bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic changes of biochemical constituents in developing fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare)
Authors: Gupta Kaushalya , Thakral K K , Gupta V. K. , Arora S K 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is the major spice/condimental crop of Haryana, generally used in India for preparing pickles and in vegetable cooking. Flowers were tagged at anthesis, fennel seeds (local variety) were collected at 1‐week intervals after 40 days from anthesis for studying biochemical constituents. Moisture and protein contents decreased significantly with the advancement of seed development. Oil content ranged from 68 to 135·7 g kg−1 (dry weight basis), which increased with seed development. The oil content was greater in mature seeds. The presence of phytate (11·35–13·10 mg g−1) was also observed, which affects the availability of Zn and Fe. Fennel seeds were found to be a rich source of micro‐ and macroelements. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and lignin contents increased significantly with the advancement of seed development. Oleic and linoleic fatty acids were found to be major fatty acids and variable proportions of different fatty acids were observed.
Biodegradation of cell wall components of maize stover colonized by white‐rot fungi and resulting impact on in‐vitro digestibility
Authors: Chen Jinchuan , Fales Steven L , Varga Gabriella A , Royse Daniel J 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTreatment of crop residues with some species of white‐rot fungi can enhance digestibility. This study was conducted to investigate changes in in‐vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and degradation of cell wall constituents in maize (Zea maize L) stover treated with three white‐rot fungi: Cyathus stercoreus, Phlebia brevispora and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Solid fermentation of maize stover for 28 days at 27°C improved IVDMD from 409 g kg−1 (control) to 514 g kg−1 for P brevispora and 523 g kg−1 for C stercoreus. In contrast, growth of P chrysosporium reduced IVDMD from 409 to 298 g kg−1. All fungi degraded cell wall p‐coumaric acid (PCA) and ferulic acid (FA), but P chrysosporium was the least effective in degrading PCA and FA. Conversely, P chrysosporium degraded lignin 1·6 times more effectively than C stercoreus and 1·4 times more than P brevispora, indicating that lignin degradation alone cannot account for the IVDMD enhancement and that degradation of PCA and FA may be important. Hemicelluloses were preferentially and highly utilized by all the fungi. Cellulose was extensively degraded only by P chrysosporium (69% lost after 28 days of incubation), while substrate colonized by the other two fungi retained more than 84% original cellulose. Incubation of C stercoreus and P brevispora decreased the concentrations of both xylose and arabinose, but increased glucose concentration, whereas P chrysosporium removed less xylose and decreased glucose concentration. Preferential removal of arabinose over xylose by the fungi caused an increase in the xylose to arabinose ratio of the treated residues. Enhanced digestibility may have resulted from cleavage of lignin‐carbohydrate bonds. Results of this study suggest that digestibility enhancement of maize stover colonized by white‐rot fungi is regulated by a complex combination of various factors, including the degradation of structural carbohydrates, cell wall phenolic acids and lignin.
Effect of the phenol antioxidant type on the kinetics and mechanism of inhibited lipid oxidation in the presence of fatty alcohols
Authors: Kortenska Vessela D , Yanishlieva Nedjalka V 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA kinetic analysis of inhibited lipid autoxidation in the presence of a phenol antioxidant and a hydroxy compound is proposed. It is based on studies of the dependence of the WROH/Winh ratio (between the inhibited oxidation rates in presence and absence of a hydroxy compound) on the hydroxy compound concentration. This analysis permits establishing the mechanism of action of the hydroxy compound in the presence of different types of phenol antioxidants during inhibited lipid oxidation. The kinetic analysis has been applied to the oxidation at 80°C of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO) inhibited by 0.1 mM hydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or α‐tocopherol in the presence of different concentrations of 1‐tetradecanol (1‐TD) and 1‐octadecanol (1‐OD). A linear character of this dependence is established during hydroquinone‐inhibited oxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil in presence of 1‐TD. In the case of α‐tocopherol this dependence is linear for both 1‐TD and 1‐OD. The equilibrium constant of interaction between the phenol antioxidant and the fatty alcohols is determined by the angle coefficient of the linear dependence. The hydroquinone‐inhibited autoxidation of TGSO in the presence of 1‐OD has shown a non‐linear character of the dependence under consideration. A kinetic model describing simultaneous participation of 1‐OD in reaction with both the phenol antioxidant and the lipid hydroperoxides is deduced. Studying the kinetics of BHT‐inhibited autoxidation of TGSO in the presence of 1‐OD, it has been shown that due to steric reasons there is no interaction between 1‐OD and BHT, 1‐OD participating in the process only by accelerating the decomposition of the lipid hydroperoxides.
Studies on the effect of protectants on Lactobacillus acidophilus strain dehydrated under controlled low‐temperature vacuum dehydration and freeze‐drying by using response surface methodology
Authors: King V An‐Erl , Lin Haur‐Jie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCa2+ (0–60 g litre−1), glycerol (0–100 g litre−1), and non‐fat dry milk solids (NFDMS, 0–140 g litre−1) were combined to study their effects on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in controlled low‐temperature vacuum dehydration and freeze‐drying. A three‐variable (each at three‐levels) design method was used and analysed by fitting a quadratic response surface. These factors were found to be significantly effective on survival. Fitted quadratic regression equations were plotted using a graphing software package. Conditions for the best survival of freeze‐drying was found to be Ca2+ 5.34 g litre−1. NFDMS 100.8 g litre−1, and glycerol 41.5 g litre−1 and that of controlled low‐temperature vacuum dehydration was Ca2+ 5.67 g litre−1, NFDMS 107.1 g litre−1, and glycerol 41.0 g litre−1. Models obtained were tested using t‐tests. Survival of freezing under different conditions was found to be not significantly different.
The effects of acidification and temperature during washing of Spanish‐style green olives on the fermentation process
Authors: Sánchez A , García P , Rejano L , Brenes M , Garrido A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of temperature (22 and 40°C) and acidification by HCI, H3PO4 and fermentation brine during the washing step of Spanish‐type green olive processing were studied. When acids were added to the washing waters, the diffusion rates of sugars and polyphenols from the flesh of olives to the surrounding liquid diminished. This phenomenon could be related to the pH of the washing water. Both heating and acidification during the washing step influenced later lactic acid fermentation and the final values of the combined acidity in brines. Thus, when the washing step was carried out at 40°C the fermentation process was accelerated.
Effect of epinephrine administration on glycogen metabolism in red and white muscle of anaesthetized pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus)
Authors: Fernandez X , Levasseur P , Ecolan P , Wittmann W 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe glycogenolytic effect of exogenous epinephrine was studied in white (Longissimus) and red (Trapezius) muscle of anaesthetized pig. In addition, we assessed the metabolic action of epinephrine during the 3 h following the cessation of perfusion. Twelve purebred Large White pigs, averaging 80 kg live‐weight, were used. The animals were anaesthetized and perfused (0–15 min) with 5 μg kg−1 min−1 epinephrine or saline (control animals). Blood samples were taken to determine plasma levels of glucose, lactate and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Muscle samples were taken to determine the concentrations of glycogen and related metabolites, and the activity ratio of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. Control animals showed stable levels of plasma and muscle metabolites during the 3 h anaesthesia. However, the resting level of the activity ratio of phosphorylase was high (80%). Epinephrine treatment induced significant increases in plasma metabolites and an overall significant glycogen depletion. The extent of epinephrine‐induced glycogenolysis was greater in the red Trapezius than in the white Longissimus muscle. This was associated with a greater rise in the muscle lactate content and in the activity ratio of phosphorylase in the Trapezius muscle during epinephrine administration. In both muscles, no significant glycogen depletion was observed during 3 h following the cessation of epinephrine administration. This occurred despite the fact that the activity ratio of phosphorylase remained high in the Longissimus muscle until the end of the experiment.
Nε‐carboxymethyllysine is formed during heating of lysine with ketoses
Authors: Ruttkat Axel , Erbersdobler Helmut F 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a model system with lysine monohydrochloride and various reducing sugars, the contents of Nε‐carboxymethyllysine (CML) were measured after heat treatment at 98°C for 3–24 h. The results show for the first time that CML could be formed by the reaction of lysine and fructose or lysine and sorbose. The formation of CML also shows time‐dependent differences between aldoses and ketoses. After heating up to 6–12 h, the reaction of lysine with ketoses leads to similar amounts of CML as the reaction with aldoses, whereas after longer heating significantly more CML was produced by the reaction with aldoses. The highest CML contents (2380 mg CML kg−1 lysine) were measured in the galactose model system after heating for 24 h.
The effects of intravenous supplements of amino acids on the milk production of dairy cows consuming grass silage and a supplement containing feather meal
Authors: Choung Jai‐Jun , Chamberlain David G 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to identify the limiting amino acids for milk production in dairy cows consuming diets based on grass silage and a cereal‐based supplement containing feather meal as the only high‐protein ingredient. In the first experiment, the yield of protein in milk was increased by 26% in response to intravenous infusion of a mixture of histidine, lysine, methionine and tryptophan. In the second experiment, omission of methionine from the infused mixture led to no reduction in the milk response compared with that seen with the mixture of four amino acids, confirming that methionine was not limiting milk production from the basal diet. The results have important implications for the choice of complementary proteins to blend with feather meal in diets for ruminants.
Effects of raw materials, processing conditions and packaging on the quality of plantain chips
Authors: Onyejegbu Christine A , Olorunda Ayodele O 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of raw material, processing conditions and packaging on the quality of plantain chips were investigated. Two cultivars of plantain Musa spp—Agbagba and Obino lewai—as well as cooking banana were used for the study. The fruits were at stages 1 to 4 of the banana ripening chart. The study started with a consumer survey aimed at product definition. This was followed by series of experiments to determine the effects of raw material, processing conditions and packaging on the quality of plantain chips. A correlation analysis was also carried out on the physical and chemical characteristics of raw plantain. The work revealed that the stage of ripeness of raw material had some effect on the quality of chips as there was gradual increase in pulp/peel ratio and sugar was significantly different (P < 0·05). Moisture content of pulp/texture of pulp, texture of pulp/sugar content of pulp and texture of pulp/ripening stages were negatively correlated, while pulp/peel ratio and moisture content of pulp were positively correlated. Chips packed in 80 μm high‐density polyethylene pouches and stored at various relative humidities had extended shelf‐life compared with the low‐density polyethylene packed chips stored at the same relative humidities. This was due to the inadequacy of the low‐density polyethylene in giving the required protection against moisture transmission thereby resulting in soggy chips in shorter periods. The implication of the findings on the formulation of a guideline for the processing of a good‐quality plantain chips for the marketing system is discussed.
Biochemical changes in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)‐infected Amaranthus and Chenopodium
Authors: Prakash Dhan , Raj S K , Singh B P 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes in biochemical contents of vitamin C, total carotenoids, chlorophyll, protein and amino acid profile in the CMV‐infected leaves/seeds of Amaranthus and Chenopodium species were studied. The amount of protein was higher (9–20%), while vitamin C (37–79%), carotenoids (19–52%) and chlorophyll (5–45%) were lower in all the tested species. Amino acid composition of the infected leaves/seeds also showed some significant changes compared with healthy specimen.
Diffusion of citric and ascorbic acids in pre‐peeled potatoes and their influence on microbial growth during refrigerated storage
Authors: Giannuzzi Leda , Lombardi Alejandra M , Ezaritzky Noemi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe most common chemical preservatives used to inhibit both enzymatic browning and microbial growth in pre‐peeled potatoes are sodium sulphite and bisulphite. Since 1987 the FDA has limited their use as food ingredients; consequently, during recent years the tendency to replace sulphites by GRAS chemical additives such as citric and ascorbic acids has become stronger. In the present work, surface colour variations, exudate production and microbial growth were analysed on pre‐peeled potatoes treated with citric and ascorbic acids. These preservatives were applied individually and as mixtures; shelf‐life was extended and microbiologically safe products were obtained. Mathematical models were solved to analyse the diffusion of these acids during immersion and storage periods in order to determine the concentration profiles within the product and to predict the surface concentration to which the microorganisms are exposed.
Sensory evaluation of Atlantic salmon fed three types of herring‐based diet
Authors: Parrish Christopher C , McLeod Cathy A , Ackman Robert G 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed three different types of commercial and experimental herring‐based feeds and, at the end of the feeding trials, sensory panels evaluated the acceptability of the salmon fillets. The feeds were all made from Atlantic herring but using different procedures: silage feeds were made from fermented herring, moist salmon feeds from fresh herring, and dry feeds from herring meal. Silage feeds were compared with either one or two of the other feeds in three feeding trials. Growth rates of animals fed a commercial silage feed and two dry feeds were similar, although growth on the commercial silage feed tended to be better. However, growth on commercial or experimental silage feeds was significantly lower (P < 0·001) than on either commercial or experimental moist feeds. Analysis of covariance indicated that there were no significant tank effects. At the end of the feeding trials, sensory evaluation of fish fillets by triangle test indicated no significant difference (P > 0·05) in fillet flavours or appearance between fish fed silage and fish fed the other diets.
Texture of Chinese water chestnut: Involvement of cell wall phenolics
Authors: Parker Mary L , Waldron Keith W 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChinese water chestnuts (CWC) fail to soften during cooking. This is due to thermal stability of cell wall polymers involved in cell‐cell adhesion. Information concerning these polymers was obtained by subjecting CWC tissues to a range of chemical and biochemical treatments designed to cleave selectively cell wall chemical bonds. Neither chelating agents nor weak base (Na2CO3, 0·05 M) facilitated vortex‐induced cell separation (VICS) in fresh or canned tissues. However, VICS could be induced after extraction in dilute, cold alkali (0·1 M KOH), dilute hot acid, or a purified, specific endoxylanase. The CWC cell walls also exhibited considerable pH‐dependent autofluorescence which originated mainly from ferulic acid and its derivatives. This disappeared during alkali‐induced VICS. The results are consistent with the involvement of ferulic acid‐containing cell wall hemicelluloses in the thermal stability of cell‐cell adhesion and therefore texture in CWC tissues.
Marketable and nutritional quality of leeks as affected by water and nitrogen supply and plant age at Harvest
Authors: Sørensen Jørn N , Johansen Anders S , Kaack Karl 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe marketable and nutritional quality of leeks as affected by nitrogen fertilisation, water supply, and plant age at harvest was investigated during 1991 and 1992. The yield of marketable leeks increased with increasing nitrogen supply, although only small differences were observed between 160 and 280 kg total N ha−1. The total nitrogen supply includes soil mineral nitrogen within the 0–50 cm depth. The yield was lower when leeks were grown with less frequent irrigation, ie irrigation at a soil water potential of −0.09 MPa at 20 cm depth. On average, the yield of leeks increased until harvest in the middle of October, 200 days after sowing. The concentration of nitrate increased and the concentrations of dry matter and potassium decreased with increased nitrogen supply. Leeks grown with less frequent irrigation showed increased concentrations of dietary fibre, vitamin C, nitrate, protein, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. The nutritional quality of leeks improved with increased plant age at harvest because the concentration of potassium increased and the concentration of nitrate decreased.
The contribution of fertiliser nitrogen to leachable nitrogen in the UK: A review
Authors: Davies D B , Sylvester‐Bradley R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEvidence relating to nitrate leaching was taken from series of extensive field experiments conducted to support guidance on fertiliser use. Over the last 50 years, it is estimated that increased fertiliser N use on intensive wheat in the UK, has resulted in an increase of 36 kg N ha−1 year−1 leachable nitrate. Probably more than one‐third of this change is due to larger yields resulting in a gradual build up in soil organic matter, the remainder to annual effects of fertiliser application. This justifies the association generally made between fertiliser used and nitrate leached and supports the value of some control of fertiliser use in order to restrict nitrate concentrations in drinking water.
The extraction of radiolabelled inorganic sulphate from blood plasma
Authors: Wang Y , Barry T N 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was conducted into factors governing the efficiency of the ion exchange method for extracting 35S‐labelled inorganic sulphate (SO) from blood plasma, using Dowex′1‐X8 ion exchange resin. The study compared effects of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) strength as protein precipitant, different HCl strengths as resin eluent, sodium citrate/HCl (SC/HCl) versus HCl as eluents, and evaluated ultrafiltrated (UF) plasma upon the adsorption and recovery of added 35SO. Both adsorption and release of 35SO from the resin were inhibited by the presence of TCA, and HCl was not as effective as 1 M SC/2 M HCl in releasing 35SO adsorbed to resin. The rates of 35SO adsorbed onto resin and recovered were markedly increased by using UF plasma and 1 M SC/2 M HCl as eluent, with the values being 96.3 ± 0.11% and 91.1 ± 0.39%, respectively, where 1 g resin was used. Therefore, the use of UF for deproteinising and 1 M SC/2M HCl as eluent are recommended for extracting 35SO from blood plasma when Dowex′1‐X8 resin is used as the ion exchanger.
Anisotropic swelling of cell walls of sugar beet tissue: Influence of ion‐exchange and sucrose
Authors: Gieringer Rita , Steinert Peter , Buttersack Christoph , Buchholz Klaus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCell walls of sugar beet tissue (Beta vulgaris var altissima Döll), the cell and vacuolar membrane of which were destroyed by heat or the action of lipophilic substances, were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The average thickness of secondary walls (SW) and the region composed of the middle lamella and two primary walls (PW) was statistically evaluated and compared with the swelling of the entire denaturated tissue. By introducing different counter‐ions with water as solvent, the extension along the wall E2 increased in the order H+ < K+ ∼ Ca2+ < La3+, and the extension across the wall (SW plus PW) E2 increased in the order Ca2+ ∼ K+ < La3+ < H+. Replacement of the swelling medium by sucrose solution (0.5 M) caused either an increase of the wall thickness (K+, Ca2+, La3+) or a contraction (H‐form); the anisotropy E2E3 was either negative (H+, Ca2+, La3+) or positive (K+). Comparison of the PW with the SW region mostly yielded a ratio of Ezpw/Ezxm between 1 and 2. The ion‐exchange K+→Ca2+ was predominantly manifested in a change of the PW region, while the influence of sucrose on the K+‐treated wall seemed to be confined to the SW region. Specimens in the H‐form in water showed a further increase of the wall thickness (SW and PW) when the pH was reduced from 7 to 3. (At pH 3 the carboxyl groups inside the wall must exist nearly completely in the non‐dissociated state.) All the changes of swelling observed may be explained by a superposition of electrostatic and anisotropic hydrophobic interactions between the matrix polysaccharides.
Effects of oil roasting temperature and time on the quality of two Macadamia integrifolia cultivars
Authors: Mason Richard L , Bowden Ray P , Nottingham Stephen M 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of oil roasting temperature and time on the quality of kernels from two Macadamia integrifolia cultivars, were determined. A high quality product was obtained by roasting at 115°C for 19–35 min, 125°C for 10–14 min or 135°C for 4 min. There was a significant deterioration in the quality of nuts from all roasting treatments when stored for 6 months at ambient temperature in lacquered cans at a pressure of −85 kPa. Further deterioration had occurred after 12 months storage.