bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐assembled polypeptoid micelles from amphiphilic polypeptoid copolymers for drug delivery
Authors: Shen Xiran , Wei Tiantian , Liu Di , Yang Kang , Jiang Yangang , Lu Jianwei , Guo Li 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAmphiphilic block copolymers are characterized by the presence of distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, which are usually arranged in alternating blocks. This unique structure allows these copolymers to self‐assemble into well‐defined nanostructures that exhibit remarkable resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, high biocompatibility and the ability to be customized with specific structures. These properties make them highly desirable in various applications. Self‐assembled amphiphilic polypeptoids are currently under development as a promising class of pharmaceutical agents. However, the utilization of these peptides as drug carriers for efficient delivery presents a number of challenges. These challenges include less‐than‐optimal loading efficacy and restricted biocompatibility. Herein, a series of stable amphiphilic block copolypeptoids (PNEG‐b‐PNBG and PNEG‐b‐PNHG) were designed and synthesized by controlled ring‐opening polymerization. PNEG chain segments provide hydrophilicity, while PNBG and PNHG chain segments provide hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic molecular chains aggregate in aqueous solutions, resulting in the formation of nano‐assemblies. The self‐assembled amphiphilic block polypeptoid copolymers were investigated. The morphologies of copolymers take the form of micelles from tens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. The properties of amphiphilic block copolypeptoids used as drug carriers were further investigated by conducting drug release and cytotoxicity tests. The results indicate that the cumulative release efficiency of self‐assembled polypeptoid copolymers can reach up to about 91%. And they have good biocompatibility and can be expected to be safe materials for efficient drug delivery. This work could provide a facile method for the preparation of amphiphilic block peptoid copolymers for biopharmaceutical applications. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Performance of large language models on benign prostatic hyperplasia frequently asked questions
Authors: Zhang YuNing , Dong Yijie , Mei Zihan , Hou Yiqing , Wei Minyan , Yeung Yat Hin , Xu Jiale , Hua Qing , Lai LiMei , Li Ning , Xia ShuJun , Zhou Chun , Zhou JianQiao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition, yet it is challenging for the average BPH patient to find credible and accurate information about BPH. Our goal is to evaluate and compare the accuracy and reproducibility of large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT‐3.5, ChatGPT‐4, and the New Bing Chat in responding to a BPH frequently asked questions (FAQs) questionnaire.MethodsA total of 45 questions related to BPH were categorized into basic and professional knowledge. Three LLM—ChatGPT‐3.5, ChatGPT‐4, and New Bing Chat—were utilized to generate responses to these questions. Responses were graded as comprehensive, correct but inadequate, mixed with incorrect/outdated data, or completely incorrect. Reproducibility was assessed by generating two responses for each question. All responses were reviewed and judged by experienced urologists.ResultsAll three LLMs exhibited high accuracy in generating responses to questions, with accuracy rates ranging from 86.7% to 100%. However, there was no statistically significant difference in response accuracy among the three (p > 0.017 for all comparisons). Additionally, the accuracy of the LLMs' responses to the basic knowledge questions was roughly equivalent to that of the specialized knowledge questions, showing a difference of less than 3.5% (GPT‐3.5: 90% vs. 86.7%; GPT‐4: 96.7% vs. 95.6%; New Bing: 96.7% vs. 93.3%). Furthermore, all three LLMs demonstrated high reproducibility, with rates ranging from 93.3% to 97.8%.ConclusionsChatGPT‐3.5, ChatGPT‐4, and New Bing Chat offer accurate and reproducible responses to BPH‐related questions, establishing them as valuable resources for enhancing health literacy and supporting BPH patients in conjunction with healthcare professionals.
Cauchy kernel correntropy‐based robust multi‐innovation identification method for the nonlinear exponential autoregressive model in non‐Gaussian environment
Authors: Zhao Sirui , Wang Xuehai , Liu Yage 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper discusses the identification problem of the nonlinear exponential autoregressive model in the non‐Gaussian noise environment. To suppress the negative influence caused by the non‐Gaussian noise on the accuracy of the identification, this paper employs a Cauchy kernel correntropy‐based criterion function to present a robust gradient algorithm for calculating the parameter estimates of the model. To solve the difficulty of selecting the step‐size in the gradient algorithm, this paper derives an optimal step‐size related to the bandwidth of the Cauchy kernel. Moreover, in order to improve the accuracy of the parameter estimations, a Cauchy kernel correntropy‐based robust multi‐innovation identification method is developed by utilizing the multi‐innovation identification theory. Two simulation examples exhibit that the proposed algorithms can effectively reduce the negative influence of the non‐Gaussian noise on parameter estimation in contrast with the conventional least mean squares algorithm.
Epistemic conflict and sensemaking in elementary students' navigation of an engineering design task
Authors: Dalvi Tejaswini , Wendell Kristen 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAn understanding of how sensemaking unfolds when elementary students engage in engineering design tasks is crucial to advancing engineering teaching and learning at K‐12 levels. Sensemaking has been widely studied in the context of science as a discipline. In this paper, we seek to contribute to the more nascent efforts to build theory about the characteristics of sensemaking in elementary school engineering. We report on an interpretive case study of a 3rd grade student team who worked with minimal adult intervention to design a solution to an engineering challenge. Considering the entire trajectory of their design process, from the given problem to the solution, we observed that they navigated through multiple epistemic conflicts while making decisions that informed their final solution. We found that these conflicts served asopportunities for sensemakingand that exploring how the students resolved conflicts shed light on their sensemaking processes. Analysis of the team's navigation through epistemic conflicts to come to a design decision helped identify two distinct kinds of engineering sensemaking: student engagement in functional reasoning as they suggested design ideas, and student engagement in mechanistic reasoning as they interpreted test results. Both processes facilitated knowledge building, which in turn supported students' engineering design decisions.
Strong Yet Tough Transparent Paper with Superb Foldability
Authors: Lin Xiaoqi , Li Yujie , Fang Zhiqiang , Li Guanhui , Liu Yu , Qiu Xueqing 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTransparent paper manufactured from wood fibers is emerging as a promising, cost‐effective, and carbon‐neutral alternatives to plastics. However, fully exploring their mechanical properties is one of the most pressing challenges. In this work, a strong yet tough transparent paper with superior folding endurance is prepared by rationally altering the native fiber structure. Microwave‐assisted choline chloride/lactic acid deep eutectic solvent (DES) pulping is first utilized to isolate wood fibers from spruce wood. During this process, the S1 layer within the fibers is partially disrupted, forming protruding microfibrils that play a crucial role in enhancing cellulose accessibility. Subsequently, carboxymethylation treatment is applied to yield uniformly swollen carboxymethylated wood fibers (CM fibers), which improves the interaction between CM fibers during papermaking. The as‐prepared transparent paper not only shows a 90% light transmittance (550 nm) but also exhibits impressive mechanical properties, including a folding endurance of over 26 000, a tensile strength of 248.4 MPa, and a toughness of 15.6 MJ m−3. This work provides a promising route for manufacturing transparent paper with superior mechanical properties from wood fibers and can extend their use in areas normally dominated by high‐performance nonrenewable plastics.
Flexible Supercapacitor with Wide Electrochemical Stable Window Based on Hydrogel Electrolyte
Authors: Qi Zhixian , Ren Ruili , Hu Jingwen , Chen Ying , Guo Yonggui , Huang Yue , Wei Junfu , Zhang Huan , Pang Qianchan , Zhang Xiaoqing , Wang Huicai 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHydrogel electrolyte can endow supercapacitors with excellent flexibility, which has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the water‐rich structures of hydrogel electrolyte are easy to freeze at subfreezing and dry at high temperatures, which will affect its energy storage characteristics. The low energy density of micro supercapacitors also hinders their development. Herein, a strategy is proposed to reduce the free water activity in the hydrogel to improve the operating voltage and the energy density of the device, which is achieved through the synergistic effect of the hydrogel skeleton, N, N’‐dimethylformamide (DMF), NaClO4 and water. High concentrations of DMF and NaClO4 are introduced into sodium alginate/polyacrylamide (SA/PAAM) hydrogel through solvent exchange to obtain SA/PAAM/DMF/NaClO4 hydrogel electrolyte, which exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 82.1 mS cm−1, a high breaking strength of 563.2 kPa, and a wide voltage stability window of 3.5 V. The supercapacitor devices are assembled by the process of direct adhesion of the hydrogel electrolyte and laser induced graphene (LIG). The micro‐supercapacitor exhibited an operating voltage of 2.0 V, with a specific capacitance of 2.41 mF cm−2 and a high energy density of 1.34 µWh cm−2, and it also exhibit a high cycle stability, good flexibility, and integration performance.
Examining key capitals contributing to students' science‐related career expectations and their relationship patterns: A machine learning approach
Authors: Tan Lihua , Chen Fu , Wei Bing 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThrough the lens of science capital, this research aims to detect the key factors and their main effects in identifying students with science‐related career expectations. A machine learning approach (i.e., random forest) was employed to analyze a dataset of 519,334 15‐year‐old students from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015. The global analysis identified 25 key factors out of 88 contextual features: (1) for “how you think,” making students feel science is relevant, enjoyable, and interesting is relatively more crucial than being ambitious and confident; (2) for “what science you know,” students' science and math literacy, epistemological beliefs, and awareness of environmental matters were the key factors; (3) for “who you know,” parents valuing science, expecting their children to enter science, and providing emotional support were as similar as or even more important than their economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS)‐related constructs, while teachers fairness ranked the top among all teaching‐related features; and (4) for “what you do,” appropriate science learning time, engagement in science activities, and ICT use for schoolwork were key factors. These findings indicate a relatively optimistic situation, as the most key capitals were malleable for educators. Accumulated local effect plots further discriminated how these key capitals related to students' career expectations in four distinct ways: “increasing,” “S‐shaped,” “inverted‐U‐shaped,” and “decreasing,” shedding light on how we could optimize key resources to enhance aspirations. The comparison between global and Hong Kong analyses suggests the key factors identified by the global model were generally effective but not necessarily essential for a specific region. The cross‐cultural generalizability or prevalence of capitals might vary by their forms.
Repositioning the role of supervisors on short initial preparation courses
Authors: Chinn Richard , Lamb Melissa 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article suggests ways in which teacher supervisors and trainers on short courses can reposition their role by making the feedback conference more collaborative and trainee‐led. The authors argue that by taking a more dialogic approach and exploring critical incidents, trainee teachers can develop reflective skills and take more ownership of their development.
SDG 8 – Decent work and sustainability: The case of a public security organization in Brazil
Authors: Arigony Marcelo Mendes , Rejane da Rosa Gama Madruga Lúcia , Avila Lucas Veiga , Schvartz Marceli Adriane , Arigony Ana Luiza Ortiz 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe recognition of the importance of work and the worker in the context of sustainability and social responsibility led the International Labor Organization (ILO) to construct the central concept of this research. This study aims to analyze the work environment in police organizations from the perspective of the concept of work that the ILO has termed Decent Work. The questionnaire was constructed based on the literature and validated by experts. Subsequently, it was made available through Google Forms® and submitted to the respondents. The research was based on ILO indicators (employment opportunities; adequate income; decent working hours; reconciliation of work, personal, and family life; stability and security at work; equal opportunities and treatment in employment; safe working environment; social dialogue; representation of workers and employers), and involved the participation of 704 respondents. The main pieces of evidence include: partial compliance with the indicators of decent work, with a negative emphasis on the working environment, where 59.39% classified it as unsafe, followed by evidence of low institutional concern for employees.
Right‐sided acute diverticulitis in a North African country: Presentation and management in one surgical center
Authors: Jedidi Laila , Mabrouk Aymen , Ghali Hela , Ben Dhaou Anis , Ben Lahouel Senda , Daldoul Sami , Said Latiri Houyem , Ben Moussa Mounir 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPurposeRight‐sided diverticulitis is a rare entity in North Africa. Therefore, it is usually misdiagnosed, and the management of cecal diverticulitis is aggressive in most cases, whereas nowadays, most studies recommend a conservative approach with promising results. This study aims to describe the presentation, management, and outcomes of right‐sided diverticulitis (RSD) and to present the experience of one surgical center in Tunisia.MethodsThis is a retrospective study including all patients presented with RSD, in the Department of Surgery “A” of the Charles Nicolle Hospital between 2007 and 2021.ResultsForty patients were included in our study. The mean age was 42 years with a standard deviation of 14. The sex ratio was 1.1. Only 2 patients had chronic constipation. All patients presented right‐sided abdominal pain, and only 3 patients had diarrhea. Twenty one patients were diagnosed during surgery. Fourteen patients were treated successfully by conservative management. An operative procedure was performed in 26 cases: 21 had a diverticulectomy (80%), two had an ileal resection (8%), and three had a right colectomy (11.5%). No postoperative events occurred with a short hospital stay (5 ± 3 days). Follow‐up showed no recurrences.ConclusionRight‐sided diverticulitis has a lower incidence and complication rate compared to left‐sided diverticulitis. Conservative treatment has demonstrated favorable outcomes in managing RSD, although the available evidence remains limited.
Finland: Populist Polarisation of the Finnish Political Communication
Authors: Herkman Juha , Sibinescu Laura , Palonen Emilia 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe chapter discusses the political context in Finland during the 2019 EP elections and introduces the political communication environment of the country. Particular attention is given to the role of Twitter in Finnish political communication and populism in country’s party field during the twenty-first century. The empirical Twitter analysis focuses on 4211 tweets sent from 123 Twitter accounts by various political actors during a one-month period in May 2019. About one-quarter of the tweets were sent from the account of a political party, and more than three-quarters were sent by individuals, demonstrating that Twitter in Finland serves as a platform for personal campaigning. Tweeting was favoured especially by young, female and not yet established political actors who cannot gain much attention in news media. Pro-European liberal National Coalition and Greens affiliated actors were the most active tweeters creating a joint ‘us-Europeans’ spirit, but in retweeting and commenting, the populist radical right and radical left were also emphasised. The European themes concerning the elections, the EU and encouraging voting for one’s own party were popular Finnish tweeting themes, but a clear antagonism between the radical right Finns Party and other political parties characterised both the Twitter topics and the networks in Finland. Therefore, populism in Finland has remained ‘fringe’.
Fire Management and Preparedness in the Czech Republic
Authors: Barroso Petra Martínez , Winkler Jan , Vaverková Magdalena Daria 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFire management and preparedness in the Czech Republic (CR) is evaluated based on a broad knowledge platform consisting of official documents of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic (FRS CR), laws of the CR, as well as scientific works from Czech universities and professional publications. The composition of the forests, mostly composed of coniferous tree species, has been conditioned by historical events and closely connects to the current health state of the Czech forests, which has been seriously affected by the bark beetle calamity. The most common types of forest fires in the CR are due to its geographical location surface fires. The main cause of fire ignition is human carelessness. The number of forest fires in the Czech Republic has an increasing tendency, however, the burnt area does not grow proportionally to the number of fires thanks to the high-quality technical equipment of the Czech firefighters and their timely response. The forest fire prevention strategy belongs to the competency of the state-owned enterprise Lesy of the Czech Republic which in cooperation with scientific institutions and universities focuses on optimizing collaboration with the Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic; creation of methodologies and recommendations in the field of fire prevention; enlightenment and education of the public; and recovering the landscape capacity to maintain water. Due to changing climatic conditions, the fire regime in the CR will likely change and the current approach will need to be adjusted.
Preliminary Assessment of the Wildfire Risks as a Tool for Their Management. The Case of Bulgarian Forests
Authors: Stoyanov Todor 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe primary objective of this book chapter is to present an updated methodology for fire risk assessment, particularly in the context of Bulgarian forests. This update is essential due to the existing disparities among the tools and approaches used in previous assessments. The focus of this study is to develop a unified methodology for conducting preliminary risk assessments of wildfires, considering them as one of the most prevalent and natural disasters in forest ecosystems. The significance of such an updated methodology lies in the fact that different assessments can yield varying results for the same region, creating challenges for the development of sustainable land management plans and effective responses to potential wildfires. For instance, when using the approved national “Methodology for determining the risk of forest fires in the country” sanctioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Forests (MAFF) of Bulgaria, which aligns with European requirements, some areas, like the territory of the State Forestry “Botevgrad” (TP SFE “Botevgrad”), were categorized as having a medium risk of wildfires. However, in the Forest Management Plan of TP SFE “Botevgrad,” the degree of wildfire risk was classified as low. In light of these discrepancies, we have taken the initiative to enhance the methodology by including risk calculations for smaller units, such as subdivisions, sections, and enterprises. This approach seeks to provide a more accurate and detailed assessment of wildfire risk in specific forest areas.
Sectoral Growth and Export Earnings
Authors: O’Malley Eoin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses the contributions of different sectors to economic growth during the boom, focusing particularly on the contributions of sectors to exports because, in a small and very open economy, export growth makes an essential contribution that drives the rest of the economy. As an essential part of this, it examines the net foreign earnings accruing to the Irish economy after deducting the profit outflows and payments for imported inputs that were associated with each sector’s exports. Most manufacturing sectors looked less important in terms of net foreign earnings than they appeared when seen in terms of exports, while the reverse was true for market services and the food sector. Although export growth weakened substantially after 2000, the composition of exports was changing in a way that allowed the growth of net foreign earnings to remain strong for about the next five years. It was only in the final few years of the boom—2005–2007—that the pace of economic growth was not genuinely sustainable and became dependent on a debt-fuelled property and construction boom.
Fazit
Authors: Tkotzyk Vanessa 
Published: March 2024

ZusammenfassungZum Abschluss werden in Abschnitt 7.1 die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zusammengefasst und in Abschnitt 7.2 die Limitationen dieser Arbeit aufgezeigt sowie Vorschläge für weiterführende Forschung unterbreitet.
Handlungsempfehlungen
Authors: Albrecht Joanna , Hüning Nadine 
Published: April 2024

ZusammenfassungWie bereits angeführt, liefert diese Forschungsarbeit einen ersten umfassenden Blick auf die Thematik Digitale Teilhabe von MgB in der Eingliederungshilfe. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen und der Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen werden nachfolgend spezifische Handlungsempfehlungen auf forschungs- und praxisbezogener sowie politischer Ebene abgeleitet, um Digitale Teilhabe von MgB sowie den Einsatz und die Weiterentwicklung der entwickelten Definition, des Modells sowie des Erhebungsinstrumentes zu fördern.
Digitalisierung und Mediatisierung in Lebensbereichen
Authors: Albrecht Joanna , Hüning Nadine 
Published: April 2024

Zusammenfassung„In einer digital vernetzten Welt bleibt kein Lebensbereich unberührt“, denn tiefgreifende Veränderungen und Entwicklungen im Zuge der Digitalisierung und Mediatisierung manifestieren sich in allen Lebensbereichen. Dadurch entstehen für die Gesellschaft fortwährend Potenziale und Herausforderungen im Umgang mit dem digitalen Wandel, die vor allem während der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-Pandemie] präsent wurden. Vor allem, um soziale Begegnungen aufrechtzuerhalten, wurden und werden Aktivitäten in diesen Bereichen teilweise oder vollständig in den digitalen Bereich verlagert oder neue digitale Aktivitäten wurden und werden geschaffen.