bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schulorthographie und Graphematik
Authors: Eisenberg Peter , Fuhrhop Nanna 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper will address the relationship between ‘school orthography’ and graphemics. For a long time graphemics was not accepted as a linguistic subject at all. However, orthography has always been taught in school. Problems with the discrepancy are discussed in this paper. We will focus on the problems at the level of phoneme-grapheme-correspondences, the basic principle for alphabetical systems. We will then analyse the interpretation of mistakes given in orthography-tests and how the mistakes should be interpreted linguistically. We will also show how it is problematic to base the teaching of an alphabetic system exclusively on one position in the word, normally the beginning of the word (as seen in dictionary picture books, and corresponding to the German ‘Anlauttabelle’), which always leads to reductions. Furthermore, graphemes which do not occur in word initial position consequentially seem to be highly marked, which in fact they are not. Even if we believe that German words always begin with a consonant (e. g. [?alt]), Anlauttabellen convey that children do not hear correctly, and this should simply not be the case. But this has nothing to do with the graphemic system: the graphemic system of German is much more systematic than is often assumed. If only for this reason alone, current and future teachers should know this system for teaching.
Influence of Multiple Risk Behaviors on Physical Activity–Related Injuries in Adolescents
Authors: Janssen Ian , Dostaler Suzanne , Boyce William F. , Pickett William 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. The study objectives were to (1) examine the relationship between physical activity and physical activity injuries in youth, (2) determine whether this relationship is modified by the engagement in multiple risk behaviors, and (3) determine whether this relationship is modified by the setting of the injury (school versus outside of school).
METHODS. We examined associations between physical activity and multiple risk behaviors with physical activity injuries occurring at and outside of school. The study population consisted of a representative sample of 5559 Canadian youth in grades 6 through 10 who participated in the 2001/2002 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Survey. The exposure and outcome measures were determined from a classroom-based survey.
RESULTS. Irrespective of grade, there were strong gradient relations between physical activity participation and related injuries outside of school. Conversely, there were modest relations between physical activity participation and related injuries at school. In students in grades 6 to 8, there was no relation between multiple risk behaviors and physical activity injuries at school and a curvilinear relation between multiple risk behaviors and physical activity injuries outside of school. The opposite pattern of relationships between multiple risk behaviors and injuries was observed in students in grades 9 to 10. Irrespective of grade and setting of injury, there was no significant interaction between physical activity and multiple risk behaviors on injury risk. The results were consistent by severity of injury and for structured/organized and unstructured/informal forms of physical activity.
CONCLUSIONS. The environment moderated the relation between physical activity and related injuries in that strong risk gradients only existed outside of the school setting. Unexpectedly, there were no consistent gradients between the engagement in multiple risk behaviors and physical activity injuries or any interaction effect between physical activity exposure and multiple risk behaviors. These findings suggest that optimizing the environment would be a preferred strategy for preventing physical activity injuries compared with selectively targeting youth who engage in multiple risk behaviors.
Early-Life Risk Factors for Occurrence of Atopic Dermatitis During the First Year
Authors: Sugiyama Mikio , Arakawa Hirokazu , Ozawa Kiyoshi , Mizuno Takahisa , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Tokuyama Kenichi , Morikawa Akihiro 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. In a prospective birth cohort study, we sought to identify perinatal predictors of the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life.METHODS. Associations of family history, infection during pregnancy, cord blood cytokine concentrations, and skin function parameters with atopic dermatitis were analyzed. Stratum corneum hydration was measured with an impedance meter until 5 days after delivery and again at 1 month.RESULTS. Complete data were obtained for 213 infants, including 27 diagnosed by a physician as having atopic dermatitis during their first year and 26 diagnosed as having infantile eczema during their first month. The risk of atopic dermatitis during the first year of life was related to maternal atopic dermatitis, lower concentrations of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β in cord blood, and greater skin moisture in the surface and stratum corneum of the forehead and cheek at 1 month of age but not to viral or bacterial infection during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Paternal hay fever was associated negatively with the development of atopic dermatitis. High concentrations of interleukin-5, interleukin-17, and macrophage chemotactic protein-1 and only surface moisture in the cheek were associated with greater risk of infantile eczema in the first month.CONCLUSIONS. The association of atopic dermatitis in infancy with reduced neonatal macrophage inflammatory protein-1β levels suggests a link with immature immune responses at birth. Stratum corneum barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis may involve impairment of cutaneous adaptation to extrauterine life. The majority of risk factors had different effects on infant eczema and atopic dermatitis, indicating different causes.
Influenza Vaccine Coverage and Missed Opportunities Among Inner-city Children Aged 6 to 23 Months: 2000-2005
Authors: Verani Jennifer R. , Irigoyen Matilde , Chen Shaofu , Chimkin Frank 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. In 2002, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended universal influenza vaccination of 6- to 23-month-olds. Little is known about coverage and missed opportunities for influenza vaccination at inner-city practices. The objective of this study was to assess the 2000–2001 to 2004–2005 coverage and the prevalence of missed opportunities for influenza vaccination among inner-city children.METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review for the 2000–2001 to 2004–2005 influenza seasons at a practice network in New York City. The study population included 5 annual cohorts of 6- to 29-month olds as of March 31 of each year with ≥1 visit to the network in the previous 12 months (n = 7063). Immunization data were obtained from the network registry and the New York Citywide Immunization Registry. Coverage levels were estimated for 1 dose (partial) and 2 doses (full). Missed opportunities were assessed for visits within each influenza season.RESULTS. Coverage rose steadily throughout the 5 years (full: 1.6% to 23.7%; partial: 1.5% to 18.1%). The relationship between year and coverage was linear. Missed opportunities occurred in 82% of visits and were more common for first (89%) than for repeat doses (38%). Missed opportunities per child per season decreased from 2.9 to 2.0 during the study period.CONCLUSIONS. Influenza vaccine coverage among 6- to 23-month-olds at inner-city practices increased steadily from 2000–2001 through 2004–2005, and the prevalence of missed opportunities per child decreased. However, coverage remained suboptimal, with most of children not vaccinated or undervaccinated. Missed opportunities were major contributors to low coverage.
Twelve-Month Effectiveness of a Parent-led, Family-Focused Weight-Management Program for Prepubertal Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Golley Rebecca K. , Magarey Anthea M. , Baur Louise A. , Steinbeck Katharine S. , Daniels Lynne A. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND. Parenting-skills training may be an effective age-appropriate child behavior-modification strategy to assist parents in addressing childhood overweight.OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of parenting-skills training as a key strategy for the treatment of overweight children.DESIGN. The design consisted of an assessor-blinded, randomized, controlled trial involving 111 (64% female) overweight, prepubertal children 6 to 9 years of age randomly assigned to parenting-skills training plus intensive lifestyle education, parenting-skills training alone, or a 12-month wait-listed control. Height, BMI, and waist-circumference z score and metabolic profile were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months (intention to treat).RESULTS. After 12 months, the BMI z score was reduced by ∼10% with parenting-skills training plus intensive lifestyle education versus ∼5% with parenting-skills training alone or wait-listing for intervention. Waist-circumference z score fell over 12 months in both intervention groups but not in the control group. There was a significant gender effect, with greater reduction in BMI and waist-circumference z scores in boys compared with girls.CONCLUSION. Parenting-skills training combined with promoting a healthy family lifestyle may be an effective approach to weight management in prepubertal children, particularly boys. Future studies should be powered to allow gender subanalysis.
Work-Related Hazards and Workplace Safety of US Adolescents Employed in the Retail and Service Sectors
Authors: Runyan Carol W. , Schulman Michael , Dal Santo Janet , Bowling J. Michael , Agans Robert , Ta Myduc 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to examine the hazard exposures, work experiences, and workplace safety training of adolescents employed in retail and service jobs in the United States.METHODS. This was a cross-sectional telephone survey among working adolescents, 14 to 18 years old, in the continental United States. Data were collected in 2003. Survey items measured self-reported hazard exposures, training, and supervision experiences of working adolescents.RESULTS. Teens reported working an average of 16.2 hours per week during the school year, including working an average of 2.9 times per week after 7 pm on school nights and 2.6 nights per week after 9 pm. Thirty-seven percent of those under age 16 reported working after 7 pm on a school night, indicating employer violation of federal law. Teens typically perform multiple kinds of tasks in a given job. Higher proportions of females than males are involved in cash handling (84% vs 61%), whereas males are more likely than females to be involved in physically challenging tasks, such as lifting heavy objects (57% vs 22%) or working at heights (35% vs 17%). Despite federal regulations prohibiting teens under 18 from using certain types of dangerous equipment (eg, slicers, dough mixers, box crushers, paper balers) or serving or selling alcohol in places where it is consumed, 52% of males and 43% of females reported having performed ≥1 prohibited task. Although more males reported receiving safety training, they were also more likely to report working without supervision than their female counterparts.CONCLUSIONS. Teens are exposed to multiple hazards, use dangerous equipment despite federal prohibitions, and work long hours during the school week. They also lack consistent training and adult supervision on the job. It is important for adolescent medicine practitioners to become involved in prevention efforts through both anticipatory guidance and policy advocacy.
Transmission of West Nile Virus Through Human Breast Milk Seems to Be Rare
Authors: Hinckley Alison F. , O'Leary Daniel R. , Hayes Edward B. 
Published: March 2007

INTRODUCTION.In September 2002, possible transmission of West Nile virus via human milk was reported for the first time.
METHODS.Since 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collected reports of maternal or infant West Nile virus illness during the breastfeeding period. All of the reported instances were reviewed. In addition, milk samples from women infected during pregnancy were tested for West Nile virus RNA and West Nile virus–specific antibodies.
RESULTS.Six infants were reported to have breastfed from mothers with West Nile virus fever. Five of the 6 infants had no illness or detectable antibodies to West Nile virus in serum after onset of maternal illness. One infant who was not tested and developed a rash was otherwise well 1 week after onset of maternal illness. In addition, 2 infants were reported to have developed West Nile virus illness while breastfeeding; preceding maternal illness was not documented. Two breastfed infants whose mothers acquired West Nile virus fever in the last week of pregnancy developed West Nile virus–specific antibodies; both infant infections could have been congenitally acquired. Of 45 milk samples from women infected with West Nile virus during pregnancy, 2 had West Nile virus RNA, and 14 had immunoglobin M antibodies to West Nile virus.
CONCLUSIONS.Of 10 reported instances since 2003 of maternal or infant West Nile virus illness while breastfeeding, transmission of West Nile virus through human milk could neither be ruled out nor confirmed for 5 cases; in 5 others, serologic tests indicated no vertical transmission. Transmission of West Nile virus through breastfeeding seems to be rare, but more information is needed.
Weight Status in Young Girls and the Onset of Puberty
Authors: Lee Joyce M. , Appugliese Danielle , Kaciroti Niko , Corwyn Robert F. , Bradley Robert H. , Lumeng Julie C. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine the association between weight status in early childhood and onset of puberty.PATIENTS AND METHODS. The study included 354 girls from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Girls were followed longitudinally with height and weight measurements at 36 and 54 months and grades 1, 4, 5, and 6 and with assessment of pubertal stage by physical examination and maternal report in grades 4 through 6. The main outcome was the presence of early puberty, indexed as follows: (a) breast development at or more than Tanner stage 2 by physical examination at grade 4; (b) breast development at or more than Tanner stage 3 by physical examination at grade 5; (c) maternal report of breast development at or more than Tanner stage 3 at grade 5; and (d) maternal report of menarche having already occurred (yes versus no) at grade 6. Multiple logistic regression models predicting early versus late puberty were constructed by using the covariate BMI z score at 36 months, rate of change of BMI and accelerated BMI between 36 months and grade 1, race, maternal education, and maternal age of menarche.RESULTS. BMI z score at 36 months, rate of change of BMI between 36 months and grade 1, an earlier age of maternal menarche, and nonwhite race were each consistently and positively associated with an earlier onset of puberty across the various measures of puberty.CONCLUSIONS. Higher BMI z score in girls as young as 36 months of age and higher rate of change of BMI between 36 months old and grade 1, a period well before the onset of puberty, are associated with earlier puberty, which suggests that increasing rates of obesity in the United States may result in an earlier average age of onset of puberty for US girls.
Is Nephrocalcinosis in Preterm Neonates Harmful for Long-term Blood Pressure and Renal Function?
Authors: Kist-van Holthe Joana E. , van Zwieten Paul H.T. , Schell-Feith Eveline A. , Zonderland Harmien M. , Holscher Herma C. , Wolterbeek Ron , Veen Sylvia , Frolich Marijke , van der Heijden Bert J. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. The aim of our study was to examine long-term effects of nephrocalcinosis in prematurely born children.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Preterm neonates (gestational age &lt;32 weeks) with (n = 42) and without (n = 32) nephrocalcinosis were prospectively studied at a mean age of 7.5 (±1.0) years.
RESULTS. Blood pressure did not differ in ex-preterm infants with and without nephrocalcinosis but was significantly higher than expected for healthy children. In comparison to healthy children, more ex-preterm infants with neonatal nephrocalcinosis had (mild) chronic renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate: &lt;85 mL/min per 1.73 m2; 6 of 40); this is in contrast to ex-preterm infants without neonatal nephrocalcinosis (2 of 32). Tubular phosphate reabsorption and plasma bicarbonate were significantly lower in children with nephrocalcinosis compared with children without nephrocalcinosis. In addition, more ex-preterm infants with and without nephrocalcinosis than expected had low values for plasma bicarbonate and early-morning urine osmolality compared with healthy children. Kidney length of ex-preterm infants with and without nephrocalcinosis was significantly smaller than expected in healthy children of the same height. Nephrocalcinosis persisted long-term in 4 of 42 children but was not related to blood pressure, kidney length, or renal function.
CONCLUSIONS. Nephrocalcinosis in preterm neonates can have long-term sequelae for glomerular and tubular function. Furthermore, prematurity per se is associated with high blood pressure, relatively small kidneys, and (distal) tubular dysfunction. Long-term follow-up of blood pressure and renal glomerular and tubular function of preterm neonates, especially with neonatal nephrocalcinosis, seems warranted.
Risk of Recurrent Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke in a Population-Based Cohort: The Importance of Cerebrovascular Imaging
Authors: Fullerton Heather J. , Wu Yvonne W. , Sidney Stephen , Johnston S. Claiborne 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Few data exist regarding rates and predictors of recurrence after childhood arterial ischemic stroke. We sought to establish such rates within a large, multiethnic population and determine whether clinical vascular imaging predicts recurrence.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. In a population-based cohort study, we collected data on all documented cases of arterial ischemic stroke among 2.3 million children (&lt;20 years old) enrolled in a northern Californian managed care plan from January 1993 to December 2004. Perinatal strokes were those that occurred by 28 days of life. Data on cerebrovascular imaging (conventional or magnetic resonance angiography), including presence of vascular abnormalities, were abstracted from official radiology reports. We used Kaplan-Meier survival-analysis techniques to determine rates and predictors of recurrent stroke.
RESULTS. Among 181 incident childhood stroke cases (84 perinatal; 97 later childhood), there were 16 recurrent strokes (1 after a perinatal stroke) at a median of 2.7 months. The 5-year cumulative recurrence rates were 1.2% after perinatal stroke and 19% after later childhood stroke. Of the 97 children with later childhood strokes, 52 received cerebrovascular imaging, predominantly magnetic resonance angiography (n = 36) and conventional angiography (n = 26). Although there were no recurrences among children with normal vascular imaging, children with a vascular abnormality had a 5-year cumulative recurrence rate of 66%.
CONCLUSIONS. Strokes recur in one fifth of cases of later childhood arterial ischemic stroke but are rare after perinatal stroke. Among the later childhood cases, cerebrovascular imaging identifies those at highest risk for recurrence.
Optimized Flow Cytometric Analysis of Central Nervous System Tissue Reveals Novel Functional Relationships Among Cells Expressing CD133, CD15, and CD24
Authors: Panchision David M. , Chen Hui-Ling , Pistollato Francesca , Papini Daniela , Ni Hsiao-Tzu , Hawley Teresa S. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Although flow cytometry is useful for studying neural lineage relationships, the method of dissociation can potentially bias cell analysis. We compared dissociation methods on viability and antigen recognition of mouse central nervous system (CNS) tissue and human CNS tumor tissue. Although nonenzymatic dissociation yielded poor viability, papain, purified trypsin replacement (TrypLE), and two purified collagenase/neutral protease cocktails (Liberase-1 or Accutase) each efficiently dissociated fetal tissue and postnatal tissue. Mouse cells dissociated with Liberase-1 were titrated with antibodies identifying distinct CNS precursor subtypes, including CD133, CD15, CD24, A2B5, and PSA-NCAM. Of the enzymes tested, papain most aggressively reduced antigenicity for mouse and human CD24. On human CNS tumor cells, CD133 expression remained highest after Liberase-1 and was lowest after papain or Accutase treatment; Liberase-1 digestion allowed magnetic sorting for CD133 without the need for an antigen re-expression recovery period. We conclude that Liberase-1 and TrypLE provide the best balance of dissociation efficiency, viability, and antigen retention. One implication of this comparison was confirmed by dissociating E13.5 mouse cortical cells and performing prospective isolation and clonal analysis on the basis of CD133/CD24 or CD15/CD24 expression. Highest fetal expression of CD133 or CD15 occurred in a CD24hi population that was enriched in neuronal progenitors. Multipotent cells expressed CD133 and CD15 at lower levels than did these neuronal progenitors. We conclude that CD133 and CD15 can be used similarly as selectable markers, but CD24 coexpression helps to distinguish fetal mouse multipotent stem cells from neuronal progenitors and postmitotic neurons. This particular discrimination is not possible after papain treatment.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Spontaneous Transformation of Human Adult Nontumorigenic Stem Cells to Cancer Stem Cells Is Driven by Genomic Instability in a Human Model of Glioblastoma
Authors: Shiras Anjali , Chettiar Sivarajan T , Shepal Varsha , Rajendran Ganeshkumar , Prasad G. Rajendra , Shastry Padma 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The presence of a CD133+/nestin+ population in brain tumors suggests that a normal neural stem cell may be the cell of origin for gliomas. We have identified human CD133-positive NSCs from adult glioma tissue and established them as long-term in vitro cultures human neuroglial culture (HNGC)-1. Replicative senescence in HNGC-1 led to a high level of genomic instability and emergence of a spontaneously immortalized clone that developed into cell line HNGC-2 with features of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which include the ability for self-renewal and the capacity to form CD133-positive neurospheres and develop intracranial tumors. The data from our study specify an important role of genomic instability in initiation of transformed state as well as its progression into highly tumorigenic CSCs. The activated forms of Notch and Hes isoforms were expressed in both non-neoplastic neural stem cells and brain tumor stem cells derived from it. Importantly, a significant overexpression of these molecules was found in the brain tumor stem cells. These findings suggest that this model comprised of HNGC-1 and HNGC-2 cells would be a useful system for studying pathways involved in self-renewal of stem cells and their transformation to cancer stem cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.