bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: re-examining the role of context
Authors: KIRKBRIDE JAMES B. , MORGAN CRAIG , FEARON PAUL , DAZZAN PAOLA , MURRAY ROBIN M. , JONES PETER B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe incidence of schizophrenia varies by individual-level characteristics and neighbourhood-level attributes. Few specific socio-environmental risk factors (SERFs) have been identified at the neighbourhood level. Cross-level interactions are poorly understood. We investigated these issues using data from the Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (AESOP) study.MethodAll incidence cases of ICD-10 schizophrenia (F20) and other non-affective psychoses (F21–29), aged 16–64 years, across 33 wards in Southeast London were identified over a 2-year period (1997–1999). Census data provided the denominator for each ward. Multilevel Poisson regression simultaneously modelled individual- and neighbourhood-level SERFs, including socio-economic deprivation, voter turnout (proxy for social capital), ethnic fragmentation (segregation) and ethnic density.ResultsA total of 218 subjects were identified during 565 576 person-years at risk. Twenty-three per cent of variance in incidence of schizophrenia across wards could be attributed to neighbourhood-level risk factors [95% confidence interval (CI) 9·9–42·2]. Thus, 1% increases in voter turnout [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·95, 95% CI 0·92–0·99] and ethnic segregation (IRR 0·95, 95% CI 0·92–0·99) were both independently associated with a reduced incidence of 5%, independent of age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation and population density. This was similar for other non-affective psychoses. There was some evidence that ethnic minority individuals were at greater risk of schizophrenia in areas with smaller proportions of minority groups (p=0·07).ConclusionSERFs at individual and neighbourhood levels were implicated in the aetiology of psychosis, but we were unable to determine whether these associations were causal. Individual risk may be mediated by social capital, which could operate as a protective factor, perhaps moderating social stress in the onset of psychoses.
Clustering of eating disorder symptoms in a general population female twin sample: a latent class analysis
Authors: DUNCAN ALEXIS E. , BUCHOLZ KATHLEEN KEENAN , NEUMAN ROSALIND J. , AGRAWAL ARPANA , MADDEN PAMELA A. F. , HEATH ANDREW C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrevious studies have reported that the current DSM-IV eating disorder (ED) criteria do not adequately describe ED symptomatology. The objective of the current study was to examine the clustering of ED symptoms in a general population sample using latent class analysis (LCA).MethodED symptoms from 3723 female young adult twins (mean age 22) were analyzed using LCA, and resulting classes were compared on external validators reflecting ED and other co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses, substance use disorders (SUDs), and suicidality.ResultsThe optimal solution consisted of five latent classes characterized as: (1) Unaffected; (2) Low Weight Gain; (3) Weight Concerned; (4) Dieters; and (5) ED. Members of the ED class had significantly higher prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, SUDs, and suicidality than the Unaffected and Low Weight Gain classes, and elevated rates of suicidality and major depression compared to the Weight Concerned and Dieter classes, which differed from each other primarily in terms of current body mass index (BMI). Dieter class members were more likely to be overweight and obese and less likely to be underweight than Weight Concerned class members. The majority of women with an ED diagnosis were assigned to the ED class, and few differences were found between ED class members with and without an ED diagnosis.ConclusionsThe results add to the evidence that many women with significant ED psychopathology are not being identified by the DSM-IV ED categories.
Differentiation of executive and attention impairments in affective illness
Authors: STODDART SAMUEL D. R. , CRADDOCK NICK J. , JONES LISA A. 
Published: May 2007

BackgroundExecutive impairments have been reported in affective illness, but the influence of attention on executive performance has not been fully considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether executive impairments in affective illness were independent of attention impairments, and whether independent executive impairments were specific to bipolar (BP) affective illness.MethodForty-two individuals with major affective disorders [20 unipolar (UP) depression and 22 BP disorder] were compared with 40 healthy controls on measures of attention and executive function. None of the patients were currently experiencing an episode of affective illness.ResultsAs expected, both UP and BP patient groups showed significant neuropsychological impairments relative to controls. Significant differences in performance on executive function measures were also observed between UP and BP patients, even after the influence of attention had been taken into account. These impairments were not attributable to current levels of affective symptomatology or to medication.ConclusionsA single neuropsychological dissociation appears to be present between UP and BP affective illness, with BP individuals showing a specific executive deficit that is independent of attention impairment on the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT).
Solution structure and backbone dynamics of the AF‐6 PDZ domain/Bcr peptide complex
Authors: Chen Quan , Niu Xiaogang , Xu Yingqi , Wu Jihui , Shi Yunyu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe human AF‐6, a scaffold protein between cell membrane‐associated proteins and the actin cytoskeleton, plays an important role in special cell–cell junctions and signal transduction. It can be phosphorylated by the protein kinase Bcr, which allows efficient binding of the C terminus of Bcr to the PDZ domain of AF‐6 and consequently enhances the binding affinity of AF‐6 to Ras. Formation of the AF‐6, Bcr, and Ras ternary complex results in down‐regulation of the Ras‐mediated signal transduction pathway. To better understand the molecular basis for the recognition of the AF‐6 PDZ domain and Bcr, we solve the solution structure of the AF‐6 PDZ domain complexed with the C‐terminal peptide of Bcr and explore the interactions between them in detail. Compared with previously reported structures, the complex exhibits a noncanonical binding mode of PDZ/peptide. Owing to the distinct residues involved in the AF‐6 PDZ domain and Bcr peptide interaction, the interaction mode does not adapt to the existing classification rules that have been put forward, based on the ligand or the PDZ domain specificity. Furthermore, the PDZ domain of AF‐6 can bind to the C terminus of Bcr efficiently after phosphorylation of AF‐6 by the Bcr kinase. The phosphorylation may induce a conformational change of AF‐6, which makes the binding surface on the PDZ domain accessible to Bcr for efficient binding. This study not only characterizes the structural details of the AF‐6 PDZ/Bcr peptide complex, but also provides a potential target for future drug design and disease therapy.
Conformational changes of glucose/galactose‐binding protein illuminated by open, unliganded, and ultra‐high‐resolution ligand‐bound structures
Authors: Borrok M. Jack , Kiessling Laura L. , Forest Katrina T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractD‐Glucose/D‐Galactose‐binding protein (GGBP) mediates chemotaxis toward and active transport of glucose and galactose in a number of bacterial species. GGBP, like other periplasmic binding proteins, can exist in open (ligand‐free) and closed (ligand‐bound) states. We report a 0.92 Å resolution structure of GGBP from Escherichia coli in the glucose‐bound state and the first structure of an open, unbound form of GGBP (at 1.55 Å resolution). These structures vary in the angle between the two structural domains; the observed difference of 31° arises from torsion angle changes in a three‐segment hinge. A comparison with the closely related periplasmic receptors, ribose‐ and allose‐binding proteins, shows that the GGBP hinge residue positions that undergo the largest conformational changes are different. Furthermore, the high‐quality data collected for the atomic resolution glucose‐bound structure allow for the refinement of specific hydrogen atom positions, the assignment of alternate side chain conformations, the first description of CO2 trapped after radiation‐induced decarboxylation, and insight into the role of the exo‐anomeric effect in sugar binding. Together, these structures provide insight into how the hinge‐bending movement of GGBP facilitates ligand binding, transport, and signaling.
Structure of the Q67H mutant of R67 dihydrofolate reductase‐NADP+ complex reveals a novel cofactor binding mode
Authors: Divya N. , Grifith E. , Narayana Narendra 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPlasmid‐encoded bacterial R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a NADPH‐dependent enzyme unrelated to chromosomal DHFR in amino acid sequence and structure. R67 DHFR is insensitive to the bacterial drug trimethoprim in contrast to chromosomal DHFR. The crystal structure of Q67H mutant of R67 DHFR bound to NADP+ has been determined at 1.15 Å resolution. The cofactor assumes an extended conformation with the nicotinamide ring bound near the center of the active site pore, the ribose and pyrophosphate group (PPi) extending toward the outer pore. The ribonicotinamide exhibits anti conformation as in chromosomal DHFR complexes. The relative orientation between the PPi and the nicotinamide ribose differs from that observed in chromosomal DHFR–NADP+ complexes. The coenzyme displays symmetrical binding mode with several water‐mediated hydrogen bonds with the protein besides ionic, stacking, and van der Waals interactions. The structure provides a molecular basis for the observed stoichiometry and cooperativity in ligand binding. The ternary model based on the present structure and the previous R67 DHFR–folate complex provides insight into the catalytic mechanism and indicates that the relative orientation of the reactants in plasmid DHFR is different from that seen in chromosomal DHFRs.
Structural bases for substrate recognition and activity in Meaban virus nucleoside‐2′‐O‐methyltransferase
Authors: Mastrangelo Eloise , Bollati Michela , Milani Mario , Selisko Barbara , Peyrane Frederic , Canard Bruno , Grard Gilda , de Lamballerie Xavier , Bolognesi Martino 
Published: May 2007

AbstractViral methyltransferases are involved in the mRNA capping process, resulting in the transfer of a methyl group from S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine to capped RNA. Two groups of methyltransferases (MTases) are known: (guanine‐N7)‐methyltransferases (N7MTases), adding a methyl group onto the N7 atom of guanine, and (nucleoside‐2′‐O‐)‐methyltransferases (2′OMTases), adding a methyl group to a ribose hydroxyl. We have expressed and purified two constructs of Meaban virus (MV; genus Flavivirus) NS5 protein MTase domain (residues 1–265 and 1–293, respectively). We report here the three‐dimensional structure of the shorter MTase construct in complex with the cofactor S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine, at 2.9 Å resolution. Inspection of the refined crystal structure, which highlights structural conservation of specific active site residues, together with sequence analysis and structural comparison with Dengue virus 2′OMTase, suggests that the crystallized enzyme belongs to the 2′OMTase subgroup. Enzymatic assays show that the short MV MTase construct is inactive, but the longer construct expressed can transfer a methyl group to the ribose 2′O atom of a short GpppAC5 substrate. West Nile virus MTase domain has been recently shown to display both N7 and 2′O MTase activity on a capped RNA substrate comprising the 5′‐terminal 190 nt of the West Nile virus genome. The lack of N7 MTase activity here reported for MV MTase may be related either to the small size of the capped RNA substrate, to its sequence, or to different structural properties of the C‐terminal regions of West Nile virus and MV MTase‐domains.
Structure of the E. coli bifunctional GlmU acetyltransferase active site with substrates and products
Authors: Olsen Laurence R. , Vetting Matthew W. , Roderick Steven L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe biosynthesis of UDP‐GlcNAc in bacteria is carried out by GlmU, an essential bifunctional uridyltransferase that catalyzes the CoA‐dependent acetylation of GlcN‐1‐PO4 to form GlcNAc‐1‐PO4 and its subsequent condensation with UTP to form pyrophosphate and UDP‐GlcNAc. As a metabolite, UDP‐GlcNAc is situated at a branch point leading to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Consequently, GlmU is regarded as an important target for potential antibacterial agents. The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli GlmU acetyltransferase active site has been determined in complexes with acetyl‐CoA, CoA/GlcN‐1‐PO4, and desulpho‐CoA/GlcNAc‐1‐PO4. These structures reveal the enzyme groups responsible for binding the substrates. A superposition of these complex structures suggests that the 2‐amino group of GlcN‐1‐PO4 is positioned in proximity to the acetyl‐CoA to facilitate direct attack on its thioester by a ternary complex mechanism.
Structure of the PTB domain of tensin1 and a model for its recruitment to fibrillar adhesions
Authors: McCleverty Clare J. , Lin Diane C. , Liddington Robert C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTensin is a cytoskeletal protein that links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton at sites of cell‐matrix adhesion. Here we describe the crystal structure of the phosphotyrosine‐binding (PTB) domain of tensin1, and show that it binds integrins in an NPxY‐dependent fashion. Alanine mutagenesis of both the PTB domain and integrin tails supports a model of integrin binding similar to that of the PTB‐like domain of talin. However, we also show that phosphorylation of the NPxY tyrosine, which disrupts talin binding, has a negligible effect on tensin binding. This suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation of integrin, which occurs during the maturation of focal adhesions, could act as a switch to promote the migration of tensin–integrin complexes into fibronectin‐mediated fibrillar adhesions.
Crystal structure of the C‐terminal domain of splicing factor Prp8 carrying retinitis pigmentosa mutants
Authors: Zhang Lingdi , Shen Jingping , Guarnieri Michael T. , Heroux Annie , Yang Kui , Zhao Rui 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrp8 is a critical pre‐mRNA splicing factor. Prp8 is proposed to help form and stabilize the spliceosome catalytic core and to be an important regulator of spliceosome activation. Mutations in human Prp8 (hPrp8) cause a severe form of the genetic disorder retinitis pigmentosa, RP13. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Prp8's function in pre‐mRNA splicing and RP13 has been hindered by its large size (over 2000 amino acids) and remarkably low‐sequence similarity with other proteins. Here we present the crystal structure of the C‐terminal domain (the last 273 residues) of Caenorhabditis elegans Prp8 (cPrp8). The core of the C‐terminal domain is an α/β structure that forms the MPN (Mpr1, Pad1 N‐terminal) fold but without Zn2+ coordination. We propose that the C‐terminal domain is a protein interaction domain instead of a Zn2+‐dependent metalloenzyme as proposed for some MPN proteins. Mapping of RP13 mutants on the Prp8 structure suggests that these residues constitute a binding surface between Prp8 and other partner(s), and the disruption of this interaction provides a plausible molecular mechanism for RP13.
Pressure ulcer care in Spain: nurses’ knowledge and clinical practice
Authors: Pancorbo‐Hidalgo Pedro Luis , García‐Fernández Francisco Pedro , López‐Medina Isabel Maria , López‐Ortega Jesús 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study to determine: (a) Spanish nurses’ level of knowledge of existing guidelines for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment, (b) the level of implementation of this knowledge in clinical practice and (c) the professional and educational factors that influence knowledge and practice.Background.  Improvement in pressure ulcer care depends both on the dissemination of knowledge and on its implementation in clinical practice. Studies carried out in several countries have demonstrated gaps in knowledge about recommendations for pressure ulcer care and deficiencies in their implementation.Methods.  A survey was carried out between September 2001 and June 2002, targeting a cluster randomized sample of 2006 Registered Nurses and Licensed Practice Nurses working at hospitals, primary healthcare centres and elder care centres in Andalusia (Spain).Results.  The response rate was 36·9% (n = 740). The level of knowledge of prevention interventions was 79·1%, while that of treatment interventions was 75·9%. The levels of implementation in clinical practice were notably lower: 68·1% for prevention, and 65·3% for treatment. Nurses holding a university degree obtained higher scores, and those who had received specific education in pressure ulcer care obtained higher scores both for knowledge and clinical practice. Taking part in research projects also improved knowledge implementation.Conclusion.  Although most of the recommendations on pressure ulcer care found in guidelines are well known by nurses, there is a group of interventions about which they have insufficient knowledge and low implementation rates.
Nurses’ discourse in contraceptive prescribing: an analysis using Foucault's ‘procedures of exclusion’
Authors: Hayter Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim. This paper is a report of an analysis of the discourse about contraceptive efficacy and side effects used by nurses when prescribing contraception.Background. All women seeking contraception should be informed of the efficacy and potential adverse effects of the particular method they are considering. This information facilitates an informed choice. Women also require this information in order to monitor for any side effects. Paradoxically, side effects are also a key factor in reducing adherence with contraceptive regimens. However, there is no literature that explores specifically how this issue is addressed in clinical consultations, or places these practices in a theoretical context.Method. Forty‐nine consultations between nurses and women in sexual health clinics were audio‐recorded during 2002. Data were subject to a discourse analysis using Foucault's ‘procedures of exclusion’ to explore the discursive construction of contraceptive efficacy and side effectsFindings. The nurses employed specific discursive strategies when discussing contraception. When addressing efficacy, discourse centred on medico‐statistical facts, but side effects were described in lay terms that minimized their severity. Nurses contextualized contraceptive side effects within potential problems that women might experience in pregnancy, and also attempted to ‘normalize’ contraceptive‐related problems.Conclusion. Discourse and its deployment play a key role in practitioner–client relationships that sexual health nurses need to become more aware of how they discuss clinical issues about contraception with women. Clinical data on contraceptive side‐effects are present in the literature, and it is important that sexual health nurses use this to help women make truly informed decisions.
Translation of scales in cross‐cultural research: issues and techniques
Authors: Cha Eun‐Seok , Kim Kevin H. , Erlen Judith A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims.  This paper is a report of a study designed to: (i) describe issues and techniques of translation of standard measures for use in international research; (ii) identify a user‐friendly and valid translation method when researchers have limited resources during translation procedure; and (iii) discuss translation issues using data from a pilot study as an example.Background.  The process of translation is an important part of cross‐cultural studies. Cross‐cultural researchers are often confronted by the need to translate scales from one language to another and to do this with limited resources.Method.  The lessons learned from our experience in a pilot study are presented to underline the importance of using appropriate translation procedures. The issues of the back‐translation method are discussed to identify strategies to ensure success when translating measures.Findings.  A combined technique is an appropriate method to maintain the content equivalences between the original and translated instruments in international research. There are several possible combinations of translation techniques. However, there is no gold standard of translation techniques because the research environment (e.g. accessibility and availability of bilingual people) and the research questions are different.Conclusions.  It is important to use appropriate translation procedures and to employ a combined translation technique based on the research environment and questions.
From private to public: negotiating professional and personal identities in spiritual care
Authors: Pesut Barbara , Thorne Sally 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim.  This paper is an exploration of the challenge of negotiating the highly personalized concept of spirituality within the public sphere of professional–patient interactions.Background.  Spirituality has become increasingly prominent within the nursing discourse, and providing spiritual care is often positioned as an ethical obligation of care. However, bringing such a personal concept into the public domain of care creates some unique tensions and ethical risks.Discussion.  Nurses bring three potentially competing identities to spiritual care encounters with patients. Firstly, they are professionals with a public trust in health promotion and restoration, including those areas that intersect with spiritual health. Secondly, they are citizens of a liberal society where non‐judgmental pluralism as it relates to spirituality is enshrined. Thirdly, they are individuals who hold particular beliefs and values about spirituality. Each of these identities may result in particular, and potentially conflicting, approaches to spiritual care. Ultimately, the identity which nurses choose to adopt is often determined by how they view themselves in the spiritual care encounter, either as experts with legitimate authority to intervene in the spiritual lives of patients or as people in a shared relational encounter. Each of these approaches carries ethical risks, although the nature of these risks is different.Conclusion.  The identities which nurses bring to spiritual care encounters have far‐reaching implications for patient experiences in those encounters. Nurses who position themselves as experts run the risk of objectifying the spiritual, being experienced as coercive and transcending nursings’ competence. The work of Martin Buber is presented as a model that, while acknowledging competing identities, sets forth a vision of spirituality and spiritual care based upon relational reciprocity.