bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arms Control and Security in Europe: Assumptions and Essentials for Alternative Strategies
Authors: Thee Marek 
Published: March 2007

Thee, M. Arms Control and Security in Europe: Assumptions and Essentials for Alterna tive Strategies. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 211-221. The military build-up in Europe, contrary to the theory that it serves the maintenance of peace, undermines efforts at détente and is a threat to peace. It has become evident that arms control is in deep crisis. Rather than to be brought under control, the arms race tends to get out of control. The concern in Europe turns to the spread of 'grey area' weapons of a Eurostrategic range which are covered neither by SALT nor by M(B)FR negotiations. To achieve military détente basic new departures and initiatives are needed. A set of measures for short and long-term implementation, as a comprehensive security strategy, could include: (a) a conscious and resolute policy of political and military restraint, (b) confidence-building measures aimed at greater openness in military affairs, (c) risk-free unilateral and reciprocated tension-reduction and disarmament initiatives, (d) efforts at gradual military disengagement in Central Europe, and (e) possible denuclearization of Central Europe.
Towards a Modern Concept of Strategy
Authors: Lider Julian 
Published: March 2007

Lider, J. Towards a Modem Concept of Strategy. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 217-235. Strategy is the key concept in the study of military affairs. The scope of this study depends on the answer to the question how strategy should be interpreted. Should this concept be confined to the most effective way of fighting or should it be extended to include methods of using military force in peacetime? Has the strategy of winning wars to be complemented by the strategy of effective military pressure and coercion and by the strategy of war prevention? Does 'strategy' mean theory, action, or both? This article attempts to discuss the problem in a concise form. First, the extension of the traditional concept of strategy is described. Then some Marxist-Leninist contributions to the analysis of strategy are characterized. The article closes with comments on the modem concept of strategy.
Norwegian Petroleum Policy and Ocean Management: The Need to Consider Foreign Interests
Authors: Østreng Willy 
Published: March 2007

Østreng, W. Norwegian Petroleum Policy and Ocean Management: The Need to Consider Foreign Interests. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 117-138. The perspective of this article is that the mutual interdependence between the nations of the world is on the increase and that the national community and the outside world reveal more and more points of contact. Problems are internationalized, increasingly the fate of one nation is the concern of all, while national freedom of action is reduced. Domestic policy has become a more integral part of foreign policy and vice versa. This applies particularly to the management of what we may call mankind's common resources, such as the ocean and the air. The empirical purpose of the article is to picture Norway's ability and willingness to take into consideration the interests of other countries in shaping and implementing her ocean petroleum policy in the 1970s. In other words: Has Norwegian petroleum policy, as interpreted by Norwegian and foreign elites, been exclusive, inclusive or balancing in incorporating foreign consider ations ? The author arrives at an answer in four stages: (1) by charting Norwegian official interpretations of the impact that the problem of internationalization and mutual interests has on Norwegian petroleum policy; (2) by charting the areas of contact between this policy and foreign interests; (3) by charting Norwegian official interpretations of the extent to which they take into account the interests of other countries; (4) by charting foreign interpretation of Norwegian considerations of foreign-Norwegian interests. By and large, the conclusion arrived at is that there is a discrepancy between Norwegian and foreign interpretations of Norwegian ability and willingness to take into account the interests of other countries in her ocean petroleum policy.
Foreign Policy Leadership in Finland: Towards Parliamentarization?
Authors: Anckar Dag 
Published: March 2007

Anckar, D. Foreign Policy Leadership in Finland: Towards Parliamentarization? Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 219-233. According to the Finnish Constitution, the President determines Finland's relations with foreign powers. It is commonly believed in Finland that this arrangement is expedient and to the benefit of the nation. This is generally backed with arguments pertaining to the specific nature of foreign policy and to the need for continuity in political life. This paper calls these arguments into question, and it is argued, on the one hand, that the doctrine which emphasizes the specific nature of foreign policy is not well substantiated, and, on the other, that the potential of the presidency lies in discontinuity rather than continuity. It is also argued that attempts at moderating the role of the President in Finnish political life must, if they are to be realistic, involve interferences with his powers in foreign policy.
The Myrdal Legacy: Racism and Underdevelopment as Dilemmas
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel 
Published: March 2007

Wallerstein, I. The Myrdal Legacy: Racism and Underdevelopment as Dilemmas. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 1-18. The legacy of Gunnar Myrdal is in his having posed in very important ways two central questions: the explanations of, and practical solutions for, racism and under development ; the relationship between the scientist and his valuations and the objects of scientific enquiry. It is argued here that racism and underdevelopment are consti tutive of the capitalist world-economy as an historical system, and are not curable maladies within the system. It is further argued that social scientific theorizing is going through a great sea-change at present, along with the theory of physical science which is in the process of rejecting its previous Newtonian premises. Myrdal's views are as pertinent as ever.
External Dynamics of the Korean Conflict: The Present Soviet Policy Reorientation
Authors: Skak Mette 
Published: March 2007

Skak, M. External Dynamics of the Korean Conflict: The Present Soviet Policy Reorientation. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 19-33. Great power policy dynamics are decisive determinants for developments within the Korean conflict, and this contribution focuses upon Soviet Korean policy in the framework of the present overall policy reorientation of the Soviet Union. The 1984 rapprochement between the USSR and North Korea serves as the point of departure, because observers saw this as an ominous sign, i.e. as a stimulus for North Korean and/or Soviet militancy. The point is, however, that North Korea is dependent upon the USSR, and the analysis of the new Soviet leadership's interest perception and actual policy in relation to Korea suggests serious strains in the Soviet-North Korean relationship. Soviet conduct in connection with the Seoul Olympics and Soviet-South Korean economic contacts are obvious signs of this, as is the non-militant Soviet approach to regional conflicts. None of the great powers have a significant interest in a new war between the two Koreas, not even in a peaceful reunification of Korea (with the possible exception of China). All of them can be assumed to have a vital interest in an inter-Korean détente (Germanization), which is an argument that the wise reunification policy of the Korean nation is the tactical and incremental one.
The Line in Water: International and Domestic Politics
Authors: Goldmann Kjell 
Published: March 2007

Goldmann, K. The Line in Water: International and Domestic Politics. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 103-116. It is common to criticize political scientists for separating the inseparable and making a sharp distinction between international and domestic politics. The problem pre sumably is that different models of the fundamentals of politics are used by those concerned with international and domestic politics, that this separation reduces their ability to understand both, and that therefore the separate models ought to be merged with each other. The merger can take the form of establishing the linkages that may obtain between politics at the international and the domestic levels, or of presuming that the two levels are isomorphic and hence that international and domestic politics are not just interrelated but the same. In the paper, various merged models of politics are surveyed, and examples from Swedish politics are used to suggest a variety of new tasks for the comparative study of politics.
Groupthink and Integrative Complexity in British Foreign Policy-Making: the Munich Case
Authors: Walker Stephen G. , Watson George L. 
Published: March 2007

Walker, S. G. and Watson, G. L. Groupthink and Integrative Complexity in British Foreign Policy-Making: the Munich Case. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 199-212. We focus in this paper upon the groupthink construct as a partial explanation for the flawed decision-making by British leaders in managing the Munich crisis with Germany. In order to assess its explanatory power, we follow the precedent established in previous case studies, which explore the link between groupthink and the levels of integrative complexity exhibited by decision-makers. The hypothesis linking the two phenomena is that in cases where groupthink is present, the level of integrative complexity will be significantly lower than in cases where it is absent. The Munich case is a particularly appropriate case for replicating the test of this hypothesis because, unlike other groupthink cases, it did not lead to unsuccessful military interventions or escalations. Our results indicate that: (1) groupthink existed in the Munich case; however, it did not persist throughout the entire crisis. (2) Its presence and absence within the crisis fluctuated consistently with the expectations associated with the theory which accounts for its dynamics. (3) The integrative complexity exhibited by Prime Minister Chamberlain and Foreign Secretary Halifax varied as predicted by the hypothesis linking it with groupthink.
Pre-Arrest Diversion
Authors: Palmer John W. 
Published: March 2007

Since 1972 the Columbus (Ohio) Night, Prosecutor's Program, recently designated as an "Exemplary Project" by LEAA, has di verted thousands of criminal cases out of the formal criminal jus tice system. Instead of application of the criminal justice system's typical "arrest-jail-court" procedure, criminal complaints involving inter personal disputes—family arguments, landlord-tenant disagree ments, neighborhood fights, and similar conduct of people who must continue to maintain close personal contact with one an other—are diverted to a night prosecutor's "office trial," no later than one week after the "crime." The victim, the accused, friends, neighbors, and other interested parties come together in a hearing, presided over by a Capital University law student, under the super vision of the city prosecutor. Hearings are held during the eve nings to avoid loss of wages for the participants. The administrative hearings, based on the concept of victim con frontation, serve to reopen the channels of communication be tween the parties. Only about 2 per cent of the complaints referred to the night prosecutor result ,in filing of ,formal criminal charges and issuance of arrest warrants. Of greater significance, in less than 3 per cent of the cases heard by the night prosecutor does the com plainant return and make a new charge against the party to the original dispute. Thus, the mediation and conciliation of interper sonal misdemeanors has proven to be an effective alternative to formal criminal process in such cases.
The Possibility of a Prison Sentence Is a Necessity
Authors: Connolly Paul K. 
Published: March 2007

A policy which would prohibit sentencing of nondangerous offenders to prison is based on the unacceptable premise that prisons are and must continue to be destructive. The Policy would make ineffectual the less punitive sentences such as fines and probation, for the removal of the possible sanction of a prison sentence would also remove, in many instances, the strongest motive to pay the fine or keep the conditions of probation. The policy would polarize the now general attitude of the public that the courts are too lenient. The legislatures in response to the public outcry would enact more mandatory sentencing legislation. Thus the movement to encourage the use of probation and fines would be set back sharply. A prison sentence should be the last alternative considered by the trial judge. But it must be available for use and the defendant must be aware of this availability and the possibility of its use for the protection of society.
On Behalf of a Moratorium on Prison Construction
Authors: Nagel William G. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a re-evaluation of the author's position on the issue of a prison construction moratorium. It discusses the explosion of prison populations in recent years, the inevitable deterioration of facilities resulting from severe overcrowding of outmoded facilities, and the emergence of a new "hard line" in correctional philosophy espoused by many writers today. A systematic re-thinking of the construction issue involved the collection and analysis of much data, all of the sort available to most correctional decision-makers. Analysis of the data revealed a number of surprising facts concerning the use of incarceration as a vehicle for controlling crime.
Problematic aspects of U.S. press coverage of Africa
Authors: Terrell Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses problematic aspects of U.S. press coverage of Africa. The paper consists of an historical overview of the role of Western-style journalism in Africa during the Colonial era, and a presentation of the most important contemporary criticisms of U.S. press coverage of Africa. The primary objective of the paper is to focus attention on a set of biases and traditions that must be eliminated before the U.S. press can begin to fulfill its responsibility for providing consistently balanced and accurate reportage about Africa. The significance of the paper's subject can probably be best understood within the context of the ties which bind the U.S. and Africa. These include the expanding network of financial, cultural and geopolitical relations critical to the best interests of the United States. For example, thousands of U.S. citizens live and work in Africa; Africa will eventually develop into an important market for U.S. products, and Africa exerts important influence in numerous international agencies in which the U.S. needs friends. Given the complex ways in which their fates are tied together, it is clearly apparent that the long range interests of the people of the U.S. and Africa are essentially congruent. But in order for the best interests of each to be served over the long run, the U.S. must address and eliminate the problems presented in this paper.
Perspectives of serving teachers on the respective importance of areas deemed suitable for inclusion in the health education curriculum for Cyprus schools
Authors: Fontana David , Apostolidou Martha 
Published: March 2007

Objective The paper aims to survey the perceptions and attitudes of a representative sample of Cyprus teachers on the importance of areas deemed suitable for inclusion in the health education curriculum and to offer suggestions for the development of a health education curriculum for Cyprus schools. Design Twenty-eight areas that included both those identified by a panel of experts as relevant to health education and also those obtained from the literature were included in a questionnaire. This was developed and designed to sample teacher views on the school curriculum areas into which health education can be integrated. Setting Greek speaking schools in all levels of Cyprus education (teachers of pre-primary, primary, secondary and special education). Method After piloting,1000 questionnaires were distributed to random samples from each of the four teacher populations (pre-primary, primary, secondary and special education). Importance ratings for each of the 28 areas were obtained from a representative sample of 648 (65 per cent) Greek Cypriot teachers (seven per cent of the teacher population), and the areas ranked in importance in accordance with these ratings. Results Significant response differences emerged between sub-samples categorised by type of school, subject specialisation, sex and years of service. Multivariate analysis of the ratings yielded eight factors indicative of major health education domains. Factor analysis (varimax rotation) of the data on the overt curriculum revealed eight factors of potential relevance to curriculum development. Conclusion The paper concludes by drawing from the data a number of suggestions for future progress. The findings have implications for training Cyprus teachers in health education, and for health education curricula in general.
Pupil snacks: The extent to which food and drink policies in Wirral schools promote health
Authors: Cheater Sylvia 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine evidence of policies that underpin the consumption of food and drink (excluding lunch) in Wirral, Merseyside schools. Design A cross-sectional descriptive survey was used. Setting Nursery, primary, secondary and special needs schools in Wirral, Merseyside. Method The questionnaire survey was distributed to headteachers in Wirral's 137 schools, using the Local Education Authority's internal mailing system. Results The response rate was 109 schools (80 per cent). The results suggest that whilst there was some evidence of policies that regulated snack foods and drinks in Wirral schools, these were confined mainly to primary schools. There was very little evidence of consultation in the policy-making process beyond headteachers and school teaching staff. Headteachers were given the opportunity to request help in developing health promoting snack policies and 62 schools (57 per cent) indicated that they would like help. Conclusion The key findings of this research are: there is very little evidence of health promoting snack policies in Wirral schools, apart from those that regulate foods and drinks brought into primary schools, and there is almost no evidence of wide ranging consultation and part icipation in the policy making process. A positive outcome is that a majority of the participating schools stated that they would welcome help in developing nutrition policy. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that schools require constructive information, motivation through examples of good practice and support to encourage the development of health promoting nutrition policy.
Student perceptions of exercise role modelling by secondary health educators
Authors: Drummond Jan L. , McGuire James G. , Bennett Gregg 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine secondary student perceptions, as well as health educator perceptions, as they relate to health educator role modelling of exercise. Additionally, self-reported exercise behaviours of health educators and their students were reported. For the purposes of this study, role modelling is defined as the influence health educators have regarding the exercise behaviours of their students. Design A teacher questionnaire and similar student questionnaire were developed and designed to self-report current exercise behaviours and role modelling perceptions of secondary health educators and their students. Questions included items regarding exercise participation, frequency, duration, type of exercise, self-perceived level of physical fitness, importance of being physically fit, and health educator role modelling information. Setting Questionnaires were administered to health educators and their ninth grade students during health education classes. Method Teacher questionnaires, administered to secondary health educators ( n=20),and student questionnaires,administered to secondary health education students ( n=656), were used as a means of gathering data. All questionnaires were administered by the investigators. Results Secondary health educators appeared, through reported behaviour, to exhibit positive exercise role modelling. Eighteen health educators (90 per cent) perceived themselves to be exercise role models for their students, while 77.8 per cent of the students perceived their teacher to be an exercise role model. Students indicated the curriculum regarding the health benefits of exercise presented in class by the health educator as the primary reason for the teacher serving as a positive role model. Conclusion It was concluded that health educators may, indeed, be a powerful influence for promoting exercise to their students, but students appear to be less perceptive of the health educator's participation in exercise and more perceptive of the exercise curriculum presented in health class.
Exercising for a healthy heart: A qualitative study of women's beliefs
Authors: Clayton Julie , Ruston Annmarie 
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of this study was to explore women's beliefs about exercise in relation to key messages about physical inactivity and coronary heart disease. Design This was a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Setting Cardiac and gynaecological units of three hospitals in different locations. Method Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 women admitted with a cardiac related event or suspected cardiac event, and 33 women without manifest coronary heart disease who had been admitted to the same hospitals for routine elective surgery/procedures. Results Women related to exercise primarily in terms of losing weight, looking good, staying mobile and keeping fit generally. Moderate physical activity was considered best and there was a perception that activity inherent in women's domestic lives provided this. Women believed overexercise could be potentially harmful. Conclusion Key messages about physical activity and its importance in preventing coronary heart disease need to take into account women's ideas about the benefits and hazards of exercise.
Students' and teachers' experiences of a problem-based learning method in health promotion in a Finnish polytechnic
Authors: Poskiparta Marita , Liimatainen Leena , Sjögren Auli 
Published: March 2007

Objective This study explored students' and their teachers' experiences of a problem-based learning method (PBL) and its manifestation in health promotion education. Design The study was based on a more extensive follow-up research project that investigated the teaching and learning of health promotion in two polytechnics of health care from 1997 to 2000. Settings A Finnish polytechnic of health care and nursing within a larger multidisciplinary educational institution. Method The data consisted of interviews with nine student nurses and ten teachers, conducted in 1999 and 2000. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Results During the first year when the polytechnic started to teach by using the PBL method, both the students and the teachers thought that there was insufficient time to work on problems and learning materials. They also experienced frustration regarding the lack of solutions to their problems and were disappointed with the role of facilitators. Both groups were concerned about controlling the students' learning and the quality of education. During the second year, the students and the teachers had learnt to use the PBL method and apply it to health promotion issues. Both groups thought that the PBL method made it easier for individuals to work together, to overcome barriers and to create solutions that were more flexible or unconventional. Conclusions The results represent a major challenge concerning the practical circumstances of learning and teaching by using the PBL method. The learning cases emphasise the interdependence of the content and the teaching method of health promotion in curricula.