bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Spurious Surface Temperature at the Atmosphere–Land Interface and a New Method to Solve the Surface Energy Balance Equation
Authors: Tomita Hirofumi 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Solving the surface energy balance equation is the most important task when combining an atmospheric model and a land surface model. However, while the surface energy balance equation determines the interface temperature between the models, this temperature is often oscillatory and without physical significance. This paper discusses the spurious mode of surface temperature. The energy balance equation is solved by the linearization around the surface temperature in most models. When this conventional scheme is used, oscillation of surface temperature occurs, caused by the exclusion or poor consideration of the surface temperature dependence of the turbulent transfer coefficient at the surface. By more strictly solving the surface energy balance equation, no spurious mode appears. However, it is often difficult to obtain such a solution because the equation is highly nonlinear. Indeed, the Newton–Raphson method at times cannot find the convergence solution. To overcome this difficulty, a new method based on a modified Newton–Raphson method is proposed to solve the surface energy balance equation. As confirmed by conducting a long-term climate simulation, the new method can robustly obtain the true solution with reasonable computational efficiency.
On the Mechanisms of Episodic Salinity Outflow Events in the Strait of Hormuz
Authors: Thoppil Prasad G. , Hogan Patrick J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Observations in the Strait of Hormuz (26.26°N, 56.08°E) during 1997–98 showed substantial velocity fluctuations, accompanied by episodic changes in the salinity outflow events with amplitude varying between 1 and 2 psu on time scales of several days to a few weeks. These events are characterized by a rapid increase in salinity followed by an abrupt decline. The mechanisms behind these strong pulses of salinity events are investigated with a high-resolution (∼1 km) Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) with particular reference to the year 2005. In accordance with the observations, the simulated salinity events are characterized by strong coherence between the enhanced flows in zonal and meridional directions. It is inferred that most of the simulated and observed outflow variability is associated with the continuous formation of strong mesoscale cyclonic eddies, whose origin can be traced upstream to around 26°N, 55.5°E. These cyclonic eddies have a diameter of about 63 km and have a remnant of Persian Gulf water (PGW) in their cores, which is eroded by lateral mixing as the eddies propagate downstream at a translation speed of 4.1 cm s−1. The primary process that acts to generate mesoscale cyclones results from the barotropic instability of the exchange circulation through the Strait of Hormuz induced by fluctuations in the wind stress forcing. The lack of salinity events and cyclogenesis in a model experiment with no wind stress forcing further confirms the essential ingredients required for the development of strong cyclones and the associated outflow variability.
Coastal Wind-Driven Circulation in the Vicinity of a Bank. Part I: Modeling Flow over Idealized Symmetric Banks
Authors: Whitney Michael M. , Allen J. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This study examines how coastal banks influence wind-driven circulation along stratified continental shelves. Numerical experiments are conducted for idealized symmetric banks; the standard bank (200 km long and 50 km wide) has dimensions similar to the Heceta Bank complex along the Oregon shelf. Model runs are forced with 10 days of steady winds (0.1 Pa); upwelling and downwelling cases are compared. The bank introduces significant alongshelf variability in the currents and density fields. Upwelling-favorable winds create an upwelling front and a baroclinic jet (flowing opposite coastal-trapped wave propagation) that bend around the standard bank, approximately centered on the 90-m isobath. The upwelling jet is strongest over the upstream bank half, where it advects a tongue of dense water over the bank. There is a current reversal shoreward of the main jet at the bank center. Upwelling is most intense over the upstream part of the bank, while there is reduced upwelling and even downwelling over other bank sections. Downwelling-favorable winds create a near-bottom density front and a baroclinic jet (flowing in the direction of coastal-trapped wave propagation) that bend around the standard bank; the jet core moves from the 150-m isobath to the 100-m isobath and back over the bank. The downwelling jet is slowest and widest over the bank; there are no current reversals. Results over the bank are more similar to 2D results (that preclude alongshelf variability) than in the upwelling case. Downwelling is weakened over the bank. The density field evolution over the bank is fundamentally different from the upwelling case. Most model results for banks with different dimensions are qualitatively similar to the standard run. The exceptions are banks having a radius of curvature smaller than the inertial radius; the main jet remains detached from the coast far downstream from these banks. The lowest-order across-stream momentum balance indicates that the depth-averaged flow is geostrophic. Advection, ageostrophic pressure gradients, wind stress, and bottom stress are all important in the depth-averaged alongstream momentum balance over the bank. There is considerable variability in alongstream momentum balances over different bank sections. Across-shelf and alongshelf advection both change the density field over the bank. Barotropic potential vorticity is not conserved, but the tendency for relative vorticity changes and depth changes to partially counter each other results in differences between the upwelling and downwelling jet paths over the bank. Only certain areas of the bank have significant vertical velocities. In these areas of active upwelling and downwelling, vertical velocities at the top of the bottom boundary layer are due to either the jet crossing isobaths or bottom Ekman pumping.
Laboratory Experiments on the Interaction of a Buoyant Coastal Current with a Canyon: Application to the East Greenland Current
Authors: Sutherland David A. , Cenedese Claudia 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a set of laboratory experiments focused on how a buoyant coastal current flowing over a sloping bottom interacts with a canyon and what controls the separation, if any, of the current from the upstream canyon bend. The results show that the separation of a buoyant coastal current depends on the current width W relative to the radius of curvature of the bathymetry ρc. The flow moved across the mouth of the canyon (i.e., separated) for W/ρc &gt; 1, in agreement with previous results. The present study extends previous work by examining both slope-controlled and surface-trapped currents, and using a geometry specific to investigating buoyant current–canyon interaction. The authors find that, although bottom friction is important in setting the position of the buoyant front, the separation process driven by the inertia of the flow could overcome even the strongest bathymetric influence. Application of the laboratory results to the East Greenland Current (EGC), an Arctic-origin buoyant current that is observed to flow in two branches south of Denmark Strait, suggests that the path of the EGC is influenced by the large canyons cutting across the shelf, as the range of W/ρc in the ocean spans those observed in the laboratory. What causes the formation of a two-branched EGC structure downstream of the Kangerdlugssuaq Canyon (∼68°N, 32°W) is still unclear, but potential mechanisms are discussed.
Why Were Sea Surface Temperatures so Different in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic in June 2005 and 2006?
Authors: Marin Frédéric , Caniaux Guy , Giordani Hervé , Bourlès Bernard , Gouriou Yves , Key Erica 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A comparison of June 2005 and June 2006 sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Atlantic exhibits large variability in the properties of the equatorial cold tongue, with far colder temperatures in 2005 than in 2006. This difference is found to result mainly from a time shift in the development of the cold tongue between the two years. Easterlies were observed to be stronger in the western tropical Atlantic in April–May 2005 than in April–May 2006, and these winds favorably preconditioned oceanic subsurface conditions in the eastern Atlantic. However, it is also shown that a stronger than usual intraseasonal intensification of the southeastern trades was responsible for the rapid and early intense cooling of the sea surface temperatures in mid-May 2005 over a broad region extending from 20°W to the African coast and from 6°S to the equator. This particular event underscores the ability of local intraseasonal wind stress variability in the Gulf of Guinea to initiate the cold tongue season and thus to dramatically impact the SST in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Such intraseasonal wind intensifications are of potential importance for year-to-year variability in the onset of the African monsoon.
Observations of Turbulence in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer: Energetics and Transport
Authors: Gerbi Gregory P. , Trowbridge John H. , Terray Eugene A. , Plueddemann Albert J. , Kukulka Tobias 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObservations of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dynamics in the ocean surface boundary layer are presented here and compared with results from previous observational, numerical, and analytic studies. As in previous studies, the dissipation rate of TKE is found to be higher in the wavy ocean surface boundary layer than it would be in a flow past a rigid boundary with similar stress and buoyancy forcing. Estimates of the terms in the turbulent kinetic energy equation indicate that, unlike in a flow past a rigid boundary, the dissipation rates cannot be balanced by local production terms, suggesting that the transport of TKE is important in the ocean surface boundary layer. A simple analytic model containing parameterizations of production, dissipation, and transport reproduces key features of the vertical profile of TKE, including enhancement near the surface. The effective turbulent diffusion coefficient for heat is larger than would be expected in a rigid-boundary boundary layer. This diffusion coefficient is predicted reasonably well by a model that contains the effects of shear production, buoyancy forcing, and transport of TKE (thought to be related to wave breaking). Neglect of buoyancy forcing or wave breaking in the parameterization results in poor predictions of turbulent diffusivity. Langmuir turbulence was detected concurrently with a fraction of the turbulence quantities reported here, but these times did not stand out as having significant differences from observations when Langmuir turbulence was not detected.
Modeling the Pathways and Mean Dynamics of River Plume Dispersal in the New York Bight
Authors: Zhang Weifeng G. , Wilkin John L. , Chant Robert J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This study investigates the dispersal of the Hudson River outflow across the New York Bight and the adjacent inner- through midshelf region. Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) simulations were used to examine the mean momentum dynamics; the freshwater dispersal pathways relevant to local biogeochemical processes; and the contribution from wind, remotely forced along-shelf current, tides, and the topographic control of the Hudson River shelf valley. The modeled surface currents showed many similarities to the surface currents measured by high-frequency radar [the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR)]. Analysis shows that geostrophic balance and Ekman transport dominate the mean surface momentum balance, with most of the geostrophic flow resulting from the large-scale shelf circulation and the rest being locally generated. Subsurface circulation is driven principally by the remotely forced along-shelf current, with the exception of a riverward water intrusion in the Hudson River shelf valley. The following three pathways by which freshwater is dispersed across the shelf were identified: (i) along the New Jersey coast, (ii) along the Long Island coast, and (iii) by a midshelf offshore pathway. Time series of the depth-integrated freshwater transport show strong seasonality in dispersal patterns: the New Jersey pathway dominates the winter–spring seasons when winds are downwelling favorable, while the midshelf pathway dominates summer months when winds are upwelling favorable. A series of reduced physics simulations identifies that wind is the major force for the spreading of freshwater to the mid- and outer shelf, that remotely forced along-shelf currents significantly influence the ultimate fate of the freshwater, and that the Hudson River shelf valley has a modest dynamic effect on the freshwater spreading.
A Combined Wind Profiler and Polarimetric Weather Radar Method for the Investigation of Precipitation and Vertical Velocities
Authors: Teshiba Michihiro S. , Chilson Phillip B. , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Schuur Terry J. , Palmer Robert D. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A method is presented by which combined S-band polarimetric weather radar and UHF wind profiler observations of precipitation can be used to extract the properties of liquid phase hydrometeors and the vertical velocity of the air through which they are falling. Doppler spectra, which contain the air motion and/or fall speed of hydrometeors, are estimated using the vertically pointing wind profiler. Complementary to these observations, spectra of rain drop size distribution (DSD) are simulated by several parameters as related to the DSD, which are estimated through the two polarimetric parameters of radar reflectivity (ZH) and differential reflectivity (ZDR) from the scanning weather radar. These DSDs are then mapped into equivalent Doppler spectra (fall speeds) using an assumed relationship between the equivolume drop diameter and the drop’s terminal velocity. The method is applied to a set of observations collected on 11 March 2007 in central Oklahoma. In areas of stratiform precipitation, where the vertical wind motion is expected to be small, it was found that the fall speeds obtained from the spectra of the rain DSD agree well with those of the Doppler velocity estimated with the profiler. For those cases when the shapes of the Doppler spectra are found to be similar in shape but shifted in velocity, the velocity offset is attributed to vertical air motion. In convective rainfall, the Doppler spectra of the rain DSD and the Doppler velocity can exhibit significant differences owing to vertical air motions together with atmospheric turbulence. Overall, it was found that the height dependencies of Doppler spectra measured by the profiler combined with vertical profiles of Z, ZDR, and the cross correlation (ρHV) as well as the estimated spectra of raindrop physical terminal fall speeds from the polarimetric radar provide unique insight into the microphysics of precipitation. Vertical air motions (updrafts/downdrafts) can be estimated using such combined measurements.
The Retrieval of Profiles of Particulate Extinction from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Data: Algorithm Description
Authors: Young Stuart A. , Vaughan Mark A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This work describes the algorithms used for the fully automated retrieval of profiles of particulate extinction coefficients from the attenuated backscatter data acquired by the lidar on board the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) spacecraft. The close interaction of the Hybrid Extinction Retrieval Algorithms (HERA) with the preceding processes that detect and classify atmospheric features (i.e., cloud and aerosol layers) is described within the context of the analysis of measurements from scenes of varying complexity. Two main components compose HERA: a top-level algorithm that selects the analysis pathway, the order of processing, and the analysis parameters, depending on the nature and spatial extent of the atmospheric features to be processed; and a profile solver or “extinction engine,” whose task it is to retrieve profiles of particulate extinction and backscatter coefficients from specified sections of an atmospheric scene defined by the top-level algorithm. The operation of these components is described using synthetic data derived from Lidar In Space Technology Experiment (LITE) measurements. The performance of the algorithms is illustrated using CALIPSO measurements acquired during the mission on 1 January 2007.
Validation of Two-Dimensional Variational Ambiguity Removal on SeaWinds Scatterometer Data
Authors: Vogelzang Jur , Stoffelen Ad , Verhoef Anton , de Vries John , Bonekamp Hans 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A two-dimensional variational ambiguity removal technique (2DVAR) is presented. It first makes an analysis based on the ambiguous scatterometer wind vector solutions and a model forecast, and next selects the ambiguity closest to the analysis as solution. 2DVAR is applied on SeaWinds scatterometer data and its merits for nowcasting applications are shown in a general statistical comparison with model forecasts and buoy observations, and in a number of case studies. The sensitivity of 2DVAR to changes in the parameters of its underlying error model is studied. It is shown that observational noise in the nadir swath of SeaWinds is effectively suppressed by application of 2DVAR in combination with the multisolution scheme (MSS). MSS retains the local wind vector probability density function after inversion, rather than only a limited number of ambiguous solutions. As a consequence, the influence of the background increases, but this can be mitigated by switching off variational quality control. A case study on an extratropical cyclone of hurricane force intensity observed with SeaWinds at 25-km resolution shows that reliable wind estimates can be obtained for wind speeds up to 40 m s−1 and more. At 25 km, the results of 2DVAR with MSS compare better with buoy measurements than with the ECMWF model. At 100-km resolution this is reversed, proving that 2DVAR retrieves small-scale features absent in the ECMWF model.
Observational Analysis of Heavy Rainfall Mechanisms Associated with Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006) after Its Landfall
Authors: Gao Shuanzhu , Meng Zhiyong , Zhang Fuqing , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This observational study attempts to determine factors responsible for the distribution of precipitation over large areas of southern China induced by Bilis, a western North Pacific Ocean severe tropical storm that made landfall on the southeastern coast of mainland China on 14 July 2006 with a remnant circulation that persisted over land until after 17 July 2006. The heavy rainfalls associated with Bilis during and after its landfall can be divided into three stages. The first stage of the rainfall, which occurred in Fujian and Zhejiang Provinces, could be directly induced by the inner-core storm circulation during its landfall. The third stage of rainfall, which occurred along the coastal areas of Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, likely resulted from the interaction between Bilis and the South China Sea monsoon enhanced by topographical lifting along the coast. The second stage of the rainfall, which appeared inland around the border regions between Jiangxi, Hunan, and Guangdong Provinces, caused the most catastrophic flooding and is the primary focus of the current study. It is found that during the second stage of the rainfall all three ingredients of deep moist convection (moisture, instability, and lifting) are in place. Several mechanisms, including vertical wind shear, warm-air advection, frontogenesis, and topography, may have contributed simultaneously to the lifting necessary for the generation of the heavy rainfall at this stage.
A New Way to Improve Seasonal Prediction by Diagnosing and Correcting the Intermodel Systematic Errors
Authors: Ke Zongjian , Zhang Peiqun , Dong Wenjie , Li Laurent 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Seasonal climate prediction, in general, can achieve excellent results with a multimodel system. A relevant calibration of individual models and an optimal combination of individual models are the key elements leading to this success. However, this commonly used approach appears to be insufficient to remove the intermodel systematic errors (IMSE), which represent similar error properties in individual models after their calibration. A new postprocessing method is proposed to correct the IMSE and to increase the prediction skill. The first step consists of carrying out a diagnosis on the calibrated errors before constructing the multimodel ensemble. In contrast to previous studies, the calibrated errors here are treated directly as the investigation target, and temporal correlation coefficients between the calibrated errors and other meteorological variables are calculated. In the second stage, mathematical and statistical tools are applied in an effort to forecast the IMSE in individual models. Then, the IMSE are removed from the calibrated results and the new corrected data are used to construct the multimodel ensemble. The hindcast of the European Union–funded Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER) multimodel system is used to test the method. The simulated Southern Oscillation index is used to diagnose and to correct the calibrated errors of the simulated precipitation. The prediction qualities of the corrected data are assessed and compared with those of the uncorrected dataset. The results show that it is feasible to improve seasonal precipitation prediction by forecasting and correcting the IMSE. This improvement is visible not only for the individual models, but also for the multimodel ensemble.
Statistical Downscaling of Precipitation in Korea Using Multimodel Output Variables as Predictors
Authors: Kang Hongwen , Park Chung-Kyu , Hameed Saji N. , Ashok Karumuri 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A pattern projection downscaling method is applied to predict summer precipitation at 60 stations over Korea. The predictors are multiple variables from the output of six operational dynamical models. The hindcast datasets span a period of 21 yr from 1983 to 2003. A downscaled prediction was made for each model separately within a leave-one-out cross-validation framework. The pattern projection method uses a moving window, which scans globally, in order to seek the most optimal predictor for each station. The final forecast is the average of six model downscaled precipitation forecasts using the best predictors and will be referred to as “DMME.” It is found that DMME significantly improves the prediction skill by correcting the erroneous signs of the rainfall anomalies in coarse-resolution predictions of general circulation models. Although Korea’s precipitation is strongly influenced by local mountainous terrain, DMME performs well at 59 stations with correlation skill significant at the 95% confidence level. The improvement of the prediction skill is attributed to three steps: coupled pattern selection, optimal predictor selection, and the multimodel downscaled precipitation ensemble. This study indicates that the large-scale circulation variables, which are predicted by the current operational dynamical models, if selected, can be used to make skillful predictions of the local precipitation by using appropriate statistical downscaling methods.