bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily activity rhythm and use of shelter in the slugsDeroceras reticulationandArion distinctusunder laboratory conditions
Authors: HOMMAY G. , LORVELEC O. , JACKY F. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDaily activity of slugs,Deroceras reticulatumandArion distinctus, was studied in the laboratory in relation to the presence of shelters so as to define optimal conditions for using traps to forecast crop damage. Under constant temperature and humidity, activity of slugs began with the lights off. Its arrest occurred after a period of activity with the lights on. Slugs rested most frequently under a shelter on bare earth and rarely used the same shelter for more than two consecutive days. When food was placed under the shelter, the number of slugs found under the shelter was more constant throughout the 24 h period, but lower during diurnal rest. The presence of 4% methiocarb pellets under the shelter led to an increased occupation by slugs, due to the poisoning of some of them. Acts of aggression were more numerous inA. distinctusthan inD. reticulatum.InD. reticulatumthe smallest slug was the least aggressive and suffered more attacks from the other slugs. InA. distinctusthe numbers of attacks suffered or provoked varied little with the size of the slug, but the smallest slug showed less interactions with other slugs.
Analysis of intraspecific and interspecific variation in the genusAlternariaby the use of RAPD‐PCR
Authors: COOKE DAVID E L , FORSTER JOHN W , JENKINS PETER D , JONES D GARETH , LEWIS D MARK 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe RAPD‐PCR profiles of 13 phytopathogenicAlternariaspecies and two closely related outgroups were examined using six different primers. Each species produced a distinct pattern of DNA fragments which were used as a measure of the degree of relatedness between species.A. brassicaeisolates of diverse origin showed high levels of similarity but little similarity was noted between other species. The closest interspecific genetic distances were recorded betweenA. citri, A. alternataandA. longipes.The outgroup generaEmbellisiaandStemphylium, which are recognised as distinct, could not be clearly separated using RAPD banding criteria, suggesting a high level of genetic diversity amongst these groups of fungi.
Infectibility and sensitivity of UK raspberry, blackberry and hybrid berry cultivars to Rubus viruses
Authors: JONES A TEIFION , McGAVIN WENDY J 
Published: February 2008

SummarySix blackberry or hybrid berry cultivars and 19 raspberry cultivars were assessed for their infectibility with, and sensitivity to, graft inoculation with 10 distinct viruses found infecting Rubus in the UK. Cultivars were grafted with each of, two isolates of the pollen borne raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), five aphid borne viruses: black raspberry necrosis, raspberry leaf mottle (RLMV), raspberry leaf spot (RLSV), rubus yellow net and raspberry vein chlorosis (RVCV); and isolates of the nematode transmitted nepoviruses, arabis mosaic, raspberry ringspot, strawberry latent ringspot and tomato black ring. All tested cultivars were infectible with a resistance breaking isolate of RBDV but only about half of that number with the Scottish type isolate of the virus. The raspberry cvs Autumn Bliss, and occasionally Glen Garry and Glen Prosen, developed leaf yellowing symptoms following infection with RBDV, but none of the other infected cultivars showed obvious leaf symptoms when kept in a heated glasshouse during the growing season. All tested cultivars were infectible with each of the four viruses transmitted in nature by the aphid, Amphorophora idaei. Most were infected symptomlessly, but seven cultivars developed severe leaf spotting symptoms due to infection with RLMV or RLSV. All but one of the raspberry cultivars were infectible with RVCV, which is transmitted in nature by the aphid Aphis idaei, and almost all infected plants developed leaf symptoms; only one of the hybrid berry or blackberry cultivars tested was infected with RVCV. In tests with the four nepoviruses, all tested cultivars, except Tummelberry, were infectible with at least one or more of these viruses. However, cultivars responded differently to challenge inoculation with different isolates of individual nepoviruses. Several cultivars developed chlorotic leaf mottling following infection with some nepovirus isolates. The implications of these results for virus control are discussed in the light of the changing pattern of virus and virus vector incidence in the UK.
Emergence depth of triazine susceptible and resistant Solarium nigrum seeds
Authors: KREMER E. , LOTZ L A P 
Published: February 2008

SummaryEffects of population with different origin, biotype, seed size, temperature and depth of burial on the emergence of germinated seeds were investigated to assess the possibilities for successful management of triazine resistant populations of Solanum nigrum. Emergence fraction increased with temperature and decreased with increasing depth of placement. Emergence fraction appeared to be highest at intermediate seed weights. Resistant seeds showed a higher emergence fraction than susceptible seeds while emergence rate of resistant seeds was slightly lower. Emergence rate increased with increasing temperatures and decreasing depths. The possibilities for management of resistant S. nigrum with a stale seedbed preparation are discussed.
Effect of Bradyrhizobium, VA mycorrhiza and fertilisers on seed composition of groundnut
Authors: ELSHEIKH E A E , MOHAMEDZEIN E M M 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Bradyrhizobium and mycorrhizal (Glomus sp.) inoculation compared to adding urea and super phosphate on proximate composition, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and tannin content of groundnut. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation and/or superphosphate significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased both oil and protein content of groundnut seeds. Bradyrhizobium and/or nitrogen fertiliser significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased protein content and significantly decreased the oil content. Bradyrhizobium and/or mycorrhizal inoculation significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased the ash, crude fibre, IVPD and tannin content. Biological and chemical fertilisers significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased IVPD. Superphosphate fertilisers significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased the tannin content. The moisture content was not affected by any treatment.
Influence of pollination systems on fruit set and fruit quality in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
Authors: GONZALEZ M V , COQUE M. , HERRERO M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryKiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (Chev.) Liang and Ferguson) is a dioecious species highly pollination dependent, since fruit size is directly correlated with seed number. To evaluate the best pollination system for this species a study of two natural and two artificial pollination systems was carried out and their effect on fruit set and fruit quality was determined. While anemophilous pollination produced few and small fruits, that were not commercially acceptable, high fruit set percentages and good quality fruits were obtained when insects participated in the pollination process. Artificial pollination, performed as hand pollination, improved yield quantity and quality. When environmental conditions impair insect activity this method can be an useful agricultural practice in order to assure a good yield.
Pollen effects on fruit and seed characteristics in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)
Authors: HORMAZA J I , HERRERO M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe agronomic profitability of nut production in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is hampered by several factors such as the production of empty nuts, the small size and dry weight of the edible kernel and the low percentage of endocarp dehiscence. The causes underlining these problems are still unknown. The effect of pollinations with pollen from P. atlantica and six different P. vera genotypes on several fruit, nut and embryo characters was compared to study possible xenic and/or metaxenic effects. The use of P. atlantica pollen affected some traits, but there were no clear differences when the pollen of the different P. vera genotypes was used suggesting that, at the intraspecific level, the main limitation to pistachio fruit production problems might not be due to pollen factors.
The incidence of sweet potato virus disease and virus resistance of sweet potato grown in Uganda
Authors: ARITUA V. , ADIPALA E. , CAREY E E , GIBSON R W 
Published: February 2008

SummarySweet potato virus disease (SPVD) was common (25–30% average incidences), and farmers recognised it as an important disease, in sweet potato crops in southern Mpigi, Masaka and Rakai Districts in Uganda, but SPVD was rare in Soroti and Tororo Districts. Whiteflies, which are the vector of sweet potato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (SPCSV) a component cause of SPVD, were correspondingly common on sweet potato crops in Mpigi and rare on crops in Tororo. However, aphids, which are the vectors of sweet potato feathery mottle potyvirus (SPFMV), the other component cause of SPVD, were not found colonising sweet potato crops, and itinerant alate aphids may be the means of transmission. Different sweet potato cultivars were predominant in the different districts surveyed and four local cultivars obtained from Kanoni in S. Mpigi, where whiteflies and SPVD were common, were more resistant to SPVD than four cultivars from Busia in Tororo District, where whiteflies and SPVD were rare. However, nationally released cultivars were even more resistant than the local cultivars from Kanoni. Yield results and interviews with farmers indicated that farmers in S. Mpigi were making compromises in their choice of cultivars to grow, some key factors being SPVD susceptibility, and the yield, taste, and marketability, duration of harvest and in‐ground storability of the storage roots. These compromises need to be included in an assessment of yield losses attributable to SPVD.
Molecular characterisation of papaya ringspot potyvirus isolates from India
Authors: JAIN R K , PAPPU H R , PAPPU S S , VARMA A. , RAM R D 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPapaya ringspot potyvirus (PRSV) causes major diseases of papaya and cucurbits in the Indian subcontinent. Based on biological properties, PRSV isolates are classified as either papaya infecting (P), or non‐papaya infecting (W) types. To characterise the P and W isolates from India at the molecular level, c. 1.7 Kb of the 3′‐terminal regions comprising a part of the nuclear inclusion b (Nib) gene, the complete capsid protein (CP) gene and the untranslated region (UTR) of both the P and W isolates were cloned and sequenced.Comparative sequence analyses showed that the 3′‐UTRs in isolates P and W were 209 nucleotides in length excluding the poly (A) tail, and shared 96% identity. The CP genes of the two isolates were also similar, with 87% nucleotide identity and 93% amino acid identity. The amino acid differences between the CP genes were mostly confined to the amino terminus. The DAG triplet associated with aphid transmissibility was present in the CP of isolate W, but it was replaced by DAD in the P isolate. The partially sequenced Nib genes were also 90% identical, but isolate W contained an additional amino acid (threonine) just upstream of the cleavage site (Q/S) between Nib and CP. This is the first reported comparison of the molecular characterisation of PRSV‐P and W isolates from the Indian subcontinent.
Serological detection and antigenic variation of two whitefly‐transmitted geminiviruses: tobacco leaf curl and croton yellow vein mosaic viruses
Authors: SWANSON M M , VALAND G B , MUNIYAPPA V. , HARRISON B D 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA panel of 25 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against particles of two heterologous whitefly‐transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses) was used in triple antibody‐sandwich ELISA (TAS‐ELISA) to determine the detectability and epitope profiles of 26 Indian isolates of tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV) and 13 of croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV). Stock cultures of the two viruses had indistinguishable epitope profiles although they differ in symptomatology and particle stability. Their epitope profiles also strongly resembled those of Indian isolates of bhendi (okra) yellow vein mosaic and Indian cassava mosaic (ICMV) viruses. TLCV isolates from Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka States differed slightly in epitope profile: they reacted with at least eight out of 10 MAbs raised to ICMV but only one to four out of 15 MAbs raised to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). Virus isolates serologically indistinguishable from TLCV were detected in symptom‐bearing weeds (Acanthospermum hispidum, Ageratum conyzoides, Euphorbia geniculata, Parthenium hysterophorus) found in leaf curl‐affected tobacco fields and shown previously to be experimental hosts of TLCV. Indian TLCV isolates had small, consistent differences in epitope profile from Pakistani isolates but large differences from isolates from Burkina Faso, Malawi or Uganda. Isolates from the three African countries reacted with four or five of the ACMV MAbs but only one or two of the ICMV MAbs, and there were small but consistent inter‐country differences. CYVMV isolates from three Indian States showed less epitope variation than did Indian isolates of TLCV. TAS‐ELISA with MAb SCR 18 was a more sensitive test for detecting Indian TLCV isolates than was double antibody‐sandwich ELISA with polyclonal antibodies.
The effect of Pymetrozine, a feeding inhibitor of Homoptera, in preventing transmission of cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus by the aphid species Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Authors: BEDFORD I D , KELLY A. , BANKS G K , FUOG D. , MARKHAM P G 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMature turnip plants, mechanically infected as seedlings with the semi‐persistent, aphid transmitted caulimovirus, cauliflower mosaic (CaMV), were treated by spraying with either a solution of Pymetrozine plus adjuvant oil, adjuvant oil or water only. At the same time turnip seedlings were sprayed for each of the three treatments. Two h after spraying, Myzus persicae were caged onto an infected turnip plant for each of the three treatments. Twenty four h later, groups of 20 aphids were transferred from the infected plants, to seedlings from each of the three treatments. After 24 h, these were removed and seedlings were later recorded for infection. This acquisition/transmission assay was repeated at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days from treatment. Only aphids exposed to the Pymetrozine treated source plants were shown to move off the plant and failed to transmit CaMV effectively to treated or control seedlings during the 0 and 3 day assays. The majority soon died when transferred to test seedlings. Progressively, more aphids were found to survive and transmit CaMV during the 7 day and 14 day assays. By 21 days no significant effect could be recorded between treatments and controls. Aphids transferred from control treated source plants to Pymetrozine treated seedlings were able to transmit CaMV within all the assays, although higher mortality was recorded in the day 0 assessment when compared to those transferred to control treated seedlings. We conclude from this trial, that a single foliar treatment of 100 mg litre1 Pymetrozine to CaMV infected turnip plants, effectively reduces the vectoring capability of M. persicae, that feed on these plants, for up to 7 days. However, Pymetrozine failed to stop virus transmission to treated seedlings from the ingress of viruliferous aphids. Pymetrozine was not shown to cause any phytotoxic responses to plants used in this trial.
Interaction of endodormancy and paradormancy in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)
Authors: WHITE J M , WAINWRIGHT H. , IRELAND C R 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBud break in protected Northern European raspberry crops is often poor and uneven with many of the sub‐apical buds remaining in a dormant state. In order to improve bud break and therefore yields, the mechanism controlling bud dormancy must be determined. Canes of the biennial cultivar ‘Glen Moy’ were forced as isolated single nodes, trisections, or as intact canes after different lengths of cold storage chill unit (CU) accumulation in order to determine whether the buds were in an endodormant or paradormant state. The results showed that buds on the lower parts of the intact canes remained in a dormant state long after buds from higher up the intact cane and also the single nodes from all parts of the cane had emerged from the deepest phase of endodormancy. This would imply that these buds were being held in a paradormant state until large amounts of chilling units (>1000 CU) had been accumulated. The trisected cane portions revealed almost no significant differences in bud break levels throughout the experiment when compared with the single nodes. This suggests that removal of the apical part of the cane would be effective in improving bud break by reducing the paradormant condition. A period of secondary dormancy was also observed in the intact canes which may also exacerbate the poor bud break observed in protected crops. This was not seen in the single nodes or the trisected canes which indicates that treatments which reduce paradormancy may also minimise the risk of secondary dormancy. By identifying the phase of bud dormancy which causes poor bud break, attention can now be focused on methods which overcome paradormancy in protected crops. Such methods might include tipping (removal of the cane apex), horizontal training methods, more efficient chilling methods, and chemical treatments.
Effects of salt on rhizobia and bradyrhizobia: a review
Authors: ELSHEIKH ELSIDDIG A E 
Published: February 2008

SummaryRhizobia and bradyrhizobia strains vary in their tolerance to salt‐stress. Rhizobium strains (fast‐growers) are more salt‐tolerant than strains of Bradyrhizobium (slow‐growers). However, salt‐tolerance in both genera is dependent upon ionic species, pH value, temperature, carbon source and the presence of osmoprotectant solutes. The harmful effect of salts on growth of both genera can be attributed to the specific ion effect rather than the osmotic effect. The salt‐tolerance of different strains of rhizobia and bradyrhizobia is not related to their ecological origin. Data for salt tolerance of 684 strains of rhizobia and bradyrhizobia were collected from many reports. Most of the reports confound the effects of salt and express the concentrations of salts in percentage (%), electrical conductivity (dS m‐1), molar concentration (m) or osmotic pressure (MPa) regardless of their differences. All the published data were compiled and recalculated from the different expressions to their equivalent molar concentration (m) of NaCl. A suggested classification of salt‐tolerance of rhizobia and bradyrhizobia from the compiled data is presented.
Factors affecting the detection of potato mop‐top virus in potato tubers and improvement of test procedures for more reliable assays
Authors: SOKMEN M ARLI , BARKER H. , TORRANCE L. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Progeny tubers were harvested from plants of five potato cultivars that had been grown in potato mop‐top virus (PMTV) infested soil. The tubers were tested for virus infection by methods based on reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) incorporating monoclonal antibodies. Both RT‐PCR and ELISA detected PMTV in extracts from tuber flesh. However, when the assay results were compared for individual tubers, there was an incomplete correlation between the two methods, and more infected tubers were detected by ELISA than by RT‐PCR. PMTV was detected in some samples but not in others taken from different parts of the same tuber, and this uneven distribution may explain the discrepancy between the results of the ELISA and RT‐PCR tests. Storage of tubers of two cvs at an elevated temperature (20oC) for 4 wk prior to testing, nearly doubled the number of sample sites at which PMTV was detected by ELISA. Such pre‐treatment may improve the accuracy of tuber tests. Most tubers of cvs Saturna and Pentland Crown were symptomlessly infected indicating that PMTV may easily escape detection in tubers of these cvs if tests are based solely on presence of visual symptoms. The application of post‐harvest tuber testing, particularly to cvs that do not display obvious symptoms, and the subsequent elimination of contaminated tubers will help to provide effective control of spread, and the establishment of PMTV at new sites.
Influence of reduced agrochemical inputs on plant‐parasitic nematodes
Authors: BOAG B. , RODGER S J , WRIGHT G McN , NEILSON R. , HEBDEN P. , SQUIRE G R , LAWSON H M 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Plant‐parasitic nematodes were monitored in the multidisciplinary TALISMAN (Towards a Lower Input System Minimising Agrochemicals and Nitrogen) experiment undertaken at ADAS experimental sites at Boxworth, Drayton and High Mowthorpe, England (1990–1994). The treatments compared standard and alternative rotations, reduced and full herbicide application and full and half rate nitrogen at all three sites. After 6 yr, results snowed no evidence of either a positive or negative impact of the reduced application of agrochemicals on the non‐target plant‐parasitic nematode populations. Greatest differences were the unexplained year to year variability in nematode numbers.
Yield components of potato microtubers: in vitro production and field performance
Authors: NAIK P S , SARKAR D. , GAUR P C 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Genetic parameters, character association and path analysis for yield components of microtuber production in vitro and their field performance were studied in 37 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes. Among the microtuber yield components, average microtuber weight had maximum genotypic (or phenotypic) coefficient of variation, heritability and predicted genetic advance; however, the estimated values of these genetic parameters were maximum for tuber yield among the field yield components. The heritability estimates of field yield components were higher than that of their corresponding in vitro yield components of microtuber production. The highest correlation coefficients between average microtuber weight and microtuber yield suggested that microtuber weight was more important than microtuber number in determining microtuber yield potential in vitro. However, tuber number was found to be more important than tuber weight in determining tuber yield potential under field conditions. Average microtuber weight had maximum direct effect on microtuber yield, whereas tuber number had maximum direct effect on tuber yield under field conditions. The study showed that the relative importance of the components of microtuber production in vitro differed from that of corresponding field yield components. The expression of a genotype for microtuber production in vitro is different from that of tuber production under field situation i.e. the performance of a genotype in vitro is not a measure of its field performance.