bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Must Global Politics Constrain Democracy?
Authors: GILBERT ALAN 
Published: March 2007

The government itself, which is the only mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable [with the standing army] to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for, in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. Henry Thoreau, in “Civil Disobedience” It is easy to say — and often is said — that we cannot have tolerable relations with new revolutionary regimes. The problem is that our anticommunist paranoia has made it impossible to find out. We do not know whether Mao's declared interest in a relationship with the Americans in the 1940s or Ho Chi Minh's were sincere. And the reason we don't know is that we never tried to find out. Those who reported it was a possibility were hounded out of the foreign service because of our suspicion and fear of communism. The legacy of that era brings to mind Ivan the Terrible's practice of murdering the bearer of bad news. We are more civilized than that; we have been content simply to ruin people's careers. J. William Fulbright, in The Price of Empire (1989) This poisonous thing I'm trying to describe is [a] characteristic way of dealing with criticism. It used to be enough to brand a critic as a radical or a leftist to make people turn away. Now we need only to call him a liberal. Soon “moderate” will be the M word, “conservative” will be the C word and only fascists will be in the mainstream. E. L. Doctorow, Brandeis Commencement, May 21, 1989 We have lived with violence for seven years It was not worth one single life But the patriot's fist is at her throat Her voice is in mortal danger... Adrienne Rich, “Natural Resources,” in Dream of a Common Language (Norton, 1978)
The Cultural Conditions of Transnational Citizenship
Authors: BADER VEIT 
Published: March 2007

No reverberatory effect of the great war has caused American public opinion more solicitude than the failure of the “melting-pot.” The tendency... has been for the national clusters of immigrants, as they became more and more firmly established and more and more prosperous to cultivate more and more assiduously the literatures and cultural traditions of their homelands. Assimilation, in other words, instead of washing out the memories of Europe, made them more and more intensely real. Just as these clusters became more and more objectively American, did they become more and more German or Scandinavian or Bohemian or Polish.... [This] is not, however, to admit the failure of Americanization. It is not to fear the failure of democracy. It is rather to urge us to an investigation of what Americanism may rightly mean. It is to ask ourselves whether our ideal has been broad or narrow—whether perhaps the time has not come to assert a higher ideal than the “melting pot.”... We act as if we wanted Americanization to take place only on our own terms, and not by the consent of the governed. All our elaborate machinery of settlement and school and union, of social and political naturalization, however, will move with friction just in so far as it neglects to take into account this strong and virile insistence that American shall be what the immigrant will have a hand in making it, and not what a ruling class, descendent of those British stocks which were the first permanent immigrants, decide that America shall be made. Randolph Bourne (1916/1977, 248ff)
Learning Environment, Meaningfulness of Schoolwork and on-Task-Orientation among Norwegian 9th Grade Students
Authors: Thuen Elin , Bru Edvin 
Published: March 2007

The main aim of this study was to explore how learning environment dimensions are related to on-task-orientation, and how these relations are mediated by students' perceptions of the meaningfulness of schoolwork. The study was conducted as a survey among a representative sample of 2006 Norwegian 9th graders. Results showed that a majority of the students reported to be on-task-oriented during school lessons, however, between 10 and 20% reported to have problems with their on-task-orientation. At the same time, slightly more than half of the students reported their schoolwork to be useful, whereas one in five students reported their schoolwork to be rather uninteresting. On-task-orientation was also found to be related to students' perceptions of several learning environment dimensions, primarily to students' perceptions of teacher support (academic and emotional), the possibility for influencing ones' schoolwork and the meaningfulness of schoolwork. Associations of perceptions of teachers' support and student influence with on-task-orientation were partly mediated via perceptions of the meaningfulness of schoolwork. Finally, results indicate that there is likely to be considerable room for improvement, within Norwegian schools at least, in the areas of teachers' emotional support of students, students' influence on schoolwork and the meaningfulness of school subjects. For practising school psychologists results seem to imply an increased focus on the learning environment, and particularly on the importance of the social emotional dimensions for students' motivation and on-task-orientation. In order to bring about changes in the learning environment, counselling teachers on how to create a supportive learning environment with student influence could be one important way of approaching this field.
THE LITERARY FIELD: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF BOURDIEU'S SOCIOLOGY OF ART
Authors: Gerhards Jürgen , Anheier Helmut K. 
Published: March 2007

Bourdieu describes the structure of society as a result of class conflicts and status competition. Art in general, and the literary field in particular, is interpreted as a differentiated social field that is autonomous in the sense that it follows its own logic - the competition for cultural legitimation. What literature has in common with other social systems is the stratification of its internal structure into a hierarchical arrangement. Thus the literary field can be described as a horizontally differentiated system that is, however, vertically differentiated internally. The concern of the paper is to test Bourdieu's theoretical considerations empirically. Data for the analysis and interpretation are based on interviews of Cologne writers. The data are analysed with the aid of blockmodel and correspondence analysis. As far as the data allows us to operationalise the thesis that the literary field is an autonomous differentiated system, Bourdieu's thesis is confirmed. The internal structure can be described more precisely: the first line of demarcation is, in fact, the difference that Bourdieu described between legitimate and illegitimate art: high-culture literature and low-culture literature are the two poles of the literary field. The realm of the legitimate literature is further differentiated into three blocks (elite, junior elite, periphery). The elite and the periphery differ in terms of the different degrees of success. The junior elite occupies an intermediate place. Bourdieu's sociology of literature is supported by the empirical material at hand.
Toward a Definition of Strategic Management for the Public Sector
Authors: Skok James E. 
Published: March 2007

The literature on strategic management for public policy and administration has developed without adequate theoretical grounding in regard to the nature of competition among public agencies, the arenas within which competition occurs, and the resources used in the competitive interactions. In this article I review relevant literature from business strategy, public policy, and bureaucratic politics to help construct a theoretical paradigm on which to build usable concepts of strategic management for public policy and administration. The author suggests the following vision of public sector strategic management: Agencies compete within a pluralist political universe composed of dynamic public policy subsystems whose members accumulate and use resources to advance the power and policy preferences of their agencies. Competition among public agencies is seen as offensive (pirating) or defensive (turf-protecting) and as intrasubsystem or intersubsystem in nature. The writings of Downs (1967) and Leontiades (1982) are particularly useful in suggesting the development of these concepts. Public policy subsystems are seen as being distributive, redistributive, or regulatory in accordance with the typology developed by Ripley and Franklin (1984) and others. Resources, varying in the degree of liquidity, are seen as growing out of knowledge and political support as suggested by Rourke (1984), Meier (1987), and others. The article concludes that scholars of public policy and administration should concentrate upon further development of empirical concepts to build a usable theory of public sector strategic management.
Comparing Job Satisfaction among Public- and Private-Sector Employees
Authors: DeSantis Victor S. , Durst Samantha L. 
Published: March 2007

Over the past several decades a number of empirical studies have demonstrated that job-satisfaction levels vary widely in the American labor force. The effect of age, tenure, salary, job type, job level, and work environment on an employee's job satisfaction has been extensively discussed. Studies have underscored the importance of identifying the determinants of employee job satisfaction by linking it to higher production and performance levels and to retention rates. Renewed interest in increasing performance levels in government should interest public administrators in identifying factors that foster worker satisfaction. However little empirical attention has been given to evaluating job-satisfaction levels among public-sector employees. And given that the reward system in the public sector systematically differs from that of the private sector (in terms of pay, benefits, and psychic value), it seems likely that studies of satisfaction levels among private-sector employees may not be applicable to public-sector employees. This paper utilizes analyses of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) to compare job-satisfaction levels among public-and private-sector employees. The NLSY is a representative sample of 12,686 men and women. Using this survey allows us to examine the actual work experiences, personal characteristics, and job-satisfaction levels of a selected set of public and private workers. If the factors that contribute to job satisfaction differ for public-and private-sector employees, as our results suggest they do, then such an analysis is long overdue.
Improving Life Quality for the Destitute: Contributions from Multiple-Method Fieldwork in War-Ravaged Transition Economies
Authors: Shultz Clifford J. 
Published: March 2007

Life quality is a fundamental outcome of the macromarketing ethos, yet the majority of the world's population is impoverished. Consumers residing in war-ravaged transition economies are especially needy. Multiple-method fieldwork can enable macromarketers to collect data needed to affect policy change and thus to enhance life quality for some of these most destitute groups. The cases of rice production in Vietnam and explosive ordnance removal in the killing fields of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Cambodia are used to support the arguments presented. Since all our tools are imperfect, it is all the more important to know their limitations.
Planning Tactile Recognition Paths in Two and Three Dimensions
Authors: Ellis R.E. 
Published: March 2007

A general problem in model-based object recognition is how the system should proceed when the available data are ambiguous (i.e., when either the object or its location in space are not uniquely identified), We show that this "best next view" problem can be solved for two-dimensional polygonal objects solely by touch. The solution is a low-order polynominal algorithm that in corporates uncertainty from the data-analysis level to the path-planning level. It has been tested both by simulation and by implementation on an experimental robot system. In three dimensions, the problem becomes inherently nonlinear and quite difficult. We describe the three-dimensional problem, discuss possible approaches, present a taxonomy that subsumes previous attempts, and display simulation results that describe the efficacy of our approach. We show that the heuristic of attempting to decompose the three-dimensional, four-degree-of-freedom, non linear problem into a pair of two-degree-of-freedom linear problems produces perfect paths about half of the time and is the most efficient complete decomposition method that has been implemented to date. 1. We can rotate and translate an arbitrary starting line so that it coincides with the x-axis, and transform the edges accordingly. 2. These bounds are derived from physical properties of the sensor, such as the angle at which it will skid off a smooth surface. 3. If the sets do not intersect, then there is no line that obeys the constraints and passes through both edges. 4. Some of the critical points in this example have the same α value, so there are fewer dashes marked on the a-axis than dots in the figure. 5. For typical sensor uncertainty values propagated through the interpre tation process, rotational uncertainty vastly dominates translational uncer tainty. Once rotational uncertainty is managed, translational uncertainty can usually be incorporated in a straightforward manner, by offsetting in the appropriate direction. 6. The reader is reminded that the coordinate system is located and oriented for convenience of calculation.
The Decision-Making Constraints and Processes of Grant Peer Review, and Their Effects on the Review Outcome
Authors: Langfeldt Liv 
Published: March 2007

When distributing grants, research councils use peer expertise as a guarantee for supporting the best projects. However, there are no clear norms for assessments, and there may be a large variation in what criteria reviewers emphasize - and how they are emphasized. The determinants of peer review may therefore be accidental, in the sense that who reviews what research and how reviews are organized may determine outcomes. This paper deals with how the review process affects the outcome of grant review. The case study considers the procedures of The Research Council of Norway, which practises several different grant-review models, and consequently is especially suited for explorations of the implications of different models. Data sources are direct observation of panel meetings, interviews with panel members and study of applications and review documents. A central finding is that rating scales and budget restrictions are more important than review guidelines for the kind of criteria applied by the reviewers. The decision-making methods applied by the review panels when ranking proposals are found to have substantial effects on the outcome. Some ranking methods tend to support uncontroversial and safe projects, whereas other methods give better chances for scholarly pluralism and controversial research.
Skills, Deals and Impartiality: The Sale of Environmental Consultancy Skills and Public Perceptions of Scientific Neutrality
Authors: Yearley Steven 
Published: March 2007

Voluntary organizations concerned with nature conservation and environmental protection clearly need a source of funding. Many receive governmental support in various ways, but a high degree of reliance on such largesse is felt to compromise their independence. They thus look to other fund-raising ventures, such as sponsored tree-planting and sales of wildlife holidays. Given the high standards of scientific expertise commonly available in these organizations, they are increasingly attracted to selling their skills in the form of consultancy services - to firms, to developers and to local authorities. This strategy is already yielding some financial successes, but it generates a potential problem - that of impartiality, or neutrality. This paper reviews some of the developments made in the direction of environmental consultancy. It goes on to explore, through the use of case-study material from a recent public inquiry, how the issue of neutrality is treated by these groups, by the `customers' to whom they sell services, and by the legal authorities. The paper concludes with a review of the factors affecting the demonstrable impartiality of scientific advice: factors arising both from the nature of scientific knowledge and from the character of the legal process.
Ludwik Fleck's Roles in Society: A Case Study Using Joseph Ben-David's Paradigm for a Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Freudenthal Gad , Löwy Ilana 
Published: March 2007

In his early writings, the late Joseph Ben-David put forward a model accounting for certain kinds of cases of the emergence of new disciplines. We argue that Ben-David's explanations fall squarely within the sociology of knowledge — and, in fact, have many points in common with explanations in the tradition of the `strong programme' in that discipline. Specifically, Ben-David's central theoretical concept — that of `role hybridization' — overlaps the notion of `multifunctionality' of theories. Ben-David's approach is superior to that of the `strong programme' in as much as, being hermeneutical and not causal, it avoids the dangers usually besetting the sociology of knowledge — notably relativism. In the second part of the paper we analyze the emergence of Ludwik Fleck's ideas and — using Ben-David's model — we relate them to the social context within which Fleck was working. We show that social conditions induced the outsider bacteriologist Fleck to adopt a strategy of role-hybridization. This strategy gave rise to `idea-hybridizations' which led to his original, multifunctional theory of scientific growth.
Economic Nationalism, The Left and the World Economy
Authors: Willoughby John 
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the adoption of ad hoc protectionist politics by the trade union leadership fails to address effectively the issues of job loss and managerial control of production. Instead, protectionist policies actually weaken trade union power in both the short term and long term. The essay proposes an alternative strategy. It is possible for labor to demand protection against the anarchy of accumulation while avoiding demobilizing alliances with the corporate world. If full employment policies require trade and capital controls, then protectionism should be supported, but only in the context of the actual implementation of those proworker macroeconomic policies.
The Group, the Patient and the Illness
Authors: Reik Herta 
Published: March 2007

The young woman said that she did not understand anything, she did not know what was going on in the group, she felt left out, like a child among grown-ups. She had made similar complaints in previous sessions to which the group had not reacted. It seemed that she would again be ignored. However this time I heard something in her voice which I thought was important. She sounded anxious. I remarked that it might be interesting for the group to explore why they wanted this group member to remain a `child'. There was a short silence. Then an older woman said that it suited her - there were more women in the group than men, she did not need another woman. An older man looked at the girl fondly and said that he thought that she was lovely as she was and should stay like this. A woman exclaimed that she was `so cute', always coming out with things which nobody else mentioned. `I like to confide in her, use her as a mother like my mother used me' was another spontaneous reaction. The group then began to associate with problems of their own adolescence, their wishes and fears. Two women who had adolescent daughters became aware of feelings about them which they had not been in touch with before. The talk widened to families and their jealousies and rivalries, incestuous phantasies and wishes. Each communication was responded to with strong feelings and brought new realizations. The young woman who had listened silently through all this then began to speak. She said that she had been the only one of four siblings who had not known that her parents were planning to separate. She was twelve at the time and it had bothered her ever since. She realized that she had become anxious in the group when she did not know what was happening. She was now able to connect her anxiety to her past experience. She was father's favourite of the four girls in the family. She had been anorexic at the time of her parents' separation but was able to stop it. However, she still had trouble with eating from time to time. The theme did not change until the end of the group. I did not say anything; it seemed totally unnecessary, in fact I felt that it would be an intrusion and interruption of the intense group process in action.
Bar Association Surveys and the Merit Retention of Judges: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Cavender Gray , Gray Ronald H. , Mccleary Richard , Ramsey Thomas B. 
Published: March 2007

Traditionally in the United States, the selection and retention ofjudges has been a part of the electoral process. Dissatisfaction with the electoral method has resulted in the merit plan, aformat whereby judges are initially selected by the executive branch of government and thereafter stand unopposedfor retention election. To assist voters with the retention decision, local bar associations sometimes provide assessments of judicial performance. Arizona amended its constitution in 1974 to provide for merit selection and retention ofjudges. Prior to a retention plebiscite in 1978, several bar associations in Arizona polled their members to elicit evaluations ofjudicialperformance. The results, characterized as a rational, professional assessment of judges, were publicized in an attempt to educate voters in a retention plebiscite. There is empirical evidence which suggests that the results of the bar associations'polls perhaps are not as rational as the legal community suggests. Rather than a summary decision based on an assessment of 12 performance criteria, lawyers'recommendations for or against the retention ofjudges appear to have been afunction of: (a) both necessary and sufficient conditions among the performance criteria rated; (b) the overall performance criteria rated by the lawyers; and (c) characteristics of the lawyer respondents.