bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judicial Law-Making and the Developing Order of the Oceans
Authors: Harrison James 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article explores the powers of courts and tribunals in developing the legal order of the oceans. It is generally accepted that the rules of treaty interpretation allow courts to look beyond the strict con fines of a treaty to other sources of evidence. Such an approach allows an evolutionary interpretation which takes into account the contemporaneous views of the parties. In practice, courts and tribunals have adopted a pragmatic approach to the interpretation of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention in light of other rules of international law. By doing so, they promote flexibility in the Convention regime, albeit at the risk of undermining the transparency and legitimacy of their decisions. In the context of the applicable law, the 1982 Convention seeks to safeguard itself against change by asserting priority over other sources of law. From a practical perspective, the role of courts in developing the Convention is limited by the fact that few decisions have come before the courts to date. Thus, it is clear that courts by themselves cannot provide a satisfactory mechanism for change in the legal order of the oceans.
Barbara Green: How Have the Mighty Fallen?
Authors: Auld Graeme 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBarbara Green's monograph, How Are the Mighty Fallen?, is a welcome addition to biblical interpretation, in part because it functions as a practical handbook on Bakhtin's criticism for readers. In this regard Green is an insightful teacher. Additionally she demonstrates that 1 Samuel is a narrative essay evaluating the experience of kingship as a whole in ancient Jerusalem and Samaria, and she gives attention to the theological issues with which this superbly crafted narrative confronts its readers. On the other hand, perhaps the story of Saul in 1 Samuel is not a significant Deuteronomic adaptation. Knowing Deuteronomy and Judges in advance will influence the reading of 1 Samuel; but a reading of the entirety of 1 Samuel works—and may even work better—without such knowledge. Also, her comparison of Saul's end with the end of 2 Kings 25 may deserve closer critical scrutiny. Jehoiachin's end is not in Chronicles and is thus an editorial addition in 2 Kings 25 to an earlier tradition. It may not be a good witness to the historical situation which gave rise to the whole narrative, and of which Green finds that Saul and his death are playing an interpretive role.
Misery and the of Disease Theories of Depression
Authors: Bebbington Paul 
Published: July 2007

Psychiatric phenomena can usefully be studied by the establishment of syndromes which can then be used as the basis of treatment and so on. The delineation of syndromes of affective illness has a long history. It implies a distinction from normal lowering of mood. This distinction has been related to the concepts of diathesis and disregulation. However, studies of psychosocial adversity have not been able to add to the concept of affective illness. It is concluded that for it to be maintained that the distinction between simple distress and affective illness is useful, major aetiological differences must be demonstrated. It is likely that this can only be done through multidisciplinary studies.
Influence of Women's Work Status On the Well-Being of Indian Couples
Authors: Andrade Chittaranjan , Postma Kirstine , Abraham K. 
Published: July 2007

Background. In urban India, working women are expected to continue to discharge their traditional domestic duties; the likely result is compromised well-being due to role strain. Husbands of working women may also experience pressures and hence poorer well-being. Well-being in working couples, particularly husbands, is little researched in developing countries. Method. The Subjective Well-Being Inventory was administered to 46 'one-working' (only husband employed) and 51 'both-working' (both spouses employed) randomly selected urban, middle-class couples. Results. In one-working as well as both-working families, wives experienced less well-being than their husbands. Working wives experienced more confidence in coping than non-working wives. Husbands in both-working families experienced better social support but less social contact, less mental mastery, and poorer perceived health than husbands in one-working families. Few or no sociodemographic variables were associated with well-being. Conclusions. Employment may benefit women but stress their husbands.
X-ray Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Sisson Wayne A. 
Published: July 2007

INSTEAD of attacking a definite problem and completing it before starting another, the author has chosen to begin work by making a literature survey of the whole field, followed by experimental work on the fundamental structure of cellulose. This program has given a better perspective of the whole field of the x-ray analysis of textile fibres as a background for future work, and at the same time has suggested many interesting problems. Several investigations are now in progress with the intention of later concentrating on the more promising ones. The experimental work to date has been of a preliminary nature. None of the work has progressed to the extent that final conclusions may be drawn. However, this report includes in some detail the nature of the investigations, the results obtained and the program for future work.
Commercial Top Appraisal and Standardization
Authors: Kruegel Erwin O. 
Published: July 2007

During the past few years interest has been shown by worsted manufacturers and top makers in a quick, accurate, and convenient method of judging the fineness, staple and strength of a wool top. Many methods have been proposed to determine these important attributes of wool top quality. The methods differ widely as to their practicability, ease of making determinations, and agreement with the results of top appraisers. The scope of the present series of reports will be to discuss the various methods, their advantages and disadvantages as well as their adaptability to commercial practice. This investigation will be divided into four general classifications: (a) Fineness (b) Staple (c) Strength (d) Top Standards The first three reports of this series will deal with methods for the determination of the attributes of fineness, staple and strength, that have been found to be most reliable in commercial practice. The last of this series will deal with the setting up of a series of top standards for commercial use.
Francophone Organizational Analysis (1950-1990): An Overview
Authors: Chanlat Jean-François 
Published: July 2007

Interest in organizations first appeared between World War I and World War II, with the American studies led by Mayo. Since then, interest has grown and spread to most industrialized countries. In the sixties, in Anglo-Saxon countries and especially in the United States where research was first conducted, organiza tional analysis developed into an independent field of investigation. Economic growth, the proliferation and expansion of organizations and a marked tendency 'to rationalize the world' have compelled an increasing number of West ern researchers to question the social dynamics of organized groups. This interest has been reinforced over the past few years by the failure of collectivist solutions, the growing popularity of private enterprise as well as by the type of management thinking that presently predominates in Western countries, but more generally by the prevalence of thinking about the world in organizational terms. Given this general tendency, which is observable in most industrialized countries, this paper aims to demonstrate how Francophone analysis has evolved and remains distinct to this day from Anglophone — and more particularly from the American main stream — analysis.
Characterization and Leaching of Coal Fly Ash
Authors: Gutiérrez Beatriz , Pazos Carmen , Coca José 
Published: July 2007

Physical characteristics, chemical composition and leaching behaviour of a waste fly ash from a coal-fired power station are reported. Particle size distribution was studied by the following techniques: sedimentation in a liquid medium; sedimentation in an air flow; and Fraunhofer diffraction of a laser beam. Results obtained by the different methods are in good agreement. Mineralogical content and chemical composition were determined by X-ray diffraction, electronic microprobe and X-ray fluorescence. Acid leaching of the samples was investigated, using the following strong acids in sequence: HCl + HNO3, H2F 2, HClO4. Analysis of leachates by atomic absorption shows trace metals In, Tl, Ge, Cu, Ga, Pb, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cr. In this work fly ashes from a Spanish power plant are characterized according to the type of particles, size distribution and chemical composition by means of physical methods. Three particle size fractions are leached by acids and analysis of trace elements in the leaching liquor is carried out. The concentration of trace metals is somewhat higher in the particles of smallest size.
Environmental Fads and Fallacies
Authors: Dean Robert B. 
Published: July 2007

Recycling, believed by many to be accomplished by separate collection or central separation, only increases the cost of waste management until someone buys the junk. Reuse with refundable deposits removes valuable items from the waste stream at the earliest possible point and directly rewards the person who does the work. Biodegradable plastics increase greenhouse gases in comparison to conventional plastics if deposited in a landfill. Biofuels have a very minor effect on greenhouse gases because they represent only a few years retention of carbon, in contrast to fossil fuels which have been stored for millions of years. Composting is not recycling, but the destruction of one-half of the energy value of wastes with the production of a humus similar to, but not as good as, that produced in all good soils. As NPK fertilizer, compost is seldom worth the energy necessary to spread it although it has many special uses to improve poor soils. A large number of the perceived risks from e.g. PVC, dioxins, incineration, furnace ash, waste fuel oil, etc. are derived from assumptions that have been unsupported or refuted by later studies, but which remain strongly entrenched in the public mind. Since it is not possible to set a practical scientific definition of hazardous wastes, legal definitions are established. Some of these limits are influenced by active lobbying of interested commercial parties and may bear little relation to environmental or health risks. Competition between environmental authorities to set the lowest limits for toxic emissions has led to scientifically absurd and destructively expensive legal limits on "popular" pollutants. The result is a greater exposure to other hazards that must be neglected due to lack of funds.
Utilizing the Used Catalyst From Refinery FCC Units as a Substitute for Kaolin in Formulating Ceramic Frits
Authors: Escardino A. , Amoros J.L. , Moreno A. , Sanchez E. 
Published: July 2007

Frits are materials of a vitreous nature which are used for obtaining the glaze used to coat glazed ceramic tiles. One of the raw materials usually employed in preparing frits is kaolin, which provides the aluminium and part of the silicon they contain. This study investigates the possibility of utilizing the used catalyst from the FCC (fluidized catalyst cracking) units involved in petroleum refining, to substitute for kaolin as a raw material in the preparation of ceramic frits. On assessing the aesthetic and technical characteristics (whiteness, gloss, microhardness, etc.) of the glazes obtained from two frits that were prepared by substituting kaolin with the industrial waste mentioned above, no important differences were observed relative to the characteristics of the glazes obtained from the standard frits. © 1995 ISWA
Effects of the deletion of the Escherichia coli frataxin homologue CyaY on the respiratory NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Authors: Pohl Thomas , Walter Julia , Stolpe Stefan , Soufo Joel H Defeu , Grauman Peter L , Friedrich Thorsten 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Frataxin is discussed as involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters. Recently it was discovered that a frataxin homologue is a structural component of the respiratory NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in Thermus thermophilus. It was not clear whether frataxin is in general a component of complex I from bacteria. The Escherichia coli homologue of frataxin is coined CyaY.

Results
We report that complex I is completely assembled to a stable and active enzyme complex equipped with all known iron-sulfur clusters in a cyaY mutant of E. coli. However, the amount of complex I is reduced by one third compared to the parental strain. Western blot analysis and live cell imaging of CyaY engineered with a GFP demonstrated that CyaY is located in the cytoplasm and not attached to the membrane as to be expected if it were a component of complex I.

Conclusion
CyaY plays a non-essential role in the assembly of complex I in E. coli. It is not a structural component but may transiently interact with the complex.
Analysis and prediction of antibacterial peptides
Authors: Lata Sneh , Sharma BK , Raghava GPS 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Antibacterial peptides are important components of the innate immune system, used by the host to protect itself from different types of pathogenic bacteria. Over the last few decades, the search for new drugs and drug targets has prompted an interest in these antibacterial peptides. We analyzed 486 antibacterial peptides, obtained from antimicrobial peptide database APD, in order to understand the preference of amino acid residues at specific positions in these peptides.

Results
It was observed that certain types of residues are preferred over others in antibacterial peptides, particularly at the N and C terminus. These observations encouraged us to develop a method for predicting antibacterial peptides in proteins from their amino acid sequence. First, the N-terminal residues were used for predicting antibacterial peptides using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Quantitative Matrices (QM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), which resulted in an accuracy of 83.63%, 84.78% and 87.85%, respectively. Then, the C-terminal residues were used for developing prediction methods, which resulted in an accuracy of 77.34%, 82.03% and 85.16% using ANN, QM and SVM, respectively. Finally, ANN, QM and SVM models were developed using N and C terminal residues, which achieved an accuracy of 88.17%, 90.37% and 92.11%, respectively. All the models developed in this study were evaluated using five-fold cross validation technique. These models were also tested on an independent or blind dataset.

Conclusion
Among antibacterial peptides, there is preference for certain residues at N and C termini, which helps to demarcate them from non-antibacterial peptides. Both the termini play a crucial role in imparting the antibacterial property to these peptides. Among the methods developed, SVM shows the best performance in predicting antibacterial peptides followed by QM and ANN, in that order. AntiBP (Antibacterial peptides) will help in discovering efficacious antibacterial peptides, which we hope will prove to be a boon to combat the dreadful antibiotic resistant bacteria. A user friendly web server has also been developed to help the biological community, which is accessible at http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/antibp/.
Proteomic screen in the simple metazoan Hydra identifies 14-3-3 binding proteins implicated in cellular metabolism, cytoskeletal organisation and Ca2+ signalling
Authors: Pauly Barbara , Lasi Margherita , MacKintosh Carol , Morrice Nick , Imhof Axel , Regula Jörg , Rudd Stephen , David Charles N , Böttger Angelika 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in many signalling mechanisms due to their interaction with Ser/Thr phosphorylated target proteins. They are evolutionarily well conserved in eukaryotic organisms from single celled protozoans and unicellular algae to plants and humans. A diverse array of target proteins has been found in higher plants and in human cell lines including proteins involved in cellular metabolism, apoptosis, cytoskeletal organisation, secretion and Ca2+signalling.ResultsWe found that the simple metazoanHydrahas four 14-3-3 isoforms. In order to investigate whether the diversity of 14-3-3 target proteins is also conserved over the whole animal kingdom we isolated 14-3-3 binding proteins fromHydra vulgarisusing a 14-3-3-affinity column. We identified 23 proteins that covered most of the above-mentioned groups. We also isolated several novel 14-3-3 binding proteins and theHydraspecific secreted fascin-domain-containing protein PPOD. In addition, we demonstrated that one of the 14-3-3 isoforms, 14-3-3 HyA, interacts with oneHydra-Bcl-2 like protein in vitro.ConclusionOur results indicate that 14-3-3 proteins have been ubiquitous signalling components since the start of metazoan evolution. We also discuss the possibility that they are involved in the regulation of cell numbers in response to food supply inHydra.
Use of tiling array data and RNA secondary structure predictions to identify noncoding RNA genes
Authors: Weile Christian , Gardner Paul P , Hedegaard Mads M , Vinther Jeppe 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Within the last decade a large number of noncoding RNA genes have been identified, but this may only be the tip of the iceberg. Using comparative genomics a large number of sequences that have signals concordant with conserved RNA secondary structures have been discovered in the human genome. Moreover, genome wide transcription profiling with tiling arrays indicate that the majority of the genome is transcribed.

Results
We have combined tiling array data with genome wide structural RNA predictions to search for novel noncoding and structural RNA genes that are expressed in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-AS. Using this strategy, we identify thousands of human candidate RNA genes. To further verify the expression of these genes, we focused on candidate genes that had a stable hairpin structures or a high level of covariance. Using northern blotting, we verify the expression of 2 out of 3 of the hairpin structures and 3 out of 9 high covariance structures in SK-N-AS cells.

Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that many human noncoding, structured and conserved RNA genes remain to be discovered and that tissue specific tiling array data can be used in combination with computational predictions of sequences encoding structural RNAs to improve the search for such genes.
Complete sequence and organization of Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus, a dr-rich baculovirus
Authors: Nie Zuo-Ming , Zhang Zhi-Fang , Wang Dan , He Ping-An , Jiang Cai-Ying , Song Li , Chen Fang , Xu Jie , Yang Ling , Yu Lin-Lin , Chen Jian , Lv Zheng-Bing , Lu Jing-Jing , Wu Xiang-Fu , Zhang Yao-Zhou 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The completion and reporting of baculovirus genomes is extremely important as it advances our understanding of gene function and evolution. Due to the large number of viral genomes now sequenced it is very important that authors present significantly detailed analyses to advance the understanding of the viral genomes. However, there is no report of the Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV) genome.

Results
The genome of AnpeNPV, which infects Chinese tussah silkworm (Antheraea pernyi), was sequenced and analyzed. The genome was 126,629 bp in size. The G+C content of the genome, 53.4%, was higher than that of most of the sequenced baculoviruses. 147 open reading frames (ORFs) that putatively encode proteins of 50 or more amino acid residues with minimal overlap were determined. Of the 147 ORFs, 143 appeared to be homologous to other baculovirus genes, and 4 were unique to AnpeNPV. Furthermore, there are still 29 and 33 conserved genes present in all baculoviruses and all lepidopteran baculoviruses respectively. In addition, the total number of genes common to all lepidopteran NPVs is sill 74, however the 74 genes are somewhat different from the 74 genes identified before because of some new sequenced NPVs. Only 6 genes were found exclusively in all lepidopteran NPVs and 12 genes were found exclusively in all Group I NPVs. AnpeNPV encodes v-trex(Anpe115, a 3' to 5' repair exonuclease), which was observed only in CfMNPV and CfDEFNPV in Group I NPVs. This gene potentially originated by horizontal gene transfer from an ancestral host. In addition, AnpeNPV encodes two conotoxin-like gene homologues (ctls), ctl1 and ctl2, which were observed only in HycuNPV, OpMNPV and LdMNPV. Unlike other baculoviruses, only 3 typical homologous regions (hr s) were identified containing 2~9 repeats of a 30 bp-long palindromic core. However, 24 perfect or imperfect direct repeats (dr s) with a high degree of AT content were found within the intergenic spacer regions that may function as non-hr, ori-like regions found in GrleGV, CpGV and AdorGV. 9 dr s were also found in intragenic spacer regions of AnpeNPV.

Conclusion
AnpeNPV belongs to Group I NPVs and is most similar to HycuNPV, EppoNPV, OpMNPV and CfMNPV based on gene content, genome arrangement, and amino acid identity. In addition, analysis of genes that flank hr s supported the argument that these regions are involved in the transfer of sequences between the virus and host.