bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From “Main Tendue” to Vatican II: The Catholic Engagement with Atheism 1936–1965
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPius XII condemned atheism's “most ignoble corruptions” in his 1956 encyclical Haurietis Aquas, along with its “lethal tenets” in 1958's Meminisse Iuvat. Only six years later, however, in 1964, Vatican II's Lumen Gentium affirmed the possibility of salvation for “those who, without any fault of theirs, have not yet arrived at an explicit knowledge of God” (article 16). Furthermore, the following year's Gaudium et Spes 19–21, drafted by Paul VI's newly-founded Secretariat for Non-believers, offers, among much else, a sympathetic overview of contemporary atheisms, and invites their contemporary adherents to “a dialogue that is sincere and prudent”. These paragraphs, according to Ratzinger, “may be counted among the most important pronouncements of Vatican II”.Evidently, comparing Pius XII's “lethal tenets” to Vatican II's salvific optimism, profound developments are manifest in the Catholic engagement with atheism. Primarily responsible for this are, I argue, two episodes in French Catholic history in the decades preceding Vatican II: a) the unprecedented dialogue of Catholic intellectuals with modern atheism, following the French Communist Party's main tendue (“outstretched hand”) during the period of the Popular Front (1934–38); and b) the ‘priest-worker’ experiment, initiated by Henri Godin and Yvan Daniel's 1943 publication of La France – Pays de Mission?
Karl Rahner's Ecclesiology
Authors: Kilby Karen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFor reasons of academic fashion and ecclesial politics, Rahner is often dismissed as a liberal. Though elements of his thought on the church/world relationship do not date well, and others have been so thoroughly absorbed into the mainstream as to lose their interest, there is a dimension of his thought which remains important and which in fact undercuts typical divisions between liberals and their opponents.
Dei Verbum: Fit for Purpose?
Authors: Towey Anthony 
Published: February 2009

AbstractArguably one of the most well received of the documents of Vatican II, this article considers the gestation of Dei Verbum and whether it remains key to Catholic thinking on revelation, exegesis, hermeneutics and the use of the Bible in the Church.Insofar as Dei Verbum enabled Catholicism to rediscover its own sacramental paradigm of revelation, it can be said to have effected a decisive move away from a propositional view which risks reducing the drama of salvation to a combination of bullet points and performance indicators. Moreover, Catholic biblical theology has enjoyed a welcome renaissance in these subsequent decades and scripture now plays a more obvious part in liturgy and piety.Though there are lacunae (e.g. anthropology, ecology), and though some of the exegetical tensions have been by-passed by postmodern hermeneutics, perhaps the more interesting questions that remain will centre not on the scriptures but on a renewed understanding of the nature of tradition and the creativity of its relationship with the magisterium.
Monsters and the Exotic in Early Medieval England
Authors: Mittman Asa Simon , Kim Susan M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe dominant literate culture of early medieval England – male, European, and Christian – often represented itself through comparison to exotic beings and monsters, in traditions developed from native mythologies, and Classical and Biblical sources. So pervasive was this reflexive identification that the language of the monstrous occurs not only in fictional travel narratives, but at the heart of constructions of the native hero as well as the Christian saint. In these constructions we read the central contradiction in this literature: the monster must be ‘other’ and yet cannot be absolutely so; on the contrary, the monster remains recognizable, familiar, seductive, and possible. In this essay, we discuss textual sources for the early medieval monstrous, sources ranging from Pliny to Augustine and Isidore. As we survey early medieval texts dealing with the monstrous in genres including catalog, epic, and hagiography as well as visual depictions in manuscript illustration and the mappaemundi, we consider historically particular cultural and political motivations for the representation of the monstrous in these texts, among them the early Christian conversions and shifting national boundaries.
Some Versions of the Hortus Conclusus in Elizabethan Landscape and Literature
Authors: Jones Mark 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSituating its discussion among recent ecocritical developments in studies of Shakespeare and the literature of the English Renaissance, this essay considers the medieval enclosed garden, or hortus conclusus, as a way of being in the world that was available to the Elizabethan imagination. A concept ultimately derived from Canticles 4.12, the idea of the enclosed garden was read allegorically, if differently, by both Catholic and Protestant exegetes. Enormously productive in the late middle ages, the iconography of the hortus conclusus was appropriated in Elizabethan England by poets and gardeners alike and may be found in plays including Shakespeare's Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, and The Winter's Tale, as well as in actual gardens, among them Theobalds, Kenilworth, Wimbledon, and Nonsuch. While fashioned to embrace theological and political concerns of the late sixteenth century, these late manifestations of the enclosed garden retain a recognizably medieval character.
Cavernous Neurotomy in the Rat is Associated with the Onset of an Overt Condition of Hypogonadism
Authors: Vignozzi Linda , Filippi Sandra , Morelli Annamaria , Marini Mirca , Chavalmane Aravinda , Fibbi Benedetta , Silvestrini Enrico , Mancina Rosa , Carini Marco , Vannelli G. Barbara , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Background
Most men following radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) are afflicted by erectile dysfunction (ED). RRP-related ED occurs as a result of surgically elicited neuropraxia, leading to histological changes in the penis, including collagenization of smooth muscle and endothelial damage.

Aim
To verify whether hypogonadism could contribute to the pathogenesis of RRP-ED.

Methods
Effects of testosterone (T), alone or in association with long-term tadalafil (Tad) treatment in a rat model of bilateral cavernous neurotomy (BCN).

Main Outcome Measures
Penile tissues from rats were harvested for vasoreactivity studies 3 months post-BCN. Penile oxygenation was evaluated by hypoxyprobe immunostaining. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA expression were quantified by Real Time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Results
In BCN rats, we observed the onset of an overt condition of hypogonadism, characterized by reduced T plasma level, reduced ventral prostate weight, reduced testis function (including testis weight and number of Leydig cells), with an inadequate compensatory increase of luteinizing hormone. BCN induced massive penile hypoxia, decreased muscle/fiber ratio, nNOS, eNOS, PDE5 expression, increased sensitivity to the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and reduced the relaxant response to acetylcholine (Ach), as well as unresponsiveness to acute Tad dosing. In BCN rats, chronic Tad-administration normalizes penile oxygenation, smooth muscle loss, PDE5 expression, SNP sensitivity, and the responsiveness to the acute Tad administration. Chronic Tad treatment was ineffective in counteracting the reduction of nNOS and eNOS expression, along with Ach responsiveness. T supplementation, in combination with Tad, reverted some of the aforementioned alterations, restoring smooth muscle content, eNOS expression, as well as the relaxant response of penile strips to Ach, but not nNOS expression.

Conclusion
BCN was associated with hypogonadism, probably of central origin. T supplementation in hypogonadal BCN rats ameliorates some aspects of BCN-induced ED, including collagenization of penile smooth muscle and endothelial dysfunction, except surgically induced altered nNOS expression.
Nesting Habitat of the Lilac‐crowned Parrot in a Modified Landscape in Mexico
Authors: Monterrubio‐Rico Tiberio C. , Ortega‐Rodríguez Juan Manuel , Marín‐Togo Ma. Consuelo , Salinas‐Melgoza Alejandro , Renton Katherine 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTParrot populations are being increasingly pressured to occupy modified or fragmented landscapes, yet little is known of the habitat requirements of most species, particularly with regard to the effects on breeding habitat. We evaluated nesting habitat of the lilac‐crowned parrot Amazona finschi in the modified landscape of coastal Michoacan in Mexico. We located 90 parrot nests in 12 tree species in Michoacan, with lilac‐crowned parrots presenting a narrow niche‐breadth of tree species used for nesting. Considering an additional 82 nest trees recorded for lilac‐crowned parrots in Jalisco, we determined a 51 percent similarity in cavity resource use by parrots in the two dry forest regions. Overall, the predominant nest tree species with 76 percent of nests were Astronium graveolens, Piranhea mexicana, Brosimum alicastrum, and Tabebuia spp., all characteristic of semi‐deciduous forest. Only 8 percent of nests occurred in trees characteristic of deciduous forest. Parrots utilized large trees with canopy level cavities as nest sites, and preferred conserved semi‐deciduous forest for nesting, with fewer nests than expected in deciduous forest and transformed agricultural land. Nest areas in semi‐deciduous forest occurred on significantly steeper terrain, as remnant semi‐deciduous forest is restricted to steep ridges and canyons. Those parrot nests in modified habitats and forest patches were located near to continuous forest, with nest trees in open agricultural land being significantly closer to continuous forest than nests in disturbed forest patches. These results demonstrate the importance of conserved semi‐deciduous forest as breeding habitat for the threatened, endemic lilac‐crowned parrot, making wild populations of the species vulnerable to the high rate of transformation and fragmentation of tropical dry forest.
High‐nickel insects and nickel hyperaccumulator plants: A review
Authors: Boyd Robert S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractInsects can vary greatly in whole‐body elemental concentrations. Recent investigations of insects associated with Ni hyperaccumulator plants have identified insects with relatively elevated whole‐body Ni levels. Evaluation of the limited data available indicates that a whole‐body Ni concentration of 500 μg Ni/g is exceptional: I propose that an insect species with a mean value of 500 μg Ni/g or greater, in either larval/nymphal or adult stages, be considered a “high‐Ni insect”. Using the 500 μg Ni/g criterion, 15 species of high‐Ni insects have been identified to date from studies in Mpumalanga (South Africa), New Caledonia and California (USA). The highest mean Ni concentration reported is 3 500 μg Ni/g for nymphs of a South African Stenoscepa species (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). The majority of high‐Ni insects (66%) are heteropteran herbivores. Studies of high‐Ni insect host preference indicate they are monophagous (or nearly so) on a particular Ni hyperaccumulator plant species. Much of the Ni in bodies of these insects is in their guts (up to 66%–75%), but elevated levels have also been found in Malpighian tubules, suggesting efficient elimination as one strategy for dealing with a high‐Ni diet. Tissue levels of Ni are generally much lower than gut concentrations, but up to 1200 μg Ni/g has been reported from exuviae, suggesting that molting may be another pathway of Ni elimination. One ecological function of the high Ni concentration of these insects may be to defend them against natural enemies, but to date only one experimental test has supported this “elemental defense” hypothesis. Community‐level studies indicate that high‐Ni insects mobilize Ni into food webs but that bioaccumulation of Ni does not occur at either plant‐herbivore or herbivore‐predator steps. Unsurprisingly, Ni bioaccumulation indices are greater for high‐Ni insects compared to other insect species that feed on Ni hyperaccumulator plants. There is some evidence of Ni mobilization into food webs by insect visitors to flowers of Ni hyperaccumulator plants, but no high‐Ni insect floral visitors have been reported.
Effects of host (Boettcherisca peregrina) copper exposure on development, reproduction and vitellogenesis of the ectoparasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis
Authors: Ye Gong‐Yin , Dong Sheng‐Zhang , Dong Hui , Hu Cui , Shen Zhi‐Cheng , Cheng Jia‐An 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEffects of copper (Cu) accumulation by the flesh fly Boettcherisca peregrina (R.‐D.) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) on the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were investigated experimentally by exposing host larvae to contaminated diets with final Cu concentrations of 400 μg/g and 800 μg/g diet fresh weight (DFW), respectively. Results showed that Cu can be transferred along food chains to secondary consumers (parasitoids) in small amounts, resulting in negative effects on parasitoid growth and development (body weight and developmental duration) as well as fecundity (number of offspring per female). Copper exposure also inhibited vitellogenesis of parasitoids from Cu‐contaminated host pupae. It is suggested that the decreased fecundity and inhibition of vitellogenesis of N. vitripennis resulted from poor host nutritional state rather than from direct effects of Cu stress.
Effects of copper, lead and zinc in soil on egg development and hatching of Folsomia candida
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Yin , Luo Yong‐Ming , Song Jing , Ke Xin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEffects of CaCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2 and PbCl2 on development and hatching success of eggs of Folsomia candida (Collembola) were studied under laboratory conditions. Thousands of healthy eggs from synchronized cultures were incubated in soils treated with different concentrations of the metals. Compared with the water control, egg hatch significantly decreased when concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn reached 400, 1600 and 800 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Values of EC50 (hatching), calculated according to the exponential model (with 95% confidence limits in brackets), were 625 (407–875), 2361 (2064–2687) and 1763 (1548–2000) mg/kg dry soils for Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. When Cu concentration reached 1600 mg/kg dry soil, eggs became green and the percentage of green eggs changed from 5%–20% after incubation for 2 days to 15%–30% after incubation for 4 days. At 3200 mg Cu/kg dry soil, tissues inside eggs were black and shrunken.
A Comparison of Urban School‐ and Community‐Based Dental Clinics
Authors: Larsen Charles D. , Larsen Michael D. , Handwerker Lisa B. , Kim Maile S. , Rosenthal Murray 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  The objective of the study was to quantitatively compare school‐ and community‐based dental clinics in New York City that provide dental services to children in need. It was hypothesized that the school‐based clinics would perform better in terms of several measures.METHODS:  We reviewed billing and visit data derived from encounter forms and expense reports from 4 school‐ and 3 community‐based clinics during 12 months in 2004‐2005. The health clinics, administered by the Children’s Aid Society, provided dental services to children regardless of ability to pay. The assessments were based on 8 performance indicators, including some based on relative value units, and profile of service indicators was used for assessment. Descriptive statistics and results from hypothesis tests are reported.RESULTS:  Based on significant and large differences on the indicators, the school‐based health clinics appear to have definite advantages over community‐based dental clinics. Results were consistent across many indicators.CONCLUSIONS:  The results support increasing the number of school‐based dental clinics in urban areas that serve children in need. Being based in schools, factors such as transportation issues, parent availability, and missed appointments are greatly reduced. This has great public dental health implications for children in underserved areas. Schools provide a natural location to provide preventive and responsive dental care. Similar advantages could be expected in rural areas and other areas of need.
Factors Contributing to Regular Smoking in Adolescents in Turkey
Authors: Can Gamze , Topbas Murat , Oztuna Funda , Ozgun Sukru , Can Emine , Yavuzyilmaz Asuman 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTPURPOSE:  The objectives of this study were to determine the levels of lifetime cigarette use, daily use, and current use among young people (aged 15‐19 years) and to examine the risk factors contributing to regular smoking.METHODS:  The number of students was determined proportionately to the numbers of students in all the high schools in the province of Trabzon in Turkey. The data were gathered using the questionnaire method. A total of 4666 students participated in the study. The chi‐square test and logistic regression analysis were used in data analysis.RESULTS:  Of the 4666 students who took part in the study, the level of lifetime cigarette use was 38.2% (n = 1796), that of lifetime daily cigarette use was 10.5% (n = 491), and that of current cigarette use was 9.5% (n = 447). Male students (P < .0005), those whose mothers were smokers (P < .0005), those whose fathers smoked (P = .005), those whose siblings smoked (P<.0005), those whose friends smoked (P < .0005), those whose teachers smoked (P = .001), and low achievers in school (P < .0005) stated that they significantly smoked on a more regular basis. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, the following risk factors were statistically significant: male students smoked 3.02 times (95% CI 2.20‐4.16) more than females, those whose mothers were smokers smoked 1.57 times (95% CI 1.09‐2.28) more than those whose mothers were not, those whose friends were smokers smoked 2.42 times (95% CI 1.73‐3.39) more than those whose friends were non‐smokers, poor achievers in school smoked 2.62 times (95% CI 1.97‐3.49) more than high achievers, and those without poor grades smoked 1.75 times more (95% CI 1.23‐2.40), the risk rising 1.06 times (95% CI 1.01‐1.11) with earlier age at first experimentation. The risk of daily cigarette use was observed to decline by 0.91 times (95% CI 0.84‐0.98) with increasing numbers of siblings.CONCLUSION:  Effective smoking prevention programs should take into account the dominant influence of peer groups in the onset and continuation of smoking.
Correlates of the Intention to Remain Sexually Inactive Among Male Adolescents in an Islamic Country: Case of the Republic of Iran
Authors: Mohtasham Ghaffari , Shamsaddin Niknami , Bazargan Mohsen , Anosheravan Kazemnejad , Elaheh Mirzaee , Fazlolah Ghofranipour 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  There are very few studies that have examined sexual intentions and behaviors of adolescents in Islamic countries. This study employs the Health Belief Model to assess the correlates of the intention to remain sexually inactive among male adolescents in the Republic of Iran.METHODS:  This cross‐sectional study was performed with a sample of 314 adolescents recruited from 3 high schools from Tehran, Iran.RESULTS:  Fifty‐seven percent of this sample planned to remain abstinent until marriage. Another 23% rejected the notion of remaining abstinent and 20% were uncertain. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that students whose mothers were employed and who received a higher daily allowance were more likely to report that they would not remain abstinent. No significant independent relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related knowledge and an intention to remain abstinent was detected. However, consistent with previous studies conducted in Asia, Africa, and in Western countries, we documented that (1) perceived subjective norms, (2) self‐efficacy, (3) and perceived susceptibility to contracting the HIV virus all are associated with the intention to remain sexually inactive among adolescents.CONCLUSIONS:  It seems abstinence until marriage is more likely to be practiced in traditional families. However, Iranian society is changing rapidly and traditional family structures, values, and norms may not sufficiently protect adolescents from HIV infection. The data from this study support previous studies conducted in Western countries, which found that intervention programs that focus on knowledge alone are ineffective in their ability to alter adolescents’ intentions to postpone sexual activity.
Bullying and Symptoms of Depression in Chilean Middle School Students
Authors: Fleming Lila C. , Jacobsen Kathryn H. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  The goal of this study was to assess the association between bullying and symptoms of depression among middle school students in Chile.METHODS:  Secondary data analysis of Chile’s 2004 Global School‐Based Health Survey.RESULTS:  A total of 8131 middle school students participated in the study. Forty‐seven percent of students reported having been bullied in the past month and 30% reported having been sad and hopeless for 2 or more weeks in the past year. Students in the seventh and eighth grades were more likely to report having been bullied in the past month than students in ninth grade. Ninth grade students reported higher levels of loneliness, difficulty sleeping, and suicidal thoughts than students in the seventh and eighth grades. Boys were more likely than girls to report being bullied in the past month, but girls were more likely than boys to report symptoms of depression, such as prolonged feelings of sadness and hopelessness, loneliness, difficulty sleeping, and suicidal thoughts. Students who reported being bullied in the past month were more likely than nonbullied students to report symptoms of depression. A higher number of days of being bullied in the past month was associated with a statistically significant increase in reported rates of sadness and hopelessness (p < .001).CONCLUSIONS:  Bullying is common among middle school children in Chile, and bullying and symptoms of depression are strongly linked. This finding is consistent with studies of bullying and depression in adolescents from other parts of the world.
Cost–benefit analysis of constructing a filtration plant for the National Water Carrier in Israel
Authors: Lavee Doron 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe paper presents an economic cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of the construction of a filtration plant for the Israeli National Water Carrier (NWC). Its main contribution lies in the comparison between the costs and the benefits of filtration in the context of a concrete policy choice. The first part of the paper presents a cost analysis of two alternative engineering systems: central filtration and localized filtration. The analysis shows that the costs of constructing and operating a central filtration plant are significantly lower than those of a system of local plants. The second part of the paper presents a two‐stage method for assessing the benefits of filtration. First, we valuate the damages caused by consumption of unfiltered water; then we estimate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water quality, taking into account households' potential risk aversion. The main result is that total WTP significantly outweighs the costs of constructing and operating the plant.