bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of tylosin in selected avian species
Authors: Locke Diana , Bush Mitchell , Carpenter James W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tissue and plasma concentrations and the biological half-life of tylosin in avian species of a variety of body sizes and metabolic rates were studied. The species chosen were eastern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus virginianus), pigeons (Columba livia), greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida), and emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). In the 1st phase of this study, tylosin was administered im to quail, pigeons, and emus at a dosage rate of 25 mg/kg of body weight and to cranes at a dosage rate of 15 mg/kg. The average peak plasma concentrations of tylosin in quail, pigeons, cranes, and emus were 4.31, 5.63, 3.62, and 3.26 μ/ml, respectively. These peak concentrations occurred at 0.5 to 1.5 hours after administration. The biological half-life of tylosin averaged 1.2 hours in quail, pigeons, and cranes, and was 4.7 hours in emus.
In the 2nd phase of this study, tylosin concentrations in the tissues of quail, pigeons, and cranes were markedly higher than were plasma concentrations at corresponding sampling times. Six hours after antibiotic administration, tissue concentrations of tylosin in all species remained within the minimum inhibitory concentration for most pathogenic organisms.
Dosage regimens of 25 mg of tylosin/kg 4 times daily for quail and pigeons, 15 mg/kg 3 times daily for cranes, and 25 mg/kg 3 times daily for emus would be needed to establish and maintain therapeutic tissue concentrations.
Prevalence of antibodies to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in Iowa swine
Authors: Schultz R. A. , Young T. F. , Ross R. F. , Jeske D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence of complementfixing (cf) antibodies to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in Iowa swine was determined by testing samples collected randomly from each of 9 cropreporting areas (9 to 12 counties) in Iowa in approximate proportion to the number of swine marketed annually from each area. For testing, a pooled antigen composed of serotypes 1 to 5 of H pleuropneumoniae was used in a modified direct Microtiter complement-fixation test. Of 7,348 sera tested, 2,362 or 32.1% had cf antibodies (titer ≥ 1:4) to the organism. On a herd basis, 417 of 597 herds or 68.8% had at least 1 animal with cf antibodies (titer ≥ 1:4) to the organism. The clinical problem with H pleuropneumoniae has become significant in recent years, but by no means is the overt disease as prevalent as animals or herds with cf antibodies to the organism.
Influence of modified protein diets on electrolyte, acid base, and divalent ion balance in dogs with experimentally induced chronic renal failure
Authors: Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Stevens Jerry B. , Hayden David W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of a maintenance diet (44.4% dry weight protein) and 2 reduced protein diets (8.2 and 17.2% dry weight protein) on acid-base, electrolyte, and divalent ion balance of dogs with experimentally induced chronic renal failure was studied for 40 weeks. Moderate-to-severe hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis developed in dogs fed the 8.2% protein diet, but not in the groups fed the 17.2% and 44.4% protein diets. Serum sodium and potassium concentrations were not altered significantly by the diets. Mean serum calcium concentrations increased significantly in the 3 groups after renal failure was induced; however, serum calcium concentration generally did not exceed the normal range. Dogs fed reduced protein diets had smaller serum magnesium and phosphorus concentrations than did the dogs fed the maintenance diet.
Microscopic alterations in bone morphology consistent with canine renal osteodystrophy were not detected after 40 weeks of renal failure in dogs fed the 8.2% protein diet, but were detected in dogs fed the 17.2% and 44.4% protein diets. Examination of skull radiographs of the dogs prepared 40 weeks after renal failure was induced revealed that the lamina dura dentes were visible in all groups.
It was concluded that the 8.2% protein diet was of therapeutic benefit in management of altered divalent ion metabolism in dogs with chronic renal failure. However, the high frequency of concomitant acidosis indicated that appropriate alkalinization therapy should be included with this diet. Adverse effects of feeding the 17.2% protein diet were not detected. However, it was less effective than the 8.2% protein diet in minimizing development of hypermagnesemia and skeletal changes consistent with renal osteodystrophy.
Aqueous vasopressin response test in clinically normal dogs undergoing water diuresis: Technique and results
Authors: Hardy Robert M. , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were undertaken to develop a standard procedure and to establish reference values for an aqueous vasopressin response test in dogs with normal renal function undergoing water diuresis. After iv administration of 5 mU of aqueous antidiuretic hormone (adh)/0.45 kg of body weight to 13 water-loaded clinically normal dogs, the mean urine specific gravity increased from 1.002 ± 0.001 to 1.021 ± 0.0058; the mean urine osmolality increased form 99 ± 52 mOsm/kg of water to 933 ± 252 mOsm/kg. The pcv, total plasma protein concentrations, and serum osmolalities decreased in all dogs during waterloading and adh administration, but slowly returned toward base-line values after discontinuing the adh infusion.
Repositol vasopressin response test in clinically normal dogs undergoing water diuresis: Technique and results
Authors: Hardy Robert M. , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Maximal renal concentrating ability after parenteral administration of repositol antidiuretic hormone was evaluated in 13 clinically normal dogs undergoing water diuresis. Urine specific gravity and osmolality progressively increased in all dogs and generally attained maximum concentrations after 8 to 12 hours. Urine specific gravity values increased from a mean of 1.003 ± 0.001 mOsm/kg of water to a mean maximal value of 1.042 ± 0.009 mOsm/kg. Urine osmolality increased from a mean of 132 mOsm/kg to a mean maximal value of 1,518 ± 242 mOsm/kg. Water intoxication was observed in all dogs due to continued administration of water after antidiuretic hormone administration.
Duration of maternally derived immunity to tetanus and response in newborn foals given tetanus antitoxin
Authors: Liu Irwin K. M. , Brown Susan L. , Kuo Jason , Neeley Dean P. , Feeley John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum tetanus antitoxin (tat) concentrations were measured in a group of 30 foals from birth to 4 months of age. Five of 30 foals (16.6%) had serum titers < 0.01 IU of tat/ml by 1 month of age. At 2 months of age, 17 of 28 foals (60.7%) had titers < 0.01 lU/ml. By 3 months of age, 22 of 29 (75.5%) foals tested had titers of < 0.01 IU/ml. At the age of 4 months, 24 of 29 foals (82.1%) had titers of < 0.01 IU/ml.
The tat given to foals at birth resulted in an immediate increase in titer when circulating antitoxin was absent or minimal. Titers considered protective against tetanus resulting from an im injection of exogenous tat at birth were maintained for at least 3 months after the injection.
Effects of the spleen, epinephrine, and splenectomy on determination of blood volume in cats
Authors: Breznock E. M. , Strack D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood volume (bv), rbc mass, plasma protein (pp), and pcv were determined in (i) awake, nonsplenectomized (nspx) cats before and after splenic contraction was induced by iv administration of epinephrine, (ii) in pentobarbital-anesthetized, nspx cats before and after splenic contraction was induced by epinephrine and splenectomy, and (iii) in awake, splenectomized (spx) cats before and after epinephrine was administered. Blood volume, absolute rbc mass in the spleen could not be determined accurately in awake or anesthetized, nspx cats. Accurate bv and rbc mass determinations could only be obtained in cats without the spleen; mean bv and rbc mass of awake or anesthetized, spx cats were 4.1% and 1.4% or body weight, respectively.
The spleen was a dynamic sequestering organ for feline erythrocytes (rbc). Epinephrine (0.1 ml of 1:1,000) given iv resulted in the observed contraction of the spleen within 2 minutes. Relaxation of the spleen with rbc uptake began 3 minutes after epinephrine was given and it proceeded at a rate of approximately 0.93% of circulating pcv/min. At 20 minutes after epinephrine was given, a steady state of pcv occurred, and 20% of the maximum circulating pcv observed after the administration of epinephrine was stored within the spleen. At 60 minutes after epinephrine was given to awake, spx cats, intravascular fluid influx of 4 ml/kg resulted in a decrease of pcv and pp. At 3 hours after splenectomy was done, intravascular fluid efflux resulted in hemoconcentration—a calculated fluid deficit of 2.5 ml/kg/hr occurring during the 3 hours after surgical removal of the spleen.
Segmental thoracolumbar spinal (subarachnoid) analgesia in conscious horses
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A new technique for producing segmental subarachnoid analgesia in adult horses without causing complete loss of locomotor control is described. A 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter with a stylet into the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in 13 adult horses (weighing 500 ± 60 kg, representing both sexes) and to advance the catheter craniad to the thoracolumbar area. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride solution (1.5 ml, 30 mg) was injected through the catheter at a rate of 0.5 ml/60 s. Segmental analgesia, as determined by the horses' responses to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks, occurred within (onset) 5 to 10 minutes of injection and lasted (duration) 42.4 ± 15 minutes (min-max, 25 to 68 minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T12 to L3 on both sides of the spinal column. Subarachnoid injection of mepivacaine hydrochloride caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and subcutaneous temperature and decreases in respiratory rate and rectal temperature. Significant changes (P < 0.05) were not observed in a control group of 7 horses after subarachnoidal injection of sterile water (1.5 ml). The surgical application of segmental subarachnoid analgesia was demonstrated in 1 horse. The benefits and potential complications of segmental subarachnoid analgesia in horses are discussed.
Sarcocystosis in newborn calves fed Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts from coyotes
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Speer Clarence A. , Epling Glenwood P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The development of Sarcocystis cruzi was compared in 3- to 14-day-old calves (n = 38) inoculated with 55,000 to 500,000,000 sporocysts from intestinal scrapings of coyotes, and euthanatized and necropsied on postinoculation days (pid) 4 to 153. From pid 15 to 19, the calves remained clinically normal, except for fever (≥ 40 C), during the development of 1st-generation meronts, and lesions in calves euthanatized at this time were confined mainly to mesenteric lymph nodes and consisted of focal necrosis due to vascular thrombosis. On pid 26, calves became sick, coincident with maturation and rupture of 2nd-generation meronts. In calves euthanatized from pid 26 to 28, the main lesion was hemorrhage in many organs and 1st- and 2nd-generation meronts were located subendothelially in unidentified cells between endothelium and tunica elastica. In calves euthanatized on pid 31, inflammation was pronounced in many tissues; this was also seen in calves euthanatized from pid 31 to 46 and corresponded to individual merozoites and the early development of sarcocysts. Inflammation began to subside by the time sarcocysts were recognizable (pid 67). Nonsuppurative hepatitis occurred in calves euthanatized from pid 15 to 153.
Somatosensory-evoked response of ataxic Angora goats in suspected haloxon-delayed neurotoxicity
Authors: Wilson Richard D. , Witzel Donald A. , Verlander James M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Somatosensory-evoked responses (ser) were recorded in 3 Angora goats with moderate posterior paresis. The cause of posterior paresis was unknown. The goats had recently been given haloxon and had also been grazing in a pasture with carpetweed (Kallstroemia hirsutissima). Haloxon and carpetweed have each been reported to cause posterior paresis in livestock. An electrical stimulus applied subcutaneously in the pelvic limb of the affected goats failed to evoke an ser at the cerebral cortex. Electrical stimulation in the thoracic limb evoked a normal-appearing ser. The absence of ser from pelvic limb stimulation indicated a functional impairment of the somatosensory pathways.
Antigen requirements and specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of canine IgG against canine distemper viral antigens
Authors: Bernard S. L. , Shen D. T. , Gorham J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) against canine distemper virus (cdv) antigens. Sucrose gradient separation of viral and cellular proteins was required to produce coating antigens for the elisa. The specificity of the elisa was demonstrated by blocking cdv-positive canine sera with cdv-specific antisera produced in goats and rabbits and adsorption of positive sera with cdv antigens.
A comparison of the elisa with the serum-neutralization technique for the detection of cdv antibodies was conducted. Anti-cdv IgG was detected in conventional dogs as early as 6 days after inoculation with a commercial vaccine to cdv. Paired sera from the immunized dogs were evaluated by both techniques and a statistically (P < 0.01) significant agreement between the elisa and the serum-neutralization technique was shown (r = 0.6121, n = 75).
Clinical trial of benzaldehyde in pets with solid tumors: Preliminary study
Authors: Grier Ronald L. , Merkley David F. , Roth James A. , Mouw Mary A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Benzaldehyde in the form of an inclusion compound was administered orally to 8 dogs and 1 cat which had either inoperable or incompletely excised tumors. Tumor recurrence or progressive disease occurred in all animals during the 16-week trial. There was no clinical, hematologic, or biochemical evidence of toxicity during the study.
Comparison of electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and virulent avian influenza virus
Authors: Mitchell Bailey W. , Brugh Max 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (ndv) or virulent avian influenza virus (aiv) were characterized and compared. The ecg were monitored by radiotelemetry and were recorded twice daily before virus infection and during the course of the infection. Thirteen lead II intervals, segments, and amplitudes were measured and analyzed. The ecg of ndv-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P ≤ 0.05) ST segments and increased (P ≤ 0.05) P amplitudes. The ecg of aiv-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P ≤ 0.05) RS intervals, ST segments, TP intervals, and PR segments and by increased (P ≤ 0.05) P amplitudes. The TP intervals and PR segments of ecg of aiv-infected chickens were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) longer than those of ndv-infected chickens. The pronounced conduction delays indicated in the ecg of aiv-infected chickens may have diagnostic importance.
Ciliary body temperatures during cyclocryotherapy in the clinically normal dog
Authors: Vestre William A. , Brightman Alan H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three cryosurgical units were compared on the basis of the ability of each unit to freeze the ciliary body of enucleated normal canine eyes. The coldest average temperatures reached were −13.4 C, −4.3 C, and −17.6 C.
One of the units was then used to freeze the ciliary body in the left eye of 25 dogs for 5 minutes. Ciliary body temperatures were monitored every 15 s during cyclocryosurgery. In 18 eyes in situ, the coldest average temperature reached was −13.4 C. In 7 proptosed globes, the coldest average temperature reached was −13.8 C. The results were not significantly different (P < 0.05).
The effects of the cryosurgery and centesis procedure were monitored daily by direct observation and Schiotz's tonometry. Histologic changes from the procedure were evaluated at 5 minutes, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after surgery. Intraocular pressure returned to the normal range within 1 to 2 weeks, the anterior uveitis subsided in 7 to 10 days, and ciliary body epithelium was histologically normal within 6 months after surgery.
Mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by deer flies (Chrysops flavidus) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)
Authors: Foil L. D. , Meek C. L. , Adams W. V. , Issel C. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted on the possible role that the deer fly (Chrysops flavidus) and the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) may have as mechanical vectors of equine infectious anemia virus. Mechanical transmission was successful with both deer flies and stable flies which had fed partially on acutely infected Shetland ponies and which were immediately transferred to susceptible recipient ponies for completion of the blood meal.
Effects of tissue antigen matching on the healing of fresh cancellous bone allografts in dogs
Authors: Stevenson Sharon , Hohn R. Bruce , Templeton Joe W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The radiographic and histologic healing patterns of fresh cancellous bone allografts were compared with those of fresh cancellous autografts in dogs. Two groups of allografts were studied: 1 group of littermate pairs with minor histocompatibility mismatches, and 1 group of unrelated pairs with major histocompatibility mismatches. Pairs were chosen on the basis of preoperative serologic typing and mixed lymphocyte cultural assay of lymphocyte-defined compatibility. Generally, grafts with minor mismatches and autografts achieved bony union in 6 weeks with grafted bone serving as a scaffold for new bone formation. Grafts with major mismatches were resorbed and replaced by fibrocartilage. Healing of osteotomy sites grafted with mismatched bone occurred by ingrowth of host periosteal and endosteal new bone.
Comparison of an infective avirulent and canine virulent Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Goodnow R. A. , Causey S. C. , Geary S. J. , Wren W. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates, S-55 and D-2, were evaluated in dogs for inducement of (i) infection, (ii) clinical bordetellosis, and (iii) histopathologic changes on tracheal and bronchiole tissues. Further, each isolate was characterized for variance in (i) toxicity for mice and (ii) intracellular proteins. Both S-55 and D-2 were detectable in test dog groups during the 26-day test period, although 545 times more D-2 was recovered than was S-55. In dogs inoculated with D-2, clinical infectious tracheobronchitis appeared in 4 days and continued for 22 days. Bordetellosis was not observed in dogs given S-55 or in nonino-culated dogs.
Tracheal and bronchiole tissues from dogs inoculated with the S-55 and D-2 isolates were microscopically examined for lesions. Dogs inoculated with S-55 did not have tracheal or bronchiole lesions. Lesions were not observed in noninoculated dogs. Dogs inoculated with D-2 had marked lesions in the tracheal and bronchiole tissues.
The D-2 whole cells were an average 4.8 times as lethal as S-55 whole cells in mice (given intraperitoneal inoculation), whereas cell-free culture supernatants from S-55 and D-2 isolates were nontoxic. Cell-free sonicated extracts of S-55 and D-2 proved toxic to mice (intraperitoneal inoculation), but after the extracts were heated at 56 C for 30 minutes, both were nontoxic. Intracellular proteins of approximately 116,000 and 44,000 daltons were found in higher concentration in D-2 cells than in S-55 cells.
Analysis of the genomes of bluetongue virus serotype 10 vaccines and a recent BTV-10 isolate from Washington
Authors: Collisson E. , Roy P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The 10 double-stranded RNA gene segments of 2 vaccinal strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 10 that are used in the United States (btv CA8 California and bt-8 Colorado), and a btv-10 isolate recently obtained from infected sheep in Washington (state) were characterized by oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses. It was determined that although the 2 btv-10 vaccinal strains are genotypically distinct, they are closely related both to each other and to the United States prototype btv-10 virus. The btv-10 field isolate appears to be a naturally occurring reassortment virus with genome segments derived from both United States prototype btv-10 and btv-11 viruses. However, one RNA segment of the isolate was totally unlike the corresponding segments of United States prototype btv-10, -11, -13 and -17 viruses.
Intramammary inoculation of the dairy cow with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis during the nonlactating period
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Anderson A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The susceptibility of nonlactating mammary glands to intramammary inoculation with staphylococci was determined. Susceptibility was determined by inoculation of bacteria through the teat canal directly into the gland sinus.
In experiment 1, Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305, ATCC 29740) was inoculated into glands at various intervals throughout the nonlactating period. During the first month, 35 of 52 inoculated glands became infected (67.3%). During the month before parturition when 37 glands were inoculated, 36 became infected (97.3%).
In experiment 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis (A-44) was inoculated into mammary glands. During the first month of the nonlactating period, 35 glands were inoculated and only 6 glands became infected (17%). During the month before parturition, 36 of 38 inoculated glands became infected (94%).
It appears that the mammary gland is susceptible to staphylococcal infection during the nonlactating period, because all glands became infected when they were inoculated during the month before parturition.
Association of increased estradiol and progesterone blood values with altered bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte function
Authors: Roth James A. , Kaeberle Marlin L. , Appell Loren H. , Nachreiner Ray F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) function and serum concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol (hydrocortisone) were monitored concurrently in clinically normal cows during the estrous cycle. Five parameters were used to evaluate pmn function: (i) random migration under agarose, (ii) ingestion of 125I-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) reduction, (iv) iodination, and (v) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Increased serum estradiol concentrations were associated with enhanced random migration, but had no apparent effect on nbt reduction, iodination, or ingestion of S aureus by bovine pmn. Increased serum estradiol was also associated with increased serum cortisol. Increased serum progesterone values were associated with a depression of nbt reduction and iodination by pmn, but with enhanced random migration and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These results indicate that physiologic changes in steroid hormone values during the normal estrous cycle of the cow are associated with alterations in pmn function.