bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Illness in Relation to Frailty in Community-Dwelling Elderly People without Dementia: A Report from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
Authors: Andrew Melissa K. , Rockwood Kenneth 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether frailty, defined as the accumulation of multiple, interacting illnesses, impairments and disabilities, is associated with psychiatric illness in older adults. Five-thousand-six-hundred-and-seventy-six community dwellers without dementia were identified within the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, and self-reported psychiatric illness was compared by levels of frailty (defined by an index of deficits that excluded mental illnesses). People with psychiatric illness (12.6% of those surveyed, who chiefly reported depression) had a higher mean frailty index value than those who did not. Older age was not associated with higher odds of psychiatric illness. Taking sex, frailty, and education into account, the odds of psychiatric illness decreased with each increasing year of age (OR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94–0.97). Frailty was associated with psychiatric illness; for each additional deficit-defining frailty, odds of psychiatric illness increased (OR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.19–1.26). Similarly, psychiatric illness was associated with much higher odds of being among the most frail. These findings lend support to a multidimensional conceptualization of frailty. Our data also suggest that health care professionals who work with older adults with psychiatric illness should expect frailty to be common, and that those working with frail seniors should consider the possible co-existence of depression and psychiatric illness.
Using multiple‐mode models for fitting and predicting the rheological properties of polymeric melts. II. Single and double step‐strain flows
Authors: Jiang B. , Kamerkar P. A. , Keffer D. J. , Edwards B. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral classes of multiple‐mode rheological constitutive equations are examined for predicting the viscoelastic flow properties of a typical polymer melt in single and double step‐strain flows. The phenomenological parameters appearing in these models have been obtained by the fitting of experimental data taken in small‐amplitude oscillatory shear and steady shear flows. The performance of the models for predicting the experimental data in the step‐strain experiments is examined in detail. Specifically, we examine whether or not mode coupling is necessary to describe the experimental behavior under step‐strain flows. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the reversing double step‐strain experiment is a very powerful tool for testing viscoelastic constitutive equations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
In the beginning: the initiation of meiosis
Authors: Pawlowski Wojciech P. , Sheehan Moira J. , Ronceret Arnaud 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe most‐critical point of reproductive development in all sexually reproducing species is the transition from mitotic to meiotic cell cycle. Studies in unicellular fungi have indicated that the decision to enter meiosis must be made before the beginning of the premeiotic S phase. Recent data from the mouse1 suggest that this timing of meiosis initiation is a universal feature shared also by multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast, the signaling cascade that leads to meiosis initiation shows great diversity among species. BioEssays 29:511–514, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurotrophic Sesterterpenes Isolated from a Marine Sponge, Spongia sp.
Authors: Tokue Takanori , Miura Shunsuke , Kato Hikaru , Hirota Hiroshi , Ohta Tomihisa , Tsukamoto Sachiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dimensions of neopentecostal Identity in the Church of England
Authors: Ball Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExamined the dimensional structure of identity among neopentecostal Anglicans, applying an analogy between glossolalia and ethnic languages, based on intergroup theory.Similarity data obatined from a card‐sorting task performed by 29 non‐glossolalic and 49 glossolalic members of Church of England congregations were multidimensionally scaled. The resulting dimensional structures indicate that neopentecostalists define themselves mainly in terms of conventional religious markers: ‘rebirth’ experience, belief in scriptural authority, and, for non‐glossolalists, regular prayer. Glossolalia plays only a limited role, and does so only for those who practise it, while denominational affiliation appears to have no significance in religious identity at all. It is suggested that neopentecostalists regard themselves as having marginal status in mainstream churches and aim to distinguish themselves from ‘nominal’ Christians, thus identibing with all devout believers, in preference to emphasizing neopentecostal distinctiveness which does not afford favourable enough social comparisons.
Acquaintance and visual behaviour between two interactants. Their communicative function for the impression formation of an observer
Authors: Abele Andrea 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPredictions concerning the formation of impressions on the visual of the visual behaviour of an observed person are tested in two experiments.Observers were shown a video recording of a conversation between two persons in which person (A) looked at his partner (B) or not depending upon the experimental conditions. In addition, the observers were told whether or not the persons were acquainted with one another before this conversation.It was found, as predicted, that a was rated higher with regard to friendliness und openness if he looked at his conversation partner. Equally in agreement with prediction it was found that the significance of visual behaviour for the formation of impressions is greater if it is known that the observed persons are well acquainted. Ratings of A's dominance and activity are only dependent on the visual behaviour shown if it is known that the observed persons know eath other. In the case in which the partners are not acquainted, there is no such effect.These results show that the communicative function of visual behaviour over and above the ascription of friendliness and openness is increased if contextual information is given concerning the interpersonal relationship between the persons observed. The formation of impressions concerning the second person involved in the conversation is not influenced by the visual behaviour of his conversation partner.
Self‐awareness and drive theory: Comparing internal standards and dominant responses
Authors: Hormuth Stefan E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSelf awareness theory proposes that behavioural and cognitive changes following self‐ focused attention result from a comparison between a salient behavioural or cognitive aspect of the person and a relevant internal standard of correctness. Generalized drive has been offered as an alternative interpretation not requiring the assumption of a mediating cognitive process. The notion was tested that an internal standard of correctness, and not response dominance, guides behaviour following self‐focused attention. The internal standard used, originality, was to be contrary to dominance. Subjects high or low on this standard were assigned to either a self‐awareness, an arousal, or a control condition. First, response dominance was clearly established on a paired associates task. Then subjects' own associations to the stimulus words were obtained. In the self awareness condition, the originality of responses corresponded to internal standards. Responses in the arousal condition were not as predicted, but could be interpreted through the presumption that the particular operationalization of arousal raised not only drive level but also provided self‐related stimuli. The data imply that internal standards of correctness and not response dominance influence the behaviour of those whose attention is self focused.
Polarizing effects of intergroup comparison
Authors: Reid Fraser J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCompared the effects of intergroup and within‐group comparison on attitudes differentiating two well‐defined student groups. Social work students (n = 48) expressed attitudes either before or after estimating ingroup or outgroup (commerce students) norms. Subjects adopted more extreme attitudes following outgroup comparison, but were unaffected by comparison within the group.
Source credibility, attitudes, and the recall of past behaviours
Authors: Olson James M. , Cal A. Victoria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that individuals' memory for their past behaviours may be biased toward apparent consistency with their current attitudes was tested by exposing subjects to a message that argued against frequent toothbrushing. Some subjects believed that the source of this message was an expert (high credibility condition), whereas other subjects learned after the message that the speaker was misinformed (low credibility condition). Subjects in the high credibility condition expressed less favourable attitudes toward toothbrushing and reported that they had brushed their teeth less often in the preceding four weeks than did subjects in the low credibility condition. A three‐week follow‐up showed that the attitudinal difference was still significant but that estimates of past toothbrushing did not differ reliably between the two conditions. The results suggest that when attitudes are very salient, they increase the accessibility of consistent behaviours in memory.
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence: Can reactance offer an alternative explanation?
Authors: Maass Anne , Clark Russell D 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minority. In the absence of a consistent minority, subjects accepted the majority opinion in private, ruling out reactance as an alternative explanation.
Learned helplessness in social situations and sociometric status
Authors: Fincham Frank D. , Hokoda Audrey J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLearned helplessness theory may provide a framework within which the correlates of sociometric status in children can be fruitfully investigated. Several parallels between learned helplessness and the characteristics of sociometric status groups are noted. It is argued that children who are rejected, and especially neglected, by peers are likely to manifest learned helplessness in social situations. In addition, reanalysis of Goetz and Dweck's (1980) study on learned helplessness in social situations provides data to support this viewpoint as: (a) rejected and neglected children resembled learned helpless children in regard to both attributions and behaviour following social rejection; (b) neglected children showed greater behavioural deterioration following rejection than rejected children. The implications of the proposed integration of research on learned helplessness and sociometric status are outlined, especially in relation to clinical disorders in children.
Further evidence for expectation‐based illusory correlations
Authors: Spears Russell , Eiser J. Richard , Van Der Pligt Joop 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects were presented with 36 opinion statements ostensibly made by residents of two towns (one large, one small) confronted with the building of a new nuclear power station in the vicinity. There were an equal number of pro‐ and anti‐nuclear opinions for both towns (nine for each combination) so that there was no relationship between attitudes and town. The probabilistic belief that small towns would contain a higher proportion of antinuclear residents, was predicted to produce an ‘illusory correlation’ confirming the belief. This was strongly supported. Findings were discussed in terms of the literatures on illusory correlation, stereotyping and attitudes.
The dilution effect and group membership: An instance of the pervasive impact of outgroup homogeneity
Authors: Denhaerinck Pascal , Lfyens Jacques‐Philippe , Yzerbyt Vincent 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the impact of non‐diagnostic individualized information on judgments concerning stereotypic and non‐stereotypic behaviours performed by ingroup versus outgroup members. Ninety‐five Law School students were confronted with either a lawyer or a teacher in mathematics and were given either the category label alone, the category label plus written individualized informations or the category label plus a videotaped interview of the target. Subjects indicated the likelihood that the target would perform each of four behaviours, two of which were stereotypic and two of which were counter‐stereotypic of the target's professional category and this in four different situations. In accordance with classical dilution results (Nisbett, Zukier and Lemley, 1981), individualized information weakened the influence of stereotypes. Also, in line with Park and Rothbart's (1982) work on the outgroup homogeneity hypothesis, judgments were more extreme for the outgroup than for the ingroup target. However, a derivation of Linville's (1982) complexity‐extremity hypothesis was not supported: the dilution effect was not more effective for the outgroup than for the ingroup target. Lastly, our data argue against Nisbett et al.'s explanation for the lack of dilution these authors found for stereotype‐irrelevant behaviours. Taken together, our results may be seen from an optimistic as well as from a pessimistic point of view. The latter perspective points out the pervasive polarization of judgments about outgroup targets across individualization levels whereas the former stresses upon the dilution taking place for both in‐and outgroup targets.
Another look at confirmatory strategies during a real interview
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn two experiments, it is shown that interviewers bias to a larger extent their questions towards their hypothesis when they interact with an interviewee than when they only prepare questions for a future interview. Also more biased questions are asked at the beginning of the interview than at the end. This does not seem to be due to the certainty entertained by the interviewers about their hypothesis. More likely, it appears that biased questions have an adaptative value and that they smooth the interview. All in all, our subjects were not especially concerned with diagnosticity.
Constructivism in social psychology
Authors: Doise Wille 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGenetic constructivism developed by Piaget and his school is considered to be a grand theory which is also of great relevance for experimental social psychology. However according to J. M. Baldwin, the founder of genetic psychology, and to contemporary researchers in the area of moral judgement and development social psychology, the notion of social performism should be incorporated in constructivist theory. Deutsch 5 crude law of social relations is cited as a theoretical assumption implying that social preformism can be studied experimentally.
Metaphysics and methodology: Some prescriptions for social psychological research
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy comparison with the physical sciences psychologists tend to pay little attention to ontology. This has had unfortunate consequences. Contemporary trends suggest a dual ontology, with psychology rooted in neurophysiology and social conversation. The notion of a ‘conversational skill’ bridges the two basic categories of psychological reality. The use of causal concepts in writing up psychological research is to be avoided since it enshrines a misunderstanding of the kind of necessity that is important in the normative control of social activity including conversing. Classical psychological experimental methodology needs radical revision since it is not appropriate to the investigation of collective semiotic structures. These points are illustrated with examples from recent empirical work by social constructivist psychologists.
Differentiating emotion elicited and deliberate emotional facial expressions
Authors: Hess Ursula , Kleck Robert E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent research suggests the potential importance of dynamic aspects (e.g. speed of onset and offset and degree of irregularity) of facial movement for the encoding of spontaneous versus deliberate emotional facial expressions. The present studies were conducted to investigate whether emotion elicited and deliberate facial expressions of happiness and disgust differ regarding their dynamic features. Two experiments were designed to elicit spontaneous and deliberate facial expressions of happiness and disgust. The experiments differed regarding the deliberate facial expressions, which were either poses (Experiment 1) or masking deceptions (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 confirmed Ekman and Friesen S (1982) notion, that spontaneous expressions have slower onsets and offsets than do deliberate expressions. The data show that dynamic aspects of the facial expressions differentiate between elicitation conditions. However, the evidence was more consistently found for the degree of irregularity of the expression than for the speed of onset and offset.
Cultural–historical knowledge and personal experience in appreciation of literature
Authors: Larsen Steen F. , László János 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAppreciation of literature (understanding beyond literal comprehension and inference) is hypothesized to depend on readers' application of knowledge derived from personal experiences, a cognitive process called personal resonance. The influence of cultural differences in personal experience on appreciating a literary work was studied through retrospective reports about remindings that occurred while reading. A Hungarian short story in which geographical and temporal location were left open was read by Danish (culturally distant) and Hungarian (culturally proximate) subjects. Cultural proximity was found to influence considerably readers' location and overall evaluation of the story as well as the nature of remindings during the reading process. The culturally proximate Hungarian readers exhibited a higher level of personal resonance: they had more vivid remindings and were reminded of more complete events (as opposed to decontextualized event elements), particularly more personally experienced events. The personal relevance, pleasantness, and aggressiveness of the evoked memories were important determinants of readers' overall evaluation of the story, but with very different patterns in the two cultural groups.
Social influence: The role of originality
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica , Maass Anne , Volpato Chiara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments investigated the role of message originality vs. conventionality in social influence. It was hypothesized that subjects would generate more original proposals when confronted with a minority advocating an original viewpoint than when confronted with a conventional minority proposal or with an original majority proposal. In the first experiment, subjects exposed to an original minority paired with a conventional majority produced a wider range and more original proposals than those exposed either to a conventional minority paired with a conventional majority or to a majority source only. The second experiment further demonstrated that the original message induced creative processing only when attributed to a minority source but not when attributed to a majority source. It also showed that the original minority elicited creative processing mainly when paired with a conventional majority, but not when paired with a majority advocating an equally original position. Findings are interpreted in the frame of Nemeth's (1986) minority influence theory.
Expectancy‐value models of attitudes: A note on the relationship between theory and methodology
Authors: Sparks Paul , Hedderley Duncan , Shepherd Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConcern has been expressed in the literature regarding the method of scoring ‘beliefs’ within expectancy‐value models of attitudes. This paper reviews the major issues and focuses upon some hitherto largely neglected problems with scoring methods. Empirical findings from a series of studies concerned with ‘the theory of reasoned action’ are examined: with a multiplicative Combination of beliefs and evaluations, it is found that bipolar scoring of belief items leads to higher correlations of the summed products of beliefs and evaluations with attitudes than are achieved with unipolar scoring. These findings contrast markedly with recently reported research and indicate the important role played by contextual factors (such as belief content and the response scales presented to subjects). It is concluded that more attention needs to be paid to the relationship between conceptual and methodological issues.
Social value orientation and intelligence: A test of the goal prescribes rationality principle
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Liebrand Wim B. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the influence of pre‐existing individual differences in social value orentations, or preferences for certain patterns of outcomes to oneself and others (McClintock, 1978), on perceptions of rationality in a social dilemma. In Experiment 1 conducted in Groningen (the Netherlands), it was found that people with pro‐social orientations expected more cooperation from another described as intelligent than from another described as unintelligent, whereas individualists and competitors expected relatively more cooperation from another described as unintelligent. The cross‐cultural generalizability of this finding was examined and supported in Experiment 2 which was conducted in Santa Barbara (U.S.A.). Results from both studies are consistent with the Goal Prescribes Rationality Principle (Van Lange, Liebrand and Kuhlman, 1990) which assumes that people with pro‐social (cooperative) orientations would perceive rationality in social dilemmas primarily from the collective perspective, whereas individualists and competitors would take a strong egocentric perspective on rationality. In addition, we found a strong relationship between expectations of other's cooperation and own cooperative behaviour when the other was described as intelligent. The strength of this relationship was reduced, particularly for individualists and competitors, when the other person was described as unintelligent.
Explaining in conversation: Towards an argument model
Authors: Antaki Charles , Leudar Ivan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe examine the proposition that, in ordinary conversation, people are concerned to argue — to justify their claims and to counter potential and actual counter claims. We test out the proposition by analysing explanations in one particular conversation. We attend to the validity claims of what the speakers say, and to the authority with which they say it. Viewed in that light, we find that the majority of what might look like causal attributions turn out to look like argumentative claim‐backings. We then go on to flesh out the quasi‐pragmatic rules which might help to decide formally whether any given utterance is be er understood as an argument or a causal explanation. These rules revolve around the speaker's apparent intention and the projected relationship between the clauses in what she or he says. All of this takes us a fair way from attribution theory's model of explanation as the reporting of a cause, and we end up with an argumentative model of ordinary explanation.