bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTION OF PERMEABILITY IN THE EL GARIA FORMATION, ASHTART OILFIELD, OFFSHORE TUNISIA
Authors: Ligtenberg J.H. , Wansink A.G. 
Published: December 2007

The Lower Eocene El Garia Formation forms the reservoir rock at the Ashtart oilfield, offshore Tunisia. It comprises a thick package of mainly nummulitic packstones and grainstones with variable reservoir quality. Although porosity is moderate to high, permeability is often poor to fair with some high permeability streaks.The aim of this study was to establish relationships between log‐derived data and core data, and to apply these relationships in a predictive sense to uncored intervals. An initial objective was to predict from measured logs and core data the limestone depositional texture (as indicated by the Dunham classification), as well as porosity and permeability. A total of nine wells with complete logging suites, multiple cored intervals with core plug measurements together with detailed core interpretations were available.We used a fully‐connected Multi‐Layer‐Perceptron network (a type of neural network) to establish possible non‐linear relationships. Detailed analyses revealed that no relationship exists between log response and limestone texture (Dunham class). The initial idea to predict Dunham class, and subsequently to use the classification results to predict permeability, could not therefore be pursued. However, further analyses revealed that it was feasible to predict permeability without using the depositional fabric, but using a combination of wireline logs and measured core porosity. Careful preparation of the training set for the neural network proved to be very important. Early experiments showed that low to fair permeability (1–35 mD) could be predicted with confidence, but that the network failed to predict the high permeability streaks. “Balancing ” the data set solved this problem. Balancing is a technique in which the training set is increased by adding more examples to the under‐sampled part of the data space. Examples are created by random selection from the training set and white noise is added. After balancing, the neural network's performance improved significantly. Testing the neural network on two wells indicated that this method is capable of predicting the entire range of permeability with confidence.
CHANGES DURING LACTATION IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE MILK OF THE BLACK RHINOCEROS Diceros bicornis*
Authors: Gregory Margaret E. , Rowland S. J. , Thompson S. k. , Kon Vanda M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary1. Samples of milk were obtained from a lactating rhinoceros five hours, 12 hours, 28 hours, 52 hours, two weeks and four weeks after the birth of the calf. Subsequently, samples were collected at monthly intervals until the calf was removed after sixteen months.2. The total solids, fat, protein and lactose contents of the samples were determined. The fat content of the milk was low (0.45 per cent) throughout lactation. That of lactose was lower in colostrum (4.38 per cent) than in mature mdk (6.1 to 6.9 per cent), and that of the protein decreased from 6.4 per cent in colostrum to between 1 and 1.65 per cent in the milk.3. Variations in the contents of acid, calcium, pantothenate, riboflavin, thiamine, Vitamin b6, Vitamin b12 and biotin in the milk were measured. Those of biotin, Vitamin b12 and pantothenate showed marked fluctations from month to month. That of riboflavin remained low in the milk, having been high in colostrum. The Vitamin b6 and thiamine contents both decreased during the first few months of lactation and then increased gradually.
NEW MONKEY HOUSE AT FRANKFURT ZOO
Authors: Scherpner Christoph 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe Frankfurt Zoo Monkey House incorporates certain new technical features. Where cages are fronted with glass, reflections have been avoided by angling the glass sharply towards the public. As the result, it has been possible to have glass windows in the wall opposite and thus achieve a good growth of plants in the indoor public area and prevent the house from having a gloomy atmosphere. For reasons of animal psychology, short screening walls have been built into the cages: these split up the space visually for the monkeys but at the same time permit the visitor to see all the animals. Inferior animals in a group can withdraw to a peaceful corner. Great stress has been laid on equipping the inside cages to prevent parasites. Tiled walls, stainless steel climbing poles and plastic floor covering have been used. Another advance is the use of plastic material for the animals' door flaps: the plastic cannot injure the animals and they enable them to have a free choice, even in cold winter weather, between the inside and outside cage. Information is given to the public by means of a globe showing the threatened animal species of the world and by two display boards. Threatened species are also helped by a fountain, from which, each year, a considerable sum of money is collected for conservation purposes.
Observations on Central American river turtles (Dermatemys mawi) at Fort Worth Zoo
Authors: CAMPBELL JONATHAN 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe task of caring for the Central American river turtle Dermatemys mawi may prove more arduous a task than for other turtles. I observed that they are incompatible with members of their own species, but they can be successfully introduced with other aquatic reptile species. A water temperature of 28 to 30° (82 to 86°F) seems to satisfy their thermal requirements. In the wild, the turtle's diet apparently consists chiefly of aquatic plants. In captivity, however, a substitute diet of vegetables supplemented with fish has proved satisfactory. In selecting exhibits, the soft nature of their shells should be taken into consideration.
Census up‐date: captive marine mammals in North America
Authors: CORNELL LANNY H. , ASPER EDWARD D. , DUFFIELD DEBORAH A. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe continued husbandry of marine mammals in captivity has led to increased expertise in methods of care and facility design, and a greater knowledge of breeding requirements. This is clearly reflected in the census up‐date by the increased captive longevities and breeding success, and the decrease in captive mortality. A number of oceanaria channel a major part of their public service effort into recovering stranded animals, maintaining and providing them with medical care. The success of these efforts has been such that for those few species where numbers on display have shown a marked increase from 1976–1979, additions have come mainly from the stranded/rehabilitation programmes or from captive births. Collection pressure on natural populations of marine mammals by the live display industry has been minimal.
REVIEWS
Authors: Thirlby G. F. 
Published: December 2007

Essays in Monetary Theory. By D. H. ROBERTSON. (P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1940.Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs. Vol. 2: Problems of Economic Policy, 1918–1939, Part 1. By W. K. HANCOCK. (Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1940.Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. By J. S. Furnivall. Cambridge University Press, 1939.
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF OPTIMUM FERTILISER APPLICATIONS AND PLANT POPULATION IN MAIZE
Authors: KASSIER W. E. , MALLET J. B. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA ‘profit maximisation’ method of statistical analysis, which is fully described, was carried out on a maize fertiliser and plant population trial conducted at Cedara.Under the cost structure assumed it was found that the optimum profit level was to be obtained from an application of 143.9 lb. of N as limestone ammonium nitrate, 154.2 lb. of K2O as potassium chloride and a plant population of 34,881 plants per morgen. As no increase in yield was obtained from further applications of phosphate above the lowest level of 95 lb. P2O6 per morgen, this nutrient was excluded from the analysis.Should grain prices rise or fall, the increase or decrease in the rates of fertiliser application can be calculated, so as still to obtain the most economic return.
Bali's Tourism Interests: Local Responses To Suharto's Globalization Policies
Authors: Ostrom Richard 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDuring the Suharto regime many decisions were made unilaterally, and often profits from various endeavours outside of Java were redirected back to the capital. This article discusses how some Balinese political cartoonists reacted to the inequality and exploitation they felt characterized tourism related developments on their heavily visited island. Some of their work, which was done just as the New Order was coming to a close, is displayed and analysed here.
Can Scottish public library services claim they are socially inclusive of all minority groups when lesbian fiction is still so inaccessible?
Authors: Goldthorp Jacqueline D. 
Published: December 2007

This paper explores how Scottish public library services have responded to providing a service to a virtually invisible minority group, i.e. lesbians who enjoy reading lesbian fiction. The evidence that provides the foundation for the results discussed in this paper was drawn from the following sources: a study of the 32 public library services in Scotland, conducted through an e-mail/postal survey on lesbian fiction; an analysis of online public library websites and catalogues; workshops and focus groups with library workers and newly qualified librarians; women who identify as lesbian or bisexual and read lesbian fiction; and a questionnaire on lesbian fiction distributed through recognized lesbian forums and publications. The research found there to be an inequity of service provision for lesbians in terms of recreational reading and, in the light of this, recommends a reassessment of certain library practices. In particular, there is a need to raise awareness of LGBT people among library workers by encouraging contact with LGBT people and their support networks and providing diversity training linked with training in how to develop collections of lesbian and gay fiction and how to promote those collections to their main audience. Definition of lesbian fiction: For the purposes of this research two definitions of lesbian fiction apply: fiction that is written by lesbians, about lesbians for lesbians; or fiction which has at its centre character(s) who identify as lesbian and/or fiction in which the key themes of the novel are lesbian centric.
Retinoic acid is a potential dorsalising signal in the late embryonic chick hindbrain
Authors: Wilson Leigh J , Myat Anna , Sharma Aadhar , Maden Malcolm , Wingate Richard JT 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundHuman retinoic acid teratogenesis results in malformations of dorsally derived hindbrain structures such as the cerebellum, noradrenergic hindbrain neurons and the precerebellar system. These structures originate from the rhombic lip and adjacent dorsal precursor pools that border the fourth ventricle roofplate. While retinoic acid synthesis is known to occur in the meninges that blanket the hindbrain, the particular sensitivity of only dorsal structures to disruptions in retinoid signalling is puzzling. We therefore looked for evidence within the neural tube for more spatiotemporally specific signalling pathways using an in situ hybridisation screen of known retinoic acid pathway transcripts.ResultsWe find that there are highly restricted domains of retinoic acid synthesis and breakdown within specific hindbrain nuclei as well as the ventricular layer and roofplate. Intriguingly, transcripts of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 are always found at the interface between dividing and post-mitotic cells. By contrast to earlier stages of development, domains of synthesis and breakdown in post-mitotic neurons are co-localised. At the rhombic lip, expression of the mRNA for retinoic acid synthesising and catabolising enzymes is spatially highly organised with respect to theCath1-positive precursors of migratory precerebellar neurons.ConclusionThe late developing hindbrain shows patterns of retinoic acid synthesis and use that are distinct from the well characterised phase of rostrocaudal patterning. Selected post-mitotic populations, such as the locus coeruleus, appear to both make and break down retinoic acid suggesting that a requirement for an autocrine, or at least a highly localised paracrine signalling network, might explain its acute sensitivity to retinoic acid disruption. At the rhombic lip, retinoic acid is likely to act as a dorsalising factor in parallel with other roofplate signalling pathways. While its precise role is unclear, retinoic acid is potentially well placed to regulate temporally determined cell fate decisions within the rhombic lip precursor pool.
A genome-wide scan for type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes in nuclear families with multiple affected siblings in Finland
Authors: Qiao Qing , Österholm Anne-May , He Bing , Pitkäniemi Janne , Cordell Heather J , Sarti Cinzia , Kinnunen Leena , Tuomilehto-Wolf Eva , Tryggvason Karl , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
A genome-wide search for genes that predispose to type 1 diabetes using linkage analysis was performed using 900 microsatellite markers in 70 nuclear families with affected siblings from Finland, a population expected to be more genetically homogeneous than others, and having the highest incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world and, yet, the highest proportion in Europe of cases (10%) carrying neither of the highest risk HLA haplotypes that include DR3 or DR4 alleles.

Results
In addition to the evidence of linkage to the HLA region on 6p21 (nominal p = 4.0 × 10-6), significant evidence of linkage in other chromosome regions was not detected with a single-locus analysis. The two-locus analysis conditional on the HLA gave a maximum lod score (MLS) of 3.1 (nominal p = 2 × 10-4) on chromosome 9p13 under an additive model; MLS of 2.1 (nominal p = 6.1 × 10-3) on chromosome 17p12 and MLS of 2.5 (nominal p = 2.9 × 10-3) on chromosome 18p11 under a general model.

Conclusion
Our genome scan data confirmed the primary contribution of the HLA genes also in the high-risk Finnish population, and suggest that non-HLA genes also contribute to the familial clustering of type 1 diabetes in Finland.
Quantitative determination by real-time PCR of four vaginal Lactobacillus species, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae indicates an inverse relationship between L. gasseri and L. iners
Authors: De Backer Ellen , Verhelst Rita , Verstraelen Hans , Alqumber Mohammed A , Burton Jeremy P , Tagg John R , Temmerman Marleen , Vaneechoutte Mario 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Most studies of the vaginal microflora have been based on culture or on qualitative molecular techniques. Here we applied existing real-time PCR formats for Lactobacillus crispatus, L. gasseri and Gardnerella vaginalis and developed new formats for Atopobium vaginae, L. iners and L. jensenii to obtain a quantitative non culture-based determination of these species in 71 vaginal samples from 32 pregnant and 28 non-pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years.

Results
The 71 vaginal microflora samples of these women were categorized, using the Ison and Hay criteria, as refined by Verhelst et al. (2005), as follows: grade Ia: 8 samples, grade Iab: 10, grade Ib: 13, grade I-like: 10, grade II: 11, grade III: 12 and grade IV: 7.

L. crispatus was found in all but 5 samples and was the most frequent Lactobacillus species detected. A significantly lower concentration of L. crispatus was found in grades II (p < 0.0001) and III (p = 0.002) compared to grade I. L. jensenii was found in all grades but showed higher concentration in grade Iab than in grade Ia (p = 0.024). A. vaginae and G. vaginalis were present in high concentrations in grade III, with log10 median concentrations (log10 MC), respectively of 9.0 and 9.2 cells/ml. Twenty (38.5%) of the 52 G. vaginalis positive samples were also positive for A. vaginae. In grade II we found almost no L. iners (log10 MC: 0/ml) but a high concentration of L. gasseri ( log10 MC: 8.7/ml). By contrast, in grade III we found a high concentration of L. iners
( log10 MC: 8.3/ml) and a low concentration of L. gasseri ( log10 MC: 0/ml). These results show a negative association between L. gasseri and L. iners (r = -0.397, p = 0.001) and between L. gasseri and A. vaginae (r = -0.408, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
In our study we found a clear negative association between L. iners and L. gasseri and between A. vaginae and L. gasseri. Our results do not provide support for the generally held proposition that grade II is an intermediate stage between grades I and III, because L. gasseri, abundant in grade II is not predominant in grade III, whereas L. iners, abundant in grade III is present only in low numbers in grade II samples.
Doloplus-2, a valid tool for behavioural pain assessment?
Authors: Hølen Jacob C , Saltvedt Ingvild , Fayers Peter M , Hjermstad Marianne J , Loge Jon H , Kaasa Stein 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe Doloplus-2 is used for behavioural pain assessment in cognitively impaired patients. Little data exists on the psychometric properties of the Doloplus-2. Our objectives were to test the criterion validity and inter-rater reliability of the Doloplus-2, and to explore a design for validations of behavioural pain assessment tools.MethodsFifty-one nursing home patients and 22 patients admitted to a geriatric hospital ward were included. All were cognitively impaired and unable to self-report pain. Each patient was examined by an expert in pain evaluation and treatment, who rated the pain on a numerical rating scale. The ratings were based on information from the medical record, reports from nurses and patients (if possible) about pain during the past 24 hours, and a clinical examination. These ratings were used as pain criterion. The Doloplus-2 was administered by the attending nurse. Regression analyses were used to estimate the ability of the Doloplus-2 to explain the expert's ratings. The inter-rater reliability of the Doloplus-2 was evaluated in 16 patients by comparing the ratings of two nurses administrating the Doloplus-2.ResultsThere was no association between the Doloplus-2 and the expert's pain ratings (R2= 0.02). There was an association (R2= 0.54) between the expert's ratings and the Doloplus-2 scores in a subgroup of 16 patients assessed by a geriatric expert nurse (the most experienced Doloplus-2 administrator). The inter-rater reliability between the Doloplus-2 administrators assessed by the intra-class coefficient was 0.77. The pain expert's ratings were compared with ratings of two independent geriatricians in a sub sample of 15, and were found satisfactory (intra-class correlation 0.74).ConclusionIt was challenging to conduct such a study in patients with cognitive impairment and the study has several limitations. The results do not support the validity of the Doloplus-2 in its present version and they indicate that it demands specific administration skills.
Reduced Adipogenic Gene Expression in Thigh Adipose Tissue Precedes Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Lipoatrophy
Authors: Kratz Mario , Purnell Jonathan Q. , Breen Patricia A. , Thomas Katherine K. , Utzschneider Kristina M. , Carr Darcy B. , Kahn Steven E. , Hughes James P. , Rutledge Elizabeth A. , Van Yserloo Brian , Yukawa Michi , Weigle David S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractContext: The expression of adipogenic genes in sc adipose tissue has been reported to be lower among patients with HIV-associated lipoatrophy than HIV-uninfected controls. It is unclear whether this is a result or cause of lipoatrophy.Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the temporal relationships among changes in adipogenic gene expression in sc adipose tissue and changes in body fat distribution and metabolic complications in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy.Design: This was a prospective longitudinal study.Setting: The study was conducted at HIV clinics in Seattle, Washington.Participants: The study population included 31 HIV-infected and 12 control subjects.Interventions: Subjects were followed up for 12 months after they initiated or modified their existing antiretroviral regimen.Main Outcome Measures: Changes in body composition, plasma lipids, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression in sc abdominal and thigh adipose tissue.Results: Subjects who developed lipoatrophy (n = 10) had elevated fasting triglycerides [3.16 (sd 2.79) mmol/liter] and reduced insulin sensitivity as measured by frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test [1.89 (sd 1.27) × 10−4 min−1/μU·ml] after 12 months, whereas those without lipoatrophy (n = 21) did not show any metabolic complications [triglycerides 1.32 (sd 0.58) mmol/liter, P = 0.01 vs. lipoatrophy; insulin sensitivity 3.52 (sd 1.91) × 10−4 min−1/μU·ml, P = 0.01 vs. lipoatrophy]. In subjects developing lipoatrophy, the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, lipid uptake, and local cortisol production in thigh adipose tissue was significantly reduced already at the 2-month visit, several months before any loss of extremity fat mass was evident.Conclusions: In HIV-infected subjects, lipoatrophy is associated with elevated fasting triglycerides and insulin resistance and might be caused by a direct or indirect effect of antiretroviral drugs on sc adipocyte differentiation.
Endocrine and Radiological Studies in Patients with Molecularly Confirmed CHARGE Syndrome
Authors: Asakura Yumi , Toyota Yuko , Muroya Koji , Kurosawa Kenji , Fujita Kazutoshi , Aida Noriko , Kawame Hiroshi , Kosaki Kenjiro , Adachi Masanori 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Context: CHARGE syndrome is a complex of congenital malformations, and CHD7 has been reported as a major gene involved in the etiology.
Objective: We performed endocrine and radiological studies to determine whether endocrinological disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, GH deficiency, or hypothyroidism are involved and also whether olfactory bulb hypoplasia and semicircular canal aplasia are major signs in patients with molecularly confirmed CHARGE syndrome.
Design: Clinical features, endocrinological assessments, and radiological abnormalities in eight children (five boys and three girls) whose molecular analyses were available were evaluated among 15 children clinically diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome at our institute.
Results: We identified heterozygous CHD7 mutations in all patients screened for mutations. Four boys had micropenis and/or cryptorchidism. One was diagnosed with GH deficiency, and the other was diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Computed tomography findings revealed aplasia of the semicircular canals. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the olfactory bulb region revealed abnormal olfactory sulci and bulb development in all children.
Conclusion: We suggest that hypogonadism, GH deficiency, and hypothyroidism could be possible endocrinological defects in patients with CHD7 mutations and that olfactory bulb hypoplasia as well as semicircular canal aplasia should be considered as a major sign for CHARGE syndrome and recommend a computed tomography scan of the temporal bone and magnetic resonance imaging study of the olfactory bulb region.