bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incontinence in Malawi: Analysis of a proxy measure of vaginal fistula in a national survey
Authors: Johnson K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo document the first effort to collect national lifetime prevalence data on vaginal fistulas and discern the usefulness of the measure.MethodsThe 11,698 women successfully interviewed in the 2005 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey were asked whether they had ever experienced leakage of urine or stool from their vagina. Multivariate techniques were then used to determine factors associated with fistula symptoms.ResultsThe relationships between fistula symptoms and wealth and fistula symptoms and education were negative and monotonic. Rural women were 40% more likely than urban women to report fistula symptoms. Women who had experienced a stillbirth were 66% more likely to report the symptoms, and those who had experienced sexual violence were 71% more likely to report the symptoms. A crude fistula rate of 15.6 per 1000 live births was found for Malawi.ConclusionsSurvey methods may be used to capture the prevalence of vaginal fistula cases in a given country, but further work is needed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the questions asked.
Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book is an essay in cultural psychology. By examining the ways the ways in which emotion and talk about emotions reinforce cultural norms, it aims to understand the interplay between the emotions and the ethics of the Roman upper classes in late Republic and early Empire. The questions it addresses include the following: How (in the Roman view) is virtuous behavior shaped by the emotions? How do various Roman forms of fear, dismay, indignation, and revulsion support or constrain ethically significant behavior? How do the domains of these emotions — what they are “about” — intersect, overlap, or complement each other? How does their intersection create an economy of displeasure that aims to shape society in constructive ways? And, since the Romans’ language of emotions is not our own, how can we answer any of these questions without imposing upon the Romans our own notions of what a given emotion is? To approach these questions, the book explores the Roman counterparts to “modesty” and “shame” (verecundia, pudor), “disgust” (fastidium), “envy” (invidia), and “regret” (paenitentia) by considering the array of narratives or “scripts” to which each emotion term can refer.
1 Between Respect and Shame
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the emotion that the Romans called verecundia, a kind of strategic fear that causes one to gauge one’s behavior in any given social interaction and judge correctly one’s standing relative to the other person, the better to monitor and restrain oneself and thus avoid giving offense. The discussion considers how this emotion helped regulate the behavior of persons of different ages, genders, and social standings. The concept of face is introduced.
3 The Structure ofPaenitentiaand the Egoism of Regret
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the various scripts of paenitentia, the Latin term that most closely approximates English “regret”. It shows how different forms of regret are experienced at actions or states of affairs for which one is responsible oneself or for which others are responsible, involving matters of practical utility or personal honor. It considers the relation between “regret” and “shame”, on the one hand, and between “regret” and “remorse” on the other. The pre-Christian Romans, it turns out, did not commonly think or speak in terms of “remorse” as a distinct emotion.
Yellowstone's Destabilized Ecosystem
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. , Hamilton Wayne L. , Keigley Richard B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHistorical accounts, park records, and biologists' observations indicated that wintering elk in Yellowstone's northern range were present in low numbers prior to and at park establishment in 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 by the early 1900s when they heavily impacted the northern-range ecosystem; and declined to 3,172 censused animals in 1968 due to park control efforts. In 1967, the park announced a politically coerced natural-regulation policy terminating park control; and in 1971 posed a natural-regulation ecological hypothesis stating that northern-range elk had been numerous prior to 1872, had not risen to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, and would stabilize at moderate numbers following recovery from control efforts without significantly affecting the northern-range ecosystem. Archaeological and historic evidence, park records, and censuses begun in the 1920s indicate a northern herd of ~5,000-6,000 in 1872, increasing to ~20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, declining to a censused number of 3,172 in 1968 in response to control efforts, increasing to a census-based number of 21,071-25,920 in the 1980s and 1990s, then declining somewhat after 2000. This book reviews critically the published and unpublished records to test the natural-regulation hypothesis and propose a conceptual model of the northern-range ecosystem with inferences from system changes associated with the four stages of elk abundance, inside-outside exclosure comparisons, and system comparisons inside and outside park boundaries.
The First “Experiment”: 1878–1923
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe natural-regulation hypothesis' denial that the northern herd rose to 20,000-35,000 between the 1880s and early 1900s is refuted by three lines of evidence: (1) a “reliable estimate” in 1914 of the northern herd at 27,800; (2) annual hunting kills outside the park boundary conservatively at 3,500 each year between 1918-1920, implying a herd of 70,000 if they were 5% of the herd, 35,000 if they were 10% of the herd (measured hunting removals averaged 3.7% in the 1920s, 6.9% in the 1930s); and (3) the herd rose to a census-corrected estimate of 21,660-25,920 in the 1980s and 90s, implying that it could have risen to these levels in the early 1900s with more favorable forage conditions.
The 132-Year Population Trajectory and Associated Synthesis Design
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe reconstruction of the northern-herd population trajectory places the herd at a hypothetical 5,000-6,000 before 1872; rising to a censused 27,800 in 1914; declining to a censused 3,172 in 1968; increasing during natural-regulation policy to a censused 12,859-19,045 and estimated 21,071-25,920 in the 1980s-1990s; and declining in the early 2000s. Major forces driving population trend were (hypothetically) aboriginal hunting and large carnivores maintaining low numbers prior to park establishment; park protection from 1872-1920s allowing a major increase; park control and outside hunting from 1920s-1968 reducing herd size; natural-regulation policy (no park control) from 1969-present, again permitting increase. Synthesis of elk effects on the northern-range ecosystem in the following chapters examines all the evidence for a three-way, quasi-experiment: (1) condition and trend of ecosystem components and processes during two periods with the herd below 6,000 (pre-1872-1884 and 1959-1970) and two periods with numbers above 6,000 (1885-1958 and 1971-present); (2) condition and trend of system inside and outside eight 2.1 ha exclosures built in 1957 and 1962; (3) condition and trend of system inside and outside park boundaries.
Influences on Upland System Structure II: The Sagebrush-Steppe Subsystem
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHistoric and photographic evidence shows that sagebrush (sagebrush-steppe is 53% of the northern range) were moderate to abundant from 1872-1920, significantly reduced from 1920-1960, and recovered to moderate levels after 1960 in higher-elevation winter areas, but not in lower. Periodic sagebrush measurements inside and outside exclosures show low cover in 1957 and 1962 (when exclosures were established) following around seventy-three years of elk abundance, increases inside exclosures up through 1990, lesser increase outside at higher elevations at higher wintering elevations, but none at lower. An extensive inside-outside sagebrush study in 1994 showed inside sagebrush density at higher elevations to be 1.61x that on the outside, and inside production per unit area 3.03x that on the outside. Abundance of herbaceous vegetation was low inside and outside exclosures in 1957 and 1962, increased following herd reductions to 1980 or 1985, then decreased again by 1990. Sagebrush and perennial grass abundances are hypothesized to be a function of the intensity and the length of elk browsing/grazing, while grass is additionally affected by sagebrush competition. Invasive, exotic annuals are conspicuous in grazed vegetation, but not in ungrazed.
Influences on Riparian System Structure
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEarly photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then slight recovery during the elk herd reductions, and then widespread elimination of willow by today, except in exclosures and where wolf populations have scattered elk. Although numerous other causes have been proposed by park investigators, the evidence overwhelmingly points to elk herbivory. Evidence from architectural analysis of cottonwood stands points to tree recruitment prior to 1894, then virtually none from 1894-1962 except for one brief burst in 1934-1951, then some recruitment during the herd reduction, and none since 1974. Riparian fauna such as beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, avifauna, and some insect species have declined as riparian vegetation has been browsed down.
Influences on Ecosystem Function I: Erosion
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. , Keigley Richard B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEarly park accounts report significant soil erosion with the build-up of the elk herd, and comment that the original nature of the topsoil mantle would never be known. Observations of surface rock pediments and inside-outside exclosure studies of soil erosion show increased levels on the outside just since exclosure construction. Streambank research and lichenometric studies show elevated bank sloughing in the northern range where bank vegetation has been eliminated.
The Inductive Potential of Categories
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPreschool children are not scientists, but they would (implicitly) agree with Gould's assessment of categories, at least in certain domains. With their classifications, children are attempting to discover the “natural order” in the world. This chapter focuses on children's capacity to use categories as the basis for novel inferences about the world. Children's category-based inferences are essentialist in two important respects: they involve reasoning about nonobvious properties (including internal parts, novel behaviors, and causal effects) and an appreciation that appearances can be deceiving when it comes to category membership.
Hidden, Nonobvious Properties
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that by four years of age children construct beliefs and assumptions about properties that are “internal, but...unknown” (to borrow from Locke) and that these beliefs have serious consequences for reasoning about what things are. This set of constructions contradicts standard views of children as focused on what is concrete, perceptual, and in the immediate context. Explicit essentialist accounts given by adults characterize essences as invisible, distinct from outward appearances, and remarkably stable and resilient. This point is illustrated with the self-reported experiences of Claire Sylvia, who described feeling changes in her behavior and emotions after undergoing a heart-lung transplant.
Children's Conceptions of Nature and Nurture
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInheritance plays an important role in adults' everyday thoughts about social categories. When people think about identity, they often assume that properties are passed down from parent to child, independent of social or environmental influences. In this sense social identity may be construed as natural. This chapter argues that children view membership in certain categories as natural, and that young children appeal to inheritance and innate potential when they essentialize. They display rather elaborate beliefs that kinship overrides outward similarity, that inborn traits may be inherited, and that birth parents are more important than adoptive parents in determining growth and development. The main point is that children understand certain categories in terms of embodied, inherited, natural differences.
Evolution and Revolution
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the development of evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory holds that the natural world is steadily changing, that organisms have slowly diverged from common ancestors, and that they have been transformed in geological time. Topics discussed include traditional natural theology, Darwinian evolutionary theory, myths about Lamarck, Lamarck's theory of evolution, Georges Cuvier's disdain for Lamarck's theories, and the Cuvier-Geoffroy debate.
The Myth of the Cell Theory
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses cell theory. Biologists from the second half of the 19th century who investigated cells often claimed that it held the key to all biological problems. Cell theory was comprised of three tenets: that all plants and animals are made of cells, that all cells arise from division of preexisting cells, and that cells possess all the attributes of life (assimilation, growth, and reproduction).
Emerging Genetics
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The field of genetics was extraordinarily successful and rose to an authoritative position by the 1930s. To understand the relationship between genetics and other disciplines, this chapter first outlines the state of the field of heredity in the first decades of the last century. It shows that there were several distinct conceptions of heredity within several specialties. It then examines the rhetoric between specialties and traces the course that led genetics in the United States to a central position in biology.
The Deer with the Red Collar
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores English ideas about animals and explains how they differed from Indian views. For the most part, colonists subscribed to a view of animals that asserted human dominion and denied non-human creatures any spiritual identity. That dominion could take the form of asserting property rights to living creatures. Colonists demonstrated this not only in their ownership of livestock, but also in their assumptions that New World creatures could be converted into property.
Introduction
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the book, which examines the development of transnational ideas, practices, and politics among Japanese immigrants (Issei) in the American West prior to the Pacific War. To a more complete picture of the Issei's transnational past, a so-called “inter-National perspective” is used, one that stresses the interstitial (not transcendental) nature of their lives between the two nation-states. An overview of the succeeding chapters is also presented.
Zaibei Doho
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with the impact of American racism on the Issei, which contributed to the development of a distinct racial identity among them in relation to other borderland residents. This process occurred at the level of their daily struggle as a racial(ized) minority — self-consciously identified as “the Japanese in America [zaibei doho]” — on the basis of shared interests in and concerns with power relations in the American West. Examining the critical linkages between white exclusionist politics and immigrant counterstruggles, the chapter explores the grassroots level of community formation, which coincided with the partial consolidation of immigrant leadership during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
The Problem of Generation
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe related themes of the Issei as pioneers and the Nisei (second generation) as carrying on Japanese development in the United States were central discourses in the upbringing of many American-born youths. However, neither the Issei pioneer thesis nor its interpretation by Nisei orators provided a concrete picture of what the future might hold for the new generation of Japanese Americans. How did Issei leaders expect the American-born to carry on Japanese development in the face of racial subordination? In what ways did immigrant parents attempt to enable their children to do this? What did Nisei “duty” really mean? The answers to these questions are to be found not so much in the intellectual productions of immigrant historians as in their social practices. This chapter explores some of the key community-wide efforts made by immigrant leaders and parents to promote a positive prospect for the Japanese minority in America in the postexclusion era.
Wages of Immigrant Internationalism
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the decision of Japanese immigrant parents and leaders to send their children to school abroad. Issei found many advantages in transnational education, including the improvement of the Nisei's employment opportunities and the narrowing of cultural and linguistic gaps between the first and second generations. Many also saw the purposes of study abroad in terms similar to community-based language instruction at home. Immigrant parents anticipated that attending school in Japan would enhance their childreni's appreciation of a moral and dignified lifestyle based on Japanese ethics.
Ethnic Nationalism and Racial Struggle
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores how immigrants' identity and nationalism developed out of the conflict between Japanese and Filipinos in the San Joaquin River delta during the 1930s. Focusing on the local expression of immigrant nationalism, it is argued that their “Japanese consciousness” was primarily a product of American social relations, which shaped their interests and directly affected their daily livelihoods. The Issei's ethnic nationalism resulted as much from an image of a collective enemy and a sense of shared interests in the delta, as from events in Asia or anger against racist society.
Emperors, Jurists, and theLex Iulia et Papia
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines how the ancient Roman law lex Iulia et Papia was developed and applied over time. The focus is firstly on the refinements and supplements introduced by Augustus's successors and secondly on the interpretative work of the jurists, as they elaborated the law. Most of the new legislation did not concern prostitutes and pimps directly, so the chapter will concentrate on two measures, one of Domitian and one of Hadrian. Most of the juristic evidence dates from the late classical period. Over the span of two centuries there was inevitably change in the way the statute was interpreted and applied. The task of the jurists was to construe the law in light of the evolution of Roman society and the judicial system. The gradual change in the law of procedure perhaps gave the jurists greater flexibility but made no fundamental difference in the way these laws were interpreted and applied.
Prostitution and the Law of the Jurists
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the private law of the jurists with respect to prostitution and law-finding concerning prostitution. Roman private law never developed a comprehensive approach toward prostitution and its practitioners. The absence of such an approach is not merely a product of its casuistry but reveals its basic orientation as a law system designed by and for members of the upper classes. This fact suggests that for many purposes private law could ignore prostitution. All the same, problems related to the practice of prostitution did arise from time to time in scattered areas of the law. The classical juristic texts preserved by Justinian's compilers, supplemented in one case by a pair of texts taken from another postclassical collection, make it possible to take up the threads of policies fashioned for the procedural law and positive enactments. Two fundamental concerns emerge, which can be identified in general terms as the conservation of patrimony and the safeguarding of honor.
WHAT ANSWER?: SUFFRAGE AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE POSTWAR WORLD
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
With the close of the Civil War, the newly reunited United States saw a series of debates about the structure of political participation and the nature of citizenship in the postwar world. Several different issues shaped these discussions, and Anna Elizabeth Dickinson found herself in the thick of each public conversation. Four years of bloody war had confirmed that the union formed by the Constitution could not be dissolved through secession, but that Constitution left few clues about how to reintegrate the defeated Southern states back into the Union, and particularly how to treat those Southern men who had served the Confederacy. During the fall of 1868, in the midst of political and associational complexities, Dickinson turned to an entirely new form of public discourse: she wrote a novel entitled What Answer?. In What Answer?, Dickinson interwove a tragic interracial love story with a scathing commentary on race relations in the Civil War North.
“A Goodly Portion of Painters and Artists”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Portraiture was the first painterly genre. History paintings and the panorama then evolved. A Paris Art Mission showed unusual official support for art, but most patronage was limited to temple murals. Names like George Ottinger, C. C. A. Christensen, and Danquart Weggeland dominated the Utah period.
A Framework for the Design of Plant Diversity Studies
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter suggests an experimental approach to vegetation sampling in general, and to plant diversity sampling in particular. It is assumed that most available sampling techniques are like hypotheses that must be proven — proven accurate, precise, complete, and cost-efficient. Only after careful observation, repeated trials, and comparisons with other techniques can the hypotheses (methods) be accepted or rejected. A framework for sampling plant diversity includes initial decisions on goals, objectives, scale, and sampling design. Sampling design is further complicated by decisions on plot size and shape, sample size, intensity of sampling, and pattern of sampling, which interact and affect the results of plant diversity studies. Following the generalized framework that follows may help in planning landscape-scale plant diversity studies, and in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of alternative study designs and field techniques.