bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male Friendship and Jiangxue (Philosophical Debates) in Sixteenth-Century China
Authors: Huang Martin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on the significant rise of the status of friendship in sixteenth-century Chinese cultural discourses and the relevant roles played by the jiangxue (philosophical debating) activities on the part of many members of the popular neo-Confucian movement of the School of the Mind. It seeks to demonstrate how the practices of jiangxue helped construct a special cultural and social sphere where male friendships could flourish with great freedom and where friendship was granted the kind of Confucian legitimacy it had never enjoyed before. The article also explores the resultant tensions within the important Confucian ethical concept of wulun (the five cardinal human relationships) as it was being contested and re/negotiated during that time.
Why Is the Sophist a Sequel to the Theaetetus?
Authors: Kahn Charles 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Theaetetus and the Sophist both stand in the shadow of the Parmenides, to which they refer. I propose to interpret these two dialogues as Plato's first move in the project of reshaping his metaphysics with the double aim of avoiding problems raised in the Parmenides and applying his general theory to the philosophy of nature. The classical doctrine of Forms is subject to revision, but Plato's fundamental metaphysics is preserved in the Philebus as well as in the Timaeus. The most important change is the explicit enlargement of the notion of Being to include the nature of things that change.This reshaping of the metaphysics is prepared in the Theaetetus and Sophist by an analysis of sensory phenomena in the former and, in the latter, a new account of Forms as a network of mutual connections and exclusions. The division of labor between the two dialogues is symbolized by the role of Heraclitus in the former and that of Parmenides in the latter. Theaetetus asks for a discussion of Parmenides as well, but Socrates will not undertake it. For that we need the visitor from Elea. Hence the Theaetetus deals with becoming and flux but not with being; that topic is reserved for Eleatic treatment in the Sophist. But the problems of falsity and Not-Being, formulated in the first dialogue, cannot be resolved without the considerations of truth and Being, reserved for the later dialogue. That is why there must be a sequel to the Theaetetus.
Animal Agendas: Conflict over Productive Animals in Twentieth-Century Australian Cities
Authors: Gaynor Andrea 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOver the course of the twentieth century, the number of productive nonhuman animals (livestock and poultry) in Australian cities declined dramatically. This decline resulted—at least in part—from an imaginative geography, in which productive animals were deemed inappropriate occupants of urban spaces. A class-based prioritization of amenity, privacy, order, and the protection of real property values—as well as a gender order within which animal-keeping was not recognized as a legitimate economic activity for women—shaped this imaginative geography of animals that found its most critical expression in local government regulations. However, there were different imaginative geographies among women and men—mostly those from the working class—whose emotional and economic relationships with productive animals led them to advocate for those animals as legitimate and desirable urban inhabitants.
The Cunning Dingo
Authors: Parker Merryl 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Australian dingo, like the dog, descends from the wolf. However, although dogs have undergone a lengthy taming process that allows them to fit into human society, dingoes retain many wolf characteristics. Like the wolf and unlike the dog, dingoes do not bark. Dingoes howl; they come into season once a year, and they can dislocate their powerful jaws to seize prey. Since the arrival of settlers and their farming practices in Australia 200 years ago, dingoes have killed sheep, and dogs have learned to protect and control those sheep. Medieval texts admire dogs for their intelligence while denigrating wolves as "cunning"—a word defined as deceitful, crafty, and treacherous. A study of Australian colonial texts reveals a popular representation of the dingo as cowardly, promiscuous, vicious—and cunning. This study compares the representation of dingoes (who by killing sheep worked against the settlers) with the representation of dogs (who protected the farmers' economic interests). Finally, the paper examines those colonial writers who, either deliberately or unintentionally, allowed the dingo to escape the denigrating representation of cunning.
Regulation of protein C inhibitor (PCI) activity by specific oxidized and negatively charged phospholipids
Authors: Malleier Julia M. , Oskolkova Olga , Bochkov Valery , Jerabek Ingrid , Sokolikova Barbora , Perkmann Thomas , Breuss Johannes , Binder Bernd R. , Geiger Margarethe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProtein C inhibitor (PCI) is a serpin with affinity for heparin and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). We analyzed the interaction of PCI with different phospholipids and their oxidized forms. PCI bound to oxidized PE (OxPE), and oxidized and unoxidized phosphatidylserine (PS) immobilized on microtiter plates and in aqueous suspension. Binding to OxPE and PS was competed by heparin, but not by the aminophospholipid-binding protein annexin V or the PCI-binding lipid retinoic acid. PS and OxPE stimulated the inhibition of activated protein C (aPC) by PCI in a Ca++-dependent manner, indicating that binding of both, aPC (Ca++ dependent) and PCI (Ca++ independent), to phospholipids is necessary. A peptide corresponding to the heparin-binding site of PCI abolished the stimulatory effect of PS on aPC inhibition. No stimulatory effect of phospholipids on aPC inhibition was seen with a PCI mutant lacking the heparin-binding site. A heparin-like effect of phospholipids (OxPE) was not seen with antithrombin III, another heparin-binding serpin, suggesting that it is specific for PCI. PCI and annexin V were found to be endogenously colocalized in atherosclerotic plaques, supporting the hypothesis that exposure of oxidized PE and/or PS may be important for the local regulation of PCI activity in vivo.
Preclinical studies of the pan-Bcl inhibitor obatoclax (GX015-070) in multiple myeloma
Authors: Trudel Suzanne , Li Zhi Hua , Rauw Jennifer , Tiedemann Rodger E. , Wen Xiao Yan , Stewart A. Keith 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Bcl family members Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, are frequently expressed and implicated in the survival of myeloma cells. Obatoclax (GX015-070) is a novel, small-molecule antagonist of the BH3-binding groove of the Bcl family of proteins. We show that GX015-070 inhibits the binding of Bak to Mcl-1, up-regulates Bim, induces cytochrome c release, and activates capase-3 in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs), confirming the predicted mechanism of action. Consequently, GX015-070 potently inhibited the viability of 15 of 16 HMCLs (mean IC50 of 246 nM), including those resistant to melphalan and dexamethasone. In combination studies, GX015-070 enhanced the antimyeloma activity induced by melphalan, dexamethasone, or bortezomib. Sensitivity to GX015-070 correlated with the absence or near absence of Bcl-xL. Coculture with interleukin-6 or adherence to bone marrow stroma conferred modest resistance; however, it did not overcome GX015-070–induced cytotoxicity. Of importance, GX015-070 as a single agent induced potent cytotoxic responses against patient-derived tumor cells. GX015-070 inhibited normal bone marrow–derived colony formation; however, cytotoxicity to human blood lymphocytes was not observed. Taken together, these studies describe a novel BH3 mimic with selectivity for Mcl-1, and support the therapeutic application of GX015-070 for diverse neoplasias including multiple myeloma.
Intercenter reliability and validity of the rhesus macaque GeneChip
Authors: Duan Fenghai , Spindel Eliot R , Li Yu-Hua , Norgren Robert B 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
The non-human primate (NHP) research community has been intensely interested in obtaining whole-genome expression arrays for their work. Recently, novel approaches were used to generate the DNA sequence information for a rhesus GeneChip. To test the reliability of the rhesus GeneChip across different centers, RNA was isolated from five sources: cerebral cortex, pancreas, thymus, testis, and an immortalized fibroblast cell line. Aliquots of this RNA were sent to each of three centers: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Oregon National Primate Research Center and the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Each center labeled the samples and hybridized them with two rhesus macaque GeneChips. In addition, rhesus samples were hybridzed with human GeneChips to compare with samples hybridized with the rhesus GeneChip.

Results
The results indicate that center effects were minimal and the rhesus GeneChip appears highly reliable. To test the validity of the rhesus GeneChip, five of the most differentially expressed genes among tissues identified in the reliability experiments were chosen for analysis with Quantitative PCR. For all 5 genes, the qPCR and GeneChip results were in agreement with regard to differential expression between tissues. Significantly more probesets were called present when rhesus samples were hybridized with the rhesus GeneChip than when these same samples were hybridized with a human GeneChip.

Conclusion
The rhesus GeneChip is both a reliable and a valid tool for examining gene expression and represents a significant improvement over the use of the human GeneChip for rhesus macaque gene expression studies.
Gene expression profiles in asbestos-exposed epithelial and mesothelial lung cell lines
Authors: Nymark Penny , Lindholm Pamela M , Korpela Mikko V , Lahti Leo , Ruosaari Salla , Kaski Samuel , Hollmén Jaakko , Anttila Sisko , Kinnula Vuokko L , Knuutila Sakari 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
Asbestos has been shown to cause chromosomal damage and DNA aberrations. Exposure to asbestos causes many lung diseases e.g. asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, and lung cancer, but the disease-related processes are still largely unknown. We exposed the human cell lines A549, Beas-2B and Met5A to crocidolite asbestos and determined time-dependent gene expression profiles by using Affymetrix arrays. The hybridization data was analyzed by using an algorithm specifically designed for clustering of short time series expression data. A canonical correlation analysis was applied to identify correlations between the cell lines, and a Gene Ontology analysis method for the identification of enriched, differentially expressed biological processes.

Results
We recognized a large number of previously known as well as new potential asbestos-associated genes and biological processes, and identified chromosomal regions enriched with genes potentially contributing to common responses to asbestos in these cell lines. These include genes such as the thioredoxin domain containing gene (TXNDC) and the potential tumor suppressor, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kD-interacting protein gene (BNIP3L), GO-terms such as "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade" and "positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent", and chromosomal regions such as 2p22, 9p13, and 14q21. We present the complete data sets as Additional files.

Conclusion
This study identifies several interesting targets for further investigation in relation to asbestos-associated diseases.
De novo C16- and C24-ceramide generation contributes to spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis
Authors: Seumois Grégory , Fillet Marianne , Gillet Laurent , Faccinetto Céline , Desmet Christophe , François Cédric , Dewals Benjamin , Oury Cécile , Vanderplasschen Alain , Lekeux Pierre , Bureau Fabrice 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeutrophils rapidly undergo spontaneous apoptosis following their release from the bone marrow. Although central to leukocyte homeostasis, the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil apoptosis remain poorly understood. We show here that apoptosis of cultured neutrophils is preceded by a substantial increase in the intracellular levels of 16 and 24 carbon atom (C16- and C24)-ceramides, which are lipid second messengers of apoptosis and stress signaling. Treatment of neutrophils with fumonisin B2, a selective inhibitor of the de novo pathway of ceramide synthesis, prevented accumulation of C16- and C24-ceramides. Moreover, fumonisin B2 significantly reduced caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation and apoptosis in these cells. Conversely, 3-O-methylsphingomyelin and fantofarone, which are specific inhibitors of neutral and acid sphingomyelinases, respectively, neither inhibited C16- and C24-ceramide production nor decreased the apoptosis rate in neutrophils, indicating that in these cells, ceramides are not generated from membrane sphingomyelin. Further experiments showed that increasing endogenous C16- and C24-ceramide levels by using DL-threo-1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol and (1S,2R)-D-erythro-2-(N-myristoylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol, two inhibitors of ceramide metabolism, enhances caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity and increases neutrophil apoptosis. Similarly, apoptosis was induced rapidly when synthetic C16- and/or C24-ceramides were added to neutrophil cultures. Finally, GM-CSF, a cytokine that delays neutrophil apoptosis, abrogated C16- and C24-ceramide accumulation totally in cultured neutrophils, whereas Fas ligation accelerated apoptosis in these cells without affecting de novo ceramide production. We conclude that de novo generation of C16- and C24-ceramides contributes to spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis via caspase activation and that GM-CSF exerts its antiapoptotic effects on neutrophils, at least partly through inhibition of ceramide accumulation.
Chemokine regulation of atherosclerosis
Authors: Barlic Jana , Murphy Philip M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOxidative stress and inflammation are accepted as major factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but how they interact to produce a plaque has not been delineated clearly. Recent data suggest that oxidized lipids may act in part by regulating production of chemokines and chemokine receptors, which in turn, may direct monocytes and other blood leukocytes to the vessel wall, where they may interact with endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The receptors may act at the level of recruitment, retention, and egress, not only through classic, chemotactic mechanisms but also through direct, intercellular adhesion. The results suggest a coordinated mechanism for inflammatory cell accumulation in plaque and identify novel targets, such as CCR2 and CX3CR1, for potential drug development in coronary artery disease.
Effect of antidepressant therapy on executive function after stroke
Authors: Narushima Kenji , Paradiso Sergio , Moser David J. , Jorge Ricardo , Robinson Robert G. 
Published: March 2007

BackgroundExecutive dysfunction is common after stroke and may impair long-term outcome. Remedies for this condition are limited.AimsTo examine the effect of antidepressants on executive function after stroke.MethodForty-seven patients who had had a stroke during the prior 6 months received 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion, followed by assessment of executive function at the end of treatment and after 2 years.ResultsNo significant group effect was found at the end of treatment. However, 21 months after the end of treatment the placebo group showed deterioration of executive function, whereas the active treatment group showed clear and significant improvement independent of depressive symptoms (F=12.1, d.f.=1,45,P= 0.001).ConclusionsAntidepressant treatment fosters long-term improvement of executive function following stroke. This phenomenon is consistent with a reorganisation of neuronal networks associated with prefrontal functions based on modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission and the activity of neurotrophins.
Bias in psychiatric case–control studies
Authors: Lee William , Bindman Jonathan , Ford Tamsin , Glozier Nick , Moran Paul , Stewart Robert , Hotopf Matthew 
Published: March 2007

BackgroundCase–control studies are vulnerable to selection and information biases
which may generate misleading findings.AimsTo assess the quality of methodological reporting of case–control studies
published in general psychiatric journals.MethodAll the case–control studies published over a 2-year period in the six
general psychiatric journals with impact factors of more than 3 were
assessed by a group of psychiatrists with training in epidemiology using
a structured assessment devised for the purpose. The measured study
quality was compared across type of exposure and journal.ResultsThe reporting of methods in the 408 identified papers was generally poor,
with basic information about recruitment of participants often absent.
Reduction of selection bias was described best in the ‘pencil and paper’
studies and worst in the genetic studies. Neuroimaging studies reported
the most safeguards against information bias. Measurement of exposure was
reported least well in studies determining the exposure with a biological
test.ConclusionsPoor reporting of recruitment strategies threatens the validity of
reported results and reduces the generalisability of studies.
Homocysteine, 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C&gt;T Polymorphism, Nutrient Intake, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in 24 968 Initially Healthy Women
Authors: Zee Robert YL , Mora Samia , Cheng Suzanne , Erlich Henry A , Lindpaintner Klaus , Rifai Nader , Buring Julie E , Ridker Paul M 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in epidemiological studies, but recent trials have failed to show a benefit of lowering homocysteine. To address this apparent paradox, we explored whether interaction between genetic and dietary factors related to homocysteine metabolism contributes to CVD risk.
Methods: We evaluated the associations of homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C&gt;T genotype, and dietary intake of folate/B-vitamins with subsequent CVD events in 24 968 apparently healthy white American women followed for 10 years. Plasma homocysteine was measured using an enzymatic assay. MTHFR genotype was determined with a multiplex PCR using biotinylated primers.
Results: In unadjusted analyses, homocysteine showed moderately strong linear associations with CVD, with hazard ratios (95% CI) comparing top with bottom quintiles for total CVD of 1.92 (1.55–2.37), myocardial infarction 2.32 (1.52–3.54), and ischemic stroke 2.25 (1.45–3.50), all Ptrend &lt;0.001. These ratios were markedly attenuated after adjusting for traditional risk factors and socioeconomic status to 1.08 (0.86–1.36), Ptrend = 0.12; 1.20 (0.76–1.87), Ptrend = 0.14; and 1.21 (0.75–1.94), Ptrend = 0.50, respectively. Homocysteine was associated with MTHFR genotype (1.4 μmol/L higher homocysteine for TT vs CC, P &lt;0.001) and inversely with intake of folate, vitamin B2, B6, and B12, all Ptrend &lt;0.001. However, there was no association of MTHFR genotype or dietary folate/B-vitamins with CVD. In addition, there were no gene–diet or gene–homocysteine interactions in relation to CVD.
Conclusions: In this large-scale prospective study, the association of homocysteine with CVD was markedly attenuated after adjusting for risk factors and was not modified by MTHFR 677C&gt;T or intake of folate or B-vitamins.
Zum fünfundzwanzigsten Jahrgang der Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft
Authors: Thümmel Wolf 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Schon bei den informellen Vorbereitungen zur Gründung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschaft (DGfS) im Jahre 1977 wurde die Etablierung einer Zeitschrift als Publikationsorgan der Gesellschaft erwogen und zur Beratung auf die Tagesordnung der Gründungsversammlung am 4. 2. 1978 gesetzt. Drei Jahre später hat dann die Mitgliederversammlung in Regensburg beschlossen, die Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft als verbandseigene Zeitschrift zu gründen und auf diese effektive und außerhalb der DGfS erkennbare Weise satzungsgemäß den wissenschaftlichen Austausch auf dem Gebiet der BRD und West-Berlin zu fördern.
Der Vistembor brehlte dem Luhr Knotten auf den bänken Leuster – Wie sich die Fähigkeit zur satzinternen Großschreibung entwickelt
Authors: Günther Hartmut 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using capital letters within sentences not only for proper names but also for nouns is a specific feature of the German writing system. A short sketch of the historical development and two different approaches to the description of this phenomenon is given. Data using the dictation of pseudoword texts show that the ability to master this feature of German orthography develops independently of the way the rule of capitalizing nouns is taught at school.
Preliminary Results of an Intelligibility Measure for English-Speaking Children with Cleft Palate
Authors: Hodge Megan , Gotzke Carrie L. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: This study describes a preliminary evaluation of the construct and concurrent validity of the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate. Design: The study used a prospective between-groups design with convenience samples. Participants: Participants (ages 39 to 82 months) included 5 children with cleft palate and 10 children with typical speech development and no history of craniofacial abnormalities. All children had age-appropriate language skills. Interventions: Each child completed the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate by imitating single words. Each child's word productions were recorded and played back to listeners who completed open-set and closed-set response tasks. Recorded utterances that represented a contiguous 100-word sample of each child's spontaneous speech also were played back to listeners for completion of an open-set word identification task. Main Outcome Measures: Measures reported include group means for (1) intelligibility scores for the open-set Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate and spontaneous speech sample conditions, and (2) percentage of phonetic contrasts correct and correct-distorted from the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate closed-set response task. Results: The group of children with cleft palate had significantly lower intelligibility scores, lower percentage of correct phonetic contrasts, and higher percentage of correct distorted items (construct validity). A strong positive correlation (r = .88, p < .01) was found between intelligibility scores from the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate and the spontaneous sample (concurrent validity). Conclusions: The results provide preliminary support for the construct and concurrent validities of the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate as a measure of children's speech intelligibility.