bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic hydrolysis at an oil/water interface
Authors: Mattson F. H. , Volpenhein R. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTriglycerides are metabolized by most of the organs and tissues of the body. However, the conditions in the lumen of the intestinal tract are unique, for it is only here that triglycerides are metabolized in the free state. Elsewhere these lipids are associated with water‐soluble materials. Since the substrate is water‐insoluble and the enzyme is water‐soluble, lipase, which brings about the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the intestinal tract, has the special property of being capable of functioning efficiently at an oil/water interface. Any material that can alter the nature of this oil/water interface can markedly influence the digestion of triglycerides.Because of the unusual conditions under which the hydrolysis of triglycerides occurs, the usual methods of studying enzyme kinetics are not applicable. Besides the enzyme‐substrate reaction itself, one must consider also such matters as diffusion of the substrate to the oil/water interface, removal of the products of hydrolysis from the oily/water interface, and the subsequent diffusion of these into the bulk phase. All of these steps can be influenced by such variables as efficiency of agitation, electrolyte concentration, and the presence of surface‐active agents, such as monoglycerides, soaps, and the bile salts.
Infrared spectrophotometric procedure for determining azelaaldehydic acid derivatives
Authors: Anders D. E. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA convenient and accurate infrared procedure was developed for determining the conversion of azelaaldehydic esters to acetals by measuring disappearance of the aldehydic C蜢H stretching vibration at 2720 cm蜢1 (3.68ॖ).
Statistical approach to detergency. III. Effect of artificially soiled test cloth
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Davis G. A. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe relative effectiveness of several proprietary detergents is measured in cleaning 舠standard舡 soil cloths. Quantities of soil removal are related to detergent type, and to polarity or hydrophilicity of the soil and cleaning media. Various calculation methods and statistical treatments of detergency data are discussed.
Synthesis of methyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, and 2‐ethylhexyl esters of epoxyoleic acid
Authors: Riemenschneider R. W. , Zell T. , Scott W. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of esters of 12,13‐epoxyoleic acid were prepared by means of alcoholysis of triepoxyolein (trivernolin). The procedure for the alcoholysis, and isolation and purification of the esters are described. Analytical characteristics of the esters are reported.
The major component phospholipids of rapeseed gum
Authors: Weenink R. O. , Tulloch A. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe phospholipids from a commercial rapeseed gum have been fractionated on DEAE‐cellulose and silicic acid columns. The molar percentages of the major components were phosphatidyl choline (22), phosphatidyl inositol (18) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (15). Other acidic phospholipids (16) were also observed but were not further investigated. The fatty acids from the phospholipid fractions showed little variation in composition. The chief components were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids.
Acetone numbers of thermally polymerized drying oils
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Arters Albert , Stearns James 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe effect on the determination of the acetone numbers of thermally polymerized drying oils of temperature, water, color, and method of determining the end point has been reported. A simple standardization has been developed. With proper precautions a reproducibility of ± 0.16 at an acetone number of 94 can be obtained.From a study of various bodied oils it is concluded that the acetone number is a function of the kind of oil, its viscosity, amount of acids present, processing conditions such as temperature and oxidation by air, and the addition of polar modifying agents such as maleic anhydride.The acetone number promises to be a useful constant of bodied oils.
Solvent extraction of cottonseeds with hexane and water as co‐solvents
Authors: Bendler Albert J. , McNeil Donald 
Published: April 2007

SummaryBy stirring violently for four hours at 4,100 r.p.m. a mixture of dehulled and flaked cottonseed meal, hexane, and water, with respective hexane/meal and water/meal weight ratios of 6:1 and 1:5, all the pigment glands of the seed are broken, the oil content of the meal is reduced to about 1%, and a miscella phase only, free of water, is produced as all the water added remains with the meal. Extracted meal thus obtained is easily filtered from the miscella and air‐dries to an easily handled, non‐sticky cake. If the water is increased in the mixture to a water/meal ratio of 2:5, other results remain about the same, but the meal is excessively sticky and is difficult to filter from the miscella. Pre‐soaking the meal in solvent before extraction has little or no effect, under our conditions of extraction, on the amount of oil left in the meal.It is proposed that solvent extraction of cottonseed oil proceeds according to the normal laws of diffusion. Rapid solvent action is believed to be hindered not by presence of a difficulty dissolving “resistance” proposed in other work but rather by presence in the meal of lyophobic molecules, such as absorbed water, which offer strong intra‐molecular repulsion to solvent penetration. In consequence it is necessary to provide strong shearing action and turbulence to promote frequent contacts between the oil cell and the miscella.Commercial applications of results are discussed.
The reduction of free gossypol in cottonseed by pressure cooking
Authors: Gribbins G. H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIt has been demonstrated that the rate of disappearance of free gossypol during pressure cooking correlates well when using the equation of a second order chemical reaction. This equation applies to raw seed, whole meats, flaked meats, and solvent extracted flakes. For whole meats it was shown that the value of the rate constant K for the disappearance of free gossypol varies in direct proportion to the initial moisture content of the meats; and the log of K varies linearly with the temperature of the meats. Based on these factors a method has been presented by which the three cooking variables: moisture, temperature, and time, can be correlated into a single equation for any one series of cooks on cottonseed meats.
Phenolic antioxidants for carotene
Authors: Bickoff E. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryRelative values for the carotene‐stabilizing effects in mineral oil solutions of a number of phenolic‐type antioxidants were determined. Certain relationships between molecular structure and antioxidant activity were observed. Alkylation of the phenolic compounds in general enhanced activity. Hydroquinone was shown to be an exception in the system studied.Several antioxidants which have been accepted for use in lard have been found to be effective antioxidants for carotene in mineral oil solution. These include nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 2‐t‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenol, alpha tocopherol, and esters of gallic acid. In addition, certain bisphenols used as anthelmintics were effective antioxidants for carotene.
The determination of moisture in sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates
Authors: Compton J. W. , Liggett L. M. 
Published: April 2007

Conclusions1. The oven drying method for the determination of water in sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates results in incomplete removal of water and may result in the loss of unsulfonated oil and other volatile products.2. The determination of water in sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates by desiccation over concentrated sulfuric acid results in incomplete removal of the water.3. The determination of water in sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates by azeotropic distillation and subsequent measurement of the water distilled is not recommended because of the operational difficulties and lack of sufficient accuracy.4. The azeotropic distillation of Suter (6) is applicable for the determination of water in sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates, but comparable results may be determined more readily by the proposed Karl Fischer method.5. The determination of water in sodium alkyl aryl sulfonates by the Karl Fischer method is the most satisfactory of the methods investigated.
A comparative study of the nutritive value of thermally oxidized oils
Authors: Johnson Ogden C. , Sakuragi Taketami , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThermal oxidation of corn oil under laboratory conditions, at 200°C., led to the formation of an oil exhibiting definite growth‐depressing action under bothad libitum and paired feeding conditions. Under similar conditions margarine base stock gave only slight growth depression, and none was noted with butter oil. The effect was not a permanent one as animals that were changed to a normal diet quickly recovered and grew to maturity. It appeared that the products formed during the thermal treatment were related to the unsaturated or polyunsaturated portions of the oil. The growth‐depressing effect appeared to be multiple in nature, it had an irritant or diarrhea effect and possibly an enzyme‐inhibiting or vitamin‐destroying effect.
Leaf filter for foots removal from crude oil reduces labor and eliminates filter cloth and paper
Authors: Grimm R. T. 
Published: April 2007

ConclusionsA consideration of the economics of installing a leaf type of filter for crude oil in a new mill or as a replacement for existing filtration equipment must take into account the following advantages which a pressure leaf filter offers:
Entire filter operation can be handled by a single operator with no assistance required for cleaning;
complete elimination of cost of filter cloths and Viskon papers normally used to dress filter presses;
elimination of storage, handling, cutting, etc., of cloths and papers;
completely enclosed, leak‐free filter installation;
drier filter cakes with less air‐blowing time and lower air consumption;
a permanent filter medium (woven wire cloth) of stainless steel which cannot corrode, or rupture during operation, thereby causing passage of solids into filtered oil;
high degree of solids removal, resulting in low refining losses;
a cleaner filter station;
less strenuous labor; and
economical construction in carbon steel.
Checking alkali delivery of a proportioner in vegetable oil refining
Authors: Mattikow M. , Edmonds S. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA method has been developed for the determination of soda ash and sodium hydroxide in vegetable oil‐alkali mixtures as a check on proportioning equipment feeding oil and alkali. The method depends upon the potentiometric titration in one step of free alkali and soap, using a pH meter and the glass electrode‐calomel electrode assembly. The analysis is sufficiently rapid to serve as a convenient control in a continuous refining process.
The hydrogenation process
Authors: Sourelis S. G. 
Published: April 2007

ConclusionIt should be stressed again that successful hydrogenation depends upon the careful preparation and handling of all materials, the accurate control of the reaction, and the use of efficient equipment and operating procedures. Our understanding of the reaction and the chemistry involved is far from complete and present methods of controlling the results are, by necessity, indirect and time‐consuming.The critical problem of hydrogenation has to do with the selectivity of the reaction. Improvements in the process therefore will depend largely upon the preparation of better and more selective catalysts. Perhaps when catalysts are developed which will provide very precise selectivity, continuous methods for hydrogenation may be used to much greater advantage.
The glyceride structure of natural fats. III. Factors governing the content of fully saturated glycerides
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryExperimental evidence from the literature is given to support the hypothesis that the GS3 which may be present in natural fats cannot be in excess of the quantity which can exist in the fluid statein vivo. It is suggested that solid fat is not producedin vivo because the mode of action of lipolytic enzymes allows them to form only liquid fats.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. II. Solubilities of corn, linseed, and tung oils in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Rao Rama Kanth , Arnold Lionel K. 
Published: April 2007

SummarySolubilities of corn, linseed, and tung oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions at various temperatures have been determined by a direct and simple method. The solubility curves for the three oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions are presented.The critical solution temperatureversus alcohol composition data have been plotted for the three oils. It is observed that the critical solution temperature increases with the water content of the alcohol and that the relationship is linear in each case. Similar results were obtained for cottonseed, peanut, sesame, and soybean oils previously (1).The pressure in the system, increases with temperature; the maximum is approximately 20 p.s.i.g.
Protein denaturation in soybean meal during processing
Authors: Belter Paul A. , Smith Allan K. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe effects of soybean oil solvent extraction on the denaturation of the protein as measured by changes of dispersibility of the nitrogen in water has been studied. The results for five commercial plants were compared with denaturation changes produced by steam treatment of laboratory prepared flakes. The results show that by use of proper conditions and equipment, flakes can be produced with a minimum of denaturation or, when desired, denaturation can be controlled within practical limits.
Wesson loss as a measure of the degree of refining
Authors: Hartman L. , White Margaret D. L. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryWesson loss determinations carried out on a number of alkali‐refined oils have shown them to retain varying amounts of non‐glycerides, depending on the type of the oil and on the method of refining. Oils refined according to the official A.O.C.S. method or with sodium carbonate followed by re‐refining are practically free of non‐glycerides while those refined with a moderate excess of alkali over the theory (10–25%) retain appreciable amounts of non‐glycerides. The Wesson method could therefore be used as a quantitative test for the degree of refining.The chromatographic method is not suitable for this purpose since it shows losses when applied both to carefully refined and to previously chromatographed oils, but in agreement with the Linteris' and Handschumaker's results it has been found applicable to the estimation of loss constituents in crude oils.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. Disodium alpha‐sulfopalmitate and sodium oleyl sulfate
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. , Stawitzke Anna A. , James S. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryDisodium α‐sulfopalmitate and homologous compounds were prepared by sulfonation of the fat acid with liquid sulfur trioxide. Sodium oleyl sulfate was prepared in an estimated 95% purity by sulfation of oleyl alcohol with pyridine‐sulfur trioxide. The solubility, surface tension, wetting, foaming, and detergent properties of these and related compounds were measured.Disodium α‐sulfopalmitate is potentially inexpensive, has adequate surface active properties, is a good detergent in hard and soft water, but has limited solubility at room temperature (0.25% at 25°C.). The lauric and myristic homologs are less surface active, but more soluble. Disodium α‐sulfostearate is less soluble.Sodium oleyl sulfate has excellent solubility, and surface active properties and is an excellent detergent in soft water. It is not quite so efficient in hard water although no insoluble calcium salts are formed.The future of the two compounds will depend upon successful formulation with builders or combinations with soap or other detergents.
Surfactants and detergents from sulfated N‐alkyl‐gluconamides
Authors: Mehltretter C. L. , Furry M. S. , Mellies R. L. , Rankin J. C. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA number of N‐alkyl‐d‐gluconamides and a rosin substitutedd‐gluconamide were prepared in good yield by reacting long chain fatty amines and rosin amine withd‐glucono‐delta‐lactone. Reaction of these compounds with chlorosulfonic acid yielded sulfates of various degrees of substitution whose sodium salts exhibited marked surface active properties. Soil‐removal tests with cotton fabric showed several of these products to be effective detergents in hard water.
Determination of primary and secondary fatty aliphatic amines in the presence of large amounts of nitrile by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Stage R. B. , Stanley J. B. , Moseley P. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThere are numerous methods proposed for determination of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Most seem to be lengthy, inaccurate and unsuitable for small samples. Previous spectroscopic methods based on near‐infrared spectroscopy for determination of aliphatic and aromatic amines are not applicable for samples containing more than 10% nitrile. A simple method based on near‐infrared spectroscopy has been developed, and is presented, for determination of primary and secondary fatty aliphatic amines in the presence of 0–100% nitrile.
Tertiary butylhydroquinone as antioxidant for crude sunflower seed oil
Authors: Luckadoo B. M. , Sherwin E. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study indicates that crude sunflower seed oil is very susceptible to oxidation; thus prolonged storage should be avoided. Protection of the crude oil with a potent antioxidant such as tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) would seem both practical and beneficial. Discoloration which develops in the crude oil with or without TBHQ can be removed by proper selection of bleaching materials. Additional benefits to be derived from using TBHQ should be investigated by using test methods designed to study subtle flavor qualities of deodorized oils.
Castor meal antigen deactivation‐pilot plant ammonia process
Authors: Mottola A. C. , Mackey B. , Herring V. , Kohler G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis is one paper of a series reporting on processes to deactivate the castor antigens. This report gives an analysis of ammonia process variables affecting antigenicity responses. The degree of destruction of antigen obtained by treatment with ammonia under relatively mild conditions of heat is comparable to that obtained with high pressure steam.
Short method for the detection of chick edema factor in fats, oils and fatty acids by electron capture gas chromatography
Authors: Kins N. , Barandy J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe electron capture gas liquid chromatography test method for chick edema factor has been modified by replacing the alumina column step with an additional sulfuric acid cleanup and a caustic wash which permits a reduction in sample cleanup time. Samples are subjected to double preliminary sulfuric acid cleanup and caustic wash and extracted each time with trimethyl pentane. The final extract is washed with sulfuric acid and examined by electron capture gas chromatography. Gas chromatographic peaks with retention times vs. Aldrin (Ra values) between 8 and 45 are indicative of the presence of chick edema factor.
A rapid procedure for the determination of residual hexane in oilseed meals and flours
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA rapid and direct gas chromatographic procedure is described for the quantitative determination of residual hexane in finely ground oilseed meals and flours. A 0.04 g sample of meal or flour is added between two small plugs of glass wool in a liner of the injection port of a gas chromatograph. The liner with the sample is placed in the heated injection port and firmly secured, and 80 μl of water is immediately injected just above the glass wool which covers the sample. Volatiles which are rapidly eluted from the sample are then analyzed by temperature‐programmed gas chromatography on a 2 ft × 1/4 in. Porapak P column. The results are comparable to the results obtained by the simple and efficient but more time consuming volatilization procedure. Since results are obtained within 20 min, this rapid procedure is very useful in monitoring desolventization processes.
Homogeneous hydrogenation of methylcis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate catalyzed by platinum‐tin, palladium and nickel complexes
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Itatani Hiroshi , Bailar John C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMethylcis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate was used as a model for the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate. Homogeneous catalysis by platinum, palladium and nickel complexes produced a mixture of isomeric monoenes similar to that from the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate. These catalysts are, therefore, capable of promoting isomerization of isolated double bonds and of producing conjugated dienes which are necessary for the formation of monoenes.
Kinetics of the reaction of isopropenyl acetate and stearic acid to form isopropenyl stearate
Authors: Kozempel Michael F. , Craig James C. , Sinnamon Howard I. , Aceto Nicholas C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA mathematical kinetics model has been developed for the reaction of stearic acid with isopropenyl acetate to form isopropenyl stearate. Though the reaction is reversible, the kinetics can be described mathematically most simply by a pseudo first order irreversible reaction model. The model predicts the rate of formation of isopropenyl stearate as a function of time, temperature, catalyst concentration and equilibrium concentration of isopropenyl stearate. Equilibrium is determined from an empirical equation as a function of the ratio of the original concentration of the reactants. Temperature has little effect on the equilibrium.
Detection of aflatoxin using small columns of florisil
Authors: Velasco James 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis simplified procedure to detect aflatoxin in cottonseed and cottonseed products can be used at the field level where equipment for thin layer chromatography is not available. Contamination levels as low as 10 ppb can be detected in these columns or tubes using longwave uv light. Development and detection of aflatoxin in these tubes takes ca. 10 min.
Control of pollutants for the oilseeds industry
Authors: Becker Kenneth W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo stay in business the oilseeds industry must comply with EPA and other regulations established by governing bodies. We must expect “ecology” to be the prime national concern for this decade. Hence ecological regulations will be sternly enforced. Causes of water and air pollution should be thoroughly investigated. The probable effects of uncontrolled pollution—severe penalties, product losses, hazards to community—are generally known. Fundamental commitments for pollution abatement must be made by governing bodies, operating company top managements, engineering firms and equipment manufacturers. Existing technology coupled with rigid engineering design will permit us to meet most of today’s pollution abatement needs. However to meet tomorrow’s ecological needs the oilseeds industry and engineering firms serving it must make technological breakthroughs and upgrade the quality of their engineering. Pollution remedies should be a major concern collectively by this technical society, operating companies and engineering firms.
Contact angle studies on viable human skin: II. Effect of surfactant ionic type in pretreatment
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Dunn Suzanne C. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of presoaking with various surfactant solutions on the skin‐water contact angle was investigated. Various cationic surfactants and amine oxides were found to lower the skinwater contact angle at lowest concentrations. Rinsability data supported the findings and suggested that cationic surfactants are tightly bound to the skin.