bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of square‐root domain filters by substituting the passive elements of the prototype filter by their equivalents
Authors: Psychalinos Costas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel technique for designing square‐root domain (SRD) filters is introduced in this paper. The concept of the proposed method is based on the substitution of the passive elements of the corresponding prototype filter by their SRD equivalents. The signal processing performed by the proposed SRD equivalents achieves that the voltage at each terminal of the SRD equivalent is the compressed version of the voltage at the corresponding terminal of the passive element, and that the current that flows through the SRD equivalent is the same as that flows through the passive element. The main attractive characteristic of the proposed method is that a quick procedure for designing SRD filters is offered. The validity of the proposed technique was verified by studying the behaviour of a 5th‐order SRD low‐pass filter. In order to demonstrate the benefits offered by the proposed technique, a SRD leapfrog filter was also designed and its performance is compared with that of the active filter that topologically simulates the same prototype filter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CMOS current‐steering DAC architectures based on the triple‐tail cell
Authors: Grasso Alfio Dario , Mirabella Carmelo Alessandro , Pennisi Salvatore 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper two novel current‐steering digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) architectures, exploiting the triple‐tail cell as switching element, are presented. The proposed solutions are theoretically analysed and design equations are carried out. The two architectures show better performance than the classical binary‐weighted solution and it is shown that they can profitably substitute the binary sub‐DAC section in a segmented topology. Theoretical results are compared with behavioural‐level simulations and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed architectures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of a floxed allele of the mouse endoglin gene
Authors: Allinson Kathleen R. , Carvalho Rita L.C. , van den Brink Stieneke , Mummery Christine L. , Arthur Helen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEndoglin is an auxiliary receptor for TGFβ signalling. Heterozygous germline Endoglin mutations have been identified in patients with the vascular abnormality, Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Endoglin is upregulated in endothelial cells during angiogenesis and loss of Endoglin in the mouse results in embryonic lethality at mid‐gestation. This phenotype points to an important role of Endoglin in new blood vessel formation but precludes analysis at later stages in development and in postnatal life. To bypass this limitation and allow further investigations of the function of Endoglin we have generated a floxed Endoglin allele in which loxP sites flank exons 5 and 6. Mice homozygous for this allele are normal and in the presence of appropriate Cre lines will allow time and cell specific Endoglin deletion for in vivo analysis of function in cardiovascular development and disease. genesis 45:391–395, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noncanonical cell death pathways act during Drosophila oogenesis
Authors: Peterson Jeanne S. , Bass B. Paige , Jue Deborah , Rodriguez Antony , Abrams John M. , McCall Kimberly 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProgrammed cell death (PCD) is a highly conserved process that occurs during development and in response to adverse conditions. In Drosophila, most PCDs require the genes within the H99 deficiency, the adaptor molecule Ark, and caspases. Here we investigate 10 cell death genes for their potential roles in two distinct types of PCD that occur in oogenesis: developmental nurse cell PCD and starvation‐induced PCD. Most of the genes investigated were found to have little effect on late stage developmental PCD in oogenesis, although ark mutants showed a partial inhibition. Midstage starvation‐induced germline PCD was found to be independent of the upstream activators and ark although it requires caspases, suggesting an apoptosome‐independent mechanism of caspase activation in mid‐oogenesis. These results indicate that novel pathways must control PCD in the ovary. genesis 45:396–404, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and utility of DSM‐IV eating disorder diagnostic criteria among youth
Authors: Ackard Diann M. , Fulkerson Jayne A. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:To examine the prevalence and utility of DSM‐IV eating disorder (ED) criteria and anorexia (AN), bulimia (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) among adolescents.Method:An ethnically diverse population‐based sample of 4,746 public middle and high school students completed anthropometric measures and Project EAT survey items.Results:Many youth endorsed body shape perception disturbance (41.5% female; 24.9% male), undue influence of body shape/weight on self‐esteem (36.4% female; 23.9% male), and compensatory behavior (9.4% female; 13.5% male). Prevalence among females and males, respectively, was: AN = 0.04%, 0%; BN = 0.3%, 0.2%; BED = 1.9%, 0.3%. Analyses of individual criteria showed high sensitivity and negative predictive values for each disorder and corresponding criteria, low specificity for several AN (27.8%) and BN (32.0%) criteria, and low positive predictive values (0.06–40.2%).Conclusion:Body disparagement and compensatory behaviors indicate eating disturbance, despite low prevalence of EDs. Diagnostic classification may be clinically useful, but is complicated for use in epidemiological populations. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007.
Lung CD11c+ cells from mice deficient in Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI‐3) prevent airway hyper‐responsiveness in experimental asthma
Authors: Hausding Michael , Karwot Roman , Scholtes Petra , Lehr Hans A. , Wegmann Michael , Renz Harald , Galle Peter R. , Birkenbach Mark , Neurath Markus F. , Blumberg Richard S. , Finotto Susetta 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene (EBI)‐3 codes for a soluble type 1 cytokine receptor homologous to the p40 subunit of IL‐12 that is expressed by antigen‐presenting cells following activation. Here, we analyzed the functional role of EBI‐3 in a murine model of asthma associated with airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) in ovalbumin‐sensitized mice. Upon allergen challenge, EBI‐3–/– mice showed less severe AHR, decreased numbers and degranulation of eosinophils and a significantly reduced number of VCAM‐1+ cells in the lungs as compared to wild‐type littermates. We thus analyzed lung CD11c+ cells before and after allergen challenge in these mice and found that before allergen challenge, lung CD11c+ cells isolated from EBI‐3–/– mice express markers of a more plasmacytoid phenotype without releasing IFN‐α as compared to those from wild‐type littermates. Moreover, allergen challenge induced the development of myeloid CD11c+ cells in the lungs of EBI‐3–/– mice, which released increased amounts of IL‐10 and IL‐12 while not expressing IFN‐α. Finally, inhibition of EBI‐3 expression in lung DC could prevent AHR in adoptive transfer studies by suppressing mediator release of effector cells into the airways. These results indicate a novel role for EBI‐3 in controlling local immune responses in the lungs in experimental asthma.
Human keratinocyte induction of rapid effector function in antigen‐specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
Authors: Black Antony P. B. , Ardern‐Jones Michael R. , Kasprowicz Victoria , Bowness Paul , Jones Louise , Bailey Abigail S. , Ogg Graham S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe ability of human keratinocytes to present antigen to T cells is controversial and, indeed, it has been suggested that keratinocytes may promote T cell hyporesponsiveness. Furthermore, it is unclear whether keratinocytes can process antigen prior to MHC class I and class II presentation. We tested the ability of keratinocytes to induce functional responses in epitope‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells using peptides, protein and recombinant expression vectors as sources of antigen. Keratinocytes were able to efficiently process and present protein antigen to CD4+ T cells, resulting in cytokine secretion (Th1 and Th2). This interaction was dependent on keratinocyte expression of HLA class II and ICAM‐1, which could be induced by IFN‐γ. In addition, keratinocytes could present virally encoded or exogenous peptide to CD8+ T cells, resulting in T cell cytokine production and target cell lysis. Finally, T cell lines grown using keratinocytes as stimulators showed no loss of function. These findings demonstrate that keratinocytes are able to efficiently process and present antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells and induce functional responses. The findings have broad implications for the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease and for transcutaneous drug or vaccine delivery.
The Effects of Ring Size and Substituents on the Rates of Acid‐Catalysed Hydrolysis of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Ring Cyclic Ketone Acetals
Authors: Knowles Jonathan P. , Whiting Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of sterically similar five‐ and six‐membered ring cyclic diol‐derived ketone acetals have been prepared and their rates of acid‐catalysed hydrolysis examined. The rates of hydrolysis are substantially affected by acetal ring conformational stereoelectronic effects and resonance effects depending upon the substituents on the parent ketone; an A1 mechanism of hydrolysis explains the observed effects.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Attack, inhibition and target of aggression
Authors: Hewitt Lynn Stewart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPredictions concerning aggression displacement, derived from Miller's conflict model, were investigated under conditions in which subjects' inhibitions about aggressing against an attacker were manipulated. Half of the high‐attacked subjects were placed in a high‐inhibition situation, designed so that strong inhibitory tendencies competed with strong aggressive tendencies; the remaining high‐attacked subjects were placed in a low‐inhibition situation, designed so that weak inhibitory tendencies competed with strong aggressive tendencies. Low‐attacked control subjects also received the inhibition treatment. High‐ and low‐attacked subjects were then confronted with one of four target persons, varying in similarity, toward whom they could aggress with electric shock.As expected, under high inhibition, the target most similar to the attacker received more shocks from high‐attacked subjects than did either the attacker or two less similar targets. Contrary to expectation, the attacker did not receive the most shocks under low inhibition; personality evaluations of the attacker suggested that high‐attacked subjects in substitute target conditions may have been unintentionally angered further by being denied the opportunity for direct retaliation.
The changing intercaste attitudes in North India: A follow‐up after four years
Authors: Anant Santokh Singh 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSince independence, the government of India, through various constitutional and legislative measures, has tried to root out the evils of the caste system. In order to study the effect of these measures and of various socioeconomic changes on intercaste attitudes, a study of intercaste attitudes conducted by the author in 1968 is used as a baseline to study the changes over the four‐year period. The responses to the 15 items compared deal with general caste attitudes, attitudes toward special privileges for the scheduled castes and, the caste Hindus' attitudes toward Harijans (former ‘untouchables’). The comparison of the responses to these items in 1968 and 1972 (the follow‐up study) indicates that a higher percentage of respondents gave liberal responses in 1972 than in 1968 to the questions dealing with public and peripheral areas of interaction. However, very little change was found in those spheres of interaction which are relatively personal and central or involve intimate interaction, e.g., the theory of Karma, attitude toward the caste system as such and attitudes toward dining with or acceptance of food from Harijans. The results lend further support to the ‘cognitive imbalance’ theory of attitude change.
Dissimilation and differential assimilation in social influence (situations of ‘normalization’)
Authors: Lemaine Gérard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have presented two experiments on the processes of normalization (appraisal of an ambiguous stimulus). In the first experiment, pairs of subjects were taken from natural groups whose structure and functioning we had previously studied; the subjects were paired off in terms of (a) sociometric choices which they had put forward and (b) difference in hierarchical position in the ordinary life of the group. In the second experiment a definite image of the other ‘subject’ (an accomplice) was created in the subject such that he appeared very similar or very different to him (in areas in no way connected with the task). Furthermore, in the ‘collective’ phase of the estimation the accomplice replied exactly like the subject or in a way which was remote or very remote from the subject's replies.We did not observe the contrast phenomenon described by some authors, but we were able to show that the patterns of interaction of everyday life, stabilized social relationships or images of the other which are unconnected with the tasks to be performed play a role in the influence that the replies of one subject have on those of another. Apart from differential assimilation we have shown a process of dissimilation, these two phenomena being, in our opinion, rooted in the structures of action of the social agents' lives.Negotiation in influence is rarely something symmetrical, even in situations of normalization where the dissymmetry of everyday life can be transfered. We have shown, too, that in these types of situations the subjects do not always try to minimize conflict since when they are in agreement (there is nothing to negotiate) they can diverge from one another. It can thus be said that subjects are not rational in the usual sense and are quite clearly something different from logicians or statisticians. The explanation which we have outlined shows how notions of social identity, differentiation and otherness are brought into play.
Punitiveness in response to films varying in content: A cross‐national field study of aggression
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey H. , Rosnow Ralph L. , Raday Tamas , Silverman Irwin , Gaskell George D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPunitiveness in male movie‐goers in London, Philadelphia, Rome and Toronto was measured before or after they attended films varying in content (aggressive, sexual, neutral) and arousal potential (low, high). A second dependent variable, altruism, was also assessed for some Ss. Hypotheses stemming from social learning theory and arousal theory were tested by comparing changes in punitiveness at aggressive, nonaggressive arousing (sexual) and nonaggressive nonarousing (neutral) films. At aggressive films there was an increase in punitiveness whereas a reduction in punitiveness was found at neutral films. Sexual films led to a smaller (nonsignificant) increase in punitiveness than aggressive films. The findings implied that arousal was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for increasing punitiveness. There were no significant cross‐national differences in response to the films. Since the results did not generalize to other, nonaggressive responses, the film effects may be aggression‐specific. Two additional findings in the U.S. sample were that urban Ss were more punitive than rural Ss and that the length of urban residency correlated negatively with altruism.
The effects of elimination of hand gestures and of verbal codability on speech performance
Authors: Graham Jean Ann , Heywood Simon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects were required to describe line drawings of two‐dimensional shapes at two levels of verbal codability, with and without using hand gestures. Elimination of gesture affected speech performance by changing the semantic content of utterances and the proportion of speaking time spent pausing; numbers of words, numbers of pauses, mean pause length and semantic content were found to be related to the verbal codability of the stimulus material; and the number of hesitations was related to both gesture and level of codability.
Effect of snap and thoughtful judgments on person impressions
Authors: Simpson David D. , Ostrom Thomas M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractJudgment type (snap and thoughtful) and valence of stimulus person (from likable to unlikable) were varied as within‐subjects factors in four studies to test whether situational and motivational variables (as opposed to the perceptual variable of unit formation) would interfere with integrative activity in forming first impressions. If such variables are influential, both the averaging and meaning shift formulations would expect that snap judgments should produce less extreme impression ratings than more thoughtful judgments. None of three indices of integrative activity (impression ratings, component ratings and variance of impression ratings) detected a difference between the snap and thoughtful response conditions for early and late judgments in a series, for moderate or extreme traits, or for between‐ or within‐subjects designs. These findings suggest that certain boundary conditions need to be placed on the assumptions underlying the averaging and meaning shift formulations.
Negotiations, image of the other and the process of minority influence
Authors: Mugny Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe new theoretical presuppositions used by Moscovici to explain social influence phenomena led him to show that the consistency of behavior can account for the influence of a minority. Experimental data confirm this idea. However, some counter‐examples, showing that consistency sometimes induces subjects to refuse compromises, are problematical. To clear up this apparent contradiction, a distinction is made between behavioral style (in the face of the majority norm) and the style of negotiation (in the face of the population the minority wants to influence). A first experiment, then, shows that when two minorities are seen as equally consistent, the minority with a flexible style of negotiation has more influence than the more rigid minority. A second experiment deals with Ss' perception of the source of influence and clarifies the effects of minority negotiations; the links between opinions, opinion change and perception of others are also clarified.
Minority influence: The effect of majority reactionaries and defectors, and minority and majority compromisers, upon majority opinion and attraction
Authors: Kiesler Charles A. , Pallak Michael S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of shifting opinions within a group upon majority opinion, communication between members and perceived attractiveness of other members were studied. Each subject perceived himself to be a member of the majority in a group whose opinion was divided 6–2 on an important issue. But later one to three group members changed their vote. Six conditions of change were established: Control, majority reactionary, majority compromise, majority defection (5‐3), minority compromise, minority compromise plus majority reactionary. Only majority compromise or defection affected majority opinion (private and public). Majority members were disliked when they deviated from majority opinion, but particularly so when they shifted toward minority opinion. Minority members were liked most when they induced a majority member to compromise (but not defect). Majority communication to minority occurred most when the minority was compromising, but most disagreement with minority opinion was expressed when a majority member had either compromised or defected.
Generalization of relative competence mediating conformity across differing tasks
Authors: Endler Norman S. , Wiesenthal David L. , Coward Teresa , Edwards Jean , Geller Sheldon H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubject correctness and group agreement were initially varied for college subjects performing a multiple‐choice informational task (Canadian Knowledge Inventory). On a subsequent perceptual task (Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices), the dependent variable of conformity was assessed to examine generalization of relative competence formed on the informational task. It was seen that: (1) Those who perceived themselves to be less competent than the group on the first task exhibited the greatest level of conformity on the second task, thus replicating previous research on perceived relative competence as a determinant of conformity; (2) suspicion reduced conformity.
The reciprocation of unfavorable evaluations of performance in a two‐person inspection task
Authors: Foot H. C. , Russon J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe extent to which subjects reciprocate unfavorable evaluations of performance was investigated in a dyadic inspection situation. The members of twelve male subject pairings alternated in their roles as ‘inspector’ and ‘operator’ on a discrimination task. As operators, the subjects were led to believe that their inspectors had evaluated their performance favorably or unfavorably on the basis of either a subjective judgment or an objective matching evaluation criterion. Results showed that those operators who reciprocated most were those whose discriminations were rejected by means of the judgment criterion. This result is in line with the attribution hypothesis that a person is held more responsible for an act having an unfavorable outcome for others when that act is perceived as voluntary and intended than when it is perceived as compulsory or externally determined.
Reciprocation of generosity and knowledge of game termination in the decomposed Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Tognoli Jerome 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSahlins proposed a model of reciprocity for social interaction citing three forms drawn from observations of kinship systems. The model describes an altruistic form of reciprocity, a balanced or economic form and a negative form in which individuals try to outdo each other. This model was applied to a two‐person variation of the Prisoner's Dilemma Game where Ss were presented with a confederate who responded over trials entirely generously, contingently generously or non‐generously. Half of the Ss were informed that there would be ten trials while the other half were uninformed. Basically, Ss tended to match the generosity level of the confederate and were less generous when trial number was known.Evidence for Sahlins' model is provided by Ss reports of reasons for their choices in the game. Those in the generous condition gave reasons for reciprocating based on a general feeling of obligation, trust and desire to cooperate. Those in the contingently generous condition gave reasons for reciprocating based on economic exchange and a desire to maintain a balance of resources. Ss in the non‐generous condition gave reasons based on a desire to take what profits one could before the other got them.In addition, Ss indicated a significant tendency to exploit the other on the final trial under the informed condition for the contingently generous but not for the generous condition.