bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proactive Interference as a Result of Persisting Neural Representations of Previously Learned Motor Skills in Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Cothros Nicholas , Köhler Stefan , Dickie Erin W. , Mirsattari Seyed M. , Gribble Paul L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Learning to control movements in different dynamic environments is marked by proactive interference; learning a first skill interferes with the subsequent learning of a second one. The neural basis of this effect is poorly understood. We tested the idea that proactive interference results from persisting neural representations of previously learned skills in the primary motor cortex (M1). We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 to disrupt retention of a recently learned motor skill. If interference results from the retention of this skill then its disruption should be associated with reduced interference. Subjects reached to targets while interacting with a robotic arm that applied force fields to the limb. Fifteen minutes of 1-Hz rTMS to M1 impaired the retention of a first force field, and more importantly, reduced proactive interference when subjects learned a second one. Our findings suggest that retention and interference are linked at the level of M1.
Effect of lateral impact loads on failure of pressurized pipelines supported by foundation
Authors: Ng C. S. , Shen W. Q. 
Published: November 2006

The dynamic inelastic response and failure prediction of pipelines under lateral mass impact at the mid-span position are presented in this article. A total of 52 impact tests were carried out on seamless mild steel pipes with different internal pressure levels and foundation supports. Critical initial impact energies were obtained for each group of pipe specimens with different internal pressure levels and foundation supports. Numerical simulations of the experimental tests were carried out using three-dimensional dynamic non-linear finite element analysis, where both geometrical and material non-linearities were considered. Good agreements were achieved between the impact tests results and the numerical predictions. It has been found that the influences of the internal pressure and the foundation on the critical initial impact energy are significant. The critical initial impact energy is much less sensitive to internal pressure for the pipes with a foundation than those without a foundation.
Preparation of tert-Alkyl Azides from Tertiary Alcohols by Way of Benzoquinone-mediated Oxidation–Reduction Condensation
Authors: Kuroda Kiichi , Kaneko Nobuya , Hayashi Yujiro , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A novel method for the preparation of alkyl azides from alcohols by way of oxidation–reduction condensation is described. According to this reaction, the sterically hindered tert-alkyl phosphinites that are prepared from the corresponding alcohols are converted into tert-alkyl azides with almost complete inversions of their stereochemistries. On treatment with LiAlH4 the obtained alkyl azides are then successfully reduced to afford the corresponding amines in good yields, thus, a versatile method for the preparation of chiral amines from the corresponding chiral alcohols was established.
Pericellular Matrilins Regulate Activation of Chondrocytes by Cyclic Load-Induced Matrix Deformation
Authors: Kanbe Katsuaki , Yang Xu , Wei Lei , Sun Changqi , Chen Qian 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Pericellular matrix is at the ideal location to be involved in transmitting mechanical signals from the microenvironment to a cell. We found that changes of the content of matrilins that link various pericellular molecules surrounding chondrocytes affect mechanical stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation and gene expression. Thus, pericellular matrilins may play a role in chondrocyte mechanotransduction.
Introduction: Chondrocytes reside in a capsule of pericellular matrix (chondron), which has been hypothesized to play a critical role in transducing mechanical signals to the cell. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the levels of matrilin (MATN)-1 and -3, major components of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix network, regulate activation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by cyclic load–induced matrix deformation.
Materials and Methods: Functional matrilins were decreased by expressing a dominant negative mini-MATN in primary chondrocytes or by using MATN1-null chondrocytes. The abundance of matrilins was also increased by expressing a wildtype MATN1 or MATN3 in chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were cultured in a 3D sponge subjected to cyclic deformation at 1 Hz. Chondrocyte gene expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR and by Western blot analysis. Matrilin pericellular matrix assembly was examined by immunocytochemistry.
Results: Elimination of functional matrilins from pericellular matrix abrogated mechanical activation of Indian hedgehog signaling and abolished mechanical stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Excessive or reduced matrilin content decreased mechanical response of chondrocytes.
Conclusions: Normal content of matrilins is essential to optimal activation of chondrocytes by mechanical signals. Our data suggest that the sensitivity of chondrocytes to the changes in the microenvironment can be adjusted by altering the content of matrilins in pericellular matrix. This finding supports a critical role of pericellular matrix in chondrocyte mechano-transduction and has important implications in cartilage tissue engineering and mechanical adaptation.
Hyperostosis–Hyperphosphatemia Syndrome: A Congenital Disorder of O-Glycosylation Associated With Augmented Processing of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
Authors: Frishberg Yaacov , Ito Nobuaki , Rinat Choni , Yamazaki Yuji , Feinstein Sofia , Urakawa Itaru , Navon-Elkan Paulina , Becker-Cohen Rachel , Yamashita Takeyoshi , Araya Kaori , Igarashi Takashi , Fujita Toshiro , Fukumoto Seiji 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Two hyperphosphatemic patients with mutations in GALNT3 showed low intact FGF23 levels with marked increase of processed C-terminal fragments. FGF23 protein has three O-linked glycans and FGF23 with incomplete glycosylation is susceptible to processing. Silencing GALNT3 resulted in enhanced processing of FGF23. Decreased function of FGF23 by enhanced processing is the cause of hyperphosphatemia in patients with GALNT3 mutation.
Introduction: Hyperostosis–hyperphosphatemia syndrome (HHS) is an autosomal recessive entity manifesting as severe hyperphosphatemia associated with episodic bone pain and radiological findings of cortical hyperostosis and periosteal reaction. Persistent hyperphosphatemia is not counterbalanced by PTH or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, posing a mirror image of hypophosphatemic states attributed to increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 activity.
Materials and Methods: We describe two children with HHS who were found to be homozygous for a mutation in GALNT3 encoding a peptide involved in mucin-type O-glycosylation (ppGaNTase-T3). FGF23 levels were evaluated by two ELISAs and Western blotting. FGF23 protein was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Effect of silencing GALNT3 was evaluated using siRNA in cells transfected with expression vector for FGF23.
Results: Both patients had low levels of the full-length FGF23 with markedly augmented amounts of the inactive fragments. Biologically active FGF23 has three O-linked glycans. FGF23 with only one or two O-linked glycans is processed into inactive fragments. Decreasing the expression of the GALNT3 gene by RNA interference resulted in enhanced processing of FGF23.
Conclusions: The primary defect in HHS is impairment of glycosylation of FGF23 resulting from mutations in GALNT3 and leading to augmented processing of FGF23. These changes in FGF23 abolish its phosphaturic effect and lead to severe persistent hyperphosphatemia. This study provides the pathogenetic mechanism of the first mucin-type O-glycosylation defect identified.
Exercise When Young Provides Lifelong Benefits to Bone Structure and Strength
Authors: Warden Stuart J , Fuchs Robyn K , Castillo Alesha B , Nelson Ian R , Turner Charles H 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Short-term exercise in growing rodents provided lifelong benefits to bone structure, strength, and fatigue resistance. Consequently, exercise when young may reduce the risk for fractures later in life, and the old exercise adage of “use it or lose it” may not be entirely applicable to the skeleton.
Introduction: The growing skeleton is most responsive to exercise, but low-trauma fractures predominantly occur in adults. This disparity has raised the question of whether exercised-induced skeletal changes during growth persist into adulthood where they may have antifracture benefits. This study investigated whether brief exercise during growth results in lifelong changes in bone quantity, structure, quality, and mechanical properties.
Materials and Methods: Right forearms of 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exercised 3 days/week for 7 weeks using the forearm axial compression loading model. Left forearms were internal controls and not exercised. Bone quantity (mineral content and areal density) and structure (cortical area and minimum second moment of area [IMIN]) were assessed before and after exercise and during detraining (restriction to home cage activity). Ulnas were removed after 92 weeks of detraining (at 2 years of age) and assessed for bone quality (mineralization) and mechanical properties (ultimate force and fatigue life).
Results: Exercise induced consistent bone quantity and structural adaptation. The largest effect was on IMIN, which was 25.4% (95% CI, 15.6–35.3%) greater in exercised ulnas compared with nonexercised ulnas. Bone quantity differences did not persist with detraining, whereas all of the absolute difference in bone structure between exercised and nonexercised ulnas was maintained. After detraining, exercised ulnas had 23.7% (95% CI, 13.0–34.3%) greater ultimate force, indicating enhanced bone strength. However, exercised ulnas also had lower postyield displacement (−26.4%; 95% CI, −43.6% to −9.1%), indicating increased brittleness. This resulted from greater mineralization (0.56%; 95% CI, 0.12–1.00%), but did not influence fatigue life, which was 10-fold greater in exercised ulnas.
Conclusions: These data indicate that exercise when young can have lifelong benefits on bone structure and strength, and potentially, fracture risk. They suggest that the old exercise adage of “use it or lose it” may not be entirely applicable to the skeleton and that individuals undergoing skeletal growth should be encouraged to perform impact exercise.
Differential Gene Expression in Cultured Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells From Patients With Paget's Disease of Bone
Authors: Naot Dorit , Bava Usha , Matthews Brya , Callon Karen E , Gamble Gregory D , Black Michael , Song Sarah , Pitto Rocco P , Cundy Tim , Cornish Jill , Reid Ian R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPaget's disease is a focal condition of bone. To study changes in cells within pagetic lesions, we cultured osteoblasts and stromal cells from 22 patients and compared gene expression in these cells to cells from healthy bone. We identified several differentially regulated genes, and we suggest that these changes could lead to the formation of the lesions.Introduction: Paget's disease is a focal condition of bone of unknown cause. Although it is regarded as primarily an osteoclast disorder, the tight coupling of the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts suggests that the osteoblast could play a key role in its pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to identify possible changes in pagetic osteoblasts and stromal cells that might contribute to the development of pagetic lesions.Materials and Methods: Candidate genes were identified based on known bone cell regulators, supplemented with microarray analysis. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR in primary cultures of osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells from pagetic patients and control subjects. Concentrations of secreted proteins were determined by ELISA.Results: Dickkopf1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in both pagetic osteoblast and stromal cell cultures, and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 were overexpressed in pagetic osteoblasts. These changes parallel recent findings in myeloma bone disease, which shares some clinical similarities with Paget's disease. Alkaline phosphatase was overexpressed, and bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin were underexpressed in pagetic osteoblasts, consistent with their circulating levels in pagetic patients. It is hypothesized that overexpression of Dickkopf1, IL-1, and IL-6 would result in stimulation of osteoclast proliferation and inhibition of osteoblast growth, leading to the development of the characteristic lytic bone lesions. By stimulating osteoblast differentiation, Dickkopf1 and IL-6 may also promote mineralization, leading to the conversion of lytic lesions to sclerotic.Conclusions: These findings suggest that dysregulated gene expression in pagetic osteoblasts could cause the changes in bone cell number and function characteristic of Paget's disease.
Changes in Biochemical Markers after Lower Limb Fractures
Authors: Stoffel Karl , Engler Hanna , Kuster Markus , Riesen Walter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: The bone remodeling sequence after bone fracture changes the concentrations of biochemical bone markers, but the relationships of fracture size and of healing time to changes in biomarkers are unclear. The present pilot study was undertaken to determine the changes found in serum bone markers after plate osteosynthesis of closed distal tibial and malleolar fractures during a study period of 24 weeks.Methods: We measured tatrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP 5b), collagen type I C-terminal telopeptide (ICTP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP), osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide (PICP), procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP), and human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (YKL-40) in 20 patients with lower limb fractures (10 malleolar, 10 tibia). A physical examination and radiographs were completed to assess evidence of union.Results: All malleolar fractures healed within 6 weeks, whereas 2 tibial fractures did not show complete bone healing after 24 weeks. Changes were comparable but more pronounced in the tibia group, and marker concentrations remained increased at the end of study (bone ALP, 86 vs 74 U/L; OC, 14.9 vs 7.7 μg/L; ICTP: 5.6 vs 3.3 μg/L at day 84 after osteosynthesis, P &lt;0.05 in tibia; 80 vs 70 U/L, 8 vs 5.2 μg/L, and 3.5 vs 3.2 μg/L, respectively, in the malleolar fracture group).Conclusions: In normal bone healing, changes in bone turnover markers were primarily dependent on the fracture size. Delayed tibia fracture healing may involve a disturbance in bone remodeling.
Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis for Point-of-Care Analysis of Lithium
Authors: Vrouwe Elwin X , Luttge Regina , Vermes Istvan , van den Berg Albert 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Background: Microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a promising method for chemical analysis of complex samples such as whole blood. We evaluated the method for point-of-care testing of lithium.
Methods: Chemical separation was performed on standard glass microchip CE devices with a conductivity detector as described in previous work. Here we demonstrate a new sample-to-chip interface. Initially, we took a glass capillary as a sample collector for whole blood from a finger stick. In addition, we designed a novel disposable sample collector and tested it against the clinical standard at the hospital (Medisch Spectrum Twente). Both types of collectors require &lt;10 μL of test fluid. The collectors contain an integrated filter membrane, which prevents the transfer of blood cells into the microchip. The combination of such a sample collector with microchip CE allows point-of-care measurements without the need for off-chip sample treatment. This new on-chip protocol was verified against routine lithium testing of 5 patients in the hospital.
Results: Sodium, lithium, magnesium, and calcium were separated in &lt;20 s. The detection limit for lithium was 0.15 mmol/L.
Conclusions: The new microchip CE system provides a convenient and rapid method for point-of-care testing of electrolytes in serum and whole blood.
Emotional gratifications during media use – An integrative approach
Authors: Bartsch Anne , Mangold Roland , Viehoff Reinhold , Vorderer Peter 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The desire to experience emotions is widely considered to be a key motivation for media use, especially for the use of media entertainment. But what exactly do people seek when they seek emotions? What kinds of gratifications do they obtain from the experience of emotions during media use? An overview of research on emotional gratifications shows that emotions can be gratifying in multiple ways – ranging from simple hedonistic gratifications to more complex gratifications such as feeling competent or morally good. An integrative framework is outlined that aims at a more systematic understanding of emotional gratifications and their influence on selective media use. We suggest that different aspects of an emotion's gratification potential are appraised simultaneously, and integrated into a holistic appraisal outcome that can be conceptualized as ‘meta-emotion’. Meta-emotions guide the recipient's intuitive decision to accept, or reject a media offer's invitation to experience emotions.
Using ‘new’ data sources for ‘old’ newspaper research: Developing guidelines for data collection
Authors: Schafraad Pytrik , Wester Fred , Scheepers Peer 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This article discusses the benefits and limitations of collecting electronic data for large-scale thematic content analysis. We will discuss a number of methodological and technical issues. The first one is the construction of a list of relevant keywords that serves as the primary data collecting device. This is not only a technical necessity, but also secures a theoretically and empirically valid collection of data. The second concern is the quality of electronic archive information. Finally, source-specific data characteristics and coding difficulties are dealt with. In conclusion, seven guidelines for electronic data collecting are proposed.
Cationic-based Crop Oil Concentrates
Authors: Stridde HM , Elsik CM , Tann RS 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
For most of six decades, crop oil concentrates (COCs) have been used as important tank mix adjuvants for increased pesticidal penetration. For the past 30 years, cationic surfactants have been known to enhance the bio-efficacy of numerous acid-based herbicides, especially glyphosate. With the advent of glyphosate-tolerant crops, glyphosate has become almost universal in its use. This has led to some issues with weeds hard to control with glyphosate alone. Recently a practice has developed where other herbicides and COC formulations are mixed with glyphosate to address problems with glyphosate-tolerant plants. A field study was conducted to develop a COC containing cationic surfactants that would deliver excellent, stable emulsification of the oil phase and boost the herbicidal activity of both glyphosate and the admixed herbicide. This COC worked very efficiently in a broad range of waters as well as ultra-high electrolyte environments such as ammonium sulfate solutions common to glyphosate applications.
Evolution of gonadotropin deficiency in a patient with type II autosomal dominant GH deficiency
Authors: Turton James P G , Buchanan Charles R , Robinson Iain C A F , Aylwin Simon J B , Dattani Mehul T 
Published: November 2006

Background: Type II isolated GH deficiency (IGHD type II) is caused by dominant negative splicing or point mutations of theGH-1gene. Studies have suggested that dominant mutant GH forms prevent the secretion of wild-type GH, resulting in eventual cell death; surprisingly, some patients with these GH mutations develop other hormonal deficiencies (ACTH, TSH).Subjects: The proband presented at the age of 2.3 years with IGHD. His father, also known to have been treated for IGHD as a child, had subsequently been lost to follow-up, having remained without treatment during this time. At re-evaluation at the age of 38 years, he complained of lack of stamina and poor libido. Clinical and biochemical assessment confirmed severe GHD, borderline ACTH insufficiency, suboptimal basal and stimulated gonadotropins, and a poor prolactin response to provocation. The basal testosterone concentration was low, and he complained of secondary infertility. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed anterior pituitary hypoplasia in both patients. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous splicing mutation inGH-1(intervening sequence-3 + 1G>A) in both patients, known to cause IGHD type II.Interventions: The proband showed an excellent growth response to recombinant human GH (rhGH). His father, also treated with rhGH, showed improved quality of life on rhGH, but testosterone concentrations continued to decline, necessitating treatment with testosterone with symptomatic benefit but no improvement in semen quality.Conclusions: This case supports recent experimental and clinical observations suggesting that the cytotoxicity associated with accumulation of dominant negative mutant 17.5 kDa GH causes a form of GHD that can evolve into multiple hormone deficiencies. Hence, patients diagnosed initially with IGHD type II require continued long-term clinical follow-up.
Non-functioning pituitary adenoma database: a useful resource to improve the clinical management of pituitary tumors
Authors: Ferrante Emanuele , Ferraroni Monica , Castrignanò Tristana , Menicatti Laura , Anagni Mascia , Reimondo Giuseppe , Del Monte Patrizia , Bernasconi Donatella , Loli Paola , Faustini-Fustini Marco , Borretta Giorgio , Terzolo Massimo , Losa Marco , Morabito Alberto , Spada Anna , Beck-Peccoz Paolo , Lania Andrea G 
Published: November 2006

Objective: The long-term outcome of non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) patients is not clearly established, probably due to the low annual incidence and prolonged natural history of these rare tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical data at presentation and long-term post-surgery and radiotherapy outcome in a cohort of patients with NFPA.
Design and methods: A computerized database was developed using Access 2000 software (Microsoft Corporation, 1999). Retrospective registration of 295 NFPA patients was performed in seven Endocrinological Centers of North West Italy. Data were analyzed by STATA software.
Results: The main presenting symptoms were visual defects (67.8%) and headache (41.4%) and the most frequent pituitary deficit was hypogonadism (43.3%), since almost all tumors were macroadenomas (96.5%). Surgery was the first choice treatment (98% of patients) and total debulking was achieved in 35.5%. Radiotherapy was performed as adjuvant therapy after surgery in 41% of patients. At the follow-up, recurrence occurred in 19.2% of patients without post-surgical residual tumor after 7.5 ± 2.6 years, regrowth in 58.4% of patients with post-surgical remnant after 5.3 ± 4.0 years and residue enlargement in 18.4% of patients post-surgically treated with radiotherapy after 8.1 ± 7.3 years.
Conclusions: Our database indicates that the goal of a definitive surgical cure has been achieved during the last decade in a low percentage of patients with NFPA. This tumor database may help to reduce the delay between symptom onset and diagnosis, to assess prognostic parameters for the follow-up of patients with different risk of recurrence and to define the efficacy and safety of different treatments and their association with mortality/morbidity.