bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abdominal Fluid from a Dog
Authors: Fry Michael M. , DeCock Hilde E. V. , Greeley Melanie A. , Vernau William 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 2‐year‐old intact female mixed‐breed dog with a 1‐month history of lethargy and anorexia was evaluated for abdominal distension and an abdominal mass. The dog's last heat cycle, her third, was 1 month prior to presentation, and no reproductive cycle abnormalities were noted at any time. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities were consistent with hemorrhage and inflammation. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed a large midabdominal mass and a moderate amount of abdominal fluid. Cytologically, the fluid showed evidence of pyogranulomatous inflammation, hemorrhage, and mesothelial reactivity, as well as ciliated columnar cells and free cilia that were interpreted as likely of oviductal origin. The mass was removed surgically, and the histopathologic interpretation was oviductal hamartoma with marked stroma formation and acute hemorrhage. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of oviductal hamartoma in any species and the first reported case detailing the finding of ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the abdominal fluid of a dog. Ciliated columnar epithelial cells in abdominal fluid should be considered indicative of a likely underlying oviductal lesion.
Three Cases of Canine Bile Peritonitis with Mucinous Material in Abdominal Fluid as the Prominent Cytologic Finding
Authors: Owens Sean D. , Gossett Ruanna , McElhaney M. Rebecca , Christopher Mary M. , Shelly Sonjia M. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Bile peritonitis is a severe, nonseptic inflammatory response to bile in the peritoneal cavity. It may result from generalized or localized leakage of bile due to spontaneous rupture of the biliary system or as a complication of biliary tract inflammation, obstruction, manipulation, or trauma. Cytologically, bile in abdominal fluid appears as golden‐green granular pigment.Objective: The purpose of this report is to describe the atypical cytologic features of abdominal fluid in 3 dogs with bile peritonitis.Methods: As part of a diagnostic workup, abdominal fluid was obtained from 3 dogs with bile peritonitis and analyzed. In 2 dogs, fluid bilirubin concentration was determined and Hall's bile stain, Alcian blue‐periodic acid‐Schiff stain, and Mayer's mucicarmine stain were applied to direct smears of the fluid.Results: Acellular mucinous fibrillar material in clumps and lakes was the prominent cytologic finding in the abdominal fluid from all 3 dogs. Bile pigment was not observed. Fluid from the 3 dogs contained increased numbers of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils. Total protein concentration ranged from 2.9 to 5.6 g/dL. Fluid total bilirubin concentration was greater than twice that of the concurrent serum bilirubin concentration. Based on results of the special stains, the amorphous material was positive for mucosubstances, but was negative for bilirubin. In all dogs, bile peritonitis originated from a rent in the common bile duct.Conclusions: Bile peritonitis with fibrillar mucinous material in abdominal fluid has not been described previously in dogs. The material was similar to “white bile” observed in humans and experimentally in dogs as a sequela to extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction. When mucinous material is observed in abdominal fluid from dogs and the fluid bilirubin concentration is greater than twice the serum bilirubin concentration, rupture of the extrahepatic biliary tract should be suspected.
Guidelines for Resident Training in Veterinary Clinical Pathology. I. Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Stokol Tracy , Sharkey Leslie 
Published: March 2008

Background: The Education Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology identified a need for improved structure and guidance of clinical pathology resident training in clinical chemistry.Objectives: The committee's goal was to develop learning objectives and competencies in knowledge, abilities, and skills in clinical chemistry; provide options and ideas for training activities; and identify clinical chemistry resources useful for clinical pathology faculty, training program coordinators, and residents.Methods: Guidelines were developed and written with the input of Education Committee members and peer experts.Results: The primary objectives of clinical chemistry training are: 1) to accrue a thorough, extensive, and relevant knowledge base of the types, principles, and properties of clinical chemistry tests and concepts of pathophysiology in animals; 2) to develop abilities to reason, think critically, and exercise judgment in clinical chemistry data interpretation, investigative problem‐solving, and hypothesis‐driven research; and 3) to acquire technical and statistical skills important in clinical chemistry and laboratory operations.Conclusions: These guidelines define expected competencies that will help ensure proficiency, leadership, and the advancement of knowledge in veterinary clinical chemistry and provide a useful framework for didactic and clinical activities in resident training programs. The learning objectives can readily be adapted to institutional and individual needs, interests, goals, and resources.
Protein‐losing enteropathy in dogs is associated with decreased fecal proteolytic activity
Authors: Ruaux Craig G. , Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. 
Published: March 2008

Background:Measurement of proteolytic activity in feces is a traditional method for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). A drawback of this method is the occurrence of falsely low results that may lead to a false‐positive diagnosis of EPI. We hypothesized that intestinal loss of serum proteinase inhibitors in protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) may inhibit fecal proteolytic activity and be a potential source of false low results.Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PLE on fecal proteolytic activity in dogs.Methods:Fecal proteolytic activity was measured using a radial diffusion casein digestion assay in 12 samples from 4 clinically healthy control dogs and 30 samples from 16 dogs with PLE. Gastrointestinal protein loss was assessed using an ELISA to determine fecal canine α1‐proteinase inhibitor concentration. The relationship between the concentration of canine α1‐proteinase inhibitor in the feces and the diameter cleared in the casein digestion assay was determined. The mean clearing diameter was compared between control dogs and dogs with PLE.Results:A significant negative correlation was observed between fecal canine α1‐proteinase inhibitor concentration and casein clearing diameter (P< .001, Pearson r=—.6317,r2=.3999). Mean clearing diameter was significantly lower in dogs with PLE than in control dogs (12.63 vs 16.83 mm,P< .001, two‐tailed Student'st‐test).Conclusion:Increased fecal loss of α1‐proteinase inhibitor in dogs with PLE is associated with a significant decrease in fecal proteolytic activity and may result in a false positive diagnosis of EPI.
Immunocytochemical study of Ki‐67 as a prognostic marker in canine mammary neoplasia
Authors: Zuccari Debora A. P. C. , Santana Aureo E. , Cury Patrícia M. , Cordeiro José Antônio 
Published: March 2008

Background: Canine mammary tumors are challenging for clinicians and pathologists because of complex histologic classification, low specificity of cytologic diagnosis, and unpredictable biological behavior. In histologic specimens, expression of tumor proliferation marker Ki‐67, a nuclear nonhistone protein, has been shown to have prognostic value for canine mammary tumors and to correlate with malignancy and low survival rates.Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the proliferation index of canine mammary tumors by immunochemical detection of Ki‐67 in cytologic specimens and to determine its relationship to clinical and pathologic variables and patient outcome.Methods: Spontaneous mammary tumors from 31 female dogs were surgically excised. Imprint specimens for cytologic evaluation were wet‐fixed in ethanol; histologic specimens were prepared routinely. Immunostaining was performed with the PH 177 monoclonal antibody against Ki‐67; proliferation index was graded from negative to +++. Dogs were followed for 18 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine correlations between immunocytochemical results, tumor and clinical variables, and patient outcome.Results: Ki‐67 proliferation indices in cytologic specimens were significantly lower for nonmalignant tumors than for malignant tumors. High index values of Ki‐67 were positively correlated with metastasis, death from neoplasia, low disease‐free survival rates, and low overall survival rate. With the exception of 4 specimens for which cellularity was insufficient, positive expression of Ki‐67 in cytologic specimens correlated with that of histologic specimens.Conclusions: The prognostic value of the Ki‐67 index in canine mammary tumors by using wet‐fixed cytology imprint specimens was similar to that observed previously for histologic specimens. Immunocytochemical detection of Ki‐67 could improve the accuracy and value of cytology by providing safe and rapid information about malignancy and patient outcome.
Plasma endotoxin concentration in horses: a methods study
Authors: Peek Simon F. , Borah Sarah , Semrad Susan , McGuirk Sheila , Slack Jo Ann , Patton Elisabeth , Coombs Dane , Lien Laura , Darien Benjamin J. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Accurate determination of plasma endotoxin concentration is critical for ex vivo and in vitro cellular and molecular studies of endotoxemia in horses. However, reports are conflicting with respect to anticoagulant, handling, and sample preparation.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of blood sample fraction and handling time on measurement of endotoxin concentration in horses.Methods: Whole blood, anticoagulated with 3.8% (0.12 M) sodium citrate (9:1), was collected from 5 healthy horses. Whole blood (WB), platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), and platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) were spiked with endotoxin (2 EU/mL). Endotoxin‐spiked WB samples were centrifuged immediately to generate PRP for measurement. Endotoxin concentration was subsequently measured by Limulus amebocyte assay at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Assays were performed in triplicate and results were analyzed using Student's t‐test, with significance set at P < .05.Results: Mean endotoxin concentrations in 2 EU/mL‐spiked WB were significantly different from those in PPP at all time points tested. Recovery of endotoxin in PRP generated from WB was significantly diminished after just 15 minutes.Conclusion: PRP generated from WB is significantly more reliable than PPP in determining endotoxin concentration ex vivo. Measurement of endotoxin in PRP generated from WB was significantly diminished after 15 min, identifying a time frame within which to process blood samples for endotoxin analysis.
Hematologic reference intervals for koi (Cyprinus carpio), including blood cell morphology, cytochemistry, and ultrastructure
Authors: Tripathi Niraj K. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Burnley Victoria V. 
Published: March 2008

Background:Hematologic data are used routinely in the health care of humans and domestic mammals. Similar data for fish are largely fragmentary or have not been collected.Objectives:The primary purpose of this study was to determine hematologic reference intervals for koi, an ornamental strain of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Secondarily, the morphology, cytochemical reactions, and ultrastructure of koi blood cells were characterized.Methods:A CBC was performed manually on heparin‐anticoagulated blood specimens using Natt and Herrick's diluent and a Neubauer‐ruled hemacytometer. Leukocyte differential counts were done on Wright‐Leishman‐ and Diff‐Quik‐stained blood smears. Cytochemical reactions of koi leukocytes were determined using commercial kits. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to characterize the ultrastructural features of koi blood cells.Results:Hematologic reference intervals were established for healthy koi for PCV (30–34%), hemoglobin concentration (6.3–7.6 g/dL), RBC count (1.7–1.9 × 106/μL), WBC count (19.8–28.1 × 103/μL), RBC indices, and differential leukocyte counts. Lymphocytes were the predominant leukocyte (accounting for up to 80% of all leukocytes), whereas eosinophils were rare. Basophils were positive with PAS staining. Naphthol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase activity was observed only in eosinophils. α‐Naphthyl butyrate esterase and β‐glucuronidase activities were positive in monocytes. Some lymphocytes were reactive for α‐naphthyl butyrate esterase and acid phosphatase activity. Ultrastructurally, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes were identified on the basis of cytoplasmic organelles and granule appearance.Conclusion:Hematologic reference intervals and knowledge of the cytochemical reactions and ultrastructural characteristics of koi leukocytes will help standardize hematologic studies in this species.
Cytologic diagnosis: expression of probability by clinical pathologists
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Hotz Christine S. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Clinical pathologists use descriptive terms or modifiers to express the probability or likelihood of a cytologic diagnosis. Words are imprecise in meaning, however, and may be used and interpreted differently by pathologists and clinicians.Objectives: The goals of this study were to 1) assess the frequency of use of 18 modifiers, 2) determine the probability of a positive diagnosis implied by the modifiers, 3) identify preferred modifiers for different levels of probability, 4) ascertain the importance of factors that affect expression of diagnostic certainty, and 5) evaluate differences based on gender, employment, and experience.Methods: We surveyed 202 clinical pathologists who were board‐certified by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (Clinical Pathology). Surveys were distributed in October 2001 and returned by e‐mail, fax, or surface mail over a 2‐month period. Results were analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests.Results: Survey response rate was 47.5% (n = 96) and primarily included clinical pathologists at veterinary schools (n = 58) and diagnostic laboratories (n = 31). Eleven of 18 terms were used “often” or “sometimes” by 50% of respondents. Broad variability was found in the probability assigned to each term, especially those with median values of 75 to 90%. Preferred modifiers for 7 numerical probabilities ranging from 0 to 100% included 68 unique terms; however, a set of 10 terms was used by 50% of respondents. Cellularity and quality of the sample, experience of the pathologist, and implications of the diagnosis were the most important factors affecting the expression of probability.Conclusion: Because of wide discrepancy in the implied likelihood of a diagnosis using words, defined terminology and controlled vocabulary may be useful in improving communication and the quality of data in cytology reporting.
Flow cytometric evaluation of canine bone marrow based on intracytoplasmic complexity and CD45 expression
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Because of the complexity, subjectivity, time, and technical skill required for determination of manual bone marrow differential cell counts, an alternative method is needed. Several flow cytometric methods have been described, but all have limitations.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a technique for bone marrow differential cell counting based on flow cytometric evaluation of CD45 expression and intracellular complexity (CD45 scatter plots).Methods: Bone marrow was obtained from 15 dogs that were being evaluated for hematologic disorders. In preliminary studies, the location of bone marrow subpopulations in the CD45 scatter plots was evaluated by labeling bone marrow with lineage‐specific markers. A template was developed to identify these cell populations. Gates were set to identify granulocytes, myeloblasts, monocyte/macrophages, lymphocytes, and nucleated erythroid populations.Results: The CD45 labeling technique accurately quantified granulocytes, myeloblasts, erythroid precursors, and lymphocytes in canine bone marrow. Correlation coefficients with manual counts for granulocytes, myeloblasts, erythroid cells, lymphocytes, and monocyte/macrophages were 0.90, 0.89, 0.96, 0.91, and 0.54, respectively.Conclusions: The capacity of the CD45 scatter‐plot technique to quantify lymphocytes and myeloblasts is an advantage over previously described techniques. The simplicity of the CD45 labeling method and the ease with which batches of samples can be analyzed makes the technique potentially applicable as a routine test in clinical and research laboratories.
Osteosarcoma with multiple metastases and subcutaneous involvement in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Mazzullo Giuseppe , Russo Mario , Niutta Pietro Paolo , De Vico Gionata 
Published: March 2008

Background: Osteogenic sarcomas are rare in rabbits, but cases involving the mandible, ribs, frontal bones, and tibia have been reported.Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and pathologic findings in a rabbit with osteosarcoma and multiple metastases with subcutaneous involvement.Methods: A 1‐year‐old female Polish rabbit was evaluated for dysorexia, lameness, gait difficulties with the hind limbs, and the presence of 2 subcutaneous nodules, on the left thigh and in the dorsal region. A hard swelling was also present at the base of the tail. Radiographic findings revealed multiple abnormalities in several bones, which were more severe in the sacrococcygeal region and femur. Several areas of calcification involving the thorax and abdomen as well as skeletal muscles, also were noted. The thigh nodule was surgically removed, and cytologic and histologic evaluations were performed. Following the rabbit's death, postmortem radiographs were taken and necropsy was performed. Samples of tissues and organs, involved bone segments, and other subcutaneous nodules were collected and examined by cytology and histology.Results: Both the subcutaneous nodules and the majority of tissues and organs contained neoplastic cells whose appearance was consistent with osteogenic sarcoma.Conclusion: Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic data supported a diagnosis of osteosarcoma with multiple metastases and subcutaneous involvement.
Differential leukocyte counts determined in chicken blood using the Cell‐Dyn 3500
Authors: Lilliehöök Inger , Wall Helena , Tauson Ragnar , Tvedten Harold 
Published: March 2008

Background: Automated hematology instruments commonly are used for mammalian blood analysis, but there is a lack of accurate automated methods available for avian leukocyte analysis. Objective: The aim of this study was to validate differential leukocyte counts in blood from chickens using the Cell‐Dyn 3500 hematology system and avian‐specific software.Methods: Blood samples were collected in lithium‐heparin tubes from 2 groups (n = 84 and n = 139) of laying hens. Manual 200‐cell differential counts were done on routinely‐stained blood smears, and manual total granulocyte counts (heterophils and eosinophils) were done using an eosinophil stain in a counting chamber. Automated differential counts were done using VET 2.3, a research and development version of avian‐specific software for the Cell‐Dyn 3500. Results were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and difference plots.Results: Automated granulocyte counts from the Cell‐Dyn were in good agreement with manual granulocyte counts (r= 0.93 and 0.80 for the 2 study groups). No correlation was found between automated and manual lymphocyte counts. Correlation coefficients for monocyte counts were 0.70 and 0.43. Conclusion: Automated leukocyte results from the Cell‐Dyn using VET 2.3 software were not fully accurate. Total granulocyte counts may be of clinical usefulness, but results obtained for other parameters were unreliable.
Internal quality control of a turbidimetric immunoassay for canine serum C‐reactive protein based on pooled patient samples
Authors: Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads , Jensen Asger Lundorff , Kristensen Annemarie T. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Optimized internal quality control (IQC) procedures are important to ensure that only results without medically important errors are used for medical decision‐making and to ensure that unnecessary rejection of valid analytical runs is avoided. Additionally, estimates of the analytical performance can be derived from IQC data. In the absence of available species‐specific standards of a compound, the use of alternative control materials based on patient samples is a possibility, although investigations on the suitability of this approach are needed.Objectives: The objective of the study was to plan and implement a simple IQC procedure with control material based on pooled canine serum samples for a turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) for the determination of human C‐reactive protein (CRP) that recently was validated for the determination of canine serum CRP, and to assess the clinical analytical performance of the assay.Methods: Proposed guidelines for the planning and implementation of IQC procedures were followed by using 2 control materials. Quality requirements of the assay were defined objectively by means of available data on biological variation, and goals for IQC performance were defined according to recommendations (probability of error detection [Ped] > .90 and of false rejection [Pfr] < .05). Analytical performance was evaluated by means of medical decision charts.Results: The control rule of 12.5s (ie, rejection of the analytical run if at least 1 of 2 control materials deviates from the mean by more than 2.5 SD) fulfilled the criteria of predicted IQC performance (Ped= .94—1.00, Pfr= .03). The IQC method was successfully implemented over a 14‐week period. The observed coefficient of variation in the period of monitoring was 3.8% (low) and 2.9% (high), which equals excellent analytical performance.Conclusions: It was possible to plan and implement a simple IQC procedure for the CRP‐TIA with control materials based on canine serum samples that fulfilled the criteria of high error detection and low false rejection of valid analytical runs. The assay showed excellent long‐term analytical performance over a 14‐week period.