bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF THE HUMAN SALIVARY RESPONSE
Authors: Frezza Daniel A. , Holland James G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo demonstrate operant conditioning of the human salivary response, stimulus control was attempted. Unstimulated parotid saliva was collected from 4 Ss under two reinforcement schedules. Continuous reinforcement (CRF) alternated at regular intervals with differential reinforcement for zero responding (DRO)– reinforcement for non‐responding during a specified time period. Cumulative records revealed an increase in responding under CRF and a decrease in responding under DRO for 3 of the 4 Ss. Swallowing was recorded. The conditioned salivary response appeared not to be mediated by muscle response.
EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL STIMULI ON THE MAGNITUDE AND LATENCY OF BILATERALLY RECORDED SKIN CONDUCTANCE RESPONSES
Authors: Fuhrer Marcus J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment examined the effects of unilateral stimulation on the relative magnitude and latency of skin conductance responses recorded bilaterally from the palms. The unilaterally applied stimuli were shocks to either the left or right forefinger and voluntary flexion of either the left or right foot. Additional stimuli consisted of binaurally presented tones and deep breaths. In a within‐Ss design, the 22 Ss were submitted to 18 repetitions of each stimulus. The unilateral shocks as well as the foot movements had the effect of augmenting the relative magnitude of skin conductance responses from the palm ipsilateral to the site of stimulation. The shocks were found to be somewhat more effective than foot flexion in producing this effect. The relative latencies of responses were also influenced by the shocks, with shorter latency responses occurring from the palm ipsilateral to the stimulus site. Consideration is given to the role of both suprasegmental and spinal‐cord mechanisms in mediating these effects of unilateral stimuli.
EVOKED RESPONSE CORRELATES OF MEANINGFUL VISUAL STIMULI IN CHILDREN
Authors: Symmes David , Eisengart Marvin A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhotographic slides of familiar objects or cartoons were tachistoscopically presented to a group of 79 normal children (age 5‐11 years) in a study of the evoked response correlates of meaningful visual stimuli. Control stimuli consisted of blank slides or defocused cartoons matched for brightness. A warning flash preceded the slides by 1 sec. EEG and eye movement potentials were recorded on line with a 9.5 sec time constant and averaged off‐line. The principal finding was a vertex negative slow potential peaking about 500 msec after slide presentation which correlated with reports of interest in and recall of both objects and cartoons. Responses in the occipital region changed less consistently with pictorial material, and were the same to the warning flash whether it preceded control or test stimuli. The vertex negative response appears to be a corollary of perceptual integration of meaningful stimuli. Among alternative explanations nonspecific differences in arousal level and/or expectancy appear to be unlikely on the basis of our data. A primary role of edge contrast in generating these late negative responses would not be predicted on the basis of published evidence, but our attempt to control for this alternative yielded equivocal results.
The Latency Distribution of the Skin Conductance Response as a Function of the CS‐UCS Interval
Authors: Burstein Kenneth R. , Smith Barry D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLatency distributions were obtained for the skin conductance response, by blocks of 5 trials, for groups (N = 13) conditioned with CS‐UCS intervals of 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 10.5, 15.5, and 20.5 sec. Another group (N = 13) received 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 trials respectively with a .5 sec CS‐UCS interval. For all blocks of 5 trials, in the extended CS‐UCS groups, the modal response occurred in the 2–3 sec latency range characteristic of the orienting response (OR). There was no significant difference in OR frequency as a function of the CS‐UCS interval. There was no systematic increase in response frequency with repeated trials in any of the latency ranges scored. No significant difference in acquisition was obtained as a function of the CS‐UCS interval in the extended CS‐UCS groups for either frequency or for magnitude. Performance of the (composite) .5 sec CS‐UCS group was superior to that of the extended groups. This difference was not attributable to differential OR frequency. The PC group also exhibited a modal response in the 2–3 sec (OR) latency range. Response frequency in the OR latency range was lower in the PC group than in the conditioned groups, but response frequency outside of the OR range was higher in the PC groups than in the conditioned groups.
The Objective Use of Multiple Physiological Indices in the Detection of Deception
Authors: Cutrow Robert J. , Parks Arthur , Lucas Nelson , Thomas Kathryn 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPsychophysiological measures—breathing amplitude (BA), breathing cycle time (BCT), eyeblink rate (EBR), eyeblink latency (EBL), finger pulse volume (FPV), heart rate (HR), palmar galvanic skin response (GSRp), volar‐forearm galvanic skin response (GSRv), and voice latency (VL)—were evaluated for effectiveness in detecting deception with 63 college students. A relevant‐irrelevant stimulus presentation format was used with three treatment conditions: personal words, neutral words, and items involving money. All physiological variables were found significant indicators of deception, p < .01 or p < .05 through objective techniques. A combined effect index of six variables provided an advantage over any index taken separately. No significant treatment or sex differences were found between stimulus conditions except for the GSRv measure.
Psychophysiological Significance of Skin Potential Activity in Monkeys
Authors: Yamazaki Katuo , Tajimi Tetuo , Okuda Ken'ichi , Niimi Yosizumi 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin potential activity was measured on the palmar surface of waking monkeys. The skin potential reflex showed faster habituation to simple light stimuli than to complex sound stimuli. The frequency of spontaneous skin potential responses was higher in the noisy condition than in the rest condition.
Some Characteristics of Digital Vasomotor Activity
Authors: Lidberg Lars , Schalling Daisy , Levander Sten E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSize and latency of responses to a series of tones, spontaneous fluctuations, and habituation in finger volume and pulse volume were studied in 19 healthy young soldiers by means of pneumoplethysmography. The results indicate that relationships among vasomotor measures differ from those reported for skin conductance measures. Thus, in contrast to what has been shown for skin conductance, no correlation was found between habituation and number of spontaneous fluctuations, and the variability of the first response to the tones did not differ from the variability of the following responses. Auditory stimulation did not increase the number of spontaneous fluctuations. There were highly significant correlations between spontaneous fluctuations during rest and stimulation periods. No significant correlations were obtained between pulse volume responses to an arithmetic task and responses to tone stimuli. Some differences in pattern of relationships were obtained between finger and pulse volume measures. Initial responses in finger volume were related to other response size measures, whereas this was not the case for pulse volume. Response latency increased during the auditory stimulation for pulse volume, but not for finger volume.
An Alpha Detection and Feedback Control System
Authors: Boudrot Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA system of detecting EEG alpha rhythms and using these to control stimulus displays is described. The detection system parameters are chosen to match the psychological and behavioral processes with the EEG index in the time domain. The feedback control system is designed to control visual and auditory displays, clock and counters, and computer sampling routines, and provide maximum flexibility in experimental design.
Conditioned Vasomotor Response: Thermoregulatory Effects
Authors: Teichner Warren H. , Beals Jacquelyn , Giambalvo Vincent 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhether a conditioned vasomotor response will be a vasoconstriction or a vasodilatation appears to depend upon the thermal state at the time that the response is elicited and to be independent of what the response might have been during previous thermal states. For rabbits equilibrated to 18–20°C, the conditioned stress response tends to be a vasoconstriction. For equilibration to air temperature either higher or lower than that approximate thermal non‐regulatory range, the response tends to be a vasodilatation.
Effects of Varying Signaling and Intensity of Shock on an Unconfounded and Novel Electrodermal Autonomic Index in a Variable and Long‐Interval Classical Trace Conditioning Paradigm
Authors: Furedy John J. , Ginsberg Stanley 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAfter a review of the evidence against the role of autonomic responses in the mediation of informational cognitive control, which occurs when merely signaling an inescapable shock reduces perceived aversiveness, it was noted that verbal indices of aversiveness had yielded results which were contrary to the informational control notion itelf. On the other hand, the fact that signaled shocks elicit smaller autonomic responding than unsignaled shocks still does not support the notion, because of confounding through response interference. In the present experiment with 48 Ss, electrodermal recovery time was examined as an unconfounded and novel autonomic index of the relative aversiveness of signaled and unsignaled shocks in a specially adapted form of the differential conditioning paradigm. This autonomic index was sensitive to the UCS‐intensity manipulation, but despite this sensitivity, both this autonomic index and other verbal indices showed that, contrary to the informational‐control notion, signaling does not reduce shock aversiveness.
On the Distinction Between Conditioning and Pseudoconditioning
Authors: Burstein Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt is suggested that a) the difference between conditioning and pseudoconditioning procedures is one involving degree of interstimulus interval variability, b) the effect of this variability is to alter the temporal characteristics of the responses generated by such procedures, c) the procedures typically employed in comparing performance levels heavily bias the results in favor of the conditioning procedure, and d) there is little or no evidence to support the view that performance differences between such groups reflect differing underlying processes, one associational and the other not. In addition, the use of CS– groups as control groups, in differential conditioning, is based upon a premise which has little, if any, support.
Is There Classical Conditioning Without Cognitive Expectancy?
Authors: Mandel Irwin J. , Bridger Wagner H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe question of whether there is human classical conditioning without cognitive expectancy (as indexed by the GSR) is considered. A series of prior research reports by the authors is summarized. A theoretical position is proposed that states that a given CR may consist of two components—one expectancy dependent, the other independent of expectancy. The problems in demonstrating CRs that are not dependent upon cognitive expectancy are discussed.
The Present Status of Computer Technology and Its Application Areas Among Psychophysiologists With Five Year Projections
Authors: Kahn S. David , Swint Emmett B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPP‐T0006‐0‐I A survey of computer utilization among PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY subscribers is reported. Of 170 respondents, 73% have present access to one or more computers, and 17% expect access in two to five years. Computer users are analyzed with respect to their primary fields of interest, the physiological variables they are measuring, their choice of equipment, and their software development resources including access to programmers. Attitudes of users regarding the importance of the computer for their work, and its impact on their choice of research problems are described. Five year projections are given, revealing the strong trend to real‐time small computers and the growing software shortage among present users. Respondents generally favored a systematic exchange of programs among users.
The Brain As Generator Of Transcephalically Measured Direct Current Potentials
Authors: Cowen Murray A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe transcephalic direct current potentials are slowly changing voltages measured between specified diploic‐emissary vein distributions on the intact surface of the scalp. Significant correlations have been found between these voltages and various psychological functions which appear consistent with the functional properties of the subjacent cortex. In an effort to specify the location of the source of these potentials, virtually every conceivable voltage generating tissue and structure of the head was studied for its dc voltage effects both under maximal stimulation and maximal inhibition (i.e. surgical ablation or chemical inactivation). Structures studied were: the various layers of the scalp itself; scalp sweat glands; the nervous and vascular supply of the scalp; the structures of the orbit; the muscular distribution of the head; the skull; the meninges; and finally the vascular supply of the cortex and the cortex itself. It was found that no structure played any significant dc generating role except the cortex. It was also possible to demonstrate a cortex to scalp circuit pathway which runs principally within a centrifugally running intravascular system. It appears warranted to conclude that transcephalically measured direct current potentials are generated by the cortex.
Visual Cortical Evoked Potentials as a Function of Intensity Variations in Sequential Blanking
Authors: Andreassi J. L. , Stern M. , Okamura H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA sequential blanking paradigm was used to determine the effects of more intense, later appearing, stimuli upon the visual evoked potential (VEP) to earlier appearing stimuli. In sequential blanking the presentation of a sequence of visual stimuli at certain rates, and in certain orders, results in the perceptual blanking of approximately one‐half of the stimuli. The precise timing and location requirements for this effect are conveniently produced with a digital computer and associated cathode ray tube display.Further evidence was found for the inhibiting effect of later occurring (more intense) stimuli on the VEP response to earlier occurring (less intense) stimuli. This effect revealed itself in the delayed appearance of the major components of the VEP. In addition, it was found that the amount of delay was related to the ratio of the intensity difference between the earlier (blanked) and later occurring (blanking) stimuli, i.e., the greater the intensity difference between them the greater the temporal displacement produced in the VEP components.
Validity of Neuroelectric Variables in Predicting the Average Evoked Potential
Authors: Salamy A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this experiment an attempt was made to determine which of a number of neuroelectric variables best predict the amplitude of the average evoked potential (AEP). Several EEG parameters derived from period analysis and amplitude integration of the primary trace, as well as the amplitude and latencies of single sensory evoked potentials, were treated with a stepwise multiple regression procedure. The amplitudes of certain components of the AEP were tested against the battery of independent variables (predictors) as separate criteria. The results of these analyses revealed that the amplitude of the single EPs accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in the AEP (each component measured). These data suggest that the size of the AEP is not dependent on spontaneous EEG fluctuations.
Physiological Responses of Anxious and Normal Subjects to Simple Signal and Non‐Signal Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Hart James D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to assess orienting (OR) and defensive responses (DR) of anxious and normal Ss, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) changes were measured in response to three intensities of signal and non‐signal tones. Anxious Ss significantly differed from normal Ss in the number of spontaneous SC responses emitted, but did not differ in either magnitude or rate of habituation of SC responses to the tones. An analysis of second‐by‐second changes in HR suggested that, relative to normal Ss, anxious Ss show a deficit in OR and a greater tendency to respond with a pattern characteristic of a DR. This difference was particularly apparent under signal conditions.
Stimulus Repetition, Change, and Assessments of Sensitivities of and Relationships Among an Electrodermal and Two Plethysmographic Components of the Orienting Reaction
Authors: Ginsberg Stanley , Furedy John J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty Ss were presented with 15 300‐msec tones (for half the Ss) or lights (for the remaining Ss) followed by a change trial to the other modality. There was highly reliable habituation in the electrodermal skin resistance response (SRR) and the plethysmographic pulse volume (PV), but no clear habituation in the plethysmographic blood volume (BV). Change produced reliable increases in all three orienting‐reaction (OR) components. Application of signal‐detection methods showed SRR to be a more sensitive index of both initial OR and OR to change than either PV or BV, which were not different. Neither PV nor BV were correlated with SRR, but the BV‐PV correlations were significant, and, when corrected for attenuation, approximated +.75. The problem of why the plethysmographic OR components sometimes habituate to stimulus repetition, and sometimes do not, was discussed, but it was concluded that while some possible explanations have been eliminated by the present results, the problem itself still awaits solution and poses a challenge to psychophysiologists.
Automated System for Direct Measurement and Feedback of Total Respiratory Resistance by the Forced Oscillation Technique
Authors: Levenson Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn automated system for obtaining a direct measurement of total respiratory resistance (RT) is presented. A polygraph and digital computer are used to filter and quantify the pressure and flow outputs of a forced oscillatory device to determine RT. Functional descriptions of the complete hardware system and of the computer software are included. The measurement of RT is viewed as providing a sensitive and relatively unobtrusive means for investigation of psychophysiological precipitants of subclinical variations in bronchial tone in normal Ss and in Ss suffering from obstructive bronchial disorders such as bronchial asthma. In addition, augmented sensory feedback of RT can be utilized in investigations of S's ability to attain voluntary control of RT.
Cardiovascular Response Measures With Simple Integrated Circuit Amplifiers
Authors: Jernstedt G. C. , White W. F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological amplifier‐recorders often are bulky and difficult to interface with the programming equipment used in cardiovascular conditioning studies. Two amplifiers are described which are small, easily constructed, portable, and interface easily with programming equipment. The amplifiers are constructed from integrated circuit operational amplifiers. A filter is also described which removes 60 Hz interference and attenuates movement artifacts and respiration fluctuations in the output signals of the amplifiers. Two amplifier circuits are described, one for electrocardiogram signals and one for photoplethysmogram signals. Used separately or in combination, these amplifiers can be employed to investigate the conditioning (or functioning) of beat‐to‐beat heart rate, blood pressure, or particular components or frequencies of the electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram waves.
Heart Rate Response to an Auditory Stimulus in Premature Infants
Authors: Berkson Gershon , Wasserman Gail A. , Behrman Richard E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHigh‐ and low‐risk premature babies were presented with a 3‐sec, 86 dB buzzer stimulus at various birth and gestation ages. Their heart rate typically accelerated at all ages and in both risk conditions.
Learning to Control Heart Rate: Binary vs Analogue Feedback
Authors: Lang Peter J. , Twentyman Craig T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐two male volunteers participated in an experiment designed to test the efficiency of two procedures, one emphasizing analogue and the other binary feedback, in training human subjects (Ss) to change their heart rate. Ss were seen for 7 separate sessions, which included 2 training sessions in speeding heart rate and 2 devoted to slowing. Both heart rate and respiration cycle length were recorded. The timing of the experiment, presentation of instructions, feedback, data acquisition, and primary data reduction were all accomplished in real‐time by a computer. The feedback mediated acquisition of directional changes in heart rate was demonstrated, and these changes were sustained on instruction with feedback removed. No differences between the binary and analogue procedures were noted for slowing. However, the analogue display prompted significantly greater instructed acceleration than the binary method. An important distinction was made between organ feedback (heart activity) and task performance feedback (relative success or failure). It was noted that the acquisition of heart rate speeding and slowing appear to involve different psychophysiological mechanisms.
A Palmar Sweat Measure Particularly Suited for Naturalistic Research
Authors: Strahan Robert F. , Todd John B. , Inglis Geoffrey B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simple measure of palmar sweating has been developed that seems especially applicable to naturalistic research. A sweat sample is collected by inverting a small bottle of distilled water on a palm or a fingertip. Inexpensive, simple apparatus is later used to measure the sweat solution's electrical conductivity. Substantial evidence speaking to issues of reliability and validity warrants further exploration of this sweat bottle measure.
Does the Averaged Evoked Response Encode Subliminal Perception? Yes. A Reply to Schwartz and Rem
Authors: Shevrin Howard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn attempt by Schwartz and Rem (1975) to replicate a series of studies by Shevrin and coworkers purporting to show that the average evoked response encodes subliminal perception is found to be limited as a replication in a number of ways. Despite substantial departures in method and procedures Schwartz and Rem report a potentially confirmatory finding: AER cross correlations between different stimuli are significantly lower than for similar stimuli in an exposure level (3 msec) in which subjects fail to make an above chance verbal discrimination. In view of the important theoretical issues involved concerning the nature of subliminal perception and unconscious cognitive processes this cross correlation finding should be further investigated. Suggestions are made as to how this might be done.
Readaptation to the Sleep Laboratory in Insomniac Subjects
Authors: Scharf Martin B. , Kales Anthony , Bixler Edward O. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA readaptation effect to the sleep laboratory was demonstrated for insomniac subjects who returned lo the laboratory for a second series of consecutive nights after spending one week at home. This effect was similar to that seen in the initial adaptation period, i.e. REM percentage, REM min. number of REM periods, min stage 4. and percentage stage 4 were decreased on the first night upon returning to the laboratory as compared to subsequent nights. In addition, there was an increase in percentage stage 2, sleep latency, and total wake time on this first laboratory night.