bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of seismic electromagnetic phenomena in VHF band by dual frequency method
Authors: Yoshida Teruaki , Nishi Masahiro , Mochizuki Keisuke 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeismic electromagnetic (EM) phenomena have been observed at many laboratories with specially designed systems. Recently we can utilize radio receivers, personal computers, and communication systems with higher performances and reasonable cost. It is possible to observe seismic EM phenomena not only by specially designed systems but also by a simple observation system integrated by these devices and systems. We have created an observation system for seismic EM phenomena with them in the very high frequency (VHF) band, from 76 MHz to 90 MHz, assigned for FM broadcasting exclusive use in Japan. We are surrounded by many EM waves, such as broadcasting, communication usage, and man‐made noises. Thus, we have newly developed the dual frequency observation method. In this paper, we describe an observation method that can identify whether a received signal is a broadband EM wave or an artificial FM radio wave. Next, the observation results for broadband EM waves from galactic noise and solar flares are presented. Then, the observation results for FM radio waves reflected from sporadic E layer and the Leonid meteors are shown. Finally, the observation results for the detected broadband EM waves associated with the Geiyo earthquake are described. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 36–44, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20350
Attempted biofiltration of reduced sulphur compounds from a pulp and paper mill in Northern Sweden
Authors: Chan Anneli Andersson 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify the reduced sulphur compounds (RSCs) present in waste gas from a specific deaerator at a pulp and paper mill in northern Sweden, and to investigate the feasibility of a multi‐stage biofilter to treat these compounds in an industrial setting. Two filter media, rockwool mats and an organic peat and compost mixture, were used as biofilter media. A mixed population of heterotrophs and a strain of Hypomicrobium were examined for DMS and DMDS degradation. Two experimental periods were performed for 45 days each, in the fall and winter in cold climate. Process parameters as well as the number of viable cells of the filter were monitored during operation. Results were inconsistent due to the fluctuations of the system, and a number of operational problems were identified, differing from those developed under controlled, laboratory set‐ups. Process conditions varied greatly, that is, fluctuating temperatures, pollutant concentrations, and airflows that led to insufficient residence times. Both biological and mass transfer limitations are possible explanations for the poor treatment results. This study can contribute to assessing the feasibility of biofilters in the pulp and paper industry, and help reduce the knowledge gap between laboratory studies and field conditions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Stratigraphic investigations at Los Buchillones, a coastal Taino site in north‐central Cuba
Authors: Peros Matthew C. , Graham Elizabeth , Davis Anthony M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe authors present stratigraphic data from Los Buchillones, a now submerged Taino village on the north coast of central Cuba that was occupied from some time prior to A.D. 1220 until 1640 or later. Los Buchillones is one of the best‐preserved sites in the Caribbean, with material culture remains that include palm thatch and wooden structural elements from some of the more than 40 collapsed structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environment and site‐formation processes of the Taino settlement. Sediment cores were sampled from the site and its vicinity to permit integration of the geological and archaeological stratigraphies. The cores were analyzed for color, texture, mollusk content, elemental geochemistry, and mineralogy. The results of the stratigraphic work are consistent with regional sealevel data that shows relative sea level has risen gradually during the late Holocene, but has remained relatively stable since the time the Taino first occupied Los Buchillones. Of the two structures partially cleared, at least one appears to have been built over the water, supported on pilings. Site selection is likely to have resulted from a consideration of environmental factors, such as access to marine, terrestrial, and lagoonal resources, and proximity to freshwater springs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sediment consolidation and archaeological site formation
Authors: Andrews Brian N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractConsolidation is the reduction in sediment volume that occurs in response to natural overburden loading. As void space is reduced, solid particles within the consolidating sediment undergo rearrangement, including downward displacement and reduction in inclination angle. Buried artifacts are also subject to this rearrangement. An experiment was designed to simulate consolidation of artifact‐bearing sediments and document the extent of artifact rearrangement caused by varying degrees of consolidation. Results indicate that artifacts will generally follow the downward movement of the sediment regardless of individual artifact attributes, and that significant reductions in artifact inclination angle can occur. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Petrography and provenance of Laecanius Amphorae from Istria, northern Adriatic region, Croatia
Authors: Mange Maria A. , Bezeczky Tam´s 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAmphorae sherds from the Laecanius workshop of Roman Istria (10–5 B.C. and 78 A.D.), Croatia, were studied by integrating archaeological and geological techniques including fabric analysis, thin‐section petrography, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), and heavy mineral analysis. The fabric of the sherds showed distinctive characteristics, permitting their classification and allocation into nine fabric groupss. Petrography revealed that quartz is the dominant clastic component, whereas carbonate is common as temper; XRD provided information on firing temperatures that ranged between 750 and 900°C. The sherds contain diverse heavy mineral suites with generally high epidote and garnet proportions; zircon is occasionally important. Garnet/epidote ratios and the presence of diagnostic species (pyroxene, hornblende) showed systematic variations that coincided with similar variations in fabric characteristics. Heavy mineral signatures of amphorae produced in other workshops proved essential in differentiating them from Laecanius sherds. A comparative heavy mineral analysis of terra rossa samples from the vicinity of the workshop indicated that terra rossa was the major source for the paste. Differences observed in the heavy mineral composition of the sherds and terra rossa were interpreted by the spatial heterogeneity of the latter and the mixing of the paste with sandy temper. Fresh Adriatic sponge spicules in the majority of Laecanius sherds and the temper‐derived, generally immature heavy mineral assemblages suggest that sandy deposits from the Adriatic were used for the clastic temper. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coloring and preservation state of faunal remains from the neanderthal levels of Kůlna Cave, Czech republic
Authors: Michel Véronique , Bocherens Hervé , Théry‐Parisot Isabelle , Valoch Karel , Valensi Patricia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe preservation process of faunal remains from the Middle Paleolithic levels of Kůlna Cave was studied within a taphonomic and palaeodietary framework. A visual examination of bones and teeth showed that they display a wide variety of colors. Chemical analyses (C, N, Fe, Mn) and a combination of analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, were conducted on 13 fossil remains. The crystallinity indexes, IR‐SF, XRD‐CI, XRD‐L200, the IR area band (Amide I), and the ESR analyses showed that the bones were not burned at a temperature higher than 200°C. This implies that the bone remains were not used as fuel by Neanderthals at Kůlna Cave. Coloring in these bones is largely due to the presence of Mn and Fe. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short contribution: Buried Canopic channel identified near Egypt's Nile delta coast with radar (SRTM) imagery
Authors: Stanley Jean‐Daniel , Jorstad Thomas F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractShuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, with ground‐based geologic investigations, define the geographic position of the relict Canopic channel in Egypt's NW Nile delta. Two sinuous channel segments south of Abu Qir Bay are observed on a radar image: a more sinuous trace (36 km in length) west of Idku lagoon, and an eastern one (˜20 km), reaching the lagoon's southeast corner. Sediment cores recovered along channel traces show sand‐rich deposits (to > 4 m thick) beneath the surface, in contrast with silty muds in areas away from channels. Historic and archaeological findings indicate that the Ptolemaic Roman city of Schedia once lay directly along the Canopic that channeled water from the 3rd to 2nd centuries B.C. until ˜5th century A.D., after which Nile water was displaced to the east via Bolbitic and, later, Rosetta branches. Identification of buried, but well‐defined, Canopic channels provides baselines for renewed archaeological exploration in this delta sector. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporal and spatial variations of canopy temperature over a C3C4 mixture grassland
Authors: Shimoda S. , Oikawa T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study discusses the photosynthetic pathway types involved in canopy temperature measurements on a mixed grassland consisting of C3 and C4 plants (dominant species in biomass were Solidago altissima (C3), Miscanthus sinensis (C4), and Imperata cylindrica (C4)). In the wet conditions immediately after the rainy season, the mean canopy temperature for S. altissima was the lowest among the dominant species, mainly due to its leaf conductance being twice as large as the other two species. Despite using the same C4 photosynthetic pathway, M. sinensis had a lower apparent canopy temperature than I. cylindrica due to a smaller proportion of sunlit elements in the field of view. In the dry conditions during late July, the mean canopy temperatures of the three dominant species were within 0·3 °C of one another. These results can be explained by poor water conditions for C3 species (S. altissima). The simultaneous survey of vegetation and thermal imaging can help clarify characteristics of C3 and C4 canopy temperature over complicated grassland. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of finite‐difference and neural‐network models to evaluate the impact of underground water overexploitation
Authors: Hani A. , Lallahem S. , Mania J. , Djabri L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to include expert knowledge as one part of the modelling system and thereby offer the chance to create a productive interactive system between expert, mathematical model, ASM, and artificial neural networks (ANNs). An attempt to determine outflow‐influencing parameters in order to simulate spring flow is presented. The Bouteldja dune aquifer is fed by rains and streaming water on the sandy argillaceous relieves in the Est. The lateral passage to the gravel of the Bouteldja Plain is marked by numerous bogs that correspond to the piezometric level. These bogs have long been an environment for migratory birds and a natural reserve for many species. However, the continued exploitation of about 30 wells has negatively influenced the hydrodynamic equilibrium of the aquifer and has brought a diminution of the sources' capacity.In this study, we tried by using a hydrodynamic model and the neural network to ascertain the state of the resources and to identify the factors responsible for the decreasing flows of the three principal springs of the area (Bougles, Bourdim and Titteri) by using neural networks. The results obtained show a continued exhaustion of the reserve since 1986 with a large cone of depression. The ANNs show that the decrease in flows of the springs is not only due to the unfavourable climatic conditions, but also to the intensive exploitation of the aquifer. These results show that the groundwater reserves are decreasing over time, thus highlighting the need to take some urgent measures to stop this phenomenon. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of reinforcement particle size on in vitro behavior of β‐tricalcium phosphate‐reinforced high‐density polyethylene: A novel orthopedic composite
Authors: Homaeigohar S. SH. , Shokrgozar M. A. , Javadpour J. , Khavandi A. , Sadi A. Yari 
Published: April 2006

Abstractβ‐Tricalcium phosphate‐reinforced high‐density polyethylene (β‐TCP/HDPE) is a new biomaterial, which was made to simulate bone composition and study its capacity to act like bony tissues. This material was produced by replacing mineral component and collagen soft tissue of bone with β‐TCP and HDPE, respectively. The biocompatibility of composite samples with different volume fractions of TCP (20, 30, and 40 vol %) and two different particle sizes (80–100 and 120–140 mesh size) was examined in vitro using the osteoblast cell line G‐292 by proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production, and cell adhesion assays. Cell–material interaction on the surface of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of β‐TCP particle size on behavior of the osteoblast cell line was compared between two groups of the composite samples containing smaller and larger reinforcement particle sizes as well as with those of a negative control. In general, results showed that the composite samples containing larger particles supported a higher rate of proliferation and ALP production by osteoblast cells after 3, 7, and 14 days of incubation compared to the composite samples with smaller particle size and control. Furthermore, more cells were attached to the surface of composite samples containing larger particle size when compared to the smaller particle size composites (p < 0.05). This number was nearly equal with numbers adhered on negative control [tissue culture polystyrene (TPS)] and significantly higher in comparison with composite control [polyethylene (PE)] (p < 0.05). Adhered cells presented a normal morphology by SEM and many of the cells were seen to be undergoing cell division. These findings indicate that β‐TCP/HDPE composites are biocompatible, nontoxic, and in some cases, act to stimulate proliferation of the cells, ALP production, and cell adhesion when compared to the control counterparts. Furthermore, β‐TCP/HDPE samples with larger reinforcement particle size were shown to possess better biological properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Copolymerisation of ε‐caprolactone and hydrosilanes to poly(caprolactone‐co‐silane)s using Cp2MCl2/Red‐Al (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) combination catalysts
Authors: Kim Bo‐Hye , Woo Hee‐Gweon , Kim Whangi , Li Hong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe non‐reductive ring‐opening/dehydrocoupling copolymerisation of ε‐caprolactone with various primary hydrosilanes (RSiH3: phenylsilane, p‐tolylsilane, benzylsilane, p‐methylbenzylsilane and phenethylsilane) and secondary hydrosilanes (RR′SiH2: phenylmethylsilane and diphenylsilane) using Cp2MCl2/Red‐Al (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) combination catalysts produced random copolymers, poly(caprolactone‐co‐silane)s, in good yield. For all the primary hydrosilanes the polymerisation yield and molecular weight decreased in the order Ti > Zr > Hf whereas the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) residue yield increased in the order Ti < Zr < Hf. The molecular weights with secondary hydrosilanes were higher than those with primary hydrosilanes, while a reverse trend was observed for TGA residue yield. A plausible mechanism for the formation of the random copolymers is provided. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies on the synergistic extraction of rare earths with a combination of 2‐ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono‐2‐ethylhexyl ester and trialkylphosphine oxide
Authors: Sun Xiaobo , Meng Shulan , Li Deqian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe synergistic extraction of rare earths (La, Nd, Gd, Y and Yb) with a mixture of 2‐ethylhexyl 2‐ethylhexylphosphonate (EHEHPA) (HA) and trialkylphosphine oxide (Cyanex 923) (B) from a hydrochloride medium was investigated. The mixed system significantly enhances the extraction efficiency for lighter lanthanides and the synergistic enhancement coefficients for La (4.52), Nd (3.35), Gd (2.08), Y (1.31) and Yb (1.08) decrease with decreasing ionic radius of the rare earths. The extraction equilibrium of La, Nd and Gd indicate that La and Nd were extracted as MA3·B, whereas Gd was extracted as Gd(OH)A2(HA)2·B. The equilibrium constants, thermodynamic functions such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS and formation constants of the extracted species were determined. The stripping properties were also studied. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological and structural characteristics of aerobic granulation
Authors: Li Jiuyi , Chen Yong , Li Jin , Zhang Donghua , Wang Shuguang , Wang Lianjun , Jiang Dong , Sun Feiyun , Zhang Qiong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe morphological and structural characteristics of aerobic granulation were investigated in a sequencing batch reactor. Small granules consisting mainly of bacterial microcolonies first formed at an organic loading rate of 1.68 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3 d−1 and a minimal settling velocity of 9.6 m h−1. Mycelial granules consisting of fungi and filamentous microorganisms formed as the minimal settling velocity increased to 18 m h−1. Scanning electronic microscopic observations indicated that fungi formed the structural backbone upon which other microorganisms can attach and colonize. The attached organisms began to reproduce themselves and quickly fill up the spatial voids within the granules. When the organic loading rate of the reactor increased to 4.2 kg COD m−3 d−1, the granules exhibited a denser and more compact structure and bacteria with a variety of morphotypes, embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, dominated. When the aerobic filling time was extended from 5 to 30 min, the thick and compact granules were gradually shifted into a light and loose filamentous granular structure. The extension of the aerobic filling time eventually led to instability and the failure of reactor operation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative analysis of neuroectodermal differentiation capacity of human bone marrow stromal cells using various conversion protocols
Authors: Hermann Andreas , Liebau Stefan , Gastl Regina , Fickert Stefan , Habisch Hans‐Jörg , Fiedler Jörg , Schwarz Johannes , Brenner Rolf , Storch Alexander 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHuman adult bone marrow‐derived mesodermal stromal cells (hMSCs) are able to differentiate into multiple mesodermal tissues, including bone and cartilage. There is evidence that these cells are able to break germ layer commitment and differentiate into cells expressing neuroectodermal properties. There is still debate about whether this results from cell fusion, aberrant marker gene expression or real neuroectodermal differentiation. Here we extend our work on neuroectodermal conversion of adult hMSCs in vitro by evaluating various epigenetic conversion protocols using quantitative RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry. Undifferentiated hMSCs expressed high levels of fibronectin as well as several neuroectodermal genes commonly used to characterize neural cell types, such as nestin, β‐tubulin III, and GFAP, suggesting that hMSCs retain the ability to differentiate into neuroectodermal cell types. Protocols using a direct differentiation of hMSCs into a neural phenotype failed to induce significant changes in morphology and/or expression of markers of early and mature glial/neuronal cells types. In contrast, a multistep protocol with conversion of hMSCs into a neural stem cell‐like population and subsequent terminal differentiation in mature glia and neurons generated relevant morphological changes as well as significant increase of expression levels of marker genes for early and late neural cell types, such as nestin, neurogenin2, MBP, and MAP2ab, accompanied by a loss of their mesenchymal properties. Our data provide an impetus for differentiating hMSCs in vitro into mature neuroectodermal cells. Neuroectodermally converted hMSCs may therefore ultimately help in treating acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of marker gene expression for characterization of neural cells derived from MSCs has to take into account that several early and late neuroectodermal genes are already expressed in undifferentiated MSCs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐lasting coexpression of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in primary cultures of astroglial cells with a major participation of nestin+/GFAP− cells in cell proliferation
Authors: Sergent‐Tanguy Solène , Michel Delphine C. , Neveu Isabelle , Naveilhan Philippe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNestin, a currently used marker of neural stem cells, is transiently coexpressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) during development and is induced in reactive astrocytes following brain injury. Nestin expression has also been found in cultures of astroglial cells, but little is known about the fate and the mitotic activity of nestin‐expressing cells in this in vitro model. The present study reveals a long‐lasting expression of nestin in primary cultures of astroglial cells derived from the rat brain. Over 70% of the cells were nestin+ at 12 weeks, with a large majority coexpressing the GFAP astrocytic marker. Time‐course analyses supported a transition from a nestin+/GFAP− to a nestin+/GFAP+ phenotype over time, which was further increased by cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, double staining with Ki67 revealed that over 90% of cycling cells were nestin+ whereas only 28% were GFAP+ in a population consisting of almost equivalent numbers of nestin+ and GFAP+ cells. These observations indicated that nestin+/GFAP− cells are actively engaged in mitotic activity, even after 2 weeks in vitro. Part of these cells might have retained properties of neural stem cells, insofar as 10% of cells in a primary culture of glial cells were able to generate neurospheres that gave rise to both neurons and astrocytes. Further studies will be necessary to characterize fully the proliferating cells in primary cultures of glial cells, but our present results reveal a major contribution of the nestin+/GFAP− cells to the increase in the number of astrocytes, even though nestin+/GFAP+ cells proliferate also. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.