bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Loading Density on Golden Shiner Survival during and after Hauling
Authors: Pearson Philip R , Small Brian C , Beecham Rachel Venn , Sink Todd D , LaBarre Susan B , Minchew C Douglas 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Four hauling trips of approximately 6 h each were conducted to investigate effects of loading density on survival of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas. Commercially graded golden shiners (mean weight ± SE, 3.3 ± 0.04 g) were transported at densities of 120, 180, and 240 g of fish/L of water in insulated hauling tanks that were filled with fresh well water, chilled with unchlorinated block ice, and aerated with pure oxygen. The criterion for determining success or failure was golden shiner survival. Transportation at a given density was deemed successful if survival both at trip's end and at 18 h postdelivery was at least 99%. At all three hauling densities evaluated, survival exceeded 99% both at trip's end and at 18 h postdelivery. Furthermore, increasing loading density had no effect on whole-body cortisol concentrations, demonstrating that no significant stress response occurred. Un-ionized ammonia concentration increased with loading density (range, 0.05–0.46 mg/L) but had no effect on fish survival. Results of this study indicate that golden shiners can be successfully (≥99% survival) transported for up to 6 h at a density of 240 g/L in well water chilled with unchlorinated block ice and aerated with pure oxygen. Higher loading densities could mitigate the effect of escalating transport cost for commercial farmers.
Testing and applying a fish vitellogenesis model to evaluate laboratory and field biomarkers of endocrine disruption in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) exposed to hypoxia
Authors: Murphy Cheryl A. , Rose Kenneth A. , Rahman M. Saydur , Thomas Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Recently, hypoxia has been shown to act as an endocrine disruptor. We used a model of vitellogenesis in a female sciaenid fish to simulate the effects of hypoxia and to determine if reproductive impairment observed in field-caught fish could be attributed to dissolved oxygen conditions at the sampling sites. The model is a set of coupled, ordinary differential equations that simulate major biochemical reactions from the secretion of gonadotropin to production of vitellogenin. Various intermediate variables in the model correspond to commonly measured biomarkers, and we assume a direct relationship between cumulative vitellogenin (VTG) and the gonadosomatic index (GSI). Model predictions were compared to results of laboratory studies that examined the effects of hypoxia on Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) reproduction. When hypoxia was assumed to cause reduced gonadotropin and impaired aromatase activity, model predictions of VTG production were similar to laboratory-measured reductions in GSI. The model was then applied to reproductive biomarkers measured in fish from normoxic and hypoxic locations in Pensacola Bay (FL, USA). We simulated the relationship between reduced estradiol-17β and VTG production under hypoxia, and we compared these results with field data. Good agreement between field and simulation results suggested that croaker collected from hypoxic sites in October were exposed to hypoxic conditions for an extended period during gonadal recrudescence and that hypoxia was a dominant cause for the reduced GSIs. Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses suggested that the maximum rate of free testosterone production is the most sensitive parameter. Our simulations demonstrated that the model can be used identifying the mechanism underlying endocrine disruption and for interpreting field-measured biomarkers in situations of multiple stressors.
Life-Course Socioeconomic Position and Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus Among Blacks and Whites: The Alameda County Study, 1965–1999
Authors: Maty Siobhan C. , James Sherman A. , Kaplan George A. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. We examined associations between several life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) measures (childhood SEP, education, income, occupation) and diabetes incidence from 1965 to 1999 in a sample of 5422 diabetes-free Black and White participants in the Alameda County Study. Methods. Race-specific Cox proportional hazard models estimated diabetes risk associated with each SEP measure. Demographic confounders (age, gender, marital status) and potential pathway components (physical inactivity, body composition, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, depression, access to health care) were included as covariates. Results. Diabetes incidence was twice as high for Blacks as for Whites. Diabetes risk factors independently increased risk, but effect sizes were greater among Whites. Low childhood SEP elevated risk for both racial groups. Protective effects were suggested for low education and blue-collar occupation among Blacks, but these factors increased risk for Whites. Income was protective for Whites but not Blacks. Covariate adjustment had negligible effects on associations between each SEP measure and diabetes incidence for both racial groups. Conclusions. These findings suggest an important role for life-course SEP measures in determining risk of diabetes, regardless of race and after adjustment for factors that may confound or mediate these associations.
Core Competencies for Injury and Violence Prevention
Authors: Songer Thomas , Stephens-Stidham Shelli , Peek-Asa Corinne , Bou-Saada Ingrid , Hunter Wanda , Lindemer Kristen , Runyan Carol 
Published: February 2009

Efforts to reduce the burden of injury and violence require a workforce that is knowledgeable and skilled in prevention. However, there has been no systematic process to ensure that professionals possess the necessary competencies. To address this deficiency, we developed a set of core competencies for public health practitioners in injury and violence prevention programs. The core competencies address domains including public health significance, data, the design and implementation of prevention activities, evaluation, program management, communication, stimulating change, and continuing education. Specific learning objectives establish goals for training in each domain. The competencies assist in efforts to reduce the burden of injury and violence and can provide benchmarks against which to assess progress in professional capacity for injury and violence prevention.
Surveillance of Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Among Children From the Western Cape Province of South Africa—An Upward Trend
Authors: Schaaf H. Simon , Marais Ben J. , Hesseling Anneke C. , Brittle Wendy , Donald Peter R. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of antituberculosis drug resistance among children with tuberculosis (TB) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Methods. Drug susceptibility testing for isoniazid and rifampin was prospectively done on all children with culture-confirmed TB at Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, from March 2005 through February 2007. Survey results were compared with results from 2 previous surveys. Results. We found 291 children had culture-confirmed TB. Resistance to isoniazid or rifampin increased from 21 of 306 (6.9%) to 41 of 319 (12.9%) and 43 of 285 (15.1%) in the first to third surveys (P = .005) and multidrug resistance from 7 of 306 (2.3%) to 18 of 319 (5.6%) and 19 of 285 (6.7%; P = .033). Although previously treated children had significantly more drug resistance than did new TB cases (19 of 66 [28.8%] vs 24 of 225 [10.7%]; odds ratio = 3.39; 95% confidence interval = 1.62, 7.05), evidence suggests transmission rather than acquisition of resistance. HIV infection was not significantly associated with drug resistance. Conclusions. Results indicate a high and rising prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance among children in the Western Cape, which suggests ongoing transmission of drug-resistant strains within the community. Improved control of TB in adults, including early identification and treatment of drug-resistant cases, is necessary to reduce transmission to children.
Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin Levels Predict Insulin Sensitivity, Disposition Index, and Cardiovascular Risk During Puberty
Authors: Sørensen Kaspar , Aksglaede Lise , Munch-Andersen Thor , Aachmann-Andersen Niels Jacob , Petersen Joergen Holm , Hilsted Linda , Helge Jørn Wulff , Juul Anders 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Early puberty is associated with increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease. Low sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) levels are a feature of early puberty and of conditions associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate SHBG as a predictor of glucose metabolism and metabolic risk during puberty.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study on 132 healthy Caucasian children and adolescents evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test, a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, direct oxygen uptake measurement during cycle ergometry, and fasting blood samples.

RESULTS
SHBG levels declined with advancement of puberty in both boys (P &lt; 0.001) and girls (P = 0.019). SHBG was significantly positively associated with insulin sensitivity in boys (P &lt; 0.001) and girls (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, SHBG was a strong predictor of insulin sensitivity (P = 0.001) and the only predictor of the disposition index (P = 0.031) after adjustment for puberty, fat mass, and aerobic fitness. SHBG was significantly negatively associated with metabolic risk (P = 0.032) and with hypersensitive C-reactive protein levels (P = 0.030) after adjustment for relevant confounders.

CONCLUSIONS
SHBG was a strong predictor of insulin sensitivity and metabolic risk during puberty. Thus, we hypothesize that SHBG integrates the marked changes in glucose metabolism and body composition that occur during the pubertal transition.
Pulse Pressure and Prediction of Incident Foot Ulcers in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Monami Matteo , Vivarelli Maria , Desideri Carla Maria , Colombi Claudia , Marchionni Niccolò , Mannucci Edoardo 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess the relevance of pulse pressure as a predictor of foot ulcers in type 2 diabetic subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort study was performed on a consecutive series of 1,945 type 2 diabetic outpatients without a foot ulcer at baseline. Incident foot ulcers were identified through the regional hospital discharge system, which contains ICD codes of current diagnoses.

RESULTS
During a follow-up of mean ± SD 4.2 ± 2.2 years, 86 ulcers were observed. After adjusting for confounders, the highest quartiles of pulse pressure had a 2.39-fold (95% CI 1.14–5.02) risk of foot ulcers. When ischemic ulcers were considered separately, the highest pulse pressure quartile was associated with an increased age- and sex-adjusted risk (2.08 [95% CI 1.02–4.24]), whereas no increase of risk was observed for neuropathic ulcers.

CONCLUSIONS
Elevated pulse pressure represents an independent predictor of foot ulcers in diabetic patients; this parameter should be considered for the stratification of risk of ischemic or neuroischemic ulcers.
Elevated A1C in Adults Without a History of Diabetes in the U.S.
Authors: Selvin Elizabeth , Zhu Hong , Brancati Frederick L. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of elevated A1C in a large, nationally representative sample of adults without diabetes in the U.S.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed data from 15,934 participants aged ≥20 years without diagnosed diabetes who had A1C measurements in the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional and nationally representative sample of the U.S. population.

RESULTS
The overall prevalence of A1C &gt;6% was 3.8%, corresponding to 7.1 million adults without diabetes in the U.S. population. Approximately 90% of these individuals had fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl. Older age, male sex, non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, hypercholesterolemia, higher BMI, and lower attained education were significantly associated with having a higher A1C level even among individuals with normal fasting glucose (&lt;100 mg/dl) and after multivariable adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS
A single elevated A1C level (A1C &gt;6%) is common in the general population of adults without a history of diabetes and is highly reliable for the detection of elevated fasting glucose. Nondiabetic adults with elevated A1C are likely to have impaired fasting glucose and an array of other risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Predictors of Development of Diabetes in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) Program
Authors: Preiss David , Zetterstrand Sofia , McMurray John J.V. , Östergren Jan , Michelson Eric L. , Granger Christopher B. , Yusuf Salim , Swedberg Karl , Pfeffer Marc A. , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Sattar Naveed ,   for the Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity Investigators
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of incident diabetes during follow-up of nondiabetic patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in the Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,620 nondiabetic patients had full baseline datasets. We compared baseline demographic, medication, and laboratory data for patients who did or did not develop diabetes and conducted logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic curve analyses.

RESULTS
Over a median period of 2.8 years, 126 of the 1,620 patients (7.8%) developed diabetes. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the following baseline characteristics were independently associated with incident diabetes in decreasing order of significance by stepwise selection: higher A1C (odds ratio [OR] 1.78 per 1 SD increase; P &lt; 0.0001), higher BMI (OR 1.64 per 1 SD increase; P &lt; 0.0001), lipid-lowering therapy (OR 2.05; P = 0.0005), lower serum creatinine concentration (OR 0.68 per 1 SD increase; P = 0.0018), diuretic therapy (OR 4.81; P = 0.003), digoxin therapy (OR 1.65; P = 0.022), higher serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (OR 1.15 per 1 SD increase; P = 0.027), and lower age (OR 0.81 per 1 SD increase; P = 0.048). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, A1C and BMI yielded areas under the curve of 0.723 and 0.712, respectively, increasing to 0.788 when combined. Addition of other variables independently associated with diabetes risk minimally improved prediction of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
In nondiabetic patients with CHF in CHARM, A1C and BMI were the strongest predictors of the development of diabetes. Other minor predictors in part reflected CHF severity or drug-associated diabetes risk. Identifying patients with CHF at risk of diabetes through simple criteria appears possible and could enable targeted preventative measures.
One-Year Treatment With Exenatide Improves β-Cell Function, Compared With Insulin Glargine, in Metformin-Treated Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Bunck Mathijs C. , Diamant Michaela , Cornér Anja , Eliasson Bjorn , Malloy Jaret L. , Shaginian Rimma M. , Deng Wei , Kendall David M. , Taskinen Marja-Riitta , Smith Ulf , Yki-Järvinen Hannele , Heine Robert J. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Traditional blood glucose–lowering agents do not sustain adequate glycemic control in most type 2 diabetic patients. Preclinical studies with exenatide have suggested sustained improvements in β-cell function. We investigated the effects of 52 weeks of treatment with exenatide or insulin glargine followed by an off-drug period on hyperglycemic clamp–derived measures of β-cell function, glycemic control, and body weight.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixty-nine metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to exenatide (n = 36) or insulin glargine (n = 33). β-Cell function was measured during an arginine-stimulated hyperglycemic clamp at week 0, at week 52, and after a 4-week off-drug period. Additional end points included effects on glycemic control, body weight, and safety.

RESULTS
Treatment-induced change in combined glucose- and arginine-stimulated C-peptide secretion was 2.46-fold (95% CI 2.09–2.90, P &lt; 0.0001) greater after a 52-week exenatide treatment compared with insulin glargine treatment. Both exenatide and insulin glargine reduced A1C similarly: −0.8 ± 0.1 and −0.7 ± 0.2%, respectively (P = 0.55). Exenatide reduced body weight compared with insulin glargine (difference −4.6 kg, P &lt; 0.0001). β-Cell function measures returned to pretreatment values in both groups after a 4-week off-drug period. A1C and body weight rose to pretreatment values 12 weeks after discontinuation of either exenatide or insulin glargine therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Exenatide significantly improves β-cell function during 1 year of treatment compared with titrated insulin glargine. After cessation of both exenatide and insulin glargine therapy, β-cell function and glycemic control returned to pretreatment values, suggesting that ongoing treatment is necessary to maintain the beneficial effects of either therapy.
Comparison of Three Protocols for Tight Glycemic Control in Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Blaha Jan , Kopecky Petr , Matias Michal , Hovorka Roman , Kunstyr Jan , Kotulak Tomas , Lips Michal , Rubes David , Stritesky Martin , Lindner Jaroslav , Semrad Michal , Haluzik Martin 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
We performed a randomized trial to compare three insulin-titration protocols for tight glycemic control (TGC) in a surgical intensive care unit: an absolute glucose (Matias) protocol, a relative glucose change (Bath) protocol, and an enhanced model predictive control (eMPC) algorithm.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 120 consecutive patients after cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to the three protocols with a target glycemia range from 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/l. Intravenous insulin was administered continuously or in combination with insulin boluses (Matias protocol). Blood glucose was measured in 1- to 4-h intervals as requested by the protocols.

RESULTS
The eMPC algorithm gave the best performance as assessed by time to target (8.8 ± 2.2 vs. 10.9 ± 1.0 vs. 12.3 ± 1.9 h; eMPC vs. Matias vs. Bath, respectively; P &lt; 0.05), average blood glucose after reaching the target (5.2 ± 0.1 vs. 6.2 ± 0.1 vs. 5.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l; P &lt; 0.01), time in target (62.8 ± 4.4 vs. 48.4 ± 3.28 vs. 55.5 ± 3.2%; P &lt; 0.05), time in hyperglycemia &gt;8.3 mmol/l (1.3 ± 1.2 vs. 12.8 ± 2.2 vs. 6.5 ± 2.0%; P &lt; 0.05), and sampling interval (2.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 h; P &lt; 0.05). However, time in hypoglycemia risk range (2.9–4.3 mmol/l) in the eMPC group was the longest (22.2 ± 1.9 vs. 10.9 ± 1.5 vs. 13.1 ± 1.6; P &lt; 0.05). No severe hypoglycemic episode (&lt;2.3 mmol/l) occurred in the eMPC group compared with one in the Matias group and two in the Bath group.

CONCLUSIONS
The eMPC algorithm provided the best TGC without increasing the risk of severe hypoglycemia while requiring the fewest glucose measurements. Overall, all protocols were safe and effective in the maintenance of TGC in cardiac surgery patients.
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition Improves β-Cell Function in Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Hill Kevin D. , Eckhauser Aaron W. , Marney Annis , Brown Nancy J. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
This study tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition alone or in combination with ACE inhibition improves glucose homeostasis and fibrinolysis in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and fibrinolytic parameters were measured in 18 adults with metabolic syndrome on 4 separate days after a randomized, crossover, double-blind, 3-week treatment with placebo, ramipril (10 mg/day), tadalafil (10 mg o.d.), and ramipril plus tadalafil.

RESULTS
Ramipril decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ACE activity, and angiotensin II and increased plasma renin activity. Ramipril did not affect insulin sensitivity or β-cell function. In contrast, tadalafil improved β-cell function (P = 0.01). This effect was observed in women (331.9 ± 209.3 vs. 154.4 ± 48.0 32 μ · mmol−1 · l−1, respectively, for tadalafil treatment vs. placebo; P = 0.01) but not in men. There was no effect of any treatment on fibrinolysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition may represent a novel strategy for improving β-cell function in metabolic syndrome.
Structural and Functional Cardiac Abnormalities in Adolescent Girls with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Whalley Gillian A. , Gusso Silmara , Hofman Paul , Cutfield Wayne , Poppe Katrina K. , Doughty Robert N. , Baldi J. Chris 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction, which may eventually lead to clinical heart failure. We sought to determine the cardiovascular effects of adolescent-onset type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited diabetic girls (8 with type 2 and 11 with type 1 diabetes) from a hospital diabetes service and nondiabetic control subjects (9 lean and 11 overweight) from the schools of the diabetic subjects. Echocardiography and measurements were performed by a single observer, blinded to subject group allocation, and included M-mode left ventricular dimensions, two-dimensional left ventricular mass, Doppler diastolic flows, estimation of left ventricular filling pressure, and systolic longitudinal motion. Left ventricular mass was indexed to height and fat-free body mass. ANOVA was used to compare the groups.

RESULTS
The groups were similar in age and height, but significant differences in body composition were observed. Subjects with type 2 diabetes had larger left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular mass, which persisted when indexed to height. Diastolic filling was impaired in both diabetic groups, and systolic longitudinal function was lower in the type 2 diabetic group. Half of the group with type 2 diabetes met the published criteria for LVH and left ventricular dilatation; 25% had evidence of elevated left ventricular filling pressure in association with structural abnormalities.

CONCLUSIONS
This study has demonstrated preclinical abnormalities of cardiac structure and function in adolescent girls with type 2 diabetes, despite the short duration of diabetes and highlights the potential high cardiovascular risk occurring in adolescent type 2 diabetes.