bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individually Randomized Group Treatment Trials: A Critical Appraisal of Frequently Used Design and Analytic Approaches
Authors: Pals Sherri L. , Murray David M. , Alfano Catherine M. , Shadish William R. , Hannan Peter J. , Baker William L. 
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We reviewed published individually randomized group treatment (IRGT) trials to assess researchers’ awareness of within-group correlation and determine whether appropriate design and analytic methods were used to test for treatment effectiveness. Methods. We assessed sample size and analytic methods in IRGT trials published in 6 public health and behavioral health journals between 2002 and 2006. Results. Our review included 34 articles; in 32 (94.1%) of these articles, inappropriate analytic methods were used. In only 1 article did the researchers claim that expected intraclass correlations (ICCs) were taken into account in sample size estimation; in most articles, sample size was not mentioned or ICCs were ignored in the reported calculations. Conclusions. Trials in which individuals are randomly assigned to study conditions and treatments administered in groups may induce within-group correlation, violating the assumption of independence underlying commonly used statistical methods. Methods that take expected ICCs into account should be used in reexamining past studies and planning future studies to ensure that interventions are not judged effective solely on the basis of statistical artifacts. We strongly encourage investigators to report ICCs from IRGT trials and describe study characteristics clearly to aid these efforts.
Screening Experiments and the Use of Fractional Factorial Designs in Behavioral Intervention Research
Authors: Nair Vijay , Strecher Victor , Fagerlin Angela , Ubel Peter , Resnicow Kenneth , Murphy Susan , Little Roderick , Chakraborty Bibhas , Zhang Aijun 
Published: June 2008

Health behavior intervention studies have focused primarily on comparing new programs and existing programs via randomized controlled trials. However, numbers of possible components (factors) are increasing dramatically as a result of developments in science and technology (e.g., Web-based surveys). These changes dictate the need for alternative methods that can screen and quickly identify a large set of potentially important treatment components. We have developed and implemented a multiphase experimentation strategy for accomplishing this goal. We describe the screening phase of this strategy and the use of fractional factorial designs (FFDs) in studying several components economically. We then use 2 ongoing behavioral intervention projects to illustrate the usefulness of FFDs. FFDs should be supplemented with follow-up experiments in the refining phase so any critical assumptions about interactions can be verified.
Impact of Tobacco Control Policies and Mass Media Campaigns on Monthly Adult Smoking Prevalence
Authors: Wakefield Melanie A. , Durkin Sarah , Spittal Matthew J. , Siahpush Mohammad , Scollo Michelle , Simpson Julie A. , Chapman Simon , White Victoria , Hill David 
Published: June 2008

Objectives. We sought to assess the impact of several tobacco control policies and televised antismoking advertising on adult smoking prevalence. Methods. We used a population survey in which smoking prevalence was measured each month from 1995 through 2006. Time-series analysis assessed the effect on smoking prevalence of televised antismoking advertising (with gross audience rating points [GRPs] per month), cigarette costliness, monthly sales of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion, and smoke-free restaurant laws. Results. Increases in cigarette costliness and exposure to tobacco control media campaigns significantly reduced smoking prevalence. We found a 0.3-percentage-point reduction in smoking prevalence by either exposing the population to televised antismoking ads an average of almost 4 times per month (390 GRPs) or by increasing the costliness of a pack of cigarettes by 0.03% of gross average weekly earnings. Monthly sales of NRT and bupropion, exposure to NRT advertising, and smoke-free restaurant laws had no detectable impact on smoking prevalence. Conclusions. Increases in the real price of cigarettes and tobacco control mass media campaigns broadcast at sufficient exposure levels and at regular intervals are critical for reducing population smoking prevalence.
Use of Flowable Composites for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding
Authors: Ryou Dong-Bum , Park Hyo-Sang , Kim Kyo-Han , Kwon Tae-Yub 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the bonding characteristics of four flowable composites for orthodontic bracket bonding.
Materials and Methods: Metal brackets were bonded to acid-etched human enamel using four flowable composites (Grandio Flow, GF; UniFil Flow, UF; UniFil LoFlo Plus, UL; and DenFil Flow, DF), an orthodontic bonding system (Transbond XT, TX), and a restorative composite (Filtek Z250, FZ). After 24 hours of storage in water at 37°C, a shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was assessed. In addition, the flow and flexural strength of the materials were examined.
Results: The SBS for the flowable composites ranged between 7.2 and 8.3 MPa, and TX showed a significantly higher value (mean 10.9 MPa). The flowable composites also demonstrated a significantly superior flowability, yet inferior flexural strength (except for DF) than TX and FZ. Two flowable composites (GF and UL) produced significantly higher ARI scores than TX and FZ, which represented a larger resin remnant on the enamel surfaces after debonding.
Conclusion: When considering the SBS and ARI scores obtained in this study, flowable composites with no intermediate bonding resin could be conveniently applied for orthodontic bracket bonding.
Condition-Specific Impacts on Quality of Life Attributed to Malocclusion by Adolescents with Normal Occlusion and Class I, II and III Malocclusion
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Sheiham Aubrey , de Oliveira Cesar Messias 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To compare the prevalence, intensity, and extent of condition-specific oral impacts on quality of life attributed to malocclusion by Brazilian adolescents with normal occlusion and those with Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 55 adolescents were configured such that each group represented normal occlusion, as well as Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion. No radiographs were taken. Adolescents aged 15 to 16 years were selected from those attending all secondary schools in Bauru (Sao Paulo, Brazil). The Oral Impacts on Daily Performances index was used to collect data on condition-specific impacts (CSIs) attributed to malocclusion. The prevalence, as well as the intensity and extent, of CSIs was compared among the four groups with the use of Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively.
Results: Groups were comparable according to sex, age, and socioeconomic status. The prevalence of CSI was significantly different between groups (P = .039). Class II and III malocclusion groups reported a higher prevalence of CSI than those with normal occlusion and Class I malocclusion. However, the intensity and extent of CSI were not significantly different between groups.
Conclusions: The prevalence, but not the intensity and extent, of CSIs attributed to malocclusion differed among groups with different malocclusions. The present findings support the concept that malocclusion has physical, psychological, and social effects on quality of life.
Failure Analysis: Enamel Fracture after Debonding Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Chen Chen-Sheng , Hsu Ming-Lun , Chang Kin-Di , Kuang Shou-Hsin , Chen Ping-Ting , Gung Yih-Wen 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine the location and size of enamel fracture (EF) when debonding a bracket.
Materials and Methods: Tests on actual EF situations were conducted in different debonding load modes (tension, shear, and torsion) via mechanical testing, finite element model (FEM) analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Through these simultaneous analyses of the relationships among debonding load modes, value/distribution of stress, and actual enamel fracture location/size, an investigation was undertaken to explore the complex failure mode during enamel fracture after debonding of an orthodontic bracket.
Results: The EF usually was located in the area where the force was exerted during various loading modes. The tensile, shear, and torsion debonding modes produce EF sizes and incidences with no significant differences. Findings on FEM matched the mechanical testing and SEM results.
Conclusions: The EF locations coincided with the areas where the tensile, shear, or torsion force was exerted. Therefore, the dentist should give extra care and attention to these specific areas of enamel after debonding. The sizes and incidences of EF produced by these three debonding modes showed no significant difference. Thus, clinically, when the sizes and incidences of produced EF are considered, it should not matter which of these three exerting forces is used to debond a bracket.
Temperature Effects on the Forces, Moments and Moment to Force Ratio of Nickel-Titanium and TMA Symmetrical T-loops
Authors: Lim Yeen , Quick Andrew , Swain Michael , Herbison Peter 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that temperature has no effect on the force, moment, and moment to force ratio (M:F) of nickel-titanium (NiTi) and titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA) T-loops.
Materials and Methods: Twelve symmetrical T-loops were constructed from NiTi and TMA rectangular wires (N = 24). For each material, four specimens had 30° preactivation bent into the legs, four had 15°, and the remainder no preactivation. The specimens were mounted on a custom stand incorporating a force and a moment transducer housed in an insulated oven in which the temperature was varied from 10°C to 50°C in 10° increments (±0.5°C). The loops were opened in 1-mm increments to a maximum of 8 mm and allowed to return to the rest position. Forces and moments were recorded at each interval; from this, the M:F was calculated. Mixed-model statistical analysis was used to detect differences between mean results of material type, preactivation, and temperature.
Results: Temperature significantly influenced the forces and moments (P &lt; .000) produced by NiTi closing loops, with values increasing as the temperature increased. The M:F ratios of NiTi loops were less affected, with no significant changes with temperature for the 15° and 30° preactivation loops, although some change was noted for the non-preactivated loops. TMA wires showed significance for some force measurements, but were generally not influenced by temperature.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Temperature significantly affected the forces and moments produced by NiTi T-loops, though these changes generally do not affect the overall M:F ratio.
Periodontal Parameters in Different Dentofacial Vertical Patterns
Authors: Al-Zo'ubi Ibraheem A. , Hammad Mohammad M. , Abu Alhaija Elham S. J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To assess periodontal parameters in a Jordanian population in individuals with three different facial types.
Materials and Methods: Forty-five dental students (ages 20–26 years) with short, average, and long face heights were divided into three equal groups. The plaque index, gingival index, gingival thickness, width of keratinized gingiva, and width of attached gingiva were measured in each group. Occlusal factors, including the dynamic occlusion and the presence or absence of premature contacts were recorded. Differences among the three groups were assessed using Student's t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.
Results: No differences were present in the plaque index, gingival index, gingival attachment, width of attached and keratinized gingiva and gingival thickness between the subjects in the three groups studied. None of the subjects in the long face group had canine guidance dynamic occlusion.
Conclusions: There were no differences in the periodontal parameters between the different dentofacial vertical patterns, but there was a difference in the canine guidance dynamic occlusion.
Osteoprotegerin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid under Long-term Continuous Orthodontic Force Application
Authors: Toygar Hilal Uslu , Kircelli Beyza Hancioglu , Bulut Sule , Sezgin Nurzen , Tasdelen Bahar 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the level of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during tooth movement.
Materials and Methods: Twelve patients (13–17 years of age) requiring canine distalization participated in the study. GCF sampling was done at baseline, 1 hour, 24 hours, 168 hours, 1 month, and 3 months from the distal sites of the test and with control teeth after the application of mechanical stress. OPG concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: OPG concentrations in distal sites of the test teeth were decreased in a time-dependent manner. Decreasing is significant when compared with the baseline measurements (P = .038). Variability was detected in the levels of OPG concentration in the distal sites of the control tooth throughout the experimental period.
Conclusion: OPG is one of the key mediators responsible for alveolar bone remodeling during tooth movement.
Tooth Size Discrepancies among Different Malocclusions in a Japanese Orthodontic Population
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Abe Ryota , Kuroki Hiroo , Oka Kenji , Shimooka Shohachi 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To identify the possible sex differences in anterior and overall tooth size ratios and to evaluate whether any differences exist in tooth size ratios and distributions of subjects with clinically significant tooth size discrepancies among Angle Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion groups with the corresponding skeletal characteristics in a Japanese population.
Materials and Methods: Each malocclusion group comprised 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females). The mesiodistal width from first molar to first molar was measured on each pretreatment cast to the nearest 0.01 mm using digital calipers, and the anterior and overall ratios were calculated. Student's t-test, Welch t-test, analysis of variance, and χ2-test were performed for statistical analysis.
Results: No statistically significant sex differences were found in anterior or overall ratio in any group. No significant differences in anterior or overall ratios were found among the malocclusion groups. No significant differences were found between the distributions of subjects with clinically significant tooth size discrepancies, categorized by the Bolton standard deviation definition and by the actual amount of change calculated for tooth size correction in millimeters, among the malocclusion groups except for the mandibular correction for the overall ratio between Class I and Class III subjects.
Conclusion: Bolton's values can be used with confidence for the typical Japanese orthodontic population. The use of the actual millimeters of correction for the tooth size ratios could help orthodontists avoid underestimating the prevalence of clinically significant tooth size discrepancies.
Effects of Microgrooves on the Success Rate and Soft Tissue Adaptation of Orthodontic Miniscrews
Authors: Kim Tae-Woo , Baek Seung-Hak , Kim Jong-Wan , Chang Young-Il 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effect of microgrooves on orthodontic miniscrews in terms of success rate and soft tissue adaptation in animal experiments.Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of a non-microgroove (NMG) group and a microgroove group (MG; 50 μm pitch and 10 μm depth microgroove on the upper surface of the miniscrew). Miniscrews of 1.6 mm diameter and 6.0 mm length were placed into beagle dogs. Histomorphometric analysis in each group focused on bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone area (BA) of pressure and tension sides. Independent and paired t-tests were completed for statistical analysis.Results: The success rate was found to be higher in the MG group than in the NMG group. The MG group showed significantly higher BIC on the pressure side when compared with the NMG group (P &lt; .01). Although the NMG group showed significantly lower BIC on the pressure side than on the tension side at the upper side of the miniscrew (P &lt; .01), the MG group revealed no significant differences between BIC on pressure and tension sides. The MG group generally exhibited perpendicular or circular alignment of the gingival connective tissue fiber with the miniscrew; the NMG group showed parallel alignment.Conclusions: The orthodontic load may affect bone remodeling on the pressure side of the miniscrew and may affect stability. The microgroove could exert some positive effects on soft tissue adaptation and bone healing.
Effects of High-Intensity Curing Lights on Microleakage under Bonded Lingual Retainers
Authors: Baysal Asli , Uysal Tancan , Ulker Mustafa , Usumez Serdar 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of high-intensity light curing units (light-emitting diode [LED] and plasma arc curing [PAC]) on the microleakage of flexible spiral wire retainers (FSWRs) at the composite/enamel and composite/wire interfaces.
Materials and Methods: Forty-five human mandibular incisor teeth were separated into three groups of 15 teeth. Multistranded PentaOne wire of .0215 inch diameter was bonded to enamel and was cured with three different light curing units: a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) unit and two high-intensity units (ie, LED and PAC). A conventional halogen light served as the control. Samples were sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsine, and sectioned. Transverse sections were evaluated under a stereomicroscope and were scored for microleakage for the composite/enamel and composite/wire interfaces. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with Bonferroni correction.
Results: Little or no microleakage was detected at the composite/enamel interface of the FSWR cured with three different light sources. However, at the composite/wire interface, statistically significant differences were found between the QTH (mean, 1.10 ± 1.05 mm) and high-intensity curing units. The PAC resulted in the greatest amount of microleakage (mean, 2.63 ± 1.49 mm), whereas no statistically significant difference was noted between the PAC and the LED (mean, 2.35 ± 1.28 mm).
Conclusion: High-intensity light curing units show statistically significant microleakage at the composite/wire interface and therefore may not be safe for use in bonding FSWRs.
Enamel Cracks and Ceramic Bracket Failure during Debonding In Vitro
Authors: Bishara Samir E. , Ostby Adam Wade , Laffoon John , Warren John J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that no difference in bracket failure characteristics is noted when use of a new ceramic bracket debonding instrument is compared with the use of conventional pliers.
Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In group 1, Clarity collapsible ceramic brackets (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were debonded with the use of conventional Utility/Weingart (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) pliers. In group 2, Clarity brackets were debonded with a new Debonding Instrument (3M Unitek). For all teeth, the same bracket bonding system was used. Following debonding, teeth and brackets were examined under 10× magnification for assessment of bracket failure (fracture) and of residual adhesive on the enamel surface. Enamel surfaces were visualized with transillumination prior to bonding and after removal of the residual adhesive, so the effect of the debonding forces could be determined.
Results: The results of Adhesive Remnant Index comparisons indicated that a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 8.73; P = .013) in bond failure patterns was apparent when the two groups were compared. Brackets debonded with the new instrument showed a greater tendency for the adhesive to be removed from the tooth during debonding.
Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. Although the incidence of enamel damage following debonding was similar in the two groups, the use of the new Debonding Instrument decreased the incidence of bracket fracture.
12-Month Self-Ligating Bracket Failure Rate with a Self-Etching Primer
Authors: Elekdag-Turk Selma , Cakmak Fethiye , Isci Devrim , Turk Tamer 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective: To compare the clinical performance of a self-etching primer (SEP) with a conventional two-step etch and primer method (CM).
Materials and Methods: Study subjects were 39 patients with a mean age of 15 years 7 months. Six hundred and eighty-eight brackets were bonded by one operator with a split-mouth design, using Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer or a conventional two-step etch and primer (Transbond XT). The survival rate of the brackets was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Bracket survival distributions with respect to bonding procedure, dental arch, type of tooth (incisor, canine, and premolar) and patients' gender were compared using the log-rank test. Bond failure interface was determined using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI).
Results: The bond failure rates of SEP and CM were 4.7% and 1.7%, respectively. A significant difference was found between the bonding procedures using the log-rank test (P &lt; .05). Furthermore, canine and premolar teeth displayed a lower survival rate than incisor teeth (P &lt; .05). Survival rates did not show significant differences between the upper and lower dental arches and patients' gender (P &gt; .05). No significant difference was observed for ARI scores (P &gt; .05).
Conclusion: These findings indicate that the SEP (Transbond Plus) can be effectively used to bond orthodontic brackets.
An Adolescent Patient with Multiple Impacted Teeth
Authors: Tanaka Eiji , Kawazoe Aki , Nakamura Saika , Ito Goshi , Hirose Naoto , Tanne Yuki , Kawai Nobuhiko , Tanimoto Kotaro , Tanne Kazuo 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Multiple impacted permanent teeth is uncommon and rarely reported in the literature. This article reports the treatment of an adolescent patient with multiple impacted teeth without systemic disease. A 9-year 2-month-old boy complained of a delay of eruption of the first molars. All first molars were unerupted, and the left deciduous second molar was a submerged tooth. The panoramic radiograph showed all permanent teeth except the incisors were unerupted and, especially for the first molars, spontaneous eruption was not expected. His medical history was uneventful. A lingual arch appliance and a segmental arch were placed on the mandibular and maxillary dentitions, respectively, to guide eruption of the impacted first molars. After traction of the first molars, eruption of the impacted lower premolars was induced. Furthermore, at 15 years the impacted mandibular second molars were also positioned properly by use of the lingual arch with auxiliary wires. After achieving traction of the impacted teeth, tooth alignment was initiated using multibracket appliances after the bilateral extraction of the second premolars. After 22 months of treatment with multibracket appliances, an acceptable occlusion was achieved with a Class I molar relationship. After 2 years of retention an acceptable occlusion was maintained without any relapse in the occlusion. Since a delay in the treatment of impacted teeth may induce secondary problems such as root dilacerations and ankylosis, it is highly recommended to perform early treatment of multiple impacted teeth during adolescence.