bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RATE OF UPTAKE OF LOCALLY APPLIED OESTRONE BY THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE
Authors: MARTIN L. , COX R. I. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using the tetrazolium reduction test in the mouse vagina, it was found that dimethylstilboestrol (DMS) is only effective as an inhibitor of oestrone when applied locally, and almost simultaneously with the hormone. It is suggested that this is due to a rapid loss of DMS from the vagina, and the rapidity with which oestrone reaches its site of action. These results indicate that it may be necessary to examine vaginal changes in the first minutes after the local application of oestrogens in order to elucidate their primary action.
REPRODUCTION AND THYROID ACTIVITY
Authors: ROBERTSON H. A. , FALCONER I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The thyroid activity of 3- to 4-year-old Cheviot and Clun ewes has been investigated during the oestrous cycle, conception, pregnancy and lactation.
An initial study of the changes in serum protein bound iodine during the oestrous cycle indicated a cyclic increase in its level during oestrus. Subsequent investigations using 131I suggest that an increase in thyroid activity occurs during oestrus.
No marked alterations in thyroid activity were observed during pregnancy, except for an apparent increase in avidity of the thyroid for iodine during the last month.
During lactation between 40 and 50% of the injected 131I was secreted into the milk. The mammary gland is thus capable of successfully competing with the thyroid for the available iodine.
A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS EXTRACTION METHODS FOR URINARY GONADOTROPHINS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO YIELDS
Authors: LORAINE J. A. , MACKAY MARIE A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pooled urine from normal men, normally menstruating women and hospitalized postmenopausal subjects was extracted by six published methods and assayed for human pituitary gonadotrophic (HPG) activity by the mouse uterus test in terms of HMG-20A.
In the three types of urine studied comparable yields of HPG were obtained by all six extraction methods, and an analysis of variance showed the absence of significant differences between the methods.
No evidence could be obtained to support previous claims that the kaolinacetone method of Loraine & Brown (1959) gave less satisfactory yields of urinary HPG than certain of the other procedures.
SOME EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE, ELASMOBRANCH PITUITARY GLAND EXTRACTS AND TEMPERATURE ON THYROIDAL ACTIVITY IN NEWLY HATCHED DOGFISH (SCYLIORHINUS CANICULUS)
Authors: DENT J. N. , DODD J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Groups of recently hatched dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus) were given a series of injections of mammalian thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at three dose levels, or of aqueous extracts of each of the three lobes of the adult elasmobranch pituitary gland. Control animals received injections of distilled water or extract of adult brain. The uptake of 131I by the thyroid was measured subsequent to the injections and the histology of the thyroid was studied. The experiments were conducted over a range of temperatures, thus producing data on the effect of temperature variation on thyroidal activity.
2. The uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland is very markedly enhanced by a high dose of mammalian TSH (1·00 i.u.) and is significantly increased by an intermediate dose (0·10 i.u. TSH). Enhancement by a very low dose (0·01 i.u. TSH) is doubtful, the observed increase in uptake of 131I being significant only at the 10% level. The highest dose also accelerated folliculogenesis and induced hyperplastic changes in the thyroid.
3. There were indications that the extract of the ventral lobe of the adult elasmobranch pituitary contains a thyroid-stimulating principle.
4. The rate of iodine metabolism increases directly with the temperature over the range 8·6–13·6° C.
ON THE SURVIVAL AND METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND HYPOTHERMIC PRE-VIABLE HUMAN FOETUSES
Authors: KULLANDER S. , SUNDÉN B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A total of twenty-three human pre-viable foetuses (7–400 g.) were removed by abdominal hysterotomy (legal abortions) and studied during survival in an anoxic state at different temperatures.
The duration of survival, as judged by ECG waves, at 37° c was about 3 hr.; it was longer for female foetuses than for males, and longer for large foetuses than for small ones. General reduction of the body-temperature to 4° c during periods varying between 30 min. and 6 hr. with subsequent rewarming to and maintenance at 37° c increased the survival time by a further 1–2 hr.
The blood sugar did not decrease either during the period of survival or during hypothermia, but the non-protein nitrogen increased, while acidosis and hyperkalaemia developed.
The glycogen content of the liver decreased during the anoxic period of survival and diminished further during hypothermia.
The adrenal glands produced adrenaline in addition to noradrenaline during the anoxic phase, and this may occur in a very early stage of intrauterine life.
HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE RAT PITUITARY TRANSPLANTED TO THE EYE
Authors: KOVÁCS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Homotransplantation of the anterior pituitary gland of rats was made into the anterior chamber of the eye. The centre of the grafts developed ischaemic necrosis, but the peripheral zone remained alive to a depth of about 100 μ. During the next 6 weeks there was no evidence of significant regeneration or atrophy of this live peripheral zone, and mitoses were not observed there. The gradual resorption and scarring of the central necrotic area led to a diminution of the overall size of the graft.
In the surviving tissue nearly all the chromophil cells became completely degranulated during the first week or two. After 6 weeks only very rare shrunken basophil cells remained, although a few acidophil cells could still be identified.
From previous work it is known that such intraocular grafts have very little functional activity. This may possibly be because of the absence of any direct connexion between the graft and the hypothalamus, but the reduction of the total amount of parenchyma may also be an important factor.
ULTRAFILTRATION STUDIES OF STEROID-PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: CHEN P. S. , MILLS I. H. , BARTTER F. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for determination of the extent of protein binding of steroids by ultrafiltration after addition of radioactively-labelled steroid tracers of high specific activity. Results obtained with specifically labelled 14C-steroids did not differ significantly from those with steroids randomly labelled with tritium. A number of steroids have been studied with this technique.
The 'S' shaped curve obtained with some corticosteroids by plotting percentage ultrafilterable against steroid added to the plasma confirmed the presence of the corticosteroid-binding protein which has greater affinity for steroid than albumin. This method of plotting the ultrafiltration data afforded a method of assessing the amount of binding protein (or the number of sites). Cortisone, 17-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, cortisol, and Δ1 cortisol showed this type of curve.
Binding of aldosterone, progesterone and 17-ketosteroids occurred to the same extent in plasma as in 5% albumin. The ultrafilterable fraction of these steroids in plasma was constant over a wide range of total steroid concentration. Binding of testosterone was greater with plasma than with albumin, and did not decrease upon addition of large amounts of testosterone.
ANDROGENS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN THE SPERMATIC VEIN BLOOD OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: LINDNER H. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testosterone, androstenedione and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were identified as secretory products of the bull testis by concurrent analyses of the arterial and spermatic vein blood.
The testes of prepuberal calves aged 3–6 months (86–200 kg. body weight) were shown to secrete testosterone at rates varying from 14 to 231 μg.hr./testis. In calves of less than 125 kg. body weight, the testicular venous blood contained androstenedione in amounts exceeding those of testosterone, whereas in calves above 175 kg. in body weight and in mature bulls the androstenedione/testosterone ratio was well below 1:10. Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG; 2000 i.u./48 hr., intramuscularly, for 7 weeks) did not abolish the high androstenedione/testosterone ratio which characterizes the secretion of the immature bull testis.
Intravenous administration of HCG to mature bulls (2–5 i.u./kg.) was followed within 20 min. by an increased output of testosterone into the spermatic vein blood. This response was attended by a rise in the testosterone content of the testis, and was therefore attributed to an increased rate of hormone synthesis, rather than to a release of preformed hormone stored in the gland.
There was a significant positive correlation between testosterone content of the testis and rate of testosterone release into the spermatic vein blood. A time interval of 18·0 min. ± 6·6 s.d. (mean of 22 determinations) was sufficient for the release into the testicular effluent of an amount of testosterone equal to the entire content of the gland, and for its replacement by newly synthesized hormone.
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone constituted <3% of the αβ-unsaturated 3-oxosteroids released by the testis. Limited evidence was obtained for the occurrence of progesterone in the spermatic vein blood of calves treated with HCG, but was not regarded as conclusive; the concentration of this steroid in spermatic vein blood plasma of untreated bulls would appear to be < 1·5 μg.%. Dehydroepiandrosterone was not detectable in the spermatic vein blood by a method sensitive to a plasma concentration of 5–10 μg.% of this steroid.
ANDROGENS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN THE SPERMATIC VEIN BLOOD OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: LINDNER H. R. , ROWSON L. E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A group of calves was subjected to unilateral orchidectomy when 1½ months old. At the age of 5 months, the rate of androgen secretion from the remaining testis of the hemicastrates significantly exceeded the combined androgen output of the two testes in intact control animals.
THE INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ASSOCIATED WITH PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND SEXUAL-CYCLE ACTIVITY ON PALMAR SWEATING
Authors: MACKINNON P. C. B. , HARRISON J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. This work reports an investigation into the effect of hormones associated with pituitary-adrenal activity and the sexual cycle on palmar sweat activity.
2. The index of palmar sweat activity (p.s.i.) used was the number of active glands in 4 mm.2 of the pad of the right middle finger over the central whorl.
3. Groups of men and women aged 20–41 years made plastic prints of active sweat glands on the pad of this finger every half hour between 9.30 a.m. and 6 p.m., the substance under investigation or an inert control material being administered after the second print.
4. The p.s.i. was significantly depressed from 3·30 p.m. onwards following administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and from 1 p.m. following that of progesterone. Gonadotrophin and various steroid hormones had no effect on the index, nor had ACTH when given to two women with Addison's disease who menstruated regularly.
5. It is suggested that ACTH depressed the p.s.i. by virtue of its stimulating effect on the adrenal cortex and the subsequent production of progesterone.
THYROID FUNCTION IN THE FOETUS OF THE MACAQUE MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: PICKERING D. E. , SETTERGREN KAY F. , KONTAXIS N. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described by which small samples of foetal thyroid tissue of the macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) are analysed for the various iodine-containing components. The method is based on enzymic hydrolysis of the thyroid tissue homogenate, chromatographic separation of liberated iodinated compounds and their subsequent elution and quantitative estimation.
The chromatographic separation and recovery of 127I- and 131I-containing compounds of thyroid tissue approximated 102 and 104%, respectively.
Recovery of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine added to hydrolysed tissue homogenate and subjected to chromatographic separation, elution, and estimation ranged from 93 to 102%.
GONADAL MALDEVELOPMENT IN A FLOCK OF RHODE ISLAND RED FOWLS
Authors: WIGHT P. A. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In nine fowls with intersexual characteristics from a single hatch of commercial Rhode Island Red pullets, the shanks and tibiae were of female size; plumage and macroscopic post-mortem findings suggested the female type, although two birds had a few masculine saddle feathers. All except one, which had an extensive gonadal tumour, had a single left gonad which was atypical. Behaviour was asexual, except for one animal with masculine aggressiveness. The head appendages were masculine in all cases.
In eight of the nine birds the gonads consisted mostly of ovarian-type stroma in which were a few immature and atrophic tubules, some cords of luteal cells, and a few cystic follicles. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis were never seen. Granular medullary cells of the gonadal stroma were quantitatively a most important cellular element, and it is suggested that their secretions may have been of significance in the development of the secondary sexual characters of the birds. Lipids in the gonads were histochemically similar to those of the normal ovary.
Gonadal tumours were present in two cases, one tumour being very large, but they did not modify the intersexual appearance and behaviour of the birds. In general histology they resembled human dysgerminomata, and it is suggested that their main cellular component was derived from the germinal epithelium and was similar in origin to the medullary cells. Compared with the gonads, negligible amounts of lipid were present in the tumours. The other gonads were not neoplastic, although they may have had that potentiality.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVARIAN HORMONES AND UTERINE INFECTION IN THE RABBIT.
Authors: HEAP R. B. , ROBINSON D. W. , LAMMING G. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of ovarian hormones on the resistance of rabbits to experimental uterine infection was compared in oestrous and pseudopregnant animals and in ovariectomized rabbits treated with oestradiol (10 μg./day for 3 days) or progesterone (5 mg./day for 5 days) or oestradiol + progesterone. A standard period of 8 hr. following inoculation was used after which bacteria flushed from the uterus were assessed by plate count and leucocyte response by packed cell volume (p.c.v.).
The number of bacteria recovered from the uterine horn of ovariectomized control animals was intermediate between, and significantly different from, pseudopregnant and oestrous animals. The results with ovarian hormone therapy in spayed animals were similar to those of pseudopregnant and oestrous condition.
Flushing the uterus prior to inoculation significantly increased the p.c.v. of the uterus of groups under the influence of progesterone and decreased the number of bacteria in these groups. Thus flushing the uterus prior to infection reduced the significant differences in antibacterial activity due to hormone status.
The mechanism of the effect of ovarian hormones on resistance to uterine infection is discussed, and it is postulated that a substance is present in the uterus of the rabbit under the influence of progesterone which inhibits leucocyte infiltration and therefore decreases the bactericidal effect.
THE EFFECTS OF LIGATION OF THE VASA EFFERENTIA AND VASECTOMY ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN THE ADULT RAT
Authors: SMITH GILLIAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of ligation of the vasa efferentia and vasectomy were studied in adult rats, using the periodic acid-fuchsin sulphurous acid staining technique for the identification of stages of the 'seminiferous cycle'.
The operations were performed unilaterally, the testis and the efferent ducts on the contralateral side serving as controls.
The animals were killed at intervals ranging from 3 hr. to 28 days after ligation of the vasa efferentia, and 3 hr. and 90 days after vasectomy.
Ligation of the vasa efferentia was followed by an increase in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and in testicular weight which reached its peak at 36 hr. Thereafter both decreased progressively, the shrinkage being associated with degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Thus by 28 days after operation the weight of the treated testis was halved and the seminiferous epithelium was limited to a single row of cells.
The pattern of degeneration of germ cells largely depended on their developmental stage: spermatocytes and spermatids showed signs of more severe damage than spermatogonia or mature spermatozoa. The changes among the spermatocytes and spermatids similarly varied according to their developmental stage.
Vasectomy did not affect the process of spermatogenesis. The operation was followed by a temporary increase in the weight of the epididymis and by the formation of spermatoceles on the cut testicular end of the vas deferens.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION METHOD AS A TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE ACTIVITY
Authors: SCHMIDT-ELMENDORFF H. , LORAINE J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The assay method for luteinizing hormone (LH) activity depending on ovarian ascorbic acid depletion in rats (O.A.A.D. method) has been assessed in terms of its reliability criteria.
The chief advantages of the method are its high degree of sensitivity and specificity and its good practicability. Its disadvantages are its relatively low degree of precision and the fact that a proportion of assays are invalid due to lack of parallelism.
The LH activity of various gonadotrophin preparations has been investigated using the O.A.A.D. method. The LH content of NIH-FSH and of Pergonal was found to be low. The LH activity of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin was lower than that of human chorionic gonadotrophin.
When purified urinary extracts are used, the O.A.A.D. method is suitable for clinical application.
THE PITUITARY GLAND OF NORMAL AND STALK-SECTIONED MONKEYS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PARS INTERMEDIA
Authors: HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pars distalis, pars intermedia and infundibular process make up, respectively, 61, 5 and 34% of the volume of the pituitary gland of normal mature female rhesus monkeys. The pars distalis is relatively smaller in immature animals, and larger during pregnancy.
Section of the pituitary stalk is followed by a significant increase in the volume of the pars intermedia; the infundibular process always decreases in volume, while the pars distalis shrinks to a lesser and more variable extent.
Histological changes in the pars intermedia suggest that cellular hypertrophy, infiltration of atypical cells, and cyst formation all contribute to the increase in volume, and that the changes are at any rate partly degenerative in nature.
THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TEST IN THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: BUCHANAN W. WATSON , KOUTRAS D. A. , CROOKS J. , ALEXANDER W. D. , BRASS W. , ANDERSON J. R. , GOUDIE R. B. , GRAY K. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The significance of a positive thyroid complement-fixation (c.f.) test in thyrotoxicosis has been investigated by studying the correlation between various features of the disease in 468 patients. A significant correlation was found between the positivity of the c.f. test and (1) the degree of lymphocytic infiltration in the gland; (2) incidence of postoperative hypothyroidism; (3) size of the goitre; (4) previous treatment with radioiodine, and (5) a family history of thyroid disease. No correlation was found between the results of the test and the incidence of reactions to antithyroid drugs. The results suggest that thyrotoxic patients with positive c.f. tests should be treated initially with antithyroid drugs unless there is a definite indication for surgery.
THE LEVELS OF FSH AND LH IN THE PITUITARY OF THE EWE IN RELATION TO FOLLICULAR GROWTH AND OVULATION
Authors: ROBERTSON H. A. , HUTCHINSON J. S. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) have been determined in the anterior lobe of the pituitary of ewes killed at precise stages of the oestrous cycle, during anoestrus, pregnancy, lactation, and in virgin ewes.
A marked drop in the content of both FSH and LH has been demonstrated during the ovulatory period of the cycle.
The values obtained are discussed in relation to the state of the ovarian follicles.
THE EFFECT OF 6 m UREA ON THE FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS GONADOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: SCHMIDT-ELMENDORFF H. , LORAINE J. A. , BELL E. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and 'total gonadotrophic' activities of various hormones have been studied following incubation with 6 m urea at 40° c for 24 hr. LH activity was estimated by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion test in rats, FSH activity by the augmentation test in mice, and 'total gonadotrophic' activity by the mouse uterus test.
Following incubation with 6 m urea the LH activities of NIH—LH, NIH—FSH, human chorionic gonadotrophin and Pergonal were almost completely destroyed, while the LH activity of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) was reduced to a smaller extent. The FSH activity of NIH—FSH was little affected by this form of treatment, but in the case of Pergonal a considerable reduction of FSH activity occurred. The 'total gonadotrophic' activity of NIH—FSH, PMSG and Pergonal was reduced after incubation with 6 m urea, the degree of inactivation being greatest in the case of Pergonal.
After control incubations with water no appreciable loss of biological activity was observed with any hormone other than Pergonal.
IMMUNOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF SHEEP GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: WALLACE A. L. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An electrophoretically homogeneous component obtained by starch gel electrophoresis of sheep growth hormone (GH) has been used to prepare antiserum in rabbits. By means of a haemagglutination—inhibition reaction, this antiserum was used to assay GH both in sheep pituitary extracts and in sheep sera. The values for the GH content of a number of pituitary extracts obtained by both immunological and biological assay methods were in good agreement. GH levels in sheep serum were found to range between 38 and 600 μg./100 ml.
SELECTIVE CALCIFICATION OF THE THYMUS INDUCED BY CALCIPHYLAXIS
Authors: SELYE H. , PADMANABHAN N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the rat, a single subcutaneous injection of glucocorticoids, given during a sharply delimited 'critical period' following sensitization by a single oral dose of dihydrotachysterol, produces a precipitous and massive deposition of calcium salts in the thymus. Under comparable circumstances similar results are obtained by exposure to the stress of forced restraint, presumably through the intermediary of endogenous glucocorticoids. It is assumed that calciphylactic challengers can be liberated from disintegrating thymic tissue and that there may be close relationships between calciphylaxis, metastatic calcification and dystrophic calcification.
METABOLISM OF OESTRADIOL-17β BY AN OVARIECTOMIZED EWE
Authors: WRIGHT A. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A preliminary attempt has been made to assess the importance of the faecal route for the excretion of oestrogens in the sheep using a chemical method of determination.
2. Urinary excretion accounted for no more than 2% of the injected oestradiol-17β whilst the faecal excretion was calculated to be 35–40%.
3. The evidence suggests that the main metabolite in the faeces is oestradiol-17α.
4. These results help to explain the very low values for oestrogen excretion found in this species using bioassay.