bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism in 42 dogs
Authors: Melián C. , Peterson M. E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTHypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 42 dogs over a two‐and‐a‐half‐year period. The disease occurred more commonly in young to middle‐aged dogs, with a female:male ratio of 2:1. Most dogs had chronic intermittent signs (eg, poor appetite, lethargy and vomiting), but more than a third were in acute adrenal crisis at the time of diagnosis. Serum biochemical testing revealed azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyper‐kalaemia and hyponatraemia in almost all the dogs. In all dogs, results of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing revealed a low to low‐normal serum baseline Cortisol concentration that failed to increase after ACTH administration. In two dogs with persistently normal serum electrolytes concentration, one had a markedly high plasma ACTH concentration diagnostic for primary hypoadrenocorticism, whereas the other had a low concentration confirming secondary hypoadrenocorticism. Fludrocortisone acetate was initially used for mineralocorticoid replacement in 33 of the 37 treated dogs withprimary hypoadrenocorticism (final median dosage, 27‐0 μg/kg/day), but supplementation was changed to desoxycorticos‐terone pivalate (DOCP) in four dogs because of poor response or adverse effects. Seven dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism were treated with DOCP (final median dosage, 2‐02 mg/kg/month). Prednisone, initially administered to 36 dogs, was discontinued in 11 dogs because of side effects. Of the dogs treated with fludrocortisone, the response was considered good to excellent in 26 dogs (78.8 per cent), fair in three, and poor in four. All dogs treated with DOCP responded well.
Laboratory diagnosis of insulinoma in the dog: A retrospective study and a new diagnostic procedure
Authors: Siliart B. , Stambouli F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSimultaneous insulin and glucose measurements from a single sample are often insufficient for the laboratory diagnosis of insulinoma in the hypoglycaemic dog. Although the simple insulin ((xU/litre): glucose (mmol/litre) ratio is best, when the selected threshold is set at 13‐5, it is not always efficient to confirm or refute insulinoma. The fasting test consists of collecting four samples on a given day (no accurate time period is set between any two samples) from a fasting dog for simultaneous insulin and glucose measurements to detect at least one abnormal insulinaemia peak.
Tolfenamic acid in the control of ocular inflammation in the dog: Pharmacokinetics and clinical results obtained in an experimental model
Authors: Roze M. , Thomas E. , Davot J. L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTolfenamic acid (TA) was tested in two studies to investigate its value in controlling ocular inflammation in the dog. First, TA was assayed within primary and secondary aqueous humour (AH) and in plasma 0, 4 and 24 hours after a 4 mg/kg subcutaneous injection. Secondly, an experimental ocular surgery model was set up in 10 dogs ‐ five receiving TA two hours before surgery and five left untreated. TA was shown to diffuse into AH, reaching lower levels than in plasma: 1:126 ratio in primary AH and 1:43 in secondary AH. In the model, TA‐treated dogs versus untreated dogs showed a significant reduction of miosis (P< 0–05) and a clear trend to a reduced ocular discharge and corneal oedema (P=0–06). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels increased significantly less in AH after TA treatment (P<0–05). These results show that TA, even if the whole concentration measured in AH is lower than in plasma, is able to limit the synthesis of the inflammatory mediator PGE2 in AH and to control ocular inflammatory symptoms induced by corneal surgery.
Imprint and brush cytology in the diagnosis of canine intranasal tumours
Authors: Clercx C. , Wallon J. , Gilbert S. , Snapst F. , Coignoul F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFifty‐four dogs with nasal tumours were included in this study. Based on histopathology, 52 tumours were malignant (36 epithelial and 16 mesenchymal) and two were benign (one oncocytoma and one pleiomorphic adenoma). Malignancy was significantly more frequently diagnosed by imprint cytology (81 per cent of the cases) than by brush cytology (56 per cent). Brush cytology was a significantly more sensitive technique in epithelial than in mesenchymal tumours, while the sensitivity of imprint cytology was not affected by the histological type. Brush cytology determined an epithelial origin in 88 per cent of epithelial tumours, and imprint cytology in 90 per cent. In mesenchymal tumours, the scores were significantly lower, the histological type being determined in only 20 per cent and 50 per cent, using brush and imprint cytology, respectively.
Horner's syndrome and ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia in three cats
Authors: Holland C. T. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTHorner's syndrome is described in three cats associated with wounds to the ventrolateral neck. In each case, ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia was observed on laryngoscopy. This finding provided strong evidence to support a diagnosis of second order Horner's syndrome due to disruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk, as motor fibres innervating laryngeal abductors also traverse the neck; both as descending fibres within the contiguous cervical vagus and as ascending fibres within the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Notably, the ability to vocalise was unimpaired in all cases and, in two cats, neck wounds were not apparent until the neck had been clipped and closely examined. These findings indicate that assessment of laryngeal function is of value when localising the site of the neural defect responsible for selected cases of second order Horner's syndrome.
Relationship between physiological factors and clinical pain in dogs scored using a numerical rating scale
Authors: Holton L. L. , Scott E. M. , Nolan A. M. , Reid J. , Welsh E. 
Published: April 2008

A study was designed to investigate the association between heart rate, respiratory rate and pupil dilation and a subjective pain score allocated using a numerical rating scale (NRS). Four groups of dogs (n = 17 to 20 per group) were included: orthopaedic surgery cases, soft tissue surgery cases, dogs with medical conditions and healthy dogs. Each dog was examined by five veterinary surgeons within a four‐hour period. When examining each dog, the observers recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil dilation (present or absent) and a pain score using a NRS (range 0 to 10). For surgical cases, all study assessments were carried out between 21 and 27 hours following the end of surgery. The correlation coefficients between physiological parameters and NRS score were small but, depending on the analysis, were significant for heart rate and NRS score (P < 0·05). However, the size of the coefficient, 0·168, indicated that the relationship was not biologically significant. There was no association between respiratory rate and NRS score. Analysis of the relationship between NRS score and pupil dilation indicated that there was an association between this factor and pain, depending on the analysis. This was significant for the surgical groups (P < 0·05) but not for the other groups.These findings indicate that heart rate and respiratory rate are not useful indicators of pain in hospitalised dogs. It is also unlikely that pupil dilation will be a useful tool in the assessment of pain.
On the Physics of Heat Transfer and Aerodynamic Behavior of Separated Flow Along a Highly Loaded Low Pressure Turbine Blade Under Periodic Unsteady Wake Flow and Varying of Turbulence Intensity
Authors: Schobeiri M. T. , Öztürk B. , Kegalj M. , Bensing D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper attempts to provide a detailed insight into the heat transfer and aerodynamic behavior of a separation zone that is generated as a result of boundary layer development along the suction surface of a highly loaded low pressure turbine blade. This paper experimentally investigates the individual and combined effects of periodic unsteady wake flows and freestream turbulence intensity (Tu) on heat transfer and aerodynamic behavior of the separation zone. Heat transfer experiments were carried out at Reynolds numbers of 110,000, 150,000, and 250,000 based on the suction surface length and the cascade exit velocity. Aerodynamic experiments were performed at Re=110,000. For the above Re numbers, the experimental matrix includes Tu’s of 1.9%, 3.0%, 8.0%, and 13.0% and three different unsteady wake frequencies with the steady inlet flow as the reference configuration. Detailed heat transfer and boundary layer measurements are performed with particular attention paid to the heat transfer and aerodynamic behavior of the separation zone at different Tu’s at steady and periodic unsteady flow conditions. The objectives of the research are (a) to quantify the effect of Tu on the aerothermal behavior of the separation bubble at steady inlet flow conditions, (b) to investigate the combined effects of Tu and the unsteady wake flow on the aerothermal behavior of the separation bubble, and (c) to provide a complete set of heat transfer and aerodynamic data for numerical simulation that incorporates Navier–Stokes and energy equations. The experimental investigations were performed in a large-scale, subsonic, unsteady turbine cascade research facility at the Turbomachinery Performance and Flow Research Laboratory of Texas A&M University.
LruA and LruB Antibodies in Sera of Humans with Leptospiral Uveitis
Authors: Verma Ashutosh , Rathinam S. R. , Priya C. Gowri , Muthukkaruppan V. R. , Stevenson Brian , Timoney John F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Uveitis can be a serious complication of leptospirosis. Previous studies indicated that the leptospiral lipoproteins LruA and LruB are expressed in the eyes of uveitic horses and that antibodies directed against those proteins show in vitro cross-reactivity with components of equine lens, ciliary body, and/or retina. We now demonstrate that sera from a significant proportion of humans who have leptospiral uveitis also contain antibodies against LruA and LruB. Different categories of nonleptospiral uveitis and autoimmune uveitis were also screened; patients diagnosed with Fuchs uveitis or Behçet's syndrome produced antibodies that cross-reacted with LruA and LruB, suggesting similarities of the autoimmune responses in those diseases with those of leptospiral uveitis.
Dendritic Cells Differentiated in the Presence of a Single-Stranded Viral RNA Sequence Conserve Their Ability To Activate CD4 T Lymphocytes but Lose Their Capacity for Th1 Polarization
Authors: Marin-Esteban Viviana , Abdul Mubashira , Charron Dominique , Haziot Alain , Mooney Nuala 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) differentiate in the presence of Toll-like-receptor (TLR) ligands in the course of ongoing infections. A single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) sequence, corresponding to the sequence of the U5 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA, was used to mimic viral activation of TLR7 in human DCs. We determined the effector potential of DCs differentiated in the presence of this ssRNA molecule (ssRNA-DCs). ssRNA-DCs phenotypically resembled mature DCs. In contrast, their capacity to allostimulate naive CD4
+
T cells resembled that of conventional immature DCs and could be increased by TLR4 stimulation. Th1 polarization of CD4
+
T cells and production of interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70) by ssRNA-DCs were selectively abrogated in response to a late TLR4, but not in response to a CD40, maturation signal. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase partially restored IL-12p70 secretion but did not restore Th1 polarization, whereas addition of exogenous IL-12 led to recovery of Th1 polarization. In contrast to lipopolysaccharide, ssRNA induced IL-12p70 production at the very earliest stages of DC differentiation, indicating a particular role for TLR7 in monocyte-derived DCs recently engaged in differentiation. These data demonstrate generation of phenotypically mature DCs with the ability to expand CD4
+
T lymphocytes lacking Th1/2-polarizing capacity.
Association of Strong Immune Responses to PPE Protein Rv1168c with Active Tuberculosis
Authors: Khan Nooruddin , Alam Kaiser , Nair Shiny , Valluri Vijaya Lakshmi , Murthy Kolluri J. R. , Mukhopadhyay Sangita 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection is critical for the treatment, prevention, and control of TB. Conventional diagnostic tests based on purified protein derivative (PPD) do not achieve the required diagnostic sensitivity. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated the immunogenic properties of Rv1168c, a member of the PPE family, in comparison with PPD, which is routinely used in the tuberculin test, and Hsp60 and ESAT-6, well-known immunodominant antigens of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. In a conventional enzyme immunoassay, the recombinant Rv1168c protein displayed stronger immunoreactivity against the sera obtained from patients with clinically active TB than did PPD, Hsp60, or ESAT-6 and could distinguish TB patients from
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG-vaccinated controls. Interestingly, Rv1168c antigen permits diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary TB as well as extrapulmonary TB cases, which are often difficult to diagnose by conventional tests. The immunodominant nature of Rv1168c makes it a promising candidate to use in serodiagnosis of TB. In addition, our studies also show that Rv1168c is a potent T-cell antigen which elicits a strong gamma interferon response in sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from TB patients.
In Vitro Replication of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Authors: Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Bleymehl Karoline , Rabenau Holger F. , Ulrich Rainer G. , Cinatl Jindrich , Doerr Hans Wilhelm 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Here we describe for the first time the productive in vitro infection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), resulting in a typical cytopathic effect (CPE) that is characterized by enlarged cells with increased granularity. Depending on the CPE dissemination, high titers of up to 1.6 × 10
6
PFU of cell-free and cryostable VZV/ml can be recovered.
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Multiplex PCR Technology for Molecular Differential Detection of Bacterial Respiratory Disease Pathogens
Authors: Benson Robert , Tondella Maria L. , Bhatnagar Julu , Carvalho Maria da Glória S. , Sampson Jacquelyn S. , Talkington Deborah F. , Whitney Anne M. , Mothershed Elizabeth , McGee Lesley , Carlone George , McClee Vondguraus , Guarner Jeannette , Zaki Sherif , Dejsiri Surang , Cronin K. , Han Jian , Fields Barry S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
The ResPlex I assay (Qiagen) was designed to amplify and detect DNA of six bacterial respiratory pathogens. This assay was compared with real-time PCR assays based upon the same target sequences for the ability detect the target bacteria by use of both stock strains and specimens from respiratory disease patients. The ResPlex I assay is somewhat less sensitive than real-time PCR assays but offers the advantage of multiple assays in a single reaction.
Comparison of Sensitivities of Two Commercial Gamma Interferon Release Assays for Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Chee Cynthia B. E. , Gan Suay H. , KhinMar Kyi W. , Barkham Timothy M. , Koh Chwee K. , Liang Shen , Wang Yee T. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

There are few head-to-head comparisons of the commercial gamma interferon release assays (GIRAs). We compared the performance of the T-SPOT.
TB
and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) assays in patients with culture-proven pulmonary tuberculosis. Blood was drawn for both assays within 14 days of starting antituberculosis treatment. The QFT-IT indeterminate rate was 3.5%; the T-SPOT.
TB
failure rate was 1.4%. There was poor agreement between the GIRAs (κ = 0.257) among the 270 patients with valid results for both tests. The sensitivities of the T-SPOT.
TB
and QFT-IT assays were 94.1 and 83.0%, respectively, with a significant difference in the performance of the assays (
P
= 0.001 [McNemar test]). Factors independently associated with indeterminate QFT-IT results were an age of ≥60 years (odds ratio [OR] 11.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.841 to 67.823,
P
= 0.009), female sex (OR = 7.47, 95% CI = 1.517 to 36.733,
P
= 0.013) and non-Chinese (i.e., Indian or Malay) race (OR = 7.89, 95% CI = 1.585 to 39.267,
P
= 0.012). The QFT-IT assay was significantly less sensitive in patients ≥60 years old (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.181 to 0.918,
P
= 0.030) and in Indian compared to Chinese patients (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.073 to 0.990,
P
= 0.048). The T-SPOT.
TB
assay was significantly less sensitive in Malay (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.063 to 0.815,
P
= 0.023) and Indian patients (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.017 to 0.429,
P
= 0.003) compared to Chinese patients. The performance of both assays was not significantly altered in diabetics. The diminished sensitivity of the GIRAs in persons of Malay and Indian race merits further study.
Critical Role of Conserved Hydrophobic Residues within the Major Homology Region in Mature Retroviral Capsid Assembly
Authors: Purdy John G. , Flanagan John M. , Ropson Ira J. , Rennoll-Bankert Kristen E. , Craven Rebecca C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
During retroviral maturation, the CA protein undergoes dramatic structural changes and establishes unique intermolecular interfaces in the mature capsid shell that are different from those that existed in the immature precursor. The most conserved region of CA, the major homology region (MHR), has been implicated in both immature and mature assembly, although the precise contribution of the MHR residues to each event has been largely undefined. To test the roles of specific MHR residues in mature capsid assembly, an in vitro system was developed that allowed for the first-time formation of Rous sarcoma virus CA into structures resembling authentic capsids. The ability of CA to assemble organized structures was destroyed by substitutions of two conserved hydrophobic MHR residues and restored by second-site suppressors, demonstrating that these MHR residues are required for the proper assembly of mature capsids in addition to any role that these amino acids may play in immature particle assembly. The defect caused by the MHR mutations was identified as an early step in the capsid assembly process. The results provide strong evidence for a model in which the hydrophobic residues of the MHR control a conformational reorganization of CA that is needed to initiate capsid assembly and suggest that the formation of an interdomain interaction occurs early during maturation.
Replication in a Superficial Epithelial Cell Niche Explains the Lack of Pathogenicity of Primate Foamy Virus Infections
Authors: Murray Shannon M. , Picker Louis J. , Axthelm Michael K. , Hudkins Kelly , Alpers Charles E. , Linial Maxine L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Foamy viruses (FVs) are ancient retroviruses that are ubiquitous in nonhuman primates (NHPs). While FVs share many features with pathogenic retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, FV infections of their primate hosts have no apparent pathological consequences. Paradoxically, FV infections of many cell types in vitro are rapidly cytopathic. Previous work has shown that low levels of proviral DNA are found in most tissues of naturally infected rhesus macaques, but these proviruses are primarily latent. In contrast, viral RNA, indicative of viral replication, is restricted to tissues of the oral mucosa, where it is abundant. Here, we perform in situ hybridization on tissues from rhesus macaques naturally infected with simian FV (SFV). We show that superficial differentiated epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, many of which appear to be shedding from the tissue, are the major cell type in which SFV replicates. Thus, the innocuous nature of SFV infection can be explained by replication that is limited to differentiated superficial cells that are short-lived and shed into saliva. This finding can also explain the highly efficient transmission of FVs among NHPs.
Poly(rC) Binding Proteins and the 5′ Cloverleaf of Uncapped Poliovirus mRNA Function during De Novo Assembly of Polysomes
Authors: Kempf Brian J. , Barton David J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPoliovirus (PV) mRNA is unusual because it possesses a 5′-terminal monophosphate rather than a 5′-terminal cap. Uncapped mRNAs are typically degraded by the 5′ exonuclease XRN1. A 5′-terminal cloverleaf RNA structure interacts with poly(rC) binding proteins (PCBPs) to protect uncapped PV mRNA from 5′ exonuclease (K. E. Murray, A. W. Roberts, and D. J. Barton, RNA 7:1126-1141, 2001). In this study, we examined de novo polysome formation using HeLa cell-free translation-replication reactions. PV mRNA formed polysomes coordinate with the time needed for ribosomes to traverse the viral open reading frame (ORF). Nascent PV polypeptides cofractionated with viral polysomes, while mature PV proteins were released from the polysomes. Alterations in the size of the PV ORF correlated with alterations in the size of polysomes with ribosomes present every 250 to 500 nucleotides of the ORF. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI) was cleaved rapidly as viral polysomes assembled and the COOH-terminal portion of eIF4GI cofractionated with viral polysomes. Poly(A) binding protein, along with PCBP 1 and 2, also cofractionated with viral polysomes. A C24A mutation that inhibits PCBP-5′-terminal cloverleaf RNA interactions inhibited the formation and stability of nascent PV polysomes. Kinetic analyses indicated that the PCBP-5′ cloverleaf RNA interaction was necessary to protect PV mRNA from 5′ exonuclease immediately as ribosomes initially traversed the viral ORF, before viral proteins could alter translation factors within nascent polysomes or contribute to ribonucleoprotein complexes at the termini of the viral mRNA.
Ninety-Nine Is Not Enough: Molecular Characterization of Inhibitor-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Mutants with Insertions in the Flap Region
Authors: Kožíšek Milan , Šašková Klára Grantz , Řezáčová Pavlína , Brynda Jiří , van Maarseveen Noortje M. , De Jong Dorien , Boucher Charles A. , Kagan Ron M. , Nijhuis Monique , Konvalinka Jan 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTWhile the selection of amino acid insertions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) is a known mechanism of resistance against RT inhibitors, very few reports on the selection of insertions in the protease (PR) coding region have been published. It is still unclear whether these insertions impact protease inhibitor (PI) resistance and/or viral replication capacity. We show that the prevalence of insertions, especially between amino acids 30 to 41 of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) PR, has increased in recent years. We identified amino acid insertions at positions 33 and 35 of the PR of HIV-1-infected patients who had undergone prolonged treatment with PIs, and we characterized the contribution of these insertions to viral resistance. We prepared the corresponding mutated, recombinant PR variants with or without insertions at positions 33 and 35 and characterized them in terms of enzyme kinetics and crystal structures. We also engineered the corresponding recombinant viruses and analyzed the PR susceptibility and replication capacity by recombinant virus assay. Both in vitro methods confirmed that the amino acid insertions at positions 33 and 35 contribute to the viral resistance to most of the tested PIs. The structural analysis revealed local structural rearrangements in the flap region and in the substrate binding pockets. The enlargement of the PR substrate binding site together with impaired flap dynamics could account for the weaker inhibitor binding by the insertion mutants. Amino acid insertions in the vicinity of the binding cleft therefore represent a novel mechanism of HIV resistance development.