bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A global approach for three‐dimensional analysis of tall buildings
Authors: Carpinteri A. , Lacidogna G. , Puzzi S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the literature, several approximate approaches have been proposed to analyse the lateral loading distribution of external loads in high‐rise buildings; in this paper, a general method is proposed for the analysis of the lateral loading distribution of three‐dimensional structures composed of any kind of bracings (frames, framed walls, shear walls, closed and/or open thin‐walled cores and tubes) under the customary assumption of floor slabs being undeformable in their planes. This general formulation allows analyses of high‐rise structures by taking into account the torsional rigidity of the elements composing the building without gross simplifications, even in the case of very complex shapes and with the contemporary presence of different kinds of bracing. The method is aimed at gaining an insight into the force flow in the structure, in order to understand how the building response is governed by decisive structural parameters and to compare preliminary calculations with other approaches such as the structural finite element analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaktive Nanometer‐Multischichten als maßgeschneiderte Wärmequellen beim Fügen
Authors: Dietrich Georg , Braun Stefan , Gawlitza Peter , Leson Andreas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractZum Fügen von Bauteilen eingesetzte Löt und Schweißverfahren haben im Allgemeinen eine deutliche Erwärmung der an die Fügezonen angrenzenden Bereiche zur Folge. Dies kann zu festigkeitsmindernden Gefügeveränderungen der Materialien und/ oder zu Eigenspannungen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Wärmeausdehnung der zu fügenden Bauteile führen. Ein neuer Ansatz, die für das Fügen notwendige Energie kurzzeitig und exakt im Bereich der Fügezone einzubringen, wurde kürzlich durch die Entwicklung von sogenannten Reaktivmultischichten (RMS) eröffnet. RMS bestehen aus mehreren hundert bis zu einigen tausend Wechselschichten aus mindestens zwei Materialien, welche exotherm miteinander reagieren können. Die Dicken der Einzelschichten liegen dabei im Bereich von 10‐50 nm. Nach Einwirkung einer Aktivierungsenergie wird innerhalb der Nanometer‐Multischicht eine atomare Interdiffusion beider Materialien ineinander angeregt, wodurch es innerhalb kürzester Zeit zu einer hohen Wärmefreisetzung in einem lokal eng begrenzten Gebiet kommt. Durch Variation von Materialzusammensetzung, Periodendicke und Gesamtschichtdicke kann gezielt Einfluss auf charakteristische Eigenschaften der RMS wie abgegebene Wärmemengen, Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten und maximal erreichbare Temperaturen genommen werden. Für die industrielle Anwendung steht damit eine präzise kontrollierbare und maßgeschneiderte Energie‐ bzw. Wärmequelle zur Verfügung.Zur Herstellung der Reaktivmultischichten werden Sputterverfahren, wie das Magnetronsputtern und das Ionenstrahlsputtern angewandt. Mit diesen Verfahren können Nanometerschichten über einen langen Zeitraum reproduzierbar, hochpräzise und stabil abgeschieden werden. Die RMS werden dabei direkt auf die jeweiligen Bauteile beschichtet oder auch als universell einsetzbare freistehende Folie hergestellt.
HiPIMS ‐ Technologie und Anwendungsfelder
Authors: Bandorf Ralf , Vergöhl Michael , Werner Oliver , Sittinger Volker , Bräuer Günter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeit der Einführung der planaren Magnetronkatode Mitte der siebziger Jahre hat die Magnetronzerstäubung fast alle Industriezweige, für die dünne Schichten eine Rolle spielen, im Sturm erobert. Zahlreiche Meilensteine wurden in den zurückliegenden 30 Jahren gesetzt. Zu den wichtigsten zählen sicher das Rohrmagnetron („CMAG”︁) und die Einführung gepulster Plasmen. Hochleistungs‐Impuls‐Magnetronsputtern (HiPIMS) oder auch Hochleistungs‐Puls‐Magnetronsputtern (HPPMS) ist ein weiterer innovativer Schritt zu Schichten mit neuer Qualität. HiPIMS nutzt Pulse im Megawattbereich, so dass an der Targetoberfläche Leistungsdichten von 1000 W/cm2 und mehr erzeugt werden (konventionell: 20 – 50 W/cm2). besonderen Vorteile der neuen Technik liegen darin, dass mit 50 – 90 % ein sehr hoher Anteil der am Substrat kondensierenden Spezies ionisiert ist, so dass herausragende Schichteigenschaften wie hohe Dichte, extrem glatte Oberflächen oder hohe Brechzahlen für optische Schichten erwartet werden können.en einer Einführung in das Thema hochionisierter Puls‐Plasmen wird das Potenzial dieser neuen Technologie an aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen im Bereich industrieller Entwicklung für verschiedene Branchen vorgestellt.
Biological tissue characterisation in narrow beam x‐ray scattering techniques
Authors: Tartari A. , De Felici M. , Gambaccini M. , Querzoli P. , Bonifazzi C. , Ferrero C. , Felici R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHigh‐quality momentum distributions of the x‐ray scattering intensity are obtained from intact excited biological samples in a wide interval of the momentum transfer variable covering the SAXS (small‐angle x‐ray scattering) and the WAXS (wide‐angle x‐ray scattering) ranges. It is shown that especially in the case of soft tissues the SAXS integrated intensity largely prevails compared to the WAXS opening its possible exploitation in practical narrow beam diagnostic techniques. Moreover, it is demonstrated that, in the SAXS regime, brain tissue can be characterised in terms of amplitude variations of the myelin series period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Treat Esophageal Perforations When Determinants and Predictors of Mortality Are Considered
Authors: Udelnow Andrej , Huber‐Lang Markus , Juchems Markus , Träger Karl , Henne‐Bruns Doris , Würl Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundPublished lethality rates of esophageal perforation (EP) vary depending on patient‐ and disease‐related factors. This study was designed to evaluate how these factors impact death. Furthermore, we calculated the predictive accuracy of the Mortality Prediction Model (MPM II) and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) for in‐hospital death. Conclusions about treatment decisions were drawn based on our data and analysis of recent literature.MethodsEvery patient who was treated for EP at our department from December 2001 to July 2008 is included in this study. Logistic regression analyses of various risk factors, such as etiology, time interval, size, comorbidities, localization, type of treatment, and preexisting pathologies of the esophagus on death, were performed.ResultsOf the 41 patients diagnosed with EP, nine died (21%). The most important risk factor concerning death was cirrhosis of the liver (0 vs. 89% mortality; odds ratio, 208; P < 0.001). Accuracy for lethality risk prediction was calculated with MPM II and SAPS II on admission, and afterward the characteristic increase that occurred was evaluated by using receiver operator characteristic curves. Optimal results were achieved by using a characteristic SAPS II increase (AUC 0.86; P: 0.009) after the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit.ConclusionsOur study was the first to demonstrate that a rapid or continuous increase more than 40 of the daily SAPS II clearly indicates that a high risk of death is imminent. This should be used as a reevaluation factor when choosing a treatment strategy.
Postoperative Fatigue: A Review
Authors: Zargar‐Shoshtari Kamran , Hill Andrew G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative fatigue (POF) significantly impacts well‐being after major surgery. However, this topic has received little emphasis.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search on major databases with a focus on studies relevant to assessment and etiology of POF.ResultsPOF has been measured by a number of different and inadequate instruments. It has a complicated etiology, with a number of biological and psychological factors implicated. However, the etiology of this condition has not been fully explained.ConclusionsThe role of local inflammation in the development of POF requires further research. Multimodal interventions should be conducted with a focus on addressing various factors that contribute to the development and progression of POF.
Lateral Subfascial Endoscopic Perforating Vein Surgery as Treatment for Lateral Perforating Vein Incompetence and Venous Ulceration
Authors: Wang Mao‐hua , Jin Xing , Zhang Shi‐yi , Wu Xue‐jun , Zhong Zhen‐yue , Wang Mo , Dong Dian‐ning , Yuan Hai 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of lateral subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery (SEPS).MethodsOur study was conducted from February 2002 to January 2007. Sixty‐three patients with lateral incompetent perforating veins (IPVs) and venous ulceration were allocated to two groups. Group 1 comprised 31 patients (33 limbs) who underwent only routine surgery (saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal ligation, stripping, phlebectomies, endovascular laser treatment [EVLT], medial SEPS, and skin grafting). Group 2 comprised 32 patients (35 limbs) who underwent our routine surgery with the addition of lateral SEPS. Bidirectional ultrasonography was performed before the operation, and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Clinical score and disability score were collected at the same time.ResultsTwenty‐nine (87.9%) of 33 limbs with active ulcers in group 1 healed, with recurrence in four (12.1%) limbs at follow‐up at 25.9 ± 10.0 months. All 35 limbs in group 2 healed, with recurrence in 0 (0.0%) limbs at follow‐up at 25.4 ± 10.1 months. Lateral SEPS could reduce the rate of recurrence of ulcers (Kaplan–Meier analysis). Patients in group 2 also showed improvement in clinical and disability scores, although they were not statistically significant differences (t test, p > 0.05). A significantly higher proportion of patients in group 1 had IPVs on the lateral aspect of the lower leg on ultrosonography imaging.ConclusionsLateral SEPS could contribute to ulcer healing and reduce ulcer recurrence. The addition of lateral SEPS to routine surgery did reduce the number of IPVs. Lateral SEPS may be safe and effective for lateral perforating vein incompetence and venous ulceration.
Cervical degenerative index: a new quantitative radiographic scoring system for cervical spondylosis with interobserver and intraobserver reliability testing
Authors: Ofiram Elisha , Garvey Timothy A. , Schwender James D. , Denis Francis , Perra Joseph H. , Transfeldt Ensor E. , Winter Robert B. , Wroblewski Jill M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe lack of a widely available scoring system for cervical degenerative spondylosis encouraged the authors to establish and validate a systematic quantitative radiographic index.Materials and methodsThis study included intraobserver and interobserver reliability testing among three reviewers with different years of experience. Each observer independently scored four cervical radiographs of 48 patients at separate intervals, and statistical analysis of the grading was performed.ResultsThere was high intraobserver and interobserver reliability between the two experienced observers. There was fair reliability between the less experienced observer and the more experienced observers.ConclusionsThe cervical degenerative index appears to be a reliable and reproducible radiographic assessment of cervical spondylosis. The index will have direct applicability for longitudinal study of cervical spondylosis and may be clinically relevant as well.
Effects of attack of saprobic fungi on twig litter decomposition by endophytic fungi
Authors: Fukasawa Yu , Osono Takashi , Takeda Hiroshi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEndophytic fungi of healthy twig tissues act as dominant primary colonizers of twig litters and are exposed to the attacks of saprobic secondary colonizers. In the present study, we examined the effect of interspecific interactions on the decay rate of twigs in laboratory experiments using two endophytic ascomycetes (Phomopsis sp. and Xylaria sp.) and two saprobic basidiomycetes (Mycena polygramma and Phanerochaete filamentosa) on twigs of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) as a model system. Both endophytes were defensive against two saprobes on 2% malt agar, and were not replaced by the saprobes in the twigs during the incubation period. However, inoculation of the saprobes reduced the mass loss of twig components (acid‐unhydrolyzable residue (AUR), holocellulose, soluble carbohydrate, and polyphenol). Especially when the twigs previously inoculated with Xylaria sp. or Phomopsis sp. were successively inoculated with M. polygramma the net weight of AUR increased, which was probably due to the synthesized melanin in hyphae of the endophytes. Our findings indicate that interspecific interactions between endophytic and saprobic fungi do affect the total mass of humic substances produced during the litter decay process.
Proteomic Study of Hepatic Nuclear Extracts in an Adaptive Acetaminophen Tolerance Model
Authors: Steele Pamela S. , Linder Mark W. , Valdes Roland , Franke Deanna D. H. , Jortani Saeed A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Variability in response to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced aseptic inflammation and tolerance to the impending hepatic damage has been described. To understand the mechanism of adaptive tolerance, we investigated the proteomic profiles of crude nuclear lysates in a mouse model. We hypothesized that pretreatment with low doses of APAP prior to a toxic dose results in differential protein expression.

Materials and Methods
Mice (BALB/C) were separated into three groups: the pretreated (PT) group received incremental doses of APAP while the last dose only (LD) and naïve groups were given saline vehicle. A toxic dose of APAP was administered on the seventh day to the PT and LD animals only and all groups were euthanized 3 h postdose. Total protein from crude hepatic nuclear lysates were applied to protein arrays and analyzed by immunoaffinity mass spectrometry.

Results and Discussion
Comparative data analyses of protein peaks revealed a protein that was significantly increased at m/z of 60,030 (p60) in the LD animals vs the other two groups. The closest match for the preliminary identification of the p60 protein based on a Swiss-Prot/TagIdent database search using the approximate isoelectric point and molecular weight information was Ccr4–Not complex subunit-2. This protein is a subunit of a multiprotein complex and serves as a transcriptional suppressor involved in controlling mRNA synthesis and degradation. Preliminary identification was also supported by Western blot analysis using anti-CNOT2 antibody.

Conclusion
Considering the APAP tolerance model, we conclude that toxicogenomic approaches such as nuclear profiling are useful tools in assessing differential expression of transcriptional factors involved in inflammatory response and adaptive tolerance to toxins.
A cross-constrained variational problem for the generalized Davey–Stewartson system
Authors: Gan Zaihui , Zhang Jian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe study the sharp threshold for blow-up and global existence and the instability of standing wave eiωtuω(x) for the Davey–Stewartson systemin ℝ3, where uω is a ground state. By constructing a type of cross-constrained variational problem and establishing so-called cross-invariant manifolds of the evolution flow, we derive a sharp criterion for global existence and blow-up of the solutions to (DS), which can be used to show that there exist blow-up solutions of (DS) arbitrarily close to the standing waves.
Multiplicity of positive solutions for a class of problems with critical growth in ℝN
Authors: Alves Claudianor O. , de Morais Filho Daniel C. , Souto Marco A. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUsing variational methods, we establish the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for the following class of problems:where λ,β∈(0,∞), q∈(1,2*−1), 2*=2N/(N−2), N≥3, V,Z:ℝN→ℝ are continuous functions verifying some hypotheses.
On the characteristic initial-value problem for linear partial functional-differential equations of hyperbolic type
Authors: Šremr Jiří 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTheorems on the Fredholm alternative and well-posedness of the characteristic initial-value problemare established, where l : C($\mathcal{D}$;ℝ) is a linear bounded operator, q ∈ L($\mathcal{D}$;ℝ), ϕ:[a,b]→ℝ, ψ:[c,d]→ℝ are absolutely continuous functions and $\mathcal{D}$=[a,b]×[c,d]. Some solvability conditions of the problem considered are also given.
Multiplicity theorems for semilinear elliptic problems depending on a parameter
Authors: Kristály Alexandru , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe consider semilinear elliptic problems in which the right-hand-side nonlinearity depends on a parameter λ > 0. Two multiplicity results are presented, guaranteeing the existence of at least three non-trivial solutions for this kind of problem, when the parameter λ belongs to an interval (0,λ*). Our approach is based on variational techniques, truncation methods and critical groups. The first result incorporates as a special case problems with concave–convex nonlinearities, while the second one involves concave nonlinearities perturbed by an asymptotically linear nonlinearity at infinity.
On application of kinetic formulation of the Le Roux system
Authors: Cheng Zhixin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe use the compensated compactness method coupled with some basic ideas of kinetic formulation developed by Lions, Perthame, Souganidis and Tadmor to give a refined proof for the existence of global bounded entropy solutions to the Le Roux system. This new method of the reduction of Young measures can be applied to solve other problems.
The Moss Physcomitrella patens: A Novel Model System for Plant Development and Genomic Studies
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe moss Physcomitrella patens has been used as an experimental organism for more than 80 years. Within the last 15 years, its use as a model to explore plant functions has increased enormously. The ability to use gene targeting and RNA interference methods to study gene function, the availability of many tools for comparative and functional genomics (including a sequenced and assembled genome, physical and genetic maps, and more than 250,000 expressed sequence tags [ESTs]), and a dominant haploid phase that allows direct forward genetic analysis have all led to a surge of new activity. P. patens can be easily cultured and spends the majority of its life cycle in the haploid state, allowing the application of experimental techniques similar to those used in microbes and yeast. Its development is relatively simple, and it generates only a few tissues that contain a limited number of cell types. Although mosses lack vascular tissue, true roots/stems/leaves, and flowers and seeds, many signaling pathways found in angiosperms are intact in moss. For example, the phytohormones auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid, as well as the photomorphogenic pigments phytochrome and cryptochrome, are all interwoven into distinct but overlapping pathways and linked to clear developmental phenotypes. In addition, about one-quarter of the moss genome contains genes with no known function based on sequence motifs, raising the likelihood of successful discovery efforts to identify new and novel gene functions.
The Choanoflagellates: Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates and Sister Group of the Metazoa
Authors: King Nicole , Young Susan L. , Abedin Monika , Carr Martin , Leadbeater Barry S.C. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONChoanoflagellates are the closest living relatives of the metazoa, and the study of their cell biology and genomes promises to provide new insights into metazoan ancestry and origins. These heterotrophic flagellates are a cosmopolitan group of small, colorless protozoa that are present in marine and freshwater environments as well as in hydrated soils. Monosiga brevicollis, a marine species, has emerged as a representative of the group because it is easily grown and manipulated in the laboratory and was the subject of a recently completed genome project. Because of the similarity in morphology and ecology shown across the order Choanoflagellida, the protocols mentioned in this article should be transferable to most choanoflagellate species.
In-Gel Trypsin Digest of Gel-Fractionated Proteins
Authors: Link Andrew J. , LaBaer Joshua 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for in-gel digestion of proteins after fractionation using SDS-PAGE. It is applicable to both one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of different thicknesses, acrylamide concentrations, and band (spot) sizes. This protocol followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization/time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) is capable of identifying low femtomole quantities of a protein. High-sensitivity mass spectrometry should be capable of identifying attomole quantities of protein.
Culturing the Moss Physcomitrella patens: Figure 1.
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis article includes a series of methods for culturing the moss Physcomitrella patens at all stages of its life cycle. Gametophytes are axenically cultured on solid agar-based media and in shaken liquid cultures. For long-term storage of gametophytes, cultures are maintained on solid medium at 10°C in a very short day. Cryopreservation may also be used. Finally, sporophytes are generated by self-fertilization and sexual crossing.
Isolation and Regeneration of Protoplasts of the Moss Physcomitrella patens: Figure 1.
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to isolate individual protoplasts from young gametophyte tissue of the moss Physcomitrella patens and how to regenerate them into plants if desired. Protonemal tissue is grown on cellophane-overlay plates, harvested, and treated with 0.5% Driselase to produce protoplasts. After filtration and washing, the protoplasts are regenerated on solid medium.
Transformation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens Using T-DNA Mutagenesis
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, the transformation of moss (Physcomitrella patens) protoplasts is performed via Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of T-DNA. Protoplasts are incubated with Agrobacterium and acetoseringone in regeneration medium. They are then washed and plated on antibiotic-containing medium to select for T-DNA insertion in stable transformants. The transformation rate for this protocol is typically 10−4 (expressed as the frequency of stable transformants among regenerants surviving the transformation procedure).