bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broad‐beam PIXE and µ‐PIXE analysis of normal and in vitro demineralized dental enamel
Authors: Preoteasa Eugen A. , Preoteasa Elena , Kuczumow Andrzej , Gurban Dan , Harangus Livia , Grambole Dieter , Herrmann Folker 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDental enamel has been widely studied by particle‐induced x‐ray emission (PIXE), but less attention was paid to its demineralization, which leads to caries formation. Using broad‐beam PIXE and µ‐PIXE, we investigated normal enamel and the in vitro formation of pre‐carious lesion in lactic acid solution, aiming also to evaluate intercusp differences within the same tooth. Broad‐beam PIXE was performed using 3.0 MeV protons, and µ‐PIXE maps of Ca, Fe and Zn were collected with 3.1 MeV protons at ∼4 µm resolution. In normal enamel a differentiated Ca‐rich surface layer was observed, where Fe and Zn reached their highest levels. In deeper layers, Fe and Zn evidenced quasiperiodic patterns of maxima, possibly due to coupled diffusion‐reaction catalytic processes involved in the enamel growth. Both Fe and Zn appeared to be located in a few distinct types of pools. Near the surface, demineralization induced an increase of Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb with respect to Ca, attributed to partial hydroxyapatite dissolution and/or to chelate extraction and concentration of trace metals. Ca maps revealed limited changes in the surface layer and a massive loss in the inner enamel; here, Fe was almost depleted and Zn partially removed. The maps of Ca, Fe and Zn demonstrated major intercusp variations in both normal and altered enamel. Thus, broad‐beam PIXE and µ‐PIXE, which do not require (semi)thin sectioning of the tooth as the conventional methods, provide compositional and structural insight of normal dental enamel, of its intercusp variability and of the alterations produced by in vitro demineralization, largely not accessible to the current techniques, and highly relevant for understanding the incipient caries formation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transfer agents. II. Stereospecific hydroxylation of oleyl and elaidyl alcohol and periodic acid cleavage of epoxides
Authors: Okimoto Tomoyuki , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryOleyl and elaidyl alcohol have been stereospecifically hydroxylated by cold, dilute alkaline potassium permanganate toerythro‐ andthreo‐9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanol, respectively, in 40–80% yields in a water‐methylene chloride heterogeneous system. Phase transfer agents (PTA) were used to transport permanganate ion from the aqueous to the organic phase. In the absence of PTA, hydroxylation did not take place. Periodic acid cleavage of epoxides in a water‐methylene chloride system was studied in the absence and presence of PTA. At slow stirring rates PTA exert a rate accelerating effect in cleaving certain epoxides to aldehydes but with vigorous stirring use of PTA has only a marginal advantage.
Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants II: Determination of their homolog distributions by reaction gas chromatography on the basis of the Hofmann degradation
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Kuzukawa Michiya , Yamanaka Makoto 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryPyrolysis and reaction gas chromatography (GC) methods have been investigated for the homolog distribution analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants containing a quaternary ammonium group. Pyrolysis GC was found to be inapplicable to the analysis of amphoteric surfactants because of the formation of the nonvolatile compounds as the main products. However, when cationic and amphoteric surfactants dissolved in a 3% potassium hydroxide methanolic solution were injected into a gas chromatograph, Hofmann degradation occurred at the injection port of a gas chromatograph (reaction GC), and we obtained about the same products as were formed by the older DMF‐Methylate method. Under optimum conditions, various cationic and amphoteric surfactants were degraded almost quantitatively, and the reproducibility of this method was satisfactory. Furthermore, the homolog distribution of surfactants found by the reaction GC method closely agreed with that of the starting alkyldimethylamines used. Thus, reaction GC analysis was applicable to the homolog distribution analysis of these surfactants. The reaction GC method surpassed the DMF‐Methylate method with regard to the simplicity and reproducibility of the determination.
Analysis of fat deterioration‐comparison of some photometric tests
Authors: Tsoukalas Basile , Grosch Werner 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryEight photometric methods (e.g., measurement of the diene absorption, ferrous isothiocyanate test, thiobarbituric acid value test, anisidine value, Kries test) for analysis of the oxidative deterioration of fats were compared with respect to sensitivity against autoxidized methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate. The ferrous isothiocyanate test was found to be the most sensitive method followed by the measurement of diene absorption. For assessment of the specificity, highly autoxidized methyl linoleate was separated by column chromatography into the following classes of compounds: volatile carbonyl compounds, monohydroperoxides, and polar peroxides‐1 and‐2. The influence of each class of compounds on the results of the eight tests was determined.
Processing mango stones for fat
Authors: Narasimha Char B. L. , Reddy B. R. , Thirumala Rao S. D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryStones of mango fruit (Mangifera indica) were processed for recovery of fat and the fat refined. Mango kernel fat is potentially edible and can substitute for tallow and cacao butter. Mango kernal meal can be used as a sizing material and as a feed.
Triglyceride separation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Plattner R. D. , Spencer G. F. , Kleiman R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryRapid separations of triglycerides by chain length and degree of unsaturation were made by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C‐18 μ‐Bondapak column with acetonitrile‐acetone solvent mixtures. For saturated triglycerides, a linear relationship was observed between the carbon number and the log of the retention volume. Each double bond present in the triglyceride decreased the retention volume to approximately that of a saturated triglyceride with two carbon atoms less. Correlations of the fatty acid composition, as determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) with the HPLC data, provides much additional insight about triglyceride composition. To calculate triglyceride compositions, an internal standard tripentadecanoin was added to collected fractions before analysis by GLC.
Sterols in pumpkin seed oil
Authors: Bastić M. , Bastić Lj. , Jovanović J. A. , Spiteller G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryThe sterol fraction of unsaponifiable matter obtained from a Yugoslav pumpkin seed ripening was investigated by gas liquid chromatography on a glass capillary column. It contained at least 14 different sterols ten of which were identified primarily by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, 24‐methylcholest‐7‐en‐3β‐ol, Δ7,22,25‐stimastatrien‐3β‐ol, α‐spinasterol, Δ7,25‐stigmastadien‐3β‐ol, Δ7,25‐stigmastenol, and Δ7‐avenasterol. It was shown that the unidentified sterols in the oil obtained from a Chinese pumpkin seed were Δ7,25‐stigmastadien‐3β‐ol, and Δ7,22,25‐stigmastatrien‐3β‐ol,. There was practically no difference in the composition of Yugoslav and Chinese pumpkin seed oil, the main characteristic of which was the presence of Δ7‐sterols as was already stated by Sucrow.
Chromatographic identification of oil and amino acid constitutents in kernels of some almond varieties
Authors: Nassar Aly R. , El‐Tahawi Barakat S. , Sari El‐Deen Seif A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe physical and chemical properties of the oils of eight almond varieties are presented. Oils of these varieties showed similar qualitative data concerning the lipid classes separated by thin layer‐chromatography. Triglycerides comprised the majority of the total lipid extract, while mono‐and diglycerides were found in traces. Gas chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters of the fatty acids revealed that the unsaturated fatty acids contribute 70–90% of the total fatty acids present in the samples. The saturated acids, however, were found in a relatively low concentration (7.0–23.6%), and even a lower percentage of arachidic acid is reported. In addition to the five fatty acids identified, another five unknown acids were separated and their retention times were recorded. One of the unknowns, with a retention time of 2.45 min, is believed to be palmitoleic acid. Eleven free amino acids‐were separated, identified, and quantitatively determined. Aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and leucine have major existence. Although the presence of hydroxyproline is unusual in plant materials, it was found among the free amino acids in almond kernels.
The rapid determination of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products
Authors: Stubblefield Robert D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA method for aflatoxin M1 in dairy products is presented. It decreases the analysis time compared to currently accepted methods. Samples are extracted in a blender or separatory funnel for 1 min with chloroform and saturated sodium chloride solution. The chloroform extracts are partially purified on a small silica gel column (2 g), and M1 is determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and densitometry. Recoveries of M1 added to milk are about 80%. Recovery of M1 from cheeses is variable depending on the type of cheese. The method gave results for a naturally contaminated powdered milk comparable to analyses by accepted methods. The determination limit of the method is about 0.1 μg/kg.
Foam performance of fatty acid soaps of odd carbon numbers
Authors: Ogino K. , Takigami F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe foam capacities, foam stabilities, expanding single bubble stabilities, surfact tensions, and surface viscosities of the straight chain C9–C14 sodium soaps were measured at various concentration. The C12–C14 soaps, most notably the C13, gave the best over‐all foam performance of the compounds studied. The critical micelle concentrations for these soaps were also determined.
An adaptive two‐stage sequential design for sampling rare and clustered populations
Authors: Brown Jennifer A. , Salehi M. Mohammad , Moradi Mohammad , Bell Gavin , Smith David R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHow to design an efficient large‐area survey continues to be an interesting question for ecologists. In sampling large areas, as is common in environmental studies, adaptive sampling can be efficient because it ensures survey effort is targeted to subareas of high interest. In two‐stage sampling, higher density primary sample units are usually of more interest than lower density primary units when populations are rare and clustered. Two‐stage sequential sampling has been suggested as a method for allocating second stage sample effort among primary units. Here, we suggest a modification: adaptive two‐stage sequential sampling. In this method, the adaptive part of the allocation process means the design is more flexible in how much extra effort can be directed to higher‐abundance primary units. We discuss how best to design an adaptive two‐stage sequential sample.
Implementation difficulties of advanced techniques in gynecological laparoscopy
Authors: Jansen Frank Willem , Kolkman Wendela 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLaparoscopic surgery has developed into an important part of the gynecological surgical pallet. Its implementation into daily practice has shown to be complex, especially the advanced procedures. The difficulties of implementation is multifactorial; however, the training of laparoscopy is one of the major issues of this subject. The adequate training of residents and gynecologists is essential for its optimal and safe implementation. Concerning the advanced procedures, the question raises as to who should be able to perform these procedures and how this is established. Causes, difficulties, and limitations of the implementation of advanced laparoscopy will be discussed in this paper.
Hydrolysis of Acyl‐Homogeneous and Fish Oil Triacylglycerols Using Desalted Midgut Extract from Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Bogevik A. S. , Oxley A. , Olsen R. E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDespite several studies aimed at evaluating the positional and fatty acid specificity of fish triacylglycerol (TAG) digestive lipases, there is still much uncertainty regarding these issues. The aim of the present study was therefore to address these questions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Crude luminal midgut extracts were collected from fed salmon and the hydrolysis studied for various substrates including triolein (Tri‐18:1), trilinolein (Tri‐18:2), trilinolenin (Tri‐18:3), trieicosapentaenoin (Tri‐20:5), tridocosahexaenoin (Tri‐22:6) and natural fish oil TAG. Using Tri‐18:1, in a time‐curve model showed an initial high degree of sn‐1 or sn‐3 specificity where sn‐1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerol (1,2(2,3)‐DAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) were the main hydrolytic products up to 15 min. Lack of initial sn‐2 specificity was confirmed by negligible sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol (1,3‐DAG) being produced. During the further hydrolysis of DAG, all positions appeared susceptible to attack causing a concomitantly small increase in sn‐1(3)‐monoacylglycerol (1(3)‐MAG) and 2‐MAG, but not at the level expected for an exclusively sn‐1,3‐specific lipase. Oleic acid (18:1n‐9) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) were preferred substrates for hydrolysis using both fish oil and acyl‐homogeneous TAGs with FFA as the main product of lipolysis. Hydrolysis of the natural fish oil TAG appeared slower yet produced proportionally more MAG and DAG after 5 min, and similar specificities, as for synthetic TAG substrates, were exhibited with 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 accumulating in the FFA fraction after 30 min. Notably, 16:0 was particularly conserved in MAG. As TAG resynthesis of absorbed lipid in salmon enterocytes proceeds preferably with 2‐MAG as templates, the absorption of 2‐MAG, produced during initial stages of TAG hydrolysis, would need to occur rapidly to be effectively utilised via the MAG pathway.
2‐Chlorohexadecanal and 2‐Chlorohexadecanoic Acid Induce COX‐2 Expression in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells
Authors: Messner Maria C. , Albert Carolyn J. , Ford David A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract2‐Chlorohexadecanal (2‐ClHDA), a 16‐carbon chain chlorinated fatty aldehyde that is produced by reactive chlorinating species attack of plasmalogens, is elevated in atherosclerotic plaques, infarcted myocardium, and activated leukocytes. We tested the hypothesis that 2‐ClHDA and its metabolites, 2‐chlorohexadecanoic acid (2‐ClHA) and 2‐chlorohexadecanol (2‐ClHOH), induce COX‐2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). COX‐2 protein expression increased in response to 2‐ClHDA treatments at 8 and 20 h. 2‐ClHA also increased COX‐2 expression following an 8 h treatment. Quantitative PCR showed that 2‐ClHDA treatment increased COX‐2 mRNA over 8 h, while 2‐ClHA treatment led to a modest increase by 1 h and those levels remained constant over 8 h. 2‐ClHDA led to a significant increase in 6‐keto‐PGF1α release (a measure of PGI2 release) by HCAEC. These data suggest that 2‐ClHDA and its metabolite 2‐ClHA, which are produced during leukocyte activation, may alter vascular endothelial cell function by upregulation of COX‐2 expression.
Low-fat dairy products and blood pressure: follow-up of 2290 older persons at high cardiovascular risk participating in the PREDIMED study
Authors: Toledo Estefanía , Delgado-Rodríguez Miguel , Estruch Ramón , Salas-Salvadó Jordi , Corella Dolores , Gomez-Gracia Enrique , Fiol Miquel , Lamuela-Raventós Rosa M. , Schröder Helmut , Arós Fernando , Ros Emilio , Ruíz-Gutiérrez Valentina , Lapetra Jose , Conde-Herrera Manuel , Sáez Guillermo , Vinyoles Ernest , Martínez-González Miguel A. 
Published: May 2008

High blood pressure (BP) has been ranked as the most important risk factor worldwide regarding attributable deaths. Dietary habits are major determinants of BP. Among them, frequent intake of low-fat dairy products may protect against hypertension. Our aim was to assess the relationship between low-fat dairy product intake and BP levels and their changes after 12-month follow-up in a cohort of asymptomatic older persons at high cardiovascular risk recruited into a large-scale trial assessing the effects of Mediterranean diets on cardiovascular outcomes. Data from 2290 participants, including 1845 with hypertension, were available for analyses. Dairy products were not a specific part of the intervention; thus, data were analysed as an observational cohort. Dietary information was collected with validated semi-quantitative FFQ and trained personnel measured BP. To assess BP changes, we undertook cross-sectional analyses at baseline and at the end of follow-up and longitudinal analyses. A statistically significant inverse association between low-fat dairy product intake and systolic BP was observed for the 12-month longitudinal analysis. In the longitudinal analysis, the adjusted systolic and diastolic BP were significantly lower in the highest quintile of low-fat dairy product intake ( − 4·2 (95% CI − 6·9, − 1·4) and − 1·8 (95% CI − 3·2, − 0·4) mmHg respectively), whereas the point estimates for the difference in diastolic BP indicated a modest non-significant inverse association. Intake of low-fat dairy products was inversely associated with BP in an older population at high cardiovascular risk, suggesting a possible protective effect against hypertension.
40Ar–39Ar isotope constraints on the age of deformation in Charnwood Forest, UK
Authors: CARNEY J. N. , ALEXANDRE P. , PRINGLE M. S. , PHARAOH T. C. , MERRIMAN R. J. , KEMP S. J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract40Ar–39Ar dating by a combination of spot analysis and step-heating has been carried out on mica fabrics from slaty cleavage and a shear zone in the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian rocks of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. The results indicate that crust adjacent to the eastern margin of the Midlands Microcraton was affected by localized epizonal metamorphism and penetrative deformation between 425 and 416 Ma (Silurian to earliest Devonian), somewhat earlier than the Acadian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny recorded elsewhere in southern Britain. The Charnwood cleavage geometry suggests that the deformation arose within a dextral transpressional regime along the eastern margin of the Midlands Microcraton. This tectonism may have overlapped with pre-Acadian sinistral transtensional movements documented for the Welsh Basin and Lake District areas, to the west and north of the Midlands Microcraton.
Long-term follow up after Epley's manoeuvre in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Rashad U M 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess the long-term efficacy of Epley's manoeuvre performed to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.Patients and methods:Two hundred and sixty-nine patients suffering benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were offered Epley's manoeuvre. After five years, follow up was arranged. One hundred and three patients attended for follow up (58 women and 45 men; age range 19–65 years). As mentioned 269 patients were offered the EM and 103 of them were available for follow up. Prior to initial Epley's manoeuvre treatment, these patients' duration of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo had ranged from four to 96 weeks.Results:Five years after treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with Epley's manoeuvre, 65 per cent of patients reported no further attacks. Kaplan–Meier testing showed that the time to recurrence was significantly longer in patients aged less than 40 years, those with a duration of attacks of less than three years prior to initial Epley's manoeuvre treatment, and those suffering less than six exacerbations prior to initial Epley's manoeuvre treatment. Gender had no effect on time to recurrence. Duration of illness before receiving Epley's manoeuvre was the only independent predictor of recurrence.Conclusion:Epley's manoeuvre remains an effective modality for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. A patient age of less than 40 years and duration of attacks of less than three years are good prognostic factors. Exacerbation number and gender do not affect the probability of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo recurrence after five years; however, these factors do affect the duration of time free from the condition.
Nasal and instrument preparation prior to rigid and flexible nasendoscopy: a systematic review
Authors: Nankivell P C , Pothier D D 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground:Examination of the upper aerodigestive tract is an important part of ENT practice. The use of both flexible and rigid nasendoscopes is the most common way of achieving this in the out-patient setting. However, these procedures can cause pain or discomfort for the patient, and topical preparations have been used in an attempt to reduce this.Objectives:The variability in current practice amongst those performing nasendoscopy may suggest an uncertainty as to what constitutes best practice for this procedure. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken in an attempt to clarify this.Methods:A literature search of the Cochrane ENT group trials register, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL (1982–2007), MEDLINE (1950–2007) and EMBASE (1974–2007) was performed. Reference lists of selected studies were scanned for additional research material.Results:Eighteen studies relevant to this review were identified. The evidence suggests that local anaesthetic is not beneficial when performing flexible nasendoscopy, neither alone nor in combination with a vasoconstrictor. Water is better than lubricant for flexible endoscope passage and gives a superior optical outcome. Further research is required on the use of endosheaths for flexible and rigid nasendoscopy.
Otological and vestibular symptoms in patients with low grade (Quebec grades one and two) whiplash injury
Authors: Rowlands R G , Campbell I K , Kenyon G S 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:To establish the prevalence of new vestibular and otological symptoms in a group of patients who had sustained a low grade (Quebec grades one or two) whiplash injury.Methods:A retrospective review of the case records of 109 patients undergoing assessment by a single practitioner for the purposes of compiling a medicolegal report on their whiplash injury.Results:Four patients complained of short-lived, non-specific dizziness symptoms in the acute phase following their original injury. There were no reports of vertigo, tinnitus or hearing loss after a mean period of 149 days following the whiplash injury.Conclusions:No patients reported otological or persistent vestibular symptoms in the acute phase following their whiplash injury. This suggests that caution should be exercised when attributing these symptoms to such an injury. Before whiplash injuries are admitted as an aetiological factor in the development of such symptoms, other causes should be excluded.