bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Overweight and Obesity in Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation
Authors: Siener Roswitha , Glatz Sara , Nicolay Claudia , Hesse Albrecht 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of overweight and obesity on the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation.Research Methods and Procedures: BMI, 24‐hour urine, and serum parameters were evaluated in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers (363 men and 164 women) without medical or dietetic pretreatment.Results: Overweight and obesity were present in 59.2% of the men and in 43.9% of the women in the study population. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between BMI and urinary uric acid, sodium, ammonium, and phosphate excretion and an inverse correlation between BMI and urinary pH in both men and women, whereas BMI was associated with urinary oxalate excretion only among women and with urinary calcium excretion only among men. Serum uric acid and creatinine concentrations were correlated with BMI in both genders. Because no association was established between BMI and urinary volume, magnesium, and citrate excretion, inhibitors of calcium oxalate stone formation, the risk of stone formation increased significantly with increasing BMI among both men and women with urolithiasis (p = 0.015). The risk of calcium oxalate stone formation, median number of stone episodes, and frequency of diet‐related diseases were highest in overweight and obese men.Discussion: Overweight and obesity are strongly associated with an elevated risk of stone formation in both genders due to an increased urinary excretion of promoters but not inhibitors of calcium oxalate stone formation. Overweight and obese men are more prone to stone formation than overweight women.
Effects of Dinner Composition on Postprandial Macronutrient Oxidation in Prepubertal Girls
Authors: Maffeis Claudio , Schutz Yves , Chini Lorenza , Grezzani Alessandra , Piccoli Rita , Tatò Luciano 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To see whether a fat‐rich (50%) evening meal promoted fat oxidation and a different spontaneous food intake on the following day at breakfast than a meal with a lower fat content (20%) in 10 prepubertal obese girls.Research Methods and Procedures: The postabsorptive and postprandial (10.5 hours) energy expenditure after a low‐fat (LF) (20% fat, 68% carbohydrate, 12% protein) and an isocaloric (2.1 MJ) and isoproteic high‐fat (HF; 50% fat, 38% carbohydrate, 12% protein) meal were measured by in direct calorimetry.Results: Fat oxidation was not significantly different after the two meals [LF, 31 ± 9 vs. HF, 35 ± 9 g/10.5 hours, p = not significant (NS)]. The girls oxidized 1.8 ± 0.9 times more fat than that ingested (11.1 grams) with the LF meal vs. 0.3 ± 0.3 times more fat than that ingested (27.1 grams) with the HF meal (p < 0.001). Carbohydrate oxidation was significantly higher after an LF than an HF meal (39 ± 12 vs. 29 ± 9 g/10.5 hours, p < 0, 05). At breakfast, the girls spontaneously ingested a similar amount of energy (1.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6 MJ, p = NS) and macronutrient proportions (fat, 23% vs. 26%, p = NS; protein, 9% vs. 10%; carbohydrate, 68% vs. 64%,) independently of their having eaten an HF or an LF dinner.Discussion: An HF dinner did not stimulate fat oxidation, and no compensatory effect in spontaneous food intake was observed during breakfast the following morning. Cumulated total fat oxidation after dinner was higher than total fat ingested at dinner, but a much larger negative fat balance was observed after the LF meal. Spontaneous energy and nutrient intakes at breakfast were similar after LF and HF isocaloric, isoproteic dinners. This study points out the lack of sensitivity of short‐term fat balance to subsequently readjust fat intake and emphasizes the importance of an LF meal to avoid transient positive fat imbalance.
Race Differences in Accuracy of Self‐Reported Childhood Body Size Among White and Black Women
Authors: Field Alison E. , Franko Debra L. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Schreiber George B. , Crawford Patricia B. , Daniels Stephen R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the relation of self‐reported current and recalled preadolescent body size to measured BMI (kilograms per meter squared) and interviewer's assessment of body size.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a prospective cohort study of 1890 white and black women who were 9 to 10 years old at time of enrollment and were followed up 10 to 13 years later. At baseline, subjects had their weight and height measured and were asked to indicate their current body size from a series of nine pictograms. A sample of the subjects also had their body size evaluated by interviewers. At the young‐adult follow‐up visit, subjects were asked to recall their body size at 9 and 10 years old and to indicate their current weight, height, body size, and level of concern with weight.Results: Among the women with interviewer assessments, 84% of the white women and 67% of black women recalled a body size that was within one body size of the interviewer's assessment. Independent of weight status in childhood or at follow‐up, black women were 3 times more likely than white women to recall a body figure that was more than one figure leaner than the shape they reported at baseline (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.8 to 4.5) or than the interviewer's rating at baseline (odds ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval 2.4 to 4.9).Discussion: The results suggest that the use of body figures to recall childhood size are best suited for ranking subjects in terms of BMI. The higher rate of underestimation of size by black women suggests that body figure ratings work best for white women.
Effect of a Dietary Herbal Supplement Containing Caffeine and Ephedra on Weight, Metabolic Rate, and Body Composition*
Authors: Greenway Frank L. , de Jonge Lilian , Blanchard Damian , Frisard Madlyn , Smith Steven R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effect of a dietary supplement containing herbal caffeine (70 mg/dose) and ephedra (24 mg/dose; C&E) on metabolic rate, weight loss, body composition, and safety parameters.Research Methods and Procedures: In phase I, 12 healthy subjects with a BMI of 25 to 35 kg/m2 had resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured for 2 hours after ingesting C&E or a placebo on two occasions 1 week apart, followed by a 1‐week washout before phase II. In phase II, these 12 and 28 additional subjects were randomized to a 12‐week, double‐blind trial comparing C&E (3 times/day) to placebo. In phase III, the C&E group was given open‐label C&E for 3 months, and the placebo group was given C&E for 6 months.Results: In phase I, C&E gave an average 8 ± 0.1% (SE) rise in RMR over 2 hours compared with placebo (p < 0.01). In phase II, weight loss at 12 weeks was 3.5 ± 0.6 kg with C&E compared with 0.8 ± 0.5 kg with placebo (p < 0.02). The percentage fat lost, shown by DXA, was 7.9 ± 2.9% with C&E and 1.9 ± 1.1% with placebo (p < 0.05). Pulse decreased more in the placebo group that in the C&E group (p < 0.03). There were no differences in lipid levels or blood pressure. In phase III, there was a 6‐month loss of 7.3% and 7.8% of initial body weight for the groups on placebo and C&E during phase II, respectively. There were no serious adverse events.Discussion: C&E increased RMR significantly by 8% compared with placebo, promoted more weight and fat loss than placebo, and was well tolerated.
Postexercise Muscle Triacylglycerol and Glycogen Metabolism in Obese Insulin‐Resistant Zucker Rats
Authors: Bruce Clinton R. , Lee Jong Sam , Kiens Bente , Hawley John A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the impact of insulin resistance and obesity on muscle triacylglycerol (IMTG) and glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged exercise.Research Methods and Procedures: Female lean (fa/?; N = 40, ZL) and obese insulin‐resistant (fa/fa; N = 40, ZO) Zucker rats performed an acute bout of swimming exercise (8 times for 30 minutes) followed by 6 hours of carbohydrate supplementation (CHO) or fasting (FAST). IMTG and glycogen were measured in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and red vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles.Results: Despite resting IMTG content being 4‐fold higher in ZO compared with ZL rats, IMTG levels were unchanged in either EDL or RVL muscles immediately after exercise. Resting glycogen concentration in EDL and RVL muscles was similar between genotypes, with exercise resulting in glycogen use in both muscles from ZL rats (∼85%, p < 0.05). However, in ZO rats, there was a much smaller decrease in postexercise glycogen content in both EDL and RVL muscles (∼30%). During postexercise recovery, there was a decrease in EDL muscle levels of IMTG in ZL rats supplemented with CHO after 30 and 360 minutes (p < 0.05). In contrast, IMTG content was increased above resting levels in RVL muscles of ZO rats fasted for 360 minutes. Six hours of CHO refeeding restored glycogen content to resting levels in both muscles in ZL rats. However, after 6 hours of FAST in ZO animals, RVL muscle glycogen content was still lower than resting levels (p < 0.05). At this time, IMTG levels were elevated above basal (p < 0.05).Discussion: In both healthy and insulin‐resistant skeletal muscle, there was negligible net IMTG degradation after a single bout of prolonged exercise. However, during postexercise recovery, there was differential metabolism of IMTG between phenotypes.
Addressing the Unmet Medical Need for Safe and Effective Weight Loss Therapies
Authors: Arbeeny Cynthia M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity is a significant healthcare problem worldwide and increases the risk of developing debilitating diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Although the health benefits of weight reduction are well‐recognized, weight loss by diet and exercise fail in most patients, and the current marketed drugs have had limited success. It is clear that there is a significant unmet medical need for safe and effective weight‐reducing agents. In this review, the current status of potential weight loss approaches that are in development by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are discussed. This should lead to novel treatments that can be used long‐term to effectively treat this serious metabolic disorder.
Association of Cholecystokinin 1 Receptor and β3‐Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms with Midlife Weight Gain
Authors: Koda Michiko , Ando Fujiko , Niino Naoakira , Shimokata Hiroshi , Miyasaka Kyoko , Funakoshi Akihiro 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigated the relationship of polymorphisms in the cholecystokinin 1 receptor [CCK1R; G to T (n‐128), A to G (n‐81)] and the β3‐adrenergic receptor (β3‐AR; Trp64Arg) with midlife weight gain. The participants were 1012 Japanese men and women (40 to 59 years of age). Their weight at 18 years old was obtained from a questionnaire. Weight change was defined as the current weight minus the weight at 18 years old. Subjects were grouped into four categories by these genotypes: W/W = noncarriers, W/H = Arg64 carriers of the β3‐AR, H/W = T (n‐128) or G (n‐81) carriers of the CCK1R, H/H = T (n‐128) or G (n‐81) and Arg64 carriers. In men, the interaction between the CCK1R and β3‐AR polymorphisms was significant (two‐way ANOVA, p < 0.05), but neither the CCK1R nor the β3‐AR was individually associated with weight gain. The H/H group showed a higher possibility of weight gain of 10 kg or more compared with the W/W group in men. The odds ratio for weight gain (≥10 kg) of H/H was 2.54 (95% confidence interval: 1.50 to 4.30) compared with W/W. In women, neither main effect nor interaction was significant. These results suggest that the combination of CCK1R and the β3‐AR polymorphisms is a contributing factor for midlife weight gain in men.
A Survey of Genes Differentially Expressed in Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Men*
Authors: Vohl Marie‐Claude , Sladek Rob , Robitaille Julie , Gurd Scott , Marceau Picard , Richard Denis , Hudson Thomas J. , Tchernof André 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdipose tissue located within the abdominal cavity has been suggested to be functionally and metabolically distinct from that of the subcutaneous compartment. These differences could play a role in obesity‐related complications. The aim of this study was to compare gene expression profiles of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues of 10 nondiabetic, normolipidemic obese men. Affymetrix human U133A arrays (10 arrays for subcutaneous fat samples and 10 arrays for visceral fat samples) were used. Differential gene expression was confirmed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction in a subset of genes. A total of 5894 transcripts were detected in both depots in all 10 subjects, and 409 transcripts representing 347 encoded genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 131 genes were expressed at higher levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and 216 were expressed more abundantly in visceral fat. Differentially expressed profiles included genes of the Wnt signaling pathway, as well as CEPBA and HOX genes. In addition, genes involved in lipolytic stimuli and cytokine secretion were differentially expressed. The identification of a consistent and rather uniform pattern of differentially expressed genes between the two fat depots using multiple array replicates (10 arrays per fat compartment) generated new perspectives for future research on regional differences in adipose tissue biology.
Intestinal Electric Stimulation Decreases Fat Absorption in Rats: Therapeutic Potential for Obesity
Authors: Sun Ying , Chen Jiande 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Effective treatment of obesity is based on the restriction of food intake or reduction of absorption or both. The aim of this study was to study whether intestinal electric stimulation (IES) would reduce fat absorption and, thus, would be a potential therapy for obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty rats implanted with serosal electrodes and two jejunal cannulas were divided into 4 groups of 10 each: control (no stimulation), IES with long pulses, IES with trains of short pulses, and IES with trains of short pulses plus treatment with lidocaine. Jejunal transit and fat absorption of a 20‐cm jejunal segment (between two cannulas) were investigated during a 45‐minute period with or without IES.Results: It was found that both methods of IES accelerated intestinal transit measured by recovery of phenol red and increased the percentage of triglycerides recovered from the distal cannula in comparison with the control group. IES with trains of short pulses was more effective than IES with long pulses in accelerating jejunal transit and reducing fat absorption. Neither of the two IES methods altered the output of fatty acids from the distal cannula. The effects of IES with trains of short pulses on the transit and fat absorption were partially abolished with the treatment of lidocaine.Discussion: It was concluded that IES accelerates intestinal transit and reduces fat absorption, suggesting a therapeutic potential for obesity. IES with trains of short pulses is more effective than IES with long pulses, and its effects are partially mediated by enteric nerves, jejunum.
Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Metabolic Factors in Nondiabetic Adolescents
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Chin , Lue Bee‐Horng , Yen Ruoh‐Fang , Shen Christopher G. , Ho Shiuh‐Rong , Tai Tong‐Yuan , Yang Wei‐Shiung 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The relationship of plasma adiponectin levels with various anthropometric and metabolic factors has been surveyed extensively in adults. However, how plasma adiponectin levels are related to various anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents is not as vigorously studied. In this study, we investigated this among healthy nondiabetic adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: Two hundred thirty nondiabetic subjects (125 boys and 105 girls, ∼10 to 19 years old) were included. The plasma adiponectin, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipids and anthropometric indices including body height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were examined. Body fat mass (FM) and percentage were obtained from DXA scan. The homeostasis model assessment was applied to estimate the degree of insulin resistance.Results: The plasma adiponectin levels were significantly higher in girls (30.79 ± 14.48 μg/mL) than boys (22.87 ± 11.41 μg/mL). The plasma adiponectin levels were negatively related to BMI, FM, FM percentage, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, insulin resistance, plasma insulin, triglycerides, and uric acid levels, but positively with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) with the adjustment for age and gender. Using different multivariate linear regression models, only age and HDL‐C were consistently related to the plasma adiponectin levels after adjustment for the other variables.Discussion: The relationship between plasma adiponectin and various anthropometric indices and metabolic factors, especially HDL‐C, previously reported in adults was present in the healthy nondiabetic adolescents. Whether variation of plasma adiponectin levels in healthy nondiabetic adolescents may influence their future coronary artery disease risk warrants further investigation.
Prevalence of Overweight among Inner City Hispanic‐American Children and Adolescents
Authors: Mirza Nazrat M. , Kadow Kathleen , Palmer Matilde , Solano Heidi , Rosche Claire , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: National surveys have pointed to a particularly high risk of pediatric overweight among U.S. Hispanics. However, the data have been primarily from the Mexican‐American community. We studied the prevalence of overweight and clinical comorbidities in children and youth of predominantly El Salvadoran ancestry.Research Methods and Procedures: A sample of 309 Hispanic youth, 6–18 years was surveyed from two inner city Washington, DC, clinics. BMI; triceps skinfold (TSF) and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSSF); bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA); and blood pressure measures were obtained, along with information regarding physical activity, sedentary behavior, dietary history, family, and personal medical history.Results: Thirty‐eight percent were overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) and 22% at risk for overweight (BMI 85–94th percentile). Thirty‐four percent had TSF ≥ 90th percentile and 29% had SSSF ≥ 90th percentile. Fifty‐one percent of males and 70% of females had body fat > 30%. Compared to their nonoverweight counterparts, overweight youth had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (111.4 ± 1.3 vs. 104.5 ± 0.9 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). Among children younger than 11 years, overweight was associated with onset of adrenarche (23% vs. 10%, p = 0.01). Participation in one or more sports teams was negatively correlated with overweight) p = 0.04).Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and at risk for overweight in this sample was twice the national average for U.S. children and 1.7 times greater than that of Mexican‐American children in national surveys. Overweight was associated with advanced pubertal development, high body fat, elevated blood pressure, and decreased sports participation.
Dramatic Rise in Overweight and Obesity in Adult Filipino Women and Risk of Hypertension
Authors: Adair Linda S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess trends in BMI of adult Filipino women over a 16‐year period of rapid socioeconomic change; to identify factors associated with those trends; and to estimate the risk of hypertension associated with overweight, obesity, and high waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).Research Methods and Procedures:Women from randomly selected urban and rural communities of Metro Cebu, Philippines were recruited during a 1983 to 1984 index pregnancy, then followed prospectively for 16 years. Overweight and obesity were defined using BMI cut‐off points of 25 and 30, respectively. The analysis sample included women 15 to 45 years of age when measured 4 months postpartum. Weight change in subsequent intervals from 1985 to 1999 was modeled using linear regression. The relationship of BMI and WHR to risk of hypertension in the last survey was modeled using logistic regression.Results:The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined increased nearly 6‐fold from ∼6% in 1983 to 1984 to 35% in 1998 to 1999. Weight gain was positively associated with urban residence, improved socioeconomic status, fewer pregnancies and months of lactation, and more away‐from‐home work hours. Risk of hypertension was independently elevated by high WHR and overweight/obesity.Discussion:The dramatic trend of increasing overweight and obesity in this sample of women represents a serious health concern, especially in light of the strong association of excess weight, particularly in the truncal region, to risk of hypertension.
β3 Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphism and Obesity‐Related Phenotypes in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Hao Ke , Peng Shaojie , Xing Houxun , Yu Yunxian , Huang Aiqun , Hong Xiumei , Wang Yuanping , Chen Changzhong , Wang Binyan , Zhang Xuejun , Liu Jing , Zhu Guoying , Huo Yong , Chen Dafang , Zhao Xiaotao , Ronnenberg Alayne , Wu Di , Niu Tianhua , Xu Xiping 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Obesity is a complex trait that is affected by both environmental and genetic risk factors. The β3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is expressed in adipose tissue and plays a role in energy metabolism. A missense mutation on codon 64 of this gene (W64R) is associated with receptor malfunction. Previous studies examining the relation between this polymorphism and obesity produced inconsistent findings. The current study assessed the association between the W64R genotype and obesity‐related phenotypes, including body weight, BMI, and serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose.Research Methods and Procedures: We determined the ADRB3 W64R genotypes and fasting serum lipid and glucose concentrations for 695 hypertensive adults (336 men, 359 women) from a rural county in Anhui Province, China. Multivariate linear regression models were fit to detect associations between the genetic polymorphism and obesity‐related phenotypes.Results: The ADRB3 W64R polymorphism was significantly associated with body weight and BMI in men but not in women. After controlling for potential confounding variables, men who were homozygous for the R64 allele were 11.8 kg heavier (p < 0.001) and had a BMI that was 3.7 kg/m2 greater (p = 0.001) than men who were homozygous for the W64 allele. Serum concentrations of lipids and glucose were found not associated with the genetic polymorphism.Discussion: The ADRB3 R64 allele was associated with increased body weight and BMI in men but not in women. The genetic association was not modified by triglyceride, cholesterol, blood glucose, or blood pressure levels of the subjects.