bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic heterogeneity among the Negroid and Arab Tribes of the Sudan
Authors: Tay John S. H. , Saha N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic distance analysis was carried out among seven tribes of the Sudan comprising three Negroid (Nuba, Fur, and Nilotes) and four Arab tribes (Beja, Gaalin, Hawazma, and Messeria) on the basis of six polymorphic loci (ABO and Rhesus blood groups; haemoglobin and red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; serum haptoglobin and transferrin polymorphisms) controlling 21 alleles and compared with the Arab and Negroid populations in neighbouring countries. The Nuba and Nilotes have been found to have Negroid genetic characteristics, while the Fur are intermediate between the Arabs and Negroids. The Beja and Gaalin tribes have more pronounced Arab genetic characteristics than the Hawazma and Messeria, who have a great deal of Negroid admixture.
Blood genetic markers in Sri Lankan populations—reappraisal of the legend of Prince Vijaya
Authors: Saha N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum protein (haptoglobin types; transferrin and group‐specific component subtypes); haemoglobin and red cell enzymes (acid phosphatase, esterase D, glyoxalase I, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and phosphoglucomutase (locus 1) (subtypes) were studied in the Sinhalese, Tamils, and Muslims of Sri Lanka. The allelic frequencies of all the polymorphic systems were similar in these populations without any significant differences. A close look at the present results and earlier investigations on 13 polymorphic loci controlled by 37 alleles did not reveal any genetic characteristics in the present‐day Sinhalese population that are distinct from those in the Tamils of Sri Lanka. As such, genetic evidence linking the legendary origin of the Sinhalese population to East India (Prince Vijaya) is lacking.
As to the occurrence of accessory triradii in interdigitum 3 of the human palm
Authors: Weninger Margarete 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of extensive dermatoglyphic data, collected from West Kenya by Doz. E.M. Winkler, showed considerable intergroup variability in the frequencies of accessory triradii in the third interdigital area (interdigitum 3) of the palm. A review of the literature confirmed the universally low frequency of this trait, as well as its racial variability, with the Negroes having the highest frequency.
Phenotypic selection on the dentition in a late archaic population of Ohio
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Janini Charles , Giesen Myra 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSignificant phenotypic selection acting on the buccolingual diameters of the permanent first and second molars is established for a Late Archaic population in Ohio. Directional selection appears to be acting on an index that increases the size of the maxillary first (UM1) and mandibular second (LM2) molars and decreases the size of the maxillary second (UM2) and mandibular first (LM1) molars. Variance selection is fundamentally disruptive but results in a more integrated (highly correlated) set of characteristics in the after‐selection sample.
A radiographic technique of interest to physical anthropologists
Authors: Fairgrieve Scott I. , Bashford John 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA radiographic technique for processing a large number of human crania was developed to aid in the diagnosis of porotic hyperostosis in a large skeletal population. These images are made directly onto photographic paper, thereby reducing costs and increasing the rate of processing. The technique is especially well suited for radiographing human skeletal material and gives excellent diagnostic image quality.
Tooth wear and the position of the mental foramen
Authors: Green R. M. , Darvell B. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVariation in the position of the mental foramen with respect to the teeth (“apparent” position) seems to be associated with race, but in the determination of this position, factors which affect the disposition of the teeth plainly have a bearing on the results. The apparent position was investigated in a sample of southern Chinese skulls of known age which were classified by the degree of tooth wear. Controlling for “true” position and size of the mandible, a highly significant correlation between wear and position was found, age and tooth size having no significant contribution as additional explanatory variables. The effect of tooth wear on the apparent position of the foramen may partly explain racial variation.
New method for assessing changes in growth and sexual dimorphism in paleoepidemiology
Authors: Clark George A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper has three goals. First, traditional methods used for analyzing growth disruption (GD) and sexual dimorphism (SD) in prehistoric skeletal populations are critiqued. Second, a new method, using adult vertebrae, is presented which helps overcome these limitations. Third, this new method is then tested in the Dickson Mounds skeletal population. Between A.D. 950 and 1300 this popultion underwent a transition from hunting and gathering (PreMississippian: PreMiss.) to maize horticulture (Mississippian: Miss.). Previous research has found a decrease in long bone length in Miss. children, but no difference in adults, or a change in SD. Could this be due to catch‐up growth? In the adult skeleton vertebral neural canals (VNCs) size and vertebral body heights (VBHs) can easily be measured. VNCs generally cease growth by early childhood, whereas VBHs grow through young aduthood. This new method offers inference into prehistoric GD and SD previously thought impossible. For example, if VNCs are reduced, but not VBHs, it implies early GD with subsequent catch‐up growth. If both VNCs and VBHs are reduced, GD was presumably chronic. Moreover, within this framework, preadult SD can be examined. Results from Dickson show that early GD was followed by catch‐up growth. There was a significant change in SD, with females becoming smaller. They had chronic GD. Miss. males had early GD, followed by catch‐up growth. Indeed, Miss. males, compared to PreMiss. males, had significantly larger VBHs. Together, these results suggest females lost, but males gained, social status. Thus, vertebral morphometrics may be an invaluable new tool for paleoepidemiologists.
Relationship of the body mass index with skinfolds, girths, and bone breadths in canadian men and women aged 20–70 years
Authors: Ross W. D. , Crawford S. M. , Kerr D. A. , Ward R. , Bailey D. A. , Mirwald R. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationships of Quetelet index (w/h2), or body mass index (BMI), with the sum of skinfolds at five sites, two skinfold‐corrected limb girths, and two bone breadths were studied in a cross‐sectional sample of 12,282 men and 6,593 women aged 20–70 years. The correlations of the BMI with skinfolds (0.50), bone breadths (0.51), and girths (0.58) were too low for individual prediction. Contingency tables of the BMI and sum of skinfold categories further indict its use for the purpose of assessing adiposity status or monitoring change in individuals.
Three components of genetic drift in subdivided populations
Authors: Rogers Alan R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWright's metaphor of sampling is extended to consider three components of genetic drift: those occurring before, during, and after migration. To the extent that drift at each stage behaves like an independent random sample, the order of events does not matter. When sampling is not random, the order does matter, and the effect of population size is confounded with that of mobility. The widely cited result that genetic differentiation of local groups depends only on the product of group size and migration rate holds only when nonrandom sampling does not occur prior to migration in the life cycle.
Calcaneus secundarius: An osteo‐archaeological note
Authors: Anderson Trevor 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCalcaneus secundarius, a minor anatomical variant in the foot, is subclinical and its true prevalence in modern populations is uncertain. The trait is clearly visible in dry bones, and osteo‐archeological evidence suggests that it may be a more frequent occurrence than was formerly thought. The etiology of the trait is outlined, and its possible value is assessing “biological distance” in past populations is considered.
Incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neandertals
Authors: Ogilvie Marsha D. , Curran Bryan K. , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental enamel hypoplasia (DEH), as an indicator of nonspecific stress during development, provides an assessment of the relative morbidity of past human populations. An investigation of 669 Neandertal dental crowns yielded an overall DEH frequency of 36.0% by tooth (41.9% for permanent teeth; 3.9% for deciduous teeth) and about 75% by individual. These incidences place the Neandertals at the top of recent human ranges of variation in DEH frequencies, indicating high levels of stress during development. The paucity of deciduous tooth DEH and M1 DEH, combined with generally increasing levels of DEH through later calcifying teeth, suggests that the stress was primarily nutritional, beginning at weaning and continuing through adolescence. This supports paleontological and archeological interpretations implying significantly lower effectiveness for Neandertal foraging compared to that of modern humans.
Possible case of rheumatoid arthritis from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Kilgore Lynn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDue to its apparent absence in archaeologically derived skeletons, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has generally been believed to be of fairly recent origin. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates that erosive lesions typical of RA are present in archaeological populations and that the antiquity of RA may be greater than previously expected. In support of this argument, a case of erosive arthritis is reported in a skeleton from Kulubnarti, Republic of the Sudan (c. 700–1450A.D.). Lytic, erosive lesions and subchondral cysts are present bilaterally in the carpal and metacarpal joints of a female skeleton with an estimated age at death of 50+ years. These lesions are typical of those seen in clinically diagnosed rheumatoid patients. While their expression and distribution are highly suggestive of RA, interpretation must be made with due consideration for problems of differential diagnosis of this disease in archaeological material.
Anthropological survey on red cell glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) polymorphism in Central Western Africa: A tentative hypothesis on the interaction between GPX1*2 and Hbβ*S allelic products
Authors: Destro‐Bisol Giovanni , Spedini Gabriella 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhenotype and allele frequencies for erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) polymorphism are reported in the Mbugu and Sango (Central African Republic), Goun (Benin), and Bamileke (Cameroon) ethnic groups. The GPX1*2 allele frequencies (from 0.012 in the Sango to 0.058 in the Bamileke) fit into the range of the data already known for the Subsaharan populations. The value of GPX1*2 for study of the genetic admixture between Negro and Pygmy populations is suggested. Three different unusual GPX1 electrotypes are described. Finally, we hypothesize an interaction between GPX1*2 and Hb beta*S allelic products occurring in the sickle cells infected by Plasmodium falciparum.
Sitting height: An analysis of five measurement techniques
Authors: Carr R. V. , Rempel R. D. , Ross W. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive methods of obtaining sitting height were compared by taking triple trials of each. Three methods required that the subjects be seated on a table, the fourth had them sitting on the floor against a wall, and the fifth placed them in a recumbent position. Three trials of the first method were obtained without stretching and with the feet unsupported. These were followed by stretching techniques with subjects seated on the table, first with the feet unsupported and then with them supported, then with the subjects sitting on the floor, and finally with the subjects in the recumbent position. All methods were shown to be precise, with the smallest absolute measurements and highest technical error of measurement noted in the floor seated method. There was a tendency for females to yield greater values from being stretched, and for males to have greater values in the recumbent position.
Role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops): Implications for interpretation of humeral morphology
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVarious researchers have noted that terrestrial and arboreal monkeys often differ in the degree to which the greater tubercle of the humerus projects proximally beyond the profile of the humeral head. These differences have been associated with differing leverage requirements for supraspinatus during quadrupedal locomotion. Although Jolly (The Baboon in Medical Research, Vol. II., pp. 23–50, 1967) suggested that a projecting tubercle can be related to the ability of supraspinatus to control more exactly the passive humeral retraction that occurs during support phase of quadrupedalism, most workers emphasize a link between this bony trait and the need for powerful or rapid protraction of the forelimb during swing phase of terrestrial quadrupedalism. We report on an EMG analysis of supraspinatus function showing that the muscle does not act as a brachial protractor during quadrupedalism, even in the relatively cursorial vervet monkey. We suggest that differences in greater tubercle projection can be related to the degree of mobility of the shoulder, and that supraspinatus size is determined by the interaction of greater tubercle height, adaptive importance of brachial elevation, and body size.
Endo's stress analysis of the primate skull and the functional significance of the supraorbital region
Authors: Picq Pascal G. , Hylander William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA review of Endo's experimental and theoretical procedures and data indicates that the magnitude of the principal strains in the glabella region of both humans and gorillas are low as compared to other parts of the face. Therefore, his data do not provide support for the hypothesis that the glabella region is a highly stressed region during biting. In addition, increased levels of strain in the supraorbital region are directly related to increased levels of masticatory muscle and reaction forces, and not necessarily to anterior tooth loading as opposed to posterior tooth loading. His data also indicate that the supraorbital region in extant humans cannot be accurately modeled as a beam. These conclusions either differ from those of Endo or are not clearly presented or emphasized throughout any of Endo's papers. Therefore, we suggest that a number of investigators have made unsupported or erroneous conclusions based on Endo's work. This is particularly true for those studies that have emphasized the existence of powerful bending stress in the glabella region during incisor biting in both humans and non‐human primates.
New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans formation (1979–1986 excavations): Postcranial specimens
Authors: Susman Randall L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew postcranial fossils of Paranthropus robustus and Homo cf. erectus were recovered from Swartkrans from 1979 through 1986. These fossils are from Members 1,2, and 3. The new fossils are described here along with their morphological affinities. Fossils that are assigned to Paranthropus indicate that the South African “robust” australopithecines engaged in tool behavior and were essentially terrestrial bipeds at around 1.8 Myr BP. The manual dexterity and bipedal locomotion of Paranthropus may have equaled that of Homo habilis in East Africa at approximately the same time.
Spectrographic analysis of trace elements in archaeological skeletal material from Florida: A preliminary report
Authors: İşcan Mehmet Yaşar , Kessel Morton H. , Marits Susanna 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTechnological advances have resulted in the development of an additional approach to determining the dietary practices of prehistoric populations. Bones are known to retain certain trace elements, the analysis of which should yield valuable clues to subsistence. Since there has never been a study of this nature attempted on Indian remains in Florida, a qualitative trace element analysis, using an optical emission spectrograph, was made of bone samples from indigenous populations representing both inland and coastal environments in this region. Results of this study showed that magnesium was present in all samples, copper was present in nearly half the samples, and manganese and zinc were not detected. Thus, although the diets of these groups may have varied, the trace element content did not reflect significant differences as have been reported for other types of analyses on Indian populations from diverse geographic regions.
Genetic differences among language families in Europe
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Oden Neal L. , Legendre Pierre , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Kim Junhyong , Vaudor Alain 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe investigated whether 59 allele frequencies and 10 cranial variables differed among speakers of the 12 modern language families in Europe. Although this is a classical analysis of variance design, special techniques had to be developed for the analysis because of spatial autocorrelation of both biological and language data. The method examines pooled sums of squares within language families. These are compared with the same quantities obtained by randomly partitioning the available data points in Europe into internally cohesive subsets representing the same sample sizes for each language family as in the originally observed data. Our results suggest that for numerous genetic systems, population samples differ more among language families than they do within families. These findings are considered in relation to two contrasting models: a model of random spatial differentiation of gene frequencies unrelated to language and a model of aboriginal genetic differences among speakers of different language groups. Our observed findings suggest partial validity of both models.
Diabetes, the ice free corridor, and the Paleoindian settlement of North America
Authors: Wendorf Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSince the 1940s, many Amerindian populations, including some with mixed Amerindian ancestry, have experienced an epidemic of obesity and adult‐onset diabetes (NIDDM). Obesity and NIDDM were apparently rare among Amerindian populations prior to that time. Though the evidence is equivocal, obesity and NIDDM seem to be rare today among Athapaskan Amerindians of the North American Arctic, sub‐Arctic, and Southwest.It is hypothesized that the Amerindian genotype(s) susceptible to obesity and NIDDM arose from selection favoring “thrifty” genes during the peopling of North America south of the continental glaciers. “Thrifty” genes (Neel: Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14:353–362, 1962) allowed a more efficient food metabolism as hunter‐gatherers from an unusually harsh mid‐latitude tundra environment (the “ice free” corridor) adapted to more typical mid‐latitude environments to the south. The early Paleoindian settlement pattern from Wyoming to Arizona and Texas indicates a relatively brief period of reliance on unpredictable big game resources in lower elevations and smaller game and gathered resources in higher elevations. This unusual “specialist” settlement pattern may have resulted from the early Paleoindian's unfamiliarity with gathered foods and small game in lower elevations.Athapaskan populations evidently moved south from Beringia sometime after the Paleoindian migration when the “ice free” corridor had widened and contained environments and resources more typical of subarctic latitudes. Thus, Athapaskan hunter‐gatherers could gradually adapt to the resources of lower latitudes such that “thrifty” genes would not have been as advantageous.The interaction of recently introduced “western” diets and “thrifty” genes have evidently led to today's epidemic of obesity and NIDDM among Amerindians of Paleoindian ancestry.
Appearance of a labial notch in maxillary incisors: A population survey
Authors: Brin Ilana , Ben‐Bassat Yocheved 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA labiogingival notch appearing on the enamel of maxillary central incisors seems to be a potential factor for compromised gingival and dental health. The objective of the survey was to describe the phenomenon and its prevalence in a random Israeli population. One thousand eight hundred eighty children with fully erupted permanent incisors were clinically examined. The appearance of the labiogingival notch on the enamel surface of the maxillary central incisors was determined. Two depth categories of the phenomenon were distinguished by probing. The possible differences in the prevalence of the labial notch appearance, between the sexes as well as between the right and left sides, were statistically evaluated. The prevalence of the labial notch on at least one incisor in the population examined was 6.5% (5.1% unilaterally and 1.4% bilaterally). No significant difference between the sexes regarding the appearance of this phenomenon was found. The shallow notch was similarly distributed between the right and left sides in both sexes. However, the deeper malformations appeared significantly more on the left side in boys (P < 0.05) and in girls (P < 0.01). The gingivae tended to follow the enamel contour; however, only in few cases was gingival inflammation or incipient caries diagnosed. It was concluded that the labio‐gingival notch is not a rare phenomenon, and it should be given special attention to prevent possible damage to the dental and gingival tissues.
Genetic structure of three Naikpod subpopulations of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Muralidhar B. , Goud J. D. , Murty J. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe genetic structure of three subpopulations of the Naikpod tribe of Andhra Pradesh, India, was examined by studying three blood group, six red cell enzyme, and five protein systems and phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity. The gene frequency data of 15 loci are compared among the subpopulations as well as with those reported for other population groups from India. The analysis of gene diversity revealed that the gene differentiation among the subpopulations relative to total population is only 0.02, indicating that the genetic differentiation between subpopulations is very small compared with that within them. This is corroborated by the small genetic distances found among them. The effect of differentiation of microgeographical and breeding isolation on gene diversity and genetic differentiation among the three subpopulations is apparently low.
Variation in pelvic size between males and females
Authors: Tague Robert G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSelection intensity and phenotypic variability are inversely related. It has been hypothesized that, owing to opposing selection pressures on pelvic morphology in females between efficiency in locomotion and obstetric adequacy, female pelvic morphology is less variable than that in males. The hypothesis was supported based on data derived from observational methods of sexing pelves (Meindl et al., 1985). The hypothesis was tested in the present study based on a metrical analysis of the true pelvis. The results show that there are no sexual differences in pelvic variability. Consequently, while males and females are equally variable in the dimensions of the true pelvis, the visual cues that osteologists use to sex pelves are more variable in males.