bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Branched‐Chain Derivatives of Methyl Oleate
Authors: Dailey Oliver D. , Prevost Nicolette T. , Strahan Gary D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAs part of a project to develop new value‐added industrial applications for cottonseed oil (such as biodiesel, fuel additives, and lubricants), studies were conducted on the synthetic conversion of oleic acid to branched‐chain fatty acid esters. In these studies, methyl oleate was brominated in the allylic position and subsequently treated with organocuprate reagents to produce novel branched‐chain derivatives (methyl, n‐butyl, phenyl). Original reaction conditions afforded only the branched methyl derivatives as major products. Modification of reaction conditions (lower temperature, less organocuprate reagent) afforded predominantly the desired n‐butyl and phenyl derivatives and minimized products resulting from attack on the ester functionality. Details of the syntheses, characterization (especially by NMR), and the properties of the products (with emphasis on low‐temperature properties) are discussed.
Protein Subunit Composition Effects on the Thermal Denaturation at Different Stages During the Soy Protein Isolate Processing and Gelation Profiles of Soy Protein Isolates
Authors: Bainy Eduarda M. , Tosh Susan M. , Corredig Milena , Woodrow Lorna , Poysa Vaino 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study focussed on the evaluation of thermal denaturation at three different stages during soy protein isolation and the effect of subunit composition on the formation of heat‐induced soy protein gels. Soy protein isolates (SPI) were prepared from 12 high protein lines, Harovinton variety and 11 derived null‐lines which lacked specific glycinin (11S) and β‐conglycinin (7S) protein subunits. Protein denaturation during SPI processing was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that hexane extraction of oil from soybean flours at 23 °C or 105 °C did cause changes in protein conformation. Rheological measurements showed that lines with different subunit compositions and 11S:7S ratio had distinctive gelation temperatures and resulted in gels with different network structures. All lines formed particulate gels at 11% protein. The 11S:7S ratio was not correlated to final stiffness, measured as the storage modulus G′, of SPI gels. Lower gelation temperatures were usually observed for 7S‐rich lines. The absence of A3 and the combination of A1, A2 and A4 subunits of 11S fraction may suggest the formation of stiffer gels. A more detailed study of the frequency dependence of G′ for the various networks formed also indicated that differences in subunit composition influenced the network structures.
Hydrogen peroxide‐induced translocation of glycolipid‐anchored (c)AMP‐hydrolases to lipid droplets mediates inhibition of lipolysis in rat adipocytes
Authors: Müller G , Wied S , Jung C , Over S 
Published: May 2008

Background:The insulin‐independent inhibition of lipolysis by palmitate, the anti‐diabetic sulphonylurea glimepiride and H2O2 in rat adipocytes involves stimulation of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐specific phospholipase‐C (GPI‐PLC) and subsequent translocation of the GPI‐anchored membrane ectoproteins (GPI‐proteins), Gce1 and cluster of differentiation antigen (CD73), from specialized plasma membrane microdomains (DIGs) to cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs). This results in cAMP degradation at the LD surface and failure to activate hormone‐sensitive lipase. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may trigger this sequence of events in response to palmitate and glimepiride.Experimental approach:The effects of various inhibitors of ROS production on the release of H2O2, GPI anchor cleavage and translocation of the photoaffinity‐labelled or metabolically labelled Gce1 and CD73 from DIGs to LD and inhibition of lipolysis by different fatty acids and sulphonylureas were studied with primary rat adipocytes.Key results:Glimepiride and palmitate induced the production of H2O2 via the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial complexes I and III, respectively. Inhibition of ROS production was accompanied by the loss of (i) GPI‐PLC activation, (ii) Gce1 and CD73 translocation and (iii) lipolysis inhibition in response to palmitate and glimepiride. Non‐metabolizable fatty acids and the sulphonylurea drug tolbutamide were inactive. NADPH oxidase and GPI‐PLC activities colocalized at DIGs were stimulated by glimepiride but not tolbutamide.Conclusions and implications:The data suggest that ROS mediate GPI‐PLC activation at DIGs and subsequent GPI‐protein translocation from DIGs to LD in adipocytes which leads to inhibition of lipolysis by palmitate and glimepiride. This insulin‐independent anti‐lipolytic mechanism may be engaged by future anti‐diabetic drugs.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 901–913; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.146; published online 5 May 2008
Characterization of a CNS penetrant, selective M1muscarinic receptor agonist, 77‐LH‐28‐1
Authors: Langmead C J , Austin N E , Branch C L , Brown J T , Buchanan K A , Davies C H , Forbes I T , Fry V A H , Hagan J J , Herdon H J , Jones G A , Jeggo R , Kew J N C , Mazzali A , Melarange R , Patel N , Pardoe J , Randall A D , Roberts C , Roopun A , Starr K R , Teriakidis A , Wood M D , Whittington M , Wu Z , Watson J 
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:M1muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) represent an attractive drug target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. However, the discovery of subtype‐selective mAChR agonists has been hampered by the high degree of conservation of the orthosteric ACh‐binding site among mAChR subtypes. The advent of functional screening assays has enabled the identification of agonists such as AC‐42 (4‐n‐butyl‐1‐[4‐(2‐methylphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐1‐butyl]‐piperidine), which bind to an allosteric site and selectively activate the M1mAChR subtype. However, studies with this compound have been limited to recombinantly expressed mAChRs.Experimental approach:In this study, we have compared the pharmacological profile of AC‐42 and a close structural analogue, 77‐LH‐28‐1 (1‐[3‐(4‐butyl‐1‐piperidinyl)propyl]‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinolinone) at human recombinant, and rat native, mAChRs by calcium mobilization, inositol phosphate accumulation and bothin vitroandin vivoelectrophysiology.Key results:Calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate accumulation assays revealed that both AC‐42 and 77‐LH‐28‐1 display high selectivity to activate the M1mAChR over other mAChR subtypes. Furthermore, 77‐LH‐28‐1, but not AC‐42, acted as an agonist at rat hippocampal M1receptors, as demonstrated by its ability to increase cell firing and initiate gamma frequency network oscillations. Finally, 77‐LH‐28‐1 stimulated cell firing in the rat hippocampusin vivofollowing subcutaneous administration.Conclusions and implications:These data suggest that 77‐LH‐28‐1 is a potent, selective, bioavailable and brain‐penetrant agonist at the M1mAChR and therefore that it represents a better tool than AC‐42, with which to study the pharmacology of the M1mAChR.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 1104–1115; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.152; published online 5 May 2008
Evidence for the role of neurogenic inflammation components in trypsin‐elicited scratching behaviour in mice
Authors: Costa R , Marotta D M , Manjavachi M N , Fernandes E S , Lima‐Garcia J F , Paszcuk A F , Quintão N L M , Juliano L , Brain S D , Calixto J B 
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:We investigated the mechanisms underlying the pruritogenic response induced by trypsin in mice, to assess the relevance of neurogenic inflammation components in this response.Experimental approach:Itching was induced by an intradermal injection of trypsin in the mouse neck. The animals were observed for 40 min and their scratching behaviour was quantified.Key results:Trypsin‐induced itching was blocked by the lima bean trypsin inhibitor, the selective proteinase‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2) antagonist FSLLRY and PAR‐2 receptor desensitization. An important involvement of mast cells was observed, as chronic pretreatment with the mast cell degranulator compound 48/80 or the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate prevented scratching. Also, trypsin response was inhibited by the selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib and by the selective kinin B2(FR173657) and B1(SSR240612) receptor antagonists. Moreover, an essential role for the mediators of neurogenic inflammation was established, as the selective NK1(FK888), NK3(SR142801) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP8−37fragment) receptor antagonists inhibited trypsin‐induced itching. Similarly, blockade of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors by the selective TRPV1 receptor antagonist SB366791, or by genetic deletion of TRPV1 receptor reduced this behaviour in mice. C‐fibre desensitization showed a very similar result.Conclusions and implications:Trypsin intradermal injection proved to be a reproducible model for the study of itching and the involvement of PAR‐2 receptors. Also, trypsin‐induced itching seems to be widely dependent on neurogenic inflammation, with a role for TRPV1 receptors. In addition, several other mediators located in the sensory nerves and skin also seem to contribute to this process.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 1094–1103; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.172; published online 5 May 2008
Regulation of Blood‐Brain Barrier Permeability by Transient Receptor Potential Type C and Type V Calcium‐Permeable Channels
Authors: Brown Rachel C. , Wu Ling , Hicks Kali , O'neil Roger G. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To identify plasma membrane ion channels mediating calcium influx at the blood‐brain barrier in response to disrupting stimuli.Methods: We examined the expression and function of candidate transient receptor potential channels using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain recation, Fura‐2 calcium imaging, and permeability assays.Results: Immortalized mouse brain microvessel endothelial cells expressed multiple transient receptor potential isoforms: transient receptor potential C1, C2, C4, and C7, M2, M3, M4, and M7, and V2 and V4. Similar profiles were observed in freshly isolated cerebral microvessels and primary cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Thrombin‐stimulated calcium influx in brain endothelial cells was blocked by transient receptor potential C inhibitors. Transient receptor potential V activating stimuli also increased intracellular calcium. This increase was inhibited by a transient receptor potential V blocker or by removal of extracellular calcium. Barrier integrity was compromised by thrombin, hypo‐osmolar stress, and PMA treatment. The increase in barrier permeability induced by transient receptor potential V activators was blocked by transient receptor potential V inhibition, while thrombin effects were inhibited by transient receptor potential C inhibitors.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that transient receptor potential C and transient receptor potential V channels mediate calcium influx at the blood‐brain barrier, and as a consequence, may modulate barrier integrity.
Endoscopic Vascular Harvest in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: A Consensus Statement of the International Society of Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery (ISMICS) 2005
Authors: Allen Keith , Cheng Davy , Cohn William , Connolly Mark , Edgerton James , Falk Volkmar , Martin Janet , Ohtsuka Toshiya , Vitali Richard 
Published: May 2008

Objective This purpose of this consensus statement was to compare endoscopic vascular graft harvesting (EVH) with conventional open vascular harvesting (OVH) in adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and to determine which resulted in improved clinical and resource outcomes. Methods Before the consensus conference, the consensus panel reviewed the best available evidence, whereby systematic reviews, randomized trials, and nonrandomized trials were considered in descending order of importance. Evidence-based statements were created, and consensus processes were used to determine the ensuing statements. The AHA/ACC system was used to label the level of evidence and class of recommendation. Results The consensus panel agreed upon the following statements: 1. EVH is recommended to reduce wound related complications when compared with OVH (Class I, Level A). 2. Based on quality of conduit harvested, either endoscopic or open vein harvest technique may be used (Class IIa; Level B). 3. Based on major adverse cardiac events and angiographic patency at 6 months, either endoscopic or open vein harvest technique may be used (Class IIa; Level A). 4. EVH is recommended for vein harvesting to improve patient satisfaction and postoperative pain when compared with OVH in CABG surgery (Class I, Level A). 5. EVH is recommended for vein harvesting to reduce postoperative length of stay and outpatient wound management resources (Class I, Level A). Conclusions Given these evidence-based statements, the consensus panel stated that EVH should be the standard of care for patients who require saphenous vein grafts for coronary revascularization (Class I, Level B). Future research should address long-term safety, cost-effectiveness, and endoarterial harvest.
Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia for Coronary Bypass Surgery Affects Autonomic Neural Function and Arrhythmias
Authors: Yashiki Noriyoshi , Watanabe Go , Tomita Shigeyuki , Nishida Satoru , Yasuda Tamotsu , Arai Sadahiko 
Published: May 2008

Background In recent years, the invasiveness of coronary reconstruction has been markedly reduced. Awake off-pump coronary artery bypass (AOCAB), coronary bypass surgery with thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) without general anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass), has been reported in the literature. Because the details of this technique are still unclear, we evaluated its usefulness by examining the autonomic neural state and the incidence of arrhythmia. Methods Fifty-five patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between April and December 2003 were included in the study. Patients who underwent CABG under high TEA alone comprised group A, those who underwent CABG under general anesthesia combined with TEA comprised group B, and those who underwent CABG under general anesthesia alone comprised group C. Holter electrocardiography was performed before and after surgery, and perioperative electrocardiograms were recorded (before surgery and during surgery, postoperative days 0–3, and postoperative day 7). On obtained electrocardiograms, the autonomic neural state was evaluated by analysis of heart rate variability, and the incidence of atrial fibrillation. Results Concerning the autonomic neural state, sympathetic inhibition was observed during TEA in both groups A and B. After discontinuation of TEA, sympathetic activity recovered. Vagal activity was not inhibited in group A, but decreased during surgery and gradually recovered after surgery in group B. Evaluation of the balance between sympathetic and vagal activities showed that sympathetic activity became predominant rapidly on postoperative day 2 in group B but gradually after surgery in group A. The incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was the highest in group B. Conclusions In AOCAB, because there is no vagal inhibition, vagal dominance can be maintained after surgery. This may be associated with the lower incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in group A compared with group B. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the details of AOCAB.
Prospective Evaluation of the St. Jude Medical Aortic Connector for Aortic-to-Autologous Vessel Graft Anastomoses
Authors: Diegeler Anno , Setina Marek , Antona Carlo , Lakew Fitsum , Mokracek Alex , Scrofani Roberto , Eckstein Friedrich S. , Gibson Michael , Bonilla Luis , Carrel Thierry 
Published: May 2008

Background Evolving technologies of proximal anastomosis devices meet the endeavor of surgeons to minimize manipulation of the ascending aorta during surgical myocardial revascularization. The objective of this study was to compare the patency rate of the saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts in which the proximal anastomoses were performed with automatic connector devices to the suture technique. Methods From September 2002 through July 2003, 86 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with at least 1 vein graft anastomosed to the ascending aorta with the Symmetry G2 connector. Six-month clinical and angiographic follow-up, including Core-Lab quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC), was performed. Results Eighty patients had at least 1 connector successfully implanted. Freedom from MACE (cardiac mortality myocardial infarction and target vessel reintervention) was 72/80 (90%). Six patients underwent a target vessel reintervention on the connector grafts. Six-month (mean 193 ± 36 days) angiography patency rates for the connector grafts were 72/81 (88.89%), 37/40 (92.5%) in sutured grafts, and 60/62 (96.8%) in arterial grafts. By QCA, 64/65 (98.5%) patent connector-grafts were free from more than 50% stenosis (1 connector-graft with a 51% stenosis). CTFC showed 65/65 (100%) patent connector-grafts with nonrestrictive flow. Conclusions Saphenous vein grafts anastomosed to the aorta with the Symmetry G2 connector have early and midterm patency rates comparable to the conventional sutured anastomoses. These results support the efficiency of the second generation of symmetry aortic connectors.
Concomitant Beating-Heart Mitral Valve Surgery and Coronary Artery Bypass in Patients with Compromised Ventricular Function
Authors: Di Luozzo Gabriele , Lombardi Pierluca , Maldonado Alberto , Ricci Marco , Salerno Tomas A. 
Published: May 2008

Background Surgical repair of mitral valve disease and concomitant coronary artery occlusive disease has high operative risk. Myocardial protection for protracted, complicated procedures is seminal to the overall operative outcome; specifically, preservation of left ventricular function. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective review of 25 patients undergoing combined mitral valve repair/replacement (MVR) and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) using the beating-heart technique at the Miller/University of Miami School of Medicine. The CABG was performed without cardiopulmonary bypass support. During the mitral valve surgery the perfusion pressure was maintained at 80–90 mm Hg and the systemic temperature at 35–36°C. The aorta was not cross-clamped. Results Twenty-five patients underwent MVR/CABG, including 7 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Preoperative echocardiograms revealed a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 41 ± 4.5%. One patient required a preoperative intraarterial balloon pump. An average of 2.12 ± 0.9 grafts and a total of 10 mitral valve repairs were performed. The average length of stay in the intensive care unit was 14 ± 1.8 days, and average hospitalization time was 23 ± 3. The mean postoperative EF was 41 ± 4.5%. The mortality in this patient group was 12 % (3/25) with a morbidity rate of 52% (13/25). Conclusions The data suggest that the technique is safe and reproducible, and that it potentially has a short-term benefit on left ventricular function. Therefore, this particular technique may be efficacious in patients with compromised left ventricular function requiring a combined MVR/CABG.
Total Endoscopic Beating-Heart Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting using a New 3D Imaging System
Authors: Tomita Shigeyuki , Watanabe Go , Tabata Shigeki , Nishida Satoru 
Published: May 2008

Objective Since 1999, the authors of this study have performed total endoscopic beating-heart coronary artery bypass. They have developed a new three-dimensional (3D) endoscopic imaging system and have used it successfully in three patients. Methods From January 2004, a new 3D endoscopic imaging system was used. This device, composed of an optical high-resolution, 3D endoscope and two liquid crystal monitors, gives bright, natural, 3D imaging and enables quick, precise manipulation. After the 15-mm port for the 3D endoscope was inserted through fourth intercostal space (ICS) in the posterior axillary line, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was taken down endoscopically in semiskeletonized fashion, using two instrumental 5-mm ports (third and sixth anterior axillary ICS). The pericardium was then opened, and the left anterior descending artery was identified. Another 10-mm port for an endoscopic needle holder was inserted through fourth ICS in the midclavicular line. Three ports were placed in the fourth ICS in line for the anastomosis. An original suction stabilizer was inserted through the first instrumental port, and the left anterior descending artery was immobilized. A conventional end-to-side anastomosis was done with 8–0 Prolene running sutures. Results The average LITA harvesting time was significantly shortened from 68 minutes with two-dimensional imaging to 36 minutes with new 3D imaging. The average anastomotic time was shortened from 34 minutes with two-dimensional imaging and 27 minutes with former 3D imaging to 17 minutes with new 3D imaging. There were no complications and no operative deaths. Conclusions This new 3D endoscopic imaging system facilitates quick, precise anastomosis and is a useful device for endoscopic coronary bypass surgery.
Simple Amiodarone Protocol Reduces Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Allen Keith B. , Heimansohn David A. , Robison Robert J. , Schier John J. , Griffith Gary L. 
Published: May 2008

Background Incorporating amiodarone into an existing postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) prevention pathway may reduce postoperative AF and length of stay (LOS). Methods From July 2002 through December 2002, 476 consecutive cardiac surgical patients were managed with an AF prevention protocol using aggressive potassium replacement, intraoperative/ postoperative magnesium supplementation, and postoperative resumption of β-blockers. From January 2003 through June 2003, 592 additional patients were subjected to the same protocol except amiodarone was initiated intraoperatively (150 mg intravenously) and continued postoperatively until discharge (200 mg orally three times daily). Incidence of AF, postoperative LOS, and AF risk factors were collected prospectively and compared using regression models with propensity scores to adjust for dissimilarities between groups. Results Incorporating amiodarone into an existing AF protocol resulted in a 45% reduction in postoperative AF (29% [136/476] versus 16% [94/592], P < 0.0001). After adjustment for covariates and propensity score, the relative risk reduction with amiodarone in this protocol remained significant (P = 0.001, RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.5–0.8). Multivariate risks for postoperative AF included no amiodarone (P = 0.0001), age (P < 0.0001), ejection fraction <40% (P = 0.0005), ventilator support >24 hours (P = 0.002), no postoperative β-blocker (P = 0.002), and mitral valve procedure (P = 0.03). When postoperative AF did occur, risk adjusted LOS was less in patients on the amiodarone protocol (mean 9.4 days versus 13.1 days, P = 0.06). Readmission after discharge for any reason (10% [49/476] versus 8% [45/592], P = 0.1) or for AF (1.1% [5/476] versus 0.7% [4/592], P = 0.5) was similar between groups. Conclusion Amiodarone initiated intraoperatively followed by oral dosing significantly reduces postoperative AF and tends to reduce LOS if AF occurs.