bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of nutritional equivalence in the ‘meats and alternatives’ group of the Australian guide to healthy eating
Authors: SHRAPNEL Bill , BAGHURST Katrine 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim:  To assess the effects of different amounts and choices within the meats and alternatives food group of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) on the content of iron, zinc, vitamin B‐12 and long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.Methods:  Two sets of diets ranging in energy level were modelled, with constant or varying numbers of serves from meats and alternatives. Exchanges within the meats group were then conducted and the diets analysed. The main outcome measures are changes in iron, zinc, vitamin B‐12 and long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content, relative to estimated average requirements (EAR) or adequate intake in diets based on the AGHE.Results:  Diets with a single serve of food of animal origin provided substantially more iron, zinc, vitamin B‐12 and n‐3 fats than diets with a single serve of plant origin (e.g. 125–175% vs 63–111% EAR iron for women and 50–73% vs 29–48% EAR iron for pregnant women; 85–120% vs 57–63% EAR zinc for men and 101–157% vs 68–90% EAR zinc for pregnant women; 95–160% vs 75% EAR for vitamin B‐12; and 26–166% vs 0% EAR n‐3 for men). These differences were accentuated in diets with multiple serves from this food group.Conclusion:  There is a marked lack of nutritional equivalence between the foods of animal and vegetable origin that comprise the meats and alternatives food group of the AGHE. If nutritional similarity is to determine food group composition, the placement of legumes, nuts and seeds in future food guides may need to be reviewed.
Shifts in purchasing patterns of non‐alcoholic, water‐based beverages in Australia, 1997–2006
Authors: LEVY Gina , TAPSELL Linda 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim:  To describe trends in purchasing patterns of non‐alcoholic, water‐based beverages (WBBs) in Australia, 1997–2006.Methods:  Trends in volume sales of WBBs were determined from data supplied by the Australian beverage industry, not including fruit juice or milk‐based drinks. Change was calculated as per cent difference between 1997 and 2006, volume share by proportion of total sales in the category and per capita consumption by dividing total volume sales by population estimate for that year. Sugar supply from WBBs was calculated by multiplying sales by sugar content. Demographic trends from AC Nielsen surveys were shown as per cent households purchasing beverages and as volume share by age and sex.Results:  Total volume sales of WBBs increased by 13% from 1997 to 2006, largely accounted for by increases in sales of plain still water and non‐sugar carbonated soft drink (CSD). Sales in the CSD category saw a shift away from sugar‐sweetened to non‐sugar. There was a concomitant increase in sales of sugar‐sweetened sports and energy drinks, and iced tea. Younger people and high‐income households were the major purchasers of CSDs, and for sports and energy drinks, it was young males.Conclusion:  The increased sales of beverages by 2006 appear to reflect a greater trend towards purchasing fluids, particularly increases in bottled water and non‐sugar CSDs. Sugar supply from beverages has declined, mostly because of decreasing sales of sugar‐sweetened CSDs since 2002. Industry‐generated data proved useful in forming a picture of apparent non‐alcoholic, WBB consumption patterns in Australia.
Association of
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Infection with HLA-B*35 in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Palikhe Anil , Lokki Marja-Liisa , Saikku Pekka , Leinonen Maija , Paldanius Mika , Seppänen Mikko , Valtonen Ville , Nieminen Markku S. , Sinisalo Juha 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The immune system may interplay between
Chlamydia pneumoniae
infection and coronary artery disease (CAD). Major histocompatibility complex genes regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Patients with CAD (
n
= 100) and controls (
n
= 74) were enrolled. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1), four lymphotoxin alpha single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and complement C4A and C4B allotypes were typed, and their haplotypes were inferred. The presence of serum
C. pneumoniae
immunoglobulin A (IgA) (titer, ≥40) or IgG (titer, ≥128) antibodies or immune complex (IC)-bound IgG antibodies (titer, ≥2) was considered to be a serological marker suggesting chronic
C. pneumoniae
infection.
C. pneumoniae
IgA antibodies were found more frequently in patients than in controls (
P
= 0.04). Among the patients, multiple logistic regression analysis showed the HLA-B*35 allele to be the strongest-risk gene for
C. pneumoniae
infection (odds ratio, 7.88; 95% confidence interval, 2.44 to 25.43;
P
= 0.0006). Markers of
C. pneumoniae
infection were found more frequently in patients with the HLA-A*03-B*35 haplotype than in those without the haplotype (
P
= 0.007 for IgA;
P
= 0.008 for IgG;
P
= 0.002 for IC). Smokers with HLA-B*35 or HLA-A*03-B*35 had markers of
C. pneumoniae
infection that appeared more often than in smokers without these genes (
P
= 0.003 and
P
= 0.001, respectively). No associations were found in controls. In conclusion, HLA-B*35 may be the link between chronic
C. pneumoniae
infection and CAD.
Utility of Composite Reference Standards and Latent Class Analysis in Evaluating the Clinical Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests for Pertussis
Authors: Baughman Andrew L. , Bisgard Kristine M. , Cortese Margaret M. , Thompson William W. , Sanden Gary N. , Strebel Peter M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Numerous evaluations of the clinical sensitivity and specificity of PCR and serologic assays for
Bordetella pertussis
have been hampered by the low sensitivity of culture, the gold standard test, which leads to biased accuracy estimates. The bias can be reduced by using statistical approaches such as the composite reference standard (CRS) (e.g., positive if culture or serology positive; negative otherwise) or latent class analysis (LCA), an internal reference standard based on a statistical model. We illustrated the benefits of the CRS and LCA approaches by reanalyzing data from a 1995 to 1996 study of cough illness among 212 patients. The accuracy of PCR in this study was evaluated using three reference standards: culture, CRS, and LCA. Using specimens obtained 0 to 34 days after cough onset, estimates of the sensitivity of PCR obtained using CRS (47%) and LCA (34%) were lower than the culture-based estimate (62%). The CRS and LCA approaches, which utilized more than one diagnostic marker of pertussis, likely produced more accurate reference standards than culture alone. In general, the CRS approach is simple, with a well-defined disease status. LCA requires statistical modeling but incorporates more indicators of disease than CRS. When three or more indicators of pertussis are available, these approaches should be used in evaluations of pertussis diagnostic tests.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus Type 31-Neutralizing Antibodies from Naturally Infected Patients by an Assay Based on Intracellular Assembly of Luciferase-Expressing Pseudovirions
Authors: Fleury Maxime J. J. , Touzé Antoine , de Sanjosé Silvia , Bosch F. Xavier , Klaustermeiyer Joellen , Coursaget Pierre 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) neutralization assay based on the production of pseudovirions carrying luciferase. Neutralizing antibodies against HPV31 were investigated in a set of HPV31 monoclonal antibodies and in women with evidence of HPV31 infection. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 78% of subjects with a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Usefulness of Four Different
Echinococcus granulosus
Recombinant Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Unilocular Hydatid Disease (UHD) and Postsurgical Follow-Up of Patients Treated for UHD
Authors: Hernández-González Ana , Muro Antonio , Barrera Inmaculada , Ramos Guillermo , Orduña Antonio , Siles-Lucas Mar 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Four different recombinant antigens derived from
Echinococcus granulosus
, designated B1t, B2t, E14t, and C317, were tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in patients with unilocular hydatid disease (UHD). The results were compared to those obtained with hydatid fluid and were subjected to receiver operator characteristic analysis. The diagnostic performance of the above-listed proteins was defined with respect to their specificity, sensitivity, and predictive values (PV); the influence of cyst location; and usefulness in the follow-up of surgical treatment for UHD and in the determination of whether or not patients have been surgically cured of UHD. The best diagnostic results were obtained with the anti-B2t IgG ELISA, with 91.2% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and high positive and negative PV (89.4 and 94.2, respectively). In addition, this diagnostic tool proved to be useful for the follow-up of surgically treated UHD patients. The anti-B2t IgG ELISA may find an application in the serodiagnosis of UHD in clinical laboratories.
Risk and Protective Factors for Leprosy Development Determined by Epidemiological Surveillance of Household Contacts
Authors: Goulart Isabela M. B. , Bernardes Souza Dulcinéa O. , Marques Carolina R. , Pimenta Vânia L. , Gonçalves Maria A. , Goulart Luiz R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTHousehold contacts of leprosy patients are the group with the highest risk of developing the disease, and although many risk or prevention factors have been identified, they have not been employed in leprosy-monitoring programs. This investigation aimed to establish the relative risks or the preventive effects of the presence of BCG vaccination, the Mitsuda test, and the ML-Flow assay. Household contacts (1,396) were monitored for a 5-year period. Twenty-eight contacts (2%) developed leprosy and had their clinical and operational classifications established. All immunological tests were performed, and intradermal BCG vaccination was given after the BCG scar count. Of the affected contacts, 75% developed the disease in the first year, and 71.4% were classified as having paucibacillary forms. Contacts of lepromatous leprosy patients presented a 3.8-fold-higher risk of developing leprosy. BCG vaccination and the Mitsuda test showed a protective effect against leprosy of 0.27 (at least one scar) and 0.16 (>7 mm), respectively, and the positive ML-Flow test indicated a relative risk approximately sixfold higher for occurrence of the disease. All unfavorable combinations of two and three assays generated significant risk values that ranged from 5.76 to 24.47, with the highest risk given by the combination of no BCG scar, negative Mitsuda test, and positive ML-Flow test. We suggest that the BCG vaccination may be given to stimulate Mitsuda test positivity, reducing the patient's risk of developing multibacillary forms. The high significance of these tests may have a great impact on programs to monitor contacts and should be used to improve early detection and treatment.
Modulation of Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha −308 G/A and Lymphotoxin Alpha +249 A/G Haplotypes and Lack of Linkage Disequilibrium with Predisposing
DQB1-DRB1
Haplotypes in Bahraini Patients
Authors: Stayoussef Mouna , Al-Jenaidi Fayza A. , Al-Abbasi Abduljabbar , Al-Ola Khadija , Khayyat Haya , Mahjoub Touhami , Almawi Wassim Y. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) −308 G/A and lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) +249 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated in 228 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients and 240 controls. Only LTα +249G allele and +249G/+249G genotype frequencies were higher among patients, and no linkage disequilibrium was found between TNF-α/LTα alleles and susceptible/protective
DRB1-DQB1
haplotypes. TNF-α/LTα T1DM-susceptible (−308G/+249G) and protective (−308G/+249A) haplotypes were identified.
Discrimination of Antibody to Herpes B Virus from Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 in Human and Macaque Sera
Authors: Fujima Akikazu , Ochiai Yoshitsugu , Saito Aya , Omori Yuki , Noda Atsuya , Kazuyama Yukumasa , Shoji Hiroshi , Tanabayashi Kiyoshi , Ueda Fukiko , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Hondo Ryo 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
The antigenic cross-reactive characteristics of herpes B virus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are responsible for false-positive diagnoses by serological assays in humans and macaques. In the present study, we developed a fluorometric indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant herpes B virus glycoprotein D (gD) and HSV-1 and HSV-2 gG (gG-1 and gG-2, respectively) to discriminate between the three primate herpesvirus infections. The secreted form of gD, gDdTM, was used to detect antibody to herpes B virus gD. Sera positive for herpes B virus, HSV-1, and HSV-2 showed specific reactions to gD, gG-1, and gG-2, respectively. Sera collected from humans and rhesus macaques were investigated for the presence of antibodies to the recombinant proteins of the three herpesviruses. The results suggested that the approach is able to discriminate between herpes B virus and HSV infections. The ELISA was also found to be able to detect infections with multiple primate herpesviruses and may have the potential to identify a subsequent infection in individuals that have already been infected with another herpesvirus. In addition, we found evidence of a greater cross-reactivity of herpes B virus with HSV-1 than with HSV-2. It is suggested that the ELISA with the recombinant antigens is useful not only for the serodiagnosis of primate herpesvirus infections but also for elucidation of the seroprevalence of herpesviruses in humans and primates.
Nested PCR for Specific Diagnosis of
Taenia solium
Taeniasis
Authors: Mayta Holger , Gilman Robert H. , Prendergast Emily , Castillo Janeth P. , Tinoco Yeny O. , Garcia Hector H. , Gonzalez Armando E. , Sterling Charles R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Taeniasis due to
Taenia solium
is a disease with important public health consequences, since the larval stage is not exclusive to the animal intermediate, the pig, but also infects humans, causing neurocysticercosis. Early diagnosis and treatment of
T. solium
tapeworm carriers is important to prevent human cysticercosis. Current diagnosis based on microscopic observation of eggs lacks both sensitivity and specificity. In the present study, a nested-PCR assay targeting the
Tso31
gene was developed for the specific diagnosis of taeniasis due to
T. solium
. Initial specificity and sensitivity testing was performed using stored known
T. solium
-positive and -negative samples. The assay was further analyzed under field conditions by conducting a case-control study of pretreatment stool samples collected from a population in an area of endemicity. Using the archived samples, the assay showed 97% (31/32) sensitivity and 100% (123/123) specificity. Under field conditions, the assay had 100% sensitivity and specificity using microscopy/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay coproantigen testing as the gold standards. The Tso31 nested PCR described here might be a useful tool for the early diagnosis and prevention of taeniasis/cysticercosis.
Epidemiology of European Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Clonal Complex 80 Type IV Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1993 to 2004
Authors: Larsen A. R. , Böcher S. , Stegger M. , Goering R. , Pallesen L. V. , Skov R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

In Europe, community-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) infections have been caused predominantly by isolates belonging to the “European CA-MRSA” clone (sequence type 80, staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
type IV). In this study, the epidemiology of European CA-MRSA was investigated on a nationwide scale, covering the period from 1993 to 2004. Denmark has been a low-prevalence country regarding MRSA since the mid-1970s but has experienced an increase in the number of new MRSA cases in recent years. Our results show that European CA-MRSA contributed to this increase. The isolates primarily caused skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in patients outside hospitals, and transmission between household members was the predominant mode of spread. Although some of the isolates were found in hospitalized patients, nosocomial transmission seemed likely in only one instance, pointing to endogenous infections as an important factor. Compared to the CA-MRSA clone most common in the United States (USA300), the European CA-MRSA clone seems less well adapted to persist in hospital environments. Patients with a recent history of travel or family relation to the Mediterranean or Middle East were highly overrepresented. The epidemiological data indicated that the European CA-MRSA isolates were introduced into Denmark on multiple occasions, paralleled by an increasing level of genetic diversity of the isolates found during the study period. European CA-MRSA has previously been described as a rather uniform clone. However, we found pronounced, diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtypes, staphylococcal protein A gene (
spa
) types, and susceptibility patterns.
Identification of Adenoviruses in Specimens from High-Risk Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Recipients and Controls
Authors: Zheng Xiaotian , Lu Xiaoyan , Erdman Dean D. , Anderson Evan J. , Guzman-Cottrill Judith A. , Kletzel Morris , Katz Ben Z. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
Adenovirus infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in stem cell transplant recipients. We report species and type-specific analysis from a prospective study of high-risk adenovirus infections following hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation prior to, during, and after treatment with cidofovir, as well as species analysis of contemporaneously collected samples from control patients. Nine different adenovirus types representing all six recognized species were identified, and mixed infections were commonly found in this group of patients.
Evaluation of a New Assay in Comparison with Reverse Hybridization and Sequencing Methods for Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping Targeting Both 5′ Noncoding and Nonstructural 5b Genomic Regions
Authors: Martró Elisa , González Victoria , Buckton Andrew J. , Saludes Verónica , Fernández Gema , Matas Lurdes , Planas Ramón , Ausina Vicenç 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
We report the evaluation of a new real-time PCR assay for hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping. The assay design is such that genotype 1 isolates are typed by amplification targeting the nonstructural 5b (NS5b) subgenomic region. Non-genotype 1 isolates are typed by type-specific amplicon detection in the 5′ noncoding region (5′NC) (method 1; HCV genotyping analyte-specific reagent assay). This method was compared with 5′NC reverse hybridization (method 2; InnoLiPA HCV II) and 5′NC sequencing (method 3; Trugene HCV 5′NC). Two hundred ninety-five sera were tested by method 1; 223 of them were also typed by method 2 and 89 by method 3. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of an NS5b fragment were used to resolve discrepant results. Suspected multiple-genotype infections were confirmed by PCR cloning and pyrosequencing. Even though a 2% rate of indeterminates was obtained with method 1, concordance at the genotype level with results with methods 2 and 3 was high. Among eight discordant results, five mixed infections were confirmed. Genotype 1 subtyping efficiencies were 100%, 77%, and 74% for methods 1, 2, and 3, respectively; there were 11/101 discordants between methods 1 and 2 (method 1 was predominantly correct) and 2/34 between methods 2 and 3. Regarding genotype 2, subtyping efficiencies were 100%, 45%, and 92% by methods 1, 2, and 3, respectively; NS5b sequencing of discordants (16/17) revealed a putative new subtype within genotype 2 and that most subtype calls were not correct. Although only sequencing-based methods provide the possibility of identifying new variants, the real-time PCR method is rapid, straightforward, and simple to interpret, thus providing a good single-step alternative to more-time-consuming assays.
Comparison of Linear Array and Line Blot Assay for Detection of Human Papillomavirus and Diagnosis of Cervical Precancer and Cancer in the Atypical Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance and Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study
Authors: Castle Philip E. , Gravitt Patti E. , Solomon Diane , Wheeler Cosette M. , Schiffman Mark 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

We evaluated Linear Array (LA), a newly commercialized PGMY09/11 L1 consensus primer PCR test that detects 37 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes by reverse line blot hybridization, for the detection of individual HPV genotypes and carcinogenic HPV and its clinical performance for detecting 2-year cumulative cervical precancer and cancer using archived specimens from the Atypical Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) and Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study. LA testing was conducted on enrollment specimens from women referred because of an ASCUS Pap test. To gauge the performance of the new test, the results were compared to those of its prototype predecessor assay, Line Blot Assay (LBA), restricted to paired results (
n
= 3,335). LA testing was done masked to LBA results and clinical outcomes. The results of LA and LBA testing were compared for detection of carcinogenic HPV and clinical outcomes of cervical precancer and cancer. Overall, 50% and 55% of the women tested positive for carcinogenic HPV by LBA and LA, respectively (
P
< 0.0001). The percent agreement for carcinogenic HPV detection was 88%, percent positive agreement was 80%, and kappa was 0.76 for detection of carcinogenic HPV by the two assays. There was a significant increase in detection by LA for most of the 37 HPV genotypes targeted by both assays, including for 13 of 14 carcinogenic HPV genotypes. LA detected more multiple-genotype infections for all HPV genotypes among HPV-positive women (
P
< 0.0001) and for carcinogenic HPV genotypes among carcinogenic-HPV-positive women (
P
< 0.0001). LA was more sensitive (92.3% versus 87.1%;
P
= 0.003) and less specific (48.2% versus 54.0%;
P
< 0.0001) than LBA for 2-year cumulative cervical precancer and cancer as diagnosed by the Pathology Quality Control Group. In conclusion, we found LA to be a promising assay for the detection of HPV genotypes and carcinogenic HPV, and it may be clinically useful for the detection of cervical precancer and cancer in women with equivocal cytology.