bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of smoking on crevicular polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in periodontally healthy subjects
Authors: Güntsch A. , Erler M. , Preshaw P. M. , Sigusch B. W. , Klinger G. , Glockmann E. 
Published: February 2006

Background:  Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) represent the first line of cellular defences in the gingival crevice. Smoking, as probably the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis, has been shown to adversely affect many neutrophil functions.Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of smoking on PMN numbers and function in periodontally healthy smokers and non‐smokers.Methods:  Sixty subjects were recruited: 15 non‐smokers, 15 light smokers (< 5 cigarettes/day), 15 moderate smokers (5–15 cigarettes/day) and 15 heavy smokers (> 15 cigarettes/day). Full mouth plaque index, sulcus bleeding index and probing depths were measured. Crevicular washings were obtained from all subjects to harvest PMNs. Numbers of PMNs, percentage viability, and percentage phagocytosis of opsonized Candida albicans were recorded.Results:  Mean plaque scores and probing depths were (non‐significantly) increased in smokers compared to non‐smokers. Mean sulcus bleeding index scores were significantly lower in moderate (0.10 ± 0.10) and heavy (0.07 ± 0.11) smokers compared to non‐smokers (0.14 ± 0.13) (p < 0.05). Compared to non‐smokers (1.73 ± 1.08 × 106/ml), the numbers of PMNs were higher in light (1.98 ± 0.96 × 106/ml) and moderate (2.03 ± 1.43 × 106/ml) smokers and were lower in heavy smokers (1.68 ± 1.18 × 106/ml), though there were no significant differences in PMN counts between the groups (p > 0.05). Percentage viability of PMNs was significantly lower in light (77.6 ± 7.8%), moderate (76.5 ± 8.2%) and heavy (75.0 ± 6.5%) smokers compared to non‐smokers (85.5 ± 6.0%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ability of PMNs to phagocytose was significantly impaired in light (58.3 ± 4.1%), moderate (51.9 ± 2.33%) and heavy (40.9 ± 3.5%) smokers compared to non‐smokers (74.1 ± 4.1%) (p < 0.05), with evidence of a dose–response effect.Conclusion:  Cigarette smoking adversely affected PMN viability and function in this periodontally healthy population.
Maximum physical capacity testing in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: qualitative findings from an exercise program
Authors: Knutsen L. , Quist M. , Midtgaard J. , Rorth M. , Adamsen L. 
Published: February 2006

Background: Over the past few years there has been a growing interest in the field of physical exercise in rehabilitation of cancer patients, leading to requirements for objective maximum physical capacity measurement (maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and one‐repetition maximum (1RM)) to determine dose–response levels in different cancer diagnoses.Aim: To explore the patients' experiences of maximum physical capacity testing while concurrently undergoing chemotherapy and participating in a 6‐week, 9 h weekly multidimensional exercise program.Design and method: Prospective, exploratory study using semi‐structured qualitative interviews conducted prior to and at termination of the program. The study included 100 patients (18–65 years, median 42 years) with or without residual disease and with mixed diagnoses.Results: Following the intervention, cancer patients felt significantly safer in performing maximum physical capacity tests as these motivated them through self‐perceived competitiveness and set a standard that served to encourage peak performance.Conclusion: The positive attitudes in this sample towards maximum physical capacity open the possibility of introducing physical testing early in the treatment process. However, the patients were self‐referred and thus highly motivated and as such are not necessarily representative of the whole population of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.
Injuries and preventive actions in elite Swedish volleyball
Authors: Augustsson S.R. , Augustsson J. , Thomeé R. , Svantesson U. 
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of injury and the extent of preventive actions in elite Swedish volleyball players. Injuries to players in the elite male and female Swedish division, during the 2002–2003 season, were registered by using a questionnaire. Of the 158 volleyball players (70% response rate), a total of 82 players (52%) reported 121 injuries, during a total exposure time of 24 632 h, representing an overall incidence of 0.77 injuries per player. The majority of the injuries were located in the ankle (23%), followed by the knee (18%) and the back (15%). Most injuries (62%) were classified as being of minor severity. Most injuries occurred during training (47%), and 41% of the injuries had a gradual onset. Fifty‐four percent of the injuries that could be related to a specific court situation occurred during blocking, and 30% during spiking. Most players (96%) participated in injury prevention training of some kind, generally performed without supervision (58%).Although most players took part in some kind of preventive action, one out of two players incurred an injury during the season, which indicates that the risk of suffering an injury in elite volleyball is relatively high.
Oral health related quality of life is affected by disease activity in Behçet's disease
Authors: Mumcu G , Inanc N , Ergun T , Ikiz K , Gunes M , Islek U , Yavuz S , Sur H , Atalay T , Direskeneli H 
Published: February 2006

Objectives:  This study aimed to investigate oral and general health related quality of life (QoL) in patients with Behçet's Disease (BD) and to assess the performance of Turkish versions of oral health related quality questionnaires.Subjects and methods:  Ninety‐four BD patients, 24 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 113 healthy controls (HC) and 44 dental patients were investigated. QoL was assessed by oral health impact profile‐14 (OHIP‐14), oral health related quality of life (OHQoL) and short form‐36 (SF‐36) questionnaires.Results:  OHQoL, OHIP‐14 and SF‐36 subscale scores were significantly worse in patients with BD compared with those in HC (P < 0.05). Both OHIP‐14 and OHQoL scores were significantly worse in active patients compared with inactives in BD and RAS (P < 0.05). Scores of SF‐36 Role physical, Role emotional and Vitality were also lower in active patients than in inactives in BD (P < 0.05). Scores of OHIP‐14 and OHQoL were significantly worse in patients treated with colchicine compared with those treated with immunosuppressives (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Both oral and general QoL was impaired in BD and associated with disease activity and treatment modalities. Translated Turkish versions of OHIP‐14 and OHQoL were also observed to be valid and reliable questionnaires for further studies.
Effect of phenytoin on collagen accumulation by human gingival fibroblasts exposed to TNF‐αin vitro
Authors: Kato T , Okahashi N , Ohno T , Inaba H , Kawai S , Amano A 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is associated with chronic gingival inflammation and reported to induce gingival overgrowth (GO), while phenytoin (PHT) is also known to be a causative agent of GO. We examined the synergistic effect of PHT and TNF‐α on collagen metabolism in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).Materials and methods:  HGFs were cultured with TNF‐α and PHT. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels for collagen, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and integrin subunits. Cellular collagen endocytosis was determined using a flow‐cytometry.Results:  The proliferation of HGFs was not affected by TNF‐α or PHT individually, whereas both synergistically increased collagen accumulation in HGFs. Further, collagen mRNA expression was not increased by TNF‐α or PHT, although together they markedly prevented cellular collagen endocytosis, associated with the suppression of α2β1‐integrin mRNA expression. The mRNA expression of MMP‐1 and‐2 was suppressed by PHT, while TIMP‐1 mRNA expression was enhanced by both TNF‐α and PHT.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that TNF‐α and PHT together cause impaired collagen metabolism by suppression of enzymatic degradation with MMPs/TIMP‐1 and integrin‐mediated endocytosis. These synergistic effects may also be involved in TNF‐α‐ and PHT‐induced collagen accumulation, leading to GO.
Dental findings and rehabilitation in familial osteodysplasia (Anderson type): a case report
Authors: Deger S , Tabar G , Sermet B , Tanyeri H , Kurklu E 
Published: February 2006

Familial osteodysplasia is a disorder of osteogenesis with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance which predominantly affects facial bones. No recent case had been reported, particularly from a dental point of view since the syndrome was first described by Anderson et al (JAMA 1972;220:1687–93). A 23‐year‐old male with familial osteodysplasia was presented in maxillofacial and dental aspects with clinical and radiological manifestations including malocclusion, abnormal teeth alignment, impacted teeth, shape disturbances including uncompleted coronal formation, root shortening with bulbous form, high angled mandible and elongation of the corpus of mandible. Recognation of the syndromal features prior to any dental intervention is of paramount importance because of increased inclination to spontaneous mandibular fractures. Hence, no surgical intervention was performed for impacted teeth. Following the extractions of severely mobile teeth, a definitive restoration was fabricated as distal‐extension removable partial dentures with conus crown telescopic system. The aesthetic and functional outcome was satisfactory for the patient. In conclusion, dentists appear to play an important role in the recognition of familial osteodysplasia, based on maxillofacial and dentoalveolar findings. Awareness of the syndromal features, especially of spontaneous fractures, would detect the limitations for dental interventions and treatment planning.
Mechanical stress induces expression of cytokines in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Yamamoto T , Kita M , Kimura I , Oseko F , Terauchi R , Takahashi K , Kubo T , Kanamura N 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  Periodontal tissue has a unique structure in that the human periodontal ligament (hPDL) lies between the hard tissues of cementum and alveolar bone. Although the role of cytokines in hPDL function is not clearly understood, we investigated the effect of mechanical stress as hydrostatic pressure (HP) on cytokine expression in hPDL cells.Materials and methods:  The hPDL cells were obtained from a healthy maxillary third molar. After the third to fourth passage, the cells were exposed to HP ranging from 1 to 6 MPa as previously described. Total RNA was extracted and the expression of cytokine mRNA was determined by RT‐PCR.Results:  The exposure to 6 MPa of HP caused no morphological changes of hPDL cells, and did not affect the cellular viability. No expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α, receptor activator of NF‐λB (RANK), receptor activator of NF‐λB ligand (RANKL), or osteoprotegerin mRNA was observed in the control cells under atmospheric pressure, whereas, in hPDL cells treated with HP, a pressure‐dependent enhancement of IL‐6, IL‐8, RANKL, and OPG mRNA expression was observed between 10 and 60 min after the exposure to HP.Conclusion:  These results suggest that hPDL cells may play a role in the production of cytokines in response to mechanical stress in vivo.
The oral health status of dentate patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis therapy
Authors: Bots CP , Poorterman JHG , Brand HS , Kalsbeek H , Van Amerongen BM , Veerman ECI , Nieuw Amerongen AV 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  The aim of this study was to compare the oral health status of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on renal replacement therapy with a matched reference population.Design:  Cross‐sectional study.Subjects:  Forty‐two dentate CRF patients – aged 25–52 years old – were matched with a reference group of 808 dentate subjects.Methods:  The oral health was assessed using decayed missing filled (DMF) indices, simplified oral hygiene index and periodontal status. An oral health questionnaire was used to assess self‐reported dental problems. Student t‐tests and chi‐square tests were performed to compare the CRF patients with the controls.Results:  All index‐scores in the CRF patients were comparable with the controls except for number of teeth covered with calculus that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in CRF patients (4.1 ± 2.6) than in controls (3.0 ± 2.9). The self‐reported oral health questionnaire revealed a trend for increased temporomandibular complaints in CRF patients (16.7%vs 5.7% in controls; P = 0.06) as well as bad taste (31.0%vs 6.8% in controls, P = 0.08)Conclusions:  For most dental aspects, the oral health of CRF patients is comparable with controls.
Opinions and attitudes of the UK's GDPs and specialists in oral surgery, oral medicine and surgical dentistry on oral cancer screening
Authors: Kujan O , Duxbury AJ , Glenny AM , Thakker NS , Sloan P 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  To survey two broad areas of oral cancer awareness and management of patients at risk of oral cancer by specialists in oral surgery, oral medicine, surgical dentistry and general dental practitioners (GDPs) in the UK. The first of these included knowledge and awareness of aetiological factors, changing patterns of disease, and screening/detection programmes including their effectiveness. The second included oral cancer detection methods, advice on avoidance of high‐risk activity and self‐examination, and referral pattern of GDPs.Design and method:  A pretested, 44‐item questionnaire, a covering letter, a brief outline of the research protocol and return, stamped envelope were mailed in March 2003. A sample of 200 GDPs whose names were obtained from the General Dental Council's main list and 305 dental specialist names obtained from specialist's list in surgical dentistry, oral medicine and oral surgery were selected randomly. Information on oral cancer awareness and practice, screening practice and education was obtained.Results:  The response rate was 66.9%. The knowledge of the dental specialists was consistent with that in reports of current aetiological studies on oral cancer. However there were gaps in the GDP's knowledge and ascertainment of oral cancer risk factors. Over 70% of the dental specialists provided counselling advice on the risks of tobacco and alcohol habits compared with 41.2% of GDPs. More GDPs (52.4%) than specialists (35.4%) believed that oral cancer screening on a national basis would be effective in decreasing the mortality of oral cancer. Over 95% of all respondents used a visual examination for oral cancer screening and 89.9% of all respondents strongly believed that visual screening is effective in the early detection of oral cancer.Conclusion:  The results showed that GDPs had knowledge gaps in their awareness of oral cancer risk factors and the application of preventive measures. Most dental health providers in the UK perform visual screening of the oral mucosa for their patients. Opinion was equivocal as to whether a nationally based screening programme similar to cervical cancer would be effective in improving the mortality and morbidity of oral cancer.
Sampling Strategies for Volatile Organic Compounds at Three Karst Springs in Tennessee
Authors: Williams Shannon D. , Wolfe William J. , Farmer James J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe influence of different sampling strategies on characterizing volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and estimating VOC loads was evaluated at three karst springs in Tennessee. During a 6‐month period, water samples for VOC analyses were collected weekly at all three springs and as frequently as every 20 min during storms at the two springs with variable water quality conditions. Total 6‐month loads for selected VOCs were calculated, and VOC data were systematically subsampled to simulate and evaluate several potential sampling strategies. Results from the study indicate that sampling strategies for karst springs need to be developed on a site‐specific basis. The use of fixed sampling intervals (as infrequently as quarterly or semiannually) produced accurate concentration and load estimates at one of the springs; however, additional sampling was needed to detect storm‐related changes at a second spring located in a similar hydrogeologic setting. Continuous discharge data and high‐frequency or flow‐controlled sampling were needed at the third spring, which had the most variable flow and water quality conditions. The lack of continuous discharge data at the third spring would substantially affect load calculations, and the use of fixed sampling intervals would affect load calculations and the ability to detect pulses of high contaminant concentrations that might exceed toxicity levels for aquatic organisms.
Vapor Intrusion in Homes over Gasoline‐Contaminated Ground Water in Stafford, New Jersey
Authors: Sanders Paul F. , Hers Ian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe potential for chemical vapor intrusion from contaminated ground water to the interior of homes was investigated at a site with a leaking underground gasoline storage tank in Stafford Township, New Jersey. This location exhibited conditions favorable to vapor intrusion, with sand soil and a water table depth of 3.3 m. Concentrations of volatile organic chemicals in the ground water were as high as 82 mg/L for total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and up to 590 mg/L for methyl‐t‐butyl ether (MTBE). Soil vapor samples at multiple depths were taken adjacent to several homes. Inside the homes, air samples were taken on the main floor, in the basement, and under the foundation slab. Despite high ground water concentrations, only one home had measurable impacts to indoor air quality attributable to some of the ground water contaminants. In this house, the BTEX chemicals were not detected in the basement, indicating a lack of indoor air impacts from the ground water for these chemicals. Oxygen measurements suggested that degradation attenuated these chemicals as they diffused through the vadose zone. However, MTBE, 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane (isooctane), and cyclohexane were found in the indoor air. The first two of these chemicals served as gasoline‐specific tracers and indicated that vapor intrusion was occurring. Attenuation factors (the ratio of the indoor air concentration to a source soil vapor concentration) for the BTEX chemicals between the ground water and the indoor air were <1 × 10−5, and for MTBE was 1.2 × 10−5. Attenuation factors between the deep‐soil vapor and the basement air were as follows: BTEX compounds, <1 × 10−5; MTBE, 2.2 × 10−5; 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane, 3.6 × 10−4; and cyclohexane, 1.2 × 10−4. Attenuation factors between the subslab vapor and the basement air were 7 to 8 × 10−3.
A Sampling Device for Collection of Ground Water Bacteria under Natural Gradient Flow Conditions
Authors: Petruzzi Nicholas M. , Silliman Stephen E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA passive sampler was tested for the purpose of collecting ground water bacteria under natural gradient conditions. Samples were collected within a series of dual‐port dialysis cells (originally containing sterile water) mounted within a length of polyvinyl chloride pipe that was suspended within the center of the screened interval of a monitoring well. Previous passive sampling devices, the design of which the present study was based on, have been employed in evaluating in situ bacterial activity (primarily contaminant degradation ability) and the collection of colloids; however, the characterization of the collected bacterial fraction has yet to be demonstrated. Concern for the performance of this collection device, particularly with respect to sampling of the biological population, is addressed through laboratory and field experiments. These experiments demonstrated (1) the ability to maintain a dynamic equilibrium with respect to bacterial concentrations within and outside of the dialysis cells; (2) unbiased sampling related to bacterial communities as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; (3) uniform collection by dialysis cells throughout the length of the sampler; and (4) acquisition of a representative sample, although a minimum suspension time could not be determined with available data. These results have provided a level of confidence in the ability of the passive sampler to collect ground water samples for the purpose of bacterial characterization.
Using Direct‐Push EC Logging to Delineate Heterogeneity in a Clay‐Rich Aquitard
Authors: Harrington Glenn A. , Hendry M. Jim 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHeterogeneity exerts an important control on solute transport pathways in any subsurface environment, including aquitards where diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism. Direct‐push (D‐P) electrical conductivity (EC) logging has recently enabled high‐resolution hydrostratigraphic characterization of predominantly coarse‐grained sediments in low‐salinity aquifers. In this paper, we apply D‐P EC logging to characterize the spatial variability of physical and chemical properties in a clay‐rich aquitard that has known vertical contrasts in pore water salinity. The D‐P EC logging was conducted to a maximum depth of 17.5 m below ground (BG). Results obtained from 22 D‐P EC logs across a 140‐ × 80‐m field site were compared with pore water chemistry data from squeezed core samples (n= 21) and piezometers (n= 6) to reveal complex spatial variations in pore water salinity ranging from <5000 to ∼90,000 μS/cm. The EC distributions appear to be controlled by nonuniform salt fluxes from the unsaturated zone to the water table and subsequent downward diffusion. Detailed D‐P EC logging also revealed the presence of a single discontinuous sand lens located between 9.4 and 15.9 m BG that may have important controls on solute transport pathways. The only limitation with using this method in very fine‐grained sediments is that depths of tool penetration may be considerably less than those currently achievable in sand and silt deposits.
Stratification and fine sediment transport mechanisms in a semi‐enclosed tidal lagoon (Pagham Harbour, West Sussex)
Authors: Mitchell S. B. , Burgess H. M. , Pope D. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPreliminary analysis of data collected at a macrotidal semi‐enclosed lagoon (Pagham Harbour, UK) has revealed useful information about long‐term patterns of siltation and some of the related mechanisms. Sediment surface‐level measurements made over 2 years at different sites within Pagham Harbour have shown a steady siltation, in common with earlier measurements, which is moderated by seasonal effects due to erosion by locally generated waves. Furthermore, inspection of vertical profiles of salinity and turbidity over individual tidal cycles has revealed that the degree of sediment transport on the flood tide is related to the vertical salinity gradient. Thus, at the Ferry Pool site, which is characterised by episodic pumped discharges from a nearby sewage treatment plant, landward sediment transport is enhanced by the high degree of salinity stratification observed during the flood tide. The mobility of the sediment, and the greater distribution of softer, less well‐consolidated sediment deposits, is greater here than at the other significant freshwater inflow at the Salthouse site, where the fresh water flow is instead moderated by a tidal flap gate. Preliminary analyses suggest that the higher the salinity stratification, the greater the landward sediment transport during the flood tide. Such analyses could help inform future policy on the methods of land drainage to macrotidal lagoons, and on the potential for managed realignment at such sites.