bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical patients with breast cancer
Authors: Patiar S , Kirwan C C , McDowell G , Bundred N J , McCollum C N , Byrne G J 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundNo randomized trial has yet studied venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer.MethodsRelevant articles were identified using Medline searches. Secondary articles were identified from the reference lists of key papers.Results and conclusionThe absence of randomized trials comparing different methods of VTE prophylaxis with controls makes an evidence-based consensus among breast cancer surgeons difficult. Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and graduated compression (GC) are effective in reducing VTE without the haemorrhagic complications associated with heparin; their effects are additive. The authors suggest the following strategy. All patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer should receive both IPC and GC, with heparin reserved for those at very high risk. A controlled trial should randomize women to receive heparin or not, and all women should have both IPC and GC. The primary endpoints should be the development of VTE and/or haemorrhagic complications.
Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Lactols by a Domino Reaction of 2,3‐Epoxy Alcohols with a Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent and Its Application to the Synthesis of Lactones and the Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Tanikolide
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi , Matsuda Satoshi , Horai Mai , Fujii Eri , Morishita Maiko , Nishiguchi Natsuko , Hata Kayoko , Kita Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe domino reaction of 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohol derivatives, namely tetrasubstituted 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohols and 2‐ or 3‐alkyl trisubstituted 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohols, with PhI(OCOCF3)2 in the presence of H2O is described in detail. In this reaction, several types of lactol derivatives can be directly obtained from the 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohol derivatives in a single operation. The obtained lactols were successively converted into the corresponding lactones. This reaction is applicable to the construction of optically active lactone compounds. The asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐tanikolide, an antifungal marine natural product, has been effectively achieved by using this reaction.
Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Dileo Palma , Morgan Jeffrey A. , Zahrieh David , Desai Jayesh , Salesi Jeanine M. , Harmon David C. , Quigley M. Travis , Polson Kathleen , Demetri George D. , George Suzanne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Single‐agent gemcitabine and vinorelbine have activity in treatment of patients with soft‐tissue sarcomas. The combination of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine has activity against several forms of metastatic carcinoma with acceptable toxicity. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine in advanced soft‐tissue sarcoma.METHODS.A single academic center performed this phase II trial. Eligible patients had unresectable or metastatic soft‐tissue sarcomas, Eastern Cooperative Group performance status of 0–2, adequate organ function, and ≤1 prior regimen. Gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 was given over 90 minutes on Days 1 and 8 of a 21‐day cycle after administration of vinorelbine 25 mg/m2. Dosing schedule was modified for toxicity (doses constant but administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28‐day cycle). Dose reductions were allowed if unacceptable toxicities recurred.RESULTS.The study accrued 40 patients, and 248 dosing cycles were administered (range, 1–32). No treatment‐related deaths occurred. Of 9 episodes of grade 4 toxicities, 8 were hematologic. Of 38 episodes of grade 3 toxicity, 24 were hematologic. Clinical benefit was seen in 25% of patients and was defined as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) at >4 months. There has been 1 CR lasting >1 year in a patient with high‐grade pleomorphic spindle‐cell sarcoma.CONCLUSIONS.Gemcitabine given by a fixed‐dose rate of infusion combined with vinorelbine was associated with clinically meaningful rates of disease control in patients with advanced soft‐tissue sarcoma. Toxicity was acceptable. This study contributed to data that have supported the administration of fixed‐dose rate gemcitabine‐based drug regimens in soft‐tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Long‐term responses in patients with recurring or refractory B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma treated with yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan
Authors: Witzig Thomas E. , Molina Arturo , Gordon Leo I. , Emmanouilides Christos , Schilder Russell J. , Flinn Ian W. , Darif Mohamed , Macklis Roger , Vo Katie , Wiseman Gregory A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Radioimmunotherapy with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to CD20 produces a high response rate in patients with recurring non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but the durability of those remissions is not well defined.METHODS.Data on patients with recurring NHL treated with yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in 4 clinical trials were reviewed to identify patients with a long‐term response, defined as a time to progression of 12 months or longer.RESULTS.Long‐term responses were seen in 37% (78/211) of patients. At a median follow‐up of 53.5 months (range, 12.7–88.9) the median duration of response was 28.1 months and the median time to progression was 29.3 months. A third of these patients had been treated with at least 3 previous therapies, and 37% of them had not responded to their last therapy. The findings in patients with follicular lymphoma (n = 59) were similar to those in the overall population of long‐term responders. The estimated overall survival at 5 years was 53% for all patients treated with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan and 81% for long‐term responders.CONCLUSIONS.A single dose of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan can produce durable responses and prolonged overall survival in a substantial number of patients in whom previous therapies have failed. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Ligand‐Exchange Processes on Solvated Lithium Cations: Acetonitrile and Hydrogen Cyanide
Authors: Pasgreta Ewa , Puchta Ralph , Zahl Achim , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSolutions of LiClO4 in solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water, or acetonitrile and nitromethane, were studied by 7Li NMR spectroscopy. Measured chemical shifts indicate that the Li+ cation is coordinated by four acetonitrile molecules. In the binary water/acetonitrile mixture, water coordinates more strongly to Li+ than acetonitrile such that addition of water immediately leads to the formation of [Li(H2O)4]+. The solvent‐exchange mechanism for [Li(L)4]+ (L = CH3CN and HCN) was studied by using DFT calculations (RB3LYP/6‐311+G**). This process was found to follow a limiting associative mechanism involving the formation of relatively stable five‐coordinate intermediates. The suggested mechanisms are discussed with reference to available experimental and theoretical data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Supramolecular, Calixarene‐Based Complexes That Release NO Gas
Authors: Wanigasekara Eranda , Leontiev Alexander V. , Organo Voltaire G. , Rudkevich Dmitry M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCalix[4]arenes and nanotubes based on them convert NO2/N2O4 gases into nonvolatile NO+ species and encapsulate them. In a one‐electron reduction scheme with hydroquinone, the complexed NO+ transforms into NO gas. While NO is released, calixarenes are regenerated and can be loaded again. Supramolecular materials for generation, storage and release of NO can be potentially created, with high‐capacity calixarene nanotubes holding a special promise. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
On the dynamic properties of asymmetric wall‐frame structures
Authors: Rutenberg A. , Glück J. , Reinhorn A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn efficient approximate hand method is proposed for the evaluation of the dynamic properties of asymmetric wall‐frame structures. The approximation is based on a two‐degree‐of‐freedom zeroth order solution of the coupled differential equations of motion. The restrictions on the structural geometry of the building imposed in a previous paper1 are relaxed and the accuracy of the approximation is made dependent on the similarity between the mode shapes of the uncoupled lateral and torsional systems.
On the stability of columns subjected to non‐stationary random or deterministic support motion
Authors: Ahmadi Goodarz , Mostaghel Naser 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe dynamic stability of an elastic column subjected to random or deterministic support motion is studied via the Liapunov method. The definitions of mean square stability and the related theorems are presented. Several criteria regarding the stability of the equilibrium state of the column are established. It is shown that if the static axial loading is less than the Euler critical load and the base acceleration is absolute integrable in the mean for random motion of the support or simply absolute integrable for deterministic motion of the base, the equilibrium state of the column is stable.
A two degree of freedom model for the dynamics of offshore structures
Authors: Taylor R. Eatock 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAs a means towards an understanding of the structural dynamics of deepwater gravity platforms, the dynamic response of a linear two degree of freedom spring‐mass‐damper system is studied herein. The mathematical model represents dynamic interaction between structure and foundation. Particular attention is paid to the influence of wave force distribution. Transfer functions are obtained for the response to sinusoidal waves, and resonant magnification factors are plotted for a range of structural and loading parameters. It is concluded that the response even of this simple idealization is far from straightforward.
Torsional spectrum for earthquake motions
Authors: Tso W. K. , Hsu T.‐I 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA computational scheme is presented to construct torsional spectra due to the rotational component of seismic ground motions. The rotational component of ground motion is estimated from the measured earthquake acceleration records. In contrast to previous studies, no differentiation of acceleration records is involved in the present scheme. The torsional spectrum of the 1940 El Centro earthquake is computed and compared with previous results. An average and a mean plus one standard deviation torsional spectrum is presented for design purposes. These spectra are results based on four historical records (1934 El Centre, 1940 El Centro, 1949 Olympia and 1952 Taft) normalized to the 1940 El Centro intensity.
Dynamic response of tipping core buildings
Authors: Meek J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhen subjected to major earthquakes, core‐stiffened buildings may begin to tip. That is, the overturning moment on the core's footing becomes so large that the footing breaks contact with the ground and begins to rock. A method is described for including the effects of tipping in the analysis of multistorey core‐braced structures. Curves are presented which summarize the maximum response to both pulse and earthquake excitations; these data are elucidated via a typical design example. By comparison to fixed‐base behaviour, tipping greatly reduces the base shear and moment. This makes possible a more economical design. However, attention must be devoted to avoiding potential soil‐mechanics problems associated with the wobbling behaviour of the tipping core.
The dynamics of offshore gravity platforms: Some insights afforded by a two degree of freedom model
Authors: Taylor R. Eatock , Duncan P. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents some findings of an investigation into the dynamic behaviour of offshore gravity platforms excited by waves. Results obtained from a finite element model are presented in the form of dynamic magnification factor curves for two structures typical of current concrete platform designs. In order to facilitate interpretation of these results a simple two degree of freedom model is developed and the equivalent results presented. These are found to be very similar to those obtained from the more detailed idealization, and it is therefore concluded that the principal mechanisms involved in the dynamic behaviour of offshore gravity structures are adequately represented in the simple model. Several useful insights into this behaviour are then achieved by closer examination of the two degree of freedom configuration.
Vibration studies and tests of a suspension bridge
Authors: Abdel‐Ghaffar A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe natural frequencies of the San Pedro‐Terminal Island Suspension Bridge were fairly accurately determined by measuring traffic‐excited vertical vibrations with sensitive seismometers mounted at various locations on the bridge. The Fourier amplitude spectrum of the recorded vertical movements was computed and plotted. The measurements revealed a wide band of natural frequencies. The results for the vertical and torsional natural frequencies were correlated with the computed frequencies. The results of the field measurements showed reasonable agreement with the computed values. Finally, further recommendations toward obtaining better results were also indicated.
Rheological properties of magnetic fluids and their microstructural background
Authors: Odenbach S. , Pop L. M. , Zubarev A. Yu. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBeyond the changes exerted by magnetic fields on the flows and properties of suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, the change of their viscous behavior attracts ongoing research interest since nearly four decades. Within this contribution we'll review the general rheological features of ferrofluids and will present theoretical explanations on microstructural basis providing an insight in the mechanisms leading to a magnetic field dependence of ferrofluid's rheology. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Internal solitary waves in a variable medium
Authors: Grimshaw Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn both the ocean and the atmosphere, the interaction of a density stratified flow with topography can generate large‐amplitude, horizontally propagating internal solitary waves. Often these waves are observed in regions where the waveguide properties vary in the direction of propagation. In this article we consider nonlinear evolution equations of the Kortewegde Vries type, with variable coefficients, and use these models to review the properties of slowly‐varying periodic and solitary waves. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gender and irrigation: overview of issues and options
Authors: Van Koppen Barbara , Hussain Intizar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an overview of the evolving debates on gender and irrigation in the past two decades, this paper argues that the success of today's policy attention on a blanket policy on gender and irrigation is at the same time its weakness. Two key variations need to be specified for any gender policy to become sufficiently specific to have any teeth. First, gender issues critically differ in female/dual farming systems and male farming systems. Second, water for productive and domestic uses need to be recognized and developed in an integrated way, for both men and women. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural water management pathways to breaking the poverty trap: case studies of the Limpopo, Nile and Volta river basins
Authors: Hussain Intizar , Gichuki Francis , Louw M. Adrian , Andah Winston , Moustafa Mohamoud 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFaced with a large and rapidly increasing population, declining resource base per person, low and stagnant agricultural productivity levels and slow economic growth, most African countries are caught up in a poverty trap. The situation is alarming in sub‐Saharan Africa where the poverty situation continues to worsen, and the region remains home to 300 million of the world's extremely poor and hungry. This paper contributes to the present debate and efforts to identify strategies and interventions that can effectively contribute to breaking the poverty trap in the region. The paper provides an overview of population growth, malnutrition, income distribution and poverty for countries in three case study basins – the Limpopo, Nile and Volta basins. With discussions on the contribution of agriculture to national income and employment generation, the paper explores relationships between agricultural growth, employment growth and poverty alleviation. The paper examines the potential for expansion in irrigation for vertical and horizontal expansion in agricultural productivity. Factors constraining such potential, in terms of increasing resource scarcity and degradation, and poor governance and week institutions, are also outlined. The paper argues that the effective entry point, to enhance agricultural productivity and to catalyse agricultural and rural economic growth for effective poverty alleviation, is increased public investments in land and water resources development and management. Based on experiences and lessons learnt from Africa and Asia, the paper presents linkages of how land and water‐induced agricultural growth would lead to regional economic growth and poverty alleviation in the case study basins. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation: evidence and lessons
Authors: Hussain Intizar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper is a part of the multi‐country study carried out by the author at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with national partners in six Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) during 2001–2002. Based mainly on primary data collected from 5400 households in 26 irrigation systems, the study examines in detail the benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation. The results indicate that irrigation benefits vary widely across systems, and depend on a range of factors including local conditions, system management, irrigation policy, and broader economic and political factors. The study suggests that indirect irrigation benefits could be larger than direct benefits through the multiplier effect. The distribution of irrigation benefits also varies widely by type of the benefit and the socio‐economic status of the beneficiaries. The direct benefits generally accrue to landholders while a significant part of the indirect benefits accrue to the landless and small farmers, positively contributing to their livelihoods. Further, the overall benefits of irrigation are large when irrigation‐ improving interventions, investments in infrastructure, improvements in system management and service delivery to farmers, are implemented in an integrated manner.On the other hand, the paper also suggests that irrigation can also lead to some negative or adverse social, health and environmental impacts. Such potential disbenefits of irrigation include displacement of people as a result of new irrigation development, public health risks from water‐related diseases, irrigation‐induced land and water degradation, loss of biodiversity and river health risks from increased river water withdrawals for irrigation. Often, negative social and environmental consequences adversely affect the poor more than the non‐poor people. Most potential adverse impacts of irrigation are not due to irrigation water per se, but due to inadequacies and ineffectiveness of institutions and management to address them. Moreover, many of the potential adverse impacts can be avoided or minimized with effective planning, design and management of the projects.This paper develops and offers a generic typology of direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation that can be used to identify and influence different types of irrigation benefits and disbenefits for enhancing net benefits to the poor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does groundwater irrigation reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Indian states
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGroundwater irrigation has become a dominant source of irrigation in Indian agriculture today. Besides increasing the cropping intensity and productivity of crops, the intensive cultivation of crops due to timely access to groundwater irrigation increases the demand for agricultural labourers and hence wage rates for those who mostly live below the poverty line. Both increased affordability of foodgrain and wage rates help the rural poor to cross the poverty barriers. However, the importance of groundwater has not been recognized by studies focusing on rural poverty in India. Since groundwater irrigation is proved to be prominent in increasing the production of crops, it is likely that the impact of it on rural poverty would also be significant. In this study, therefore, an attempt has been made to examine the nexus between groundwater irrigation and rural poverty using state‐wise cross‐section data covering five time points: 1973–74, 1977–78, 1983, 1987–88 and 1993–94. The study shows that there is a significant inverse relationship between the availability of groundwater irrigation and the percentage of rural poverty at all five time points. The results suggest that public policy should focus more on developing groundwater irrigation, without harming the environment, through a strong rural electrification and institutional credit support wherever possible to reduce rural poverty in a sustained manner. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who benefits from irrigation development in India? Implication of irrigation multipliers for irrigation financing
Authors: Bhattarai M. , Barker R. , Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWho benefits from irrigation development and who should pay the cost? To answer this question we need to know, in addition to the information on farmers' level benefits, the total irrigation benefits derived by the farm and non‐farm sectors in the economy. This question is not well addressed in the literature, therefore, we have estimated both direct benefits (farm‐level benefits) and total benefits (rural economy‐wide benefits) of irrigation in India. Then we compute irrigation multiplier values, which range from 3 to 4.5. This suggests that about two‐thirds or more of the benefits from irrigation development have been accrued to the non‐farm sector in the Indian economy, a factor that should be considered in developing a rational cost recovery and irrigation financing policy. But so far the discussions on irrigation financing are mostly farmer‐centric, neglecting the total benefits and the semi‐public good characteristics of irrigation systems. The empirical information on irrigation multipliers derived here has large implications for public policies such as poverty alleviation and food security in the tropics, where rural livelihoods still largely rely on the productivity and performance of irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.