
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Shao Shan , Meistrich Marvin L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRadiation and chemotherapeutic drugs cause permanent sterility in male rats, not by killing most of the spermatogonial stem cells, but by blocking their differentiation in a testosterone‐dependent manner. However, it is not known whether radiation induces this block by altering the germ or the somatic cells. To address this question, we transplanted populations of rat testicular cells containing stem spermatogonia and expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene into various hosts. Transplantation of the stem spermatogonia from irradiated adult rats into the testes of irradiated nude mice, which do not show the differentiation block of their own spermatogonia, permitted differentiation of the rat spermatogonia into spermatozoa. Conversely transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells from untreated prepubertal rats into irradiated rat testes showed that the donor spermatogonia were able to colonize along the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules but could not differentiate. Finally, suppression of testosterone in the recipient irradiated rats allowed the differentiation of the transplanted spermatogonia. These results conclusively show that the defect caused by radiation in the rat testes that results in the block of spermatogonial differentiation is due to injury to the somatic compartment. We also observed colonization of tubules by transplanted Sertoli cells from immature rats. The present results suggest that transplantation of spermatogonia, harvested from prepubertal testes to adult testes that have been exposed to cytotoxic therapy might be limited by the somatic damage and may require hormonal treatments or transplantation of somatic elements to restore the ability of the tissue to support spermatogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 149–158, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factors 2, 4, and 8 exert both negative and positive effects on limb, frontonasal, and mandibular chondrogenesis via MEK‐ERK activation
Authors: Bobick Brent E. , Thornhill Tasha M. , Kulyk William M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors play fundamental roles regulating growth, morphogenesis, and cartilage formation in embryonic limbs and facial primordia. However, the intracellular pathways that transduce FGF signals during the differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes are currently unknown. Our present study demonstrates that FGF8, 4, and 2 treatments exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on cartilage differentiation in micromass cultures prepared from mesenchymal cells of the chick embryo wing bud, frontonasal mass, and mandibular arch through activation of the MEK‐ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In cultures of stage 23/24 and stage 28/29 wing bud mesenchyme, as well as stage 24/25 and stage 28/29 frontonasal cells, FGF treatments depressed cartilage matrix production and decreased transcript levels for three cartilage‐specific genes: col2a1, aggrecan, and sox9. Conversely, FGF treatment increased cartilage differentiation in cultures of stage 24/25 and stage 28/29 mandibular mesenchyme. In all cell types, FGF treatment elevated endogenous ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, both the stimulatory effects of FGFs on mandibular chondrogenesis, as well as the inhibitory effects of FGFs on wing mesenchyme and stage 24/25 frontonasal cells, were completely blocked when cultures were treated with MEK inhibitor U0126 or transfected with dominant negative ERK2. Thus, MEK‐ERK activation is an essential component of the signal transduction pathway that mediates both positive and negative effects of FGFs 8, 4, and 2 on chondrogenesis in embryonic limb, mandibular, and early‐stage frontonasal mesenchyme cells. Interestingly, the effects of FGF on late‐stage frontonasal cells appear to be relayed by an ERK‐independent system. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 233–243, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diverse signaling pathways regulate fibroblast differentiation and transformation through Rho kinase activation
Authors: Harvey Kevin A. , Paranavitana Corine Nivanka , Zaloga Gary P. , Siddiqui Rafat A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study examined the role of agonist‐induced Rho kinase (ROCK) involvement in the morphological outcome of pulmonary‐derived fibroblasts. Normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) spontaneously differentiate into network‐like structures in a two‐dimensional growth factor reduced Matrigel matrix‐based assay. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (SPP), a bioactive phospholipid that regulates angiogenesis, inhibited fibroblast morphogenesis in a dose‐dependent manner, virtually eliminating the presence of multi‐cellular structures at 500 nM. Pretreatment with the Rho kinase‐specific inhibitor, H1152, eradicated the high dose SPP‐induced inhibition. Similarly, NHLFs transfected with Rho kinase siRNA prevented SPP‐induced inhibition of the fibroblast morphogenesis. Alternatively, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), a cytokine recognized as a key mediator of wound healing, terminally differentiates NHLF into myofibroblasts as evidenced by the expression of the smooth muscle cell isoform of α‐actin (α‐SMA). H1152 suppressed TGF‐β1‐induced α‐SMA expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Similarly, treatment with Rho kinase siRNA reduced α‐SMA expression by greater than 50%. SPP treatment had no effect on TGF‐β1‐induced transformation into myofibroblasts, and TGF‐β1 treatment did not alter fibroblast morphogenesis. This study suggests a dual regulatory role for Rho kinase in cellular regulation of fibroblasts in which SPP‐induced Rho kinase activation via a G‐protein coupled receptor suppresses fibroblast morphogenesis while TGF‐β1‐induced Rho kinase activation through a serine/threonine kinase receptor culminates in transformation into myofibroblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 353–363, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of glycogen content in insulin resistance in human muscle cells
Authors: Litherland Gary J. , Morris Nicholas J. , Walker Mark , Yeaman Stephen J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe have used primary human muscle cell cultures to investigate the role of glycogen loading in cellular insulin resistance. Insulin pre‐treatment for 2 h markedly impaired insulin signaling, as assessed by protein kinase B (PKB) phosphorylation. In contrast, insulin‐dependent glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthase (GS) activation, and GS sites 3 de‐phosphorylation were impaired only after 5 h of insulin pre‐treatment, whereas 2‐deoxyglucose transport was only decreased after 18 h pre‐treatment. Insulin‐resistant glycogen synthesis was associated closely with maximal glycogen loading. Both glucose limitation and 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide 1‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside (AICAR) treatment during insulin pre‐treatment curtailed glycogen accumulation, and concomitantly restored insulin‐sensitive glycogen synthesis and GS activation, although GS de‐phosphorylation and PKB phosphorylation remained impaired. Conversely, glycogen super‐compensation diminished insulin‐sensitive glycogen synthesis and GS activity. Insulin acutely promoted GS translocation to particulate subcellular fractions; this was abolished by insulin pre‐treatment, as was GS dephosphorylation therein. Limiting glycogen accumulation during insulin pre‐treatment re‐instated GS dephosphorylation in particulate fractions, whereas glycogen super‐compensation prevented insulin‐stimulated GS translocation and dephosphorylation. Our data suggest that diminished insulin signaling alone is insufficient to impair glucose disposal, and indicate a role for glycogen accumulation in inducing insulin resistance in human muscle cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 344–352, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Murine allogeneic in vivo stem cell homing,
Authors: Colvin Gerald A. , Lambert Jean‐Francois , Dooner Mark S. , Cerny Jan , Quesenberry Peter J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStem cell homing has been studied in syngeneic models and appears to be rapid (<1 h) and dependent on cellular adhesion and migration factors. We utilized a full H2‐mismatched transplantation model to determine the basics of allogeneic homing. C57BL/6J Lin‐Sca‐1+ cells were labeled with CFSE and injected in non‐myeloablated BALB/c mice. Fluorescent cell detection was via high‐speed FACS analysis. Alternatively, B6.SJL whole bone marrow cells were injected in lethally irradiated BALB/c mice (10 Gy). One, 3, 6, and 24 h after transplant, marrow was harvested and cells were either plated for high proliferative potential colony‐forming cell (HPP‐CFC) assay or secondarily injected into myeloablated (8 Gy) C57BL/6J mice using 10% competing C57BL/6J marrow. Chimerism was evaluated at 8 weeks. CFSE+ cells were detected in the bone marrow 1, 3, and 6 h after injection. The numbers were moderately lower when compared to syngeneic homing possibly due to strain effect. Conversely, utilizing a surrogate or secondary assay, we observed a decline of secondary engraftment of harvested cells over time, but not of HPP‐CFC. Combining experiments and normalizing the 1‐h time point to 100% (to allow comparison), we observed a mean relative engraftment of 87 ± 29%, 72 ± 21%, 84 ± 35% of the 1 h level at 3, 6, and 24 h respectively. HPP‐CFC assay showed no significant variation as a homing surrogate over 1–6 h. These data indicate a rapid homing into allogeneic recipients with a plateau at 1 h. The decline of secondary engraftability over time may indicate a phenotype alteration of homed cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 386–391, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression
Authors: Yan Chunhong , Boyd Douglas D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe metalloproteinases degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components and activate growth factors, thereby contributing to physiological events (tissue remodeling in pregnancy, wound healing, angiogenesis) and pathological conditions (cancer, arthritis, periodontitis). The intent of this review is to bring together various studies on transcriptional and post‐transcriptional control of metalloproteinase expression. Certainly, much information is known as to the cis‐elements and corresponding trans‐activators regulating expression of these genes. We discuss the fact that a number of the metalloproteinase promoters share common structural features and, therefore, not surprisingly are co‐regulated in their expression to some extent. More recently, much effort has been devoted to understanding the role of chromatin in regulating gene expression. While this area has been understudied with respect to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) regulation, the literature indicates a convincing role for both histone modifications and chromatin‐remodeling motors in controlling expression of multiple metalloproteinases. In addition to transcriptional control, mRNA stability and protein translation also contribute to the metalloproteinase product amount. We discuss such studies and how various biological cues, including TGF‐β, regulate the levels of certain collagenases either solely through mRNA stabilization or by jointly targeting transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms. We also discuss the current deficits in our knowledge, concerning tissue‐specific expression and why despite elevated amounts/activity of trans‐activators targeting MMP promoters in tumor cells, nevertheless, MMP expression is largely restricted to the stromal compartment. Finally, we argue for potential technologies to regulate MMP expression of utility in pathological conditions where these enzymes are aberrantly expressed. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 19–26, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth rates of Rhizocarpon geographicum lichens: a review with new data from Iceland
Authors: Bradwell Tom , Armstrong Richard A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews evidence from previous growth‐rate studies on lichens of the yellow‐green species of Subgenus Rhizocarpon—the family most commonly used in lichenometric dating. New data are presented from Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon thalli growing on a moraine in southern Iceland over a period of 4.33 yr. Measurements of 38 lichen thalli, between 2001 and 2005, show that diametral growth rate (DGR, mm yr−1) is a function of thallus size. Growth rates increase rapidly in small thalli (<10 mm diameter), remain high (ca. 0.8 mm yr−1) and then decrease gradually in larger thalli (>50 mm diameter). Mean DGR in southern Iceland, between 2001 and 2005, was 0.64 mm yr−1 (SD = 0.24). The resultant growth‐rate curve is parabolic and is best described by a third‐order polynomial function. The striking similarity between these findings in Iceland and those of Armstrong (1983) in Wales implies that the shape of the growth‐rate curve may be characteristic of Rhizocarpon geographicum lichens. The difference between the absolute growth rate in southern Iceland and Wales (ca. 66% faster) is probably a function of climate and micro‐environment between the two sites. These findings have implications for previous lichenometric‐dating studies, namely, that those studies which assume constant lichen growth rates over many decades are probably unreliable. © British Geological Survey/Natural Environment Research Council copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of BGS/NERC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted extraction and fingerprint studies of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography
Authors: Zhu Min , Cao Yan , Fan Guorong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn order to choose an appropriate extraction method, samples of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill were extracted by different methods and it was found that microwave‐assisted extraction gave the best results. The contents of schisandrin, schisantherin, deoxyschizandrin, and r‐schizandrin of 10 samples collected from different regions in China were determined by HPLC. The chromatograms of ten samples were used to establish the fingerprints of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill and two methods based on HPLC and GC were applied to them simultaneously. The fingerprints consisted of 18 common peaks obtained by HPLC and 17 common peaks obtained by GC, which showed good stability and repeatability with RSD less than 3% for retention time. The fingerprints are suitable for identifying and differentiating samples by geographical origin and can be used for quality control.
Modelling of reinforcement corrosion – Influence of concrete technology on corrosion development
Authors: Beck M. , Isecke B. , Lehmann J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractReinforcement corrosion is influenced by different parameters like resistivity of concrete, setting conditions and also by concrete technology. Moreover the presence of cathodic areas and the possibility of unhampered cathodic reaction influences the reinforcement corrosion. In this paper the development of corrosion without large cathodic areas, called self‐corrosion, considering different concrete parameters, is studied.