bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immobilizing Antigens of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: MARGOLIN PAUL , LOEFER JOHN B. , OWEN R. D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies cf 3 conjugating strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in a bacterized medium indicated the presence of a system of alternative immobilizing surface antigens. Each strain was found to have the potential for the expression of 3 serologically unrelated antigens. These consisted of a “high temperature” antigen (expressed in the range of 20–35d̀C), a “low temperature” antigen (exhibited in cultures at 10d̀), and an antigen induced by growth in the presence of the above‐mentioned “high temperature” antiserum. Normally, by the immobilization reaction, only one of these antigens could be detected as present on any one organism at any given time. The “high temperature” antigens of two of the strains were serclogically related while that of the 3rd strain did not cross‐react with antisera to the other two. The “low temperature” antigens of the 3 strains were serologically related as were the antigens induced by growth in antiserum.Studies of inbred hybrids of two of the strains indicated a potential for still more alternative antigens as well as for the spontaneous expression of the antigen which in the parental strains could only be induced to appear by the presence of the specific antiserum.Study of the 3 strains in axenic medium indicated the existence of a more complex system and the possibility that two or more immobilizing antigens may be present simultaneously.
New Colorless Eugleninae
Authors: CHRISTEN H. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ten new species of colorless Eugleninae are described. One of them is the type of a new genus (Calycimonas physaloides nov. gen. nov. sp.). Especially remarkable forms are: Astasia acus, a species related to the green Euglena acus but without chromatophores and stigma and considerably smaller; Astasia edax, a species with animal‐like nutrition and peculiar ecological adaptations; Petalomonas striata, a form which is not spirally but transversely striated; and finally Hyalophacus caecus, which was observed already by Klebs and Pochmann but was not sufficiently described. The new genus Calycimonas (ex fam. Peranemacearum) is related to Tropidoscyphus on the one hand (nearly the same shape as e.g. Tr. octocostatus, but possessing only a single flagellum) and to Petalomonas on the other hand (mode of nutrition and of swimming, formation of the reservoir, rigidity: however in transverse section not flattened).The Astasiae with zootrophic nutrition are collected in a new subgenus Astasiae devorantes or Phytophaga which comprises besides A. edax three species already described by Skuja.
Cytology of an Indian Race of Blepharisma undulans (Stein)
Authors: BHANDARY A. VASANTHI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The Indian race of Blepharisma undulans described in this paper measures 150 μ in length. The macronucleus consists of 5–7 nodes, all of equal size. During binary fission, condensation of macronucleus is followed by its elongation and a thinning of the middle region which breaks with the division of the animal. It later attains the typical vegetative form.During conjugation 7 or 8 micronuclei pass through the first pregamic division, 5 to 7 through the second pregamic division and one product of the second division takes part in the third division. The rest degenerate. At the same time, the macronucleus also starts degenerating. After the synkaryon has divided twice, the conjugating pairs separate. Of the 4 products, 3 become macronuclear anlagen and one, micronuclear anlage.The micronuclei divide asynchronously both during binary fission and during conjugation. There is apparently considerable diversity in the structure and behaviour of the macronucleus and micronuclei in the different races of Blepharisma undulans.
The Cultivation of Some Trypanosomes from Urodeles*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Identical cultural forms of Trypanosoma granulosae occur in NNN agar, Diamonds SNB‐9 agar and Proteosepeptone blood agar. The inclusion of penicillin G sulfate and streptomycin had no effect upon the cultures. The first cultural forms to appear (24 hours) were long, slender crithidia which divided to produce short slender crithidia. The latter were the only forms encountered until the 18th day when rosettes, composed of 3–10 short, slender crithidia were found. Following the production of metacyclic trypanosomes (24th day) the culture rapidly died. Transfer of metacyclic trypanosomes and rosettes did not extend the length of culture life.T. diemyctyli is also unaffected by antibiotics and shows similar growth in all media used. Division in this species begins 50–96 hours after inoculation with the production, from the blood stream form, of two unequal, plump crithidia. These divide twice to form slender crithidia; the latter rapidly divide, but do not separate, and yield rosettes with a maximum number of 60 individuals. As the slender crithidia leave the rosette each either remains in the same form or transforms to a plump, pear shaped individual. Secondary rosettes are then formed from the latter. Metacyclic trypanosomes appear, in small numbers, after the 14th day.
Studies in Marine Biology. IV. On the Role of Algal Cells in the Tissues of Marine Invertebrates*
Authors: ZAHL PAUL A. , McLAUGHLIN JOHN J. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Zooxanthellae in pure culture, exposed to continuous light, release free O2 in amounts varying with time and cell number. Zooxanthellae exposed to alternate light and dark produce essentially as much O2 as in continuous light. Those in continuous dark do not yield free O2; rather, they draw from the medium's residual O2.Both the anemone Condylactis and the scyphozoan Cassiopeia are markedly phototactic. Kept in total darkness, both species show a dramatic numerical diminution in zooxanthellae. During 24 days of darkness, the mean total number of zooxanthellae in the individual Condylactis body was reduced from 26 million to ∼ 1 million. Specimens so bleached lost phototaxis.It is suggested that each species of zooxanthella host animal has its own specific light needs, which it caters to in various ways: (a) early selection of position, as with planulae or other freely motile larval forms; (b) gross body movement or posturing, as with anemones, medusae, and worms; (c) possession of light‐filtering pigments, as with colored corals and molluscs; (d) possession of light‐concentrating devices, as with tridacnids; (e) possession of highly contractile and differentially light‐absorbing tissues, as with most coelenterates and some molluscs.Susceptibility of marine invertebrates to zooxanthellae infection may be related to the known paucity of nitrates and phosphates in tropical seas, a situation possibly inducing the free‐swimming gymnodinioid forms to enter animal tissues where catabolic products are available to them. Zooxanthellae are reported from sessile marine invertebrates taken at depths of 100–116 fathoms.
The Polymorphic Life History of Tetrahymena patula*
Authors: WILLIAMS NORMAN E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Dimorphic populations of Tetrahymena patula L‐FF result when this organism is grown axenically in Loefer's medium supplemented with aqueous lettuce extract. The two different cell types in these cultures are identified as “macrostomes”and “microstomes.” Isolation of microstomes and macrostomes from the dimorphic cultures has shown that both cell types reproduce by binary fission in this medium, and further that each cell type will occasionally give rise to the other under these conditions. Isolation experiments have also shown that both microstomes and macrostomes from the dimorphic cultures are capable of giving rise to the reproductive cyst. The cells which are liberated from the cyst have small mouths but are best referred to as “tomites,” in order to distinguish them from the self‐perpetuating microstomes described above. The relatively small, rapidly swimming tomites will either transform into macrostomes or reproduce as microstomes. The life histoy of T. patula thus consists of three cell types as follows, each capable of giving rise to the other two: a macrostome, a microstome, and a tomite. Silver preparations of the dimorphic cultures have shown that oral replacement takes place. This consists of resorption of the oral apparatus and its replacement by differentiation of new mouth parts from an anarchic field of kinetosomes which arises immediately posterior to the old oral apparatus. It is suggested that this process is involved in the macrostome‐microstome interconversions.Growth curves were determined for T. patula feeding on a variety of substrates. These data indicate that this species is extremely well adapted as a carnivore. It grows very poorly on bacteria, but will grow well in axenic culture if aqueous lettuce extract is provided. The lettuce extract greatly reduces the generation time and increases the maximum cell density.Loss of the micronucleus in stain L‐FF is reported and discussed. The loss may be an indication that this strain has entered the senile phase of the Maupasian life cycle.
Nosema lepiduri n. sp., a New Microsporidian Parasite in Lepidurus apus L.
Authors: VAVRA JIRI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Nosema lepiduri n. sp. parasitic in Lepidurus apus L. is described. The microsporidian invades the connective tissue cells of carapace, head and legs of the host crustacean. The developmental cycle and cytology of the organism were studied. The spores stained by McManus method show a small polar cap located at the more attenuated pole, a structure not hitherto reported. It is different from the polar granule which is commonly present in microsporidian spores. The polar cap stainable by McManus method is probably present in the spores of all Microsporidia, though its chemical nature is unknown.
Morphological Studies on Holotrichous Ciliates of the Family Hysterocinetidae I. Hysterocineta eiseniae Beers and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov.
Authors: KOZLOFF EUGENE N. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Hysterocineta eiseniae, from the oligochaete Ei‐senia lonnbergi, and Ptychostomum campelomae sp. nov., from the fresh‐water prosobranch snail Campeloma geniculum, have been studied primarily with a view to arriving at a better understanding; of the adoral and buccal ciliature of hystero‐cinetid ciliates. In both of these species (as well as in representatives of two undescribed genera), the arrangement of adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is fundamentally the same. There are three adoral rows of cilia extending transversely across the posterior end of the body, toward the buccal cavity. The row nearest the superior surface consists of cilia which are fused into a hyaline and relatively inactive membrane. This row enters the buccal cavity on its left side and extends inward to the cytostome. The other two rows, inferior to the membrane, are close together and consist of active and coherent cilia which collectively form a brush‐like complex. Oi these rows, the one nearer to the membrane enters the buccal cavity on its right side. The other row ends at the right side of the buccal overture, and near the point where it terminates, but on the opposite side of the continuous row, a similar series of cilia originates and closely parallels the continuous row to the cytostome.The diagnosis of the family Hysterocinetidae is emended on the basis of this characteristic arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliature. The hysterocinetids appear to be rather closely related to ciliates of the family Hemispeiridae, and are therefore tentatively referred to the order Thigmotrichida.
Studies of Feeding Behavior of Amebas. I. Ingestion of Thecate Rhizopods and Flagellates by Verrucosid Amebas, particularly Thecamoeba sphacronucleolüs.*
Authors: BOVEE EUGENE C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Thecamoeba sphaeronucleolus, and other verrucosid amebas with thick, pellicular ectoplasm, which live in moist soil, can identify the presence of testate rhizopodal prey at distances of 20 to 30 μ, possibly chemotactically or rheotacti‐caliy. Prey is seized by extension of a pseudopod towards it, and adhesion of the pellicular pseudopodal tip to the prey upon contact. Ingestion is accomplished by conversion of the pellicular coat of the pseudopod into an ingestive tube via digestion of the pellicular tip and the withdrawal of the endoplasm within, causing suction. The prey is drawn into the tube and enclosed therein; and is then drawn down the pseudopodal tube and into a food cup, which closes around the prey to form a food vacuole. Flagellate prey is identified by its movements nearby, and is seized by adhesion of the extended pseadopod to a flagellum. The flagellum is drawn through a tiny hole digested by the ameba through the pellicle of its psendopod. is seized by and drawn into the granular endoplasm. The body of the flagellate is drawn after it into a food vscuoie in the endoplasm. Suction applied to the flagellum appears to exert the necessary force to draw the flagellate in. The movements involved are related to, but not synonymous with, those of locomotion and appear to be complex biochemical and biophysical interactions not explainable by present theories of protoplasmic movements.
The Genetic Control of Two Lethal Traits in Variety 1, Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ORIAS EDUARDO 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.A breeding analysis of a wild strain (Indian Lake 12) of variety 1, Tetrahymena pyriformis, discloses recessive lethal alleles at two independently assorting loci. Conclusions concerning the cytogenetic behavior of this species have been verified through the scoring of a large number of offspring segregating the lethals. In particular, cytogamy does not occur in these strains with a frequency higher than 2%. if indeed it occurs at all. The finding of lethal heterozygosity in a wild strain suggests that close inbreeding usually does not take place in nature and supports the conclusion that variety 1 of T. pyriformis is an outbreeding species.
Sodium and Potassium in Normal and Paralyzed Chlamydomonas
Authors: RONKIN R. R. , BURETZ KARL M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Rates of penetration of sodium (Na24) and potassium (K/12) into several strains of Chlamydomonas, a flagellated unicellular alga, were studied. Sodium was taken up to a negligible extent by normal, motile cells. Potassium was taken up readily by normal cells and by mutant strains with impaired locomotion. Normal cells tended, during the first hour, to reach equilibrium most rapidly, involving the exchange of TS‐of the cellular K. Flagella‐less cells approached equilibrium more slowly, involving the exchange of 79′yc of the K. Paralyzed cells gave intermediate values. These results suggest that motile cells may immobilize larger amounts of K than do those with impaired motility.
Two New Species of Eimeria from the Common Newt, Notopthalmus viridescens*
Authors: BARROW JAMES H. , HOY JAMES B. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Two new species of Eimeria, E. megaresidua and E. longaspora, are described from the common American newt, Notopthalmus viridescens. The hosts were from the vicinity of Douglas Lake in Northern Michigan. Observations of timeof sporulation of the oocyst relative to host defecation and possible significance of the seasonal distribution of the parasites are discussed.
Ecdysone Induced Modifications in the Sexual Cycles of the Protozoa of Cryptocercus*
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R. , BURKE ARTHUR W. , KARLSON PETER 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.When exogenous ecdysone is injected into a host (adult or intermolt nymph) which has no ecdysone of its own, gametogenesis is induced in the protozoa of such a host, although the host itself never undergoes ecdysis. The time required to induce this sexual process varies in different genera and with the dosage of hormone administered; but it is never possible, regardless of the amount of hormone given, to induce gametogenesis in all the genera at the same time; some still begin a day or two later than others, but never 40‐45 days later as occurs in untreated roaches.Likewise, when exogenous ecdysone is administered to a nymphal host in the molting period, the sexual cycles of its protozoa are greatly accelerated, and the host undergoes ecdy‐sis much sooner than would otherwise have been the case. Both sexuality in the protozoa and the molting process in the host are accelerated. Only when large doses of ecdysone are administered are the sexual cycles of the protozoa modified in any way except a decided acceleration. Quite large amounts of ecdysone present special problems for the protozoa, problems they never encounter in nature. The growth and differentiation hormone ecdysone causes the protozoa to grow and differentiate so rapidly that many of them cannot keep pace; as a result, degeneration begins, and death follows. But this over‐acceleration effect of ecdysone and death of the protozoa occurs only in those genera which have not undergone gametogenesis when the large amount of hormone is administered; those which have completed gametogenesis are not affected at all. The results of acceleration have been observed in most genera, but have been studied more intensively in Tricho‐nympha, where they are usually seen to be considerably more pronounced on the nuclei and chromosomes than on the cytoplasm. As a result, this genus, which invariably in nature undergoes only fertilization, is sometimes made to undergo either autogamy or endomitosis. The pronuclei, for example, differentiate and are ready to (and do) fuse before the cytoplasm of the gametocyte divides to form gametes. In the case of endomitosis, precocious differentiation of chromosomes seems to produce, or at least goes along with, premature degeneration of one centriole, the one that would ordinarily degenerate following fusion of gametes. Thus, nuclear division is made impossible.In some genera of the protozoa, the ecdysone titer must drop greatly before meiosis can begin. If the titer, after ecdysis. when it normally drops precipitously, is kept high with injections, meiosis does not begin; it is retarded for as long as the ecdysone titer is kept high.
Modifications Induced in the sexual Cycles of the Protozoa of Cryptocercus by Chabge of Host*
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R. , BURKE ARTHUR W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The following types of transfauntions were made: from nymphs is an early stage of their molting period to nymphs 1‐50 days before ecdysis and vice versa; from recently molted nymphs to nymphs in all stages of the molting period and vicve versa. In such transfaunated half or more of the protozoa in a donor host were transferred to a recipient host. The recipient hosts wee defaunated with oxygen by subjecting them to 60 psi for 2 hours, twice the minimum time necessary to kill all their protozoa. Transfaunations were made 24 hours after defaunation.The sexual cycles, as a result of these transfaunation experiments, in addition to being prevented altogether in several genera, were modified principally in two ways: they were shortened to less than half the time required under natural conditions; they were lengthened, in some genera, from two days to over two months. Whether shorteing or lengthening occurs depends on the type of host used in the experiment. And the factor in the host that is responsible for the modifications is the ecdysone titer; transfaunation from a lower to higher to a lower titer, in general, serves to lengthen it.
Nutrition of Paramecium: A Fatty Acid Requirement*
Authors: MILLER CHARLES A. , JOHNSON WILLIS H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Paramecia, in a nearly defined axenic medium, require a specific fatty acid and a “protein” factor for growth and survival. The fatty acid requirement was readily satisfied by stearic acid or oleic acid. The saturated acids, arachidic (C20) and one preparation of palmitic (C16), had lower growth activity than did stearic acid. The unsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic (C16Δ9), linoleic (C18Δ9,12), linolenic (C18Δ9,12,15), and arachidonir (C20Δ5,8,11,14) and the saturated fatty acids of C14 through C6. myristic, lauric, capric, caprylic and caproic, were inactive. A few other fatty acid‐containing compounds. i.e., esters, were also tested for growth‐promoting activity, with concordant results.The “protein” factor has not been completely characterized; a nondialyzable protein‐containing fraction from yeast or crystalline ovalbumin provided it. Hydrolysis products of these substances were inactive. A possible role of the ovalbumin as a carrier for fatty acids is discussed.
Tetrahymena pyriformis, Strain HS: Micronucleate or Amicronucleate?
Authors: WELLS CAROLYN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Some cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain HS, are amicronucleate; other cultures bearing the same designation are micronucleate. Investigation in cooperation with several workers indicates that the amicronucleate HS cultures are the same as the original. To avoid further confusion, we suggest that micronucleate HS cultures be designated “HSM” in the future.
Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz) from Reptiles. 11. Physiology.*
Authors: LEE JOHN J. , PIERCE STANLEY 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Three strains of Hypotrichomonas acosta were isolated in axenic culture. Attempts to develop a defined medium directly from a defined medium suitable for Tetrahymena pyriformis were unsuccessful. Development of partly defined media by substitution for undefined materials in Diamond's medium were more successful. Horse serum was replaced by 1 mg. % TEM‐4T (a diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides from tallow) and 0.5 mg.% cholesterol. Yeast extract was replaced by a mixture of ribonucleotides. Inclusion of several additional components permitted reducing the Trypticase concentration from 2% to 0.25%.
The Pigment (hemozoin) and Proteins of the Avian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae.*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W. , HULL ROBERT W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The use of saponin hemolysis, buffer washings and deoxyribonuclease yields quantities of erythrocyte‐free plasmodia sufficiently pure for physico‐chemical studies. The pigment produced by Plasmodium lophurae, unlike the pigments of the simian and human malarias, is of such low solubility in buffer solutions that urea is necessary as an additive to the buffer for adequate solubilization. On the basis of spectral and electrophoretic qualities, the pigment is a protein‐porphyrin complex closely resembling methemoglobin but clearly distinct from hematin. Extraction of the pigment in solvents which degrade hemoglobin, e.g. phenol, 0.1 N NaOH, cannot be used to ascertain the properties of hemozoin, for the pigment in such solvents shows a spectrum identical to hemoglobin.The soluble parasite proteins which constitute approximately 55% of the totaI volume of the parasite as revealed by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis appear to be homogeneous. They show a marked similarity to the host hemoglobin, but differ sufficiently to verify their integrity and individuality.