bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2. French Retrospect
Authors: McDowall T. W. , McDowall J. G. 
Published: August 2008

This great subject is treated by Dr. “Vedie by giving very shortly:—1.—A resumé of those psychological facts which bear most upon the subject.2.—An examination of physiological phenomena connected with the former. Then shall become evident the laws which govern all psychological and physiological phenomena.3.—The application of these laws to pathology and therapeutics; or, what is equivalent, an examination of the pathological and therapeutical phenomena produced by mental causes. The question of miracles naturally falls to be discussed in connection with this part of the subject.4.—The reasons why some educated people and even physicians err in their views concerning miracles, and misunderstand the natural laws which regulate these phenomena.
Unilateral Sweating in General Paralysis of the Insane
Authors: Mickle W. Julius 
Published: August 2008

In this communication it is proposed—(I.) To relate three cases of general paralysis in which localized copious perspiration affected one side only of the
face and head, and to mention a fourth case in another insane patient.(II.) Next to refer to some other cases of unilateral sweating mentioned by authors, but not occurring among the insane; and(III.) Lastly, to speak of the pathology of this symptom. I. By reference to the subjoined notes, it will be seen that
the unilateral perspiration of the face occurred under dissimilar conditions in the three cases of general paralysis; in
one, without any local paralysis or convulsion, but associated with old-standing disorganisation of the eyeball of the same side; in another, occurring sometime after a peculiar change in the mental state, and at first with very slight and very transitory unilateral facial paralysis; while in the third the unilateral perversion of secretion accompanied unilateral convulsions and hemiplegia of the corresponding side. All these patients were soldiers.
Some Points in the Relation of Diabetes to Insanity
Authors: Bond C. Hubert 
Published: August 2008

At the outset it should be stated that, if the term diabetes is to necessarily include the three cardinal symptoms—permanent glycosuria, polyuria, and thirst—the term glycosuria should be added to the title of this paper. For several of the cases upon which it is based, and which, at the request of Dr. Claye Shaw, I am about to communicate to the Association, exhibit little beyond more or less permanent glycosuria. But, inasmuch as there is no abrupt line of demarcation between classical cases of diabetes and those where one or more of the symptoms are absent, and inasmuch as it has already been pointed out by other writers that the presence of mental symptoms is apt to mask the bodily ones, and, further, since allusion will be made to a few possible cases of diabetes insipidus, it has been deemed best to adhere to the original title which appeared in the list of subjects suggested for discussion at this meeting.∗ Read at the Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association, held in London, August, 1895.
Recent Medicolegal Cases
Authors: Mercier  
Published: August 2008

[The Editors request that members will oblige by sending full newspaper reports of all cases of interest as published by the local press at the time of the assizes.]Reg. v. Marriotini.Prisoner stabbed his wife in twenty-five places, and about two hours after wards threw himself into the Thames. While in the water he discharged a revolver four times. He was rescued, and then said, “I have killed my wife by stabbing her with a large knife. She worried me so much that I told her she would make me murder ber.” Subsequently he said, “I had a quarrel with my wife. I have been unhappy for twenty years. I have had a miserable life.” It was proved that three years before there had been an explosion at the café kept by the prisoner, and that he received such injuries that he was in hospital for five months. When he returned home be was greatly changed, became very irritable, and complained of pains in the head. For ten days before the murder he suffered very much from sleeplessness, and used to wander about the house at night talking to himself.
Psycho-physical Perception
Authors: Edridge-Green F. W. 
Published: August 2008

In the perception of a sensation there are the following factors to be taken into consideration:
1.The physical stimulus.2.The sense-organ receiving this stimulus.3.The nerves conveying the effects of the stimulus.4.The centre of memory receiving the whole impression.5.The perceptive centres conveying to the mind information concerning individual portions of the impression.
King Leur: A Psychological Study
Authors: J. C. B.  
Published: August 2008

Aye, every inch a King, in all his pompous vanity, his reckless passion, his unstable judgment, a thorough king, whom even madness could not dethrone from the royal habits of authority, of strenuous will, and of proud predominance. As the highest mountain summit becomes the fearful beacon of volcanic flame, testifying in lurid characters to the world's deep heart-throes, so this kingliest of minds—he who in his little world has been the summit and the cope of things—becomes, in the creative hand of the poet, the visible outlet of those forces which devastate the soul. We stand by in reverential awe, despairing, with our small gauge of criticism, to estimate the forces of this human Etna. Oppressed by the power and magnitude of the passions, as depicted in this most sublime and awful of poetic creations, it is only after the senses have become accustomed to the roar and turmoil that we throw off the stupor, and dare to look down upon the throes of the Titan, and begin to recognize the distinctive features of the fierce commotion. Even then we must stand afar off; for not in Lear, as in others of the poet's great characters, can one for a single moment perform the act of mental transmutation. In Hamlet, for instance, the most complex of all, many a man may see reflected the depths of his own soul. But Lear is more and less than human in its isolated grandeur, in the force and depths of its passions, in its abstraction from accidental qualities. In the breadth of his strength and weakness he is painted like one of those old gods, older and greater than the heathen representatives of small virtues and vices—the usurping vulgarities of polytheism. The true divinities of Lear were old, like himself very old and kingly—Saturn and Rhea, the autochthones of the heavens; even as his qualities are laid upon the dark and far off, yet solid and deep foundations of moral personality. Well might this King of sorrows exclaim, in the words of the World-spirit, to those who attempt to tear his passions to tatters before the footlights; yea, even to the more reverent efforts of critics—
“Du gleichst dem Geist den du begreifst, Nicht mir!”
The Beattie Smith Lectures on Insanity for 1926
Authors: Berry Richard J. A. 
Published: August 2008

The nervous system of all vertebrates is built up of long conducting, specialized cells, termed neurons. In order to function, these neurons, or nerve-cells, must be linked together in chains or arcs. Each neuron in the chain or arc is structurally separated from other neurons by a break termed a synapse. The structural elements of a neuronic arc are, therefore, as follows:
1.A sensitive receiving organ—the receptor or sense-organ.2.A centrally conducting receptor bipolar neuron.3.One or more short connector or internuncial neurons.4.A peripherally conducting effector multipolar neuron.5.An effector apparatus—for example, a muscle or a gland.
The Concept of the Ego in Psychiatry, with Special Reference to Psychoanalysis
Authors: Nicole J. Ernest 
Published: August 2008

[The following is an almost verbatim transcription of some impromptu remarks made before an informal discussion at a meeting of a local group of the Psychopathology Sub-Committee. These remarks are, therefore, very sketchy and unoriginal, and the reason for committing them to paper at all in such an unvarnished form, is briefly this:Few medical officers in mental hospitals wish to master all the intricacies of psycho-analysis, but many seek some concise, elementary knowledge concerning psycho-analysis as a body of theories (rather than psycho-analysis as a technique). It is for these that the following recapitulation is being published, largely in accordance with the suggestion of members present at the original group meeting, and in the hope of encouraging others, equally unversed in the finer details of the subject, to come forward and discuss these problems.]
Bedford Pierce, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Authors: Macleod Neil 
Published: August 2008

An account of the life and work of Dr. Bedford Pierce may suitably begin with some remarks which appear in his book, Addresses to Mental Nurses. In the course of a preface to his Lecture on “Character and Outlook” he says:“Perhaps a few autobiographical details may fittingly be given here for the encouragement of any who may think they are handicapped by lack of money or influence.“In his early days the writer was brought up in a home not far removed from poverty. He was an only child; his father died when he was an infant, leaving him to the care of his mother, a courageous woman possessing deep religious convictions. When ten years of age he went to a boarding school at Croydon belonging to the Society of Friends, and so had the advantage of a plain Quaker education.“But financial reasons compelled him to leave school when 14, and he was then apprenticed to a chemist in a distant northern city. Aware of his limitations, for several years he attended evening classes in languages and natural science. Eight years later he gave up business, and, after three months' private study, succeeded in passing the London Matriculation, which he regards as his greatest academic achievement ! Entering St. Bartholomew's Hospital as a medical student, he was fortunate in examinations, and to a large extent maintained himself by the aid of scholarships.”
The Treatment of the Voluntary Boarder
Authors: Wilson Henry L. 
Published: August 2008

The following paper is the result of experience gained during two and a half years' work at The Retreat, York.It was prepared at the time that public attention was being focused upon the Mental Treatment Act, 1930. One of the most striking features of that Act was the provision that any person—pauper or otherwise—could be received into any mental hospital by applying for admission voluntarily. The removal of the bar of certification was widely welcomed; this welcome was believed by the writer to be partly a sentimental one. So little was known of any of the legal and medical difficulties which the voluntary boarder system had produced during the forty years it had been in fairly constant use in the registered mental hospitals, that these problems were seldom referred to when the Mental Treatment Act was under consideration.
Some Remarks on the Treatment of General Paralysis by Diathermy
Authors: Graham Norman B. 
Published: August 2008

Acting on the theory that hyperpyrexia is the effective agent in the treatment of general paralysis by malaria, Neymann and Osborne (1) experimented on dogs to see whether, by means of diathermy, sufficient heat could be generated to raise the temperature of the experimental animals to a high degree without injurious results.This being found practicable, they devised a method of applying diathermy to the human subject, with the same purpose in view.They found that they were able, by using a suitable set of electrodes, and by thorough insulation of the individual, to raise the body temperature to any height, and, moreover, to keep the temperature under definite control.
Crime in Schizophrenic Reaction Types
Authors: Murdoch James Hunter 
Published: August 2008

The following is an account of the cases of schizophrenia admitted to Broadmoor from 1900 till 1931.The use of the term “schizophrenia” in place of “dementia præcox” has rendered the classification of these cases more accurate than would have been possible with the older name, and also made possible the inclusion of several cases which otherwise would have had to be left out.
Studies of Water Metabolism in Essential Epilepsy
Authors: Greville G. D. , Jones Tudor S. G. 
Published: August 2008

(1) The diurnal water exchange has been studied in two patients for approximately four months, and in a third patient for one month. Similar measurements were made on two non-epileptic patients as controls. No certain evidence was obtained that the urinary excretion was decreased before a fit and increased afterwards, as has been often claimed. The water balance has been determined daily as completely as is practicable and the method for this is described. The daily excretion of chloride in the urine under constant salt intake at two levels has also failed to show any relation to the incidence of fits.(2) Serial investigations have been made of the concentration of constituents of the blood which might be affected by changes in the water content of the organism, viz., protein and non-protein nitrogen in the plasma, hlemoglobin and total solids in the whole blood. Here again the variations are apparently unconnected with the incidence of fits, contrary to the findings of other authors.
Palaeophrenia: A Re-Evaluation of the Concept of Schizophrenia
Authors: Osborne Raymond L. 
Published: August 2008

Schizophrenia may conservatively be listed among the greatest scourges of present-day society, yet the average citizen has scarcely heard of it.“The etiology … is unsettled; its pathology unknown and its clinical limits in dispute and yet it is a more serious problem than either tuberculosis or cancer. There are twice as many hospital cases of schizophrenia as of tuberculosis. Each year not less than 30,000 to 40,000 individuals, soon after adolescence or in the first flush of manhood or womanhood, fall victims to this condition. Annually 75,000 new patients are admitted to state hospitals and at least one fourth are schizophrenics…. They are condemned to a veritable living death, devoid of emotional life as others savour it and barred from participation in the normal activities and affairs of living” (1).
Concurrent Doxorubicin Plus Docetaxel Is Not More Effective Than Concurrent Doxorubicin Plus Cyclophosphamide in Operable Breast Cancer With 0 to 3 Positive Axillary Nodes: North American Breast Cancer Intergroup Trial E 2197
Authors: Goldstein Lori J. , O'Neill Anne , Sparano Joseph A. , Perez Edith A. , Shulman Lawrence N. , Martino Silvana , Davidson Nancy E. 
Published: August 2008

Purpose The combination of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) is a standard adjuvant regimen. Doxorubicin and docetaxel (AT) is one of the most active cytotoxic regimens for metastatic breast cancer. The purpose of this trial was to determine whether adjuvant AT improved disease-free survival compared with AC in operable breast cancer. Patients and Methods Women with invasive breast cancer were eligible if there were one to three positive lymph nodes or if the node-negative tumor was greater than 1 cm. Patients were randomly assigned after surgery to receive doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) plus either cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2; AC) or docetaxel (60 mg/m2; AT) given every 3 weeks for four cycles, followed by hormone therapy for patients with estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR)–positive tumors. Results There were 2,882 eligible patients enrolled. After a median follow-up of 79.5 months, there was no significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS; 85% in both arms) or overall survival (91% v 92%) at 5 years. The hazard ratio for AC versus AT was 1.02 (95% CI for DFS, 0.86 to 1.22; P = .78). In an exploratory analysis of prespecified stratification factors by ER and PR expression there were trends toward improved DFS for AT in ER/PR-negative disease. Grade 3 neutropenia associated with fever or infection occurred more often with AT (26% v 10%; P < .05). Conclusion AT did not improve DFS or overall survival in this population, and was associated with more toxicity.
Lineage development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Giebel Bernd , Punzel Michael 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells have the potential to develop into multipotent and different lineage-restricted progenitor cells that subsequently generate all mature blood cell types. The classical model of hematopoietic lineage commitment proposes a first restriction point at which all multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells become committed either to the lymphoid or to the myeloid development, respectively. Recently, this model has been challenged by the identification of murine as well as human hematopoietic progenitor cells with lymphoid differentiation capabilities that give rise to a restricted subset of the myeloid lineages. As the classical model does not include cells with such capacities, these findings suggest the existence of alternative developmental pathways that demand the existence of additional branches in the classical hematopoietic tree. Together with some phenotypic criteria that characterize different subsets of multipotent and lineage-restricted progenitor cells, we summarize these recent findings here.
Cytokine combinations differentially influence the SDF-1α-dependent migratory activity of cultivated murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Kassmer Susannah H. , Niggemann Bernd , Punzel Michael , Mieck Christine , Zänker Kurt S. , Dittmar Thomas 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is a strong migratory stimulant for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The hematopoietic cytokines thrombopoietin (TPO), Flt3-ligand (FL), stem cell factor (SCF) and interleukin 11 (IL-11) are able to stimulate amplification of primitive murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro. The effects of these cytokines on SDF-1α-induced migratory activity of murine Lin-c-kit+ HSPC were analyzed by cultivation of these cells in the presence of 12 combinations of FL, TPO, SCF and IL-11. Migratory activity was measured in a three-dimensional collagen matrix using time-lapse video microscopy. Each cytokine combination had a distinct effect on SDF-1α-stimulated migratory activity. For instance, FL- and SCF-cultivated cells showed a high migratory SDF-1α response, while cells cultivated with SCF, TPO and IL-11 did not react to SDF-1α stimulation with an elevated migration rate. Our data indicate that the differences in the migratory SDF-1α response are not related to different CXCR4 expression levels, but rather to the differential engagement of the CXCR4-dependent MAPKp42/44 and PI3K signal transduction pathways. This indicates that hematopoietic cytokines can have a significant impact on SDF-1α-stimulated migratory activity and the underlying intracellular signaling processes in cultivated HSPCs.
Plasticity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Rovó Alicia , Gratwohl Alois 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The postulated almost unlimited potential of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to transdifferentiate into cell types that do not belong to the hematopoietic system denotes a complete paradigm shift of the hierarchical hemopoietic tree. In several studies during the last few years, donor cells have been identified in almost all recipient tissues after allogeneic HSC transplantation (HSCT), supporting the theory that any failing organ could be accessible to regenerative cell therapy. However, the putative potential ability of the stem cells to cross beyond lineage barriers has been questioned by other studies which suggest that hematopoietic cells might fuse with non-hematopoietic cells and mimic the appearance of transdifferentiation. Proof that HSCs have preserved the capacity to transdifferentiate into other cell types remains to be demonstrated. In this review, we focus mainly on clinical studies addressing plasticity in humans who underwent allogeneic HSCT. We summarize the published data on non-hematopoietic chimerism, donor cell contribution to tissue repair, the controversies related to the methods used to detect donor-derived non-hematopoietic cells and the functional impact of this phenomenon in diverse specific target tissues and organs.
Prospective of Ras signaling in stem cells
Authors: Chakrabarty Koushik , Heumann Rolf 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The Ras signaling pathway plays a predominant role during development and controls diverse biological process in all eukaryotic cells. It is a member of the large family of GTPases proteins that binds and hydrolyzes GTP. Ras is a lipid-anchored protein on the intracellular membrane compartments, and cycles between inactive GDP-bound and the signaling competent GTP-bound conformation. Studies have demonstrated Ras to be a central regulator in signal transduction pathways responding to diverse extracellular and intracellular stimuli. Much progress has been made towards delineating specific genes involved in the process of pluripotency and differentiation of stem cells. Here, we discuss recent aspects of Ras signaling pathways in mediating stem cell properties.
A hypoallergenic hybrid molecule with increased immunogenicity consisting of derivatives of the major grass pollen allergens, Phl p 2 and Phl p 6
Authors: Linhart Birgit , Mothes-Luksch Nadine , Vrtala Susanne , Kneidinger Michael , Valent Peter , Valenta Rudolf 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAllergen-specific immunotherapy is currently based on the administration of allergen extracts containing natural allergens. However, its broad application is limited by the poor quality of these extracts. Based on recombinant allergens, well-defined allergy vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy can be produced. Furthermore, they can be modified to reduce their allergenic activity and to avoid IgE-mediated side effects. Here, we demonstrate that the immunogenicity of two grass pollen-derived hypoallergenic allergen derivatives could be increased by engineering them as a single hybrid molecule. We used a hypoallergenic Phl p 2 mosaic, generated by fragmentation of the Phl p 2 sequence and reassembly of the resulting peptides in an altered order, and a truncated Phl p 6 allergen, to produce a hybrid protein. The hybrid retained the reduction of IgE reactivity and allergenic activity of its components as shown by ELISA and basophil activation assays. Immunization with the hybrid molecule demonstrated the increased immunogenicity of this molecule, leading to higher levels of allergen-specific IgG antibodies compared to the single components. These antibodies could inhibit patients' IgE binding to the wild-type allergens. Thus, the described strategy allows the development of safer and more efficacious vaccines for the treatment of grass pollen allergy.