bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour rendering of skin under fluorescent lamp illumination
Authors: Rea M. S. , Robertson A. R. , Petrusic W. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ability of observers to discriminate between five types of fluorescent lamps on the basis of the colour of their own skin has been compared to their ability to make the same discriminations on the basis of four arbitrary object colours and a single grey object colour. The results have been analyzed by various statistical tests, which indicate clearly that skin colour provides a more sensitive indicator of colour rendering than do the other two targets. Multidimensional scaling analyses show that discriminations between the five lamps can be represented in a two‐dimensional space. The first and more important dimension apparently represents the warm‐cool dimension of the colour of the lamps, and the second dimension is related in some way to the colour of objects illuminated by the lamps.Observers were also asked to rate their preferences for the redering of their skin under five lamps. Statistical analysis of the results shows that preference varies from observer to observer and to some extent with experience. Some general trends are evident but detailed analysis of preference in terms of the two‐dimensional space derived from the discrimination results will require more study with a greater variety of lamps.
Quantifying qualitative relations about colors through fuzzy and statistical operations
Authors: Tseng Shiojenn , Hsu Jyh‐Ping , Wei Tsao‐Hung 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFuzzy as well as statistical operations are performed to illustrate potential usages of the membership functions of the surface colors of apaque materials obtained through the fuzzy statistical experiment. The method is examplified by the color selection procedure in product design. The degree of association between colors and visual perception about colors is investigated through correlation analysis. The fuzzy membership functions and the associated statistical method provide a natural basis for the quantification of a qualitative relation about colors.
The accuracy of the NCS, DIN, and OSA‐UCS colour atlases
Authors: Smith N. S. , Whitfield T. W. A. , Wiltshire T. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1985 a research program was instigated to determine the feasibility and desirability of developing a computer based colour notation conversion program. Results indicated that the development of such a program covering the Munsel, NCS, DIN, OSA‐UCS, Coloroid, CIELAB and CIELUV colour specification systems for use as a research tool was both feasible and desirable. The program was completed early in 1989 and this is the first of a number of articles that uses this program as a research tool. The colour notation conversion program has been used to evaluate the accuracy of the samples which comprise the NCS, DIN and OSA‐UCS colour atlases.
Temporal integration properties for bichromatically mixed lights in color‐anomalous vision
Authors: Kawabata Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe critical durations for temporal integration were examined in dichromatic and anomalous‐trichromatic eyes by means of incremental thresholds that were measured for a bichromatically mixed red/green or blue/yellow test‐light of varied durations, superimposed upon an achromatic background of different intensities. Our previous study with the color‐normals showed that the critical duration was markedly shortened when the red and green components in the test light were balanced in intensity. No such dependency upon the red‐green mixing ratio was manifested in the present study with the color defectives. Moreover, those for the monochromatic red and green test light under the 1000‐td background were shorter for the color defectives than for the normals, although for the bichromatic test light they were more or less equivalent in the two groups. These results were interpreted as due to the absence in the color defectives of the R/G opponent color system. With respect to the results for the bichromatic test light composed of blue and yellow components the color defectives (protanopes) did not appear to be much different from the normals.
Calibrated processing of image color
Authors: Brainard David H. , Wandell Brian A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe describe the design philosophy and image representation of a calibrated color image processing system. The design emphasizes the representation of the spectral functions necessary for device‐independent acquisition and display of color data. These basic design principles can be incorporated into a new generation of image processing software that integrates both spatial and spectral image processing.
Accuracy of the NCS Atlas Samples
Authors: Smith N. S. , Whitfield T. W. A. , Wiltshire T. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes a further investigation into the accuracy of the samples that comprise the NCS colour atlas. Earlier research has demonstrated that the NCS atlas samples are, on average, more inaccurate than the samples that comprise other comparable colour atlases. The present work identifies areas of the NCS colour atlas containing coloured samples that significantly deviate from their intended aim points.
Chromatic induction and the locus of unique yellow as a function of stimulus illuminance
Authors: Sewall Laura , Schefrin Brooke E. , Werner John S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChromatic induction was measured in terms of the wavelength of a central 1°, unique yellow field surrounded by annuli that varied in wavelength, area, contrast, and overall retinal illuminance. In the first experiment, a 1.3° surround was varied from approximately 470 to 670 nm, using an overall illuminance range from 0.5 to 4.0 log trolands. The illuminance contrast between the center and surround was 1.0 (i.e., isoluminant). The results indicated that the wavelength of unique yellow shifted in the direction of the wavelength of the surround at all intensities. The magnitude of the shift, however, decreased with increasing intensity for middle‐ and long‐wavelength surrounds. The latter result was not expected from previous research. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that this might be due to a Bezold‐Brücke effect in which the hue of the surround changes with increasing retinal illuminance. The relative influence of Bezold‐Brücke hue shifts on chromatic induction was manipulated by changing surround area and luminance contrast. Results of this experiment were consistent with the hypothesis that changes in color appearance with increases in intensity may influence the magnitude of chromatic induction.
Specification of individual variation in luminous efficiency for brightness
Authors: Ikeda Mitsuo , Ikeda Jun , Ayama Miyoshi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrincipal component analysis was applied to spectral luminous efficiencies determined by the heterochromatic brightness matching by 51 and 70 observers for the field size. 2° and 10°, respectively, which were used to derive the CIE Vb,2(Λ) and Vb,10(Λ). Four principal components were found to explain the individual variation. the two deviation indices were introduced by slightly modifying the first and second principal scores and they were effectively used to specify individual variations and to predict the spectral luminous efficiency curve. Equations were derived to predict these two deviation indices as functions of luminous efficiencies at two wavelengths, 460 and 640 nm in the case of 2° field and 470 and 630 mm in 10° field. the luminous efficiency curves thus predicted by the two deviation indices fitted very nicely to the experimentally determined luminous efficiency curves of all the observers. A way to utilize the deviation indices in practice where observers play an important role is proposed to avoid some confusion that may take place because of individual variation.
Music and color: Relations in the psychophysical perspective
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRelations between music and color have long been debated, it seems inconclusively. I describe the theory behind three electronic sound‐to‐light transducers built to give a visual impression of music to students and deaf people. In psychophysical theory, any psychological correlation between music and color must derive primarily from the physical stimuli, which, as sonic or radiant energy, have only two variables: (a) amplitude, causing loudness or brightness/lightness: and (b) wavelength, causing musical tone or hue. Correlation of tone and hue is also indicated by their cyclic nature, as octave cycle and hue cycle. Accordingly, only the latter cycle can represent the former.
Correlated color temperature as an explicit function of chromaticity coordinates
Authors: McCamy C. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple equation to compute correlated color temperature (CCT) from CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates x and y is given. Over the range of interest in color science, the errors are negligible. It was derived from the fact that the isotemperature lines for CCTs of principle interest nearly converge toward a point on the chromaticity diagram and the assumption that CCT may be represented by a third‐order polynomial function of the reciprocal of the slope of the line from that point to the chromaticity of the light. the equation is useful in designing sources to simulate CIE colorimetric illuminants.
Comparison of spectral sensitivity using heterochromatic flicker photometry and an acuity criterion
Authors: Ingling Carl R. , Grigsby Scott S. , Long Regina C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe CIE luminosity function Vδ is based largely upon the spectral sensitivity of normal observers measured by flicker photometry. Nonetheless, it is used to specify illumination for visual tasks in which the performance criterion is not temporal resolution, e.g., acuity tasks. It has recently become clear that different channels in the human visual system detect acuity targets than detect flicker. Furthermore, the flicker and acuity channels have ostensibly different spectral sensitivities. Thus it becomes important to verify that lights equated by a flicker criterion and lights equated by an acuity criterion agree. If the spectral sensitivity measured by flicker and acuity criteria differ, then performance on an acuity task for lights of equal luminance but dissimilar spectral composition will differ. Six monochromatic background fields (460, 500, 550, 580, 600, and 660 nm) were flickermatched to a standard white field. the monochromaticplus‐white‐standard fields were used as backgrounds for 10 cycle/degree monochromatic gratings presented as increments. Four observers participated in the experiment. Excepting the 460 nm condition, the contrast required to detect a grating on flicker‐matched backgrounds is independent of wavelength. Although subserved by different channels, flicker photometric and threshold acuity criteria produce similar spectral sensitivities.
A contribution to the study of color of fabrics
Authors: Sokkar T. Z. N. , Kabeel M. A. , Ramadan W. A. , Hamza A. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn expansion of the Allen and Goldfinger approach to the prediction of the color of absorbing‐scattering substrates is carried out taking into account the effect of optical anisotropy of fibers and definite values of the indices of refraction in the visible spectral range. Using this approach and a computer program the spectral reflectance curves, based on the shape of the spectral transmittance curves of the dye‐fiber polymer and Cauchy's dispersion formula, are calculated for an array of dyed nylon fibers. Also, the spectral reflectance curves for the same dyed fiber is calculated using Allen and Goldfinger model. Both spectra are compared with those experimentally measured. Spectra for dyed fibers with different dye concentrations are calculated.
Interference colors of oxidized titanium metal surfaces
Authors: Weatherall Ian L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe range of interference colors that become apparent when thin layers of titanium oxide are electrolytically produced on the surface of the metal are described in terms of simple visual assessments, Munsell designations, and CIELAB color space values. the observed colors change to some extent with the angle of illumination and viewing. the form of the visible reflectance spectra of the surfaces also depends on the optical configuration of the spectrophotometer. Measurements made with an integrating sphere with a 0°/8° geometry provide CIELAB values that are more representative of the appearance of the colors than the values calculated from spectra obtained by 0°/45° diffuse reflectance.
Subjective preferences for the red color of stop signs: Implications for the design of high‐intensity‐discharge headlamps
Authors: Sivak Michael , Flannagan Michael , Gellatly Andrew W. , Luoma Juha 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHigh‐intensity‐discharge (HID) headlamps, in comparison to tungsten–halogen headlamps, emit proportionally less energy in the long‐wavelength end of the visible spectrum—precisely in the region where retroreflective red stop signs are most reflective. A likely consequence of the use of HID headlamps is a colorimetric shift of stop signs. This study was designed to examine the consequences of colorimetric shifts of red sign materials in different colorimetric directions. Subjects were shown individual small color samples under controlled lighting conditions. Their task was to indicate, on each trial, whether the sample color was acceptable for stop signs. At the end of each experimental session, subjects were asked to select a single most appropriate color for stop signs from among 16 simultaneously presented color samples. There are two main findings. First, there is an overwhelming agreement among observers concerning the most appropriate red color for stop signs out of the 16 colors presented. Second, observers were relatively sensitive to hue shifts towards orange, while relatively insensitive to saturation shifts towards pink. Consequently, designers of HID headlamps should try to minimize the extent of colorimetric shifts of red sign materials towards orange.
Comparison of regular transmittance scales of four national standardizing laboratories
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Bastie Jean , Zwinkels Joanne , Sapritsky Victor , Ulyanov Andrey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison of the regular spectral transmittance scales of National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA), Institute National de Metrologie (France), National Research Council (Canada), and All‐Union Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements (CIS) was accomplished using neutral glass filters with transmittances ranging from approximately 0.92 to 0.001. Storing the filters for almost four years produced no conclusive evidence of improvement over a previous interchange between NIST and three different national standardizing laboratories when the filters were stored for only 30 days. The agreement ranges from 0.01% to 0.3% depending on the laboratory and the filter used. The uncertainties (99.7% estimated confidence level) are generally greater than the differences between NIST and the individual laboratories. The sample‐induced error contributed 20% or more of the total uncertainty except for a few cases as found in the previous comparison. This interchange, similar to the previous one, is part of an ongoing effort to obtain international standardization.
Optimal density‐division for color‐imaging systems
Authors: Ohta Noboru 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDigital color‐imaging systems require very large amounts of computer memory for the internal storage of images to be reproduced. Thus, although decreasing memory cost is an important factor in their recent success, techniques for reducing memory usage continue to be important. This article describes a method for assigning densities to quantized levels of reproduction primaries such that maximum perceptual uniformity is achieved. The result shows that the equal step division of psychometric lightness of gray scales obtainable in the system assures the maximum uniformity for all the other colors as well.
Solution to spatial inhomogeneity on video monitors
Authors: Cook James N. , Sample Pamela A. , Weinreb Robert N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne problem with the use of computer graphics monitors in vision experiments is spatial inhomogeneity: phosphor output intensity can vary between screen locations. This feature complicates accurate display of stimuli—either output must be confined to a small portion of the screen or variability must be accepted. We have developed a platform‐independent spatial compensation algorithm to correct for variance in output luminances over the surface of the screen. We have implemented and tested this algorithm on our own graphics system. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intersections of spectral power distributions of lights that match
Authors: Thornton William A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSpectral power distributions (SPDs) of computed lights that match to the 1964 CIE Standard Observer, and spectral reflectance distributions (SRDs) of objects that can reflect those lights, are studied. Their intersection behavior shows three well‐defined and invariant wavelength regions (modal wavelengths) at which they intersect. Intersections preferentially occur near the modal wavelengths even when metamerism of a pair of lights is exceedingly weak. The minimum number (=3N) of intersections of SRDs that match under N illuminants is verified for N = 1 to 4, and 3N invariant wavelength regions of intersection are identified. Support is given for Wright's suggestion that the three modal wavelengths fall near “the three maxima of visual sensitivity.” © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dreams of light for the city
Authors: Tosca Theano Fanny 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes research that aspires to develop a tool to restore well‐tempered variety, space‐time continuity, identity, and self‐visualization to contemporary Greek urbanscape. This tool uses color as a building facade structuring material and takes into account confusing plastic structure and the shifting nature of contemporary Greek urban populations. the research is based on existing information and on psychometric data with users.The project included six stages: a) an estimation of the deviation of the existing representational space from the desired space representation, b) a semiotic analysis of representative building facade samples into generic color forms, (c) the recording of the color preferences of selected subjects for these forms, d) a semantic coding of the subjects' reasons for these preferences, e) the establishment of a color scheme on the basis of the resulting color combinations, and f) a comparison of the color choices by the various groups of subjects for each building category.The results show that a) color is mostly affected by the sociocultural aspect of architecture, b) function is the major parameter taken into account for middle‐class constructions, c) the visual differentiation resulting from the color rendering of the facade elements according to the subjects' preferences can lead to architecture and planning identification, d) spatial, functional, and sociocultural qualities can also be attributed to the city through color‐conditioning, and e) above all, color can best portray the particular character of a city, what it was, is, or wants to be in the future.
Visual clarity and feeling of contrast
Authors: Hashimoto Kenjiro , Nayatani Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe visual clarity of a lighting environment is significantly affected by changing the general color rendering index (Ra) of its illumination. This effect has been studied by a number of researchers, but the cause of this effect has not been thoroughly studied. In order to clarify this, the mutual relations between visual clarity, lightness perception, and feeling of contrast are analyzed by using object colors under illuminations with various Ra values. the results obtained are as follows. (1) the visual clarity of a lighting environment is different from the lightness perception of the object colors in the environment. (2) the change in visual clarity of a lighting environment is highly correlated to a feeling of contrast between object colors under the illumination. (3) the effect of visual clarity is estimated effectively by assessing the feeling of contrast using a specially selected four‐color combination. (4) the illuminance for equal visual clarity for any illumination is predicted by the equality of feeling of contrast under the same illumination specified by the gamut area made by the component colors of the four‐color combination in a brightness and colorfulness space. (5) the effect of visual clarity under various illuminations cannot be predicted by using their Ra values.
Orphics: Computer Graphics and the Feasibility of a Preferred Color Order
Authors: Zajec Edward 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBecause color has lost its permanent form in certain media such as computer displays, there is a need for some overriding organizational principle. In earlier work on orphics, this author has discussed some ideas and techniques for the fluid articulation of color in space and time without relying on a preferred color order. In this article the possibility of defining a sequence of colors arranged in a unique order, that is, general enough to serve as a tuning for the composition of color in space and time, is discussed. to gain as wide a perspective as possible, color vision theories and their relevance are discussed, as well as the structural compatibilities between color orders and the well‐tempered musical scale. Finally the works of two artists, Morgan Russell and Robert Delaunay, are examined.
Comparison of the colorcurve and SCA‐2541 colour order systems using the OSA‐UCS model
Authors: Smith Neville S. , Billmeyer Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn earlier article has compared the perceptual scaling of the Munsell, NCS, DIN, Coloroid, and OSA‐UCS colour order systems. This article expands on the earlier article by presenting a comparison of the Colorcurve and SCA‐2541 [Swiss Colour Atlas] colour order systems, again using the OSA‐ UCS system as a reference model. To enable direct comparison with the earlier article, the same varied but systematic sets of OSA‐ UCS cleavage planes were used in this new comparison. To enable comparison between these systems, and the Munsell, NCS, DIN, and Coloroid systems, thejndings are graphically presented in a format similar to that used in the earlier article. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The measurement of colour in chemical indicators applicable to food spoilage
Authors: Blake G. J. , Edwards S. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo diferent types of chemical indicator used to monitor food spoilage due to thermal abuse were evaluated using an I.C.S. colour measurement system. One indicator exhibited an abrupt colour change after about 340 min room temperature, whereas the other exhibited a slower colour change at about the same time. The two diferent behaviors lend themselves to dierent applications. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Speculations about the value of gloss
Authors: Braun Juergen H. , Braun Stephen W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn hypothesis is presented claiming that gloss derives its commercial and aesthetic values from attracting attention. Gloss appears to mimic motion, which triggers strong responses that are deeply rooted in the biological heritage, shared by humans and animals. Conclusions are translated into a few simple rules for the design of surfaces.