bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF EXCITATION ON CERTAIN BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Gartner RJW , Ryley JW , Beattie AW 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of varying degrees of excitation, administration of chlopromazine hydrochloride, and splenectomy on a number of blood constituents was examined in cattle.The mean values obtained for most blood constituents in the tranquillized animal were significantly lower than those obtained in the non‐tranquillized animal, In the intact animal and in the splenectomized, non‐tranquillized animal, the values obtained at rest for haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red cell count were significantly lower than those recorded following standard bleeding procedure. The differences were much less in the splenectomized than in the intact animals. It was only in splenectomized animals which had been tranquillized that there were no significant changes in most blood constituents following either excitement or exercise.The resting levels of plasma potassium, blood and plasma phosphorus, and serum total protein, albumin, and globulin in both intact and splenectomized animals were significantly lower than those obtained at venipuncture. Levels increased above the resting value as the degree of stimulation increased. The degree of excitation had little effect on the calcium and magnesium levels in serum, and there was no consistent pattern in the changes recorded for plasma chloride and sodium.For any degree of excitation, values were higher in intact compared with splenectomized animals in blood and plasma inorganic phosphorus, plasma chloride, and sodium, and serum calcium, magnesium, and globulin, whereas values for serum albumin were consistently lower.
STONEFISH VENOM: SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Austin L , Gillis RG , Youatt G 
Published: December 2007

SummaryStonefish venom has been fractionated on carboxymethyl cellulose and Sephadex columns; of the fractions obtained only one was toxic to rats. The active fraction contained a relatively high proportion of aromatic amino acids. Whole venom was examined for enzyme activity and enzyme inhibition; the only significant activity found was that of hyaluronidase. The venom also caused a marked increase in capillary permeability. Ultracentrifuge measurements suggest that the toxic material has a molecular weight of the order of 150,000.
THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON THE OXYGEN UPTAKE OF CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GRANULOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA
Authors: Antonas KN , Onesti P , Woodliff HJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe oxygen uptake of leucocytes from ten patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia was measured on seventeen occasions. The mean oxygen uptake from all seventeen experiments was 0·30 ± 0·04 μ μl./cell/hour.The effects of various drugs on this parameter were studied and the in vitro and in vivo responses compared.
RELATED ANTIGENS IN MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE AND MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES VAR. MYCODES
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M , Shaw Elizabeth J , Marmion BP 
Published: December 2007

SummarySerological cross‐reactions have been observed between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma mycoides in tests with convalescent‐phase sera From human begins with atypical pneumonia, with sera from rabbits hyper‐immunised with one or other of the two strains, and with post‐infection sera from cattle experimentally inoculated with M. mycoides.The cross‐reactions were most pronounced in complement‐fixation tests, less by immunofluorescence und least by growth inhibition. An ethanol extract (Dafaalla B fraction) and a semi‐purified polysaceharide (galactan) from M. mycoides reacted in gel‐diffusion and haemagglutination with antisera to M. pneumoniae. It is possible, therefore, that more than one antigenic component may be shared between the two mycoplasmas.
HYPNOTIC‐ANALEPTIC INTERACTION AT DIFFERENT NEURAL LEVELS IN CATS AND RABBITS
Authors: Laycock Glenda M , Shulman A , Wright RD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe antagonism of the analeptics bemegride, β‐spirocyclopentane‐gluttarimide, pentylenetetrazol and picrotixin to the hypnotic action of pentobarbitone sodium has been measured in intact and decerebrate rabbits and decerebrate and decapitate cats. Hypnotic‐analeptic interaction is not confined to localized segments of the central nervous system, and in all preparations the analeptic activities of the four drugs are in the same rank order; analeptic activity is least in the decapitate cat preparation.The findings are consistent with actions of pentobarbitone sodium and the four anuleptics at common sites in the central nervous system.
STUDIES ON A SKIN CALCIFYING SYSTEM
Authors: Cousins FB , Smillie AG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryHistological changes and the accretion of calcium and phosphorus in an experimentally induced calcification of rat skin (“topical calciphylaxis”) have been described. The appearance of mineral deposits was rapid and mild injury (epilation or light squeezing) was sufficient stimulus to cause a sparse, restricted mineralisation which, with prior treatment of the animal with an hypercalcaemic agent, progressed to give a grossly mineralised skin area. The initial mineralisation was restricted to the hair follicle, and the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystallites within cells of the inner root sheath of the follicle and within the cortex of the hair was demonstrated by electron microscopy. This preferential mineralisation of the follicle was not associated with obvious degenerative changes and the follicle remained functional. The low‐level calcification was not species restricted and could also be demonstrated in rachitic rats in which a full “calciphylactic” response could not be elicited.The implications of keratin mineralisation are discussed, and the findings of this study are considered in relation to current concepts on the calcification mechanism.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ada GL , Nossal GJV , Pye J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRats were rendered tolerant to the bacterial antigen Salmonella adelaide flagellin by intraperitoneal antigen injections in the newborn period. Some rats received a single injection of 100 μg. of flagellin on the day of birth; others a course of twice‐weekly injections for the first 12‐16 weeks of life, the dose per injection usually being 10 μg. At 12 weeks of age, challenge injections of 125I‐labelled flagellin or flagella were given, the purpose being to compare the pattern of antigen localization in lymph nodes or spleen with that observed in non‐tolerant control animals.The results showed that most tolerant animals handled the labelled antigen no differently from the controls. Some animals given the twice‐weekly injection course showed enhanced follicutar localization of the antigen. As prior active or passive immunization also causes enhanced follicular localization of antigens, this suggested that in these animals the tolerant state had not been complete, and that traces of antibody directed to minor antigenic components might have exerted an opsonic effect.The theoretical significance of the essentially normal “recognition of foreignness” exhibited by most tolerant animals is discussed.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENETIC FACTORS IN MALARIA ANTIBODIES AS DETERMINED BY A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST
Authors: Curtain CC , Baumgarten A 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe malaria antibody of 5 out of 34 Melanesian Gm (a+ b+) donors was found to possess no Gm (a+) or Gm (b+) specificity. In three others the malaria antibody possessed Gm (a+) specificity only and in 1 Gm (b+) specificity only. Eighteen of the 34 donors were Inv (a+) and the malaria antibody possessed no Inv (a+) specificity. It was suggested that phenotypic restriction of the malaria antibody might occur if the individual's initial experience of malaria in infancy occurred before all of the gamma globulin allotypes had developed.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NORMAL RABBIT INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Authors: Tedder Elizabeth , Shorey CD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryNormal rabbit inferior vena cava has been examined with the electron microscope. Endothelium forms a continuous coating without pores or basement membrane. Occasional small vessels are present in the intima. Beneath the endothelium is a connective tissue space containing fibrils and amorphous ground substance. There is an internal elastic layer which is fenestrated and branching and rough on both endothelial and medial surfaces. With specific staining the vesicular structure of elastin is seen. The smooth muscle cells of the media are distinct entities; there is no conclusive evidence of their regular attachment either to the elastic lamina or to each other. The smooth muscle cells do not have a prominent basement membrane and are surrounded by an intercellular connective tissue space containing collagen fibrils and occasional small patches of elastin. The adventitia contains collagen fibres, blood vessels and nerve fibres.
THE GROWTH AND NEUTRALIZATION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN BHK21 TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: French EL , ST George TD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe virulent Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) multiplied in BHK21 cells grown in Hanks’ medium with lamb scrum. In this tissue culture, infectivity of the virus was titrated and its growth was detected by means of haemadsorption of guinea‐pig crythrocytes.A serum neutralization test, using egg‐adapted NDV, was developed. Analysis of the data obtained over a wide range of virus concentrations and serum dilutions allowed the construction of a standard curve relating 50 per cent point of neutralization to virus concentration. This standard curve was fitted to the observed data as a polynomial regression with tenns up to the third degree.After 43 serial passages which included two (41st and 42nd) at limit dilutions, growth curves were determined for both the egg and tissue culture adapted viruses. Tlie titre reached in the maintenance medium at 60 hours’ incubation of infected tissue cultures was 108 TC ID50/ml. with the adapted virus and 106 TC ID50/ml. with the parent virus.The infectivity titre of the tissue culture adapted virus was the same when determined by haemagglutinin production in chick embryos or haemadsorption of guinea‐pig erythrocytes in tissue culture. This comparison was true also of the parent virus.
CONTRASTING ABNORMALITIES IN THE THYMUS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: A QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOCICAL STUDY
Authors: Goldstein Gideon , Mackay Ian R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe thymus was examined microscopically in two autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (9 cases) and myasthenia gravis (9 cases), and in control patients matched for age (14 cases). A quantitative method was developed for recording and comparing histological abnormalities.When compared with our controls the significant changes in systemic lupus erythematosus included total cortical atrophy, spindle epithelial cell aggregates in the medulla, increased cystic and scanty epithelial Hassall's corpuscles, and increased plasma cells: two of the nine thymuses contained germinal centres. The features in myasthenia gravis included preservation of the cortex and numerous germinal centres in the medulla. Thus the thymic pathology differs markedly in these two presumed autoimmune diseases.Thymic changes in these two diseases could reflect the result of an immuunological attack — humoral or cellular — against a vulnerable target organ—the thymus — or alternatively may indicate that a derangement of the thymus is a primary cause of autoimmune disease.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NEURAMINIC ACID, SERINE AND THREONINE FOR A GLYCOPROTEIN INHIBITING INFLUENZA VIRUS HAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Gottschalk Alfred 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA short review is given of the impact which Sir Macfarlane Burnet's observations, on the influenza virus enzyme and RDE and on the influenza virus haemagglutinin inhibitors, has had on the development of the chemistry of glycoproteins in general and on the elucidation of the molecular structure of neuraminic acid in particular.The structure of the ovine submaxillary (OSM) glycoprotein, prepared from sheep submaxillary glands, is described and its potency as influenza virus haemagglutinin inhibitor discussed in terms of multiple carbohydrate groups, each terminated by a neuraminic acid residue.Evidence is presented that in OSM (from three‐year‐old sheep) the predominant linkage of carbohydrate to protein is an O‐glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of serine and threonine residues. This linkage is easily split by dilute alkali, most probably by the mechanism of ß‐elimination.
COOMBS TEST CONVERSION IN YOUNG NZB MICE INDUCED BY TRANSFER OF LYMPHOID CELLS FROM COOMBS POSITIVE DONORS
Authors: Holmes Margaret C 
Published: December 2007

SummaryInoculation of spleen cells from old NZB mice with a positive Coombs antiglobulin test induced a positive Coombs test in normal young NZB mice after one to three weeks. Inoculation of cell suspensions from lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow or buffy coat prepared from the same donors failed to induce a positive Coombs test in the recipients. Recipients which became Coombs positive, when examined four weeks after transfer of spleen cells, showed splenic enlargement and histological changes in the spleen and thymus.
PATTERNS OF CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN SPONTANEOUS AND TRANSPLANTED LYMPHOMATA IN MICE
Authors: Metcalf D , Nakamura K , Wiadrowski Margaret 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA cytological survey was made of thymic lymphoma tissue in AKR, (AKRxC3H)F1 and C3H mice with advanced spontaneous lymphoid leukaemia. In all strains, lyniphoma tissue contained a higher percentage of primitive lymphoid cells (large and medium lymphoma cells) than in the corresponding normal thymus. As a group, C3H and (AKRx C3H)F1 lymphomata were more highly differentiated than AKR lymphomata. Lymphomata in individual mice showed wide variations in the percentage distribution of the three types of lymphoma cells, but in any one animal the pattern of differentiation was the same in the thymus and lymph node lymphoma tissues. First generation thigh transplants of lymphoma tissue in AKR mice maintained the differentiation pattern of the original AKR thymic lymphoma tissue. It is concluded that in individual mice with lymphoid leukaemia a constant pattern of differentiation of the lymphoma tissue is maintained for the major portion of the duration of the disease.
THE CELLULAR TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY TO TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS IN AN ISOGENIC STRAIN OF GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Wagland BM , Dineen JK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe mechanism of resistance of guinea‐pigs to infection with Trichostrongylus colubrifomis was investigated by transferring serum and mesenteric lymph nodes from resistant guinea‐pigs to susceptible guinea‐pigs of the same inbred strain. Inbred guinea‐pigs were used in these studies to avoid destruc tion of the transferred tissues by a homograft reaction.It was shown that the transfer of mesenteric lymph nodes prevented a primary infection from reaching patency in recipient guinea‐pigs, whereas a single injection of serum from resistant donors did not have any observable effect on the development of primary infection.It is concluded that the failure of susceptible guinea‐pigs to become infected with T. colubriformis was due to an immunological reaction in which cellular factors were more important than humoral antibodies. It is suggested that control of T. colubriformis and other helminth parasites with all stages confined to the alimentary tract may be mediated by a delayed type of hypersensitive reaction.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT LYMPHOID ORGANS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Warner NL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryCell suspensions prepared from the avian thymus and bursa of Fabricius were tested for immunological competence by their ability to give graft versus host reactions, as assessed by the production of lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Thymic cell suspensions were more active than bursal cells by a mean factor of six.Bursal cell suspensions contained more plasma cells, and bursal extracts contained higher titres of a natural haemagglutinin than did thymic extracts.There was a greater uptake of the radioisotope 32P by bursal cells than by thymic cells, both in vivo and in vitro. After incubation in vitro with 3H‐thymidine, 20 per cent of bursal cells and 9 per cent of thymic cells were labelled.Transfusion of labelled bursal and thymic cells into young normal recipient chicks showed that more thymic cells “homed” to the spleen.The results are discussed in relation to the concept of a dissociation of immunological responsiveness in the chicken.
IgG AND IgM ANTIBODIES IN FOWL SERUM
Authors: Szenberg A , Lind Patricia , Clarke K 
Published: December 2007

Antibody production in mammals in response to a variety of antigens has been extensively investigated. An early appearance of IgM antibodies was usually followed by IgG antibodies (Bauer, Mathies and Stavitsky, 1963). The activity of IgM antibodies was destroyed by treatment with 0·1 M 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME) (Deutsch and Morton, 1957), whilst the titre of IgG antibodies was not diminished. In the fowl a similar pattern of antibody response has been described (Uhr, Finkelstein and Franklin. 1962; Benedict. Brown and Hirsch, 1963; Drecsman, Larson, Pinckard, Groydon and Benedict, 1965). Rosenquist and Gilden (1963), however, found no IgM antibodies in fowl serum in response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the antibody titre in the IgG fraction was destroyed by incubation with ME.The results presented in this communication are concerned with (1) the susceptibility of fowl IgG antibodies to ME treatment; and (2) the production of IgM antibodies by the fowl.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF RABBIT INFERIOR VENA CAVA IN PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Tedder Elizabeth , Shorey CD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe electron microscopic changes in rabbit inferior vena cava in partial obstruction resemble the ultra‐structural vascular response to other types of alteration in cellular environment. First there is an appearance of hyperactivity and metabolic stimulation with deposition of elastin and collagen fibres and reversion of cells of intima and media to a more primitive type. Later, following subsidence of activity, there is apparent cellular degeneration and tissue simplification.
THE EFFECT OF COLCHICINE ON THE ABSORPTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES BY RAT JEJUNUM
Authors: Goulston Kerry J , Skyring Alan 
Published: December 2007

SummaryColchicine given parenterally to rats in a dose of 80 μg./100 g. produced atrophic changes in the jejunal mucosa which differed in many respects from those seen in human idiopathic steatorrhoea. Perfusion studies performed in vivo on the third day showed a significant reduction in the rates of absorption of water, sodium and potassium. Both bi‐directional fluxes of sodium were greatly reduced.
FATTY ACIDS AND IN VITRO PLATELET AGGREGATION
Authors: Ardlie NG , Kinlough Raelene L , Glew G , Schwartz CJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPlatelet aggregation was assessed photometrically. Stearic acid at a final concentration of 0·83 × 10−4 M was the only fatty acid found to enhance the clumping activity produced by the combined effect of adrenaline and adenosine triphosphate. None of the five fatty acids tested, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic or linolenic, produced any effect when added to platelet‐rich plasma alone nor did they effect the platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. The significance of this property of stearic acid awaits further experiment.
THE FORMATION OF MEMBRANES AROUND MICRO‐ORGANISMS AND PARTICLES INJECTED INTO AMOEBAE: SUPPORT FOR THE “RETICULOSOME” CONCEPT
Authors: Casley‐Smith JR , Savanat T 
Published: December 2007

SummarySpores, bacteria, polystyrene and carbon particles were injected into Amoeba protons and the results followed with electron microscope. The particles initially lay free in the cytoplasm, but after two hours they became surrounded by a shell of granules morphologically resembling ribosomes, but they were not attacked by ribonnclease. These bodies appeared to be transformed gradually into membranes. It is considered that they may represent preformed portions of membrane, the reticulosomes of Pollak. If the amoebae were incubated at 4° in place of 20° the particles still surrounded the injected material, but membranes were not formed. The bacteria and the interiors of the spores were digested, and it was considered that numerous vesicles carrying moderately electron‐dense materials contributed to this digestion. Acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the vesicles and in the vacuoles.
AGGREGATION AND ACTIVATION OF HUMAN BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Fantl P , Sweet B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryVenous blood was taken with the least trauma and contact before addition of citrate. Optical density was a measure of platelet changes in plasma after the addition of varying amounts of adenosine‐diphosphate (ADP) and during the initial stages of the clotting process.Reduction of optical density of platelet‐containing plasma is due to aggregation. This is reversible at low concentrations of ADP. Activation is defined as irreversible reduction of optical density and of shortening of plasma clotting time. Before aggregation a slight increase in optical density occurred in platelet‐containing plasma obtained from blood citrated after up to 10 min. following venesection; this is followed by a reduction of optical density and finally activation of the clotting process. Normal blood collected in glass can be stored approximately 6 min. and storage in siliconised tubes can be extended to 20 min. before reduction in optical density is noticed. Platelet‐containing plasma from a patient with von Willebrand's disease behaved normally, and platelet‐containing plasma from a patient with congenital factor XII deficiency (Hageman trait) behaved as normal blood stored in siliconised containers. Aggregation and activation occur in close, association with the clotting process. Platelets ruptured by freezing of platelet‐containing plasma and also thrombin deflbrinated plasma release only a small fraction of aggregating material.Response of platelets to ADP and also in the clotting process vary greatly despite precautions taken to obtain undamaged platelets.
THE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN UPON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SERUM ALBUMIN IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RB , Sherrington LA , Thornton WM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of small closes of vasopressin (100 μU) upon the distribution of I131 labelled serum albumin in the rat kidney was studied.In all animals the papilla took up more serum albumin than did the medulla or the cortex.The uptake of albumin into the papilla of rats given vasopressin was significantly more variable than the uptake into the papilla of control rats. In some experimental animals the uptake of isotope was less than that of the controls, while in others the uptake was greater than in the control animals.
RUPTURE OF SMALL DUCTS AND ACINI IN THE PANCREAS OF THE RAT AND GUINEA PIG FOLLOWING MAJOR DUCT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Herriott BA , Palmer AA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryObstruction of the pancreatic duct system in the rat and the guinea pig leads to the rupture of pancreatic acini and ductules, consistently demonstrable by the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) technique.In the rat with pancreaticobiliary obstruction ruptured acini and ducts can also be revealed by interposing an ink‐filled tube between the hepatic and common ducts.A study has been made of the time course of pancreatic histological changes following pancreatic duct obstruction in the rat with and without common‐channel biliary obstruction. The addition of common‐channel biliary obstruction only slightly modified the picture causing haemorrhage in the wall of the common duct and more frequent and severe fat necrosis in the first 18 hr.Preliminary studies in the dog suggest that the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) technique may be useful in detecting ruptured acini in that species also.The occurrence and significance of increased mucus concentration within the obstructed pancreatic duct system is discussed.