bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ex vivo accuracy of three electronic apex locators: Root ZX, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and ProPex
Authors: Plotino G. , Grande N. M. , Brigante L. , Lesti B. , Somma F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAim  To compare ex vivo the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs): Root ZX, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and ProPex.Methodology  Electronic working length determination was carried out in 40 extracted teeth using an ex vivo model. After access preparation, a first operator determined the reference length (AL) for each tooth under a 30× stereomicroscope using the apical constriction as the apical landmark. All teeth were then measured with each EAL and the results obtained were compared with the corresponding AL. The AL was subtracted from the electronically determined distance. The measurements exceeding the AL were recorded as positive (long) and the measurements short of the AL were recorded as negative. Data were analyzed using the Friedman Test and Tukey multiple range test for nonparametric correlation amongst groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.Results  Comparing the differences between measurements obtained with the three EALs and those obtained with the stereomicroscope, the percentage of measurements within ±0.5 mm of the AL was 97.37% (84.22% within 0.5 mm short of AL) for the Root ZX, 94.28% (88.57% within 0.5 mm short of AL) for the Elements and 100% (35.9% within 0.5 mm short of AL) for the ProPex. The mean difference between the AL and the lengths measured by the Root ZX, the Elements and the ProPex were, respectively, −0.157 ± 0.228, −0.103 ± 0.359 and 0.307 ± 0.271 mm.Conclusions  The results of the present study confirm that the EALs determined the canal length within ±0.5 mm from the apical constriction in the majority of cases. The majority of the ProPex readings were long.
Is there life after Buckley's formocresol? Part II – Development of a protocol for the management of extensive caries in the primary molar
Authors: PATCHETT C. L. , SRINIVASAN V. , WATERHOUSE P. J. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Objective.  To produce a working clinical protocol for pulp therapy techniques in the extensively carious primary molar.Introduction.  The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to human beings. As such, a medicament that can be used to replace formocresol in clinical practice should be identified.Methods.  Part I of this paper explored the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol in the form of a narrative review following an extensive literature search. Part II now presents the formation of a specialist group to establish an evidence‐based protocol, for the management of the extensively carious primary molar.Conclusion.  A protocol and key points document have been developed to assist clinicians in their treatment planning. Areas for further postgraduate training are identified.
Apert syndrome with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a case report
Authors: TOSUN G. , SENER Y. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Apert syndrome is characterized by midface hypoplasia, syndactyly of the hands and feet, proptosis of eyes, steep and flat frontal bones, and premature union of cranial sutures. Maxillary hypoplasia, deep palatal vault, anterior open bite, crowding of the dental arch, severely delayed tooth eruption, and dental malocclusion are the main oral manifestations of this syndrome.In this report, a case of Apert syndrome with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is presented. The patient, a 4‐year‐old male and the fourth child of healthy parents, was admitted to our department because of delayed tooth eruption. He had all the cardinal symptoms of the Apert syndrome.Clinical examination revealed that primary centrals, canines and first molars erupted; however, primary second molars and laterals had not erupted. The patient had no dental caries. Preventive treatments were applied, and subsequently, the patient was taken to long‐term follow up.
Periodontal treatment need of the 6th‐grade Jordanian pupils
Authors: HAMASHA A. A. , ALBASHAIREH Z. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Aim.  The purpose of this study was to assess the periodontal treatment needs of 6th‐grade Jordanian pupils aged 12 years old.Methods.  Forty‐eight classes teaching 6th‐grade pupils were randomly selected from the six education zones in Irbid region, Jordan. The data were collected during interviews and clinical examinations using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) criteria.Results.  The findings revealed that 27·5% of the examined pupils had healthy periodontium, 22·9% showed gingival bleeding on probing but no calculus, and 31·4% had calculus deposits. Pockets in the 4–5 mm range were found in 17·6% and those in the > 6 mm range in 0·6% of the pupils. Healthy periodontium was found in 2·9 sextants, whereas 2·7 sextants showed gingival bleeding and calculus. Periodontal pockets were demonstrated in less than 0·4 sextants. Periodontal therapy was not required for 27·5% of the pupils. The rest of the pupils (72·5%), however, needed oral hygiene improvement, and of these 50% required professional calculus removal.Conclusion.  This study indicated that about 73% of the sample needed oral hygiene instructions and motivation, 50% needed professional scaling, and 0·6% needed periodontal therapy. The data of this study establish a baseline data, which may help in planning dental services and initiating further research.
Erosive effect of an antihistamine‐containing syrup on primary enamel and its reduction by fluoride dentifrice
Authors: COSTA C. C. , ALMEIDA I. C. S. , COSTA FILHO L. C. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Aim.  This study evaluated the action of an antihistamine‐containing syrup (Claritin D) on enamel that was subsequently submitted or not to applications of fluoride dentifrice.Methods.  Two hundred sixty‐four slices (n = 44 per subgroup) prepared from exfoliated primary molars were evaluated in hardness tests. Six subgroups were submitted to different treatments for 10 days. The controls underwent pH cycling with (positive control) or without (negative control) three daily immersions in fluoride dentifrice/distilled water slurry. The test subgroups related to daytime use of the antihistamine syrup underwent pH cycling and two 5‐min applications of Claritin D, coupled or not to the three daily immersions in the fluoride slurry. The subgroups related to nocturnal use of the syrup were submitted to the same procedures of daytime subgroups, respectively, but with one of the applications of Claritin D lasting for 8 h.Results.  The median hardness values obtained after use of the syrup were significantly lower than the initial ones. Equivalent values for subgroups submitted to fluoride applications in addition to treatment with the syrup were significantly higher.Conclusion.  It was concluded that the antihistamine‐containing syrup reduced the hardness of primary enamel and that, in this experiment, the use of fluoride dentifrice was able to diminish this erosive effect.
Pattern of fluid consumption in a sample of Saudi Arabian adolescents aged 12–13 years
Authors: BELLO L. L. , AL‐HAMMAD N. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Objective.  To study the pattern of fluid consumption in a group of Saudi adolescent boys and girls aged 12–13 years.Design.  Prospective study.Methods.  Three hundred forty‐four boys and girls attending school in Riyadh recorded their fluid intake for three consecutive days, including one weekend day, in April and May 2002. Types of drink/beverage and total amount consumed were analysed and ranked in order of amount/quantity of consumption. Independent samples t‐test was used to compare between genders.Results.  Mean daily fluid intake was 1917 mL (SD 287). Drinking water provided 37%, whereas carbonated soft drinks and fruit juice/drink accounted for 26% and 25%, respectively. Seven percent of total fluid intake amounting to 134 mL came from milk and 5% (103 mL) was from tea/coffee. Fluid intake was higher in boys (2006 mL) than in girls (1821 mL) (P = 0·049). This was also true for carbonated soft drinks (P = 0·050) and tea/coffee (P = 0·000). Girls consumed more milk (P = 0·001) and fruit juice/drink (P = 0·001) than boys.Conclusion.  Both carbonated soft drink and fruit juice/drink accounted for the largest proportion of total fluid intake by the sampled Saudi adolescents to the detriment of nutritious milk.
Clinical randomized controlled trial of chemomechanical caries removal (Carisolv™)
Authors: LOZANO‐CHOURIO M. A. , ZAMBRANO O. , GONZÁLEZ H. , QUERO M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Objectives.  The purpose of this study was to compare the chemomechanical caries‐removal system (Carisolv™) with high‐speed excavation in cavitated occlusal caries of primary molars.Design and setting.  The study was a randomized controlled, clinical trial in which the two techniques were compared in each subject. Participants were chosen from public schools, in Maracaibo County, Zulia State, Venezuela.Sample and methods. The sample consisted of 80 primary molars selected from 40 children (mean age 7·7 ± 0·7 years). Each patient had at least two contralateral primary molars with cavitated occlusal caries and approximately equal‐size access to lesions. The outcome variables were: clinically complete caries removal, size of the opening of the cavity, volume of carious tissue removed, pain during caries removal, anaesthesia requested by the patient, caries‐removal time, and behaviour and preference of patients.Results.  All treated molars were clinically caries free whichever caries‐removal procedure was used. When Carisolv‘ was used the final cavity entrance sizes were smaller (P < 0·001) and the estimated volume of tissue removed was less (P < 0·001). The time taken for caries removal was three times longer (7·51 ± 1·83 min, P < 0·001). Some pain was reported by seven (17·5%) participants when Carisolv was used, compared with 16 (40%) when high‐speed excavation was used (P < 0·05). Using the Carisolv method there was a higher proportion of patients with positive behaviour (P < 0·01), and 71·0% (P < 0·05) preferred this treatment.Conclusion.  Carisolv is an effective clinical alternative treatment for the removal of occlusal dentinal caries in cavitated primary molars; it is more conservative of dental tissue and appeared to be more comfortable for most patients, although the clinical time spent is longer than when using high‐speed excavation.
The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age – a longitudinal study
Authors: SKEIE M. S. , RAADAL M. , STRAND G. V. , ESPELID I. 
Published: April 2006

Summary.  Objectives.  To explore a possible relationship between the caries experience and pattern in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and the permanent dentition at 10 years of age. Further, to examine the possibility of predicting children in a caries‐risk group at 5 years verified at 10 years of age.Materials and methods.  A sample of 186 children (90 males) were clinically examined as 5‐year‐olds and re‐examined as 10‐year‐olds by calibrated dentists. A five‐graded diagnostic system including enamel caries was used. Bitewing radiographs were taken. A true risk group of children at 10 years were defined as those with at least one dentin or filled lesion on the mesial surface of 6‐year molars, and/or on incisors, and/or total DMFS (decayed, missing, and filled surfaces) more than 1 SD above the mean. The prediction was measured in terms of OR (odds ratio), sensitivity/specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves.Results.  Statistically significant correlations (r = 0·5) were found between the caries experience in the two dentitions as well as between the primary second molars at baseline and the permanent teeth at 10 years. ‘Primary second molars’ and ‘all primary molars’ were the most powerful predictors for allocation into the risk group (24% of the sample). The highest achieved sum of sensitivity and specificity, 148%, was attained at a cut‐off point above two carious surfaces in enamel and/or dentin in primary second molars.Conclusions.  Statistically significant relationship in disease between the dentitions was found. More than two surfaces with caries experience in primary second molars are suggested as a clinically useful predictor at 5 years of age for being at high risk at age 10.
The effect of different milk formulas on dental plaque pH
Authors: DANCHAIVIJITR A. , NAKORNCHAI S. , THAWEEBOON B. , LEELATAWEEWUD P. , PHONGHANYUDH A. , KIATPRAJAK C. , SURARIT R. 
Published: April 2006

Summary. Objectives. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the effect of different milk formulas on dental plaque pH after rinsing with these three categories, type of protein‐based formulas (milk‐based, soy‐based, protein hydrolysate), type of sugar (only lactose, lactose and other sugars, only non‐milk extrinsic sugars), and casein ratio (high and low casein), and (2) to observe organic acids formed by different milk formulas.Methods. Baseline plaque pH and plaque pH at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 60 min after rinsing with milk formulas were recorded by a combination electrode in 14 healthy subjects. Deionized water and 10% sucrose were used as a negative and positive control. The plaque sample was also analysed to identify and quantify the organic acids using a high‐performance liquid chromatography. Parameters including minimum pH, maximum pH drop, and area under curve were compared byrmanovaand pairedt‐test.Results. The minimum pH was not significantly different among different protein‐based formulas, whereas, the maximum plaque pH drop of soy‐based and milk‐based formula was significantly higher than that produced by protein hydrolysate formula (P = 0·022 and 0·03, respectively). Area under curve produced by soy‐based and milk‐based formulas was significantly larger than that created by protein hydrolysate formula (P = 0·025 and < 0·001, respectively). Milk formulas containing only lactose caused significantly less plaque pH change in minimum pH (P < 0·001), maximum pH drop (P = 0·003), and area under curve (P < 0·001) when compared with formulas containing lactose and other sugar but not with special formulas containing only non‐milk extrinsic sugar. Similarly, special formulas containing non‐milk extrinsic sugar produced significantly lower minimum pH and smaller area under curve than formulas containing lactose and other sugar did (P =0·044 and 0·009, respectively). No different results were found between high and low casein follow‐on formulas. Lactic acid was produced more by rinsing with formulas containing lactose and other sugars than that produced by formulas containing only lactose.Conclusions. This study suggests that milk formulas containing added other sugars tend to cause a decrease in plaque pH.
Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia
Authors: Melis Claudia , Szafrańska Paulina A. , Jędrzejewska Bogumiła , Bartoń Kamil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAim  We reviewed 54 studies reporting population densities of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia in order to investigate the roles of vegetation productivity [fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) index], winter harshness (mean January temperature) and presence/absence of wolves (Canis lupus) in shaping the biogeographical variation in population density of wild boar.Location  We collected published data on the autumn–winter population density of wild boar (number of individuals km−2) in 54 locations in western Eurasia, from 1966 to 2003.Methods  The mean January temperature, obtained from the World Climate data base (http://www.worldclimate.com), was taken as a measure of winter severity. We used monthly 4 × 4 km MODIS FPAR data sets covering January 2000 to June 2004 to calculate the vegetation productivity index. In addition, we collected literature data about the presence or absence of wolves from the study areas.Results  In the geographical span of 37–60° N, the population densities of wild boar declined by three orders of magnitude, from 10 to 0.01 individuals km−2. The best multiple regression model (selected with the Akaike information criterion corrected for small samples) showed that mean January temperature and the vegetation productivity index were the most important factors explaining the biogeographical variation in population densities of wild boar. The impact of temperature was stronger than that of productivity. The presence of wolves had a weak limiting effect on population densities of wild boar at the biogeographical scale.Main conclusion  We propose that winter harshness imposes density‐independent mortality on wild boar populations at higher latitudes. Competition for food in less productive regions may cause stronger density dependence in birth and death rates of wild boar populations. We expect that wild boar will respond to global warming by both an increase in local population densities and an expansion of their geographical range north and north‐eastwards.
Post‐Eocene climate change, niche conservatism, and the latitudinal diversity gradient of New World birds
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A. , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Jaramillo Carlos A. , Soeller Stephen A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAim The aim of this study was to test a variant of the evolutionary time hypothesis for the bird latitudinal diversity gradient derived from the effects of niche conservatism in the face of global climate change over evolutionary time.Location The Western Hemisphere.Methods We used digitized range maps of breeding birds to estimate the species richness at two grain sizes, 756 and 12,100 km2. We then used molecular phylogenies resolved to family to quantify the root distance (RD) of each species as a measure of its level of evolutionary development. Birds were classified as ‘basal’ or ‘derived’ based on the RD of their family, and richness patterns were contrasted for the most basal and most derived 30% of species. We also generated temperature estimates for the Palaeogene across the Western Hemisphere to examine how spatial covariation between past and present climates might make it difficult to distinguish between ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for the current richness gradient.Results The warm, wet tropics support many species from basal bird clades, whereas the northern temperate zone and cool or dry tropics are dominated by species from more recent, evolutionarily derived clades. Furthermore, crucial to evaluating how niche conservatism among birds may drive the hemispherical richness gradient, the spatial structure of the richness gradient for basal groups is statistically indistinguishable from the overall gradient, whereas the richness gradient for derived groups is much shallower than the overall gradient. Finally, modern temperatures and the pattern of climate cooling since the Eocene are indistinguishable as predictors of bird species richness.Main conclusions Differences in the richness gradients of basal vs. derived clades suggest that the hemispherical gradient has been strongly influenced by the differential extirpation of species in older, warm‐adapted clades from parts of the world that have become cooler in the present. We propose that niche conservatism and global‐scale climate change over evolutionary time provide a parsimonious explanation for the contemporary bird latitudinal diversity gradient in the New World, although dispersal limitation of some highly derived clades probably plays a secondary role.
The first biogeographical map
Authors: Ebach Malte C. , Goujet Daniel F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUnbeknownst to many historians of biology, the first biogeographical map was published in the third edition of the Flore française by Lamarck and Candolle in 1805, the same year in which Humboldt's famous Essai sur la Geographie appeared. Lamarck and Candolle's map marks the beginning of a descriptive or classificatory biogeography focusing on the study of biota rather than on the distributional pathways of taxa. The map is relevant because it heralds the beginning of the creation of biogeographical maps popularized by zoogeographers in the mid‐ to late nineteenth century together with the study of biogeographical regions.
An analysis of clinical teacher behaviour in a nursing practicum in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Li‐Ling 
Published: April 2006

Aim and objectives.  The aim of this study was to identify and assess the teaching behaviours (knowledge, attitudes and skills) observed in nurse educators as they taught in the clinical setting.Background.  Many quantitative studies have defined and evaluated teaching effectiveness in the clinical area. Some of these studies established instruments to evaluate faculty effectiveness in the clinical setting; however, they tended to be so broad that they were of limited use in understanding clinical teaching behaviours in nursing education.Design.  This study explored clinical teaching behaviours in a nursing practicum. Ten nurse educators taught 10 students in the medical–surgical unit at a hospital in Taiwan for about four weeks. Each teacher was observed by the researcher and one other observer for two days during regularly scheduled clinical teaching time.Methods.  Data collection and analysis were done by a qualitative approach. Content analysis is a process of identifying, coding and categorizing the themes in the data.Conclusion.  The themes of clinical teaching that emerged from data analysis included teaching aims (task‐oriented and learner‐centred), teacher competence (teacher knowledge, instructional strategies, planning learning experience, teaching priorities, feedback and caring) and teaching commitment (professional identity and giving of self). These findings offer a holistic blueprint of clinical teaching for nursing faculty members, which will enhance the quality of nursing education.Relevance to clinical practice.  Complexity in nursing education has increased as it is challenged to meet the needs of diverse populations in rapidly evolving and highly technical health‐care settings. Clinical teachers must be enabled and empowered to provide students with appropriate knowledge and skills to meet the needs of patients. To develop students’ professional nursing identity now and in the future, nurse educators have to commit themselves to both nursing and teaching in clinical settings. More nurses need to be prepared for careers in education at the master's and doctoral levels.