bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing atmospheric trace gases and aerosols using passenger aircraft
Authors: Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. , Slemr F. , Koeppel C. , Scharffe D. S. , Pupek M. , Lelieveld J. , Crutzen P. , Zahn A. , Sprung D. , Fischer H. , Hermann M. , Reichelt M. , Heintzenberg J. , Schlager H. , Ziereis H. , Schumann U. , Dix B. , Platt U. , Ebinghaus R. , Martinsson B. , Ciais P. , Filippi D. , Leuenberger M. , Oram D. , Penkett S. , van Velthoven P. , Waibel A. 
Published: October 2006

CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) resumed regular measurement flights with an extended scientific payload in December 2004. After an automated measurement container was successfully deployed on intercontinental flights using a Boeing 767 from 1997 to 2002, a far more powerful package now is deployed using a new Airbus A340‐600 made available by Lufthansa German Airlines (Star Alliance). The new CARIBIC system will help address a range of current atmospheric science questions during its projected lifetime of 10 years.European and Japanese scientists are developing a variety of atmospheric chemistry research and monitoring projects based on the use of passenger aircraft. This is a logical approach with a main advantage being that near‐global coverage is obtained, in contrast to limited coverage through research aircraftbased expeditions. Moreover, highly detailed and consistent data sets can be acquired, as compared to satellite observations in general. In addition, even compared to land‐based observatories, operational costs are moderate.
Deep drilling in the Dabie‐Sulu Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphic Belt, China
Authors: Xu Zhiqin , Yang Jingsui , Robinson Paul T. 
Published: October 2006

One of the most exciting geologic discoveries in the last 20 years is the finding of the presence of a major ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt in the Dabie‐Sulu region of eastern China. In this belt, high‐grade continental crustal rocks contain both diamond and coesite [Xu, 1987;Xu et al., 1992; Yang et al., 1999], clear evidence of crustal subduction to depths >150 km.This belt formed by collision between the North China and Yangtze blocks in the Mesozoic between about 240 and 220 Ma. Recent work has identified an older, parallel belt on the north side of the Dabie‐Qinling Mountains dated as Ordovician (˜500–440 Ma) [Yang et al., 2001, 2002]. This older belt extends northwestward for nearly 4000 km through the Qilian Mountains into northern Tibet, where it is offset by the left‐lateral Altyn Tagh Fault (Figure l). In the Dabie‐Sulu region, the rocks consist chiefly of granitic gneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, and garnet peridotite, whose protoliths are supracrustal rocks with a formation age of about 800–1800 Ma.
Dalrymple receives National Medal of Science
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

G. Brent Dalrymple, who served as AGU president from 1990–1992, has been selected as a one of eight recipients of the 2003 National Medal of Science, the White House announced on 14 February The presidential award, which will be presented on 14 March, is considered the nation's highest honor for scientists and engineers.A former research geologist‐geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey and former dean of oceanic and atmospheric sciences at Oregon State University, Dalrymple helped to lay the foundation for the theory of plate tectonics.
GPS analyses of the Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake
Authors: Khan S. A. , Gudmundsson Ólafur 
Published: October 2006

The Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake on 26 December 2004 was one of the most devastating earthquakes in history. With a magnitude of Mw = 9.3 (revised based on normal‐mode amplitudes by Stein and Okal, http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/research/sumatra.html), it is the second largest earthquake recorded since 1900. It occurred about 100 km off the west coast of northern Sumatra, where the relatively dense Indo‐Australian plate moves beneath the lighter Burma plate, resulting in stress accumulation.The average relative velocity of the two plates is about 6 cm/yr. On 26 December 2004, however, the two plates moved by a distance of several meters, releasing the stress accumulated over hundreds of years. The result was a devastating tsunami that hit coastlines across the Indian Ocean, killing about 300,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Somalia, and other countries (Guardian, 29 January 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/tsunami/story/0,15671,1380895,00.html).
NASA supercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research
Authors: Menemenlis D. , Hill C. , Adcrocft A. , Campin J.‐M. , Cheng B. , Ciotti B. , Fukumori I. , Heimbach P. , Henze C. , Köhl A. , Lee T. , Stammer D. , Taft J. , Zhang J. 
Published: October 2006

Estimates of ocean circulation constrained by in situ and remotely sensed observations have become routinely available during the past five years, and they are being applied to myriad scientific and operational problems [Stammer et al., 2002]. Under the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE), several regional and global estimates have evolved for applications in climate research, seasonal forecasting, naval operations, marine safety, fisheries, the offshore oil industry coastal management, and other areas.This article reports on recent progress by one effort, the consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO), toward a next‐generation synthesis of ocean and sea‐ice data that is global, that covers the full ocean depth, and that permits eddies.
[Comment on “Tree tectonics” by Peter R. Vogt] Seafloor spreading: Symmetric accretion does not mean symmetrically diverging movement of adjacent plates
Authors: Pavoni Nazario 
Published: October 2006

Peter R. Vogt's article “Tree Tectonics” (Eos Trans. AGU, 85(36), 338, 7 September 2004) motivates me to present some comments on the phenomenon of seafloor spreading. In particular, I would like to point out a fundamental inadequacy of the commonly accepted model of seafloor spreading.As is well known, a striped pattern of successive positive and negative magnetic anomalies characterizes the oceanic crust. The pattern is produced by the continued accretion of crustal material along active oceanic ridges (seafloor spreading) and the periodical reversals of the magnetic field of the Earth (geomagnetic reversals). On cooling in the magnetic field, the reversals are recorded by the magnetization of the newly formed crust.
Broader impact: Guidance for scientists about education and public outreach
Authors: Franks Sharon E. R. , Peach Cheryl L. , McDonnell Janice , Thorrold Andrea 
Published: October 2006

Most Earth and space scientists devote so much of their energy to research, publication, staying funded, and in some cases teaching and supervising students, that it is hardly surprising many feel they have little time to address funding agencies' requirements to articulate how their proposed research will have an impact beyond academia. Even so, many in the research community acknowledge that it is in their own best interests, and that of the global environment, to communicate not just with their peers, but also with educators, students, the media, resource managers, and policy makers.So the challenge is: How can researchers reach out to these audiences while staying focused on their primary responsibilities?
Neugebauer receives 2004 Kaula award
Authors: Bougeret Jean‐Louis , Neugebauer Marcia 
Published: October 2006

The William Kaula Award recognizes unselfish service to the scientific community through extraordinary dedication to, and exceptional efforts on behalf of, the AGU publications program. It is particularly fitting that recognition by the publications program be named in honor of William Kaula, who gave unstintingly of his talents and energies to AGU publications. He served as editor of Reviews of Geophysics and JGR‐Solid Earth, led the development of a number of policies and practices during his service on the Publications Committee, was a mentor to many junior scientists serving as journal editors and associate editors, and pressed always for higher standards for AGU journals.The 2004 recipient is Marcia Neugebauer.
A new perspective on Earth
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A NASA‐funded scientist has produced the first detailed image of Earth radiating gamma rays, the agency announced on 24 March.Dirk Petry of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, assembled the image from seven years worth of data from NASA's Compton Gamma‐Ray Observatory, which was active from 1991 to 2000.
3D visualization of recent Sumatra Earthquake
Authors: Nayak Atul , Kilb Debi 
Published: October 2006

Scientists and visualization experts at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have created an interactive three‐dimensional visualization of the 28 March 2005 magnitude 8.7 earthquake in Sumatra. The visualization shows the earthquake's hypocenter and aftershocks recorded until 29 March 2005, and compares it with the location of the 26 December 2004 magnitude 9 event and the consequent seismicity in that region.The 3D visualization was created using the Fledermaus software developed by Interactive Visualization Systems (http://www.ivs unb.cal) and stored as a “scene” file. To view this visualization, viewers need to download and install the free viewer program iView3D (http://www.ivs3d.com/products/iview3d).
Moon‐Mars: The elephant in the attic
Authors: Leovy Conway , Anderson Tad , Catling David , Charlson Robert 
Published: October 2006

Earth scientists have an elephant in the attic, and although some have been mumbling about it, few are speaking out in public. The elephant is the new Presidential vision for America's civil space program that envisages manned lunar missions within two decades and an eventual manned mission to Mars—the “Moon‐Mars” vision, for short.This elephant is not just peacefully sleeping; it is actively carousing around up there, threatening to bring drastic changes to the house, changes that could threaten vital research in the Earth sciences. Prior to careful consideration of feasibility or unintended consequences, NASA has moved rapidly to restructure itself in response to the new vision. These changes run the risk of preempting much of the work of a current National Research Council (NRC) panel assessing space‐based needs and priorities for the Earth sciences (http://qp.nas.edu/decadalsurvey).
Expeditions to drill Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific sites
Authors: Coffin Millard F. 
Published: October 2006

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), an international collaboration of Earth, ocean, and life scientists that began in 2003, offers scientists worldwide unprecedented opportunities to address a vast array of scientific problems in all submarine settings. Recently, the scientific advisory structure of the proposal‐driven IODP scheduled drilling expeditions, targeting critical scientific problems in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Ocean, for 2005 and early 2006 (Figure I, Table I).The IOPD, which is co‐led by Japan and the United States, with strong contributions from the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) and China, is guided by an initial science plan, “Earth, Oceans, and Life” (www.iodp.org). For the first time, through the IODP, scientists have at their disposal both a riser (drilling vessel which has a metal tube surrounding the drill pipe that enables the return of drilling fluid and cuttings to the drill ship; the “riser” is attached to a “blow‐out preventer” or shut‐off device at the seafloor) and riserless drilling vessel (which lacks a riser pipe and blow‐out preventer), as well as mission‐specific capabilities such as drilling barges and jack‐up rigs for shallow‐water and Arctic drilling.
Emerging applications of measurements from GPS and related signals
Authors: Zuffada Cinzia , Zumberge Jim , Chao Yi , Kintner Paul , Leroy Stephen , Anderson Jim 
Published: October 2006

Over the past two decades, the value of Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements to solid Earth science, atmospheric science, ocean science, space physics, and other areas has been firmly established in some cases, such as global and regional surface deformation. In other cases, the value of GPS measurements is now emerging or showing a potential. Some researchers believe the time now has come to assess, from a multi‐program and multi‐discipline perspective, the benefits of a continuing investment in GPS technology development, and to determine its role in the vision and priorities of national research organizations.In conjunction with the 2004 AGU Fall Meeting special focus session on “Emerging science applications of measurements from GPS/GNSS and GPS‐like signals: Recent results and future possibilities,” a workshop was held on the prior evening, 16 December. Chaired by Jim Anderson of Harvard University, the workshop objective stated in the invitation to participants was “ …to identify and articulate the key scientific questions that are optimally, or perhaps uniquely, addressed by GPS (or more generally, the Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS, to include other constellations such as Galileo) or GPS‐like observations, and determine their relevance to existing or planned national Earth‐science research programs.”
The Earth sciences, human well‐being, and the reduction of global poverty
Authors: Mutter John C. 
Published: October 2006

Poverty is not solely a social or political matter, nor is it caused simply by population pressures as Thomas Malthus postulated in 1798. A new understanding of poverty is emerging in which natural and environmental drivers, together with social, political, and demographic causes, underpin livelihoods. The Earth sciences, therefore, play a critical role in identifying the deep causes of human suffering and in identifying solutions.For far too many the state of human well‐being is bleak. Around one in six human beings—1 billion people—live in extreme poverty struggling to survive on less than $1 a day; another one sixth of humanity ekes out existence on $2 per day (U.N. Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report, 2004; http://hdr.undp.org/2004/). The extreme poor lack all normal attributes of a decent, dignified life: adequate food, housing, sanitation, health care, education, and employment. Some 800 million people lack sufficient nourishment almost every day. It stunts their mental and physical development and shortens their lives, making them susceptible to common illnesses that attack their hunger‐weakened bodies. Poor nutrition in mothers and infants is the leading cause of reduced disability‐adjusted life years in poor countries [Economist, 2004].
Investigating Canada's Lithosphere and earthquake hazards with portable arrays
Authors: Eaton D. W. , Adams J. , Asudeh I. , Atkinson G. M. , Bostock M. G. , Cassidy J. F. , Ferguson I. J. , Samson C. , Snyder D. B. , Tiampo K. F. , Unsworth M. J. 
Published: October 2006

A multi‐institutional research initiative, POLARIS, is providing scientists with unprecedented opportunities to map Earth structure and assess earthquake hazards across Canada. By completion of the initiative's installation phase in August 2005, deployments of POLARIS (Portable Observatories for Lithospheric Analysis and Research Investigating Seismicity) instruments will include 100 telemetered broadband seismograph systems, 10 with continuous‐recording magnetotelluric (MT) devices (devices that record natural variations in the geomagnetic field). Data from these observatories are transmitted by satellite (with a latency of 5 s) to data acquisition hubs in London (Canada) and Ottawa, where they are made available in near real‐time by an automatic data‐request manager (AutoDRM).Conceived in 2000 by an interdisciplinary group of 10 geoscientists, the 4‐year, C$11 million infrastructure project is fostering strong partnerships between academia, government laboratories, and the private sector.
Earthquake off Japan could generate strong tsunami arrays
Authors: Hsu Shu‐Kun , Sibuet Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2006

The 26 December 2004 earthquake off Sumatra induced a disastrous tsunami that struck in South Asian countries. In a similar context, a potential great earthquake off Japan might occur and generate a strong tsunami in East Asia.The 2004 Sumatra earthquake is the second biggest earthquake (Mw = 9.3) recorded during the last century. It occurred at a depth of 20–30 km, close to an indentation of the Indonesian forearc (Figure l). The rupture propagated about 1200 km northward and terminated north of Andaman Islands.
Colloid retention behavior in environmental porous media challenges existing theory
Authors: Johnson W. P. , Li Xiqing , Tong Meiping 
Published: October 2006

Chances are the quality of your drinking water was improved by filtration through porous media at some point before it reached your tap, perhaps naturally by transport through the subsurface, or purposefully by passage through an engineered sand filter.Engineered filtration processes have been utilized for decades, and these processes are monitored to ensure the removal of a required degree of particles, e.g., colloids (biological and non‐biological particles ranging between a few tens of nanometers to ten microns), from water. Filtration is manifest in both natural and engineered contexts, e.g., by the relatively high quality of spring water, and by the difficulty of targeting the delivery of microbes, zero‐valent iron, and other colloids with novel properties to contaminated locales in the subsurface for the purpose of remediation.
Space‐based measurement of river runoff
Authors: Brakenridge G. Robert , Nghiem Son V. , Anderson Elaine , Chien Steven 
Published: October 2006

Observations of river inundation areas, water levels, and flow variability from orbital sensors have the potential to directly measure the runoff component of the Earth's hydrologic cycle [Birkett et al., 2002; Brakenridge et al., 1998; Sippel et al., 1994, 1998; Townsend, 2001]. A remote‐sensing‐based measurement strategy for rivers and streams is emerging: Surface water data can be collected, their accuracy evaluated, and the results disseminated without regard to political boundaries. The results can be used to address a wide variety of applications.In this article, the needs for such measurements, a river reach‐based methodology for their collection, and some sample results are presented. Because the international observational capability is increasing, some future opportunities for improving this strategy are also described.
Comment on “Color schemes for improved data graphics,” by A. Light and P.J. Bartlein
Authors: Stephenson David B. 
Published: October 2006

As a color‐blind climatologist, I very much appreciated the important color‐awareness issues raised by A. Light and P. J. Bartlein in their recent Eos article titled “The End of the Rainbow? Color Schemes for Improved Data Graphics,” (55(40), 5 October 2004, p.385).Meteorological and climate information is frequently communicated in the form of highly colored spatial maps (e.g., daily weather forecasts). The use of color is so endemic in climate research that it would be unthinkable to present scientific work at a climate conference without using color! The color schemes generally chosen to create such maps follow no universal convention and often consist of colors that cause confusion to both color‐impaired and non‐color‐impaired people.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Color schemes for improved data graphics,” by A. Light and P.J. Bartlein”]
Authors: Light Adam , Bartlein Patrick J. 
Published: October 2006

By calling attention to the perception of data graphics among color‐impaired readers, we hoped to raise awareness of an even more prevalent phenomenon: the misuse of spectral, or “rainbow,” color schemes. David B. Stephenson is quite right regarding the incidence of different forms of color‐vision impairment, which varies among racial and ethnic groups and is much lower for females [Sharpe et al., 1999]. Our article highlighted simulations of the less common protanopia to dramatize the general peril of spectral schemes.Figure 1 shows simulations of spectral, diverging, and progressive color schemes as they might appear to readers with either of the most common forms of color deficiency Figures 1a and 1b illustrate why the adage “red and green should never be seen” is a good one. The simulations in the right‐hand column show how deuteranopes may find it difficult or impossible to distinguish between red and green.
Bringing space physics concepts into introductory electromagnetism
Authors: Belcher John W. 
Published: October 2006

Many of the concepts that have arisen in space plasma research over the last four decades can be profitably incorporated into the teaching of introductory physics. In this article is an example of how research concepts can inform and improve instruction in basic science courses. There are other examples of this transference, and the community of space physics researchers should make an effort to publicize the ways in which this research can be used to improve instruction in the educational system.Space physicists regularly use a concept that is unfamiliar to the majority of professional physicists: the concept of moving electromagnetic field lines. Space physicists state that "magnetic flux is eroded from the dayside magnetosphere" or "the magnetic field lines in the vicinity of Io move with Io and not with Jupiter."
Rapid determination of earthquake size for hazard warning
Authors: Lomax Anthony , Michelini Alberto 
Published: October 2006

The 26 December 2004 M9 Sumatra‐Andaman Islands earthquake caused a tsunami that devastated Indian Ocean coasts within three hours after the earthquake. Improved tsunami warning and emergency response for future great earthquakes require knowing an earthquake's size within minutes after the event. Although the hypocenter of a distant earthquake is routinely determined from the first seismic P waves within about 15 min, several hours may pass before a reliable size determination for very large earthquakes is available (e.g., for the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake see Menke and Levin [2005]).Seismologists specify the size of an earthquake using seismic scalar moment (M0), a physical quantity proportional to the product of fault area and mean slip on the fault. Currently, analyses of long‐period seismograms (period >100 s) provide reliable estimates of M0 for very large events [e.g., Harvard Centroid‐Moment Tensor (CMT), Dziewonski et al., 1981], but these seismograms are not available until an hour or more after the event.
Space policy and humanities policy
Authors: Frodeman Robert 
Published: October 2006

In his 14 January 2004 speech on the future of space exploration, U.S. President George W. Bush proposed a return to the Moon followed by “human missions to Mars and to worlds beyond.” Bush's proposal called for robotic missions and new manned space vehicles to replace an aging set of space shuttles, and sought a new justification for space exploration. In the words of former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe, in The Vision for Space Exploration, this plan is not “merely for the sake of adventure, however exciting that might be, but seeks answers to profound scientific and philosophic questions.”Bush's proposal stimulated renewed reflection on the goals of our nation's space policy and on the means (financial and otherwise) for achieving these goals. A return to such first‐order questioning of our goals for space has been long overdue. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board, which was convened by NASA in 2003 following the shuttle disaster, described “a lack, over the past three decades, of any national mandate providing NASA a compelling mission requiring human presence in space” [Keiper, 2003].