bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scheefheid en exces bij frequentie‐ en kansverdeelingen
Authors: van Uven Prof. Dr M. J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAn empirical frequency distribution, belonging to a certain quantity x, can be considered as the realization of a {theoretical) probability distribution. This latter furnishes i. the mathematical expectation (theoretical mean), 2. the (theoretical) moments with respect to, i.e. the math. exp. of the different powers of t = x —, denoted by m = tk, in particular m2— t2=s̀2, the square of the standard deviation.The deviations of a probability distribution from‐ the normal type are often characterized by the Skewness S and the Excess E, defined byPlotting the probability density y = ‐ as an ordinate against the abscissa x, we obtain the density curve.The author shows how far, under certain simplifying conditions, the algebraic sign of S and E can be predicted from the course of the density curve.Skewness: If an asymmetrical density curve ascends more steeply to the left of the top than it descends to the right, and if, in particular, at any pair of points with equal y, the curve is left steeper than right, the Skewness S is proved to be positive. If, on the other hand, the curve is right steeper than left, S is negative.Excess: With a symmetrical, not normal curve, S = o, whilst E can differ from zero. Such a curve can be confronted with a normal curve having the same centre and equal a. Then these two curves must have at least two points of intersection on both sides of the centre (top). Provided that there are precisely two points of intersection, the sign of the Excess E is connected with the height of the top of the given curve. If this top is higher than that of the corresponding normal curve (leptokurtosis), E is positive; if it is lower (platykurtosis), E is negative.In case there are more than two points of intersection on either side of the centre, there is no close connection between the top‐height and the sign of E. This is illustrated by the behaviour of density curves of the type y = C (1 — t2)3 (1 +αt2+βt4).
Volkshuisvesting en statistiek1
Authors: van Ettinger Ir J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Statistics and the Housing Problem)Between now and 1960, the Netherlands will have to build about 900000 houses. Rents and prices being what they are at the present (index‐number of building costs = 350), realization of this program means expenditure of a vast amount of capital (7500000000 Guilders) which will not yield any interest.The houses necessary will not be built unless building costs can be cut to half their present value. This cannot be done whilst building houses in the old way but only by attacking the housing problem with the means of industrial mass production: standardization of a small number of types, industrial design, scientific preparation.Statistics can take an important part in realizing the housing program. Three aspects of applications of statistical methods are mentioned:

Qualitative analysis of the types needed, by public opinion research. In this connection the problem of sample surveys arises.
Measuring and analysing the productivity of labour by multiple correlation and analysis of variance.
Controlling the dimensions of pre‐fabricated parts by the statistical approach to tolerances and statistical quality control.
De betrouwbaarheid van controleurs
Authors: Somermeijer Mr W. H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  (The reliability of 100% inspection).The article of Mr, Enters on The reliability of 100% inspection in the first issue of Statistica is critizised.The criterion of goodness of control as the sum of the coefficients of correlation between the measurements of the individual inspectors and each of their colleagues does not agree with the everyday use of that criterion, i.e. the correlation between the observed' and the real diameters etc. Nor is this criterion identical with the Spearman criterion of saturation coefficients.Some suggestions are given for solution of the problem, e.g. psychotechnical testing the inspectors, analysis of the frequency curves of their measurements and computation of the coefficients of correlation between the measurements of each inspector and the corresponding average measurements of all inspectors.
Statistica II. Verdeling van kansen
Authors: Bok Prof. Dr S. T. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Statistica 2, Probability distributions).In the previous article the chance of surpassing was said to be a measure for the likelihood of conclusions. Every chance belongs to a probability distribution, where the unity of chance is divided into distinct portions, or smeared out over a chance line. A certain type, called normal, is peculiarly important, because it is closely approximated by concrete probability distributions and because it can be easily handled. In the majority of cases the chance of surpassing is computed on the assumption of normally distributed observations. The results are little afflicted by moderate departures from normality in the observations. There are many different normal distributions, varying in localisation and slope (fig. 2). Each of them is completely described by its centre M and its standard deviation S (horizontal distance between M and one of the points of inflexion). The distance between an observation x and M is called the deviation D of x. The quotient of D and S is called the excentricity T of x. The chance of surpassing of x is completely fixed by its T (fig. 3) and has been tabled.
Enkele frequentieverdelingen in de muziek
Authors: Lisman J. H. C. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Some frequency distributions in music).A frequency distribution of the 12 notes of apiece of music may teach us something about its nature (tonality, chromatic character). There is some indication that the frequency distributions of different pieces by the same composer show similarity.It is possible that further investigation in this unknown territory may lead to interesting results.
Mogelijkheden en moeilijkheden bij het toepassen van de sequentietest
Authors: Enters J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Possibilities and Difficulties in Applying Sequential Sampling)The application of sequential sampling schemes may be much simplified by chasing H and b (in Barnard's notation) in such a way that H/(b+ 1) = integer and (b + 1) = integer. A decision to accept can now be taken only after each (b + 1) items and samples of (b + 1) items may therefore be chosen from the batch.A handicap of H/(b + 1) points is now allowed to the batch. One point is added to the score whenever no defectives are found in the sample; 0, 1, 2, points are subtracted whenever respectively 1, 2, 3. … defectives are found in a sample. The acceptance boundary is 2H/(b + 1) points; the rejection boundary is 0 points.For given 1 in 20 producer's and consumer's risk points (p1%and p2%), values of H and b are given in table 1 and fig. 3.
Enkele opmerkingesn over de mogelijkheid van toepassing van mathematisch‐statistische methoden bij tijdstudieproblemen en in het bijzonder bij het Bedaux‐systeem
Authors: de Leeuw Th. A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Some remarks on the possibility of applying mathematical‐statistical methods to time‐study problems and in particular to the Bedaux system.)Time and motion study are based on observations of the workman's movements and an estimation of his efficiency.The time spent on a certain action in mass‐production is not constant but shows a considerable variation, due to various causes. The time‐study‐man who investigates this action and expresses it in a rate, causes still more variations by certain inaccuracies in using the stopwatch and calculating the rate itself. Considered from a statistical point of view, these cumulating variations result in a standard‐error in the calculated rate; this gives rise to some interesting phenomena.A more statistical approach tot the whole problem is shown in this article to be possible.In the discussion, the application of the Beaux‐system is assumed, but the conclusions hold good for all time study systems.
Statistische ervaringen in 1948 *
Authors: van Ettinger Ir J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryStatistical experiences in 1948.A great difficulty in the execution of our building programme is caused by the continual changes in the prices of building materials, and by the financial risks occasioned thereby.Since complete discounting of these risks for each finished building separately would require an enormous administration, a statistical solution of the problem has been sought. The risks are computed not for the buildings themselves, but for “equivalent” buildings composed of suitably chosen, standardized component parts and building elements. This procedure, which has been found sufficiently accurate and has been adopted by the Dutch government, is described in outline. Details have been published elsewhere.
Statistische research in de verzekeringswetenschappen*
Authors: van Tulder J. J. M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryStatistical research in the science of insurance.This article brings a survey of some of the statistical problems, solved or unsolved, encountered in the science of insurance. Whereas life insurance rests on a fairly sound basis, the foundations of fire insurance still involve some speculative arguments, owing to lack of data and to the irregular influence of meteorological and economic factors. The insurance against hospital costs has to take into account the fact that the length of stay in hospital is not independent of the amount insured. These various problems are briefly discussed.
Ein statistisches Verfahren zur qualitativen Bestimmung der Immunität mittels Hautreaktionen
Authors: von Noss C. A. G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA statistical method for the detection of immunity by means of the rabbit skin test.This paper discusses the statistical basis of a technique that has already, without detailed explanation, been applied in a previous paper by Dr Winsser (1).5 plots, arranged in 5 rows (25 plots in all) laid across the skin of a rabbits back, are injected with infectious matter in amounts inc easing in geometric progression. To four of these rows sera prepared from four different test persons are added; and the immunity is judged by the resulting decline in skin reaction as compared with the row, mostly situated at the caudal end, which serves as control.Since at the lowest concentrations of infectious matter the skin reactions were altogether too weak to show any marked decline, these were ignored. The sum, y, for each serum of the reaction values at the remaining four concentrations is compared with the corresponding sum, yk, for the control, and for the difference (yk‐y), 5 % and 1 % levels of significance are determined.To determine these limits, variations in sensibility between animals and over the area of skin of each individual had to be taken into account. This was done by analysing the skin reactions of 5 animals infected without serum; the use of more animals being considered too costly. The results show significant differences between individual means, insignificant differences between individual regressions along the back, and a significant common regression. In calculating the 5% and 1% percent limits it was assumed that the residuals with respect to individual regression lines are normally distributed, which they clearly are not; and that the individual regressions are equal, which, despite the insignificance observed, is probably not correct. To atone for these deficiencies the limits imposed were more severe than those commonly adopted. Some of the criticisms that may be directed against this procedure are recognized and discussed.
De betekenis van marsaal consumenten‐onderzoek voor her bedrijfcleven*
Authors: van der Waf G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryLarge‐scale consumers research and its importance to industrial economy. This paper describes in broad outline the part statistical research has to play in the internal organisation of department stores. I t is pointed out that, though the importance of studying the turnover of these stores is gradually coming to the fore, the problem has not yet attracted the attention it deserves. Researches in this field, which can only be conducted on a statistical basis, should be an important guide in planning future economic policy. Some of the problems to be solved are briefly indicated. As a n example of what may be done, an extensive research is mentioned regarding the distribution of the body measurement of Dutch women, which was cariied out in order to establish, on a sound scientific foundation, an effective system of ready‐made clothes. This investigation was entrusted by one of the largest department stores in the Netherlands to an independent firm of statistical consultants, which seemed advisable in order to ensure a completely unbiassed interpretation.
Over de ongelijkheid van Camp en Meidell
Authors: Theil H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA note on the inequality of Camp and Meidell.This paper describes a simple and illustrative proof of the inequality of Camp and Meidell according to a line of argument originally due to Dr B.‐H. d e Jong. The conditions to be satisfied in order that the inequality shall be applicalbe are discussed, while in a final section some practical applications are considered.
Enige Statistische problemen in de textielindustrie1
Authors: van der Burg A. R. 
Published: April 2008

SummarySome statistical problems in the textile industryPart A. Production control in a spinning mill.It is pointed out that the function of planning is as important as the functioit of inspection. Sound planning requires reliable knowledge of the actual performances of men and machines. As to the machines, the actual amount of drafting of a spinning mill can not be computed from the speed and diameters of the rollers; instead it is necessary to use a working diameter of the roller found by experimental determination of the lengths of the ingoing and outgoing yarn. The amount of variation in outgoing yarn thickness can be computed from the variation in the ingoing yarn, the amount of draft and the amount of doubling. The necessary formulae are developed and illustrated.Part B. Weavers' efficiencyApart from servicing the machines, the weaver has to spend a certain portion of his time in reparing breaks in the yarn. If too many weavers are employed, they will part of their time have nothing to do; if too few, the machines will stand idle, because breaks can not be repaired soon enough. A formula is developed for finding the number of personnel that will reduce losses to a minimum.
Het ontstaan van een frequentieverdeling*
Authors: de Wolff P. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe genesis of frequency distributionsThe next set of six short papers reproduces the contents of a series of six talks given at the annual meeting of the ‘Vereniging voor Statistiek’ (Statistical Society) having ‘frequency distributions’ for their subject.In this first and introductory paper the various ways in wich we may conceive a frequency distributions to be generated aye briefly indicated, and the useful conclusions with regard to the underlying sources of variation that may often be drawn from the shape of an observed frequency distribution are pointed out.
Zitplaats‐accomodatie van bioscopen in Nederland, en de factoren die haar bepalen; een econometrisch onderzoek
Authors: Somermeijer Mr. W. H. , Hamaker H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryCinema accomodation in the Netherlands and the factors by wich it is determined.The demand for cinema accomodation, B, measured by the number of seats limes the number of performances per week, is correlated with the average income, I, the population density, D, and the denomination of the people, G. This last factor is measured by the proportion of members in the provincial councils coming from those political parties which are acting on orthodox protestant principles. The quantities B, I, D, and G are computed for each of the n provinces in the Netherlands, and subsequently a multiple correlation analysis is carried out with the purpose of explaining log B as a junction oj log /, log D and log G. The resultant regression equation readslog B — log 1.48 + 0.40 log /+ 0.56 log D – 0.41 log G,the multiple correlation coefficient amounting to o.c/65. Since I and D are highly correlated (see fig. 1) the coefficients of log I and log D in the above formula are uncertain.This is particularly pointed out in an editorial postscript where the numerical analysis has been carried out to some detail. It is found that by omitting either I or D the multiple correlation coefficient would be reduced from 0.965 only to 0.95
Het nomografisch bepalen van de parameters van een steekproefschema
Authors: Quintelier G. , Hama H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryNomographic determination of the parameters of a sampling plan. For ordinary single sampling plans, and for single and double sampling plans according to Wharton we may, under Poisson conditions, determine the sample size, n, and the maximum number of defectives, c, permitted in a sample, by means of a very simple nomogram. We have to enter this nomogram by means of the, discriminating power of the plan which is defined as the ratio of the lot tolerance percent defective to the acceptable quality level.
Enkele historische betrekkingen tussen mathematische en verzamelende statistiek*
Authors: van Dantzig D. 
Published: April 2008

SummarySome historical relations between mathematical and descriptive statistics.Both mathematical and descriptive statistics may be said to have commenced in the middle of the 17th century; the former with a correspondence between Pascal and F e r m at (1654), and the latter with the observations on bills of mortality by John G r aunt(1662). These early stages are discussed in some detail, while the development of the statistical argument in later periods is more briefly mentioned. In section 8 the present structure of statistical thought is summarized. In a concluding section, falling slightly outside the scope of the paper, some opinions prevailing in the 17th century concerning Holland and its people are quoted.
De gereduceerde X2‐methode*
Authors: Hemelrijk J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn these notes the author endeavours to describe in elementary form the theory of reduced chi‐square, which formed the subject of two lectures given by Professor N eyman in Amsterdam on the 8th and qth of May, 1950.If the theoretical frequencies occurring as denominators in the usual expression of x2 are replaced by the observed frequencies, we obtain an expression x'2 which asymptotically possesses a%%‐distribution. If the theoretical frequencies depend on a number of parameters these may be estimated by reducing either x2 or x'2 to a minimum; mathematically the latter method is often much more tractable.The method of reduced x2 is illustrated by a simple example in § 2. The importance of this theory is explained in § 3. In §§ 4 and 5 the general formulation of Neyman's theory and its application to the estimation of parameters and the testing of hypotheses are briefly summarized.
De wiskundige behandeling van het onderscheidingsvermogen van een steekproef schema
Authors: Quintelier G. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMathematical treatment of the discriminating power of a sampling plan.In a foregoing paper the advantage of using the discriminating power for finding a sampling plan fitting practical requirements has been explained. In this paper the discriminating power, δ, is mathematically treated. By making use of the relation between Poisson and the X2 probabilities, and of the Wilson‐Hilfer‐t y approximation for the x2‐distribution, simple mathematical relations can be established between d and the fundamental parameters of a sampling plan. By comparing various types of plans corresponding to the same value of 6 a measure of efficiency is obtained. Single sampling plans and the single and double sampling plans of Wharton are intercompared in this manner.
Correlatierekening in de toegepaste psychologie
Authors: de Groot A. D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryCorrelation analysis in applied psychologySome of the problems treated by correlation methods are, in applied psychology (test psychology):investigation of test reliabilityitem‐validationvalidation of tests and testing programsrelationships between testsfactor analysis.As an example the author discusses the validation of a selection test used in Dutch technical schools.Statistical psychology in the Netherlands is still in its infancy, but the greatest obstacle to its growing up has been removed, viz. the opinion that quantitative methods are not, as a matter of principle, applicable to problems in psychology.
Verdelingsvrije methoden in de regressieanalyse van twee variabelen*
Authors: Theil H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryDistribution‐free methods in the regression analysis of two variables.This paper gives an expository survey of the distribution‐free methods of A. Wald (1940), G. W. Housner and J. F. Brennan (1948) and H. Theil (1950). A discussion of the efficiency in a simple case is given.
Existentiële gedachten over Statistiek
Authors: Kuiler H. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryExistentialisme and Statistics.Logics are an useful tool for philosophy. But at the same time we must be aware that life is more than can be explained by logics alone. There are especially irrational decisions of laws: the governing ideas behind text and jurisdiction give ultimately the possibility to take a decision. Even in mathematics, approximations based on a sound feeling, are indispensable.Sartre, in his philosophy, trying to explain the reality of life, felt the same difficulty: with logics the problems of life remained in darkness. In his works one sees the human being in the world who has to meet hostile forces. The sage grows is mental strength, connected with all other men. For Sartre these hostile forces are formed by the power over life and death (birth control and gun).A decision in a problem of life may be irrational, but the sage man takes a decision without restriction. Hesitation is cowardice and laziness.So the modern statistics have to face many hostile forces. Modern statistics, which try to give a full quantative knowledge of life in its different aspects of national accounts, econometric analysis, sampling and complexes of more or less individual statistics, have to give information and guidance to studies and politics of science, government and enterprise.The statistics carefully prepared by the statistician in his office become part of the struggle for life of nations, enterprises and individuals. Will these statistics stand this severe trial, bearing in mind that practically all figures are more or less biassed?A figure which promises to give more than it can actually do is contrary to the statistical conscience. It asks for clarification. This is stated clearly by Boulding: “The whole problem of the proper treatment of spatial political aggregates is of great interest and much work needs to be done on it…aggregates are no reality…the significance of averages depends on frequency of distribution, …it must not be thought that aggregative thinking is without danger…”etc.So the statistician has to face the same problem as the extentialist. The statistician will have to look after the deepest values of statistics and to use the still hidden forces in it, seeing statistics as part of reality and connected with it with many visible and invisible strings.As the extentialism had to surmount many prejudices, so the statistician has now to surmount many old‐time statistical practices to build up a new set of statistics which will be strong enough to stand the hostile forces of the users who find one or more figures useless for their special purpose, though they ought to know the restricted possibilities of the figure used. This can be fatal for statistics, unless statistics give as much as possible a good picture of reality for which reorientation is wanted, while, if necessary, a statistician must have the courage to refuse a weak figure.