bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein‐leverage in Mice: The Geometry of Macronutrient Balancing and Consequences for Fat Deposition
Authors: Sørensen Allan , Mayntz David , Raubenheimer David , Simpson Stephen J. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The Protein‐Leverage Hypothesis proposes that humans regulate their intake of macronutrients and that protein intake is prioritized over fat and carbohydrate intake, causing excess energy ingestion when diets contain low %protein. Here we test in a model animal, the mouse: (i) the extent to which intakes of protein and carbohydrate are regulated; (ii) if protein intake has priority over carbohydrates so that unbalanced foods low in %protein leads to increased energy intake; and (iii) how such variations in energy intake are converted into growth and storage.Methods and Procedures: We fed mice one of five isocaloric foods having different protein to carbohydrate composition, or a combination of two of these foods (N = 15). Nutrient intake and corresponding growth in lean body mass and lipid mass were measured. Data were analyzed using a geometric approach for analyzing intake of multiple nutrients.Results: (i) Mice fed different combinations of complementary foods regulated their intake of protein and carbohydrate toward a relatively well‐defined intake target. (ii) When mice were offered diets with fixed protein to carbohydrate ratio, they regulated the intake of protein more strongly than carbohydrate. This protein‐leverage resulted in higher energy consumption when diets had lower %protein and led to increased lipid storage in mice fed the diet containing the lowest %protein.Discussion: Although the protein‐leverage in mice was less than what has been proposed for humans, energy intakes were clearly higher on diets containing low %protein. This result indicates that tight protein regulation can be responsible for excess energy ingestion and higher fat deposition when the diet contains low %protein.
Overweight and Obesity in an Ethnically Diverse Rural School District: The Healthy Kids Project
Authors: Eichner June E. , Moore William E. , Perveen Ghazala , Kobza Cee E. , Abbott Kathryn E. , Stephens Aietah L. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Data on Native American children and adolescents are rarely reported along with other racial and ethnic groups. The Healthy Kids Project is part of an effort to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a racially mixed rural area where Native American, Hispanic, African American, and white children reside.Methods and Procedures: We measured height and weight of students in Anadarko, Oklahoma public schools (n = 1,980) in 2002–2003. All available students (95.7%) whose parents had not opted out of school health assessments were included. From these data, we calculated BMI (weight (kg) / height (m2)) and used the International Obesity Task Force reference to classify children into BMI categories.Results: Native American, Hispanic, African American, and white children who live and attend school in the same surroundings are at risk of overweight and obesity. White children had the lowest combined prevalence of overweight and obesity (37.6%), and Native American children had the highest (53.8%) followed closely by African American (51.7%) and Hispanic children (50.5%).Discussion: The childhood obesity epidemic includes all racial and ethnic groups to different degrees. In a rural public school, Native American, Hispanic, and African children had higher rates of overweight/obesity than white children.
Increasing Healthy Eating vs. Reducing High Energy‐dense Foods to Treat Pediatric Obesity
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Paluch Rocco A. , Beecher Meghan D. , Roemmich James N. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The objective was to compare targeting increased eating of healthy foods vs. reducing intake of high energy‐dense foods within the context of a family‐based behavioral weight control program.Methods and Procedures: Forty‐one 8–12 year‐old children >85th BMI percentile were randomly assigned to a 24‐month family‐based behavioral treatment that targeted increasing fruits and vegetables and low‐fat dairy vs. reducing intake of high energy‐dense foods.Results: Children in the increase healthy food group showed greater reduction in zBMI compared to children in the reduce high energy‐dense food group at 12‐ (−0.30 zBMI units vs. −0.15 zBMI units, P = 0.01) and 24‐ (−0.36 zBMI units vs −0.13 zBMI units, P = 0.04) month follow‐up. Parents in the increase healthy food group showed greater reductions in concern about child weight (P = 0.007), and these changes were associated with child zBMI change (P = 0.008). Children in the reduce high energy‐dense group showed larger sustained reductions in high energy‐dense foods (P < 0.05). Baseline levels of high energy‐dense foods (P < 0.05), parent food restraint (P = 0.01), parent concern over parent weight (P = 0.01) and parent acceptance of the child (P < 0.05) moderated child zBMI change, with greater sustained reductions in zBMI for children in the increase healthy food group for each measure. Parent zBMI change followed the same pattern as child changes, and parent and child zBMI changes were correlated (P < 0.001).Discussion: Focusing on healthy food choices within an energy restricted diet may be useful in family‐based weight control programs.
Age‐variability in Body Shape Associated With Excess Weight: The UK National Sizing Survey
Authors: Wells Jonathan C.K. , Cole Tim J. , Treleaven Philip 
Published: January 2008

Background: The health risks of obesity are disproportionately due to central abdominal adiposity; however, the extent to which age is associated with the body shape of obese adults is not known.Objective: Three‐dimensional (3D) data on body shape from the UK National Sizing Survey were analyzed to investigate age‐associated changes in body shape within the BMI bands <20, 20–24.99, 25–29.99 and ≥30 kg/m2.Methods: Measurements of anthropometry (weight and height) and a 3D body scan were obtained in 4,344 men and 5,266 women recruited from eight British cities.Results: The body shape of men showed high consistency within BMI bands between early adulthood and old age. In contrast, the body shape of women altered within each BMI band with increasing age. In obese, overweight, and normal weight women, age was associated with decreased thigh girth, increased waist, and bust girth. Whereas young obese women maintained an hourglass shape, in old age the body shape of obese women converged on that of obese men.Discussion: The association of age with body shape is markedly different between the sexes, with the impact of obesity on shape strongly age‐dependent in women but not in men. The age delay in the association between obesity and high waist girth in women may contribute to the sex‐difference in life expectancy. The relationship between body shape change and cardiovascular risk merits longitudinal investigation within individuals.
Genes Implicated in Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Functioning Predict BMI Categories
Authors: Fuemmeler Bernard F. , Agurs‐Collins Tanya D. , McClernon F. Joseph , Kollins Scott H. , Kail Melanie E. , Bergen Andrew W. , Ashley‐Koch Allison E. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: This study addressed the hypothesis that variation in genes associated with dopamine function (SLC6A3, DRD2, DRD4), serotonin function (SLC6A4, and regulation of monoamine levels (MAOA) may be predictive of BMI categories (obese and overweight + obese) in young adulthood and of changes in BMI as adolescents transition into young adulthood. Interactions with gender and race/ethnicity were also examined.Methods and Procedures: Participants were a subsample of individuals from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents followed from 1995 to 2002. The sample analyzed included a subset of 1,584 unrelated individuals with genotype data. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate the associations between genotypes and obesity (BMI > 29.9) or overweight + obese combined (BMI ≥ 25) with normal weight (BMI = 18.5–24.9) as a referent. Linear regression models were used to examine change in BMI from adolescence to young adulthood.Results: Significant associations were found between SLC6A4 5HTTLPR and categories of BMI, and between MAOA promoter variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) among men and categories of BMI. Stratified analyses revealed that the association between these two genes and excess BMI was significant for men overall and for white and Hispanic men specifically. Linear regression models indicated a significant effect of SLC6A4 5HTTLPR on change in BMI from adolescence to young adulthood.Discussion: Our findings lend further support to the involvement of genes implicated in dopamine and serotonin regulation on energy balance.
Does Clinical Depression Affect the Accuracy of Self‐reported Height and Weight in Obese Women?
Authors: Jeffery Robert W. , Finch Emily A. , Linde Jennifer A. , Simon Gregory E. , Ludman Evette J. , Operskalski Belinda H. , Rohde Paul , Ichikawa Laura E. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Recent research from a self‐report survey showed a strong association between obesity and clinical depression in women. The present analysis assessed whether differential bias in self‐reports of height and weight as a function of depression influences the apparent strength of the association.Methods: Accuracy of self‐reported height and weight was assessed in 250 obese (mean BMI=38.7 kg/m2) women, 135 of whom met the American Psychiatric Association DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for clinical depression.Results: Depressed and non‐depressed women underreported their weight by 1.5 and 1.2 kg, respectively. They underreported their height by 0.002 and 0.003 m, respectively.Discussion: Bias in self‐reports of body weight and height is similar in depressed and non‐depressed obese women. The underreporting of weight in both groups is similar in magnitude to that seen in normal weight women. Thus, using self‐reports of height and weight seems unlikely to bias estimates of the association between obesity and clinical depression in women.
BMI and Stroke Risk in Korean Women
Authors: Park Ji Wan , Lee Sang‐Yi , Kim Su Young , Choe Heon , Jee Sun Ha 
Published: January 2008

Objective:Obesity is known to be associated with diverse disease outcomes; however, the effect of body weight on the occurrence of stroke remains controversial and has not been studied sufficiently, particularly among Asian populations and among women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BMI on the risk of stroke among Korean women.Methods and Procedures:The overall risk of stroke and the risk of different subtypes of stroke were evaluated in relation to BMI using Cox's proportional hazard models among 439,582 Korean women, aged 30–95 years, in a 13‐year prospective cohort study with enrollment from 1992–1995. Stratified analyses were performed for age groups and cigarette smoking status.Results:The average BMI was 23.2 kg/m2at baseline. The overall risk of stroke was the lowest in the group with a BMI <20.0 and increased with BMI in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the direction and strength of association varied according to the type of stroke and age groups. The risk of ischemic stroke (IS) showed a strong and progressive linear relationship with an increase in the BMI, while the relationship was less linear for hemorrhagic stroke (HS). The association between the risk of stroke and BMI was modified by age, with a weaker association at higher ages.Discussion:In Korean women, the BMI showed a progressive and linear relationship with the occurrence of stroke. The association of BMI with the risk of stroke was modified by age.
Dietary Soy Isoflavone–Aglycone Lowers Food Intake in Female Rats With and Without Ovariectomy
Authors: Kishida Taro , Mizushige Takafumi , Ohtsu Yohhei , Ishikawa Shimpei , Nagamoto Manabu , Izumi Tohru , Obata Akio , Ebihara Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Estrogens downregulate eating behavior, and soy isoflavones are known to be estrogenic agents. We aimed to examine whether the estrogenic property of soy isoflavones can affect food intake and body weight.Methods and Procedures: Seven‐week‐old male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats were given free access to a diet containing 100–300 mg total isoflavone/kg diet, or to a control diet, either with or without concurrent administration of estradiol by subcutaneous implantation.Results: Dietary soy isoflavone was shown to lower food intake in female rats, whether or not the animals had undergone ovariectomy. Administration of estradiol lowered the food intake in male rats and in OVX female rats. The decrease in weekly food intake in female rats led to a reduction in their weekly gain in body weight. Dietary soy isoflavone significantly increased the concentration of serum isoflavones, especially equol (a metabolite of daidzein), regardless of gender or ovariectomy. Dietary soy isoflavone did not affect either serum estradiol concentration or uterine and didymus weights, but estradiol administration improved the uterine atrophy in OVX rats, and decreased the didymus weight in male rats.Discussion: Soy isoflavone lowers the food intake in female rats, but not in the male animals. Contrary to the hypothesis currently in vogue, the reduction in food intake caused by soy isoflavone may not be a purely estrogenic effect. This follows from the finding that the effects of soy isoflavones on food intake and on the reproductive organs differ from the corresponding effects produced by estrogen.
The Association of BMI With Functional Status and Self‐rated Health in US Adults
Authors: Imai Kumiko , Gregg Edward W. , Chen Yiling J. , Zhang Ping , de Rekeneire Nathalie , Williamson David F. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To examine the association of BMI with functional status and self‐rated health among US adults and how the association differs by age and sex.Methods and Procedures: All analyses are based on the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 1997–2005, a yearly, representative study of the US household population. We pooled all survey years and fitted logistic regression for the two sexes and three age strata (ages 18–44, 45–64, and ≥65).Results: Our study found that although underweight and severe obesity are consistently associated with increased disability and poorer health status, overweight and moderate obesity show associations that vary considerably by age and sex. For men, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for disability and poor/fair self‐rated health tended to be lowest among overweight persons, especially for ages ≥45. Among men with moderate obesity, the risk of disability was elevated for ages 18–44 but lower for ages ≥65. For women, the adjusted ORs for disability and poor/fair self‐rated health tended to be lowest among normal‐weight persons, particularly for ages ≤45. Compared to normal‐weight counterparts, overweight women aged ≥65 had a lower risk of disability but a somewhat elevated risk of poor/fair self‐rated health.Discussion: The results suggest that the association of BMI with functional status and self‐rated health varies significantly across ages and sexes. The variations in the association of BMI with functional status and self‐rated health suggest that a single “ideal body weight category” may not be appropriate for all persons or all health outcomes.
Constructs of Health and Environment Inform Child Obesity Prevention in American Indian Communities
Authors: Adams Alexandra K. , Harvey Heather , Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Obesity prevention efforts have had limited success in American Indian (AI) populations. More effective prevention programs might be designed using insights into linkages between parental health beliefs, environmental constraints and healthy lifestyle choices.Methods and Procedures: Focus group sessions (n = 42 participants) were conducted to explore parental perspectives on children's health, diet and physical activity in three Wisconsin Tribal communities. Focus group questions were derived from preliminary interviews and observations on environmental barriers surrounding nutrition and physical activity.Results: Two broad thematic areas emerged from the focus groups: child health themes and environmental themes. Health themes included views of child health (emphasizing emotional health), views on parenting, and assessment of risks to child safety. Environmental (social and physical) themes included assessments of personal support networks, assessments of local facilities and programs, and values regarding household relationships. A provisional model of family behaviors related to child nutrition and physical activity was developed to better understand these themes and the potential tensions among them.Discussion: Understanding the unique cultural constructs of health and environment of AI communities can inform decision making in community‐level prevention research. The proposed model served as a useful starting point for designing healthy lifestyle interventions in these AI communities. This model may also be applicable to other minority communities.
Physical Inactivity and Obesity: A Vicious Circle
Authors: Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Kaprio Jaakko , Borg Patrik , Plasqui Guy , Yki‐Järvinen Hannele , Kujala Urho M. , Rose Richard J. , Westerterp Klaas R. , Rissanen Aila 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Physical activity (PA) begins to decline in adolescence with a concomitant increase in weight. We hypothesized that a vicious circle may arise between decreasing PA and weight gain from adolescence to early adulthood.Methods and Procedures: PA and self‐perceived physical fitness assessed in adolescents (16–18 years of age) were used to predict the development of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (waist ≥88 cm in females and ≥102 cm in males) at age 25 in 4,240 twin individuals (90% of twins born in Finland, 1975–1979). Ten 25‐year‐old monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs who were discordant for obesity (with a 16 kg weight difference) were then carefully evaluated for current PA (using a triaxial accelerometer), total energy expenditure (TEE, assessed by means of the doubly labeled water (DLW) method), and basal metabolic rate (BMR, assessed by indirect calorimetry).Results: Physical inactivity in adolescence strongly predicted the risk for obesity (odds ratio (OR) 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–10.9) and abdominal obesity (4.8, 1.9–12.0) at age 25, even after adjusting for baseline and current BMI. Poor physical fitness in adolescence also increased the risk for overall obesity (5.1, 2.0–12.7) and abdominal obesity (3.2, 1.5–6.7) in adulthood. Physical inactivity was both causative and secondary to the development of obesity discordance in the MZ pairs. TEE did not differ between the MZ co‐twins. PA was lower whereas BMR was higher in the obese co‐twins.Discussion: Physical inactivity in adolescence strongly and independently predicts total (and especially) abdominal obesity in young adulthood, favoring the development of a self‐perpetuating vicious circle of obesity and physical inactivity. Physical activity should therefore be seriously recommended for obesity prevention in the young.
Physical Activity Intensity and Risk of Overweight and Adiposity in Children
Authors: Wittmeier Kristy D.M. , Mollard Rebecca C. , Kriellaars Dean J. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Physical activity recommendations for children focus on duration of activity and underemphasize intensity.Objective: To evaluate the relationship between physical activity (intensity and duration) and the odds of being overweight, >20% body fat and >25% body fat.Methods and Procedures: Body fat, BMI and physical activity (accelerometry) were measured in children (n = 251) aged 8–10 years. Physical activity was quantified as time in moderate physical activity (MPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA).Results: Prevalence of overweight and obesity were 18 and 11.6%, respectively. Regression indicated that VPA, not MPA, is associated with body fat (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.26, P < 0.001). Odds ratio demonstrated a significant impact of MPA and VPA on body composition. Children performing ≤5 min/day of VPA are 4.0 times more likely to have ≥20% body fat (P < 0.001), 2.9 times more likely to have ≥25% body fat (P < 0.05) and 5.2 times more likely to be classified as overweight (P < 0.01) compared to children performing ≥15 min/day. Those performing ≤15 min/day of MPA vs. >45 min/day MPA are at 4.2 increased odds of having ≥20% body fat (P < 0.001), and 3.0 increased odds of having ≥25% (P < 0.01).Discussion: Lower durations of both MPA and VPA are associated with increased odds of overweight and adiposity. Forty‐five minutes of MPA and fifteen minutes of VPA were associated with reduced body fat and BMI. We recommend that these amounts are used to develop minimum physical activity intensity guidelines for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Prevalence and Determinants of Obesity in Children in Public Schools of Sintra, Portugal
Authors: Ferreira Raquel J. , Marques‐Vidal Pedro M. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To assess the prevalence of and the factors related to overweight and obesity in a sample of children from the region of Sintra, Portugal.Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional study, stratified for freguesia with random selection of schools. Height, weight, triceps skinfold, upper arm and waist circumferences were measured, and overweight/obesity defined according to international criteria. Breast‐feeding, number of daily meals and parents' height and weight data were also collected.Results: One thousand two hundred and twenty‐five children aged 6–10 years were assessed. Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35.6% (23% overweight and 12.6% obesity). Overweight or obese children had higher triceps skinfold, upper arm circumference, arm muscle area, and waist circumference than their normal weight counterparts (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, relatively to a child without obese progenitors, a child with one obese progenitor had an obesity risk multiplied by 2.78 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.76–4.38), while a child with two obese progenitors had a risk multiplied by 6.47 (95% CI: 5.59–16.19). Conversely, being picky was significantly related with a smaller risk of obesity: for boys, odds ratio (OR) = 0.15 (95% CI: 0.04–0.63); for girls, OR = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.06–0.64). Finally, no relationships were found between obesity, birth weight, birth height or breast‐feeding.Discussion: Prevalence of overweight and obesity are elevated among children of the Sintra region in Portugal compared to most other regions of Europe. The relationship with the parents' nutritional state stresses the need to target families for preventing obesity.