bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Characterization of Tropical Transient Activity in the CAM3 Atmospheric Hydrologic Cycle
Authors: Rasch Philip J. , Stevens Mark J. , Ricciardulli Lucrezia , Dai Aiguo , Negri Andrew , Wood Robert , Boville Byron A. , Eaton Brian , Hack James J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) is the latest generation of a long lineage of general circulation models produced by a collaboration between the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the scientific research community. Many aspects of the hydrological cycle have been changed relative to earlier versions of the model. It is the goal of this paper to document some aspects of the tropical variability of clouds and the hydrologic cycle in CAM3 on time scales shorter than 30 days and to discuss the differences compared to the observed atmosphere and earlier model versions, with a focus on cloud-top brightness temperature, precipitation, and cloud liquid water path. The transient behavior of the model in response to changes in resolution to various numerical methods used to solve the equations for atmospheric dynamics and transport and to the underlying lower boundary condition of sea surface temperature and surface fluxes has been explored.
The ratio of stratiform to convective rainfall is much too low in CAM3, compared to observational estimates. It is much higher in CAM3 (10%) than the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3; order 1%–2%) but is still a factor of 4–5 too low compared to observational estimates. Some aspects of the model transients are sensitive to resolution. Higher-resolution versions of CAM3 show too much variability (both in amplitude and spatial extent) in brightness temperature on time scales of 2–10 days compared to observational estimates. Precipitation variance is underestimated on time scales from a few hours to 10 days, compared to observations over ocean, although again the biases are reduced compared to previous generations of the model. The diurnal cycle over tropical landmasses is somewhat too large, and there is not enough precipitation during evening hours. The model tends to produce maxima in precipitation and liquid water path that are a few hours earlier than that seen in the observations over both oceans and land.
Climate Sensitivity of Moderate- and Low-Resolution Versions of CCSM3 to Preindustrial Forcings
Authors: Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Tomas Robert , Brady Esther C. , Ammann Caspar , Kothavala Zav , Clauzet Gabriel 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Preindustrial (PI) simulations of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) at two resolutions, a moderate and a low resolution, are described and compared to the standard controls for present-day (PD) simulations. Because of computational efficiency, the moderate- and low-resolution versions of CCSM3 may be appropriate for climate change studies requiring simulations of the order of hundreds to thousands of years. The PI simulations provide the basis for comparison for proxy records that represent average late Holocene conditions.
When forced with PI trace gases, aerosols, and solar irradiance estimates, both resolutions have a global cooling of 1.2°–1.3°C, increased sea ice in both hemispheres, and less precipitation near the equator and at midlatitudes as compared to simulations using PD forcing. The response to PI forcings differs in the two resolutions for North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC), the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), and ENSO. The moderate-resolution CCSM3 has enhanced ACC, North Atlantic MOC, and tropical Pacific ENSO variability for PI forcings as compared to PD. The low-resolution CCSM3 with more extensive sea ice and colder climate at high northern latitudes in the PD simulation shows less sensitivity of the North Atlantic MOC to PI forcing. ENSO variability and the strength of the ACC do not increase with PI forcing in the low-resolution CCSM3.
Ocean Chlorofluorocarbon and Heat Uptake during the Twentieth Century in the CCSM3
Authors: Gent Peter R. , Bryan Frank O. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Lindsay Keith , Tsumune Daisuke , Hecht Matthew W. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An ensemble of nine simulations for the climate of the twentieth century has been run using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Three of these runs also simulate the uptake of chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) into the ocean using the protocol from the Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP). Comparison with ocean observations taken between 1980 and 2000 shows that the global CFC-11 uptake is simulated very well. However, there are regional biases, and these are used to identify where too much deep-water formation is occurring in the CCSM3. The differences between the three runs simulating CFC-11 uptake are also briefly documented.
The variability in ocean heat content in the 1870 control runs is shown to be only a little smaller than estimates using ocean observations. The ocean heat uptake between 1957 and 1996 in the ensemble is compared to the recent observational estimates of the secular trend. The trend in ocean heat uptake is considerably larger than the natural variability in the 1870 control runs. The heat uptake down to 300 m between 1957 and 1996 varies by a factor of 2 across the ensemble. Some possible reasons for this large spread are discussed. There is much less spread in the heat uptake down to 3 km. On average, the CCSM3 twentieth-century ensemble runs take up 25% more heat than the recent estimate from ocean observations. Possible explanations for this are that the model heat uptake is calculated over the whole ocean, and not just in the regions where there are many observations and that there is no parameterization of the indirect effects of aerosols in CCSM3.
CCSM–CAM3 Climate Simulation Sensitivity to Changes in Horizontal Resolution
Authors: Hack James J. , Caron Julie M. , Danabasoglu G. , Oleson Keith W. , Bitz Cecilia , Truesdale John E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The latest version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) has been released to allow for numerical integration at a variety of horizontal resolutions. One goal of the CAM3 design was to provide comparable large-scale simulation fidelity over a range of horizontal resolutions through modifications to adjustable coefficients in the parameterized treatment of clouds and precipitation. Coefficients are modified to provide similar cloud radiative forcing characteristics for each resolution. Simulations with the CAM3 show robust systematic improvements with higher horizontal resolution for a variety of features, most notably associated with the large-scale dynamical circulation. This paper will focus on simulation differences between the two principal configurations of the CAM3, which differ by a factor of 2 in their horizontal resolution.
Rapamycin improves lymphoproliferative disease in murine autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)
Authors: Teachey David T. , Obzut Dana A. , Axsom Kelly , Choi John K. , Goldsmith Kelly C. , Hall Junior , Hulitt Jessica , Manno Catherine S. , Maris John M. , Rhodin Nicholas , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Brown Valerie I. , Grupp Stephan A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAutoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of abnormal lymphocyte survival caused by defective Fas-mediated apoptosis, leading to lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and an increased number of double-negative T cells (DNTs). Treatment options for patients with ALPS are limited. Rapamycin has been shown to induce apoptosis in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Since ALPS is caused by defective lymphocyte apoptosis, we hypothesized that rapamycin would be effective in treating ALPS. We tested this hypothesis using rapamycin in murine models of ALPS. We followed treatment response with serial assessment of DNTs by flow cytometry in blood and lymphoid tissue, by serial monitoring of lymph node and spleen size with ultrasonography, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti–double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies. Three-dimensional ultrasound measurements in the mice correlated to actual tissue measurements at death (r = .9648). We found a dramatic and statistically significant decrease in DNTs, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and autoantibodies after only 4 weeks when comparing rapamycin-treated mice with controls. Rapamycin induced apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. We compared rapamycin to mycophenolate mofetil, a second-line agent used to treat ALPS, and found rapamycin's control of lymphoproliferation was superior. We conclude that rapamycin is an effective treatment for murine ALPS and should be explored as treatment for affected humans.
Leukosialin (CD43) defines hematopoietic progenitors in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures
Authors: Vodyanik Maxim A. , Thomson James A. , Slukvin Igor I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDuring hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), early hematopoietic progenitors arise along with endothelial cells within the CD34+ population. Although hESC-derived hematopoietic progenitors have been previously identified by functional assays, their phenotype has not been defined. Here, using hESC differentiation in coculture with OP9 stromal cells, we demonstrate that early progenitors committed to hematopoietic development could be identified by surface expression of leukosialin (CD43). CD43 was detected on all types of emerging clonogenic progenitors before expression of CD45, persisted on differentiating hematopoietic cells, and reliably separated the hematopoietic CD34+ population from CD34+CD43–CD31+KDR+ endothelial and CD34+CD43–CD31–KDR– mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the first-appearing CD34+CD43+CD235a+CD41a+/–CD45– cells represent precommitted erythro-megakaryocytic progenitors. Multipotent lymphohematopoietic progenitors were generated later as CD34+CD43+CD41a–CD235a–CD45– cells. These cells were negative for lineage-specific markers (Lin–), expressed KDR, VE-cadherin, and CD105 endothelial proteins, and expressed GATA-2, GATA-3, RUNX1, C-MYB transcription factors that typify initial stages of definitive hematopoiesis originating from endothelial-like precursors. Acquisition of CD45 expression by CD34+CD43+CD45–Lin– cells was associated with progressive myeloid commitment and a decrease of B-lymphoid potential. CD34+CD43+CD45+Lin– cells were largely devoid of VE-cadherin and KDR expression and had a distinct FLT3highGATA3lowRUNX1lowPU1highMPOhighIL7RAhigh gene expression profile.
TRIM Modeling of Displacement Damage in SiC for Monoenergetic Neutrons
Authors: Khorsandi B , Blue TE , Windl W , Kulisek J 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Although silicon carbide is a very good semiconductor material for the fabrication of diode detectors for use as neutron power monitors in nuclear reactors, the electrical properties of the diodes may be altered because of interactions between energetic neutrons and SiC atoms. If the energy that is transferred from a neutron to an atom in a collision exceeds some threshold value, the atom will be moved from its original position, creating displacement damage. Accurately modeling displacement damage is a first step to finding ways to eliminate or decrease the amount of damage the displacements induce. The methodology that we have used to estimate the number of displacements per atom per fluence, using two codes (mcnp and trim) is presented in this paper, along with examples of the results of our calculations.
Developing ASTM E 2283: Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features
Authors: Hetzner DW 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe statistical nature of bearing failures has been studied using Weibull probability statistics for over 50 years. Historically it has been demonstrated that the origin of many bearing failures is the presence of large nondeformable nonmetallic inclusions in the bearing steel. Methods for predicting the presence of large inclusions in bearing steels using extreme value statistics were presented in the late 1980s. Several papers presented in the ASTM A 01.28 Bearing Steel Technology Symposium in 1996 discussed this method of analysis. Unfortunately in these and other investigations, standardized methodologies for performing the analysis were not utilized. This paper discusses how ASTM E 2283 was developed. The results of a recently completed interlaboratory round robin testing program are discussed. The application of the standard to microstructural features other than inclusions will be illustrated.
Quantification of Differential Thermal Movement in Insulating Glass Edge Seals Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Stewart JE , O'Brien WR , Wolf AT 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Differential thermal movement between the spacer frame and the glass panes is a key contributor to the aging of insulating glass edge seal and of the insulating glass unit (IGU) itself. Using finite element analysis (FEA) the authors modeled the thermal movements occurring in the edge seal of a large IGU (1.5×2.1 m2) as a result of temperature variations (−30°C to +60°C) for three commercially available spacer bars of different material and design. The model was based on nylon corner keys for the aluminum and galvanized steel spacers and bent corners for the stainless steel spacers. The nylon corner keys were assumed to be solid and firmly bonded to the spacers; whereas the bent corners were modeled as solid, bent metal corner keys, also firmly bonded to the spacers. Since actual bent corners are hollow, the model tends to overestimate the stresses for this corner design. As expected, at the low temperature, the corners are pulled inward, resulting in a bending angle &gt;90°; while at the high temperature, the corners are pushed outwards, resulting in a bending angle &lt;90°. Monitoring the changes occurring in the thickness of the polyisobutylene primary seal along the circumference of the IGU, the authors found that the stainless steel spacer had, by far, the least effect on the change in the cross-sectional area, while the aluminum spacer had the most substantial effect. This finding is in keeping with the expected performance based on the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between spacer material and float glass. Thus, changes in the effective cross-sectional area of the primary seal available for diffusion that arise from differential thermal movements, are likely to account for the observed performance differences of IGUs having different spacer materials.
Efficient Synthesis of Valsartan, a Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist.
Authors: Zhang Chen , Zheng Guojun , Fang Lijing , Li Yulin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Unusual Nitro‐substituted Hasubanan‐type Alkaloids from Stephania longa
Authors: Zhang Hua , Wang Fang‐Dao , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo unusual nitro‐substituted hasubanan‐type alkaloids, stephalonines J (1) and K (2), together with ten known alkaloids, protostephanine, dehydrostephanine, (−)‐stephanine, (−)‐isolaureline, R‐roemeroline, (+)‐pronuciferine, (+)‐stepharine, (+)‐N‐acetylstepharine, (+)‐lirioferine, and (+)‐norlirioferine, were isolated from the whole plant of Stephania longa. Their structures were characterized mainly by spectroscopic methods including IR, MS, and NMR experiments, and the structures of 1 and 2 were further confirmed through chemical correlations with the known alkaloids stephalonines A (1a) and B (2a), respectively.
Schrödinger flow near harmonic maps
Authors: Gustafson Stephen , Kang Kyungkeun , Tsai Tai‐Peng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFor the Schrödinger flow from ℝ2 × ℝ+ to the 2‐sphere 𝕊2, it is not known if finite energy solutions can blow up in finite time. We study equivariant solutions whose energy is near the energy of the family of equivariant harmonic maps. We prove that such solutions remain close to the harmonic maps until the blowup time (if any), and that they blow up if and only if the length scale of the nearest harmonic map goes to 0. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of tuber storage protein of yam (Dioscorea alata cv. Tainong No. 1) and its peptic hydrolyzates on spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Lin Chien‐Liang , Lin Shyr‐Yi , Lin Yaw‐Huei , Hou Wen‐Chi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractYam storage protein (YSP) was purified from tubers of Dioscorea alata L. Tainong No. 1 (TN1) to homogeneity by DE‐52 ion‐exchange chromatography. The short‐term (24 h) and long‐term (25 days) antihypertensive effects of YSP‐TN1 and its peptic hydrolyzates (PH‐TN1) were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). For 24‐h antihypertensive measurements, SHRs (age 10 weeks, body weight from 240 to 250 g) were administered orally once (YSP‐TN1 and PH‐TN1, 40 mg kg−1 SHR) to measure the mean blood pressure (MBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). For a long‐term antihypertensive measurement, SHRs (age 12 weeks, body weight from 250 to 270 g) were administered orally once a day for 25 days (YSP‐TN1, 40 mg kg−1 SHR) to measure SBP, DBP and MBP. Captopril (10 or 15 mg kg−1 SHR) was used as a positive control. It was found that short‐term administration of 40 mg kg−1 SHR of YSP‐TN1 and PH‐TN1 effectively lowered SHRs' MBP, SBP and DBP (For YSP‐TN1, the lowest blood pressure was reached in the fourth hour and for PH‐TN1 in the eighth hour). The lasting effects of PH‐TN1 on reduced SHRs' BP were better than those of YSP‐TN1 for one oral administration. For oral administration of 40 mg YSP‐TN1 kg−1 SHR, the reduced MBP was 21.5 mmHg, which was comparable to 25.2 mmHg (the fourth hour) of 10 mg captopril kg−1 SHR oral administration. For oral administration of 40 mg PH‐TN1 kg−1 SHR, the reduced MBP was 33.7 mmHg, comparable to 38.4 mmHg (the fourth hour) of 15 mg captopril kg−1 SHR. For long‐term 25‐day oral administration of 40 mg YSP‐TN1 kg−1 SHR once a day, it was found that a feeding trial of YSP‐TN1 effectively lowered SHRs' SBP, DBP and MBP. The greatest reduction in SHRs' blood pressure was reached on the ninth day, for the reduced SBP, 27.7 mmHg; for the reduced DBP, 28.3 mmHg; and for the reduced MBP, 27.5 mmHg. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Anisotropic Franklin bases on polygonal domains
Authors: Kyriazis George , Park Kyungwon , Petrushev Pencho 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFranklin systems induced by Courant elements over multilevel nested triangulations of polygonal domains in ℝ2 are explored. Mild conditions are imposed on the triangulations which prevent them from deterioration and at the same time allow for a lot of flexibility and, in particular, arbitrarily sharp angles. It is shown that such anisotropic Franklin systems are Schauder bases for C and L 1, and unconditional bases for Lp (1 < p < ∞) and the corresponding Hardy spaces H 1. It is also proved that the anisotropic H 1 is exactly the space of all functions in L 1 for which the corresponding Franklin system expansions converge unconditionally in L 1. Finally, it is shown that the Franklin bases characterize the corresponding anisotropic BMO spaces. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrically Conductive Poly(DL‐lactide)/Chitosan/Polypyrrole Complexes
Authors: Wan Ying , Fang Ya , Hu Zhilin , Wu Quan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: The fabrication of novel conductive poly(DL‐lactide)/chitosan/polypyrrole complex membranes is reported. Using poly(DL‐lactide)/chitosan blends as matrices and polypyrrole as a conductive component, several kinds of membranes with various compositions are prepared. A percolation threshold of polypyrrole as low as 1.8 wt.‐% is achieved for some membranes by controlling the chitosan proportion between 40 and 50 wt.‐%. SEM images exhibit that the membranes with a low percolation threshold show a two‐phase structure which consists of poly(DL‐lactide) and chitosan phases. Dielectric measurements indicate that there is limited miscibility between the poly(DL‐lactide) and chitosan but polypyrrole is nearly immiscible with the other two components. Based on the structural characteristics of the membranes, the polypyrrole particles are suggested to be localized at the interface between two phases.Dependence of conductivity of complex membranes on the PPy content. (○) PDLLA/PPy, (▪) PDLLA/ch(10)/PPy, (▵) PDLLA/ch(20)/PPy, (•) PDLLA/ch(30)/PPy, (□) PDLLA/ch(40)/PPy, and (▴) PDLLA/ch(50)‐PPy.magnified imageDependence of conductivity of complex membranes on the PPy content. (○) PDLLA/PPy, (▪) PDLLA/ch(10)/PPy, (▵) PDLLA/ch(20)/PPy, (•) PDLLA/ch(30)/PPy, (□) PDLLA/ch(40)/PPy, and (▴) PDLLA/ch(50)‐PPy.
Versatility of vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps
Authors: Küntscher Markus V. , Mansouri Shirin , Noack Nicklas , Hartmann Bernd 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to demonstrate a variety of indications for the vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (VRAM) flap with respect to donor‐site morbidity and alternative procedures. Fifteen VRAM flaps were performed in 15 patients during a 4‐year period. The average age of patients was 58 years (range, 34–76 years). Inferiorly based VRAM flaps were used for defect coverage after tumor resection and for penile reconstruction in 7 cases. Superiorly based VRAM flaps were performed in 7 cases for reconstruction of osteocutaneous defects following sternal osteomyelitis and tumor resection. Arterial and venous “supercharging” was necessary in one case. One free VRAM flap was performed in a patient suffering from an osteocutaneous defect after resection of a malignant melanoma metastasis with infiltration of the brain and skull. The reconstructive goals were achieved in all cases using VRAM flap procedures. No total flap loss occurred. Minor complications as well as abdominal wall bulging and hernias were observed in four cases. The pedicled VRAM flap provides a reliable tool for coverage of large soft‐tissue defects of the chest wall, groin, hip, and perineum even in a high‐risk population, in which a safe and fast forward flap procedure is the primary reconstructive goal. Arterial and/or venous supercharging may be necessary, particularly in superiorly based VRAM flaps. An inferiorly based VRAM flap is a reliable tool for phalloplasty under special circumstances. The indication for free VRAM flaps is given in rare clinical situations. Stabilization of the donor site using artificial mesh is highly recommended. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006.
Presidential address Experts and publishers: writing popular science in early twentieth-century Britain, writing popular history of science now
Authors: Bowler PETER J. 
Published: June 2006

The bulk of this address concerns itself with the extent to which professional scientists were involved in popular science writing in early twentieth-century Britain. Contrary to a widespread assumption, it is argued that a significant proportion of the scientific community engaged in writing the more educational type of popular science. Some high-profile figures acquired enough skill in popular writing to exert considerable influence over the public's perception of science and its significance. The address also shows how publishers actively sought ‘expert’ authors for popular material, but at the same time controlled what was published in accordance with their perception of what would sell. At a more popular level of writing there were many semi-professional authors who, while not active scientists, exploited close contacts with the scientific community. Here there was a strong emphasis on the practical applications of science.The address concludes by suggesting parallels between popular science writing in this period and the present state of popular writing about the history of science.