bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Covington Coline , Jalbert Ronald 
Published: October 2006

Kast, Verena. The Creative Leap: Psychological Transformation through CrisisKast, Verena. Die Dynamik der Symbole: Grundlagen der Jungschen PsychotherapieBion, W. R. A Memoir of the FutureZiegler, Alfred J. Bilder einer Schattenmedizin
Book Reviews
Authors: Perry Christopher , Jalbert Ronald 
Published: October 2006

Beebe, John. Integrity in DepthSedgwick, David. Jung and Searles: A comparative studyRuszczynski, Stanley (ed.). Psychotherapy with Couples: Theory and Practice at the Tavistock Institute of Marital StudiesKelly, Sean. Individuation and the Absolute: Hegel, Jung, and the Path Toward WholenessSegal, Robert A. The Gnostic Jung: Including ‘Seven Sermons to the Dead’Haule, John R. Divine Madness: Archetypes of Romantic Love
Farting as a defence against unspeakable dread
Authors: Sidoli Mara 
Published: October 2006

This paper describes some features of the behaviour of a severely disturbed adopted latency boy. Peter was born premature, suffered several early hospitalizations and surgical operations, and at 2 months of age was removed from his mother's care by Social Services for neglect and abandonment.Although his subsequent development has been clouded by a series of losses and sudden changes of caregivers, Peter has maintained an unexpected desire to relate, showing considerable innate resilience. When feeling endangered, Peter had developed a defensive olfactive container using his bodily smell and farts to envelop himself in a protective cloud of familiarity against the dread of falling apart, and to hold his personality together.In the paper Fordham's views of development and Anzieu's concept of psychic envelopes constitute the theoretical underpinning. Bion's concepts of beta‐ and alpha‐elements are discussed in relation to Jung's views on symbolic development and psychological containment.
Book Reviews
Authors: Alister Ian , Matthews Boris 
Published: October 2006

Sidoli, Maraand Bovensiepen, Gustav (eds). Incest Fantasies and Self‐Destructive Acts: Jungian and Post‐Jungian Psychotherapy in AdolescenceStevens, Anthony. Private Myths, Dreams and DreamingKast, Verena. Imagination as Space of Freedom: Dialogue Between the Ego and the UnconsciousSegal Robert A. (ed.). The Allure of Gnosticism: The Gnostic Experience in Jungian Psychology and Contemporary CultureEdinger, Edward F. The Eternal Drama: The Inner Meaning of Greek MythologyHillman, James. Healing fictionKnapp, Bettina L. Manna and Mystery: A Jungian approach to Hebrew Myth and LegendBlÉandonu, GÉrard. Wilfred Bion: His Life and Works, 1897–1979Broadribb, Donald. The Mystical Chorus: Jung and the Religious DimensionSymington, N. Emotion and Spirit: Questioning the Claims of Psychoanalysis and ReligionNegri, R. The Newborn in the Intensive Care Unit: A Neuropsychoanalytic Prevention ModelEarly, Emmett. The Raven's Return: The Influence of Psychological Trauma on Individuals and Culture
Psychological Type: A 32‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Bradway Katherine , Detloff Wayne 
Published: October 2006

This study is a follow‐up to three previous studies of psychological type published in this Journal in 1964, 1976 and 1978 by Bradway, Bradway and Detloff, and Bradway and Joseph Wheelwright. Participants in all of our studies were limited to Jungian analysts and candidates. Participants of the first two studies and of the current study were from California; participants of the 1978 study included the participants from the previous study plus persons attending the 1974 International Congress in London.In 1993 we sent letters to the 232 current analysts and candidates in the San Francisco and Los Angeles C.G. Jung Institutes, as well as to the nine participants in our 1974 study who were no longer members of the Institutes but could be located, asking them to fill out a questionnaire that included self‐typing, and to self‐administer the Gray‐Wheelwrights Jungian Type Survey (GW). The response rate was high: 196 or 81% of the 241 persons to whom we sent letters returned filled‐in questionnaires and GWs; all 67 or 100% of the participants in the 1974 study who could be located returned the filled‐in material. Eight of those 67 had also been in the 1961 study.The current study provides data on the changes in psychological type over time, in some instances over a period of 32 years. It added for the first time a consideration of analysts' rating of themselves as primarily clinically or symbolically orientated, and a survey of analyst opinions as to the determinants of psychological type.Summarizing the results: A smaller percentage of analysts typed themselves as intuitive thinking than in 1961; the percentages of congruence between self‐typing and the Gray‐Wheelwrights scores in the three dimensions (introvert/extravert, sensation/intuition, and thinking/feeling) in 1961, 1974 and 1993 are between 76% and 96%; changes in typology from 1961 to 1993 occur more frequently in the younger age group than in the older age group; 65% of the participants considered the distinction between clinical and symbolic important, but only 41% rated themselves as either primarily clinically oriented or symbolically oriented with essentially no relationship between that orientation and typology; a sub‐study of typology of partners within this study does not support the concept that opposites marry; according to the opinion of this group of analysts and candidates as to the determinants of adult typology, genetics (chromosomes) is distinctly the strongest contributor with family dynamics a not‐very‐close next contributor.
Self as the feminine principle
Authors: Weisstub Eli B. 
Published: October 2006

In analytical psychology, ego is associated with consciousness and the masculine principle. Although die feminine principle generally characterizes the unconscious, it was not assigned a psychic structure equivalent to the ego. This paper proposes a model of the psyche where self and ego are the major modes of psychic experience. The self as the ‘being’ mode represents the feminine principle and functions according to primary process; the ego represents ‘doing’, the masculine principle and secondary process. Feminine and masculine principles are considered to be of equal significance in both men and women and are not limited to gender.Jung's concept of the self is related to the Hindu metaphysical concepts of Atman and Brahman, whose source was the older Aryan nature‐oriented, pagan religion. The prominence of self in analytical psychology and its predominantly ‘feminine’ symbolism can be understood as Jung's reaction to the psychoanalytic emphasis on ego and to Freud's ‘patriarchal’ orientation. In Kabbalah, a similar development took place when the feminine principle of the Shekinah emerged in a central, redemptive role, as a mythic compensation to the overtly patriarchal Judaic religion.In the proposed model of the psyche neither ego nor self represents the psychic totality. The interplay of both psychic modes/principles constitutes the psyche and the individuation process.
Journal Reviews
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William , Cambray Joseph 
Published: October 2006

Journal of Child Psychotherapy Samuels, Andrew (ed.). (1996). ‘Symposium: post‐Jungian thought,’The Psychoanalytic ReviewSchwartz‐Salant, Nathan. ‘On the interactive field as analytic object’. In The Interactive Field in Analysis, Vol 1. Chiron Clinical SeriesJacobs, Theodore J. ‘On therapeutic interventions in the analysis of certain “unana‐lyzable” patients’. Contemporary PsychoanalysisGuntrip, Harry. ‘My experience of analysis with Fairbairn and Winnicott. (How complete a result does psychoanalytic therapy achieve?)’. First published in The International Review of Psycho‐AnalysisPadel, John. ‘The case of Harry Guntrip’.Markillie, Ronald. ‘Some personal recollections and impressions of Harry Guntrip.’Published together in The International Journal of Psycho‐AnalysisPlaut, F. ‘Analytiker als Minorität’. [Analysts as a minority]. Analytische PsychologicSamuels, Andrew‘The politics of transformation/the transformation of polities’, International Journal of Psychotherapy
The Resolution of Dynamic Speech in L2 Listening*
Authors: Hieke A. E. 
Published: October 2006

In the absence of a comprehensive theory of the oral language, very little is really known about auditory decoding as a speech dynamic process in either L2 or L1. Since listening comprehension presupposes an orderly conversion of running speech into discrete linguistic units, certain restoration processes (operating on phonated speech as the input for listening) must apply. Thus, it is possible to view speech perception as a mirror‐image of speech production processes. Listening comprehension can then be seen to require two types of recovery rules: restoration to reverse the effects of absorption and boundary marking to facilitate the decomposition of the quasi‐uninterrupted acoustic signal into isolate lexical items.The approach adopted here provides a principled way to explain the striking metamorphosis language undergoes from dynamic speech representations to citation form strings, under listening conditions, and suggests speech perception strategies helpful to L2 listeners for acquiring and improving listening comprehension skills. The account of performance characteristics presented here shows that speech event and formal content belong to separate domains of language, mediated not so much by derivation as by covariation.
PASSAGE DEPENDENCY IN ESL READING COMPREHENSION TESTS
Authors: Connor Ulla , Read Charles 
Published: October 2006

Reading comprehension tests are supposed to measure students' understanding of what they have read; answering a question correctly should depend entirely on information contained in the associated reading passage. However, both teachers and students suspect that general knowledge and sound guessing may enable one to perform substantially better than chance, even with little knowledge of the reading passage. Studies of “passage dependency” in tests for native speakers of English confirm this suspicion.This paper reports an experiment which measured passage dependency in one major ESL test: the reading comprehension section of the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (MTELP). We administered one form of this section (20 items) to 60 adult subjects: 30 native speakers of English and 30 non‐native speakers of varied language backgrounds. Half of the subjects in each group received an ordinary version of the test, with a reading passage preceding each set of five questions; the other half received only the questions, with appropriate instructions (the “passage‐out” condition).The results indicate the extent to which the test is passage‐dependent for both native and non‐native students. Test items varied considerably in their passage dependency. We suggest that passage‐dependency is one measure which can be used to select good reading comprehension test items.
COORDINATE STRUCTURES AND LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS IN INTERLANGUAGE 1
Authors: Schmidt Maxine 
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the deletion of redundant elements in coordinate structures using and in ESL learners' interlanguages (ILs). In natural language, there are certain universal constraints on the surface orders which may result from the deletion of one or more identical elements in such coordinate structures. Since it has been hypothesized that ILs are natural languages, this study sets out to determine if ILs obey universal constraints on surface orders of coordinate structures and therefore behave as natural languages with respect to these structures. It will be shown that they do.In addition, where ILs differ from English with respect to surface orders, it is proposed that such ESL learners' errors are not best accounted for in terms of surface order transfer or overgeneralization of a target language rule, but rather that ESL learners may transfer the discourse constraints on deletion from their native language and create a new IL form in English.Methodological considerations for doing such a study are also discussed. It is argued that a data base drawn from a single test can have serious implications for the accuracy of a description of an IL grammar.
POLITENESS: COMPARING NATIVE AND NONNATIVE JUDGMENTS
Authors: Carrell Patricia L. , Konneker Beverly H. 
Published: October 2006

This study investigated the judgments of politeness made by both native speakers of American English and nonnative ESL learners with varied language backgrounds. The judgments were made on eight different request strategies in English, using the method of rank orderings in a contextualized condition. The eight strategies tested were systematically varied across three syntactic/semantic features generally regarded in the theoretical literature (e.g., Lakoff 1972, 1973b. Jespersen 1964, Quirk and Greenbaum 1973) as varying with politeness‐namely, imperative/declarative/ interrogative mood, presence or absence of modals, and tense of modals (“can” vs. “could”). Previous work in this area in ESL, e.g., Rintell(1979), Scarcella (1980). Waiters(1980). while a fruitful beginning, has analyzed spontaneously produced data and has not explored the syntactic/ semantic distinctions systematically. By contrast, this study analyzes theory‐based distinctions via judgments elicited under controlled conditions.Results indicated that the responses of both native speakersand ESL learners fell into a hierarchy similar to that hypothesized. There was also a high and significant correlation between the natives and nonnatives in their politeness judgments, a finding similar to that of Walters (1980). In general, however, the ESL learners tended to perceive more distinctive levels of politeness than the native speakers, reflecting a kind of “over‐sensitivity” to syntactic/semantic form distinctions. Examination ofthe native politeness hierarchy showed each of the three syntacticlsemantic features contributing differentially to politeness; this suggests that in teaching the pragmatics of politeness, different grammatical patterns should not be given equal teaching emphasis.
THE CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF THE FSI ORAL INTERVIEW1
Authors: Bachman Lyle F. , Palmer Adrian S. 
Published: October 2006

The validation of oral language proficiency tests has long been problematical. The most common approaches to this problem have involved concurrent validation procedures for relating “indirect” measures to so‐called “direct” measures. The most frequently used criterion in such studies has been the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) oral interview. In validating the FSI interview itself, however, criterion‐referenced procedures are not possible since an adequate operationally defined criterion for comparison is not likely t o be found. Therefore construct validation procedures are necessary.In this study a multitrait‐rnultimethod matrix comprising six measures representing combinations of two traits (speaking and reading) and three methods (interview, translation, self‐rating) was used t o examine the construct validity of the FS1 oral interview. The six measures were administered individually to 75 native Mandarin Chinese speakers of English. Data were analyzed using the Campbell‐Fiske criteria for convergent and discriminant validity and using confirmatory factor analysis.The results indicate both convergent and discriminant validity for the FSI interview. Of the numerous factor models tested against the data, the model which provides the best fit comprises a general factor, two trait factors, and three method factors. A more parsimonious model, with two correlated trait factors and three method factors, fits the data nearly equally well and provides a more interpretable factor structure. These results provide strong evidence against a model of unitary language competence and support a model of partially divisible language competence.
ON THE NATURALNESS OF INTERLANGUAGE PHONOLOGICAL RULES1
Authors: Eckman Fred R. 
Published: October 2006

Two interesting questions which are raised by the interlanguage (IL) hypothesis are (1) to what extent are ILs independent of the native language (NL) and the target language (TL), and (2) d o the grammars of 1Ls contain the same type of rules a s the grammars of other languages.To address these questions, data were gathered from two native speakers of Spanish and two native speakers of Mandarin, all of whom were learning English as a second language. A partial phonological analysis of the 1L data revealed that (1) at least some of the 1L rules were independent in that they were motivated for neither the NL nor the TL, and (2) one of the IL rules, Terminal Devoicing, is motivated for the grammars of numerous languages whereas another rule, Schwa Paragoge, is apparently not part of the grammar of any other language. This conclusion raises the question of the extent to which ILs can be considered to be “natural languages.”
MOTHERS'LANGUAGE AND INFANT SENSORIMOTOR DEVELOPMENT: IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP?1
Authors: Widerstrom Anne 
Published: October 2006

An investigation was made of the language of three mothers to their infants between the ages of two months and eight months in order to chronicle pragmatic changes in the mothers' language as the infants progressed from Piaget's Stage 2 (primary circular reactions) to Stage 3 (secondary circular reactions) of sensorimotor development.Results indicated that the mothers modified their speech to their infants when the babies began to display primarily Stage 3 behaviors. That is, a greater proportion of their speech referred to the child interacting with objects, while their references to the child alone decreased. They used a greater proportion of meaningful utterances and more reference in their speech. A decrease in the use of language to maintain interaction with the infant and an increase in its use to regulate the child's behavior or teach the child was noticed. Finally, the mothers used less repetition as their infants entered Stage 3. These language modifications would not be apparent in an analysis limited to syntactic or semantic aspects.
SIMPLIFICATION, TRANSFER, AND RELEXIFICATION AS ASPECTS OF PIDGINIZATION AND EARLY SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION1
Authors: Schumann John H. 
Published: October 2006

Schumann (1978) argues that the simplification (i.e., general absence of inflectional morphology and grammatical transformations) found in the early stages of second language acquisition (SLA) reflects pidginization. Gilbert and Mack (1979) argue that the early stages of SLA are characterized by native language (NL) transfer and relexification but not by pidginization.Since there is no consensus among pidginists as to what constitutes pidginization (Washabaugh and Eckman 1980), it is impossible for researchers in SLA to rely on them for a definition of the process. Therefore SLA researchers must take an active role in the development of an accurate definition. In this paper I suggest that pidginization be seen as SLA under conditions of restricted input (Bickerton 1977) or restricted intake. Learners attempting to use a second language under such conditions will perform within the constraints of the general principle,Keep L2 output simple, and its corollary,Maintain your NL to whatever extent possible.From this perspective, the simplification reported by Schumann and the NL transfer and relexification reported by Gilbert and Mack are all proper characteristics of pidginization. The general principle accounts for simplification and the corollary accounts for NL transfer and relexification.In support of this view, evidence is presented from both longitudinal and cross‐sectional studies of SLA by Spanish and Japanese learners of English.
EFFECTS OF TEST DISCLOSURE ON PERFORMANCE ON THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Hale Gordon A. , Angelis Paul J. , Thibodeau Lawrence A. 
Published: October 2006

Specially constructed “disclosed TOEFL forms” were made available to students in intensive English language programs. Later the students were administered a special TOEFL consisting of items from those disclosed forms as well as a TOEFL consisting of items to which they had not been exposed. Scores on the former test were found to be greater than those on the latter, indicating a “disclosure effect”—i.e., showing that the students studied and recalled specific items from the disclosed forms.Some items in the disclosed forms were to be discussed in class by the students' language instructors before the special TOEFL, and a relatively large disclosure effect was observed for these items. Nevertheless, a significant disclosure effect was also observed for items not discussed in class, indicating that the students studied the disclosed forms on their own initiative.While some students were given 6 disclosed forms to study, others were given 12 forms, and the disclosure effect was found to be more pronounced for the former group than the latter. Apparently, if students must cover a relatively large number of forms in order to be exposed to all items that will appear on a later test, they will be less likely to benefit from disclosure than if they need cover a smaller number of forms.
WORD ORDER TYPOLOGY, LEXICAL GOVERNMENT, AND THE PREDICTION OF MULTIPLE, GRADED EFFECTS IN L2 WORD ORDER
Authors: Zobl Helmut 
Published: October 2006

Lexical government refers to the relationship between a phrasal head and its complement. In this paper it is used to define a centre and periphery in word order typology. The direction of the government relation gives rise to two word order types. It is proposed that grammars in which the phrasal heads show a major split in their direction of government are more marked than those with a uniform direction.This framework serves to generate multiple, graded predictions about word order in non‐primary acquisition and the predictions are tested on a broad range of available L2 word order data. The investigation indicates that while L2 learners do have access to the defining principle, they may not be as successful as L1 learners in acquiring peripheral word order attributes and word orders with a split in the direction of government.
A Study of Communication Strategies in Interlanguage Production by Chinese EFL Learners*
Authors: Si‐Qing Chen 
Published: October 2006

This article reports an empirical research into the nature of the relationship between L2 learners’target language proficiency and their strategic competence. The 220 communication strategies employed by 12 Chinese EFL learners of both high and low proficiency in their target language communication with native speakers were identified and analyzed.The results indicate that the frequency, type, and effectiveness of communication strategies (CSs) employed by the learners vary according to their proficiency level. The language distance between the learners’LI and L2 is also found to affect their choice of communication strategies. These findings lend strong support to our hypothesis that learners’communicative competence could probably be increased by development of their strategic competence.