bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Zealand children's involvement in home activities that carry a burn or scald risk
Authors: Harré Niki , Field Jeff , Polzer-Debruyne Andrea 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—The self reported involvement of elementary schoolchildren from Auckland, New Zealand was measured for home activities that carry a burn or scald risk.Method—A survey was conducted with 421 children aged 7–13 years. The survey asked children whether they carried out specific home activities involving hot water, fire, or appliances that carry a burn risk. It also measured their knowledge of the three basic fire safety messages taught to New Zealand schoolchildren by the fire service.Results—The results showed that although involvement levels increased with age, the majority of even the youngest children reported carrying out a number of the risky activities, such as preparing hot drinks, running their own baths, or using a microwave without help. No gender differences were found in the number of risky activities engaged in. Significant ethnic differences were found, with higher risk involvement by indigenous Maori and children of Pacific Island descent than children of European or Asian descent. Each of the three fire safety messages were correctly identified by between 79%–91% of the children.Conclusions—Investigation of children's involvement in household activities that carry an injury risk may help in the design of prevention strategies, including school based education. Prevention efforts need to acknowledge the ages at which children begin to undertake specific household tasks, including those that involve care for younger siblings, and be attuned to the needs of different ethnic groups.
Injury reporting in Connecticut newspapers: Table 1
Authors: Voight Bonnie , Lapidus Garry , Zavoski Robert , Banco Leonard 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To describe how newspapers report injury events and how often they contain information about injury prevention measures.Methods—A commercial service provided all newspaper clippings reporting unintentional injury events between July and September 1995 from 17 daily and 55 weekly newspapers published in Connecticut, USA. Each clipping was reviewed to determine the presence or absence of 35 content variables.Results—There were 962 articles and excluding 35 editorials, 927 reported injury events and 17% pertained to persons under 21 years. Of the 60% that described motor vehicle collisions only 3% mentioned driver alcohol use, 9% seat belt use, and fewer than 1% airbag use. In the 17 motorcycle and 44 bicycle stories, 29% and 20% respectively, mentioned helmet use. In the 16 articles about house fires only 13% mentioned smoke detector use. There were no significant differences in injury reporting by circulation size.Conclusions—Newspapers are an important source of public information but are woefully deficient in providing information on injury prevention.
Babywalkers: prevalence of use and relationship with other safety practices
Authors: Kendrick Denise , Marsh Patricia 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To examine the prevalence of walker use, and to compare sociodemographic factors, perceptions of the risk of injury and of household hazards, and safety practices in families by walker use.Setting—36 primary care practices across Nottingham, UK.Method—Postal questionnaire to all parents of children aged 3–12 months registered at each practice (n=2152) to assess safety practices, perceptions of risk of injury, and of the risk associated with household hazards and sociodemographic factors. Data were analysed using χ2tests for categorical data, Mann-Whitney U tests for ordinal data, and logistic regression analysis.Results—The response rate was 74%. Fifty per cent of parents used babywalkers. Receipt of means tested benefits (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 1.99), non-owner occupation (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.04), residence in a deprived area (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.91), and unemployment (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99) were independently associated with use of walkers. Families using babywalkers were less likely to use stair gates (χ2= 4.36, 1df, p=0.037), fireguards (χ2= 6.80, 1df, p=0.009), and had a higher total number of unsafe practices (Mann-Whitney U test , Z = −2.90, p=0.004). Perceptions of risk of injury and of the risk associated with household hazards however, did not differ by walker use.Conclusions—Babywalker use is common across all social groups and is associated with other unsafe practices such as not using stair gates or fireguards. Health professionals should support campaigns to limit the sale of babywalkers, but, in addition, they should ascertain each family's reasons for walker use and try to find acceptable alternatives. They should also make the family aware of the importance of properly fitted stair gates and fireguards and help the family to obtain and use such items of safety equipment.
How members of the public interpret the wordaccident
Authors: Girasek D C 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To explore what the wordaccidentmeans to the lay public. This interpretation is of interest because it has been raised by injury control professionals as one justification for discouraging use of that word.Methods—A national telephone survey of 943 adults in the United States was conducted. Respondents were selected at random from households whose phone numbers were generated using random digit dialing techniques. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine if respondent characteristics predicted their interpretations of the wordaccident.Results—Eighty three per cent of respondents associated preventability with the wordaccident, and only 26% felt that accidents were controlled by fate. However, 71% thought that accidents could not be predicted, and 4% felt that accidents were done on purpose. Age, education, income, and race emerged as independent predictors of variousaccidentinterpretations.Conclusions—Only in the case of “unpredictability” does the public's interpretation of the wordaccidentmatch many experts' expectations. The concept of “unintentionality” is what seems to be communicated most strongly by use of the wordaccident. Persistent attempts on the part of injury control professionals to eliminate this word from social discourse may result in unintended consequences, which are discussed.
Barriers to pediatric injury prevention counseling
Authors: Cohen Lisa R , Runyan Carol W 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—Physicians cite numerous barriers to incorporating injury prevention counseling into routine care. Health behavior models suggest that beliefs about barriers are associated with physician characteristics. This study explores associations between physician characteristics and physician perceptions of barriers.Methods—Self administered structured questionnaires were sent to all five North Carolina (United States) pediatric residency programs. A total of 160 (72%) physicians training in pediatrics or medicine-pediatrics in these programs replied. Associations between perceived barriers and knowledge, gender, training, experience, and correlation between perceived barriers and other physician beliefs about injury prevention counseling, were measured.Results—Although most residents believed that talking to parents about injury prevention during routine visits was important, they felt they lacked time, did not think to ask parents about injury prevention, or had more important things to do. The more importance residents placed on asking parents about hazards, the less the extent to which barriers were perceived (r= 0.32). Barriers were perceived to a greater extent by residents who thought their preceptors did not expect them to counsel about injury prevention (r= 0.28), lacked confidence that their counseling helped parents (r= 0.32), or felt uncomfortable counseling parents about injury prevention (r= 0.18). Knowledge, residency year, training, and previous experience with injury were not related to perceived barriers.Conclusions—Residency programs should teach the importance of injury prevention; provide opportunities for residents to become comfortable talking with parents about this; and train residents in the appropriate use of counseling as one strategy for addressing injury prevention.
A new paradigm of injury intentionality
Authors: Cheng Tina L , Wright Joseph L , Fields Cheryl B , Brenner Ruth A , Schwarz Donald , O'Donnell Regina , Scheidt Peter C 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To improve understanding of processes leading to injury and assess more specifically the degree of intentionality.Methods—A new paradigm was developed that characterizes the act of inflicting injury (self, other, not inflicted) and the motive. Motives are determined for the act of injury and for the outcome. To test this, 986 cases of adolescent injuries in seven hospitals were reviewed. Three investigators independently classified all cases using the new paradigm and three used standard definitions of intent. Inter-rater reliability was measured.Results—Of injuries inflicted by others, 61% were intentional using the standard classification. In the new paradigm 67% were intended acts and 59% involved intentional motive for outcome. Altogether 87% of sports injuries were coded as unintentional acts compared with 96% using standard methods. Using standard classification there was 93% agreement between paired raters, with an average κ of 0.86. In the new paradigm questions on intentionality of act, outcome, and infliction of act, the agreement was 89%, 91%, 88%, with a κ of 0.79, 0.80, 0.76, respectively.Conclusions—This paradigm defines a spectrum of injury intent, enhances understanding of the causal sequence of injury, and has important implications for research and prevention.
“First Aid for Scalds” campaign: reaching Sydney's Chinese, Vietnamese, and Arabic speaking communities
Authors: King Lesley , Thomas Margaret , Gatenby Kristen , Georgiou Angela , Hua Myna 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—As a serious yet preventable problem, scald injuries in children have been a priority for prevention in Australia and other developed countries. Not only can the occurrence of scalds be prevented, but immediate first aid treatment offers an effective method for secondary prevention, reducing the severity of scalds. Despite the success of scald prevention initiatives, local evidence suggested that first aid knowledge was lacking in some minority ethnic groups. To redress this gap, the “First Aid for Scalds” campaign for those from a non-English speaking background was specifically targeted to three ethnic groups (Vietnamese, Chinese, and Arabic), with the aim of increasing the proportions of parents and caregivers who had correct knowledge of first aid treatment for scalds. The primary strategy was a media campaign, including advertisements on ethnic radio and in ethnic newspapers.Methods—The evaluation design included formative research and impact evaluation. The impact evaluation study involved random population based telephone surveys with each of the three language groups, before and after the campaign, to assess the reach and effectiveness of the campaign.Results—After the campaign, there were significant increases in the proportion of people who knew the correct first aid treatment for scalds. There were substantial variations in campaign recall and knowledge between each of the three language groups. The largest improvement was found in the Vietnamese group.Conclusion—The association between campaign recall and increase in correct knowledge, and the absence of any similar interventions during the campaign period, give credence to the conclusion that the changes observed were a result of the campaign. The results demonstrate the value of community based injury prevention campaigns specifically targeting linguistically diverse communities.
Evaluation of a drowning prevention campaign in King County, Washington
Authors: Bennett Elizabeth , Cummings Peter , Quan Linda , Lewis Frances Marcus 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—A three year drowning prevention campaign focused on increasing the use of life vests among children 1–14 years old. An evaluation was conducted to determine campaign awareness, change in ownership and use of life vests by children, and predictors of life vest use.Setting—King County, Washington.Methods—Four telephone surveys were conducted with parents before, during, and after the campaign.Results—The campaign was recalled by 50% of families surveyed. From before to after the campaign, reported life vest use by children on docks, beaches, or at pools increased from 20% to 29% (p<0.01) and life vest ownership for children increased from 69% to 75% (p=0.06). Among parents aware of the campaign, reported child life vest use increased from 20% to 34% (p<0.001) and ownership increased from 69% to 80% (p<0.01). Among families unaware of the campaign, neither life vest use nor ownership changed significantly. Children were more often reported to wear life vests if a parent knew of the campaign, was confident fitting the vest, was younger than 40 years, felt the child could not swim well, and owned a life vest for the child.Conclusions—A community-wide drowning prevention campaign resulted in a significant, although modest, increase in reported life vest use and ownership among children.
Injury hospitalizations among American Indian youth in Washington
Authors: Johnson Shannon J , Sullivan Marianne , Grossman David C 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To determine the rate and causes of hospitalizations for injury among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth in the state of Washington, and to compare this with the rate of hospitalizations for injury among youth of all races.Methods—Subjects were aged 0–19 years and were admitted to civilian hospitals for care of an injury (International Classification of DiseasesN codes 800–995) in Washington between 1990 and 1994. Deaths occurring in the pre-hospital setting and emergency department are not included. Using several fields of identifying information, the Washington state hospital discharge database was linked with the Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registration database to identify AI/AN youth. Denominator data included the total age specific IHS user population for American Indians and US Census derived population estimates. Incidence ratios (IRs) were calculated to compare rates of hospitalization between AI/AN youth and all youth in Washington.Results—A total of 694 and 29 048 hospitalizations for injury were identified for AI/AN youth and all races, respectively. The rate of hospitalization for injuries among AI/AN youth was 507 discharges per 100 000 youth (IR = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20 to 1.40. The leading mechanism of injury was motor vehicles (IR 1.73, CI 1.49 to 2.01), followed by falls (IR 0.95, CI 0.79 to 1.15), and poisoning (IR 1.20, CI 0.80 to 1.78). The disparity was greater for intentional injuries (IR 1.71, CI 1.44 to 2.04). The highest IR for all unintentional injuries was for injuries from fire (IR 2.35, CI 1.42 to 3.87). AI/AN children aged 15–19 had the greatest disparity for rates of injury hospitalization (IR 1.4, CI 1.25 to 1.56).Conclusion—AI/AN youth in Washington had a higher hospitalization rate for injury compared with all youth in the state. Disparities were greatest for injuries related to motor vehicles and assaults. When linked, hospital discharge data can be used for surveillance of AI/AN hospitalizations.
Children's fractures: a population based study
Authors: Lyons Ronan A , Delahunty Annie M , Kraus Debbie , Heaven Martin , McCabe Mike , Allen Howard , Nash Pam 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To measure the incidence of childhood fractures in a defined population.Setting—Accident and emergency (A&E) departments covering the Swansea and Neath Port Talbot areas of South Wales in 1996.Methods—Linkage of data from A&E departments with population data to produce fracture incidence rates by anatomical site and cause in children aged 0–14 years.Results—During 1996, 2463 new fractures occurred in 2399 residents yielding a fracture rate of 36.1/1000 children. Fractures were more common in boys than girls and increased with age in both groups. Sports and leisure activities accounted for 36% of fractures, assaults for 3.5%, and road traffic accidents 1.4%. Fractures of the radius/ulna were most frequent (36%).Conclusions—The fracture rate in South Wales children is twice the rate reported in previous studies. Further research is required to elucidate the reasons behind this high rate. Many fractures could be prevented by the use of safer surfaces in school playgrounds, and wrist protection in in-line skaters and possibly in soccer players.
Graduated licensing comes to the United States
Authors: Williams Allan F 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To describe the young driver problem and the emergence of graduated licensing as a way to address it.Methods—Literature review and commentary.Results—Twenty four states in the United States adopted versions of graduated licensing in 1996–98; initial results show positive effects.Conclusions—A major public health movement is under way that can be expected to produce significant reductions in crashes and injuries involving young drivers.
Comparing pediatric intentional injury surveillance data with data from publicly available sources: consequences for a public health response to violence
Authors: Stone David A , Kharasch Sigmund J , Perron Catherine , Wilson Kim , Jacklin Beth , Sege Robert D 
Published: December 2008

Objective—A hospital based intentional injury surveillance system for youth (aged 3–18) was compared with other publicly available sources of information on youth violence. The comparison addressed whether locally conducted surveillance provides data that are sufficiently more complete, detailed, and timely that clinicians and public health practitioners interested in youth violence prevention would find surveillance worth conducting.Setting—The Boston Emergency Department Surveillance (BEDS) project was conducted at Boston Medical Center and the Children's Hospital, Boston.Method—MEDLINE and other databases were searched for data sources that report separate data for youth and data on intentional injury. Sources that met these criteria (one national and three local) were then compared with BEDS data. Comparisons were made in the following categories: age, gender, victim-offender relationship, injury circumstance, geographic location, weapon rates, and violent injury rates.Results—Of 14 sources dealing with violence, only four met inclusion criteria. Each source provided useful breakdowns for age and gender; however, only the BEDS data were able to demonstrate that 32.6% of intentional injuries occurred among youth aged 12 and under. Comparison data sources provided less detail regarding the victim-offender relationship, injury circumstance, and weapon use. Comparison of violent injury rates showed the difficulties for practitioners estimating intentional injury from sources based on arrest data, crime victim data, or weapon related injury.Conclusions—Comparison suggests that surveillance is more complete, detailed, and timely than publicly available sources of data. Clinicians and public health practitioners should consider developing similar systems.
House fire injury prevention update. Part I. A review of risk factors for fatal and non-fatal house fire injury
Authors: Warda Lynne , Tenenbein Milton , Moffatt Michael E K 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To summarize house fire injury risk factor data, using relative risk estimation as a uniform method of comparison.Methods—Residential fire risk factor studies were identified as follows: MEDLINE (1983 to March 1997) was searched using the keywords fire*/burn*, with etiology/cause*, prevention, epidemiology, and smoke detector* or alarm*. ERIC (1966 to March 1997) and PSYCLIT (1974 to June 1997) were searched by the above keywords, as well as safety, skills, education, and training. Other sources included: references of retrieved publications, review articles, and injury prevention books;Injury Preventionjournal hand search; government documents; and internet sources. When not provided by the authors, relative risk (RR), odds ratio, and standardized mortality ratios were calculated, to enhance comparison between studies.Results—Fifteen relevant articles were retrieved, including two case-control studies. Non-modifiable risk factors included young age (RR 1.8–7.5), old age (RR 2.6–3.6), male gender (RR 1.4–2.9), non-white race (RR 1.3–15.0), low income (RR 3.4), disability (RR 2.5–6.5), and late night/early morning occurrence (RR 4.1). Modifiable risk factors included place of residence (RR 2.1–4.2), type of residence (RR 1.7–10.5), smoking (RR 1.5 to 7.7), and alcohol use (RR 0.7–7.5). Mobile homes and homes with fewer safety features, such as a smoke detector or a telephone, presented a higher risk of fatal injury.Conclusions—Risk factor data should be used to assist in the development, targeting, and evaluation of preventive strategies. Development of a series of quantitative systematic reviews could synthesize existing data in areas such as house fire injury prevention.
The “Let's Get Alarmed!” initiative: a smoke alarm giveaway programme
Authors: DiGuiseppi Carolyn , Slater Suzanne , Roberts Ian , Adams Lucy , Sculpher Mark , Wade Angela , McCarthy Mark 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To reduce fires and fire related injuries by increasing the prevalence of functioning smoke alarms in high risk households.Setting—The programme was delivered in an inner London area with above average material deprivation and below average smoke alarm ownership. The target population included low income and rental households and households with elderly persons or young children.Methods—Forty wards, averaging 4000 households each, were randomised to intervention or control status. Free smoke alarms and fire safety information were distributed in intervention wards by community groups and workers as part of routine activities and by paid workers who visited target neighbourhoods. Recipients provided data on household age distribution and housing tenure. Programme costs were documented from a societal perspective. Data are being collected on smoke alarm ownership and function, and on fires and related injuries and their costs.Results—Community and paid workers distributed 20 050 smoke alarms, potentially sufficient to increase smoke alarm ownership by 50% in intervention wards. Compared with the total study population, recipients included greater proportions of low income and rental households and households including children under 5 years or adults aged 65 and older. Total programme costs were £145 087.Conclusions—It is possible to implement a large scale smoke alarm giveaway programme targeted to high risk households in a densely populated, multicultural, materially deprived community. The programme's effects on the prevalence of installed and functioning alarms and the incidence of fires and fire related injuries, and its cost effectiveness, are being evaluated as a randomised controlled trial.