bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initializing Decadal Climate Predictions with the GECCO Oceanic Synthesis: Effects on the North Atlantic
Authors: Pohlmann Holger , Jungclaus Johann H. , Köhl Armin , Stammer Detlef , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study aims at improving the forecast skill of climate predictions through the use of ocean synthesis data for initial conditions of a coupled climate model. For this purpose, the coupled model of the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Meteorology, which consists of the atmosphere model ECHAM5 and the MPI Ocean Model (MPI-OM), is initialized with oceanic synthesis fields available from the German contribution to Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (GECCO) project. The use of an anomaly coupling scheme during the initialization avoids the main problems with drift in the climate predictions. Thus, the coupled model is continuously forced to follow the density anomalies of the GECCO synthesis over the period 1952–2001. Hindcast experiments are initialized from this experiment at constant intervals. The results show predictive skill through the initialization up to the decadal time scale, particularly over the North Atlantic. Viewed over the time scales analyzed here (annual, 5-yr, and 10-yr mean), greater skill for the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) is obtained in the hindcast experiments than in either a damped persistence or trend forecast. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation hindcast closely follows that of the GECCO oceanic synthesis. Hindcasts of global-mean temperature do not obtain greater skill than either damped persistence or a trend forecast, owing to the SST errors in the GECCO synthesis, outside the North Atlantic. An ensemble of forecast experiments is subsequently performed over the period 2002–11. North Atlantic SST from the forecast experiment agrees well with observations until the year 2007, and it is higher than if simulated without the oceanic initialization (averaged over the forecast period). The results confirm that both the initial and the boundary conditions must be accounted for in decadal climate predictions.
The Materiality and Neutrality of Neutral Density and Orthobaric Density
Authors: de Szoeke Roland A. , Springer Scott R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The materiality and neutrality of neutral density and several forms of orthobaric density are calculated and compared using a simple idealization of the warm-sphere water mass properties of the Atlantic Ocean. Materiality is the value of the material derivative, expressed as a quasi-vertical velocity, following the motion of each of the variables: zero materiality denotes perfect conservation. Neutrality is the difference between the dip in the isopleth surfaces of the respective variables and the dip in the neutral planes. The materiality and neutrality of the neutral density of a water sample are composed of contributions from the following: (I) how closely the sample’s temperature and salinity lie in relation to the local reference θ–S relation, (II) the spatial variation of the reference θ–S relation, (III) the neutrality of the underlying reference neutral density surfaces, and (IV) irreversible exchanges of heat and salinity. Type II contributions dominate but have been neglected in previous assessments of neutral density properties. The materiality and neutrality of surfaces of simple orthobaric density, defined using a spatially uniform θ–S relation, have contributions analogous to types I and IV, but lack any of types II or III. Extending the concept of orthobaric density to permit spatial variation of the θ–S relation diminishes the type I contributions, but the effect is counterbalanced by the emergence of type II contributions. Discrete analogs of extended orthobaric density, based on regionally averaged θ–S relations matched at interregional boundaries, reveal a close analogy between the extended orthobaric density and the practical neutral density. Neutral density is not superior, even to simple orthobaric density, in terms of materiality or neutrality.
Midlatitude Baroclinic Rossby Waves in a High-Resolution OGCM Simulation
Authors: Aoki Kunihiro , Kubokawa Atsushi , Sasaki Hideharu , Sasai Yoshikazu 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effects of background baroclinic zonal flow and bottom pressure decoupling on midlatitude oceanic Rossby wave dynamics using a high-resolution OGCM simulation are investigated. To examine these effects, the phase speed and vertical structure of the simulated wave are compared with each of the different linear Rossby wave solutions obtained for two different circumstances (with or without background flow) and two different boundary conditions (a flat bottom or a bottom pressure decoupling condition). First, a frequency–wavenumber spectrum is examined for depth anomaly of the permanent thermocline (27.0σθ surface) along 32°S. Most of the energy is distributed along the theoretical dispersion curve including the effects of background flow and bottom pressure decoupling. The authors focus on a secondary dominant peak (appearing at a frequency greater than 1 cycle per year) at which the differences between the dispersion curves are large enough to discuss the relation between the spectral peak and the dispersion curves. The phase speed of this peak is nearly 1.5 times larger than that of the standard long-wave theory (flat bottom and no background flow), which is similar to results from previous observational studies. The extended long-wave theory including background flow and bottom pressure decoupling effects overestimates the phase speed. However, taking into account finite wavelength effects, this theory provides a phase speed much closer to that of the secondary dominant peak. The vertical structure corresponding to the wave of the secondary dominant peak extracted by composite analysis is intensified in the surface layer, a result similar to that from the theory including background flow and bottom pressure decoupling effects. The authors also compare the latitudinal distribution of midlatitude phase speed estimated by the frequency–wavenumber spectrum with theoretical results. The theory including background flow, bottom pressure decoupling, and finite wavelength effects reproduces the latitudinal distribution well, suggesting that these effects are important for explaining Rossby wave speed. The dominant factor enhancing the phase speed is bottom pressure decoupling related to rough bottom topography, while north of 30°N the background flow makes a strong contribution to the phase speed enhancement.
Contextualizing Social Capital, Citizen Participation and Poverty through an Examination of the Ward Committee Systemin Bonteheuwel in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Esau Michelle V. 
Published: February 2009

The discourse on social capital brings to the fore its valuable attributes in facilitating trust, generalized reciprocity and collective action. Moreover, it creates an awareness of the influence of these attributes on the extent to which citizens participate in matters of policy and decision-making. It was with these benefits in mind that the South African government introduced ward committees in 2004, as intermediaries structured to encourage meaningful participation between local communities and the state. It is in this context that the article examines the extent to which the ward committee, in a low socio-economic residential area called Bonteheuwel, was effective in realizing the stated purpose. The main findings suggest that while the ward committee may have been effective in certain aspects, the extent of its effectiveness was limited by the poor attendance at public meetings; the general impact of poverty on collective action; the exclusionary nature of organization through sectors; and the lack of substantive influence in the decision-making process.
Using multiplexed regulation of luciferase activity and GFP translocation to screen for FOXO modulators
Authors: Zanella Fabian , Rosado Aranzazú , Garcia Beatriz , Carnero Amancio , Link Wolfgang 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
Independent luciferase reporter assays and fluorescent translocation assays have been successfully used in drug discovery for several molecular targets. We developed U2transLUC, an assay system in which luciferase and fluorescent read-outs can be multiplexed to provide a powerful cell-based high content screening method.

Results
The U2transLUC system is based on a stable cell line expressing a GFP-tagged FOXO transcription factor and a luciferase reporter gene under the control of human FOXO-responsive enhancers. The U2transLUC assay measures nuclear-cytoplasmic FOXO shuttling and FOXO-driven transcription, providing a means to analyze these two key features of FOXO regulation in the same experiment. We challenged the U2transLUC system with chemical probes with known biological activities and we were able to identify compounds with translocation and/or transactivation capacity.

Conclusion
Combining different biological read-outs in a single cell line offers significant advantages over conventional cell-based assays. The U2transLUC assay facilitates the maintenance and monitoring of homogeneous FOXO transcription factor expression and allows the reporter gene activity measured to be normalized with respect to cell viability. U2transLUC is suitable for high throughput screening and can identify small molecules that interfere with FOXO signaling at different levels.
Divergent Frequencies of IGF-I Receptor-Expressing Blood Lymphocytes in Monozygotic Twin Pairs Discordant for Graves’ Disease: Evidence for a Phenotypic Signature Ascribable to Nongenetic Factors
Authors: Douglas Raymond S. , Brix Thomas H. , Hwang Catherine J. , Hegedüs Laszlo , Smith Terry J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractContext: Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune process of the thyroid and orbital connective tissues. The fraction of T and B cells expressing IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is increased in GD. It is a potentially important autoantigen in GD. Susceptibility to GD arises from both genetic and acquired factors.Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether the increased frequency of IGF-IR-expressing T and B cells in GD results from genetic or nongenetic factors.Design/Setting/Participants: Display of IGF-IR was assessed on blood lymphocytes from 18 pairs of monozygotic twins in the Danish Twin Registry, including seven discordant pairs, four pairs concordant for GD, and seven healthy pairs.Main Outcome Measures: Subjects underwent physical examination and laboratory analysis. Surface display of IGF-IR on T and B cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.Results: Twins with GD display increased IGF-IR-expressing CD3+ T cells and T cell subsets including total CD4+, CD4+ naive, CD4+ memory, and CD8+ cells (P &lt; 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0003, P = 0.01, and P = 0.02, respectively) compared to healthy twins. The frequency of IGF-IR-expressing B cells from affected twins was increased relative to healthy controls (P = 0.009). In pairs discordant for GD, affected twins exhibited increased frequency of IGF-IR+ CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+ naive T cells (P &lt; 0.05, P = 0.03, and P = 0.03, respectively) compared to their healthy twin.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that more frequent IGF-IR+ T cells in GD cannot be attributed to genetic determinants. Rather, this skew appears to be acquired. These results underscore the potential role of nongenetic, acquired factors in genetically susceptible individuals.
Web-based survey on the effect of menopause on women's libido in a computer-literate population
Authors: Cumming Grant P , Currie Heather D , Moncur Rik , Lee Amanda J 
Published: February 2009

Objective The objective of this study is to use the internet to survey the effect of menopause on women's experience of libido. Study design A questionnaire incorporating the Brief Profile of Female Sexual Function (B-PFSF) on a UK menopause website. Main outcome measure Questions on reduced libido, distress, level of help sought and treatment. Results Eighty-four percent of women ( n = 2112/2527) felt that an active sex life was important. One thousand and fifty-one perimenopausal and 560 postmenopausal women reported reduced libido causing distress with 23% and 35% discussing this with health professionals. Eighteen percent perimenopausal and 30% postmenopausal women had tried non-testosterone hormone replacement therapy with 34% and 37%, respectively, finding it helpful. Testosterone was deemed useful in some perimenopausal ( n = 6/17) and postmenopausal ( n = 23/50) women. Twenty-seven percent premenopausal, 38% perimenopausal and 56% postmenopausal women reported vaginal dryness with 78% peri- and 87% postmenopausal women believing it a factor causing reduced libido. Twenty-two percent premenopausal, 28% perimenopausal and 46% postmenopausal women had discussed this with health professionals and 17%, 36% and 55%, respectively, were on treatment. Women in all reproductive epochs completed the B-PFSF (a validated tool for postmenopausal women only). Conclusions An active sex life was deemed to be important but many women were not seeking help for menopause-related reduced libido causing distress. For many, vaginal changes contributed to their symptoms. In those seeking advice, treatment was commonly not prescribed. Health professionals must ask appropriate direct questions to all women, especially as part of menopausal assessment. A need for the B-PFSF to be validated in non-postmenopausal women was also indicated.
Stochastic Power Generation Unit Commitment in Electricity Markets: A Novel Formulation and a Comparison of Solution Methods
Authors: Cerisola Santiago , Baíllo Álvaro , Fernández-López José M. , Ramos Andrés , Gollmer Ralf 
Published: February 2009

We propose a stochastic unit commitment model for a power generation company that takes part in an electricity spot market. The relevant feature of this model is its detailed representation of the spot market during a whole week, including seven day-ahead market sessions and the corresponding adjustment market sessions. The adjustment market sessions can be seen as an hour-ahead market mechanism. This representation takes into account the influence that the company's decisions exert on the market-clearing price by means of a residual demand curve for each market session. We introduce uncertainty in the form of several possible spot market outcomes for each day, which leads to a weekly scenario tree. The model also represents in detail the operation of the company's generation units. The model leads to large-scale mixed linear-integer problems that are hard to solve with commercial optimizers. This suggests the use of alternative solution methods. We test four solution approaches with a realistic numerical example in the context of the Spanish electricity spot market. The first is a direct solution with a commercial optimizer, which illustrates the mentioned limitations. The second is a standard Lagrangean relaxation algorithm. The third and fourth methods are two original variants of Benders decomposition for multistage stochastic integer programs. The first Benders decomposition algorithm builds approximations for the recourse function relaxing the integrality constraints of the subproblems. The second variant strengthens these cuts by performing one iteration of the Lagrangean of each subproblem. We analyze the advantages of these four methods and compare the results.
Recent applications of imines as key intermediates in the synthesis of alkaloids and novel nitrogen heterocycles
Authors: Martin Stephen F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOne of the major challenges in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry is the design and development of new tactics and strategies and their application to concise and efficient syntheses of biologically active natural products. Strategies that utilize reactions that enable the rapid assembly of the skeletal framework of such targets are thus especially attractive. In this context, we have developed novel applications of imine chemistry in Mannich and related reactions, cascade processes, and multicomponent reactions (MCRs) to rapidly assemble structural subunits common to diverse families of alkaloids. The practical utility of these chemistries is evidenced by their use in the execution of facile total syntheses of (±)-epilupinine (1), (±)-tashiromine (2), (-)-epimyrtine (3), and (±)-roelactamine (4) as well as other nitrogen heterocycles of potential biological interest.
Indium-catalyzed Conia-ene reaction for alkaloid synthesis
Authors: Hatakeyama Susumi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization of nitrogen- and oxygen-tethered acetylenic malonic esters provides various five- to seven-membered heterocycles in moderate to excellent yield, and the reaction proceeds with no racemization and complete E-selectivity in the case of chiral and nonterminal alkynes. The synthetic utility is demonstrated by the synthesis of (-)-salinosporamide A, a highly potent 20S proteasome inhibitor, and (+)-neooxazolomycin, a member of the oxazolomycin family of antibiotics.
Studies for the synthesis of marine natural products
Authors: Williams David R. , Walsh Martin J. , Claeboe Christopher D. , Zorn Nicolas 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The process of allylic transposition in SE' reactions is a significant construct for synthesis. The flexibility of a variety of allylation strategies provides for the rational design of pathways to a diverse array of complex targets. Our recent studies of SE' reactions will examine issues of stereoselectivity and efficiency in the context of applications toward the synthesis of marine natural products such as the xenicane diterpenes, which feature the strained E-cyclononene ring system, and peloruside A, a 16-membered macrocyclic lactone.
1-Lithio-1,3-dienes as useful building blocks in organic synthesis
Authors: Zhang Wen-Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Both intermolecular reactivities toward C-O and C-N unsaturated substrates and intramolecular reactions of various 1-lithio-1,3-dienes are briefly summarized. Results reveal that intramolecular synergy between the alkenyllithium moiety and the butadienyl skeleton make 1-lithio-1,3-diene derivatives useful and unique as building blocks in organic synthesis. It is demonstrated that substitution patterns and the nature of the substituents on the butadienyl skeleton have remarkable effects on reaction pathways.
Dispersity in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)
Authors: Stepto Robert F. T. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This recommendation defines just three terms, viz., (1) molar-mass dispersity, relative-molecular-mass dispersity, or molecular-weight dispersity; (2) degree- of-polymerization dispersity; and (3) dispersity. "Dispersity" is a new word, coined to replace the misleading, but widely used term "polydispersity index" for M
w/M
n and X
w/X
n. The document, although brief, also has a broader significance in that it seeks to put the terminology describing dispersions of distributions of properties of polymeric (and non-polymeric) materials on an unambiguous and justifiable footing.
Teaching high-temperature materials chemistry at university (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Balducci Giovanni , Ciccioli Andrea , de Maria Giovanni , Hoda Fiqiri , Rosenblatt Gerd M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOver the last four to five decades, high-temperature materials chemistry (HTMC) has become a flourishing area of scientific and applied research, spurred by both a growing demand for new inorganic materials (e.g., oxide and non-oxide modern multifunctional ceramics, intermetallics, and oxidation-resistant alloys) able to withstand extreme thermal and chemical environments and by the recognition that chemical and physical behavior at high temperatures differs from, and cannot be extrapolated from, behavior at temperatures near room temperature. Despite the important role played by HTMC in modern advanced technology and the fundamental differences in behavior encountered at high temperatures, HTMC topics are rarely covered in chemistry and materials science programs at the university level because of a lack of readily accessible resource material - no textbook exists specifically devoted to HTMC topics. IUPAC's Inorganic Chemistry Division sponsored a project to address this gap, resulting in the present report. The report includes an introduction and seven sections covering historical background, chemical behavior of condensed-phase/gas-phase systems at high temperature, basic concepts of materials thermodynamics, experimental techniques, use of thermodynamic data and modeling, vaporization, and decomposition processes, and gas-solid reactions. The ninth section covers more specific topics, primarily concerning applications of high-temperature materials and processes. Each recommended topic is accompanied by a bibliography of helpful references, a short introduction or explanation including the areas of application, and some relevant teaching suggestions. An extensive annotated resource bibliography is an Appendix to the report available as supplementary material.
Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Berthod Alain , Maryutina Tatyana , Spivakov Boris , Shpigun Oleg , Sutherland Ian A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a generic term covering all forms of liquid-liquid chromatography that use a support-free liquid stationary phase held in place by a simple centrifugal or complex centrifugal force field. Biphasic liquid systems are used with one liquid phase being the stationary phase and the other being the mobile phase. Although initiated almost 30 years ago, CCC lacked reliable columns. This is changing now, and the newly designed centrifuges appearing on the market make excellent CCC columns. This review focuses on the advantages of a liquid stationary phase and addresses the chromatographic theory of CCC. The main difference with classical liquid chromatography (LC) is the variable volume of the stationary phase. There are mainly two different ways to obtain a liquid stationary phase using centrifugal forces, the hydrostatic way and the hydrodynamic way. These two kinds of CCC columns are described and compared. The reported applications of CCC in analytical chemistry and comparison with other separation and enrichment methods show that the technique can be successfully used in the analysis of plants and other natural products, for the separation of biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, for the separation of alkaloids from medical herbs, in food analysis, etc. On the basis of the studies of the last two decades, recommendations are also given for the application of CCC in trace inorganic analysis and in radioanalytical chemistry.
Guidelines for rheological characterization of polyamide melts (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Dijkstra Dick J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Most producers of polyamide have their own characterization method to study the rheological properties of polyamide 6 (PA6). However, the measured rheological properties depend strongly on the sample preparation method, humidity regulation, and time-temperature history during the measurement and not least on the kind of rheometer being used. This investigation is the result of an IUPAC project initiated by the Subcommittee on Structure and Properties of Commercial Polymers. Members of several industrial organizations, universities, and institutes cooperated, with the aim of formulating a guideline to measure reproducible rheological properties of PA6. The results of the investigation show the changes in molecular weight during different kinds of rheological measurements due to hydrolysis and amidization reactions. A guideline is introduced which can be used to make comparable rheological measurements on PA6.