bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of methods for the analysis of crops and soils for residues of benzoylprop‐ethyl and its breakdown products
Authors: Wright A. Neill , Mathews Brian L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods are described for the analysis of residues of the herbicide benzoylpropethyl, ethyl (±)‐2‐[ N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)benzamido]propionate, and its breakdown product, (±)‐2‐[ N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)benzamido]propionic acid, in wheat and soil. In wheat the acid degradation product conjugates with plant sugars and the present paper includes methods for determination of these residues either separately or as a combined residue with unconjugated acid. Efficient extraction procedures have been developed together with partition and column chromatographic techniques for purification of extracts. The full analytical procedures are described and the final determinations are by g.1.c. with electron capture detection with blank values for field samples in the range 0.01–0.05 mg/kg. Good recoveries were obtained. Radiochemical techniques have been used to verify the extraction and subsequent procedures in the methods.
Annual beet: Problems and prospects
Authors: Longden Peter C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnnual bolting sugar beets have contaminated fields in England and represent a potential hazard through their seed production capability (up to 150 viable seed/plant), which could make them an important weed in arable crops, and through their pollen production, which could lead to a degeneration in varieties of sugar beet being grown for seed nearby. Although control by rotation and herbicides in other crops are probably the easiest effective control measures, up to 100% reduction in seed production in the sugar beet crop resulted from bolter pulling, topping or treatment with a 100 g a.e./litre glyphosate solution (1 ml/plant) early in July. The glyphosate damaged other plants which it reached. Whichever control method is selected, mechanisation seems possible.
Contact activity of diflubenzuron against Spodoptera littoralis larvae
Authors: Ascher K. R. Simon , Nemny Nadia E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of diflubenzuron as a residue on glass or applied topically to Spodoptera littoralis larvae was investigated. Diflubenzuron was active as a residue on glass against 100 and 200 mg larvae; the toxicity of residues was identical whether a dispersable formulation or a wettable powder or the technical substance were used. By topical application, diflubenzuron had an ED50 for cumulative percentage mortality up to the adult stage of 004 and 0066 μg/larva for 100 and 200mg larvae respectively. Neither the site of the topical application nor whether the larvae were kept singly or in groups of ten after the treatment had an influence on toxicity. The data indicate that diflubenzuron has contact toxicity to at least one insect species as well as the known stomach poison action.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. IX. 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethylcyciopropanecarboxylates with non‐ethylenic substituents at position 3 on the cyclopropane ring
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Needham Paul H. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activities against houseflies (Musca domestica L.) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae Fab.) of 29 new 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethyl‐cyclopropane‐carboxylates are compared with those of the corresponding chrysanthe‐mate (bioresmethrin) to assess the influence of non‐ethylenic and isobutenyl substituents at position 3 of the cyclopropane ring. Of the new groups investigated, only 3‐methoxyiminomethyl gives equal or enhanced activity; 3‐(2‐furyl) esters are moderately effective, but 3‐phenyl and 3‐alkoxycarbonyl compounds show weak activity. A 3‐(2,2,2‐trihaloethyl) compound was more active than compounds with other saturated groups, such as isobutyl.
Determination of residues of isofenphos and its phosphoramidate analogue
Authors: Brown Marilyn J. , Williams Ian H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the gas chromatographic determination of residues of isofenphos (BAY 92114, O‐ethyl O‐2‐isopropoxycarbonylphenyl isopropylphosphor‐amidothioate) and its phosphoramidate which is a potential metabolite. When potato, cabbage, rapeseed and a sandy loam soil were fortified with 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg and analysed by the method described, the recoveries ranged from 76 to 98%. The limits of detection of the method were 0.5 and 1.0 ng for isofenphos and isofenphos oxygen analogue respectively. Degradation under field conditions of isofenphos to its oxygen analogue was demonstrated in a sample of field‐treated potatoes.
Fonofos residues in an organic soil and vegetable crops following treatment of the soil with the insecticide
Authors: Khan Shahamat U. , Hamilton Herman A. , Hogue Eugene J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFonofos (O‐ethyl S‐phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate) was applied to an organic soil as band treatment at the rates of 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha. The persistence of the insecticide and its translocation into onions and two rotation crops (lettuces and carrots) was studied under field conditions. Proportionally more residues persisted in the soil from the higher rate of application. In autumn, 4 months after soil treatment, about 40‐48 % of the initially recovered levels of fonofos remained in soil. However, the amount of fonofos present at the harvest time, during the second growing season was only 16–26% of the insecticide concentration found in spring. Onions harvested 4 months after application of fonofos had no detectable residue (> 0.005 mg/kg) whereas lettuces and carrots grown in the following year contained fonofos in various amounts. At the lower rate of application the insecticide residues in lettuces and carrots were < 0.005 and 0.025 mg/kg, respectively, and those from the higher application rate were 0.012 and 0.036 mg/kg. About 72–80% of the residue could be removed by peeling the carrots. No residue of the oxygen analogue, O‐ethyl S‐phenyl ethylphos‐phonothioate (I) was detected in any soil or crop samples.
The use of synthetic sex pheromones for pest management in stored‐product situations
Authors: Haines Christopher P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn spite of the obvious advantages of storage systems for pheromone use, few attempts have been made to investigate the practical effectiveness of pheromones in such systems. The sex pheromone complex of Ephestia cautella (Walker) is described, and the possible natural functions of the components are suggested. Trials with the synthetic pheromones show that mating frequency of the moth can be reduced by slow release of the materials in a warehouse. The prospects for the use of pheromones in pest management in stores are discussed.
The basis of selectivity of 4‐(2, 6‐dichlorobenzyloxymethyl)‐4‐ethyl‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐1, 3‐dioxolan (WL 29, 226), a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in cereals
Authors: Jeffcoat Brian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of pot experiments were undertaken to assess the selectivity of the pre‐emergence herbicide 4‐(2, 6‐dichlorobenzyloxymethyl)‐4‐ethyl‐2, 2, ‐dimethyl‐1, 3‐dioxolan (WL 29,226) against a number of annual weeds in wheat. When applied at dose rates of 0.5–2 kg/ha it gave good control of a number of annual monocotyledonous weeds, including Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass), without any adverse effects on the crop. WL 29,226 is relatively immobile in soil, remaining at the soil surface and thus favouring uptake via the emerging shoot. Since WL 29,226 is transported predominantly via the xylem, to reach its site of action in the regions of cell division, and hence to be effective, the compound has to penetrate the shoot either at or below the stem apex. The roots are inhibited only when these come into direct contact with the compound. Selectivity of the herbicide is dependent upon the relative anatomical positions of the stem apices of the weeds and the crop with respect to the soil surface. Mesocotyl elongation in many of the weed species was such that the meristematic tissue was raised to the soil surface and into contact with the compound during the emergence of the shoot. In contrast, the stem apex of wheat remained some distance below the soil surface until considerably later, by which time the leaf sheaths offered protection to the meristematic tissue from direct contact with the herbicide. Selectivity is further enhanced in the field as a result of both the depth of planting for wheat and the tendency of many annual weed species to germinate more readily when near the soil surface. Tolerance of the wheat is lost where it germinates in direct contact with the herbicide, due to the lack of any biochemical selectivity. Under field conditions WL 29,226 gives good control of many dicotyledonous species. In pot experiments, however, these exhibit some tolerance to the compound. Radio‐tracer studies indicate that the tolerance shown by the shoots of these plants is due to limited transport of the herbicide from the shoot to its site of action at the apex. This suggests that control of broad‐leaved weeds occurs predominantly through an inhibition of root growth. However, in species such as sugar‐beet, soyabean and cotton a rapid rate of root elongation confers increased tolerance to the compound. Availability of WL 29,226 for uptake by young seedlings is favoured by soil moisture. Low temperatures further improve performance by reducing the rate of shoot emergence and hence prolonging contact with the compound at the most sensitive stage of growth. After emergence uptake of the compound via the shoot becomes a less efficient mode of entry.
Ion concentration variations at short distances downwind of continuous and quasi‐instantaneous point sources
Authors: Jones Christopher D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved experimental technique is described which enables the fine structure of the ion concentration variations downwind of both continuous and instantaneous point sources to be examined. The method, which involves the use of ionised air, permits resolution of features within diffusing clouds of the order of centimetres since the detector response time is about ten milliseconds. The success of the method can be attributed to the fact that the measurements are entirely electrical in nature, thereby eliminating certain defects inherent in most other sensing techniques. However, the method does possess disadvantages and these are critically examined. Experimental results are presented which show clearly the presence of considerable fine structure hitherto suspected, but not quantitatively observed, in diffusing plumes, i.e. from continuous sources, and puffs, i.e. from instantaneous sources. The implications of these data are considered briefly.
Estimation of acid dissociation constants from potentiometric titration curves
Authors: Farrington John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA computer program has been developed for fitting theoretical curves to data points obtained in pH titrations of weak acids or bases. The logarithm of the acid dissociation constant ( — pKa) and end point are optimised by the program and any strong acid or base which may be present as an impurity is allowed for. Activity coefficient corrections are included. It is applicable to mono‐, di‐ and tri‐basic acids, including those with overlapping ionisation regions. The choice of concentration at which to carry out the titration in order to obtain a reliable pKa is discussed.
Co‐inheritance of increased carboxylesterase activity and resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in Myzus persicae (sulzer)
Authors: Blackman Roger L. , Devonshire Alan L. , Sawicki Roman M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLevels of carboxylesterase activity and resistance to dimethoate were assessed in F1 clones of Myzus persicae obtained by crossing sexuales from a resistant, high esterase clone (R) with those from three susceptible, low esterase clones. The progeny of the most successful cross fell into two distinct groups, intermediate between the parent clones with respect to both carboxylesterase activity and resistance. The first group averaged 74% of the total carboxylesterase activity, 79% of the esterase band‐4 activity, and 86% of the resistance of R. The second group averaged 43% of the total carboxylesterase activity, 33% of the esterase band‐4 activity and 17% of the resistance of R. The results indicate that R may be heterozygous for two alleles coding for increased esterase levels and associated resistance.
Absorption, metabolism and excretion of the fungicide triforine in the rat
Authors: Darda Siegfried 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEighty per cent of orally administered triforine is absorbed by the rat. Maximum blood levels are reached 4 h after administration. After complete metabolic conversion has occurred, the fungicide absorbed is excreted mainly in the urine as a metabolite, N‐[2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl]formamide. Elimination is complete with most of the compound being excreted during the first 24 h following administration.
Control of insects in cotton crops in africa with some pyrethroid
Authors: Lhoste Jean , Piédallu Christian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCotton yield results are presented for trials in Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Chad and Morocco in which the pyrethroids permethrin, biopermethrin, 3‐phenoxybenzyl (1R,cis)‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (NRDC 167) and (S)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1R,1 S)‐cis,trans‐3‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl‐2, 2‐dimethylcy‐clopropanecarboxylate (NRDC 156) were compared with the compounds currently used for insect control. NRDC 156 gave marked yield increases at rates as low as 12.5 g.a.i./ha, the other pyrethroids needing higher rates to give comparable results. Control of mites, Hemitarsonemus lata and Tetranychus urticae was not satisfactory, however.
Mothproofing with permethrin
Authors: Duffield Peter A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe new pyrethroid, permethrin, previously shown to have high activity against textile pests, was successfully applied to wool from a conventional dye bath. The stability of permethrin to boiling aqueous conditions and to some textile testing regimes was shown to be satisfactory, although some loss on prolonged boiling did occur. Industrial trials made on both wool and wool/nylon blends are described.
A field trial with permethrin against bodylice, pediculm humanus humanus in Egypt, 1976
Authors: Nassif Moufida , Kamel Osman 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPopulations of bodylice, Pediculus humanus humanus L., in Egypt have become resistant to DDT and BHC, but not to malathion. A single dust application of permethrin (1 % a.i.; cis: trans‐ratio 25:75) rendered 98.9% of the treated population louse‐free. Thirty‐seven days after dusting 91.3% and at the end of the 98‐day observation period 64.6% of the population were free of infestation; during the same period the proportion of infested individuals rose by 12.3% in a similar untreated village. Permethrin is ovicidal against bodylice, affects the population of the human flea, PulexirritansL., and ishighly effective against the rat flea, Xenopsyllacheopis(Rothsch.).
The synthesis and insecticidal activity of indole‐derived carbamates
Authors: Wright Brian J. , Baillie Alister C. , Dowsett John R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐seven novel 3H‐indolyl and indolinyl carbamates were synthesised as potential insecticides. They were generally found to be good inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase in vitro, but although several compounds were highly insecticidal no correlation was found between their in vitro activity and their in vivo performance. Experimental evidence suggested that the insecticidal activity of the compounds was governed by a combination of their relative rates of penetration into insects and subsequent metabolic breakdown.
The uptake of the molluscicide, 4′‐chloronicotinanilide into Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) in a flowing water system
Authors: Duncan John , Brown Nicolette , Dunlop Robert W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA system is described for the exposure of freshwater snails to pesticides in flowing water. The method allows groups of seven snails to be confined in about 20 ml of water under constant conditions of pesticide concentration, oxygen tension and temperature for up to 5 days. The uptake rate of 4′‐chloronicotinanilide into the planorbid snail, Biomphalaria glabrata (Say), has been measured using this method with liquid scintillation counting techniques. The necessity for an acclimatisation period prior to exposure and the possible influence of activity on uptake is demonstrated. The advantages of the flowing system over exposure in static solutions are discussed and the use of the apparatus in deciding whether relative uptake rates can account for interspecific differences in susceptibility or contribute to the improvement of molluscicide specificity, is indicated.
Persistence of the herbicide AC 92,553, N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐3,4‐xylidine, in soils
Authors: Walker Allan , Bond William 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of soil temperature and soil moisture content on the rate of loss of N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐3,4‐xylidine (I, AC 92,553) were measured under controlled conditions. The time for 50% disappearance in a sandy loam soil at 75% of field capacity was inversely related to temperature (98 days at 30°; 409 days at 10°). At 25°, the half‐life increased with decreasing soil moisture content (122 days at 75% of field capacity; 563 days at 12.5%). In seven soils with different properties there was a trend towards a slower rate of loss as the organic matter content of the soils increased and the half‐life varied from 72 to 172 days, first‐order kinetics being obeyed. The herbicide was lost rapidly from an inert surface and 97% loss was recorded after 28 days at 25°. Losses from soil surfaces occurred more slowly and were greater from wet compared with dry soil. In the field, it was more persistent when incorporated than when applied to the soil surface. More than 60% of I incorporated in April 1975 could be detected the following September, but when applied to the soil surface, only about 20% of the applied dose remained by this time. Residues measured by gasliquid chromatography using a thermionic nitrogen detector closely paralleled those measured by a bioassay based on the root growth of buckwheat.
Meeting the requirements of probit analysis for evaluating chemicals against storage insects
Authors: Howe Robert W. , Prickett Anthony J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen probit methods are used to estimate the toxicity of fumigants or insecticides to a stored product species, it is desirable to use several doses of poison over a similar time range of at least seven periods. Then the validity of the concentration × time (ct) principle can be examined. In each experiment, either the populations must be homogeneous or, if insecticide resistance is suspected, the nature of the heterogeneity should be known. The individuals must be shared between doses in a manner that guarantees randomisation. The experimental results must be examined for evidence of curvature of probit lines, especially if these lines are to be used as a guide to the practical doses required to eradicate a population. In these circumstances, all survivors from the higher doses should be kept and their ability to produce offspring examined, because the adverse influence of poisoning is often revealed in some later stage of the life cycle.
A quantitative study of asulam persistence in soil
Authors: Smith Allan E. , Walker Allan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe persistence of the herbicide asulam was studied at different controlled temperature and moisture levels in Regina heavy clay. Degradation was rapid, approximating to first‐order kinetics with a half‐life of about 7 days, at temperatures in the range 20–35° and at moistures of above 50% of field capacity. At lower soil temperature and/or moisture regimes, breakdown was slower. The laboratory data were used in conjunction with the appropriate meteorological records in a computer program to simulate the degradation pattern for asulam in six separate microplot field studies carried out during May to November 1976. In three of the six experiments there was close correspondence between observed and predicted residue levels, but in the other three experiments, the model underestimated rates of loss.
Degradation of S‐2‐di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate in soil. Sulphur‐containing products
Authors: Kaaijk Joke , Frijlink Carel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of [35S]‐labelled and [32P]‐labelled S‐2‐di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate has been studied in humic sand, humic loam and clayey peat under laboratory conditions. Radioactivity, which proved to be tightly bound to the soil, was extracted by alkaline methanol. N,N'‐Dithiodiethylenebis(di‐isopropylamine) was identified as the only sulphur‐containing product in the extract.
Effect of soil application of chloroxuron, metobromuron and fluometuron on nodulation, growth and nitrogen fixation by Centrosema pubescens and Vigna sinensis
Authors: Amakiri Mildred A. , Odu Clifford T. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of soil applications of three phenylurea herbicides on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation by Centrosema pubescens and Vigna sinensis under two plantings in pots were investigated under glasshouse conditions. Toxicity increased in the order chloroxuron < metobromuron < fluometuron with both legumes. C. pubescens was more susceptible to the effects of the herbicides than V. sinensis. The effects during cropping of C. pubescens and V. sinensis immediately after herbicide application and 9 months later was observed on nodule formation, plant growth and the proportion and quantity of nitrogen in the soil and in dry matter in the plant roots and tops. The levels at which the applied herbicides controlled weeds without any injurious effects on the legumes were for chloroxuron 0.5–2.0 mg/kg and for metobromuron 0.5–1.0 mg/kg but fluometuron killed weeds and was toxic to the legumes at the lowest concentration used (0.25 mg/kg).
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XI. Relative potencies of isomeric cyano‐substituted 3‐phenoxybenzyl esters
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Soderlund David M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activities to Musca domestica L. and Phaedon cochleariae Fab. of a series of 3‐phenoxybenzyl pyrethroid esters with a cyano substituent at the 2‐, 6‐. (R)‐α‐, or (S)‐α‐position are compared with those of the unsubstituted analogues. Only an (S)‐α‐substituent enhances activity; others diminish or almost eliminate it. (RS)‐α‐mixtures are generally less active than would be predicted from the potencies of their separate constituents.
Residues of carbofuran and 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroxy‐ 2,2‐dimethylbenzofuran‐7‐yl methylcarbamate in the mushroom, agaricus bisporus, cultivated in casing soils treated with the insecticide
Authors: Kalberer Peter , Vogel Elsbeth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidues of carbofuran (1) and 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐hydroxy‐2,2‐dimethylbenzofuran‐7‐yl methylcarbamate (2) in and on mushrooms, cultivated on casing soils containing added carbofuran granular insecticide, were determined. The quantitative estimations in cleaned mushroom extracts were done on thin‐layer plates using a cholinesterase inhibition method. Samples were analysed, which had been harvested at different times from cultures, to which different amounts of carbofuran were added. Residues in washed and unwashed mushroom samples were compared. Residues did not exceed 0.5 mg (carbofuran) kg−1 and 0.25 mg (compound 2) kg−1 for fresh unwashed mushrooms grown on casing soil treated with carbofuran granules 1 g (a.i.) m−2.