bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological risks of an old wood impregnation mill: application of the triad approach
Authors: Karjalainen Anne-Mari , Kilpi-Koski Johanna , Väisänen Ari O , Penttinen Sari , van Gestel Cornelius AM , Penttinen Olli-Pekka 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Although many studies deal with the distribution and mobility of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) metals in soil, the ecotoxicity of CCA-contaminated soils is rarely studied. The Triad approach was applied to determine the ecological risks posed by a CCA mixture at a decommissioned wood impregnation mill in southern Finland. A combination of (1) chemical analyses; (2) toxicity tests with plants (aquatic: Lemna minor; terrestrial: Lactuca sativa), earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus), and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus albidus) conducted on contaminated soils, their aqueous extracts, and well water collected from the site; and (3) determination of the abundance of enchytraeids and nematodes and the bioaccumulation of metals in plants (horsetail) collected from the field were used to assess the actual risk. Although metal concentrations were low, L. minor growth appeared to be reduced by As contamination of the well water. In soil, metals were heterogeneously distributed with total concentrations of 14.8 to 4360 mg As/kg, 15.2 to 1740 mg Cr/kg, and 4.83 to 790 mg Cu/kg. In several samples, concentrations were above Finnish regulatory guideline values and exceeded the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) or 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values for the toxicity of the individual metals to earthworms and enchytraeids, indicating hazards to the ecosystem. (Bio)availability of metals was high, as indicated by weak electrolyte extractions and body residues in L. rubellus and E. albidus exposed in bioassays. Earthworm survival correlated significantly with body metal concentrations, but not with soil total metal concentrations. Enchytraeid responses in the soil bioassays were less sensitive to CCA metal exposure. Plant growth was affected by CCA pollution, with L. sativa root elongation correlating significantly with total and available As concentrations and L. minor development being significantly reduced in H2O extracts of the most contaminated soil sample. Abundance of enchytraeids and nematodes in the field was much lower than in nonpolluted Finnish soils but did not significantly correlate with CCA contamination. Arsenic accumulation in horsetail did not correlate with As concentrations in soil. Overall, the results of the 3 lines of evidence of the Triad approach indicate possible increased risks to the ecosystem at the most contaminated sites of the CCA treatment area.
Genetic Variant in the IGF2BP2 Gene May Interact With Fetal Malnutrition to Affect Glucose Metabolism
Authors: van Hoek Mandy , Langendonk Janneke G. , de Rooij Susanne R. , Sijbrands Eric J.G. , Roseboom Tessa J. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
Fetal malnutrition may predispose to type 2 diabetes through gene programming and developmental changes. Previous studies showed that these effects may be modulated by genetic variation. Genome-wide association studies discovered and replicated a number of type 2 diabetes–associated genes. We investigated the effects of such well-studied polymorphisms and their interactions with fetal malnutrition on type 2 diabetes risk and related phenotypes in the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The rs7754840 (CDKAL1), rs10811661 (CDKN2AB), rs1111875 (HHEX), rs4402960 (IGF2BP2), rs5219 (KCNJ11), rs13266634 (SLC30A8), and rs7903146 (TCF7L2) polymorphisms were genotyped in 772 participants of the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study (n = 328 exposed, n = 444 unexposed). Logistic and linear regression models served to analyze their interactions with prenatal exposure to famine on type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and area under the curves (AUCs) for glucose and insulin during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT).

RESULTS
In the total population, the TCF7L2 and IGF2BP2 variants most strongly associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes/IGT and increased AUC for glucose, while the CDKAL1 polymorphism associated with decreased AUC for insulin. The IGF2BP2 polymorphism showed an interaction with prenatal exposure to famine on AUC for glucose (β = −9.2 [95% CI −16.2 to −2.1], P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS
The IGF2BP2 variant showed a nominal interaction with exposure to famine in utero, decreasing OGTT AUCs for glucose. This may provide a clue that modulation of the consequences of fetal environment depends on an individual's genetic background.
Diabetes Incidence Based on Linkages With Health Plans: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Erber Eva , Grandinetti Andrew , Verheus Martijn , Oum Robert , Hopping Beth N. , Schmidt Mark M. , Uchida Aileen , Juarez Deborah Taira , Hodges Krista , Kolonel Laurence N. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
Using the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), we estimated diabetes incidence among Caucasians, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After excluding subjects who reported diabetes at baseline or had missing values, 93,860 cohort members were part of this analysis. New case subjects were identified through a follow-up questionnaire (1999–2000), a medication questionnaire (2003–2006), and linkage with two major health plans (2007). We computed age-standardized incidence rates and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for ethnicity, BMI, education, and combined effects of these variables using Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS
After a total follow-up time of 1,119,224 person-years, 11,838 incident diabetic case subjects were identified with an annual incidence rate of 10.4 per 1,000 person-years. Native Hawaiians had the highest rate with 15.5, followed by Japanese Americans with 12.5, and Caucasians with 5.8 per 1,000 person-years; the adjusted HRs were 2.65 for Japanese Americans and 1.93 for Native Hawaiians. BMI was positively related to incidence in all ethnic groups. Compared with the lowest category, the respective HRs for BMIs of 22.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 kg/m2 were 2.10, 4.12, and 9.48. However, the risk was highest for Japanese Americans and intermediate for Native Hawaiians in each BMI category. Educational achievement showed an inverse association with diabetes risk, but the protective effect was limited to Caucasians.

CONCLUSIONS
Within this multiethnic population, diabetes incidence was twofold higher in Japanese Americans and Native Hawaiians than in Caucasians. The significant interaction of ethnicity with BMI and education suggests ethnic differences in diabetes etiology.
Gold(I) Complexes of KITPHOS Monophosphines: Efficient Cycloisomerisation Catalysts
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Loos Annette , Littmann Anna , Braun Ingo , Knight Julian , Doherty Simon , Rominger Frank 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageGold(I)‐triflimide (AuNTf2)complexes of H‐KITPHOS and o‐MeO‐KITPHOS have been prepared and shown to be efficient catalysts for a range of intramolecular cyclisations to afford phenols, acylindenes, alkylidene oxazoles, tetrahydropyrans and lactones, in the majority of cases these catalysts are superior to those previously reported.
Particle scale study of heat transfer in packed and bubbling fluidized beds
Authors: Zhou Z. Y. , Yu A. B. , Zulli P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe approach of combined discrete particle simulation (DPS) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which has been increasingly applied to the modeling of particle‐fluid flow, is extended to study particle‐particle and particle‐fluid heat transfer in packed and bubbling fluidized beds at an individual particle scale. The development of this model is described first, involving three heat transfer mechanisms: fluid‐particle convection, particle‐particle conduction and particle radiation. The model is then validated by comparing the predicted results with those measured in the literature in terms of bed effective thermal conductivity and individual particle heat transfer characteristics. The contribution of each of the three heat transfer mechanisms is quantified and analyzed. The results confirm that under certain conditions, individual particle heat transfer coefficient (HTC) can be constant in a fluidized bed, independent of gas superficial velocities. However, the relationship between HTC and gas superficial velocity varies with flow conditions and material properties such as thermal conductivities. The effectiveness and possible limitation of the hot sphere approach recently used in the experimental studies of heat transfer in fluidized beds are discussed. The results show that the proposed model offers an effective method to elucidate the mechanisms governing the heat transfer in packed and bubbling fluidized beds at a particle scale. The need for further development in this area is also discussed. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer‐assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scans
Authors: Allaway Heather C. , Bloski Terri G. , Pierson Roger A. , Lujan Marla E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPrenatal androgens influence the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) of hands with men having lower ratios than women. Numerous methods are used to assess 2D:4D including, physical measurements with calipers, and measurements made from photocopies, scanned images, digital photographs, radiographs, and scaled tubes. Although each method appears relatively reliable, agreement upon a gold standard is necessary to better explore the putative effects of prenatal androgens. Our objective was to assess the level of intra and interobserver reliability when evaluating 2D:4D using four techniques: (1) physical measurements, (2) photocopies, (3) printed scanned images, and (4) computer‐assisted image analysis. Physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scanned images were measured with Vernier calipers. Scanned images were also measured with computer‐based calipers. Measurements were made in 30 men and 30 women at two different time points, by three experienced observers. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the level of reliability. Intraobserver reliability was best for computer‐assisted (0.957), followed by photocopies (0.939), physical measurements (0.925), and printed scans (0.842; P = 0.015). Interobserver reliability was also greatest for computer‐assisted (0.892), followed by photocopies (0.858), physical measurements (0.795), and printed scans (0.761; P = 0.001). Mean 2D:4D from physical measurements were higher than all other techniques (P < 0.0001). Digit ratios determined from computer‐assisted, physical measurements, and printed scans were more reliable in men than women (P = 0.009, P = 0.017, and P = 0.012, respectively). In summary, 2D:4D determined from computer‐assisted analysis yielded the most accurate and consistent measurements among observers. Investigations of 2D:4D should use computer‐assisted measurements over alternate methods whenever possible. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Properties and Formation of (RCp)Co‐ and (RCp)Rh‐Stabilized[4.8]3Cyclacene Derivatives
Authors: Kornmayer Stefan C. , Hellbach Björn , Rominger Frank , Gleiter Rolf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMetal‐stabilized belts: A torus, 3, consisting of three four‐ and three eight‐membered conjugated rings and stabilized by (RCp)Co‐ and (RCp)Rh‐ units, was generated by irradiation of [(RCp)Co(CO)2] and [(RCp)Rh(C2H4)2], respectively, and 1.magnified imageEleven metal stabilized [4.8]3cyclacene derivatives were synthesized. The substances were prepared in one‐pot reactions by irradiation of a solution of 5,6,11,12‐tetradehydro‐dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene and the corresponding cobalt reagents or rhodium compounds. The resulting cyclacene derivatives reveal D3h symmetry in solution. In the solid state the hoop shaped systems crystallize in layers, which are intercalated with solvent layers. To unravel the mechanism of the one‐pot reaction we isolated an intermediate, which shows almost planar cyclooctatetraene rings.
Formulation and immunological evaluation of novel vaccine delivery systems based on bioresorbable poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Huang Ming‐Hsi , Chou Ai‐Hsiang , Lien Shu‐Pei , Chen Hsin‐Wei , Huang Chiung‐Yi , Chen Wei‐Wen , Chong Pele , Liu Shih‐Jen , Leng Chih‐Hsiang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNovel emulsion‐type vaccine delivery systems based on the amphiphilic bioresorbable polymer poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (PEG‐b‐PLACL) and selected oils were developed here. Physicochemical characterizations such as stability, a droplet test, microscopic aspects, and in vitro release showed that PEG‐b‐PLACL‐emulsified formulations have several advantages over traditional vaccine adjuvants in that they are stable, reproducible, and homogeneous fine particles with an appropriate size to facilitate the induction of potent immune responses. Different dispersion‐type emulsions have provided different release profiles using ovalbumin in model studies. Immunogenicity studies in mice have shown that antigen‐specific antibody titers and T‐cell proliferative responses, as well as the secretion of IFN‐γ, were significantly enhanced for ovalbumin after formulation with PEG‐b‐PLACL‐based emulsions. These features are of great interest for applications in delivery systems of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine candidates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2009
Réactivité d'analogues bihétérocycliques du phénanthrène, vis‐à‐vis des agents d'acétylation et de lithiation
Authors: Webert Jean‐Marie , Cagniant Denise , Cagniant Paul , Kirsch Gilbert , Weber Jean‐Victor 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLes méthyl‐1[1]benzofuro, [1]benzothiéno et[1]benzosélénolo [3,2‐b]pyrrole de měme que les méthyl‐1[1]benzothiéno et[1]benzosélénolo[2,3‐b]pyrroles présentent une réctivité partagée entre leurs positions‐2 et 3 vis‐à‐vis de la réction d'acétylation. La réction de lithiation n'affecte pas ou affecte teès peu les quatre premiers composés; quant au méthyl‐1[1]benzosélénolo[2,3‐b]pyrrole, il subit une ouverture du cycle sélénophénique et fournit après carbonatation et estérification au diazométhane le méthyl‐1 méthoxycarbonyl‐2 o‐méthylsélénophényl‐3 pyrrole.
The photolysis of anydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2,3,5‐triarylthiazolium hydroxides
Authors: Sheradsky Tuvia , Zbaida David 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe photolysis of anhydro‐4‐hydroxy‐2,3,5‐triphenylthiazolium hydroxide and of two substituted derivatives in methanol or t‐butyl alcohol in the presence of trimethylphosphite, leads exclusively and stereospecifically to α‐aryl‐β‐anilinocinnamate esters. A mechanism which involves ring contraction to a bicyclic β‐lactam is suggested.
Homonuclear two‐dimensional J‐resolved spectroscopy. The examination of resonances due to strong coupling in the two‐dimensional J‐spectrum of 1,6‐diazathianthrene: The role of first order character in the position and intensity of resonances due to strong coupling
Authors: Puig‐Torres Salvador , Gampe Robert T. , Martin Gary E. , Willcott M. Robert , Smith Keith 
Published: March 2009

AbstractResonances due to strong coupling were observed in the two‐dimensional J‐resolved (2DJ) 1H‐nmr spectrum of 1,6‐diazathianthrene. Complete analysis of the 2DJ spectral responses predicts that the resonances due to strong coupling are shifted outward from F1 = 0 Hz with a corresponding diminution in intensity as the term vA‐ vB increases in proceeding to successively higher spectrometer operating frequencies.
Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of heterocycles. IV . Tetracyclic phenothiazines. IX. Electron impact promoted mass spectral fragmentation of pyrrolo[3,2,1‐kl]phenothiazine
Authors: Vishwakarma L. C. , Hallberg A. , Dahlgren T. , Martin A. R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mass spectral fragmentation patterns of pyrrolo[3, 2, 1‐kl]phenothiazine (1) and its 1, 10‐dideuterioderi‐vative [2] are reported. The site of deuterium substitution in 2 was established by examination of its 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The heteroaromatic stability of 1 to electron impact is exemplified by the occurrence of the molecular ion as the base peak and the formation of a reasonably intense M2+ ion. An intense M‐1 ion is also observed. The more abundant fragment ions appear to result from sulfur ionization. Fragment ions arising from ionization of the nitrogen constitute only a small fraction of the total ion current. Proposed fragmentation pathways of 1 are supported by the detection of appropriate metastable ions, exact mass measurements, and electron impact spectrum of 2.
Synthesis and reactions of 5,6‐dichloro‐3‐nitropyrazinamine
Authors: Hartman George D. , Hartman Richard D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 5, 6‐dichloro‐3‐nitropyrazinamine has been carried out by decarboxylative nitration of 5, 6‐dichloro‐3‐nitropyrazine‐2‐carboxylic acid. The nitro heterocycle was found to undergo a variety of reactions, which include nucleophilic displacement of the 6‐chloro group by amines, acetylation of the free amino group with acetyl chloride, bromo‐deamination with isoamylnitrite in bromoform, as well as the formation of imidazolo and triazolo condensed ring systems.
The synthesis of phenanthro[4,5‐bcd]thiophene and the four monomethylphenanthro[4,5‐bcd]thiophenes
Authors: Tedjamulia Marvin L. , Tominaga Yoshinori , Castle Raymond N. , Lee Milton L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of phenanthro[4,5‐bcd]thiophene and the four monomethylphenanthro[4,5‐bcd]thiophenes is described.
N,O‐heterocyclics. 13. Isoxazolidinium salts as synthons to N,N, O‐trisubstituted hydroxylamines
Authors: Liguori Angelo , Sindona Giovanni , Uccella Nicola 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSubstituted isoxazolidinium salts react with lithium aluminium hydride to yield open‐ring products which have hydroxylamine structures. The bimolecular reaction‐mechanism has been investigated by substituent effect and the structure of the products ascertained by spectroscopic methods with the aid of the MIKE technique. The overall process of the ring‐opening substitution is controlled by the polarisation of the CN bond with steric and conformational factors acting mainly at the C‐5 position of the nucleus. The mechanism of isoxazolidinium ion reaction defines the use of these synthons towards the synthesis of N,N,O‐trisubstituted hydroxylamines and substituted 1,3‐amino‐alcohols.
Studies on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. X. Antimony derivatives for the preparation of macrocyclic tetraesters
Authors: Maccione Antonio , Plumitallo Antonio , Podda Gianni 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTreatment of 2‐chloro‐1,3,2‐benzodioxastibole with diacyl chlorides afforded cyclic tetraesters in yields depending on ring size. The exclusive formation of dimeric derivatives was obtained using this method. The products were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic (ir, nmr and ms) data.
Synthesis of 4(5)‐hydroxymethylimidazoles by hydroxymethylation and decarboxylation of imidazole‐4(5)‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Kim Choong S. , Lee Kee J. , Kim Hong S. , Chae Yung B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract4(5)‐Hydroxymethylimidazoles were prepared by hydroxymethylation and decarboxylation of imidazole‐4(5)‐carboxylic acid esters. The reaction was simply carried out with aqueous formaldehyde solution in the presence of base.
A new synthesis of naphtho[2,3‐C]pyrroles. Conversion of naphtho[2,3‐C]thiophene‐4,9‐diones to naphtho[2,3‐C]pyrrole‐4,9‐diones
Authors: Marecki Paul E. , Butke Gregory P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of 2‐substituted‐4,9‐dihydronaphtho[2,3‐c]pyrrole‐4,9‐diones was prepared by the reaction of 4,9‐dihydronaphtho[2,3‐c]thiophene‐4,9‐diones with primary amines under mild conditions. The presence of halogen in the naphtho[2,3‐c]thiophene‐4,9‐dione and the presence of hydroxyl, ether, or tertiary amine functions in the amine reagent do not interfere with the course of the reaction.
Furan derivatives. Part 8 On substituent effects in the synthesis of 4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐naphtho[1,8‐bc]furans
Authors: Horaguchi Takaaki , Yagoh Hiroaki , Tanemura Kiyoshi , Suzuki Tsuneo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract4,5‐Dihydro‐3H‐naphtho[1,8‐bc]furans 4 and 6 which have various substituents (R1 and R2) have been synthesized from 8‐oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐1‐naphthyloxyacetic acids 1 and 3 or their ethyl esters 2. The reaction of acids 1 and 3 with sodium acetate in acetic anhydride gave a mixture of furans 4 and 6 and lactones 5 and 7. The ratios of the products were varied according to the types of substituents (R1 and R2) in acids 1 and 3. As the substituent R1 (R2 = hydrogen) in acids 1 was changed from hydrogen to a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl group, production of furans 4 became more difficult. However, when a phenyl group was used as the substituent, furan 4 was obtained in good yield. Similarly, as the substituent R2 (R1 = hydrogen) in acids 1 was changed from hydrogen to a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl group, furan formation was more difficult. In contrast, acids 3 which had electron‐withdrawing substituents such as chlorine, bromine or a nitro group at the 4‐position afforded furans 6 in good yield. 4,5‐Dihydro‐3H‐naphtho[1,8‐bc]furans 4 and 4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐naphtho[1,8‐bc]furan‐2‐carbocylic acids 8 were synthesized from the reaction of esters 2 and potassium hydroxide in dioxane. When the substituents R1 or R2 in esters 2 were varied from hydrogen to a methyl, ethyl or isopropyl group the total yields of furans 4 and furancarboxylic acids 8 were reduced.
Synthesis and acylation of 2‐nitro‐11H‐dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin
Authors: Hagmann William K. , O'Grady Laura A. , Dorn Conrad P. , Springer James P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA one‐pot synthesis of the 11H‐dibenzo[b,e]1,4]dioxepin ring system from catechol and an o‐chlorobenzyl chloride is described. Friedel‐Crafts acylation occurs at the 7‐position as shown by X‐ray analysis.
Annelated derivatives of 2‐phenylquinoline, 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)quinoline and 2‐phenyl‐1,8‐naphthyridine
Authors: Thummel Randolph P. , Decloitre Yves , Lefoulon Francois 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnnelated derivatives of 2‐phenylquinoline, 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)quinoline, and 2‐phenyl‐1,8‐naphthyridine have been prepared where the bridging unit contains from one to four methylene units. The conformational properties of these molecules have been analyzed by 1H nmr and uv spectroscopy as well as by pKa determinations.
The benzoin condensation catalysis by bis(azolin‐2‐ylidene)s and bis(azolidin‐2‐ylidene)s and its interpretation within the context of nucleophilic carbene chemistry
Authors: Castells J. , López‐Calahorra F. , Geijo F. , Pérez‐Dolz R. , Bassedas M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation of bis(thiazolin‐2‐ylidene)s by passing a methanol solution of the corresponding thiazolium salt through an ion exchange column (basic form) is reported and the use of these “dimers” as benzoin condensation catalysts is studied. The “dimers” show better catalytic activity than the corresponding thiazolium salt plus base. A general discussion of the benzoin condensation catalysis within the framework of nucleophilic carbene chemistry is carried out and as a result of it the important role played by the “dimers” is emphasized. Mechanistic suggestions related with this fact are put forward.