bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The aged breast
Authors: Walker RA , Martin CV 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere is a clear association between the development of breast cancer and increasing age, with 80% of cancers occurring in women more than 50 years of age and one‐third in women over 70 years. Following the menopause the breast undergoes involution, with the main changes affecting the terminal ductal lobular unit. There is an increase in oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα)‐positive cells, a decrease in proliferation but, in comparison to premenopausal breasts, a greater number of ERα‐proliferating cells. The breast cancers that occur in women ≥ 75 years are more likely to be ER‐positive, with a low growth rate and limited expression of HER‐2 and p53. It is proposed that uneven involution of the breast, the persistence of at‐risk lesions, the presence of ERα‐proliferating cells and local oestrogen metabolism in breast adipose tissue are factors in the development of breast cancers with a well‐differentiated phenotype. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural evolution in the processing of auxetic microporous polymers
Authors: Alderson K. L. , Webber R. S. , Evans K. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMicrostructural formation in auxetic microporous UHMWPE has been studied in detail using extensive mapping of the microstructure during its processing. To ease sectioning for microstructural examination, a sintering and extrusion route was used. The fibrillar microstructure was found to occur in both the radial and longitudinal directions. Fibril generation was also seen to occur prior to extrusion with enough fibrils of sufficient size to lead to auxetic behaviour. A mechanism for fibril generation is proposed which is based on surface melting of the particles and drawing out of the interparticle contact points by particle movement, which is not necessarily the result of extrusion through a die. These findings will aid in the understanding of processing of auxetic microporous polymers and in the drive to extending the range available to include other polymeric materials and different processing routes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropic properties of mechanical characteristics and auxeticity of cubic crystalline media
Authors: Paszkiewicz T. , Wolski S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExplicit expressions for inverse of Young's modulus E (n), inverse of shear modulus G (n, m), and Poisson's ratio ν (n, m) for cubic media are considered. All these characteristics of elastic media depend on components S11, S12 and S44 of the compliance tensor S, and on direction cosines of mutually perpendicular vectors n and m with fourfold symmetry axes. These characteristics are studied for all mechanically stable cubic materials for vectors n belonging to the irreducible body angle subtended by three cubic high symmetry directions [001], [111], and [110]. Regions of the stability triangle in which cubic elastic materials are completely auxetic, non‐auxetic, and auxetic are established. Several intermediate‐valence compounds belonging to the region of complete auxecity are indicated. The extreme properties of E–1, G–1 and ν established by Hayes and Shuvalov are confirmed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The economics of integration of DVB‐S with terrestrial technologies and the role of dynamic bandwidth management
Authors: Katsianis Dimitris , Varoutas Dimitris , Apostolopoulou Vassiliki 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the technoeconomic aspects of network solutions based on integration of satellite and terrestrial, based on ADSL, WLAN and DVB‐T technologies, architectures. Following a discussion of the general deployment context, the business case framework is described in terms of areas served, services offered, tariffs, demand assumptions, as well as network architecture and dimensioning rules. The key cost items are presented and economic estimations are provided in the case of telecom operators, which integrate satellite bandwidth with terrestrial technologies in different area types. The evaluated business cases have shown that the satellite rental cost (airtime cost) level is one of the most critical parameter for the economic indicator of present value. Therefore, agreements with satellite operators for spectrum usage will give operators space for business opportunities and acceptable profit margins. In addition, dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes can exploit the aggregated traffic within satellite transmission, which can benefit satellite, telecom and cable operators offering entertainment on broadband business as well as new entrants in broadband business, equipment vendors, broadcasters and TV companies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Characterizations, and Crystal Structures of Two New Organically Templated Borates
Authors: Pan Chun‐Yang , Wang Guo‐Ming , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo new organically templated borates, [H2DAB][B7O9(OH)5]·2H2O (1) and [H2DAB][B7O10(OH)3] (2), have been synthesized under mild conditions in the presence of DAB acting as structure‐directing agent (DAB = 1,4‐diaminobutane). The structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and further characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Both 1 and 2 crystallize in the same triclinic system, space group $P{\bar 1}$ (No. 2); 1: a = 8.238(4) Å, b = 8.348 (5) Å, c = 14.574(8) Å, a = 101.050(3)°, β = 92.313(7)°, γ = 112.694(5)°, V = 900.3(8) Å3, Z = 2; 2: a = 8.8769(3) Å, b = 9.3204(2) Å, c = 10.2204(5) Å, α = 74.474(2)°, β = 85.292(5)°, γ = 72.730(2)°, V = 778.01(5) Å3, Z = 2. The structure of 1 consists of [B7O9(OH)5]2− groups, which represents the first example of organically templated heptaborate. The structure exhibits interesting hydrogen‐bonded network formed by borate polyanion [B14O20(OH)6]4−, which can be regarded as being constructed from the dehydration of the FBBs in 1. The diprotonated organic amines are filled in the free space of the hydrogen‐bonded network and interact with the inorganic framework by extensive hydrogen bonds.
Are the Logical Foundations of Verifying Compiler Prototypes Matching user Expectations?
Authors: Chalin Patrice 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe verifying compiler (VC) project proposals suggest that mainstream software developers are its targeted end-users. Like other software engineering efforts, the VC project success depends on appropriate end-user consultation. Industrial use of program assertions for the purpose of run-time assertion checking (RAC) is becoming commonplace. A likely next step on the path to VC adoption is the use of assertions in extended static checking (ESC), a fully automated form of static program verification (SPV). Unfortunately, all current VC prototypes supporting SPV, adopt a semantics which is unsound relative to the standard run-time interpretation of assertions. In this article, we report on the results of a survey in which we asked industrial developers what logical semantics they want program assertions to have, and whether consistency across RAC and SPV tools is important. Survey results indicate that developers are in favor of a semantics for assertions that is compatible with their current use in RAC.
Adaptation and evaluation of the National Cancer Institute's Diet History Questionnaire and nutrient database for Canadian populations
Authors: Csizmadi Ilona , Kahle Lisa , Ullman Ruth , Dawe Ursula , Zimmerman Thea Palmer , Friedenreich Christine M , Bryant Heather , Subar Amy F 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground and objectiveDespite assumed similarities in Canadian and US dietary habits, some differences in food availability and nutrient fortification exist. Food-frequency questionnaires designed for the USA may therefore not provide the most accurate estimates of dietary intake in Canadian populations. Hence, we undertook to evaluate and modify the National Cancer Institute's Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) and nutrient database.MethodsOf the foods queried on the DHQ, those most likely to differ in nutrient composition were identified. Where possible these foods were matched to comparable foods in the Canadian Nutrient File. Nutrient values were examined and modified to reflect the Canadian content of minerals (calcium, iron, zinc) and vitamins (A, C, D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate and B12). DHQs completed by 13 181 Alberta Cohort Study participants aged 35–69 years were analysed to estimate nutrient intakes using the original US and modified versions of the DHQ databases. Misclassification of intake for meeting the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) was determined following analysis with the US nutrient database.ResultsTwenty-five per cent of 2411 foods deemed most likely to differ in nutrient profile were subsequently modified for folate, 11% for vitamin D, 10% for calcium and riboflavin, and between 7 and 10% for the remaining nutrients of interest. Misclassification with respect to meeting the DRI varied but was highest for folate (7%) and vitamin A (7%) among men, and for vitamin D (7%) among women over 50 years of age.ConclusionErrors in nutrient intake estimates owing to differences in food fortification between the USA and Canada can be reduced in Canadian populations by using nutrient databases that reflect Canadian fortification practices.
Renal mesangial cells: moving on sphingosine kinase‐1
Authors: Meyer zu Heringdorf D , Jakobs K H 
Published: January 2007

Sphingosine kinase‐1 (SphK1) catalyses the phosphorylation of sphingosine to sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), which acts on at least five specific G‐protein‐coupled receptors and also intracellularly. SphK1 has been implicated in cell proliferation, cancer growth, chemoresistance, immune cell functions and cell migration. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Klawitter et al. demonstrate that extracellular nucleotides stimulate the migration of renal mesangial cells. The nucleotides furthermore upregulated SphK1 expression and activity, and this enzyme was required for nucleotide‐induced migration. Together with previous findings, these data raise exciting questions: by which mechanism does SphK1 regulate migration in mesangial cells, how is the interplay of purinoceptors and S1P receptors organized in these cells, and how would SphK1‐deficient mice respond to kidney damage?British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 255–257. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706986
Introduction of Caged Peptide/Protein into Cells Using Microinjection: Figure 1.
Authors: Humphrey David , Rajfur Zenon , Imperiali Barbara , Marriott Gerald , Roy Partha , Jacobson Ken 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONActivation and inactivation of proteins using photoactivation of caged peptides or proteins offer insights into cellular dynamics not achievable using genetic means. The ability to selectively alter the activity of a specific protein at a defined time and location inside a cell allows the correlation of changes in protein activity and cellular behavior. A caged compound, peptide, or protein is prepared by covalently linking it to a photolabile, protecting group via a limited number of critical functional groups in the biomolecules. Under carefully defined conditions, a brief irradiation with UV light (320-400 nm) can lead to an intramolecular photoisomerization reaction that induces the cleavage of the chemical bond between the cage group and the unmodified, biologically active species. The following protocol uses a semiautomated microinjection system (Eppendorf FemtoJet Microinjector along with the Eppendorf InjectMan) for the introduction of caged compounds into cells. Unlike the bead-loading approach, this technique allows the investigator to choose which cells are targeted.
Preparation of Arabidopsis Chloroplasts
Authors: Mach Jennifer 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe functions of most Arabidopsis genes cannot be understood simply by studying the expression patterns of their mRNAs. The level of a protein may not be closely correlated with the level of the corresponding mRNA, or a protein may need to be modified to be active. Furthermore, the function of proteins often depends on specific subcellular localization, so knowledge of this can exclude some hypotheses about possible function. For example, if a protein is found exclusively in the cytoplasm, it is unlikely to function as a transcription factor. It is therefore often desirable to prepare subcellular fractions, either to localize proteins or to improve the sensitivity of protein detection. This procedure describes the enrichment of chloroplasts from Arabidopsis.
Preparation of Arabidopsis Mitochondria
Authors: Mach Jennifer 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe functions of most Arabidopsis genes cannot be understood simply by studying the expression patterns of their mRNAs. The level of a protein may not be closely correlated with the level of the corresponding mRNA, or a protein may need to be modified to be active. Furthermore, the function of proteins often depends on specific subcellular localization, thus knowledge of this can exclude some hypotheses about possible function. For example, if a protein is found exclusively in the cytoplasm, it is unlikely to function as a transcription factor. It is therefore often desirable to prepare subcellular fractions, either to localize proteins or to improve the sensitivity of protein detection. This procedure describes the enrichment of mitochondria from Arabidopsis.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in developing pea seeds is associated with tissues involved in solute transport and is nitrogen‐responsive
Authors: DELGADO‐ALVARADO ADRIANA , WALKER ROBERT P. , LEEGOOD RICHARD C. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds in relation to their nitrogen supply. PEPCK was present throughout development, with the peak of PEPCK protein and activity in the seed coat and cotyledons preceding protein accumulation in the cotyledons. It showed a different developmental pattern from enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase). Immunolocalization showed that PEPCK was present in parts of the developing seed that are involved in the transport and metabolism of assimilates. Early in development, it was associated with the inner integument of the ovule, the endospermic cytoplasm and the outer cells of the embryo. In the middle of development, around the peak of activity, PEPCK was abundant at the outer surface of the developing cotyledons, in the embryonic axis and in the vasculature of the seed coat. Later in development, PEPCK was associated with the embryonic leaf primordia and meristem and cortex of the radicle. PEPCK protein was strongly induced in vitro in the seed coat by nitrate, ammonium and asparagine, in the cotyledons by asparagine and in planta by the supply of nitrogen, which led to an increase in asparagine secretion by empty seed coats. It is suggested that PEPCK is involved in the metabolism of nitrogenous solutes in developing pea seeds.
Steroids in intestinal transplantation
Authors: Dazzi A. , Lauro A. , Zanfi C. , Ercolani G. , Vivarelli M. , Grazi G.L. , Cescon M. , Di Simone M. , D'Errico A. , Lazzarotto T. , Faenza S. , Pironi L. , Pinna A.D. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Recently, new immunosuppressive protocols after intestinal transplantation have been proposed to avoid steroids use and their adverse effects. We evaluated the impact of steroids on survival and post‐transplant complications in our experience.Patient and methods:  In our retrospective study we considered the mean daily dosage of steroids received by 25 patients after intestinal/multivisceral transplantation (minimal follow‐up was six months). We analyzed graft and patient survival rates, correlation with rejection and infectious episodes and steroids side effects.Results:  After a mean follow‐up of three yr, we did not find any significant difference in steroid doses between our immunosuppressive protocols. Patients with a mean dosage of prednisone higher than 20 mg/d experienced a lower graft (p = 0.009) and patient (p = 0.02) survival rate. The side effects of steroids after transplant were similar. Infections were more frequent during steroids administration (p = 0.04).Discussion and conclusion:  Steroids therapy may be useful to treat acute rejection, but in our experience high steroids regimen did not improve graft and patient survival, increasing infectious rate. We assumed that high dose of steroids can be avoided as maintenance therapy, except in selected cases.
How many cases of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are due to being overweight in middle age? Evidence from the Midspan prospective cohort studies using mention of diabetes mellitus on hospital discharge or death records
Authors: Hart C. L. , Hole D. J. , Lawlor D. A. , Davey Smith G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAims  To relate body mass index (BMI) in middle age to development of diabetes mellitus.Methods  Participants were 6927 men and 8227 women from the Renfrew/Paisley general population study and 3993 men from the Collaborative occupational study. They were aged 45–64 years and did not have reported diabetes mellitus. Cases who developed diabetes mellitus, identified from acute hospital discharge data and from death certificates in the period from screening in 1970–1976 to 31 March 2004, were related to BMI at screening.Results  Of Renfrew/Paisley study men 5.4%, 4.8% of women and 5% of Collaborative study men developed diabetes mellitus. Odds ratios for diabetes mellitus were higher in the overweight group (BMI 25 to < 30 kg/m2) than in the normal weight group (BMI 18.5 to < 25 kg/m2) and highest in the obese group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Compared with the normal weight group, age‐adjusted odds ratios for overweight and obese Renfrew/Paisley men were 2.73 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.05, 3.64] and 7.26 (95% CI 5.26, 10.04), respectively. Further subdividing the normal, overweight and obese groups showed increasing odds ratios with increasing BMI, even at the higher normal level. Assuming a causal relation, around 60% of cases of diabetes could have been prevented if everyone had been of normal weight.Conclusions  Overweight and obesity account for a major proportion of diabetes mellitus, as identified from hospital discharge and death records. With recent increases in the prevalence of overweight, the burden of disease related to diabetes mellitus is likely to increase markedly. Primordial prevention of obesity would be a major strategy for reducing the incidence of diabetes mellitus in populations.
Incipient cardiovascular autonomic imbalance revealed by wavelet analysis of heart rate variability in Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Urbančič‐Rovan V. , Meglič B. , Stefanovska A. , Bernjak A. , Ažman‐Juvan K. , Kocijančič A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAim  Incipient cardiovascular autonomic imbalance is not readily diagnosed by conventional methods. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) by wavelet transform (WT) was used to measure cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Thirty‐two diabetic patients without (D), 26 with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DAN) and 72 control subjects (C) participated. A 30‐min HRV time series was analysed by wavelet transformation and four characteristic frequency intervals were defined: I (0.0095–0.021 Hz), II (0.021–0.052 Hz), III (0.052–0.145 Hz) and IV (0.145–0.6 Hz).Results  When compared with C, in both D and DAN the normalized power and amplitude of interval II were increased and of interval IV decreased, resulting in a significantly higher II/IV ratio. Furthermore, in DAN the normalized power and amplitude of interval I were increased and of interval III decreased when compared with the D and C groups. The diabetic patients were divided in two equal subgroups according to HbA1c < 8.0% and ≥ 8.0%. In the subgroup with HbA1c≥ 8.0%, normalized power in interval II was significantly higher and in interval IV significantly lower than in the subgroup with HbA1c < 8.0%. In D, but not in DAN patients prescribed ACE inhibitors, the absolute amplitude and power of oscillations were significantly higher than in patients not taking ACE inhibitor therapy.Conclusions  Patients with diabetes have increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic cardiac activity regardless of the presence of autonomic neuropathy. Glycaemic control and treatment with ACE inhibitors may favourably influence HRV in diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy.
All‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic subjects increases significantly with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): 10 years’ data from the South Tees Diabetes Mortality study
Authors: Nag S. , Bilous R. , Kelly W. , Jones S. , Roper N. , Connolly V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAims  To investigate the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and total and cardiovascular mortality in a population‐based cohort of diabetic subjects.Methods  A longitudinal study using a population‐based district diabetes register comprising 3288 subjects in South Tees, UK. The eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation. Patients were stratified by baseline eGFR into five stages as per the National Kidney Foundation guidelines: Stage 1, eGFR > 90; Stage 2, eGFR 60–89; Stage 3, eGFR 30–59; Stage 4, eGFR 15–29; and Stage 5, eGFR < 15 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Main outcome was all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality between 1 January 1994 and 31 July 2004.Results  At baseline, mean age (58.4 years) differed between groups. Persons with lower eGFR were older (P < 0.001). Thirty‐six percent (n = 1193, males 56%) had died by 10 years (cardiovascular cause in 60%). Median follow‐up was 10.5 years amounting to 28 342 person years. Stages 4 and 5 (eGFR ≤ 29 ml/min per 1.73 m2) were amalgamated for mortality analysis. Total and cardiovascular mortality increased with reduced eGFR. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for all‐cause mortality comparing groups 2 and 3, and 4 and 5 combined with group 1 were 1.28 (1.02, 1.60), 2.58 (2.05, 3.25) and 6.42 (4.25, 9.71), respectively. Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for mortality due to circulatory disease comparing groups 2 and 3, and 4 and 5 combined with group 1 were 1.50 (1.10, 2.06), 3.32 (2.41, 4.58) and 7.99 (4.69, 13.62), respectively.Conclusions  In diabetic subjects, mortality increases significantly with reduced GFR. Low eGFR identifies patients at high risk of cardiovascular mortality who should be targeted for aggressive risk factor modification.
Universalism versus targeting: The vulnerability of social insurance and means‐tested minimum income protection in 18 countries, 1990‐2002
Authors: Nelson Kenneth 
Published: January 2007

Abstract The stagnation and retrenchment of social policies in recent decades raise considerable interest and concern in writings on the welfare state. This study examines differences in the development of means‐tested benefits and social insurance provisions. Questions relating to the measurement of policy retrenchment and the vulnerability of social benefits are addressed. Two conflicting hypotheses are discerned: one stating that the development of means‐tested benefits resembles that of social insurance; and another more recent one claiming that the evolution of means‐tested benefits follows a unique pattern. The empirical analyses are based on institutional data on the level of social benefits. It is shown that social insurance stands a better chance of surviving periods of retrenchment and that the greater vulnerability of means‐tested benefits is related to the organization of social insurance provisions.