bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permits to Search Shipwrecks: Recent Amendment to the Act Concerning the Maritime Areas of the Polish Republic and the Marine Administration of 21st March 1991
Authors: Blazkiewicz Bernard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe purpose of these short comments is to shed some light on Polish new regulations concerning permits to search shipwrecks. Comments first provide brief description of the regulations and their enabling act, and second argue that the regulations lack the precision in determining their scope of application. As a result, this lack of precision leads to the inconsistency of the new regulations with the international law of the sea. Regulations provide jurisdiction to issue permits to search shipwreck, over all persons in Polish Maritime Areas, including exclusive economic zone, which is contrary to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ratified by Poland. In that case, and in accordance with Polish law, international obligations prevail over national rule, and in consequence, the maritime administration cannot issue permits for search of shipwreck for aliens within Polish EEZ.
Withdrawing Life Support from Patients in a Persistent Vegetative State: the Law in The Netherlands
Authors: Gevers Sjef 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article sets out how a case like that of ms. Schiavo is likely to be decided in a Dutch court and compares that with the law in the United States. In the Netherlands there is one case with striking similarities: the decision of the Arnhem Court of Appeal of 1989. After describing that case (which to a large extent still reflects the legal state of the art), comments are given on several aspects of the issue, such as the labelling of artifical feeding as a medical intervention, the role of the physician, the position of the proxy or surrogate, the ways to resolve dispute in case of conflict, and the significance of advance directives. The analysis will show that, although there is more consensus on the issue now than there was 16 years ago, there are still several questions that need to be addressed in the future.
Terri Schiavo: the Assessment of the Persistent Vegetative State in Accordance with German Law
Authors: Becker-Schwarze Kathrin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe case of Terri Schiavo in the USA served to intensify the debate in Germany which itself had in part already been characterised by fundamentalism. Now that some time has elapsed and the political debate has quietened, this case is to be taken up again in discussing the permissibility and the prerequisites of passive euthanasia for patients in a persistent vegetative state. A short reconstruction of the facts of the case (II) is to be followed by a survey of the case law of the Criminal Panels(III) which is essential to understand the present legal policy debate to be discussed at a later stage (IV).
Wave-Forced Barotropic Currents
Authors: Broström Göran 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Waves rolling in to shallow seas will start to dissipate as a result of the bottom friction. The wave momentum will decrease from the dissipation process, and there is a transfer of momentum that accelerates an Eulerian bottom current. Water piles up toward the coast, thereby generating a return flow. When rotation is included, the return flows accelerate an alongshore current that moves to the left of the direction of the incoming wave field (Northern Hemisphere). With the assumption that the turbulent exchange can be mimicked by a constant exchange coefficient, there is a fairly simple analytical solution that relates the strength of the barotropic current to the incoming wave field. For deep water, that is, H ≫ 2υt/f, where f is the Coriolis force and νt is the turbulent exchange coefficient, the strength of the alongshore barotropic current becomes 3/2 of the Stokes drift near the bottom or 3ωka2/4 sinh(kH), where ω and k are the wave angular frequency and wavenumber, and a is the amplitude of the wave. Notably, the above expression is equal to the strength of the Eulerian streaming generated under a progressive wave by the wave-induced Reynold stresses in the viscous wave bottom boundary layer.
Energy Transmission by Barotropic Rossby Waves Revisited
Authors: Matano R. P. , Palma E. D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This article presents a semianalytic method to investigate the properties of energy transmission across bottom topography by barotropic Rossby waves. The method is first used to revisit the analytical estimates derived from wave-matching techniques and Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximations. The comparison between the semianalytic method and WKB indicates that the results of the latter are valid for waves with periods longer than a month and ridges taller than ∼1000 m and wider than ∼500 km. For these parameter values both methods predict the passage of low-frequency waves and the reflection of high-frequency waves. The semianalytic method is then used to discuss the energy transmission properties of a cross section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is shown that the filtering characteristics of realistic bottom topographies depend not only on the spatial scale set by the cross-section envelope, but also on the scales of the individual peaks. This dependence is related to the fact that topographies narrower than ∼400 km (e.g., peaks) are high-pass filters of incoming waves, while topographies wider than that (e.g., cross-section envelopes) are low-pass filters. In the particular case of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge the neglect of the contribution of individual peaks leads to an erroneous estimate of the filtering properties of the massif.
Embryonic Stem–Derived Versus Somatic Neural Stem Cells: A Comparative Analysis of Their Developmental Potential and Molecular Phenotype
Authors: Colombo Elena , Giannelli Serena G. , Galli Rossella , Tagliafico Enrico , Foroni Chiara , Tenedini Elena , Ferrari Sergio , Ferrari Stefano , Corte Giorgio , Vescovi Angelo , Cossu Giulio , Broccoli Vania 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Reliable procedures to induce neural commitment of totipotent undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells have provided new tools for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cell fate choices. We extensively characterized the developmental potential of ES-induced neural cells obtained using an adaptation of the multistep induction protocol. We provided evidence that ES-derived neural proliferating cells are endowed with stem cell properties such as extensive self-renewal capacity and single-cell multipotency. In differentiating conditions, cells matured exclusively into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. All these features have been previously described in only somatic neural stem cells (NSCs). Therefore, we consider it more appropriate to rename our cells ES-derived NSCs. These similarities between the two NSC populations induced us to carefully compare their proliferation ability and differentiation potential. Although they were very similar in overall behavior, we scored specific differences. For instance, ES-derived NSCs proliferated at higher rate and consistently generated a higher number of neurons compared with somatic NSCs. To further investigate their relationships, we carried out a molecular analysis comparing their transcriptional profiles during proliferation. We observed a large fraction of shared expressed transcripts, including genes previously described to be critical in defining somatic NSC traits. Among the genes differently expressed, candidate genes possibly responsible for divergences between the two cell types were selected and further investigated. In particular, we showed that an enhanced MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling is acting in ES-induced NSCs, probably triggered by insulin-like growth factor–II. This may contribute to the high proliferation rate exhibited by these cells in culture.
Novel phosphate glass/polyamide 6 hybrids: Miscibility, crystallization kinetics, and mechanical properties
Authors: Urman Kevin , Otaigbe Joshua 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe miscibility, crystallization kinetics, and mechanical properties of a novel low Tg phosphate glass (Pglass)/polyamide 6 hybrid material were investigated. Here, we report the first evidence for miscibility of inorganic phosphate glass and organic polymer prepared by blending both components in the liquid phase using conventional polymer processing methods. From classical melting point depression measurements, we obtained a chi interaction parameter (χ) of −0.067 for the Pglass/polyamide 6 hybrid, indicating that the inorganic glass and polyamide 6 are miscible. The crystallization kinetic parameters for the hybrids were determined using the Avrami approach and found to depend on the volume fraction of Pglass present in the system. In addition, we studied both the dynamic and static mechanical behavior of the hybrids. The results showed a single Tg that decreased by up to 10 °C with increasing phosphate glass volume percent for the hybrids, giving further evidence for the hybrid component miscibility and plasticizing action of the phosphate glass in the pure polyamide 6, respectively. The tensile (static) mechanical properties of the hybrids were found to be remarkably similar to those obtained from typical polymers plasticized with relatively low molecular weight compounds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 441–450, 2006
Effects of microscale calcium carbonate and nanoscale calcium carbonate on the fusion, thermal, and mechanical characterizations of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)/calcium carbonate composites
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Ho , Teng Chih‐Chun , Su Shun‐Fua , Wu Wen‐Chang , Yang Chien‐Hsin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA Haake torque rheometer equipped with an internal mixer has been used to study the influence of microscale calcium carbonate (micro‐CaCO3) and nanoscale calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) on the fusion, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/micro‐CaCO3 and PVC/nano‐CaCO3 composites, respectively. The fusion characteristics discussed in this article include the fusion time, fusion temperature, fusion torque, and fusion percolation threshold (FPT). The fusion time, fusion temperature, and FPT of rigid PVC/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composites increase with an increase in the addition of micro‐CaCO3 or nano‐CaCO3. In contrast, the fusion torque of rigid PVC/CaCO3 composites decreases with an increase in the addition of micro‐CaCO3 or nano‐CaCO3. The results of thermal analysis show that the first thermal degradation onset temperature (Tonset) of rigid PVC/micro‐CaCO3 is 7.5 °C lower than that of PVC. Meanwhile, the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of rigid PVC/micro‐CaCO3 is similar to that of PVC. However, Tonset and Tg of PVC/nano‐CaCO3 composites can be increased by up to 30 and 4.4%, respectively, via blending with 10 phr nano‐CaCO3. Mechanical testing results for PVC/micro‐CaCO3 composites with the addition of 5–15 phr micro‐CaCO3 and PVC/nano‐CaCO3 composites with the addition of 5–20 phr nano‐CaCO3 are better than those of PVC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 451–460, 2006
On the relation between sensory deafferentation, pain and thalamic activity in Wallenberg's syndrome: A PET‐scan study before and after motor cortex stimulation
Authors: Garcia‐Larrea Luis , Maarrawi Joseph , Peyron Roland , Costes Nicolas , Mertens Patrick , Magnin Michel , Laurent Bernard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDecrease of thalamic blood flow contralateral to neuropathic pain has been described by several groups, but its relation with sensory deafferentation remains unclear. Here we report one instance where the thalamic effects of sensory deafferentation could be dissociated from those of neuropathic pain. A 50‐year‐old patient underwent a left medullary infarct leading to right‐sided thermal and pain hypaesthesia up to the third right trigeminal division, as well as in the left face. During the following months the patient developed neuropathic pain limited to the left side of the face. Although the territory with sensory loss was much wider in the right (non painful) than in the left (painful) side of the body, PET‐scan demonstrated significant reduction of blood flow in the right thalamus (contralateral to the small painful area) relative to its homologous region. After 3 months of right motor cortex stimulation the patient reported 60% relief of his left facial pain, and a new PET‐scan showed correction of the thalamic asymmetry. We conclude that thalamic PET‐scan hypoactivity contralateral to neuropathic pain does not merely reflect deafferentation, but appears related to the pain pathophysiology, and may be normalized in parallel with pain relief. The possible mechanisms linking thalamic hypoactivity and pain are discussed in relation with findings in epileptic patients, possible compensation phenomena and bursting thalamic discharges described in animals and humans. Restoration of thalamic activity in neuropathic pain might represent one important condition to obtain successful relief by analgesic procedures, including cortical neurostimulation.
Structure and Architecture of the Maize Genome
Authors: Haberer Georg , Young Sarah , Bharti Arvind K. , Gundlach Heidrun , Raymond Christina , Fuks Galina , Butler Ed , Wing Rod A. , Rounsley Steve , Birren Bruce , Nusbaum Chad , Mayer Klaus F.X. , Messing Joachim 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Maize (Zea mays or corn) plays many varied and important roles in society. It is not only an important experimental model plant, but also a major livestock feed crop and a significant source of industrial products such as sweeteners and ethanol. In this study we report the systematic analysis of contiguous sequences of the maize genome. We selected 100 random regions averaging 144 kb in size, representing about 0.6% of the genome, and generated a high-quality dataset for sequence analysis. This sampling contains 330 annotated genes, 91% of which are supported by expressed sequence tag data from maize and other cereal species. Genes averaged 4 kb in size with five exons, although the largest was over 59 kb with 31 exons. Gene density varied over a wide range from 0.5 to 10.7 genes per 100 kb and genes did not appear to cluster significantly. The total repetitive element content we observed (66%) was slightly higher than previous whole-genome estimates (58%–63%) and consisted almost exclusively of retroelements. The vast majority of genes can be aligned to at least one sequence read derived from gene-enrichment procedures, but only about 30% are fully covered. Our results indicate that much of the increase in genome size of maize relative to rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is attributable to an increase in number of both repetitive elements and genes.
The Photorespiratory Arabidopsis shm1 Mutant Is Deficient in SHM1
Authors: Voll Lars M. , Jamai Aziz , Renné Petra , Voll Hildegard , McClung C. Robertson , Weber Andreas P.M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), combined with glycine decarboxylase, catalyzes an essential sequence of the photorespiratory C2 cycle, namely, the conversion of two molecules of glycine into one molecule each of CO2, NH4+, and serine. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant shm (now designated shm1-1) is defective in mitochondrial SHMT activity and displays a lethal photorespiratory phenotype when grown at ambient CO2, but is virtually unaffected at elevated CO2. The Arabidopsis genome harbors seven putative SHM genes, two of which (SHM1 and SHM2) feature predicted mitochondrial targeting signals. We have mapped shm1-1 to the position of the SHM1 gene (At4g37930). The mutation is due to a G → A transition at the 5′ splice site of intron 6 of SHM1, causing aberrant splicing and a premature termination of translation. A T-DNA insertion allele of SHM1, shm1-2, and the F1 progeny of a genetic cross between shm1-1 and shm1-2 displayed the same conditional lethal phenotype as shm1-1. Expression of wild-type SHM1 under the control of either the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S or the SHM1 promoter in shm1-1 abrogated the photorespiratory phenotype of the shm mutant, whereas overexpression of SHM2 or expression of SHM1 under the control of the SHM2 promoter did not rescue the mutant phenotype. Promoter-β-glucuronidase analyses revealed that SHM1 is predominantly expressed in leaves, whereas SHM2 is mainly transcribed in the shoot apical meristem and roots. Our findings establish SHM1 as the defective gene in the Arabidopsis shm1-1 mutant.
The Serine/Arginine-Rich Protein Family in Rice Plays Important Roles in Constitutive and Alternative Splicing of Pre-mRNA
Authors: Isshiki Masayuki , Tsumoto Ayako , Shimamoto Ko 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Ser/Arg-rich (SR) proteins play important roles in the constitutive and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. We isolated 20 rice (Oryza sativa) genes encoding SR proteins, of which six contain plant-specific characteristics. To determine whether SR proteins modulate splicing efficiency and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA in rice, we used transient assays in rice protoplasts by cotransformation of SR protein genes with the rice Waxyb (Wxb)-β-glucuronidase fusion gene. The results showed that plant-specific RSp29 and RSZp23, an SR protein homologous to human 9G8, enhanced splicing and altered the alternative 5′ splice sites of Wxb intron 1. The resulting splicing pattern was unique to each SR protein; RSp29 stimulated splicing at the distal site, and RSZp23 enhanced splicing at the proximal site. Results of domain-swapping experiments between plant-specific RSp29 and SCL26, which is a homolog of human SC35, showed the importance of RNA recognition motif 1 and the Arg/Ser-rich (RS) domain for the enhancement of splicing efficiencies. Overexpression of plant-specific RSZ36 and SRp33b, a homolog of human ASF/SF2, in transgenic rice changed the alternative splicing patterns of their own pre-mRNAs and those of other SR proteins. These results show that SR proteins play important roles in constitutive and alternative splicing of rice pre-mRNA.
Genocide and State-Induced Famine: Global Ethics and Western Responsibility for Mass Atrocities in Africa
Authors: Howard-Hassmann Rhoda 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article considers Western responsibility for genocide and state-induced famine in Africa. It discusses colonial genocide in South-West Africa and Congo; post-colonial genocide in Rwanda and Darfur; and state-induced famine in Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. The article differentiates core, contributory, and circumstantial responsibility for genocide and famine, arguing that except for the two colonial genocides, African political actors bear core responsibility. Nevertheless, the West is responsible for protecting the human rights of all Africans, regardless of which political actors caused their suffering. The article concludes by discussing empathy and interest as means to persuade Western actors to devote more attention to Africa.
Society and Market in the Era of Globalization
Authors: Pokorný Dušan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis chapter considers the meaning of the terms "society" and "market," and the need for markets to be institutionalized and legitimated. Obligatory norms and recommendatory guidelines today come from many sources: from states, from groupings of states, and from worldwide bodies such as the IMF, the WTO, and the World Bank. But when markets create profound inequalities both within and between societies, how do we determine what limits ought to be placed on markets? Since economic institutions are inseparable from culture, this is the "site" where the public will have to decide what is "society," what is the "market," and what will be the relation between them.
Globalization, Markets, and Ethics
Authors: Day Richard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis chapter briefly surveys the political and economic issues posed by the debate over globalization and then reformulates them with reference to the problematic relation between markets and ethics in the history of philosophy. Beginning with Aristotle, and then proceeding to Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, and G.W.F. Hegel, the chapter argues that markets always and everywhere presuppose normative consensus, with the implication that any notion of autonomous globalizing markets is an abstraction that threatens the human right to life and dignity.
Some Consequences of the Three-Dimensional Current and Surface Wave Equations
Authors: Mellor George 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThree-dimensional, interacting current and surface gravity wave equations have recently been derived and compared with their counterpart vertically integrated equations; they are in the form of sigma-coordinate equations. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the consequences of these equations including energy transfer between mean energy, wave energy, and turbulence energy, to frame some outstanding research issues, to provide a Cartesian version of the sigma-coordinate equations, and to compare with other formulations of wave–current interaction. In general, the paper is intended to set the stage for the development of numerical coupled surface wave and three-dimensional general circulation models. These models often include a flow-dependent turbulence-based viscosity.
The Effect of Wave Breaking on Surf-Zone Turbulence and Alongshore Currents: A Modeling Study*
Authors: Feddersen Falk , Trowbridge J. H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The effect of breaking-wave-generated turbulence on the mean circulation, turbulence, and bottom stress in the surf zone is poorly understood. A one-dimensional vertical coupled turbulence (k–ɛ) and mean-flow model is developed that incorporates the effect of wave breaking with a time-dependent surface turbulence flux and uses existing (published) model closures. No model parameters are tuned to optimize model–data agreement. The model qualitatively reproduces the mean dissipation and production during the most energetic breaking-wave conditions in 4.5-m water depth off of a sandy beach and slightly underpredicts the mean alongshore current. By modeling a cross-shore transect case example from the Duck94 field experiment, the observed surf-zone dissipation depth scaling and the observed mean alongshore current (although slightly underpredicted) are generally reproduced. Wave breaking significantly reduces the modeled vertical shear, suggesting that surf-zone bottom stress cannot be estimated by fitting a logarithmic current profile to alongshore current observations. Model-inferred drag coefficients follow parameterizations (Manning–Strickler) that depend on the bed roughness and inversely on the water depth, although the inverse depth dependence is likely a proxy for some other effect such as wave breaking. Variations in the bed roughness and the percentage of breaking-wave energy entering the water column have a comparable effect on the mean alongshore current and drag coefficient. However, covarying the wave height, forcing, and dissipation and bed roughness separately results in an alongshore current (drag coefficient) only weakly (strongly) dependent on the bed roughness because of the competing effects of increased turbulence, wave forcing, and orbital wave velocities.