bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Early House from Chilca, Peru
Authors: Donnan Christopher B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA semisubterranean cane and grass house was recently excavated at the site of Chilca on the central coast of Peru. The context in which it was found, as well as its associated radiocarbon date of 5370 ± 120 B.P., indicates that the house was made by early preceramic horticulturists. Seven burials were found inside. The remarkable state of preservation in which the house was found provided sufficient data for a full-scale reconstruction of the structure. This small, conical, beehive-type house is the earliest artificial shelter yet reported from Peru.
Peruvian Settlement Pattern Studies and Small Site Methodology
Authors: Moseley M. Edward , Mackey Carol J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSettlement pattern research was introduced to Peruvian archaeology by Gordon R. Willey 2 decades ago. A critical review of this pioneering work points up a basic problem in the structure of analysis. The problem is generated by the use of a simple site taxonomy that is insensitive to the range of human activities that went on at different settlements. Examination of the subsequent course of settlement pattern research shows that this fundamental problem has not been recognized or dealt with in a constructive manner. The small site methodology is introduced as one possible means of treating sites in terms of the different activity patterns they housed.
Evidence for the Origins of the Pueblo Katchina Cult as Suggested by Southwestern Rock Art
Authors: Schaafsma Polly , Schaafsma Curtis F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRock art studies have indicated that the katchina cult and associated religious sodalities arrived in the Pueblo Southwest in the early 14th century from the Jornada region of the Mogollon. Recent studies of prehistoric Pueblo social organization suggest that population aggregation after A.D. 1150 led to the need for means of intravillage social integration. It is proposed that the arrival of the katchina cult and its widespread acceptance occurred in response to this need for intravillage integrative mechanisms.
Two Middle Preclassic Engraved Monuments at Tzutzuculi on the Chiapas Coast of Mexico
Authors: McDonald Andrew J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations by the BYU-New World Archaeological Foundation at the site of Tzutzuculi on the Chiapas coast of Mexico, revealed two engraved monuments flanking a central stairway of a late Middle Preclassic period pyramidal platform. This report focuses on these two monuments, discussing their context, dating, and style. The context at its most general level involves the corresponding platform complex, which in its layout has a general resemblance to the Olmec site of La Venta. As for the monuments-one a were-jaguar representation, the other a serpent-dragon figure-they too, in their style, are identified as being Olmec. Moreover, their combined imagery, possibly expressing a dualistic viewpoint, is consistent with other Olmec iconographic examples. At Tzutzuculi, however, this imagery has for the first time in Olmec form been found in direct association with platform building.
The Need-Achievement Test Applied to the Hohokam
Authors: Rippeteau Bruce E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDavies (1969) has applied the need-Achievement test of individual motivation in assessing the decline of Minoan Civilization. Such use of psychology for interpreting past events is potentially of great interest to anthropologically-oriented archaeologists. This paper, therefore, is a discussion of the theoretical aspects of such a proposition, a commentary on its previous applications, and a report of methodology and negative results for a similar test that I have applied to the prehistoric southwestern U.S. culture of the Hohokam.
On Explanation in Archaeology: A Rebuttal to Fritz and Plog
Authors: Levin Michael E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper argues that the recommendation by Fritz and Plog-that archaeologists adopt the Deductive-Nomological model of scientific explanation-mistakes a conceptual explication for a substantive recommendation. This misinterpretation results in the recommendation of tautologies. The detailed examination of this misinterpretation leads to an investigation of logical inference, the justification of the D-N model, the theory-laden nature of archaeological classificatory predicates, the epistemic status of the laws involved in this data-language, and the relation of the Fritz-Plog research program to the problem of devising and verifying worthwhile hypotheses in archaeology.
Texcoco Region Archaeology and the Codex Xolotl
Authors: Charlton Thomas H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe use of a hypothesis of conflict between Tula and Cholula by Parsons (1970) to account for settlement patterns and ceramics of the Toltec periods in the Texcoco region has resulted in the introduction of inconsistencies in the settlement interpretations of the preconquest Texcoco sequence. The Tula-Cholula Conflict Hypothesis is based on inadequate data and not supported. However, it is possible to interpret the settlement and ceramic changes of the Texcoco sequence using ecological and cultural factors suggested by Parsons for periods earlier than the Early Toltec. The correlations suggested by Parsons (1970) between the Codex Xolotl and the Early Toltec period rested in part on the use of the Tula-Cholula Conflict Hypothesis. With the elimination of this hypothesis, it is possible to correlate the 2 basic culture patterns of the Codex, as defined by Parsons, with terminal Late Toltec and Early Aztec. These correlations support Dibble"s original thirteenth century date for the early events depicted in the Codex Xolotl.
A Tumbaga Object from the High Andes of Venezuela
Authors: Lechtman Heather 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA small, gilt tumbaga object was excavated by Erika Wagner at the habitation site of La Era Nueva, near the town of Mucuchíes, in the Venezuelan Andes during her 1967–68 field expedition. This object is the only Precolumbian metal artifact excavated in the Mucuchíes region and one of the few ever found in Venezuela. A complete study of the object, including wet chemical analysis, metallographic examination, and electron microanalyser scans, proved it to be of a typical tumbaga alloy, made of extremely thin, cast sheet metal, and gilt by one of the processes of depletion gilding. Both the sophistication of the metallurgy that characterizes this object as well as the lack of any other evidence for a prior metallurgical technology in the region indicate that the object could not have been made locally. It may be of Colombian origin, a product of Chibcha or Tairona goldsmiths.
Site Relationships at Quebrada Tarapaca, Chile: A Comparison of Clustering and Scaling Techniques
Authors: Matson R. G. , True D. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study is a comparison of the results of a variety of clustering methods and 2 multidimensional scaling techniques on data from sites in northern Chile. While differences do occur, the similarities among the results are strong in spite of differing inputs. In general, results of relative frequency analysis appear to be superior to those of presence/absence, and the techniques used seem to be viable additions to existing archaeological tools.
Population Dislocation in the Navaho Reservoir District, New Mexico and Colorado
Authors: Eddy Frank W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Navaho Reservoir District is an arbitrarily defined unit of salvage archaeological research located in northwestern New Mexico and adjacent portions of Colorado. As such, it is used here as a data source for the study of ninth and tenth century population dislocations due to climatic change and river erosion. The affected Pueblo farming peoples migrated by means of slow, steady upstream drift. Violent land competition between the agrarian communities is offered as an explanation for the use of the leap-frog rather than wave strategy in population relocation.
The Evidence for Complex Exchange Systems among the Ancient Maya
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe hypothesis presented by Tourtellot and Sabloff regarding ancient Maya exchange systems, although not necessarily incorrect, is found to be based on inaccurate information. The use of such data leads to the formulation of erroneous ideas concerning Maya economic systems in general. This in turn hinders the application of the useful aspects of Tourtellot and Sabloff"s study to problems concerning the structure of ancient Maya society.
Economy of a Prehistoric Urban Context: Commodity and Labor Flow at Moche V Pampa Grande, Peru
Authors: Shimada Izumi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAs a step toward delineation of prehistoric urbanism on the North Coast of Peru, Royal Ontario Museum teams have conducted intensive structural-functional analysis of “urban context” at the site of Pampa Grande, much of which was last occupied by a Moche V population (ca. A.D. 600-700). Such analysis entails, among other requirements, rigorous temporal control and a systemic conception of archaeological sites, emphasizing interlinkage of various activity loci. The multistage excavation-sampling design devised for the task was based on codification of architectural forms in terms of access pattern and on the belief that ceramically defined “contemporaneity” is inadequate for functional analysis. Application of the method showed that the site contained dispersed loci of low-output craft production, with a labor force commuting from elsewhere and fed by spatially segregated kitchens. An extensive network of corridors and formal storage complexes further attests to a concern with the control of commodity and labor movement.
Butchering and Stone Tool Function
Authors: Walker Phillip L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExperiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of obsidian tools with different forms of edge treatment for animal processing. For most butchering tasks, primary flakes with unmodified working edges were more effective than bifacially pressure-flaked tools. The data presented indicate considerable variability among animal species in the demands placed on tools used for specific butchering tasks. It is suggested that consideration by prehistoric hunters of factors such as tool longevity and raw material availability could have resulted in the use of butchering tools with less than optimal cutting characteristics.
The Origins of Specialized Nomadic Pastoralism: A Systemic Model
Authors: Lees Susan H. , Bates Daniel G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA model is presented which describes the transition from mixed rainfall-dependent agriculture with animal husbandry to specialized modes of production based upon irrigated agriculture and nomadic pastoralism. This model emphasizes selective pressures for mixed farming before irrigation agriculture had expanded in the arid alluvial zones of Mesopotamia, and selective pressures for specialization after irrigation agriculture had become established in that zone. It goes on to describe dynamic interaction between specialized groups once such specialization has become institutionalized.
Dendrochronologic Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale
Authors: Damon P. E. , Ferguson C. W. , Long A. , Wallick E. I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExtensive radiocarbon analyses have been made of dendrochronologically dated wood. The resultant radiocarbon data are not in total agreement with the conventional solar calendar as exemplified by the tree-ring chronology. The discrepancy reaches a maximum between 4060 B.C. to 7350 B.C. when radiocarbon dates are too young by 800 to 870 yr. Using a compatible set of 549 dated samples as a working base, a calibration table has been derived for conversion of conventional radiocarbon dates to calendar dates. This conversion table covers the period of time from A.D. 1600 to 5400 B.C. Data are also given to facilitate the calculation of the accuracy of the corrected date by a simple, illustrated method.
Experimental Archaeology: A New Outlook
Authors: Saraydar Stephen C. , Shimada Izumi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe potential contributions which imitative experiments can make to archaeology are far greater in scope, complexity, and overall "value" than is commonly realized. A sketch of some of these potential contributions is given and, in support of the claims advanced, a method of measuring the efficiency of hand operated implements is described and then applied in a comparison of different agricultural practices. The results show that experiments can provide important data unobtainable by traditional research methods and aid in the analysis of past subsistence and technological systems.
Divided We Stand: Aspects of Archaeology and Information
Authors: Renfrew A. Colin 
Published: April 2006

The role of the New Archaeology of the 1960s is recognized as decisive in the history of archaeology: an awakening from the “long sleep of archaeological theory” from about 1880 to 1960. But at the same time, limitations in the New Archaeology are responsible for corresponding defects in the present scene. The first of these is the lack of clear policy for the handling and especially the publication of data. It is argued that the outstanding defect of Cultural Resource Management, especially in the United States, is the failure to promote a clear policy that all survey work and all excavations should be adequately published. Accompanying this is the inadequate provision for the effective retrieval, at a national level, of the information which does emerge from CRM projects. The responsibility for this lies at the door of the academic archaeologists.The second defect is the failure to recognize that the New Archaeology primarily offered new and interesting problems, not ready solutions. The widespread misconception that processual archaeology has become “normal science” is partly responsible for the lack of steam in the current theoretical scene in the United States. Some alternative approaches are indicated, and it is suggested that cognitive archaeology may, in the 1980s and 1990s, take its place alongside the social archaeology of the past two decades as a significant growth area.
L'Éducation des Masses en Afrique Occidentale Française
Authors: Labouret Henri 
Published: April 2006

Sous l'impulsion personnelle du Gouverneur Général M. J. Brévié et avec l'aide éclairée de M. l'Inspecteur Général de l'Enseignement Charton, la Fédération Française de l'Ouest-Africain prend résolument une orientation nouvelle qui mérite d'être signalée. Un programme remontant déjà à quelques mois en fixe les grandes lignes, définissant ainsi les trois aspects du problème à résoudre.‘Au point de vue social et administratif, il s'agit de préparer et de former, par une sélection attentive, les cadres indigènes nécessaires à la vie économique du pays, d'accroître, par une éducation appropriée, la valeur des futurs chefs indigènes et de consolider leur autorité traditionnelle.‘Au point de vue économique, il s'agit de former des cadres économiques et la main d'œuvre qualifiée, indispensable à la bonne marche de l'économie africaine.‘Il s'agit enfin par une action sur la masse et une orientation franchement pratique donnée à l'enseignement, de préparer les conditions sociales et psychologiques de la mise en valeur rationnelle du pays par l'indigène lui-même, de créer un enseignement populaire éducatif et pratique, qui dirige dans son cadre traditionnel le progrès de la société indigène.’
Differing Perceptions of the Value of Pollution Abatement across Time and Place: Balancing Doctrine in Pollution Nuisance Law, 1840–1906
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2006

The business development that took place during the nineteenth century fouled America's waters. It also caused smoke, soot, stenches, noise, jarring vibrations, solid wastes and other forms of industrial pollution. These problems drove people to the courts for injunctive relief. Their suits raised a dilemma of fundamental importance to all industrialized societies: how best to reconcile the often conflicting goals of environmental quality and business growth.This article looks at how nineteenth-century American judges grappled with this quandary by examining their use of balancing doctrine in pollution nuisance cases.
Regulation of Judicial Misconduct from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Hoeflich M.H. 
Published: April 2006

In a well-known chapter in the book known as theMirror of Justices, the anonymous author recounts King Alfred's drastic solution to the problem of misbehaving judges:It is an abuse that justices and their officers who slay folk by false judgments are not destroyed like other homicides. And King Alfred in one year had forty-four judges hanged as homicides for their false judgments.Unfortunately, as Maitland has conclusively demonstrated, we cannot rely on this passage as historical evidence of Alfred's reign. Nevertheless, the passage illustrates both a problem and a solution common in the Roman and medieval periods. The problem was judicial misconduct and corruption. The solution was to impose personal liability upon miscreant judges for their behavior.
The Paradox of Paternalism and Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism: United States Supreme Court, 1888–1921
Authors: Soifer Aviam 
Published: April 2006

In 1898, the year Americans first sailed forth to fight in other countries to protect purported victims of imperialism, A. V. Dicey steamed into Harvard University to deliver his lectures on Law and Public Opinion in England. Like William Blackstone, Vinerian Professor before him, Dicey deployed a number of memorable epigrams to capture what seemed basic truths of his day. Dicey's assertion that ‘protection invariably involves disability’ appeared to state the obvious to Americans at the turn of the century.In this essay I will consider how the United States Supreme Court embraced Dicey's epigram and translated it into decisions during the tenures of Chief Justices Fuller and White about the capacity of the individual in the United States to contract and care for himself.
Childhood sexual abuse and later psychological problems: neither necessary, sufficient nor acting alone
Authors: Romans Sarah , Martin Judy , Mullen Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the relationships between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and other adverse development factors and a range of adverse adult psychological and socioeconomic outcomes. Postal questionnaires were sent to a random community sample of women with a screen included for CSA. Two hundred and fifty‐four women who reported CSA were interviewed as well as an equal‐sized control group with no CSA. A range of negative outcomes in adulthood were more likely to occur in women reporting CSA compared with controls. These outcomes included psychiatric disorder, lowered self‐esteem, deliberate self‐harm, increased sexual problems, adolescent pregnancy, difficulties in intimate relationships, decline in socioeconomic status and increased likelihood of separation or divorce. The results after logistic regression modelling demonstrated that a variety of childhood risk factors such as poor parental mental health, relationship to parents and being physically punished as well as CSA contributed to negative adult outcomes. The precise patterns varied for each negative outcome. It was concluded that CSA is best conceptualised as a non‐specific risk factor for a wide range of adverse psychological and social adult outcomes. It is frequently found in families which have other risk factors for adverse outcomes. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of (9Z,9′Z)‐Lutein (Neolutein C)
Authors: Molnár Péter , Ősz Erzsébet , Tóth Gyula , Zsila Ferenc , Deli József 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe preparation of pure, crystalline (9Z,9′Z)‐lutein (neolutein C; 2) by I2‐catalyzed photoisomerization of (all‐E)‐lutein (1) is described. The structure of 2 was unambiguously determined by UV/VIS, CD, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as by mass spectrometry, and the complete assignment of the 13C‐NMR spectrum of this carotenoid is presented for the first time.
A New Route to Vitamin E Key‐Intermediates by Olefin Cross‐Metathesis
Authors: Malaisé Grégory , Bonrath Werner , Breuninger Manfred , Netscher Thomas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRu‐Catalyzed olefin cross‐metathesis (CM) has been successfully applied to the synthesis of several phytyl derivatives (2b, 2d–f, 3b) with a trisubstituted CC bond, as useful intermediates for an alternative route to α‐tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate; 1b) (Scheme 1). Using the second‐generation Grubbs catalyst RuCl2(C21H26N2)(CHPh)PCy3 (Cy = cyclohexyl; 4a) and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst RuCl2(C21H26N2){CH‐C6H4(O‐iPr)‐2} (4b), the reactions were performed with various C‐allyl (5a–f, 7a,b) and O‐allyl (8a–d) derivatives of trimethylhydroquinone‐1‐acetate as substrates. 2,6,10,14‐Tetramethylpentadec‐1‐ene (6a) and derivatives 6c–e of phytol (6b) as well as phytal (6f) were employed as olefin partners for the CM reactions (Schemes 2 and 5). The vitamin E precursors could be prepared in up to 83% isolated yield as (E/Z)‐mixtures.
DPPH (= 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl = 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) Radical‐Scavenging Reaction of Protocatechuic Acid Esters (= 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzoates) in Alcohols: Formation of Bis‐alcohol Adduct
Authors: Saito Shizuka , Gao Hong , Kawabata Jun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProtocatechuic acid esters (= 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoates) scavenge ca. 5 equiv. of radical in alcoholic solvents, whereas they consume only 2 equiv. of radical in nonalcoholic solvents. While the high radical‐scavenging activity of protocatechuic acid esters in alcoholic solvents as compared to that in nonalcoholic solvents is due to a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol molecule at C(2) of an intermediate o‐quinone structure, thus regenerating a catechol (= benzene‐1,2‐diol) structure, it is still unclear why protocatechuic acid esters scavenge more than 4 equiv. of radical (C(2) refers to the protocatechuic acid numbering). Therefore, to elucidate the oxidation mechanism beyond the formation of the C(2) alcohol adduct, 3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (4), the C(2) MeOH adduct, which is an oxidation product of methyl protocatechuate (1) in MeOH, was oxidized by the DPPH radical (= 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) or o‐chloranil (= 3,4,5,6‐tetrachlorocyclohexa‐3,5‐diene‐1,2‐dione) in CD3OD/(D6)acetone 3 : 1). The oxidation mixtures were directly analyzed by NMR. Oxidation with both the DPPH radical and o‐chloranil produced a C(2),C(6) bis‐methanol adduct (7), which could scavenge additional 2 equiv. of radical. Calculations of LUMO electron densities of o‐quinones corroborated the regioselective nucleophilic addition of alcohol molecules with o‐quinones. Our results strongly suggest that the regeneration of a catechol structure via a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol molecule with a o‐quinone is a key reaction for the high radical‐scavenging activity of protocatechuic acid esters in alcoholic solvents.