bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of immunophenotype with progression‐free survival in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib mesylate
Authors: Chirieac Lucian R. , Trent Jonathan C. , Steinert Dejka M. , Choi Haesun , Yang Ying , Zhang Jiexin , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Benjamin Robert S. , Raymond A. Kevin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has been revolutionized by imatinib mesylate (IM). It is unknown whether the levels of KIT expression or the presence of CD34, smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, or S‐100 protein predicts patient outcome from IM therapy. In the current study, the prognostic effects for KIT and other proteins (CD34, SMA, desmin, S‐100) were analyzed in a series of GISTs in which protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC).METHODS.The cases of 106 patients with GIST who were uniformly treated with IM at the study institution between December 15, 2000, and January 13, 2002 were evaluated retrospectively. The association between KIT intensity, CD34, desmin, SMA, S‐100 protein, and progression‐free survival (PFS) was studied. Kaplan‐Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS.The majority of tumors arose from the stomach (37%), small intestine (35%), and colorectum (14%). KIT expression as determined by IHC was categorized as weak (10%), intermediate (32%), or strong (58%). Patient tumors expressed CD34 (75%), SMA (56%), desmin (1%), and S‐100 protein (32%). Patients whose GIST had weak, intermediate, or strong KIT expression were found to have an 18‐month PFS rate of 80%, 84%, and 69%, respectively (P= .30). The presence or absence of CD34, SMA, desmin, or S‐100 protein did not appear to correlate with PFS after IM.CONCLUSIONS.Patients with the appropriate clinical presentation and KIT‐positive GIST tumors appear to benefit from IM independent of the level of KIT or the expression of CD34, SMA, desmin, or S‐100 protein by IHC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Malignant phyllodes tumor of the female breast
Authors: Macdonald O. Kenneth , Lee Christopher M. , Tward Jonathan D. , Chappel Craig D. , Gaffney David K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Malignant phyllodes tumor is a rare and potentially aggressive breast neoplasm. Little information is available regarding the optimal management of these lesions and rarer still are data regarding survival. The current study used a large population database to determine prognostic factors that predict cause‐specific survival (CSS).METHODS.Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) for the years 1983–2002. Women receiving resection for primary nonmetastatic malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast were included (n= 821). Analyses of patient, pathologic, and treatment characteristics were performed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for the CSS endpoint.RESULTS.With a median follow‐up of 5.7 years, CSS was 91%, 89%, and 89%, at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Mastectomy was performed in 428 women (52%) and wide excision or lumpectomy in 393 (48%). Women undergoing mastectomy were significantly older (P= .004) and had larger tumors (P= .009). Wide excision was associated with equivalent or improved CSS relative to mastectomy on univariate and multivariate analyses. Older age predicted for cause‐specific mortality on multivariate analysis. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) predicted for worse CSS when implemented compared with surgery alone.CONCLUSIONS.Mastectomy was not found to provide a benefit in CSS compared with wide excision in malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast. Women undergoing wide excision had at the minimum similar cancer‐specific mortality compared with those who received mastectomy. The role of adjuvant RT is uncertain and requires further investigation. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Comprehensive classification of the auditory sensory projections in the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kamikouchi Azusa , Shimada Takashi , Ito Kei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe established a comprehensive projection map of the auditory receptor cells (Johnston's organ neurons: JONs) from the antennae to the primary auditory center of the Drosophila brain. We found 477 ± 24 cell bodies of JONs, which are arranged like a “bottomless bowl” within the auditory organ. The target of the JONs in the brain comprises five spatially segregated zones, each of which is contributed by bundles of JON axons that gradually branch out from the antennal nerve. Four zones are confined in the antennal mechanosensory and motor center, whereas one zone further extends over parts of the ventrolateral protocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion. Single‐cell labeling with the FLP‐out technique revealed that most JONs innervate only a single zone, indicating that JONs can be categorized into five groups according to their target zones. Within each zone, JONs innervate various combinations of subareas. We classified these five zones into 19 subareas according to the branching patterns and terminal distributions of single JON axons. The groups of JONs that innervate particular zones or subareas of the primary auditory center have their cell bodies in characteristic locations of the Johnston's organ in the antenna, e.g., in concentric rings or in paired clusters. Such structural organization suggests that each JON group, and hence each zone of the primary auditory center, might sense different aspects of sensory signals. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:317–356, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galanin receptor 1 is expressed in a subpopulation of glutamatergic interneurons in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord
Authors: Landry Marc , Bouali‐Benazzouz Rabia , André Caroline , Shi Tie Jun Sten , Léger Claire , Nagy Frédéric , Hökfelt Tomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide galanin has been implicated in pain processing at the spinal level and local dorsal horn neurons expressing the Gal1 receptor may play a critical role. In order to determine the transmitter identity of these neurons, we used immunohistochemistry and antibodies against the Gal1 receptor and the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs), as well as in situ hybridization, to explore a possible glutamatergic phenotype. Gal1 protein, which could not be demonstrated in Gal1 knockout mice, colocalized with VGLUT2 protein, but not with glutamate decarboxylase, in many nerve endings in lamina II. Moreover, Gal1 and VGLUT2 transcripts were often found in the same cell bodies in laminae I–IV. Gal1‐protein and galanin‐peptide showed an overlapping distribution but were not colocalized. Gal1 staining did not appear to be affected by dorsal rhizotomy. Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that Gal1 is a heteroreceptor expressed on excitatory glutamatergic dorsal horn interneurons. Activation of such Gal1 receptors may thus decrease the inhibitory tone in the superficial dorsal horn, and possibly cause antinociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:391–403, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic and nonsynaptic localization of GABAAreceptors containing the α5 subunit in the rat brain
Authors: Serwanski David R. , Miralles Celia P. , Christie Sean B. , Mehta Ashok K. , Li Xuejing , De Blas Angel L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe α5 subunit of the GABAAreceptors (GABAARs) has a restricted expression in the brain. Maximum expression of this subunit occurs in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and olfactory bulb. Hippocampal pyramidal cells show high expression of α5 subunit‐containing GABAARs (α5‐GABAARs) both in culture and in the intact brain. A large pool of α5‐GABAARs is extrasynaptic and it has been proposed to be involved in the tonic GABAergic inhibition of the hippocampus. Nevertheless, there are no studies on the localization of the α5‐GABAARs at the electron microscope (EM) level. By using both immunofluorescence of cultured hippocampal pyramidal cells and EM postembedding immunogold of the intact hippocampus we show that, in addition to the extrasynaptic pool, there is a pool of α5‐GABAARs that concentrates at the GABAergic synapses in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells. The results suggest that the synaptic α5‐GABAARs might play a role in the phasic GABAergic inhibition of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:458–470, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: II. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Cantwell Elizabeth L. , Cassone Vincent M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe vertebrate circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators, pacemakers, and outputs. In birds, the pineal gland and retinae have been defined as pacemakers within this system. Evidence for a third, hypothalamic pacemaker is abundant. It has been presumed that this pacemaker is homologous to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Two candidate structures have been referred to as the avian SCN—the medial SCN (mSCN) and the visual SCN (vSCN). Previously, we suggested that both structures are involved in a “suprachiasmatic complex.” To further explore evidence for an avian SCN, the present study employed several classical techniques to assess intrinsic characteristics of the mSCN and vSCN in the chicken. First, analysis of mSCN and vSCN cytoarchitecture indicated that the mSCN is similar in location and cell population to the mammalian SCN, while the vSCN is more similar in terms of its shape. Second, intravitreal injections of tritiated proline were used to identify hypothalamic retinal terminals. The findings support previous studies identifying the vSCN as the primary retinorecipient hypothalamic structure in birds. Third, analysis of mSCN and vSCN chemoarchitecture suggests that both the mSCN and vSCN display similarity to the mammalian SCN, which displays significant interspecies variation. Finally, a unique astrocytic bridge between the mSCN and vSCN is demonstrated, suggesting that astrocytes play a role within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of birds, similar to the situation in mammals. Our previously presented working model of the avian suprachiasmatic complex is updated to include these data. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:442–457, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chip‐on‐beads: Flow‐cytometric evaluation of chromatin immunoprecipitation
Authors: Székvölgyi Lóránt , Bálint Bálint L. , Imre László , Goda Katalin , Szabó Miklós , Nagy László , Szabó Gábor 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground:Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a widely used technique for the detection of in vivo DNA–protein interactions underlying epigenetic regulation. The standard readout of ChIP is based on semi‐quantitative or quantitative PCR measurements; however, the development of alternative platforms with high throughput potentialities is expected to facilitate the introduction of this method into routine diagnostics.Methods:We have established a flow‐cytometry‐based alternative for the evaluation of ChIP data. The method is based on the capture of the products of a conventional PCR run to low cycle numbers, on microbeads.Results:In vivo histone H4 acetylation and H3 lysine 4 methylation was detected at the promoter of the tissue transglutaminase type 2 gene. These results were confirmed by QPCR measurements. The levels of modifications decreased significantly upon apoptosis and were accompanied by the down‐regulation of TGM2 mRNA expression.Conclusions:This method that we named ChIP‐on‐beads, a combination of flow cytometry and conventional PCR, is a reliable and efficient alternative in the quantitative analysis of ChIP results, especially promising when high throughput monitoring of epigenetic markers of diagnostic importance is required. The method is simple enough to be easily implemented in a routine flow‐cytometric laboratory. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
A survey of current architectures for connecting wireless mobile ad hoc networks to the Internet
Authors: Ammari Habib M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractConnecting wired and wireless networks, and particularly mobile wireless ad hoc networks (MANETs) and the global Internet, is attractive in real‐world scenarios due to its usefulness and praticality. Because of the various architectural mismatches between the Internet and MANETs with regard to their communication topology, routing protocols, and operation, it is necessary to introduce a hybrid interface capable of connecting to the Internet using Mobile IP protocol and to MANETs owing to an ad hoc routing protocol. Specifically, the approaches available in the literature have introduced updated versions of Mobile IP agents or access points at the edge of the Internet to help MANET nodes get multi‐hop wireless Internet access. The main differences in the existing approaches concern the type of ad hoc routing protocol as well as the switching algorithm used by MANET nodes to change their current Mobile IP agents based on specific switching criteria. This paper surveys a variety of approaches to providing multi‐hop wireless Internet access to MANET nodes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene targeting of ErbB3 using a Cre‐mediated unidirectional DNA inversion strategy
Authors: Qu Shimian , Rinehart Cammie , Wu Hsiao‐Huei , Wang Shizhen Emily , Carter Bruce , Xin Hongbo , Kotlikoff Michael , Arteaga Carlos L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRecombinase‐mediated unidirectional DNA inversion and transcriptional arrest is a promising strategy for high throughput conditional mutagenesis in the mouse. Banks of mouse embryonic stem cells with defined, transcriptionally silent insertions that can be activated by Cre recombinase would take advantage of existing transgenic Cre lines to rapidly produce hundreds of lineage specific and temporally controlled knockout mice for each gene, thereby introducing significant parallelism to functional gene annotation. However, the extent to which this strategy results in effective gene knockout has not been established. To test the feasibility of this strategy we targeted ErbB3, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors, using this strategy. Insertion of a reversed “flipflox” vector consisting of a gene inactivation cassette (GI) and an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)‐GFP reporter into intron 1 of ErbB3 was transcriptionally silent and did not affect ErbB3 expression. Crosses with ubiquitous and lineage specific Cre recombinase expressing lines permanently inverted the inserted GI cassette and blocked ErbB3 expression. Unidirectional DNA inversion by in vivo recombination is an effective strategy for targeted or ubiquitous gene knockout. genesis 44:477–486, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Structure of Pd and Pt Complexes with Doubly Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides
Authors: Carbó Marta , Marín Nérida , Navarro Rafael , Soler Tatiana , Urriolabeitia Esteban P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe doubly stabilized P‐ylide ligands Ph3P=C(CO2Me)C(=S)N(H)Ph (L1), Ph3P=C(CN)C(=S)N(H)Ph (L2), and Ph3P=C(CN)–[(E)‐C(CO2Me)=CH(CO2Me)] (L3) have been prepared and fully characterized. The X‐ray structures of L1 and L2 are reported. The reactivity of L1, L2, and L3 towards cationic PdII and PtII precursors with two vacant coordination sites has been studied. Adducts of general formula [M(CX)(Ln)]ClO4, [M(CX)(Ln)2]ClO4, and [M(μ‐Ln)(CX)]2(ClO4)2 (CX = ancillary ligands) were obtained. The ylides Ln coordinate to the metal center through their heteroatoms (O, N, S), while the C bonding of Ln has not been observed in any of the cases studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications of Palladacyclic Complexes Bearing C,N,S‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Chen Ming‐Tsz , Huang Chi‐An , Chen Chi‐Tien 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe preparations of novel tridentate C,N,S‐donor ligand precursors, PhN=C(CMe2)(NPh)C=N(CH2)2SR [R = CMe3 (2); R = Ph (3)] are described. Treatment of 2 and 3 with 1 equiv. of Pd(OAc)2 affords the orthometallated palladium(II) complexes [PhN=C(CMe2)(N‐η1‐Ph)C=N(CH2)2SR]Pd(OAc) [R = CMe3 (4); R = Ph (5)]. Reaction of 4 and 5 with an excess of LiCl in methanol affords the orthometallated palladium(II) complexes [PhN=C(CMe2)(N‐η1‐Ph)C=N(CH2)2SR]PdCl [R = CMe3 (6); R = Ph (7)]. Crystal structures are reported for compounds 3 and 4. The application of these novel palladacyclic complexes as catalyses for the Suzuki and Heck reactions with aryl halide substrates was examined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Classical and Non‐Classical Ruthenium‐Based Anticancer Drugs: Towards Targeted Chemotherapy
Authors: Han Ang Wee , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRuthenium‐based anticancer chemotherapies are making significant advances in clinical trials. Until recently, the focus has been on coordination complexes, and mechanisms such as “activation by reduction” and “transferrin‐targeted delivery” have been proposed to account for the excellent cytotoxicity and low general toxicity of these complexes. More recently organoruthenium compounds, which to some extent appear not to follow the established rules, have started to be investigated. Despite such differences, similar activities between certain coordination and organometallic compounds suggest similar modes of action are present. DNA, the classic target, is believed to be the dominant mechanism for cytotoxicity with certain ruthenium drugs, while with others, non‐classical targets are thought to be more important. In this article we describe these features and show how both ruthenium coordination complexes and organoruthenium compounds represent an ideal scaffold for further drug design and optimisation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Mass distribution and focusing properties of carrier ampholytes for isoelectric focusing: I. Novel and unexpected results
Authors: Sebastiano Roberto , Simó Carolina , Mendieta Martha Elena , Antonioli Paolo , Citterio Attilio , Cifuentes Alejandro , Peltre Gabriel , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to prepare quasi‐isoelectric buffers as BGEs for CE, carrier ampholytes (CAs) (Ampholine, pH 7–9; Servalyt, pH 7–9; Bio‐Lyte, pH 8–10 and Pharmalyte, pH 8–10.5) have been subdivided with the Rotofor into 20 fractions, ofca.0.1 pH unit span, whose composition has been studied by CZE‐MS. The results have allowed identifying the number of different molecular mass compounds present in every commercial brand, as well as the number of isoforms (having identical mass, but representing positional isomers) associated with a givenMrvalue. Ampholine is composed of 29 species, for a total of 85 different isoforms; Bio‐Lyte is made of 43 compounds, for a total of 136 isoforms; Pharmalyte comprises 58 differentMrchemicals, for a total of 102 isoforms and Servalyt is constituted by 65 species, for a total of 306 compounds (all of these values to be considered as minimum numbers, as detected by the present methodology). Surprisingly, and contrary to theory, a very large proportion (up to 70%) of these species are ‘poor carrier ampholytes’, in that they are unable to focus and are evenly distributed along the generated pH gradient in the electric field. Paradoxically, the pH gradient is created and sustained by the minority of species (30% for three brands, up to 50% for Pharmalyte) that appear to focus at their pIposition into reasonably sharp zones. Even in the narrowest pIfraction, up to 20 different compounds can be detected. It is concluded that very few amines with different useful pKvalues are utilized for the synthesis and that a new generation of CAs with a more diversified population of amines with proper pKvalues within the given pH intervals should be sought. Ampholine, the poorest of the commercial brands, appears to be still made with the original synthesis devised by Vesterberg,i.e.by reacting a concoction of oligoamines with α,β‐unsaturated acids.
Impact of small amounts of swelling clays on the physical properties of debris‐flow‐like granular materials. Implications for the study of alpine debris flow
Authors: Bardou Eric , Bowen Paul , Boivin Pascal , Banfill Phil 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effect of the small fraction of clays on the rheological behaviour of alpine debris flow is poorly understood. This is partly due to the complexity of the debris flow mineralogy and the broad particle size distribution. This study has investigated this issue by simulating an alpine debris flow with a mixture of well characterized fractions and then varying the clay fraction composition. Four samples were tested, ranging from a clay fraction made up of only kaolinite (1:1 type clay) to samples where 80 per cent of the kaolinite is replaced by bedeillite (a 2:1 type clay similar to smectite). Changing the content of 2:1 type clay has a strong influence on the behaviour of the whole material, despite its low weight fraction of around 2 per cent. The tests carried out on these reconstituted materials were compared with the results obtained for natural debris flow materials and showed some common trends: in particular, the rheological parameters for materials with and without 2:1 clays with respect to yield stress as a function of solid content. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of soil and PM10 from agricultural fields associated with high winds on the Columbia Plateau
Authors: Sharratt B. , Feng G. , Wendling L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWinter wheat–summer fallow is the conventional cropping system employed on >1·5 million ha within the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington and northern Oregon. Wind erosion contributes to poor air quality in the region, yet little is known concerning the magnitude of soil and PM10 (particulate matter of ≤10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) loss from agricultural lands. Therefore, loss of soil and PM10 was assessed from a silt loam in eastern Washington during 2003 and 2004. Field sites were maintained in fallow using conventional tillage practices in 2003 (9 ha field) and 2004 (16 ha field) and instrumented to assess horizontal soil flux and PM10 concentrations at the windward and leeward positions in the field during high‐wind events. Soil flux was measured using creep and airborne sediment collectors while PM10 concentrations were measured using high‐volume PM10 samplers. Aggregate size distribution of parent soil and eroded sediment was characterized by rotary and sonic sieving. Six high‐wind events occurred over the two year period, with soil loss ranging from 43 kg ha−1 for the 12–22 September 2003 event to 2320 kg ha−1 for the 27–29 October 2003 event. Suspension‐sized particulates (<100 µm in diameter) comprised ≥90 per cent of the eroded sediment, indicating that direct suspension may be an important process by which the silt loam eroded. The corresponding loss of PM10 for these two events ranged from 5 to 210 kg ha−1. Loss of PM10 comprised 9–12 per cent of the total soil loss for the six events. This study suggests that the relatively small loss of PM10 from eroding agricultural fields maintained in summer fallow can affect air quality in the Columbia Plateau. Therefore, alternative tillage practices or cropping systems are needed for minimizing PM10 emissions and improving air quality in the region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.