bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired conflict resolution and alerting in children with ADHD: evidence from the Attention Network Task (ANT)
Authors: Johnson Katherine A. , Robertson Ian H. , Barry Edwina , Mulligan Aisling , Dáibhis Aoife , Daly Michael , Watchorn Amy , Gill Michael , Bellgrove Mark A. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  An important theory of attention suggests that there are three separate networks that execute discrete cognitive functions. The ‘alerting’ network acquires and maintains an alert state, the ‘orienting’ network selects information from sensory input and the ‘conflict’ network resolves conflict that arises between potential responses. This theory holds promise for dissociating discrete patterns of cognitive impairment in disorders where attentional deficits may often be subtle, such as in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:  The Attentional Network Test (ANT), a behavioural assay of the functional integrity of attention networks, was used to examine the performance of 73 children with ADHD and 73 controls.Results:  Performance on the ANT clearly differentiated the children with and without ADHD in terms of mean and standard deviation (SD) of reaction time (RT), the number of incorrect responses made and the number of omission errors made. The ADHD group demonstrated deficits in the conflict network in terms of slower RT and a higher number of incorrect responses. The ADHD group showed deficits in the alerting network in terms of the number of omission errors made. There was no demonstration of a deficit in the orienting network in ADHD on this task.Conclusions:  The children with ADHD demonstrated deficits in the alerting and conflict attention networks but normal functioning of the orienting network.
Construct validity of the five‐factor Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in pre‐, early, and late adolescence
Authors: Van Roy Betty , Veenstra Marijke , Clench‐Aas Jocelyne 
Published: September 2008

Background:  The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is designed to measure psychological adjustment in children and adolescents. Psychometric evaluations of the instrument have shown satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, while factor analysis studies have shown mixed results across countries. In the present study, the construct validity of the five‐factor SDQ is evaluated in a large community sample of Norwegian pre‐, early, and late adolescents.Methods:  The sample consisted of 26,269 children and adolescents (10–19 years) with valid answers on all 25 items of the SDQ self‐report. Complete parent/proxy data of respective pre‐adolescent children was available for 6,645 cases. A Lisrel approach to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the five‐factor model and the presence of a positive construal factor. In the sample of pre‐adolescents and their parents/proxies, convergent and discriminant validity was evaluated by a CFA approach to multitrait‐multimethods (MTMM).Results:  Fit statistics for the hypothesized five‐factor model were satisfactory, but introducing correlated error terms for some of the items led to significant model improvement in all age groups. All factor loadings were higher than .30, except for item 11 (good friend). The loadings differed across age groups and differed markedly between the parent/proxy and self‐report measures. The MTMM showed that the source of ratings made a difference on the validity of all subscale ratings, with self‐reports discriminating more on ratings of emotional and peer problems, and parents/proxies discriminating more on hyperactivity symptoms. A positive construal factor was identified but had a modest effect compared with the original five traits. Results suggested an unclear construct and meaning of the Prosocial behaviour subscale.Conclusion:  The results of the present study indicated support for the proposed five‐factor structure of the SDQ (Goodman, 2001) across a wide age range (10–19years), including older adolescents and different informants. However, some improvements should be considered to improve internal reliability and conceptual clarity.
The Relationship Between Contact and Child Adjustment in High Conflict Cases after Divorce or Separation
Authors: Trinder Liz , Kellet Joanne , Swift Louise 
Published: September 2008

Background:  The study explored the relationship between contact and child adjustment where parents are in legal dispute over contact following divorce.Method:  The sample consisted of 156, 129 and 108 parents at three different time points. Resident and contact parents reported on child and parent wellbeing, contact, decision‐making and concerns about their former partner’s parenting.Results:  Children, particularly boys, had above average behaviour problems. Parent wellbeing and concerns about their ex‐partner’s parenting were associated with child adjustment. Contact and child adjustment were not related.Conclusions:  Parenting education and therapeutic interventions are required to help parents focus on their children’s needs.
The Christian Religion in Modern European and World History: A Review of The Cambridge History of Christianity, 1815–2000
Authors: Lindenfeld David 
Published: September 2008

AbstractVolumes 8 and 9 of the Cambridge History, representing the work of 72 scholars, reflect two major recent historiographical trends: 1) the increased attention paid to religion in modern European history, and 2) the increasing importance of Christianity in as a topic in world history. While these volumes serve to summarize the work already done in the first field, with articles on a wide variety of European countries, they should significantly move the second field forward by bringing together the work of specialists on many different parts of the world in a single place. Volume 8 summarizes scholarship on the Western religious revivals of the nineteenth century, both Catholic and Protestant. By integrating religion and politics, it also presents a more complex picture of the formation of European national identities than Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities suggests. One third of the volume is devoted to the spread of Christianity to the non‐Western world. In Volume 9, the European and world history perspectives are more evenly interspersed. Major themes include the papacy, ecumenism, colonialism, Pentecostalism, and the independent churches of Africa and Asia. The 1960s emerge as a turning point, if for different reasons in different parts of the world. This was the decisive period of secularization in Europe, and the final section documents the social and cultural impact of that shift, particularly on the arts. Although there are inevitable gaps in coverage, these volumes will serve as an invaluable research tool for years to come.
Neuropeptide Y Receptor Genes Are Associated With Alcohol Dependence, Alcohol Withdrawal Phenotypes, and Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Wetherill Leah , Schuckit Marc A. , Hesselbrock Victor , Xuei Xiaoling , Liang Tiebing , Dick Danielle M. , Kramer John , Nurnberger Jr. John I. , Tischfield Jay A. , Porjesz Bernice , Edenberg Howard J. , Foroud Tatiana 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Several lines of evidence in both human and animal studies suggest that variation in neuropeptide Y (NPY) or its receptor genes (NPY1R, NPY2R and NPY5R) is associated with alcohol dependence as well as alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Additional studies suggest that cocaine may affect NPY expression.Methods:  A total of 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped across NPY and its 3 receptor genes in a sample of 1,923 subjects from 219 multiplex alcoholic families of European American descent recruited as part of the Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) study. Family‐based association analysis was performed to test the primary hypothesis that variation in these genes is associated with alcohol dependence. Secondary analyses evaluated whether there was an association of these SNPs with symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, cocaine dependence, or comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence.Results:  Although variations in NPY itself were not associated with these phenotypes, variations in 2 NPY‐receptor genes were. SNPs in NPY2R provided significant evidence of association with alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence, and cocaine dependence (all p < 0.03). Haplotype analyses strengthened the evidence for these phenotypes (global 0.0004 < p < 0.005). SNPs in NPY5R demonstrated significant association with alcohol withdrawal characterized by seizures (p < 0.05).Conclusion:  These results indicate that sequence variations in NPY receptor genes are associated with alcohol dependence, particularly a severe subtype of alcohol dependence characterized by withdrawal symptoms, comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence, and cocaine dependence.
Differential Effects of Acute Alcohol on Prepulse Inhibition and Event‐Related Potentials in Adolescent and Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Pian Jerry P. , Criado Jose R. , Ehlers Cindy L. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Previous studies have demonstrated that adolescent and adult rats show differential sensitivity to many of the acute effects of alcohol. We recently reported evidence of developmental differences in the effects of acute alcohol on the cortical electroencephalogram. However, it is unclear whether developmental differences are also observed in other neurophysiological and neurobehavioral measurements known to be sensitive to alcohol exposure. The present study determined the age‐related effects of acute alcohol on behavioral and event‐related potential (ERP) responses to acoustic startle (AS) and prepulse inhibition (PPI).Methods:  Male adolescent and adult Wistar rats were implanted with cortical recording electrodes. The effects of acute alcohol (0.0, 0.75, and 1.5 g/kg) on behavioral and ERP responses to AS and PPI were assessed.Results:  Acute alcohol (0.75 and 1.5 g/kg) significantly reduced the behavioral and electrophysiological response to AS in adolescent and adult rats. Both 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg alcohol significantly enhanced the behavioral response to PPI in adolescent, but not in adult rats. During prepulse + pulse trials, 1.5 g/kg alcohol significantly increased the N10 pulse response in the adolescent frontal cortex. Acute alcohol (0.75 and 1.5 g/kg) also increased the N1 ERP pulse response to prepulse stimuli in frontal and parietal cortices in adult rats, but not in adolescent rats.Conclusions:  These data suggest that alcohol’s effect on behavioral and electrophysiological indices of AS do not differ between adults and adolescents whereas developmental stage does appear to significantly modify alcohol‐influenced response to PPI.
Alterations in Ethyl Alcohol Pharmacokinetics During Oral Consumption of Malt Liquor Beverages in African Americans
Authors: Taylor Robert E. , Raysor Byron R. , Kwagyan John , Ramchandani Vijay A. , Kalu Nnenna , Powell‐Davis Monique , Ferguson Clifford L. , Carr Lucinda , Scott Denise M. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Malt liquor (ML) beverages have become increasingly popular among urban minority groups, due partly to their inexpensive price and targeted advertising. We hypothesized that nonfermented by‐products contained in ML beverages will alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of its ethanol content. In addition, we determined the effect of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genotypes on the PK following consumption of ML beverages.Methods:  The study was conducted in 31 healthy adult African‐American social drinkers, mean  ± SD age of 22.3 ± 1.3 years, and weight of 70.7 ± 10.9 kg. Participants were administered ethanol, in randomized order, 2‐weeks apart, in the form of oral ML beverage (6%v/v), or isocaloric solution of diet soda–ethanol (DS–Etoh) beverage (6%v/v). During each session the beverage was consumed over 4 minutes and breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) as well as subjective and behavioral effects of ethanol were evaluated over 180 minutes. Pharmacokinetic parameters of ethanol were calculated using Michaelis–Menten elimination kinetics. The effect of ML and ADH genotype on PK was evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test, respectively.Results:  Results show a slower mean rate of absorption, Ka, (0.12 vs. 0.15 min−1, p = 0.03) and a longer time to reach maximum concentration, Tmax, (28 vs. 23 minute, p < 0.01) for the ML compared with DS–Etoh beverage. The ML beverage resulted in a larger area under the BrAC–time curve compared with DS–Etoh beverage (8.4 vs. 6.8 min g/dl, p = 0.02). There was no difference in the subjective PD effects between the 2 beverages.Conclusion:  Results show that exposure to ethanol following the consumption of ML beverages is different compared to that following nonmalt beverages in African‐Americans. These differences may be related to nonfermented by‐products present in commercially available ML products. These PK differences do not appear to result in significant perceived alcohol PD changes, nor are they related to ADH genotype.
Nondaily Smoking and Alcohol Use, Hazardous Drinking, and Alcohol Diagnoses Among Young Adults: Findings From the NESARC
Authors: Harrison Emily L.R. , Desai Rani A. , McKee Sherry A. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Nondaily smoking and heavy alcohol use are prevalent behaviors among young adults, with nondaily smoking occurring primarily in the context of alcohol use. Although the relationship between drinking and daily smoking has been well characterized in young adults, few epidemiological investigations have investigated the association between nondaily smoking and drinking behavior.Methods:  We examined Wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Grant et al., 2003b; n = 43,093). Young adults (aged 18 to 25 years; n = 5,838) were stratified on current smoking behavior (daily, nondaily, and nonsmokers in the past 12 months) and differences in weekly quantity of alcohol use, frequency of alcohol use, frequency of binge drinking behavior, rates of NIAAA‐defined hazardous drinking, and rates of DSM‐IV alcohol diagnoses were investigated. College student status was examined.Results:  Twenty‐five percent were current smokers and 7% were smoking on a nondaily basis. Seventy‐one percent were current drinkers, 39% reported binge drinking at least once a month, 41% met criteria for hazardous drinking, and 18% had alcohol use disorders. Across all measures of alcohol use, there was a significant effect of smoking status, with daily smokers having greater alcohol use patterns, compared with nondaily smokers, with nonsmokers consuming the least. Nondaily smokers were more likely to report any binge drinking in the past 12 months. However, daily smokers were more likely to report daily binge drinking. With regard to hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders, nondaily smoking conferred the greatest risk, followed by daily smoking with nonsmoking as the reference group. Multinomial logistic regression demonstrated that the odds of being a hazardous drinker were 16 times greater (95% CI 9.46–26.48) in a nondaily smoker compared with a nonsmoker, whereas the odds for a daily smoker were increased by 7‐fold (95% CI 5.54–9.36). A similar pattern of results was demonstrated for DSM‐IV alcohol diagnoses. No differences across college student status were observed.Conclusions:  The increased risk of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders conferred by nondaily smoking supports the findings that nondaily smoking and drinking are highly concomitant behaviors. Results such as these suggest that interventions disengaging alcohol and cigarette use patterns (e.g., smoking bans in alcohol venues) might serve to limit the occurrence of hazardous drinking among young adults at heightened risk for this behavior.
Gender and Age at Drinking Onset Affect Voluntary Alcohol Consumption but Neither the Alcohol Deprivation Effect nor the Response to Stress in Mice
Authors: Tambour Sophie , Brown Lauren L. , Crabbe John C. 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Epidemiological studies suggest that initiation of alcohol drinking at an early age is associated with an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder later in life. Nevertheless, relatively few studies using animal models have investigated the relationship between age of onset of drinking and ethanol drinking patterns in adulthood. Besides age at drinking onset, other factors such as gender could also affect the pattern of development of alcohol consumption. In rodents, many studies have shown that females drink more than males. However, even if it is assumed that hormonal changes occurring at puberty could explain these differences, only one study performed in rats has investigated the emergence of sex‐specific alcohol drinking patterns in adolescence and the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The aim of the present study was to compare the acquisition of voluntary alcohol consumption, relapse‐like drinking (the Alcohol Deprivation Effect—ADE) and stress‐induced alcohol drinking in male and female outbred mice that acquired alcohol consumption during adolescence or adulthood.Methods:  Separate groups of naïve female and male WSC‐1 mice aged ± 28 days (adolescents) or ±70 days (adults) were given ad libitum access to water and 6% ethanol solution for 8 weeks (1st to 8th week) before undergoing a 2‐week deprivation phase (9th and 10th week). After the deprivation period, 2‐bottle preference testing (ethanol vs. water) resumed for 3 weeks (11th to 13th). During the 13th week, all animals were subjected to restraint stress for 2 consecutive days.Results:  Over the entire time course of the experiment, ethanol intake and preference increased in females (both adults and adolescents). Adolescent animals (both females and males) showed a transient increase in alcohol consumption and preference compared to adults. However, by the end of continuous alcohol exposure (when all mice were adults), ethanol intake was not affected by age at drinking onset. A deprivation phase was followed by a rise in ethanol intake (ADE) that was not affected by sex or age. Finally, stress did not alter alcohol self‐administration either during or after its occurrence.Conclusions:  Emergence of greater alcohol consumption in adult females does not seem to be limited to a specific developmental period (i.e., puberty). Age of voluntary drinking onset (adolescence vs. adulthood) does not affect eventual alcohol intake in adult WSC‐1 mice and does not modify the transient increase in ethanol consumption after alcohol deprivation.
Physician Recommendations for Mammography in Women Aged 70 and Older
Authors: Kapp Julie M. , LeMaster Joseph W. , Zweig Steven C. , Mehr David R. 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the percentage of U.S. women aged 70 and older who reported a recent mammography recommendation and to identify whether factors suggesting limited life expectancy, such as comorbidities, are associated with a lower probability of a reported recommendation.DESIGN: A national, population‐based, cross‐sectional survey.SETTING: United States.PARTICIPANTS: There were 1,782 screen‐eligible women 70 and older who responded to the National Health Interview Survey in 2005 and met eligibility criteria, including reporting at least one doctor visit in the previous 12 months. Weighted, these women represented almost 9.3 million women nationally.MEASUREMENTS: Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between demographic, comorbidity, and health services utilization variables on self‐reported physician recommendation for a mammogram.RESULTS: More than half (58.9%) of the sample reported a recent mammography recommendation (63.0% of those aged 70 to 79 and 51.5% of those aged 80 and older). The strongest multivariable association suggested that women who reported a recent clinical breast examination (CBE) had 5.9 times greater odds of reporting a mammography recommendation than women who reported never having a CBE.CONCLUSION: This study failed to find negative associations between factors suggesting limited life expectancy and a recent mammography recommendation. Instead, findings revealed a strong positive association between a recent CBE and mammography recommendation. Findings may suggest that recent clinical interactions weigh more heavily on a decision to recommend mammography to older, screen‐eligible women than considerations for the woman's overall long‐term health or may reflect a greater perceived or actual recall of physician recommendations from women with a recent CBE.
Association Between Testosterone and Estradiol and Age‐Related Decline in Physical Function in a Diverse Sample of Men
Authors: Araujo Andre B. , Travison Thomas G. , Bhasin Shalender , Esche Gretchen R. , Williams Rachel E. , Clark Richard V. , McKinlay John B. 
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between aging and physical function in men by testing a theoretically based model of aging, hormones, body composition, strength, and physical function with data obtained from men enrolled in the Boston Area Community Health/Bone (BACH/Bone) Survey.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, observational survey.SETTING: Population‐based.PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred ten black, Hispanic, and white randomly selected men from the Boston area aged 30 to 79.MEASUREMENTS: Testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone–binding globulin, lean and fat mass, grip strength, and summated index of physical function (derived from walk and chair stand tests).RESULTS: Measures of grip strength and physical function declined strongly with age. For instance, 10 years of aging was associated with a 0.49‐point difference (scale 0–7) in physical function. Age differences in total testosterone and estradiol concentrations were smaller than age differences in their free fractions. Weak or nonsignificant age‐adjusted correlations were observed between hormones and measures of physical function, although path analysis revealed a positive association between testosterone and appendicular lean mass and a strong negative association between testosterone and total fat mass. Lean and fat mass, in turn, were strongly associated with grip strength and physical function, indicating the possibility that testosterone influences physical function via indirect associations with body composition.CONCLUSION: The age‐related decline in serum testosterone concentration in men has a weak association with physical strength and functional outcomes through its associations with lean and fat mass.