bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Warning Signal on Reactions to Aversive White Noise Stimulation: Does Warning “Short‐Circuit’ Habituation?
Authors: Baltissen Ruediger , Boucsein Wolfram 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTReduced autonomic and subjective reactions to aversive stimuli under predictable as compared to unpredictable conditions have been explained on the one hand by the mechanism of preception and on the other hand by orienting response (OR) reinstatement in the unpredictable condition, with differences in rated aversiveness not necessarily being involved. To test differential predictions based on an habituation vs. preception position, as suggested by Lykken and Tellegen, one group of male volunteers was presented with 30 trials in which the onset time of an aversive white noise tone (110dBA) was signalled, while in the other group the onset time was not signalled. A control group received unsignalled presentations of 70dBA white noise tones. Following each trial, subjects indicated the aversiveness of the white noise at its impact. SCRs were recorded continuously. Responses produced by the signalled tones decreased over trials, while responses produced by the unsignalled 110dBA tones increased over trials. The control group exhibited a continuous decrease. Self‐report measures showed an overall decrease over trials but no differential decline. It was concluded that an OR reinstatement interpretation seems to be best in line with the data, although the observed functional significance of signalling at the autonomic level needs further evaluation to arrive at a clear distinction between OR theory and the preception hypothesis.
Different Effects of Uncertainty and Complexity on Single Trial Visual ERPs and the SCR‐OR in Non‐Signal Conditions
Authors: Verbaten M.N. , Roelofs J.W. , Sjouw W. , Slangen J.L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSingle trial event‐related potentials at Fz, CZ, P7, and OZ were measured concurrently with the skin conductance response (SCR) in a habituation paradigm. Half the subjects (26) were told that the same stimulus would be presented a number of times in the middle of a TV screen (“certain condition”), and the other half were not informed about the stimuli (“uncertain condition”). Within each of these groups, half of the subjects received 32 stimuli of 4 bits of information and the other half received 32 stimuli of 60 bits of information. No task‐relevance was given to the stimuli. Larger vertex P300 waves were associated with more complex stimuli, but uncertainty had no effect on the P300. A significant complexity × uncertainty × trials interaction was found on a sustained late positive activity, called the Slow Wave (SW), which was maximal at Pz and habituated rapidly. As before, we found that both the SCR and the vertex P300 habituated. No effect of uncertainty or complexity was found on the SCR. The results suggest that the SW is a useful index of information processing, and that the SCR and P300 must be considered to index different aspects of information processing.
Performance and Sleepiness as a Function of Frequency and Placement of Sleep Disruption
Authors: Bonnet Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEight normal young adult sleepers spent 4 nonconsecutive weeks in the laboratory. Each week consisted of a baseline night followed by 2 consecutive nights of disrupted sleep, followed by 2 recovery nights. Disruption conditions included: a) brief awakening after each minute of accumulated sleep, b) brief awakening after each 10 min of accumulated sleep, c) 2.5 hrs of normal sleep followed by a brief awakening at each sleep onset, and d) total sleep deprivation. Morning testing revealed that all disruption conditions decreased sleep latency in a morning nap test. Performance after 1‐min disruptions approximated that seen after total sleep loss. Performance decrements were less in the 10‐min condition and least in the 2.5‐hr sleep condition. Performance under baseline and total sleep loss conditions was used to predict performance during the sleep deprivation condition using four sleep stage rules. Total time asleep and total time asleep minus stage 1 predicted performance poorly. Total SWS plus REM predicted performance best but could not differentiate the 10‐min and 2.5‐hr conditions. Therefore, it was concluded that the data were most parsimoniously explained by the Sleep Continuity Theory—i.e., that periods of uninterrupted sleep in excess of 10 min are required for sleep to be restorative.
Physiological and Subjective Sexual Arousal in Pre‐ and Postmenopausal Women and Postmenopausal Women Taking Replacement Therapy
Authors: Myers Lin S. , Morokoff Patricia J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty premenopausal, 14 postmenopausal, and 14 postmenopausal women receiving replacement estrogen therapy were studied to determine whether differences in hormone status were associated with differences in physiological and subjective sexual responses. All subjects viewed a neutral, an erotic, and a second neutral videotape while photoplethysmographic vaginal pulse amplitude was continuously recorded. Self‐report ratings of sexual arousal and affective response were collected. Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and luteinizing hormone were obtained. The three groups did not differ in either average or maximum vaginal pulse amplitude to the videotapes nor in latency of sexual response. The postmenopausal women not taking replacement estrogen reported significantly less vaginal lubrication in response to the erotic videotape than the higher estrogen premenopausal and replacement hormone groups. Estradiol level was significantly correlated with ratings of vaginal lubrication in response to the erotic videotape but not with vaginal pulse amplitude. Results thus suggest that estrogen is important in maintaining vaginal lubrication and the perception of sexual arousal but not in determining vaginal vasocongestion.
P300 and Recall in an Incidental Memory Paradigm
Authors: Fabiani Monica , Karis Demetrios , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn previous research Karis, Fabiani, and Donchin (1984) found a relationship between the amplitude of the P300s elicited by words and subsequent recall performance. Words later recalled elicited larger P300s than words later not recalled. However, this relationship was dependent on the mnemonic strategies used by the subjects. There was a strong relationship between P300 amplitude and recall when rote rehearsal strategies were used, but when subjects used elaborative strategies the relationship between P300 amplitude and recall was not evident. In the present experiment we employed an incidental memory paradigm to reduce the use of rehearsal strategies. An “oddball’ task consisting of a series of names was presented, and subjects were required to count either the male or the female names. Event‐related brain potentials were recorded to the presentation of each name. Following the oddball task, subjects were asked, unexpectedly, to recall as many names as possible. The names that were recalled had elicited, on their initial presentation, larger P300s than names not recalled. Thus, these results confirm our hypothesis: when elaborative rehearsal strategies are not used, the relationship between P300 and memory emerges more consistently. Our data provide support for a “context updating’ hypothesis of the functional significance of the P300.
Predictability of Individual Differences in Activation Processes in a Field Setting Based on Laboratory Measures
Authors: Fahrenberg Jochen , Foerster Fritz , Schneider Hermann‐Josef , Müller Wolfgang , Myrtek Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe predictability of individual differences in activation processes was investigated in a multi‐method laboratory‐field study. Male students of physical education (N=58) were examined under various emotionally activating and physically demanding conditions (mental arithmetic, reaction time, free speech, cold pressor test, bicycle ergometer). The assessment included multi‐channel recordings of pre‐start phases in an athletic stadium and performance on a 1000 m run. Basal heart rate was also recorded during sleep. This multi‐situational assessment was repeated after three weeks, three months, and, for most (N=42) subjects, after one year. Significant relationships exist between scores from corresponding conditions of relaxation, anticipation, and performance of physical exercise. However, with the exception of heart rate, correlation coefficients are rather small and seem to be of questionable predictive validity. A generalizability study further supports the general conclusion: To increase the practical relevance in psychophysiological investigations of stress/strain phenomena, such studies should directly assess individual differences in the criterion situations themselves.
Sustained Attention in Type A and Type B Subjects: A Blink Reflex Analysis
Authors: Zelson Michael F. , Simons Robert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe allocation of attention by Type A/B subjects to task‐irrelevant distractors was investigated with a probe‐startle paradigm. Type A and B undergraduate students selected on the basis of their scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey worked on a series of vigilance tasks characterized by two levels of difficulty. During each task, irrelevant 50‐ms bursts of 102dB white noise were presented at approximately 35‐s intervals. Startle (eyeblink) reflex magnitude was measured during task and no‐task periods to quantify attentional allocation to the task‐irrelevant acoustic probes. As predicted, reflex attenuation was demonstrated in all subjects while attention was focused on the visual display. More importantly, Type A subjects demonstrated greater blink attenuation than Type Bs as a function of time‐on‐task. No group differences in heart rate or skin conductance response frequency were found, suggesting that A/B reflex differences were specific to attentional state and not secondary to changes in arousal.
Separability of Different Negative Components of the Event‐Related Potential Associated with Auditory Stimulus Processing
Authors: Alho K. , Paavilainen P. , Reinikainen K. , Sams M. , Näätänen R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe lateral scalp distribution of the early negative selective‐attention effect on auditory eventrelated potentials (ERPs) was compared to the distribution of the midline‐negative N1 component inverting in polarity at the scalp area below the Sylvian fissure. No such polarity inversion was observed for the selective‐attention effect at the N1 latency. This result supports the proposal that another component, the processing negativity (PN), overlaps (summates to) the exogenous N1 in the ERPs to attended stimuli. A subsequent experiment demonstrated that the mismatch negativity (MMN: peaking at 150–200 ms), an ERP component automatically elicited by deviant stimuli presented among homogenous repetitive stimuli, had opposite polarities above and below the Sylvian fissure. Thus, the MMN at least partly emanates from a cerebral generator which considerably overlaps that of the N1. The results are discussed in terms of separability of the brain mechanisms involved in the voluntary and involuntary processing of auditory stimuli reflected by the PN and MMN, respectively.
The Effects of Caffeine and Stress on Blood Pressure in Individuals with and without a Family History of Hypertension
Authors: Greenberg Walter , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of two doses of caffeine (125 mg, 250 mg) were compared to a placebo dose (3 mg) in a randomized double‐blind cross‐over design in 36 male caffeine users, half with and half without a family history of hypertension. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were recorded during rest, a mental arithmetic task, and recovery periods. I inter both resting and mental stress conditions, the two doses of caffeine on the average increased systolic pressure by 6.7 mini In compared to the placebo. The effects for the 125 me and 250 mg doses did not differ significantly. The pressor effects of caffeine and mental stress combined in an additive fashion. Systolic blood pressure levels were significantly greater in individuals with a family history of hypertension across all conditions, but not specifically in response to caffeine. The results arc comparable to those previously reported in caffeine‐naive subjects.
Gating of the Auditory Evoked Potential in Children and Adults
Authors: Freedman Robert , Adler Lawrence E. , Waldo Merilyne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAuditory evoked potentials were recorded from 163 subjects, aged IS months to 55 years. A conditioning‐testing paradigm was used to assess sensory gating. In this paradigm, click stimuli are presented in pairs to the subjects with a 0.5‐second intrapair interval. In normal adults, the first stimulus activates or “conditions” sensory gating mechanisms. The strength of these mechanisms is “tested” by the second stimulus, which produces a response whose amplitude is significantly suppressed. This aspect of sensory gating was not reliably observed in our subjects until age 18 years. Younger subjects varied widely in their ability to demonstrate sensory gating. Mean levels of suppression increased during late childhood and adolescence, with no relationship to other changes in evoked potential amplitude and latency. Sensory gating would appear to be a late developing aspect of human sensory physiology.
The Correction of Psychophysiological Measures for Individual Differences in Responsivity Should Be Based on Typical Response Parameters: A Reply to Stemmler
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStemmler (1987) has criticized conclusions drawn from a previous article (Ben‐Shakhar, 1985) which compared several transformations of raw SCRs lo correct for individual differences in responsivity. Stemmler claims that within subject standardization is biased because it utilizes within‐subjects standard deviations based on individual subjects' entire response distributions. 1 agree with Stemmler that it may be preferable to use modified z‐scores based solely on within stimulus‐set variability. However, 1 claim that the general conclusion drawn from my demonstrations‐namely, that any correcting formula should be based upon parameters that represent the subject's typical response level, rather than maximal response level‐is valid. This conclusion was based not just on the advantage of z‐scores over paintal scores, but also on an extensive analysis that compared other transformations which were based either on individual subjects' mean SCR or on maximal SCR, These transformations did not utilize the standard deviation parameter and are therefore free from all the problems mentioned by Stemmler.
Family History of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Responses to Orthostatic Stress
Authors: Weipert Doris , Shapiro David , Suter Thomas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCardiovascular effects of orthostatic stress (sitting to standing) were assessed in 60 healthy young male subjects according lo family history of hypertension (half with a positive and half with a negative family history' of hypertension). Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBF) were recorded on each successive heart heal using a non‐invasive blood pressure tracking system. Heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) were also recorded. During the postural change, characteristic phasic changes were shown with an initial fall and subsequent recover of SBP and DBF and a mirror image response in MR and RR. Phasic analysis of the pre‐standing sit, peak/trough, and recovery stand values indicated group differences in the initial as well as the later phases of orthostatic response. In the initial phase, subjects with a positive family history of hypertension showed an earlier trough in systolic and pulse pressure and an earlier peak in heart rate response immediately on standing up. The level of the pulse pressure trough was also higher in these subjects. In the later standing phase, these subjects showed higher levels of pulse pressure. The results were interpreted in terms of increased sympathetic nervous system activity during the initial phase and structural and neurocirculatory abnormalities in the later phase of orthostatic regulation in individuals with a positive family history of hypertension.
Event‐Related Desynchronization and P300
Authors: Sergeant Joseph , Geuze Reint , van Winsum Wim 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe information processing demands of frame time, cognitive load, and event rate were examined with respect to the duration and amplitude of the event‐related desynchronization (ERD) and the event‐related potential P300. The central question was: are ERD and P300 cortical indices of the same attentional processes or resources? It was found that ERD amplitude became larger and P300 amplitude smaller with a larger load and a slow event rate, independently. ERD duration and P300 latency became longer with a slow event rate and a higher processing load. For ERD duration these effects were additive, for P300 latency they were interactive. Frame time influenced only P300 latency, which became longer with a long frame lime. The results are discussed in relation to a taxonomy of task variables.
Is Mediation of Sweating Cholinergic, Adrenergic, or Both? A Comment on the Literature
Authors: Shields Stephanie A. , MacDowell Kathleen A. , Fairchild Sarah B. , Campbell Mary L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResearch on SNS mediation of human eccrine and apocrine sweating was examined. Both types of sweat glands in humans are innervated primarily by cholinergic fibers and, at least sparsely, by adrenergic fibers. Both types of sweat glands are also stimulated by circulating catecholamines, but the mechanism for this action has not been unequivocally established. Recent research developments in the physiology of the sweat glands are discussed as they bear on persistent problems in psycho physiological research.
Blink Reflex Magnitude During the Foreperiod of a Warned Reaction Time Task: Effects of Precueing
Authors: Boelhouwer A.J.W. , Bruggemans E. , Brunia C.H.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a warned reaction time task blink reflexes were evoked electrically at different points in time during a 3‐s foreperiod between the warning signal (WS) and the response signal (RS;. Two groups of 16 well‐trained right‐handed subjects participated. One group was informed by the warning signal as to whether or not a voluntary blink response was to be given following the response signal. For the other group of subjects, response‐relevant information was delivered by the response signal. Reaction times were shorter when subjects were precued by the warning signal, which indicates a more efficient preparation in this condition. In the blink reflex an early ipsilateral component (R1) and a late bilateral component (R2) could be distinguished. Within 300 ms after the warning signal, an increase in R1 was seen which was more pronounced when the warning signal precued the required response. R2 was inhibited shortly after the warning signal. At the end of the foreperiod R1 increased more and R2 was more inhibited the higher the response certainty. The general conclusion is that the presentation of a warning stimulus has a facilitatory effect on R1 and an inhibitory effect on R2. A warning stimulus with more information results in an extra increase in R1 magnitude only, while preparation for a response is seen in both R1 and R2 magnitudes.
Evaluation of Myocardial and Peripheral Vascular Responses During Reaction Time, Mental Arithmetic, and Cold Pressor Tasks
Authors: Allen Michael T. , Obrist Paul A. , Sherwood Andrew , Growell Michael D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the covariation of cardiac output and forearm blood flow during reaction time, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor tasks. Cardiac output was indexed using impedance cardiography, whereas impedance venous occlusion plethysmography was used lo index forearm blood flow. Cardiac output increased significantly over resting values in all three tasks, hut the pattern of these increases differed. Large heart rate increases during mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks more than offset stroke volume decreases; the increases in the reaction time task were due to relatively smaller heart rate increases with stroke volume augmentation. For forearm blood flow, all task levels were higher than resting levels, but only mental arithmetic levels were statistically higher. The correlation between cardiac output and forearm blood flow change was significant for the reaction time task, but not for the mental arithmetic or cold pressor tasks.
Bilateral Finger Temperature and The Law of Initial Values
Authors: Jamieson John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐two male and 43 female right‐handed subjects engaged in three different cognitive tasks while finger temperature was recorded bilaterally. The tasks, presented in randomized order, were: counting backwards by 17's, the Stroop task (Stroop, 1935). and a spatial task. All tasks produced significant (p < .001) temperature decreases on both sides of the body. Relative changes in left‐right temperature did not differ significantly among tasks, indicating no task related asymmetries. The right hand decreased in temperature significantly more than The left hand to two of the three tasks, but it is argued that this difference reflects the Law of Initial Values, not differential hemispheric involvement. The Law of Initial Values is shown to hold for finger temperature, contrary to an earlier report. Additionally, left‐right temperature differences are shown to reflect the law of Initial Values.
Cooperative Dyadic Interactions, Perceived Control, and Task Difficulty in Type A and Type B Individuals: A Cardiovascular Study
Authors: Abbott Jantce , Sutherland Colin , Watt Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEighty Type A and SO Type B young male subjects (assessed by both the Bortner and Thurstone Scales) cooperated on either a difficult or simple reaction time task, with either the same or opposite behavior type partner. Only the first member of each dyad was given control of responding A‐A, B‐B, A‐B, B‐A). Dyads performed with equal efficiency on the simple task, but when the task became more difficult to master a remarkable pattern of behavioral activity emerged. Deleterious or efficient task performance was largely influenced by the behavioral style of the two individuals within the dyad, and more importantly, by their control positions (which member had response control). Cardiovascular responses were monitored throughout the task and 10 min following task performance. During the task, increases in heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed for all groups regardless of task difficulty and control positions, although the magnitude of cardiovascular reactivity was greatest for Type As during the difficult task, especially if they lacked control of responding or were cooperating with the same type partner. Following the difficult task, Type As demonstrated greater magnitude and more prolonged cardiovascular reactivity, compared with Type Bs. The findings are briefly discussed within the context of the work environment.