bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 PORT IN A STORM
Authors: Carp Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the Liberty riot of 1768, the Boston Massacre of 1770, and the Boston Tea Party of 1773. British authorities repeatedly tried to assert control over Boston's waterfront community, and each time, merchants and mariners mobilized in response to impressment (by resisting), customs duties (by smuggling), and other impositions of imperial authority. Five times the Bostonians banished imperial officials, soldiers, and other pariahs to Castle Island in the harbor. The central significance of the Boston waterfront had crystallized by 1774, when Parliament singled the city out for punishment. Boston's conspicuous leadership among the waterfront communities of North America demonstrated how mobilization could unify city dwellers from throughout the social spectrum and across the continent.
Ripening Living Beings
Authors: Mrozik Susanne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates how bodhisattvas use their bodies to transform other living beings in physical and moral ways. In doing so, it looks at a common Buddhist metaphor used to describe the impact bodhisattvas have on living beings. Bodhisattvas are said to “ripen” (paripac-) living beings. In Buddhist literature, “ripening” is a metaphor for ethical and spiritual maturation. Although bodhisattvas can ripen living beings in a variety of ways, the Compendium of Training is especially interested in how they do so with their bodies. It teaches bodhisattvas how to cultivate, in present and future lifetimes, bodies that are capable of transforming living beings in physical and moral ways.
Size Matters
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Genome size varies widely among different organisms, and is not very closely correlated with complexity of the organism. In species with large genomes, most of the DNA does not code for genes. This chapter explores the “selfish DNA” hypothesis for genome size. It also discusses vertebrate cases of small genome size (e.g., pufferfish) and extraordinarily large genome size (e.g., species of salamanders). A consequence of the huge genome in these salamanders is that their brains are less complex. Michael Lynch has proposed that much of the variation in genome size may be explained by variation in effective population size. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how genome size may be related to extinction risk and hence, conservation biology.
Competing Models of Church‐State Relations
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Since 1989, four competing models of church‐state relations have been advocated by the dominant Orthodox Church, the religious minority groups, the humanistic civil society, and the Romanian authorities. This chapter presents church‐state relations in pre‐communist, communist and post‐communist times as reflected in the 1831, 1923, 1948 and 1991 constitutions and contrasts the post‐communist model to Alfred Stepan's democratic requirement of twin tolerations between church and state.
How Portuguese Firms Set Their Prices
Authors: Martins Fernando 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In this chapter, price stickiness in Portugal is analyzed on the basis of qualitative data coming from a survey conducted by the Banco de Portugal. The main conclusions are the following. First, there is a considerable degree of price stickiness: most firms do not review or change their prices more than once a year, while time lags in price adjustments after shocks were found to be significant. Second, prices seem to go down more frequently than what is normally assumed: slightly more than 30 percent of total price changes are price decreases. Finally, customers' preference for stable prices, which take the form of implicit contracts, is apparently the main reason for the stickiness observed in prices
What Quantitative Micro Data Reveal about Price Setting Behavior
Authors: Sabbatini Roberto , Álvarez Luis J. , Dhyne Emmanuel , Hoeberichts Marco , Le Bihan Hervé , Lünnemann Patrick , Martins Fernando , Rumler Fabio , Stahl Harald , Vermeulen Philip , Veronese Giovanni , Vilmunen Jouko 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the vast evidence on price setting based on micro consumer and producer price data obtained for euro area countries. This analysis captures features of price behavior that cannot be fully analyzed with surveys, as well as provides important complementary evidence on the frequency and size of price changes. The main findings are that prices in the euro area are stickier than in the United States, downward price rigidity is only slightly more marked than upward price rigidity, and heterogeneity and asymmetries are observed in price setting.
Negotiating with a Disciplinary Tradition
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHow can the contemporary feminist theologians continue to remain engaged with the Christian tradition, whose creeds and sacred texts pose seemingly insuperable obstacles for a diversity of feminist thinkers? This chapter argues that a postliberal rule theory approach to doctrine allows us to see how womanist theologies that are ostensibly disconnected from the Nicene-Chalcedonian creedal tradition (and possibly even at odds with each other) are regulatively instantiating a stream of that tradition in diverse ways. Employing feminist, deconstructive, postcolonial, and queer hermeneutical tools, the chapter offers a reading of John 4 that subverts the dominant tradition's masculinist, heteronormative, christocentric, or imperialist interpretations of this story as an account of the successful conversion of a Samaritan woman with dubious morals, misguided messianic notions, and illicit desires. This reading stands as an example of how the feminist scholar might resist “disciplinary” biblical texts, even while (perhaps surprisingly) finding herself still desiring to continue to read such texts at all.
2 Reflections on Reflection in Robert Audi's Moral Intuitionism
Authors: Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that Audi's views on moral intuitions, specifically concerning whether they can be justified without being based on inference, raise a number of questions Audi has yet to address. First, it asks, can moral intuitions be justified without reflection? Second, does Audi's account of reflection turn out to involve inference? And are conclusions of reflection therefore based on inference? Third, can conclusions of reflection be justified without second-order beliefs concerning the reliability of the reflection? And if not, wouldn't this also involve inference? Fourth, can conclusions of reflection be justified without at least an ability to infer? And if not, wouldn't this leave the view unable to block the skeptical regress?
4 Metaethical Reflections on Robert Audi's Moral Intuitionism
Authors: McCann Hugh J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Audi's version of metaethical intuitionism, arguing that it faces significant objections. Without a basis for the theory's claims of self-evidence, it argues, moral intuitions can be charged with arbitrariness. Moreover, familiar problems concerning “queerness” and supervenience remain. This chapter proposes that moral intuitions are grounded in conative experiences of “felt obligation”. It then argues that his version of intuitionism preserves the virtues of Audi's approach—indeed sharing the spirit of Audi's theory—without succumbing to the skeptical problems.
9 Audi on Testimony
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses Audi's work on testimony, focusing on two theses: the thesis that testimony‐based knowledge requires the attester to have knowledge, and the thesis that a knowledgeable attester and the absence of defeaters are jointly sufficient for testimony‐based knowledge. It argues that Audi is not entitled to accept the first thesis‐in particular, that his supporting reliabilist argument does not succeed. Moreover, the chapter argues that given Audi's account of testimony, he can give no rationale for the first thesis that does not bring it into conflict with the second. Fricker closes by offering her own rationale for the first thesis.
10 On Being Justified in One's Head
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter critically appraises Audi's theory of normative grounds for belief and action, focusing on the theory's commitment to access and supervenience internalism. It considers Audi's response to two standard objections to internalism about justification—one objection based on content externalism and the other objection concerning memory-based belief—and argues that the objections still do serious damage to internalism. It also considers and criticizes Audi's positive case for internalism, focusing on two arguments: one argument concerning the “availability” of justifiers and the other concerning ‘cases of perfect hallucination’. The chapter concludes that an externalist theory can accommodate Audi's insights and avoid the problems faced by internalist theories.
13 Self‐Deception and Three Psychiatric Delusions
Authors: Alfred R. Mele 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Audi has suggested that the difference between self‐deception and delusion with respect to a false proposition turns on whether the subject believes the false proposition: the self‐deceived do not actually believe what they avow. But the chapter holds that the self‐deceived and the deluded both believe the false proposition, and so an account of the difference between self‐deception and delusion that differs from Audi's must be offered. The chapter discusses several standard cases of self‐deception, sketching his view of self‐deception as the product of motivational or emotional biases. It then considers three psychiatric delusions found in volume IV of the American Psychiatric Association's, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and argues that they are best explained not by the kind of biasing characteristic of self‐deception, but instead by the presence of cognitive deficits.
16 Justifying Grounds, Justified Beliefs, and Rational Acceptance
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Audi defends his views in epistemology against the challenges raised by Laurence BonJour (Chapter 8), Timothy Williamson (Chapter 10), and William Alston (Chapter 11) in Part II, “Knowledge, Justification, and Acceptance.” Specifically, Audi addresses his concerns about the sorts of beliefs that can be noninferentially justified, the sense in which the grounds of justification may be internal, and the range of attitudes that admit of justification and rationality.
Group Action and Group Attitudes
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this chapter collective acceptance as a group is analyzed. The result is used to give an account of group actions and beliefs as well as of group attitudes more generally. This central “positional” view is based on group authority in the sense of some authorized members (“operative” members) forming attitudes and/or acting for the group as well as possibly giving orders to group members. Also the central notion of having an attitude as a group member—assumed to be based on a group reason—is clarified. The appendix this chapter discusses social groups, I-mode and we-mode groups, mainly from an ontological point of view, and contrasts an entity view with a nonentity view.
Introduction
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The postmodern situation has culminated in an ideological postmodernism that has declared the end of philosophy, the death of the subject, the impossibility of meaning, and the apotheosis of a culture of absence and excess. This has led to the development of a variety of “postcritical,” or “postliberal,” attempts to sift back through the history of Western philosophy and religion to reevaluate older systems of thought and wisdom, in order to refashion philosophies of ethical agency, identity, philosophical meaning, and truth. Liturgical reasoning follows on the movement of Scriptural Reasoning that attempts to reinvigorate Western philosophy and religion through interaction with classical Western scriptures. Liturgical reasoning parallels Scriptural Reasoning in its attempt to reconstitute an ethics and theology for the twenty‐first century.
Single Neuron Activity Underlying Behavior‐Guiding Rules
Authors: Wallis Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A key part of goal‐directed behavior is the use of behavior‐guiding concepts and rules—an ability that is believed to have coevolved with the frontal lobe. The first part of the chapter examines the neuronal processing of high‐level, abstract rules using a matching‐to‐sample task, and examines whether this ability is unique to the frontal lobe or extends to other brain structures, including the striatum, and posterior sensory areas, such as inferior temporal cortex. The second part contrasts this neuronal representation of abstract rules with the neuronal processing that occurs when macaque monkeys are making choices using more low‐level, open‐ended rules, such as maximizing reward or minimizing work.
Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Modulation of Two Distinct Forms of Flexible Cognitive Control: Attentional Set‐Shifting and Reversal Learning
Authors: Roberts Angela C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in a wide variety of cognitive and emotional control processes. This chapter reviews the evidence that these two neuromodulators differentially regulate two distinct forms of cognitive flexibility in marmoset monkeys, namely, attentional set‐shifting and discrimination reversal learning, through their independent actions within the lateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. Consideration is given to the psychological and cellular mechanisms that may underlie their effects, not only at the level of the prefrontal cortex, but also at other neural sites known to contribute to these forms of flexibility, namely, the striatum and amygdala.
Binding and Organization in the Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Lipton Paul A. , Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter outlines a framework that describes how interactions between medial temporal lobe structures, such as the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex bind and organize information to support episodic memory and relational memory. Within this structure, the medial temporal lobe system passively collects attended perceptual and cognitive information, out of which emerges a network of relationships among experienced items and events. By contrast, prefrontal circuits use this network to abstract broad categorical comparisons to apply behaviorally relevant rules in a task‐dependent manner.
4 Reductionism and Eliminativism Reconsidered
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the implications of recent philosophy of science for reductionism. The motivations for both normative and positive forms of reductionism are grounded in the assumptions that intertheoretic reductions are widespread in the sciences and serve as a norm for the legitimacy of the special sciences. Both of these assumptions are undercut by recent post-reductionist turns in philosophy of science. If intertheoretic reductions are in fact rare in the sciences, then we have no special reason to expect them in the case of psychology. However, if it is “explanatory gaps all the way down, ” we also have no reason to view the gaps between mind and body as presenting special problems.
7 Two Forms of Pluralism
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines two forms of pluralism in philosophy of mind that are suggested by explanatory pluralism in philosophy of science. The first is a radical ontological pluralism suggested by John Dupré. It holds that the explanatory pluralism of the sciences is due to a prior and profligate ontological plurality in nature itself. The second is a view called Cognitive Pluralism. This is the view that theory pluralism is a predictable consequence of our cognitive architecture and of the nature of scientific models, which are partial, domain‐specific, and idealized and employ proprietary representational systems. A model‐based account of cognition in general, and scientific understanding as a special case, is used to account for theory pluralism.
A WorldNotWell Lost
Authors: Kim David Kyuman 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Taylor's and Butler's accounts of melancholy and agency. It is argued that the form of melancholy shared by their accounts is a key feature of symbolic loss in the constitution of the self, and symbolic loss has a central role in creating the conditions for the possibility of new modes of agency. The convention in appropriating melancholy follows the comparative example Freud established between mourning and melancholia (melancholy), in which the character of loss and the reluctance to give up on an object of love in the latter (melancholia/melancholy) takes its lead and form from the former (mourning).
Introduction
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe introductory chapter lays out the motivations for defending a common sense ontology and provides an overview of the various eliminativist arguments against ordinary objects that will be discussed in the book. It also describes the argument strategy of the book: the early chapters (2 and 3) argue for central views about reference and modality — namely, a hybrid approach to reference, and a conceptualist understanding of modality. But the later chapters provide the most important evidence for these views by demonstrating their ability to defuse all of the arguments against ordinary objects, and to make sense of our common sense world view nonproblematically. The book closes by sketching important metaontological results of the above work regarding which metaphysical questions are and are not answerable, and what methods should be employed in pursuing them.
2 Toward a Transformed Africa
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the black discourse on African identity that Wheatley and Sancho unknowingly initiated into the first generation of slave autobiographers. Most of the men who wrote these narratives had lived in African villages or in slave communities in the plantation regions of America, experiences foreign to both Wheatley and Sancho. Perhaps as a result, when they asserted African identities in their narratives, they confronted ethnic division more directly. The most celebrated among them was Equiano, who used that confrontation to develop a mythic vision of an African unity that predated the ethnic division that haunted Africa in the age of the slave trade. He and Cugoano, his collaborator, sought a way to recreate the unity among sub-Saharan Africans that they perceived to have been broken in postbiblical times.
Epilogue
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The epilogue looks ahead to the reemergence of black discussions of African identity and black emigrationism during the 1850s. It examines the efforts of Martin R. Delany, sometimes called the “father of African nationalism”, to encourage black emigration from the United States during the 1850s, and to the sense of African identity that he articulated while advocating emigration. The epilogue suggests the persistence of many ideas initially offered by the first generations of self-styled “Africans”, and some of the costs of the demise of the remarkable vision that activists like Equiano, Allen, Coker, and Cuffe had developed.
Life Transitions: Becoming a Parent
Authors: Johns Sarah E. , Belsky Jay 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The birth of a child is a commonplace event, yet for the two individuals who become parents this transition to parenthood is a major life event. For men and women the challenges of parenthood will differ, and their relationship will undergo change as the demands of their new roles become apparent. Parenthood has the potential to change both men's and women's feelings about themselves and their relationship. This chapter explores the transition to parenthood, in particular asking why this can be difficult, why the experience of having a child is different for men and women, how the timing of the transition can be influenced by family relationships, and how the ease of transition for one generation can influence the timing of the transition in subsequent generations. This includes both proximate psychological aspects of becoming a parent and evolutionary or ultimate explanations of human reproductive patterns and parenting behaviors.
Birth Order
Authors: Sulloway Frank J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Sibling competition is a common occurrence in the animal world and occasionally ends in siblicide. Birth order often affects the outcome of such struggles because it is a proxy for differences in age, size, power, and access to scarce resources. Among humans, ordinal position is associated with disparities in parental investment, which can lead to differences in behavior, health, and mortality. In addition, siblings in our own species typically occupy disparate niches within the family system and, in mutual competition, generally use different tactics based on age, size, and sex. These alternative strategies and life experiences have effects on personality and also foster differences in attitudes, motivations, and sentiments about the family.
Kin Detection and the Development of Sexual Aversions: Toward an Integration of Theories on Family Sexual Abuse
Authors: Tal Ilanit , Lieberman Debra 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although much is known about the consequences of sexual abuse and the characteristics of the individuals and families involved, these pieces of information have yet to be arranged to form a clear picture of why sexual abuse occurs. This chapter provides an account of how an evolutionary computational framework can help organize what is currently known about sexual abuse and provide a set of answers to the question of why it happens. It focuses specifically on one component of our evolved psychology hypothesized to play a significant role in explaining why sexual abuse occurs: inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Identifying the cues our evolved psychology uses to detect kin and generate sexual aversions towards them can help illuminate why sexual aversions fail to develop, leading, in some circumstances, to an increased risk of incest or sexual abuse within the family.
5 International Relations
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Scores of Enlightenment authors responded to the challenge of establishing a peaceful international order. Their proposed solutions took one of two basic forms: first, a political strategy, which called on states to form an international federation, engage in arbitration to settle disputes, and apply sanctions (including, when necessary, collective military force) to uphold the federation's decisions; second, a legal strategy, which sought to bring all states under one universal legal order in order to bring war itself within the bounds of law. This chapter examines and evaluates some central Enlightenment examples of each of these two strategies.
Describing, Interpreting, and Explaining Spirit Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Chapters 4 and 5 introduce more comprehensively the scientific approach to be adopted, incorporating a review of past and present approaches to possession cults and spirit phenomena. The first of these chapters looks at ethnographic description and anthropological interpretation of spirit possession phenomena, considering the roles of both rich description and faithful representation of cultural meaning for the generation of scientific theories.