bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermatoses Induced by Illicit Drugs
Authors: Bewley Anthony , Assalman Iyas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Illicit or recreational drugs may lead to specific dermatological diseases, or may lead to exacerbation of chronic dermatological disease. Dermatology health care professionals are not yet routinely asking patients about the use of recreational drugs, although questioning about the use of alcohol and smoking history is routinely taught to medical students and other undergraduates. Recreational drugs may be prohibited in some cultures and societies, but this does not mean that they are not available or used. For many countries, it is important for dermatology health care professionals to be familiar with the use/type/consequences of illicit drug usage, and to be unafraid of asking patients directly and routinely about their use. Where there are socio‐legal implications of admitting to the use of recreational drugs (particularly if there is a risk of severe punishment for the use of illicit drugs), a careful but sympathetic approach may be necessary.
Pressure Injury and Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Haesler Emily , Kottner Jan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Pressure ulcers are defects of the skin and/or underlying tissues that occur because of pressure or pressure in combination with shear. Pressure ulcers occur due to prolonged exposure to mechanical load that increases internal stresses and strains. Some individuals are at increased risk of developing a pressure ulcer, particularly those who are immobile. Identifying those at risk and implementing preventive strategies that address these risks are an imperative. When a pressure ulcer occurs, accurate assessment of the extent of skin and underlying tissue damage and the clinical condition of the ulcer assists in selection of appropriate wound treatments. This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pressure ulcers, their classification and assessment, and strategies that are used in their prevention and treatment.
Occupational Dermatology
Authors: White Jonathan M. L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The evaluation of occupational skin disease requires a thorough history, examination, specific tests and sometimes a site visit. Irritant contact dermatitis is by far the commonest diagnosis, although allergy, infections, cancers and other conditions are not infrequent. Allergy tests should only be performed by someone with adequate experience of occupational dermatology. Some occupations are at high risk (e.g. hairdressers and health care workers), but any occupation may cause skin disease.
Stings and Bites
Authors: Siller Alfredo , Miller Austinn C. , Tyring Stephen K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Stings and bites serve as a natural form of defense for aquatic and terrestial life. These defenses have garnered recognition and respect from the medical community as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Envenomation or infection are often the result of close encounters with wildlife and at times can be life‐threatening. Therefore, medical providers should be aware of their variable clinical presentations and the available treatment options or lack thereof. In this chapter we discuss the clinical manifestations and management options for stings and bites from a diverse group of marine and terrestial species.
Benign Melanocytic Proliferations and Melanocytic Naevi
Authors: Stefanaki Irene , Sgouros Dimitris , Stratigos Alexander 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Benign cutaneous melanocytic proliferations are by far the most common neoplasms in humans. Although benign, they often concern the patient due to aesthetic reasons or their association with other medical conditions. For dermatologists, melanocytic naevi are generally considered risk factors and occasionally simulants of melanoma, posing significant diagnostic and management issues in clinical practice. This chapter describes in a comprehensive way the spectrum of benign melanocytic lesions, their divergent clinical presentation and dermoscopic features, the underlying pathogenetic pathways, their histological features, their association with other diseases – particularly melanoma – and their current management.
Soft‐Tissue Tumours and Tumour‐Like Conditions
Authors: Calonje Eduardo , Marušić Zlatko 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Cutaneous soft tissue tumours and tumour‐like conditions are clinically non‐specific for the most part. However, the broad range of pathological entities, their diverse malignant potential and occasional association with other systemic conditions or inherited tumour syndromes necessitate a proper understanding of soft tissue tumour classification for the clinical dermatologist. This chapter aims to provide the most important clinical, histological and genetic features for selected, most important soft tissue tumours and tumour‐like conditions.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Precursors
Authors: Gupta Girish , Dirschka Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second commonest skin cancer and arises from epidermal keratinocytes or its appendages. The incidence of SCC has increased over the last five decades and is predicted to rise significantly over the next decade. SCC is predominantly a disease of white populations and is especially prevalent in this group in areas of high ambient sun exposure. Predisposing factors include male sex, immune suppression (particularly in those who are organ transplant recipients), sun exposure and advanced age. Precursor lesions such as actinic keratosis and Bowen disease may often be present and patients are more susceptible to developing other UV radiation‐induced skin cancers. SCC has a low rate of metastasis but this increases with SCCs displaying high‐risk features. All SCCs should undergo full clinicopathological correlation and high‐risk SCCs should be managed within a multidisciplinary setting with adequate tumour clearance as the main outcome.
Melanoma Clinicopathology
Authors: Grob Jean Jacques , Gaudy‐Marqueste Caroline 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Molecular studies and epidemiological observation suggest that there are different melanoma subtypes with different biological aggressiveness, kinetics and prognosis. The incidence of melanoma is still rising, despite sun prevention campaigns. Although sun exposure is considered as the main risk factor, interference with genetics may play the leading role, not only in familial forms, but also in apparently sporadic cases which probably result from a chance combination of many low susceptibility genes. Mortality at best plateaus, despite earlier detection in the high‐risk population under dermatological surveillance. Indeed, most aggressive melanomas may develop out of this population, suggesting that education in self‐detection should target the whole community. Melanoma detection remains a clinical challenge based on cognitive, comparative and dynamic recognition. Artificial intelligence may contribute to improving efficiency of the whole screening process by providing tools for self‐detection, augmenting the performance of primary care clinicians, or even the automation of mass screening.
The Skin and Disorders of the Digestive System
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on bowel, hepatic and pancreatic diseases in which cutaneous signs or symptoms are prominent, but also discusses situations either where the skin and the digestive system are affected by the same disease process or where a skin disease itself has an effect on the latter one. Special attention is paid to cutaneous involvement in inflammatory bowel disease and skin signs of liver disease.
The Skin and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Lovell Christopher R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Combined dermatology/rheumatology clinics are valuable for patients with complex disease. Direct questioning about musculoskeletal symptoms should complement a dermatological and occupational history. Musculoskeletal examination includes posture and gait, localisation of pain, the presence and pattern of joint swelling, deformity or restricted movement, and muscle wasting or weakness. Specific patterns of skin and joint involvement are seen in infective arthropathies, including the acute spondylarthritis that may follow a genitourinary or gastrointestinal infection. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the skin in several ways including subcutaneous nodules, vasculitis, neutrophilic dermatosis and leg ulceration. Metabolic disorders, including alkaptonuria and tophaceous gout, affect both skin and joints. Autoinflammatory disorders may be hereditary or acquired (including acne and hidradenitis suppurativa). Relapsing polychondritis presents as recurrent chondritis of the pinnae, nasal cartilage or respiratory tract, eye inflammation and a seronegative inflammatory arthritis. Skin reactions to antirheumatic drugs are common and may be severe, e.g. DRESS, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Skin Ageing
Authors: Pedersen Elisabeth A. , Fisher Gary J. , Voorhees John J. , Sachs Dana L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Skin ageing is an inevitable phenomenon with several characteristic manifestations. The genetic, molecular, and cellular factors that contribute to aged skin are becoming increasingly understood. As our knowledge of how skin ages advances, the potential therapeutic opportunities for skin rejuvenation are similarly increased and improved. In this chapter, the process of skin ageing based on both intrinsic factors and extrinsic influences across the spectrum of skin types is discussed. The biological mechanisms that contribute to these phenomena are further discussed, as well as the progress and opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Lasers and Energy‐based Devices
Authors: Saedi Nazanin , Zachary Christopher B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Patients are best treated by laser and device specialists who understand skin and skin ageing, who are well trained and experienced, and whose motivation is totally focused on what is good for the patient. Everything else is secondary. Specific training is required to build upon the practitioner’s basic knowledge about device–tissue interaction. Fractionated ablative and non‐ablative lasers have revolutionised the way in which we can improve the appearance of ageing and scarred skin. They can also dramatically improve drug delivery for local or systemic benefit. Fat can be selectively reduced by non‐invasive techniques of bulk cooling or bulk heating. Focused ultrasound can now to be used to tighten skin, although without a surgical degree of benefit. Melasma, long the bête noire of aesthetic surgeons, can be controlled by medications, both oral and topical, and with the aid of devices. These are good times for laser surgeons: the development of new devices every year hold much promise for our patients.
Revisiting Race, Ethnicity, and Disparities in Rheumatology Educational Materials: An Update Since 2020
Authors: Zickuhr Lisa , Roberts Eric , Daugherty Tyler , Rana Amaad , Joshi Hirva , Pollard Bruin , Yu Jonathan , Jones Heather A. , Goglin Sarah 
Published: March 2024

ObjectiveIn 2020, one study by Strait and colleagues raised awareness that the clinical images in rheumatology educational materials underrepresent people with skin of color (P‐SOC). Since then, publishers of rheumatology educational materials have focused on addressing this shortcoming. This study investigates the change in representation of P‐SOC following the review of Strait et al.MethodsWe used the methods of the aforementioned study to collect images from commonly referenced rheumatology educational materials and categorized the skin tones within them as “light” or “dark.” We calculated the proportional change in images depicting dark skin tones between 2020 and 2022 from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Image Library, the 10th edition of Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, and New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) as well as between 2020 and 2024 from rheumatology articles within UpToDate. We compared results using one‐sided Z‐tests.ResultsOverall, the proportion of images depicting dark skin tones increased 40.6% (P < 0.0001). The 10th edition of Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology most significantly increased inclusion of P‐SOC (90.1%; P = 0.0039), with ACR Image Library, UpToDate, and NEJM also enhancing representation (41.9%, P < 0.0001; 31.0%, P = 0.0083; 28.2%, P = 0.3046, respectively).ConclusionThis study assesses the progress of rheumatology educational materials toward equitable representation of P‐SOC. It demonstrates that awareness coupled with focused efforts from educational publishers can enhance the proportion of images depicting dark skin tones, thereby enriching the quality of foundational knowledge relayed to rheumatology providers with the goal of improving health experiences and outcomes for P‐SOC with rheumatic diseases.image
Dynamic Proteinaceous Hydrogel Enables In‐Situ Recruitment of Endogenous TGF‐β1 and Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Guo Qianping , Yin Weiling , Wang Huan , Gao Jia , Gu Ye , Wang Weishan , Liu Chengyuan , Pan Guoqing , Li Bin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractArticular cartilage is a tissue with relatively poor self‐regeneration capacity due to insufficient blood vessels and chondrocytes in the region. Biomaterial‐assisted tissue engineering has shown great potential in cartilage regeneration. However, there are still many worries over the uses of exogenous growth factors, stem cells and scaffolds. To address these concerns, here a dynamic proteinaceous hydrogel with a self‐recruiting ability of cartilage‐inducing factor for in situ cartilage regeneration is reported. The dynamic hydrogel (Pep‐GelSH) is prepared by using thiol‐modified gelatin and thiol‐capped TGF‐β1‐affinity peptide through the Au‐S coordination. The injectability and self‐recovery of Pep‐GelSH hydrogel enabled not only minimally invasive implantation but also the adaptability of the scaffold to irregular defect shapes. Meanwhile, the dynamic hydrogel showed improved adherence to the host tissue and allowed quick infiltration of host cells. More importantly, the hydrogel significantly enhanced local enrichment of endogenous TGF‐β1 and led to the recruitment of stem cells in vivo. After implantation, the hydrogel scaffold triggered the innate repair capacity of cartilage defects by successively promoting stem cells recruitment, infiltration and differentiation, resulting in significantly enhanced chondrogenesis and improved cartilage repair. Therefore, the study in this work may provide a feasible and promising approach for in situ cartilage regeneration.
A Novel CaCu‐Metal–Organic‐Framework Based Multimodal Treatment Platform for Enhanced Synergistic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Weijun , Yang Meiyang , Wang Huili , Song Junling , Mei Congjin , Qiu Lipeng , Chen Jinghua 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMetal ions have attracted a lot of interest in antitumor therapy due to their unique mechanism of action. However, multiple death mechanisms associate with metal ions to synergistic antitumors have few studies mainly due to the serious challenges in designing and building metal‐associated multimodal treatment platforms. Hence, a series of glutathione‐activatable CaCu‐based metal–organic‐frameworks loaded with doxorubicin and ovalbumin are successfully designed and synthesized with an “all in one” strategy, which is modified by galactosamine‐linked hyaluronic acid to prepare multimodal treatment platform (SCC/DOX@OVA‐HG) for targeted delivery and synergistic antitumor therapy. SCC/DOX@OVA‐HG can be rapidly degraded by the overexpressed glutathione and then releases the “cargoes” in the tumor microenvironment. The released Cu+ efficiently catalyzes H2O2 to produce highly toxic ROS for CDT, and the up‐regulation of calcium ion concentration in tumor cells induced by the released Ca2+ enables calcium overload therapy, which synergically enhances the metal‐related death pattern. Meanwhile, OVA combined with Ca2+/Cu2+ further activates macrophages into an M1‐like phenotype to accelerate tumor cell death through immunotherapy. Besides, the released DOX can also insert into the DNA double helix for chemotherapy. Consequently, the developed SCC/DOX@OVA‐HG reveals significantly improved antitumor efficacy through a multimodal synergistic therapy of chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, calcium overload, and immunotherapy.
Realizing Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 25.6% Through Crystallization Kinetics and Spatial Orientation Regulation
Authors: Jiao Boxin , Ye Yiran , Tan Liguo , liu Yue , Ren Ningyu , Li Minghao , Zhou Junjie , Li Hang , Chen Yu , Li Xiaoyi , Yi Chenyi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractOrganic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as highly promising candidates for photovoltaic applications, owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties and low cost. Nonetheless, the performance and stability of solar cells suffer from the defect states of perovskite films aroused by non‐optically active phases and non‐centralized crystal orientation. Herein, a versatile organic molecule, Hydantoin, to modulate the crystallization of perovskite, is developed. Benefiting from the diverse functional groups, more spatially oriented perovskite films with high crystallinity are formed. This enhancement is accompanied by a conspicuous reduction in defect density, yielding efficiency of 25.66% (certified 25.15%), with superb environmental stability. Notably, under the standard measurement conditions (ISOS‐L‐1I), the maximum power point (MPP) output maintains 96.8% of the initial efficiency for 1600 h and exhibits excellent ion migration suppression. The synergistic regulation of crystallization and spatial orientation offers novel avenues for propelling perovskite solar cell (PSC) development.
Tunable Mid‐Infrared Multi‐Resonant Graphene‐Metal Hybrid Metasurfaces
Authors: Han Fei , Pham The Linh , Pilarczyk Kacper , Tung Nguyen Thanh , Le Dinh Hai , Vandenbosch Guy A. E. , Van de Vondel Joris , Verellen Niels , Zheng Xuezhi , Janssens Ewald 
Published: March 2024

AbstractElectrically tunable graphene‐metal metasurfaces with controllable optical properties have attracted interest for straightforward manipulation of free space light. Their resonance tuning range depends on graphene's electrical transport characteristics, which are affected by its quality, operating conditions, and the device design. An important example of the latter is the direct contact of metallic antennas with the graphene layer that limits the extent to which a bias voltage can tune the metasurface's permittivity. In this work, this issue is resolved in a straightforward and fabrication‐efficient way for graphene‐metal hybrid metasurfaces with multiple plasmonic resonances. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of a 10 nm Al2O3 barrier layer enhances the tuning range of mid‐infrared resonances compared to metasurfaces without barrier layer, i.e., from 300 to 700 nm for a 7.3 µm resonance and from 110 to 140 nm for a 4.7 µm resonance. The improved tunability of the metal/dielectric/graphene metasurface can be attributed to the reduced electrical coupling between metal and graphene, as confirmed by an equivalent circuit model. These results bring closer the use of active metasurfaces based on two‐dimensional materials under ambient conditions, with possible applications as optical filters, modulators, and information processing devices that require dynamic control of light.
AMPK Suppression Due to Obesity Drives Oocyte mtDNA Heteroplasmy via ATF5‐POLG Axis
Authors: Chen Yanting , Ma Guiling , Gai Yang , Yang Qiyuan , Liu Xiangdong , de Avila Jeanene M. , Mao Shengyong , Zhu Mei‐Jun , Du Min 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDue to the exclusive maternal transmission, oocyte mitochondrial dysfunction reduces fertility rates, affects embryonic development, and programs offspring to metabolic diseases. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are vulnerable to mutations during oocyte maturation, leading to mitochondrial nucleotide variations (mtSNVs) within a single oocyte, referring to mtDNA heteroplasmy. Obesity (OB) accounts for more than 40% of women at the reproductive age in the USA, but little is known about impacts of OB on mtSNVs in mature oocytes. It is found that OB reduces mtDNA content and increases mtSNVs in mature oocytes, which impairs mitochondrial energetic functions and oocyte quality. In mature oocytes, OB suppresses AMPK activity, aligned with an increased binding affinity of the ATF5‐POLG protein complex to mutated mtDNA D‐loop and protein‐coding regions. Similarly, AMPK knockout increases the binding affinity of ATF5‐POLG proteins to mutated mtDNA, leading to the replication of heteroplasmic mtDNA and impairing oocyte quality. Consistently, AMPK activation blocks the detrimental impacts of OB by preventing ATF5‐POLG protein recruitment, improving oocyte maturation and mitochondrial energetics. Overall, the data uncover key features of AMPK activation in suppressing mtSNVs, and improving mitochondrial biogenesis and oocyte maturation in obese females.
Glymphatic system dysfunction predicts amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Huang Shu‐Yi , Zhang Ya‐Ru , Guo Yu , Du Jing , Ren Peng , Wu Bang‐Sheng , Feng Jian‐Feng ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Cheng Wei , Yu Jin‐Tai 
Published: March 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONAlthough glymphatic function is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), its potential for predicting the pathological and clinical progression of AD and its sequential association with core AD biomarkers is poorly understood.METHODSWhole‐brain glymphatic activity was measured by diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS) in participants with AD dementia (n = 47), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 137), and normal controls (n = 235) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.RESULTSALPS index was significantly lower in AD dementia than in MCI or controls. Lower ALPS index was significantly associated with faster changes in amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) burden and AD signature region of interest volume, higher risk of amyloid‐positive transition and clinical progression, and faster rates of amyloid‐ and neurodegeneration‐related cognitive decline. Furthermore, the associations of the ALPS index with cognitive decline were fully mediated by amyloid PET and brain atrophy.DISCUSSIONGlymphatic failure may precede amyloid pathology, and predicts amyloid deposition, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in AD.Highlights
The analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index is reduced in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, prodromal AD, and preclinical AD.
Lower ALPS index predicted accelerated amyloid beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) burden and Aβ‐positive transition.
The decrease in the ALPS index occurs before cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 reaches the positive threshold.
ALPS index predicted brain atrophy, clinical progression, and cognitive decline.
Aβ PET and brain atrophy mediated the link of ALPS index with cognitive decline.