bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial hydrogenation and winterization of soybean oil
Authors: Evans C. D. , Beal R. E. , McConnell D. G. , Black L. T. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was hydrogenated under selective and nonselective conditions to give products with iodine values (I.V.) ranging from 85‐115. The products were crystallized at 8C and examined for yield, stability, and fatty acid composition of the winterized oil. Changes in fatty acid composition, formation oftrans acids, and yield of winterized oil are approximately linear with the degree of hydrogenation. Stearine fractions, which are 15‐20 I.V. units lower than winterized oil, were further crystallized in solvents to yield liquid oils and hard stearines.
Some basic factors in the bleaching of fatty oils
Authors: Rich A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe physical and chemical properties of bleach‐ing clay are presented, and the effects of these properties upon its performance in bleaching. Various bleaching effects are described:

Comparison of atomspheric vs. vacuum bleaching, showing the superiority of one or the other depends upon the predominance of oxidative color fading or color fixation/ color formation in the atmospheric bleach.
The log‐log bleach curve of clays carried out to extreme dosage.
Bleaching time‐temp effects on different oils, showing that up to a given time, high temp bleaching gives a lighter color than low temp; however, with increased time the high temp bleached oil darkens rapidly in con‐trast to the low temp oil, which levels out with time.
The effect of adding clay to hot oil vs. ad‐ding it to 舠cold舡 oil, indicating a better bleach when the clay is added to the cold oil, with an explanation for the effect.
Comparison of bleaching by filtration of the oil through a layer of clay against conventional bleaching, indicating superior‐ity for the former.
Thermal analysis and calorimetry of some fatty acid sodium soaps
Authors: Pacor P. , Spier H. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTransition temperatures and enthalpies and some phase diagrams of pure odd and even sodium soaps have been determined by means of dif‐ferential thermal analysis and scanning calorim‐etry. Branched sodium soaps have been added for comparison.No essential difference has been found between the number, type, and enthalpy of the transitions of the neighboring odd and even soaps. The total enthalpy and entropy of transition are consider‐ably lower than those of the corresponding par‐affins and fatty acids. The entropy of the subneat‐neat and perhaps of the neat isotropic transition has an alternating character, which suggests a different methyl end‐group packing for even and odd soap. These two facts suggest that the melted soap is still in an organized state.
Radiotracers in fabric‐washing studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis report is directed toward the application of radiotracers to larger‐scale, practical launder‐ing experiments with the use of washing machines and Tergotometers with fully built detergents. Such applications have not been widely reported because of the difficulty in setting up the experi‐ments, in handling the large numbers of samples which are generated, and performing the many computations. A brief description of the useful properties ofbeta‐emitting radioisotopes is presented, followed by a discussion of the effect of these properties on two methods of detection; geiger and liquid scintillation counting. The advantages and limita‐tions of each are described, which lead to the con‐clusion that, for fabric analysis, liquid scintilla‐tion counting is preferred. The combination of the modern liquid scintillation counter with a computer provides a highly efficient analytical scheme for the analysis of fabrics containing labeled species. The severe problem of radiochemical purity, which has long hampered radiotracer experiments, is next discussed together with some recommenda‐tions for overcoming the problem. Finally, the applications of tagged compounds to two aspects of fabric washing are described. The first is a study of adsorptivity and rinsability of some anionic surfactants on cotton fabric after laun‐dering in an automatic washing machine. The second is some results of a continuing study of detergency by using a multicomponent, double‐labeled radioactive soil.
Improvements in detergency precision with radioactive soil
Authors: Shebs W. T. , Gordon B. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent work on the use of seven‐component, doubly labeled radioactive soil to evaluate deter‐gency has depended on the analyses of the fabric for residual soil. Because of the variation of soil concentration within and between fabric swatches, considerable replication was required to lower the standard deviations to ±10%. A method for the analysis of wash water has been developed which requires much less replica‐tion and achieves higher precision (<±2%). The method is based on the use of an inhomo‐geneous scintillator, which can emulsify, or at least suspend, large volumes of water in a liquid scintillator while maintaining good counting efficiency. Studies of closure, i.e., amount of soil recovered in wash water plus fabric compared with soil introduced into the Tergotometer, have demonstrated that the method is reasonably accurate and quite precise.
Physiological Evaluation of Solvent‐Treated Cottonseed Meals in Rations for Laying Hens
Authors: Proctor J. , O’Neill H. J. , Reilich H. G. , Levi R. S. , Pons W. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo commercial cottonseed meals, a direct solvent‐extracted meal and a screw‐pressed meal, were subjected to successive solvent‐extraction procedures by using an acetone/hexane/water azeotrope to reduce their cyclopropenoid fatty acid content. The two original commercial meals, as well as a double‐ and triple‐extracted portion, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive con‐trol containing 2 % refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four‐week feeding period the eggs were collected dur‐ing the third and fourth week and stored at 35F for periods of three and six months. Over‐all egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the extracted yolk lipids were determined after the three‐ and six‐month storage period.
Separation of saturated, unsaturated, and acetylenic fatty acid isomers by silver resin chromatography
Authors: Emken E. A. , Hartman J. C. , Turner C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA column packed with silver‐saturated ion exchange resin (Amberlyst XN 1010) was found to have lipid separation capabilities superior to Amberlyst XN 1005 and similar to Amberlite XE 284. The separation of unsaturated fatty methyl ester isomers by silver resin chromatography using methanol as the eluting solvent has been extended to mixtures containing polyunsaturate and acetylenic fatty esters. Separations are possible on the basis of both total number of double bonds and the geometric configuration. Mixtures containing saturates, elaidate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate can be separated, but 10% 1‐hexene must be added to the methanol to elute the linolenate. Mixtures containingtrans,trans‐;trans,cis‐; andcis,cis‐octadecadienoate isomers have also been separated, and partial resolution ofcis‐9,cis‐12‐ andcis‐2,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate isomers was obtained. Sterolate, a monounsaturated acetylenic fatty ester was eluted at the same time as oleate. Crepenynate (cis‐9‐octadecen‐12‐ynoate) can be separated from linoleate but not fromcis,trans‐octadecadienoate.
Ethoxylation
Authors: Stockburger G. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe translation of the potentially hazardous, highly exothermic alkoxylation reaction to the rapid, safe and completely reliable industrial technology that it is today has been a noteworthy development. Commercially, the reactions of ethylene oxide with fatty acids are conducted in the presence of alkaline catalysts at temperatures above 100 C. The reaction proceeds in two steps. The first step is relatively slow and the product is predominantly ethylene glycol monoester. The second step occurs after approximately one mole ethylene oxide is reacted and all of the fatty acid is consumed. An increase in the ethylene oxide addition rate is observed, and polyethylene glycol esters are formed. Rapid transesterification also occurs, and the molar proportions of monoester, diester, and free polyol in the product approaches those predicted by the equilibrium assuming random esterification of the polyethylene glycol hydroxyl groups. The composition of polyoxyethylated fatty acids is similar to that obtained by the direct esterification of fatty acid with polyethylene glycol. The distribution of the ethylene oxide chain lengths in the polyethylene glycol portion of the product can be approximated assuming random addition of the epoxide.
Positional distribution of the fatty acids in the triglycerides of mango (Mangifera indica) kernel fat
Authors: Van Pee W. , Boni L. , Foma M. , Hoylaerts M. , Hendrikx A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTriglycerides of mango seed kernel fat contain, depending on the variety, 32.4–44.0% of stearic acid and 43.7–54.5% of oleic acid. Palmitic and linoleic acids represent, respectively, 5.9–9.1% and 3.6–6.7% of the fatty acids. The triglycerides also contain minor amounts of arachidic and linolenic acids. Palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids were almost exclusively distributed among thesn‐1‐andsn‐3‐positions. Oleic acid represented 85–89% of the fatty acids at thesn‐2‐position. Oleic acid at thesn‐1‐ andsn‐3‐positions showed a preference for thesn‐1‐position. Linoleic acid was mainly esterified at thesn‐2‐position. The amounts of saturated fatty acids, i.e., palmitic and stearic acids, and of oleic acid, at thesn‐1‐ and sn‐3‐positions, were linearly related to their respective contents in the total triglycerides.
Destruction of zearalenone in contaminated corn
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Shotwell O. L. , Hesseltine C. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral chemical and physical treatments were investigated as possible methods for destroying zearalenone in contaminated corn. An ammoniation process which significantly lowers aflatoxin levels had no effect on zearalenone contamination in yellow corn. Also, treatments of propionic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide failed to reduce toxin levels. High‐temperature treatment (150 C) had no effect on zearalenone. Formaldehyde, in vapor form from paraformaldehyde crystals or in aqueous solutions, destroyed significant quantities of zearalenone in naturally contaminated yellow corn meal and in spiked corn grits and animal feed. Samples treated with aqueous formaldehyde must be dried at 50 C or more to cause effective destruction of zearale‐none. Levels as high as 10 ppm zearalenone in animal feed and 8 ppm in ground corn were reduced to less than 0.5 ppm with formal‐dehyde. Ammonium hydroxide and formaldehyde partially des‐troyed zearalenone in highly contaminated ground corn. Levels as high as 33.5 ppm were reduced to 12 ppm by 3% ammonium hydroxide and to 2.1 ppm by 3.7% formaldehyde. No treatment used in this study significantly reduced zearalenone levels in whole‐kernel corn.
α‐Tocopherol prooxidant effect in aqueous media: Increased autoxidation rate of linoleic acid
Authors: Cillard J. , Cillard P. , Cormier M. , Girre L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe prooxidant effect of a‐tocopherol was investigated during linoleic acid autoxidation in an aqueous media, at pH 6.9. α‐Tocopherol (1.25 x 10−4 M) was added to linoleic acid (2.5 x 10−3 M) and the linoleic acid autoxidation rate was evaluated using 2 methods: spectrophotometric measurement at 234 nm exhibited an important increase of conjugated dienes after α‐tocopherol addition, especially during the first 4 days, and gas Chromatographie measurement of unoxidized linoleic acid showed an important degradation of linoleic acid in the presence of a‐tocopherol. During the pro‐oxidant reaction, α‐tocopherol was rapidly oxidized ; it was detected as traces by thin layer chromatography after 4 days of experimentation. Two oxidation products of α‐tocopherol have been identified: α‐tocopherylquinone and a dimer of α‐tocopherol.
Nitrogen analysis of whole seeds
Authors: Cavins J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhole seeds were digested in sulfuric acid with catalyst in conical beakers on a hot plate and the digest was analyzed for nitrogen. The nitrogen analysis of the digest can be performed by distillation‐titration or colorimetrically, using manual or automatic procedures, linear regression analyses of 8 samples of 16 soybeans each gave values that agreed within 2% of those obtained by the standard Kjeldahl procedure. Precision of the method is 1.8 relative standard deviation compared with 1.4 relative standard deviation for the standard method. The whole seed procedure gives results that are independent of seed size and has been applied to samples of both oilseeds and cereal grains.
Analysis of neutral volatiles of mayonnaise by direct gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Fore S. P. , Legendre M. G. , Fisher G. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSimple procedures have been developed for analyzing neutral volatiles from mayonnaise by direct gas chromatography and combined direct gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. For gas Chromatographic analysis, a glass liner containing glass wool coated with alkali in the lower quarter and plain glass wool in the remaining space is placed in the heated inlet of a gas Chromatograph, and mayonnaise and water are injected onto the plain packing. Neutral volatiles eluted from the mayonnaise by the combined action of water, carrier gas, and heat collect on the cool column of the gas Chromatograph, but acetic acid is trapped by the alkaline glass wool and thus does not interfere with the analysis. After removal of the liner with the spent sample, the temperature of the column oven is programmed to resolve the volatiles. For mass spectrometric analysis, neutral volatiles are passed directly from a Chromatograph inlet to a second inlet liner containing a porous polymer that traps most organic compounds but has low affinity for water. These neutral organic volatiles are desorbed from the porous polymer in the inlet of a Chromatograph interfaced with a mass spectrometer for analysis. This procedure allows components resolved by the gas Chromatograph to be identified by mass spectrometry without interference from either water or acetic acid. A total of 21 neutral volatile compounds was identified in mayonnaise.
Allylic halogenation and oxidation of long chain α,β‐unsaturated ester
Authors: Ahmad Moghis U. , Shamim Ahmad M. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyltrans‐2‐hexadecenoate (1b) on allylic bromination with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) (0.5 mole) yielded methyl 4‐bromo‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (2b) in 50% yield. Reaction with 2.0 moles of NBS afforded the allylic bromide (2b, δ 80%) as well as the dibromide (3b). Alkaline hydrolysis of the bromo ester (2b) yielded 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoic acid (4a, δ 70%) and an unexpected product, 4‐oxo‐hexadecanoic acid (5a, δ 30%). A mechanism involving rearrangement is proposed to account for this unusual product. The effect of the ester carbonyl adjacent to the double bond in2b was found to suppress dehydrobromination (elimination) reaction and favors only substitution (SN2), unlike the allylically brominated derivatives of internal olefinic compounds. The CrO3‐pyridine oxidation of4b yielded the corresponding unsaturated ketone (7b). The structures of individual reaction products were established by elemental analyses as well as by spectral studies.
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions: II. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates with additional alkyl substituents
Authors: Doe Peter H. , El‐Emary Mahmoud , Wade William H. , Schechter Robert S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and low interfacial tension behavior of a variety of di‐ and trialkylbenzenesulfonates are described. The benzene ring carries one major alkyl substituent, consisting of a linear chain eight to sixteen carbon atoms long, and one or two additional methyl, ethyl, propyl, i‐propyl, butyl, or t‐butyl groups. The addition of these extra groups causes the low interfacial tensions to shift to higher molecular weight alkanes when compared to the parent linear alkylbenzenesulfonate. Surfactants in these structural classes can give very low interfacial tensions against those alkanes which best model the behavior of crude oils, but this is influenced by the number and type of the short alkyl substituents. These surfactant structures are more attractive from the point of view of tertiary oil recovery than linear alkylbenzenesulfonates.
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions: III. Di and tri n‐alkylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Doe Peter H. , El‐Emary Mahmoud , Wade William H. , Schechter Robert S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of several di and tri n‐alkylbenzene‐sulfonates is described. Low interfacial tensions can be obtained against alkanes by using these materials as surfactants. The low interfacial tension properties of these surfactants are shown to be profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of an alkyl group in the ortho position relative to the sulfonate group and also to depend on the length of this alkyl chain relative to other chains in the molecule. Surfactants where this chain is relatively long tend to give their lowest interfacial tensions against the lowest molecular weight alkanes and also to be effective at lower surfactant molecular weight.
Cotton linters
Authors: Orr James C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCotton linters, the relatively short fuzz left on cottonseed after the cotton ginning process, is thepurest cellulose in chemistry having hundreds of end uses. The end product available from linters is an extremely valuable annuallly renewable resource having more uses than any other part of the cottonseed. Its many uses, small cost of removal, and revenue therefrom should confirm that removal of this lint is profitable even at an average low price of three cents a pound.
Sampling aerosol GLC peaks for spectroscopy
Authors: King William H. , O’Connor Robert T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA brief summary of devices and techniques which have been used for trapping GLC fractions is presented together with a new, simple, and efficient technique especially suited for collection of aerosol samples. The apparatus is described and a typical application of its use in collecting samples for spectroscopic analyses is presented together with a brief theory of the principles involved.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods: IV. Identification of acidic volatile decomposition products of hydrogenated cottonseed oil
Authors: Yasuda Kosaku , Reddy B. R. , Chang S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe acidic volatile decomposition products (VDP) produced by a hydrogenated cottonseed oil maintained at 185C with periodic frying of moist cotton balls and with periodic additon of fresh fat to replenish the fat lost due to evaporation, decomposition, and adsorption by the cotton balls were collected, fractionated and characterized. A total of 38 acidic compounds were identified. They consisted of 13 saturated acids, 11 unsaturated acids, five aldehydo acids, two hydroxy acids, two keto acids, and five dicarboxylic acids. The similarities and differences between the acidic VDP produced by a more unsaturated corn oil and a more saturated hydrogenated cottonseed oil under simulated commerical deep fat frying conditions are discussed.
Oxidative deterioration of partially processed soybean oil
Authors: Going L. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe oxidative stability of partially processed soybean oil has been investigated in laboratory‐and plant‐scale tests. Oxidation, as measured by peroxide formation, has been related to storage time and temperature, and availability of oxygen. The effects of this oxidation on finished product quality have been measured.Soybean oil stores best as crude oil. After refining and bleaching, the oil is more susceptible to oxidation than at other stages in processing. Increase in peroxide content is both time and temperature dependent. Substantial improvement in product quality can be obtained by minimizing exposure to oxygen.
Fatty acid spectrum of mediterranean wild cruciferae
Authors: Kumar P. R. , Tsunoda S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeed samples of 54 species of wild Cruciferae were newly collected from natural populations of the west Mediterranean and adjacent areas in a search for “new” oil crops. Oil contents and fatty acid compositions were determined simultaneously by gas liquid chromatography using methyl heptadecanoate as the internal standard. The study revealed large variations in oil content (6–48.8%), oleic acid (5–31.3%), linoleic acid (2–24.8%), linolenic acid (1.7–64.1%), and erucic acid (0–55.1%). Correlation coefficients between component fatty acids inter se and oil content were determined separately for all species, the tribe Brassiceae, and the genusBrassica. The promising species identified are being studied further.
Hydroxyl group determination in high molecular weight alcohols and complex organic mixtures
Authors: Jordan D. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAcetylation of complex organic mixtures and high mol wt alcohols is inconsistent by existing procedures because of sample insolubility. By choosing a suitable mixed paraffin‐ethyl acetate solvent to bring about nearly instantaneous solu‐tion, and utilizing the known catalysis property of perchloric acid, acetylation is quantitative in 10 min or less at room temp. The effect of per‐chloric acid concn on these high mol wt systems was studied, and from 0.05‐0.45M consistent results were obtained without difficulty.Acetylation of polyethylene oxide (P.E.O.) ad‐ducts of straight chain monohydric alcohols pro‐ceeds normally and without degradation by the prescribed procedure. Extended reaction time re‐sults in partial degradation of the polyether link‐ages and amounts to nearly 8% after 30 min.
Effects of various parameters on the formation of radiolysis products in model systems
Authors: Vajdi M. , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffects of various parameters on the formation of radiolysis products in triplamitin, palmitic acid, oleic acid, caprylic acid and capric acid were investigated. A greater yeild of primary and recombination products was observed in palmitic acid compared to that of oleic acid. In general, higher amounts of recombination products are formed in both acids when irradiated at room temperature than at −45 C. In the short chain acids, the yield of the hydrocarbon recombination product was enhanced in the liquid state. In contrast, the ketone recombination product was formed in greater amounts from solid capric acid than from liquid caprylic acid. In the absence of oxygen, a linear relationship was obtained between the dose and the yield of radiolysis products in tripalmitin. In the presence of oxygen, a considerable increase in the formation of γ‐palmitolactone, n‐3 and n‐2 alkanes was observed at room temperature.