bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of haemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms of different sizes located in the ophthalmic artery
Authors: Valencia Alvaro , Botto Sergio , Sordo Juan , Galvez Marcelo , Badilla Lautaro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHaemodynamics plays an important role in the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. The temporal and spatial variations of the wall shear stress in the aneurysmal sac are hypothesized to be correlated with its growth and rupture. In addition, the assessment of the velocity field in the aneurysm dome and neck is important for the correct placement of endovascular coils. This work describes the flow dynamics in patient‐specific models of saccular aneurysms of different sizes located in the ophthalmic artery. The models were obtained from three‐dimensional rotational angiography image data and blood flow dynamics was studied under physiologically representative waveform of inflow. The three‐dimensional continuity and momentum equations for unsteady laminar flow were solved with commercial software using nonstructured fine grid sizes. The intra‐aneurysmal flows show complex vortex structures that change during one pulsatile cycle. A relation between the aneurysm aspect ratio and the mean wall shear stress on the aneurysmal sac is showed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal mammary artery and vein: Recipient vessels for free tissue transfer to the head and neck in the vessel‐depleted neck
Authors: Urken Mark L. , Higgins Kevin M. , Lee Bryant , Vickery Carlin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundMicrovascular free tissue transfer is a standard reconstructive option for postablative defects of the head and neck. However, the success of this surgery requires suitable recipient vessels in the cervical region. This form of reconstruction can be particularly challenging in the vessel‐depleted neck. While the internal mammary artery and vein (IMA/V) have been used extensively in breast reconstruction, there are few reports describing their use in head and neck reconstruction. We report the first case series of the use of the internal mammary vessels for head and neck microvascular reconstruction.MethodsWe reviewed 5 cases of free tissue transfers to the head and neck in which extensive prior treatment precluded the use of more traditional recipient vessels in the neck or upper chest.ResultsA variety of free flaps were transferred for different reconstructive problems which included: chin/lower lip (n = 2), closure of widely patent tracheoesophageal puncture sites (n = 2), and pharyngoesophageal reconstruction following staged repair of a severe stenosis (n = 1). The radial forearm free flap was transferred in 4 patients and the rectus abdominus free flap in 1 patient. The IMA/V on the right side was prepared in all cases. All free flaps were successfully revascularized without the need for vein grafts and without the need for any microvascular revision procedures.ConclusionThe internal mammary artery and vein provide reliable, easily accessible recipient vessels for microvascular reconstruction in the vessel‐depleted neck. The selection of free flap donor sites with long donor vessels facilitates the microvascular repair. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Hippocampal place cells: Parallel input streams, subregional processing, and implications for episodic memory
Authors: Knierim James J. , Lee Inah , Hargreaves Eric L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe hippocampus is thought to be involved in episodic memory in humans. Place cells of the rat hippocampus offer a potentially important model system to understand episodic memory. However, the difficulties in determining whether rats have episodic memory are profound. Progress can be made by considering the hippocampus as a computational device that presumably performs similar transformations on its inputs in both rats and in humans. Understanding the input/output transformations of rat place cells can thus inform research on the computational basis of human episodic memory. Two examples of different transformations in the CA3 and CA1 regions are presented. In one example, CA3 place fields are shown to maintain a greater degree of population coherence than CA1 place fields after a rearrangement of the salient landmarks in an environment, in agreement with computational models of CA3 as an autoassociative network. In the second example, CA3 place field appears to store information about the spatiotemporal sequences of place fields, starting with the first exposure to a cue‐altered environment, whereas CA1 place fields store this information only on a temporary basis. Finally, recordings of hippocampal afferents from the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex (EC) suggest that these two regions convey fundamentally different representations to the hippocampus, with spatial information conveyed by the medial EC and nonspatial information conveyed by the lateral EC. The dentate gyrus and CA3 regions may create configural object + place (or item + context) representations that provide the spatiotemporal context of an episodic memory. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Hamidah , Waters Hugh , Omer Saad B. , Khan Aamir , Baig Imam Yar , Mistry Rozina , Halsey Neal 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis place a significant economic burden on health care systems, particularly in developing countries. This study estimates treatment costs for these diseases in health facilities in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Health facility resources are organized by categories—including salaries, capital costs, utilities, overhead, maintenance and supplies—and quantified using activity‐based costing (ABC) techniques. The average cost of treatment for an outpatient case of child pneumonia is $13.44. For hospitalized care, the health system spent an average of $71 per episode for pneumonia, $235 for severe pneumonia, and $2,043 for meningitis. These costs provide important background information for the potential introduction of the conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in Pakistan. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐oxoglutarate downregulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin through decreasing hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and inhibits angiogenesis
Authors: Matsumoto Ken , Imagawa Shigehiko , Obara Naoshi , Suzuki Norio , Takahashi Satoru , Nagasawa Toshiro , Yamamoto Masayuki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn oxygenated cells, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) α subunits are rapidly degraded by a mechanism that involves ubiquitination by the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor E3 ligase complex using 2‐oxoglutarate as a substrate. We examined the effect of 2‐oxoglutarate on the production of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The expression of erythropoietin and VEGF protein were dose‐dependently downregulated in Hep3B cells by the addition of 2‐oxoglutarate. The promoter activity of VEGF‐luciferase was dose‐dependently downregulated by the addition of 2‐oxoglutarate. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that the addition of 2‐oxoglutarate dose‐dependently inhibited HIF‐1 binding activity, but did not affect GATA binding activity. Western blot analysis revealed that 2‐oxoglutarate dose‐dependently inhibited the HIF‐1α protein level in Hep3B cells in hypoxic conditions. However, MG132 (the proteasome inhibitor) rescued the inhibition of HIF‐1α protein expression by 2‐oxoglutarate. Furthermore, under hypoxic conditions, 2‐oxoglutarate dose‐dependently inhibited tube formation in in vitro angiogenesis assays. These results indicate that 2‐oxoglutarate treatment may be useful for the inhibition of angiogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 333–340, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutive expression of thrombospondin 1 in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells inhibits mineralization
Authors: Ueno Akemichi , Miwa Yoshihiro , Miyoshi Keiko , Horiguchi Taigo , Inoue Hideo , Ruspita Intan , Abe Kaori , Yamashita Kikuji , Hayashi Eiji , Noma Takafumi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is a multifunctional extracellular glycoprotein present mainly in the fetal and adult skeleton. Although an inhibitory effect of TSP1 against pathological mineralization in cultured vascular pericytes has been shown, its involvement in physiological mineralization by osteoblasts is still unknown. To determine the role of TSP1 in biomineralization, mouse osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells were cultured in the presence of antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the TSP1 sequence. The 18‐ and 24‐mer antisense oligonucleotides caused concentration‐dependent increases in the number of mineralized nodules, acid‐soluble calcium deposition in the cell/matrix layer, and alkaline phosphatase activity within 9 days, without affecting cell proliferation. The corresponding sense or scrambled oligonucleotides did not affect these parameters. In the antisense oligonucleotide‐treated MC3T3‐E1 cells, thickened extracellular matrix, well‐developed cell processes, increased intracellular organelles, and collagen fibril bundles were observed. On the other hand, the addition of TSP1 to the culture decreased the production of a mineralized matrix by MC3T3‐E1 cells. Furthermore, MC3T3‐E1 clones overexpressing mouse TSP1 were established and assayed for TSP1 protein and their capacity to mineralize. TSP1 dose‐dependently inhibited mineralization by these cells both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that TSP1 functions as an inhibitory regulator of bone mineralization and matrix production by osteoblasts to sustain bone homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 322–332, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A downstream kinase of the mammalian target of rapamycin, p70S6K1, regulates human double minute 2 protein phosphorylation and stability
Authors: Fang Jing , Meng Qiao , Vogt Peter K. , Zhang Ruiwen , Jiang Bing‐Hua 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHuman double minute 2 (HDM2) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in many human cancers. HDM2 expression is regulated at multiple levels in cells. Phosphorylation of HDM2 plays an important role in its post‐translational regulation. In this study, we have shown that the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, have similar effects on the inhibition of HDM2 phosphorylation and protein turnover. Rapamycin inhibited p70S6K1, but not AKT activation, indicating that rapamycin affects HDM2 phosphorylation via an AKT‐independent mechanism. Rapamycin also decreased HDM2 protein stability. Knockdown of p70S6K1 by a p70S6K1 siRNA resulted in the inhibition of HDM2 phosphorylation and a decrease in HDM2 protein turnover. Overexpression of p70S6K1 enhanced HDM2 phosphorylation and led to an increase in HDM2 protein turnover. Our results suggest that p70S6K1 regulates turnover of HDM2 protein for cancer development. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 261–265, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stat5 in the mammary gland: Controlling normal development and cancer
Authors: Barash Itamar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat5) funnels extracellular signals of cytokines, hormones, and growth factors into transcriptional activity in the mammary gland. Postnatal development and functionality of this tissue is synchronized with the reproductive cycle. Consequently, Stat5 involvement in lobuloalveolar development, milk‐protein synthesis, or tissue remodeling is dictated by the particular reproductive stage. Latent deregulation of Stat5 activity during the reproductive cycle predisposes the tissue to tumorigenesis at a later stage, when the female is no longer fertile. Accumulating data from studies with mouse models and breast‐cancer specimens demonstrate a dual role for Stat5 in this context. It causes tumorigenesis, but delays metastasis progression. Consequently, Stat5 activity in breast‐cancer specimens marks a better prognosis for survival. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 305–313, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐Covalent Interactions in Polysaccharide Systems
Authors: Rinaudo Marguerite 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary:This paper describes the behavior of some polysaccharides with well‐known chemical structures and in which the influence of cooperative secondary interactions play an important role. The roles played by hydrophobic and ionic interactions (including ionic selectivity) on polysaccharide conformation and gelation are discussed. Electrostatic attractions are also important in the complexes formed between surfactants and polyelectrolytes of opposite charge. Finally, van der Waals dipolar interactions and particularly hydrogen‐bond formation are examined. The role of hydrogen bonds in solubility, conformation, and especially the local stiffness of polysaccharides, but also in polymer–polymer complexes frequently obtained with polysaccharides, is developed.Repeat unit for a number polysaccharides.magnified imageRepeat unit for a number polysaccharides.
Merging Organic and Polymer Chemistries to Create Glycomaterials for Glycomics Applications
Authors: Coullerez Géraldine , Seeberger Peter H. , Textor Marcus 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: Oligosaccharides at cell surfaces are known to play a critical role in many biological processes such as biorecognition, interactions between cells and with artificial surfaces, immune response, infection and inflammation. In order to facilitate studies of the role of sugars, an increasing number of novel tools are becoming available. New synthetic strategies now provide much more efficient access to complex carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Branched carbohydrates and hybrids of carbohydrates conjugated to polymers have been prepared using solution and/or solid‐phase synthesis and advanced methods of polymerization. These materials are essential for the development of methodologies to study and map the molecular structure‐function relationship at interfaces. This article highlights recent advances in the synthesis of carbohydrates and polymer hybrids mimicking the properties and functionalities of the natural oligosaccharides, as well as selected applications in biology, biotechnology and diagnostics.
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Branched and Cross‐Linked Proton Conductive Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Ionomers: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Chikashige Yohei , Chikyu Yoshiki , Miyatake Kenji , Watanabe Masahiro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: A series of branched and cross‐linked poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers containing sulfofluorenyl groups, 2b–e were synthesized in order to investigate the effect of these chemical modifications on the properties. Ionomers 2b–e gave a flexible, ductile, and transparent membrane by casting from DMAc solution. The branching and cross‐linking were effective to improve the dimensional stability under wet conditions without losing their high thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability. The cross‐linked ionomer 2e (IEC = 2.63 meq · g−1) membrane showed high proton conductivity of 0.2 S · cm−1 at 87% RH and 0.02 S · cm−1 at 57% RH. The branched ionomer 2b membrane was durable in proton conductivity for almost 2 months without any chemical degradation.Chemical structure of branched and cross‐linked poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers.magnified imageChemical structure of branched and cross‐linked poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers.
Novel Hybrid Polymer Brushes with Alternating Dendritic Wedges and Linear Side Chains
Authors: Zhang Yanhong , Li Xiaokai , Deng Guohua , Chen Yongming 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: Novel hybrid polymer brushes with alternating dendritic wedge and linear chain as side chains were reported in this paper. Firstly, dendronized polymer initiators of generation one to three, GnMIBr (n = 1, 2, 3), were synthesized through the alternating copolymerization of styryl dendrons and maleimide derivative initiated by AIBN. The linear side chains were then generated through grafting‐from approach using ATRP of tBA initiated with the above‐mentioned macroinitiators. By combining such macromonomers and grafting‐from approach, a new kind of polymer brushes with alternating dendron and linear chain as side chains, GnMI‐g‐PtBA, were thus synthesized and characterized with 1H NMR, SEC, AFM, etc. Morphology studies made by AFM indicate the polymer brushes display a uniform worm‐like structure with a very long contour length. After the hydrolysis of PtBA branches under acidic conditions, amphiphilic dendronized polymer brushes with hydrophilic linear PAA side chains and hydrophobic dendritic side chains of three generations have been prepared.Schematic structure and AFM image of G1MI‐g‐PtBA‐2 dendronized polymer brushes.magnified imageSchematic structure and AFM image of G1MI‐g‐PtBA‐2 dendronized polymer brushes.
Public affairs as reality construction: an established paradigm with new implications
Authors: de Lange Rob , Linders Paul 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
This article was initially a reaction to the special issues of the Journal of Public Affairs on the relative lack of theoretical foundations for the research and practice of public affairs (Vol. 1 no. 4, Vol. 2 no. 1, 2002).
The social‐scientific approach that is known under the name constructionism has interesting implications for the study and the practice of this field. The authors explore some of its central concepts and implications such as framing, priming, typification, claims making, symbolic power, background, sense making and narrative construction. They test some of these concepts for their applicability and usefulness for research, theory building and practice in the field of public affairs.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic significance of WT1 gene expression in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rodrigues Patricia C. , Oliveira Sátiro N. , Viana Marcos B. , Matsuda Eduardo I. , Nowill Alexandre E. , Brandalise Silvia R. , Yunes José A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe Wilms Tumor gene (WT1) encodes a transcription factor involved in kidney development and malignancy. WT1 expression in a subpopulation of early CD34+ cells has suggested its involvement in hematopoiesis. WT1 is aberrantly expressed in leukemias. High expression of WT1 at diagnosis has been associated with unfavorable prognosis in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The prognostic relevance of WT1 expression in pediatric AML was evaluated in only one study, including 47 patients, which showed that very low levels of WT1 at presentation were associated with an excellent outcome. To test the validity of these findings we measured levels of WT1 in 41 newly diagnosed pediatric AML of the non‐M3 FAB subtype.ProcedurePatients were treated according to an AML‐BFM 83‐based protocol in a single institution. Mononucleated cells obtained from presentation BM aspirates were cryopreserved and later thawed and used for total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The quantitative assessment of WT1 transcripts was made by real‐time PCR (RQ‐PCR). WT1 transcripts values were normalized with respect to the number of ABL transcripts.ResultsWT1 levels were significantly higher in patients bearing favorable chromosome abnormalities, t(8;21) and inv(16) (P = 0.002). Higher levels of WT1 expression were unexpectedly associated with a higher probability of overall survival by Cox regression analysis (P = 0.002). Multivariate regression analysis could not discriminate between the effects of WT1 and cytogenetics on survival.ConclusionsHigher WT1 expression was associated with favorable cytogenetics subtypes and accordingly with better outcome in children with AML in this study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:133–138. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe acute hypertriglyceridemia during acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction successfully treated with plasmapheresis
Authors: Ridola Vita , Buonuomo Paola Sabrina , Maurizi Palma , Putzulu Rossana , Annunziata Maria Laura , Pietrini Domenico , Riccardi Riccardo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChildren suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) treated with asparaginase and corticosteroids are at risk of developing severe lipid abnormalities. The authors report the case of a 10‐year‐old male with extremely high plasma triglyceride concentrations (4,000 mg/dl) during the induction phase of ALL associated with mild pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia was successfully managed with plasmapheresis with a decrease in triglyceride levels to 590 mg/dl. Apheresis appears to be safe and effective in reducing hypertriglyceridemia and preventing related complications. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:378–380. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protocol‐based treatment for children with cancer in low income countries in Latin America: A report on the recent meetings of the Monza International School of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (MISPHO)—Part II
Authors: Howard Scott C. , Ortiz Roberta , Baez Luis Fulgencio , Cabanas Ricardo , Barrantes José , Fu Ligia , Peña Armando , Samudio Angélica , Vizcaino Martha , Rodríguez‐Galindo Carlos , Barr Ronald D. , Conter Valentino , Biondi Andrea , Masera Giuseppe ,   the MISPHO Consortium Writing Committee
Published: August 2006

AbstractPediatric cancer programs in low‐income countries (LIC) can improve outcomes. However, treatment must be tailored to the patient's living conditions and the availability of supportive care. In some cases, a more intense regimen will decrease survival since the increase in death from toxicity may exceed any decrease in relapse. Attempts to practice evidence‐based pediatric oncology are thwarted by the lack of evidence derived from local experience in LIC to determine optimal therapy. This report summarizes treatment regimens used by pediatric oncologists from 15 countries of the Caribbean, Central and South America who participate in the Monza International School of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (MISPHO). Patients with hepatoblastoma, Wilms tumor, and histiocytosis treated on unmodified published protocols had outcomes comparable to those in high‐income countries (HIC). Those with rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia treated with unmodified regimens had event‐free survival estimates 10%–20% lower than those reported in HIC due to higher rates of toxic death, abandonment of therapy, and relapse. Treatment of retinoblastoma is complicated by advanced stages and extraocular disease at diagnosis; improved outcomes depend on education of pediatricians and the public to recognize early signs of this disease. Use of unmodified protocols for Burkitt lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been associated with unacceptable toxicity in LIC, so MISPHO centers have modified published regimens by giving lower doses of methotrexate and reducing use of anthracyclines. Despite the use of all‐trans‐retinoic acid during induction for acute promyelocytic leukemia, the incidence of fatal hemorrhage remains unacceptably high. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
19% efficientn‐type Czochralski silicon solar cells with screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed rear emitter
Authors: Schmiga Christian , Nagel Henning , Schmidt Jan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHigh and stable lifetimes recently reported for n‐type silicon materials are an important and promising prerequisite for innovative solar cells. To exploit the advantages of the excellent electrical properties of n‐type Si wafers for manufacturing simple and industrially feasible high‐efficiency solar cells, we focus on back junction n+np+solar cells featuring an easy‐to‐fabricate full‐area screen‐printed aluminium‐alloyed rear p+emitter. Independently confirmed record‐high efficiencies have been achieved on n‐type phosphorus‐doped Czochralski‐grown silicon material: 18·9% for laboratory‐type n+np+solar cells (4 cm2) with shadow‐mask evaporated front contact grid and 17·0% for front and rear screen‐printed industrial‐type cells (100 cm2). The electrical cell parameters were found to be perfectly stable under illumination. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.