bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjudicating neurocognitive endophenotypes for schizophrenia
Authors: Glahn David C. , Almasy Laura , Blangero John , Burk Gary M. , Estrada Jose , Peralta Juan Manuel , Meyenberg Naxhielli , Castro Mariana Pereira , Barrett Jennifer , Nicolini Humberto , Raventós Henriette , Escamilla Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough genetic influences on schizophrenia are well established, localization of the genes responsible for this illness has proven extremely difficult. Given evidence that genes predisposing to schizophrenia may be transmitted without expression of the clinical phenotype, efforts have focused on developing endophenotypes. While several neuropsychological measures have been proposed to be endophenotypes, few studies have systematically assessed batteries of neurocognitive tests to determine which tests are most sensitive to liability for the illness. Two hundred sixty‐nine Latino individuals were administered a standard neuropsychological battery. Two hundred fourteen of these were members of families with at least two siblings diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The remaining were community controls without history of major psychiatric illness. Neurocognitive measures found to be heritable were entered into analyses designed to determine which tests covary with the degree of genetic relationship to affected individuals. Although five measures were found to uniquely model genetic liability for schizophrenia, digit symbol coding was the most sensitive. To assess the specificity of these endophenotypes, performance on these measures were compared to family members with bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. These markers clearly distinguished between individuals with psychotic illnesses and those with major depression. As measures contributed uniquely to discriminate individuals at varying risk for schizophrenia, our findings imply multiple independently inherited elements to the liability for the illness. We present a practical model for adjudicating endophenotypes and determining which measures are best suited for use in linkage analyses. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutathione S‐transferase polymorphisms and onset age in α‐synuclein A53T mutant Parkinson's disease
Authors: Golbe Lawrence I. , Iorio Giuseppe Di , Markopoulou Katerina , Athanassiadou Aglaia , Papapetropoulos Spiridon , Watts Ray L. , Vance Jeffery M. , Bonifati Vincenzo , Williams Tanishia A. , Spychala John R. , Stenroos E. Scot , Johnson Williams G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMonogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) provide an opportunity to examine mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation. Glutathione S‐transferase (GST) has detoxification and antioxidative functions. To screen genetic variations in GST for an effect on the onset age (OA) of PD, we typed seven common genetic polymorphisms in five GST isoenzymes, M1, M3, P1, T1, and Z1, in 36 affected individuals of Italian or Greek origin with the α‐synuclein A53T (PARK1) mutation. Mean OA was 45.2 years with a wide SD of 11.03 years, similar to that of idiopathic PD. Our allelic analysis showed that the subjects homozygous for the GSTP1 G‐for‐A nucleotide substitution at position 313 had a mean OA acceleration of 15.2 years (31.3 ± 7.09 years, n = 3 vs. 46.5 ± 10.50 years, n = 33, P = 0.020). The GSTP1 C341T substitution was associated with a 9.7‐year acceleration of OA, but the significance was borderline (36.4 ± 8.35 years vs. 46.7 ± 10.85 years, P = 0.0519). After correction for the five genes examined, both results lose statistical significance. Nevertheless, our results suggest that further investigation in GSTP1 variants and PD pathogenesis is warranted in sporadic PD and that a search for toxins that accelerate PD OA should pay particular attention to GST‐P1 substrates. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipidierte Ras‐ und Rab‐Peptide und ‐Proteine: Synthese, Struktur und Funktion
Authors: Brunsveld Luc , Kuhlmann Jürgen , Alexandrov Kirill , Wittinghofer Alfred , Goody Roger S. , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie chemische Biologie kann als das Studium biologischer Vorgänge mit chemischen Methoden definiert werden. Hierbei werden durch Analyse biologischer Phänomene und ihrer strukturellen Grundlagen ungelöste Probleme erkannt und mithilfe kombinierter Techniken aus der Chemie und der Biologie zu lösen versucht. Im Zuge solcher Studien werden neue Synthesemethoden und ‐strategien entwickelt und zur Herstellung von Verbindungen verwendet, die zur Erforschung biologischer Vorgänge eingesetzt werden. Mit dieser Definition als Leitmotiv fassen wir in diesem Aufsatz die neuesten Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der chemischen Biologie lipidierter Ras‐ und Rab‐Proteine zusammen. Festphasensynthesen haben sich als die bevorzugten Methoden zur Synthese lipidmodifizierter Peptide erwiesen, die über chemisch‐biologische Methoden chemoselektiv an Proteine der Ras‐Superfamilie ligiert werden können. Mithilfe dieser synthetischen Peptide und Proteine ist es gelungen, ungelöste Fragen auf dem Gebiet der Ras‐Superfamilie der GTPasen aufzuklären, die durch chemische oder biologische Methoden alleine nicht zu erschließen waren.
Bayesian analysis of constant elasticity of variance models
Authors: Chan Jennifer S. K. , Choy S. T. Boris , Lee Anna B. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses on the estimation of some models in finance and in particular, in interest rates. We analyse discretized versions of the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) models where the normal law showing up in the usual discretization of the diffusion part is replaced by a range of heavy‐tailed distributions. A further extension of the model is to allow the elasticity of variance to be a parameter itself. This generalized model allows great flexibility in modelling and simplifies the model implementation considerably using the scale mixtures representation. The mixing parameters provide a means to identify possible outliers and protect inference by down‐weighting the distorting effects of these outliers. For parameter estimation, Bayesian approach is adopted and implemented using the software WinBUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampler). Results from a real data analysis show that an exponential power distribution with a random shape parameter, which is highly leptokurtic compared with the normal distribution, forms the best CEV model for the data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dihydroimidazophenanthridinium (DIP)‐Based DNA Binding Agents with Tuneable Structures and Biological Activity
Authors: Smith Louise V. , Parenty Alexis D. C. , Guthrie Kevin M. , Plumb Jane , Brown Robert , Cronin Leroy 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have synthesised a library of dihydroimidazophenanthridinium cations (DIPs) with large structural diversity (1–29) using a “one‐pot” approach. The DNA binding constants of DIPs range from 2×104 to 1.3×105 M−1, and the free energies for binding range from −5.9 to −6.40 kcal mol−1. Viscosity measurements demonstrated that the binding of the compounds caused DNA lengthening, thus signifying binding by intercalation. The cytotoxicities of the compounds were determined by tetrazolium dye‐based microtitration assays and showed a large range of values (0.09–11.7 μM). Preliminary molecular modelling studies of the DNA–DIP interactions suggested that the DIP moieties can interact with DNA by intercalation, and some R groups might facilitate binding by minor‐groove binding. The results provide insight into how to design biologically active DNA binding agents that can interact in these ways.
Flexibility and user‐friendliness of Grid portals: the PROGRESS approach
Authors: Bogdanski Maciej , Kosiedowski Michal , Mazurek Cezary , Rabiega Marzena , Wolniewicz Malgorzata 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWeb portals are one of the possible ways to access the remote computing resources offered by Grid environments. Since the emergence of the first middleware for the Grid, works have been conducted on delivering the functionality of Grid services on the Web. Many interesting Grid portal solutions have been designed help organize remote access to Grid resources and applications from within Web browsers. They are technically advanced and more and more widely used around the world, resulting in feedback from the community. Some of these user comments concern the flexibility and user‐friendliness of the developed solutions. In this paper we present how we addressed the need for a flexible and user‐friendly Grid portal environment within the PROGRESS project and how our approach facilitates the use of the Grid within Web portals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GridSAT portal: a Grid Web‐based portal for solving satisfiability problems using the national cyberinfrastructure
Authors: Chrabakh Wahid , Wolski Rich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe present a Grid portal problem (which is accessible through http://orca.cs.ucsb.edu/sat_portal) for solving Boolean satisfiability. The portal provides a simple and public interface to a sophisticated and complex Grid application—GridSAT—running on a large set of distributed computational resources hosted in different large‐scale national computing centers (i.e. the national cyberinfrastructure circa 2005). In this paper we describe the design goals of the portal and how it has influenced some of the application features. We also describe how the adaptive and self‐tuning features of Grid applications (written from first principles) make the portal simpler and easier to implement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Science gateways to DEISA: user requirements, technologies, and the material sciences and plasma physics gateway
Authors: Soddemann Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDEISA (Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputer Applications) is collecting experience with science gateways in different scientific areas and aims at combining all current efforts. This paper describes the development of the DEISA material sciences and plasma physics Web portal application from the view of a project engineer and software architect. It analyzes user requirements, motivates technology choices, and describes the realization of an application that is very similar to the first release candidate. The outlook gives insight into the development steps currently being undertaken towards a release and the planning phase for a future release, as well as the DEISA aims. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The LEAD Portal: a TeraGrid gateway and application service architecture
Authors: Christie Marcus , Marru Suresh 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Linked Environments for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD) Portal is a science application portal designed to enable effective use of Grid resources in exploring mesoscale meteorological phenomena. The aim of the LEAD Portal is to provide a more productive interface for doing experimental work by the meteorological research community, as well as bringing weather research to a wider class of users, meaning pre‐college students in grades 6–12 and undergraduate college students. In this paper, we give an overview of the LEAD project and the role that LEAD portal is playing in reaching its goals. We then describe the various technologies we are using to bring powerful and complex scientific tools to educational and research users. These technologies—a fine‐grained capability based authorization framework, an application service factory toolkit, and a Web services‐based workflow execution engine and supporting tools—enable our team to deploy these once inaccessible, stovepipe scientific codes onto a Grid where they can be collectively utilized. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of frameworks for a next‐generation multiphase flow solver, MFIX: a group decision‐making exercise
Authors: Gel A. , Pannala S. , Syamlal M. , O'Brien T. J. , Gel E. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the multiphase flows that occur in a wide range of engineering applications and natural processes. A multiphase CFD code called Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) has been under development at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) since the 1980s for modeling the multiphase flows that occur in fossil fuel reactors. CFD codes such as MFIX are equipped with a number of numerical algorithms to solve a large set of coupled partial differential equations over three‐dimensional grids consisting of hundreds of thousands of cells on parallel computers. Currently the next‐generation version of MFIX is under development with the goal of building a multiphase problem‐solving environment (PSE) that would facilitate the simple reuse of modern software components by application scientists. Several open‐source frameworks were evaluated to identify the best‐suited framework for the multiphase PSE. There are many requirements for the multiphase PSE and each of these open‐source frameworks offers functionalities that satisfy the requirements to varying extents. Therefore, matching the requirements and the functionalities is not a simple task and requires a systematic and quantitative decision‐making procedure. We present a multi‐criteria decision‐making approach for determining a major system design decision and demonstrate its application on the framework‐selection problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Synthetic Approach to Asymmetric Phthalocyanines with Peripheral Metal‐Binding Sites
Authors: Haas Marco , Liu Shi‐Xia , Neels Antonia , Decurtins Silvio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA phthalonitrile derivative 1, functionalized with two pyridyl groups, undergoes a cyclotetramerization reaction to afford the symmetric metal‐free phthalocyanine 2 with peripheral metal‐binding sites. In view of its insufficient solubility in organic solvents, a synthetic route to asymmetric peripherally octasubstituted Pcs, which contain a combination of 2,3‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyrazino and p‐pentylphenoxy or p‐(tert‐butyl)phenoxy substituent groups, has been developed. The compounds 5–9 were synthesized by a statistical condensation reaction between two different phthalonitriles, and remarkably, all of them have been isolated and characterized as single compounds. For structural characterization, an X‐ray study of the asymmetric Zn phthalocyanine 11 is given. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Premature termination of treatment in an inpatient eating disorder programme
Authors: Masson Philip C. , Perlman Christopher M. , Ross Stuart A. , Gates April L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis retrospective study was conducted to explore rates, timing and predictors of two forms of premature termination of treatment (PTT) in an inpatient eating disorders programme: patient dropout (DO) and administrative discharge (AD). A chart review was conducted to obtain demographic, Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2), and Resident Assessment Instrument‐Mental Health (RAI‐MH) data for 186 patients being treated for bulimia nervosa (BN), anorexia nervosa (AN), or eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Overall, of the 37.6% of patients who terminated treatment prematurely, 22.1% of patients dropped out, and 15.5% of patients were administratively discharged. Time at which discharge occurred was found to be associated with the type of premature termination. The presence of DSM‐IV Axis‐I comorbidity was found to be the only factor associated with an increased risk of being administratively discharged. No factors were predictive of patients dropping out of treatment. The findings support the notion that AD and patient DO are different events that may have different factors influencing their rates and timing. Implications for future research and programme planning are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Simulation of the dissolution of weathered versus unweathered limestone in carbonic acid solutions of varying strength
Authors: Thornbush M. J. , Viles H. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simulation was undertaken within a climatic chamber to investigate limestone dissolution under varied carbonic acid (H2CO3) strengths as a possible analogue for future increases in atmospheric CO2 arising from global warming. Twenty‐eight samples cut from a block of Bath (Box Hill) limestone from Somerville College, Oxford, which had been removed during restoration after 150 years in an urban environment, were weighed and placed in closed bottles of thin plastic containing varying concentrations of H2CO3. Half of the stone samples were derived from exposed surfaces of the stone block (weathered) while the others were obtained from the centre of the block on unexposed surfaces (unweathered). The purpose of this was to compare dissolution of previously weathered versus unweathered surfaces in strong (pH 4·73) versus weak (pH 6·43) solutions of H2CO3. A temperature of c. 19 °C was maintained within the chamber representing a plausible future temperature in Oxford for the year 2200 given current warming scenarios. The simulation lasted 25 days with a few stone samples being removed midway. Stone samples show reduced weight in all cases but one. There was greater dissolution of stone samples in a strong H2CO3 solution as conveyed by higher concentrations of total hardness and Ca2+ in the water samples as well as enhanced microscopic dissolution features identified using SEM. The simulation confirms that enhanced atmospheric CO2 under global warming, given adequate moisture, will accelerate dissolution rates particularly of newly replaced limestone building stones. However, previously weathered surfaces, such as those on historical stone exposed for a century or more, appear to be less susceptible to the effects of such increased rainfall acidity. Conservation techniques which remove weathered surfaces, such as stone cleaning, may accelerate future decay of historical limestone structures by increasing their susceptibility to dissolution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory simulation of the salt weathering of schist: II. Fragmentation of fine schist particles
Authors: Wells Tony , Willgoose Garry , Binning Philip 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent developments in long term landform evolution modelling have created a new demand for quantitative salt weathering data, and in particular data describing the size distribution of the weathered rock fragments. To enable future development of rock breakdown models for use in landscape evolution and soil production models, laboratory work was undertaken to extend existing schist/salt weathering fragmentation studies to include an examination of the breakdown of sub‐millimetre quartz chlorite schist particles in a seasonally wet tropical climate. Laser particle sizing was used to assess the impact of different experimental procedures on the resulting particle size distribution. The results reveal that salt weathering under a range of realistic simulated tropical wet season conditions produces a significant degree of schist particle breakdown. The fragmentation of the schist is characterized by splitting of the larger fragments into mid‐sized product with finer material produced, possibly from the breakdown of mid‐sized fragments when weathering is more advanced. Salinity, the salt addition method and temperature were all found to affect weathering rates. Subtle differences in mineralogy also produce variations in weathering patterns and rates. It is also shown that an increase in drying temperature leads to accelerated weathering rates, however, the geometry of the fracture process is not significantly affected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The leaf essential oil of Murraya crenulata (Turcz.) Oliver from New Caledonia
Authors: Hnawia E. , Cabalion P. , Raunicher I. , Waikedre J. , Patissou J. , G. Buchbauer  , Menut C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe essential oil of Murraya crenulata (Turcz.) Oliver (Rutaceae) was obtained from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation of plant material collected in Lifou, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. Analysis by a combination of GC and GC–MS indicates a characteristic chemical composition dominated by p‐menthane derivatives, mainly perilla aldehyde (73.2%), limonene (8.2%), perilla alcohol (6.5%) and its acetate (6.0%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the galvanizing process during GA to GI transition
Authors: Ilinca F. , Ajersch F. , Baril C. , Goodwin F. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the application of a three‐dimensional finite element solution algorithm for the prediction of the velocity, temperature and species concentration fields in an industrial continuous galvanizing bath. Simulations were carried out using a parallel CFD software developed at IMI‐NRC. The turbulent flow, heat and mass transfer has been solved using a high Reynolds number k–ε model. Simulations were carried out for the case when the density of the molten metal depends only on the temperature and also for the case when both temperature and Al concentration affect the density. When considering the buoyancy effect of the Al concentration, differences are especially apparent during the melting of ingots with high Al content. Otherwise, thermal effects are dominant. The continuous monitoring of the temperature and the Al and Fe content in an industrial bath was used to validate the flow, temperature and compositional variations. A period of three hours, corresponding to three different ingot additions, was simulated successfully, resulting in a good agreement of the temperature and compositional variations. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct numerical simulation of spanwise rotating turbulent channel flow with heat transfer
Authors: Liu Nan‐Sheng , Lu Xi‐Yun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDirect numerical simulation of spanwise rotating turbulent channel flow with heat transfer has been performed. The objective of this study is to reveal the effect of system rotation on the characteristics of turbulent flow, heat transfer, and large‐scale motions in rotating turbulence. The Reynolds number is 194, the Prandtl number is 0.71, and the rotation number varies from 0 to 7.5, based on the global friction velocity, the channel half‐height, and the angular speed of the spanwise rotating channel. To elucidate the effect of rotation on turbulent flow and heat transfer behaviours, some typical statistical quantities, including the mean velocity, temperature and their fluctuations, turbulent heat fluxes, and the structures of the velocity and temperature fluctuations, are analysed. The budget terms in the transport equation of turbulent heat flux are examined to deal with the effect of Coriolis force on turbulent heat transfer. Since rotational‐induced Taylor–Görtler‐like large‐scale counter‐rotating streamwise vortices (i.e. the roll cells) occur, the decomposition of the instantaneous temperature variance and turbulent heat flux is used to reveal the role of the rotational‐induced structures on the thermal statistics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational solution of hydromagnetic‐free convective flow past a vertical plate in a rotating heat‐generating fluid with Hall and ion‐slip currents
Authors: Naroua H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTaking Hall and ion‐slip current into account, the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic heat‐generating free convective flow of a partially ionized gas past an infinite vertical plate in a rotating frame of reference is investigated theoretically. A computer program using finite elements is employed to solve the coupled non‐linear differential equations for velocity and temperature fields. The effects of Hall and ion‐slip currents as well as the other parameters entering into the problem are discussed extensively and shown graphically. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.