bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seedling Peroxidase and IAA Oxidase Activities in Relation to Hybrid Vigour in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke)
Authors: Joshi A. K. , Chanda S. V. , Krishnan P. N. , Vaishnav P. P. , Singh Y. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeedlings of three hybrids and their parental lines were analyzed for growth, and peroxidase as well as IAA oxidase activities in cytoplasmic and salt‐extracted ionically bound fractions with a view to evaluate heterosis in pearl millet. The hybrid vigour was manifested in roots and shoots of all the three hybrids clearly for growth and activities of peroxidase and IAA oxidase except the wall‐bound IAA oxidase. Either better parental or mid‐parental heterosis was discernible. The role of peroxidase and IAA oxidase systems in meristematic activity and removal of excessive auxin levels to bring about maximal growth response in the hybrids is discussed.
Wirkungen meliorativer Gaben von Gesteinsmehlen und Gesteinssanden auf das Wachstum verschiedener landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen sowie auf physikalische Kennwerte eines Sandbodens und eines Tonbodens
Authors: Kahnt G. , Pfleiderer H. , Hijazi L. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Effect of amelioration doses of rock powder and rock sand on growth of agricultural plants and on physical characteristics of sandy and clay soil The effect of rock powder to increase the water holding capacity and adsorption degree of sandy soil and the influence of rock sand to augment the aeration and improve the workability of clay soil were tested in pot experiments.Additions of different rock powders (Basalt, Grauwacke, Kuselit, Muschelkalk and Porphyr) from 5 to 20 weight percent to sandy soil increased the field capacity; the increase in values ranged from 12 to 23% as compared to control. An 11% increase in coarse pore volume (< pF 1.8) of clay soil was noticed when 10 weight percent rock sand was mixed in it. The shear strength of clay soil was hardly decreased. In short time tests five different plants reacted mostly positive to rock powders in sandy soil, the degree of reaction being different depending on rock type and amount used whereas in clay soil the reaction was slightly negative. Ten percent weight additions were better than 20 percent.Up to 67% increase in spring barley grain yield was registered in sandy soil with addition of 10 weight percent of different rock powders both at about 40 and 80% field capacity water levels. High N‐application i.e., 1600 mg N/7 kg soil caused a depression in yield at control whereas it increased the dry matter yield in treated pots. In clay soil at 80% field capacity an increase in grain yield was registered only in Grauwacke and Basalt treatments, which was off set at high N‐level. Porphyr and Kuselit treatments produced yield depressions.Addition of 10 weight percent of rock powders in sandy soil in the first year of experiment reduced the amount of leachate and nitrate leached between 8 to 29% in fallow treatments, but in planted treatments these were dependant on plant type and rock type even showing an increase in one case.
Selective Postemergence Herbicides for Grass Control in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Woon C. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSelective postemergence herbicides to control grass weeds in broadleaf crops have become available in recent years. However, the efficacy of these new herbicides in controlling grasses in sunflower has not been extensively evaluated. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate five selective herbicides for their efficacy on crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beav.) control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in 1983 and 1984. Commercial sunflower varieties, Interstate 7775 and Stauffer 3101 were planted on Calloway silt loam and Portland clay in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Herbicides were applied when sunflower was 10 cm tall, at 4‐ to 5‐leaf stage, and target grass weeds at the 3‐ to 4‐leaf stage. All herbicides, sethoxydim, xylofop‐ethyl, haloxyfop, fluazifop butyl, and CGA 82725, gave good to excellent control of the target weeds. Herbicide injury to sunflower ranged from very minor to none. None of the herbicides greatly affected yield, test weight, seed weight, head diameter or plant height of sunflower. Difference in soil types tended to influence the effectiveness of herbicides.
Phosphorus Redistribution in Maize Plants, Zea mays L., in Relation to the Nitrogen Supply
Authors: Venekamp J. H. , de Vries Penning F. W. T. , Koot J. T. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe influence of different nutrition regimes on phosphorus (P) redistribution in maize plants, cv. LG 11, was studied. Nutrient solutions in four combinations of high and low nitrate concentrations and high and low phosphate concentrations were used to grow four different groups of plants. During the development of the plants dry weights and total P contents were measured. It was concluded that P redistribution into reproductive organs was dependent on N supply and was a consequence of N redistribution. The ratio of N and P concentrations was not equal in several parts of the plant, and was not constant during the development. In different parts of a young plant the ratio increased. As soon as redistribution of N and P started the N/P ratio decreased. The minimum N/P ratio of a mature maize plant was about 3 for leaves and 1 or 2 for roots and stems.
Growth Analysis of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Relation to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Hegde D. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStudies were carried out at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore during winter seasons of 1982—83 and 1983—84 to analyse the growth rhythm of onion in relation to irrigation and N fertilization. It was observed that irrigation at 0.45 to 0.65 bar soil water potential recorded higher dry matter accumulation and distribution, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), leaf area ratio (LAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) during most of the stages, while net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were not markedly affected. Highest harvest index was noticed with irrigation at 0.65 bar.Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased dry matter accumulation and distribution into different parts, LAI, LAD, LAR, CGR and harvest index. Although NAR and RGR showed an increasing trend with N fertilization, the effect was not significant during most of the stages. There was no significant interaction between soil water potential and N fertilization on any of the growth parameters.
Modification of the Sink/Source Relationships in Bread Wheat and its Influence on Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content*
Authors: Borghi B. , Corbellini M. , Cattaneo M. , Fornasari M. E. , Zucchelli L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractArtificial manipulation of sink and source was carried out in several bread wheat varieties in order to study the variations in the pattern of storage products accumulation in the grain.In a first experiment, partial ablation of the laminae did not cause any significant variation in the yield components, while total elimination of the laminae resulted in a decreased fertility of the spikelets and in a lower kernel weight. The protein content of grain turned out to be a function of the amount of vegetative organs left in the different treatments, and ranged from 11.1 % in leafless plants to 16.5% in the control.The halving of the spikes led to a 14% increase in the size of the kernels, while the protein content per spike showed a 20 % drop in comparison to the control.Reduction of sink affected nitrogen accumulation to a lesser extent than carbohydrates storage in the grain.Reduction of sink induced remarkable increases in the protein fractions: gliadins +59%, glutelins +44%, insoluble residue +30%, non‐proteic nitrogen +28%, albumins and globulins + 16%. The increase of GPC or of specific solubility classes did not influence significantly the quality of the flour evaluated by the Zeleny and Pelshenke indices.The presented data suggest some caution in adopting kernel size and GPC as main selection criteria in early generations. It seems more convenient to select for a prolonged grain filling period and for a higher biomass without increasing plant height.
Leaf Anatomy of Maize Inbred Lines and Crosses at Extreme Temperatures for Active Growth
Authors: Geisler G. , Thiraporn R. , Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInbred lines and crosses from cool temperate regions (C) and from warm regions (W) were grown at 14, 22, 30 and 38°C up to the same physiological age, the full expansion of the third leaf. The laminae of the second leaf were studied for anatomical traits. For all traits the genotypic variability was high over the whole temperature range, but the rank order was influenced by temperature. Leaf thickness and cross sectional area of epidermal cells were smallest at 22°C. Stomatal frequency increased in inbred lines from 14 to 38°C and in crosses from 30 to 38°C. In crosses stomatal length was low at 22°C and high at 38°C while inbred lines either did not react to temperature at all (C) or had low to very low values over the whole temperature range (W). Cross sectional area of chlorenchyma cells (mesophyll, bundle sheath) was high at 14°C. For mesophyll cells of inbred lines and generally for bundle sheath cells a second maximum occurred at 30°C. Cross sectional area of both chloroplast types was high at 14°C and low at 22 or 30°C. Positive heterosis was seldom observed but negative heterosis occurred for chlorenchyma cell size at 14°C. This might indicate an improved fitness for photosynthesis at suboptimal temperature because of small cells, especially as W‐genotypes generally had large cells at this temperature. A negative heterosis for the stomatal frequency over the whole temperature range might stand for a good fitness of hybrids for photosynthesis, too.The investigations have shown that the expression of some important anatomical traits is dependent on temperature as well as on origin and genetic structure of maize genotypes.
Einfluß der Bestandesdichte auf Ertrag und Qualität der Zuckerrübe bei unterschiedlichem Erntetermin
Authors: Bürcky K. , Winner C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of plant population on yield and quality of sugar beet at different harvesting dateOptimum plant population of sugar beet in respect of corrected sugar yield in Central Europe ranges from 70 000 to 90 000 plants/ha. It is known that extending the length of growing period by later harvesting causes an increase in yield and quality of sugar beet depending on location and weather. There is a lack of information, however, about the effect of plant population on yield and quality increase with postponed harvesting date.The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of plant density and harvesting date on yield and quality of sugar beet.Four trials were carried out at Göttingen (Lower Saxony) from 1982 to 1985 which included each year four plant populations and three harvesting dates (end of September to middle of November).Depending on seed lot, plant spacing and field emergence, plant populations varied between 87 000 and 27 000 plants/ha. Averaged over the years, the plant populations for the different treatments reached 71 000, 51 000, 40 000 and 31 000 plants/ha.Later harvesting date and increasing plant population resulted in higher yield of beet and/or higher sugar content of beet. The increase in corrected sugar yield with extending the length of growing period was highest in plant populations with high density.From the results it can be concluded that by having the choice, a beet crop with the highest plant population should be harvested at the end, a crop with a lower plant population at the beginning of the harvesting period, unless there have to be observed some other aspects (location, crop sequence, field condition).
Perennial Spring Rye as a Crop Alternative*)
Authors: Reimann‐Philipp R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDue to recent research results breeding of perennial rye to‐day seems possible and in so far desirable as changed premises in agricultural production ask for the invention of new farming systems. Accordingly, the farmer would have to earn his livelihood more by decrease of expenses in a constant production level than by further increase of production quantity. Then, agricultural crops with newly designed characters or even absolutely new crop species particularly with low demands for cultivation, water supply, fertilizer or other agrochemicals (low‐input varieties) could be very helpful. For that a project of breeding “perennial rye” (Secale cereale × Secale montanum), for different farming systems respectively, is presented which has already been performed in some details and which could surely be realized in total if only a small part of the means were invested in this project as for example were spent into the development of Triticale as a new crop plant. Because of its high tolerance to poor sandy soils and water stress a perennial green forage rye may also be expected to be well suited in a spring rye variant for the improvement of dry pastures in the subtropical countries. A corresponding research project has been supported since 1985 by GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH).
Critical Leaf Area Index in Pigeonpea
Authors: Balakrishnan K. , Natarajaratnam N. , Rajendran C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiment conducted with six pigeonpea cultivars over three seasons revealed that the critical leaf area index was 5.3 which coincided with the maximum crop growth rate and optimum net assimilation rate. It was also evident that the crop growth rate was influenced more by NAR rather than LAI. This study also suggests that by maintaining higher photosynthesis upto harvest, there is ample possibility to increase the crop growth rate till harvest.
Infiltrability of an Oxisol in Paraná, Brazil as Influenced by Different Crop Rotations
Authors: Roth C. H. , Vieira M. J. , Derpsch R. , Meyer B. , Frede H.‐G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInfiltrability of various soybean and maize rotations under conventional tillage and no‐tillage was studied to evaluate these rotations with respect to soil conservation practices. Measurements were carried out with a rainfall simulator on an Oxisol in two trials in northern Paraná, Brazil.Differences between rotations were greatest in the conventional tillage treatments and here maize/soybean rotations showed a higher infiltrability than continuous cropping. In the no‐tillage treatments, there were hardly any significant differences. On the whole, rotations grown with maize at the time of measurement resulted in the lowest infiltrabilities. Tillage effects were of greater importance than rotation effects, infiltrability being consistently highest under no‐tillage.Soil surface sealing in dependence of the degree of soil cover was shown to be the prime factor governing infiltrability.
Senescence and its Role in Soybean Productivity
Authors: Manian K. , Natarajaratnam N. , Ramasamy P. , Mohanasundaram K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChemical manipulation was able to induce higher productivity in soybean through improved dry matter accumulation, increased source activity, retarding leaf senescence and yield components. The senescence percentage was negatively correlated with yield (r =−0.7669**) while the source activity was positively associated (r =+0.9167**). All the yield components had significant positive correlation with yield. The low cost urea and coconut water, foliar feeding at peak flowering and late grain filling stages improved the productivity in soybean. The maximum beneficial effect of foliar feeding was noticed in the soil where the absence of native nodulation was observed.
Characterisation of Physical Condition of Puddled and Nonpuddled Soil
Authors: Bhadoria P. B. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField study indicates that initial infiltration of puddled soil was higher by 1.1 mm/h and the final infiltration rate decreased by 0.6 mm/h, when compared to nonpuddled soil. The clod of larger size and soil moisture was found to be more in puddled soil. However, seedling emergence was maximum under nonpuddled soil.
Agronomic Performance and Nutrient Concentration of Maize (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Density
Authors: Amoruwa G. M. , Ogunlela V. B. , Ologunde O. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria to study the influence of nitrogen fertilization and plant density on the agronomic performance and nutrient concentration of maize (Zea mays L.). The treatments were factorial combinations of five nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha) and three plant density levels (25000, 50000 and 75000 plants/ha).Nitrogen fertilization up to 150 kg N/ha enhanced grain and stover yields and increased kernel number and weight up to 100 kg N/ha. Nitrogen supply also increased maize ear length. Increased N fertilization rates increased concentrations of N, K and Mg but had no effect on P and Ca concentrations. Higher grain yield was closely associated with higher N concentration in ear leaf; with 0.1 % change in N concentration causing 177 kg/ha change in grain yield. Increased plant density increased stover yield up to 50 or 75 thousand plants/ha but depressed kernel number and weight and ear length.
Intercropping Maize with Climbing Beans, Cowpeas and Velvet Beans
Authors: Bryan W. B. , Materu M. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhen one of the crops is a legume, intercropping has potential to reduce fertilizer nitrogen (N) needs and increase food quality. Total dry matter (DM) and grain yields of different plant populations of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), or velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens [L.] DC. var utilis [Wight] Bruck.) were compared in two experiments. Maize populations were 40,400 and 50,500 plants ha−1 in combination with climbing bean populations of 0, 20,200, 40,400 and 80,800 plants ha−1 in Experiment 1. In the second experiment, climbing beans, cowpeas and velvet beans at 215,200 plants ha−1 were intercropped with maize at 64,600 plants ha−1. Climbing beans contributed up to 5% to total DM yields in the first experiment. In the second experiment legume contributions to total DM were 20% for climbing beans, 12% for cowpeas and 8% for velvet beans. Increasing populations of maize and climbing beans increased grain and DM yields. Dry matter yield of maize was lowered by intercropping. However, DM yields of the intercrop were not different to maize sole cropped. Maize/cowpeas produced more total DM than maize/climbing beans. Cowpeas increased the total yield of crude protein by over 15% without lowering total DM yield of the intercrop compared to maize alone and are promising as a legume for intercropping with maize. Climbing beans show little promise as a possible legume for intercropping with maize.
Incited Effectiveness of EMS in Hibiscus cannabinus L. by Excised Mature Embryo Treatment
Authors: Hazra S. K. , Shome A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn H. cannabinus mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness of EMS decreased with increase in concentration after excised mature embryo treatment whereas, a reverse trend was observed following seed treatment. Comparatively, maximum effectiveness vis‐à‐vis mutation induction was obtained at 0.1 % EMS after mature embryo treatment. The chlorophyll and other mutational spectra were also examined and discussed.
Shoot and Root Production and Nitrogen Uptake in Barley, with and without Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Hansson A.‐C. , Pettersson R. , Paustian K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo barley crops, one fertilized with 120 kg N ha−1 (B120) and the other without nitrogen fertilization (BO), were cultivated for the second year on the same plot. In 1981 the growth and nitrogen content of the whole plant, above‐ and below‐ground parts were measured by sampling every second week. Production was calculated as the difference between annual maximum and minimum amounts of biomass found above‐ and below‐ground. Nitrogen uptake was estimated as the sum of the peak amounts of nitrogen present in the roots and shoots. The amount and concentration of nitrogen in partly decomposed plant debris in the soil was estimated simultaneously with the biomass.Total net production in B120 was 1004 g m−2 of which the roots constituted 16%. The unfertilized barley produced 558 g m−2 of which 23% were produced below‐ground. The maximum amount of living roots found in B120 was 160 g ash‐free dry mass m−2 and 128 g m−2 in BO.In the fertilized treatment 15 g N m−2 (21% in roots) was taken up by the plant, compared to 5.8 g N m−2 (28% in roots) in the unfertilized crop.
A Quantitative Method to Assess Freezing Resistance in Faba Beans
Authors: Herzog H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to quantify freezing resistance (R50) of winter faba beans from a limited number of plants, leaves were exposed to artificial freezing stresses with different test temperatures (TTi). Injury (Ii) was assessed by rating (score: 0—8) and by conductivity measurements. The basic assumption that Ii depends almost linearly on TTi over a sufficiently broad range with a constant ΔI/ΔTT could be verified and hence a formula is presented to compute freezing resistance R50= (Ii—I50) ×ΔTT/ΔI + TTi with I50 being a medium injury. This formula allows to quantify resistance by assessing Ii after freezing test(s) with definite TTi. About 25 leaves are required. Rating appeared preferable to conductivity measurements because of easier and quicker performance and a slightly better discrimination between samples of different resistance. Based on a standardized freezing test, ΔI/ΔTT was determined. Application of the formula with ΔI/ΔTT = 2.5 units/°C for unhardened and hardened leaves, restrictions and experiences are discussed.
Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen in Paddy Soils
Authors: Hanif M. , DeMooy C. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIrrigation practices for rice (Oryza sativa) that are common in South Asia were simulated under greenhouse conditions, and the resulting range of gaseous N losses was determined. The interaction of water and fertilizer management for growing paddy rice was quantitatively evaluated at several rates of N fertilization. Continuous flooding, alternate flooding and drying, and dry periods before, after, and during flowering were combined with 3 rates of N, i.e., 0, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 by uniform incorporation and by mud ball placement.Gaseous loss of native soil N was small (10 mg kg−1) when no fertilizer was applied and the crop stand was adequate. Loss increased to 32 mg kg−1 when stands were halved. Gaseous loss of 41 to 58% were found when fertilizer was applied. Alternate flooding and drying was the least desirable irrigation practice with losses of 40 to 87 mg N kg−1. Placement of N in mud balls reduced gaseous N loss under all irrigation procedures by 14 to 32% compared to uniform application at the low N application rate. Under continuous flooding only 28% of a second increment of 50 mg kg−1 of applied N was lost compared to 82% loss with alternate flooding and drying.