bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of annealing on structural and optical properties of sol-gel derived samarium silica nanocomposites
Authors: Boora Aryan , Rohilla Bhavna , Malik Priya , Sehrawat Supriya , Kumari Sushma , Sharma Anisha , Dahiya Kirti , Duhan Surender 
Published: March 2024

The pursuit of finely tuned material properties has driven the exploration of annealing strategies in the context of Samarium Silica Nanocomposites (Sm-SiO2 NCs) synthesized through the sol-gel route. This study unveils novel insights into the influence of optimized annealing protocols on the structural and functional evolution of these advanced nanocomposites. Through meticulous experimentation, we establish that controlled temperature annealing plays a pivotal role in tailoring the microstructure and properties of Sm-SiO2 NCs. The judicious manipulation of annealing parameters, including temperature duration, and atmosphere, orchestrates distinct transformations in the composite architecture. Field emission microscopy and structural analysis reveal that precise annealing promotes the consolidation of nanoscale domains, leading to improved crystallinity and enhanced connectivity between samarium species and the silica matrix. Moreover, the annealing-induced modifications extend beyond structural aspects to influence functional properties, an increase in crystallite size was observed from 15 nm to 43 nm as an effect of annealing. Our findings illustrate a remarkable enhancement in luminescence intensity as a consequence of optimized annealing, showcasing the potential for tailored photonic applications. These revelations are supported by a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra red,\Field emission with Energy dispersive x-ray and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The synthesis-annealing synergy not only advances our fundamental understanding of nanocomposite evolution but also furnishes a pathway towards designing multifunctional materials with precision-engineered attributes.
Confrontation of linear versus nonlinear approach in Fe2B boridelayer thickness predictions
Authors: El Guerri Yassine , Mebarek Bendaoud , Keddam Mourad 
Published: March 2024

Kinetic studies of boride layers focus on trying to accurately predict their thicknesses according to some variables using different approaches. In this paper, an approach that is reliant on a multilinear regression is investigated. In doing so, with an engineering perspective, temperature and time are used as the sole variables in predicting a boride layer thickness u. The approach uses experimental data from a boriding process performed on iron substrates of the XC38 steel. A comparison between the proposed linear model and a nonlinear one is seen afterward to scrutinize the results. That nonlinear approach is known as the diffusion model and is based on Fick’s second law, where it uses more variables than the linear approach to estimate its predictions. Ultimately, the comparison elucidated that the use of a linear regression-based model can be an accurate engineering tool to identify boride layer thicknesses, but without interpolating the results outside the scope of the studied interval.
Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by eucalyptus leaves in acidic media: An overview
Authors: Ndukwe Agha Inya 
Published: March 2024

This paper concerns the overview of previous studies on the corrosion and inhibition of carbon steel that is allowed to degrade in a corrosive medium by the extract of the eucalyptus plant, with an emphasis on the extract's adsorption behaviour. Many researchers have largely employed eucalyptus plant bark, oil, and leaf extracts to prevent the corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments under various temperature settings. According to the results, when the bark extract of the eucalyptus plant was added to HCl (5%) at a concentration of 900 ppm, the inhibitor's maximum efficiency was 98.2 %. The leaf extract, on the other hand, had the maximum inhibitory efficacy of 93.09 % at 600 mg/L extract concentration in the H2SO4 (0.5 M) medium. The extracts' potency was shown to diminish with increasing temperature. The mechanism for eucalyptus extract's protection of carbon steel from corrosion in diverse corrosive situations was largely associated with the adsorption of the extract's inhibitive components on the steel's surface to reduce the interaction between the metal and the corrosive surroundings. The majority of the reported inhibitive behaviour of the eucalyptus extract was consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.
Photocatalytic degradation of textile dye with titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Ranjini Shree H.K. , Pathak Nidhi , Dube Charu Lata Dube 
Published: March 2024

Water pollution from textile industries is a major concern with respect to the availability of clean drinking water. The removal of textile (organic) dyes through photocatalytic degradation with pure WO3 and titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide [Ti (IV)-WO3] nanospheres were studied under visible light. The WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres were synthesized via microwave-assisted method at microwave power of 160 W for the duration of 20 mins. The as synthesised WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres were characterized for their structural, microstructural, and spectroscopic properties by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The X-ray diffractograms confirmed the formation of highly pure WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres. The average crystallite size of WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 nanospheres were calculated as 53.37 nm and 35.24 nm respectively using Debye Scherrer equation. The bandgap of Ti (IV)-WO3 was found to be decreased to 2.5 eV from 3.2 eV (WO3) respectively. It can be deduced that Ti (IV)-WO3 can be utilized as efficient visible light (λ>420 nm) driven photocatalyst as the bandgap was < 3 eV. The agglomerated spherical nanoparticles were seen for WO3 and Ti (IV)-WO3 in the HR-TEM images. The photocatalytic activity of textile dye was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer under visible light. The photocatalytic organic dye degradation was investigated. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide (10 wt%) was observed to be ~100% in 100 mins. This makes titanium (IV) doped tungsten oxide nanospheres, a potential nanomaterial for water purification.
Corrosion inhibition by fruit extracts -Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution prepared in sea water by an aqueous extract of apple juice- A Case study
Authors: Susai Rajendran , Al-Hashem Abdulhameed , Krishnaveni Arjunan , Arockiaraj Little Jewelcy , Singh Gurmeet , Lacnjevac Caslav , Jothi Murugan Naga , Shanthy Pooviah 
Published: March 2024

The inhibition efficiency of an aqueous extract of apple juice in controlling corrosion of mild steel immersed in simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS) prepared in sea water, has been evaluated by weight loss method. Langmuir adsorption isotherm has been investigated. The mechanistic aspect of corrosion inhibition has been investigated by Electrochemical impedance spectra (AC impedance spectra). The protective film has been analysed by Fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and AFM. The SCPS system offers 60% inhibition efficiency to mild steel immersed in sea water. In presence of apple juice extract the inhibition efficiency increases as the concentration of the extract increases. When 10 ml of extract is added, 85% inhibition efficiency is obtained. Electrochemical impedance spectra (AC impedance spectra) reveal that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. In the presence of inhibitor system, charge transfer resistance value increases, impedance value increases, phase angle value increases whereas double layer capacitance value decreases as expected. The FTIR spectral study reveals that the protective film consists of complexes consisting of iron-active principles of the apple juice extract. AFM study reveals that when the inhibition efficiency increases the roughness of the surface decreases or in other words the smoothness of the system increases.
Protein Detection in Gels Without Fixation
Authors: Joo Won‐A , Speicher David W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA number of alternative methods are described for detecting proteins in polyacrylamide gels that do not require fixation of the protein either prior to staining or in conjunction with staining. The primary advantage of avoiding fixation is that this makes it easier to remove proteins of interest from the gels for subsequent analysis. In general, the sensitivity of protein detection methods that avoid fixation is lower than for detection methods using fixation. For any given method, sensitivity is dependent on the volume of the protein band within the gel; hence, sensitivity is highest for sharp, narrow bands. Techniques described in this unit include protocols for protein detection in gels by SDS precipitation, preparation of contact blots, staining with imidazole‐zinc, and use of the fluorescent labels IAEDANS and fluorescamine. Several additional methods, including the use of tryptophan fluorescence, guide strips, and minimal protein staining, are discussed in the Commentary.
Identification of Newly Transcribed RNA
Authors: Greenberg Michael E. , Bender Timothy P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNewly transcribed RNA can be identified using the nuclear runoff transcription assay. In this assay, isolated nuclei, free of membranes and cytoplasmic debris, are used in an in vitro transcription reaction in the presence of 32P‐labeled UTP. The labeled RNA can then be hybridized to cDNAs immobilized on nitrocellulose. This unit describes three methods for isolating suitable nuclei by detergent lysis, Dounce homogenization, and centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Two Support Protocols describe the preparation of nitrocellulose filter strips containing double‐stranded and single‐stranded DNAs, which are used to detect the presence of specific transcripts in the nuclear runoff transcription assay.
Large‐Scale BAC Clone Restriction Digest Fingerprinting
Authors: Mathewson Carrie A. , Schein Jacqueline E. , Marra Marco A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRestriction digest fingerprinting is a common method for characterizing large insert genomic clones, e.g., bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) and Fosmid clones. This clone fingerprinting method has been widely applied in the construction of clone‐based physical maps, which have been used as positional cloning resources as well as to support directed and genome‐wide sequencing efforts. This unit describes a robust, large‐scale procedure for generation of agarose gel–based clone fingerprints from BAC clones.
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE): Experimental Method and Data Analysis
Authors: Blackshaw Seth , Croix Brad St. , Polyak Kornelia , Kim Jae Bum , Cai Li 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis unit provides a protocol for performing serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). SAGE involves the generation of short fragments of DNA, or tags, from a defined point in the sequence of all cDNAs in the sample analyzed. This short tag, because of its presence in a defined point in the sequence, is typically sufficient to uniquely identify every transcript in the sample. SAGE allows one to generate a comprehensive profile of gene expression in any sample desired from as little as 100,000 cells or 1 µg of total RNA. SAGE generates absolute, rather than relative, measurements of RNA abundance levels, and this fact allows an investigator to readily and reliably compare data to those produced by other laboratories, making the SAGE data set increasingly useful as more data is generated and shared. Software tools have also been specifically adapted for SAGE tags to allow cluster analysis of both public and user‐generated data.
Production of Recombinant Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors
Authors: Choi Vivian W. , Asokan Aravind , Haberman Rebecca A. , Samulski Richard Jude 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdeno‐associated virus is a nonpathogenic human virus that has been developed into a gene‐delivery vector due to its high efficiency of infection for many different cell types and its ability to persist and lead to long‐term gene expression. This unit describes efficient methods to generate high‐titer, research‐grade, adenovirus‐free recombinant single‐stranded and self‐complementary adeno‐associated virus in various serotypes, along with methods to quantify the viral vectors.
Quantitation of DNA and RNA with Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. , Desjardins Philippe R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractQuantitation of nucleic acids is a fundamental tool in molecular biology that requires accuracy, reliability, and the use of increasingly smaller sample volumes. This unit describes the traditional absorbance measurement at 260 nm and three more sensitive fluorescence techniques, as well as three microvolume methods that use fiber optic technology in specialized cells or instrumentation. These procedures allow quantitation of DNA solutions ranging from 1 pg/µl to 50 mg/ml.
Reactor diameter impact on hot zone dynamics in an adiabatic packed bed reactor
Authors: Sundarram Sandhya , Viswanathan Ganesh A. , Luss Dan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecent analysis revealed that a pseudohomogeneous model of a uniformly active, adiabatic packed bed reactor can predict formation of stable hot zones in the cross‐section of the reactor if the kinetic rate expression can lead to isothermal rate oscillations. This prediction was confirmed by simulations of CO oxidation. We show that hot zone formation in a shallow reactor can be predicted also for C2H4 hydrogenation, the kinetic model of which is structurally different from that of CO oxidation. Qualitatively different spatiotemporal temperature patterns may form under the same operating conditions. Their number increases as the reactor diameter is increased. An increase in the reactor diameter increases the time constant of the transversal heat dispersion and decreases the temperature synchronization among points on the same reactor cross‐section. The interaction and conjugation among qualitatively different moving temperature patterns can lead to formation of complex motions. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Preparation and properties of deep dye fibers from poly(ethylene terephthalate)/SiO2 nanocomposites by in situ polymerization
Authors: Yang Yongzhe , Gu Hongchen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/SiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ polymerization and melt‐spun to fibers. The superfine structure and properties of PET/SiO2 fibers were studied in detail by means of TEM, DSC, SEM, and a universal tensile machine. According to the TEM, SiO2 nanoparticles were well dispersed in the PET matrix at a size level of 10–20 nm. The DSC results indicated that the SiO2 nanoparticles might act as a marked nucleating agent promoting the crystallization of the PET matrix from melt but which inhibited the crystallization from the glassy state, owing to the “crosslink” interaction between the PET and SiO2 nanoparticles. The tensile strength of 5.73 MPa was obtained for the fiber from PET/0.1 wt % SiO2, which was 17% higher than that of the pure PET. The fibers were treated with aqueous NaOH. SEM photographs showed that more and deeper pits were introduced onto PET fibers, which provided shortcuts for disperse dye and diffused the reflection to a great extent. According to the K/S values, the color strength of the dyeing increased with increasing SiO2 content. It is found that the deep dyeability of PET fibers was improved greatly. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Differential microemulsion polymerization of styrene: A mathematical kinetic model
Authors: He Guangwei , Pan Qinmin , Rempel Garry L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed for the differential microemulsion polymerization of styrene. In the model, both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms are considered. It is confirmed that the predictions of the particle size and the fractional conversion by the model are in good agreement with the experimental data. It is indicated that the particle size of polystyrene decreases with an increase in the amount of the initiator or surfactant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Role of fluorocarbon surfactant in the preparation of polytetrafluoroethylene‐modified polyacrylate emulsion
Authors: Cui Xuejun , Chen Zhengxia , Li Qiushun , Zhong Shuangling , Wang Yinghua , Wang Hongyan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRole of fluorocarbon surfactant in the preparation of polytetrafluoroethylene‐modified polyacrylate emulsion is investigated. The fluorocarbon surfactant has an efficient preemulsification to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder. It enables PTFE powder to be introduced into the copolymer of n‐butyl acrylate, n‐methyl methacrylate, n‐styrene, and α‐methacrylic acid. Thereby, stable PTFE‐modified polyacrylate emulsion can be formed. The effects of fluorocarbon surfactant on the surface tension, particle size and particle size distribution of the emulsion, as well as the relation between fluorocarbon surfactant and the amount of PTFE powder are fully investigated. The particle size and the surface tension of emulsion strongly depend on the fluorocarbon surfactant concentration in the reaction system. The particle size distribution becomes narrower and the stability of the emulsion is improved with the increasing of the fluorocarbon surfactant concentration. According to the experiments, a possible mechanism of fluorocarbon surfactant in polymerization is proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of novel functional inorganic–organic hybrid material with macromolecule–metal complex by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Xu Yaxin , Li Hongtu , Wang Di , Li Yapeng , Song Yantao , Ai Peng , Wang Jingyuan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe hydrophilic homopolymer brushes of poly(acrylamide) (PAAM) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were prepared by means of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) on the modified silicon gel by the initiator that was prepared by vapor method. The block copolymer brushes consisting of PAAM and PHEMA blocks were obtained by using the homopolymer brush as the macroinitiator for the second ATRP polymerization of another monomer. The structures of the homopolymer brushes and the block copolymer brushes were characterized by IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS revealed that the first polymer layer of the surface was partly covered with the second polymer layer after being block‐copolymerized with the second monomer. SEM showed that the silicon gel particles with polymer brushes were made up of the silicon gel particles as the core and the polymer as the shell. Under appropriate conditions, the copper or cadmium ion was introduced into the silicon gel with the homopolymer brushes and the block copolymer brushes to form the inorganic–organic hybrid material. TGA analysis showed that the inorganic–organic hybrid material is more stable. The results of ESR indicated that the inorganic–organic hybrid material with the polymer metal complex basing on the silicon gel particle possessed well paramagnetism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of methoxypolyethyleneglycol and lauric acid grafted novel polyurethanes for controlled release of nifedipine
Authors: Shelke Namdev B. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNovel polyurethanes (PUs) grafted with methoxypolyethyleneglycol (mPEG) and lauric acid (LA) were synthesized by solution polymerization using dibutyl tin dilaurate as a catalyst, taking different molar ratios of LA‐trimethylol propane (LA‐TMP) with respect to mPEG‐trimethylol propane (mPEG‐TMP). The polymers obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography to confirm, respectively, the PU formation and molecular weight. Moderate molecular‐weight PUs were obtained, and nifedipine (NFD)‐loaded microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method. The size of the microspheres as measured by laser light scattering technique ranged between 10 and 50 μm. An increase in the size of particles was observed with an increasing molar ratio of mPEG‐TMP with respect to LA‐TMP. The % encapsulation efficiency was found to vary between 65 and 92. The surface morphology of microspheres as studied by scanning electron microscopy revealed the spherical nature of the particles with wrinkles on their surfaces. Crystalline nature of the drug in the microspheres after loading was studied by X‐ray diffraction technique. The release of NFD through the matrix microspheres was investigated in pH‐7.4 phosphate buffer. An increase in release rate was observed with increasing molar ratio of mPEG‐TMP with respect to LA‐TMP. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto silk fibers initiated by a semiconductor‐based photocatalyst
Authors: Ojah Raju , Dolui Swapan K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGraft copolymerization onto silk (Bombyx mori) was carried out with vinyl monomers (methyl methacrylate and acrylamide) and initiated by a semiconductor‐based photocatalyst (cadmium sulfide). The utility of a semiconductor as an initiator in free‐radical photografting and the effects of ethylene glycol and triethylamine with cadmium sulfide on graft copolymerization were explored. Depending on the reaction conditions, 10–48% grafting with methyl methacrylate and 4–26% grafting with acrylamide were achieved. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the grafted fibers were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analysis, and tensile strength measurements. The chemical resistance and water absorption of the grafted fibers were compared with those ungrafted fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation and cell compatibility evaluation of chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds using amino acids as crosslinking bridges
Authors: Tsai Sung‐Pei , Hsieh Chien‐Yang , Hsieh Chung‐Yu , Wang Da‐Ming , Huang Lynn Ling‐Huei , Lai Juin‐Yih , Hsieh Hsyue‐Jen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study, a novel freeze‐gelation method instead of the conventional freeze‐drying method was used to fabricate porous chitosan/collagen‐based composite scaffolds for skin‐related tissue engineering applications. To improve the performance of chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds, we added 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide (EDC) and amino acids (including alanine, glycine, and glutamic acid) in the fabrication procedure of the composite scaffolds, in which amino acid molecules act as crosslinking bridges to enhance the EDC‐mediated crosslinking. This novel combination enhanced the tensile strength of the scaffolds from 0.70 N/g for uncrosslinked scaffolds to 2.2 N/g for crosslinked ones; the crosslinked scaffolds also exhibited slower degradation rates. The hydrophilicity of the scaffolds was also significantly enhanced by the addition of amino acids to the scaffolds. Cell compatibility was demonstrated by thein vitroculture of human skin fibroblasts on the scaffolds. The fibroblasts attached and proliferated well on the chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds, especially the one with glutamic acid molecules as crosslinking bridges, whereas cells did not grow on the chitosan scaffolds. Our results suggest that the collagen‐modified chitosan scaffolds with glutamic acid molecules as crosslinking bridges are very promising biomaterials for skin‐related tissue engineering applications because of their enhanced tensile strength and improved cell compatibility with skin fibroblasts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007