bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of ultra thin ZnSe nanowires
Authors: Wong Tai Lun , Cai Yuan , Chan Siu Keung , Sou Iam Keong , Wang Ning 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTWe report here the growth of ultra thin ZnSe nanowires at low temperatures by Au-catalyzed molecule beam epitaxy and structural characterization of the nanowires. ZnSe nanowires may contain a high density of stacking faults and twins from low temperature growth and show a phase change from cubic to hexagonal structures. Ultra thin ZnSe nanowires can grow at a temperature below the eutectic point, and the relationship between the growth rates and nanowire diameters is V = 1/dn + C0 (C0 is a constant and n is a fitting parameter). The growth rate of the ultra thin nanowires at low temperatures can be elucidated based on the model involving interface incorporation and diffusion, in which the catalyst is solidified, and the nanowire growth is controlled through the diffusion of atoms into the interface between catalyst and the nanowire. The growth rate of ZnSe ultra-thin nanowires has been simulated.
Epitaxial growth of Si nanowires by a modified VLS method using molten Ga as growth assistant
Authors: Gewalt Annika , Kalkofen Bodo , Lisker Marco , Burte Edmund P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTIn this paper the deposition and morphological characterization of gallium island structures on silicon and first results of silicon wire growth assisted by the created gallium droplets is presented. The islands and wires were grown on (111)-oriented single crystalline p-doped silicon substrates by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW PECVD) using trimethylgallium (TMGa) and silane (SiH4) as precursors for island and wire growth, respectively. The samples were investigated by SEM, EDS, XPS, and AFM.
Langmuir-Blodgett films of One-dimensional Nanowires composed of Amphiphilic Tetrathiafulvalenes and Electron Acceptor
Authors: Tatewaki Yoko , Takizawa Junko , Hatanaka Tatsuya , Kimura Mutsumi , Shirai Hirofusa 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTWe found that novel amphiphilic tetrathiafulvalene (TTF; 1) organized into supramolecular assemblies by the addition of electron acceptor 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7'f,8,8'f-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (F4TCNQ) at the air-water interface. The assemblies on the air-water interface can be transferred onto the surface of mica and the morphologies of transferred films were investigated by AFM. The morphology of Langmuir-Blodgett films strongly depended on the ratio between 1 and F4TCNQ. Film of 1:1 mixture of 1 and F4TCNQ formed nanoscopic wires having an average dimension of 5.0 (height) × 70 (width) × 3000 (length) nm. On the other hand, the film of 2:1 mixture of 1 and F4TCNQ showed the mixed domains of wires and flat monolayers. Thus, the completely charge-transferred complex (1+)(F4TCNQ-) formed one-dimensional nanowires having a micrometer length. Room temperature electrical conductivities of cast film for 1:1 and 2:1 mixed layers of 1 and F4TCNQ were 2.4 × 10−4 and 8.0 × 10−5 S cm−1, respectively.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Rare-Earth Nanowires
Authors: Pratt Andrew , Woffinden Charles , Bonet Christopher , Tear Steve P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTSub-monolayer coverages of the rare-earth metal Ho were deposited onto Si(001) substrates at elevated temperatures resulting in the formation of rare-earth silicide nanowires. Between the nanowires the substrate area reconstructs into either a 2×4 or 2×7 reconstruction depending on the specific preparation conditions. We have studied the structural and electronic properties of both the nanowires and the reconstructed areas with the complementary techniques of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and metastable de-excitation spectroscopy (MDS) revealing the electronic similarities between the 2×4 and 2×7 phases. Evidence for the presence of hybridized Si 3s3p-Ho 6s5d bonds suggests that these reconstructions form as a precursor to nanowire growth.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes, Nanowires and Nanospheres
Authors: Wang Jin , Li Ming , Zhi Mingjia , Manivannan Ayyakkannu , Wu Nianqiang 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTTiO2 nanostructures with various morphologies and crystal structures were obtained by calcination of alkaline hydrothermal synthesized hydrogen titanate at different temperatures. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were investigated by degradation of methyl orange aqueous solution under ultraviolet irradiation. The effects of the phase composition, crystallinity, surface area and shape of the nanostructures were evaluated. The results showed that high crystallinity, pure anatase phase and nanowire structure are favorable for the photocatalysis. The dependence of the photocatalytic activity on the surface area is not significant as usually expected.
Fabrication of ZnO Bridging Nanowire Device by a Single-Step Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
Authors: Li Yanbo , Nagatomo Ippei , Uchino Ryohei , Yamada Ichiro , Delaunay Jean-Jacques 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTZnO nanowires are directly integrated into a working device by a single-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Gold catalyst is patterned on a quartz glass substrate using a comb-shaped shadow mask and then ZnO is grown on the patterned substrate by CVD. Thick ZnO layers formed on the gold-patterned areas serve as native electrodes. Ultra-long (˜100 μm) ZnO nanowires grown across the gap between the ZnO electrodes and the nanowires serve as the sensing elements of the device. The device exhibits high sensitivity and fast response to UV illumination in air. Our method can be used to fabricate other metal oxide semiconductor bridging nanowire devices, which have promising applications in photodetection and gas sensing.
Modelling of the oxidation of Suspended Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Fazzini Pier-Francesco , Bonafos Caroline , Hubert Alexandre , Colonna Jean-Pierre , Ernst Thomas , Respaud Marc , Gloux Florence 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe oxidation of suspended Si nanowires is studied under wet and dry conditions. The nanowire characteristics are extracted from Electron Microscopy images. In parallel, the Deal and Grove model is extended to cylindrical geometry. The used model also assumes that stress effects reduce the oxidation rate and predicts the retardation of oxide growth on curved surface, leading to a self-limited process. The model predictions show a good agreement with experiments.
Novel Inorganic DC Lateral Thin Film Electroluminescent Devices Composed of ZnO Nanorods and ZnS Phosphor
Authors: Satoh Tomomasa , Matsuzawa Yuki , Koishikawa Hiroaki , Hirate Takashi 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTA novel inorganic thin-film electroluminescence (TFEL) device exhibiting bright EL emission when driven by a low DC voltage is demonstrated. The DC-TFEL device is based on a composite layer in which aluminum-doped ZnO nanorods are vertically embedded in ZnS:Mn as an EL phosphor. The DC driving voltage is then applied laterally to the composite layer via two side electrodes set 3.5 mm apart. The aluminum-doped ZnO nanorods were synthesized on a glass substrate by low-pressure thermal chemical vapor deposition combined with laser ablation, and the composite layer was formed by electron-beam deposition of ZnS:Mn onto the ZnO nanorods. The thickness of the composite layer was about 160 nm. After electrical modification to breakdown a basal conduction ZnO path, the lateral DC-TFEL device exhibited bright EL emission without avalanche breakdown, achieving a luminance of 747 cd/m2 at 4200 V with a luminous efficiency of 9.2×10−3 lm/W.
Development of conducting buffer architectures using cube textured IBAD-TiN layers
Authors: Hühne Ruben , Güth Konrad , Kidszun Martin , Kaltofen Rainer , Matias Vladimir , Rowley John , Schultz Ludwig , Holzapfel Bernhard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIon-beam assisted deposition (IBAD) offers the possibility to prepare thin textured films on amorphous or non-textured substrates. In particular, the textured nucleation of TiN is promising for the development of a conducting buffer layer architecture for YBCO coated conductors based on the IBAD approach. Accordingly, cube textured IBAD-TiN layers have been deposited reactively using pulsed laser deposition on Si/Si3N4 substrates as well as on polished Hastelloy tapes using different amorphous seed layers. Metallic buffer layers such as Au, Pt or Ir were grown epitaxially on top of the TiN layer showing texture values similar to the IBAD layer. Smooth layers were obtained using a double layer of Au/Pt or Au/Ir. Biaxially textured YBCO layers were achieved using SrRuO3 or Nb-doped SrTiO3 as a conductive oxide cap layer. Finally, different amorphous conducting seed layers were applied for the IBAD-TiN process. Highly textured TiN films were achieved on amorphous Ta0.75Ni0.25 layers showing a similar in-plane orientation of about 8° as on standard seed layers.
Structural, thermal and rheological studies on newly developed polyesters randomly copolymerized with poly (tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG)
Authors: Osamu Matsumoto , Atsushi Hotta 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTPoly (cyclohexanedimethanol cyclohexanedicarboxlic acid) (PCC), a fairly newly synthesized polyester, has been studied. Having a good experience of increasing both thermal stability and service temperature when applied to typical polymers, poly (tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) was selected as a softening agent that was randomly copolymerized into the PCC chains. Another widely-used polyester, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was also produced in order to investigate the effect of PTMG, which was compared with the properties of the newly developed random PCC-PTMG copolymers (PCCP). In this study, the crystalline structures, the thermal and the mechanical properties of both PCC and PET containing different ratios of the random segment of PTMG were investigated by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and tensile tester.It was found that the crystallization rate of pure PCC was significantly slow, whereas for PCCP, PTMG effectively accelerated the crystallization rate with increasing PTMG, and the sample with 25 wt% of PTMG had the fastest crystallization rate in all PCCP samples. Here, the PTMG acted as an accelerator, simultaneously depressing the movement of PCC molecular chains. The elastic recovery test indicated that the ability of PTMG as a softening agent was highly demonstrated at 20 wt% of PTMG. The results of PCCP were compared with those of PET-PTMG copolymers (PETP) and it was found that there were optimum values of PTMG for the crystallization rate on both samples. Additionally, the results of the elastic recovery test indicated that the softening effects observed in PCCP were more pronounced than those observed in PETP.
Degradation of cAMP-Responsive Element–Binding Protein by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Contributes to Glucotoxicity in β-Cells and Human Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Costes Safia , Vandewalle Brigitte , Tourrel-Cuzin Cécile , Broca Christophe , Linck Nathalie , Bertrand Gyslaine , Kerr-Conte Julie , Portha Bernard , Pattou François , Bockaert Joel , Dalle Stéphane 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
In type 2 diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia is detrimental to β-cells, causing apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion. The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element–binding protein (CREB) is crucial for β-cell survival and function. We investigated whether prolonged exposure of β-cells to high glucose affects the functional integrity of CREB.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
INS-1E cells and rat and human islets were used. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Apoptosis was detected by cleaved caspase-3 emergence, DNA fragmentation, and electron microscopy.

RESULTS
Chronic exposure of INS-1E cells and rat and human islets to high glucose resulted in decreased CREB protein expression, phosphorylation, and transcriptional activity associated with apoptosis and impaired β-cell function. High-glucose treatment increased CREB polyubiquitination, while treatment of INS-1E cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 prevented the decrease in CREB content. The emergence of apoptosis in INS-1E cells with decreased CREB protein expression knocked down by small interfering RNA suggested that loss of CREB protein content induced by high glucose contributes to β-cell apoptosis. Loading INS-1E cells or human islets with a cell-permeable peptide mimicking the proteasomal targeting sequence of CREB blocked CREB degradation and protected INS-1E cells and human islets from apoptosis induced by high glucose. The insulin secretion in response to glucose and the insulin content were preserved in human islets exposed to high glucose and loaded with the peptide.

CONCLUSIONS
These studies demonstrate that the CREB degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway contributes to β-cell dysfunction and death upon glucotoxicity and provide new insight into the cellular mechanisms of glucotoxicity.
Insufficient Control of Blood Pressure and Incident Diabetes
Authors: Izzo Raffaele , de Simone Giovanni , Chinali Marcello , Iaccarino Guido , Trimarco Valentina , Rozza Francesco , Giudice Renata , Trimarco Bruno , De Luca Nicola 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Incidence of type 2 diabetes might be associated with preexisting hypertension. There is no information on whether incident diabetes is predicted by blood pressure control. We evaluated the hazard of diabetes in relation to blood pressure control in treated hypertensive patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nondiabetic, otherwise healthy, hypertensive patients (N = 1,754, mean ± SD age 52 ± 11 years, 43% women) participated in a network over 3.4 ± 1 years of follow-up. Blood pressure was considered uncontrolled if systolic was ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic was ≥90 mmHg at the last outpatient visit. Diabetes was defined according to American Diabetes Association guidelines.

RESULTS
Uncontrolled blood pressure despite antihypertensive treatment was found in 712 patients (41%). At baseline, patients with uncontrolled blood pressure were slightly younger than patients with controlled blood pressure (51 ± 11 vs. 53 ± 12 years, P &lt; 0.001), with no differences in sex distribution, BMI, duration of hypertension, baseline blood pressure, fasting glucose, serum creatinine and potassium, lipid profile, or prevalence of metabolic syndrome. During follow-up, 109 subjects developed diabetes. Incidence of diabetes was significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled (8%) than in those with controlled blood pressure (4%, odds ratio 2.08, P &lt; 0.0001). In Cox regression analysis controlling for baseline systolic blood pressure and BMI, family history of diabetes, and physical activity, uncontrolled blood pressure doubled the risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 2.10, P &lt; 0.001), independently of significant effects of age (HR 1.02 per year, P = 0.03) and baseline fasting glucose (HR 1.10 per mg/dl, P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
In a large sample of treated nondiabetic hypertensive subjects, uncontrolled blood pressure is associated with twofold increased risk of incident diabetes independently of age, BMI, baseline blood pressure, or fasting glucose.
Effect of varying oxygen partial pressure on the properties of reactively evaporated zinc aluminate thin films
Authors: Riaz Saira , Naseem Shahzad 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThin films of zinc aluminate are prepared by reactive evaporation. The composition of these films is varied by changing the oxygen partial pressure and by post-deposition annealing. It is observed that there is wide variation in the band gap values (2.34 – 4.54 eV) depending on the oxygen partial pressure. Further, there is a strong dependence of band gap values on the post-deposition annealing conditions. One of the films exhibits spinel (AB2O4) structure, whereas the rest are amorphous. A resistivity value of as low as 3.6 × 10– 3ohm-cm has been measured. The compositional studies, using mass spectrometry, reported in this paper point towards novel transparent conducting oxides.
Alloy development using modern tools
Authors: Rettenmayr Markus 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The development of new alloys has always been a prominent field in materials science. For modern materials, the conditions that need to be considered are manifold. The properties of a material depend firstly on its composition, but also on the processing during its production and on the initial microstructure. In view of the complexity of modern materials and the numerous possibilities to influence their properties it is necessary to use a variety of tools for their optimization. Theoretical and empirical approaches should be combined in order to achieve a goal in a reasonable amount of time. On the theoretical side there is the calculation of type and amount of phases considering thermodynamic equilibrium, or in more sophisticated cases the combination of thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. If the necessary data are not available, some entities can also be estimated. On the experimental side all of the available methods for producing and analyzing metal alloys should be applied wherever necessary. The goal is a more profound understanding of microstructural evolution so that it can be influenced specifically and alloy candidates are not excluded prematurely if the properties of an alloy are not satisfactory after a first unsuccessful attempt. Examples that are presented here are development steps for Pb-free solder alloys (Bi and Zn based alloys) and the interrelation of alloy and processing development for an Al – Fe – Si alloy.
Formation of clathrates Ba–M–Ge(M = Mn, Fe, Co)
Authors: Grytsiv Andriy , Melnychenko-Koblyuk Natalja , Nasir Navida , Rogl Peter , Saccone Adriana , Schmid Harald 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to define the ability of magnetic elements M = Mn, Fe, Co to stabilise clathrate structures, alloys of the Ba – M – Ge system were investigated in the as-cast state and after annealing at 700°C and 800°C by means of X-ray powder diffraction, light optical and electron-probe microanalysis. Temperatures of phase transformations were derived from differential thermal analysis. Results are summarised in (i) isothermal sections at 700°C and 800°C, (ii) solidus and liquidus surfaces covering the region of existence for both clathrate phases in these systems. Invariant reactions during crystallisation are presented in form of Schultz – Scheil diagrams.
In all three cases only limited solubility of the M element was found for clathrate IX (Ba6Ge25) i. e. the Ge-framework in the crystal structure of Ba6M
x
Ge25 – x
dissolves 0.6 atom of Mn, and about 1 atom of Fe and Co per unit cell. The maximum solubility of iron in clathrate type I (Ba8Ge46 – x
) was found to be less than 0.5 Fe atom per unit cell, and clathrates with Mn and Co contain up to 1.0 and 2.5 atoms in the unit cell, respectively. Whilst Fe does not decrease the formation temperature of the clathrate phase, Mn and Co decrease it from 770°C (for binary Ba8Ge43) to 766°C and 749°C, respectively.
Upgrading CALPHAD to microstructure simulation: the phase-field method
Authors: Fries Suzana G. , Boettger Bernd , Eiken Janin , Steinbach Ingo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
By amending the time and space evolution of interfaces to the CALPHAD Gibbsian phase descriptions, the phase-field method now makes realistic microstructure simulations possible. This combination allows incorporating more than one century of accumulated experimental information, consistently synthesized in the thermodynamic and kinetic CALPHAD databases, into multicomponent, multiphase, 3-dimensional microstructure evolution simulations. It represents a large step in materials design and a call for creative contributions from a growing interdisciplinary community. The approach is illustrated by steel and magnesium alloy microstructure simulations.
Materials constitution and computational thermodynamics in the context of 100 years of IJMR – Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
Authors: Seifert Hans Jürgen 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The research areas of materials constitution and computational thermodynamics have traditionally been covered by numerous publications in the International Journal of Materials Research – Zeitschrift für Metallkunde. From the very beginning in the year 1909 experimental work and also the modelling of thermodynamic functions and phase diagram calculations were presented. Since the early 1970s results of Calphad-type modelling including thermodynamic database developments were also published by numerous groups. The use of computational thermodynamics for multi-component materials design (metal alloys, ceramics, composites) are an additional focus of recent works.
Thermodynamic re-assessment of the Ti–Al–Nb system
Authors: Cupid Damian M. , Fabrichnaya Olga , Rios Orlando , Ebrahimi Fereshteh , Seifert Hans J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A CALPHAD based re-assessment of the thermodynamic description of the Ti – Al – Nb system was performed to take into account experimental evidence of the extension of the primary crystallization of the -phase to higher Al contents. The adjustable parameters of the analytic expressions of the Gibbs free energy for the Liquid, β-, β0-, δ-, σ-, γ-, α-, and 2-phases were re-optimized using available experimental data from a critical assessment of the literature. The calculated primary crystallization of -phase is in better agreement with experiment although the extension of the single phase -field to higher Al compositions could not be calculated. Calculated isothermal sections are in good agreement with experiment in the temperature range 1923 K to 1273 K.
Food Experiences and Eating Patterns of Visually Impaired and Blind People
Authors: Bilyk Marie Claire , Sontrop Jessica M. , Chapman Gwen E. , Barr Susan I. , Mamer Linda 
Published: February 2009

Purpose: The number of visually impaired and blind Canadians will rise dramatically as our population ages, and yet little is known about the impact of blindness on the experience of food and eating. In this qualitative study, the food experiences and eating patterns of visually impaired and blind people were examined. Influencing factors were also explored. Methods: In 2000, nine blind or severely visually impaired subjects were recruited through blindness-related organizations in British Columbia. Participants completed individual semistructured, in-depth interviews. These were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed to explicate participants’ experiences. Results: Participants experienced blindness-related obstacles when shopping for food, preparing food, and eating in restaurants. Inaccessiblematerials and environments left participants with a diet lacking in variety and limited access to physical activity. Seven participants were overweight or obese, a finding thatmay be related to limited physical activity and higher-than-average restaurant use. Conclusions: This is the first study in which the experience of food and eating is described from the perspective of visually impaired Canadians. Nutrition and blindness professionals must work together to reduce the food-related obstacles faced by visually impaired and blind people. Professionals must address both individual skill development and social and structural inequities.