bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An International Case-Control Study of Interleukin-4Rα, Interleukin-13, and Cyclooxygenase-2 Polymorphisms and Glioblastoma Risk
Authors: Schwartzbaum Judith A. , Ahlbom Anders , Lönn Stefan , Malmer Beatrice , Wigertz Annette , Auvinen Anssi , Brookes Anthony J. , Collatz Christensen Helle , Henriksson Roger , Johansen Christoffer , Salminen Tina , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Debinski Waldemar , Feychting Maria 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Previous studies found that allergies are inversely related to risk of glioma. In an earlier publication, using data from a Swedish case-control study, Schwartzbaum et al. report an inverse relation between risk of glioblastoma and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on two genes [interleukin (IL)-4Rα, IL-13] that are associated with allergies. In addition, recent studies suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to resolve brain inflammation. To see whether previous Swedish results (110 cases, 430 controls) would be replicated, we estimated the association between glioblastoma and two IL-4Rα (rs1805015, rs1801275) and two IL-13 (rs20541, rs1800925) SNPs and their haplotypes and one COX-2 SNP (−765GC) using additional English, Danish, and Finnish data (217 cases, 1,171 controls). Among general population controls, we evaluated associations between these haplotypes, the COX-2 SNP, and self-reported allergies. Our data did not support our original observations relating individual IL-4Rα, IL-13, or COX-2 SNPs to glioblastoma risk. However, the T-G IL-4Rα haplotype was associated with glioblastoma risk (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-4.52) and there was a suggestion of an inverse relation between this haplotype and hayfever prevalence among controls (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-1.03). The lack of support for a link between four IL-4Rα and IL-13 SNPs and glioblastoma may reflect the absence of associations or may result from uncontrolled confounding by haplotypes related both to those that we examined and glioblastoma. Nonetheless, the association between the T-G IL-4Rα haplotype and glioblastoma risk may indicate a role of immune factors in glioblastoma development. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2448–54)
A Prospective Study of Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Endometrial, Ovarian, and Breast Cancer
Authors: Hogervorst Janneke G. , Schouten Leo J. , Konings Erik J. , Goldbohm R. Alexandra , van den Brandt Piet A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground: Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, was detected in various heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods in 2002. The few epidemiologic studies done thus far have not shown a relationship with cancer. Our aim was to investigate the association between acrylamide intake and endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer risk.Methods: The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer includes 62,573 women, aged 55-69 years. At baseline (1986), a random subcohort of 2,589 women was selected using a case cohort analysis approach for analysis. The acrylamide intake of subcohort members and cases was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was based on chemical analysis of all relevant Dutch foods. Subgroup analyses were done for never-smokers to eliminate the influence of smoking; an important source of acrylamide.Results: After 11.3 years of follow-up, 327, 300, and 1,835 cases of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer, respectively, were documented. Compared with the lowest quintile of acrylamide intake (mean intake, 8.9 μg/day), multivariable-adjusted hazard rate ratios (HR) for endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer in the highest quintile (mean intake, 40.2 μg/day) were 1.29 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.81-2.07; Ptrend = 0.18], 1.78 (95% CI, 1.10-2.88; Ptrend = 0.02), and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.73-1.19; Ptrend = 0.79), respectively. For never-smokers, the corresponding HRs were 1.99 (95% CI, 1.12-3.52; Ptrend = 0.03), 2.22 (95% CI, 1.20-4.08; Ptrend = 0.01), and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.80-1.52; Ptrend = 0.55).Conclusions: We observed increased risks of postmenopausal endometrial and ovarian cancer with increasing dietary acrylamide intake, particularly among never-smokers. Risk of breast cancer was not associated with acrylamide intake. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2304–13)
CYP17Genetic Variation and Risk of Breast and Prostate Cancer from the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)
Authors: Setiawan Veronica Wendy , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Haiman Christopher A. , Stram Daniel O. , Albanes Demetrius , Altshuler David , Berglund Göran , Buring Julie , Calle Eugenia E. , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Cox David G. , Gaziano J. Michael , Hankinson Susan E. , Hayes Richard B. , Henderson Brian E. , Hirschhorn Joel N. , Hoover Robert , Hunter David J. , Kaaks Rudolf , Kolonel Laurence N. , Kraft Peter , Ma Jing , Le Marchand Loïc , Linseisen Jakob , Lund Eiliv , Navarro Carmen , Overvad Kim , Palli Domenico , Peeters Petra H.M. , Pike Malcolm C. , Riboli Elio , Stampfer Meir J. , Thun Michael J. , Travis Ruth C. , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Yeager Meredith , Ziegler Regina G. , Feigelson Heather Spencer , Chanock Stephen J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCYP17 encodes cytochrome p450c17α, which mediates activities essential for the production of sex steroids. Common germ line variation in the CYP17 gene has been related to inconsistent results in breast and prostate cancer, with most studies focusing on the nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) T27C (rs743572). We comprehensively characterized variation in CYP17 by direct sequencing of exons followed by dense genotyping across the 58 kb region around CYP17 in five racial/ethnic populations. Two blocks of strong linkage disequilibrium were identified and nine haplotype-tagging SNPs, including T27C, were chosen to predict common haplotypes (Rh2 ≥ 0.85). These haplotype-tagging SNPs were genotyped in 8,138 prostate cancer cases and 9,033 controls, and 5,333 breast cancer cases and 7,069 controls from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. We observed borderline significant associations with prostate cancer for rs2486758 [TC versus TT, odds ratios (OR), 1.07; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 1.00-1.14; CC versus TT, OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.95-1.26; P trend = 0.04] and rs6892 (AG versus AA, OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00-1.15; GG versus AA, OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.95-1.30; P trend = 0.03). We also observed marginally significant associations with breast cancer for rs4919687 (GA versus GG, OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.12, AA versus GG, OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.03-1.34; P trend = 0.03) and rs4919682 (CT versus CC, OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.12; TT versus CC, OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.33; P trend = 0.04). Common variation at CYP17 was not associated with circulating sex steroid hormones in men or postmenopausal women. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that common germ line variation in CYP17 makes a substantial contribution to postmenopausal breast or prostate cancer susceptibility. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2237–46)
Big Fish and Small Fish Debate–An Examination of the Prosecutorial Discretion
Authors: Takemura Hitomi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is widely known that the earlier practices of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia have been criticized for having dealt with comparably minor war criminals. The implications behind such a criticism may be that an ad hoc international or hybrid criminal tribunal should concentrate on those who were most responsible for the crimes and serious violations of international humanitarian law. The first part of this paper will thus focus on the logic of targeting big fish. Then the recent practices of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals and the Special Panels for Serious Crimes of East Timor have been addressed in this light. Irrespective of the institutional and practical demands of targeting big fish, the concern remains whether there is a normative demand for targeting only senior leaders of mass atrocities. Therefore, the last part of this paper would like to discuss the big fish versus small fish debate by examining the possibilities of a leadership element in ratione materiae of international criminal tribunals.
The Dynamic Response of the Winter Stratosphere to an Equable Climate Surface Temperature Gradient
Authors: Korty Robert L. , Emanuel Kerry A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis work investigates the dynamic and thermal response of the winter stratosphere to the presence of a weak meridional surface temperature gradient. Previous work suggested that polar stratospheric clouds could have played a decisive role in maintaining high-latitude warmth, especially over continental interiors, during the polar nights of the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs; both a chemical source of additional water vapor and a dynamical feedback between the surface climate and stratospheric temperatures have been proposed as mechanisms by which such clouds could form. A principal goal of this work is to investigate the latter problem using a general circulation model with stratospheric resolution that is forced with a very weak surface temperature gradient. It is found that temperatures in the lower stratosphere do not deviate significantly from the control run, which results from a robust flux of wave activity into the winter stratosphere. The strength of the stratosphere’s residual circulation increases slightly in the presence of the weak gradient, as wavenumber 3 begins to propagate to stratospheric altitudes. Changes in the zonal wind field that allow for the altered propagation are in balance with a weakened temperature gradient through the full depth of the troposphere. These simulations also suggest that the tropospheric thermal stratification could be maintained by moist convection at all latitudes in warm climate states with a weak temperature gradient.
Long-Term Performance of Aanderaa Optodes and Sea-Bird SBE-43 Dissolved-Oxygen Sensors Bottom Mounted at 32 m in Massachusetts Bay
Authors: Martini Marinna , Butman Bradford , Mickelson Michael J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA field evaluation of two new dissolved-oxygen sensing technologies, the Aanderaa Instruments AS optode model 3830 and the Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., model SBE43, was carried out at about 32-m water depth in western Massachusetts Bay. The optode is an optical sensor that measures fluorescence quenching by oxygen molecules, while the SBE43 is a Clark polarographic membrane sensor. Optodes were continuously deployed on bottom tripod frames by exchanging sensors every 4 months over a 19-month period. A Sea-Bird SBE43 was added during one 4-month deployment. These moored observations compared well with oxygen measurements from profiles collected during monthly shipboard surveys conducted by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. The mean correlation coefficient between the moored measurements and shipboard survey data was &gt;0.9, the mean difference was 0.06 mL L−1, and the standard deviation of the difference was 0.15 mL L−1. The correlation coefficient between the optode and the SBE43 was &gt;0.9 and the mean difference was 0.07 mL L−1. Optode measurements degraded when fouling was severe enough to block oxygen molecules from entering the sensing foil over a significant portion of the sensing window. Drift observed in two optodes beginning at about 225 and 390 days of deployment is attributed to degradation of the sensing foil. Flushing is necessary to equilibrate the Sea-Bird sensor. Power consumption by the SBE43 and required pump was 19.2 mWh per sample, and the optode consumed 0.9 mWh per sample, both within expected values based on manufacturers’ specifications.
Lightning Charge Retrievals: Dimensional Reduction, LDAR Constraints, and a First Comparison with LIS Satellite Data
Authors: Koshak W. J. , Krider E. P. , Murray N. , Boccippio D. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A “dimensional reduction” (“DR”) method is introduced for analyzing lightning field changes (ΔEs) whereby the number of unknowns in a discrete two-charge model is reduced from the standard eight (x, y, z, Q, x′, y′, z′, Q′) to just four (x, y, z, Q). The four unknowns (x, y, z, Q) are found by performing a numerical minimization of a chi-square function. At each step of the minimization, an overdetermined fixed matrix (OFM) method is used to immediately retrieve the best “residual source” (x′, y′, z′, Q′), given the values of (x, y, z, Q). In this way, all eight parameters (x, y, z, Q, x′, y′, z′, Q′) are found, yet a numerical search of only four parameters (x, y, z, Q) is required. The DR method has been used to analyze lightning-caused ΔEs derived from multiple ground-based electric field measurements at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and U.S. Air Force Eastern Range (ER). The accuracy of the DR method has been assessed by comparing retrievals with data provided by the lightning detection and ranging (LDAR) system at the KSC-ER, and from least squares error estimation theory, and the method is shown to be a useful “stand alone” charge retrieval tool. Since more than one charge distribution describes a finite set of ΔEs (i.e., solutions are nonunique), and since there can be appreciable differences in the physical characteristics of these solutions, not all DR solutions are physically acceptable. Hence, an alternative and more accurate method of analysis is introduced that uses LDAR data to constrain the geometry of the charge solutions, thereby removing physically unacceptable retrievals. The charge solutions derived from this method are shown to compare well with independent satellite- and ground-based observations of lightning in several Florida storms.
Quantifying EOS Aqua and NOAA POES AMSU-A Brightness Temperature Biases for Weather and Climate Applications Utilizing the SNO Method
Authors: Iacovazzi Robert A. , Cao Changyong 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSystematic biases between brightness temperature (Tb) measurements made from concurrently operational Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) instruments can introduce errors into weather and climate applications. For this reason, in this study the ability of the simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) method to estimate relative Tb biases between operational Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua and Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) NOAA-15, NOAA-16, and NOAA-18 AMSU-A instruments is evaluated.From an analysis of SNO events occurring from 21 May 2005 to 31 July 2006, AMSU-A SNO-ensemble mean Tb biases could not be statistically determined for window channels, while significant bias detection to within about 0.02 K is accomplished in some low-noise sounding channels. These results are shown to be a consequence of the decrease of the earth-scene Tb variability with increasing atmospheric zenith opacity, which is a function of microwave frequency. Examination of SNO-ensemble mean Tb biases for two independent AMSU-A instrument components—AMSU-A1–1 and AMSU-A1–2—exposed a significant cold (warm) bias on the order of 0.4 K (0.2 K) in the AMSU-A1–1 unit on board the NOAA-18 (Aqua) satellite. This analysis also revealed on average a significant cold bias on the order of 0.1 K in the NOAA-16 AMSU-A1–2 component. Furthermore, the individual SNO mean Tb biases were often found to be a function of the SNO earth-scene average Tb, which is a manifestation of instrument calibration errors. On the other hand, it was found that determining the root cause of such errors is inhibited by the lack of postlaunch quality control of the AMSU-A calibration-related hardware.Based on the results of this study, a need to reduce impacts of surface emissivity and temperature inhomogeneities on the SNO method in microwave radiometer window channels becomes evident. In addition, the unparalleled ability of the SNO method to isolate and quantify intersatellite, instrument-related Tb biases is demonstrated in most sounding channels, which is necessary to improve weather and climate applications.
The Accuracy of Sea Ice Drafts Measured from U.S. Navy Submarines
Authors: Rothrock D. A. , Wensnahan Mark 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Navy submarines in the Arctic Ocean routinely obtain observations from an upward-looking sonar of the draft of the sea ice cover overhead. Draft data are now publicly available from some 40 cruises from 1975 to 2000 covering over 120 000 km of track in roughly the central half of the Arctic Ocean. To apply these observations to geophysics, error estimates are needed. This paper assesses how well the correction of the data during normal processing accounts for the major sources of error in the draft data from U.S. Navy submarines and what errors remain in the data. The error treated is the error for the average draft over tens of kilometers. The following sources of error are considered: measurement precision error; errors in identifying open water (as ice of zero draft); sound speed error; errors caused by variable sonar footprint size, by uncontrolled gain and thresholds, and by ship’s trim; and differences between data from analog charts and digitally recorded data. The bias with respect to the actual draft is +29 cm and is important both for knowing the actual ice draft and for comparing drafts from submarines with thicknesses in models and with draft, thickness, or freeboard estimated by other vehicles and technologies. The standard deviation is 25 cm. This number estimates the repeatability and comparability of draft measurements by U.S. Navy submarines and is important for examining the submarine data for regional and temporal variation. These errors are tolerable for an operational data source with a signal many meters in amplitude.
Histopathology of the Supraspinatus Tendon in Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Longo Umile Giuseppe , Franceschi Francesco , Ruzzini Laura , Rabitti Carla , Morini Sergio , Maffulli Nicola , Denaro Vincenzo 
Published: November 2007

Background Causes of rotator cuff pathology are poorly understood. Hypothesis Macroscopically intact supraspinatus tendon may show profound light microscopy changes. These changes may be the pathogenic precursor to a subsequent rotator cuff tear. Study Design Comparative laboratory study. Methods Tendon samples were harvested from 88 individuals (49 men, 39 women; mean age, 58.2 years) who had sustained a rotator cuff tear and underwent arthroscopic repair of the lesion, and from 5 male patients who died of cardiovascular events (mean age, 69. 6 years). A full-thickness supraspinatus tendon biopsy specimen was harvested en bloc within the arthroscopically intact middle portion of the tendon between the lateral edge of the tendon tear and the muscle-tendon junction. Slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin were interpreted twice by the same observer using a semiquantitative grading scale assessing fiber structure and arrangement, rounding of the nuclei, regional variations in cellularity, increased vascularity, decreased colagen stainability, and hyalinization. Intraobserver reliability of the subscore readings was calculated. Results The mean pathologic sum-score of ruptured tendons was significantly greater than the mean pathologic score of control tendons (15.66 ± 1.82 vs 3.7 ± 2.31, P = .001). Within each specific category of tendon abnormalities, the control and ruptured tendons were significantly different <χ2 test); all variables were significantly different (Mann-Whitney U test <0.05; P = .001). The agreement between the 2 readings ranged from 0.56 to 0.86 (kappa statistics). Conclusion Nonruptured supraspinatus tendons, even at an advanced age, and ruptured supraspinatus tendons are clearly part of 2 distinct populations. Clinical Relevance During cuff repair, it is not necessary to excessively freshen the torn tendon to bleeding tissue: the macroscopically intact supraspinatus tendon is degenerated as well, and the failed healing response is not limited to the ends of the torn tendon.
Aspirin and Clopidogrel Resistance
Authors: Fitzgerald Desmond J. , Maree Andrew 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAspirin and clopidogrel provide significant clinical benefit in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, given the complexity of platelet activation, it is not surprising that aspirin or clopidogrel prevent a small proportion of cardiovascular events. Of late, the terms aspirin and clopidogrel “resistance” have entered the physicians’ lexicon, and infer a lack of therapeutic response and a single underlying mechanism, which is misleading. The incidence of “resistance” detected in studies varies with the definition applied and assay used to measure response. Rather than true resistance, however, there is a variable response that reflects the unique pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of each drug, the clinical significance of which remains to be established.True “aspirin resistance” implies that cyclooxygenase-1 is less sensitive to inactivation by aspirin. Despite 95% inhibition of serum thromboxane B2 by aspirin, residual platelet aggregation is detected in some cases, the clinical significance of which is unknown. Heritable factors directly and indirectly related to platelet cyclooxygenase may influence aspirin response. In contrast to aspirin, the response to clopidogrel is highly variable and reflects the bioavailability of the active metabolite and not “resistance” of the receptor to inhibition.
The Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Rand Jacob H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thrombophilic condition that is marked by the presence of antibodies that recognize phospholipid-binding proteins. The clinical manifestations of APS include vascular thrombosis and pregnancy complications, especially recurrent spontaneous miscarriages. This article provides an update on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this disorder.
Double Hazard of Thrombophilia and Bleeding in Leukemia
Authors: Kwaan Hau C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The association between thrombosis and cancer has been extensively studied since first pointed out by Trousseau in 1895. It is, however, not commonly appreciated that the incidence of thrombosis in malignant hematologic disorders is as high or even higher than in solid tumors. Thrombotic complications in acute leukemia are often overlooked because bleeding complications generally dominate the clinical picture. Yet, the patient is at risk for both. While there are many thrombogenic factors shared by both solid tumors and leukemia, many additional prothrombotic features are present in leukemia. The prothrombotic factors include hyperleukocytosis, increased expression of tissue factor and its activation in leukemic cells, and the prothrombotic adverse effects of therapeutic agents and vascular access catheters. In addition, comorbid conditions including hereditary thrombophilia, infection, endothelial cell activation by cytokines, antiphospholipid syndrome and acquired activated protein C resistance are major contributory factors. Factors that increase the bleeding risk include thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and excessive fibrinolysis, which is enhanced by increased expression of Annexin II by leukemic cells. Therapeutic approaches to both bleeding and thrombotic conditions require special considerations of these factors.