bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some biochemical evaluation of fluted pumpkin seed
Authors: Asiegbu Jerry E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalysis of fluted pumpkin seed Telfairia occidentalis Hook f. gave protein of 31.1% and oil 47%. The protein is markedly deficient in the sulphur‐containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) followed by lysine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. The oil could be useful for cooking purposes, and the high degree of unsaturation might enable it to be used as a drying oil for paints and varnishes.
Modified‐atmosphere retail packaging of discovery apples
Authors: Smith Steve M. , Geeson John D. , Browne K. Martin , Genge Pia M. , Everson Helen P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn experimental modified‐atmosphere packaging system was used to compare the atmospheric compositions that developed within sealed packs made from a range of films of different permeability properties. The effects of these conditions were then related to the primary quality attributes, i.e. background skin colour and flesh firmness, and the sensory quality of Discovery apples. Concentrations of CO2 and O2 within packs were dependent on the permeability of the film and the holding temperature. In packs sealed with low density polyethylene films and held at 20°C, equilibrated atmospheres containing 3‐5% CO2 and 5‐6% O2 developed within 1‐2 days. Softening and yellowing of fruit was markedly retarded. In packs sealed with some less permeable films, atmospheres containing 12‐20% CO2 and 0.9‐4% O2 developed within 1‐2 days, resulting in retarded softening and yellowing of the fruit but also a high incidence of tainting. Possible commercial applications, benefits and limitations of modified‐atmosphere packaging are discussed.
Absorption of tricarballylic acid from the rumen of sheep and cattle fed forages containing trans‐aconitic acid
Authors: Russell James B. , Mayland Henry F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome forages accumulate high concentrations (< 5% of dry matter) of trans‐aconitate, and this acid has been implicated in Mg chelation and the occurrence of grass tetany in ruminants. In vitro experiments have indicated that rumen microorganisms convert trans‐aconitate to tricarballylate. The feeding studies described here were conducted to demonstrate absorption of tricarballylate by ruminant animals fed diets similar to those producing grass tetany. When sheep were switched from a diet containing alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) hay (no detectable trans‐aconitate) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) forage containing 1.52 and 1.37% trans‐aconitate, respectively, there was a rapid increase in blood plasma tricarballylate. Trans‐aconitate was not detected in the plasma. At 16 h after feeding, plasma tricarballylate concentrations were 0.58.0.08 and 0.48.0.21 mM in sheep fed the wheat and rye forage, respectively. Tricarballylate concentrations remained relatively constant for the remaining 60 h of the experiment. Cattle were fed rye forage one week later, and the concentration of trans‐aconitate in the forage had dropped to 0.83% of the dry matter. Once again there was a rapid appearance of tricarballylate in plasma, but the maximum concentration was 0.31.0.05 mM (t = 27 h). When the cattle were removed from the rye forage, there was a linear decline in tricarballylate and none was detected 24 h later. The studies indicated that trans‐aconitate is converted to tricarballylate in the rumen and that tricarballylate rather than trans‐aconitate is absorbed.
Comparison of three standard solvent extraction procedures for the determination of oil content in commercial oilseed samples
Authors: Kershaw Stephen J. , Hackett Frank 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree standard extraction procedures (FOSFA, IASC, ISO) for determining oil content were compared for 15 different oilseeds. Differences between results obtained using these three procedures were not statistically significant and repeatabilities were good. The general use of sand to aid microgrinding procedures and of an initial extraction period of 2 h only is recommended.
The contribution of trypsin inhibitors to the nutritional value of chick pea seed protein
Authors: Sastry M. C. Shamanthaka , Murray David R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe trypsin inhibitors (TI) from seeds of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) were isolated using trypsin–Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography and found to constitute 5.03% of extractable seed protein. The TI consisted predominantly of low molecular weight species, estimated at 9000 and 8000 daltons by disc gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides in these regions of the gel were preferentially labelled by 35SO2‐4 fed via the cut stem to fruiting stalks of chick pea plants. A molar ratio of 1.8 was determined for the inhibition of trypsin by these inhibitors, whereas chymotrypsin was uninhibited. They are therefore ‘double‐headed’ inhibitors with both sites specific for trypsin, rather than with one site specific for each of trypsin and chymotrypsin, as reported for other lines of chick pea. Thus TI may contribute to the high quality of the albumin fraction of chick pea seeds in two ways: by virtue of their contents of essential amino acids, and by their failure to affect chymotrypsin.
Deterioration of shelled oil palm kernels caused by seedborne fungi
Authors: Airede Catherine E. , Esuruoso Oladele F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAutoclaved oil palm kernels were inoculated with spores of seedborne isolates of either Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. janthinellum, Paecilomyces varioti, Syncephalastrum racemosum or Fusarium oxysporum. At 0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation, determinations were made of the moisture content, oil, free fatty acids (FFA), sugars and protein nitrogen. The principal biochemical changes induced by these fungi were increases in moisture content and FFA, decreases in total oil and total sugars and a degradation of protein nitrogen. Aspergillus flavus caused the greatest changes, and P. varioti caused the least changes under the moisture conditions of this experiment. The main type of deterioration was hydrolytic rancidity of the oil, resulting in a dark reddish‐orange‐coloured oil and a discoloration of the kernel meal.
Effect of chemical treatment on the fatty acid composition of european cucumber fruit during cold storage
Authors: Geduspan Haydee S. , Peng Andrew C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMature green European cucumber fruits (Cucumis sativus L. cv. ‘V‐5’), grown in the greenhouse, were treated with butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and calcium chloride, stored at 4°C for 7 days and transferred to 20°C for another 7 days. There were no visible symptoms of chilling injury on cucumbers during cold storage, but surface pitting and shrinking started 2 days after fruits had been transferred to 20°C. Total lipid content was not affected by chilling or chemical treatment, but changes in the lipid classes were observed. Neutral lipids were increased and phospholipids decreased. Laurie and myristic acids were decreased by chilling and chemical treatment, and palmitic acid increased in each lipid class with BHT treatment. Linoleic acid was increased by CaCl2treatment in each fraction. Linolenic acid response varied with chilling and chemical treatment. The unsaturation ratio of 18‐carbon acids was increased for total lipids and phospholipids.
The influence of nitrogen and early drainage on production from grazed and cut grassland restored after opencast mining
Authors: Baker Anne‐Marie , Younger Alan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA review of past and present grassland management on land restored from opencast mining suggests that the most noticeable changes have been increased nitrogen fertiliser use and earlier installation of permanent under‐drainage.A programme of research is described which aimed to examine the effect of early drainage on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne S23) grown for grazing, frequent cutting or silage production on sites previously opencast mined for coal, and to consider how these options affected both the short‐term productivity and the long‐term restoration of the soil.The results demonstrate that satisfactory herbage production is possible on restored land provided moderate levels of fertiliser are applied. Grass was utilised at high levels of intensity with no detrimental effects on sward or soil. Highest yields were obtained when grass was cut for silage, and under this regime early drainage led to a significant increase in herbage production each year of the study. When grazing was practised, drainage only led to increased total herbage production in wet years although benefits were seen in spring and in the overall sheep carrying capacity of the land. Clover inclusion in the cut swards only increased yield when less than 200 kg N ha−1 year−1 was applied.
The zinc(II) binding sites of soya bean glycinin
Authors: Nosworthy Neil , Caldwell Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBinding of zinc by glycinin was determined in 0.5 M KCl at pH 6.2. The number of binding sites in the native protein was 51 for 8.5 μM glycinin. Protein modification studies identified the histidine residues as one of the binding sites, and comparison with published data on the histidine content of glycinin suggests that the majority of these residues are on the surface of the protein. Denaturation by 6 M urea increased the number of binding sites to 330. The number of zinc binding sites was found to vary with the protein concentration in 0.5 M KCl. The affinity of zinc for the protein varied with the protein concentration. Increasing the KCl concentration to 1.0 M decreased the affinity of zinc for the protein and increased the number of binding sites. Zinc preferentially binds to EDTA rather than to glycinin. Binding at pH 5.5 resulted in a reduction in the number of binding sites to 23. Ultracentrifugal analysis of glycinin in the presence and absence of zinc gave S20, W values of 13.1 and 11.1, respectively. Calcium and magnesium did not bind to glycinin in 0.5 M KCl at pH 6.2.
Structure of a major pea seed albumin: Implication of a free sulphydryl group
Authors: Gruen L. Clem , Guthrie Robin E. , Blagrove Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent studies in a number of laboratories have characterised many of the properties of a major pea albumin (designated PMA or PA2: subunit Mr∼26 000) which is not readily degraded in the cotyledon upon germination. In the present report, some of the physicochemical properties of this protein have been studied in greater detail. A non‐helical structure, stable at high pH, is evident. Of special significance is the presence of a single free sulphydryl group, although studies reported elsewhere show that the protein consists of four copies of a strongly conserved repeated sequence. It is postulated that this free sulphydryl group in PA2 (5–10% of total pea seed protein) causes polymerisation through disulphide interchange and thereby is a likely source of partial insolubility in protein isolates following an initial alkaline extraction.
Recovery of 15N‐labelled urea applied to the foliage of winter wheat
Authors: Powlson David S. , Poulton Paul R. , Penny Alexander , Hewitt Michael V. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract15N‐labelled urea (30 kg N ha−1) was sprayed on to the foliage of winter wheat at four sites where sufficient fertiliser N had previously been applied to the soil to achieve approximately maximum yield. Half of the urea was applied shortly before anthesis (growth stage, GS, 37‐39) and half after anthesis (GS 69–73), both portions being labelled. Averaged over all sites, 62% of the urea N was recovered in the crop (range: 45–77%). On average, 89% of the urea N recovered in the crop was in grain, a rather greater proportion than from applications of N to soil in spring. Foliar‐applied N (30 kg ha−1) increased %N in grain as much as an additional 60 kg N ha−1 applied to soil in February but slightly less than an extra 60 kg ha−1 applied to soil in April. Foliar N did not alter yield or 1000 grain weight at any site, and where a breadmaking wheat (cv. Avalon) was grown had no adverse effect on Hagberg Falling Number or grain nitrogen/sulphur ratio.
Effects of limited proteolysis on broad bean polyphenoloxidase
Authors: King Rebecca S. , Flurkey William H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPartially purified broad bean polyphenoloxidase was treated with a variety of proteases. Enzyme activity increased after treatment with chymotrypsin, pepsin, subtilisin, thermolysin, trypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease but this activation was masked when assayed in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The enzyme was resistant to proteolysis when treated with chymotrypsin, elastase, pepsin, thermolysin, and V8 protease. Proteinase K, subtilisin and trypsin treatment resulted in partial degradation of the enzyme but only trypsin generated an active enzyme form with a slightly smaller molecular weight. Electrophoresis, followed by enzyme staining and or Western blotting, showed that trypsin treatment converted the active 45 kd enzyme into a 43 kd enzyme within 20 min. Treatment with proteinase K, subtilisin and trypsin also produced inactive higher molecular weight forms of purified polyphenoloxidase that were identified by Western blotting. The use of antibodies coupled with Western blotting also identified inactive, active, and latent polyphenoloxidase after protease treatment, and suggests that immunological methods can be used to establish the types and amounts of polyphenoloxidase present in a given tissue.
Purification of a lectin from Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC) tubers by affinity chromatography
Authors: Shet Manjunath S. , Madaiah M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA lectin from the tuber of winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC, has been isolated and purified by affinity chromatography using D‐galactose linked Sepharose‐6B, followed by CM‐Sephadex C‐50. The homogeneity of the lectin was confirmed by PAGE at pH 4.5, SDS—PAGE and gel filtration. It is a glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 29 000±1000 and 46 000±2000 by SDS—PAGE and gel filtration on Biogel P‐150, respectively. SDS—PAGE in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol gave two closely migrated protein bands corresponding to a molecular mass of 14 000 and 15 000. The total carbohydrate content was found to be 7%. The tuber lectin agglutinates both trypsinised and untrypsinised erythrocytes of human blood groups (A, B and A B), rabbit and rat but not sheep and human O group erythrocytes. The lectin is inhibited by D(+) galactose and galactose containing di‐ and trisaccharides. o‐ and p‐Nitrophenyl α‐galactopyranosides are found to be the most potent inhibitory sugars.
Application of principal component analysis to the prediction of lucerne forage protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility by NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Bertrand Dominique , Lila Marc , Furtoss Vincent , Robert Paul , Downey Gerard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractApplication of principal component regression (PCR) was proposed for the development of a prediction equation of forage composition by near infra‐red spectroscopy. PCR involves two steps: (a) the creation of new synthetic variables by principal component analysis (PCA) of spectral data, and (b) multiple linear regression with these new variables. Results obtained by this procedure have been compared with those generated by the conventional application of multiple linear regression (MLR) on spectral data. The comparison used the determination of protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in 345 samples of lucerne forages. For protein determination, results of both procedures were quite similar (correlation coefficients: 0.978 and 0.980; standard errors of calibration: 0.86 and 0.84% DM; standard errors of prediction: 0.81 and 0.80% DM respectively for MLR and PCR prediction equations). The same was observed for IVDMD determination (correlation coefficients: 0.942 and 0.951; standard errors of calibration: 1.89 and 1.71% DM; standard errors of prediction: 2.22 and 2.22% DM, respectively). A large number of PCA variables were necessary for an accurate prediction of both constituents. The influence of the number of regression terms introduced in the PCR equation has been studied. The criterion for stopping the introduction of new terms in PCR did not seem as critical as in MLR.
Rumen degradation of cell wall polysaccharides in untreated and alkali‐treated straws and cereal brans
Authors: Ternrud Ingrid E. , Lindberg Jan E. , Magnusson Ann‐Therese , Theander Olof 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRumen degradation of cell wall polysaccharide constituents using the in sacco technique was studied for untreated cereal brans (oats, wheat and barley) and nine technically alkali‐treated batches of barley straw. The alkali treatment included four ammonia treatments, two dry sodium hydroxide treatments and three wet sodium hydroxide treatments. On degradation of the cell wall polysaccharides, their main constituents, xylose and glucose, were released at about the same rate for the ammonia treatments and the dry sodium hydroxide treatments. For the wet sodium hydroxide treatments the degradation of the xylose residues was faster than the liberation of the glucose residues. For all treatments the liberation of the arabinose residues was faster than that of the xylose and glucose residues. The reason for the increased digestibility of the cell wall polysaccharides is suggested to be the breaking of ester and hydrogen bonds and the breaking of alkali‐labile linkages in lignin, as well as changes in the surface layer of the straw. For the wet sodium hydroxide treatments the larger amount of water present during the alkali treatment processes is suggested to increase the diffusion of the alkali into the straw and to translocate a part of the hemicellulose. On the degradation of wheat and barley bran the liberation of xylose residues was fast whereas xylose and arabinose residues in oat bran were slowly liberated.
Protein self‐encapsulation: A mechanism involved with colloidal flocculation in citrus fruit extracts
Authors: Shomer Ilan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCloud stability in citrus fruit aqueous peel extract (PEX) and the derived serum (SPEX) was studied with respect to endogenous coagulants and the possible involvement of soluble pectin as stabilising agent. Heat treatment of the pectin‐degraded SPEX induced the appearance of turbidity as a result of protein coagulation, particularly in the pH range of 3.5–4.5, whereas only slight coagulation occurred without heat treatment. The pectin in non‐degraded SPEX therefore inhibited heat coagulation of most of the protein present. Incubation of PEX itself with exogenous depolymerising pectinase (DP) slightly increased its transmittance, and subsequent heat treatment clarified the suspension within a short time, especially at pH 2.5–4.5. Under the electron microscope, heat‐coagulated proteins from DP‐incubated SPEX appeared as dispersed amorphous bodies showing two main types of pattern; the coagulate from a PEX preparation of high oil content appeared as ultramicro‐droplets of oil encapsulated within coagulated proteins.The evidence indicates that soluble pectin in PEX preparations affects cloud stability by preventing the coagulation of heat‐denatured proteinaceous components; once the pectin is degraded by endogenous and exogenous DP, protein coagulation occurs rapidly on heat treatment, resulting in co‐precipitation of the other encapsulated colloidal bodies.
Preparation and characterisation of dietary fibre from sugar beet pulp
Authors: Michel Florence , Thibault Jean‐François , Barry Jean‐Luc , de Baynast Régis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDried sugar beet pulp was ground and washed with 95% ethanol in order to obtain a colourless and odourless product which could be used as dietary fibre after drying and sieving. Sugar beet fibre had the same chemical composition as the initial pulp: 26–32% of hemicelluloses, 22–24% cellulose, 21.5–23% uronic acids, ∼1–2% lignin, ∼7–8% protein, 7.5–12% ash and ∼0.5% residual sucrose. The main physicochemical properties such as density, cation exchange capacity (∼0.6 meq g−1) and water holding capacity (24–32 g g−1) were determined. The water holding capacity of sugar beet fibre was only slightly affected by pH and ionic strength (adjusted by NaCl or CaCl2) but it held less water in the H+ form than in the salt form, Na+ or Ca2+.
Sorption of flavour compounds in aqueous solution into polyethylene film
Authors: Shimoda Mitsuya , Ikegami Tohru , Osajima Yutaka 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSorption of flavour compounds by the polyethylene (PE) liner of laminated pouches (PET/Al/PE) containing a flavour solution has been studied. The solution contained 43 volatile compounds (each 2 μl litre−1) in sugar ester solution (3 g litre−1). The distribution ratios of the flavour compounds for sorption into various PE liners increased with carbon chain length of the flavour compounds from 0.01 to 0.1 for alcohols, from 0.03 to 1.23 for aldehydes, from 0.02 to 5.77 for aliphatic esters and from 0.11 to 11.6 for benzoates. In each series (all straight‐chain compounds) the distribution ratios increased about threefold for each methylene group, but in the compounds composed of 11 or more carbon atoms the increment was less or negative. The distribution ratio for a given PE film was proportional to the film thickness. The distribution ratios increased with decreasing crystallinity of the PE film and the results for the films of different crystallinities suggested the existence of an impermeable boundary region surrounding the crystalline material amounting to about 20% of its volume.
Phenolic compounds in oak wood extracts used in the ageing of brandies
Authors: Puech Jean‐Louis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe oak wood extracts used in brandy production are extremely varied because of the different ways in which they are made: by infusion, by boiling or by maceration, with or without prior physical or chemical treatment of the wood. Such extracts release a large quantity of phenolic compounds and a very small amount of partially degraded lignin into the brandy, unlike spirits aged in oak barrels. Among monomer compounds derived from lignin, the presence of vanillic and syringic acids, vanillin, syringaldehyde, coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde can be noted. In the wood extracts, phenolic compounds and aromatic acids frequently dominate the ligno‐complex and aromatic aldehydes respectively, which is not the case in brandies. Two samples of liquid extracts of oak wood displayed statistically aberrant vanillin contents.
Saponin composition of 13 varieties of legume seed using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry
Authors: Price Keith R. , Eagles John , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA mass spectrometric technique is described which provides a fingerprint of the saponin composition in crude extracts of 13 varieties of bean seed. The identity of individual saponins was confirmed using HPLC. The ability of this technique to predict the presence of unidentified saponins and, hence, its use for monitoring fractionation or isolation procedures is discussed.
Nutritional evaluation of a protein concentrate and of carotenes derived from Dunaliella bardawil
Authors: Mokady Shoshana , Cogan Uri 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe quality of the protein of the green alga Dunaliella bardawil was evaluated with rats and observed to have a protein efficiency ratio of 1.2. The protein was found to be limited by lysine, containing 70% of the optimum amount recommended for growing rats, only 60% of which was available. The carotenes of the alga were absorbed and recovered as retinol in the liver of rats, in a proportion similar to that of commercial β‐carotene.