bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereospecific living radical polymerization for simultaneous control of molecular weight and tacticity
Authors: Kamigaito Masami , Satoh Kotaro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe simultaneous control of the molecular weights and the tacticity was attained even during radical polymerization by the judicious combinations of the living/controlled radical polymerizations based on the fast interconversion between the dormant and active species, and the stereospecific radical polymerizations mediated by the added Lewis acids or polar solvents via the coordination to the monomer/polymer terminal substituents. This can be useful for various monomers including not only conjugated monomers, such as acrylamides and methacrylates, but also nonconjugated ones such as vinyl acetate and N‐vinylpyrrolidone. Stereoblock polymers were easily obtained by the addition of the Lewis acids or by change of the solvents during the living radical polymerizations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6147–6158, 2006
A run‐to‐run framework for prandial insulin dosing: handling real‐life uncertainty
Authors: Palerm C. C. , Zisser H. , Jovanovič L. , Doyle F. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIndividuals with type 1 diabetes require frequent adjustment of their insulin dose to maintain as near to normal glycaemia as possible. This process is not only burdensome but also, for many, difficult to achieve. As a result, control algorithms to facilitate insulin dosage have been proposed, but have not been completely successful in normalizing glycaemia. Here we present a novel run‐to‐run control algorithm to adjust the meal‐related insulin dose using only post‐prandial blood glucose measurements. For each meal independently, the insulin dose is adjusted based on the performance measure for the same meal the previous day. A robustness analysis is performed which considers the sources of uncertainty typically encountered in clinical use. This shows that the system remains stable even with large uncertainty. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On performing concepts during science lectures
Authors: Pozzer‐Ardenghi Lilian , Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhen lecturing, teachers make use of both verbal and nonverbal communication. What is called teaching, therefore, involves not only the words and sentences a teacher utters and writes on the board during a lesson, but also all the hands/arms gestures, body movements, and facial expressions a teacher performs in the classroom. All of these communicative modalities constitute resources that are made available to students for making sense of and learning from lectures. Yet in the literature on teaching science, these other means of communication are little investigated and understood—and, correspondingly, they are undertheorized. The purpose of this position paper is to argue for a different view of concepts in lectures: they are performed simultaneously drawing on and producing multiple resources that are different expressions of the same holistic meaning unit. To support our point, we provide examples from a database of 26 lectures in a 12th‐grade biology class, where the human body was the main topic of study. We analyze how different types of resources—including verbal and nonverbal discourse and various material artifacts—interact during lectures. We provide evidence for the unified production of these various sense‐making resources during teaching to constitute a meaning unit, and we emphasize particularly the use of gestures and body orientations inside this meaning unit. We suggest that proper analyses of meaning units need to take into account not only language and diagrams but also a lecturer's pointing and depicting gestures, body positions, and the relationships between these different modalities. Scientific knowledge (conceptions) exists in the concurrent display of all sense‐making resources, which we, following Vygotsky, understand as forming a unit (identity) of nonidentical entities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:96–114, 2007
Teachers' scientific epistemological views: The coherence with instruction and students' views***
Authors: Tsai Chin‐Chung 
Published: September 2006

AbstractResearch about the relationship between teachers' scientific epistemological views (SEVs) and science instruction is often an important issue for many science educators. This study, by collecting research data from four Taiwanese science teachers, their students, and classroom observations, was carried out to examine the coherences between teachers' SEVs and their (1) teaching beliefs, (2) instructional practices, (3) students' SEVs, and (4) students' perceptions toward actual science learning environments. The findings suggested adequate coherences between teachers' SEVs and their teaching beliefs as well as instructional practices. The teachers with relatively positivist‐aligned SEVs tended to draw attention to students' science scores in tests and allocate more instructional time on teacher‐directed lectures, tutorial problem practices, or in‐class examinations, implying a more passive or rote perspective about learning science. In contrast, teachers with constructivist‐oriented SEVs tended to focus on student understanding and application of scientific concepts and they adopted more time on student inquiry activities or interactive discussion. These findings are quite consistent with the results about the coherence between teachers' SEVs and students' perceptions toward science learning environments, suggesting that the constructivist‐oriented SEVs appeared to foster the creation of more constructivist‐oriented science learning environments. Finally, although this study provided some evidence that teachers' SEVs were likely related to their students' SEVs, the teachers' SEVs and those of their students were not obviously coherent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 91:222–243, 2007
Two familial cases of high blood galactose of unknown aetiology
Authors: Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola , Opekun Antone R. , Craigen William J. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryWe report two male siblings presenting as newborns with increased blood galactose, urinary excretion of galactitol, and normal galactose 1‐phosphate on a breast milk diet. A lactose‐free diet led to normalization of all metabolites, while reintroduction of galactose in the diet resulted in an accumulation of metabolites. Potential causes of galactosaemia include: (1) activities of three enzymes of galactose metabolism: galactokinase (GALK), galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and uridine diphosphate galactose 4'‐epimerase (GALE), (2) portosystemic shunting, (3) Fanconi‐Bickel syndrome, (4) tyrosinaemia. Each was excluded with appropriate tests. These two familial cases may represent a novel autosomal or X‐linked recessive disorder of galactose metabolism, possibly due to a novel defect in the transport of galactose across the plasma membrane.
Nova Scotia Politics: Clientelism and John Savage
Authors: MacLeod Jeffrey 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.This paper is a test of clientelism as an explanatory framework for the challenges faced by the Nova Scotia Liberal government led by Dr. John Savage, 1993–1997. Clientelism, as an explanatory theoretical framework, is a useful tool for interpreting the political events that drove Premier Savage from office only four years after leading his party to a significant majority in the Nova Scotia legislature. The hypothesis presented is that Nova Scotia's political culture supports an environment in which clientelism flourishes. Since the clientelistic dyadic relationship and networks are deeply rooted in the cultural mores of Nova Scotia, they cannot be easily challenged and dismantled by any single political actor or government. Therefore, the Savage government's attempt to capsize this long-established cultural practice is advanced as the prime reason for its failure to endure as a viable administration.Résumé.Cette communication est un test de clientélisme qui tente d'expliquer le cadre dans lequel s'inscrivent les défis auxquels a été confronté le gouvernement libéral de Nouvelle-Écosse mené par le DrJohn Savage de 1993 à 1997. Le clientélisme, en tant que cadre théorique explicatif, est un outil utile qui permet d'interpréter les événements politiques qui ont fait perdre son poste de Premier Ministre au DrSavage quatre ans seulement après qu'il ait mené son parti vers une majorité significative à l'assemblée législative de Nouvelle-Écosse. En fin de compte, l'hypothèse est que la culture politique de Nouvelle-Écosse favorise un environnement dans lequel le clientélisme est florissant. Du fait que la relation dyadique clientéliste et les réseaux sont profondément ancrés dans les traditions culturelles de Nouvelle-Écosse, il est peu probable qu'un acteur unique ou un simple gouvernement puisse facilement les mettre au défi et les démanteler. En conséquence, nous suggérons que la tentative du gouvernement Savage de renverser cette pratique culturelle de longue date est la raison principale pour laquelle ce gouvernement n'a pas réussi à survivre en tant qu'administration.
Racing to the Bottom? Provincial Interdependence in the Canadian
Federation
Authors: Dahlby Bev 
Published: September 2006

Racing to the Bottom? Provincial Interdependence in the Canadian
Federation, Kathryn Harrison, ed., Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006, pp.
305.There is a widely expressed concern that technological changes and
lower barriers to trade and investment have reduced governments'
ability to impose taxes on mobile inputs, such as financial capital or
venture capitalists, and this will constrain their ability to provide
basic public services and redistribute income. These forces are often
described as producing a “race to the bottom,” in which
governments compete through their tax, regulatory, and expenditure
policies to attract footloose investments.
Canada's Francophone Minority Communities: Constitutional
Renewal and the Winning of School Governance
Authors: Riddell Troy 
Published: September 2006

Canada's Francophone Minority Communities: Constitutional
Renewal and the Winning of School Governance, Michael D. Behiels,
Montreal and Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2004, pp.
xxx, 442.Michael Behiels very straightforwardly sets out the purpose of his
book in the very first sentence: “This study is a descriptive
analysis of Canada's francophone minority communities' quest for
renewal and regeneration through constitutional reform and the winning of
school governance” (xxi). Behiels bases his study on archived
material from a number of francophone groups, government documents, court
decisions, interviews with five francophone activists, and a large number
of secondary sources.
A Civil Society? Collective Actors in Canadian Political Life
Authors: Phillips Susan 
Published: September 2006

A Civil Society? Collective Actors in Canadian Political
Life, Miriam Smith, Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2005, pp. 224.A curious thing about Canadian political science is that, compared to
its American or British counterparts, it offers very little analysis of
collective action outside of political parties. Even the interest groups
in Canada don't call themselves interest groups any more. So, when a
book on collective actors by a respected scholar like Miriam
Smith—who has made significant contributions to the study of
Canadian institutionalism and whose book on the lesbian and gay movement
is a gem—comes along, it is an event for the field. Because Smith
starts the book with a quote from my 1996 article with Jane Jenson on
regime shift, I was well invested from the first line and had high
expectations that Smith would not only set the macro institutional context
that she always does so well, but would provide an insightful analysis of
developments in collective action over the past decade that would build on
where Jenson and I left off.
Development Projects for a New Millennium
Authors: Culpeper Roy 
Published: September 2006

Development Projects for a New Millennium, Anil Hira and
Trevor Parfitt, Westport, Conn, and London: Praeger, 2004, pp. 216.This is a book aimed at readers who work in the “aid
business”. These include officials of bilateral and multilateral aid
agencies, and the non-government organizations and consultancies working
on contract for or independent of the official agencies. Its fundamental
premise is that aid works best if it helps its ultimate beneficiaries
realize their own goals. Much of the book provides an analysis of how the
purveyors of aid can go about achieving this objective.
Jeux d'échelle et transformation de l'État :
le gouvernement des territoires en France et au Québec.
Authors: Champagne Éric 
Published: September 2006

Jeux d'échelle et transformation de l'État
: le gouvernement des territoires en France et au Québec.,
Laurence Bherer, Jean-Pierre Collin, Éric Kerrouche et Jacques
Palard (sous la direction de)., Québec : Les Presses de
l'Université Laval, Québec, 2005, 527 p.Les réformes territoriales initiées par Louise Harel au
Québec et Jean-Pierre Chevènement en France sont au
cœur du propos de cet ouvrage. Ces transformations ont eu lieu
simultanément il y a environ cinq ans et attestent des
préoccupations de réorganisation de la gouvernance
territoriale dans ces deux États. L'ouvrage contribue à
faire progresser la réflexion sur les formes émergentes de
l'action publique territoriale en relativisant la portée de ce
mouvement par l'analyse comparative. Approximativement cinq ans
après que le Québec et la France eurent entrepris des
réformes importantes de gestion territoriale, le besoin de faire le
point et de dresser un premier bilan s'imposait. Cet ouvrage y
participe directement.
Dans l'œil du Sphinx : Claude Morin et les relations
internationales du Québec.
Authors: Michaud Nelson 
Published: September 2006

Dans l'œil du Sphinx : Claude Morin et les relations
internationales du Québec., Jean Décary,
Montréal : vlb éditeur, Collection “ Études
québécoises ”, 2005. 241p.L'année 2005 est celle des quarante ans de la fameuse
déclaration de Paul Gérin-Lajoie devant le corps consulaire
de Montréal et elle aura été marquée par un
retour à l'avant-scène des questions liées au
rôle international du Québec. Le sujet a
défrayé la manchette des chroniqueurs politiques au
momentoù Québec et Ottawa cherchaient toujours à
définir un modus operandi acceptable de part et
d'autre; un colloque d'importance a été
organisé au printemps 2005 et deux ouvrages en seront issus; enfin,
la même maison d'édition qui nous livre aujourd'hui
une analyse de la contribution de Claude Morin à
l'établissement des relations internationales du
Québec, nous avait fourni un essai sur la carrière d'un
autre acteur d'importance dans le domaine, André Patry. Le
sujet est donc d'actualité.
The Limits of Protectionism: Building Coalitions for Free
Trade
Authors: Kukucha Chris 
Published: September 2006

The Limits of Protectionism: Building Coalitions for Free
Trade, Michael Lusztig, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,
2004, pp. xi, 272.As the title suggests, Michael Lusztig offers a non-apologetic
endorsement of liberal trade, coalition building, and the limitations of
protectionism and rent seeking. Specifically, he argues that
“flexible” rent seekers have a better opportunity to prosper
than “inflexible” rent seekers. The goal, therefore, is for
governments to reduce rents below a specific threshold to force sectoral
interests to successfully adjust to or exit the market. Strategies include
the big bang approach, divide and conquer, iteration, and the path of
least resistance. Catalysts for change are periods of economic crisis,
international obligations, and strategic considerations in which reform is
linked to potential electoral success. Ultimately, in Lusztig's
opinion, crisis and mandated international change offer the best
opportunities for rent reduction, at least in terms of limited political
backlash.
The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the
Debate
Authors: Dimitrov Radoslav S. 
Published: September 2006

The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the
Debate, Andrew E. Dessler and Edward A. Parson, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2006, pp. 190.Among policy issues struggling for attention on political agendas,
climate change is particularly consequential, by virtue of its large-scale
negative consequences for all human communities and ecosystems and the
high policy costs of remedial action. The stakes are singularly high, yet
the general public is not well informed about the reality of climate
change. Even the concerned citizen seeking information gets lost between
tendentious sketches in the mass media, on the one hand, and practically
illegible specialized literature, on the other. Dessler and Parson's
work is a welcome middle ground that provides clearly comprehensible
scientifically validated information on all aspects of the issue. The book
summarizes and evaluates current information on climate change, focusing
primarily on multilateral scientific assessments conducted by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It offers a balanced review of
the state of knowledge, and carefully delineates the bounds of scientific
agreement and uncertainty.
International diffusion of new health technologies: A ten-country analysis of six health technologies
Authors: Packer Claire , Simpson Sue , Stevens Andrew ,   (on behalf of EuroScan: the European Information Network on New and Changing Health Technologies)
Published: September 2006

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine and explain the differential international diffusion of six health innovations.Methods: A retrospective diffusion study was undertaken of sildenafil, cyclooxygenase-II (COX II) inhibitors, beta interferon, verteporfin, deep brain stimulators, and drug-eluting coronary stents in ten countries—Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. We plotted diffusion curves of daily defined doses per quarter, vials or implants per million population, and examined the association between diffusion and five key variables.Results: Canada, Switzerland, and Sweden are generally high users of new technologies; Spain, Denmark, and particularly the United Kingdom are low users. Almost all countries experienced rapid adoption of sildenafil with diffusion to a similar level; there was variable adoption and diffusion of COX II inhibitors, verteporfin, and interferon beta; drug-eluting stents penetrated the market in a similar way in all but one country; and two countries had very different adoption patterns for deep brain stimulators. Above average health spending and the presence of health technology assessment (HTA) or other guidance reports are consistently associated with increased diffusion. Early warning activity and a national coverage decision being taken are more likely to be associated with a reduced diffusion.Conclusions: The significant differences in diffusion between different countries are not consistent with a neat evidence-based world. The tools available to policy makers to control diffusion (early warning systems, HTA, and a fourth hurdle) play some part in influencing diffusion but need close scrutiny of how successfully they operate.
Cost-effectiveness of a preventive counseling and support package for postnatal depression
Authors: Petrou Stavros , Cooper Peter , Murray Lynne , Davidson Leslie L. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: This study reports the cost-effectiveness of a preventive intervention, consisting of counseling and specific support for the mother–infant relationship, targeted at women at high risk of developing postnatal depression.Methods: A prospective economic evaluation was conducted alongside a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in which women considered at high risk of developing postnatal depression were allocated randomly to the preventive intervention (n = 74) or to routine primary care (n = 77). The primary outcome measure was the duration of postnatal depression experienced during the first 18 months postpartum. Data on health and social care use by women and their infants up to 18 months postpartum were collected, using a combination of prospective diaries and face-to-face interviews, and then were combined with unit costs (£, year 2000 prices) to obtain a net cost per mother–infant dyad. The nonparametric bootstrap method was used to present cost-effectiveness acceptability curves and net benefit statistics at alternative willingness to pay thresholds held by decision makers for preventing 1 month of postnatal depression.Results: Women in the preventive intervention group were depressed for an average of 2.21 months (9.57 weeks) during the study period, whereas women in the routine primary care group were depressed for an average of 2.70 months (11.71 weeks). The mean health and social care costs were estimated at £2,396.9 per mother–infant dyad in the preventive intervention group and £2,277.5 per mother–infant dyad in the routine primary care group, providing a mean cost difference of £119.5 (bootstrap 95 percent confidence interval [CI], −535.4, 784.9). At a willingness to pay threshold of £1,000 per month of postnatal depression avoided, the probability that the preventive intervention is cost-effective is .71 and the mean net benefit is £383.4 (bootstrap 95 percent CI, −£863.3–£1,581.5).Conclusions: The preventive intervention is likely to be cost-effective even at relatively low willingness to pay thresholds for preventing 1 month of postnatal depression during the first 18 months postpartum. Given the negative impact of postnatal depression on later child development, further research is required that investigates the longer-term cost-effectiveness of the preventive intervention in high risk women.
Model to assess the cost-effectiveness of new treatments for depression
Authors: Sobocki Patrik , Ekman Mattias , Ågren Hans , Jönsson Bengt , Rehnberg Clas 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a model to assess the cost-effectiveness of a new treatment for patients with depression.Methods: A Markov simulation model was constructed to evaluate standard care for depression as performed in clinical practice compared with a new treatment for depression. Costs and effects were estimated for time horizons of 6 months to 5 years. A naturalistic longitudinal observational study provided data on costs, quality of life, and transition probabilities. Data on long-term consequences of depression and mortality risks were collected from the literature. Cost-effectiveness was quantified as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained from the new treatment compared with standard care, and the societal perspective was taken. Probabilistic analyses were conducted to present the uncertainty in the results, and sensitivity analyses were conducted on key parameters used in the model.Results: Compared with standard care, the new hypothetical therapy was predicted to substantially decrease costs and was also associated with gains in QALYs. With an improved treatment effect of 50 percent on achieving full remission, the net cost savings were 20,000 Swedish kronor over a 5-year follow-up time, given equal costs of treatments. Patients gained .073 QALYs over 5 years. The results are sensitive to changes in assigned treatment effects.Conclusions: The present study provides a new model for assessing the cost-effectiveness of treatments for depression by incorporating full remission as the treatment goal and QALYs as the primary outcome measure. Moreover, we show the usefulness of naturalistic real-life data on costs and quality of life and transition probabilities when modeling the disease over time.