bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einfacher Hausrat
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the commodifications of “simple” living and rural vernacular furniture were used as propagandistic tools by the Viennese furniture trade and related magazines, organizations, and retailers in constructing new and refashioning old definitions of Austrian modernity. Specifically, they hoped to sell the idea of Viennese charm to an international audience and shore up cultural and economic stability in the wake of World War I. The centerpiece of this effort was a series of exhibitions titled Einfacher Hausrat (Simple Household Goods) that took place at the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry between 1916 and 1921. Designers such as Hugo Gorge, Rudolf Lorenz, and Fritz Kruh sought comfort in a historicist mélange of styles, reinterpreting neoclassical, baroque, rococo, British Arts and Crafts, and Biedermeier forms in home furnishings. Socialist critics, incensed by the exhibitions’ high prices, argued that Einfacher Hausrat only paid lip service to supporting the dire needs for affordable home furnishings, while in reality the exhibitions served the growing market of luxury export furniture.
Die neuzeitliche Wohnung
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines in depth a series of little-known exhibitions at Vienna’s Messepalast and the Austrian Museum for Art and Industry which illustrated local approaches to the modern interior and the post-World War I lifestyle. Exhibitions over the course of the late 1920s and early 1930s reinforced a connection to the past through a moderated historicism, or a reinterpretation of past forms with a modern sensibility for scale, color, pattern, and material, specifically in exhibitions such as Die zeitgemäße Wohnung (The Contemporary Apartment) within the broader exhibition, Wien und die Wiener (Vienna and the Viennese, 1927), Die neuzeitliche Wohnung (The Modern Dwelling, 1928), and Die neuzeitliche Wohnung: Die Mietwohnung (The Modern Dwelling: The Rental Apartment, 1931–1932). This chapter argues that these exhibitions illustrate how Viennese taste favored user experience, flexibility, affordability, and eclecticism over the luxe Gesamtkunstwerk ideal.
Epilogue
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the livability expressed through human-centered design in interwar Vienna, an interpretation of modern design and architecture that stood apart from mainstream European modernist styles. It argues that these ideas of livability and flexibility became malleable in the political landscape––embraced in varying ways by both progressive and conservative sides alike. The chapter further illustrates how important the role of cultural continuity in the applied arts and interior design was in the art and culture sphere and policies of Austria after World War II, including several interior design and home furnishings exhibitions of the municipal organization Soziale Wohnkultur, and in the founding of the Second Austrian Republic in 1955. The chapter concludes with sections on the continued legacy of Vienna’s interwar Wohnkultur in postmodern design, eclecticism in modern interiors, and user experience.
Inter-Indigenous Encounters in Aboriginal Literature
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the inter-Indigenous encounters represented by Aboriginal Australian writers in conversation with critical debates in the field of global Indigenous studies. After contextualizing the internationalism of Aboriginal literature through a commentary on Oodgeroo Noonuccal and Mudrooroo (formerly Colin Johnston), it traces encounters between Aboriginal Australian language groups in Alexis Wright’s fiction, Indigenous peoples of the Pacific and Latin America through the works of Lionel Fogarty, and Dalit poets in India and Celtic ancestors in Ireland through the poetry of Ali Cobby Eckermann. The author argues that these writers redetermine their position in a decolonizing world by articulating a portable, extendable, and dynamic understanding of rootedness. Waanyi novelist Alexis Wright essays this understanding in her essay, ‘A Journey in Writing Place’, where she describes the world as a ‘sacred place’ where ‘we are all interconnected’, a shared homelands for those separated by geography, cultural paradigms, and historical experience.
Phase 4
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The desensitization phase is usually the longest phase of processing. Intense emotions can arise, be reprocessed, and give way to heartfelt, meaningful memories that form an adaptive inner representation. The transformation of the relationship from loving in presence to loving in absence takes place with the mourner feeling a sense of connection to the deceased. Negative memories that emerge, including negative memories involving the deceased, also need to be processed. This chapter covers strategies for dealing with intense emotions and how to navigate through blocked processing. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy does not take away appropriate emotion: hence, the subjective units of disturbance may not go to 0 for ecological reasons.
‘Out of Harm’s Way’
Authors: Paz Reut Yael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the influence of German and Jewish traditions of cosmopolitan thought on Mann’s approach to the law of money, in particular. The overarching hypothesis of the chapter is that Mann was both a German conservative lawyer avant la lettre and a child, if not a grandchild, of Jewish/German cosmopolitanism, and the manner in which he wove together money and law remains very Jewish, German, and cosmopolitan. While drawing parallels to two other German-Jewish thinkers—Karl Marx and Georg Simmel—the chapter argues that Mann’s legal approach to money attempts to rehabilitate both ‘money’ and ‘the Jew’ through law.
Jurisdiction and Private International Law
Authors: Dannemann Gerhard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Mann was highly critical of the frequent inability of public international lawyers, on the one hand, and private international lawyers, on the other, to even understand what each other was talking about, leading to serious and avoidable misunderstandings in areas where those two fields overlap. This chapter shows how Mann transcended disciplinary boundaries through his expertise in both public and private international law. He used jurisprudence as a linchpin for public law influences on private international law. The chapter draws on his lectures, autobiography, and correspondence with scholars and legislators to highlight Mann’s strong views on expropriation, excessive civil jurisdiction, and so-called overriding mandatory rules.
Gold Clauses in the Capital Markets of the Early 20th Century
Authors: Fox David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gold clauses were one of the most legally troublesome issues in international contracting during the inter-war years while Mann wrote his first edition of The Legal Aspect of Money (1938). At the time, litigation over gold clauses was a sign that the old monetary order based on the international gold standard was breaking down. This chapter scratches beneath the doctrinal analysis to the commercial and political purposes served by gold clauses. It seeks to connect them with the prevailing understanding of money and monetary valuation in the early decades of the 20th century. It considers the gold clause contracts as historical instances of the early international bond markets in operation, and the litigation over them as one reaction to the financial instability of the era. All this was the context that Mann doubtlessly knew, even if he chose to separate it from his exposition of the legal doctrine.
Introduction
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This Introduction provides an overview of political power and decision-making institutions in ancient Greece. It begins by placing this study in the context of scholarly debates on sovereignty and questions the use of the notion of sovereignty applied to the political decision-making of Greek democracies and non-democratic regimes, also introducing the concept of divided power. The chapter distinguishes between the classic notion of ‘separation of powers’ and the concept of ‘divided power’. It explains the advantages of investigating dynamics of divided power from an institutional perspective and makes the case for the normativity of political institutions in shaping collective behaviour. This introductory chapter also discusses ancient theories of institutional mixing and on the role of institutions in regulating political power, especially in Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius. Building on these ancient ideas, the third section discusses the distinction between legislation and decree-making and justifies the need to study decree-making as a separate form of divided power. Finally, this chapter engages with the critique moved to institutional approaches to ancient Greek decision-making and sets out the book’s new methodology informed by the conceptual tools of historical institutionalism, offering a more nuanced definition of institutions as made of formal rules, practices, and ideas.
Institutionalism
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains institutionalist theory and claims that historical institutionalism offers insights into the Anglo-American military relationship. The two countries have over time developed a reflex of cooperating together in matters of defence. The chapter makes the case for analysing the bilateral military relationship in terms of ‘rules’, ‘practices’ and ‘narratives’. Rules reflect the doctrinal framework for action; practices test this in operations and narratives become the means of explaining and justifying action. The chapter proceeds to outline how institutionalism can be observed in the extensive linkages between the militaries of the UK and the US, in both peacetime and wartime.
The Nuclear Relationship
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The nuclear relationship has been a source of considerable continuity in post-Cold War Anglo-American relations, contrasting with the tumultuous relationship in the aftermath of World War Two. Cooperation has been sustained between the British and American navies, their nuclear officials, scientists and engineers. As such it has been an exemplar of the institutional relationship between the two countries. At its heart has been high levels of trust within a highly secretive domain. Although it is an unequal relationship in which the UK obtains disproportionate benefit, the US has signalled its desire to support the UK as a nuclear power into the future.
Rational and Non-rational Cognitive Faculties
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It is argued that the non-rational part of the soul is richer, cognitively, than one might initially think. It can grasp means-ends relations, as well as some generalisations. Hence, it is able to guide goal-directed behaviour on its own. Conversely, only the rational part can calculate and grasp universal explanatory accounts. This sheds light on the cognitive abilities characteristic of practical wisdom as a strictly rational excellence and on the limits of the communication between parts of the soul.
Motivational Conflict and Cognitive Conflict
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains why, for Aristotle, some forms of clear-eyed akrasia are possible. For Aristotle, grasping the truth about appearances of goodness, fineness and pleasantness is insufficient to regulate action. This explains why, for Aristotle, we are often conflicted and that we can be clear-eyed when we act against our best judgements.
Akrasia
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows that the ignorance of the akratic is in fact a lack of phronēsis, and therefore a failure of persuasion. The akratic, like the enkratic, does not fully grasp the reasons or the values that ground her decision to act well and therefore fails to bring in line her non-rational desires. Hence, the ignorance of the akratic is compatible with at least some form of clear-eyed akrasia.
The Universal Invisibility of the French White Writer
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter establishes the articulation between the historic phenomenon of racialization of French literature and its enduring if changing manifestations still at work in our postcolonial era. Marie Darrieussecq’s (2013) novel Il faut beaucoup aimer les hommes enjoyed a surprisingly unanimous reception despite its controversial themes: interracial relations, France’s neo-colonial influence in Africa, and the alienating effects of the racial gaze. The authors show how the recipient of the prestigious Médicis Prize emerged as the epitomic French White writer during a period marked by multiple racist incidents extensively covered by the media. The chapter argues that French literary institutions continue to revolve around a largely invisible centre, the White writer, whose visibility has waxed and waned in the last century yet remains the intensely normative figure around which the literary field deploys its reading protocols.
People and politics
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses how a public opinion that concerned the monetary economy of the Empire emerged among the ‘common man’ and why political authorities were well advised to take this into account when making political decisions. The chapter shows that there is strong evidence of the common folk favouring the introduction of a common, Empire-wide currency in place of the traditional monetary diversity. Merchants, by contrast, were indifferent as they had found ways to cope with this diversity and at least occasionally to profit from it. The chapter also examines several solutions to the problems caused by Gresham’s Law, with which the members of the Empire—the ‘imperial estates’—experimented in the first half of the sixteenth century: Attempts to control the cross-border traffic in coins failed due to high monitoring costs; attempts to drive out underweight imitations of domestic money triggered rounds of debasements that severely harmed revenues. The analysis shows how the majority of the members of the Empire came to the conclusion that only an Empire-wide currency union would provide a viable solution, while a minority (Saxony and Habsburg Low Countries) preferred to maintain their autonomy in monetary policy matters.
Hamiltonian mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Invariance of the Hamiltonian function under a given transformation and the conservation law. The canonical transformations. The Poisson brackets and the classical model of the electron and nuclear paramagnetic resonances. ‘Hidden symmetry’ of the hydrogen atom. Adiabatic invariants.
‘What Kind of Hindu Are You?’ Muscular Hinduism and the Making of Majorities and Minorities
Authors: Chatterjee Moyukh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hindu nationalism (Hindutva) is often interpreted as the perversion of religion for politics. However, this idea can confound rather than clarify the question of religion (and politics) in India because it is based on the idea that religion is a fixed and immutable theory about the world rather than a form of being in the world. Rather than assume that Hindu supremacy is a perversion of religion, the chapter suggests that Hindu supremacy as performed by Bajrang Dal activists in Ahmedabad, Gujarat is based on crafting a particular kind of everyday religion in public within secular states like India that reinforces and establishes majorities and minorities. Here, religion is not a fixed set of rules but deeply implicated in the genealogy of religion as a form of life in postcolonial states and as a resource for making permanent majorities and minorities in the public sphere, which are recognized as such by the state and the wider public.
Parliamentary legislation
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Principles of statutory interpretation were developed by the medieval judges and expounded in detail in sixteenth-century cases. The guiding principle was to follow the presumed intention of the maker, which was sometimes ascertained by seeking the ‘equity of the statute’. Whether the courts could go so far as to declare a statute void was a controversial question, since the doctrine that ‘parliament can do anything’ arguably gave way to the proposition that it could hardly do the impossible or be presumed to have intended the absurd. The best-known discussion of this was in Dr Bonham’s Case (1610), as reported by Sir Edward Coke, though Coke was not alone in holding that the courts could sometimes declare a statute void. Some lawyers, such as Thomas Hedley, even held that the common law was superior to parliament. The chapter ends with some texts concerning the effect of repeals.
Offences in respect of property
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Stealing movable chattels was a felony (larceny) at common law. The chapter begins with expositions of the law of theft in inns of court readings. The principal area of difficulty, pursued in some of the later case law, arose from the requirement of a forcible asportation from someone else’s possession. A person lawfully in possession of goods could not steal them; but possession had to be distinguished from mere custody, such as that of a servant or finder, and it was also decided that delivery of an enclosed bale of goods did not transfer possession of the individual contents. Other questions related to the kinds of property which could be stolen; excluded were real property, including fixtures and growing crops, wild animals, and (according to some) things of mere pleasure such as pet animals or diamonds. Stealing things of small value (petit larceny) was theft, but not capital; there was some initial uncertainty about the financial threshold. However, if the theft was aggravated by robbery, the offence was capital however small the value. Burglary was the breaking and entering of a house by night with the intention of committing theft or some other felony, even if the intention was unfulfilled; the exact scope of these constituent elements was the subject of numerous decisions.
Introduction to General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
General Relativity is a beautiful geometric theory, simple in its mathematical formulation but leading to numerous consequences with striking physical interpretations: gravitational waves, black holes, cosmological models, and so on. This introductory textbook is written for mathematics students interested in physics and physics students interested in exact mathematical formulations (or for anyone with a scientific mind who is curious to know more of the world we live in), recent remarkable experimental and observational results which confirm the theory are clearly described and no specialised physics knowledge is required. The mathematical level of Part A is aimed at undergraduate students and could be the basis for a course on General Relativity. Part B is more advanced, but still does not require sophisticated mathematics. Based on Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat's more advanced text, General Relativity and the Einstein Equations, the aim of this book is to give with precision, but as simply as possible, the foundations and main consequences of General Relativity. The first five chapters from General Relativity and the Einstein Equations have been updated with new sections and chapters on black holes, gravitational waves, singularities, and the Reissner-Nordström and interior Schwarzchild solutions. The rigour behind this book will provide readers with the perfect preparation to follow the great mathematical progress in the actual development, as well as the ability to model, the latest astrophysical and cosmological observations. The book presents basic General Relativity and provides a basis for understanding and using the fundamental theory.
Black holes
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It was mainly through the vision of Robert Oppenheimer and John Archibald Wheeler that the reality of black holes was seriously considered. They cannot be seen directly, but astronomical observations, in particular perturbations of motions of various stars, reveal gravitational fields too strong to be explained by an invisible massive companion other than a black hole. Some X-ray sources and active galactic nuclei are interpreted in terms of black holes. Also, some γ-ray bursts are thought to be due ultimately to the explosion of matter accreted near the boundary of a black hole by the gravitational field it generates. There is now a large consensus among astrophysicists on the existence of many black holes in the universe, even at the centre of our own galaxy.
Introduction to cosmology
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A cosmological model is a spacetime that is supposed to represent the whole past, present, and future of our universe. It has long been argued that in the framework of General Relativity, gravitation should model the geometry of the cosmos because its forces are long range (in contrast to nuclear forces) and non-compensated (there are no negative masses—in contrast to the existence of positive and negative electric charges).
Risk Aversion
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 6 we propose an evolutionary explanation for the origin of risk aversion. In the context of Chapter 2’s simple binary choice, we show that risk aversion emerges by natural selection if reproductive risk is systematic (i.e. correlated across individuals in a given generation). In contrast, risk neutrality emerges if reproductive risk is idiosyncratic (i.e. uncorrelated across each given generation). More generally, this framework implies that the degree of risk aversion is determined by the stochastic nature of reproductive rates, and we show that different statistical properties lead to different utility functions. The simplicity and generality of this model suggest that these implications are primitive and cut across species, physiology, and genetic origins
Learning to be Bayesian
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 9 we derive Bayesian inference as an adaptive behaviour that emerges through natural selection in certain stochastic environments. Such behaviour arises purely through the forces of evolution, despite the fact that the population consists of mindless individuals without any ability to reason, act strategically, or accurately encode or infer environmental states probabilistically. In addition, three specific environments favour the emergence of finite memory—those that are Markov and nonstationary, and where sampling contains too little or too much information about local conditions. These results provide an explanation for several known phenomena in human cognition, including deviations from the optimal Bayesian strategy and finite memory above and beyond resource constraints.