bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Niskanen A. , Arstila K. , Leskelä M. , Ritala M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTitanium dioxide films are grown with radical‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (RE‐ALD) from titanium isopropoxide and oxygen radicals at between 50 and 300 °C on silicon, glass, platinum, and RuO2 surfaces. Additionally, the films are grown on polymers and natural fibers at 50 °C. The oxygen radicals are produced by dissociating molecular oxygen with a remote microwave plasma discharge. Purified argon is used as the carrier and purge gas. Growth rate saturation and conformal growth are observed, and thus the film growth in the ALD mode was proven. The saturated growth rate is 0.19 nm per cycle at 50 °C, with an overall cycle time of 11 s. The film grown at 50 °C has a dielectric constant of 20, and undergoes catastrophic breakdown at 0.6 MV cm–1 electric field. It contains 13 at.‐% hydrogen and 4 at.‐% carbon. As the deposition temperature is increased to 250 °C, the impurity contents decrease to 0.5 at.‐% for hydrogen and 0.4 at.‐% for carbon. The film density and refractive index are 3.2 g cm–3 and 2.2, respectively, for a film deposited at 50 °C, and increases to 3.8 g cm–3 and 2.4, respectively, for a film deposited at 250 °C. All the films grown below 250 °C are amorphous according to X‐ray diffraction (XRD).
Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition of Si‐Based Materials From SiOxCy to Stoichiometric SiO2: Chemical Compositions, Chemical‐Etch Rates, and Deep Ultraviolet Optical Transmissions
Authors: Perentes A. , Hoffmann P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRoom temperature focused electron beam (FEB) induced deposition of contamination‐free transparent materials is a major issue for the FEB production of nano‐optical structures, microchip editing (insulating and passivation layers), and photolithography mask repair. In this work, stoichiometric SiO2 is successfully deposited from three different organosilanes: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS, Si(OCH2CH3)4), tetramethoxysilane (TMOS, Si(OCH3)4), and tetramethylsilane (TMS, Si(CH3)4). The FEB depositions are assisted by a molecular oxygen flux injected simultaneously with the precursor gas. The dependencies on the additional oxygen flux of the chemical compositions of the resulting deposits are studied in detail. Threshold [O2]:[precursor] molecular flux ratios, above which carbon is no longer detectable in the deposited material, are 1.75, 0.15, and 0.05, for TEOS, TMOS, and TMS, respectively. Contamination side‐reactions such as oxygen incorporation in the deposited material due to residual gases in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber are shown to be significant at standard high‐vacuum operating pressures of 5 × 10–5 mbar. The quality of deposited SiO2 obtained from the three precursors is estimated by exposing the material to standard industry cleaning procedures. The etching tests indicate that TMS leads to denser deposits than the two other silanes. The optical transmissions of the deposited SiO2 obtained from TMOS and TMS are measured at 193 nm wavelength, and are 80 % and 99 %, respectively. The latter value fulfills the photomask repair requirements. Finally, hypothetical decomposition pathways of the various silanes used are discussed.
Identification of a crystal cell‐specific enhancer of the black cells prophenoloxidase gene in drosophila
Authors: Gajewski Kathleen M. , Sorrentino Richard P. , Lee Joong H. , Zhang Qian , Russell Mark , Schulz Robert A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn Drosophila, Black cells (Bc) encodes a Prophenoloxidase and is expressed late in the maturation of crystal cells, which are blood cells involved in wound healing and immune encapsulation. Enhancer analysis of Bc revealed a 1,025‐bp upstream sequence that regulates gene expression in a crystal cell exclusive pattern. Expression of this fragment is altered by mutations in the GATA family serpent (srp) and RUNX family lozenge (lz) genes; Srp and Lz are required for crystal cell specification. Deletional analysis uncovered a 330‐bp crystal cell‐specific sequence, which contains two GATA and three Lz binding sites. Mutational analysis revealed that both GATA sites are necessary, but not sufficient for crystal cell expression. However, one of the Lz sites is essential for crystal cell expression. Thus, Srp and Lz do not just specify the crystal cell lineage, but also regulate the later differentiation of these cells. Additionally, we now have a sensitive tool for marking crystal cells in live animals. genesis 45:200–207, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses, Structures and Optical Nonlinearities of Heteroselenometallic W–Se–Cu Cluster Compounds Containing Bridging Phosphane Ligands
Authors: Yu Zhan , Zhang Qian‐Feng , Song Yinglin , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Rothenberger Alexander , Leung Wa‐Hung 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTreatment of [Et4N]2[WSe4] with the trinuclear trigonal‐bipyramidal copper(I) complexes [Cu3(μ3‐X)2(μ‐L)3]X [X = I, L = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane (dppm) (1a); X = Cl, L = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine (dppa) (1b)] affords the tetranuclear cluster compounds [(μ3‐WSe4)Cu3(μ‐X)(μ‐L)2] [X = I, L = dppm (2a); X = Cl, L = dppa (2b)], which exhibit an open butterfly configuration. Interaction of [Et4N]2[WSe4] with [Cu(MeCN)4][PF6] and L gives the pentanuclear cluster compounds [(μ4‐WSe4)Cu4(μ‐L)4][PF6]2 [L = dppm (3a), dppa (3b)] which contain an open co‐planar WCu4 core. The solid‐state structures of cluster compounds 2a, 2b, and 3a have been established by X‐ray crystallography. The nonlinear optical properties of 2a and 3a have been examined by z‐scan techniques with 7‐ns pulses at 532 nm. The pentanuclear co‐planar cluster 3a exhibits a large optical limiting effect (the limiting threshold is about 0.40 J cm–2). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Aiding Factors in the Formation of Azaplatinacyclobutane Rings – X‐ray and Crystal Structure of [Pt{CH(Ph)CH2NEt2‐κC,κN}(N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine)]+ and of Its Open‐Chain Precursor
Authors: Lorusso Giuseppe , Barone Carmen R. , Di Masi Nicola G. , Pacifico Concetta , Maresca Luciana , Natile Giovanni 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe addition products 2 of a secondary amine to a coordinated olefin, in the cationic complexes [PtCl(η2‐CH2=CHR)(tmeda)]+ (tmeda = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine; R = Me, 1a; Ph, 1b, H, 1c), undergo in basic medium an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution with elimination of the chlorido ligand and formation of an azaplatinacyclobutane ring 3. The ring‐closing process occurs notwithstanding the absence of a labilizing ligand trans to the leaving chlorido ligand and of bulky substituents on the amino–ethanide chain. If the addition product 2 is a mixture of Markovnikov and anti‐Markovnikov isomers, the ring‐closing reaction is faster for the anti‐Markovnikov form, and this leads to an increase of the relative amount of the anti‐Markovnikov isomer in the cyclized species 3. The difference in the rate of formation of the azaplatinacyclobutane ring between the two isomers has been interpreted on the basis of a more favorable stereochemistry in the case of the anti‐Markovnikov form. The X‐ray crystal structures of [Pt{CH(Ph)CH2NEt2‐κC,κN}(tmeda)]+ (3bn) and of its open‐chain precursor, [PtCl{CH(Ph)CH2NHEt2}(tmeda)]+ (2bn) fully support this hypothesis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
An experimental investigation into earthquake‐induced failure of medium to low height concrete gravity dams
Authors: Mir Riyaz A. , Taylor C. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA suitable model material was developed to construct scaled models of a 30 m high prototype concrete gravity dam monolith and the experimental technique perfected for testing the models, till failure, on the EPSRC earthquake simulator at Bristol University. A series of shaking table tests was performed with the aim of assessing the possible failure mechanisms of medium to low height dams under simple motions and simulated earthquakes. Tests were conducted with and without the presence of hydrostatic pressure. The hydrodynamic pressure was simulated using Westergaard's added mass approach. Base cracking was observed to be the main failure mechanism and a tendency of the models to slide and rock after the full crack development at the interface was also observed in some cases.
Seismic response of pile groups under oblique‐shear and Rayleigh waves
Authors: Makris Nicos , Badoni Deepak 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA simple analytical solution is presented to calculate the pile‐soil‐pile interaction and eventually the dynamic response of pile groups when excited by the passage of Rayleigh waves and obliquely incident SH‐waves. A dynamic Winkler model, with realistic frequency‐dependent ‘springs’ and ‘dashpots’ in conjunction with physically motivated approximations is utilized to compute the wave field radiating from an oscillating pile and the effect of this field on an adjacent pile. The coupled rocking motion of the pile group resulting from Rayleigh waves and the torsional motion of the pile group resulting from SH‐waves is accurately predicted by a simple mathematical expression. The results of the presented method can be obtained with ‘hand calculations’ and are in excellent agreement with results from ‘rigorous’ solutions based on integral equation formulations. It is found that the group response is primarily affected from the phase difference of the input seismic motion at the location of each pile (wave‐passage effect). Pile‐soil‐pile interaction has insignificant effect and can be neglected.
The properties of tuned liquid dampers using a TMD analogy
Authors: Sun L. M. , Fujino Y. , Chaiseri P. , Pacheco B. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLiquid motions in shallow Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs) with rectangular, circular, and annular tanks, subject to harmonic base excitation, are measured experimentally. Using a Single‐Degree‐of‐Freedom (SDOF) Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) analogy, equivalent mass, stiffness and damping of the TLD are calibrated from the experimental results. These parameters are functions of the TLD base amplitude. Some important properties of the TLD are discussed on the basis of these results.
Displacement‐based seismic design of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom bridge structures
Authors: Calvi G. M. , Kingsley G. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe concept of displacement‐based design is attractive for seismic design, primarily because it places the focus of design directly on displacement demand, and hence damage, rather than on force‐reduction or behaviour factors. A procedure is presented which extends the simple concept of displacement‐based design to complex multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) bridge structures. The procedure is based on the assumption of a displaced shape for the structure, and the subsequent reduction of the system to an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system. The process is shown to work well for the design of a symmetrical bridge, while suffering some shortcomings when applied to a highly irregular bridge. The topic of design‐oriented displacement response spectra is also briefly addressed.
The finite sample properties of the GARCH option pricing model
Authors: Dotsis George , Markellos Raphael N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe authors explore the finite sample properties of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) option pricing model proposed by S. L. Heston and S. Nandi (2000). Simulation results show that the maximum likelihood estimators of the GARCH process may contain substantial estimation biases, even when samples as large as 3,000 observations are used. However, it was found that these biases cause significant mispricings only for short‐term, out‐of‐the‐money options. It is shown that, given an adequate estimation sample, this bias can be reduced considerably by employing the jackknife resampling method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:599–615, 2007
The information content of option implied volatility surrounding the 1997 Hong Kong stock market crash
Authors: Fung Joseph K. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines the information conveyed by options and examines their implied volatility at the time of the 1997 Hong Kong stock market crash. The author determines the efficiency of implied volatility as a predictor of future volatility by comparing it to other leading indicator candidates. These include volume and open interest of index options and futures, as well as the arbitrage basis of index futures. Using monthly, nonoverlapping data, the study reveals that implied volatility is superior to those variables in forecasting future realized volatility. The study also demonstrates that a simple signal extraction model could have produced useful warning signals prior to periods of extreme volatility. These results indicate that the options market is highly efficient informationally. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:555–574, 2007
Resident stromal cell‐derived MMP‐9 promotes the growth of colorectal metastases in the liver microenvironment
Authors: Gorden D. Lee , Fingleton Barbara , Crawford Howard C. , Jansen Duco E. , Lepage Martin , Matrisian Lynn M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractColorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, has a high probability of metastasizing to the liver. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent endopeptidases that are implicated in cancer metastasis and many aspects of tumor progression. Using a splenic injection experimental metastasis model, mice that are genetically deficient in MMP‐9 demonstrated a nearly 2‐fold decrease in liver weight compared with wild type (WT) mice following injection with MC38 syngeneic colorectal cancer cells. Bioluminesence imaging data demonstrates an early negative effect on tumor growth in MMP‐9 null mice when compared with WT controls. Reconstitution of the bone marrow in MMP‐9−/− mice with cells competent to produce MMP‐9 did not recapitulate the WT phenotype of overwhelming burden of metastatic disease in the liver. In situ hybridization revealed the presence of MMP‐9 mRNA in both MC38 tumor cells and in surrounding stromal cells, and immunostaining with anti MMP‐9 was consistent with MMP‐9 expression by resident liver Kupffer cells. Stromal‐derived MMP‐9 contributes to the establishment and growth of colorectal metastases in the liver. Stromal MMP‐9 was derived from resident cells, most likely Kupffer cells, as opposed to infiltrating bone marrow‐derived cells and the effect of stromal MMP‐9 was independent of expression of MMP‐9 by tumor cells. Stromal‐derived MMP‐9 may represent an important target for selective inhibition in the treatment of metastases. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation and a case report of intense nanosecond pulsed electric field as a local therapy for human malignancies
Authors: Garon Edward B. , Sawcer David , Vernier P. Thomas , Tang Tao , Sun Yinghua , Marcu Laura , Gundersen Martin A. , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen delivered to cells, very short duration, high electric field pulses (nanoelectropulses) induce primarily intracellular events. We present evidence that this emerging modality may have a role as a local cancer therapy. Five hematologic and 16 solid tumor cell lines were pulsed in vitro. Hematologic cells proved particularly sensitive to nanoelectropulses, with more than a 60% decrease in viable cells measured by MTT assay 96 hr after pulsing in 4 of 5 cell lines. In solid tumor cell lines, 10 out of 16 cell lines had more than a 10% decrease in viable cells. AsPC‐1, a pancreatic cancer cell line, demonstrated the greatest in vitro sensitivity among solid tumor cell lines, with a 64% decrease in viable cells. When nanoelectropulse therapy was applied to AsPC‐1 tumors in athymic nude mice, responses were seen in 4 of 6 tumors, including clinical complete responses in 3 of 6 animals. A single human subject applied nanoelectropulse therapy to his own basal cell carcinoma and had a complete pathologic response. In summary, we demonstrate that electric pulses 20 ns or less kill a wide variety of human cancer cells in vitro, induce tumor regression in vivo, and show efficacy in a single human patient. Therefore, nanoelectropulse therapy deserves further study as a potentially effective cancer therapy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus B95.8 produced in 293 cells shows marked tropism for differentiated primary epithelial cells and reveals interindividual variation in susceptibility to viral infection
Authors: Feederle Regina , Neuhierl Bernhard , Bannert Helmut , Geletneky Karsten , Shannon‐Lowe Claire , Delecluse Henri‐Jacques 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV), a well‐characterised B‐lymphotropic agent is aetiologically linked to B cell lymphoproliferations, but the spectrum of diseases the virus causes also includes oral hairy leukoplakia, a benign epithelial lesion, as well as carcinomas of the nasopharynx and of the stomach. However, it is still unclear how EBV accesses and transforms primary epithelial cells. Sixteen samples consisting of primary epithelial cells from the sphenoidal sinus or from tonsils were infected with GFP‐tagged recombinant B95.8 EBVs produced in the 293 cell line. The rate of infection was assessed by counting GFP‐positive cells and cells expressing viral proteins. Primary epithelial cells from all samples were found to be sensitive to EBV infection but there was a marked interindividual variation among the tested samples (2–48% positive cells). This suggests heterogeneity in terms of sensitivity to EBV infection in vivo and therefore possibly to EBV‐associated diseases of the epithelium. The virus showed a preferential tropism for differentiated epithelial cells (p63 negative, involucrin positive). In all cases, infected cells expressed EBV lytic proteins but also the LMP1 protein. The viral tropism for differentiated cells and the permissivity of these cells for virus replication reproduced in vitro cardinal features of oral hairy leukoplakia. We have identified a source of EBV that shows unusually strong epitheliotropism for primary epithelial cells that will allow detailed analysis of virus‐cell interactions during virus infection, replication and virus‐mediated transformation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A specific inducible nitric oxide inhibitor, ONO‐1714 attenuates inflammation‐related large bowel carcinogenesis in male ApcMin/+ mice
Authors: Kohno Hiroyuki , Takahashi Mami , Yasui Yumiko , Suzuki Rikako , Miyamoto Shingo , Kamanaka Yoshihisa , Naka Masao , Maruyama Takayuki , Wakabayashi Keiji , Tanaka Takuji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is generally assumed that inflammation influences carcinogenesis. We previously reported that dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) strongly enhances colon carcinogenesis in the ApcMin/+ mice and the over‐expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contributes to this enhancement. In the current study, we investigated the effect of a selective iNOS inhibitor, ONO‐1714 on colitis‐related colon carcinogenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse treated with DSS. Male C57BL/6J ApcMin/+ and Apc+/+ mice were exposed to 1% DSS in their drinking water for 7 days. ONO‐1714 was given to the mice at a dose level of 50 or 100 ppm in diet for 5 weeks (during the administration of DSS). The tumor inhibitory effects by ONO‐1714 were assessed at week 5 by counting the incidence and multiplicity of colonic neoplasms. Additionally, we assessed serum lipid levels and colonic mRNA expression for cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, iNOS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β. Feeding with ONO‐1714 significantly inhibited the occurrence of colonic adenocarcinoma in a dose‐dependent manner in the ApcMin/+ mice. In addition, the treatment with ONO‐1714 significantly lowered the serum triglyceride levels and mRNA expression levels of COX‐2, TNFα and IL‐1β of colonic mucosa in the DSS‐treated ApcMin/+ mice. Neither ONO‐1714 nor DSS affected the colonic pathology in the Apc+/+ mice. Our findings may suggest that ONO‐1714 could therefore serve as an effective agent for suppression of colitis‐related colon cancer development in the ApcMin/+ mice. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined evaluation of Rad51 and ERCC1 expressions for sensitivity to platinum agents in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Takenaka Tomoyoshi , Yoshino Ichiro , Kouso Hidenori , Ohba Taro , Yohena Tomofumi , Osoegawa Atsushi , Shoji Fumihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDNA repair enzyme expression in tumor cells possibly affects sensitivity to anti‐cancer agents. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between expression status of DNA repair enzymes and chemosensitivity in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC tissues prepared from the surgical specimens of 41 patients were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Rad51 and ERCC1 proteins and to a chemosensitivity test using the MTT assay. The relationships between the expression status of the DNA repair enzymes and ex vivo chemosensitivity to various agents were evaluated. A positive expression for Rad51 and ERCC1 was observed in 17 cases (41%) and 20 cases (49%), respectively. The positivity of Rad51 was closely related to a certain histologic type of squamous cell carcinoma and poor differentiation, and the positivity of ERCC1 tended to be related to squamous cell carcinoma. In chemosensitivity tests, sensitivities to CDDP and CBDCA were significantly lower when both 2 enzymes were positive (p = 0.012 and 0.04 in CDDP, 0.014 and 0.03 in CBDCA). Both Rad51 and ERCC1 expressions showed no significant relationship with sensitivities to paclitaxel, etoposide, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, 5‐FU, or irinotecan. In conclusion, combined expression of Rad51 and ERCC1 expression is associated with resistance to platinum agents in the ex vivo study of clinical NSCLC, and evaluation of expression status of both DNA repair enzymes would be a predictor for clinical response to platinum‐based chemotherapies. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Second neoplasms after oesophageal cancer
Authors: Levi Fabio , Randimbison Lalao , Maspoli Manuela , Te Van‐Cong , Vecchia Carlo La 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe authors considered the incidence of second neoplasms among 1,672 oesophageal cancers diagnosed between 1974 and 2004 in the Cancer Registries of the Swiss Cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel, and followed‐up to 2004. A total of 141 second neoplasms were observed versus 38.5 expected, corresponding to a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 3.7 (95% confidence interval: 3.1–4.3). The SIRs were statistically significant for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (57.3), larynx (24.3), lung (6.6) and intestines (2.6). The SIRs were higher in subjects diagnosed below age 50 and in the first year after diagnosis. The SIR of upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms was higher for oesophageal cancers diagnosed in the upper (87.5) and middle (68.1), as compared with the lower third (19.4). There was no rise of second oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer with advancing age, and their incidence tended indeed to decline from 100/1,000 at age 40–49 to 25/1,000 at age 70–79. There was no tendency to rise with age in the incidence of first oesophageal cancer in subjects who subsequently developed another upper digestive or respiratory tract neoplasm. The excess risks of upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms are attributable to increased diagnosis and registration of second neoplasms following a diagnosis of oesophageal cancer, as well as to heavy tobacco and alcohol consumption in oesophageal cancer cases. The absence of rise in incidence with age is also compatible with the existence of a subset of the population of susceptible individuals. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.