bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on induction and control of cell‐mediated autoimmunity I. Induction of “autoreactive” T Iymphocytes in mice by cyclophosphamide
Authors: L'age‐Stehr Johanna , Diamantstein T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInjection of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) (125 mg/kg) or a combination of a small dose of CY (20 mg/kg) and 2.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide induces a transient appearance of autoreactive T lymphocytes (T‐ARC) in the spleens of mice. The T‐ARC activity reaches a peak 6 days after CY injection and could not be detected 8 days after this treatment. For testing T‐ARC activity, spleen cells were injected into the footpads of syngeneic recipients, and the resulting lymph node enlargement at the draining site of cell inoculation and the content of nucleated cells in the lymph node was determined. Possible explanations of this autoimmune phenomenon are discussed. It is postulated that CY‐resistant precursors of T‐ARC are stimulated by “new” antigenic sites present on the surface of B lymphoblasts repopulating the CY‐damaged spleen in a period of transient absence of CY‐sensitive suppressor cells.
Cell‐mediated Iympholysis: Examination of HLA genetic fine structure and complementation using cytotoxic lymphocytes
Authors: Schendel Dolores J. , Wank R. , Dupont B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL), sensitized in vitro in one‐way mixed lymphocyte cultures between two unrelated individuals, have been used to study target cell determinants. One pair of CTL shows strong cell‐mediated lympholysis responses against the specific target cells as well as against third‐party target cells obtained from unrelated individuals. Testing of sixty target cells shows a significant association between the two CTL with a correlation coefficient of 0.67 in the panel. The target determinant recognized by the CTL is not an HLA‐A,B,C or D specificity, as defined by standard serological and cellular reagents. Segregation studies in a large family reveal that the new specificity defined by the CTL is controlled by HLA, and its recognition may be restricted by the HLA complex.
Loss of reactivity of a BALB/c myeloma tumor with allogeneic and syngeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Russel J. H. , Hale A. H. , Inbar D. , Eisen H. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt was previously observed that MOPC‐315EL, a subline of the BALB/c myeloma tumor MOPC‐315, varies in its ability to interact with primary anti‐H‐2d cytotoxic thymus‐derived lymphocytes (CTL) while remaining invariant in its expression of cell surface antigens recognized by anti‐H‐2d sera. This paper demonstrates (a) that secondary anti‐H‐2d CTL also fail to recognize the late tumor cells, and (b) that two other CTL systems (anti‐minor histocompatibility antigens and anti‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl), which require recognition of both H‐2 products and other surface antigens, also fail to react with the late tumor cells. The defect in the late tumor cells was evident when they were used as targets, inhibitors, and stimulators of CTL activity.
Nonspecific macrophage suppressor factor: its role in the inhibition of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride by specific T suppressor factor
Authors: Ptak W. , Zembala M. , Hanczakowski‐Rewicka Maria , Asherson G. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnti‐picryl T suppressor factor was produced by culturing lymphoid cells from mice which were first injected with picryl sulfonic acid and then painted with picryl chloride. The supernatant was harvested at 48 h. Macrophage suppressor factor was produced by incubating peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in T suppressor factor, washing and then adding antigen and taking the supernatant after incubation for 1 h. Immune cells incubated in the supernatant lost the ability to transfer contact sensitivity. The supernatant (macrophage suppressor factor) was nonspecific and inhibited the passive transfer of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride and oxazolone to a similar extent.Macrophage suppressor factor was only produced when PEC were incubated in anti‐picryl T suppressor factor and then exposed to picrylated antigen. Syngeneic thymocytes picrylated in vitro were the best source of antigen. Allogeneic thymocytes and regional lymph node cells picrylated in vivo by painting with picryl chloride were less effective. Picrylated mouse red blood cells and picrylated mouse gamma globulin were least effective.Macrophage suppressor factor differed from T suppressor factor in several ways. It was nonspecific, its molecular weight was lower (10000–20000 daltons), and it failed to bind to PEC. It also failed to bind to immune cells at 0°C.Although macrophage suppressor factor inhibited passive transfer when the mice were tested immediately afterwards (Chase‐Landsteiner transfer), it did not affect passive transfer when testing was delayed for a week. It is proposed that macrophage suppressor factor amplifies the effect of T suppressor factor.
Cell‐mediated anti‐tumor response in the RL♂ 1 system I. T nature, H‐2 Dd involvement and antigenic specificity of the effector cells
Authors: Duprez Veronique , Gomard Elisabeth , Levy J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAfter in vivo priming and in vitro secondary stimulation by the radio‐induced RL♂ 1 lymphoma cells, syngeneic BALB/c splenic lymphocytes evidenced a specific but very weak cytolytic activity against RL♂ 1 target cells. Under the same experimental conditions, spleen cells from (B6 x BALB/c)F1 were at least 100 times more efficient. In both cases, the effector cells were cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). Normal H‐2Dd antigens of the tumor cell surface were involved in the effector‐to‐target cell interaction since anti‐H‐2 or anti‐H‐2Dd antisera abolished the RL♂ 1 cytolysis by immune syngeneic CTL, whereas anti‐H‐2Kd were devoid of blocking activity. The testing of a series of lymphoma cells, either virus‐induced or not, belonging to different H‐2 haplotypes, show that the immune CTL were highly specific for RL♂ 1 target cells. Only with the P815 mastocytoma cells was a weak cross‐reactivity detected by both direct tests and competition experiments. Allogeneic (H‐2k) AKR lymphoma cells which share the X1 antigen with RL♂ 1 do not react, possibly due to an H‐2 restriction of the CTL activity. The CTL‐reacting antigen cannot be definitely identified, since several specificities, including the serologically defined X1 antigen, are possibly involved simultaneously. The Hh antigens which could have accounted for the F1 anti‐parent reaction, appear irrelevant.
Role of membrane receptors in the induction of an in vitro secondary anti‐hapten response I. Differentiation of B memory cells to plasma cells is independent of antigen‐immunoglobulin receptor interaction
Authors: Cammisuli S. , Henry Claudia , Wofsy L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn these experiments, we show that the interaction of antigen and B cell surface immunoglobulin is not essential for the generation of an IgG in vitro response to the hapten p‐azophenyl‐lactoside (lac). In our experimental system, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was first selectively attached either to H‐2, Ia or Ig receptors of lac‐primed B cells by a hapten sandwich technique or to Fc receptors by complexes of azophenyl arsonate (ars)‐coupled KLH and anti‐ars. The labeled cells were then cultured with KLH‐specific T cells for 5 days in the absence of antigen. Under all conditions of attachment we observed a significant anti‐lac IgG response. We have demonstrated an absolute requirement for KLH‐specific helper T cells. The results thus indicate that T helper cells are by themselves, regardless of the B cell antigen that serves to effect bridging, sufficient to activate B memory cells. We could find no evidence to support either a matrix theory or a two‐signal hypothesis as currently proposed.
Role of membrane receptors in the induction of an in vitro secondary anti‐hapten response II. Antigen‐immunoglobulin receptor interaction is not required for B memory cell proliferation
Authors: Cammisuli S. , Henry Claudia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study it has been investigated whether the interaction of antigen and B cell surface immunoglobulin (sIg) is required for full clonal expansion of memory B cells specific for the hapten, p‐azophenyl‐lactoside (lac). Cultures of lac‐primed B cells and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)‐specific T cells were activated in three ways: (a) by the antigen lac‐KLH, (b) in the absence of lac epitopes by attaching KLH to the H‐2 antigens of the B cells, and (c) in similar conditions where lac epitopes were supplied on carriers unrecognized by helper T cells. Dilution analyses showed that the yield of IgG anti‐lac plaques per activated precursor was identical in all situations, and that the increased responses observed in the presence of lac epitopes were due to an increase in the frequency of activated precursors. Our results thus indicate that specific interacting T cells convey both the differentiative and proliferative signals to B memory cells, and are at variance with proposals advocating that an antigeninduced proliferative phase is succeeded by at cell‐dependent differentiative event. We suggest that the effect of sIg‐antigen interaction may be to cycle some precursors into a more easily activated state.
Immune response against the β‐galactosidase enzyme of E. Coli at precursor cell level. I. Analysis of the secondary repertoire in BALB/c mice
Authors: Accolla R. S. , Celada F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe BALB/c secondary response against the β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) enzyme of E. Coli was analyzed at the precursor cell level by using the splenic focus technique. Our results indicate that in immunized mice, one out of 18000 B cells is able to recognize β‐gal. Among the families of anti‐β‐gal monoclonal antibodies, a subset of specific antibodies was detected which is capable of protecting the enzyme from heat denaturation. The frequency of clones making protecting antibodies is 1 out of 90000 and appears to be fairly constant among different individual mice. Further, the degree of heterogeneity of protecting antibodies analyzed in one individual is very high (250‐fold difference in affinity) but comparable to other secondary repertoires.Specific frequencies are compared with previous findings relative to secondary responses against artificial haptens. It is suggested that a different type of recognition exists between protein determinants and artificial haptens. In addition, the relatively high proportion of clones making antibodies of the protecting type suggests that only a small proportion of antigenic sites on the β‐gal is actually able to stimulate an immune response.
Functional consequences of sheep red blood cell resetting for human T cells: Gain of reactivity to mitogenic factors
Authors: Larsson Eva‐Lotta , Andersson J. , Coutinho A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated human lymphocytes release soluble products which are mitogenic for other lymphocytes, so‐called mitogenic factors (MF). MF is highly mitogenic for peripheral T lymphocytes separated by rosetting with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), while being very poorly mitogenic for unseparated human peripheral lymphocytes. This lack of correlation between the magnitude of the responses and the number of T cells in these cell preparations was investigated.
Peripheral T cells enriched by passage through nylon wool columns do not respond to MF.
Unfractionated lymphoid preparations are strongly activated by MF once they have been exposed to SRBC, even without further enrichment for rosetteforming cells.
Red cells from species other than sheep, which do not form rosettes with human T cells, are not capable of inducing responsiveness to MF.
Lymphocytes exposed to PHA for 24 h become highly responsive to MF.
We conclude from these results that rosetting of human T cells with SRBC has functional consequences and alters the reactivity of T cells to MF. Furthermore, these factors are not directly mitogenic for resting, unmodified T cells but rather to cells which have already been activated or modified in some way.
Immune function in aged mice III. Role of macrophages and effect of 2‐mercaptoethanol in the response of spleen cells from old mice to phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide and allogeneic cells
Authors: Callard R. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells from old mice responded less well to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipid A and allogeneic cells than those from young mice. The defect in each case resided with the nonadherent responding lymphocyte population rather than adherent accessary cells (macrophages). This conclusion was reached by showing that macrophages from old mice functioned normally in each of their known roles in lymphocyte responses in vitro; namely, presentation of antigen or mitogen to responding lymphocytes, support of lymphocyte responses and regulation of responses to mitogens and antigens. Normal presentation function was demonstrated by the comparable ability of peritoneal exudate cells from old and young mice to furnish the macrophage requirement for PHA responsiveness in vitro. This conclusion was confirmed by the finding that old, nonadherent cells reconstituted with macrophages from young mice, responded to PHA like unfrationated old cells. Old macrophages were also shown to be normal in their ability to provide the 2‐mercaptoethanol (2ME) replaceable support function to young lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, replacement of macrophage supportive activity with 2ME did not rejuvenate the response of old cells to PHA, LPS, lipid A or alloantigens. Finally, no evidence of adherent cell suppression of responses of old cells could be obtained by two different approaches. First, although depletion of adherent cells increased, to a similar degree, the responses of both old and young cells to allogeneic stimulation, this procedure did not reduce the difference in responsiveness between them. That is, the decreased response of old cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) could not be explained by excessive adherent cell suppression. Second, no evidence for suppression could be obtained in co‐cultures of old and young cells responding to PHA, LPS or allogeneic cells. Taken together, these results suggest that macrophage function, in contrast to lymphocyte function, does not decline with age. It is suggested that this difference may result from the different half‐lives of macrophages and lymphocytes in the intact animal.In contrast to the above results, old spleen cells acting as stimulators in an MLC were not always less effective than young cells. Furthermore, any difference that did exist between young and old cells was largely ablated by depletion of adherent cells. This result suggests that adherent cells from old mice may determine the ability of old cells to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes in an MLC. It is not known whether this adherent cell is a macrophage or some other adherent (perhaps regulatory) cell.
Differential sensitivity of memory cell subpopulations to anti‐immunoglobulin and complement
Authors: Potash Mary Jane , Knopf P. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvidence is presented for the unique sensitivity of memory cells bearing surface immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to functional elimination with anti‐immunoglobulin (anti‐Ig) sera and complement (C). Treatment of cells for adoptive transfer with C and anti‐γ1, anti‐K, or anti‐Ig significantly reduces the number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) of only the IgG1 isotype found in adoptive recipients. An increase in PFC of other isotypes accompanies the decrease in IgG1 PFC; there is no net change in the total PFC response. The depletion of IgG1 PFC requires treatment of transferred cells with both specific antisera and C; antisera directed against other isotypes show no significant effects. The maintenance of the magnitude of PFC response, compensation, is discussed.
Evidence for the presence of Thy‐1 on cultured thymic epithelial cells of mice and rats
Authors: Raedler A. , Arndt R. , Raedler Elisabeth , Jablonski Dorothee , Thiele H.‐G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThymic tissue of C57BL/6 mice and DA rats was cultured. After 6–8 weeks, cultures were analyzed for their capacity to absorb anti‐Thy‐1 serum, and for the expression of Thy‐1 on the surface of different cell types by means of the indirect peroxidase labeling method. Three main cell types were identified: epithelium‐like cells, fibrocyte‐like cells and macrophages, but no lymphocytes were found. The presence of Thy‐1 on cultured nonlymphocytic thymus‐derived cells was demonstrated by their ability to absorb the cytotoxic activity of the appropriate anti‐Thy‐1 sera. Electron microscopical analyses of labeling experiments revealed that Thy‐1 was predominantly expressed on epithelium‐like cells with preference for their cell protrusions.The possible role of Thy‐1 expression, both on thymocytes and thymus epithelium for cellular interaction, is discussed.
Requirement for matching T cell and B cell subsets in secondary anti‐hapten antibody responses
Authors: Gorczynski R. M. , Cunningham A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro secondary anti‐hapten response to trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP‐KLH) has been investigated using B and T cells from the same or a pool of identically primed syngeneic individuals. The optimum antibody response obtained from B cells of any given animal was seen when the same individual's T cells were used as a helper cell source. This individual preference was lost if secondary challenge in culture was made with TNP on a heterologous carrier, with the helper cells obtained from suitably primed individuals or a pool thereof. These data are interpreted in terms of a network theory for the regulation of immune responses under physiological conditions.
Experimental allergic encephalitis: Study of cellular immunity during disease suppression
Authors: Von Muller Christine Suquet , Spitler L. E. , Lecocq J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdministration in complete Freund's adjuvant of encephalitogenic protein (EP), derived from central nervous tissue to guinea pigs, regularly results in the development of experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) which leads to the death of the animals. Administration of EP in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at an appropriate time will completely suppress the clinical development of disease. Results reported herein show that animals receiving suppressive injections of EP for 7 days show depression of lymphocyte DNA synthesis and macrophage migration inhibition, but not of skin reactivity, in response to EP immediately following the injections, and subsequently show recovery of lymphocyte reactivity but do not develop clinical manifestations of EAE. Humoral or other factors may prevent the development of disease in these animals. Guinea pigs receiving injections of EP for 14 days show profound and prolonged depression of lymphocyte reactivity to EP and macrophage migration inhibition. Possible mechanisms for these results include a diminished number or function of reactive cells or activity of a population of cells with the capacity to suppress cellular immune responses. Nonspecific suppression of reactivity to an unrelated antigen during the suppressive injections was not observed.
Proteolytic cleavage of human IgG molecules by neutral proteases of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Solomon A. , Gramse Margarethe , Havemann K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect on human IgG of the elastase‐like (ELP) and chymotrypsin‐like (CLP) neutral proteases derived from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. By incubating ELP with monoclonal IgG proteins, two immunochemically and electrophoretically distinct components were formed which were similar, but not identical, to the Fc and Fab fragments produced by papain digestion. When an IgG protein was incubated under similar conditions with the CLP enzyme, no proteolysis was observed. IgG proteins differed in their susceptibility to proteolysis by ELP. These differences were related to the subclasses IgG1‐IgG4. The IgG1 and IgG3 proteins were readily cleaved by ELP, but the IgG2 and IgG4 proteins were more resistant. Although free light chains differ in susceptibility to proteolysis by ELP, our studies showed that neither the type (K or λ) nor the subgroup of light chain affected the susceptibility of complete IgG molecules to cleavage by this enzyme.
Recognition of idiotypes in lymphocyte interactions I. Idiotypic selectivity in the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Hetzelberger Doris , Eichmann K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIdiotypic restrictions are demonstrated in vitro for the cooperation between T and B lymphocytes with specificity for Group A streptococcal carbohydrate. T helper cells which have been primed in vivo with anti‐idiotypic antibodies to the A5A idiotype and which are therefore essentially A5A idiotype‐positive, cooperate only with A5A idiotype‐positive B cells, even when mixtures of A5A idiotype‐positive and A5A idiotype‐negative B cells are present. Essentially A5A idiotype‐negative T helper cells that have been primed in vivo with Group A streptococcal vaccine after in vivo suppression with anti‐A5A idiotypic antibody are unable to cooperate with B cells which have been primed with anti‐A5A idiotype antibody and which are therefore essentially A5A idiotype‐positive. Mixtures of A5A idiotype‐negative and A5A idiotype‐positive T cells cooperate with both A5A idiotype‐negative and A5A idiotype‐positive B cells.Idiotypic restrictions could not be demonstrated for T and B cells recognizing carrier and hapten determinants, respectively, in experiments in which the cooperation of genetically VH‐identical T and B cells was compared to the cooperation of genetically VH‐different T and B cells. The data are discussed with respect to various models for the communication between T and B cells. It is proposed that for successful T‐B cooperation, ordinarily two types of T helper cells are required, one recognizing the antigen and the other recognizing the idiotype of the B cell.
Molecular heterogeneity and fine specificity of BALB/c antibodies elicited by isologous myeloma protein
Authors: Odermatt B. F. , Perlmutter R. , Lynch R. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBALB/c mice immunized with the isologous myeloma protein MOPC‐315 (M315; α, λ2) develop antibodies most of which are directed to idiotypic antigens (Id315) located in or near the CNP binding sites of M315, In order to more precisely establish the fine specificity of anti‐Id315 antibodies, and to obtain an estimate of the size of the BALB/c anti‐Id315 repertoire, we examined anti‐Id315 antibodies from individual mice by analytical isoelectric focusing followed by autoradiography. 125I‐labeled probes were prepared from purified mildly reduced and alkylated M315 protein (RA315) (7 S monomer), Fab'315, Fv315, L315, H315, DNP affinity‐labeled RA315, mildly reduced and alkylated MOPC‐460 (RA460; 7 S; α, k, Fab'460, H460, and DNP affinity‐labeled RA460. We observed that (a) the majority of BALB/c antibodies elicited by immunization with RA315 are specific for idiotypic antigens in the variable region which are rendered inaccessible in the presence of DNP‐hapten; (b) distinctly separate antibodies are specific for idiotypic antigens also located in the variable regions but which are not influenced by DNP hapten; (c) about 30 % of BALB/c mice develop antibodies which appear to be specific for a determinant located in the second or third, homology regions of the constant region of the α chain which is not influenced by DNP hapten, and which is also present in the same region of H460; (d) none of the antibodies elicited by M315 recognize free L315; (e) the total antibody response is quite restricted; (f) shared spectrotypes are common between individual mice; and (g) unique or infrequently shared spectrotypes do occur. These studies demonstrate, by a direct technique, the fine specificity and the clonal and molecular heterogeneity of the B cell response induced by immunization with RA315.