bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal and electrical properties of copoly(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐ethers) containing fluorene groups
Authors: Hamciuc Corneliu , Hamciuc Elena , Mirela Ipate Alina , Cristea Mariana , Okrasa Lidia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of aromatic copolyethers containing 1,3,4‐oxadiazole rings and fluorene groups was prepared by nucleophilic substitution polymerization technique of 9,9‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)fluorene, 1, or of different amounts of 1 and an aromatic bisphenol, such as 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol or phenolphthalein, with 2,5‐bis(p‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole. The polymers were easily soluble in polar solvents like N‐methylpyrrolidone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and chloroform and can be cast from solutions into thin flexible films. They showed high thermal stability, with decomposition temperature being above 425°C. The polymers exhibited a glass‐transition temperature in the range of 195–295°C, with a reasonable interval between glass‐transition and decomposition temperature. Electrical insulating properties of some polymer films were evaluated on the basis of dielectric constant and dielectric loss and their variation with frequency and temperature. The values of the dielectric constant at 10 kHz and 20°C were in the range of 3.16–3.25. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and curing properties of novel phosphorus‐containing naphthyl epoxy systems
Authors: Ai Hao , Xu Kai , Liu Huan , Chen Mingcai , Zhang Xiuju 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn an attempt to obtain flame‐retardant epoxy systems with high thermal properties, novel phosphorus‐containing naphthyl epoxies were synthesized through the addition reaction of diethyl phosphite and two naphthyl epoxy monomers, diglycidyl ether of 2,2′‐hydroxyl‐1,1′‐binaphthalene and 1,1′‐diglycidyldinaphthylmethane. The addition reaction was monitored with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solubility experiments, and the reaction conditions were studied. The spectral results showed that oxirane in phosphorus‐modified epoxies could undergo an isomerization process in which carbonyl groups were generated during the reaction at temperatures higher than 140°C. The structure and epoxy equivalent weight of the modified naphthyl epoxies were determined by means of 1H‐NMR and 31P‐NMR. The thermal curing reactivity and activation energy of the phosphorus‐containing naphthyl epoxies were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry with dicyanodiamide and diaminodiphenylsulfone as the curing agents, and they were compared with those of an epoxy modified with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Deterioration of polypropylene/silicon dioxide nanocomposites before oxidative degradation
Authors: Li Jifang , Yang Rui , Yu Jian , Liu Ying 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe thermal aging of polypropylene (PP)/SiO2 nanocomposite films was carried out at 130°C. In contrast to the widely accepted thermal oxidation mechanism, the film ruptured far before the carbonyl group was detected and without a noticeable reduction in the molecular weight. Observations with a polarizing optical microscopy and a scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that, instead of oxidative degradation, at least three other factors were responsible for the rapid deterioration of the PP/SiO2 nanocomposites: (1) recrystallization during the thermal aging, which gave rise to a major volume contraction and, thus, great stress along the spherulite boundaries, which might have induced cracks there (another effect of the recrystallization was the rejection of nanoparticles and defects to the spherulite boundaries, which, therefore, weakened the boundaries); (2) poor interfacial interaction between the matrix and the nanoparticles; and (3) large temperature changes, which created interfacial debonding because of the significant difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of PP and the nanoparticles. The results of this study extend the understanding of the thermal oxidative degradation mechanism of polymer materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Construction of A Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Model by Magnetic Bead‐Based MALDI‐TOF Mass Spectrometry of Serum and Pattern Recognition Software
Authors: Wang Qing‐Tao , Li Yong‐Zhe , Liang Yu‐Fang , Hu Chao‐Jun , Zhai Yu‐Hua , Zhao Guan‐Fei , Zhang Jian , Li Ning , Ni An‐Ping , Chen Wen‐Ming , Xu Yang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) is difficult to make on the basis of any single laboratory test result. Accurate diagnosis of MM generally results from a number of costly and invasive laboratory tests and medical procedures. The aim of this work is to find a new, highly specific and sensitive method for MM diagnosis. Serum samples were tested in groups representing MM (n = 54) and non‐MM (n = 108). These included a subgroup of 17 plasma cell dyscrasias, a subgroup of 17 reactive plasmacytosis, 5 B cell lymphomas, and 7 other tumors with osseus metastasis, as well as 62 healthy donors as controls. Bioinformatic calculations associated with MM were performed. The decision algorithm, with a panel of three biomarkers, correctly identified 24 of 24 (100%) MM samples and 46 of 49 (93.88%) non‐MM samples in the training set. During the masked test for the discriminatory model, 26 of 30 MM patients (sensitivity, 86.67%) were precisely recognized, and all 34 normal donors were successfully classified; patients with reactive plasmacytosis were also correctly classified into the non‐MM group, and 11 of the other patients were incorrectly classified as MM. The results suggested that proteomic fingerprint technology combining magnetic beads with MALDI‐TOF‐MS has the potential for identifying individuals with MM. The biomarker classification model was suitable for preliminary assessment of MM and could potentially serve as a useful tool for MM diagnosis and differentiation diagnosis. Anat Rec, 292:604–610, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Dietary Organic and Transgenic Soy on the Reproductive System of Female Adult Rat
Authors: Brasil Flávia Bittencourt , Soares LavíNia Leal , Faria Tatiane Silva , Boaventura Gilson Telles , Sampaio Francisco José Barcellos , Ramos Cristiane Fonte 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe goal of this article was to compare the effects of a prolonged use of organic and transgenic soy on the lipid profile and ovary and uterus morphology. Wistar rats were fed three different diets from weaning until sacrifice at 15 months of age. The three diets were: casein‐based diet control group (CG), organic soy‐based diet group (OSG), or transgenic soy‐based diet group (GMSG). There were no differences in food consumption or in the diet isoflavone components among the groups. Compared with the CG diet, both the OSG and GMSG diets were associated with significant reductions in body weight, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol (P < 0.05) (CG = 406 ± 23.1; 104.3 ± 13.2; 119.9 ± 7.3 GMSG = 368 ± 17.6; 60.3 ± 4.6; 83.3 ± 5.7 OSG = 389 ± 23.5; 72.3 ± 12.5; 95.5 ± 8.0, respectively). The volume density of endometrial glandular epithelium was greater in the GMSG group (29.5 ± 7.17, P < 0.001) when compared with the CG (18.5 ± 7.4) and OSG (20.3 ± 10.6) groups. The length density of endometrial glandular epithelium was shorter in both GMSG (567.6 ± 41.1) and OSG (514.8 ± 144.5) diets compared with the CG (P < 0.05) diet. GMSG also resulted in reduced follicle number and increased corpus luteum number compared to the OSG or CG diets (P < 0.05). In summary, both GMSG and OSG diets resulted in decreased body weight and lower serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and alterations in uterine and ovarian morphology were also observed. The prolonged use of soy‐based diets and their relation to reproductive health warrants further investigation. Anat Rec, 292:587–594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemistry of Olivocochlear Neurons in the Hamster
Authors: Reuss Stefan , Disque‐Kaiser Ursula , Antoniou‐Lipfert Patricia , Gholi Maryam Najaf , Riemann Elke , Riemann Randolf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe present study was conducted to characterize the superior olivary complex (SOC) of the lower brain stem in the pigmented Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus. Using Nissl‐stained serial cryostat sections from fresh‐frozen brains, we determined the borders of the SOC nuclei. We also identified olivocochlear (OC) neurons by retrograde neuronal tracing upon injection of Fluoro‐Gold into the scala tympani. To evaluate the SOC as a putative source of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), arginine‐vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), or pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) that were all found in the cochlea, we conducted immunohistochemistry on sections exhibiting retrogradely labeled neurons. We did not observe AVP‐, OT‐, or VIP‐immunoreactivity, neither in OC neurons nor in the SOC at all, revealing that cochlear AVP, OT, and VIP are of nonolivary origin. However, we found nNOS, the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide synthesis in neurons, and PACAP in neuronal perikarya of the SOC. Retrogradely labeled neurons of the lateral olivocochlear (LOC) system in the lateral superior olive did not contain PACAP and were only infrequently nNOS‐immunoreactive. In contrast, some shell neurons and some of the medial OC (MOC) system exhibited immunofluorescence for either substance. Our data obtained from the dwarf hamster Phodopus sungorus confirm previous observations that a part of the LOC system is nitrergic. They further demonstrate that the medial olivocochlear system is partly nitrergic and use PACAP as neurotransmitter or modulator. Anat Rec, 292:461–471, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expansion of the Human Embryonic Brain During Rapid Growth: Area Analysis
Authors: Levitan Michael L. , Desmond Mary E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis report focuses on growth of the brain of the early human embryo, Carnegie stages 12–23. Areas of median sections from 50 to 58 embryos were measured to determine the best mathematical model to describe growth of the three primary brain vesicles and to determine the change in the ratio of tissue to cavity areas (T/C). An exponential model best describes growth of the brain and head during this time period. The head expands 248‐fold compared with a 171‐fold growth of the brain. The whole brain, forebrain, and midbrain all exhibit larger cavities than tissue initially followed by a reversal of such at a critical time (stages 21–24). The presumptive cerebellar tissue which was twice the cavity initially grows to become more than six times the cavity. Boxplots of the T/C ratios for the head and brain plus its components reveal that initially the tissue is less than the cavity (10–20% and 40–60%, respectively) but eventually becomes larger (60–200%). Anat Rec, 292:472–480, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemistry of Olivocochlear Neurons in the Hamster
Authors: Reuss Stefan , Disque‐Kaiser Ursula , Antoniou‐Lipfert Patricia , Gholi Maryam Najaf , Riemann Elke , Riemann Randolf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPseudocolored frontal sections of the Phodopus sungorus brainstem, showing the location of the superior olivary nuclei in Nissl‐stained sections, from rostral (top section) to candal (bottom section). See Reuss, et al., on page 461, in this issue.Anatomical Record 292:461–471.
Greasing the wheels of Aβ clearance in Alzheimer's Disease: The role of lipids and apolipoprotein E
Authors: Fan Jianjia , Donkin James , Wellington Cheryl 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the most common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), how apoE participates in AD pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. ApoE is also the major carrier of lipids in the brain. Here, we review studies showing that the lipidation status of apoE influences the metabolism of Aβ peptides, which accumulate as amyloid deposits in the neural parenchyma and cerebrovasculature. One effect of apoE is to inhibit the transport of Aβ across the blood‐brain‐barrier (BBB), particularly when apoE is lipidated. A second effect is to facilitate the proteolytic degradation of Aβ by neprilysin and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), which is enhanced when apoE is lipidated. We also describe how apoE becomes lipidated and how this impacts Aβ metabolism. Specifically, genetic loss of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 impairs apoE lipidation and promotes amyloid deposition in AD mouse models. ABCA1 catalyses the ATP‐dependent transport of cholesterol and phospholipids from the plasma membrane to lipid‐free apolipoproteins including apoE. Conversely, selective overexpression of ABCA1 increases apoE lipidation in the central nervous system (CNS) and eliminates the formation of amyloid plaques in vivo. Deficiency of Liver‐X‐Receptors (LXRs), transcription factors that stimulate ABCA1 and apoE expression, exacerbates AD pathogenesis in vivo, whereas treatment of AD mice with synthetic LXR agonists reduces amyloid load and improves cognitive performance. These studies provide new insights into the mechanisms by which apoE affects Aβ metabolism, and offer opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches to reduce the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Multiobjective optimization of the operation of a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed ion‐exchange system for continuous protein recovery
Authors: Mazumder Jahirul , Zhu Jingxu , Bassi Amarjeet S. , Ray Ajay K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLike most real‐life processes, the operation of liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) system for continuous protein recovery is associated with several objectives such as maximization of production rate and recovery of protein, and minimization of amount solid ion‐exchange resin requirement, all of which need to be optimized simultaneously. In this article, multiobjective optimization of a LSCFB system for continuous protein recovery was carried out using an experimentally validated mathematical model to find the scope for further improvements in its operation. Elitist non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm with its jumping gene adaptation was used to solve a number of bi‐ and tri‐objective function optimization problems. The optimization resulted in Pareto‐optimal solution, which provides a broad range of non‐dominated solutions due to conflicting behavior of the operating parameters on the system performance indicators. Significant improvements were achieved, for example, the production rate at optimal operation increased by 33%, using 11% less solid compared to reported experimental results for the same recovery level. The effects of operating variables on the optimal solutions are discussed in detail. The multiobjective optimization study reported here can be easily extended for the improvement of LSCFB system for other applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 873–890. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histidine affinity chromatography of homo‐oligonucleotides. Role of multiple interactions on retention
Authors: Sousa A. , Sousa F. , Prazeres D. M. F. , Queiroz J. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe recent application of histidine–agarose affinity supports in plasmid purification takes advantage of the biorecognition of nucleic acid bases by the histidine ligand. This consideration prompted the need for better understanding the interactions involved in affinity chromatography of plasmid DNA with the histidine–agarose support. In this work, we used synthetic homo‐deoxyoligonucleotides with different sizes (1–30 nucleotides long), to explore the effect of several conditions like hydrophobic character of the individual bases, presence of secondary structures, temperature, pH and salt concentration on the mechanism of retention of nucleic acids to histidine–agarose support. One of the most striking results shows that histidine interacts preferentially with guanine, and the presence of secondary structures on polyA and polyG oligonucleotides has a significant influence on retention. Otherwise, the temperature manipulation has not shown a direct influence on oligonucleotide retention, only inducing conformational changes on secondary structures. Overall, the results obtained provide valuable information for the future development and implementation of histidine and other amino acids as ligands in chromatography for the purification of plasmid DNA and other nucleic acids, by improving the knowledge of the interactions involved as well as of the parameters influencing the retention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of tectoridin in rat plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Liu Taiming , Chen Zhuo , Guo Yuyi , Jiang Xuehua , Ma Guo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA simple, specific and sensitive HPLC method with UV detection was developed and validated for the determination of tectoridin in rat plasma for the first time. Chromatographic separation was performed on a WelchromTM C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 µm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1, using a mixture of methanol–2% HAc aqueous solution (31:69, v/v) as the mobile phase with UV detection at 266 nm. The calibration curves for tectoridin were linear over the concentration range of 1.10–274.40 µg mL−1 in rat plasma. The intra‐ and inter‐day accuracies (RE) were within −3.23% and 4.11%. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were not more than 2.74 and 4.72%, respectively. The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of tectoridin in rats after intravenous administration of three different doses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse × pig chimeric antibodies expressed in Baculovirus retain the same properties of their parent antibodies
Authors: Jar Ana M. , Osorio Fernando A. , López Osvaldo J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe development of hybridoma and recombinant DNA technologies has made it possible to use antibodies against cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases in humans. These advances in therapy, as well as immunoprophylaxis, could also make it possible to use these technologies in agricultural species of economic importance such as pigs. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus causing very important economic losses to the industry. Passive transfer of antibodies obtained by biotechnology could be used in the future to complement or replace vaccination against this and other pig pathogens. To this end, we constructed and studied the properties of chimeric mouse × pig anti‐PRRSV antibodies. We cloned the constant regions of gamma‐1 and gamma‐2 heavy chains and the lambda light chain of pig antibodies in frame with the variable regions of heavy and light chains of mouse monoclonal antibody ISU25C1, which has neutralizing activity against PRRSV. The coding regions for chimeric IgG1 and IgG2 were expressed in a baculovirus expression system. Both chimeric antibodies recognized PRRSV in ELISA as well as in a Western‐blot format and, more importantly, were able to neutralize PRRSV in the same fashion as the parent mouse monoclonal antibody ISU25C1. In addition, we show that both pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies could bind complement component C1q, with IgG2 being more efficient than IgG1 in binding C1q. Expressing chimeric pig antibodies with protective capabilities offers a new alternative strategy for infectious disease control in domestic pigs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
An evaluation of an online student portfolio for the development of engineering graduate attributes
Authors: Palmer Stuart , Holt Dale , Hall Wayne , Ferguson Clive 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn online student portfolio was evaluated as a means for engaging students with the concept of graduate attributes, and for documenting student attainment of graduate attributes. Students rated the portfolio system as easy to use, and indicated that it helped them to appreciate the skills and knowledge they had developed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 447–456, 2011
The Puzzle of RNAs that Target Gene Promoters
Authors: Younger Scott T. , Corey David R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSetting the right target: Most researchers who use small RNAs in mammalian cells assume that mRNA will be the target. Recent studies suggest that small RNAs can also target chromosomal DNA.magnified imageFew discoveries have had the impact of RNAi. Most researchers who use small RNAs to control gene expression in mammalian cells assume that mRNA will be the target. Recent studies, however, have suggested that small RNAs can also target chromosomal DNA.
[2,3]‐Wittig Rearrangement of Enantiomerically Enriched 3‐Substituted 1‐Propenyloxy‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐yl Carbanions: Effect of Heteroatoms and Conjugating Groups on Planarization of an α‐Oxy‐Benzylcarbanion through a Double Bond
Authors: Sasaki Michiko , Ikemoto Hidaka , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDon't get trapped: The effect of conjugating electron‐withdrawing groups and α‐anion‐stabilizing heteroatom substituents on configurational stability of chiral carbanions through a double bond was examined on the basis of extent of chirality transfer in intramolecular trapping in [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement of chiral 3‐substituted 1‐propenyloxy‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐yl carbanions (see scheme).magnified imageThe effect of conjugating electron‐withdrawing groups and α‐anion‐stabilizing heteroatom substituents on configurational stability of chiral carbanions through a double bond was examined on the basis of extent of chirality transfer in intramolecular trapping in [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement of chiral 3‐substituted 1‐propenyloxy‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐yl carbanions.
A Cobalt Metallacrown Anion Host with Guest‐Dependent Redox Activity
Authors: Jones Leigh F. , Kilner Colin A. , Halcrow Malcolm A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo bowl‐shaped cavities, each having three OH− hydrogen‐bond donors at its base, are present in double‐cone‐shaped metallacrown anion host [Co6(μ‐OH)6(μ‐L)6]m+ (1m+; HL=3{5}‐(pyrid‐2‐yl)‐5{3}‐(tert‐butyl)pyrazole). Depending on its affinity for the anions present, it can be isolated in its CoIII3CoII3 (m=3; e.g., 1(ClO4)3) and CoIII2CoII4 (m=2; e.g., 1(BF4)2⋅n H2O) oxidation states. See picture for photographs of isolated salts.magnified imageReaction of cobalt(II) salts with one equivalent of 3{5}‐(pyrid‐2‐yl)‐5{3}‐(tert‐butyl)pyrazole (HL) and NaOH in EtOH affords salts of [Co6(μ‐OH)6(μ‐L)6]m+ (2m+, m=2 or 3). This is formed from alternating tetrahedral and octahedral cobalt centers, giving a double‐cone‐shaped molecule with two bowl‐shaped cavities. Each cavity has three OH− hydrogen‐bond donors at its base, giving them an affinity for inorganic anions. Reactions with CoX2 (X−=ClO4− or CF3SO3−) afford products with the stoichiometry 2X3. In contrast, when salts of fluorinated anions are used, the products have the formulae 2Y2⋅n H2O (Y−=BF4−, PF6−, or SbF6−; n≈2). The connectivity and topology of the metallacrown were confirmed by crystal structures of three of these salts. Magnetic measurements imply that the tricationic products have the oxidation state CoIII3CoII3, while the dications are formulated as CoIII2CoII4. Solutions of 2X3 contain purely 23+ according to NMR spectroscopy, ES mass spectrometry, and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, but solutions of 2Y2⋅n H2O contain more than one significant component. The 23+/22+ couple in MeCN is irreversible at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry, occurring near −1.1 V versus ferrocene/ferrocenium. Importantly, the 2Y2⋅n H2O compounds do not exhibit this process in the presence of 0.1 M [NBu4][BPh4] as base electrolyte, but they do show it when the appropriate [NBu4]Y salt is used (where the Y− ions are present in 103‐fold excess). Conversely, the 2X3 complexes exhibit a strong 23+/22+ reduction under both experimental conditions. Hence, the isolation of 23+ or 22+ in the presence of different anions appears to be controlled by the affinity of those anions for the metallacrown.