bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droplet Size Spectra of Dipel™ Sprayed Through Different Atomizers
Authors: Sanderson R , Hewitt AJ , Huddleston EW , Devisetty BN , Melchoir GL , Ross JB 
Published: March 2009

Droplet size spectra were measured for water and two aqueous flowable (AF) formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (“Dipel™ ”) sprayed from nozzles under simulated aerial application conditions using a Malvern 2600c laser particle sizer in a wind tunnel operating at 27, 45 and 58 m/s. Undiluted formulations of Dipel 6AF and a modified Dipel 6AF were evaluated.
A Teejet 8004 flat fan nozzle and a Micronair AU5000 rotary cage atomizer were tested. The hydraulic nozzle was evaluated at orientations of 45, 90, and 135° to the airflow with a liquid pressure of 276 kPa (40 psi). The rotary atomizer was tested at liquid flow rates of 2000, 4000, and 8000 mL/min and rotation rates of 4400, 6200 and 9500 rpm.
Spray deposit patterns on Kromekote cards were assessed in field trials using a Cessna AgHusky aircraft fitted with either 8004 nozzles or AU5000 atomizers. The spray liquids were tagged with a tracer dye for subsequent image analysis to determine droplet densities.
The Volume Median Diameter (Dv0.5) droplet size values for the sprays measured in the wind tunnel ranged from 146 to 404 μm. for the hydraulic nozzle and 34 to 159 μm. with the rotary atomizer. The Dv0.5 values obtained with the hydraulic nozzle increased with lower wind speed and lower nozzle angle relative to the airstream. The Dv0.5 values obtained using the rotary atomizer increased with higher liquid flow rate, lower airstream velocity and lower atomizer rotation rate. The Dv0.5 was always lower for the modified Dipel than for the standard product sprayed under the same conditions. The Dv0.5 produced by water was lower than both Dipel products under given conditions.
Droplet deposition densities on Kromokote cards were higher for the modified Dipel 6AF than for the standard product when sprayed through either the AU5000 rotary cage atomizer or the 8004 hydraulic nozzles.
Measurement of Dynamic Granule Dispersibility Using Particle Size Analysis
Authors: Haggard DN 
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses a new method whereby the rate of granule breakdown, and thereby, one important aspect of Water Dispersible Granule (WDG) formulation quality can be determined objectively and quantitatively. The method uses particle size measuring apparatus to determine median particle size of a suspension of WDG's in water. Measurements are repeated at short time intervals until the median size has decreased to the size of the powder forming the granule or until the size has leveled off at some larger value.
Results can be expressed graphically, by mathematical equation, or for less critical measurement, in terms of time needed to reach original particle size. The measuring equipment must meet the following criteria: 1. It must measure a wide particle size range, from about 1 micron to about 1,000 microns. 2. It must make measurements of suspensions of relatively high concentration, approximating field concentrations. 3. It must be able to repeat measurement at intervals of a few seconds.
This paper demonstrates the method, discusses equipment used and shows results of measurements of a number of WDG's.
Fleet Test Evaluation of Engine Coolants Using Sebacic Acid Inhibitor Technology
Authors: Adamowicz NC , Falla DF 
Published: March 2009

A three-year, twelve-car municipal fleet test was conducted to compare the relative merits of an extended life sebacic acid coolant and current high silicate alkaline phosphate coolant used in North America. The test was conducted under rigidly controlled conditions in accordance with ASTM Practice for Testing Engine Coolants in Car and Light Truck Service (D 2847).
This paper will show the (1) depletion rates for chemical inhibitors used in the coolants and (2) actual photographs of cooling system component parts removed from the vehicles at the termination of this test.
An Overview of Cavitation Corrosion of Diesel Cylinder Liners
Authors: Hercamp RD 
Published: March 2009

Cavitation corrosion (liner pitting) became a major problem for wet sleeve diese engines in the 1940s. For most engines, generous use of supplemental coolant additives (SCAs) adequately controlled pitting. In the mid 1980s, problems of SCA overtreatment such as silicate gelation, water pump seal seepage, and solder bloom raised awareness that too generous usage of SCAs was undesirable. This new awareness caused a general shift toward lower average SCA concentration.
In addition, engine power densities increased and load factors increased as speed limits increased. These factors increased the work load of the engine, resulting in a greater potential for liner pitting.
All these factors have resulted in an increased incidence of liner pitting in recent years. This paper is an overview to help place all the various factors related to liner pitting in perspective. The effects of engine design and materials, cooling system hardware, maintenance practices, and coolant composition are discussed.
Toxicity and Disposal of Engine Coolants
Authors: Hudgens RD , Bustamante RB 
Published: March 2009

In recent years there has been considerable concern and controversy regarding both the toxicity and disposal of engine coolants. The toxicity of engine coolant relative to human or animal ingestion is largely a function of whether ethylene or propylene glycol is used to provide freeze point depression. The additives used in engine coolants to prevent cooling system deterioration have a measurable, but limited effect on toxicity. The general environmental effects are largely governed by the type of glycol as well as the contaminants that may be present in the coolant.
This paper presents a literature survey on the environmental, disposal, and toxicity issues surrounding engine coolants. In addition, an Acute Lethal Dose (LD50) study is presented comparing the LD50 of fully formulated PG antifreeze and supplemental coolant additives. A review of government laws and regulations covering disposal and management of waste coolant is also provided.
The Chemistry of Oxalic Acid Cleaning of Engine Cooling Systems
Authors: Woyciesjes PM 
Published: March 2009

Engine coolant candidates undergo a progression of tests to evaluate various physical properties and performance characteristics. Key to this test progression is the evaluation of the coolant in vehicles. It serves as the final check point, tieing together the results of the other various tests. In the fleet test, the corrosion protection and performance characteristics of an engine coolant are evaluated under actual use conditions.
The methodology used in testing a coolant in a passenger car or a light duty truck is critical. ASTM Practice for Testing In Car and Light Truck Service (D 2847) serves as an industry accepted standard for evaluating coolants in vehicles. This standard provides a full discussion of testing protocol.
Sections 9.3 and 9.4 of ASTM D 2847 outline the cooling system cleaning and conditioning procedures. These sections stipulate the use of oxalic acid as a chemical cleaner followed by a borate buffer conditioning fluid. The purpose of these two steps are (1) oxalic acid cleaning removes inhibitors, rust and other deposition from the cooling system, and (2) borate conditioning fluid removes excess oxalate to leave a conditioned surface in the cooling system which is neither detrimental nor beneficial to the performance of the coolant to be evaluated.
The ASTM Committee D-15 on Engine Coolants is reconsidering the use of oxalic acid cleaner in the automotive cooling system. Concerns have been raised regarding potential carryover effects oxalic acid could have on the performance of a coolant.
This paper reviews the chemistry of the oxalic acid cleaner as well as discusses the effects that oxalic acid cleaning has on the cooling system surfaces and its potential carryover effects to the test coolant. An understanding of the chemistry of oxalic acid is crucial in judging its efficacy as a cleaner to bring cooling system surfaces of a test vehicle to a reproducible base condition before performance testing.
Investigation of Deposits on Water Pump Seal Faces
Authors: Stafford RJ 
Published: March 2009

Mechanical water pump face seals from heavy duty diesel on-highway engines which were reported to leak were analyzed and were compared to nonleaking seals. The siliconized graphite seal face pairs did not exhibit any significant wear of the faces. Coolant leakage was traced to deposit film build-up, which resulted in separation of the seal faces.
Analysis of the films by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy revealed elements from the coolant and coolant additives (Si, C, O, S, P, K, Na, B, Mo), corrosion metals from the engine (Fe, Cu, Cr) and hard water elements and contaminants (Ca, Mg, Zn, Al, Mn, Cl). Calcium from hard water and iron from corrosion are believed to accelerate the deposit formation.
The Relationship between Sealing Performance of Mechanical Seals and Composition of Coolants for Automotive Engines
Authors: Kiryu K , Hirata O , Yoshino A , Okada K , Hirabayashi H 
Published: March 2009

Because the mechanical face seals in automotive water pumps play an important role in maintaining the good performance of engines, they must exhibit reliable sealing performance and long operating life. Generally, the sealing performance of mechanical seals is closely related to the properties of the liquid to be sealed. Automotive engine coolants are generally formulated with a variety of inhibitors to prevent corrosion and erosion of cooling system parts. A few of these inhibitors have a detrimental effect on the performance of water pump seals.
In this paper, representative types of deposit formation on sealing surfaces are reported. These seals were taken from pumps that failed due to seal leakage believed to be caused by a combination of coolant formulations, contaminations into coolant, and changes in engine operation conditions. The failure mechanisms and possible countermeasures involving the sealing materials, surface quality, and seal structure are discussed.
Coolant Maintenance and Extension of Coolant Life for Light Duty Vehicles
Authors: Hercamp RD , Remiasz RA 
Published: March 2009

For many years coolant has been maintained and coolant life extended for heavy duty vehicles by using periodic additions of supplemental coolant additives (SCAs) and, in many cases, use of on-board by-pass nitration of the coolant. This concept has now been applied to light duty vehicles using a system consisting of coolant testing, off board full flow coolant nitration, and SCA addition to the coolant. In this manner, coolant life in light duty vehicles may be safely extended.
The system used to maintain and extend the life of the coolant is described. Glassware, bench, and simulated service testing data are reported, which support this approach.
An Evaluation of Engine Coolant Recycling Processes: Part I
Authors: Bradley WH 
Published: March 2009

The Service Technology Group (STG) is an organization within General Motors (GM) responsible for providing service equipment and information to GM dealerships. STG is charged not just with the responsibility for current GM vehicles, but for the cars and trucks of the future as well. The tools, the procedures and the programs that technicians will use tomorrow must be created and validated today. Various staffs within STG address advanced serviceability readiness, special tool development, service research, and similar themes.
As the awareness of environmental issues has heightened, the disposition of spent engine coolant has begun to affect automotive service. One possible approach to this coolant disposition problem is that of coolant recycling. General Motors Service Technology Group has conducted a study in which the objective was to determine the efficacy of (state of the art) engine coolant recycling. Spent engine coolant was collected from vehicles and combined to form a reference coolant with a mean age of approximately seven years. Various coolant recycling processes were evaluated as they were required to process the reference coolant. Once the recycled samples were obtained, they were sent to an independent test facility. The test criteria was GM 1825M, a virgin coolant corporate specification.
Included in this study was the evaluation of off-site coolant recycling facilities that reformulate engine coolant for reuse.
In advancing its pro-active environmental policy, STG has initiated this study to evaluate the efficacy of engine coolant recycling. It is our belief that the results of this undertaking will be beneficial to our dealers, the environment, and our customers.
Variations in Composition and Crystallinity of ‘Hydroxyapatite (HA)’ Preparations
Authors: LeGeros RZ , Zheng R , Kijkowska R , Fan D , LeGeros JP 
Published: March 2009

X-ray diffraction analyses of commercial and non-commercial ‘hydroxyapatite (HA)’ preparations as well as some biological apatites (enamel, dentin, bone) demonstrated a variability in crystallinity and composition before and after sintering. Coatings obtained by plasma-spraying calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic showed composition/crystallinity differences between the inner and outer layers of the coating; the coating composition consisting usually of: HA, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), α-TCP, β-TCP, tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and sometimes calcium oxide (CaO). The comparative extent of dissolution (EOD) in acid buffer of the non-sintered Ca-P materials was: ACP &gt; DCPD &gt; OCP &gt; DCP &gt; ‘AP’. For sintered materials, comparative EOD was: ACP*&gt; TTCP &gt; α-TCP &gt; ß-TCP &gt; HA. (‘AP’, calcium-deficient apatite; ACP, precipitated; ACP*, plasma-sprayed).
Results from this study underscored the need for the appropriate characterization of calcium phosphate materials using a combination of analytical techniques: x-ray diffraction, infrared and chemical. Since the dissolution of calcium phosphate materials depend on their composition and crystallinity, these results suggest that these materials used as bone grafts or implant coatings could affect their reactivity and stability in vivo.
Application of Numerical Simulations to Evaluate Components of Potential Difference in Solution
Authors: Farozic V , Prentice G 
Published: March 2009

Computer simulation of the potential distribution in an electrochemical cell is a useful technique for estimating the ohmic drop and the potential gradient at any point in solution. Results of such simulations can be used in several applications. Since optimal location of a reference electrode depends, in part, on avoiding large potential gradients, calculations can be useful in determining where substantial gradients occur. One can alter the current and potential distribution by changing the cell geometry; the effects of changes can be quantitatively determined from a simulation. Knowledge of ohmic drop in the electrolyte is also of interest in applications such as cathodic protection, where large potential losses can lead to insufficient protection.
In this paper we illustrate the use of computer simulation for the computation of potential and current distributions from which we evaluate ohmic drop and surface overpotential. We used the finite-difference technique for several problems in which both field effects and electrode kinetics were important. Approximations introduced to reduce the complexity were assessed by comparing numerical results with analytical solutions.
Electrochemical systems of practical interest, the disk electrode and plane electrodes with gas bubbles in the electrolyte, were studied. In one variation, we showed the effect of recessing a disk electrode in the insulating plane. In a second set of calculations, we simulated a gas bubble layer near an electrode and determined the effects of increasing void fraction in the bulk electrolyte.
Improvement of Mine Spoils in Southern Illinois
Authors: Koutsoftas DC , Kiefer ML 
Published: March 2009

Field tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of preloading and dynamic consolidation to improve the compressibility characteristics of a mine waste spoil approximately 30 m deep. The mine spoils consisted of coarse granular materials ranging in size from sand to boulders for the lower 11 m and a heterogeneous mixture of materials ranging from clays to boulder size rock fragments for the upper 19 m.
A test fill approximately 7.6 m high was constructed in 10 days, and settlements were measured at various depths over a period of 200 days. Settlements as large as 45 cm were measured and most of the settlement occurred as soon as the test fill was completed.
Dynamic consolidation was performed in two test areas using different pounding grid configurations. The test areas were approximately 0.2 and 0.4 hectares, respectively. Dynamic consolidation was performed with a 16 ton pounder falling approximately 20 m. Geophysical tests as well as pressure meter tests indicate significant improvement of the spoils over depths of 9 m to 12 m.
Laboratory Testing of Lime Fixed Flyash and FGD Sludge
Authors: SOLIMAN NN 
Published: March 2009

The operation of coal-fired power plants results in generating a considerable amount of flyash and flue gas desulfurization sludge. The properties of such material have not been widely reported and little is known about the field performance of this material when placed in landfills. This paper presents the results of extensive laboratory testing programs on six different mixes with variable flyash to sludge ratio. Lime was added as a fixing agent. Also, field samples from two operating power plants were tested in similar fashion, and results are presented and compared to laboratory testing results. In addition, a test pad was constructed from material produced by one of the operating power plants, and samples taken from the pad were tested.
Fixation of the flyash and FGD sludge by combining them with lime produces a mixture with improved properties over the flyash and the sludge. Generally there is significant improvement in structural characteristics, especially strength, and reduction in permeability by more than an order of magnitude. Therefore, the fixed material, with good quality control, could be handled and compacted easily in landfill.
Observation indicates that strength increases with time and with increase in density. The increase in strength when the mix was prepared utilizing brackish water is an important aspect observed during the study. Permeability results measured on samples prepared in the laboratory were found to be much lower than those obtained from field samples. Also, permeability was found to decrease with increasing density.
Safety Recommendations in the Design of Athletic and Sports Fields
Authors: Mittelstaedt AH 
Published: March 2009

The planning and designing of playing fields have become focal points of debate. The difference between natural and artificial turf is a part of this debate. However, in addition to the question of the surface material, a host of additional recommendations must be considered as they relate to safety, as well as the performance, operations, and other influences.
This paper addresses safety concerns related to ball fields used for baseball, softball, and junior baseball, as well as football, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and related field activities. For ball fields, factors affecting the infield, outfield, and sidelines are addressed, and for football and related fields, factors affecting the sidelines, field, and end zones are addressed, along with factors affecting the general area surrounding the fields. Such factors must become standardized and unified for field activities.
Recommendations for the Operation and Safer Use of Playing Fields
Authors: Cosgrove FA 
Published: March 2009

Responsibility for the safe design, construction, management, and maintenance of athletic facilities clearly rests today with the owner/operators of these facilities.
Current litigation related to athletic injuries has shifted responsibility for the players “assumption of risk” to the operators “duty to provide a standard of care.”
This paper addresses three important legal implications—i.e., “reasonable manner, duty to care, and the standard of reasonable care”-by providing a number of specific guidelines directed toward the safe design, management, and maintenance of softball/athletic facilities. It also identifies guidelines designed to inform the players of the types of risks they will be exposed to and the appropriate steps they can take to reduce the potential for injury while they are participating in the softball program.
This paper represents the view of an owner/operator of a major softball program.
Performance Standards for Artificial Turf Surfaces
Authors: Breland RD 
Published: March 2009

A set of test methods and some minimum standards have evolved which synthetic turf surfaces should meet or exceed, including proof by performance testing in the field before these materials and systems are offered in the marketplace.
Various technical properties and ASTM testing methods are described for use in compiling a complete, consistent artificial turf surface system. The minimum or limiting values for performance levels required, as well as typical or recently measured values for individual samples of synthetic playing surfaces systems and components, are described in this paper. The typical values are just that, and of course are subject to normal variations both in production control and in testing, especially when different testing laboratories are involved.
Laboratory testing conditions are controlled at between 20 and 22°C (68 and 72°F) and between 60 and 65% relative humidity, unless otherwise noted. These are essentially the standard textile laboratory test conditions specified in the ASTM Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing (D 1776-85), which calls for 65 ± 2% relative humidity and a temperature of 21 ± 1°C (70 ± 2°F). Testing in laboratories under markedly different conditions and techniques may give different test results in some cases.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the test methods adopted for characterizing and documenting the performance properties of artificial turf, turf systems, and system components.
Influence of Two Polymeric Adjuvants on Physical Properties, Droplet Spreading and Drying Rates, and Foliar Uptake and Translocation of Glypkosate in Vision® Formulation
Authors: Sundaram A 
Published: March 2009

The effect of Sta-Put® and Silwet® L-7607 on physical properties (viscosity, surface tension and volatility), droplet spreading and drying rates, and foliar uptake and translocation of glyphosate was studied using white birch seedlings and branch tips. Three end-use mixtures were prepared using Vision®, one in water alone and the other two with 0.05% of the adjuvants in water. Physical properties were measured to examine their roles on droplet spreading and drying rates. Foliar uptake was investigated to study the effect of droplet spreading and drying rates on foliar retention; and translocation was studied to examine the role of the two polymers on bioavailability of glyphosate.
The adjuvants did not contribute to marked differences in the viscosities or volatilities of the three end-use mixtures, although the surface tensions were altered to some extent. Silwet caused a marked increase in the droplet spread areas, along with a simultaneous decrease in the droplet drying time. Staput did not alter any of these parameters. No simple relationship could be found between surface tensions of the mixtures and droplet spreading or drying rates. Both adjuvants contributed to an increase in the foliar uptake of glyphosate, but Silwet caused a much greater increase than Sta-Put, thus suggesting a relationship between droplet spreading and foliar uptake. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the amount of glyphosate translocated between the three end-use mixtures, thus indicating no evidence of reduced bioavailability because of the presence of the two polymers at the concentration levels used in the study.