bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of the fine motor scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–2
Authors: van Hartingsveldt Margo J , Cup Edith HC , Oostendorp Rob AB 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study examined the test–retest reliability, inter‐rater reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the Fine Motor Scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–second edition (PDMS‐FM‐2). Participants included two groups of 18 children between the ages of 4 and 5 years with and without mild fine motor problems. The PDMS‐FM‐2 was administered twice to 12 children and rated by two occupational therapists. The PDMS‐FM‐2 results were compared with scores on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M‐ABC). In addition, the scores of the children with and without fine motor problems were compared. For the test–retest reliability and the inter‐rater reliability, correlation coefficients varied from r = 0.84 to r = 0.99. These results suggest that PDMS‐FM‐2 has excellent test–retest and inter‐rater reliability. Convergent validity with the fine motor section of the M‐ABC and discriminant validity have been confirmed. Only 39% of the children in the group with problems in fine motor activities had fine motor problems according to the PDMS‐FM‐2. This finding seems to indicate that the PDMS‐FM‐2 may not be sensitive enough for this population. Copyright © 2005 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of core–shell polystyrene and polymethylsilsesquioxane structure latex particles by seeded polymerization
Authors: Zou Mingxuan , Wang Shijie , Huang Fangzhi , Zhang Zhicheng , Ge Xuewu 
Published: January 2006

AbstractComposite polystyrene and polymethylsilsesquioxane (PS‐PMSSQ) latices were prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation of triethoxylmethylsilane (TEOMS) in the presence of PS seed latices, obtained by gamma ray induced polymerization. Morphology of the composite latex particles was observed by transmission electronic microscopy and their size distribution was measured by dynamic laser light scattering. It was found that if 1 wt% silicon‐containing surfactant (SCS) and 0.4 wt% dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DBSA) were both used, core–shell/PS‐PMSSQ latex particles could be prepared at 30 °C. The core–shell structure was further characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry. With 0.5 wt% SCS or 0.2 wt% DBSA, the capsulation was incomplete. At 0 and 90 °C, the PMSSQ phase penetrated into the seed particles. No core–shell structure was observed when DBSA was replaced by hydrochloric acid or SCS was replaced by poly(ethylene glycol) monooctylphenyl ether. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Photopolymerization of acrylate derivatives initiated by hexaarylbiimidazole with ether groups
Authors: Shi Yongtao , Yin Jie , Kaji Makoto , Yori Hanako 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA novel hexaarylbiimidazole derivative 2,2′‐bis‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐4,4′,5,5′‐tetra‐[3‐(2‐hydroxyl‐3‐ethylene glycol monoethylene ether‐propane‐1‐oxy)‐phenyl]‐1,2′‐biimidazole (BCTE‐HABI) was synthesized from 3,3′‐dihydroxyl benzil. Ultraviolet spectra, fluorescence spectra, ESR measurements, photo‐dilatometer experiments and photo‐DSC measurements indicated its good UV‐visible absorption ability, high photolysis efficiency and efficient photo‐initiation for acrylates. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of urethane vinyl ether crystalline monomers
Authors: Zeng Zhaohua , Yang Jianwen , Pang Laixing , Chen Yonglie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUV powder coatings combine the advantages of both conventional thermoset powder coatings and liquid UV‐curing coatings. In this paper, a series of crystalline monomers based on urethane vinyl ether have been synthesized by reaction of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with hydroxybutyl vinyl ether (HBVE) or together with a saturated alcohol such as 1‐octanol, 2‐butoxy ethanol and 2‐ethoxy ethanol. The crystallinity of the monomers was characterized by DSC, WAXD and polarizing microscopy. It was found that the melting point of the monomer can be expediently adjusted to an adequately low level by changing the type and/or the amount of the saturated alcohol added during the synthesis procedure. Thus, when 20–40 mol% of HBVE was replaced by a saturated alcohol, the melting point decreased to around 75–90 °C, which is suitable for UV‐curing powder coating formulations. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of a potential inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase using UV spectrophotometry, NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling
Authors: Correia Isabelle , Ronzani Nello , Platzer Nicole , Doan Bich‐Thuy , Beloeil Jean‐Claude 
Published: January 2006

Abstract1‐[6‐(Acridine‐9‐carbonyloxy)hexyl]pyridinium chloride (1) was synthesized and studied as a potential inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is frequently involved in Alzheimer's disease. UV spectrophotometry showed that 1 is a reversible and competitive inhibitor of AChE (Ki ≈ 2 × 10−7 M). NMR (TrNOESY) showed that 1, bonded to AChE, maintains an extended form that allows hydrophobic interactions to occur between the aliphatic chain and the deep and narrow gorge of AchE and favors interactions between the acridine group and the catalytic and anionic subsites situated at the bottom of the gorge, and also between the pyridinium ring and the peripheral site. A more detailed picture of the structure of the complex was obtained by combining NMR structural data and molecular modeling (docking, dynamics simulation and energy calculations). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent effect and proton inventory in the hydrolysis of p‐methylphenyl trichloroacetate
Authors: Frasson Cléa M. L. , Brandão Tiago A. S. , Zucco César , Nome Faruk 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHydrolysis of p‐methylphenyl trichloroacetate in water–acetonitrile mixtures was studied as a function of water concentration in the range 5.5–55.5 M. The proton inventory technique, in H2O–D2O mixtures, shows, for a value of D atom fraction in the solvent n = 0.5, deviations from the expected value (for a reaction with one proton being transferred) of 7.5 and 12.3%, for experiments in the presence of 16.6 and 33.3 M L2O (L = H or D), respectively. Theoretical treatment of the data obtained at [L2O] = 16.6 M using the Gross–Butler equation are consistent with a cyclic transition‐state structure with three protons involved. Conversely, similar experiments in the presence of [L2O] = 33.3 M show that multiple water molecules are involved in the transition state of the reaction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic study on the prooxidative effect of vitamin C on the autoxidation of glycerol trioleate in micelles
Authors: Liu Zai‐Qun 
Published: January 2006

AbstractVitamin C (L‐ascorbic acid) protects human health by scavenging toxic free radicals and other reactive oxygen species formed in cell metabolism. The surplus supplementation of vitamin C, however, may be harmful to health because the level of 8‐oxoguanine and 8‐oxoadenine in lymphocyte DNA varies remarkably. In the process of the kinetic investigation on the 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane dihydrochloride) (AAPH)‐induced autoxidation of glycerol trioleate (GtH) in the micelles of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X‐100, the addition of vitamin C accelerates the autoxidation of GtH even in the absence of the free radical initiator, AAPH. The initiating rate, Ri, of vitamin C (VC)‐induced autoxidation of GtH is related to the micelle charge, i.e. Ri = 14.4 × 10−6 [VC] s−1 in SDS (anionic micelle), Ri = 1961 × 10−6 [VC] s−1 in Triton X‐100 (neutral micelle) and Ri is a maximum in CTAB (cationic micelle) when the vitamin C concentration is ∼300 µM. Thus, vitamin C can initiate autoxidation of GtH in micelles, especially in the neutral one. Moreover, the attempt to explore whether α‐tocopherol (TocH) could rectify vitamin C‐induced autoxidation of GtH leads us to find that the rate constant of TocH reacting with the anionic radical of vitamin C (VC.−), k−inh, is ∼103M−1 s−1, which is less than that of the α‐tocopherol radical (Toc.) with vitamin C (kinh = ∼105 M−1 s−1). Thus, the equilibrium constant of the reaction Toc.+VC−⇌TocH+VC.− is prone strongly to the regeneration of Toc. by vitamin C rather than the reverse reaction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gradient graft copolymers derived from PEO‐based macromonomers
Authors: Neugebauer Dorota , Zhang Ying , Pakula Tadeusz 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of two poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers, with different polymerization degrees (DPn) and different end groups, was conducted in solution via the grafting through method. Selection of a PEO methacrylate with a methyl end‐group (PEOMeMA, DPPEO = 23) and a PEO acrylate end‐capped by a phenyl ring (PEOPhA, DPPEO = 4) for the copolymerization led to a spontaneous gradient of PEO grafts along the copolymer backbone. Such a composition was formed because of significantly different reactivities of the two PEO macromonomers. The resulting copolymer has PEOMeMA at one end of the polymer chain, gradually changing through hetero‐sequences of PEOPhA at the other chain end. An increase in the initial feed ratio of PEO acrylate reduced the rate of change in the shape of the gradient. Amorphous–crystalline structure in the copolymers was demonstrated by DSC and WAXS. The mechanical measurements of copolymers consisting of an amorphous PEOPhA and crystallizable PEOMeMA segments indicated elastomeric properties in the range of a soft rubber (G′ ∼ 104 Pa, G′ ≫ G″). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1347–1356, 2006
Spherically propagating thermal polymerization fronts
Authors: Binici Burcu , Fortenberry Dionne I. , Leard Kayce C. , Molden Marcus , Olten Nesrin , Popwell Sam , Pojman John A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate for the first time spherically propagating frontal polymerization that also exhibits spin modes. We have developed an interesting system using the amine‐catalyzed Michael addition of a trithiol to a triacrylate to create a rubbery gel. The gel suppresses convection and bubble formation during front propagation. A peroxide is also present to act as a thermal initiator. The front propagates via free‐radical polymerization of the remaining triacrylate after being initiated photochemically in the center of the reactor. It is possible to prepare the rubbery gel in any shape and then initiate thermal frontal polymerization. So‐called spin modes have been observed for the first time in spherically propagating fronts in which waves of polymerization propagate on the expanding spherical front. A system using a diacrylate dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide with added silica gel and with persulfate as the initiator supports spherical fronts but does not exhibit spin modes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1387–1395, 2006
Integrated surface modification of fully polymeric microfluidic devices using living radical photopolymerization chemistry
Authors: Sebra Robert P. , Anseth Kristi S. , Bowman Christopher N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSurface modification using living radical polymerization (LRP) chemistry is a powerful technique for surface modification of polymeric substrates. This research demonstrates the ability to use LRP as a polymer substrate surface‐modification platform for covalently grafting polymer chains in a spatially and temporally controlled fashion. Specifically, dithiocarbamate functionalities are introduced onto polymer surfaces using tetraethylthiuram disulfide. This technique enables integration of LRP‐based grafting for the development of an integrated, covalent surface‐modification method for microfluidic device construction. The unique photolithographic method enables construction of devices that are not substrate‐limited. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, both controlled fluid flow and cell patterning applications were demonstrated upon modification with various chemical functionalities. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) (375) monoacrylate and trifluoroethyl acrylate were grafted to control fluidic flow on a microfluidic device. Before patterning, surface‐functionalized samples were characterized with both goniometric and infrared spectroscopy to ensure that photografting was occurring through pendant dithiocarbamate functionalities. Near‐infrared results demonstrated conversion of grafted monomers when dithiocarbamate‐functionalized surfaces were used, as compared to dormant control surfaces. Furthermore, attenuated total reflectance/infrared spectroscopy results verified the presence of dithiocarbamate functionalities on the substrate surfaces, which were useful in grafting chains of various functionalities whose contact angles ranged from 7 to 86°. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1404–1413, 2006
Novel route to dendritic structures and their application for surface modification
Authors: Reemers Sandra , Mourran Ahmed , Keul Helmut , Möller Martin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMonodisperse branched polyurethanes containing long alkyl chains have been prepared by a new convergent synthesis. This synthesis comprises two steps, with hexamethylene diisocyanate uretdione as the starting molecule. The free isocyanate groups of this monomer are reacted with long‐chain alkanols. These diurethane uretdiones are then reacted with amines or amino alcohols under ring opening and the formation of a biuret group. Branching points are not, as usual, part of the monomer but are formed during preparation. The structure of these dendrons has been established with NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The dendritic polyurethanes are thermally stable up to 200 °C. Surfaces coated with these materials are hydrophobic. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1372–1386, 2006
Photoresponsive poly(methyl methacrylate)2–(polystyrene)2 miktoarm star copolymer containing an azobenzene moiety at the core
Authors: Erdogan Tuba , Gungor Eda , Durmaz Hakan , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe prepared a novel miktoarm star copolymer with an azobenzene unit at the core via combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and nitroxide‐mediated free radical polymerization (NMP) routes. For this purpose, first, mikto‐functional initiator, 3, with tertiary bromide (for ATRP) and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yloxy (TEMPO) (for NMP) functionalities and an azobenzene moiety at the core was synthesized. The initiator 3 thus obtained was used in the subsequent living radical polymerization routes such as ATRP of MMA and NMP of St, respectively, to give A2B2 type miktoarm star copolymer, (PMMA)2‐(PSt)2 with an azobenzene unit at the core with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.15). The photoresponsive properties of 3 and (PMMA)2‐(PSt)2 miktoarm star copolymer were investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1396–1403, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of new sequenced poly(ether amide)s based on 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminobenzimidazole and 2‐(3‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminobenzimidazole
Authors: Ayala Vanesa , Muñoz Dulce M. , Lozano Ángel E. , de la Campa José G. , de Abajo Javier 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA set of new aromatic poly(ether amide)s containing benzimidazole groups and ethylene oxide sequences of different lengths were synthesized and characterized. The new polymers were prepared from two benzimidazole diamines, 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminobenzimidazole and 2‐(3‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminobenzimidazole, and various oligo(ethylene oxide)dibenzoyl chlorides. They exhibited good solubility in polar aprotic solvents and glass‐transition temperatures in the range of 125–300 °C (the longer the ethylene oxide spacer was, the lower the glass‐transition temperature was). The new polyamides were essentially amorphous, as observed by X‐ray diffraction measurements and confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry measurements, by means of which no melting endotherm was observed in any case. The decomposition temperatures, as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen, were about 400 °C for all of them, regardless of the length of the ethylene oxide content or the phenylene ring orientation (meta or para) of the diamine moiety. The number of ethylene oxide linkages per repeat unit also determined the water uptake. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1414–1423, 2006
Syntheses and self‐assembly of poly(benzyl ether)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) dendritic–linear diblock copolymers
Authors: Ge Zhishen , Luo Shizhong , Liu Shiyong 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article describes the syntheses and solution behavior of model amphiphilic dendritic–linear diblock copolymers that self‐assemble in aqueous solutions into micelles with thermoresponsive shells. The investigated materials are constructed of poly(benzyl ether) monodendrons of the second generation ([G‐2]) or third generation ([G‐3]) and linear poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). [G‐2]‐PNIPAM and [G‐3]‐PNIPAM dendritic–linear diblock copolymers have been prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of N‐isopropylacrylamide with a [G‐2]‐ or [G‐3]‐based RAFT agent, respectively. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of [G‐3]‐PNIPAM220, determined by surface tensiometry, is 6.3 × 10−6 g/mL, whereas [G‐2]‐PNIPAM235 has a cmc of 1.0 × 10−5 g/mL. Transmission electron microscopy results indicate the presence of spherical micelles in aqueous solutions. The thermoresponsive conformational changes of PNIPAM chains located at the shell of the dendritic–linear diblock copolymer micelles have been thoroughly investigated with a combination of dynamic and static laser light scattering and excimer fluorescence. The thermoresponsive collapse of the PNIPAM shell is a two‐stage process; the first one occurs gradually in the temperature range of 20–29 °C, which is much lower than the lower critical solution temperature of linear PNIPAM homopolymer, followed by the second process, in which the main collapse of PNIPAM chains takes place in the narrow temperature range of 29–31 °C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1357–1371, 2006
Morphology and Patterning Processes of Thin Organosilicon and Perfluorinated Bi‐Layer Plasma Polymer Films
Authors: Wang Xuemei , Grundmeier Guido 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSummary: An audio‐frequency plasma polymerization set‐up with a planar plasma source was used to deposit thin bi‐layer plasma polymer films using heptadecafluoro‐1‐decene (HDFD) and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) as monomers. HDFD was used to deposit a thin Teflon‐like plasma polymer film with low surface energy. HMDSO was used to coat this layer with a highly cross‐linked SiCxOyHz film. The growth of the HMDSO plasma polymer illustrates the aspects of island formation at small film thickness (d < 10 nm) as a result of the low surface energy of the HDFD plasma polymer film surface and the buckling‐induced patterning by the compressive stress of the HMDSO plasma polymer film at higher film thickness (d > 10 nm). The film thickness was controlled by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The chemical structure of the films was measured by means of FT‐IR and XPS. The information about the surface morphology was provided by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements.AFM image (50 × 50 µm2) of anisotropic patterning of bi‐layer plasma polymer films (30 nm HMDSO film on top of a 100 nm HDFD film) on Si wafers at a point defect (dust particle).magnified imageAFM image (50 × 50 µm2) of anisotropic patterning of bi‐layer plasma polymer films (30 nm HMDSO film on top of a 100 nm HDFD film) on Si wafers at a point defect (dust particle).
PECVD of Nanocrystalline Si Layers on High‐Tg Polymer Substrates
Authors: MacQueen Luke A. , Zikovsky Janik , Dennler Gilles , Latreche Mohamed , Czeremuszkin Grzegorz , Wertheimer Michael R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSummary: Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) was deposited by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on transparent polymers in order to qualify these for possible use as electronic substrates. As a first step, plasma etch experiments in pure H2 revealed small etch rates for these materials. Thin films of nc‐Si:H were then deposited on samples placed on the grounded electrode of a “Reinberg”‐type parallel plate RF (13.56 MHz) PECVD reactor, at various substrate temperatures (25 °C ≤ Ts ≤ 250 °C), using SiH4 diluted in H2 as the feed‐gas. Thermally induced failure of the nc‐Si:H/polymer composite was avoided within a certain range of deposition conditions, permitting structural and electrical characterization of the deposits.Temperature‐dependent conductivity, σ(T), for nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) films on glass and three polymer substrates, all deposited at Ts = 175 °C.magnified imageTemperature‐dependent conductivity, σ(T), for nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) films on glass and three polymer substrates, all deposited at Ts = 175 °C.
Rapid identification of reactivity hazards in a multiuse facility
Authors: Leggett David J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMultiuse pilot‐scale plants often run production campaigns in parallel, requiring frequent changes in the chemistry from campaign to campaign and modified procedures to match the new production needs within a short time span. Facilities must also match clients' product chemistry and process demands with their equipment capabilities.These campaigns may occur several times a year with considerable overlap of projects. Several basic but important questions arise for the facility manager. For example, how do the facilities' personnel

pay adequate attention to all of the safety issues associated with the chemical reactivity?
ensure that a facility's equipment and the new process chemistry fit together safely, especially with respect to chemical reactivity?
verify emergency relief and vent sizing, estimate cooling duty needs, and implement the necessary process safety changes?
This paper introduces a new approach and procedure that assists plant personnel to assess the process and identify the potential hazards. The procedure also recommends a methodology to evaluate the nature and extent of the hazard. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Carbon nanotube – molecular resonant tunneling diode
Authors: Pandey Rajeev R. , Bruque Nicolas , Alam Khairul , Lake Roger K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT) molecular resonant tunnel diodes (RTDs) are proposed to complement bio‐assembled CNT field effect transistors (CNTFETs). A model CNT–pseudopeptide–CNT device is shown to exhibit the current–voltage response of an RTD. magnified image (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)