bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brachydactyly, a possible inherited anomaly at prehistoric Prince Rupert Harbour
Authors: Cybulski Jerome S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDisproportionately short metacarpals or metatarsals in eight burial skeletons and three unusually short metapodials recovered as disturbed bones were identified in a 1500 B.C. to A.D. 500 skeletal series from eight archeological sites of the north mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada. At least ten people were affected from four sites for a minimum series frequency of 5.2%. Various factors clinically implicated in the occurrence of brachy‐metapody were investigated to account for the anomaly. Context‐sensitive information suggested that trauma, infarction or infection, and individual or family‐related malformation syndromes were unlikely possibilities. Some modern population data suggest that the series frequency was unusually high, particularly for fourth metatarsal involvement, the most commonly affected bone. Modern pedigree interpretations, ethnohistoric inferences, and the archeological contexts of the affected burial skeletons and site samples provide a framework for concluding that brachymetapody in the series was more likely due to the inheritance of an essentially isolated anomaly.
Activity‐induced patterns of dental abrasion in prehistoric Pakistan: Evidence from Mehrgarh and Harappa
Authors: Lukacs John R. , Pastor Robert F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA detailed investigation of worn teeth should reveal a record of past activity patterns including information regarding diet, food preparation methods, and craft or occupational activities.Anthropological studies of the extensive dental samples from Neolithic (MR 3) and Chalcolithic (MR 2) levels at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan, and Bronze Age Harappa, Punjab, yielded several interesting examples of unusual dental abrasion. This paper provides macro‐ and microscopic (scanning electron microscope) descriptions of three types of activity‐induced dental abrasion: 1) interproximal tooth grooving and interproximal abrasion patches, 2) facial abrasion of maxillary anterior teeth, and 3) lingual abrasion of maxillary incisors in association with rounded wear of lower incisors. The gross size and shape of abrasion features, the orientation of microscopic wear striae, and ethnographic parallels are employed in inferring causal factors involved in their formation.Behavioral activities and dietary explanations possibly associated with each type of dental wear are considered and their implications for reconstructing prehistoric activity patterns discussed. The need for extensive ethno‐anthropology research into variations of tooth use among living people with different diets, subsistence bases, and craft specializations is essential to further progress in this field.
Fossil Platyrrhine forelimb bones from the early miocene of Argentina
Authors: Anapol Fred , Fleagle John G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrimate scapula and ulna fragments of uncertain taxonomic affinity (MACN‐SC 101) have been recovered from the Pinturas deposits at Arroyo Feo, Santa Cruz, Argentina in association with Santacrucian (Early Miocene) land mammals. Least‐squares regression of body weight on surface area and on height of the glenoid fossa of the scapula indicates an estimated mean weight of 3.6 kg for this individual.On the basis of qualitative and several metric features, the fossil scapula and ulna most closely resemble living platyrrhine monkeys. In estimated body weight and relative height of the coronoid process, the fossil is similar to arboreal quadrupeds, such as Cebus apella and Chiropotes. However, spinoglenoid, axilloglenoid, and axillospinal angles, length of lever arm, and length and breadth of the sigmoid notch imply behavioral similarity with larger species that also use their forelimbs extensively in climbing, such as Alouatta and Lagothrix. MACN‐SC 101 may represent the incipient divergence of a generalized platyrrhine arboreal quadruped toward a more suspensory form.
Socioeconomic variation in estimated growth velocity of schoolchildren from a rural, subsistence agricultural community in southern Mexico
Authors: Little Bertis B. , Buschang Peter H. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSocioeconomic variation in estimated growth velocities (annual growth increments) of several anthropometric dimensions was considered in schoolchildren from a rural, subsistence agricultural community in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. The children (114 males, 99 females), 6–13 years of age, were measured twice, approximately one year apart. Annual growth increments were computed by subtracting measurements taken in the fall of 1978 from those taken in the fall of 1979. Information on household land holdings and appliances and parental occupation was used to compute an index of socioeconomic status (SES). Analysis of annual increments among upper SES (65 males, 45 females) and lower (49 males, 54 females) children indicated negligible differences. The results suggest that growth deficits evident in the children at school age occurred in infancy and early childhood so that there was little, if any, SES variation in growth rate at the school ages.
Genetic variation in the Aleuts of the Pribilof Islands and the Eskimos of Kodiak Island
Authors: Majumder Partha P. , Laughlin William S. , Ferrell Robert E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA sample of Aleuts residing in the Pribilof Islands of St. Paul (N = 163) and St. George (N = 62) and Eskimo residents of Kodiak Island (N = 294) have been typed for genetic variation at 31 discrete genetic markers. Of these, 16 were polymorphic and 15 were monomorphic. Several private polymorphisms previously reported in Eskimo or Alaskan Amerindian populations were absent in both the Aleuts and Kodiak Island Eskimos. Genetic distance analysis shows considerable genetic differentiation between Aleuts and Kodiak Island Eskimos.
Three‐dimensional measurement accuracy of skull surface landmarks
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Vannier Michael W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCraniometric measuremnts from a three‐dimensional (3‐D) digitizing system were compared with those from sliding and spreading calipers. The 3‐D system consisted of a 3‐Space Digitizer, Macintosh Plus computer, and Unigraphics CAD/CAM system. Twenty‐nine standard measurements were made and repeated on two normal and three deformed skulls. The percentage of difference was calculated for original versus repeat measures and caliper versus 3‐D measures.For objective anatomic structures and fiducial points, there was less than 2 mm (maximum) of difference between 1) the original digitizer versus repeat 3‐D measures and 2) caliper versus 3‐D measures. This represented 2% or less measurement incongruence. There were no significant differences for these comparisons (p > 0.1), and all regressions were highly significant (P < 0.001), with r2 > 0.999. 3‐D measurements were made more easily and quickly than were caliper measurements, with no loss in precision. It is concluded that 3‐D measurements are equivalent in quality to caliper measurements for craniometric studies, but are easier to obtain.
Maternal mortality in pre‐Columbian Indians of Arica, Chile
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo , Allison Marvin , Gerszten Enrique 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA study of female mummies representing seven pre‐Columbian Andean populations of Arica, Chile, dating from 1300 B.C. (Azapa phase) to A.D. 1400 (Gentilar phase), disclosed that 18 (14% of the total) had died from childbirth‐complicated death (CCD). The majority of these individuals appear to have died during puerperium, three of them without complete delivery. Higher rates of CCD were found in the earlier cultural phases (1300 B.C.–A.D. 600) after which the maternal mortality rate decreased. The precise causes of this mortality are not known, but septic conditions, acute diseases, and cultural practices relating to birth are implicated.
Allometric relations of teeth and jaws in man
Authors: Kieser J. A. , Groeneveld H. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStatic adult intraspecific allometry of jaws and teeth was investigated in a sample of 100 Negro crania. The relations between tooth area, postcanine surface, incisor surface, and four viscerocranial measures were examined separately for males and females. Our results indicate a marked lack of morphological integration between P‐sets within the orofacial subregion and a similar lack of correspondence between jaw size and tooth size. Allometric analyses indicate that mandibular length scales negatively allometric to maxilloalveolar length and to bigonial width, that canine base area scales positively to upper and lower jaw length, and that all the other teeth scale negatively to jaw length. The postcanine surface area was found to be negatively allometric to the canine base area, which in turn scaled isometrically to incisor surface. Hence, any lengthening of the mandible will tend to be associated with a relative shortening of the maxilla, with relatively larger canines and a relative reduction of the cheek teeth.
Increased heterozygosity and child growth in an isolated subsistence agricultural community in the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Little B. B. , Malina R. M. , Buschang P. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGene flow and rate of inbreeding (ΔF) were calculated from demographic data for a community previously reported to be isolated from out‐side genetic influences of immigration. Significant child growth differences caused by gene flow among children born to native parents (n = 287) and offspring of native‐immigrant matings (n = 38) were found in fatness (triceps skinfold), body proportions (sitting height ratio), and size (leg length). No differences were found between the two groups in height, weight, sitting height, and arm circumference. Variation in absolute and relative leg length in this population parallels previously reported differences in adult body size and proportion associated with increased heterozygosity caused by gene flow in other populations in southern Mexico.
Isolation by distance on the Island of Korčula: Correlation analysis of distance measures
Authors: Rudan Pavao , Šimić Diana , Bennett Linda A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWithin the framework of holistic anthropological investigations of the rural populations on the Island of Korčula, various measures of biological distances between eight villages were estimated (Mahalanobis' D2 for anthropometric, physiological, and dermatoglyphic traits); socio‐cultural similarities and distances were determined (kinship coefficient estimated from migrational data and Hemming similarity measure estimated from linguistic data). A matrix of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients among these measures demonstrated a pattern of interdependencies, which we analysed further by principal components analysis. The first component reflects the cumulative effect of different processes acting on the initial gene distribution over a long period of time; the second component represents initial population structure; and the third component reflects recent migration influences.
The subarcuate fossa and cerebellum of extant primates: Comparative study of a skull‐brain interface
Authors: Gannon Patrick J. , Eden Avrim R. , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe subarcuate fossa of the petrosal bone houses the petrosal lobule of the cerebellar paraflocculus. Although the subarcuate fossa can be extensive, little is known about its relative size and distribution in primates. Studies indicate parafloccular involvement with cerebellar areas coordinating vestibular, visual, auditory, and locomotor systems. Hypotheses have proposed a role for the paraflocculus in vestibular‐oculomotor integration, caudal muscle control, autonomic function, and visual‐manual predation.This study examines the morphology and relative extent of the subarcuate fossa/petrosal lobule in a range of living primates. Methods include study of postmortem specimens representing nine mammalian orders, and quantification of the volume of the subarcuate fossa and endocranial cavity in 155 dry primate crania of 36 genera. Results show that, in mammals, the size and morphology of the petrosal lobule is directly related to that of the subarcuate fossa. Craniometric analysis shows that the ratio of subarcuate fossa volume to endocranial volume is largest in lemuriforms. The largest ratio is in Microcebus and Hapalemur. Lorisids show a significant reduction in the size of the subarcuate fossa to almost 50% below the lemuriform mean. Tarsius is near the lemuriform mean. Among platyrrhines, the ratio is high, but significantly reduced compared to lemuriforms. The highest platyrrhine ratio is seen in Ateles, the lowest in Saimiri and Alouatta. Atelids are significantly elevated compared to cebids.In cercopithecids, the fossa is significantly reduced compared to platyrrhines. The trend toward reduction of the cercopithecid fossa is most pronounced in Theropithecus and least evident in Presbytis. In hominoids, the fossa is present only in Hylobates. In great apes and humans, other than Gorilla, the petromastoid canal occupies a similar location to the subarcuate fossa of other primates, but is not homologous to it. Neither the subarcuate fossa nor the petromastoid canal are present in Gorilla.A graded reduction of the subarcuate fossa/petrosal lobule is evident among primates which evolved later in time. The relative size of this cerebellar lobule within primates may reflect size‐related factors and/or degree of neocortical evolution as these relate to usage of a specific sensory‐mediated locomotor behavior. The subarcuate fossa may serve as an indicator of the differentiation of the petrosal lobule of the paraflocculus in fossil forms.
Technical report: A new method for endocranial reconstructions
Authors: Ross Karen C. , Wilczynski Walter , Albert James W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new method for construction of nonpermanent cranial endocasts is described. Endocasts are constructed using skulls from which skullcaps were removed at necropsy and retained. The endocasting medium is dissolved gelatin, which is biodegradable and water soluble, allowing recovery of the endocast with no permanent alteration of the skull. These endocasts are suitable for estimating brain weights and evaluating gross brain morphology.
Cranial base and jaw relationship
Authors: Kerr W. John S. , Philip Adams C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe lateral skull radiographs of 124 boys aged approximately 10 years divided equally between the four angle classes were digitized in an effort to establish the relationship between cranial base size and shape and jaw relationship.Comparison of the means for occlusal groups showed a trend from class II to class III as cranial base dimensions and angle decreased. The condyle was also more distally positioned with respect to nasion, point A and the Pterygomaxillary vertical in the class II groups.Cranial base length correlated strongly with maxillary length but weakly with mandibular length. Nevertheless, the size of the maxilla did not influence its prognathism. The cranial base angle was strongly correlated (−0.7) with angle sella‐nasion‐point B.It is concluded that cranial base size and shape influence mandibular prognathism by determining the anteroposterior position of the condyle relative to the facial profile.
Multiple correlations between craniofacial characteristics: An x‐ray study
Authors: Šmahel Zbyněk , Škvařilová Božena 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe method of multiple correlations was used to assess the interrelations between basic characteristics of the facial bony framework and the cranial base. The study was based on x‐ray measurements in 50 normal adult males, and the result disclosed the extent to which the variability of the investigated characteristics was determined by the variability of several combined facial parameters.The characteristics of shape and position of individual facial structures were more closely interrelated than characteristics of size. The lowest degree of association was shown by the parameters of the cranial base, which confirmed its independent development. The highest degree of interrelations was shown by the parameters of shape and position of the lower jaw, which characterized the marked adaptation and compensation capacity of the mandible. Some of these relations were causal. The present findings could be useful in orthodontic therapy and during anthropologic reconstructions.
Radiographic study of the humerus in Neandertals and Homo sapiens sapiens
Authors: Ben‐Itzhak S. , Smith P. , Bloom R. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStandardized mediolateral and anteroposterior radiographs of Neandertal and early and recent Homo sapiens sapiens humeri were taken from Europe and Israel. From these radiographs, maximum diameter and combined cortical thickness (CCT) were measured using vernier calipers. Cross‐sectional cortical area (CA), section modulus, and moment of inertia (I) were calculated using the appropriate formulae.Male Neandertals had higher values for all parameters examined than early or recent H. sapiens s. and these differences were statistically significant in the right arm (P < 0.05). No significant differences in any parameter were found between early and recent H. sapiens s. Differences between female Neandertals and H. sapiens s. were less marked than those found between males. The male Neandertals also showed greater right‐left asymmetry in CCT, cortical area, section modulus, and moment of inertia than either female Neandertals or early or recent male H. sapiens s.These findings add further support to hypotheses suggesting marked differences in muscle mass between Neandertals and H. sapiens s. They also indicate greater weight and/or functional differences between sexes in Neandertals than in H. sapiens s.
Repetition of the same pairs of names in marriages in Fogo Island, Newfoundland, and genetic variation
Authors: Koertvelyessy T. , Crawford M. H. , Huntsman R. G. , Collins M. , Keeping D. , Uttley M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSurnames can be used to investigate the genetic structure of human populations. The repeated‐pairs approach (RP) uses information on the repetition of the same pairs of names from marital data sets to indicate the influence of clanlike behavior on mate choice. RP estimates the subdivision of the population into subgroups that breed among themselves and the kind of inbreeding ascribed to the Wahlund effect. The application of this method to the Fogo Island, Newfoundland, data set indicates a large percentage excess of observed over random repetitions. Presumably at least a part of this excess in the island population is due to denominational subdivision and endogamy. The expected relationship between RP and heterozygosity is observed in this case. Given these results, it would seem worthwhile to explore the relationship between the frequency of repetitions of pairs of surnames in marriages and genetic variation in other populations as well and, at the same time, to begin to inquire into the validity of such assumptions concerning the use of surnames as the monophyletic origin of common names.
Segregation analyses of the index fingerprint
Authors: Iagolnitzer E. R. , Darlu P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSegregation analyses have been performed on both the ridge count and the pattern type (arch vs. nonarch) of the index fingerprints in a sample of 422 families. These analyses suggest a dominant autosomal major gene for arch and a recessive autosomal gene for low ridge count on the index finger. In both cases, multifactorial inheritance has to be taken into account. However, by testing different hypotheses, it turns out that the penetrance of arch trait is low (70%), and that the transmission parameters of the ridge count trait, although they are significant, diverge from the expected Mendelian values.
Comparative study of the upper molar occlusal table morphology among seven human populations
Authors: Kanazawa E. , Morris D. H. , Sekikawa M. , Ozaki T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree‐dimensional morphology of the occlusal table of the upper first molars was compared in seven racial populations. Materials were moiré contourograms collected by ourselves over 5 years. Intercuspal distances and cuspal heights were comparatively studied in this analysis. When the populations were arranged in the order of these sizes, their arrangements based on intercuspal distances and cuspal heights were quite different from each other. When intercuspal distances were scaled by protocone‐paracone distance, the distances connecting distal cusps were significantly smaller in Mongoloids (Japanese and Eskimo) than in Caucasoids (Dutch and Asiatic Indian), which suggests a reduction tendency of distal cusps in Mongoloids. This tendency was intermediate in Negroids and Australoid. Principal coordinate analysis was carried out on the basis of a similarity matrix including both intercuspal distances and cuspal heights. The result suggested that the three‐dimensional shape of the occlusal table was distinguishable in four representative racial populations.
Genetic structure of the saguenay, 1852–1911: Evidence from migration and isonymy matrices
Authors: Gradie Margaret I. , Jorde Lynn B. , Bouchard Gérard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Saguenay is a region in northeastern Québec populated in the second half of the 19th century through migration from other parts of Québec. The present‐day population of nearly 300,000 is the result of both immigration and high rates of intrinsic growth. This population has been of interest to geneticists because of the high incidence of certain hereditary diseases, notably spastic ataxia, tyrosinemia, agenesis of the corpus callosum, vitamin D‐dependent rickets, and myotonic dystrophy.Parent‐offspring migration and isonymy matrices were used to estimate random kinship using the Malécot model for six 10‐year time periods from 1852–1911. Comparisons between two estimates of kinship—one from parent‐offspring migration matrices (ϕ) and the other from isonymy (R)—and geographic distance were made using both product‐moment and Mantel correlation. Comparisons of within‐ and between‐subdivision kinship were made using nonparametric and Mantel correlation. Within‐subdivision kinship from the ϕ matrix was also compared with kinship estimated from marriage dispensations for endogamous marriages.The estimates of random kinship from the parent‐offspring matrices showed a good fit with geography. However, isonymy did not correlate well with geographic distance; and ϕ and R showed no correlation until the last two time periods, and the diagonal of ϕ did not correlate with the marriage dispensations. Examination of scatterplots of ϕ vs. R suggests that nonrandom migration during the process of settlement formation is responsible for the lack of correlation. While movement across space seems to be highly dependent on distance, nonrandom selection of migrants means that between‐subdivision estimates of kinship based on migration are not congruent with those obtained by other methods. On the whole, genetic differentiation seems to have been low due to the high levels of movement between subdivisions and immigration. The weak dependence of genetic structure on geographic distances in the present population is demonstrated by mapping the geographic distribution of cases of three recessively inherited diseases.