bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The application of GIS to unravel patterns of deformation in high grade terrains: a case study of indentor tectonics from west Greenland
Authors: Piazolo Sandra , Alsop G.I. , Nielsen B. Møller , Van Gool J.A.M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The ability to compare, integrate and knit together multidisciplinary datasets in terms of subject, space and scale is critical to the recognition of geological patterns. In this contribution, we show that the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is extremely valuable in detecting patterns associated with broad zones of deformation in high grade terrains. The GIS methodology facilitates the geological interpretation and development of models as it permits an easy and quick investigation of several geoscientific datasets by subject, space and scale. The GIS-based integration of structural, metamorphic, fabric type and aeromagnetic datasets collected in west Greenland shows that patterns seen within one dataset coincide with patterns observed in other datasets. Consequently, two major domains are recognized that are separated by a broad boundary zone. The southern block is characterized by a distinct, irregular magnetic signal coupled with granulite facies metamorphism and dominant S-type fabrics. The map scale geometry of this block controls the patterns observed within the amphibolite facies domain further north. Foliation and lineation patterns form an arcuate swing in strike about the southern block. Fabric types vary both around the strike swing and across strike. An indentor model that incorporates a rigid, cooled granulite block in the south bounded to the north by a rheologically weaker amphibolite facies domain can explain these patterns. The preserved metamorphic grade governs the rheology of the different, but essentially authochthonous blocks with the amphibolite facies domain being plastered and ‘moulded around’ the rigid granulite indentor. As patterns of remote geophysical and geological data closely correspond with one another, greater confidence may be placed in the application of remote geophysics in areas which lack abundant ground-based data.
Deformation in a complex crustal-scale shear zone: Errabiddy Shear Zone, Western Australia
Authors: Occhipinti S. A. , Reddy S. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Detailed mapping of four areas representing different geological units with varying formation histories within the crustal-scale Errabiddy Shear Zone shows an apparently simple temporal progression from foliation and mineral lineation development to folding and then to brittle deformation across the shear zone. However, in detail the structural evolution of the shear zone shows considerable complexity. The dominant foliation throughout the shear zone was formed in the upper greenschist to amphibolite facies during the 2000–1960 Ma Glenburgh Orogeny, which involved the accretion of the Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic Glenburgh Terrane onto the Archaean Yilgarn Craton and the subsequent formation of the Errabiddy Shear Zone. Orthorhombic kinematic indicators formed during the Glenburgh Orogeny as did the widespread mineral lineation. These fabrics were overprinted by a greenschist facies deformation and metamorphic event during the 1830–1780 Ma Capricorn Orogeny. During the Capricorn Orogeny mineral lineation development was rare, and mostly took place in high-Capricorn strain zones in areas where a pre-existing Glenburgh-aged mineral lineation was present. Such mineral lineations trend parallel to Capricorn-aged fold hinges. Regardless of the presence or absence of Capricornaged mineral lineations, dextral strike-slip kinematics and simple shear indicated by delta and sigma porphyroclasts, and displacement along detachment faults, are prevalent close to discrete shear zone boundaries, within the Errabiddy Shear Zone. However, between shear zone boundaries flattening and coaxial strain dominated during the Capricorn Orogeny. This difference in Capricorn Orogeny kinematics throughout the shear zone is caused by strain partitioning — although progressive deformation throughout the shear zone with dextral strike-slip faults overprinting older structures formed by pure shear also took place. These results suggest that analyses of small parts of shear zones may not give the complete history of an evolving transpressional shear zone because of the presence of strain partitioning and strain localization over time.
Strain and vorticity analysis of transpressional high-strain zones from the Virginia Piedmont, USA
Authors: Bailey Christopher M. , Francis Barbara E. , Fahrney Eleanor E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Strain and vorticity analysis of two Late Palaeozoic high-strain zones from the southern Appalachian Piedmont indicates that these zones experienced general shear transpression with a monoclinic to triclinic symmetry. Granitic rocks in the Brookneal high-strain zone from the southwestern Virginia Piedmont were transformed into mylonites under greenschist facies conditions. Sectional strains, estimated from quartz grain shapes, in mylonites range from three to ten and three-dimensional fabrics record flattening strains. The mean vorticity number (
W
m
) estimated with the
R
s
/θ method ranges from 0.3 to 0.95. In the central Virginia Piedmont, lower amphibolite facies deformation in the Spotsylvania high-strain zone affected biotite gneisses, amphibolites, and granitic pegmatites. Minimum sectional strains, estimated from folded and boudinaged pegmatite dykes, of 8–20 are common and three-dimensional strains are dominantly constrictional. Porphyroclast hyperbolic distribution analysis of ultramylonites yields
W
n
values from 0.4 to 0.8. The kinematic significance of these transpressional high-strain zones is threefold: they record tens to hundreds of kilometres of strike-slip offset; 40 to 70% contraction normal to the zone; and significant orogen-parallel material elongation.
Dr John Snow and an early investigation of groundwater contamination
Authors: Price Michael 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
John Snow was a physician but his studies of the way in which cholera is spread have long attracted the interest of hydrogeologists. From his investigation into the epidemiology of the cholera outbreak around the well in Broad Street, London, in 1854, Snow gained valuable evidence that cholera is spread by contamination of drinking water. Subsequent research by others showed that the well was contaminated by sewage. The study therefore represents one of the first, if not the first, study of an incident of groundwater contamination in Britain. Although he had no formal geological training, it is clear that Snow had a much better understanding of groundwater than many modern medical practitioners. At the time of the outbreak Snow was continuing his practice as a physician and anaesthetist. His casebooks for 1854 do not even mention cholera. Yet, nearly 150 years later, he is as well known for his work on cholera as for his pioneering work on anaesthesia, and his discoveries are still the subject of controversy.
William Whitaker (1836–1925) — geologist, bibliographer and a pioneer of British hydrogeology
Authors: George William H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
William Whitaker was employed by the Geological Survey from 1857 until 1896 and subsequently worked as a consultant until his death in 1925. This paper examines the background to the era in which he worked and why he merits detailed consideration. Whitaker’s personal life, career in the Geological Survey, contribution to learned societies and field clubs, work in retirement and his death are detailed. His contradictory personality, contribution to hydrogeology and his claim to the title of ‘father of English hydrogeology’ are assessed.
19th century studies of the hydrogeology of the Permo-Triassic Sandstones of the northern Cheshire Basin, England
Authors: Tellam John H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
About a dozen workers were active in researching the hydrogeology of the Permo-Triassic sandstones of the northern Cheshire Basin, UK, in the 19th century. They were mostly amateur geologists, members of the geological societies of Liverpool and Manchester. Spurred by the water resource requirement of the two cities and by the formation of the societies, research burgeoned from the mid 1800s. Over the latter part of the century, a conceptual model of flow in the sandstones was developed which has most of the essential features of a present-day conceptual model, including intergranular and fracture flow, fault influence on flow, recharge reduction by drift and urban land cover, overspill recharge, influent river recharge (including estuarine intrusion), and cross-boundary flow. Water balances were undertaken to assess aquifer yield and attempt to understand well yields. Pollution from sewers, river water, estuary water, and graveyards was considered, as was water/rock interaction. Experimental work demonstrated: the proportionality between flow rate and pressure difference (1869); the importance of fractures to well yields (1850); the principle of specific yield (1869); the effects of lamination on unsaturated flow (1877); and the shape of breakthrough curves is sigmoidal (1878). Most of these findings were independent of previous work elsewhere. Whether this is because of the local, essentially amateur environment in which the researchers were operating, or whether this lack of communication was essentially a feature of research at this time, is uncertain. However, it does have implications for general theories of science.
Groundwater versus surface water in Scotland and Ireland — the formative years
Authors: Robins N. S. , Bennett J. R. P. , Cullen K. T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Celtic interest in groundwater has continued to the modern era in much of Scotland and Ireland, despite abundant good quality surface waters. Groundwater investigation in the 19th and 20th centuries was prompted by the need to remove water from mine workings in Scotland and to provide water for industry in the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Lagan Valley in the north of Ireland. Little development took place in the south of Ireland until relatively recently. Champions of groundwater investigation include the venerable Scottish geologists Ben Peach and John Horne, as well as lesser known advocates of hydrogeology such as John Jerome Hartley in Ireland. These workers were supported by numerous people directly and indirectly involved with developing the understanding of the groundwater resources of Scotland and Ireland.
The first use of geophysics in borehole siting in hardrock areas of Africa
Authors: Barker Ron 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe first resistivity soundings applied to borehole siting in Basement areas of Africa were probably measured by Dr. Sydney Shaw in 1933 in Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Using a Megger Earth Tester and Wenner array, soundings were measured at a selection of both dry and successful boreholes, and compared. Re-examination of Shaw’s soundings using modern technology shows that the sounding curves are of surprisingly high quality even on today’s standards and indicate a strong relationship between interpreted depth to unfractured granite and drilling results. His survey helped the adoption in Africa of resistivity methods as standard practice in the location of drilling sites for water supply.
The development of groundwater in the UK between 1935 and 1965 — the role of the Geological Survey of Great Britain
Authors: Downing R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
After the drought of 1933–1934 the Geological Survey became responsible, under the Inland Water Survey, for collecting and collating data on groundwater. In 1935 a Water Unit was formed for this purpose. Following the Water Act of 1945, the Survey advised the Government on aspects of the Act relating to groundwater. The Act led to the introduction of quantitative hydrogeology in England and Wales. The groundwater resources of the main aquifers were assessed, well hydraulic theory was applied to British aquifers, and geophysical techniques and new instrumentation introduced.
Norman Savage Boulton (1899–1984): civil engineer and groundwater hydrologist
Authors: Downing R. A. , Eastwood W. , Rushton K. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Norman S. Boulton (Fig. 1) was a civil engineer who achieved international recognition for his work on groundwater hydraulics. He recognized that in unconfined aquifers water is released from storage by drainage under gravity from the pore-spaces in the cone of depression as it expands. This ‘delayed yield’ gave a characteristic S-shape to the log-log, time-drawdown graph of water levels in an observation well near a pumping well. Boulton developed a mathematical solution that reproduced the three segments of the curve. Most of his career was spent in academia mainly at the University of Sheffield where he was Professor of Civil Engineering between 1955 and 1964. His work embraced studies of structural engineering and soil mechanics as well as groundwater flow.
Recollections of a golden age: the groundwater schemes of Southern Water 1970–1990
Authors: Headworth H. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The creation of the river authorities and Water Resources Board in 1965 and the Water Authorities, Water Research Centre and Central Water Planning Unit in 1974 led to an explosion of groundwater investigation and development in England and Wales. In Southern Water’s region, from the Hastings Beds of the Wealden Series to the Recent beach gravels at Dungeness, a dozen or so schemes were carried out to investigate and develop aquifers and manage their groundwater resources. Six schemes are described here, including artificial recharge in Sussex, groundwater augmentation in Hampshire and the assessment of saline contamination from minewater disposal in East Kent.
Determining Precambrian crustal evolution in China: a case-study from Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, demonstrating the application of precise SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology
Authors: Wilde Simon A. , Cawood Peter A. , Wang Kaiyi , Nemchin Alexander , Zhao Guochun 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

SHRIMP U-Pb zircon analyses from eight samples of metamorphosed intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks from the lower, middle and upper ‘subgroups’ of the Wutai sequence in the North China Craton define a weighted mean
207
Pb/
206
Pb age of 2523 ± 3 Ma. Although individual rock ages range from 2533 ± 8 Ma to 2513 ± 8 Ma, all overlap within the error of the mean and do not support a stratigraphic interpretation for the sequence, since variations within individual previously assigned ‘formations’ in the sequence match the total age range. Contrary to previous interpretations, there is no correlation in age with metamorphic grade. These features highlight the need to reformulate stratigraphic schemes when defining the Precambrian geology of the North China Craton. The similarity in age between volcanic rocks of the Wutai Complex and higher-grade gneisses of the adjacent Fuping and Hengshan complexes supports the view that all three complexes represent portions of a Late Archaean arc complex that was tectonically dismembered and then re-assembled. There is no Fuping or Wutai orogeny in this, its type area: all three complexes were deformed and metamorphosed during collision of the eastern and western blocks of the North China Craton in the Lüliang orogeny
c.
1.8 Ga ago.
Precambrian tectonic evolution of the North China Craton
Authors: Zhai Mingguo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The North China Craton (NCC) is a major Archaean craton, covering an area of
c.
300 000 km
2
in north and northeast China. Almost all Archaean rocks on the craton experienced high-grade metamorphism and strong migmatization, so that the preserved greenstone belts underwent granulite-amphibolite-facies metamorphism, anatectic melting and strong deformation. This suggests that the NCC may have a more complicated early tectonic history than most other cratonic nuclei. The oldest NCC rocks are 3.8 Ga granitic gneisses in NE China and supracrustal rocks in eastern Hebei. Major continental growth occurred at 2.9–2.7 Ga. Two subsequent high-grade metamorphic events occurred at 2.6–2.45 Ga (‘2.5 Ga event’) and 1.9–1.75 Ga (‘1.8 Ga event’). The older episode is considered to mark an amalgamation event, whereas the 1.8 Ga event represents the final cratonization of the NCC. Some researchers have divided the 1.8 Ga event into a 1.9–1.8 Ga metamorphic event (interpreted as a continent-continent collision) followed by a 1.8–1.65 Ga rifting episode. Other workers have suggested that the metamorphism and rifting could be parts of a single tectonic event related to Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic mantle upwelling. The general consensus on the NCC for the period 2.5–1.8 Ga is that the craton was then in an inactive stage. However, in this paper it is proposed that several Palaeoproterozoic mobile belts existed (showing many of the characteristics of Phanerozoic orogens). During the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic, a set of sedimentary sequences (the Changcheng-Jixian-Qingbaikou systems) constituted a disconformable-pseudoconformable succession within an intra-cratonic aulacogen. The signature of a 1.4–0.9 Ga orogen and the Rodinia breakup is very weak, indicating that the NCC did not experience major deformation as it was amalgamated into the Rodinia supercontinent.
Subduction, collision and exhumation in the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie orogen
Authors: Hacker Bradley R. , Ratschbacher Lothar , Liou J. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

High-pressure metamorphism and ophiolite emplacement (Songshugou ophiolite) attended suturing of the Yangtze craton to Rodinia during the
c.
1.0 Ga Grenvillian orogeny. The Qinling microcontinent then rifted from the Yangtze craton at
c.
750 Ma. The Erlangping intraoceanic arc formed in the Early Ordovician, was emplaced onto the Qinling microcontinent in the Ordovician-Silurian, and then both units were accreted to the Sino-Korea craton before being stitched together by the
c.
400 Ma Andean-style Qinling arc. Subsequent subduction beneath the Qinling-Sino-Korean plate created a Devonian-Triassic accretionary wedge that includes eclogites, and formed a coeval volcano-plutonic arc that stretches from the Longmen Shan to Korea. In the Late Permian-Early Triassic, the northern edge of the South China Block was subducted to >150 km depth, creating the diamond- and coesite-bearing eclogites of the Dabie and Sulu areas. Exhumation from the mantle by lithosphere-scale extension occurred between 245 and 195 Ma during clockwise rotation of the craton. The Yangtze-Sino-Korea suture locally lies tens of km north of the exhumed UHP-HP part of the South China Block, implying perhaps that the very tip of the South China Block was not subducted, or that the UHP-HP rocks rose as a wedge that peeled the upper crust of the unsubducted South China Block from the lower crust. The Tan-Lu fault is an Early Cretaceous to Cenozoic feature. The apparent offset of the Dabie and Sulu UHP terranes by the Tan-Lu fault is a result of this Cretaceous to Cenozoic faulting combined with post-collisional extension north of Dabie.
Jurassic intraplate magmatism in southern Hunan-eastern Guangxi:
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating, geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes and implications for the tectonic evolution of SE China
Authors: Li Xian-Hua , Chung Sun-Lin , Zhou Hanwen , Lo Ching-Hua , Liu Ying , Chen Chang-Hwa 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Mesozoic geology of SE China is characterized by intensive and widespread magmatism. However, the tectonic regime that accounted for the Mesozoic magmatism has been an issue with little consensus. A comprehensive study of
40
Ar-
39
Ar dating, geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopes has been conducted on basalts from southern Hunan and syenite intrusions from eastern Guangxi. Three episodes of Jurassic magmatism, i.e. alkaline basalts of
c.
175 Ma in age, syenitic intrusions of
c.
160 Ma and high-Mg basalts of
c.
150 Ma, are identified. The older,
c.
175 Ma alkaline basalts are characterized by low Sr (
I
Sr
= 0.7035–0.7040) and high Nd (
ε
Nd
(
T
) = 5 to 6) isotopic compositions and OIB-like trace-element patterns (e.g. Nb/La > 1). In contrast, the younger,
c.
150 Ma high-Mg basalts have high Sr (
I
Sr
c.
0.7054) and low Nd (
ε
Nd
(
T
)
c.
-2) isotopic compositions and incompatible trace-element patterns of arc affinity. The
c.
160 Ma syenitic intrusions display a relatively large range of Sr and Nd isotopic compositions (
I
Sr
= 0.7032–0.7082,
ε
Nd
(
T
) = 5.5 to −4.1), with the Qinghu syenites having the lowest
I
Sr
, highest
ε
Nd
(
T
) and OIB-type incompatible trace-element patterns analogous to the
c.
175 Ma alkaline basalts. Such a secular variation in rock types and geochemical and isotopic characteristics reveals changes in melt segregation depth and mantle sources, which are inferred to have resulted from the post-Indosinian orogenic lithosphere extension and thinning. The
c.
175 Ma alkaline basalts are suggested to have formed by small degrees of decompression melting of the asthenosphere or an enriched lithospheric mantle source accreted by asthenosphere-derived melts during the initial extension. The
c.
160 Ma syenitic and
c.
150 Ma high-Mg basaltic rocks mainly originated from the enriched lithospheric mantle that melted owing to a raised geotherm caused by lithosphere thinning. This interpretation is at odds with the active continental margin related to the subduction of palaeo-Pacific plate, but consistent with continental rifting and extension for the Mesozoic of SE China.
Evidence for the multiphase nature of the India-Asia collision from the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet
Authors: Aitchison Jonathan C. , Davis Aileen M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recent investigations in southern Tibet enable the testing and refinement of existing models for India-Asia collision. Presently available data indicate that marine deposition continued in the southern central portion of Tibet until at least the end of the Eocene. Sub-duction-related magmatism continued until the Mid-Oligocene, after which rapid uplift of the plateau was initiated. Mass-wasting of sediments into molasse basins did not commence until the latest Oligocene. The implications are that existing models, based on less-precise age constraints, invoking India-Asia collision at 55 Ma, are either flawed, or collision began at a different time. Recent work has produced sufficient data to allow the recognition of two different collisional events along the suture between India and Asia. Features related to each event require separate interpretation, and no collisional continuum should be assumed. In southern Tibet, a collision between the northern margin of India and a southfacing intra-oceanic island arc occurred at around 55 Ma, whereas continent-continent collision between India and Asia did not occur until at least 20 million years later.