bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief communication: Methods of sequence heterochrony for describing modular developmental changes in human evolution
Authors: Blomquist Gregory E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInterest in the developmental changes leading to apomorphic features of human anatomy is longstanding. Although most research has focused on quantitative measures of size and shape, additional information may be available in the sequence of events in development, including aspects of phenotypic integration. I apply two recently proposed techniques for analyzing developmental sequences to literature data on human and chimpanzee age of limb element ossification center appearance in radiographs. The event‐pair cracking method of Jeffery et al. (Syst Biol 51 [2002] 478–491) offers little additional insight on sequence differences in this data set than a simpler difference of ranks. Both reveal shifts in timing that are likely related to locomotor differences between the two species. Poe's (Evolution 58 [2004] 1852–1855) test for modularity in a sequence identifies the ankle, wrist, and hind limb as developmental modules, which may correspond to localized combinations of developmental genes. Ossification patterns of the rays of the hand and foot show little modularity. Integrating these and other methods of sequence analysis with traditional metrics of size and shape remains an underdeveloped area of inquiry. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of polystyrene/expanded graphite nanocomposites
Authors: Goyal R. K. , Jagadale P. A. , Mulik U. P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe herewith report the thermal, mechanical (modulus), and dielectric properties of polystyrene (PS)/expanded graphite (EG) nanocomposites fabricated by a simple technique of dispersing EG (up to 2.5 vol %) in PS matrix via solution method followed by hot pressing. The thermal stability and char yield of the nanocomposites are improved marginally. The modulus, electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss tangent of the nanocomposites are significantly increased with EG content. The modulus of the nanocomposites increases by about twofold at 30°C compared with that of pure PS. The dielectric constant and the loss tangent of nanocomposites are increased up to 13‐fold and 200‐fold compared with that of pure PS, respectively, at 1 MHz and varied with frequency. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of thermal aging on the electrical properties of crosslinked polyethylene
Authors: Nedjar M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article reports on the effect of thermal aging on the electrical properties of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) used in high voltage cables. It was shown that thermal aging modifies the electrical properties of the polymer. The degradation is accelerated when the temperature is increased. This degradation is due to a thermooxidation, followed by a loss of antioxidant, and a change in color of the material. At 80 and 100°C, the antioxidant is practically efficacious during the aging, whereas at 120 and 140°C, it is consumed after 1500 and 1000 h, respectively, which results in an increase in the dielectric losses and a diminution in the volume resistivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of a new green water‐soluble polymer for proton and metal‐cation sensing
Authors: Hu Yulin , Wang Baoyan , Su Zhixing 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA novel water‐soluble colored polymer, based on 1,8‐naphthalimide, was synthesized through a series of easy reactions with high yields. It emitted green fluorescence both in an aqueous solution and in a solid state. Fluorescence characteristics of the polymer as a function of pH were investigated in aqueous solutions. The polymer solution showed weaker fluorescence in a more acidic medium. When the pH of the solution was higher than 5, stronger fluorescence could be seen with a pKa value of 3.5. The presence of metal cations (Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) could quench the fluorescence intensity of an aqueous solution of this polymer to different levels. It was highly sensitive to Cu2+ and Fe3+ present in the studied system. The results suggest that this newly synthesized compound could work as a polymeric sensor responding to water polluted by Cu2+, Fe3+, and protons. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Controlling cellular morphology by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Wang Dong , Jiang Wei , Gao Hong , Jiang Zhenhua 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA series of high‐performance porous materials, including open‐cell and closed‐cell foams, were prepared by a two‐stage batch foaming process from fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s, and the porous morphology was characterized with scanning electron microscopy. The effects of saturation pressures, saturation temperatures, transfer times, molecular structures, and solvent traces on the cell sizes, cell densities, and bulk densities of porous materials were examined. According to the conclusions, the porous structures could be controlled with cellular sizes between the nanoscale and microscale. All nanoporous materials have dielectric constants in the ultralow‐dielectric‐constant range (1.4–2.0). The open structures can be prepared by two methods, and there are two kinds of morphologies from the two methods, including foams with small, spotlike openings (diameters between 10 and 100 nm) in the cell walls and bicontinuous nanoporous foams. Another special method for controlling the porous morphology was used here. Films with closed‐cell microcellular foams were placed in supercritical carbon dioxide again. The original morphology of the microcellular foam collapsed. The collapsed morphology was also characterized with scanning electron microscopy, and three kinds of cellular morphology were observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Design of a Microstructured System for the Homogenization of Dairy Products at High Fat Content Part II: Influence of Process Parameters
Authors: Köhler K. , Aguilar F. A. , Schubert H. , Hensel A. , Schubert K. , Schuchmann H. P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPartial homogenization using a microstructured SHM (Simultaneous Homogenizing and Mixing) valve significantly reduces aggregation of fat globules within their homogenization by feeding the continuous phase directly into the droplet disruption zone (as discussed in part I of this work). It allows homogenization of cream containing up to at least 42 vol.‐% fat, and thus, significantly reduces processing costs without loss in product quality, i.e., overall process intensification. The present article details current results on the influence of material parameters, i.e., emulsifier system and fat content, and process parameters, i.e., homogenizing pressure and the temperature of both streams, on the fat globule size distribution. In contrast to conventional technology, SHM valve technology generates decreasing droplet sizes with increasing pressure or with increasing temperature of the homogenizing stream. This novel technique breaks new ground in dairy product design.
An Adaptive Control Concept for Simulated Moving Bed Plants under Reduced Purity Requirements
Authors: Fütterer M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSimulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is an increasingly used separation technology. Several chromatographic columns are interconnected to form a ring. Cyclically, the feedings and drains are changed to allow a continuous separation. This process is very sensitive to parameter variation and disturbances. For this reason, an adaptive controller is suggested. The proposed controller is based on a simplified model and automatically adjusts the volumetric flow rates and switching time in order to achieve the desired purities. Simulation results are presented to give a first impression of the capabilities of this new control concept.
Structure Elucidation and Theoretical Investigation of Key Steps in the Biogenetic Pathway of Schisanartane Nortriterpenoids by Using DFT Methods
Authors: Xiao Wei‐Lie , Lei Chun , Ren Jie , Liao Tou‐Gen , Pu Jian‐Xin , Pittman Charles U. , Lu Yang , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Zhu Hua‐Jie , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRubrifloradilactone C (4), a novel bioactive nortriterpenoid, along with four other nortriterpenoids (1–3, 5) were isolated from Schisandra rubriflora. The structure of 4 was determined by extensive NMR spectral analysis, computational evidence by using the GIAO method at the B3LYP/6–311++G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6–31G(d) levels, and X‐ray analysis. DFT at the B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) level was selected to clarify the key mechanistic steps in the formation of 1 and 4 through transition‐state (TS) investigations. The effect of enzymes on the TS barriers was considered by using the polarized continuum model. Other possible products based on the new mechanism were predicted.
Use of toxicity assays for enantiomeric discrimination of pharmaceutical substances
Authors: De Andrés Fernando , Castañeda Gregorio , Ríos Ángel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractToxicity assays are commonly used as general indicators of environmental water pollution. In the study described here, selected toxicity tests have been used to evaluate the different toxicity levels of enantiomers of different pharmaceutical drugs that can be found as potential contaminants in water environments. Isomers of dopa, fluoxetine, and atenolol were tested with three aquatic organisms corresponding to different trophic levels: Daphnia magna (a crustacean), Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (a microalga), and Tetrahymena thermophila (a protozoan). Different levels of toxicity were observed for each enantiomer, suggesting that significant enantioselectivity occurs in aquatic toxicity and that such enantiomeric differences must be considered when evaluating the ecological effects of these compounds. Chirality, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dreiphasige Butadien‐Telomerisationen im kontinuierlich betriebenen Schlaufenreaktor Teil 2: Bestimmung der Mikrokinetik
Authors: Behr A. , Dehn D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHerkömmliche Reaktoren stoßen beim Einsatz der industriell etablierten Flüssig/Flüssig‐Zweiphasentechnik zum Recycling wertvoller Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren (Gas/Flüssig/Flüssig‐Reaktionen) an ihre Grenzen. Der erste Teil des vorliegenden Beitrags beschreibt homogenkatalysierte, dreiphasige Telomerisationen des Butadiens in einem neuartigen Schlaufenreaktor im kontinuierlichen Betrieb. Die dort vorgestellten Versuche dienen im vorliegenden zweiten Teil zusammen mit experimentell ermittelten makrokinetischen Daten und Modellgleichungen zum Phasenübergang zur Bestimmung der Mikrokinetik der dreiphasigen Telomerisationen. Mikrokinetische Daten sind für die technische Auslegung von industriellen Reaktoren von großer Bedeutung.
Steuerung der Lagerstabilität von Düngergranalien durch Additive?
Authors: Stelzer T. , Ulrich J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDie Grundvoraussetzung eines jeden Düngers ist neben der Wirksamkeit die Lagerstabilität. Einflussfaktoren sind dabei z. B. die Morphologie oder die Festigkeit. Aus diesem Grund werden, wie z. B. in der Pharmazie auch, Additive zur Produktverbesserung eingesetzt. Bisher wurde in der Literatur nicht über die Möglichkeit diskutiert die Hydratationskinetik und die Wasseradsorption von granulierten Düngemitteln durch Additive zu beeinflussen. Die Lagerstabilität eines Produkts ist jedoch letztendlich von diesen beiden Faktoren maßgeblich beeinflusst. In der Arbeit wird für das Stoffsystem Harnstoff/Ammoniumsulfat und Aluminiumsulfathydrat als Additiv ein Weg aufgezeigt, die Lagerstabilität der Düngergranalien, durch die Beeinflussung des Aluminiumhydroxids im Dünger über die kontrollierbaren Prozessparameter wie chemische Zusammensetzung, Temperatur und Verweilzeit zu steuern.
An efficient pursuit automata approach for estimating stable all‐pairs shortest paths in stochastic network environments
Authors: Misra Sudip , Oommen B. John 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a new solution to the dynamic all‐pairs shortest‐path routing problem using a fast‐converging pursuit automata learning approach. The particular instance of the problem that we have investigated concerns finding the all‐pairs shortest paths in a stochastic graph, where there are continuous probabilistically based updates in edge‐weights. We present the details of the algorithm with an illustrative example. The algorithm can be used to find the all‐pairs shortest paths for the ‘statistical’ average graph, and the solution converges irrespective of whether there are new changes in edge‐weights or not. On the other hand, the existing popular algorithms will fail to exhibit such a behavior and would recalculate the affected all‐pairs shortest paths after each edge‐weight update.There are two important contributions of the proposed algorithm. The first contribution is that not all the edges in a stochastic graph are probed and, even if they are, they are not all probed equally often. Indeed, the algorithm attempts to almost always probe only those edges that will be included in the final list involving all pairs of nodes in the graph, while probing the other edges minimally. This increases the performance of the proposed algorithm. The second contribution is designing a data structure, the elements of which represent the probability that a particular edge in the graph lies in the shortest path between a pair of nodes in the graph. All the algorithms were tested in environments where edge‐weights change stochastically, and where the graph topologies undergo multiple simultaneous edge‐weight updates. Its superiority in terms of the average number of processed nodes, scanned edges and the time per update operation, when compared with the existing algorithms, was experimentally established. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of Skin Perfusion Pressure in Hemodialyzed Patients: Association with Toe/Brachial Index
Authors: Shimazaki Masaru , Matsuki Takayuki , Yamauchi Kazuaki , Iwata Michihiro , Takahashi Hiroshi , Sakamoto Kenichi , Ohata Junichi , Nakamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatients with diabetes mellitus or renal failure may have calcified lower leg arteries, causing a falsely raised ankle/brachial index (ABI). In such cases, other combined noninvasive complementary observations may be useful. The purpose of this study was to investigate vascular complications of lower extremities in chronic hemodialyzed patients by measuring skin perfusion pressure (SPP) and the toe/brachial index (TBI).METHODSSixty‐five patients treated with regular hemodialysis were recruited. ABI, TBI, and SPP of the foot were measured in outpatient settings.RESULTSSPP was positively correlated with toe pressure (r = 0.560, p < 0.001) and with TBI (r = 0.481, p < 0.001). On the basis of the ABI results and diabetes status of the patients, 129 limbs were divided into 4 groups. For those in the normal ABI class (ABI >0.9), SPP and TBI were decreased in the diabetic normal ABI group compared with those in the non‐diabetic normal ABI group.CONCLUSIONSThese findings not only support that diabetes is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis but also suggest that even in a normal ABI class, diabetic patients with end‐stage renal disease are already susceptible to arteriosclerotic assault of peripheral arterial complications. SPP measurement is a noninvasive, beneficial observation for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in hemodialyzed patients at risk.
Feedback enlargement of stability radius by nondifferentiable optimization
Authors: Kawabata Keishi , Mori Takehiro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn controller design of dynamical systems, it is desirable that the controllers guarantee the stability for not only nominal plants but also perturbed ones, because the plant models may have some uncertainties in their parameters. By this motivation, several studies for the robust controller design have been conducted. In this paper, a feedback controller design method is considered, which achieves enlarging the degree of robust stability for the linear SISO closed‐loop systems. Choosing stability radius for the plant parameters as the degree of robust stability, and regarding this as an object function, we formulated this maximization as an optimization problem with constraints coming from prescribed pole placement. The difficulty of this formulation is that while pole placements give linear constraints, the object function is not a smooth one, which calls for an optimization technique for nondifferentiable functions. To cope with this, we successfully used the bundle method. We show some numerical examples to illustrate our proposed design method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 55–61, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20623
International comparison test in Asia‐Pacific region for impulse voltage measurements
Authors: Wakimoto Takayuki , Ishii Masaru , Goshima Hisashi , Hino Etsuhiro , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Li Yi , Ik‐Soo Kim 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe national standard class divider for the lightning impulse voltage measurements in Japan was developed in 1998. After three years, the standard impulse voltage calibrator has also been manufactured. These standard equipment are used as an industrial standard, and the performance had been evaluated annually supported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The standard impulse measuring system including the standard divider participated in the worldwide comparison test and its good performance was confirmed in 1999. Another international comparison test was carried out among three countries in the Asia‐Pacific region in 2004 again and the standard measuring system participated in the test. In this paper, the details and the results of the international comparison tests in 2004 are described. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 46– 54, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20677
A numerical study on response modification, overstrength, and displacement amplification factors for steel plate shear wall systems
Authors: Kurban Can Ozan , Topkaya Cem 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDesign recommendations for steel plate shear wall (SPSW) systems have recently been introduced into seismic provisions for steel buildings. Response modification (R), overstrength (Ωo), and displacement amplification (Cd) factors for SPSW systems presented in design codes were based on professional experience and judgment. A numerical study has been undertaken to evaluate these factors for SPSW systems. Forty‐four unstiffened SPSW possessing different geometrical characteristics were designed based on the recommendations given in the AISC Seismic Provisions. Bay width, number of stories, story mass, and steel plate thickness were considered as the prime variables that influence the response. Twenty records were selected to include the variability in ground motion characteristics. In order to provide a detailed analysis of the post‐buckling response, three‐dimensional finite element analyses were conducted for the 44 structures subjected to the selected suite of earthquake records. For each structure and earthquake record, two analyses were conducted in which the first includes geometrical nonlinearities and the other includes both geometrical and material nonlinearities, resulting in a total of 1760 time history analyses. In this paper, the details of the design and analysis methodology are given. Based on the analysis results, response modification (R), overstrength (Ωo), and displacement amplification (Cd) factors for SPSW systems are evaluated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computation of incompressible flows with immersed bodies by a simple ghost cell method
Authors: Pan Dartzi , Shen Tzung‐Tza 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved by an implicit pressure correction method on Cartesian meshes with local refinement. A simple and stable ghost cell method is developed to treat the boundary condition for the immersed bodies in the flow field. Multigrid methods are developed for both velocity and pressure correction to enhance the stability and convergence of the solution process. It is shown that the spatial accuracy of the method is second order in L2 norm for both velocity and pressure. Various steady and unsteady flows over a 2D circular cylinder and a 3D sphere are computed to validate the present method. The capability of the present method to treat a moving body is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting growth and inflation in an enlarged euro area
Authors: Flavin Thomas , Panopoulou Ekaterini , Pantelidis Theologos 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe compare models for forecasting growth and inflation in the enlarged euro area. Forecasts are built from univariate autoregressive and single‐equation models. The analysis is undertaken for both individual countries and EU aggregate variables. Aggregate forecasts are constructed by both employing aggregate variables and by aggregating country‐specific forecasts. Using financial variables for country‐specific forecasts tends to add little to the predictive ability of a simple AR model. However, they do help to predict EU aggregates. Furthermore, forecasts from pooling individual country models usually outperform those of the aggregate itself, particularly for the EU25 grouping. This is particularly interesting from the perspective of the European Central Bank, who require forecasts of economic activity and inflation to formulate appropriate economic policy across the enlarged group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green tea drinking, high tea temperature and esophageal cancer in high‐ and low‐risk areas of Jiangsu Province, China: A population‐based case–control study
Authors: Wu Ming , Liu Ai‐Min , Kampman Ellen , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , van't Veer Pieter , Wu De‐Lin , Wang Pei‐Hua , Yang Jie , Qin Yu , Mu Li‐Na , Kok Frans J. , Zhao Jin‐Kou 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEpidemiological studies suggested drinking green tea is inversely associated with esophageal cancer but results remain inconclusive. Moreover, inconsistent observations found high temperature drinks are associated with esophageal cancer. A population‐based case–control study was conducted in a high‐risk area (Dafeng) and a low‐risk area (Ganyu) of esophageal cancer in Jiangsu province China from 2003 to 2007. It aimed to explore green tea drinking and tea temperature with the risk of esophageal cancer, and to compare the difference between different risk regions. Using identical protocols, 1,520 cases and 3,879 healthy controls were recruited as study subjects in 2 regions. Detailed information was collected to assess green tea drinking habits. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain OR and 95% CI. Results showed that ever drinking green tea elevated OR in both counties (Dafeng OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.9–1.5; Ganyu: OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4–2.4). Drinking tea at high temperature was found to increase cancer risk in both areas (Dafeng: OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2–2.9; Ganyu OR = 3.1 95% CI = 2.2–4.3). However, after further adjustment for tea temperature, ever drinking tea was not related to cancer in either county (Dafeng: OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.7–1.3; Ganyu: OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.9–1.7). For dose‐response relationships, we observed positive relationship with monthly consumption of tea (p for trend = 0.067) and tea concentration (p for trend = 0.006) after further adjustment for tea temperature. In conclusion, green tea drinking was not inversely associated with esophageal cancer in this study. However, drinking tea at high temperatures significantly increased esophageal cancer risk. There was no obvious difference of green tea drinking between low‐ and high‐risk areas. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.