bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing effects of silanized silica nanofiller on the crosslinking and mechanical properties of natural rubber and synthetic polyisoprene
Authors: Ostad‐Movahed S. , Ansar Yasin K. , Ansarifar A. , Song M. , Hameed S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of the same amount of precipitated silica nanofiller on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber and synthetic polyisoprene was investigated. The silica surfaces were pretreated with bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) to chemically bond silica to rubber. The rubbers were primarily cured by using sulfur in TESPT, and the cure was optimized by the addition of accelerator and activator, which helped to form sulfur chemical bonds between the rubber and filler. Different amounts of accelerator and activator were needed to fully crosslink the filled rubbers. The hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, stored energy density at break, tearing energy, and modulus of the vulcanizates improved substantially by the incorporation of the filler in the rubber. This was due to high level of rubber‐filler adhesion and formation of chemical bonds between the rubber and TESPT. Interestingly, natural rubber benefited more from the filler than did synthetic polyisoprene. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal degradation studies of copolymer resin derived from p‐cresol, melamine, and formaldehyde
Authors: Singru R. N. , Zade A. B. , Gurnule W. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCopolymers (p‐CMF) synthesized by the condensation of p‐cresol and melamine with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst and using varied molar proportion of the reacting monomers. Copolymer resin compositions were determined on the basis of their elemental analysis. The number average molecular weight of these copolymers was determined by conductometric titration in nonaqueous media. Solution viscosity measurements in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were carried out to ascertain the characteristic functions and constants of the copolymer resins. The copolymer resins were further characterized byUV–visible absorption spectra in the nonaqueous medium, Infra‐red (IR) spectra, and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Thermal studies of the resins were carried out to determine their mode of decomposition, the activation energy (Ea), order of reaction (n), frequency factor (Z), entropy change (ΔS), free energy change (ΔF), and apparent entropy change (S*). Thermal decomposition curves were discussed with careful attention of minute details. The Freeman‐Carroll and Sharp‐Wentworth methods have been used to calculate thermal activation energy and thermal stability. Thermal activation energy (Ea) calculated with these methods are in agreement with each other. The data from the Freeman‐Carroll methods have been used to determine various thermodynamic parameters. The order of thermal stability of copolymers has been determined using TGA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of Gonadal Hormones on the Cross‐Sectional Area of Pubococcygeus Muscle Fibers in Male Rat
Authors: Alvarado Mayvi , Cuevas Estela , Lara‐García Miguel , Camacho Miguel , Carrillo Porfirio , Hudson Robyn , Pacheco Pablo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffects of gonadal hormones on dimorphic striated muscles such as the bulbocavernosus/levator ani complex related to male penile erection have been widely studied. However, the action of these hormones on pelvic nondimorphic muscles is not known. In the present study, the sensitivity of the male rat pubococcygeus muscle (Pcm) to gonadal hormones was studied measuring the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of its fibers. For this, two experiments were done: in the first, the effect of castration, and in the second the effect of gonadal hormone administration was analyzed. We found that castration after 6 weeks significantly reduced the average CSA of the fibers of this muscle and that castration after 2 or 6 weeks reduced the percentage of fibers with higher CSAs, but only castration after 6 weeks increased the percentage of fibers with the lowest CSA. In comparison with castrated animals implanted with an empty Silastic capsule, Silastic implants of testosterone propionate or dihydrotestosterone significantly increased the average CSA of Pcm fibers, and the treatment with testosterone propionate, estradiol benzoate, or dihydrotestosterone decreased the percentage of fibers with low CSAs and increased the percentage with larger CSAs. Our results could be considered for therapy in patients with damage of the Pcm, and suffering urinary incontinence or ejaculatory dysfunctions. Anat Rec, 291:586–592, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perlecan, the “jack of all trades” proteoglycan of cartilaginous weight‐bearing connective tissues
Authors: Melrose James , Hayes Anthony J. , Whitelock John M. , Little Christopher B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPerlecan is a ubiquitous proteoglycan of basement membrane and vascularized tissues but is also present in articular cartilage, meniscus and intervertebral disc, which are devoid of basement membrane and predominantly avascular. It is a prominent pericellular proteoglycan in the transitory matrix of the cartilaginous rudiments that develop into components of diarthrodial joints and the axial skeleton, and it forms intricate perichondrial vessel networks that define the presumptive articulating surfaces of developing joints and line the cartilage canals in cartilaginous rudiments. Such vessels have roles in the nutrition of the expanding cell numbers in the developing joint. Perlecan sequesters a number of growth factors pericellularly (FGFs, PDGF, VEGF and CTGF) and through these promotes cell signalling, cell proliferation and differentiation. Perlecan also interacts with a diverse range of extracellular matrix proteins, stabilising and organising the ECM, and promoting collagen fibrillogenesis. Perlecan is a prominent pericellular component of mesenchymal cells from their earliest developmental stages through to maturation, forming cell–cell and cell–ECM interconnections that are suggestive of a role in mechanosensory processes important to tissue homeostasis. BioEssays 30:457–469, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The sex chromosome that refused to die
Authors: Malone John H. , Oliver Brian 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChromosomes that harbor dominant sex determination loci are predicted to erode over time—losing genes, accumulating transposable elements, degenerating into a functional wasteland and ultimately becoming extinct. The Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome is fairly far along this path to oblivion. The few genes on largely heterochromatic Y chromosome are required for spermatocyte‐specific functions, but have no role in other tissues. Surprisingly, a recent paper shows that divergent Y chromosomes can substantially influence gene expression throughout the D. melanogaster genome.1 These results show that variation on Y has an important influence on the deployment of the genome. BioEssays 30:409–411, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conjugate reinforcement: a brief review and suggestions for applications to the assessment of automatically reinforced behavior
Authors: Rapp John T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractProcedures involving conjugate reinforcement have been used extensively by researchers in developmental psychology, but sparingly by behavior analysts. Based on this trend, this paper calls for a re‐examination of conjugate reinforcement as a tool for analyzing automatically reinforced behavior. To this end, studies involving popular conjugate reinforcement preparations are briefly reviewed to highlight the impact of conjugate reinforcement outside of behavior analysis. In addition, results from selected behavior analytic studies are compared to studies involving conjugate reinforcement procedures. Throughout the review, recommendations for extending conjugate reinforcement preparations to the assessment of automatically reinforced behavior are provided. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced External Counterpulsation in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Angina: A Long‐term Follow‐up Outcome from the International Enhanced External Counterpulsation Patient Registry
Authors: Loh Poay Huan , Cleland John G.F. , Louis Amal A. , Kennard Elizabeth D. , Cook Jocelyn F. , Caplin John L. , Barsness Gregory W. , Lawson William E. , Soran Ozlem Z. , Michaels Andrew D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe management of patients who suffer from medically refractory angina and are unsuitable for conventional revascularization therapy is often unsatisfactory. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive treatment that is safe and effective immediately after a course of treatment. However, the duration of benefit is less certain.HypothesisTo evaluate the 3‐year outcome of EECP treatment.MethodsOne thousand four hundred and twenty seven patients from 36 centers registered in the International EECP Patient Registry (IEPR)—Phase 1 was prospectively followed for a median of 37 months. Two hundred and twenty patients (15.4%) died, while 1,061 patients (74.4%) completed their follow‐up.ResultsThe mean age was 66 ± 11 years and 72% were men. Seventy‐six percent had multivessel coronary disease for 11 ± 8 years. Eighty‐eight percent had a prior percutaneous or surgical revascularization and 82% were unsuitable for further coronary intervention.Immediately post‐EECP, the proportion of patients with severe angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Angina Classification [CCS] III/IV) were reduced from 89% to 25%, p<0.001. The CCS class was improved by at least 1 class in 78% of the patients and by at least 2 classes in 38%. This was sustained in 74% of the patients during follow‐up.Thirty‐six percent of the patients had CCS II or less angina, which was better than pre‐EECP state without a major adverse cardiovascular event during follow‐up. More severe baseline angina and a history of heart failure or diabetes were independent predictors of unfavorable outcome.ConclusionAn EECP improves angina and quality of life immediately after a course of treatment. For most of the patients, these beneficial effects are sustained for 3 years. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comparison of the Aldosterone‐blocking Agents Eplerenone and Spironolactone
Authors: Struthers Allan , Krum Henry , Williams Gordon H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractImproved understanding of the adverse pharmacological properties of aldosterone has prompted investigation of the clinical benefits of blocking aldosterone at the receptor level. This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of the two available blocking agents, spironolactone and eplerenone. A Medline search identified clinical studies assessing spironolactone and eplerenone. Priority was given to large, well‐controlled, clinical trials and comparative studies. Pharmacological differences between spironolactone and eplerenone include lower affinity of eplerenone for progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors; more consistently demonstrated nongenomic properties for eplerenone; and the presence of long‐acting metabolites for spironolactone. Both agents effectively treat hypertension and heart failure but comparisons are complicated by the deficiency of head‐to‐head trials and differences between patient populations. There are differences in the tolerability profiles; spironolactone is associated with dose‐dependent sexual side effects. Both agents produce dose‐dependent increases in potassium concentrations, although the effect with spironolactone appears to be greater when both agents are administered at recommended doses. Choice of a specific agent should be based on individual patient issues, such as the nature of heart failure and patient concerns about adverse events. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytology and receptor architecture of human anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola , Mohlberg Hartmut , Zilles Karl , Vogt Brent 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in emotion, mood, and autonomic regulation. Although a subgenual part of ACC (sACC) may be vulnerable in depression and area 25 is cytologically unique, there are no assessments that contrast this region with pregenual ACC (pACC). Thus, we undertook independent multimodal verifications of architectural differences among subregions and areas. Areas 24a and 24b have pregenual and subgenual components. The latter have a thin layer III. Area 24c has dorsal (pd24c) and ventral (pv24c) parts. Area pd24c has larger neurofilament‐expressing neurons in layer Va, and neurons in Vb form aggregates in area pv24c. Area pd24c occupies both banks of the cingulate sulcus, with pv24c on the ventral bank. Layer III of pd24cd has many larger neurofilament‐expressing neurons and a richer dendritic plexus. Area 32 has pregenual (p32) and subgenual (s32) components. Layer II in s32 is of particular note because it has a neuron‐dense IIa and sparse IIb. Area 25 has anterior (25a) and posterior (25p) parts; 25p has the thinnest layer III in the cingulate gyrus. Area 25a contains significantly higher AMPA, kainate, NMDA, GABAA, GABAB, and α1densities than 25p. Area 33 continues around the genu and ventrally to encompass the full caudal extent of area 25. Subgenual ACC has significantly higher GABAA, GABAB, benzodiazepine (BZ), α1, and 5‐HT1Adensities than pACC. GABAB, BZ, and α1binding confirms the subdivision of area pd24c. In conclusion, ACC comprises two parts that are unique in terms of their cytoarchitecture and neurotransmitter receptor organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:906–926, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetrodotoxin‐resistant voltage‐gated sodium channels Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are expressed in the retina
Authors: O'Brien Brendan J. , Caldwell John H. , Ehring George R. , Bumsted O'Brien Keely M. , Luo Songjiang , Levinson S. Rock 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVoltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are one of the fundamental building blocks of electrically excitable cells in the nervous system. These channels are responsible for the generation of action potentials that are required for the communication of neuronal signals over long distances within a cell. VGSCs are encoded by a family of nine genes whose products have widely varying biophysical properties. In this study, we have detected the expression of two atypical VGSCs (Nav1.8 and Nav1.9) in the retina. Compared with more common VGSCs, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 have unusual biophysical and pharmacological properties, including persistent sodium currents and resistance to the canonical sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX). Our molecular biological and immunohistochemical data derived from mouse (Mus musculus) retina demonstrate expression of Nav1.8 by retinal amacrine and ganglion cells, whereas Nav1.9 is expressed by photoreceptors and Müller glia. The fact that these channels exist in the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibit robust TTX resistance requires a re‐evaluation of prior physiological, pharmacological, and developmental data in the visual system, in which the diversity of VGSCs has been previously underestimated. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:940–951, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color constancy from invariant wavelength ratios: I. The empirical spectral mechanism
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe wavelengths of several constant hues over four illuminants (D95, D65, D50, A) are derived from several sets of published data. In the plane of wavelength and reciprocal illuminant color temperature (MK−1), the wavelengths of constant hues plot straight approximately parallel lines whose mean slope is about 87°. Parallel lines give invariant wavelength ratios, hence constant hues in this plane are near‐invariant wavelength ratios across illuminants. As recently demonstrated, the complementary wavelengths to a constant hue (across illuminants) represent the complementary constant hue; these complementary wavelengths also plot a near‐parallel line to the first constant hue. To confirm and further define the constant slope of these lines, it is shown that complementary wavelength pairs, per CIE data, can only plot parallel straight lines at the angle of 87° ± 1. In summary, near‐parallel sloping lines represent constant hues at near‐invariant wavelength ratios. This mechanism of color constancy is shown to relate to the well‐known theory of relational color constancy from invariant cone‐excitation ratios. In the visual process, the latter ratios are presumably the source of the former (invariant wavelength ratios). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 238–249, 2008
Reflectance spectra of Munsell standard chips and their appearance
Authors: Indow Tarow , Romney A. Kimball 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, we present the results of analysis by two different methods for representing information in reflectance spectra of Munsell standard chips that relates to their appearance. The spectrum of a chip j is denoted as rjμ where μ represents wavelength λ from 430 to 660 nm with 1 nm intervals. The spectrum of light reflected from a chip j under D65 is rjμ × eμ where eμ represents the spectral power distribution of D65 illumination. In one method, singular value decomposition is applied to a matrix of (rjμ × eμ). Combining results of this analysis with results of human assessment experiments, we obtain four curves ξ0α(H) that represent principal hue components α in Munsell Hue, α = redness, yellowness, greenness, and blueness (Fig. 6). The other method is multiple regression of each (rjμ × eμ) to activities of three kinds of cones in the retina. From this analysis, we obtain three curves Bq(H) that represent relative involvements of q = L, M, S cone activities in determining the appearance of Munsell Hue (Fig. 10). Two sets of curves, ξ0α(H), and Bq(H), are compared with predictions from a model of higher order color mechanism (Fig. 12) that has been proposed on the basis of experiments with light stimuli of wavelength λ. It is found that ξ0α(H), and Bq(H) constructed from broadband spectra of Munsell chips are interpretable in terms of this model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 229–237, 2008
Anger and shame elicited by discrimination: Moderating role of coping on action endorsements and salivary cortisol
Authors: Matheson Kimberly , Anisman Hymie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDiscrimination often elicits anger, and yet group members typically do not take actions to confront their situation. It may be that other emotions that run contrary to action‐taking also arise (e.g., shame), limiting the active expression of anger. Indeed, Study 1 (N = 36) revealed that, using a failure feedback paradigm, women expressed greater shame when their failure was due to discrimination, compared to a lack of personal merit. In contrast to anger, self‐reported shame was not associated with action‐taking. In Study 2, women (N = 91) were emotionally primed to feel either anger or shame (vs. a no mood prime control), and the moderating influence of coping styles on the link between emotions, actions, and salivary cortisol levels following discrimination were assessed. Among women primed to feel anger, problem‐focused coping predicted reduced self‐reported shame, lower cortisol reactivity, and greater individualistic confrontational action endorsements. In contrast, priming shame increased cortisol reactivity, but diminished the relation between particular coping styles and their capacity to facilitate action. Findings are discussed in terms of the interactive influence of emotions and coping on responses to discrimination. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of an enhanced soil erosion and landscape evolution model: a case study assessment of the former Nabarlek uranium mine, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Hancock G. R. , Lowry J. B. C. , Moliere D. R. , Evans K. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe assessment of post‐mining landscapes as case studies is an important part of the evaluation of current rehabilitation practices. A necessary part of this assessment is to predict the surface stability of the landform using erosion and landform evolution modelling techniques. In the short term, erosion on a rehabilitated mine site can lead to increased sediment loads and transport of other mine related contaminants in downstream waterways. It is well recognized that in many mine areas the erodibility of surface materials can, and does, vary. This is a particularly significant issue on mine sites, where the surface conditions may range from areas of undisturbed natural surface materials, waste rock dumps constructed with materials exhumed from the sub‐surface, and other areas that have a mix of waste rock and soil to enhance the growth of vegetation. A further significant issue is that when the subsurface materials are exposed to surface conditions they can weather rapidly, changing their erodibility. This paper uses a new version of the SIBERIA landscape evolution and soil erosion model to evaluate the former Nabarlek uranium mine site in the Northern Territory, Australia. This new version of SIBERIA uses spatially variable erosion and hydrology parameters across the study domain to represent different erodibilities of surface materials, thus allowing better representation of catchment heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that the model predicts erosion rates similar to that of other modelled results and independent field data, providing confidence in the model and its parameterization. The tailings, deposited in the mined out pit and capped with waste rock, appear to be safely encapsulated for the modelled period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Commonwealth of Australia (Department of the Environment and Water Resources Supervising Scientist).
Influence of seepage undercutting on the stability of root‐reinforced streambanks
Authors: Cancienne Rachel M. , Fox Garey A. , Simon Andrew 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral mechanisms contribute to streambank failure including fluvial toe undercutting, reduced soil shear strength by increased soil pore‐water pressure, and seepage erosion. Recent research has suggested that seepage erosion of noncohesive soil layers undercutting the banks may play an equivalent role in streambank failure to increased soil pore‐water pressure. However, this past research has primarily been limited to laboratory studies of non‐vegetated banks. The objective of this research was to utilize the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) in order to determine the importance of seepage undercutting relative to bank shear strength, bank angle, soil pore‐water pressure, and root reinforcement. The BSTEM simulated two streambanks: Little Topashaw Creek and Goodwin Creek in northern Mississippi. Simulations included three bank angles (70° to 90°), four pore‐water pressure distributions (unsaturated, two partially saturated cases, and fully saturated), six distances of undercutting (0 to 40 cm), and 13 different vegetation conditions (root cohesions from 0·0 to 15·0 kPa). A relative sensitivity analysis suggested that BSTEM was approximately three to four times more sensitive to water table position than root cohesion or depth of seepage undercutting. Seepage undercutting becomes a prominent bank failure mechanism on unsaturated to partially saturated streambanks with root reinforcement, even with undercutting distances as small as 20 cm. Consideration of seepage undercutting is less important under conditions of partially to fully saturated soil pore‐water conditions. The distance at which instability by undercutting became equivalent to instability by increased soil pore‐water pressure decreased as root reinforcement increased, with values typically ranging between 20 and 40 cm at Little Topashaw Creek and between 20 and 55 cm at Goodwin Creek. This research depicts the baseline conditions at which seepage undercutting of vegetated streambanks needs to be considered for bank stability analyses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.