bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forecasting Future Domestic Gas Supply
Authors: Garrett Ralph 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Forecasting future gas supply requires a careful analysis of the historical discovery experience. Since 1967, the AGA annual gas reserve report of reserves by discovery year has provided a key analytical tool. Total reserve provided a key analytical tool. Total reserve additions are dependent on the rate of discovery of new fields but with considerable and varying time lag. The first step in predicting reserve additions is to predict new field discovery rates, where the significant factors are the availability of attractive exploration opportunities and field prices for gas.

Introduction
The future energy requirements of our country and the manner in which these requirements will be met is a matter of great concern to us all. One of our energy sources, natural gas, provided one-third of the U.S.'s energy in 1970. Yet at a time when over-all demand is going up, our inventory of supplies of gas is not keeping pace.
In 1968 industry added less gas reserve than any prior year since 1954. 1969 gas additions were the lowest ever reported by the AGA since its inception in 1945. Without the Prudhoe Bay field in Alaska, 1970 would have been almost as low as 1969.
It would appear that gas supply in the U.S. is currently undergoing a dramatic change. To forecast future supplies in this environment is difficult and very risky. Yet there has never been a greater need for "a look ahead". A careful analysis of the historical sources of supply can help us build a realistic model of our future.
A Safety Management System for an Offshore Azerbaijan Caspian Sea Project
Authors: Brasic Michael F. , Barber Steven W. , Hill Alvin S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This presentation will describe the Safety Management System that Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC) has structured to assure that Company activities are performed in a manner that protects the public, the environment, contractors and AIOC employees.
The Azerbaijan International Oil Company is a consortium of oil companies that includes Socar, the state oil company of Azerbaijan, a number of major western oil companies, and companies from Russia, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The Consortium was formed to develop and produce a group of large oil fields in the Caspian Sea.
The Management of AIOC, in starting a new operation in Azerbaijan, recognized the need for a formal HSE management system to ensure that their HSE objectives for AIOC activities were met. As a consortium of different partners working together in a unique operation, no individual partner company HSE Management system was appropriate. Accordingly AIOC has utilized the E & P Forum "Guidelines for the Development and Application of Health Safety and Environmental Management Systems" as the framework document for the development of the new AIOC system.
Consistent with this guideline, AIOC has developed 19 specific HSE Management System Expectations for implementing its HSE policy and objectives. These specific expectations are the key elements under which HSE standards and operating procedures are developed. As AIOC operations increase and expand; additional standards and procedures will be progressively implemented based on a prioritized risk assessment. The objective is to establish and continue to maintain operational integrity in all AIOC activities and site operations.
An important feature is the use of structured Safety Cases for the design engineering activity. The basis for the Safety Cases is API RP 75 and 14 J for offshore facilities and API RP 750 for onshore facilities both complimented by "Best International Oilfield Practice".
When viewed overall, this approach provides a fully integrated system of HSE management from design into operation.
Health and Safety Issues Related to Remote Operations
Authors: Shrimpton Mark , Storey Keith 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A number of issues related to the remoteness of commute operations have implications for safety and health. These include issues related to: operating in a hazardous environment; the hazardous nature of the commute; the use of extended shifts and rotations; the stressful nature of the commute system; the consequences of accidents and health emergencies; and ensuring safe and healthful work environments and practices. Petroleum and mining industry approaches, policies and practices respecting these are discussed; those of the mining industry are highlighted as being of potential value to those planning and managing remote petroleum operations.
Risk Assessment of New Added Facility at an Offshore Gathering/Processing Plant
Authors: Benmebarek S. , Gray T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A Risk Assessment exercise was carried out on a new High Pressure Fuel Gas Compressor system in order to identity, prior to start up and commissioning, the potential hazards that might be induced on the running plant.
As designed, the system is intended to take medium pressure Fuel Gas at 300 psig and compress it through a single stage compressor to 600 psig. HP Fuel Gas is then distributed via a Buffer tank to two Turbo Generators and one High Pressure Sea Water Injection Pump Turbine.
After collecting up-to-date reference information that identifies the various equipment functions in the package, the system boundaries were defined with respect to their interface with the rest of the plant.
Using the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis technique, a system review was performed and results systematically recorded on appropriate formats, to reduce the possibility of omissions and enhance the completeness of the analysis.
The new HP Fuel Gas Compressor unit start up and operation should take place once all deficiencies, with an identified high Risk Priority Code, are rectified
Managing Drilling Operations in a Sensitive Wetlands Environment
Authors: Kudla M. S. , McDole B. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses progressive construction and operational techniques which can be employed to minimize impacts from drilling operations in sensitive wetland environments. Some of the techniques to be discussed include: Use of previously impacted wetlands for access routes;Modified culvert design and placement criteria;Specialized secondary and tertiary spill containment systems;Closed-loop and containerized mud system;"Environmentally friendly" substitutes for hydraulic fluids and lubricating compounds;Integrated waste minimization practices; andInnovative restoration alternatives.
Natural resource trustees have come to expect the use of such techniques when permitting access to custodial wetland areas. While some of these innovations add to the overall cost of the project, others may actually reduce total project cost. Combined with careful planning, these techniques can provide improvement in environmental protection at little incremental cost.
Prevention of Offshore Pollution from Drilling Fluids
Authors: Hayward Bobby S. , Williams R.H. , Methven N.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling fluids in offshore areas must be handled so as to avoid water pollution. To accomplish this, it has pollution. To accomplish this, it has been necessary to improve operating practices and mud handling facilities. practices and mud handling facilities. These improvements have been made and have led not only to a cleaner, nonpolluting operation but also have tended to minimize mud losses and treating costs. Both water base and oil mud systems are being utilized in sustained drilling operations without polluting the water. polluting the water. Water base mud systems, some containing small amounts of emulsified oil, have been used pollution-free offshore without difficulty. In most cases the drill cuttings are disposed directly into the water, although a precautionary seawater wash is used in precautionary seawater wash is used in the Santa Barbara channel.
Oil muds are being used in clean offshore drilling operations with a combination of good housekeeping practices and cuttings disposal methods. practices and cuttings disposal methods. The oil drill cuttings are being handled by collecting and transporting them to shore for disposal, and by washing the oil from the cuttings and then disposing of the cleaned cuttings into the water. Both methods have proven workable. proven workable. A cuttings collection system, designed to facilitate handling, storage, and transportation for onshore disposal, has proven very successful with oil mud. The system also includes a cuttings conveyor unit but so far the containers have been adapted to the rig shaker discharge with no conveyance needed.
Two basic methods have been tried in an effort to clean the oil from drill cuttings. These are by heating and washing. The heating method has not been successful. Solvent washing of the cuttings to remove oil has proven workable. Diesel oil has proven a good solvent.
Work Force Competence
Authors: Bonn R. J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
New regulations in the United Kingdom are prompting the petroleum industry to focus on the topic of work force competence. At the same time, many institutions are together developing a national system of competence assurance that will cover a wide range of occupations. Many companies are considering the benefits of aligning their assurance methods with the national system.
This paper discusses some of the issues involved, particularly the link between competence assurance and safety. The discussion will focus on the following areas: The national approach to competence assurance will improve the accountability of competence and may encourage people to broaden their skills. However, there is some doubt that it will reduce the frequency of incidents.There are several competence issues involved in the majority of reported incidents, but formal assurance systems do not appear to address them.To make a significant contribution to safety, employers will need other tools and solutions. Several are suggested.
Reducing the Environmental Impact of 3D Seismic
Authors: Hansen Wolfgang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
BEB has in the context of a comprehensive environmental impact study investigated all environmental issues in connection with the operation of 3D seismic to arrive at an environmentally more acceptable operation. This is mainly achieved through changes in the planning procedure and through precautions taken before the start of the operation. Special attention has been given to environmental impact of materials used in seismic like bentonites, explosives and equipment but also to the procedures in the field. A major step ahead was the development of a secure shot hole plugging technique. Further successful development of drilling rigs together with the high flexibility in the positioning of shot points and geophone groups enables 3D seismic to meet the strictest environmental regulations. This is shown in a case study of a 3D survey in an highly evironmentally protected area.
Enteric Parasites and Ova in Returning Expatriate Employees
Authors: Frisch J. D. , Molenaar D. M. , Dore M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As international exploration and production zones become increasingly remote, the risk for parasitic infection in repatriating employees and their families of petroleum companies has increased. A population of 98 expatriate employees and family members from nine international locations (Philippines, China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Syria, Thailand, Netherlands, Venezuela, and Azerbaijan) was screened by the Union Oil Company of California between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1995. The overall detection rate for enteric parasites was 53%, with non- pathogenic parasites detected in 39% of the study group, pathogens in 3%, and both pathogenic and non-pathogenic parasites in 11%. Thirteen species of parasite were identified, with the largest varieties identified in repatriated personnel from Indonesia (11 species) and Syria (7 species). Highest infection rates were observed in expatriates returning from Thailand(67%), Syria(79%), and Indonesia(56%), although this result may be skewed because of the small number of expatriates from some countries. A short questionnaire on eating and drinking habits was sent to these personnel, and the results will be compared to infection status In order to control the risk of parasitic infections, expatriate employee health programs may include education concerning both the prevention of parasitic infection and the meaning of a positive parasite screen, particularly for non-pathogenic infection.
An Environmental Approach
Authors: Geerling Chris 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Shell Petroleum Development Company is operating in southern Nigeria in the delta of the Niger River This delta covers an area 70,000 square km of coastal ridge barriers, mangroves, freshwater swamp forest and lowland rain forests Over the past decades considerable changes has occurred through coastal zone modifications, upstream urban and hydrological infrastructure, deforestation, agriculture, fisheries, industrial development, oil operation, as well as demographic changes.
The problems associated with these changes are: over-exploitation of renewable natural resources and breakdown of traditional management structures,impact from industry such as pollution and physical changes, anda perception of lack of social and economic equity
SPDC has taken a three-pronged approach to counter these problems: its long-standing environmental programme addresses the problems related to its operations,a community affairs programme, with an outgoing attitude, showing commitment to support the communities through training, provision of school, hospitals, etc., and agriculture and fisheries extension programmes, andthe initiation of an independent and objective study, the Niger Delta Environmental Survey, which will provide the environmental framework in the wider sense for SPDC's operations.
This Survey has as its mission to undertake, in concert with communities and other stakeholders, a comprehensive environmental survey, in order to establish the causes of ecological and socio-economic change over time and to induce corrective action and encourage relevant stakeholders to address specific environmental and related socioeconomic problems identified in the course of the Survey.
Developing a Management Framework for Sustainable Development in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Waible Ellen I. , Mangan Andrew T. , Stinson Christopher H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
From rapidly-increasing populations to diminishing natural resources, the Gulf of Mexico faces a complex array of threats that require a new, collaborative approach toward resource management. This paper describes a project that will create a preliminary Ecological and Developmental Assessment Model at the regional, national, and international scale for the Gulf and its bordering states. This model ultimately is intended to provide a broad group of decision makers and stakeholders accurate, timely and relevant information about the present and future states of the Gulf. This paper describes the project’s current development, objectives, expected results, and benefits with special reference to the petroleum industry.
Present Status of the Synthane Coal-to-Gas Process
Authors: Forney A.J. , Haynes W.P. , Corey R.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a process to make a high-Btu gas from coal. The development work at the Bureau currently involves a fluid-bed gasifier plus a tube-wall reactor methanator. The unique features of the gasifier are: it can operate with any type of coal, including caking coals; it yields a very high content of methane in the product gas; and it operates with low oxygen product gas; and it operates with low oxygen consumption. The gas from the gasifier has to be shifted to make the necessary H2/CO ratio for the methanator, then purified to remove sulfur compounds and CO2. The purified gas is then fed to the methanator for upgrading from 500 to 900 Btu per cu ft of gas, a satisfactory content for a substitute natural gas. The advantages of the tube-wall methanator developed by the Bureau are high throughputs, low pressure drop, excellent temperature control, long life, and good product yields.
The other steps needed in the process—the water-gas shift and the hot carbonate purification—are already commercial operations. purification—are already commercial operations. A prototype plant to operate at 1000 psi is being designed.

Introduction
The Synthane Process is a gasification system converting bituminous, subbituminous, or lignitic coal to a methane-rich gas of pipeline quality. The basic sequence of process steps in the system is: (1) coal pretreatment to destroy caking properties, (2) gasification of the pretreated coal in a fluidized bed, (3) shift conversion of the product gas to a hydrogen-carbon monoxide ratio of product gas to a hydrogen-carbon monoxide ratio of 3:1, (4) purification of the product gas, and (5) catalytic conversion of the clean gas to methane.
The Synthane Process has been described in recent Bureau of Mines publications with particular emphasis on the gasification step. This report describes the Bureau's engineering development of all steps except shift conversion, which is commercial, and presents the current status of the process and future plans.
Because the need for a coal-based process to supplement our natural gas reserves has been extensively documented further detailed discussion is unnecessary. The situation can be summarized by emphasizing that the role of high-Btu gas in the U.S. energy requirement is expanding rapidly to meet the demand resulting from dwindling natural gas reserves. The gas demand is accentuated by accelerating restrictions on high-sulfur fuels for central-station and industrial power generation. power generation.
There's More to the Toxicity of Natural Gas than H2S!
Authors: Drummond Ian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Three workplace accidents are described. The accident investigations identified an area of incomplete knowledge about the ability of hydrocarbon gases to intoxicate people. The effects of the gases include reduction in reasoning and decision making ability as well as physical coordination. This work has been published (Light Hydrocarbon Gases: A Narcotic, Asphyxiant or flammable Hazard? by lan Drummond, App.Occ.Environ.Hygiene, 8(2), 120-125, 1003).
Since that time additional evidence has been obtained from an emergency room physician, from other accident investigations, and from the field of substance abuse. Further work is anticipated to compare the ability of propane and ethyl alcohol to impair task performance.
Imperial Oil Limited has adopted the following occupational exposure limits for Cl to C3 gases:
Maximum allowable concentration 10% Lower Explosive Limit (LEL); 15 minute Short Term Exposure Limit, 1500 ppm; Full shift (8 or 12 hour) time weighted average. 1000 ppm
Among the actions taken by Imperial to control exposures to the hydrocarbon gases, area combustible gas detectors have been set to 10% LEL for lire first level alarm and operators are required to wear self-contained breathing apparatus when responding to the alarms. For locations that do not have area combustible alarms the use of personal LEL alarms is encouraged, and periodic industrial hygiene surveys tire performed to identify leaks.
Better understanding of the health effects of the hydrocarbon gases has allowed a clearer definition of the dividing line between "sour gas" where the toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide are most important, and "low H2S" gas where the toxicity of the hydrocarbons is most important. The development of a Code of Practice for hydrocarbon/H2S mixtures is described.
Draugen HSE-Case - Occupational Health Risk Management
Authors: Glas J. J. P. , Kjaer E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Draugen HSE-Case serves as a risk management tool. Originally, risk management included only major safety hazards to personnel, environment and assets. Work environment risks such as ergonomics, psycho-social factors and exposure to chemicals and noise, was not given the same attention. The Draugen HSE-Case addresses this weakness and extends all work environment risks. In order to promote line responsibility and commitment, relevant personnel is involved in the Case development. "THESIS", a software application, is used to systematise input and to generate reports. The Draugen HSE-case encompasses: - HSE risk analyses related to specific activities, - Control of risk related to work environment, - Established tolerability criteria, - Risk reducing measures, - Emergency contingency measures, - Requirements for Competence and Follow-up.
The development of Draugen HSE-Case is a continuous process. It will serve to - Minimise the potential of occupational illnesses, - Raise general awareness, - Make occupational health management more cost-effective.
Experiences in Use of the NORSOK Standard on Working Environment in Project Work
Authors: Kjellen Urban 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is based on experience in the implementation of the NORSOK standard on the working environment in two off-shore projects. Expectations for the standard and the main principles behind it are presented together with a general out-line of the standard. The paper reviews the initial experiences with the standard regarding needs for competence, execution of analyses and evaluations, implementation of design requirements, cost consequences, and customer satisfaction.
It is concluded that the standard promotes increased atten-tion to working environment aspects and contractors' acceptance of responsibilities to meet the oil companies' expectations and regulatory requirements. The full benefits of the standard will only be achieved when contractors have ac-quired the necessary experience and developed efficient pro-cedures and instructions for the new work processes that are required by the standard. A means of systematic compilation of detailed working environment experience during operation and communication of this experience to contractors and ven-dors need to be further developed.
Recommended Guidelines for Systematic Follow-Up of Working Environment on Mobile Installations Operating on the Norwegian Continental shelf
Authors: Smith C. C. , Boehlerengen M. , Sjoeberg G. A. , Berntsen M. , Teige K. , Rimstad H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The 1977Norwegian Working Environment Act entered fully into force in the Norwegian petroleum industry on 1 January 1993. Since 1979 only parts of the Act, valid since 1977 for onshore activities, was in force for the offshore petroleum industry. Some minor parts of the Act does still not apply to the petroleum industry offshore, but they are irrelevant to this paper.
In order to provide for a working environment (WE )in accordance with the requirements set out in the Working Environment Act the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate issued 8 March 1995 a Regulation relating to the Systematic Follow-Up of the Working Environment in the petroleum activities.
In order to create a set of Guidelines for the Norwegian rig- and shipowners industry the Norwegian Shipowners Association formed a group from 4 rigowners employees to write a " handbook " on how to follow-up the Acts and Regulations on the mobile offshore installations.
Safety Management Systems - The Next Steps?
Authors: Blackmore G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The leading companies in the UK oil and gas industry operate well developed management systems within an advanced legislative framework It is generally perceived that health and safety has improved under this regime but preventable fatalities and accidents are still occurring, in the wider aspect of management, successful international companies claim to have achieved their success by creating a culture where people lower down the organisation take ownership for activities and their direction This is the next challenge in the management of safety