bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of a broad range of human adenoviruses in respiratory tract samples using a sensitive multiplex real‐time PCR assay
Authors: Wong Sallene , Pabbaraju Kanti , Pang Xiaoli L. , Lee Bonita E. , Fox Julie D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHuman adenoviruses (hAdVs) are associated with acute respiratory tract infections in pediatric populations and have been identified as a cause of outbreaks in institutional settings. Rapid diagnosis of hAdV infection is critical for appropriate and timely management. This study reports the design and validation of a sensitive and specific multiplex real‐time PCR for the detection of a broad range of hAdV serotypes in respiratory samples. The assay targets the conserved region of the hAdV hexon gene and utilizes hydrolysis probes for the detection of amplified products. The assay was evaluated using retrospectively (n = 864) and prospectively (n = 11,451) collected samples from November 2005 to July 2006. Seasonality studies and analysis of outbreaks was conducted over a 2‐year period from January 2005 to December 2006 (n = 33,067 samples). The assay gave a hAdV positive rate of 7.1% (n = 811) for specimens tested prospectively and was able to detect a broad range of hAdV serotypes with good sensitivity and specificity. A high rate of co‐infection was noted (21.7%). Adenovirus infections were more prevalent in the young with a median age of 24 months for positive patients. Sequence analysis of hAdV positives showed that serotype 7 was the most prevalent followed by serotypes 2 and 3. Association of hAdVs with respiratory outbreaks was low at 2.3% (6 of 266 outbreaks tested) and no seasonal variation was observed for hAdV infections during the 2‐year study period. This assay can improve the detection of hAdVs in respiratory samples and can be used to provide valuable epidemiological information. J. Med. Virol. 80:856–865, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐protection of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 4 in rhesus macaques
Authors: Huang Weijin , Zhang Huayuan , Harrison Tim J. , Lang Shuhui , Huang Guoyong , Wang Youchun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine cross‐protection between HEV genotypes 1 and 4, which are prevalent in China. Fecal suspensions of genotypes 1 and 4 from patients, as well as genotype 4 from swine, were inoculated intravenously into rhesus macaques. Each inoculum contained 5 × 104 genome equivalents of HEV. After infection, serum and fecal samples were collected serially and the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and anti‐HEV IgG and IgM in sera, and HEV RNA in fecal samples, were measured. Liver biopsies were carried out. All the infected monkeys (12/12) developed anti‐HEV IgG and exhibited fecal shedding of virus. IgM was detected in 11 of 12, and ALT elevation occurred about 2–6 weeks post‐inoculation in 10 of 12, infected monkeys. Hepatic histopathology was consistent with acute viral hepatitis and the ORF2 antigen of HEV was detected in the granular cytoplasm of hepatocytes by immunohistochemistry. After recovery from their initial HEV infection, the monkeys were challenged with a heterologous genotype or heterologous source of HEV and monitored for hepatitis and fecal shedding. Previous infection with HEV completely or partially protected against subsequent challenge with a heterologous virus, because 7 of 11 monkeys did not develop HEV infection or shed virus in the feces, and none of them developed hepatitis or exhibited ALT elevation or liver biopsy findings of hepatitis. In conclusion, previous HEV infection may give rise to cross‐genotype and cross‐host‐species protection. J. Med. Virol. 80:824–832, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual infection with hepatitis A and E viruses in outbreaks and in sporadic clinical cases: Cuba 1998–2003
Authors: Rodríguez Lay Licel de los Angeles , Quintana Ariel , Villalba María Caridad Montalvo , Lemos Gilda , Corredor Marité Bello , Moreno Aidonis Gutiérrez , Prieto Pablo Aguiar , Guzmán María G. , Anderson David 
Published: March 2008

AbstractViral hepatitis ranks as the fifth cause of morbidity for infectious diseases in Cuba. Epidemics are observed frequently in the population, the hepatitis A virus being the main agent responsible for such epidemics. Previous reports also confirmed the circulation of the hepatitis E virus. From 1998 to 2003, 258 serum samples were collected by the Reference Laboratory on Viral Hepatitis during 33 outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis as well as from 39 sporadic clinical cases. Sera were tested for anti‐HAV and anti‐HEV IgM by EIA. Overall of the 33 outbreaks studied sera from 12 (36.4%) were positive for anti‐HAV IgM only, from 7 (21.2%) were positive for anti‐HEV IgM only, and from 14 (42.4%) were positive for antibodies to both viruses. Individually of the 258 sera collected, 137 (53.1%) were positives for anti‐HAV IgM, 20 (7.8%) were positives for anti‐HEV IgM, 33 (12.8%) were positives for both markers and 68 (26.4%) were negative to both. Of the clinical cases, 4 (10.3%) were positives for anti‐HAV IgM, 13 (33.3%) were positives for anti‐HEV IgM and 5 (12.8%) were positives for both markers. Seventeen (43.6%) sera were negatives for all viral hepatitis markers available (A–E). A high positivity for HEV was found in outbreaks tested with the kit produced by CIGB. In particular HEV seems to infect individuals of all ages. The results demonstrate the co‐circulation of and co‐infection with two enterically transmitted viruses; however a higher positivity was observed for anti‐HAV than to anti‐HEV (53.1% vs. 7.8%) in outbreaks. J. Med. Virol. 80:798–802, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recombinant norovirus implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan
Authors: Fukuda Shinji , Sasaki Yukie , Takao Shinichi , Seno Masato 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNorovirus (NoV) is a major etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. A total of 314 fecal specimens collected from patients of 39 NoV gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, between December 2001 and April 2006 were tested for the occurrence of recombinant NoVs. Sixteen genotypes (GI/1, GI/2, GI/4, GI/7, GI/8, GI/11, GI/14, GII/2, GII/3, GII/4, GII/5, GII/6, GII/8, GII/12, GII/14, and GII/untypeable) were detected in the 39 outbreaks based on capsid sequences and GII/4 was predominant recently. Twelve strains detected in 11 (28.2%) of the 39 outbreaks were suspected to be recombinants by using Simplot and Recco analyses and five recombinant genotypes, GII/4‐GII/12 (five strains), GIIb‐GII/3 (four strains), GII/4‐GII/2 (one strain), GII/4‐GII/14 (one strain), and GI/2‐GI/8 (one strain), were identified based on RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase and capsid sequences. None of the strains genotyped as GII/4 based on the capsid sequence was identified as a recombinant. The putative recombination points in the recombinant strains were placed either upstream or downstream of the open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2 overlap. The present study indicates the following: (a) recombination among ORFs is common in nature, (b) the involvement of recombinant NoVs in gastroenteritis outbreaks is extensive even in a local area such as Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, and (c) the conserved region (ORF1 and ORF2 overlap) has a meaningful function against the recombination event. J. Med. Virol. 80:921–928, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression levels of MDR1, MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV infected patients failing antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Turriziani Ombretta , Gianotti Nicola , Falasca Francesca , Boni Arianna , Vestri Anna Rita , Zoccoli Alice , Lazzarin Adriano , Antonelli Guido 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the mRNA expression of four relevant ABC‐transporter genes [MDR1 (P‐glycoprotein; Pgp), MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5] in HIV‐positive individuals failing treatment and analyze the association between the levels of their expression and viral load, CD4 cell count, and therapeutic history. Ninety‐eight HIV‐positive samples and 20 samples from healthy donors were analyzed, retrospectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV1‐positive individuals were collected at the time of virological failure. Expression of mRNA of Pgp, MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5 in PBMCs was evaluated by real‐time PCR. A high inter‐individual variability was observed in both HIV‐positive individuals and healthy donors but the expression levels of all mRNA analyzed were significantly higher in the HIV‐infected group (P < 0.05). A weak but significant inverse correlation was observed between CD4 cell counts and expression levels of MRP4 and MRP5. Comparison of mRNA expression between individuals with different therapeutic histories showed that expression of MRP4 and MRP5 genes in patients who were both protease inhibitor (PI) and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐experienced was significantly higher than in patients who were PI experienced but NNRTI‐naïve. In conclusion, the mRNA expression of Pgp, MRP1, MRP4, and MRP5 varies among HIV‐infected patients and healthy donors but is significantly higher in HIV‐positive patients than in donors. The expression of MRP4 and MRP5 seems to correlate with CD4 cell counts. The same protein seems to be overexpressed in patients receiving NNRTIs. J. Med. Virol. 80:766–771, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural effects of amino acid variations between B and CRF02‐AG HIV‐1 integrases
Authors: Malet Isabelle , Soulie Cathia , Tchertanov Luba , Derache Anne , Amellal Bahia , Traore Ousmane , Simon Anne , Katlama Christine , Mouscadet Jean‐François , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne‐Geneviève 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHIV‐1 integrase is one of the three essential enzyme required for viral replication and has a great potential as a novel target for anti‐HIV drugs. The sequence variability of the entire integrase (IN) was examined in HIV‐1 subtype B and CRF02‐AG antiretroviral naïve infected patients for the presence of naturally occurring polymorphisms IN gene sequences and protein structures from both subtypes were compared. The phylogenetic analysis showed a total concordance between the 3 pol gene sequences for patients identified as subtype B whereas 3% of patients identified as CRF02‐AG showed a mixture of subtypes. The analysis of IN aa sequences showed that 13 positions (K/R14, V/I31, L/I101, T/V112, T/A124, T/A125, G/N134, I/V135, K/T136, V/I201, T/S206, L/I234, and S/G283) differed between subtypes B and CRF02‐AG. As observed in the 3D model of the preintegration complex, these differences may impact the functional property of IN. The fact that most variations were grouped suggests that some of them are linked together through compensatory mechanisms. This comparison allowed us to identify several variations of amino acids in HIV‐1 IN subtype CRF02‐AG that could have a putative impact on anti‐integrase sensitivity. In particular, the region formed by Thr125, Thr124, Val31 contains at least one residue, T125, which variation has been involved in eliciting resistance to the naphtyridine carboxamide L870,810 IN inhibitor. In conclusion, virological response to anti‐integrase should be studied carefully, according to the subtype, in clinical trials. J. Med. Virol. 80:754–761, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive blood flow imaging for real‐time feedback during laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks
Authors: Huang Yu‐Chih , Ringold Tyson L. , Nelson J. Stuart , Choi Bernard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDuring laser therapy of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks, regions of persistent perfusion may exist. Immediate retreatment of such regions may improve PWS laser therapeutic outcome. To address this need, we propose use of laser speckle imaging (LSI) to provide real‐time, quantitative feedback during laser surgery. Herein, we present in vitro and in vivo data collected with a clinic‐based LSI instrument.Study Design/Materials and MethodsPrior to clinical implementation, we first investigated three aspects of LSI deemed important for clinical imaging: (1) instrument depth of field (DOF); (2) effects of laser irradiance on speckle flow index (SFI) values; and (3) measurement repeatability. Clinical measurements were acquired from the lesions of PWS patients immediately prior to and after laser therapy at the Beckman Laser Institute.ResultsOur preclinical data suggest the following: (1) instrument DOF was ∼1 cm; (2) quantitative flow characterization with LSI was practically unaffected at normalized irradiance values between 0.06 and 0.5; and (3) our LSI instrument was capable of highly reproducible SFI values. From our clinical measurements, we found that the relative difference between blood perfusion in PWS lesions and adjacent normal skin was highly variable. Based on SFI images, the perfusion of PWS skin is sometimes indistinguishable from that of adjacent normal skin. With laser therapy, we measured a global decrease in blood perfusion, and we frequently observed distinct regions of persistent perfusion.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the potential role of image‐guided laser therapy of PWS birthmarks. LSI is a promising tool for noninvasive blood flow characterization during laser therapy due to its relative simplicity and low cost. Laser Surg. Med. 40:167–173, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moving gap solitons in periodic potentials
Authors: Pelinovsky Dmitry , Schneider Guido 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe address the existence of moving gap solitons (traveling localized solutions) in the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a small periodic potential. Moving gap solitons are approximated by the explicit solutions of the coupled‐mode system. We show, however, that exponentially decaying traveling solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation do not generally exist in the presence of a periodic potential due to bounded oscillatory tails ahead and behind the moving solitary waves. The oscillatory tails are not accounted in the coupled‐mode formalism and are estimated by using techniques of spatial dynamics and local center‐stable manifold reductions. Existence of bounded traveling solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a single bump surrounded by oscillatory tails on a large interval of the spatial scale is proven by using these techniques. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A regularity result for a solid–fluid system associated to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Guerrero S. , Boulakia M. 
Published: March 2008

In this paper we deal with a fluid-structure interaction problem for a compressible fluid and a rigid structure immersed in a regular bounded domain in dimension 3. The fluid is modelled by the compressible Navier–Stokes system in the barotropic regime with no-slip boundary conditions and the motion of the structure is described by the usual law of balance of linear and angular moment.
The main result of the paper states that, for small initial data, we have the existence and uniqueness of global smooth solutions as long as no collisions occur. This result is proved in two steps; first, we prove the existence and uniqueness of local solution and then we establish some a priori estimates independently of time.

Résumé
Dans cet article, nous considérons un problème d'interaction fluide-structure entre un fluide compressible et une structure rigide évoluant à l'intérieur d'un domaine borné et régulier en dimension 3. Le fluide est décrit par le système de Navier–Stokes compressible barotrope avec des conditions de non-glissement sur le bord et le mouvement de la structure est régi par les lois de conservation des moments linéaire et angulaire.
Nous montrons, pour des données initiales petites, l'existence et l'unicité de solutions globales régulières tant qu'il n'y a pas de chocs. Ce résultat est obtenu en deux temps ; tout d'abord, nous prouvons l'existence et l'unicité de solutions locales puis nous démontrons des estimations a priori indépendamment du temps.
The pipe and the pinwheel: Is pressure an effective stimulus for the 9 + 0 primary cilium?
Authors: Bell Andrew 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlmost universally, the effective stimulus for mammalian 9 + 0 primary cilia has been taken to be bending. In this article I point out that in several physiological contexts there is great advantage in detecting pressure differences across the cell wall, i.e. axially directed forces pushing fluid to and fro through the hollow cilium and its basal body beneath. The form of the cilium—a fluid‐filled pipe that connects to an intricate pinwheel‐shaped basal body—is well configured for detecting fluid flow. Pressure‐detection calls for compressible elements within the cell, but it effectively matches form and function in a range of cases. The “pipe and pinwheel” scheme suggests that the bulbous swellings commonly found near the tip of some primary cilia are compliant, pressure‐sensitive elements which act like the bulb of an eye‐dropper. In looking exclusively at the bending of cilia, we might be missing aspects of a dual‐stimulus system.
Ca2+–dimethylphosphate complex formation: Providing insight into Ca2+‐mediated local dehydration and membrane fusion in cells
Authors: Potoff Jeffrey J. , Issa Zeena , Manke Charles W. , Jena Bhanu P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEarlier studies using X‐ray diffraction, light scattering, photon correlation spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy, strongly suggest that SNARE‐induced membrane fusion in cells proceeds as a result of calcium bridging opposing bilayers. The bridging of phospholipid heads groups in the opposing bilayers by calcium leads to the release of water from hydrated Ca2+ ions as well as the loosely coordinated water at PO‐lipid head groups. Local dehydration of phospholipid head groups and the calcium, bridging opposing bilayers, then leads to destabilization of the lipid bilayers and membrane fusion. This hypothesis was tested in the current study by atomistic molecular dynamic simulations in the isobaric—isothermal ensemble using hydrated dimethylphosphate anions (DMP−) and calcium cations. Results from the study demonstrate, formation of DMP—Ca2+ complexes and the consequent removal of water, supporting the hypothesis. Our study further demonstrates that as a result of Ca2+–DMP self‐assembly, the distance between anionic oxygens between the two DMP molecules is reduced to 2.92 Å, which is in close agreement with the 2.8 Å SNARE‐induced apposition established between opposing bilayers, reported earlier from X‐ray diffraction measurements.
The Atorvastatin/Donepezil in Alzheimer's Disease Study (LEADe): Design and baseline characteristics
Authors: Jones Roy W. , Kivipelto Miia , Feldman Howard , Sparks Larry , Doody Rachelle , Waters David D. , Hey-Hadavi Judith , Breazna Andrei , Schindler Rachel J. , Ramos Harry ,   LEADe investigators
Published: March 2008

BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests that elevated cholesterol levels in mid‐life are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that statins might have a protective effect against AD and dementia. The Lipitor's Effect in Alzheimer's Dementia (LEADe) study tests the hypothesis that a statin (atorvastatin 80 mg daily) will provide a benefit on the course of mild to moderate AD in patients receiving background therapy of a cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil 10 mg daily).MethodsThis is an international, multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group study with a double‐blind randomized withdrawal phase of patients with mild to moderate AD (Mini‐Mental State Examination [MMSE] score, 13 to 25). Inclusion criteria included age 50 to 90 years, receiving donepezil 10 mg for at least 3 months before randomization, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL‐C) 2.5 to 3.5 mmol/L (95 to 195 mg/dL). Co‐primary end points are changes in AD Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog) and AD Cooperative Study‐Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS‐CGIC) scale scores. A confirmatory end point is rate of change in whole brain and hippocampal volumes in patients who enrolled in the magnetic resonance imaging substudy.ResultsEnrollment of 641 subjects is complete. The baseline mean data are age 74 ± 8 years, 53% women, MMSE 22 ± 3, ADAS‐cog 23 ± 10, AD Functional Assessment and Change Scale (ADFACS) 13 ± 9, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 10 ± 11, and Clinical Dementia Rating‐Sum of Boxes (CDR‐SB) 6 ± 3. Mean prior donepezil treatment was 409 ± 407 days. Mean baseline lipid levels are total cholesterol 5.8 ± 0.8 mmol/L (224 ± 33 mg/dL), LDL‐C 3.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L (143 ± 26 mg/dL), triglycerides 1.5 ± 0.7 mmol/L (132 ± 64 mg/dL), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol 1.6 ± 0.5 mmol/L (64 ± 18 mg/dL).ConclusionsLEADe will report in 2008 and is expected to provide a more definitive evaluation of the potential for statins in the treatment of people with AD.
Proximal pharyngeal reflux correlates with increasing severity of lingual tonsil hypertrophy
Authors: DelGaudio John M. , Iman Naseri , Wise Justin C. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine if degree of lingual tonsil hypertrophy(LTH) correlates with pharyngeal reflux.DesignProspective.MethodsPatients with flexible laryngoscopic evidence of LTH were included. Degree of LTH was graded mild, moderate, or severe by two otolaryngologists blinded to pH study results. Threesensor pH study results were correlated to LTH grade.ResultsNineteen patients were included (five with mild LTH, eight with moderate LTH, and six with severe LTH). Nasopharyngeal reflux (NPR) events <pH4 were found in four of six severe LTH patients but no mild or moderate LTH patients (P = 0.006). All severe LTH patients had NPR events <pH5, compared with only 4 of 11 mild or moderate LTH patients (P = 0.017). Atthe UES, 4 of 6 severe LTH patients had pathologic reflux, compared with 4 of 13 mild or moderate (P = 0.025). Interobserver reliability calculated by Cohen's kappa was excellent (0.92).ConclusionsOur study shows a continuum of increasing pharyngeal reflux with higher LTH severity. Severe LTH may be a reliable physical sign of pharyngeal reflux, especially NPR.© 2008 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Parasitic castration of the stenopodid shrimp Stenopus hispidus (Decapoda: Stenopodidae) induced by the bopyrid isopod Argeiopsis inhacae (Isopoda: Bopyridae)
Authors: Calado Ricardo , Bartilotti Cátia , Goy Joseph W. , Dinis Maria Teresa 
Published: March 2008

The present work reports the existence of parasitic castration induced by the bopyrid isopod Argeiopsis inhacae parasitizing the branchial chamber of female Stenopus hispidus. Parasitized and unparasitized females of S. hispidus displayed similar intermoult periods (14 ± 2 d) and exhibited similar mating behaviours. However, despite exhibiting typical mating behaviour, parasitized females were never able to produce any egg clutch when paired with unparasitized males; neither displayed the typical ‘dorsal bright green spot’ evidencing the presence of large vitellogenic oocytes. The idea that bopyrid infections generally lead to the ‘reproductive death’ of the decapod host is reinforced and the apparent existence of a heavily sex-biased infection towards females in S. hispidus may just be a consequence of the still limited number of surveyed specimens.