bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On amenability of the Banach algebras l∞(S, [Ufr ])
Authors: SÁNCHEZ FÉLIX CABELLO , GARCÍA RICARDO 
Published: August 2008

Let [Ufr ] be an associative Banach algebra. Given a set S, we write l∞(S, [Ufr ]) for the
Banach algebra of all bounded functions f: S→[Ufr ] with the usual norm ∥f∥∞ =
sups∈S∥f(s)∥[Ufr ] and pointwise multiplication. When S is countable, we simply write
l∈([Ufr ]).In this short note, we exhibit examples of amenable (resp. weakly amenable)
Banach algebras [Ufr ] for which l∈(S, [Ufr ]) fails to be amenable (resp. weakly amenable),
thus solving a problem raised by Gourdeau in [7] and [8]. We refer the reader to
[4, 9, 10] for background on amenability and weak amenability. For basic information
about the Arens product in the second dual of a Banach algebra the reader
can consult [5, 6].
Suicide in older people – can it be prevented?
Authors: Baldwin RC 
Published: August 2008

EditorialIn the UK, one of the strategic aims for the health services is to reduce death
by suicide. Older people are over-represented in national suicide figures in most
developed countries so they are de facto a high risk group. For example, in the UK,
people aged over 65 comprise about 15% of the population but this age group
accounts for between 20 and 25% of all completed suicides.
Introduction: a forum for developing ideas and solutions to pension challenges
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY , HABERMAN STEVEN , MILEVSKY MOSHE , ORSZAG MIKE 
Published: August 2008

The next few decades will be a period of rapid demographic change that will present
significant challenges to both public and private pension systems. In the next five
decades, reasonably conservative estimates are that the proportion of the population
aged over 65 in the developed world will roughly double. This shift in the age
structure of the population will naturally create wide-ranging economic and political
strains, particularly where pension provision relies extensively on pay-as-you-go
systems that are inherently sensitive to demographic change.In addition to stress caused by a shift in the age structure of the population, low
fertility experience of many countries, particularly in continental Europe, will lead to
substantial declines in the working age population in the next couple of decades. A
decline in the availability of workers will pose challenges for firms who are likely to
be under increasing pressure to attract and retain key workers. These pressures could
lead to a growth in employer-provided pensions.
How can China solve its old-age security problem? The interaction between pension,
state enterprise and financial market reform
Authors: JAMES ESTELLE 
Published: August 2008

Like most countries, China faces a rapidly aging population and a looming social security
crisis. Prefunding and unifying a fragmented system are at the heart of the government's
projected reforms that are intended to prevent this crisis. The Chinese plan to set up individual
accounts to deal with these problems is retarded by three key factors:1 transition costs must be covered in any move toward prefunding, and the Chinese
government is still trying to figure out how to accomplish this;2 the current social security system is characterized by fragmentation and decentralized
administration, which lead to principal–agent/ moral hazard issues that make it more
difficult to cover transition costs, decrease early retirement and increase compliance;3 the funds that have accumulated have not been invested in diversified portfolios by
competitive management and have not earned a high rate of return.This paper focuses on these three problems as well as the complex interactions between
pension, financial market and state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform. We summarize the bold
steps that the government has announced during second half of 2001 to link pension, financial
market and SOE reform.
Data mining of protein families using common peptides
Authors: Gottlieb Assaf , Weingart Uri , Horn David 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPredicting the function of a protein from its sequence is typically addressed using sequence-similarity. Here we propose a motif-based approach, using supervised motif extraction from protein sequences belonging to one functional family. The resulting deterministic motifs form Common Peptides (CPs) that characterize this family, allow for data mining of its proteins and facilitate further partition of the family into clusters
Heparin therapy for complications of placental dysfunction: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: DODD JODIE M. , SAHI KIRAN , MCLEOD ANNE , WINDRIM RORY C. , KINGDOM JOHN P.C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective. To assess the benefits and harms of antenatal antithrombotic therapy for women at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with placental dysfunction. Search strategy. PUBMED and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL) were searched. Reference lists of retrieved studies were searched by hand. No date or language restrictions were placed. Date of last search February 2008. Selection criteria. Randomized controlled trials comparing antenatal antithrombotic therapy (alone or combined with other agents) with placebo or no treatment were considered. Cohort studies with an appropriate control group were also considered. Studies were evaluated independently for appropriateness for inclusion and methodological quality without consideration of their results. Our search strategy identified five case series, two cohort studies with a control group, and one randomized controlled trial. All of the case series and one of the cohort studies were excluded. Data collection and analysis. The methodological quality of the included studies was poor. There was considerable variation in methodology and the interventions. It was not appropriate to combine results in meta‐analysis. Main results. From the randomized trial, heparin was not associated with a reduction in preterm birth less than 37 weeks gestation (Heparin 5/68 versus Control 7/39; relative risk (RR) 0.41; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.14–1.20), or birth weight below 10th centile (Heparin 4/68 versus Control 6/39; RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.11–1.27). Conclusion. There is insufficient information to recommend the use of heparin during pregnancy for women at risk of complications due to placental dysfunction. Further information from randomized trials is required.
Alloimmunization in pregnancy during the years 1992–2005 in the central west region of Sweden
Authors: GOTTVALL TOMAS , FILBEY DEREK 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives. To study the incidence of red cell immunization and to evaluate the use of low‐risk invasive procedures in the management of alloimmunized during pregnancy. Design. A 14‐year retrospective study of all immunized mothers and their newborns. Population. All reported alloimmunizations between the years 1992 and 2005 in our catchment area were examined. Methods. Background factors, maternal antibody classification, antibody titers, anti‐D quantitation, procedures and maternal treatments instituted during pregnancy, fetal outcome and treatment of the newborn were evaluated. Results. There were 78,145 deliveries in the region. Alloimmunization during pregnancy was detected in 0.4% of all pregnancies, excluding ABO immunizations. A significant alloimmunization (titer level ≥8) was detected in 0.16%. Anti‐D immunizations were responsible for 60% of significant immunizations followed by anti‐Fya in 10%, anti‐c in 7% and anti‐K in 4%. Maternal plasma exchange and high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin were used as low‐risk invasive treatments in 12 cases. Delivery was in ≥38 weeks in 93% of cases. Twenty‐nine newborns were treated with exchange transfusions (ETs) after delivery, whereof 21/29 were due to anti‐D, seven due to anti‐c and anti‐E and in one case anti‐Fya. No deaths occurred due to severe alloimmunization. Conclusion. Anti‐D still accounts for the most severe immunizations and for most of the cases where ET was necessary. Low‐risk invasive techniques to evaluate and treat pregnancies complicated by alloimmunization seem possible and accurate, avoiding invasive procedures that may exacerbate the immunization during pregnancy.
The Relation Between Essentialist Beliefs and Evolutionary Reasoning
Authors: Shtulman Andrew , Schulz Laura 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHistorians of science have pointed to essentialist beliefs about species as major impediments to the discovery of natural selection. The present study investigated whether such beliefs are impediments to learning this concept as well. Participants (43 children aged 4–9 and 34 adults) were asked to judge the variability of various behavioral and anatomical properties across different members of the same species. Adults who accepted within‐species variation—both actual and potential—were significantly more likely to demonstrate a selection‐based understanding of evolution than adults who denied within‐species variation. The latter demonstrated an alternative, incorrect understanding of evolution and produced response patterns that were both quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those produced by preschool‐aged children. Overall, it is argued that psychological essentialism, although a useful bias for drawing species‐wide inductions, leads individuals to devalue within‐species variation and, consequently, to fail to understand natural selection.
Audience‐Contingent Variation in Action Demonstrations for Humans and Computers
Authors: Herberg Jonathan S. , Saylor Megan M. , Ratanaswasd Palis , Levin Daniel T. , Wilkes D. Mitchell 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPeople may exhibit two kinds of modifications when demonstrating action for others: modifications to facilitate bottom‐up, or sensory‐based processing; and modifications to facilitate top‐down, or knowledge‐based processing. The current study examined actors' production of such modifications in action demonstrations for audiences that differed in their capacity for intentional reasoning. Actors' demonstrations of complex actions for a non‐anthropomorphic computer system and for people (adult and toddler) were compared. Evidence was found for greater highlighting of top‐down modifications in the demonstrations for the human audiences versus the computer audience. Conversely, participants highlighted simple perceptual modifications for the computer audience, producing more punctuated and wider ranging motions. This study suggests that people consider differences in their audiences when demonstrating action.
The Relative Success of Recognition‐Based Inference in Multichoice Decisions
Authors: McCloy Rachel , Beaman C. Philip , Smith Philip T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe utility of an “ecologically rational” recognition‐based decision rule in multichoice decision problems is analyzed, varying the type of judgment required (greater or lesser). The maximum size and range of a counterintuitive advantage associated with recognition‐based judgment (the “less‐is‐more effect”) is identified for a range of cue validity values. Greater ranges of the less‐is‐more effect occur when participants are asked which is the greatest of m choices (m > 2) than which is the least. Less‐is‐more effects also have greater range for larger values of m. This implies that the classic two‐alternative forced choice task, as studied by , may not be the most appropriate test case for less‐is‐more effects.
Rethinking Michael Polanyi's Realism: From Personal Knowledge to Intersubjectively Viable Communication
Authors: Ray Tim 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Fifty years after the publication of Michael Polanyi's magnum opus, Personal Knowledge, the fashion for Knowledge Management (KM) has helped to institutionalise a redefinition of his distinction between tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. But KM's redefinition of Polanyi's argument misrepresents his insights into the process of personal tacit ‘knowing’ and overlooks the implications of his faith in metaphysical ‘being’. This paper explores the significance of Polanyi's original concept of tacit knowledge, together with the consequences of assuming a ‘vertical’ connection between personal knowledge and faith in an unknowable absolute truth. By using faith to protect personal knowledge from the charge of subjectivism, Polanyi precluded the possibility that different people, who interact in different contexts and believe in different things, could develop viable modes of knowing and learning. However, rethinking Polanyi's philosophy with regard to Ernst von Glasersfeld's radical constructivism, which is derived from intersubjectively viable ‘horizontal’ communication, allows the virtues of tacit knowledge to be separated from the complications of metaphysical realism.
DISTINCTION IN BRITAIN, 2001–2004?
Authors: Tampubolon Gindo 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT
This study delineates a scheme for examining Bourdieu's theory which relates social structure and cultural consumption (the homology thesis). Interpreting homology as the exclusive mapping between the space of cultural consumptions and social structure e.g., ‘high’ art as the exclusive domain of the upper class, is inadequate. Bourdieu's theory allows a more refined scheme which incorporates habitus. I elaborate this scheme and derive some propositions regarding the pattern of music consumptions and social structure. A Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause model is used to examine the homology thesis directly; where in the measurement part, a latent class model is used to derive types of consumers (or space of cultural consumption), and simultaneously, in the structural part, a logistic model is used to estimate stratification effects of being in one of the types. Using survey data sponsored by Arts Council England, it is shown that the space of music consumptions is inhabited by two types of music consumers: the popular and the dominant class. Furthermore, this space is shown to be structured by social class thereby lending some support to the homology thesis.
Income advantages of communist party members before and During the transformation process
Authors: Verhoeven Willem-Jan , Flap Henk , Dessens Jos , Jansen Wim 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT
In this study contradictory hypotheses are tested about the changing income advantages of Communist Party (CP) members derived from the Elite Circulation Thesis and the Elite Reproduction Thesis, using cross-sectional datasets from before and during the transformation process. CP members are matched with non-CP members on several important income determinants such as human capital, occupational class, market capital, age, gender, and marital status. Independent-samples t-tests, on differences in mean personal (ln)income reveal that CP members earn more than non-CP members do before and during the transformation process. An ANOVA shows that the income advantages of CP members are most persistent in the Czech Republic and Russia while they get smaller in Slovakia and Hungary. Comparing the four countries suggests that the remaining income advantages of CP members may partly be explained by transformation specific differences between countries.
LABOUR SEGMENTATION AND EMPLOYMENT DIVERSITY IN THE ICT SERVICE SECTOR IN PORTUGAL
Authors: Kovács Ilona , Falcão Casaca Sara 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper provides an overview of the main ongoing employment changes taking place in Portugal and particular emphasis is given to the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. However, due to its heterogeneous composition, both intensive and low-knowledge services are addressed in this sector, ranging from ICT companies in general to call centres in particular. Starting with a brief revision of both optimistic and critical approaches to the new service-based economy, the paper seeks to contribute to this theoretical debate through the analysis of a very singular context, the Portuguese one, based on the results of a research project. The main argument points out that employment changes in the ICT sector are associated with labour segmentation and growing differences in work and employment conditions, including gender inequalities.
The influence of formal and informal support systems on the labour supply of divorced mothers
Authors: Raeymaeckers Peter , Dewilde Caroline , Snoeckx Laurent , Mortelmans Dimitri 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT
In this article, we evaluate the effect of both formal and informal childcare support systems on the post-divorce labour supply of divorced mothers. To this end, we model the change in working hours before and after divorce by using a multilevel approach, estimating the impact of both micro- and macro-level determinants. Although we find empirical evidence for the hypothesis that a country's institutional environment plays an important role in facilitating employment as a strategy for mothers to cope with their financial losses following partnership dissolution, our conclusion is that the change in labour supply is more responsive to the whole of a country's family policies rather than to so-called ‘domain-specific’ indicators of formal and informal childcare provision. Furthermore, our empirical evidence suggests that at the micro-level, formal and informal childcare strategies are connected. The complementary role of informal support systems, facilitating the use of formal childcare, is an important finding from a policy point of view. However, further research will have to make clear which conditions have to be fulfilled in order to help divorced mothers to combine work and care, thus enabling them to mitigate the economic consequences of partnership dissolution.
THE CHANGING SHAPE OF CLASS VOTING
Authors: Oesch Daniel 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT
In the 1990s, sociologists engaged in a heated controversy about class voting. Although empirical evidence accumulated, positions remained surprisingly divided. This paper argues that this disagreement is due to two factors. Firstly, it reflects diverging understandings as to the concept of class voting. Secondly, it is explained by the use of class models that do not satisfactorily represent today's social stratification in Western Europe. In consequence, this paper uses a detailed multi-class schema and examines two cleavages running through the social structure: (i) the economic divide separating holders of organizational power from the workingclass, (ii) the cultural divide opposing high-skilled classes engaged in interpersonal work settings (who hold a liberation view of community) from low-skilled classes occupied in object-related tasks (who hold an authoritarian view of community). Based on individual level data, our analyses show that classes continue to systematically differ in their party support. There is strong electoral evidence for the traditional economic cleavage in Britain's and Germany's class structure, while in Switzerland the cultural cleavage seems more salient. Hence, class voting continues but appears to involve more (and different) class-party alliances than just leftvoting by the woking class. Among others, we find salaried professionals in the social and cultural services to rally the libertarian left, while managers support parties on the right. Moreover, where a right-wing populist party alternative exists, it attracts disproportionate support from production workers and small business owners.
Survival and behaviour of migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts in river, estuarine, and coastal habitat
Authors: Hubley P. Bradford , Amiro Peter G. , Gibson A. Jamie F. , Lacroix Gilles L. , Redden Anna M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Hubley, P. B., Amiro, P. G., Gibson, A. J. F., Lacroix, G. L., and Redden, A. M. 2008. Survival and behaviour of migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts in river, estuarine, and coastal habitat. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1626–1634. The downstream migration of 30 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kelts tagged with acoustic transmitters was monitored using 26 underwater receivers at eight locations from April to October 2006 in the LaHave River and Estuary. In all, 27 tags were detected as they left the coastal environment by the middle of May, 5 weeks after release, indicating a possible 90% kelt survival to coastal departure. Two missing tags and one dropped tag were assumed to be attributable to natural mortality in the estuary. Migration time from release to the outermost coastal receivers 24 km below the tide limit took an average of 14 d, but varied from 3 to 32 d. Some 40% of the kelts lingered and were active in the lower estuary. Five kelts monitored with depth transmitters migrated mostly at the surface in all habitats, with occasional brief descent to the bottom. A consecutive spawning salmon returned after 79 d outside the outermost array. The low rate of returns is consistent with the historical repeat spawning schedule for this river, and more precisely documents the temporal and spatial habitat use of migrating kelts.
First Report of Botrytis Gray Mold on Red Bayberry in China
Authors: Zhang Z. F. , Li H. Y. , Shi Z. H. 
Published: August 2008

Red bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc) is a special fruit produced in southeastern China. Heavy losses due to postharvest rot and short shelf-life have negatively affected farmers' incomes. In June 2007, a survey was conducted to determine the causal agents of red bayberry (cv. Dongkui) rot in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province. Only a few soft rot fruits with typical gray mold of Botrytis cinerea were found on trees, but 74% (266 of 360) of the fruits that appeared disease free during harvest showed a mass of gray mold after 5 days in storage at 22°C. Brown conidiophores bore botryose heads of hyaline, ellipsoid, unicellular conidia, measuring 9.1 to 16.1 × 8.6 to 11.0 μm. Mycelia were initially whitish and turned gray with age. Black, irregular sclerotia were formed in potato dextrose agar medium. Such features suggested B. cinerea infection (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of 20 healthy red bayberries with a conidial suspension (106/ml); 100% were infected and masses of gray mold were formed 4 days after inoculation. No mock-inoculated fruits were infected. To confirm involvement of B. cinerea, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS4/ITS6 (2). The sequence (Accession No. AM884742) matched 100% to B. cinerea sequences deposited in Genbank (Accession Nos. EF207415, EF207414, and EF207413). To our knowledge, this is the first report of red bayberry rot caused by B. cinerea in China. References: (1) J. Y. Lu. Phytopathogenic Fungi. Chinese Agricultural Publishing, Beijing, 1995. (2) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997.