bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell‐free synthesis of proteins that require disulfide bonds using glucose as an energy source
Authors: Knapp Kurtis G. , Goerke Aaron R. , Swartz James R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe primary objective of this work was to create a cell‐free protein synthesis extract that produces proteins requiring disulfide bonds while using glucose as an energy source. We attempted to avoid using iodoacetamide (IAM) to stabilize the required oxidizing thiol redox potential, since previous IAM pretreatments prevented glucose utilization apparently by inactivating glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐3PDH). Instead, the glutathione reductase (Gor)‐mediated disulfide reductase system was disabled by deleting the gor gene from the KC6 cell‐extract source strain. The thioredoxin reductase (TrxB)‐mediated system was disabled by first adding a purification tag to the trxB gene in the chromosome to create strain KGK10 and then by affinity removal of the tagged TrxB. This was expected to result in a cell extract devoid of all disulfide reductase activity, but this was not the case. Although the concentration of IAM required to stabilize oxidized glutathione in the KGK10 extract could be reduced 20‐fold, IAM pretreatment was still required to avoid disulfide reduction. Nonetheless, active urokinase and murine granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (mGM‐CSF) were produced in reactions with KGK10 extract either with affinity removal of TrxB or with 50 µM IAM pretreatment. With the less intensive IAM pretreatment, glucose could be used as an energy source in a production system that promotes oxidative protein folding. This new protocol offers an economically feasible cell‐free system for the production of secreted mammalian proteins as human therapeutics or vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 901–908. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short‐term temperature effects on the anaerobic metabolism of glycogen accumulating organisms
Authors: Lopez‐Vazquez Carlos M. , Song Young‐Il , Hooijmans Christine M. , Brdjanovic Damir , Moussa Moustafa S. , Gijzen Huub J. , van Loosdrecht Mark M. C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractProliferation of glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) has been identified as a potential cause of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) failure in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). GAO compete for substrate with polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) that are the microorganisms responsible for the phosphorus removal process. In the present article, the effects of temperature on the anaerobic metabolism of GAO were studied in a broad temperature range (from 10 to 40°C). Additionally, maximum acetate uptake rate of PAO, between 20 and 40°C, was also evaluated. It was found that GAO had clear advantages over PAO for substrate uptake at temperatures higher than 20°C. Below 20°C, maximum acetate uptake rates of both microorganisms were similar. However, lower maintenance requirements at temperature lower than 30°C give PAO metabolic advantages in the PAO‐GAO competition. Consequently, PAO could be considered to be psychrophilic microorganisms while GAO appear to be mesophilic. These findings contribute to understand the observed stability of the EBPR process in WWTP operated under cold weather conditions. They may also explain the proliferation of GAO in WWTP and thus, EBPR instability, observed in hot climate regions or when treating warm industrial effluents. It is suggested to take into account the observed temperature dependencies of PAO and GAO in order to extend the applicability of current activated sludge models to a wider temperature range. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 483–495. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making integration happen: the families first policy experience
Authors: valentine kylie , Fisher Karen , Thomson Cathy 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the implementation experience of a child and family policy with ambitious integration goals. The questions to be addressed here focus on the factors that facilitated integration, those that hindered it, and the meanings in practice of integration at the levels of service delivery, planning, and management. The policy is Families First, implemented in New South Wales, the largest state in Australia, beginning in 1998. Families First is an ambitious state‐wide initiative that aims to improve the health and wellbeing of children aged from birth to eight years, by supporting parents and carers. This is to be achieved by the development of a coordinated network of prevention and early intervention services that identifies children and families who require further assistance and links them to appropriate support early, before problems become entrenched. Based on the process evaluation of Families First's implementation, this paper argues that successful implementation of Families First as an integration policy was characterized by high levels of participation from a range of actors. We found a number of factors facilitated integration: inclusive practice; building relationships; empowerment; and time and resources. These findings also, however, raise larger questions about the application of integration policies in an early childhood context, where these facilitators are known to be in short supply. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fischer Carbene Complexes: Beautiful Playgrounds To Study Single Electron Transfer (SET) Reactions
Authors: Sierra Miguel A. , Gómez‐Gallego Mar , Martínez‐Álvarez Roberto 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe knowledge of the reactivity of Fischer carbene complexes in electron transfer processes is still in the early stage of development, but interesting advances are foreseeable in this young branch of metal–carbene chemistry. Although these compounds have a dual reactivity (which makes them good substrates for oxidation and reduction processes), their behavior towards chemical electron transfer (ET) reagents was unknown until very recently. This article covers the progress accomplished in the reactivity of these compounds towards chemical ET reagents (C8K or SmI2), as well as the use of nonconventional sources of electrons, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) to induce ET processes. Special emphasis will be made on the effect of the structure of the starting carbene in the outcome of the reaction and in discussing the different mechanisms proposed.
Diagnosis of foregut and tailgut cysts by endosonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Hall Diane A. , Pu Robert T. , Pang Yijun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractForegut, hindgut, and tailgut cysts are uncommon developmental anomalies. Clinical and radiological diagnosis can present many challenges, especially in adult patients or when the lesions are in unique locations. Thus, diagnosis has traditionally been provided upon surgical resection. We describe the diagnoses of a gastric foregut cyst and a retrorectal tailgut cyst by endosonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration in two adults. The common cytologic features of the specimens are ciliated epithelial cells, proteinaceous material with degenerated debris, histiocytes, and benign appearing epithelium of squamous and/or gastrointestinal type that lack cytologic atypia. The identification of ciliated columnar cells is the key finding. Cytologic diagnosis via endosonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration of foregut/hindgut cyst is accurate and less traumatic than surgical biopsies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:43–46. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic effects of prolonged storage on fresh effusion samples
Authors: Manosca Frances , Schinstine Malcolm , Fetsch Patricia A. , Sorbara Lynn , Maria Wilder Anna , Brosky Keith , Erickson Dana , Raffeld Mark , Filie Armando C. , Abati Andrea 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effects on morphology and diagnostic interpretation of delayed processing of refrigerated effusion samples have not been well documented. The potential for cellular degeneration has led many laboratories to reflexively fix samples rather than submit fresh/refrigerated samples for cytologic examination. We sought to determine if effusion specimens are suitable for morphologic, immunocytochemical, and DNA‐based molecular studies after prolonged periods of refrigerated storage time. Ten fresh effusion specimens were refrigerated at 4°C; aliquots were processed at specific points in time (days 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14). Specimens evaluated included four pleural (3 benign, 1 breast adenocarcinoma) and six peritoneal (2 ovarian adenocarcinomas, 1 malignant melanoma, 2 mesotheliomas, 1 atypical mesothelial) effusions. The morphology of the cytologic preparations from the 10 effusions was preserved and interpretable after 14 days of storage at 4°C. The immunocytochemical profile of the samples (AE1/AE3, EMA, calretinin, and LCA) was consistent from day 0 to day 14. Amplifiable DNA was present in all samples tested on day 14. We conclude that cytopathologic interpretation of effusion samples remains reliable with refrigeration at 4°C even if processing is delayed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:6–11. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
To switch or not to switch – the opposing roles of TACI in terminal B cell differentiation
Authors: Salzer Ulrich , Jennings Stephanie , Grimbacher Bodo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe TNF superfamily ligands BAFF and APRIL and their three receptors BAFFR, BCMA, and TACI comprise a network that is critically involved in the development and function of humoral immunity. Failure of this complex system is associated with autoimmune disease, B lymphocyte tumours, and antibody deficiency. While BAFF:BAFFR interactions control peripheral B cell survival and homeostasis, BCMA function seems limited to the survival of long‐lived bone marrow plasma cells. The functional activity of the third receptor TACI is, however, ambiguous: while TACI–/– mice predominantly develop autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation, TACI deficiency in humans primarily manifests itself as an antibody deficiency syndrome. An article in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology demonstrates a negative regulation via TACI in human B cells by using TACI specific antibodies. B cell proliferation, class switch recombination, and Ig production induced by various stimuli were inhibited via TACI. Within the BAFF/APRIL network, the expression of the receptors and ligands is spatially, as well as temporally, highly regulated at various stages of B cell development and function. Defining the exact contribution of TACI stimulation by specific triggers in vitro enables us to better understand the complex, context‐dependent responses initiated by TACI in vivo.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636623
Near‐infrared spectroscopy for the determination of lipid oxidation in cereal food products
Authors: Kaddour Abderrahmane Aït , Grand Evane , Barouh Nathalie , Baréa Bruno , Villeneuve Pierre , Cuq Bernard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe present study was aimed at determining the ability of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to in situ describe fat oxidation kinetics in three different cereal‐based products: salted crackers (20% saturated palm oil and lauric oil, sprayed on surface); healthy crackers (10% unsaturated rapeseed oil, homogeneously distributed inside the product matrix); and moist pasteurised Asian noodles (1.5% unsaturated rapeseed oil, sprayed on surface). Products were stored under accelerated oxidation conditions at 40 °C. Lipid oxidation rates were determined from peroxide value (PV) measurements. We observed no significant changes in PV for the dry crackers (3 meq/kg after 60 days), a slight linear increase in PV for the healthy crackers (40 meq/kg after 60 days), and a rapid increase for the Asian noodles (80 meq/kg after 20 days). The NIR spectra were recorded between 1000 and 2500 nm by using a Fourier Transform NIR spectrometer, using an external probe. Measurements were done directly in situ on the product, on the ground samples, and on the extracted fat phase. The analysis of NIR spectral data by PLS statistical methods demonstrated some correlation trends (R2 = 0.575–0.897; RMSEC = 17–55%) for the products having a significant increase in PV. It was not possible to propose predictive models to calculate the oxidation rate.
Monitoring of headspace volatiles in milk‐cereal‐based liquid infant foods during storage
Authors: García‐Llatas Guadalupe , Lagarda María Jesús , Clemente Gonzalo , Farré Rosaura 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effect of storage (time and temperature) on the evolution of pentanal, hexanal, heptanal and pentane as volatile lipid oxidation products in two liquid ready‐to‐eat milk‐cereal‐based infant foods was studied. An SPME‐GC method was used to this effect. Samples were stored for 9 months at 25, 30 and 37 °C and tested eight times during this period. Freshly produced infant foods contained pentanal, hexanal and heptanal (mean values: 10.71, 71.5 and 1.2 µg/kg, respectively), which decreased during the first 3 months of storage, although from the fourth month onwards no significant differences among storage times were found. Aldehyde content was inversely proportional to storage temperature. Pentane content was directly proportional to storage temperature and increased (19.9 µg/kg at zero time) over all months of storage up to 43.1 µg/kg.
New FATB thioesterases from a high‐laurate Cuphea species: Functional and complementation analyses
Authors: Filichkin Sergei A. , Slabaugh Mary B. , Knapp Steven J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe New World genus Cuphea is a rich source of genes encoding enzymes specialized for seed‐specific synthesis of short‐ and medium‐chain fatty acids (FA). We isolated and characterized two new acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) cDNA, CcFATB1 and CcFATB2, from developing seeds of C. calophylla var. mesostemon. Cuphea calophylla is one of several species in the genus specializing in the synthesis of lauric acid (12:0). Phylogenetic clustering classified CcFATB1 and CcFATB2 as medium‐ and long‐chain FATB TE, respectively. Gene expression analysis indicated that CcFATB1 was seed specific and CcFATB2 was ubiquitous. Overexpression of CcFATB1 in developing seeds of Arabidopsis partially redirected FA synthesis toward medium‐chain FA (12:0, 14:0, and 16:0). Laurate synthesis was preferentially increased by co‐expressing CcFATB1 and CwKAS A1, a medium‐chain‐specific ketoacyl‐ACP synthase (KAS) from another 12:0‐rich species, C. wrightii. Overexpression of CcFATB1 cDNA complemented the low‐palmitate (16:0) but not the low‐stearate (18:0) phenotype in leaves and seeds of an Arabidopsis fatb‐2 mutant, whereas CcFATB2 restored both long‐chain FA. The investigated Cuphea species provide a diverse source of seed‐specific FATB and KAS genes for combinatorial manipulation of medium‐chain FA content in oilseed plants.
Process optimization of oxidative coupling of methane for ethylene production using response surface methodology
Authors: Thien Chua Yen , Mohamed Abdul Rahman , Bhatia Subhash 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe statistical design of experiments (DoE) was used in the process study of oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) over NaWMn/SiO2 catalyst. A set of factors with a certain range was screened using factorial design with respect to three responses: methane conversion, C2+ products selectivity and ethylene/ethane ratio. The variances were analyzed and the interaction effects of the process parameters were evaluated. With the understanding of the process, the optimization of the process was further studied using response surface methodology coupled with central composite design (CCD). The optimum conditions were obtained as reaction temperature = 850 °C, gas hourly space velocity = 23 947 cm3 g−1 h−1, catalyst pretreatment period = 2 h, dilution ratio = 0.2 and CH4/O2 ratio = 7. 40.55% of methane conversion and 79.51% of C2+ product selectivity were obtained under these optimum conditions. Experimental runs under optimum conditions were repeated and compared with the simulated values obtained from the model. There was good agreement between the experimental and simulated values. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of circular surface aerators in wastewater treatment tanks
Authors: Rao Achanta Ramakrishna , Kumar Bimlesh 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAeration experiments were conducted in different sized baffled and unbaffled circular surface aeration tanks to study their relative performance on oxygen transfer process while aerating the same volume of water. Experiments were carried out with the objective of ascertaining the effect of baffle on oxygen transfer coefficient k. Simulation equations govern the oxygen transfer coefficient with the theoretical power per unit volume, X and actual power per unit volume, PV. It has been found that, for any given X, circular tanks with baffle produce higher values of k than unbaffled circular tanks, but in terms of actual power consumption unbaffled tanks consume less power when compared to baffled circular tanks to achieve the same value of k. It has been found that in terms of energy consumption, ε, baffled tanks consume more energy than unbaffled tanks at any value of X. This suggests that the unbaffled circular tank gives a better performance as far as energy consumption is concerned and hence better economy. An example illustrating the energy conservation to aerate the same volume of water in both types of aerators is given. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
PCR survey of hox genes in the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus
Authors: Luo Jing , Stadler Peter F. , He Shunping , Meyer Axel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA tetraploidization event took place in the cyprinid lineage leading to goldfishes about 15 million years ago. A PCR survey for Hox genes in the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) was performed to assess the consequences of this genome duplication. Not surprisingly, the genomic organization of the Hox gene clusters of goldfish is similar to that of the closely related zebrafish (Danio rerio). However, the goldfish exhibits a much larger number of recent pseudogenes, which are characterized by indels. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dosage effects cause selection pressure to rapidly silence crucial developmental regulators after a tetraploidization event. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:250–258, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and intermodel comparison of seasonal circulation patterns over North America
Authors: Vrac M. , Hayhoe K. , Stein M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractShifts in the frequency of atmospheric circulation patterns throughout the year can characterize seasonality and provide a means to evaluate the ability of atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) to reproduce key dynamical structures influencing regional climate. However, the identified characteristics of these patterns can depend on the clustering method used, the physical properties of the model generating the circulation fields, and even their spatial scale. Using two statistical clustering methods, a mixture model and a hierarchical method, we show that these factors can result in distinctly different atmospheric patterns characterizing seasonal circulation over eastern North America based on NCEP and ERA‐40 geopotential height and sea level pressure (SLP) fields. Consistency is improved through constraining the number of clusters at each level to 4 or 5, and using the mixture model method. In general, this method tends to produce more consistent results across the various datasets and is more sensitive to day‐to‐day variations in pattern frequencies than the traditional hierarchical method. Applying the mixture method to PCM and CCSM3 simulations reveals some clear differences relative to reanalysis‐based patterns. In particular, the AOGCMs do not reproduce the observed duration and/or location of summer, with seasonal shifts (PCM) and summer extensions (CCSM) that are strongest at lower levels. However, taking into account the uncertainty introduced by the different factors, these AOGCMs do successfully capture many of the observed large‐scale drivers of seasonality. These results lend support to circulation‐based downscaling, but also highlight some systematic model biases, and hence the ongoing potential for improvements in model parameterization and dynamics. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
An algorithm to determine a dipole current in a sphere
Authors: Rim Kyung Soo , Yun Beong In , Chung Soon‐Yeong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSuppose a spherical conductor has a single dipole. If it is assumed that the direction of current is perpendicular to the location of dipole, then we prove that the dipole can be obtained as an exact form from the induced magnetic field and provide an easy algorithm to locate the dipole from the samples of a magnetic field outside the sphere without using any series approximation. A numerical implementation is also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cdc42 is implicated in polarity during meiotic resumption and blastocyst formation in the mouse
Authors: Cui Xiang‐Shun , Li Xing‐Yu , Kim Nam‐Hyung 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCell division cycle 42 (Cdc42), a member of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) proteins, regulates multiple cell functions, including: motility, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell morphology. In order to obtain insight into the role of Cdc42 in meiotic resumption and embryo development, we first evaluated its gene expression levels in mouse oocytes and embryos during in vitro development. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed high‐expression levels in GV stage oocytes that steadily decreased up to the 2‐cell (2C) stage embryo, and then expression increased during morulae and blastocyst formation. Indirect Immunocytochemistry also showed protein synthesis of CDC42 in the mouse oocytes and early embryos. Introducing small interference RNA (siRNA) of Cdc42 into germinal vesicle stage oocytes or zygotes specifically reduced both mRNA expression and protein synthesis of CDC42 in in vitro developed metaphase II oocytes and early embryos. Meiotic maturation and cytoskeleton assembly were significantly altered following siRNA injection into germinal vesicle stage oocytes. Injection of siRNA into the zygote did not affect cleavage or cell numbers in morulae, but significantly decreased in vitro development to the morula or blastocyst. These findings suggest that gene expression of Cdc42 is involved in meiotic resumption and blastocyst formation in the mouse, possibly through maintaining polarity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 785–794, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.