bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Common Law en français. Étude juridique et linguistique de la common law en français au Canada
Authors: Didier Emmanuel 
Published: October 2008

Au Canada, depuis déjà plus d'un siècle, la Common Law et le Droit Civil sont pratiqués en langues anglaise et française. Cette étude décrit et analyse les motifs historiques, politiques, sociologiques, linguistiques et juridiques de ce phénomène.
Historiquement, les couples Common Law - langue anglaise et Droit Civil - langue française ne sont ni anciens, ni universels. Les contraintes sociologiques et politiques qui imposent la nécessité de pratiquer les deux systèmes juridiques dans les deux langues, établissent également les paramètres de l'expérience.
Le fondement théorique et pratique de la Common Law en français et du Droit Civil en anglais est la distinction entre les problèmes de traduction (passage d'une langue à une autre dans le même système juridique) et les problem.es de transposition (passage d'un système juridique à un autre, dans la même langue ou bien d'une langue à une autre). Les techniques de traduction et de transposition sont fournies par l'étude des lexiques et des syntaxes juridiques de chaque langue, ainsi que par la mise en œuvre de la sémantique et de la pragmatique juridiques.
Ceux et celles qui ne sont pas habitués aux modes d'expression particuliers de la CLEF ou du DCA peuvent être un peu dépaysés, mais le principe de l'égalité des langues officielles donne à la Common Law en français et au Droit Civil en anglais la force de la loi.
La valeur de l'expérience canadienne est d'être exemplaire : puisque les idées juridiques ne sont pas esclaves des langues, il est possible de faire du droit comparé sans connaître une langue étrangère, et on peut aussi faire connaître son propre système juridique dans d'autres langues. D'où la nécessité de prévoir des politiques nationales de la traduction juridique.
Le rôle du « Commissioner for rights of trade union members ». Une fonction unique au monde
Authors: Carby-Hall Jo 
Published: October 2008

Cette étude a pour but de présenter une analyse brève et concise des principaux aspects du rôle du Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members (CROTUM).
Dans ce domaine une analyse des pouvoirs du Commissioner est suivie d'une discussion détaillée de l'aide qu'elle peut apporter aux syndiqués et quelques statistiques relatives à cet aspect sont données à l'appui.
Certains points importants du poste de Commissioner sont mentionnés brièvement (tels les représailles de la part du syndicat contre ses adhérents et l'autonomie du Commissioner par exemple) avant de proposer quelques conclusions valables pour le moment.
Transparence et secrets autour des adoptions internes et internationales
Authors: Bribosia Hervé 
Published: October 2008

There are several legal issues relating to the degree of transparency (or openness) regarding adoptions, i.e., whether there is publicity of the adoption itself, access to non-identifying information (sociocultural background, medical record...) or to identifying information, and whether such access takes place before and/or after the adoption. Any legal System must lay down a formula balancing the often contradictory interests of the natural and adoptive familles, the adoptee, and the public interest. In order the maximize successful adoptions, the formula must answer the following question : what type of information relating to the adoption can or must be made known to the natural family, the adoptive parents, the adoptee or to anyone ?
The first part of this article deals with psychological aspects related to « openness » in adoptions.
The second part considers legal aspects of transparency on two different plans : on the one hand, domestic adoptions ; on the other hand « international » (or rather « transnational ») adoptions, Le. in which there is aforeign element. Domestic adoptions are analysed in the context of Belgian and Comparative Law with reference to international conventions governing domestic adoptions. « International » adoptions are considered in relation to Belgian Private International Law and International Law (conventions pertaining to « transnational » adoptions).
Le gouvernement des sociétés anonymes. Le mouvement de réforme aux États-Unis et au Royaume Uni
Authors: Tunc André 
Published: October 2008

Depuis le début des années 70, l'organisation du pouvoir dans les sociétés anonymes fait l'objet, aux États-Unis, puis au Royaume-Uni, de discussions très vives, qui ont eu une influence profonde sur le droit et la pratique.
Dans la pratique, les dirigeants de grandes sociétés ont fait l'objet, dans les dernières années, de révocations qui n'ont jamais été aussi nombreuses ni aussi spectaculaires.
A la croisée de la réflexion juridique et du droit positif, des documents fort importants ont récemment été publiés : aux États-Unis, les Principles of Corporate Governance ; au Royaume-Uni, The Role and Duties of Directors, The Responsibilities of Institutional Shareholders in the U.K. et, finalement, le rapport Cadbury.
L'auteur présente ces documents et explique pourquoi, à ses yeux, le problème du gouvernement des sociétés se posera prochainement en France.
La transparence des actes administratifs en Italie : Quelques aspects de droit comparé
Authors: Rosi Francesco 
Published: October 2008

For the first time, in Italy, Law 241 of August 7, 1990 regulates systematically the relationship between the citizen and the Public administration by afftrming the principles of participation and transparency. Furthermore this Law recogniz.es the citizens' right of access to administrative documents, thus enacting the so-called « new rights » present in the Constitutional Court's interpretation of Article 21 ofthe Italian Constitution on the freedom of information.
However, the rule of access to administrative documents established by law n. 241/1990 has not actually been applied by administrative judges. Nor has the situation changea since the Council of Ministers of Presidential Decree n. 352 of June 27, 1992 approving administrative proceedings on the right of access. In practice, access to such documents remains linked to the discretion to recognize the inherent administrative power to permit their release. This subject should stimulate much interest in a comparative law study including both « common law » and « civil law » traditions where the role of the State in administration reflects different and quite specifie characteristics.
The Italian model, therefore, is to be compared to the different experiences of England and of France. The French experience offers interesting comparisons in that comprehensive rules on this matter have been in force for some time and have resulted in an ample case law by the administrative judges and by the « Commission ». Furthermore, according to the French tradition, there is an established, practical relationship between the Administration and the citizens, unlike what has developed in Italy.
It is within this framework that we see the important contribution that, over the years, the supra-national European approach has made in this area, especially in the decisions of the various organs of the European Community and in the decisions of the European Court on Human Rights. These decisions provide good starting point for new reflections on comparative administrative law.
La reconnaissance d'une forme mitigée de dualité de juridictions en droit administratif canadien
Authors: Cartier Geneviève , Comtois Suzanne 
Published: October 2008

The present text discusses the reception, in Canada, of the French model of duality of jurisdictions in the field of administrative law. It seeks to demonstrate that, notwithstanding the ideological divergences from which each system was born, the Canadian system moves towards a mitigated form of duality of jurisdictions.
Part I compares the characteristics and the historical foundations of both the French and the Canadian jurisdictional Systems and emphasizes their divergent elements. Part II analyzes the recent evolution — principally marked by the emergence of specialized administrative tribunals, the creation of a court of justice mostly dedicated to administrative matters and the introduction of a new standard of judicial review — from which it can be deduced some common features with the French model.
Without speaking of an absolute convergence, this analysis reveals the fact that the pur suit of specialization which underlies the changes made in the Canadian jurisdictional order and in the Rule of law, not only leads to a duality of jurisdictions at the level inferior tribunals, but paves the way to the development of an autonomous corpus of administrative law.
Les bases culturelles du juriste européen : un point de vue continental
Authors: Moccia Luigi 
Published: October 2008

Les juristes européens sont affectés par le processus d'intégration juridique européen dans une mesure plus profonde que les autres professions, car ce processus concerne non seulement l'appareil technique, mais aussi et surtout l'esprit des lois ou, ainsi que le disent les comparatistes, le style, qui se reflète notamment sur l'enseignement juridique et qui est profondément lié aux structures fondamentales de chaque tradition juridique (nationale).
De là vient donc l'intérêt pour le contexte culturel dans lequel conduire la discussion sur les questions relatives à la figure et au rôle du «juriste européen » et en même temps aux modalités de sa formation dans une perspective historico-comparative, par rapport aux différentes options alternatives sur les modèles de droit impliqués.
L'apparition d'un droit international des affaires en Afrique
Authors: Lohoues-Oble Jacqueline 
Published: October 2008

Face à la mondialisation qui permet l'universalisation du marché et est favorable à la libéralisation des échanges quinze États d'Afrique francophone, ayant une tradition juridique commune, ont, pour instaurer un environnement juridique et judiciaire propice à leurs activités économiques, créé le 17 octobre 1993, à l'île Maurice un Traité portant Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). Ce Traité tire son originalité de la spécificité de son objectif fondamental, de l'ampleur de l'intégration communautaire qu'il propose et de la particularité des méthodes et moyens retenus.
Au plan juridique, le Traité dispose que les actes pris pour l'adoption de règles communes sont qualifiés d'actes uniformes : cinq matières du domaine du droit des affaires ont déjà fait l'objet d'actes uniformes. Ces actes ont introduit de nombreuses innovations au droit des affaires. Au plan judiciaire la Cour commune de justice et d'arbitrage est consultée pour l'interprétation et l'application de tous les textes du droit harmonisé.
Le transfert de propriété à titre de garantie en droit français et en droit japonais
Authors: Nozawa Masamichi 
Published: October 2008

Atypical security interests such as leases and title retentions have developed in the French legal system as a resuit of the realization that security Systems have been made impractical by the development of ban-kruptcy legislation. However, la fiducie-sûrete, the sale of the property to a creditor as a means of security, has not received universal acceptance although some means of property sales for security purposes is necessary for creditors.
In Japan atypical security interests, which do not have a statutory basis in the Japanese Civil Code, have been developed within this practice. From the beginning of the twentieth century, for example, courts of law have recognized joto-tanpo (fiducie-sûrete). Through this system, creditors are able to avoid formal enforcement procedures and secure payment through either selling or acquiring the object itself. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the atypical security as it applies to Japanese law for the purposes of suggesting its practibility to the French legal system.
La réception du droit communautaire dans l'ordre juridique italien
Authors: Carmeli Sara 
Published: October 2008

This study deals with the relationship between the European and the Italian law according to the principles established by the Italian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The author focuses on the case law by ECJ related to state liability, whose influence on the Italian traditional System concerning duties among jurisdictions is important.
Italy's delay in implementing Community directives has given rise to many condemnations by the ECJ. As a consequence, the need for a more efficient System for implementing European Acts is becoming more and more urgent. The last part of the paper analyses the techniques for implementing directives, with reference to « legge communitaria ». A more efficient and dynamic System seems to be enacted by the Italian Parliament. Nevertheless other modifications are still hoped for.
Analyse jurisprudentielle des différentes notions de discrimination raciale en droit anglais
Authors: Brill-Venkatasamy Tara 
Published: October 2008

Dans une société ou le respect des droits fondamentaux de la personne est un principe essentiel, le racisme est inacceptable. A cet égard, la France et l'Angleterre ont mis en place des inslrurnents juridiques pour lutter contre la discrimination raciale, notamment en matière d'emploi.
Mais, alors qu'en Angleterre, il existe un texte spécifique et général en la matière (Race Relations Act 1976), en France, le problème est réglé par voie de dispositions particulières. De plus, la distinction entre discrimination directe, indirecte et " victimisation >> (représailles) est connue et mise en œuvre depuis fort longtemps en Angleterre. lin France, ces deux dernières distinctions ont fait leur apparition avec la loi du 16 novembre 2001.
De ce fait, les solutions jurisprudentielles relatives a ces différentes notions d'ores et déjà mises en place par les tribunaux anglais, peuvent éclairer les tribunaux français.
Recherches sur la notion d'ordre public en droit interne russe à l'aune du droit français (étude de droit privé sur l'ordre public en droit comparé français et russe)
Authors: Krief-Verbaere Catherine 
Published: October 2008

En droit russe comme en droit français, la reconnaissance de l'ordre public passe par celle de principes fondamentaux essentiels à la construction de toute société moderne. Dans cette perspective, il paraît possible de trouver un dénominateur commun, même s'il s'agit du plus petit, entre l'ordre public interne russe et français.
En droit russe, l'ordre public est une notion juridique innommée. Néanmoins, il s'agit d'un concept juridique efficient. Au service de la liberté, l'ordre public en constitue également la limite. Sa fonction essentielle est de maintenir l'équilibre entre intérêt général et intérêt individuel, entre ordre juridique et milieu social.
Son contenu variable en fait une notion élastique utile au maintien de cet équilibre parce qu'il épouse, ainsi, les modifications sociales dans le temps et dans l'espace.
Synthesis and Resolution of Racemic
Trans
‐2‐(

N

‐Benzyl)Amino‐1‐Cyclohexanol: Enantiomer Separation by Sequential Use of (

R

)‐ and (

S

)‐Mandelic Acid
Authors: Schiffers Ingo , Bolm Carsten 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Cyclohexene oxide

Benzylamine

(
S
)‐(+)‐Mandelic acid

(
R
)‐(−)‐Mandelic acid

(
S
)‐Mandelic salt of (1
R
,
2R)‐trans‐
(
N‐
benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol

(
R
)‐Mandelic salt of (1
S
,
2S)‐trans‐
(
N‐
benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol

(1
R,2R
)‐
trans
‐2‐(
N
‐Benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol

(1
S,2S
)‐
trans
‐2‐(
N
‐Benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol
Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrazoles by the Reaction of

n

‐Monosubstituted Hydrazones with Nitroolefins
Authors: Deng Xiaohu , Mani Neelakandha S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

4‐Chlorobenzaldehyde

Methylhydrazine

Benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride

(
E
)‐3,4‐Methylendioxy‐beta‐nitrostyrene

Trans‐p‐
Methyl‐beta‐nitrostyrene

5‐Benzo[1,3]dioxol‐5‐yl‐3‐(4‐chloro‐phenyl)‐1‐methyl

1‐Benzyl‐3‐(4‐chloro‐phenyl‐5‐
p
‐tolyl‐1
H
‐pyrazole
(R)‐3‐Methyl‐3‐Phenyl‐1‐PenteneViaCatalytic Asymmetric Hydrovinylation
Authors: Smith Craig R. , Zhang Aibin , Mans Daniel J. , RajanBabu T. V. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBenzophenoneIodine3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)bromobenzeneSodium tetrafluoroborateBis[1,2:5,6‐eta‐(1,5‐cycloocatadiene)nickelAllyl bromideEthylenen‐ButyllithiumMethyltriphenylphosphonium bromideTriphenylphsophine oxideSodium tetrakis[(3,5‐trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borateDi‐(mu‐bromo)bis(eta‐allyl)nickel(II)2‐Phenyl‐1‐butene(R)‐3‐Methyl‐3‐phenylpentene
Viability of introducing milk futures contracts in Brazil: a multiple criteria decision analysis
Authors: Siqueira Kennya B. , da Silva Carlos Arthur B. , Aguiar Danilo R.D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe viability of introducing milk futures contracts in Brazil was assessed through a combination of multiple criteria decision analysis and the application of traditional principles from the theory of success and failure of futures trading. Commodity‐specific attributes and market‐related aspects were analyzed for chilled raw milk, ultra high temperature (UHT) milk, and milk powder. The analytic hierarchy process methodology was used to rank the commodities in terms of their feasibility prospects. Among them, it was ascertained that chilled raw milk is the most suitable for futures trading. Major reasons for this result are the product's high price volatility, the competitive nature of its markets, the absence of competing risk‐management tools, and the impossibility of cross‐hedging. Complementing the analysis, interviews were conducted with the 100 largest milk producers in the country to assess their perceptions regarding futures trading. Approximately 92% of these farmers expressed an interest in adopting milk futures contracts as price risk management tools. In conclusion, the analysis indicated that the introduction of a milk futures contract in Brazil has a high probability of success. [EconLit citations: Q130, C610, 0220]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Splenic infarction, splenic sequestration, and functional hyposplenism in hemoglobin S‐C disease
Authors: Sears David A. , Udden Mark M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSplenic atrophy or evidence of hyposplenism occurs in as many as one third of all patients with S‐C hemoglobinopathy. Yet there are few reports in the literature of clinically apparent splenic infarction in this disease. We describe four instances of acute splenic infarction in three patients with hemoglobin S‐C disease which illustrate a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and severity. Of particular interest were the observations of coincident occurrences of splenic sequestration and functional hyposplenism with splenic infarction, suggesting a close pathophysiological relationship among these syndromes.
Strong linkage disequilibrium for the frequent GJB2 35delG mutation in the Greek population
Authors: Kokotas Haris , Van Laer Lut , Grigoriadou Maria , Iliadou Vassiliki , Economides John , Pomoni Stella , Pampanos Andreas , Eleftheriades Nikos , Ferekidou Elisabeth , Korres Stavros , Giannoulia‐Karantana Aglaia , Van Camp Guy , Petersen Michael B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractApproximately one in 1,000 children is affected by severe or profound hearing loss at birth or during early childhood (prelingual deafness). Up to 40% of congenital, autosomal recessive, severe to profound hearing impairment cases result from mutations in a single gene, GJB2, that encodes the connexin 26 protein. One specific mutation in this gene, 35delG, accounts for the majority of GJB2 mutations detected in Caucasian populations. Some previous studies have assumed that the high frequency of the 35delG mutation reflects the presence of a mutational hot spot, while other studies support the theory of a common founder. Greece is among the countries with the highest carrier frequency of the 35delG mutation (3.5%), and a recent study raised the hypothesis of the origin of this mutation in ancient Greece. We genotyped 60 Greek deafness patients homozygous for the 35delG mutation for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two microsatellite markers inside or flanking the GJB2 gene. The allele distribution in the patients was compared to 60 Greek normal hearing controls. A strong linkage disequilibrium was found between the 35delG mutation and markers inside or flanking the GJB2 gene. Furthermore, we found a common haplotype with a previous study, suggesting a common founder for the 35delG mutation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A short history of the initial discovery of the Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Authors: Hirschhorn Kurt 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDeletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p‐) was first described in 1961 [Hirschhorn and Cooper, 1961], and the second case of 4p‐ was published in 1965 [Hirschhorn et al., 1965]. This short history describes the original case and the sequence of events leading to the publications. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct utilization of ethanol on ceria‐based anodes for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Cimenti Massimiliano , Hill Josephine M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe direct utilization of ethanol was investigated in CuCeO2, CuZr0.35Ce0.65O2 (ZDC) and Cu/RuZr0.35Ce0.65O2 anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The anodes were prepared by impregnation with nitrate precursors on a porous layer of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) obtained by tape casting, while (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3−δ) LSM cathodes were screen‐printed. The cells were tested in both hydrogen and ethanol. The outlet gas composition was monitored with a gas chromatograph, which showed that almost all the ethanol was decomposed, mainly to H2, CH4, CO, H2O and C2H4. The maximum power outputs obtained in ethanol were 0.075 and 0.400 W/cm2 on CuCeO2|YSZ|LSM and CuZDC|YSZ|LSM, respectively. All cells were more active in alcohol than in hydrogen with the peak performance occurring after approximately 4 h. That is, the power density initially increased, peaked and then decreased. This behavior was likely a consequence of carbon deposition that initially results in an improvement of the electronic conductivity in the anode but later results in the blocking of the active sites. Zirconia doping (in the ZDC anodes) resulted in better stability and, in addition, the initial activity of the ZDC anodes could be recovered after approximately 1 h of exposure to humidified hydrogen, whereas the initial activity of the ceria anodes could not be recovered. The addition of ruthenium (<0.5 wt%) further improved the stability by delaying the onset of carbon formation. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of a novel β‐nucleating agent on the structure, morphology, and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Xiao Wenchang , Wu Peiyi , Feng Jiachun , Yao Riyuan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe crystalline structure, morphology, and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with and without a novel rare earth‐containing β‐nucleating agent (WBG) were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polar optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. WBG could induce the formation of the β form, and a higher proportion of the β form could be obtained by the combined effect of the optimum WBG concentration and a lower cooling rate. The content of the β form could reach more than 0.90 in a 0.08 wt % WBG nucleated sample at cooling rates lower than 5°C/min. Polar optical microscopy showed that WBG led to substantial changes in both the morphological development and crystallization process of iPP. At all the studied cooling rates, the temperature at which the maximum rate of crystallization occurred was increased by 8–11°C in the presence of the nucleating agent. An analysis of the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics also revealed that the introduction of WBG significantly shortened both the apparent incubation period for crystallization and the overall crystallization time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009