bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact allergy to hairdressing allergens in female hairdressers and clients – current data from the IVDK, 2003–2006
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Lessmann Holger , Geier Johannes , Schnuch Axel 
Published: October 2007

Summary Background: Hair cosmetics, in particular hair dyes, bleaches, and permanent wave solutions, contain a number of potential contact allergens. The pattern of exposure to these in hairdressers, clients and home‐users may change over time. Patients and Methods: Data on female patients who consulted centers of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK, http://www.ivdk.org) between 01/2003 and 12/2006 was analyzed. Patients were divided into a) hair‐dressers, given they worked in this occupation and suffered from occupational skin disease (n = 480),and b) “clients”,who never worked as hairdressers, but in whom hair cosmetics were considered a potential cause of contact dermatitis (n = 780). Results: In hairdressers, the most important allergens were ammonium persulfate (21.7% positive),p‐toluenediamine (PTD,19.6% positive),p‐phenylenedi‐amine (PPD,18.1% positive) and, with decreasing time trend, glyceryl monothioglycolate (2005/2006 still 7.5% positive). Biocides must be regarded as important allergens in hairdressers, namely,(chloro) methylisothiazolinone and methyldibromoglutaronitrile. Clients, who were considerably older on average, had possibly been tested in a more aimed fashion, yielding (strikingly) higher sensitization prevalences to a number of allergens of oxidative hair dyes such as PPD or PTD. Conclusions: The continual analysis of sensitization prevalences in patients patch tested can identify areas needing in‐depth research and preventive intervention, such as avoiding the use of certain biocides in shampoo intended for professional use by hairdressers or further reducing the concentrations in oxidative hair dyes.
Creation and Science in the Middle Ages
Authors: Carroll William E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe reception of Greek learning in mediaeval Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was the occasion for a profound analysis of many theological doctrines. In particular, Neoplatonism and Aristotelian philosophy led to renewed thinking about what it means for God to be the Creator of all that is. In the Latin West, Thomas Aquinas benefited from the works of Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides as he fashioned his understanding of creation, understood both philosophically and theologically. The recognition that creation is not a change and as a metaphysical dependence in the order of being does not challenge claims in the natural sciences (e.g., that something cannot come from absolutely nothing) are crucial features of the mediaeval heritage on the relationship between creation and the natural sciences. Indeed, Thomas Aquinas argued that an eternal, created universe was intelligible.
Angelica sinensis: A Novel Adjunct to Prevent Doxorubicin‐Induced Chronic Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Xin Yan‐Fei , Zhou Guo‐Liang , Shen Min , Chen Yun‐Xiang , Liu Shu‐Peng , Chen Guo‐Chan , Chen Hao , You Zhen‐Qiang , Xuan Yao‐Xian 
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic agent used in the treatment of a variety of solid and haematopoietic tumours, but its use is limited by formation of metabolites that induce acute and chronic cardiac toxicities. Angelica sinensis has been widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. In the present study, we used an in vivo mouse model to explore whether A. sinensis could protect against doxorubicin‐induced chronic cardiotoxicity. Male ICR mice were treated with distilled water or water extraction of A. sinensis (15 g/kg, orally) daily for 4 weeks, followed by saline or doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, intravenously) treatments weekly. Cardiotoxicity was assessed by electrocardiograph, antioxidant activity in cardiac tissues, serum levels of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and histopathological change in cardiac tissues. A cumulative dose of doxorubicin (60 mg/kg) caused animal death and myocardial injury characterized by increased QT interval and decreased heart rate in electrocardiograph, decrease of heart antioxidant activity, increase of serum AST, as well as myocardial lesions. Pre‐treatment with A. sinensis significantly reduced mortality and improved heart performance of the doxorubicin‐treated mice as evidenced from normalization of antioxidative activity and serum AST, preventing loss of myofibrils as well as improving arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxic study showed that A. sinensis did not compromise the antitumour activity of doxorubicin. These results suggested that A. sinensis elicited a typical cardioprotective effect on doxorubicin‐related oxidative stress, and could be a novel adjunct in the combination with doxorubicin chemotherapy.
Comparison of the Effects of Deramciclane, Ritanserin and Buspirone on Extracellular Dopamine and Its Metabolites in Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens of Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Kääriäinen Tiina M. , Lehtonen Marko , Forsberg Markus M. , Savolainen Jouko , Käenmäki Mikko , Männistö Pekka T. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  In the present study, we assessed the effect of single graded doses of a putative anxiolytic compound, the 5‐HT2A/C antagonist, deramciclane fumarate (EGIS‐3886), on the dopamine efflux and metabolism in nucleus accumbens and striatum and thus evaluated the dose window for deramciclane to cause adverse effects related to the brain dopaminergic system. Dual probe in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats was used to compare the effects of graded doses of deramciclane fumarate (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), 5‐HT2A/C antagonist ritanserin (1 mg/kg) and a partial 5‐HT1A agonist buspirone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) on the extracellular levels of dopamine, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in nucleus accumbens and striatum assayed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The indirect dopamine agonist, D‐amphetamine sulfate (2 mg/kg), was used as a positive control. Ritanserin, buspirone and deramciclane 3 and 10 mg/kg had no significant effects on the extracellular dopamine levels in either brain area but deramciclane 30 mg/kg significantly increased accumbal dopamine as well as DOPAC and HVA in both brain areas. As expected, the positive control D‐amphetamine significantly increased both striatal and accumbal dopamine levels. The effects of buspirone or the highest deramciclane dose and D‐amphetamine on DOPAC and HVA levels were opposite; buspirone and deramciclane increased while D‐amphetamine decreased the metabolite levels in both brain areas. The results indicate that a single high dose of deramciclane has the neuroleptic‐ or buspirone‐like effect, particularly in mesolimbic regions. There is at least a 5‐fold margin between the anxiolytic and neuroleptic doses of deramciclane in the rat.
Male to Female Gender Reassignment: Modified Surgical Technique for Creating the Neoclitoris and Mons Veneris
Authors: Soli Marcello , Brunocilla Eugenio , Bertaccini Alessandro , Palmieri Fabiano , Barbieri Barbara , Martorana Giuseppe 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The principal goal of surgical techniques for male to female gender reassignment is to provide aesthetic and functional external female genitalia.

Aim
To present a new surgical technique which permits a safer and faster construction of the neoclitoris and the configuration of a natural-looking mons veneris.

Main Outcome Measures
The neoclitoris sensitivity was reported by the patients themselves and checked during the follow-up medical examination. In order to define the degree of the patients' satisfaction with the mons veneris appearance, we used a simple questionnaire.

Methods
From April 2004 to February 2007, 26 patients underwent male to female sex reassignment surgery. The new technique was applied in the last 15 cases. A strip of albuginea, with the penile dorsal neurovascular bundle and a little portion of glans, was prepared, bended on itself, and fixed in the suprapubic area in order to create the mons veneris and the neoclitoris.

Results
This technique was easy to perform, permitting the safe preservation of the penile dorsal neurovascular bundle and a reduction in the operation time of 30–45 minutes. No major complications occurred in this series. Neoclitoris trophism and sensitivity were preserved in all patients. At follow-up, ranging from 3 to 20 months, the genital appearance was satisfactory, and the neoclitoris was pleasantly sensitive after a short period of hypersensitivity. Moreover, seven patients reported some form of climax during intercourse. The technical outcome was successful in all cases. The patients' satisfaction was extremely high for the neoclitoris sensitivity (present in all patients) and high in 11 out of 15 for the appearance of the mons veneris.

Conclusions
The neoclitoris and mons veneris configuration with a strip of albuginea is a new, safe, and time-saving surgical procedure. The cosmetic appearance and function of transsexual female external genitalia appears to be improved by using this technique.
Low Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Testosterone Levels in Association with Erectile Dysfunction among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men Receiving Testosterone and Oxandrolone
Authors: Wasserman Peter , Segal-Maurer Sorana , Rubin David 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) wasting and hypogonadism are frequently treated with testosterone and oxandrolone, an orally administered anabolic–androgenic steroid hormone. We observed reductions in testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, in association with complaints of erectile dysfunction, after prolonged exposure to this therapeutic regimen.

Aim
First description of an association between long-term receipt of oxandrolone with erectile dysfunction, low SHBG and testosterone.

Methods
Case report of three human immunodeficiency virus-infected hypogonadal male patients receiving treatment for wasting syndrome and hypogonadism, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. All three patients received long-term oxandrolone in addition to testosterone replacement therapy.

Results
Testosterone and SHBG levels for patients 1, 2, and 3, respectively: total testosterone 183, 71, and 151 ng/dL (260–1,000 ng/dL); free testosterone (not done for patient 3) 58.3 and 26.9 pg/mL (50–210 pg/mL); SHBG 6, 9, and 6 nmol/L (7–50 nmol/L). No other hormonal abnormalities were detected. Following discontinuation of oxandrolone, levels of total testosterone rose, consistent with increase in SHBG. One patient received repeat SHBG assay documenting rise in SHBG level. Patient 2 reported return of libido and early morning erections several weeks after discontinuation of oxandrolone.

Conclusions
Patients had erectile dysfunction in association with low testosterone and SHBG, in spite of exogenous testosterone replacement. Discontinuation of oxandrolone led to the normalization or improvement of testosterone levels in all three patients with symptomatic improvement in one patient. First pass metabolism of orally administered oxandrolone may decrease hepatic synthesis of SHBG, allowing exogenously supplied testosterone to be excreted. Further work is necessary to elucidate the relationship.
What Kind of Erotic Film Clips Should We Use in Female Sex Research? An Exploratory Study
Authors: Woodard Terri L. , Collins Karen , Perez Mindy , Balon Richard , Tancer Manuel E. , Kruger Michael , Moffat Scott , Diamond Michael P. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTIntroductionErotic film clips are used in sex research, including studies of female sexual dysfunction and arousal. However, little is known about which clips optimize female sexual response. Furthermore, their use is not well standardized.AimsTo identify the types of film clips that are most mentally appealing and physically arousing to women for use in future sexual function and dysfunction studies; to explore the relationship between mental appeal and reported physical arousal; to characterize the content of the films that were found to be the most and least appealing and arousing.MethodsTwenty-one women viewed 90 segments of erotic film clips. They rated how (i) mentally appealing and (ii) how physically aroused they were by each clip. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The means of the mental and self-reported physical responses were calculated to determine the most and least appealing/arousing film clips. Pearson correlations were calculated to assess the relationship between mental appeal and reported physical arousal.Main Outcome MeasuresSelf-reported mental and physical arousal.ResultsOf 90 film clips, 18 were identified as the most mentally appealing and physically arousing while nine were identified as the least mentally appealing and physically arousing. The level of mental appeal positively correlated with the level of perceived physical arousal in both categories (r =0.61, P &lt;0.05 and r =0.62, P &lt;0.05). The most appealing and physically arousing films tended to exhibit heterosexual behavior with vaginal intercourse. The least appealing and least physically arousing films tended to depict male homosexual behavior, fellatio, and anal intercourse.ConclusionsErotic film clips reliably produced a state of self-reported arousal in women. The most appealing and arousing films tended to depict heterosexual vaginal intercourse. Film clips with these attributes should be used in future research of sexual function and response of women.
Diademed Sifaka (Propithecus diadema) Ranging and Habitat Use in Continuous and Fragmented Forest: Higher Density but Lower Viability in Fragments?
Authors: Irwin Mitchell T. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThe mechanisms through which forest fragmentation threatens the survival of mammal populations remain poorly known, yet knowledge of this process would greatly aid conservation efforts. I investigated ranging behaviors of diademed sifakas (Propithecus diadema) in continuous and fragmented forest at Tsinjoarivo, eastern Madagascar, using focal animal observations to examine home range size, daily path length (DPL), and habitat use relative to forest edges over 12 mo. Sifaka groups in forest fragments had home ranges that were 25–50 percent as large as continuous forest groups, and moderately reduced DPLs. Continuous forest groups foraged more than expected near forest edges while fragment groups avoided edges. Fragments have higher population density than continuous forest; however, several lines of evidence suggest that fragment groups' food resources may be denser, but lower quality. Continuous forest groups appear to be energy‐maximizers, maintaining large ranges and preferentially feeding in rare fruiting trees found only in continuous forest interiors, while fragment groups appear to be time‐minimizers, using small home ranges and primarily feeding on mistletoe (a fallback food in continuous forest). Therefore, the consequences of fragmentation on long‐term viability remain unknown; it is possible that the advantage of increased density is outweighed by longer‐term demographic challenges, or other threats (e.g., nutrition, health, social behavior, disease). When animals stranded in forest fragments exhibit complex and potentially unpredictable responses, simple ecological proxies (e.g., incidence patterns and density) are probably inadequate in assessing population health and viability. Ecological study and monitoring is essential in judging the viability of fragmented populations.
A Relationship Between Avian Foraging Behavior and Infestation by Trombiculid Larvae (Acari) in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Dietsch Thomas V. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTBirds face varying risk from parasites as they select and utilize habitat. Unfortunately, behavioral and habitat correlates of parasitism in birds are not well documented. This study combines data from a foraging behavior study with results from a banding study to test whether behavior and habitat affect an ectoparasite infestation by trombiculid mite (chigger) larvae on the bird community found in two different coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Individuals from bird species with regular prevalence (i.e., infestation) foraged more frequently in lower vegetative layers and had significantly lower foraging height than those from species with little or no prevalence, suggesting that foraging near the ground increases exposure risk to chigger larvae. Using linear regression, across species, parasite prevalence decreased with increasing average foraging height. Lower infestation rates were found in coffee agroecosystems with higher management intensity (i.e., less shade and drier conditions), suggesting that management activities influence infestation rates. Consequently, drier tropical habitats may pose less risk to birds from ectoparasites, though seasonal prevalence was highest during the winter dry season. Although no direct link was found between host condition and infestation by chigger larvae on the wintering grounds, birds were sampled during the middle of the over‐wintering period, not the end when infestation could affect birds fattening for migration.
Public Responses to Agricultural Disasters: Rethinking the Role of Government
Authors: Goodwin Barry K. , Vado Ligia A. 
Published: October 2007

We provide a broad overview of the role and history of federal disaster relief in U.S. agriculture. We discuss various economic arguments that may be used as justification for such disaster relief and subsidized insurance programs. In general, we find no persuasive argument that market failure justifies subsidized risk management activities by the government. Important exceptions exist in the case of catastrophic damages to public infrastructure, invasive and communicable disease threats, and the hazards posed by accidental or deliberate contamination of food supplies in that the presence of significant transactions costs may inhibit private market solutions. We also consider a panel VAR analysis of the dynamic interrelationships among market returns and farm program payments conveyed under three different types of programs—disaster assistance, crop insurance, and all other direct payments. An important finding is that disaster and insurance payments appear to imply higher subsequent levels of market income risk in agriculture. This finding is consistent with arguments that subsidized disaster assistance and insurance may lead to greater risk in agriculture. Nous présentons un large aperçu du rôle et de l'historique du programme fédéral d'assistance en cas de catastrophe agricole aux États‐Unis. Nous analysons différents arguments économiques qui peuvent justifier ces programmes d'aide et d'assurance subventionnés. En général, nous ne trouvons aucun argument convaincant comme quoi une défaillance de marché justifie des activités de gestion du risque subventionnées par le gouvernement. Cependant, des exceptions importantes existent pour les cas de dommages catastrophiques à des infrastructures publiques; de menaces de maladies contagieuses et invasives; et de dangers associés à la contamination accidentelle ou délibérée de la chaîne alimentaire, auquel cas les coûts de transaction importants pourraient inhiber les solutions du marché privé. Nous considérons également une analyse panel VAR des relations entre les rendements de marché et les paiements versés en vertu de trois types de programme: assistance en cas de catastrophe, assurance récolte et tout autre type de paiement direct. Nous en arrivons à la conclusion importante que les paiements d'assurance et d'aide aux sinistrés semblent mener à des niveaux de risque relatif au revenu marchand plus élevés dans le secteur de l'agriculture. Ceci concorde avec les arguments voulant que les programmes subventionnés d'assurance et d'assistance en cas de catastrophe mènent à une augmentation des risques dans le secteur de l'agriculture.
Multiple Discourses on Crisis: Farm, Agricultural, and Rural Policy Implications
Authors: Bessant Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2007

The terms farm crisis, agricultural crisis, and rural crisis have been invoked in political and policy discourse to characterize significant disruptions in or threats to rural–farm livelihoods. Although these expressions reflect a general sense of concern over the state of agriculture and rural existence, they lack clear and concise meaning. Academic research and policy development are obfuscated by the lack of definitional consensus or, at minimum, some shared understanding of the core aspects of farm‐related crisis. Much of the debate revolves around four main themes: farm financial difficulties (low or unstable incomes, indebtedness, and increasing reliance on nonfarm revenue), structural changes in agriculture (increasing scale, concentration, and consolidation), rural livelihoods (dwindling communities, institutions, and services), and international dimensions (market fluctuations, trade regulations, and disputes). The examination of these interrelated levels of analysis offers a valuable framework for interpreting the multifold contexts, meanings, and responses to crisis. This paper explores varied representations of farm–agricultural crisis, with particular emphasis on the presumed causes (or precipitating factors), conditions, and related policies and programs. Les expressions ≪ crise agricole ≫ et ≪ crise rurale ≫ sont évoquées dans le discours politique pour caractériser des perturbations ou des menaces importantes aux moyens de subsistance en milieu rural et agricole. Bien que ces expressions traduisent certaines inquiétudes concernant la situation des secteurs agricole et rural, leur signification manque de clarté et de concision. Les chercheurs universitaires et les élaborateurs de politiques sont déconcertés par le manque de consensus définitionnel ou, du moins, par le manque de vision commune des aspects fondamentaux de la crise agricole. Une grande partie du débat tourne autour de quatre thèmes principaux: les difficultés financières de l’exploitation agricole (revenu faible ou instable, endettement et dépendance accrue aux revenus non agricoles); les changements structurels dans le secteur agricole (augmentation de l’échelle de production, concentration et regroupement); les moyens de subsistance en milieu rural (diminution du nombre de collectivités, d’institutions et de services); les dimensions internationales (fluctuations du marché, règlements concernant les échanges commerciaux, différends). L’examen de ces niveaux d’analyse interreliés offre un outil précieux pour interpréter les multiples contextes, significations et réactions aux crises. Le présent article analyse les diverses représentations de la crise dans le secteur agricole et se penche particulièrement sur les causes présumées (ou facteurs déclenchants), les conditions ainsi que les politiques et programmes connexes.