bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Suppression of Visualization by Reading
Authors: Brooks L. R. 
Published: July 2007

Four experiments are described which demonstrate a conflict between reading verbal messages and imagining the spatial relations described by those messages. Listening to the same messages did not produce comparable interference with visualization. The conflict between reading and visualizing was obtained even when the subject previously had seen the referent of the message. In contrast, when the subject was induced to treat the messages as rote strings of words instead of visualizing their referents, reading was a more effective means of presentation than was listening. Two interpretations of these results were proposed. (a) Visualization and reading compete of the use of neural pathways specialized for visual perception. (b) The process of reading hinders the conversion of input material into any non-verbal form; that is, reading forces the subject to deal with information in a more exclusively verbal form than does listening. It was suggested that regardless of interpretation this method provides a means of investigating the internal processes underlying concrete verbal reference.
Acoustic Factors in Visual Search
Authors: Corcoran D. W. J. , Weening D. L. 
Published: July 2007

Previous work has shown that in searching for existing or absent “e.s” in printed prose, the presence or absence of silent “e.s” was less likely to be detected than that of pronounced “e.s.” It was suggested that the acoustic or kinaesthetic “image” was searched for evidence of an “e” in addition to the visual stimulus and that evidence from both sources was considered in making the appropriate response. The present experiment employs mainly substitutive errors within words, which may or may not change their pronunciation. The results suggest that the form of the acoustic correlates has no bearing upon whether the words are detected as wrongly spelt, but that the presence or absence of an acoustic event corresponding in time to the spatial location of the error is important.
Handwriting, Typewriting and Handedness
Authors: Provins K. A. , Glencross D. J. 
Published: July 2007

The performance of two groups of 20 trained touch typists and one group of 20 nontypists was tested on seven different typewriting exercises. Three of these exercises were executed entirely with the right hand and three were completed using only the left. A comparison of performances of the two sides showed, for the typists, no differences between the sides or a difference in favour of the left hand; and for the non-typists, a difference between hands in favour of the right side in two of the three comparisons. A comparison of handwriting performance with the preferred and non-preferred hands was carried out on 80 subjects. Apart from a highly significant difference in performance between the sides in favour of the preferred hand, this task showed, as did the typewriting task, a marked positive correlation between the performance levels of the two sides. These findings are briefly discussed in relation to the training histories of the subjects.
Using Several Modalities to Perceive one Temporal Pattern
Authors: Handel Stephen , Buffardi Louis 
Published: July 2007

In two experiments, subjects identified temporal patterns. The patterns consisted of eight dichotomous (left-right) elements, e.g. LLRRLRLR, continuously repeated until the subject was able to identify the pattern. In Experiment 1, one pattern was presented either separately in the auditory, tactual, or visual modalities or one pattern was presented simultaneously in two modalities (compatible presentation). In Experiment 2, one pattern was simultaneously presented in two modalities, but the pattern was presented in one modality and the complement of the pattern (the complement of LLRRLRLR is RRLLRLRL) was presented in the second modality. Therefore, opposite spatial elements appeared in each modality (incompatible presentation). The results indicated that the rate of pattern identification was the same for compatible and incompatible presentation. These methods produce better performance than individual modality presentation at fast presentation rates (2 elements/sec. and faster) although individual modality presentation was better at slower rates. This suggests that when a pattern is presented in two modalities, the pattern in each modality is integrated, not the particular spatial elements in each modality. Furthermore, the rate of pattern identification using individual modalities did not predict the difficulty using pairs of modalities. These results demonstrate the Gestalt nature of pattern perception; the pattern is perceptually salient and the performance of pairs of modalities depends on the inherent properties of the individual modalities.
When is a Weight not Illusory?
Authors: Ross Helen E. 
Published: July 2007

Weight illusions occur whenever some aspect of an object—such as its size, material or colour—arouses the expectation that its weight will be heavier or lighter than it actually is. The direction of the illusion normally contrasts with the expected weight. When objects are hidden from sight and lifted by strings they can provide no misleading cues, and a correct weight-expectation should be achieved after one or two trials. When a visible object has the same physical and apparent weight as a hidden object, it can be defined as non-illusory. Weighted tins and polystyrene blocks of various sizes were compared with hidden weights. Tins were found to be non-illusory when their density was about 1.7, and polystyrene blocks when their density was about 0.14. Weight illusions may be due to a central scaling process which enables a wide range of weights to be estimated, different ranges being selected according to the expected value of the weight. If the selected range is inappropriate an illusion occurs. Changes in expected value could also allow for the operation of “weight-constancy” during changes in proprioceptive stimulation.
Visual Search without Eye Movement
Authors: Grindley G. C. , Townsend Valerie 
Published: July 2007

Two experiments have been made on the problem of visual search using six patterns which were geometrically simple, and familiar to the subject. In each case the subject's task was to say where, among the complex of patterns, a particular pattern (the “test object”) appeared when the exposure of the whole display was so brief as to prevent scanning by the eyes. He could be informed visually (in Experiment I) or verbally (in Experiment II) which pattern was to be regarded as the “test object.” In both experiments it was found that foreknowledge of what was to be the test object gave a significantly higher standard of accuracy than knowledge given later. This suggests that something analogous to visual search can occur without eye movements.
The Effect of Shock Duration and Intensity on the Ingestion of Food of Varying Palatability
Authors: Strongman K. T. , Coles M. G. H. , Remington R. E. , Wookey P. E. 
Published: July 2007

One hundred and fifty 23-hr. deprived rats were run in a 2 × 5 × 3 balanced analysis of variance design to determine the effect of prior shock on food intake. The main factors were time spent in shock box (3, 30 sec.), intensity of shock (0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 mA) and percentage of sucrose adulteration of food (0, 10, 25 per cent). Results showed a general enhancement of intake following 3-sec. shock and a suppression following 30-sec. shock. Variations in shock intensity were of no significance.
Memory Coding for Binary Sequences in Children
Authors: Frith Uta 
Published: July 2007

Younger children with a short memory span and older children with a long memory span recalled binary word sequences of different structure. It was found that the difficulty of recall was mainly determined by the run-structure but not by the cyclicity of the sequences. Incorrectly recalled sequences were systematically analysed in terms of two supposed coding mechanisms, i.e. “feature extraction” and “pattern imposition”. It could be demonstrated that certain features of the presented sequences were preserved while others usually were not. While the extracted feature served as a basis for reconstruction of the sequence in recall, the obtained sequences showed in addition certain characteristics which appeared to be unrelated to the input. Some differences in the efficiency of coding were found between 4- and 6-year-olds. However, it appeared that the coding strategies were similar at lower and higher levels of memory capacity and development.
Evidence for Alternative Strategies of Sentence Retention
Authors: Wright Patricia , Kahneman Daniel 
Published: July 2007

Measurements of pupil size were taken while subjects listened to sentences and either tried to repeat them (R) or answered a question about them (QuA), after either a 3 or 7 sec retention interval. Pupil dilations were larger for R than for QuA, both towards the end of presentation and during the retention interval. Similar results were obtained by Kahneman and Wright (1971) when comparing total and partial recall of word lists. They attributed the differences in pupil dilations to differences in rehearsal strategy. However, the interaction between recall condition and retention interval was less convincing with sentential material, and an alternative explanation is suggested in terms of the level of abstraction at which the sentences are processed. This interpretation is supported by other evidence relating to the existence of alternative sentence retention strategies. Pupil dilations failed to reveal phrase juncture phenomena, although two levels of ambient illumination were used in the hope of detecting such effects. In a modified question condition (QuB), where the question was given before the sentence, pupil dilations varied as a function of the part of the sentence providing the answer. These data indicated that people did not begin to frame their answer until they encountered in the sentence those words used in the question.
The Overtraining Reversal Effect in Rats: A Function of Task Difficulty
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Knoblock Karol , Coussens Wayne 
Published: July 2007

Two experiments were conducted with rats. The first study showed that in the T-maze a brightness discrimination learning problem was more difficult than a spatial learning problem, but in a Ross-maze a brightness problem was less difficult than a spatial task. T-maze brightness and Ross-maze spatial tasks were found to be of equal difficulty. In the second experiment rats were trained either on a brightness or spatial discrimination reversal problem in the Ross-maze. It was found that overtraining facilitated reversal performance in the spatial task but not in the brightness problem. The theoretical implications of these results were discussed.
Acoustic Similarity and Interference in Short-term Recognition Memory: Some Results of a Decision-theory Analysis
Authors: Ingleby J. D. 
Published: July 2007

The following three studies of single-probe recognition memory set out to show the effect on the signal-detectability measures of d′ and β (Tanner and Swets, 1954) of variations in the acoustic similarity of interfering material, which may either precede or follow the item to be remembered (proactive or retroactive interference —PI or RI). The first experiment studies a situation employed by Wickelgren (1966a), who reported that acoustically similar RI substantially reduced d′. It is shown that this effect could have been due to biases in Wickelgren's original designs, and that when a bias-free design is used, the fall in d′ is only of borderline significance. To investigate this problem further, a design was evolved in which two items were presented for memorizing, which varied in acoustic similarity to each other, and (after a distracting task) a probe was presented with one of three questions: Was this the first item of the pair? Was it the second? or, Did it occur in either position? In the first case, recognition-memory with RI of varying acoustic similarity was being studied, and as in the first experiment, it was found that similarity slightly reduced d′. With the second question, PI effects were being studied, and here negligible differences were found. With the third type of question, a “location-free” test, no effects of similarity were found. The last result rules out Posner's (1967) “acid-bath” explanation of similarity effects in interference: an explanation in terms of “differentiation” (or “filtering”) was also invalidated by the results of a third experiment, in which the same effects were found even though similarity varied only between stimulus items and interference, and not between these and the probe. Wickelgren's (1966b) associative model appears to have least difficulty in accommodating these results, though even this needs certain ad hoc assumptions to be able to do so.
Evoked Potentials in Reaction Time with a Variable Foreperiod
Authors: Boddy John 
Published: July 2007

The reaction times (RTs) of 12 subjects were recorded in a design where a visual or auditory warning signal preceded an auditory RT signal by one of four short foreperiods 500, 750, 1000 or 1250 ms long, which occured in a random sequence. For the 16 trials at each foreperiod, with each modality of warning signal, the average of the 2-s long EEG samples following the warning signal was computed so that the record showed the scalp recorded (vertex–-left mastoid) evoked potentials (EPs) to both warning and RT signals, and also the contingent negative variation or expectancy wave occurring during the foreperiod. Differences between RTs with different foreperiods were not reflected in negatively correlated differences in the amplitude of the RT signal EPs, taking the major positive going deflection between peaks N1 and P2 at mean latencies of 126 and 231 msec after the RT signal. Furthermore RT signal EPs preceded by a warning signal were highly attenuated in amplitude relative to control EPs which were not preceded by a warning signal, whether or not an RT response was required. This was despite the fact that alerted RTs were slightly faster than non-alerted RTs, so that these findings contradict previous findings associating augmented EPs with responding versus not responding and with speeded RTs. However, it was also found that RT signal EP amplitudes were greater with the more effective modality of warning signal than the less effective, which was consistent with previous findings. The divergence from previous findings when comparing EPs preceded by a warning with those having no prior warning is tentatively accounted for in terms of persisting physiological refractoriness following the warning signal EP.
In Defence of Iconic Memory
Authors: Coltheart Max , Lea C. David , Thompson Keith 
Published: July 2007

According to a model of visual information-processing which originated with Sperling (1960), and which currently enjoys wide acceptance, the contents of brief alphanumeric displays are initially held in a high-capacity fast-decay visual-information store (“iconic memory”). Some of these items are subsequently transferred to a more durable form of storage; the remaining non-transferred items are lost. Observers can select which items are to be transferred on the basis of physical characteristics of the items (such as colour, location, size, shape or brightness). This model has recently been attacked by Holding (1970, 1971, 1972, 1973), sometimes by claiming that iconic memory does not exist, and at other times by claiming that transfer from iconic memory cannot be selectively controlled by the observer. We argue in this paper that Holding's criticisms are incorrect, and that, even if they were correct, the experiment we report would not be open to objections he has raised concerning previous studies of iconic memory. Despite this, evidence fully supporting the orthodox model was obtained, and we therefore conclude that this model remains tenable.
Dichoptic Induction of Mccollough-Type Effects
Authors: Mackay D. M. , Mackay Valerie 
Published: July 2007

If left-oblique and right-oblique black/white gratings are presented alternately to one eye, and unpatterned red and green fields are presented alternately to the other, orientation-sensitive chromatic after-effects are induced. With the colour-stimulated eye the hue usually seen on a test grating is complementary to that originally paired with its orientation, with the pattern-stimulated eye the hue is the same as that originally paired. The experiments reported here show that: (a) the time course of decay of these chromatic after-effects (for each eye) fits approximately the same power law as that found for the normal McCollough effect; (b) analogous chromatic after-effects, opposite in the two eyes, can be dichoptically induced using pairs of stimuli other than gratings, such as dot patterns differing in magnification. These results suggest that strongly coloured light in one eye can induce a weakly complementary bias in the colour-signalling system of the other eye, at a level peripheral to the site of the McCollough-type adaptation.
Selective Interference during the Retrieval of Visual Images
Authors: Janssen Wiel H. 
Published: July 2007

Twenty-six subjects memorized lists of (low I and high I) noun pairs under imagery or verbal mediation instructions. At recall the subjects were presented a digit (“1” or “2”) either auditorily or visually as an interfering stimulus. Visual interference was found to selectively affect the retrieval of high I response terms. Also, the retrieval of nouns studied by imagery mediation was found to be selectively disrupted by visual interference. These results suggest that the qualities of a visual image are retained all the way from image acquisition to retrieval, and that the visual components of images generated at the acquisition stage are probably not lost by subsequent coding processes.
Multiple Orientation-Contingent Chromatic After-Effects
Authors: Mackay Valerie , Mackay Donald M. 
Published: July 2007

McCollough's (1965) original demonstration of an orientation-contingent chromatic after-effect (OCCA) used two orthogonal inducing gratings in complementary colours. Fidell (1970) has shown that inducing gratings whose orientations are separated by less than 90° give progressively smaller OCCAs, becoming ineffective below 20° or so. Stromeyer (1969) found that with only a single inducing grating, orthogonal test fields still appeared tinted in complementary hues, and claimed that these hues could be “neutralized” by rotating the inducing grating by 90°. These results raise the question whether (A) the neural representations of orthogonal orientations are coupled with respect to colour in “opponent” fashion, so that red-horizontal has similar effects to green-vertical; or (B) the representations of orientations separated by some minimum angle are chromatically independent, and can develop substantially independent OCCAs. We report the following results which favour hypothesis (B): (1) With a single coloured inducing grating à la Stromeyer (1969), the measured OCCA at right angles shows no signs of “opponent processing”, if the hue of the test grating is compared against that of a plain field rather than an orthogonal grating. (2) With inducing gratings at several orientations, the resultant OCCA has an angular distribution which is the algebraic sum of those for each grating separately. (3) It is possible to associate the same colour with two orientations at right angles without mutual cancellation. (4) Multiple OCCAs show independent time-courses of decay, and can be induced and retained for at least eight orientations at once.
Interference with Visualization
Authors: Phillips W. A. , Christie D. F. M. 
Published: July 2007

It is often claimed that visualizing and perceiving interfere with each other because they compete for special purpose visual processing resources. The arguments for this view (e.g. Brooks, 1967, 1968) are criticised. Five experiments are then reported which attempt to determine whether specific processing activities interfere with the visualization of novel abstract patterns. Visualization was greatly interfered with by adding five digits but not by reading them. Presentation modality of the digits did not affect the interference they caused. When the intervening activity involved processing patterns similar to those being visualized, the amount of interference depended upon whether the subject had to form and use representations that outlived the icon. Perception caused interference when it involved formation of a maintainable representation, but not when it required only sensory storage. It is concluded that visualization requires general purpose resources, and that interference between visualization and perception could be due to competition for these resources.
What does a Man do after he Makes an Error? An Analysis of Response Programming
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick , Rodgers Bryan 
Published: July 2007

When people make errors during continuous tasks they temporarily pause and then slow down. One line of explanation has been that they monitor feedback to detect errors, that they may make incidental responses when errors occur (e.g. they may swear) and that they may pause to analyse their errors. In all these cases they may be assumed to act as single channel information processing systems of limited capacity, and to be unable to recognise any new signal until these processes have been completed. Analysis of response after errors shows that this cannot be the case. Responses after errors are inaccurate, but are not slow when they require the subject to make the response which he should have made on the previous trial (i.e. to make an error correction response). Subjects thus must recognise new signals as soon as they occur. The present results require a new model of error detection and correction, and a model for response programming and priming.
Does Probe RT Measure Central Processing Demand?
Authors: McLeod Peter 
Published: July 2007

Various authors have tried to assess the processing demands of a range of tasks by presenting a probe at different times during their performance. The assumption behind the technique is that the more processing capacity the main task requires the less will be left for processing the probe. Hence, it is claimed, the reaction time to the probe can be used to infer the capacity demands of the main task. An experiment is reported in which two groups of women combine manual responses to a visual Same/Different letter-match task with responding to an auditory probe. The only difference between the groups is that one responds manually to the probe and the other responds vocally. The two groups produce an entirely different pattern of interaction between the two tasks. Were there an absolute central demand of the letter-match task which could be measured by the probe technique this should appear irrespective of the form of the probe task. Since the pattern of probe RTs does depend on the form of the response to the probe it is concluded that it is not possible to use a single form of probe task as a neutral measure of the central capacity demand of the main task.