bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presence of Subepithelial Lymphoid Nodules in the Teat of Ewes
Authors: Mavrogianni V. S. , Cripps P. J. , Brooks H. , Taitzoglou I. A. , Fthenakis G. C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA total of 87 clinically healthy ovine teats were examined bacteriologically (by scraping the mucosa) and histologically. Teats examined were those of lactating mammary glands with no bacteria isolated (n = 23); of mammary glands after cessation of lactation with no bacteria isolated (n = 25); of lactating mammary glands with bacteria isolated (n = 22); and of mammary glands after cessation of lactation with bacteria isolated (n = 17). The salient histological feature was subepithelial leucocytic infiltration. In teat cisterns, lymphocytes were the predominant cell type and in teat ducts, lymphocytes and neutrophils were seen in equal proportions. Subepithelial lymphoid nodules, some with germinal centres, were detected in 43 (49%) teats. The majority of lymphoid nodules was observed at the border between teat duct and teat cistern. Presence of bacteria was significantly associated with the presence of leucocytic activity (P < 0.001) and with the presence of lymphoid nodules (P = 0.032). We conclude that the presence of induced subepithelial lymphoid tissue at the border between teat duct and teat cistern appears to be important in protecting the mammary gland during the early stages of bacterial invasion. The findings call for further investigations into the lymphoid structures of the teat; these should elucidate the role and development of mammary mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissues and may lead to strategies for enhancing non‐specific defence mechanisms of the mammary gland.
Effect ofα‐Interferon andα‐Tocopherol in Reversing Hepatic Cirrhosis in Rats
Authors: Mathew T. C. , Abdeen S. , Dashti H. , Mathew E. , Al‐Bader A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the effects ofα‐interferon andα‐tocopherol (vitamin E), or a combination of both, in reversing hepatic fibrosis following the induction of cirrhosis using thioacetamide by histological and biochemical analysis. Fifty male Wistar rats were used in this study. The animals were divided equally into five groups. Animals in group I were used as controls. The remaining animals (groups II–V) were provided with 0.5 g/L of thioacetamide in order to induce liver cirrhosis. Group II animals were used as the cirrhotic control. Animals of groups III, IV and V were givenα‐interferon,α‐tocopherol and interferon together withα‐tocopherol, respectively, for 30 days. After 30 days the animals were killed and following gross morphological examination of the liver, the hepatic tissues were processed for histological analysis and the serum was used for liver function tests. Morphological analysis showed a decrease in the number of nodules on the surface of the liver in both interferon‐ as well as vitamin E‐treated cirrhotic rats. Histopathological analysis showed that the abnormalities of the cirrhotic liver were partially reversed and liver function tests showed an overall improvement following treatment of animals of groups III, IV and V. Combination therapy using both interferon andα‐tocopherol did not have any substantial effect on the rats compared with that when they were given separately. These findings suggest thatα‐interferon andα‐tocopherol may have therapeutic value in reversing liver cirrhosis.
Intraovarian Localization of Growth Factors in Induced Cystic Ovaries in Rats
Authors: Ortega H. H. , Salvetti N. R. , Amable P. , Dallard B. E. , Baravalle C. , Barbeito C. G. , Gimeno E. J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWe hypothesized that the special hormonal environment present in animals with cystic ovarian disease (COD) interferes with cellular production of growth factors (GFs). The objective of the present study was to characterize the expression of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in induced COD using immunohistochemistry. We used an experimental model based on the exposure to constant light of adult rats during 15 weeks. We quantified the expression of GFs in cystic and normal ovaries by the Immunohistochemical Stained Area (IHCSA). In animals with COD, a significant reduction in the IHCSA of IGF‐I in the follicular fluid, theca and granulosa layers of cysts occurred; and an increase in the interstitial tissue with regard to the control group. We found moderate immunoreactivity of FGF‐2 in granulosa and theca layers of secondary and tertiary follicles and lower expression in the granulosa and theca interna layers of cystic follicles. Immunoexpression of VEGF was found in granulosa and theca cells of secondary and tertiary follicles. This study shows changes in the ovarian expression of IGF‐I, FGF‐2 and VEGF in induced COD. We can propose that an alteration in the control of the follicular dynamic, through the GFs, added to other features, could be involved in the ovarian cyst pathogenesis.
Distribution Patterns of Uterine Glands and Embryo Spacing in the Mouse
Authors: Hondo E. , Phichitrasilp T. , Kokubu K. , Kusakabe K. , Nakamuta N. , Oniki H. , Kiso Y. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTo clarify the mechanism of implantation, relationship between positioning of the mouse embryo in the uterus and distribution of uterine glands along the long axis of the uterine horn was examined by three‐dimensional remodelling of the uterine endometrium. There were two unique regions in the endometrium. Uterine glands were distributed widely from mesometrial to anti‐mesometrial side in one region. It was localized from lateral to anti‐mesometrial side in another. These different regions were alternately aligned throughout the uterine horn. The number and position of embryos was consistent with that of the latter region. This study suggests that the type of distribution of uterine glands is closely related to the positioning of the embryo in mice.
A Histological Study of the Seminal Vesicle of the Armoured Catfish Corydoras aeneus
Authors: Franceschini‐Vicentini I. B. , Papa L. P. , Bombonato M. T. S. , Vicentini C. A. , Ribeiro K. , Orsi A. M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMost species of Corydoras exhibited a reproductive behaviour called ‘T‐position’, and exhibited an accessory gland in the male genital tract, called the seminal vesicle. It appeared that both the structure and the composition of the fluid varied considerably between the species investigated. Consequently, different opinions were proposed regarding the possible role of seminal vesicle on this particular reproductive behaviour. Male adults of Corydoras aeneus were collected, anaesthetized, and samples of seminal vesicle were fixed in Bouin's solution. The sections were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin and periodic acid Schiff. The seminal vesicle showed a system of anastomosed secretory tubules, forming a vesicular collective network, which gave rise to the vesicular ducts. The latter fused with the testicular efferent ducts and formed the spermatic ducts. Considering this fusion, when the sperm cells reached the spermatic ducts, the fluid produced at the seminal vesicle covered them. Histochemical studies evidenced the presence of neutral and acid glycosaminoglycans in the seminal fluid. Considering the reproductive behaviour of C. aeneus, it is believed that the protection associated with the immobilization of the sperm cells assures the sperm integrity during the passage through female's intestine until fertilization.
Fine Structure of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Bruch's Membrane and Choriocapillaris in the Camel
Authors: Altunay H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and closely associated Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). The study showed that RPE is composed of a single layer of hexanocuboidal cells that were joined laterally by a series of apically located tight junctions. In addition, adjacent from internal side of cell membrane at the level of tight junctions, an undefined structure which resembled the myofibrillar organization of skeletal muscles in appearance was located. These cells displayed numerous short basal infoldings and abundant thin apical processes which enclosed the rod outer segments. The epithelial cell nuclei were large, vesicular and eccentrically located. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum was very abundant, while rough endoplasmic reticulum was present only in small amounts. Polysomes were also numerous and the mitochondria often displayed a ring‐shaped structure. Lipofuscin granules were plentiful in all locations. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) was typically pentalaminate throughout the retina. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris facing Bruch's membrane was extremely thin and heavily fenestrated. These fenestrations displayed typical single‐layered diaphragm as noted in most species.
The Syrinx of the Male Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos): Special Anatomical Features
Authors: Frank T. , Probst A. , König H. E. , Walter I. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the special anatomical and topographical features of the syrinx in male adult stock ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The syrinx of the mallard is a tracheobronchial type, consisting of a tympanum, a pessulus, medial tympaniform membranes, interanular membranes, an interbronchial ligament (bronchidesmus), and bronchosyringeal cartilage semi‐rings. Using a frozen sagittal section, it was possible to document the syringeal valve at the right lateral side of the tympanum. In the male stock duck the pessulus was massive and showed a longish oval, transparent area ventrally. The middle part of the pessulus had a nose‐shaped process on its left side, on which the left medial tympaniform membrane originated. The left‐sided, pear‐shaped syringeal bulla was divided into a left major and right minor chamber by a double‐walled, semilunar and opaque septum, approximately 5–6 mm in height. The first left and right C‐shaped bronchosyringeal cartilage was more prominent than the other ones and showed partial ossification. In addition, the first left bronchosyringeal cartilage was obviously thicker than the right one. In conclusion, it can be stated that the syrinx in male adult mallards shows some notable specific anatomical features that might have an influence on vocalization. However, to understand the complex mechanism of vocalization in mallards, more investigations, especially obtained by sonography and endoscopy, will be needed.
Histological Organization of Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu) Lip
Authors: Teófilo T. S. , Silva A. F. , Fontenele‐Neto J. D. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryCollared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) belongs to the Tayassuidae family that is characterized by a dorsal scent gland located in the middle of the hump. It can be found from south‐west United States to Argentina. It is a very well‐adapted animal that can survive different environments, having a varied diet. Very little morphological information of the animal is available, except that concerning the reproductive tract. This study describes the histological organization of the collared peccary lip. The lip marks the junction between the integument and digestive system. It is lined by skin on the outer surface and mucosa on the inner surface. Skin appendages such as hair follicles and glands are usually found on the outer surface. The collared peccary's lip shows, on the outer surface, simple and sinus hair follicles as well as sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands. No salivary gland is found on the inner surface, and deep in the connective tissue pacinian corpuscles can be found. The connective tissue is rich in collagen and elastic fibres. The collared peccary's lip may be used not only for food prehension but also functions as a sensitive structure giving tactile input to the central nervous system.
The External and Middle Ear of the Striped Dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen 1833)
Authors: Sassu R. , Cozzi B. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe ear of cetaceans, and especially the middle ear, is very different from that of terrestrial mammals and shows specific adaptations to diving. Our research, performed on six Striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded along the Italian coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, concentrated on the morphology of the external and middle ear of this species. We report the findings using a proper Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature and describe the characteristics of the auditory meatus of the external ear and the presence and morphology of the erectile tissue in the middle ear. Our anatomical and histological data highlight the structure and possible functions of the corpus cavernosum located in the middle ear of the Striped dolphin, and suggest a possible role for this structure in relation to pressure regulation during diving. Many of our observations indicate the existence of an internal regulatory system able to prevent barotraumas by regulating pressure and volume inside the middle ear cavity.
A Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Epididymis Active State of the Endemic Mexican Rodent Peromyscus winkelmanni (Carleton) (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: Lorenzana M. G. , López‐Wilchis R. , Gómez C. S. , Aranzabal M. C. U. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the epididymis of the sexually mature Peromyscus winkelmanni (Carleton) was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The epididymis was divided into three regions: caput, corpus and cauda. The epididymal duct was lined with columnar and cubic epithelium with stereocilia and covered by a muscular connective tissue sheath. Capillaries appear to penetrate directly into the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue in the initial segment. The epididymal epithelium presents four cell types: principal, basal, apical and clear cells. Based on morphological differences (height of epithelial cells, length of the stereocilia, luminal area, larger diameter and spermatic index), the epididymis of P. winkelmanni, presents seven zones. The stereocilia of the epididymal ducts of zones I, II, IV and V are thick and tall, while in zone III they are thin and short. The stereocilia in zone VI are thin, while in zone VII they are short but thick. The secretory products observed in the lumen of the epididymal ducts have vesicular, granular and fibrous form in the seven zones. This study contributes to an understanding of the morphofunctional features of the epididymis in sperm maturation in a species that shows seasonal reproductive activity.
The Effect of Fertilizer Type and Level of N Fertilization Before and After Grassland Renewal on N Leaching Losses
Authors: Seidel K. , Müller J. , Kayser M. , Isselstein J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWhen grassland is ploughed and reseeded this results in an increased mineralization of organically bound nitrogen (N) in the soil. Greater amounts of nitrate in autumn are at risk of being leached during the winter half of the year. In two field experiments, nitrate leaching was measured over 2 years after reseeding of a 9‐year‐old grassland field in spring on a sandy soil in northwest Germany. During the experiments, major management factors that can influence the intensity of mineralization were varied: Type of fertilizer, mineral N fertilizer or organic manure, and the level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha−1 a−1, before renewal of the grassland, and level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha−1 a−1 in mineral form, after renewal of the grassland. The type of fertilization as well as the level of N fertilization before ploughing had no significant effect on the soil mineral nitrogen content (SMN) in autumn and N leaching in the year following the grassland renewal. N fertilizer level after sward renovation had a significant effect on the nitrate leaching losses in the two following years. Fertilization at a rate of 320 kg N ha−1 resulted in leaching losses of 7 and 61 kg N ha−1 in the first and second subsequent years, respectively. At fertilizer rates of 0 and 160 kg N ha−1 leaching losses were lower than 5 kg N ha−1. It is concluded that for mown grassland no restriction of the N fertilization before the renovation of the sward is necessary to reduce the nitrate leaching risk as long as the amount of N fertilized does not exceed the N‐uptake by the crop. Similarly, the N fertilization after the sward renewal does not bear a particular leaching risk.
Root‐mediated Allelopathic Interference of Nettle‐leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale) on Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Batish D. R. , Lavanya K. , Pal Singh H. , Kohli R. K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the potential and nature of root‐mediated allelopathic interference of Chenopodium murale on wheat. Early growth of wheat reduced significantly in agar medium where C. murale seedlings were previously growing as well as in rhizosphere soil of C. murale. The reduction in wheat growth was due to the presence of inhibitory metabolites released by roots of C. murale in the growth media. Even the soil incorporation of root residues also reduced the wheat growth in terms of seedling length and seedling dry weight. Only a partial amelioration in growth inhibition occurred upon charcoal supplementation or nitrogen fertilization in these amended soils. Root residues did not reduce the available nutrients in the soil, which was rather nutrient rich. These results indicated the definite role of allelopathy of C. murale roots in retarding wheat growth. Root amended soils contained significantly higher amount of phytotoxic phenolics as the putative allelochemicals, which were ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p‐coumaric acid and benzoic acid. The study concluded that C. murale roots and their exudates exerted allelopathic effects on wheat by releasing water‐soluble phenolic acids as putative allelochemicals in soil.
The Differences in Grain Weight and Quality Within a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Panicle as Affected by Panicle Type and Source‐sink Relation
Authors: Wang F. , Chen S. , Cheng F. , Liu Y. , Zhang G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effects of panicle type and source‐sink relation on the variation in grain weight (GW) and quality within a panicle were investigated using four japonica (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in grain density and two source‐sink adjusting treatments. There were significant differences in GW and filling grain percentage (FGP) among superior and inferior grains for compact‐panicle varieties (Xiushui 994 and Xiushui 63), while not for loose‐panicle ones (Xiushui 11 and Chunjiang 15). The floret‐removal treatment significantly improved the development of inferior florets and reduced the differences in FGP and GW between superior and inferior grains for the compact‐panicle variety, while leaf‐deleting treatment reduced FGP and GW of both superior and inferior grains. For the loose‐panicle varieties, the two treatments had little effect. The difference in chalky grain percentage (CGP) and amylose content (AC) between the two kinds of florets was larger in compact‐panicle varieties than in loose‐panicle ones. Both floret‐removal and leaf‐deleting treatments caused the changes in CGP and AC of superior or inferior grains for compact‐panicle varieties, but not for loose‐panicle ones. The difference in starch content (SC) between superior and inferior grains was much larger for Xiushui 994 than for Xiushui 11, and the two varieties differed in the response of SC to the change of source‐sink relation. The differences in AGP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPG‐Ppase), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and soluble starch synthase (SSS) activities between the two kinds of grains were basically same for the two varieties, with superior being higher than inferior ones at early filling stage and smaller at later stage. In floret‐removal treatment, the activities of ADPG‐PPase, SSS, and SBE in superior grains of Xiushui 994 decreased at early filling stage and increased at middle or later stages. Meanwhile, the activities of SSS and SBE in both kinds of grains at early filling stage, and of ADPG‐PPase and granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS) in inferior grains over the whole stage were increased. In leaf‐deleting treatment, the activities of ADPG‐PPase and SBE at early filling stage and GBSS at later filling stage were reduced in superior grains, while SSS activity at middle filling stage and SBE activity at later stage were increased.
Coexistence Between GM and Non‐GM Maize Crops – Tested in 2004 at the Field Scale Level (Erprobungsanbau 2004)
Authors: Weber W. E. , Bringezu T. , Broer I. , Eder J. , Holz F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe objective of the study was to test the feasibility of coexistence between genetically modified (GM) and non‐GM maize under real‐life agronomical conditions. GM hybrid maize with the event MON810 (Bt maize) was drilled at 30 sites in fields surrounded by near isogenic conventional maize, although only 27 sites could be finally evaluated. Field sizes of Bt maize varied between 0.3 and 23 ha, and the flowering period of the Bt and conventional maize was synchronous. At some sites, different planting dates of GM and non‐GM maize or an earlier ripening conventional maize were tested in additional strips to obtain altered flowering and thereby reduce cross‐pollination. The overlapping of flowering periods was successfully avoided only at two sites where non‐GM maize was planted 25 or 28 days later. During harvest, samples were taken from the conventional maize in strips at distances of 0–10, 20–30, and 50–60 m to the Bt maize fields to assess the GM DNA content as a function of distance. Sampled materials included chaffed plant material intended for silage (18 sites), grains (eight sites), or crushed husks and cobs (one site). Wind effects were taken into account by sampling in all four compass directions. Quantitative PCR was used to detect the event specific MON810 DNA sequence in sampled materials. The analysis was conducted by two certified independent diagnostic testing companies selected in a pre‐test. Taking averages over all compass directions and the two laboratories no samples collected beyond 10 m had levels of GM above the threshold of 0.9 %. In conclusion, the data indicate that coexistence of GM and conventional maize is possible under real‐life large‐scale agronomical conditions. Levels of GM DNA in harvested grain resulting from outcrossing can be managed to levels below 0.9 % by simply planting 20 m of conventional maize as a pollen barrier between adjacent fields.