bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The composition of fat from icterus swine
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Petheram Marjorie , Kraybill H. R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe fatty acid composition of depot fats from 18 “icterus swine” has been determined. These fats represented back, belly, and abdominal fats. Depot fats from comparable carcass locations in nine normal swine were examined in the same manner. The fatty acid composition of depot fats from “icterus swine” corresponds well with that from the same carcass location of normal swine. The yellow fat in “icterus swine” is believed to be due to bile pigments or similar substances deposited by the pig under the conditions of disease existing in the animal. This yellow fat (from diseased swine) differs from that observed by Beadle,et al. (1), in that it has an apparently normal linolenic acid content whereas they found an abnormal linolenic acid content which they ascribed to dietary effects.
Removal of fatty soil from glass. Electrolyte detergent‐builder effect
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Satanek J. , Harris J. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe mechanism of radio‐tagged tristearin removal from a glass substrate by sodium tripolyphosphate is primarily one of preferential displacement. Tristearin removal by STP appears to be a competition for primary polar adsorption sites: being the more polar, STP displaces the soil. Continuous soil films are more slowly removed than spotty soil films because initially fewer accessible adsorption sites are available for displacement attack by STP. It is believed that emulsification of these heavy films occurs initially by the ‘stripping” or preferential displacement by STP of the adsorbed monolayer at a site, followed by a rolling up of coherent soil along with the desorbed monolayer, resulting in a degree of emulsification.In addition to its sequestrant water‐softening action, previously considered its main function, and its detersive effectiveness, another very important feature has been discovered. Tripolyphosphate (and sequestrant type of anion) adsorbs on a glass surface and reduces the tenacity of subsequent fatty resoiling. This may account to a considerable degree for the demonstratedly high practical cleansing effectiveness of the compound.Adsorption of STP is not by a base exchange mechanism for quartz also displays the same effect as glass. It seems apprarent that the same type of adsorption sites exists on both glass and quartz surfaces though those on quartz suggest either a stronger adsorption of a higher energy level or a larger number of adsorption sites.These data demonstrate the relatively high detersive efficiency of the polyphosphates for this soil/substrate system. Sodium metasilicate and sodium carbonate fall considerably lower in soil‐removal value.
Direct extraction of jojoba seed
Authors: Spadaro J. J. , Eaves P. H. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryData for the application of the versatile filtration‐extraction process to jojoba seed on a bench‐scale has been presented. Based on experience with other oil‐seeds, there should be good correlation between the bench‐scale and its commercial application. Moisture contents of the material during cooking were optimum at 10 and 15%. Mass velocities in excess of 2,000 and extraction efficiencies of over 98% were obtained. These results are considered suitable for commercial application. Hexane is recommended over heptane as the extraction solvent. The use of uncooked flakes is not considered feasible for large‐scale application.
A simple method for evaluation of heat treatment of soybean meal
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Lindner C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA simple and rapid method for estimating protein solubility of soybean meals on the basis of changes in the refractive index of dilute sodium hydroxide solution extracts was tested and found to be highly correlated with the usual protein solubility test. The method was compared with fourin vitro tests of evaluating severity and adequacy of heating soybean meal. The value and inherent limitations of the various sereening methods were compared.
Analysis of fats and oils by gas‐liquid chromatography and by ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Authors: Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: June 2007

Summary
Known mixtures of pure fatty acid methyl esters and a number of fats and oils as their methyl esters have been analyzed by conventional GLC with thermal conductivity detectors.
Percentage of fatty acid distribution determined by GLC agreed well with known percentages in model mixtures and with analysis by the spectrophotometric method for fats and oils.
Determination of very small amounts of arachidonic and pentacnoic acids in lard by GLC was not successful.
The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalyst. IV. Pilot‐plant preparation of shortening stocks
Authors: Zajcew Mykola 
Published: June 2007

SummaryShortening stocks obtained in the pilot plant differ slightly from those obtained in the laboratory under nominally the same conditions. Pilot‐plant processing is easily controlled to give a commercially attractive shortening at a cost competitive with nickel. By repeated re‐use 1 g. of 5% palladium on earbon catalyst will hydrogenate about 18 kg. of oil to a satisfactory product, and 1 g. of 2% palladium on carbon catalyst about 11 kg. of oil.
Vinyl ketostearates. Preparation, properties, infrared spectra, and analysis of 4‐ and 12‐ketostearates
Authors: Calderon Roberto , Dupuy H. P. , McCall E. R. , O'Connor R. T. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryVinyl 12‐ketostearate and vinyl 4‐ketostearate were prepared by vinylating 12‐ketostearic and 4‐ketostearic acids, respectively, with vinyl acetate in the presence of a mercuric sulfate catalyst. The crude vinyl esters were purified by extracting the free fatty acids with dilute potassium carbonate, removing the mercury by distillation, and crystallizing successively from acetone and pertroleum ether.Infrared analyses revealed that lactonization occurred with the 4‐ketostearic acid during the hydrogenation of the oiticica oil and during the vinylation of the keto acid. Two γ‐lactones were produced. The γ‐lactone of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐octadecenoic acid was isolated in relatively pure form, and evidence was obtained for the concurrent formation of the less stable γ‐lactone of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐octadecenoic acid. The infrared spectra of the methyl keto esters, keto acids, vinyl keto esters, and the γ‐lactone of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐octadecenoic acid were determined in carbon tetrachloride solutions. It was found that the characteristic absorbances for the lactone‐carbonyl, ester‐carbonyl, ketonecarbonyl, and the vinyl group at about 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, and 6.1 microns, respectively, obey the Lambert‐Beer law over a wide range of concentrations.
The fatty acid composition of clothes soil
Authors: Powe W. C. , Marple W. L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryOrganic soil that had gradually accumulated on cotton garments and was unremovable by normal washing procedures was analyzed for free and combined fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography.The fatty acid composition of this material was similar to sebum and hair fat and was remarkably uniform although from several different sources and geographical locations. The predominant fatty acids were C15, C16, and C18 straight‐chain acids. More than 30% of the total fatty acid was palmitic acid. The amount of oleic acid was considerably less than is reported for hair and skin fat. No linoleic acid or linolenic acid was detected. The small amount of unsaturated acids is probably the result of their oxidation to polymers and other oxidation products. The amount of free fatty acids was very small because they were converted to insoluble heavy metal soaps. Most of the combined fatty acids were present as esters,i.e., triglycerides.
Analysis of surfactant mixtures
Authors: Weeks Lloyd E. , Lewis John T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA scheme has been presented for the separation of active ingredients from built detergent compositions and subsequent analysis of active components. Active components investigated are those commonly encountered in practice. Data obtained are in good agreement with expected values. The main difficulty encountered was the characterization of a fatty alcohol‐EO sulfate which gave higher than expected values for its analyzed content. It was also difficult completely to characterize this fatty alcohol‐EO sulfate.
Detoxification and deallergenization of castor beans
Authors: Gardner H. K. , D'Aquin E. L. , Koltun S. P. , McCourtney E. J. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryResults are reported of a series of experimental treatments of flaked castor bean meats and pomaces directed toward total detoxification of the ricin and total destruction or inactivation of the allergenic property.The treatments comprised cooking of the flaked raw meats or pomaces under various conditions of moisture and temperature, with chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, potassium permanganate, and urea, and with selected combinations of these. Also tried were aerobic fermentation, enzymatic digestion, and simple heating of pomaces at elevated temperatures.The five most promising deallergeuization treatments and the corresponding percentage reductions in allergen content as measured by the precipitin test were as follows: dry heating of pomace to 401°F., 100%; moist‐cooking of flaked meats with 2% NaOH and 10% HCHO, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 0.9% HCl and 3% HCHO, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 2% NaOH at 20 psig. pressure, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 1% NaOH, 98.4%. For the first four treatments the Schultz‐Dale test indicated possible reductions of 100, 99.9, 99.9, and 100%, respectively. While the latter method is generally considered to be reasonably accurate, final tests would have to be conducted with naturally sensitive human subjects.The data also showed that the ricin component can be completely detoxified by a mild moist‐cooking of the flaked meats, either with or without added alkali.
The formation of polarographically reducible substances in autoxidizing lard
Authors: Kuta E. J. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn a polarographic study of lard during the early stages of autoxidation at 55° and 100°C. three reduction potentials were observed, and curves were plotted from the diffusion current values at the corresponding half‐wave potential to show the changes in concentration of each of the reducible substances with time. All three curves followed the general pattern of the peroxide value, determined titrimetrically. However Curve A (E 1/2=−0.15 v.) reached a maximum much earlier than either Curve B (E 1/2=−0.68 v.) or Curve C (E 1/2=−1.10 v.). Pro‐oxidants steepened the curves; antioxidants introduced a lag phase. Although the relative heights shifted somewhat, three curves persisted under all conditions. It is concluded that autoxidizing lard contains at least three types of primary “peroxidic” compounds and that these are not changed qualitatively by the presence of prooxidants and antioxidants.
Substituted sulfonamides, ureas, and alkyl‐3‐nitrophthali‐mides as identification derivatives of pentyl‐, hexyl‐, heptyl‐, octyl‐, and decylamines
Authors: Sasin Richard , Longo Frederick R. , Carey Francis A. , Paulson Charles M. , Sasin George S. 
Published: June 2007

Summaryp‐Bromo‐,m‐nitro‐,p‐nitrobenzenesulfonamides,p‐toluenesulfonamides,p‐tolyl‐, anda‐naphthylureas, and 3‐nitrophthalimide derivatives of pentyl‐, hexyl‐, heptyl‐, octyl‐, and decylamines were prepared.m‐Nitrobenzenesulfonamides,p‐nitrobenzensulfonamides, andp‐tolylureas appear to be the most satisfactory derivatives for the identification of these amines.
Tempeh oil‐antioxidant(?)
Authors: Stahl H. D. , Sims R. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious workers have claimed that tempeh oil contains a potent fat antioxidant. These claims were based solely on measurements of peroxide value during accelerated storage of tempeh oil alone or as an additive to other unsaturated oils. Oxygen absorption rate measurements indicate that tempeh oil actually has weak prooxidant activity. Fermentation of soybeans to produce tempeh generates high levels of free fatty acids. FFA promote rapid decomposition of peroxides so that the levels in the oil never increase substantially during oxidation. Consequently, PV is a poor index of oxidation rate in oils which are high in FFA. Our experience with tempeh oil does not confirm earlier observations of its efficacy as an antioxidant.
Solubilities of five triglycerides in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Roy Choudhury R. Basu , Guzman Alberto 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe solubilities of trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein in 90, 95.4, 98, and 100% ethanol between 40C and 90C were determined. The data were compared with data calculated by the ideal solution law.
Colorimetric and potentiometric determination of acid numbers of vegetable and marine oils
Authors: Ames Stanley R. , Licata S. B. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA discussion is presented of present official methods of determining the acid number of oils. A colorimetric method is presented for the determination of acid numbers of marine and vegetable oils and related products. It involves the use of alcoholic KOH, phenolphthalein, and a titration solvent consisting of 49.5% anhydrous isopropanol. 50% benzene, and 0.5% water. Most oils are completely soluble in the titration solvent, thus avoiding the disadvantages of two phase systems and of heating the oil. It compares satisfactorily with present official methods.A potentiometric method which is at present an A.S.T.M. Standard Method for petroleum products is discussed. It has proved to be satisfactory for use with marine and vegetable oils.A close correspondence has been shown with a number of different oils between acid numbers obtained colorimetrically and potentiometrically. This makes it possible to compare directly results obtained by the two methods.
Identification and estimation of LAS in waters and effluents
Authors: Swisher R. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe detergent industry of the United States has replaced alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) derived from tetrapropylene by linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) in its formulations in an effort to eliminate waste surfactants from the nation's pollution load. The effectiveness of this move will be assessed by the monitoring of sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters by numerous agencies during the next several years. Most of the analytical methods available respond to a whole range of surfactants and are not specific for LAS. This deficiency can be avoided by use of the desulfonation‐gas chromatography technique, which gives unequivocal proof of the presence or absence of LAS and is readily applicable at the range of interest in the neighborhood of one part per million. Examples are given of examination of various samples for presence and semiquantitative estimation of LAS. A simple procedure is described for prepurification and separation of anionic surfactants from other components of the sample.
Sterol content of some plant oils; Further observations on fast‐reacting sterols
Authors: Norcia L. N. , Rosenthal Barbara E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTotal and free sterols were measured by a modified Sperry‐Webb procedure in raw and refined corn, cottonseed, safflower seed, linseed, soybean and wheat germ oils. Wheat germ and safflower seed oil sterols were relatively rich in fastreacting sterols, which predominated in the sterol ester fraction. Photometric constants following color reaction were obtained for cholesterol and plant sterols and applied to a procedure for analysis of cholesterol and plant sterols in mixtures thereof.
Titration of long‐chain quaternary ammonium compounds using tetraphenylboron
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. , Martin R. J. , Schmitz A. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA rapid macro procedure for the determination of long‐chain quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) has been developed using sodium tetraphenylboron as a titrant. About 1舑1.5 meq of QAC is dissolved or dispersed in 50 ml of water. Dichlorofluorescein is added as an indicator. The sample is then titrated with 0.06 N aqueous sodium tetraphenylboron. As long as free QAC is present the mixture will be pink. When the tetraphenylboron has reacted with all of the QAC, the indicator becomes yellow. The procedure has been used routinely to analyze both pure and commercial QAC with good results. The possible interferences include amine salts and potassium ion. The amine salt interference may be easily corrected or eliminated by changing the pH. The method has also been applied to the determination of a variety of quaternary ammonium salts having anions other than halides.
The role of safflower oil in edible oil applications
Authors: Blum John E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSafflower oil has been used as an edible oil in numerous countries for many years. In the US, commercial use of safflower oil as an edible product was noted in the 1950's and the use continues at progressively higher levels each year.One use of safflower oil in 舠dressing舡 type products is related to the natural cold resistance of the oil. Other applications include oil, margarine and some imitation dairy products. Additional development work has been done on other food products so that the scope of usage could be broadened if there should be increased demands for safflower oil.The susceptibility of safflower oil to oxidation has been minimized by improved processing and packaging.Further use of safflower oil appears to be dependent upon availability, pricing, good cold resistance and the role of polyunsaturates in the diet.
A procedure for the determination of total unsaturation in the products ofin vitro oxidation of fatty acids in biological systems
Authors: Mukherjee S. 
Published: June 2007

Summary
The unsaturation produced during the biological oxidation of fatty acidsin vitro can be determined by use of a hypochlorous acid reagent, which readily adds at the double bond of the system as follows:
urn:x-wiley:0003021X:equation:aocs0097-math-0001

The addition is quantitative and complete within 10 minutes. The use of 15‐minute reaction time at 37°C. is recommended.
The method can be employed for the semi‐micro estimation of unsaturated acids.
There is no chance of substitution and hence prolonged reaction times are without any influence.
The results are affected by the presence of ketone bodies, but beta‐hydroxy acids cause no interference with the estimation.
The method has been successfully extended for the estimation of total unsaturation of oils and fats, which will form the subject matter of a future communication.
Detergency evaluation. III. Adjustment of Terg‐O‐Tometer and launderometer wash test methods to produce comparable soil removal data
Authors: Harris Jay C. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsIt was demonstrated that the average soil removal values for the four 10‐minute wash Launderometer method could probably be essentially duplicated by a single 3‐minute Terg‐O‐Tometer wash and one 2‐minute rinse. The 3‐minute Terg‐O‐Tometer method did not result in the same comparative rating of four detergents, but a series of tests with several other detergents using a 5‐minute wash and a 5‐minute rinse (using for comparison purposes a standard detergent) resulted in quite effective ratings. Of 13 detergents tested over a period of time, the two test methods provided soil removal values identical within a 95% confidence limit.These data indicate that a satisfactory technique can be developed using the Terg‐O‐Tometer, which would provide soil removal values and ratings of detergents closely paralleling the results obtained by the Launderometer multiple‐wash method.
Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism with calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in Korean postmenopausal women with low calcium intake
Authors: Kim Hee-Seon , Kim Ji-Sun , Kim Nam Soo , Ho Kim Jin , Lee Byung-Kook 
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the associations among vitamin D receptor (VDR)BsmI polymorphism, calcium intake and bone strength as indicated by the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) measured by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound at the left calcaneus in community-dwelling subjects with a low calcium intake. The VDRBsmI polymorphism was analysed in 335 women older than 65 years residing in rural Asan, Korea. Calcium intake was assessed with a 2 d, 24 h recall method. The distribution of genotypes was similar to that reported in other Asian populations (92 % bb, 7 % Bb and 1 % BB). The calcaneal BUA was significantly higher (P = 0·013) in the bb genotype than in the Bb or BB genotype (Bb and BB genotypes were combined due to the small number of BB subjects) in a multiple regression model after adjusting for age, body weight, height, physical activity and nutritional factors. BUA was not significantly affected by the calcium intake regardless of the genotype, cross-sectionally. The energy-adjusted average calcium intake of this population was 439·6 mg/d (432·5 mg/d for bb and 522·3 mg/d for Bb or BB), and 96 % of the subjects had dietary intakes that were less than the recommended Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (which for calcium is 800 mg/d for women older than 65 years). In summary, the BUA in older Korean women with a low calcium intake was significantly influenced by the VDR genotype but not by the calcium intake, cross-sectionally.
AdviserNet and Adviceguide
Authors: Storey Paulette 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article by Paulette Storey describes the sources of information produced by the central Information Department of Citizens Advice. They are available to advisers, many of them volunteers, working in the various local bureaux across the country and dealing face-to-face and on the phone, with a huge variety of enquiries. Paulette explains how the databases are structured, their content and how the information within them is written and obtained.
A Checklist When Considering Consolidation of Subscriptions
Authors: Mullan James , Ireland Claire 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the latest article in our Checklist series, James Mullan and Claire Ireland of CMS Cameron McKenna provide an extremely practical and useful guide to the process of moving the administration of all aspects, including circulation systems, of the acquisition of journals, loose-leafs and other periodical publications to a subscription agent. They consider the advantages and disadvantages and point out potential pitfalls.