bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Friction on Initial Buckling of Tubing and Flowlines
Authors: Mitchell Robert F. 
Published: June 2007

Summary
The introduction of friction into the analysis of buckling stability causes problems. For sliding friction, the friction force is fully developed for small lateral motion, while the destabilizing effect of the axial force is proportional to the lateral motion. Because the sliding-friction force develops so rapidly and destabilizing effects develop so slowly, buckling is essentially impossible.
Yet we know that pipe buckles with friction. In conventional analysis, the only possible way for buckling to occur is to have an initial nonzero lateral displacement, so that the axial-force contribution can exceed the fully mobilized friction force. This initial displacement cannot normally be estimated accurately, so the force needed to buckle pipe with sliding friction is essentially unknown.
A cylindrical pipe has another possible mode of lateral displacement. Instead of sliding, the pipe can roll. In this case, the friction force developed is static friction. Static friction may take on any value between zero and the peak static-friction value, where the value of the static friction usually is determined from a balance of known forces in the problem of interest. Here, the magnitude of the static friction is determined from a balance of torsional forces on the pipe. The key fact is that the friction force develops gradually, so a critical buckling force can be determined in the traditional sense.
The introduction of axial torque adds further complications to the buckling analysis. This paper develops a comprehensive model for pipe undergoing axial forces and torque and then develops the critical buckling loads for three cases of interest. The first case corresponds to the pipe in the wellbore, as investigated by Dawson and Paslay (1984). The second problem looks at a pipe lying on a flat plane, for example a pipeline on the seabed. In both cases, a critical buckling load is determined for pipe in which lateral motion is constrained by friction. The third case involves a rotating pipe and determines its critical buckling load. Several sample calculations are performed to illustrate the importance of friction forces in ensuring the stability of tubing and of seafloor flowlines.
How probable is probable? A numerical translation of verbal probability expressions
Authors: Beyth‐Marom Ruth 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reported experiment took place in a professional forecasting organization accustomed to giving verbal probability assessments (‘likely’, ‘probable’, etc.). It attempts to highlight the communication problems caused by verbal probability expressions and to offer possible solutions that are compatible with the forecasters overall perspective on their jobsExperts in the organization were first asked to give a numerical translation to 30 different verbal probability expressions most of which were taken from the organization's own published political forecasts. In a second part of the experiment the experts were given 15 paragraphs selected from the organization's political publications each of which contained at least one verbal expression of probability. Subjects were again asked to give a numerical translation to each verbal probability expressionThe results indicate that (a) there is a high variability in the interpretation of verbal probability expressions and (b) the variability is even higher in context. Possible reasons for the context effect are discussed and practical implications are suggested.
Short‐run macroeconomic forecasting: The OECD performance
Authors: Smyth David J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractForecasts for the seven major industrial countries, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, are published on a regular basis in the OECD's Economic Outlook. This paper analyses the accuracy of the OECD annual forecasts of output and price changes and of the current balance in the balance of payments. As a reference basis, the forecasts are compared with those generated by a naive model, a random walk process. The measures of forecasting accuracy used are the mean‐absolute error, the root‐mean‐square error, the median‐absolute error, and Theil's inequality coefficient. The OECD forecasts of real GNP changes are significantly superior to those generated by the random walk process; however, the OECD price and current balance forecasts are not significantly more accurate than those obtained from the naive model. The OECD's forecasting performance has neither improved nor deteriorated over time.
Strategic issues in development management: Learning from successful experience. Part II
Authors: Conyers Diana , Kaul Mohan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPart I of this paper, published in Vol. 10, no. 2, dealt with the choice of criteria for determining the success of local development initiatives. Part II looks at the broader implications of the factors contributing to success in the local, national and international contexts. The majority of local initiatives require external assistance. Six major issues are discussed: the qualities which external agencies need in order to provide effective support; the relative merits of governmental and non‐governmental organizations; the different levels of NGO operations; relations between governments and NGOs; North‐South collaboration; and training implications.
Hershey Foods, cocoa, and Belize: A collaborative model for third world development
Authors: Gaarder Robert , McCommon Carolyn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe following article describes a rare case of a U.S. multinational collaborating with the public sector on an economic development project. The project took place in Belize and directly addressed the development priorities of this Central American country. From 1984 until 1987, Hershey Foods Corporation was a co‐operative partner with the Belizean Ministry of Agriculture in the Belize Accelerated Cocoa Production Project aimed at introducing the latest cocoa production methods to local farmers. Other key participants in the project included the development arm of the United States Government—the Agency for International Development—and two private voluntary organizations: the Pan American Development Foundation and Volunteers in Technical Assistance. This article presents the case for more configurations like this one in future development projects. The article is divided into the following sections: the need for a private sector role in development, background on the Belize case, a model for developing collaborative relationships, and the benefits received by the partners as a result of their collaboration on this project.
Experience of training for decentralized planning in Nepal
Authors: Poudyal Lokendra Prasad 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeople's participation is both a method and an objective of rural development programmes in Nepal. The government has adopted decentralization measures to facilitate this. As the subject of decentralization involves new roles and responsibilities for both people and government officials, designing viable training programmes has been emphasized. Commensurate with this, a pilot training programme has been conducted in the Tanahun District for two years. The objective of this programme was to produce a decentralized planning training module which could be replicated elsewhere. This paper deals with the content of this programme and highlights the lessons learnt.
Institutional analysis and decentralization: Developing an analytical framework for effective third world administrative reform
Authors: Wunsch James S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs we enter the 1990s, scholars and practitioners of development administration in the Third World share a deep concern with its disappointing performance. Looked to as the primary agent of modernization during the optimistic first days of independence, many now blame it for the development stagnation of much of the Third World over the past two decades. Reinforced by the events of 1989 in Eastern Europe, calls for privatization and radical cutbacks in the state are increasing. Indeed, while the causes of Third World development stagnation are undoubtedly multiple and diverse, it is difficult to refute the charge that the hierarchical, bureaucratic, centrally‐led strategy has not achieved what was expected of it. The question which faces responsible and concerned scholars, practitioners and officials today, is what can and should be done about all this? This paper recommends avoiding grand and precipitous changes in organizational strategies: indiscriminate privatization and dismantling the state, it argues, would be just as much an error as the earlier whole‐cloth commitment to centralist‐bureaucratic organization. Instead it argues that theoretical and analytical tools effective in making more subtle and refined choices among institutional alternatives must be developed. It presents a preliminary analysis of one strategy which might offer this, and illustrates how it can be used to design organizations more likely successfully to deliver services and sustain investments in the Third World.
The state of training in public policy management in Ghana
Authors: Dotse F. Mawuena 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the relevance and state of training in public policy management in Ghana. The author argues that the lack of an institutional base for policy analysis is evident in the abdication and paralysis of policy‐making, as well as the inability of the management development institutions to institutionalize training programmes in public policy management. Recognizing politicians and bureaucrats as complementary actors in the policy process, it is argued that organizing training programmes for them could contribute to improved policy‐making. The content, methodology, duration, target group and impact of current training programmes in public policy management are analysed. Although the dearth of relevant local reading material on policy issue is identified as a problem in the teaching of public policy in Ghana, reference is made to some available publications on local public policy issues which could supplement Western‐biased reading materials. Other problems discussed are the heterogeneous background of course participants and the non‐involvement of faculty members in policy making. The paper concludes with recommendations on policy preview workshops; seminars for politicians and senior bureaucrats; development of policy analysts; and complementarity among the local management development institutions.
Cities and people: Towards a gender‐aware urban planning process?
Authors: Rakodi Carole 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecognition of the deficiencies of traditional ‘blueprint’ approaches to land use and infrastructure planning has led to increased emphasis on management of the process of urban development. Such management should recognize the distributional impacts of decision‐making and be responsive to the needs of residents. However, much urban planning activity has been and continues to be gender‐blind. In order to redress this deficiency, it is argued that increased understanding is needed of women's economic and social roles in urban society, their exclusion from economic opportunities and decision‐making processes, and the discriminatory nature of much legislation. Urban residents’ experience is shaped both by household strategies and by the way in which they are affected by or can affect planning, investment and management decisions made at the neighbourhood or city level. Differing experiences may be related to class and ethnicity, but are also likely to be gender‐specific. The potential impact of policy and investment in a variety of sectors of urban development on residents, especially women, is explored. Recommendations are made for a more gender‐aware approach to planning for economic activity, land and shelter, public transport and infrastructural and social services, and for specific actions to be taken by both planners and residents.
Patrimonial economics and informal bureaucracies: Public administration and social reality in the least developed countries of the 1990s: A review article
Authors: Garvey Brian 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCommentators in many poorer countries, examining the political realities of the Third World from within new and interesting micro‐economic perspectives, have rediscovered the relevance of dysfunctions in government as pointers to the true nature of state relations and economic development. The result has been the appearance of a literature on two commonly observed phenomena in the least developed countries of Africa, South Asia and Latin America: the enhanced economic role of ‘second’ or ‘informal’ economies, and the declining relevance of formal state structures which results partly from economic incapacity. This paper surveys some of the more significant recent examples of this literary output and relates their findings to the problems of public administration in those countries which experience or are likely to experience these phenomena.
Urban local government finance in Nigeria: The case of Lagos municipal area
Authors: Olowu Dele 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne of the most important results of the global reform of local governments in Nigeria in 1976 was to initiate a progressive increase in the amount of monetary transfers to local governments (LGs) by federal and state governments (especially the former). The proportion of federally collected revenues devoted to LGs increased rapidly from less than 2 per cent in 1976 to 15 per cent in 1990. This has enabled Nigerian LGs to play a more visible role in total public expenditures. On the other hand, huge federal transfers have led to sharp declines in absolute and relative terms in locally generated revenues. The two Lagos municipalities are able to generate up to 50 per cent of their total revenues. In contrast, the average for all local governments in the country is 4–5 per cent. The relatively large internal revenue sources in the two Lagos municipalities results in generous surpluses, which they are able to channel into capital development or special project expenditures. The single most important internal revenue source is the property tax, which is not even collected in some other large cities, such as Kano, Ogbomosho and Sokoto.
Rural local government finance in Zimbabwe: The case of Gokwe District Council
Authors: Mutizwa‐Mangiza N. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn spite of the many problems inherited at independence in 1980, rural local government in Zimbabwe is, in comparison with many other countries in the region, fairly robust and well organized. This paper examines the Gokwe District Council, one of the more dynamic and potentially very prosperous rural local authorities in the country. The case study shows that the achievements of the council can be explained not only in terms of factors internal to the district, but also in terms of the overall system of local government and finance in Zimbabwe.
Local management of aid‐funded projects
Authors: Maddock Nicholas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLocal management means giving responsibility for the implementation and management of development projects to people and institutions in the recipient country. The main arguments for local management are that it offers the potential to increase the responsibility and accountability of national institutions and should help to build a cadre of experienced local project managers. These are all important contributions to sustainable development. There are, however, some constraints on the effectiveness of local management, including the limited supply of good managers and the difficulty of ensuring adherence by those implementing projects to donors' procedures and regulations. The role of donor agencies under local management is yet to be clearly defined. Donor agencies will face difficult professional judgments on whether, when and how to intervene where projects are not being competently managed by national institutions.
Public enterprise reform: Managerial autonomy, accountability and performance contracts
Authors: Islam Nasir 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe underlying assumption in this paper is that autonomy and accountability are both fundamental prerequisites for the effective functioning of state‐owned enterprises. The paper first examines the traditional, dichotomous approach to the autonomy‐accountability conundrum. This approach posits the relationship as process oriented, pervasive, quantitative and based ona prioricontrols. A more recent view of control and accountability asa posteriori, qualitative, strategic, results‐oriented and non‐zero sum is then briefly analysed. The paper presents a review of the theory and practice of performance contracts (PC) as tools to implement the latter approach. Three basic models of PCs—Senegal'scontratplan, Pakistan's signalling system and India's memorandum of understanding—have been analysed, comparing the negotiating process, major players, substantive elements and results. Thecontratplan is more of a legal document, at least in formal terms, than the other two. None of the three models, however, provides any sanctions in case of a violation of the contract by the governments. Although the Indian and Pakistani PCs appeared to be more successful than the Senegalese contracts, the relationship between financial performance and performance contracts remains far from conclusive. In all the three countries, the contracts have failed to provide a single window through which government‐enterprise interface can be effectively managed. Thus the problem of multiple principals and single agents remains unresolved.
Managing research institutions in developing countries: Test of a model
Authors: Kiggundu Moses N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article proposes a model for the analysis, management and development of research institutes in developing countries which incorporates four interdependent dimensions: (i) a strategic management dimension concerned with the management of the organisation's internal and external environments and their interrelationships; (ii) a dimension concerned with ‘collaborative institutional arrangements’; (iii) an internal management and supervision dimension; and (iv) a ‘research operations’ dimension. A preliminary corroboration of the model's validity is derived from a review of relevant published literature and summaries of evaluation studies of research institutions in developing countries.
Managing equity and gender in an agricultural programme in Malawi
Authors: Hirschmann David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe challenge of introducing greater equity into a society as unequal and as poor as Malawi's has become is a daunting one. It involves nothing less than attempting to commence the reversal of a historic process that originates in the colonial system of production and has continued, even intensified, during three decades of political independence. In that process a very small elite arrogated all of the major components of political power and economic privilege. Attempting to restore, even to a limited degree, fairness in the distribution of assets and opportunities to such a society involves numerous, complex, and sometimes contradictory, sets of questions and responses. It also requires an unpackaging of the notion of ‘equity’ and the category of‘women’. This article sets out to explore some of those questions from a management perspective. First, in order to demonstrate the complexity and scale of the problem, as well as the limits of this particular experiment with reform, it will provide a brief historic background to the present structure and dynamic of Malawian agriculture. Second, it will, even more briefly, explain US AID's Agricultural Sector Assistance Programme (ASAP), which sought to alter in a modest way some of the major elements of agricultural inequity in Malawi. Third, it will analyse some of the procedural and management dilemmas confronting the programme. And, finally, it will set out some principles for responding to these management problems.
Personnel practices in careers of women at the top in government and business in Nicaragua and Costa Rica
Authors: Snyder Monteze M. , Osland Joyce , Hunter Leslie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article, which is the first empirical study of upper‐level female managers in Central America, extends the exploration of similarities and differences between public and private sectors in human resource management to the context of developing countries. A comparison of work hours, recruitment and selection practices, mentoring, political pressure, gender discrimination and sexual harassment, reported by female managers in public and private organizations in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, yielded no sector‐based differences and few country‐based differences. We conclude, therefore, that the public sector is not a more supportive or more fair employer for women in management than the private sector in these two countries, contrary to the assumption in the women‐in‐management literature that the public sector is a more hospitable environment. Improvements in human resources practices are appropriate in both sectors.
An Operator Method for the Addition of Two Angular Momenta by Symmetrizing the Product of n Spin Functions
Authors: Ansari S. M. Razaullah 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA general expression of Clebsch‐Gordan coefficients is derived by means of de Broglie‐like méthode de fusion: the second angular momentum is added to the first in n steps of half each, the maximum symmetric composition of the n spin functions being taken into account explicitly. The procedure is operatorial.Group‐theoretically speaking the irreducible representations of the direct product of two irreducible representations of the rotation group are realized via symmetric group Sn with the aid of projection operators (equivalent to Young's symmetrizers). The decomposition of the representations of Sn therein is performed inductively by utilizing the chain of subgroups: Sn ⊃ Sn−1 … ⊃ S2 ⊃ S1.
Recent Applications of KN Forward Dispersion Relations and Sum Rules
Authors: Queen N. M. , Restignoli M. , Violini G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent applications of kaon‐nucleon forward dispersion relations, superconvergence relations, finite energy sum rules, derivative sum rules, and the Adler‐Weisberger sum rule are reviewed. These dispersion relations and sum rules have been used for the determination of the KNA and KN coupling constants, the phases of the kaon‐nucleon forward scattering amplitudes, and the Regge pole parameters, and have allowed tests of the PCAC hypothesis for strangeness‐changing currents. They also provide important constraints which help to resolve ambiguities in the phenomenological analysis of the scattering data. A critical comparison of various methods which have been proposed is given, the theoretical predictions are compared with experiment when possible, and our present knowledge of the kaon‐nucleon interaction parameters is summarized. Some new results are presented.
Further Evidence against the Possibility of Faster‐than‐Light Particles
Authors: Strnad J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractArguments are added to the growing number of arguments against the possibility of faster‐than‐light particles. Causal loops with faster‐than‐light particles are discussed in the framework of non‐quantum special relativity. Thought experiments with steady currents of faster‐than‐light particles show that the reinterpretation principle is incompatible with the causality principle. If both principles are used consequently paradoxial situations arise. These are visualized utilizing Brehme diagrams. The final conclusion is that particles cannot travel on a macroscopic scale faster than light if space and time are homogeneous and if the relativity and causality principles are valid.