bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pyramid Model of Health Manpower in the 1980s
Authors: McTernan Edmund J. , Leiken Alan M. 
Published: January 2008

In little more than a decade, the problems and issues relating to the supply of, and demand for, skilled health manpower in the United States have shifted dramatically. Where the key words in the late 1960s were “shortage,” “crisis,” and “expansion of training capacity,” the major concerns on the threshold of the 1980s are “oversupply,” “overtraining,” and “costs.” Federal policy relating to health manpower is rapidly changing from attempts to increase manpower supply to efforts to contain expansion.
This article presents a graphic representation of this change, along with projections for the future. Three stages of supply/demand are graphically depicted: Stage I represents the supply-deficit situation of the past; Stage II symbolizes a state of supply/demand balance; and Stage HI represents the oversupply situation which seems imminent in many health manpower categories. Some suggestions for possible actions to prevent unlimited “might makes right” solutions to oversupply problems, and assessments of the results which might be expected, are presented.
A Simple Ethylene Glycol Reduction Route to the Fabrication of Metallic Nickel Nanoplatelets with Hexagonal and Triangular Shapes
Authors: Li Dongguo , Ni Xiaomin , Zheng Huagui , Qi Banghua 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Face-centered cubic (fcc) nickel nanoplatelets with hexagonal and triangular shapes were created by a simple one-step ethylene glycol reduction method under alkali medium without any surfactants. A series of contrast experiments revealed that the alkali concentration played a key role for the formation of the anisotropic nickel nanocrystals with defined shapes. Thus-prepared nickel nanoplatelets exhibited a ferromagnetic characteristic with a coercivity of 224.2 Oe.
A Novel Biomass-based Polymer Prepared from Lignin-derived Stable Metabolic Intermediate by Copper(I)-catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Click Reaction
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Inazawa Yasunori , Hiraki Kenta , Katayama Yoshihiro , Masai Eiji , Nakamura Masaya , Ohara Seiji , Shigehara Kiyotaka 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The CuI-catalyzed, but ligand-free azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction was applied to the polymerization of the newly synthesized diethynyl-functionalized 2-pyrone monomer originally isolated from lignin via metabolic pathway. The polymerization was monitored by GPC and IR spectra and the resulting high molecular weight polymer was unambiguously characterized by 1H NMR, thermal analysis, and optical absorption and emission spectra.
Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR1) and Impulsivity in Southwest California Indians
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Slutske Wendy S. , Lind Penelope A. , Wilhelmsen K. C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractImpulsivity is a personality trait characterized by acting suddenly in an unplanned manner in order to satisfy a desire without consideration for the consequences of such behavior. There are several psychiatric disorders that include the term impulsivity as a criterion and, therefore, it has been suggested that impulsivity may be an important phenotype that may link a number of different behavioral disorders, including substance abuse. This study's aims were to determine if a significant association could be detected between the (AAT)n triplet repeat polymorphism as well as 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near theCNR1receptor gene and impulsivity in Southwest California ‘Mission’ Indians (SWC). Impulsivity was assessed using a scale derived from the Maudsley personality inventory, and blood samples were collected for DNA analyses from 251 individuals recruited from local Indian reservations. The estimated heritability (h2) for the impulsivity phenotype was 0.20 + 0.12 (p< .004). Impulsivity was significantly associated with the 6-repeat allele of the triplet repeat polymorphism (AATn/A6;p< .0001), as well as four SNPs in or near theCNR1receptor gene: rs1535255 (p= .001), rs2023239 (p= .004), rs1049353 (p< .001) and rs806368 (p< .0006). These studies provide data to suggest that theCNR1receptor gene may be significantly associated with impulsivity in SWC Indians.
Heritability of Oral Microbial Species in Caries-Active and Caries-Free Twins
Authors: Corby Patricia M. , Bretz Walter A. , Hart Thomas C. , Schork Nicholas J. , Wessel J , Lyons-Weiler James , Paster Bruce J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOral microbes that colonize in the mouths of humans contribute to disease susceptibility, but it is unclear if host genetic factors mediate colonization. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the levels at which oral microbes colonize in the mouth are heritable. Dental plaque biofilms were sampled from intact tooth surfaces of 118 caries-free twins. An additional 86 caries-active twins were sampled for plaque from carious lesions and intact tooth surfaces. Using a reverse capture checkerboard assay the relative abundance of 82 bacterial species was determined. An integrative computational predictive model determined microbial abundance patterns of microbial species in caries-free twins as compared to caries-active twins. Heritability estimates were calculated for the relative microbial abundance levels of the microbial species in both groups. The levels of 10 species were significantly different in healthy individuals than in caries-active individuals, including,A. defectiva, S. parasanguinis, S. mitis/oralis, S. sanguinis, S. cristatus, S. salivarius, Streptococcussp. clone CH016,G. morbillorumandG. haemolysans.Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for these species (h2= 56%–80%,p< .0001). Similarity of the overall oral microbial flora was also evident in caries-free twins from multivariate distance matrix regression analysis. It appears that genetic and/or familial factors significantly contribute to the colonization of oral beneficial species in twins.
Selection of Genes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Fine Mapping Starting From a Broad Linkage Region
Authors: Windelinckx An , Vlietinck Robert , Aerssens Jeroen , Beunen Gaston , Thomis Martine A. I. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFine mapping of linkage peaks is one of the great challenges facing researchers who try to identify genes and genetic variants responsible for the variation in a certain trait or complex disease. Once the trait is linked to a certain chromosomal region, most studies use a candidate gene approach followed by a selection of polymorphisms within these genes, either based on their possibility to be functional, or based on the linkage disequilibrium between adjacent markers. For both candidate gene selection and SNP selection, several approaches have been described, and different software tools are available. However, mastering all these information sources and choosing between the different approaches can be difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, this article lists several of these in silico procedures, and the authors describe an empirical two-step fine mapping approach, in which candidate genes are prioritized using a bioinformatics approach (ENDEAVOUR), and the top genes are chosen for further SNP selection with a linkage disequilibrium based method (Tagger). The authors present the different actions that were applied within this approach on two previously identified linkage regions for muscle strength. This resulted in the selection of 331 polymorphisms located in 112 different candidate genes out of an initial set of 23,300 SNPs.
‘Are You Asking Me If We Had Sex To Conceive?’ To Whom Do Parents Of Twins Disclose Mode Of Conception and What Do They Feel About Being Asked?
Authors: Raj Supriya , Morley Ruth 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThere are no data on whether parents of twins will disclose mode of conception to researchers or to their children, who will be informants in adulthood. We sent 1600 questionnaires about this via the Victorian branch of the Australian Multiple Birth Association, to be returned anonymously. Parents were asked how their twins were conceived and whether those who used assisted conception would disclose this to researchers studying assisted conception, twin pregnancy or twin children, or to their children. Comments were invited. Altogether 975 (61%) questionnaires were returned and 389 (40%) indicated use of some form of assisted conception: 75 (19%) ovarian stimulation alone, 165 (42%) In Vitro Fertilisation, 132 (34%) Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, and 17 (4%) Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, with 20 reporting use of donor eggs and thirteen donor sperm. Of those using assisted conception, the proportion reporting that they would not, or may not, tell researchers was 5% for assisted conception studies, 6% for twin pregnancy studies, and 7% for studies of twin children, while 7% reported that they would not, or may not, tell their children. From the comments (from 374/975; 38%) it was clear that questions about mode of conception can be offensive to some parents of twins, unless there is a need to know. Further, the question ‘are your twins natural?’ should be avoided. We believe the question ‘Did you need medical help to conceive your twins’, followed up with specific questions, is more acceptable.
Group Decision–Making in a Multiple Criteria Environment—A Case Using the AHPGR Model to Assess Digital Video Recorder Systems
Authors: Chang Che-Wei , Wu Cheng-Ru , Lin Hung-Lung 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Digital video recorder software is increasingly common given the burgeoning popularity of the surveillance market. The proposed model includes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the weights of evaluation. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is then performed to rank the digital video recorder software. The AHP and GRA-based decision-making method can provide decision makers or buyers with a valuable reference for evaluating software quality. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Importantly, the proposed scheme can assist decision makers in assessing the feasibility of digital video recorder software, making it highly applicable for academic and commercial purposes.
Qualitative Analysis In Evaluation Research: Problems And Promises Of An Interactionist Approach*
Authors: Broadhead Robert S. 
Published: January 2008

Since the relatively recent advent of evaluation research, researchers have overwhelmingly advocated the use of experimental designs over other methodological approaches. However, implementing such designs produces an interaction effect which greatly alters the nature of programs being evaluated. As an alternative to experimental designs, an interactionist approach to evaluation research is introduced and developed, both conceptually and procedurally. The advantages of a phenomenological skepticism, which is epistemologically integral to an interactionist approach, over an experimentalist's naive or common sense skepticism, is discussed. Stages and methodological problems of carrying out an interactionist approach are explicated.It is argued that the implementation of an interactionist approach would be “nonreactive” with either the structure or functioning of a program under analysis. And it would simultaneously bring into relief much of the anxiety and distrust between researchers and those being evaluated that characteristically accompanies the application of experimental designs.
Three Statistical Pitfalls of Phi-K Transforms
Authors: Delfiner Pierre 
Published: January 2008

Summary
Phi-k transforms are used widely to predict permeability. Some of the difficulties of this exercise are well identified, such as the homogeneity of the population (rock typing), the matching of cores and logs (especially depth matching), and the problem of permeability upscaling. Not so well-known, however, are the pitfalls of a statistical and geostatistical nature that may create significant biases—always in the same direction—an underestimation of permeability.
The passage from Phi to k is performed in three steps: (1) in cored wells, an exponential regression equation is established between core porosity and core permeability k; (2) in uncored wells, log porosity is used instead as input to predict permeability; and (3) the same equation is sometimes used again to populate the cells of a dynamic reservoir model in 3D, where input porosity values are obtained by interpolation.
The core-scale regression equation generally underestimates permeability by at least a factor of 2. The origin of the bias lies in the reverse transformation from logarithmic to arithmetic scale. To avoid this pitfall, a new permeability estimator is proposed, based on the quantile curves of the Phi-k crossplot. This estimator is data driven and does not assume a priori any particular functional relationship between Phi and k, such as an exponential-regression function.
One of the simplest diagnostic tools to check the agreement between log and core porosity is a crossplot of one against the other. In the absence of bias, the points are expected to be distributed along the y = x line. In reality, they either are or they are not, according to which variable is plotted along the x-axis. This apparent paradox is elucidated by bivariate regression theory and related to the difference of investigated volume between core and log data.
Direct input of upscaled cell porosity into an exponential core-scale permeability transform amounts to forcing geometric permeability averaging, which may again lead to serious underestimation of the true upscaled permeability when heterogeneity is significant.
Full Blocking Mechanism of Polymer Gels for Water Control
Authors: van der Hoek Jeroen E. , Botermans Wouter , Zitha Pacelli L. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The placement of polymer gels in water producing reservoir layers is one of the chemical options to reduce or totally shutoff water production. A correct determination of the optimum placement depth of the polymer gel treatment requires understanding of gel strength behavior when it is subjected to a pressure difference during production.
This paper reports a study on the behavior of an organically crosslinked polymer system in porous media. The work includes experiments and a mathematical model. The experiments were performed using natural sandstone cores at temperatures ranging from 80°C to 120°C. The gel strength was determined under different conditions (gel composition, permeability, temperature and treatment volume). Also the behavior of the gel before and after gel failure was studied.
The data was successfully interpreted considering three main effects: (a) gel compressibility, (b) micro-flow through the porous gel and porous medium and (c) post-failure macroflow. The model takes into account the above three effects and is solved analytically to yield an expression of the evolution of the pressure, which is in excellent agreement with the experiments.
Effective Control Of Vertical Fracture Growth By Placement Of An Artificial Barrier (Bottom Screen Out) In An Exploratory Well
Authors: Garcia D. G. , Prioletta A. , Kruse G. F. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This operation was designed out of a need for hydraulic stimulation - whithno height increase - in a highly homogeneous medium with a water table (SierrasBlancas Formation, YPF.Nq.Bco x-3 ST well). From this, an artificial lowerbarrier was placed to control growth in the direction of the water and acrosslinked gel pad was pumped (followed by sand concentrations carried by alinear gel for sand settling) to give rise -upon fracture closure - to adehydrated gel zone of poor permeability. Furthermore, a water inhibitor wasused as an additive for improved water control. Furthermore, a water inhibitorwas used as an additive for improved water control.
As an additional advantage, Bottom Screen Out (BSO) pumping might result inan increased fracture length which in turn would lead to a better productionresponse from stimulation, a "sine qua non" condition in lowpermeability reservoirs.
Completion and Well Performance Results, Genesis Field, Deepwater Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Pourciau Robert D. , Fisk Jill H. , Descant Frank J. , Waltman R. Bart 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Genesis project was ChevronTexaco's first Gulf of Mexico deepwater development project and the first industry project to utilize spar technology for drilling, completion, and production operations. This paper discusses the unique results and lessons learned through the first four years of the Genesis project in the areas of integrated teams, organizational learning, spar operations, completion practices, well performance, and reservoir management.
Reservoir Description of the Area Mayor de Socororo, Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Capello Maria Angela , Patiño M. Jesús R. , Soto R. Carlos M. , Ramos Lya 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A summary of the reservoir description of the Area Mayor de Socororo, in eastern Venezuela, is presented, based on the available database (June 2003). A summary of the Development Plan for the area is also included, in order to show the oil and gas production volumes expected during the 20-year operations agreement signed between Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. with a prominent Venezuelan university, the Universidad Central de Venezuela.
The budget approved for the development of the field is 67 MMUS$ for investments and 170 MMUS$ for operations, for a total 237 MMUS$. The OOIP is 418 MMSTB and the OGIP is 0,278 TCF. Volumes of 50 MMSTB and 0,085 TCF of gas are expected to be recovered, with a NPV of 20 MM$ for the operator, after taxes and royalties. The area under study covers a surface of 270 km2, in the immediacies of Pariaguán and El Pao towns, in Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. The Development Plan considers the drilling of 42 new wells and reactivation of 20 idle wells, adapting and expanding the production facilities to manage an oil production rate of some 12.000 barrels of oil per day in a 20-year timeframe.
Further Evaluation of Microbial Treatment Technology for Improved Oil Production in Bokor Field, Sarawak
Authors: Sabut Bangkong , Salim Mat Ali Hj. , Hamid Ahmad Sharby A. , Khor S. F. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper depicts the laboratory results as well as the well production performances of five oil wells that were treated with microbial technology using ‘huff & puff’ method. It is the second microbial stimulation project in Bokor field after the pilot project implemented in July 20001.
However, in this project the wells selected for the treatment were not very much depleted as compared to the three pilot wells, which were very much depleted in their production.
Several types of laboratory analyses conducted on the crude oil samples showed encouraging results in favour of this technology whereby there is an improvement in crude oil flow characteristic. This is due to the degradation of heavy molecular weight into lighter hydrocarbons upon reaction with the microbes. Crude oil rheological study conducted on post-treatment samples concluded an enhancement in crude oil mobility in a majority of the wells treated. A reduction in the emulsion stability of the crude was also observed after treatment.
Post treatment production performance monitoring for all the five wells have shown positive response to treatment with better oil gained per well. Collectively, the five wells produced an average of 111 bopd per well of incremental oil, compared to 90 bopd per well incremental in the pilot project over five months post treatment monitoring period. Nonetheless, these favourable results were largely overshadowed by the high variability between good responding wells and the poor responding wells. Detail explanations to describe the well responses due to treatment were provided based on laboratory analyses results and well production performances.
A Geomechanical Modeling Approach In Deep Horizontal Well Development Designs
Authors: Arifin Arifin , Arta Prama , Castillo David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Knowledge of a well-constrained geomechanical model provides valuable information for designing development wells more efficiently for drilling and completion in a mature gas field. This paper presents results of a recent geomechanical analysis designed to evaluate reservoir and overburden rock behavior in order to drill horizontal wells in Badak field, VICO Indonesia’s largest gas fields.
During development of the geomechanical model, an enormous effort focused on maximizing the use of available information from all the Badak wells in the field. Data included open hole logs, core data, pore pressure data, minifrac data, high-resolution image logs, previous drilling experiences and regional studies. The synthesis of this data resulted in a well-constrained geomechanical model that could explain the previously unsuccessful and problematic horizontal and vertical wells; but more importantly, it provided the needed information to predict well performances for future designs that minimize the risks associated with future horizontal wells. VICO has implemented this geomechanical approach to designing and drilling wells as part of VICO’s low permeability development program. A deep horizontal well has successfully drilled to the main target using geomechanical modeling information.
Case Study: Abnormal Drillstring Wash-out and Fatigue Experienced when Drilling Hazardous Formation in Iranian Oil Field
Authors: Abdollahi J. , Skalle P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
High frequency of wash-outs and cracks in drillstring has been experienced in a specific formation in oil fields located in the Southern part of Iran. The rig time consumed on this challenge was high due to time spent on replacing damaged pipes. In a few cases fishing operations were necessary to recover twisted off drillstrings. The majority of drillstring failures happened during top hole drilling (17-1/2" hole section). So far several solutions have been tried out to overcome the drillstring failure, which to some extent has decreased the washout frequency.
In this work we tried to define the challenge as precisely as possible; where, how and why the problem occurred. The state-of-the-art with respect to cause/solution to pipe washouts is included in the paper. Possible reasons and practical solutions to this challenge are evaluated.
Analysis of relevant factors that affect drillstring failure revealed that drillstring vibration in torsional mode is the most probable factor to induce drillstring failure in the hazard formation. This factor is therefore discussed in detail. Inasmuch as the failure occurred just in one particular formation, the lithology that induced vibration is another factor that was investigated and analyzed in this study. The complete understanding of the cause of the problem has however still not been reached.