bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scheduling sensor activity for information coverage of discrete targets in sensor networks
Authors: Wang Bang , Chua Kee Chaing , Srinivasan Vikram , Wang Wei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we study the problem of scheduling sensor activity to cover a set of targets with known locations such that all targets can be monitored all the time and the network can operate as long as possible. A solution to this scheduling problem is to partition all sensors into some sensor covers such that each cover can monitor all targets and the covers are activated sequentially. In this paper, we propose to provide information coverage instead of the conventional sensing disk coverage for target. The notion of information coverage is based on estimation theory to exploit the collaborative nature of geographically distributed sensors. Due to the use of information coverage, a target that is not within the sensing disk of any single sensor can still be considered to be monitored (information covered) by the cooperation of more than one sensor. This change of the problem settings complicates the solutions compared to that by using a disk coverage model. We first define the target information coverage (TIC) problem and prove its NP‐completeness. We then propose a heuristic to approximately solve our problem. Simulation results show that our heuristic is better than an existing algorithm and is close to the upper bound when only the sensing disk coverage model is used. Furthermore, simulation results also show that the network lifetime can be significantly improved by using the notion of information coverage compared with that by using the conventional definition of sensing disk coverage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The unsaponifiables ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil
Authors: Fioriti Joseph A. , Kanuk Margaret J. , Sims Rex J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe unsaponifiable fraction ofVernonia anthelmintica seed oil has been studied in detail. Preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) on argentated plates has revealed that the hydrocarbon fraction contains squalene as well as normal odd chain alkanes among which C31 predominates. A small fraction containing C18–C28n‐alcohols was also found. The sterol fraction made up the bulk of the unsaponifiables (66%). This fraction contained at least six sterols but two of these accounted for over 90% of the total. The sterols occur in the oil in the esterified form; gas liquid chromatography shows that they are preferentially esterified to linoleic acid. These esters have been isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and have been separated by preparative TLC. Purification by preparative TLC followed by high resolution mass spectrometry has shown that empirical formulas of the two most abundant sterols are C29H46O and C29H48O. The latter corresponds to the already reported Δ7‐avenasterol. The former is a new sterol having three double bonds and a stigmastane backbone.
The mechanism of color reversion in soybean salad oil
Authors: Lai Ming‐Tain , Lin Woan‐Meei , Chu Yan‐Hwa , Chen Shih‐Ling Y. , Kong Kwan‐Shean , Chen Chieh‐Wu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn enzymatic reaction might be the major cause of color reversion in soybean oil. During the soybean flaking process, enzymatic reactions take place to convertγ‐tocopherol to 5‐(tocopheryloxy)‐γ‐tocopherol (γ‐TED), and then further convertγ‐TED to the precursors which are the cause of color reversion. The variations ofγ‐tocopherol andγ‐TED contents in soybean oil are accompanied by an inverse change in the precursors’ concentration. Therefore, the contents ofγ‐tocopherol orγ‐TED in crude soybean oil could be used as an index for predicting the color quality (color reversion) of soybean salad oil.Almost all the precursors (such as tocored) were converted to color‐reverted substances under catalysis after bleaching treatment, and they were converted back to the precursors during deodorization. Those precursors might be gradually reconverted into the color reverted substances during storage to cause the color reversion in soybean salad oil.
Regeneration of silicic acid following adsorption of soybean oil pigments
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Snyder Harry E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effectiveness of sequential washes (isopropanol/hexane) of increasing polarity for desorbing soybean oil pigment (lutein) from silica was studied. Increasing the polarity promoted desorption of pigment, as the amount of adsorbed pigment increased. The evidence suggests that silicic acid has adsorption sites of variable accessibility. Lutein adsorption isotherms show that much of the adsorption capacity was regained after desorption.
Correlation of heats of combustion with empirical formulas for fatty alcohols
Authors: Freedman B. , Bagby M. O. , Khoury H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGross heats of combustion (Hg) for the homologous series of saturated fatty alcohols C10–C22 were measured in a Parr adiabatic calorimeter according to ASTM D240 and D2015. The measured values for these alcohols ranged from 1582 to 3453 kg‐cal/mole. We developed equations that related carbon number (CN) or chain length, electron number (EN) or number of valence electrons and molecular weight (MW) to calculated Hg by linear regression analysis (LINREG). These equations are: Hg=26.00+155.60 CN; Hg=26.00+25.94 EN; and Hg=−172.2+11.00 MW. R squared values for all three equations were 0.99. The results obtained with LINREG were compared to a literature method. Comparisons were made for both the fatty alcohols above and C1–C5, C7, C8 and C16 alcohols of the literature method. For the former alcohols there was no difference in accuracy or precision between the two methods. For the latter alcohols LINREG was both more accurate and precise. Measured Hg vs. chain length for C1–C22 alcohols showed a perfect linear relationship. Thus, knowing chain length, Hg can be predicted accurately for alcohols in this range.
Disorders caused by deficiency of succinate‐CoA ligase
Authors: Ostergaard E. 
Published: April 2008

SummarySuccinate‐CoA ligase catalyses the reversible conversion of succinyl‐CoA and ADP or GDP to succinate and ATP or GTP. It is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme and at least the ADP‐forming enzyme is part of the Krebs cycle. The substrate specificity is determined by the β subunit of succinate‐CoA ligase, which is encoded by either SUCLA2 or SUCLG2. In patients with severe hypotonia, deafness and Leigh‐like syndrome, mutations have been found in SUCLA2. Mutations have also been reported in SUCLG1, which encodes the α subunit found in both enzymes, in patients with severe infantile acidosis and lactic aciduria. Elevated methylmalonate and methylcitrate and severe mtDNA depletion were found in both disorders. The mtDNA depletion may be explained by the interaction of succinate‐CoA ligase with nucleoside diphosphate kinase, which is involved in mitochondrial nucleotide metabolism.
Endoscopic approach to juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: our experience at a tertiary care centre
Authors: Gupta A K , Rajiniganth M G , Gupta A K 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic exposure and excision for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.Design:Prospective analysis of the outcomes of endoscopic removal of the angiofibroma at a tertiary care centre, using endoscopic and radiological parameters.Subjects:Twenty-eight consecutive patients with angiofibroma were included. These patients underwent endonasal endoscopic excision of the lesion, following pre-operative computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography. Post-operative endoscopy and radiology were performed at six weeks to detect any residual lesion, and thereafter at six-monthly intervals to detect recurrence.Results:Twenty-one patients (75 per cent) were new cases and seven patients (25 per cent) had recurrent tumour. Pre-operative embolisation was performed in 21 patients (75 per cent). An endoscopic endonasal approach was used to access the pterygopalatine fossa. The average blood loss was 228 ml. Residual lesion was noted in one patient (initially with recurrent stage II C pathology). The remaining 27 patients (initially with stage I, II A and II B pathology) were free of residual pathology or recurrence after a minimum follow-up period of 12 months.Conclusion:Endoscopic exposure and excision of angiofibroma was found to be effective.
Evaluation of adenoidal obstruction in children: clinical symptoms compared with roentgenographic assessment
Authors: Orji F T , Ezeanolue B C 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground:Obstructive adenoid enlargement is commonly implicated as the major cause of chronic nasal obstruction in children. Although clinical assessment is considered essential, there is little consensus over its reliability. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between graded symptomatology assessment and roentgenographic assessment of adenoidal obstruction.Method:Symptoms assessed included snoring, mouth-breathing and obstructive breathing during sleep. Each symptom was rated on a four-point scale (absent = zero, mild = one, moderate = two and severe = three). We summed the ratings for each child to obtain the symptomatology score. We used an adenoidal–nasopharyngeal ratio parameter to classify roentgenographic assessment into minimal, moderate or marked obstruction.Results:Sixty-four children, 42 boys and 22 girls, aged one to 12 years were enrolled. The clinical symptomatology scores correlated significantly with the roentgenographic ratings of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction (r = 0.419;p = 0.001). The correlation was significant at roentgenographic ratings of minimal obstruction (p < 0.05) and gross obstruction (p < 0.001). Both the symptomatology score and the roentgenographic rating showed significant correlations with patient age (r = −0.657,p < 0.01 andr = −0.340,p < 0.01, respectively).Conclusion:Clinical rating of adenoidal symptoms in children provides a reasonably reliable assessment of the presence and severity of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction. This technique of assessment is easy to use and is particularly valid when obstruction is either minimal or gross.
Lifting measures to inducing schemes
Authors: PESIN YA. B. , SENTI S. , ZHANG K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper we study the liftability property for piecewise continuous maps of compact metric spaces, which admit inducing schemes in the sense of Pesin and Senti [Y. Pesin and S. Senti. Thermodynamical formalism associated with inducing schemes for one-dimensional maps. Mosc. Math. J.5(3) (2005), 669–678; Y. Pesin and S. Senti. Equilibrium measures for maps with inducing schemes. Preprint, 2007]. We show that under some natural assumptions on the inducing schemes—which hold for many known examples—any invariant ergodic Borel probability measure of sufficiently large entropy can be lifted to the tower associated with the inducing scheme. The argument uses the construction of connected Markov extensions due to Buzzi [J. Buzzi. Markov extensions for multi-dimensional dynamical systems. Israel J. Math.112 (1999), 357–380], his results on the liftability of measures of large entropy, and a generalization of some results by Bruin [H. Bruin. Induced maps, Markov extensions and invariant measures in one-dimensional dynamics. Comm. Math. Phys.168(3) (1995), 571–580] on relations between inducing schemes and Markov extensions. We apply our results to study the liftability problem for one-dimensional cusp maps (in particular, unimodal and multi-modal maps) and for some multi-dimensional maps.
Swedish Narratives of the Second World War: A European Perspective
Authors: ÖSTLING JOHAN 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper outlines the dominant post-war narratives of the Second World War in Europe. Drawing from the expanding fields of memory and history, a general pattern in the European interpretations of the war years emerges: whereas the experiences and recollections of the war were narrated within a patriotic framework until the 1980s, a significant shift towards a universalistic interpretation has occurred in the last two decades. Although Sweden's wartime experiences differed profoundly from most other similar countries, it is argued that the transformation of Swedish narratives of the Second World War reflected general European tendencies after 1945. Special attention is paid to the emergence in the 1990s of a universalistic understanding of the war, and how this change interplayed with a more general criticism of the foundations of post-war Swedish society.
The Transnational Reaction to 1968: Neo-fascist Fronts and Political Cultures in France and Italy
Authors: MAMMONE ANDREA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA transnational analysis of neo-fascism in France and Italy can elucidate historical processes that are usually only analysed within a specific national context or deemed to be by-products of individual nation-states. This article highlights the crucial importance of 1968 in the development of neo-fascist electoral and political strategies in both countries, as well as in the rise of extremist cultural activism. It reveals similar reactions to the hegemony of the political left over popular and youth culture as well as a striking commonality of ideals. Through the examination of a relatively brief period (1968 to the end of the 1970s), this article attempts to demonstrate patterns of cross-fertilisation, ideological transfer and the prominence of the Movimento Sociale Italiano which strongly influenced the French neo-fascists in the establishment of the Front national. The importance, and the trans-border impact, of the Nouvelle Droite in the cultural milieu and its attempt to update neo-fascist and racist ideals is also highlighted.
Functional expression of an insect cathepsin B‐like counter‐defence protein
Authors: Koo Y. D. , Ahn J.‐E. , Salzman R. A. , Moon J. , Chi Y. H. , Yun D.‐J. , Lee S. Y. , Koiwa H. , Zhu‐Salzman K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInsects are capable of readjusting their digestive regimes in response to dietary challenge. Cowpea bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus) strongly induce C. maculatus cathepsin B‐like cysteine protease 1 (CmCatB1) transcripts when fed diet containing a soybean cysteine protease inhibitor soyacystatin N (scN). CmCatB1 shares significant sequence similarity with cathepsin B‐like cysteine proteases. In this study, we isolated another cDNA, namely CmCatB2 that encodes a protein sequence otherwise identical to CmCatB1, but lacking a 70‐amino‐acid internal section. CmCatB1 and CmCatB2 probably resulted from alternate splicing events. Only the CmCatB1 transcript, however, exhibited differential expression in response to dietary scN. Further, this expression was only detectable in larvae, which is the developmental stage associated with food ingestion. The scN‐activated and developmentally regulated CmCatB1 expression pattern suggests it may have a unique function in insect counter‐defence against antinutritional factors. Heterologously expressed recombinant CmCatB1 protein exhibited enzymatic activity in a pH‐dependent manner. Activity of the protein was inhibited by both the cysteine protease inhibitor E‐64 and the cathepsin B‐specific inhibitor CA‐074, verifying its cathepsin B‐like cysteine protease nature. Interestingly, the enzymatic activity was unaffected by the presence of scN. Together, we have provided functional evidence suggesting that CmCatB1 confers inhibitor‐insensitive enzymatic activity to cowpea bruchids, which is crucial for insect survival when challenged by dietary protease inhibitors.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Mammals of Borneo – small size on a large island
Authors: Meiri Shai , Meijaard Erik , Wich Serge A. , Groves Colin P. , Helgen Kristofer M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim  Island mammals have featured prominently in models of the evolution of body size. Most of these models examine size evolution across a wide range of islands in order to test which island characteristics influence evolutionary pathways. Here, we examine the mammalian fauna of a single island, Borneo, where previous work has detected that some mammal species have evolved a relatively small size. We test whether Borneo is characterized by smaller mammals than adjacent areas, and examine possible causes for the different trajectories of size evolution between different Bornean species.Location  Sundaland: Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the Malay/Thai Peninsula.Methods  We compared the mammalian body size frequency distributions in the four areas to examine whether the large mammal fauna of Borneo is more depauperate than elsewhere. We measured specimens belonging to 54 mammal species that are shared between Borneo and any of the other areas in order to determine whether there is an intraspecific tendency for Bornean mammals to evolve small body size. Using data on diet, body size and geographical ranges we examine factors that are thought to influence body size.Results  Borneo has fewer large mammals than the other areas, but this is not statistically significant. Large Bornean mammals are significantly smaller than their conspecifics in the other regions, while there are no differences between the body sizes of mammals on Sumatra, Java and the Malay/Thai Peninsula. The finding that large mammals show the greatest size difference between Borneo and elsewhere contrasts with some models of size evolution on islands of different areas. Diet does not correlate with the degree of size reduction. Sunda region endemics show a weaker tendency to be small on Borneo than do widespread species.Main conclusions  We suggest that soil quality may drive size evolution by affecting primary productivity. On Borneo, where soils are generally poor in nutrients, this may both limit biomass and cause mammals to be reduced in body size. We hypothesize that widespread species respond to low resource abundance by reducing in size, while endemic elements of the fauna have had longer to adjust to local conditions by altering their behaviour, physiology and/or ecology, and are thus similar in size across the region.
The spectrum of barriers to and facilitators of research utilization in Iranian nursing
Authors: Mehrdad Neda , Salsali Mahvash , Kazemnejad Anooshiravan 
Published: April 2008

Aim.  The focus of the study is the identification of barriers to and facilitators of research utilization in nursing practice from the perspective of Iranian nurses.Background.  In Iran, research utilization is a new phenomenon thus our knowledge with regard to those factors that promote or discourage research use is limited. No overall picture of the state of research utilization in Iran therefore exists.Method.  A descriptive design is used. The questionnaire was distributed to 410 nurses from educational hospitals and nursing schools affiliated with Tehran Medical Sciences University in Iran.Results.  The major barriers to research utilization were that the nurses do not have time to read research; facilities are inadequate for implementation; and nurses do not feel they have enough authority to change patient care procedures. Findings revealed a number of facilitators which were categorised into two main groups of human resources and individual/organisational factors.Conclusion.  The healthcare system in Iran does not provide the incentive for nurses to engage in research or to avail themselves of research findings. Also, time is the major issue owing to a nursing shortage. If research utilization is to increase in Iran, therefore, the most important organisational change that needs to occur is the provision of available facilities for nurses to use research evidence.Relevance to clinical practice.  Key factors that need attention in implementing research results into practice are suggested. Clearly, identification of barriers and facilitators is useful potentially to overcome barriers and enforce facilitators and this could ultimately improve nursing practice.
An empirical study of pupils' attitudes to computers and robots*
Authors: Moore J.L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA 64‐item Likert type instrument assessed seven scales of pupils' attitude toward computers and robots. Scale scores were investigated as functions of pupils' sex, Piagetian stage, chosen course of study, home use of a microcomputer and experience of computer‐assisted learning (CAL). More favourable attitudes were held by boys and by pupils choosing Computer Studies. Amongst pupils not choosing Computer Studies, those reporting experience of CAL or high use of a home microcomputer showed smaller declines of attitudes over a 1‐year period.
Introducing expert systems to pupils
Authors: Reynolds C. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract  There are a number of practical advantages in exposing schoolchildren to simple expert systems. This should be done in order to give them a deeper understanding about what information is and how decisions are made by both people and advanced computer systems. However, there is a danger of blinding the pupils with science if expert system techniques are moved directly from the research laboratory to the classroom without appropriate adaptation.This paper highlights the problems of producing a flexible and easily demonstrable system which can be used for teaching about expert systems and the underlying information processing principles. Key features of a working system, called Micro‐CODIL, are described. This uses a distinctive paradigm which is particularly suited to the needs of the classroom.Examples discussed in the paper include a micro‐expert system relating to the finding of a body in a Danish bog, a brainteaser involving logical deduction to demonstrate production rules and a simple French‐English dictionary which can be used to widen pupils' ideas about ‘information’.
Mother's and father's birthweight as predictors of infant birthweight
Authors: Little Ruth E. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Mothers' and fathers' birthweights are each significantly related to their infants' birthweight, even after control for 31 potentially confounding variables. The relationship is stronger for mothers and daughters than for other parent‐offspring pairs. Parents' birthweights together account for 2% of the variance in sons', and 5% of the variance in daughters' birthweights.There are interactions of maternal birthweight with maternal adult weight, pregnancy weight gain, and parity; the predicted effect of maternal birthweight on infant birthweight is enhanced when the mother weighs more, gains more weight during pregnancy, or is multiparous. Race and parents' drinking and smoking also modify the predicted effect of parents' birthweights.The correlation between mother and offspring birthweights has been attributed to the mother's own uterine experience and its effect on her later reproductive performance. However, the significant relationship of father and infant birthweights reported in this paper suggests that the fetal genes also play some role in determining size at birth.