bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of an alien plant on a native plant–pollinator network: an experimental approach
Authors: Lopezaraiza–Mikel Martha E. , Hayes Richard B. , Whalley Martin R. , Memmott Jane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies of pairwise interactions have shown that an alien plant can affect the pollination of a native plant, this effect being mediated by shared pollinators. Here we use a manipulative field experiment, to investigate the impact of the alien plant Impatiens glandulifera on an entire community of coflowering native plants. Visitation and pollen transport networks were constructed to compare replicated I. glandulifera invaded and I. glandulifera removal plots. Invaded plots had significantly higher visitor species richness, visitor abundance and flower visitation. However, the pollen transport networks were dominated by alien pollen grains in the invaded plots and consequently higher visitation may not translate in facilitation for pollination. The more generalized insects were more likely to visit the alien plant, and Hymenoptera and Hemiptera were more likely to visit the alien than Coleoptera. Our data indicate that generalized native pollinators can provide a pathway of integration for alien plants into native visitation systems.
Commodity Prices and Unit Root Tests
Authors: Wang Dabin , Tomek William G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrice theory suggests that commodity prices should be stationary series. Yet, tests for unit roots rather frequently imply that these prices are not stationary. This seeming inconsistency is investigated by applying alternative specifications of unit root tests to prices of corn, soybeans, barrows and gilts, and milk. The preponderance of evidence suggests that nominal prices do not have unit roots, but the results are sensitive to the specification of the test equation. Accounting for a structural change that shifts the mean appears to be an important issue in unit root tests.
Simple Reputation Systems*
Authors: Kennes John , Schiff Aaron 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe develop a model of simple “reputation systems” that monitor and publish information about the behavior of sellers in a search market with asymmetric information. The reputations created influence the equilibrium search patterns of buyers and thus provide for market‐based “punishment” of bad behavior. We show that a reputation system that rewards honesty can enhance welfare by allowing good sellers to truthfully signal their type. However, the same system can be prone to strategic manipulation by sellers who always have low‐quality products. In that case, we show that an alternative system which assigns reputations based on product quality rather than honesty can be superior.
Optimal Protection of Property Rights in a General Equilibrium Model of Growth*
Authors: Economides George , Park Hyun , Philippopoulos Apostolis 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe incorporate weak property rights into an otherwise standard general equilibrium model of growth and second‐best optimal policy. In this setup, the state plays two of its key roles: it protects property rights and provides public services. The government chooses policy (the income tax rate, as well as the allocation of collected tax revenues between law enforcement and public services) to maximize the growth rate of the economy. The focus of our analysis is on how weak property rights generate multiple decentralized competitive equilibria, the different properties of these equilibria, and the implications of second‐best optimal policies.
Does the CPI Mirror the Cost of Living? Engel's Law Suggests Not in Norway
Authors: Larsen Erling Røed 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is considerable interest in identifying the magnitude of the difference between increases in the CPI and the cost of living. In this paper, the technique proposed by Hamilton (2001) to measure this discrepancy is used and extended for Norway in the 1990s. While Hamilton finds that the CPI in the United States overstates the cost of living for the period 1974–1991, application of his technique to Norwegian data for 1990–1999 indicates that the CPI understates the cost of living. The Norwegian CPI rose by 22 percent, but a typical household behaved as if the cost of living had increased by 35 percent. For some household types, the increase was substantially larger.
A chapter of errors: A response to Martin Turner
Authors: WRAY DAVID 
Published: May 2007

In the last issue of Support for Learning Martin Turner restated the evidence that, he claimed, prove reading standards had declined in primary school children. Controversially, he linked this directly with teaching method, asserting that the current decline was due to the widespread use of ‘psycholinguistic’ approaches. Readers were challenged to give an alternative explanation of the research findings.David Wray accepts the challenge. He is clearly angry at what Turner produces as ‘evidence’; his interpretation is that it is far from definitive. Similarly, his investigations lead him to the conclusion that there is no relationship between teaching method and achievement. Indeed, poor levels of reading may well be due to matters largely beyond teacher control. In particular he cites the recent study by Lake which links performance with social background, a not unfamiliar claim. Wray finally condemns Turner and others for their simplistic explanations and urges more substantial research before leaping to conclusions.
Bullying in schools: Mainstream and special needs
Authors: WHITNEY IRENE , NABUZOKA DABIE , SMITH PETER K. 
Published: May 2007

The school bully has always been with us. Many examples appear in the literature, some portrayals of which have not fully conveyed the true horror that sustained intimidation can bring to the victim. Surprisingly, we still know very little about this problem and particularly how it affects pupils with special needs. One might intuitively expect them to figure in either of the two main roles.The Sheffield team set out to remedy our ignorance. Here they introduce us to a survey undertaken in local schools. The position of special needs pupils, initially, is far from clear. However, subsequent investigations prove more revealing. Now that the work at Sheffield has attracted support from the Department of Education and Science we can look forward to more detailed findings in a year or so.
Understanding diversity: Special educational provision for the Druse community of Northern Israel
Authors: JONES KEVIN , CHARLTON TONY 
Published: May 2007

The State of Israel encompasses an area that is holy ground for three monotheistic religions, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Each of these religions includes a number of splinter groups which can amplify even further the kaleidoscope of cultures, religions and political groups within the state. Considerable difficulties often arise in attempts to integrate these disparate groups into the social and educational infrastructures.This article gives consideration to an attempt to integrate Jewish, Christian and Druse pupils (with their wide diversity of social, educational and religious needs, as well as their shared and special educational needs) into Abu Snan Community School in Northern Israel.
INTER‐SITE and INTER‐REGIONAL LINKS DURING the UPPER PALAEOLITHIC: the PYRENEAN EVIDENCE
Authors: BAHN PAUL G. 
Published: May 2007

Summary: In the first of this paper's two sections, Pyrenean evidence for contact between sites and with other regions is presented for each period of the Upper Palaeolithic. the examples include lithic, marine and artistic evidence. the results, presented in schematic maps, demonstrate the basic patterns of contact, and underline the role of the two ‘supersites’, Isturitz and the Mas d'Azil, as regional foci and cultural epicentres.The second section is an attempt to account for the patterning of sites and contacts in terms of seasonal aggregation, social bonds and craft specialisation. the evidence reviewed in the first section is interpreted as the material traces of increasing and institutionalised social contact tied to an economic pattern of seasonal dispersal and assembly.
THE EARLY STATE MODULE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: FISHER A. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe Early State Module model predicts specific, archaeologically testable, spatial attributes for early states. Further, it suggests that social complexity develops as a result of interaction between equal‐sized polities, and that degree of complexity and territorial size are related. The spatial patterns of some early states presented to support the ESM model are tested statistically and are found not to satisfy the predictions of the model. Case studies of non‐state and state societies indicate that the spatial attributes of ESMs are not unique to early states, that interaction does not always lead to state formation, and that territorial size and complexity are not necessarily directly related.
MATERIAL SYMBOLS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL CHANGE
Authors: WELLS PETER S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryChanges in economic patterns, such as in subsistence practices, settlement organization, and trade, are accompanied by changes in people's view of their world and their place in it. In contexts for which the economic bases and social configurations are fairly well understood, it should be possible to identify and interpret changes in symbolic systems. The case presented involves transformations in the character and decoration of ceramic vessels of the European Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. This line of inquiry can provide insight into shifts in attitudes and perceptions that came about as the result of newly developing economic and political configurations.
DESSICATION AND DESTRUCTION: THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF DE‐WATERING AT ETTON, CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Authors: FRENCH CHARLES , TAYLOR MAISIE 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis paper presents the first results of a long‐term project to monitor changes in ground water conditions in parts of the East Anglian Fenland. So far the project has been concerned with two sites immediately north of Peterborough, at Borough Fen and Etton. The Borough Fen data are still being assessed, but Etton has provided results which warrant prompt publication.The water levels were monitored in a series of boreholes across the Etton Neolithic enclosure for a period of two years (1982–4), to study the effects of the variation in the local groundwater table on the waterlogged contents of the enclosure ditch.The first part of the paper (CF) assesses the results of this programme. The ambient water table remained at or above the level of the primary and lower secondary deposits in the ditch, thus accounting for the excellent preservation of botanical remains. Within one month of the adjacent quarry pumps being turned on the water table had fallen by up to one metre below the lowest archaeological deposits, and has not recovered since, to the almost immediate detriment of the botanical record.The second part of the paper (MT) discusses the observed variation in the preservation of wood in particular, and describes the effects of de‐watering on the deposits of wood in the enclosure ditch.
THE GOLD PECTORAL FROM VERGINA AND ITS CONNECTIONS
Authors: ARCHIBALD ZOFIA HALINA 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe discovery of a crescent‐shaped pectoral in a fourth‐century tomb near Katerini in Western Macedonia, analogous to that from the Great Tomb at Vergina, provides an opportunity to reassess this form of parade armour and to reexamine the chronology of a related series of warrior burials in Thrace and Macedonia. The pectorals are executed in a composite style which combines naturalistic and geometric patterns in low relief concentric zones. Apart from common zoomorphic and vegetal motifs, the ornamental repertoire includes elements specific to the Thracian region in the latter half of the fourth and early third century B. C.
OPPIDA AND THE ROMAN ARMY. A REVIEW OF RECENT EVIDENCE
Authors: TODD MALCOLM 
Published: May 2007

SummaryUntil recently it has been commonly assumed that the Roman army made relatively little use of pre‐exising fortifications such as hillforts and oppida. The accumulation of evidence over the past twent years suggests that this view is to be modified. The informastion now available from Gaul, Germany and especially from southern Britain indicates that military use of prehistoric strongholds was widespread and probably far from rare, notably in he early phases of occupation. Such use might reflect political control in the case of large oppida like the Titelberg, Camulodunum and perhaps Maiden Castle, or the securing of supplies, or possibly on occasion the use of native levies.
THE OLIVE IN THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN: THE EVIDENCE FOR DOMESTICATION IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
Authors: RUNNELS CURTIS N. , HANSEN JULIE 
Published: May 2007

Summary. In 1972 Colin Renfrew suggested that the rise of Mycenaean civilization may have been made possible by the development of a polycultural triad of wheat, vine and olive in the Early Bronze Age. A careful examination of the botanical and archaeological evidence for the domestication of the olive lends little support to this aspect of the thesis. The palynological evidence from various points in Greece is inconclusive, but for most areas it would seem to suggest that the intensive cultivation of olive began in the Late Bronze Age or even later.No conclusive archaeological evidence for processing or storage of olive oil exists for any period in the Bronze Age. The question of when olive domestication took place must remain unanswered until more data are available from Early and Middle Bronze Age contexts and more conclusive botanical data have been collected.
A MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF REMAINS OF TEXTILES MADE FROM PLANT FIBRES
Authors: RYDER M.L. , GABRA‐SANDERS THEA 
Published: May 2007

Summary. Plant fibres in textiles from the following sites were investigated and those not already identified as flax were identified as such: Tybrind (Mesolithic Denmark)‐unidentified; Çatal Hüyük (Neolithic Turkey); the Kerma civilization of Nubia (2000 BC); Kings Road, Guernsey (Iron Age) (mineralised cloth), and eighteenth‐century England. Some Bronze Age nettle fabric from Denmark was examined.The Scanning Electron Microscope provided an invaluable aid to identification, particularly in the mineralised material. Fibre diameter measurements in the form of distributions, like those used with wool, also assisted identification, but no evolutionary changes with time were evident in these. It was possible also to make such measurements on SEM photomicrographs of the mineralised fibres.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE FALL OF KNOSSOS IN 1375 B.C.
Authors: DOXEY DENISE 
Published: May 2007

Summary. During the first quarter of the fourteenth century B.C., a series of violent destructions seems to have occurred in the Aegean, affecting sites including Knossos, Khania, Mycenae, Pylos, Sparta, Nichoria, Thebes, Athens, Ayia Irini, Phylakopi, and a number of sites in Cyprus and Anatolia. This followed a period in which certain artifacts and burial practices were relatively uniform throughout these sites, and in which Knossos appears to have held a position of particular prominence.It was during the period of these destructions that the Mainland Greeks began their most notable era of contact with the Eastern Aegean, possibly prompted by a desire to secure access to commodities such as copper from the Eastern Mediterranean. Competition to control such trade may have contributed to warfare between Mycenaean centres, which resulted in destruction at several locations, including Knossos.
SIR THOMAS BROWNE AND ANTIQUITY
Authors: PIGGOTT STUART 
Published: May 2007

INTRODUCTION BY THE MASTER OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD Pembroke College had for some time wished to commemorate one of its most distinguished members and at the same time contribute to the world of scholarship. The support of an anonymous member of the College made it possible this year for us to inaugurate the biennial lectures entitled ‘The Sir Thomas Browne Lectures of Pembroke College’. Sir Thomas Browne has a very special significance for Pembroke. In 1624 he was the senior scholar of Broadgates Hall, the mediaeval hall on the site of Pembroke, when that year it received its new name and Royal Charter. To the scholars of Broadgates Hall he spoke of Pembroke College, ‘rising like a phoenix out of the ashes’and called on them to show loyalty to the new College. Sir Thomas Browne was such a polymath that lecturers will find some connection between contemporary thought in the fields of religion, medicine, philosophy and archaeology, all having been illumined by his insatiable curiosity. However, taking a cue from the statue of Thomas Browne in Norwich, his home town, where this thoughtful figure holds a sherd of pottery in his right hand and sits on a pedestal of grey granite shaped to depict an urn, we decided that there could be no better start to the series than to invite one of the country's most distinguished archaeologists, Professor Stuart Piggott, to give our first lecture.
REFLECTIONS ON ‘AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF GREECE': SURVEYS AND EXCAVATIONS
Authors: POPHAM MERVYN 
Published: May 2007

Summary. In his Sather Lectures, Professor Snodgrass maintains that circumstances in Greece will compel archaeologists to pursue field surveys instead of excavations. He, moreover, questions the value of excavations mainly on the grounds of imcompleteness, uncertainties regarding dating and the ambiguities of interpretation. The excavations at Lefkandi are cited on several occasions as an example and, where not referred to, are open to the same questioning. In reply, reasons are given for continuing excavation in spite of difficulties, and the validity of the criticisms brought against excavation are considered with special reference to those carried out at Lefkandi.
THE TRADE OF INDO‐PACIFIC SHELLS INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AND EUROPE
Authors: REESE DAVID S. 
Published: May 2007

Summary.This paper is on shells which originate in the Indo‐Pacific marine province (Red Sea or other waters to the south and east) and are found at sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Europe over 250 km. from their source. The catalogue of over 160 sites yielding these shells ranges in date from the Upper Paleolithic to recent times. Sixteen sites which supposedly produced Indo‐Pacific shells are shown to be incorrect identifications.Many of these exotic shells are seen to come from graves and sanctuary sites. Some shells are unmodified, others made into simple beads, and some finely worked by engraving and incising.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAIRNS AND SETTLEMENT SITES
Authors: LINDMAN GUNDELA 
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article discusses the problem of how to relate a special grave construction to a particular settlement site. An example from the West Swedish Bronze Age is presented to pinpoint the difficulties of the chronological criteria and the drawbacks of using ‘nearness’ as a criterion.The idea presented is that a relationship between a grave monument and a settlement site may be reflected in areas where the building material, the stones, were picked up. Such areas can be demonstrated in a test example from West Sweden, which showed that, under special circumstances, such a link may be valuable for solving the problem of how to relate a cairn to a settlement site.
SURFACE SCATTERS of BUILDING STONE: ENHANCING FIELD SURVEY WORK
Authors: DAVIES WENDY 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt is observable ‐ from standing buildings‐that the stone used in the study area of the East Brittany Survey has for the most part travelled a very short distance (< 5 km), whether the building is grand or simple. Excavation has demonstrated that the same is true of structures of earlier periods, although Roman building is differentiated by its preference for the very hard stones that occur to the north of the area. Surface scatters of building stone on modern arable fields, if carefully observed, are a useful tool for locating stone‐built settlements of the historic period and scatters of Cambrian siltstones can point to the location of medieval seigneurial settlements. Manuring scatters of roofing slate, which can be differentiated by period, are a useful tool for defining the arable worked from settlements, especially in the later and post‐medieval periods, and therefore for mapping the changing patterns of land‐use. With sufficient training of volunteers or of a research team, a large body of data can be gathered very economically.
FIELDWALKING WITHOUT FLINTS: WORKED QUARTZ AS A CLUE TO THE CHARACTER OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAlthough the collection and analysis of lithic artefacts plays an increasing role in studies of prehistoric settlement in the British Isles, almost all this work has been conducted in regions with local sources of flint. This is not the case over large parts of highland Britain. This paper outlines a methodology for investigating the character of prehistoric activity using the evidence of worked quartz and illustrates these procedures with a case study from the Scottish Highlands
ROMAN COINS FROM MERV, TURKMENISTAN
Authors: HOBBS RICHARD 
Published: May 2007

SummaryExcavation and surface survey at the site of ancient Merv, Turkmenistan has led to the recovery of a large number of coins, including a small number of Late Roman and Byzantine pieces. These coins are listed, and placed in the wider context of Roman coin finds far beyond the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The implications for east‐west relations at this period are discussed.
INSTRUMENTS OF CONVERSION? THE ROLE OF MEGALITHS IN THE MESOLITHIC/NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN NORTHWEST EUROPE1
Authors: SHERRATT ANDREW 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis paper discusses the general conditions which have given rise to megalithic construction techniques, and the specific circumstances under which megalithism became important in Neolithic Europe. It argues that the great elaboration of megalithic constructions in western and northern Europe must be related to the survival there of Mesolithic populations, and that monumentality was an essential element of the cultural rhetoric whereby these indigenous groups were converted to a Neolithic way of life.
Urban bird declines and the fear of cats
Authors: Beckerman A. P. , Boots M. , Gaston K. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe role of domestic cats Felis catus in the troubling, on‐going decline of many urban bird populations in the UK is controversial. Debate, in the UK and elsewhere, has centred on the level of avian mortality directly imposed by cats, and on whether this is principally compensatory (the ‘doomed surplus’ hypothesis) or additive (the ‘hapless survivor’ hypothesis). However, it is well established that predators also have indirect, sub‐lethal effects on their prey where life‐history responses to predation risk affect birth and death rates. Here, using a simple model combining cat predation on birds with a sub‐lethal (fear) effect of cat density on bird fecundity, we show that these sub‐lethal effects may be substantial for urban songbirds. When cat densities are as high as has been recorded in the UK, and even when predation mortality is low (e.g. <1%), a small reduction in fecundity due to sub‐lethal effects (e.g. <1 offspring year−1 cat−1) can result in marked decreases in bird abundances (up to 95%). Thus, low predation rates in urban areas do not necessarily equate with a correspondingly low impact of cats on birds. Sub‐lethal effects may depress bird populations to such an extent that low predation rates simply reflect low prey numbers.