bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Seventh Symposium
Authors: Cardwell RD , Purdy R , Comotto Bahner R 
Published: December 2008

Description
Discusses approaches for determining the impact of pollution on aquatic ecosystems through toxicological and chemical fate assessments. Five sections cover: methods development, refinement, and evaluation; chemicals and chemical wastes; impact of wastes on aquatic ecosystems; bioavailability; and national water quality criteria.
The Pressuremeter and its Marine Applications: Second International Symposium
Authors: Briaud J-L , Audibert JME 
Published: December 2008

Description
This volume includes 26 papers on a range of topics relevant to the pressuremeter and its marine applications. The papers are divided into five sections: pressuremeter testing; theory and the pressuremeter; soil properties from pressuremeter data; and pressure-meter and laterally loaded piles.
Demographic Characteristics, Population Structure, and Vital Rates of a Fluvial Population of Bull Trout in Oregon
Authors: Al‐Chokhachy Robert , Budy Phaedra 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIdentification of the factors limiting inland salmonid populations, such as those of the threatened bull troutSalvelinus confluentusin the Pacific Northwest, can be particularly challenging due to substantial gaps in our understanding of population demographics, population structure in the presence of multiple life history forms, and vital rates. We implemented a large‐scale mark‐recapture program over a 5‐year period using an innovative combination of active and passive techniques to estimate (1) bull trout age and growth by size‐class, (2) the proportion of the population exhibiting resident and migratory behavior, and (3) survival rates (S) for different life stages and life history forms (resident and migratory). Our results suggest that bull trout reached sexual maturity at a relatively small size (200 mm) and young age (3‐4 years) and that large individuals (>600 mm) can reach ages greater than 12 years in this fluvial population. Using active and passive mark‐recapture methods, we found that large bull trout (>420 mm) were predominantly migratory in behavior (72% were migratory) and that there was considerable variability among other size‐classes in the proportion exhibiting migratory behavior. Survival rate varied significantly across size‐classes and study years. Juvenile bull trout (120‐170 mm) exhibited the lowest annualSon average (0.09) and the highest interannual variability (coefficient of variation = 0.60) inSamong size‐classes. Fish exhibiting migratory life history patterns generally had higherSthan did resident fish; small, juvenile residents had a significantly meanS(0.15; SE = 0.02) than did similarly sized migratory fish (meanS= 0.35; SE = 0.04). Collectively, our results highlight important differences across life history forms within and across populations; these factors must be considered when designing future recovery and management strategies for any single bull trout recovery unit or across larger geographic areas.
Assessment of the ecological effects of arsenic on a southern ohio, USA stream
Authors: Huddleston George M , Dorn Philip B , Gillespie W Barry , Wong Diana CL , Slocomb John P 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Davis Creek is a southern Ohio, USA stream that receives a permitted discharge from the Belpre Elastomers Plant (BEP). A sediment quality triad investigation of Davis Creek was conducted over a 2-y period that included sediment and surface water chemistry measurements, toxicity tests of whole sediment, interstitial and surface water, and benthic and artificial substrate community assessments. The concentration of arsenic in surface and interstitial water was below United States Environmental Protection Agency ambient water quality criteria and was not toxic in laboratory tests (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas). Similarly, sediments did not significantly affect survival and growth of Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans at most sampling locations despite sediments exceeding arsenic sediment screening values in nearly all samples collected. Differences in benthic community structure, determined by rapid bioassessment and Hester–Dendy sampling methods, were related primarily by variations in sediment moisture, particle size, and ammonia and not to arsenic concentrations. The Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) for Davis Creek was lower than values established for other warm-water ecoregional reference streams in Ohio. However, this ICI comparison may have been invalid because, unlike the reference streams, the Davis Creek watershed is small with intermittent headwater flow that limits macroinvertebrate recruitment and energy input. The sediment quality triad investigation indicated that Davis Creek was not significantly affected by arsenic associated with the BEP discharge despite having measured arsenic concentrations that exceeded sediment screening values.
Factors Affecting the Decision to Replace Failed Implants: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Mardinger Ofer , Oubaid Saheer , Manor Yifat , Nissan Joseph , Chaushu Gavriel 
Published: December 2008

Background: The purpose of the present study was to explore the major factors that can affect the decision to replace failed implants.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 194 patients who presented following dental implant failure during a 6‐year period (2000 to 2006). The collected data included patient characteristics, failed implant characteristics, the anatomic status of the alveolar ridge after failure, and factors affecting the decision to avoid reimplantation. The study group included patients in whom the failed dental implants were replaced, whereas there was no reimplantation in the control group.Results: Seventy‐four patients (135 implants) made up the control group, and 120 patients (157 implants) made up the study group. The mean patient age was higher and the medical status was worse in the control group. The number of failed implants per patient was higher in the control group. The time between the diagnosis of failure and removal and between implant placement and removal were greater in the control group. The chances of a patient with minor bone loss undergoing reimplantation was 20 times greater (odds ratio, 20.4) than a patient with severe bone loss. The main patient‐related reasons for avoiding reimplantation were the additional costs (27%), fear of additional pain (17.7%), and fear of a second failure (16.2%).Conclusion: The removal of a failing implant as soon as it is diagnosed as hopeless will improve the chances for reimplantation.
Serum Progranulin Concentrations May Be Associated With Macrophage Infiltration Into Omental Adipose Tissue
Authors: Youn Byung-Soo , Bang Sa-Ik , Klöting Nora , Park Ji Woo , Lee Namseok , Oh Ji-Eun , Pi Kyung-Bae , Lee Tae Hee , Ruschke Karen , Fasshauer Mathias , Stumvoll Michael , Blüher Matthias 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE—Progranulin is an important molecule in inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is frequently associated with central obesity and associated disturbances; however, the role of circulating progranulin in human obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia is unknown.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—For the measurement of progranulin serum concentrations, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using this ELISA, we assessed circulating progranulin in a cross-sectional study of 209 subjects with a wide range of obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance and in 60 individuals with normal (NGT) or impaired (IGT) glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes before and after a 4-week physical training program. Progranulin mRNA and protein expression was measured in paired samples of omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue (adipocytes and cells of the stromal vascular fraction) from 55 lean or obese individuals. Measurement of Erk activation and chemotactic activity induced by progranulin in vitro was performed using THP-1–based cell migration assays.RESULTS—Progranulin serum concentrations were significantly higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with NGT and in obese subjects with predominant visceral fat accumulation. Circulating progranulin significantly correlates with BMI, macrophage infiltration in omental adipose tissue, C-reactive protein (CRP) serum concentrations, A1C values, and total cholesterol. Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed CRP levels as the strongest independent predictor of circulating progranulin. The extent of in vitro progranulin-mediated chemotaxis is similar to that of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 but independent of Gα. Moreover, in type 2 diabetes, but not in IGT and NGT individuals, physical training for 4 weeks resulted in significantly decreased circulating progranulin levels.CONCLUSIONS—Elevated progranulin serum concentrations are associated with visceral obesity, elevated plasma glucose, and dyslipidemia. We identified progranulin as a novel marker of chronic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes that closely reflects omental adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. Physical training significantly reduces elevated circulating progranulin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Presence of the Metabolic Syndrome Is Not a Better Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Than the Sum of Its Components in HIV-Infected Individuals
Authors: Worm Signe W. , Sabin Caroline A. , Reiss Peter , El-Sadr Wafaa , d'Arminio Monforte Antonella , Pradier Christian , Thiebaut Rodolphe , Law Matthew , Rickenbach Martin , De Wit Stephane , Lundgren Jens D. , Friis-Møller Nina 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE—It is much debated whether the metabolic syndrome contributes additional information over and above that provided by the individual components of the syndrome alone. Among HIV-infected individuals, we investigated whether any particular combinations of the components included in the definition of the metabolic syndrome are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We followed 33,347 HIV-infected individuals in a prospective observational study. The effect of combinations of components of the metabolic syndrome (low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, high BMI, hypertension, and diabetes) on the risk of CVD was assessed by Poisson regression incorporating interactions between each component pair and adjusting for age, sex, family history of CVD, smoking status, calendar year, and exposure to antiretroviral therapy. We reduced the risk of type 1 errors by randomly splitting the data set for training (70% of sample) and validation (remaining 30%).
RESULTS—In the training data set, 671 patients experienced a CVD event over 110,652 person-years. Unadjusted, the presence of metabolic syndrome at study enrollment (≥3 of the factors) was associated with a 2.89 higher risk of CVD (95% CI 2.34–3.59; P = 0.0001) compared with individuals without the metabolic syndrome. After adjustment for the individual components, the metabolic syndrome as an entity no longer predicted the risk of CVD (adjusted relative risk 0.85; 95% CI 0.61–1.17; P = 0.32). No significant positive interactions were found among the components of the metabolic syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS—The presence of the metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals did not appear to increase the CVD risk over and above that conferred by the components of the syndrome separately.
Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy on Active Organic Electronic Devices
Authors: Pingree Liam S. C. , Reid Obadiah G. , Ginger David S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPolymer‐ and small‐molecule‐based organic electronic devices are being developed for applications including electroluminescent displays, transistors, and solar cells due to the promise of low‐cost manufacturing. It has become clear that these materials exhibit nanoscale heterogeneities in their optical and electrical properties that affect device performance, and that this nanoscale structure varies as a function of film processing and device‐fabrication conditions. Thus, there is a need for high‐resolution measurements that directly correlate both electronic and optical properties with local film structure in organic semiconductor films. In this article, we highlight the use of electrical scanning probe microscopy techniques, such as conductive atomic force microscopy (c‐AFM), electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM), and similar variants to elucidate charge injection/extraction, transport, trapping, and generation/recombination in organic devices. We discuss the use of these tools to probe device structures ranging from light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and thin‐film transistors (TFT), to light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) and organic photovoltaics.
Ultrathin polymeric interpenetration network with separation performance approaching ceramic membranes for biofuel
Authors: Jiang Lan Ying , Chen Hongmin , Jean Yan‐Ching , Chung Tai‐Shung 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBiofuel has emerged as one of the most strategically important sustainable fuel sources. The success of biofuel development is not only dependent on the advances in genetic transformation of biomass into biofuel, but also on the breakthroughs in separation of biofuel from biomass. The “separation” alone currently accounts for 60–80% of the biofuel production cost. Ceramic membranes made of sophisticated processes have shown separation performance far superior to polymeric membranes, but suffers fragility and high fabrication cost. We report the discovery of novel molecular engineering and membrane fabrication that can synergistically produce polymeric membranes exhibiting separation performance approaching ceramic membranes. The newly discovered Polysulfone/Matrimid composite membranes are fabricated by dual‐layer coextrusion technology in just one step through phase inversion. An ultrathin dense‐selective layer made of an interpenetration network of the two materials with a targeted and stable interstitial space is formed at the interface of two layers for biofuel separation. The combined molecular engineering and membrane fabrication approach may revolutionize future membrane research and development for purification and separation in energy, environment, and pharmaceuticals. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Biosynthese von Naturstoffzuckern und enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung
Authors: Thibodeaux Christopher J. , Melançon Charles E. , Liu Hung‐wen 
Published: December 2008

AbstractViele biologisch aktive niedermolekulare Naturstoffe, die von Mikroorganismen produziert werden, leiten ihre Aktivitäten von Zuckersubstituenten ab. Eine Veränderung der Struktur dieser Zucker kann starke Auswirkungen auf die biologischen Eigenschaften der Stammverbindungen haben. Diese Erkenntnis hat zu Bestrebungen geführt, die Zuckerreste dieser Naturstoffe mithilfe des Zuckerbiosyntheseapparats zu derivatisieren. Hierfür müssen die jeweiligen Biosynthesewege und die Mechanismen der Schlüsselenzyme im Detail bekannt sein. In der Biochemie beginnt man allmählich, die Biosyntheseprinzipien, die dem Aufbau vieler glycosylierter Naturstoffe zugrunde liegen, zu verstehen, und man konnte einen Satz von Enzymaktivitäten ausmachen, die für die Synthese der vielfältigen in der Natur beobachteten Zuckerstrukturen zuständig sind. Bemerkenswerterweise zeigen viele dieser Zuckerbiosyntheseenzyme ebenso wie Glycosyltransferasen eine relaxierte Substratspezifität. Die Promiskuität dieser Enzyme führte zu Bestrebungen, die Zuckerstrukturen zu modifizieren und die Glycosylierungsmuster von Naturstoffen durch Planung der Stoffwechselwege oder durch enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung zu verändern. In der praktischen biomedizinischen Forschung werden diese Studien zur Entwicklung neuer Glycosylierungsmittel führen und bei Sekundärmetaboliten neue Glycoformen mit nützlichen biologischen Aktivitäten hervorbringen.
High yields of monomeric recombinant β‐interferon from macroporous microcarrier cultures under hypothermic conditions
Authors: Tharmalingam Tharmala , Sunley Kevin , Butler Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMacroporous microcarriers such as Cytopore entrap mammalian cells in a mesh network allowing growth to high cell concentrations in a protected environment within a stirred culture. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells producing recombinant human β‐interferon (IFN‐β) and grown in Cytopore microcarriers showed a 2.6‐ to 2.8‐fold increase in the volumetric product titer compared with cells grown in an equivalent suspension culture. In an attempt to maximize production of IFN‐β, microcarrier cultures were subjected to a low temperature regime. Low temperature culture conditions (32°C) have been shown previously to enhance cell specific productivity in suspension cultures although at reduced cell growth rates. These conditions can be optimized by a timely shift from physiological to hypothermic conditions during the culture run to maximize volumetric protein production. In the case of IFN‐β production the lower temperature has the added advantage of stabilizing the product and reducing intramolecular aggregation. Using a biphasic temperature‐shift regime from 37 to 32°C the volumetric production of IFN‐β was enhanced to 4.2‐fold compared with a single temperature suspension culture in a controlled bench‐top bioreactor. Furthermore, the degree of intramolecular aggregation of IFN‐β was reduced significantly (59%) compared with control cultures, largely due to the lower temperature but also partially due to the presence of microcarriers. These results indicate that the hypothermic conditions in a Cytopore culture had a combined and possibly synergistic effect of increasing volumetric production of the recombinant protein.
Restricted parameter space models for testing gene‐gene interaction
Authors: Song Minsun , Nicolae Dan L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere is a growing recognition that interactions (gene‐gene and gene‐environment) can play an important role in common disease etiology. The development of cost‐effective genotyping technologies has made genome‐wide association studies the preferred tool for searching for loci affecting disease risk. These studies are characterized by a large number of investigated SNPs, and efficient statistical methods are even more important than in classical association studies that are done with a small number of markers. In this article we propose a novel gene‐gene interaction test that is more powerful than classical methods. The increase in power is due to the fact that the proposed method incorporates reasonable constraints in the parameter space. The test for both association and interaction is based on a likelihood ratio statistic that has a x̄2 distribution asymptotically. We also discuss the definitions used for “no interaction” and argue that tests for pure interaction are useful in genome‐wide studies, especially when using two‐stage strategies where the analyses in the second stage are done on pairs of loci for which at least one is associated with the trait. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:386–393, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75, is upregulated in ganglioneuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma and reduces tumorigenicity of neuroblastoma cells in vivo
Authors: Schulte Johannes H. , Pentek Falk , Hartmann Wolfgang , Schramm Alexander , Friedrichs Nicolaus , Øra Ingrid , Koster Jan , Versteeg Rogier , Kirfel Jutta , Buettner Reinhard , Eggert Angelika 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNeuroblastoma, the most common extracranial tumor of childhood, is derived from neural crest progenitor cells that fail to differentiate along their predefined route to sympathetic neurons or sympatho‐adrenergic adrenal cells. Although expression of the high‐affinity neurotrophin receptors, TrkA and TrkB, is of major importance in neuroblastoma, the significance of the expression of the low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75, is unclear. Here, we analyzed immunohistochemically expression of p75 on a tissue microarray of 93 primary neuroblastic tumors and assessed the functional consequences of p75 expression in neuroblastoma cell lines. We found the p75 receptor protein to be expressed in neuroblastic cells of ganglioneuromas/ganglioneuroblastomas as well as differentiating neuroblastomas, but not in poorly differentiated neuroblastomas. In an unrelated cohort of 110 neuroblastic tumors, p75 mRNA expression levels correlated with differentiation, and patients with tumors that expressed p75 at high levels had an increased event‐free and overall survival. In addition, we did not detect p75 expression in 8 established neuroblastoma cell lines examined with FACS analysis. These cell lines exhibited an undifferentiated morphology, and were all derived from aggressive, high‐stage neuroblastomas. Ectopic p75 expression in the SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line significantly reduced proliferation, increased the fraction of apoptotic cells in vitro and resulted in a loss of tumorigenicity in nude mice. Taken together, our data suggest that expression of the p75 low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor is correlated with a reduced level of tumorigenicity, and that induction of p75 expression may be an option to revert features of an aggressive tumor phenotype. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous metastasis in matrix metalloproteinase 3‐deficient mice
Authors: Juncker‐Jensen Anna , Rømer John , Pennington Caroline J. , Lund Leif R. , Almholt Kasper 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been linked to the metastatic potential of tumor cells due to their ability to degrade the extracellular matrix. MMP‐3 (stromelysin‐1) is upregulated in a wide variety of human tumors. We used the MMTV‐PyMT breast cancer model to determine if MMP‐3 is involved in tumorigenesis and metastatic growth. In this model the stromal expression of MMP‐3 mRNA resembles the predominant MMP‐3 expression pattern observed in human ductal breast carcinomas. We studied a cohort of 63 PyMT transgenic mice, either deficient for MMP‐3 or wild‐type controls. The degree of metastasis did not differ significantly between the two groups of mice, although the median lung metastasis volume was more than threefold increased in MMTV‐PyMT mice deficient in MMP‐3. Likewise, primary tumor growth rate and lymph node metastasis were not significantly affected by MMP‐3‐deficiency. By comparing mRNA levels in MMP‐3‐deficient PyMT tumors with PyMT wild‐type tumors we excluded compensatory transcriptional changes of other MMPs or their specific inhibitors. Thus, we conclude that genetic ablation of MMP‐3 does not significantly affect tumor growth and metastasis in the MMTV‐PyMT model. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.