bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time-Life, World Reporter and the secretary: experiments with end-users
Authors: Nicholas David , Harris Kevin , Erbach Gertrud 
Published: March 2007

After six months of training Time-Life book researchers to use online databases it is clear that they will not become end-users overnight—despite plentiful training, good facilities, user-friendly interfaces and the like. The reasons for this are less clear but high on the list come: a lack of time (to learn and maintain the necessary searching skills); a general reluctance to abandon the tried and tested—and often pleasurable—con ventional information retrieval methods (there is certainly nothing to suggest that the computer is going to replace the telephone as an information source); and the low priority given to the (formal) information-seeking component of the job (high priority being given to the more visible and pressing elements, like writing and commissioning pictures). There is little in Time-Life's online experience to lend support to the belief that there will be wide-scale end-user searching in the near future. Online will find its place in the array of information retrieval methods at the disposal of the user and will undoubtedly be used where manual methods have failed: it is unlikely, however, to supplant manual systems that work well and are well-liked. Secretaries do appear to be well-qualified, and in an excel lent position to become a major end-user group and might indeed pose a threat to the librarian intermediary in the near future.
Science research in Kuwait—a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Al-Kharafi Faiza , El-Rayyes Nizar , Janini George 
Published: March 2007

Review of the scientific output of the State of Kuwait on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of its independence. Prior to 1970, only about 100 publications were credited to Kuwaiti institutions. The majority of these papers were medical reports published in local journals. In contrast, the 1970s and 1980s witnessed a steady growth with an average doubling time of three years. In 1983, 185 publications were credited to Kuwaiti institutions, and 80% of these appeared in international jour nals. This represents 1.1 articles per 10000 populations, a respectable figure in comparison to Third World standards While Third World countries put more emphasis on research in the life sciences, the distribution of research publications of Kuwait closely match that of the World's scientific publica tions as a whole as seen from the Science Citation Index. 59% of all Kuwaiti authored articles are in the life sciences as against 55% of the international literature. 62.6% of Kuwaiti publications appeared in journals with impact factors ranging from 0- < 1 as against 46.6% of the international literature, and 3.3% of Kuwaiti publications appeared in journals with impact factor > 4 as against 65% of the international litera ture. Furthermore, 43% of Kuwaiti publications were not cited at all as against 25% of the international literature, and Kuwa iti publications averaged 1.8 citations per publication over a 5 year period as against a world average of 4.8 and a Latin American average of 2.9. Overall, the average citedness of papers published from Kuwait comes close to matching that of India, but is inferior in comparison with the standards set by the scientifically ad vanced countries. On the positive side Kuwaiti science appears to be steadily improving.
Modelling the communication, distribution, transmission or transfer of scientific information
Authors: Le Coadic Yves F. 
Published: March 2007

The processes involved in distributing scientific informa tion, i.e. information produced by and for the sciences, assume various names: communication, diffusion, transmission, trans fer, flow, spread, circulation, dissemination, etc. Depending on the conceptual point of view, the distribu tion processes are patterned in different ways. As physics is currently the leading scientific field, physical science models are often used. Two of them are studied here and their limita tions are shown. But biology and biological models have also attracted cer tain information scientists, and again we show the limitations to these. All of these processes are, however, of a social kind, which indicates that only sociological models, and particularly those of mathematical sociology are appropriate in studying this phenomena. Various models are discussed here and a new conceptual approach is proposed.
The generation and transfer of agricultural knowledge: a bibliometric study of a research network
Authors: Thorpe Peter , Pardey Philip G. 
Published: March 2007

Publication-based indicators of agricultural research activ ity were developed to assist in the evaluation of the knowledge transfer component of an agricultural research network involv ing the six Southern Cone countries of South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay). The generation of agricultural knowledge in these countries, as reflected by the CAB Abstracts database, has grown by about 50% over the period 1973 to 1982. The academic sector accounts for a substantial amount of this activity, about 40%. There is however significant cross-country variation in these figures. The transfer of agricultural knowledge among agncultural researchers in the region, and between these researchers and the world's research community, was studied using the SCI SEARCH database. The region generally relies heavily on international sources of knowledge; domestic sources are also important, especially in the larger systems, while regional sources are of only minor importance. There is some evidence, however, that in recent years regional sources may have be come relatively more important for the smaller research sys tems. There is also a suggestion that the region's researchers, particularly those in the smaller systems, are drawing on an ageing knowledge base.
Information manpower development programme in Egypt
Authors: Khaled Maged 
Published: March 2007

The Information Manpower Development Pro gramme is a major component of the Egypian National Scien tific and Technological Information Project, the goal of which is to implement a national network of scientific and technical information systems in Egypt. The principal USAID contrac tor, the Georgia Institute of Technology, is assisting the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology in all phases of this three-year programme. The programme objective is to train 1,000 trainees to manage, operate, and make effective use of the national information network. The training plan includes eight differ ent courses for: top management, professionals, and parapro fessionals. Courses have different durations and different frequencies. The total training days of the programme ex ceeded 800.
Comparison of the scope, timeliness and quality of chemical abstracts from VINITI and CAS
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Cato Stephen J. , Deyrup James A. 
Published: March 2007

All chemists and many workers in related fields in the Western world are familiar with Chemical Abstracts. This is produced biweekly by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) of Columbus Ohio USA. Readers in the Eastern bloc, particu larly the countries of the former Soviet Union, may be more familiar with Referatu nu Zhurnal Klumtya ( RZK) produced bimonthly by VINITI in Moscow Russia This is actually just one of a large series of abstracting journals produced by VINITI that cover the whole spectrum of science and technol ogy. We envisaged that the demise of the "iron curtain" would lead to much improved transfer of scientific and techni cal information between East and West and set out to find out how these two major reference works compared to each other. This paper represents the results of a comparative study of abstracts appearing in RZK and CAS that was carried out in Gainesville over the period July 1988 to June 1990. The basic intentions of the project were twofold. The first was to pro vide data that could enable a quantitative judgement of the coverage of both abstract services by searching for informa tion contained in one but not in the other. The second intended benefit of this study was to provide a comparison of the quality of the two abstracting services. Our work has thus been concerned with the determination of the relative extent of coverage, the relative quality, and the relative timeliness of the two abstracting services. We discuss each of these aspects in turn and also consider how other Western abstracting
Information systems methodologies: a review and assessment of their applicability to the selection, design and implementation of library and information systems
Authors: Rowley J.E. 
Published: March 2007

An organised systems analysis and design project is essential to a successful systems implementation. Systems methodologies have been developed to encourage a system atic approach to information systems planning, analysis and design. This article offers a bnef overview of systems method ologies starting with the traditional approach and considering structured hard methodologies and soft methodologies. Methodologies offer a series of phases and steps through which a project must proceed and a series of tools and techniques to assist in analysis and design. They are particu larly appropriate for detailed design of software, databases and hardware configurations. Library and information man agers rarely engage in fundamental systems design. Increas ingly, the library and information manager is not designing a system, but rather selecting the most appropnate system or software package and then tailoring a hardware configuration and a system to a specific application. This is a role that managers in other areas will also increasingly encounter. This overmew reviews the applicability of existing informa tion systems methodologies for library systems.
CASTRATED Environment: GREENING Organizational Studies
Authors: Shrivastava Paul 
Published: March 2007

Over the past hundred years organizational activities have caused devastating damage to the natural environment. In response, environmentalism has emerged as an influential intellectual current, and as a worldwide mass move ment. Despite these trends, Organizational Studies as a field has failed to engage seriously in environmental discourses. Organizational theories cannot adequately address environmental concerns because of their limited ideas of 'organizational environment'. This paper iden tifies and critiques these limitations. It proposes an alternative view of organ izational environment as an economic biosphere. It examines the implications of this view for creating more nature-centred (green) organizational theories.
Change as an Underlying Theme in Professional Service Organizations: An Introduction
Authors: Greenwood Royston , Lachman Ran , Greenwood Royston , Lachman Ran 
Published: March 2007

This special issue is dedicated to the theme of change within and around the Professional and Human Service Organizations. The introduction points out the ongoing changes in the societal, economic and business environments within which the professions and professional firms are embedded. We suggest that the reality of such environmental changes brings to the fore questions that are important for the research agenda on the professions. Several such issues are raised, like the impact of advanced information technologies, processes of globalization, pressures for business mergers, privatization and more. The concem here was to explore some of the issues involved with the theme of change in professional and human services. The perspectives taken, and the different conclusions presented, initiate an interesting and important debate on macro-level and firm-level changes in the professions and the 'expert power' underlying them.
A Sociobiological Defense of Aristotle's Sexual Politics
Authors: Arnhart Larry 
Published: March 2007

This article defends Aristotle and sociobiology against their feminist critics by arguing that a biological conception of human nature rightly understood can support feminism. Aristotle's telelogical biology is not sexist. On the contrary, his biology suggests lines of argument that could vindicate feminism in some form. By arguing for marital friendship as the standard for judging spousal relationships, and by defending family life, and particularly maternal caregiving, as the natural root of all social ity and politics, Aristotle elevates the claims of women and suggests that the fullest human excellence would combine masculine and feminine incli nations. Aristotle's functional teleology sustains a conception of natural human needs and powers as universal despite the variability of cultures. Without such an understanding of a universal human nature, feminists are tempted to adopt a cultural relativism that renders their critique of patriarchy incoherent. Furthermore, this defense of Aristotle applies as well to socio biological accounts of human sexual nature.
Liberation songs sung by black South Africans during the 20th Century
Authors: Gray Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the orally transmitted liberation songs of the black liberation movements in South Africa, and is primarily concerned with two major questions: (a) the lyrics of the songs, which mirrored sociopolitical conditions and the contours of black thought during the Apartheid era, and (b) the transcription of a selection of these songs which reflect the modifications in style the songs underwent in order to mirror the changes in black thought with regard to the liberation struggle. The rationale for this research was that in the South African context, the black liberation struggle was paramount and in this conflict one of the transformatory forces which manifested itself was the extensive use of liberation and protest music. The aesthetic and stylistic evaluation of these songs was, however, preceded by the recording of historical facts implicated in the songs. This paper highlights the power of liberation music AS A mass medium for purposes other than entertainment. Through song and dance a people are able to share their burden, triumph, sadness and gladness of heart. They sing songs about the common oppressor or exploiter … songs can be used to draw people together and unite them in one common aim, goal and purpose Willie Peacock (in Carawan & Carawan, 1990: 240)
research review
Authors: McWilliams Bill , Hine Jean 
Published: March 2007

One of the purposes of the Journal, as we see it, is to provide proba tion staff with information which will help them carry out their com plex tasks more effectively, intelligently or critically. In the Digest section we have been particularly concerned to disseminate useful or interesting facts and figures, as well as the names and addresses of relevant organisations and publications. In this new, occasional column, we hope to offer readers readable accounts of research relevant to probation practice. Recent years have seen major changes in our theoretical understanding of social work and of work with offenders, and considerable advances in know ledge. Practising staff have little time or opportunity to keep abreast of developments which may bear significantly on what they are doing. We hope this column will offer some remedy. As a preliminary to examining the current state of research in specific aspects of practice in future columns, in this piece the authors discuss the theory/practice 'gap', and the role of theory in research. They outline the fundamental change which is taking place in social scientists' view of research.
First Order Evaluation of Fire Hazard in a Room Due to the Burning of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Products in a Plenum: Estimation of the Time Required to Establish an Untenable Atmosphere
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M. 
Published: March 2007

A study has been made to investigate the hazard due to the presence of PVC products (wire coating, rigid conduit and flexible conduit) in a plenum, in a variety of scenarios. It has been found that the fire itself, even if it is of low toxic potency, will cause an untenable atmosphere by: (a) flashover conditions (b) generation of lethal concentrations of toxicants, both in the room of origin of the fire and in other rooms long before the toxicity of the smoke from the PVC products becomes of concern. In summary, this work has shown that PVC products contained behind fire- rated ceilings are of little concern as regards fire safety.
Corrosion of Metals Exposed to Combustion Products Generated by Burning Electrical Power Cables
Authors: Powell Eugene A. , Zinn Ben T. 
Published: March 2007

The post-fire corrosion hazard of the materials used in shipboard power and communication cables upon small specimens of HY80 steel, type 304 stainless steel, brass, and Monel 400 was investigated. The metal coupons were exposed to the combustion products generated by the burning cables in full-scale fire tests aboard an instrumented ship. Tests were conducted with cross-linked polyethylene cables and polyvinylchloride (PVC) cables. The test scenarios for the two cable materials were quite different, with the PVC cables producing an extensive fire with large quantities of smoke while the poly ethylene cables resisted propagation of the fire and produced only small quanti ties of smoke. The metallic coupons were stored under both moderate and high- humidity conditions after the fire tests. During the post-fire period, which lasted nearly a year, the specimens were weighed and observed periodically to assess the degree of corrosion. The HY80 steel coupons which were exposed to the PVC cable smoke ex perienced the greatest degree of corrosion as assessed by mass increase and macroscopic appearance. The post-fire corrosion was greatly accelerated by high humidity, giving mass increases at 100% humidity about 12 times greater than at 70% humidity. At high humidity mass increases of about 10 mg/cm2 were obtained, which were about 45 times greater than that of the control spec imens. In order of increasing resistance to corrosion due to the PVC cable smoke, the other materials were brass, Monel 400, and type 304 stainless steel. The corrosion produced by the combustion products from the cross-linked poly ethylene cables was insignificant due to the much smaller quantities of smoke produced and the lack of significant quantities of corrosive gases such as hydro gen chloride.
Influence of Laundering on Durable Flame Retarded Cotton Fabrics — Part 1. Effect of Oxidant Concentration and Detergent Type
Authors: Horrocks A. Richard , Allen Jane , Ojinnaka Sandra , Price Dennis 
Published: March 2007

Cotton fabrics flame retarded with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC)-urea-ammonia polycondensate (Proban CC, Albright and Wilson Ltd., U.K.) have been subjected to up to 50 simulated hos pital wash cycles. Laundering variables include sodium perborate oxidant con centration, detergent type (liquid with no oxidant, powder with zeolite and sodium perborate and powder with polyphosphate and carbonate and per borate) and water hardness. The flame retardant system resisted all laundering systems in terms of the constancy of burning behaviour assessed by vertical strip (BS 5438) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. However, increased perborate con centration changed the thermogravimetric (TGA) response of laundered fabrics. Soft water washing promoted cotton fibre fibrillation independent of deter gent type; increased oxidant concentration promoted secondary wall damage. Hard water washing severely damaged fibre secondary walls and significant depositions of calcium ions often as phosphate occurred on fabric. Presence of the flame retardant was observed to have a stabilising fibrillar binding effect which was offset by a secondary wall crack promoting character.
Interliner Effect on the Fire Performance of Upholstery Materials
Authors: Gallagher James A. 
Published: March 2007

Sample screening can be an effective tool for understanding the fire problem of upholstered furniture. A study of the contribution of the com ponents of furniture construction to the heat release will permit the selection of materials which will be more likely to pass full scale tests. Component con tribution is complicated by fabric treatments and the use of interliners. Unless the interaction of these components during the crucial fire propagation phase is understood, no direction for improvement can be obtained from either full or small scale testing. By identifying the relevant interactions the selection of upholstery materials can be made more judiciously. The heat release of selected foam/interliner/fabric combinations, using the Ohio State Heat Release Calorimeter, shows that the heat release contribution of various upholstery components can be identified. For foams covered with fabric, interliners generally improve the performance of those foams which pass California TB 117 while detracting from the performance of those which pass California TB 133 (with no covering). For certain fabrics which melt, the heat release at low flux is independent of the type of foam, or even the presence of foam, when a glass cloth interliner is used. Fabric backings are shown to con tribute to fire propagation, particularly when no interliners are used. Because the heat release increases when the fabric is back-coated, thermal decomposi tion of the underlying foam is increased with an interliner.
Effect of Triaryl Phosphate, Zinc and Zinc Borate on Fire Properties of High Impact Polystyrene and High Impact Polystyrene-Polyphenylene Oxide Blend (Modified-Polyphenylene Oxide
Authors: Benrashid Ramazan , Nelson Gordon L. , Ferm Donald J. 
Published: March 2007

Samples of m-PPO (virgin and flame retarded) and high impact polystyrene blended with zinc and zinc borate (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H 2O), were pre pared. The effect of triaryl phosphate on the flame retardancy of PPO-HIPS in conjunction with zinc and zinc borate was studied. For polystyrene zinc borate shows some reduction in smoke generation. Zinc, however does not show any effect on smoke generation for high impact polystyrene. Triphenyl phosphate shows minimal flame retardancy in HIPS which is not enhanced by zinc. Addition of zinc gives an increase in oxygen index for FR m-PPO, whereas zinc borate decreases the OI values. Zinc borate may sequester triaryl phos phate and thus eliminate its vapor phase activity. Zinc borate shows a signifi cant reduction in smoke generation and rate of heat release for m-PPO.
A Comparative Ignition Propensity Study of Foreign and U.S. Cigarettes Using the NIST Cotton Duck Mockup Ignition Test Method
Authors: Lewis Leslie S. , Nestor Timothy B. , Townsend David E. 
Published: March 2007

Popular cigarette brands from the U.S. and four European coun tries were tested using the Mockup Ignition Test Method developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the 1990 Fire- Safe Cigarette Act. Only two cigarette brands showed a significant reduction in ignition propen sity by the mockup test. These brands represent the major portion of the Hun garian cigarette market, yet 40% of fire deaths in Hungary are attributed to careless smoking fires. Cigarettes from Austria and the Netherlands showed 100% ignitions in all tests, yet those countries have very low fire death rates and few deaths attributed to careless smoking fires. Most of the U.S. cigarettes exhibited ignition behavior similar to Austrian and Dutch cigarette brands, but a few showed less than 100% ignitions. Ignition test results of cigarettes from Hungary, Austria, and the Nether lands strongly suggest that "reduced" ignition propensity, as measured by the NIST test, does not necessarily translate into reduced fire risk, nor does "fail ure" of the test necessarily indicate an increased fire risk. Other studies have shown that the NIST test represents the ignition behavior of only a fraction of U.S. upholstery fabrics, and is therefore an incomplete test. Cultural habits, fire prevention and education programs, fire awareness, financial consider ations, and building design are factors to consider in evaluation of a country's fire situation.