bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
18 Vocation, Regime, and the Production of Literature: Max Jacob and Roland Barthes
Authors: Jefferson Ann 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of the idea of the literary vocation first as the overwhelming compulsion to write as described by Rilke and, second in terms of the practical organization of day-to-day life required by writing, as described by Max Jacob or Roland Barthes. Biography, according to Sollers, is a way of highlighting the real consequences that writing has on lived existence, while Barthes explores the prospect of a writing regime independently of any tangible creative outcome.
19 Life‐Writing in Roger Laporte and Jacques Roubaud
Authors: Jefferson Ann 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of Laporte and Roubaud as instances and illustrations of vocation and regime respectively. Laporte's biographie has nothing to do with biography as traditionally understood, and everything to do with enacting writing as a vocation that seeks to equate living and writing. The result is a radically new form of life-writing in which the writing, as the consequence of it being lived, is constantly in pursuit of its own definition. Roubaud's multi-volume Grand Incendie de Londres is both the fruit of and partial description of writing undertaken according to a strict daily routine which is treated as having the creative potential of the sort of device favoured by OULIPO. The aim is to produce a new form of writing that works against literature's inherent tendency to end.
2 Theory
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter sets out the theoretical framework used in this book. This consists of three complementary theoretical approaches — the Westminster Model, Historical Institutionalism, and Principal-Agent Theory — which each in their own distinct way allows each chapter to dissect and tease apart the politics of delegation in Britain. Moreover, these approaches also operate at distinct levels, which again deepen our understanding of both the theory and practice of delegation.
4 Structure
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds where numerous parliamentary, official, and academic studies have failed. It also provides a new conceptual tool — in the form of the Russian Doll Model — through which different degrees of delegation can be represented and through this, the ‘drift’ of functions across a ‘spectrum of autonomy’.
7 Patronage
Authors: Flinders Matthew , Denton Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the issue of public appointments and patronage. Contrary to media suggestions and the public's perception, research suggests that the sphere of delegated governance is no longer a patronage resource for ministers, or that it is replete with financially lucrative and under-demanding positions. In fact, research reveals a gradual but very clear ‘shrinking reach’ in terms of the breadth and nature of ministerial appointment capacity.
8 Depoliticization
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of depoliticization in detail. It seeks to show how it has played an increasingly important role since the election of New Labour in 1997, and how it raises fundamental questions about the nature of ‘the political’, the limits of democracy, and the existence of more positive choices in the face of growing public disenchantment with politics.
9 Above and below
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
One prominent alternative to the challenges of delegation rests on the movement of responsibilities above and below the nation state to democratic structures that may offer greater capacity in terms of scrutiny and control. This chapter focuses on decentralization and devolution. It contains sections on the degree to which the implementation of devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland since 1998 has led to a reduction in the sphere of delegated governance within those territories, or the imposition of tighter and more transparent governance frameworks. In order to complete the analyses of vertical decentralization, the chapter also examines the role of delegated governance within the European level.
The Longest Journey: Bertrand Russell
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe first sustained, rigorous development of a structuralist view of science appeared in the writings of Bertrand Russell, where the philosophical motivation precedes a precise formulation drawing on mathematical logic. He founded theoretical physics in a mathematics constructed along logicist lines, which is also what proved his undoing at the hands of a famous review by Newman that set the pattern for later objections to structuralist views.
An Empiricist Structuralism
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe mechanization and mathematization of the world-picture in modern science has a rightful claim upon us to develop views of science that do justice to its revolutionary impact on the sciences themselves. This claim is honoured in the century-long attempts to develop structuralist views of science, the recurrent defeats of such views notwithstanding. It is argued that the defeats were not inevitable. The structuralism here developed however, as a view of science rather than a view of nature, can find its proper articulation only in an empiricist setting. Essential to an empiricist structuralism is the following core construal of the slogan that all we know is structure: (I) Science represents the empirical phenomena as embeddable in certain abstract structures (theoretical models); (II) Those abstract structures are describable only up to structural isomorphism. This faces at once the Weyl's paradox introduced in Chapter 8; but the lessons concerning indexicality learned from the cases of Russell, Carnap, and Putnam show the way out of the paradox.
Pictorial Perspective and the Indexical
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe connection between perspective and the indexical shows up in the sciences, for example, when talk of frames of reference is conducted in terms of observers (whose frames they are, so to speak). This metaphor can be eliminated to produce an objective theoretical representation. But in the use of such representations as basis for prediction and manipulation, the indexical element returns. Examining the character of perspective and the role of indexical judgments (such as self-attributions and self-locations) brings to fore a fundamental connection between perspective, measurement, and theoretical representation.
A Window on the Invisible World (?)1
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractInvestigating the connection between instrumentation and measurement, this chapter focuses on the microscope, which is perhaps the best example of an instrument used in measurement, and putatively as a means to extend the reach of the senses. In fact, the relation between observation, experiment, and measurement is far from simple. Measurements occur in general only as special elements of the experimental procedure by which objects are deliberately placed in unusual, artificially designed conditions — conditions in which they are made to respond to the questions put to them. Under these conditions, measurement procedures produce representations — images — with complex, theory-mediated relations to the entities on which the measurements are made. In distinguishing the various roles of instrumentation in experiment we automatically induce a corollary taxonomy of experiments, distinguishing for example mimetic experimentation from the creation of new phenomena, providing thus also a precise setting for assessment of empiricist views of science.
The Problem of Coordination
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe term ‘problem of coordination’ had appeared in Mach's writings on mechanics and thermodynamics; was salient in the discussion of the relation between mathematical and physical geometry that extended from the 19th century into the 20th; and came to special prominence through the writings of Schlick and Reichenbach when logical empiricism was beginning to break with the neo-Kantian tradition. The questions What counts as a measurement of (physical quantity) X? and What is (that physical quantity) X? cannot be answered independently of each other, which brings up the famed ‘hermeneutic circle’. This chapter examines this apparent circularity by focusing on the one hand on its more abstract consideration by Reichenbach, and on the other hand the practical response in history examined by Mach and Poincaré, with the conclusion that pure or presuppositionless coordination is neither possible nor required.
Measurement as Representation: 1. The Physical Correlate
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores measurement ‘from above’: that is, looking for a view that we can have after the measurement procedures, concepts, and theories have stabilized. This resting point in the conceptual and scientific development is fleeting and momentary — yet marking a context in which some things can be taken for granted pro tem, where it makes sense to ask about the world-picture of currently accepted physical theory. The physical conditions of possibility for measurement, the general theory of measurement, and what cannot count as measurement in a theoretical context are discussed, drawing on general lessons derived from 20th-century foundations of physics.
The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries
Authors: Atkinson A.B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This book is about how much people earn and why the distribution of earnings has been changing over time. The gap between the top and bottom in the United States has widened significantly since 1980. Why has this happened? Is it due to new technologies? What is the role of globalization? Are there historical precedents? The book begins with the ‘race’ between technology and education, and shows that continuing technical progress does not necessarily imply a continuing rise in dispersion. It then examines the experience of twenty OECD countries over the 20th century, material presented in the form of twenty country case studies. The book breaks new ground in assembling data on the distribution of individual earnings covering much of the 20th century and drawing on a variety of under-exploited sources. The findings overturn a number of widely-held beliefs. It is not the earnings of the low paid that have been most affected by the recent changes; widening is largely due to what is happening at the top. The recent rise in earnings dispersion is not unprecedented, but should be seen as part of a longer-run history of successive compression and expansion of earnings differences.
1 Introduction: What This Lecture Is About
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the overall theme of this book, which is the distribution of individual earnings or household income. Specifically, the book examines changes in earnings differences or dispersion over time. The interest in this topic is largely attributed to rise in earnings dispersion in the US since the 1980s.
2 The Race between Technology and Education: The Textbook Model
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter uses the textbook model of supply and demand of labour to discuss the race between technology and education and its impact on wages. It is shown that with a specified set of dynamics, the skill wage premium converges to a constant value even where demand is continuing to shift. The extent of the rise depends however on the working of the labour market. Countries that respond more quickly to the need for more educated workers will see a smaller rise in the wage premium.
4 The Changes in Dispersion since 1980
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the changes in earnings dispersion in nineteen countries since 1980. In sixteen out of nineteen countries, either the bottom decile has fallen by five percent or more, or the top decile has risen by five percent or more, and in seven cases both have happened. It is not enough to look just at the decile ratio, the chapter states, which masks the asymmetry in the changes in the distribution; much of the action over the past twenty-five or more years has been in the upper part of the distribution. There is diversity in the experience of individual countries. A large number of countries have experienced a ‘fanning out’ of the upper half of the earnings distribution.
5 Recent History in Full: Was there a Lull before the Storm?
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of the distribution of earnings in recent decades in the US, Canada, and eastern and western Europe. The data show that the late 1960s and 1970s were a period of earnings compression in a number of countries (Finland, France, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom); there was not a lull before the storm, and the falls in the bottom decile after 1980 can be seen as a part reversal of the 1970s compression. In many countries, there has been a steady upward movement since 1980 in the top decile (Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The finding of a fanning out at the top is evident for Australia, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three Eastern European countries all showed a move towards increased earnings dispersion with the transition to a market economy, but there are differences, with dispersion being less, and more stable, in the Czech Republic than in Hungary and Poland.
7 What We Are Seeking to Explain
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers two theories to explain the earnings dispersion in the different countries studied: shifting pay norms and pyramidal/superstar theories. It argues that the fanning out of the upper part of the earnings distribution in some, but not all, countries could be explained by a shift to a less redistributive pay norm. However, this argument has hardly been recognized in the literature. The superstar model has received more attention, but this attention has concentrated exclusively on the recent rise in top earnings.
10 Conclusions
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the distribution of earnings is not outside our control. Although governments are constrained by the global economy and by the pace of technological change, policy still has a role. The evolution of pay norms is partly endogenous, and state enterprises can influence the resulting market equilibrium. Conversely, the privatization of state enterprises can affect pay at both the top and the bottom of the distribution.
Introduction to Part III
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the data provided for tewnty OECD countries and the analyses of their earnings distribution over the past 100 years. The analyses draw heavily from the ground-breaking book by Lydall (1968), which continues to provide a most valuable resource for researchers wanting to go back before 1965. A separate chapter is dedicated to each of the twenty countries. Each chapter describes the evidence available on earnings dispersion in the country in question, lists the data in a series of tables with percentiles and, in some cases, decile shares and Gini coefficients, and summarizes the findings in two graphs, covering the upper and lower parts of the distribution.
A Australia
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on Australia and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that the widening of earning dispersion took place during the Golden Age of the 1950s; there was a possible reversal in the early 1970s; this was followed by renewed widening (with possibly a pause in the 1980s); widening resumed in the 1990s, and appears to have continued into this century.
B Austria
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on Austria and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that from 1980, there has been a widening in the earnings distribution in Austria. A comparison of wage tax results for 2004 with those for 1964, it shows that that the top decile has risen by twenty-one percent, enough to qualify as large. The upper quartile rose by ten percent, so that there has been a degree of ‘fanning out’.
C Canada
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on Canada and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It highlights the difficulties in reaching conclusions about the changes in earnings dispersion in Canada in recent decades. The pictures drawn here underscore the problems associated with the absence of a single, authoritative series covering the past twenty-five years. The graphs also underline the fact that the changes in recent decades — a fall in the bottom decile in the early 1980s, and a rise in the top decile in the later 1980s (and possibly after 2000) — are smaller in magnitude than the ‘dramatic’ reduction in dispersion from 1931 to 1951, and are not dissimilar to the widening that characterized the Golden Age of the 1950s and early 1960s.
D Czech Republic
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents tables of data on the Czech Republic and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that the distribution of earnings in Czechoslovakia was broadly stable for the thirty-year period from 1959 to 1989. The move to a market economy led to a widening of differentials in the upper part of the distribution. Although there has been a fall in the bottom decile since 1993, to date the upper part does not appear to be following the pattern of widening observed in many other countries.
G France
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents tables of data on France and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that the history of the earnings distribution in France since the mid-1980s is one of broad stability and of a recent rise in the bottom decile, in contrast to a number of other countries. The previous sixty-five years were characterized less by stability and more by episodes of change. These episodes have tended to touch differently the upper and lower parts of the distribution. In the inter-war period, there is only evidence for the upper part, but there appears to have been a rise in the top percentiles followed by a fall with the arrival of the Front Populaire. In the Golden Age of the 1950s and early 1960s, earnings dispersion increased on account of the larger increases at the top of the distribution. The gap was narrowed dramatically after the events of May 1968, with the bottom decile jumping upwards, and then from 1972 beginning a period of steady increase until the mid-1980s.
J Ireland
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on Ireland and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that the period 1937 to 1951 exhibits a significant compression, which is of interest since Ireland was not directly engaged in the Second World War. The latter part of the 1950s and 1960s showed a rise in the top decile. There is then a gap in coverage, but in the period 1987 to 1997 there was a fanning out of the upper part of the earnings distribution.
L Netherlands
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on Netherlands and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that the overall distribution of earnings in the Netherlands was fairly stable from 1970 to 1983, with an improvement in the position of those in the lower part of the distribution. This was followed by a period from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s when the top decile increased; the bottom decile may have fallen and the incidence of low pay increased. Since the mid-1990s, any changes in dispersion are not large enough to register according to the criteria applied here.
M New Zealand
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on New Zealand and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that although New Zealand is often presented as having experienced dramatic distributional changes, the evidence on the distribution of earnings is limited in its coverage of the post-war period. Estimates exist for the period 1984 to 1997, during which the bottom decile fell and the top decile rose significantly. Going back to the 1970s and earlier, there is some indication that the Golden Age in New Zealand benefited the top decile relative to the median.
O Poland
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents tables of data on Poland and an account of its increased earnings distribution. It shows that the period since 1960 has not been one of stability in the distribution of earnings in Poland. There appear to have been distinct cycles during the communist period, notably associated with the Solidarity Movement and its aftermath, and the employer surveys indicate that the post-communist period saw a large fall in the bottom decile relative to the median, and a fanning out of the upper part of the distribution.
Being For
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExpressivism — the sophisticated contemporary incarnation of the noncognitivist research program of Ayer, Stevenson, and Hare — is no longer the province of metaethicists alone. Its comprehensive view about the nature of both normative language and normative thought has also recently been applied to many topics elsewhere in philosophy. Yet the semantic commitments of expressivism are still poorly understood and have not been very far developed. Expressivists have not yet even managed to solve the ‘negation problem’ — to explain why atomic normative sentences are inconsistent with their negations. As a result, it is far from clear that expressivism even could be true. This book evaluates the semantic commitments of expressivism by showing how an expressivist semantics would work, what it can do, and what kind of assumptions would be required, in order for it to do it. Building on a highly general understanding of the basic ideas of expressivism, it argues that expressivists can solve the negation problem — but only in one kind of way. It shows how this insight paves the way for an explanatorily powerful, constructive expressivist semantics, which solves many of what have been taken to be the deepest problems for expressivism, including making unprecedented progress in attacking the well-known Frege-Geach problem for noncognitivist theories. But it also argues that any account which can attain these advantages will face further, even more formidable, obstacles. Expressivism, it is argued, is coherent and interesting, but false.