bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy to characterize capped silver nanostructures grown on silicon
Authors: Fleischer K. , Jacob J. , Chandola S. , Esser N. , McGilp J. F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUsing the single domain Si(111)‐3×1‐Ag surface as a template, room temperature deposition of two or more monolayers of Ag leads to the formation of metallic nanostructures. Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) in the infrared (IR) spectral region is used to analyse the anisotropic conductivity of the structures. The anisotropy is found to be influenced by the offcut angle of the substrate, and hence the terrace width. The Ag nanostructures were capped with Si to form a near‐IR transparent protecting layer. The samples are stable to exposure to ambient conditions for significant periods. The RAS spectra are compared to model calculations, which support the conclusion that the buried metallic Ag nanostructures survive the capping process. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determining magnetization curves using optical second‐harmonic generation
Authors: McGilp J. F. , Carroll L. , Fleischer K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMagnetic second‐harmonic generation (MSHG) allows the interfacial magnetism of centrosymmetric materials to be explored through thin capping layers. However, the variation of the MSHG intensity with magnetic field does not measure hysteresis loops directly, because the loops are displaced by an amount dependent on the crystallographic response and its phase difference with respect to the magnetic response, and also because there is a quadratic magnetization contribution to the SH intensity. Two new procedures are reported for extracting hysteresis loops directly from the MSHG intensity. The first is applicable to all magnetic interfaces, including exchange‐biased structures, where the saturation magnetization for positive and negative magnetic fields is equal and opposite, while the second applies to all centrosymmetric hysteresis loops. These procedures correct for the quadratic response, allowing experimental geometries to be chosen that maximize the magnetic contribution, thus improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DNA nanobioelectronics
Authors: Lakhno V. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe main lines of the development of DNA nanobioelectronics are reviewed. Results of recent experiments on charge transfer in DNA and conducting properties of DNA fragments are presented. Basic theoretical approaches to the description of charge transfer in DNA and conducting properties of DNA are given. Various DNA‐based electronic devices, such as electronic nanobiochip, electronic memory, and logical elements are considered. Perspectives of DNA‐based nanoelectronics are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Interaction of FeO+ cation with benzene, aniline, and 3‐methylaniline: DFT study of oxygen insertion mechanism
Authors: Kwapien Karolina , Broclawik Ewa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe reaction pathways and energetics for oxygen insertion into CH bond in benzene, aniline, and 3‐methylaniline by FeO+ in the gas phase were investigated by means of the DFT methodology with the B3LYP exchange‐correlation functional and 6‐311G** basis set. The main aim of this work was to elucidate the influence of substituents in phenyl ring on stationary points along the energy profile on sextet and quartet surfaces for the reaction of FeO+ with substituted benzenes. The studies show that the amino and methyl groups change the energetics of oxygen insertion by lowering the energy profile along the reaction pathway. The substituents studied in this work facilitate the insertion of oxygen into the aromatic CH bond by stabilizing the intermediate sigma complex (σ‐complex), the amino group being by far more effective. On the other hand, both functional groups increase the activation energy of the rate‐determining step in the gas phase, so that they have unfavorable influence on the kinetics. The comparison of the energy diagrams for the sextet and quartet spin states indicates the dominance of the low‐spin reactivity in oxygen insertion into aromatic CH bond. Aniline and 3‐methylaniline oxidation occurs via electrophilic addition while the conversion of benzene to phenol by FeO+ is mediated by a σ‐complex with mixed radical and cationic character. Present results are also discussed in the context of oxyferryl group reactivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation
Authors: Pellegrini Maura , Donahue Randolph E. , Chenery Carolyn , Evans Jane , Lee‐Thorp Julia , Montgomery Janet , Mussi Margherita 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe hunter‐gatherer transhumance model presents foragers as specialised hunters of migratory ungulates, which moved seasonally between coastal lowlands and interior uplands. We studied six animal teeth of horse (Equus hydruntinus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from four different archaeological sites: the Grotta di Vado all'Arancio, Grotta di Settecannelle, Grotta Polesini and Grotta di Pozzo, in central Italy to test whether the migratory patterns and seasonal variations recorded in their teeth were consistent with expectations of the transhumance model for this region during the late Upper Palaeolithic. Sequential sub‐samples of enamel were analysed from each tooth for oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope ratios to reconstruct mobility and yearly seasonal variations. The results show little evidence that these animals were moving over different geological terrains throughout the year, although small variations in Sr isotope ratios and concentrations were detected that corresponded to probable seasonal variations as shown by variability in oxygen isotope sequences. The results do, however, demonstrate that Cervus elaphus and Equus hydruntinus had different ranging behaviours, with the former moving over wider areas than the latter. This methodology produces results appropriate to assess animal migratory behaviour and, in turn, to test the consistency of proposed models of hunter‐gatherer subsistence and mobility strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
River bed evolution due to channel expansion: general behaviour and application to a case study (Kugart River, Kyrgyz Republic)
Authors: Siviglia A. , Repetto R. , Zolezzi G. , Tubino M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe study the effect of spatial variations of river width on bed aggradation and degradation processes, making use of a one‐dimensional numerical model of channel morphodynamics. We refer to a peculiar case, the downstream reach of the Kugart River (Kyrgyzstan). The river has been partly channelized in the recent past with the aim of reducing the flooding risk for the surrounding villages; the consequent reduction of channel width in some reaches was also expected to improve channel conveyance with respect to the high sediment load produced in the upper river basin. The resulting longitudinal sequence of relatively sharp channel expansions and contractions has, however, triggered rapid siltation rates, especially in the narrowest reaches. This motivated the application of a 1‐D numerical model of river morphodynamics.Abrupt channel expansions are found to be the main driving forces for aggrading processes, which may extend for long distances from where they are generated. In order to obtain a thorough understanding of the morphodynamics of channel expansions, we first apply the model to simple test cases. This allows us to characterize the basic features of the problem and the dependence of bed evolution on the upstream Froude number Fr and on the expansion ratio rb, which are the most relevant controlling parameters. We invariably find that deposition occurs in expansion regions with bed aggradation observed both upstream and downstream. The deposition prism progressively increases its height and lengthens both in the upstream and downstream directions. The deposition process is particularly intense, in terms of deposition prism height, in super‐critical conditions. Moreover, it is found that higher values of Fr strongly reduce the time scale of morphological processes and faster deposition rates are further facilitated by abrupt expansions.The present outcomes are relevant for assessing the expected altimetric response of river bed to the implementation of localized channelization works and to local river widening, a practise which is increasingly being employed within river restoration projects, with the aim of enhancing habitat diversity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refined Betz limit for rotors with a finite number of blades
Authors: Okulov Valery L. , Sørensen Jens N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe criterion of Betz for optimum rotors with a finite number of blades is revisited and used to determine the performance of wind turbines. The Betz criterion states that ideal efficiency is obtained when the distribution of circulation along the blade produces a rigidly helicoid wake that moves in the direction of its axis with a constant velocity. Theories based on this criterion were more than 60 years ago developed by Goldstein and Theodorsen. Although these theories made it possible to determine optimum circulation distributions on rotors, they fail to determine correctly the associated optimum power coefficient. Especially, they fail to reproduce the results of the general momentum theory when the number of blades goes to infinity. The present theory is a modification to the original model of Goldstein using a new analytical solution to the wake vortex problem. In contrast to earlier models, the new model is consistent with the general momentum theory and enables for the first time to determine the theoretical maximum efficiency of rotors with an arbitrary number of blades. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Total Thyroidectomy the Surgical Procedure of Choice for Benign Multinodular Goiter? An Evidence‐Based Review
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Aggarwal Vivek 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundBenign multinodular goiter is one of the most common endocrine surgical problems. The appropriate surgical procedure for its effective and safe management is a matter of debate. Though seen by some as an overly hazardous procedure because of the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and damage to parathyroid function, total thyroidectomy has replaced subtotal thyroidectomy as the procedure of choice, as the latter is associated with significant recurrences.MethodsA systemic literature review was undertaken of all available medical literature to evaluate whether total thyroidectomy is the appropriate, safe and effective surgical procedure for benign multinodular goiter.ResultsThere is consistent level II–IV evidence that subtotal thyroidectomy results in recurrence in up to 50% patients. Incidental thyroid cancers are detected in 3%–16.6% of apparently benign goiters in numerous studies, mostly providing level IV evidence, one third of which would need further surgical treatment after subtotal thyroidectomy. Studies comparing subtotal thyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy, including two each of prospective randomized and prospective nonrandomized ones, provide level II–IV evidence that permanent complication rates associated with subtotal thyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy are not different, although the rate of transient hypocalcemia is higher with total thyroidectomy. On basis of these findings, a grade B recommendation can be made that subtotal thyroidectomy is associated with significant recurrence of goiter, leaves a small number of incidentally detected thyroid cancers inadequately treated, and provides little significant safety advantage over total thyroidectomy. Grade C recommendations can also be made about total thyroidectomy being a safe and effective procedure for benign multinodular goiters in the hands of expert surgeons, based on the extensive level IV evidence, and limited level II and level III evidence, which show that the risk of permanent vocal cord palsy and hypoparathyroidism associated with total thyroidectomy is below the acceptable 2% rate, but not without exceptions.ConclusionTotal thyroidectomy is the procedure of choice for the surgical management of benign multinodular goiter.
Communities of interpretation in the study of religion in Burma
Authors: Schober Juliane 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe paper delineates stages in the interpretation of religion in Burma. Beginning with colonial constructions, the discussion moves to subsequent studies in anthropology and history from which emerged an emphasis on localised articulations of Theravada Buddhist traditions. Others examined religion as a site for colonial resistance and as a means for engaging issues of modernity. More recent interpreters focused on Buddhist voices in the public domain of contemporary Burma and some recent studies moved beyond received boundaries of inquiry to consider religions among ethnic minorities and diaspora communities. The final section charts future development in the study of religion in Burma.
Communities of the past: A new view of the old walls and hydraulic system at Sriksetra, Myanmar (Burma)
Authors: Hudson Bob , Lustig Terry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNew data from an archaeological survey of Sriksetra suggests that this important site is set for a major reinterpretation. The city functioned over a much longer period than was previously believed. There are many more buildings than had been previously recorded. Some of the city walls and moats, once considered to have been military fortifications, prove to be part of a multifunctional and evolving system of hydraulic management.
The neural correlates of fatigue: an exploratory imaginal fatigue provocation study in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Caseras X. , Mataix-Cols D. , Rimes K. A. , Giampietro V. , Brammer M. , Zelaya F. , Chalder T. , Godfrey E. 
Published: April 2008

BackgroundFatigue is the central symptom in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and yet very little is known about its neural correlates. The aim of this study was to explore the functional brain response, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to the imaginal experience of fatigue in CFS patients and controls.MethodWe compared the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses of 12 CFS patients and 11 healthy controls to a novel fatigue provocation procedure designed to mimic real-life situations. A non-fatiguing anxiety-provoking condition was also included to control for the non-specific effects of negative affect.ResultsDuring the provocation of fatigue, CFS patients reported feelings of both fatigue and anxiety and, compared to controls, they showed increased activation in the occipito-parietal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus, and decreased activation in dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices. The reverse pattern of findings was observed during the anxiety-provoking scenarios.ConclusionsThe results may suggest that, in CFS patients, the provocation of fatigue is associated with exaggerated emotional responses that patients may have difficulty suppressing. These findings are discussed in relation to the cognitive-behavioural model of CFS.
Asymptotic behavior of distribution of frequencies of digits
Authors: BARREIRA LUIS , VALLS CLAUDIA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe present an approach to compute the Hausdorff dimension of a class of sets of real numbers that are defined in terms of nonlinear relations between frequencies of digits in some integer base m. We consider the model case of quadratic perturbations, for which the computations are already rather involved. We show that the Hausdorff dimension is analytic in the parameter determining the perturbation. Our approach also allows to estimate the asymptotic behavior of the Taylor coefficients of the dimension in terms of m.
Assessing the Microstructure of Written Language Using a Retelling Paradigm
Authors: Puranik Cynthia S. , Lombardino Linda J. , Altmann Lori J. P. 
Published: April 2008

Purpose
The primary goal of this study was to document the progression of the microstructural elements of written language in children at 4 grade levels. The secondary purpose was to ascertain whether the variables selected for examination could be classified into valid categories that reflect the multidimensional nature of writing.

Method
Written language samples were collected and transcribed from 120 children in Grades 3 through 6 using an expository text-retelling paradigm. Nine variables at various levels of language were analyzed.

Results
Using a text-retelling paradigm, measures of productivity (e.g., total number of words and ideas) improved steadily with age, whereas measures of complexity (e.g., mean length of T-unit) did not. Results for measures of accuracy (e.g., spelling and writing conventions) were mixed, with some showing improvement across grades. Grade 3 students showed consistently poorer performance than students in Grades 4, 5, and 6. Grade 4 students showed poorer performance than students in Grades 5 and 6. Exploratory factor analysis suggests that writing can be represented by 3 factors: Productivity, Complexity, and Accuracy.

Conclusions
Clinicians can use this multidimensional scheme for examining writing skills using text-retelling formats with children from Grades 3 through 6. This empirically based framework for measuring microstructural variables of writing provides clinicians with a 3-prong conceptual framework for determining children’s strengths and weaknesses within the translational stage of writing.
CXCR6 is expressed in human prostate cancer in vivo and is involved in the in vitro invasion of PC3 and LNCap cells
Authors: Hu Weidong , Zhen Xinming , Xiong Bin , Wang Bicheng , Zhang Weibing , Zhou Wenhui 
Published: April 2008

In spite of the clinical importance of prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis, the precise mechanisms for the directed migration of malignant cells remain unclear. In the present study, the expression of CXCR6 in human PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia samples, and the expression of CXCL16 in human osseous tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry. It was found that the level of CXCR6 protein expression was elevated in human malignant prostate tumors, and CXCL16 was expressed positively by human osteocytes in vivo. The in vitro experiments further confirmed that the PCa cell lines PC3 and LNCap expressed CXCR6 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and exogenous CXCL16 has the potential to stimulate the invasion of PC3 and LNCap. To further elucidate the role of the CXCL16–CXCR6 axis in PCa progression, we compared the expression of CXCR6 and CXCR4 in human PCa tissues and the effects of CXCL16 and CXCL12 on the in vitro invasion of PC3 and LNCap cells. It was shown that CXCR6 and CXCR4 proteins were coexpressed and elevated in human PCa samples, and CXCL16 and CXCL12 promoted the invasion of PC3 and LNCap via their respective receptors. Furthermore, in contrast to CXCL12, which enhanced the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and MMP2 in PC3 and LNCap, CXCL16 ligation resulted in stronger MMP9 and MMP2 activity in LNCap but not in PC3. Our results suggest that besides CXCL12/CXCR4, CXCL16/CXCR6 might be another important factor involved in PCa bone metastasis. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1362–1369)
Phytoplasmas: bacteria that manipulate plants and insects
Authors: HOGENHOUT SASKIA A. , OSHIMA KENRO , AMMAR EL‐DESOUKY , KAKIZAWA SHIGEYUKI , KINGDOM HEATHER N. , NAMBA SHIGETOU 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYTaxonomy:   Superkingdom Prokaryota; Kingdom Monera; Domain Bacteria; Phylum Firmicutes (low‐G+C, Gram‐positive eubacteria); Class Mollicutes; Candidatus (Ca.) genus Phytoplasma.Host range:   Ca. Phytoplasma comprises approximately 30 distinct clades based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of ~200 phytoplasmas. Phytoplasmas are mostly dependent on insect transmission for their spread and survival. The phytoplasma life cycle involves replication in insects and plants. They infect the insect but are phloem‐limited in plants. Members of Ca. Phytoplasma asteris (16SrI group phytoplasmas) are found in 80 monocot and dicot plant species in most parts of the world. Experimentally, they can be transmitted by approximately 30, frequently polyphagous insect species, to 200 diverse plant species.Disease symptoms:   In plants, phytoplasmas induce symptoms that suggest interference with plant development. Typical symptoms include: witches’ broom (clustering of branches) of developing tissues; phyllody (retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves); virescence (green coloration of non‐green flower parts); bolting (growth of elongated stalks); formation of bunchy fibrous secondary roots; reddening of leaves and stems; generalized yellowing, decline and stunting of plants; and phloem necrosis. Phytoplasmas can be pathogenic to some insect hosts, but generally do not negatively affect the fitness of their major insect vector(s). In fact, phytoplasmas can increase fecundity and survival of insect vectors, and may influence flight behaviour and plant host preference of their insect hosts.Disease control:   The most common practices are the spraying of various insecticides to control insect vectors, and removal of symptomatic plants. Phytoplasma‐resistant cultivars are not available for the vast majority of affected crops.
Effects of host‐plant shift on immune and other key life‐history traits of an eruptive Geometrid, Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen)
Authors: YANG SHIYONG , RUUHOLA TEIJA , HAVIOLA SANNA , RANTALA MARKUS J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract 1. Population density of Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) reaches outbreak densities regularly in northernmost Scandinavia. During these outbreak years, the most abundant host species, the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), is regularly exhausted, although larvae may rescue themselves from starvation by using alternative host species.2. In this paper, the effects of the shift of host species on the immune defence and other life‐history traits of E. autumnata were investigated, and possible consequences for population dynamics were briefly discussed. Moth larvae were reared on the leaves of the main host, mountain birch, until larvae reached their third instar. After this, larvae were allocated randomly to five treatments: larvae were either allowed to finish larval stage on the mountain birch or were shifted onto four alternative host species that are typical species for the area.3. As expected, the host species had a major effect on fitness traits: body weight, development, and survival rate of the moths. The pupal weight was lower and development rates slower on the three alternative host species, Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., Vaccinium uliginosum L., and Betula nana L., than on the main host, mountain birch.4. The immunity was, however, the same or better on the alternative hosts than on the main host. The immunity and pupal weights were negatively related, suggesting a trade‐off between body size and immunocompetence.5. The decreased body size and fecundity of E. autumnata during outbreak years may be partly due to the shift to alternative host species whereas the host‐plant species probably does not affect markedly the rate of parasitism.