bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rainwater-fed peat as a precursor of coal
Authors: Clymo R. S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
About 3% of the Earth’s land surface is peat-covered at present. Most peat forms where there is waterlogging, because oxygen diffuses down through water more slowly than it is consumed by micro-organisms. The anaerobic micro-organisms in peat continue the decay process, but only slowly.

A great variety of rheotrophic (usually minerotrophic and eutrophic) peats form if the waterlogging is caused by groundwater. Of greater extent, but less varied, are the ombrotrophic peats which are dependent on precipitation. Most of these peatlands are in Russia, Canada, Fennoscandia and the British Isles. The main peat-forming plants in such places are bogmosses (
Sphagnum
), sedges and heaths, with pines (
Pinus
) and larch (
Larix
) in some places. These peats may be analogous to those which formed the Permian coals of Australia. In western Malesia are large areas of coastal ombrotrophic forest-bogs. These tropical forest peats may be analogous to those which formed the Carboniferous coals. The organic chemistry of newly dead plants differs considerably amongst all these plant groups, and they in turn may be very different from the majority of plants which formed the starting materials for the formation of coals in the past.

In spite of these differences the study of present-day moss and sedge bogs may be helpful and particularly in the study of Permian coals. There is usually a two-layered structure. In the 5–50 cm thick surface layer aerobic decay may remove as much as 90% of the original matter and do so selectively. Below is the much thicker waterlogged anaerobic layer in which microbial decay is of a different sort and is much slower. But there is evidence that it continues for thousands of years at least. The extent to which peat is a product of microbial activity operating on a slowly changing substrate is unknown. Equally unknown is the balance between microbially mediated and chemical changes. One consequence of bacterial decay is that there seems to be an inherent limit to the depth of such peat-forming systems. At least one (unusual) case is known which has resulted in the production of a lignitic peat, which breaks with a conchoidal fracture, and which is barely 12 000 years old. The limiting depth, assessed from growth during the last 10 000 years, seems to be too little to account for the observed thickness of coals.
Coal, climate and terrestrial productivity: the present and early Cretaceous compared
Authors: Ziegler A. M. , Raymond A. L. , Gierlowski T. C. , Horrell M. A. , Rowley D. B. , Lottes A. L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
At the present time, rainfall sufficient and consistent enough for swamp formation and peat preservation occurs in the equatorial and temperate belts. Evaporite deposits and aeolian sandstones occur in the consistently dry areas, while the intermediate areas of seasonal rainfall tend not to have any of these climatically significant sediments. In the Cretaceous, the temperate belts are well represented by coals as today, but the tropical belt is not, and the same can be said of other Mesozoic and early Cenozoic periods. Instead, the tropics are represented by low diversity floras and sediments, like the Nubian Sandstone, which can be interpreted as representative of climates in which precipitation was markedly seasonal. The inference is that the Intertropical Convergence Zone was less latitudinally confined during the warmer ‘greenhouse’ periods, and that this might have been due to weaker polar fronts.
Facies studies of coal and coal-bearing strata
Authors: McCabe Peter J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Prior to 1960 most discussions on the depositional environment of coal-bearing strata were related to theories of the origin of cyclothems. Work during the 1960s on modern deltas, particularly the Mississippi, led to the interpretation of the classic cyclothem as deltaic in origin, with coals originating in delta-top swamps. During the 1970s and early 1980s, detailed models of depositional environments were developed for coal-bearing strata. Coals have now been described in association with virtually all types of terrestrial depositional environments.
There are surprisingly few published examples of facies analyses of coal-bearing strata. Detailed measured sections and meticulous descriptions of sedimentary structures are necessary for geologists to make independent assessments of published environmental interpretations and to make comparisons between various coal-bearing formations. The coal industry could benefit from more predictive facies models, which will require greater integration of coal and clastic facies studies.
In most mires close to areas of active clastic deposition, ash content of peat is too high for them to be precursors of coal. Most coal must have originated as peats in raised mires or in low-lying mires well removed from active clastic environments. In the latter case, a significant hiatus in deposition may be represented by the contact of coal with underlying sediments. Subsurface studies, which allow an understanding of the three-dimensional character of coal-bearing strata, may provide clues as to the type of swamp in which a coal was deposited. Recent studies in the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, for example, provide clear evidence that coals originated in mires well removed from contemporaneous clastic depositional systems.
Implications of vegetational change through the geological record on models for coal-forming environments
Authors: Collinson Margaret E. , Scott Andrew C. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Two broad categories of peat-forming environments, those dominated by arborescent lycopsids (Carboniferous) and those dominated by taxodiaceous conifers (Cretaceous to Recent) are used to compare some features of plant biology and plant association which would influence peat formation. Significant differences between the two categories indicate that modern analogues for ancient coal-forming environments should always take account of such plant features. Some of the more obvious implications for interpretation of coal-forming environments are discussed. A fuller appreciation of these implications requires greater understanding of the ancient plants and plant communities involved. In particular, both the individual plants and plant assemblages should be taken into account when making environmental interpretations of coal petrological studies and in the calculation of peat to coal compression ratios.
Mineral matter in coals, with special reference to the Pennine Coalfields
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The minerals present in coals are grouped as either detrital or diagenetic. The detrital minerals undergo diagenetic modifications however, and provide one of the sources for elements incorporated into diagenetic minerals. The detrital minerals are present either dispersed or concentrated in the coal seams. The overall composition of the detrital minerals is a function of grain size and thus of current velocity. Clay mineral composition varies with the maturity of the sediment, and in particular whether this is reworked from within the basin or is more representative of the upland source. Dirt partings (intraseam mudrocks) represent either an increase in detrital sediment input or a reduction in the rate of organic accumulation, or even loss of organic matter. Wind blown sediment in coals are best represented by altered volcanic ashes, tonsteins, providing a means of correlation and minerals for absolute age determinations. The alteration of ash to kaolinite both in the peat and in the associated sediments demonstrates which clay mineral is stable in the pore waters. Diagenetic kaolinite, probably formed from elements organically derived, is also recognized, particularly in low ash coals. The elements present in diagenetic silicates, sulphides and carbonates originated from within the peat and also from mudrocks in the sequence. The diagenetic sequence of minerals in the cleat is equated with that of other clastic sediments and is similarly interpreted as a burial depth sequence. The residual, diagenetic porefluids resulting from burial diagenesis are the source of economically important, high Cl concentrations in the coal.
Genesis of the Warwickshire Thick Coal: a group of long-residence histosols
Authors: Fulton I. M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Warwickshire Thick Coal is of Westphalian B age, and it developed at the southern margin of the Pennine Basin in central England. It usually consists of three to five leaves of coal which can total up to 8.5 m in thickness. Palynological analysis of the leaves has revealed the presence of four miospore types which occur in similar successions in each leaf. These coals are interpreted as long-residence histosols. Comparable successions have been recognized by other authors and a variety of mechanisms advanced for their formation. The model proposed to account for their origin is change in vegetation due to variations in water table (hydroseral growth), which occur during the development of ombrotrophic bogs similar to those found in the Far East. Many inter-related factors are believed to affect water table variation including climate, topography and raising of the bog surface (the latter controlled by both differential rate of subsidence and accumulation of plant debris). It is probable that the model proposed may be applicable to other coal seams, and this has implications for coal exploration. Estimation of regional rates of subsidence may help in the location of thick long-residence histosols, and examination of miospore cycles within leaves of coal may be useful in predicting the proximity of seam splits.
Coal geology and exploration of part of the Tertiary Kutei Basin in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Land D. H. , Jones C. M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Geological survey of some 700 km
2
of Miocene coal-bearing strata in Borneo, near Samarinda, E Kalimantan, Indonesia, identified 1000 Mt of recoverable reserves of coal, ranging in rank from lignite A to high-volatile C bituminous, in 43 seams between 1.5 and 13 m thick. Environments of deposition are paralic and include shoreline, deltaic and alluvial flood-plain. Strata studied are divided into four newly-defined lithological formations, the Loa Duri, Loa Kulu, Prangat and Kamboja formations, in a section totalling over 3000 m thick. The survey included drilling 72 cored boreholes, between 200 and 350 m deep, of which 60 each proved at least one coal seam over 2 m thick. The coals have low ash, high moisture and generally low sulphur.
Multi-processor system description and simulation using structured multi-programming languages
Authors: Van Oost E. M. J. C. 
Published: October 2007

Most of the multi-processor systems designed for real time control demand a high efficiency, compromising the simplicity of the system. If this requirement imposes a hardware implementation of most of the primitives of the system, a complicated hardware will result. In order to retain to some extent the ease of using structured multi-programming languages, e.g. Concurrent Pascal [1], we have used these languages for the description and simulation of the complex hardware, instead of using them for software implementation of parallelism.
This approach is explained with examples taken from an existing multi-processor system [2] developed at the Brussels Free University (V.U.B.).
Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts Lacking the Tumor Suppressor Menin Show Altered Expression of Extracellular Matrix Protein Genes
Authors: Ji Youngmi , Prasad Nijaguna B. , Novotny Elizabeth A. , Kaur Sukhbir , Elkahloun Abdel , Chen Yidong , Zhang Rui-Zhu , Chu Mon-Li , Agarwal Sunita K. , Marx Stephen J. , Collins Francis S. , Chandrasekharappa Settara C. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome characterized primarily by endocrine tumors of the parathyroids, anterior pituitary, and enteropancreatic endocrine tissues. Affected individuals carry a germ-line loss-of-function mutation of the MEN1 gene, and tumors arise after loss of the second allele. Homozygous loss of Men1 in the germ line of mice results in early embryonic lethality, with defective development of neural tube, heart, liver, and craniofacial structures. We generated immortalized wild-type (WT) and menin-null mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cell lines and evaluated their characteristics, including global expression patterns. The WT and menin-null cell lines were aneuploid, and the nulls did not display tumorigenic characteristics in soft agar assay. Expression arrays in menin-null MEFs revealed altered expression of several extracellular matrix proteins that are critical in organogenesis. Specifically, transcripts for fibulin 2 (Fbln2), periostin (Postn), and versican [chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (Cspg2)], genes critical for the developing heart and known to be induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), were decreased in their expression in menin-null MEFs. Fbln2 expression was the most affected, and the reduction in menin-null MEFs for Fbln2, Postn, and Cspg2 was 16.18-, 5.37-, and 2.15-fold, respectively. Menin-null MEFs also showed poor response to TGF-β–induced Smad3-mediated transcription in a reporter assay, supporting a role for menin in this pathway. Postn and Cspg2 expression in WT, unlike in null MEFs, increased on TGF-β treatment. The expression changes associated with the loss of the tumor suppressor menin provide insights into the defective organogenesis observed during early embryonic development in Men1-null mouse embryos. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1041–51)
Abelson Interactor Protein-1 Positively Regulates Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion
Authors: Wang Chunjie , Navab Roya , Iakovlev Vladimir , Leng Yan , Zhang Jinyi , Tsao Ming-Sound , Siminovitch Katherine , McCready David R. , Done Susan J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Abelson interactor protein-1 (ABI-1) is an adaptor protein involved in actin reorganization and lamellipodia formation. It forms a macromolecular complex containing Hspc300/WASP family verprolin-homologous proteins 2/ABI-1/nucleosome assembly protein 1/PIR121 or Abl/ABI-1/WASP family verprolin-homologous proteins 2 in response to Rho family-dependent stimuli. Due to its role in cell mobility, we hypothesized that ABI-1 has a role in invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we found that weakly invasive breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-468, SKBR3, and CAMA1) express lower levels of ABI-1 compared with highly invasive breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-157, BT549, and Hs578T), which exhibit high ABI-1 levels. Using RNA interference, ABI-1 was stably down-regulated in MDA-MB-231, which resulted in decreased cell proliferation and anchorage-dependent colony formation and abrogation of lamellipodia formation on fibronectin. Down-regulation of ABI-1 decreased invasiveness and migration ability and decreased adhesion on collagen IV and actin polymerization in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, compared with control parental cells, ABI-1 small interfering RNA–transfected cells showed decreased levels of phospho-PDK1, phospho-Raf, phospho-AKT, total AKT, and AKT1. These data suggest that ABI-1 plays an important role in the spread of breast cancer and that this role may be mediated via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1031–9)
Human 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase Suppresses the Oxidative Stress–Induced Apoptosis through a p53-Mediated Signaling Pathway in Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Youn Cha-Kyung , Song Peter I. , Kim Mi-Hwa , Kim Jin Sook , Hyun Jin-Won , Choi Sang-Joon , Yoon Sang Pil , Chung Myung Hee , Chang In-Youb , You Ho Jin 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) is the main defense enzyme against mutagenic effects of cellular 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine. In this study, we investigated the biological role of hOGG1 in DNA damage–related apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)–derived oxidative stress. The down-regulated expression of hOGG1 by its small interfering RNA prominently triggers the H2O2-induced apoptosis in human fibroblasts GM00637 and human lung carcinoma H1299 cells via the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway. However, the apoptotic responses were specifically inhibited by hOGG1 overexpression. The p53–small interfering RNA transfection into the hOGG1-deficient GM00637 markedly inhibited the H2O2-induced activation of p53-downstream target proteins such as p21, Noxa, and caspase-3/7, which eventually resulted in the increased cell viability. Although the cell viability of hOGG1-knockdown H1299 p53 null cells was similar to that of the hOGG1 wild-type H1299, after the overexpression of p53 the hOGG1-knockdown H1299 showed the significantly decreased cell viability compared with that of the hOGG1 wild-type H1299 at the same experimental condition. Moreover, the array comparative genome hybridization analyses revealed that the hOGG1-deficient GM00637 showed more significant changes in the copy number of large regions of their chromosomes in response to H2O2 treatment. Therefore, we suggest that although p53 is a major modulator of apoptosis, hOGG1 also plays a pivotal role in protecting cells against the H2O2-induced apoptosis at the upstream of the p53-dependent pathway to confer a survival advantage to human fibroblasts and human lung carcinomas through maintaining their genomic stability. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1083–98)
Fas-Negative Osteosarcoma Tumor Cells Are Selected during Metastasis to the Lungs: The Role of the Fas Pathway in the Metastatic Process of Osteosarcoma
Authors: Koshkina Nadezhda V. , Khanna Chand , Mendoza Arnulfo , Guan Hui , DeLauter Lindsey , Kleinerman Eugenie S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLow expression of Fas by different tumors including osteosarcoma, correlates with poor prognosis. We found that osteosarcoma lung metastases from patients expressed negligible amounts of Fas, but primary tumors often expressed high Fas levels. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown. We hypothesized that because FasL is constitutively expressed in the lungs, Fas-positive (Fas+) tumor cells entering the lungs would bind with FasL and die from Fas-induced apoptosis, resulting in the “selection” of Fas-negative (Fas−) cells, which would eventually form metastases. To test this hypothesis, we injected K7 osteosarcoma cells, which express functional Fas in vitro, into mice and confirmed that its bone tumors were Fas+, but lung metastases were Fas−. Next, to inhibit Fas signaling without affecting Fas expression, we transfected these cells with a FADD-dominant negative (FDN) plasmid and developed K7/FDN cells. Metastases formed by K7/FDN cells contained Fas+ tumor cells. Moreover, K7/FDN cells were retained in the lungs longer and formed more lung metastases than K7 cells. In addition, the incidence of lung metastases in FasL-deficient mice injected with K7 cells was higher than that in wild-type mice. Metastases from FasL-deficient mice but not from wild-type mice contained Fas+ tumor cells. Based on that, we conclude that Fas− osteosarcoma cells are selected during lung metastases formation and that inhibition of Fas signaling in tumors or lack of FasL in the host environment allows the proliferation of Fas+ osteosarcoma cells in the lungs and promotes metastases growth. Therefore, Fas may be considered as a new therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):991–9)
Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription Factor 2 Inhibits the Motility of a Human Glial Tumor Cell Line by Activating RhoA
Authors: Tabu Kouichi , Ohba Yusuke , Suzuki Tadaki , Makino Yoshinori , Kimura Taichi , Ohnishi Akiko , Sakai Mieko , Watanabe Takuya , Tanaka Shinya , Sawa Hirofumi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), is specifically expressed in the developing and mature central nervous system and plays an important role in oligodendrogenesis from neural progenitors. It is also expressed in various types of glial tumors, but rarely in glioblastoma. Although we previously showed that OLIG2 expression inhibits glioma cell growth, its role in tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the effect of OLIG2 expression on the migration of the human glioblastoma cell line U12-1. In these cells, OLIG2 expression is controlled by the Tet-off system. Induction of OLIG2 expression inhibited both the migration and invasiveness of U12-1 cells. OLIG2 expression also increased the activity of the GTPase RhoA as well as inducing the cells to form stress fibers and focal adhesions. Experiments using short interfering RNA against p27Kip1 revealed that up-regulation of the p27Kip1 protein was not essential for RhoA activation, rather it contributed independently to the decreased motility of OLIG2-expressing U12-1 cells. Alternatively, semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that mRNA expression of RhoGAP8, which regulates cell migration, was decreased by OLIG2 expression. Furthermore, expression of C3 transferase, which inhibits Rho via ADP ribosylation, attenuated the OLIG2-induced inhibition of cell motility. Imaging by fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed that in U12-1 cells lacking OLIG2, the active form of RhoA was localized to protrusions of the cell membrane. In contrast, in OLIG2-expressing cells, it lined almost the entire plasma membrane. Thus, OLIG2 suppresses the motile phenotype of glioblastoma cells by activating RhoA. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1099–109)
Hepatitis B Virus Pre-S2 Mutant Surface Antigen Induces Degradation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 through c-Jun Activation Domain-Binding Protein 1
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Hsuan , Su Ih-Jen , Wang Hui-Ching , Tsai Jui-He , Huang Yu-Jun , Chang Wen-Wei , Lai Ming-Derg , Lei Huan-Yaw , Huang Wenya 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) large surface antigen (LHBS) mutant with deletion at the pre-S2 region accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is associated with HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis. In this study, we found that the pre-S2 LHBS mutant directly interacts with the Jun activation domain–binding protein 1 (JAB1). Association of pre-S2 LHBS with JAB1 dissociated JAB1 from the JAB1/IRE1 complex in ER. The free (active) JAB1 then translocated into cell nuclei and rendered the Cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 to cytosolic proteasome for degradation. The pre-S2 LHBS mutant induced hyperphosphorylation of tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (RB) via cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), a downstream molecule regulated by p27Kip1. This effect is independent of the ER stress signaling pathway. The transgenic mice carrying the pre-S2 mutant LHBS gene also exhibited Cdk2 activation, p27Kip1 degradation, as well as RB hyperphosphorylation. The mouse hepatocytes exhibited morphologic abnormalities such as chromatin condensation, multinucleation, and dysplasia of hepatocytes. In summary, the pre-S2 LHBS mutant causes p27Kip1 degradation through direct interaction with JAB1. The pre-S2 mutant LHBS is suggested to be a potential oncoprotein for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(10):1063–72)