bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constituent Power and Constitutional Change in American Constitutionalism
Authors: Griffin Stephen M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe claims of the 17th century English radicals were bequeathed to their American compatriots during the following century, and this chapter shows that it enabled the American revolutionaries to utilize the device of a constitutional convention as the authoritative voice of the people and to establish the world's first modern constitution. It considers what became of ‘the people’ once the American constitution had been established, and suggests that their influence has been felt not only through the process of formal amendment and judicial interpretation, but also informally through politics, sometimes crystallized as ‘constitutional moments’ but often on-going and incremental. The chapter concludes that while many would view constituent power as dangerous to the integrity of constitutional forms, few would deny its continuing influence in shaping American constitutionalism.
Constituent Power in France: The Revolution and its Consequences
Authors: Jaume Lucien 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter shows how the impact of the French Revolution has reverberated across two centuries of French constitutional history: from formal constitutional revision, referenda, and appeals to the idea of the Nation, to tumult, coups d'état, and revolutionary insurrection. In particular, it argues that influenced by the work of Sieyès, the French developed a powerful sense that the nation is represented in the National Assembly, and that it is through the claims and counter-claims associated with that idea that we can make sense of the trajectory of major constitutional change.
The Politics of the Question of Constituent Power
Authors: Dyzenhaus David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter mounts a defence of a liberal constitutionalism in which constitutional architecture is treated as eclipsing constituent power, not on the basis of the empirical inevitability of the legal taming of the political, but on account of the impossibility of developing normative accounts of how we might live together except on the basis of such a working assumption. Against Schmitt's claim that constitutional authority cannot escape its origins in constituent power, the chapter defends a liberal account of the rule of law.
‘We the Peoples of the United Nations’ Constituent Power and Constitutional Form in International Law
Authors: Fassbender Bardo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the general question of the relationship between constituent power and constitutional form in the general context of the international community. It first considers the emergence of ‘international constitutional law’ — the idea of an emerging constitutional law of the international community — and then specifically examines the case for the UN Charter being treated as such a constitution. Working on the assumption that the UN Charter can be treated as the constitution of the international community, the chapter gives sympathetic consideration to the idea that there is an equivalent to ‘the people’ as an authorizing agent in the international arena.
The Constitution of Agency
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis book is a collection of ten papers on practical reason and moral psychology. Part 1 defends the view that the principles of practical reason are constitutive principles of action. By governing our actions in accordance with Kant's categorical imperative and the principle of instrumental reason we take control of our own movements and so render ourselves active, self-determining beings. Part II takes up the question of the role of our passive or receptive faculties — our emotions and responses — in constituting our agency. It offers a reading of the Nicomachean Ethics based on the idea that our emotions are perceptions of good and evil, and argues that Aristotle and Kant share a distinctive view about the locus of moral value and the nature of human choice. Part III takes up the question how we come to view one another as moral agents in Hume's philosophy, and examines the possible clash between the agency of the state and that of the individual that led to Kant's paradoxical views about revolution. And finally, the book discusses methodology in an account of what it means to be a constructivist moral philosopher.
Transthyretin‐driven oncolytic adenovirus suppresses tumor growth in orthotopic and ascites models of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hsieh Jeng‐Long , Lee Che‐Hsin , Teo Min‐Li , Lin Yih‐Jyh , Huang Yen‐Sung , Wu Chao‐Liang , Shiau Ai‐Li 
Published: January 2009

Strategies to increase antitumor efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses are actively investigated. We have previously shown that E1B‐55 kDa‐deleted adenovirus, designated Ad5WS1, has therapeutic potential for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To achieve HCC‐restricted replication of oncolytic adenovirus, we generated Ad5WS2, an E1B‐55 kDa‐deleted adenovirus with its E1A gene driven by the liver‐specific transthyretin promoter. Our results showed that Ad5WS2 could replicate within tumor cells where the transthyretin gene was expressed. Mouse transthyretin promoter was active in murine and human HCC cells, but relatively quiescent in cells of non‐liver origin. Ad5WS2 caused severe cytolytic effect on HCC cells, but was much attenuated in non‐HCC cells. Peritoneal administration of Ad5WS2 into mice bearing liver tumors grown in ascites resulted in enhanced survival. In an orthotopic HCC model, Ad5WS2, when systemically administered, exerted higher antitumor effects than Ad5WS1. Lack of viral replication in normal organs and minimal hepatic toxicity was noted after Ad5WS2 treatment. Furthermore, the antitumor effect of Ad5WS2 could be enhanced when combined with chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin in the ascites tumor model. These results suggest that E1B‐55 kDa‐deleted adenovirus driven by the transthyretin promoter may be a safer and more efficacious oncolytic agent for the treatment of primary and metastatic HCC. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 537–545)
Becoming mother and father in late adoption: a case study
Authors: Do Amaral Costa Nina Rosa , Rossetti‐Ferreira Maria Clotilde 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTAdoption in Brazil has long been related to practices of not disclosing the child's history and origins, which become a family secret. As a consequence, most couples who apply for adoption prefer newborns. Late adoption is still an uncommon practice and requires a ‘family project’ which accepts a different family model, new meanings of motherhood and fatherhood, and different ways of building affectionate bonds. It is important to investigate how a man and a woman become parents under those circumstances. This study aimed to follow up the emergence of adoption, motherhood and fatherhood meanings, in the discursive practices involved in the construction of adoptive parenthood in the Brazilian setting. This paper presents important meanings regarding parenthood produced by a couple who adopted two sisters, aged 4 and 5 years. Analysis revealed that to better understand the late adoption process, the meanings that emerge in the discursive practices should be considered. Those meanings pervade and circumscribe the family relationships, influencing how the individuals constitute their roles in the family. It is through the analysis of this dialogical process of construction that it is possible to identify the challenges in late adoption and to unravel the process of constructing affectionate relationships.
From Seebohm to Think Family: reflections on 40 years of policy change of statutory children's social work in England
Authors: Parton Nigel 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper critically reflects upon the changes in the role, tasks and aspirations of local authority social work with children and families in England since the publication of the Seebohm Report in 1968. In particular, it analyses how far the current changes related to the Every Child Matters: Change for Children programme, The Children's Plan: Building Brighter Futures and the Think Family report will have the effect of either furthering or undermining the principles and ambitions set out in the Seebohm Report. It concludes by suggesting that while the aims of the current changes have much in common with those of the Seebohm Report, the roles and tasks of social workers have been recast. While social work can be seen as occupying a somewhat marginal role in the new arrangements and it functions on a much narrower terrain than that envisaged by Seebohm, at the same time its importance and contribution has been legitimated.
Protein levels of CC chemokine ligand (CCL)15, CCL16 and macrophage stimulating protein in patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: Arakelyan A , Kriegova E , Kubištova Z , Mrazek F , Kverka M , Du Bois R M , Kolek V , Petrek M 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe objective of this study was to assess protein levels for candidate cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in patients with polar forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis, i.e. Löfgren's syndrome (LS) and more advanced chest X-ray (CXR) stage III disease. Twenty-four inflammatory molecules were analysed in unconcentrated BALF samples from 10 sarcoidosis patients with CXR stage III and 10 patients with LS by semiquantitative protein array. Four novel molecules [CC chemokine ligand (CCL)15, CCL16, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP)], detected for the first time in association with sarcoidosis, were then quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a second cohort of 68 sarcoidosis patients and 17 control subjects. The protein levels of CCL15, CCL16, CCL24, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, interleukin-16, MIF, MSP and matrix metallopeptidase 1 were increased in CXR stage III patients when compared with patients with LS. CCL15 and MSP up-regulation in CXR stage III patients in comparison with LS patients and controls was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, MSP was associated with treatment requirement (P = 0·001) and CCL15 was elevated in patients with disease progression at 2-year follow-up (P = 0·016). CCL16 levels were increased in sarcoidosis versus controls (P &lt; 0·05), but no difference was observed between patient subgroups. MIF up-regulation was not confirmed in a larger patient group. In conclusion, chemokines CCL15, CCL16 and MSP were found elevated for the first time in BALF from sarcoidosis patients; our results showed that CCL15 and MSP may affect disease course.
AMP‐activated protein kinase phosphorylates glutamine : fructose‐6‐phosphate amidotransferase 1 at Ser243 to modulate its enzymatic activity
Authors: Eguchi Satoshi , Oshiro Noriko , Miyamoto Takafumi , Yoshino Ken‐ichi , Okamoto Sumiko , Ono Takamasa , Kikkawa Ushio , Yonezawa Kazuyoshi 
Published: January 2009

Glutamine : fructose‐6‐phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1) was identified as a protein phosphorylated in glucose‐deprived cells by immunoprecipitation using the anti‐phospho Akt substrates (PAS) antibody, which recognizes the phosphorylation motif site by AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), followed by mass fingerprinting analysis. Glucose depletion‐induced phosphorylation of endogenous GFAT was potentiated by 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG), an AMPK activator, and the 2‐DG‐stimulated phosphorylation of FLAG‐tagged GFAT1 in transfected cells was suppressed by Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. The 2‐DG induced phosphorylation of GFAT1 was attenuated by the introduction of the kinase‐negative mutant of AMPK, and the phosphorylation was observed in the cells expressing the constitutively active mutant of AMPK even in the absence of 2‐DG. Subsequent analysis revealed that the PAS antibody recognized GFAT1 phosphorylated at Ser243, which is conserved among different species. The assay of the GFAT enzymatic activity in the cell lysates indicated that the 2‐DG‐treatment inhibited the enzymatic activity, and Compound C‐preincubation partially prevented the 2‐DG‐induced decrease of the activity. Furthermore, the mutant replacing Ser243 by alanine partially prevented the decrease of GFAT activity by 2‐DG treatment. These results indicate that the phosphorylation of GFAT1 at Ser243 by AMPK has an important role in the regulation of the GFAT1 enzymatic activity.
Antiandrogenic activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra in male rats
Authors: Zamansoltani Farzaneh , Nassiri‐Asl Marjan , Sarookhani Mohammad‐Reza , Jahani‐Hashemi Hassan , Zangivand Amir‐Abdollah 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAbnormal levels of androgens cause many diseases like benign prostatic hyperplasia and hormone dependent cancers. Although the reduction in serum testosterone (T) by Glycyrrhiza glabra has been reported, its effects on seminal vesicle (SV) and prostate tissues have never been reported. This study was carried out to investigate different aspects of antiandrogenic properties of this plant. Immature male rats were divided into five groups (n = 7): castrated rats without any treatment received only vehicle; castrated rats plus T replacement; three castrated groups with T replacement plus various doses of G. glabra extract (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). All of the injections were carried out once daily in subcutaneous manner for 7 days. On the eighth day, blood samples were collected for total T measurement. Ventral prostate (VP), SV and levator ani muscle were dissected and weighed. Slides prepared from prostate were assessed histologically. The variation in the relative and absolute volume of the prostate tissue compartments was determined. Those receiving the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in prostate weight, total T and VP epithelium/stroma ratio (V/V). These results in SV and levator ani were shown in response to 300 mg/kg of extract. Increasing in T metabolism, down‐regulation of androgen receptors or activation of oestrogen receptors could be involved mechanisms. This study showed that alcoholic extract of G. glabra has antiandrogenic properties.
Assessment of postural adjustments in persons with intellectual disability during balance on the seesaw
Authors: Carvalho R. L. , Almeida G. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic and electromyography strategy used by individuals with intellectual disability to keep equilibrium during anterior–posterior balance on seesaws with different degrees of instability.Method  Six individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and six control group individuals (CG) balanced on three seesaws. The movement of the hip, knee and ankle joints and electromyography activities of selected leg and trunk muscles were recorded.Results  Both groups maintained their balance mainly at the ankle joint. Contrary to the CG, the individuals with DS adopted a pattern of co‐contraction and were not able to modulate the magnitude of postural response with the seesaw's degree of instability.Conclusions  These unusual strategies used by individuals with DS, such as their inability to discriminate different levels of mechanical demands in terms of the seesaw's instability, can reflect deficits in the proprioceptive system. The integration at cerebellum level could be a good candidate.
The complex enterprise of modelling prenatal exposure to cigarettes: what is ‘enough’?
Authors: Pickett Kate E. , Rathouz Paul J. , Dukic Vanja , Kasza Kristen , Niessner Marina , Wright Rosalind J. , Wakschlag Lauren S. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWhile there is a burgeoning body of research linking smoking during pregnancy to problem behaviour in offspring, a major criticism of this work has been the crude measurement of exposure in these studies (e.g. retrospective, self‐reported only) that could lead to biased estimates. To address this issue, we used a pregnancy cohort with repeated prospective measures of exposure as well as biological assays to generate estimates of exposure patterns using a range of modelling techniques. In this paper we report on the analytical approaches we have developed, including patterns of exposure over time and best‐estimate approaches that combine self‐report and cotinine measures, and compare their predictive value in relation to different dimensions of fetal growth as a first step towards examining the utility of greater precision of exposure measurement.Surprisingly, in this sample the more complex assessments of exposure, including biological measures, generally did not perform better than simple indicators of exposure based on repeated self‐report measures, with one exception: a combined self‐report cotinine ‘best estimate’ of third trimester exposure was uniquely associated with lower brain : body ratio. Further study is needed using more sophisticated cotinine assays and testing prediction of a range of outcomes to ascertain whether these findings represent true differences or are specific to the sample, methods and outcomes used. Such research will inform the development of guidelines for adequate exposure characterisation in developmental studies.
Association of canine anal furunculosis with TNFA is secondary to linkage disequilibrium with DLA‐DRB1*
Authors: Barnes A , O’Neill T , Kennedy L. J. , Short A. D. , Catchpole B. , House A. , Binns M. , Fretwell N. , Day M. J. , Ollier W. E. R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAnal furunculosis (AF) is a chronic inflammatory disease of perianal tissues that particularly affects German Shepherd dogs (GSD). An immune‐mediated aetiopathogenesis is suggested by T‐cell infiltration, upregulated cytokine gene expression, clinical response to ciclosporin therapy and a strong genetic association with the DLA‐DRB1*00101 allele. Given the close proximity of TNFA and DLA‐DRB1 in the canine major histocompatibility complex (MHC), together with the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) observed across this region, the primary disease association could be with either locus. We have investigated whether there may be an association of AF with TNFA gene polymorphism in GSDs. Cohorts of AF‐affected and AF‐unaffected GSDs of known dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II profile were genotyped for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the canine TNFA locus using Sequenom iPLEX technology. Seven discrete TNFA haplotypes were identified in GSDs for combinations of these SNPs. TNFA haplotype frequencies were compared in cases and controls. The TNFA haplotype 3 (ATCGTTACGG), was at significantly increased frequency in cases (29% vs 15%, OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.8; P = 0.003). All seven discrete TNFA SNP haplotypes were examined for their association with DLA‐DRB1/DQA1/DQB1 established haplotypes. TNFA haplotype 3 was preferentially associated with both DLA‐DRB1*00101(3A)‐ and DLA‐DRB1*00102(3B)‐positive haplotypes. The DLA‐DRB1* 00101/TNFA‐3A haplotype was significantly associated with AF (19.3% vs 5.8%; OR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.5–8.9; P = 0.003), whereas the DLA‐DRB1*00102/TNFA‐3B haplotype was not (P = NS). These findings suggest that susceptibility to AF in GSDs is primarily associated with DLA‐DRB1*00101 and any association with the TNFA locus is secondary and is likely to be because of LD.
Analysis of NOD1, NOD2, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR9 genes in anal furunculosis of German shepherd dogs
Authors: House A. K. , Binns M. M. , Gregory S. P. , Catchpole B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAnal furunculosis (AF) primarily affects German shepherd dogs (GSD) and is characterised by inflammation and ulceration of the perianal tissues with development of cutaneous sinuses or rectocutaneous fistulae. Investigation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) function has suggested that defective responses might occur in AF‐affected GSD. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether canine PRR genes are involved in determining susceptibility to AF in this breed. Chromosomal location and coding sequences for NOD1, NOD2, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR9 were determined and microsatellite markers identified for each gene. Microsatellite genotyping of 100 control GSD and 47 AF‐affected GSD showed restricted allelic variation for AHT H91 (associated with TLR5) and REN216 NO5 (associated with both TLR1 and TLR6) compared with non‐GSD dogs. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in canine TLR1, TLR5, TLR6 and NOD2 genes failed to show any significant associations between PRR polymorphisms and AF. The highly restricted PRR genotypes seen in GSD are likely to have resulted from selective breeding and might influence innate immune responses in this breed.
Biological and Molecular Characterization of Three Isolates ofTomato aspermy virusInfecting Chrysanthemums in India
Authors: Raj Shri Krishna , Kumar Susheel , Choudhari Sulbha , Verma Dev Kumar 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSevere mosaic, chlorotic ringspots and flower deformation were observed during the winter of November 2006–February 2007 on chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium) at three locations in India: Lucknow (UP), Dhanbad (MP) and Kolkata (WB).Tomato aspermy virus(TAV) was detected in affected plants by ELISA and by RT‐PCR using TAV specific primers. These TAV isolates were mechanically transmitted to test plant species and also by aphids (Aphis gossypii) toLycopersicon esculentum. The complete RNA 3 of each TAV isolate was cloned and sequenced and determined to be 2386 nucleotides (nt) long, and to encode two open reading frames (ORFs): the movement protein (MP) of 741 nt and the coat protein (CP) of 657 nt translating in to 246 and 218 amino acid (aa), respectively. When RNA 3 sequences of the Indian isolates were multiple aligned with seven other strains of TAV occurring worldwide, Indian isolates shared 98–99% identities among themselves and with the KC, V, P, B, I and C strains of TAV. In phylogenetic analysis, the Lucknow and Kolkata isolates of TAV clustered together and showed a close relationship with the KC‐TAV strain from South Korea, whereas the Dhanbad isolate formed an independent cluster and showed closeness with the V‐TAV strains from Spain and Australia. Recombination events were also observed in the CP region of the Dhanbad isolate, supporting its diverse behaviour. This is the first report of the complete RNA 3 sequence of these three Indian TAV isolates.
Family–Peer Linkages: The Mediational Role of Attentional Processes
Authors:   NICHD Early Child Care Research Network
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe goal of this study was to examine the role of attention regulation as a mediator between parent–child relationships and peer social skills. Using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development data set, mother–child and father–child relationships measured at 54 months and grade 1 predicted peer social skills at first and third grades. Attentional control processes, especially ability to sustain attention and ratings of attention problems, served as mediators between parent–child relationships and peer outcomes. The implications of these processes for theories of family‐peer relationships are noted.