bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Pearls:Representing ‘undefined’ in lambda calculus
Authors: Barendregt Henk 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLet ψ be a partial recursive function (of one argument) with λ-defining termF∈Λ°. This meansThere are several proposals for whatF⌜n⌝ should be in case ψ(n) is undefined: (1) a term without a normal form (Church); (2) an unsolvable term (Barendregt); (3) an easy term (Visser); (4) a term of order 0 (Statman).These four possibilities will be covered by one ‘master’ result of Statman which is based on the ‘Anti Diagonal Normalization Theorem’ of Visser (1980). That ingenious theorem about precomplete numerations of Ershov is a powerful tool with applications in recursion theory, metamathematics of arithmetic and lambda calculus.
Abstract interpretation by dynamic partitioning
Authors: Bourdoncle François 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe essential part of abstract interpretation is to build a machine-representable abstract domain expressing interesting properties about the possible states reached by a program at runtime. Many techniques have been developed which assume that one knows in advance the class of properties that are of interest. There are cases however when there are no a priori indications about the 'best' abstract properties to use. We introduce a new framework that enables non-unique representations of abstract program properties to be used, and expose a method, called dynamic partitioning, that allows the dynamic determination of interesting abstract domains using data structures built over simpler domains. Finally, we show how dynamic partitioning can be used to compute non-trivial approximations of functions over infinite domains and give an application to the computation of minimal function graphs.
Using Miranda as a first programming language
Authors: Lambert Tim , Lindsay Peter , Robinson Ken 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe functional programming language Miranda has been used as a first programming language at the University of NSW since the beginning of 1989, when a new computer engineering course and a revised computer science course were introduced. This paper explains the reasons for choosing the language, and describes the subject in which Miranda is introduced. Examples of the presentation of the material, and of exercises and assignment used in the course, are given. Finally, an assessment of the experience is given.
The virtues of eta-expansion
Authors: Jay C. Barry , Ghani Neil 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInterpreting η-conversion as an expansion rule in the simply-typed λ-calculus maintains the confluence of reduction in a richer type structure. This use of expansions is supported by categorical models of reduction, where β-contraction, as the local counit, and η-expansion, as the local unit, are linked by local triangle laws. The latter form reduction loops, but strong normalization (to the long βη-normal forms) can be recovered by ‘cutting’ the loops.
The resource constrained shortest path problem implemented in a lazy functional language
Authors: Hartel Pieter H. , Glaser Hugh 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe resource constrained shortest path problem is an NP-hard problem for which many ingenious algorithms have been developed. These algorithms are usually implemented in Fortran or another imperative programming language. We have implemented some of the simpler algorithms in a lazy functional language. Benefits accrue in the software engineering of the implementations. Our implementations have been applied to a standard benchmark of data files, which is available from the Operational Research Library of Imperial College, London. The performance of the lazy functional implementations, even with the comparatively simple algorithms that we have used, is competitive with a reference Fortran implementation.
Predictive parser combinators need four values to report errors
Authors: Partridge Andrew , Wright David 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA combinator-based parser is a parser constructed directly from a BNF grammar, using higher-order functions (combinators) to model the alternative and sequencing operations of BNF. This paper describes a method for constructing parser combinators that can be used to build efficient predictive parsers which accurately report the cause of parsing errors. The method uses parsers that return values (parse trees or error indications) decorated with one of four tags.
Particle Methods for the Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Neunzert Helmut , Struckmeier Jens 
Published: November 2008

In the following chapters we will discuss particle methods for the numerical simulation of rarefied gas flows.We will mainly treat a billiard game, that is, our particles will be hard spheres. But we will also touch upon cases where particles have internal energies due to rotation or vibration, which they exchange in a collision, and we will talk about chemical reactions happening during a collision.Due to the limited size of this paper, we are only able to mention the principles of these real-gas effects. On the other hand, the general concepts of particle methods to be presented may be used for other kinds of kinetic equations, such as the semiconductor device simulation. We leave this part of the research to subsequent papers.
THE RACIAL VECTORS OF EMPIRE
Authors: Baldoz Rick 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the role of racial ideology in shaping U.S. colonial policy in the Philippines during the early years of American rule in the islands c. 1898–1905. The first section of the essay focuses on congressional debates between pro- and anti-imperialist lawmakers regarding the annexation and governance of the Philippines. The imperialist lobby advocated a paternalistic racial ideology to advance their case for American annexation, citing “the White man's burden” to civilize Filipinos as their rationale for colonizing the islands. The anti-imperialists, on the other hand, employed an ideology of aversive racism to oppose the incorporation of the Philippines, suggesting that annexation would unleash a flood of Filipino immigrants into the United States, thus creating a “race problem” for White citizens. Frequent unfavorable comparisons with Blacks, Chinese, and “Indians” were employed to produce racial knowledge about Filipinos who were unfamiliar to most Americans. This knowledge served as the basis for excluding Filipinos from American citizenship on racial grounds. The second section of the article traces the implementation of an institutionalized racial order in the Philippines, examining a series of population surveys conducted by colonial officials during the first years of American rule. These surveys employed American-style racial classifications that ranked and evaluated the various races and “tribes” that were identified in the islands. This project culminated in the first official census of the islands in 1905, which formally institutionalized racial categories as an organizing principle of Philippine society.
Resolving Stressful Relationships in Prehistory: Macroscopic and Histological Indicators of Growth Disruption in Subadult Long Bones
Authors: Robbins Gwen 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis poster provides a set of quadratic formulas for predicting body mass using the femoral midshaft in subadult skeletons. This age-structured method has lower %SEE and is more efficient than estimating body mass from the bone ends (Ruff, 2007). This poster demonstrates that estimates of body mass in subadult skeletons can be compared with stature to look at biocultural stress levels in prehistoric populations. Finally a qualitative assessment of histological markers of growth disruption is provided for individuals that demonstrate low bone mass for body size.
Effects of petroleum and its derivatives in benthic communities at Baía de Todos os Santos/Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Peso-Aguiar M.C. , Smith D.H. , Assis R.C.F. , Santa-Isabel L.M. , Peixinho S. , Gouveia E.P. , Almeida T.C.A. , Andrade W.S. , Carqueija C.R.G. , Kelmo F. , Carrozzo G. , Rodrigues C.V. , Carvalho G.C. , Jesus A.C.S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Benthic community structure and diversity have been investigated to assess stress conditions of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil, as a possible result of the extraction, transportation and refining of petroleum, activities carried out in this area for more than 40 years. Samples were collected over two years, at four stations under the direct influence of stress-causing activities and at a control station. Benthic indices were calculated for all intertidal communities. The density, relative abundance, frequency of occurrence, diversity, similarity and occurrence of preferential species were recorded. Linear correlation indices were calculated to establish comparisons between ecological parameters of the studied communities and concentrations of heavy metals, hydrocarbons, petroleum pollution indicators and sediment mud percentages. The polychaete worms were the dominant group — up to 92% dominance in the community within the influence of refinery activities. Diversity indices indicated significant stress related spatial gradients tied to petroleum. The refinery sample station showed notable differences in its biodiversity figures compared to the other stations. Quantitative benthic indices showed negative correlations between the presence of cadmium, hydrocarbons, n-alkanes and the unresolved complex mixture in the intertidal zone marine sediments.
A biogeochemical comparison of Lakes Superior and Malawi and the limnological consequences of an endless summer
Authors: Hecky R.E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Fundamental differences between tropical and temperate Great Lakes are the continuously high temperature throughout the water column in tropical lakes and high rates of annual photosynthesis possible under continuously high solar irradiance. These aspects not only lead to permanent stratification and hypolimnetic anoxia in the deepest tropical lakes, but also they have consequences for oxygen concentrations throughout the water column and can dramatically affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Denitrification and enhanced regeneration of phosphorus from metal oxides cause low nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in the deep waters of tropical lakes and create a nitrogen deficit when deep waters mix into surface waters which is met through N-fixation. Comparison of the whole lake nutrient budgets of Lake Superior and Lake Malawi demonstrate the effects of the preferential regeneration of phosphorus in Lake Malawi and loss of nitrogen. In the upper 200 m of permanently stratified Lake Malawi, nitrogen has a residence time of 2 years while in dimictic Lake Superior the nitrogen residence time is over 50 years. This disparity in the residence time indicates that nitrogen is poorly recycled to the mixed layer of Malawi. The physical climate of tropical great lakes affects nutrient biogeochemical cycles differently and imposes biogeochemical characteristics different from temperate lakes on the water quality. In particular, tropical lakes have low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios and chronic, anoxia which will lead to rapid proliferation of nitrogen fixing filamentous cyanobacteria when nutrient loading increases. The chronic hypoxia of tropical lakes will also enhance release of phosphorus bound to metal oxides and allow soil erosion to induce eutrophication in tropical lakes.
Hydrodynamics as a limiting factor in the Lake Baikal ecosystem
Authors: Verkhozina V.A. , Kozhova O.M. , Kusner Yu.S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The intense turbulent diffusion in the water body is one of the features of Lake Baikal, a deep-water, sea-like lake. In this paper we argue that the turbulent mixing of water determines the dynamics of intermediate gaseous nitrogen-containing products, and therefore may be regarded as the limiting factor for Lake Baikal as well as for other ecosystems of the oceanic type.
Ecological monitoring of phytoplankton in Lake Baikal
Authors: Popovskaya G.I. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The results of the long-term investigations of phytoplankton of the whole of Lake Baikal summarizing almost 40 years of systematic observations are given in this paper. These studies draw attention to spatial heterogeneity of planktonic biomass across the basin during the spring maximal bloom. The research of vertical distribution of phytoplankton during different years allows us to specify the role of phytoplankton in the cycle of organic substances and in biological productivity of Lake Baikal. For the first time, Baikal picophytoplankton, peculiarities of its production, seasonal and inter-annual dynamics, biocoenotic interrelations and its role in the ecosystem of Lake Baikal have been described. Changes occurring in Baikal pelagial phytocoenoses during the 1970–1990s in comparison with those of 1950–1960s have been revealed.
Lake Baikal: biomonitoring of pulp and paper mill waste water
Authors: Stepanova L.I. , Lindström-Seppä P. , Hänninen O.O.P. , Kotelevtsev S.V. , Glaser V.M. , Novikov C.N. , Beim A.M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The quality and biological effects of the waste waters released by Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill were monitored chemically and biologically. In 1:5 dilution, the treated waste water induced monooxygenase activity in the liver of grayling and bullhead in standardised laboratory conditions. The Ames test was used to monitor mutagenicity of waste waters of the mill and tissue extracts of fish, sponge, mollusc and plankton collected near the mill and of seals collected from the middle part of the lake. Mutagens were found in waste water produced during pulp chlorination before treatment and in a few samples of fully treated waste water during 10 years (1982–1993). Bottom sediments near the mill showed some mutagenicity. Mutagens were not found in tissues of most aquatic animals studied with the exception of zooplankton, roach and seals collected in Lake Baikal close to the discharge outlet of the mill.
A geomorphological framework for the assessment of instream flow requirements
Authors: Rowntree K. , Wadeson R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
As South African ecologists become increasingly aware of the possible long term impacts of river regulation schemes on channel structure and associated aquatic habitats, fluvial geomorphologists are being called upon to assist in recommending instream flow requirements for future river regulation schemes. In South Africa, the standard procedure for the assessment of Instream Flow Requirements (IFR) is the Building Block Methodology (BBM). Central to the BBM is the assumption that the flow regime can be divided into three groups of flow: the low flows, freshes and floods. Each group has a particular ecological (and geomorphological) significance. The IFR assessment are applied at selected sites, chosen to represent the river reaches downstream of the dam site. This paper presents a geomorphological framework developed as a component of the BBM. This framework recognises five important geomorphological issues which are addressed within an IFR exercise: (1) A general assessment is made of the catchment condition to determine the potential for morphological change within the river. (2) An evaluation of the geomorphological characteristics of the river network is carried out to aid the selection of IFR sites within representative reaches. (3) At each IFR site an assessment is made of the relationship between hydraulic diversity and discharge for the different morphological units present at the site. This assessment relates in particular to the low flow component of the BBM. (4) The freshes and floods required to maintain channel form and bed condition are determined at each IFR site. An assessment is also made of the likely pattern and direction of morphological change that are likely to result from the recommended flow regime. (5) In the case of interbasin transfers, an assessment should be made of the potential impact of transferred water on the receiving channel. To illustrate the practical application of the geomorphological framework to an IFR procedure, an example is given from a recently completed study carried out in the Tugela River in KwaZulu-Natal, commissioned by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. The underlying theoretical principles upon which decisions were made are outlined in this paper.
Water quality characteristics of a high altitude oligotrophic Mexican lake
Authors: Chacon-Torres A. , Rosas-Monge C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Lake Zirahuen, a small (10.48 km2) tropical high-mountain lake located in the Mexican Neovolcanic Axis, is under severe anthropogenic pressure. Its maximum depth is 43 m. The annual water balance is controlled by differences between rainfall, plus seepage, watershed runoff, and the main stream ‘La Palma’ plus evaporation. Tropical latitudinal conditions and high altitude produce thermal characteristics intermediate between temperate and tropical lakes. Transparency is good (up to 7.0 m). The nutrient relationship for N:P suggests that phosphorus remains limiting to primary productivity. Maximum phytoplankton chlorophyll a occurs in September at the end of the rainy season. Trophic state models suggest that Lake Zirahuen is an oligotrophic system. However, increasing erosion loads and untreated sewage input indicate the need for compatible watershed and lake management strategies which will ensure the conservation of the system and its sustainable development.
Aquatic ecology and management assessment in Valle de Bravo reservoir and its watershed
Authors: Olvera-Viascán V. , Bravo-Inclán L. , Sánchez-Chávez J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Valle de Bravo reservoir provides 30% of Mexico City’s drinking water. Unfortunately, human activities in the watershed have affected the water quality in this reservoir. Its trophic state changed from oligotrophic in 1980 to mesotrophic in 1987. Research conducted from March 1992 to February 1993 defined the main limnological characteristics of the water body and identified the most highly polluted subbasins in the Amanalco River Watershed. For this purpose, water, sediments and vascular plants were sampled in the waterbody. In the Amanalaco River Watershed land use and nutrient loadings in each subbasin were quantified.
The study dam is warm and monomictic, with a nine-month period of stratification and an overturn in December. Bottom anoxia occurred during the stratified phase. The reservoir was eutrophic during summer and mesotrophic the rest of the year. In the Amanalco basin, the highest phosphorus and nitrogen loadings (P, N in t y-1) entered by way of the Becerra (4.9, 47.2), Pipioltepec (8.6, 61.9) and Candelaria (8.5, 69.5) subbasins. A good agreement was found in a comparison between the export coefficients estimates in the Amanalco River Watershed and the measured amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen transported to 38 US waterbodies. Nevertheless, the phosphorus export coefficients for the forested subbasins within the Amanalco River Watershed were rather high in relation to the typical values found in the literature, and the values for agricultural land were low in relation to the same source.
For the first time in Mexico, export coefficients for phosphorus and nitrogen were estimated, both of which will be useful in assigning priorities in land management. The export coefficients estimates presented in this study can be applied to other scenarios in Mexico which have the same temperate semihumid climate.
Saline lake ecosystems of Mexico
Authors: Alcocer J. , Hammer U.T. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper aims to draw attention to the need to better know and understand Mexican saline lakes. It does this by outlining their distribution, abundance and location and their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The influence of climatic factors on saline lakes is discussed. To sharpen the focus of the general discussion, a few Mexican saline lakes are discussed in more detail in each of the indicated topics. Saline lakes are found throughout Mexico, with the greatest number in the northwest and the least in the southeast, and from sea level to altitudes above 2000 m. Mexican saline lakes widely fluctuate morphometrically. The majority are tiny, shallow, and temporal with small volumes. Some are large or deep, and perennial with large volumes. Polymixis is common in shallow lakes while deeper ones are monomictic. Temperature and dissolved oxygen fluctuate widely. Alkaline waters are frequent. Mirroring high primary productivity rates, water is often green and turbid but other colors (blue, sepia, purple, yellow) and clear water are also found. Most lakes are sodium chloride or alkali carbonate types. Salts resulting from the combination of sodium with chloride, carbonates and sulfates are common and, to a lesser extent, salts of calcium, potassium, magnesium, lithium and boron are present. Species richness in Mexican saline lakes decreases as salinity rises. Hyposaline lakes display a more diverse biota than hypersaline ones. Organisms commonly found in Mexican saline lakes are: blue-green algae (e.g., Spirulina geitleri, Phormidium tenue), rotifers (Brachionus spp.), anostracans (Artemia spp.), copepods (e.g., Diaptomus, Leptodiaptomus), corixid bugs (e.g., Corisella, Krizousacorixa, Trichocorixella), ephydrids (e.g., Ephydra hians), the neotenic salamander (e.g., Ambystoma spp.), atherinids (e.g., Chirostoma spp.), goodeids (e.g., Goodea spp.), cyprinodontids (e.g., Cyprinodon spp.), poecilids (e.g., Gambusia spp.), and the Caribbean pink flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber).
Role of major histocompatibility complex class I‐related molecules A*A5·1 allele in ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients
Authors: Lü Min , Xia Bing , Ge Liuqing , Li Yi , Zhao Jie , Chen Fan , Zhou Feng , Zhang Xiaolian , Tan Jinquan 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I‐related molecules A (MICA) is a stress‐inducible cell surface antigen that is recognized by intestinal epithelial Vδ1 γδ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells with NKG2D receptor participating in the immunological reaction in the intestinal mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate the functions of the MICA*A5.1 allele in the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the Chinese population. The microsatellite polymorphisms of MICA were genotyped in 124 unrelated Chinese patients with UC and 172 ethnically matched healthy controls using a semiautomatic fluorescently labelled polymerase chain reaction. MICA*A5.1‐expressing Raji cells were generated by gene transfection. Cytotoxicity of NK cells to Raji cells expressing different MICA molecules was detected using the lactate dehydrogenase method. Soluble MICA in the culture supernatant was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The frequency of MICA*A5.1 was significantly higher in UC patients compared with the healthy controls (29·0% versus 17·4%, P = 0·001, corrected P = 0·005, OR = 1·936, 95% CI 1·310–2·863) and the frequency of a MICA*A5.1/A5.1 homozygous genotype was increased in UC patients (18·5% versus 7% in healthy controls, P = 0·0032, corrected P = 0·048, OR = 3·036, 95% CI 1·447–6·372). Raji cells with MICA*A5.1 expression produced more soluble MICA (t = 5·75, P < 0·01) than Raji cells with full‐length MICA expression in culture supernatant. Raji cells with MICA*A5.1 expression were more resistant to killing by NK cells than Raji cells with full‐length MICA expression. The MICA*A5.1 allele and MICA*A5.1/A5.1 genotype are significantly associated with Chinese UC patients in central China. MICA*A5.1 may play a role in the development of UC by producing more soluble MICA and resistance to NK cells.