bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trend report of the state of the sociology of religion: 1965-1966
Authors: Dobbelaere K. 
Published: March 2007

L'auteur commence par souligner l'intérêt grandissant que suscite la sociologie de la religion: ceci ressort tant de l'accroissement du nombre de travaux en cette matière que de l'intérêt de plus en plus marqué que lui accordent les pays d'Europe de l'Est. Dans un second point, il met en évidence le fait que, principalement en Europe, on semble réserver une place plus importante à la recherche socio-religieuse qu'à la recherche fondamentale. Il analyse ensuite la contribution des différents pays sous l'angle numérique et tâche de voir quels sont leurs centres d'intérêt. Dans une quatrième partie, il compare les tendances méthodologiques et théoriques de la sociologie de la religion avec celles de la sociologie en général telles que les a esquissées E. Shils à l'occasion du 6e Congrès Mondial de Sociologie, Il ressort clairement de cette comparaison que la sociologie de la religion n'atteint pas sur le plan théorique et méthodo logique, loin s'en faut, les normes qui sont en vigueur en sociologie. L'auteur aborde ensuite le contenu des publications; il les analyse en les regroupant sous divers thèmes: la religiosité et ses différents aspects; les problèmes soulevés par les concepts 'église et secte'; la hiérarchie; les rapports religion-société et plus spécialement l'aspect religion-poli tique ; il aborde ensuite les études qui traitent et approfondissent les thèses de Weber à propos du lien existant entre religion et économie; puis viennent les thèmes religion et famille; religion et enseignement et 'religion, race et préjugés'. Il signale enfin quelques sujets qu'il n'a pas développés, mais qui figu rent dans la littérature sociologique, de même que certains autres qui lui semblent utile d'aborder de manière urgente. Il termine en soulignant la nécessité de développer une sociologie de la religion qui soit saine sur le plan théorique et méthodologique. Car, la Conférence Internationale se veut de remplir en même temps une fonction informative. Or, l'augmentation prévue des travaux exigerait que le rapport soit composé par plusieurs personnes. C'est ainsi que des études partielles pourraient être faites pour les Etats-Unis, et le Canada, pour les pays d'Europe de langue romane — Amérique du Sud y compris — et de langue germanique. De pareils surveys pourraient, si l'on veut, être complétés par un rapport distinct sur la sociologie des religions non-occidentales et non-chrétiennes. Pour garantir la comparabilité — surtout là ou il faut quantifier — et pour faire une synthèse entre les études partielles, il faudrait indiquer des normes fixes que les divers collaborateurs seraient tenus d'observer dans le rassemblement, la classi fication et la discussion des publications'.1
Conflicts of authority in the Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Houtart F. 
Published: March 2007

La période de changement social dans laquelle nous vivons dans la société et dans l'Eglise affecte évidemment le système d'autorité dans les insti tutions. Il serait cependant erronné d'adopter une attitude trop simpliste. Il ne s'agit pas d'un processus absolument identique dans les diverses institutions, politique, fanailiale, économique ou religieuse. Il est par conséquent nécessaire de déterminer d'abord la spéciticité de l'Eglise comme institution. Si l'on détinit une institution par la combinaison entre un élément valeur et un élément organisation, l'Eglise apparaît comme centrée sur un système de valeurs exprimant les valeurs ultimes de l'existence humaine traduites concrètement dans la vie individuelle et sociale. L'organisation de l'Eglise se caractérise par 3 fonctions: transmission de ces valeurs ultimes, ce qui implique à la fois continuité et socialisation possible dans toutes les cultures; assurer un mouvement social, ce qui suppose une cer taine flexibilité des structures et enfin fournir des moyens d'expression collective au groupe. Il faut ajouter que le système de légitimation se base sur la révélation divine. Le problème des fonctions de l'autorité dans le groupe est ensuite étudié, de même que celui de son exercice et de son origine dans l'Eglise. Suit alors un essai d'interprétation des conflits actuels. La contestation de l'autorité se situe au niveau des valeurs, tout comme à celui du système social. Les réactions de l'autorité sont diverses, depuis le refus de la con testation jusqu'à sa légitimation. Les conflits d'autorité manifestent un conflit latent plus profond, qui oppose finalement deux systèmes de valeur. Ces deux systèmes partent d'une conception dittérente de l'action divine se reflétant dans deux conceptions ditférentes de la société et de l'Eglise comme institution. Le Concile a légitimé la deuxième conception, mais la première est encore celle qui dans la majeure partie des cas légi time la pensée et l'action de ceux qui contrôlent le système social. Le conflit apparaît particulièrement manifeste sur la question de l'autorité parce que dans la première conception cette dernière est une valeur, tandis que pour la seconde elle se situe surtout au niveau des normes de fonc tionnement du groupe. A court terme ces conflits pourraient trouver une solution par l'accepta tion d'un pluralisme dans les valeurs, les normes et même au niveau de certains aspects du système de legitimation, mais à long terme les deux conceptions apparaissent comme incompatibles.
Catechesls and anti-semitism
Authors: Hickey John 
Published: March 2007

Cet article présente deux recherches réalisées par le Centre de Recherches Socio-Religieuses de Louvain sur les racines de l'antisémitisme dans l'enseignement catéchétique. Après avoir exposé la manière dont le champ d'analyse a été circonscrit, l'article présente les options méthodologiques qui ont déterminé l'analyse de contenu d'un échantillon de manuels de catéchèse utilisés dans les pays francophones, puis, ensuite, l'étude d'opinion sur un échantillon d' élèves et d'anciens élèves de l'enseignement catholique de Bruxelles. L'analyse de contenu a été l'occasion de mettre au point un instrument de mesure et d'analyse. Si les anciennes re présentations les plus péjoratives et agressives pour les juifs et le judaïsme n'ont plus cours dans la catéchèse, le langage de celle-ci conserve des traces très nettes des modes d'exposés et des rationalisations qui visent à donner au groupe chrétien l'évidence de la supériorité de ses croyances et de ses normes. L'étude d'opinion met en évidence la déstructuration des codes antijudaïques et l'incidence sur cette transformation de la situation de l'institution dans la société. En conclusion sont présentées les grandes lignes du schéma théorique mis en place pour rendre compte des observations. L'ensemble des deux études doit faire prochainement l'objet d'une publication en langue française.
The Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement in the United States : A Reconsideration
Authors: Lane Ralph 
Published: March 2007

En se référant au concept de «routinisation», l'Auteur de cet article met en question le caractère absolu et automatique de ce processus selon lequel le mouvement du renouveau charismatique serait appelé à s'institutionnaliser de la même manière que les autres mouvements religieux. C'est au départ d'une étude de cas que l'Auteur reconsidère le problème: les processus de changement qui ont affecté l'équipe centrale d'une communauté charismatique ont amené celle-ci à décider la scission de la communauté initiale ; c'est donc en termes structurels que le mouvement s'avère capable de faire face au phénomène de la routinisation du charisme.
L' implantation portugaise au Kerala et ses effets sur l'organisation sociale et religieuse des Syriens et sur le système des castes
Authors: Houtart François 
Published: March 2007

The first part of this article describes the way the portuguese tried to unite and then religiously assimilate the Syrian christians in Kerala. The latter made up of merchant groups that were not integra ted in caste structure but that pretty much reflected its internal characteritstics, especially endogamy. This assimilatory process was aimed first of all, at the reli gious system of beliefs and expression by trying to impose the latin rite. But religious organization was also subjected to change through the imposition of a new religious hierarchy that was to replace the old lineage-based organisation: priests as lineage heads, especially. The diamper synod was one of the key. Factors in this process which ended however in failure and resulted in the breaking up of the Syrian group. The second part of the article deals with the establishment of new Christian groups and the con version of lower castes by the portuguese. One way conclude by saying that the Christians remained outside of the caste system proper outwardly characterized by the belief in Hindu divinities, yet they fall into groups bearing its internal social characteristics.
What is Hinduism? A Sociological Approach
Authors: Sharma Arvind 
Published: March 2007

La question de la définition de l'Hindouisme a déconcerté les chercheurs depuis le moment où, pour la première fois, I'école scientifique moderne occidentale fut mise en contact avec la tradi tion religieuse hindoue. C'est devenu un lieu commun dans l'étude des religions de prétendre que l'Hindouisme est indéfinissable. L'auteur affirme que cette difficulté provient d'une mauvaise approche de cette définition — à savoir, essayer de la formuler en termes doctrinaux. La flexibilité doctrinale de la tradition reli gieuse hindoue fait échouer de tels essais. Cependant, même s'il apparaît difficile de définir l'Hindouisme, il est plus aisé d'identi fier un Hindou. La récente législation en Inde relative aux Hin dous s'avère très utile. Une fois les Hindous identifiés, l'Hindouisme peut être défini comme la religion des Hindous. Une telle approche peut apparaitre comme étant tautologique, mais est essentiellement sociologique.
Relation of Charge to Frictional Work in the Static Electrification of Filaments
Authors: Levy J.B. , Wakelin J.H. , Kauzmann W.J. , Dillon J.H. 
Published: March 2007

A study of the generation of electrical charge on fibrous materials was carried out using the apparatus of Hersh and Montgomery, in which a fiber is held fixed in an insulated lower yoke while a second fiber in a grounded upper yoke is rubbed across it under controlled ambient and mechanical conditions. The original apparatus was modi fied to permit measurement of the frictional work of rubbing as well as the charge. Precautions were taken to discharge both fibers with a radioactive source after each measurement. It was found that, at any one velocity, several thousand rubs were required before steady values of charge transferred and frictional work of rubbing were obtained. It was also found that the velocity of rubbing affected strongly both the charge trans ferred and the frictional work of rubbing, the former being found to decrease and the latter to increase with increasing velocity. This has been explained in terms of local heating, plastic junctions, and material transfer which occur during rubbing. An em pirical relationship relating the velocity of rub, the frictional work of rubbing, and the charge transferred was found to hold in the great majority of the cases examined. From the experimental data obtained it was possible to calculate the mechanical energy expended in any one rub and to estimate the resulting electrical energy. Thus for any pair of fibers under a given set of conditions it was possible to calculate the efficiency of the process of converting mechanical energy to triboelectrical energy. At 30° C. and 33% RH, measured efficiencies were very low (0.00-0.42%); at a very low humidity, efficiencies as high as 2.0% were found. The presence of a lubricant on the fiber surfaces during rubbing was found in most cases to cause a decrease in both the charge and frictional work of rubbing.
The social organisation of urban space: A case study of Chanderi, a small town in central India
Authors: Sharma K.L. 
Published: March 2007

Space and status are inextricably related to each other. Though space is a geographic entity, human society has a tendency to transform it into a socio-cultural phenomenon. Such a process of appropriation of space refers to trends of social change and status- formation. Space-segregation thus implies 'social distance'. Underlying a given space- segregation, one can see the structure of society in terms of the ramifications of caste, class and ethnicity. Our study of Chanderi, a small town in Madhya Pradesh, shows that segregated mohallas (neighbourhoods) and galis (lanes) largely correspond with graded social divisions based on caste and community. Space-segregation and com mensurate social divisions do not obstruct the incorporation of modernity in the social fabric of the town. Our study also shows that space is not static. It is made and remade in accordance with the dynamics of social relations and status-formation. Since space is social, it is appropriated by the privileged sections of society to their advantage. As such, tradition has a considerable hold in Chanderi. To a certain extent tradition also prevails over modernity in Chanderi in terms of the patron-client ties between the master-weavers and weavers with regard to saree production and trade. Mohallas and galis continue to correspond with the ranking of the patrons and clients (master-weavers and weavers) or the upper and the lower casteslcommunities, including Muslims.
Toward a Democratic Rule of Law
Authors: ESQUITH STEPHEN L. 
Published: March 2007

Article 2: The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice....Article 7: The organs of public authority shall function on the basis of, and within the limits of, the law. Constitution of the Republic of Poland, April 2, 1997 Chapter 1, Article 1: The Slovak Republic is a democratic and sovereign state ruled by the law. It is bound neither to an ideology, or to a religion. Constitution of Slovakia, September 1, 1991 Chapter 1, Article 1: The Czech Republic is a sovereign, unified and democratic law-observing state, based on the respect for the rights and freedoms of the individual and citizen. Constitution of the Czech Republic, December 16, 1992 Preamble: We, the members of the Seventh Grand National Assembly, guided by our desire to express the will of the people of Bulgaria...hereby promulgate our resolve to create a democratic, law-governed and social state, by establishing this CONSTITUTION. Constitution of Bulgaria, July 12, 1991
The Unintended Consequences of Policy Change
Authors: Legge Jerome S. 
Published: March 2007

This article utilizes a multiple time series design to investigate the impact that restrictive abortion laws have had on maternal deaths in Romania. That society had an initially "liberal" law but it was reversed by a 1966 decree that greatly limited the circumstances under which a woman may have an abortion. The research design combined with data collected from the World Health Organization suggest that it is unlikely that a post-1966 increase in the number of abortion deaths in Romania can be attributed either to the effects of history or instrumentation. Implications of this study for the American experience with abortion are discussed briefly. It would seem that in any society a restrictive abortion policy's impact on maternal death is likely to depend on the degree of "tightening."
The Relationship between Suppressed Anger and Psychosocial Distress in African American Male Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Ernest H. , Greene Anthony 
Published: March 2007

The goal of this investigation was to examine the relationship between suppressed anger, somatic symptoms, sleep disturbances, social support, the occurrence of the stressful life events, health risk factors, and the frequent experience of intense feelings of anger among African American male adolescents. The results indicated that African American males who cope with stress and provocations with chronically high levels of suppressed anger have significantly fewer close friends and family members to talk with about their personal problems; their personal problems were also more distressing and related to intense angry reactions. Adolescents who frequently suppress angry feelings reported that their level of comfort and self-esteem was lower while confiding in close friends and family members about their personal problems. Symptoms of cardiovascular arousal, sleep disturbances, and stressful life events were reported more often by adolescents who frequently held in (suppressed) their angry feelings. Similarly, adolescents with high levels of suppressed anger were significantly heavier than African American males with lower levels of suppressed anger. There was also a tendency for other health risk factors (smoking, drinking, blood pressure) to vary as a function of the level of suppressed anger. It is suggested that psychotherapy with young African American males may be seriously hindered by processes described in this research. However, cognitive-behavioral intervention techniques focusing on lowering the "general" level of anger-hostility and tension while increasing the overt expression of anger and enhancing the development of appropriate strategies for coping with provocations seem useful.
Postmodern perspectives on care: the vigil and the gift
Authors: Fox Nick 
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the perspectives which postmodernism and post- structuralism bring to an understanding of care, particularly in the writings of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Hélène Cixous and Stephen White. It is suggested that care is paradoxical. On one hand it is a tech nology of surveillance which, as a consequence of the professionalisa tion of caring, constitutes the vigil. But although this technology is one of control and supplies the authority for profession care, it is also possible to recognise an alternative caring, which is about love, generosity, and a celebration of otherness. This gift of care seeks to enable the cared-for person, and resists the discourses of the vigil. The paper examines the issues raised for practitioners by this dual character of care.
DECIVILISING PROCESSES: THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND SOME LINES OF RESEARCH
Authors: Mennell Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Decivilising processes are what happens when civilising processes go into reverse; both terms are used here in a specific technical sense derived from the work of Norbert Elias ( The Civilising Process, 2 vols., 1978/1982, orig. 1939). The first part of the paper briefly sketches aspects of the theory of civilising processes necessary for identifying symptoms of their reversal. It is inferred that true decivilising processes would be marked by breaking links and shorter chains of social interdependence, associated with higher levels of danger and incalculability in everyday life, the re-emergence of violence into the public sphere and a decline in mutual identification, reduced pressures on individuals to restrain the expression of impulses (including the freer expression of aggressiveness), changes in socialisation and personality formation, and increasing fantasy-content of modes of knowledge. The second part of the paper examines evidence relating to four candidates for the label `decivilising process'. The debate about the `permissive society' suggests that this was `decivilising' in a very limited sense: it involved a `highly controlled decontrolling of emotional controls'. Evidence of an upturn in violence in contemporary United States and British society is examined next; the data of Gurr, Stone and Dunning suggest the longterm trend was until recently downwards. The Holocaust and other instances of mass murder are discussed next. Finally, it is proposed that the clearest cases of decivilising processes would be those where trends could be observed over at least three generations; evidence should be sought in the collapse of complex societies (such as the Roman Empire) and episodes such as the Thirty Years War and its aftermath, and the so-called `Wild West'.
IBN KHALDUN: THE FOUNDING FATHER OF EASTERN SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Dhaouadi Mahmoud 
Published: March 2007

Ibn Khaldun's social thought has largely been ignored by sociologists in the West, although Yves Lacoste and Arnold Toynbee considered it to be the greatest work of its kind. He lived at a time of crisis in Arab-Muslim civilisation, and a paradigm crisis in historiography. His ` Ilm Al `Umran, the New Science, was designed to provide a better understanding of the history of Arab-Muslim societies. Its introduction, the Muqaddimah, has been interpreted by Muhammed Al-Jabri as an evolutionary analysis of human phenomena including an objective account of the supernatural. It is an account of the dynamics of Arab society `explaining how and why things are as they are'. The central concept of the New Science is Al `Assabiyya, which is a specifically Arab interpretation of what holds groups together. This was partially transformed by the `invasion economy' in Ibn Khaldun's time and we can extend this analysis to modern oil-dependent countries. Khaldun shares a dualist typological approach (bedouin/sedentary) with Western sociologists. In his case, both first-hand interaction with the social realities of his time and commitment to Arab-Muslim civilisation were combined with a demand for freedom of thought and rigorous science.
COLLECTIVE ASSERTION STRATEGIES OF IMMIGRANTS IN SWITZERLAND
Authors: Bolzman Claudio , Fibbi Rosita 
Published: March 2007

In this paper we focus on an often neglected dimension of immigration, the collective one. We explore two main forms of collective assertion of immigrants: (1) political mobilisation, which is no longer as dominant as it has been in the past; and (2) cultural mobilisation, which has become increasingly important over the last ten years. After the failure of a number of political initiatives at the national level, these new forms of assertion aim at the recognition of immigrants' groups at the local community level, which in the Swiss political system is a significant operational level that also has a wide symbolic resonance. We argue that these changes are due to the immigrants' experience of status inconsistency, which involves participation in the socio-economic field and exclusion from the political arena (expressed particularly in the lack of voting rights). This is a result of Swiss migration policy and the strucutre of political opportunities. Whenever a lack of socio-economic or political rights is increasingly unacceptable to the groups concerned, it seems likely that forms of social mobilisation appear. Two factors have produced this decreased legitimacy of the immigrants' status: (a) the prolonged residence in the host society, which should normally result in the progressive acquisition of a better socio-economic status and greater social rights; (b) the strengthening and expansion of the European Community - where most of the immigrants come from - reinforcing their symbolic and political resources in the negotiation of their status in the host country.