bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analysis comparing trials of antimuscarinic medications funded by industry or not
Authors: TULIKANGAS PAUL K. , AYERS AMANDA , O’SULLIVAN DAVID M. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine if there is a significant difference in outcomes of clinical trials funded by industry or not of antimuscarinic medications used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and detrusor overactivity (DOA).METHODSA Medline search was conducted from January 1966 to June 2003 to identify human clinical trials of oxybutynin and tolterodine published in English. Randomized controlled trials on subjects aged ≥ 16 years who were being treated with oxybutynin or tolterodine for OAB symptoms or DOA; 24 studies were identified. The endpoints assessed were OAB symptoms or changes in uninhibited detrusor contractions on cystometrography. The outcome variables were dichotomized as ‘improvement’ or ‘no improvement’. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each study based on data derived or extracted from tables and figures.RESULTSMeta‐analysis showed no significant difference in the outcomes trails funded by industry or not. Trials were then reviewed to determine their adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines for randomized trials.CONCLUSIONSClinical trials are important for clinicians when selecting medical therapies. In this analysis we found no difference in outcomes when comparing studies funded by industry or not for tolterodine and oxybutynin. The quality of all trials would be improved by close adherence to the CONSORT guidelines for randomized clinical trials.
APPALACHIAN MIGRANTS IN NORTHERN CITIES
Authors: Hyland Gerard , Peet Richard 
Published: May 2006

A lot of places won't hire people from the South. They say, “They won't work.” If they paid a little bit more money they might damn work a lot bit better. Like Chicago Cork, you know what they pay an hour? A dollar and a quarter an hour. And I wouldn't work for no sonofabitch for no dollar and a quarter an hour. Shit, I'd steal off the street first. Can't pay your rent on it. Now down home I'd work for a dollar and a quarter an hour, but that's different.You know what they should do? They should take some a these damn factories, say from Chicago, and just spread em around, you know. Not just only in this state but in different states, or make more in different states or somethin. People from the South down there, they have to leave to come up to this shithole. They don't want up here. That's the only other place. You gotta realize these goddamn people from the South is the ones run most of these plants—most of their employees is people from the South. I can't understand them sonofabitch factories.
PARTY COALITIONS IN DANISH LAW‐MAKING 1953–1970*
Authors: DAMGAARD ERIK 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTDespite assertions about the ubiquity of coalition behavior in politics, theories of coalition formation have not usually been tested on data pertaining to the legislative process. The paper explores advantages and shortcomings of existing coalition theory for studying law‐making in a multi‐party parliamentary democracy with highly cohesive parties, using Denmark as the test case. All passed government bills 1953–1970 are studied in terms of the size and composition of the winning coalitions and policy area of bills. In all cabinet periods a certain number of bills are passed by minimal majorities, but most are not, indicating that minimal majority behavior is not a principal strategy in law‐making. However, the traditional left‐right model of the Danish party system is very successful in accounting for the coalitions formed. Classification of bills into policy areas also shows considerable variation with respect to levels of conflict, with taxation as the most conflict‐generating area. The findings suggest that if we are ultimately to understand the significance of coalition behavior in politics, it is imperative that we relax strict rationalistic behavior assumptions and concentrate efforts on developing ways for systematic study of the content and perceived consequences of decisions made by winning coalitions.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF CLIENTELISTIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: GRAZIANO LUIGI 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTCurrent conceptualizations of political clientelism are inadequate on two related grounds: they do not clearly specify the distinctive characteristics of the clientelistic association and the impact of such associations on the development of the political system. The framework here offered, which is based on Homans’ and Blau's exchange theory, is an attempt to meet both analytical requirements. It suggests that a clientelistic association is a dyadically structured grouping based on direct asymmetrical exchange. More importantly, this framework tells us something about the functioning and the pattern of development of a clientelistic system as a whole. On the basis of our scheme, we may predict for such a system a highly individualistic type of political participation, weak legitimation of political leaders, a very fragmented pattern of allocation of political resources and, finally, a process of cooptation of opposition leaders by the party in power.
SOCIAL CLEAVAGES AND PARTY SYSTEMS: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE IRISH CASE
Authors: CARTY R.K. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been argued that the Irish party system can best be accounted for in terms of the “Lipset–Rokkan centre–periphery concept”. This paper questions this view and presents evidence to the contrary. Cleavages in the Irish social structure were not frozen into the party system that emerged in the post‐independence period. In terms of the widely accepted typologies of Western European political development Ireland constitutes a deviant case. As such it deserves more attention.
THE CONCEPT OF ELITE*
Authors: ZANNONI PAOLO 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis article is an attempt to clarify the concept of elite. Elite is a concept that has been used through different centuries, by different people, in different cultural and intellectual environments. The result of this plurality of uses is that, in political science today, elite is a fuzzy concept. Concepts are not mere words. They stand for meanings and referents. These meanings and referents are what makes a concept useful to describe and explain phenomena.The clarification of the meanings and referents of “elite” is a way to give us better knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the concept of elite in explaining the empirical phenomena of elite.First of all the article offers an analysis of the main components of the concept and its sources of confusion. Following the most recent findings of philosophy of language, two main sources of concept confusion are identified: ambiguity and vagueness. In order to remove these sources of confusion the author deals, first, with the problem of apparent synonymy. A close analysis of the terms most commonly used as synonyms of “elite”: “ruling class,”“aristocracy,”“oligarchy” and “political class,” shows that these terms are not synonyms but that every one of them has a specific meaning different from the others. The supposed synonymy or the use of different words for the same meanings is not the only source of confusion of the concept of elite. Using the same words with different meanings seems to be quite common in the literature on the concept of elite. It is, in fact, clear that different people attribute different meanings to the same words. Among that variety of meanings attributed to “elite” seven are examined in the article: those of Pareto, Mosca, Marx, Wright Mills, Michels, Ortega y Gasset, and the Pluralists.
LABOUR PARTY COMMITTEE ELECTIONS AND THE LABOUR LEADERSHIP, 1945–1976
Authors: SIBLEY JOHN RICHARD 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis article explores the relations between elections to the post of Labour Party leader and elections to the Labour Party's National Executive Committee and Parliamentary Committee. The leadership elections of 1955, 1963 and 1976 are analyzed in the light of the candidates' committee election records, and brief reference is made to the 1935 leadership contest. The records of all committee election candidates during the period 1945–75 are categorized, and the most important ones are discussed in the context of the Party leadership.Some tentative hypotheses and conclusions are reached about the possibility of predicting leadership election results and the future performance of a Party leader on the basis of earlier committee election records. Reference is made to the political and historical background of the elections. A number of questions are formulated for possible exploration by political historians and biographers.
POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND INEQUALITY: A CROSS‐NATIONAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: DRYZEK JOHN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the determinants of social inequality in a quantitative cross‐sectional analysis of developed Western nations. The underlying dimensions of these determinants are classified as political and economic development on the one hand and cultural homogeneity coupled with class politics on the other. It is found that the homogeneity‐class politics dimension explains a considerable proportion of the cross‐national variation in social equality, but that the development dimension has little discernable impact upon degree of equality.
STEIN ROKKAN 1921–1979: A MEMOIR *
Authors: DAALDER HANS 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis memoir of the Norwegian social scientist Stein Rokkan (1921–1979) traces his development from a student in linguistics and political philosophy to a specialist on comparative political studies. It describes his background in the Norwegian periphery and emphasizes the importance of his empirical research on Norwegian politics for the development of his substantive concerns and analytical schemes for research on comparative European politics. It describes Rokkan's role in building up the infrastructure of comparative research and the parallel development of his “macro‐model” of European political development. The article concludes with an analysis of the personal qualities and special circumstances which made Rokkan the eminent scholar he was.An appendix lists Rokkan's main writings, divided into four categories: (a) social and political development in Norway; (b) data resources and data services; (c) comparative research, and (d) his Macro‐Model of Europe.
EUROCOMMUNISM FOUR YEARS ON *
Authors: LAVAU GEORGES 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTToday the interest in Eurocommunism is declining. Between 1976 and the end of 1978 some observers had seen it as a new sort of Communism characterised by a readiness to adopt the principles and practices of Western democracies and by an emphasis on independence from the Soviet Union and its socialist model. The author examines the tactical reasons for and the scope of this “liberal Communism” and underlines that the PCI has gone much further than the PCF. In any case this liberal Communism has preserved its Communist identity. Eurocommunism represents a further step in the process of polycentric decentralisation of the International Communist Movement. It does not, however, constitute a threat to the hegemony of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. A modus vivendi seems to have been established between orthodox and Euro‐communisms.
CONCEPTS OF RATIONALITY AND THE POLICY PROCESS *
Authors: GUSTAFSSON GUNNEL , RICHARDSON J.J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTPolitical scientists are seen as having some technical expertise in policy studies which might help policy‐makers in devising policies which “work”. Difficulties are likely to arise, however, if we do not first ask some fundamental questions. One seemingly obvious, though extremely difficult, question is “what are policies for ?” Having categorized the main objectives of policy‐making into three broad categories – namely “real” goods and services, agenda management, and. consensus seeking– we go on to ask how these objectives can be reached in a rational way. We attempt to answer this question by considering a number of theoretical problems and go on to suggest an operational meaning of rationality and its implication for the organization of policy‐making structures. We suggest that a distinction is made between sector rationality, coordinated rationality and decentralized rationality. We also discuss the nature of policy communities, the degree to which they are becoming overcrowded due to demands for greater (and often unconventional) participation and the problems of achieving both consensus and rationality.
CRISES AND CRISES OUTCOMES: TOWARDS A NEW SYNTHETIC APPROACH
Authors: ZIMMERMANN EKKART 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTTopics like the legitimacy of a political order, its historical capacity to perform and actual performance, as well as its adaptability and probability of survival have gained the attention of social scientists quite frequently. Only very recently, however, have there been some promising new developments in crises research which have led to a variety of important empirical results. It is the task of this article to integrate several of these more particularistic approaches by constructing a new model that can be applied to comparative crises research. Crisis, or crisis of legitimacy which is the most severe of all forms of crises, serves as both dependent variable and independent variable, affecting the persistence of political systems. In this model – of which two variants are derived – several theoretical relationships are predicted that will have to be tested in broad – scale historically oriented social research going back to the first – still relatively quiet – decade of this century and covering developments thereafter in countries like Scandinavia, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and the United States. In the final section some operational measures are discussed and combined in an operational model that will serve as a guideline in carrying out the type of study described here.
Electoral Preferences in Irish Recruitment: the 1977 Election*
Authors: MARSH MICHAEL 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis study examines some of the implications of the use of the Single Transferable Vote for legislative recruitment in Ireland. Candidates and deputies are contrasted on a number of characteristics to see the impact of the ‘electoral phase’ on recruitment. Voting patterns are then analysed in order to assess the role that electors’ preferences between candidates can play. Generally, it appears that preferences are determined more by candidates’ political record than by their social background or position on the ballot paper. This is consistent with a view of the Irish deputy as a constituency‐servant rather than a legislator or simple instrument of party government, although cultural as well as constitutional factors may be responsible for this role.
The Dynamic Properties of Party Identification: a Four‐Nation Comparison
Authors: LeDUC LAWRENCE 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAmong the most important elements in assessing the cross‐national utility of the concept of party identification is its stability over time, in particular its stability relative to that of voting choice. This article utilizes three‐wave panel studies in Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States to measure the nature and extent of changes in individual partisanship over a period of three to six years. It is argued that there is substantial instability in party identification when all types of change are taken into account, and that the United States appears unique among the cases examined in its ability to combine stable partisanship with instability of voting behaviour for reasons relating to the particular nature of the American electoral system. In Britain and Canada, party identification exhibits a greater tendency to travel with vote, while in the Netherlands it is less stable than the vote itself.
Societal Change and Party Adaptation in the Republic of Ireland, 1960–1981*
Authors: GALLAGHER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe history of the Irish Republic since 1960 offers an interesting example of considerable societal change but little change in the political parties or party system. Despite fairly rapid urbanization, industrialization, population growth and liberalization, the political changes that have taken place are relatively minor. Party policies, roles, recruitment patterns, strengths and support bases have not changed very much. It is noted that the strongest party seems to have changed least, and it is suggested that this is because it had least need to change.
Socialists and European Integration: The Attitudes of British Labour Members of Parliament*
Authors: FEATHERSTONE KEVIN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis analysis of the attitudes of British Labour Members of Parliament towards European integration focuses in particular on attitudes towards three themes: integrationist policies, the ‘national interest’ and ideological identification. Based on the results of a survey of Labour MPs, it suggests the importance of the ideology and national interest dimensions to any explanation of their stance towards the operation of the European Community. The discussion also indicates the relevance of the writings of Tom Nairn and the limitations inherent in adopting a framework based on conventional integration theory.
Voter Attitudes and Public Spending: Is There a Relationship?*
Authors: KRISTENSEN OLE P. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe median voter model of how public expenditures are determined is discussed, as are alternative models, which soft‐pedal the role of the electorate and elections in decision‐making on public spending. The median voter proposition is tested and rejected empirically. The empirical relationship between voter attitudes towards public spending and actual spending is then related to the alternative models of how public expenditures are decided upon. The empirical analysis shows inconsistencies between item‐by‐item spending preferences and aggregate spending preferences. Further, political activists have a higher propensity to spend than the average voter.
Helping Small Firms Grow: An Implementation Analysis of Small Firm Assistance Structures*
Authors: HULL CHRIS , HJERN BENNY 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe article describes the design of, and presents some first results from, the West German component of a four‐country comparative study of organizational arrangements for providing small firms with assistance to help them overcome their problems of development. In describing the research design, particular attention is given to the unit‐of‐analysis problem and to a method for inductively reconstructing the unit of analysis. An analytic ‘grid’, based on a simple model of problem‐solving, is proposed which would seem well suited to the project's cross‐cultural frame of reference. Preliminary results provided in the latter part of the article should serve to illustrate some of the analytic possibilities which may be expected from the project.
The Relative Salience of the Socio‐Economic and Religious Issue Dimensions: Coalition Formations in Ten Western Democracies, 1919–1979
Authors: LIJPHART AREND 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe relative importance that political parties attach to the socio‐economic and religious issue dimensions can be determined by the kinds of partners they seek in order to form government coalitions. When political parties can be classified as secular left, secular right, and religious centre parties, centre‐left and centre‐right coalitions show that the socio‐economic dimension is the dominant one, and left‐right coalitions indicate that the religious dimension predominates. Out of a total of 190 years of government coalitions that can be analysed in this way in ten countries from 1919 to 1979, the socio‐economic dimension predominated eight times as frequently as the religious dimension. The much greater salience of the socio‐economic dimension is found in all ten countries without striking variations during the entire period.
After the Historic Compromise: A Turning Point for the PCI*
Authors: BARBAGLI MARZIO , CORBETTA PIERGIORGIO 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the 1970s many scholars have predicted that the Italy of ‘centrifugal democracy’ would in the course of a few years become a ‘consociational democracy’. The return of the PCI to opposition in early 1979 and the ‘political turning’ decided by the party leadership in 1980 have disproved this prediction. This article maintains that a most important source of error in this prediction is to be found in the simplistic schema advanced to analyse the behaviour of the PCI. On the basis of data drawn from three surveys, the article examines the relations between members, militants, and leaders of the PCI from 1977 to the end of 1980.
A Minority in Both Centre and Periphery: An Account of the Swedish‐Speaking Finns*
Authors: ALLARDT ERIK , MIEMOIS KARL JOHAN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe Swedish‐speaking minority in Finland has its origin in population movements from Sweden to Finland during the Middle Ages. The members of this minority do not identify themselves with Sweden; they define themselves as Swedish Finns. Before the general European national awakening the Swedish Finns were united neither in action nor in selfconsciousness. Today they possess a sense of unity and a shared minority identity despite the fact that there is great variation as regards their social position and geographic location.
The Welfare State and the Economy in Periods of Economic Crisis: A Comparative Study of Twenty‐three OECD Nations
Authors: SCHMIDT MANFRED G. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTWhile all industrial nations have been plagued by the setback to economic growth since the mid‐1970s, a wide range of variation marks the economic performance, policy outputs and policy outcomes of Western nations. The basic question addressed in this paper is the extent to which economic, socioeconomic and political variables account for the differences in economic performance, unemployment, public debt and the growth of social security expenditure. In general, the forces which shape public policies in periods of economic crisis tend to be different in character from the major determinants of policy‐making in periods of prosperity. The analysis does not support the view that bourgeois and socialist governments produce clear‐cut policy differences. It suggests that the major determinants of policies are the power relations in extra‐parliamentary arenas, the level of national economic strength prior to the crisis, the extent to which ‘solidaristic’ values characterize the political culture, and the extent to which a correspondence exists between the power relationships in the political ‘superstructure’ and in the party system and industrial arenas. An expanding capitalist order is, in theory, not incompatible with low unemployment and a developed welfare state. However, the governments’ room to manoeuvre is strongly restricted by political and technological developments. One of the major political restrictions is the ‘paradoxical’ outcome of elections.
Party Government in Public Opinion: A European Cross‐National Comparison*
Authors: SCHMITT HERMANN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTOn the basis of Easton's concept of political support, an indicator of diffuse support for party government is developed. This is contrasted theoretically as well as empirically with two indicators of support for political authorities: party identification and satisfaction with democracy. Data on these indicators are contrasted across the EC member countries. Specifying the sociopolitical basis of party government support, social‐structural, attitudinal, and political‐structural correlates of this support dimension are presented and discussed.