bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Motions in Sodium Tetrachloroaurate Dihydrate as Studied by the Proton and Chlorine Nuclear Relaxation Times
Authors: Sagisawa Kensho , Kiriyama Hideko , Kiriyama Ryôiti 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 1H and 35Cl relaxation times in NaAuCl4·2H2O have been measured at temperatures between 79 and 350 K. The 1H T1 data revealed that the water molecule of crystallization reorients about its C2 axis with an activation energy of 26 kj mol−1. The 35Cl T1 values of the four NQR absorptions indicated that the reorientation of the water molecule makes no important contribution to the chlorine T1 in spite of the hydrogen bonds between them. A brief analysis of the 35Cl T1 led to a frequency of 58 cm−1 for the torsional vibration of the AuCl4− ion.
The Mechanism of the CO Oxidation over Polycrystalline Platinum
Authors: Matsushima Tatsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The kinetics of the CO oxidation has been studied on polycrystalline platinum at various partial pressures, total pressures, and temperatures; 0.1&lt;Pco⁄Po2&lt;5, 10−6&lt;P&lt;10−3 Pa, and 300&lt;T&lt;900K. The reaction was first-order in CO and zero-order in O2 for low pressures of CO, while it was inhibited by CO above a certain critical CO pressure, which increased with an increase in the O2 pressure and temperature. Above that CO pressure, the reaction was first-order in O2 and negative-order in CO. The amount of CO adsorbed was determined during the reaction with a flash-desorption technique. Above the critical CO pressure it was almost equal to that determined in the CO/Pt equilibrium system. It decreased sharply around the CO pressure and was very small at lower pressures. The kinetic behavior can be explained in terms of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood process and a change in the rate-limiting step.
Electron Trapping in Irradiated NaOH Ices. Electrons Stabilized at 4 K in Shallow Traps Associated with Na+ Cations
Authors: Kroh Jerzy , Noda Shoji , Yoshida Kiyomi , Yoshida Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Studies on electron trapping in 8 and 18 mol·dm−3 NaOH glassy ices were performed by means of 4 K γ-irradiation technique. The optical absorption spectra of e−t were found to be considerably red-shifted and broader compared with the spectra in the ices irradiated and examined at 77 K. This trend was more pronounced for the concentrated sample. The red part of the broad spectra was removed either by photobleaching with light of λ&gt;800nm at 4 K or by thermally annealing at 77 K. These results, combined with electron spin resonance data, lead to the conclusion that the shallow electron traps responsible for the red part of the spectra are formed with the participation of Na+ cations in the alkaline ices.
Direct Measurement of Interaction Energy between Solids and Gases. II. Microcalorimetric Studies on the Surface Acidity and Acid Strength Distribution of Solid Acid Catalysts
Authors: Masuda Tatsuo , Taniguchi Hitofumi , Tsutsumi Kazuo , Takahashi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The differential heats of adsorption of ammonia on several solid acids were measured by means of a twin conduction type microcalorimeter, and surface acid strength distribution and acidity were evaluated. Silica–alumina showed very high initial heats which were not observed in decationated zeolite and silica–magnesia. The acidity of zeolite was about 6 times as high as that of silica–alumina, showing very charactristic acid site distribution at 100 kJ/mol of adsorption energy, and suggesting the existence of homogeneous acid sites. The surface water modified surface acidic nature transforming strong acid sites into weaker ones. The poisoning of acid sites of silica-alumina with alkali occurred preferentially at sites on which adsorption energy of ammonia was 96–105kJ/mol.
Computation of the Correlation Functions for Fluids Composed of Diatomic Molecules by Means of the Method of Integral Equations
Authors: Kojima Kazumitsu , Arakawa Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Pair correlation functions and structure factors of molecular fluids were computed, based on the reference interaction site model (RISM) integral equation coupled with the Percus-Yevick (PY) and the hyper-netted chain (HNG) approximations. The system considered is a fluid of diatomic molecules consisting of two identical spheres of diameter a with each center located at a distance L(L&lt;σ). The total potential energy for the molecular fluid is assumed to be the sum of pair potentials of the Lennard-Jones type. It is shown that the pair correlation functions calculated are in agreement with results of molecular dynamics studies. The structure factors calculated by using two kinds of approximations (PY and HNG) are found to deviate from each other for small values of k(wave vector). Discussions are given on the behavior of the structure factors, S(k). The rise of S(k) at small k is ascribed to the effect of attractive forces between molecules.
The Temperature Dependence of the Solubilities of 1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione and 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione in Water and Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Yoshimura Yasuki , Suzuki Nobuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The temperature dependence of the solubilities of 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (benzoylacetone) and 4,4,4-tri-fluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (benzoyltrifluoroacetone) in water and in 1.0 mol l−1 aqueous solutions of HClO4, HCl, NaClO4, KCl, NaBr, NaCl, BaCl2, and Na2SO4 was determined over the temperature ranges of 20 to 45°C for benzoylacetone and of 15 to 30°C for benzoyltrifluoroacetone. From these data, the thermodynamic quantities associated with the dissolution in water and with the transfer from water to the aqueous electrolyt solutions were estimated. Both the enthalpy and the entropy of solution of benzoyltrifluoroacetone in water were much smaller than those for benzoylacetone. This was interpreted by assuming a higher hydrophobic hydration for the less polar benzoyltrifluoroacetone. The thermodynamic quantities of the transfer of benzoyltrifluoroacetone from water to the aqueous perchloric acid solution showed characteristic features compared with those of the other electrolyte solutions. The overall salt effect on the dissolution of benzoylacetone and benzoyltrifluoroacetone is discussed in terms of the change in the thermodynamic quantities.
Carbon-13 NMR Spectra of Benzene Mono- and Di-Carboxylic Acids and Their Analytical Applications
Authors: Kosugi Yoshio , Takeuchi Tsugio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Carbon-13 NMR spectra of benzoic, and phthalic acids were compared both in D2O with an excess of sodium hydroxide and in a mixture of DMSO-d6 and H2O (4:1). Tight ion pair forms of benzoate anion were considered. A simple additive rule for isomeric phthalic acids was employed to assign the spectral peaks. These carboxylic acids gave characteristic peaks and so can be distinguished from others in mixtures. Quantitative analyses of these carboxylic acids with calibration curves are also possible by a simple preparation of basic D2O solutions. An example of the use of these data is the Henkel process (cf. Fig. 1) for the synthesis of terephthalic acid.
cis-Dioxovanadium(V) and Mixed-Valence Divanadium(IV, V) Complexes Containing: β-Diketonate and Heterocyclic Nitrogen-base Ligands
Authors: Taguchi Hiroshi , Isobe Kiyoshi , Nakamura Yukio , Kawaguchi Shinichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Diamagnetic dioxovanadium(V) complexes, VO2(β-dik)(phen or bpy), were prepared by the direct reactions of VO(β-dik)2 with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridine in dichloromethane under aerobic conditions as well as by two other methods. These compounds were concluded to have a cis configuration on the basis of the IR and Raman data. These complexes are solvolyzed to afford the di-μ-methoxo-or di-μ-hydroxo-divanadium(V) species, and are reduced by hydrogen bromide to the oxovanadium(IV) species in dichloromethane. In methanol instead of dichloromethane, VO(acac)2 reacted with 2,2′-bipyridine to produce a novel mixed-valence divanadium(IV, V) complex, V2O3(acac)3(bpy), which was revealed by the magnetic, spectral, and polarographic data to be a trans adduct of VO(acac)2 with VO2(acac)(bpy) via an oxide ligand.
Synthesis and Oxygenation Reaction of Cobalt(II) Complexes with Jäger-Type Open-Chain Ligands
Authors: Kubokura Koichi , Okawa Hisashi , Kida Sigeo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cobalt(II) complexes with Jäger-type open-chain ligands, H2(J-R) (R=en, pn, ph, and tn), were prepared. It was found that Co(J-en), Co(J-pn), and Co(J-ph) are in low-spin state, and Co(J-tn) in high-spin state with a pseudo-tetrahedral configuration. The formation constant of pyridine adduct of Co(J-en)was spectrophotometrically determined to be 2.70, 2.18, and 1.90 M−1 at 0, 20, and 30 °C, respectively. Co(J-en)py forms oxygen adducts, Co(J-en)pyO2 and [Co(J-en)py]2O2, in a 1,2-dichloroethane solution at room temperature, exhibiting a characteristic band at 525 nm. The ease of oxygenation and the characteristic absorption in the visible region were interpreted in terms of the electron-withdrawing ability of acetyl group in the ligand.
Molecular and Crystal Structure of Hydrido(tricarbonyl)-bis(triphenylphosphine)manganese(I),HMn(CO)3[P(C6H5)3]2
Authors: Hayakawa Hiroshi , Nakayama Hiroaki , Kobayashi Akiko , Sasaki Yukiyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The compound crystallizes in the space group C2/c with unit-cell dimensions a=23.54(1), b=9.672(3), c=15.941(7) Å, β=114.90(4)°, and Z=4. The manganese atom is octahedrally coordinated by two triphenylphosphines in the trans positions, three equatorial carbonyl ligands, and a hydrido hydrogen. The Mn–H bond has a normal covalent length, 1.46(8) Å. The molecule has C2 symmetry, and Mn, O(1), C(1), and Hh are on special positions of (0, y, 1/4).
Nondispersive and Dispersive Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry of Arsenic by Utilizing the Arsine-generation Technique
Authors: Nakahara Taketoshi , Tanaka Toshiaki , Musha Sôichirô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry with nondispersive and dispersive systems by utilizing the arsine-generation technique is described for the determination of arsenic at the nanogram level, where the premixed argon(entrained air)- and nitrogen (entrained air)-hydrogen flames and a microwave-excited electrodeless discharge lamp were used. For the low-temperature flames, a newly designed burner has been constructed. The best detection limits obtained for arsenic are 2.3 ng in mass and 0.12 ppb in concentration with a nondispersive system in argon(entrained air)-hydrogen flame. Linear analytical working curves covering the mass range of arsenic from 30 ng to around 1000 ng have been obtained with nondispersive and dispersive systems at 193.7 and 197.2 nm in both the hydrogen flames. Several elements including other hydride-forming elements, such as antimony, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium, have caused a decrease in fluorescence signals. The present method, with the most sensitive nondispersive system and argon (entrained air)-hydrogen flame, can be applied to the determination of trace amounts of arsenic in wastewaters.
Furan Derivatives. III. Some Electrophilic Substitution Reactions and Hydrogenation of 4,5-Dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans
Authors: Horaguchi Takaaki , Abe Teishiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
4,5-Dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans (1a–d) reacted with a variety of electrophilic reagents to give the corresponding 2-substituted 4,5-dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans. Hydrogenation of 1a–d gave the corresponding 2a,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furans. 2H-Naphtho[1,8-bc]furans (7a–c) which were prepared from 1a–c were gradually converted to the 8-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carbaldehydes in air. The facile cleavage of the ether bond of 7a–c is thought due to ring strain in the 2H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furan ring system.
Calculation of the Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shifts of Some Organic Compounds Using the Improved Virtual Orbital Method
Authors: Kondo Masahiro , Ando Isao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Using the wavefunction obtained from the improved virtual orbital (IVO) method proposed by Huzinaga, the 13C NMR chemical shifts in some organic compounds (acetylene, ethylene, ethane, pentane, benzene, pyridine and acetone) have been calculated and compared with those obtained from the ordinary SCF-MO method. If the molecule considered is small, highly symmetric and non-polar, it can be expected that there is little difference in the calculated values between these two methods. If the molecule considered is rather large or polar, modification of the calculated values are apt to be induced by the IVO method. As far as qualitative tendencies of the chemical shifts of carbon in a molecule are concerned, both methods give similar results.
Total Synthesis of (±)Variotin and Its Analogs
Authors: Ishida Akihiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1-Sorboyl-2-pyrrolidone was prepared from sorbic acid and 2-ethoxy-1-pyrroline using 1-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide as a coupling reagent. Variotin and its analogs were similarly synthesized from lactim ethers and (2E,4E,6E)-8-hydroxy-2,4,6-dodecatrienoic acids without protecting the hydroxyl group at C-8. (2E,4E,6E)-8-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2,4,6-dodecatrienal, a precursor of trienoic acid, was synthesized by the elimination of methanol from (2E,6E)-8-acetoxy-5-methoxy-6-methyl-2,6-dodecadienal prepared from the reaction of 1-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene with (2E)-4-acetoxy-2-methyl-2-octenal dimethyl acetal.
Boron Trifluoride Hydrate-catalyzed Competitive Benzylation of Benzene and Toluene with Benzyl and Substituted Benzyl Chlorides
Authors: Takematsu Akiko , Sugita Kyoko , Nakane Ryohei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The competitive benzylation of benzene and toluene catalyzed by boron trifluoride hydrate was carried out with benzyl, chlorobenzyl, alkylbenzyl, and alkoxybenzyl chlorides in boron trifluoride hydrate and hexane solutions. The relative rates of toluene to benzene were smaller than 1 in the benzylation with benzyl and chlorobenzyl chlorides, while they were larger than 1 with alkylbenzyl and alkoxybenzyl chlorides. Competitive benzylation catalyzed by boron trifluoride was also carried out in a nitromethane solution. The relative rates were reduced by from several to ten times in the former solutions as compared to the latter solution; the kT/kB value became smaller than 1 when the electrophile was such a very strongly electron-deficient reagent as the benzyl or chlorobenzyl cation. On the other hand, the kT/kB value was still larger than 1 when the electrophilicity was lower, as in the alkylbenzyl or alkoxybenzyl cation. The isomer distribution was insensitive to the nature of the solvents. The formation of the meta isomer was always only a small percentage. These results substantiate our previous conclusions obtained in the ethylation and isopropylation catalyzed by boron trifluoride hydrate.
Carbon-13 NMR Spectra of Octahydro-1,4-naphthoquinones and of Their Derivatives
Authors: Irikawa Hajime , Okumura Yasuaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 13C NMR spectra are reported for hexahydro- and octahydro-1,4-naphthoquinones and their derivatives. The shielding trends of the methyl group are utilized for conformational analysis. A comparison of octahydro- 1,4-naphthoquinones with the corresponding decalins reveals that the effects of the carbonyl group are the large downfield shift of the α-carbons and the upfield shifts of the β- and γ-carbons.
A New Synthesis of α-Phenylsulfonyl-γ-lactones and Their Use for Syntheses of Actinidiolide Derivatives
Authors: Uneyama Kenji , Kuyama Manabu , Torii Sigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The acid-catalyzed cyclization of 2-phenylsulfonyl-4,8-dimethyi-3,7-nonadienoic acid (5) was performed by treatment with sulfuric acid-acetic acid and/or boron trifluoride in various aprotic solvents to afford 2,2,6-trimethyl-9-phenylsulfonyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one (4) in 70–75% yield. Similarly, 2-phenylsulfonyl-2-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadienyl)acetic acid provided 2,2,6-trimethyl-9-phenylsulfonyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4-en-8-one (7) in 62% yield. The lactones 4a, 4b, and 7 were converted into dihydroactinidiolide, tetrahydroactinidiolide, and 4,5-dihydroactinidiolide. The reaction conditions and mechanism of the cyclization of 5 are discussed.
Studies on Diazo Type Process. VI. Physico-chemical Studies on 1-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic Acid in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Suzuki Shin , Das Rebati C , Harada Kieko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid is formed in many important commercial “dry process” diazo-printing. Some physico-chemical properties of this dye in solutions have been investigated. Its absorption spectra in various solvents and in water at various acidities have been discussed on the basis of azoquinone hydrazone tautomeric and acid-base equilibria respectively. The dissociation constants of the acid-base equilibria in the pH range of 1–14 in aqueous solutions have been determined at 25 °C and 1.0 M ionic strength. Conductivities of aqueous solutions at various concentrations and temperatures have been interpreted on the basis of the colloidal nature of the dye. The polarograms of the compound have been drawn at various pH’s and discussed. Polarographic method indicates complex formation between Zn(II) salt and the dye in the mole ratio of 1:2.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Exchanging Systems. X. Rotational Barriers to trans-cis Isomerization in Esters
Authors: Nakanishi Hiroshi , Fujita Hitoshi , Yamamoto Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 13C NMR spectra of t-butyl formate (1), 1,1-diethylpropyl formate (2), and 2,6-dimethylphenyl formate (3) were measured at various temperatures. It was found that the signals of the trans and cis isomers in 1 and 2 are separated at very low temperatures, and that the signal of 3 only shows a slight line broadening. The complete line shape analyses of these temperature-dependent spectra were performed. The activation energies Ea(t-c) of the isomerization from the trans isomer to the cis were determined to be 10.9 kcal/mol for 1 and 7.2 kcal/mol for 2.
Phthalimides. III. Ammonolysis, Aminolysis, Hydrazinolysis, Pyrolysis, and Action of Grignard Reagents on Phthalimide Derivatives
Authors: Fahmy A F M , Aly N F , Orabi M O 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
N-Hydroxyphthalimide undergoes ammonolysis to give phthalimide. N-(Aroyloxy)phthalimides undergo alcoholysis followed by ammonolysis to give mixtures of phthalimide and ester. N-(Arylsulfonyloxy)phthalimides undergo ammonolysis, followed by Lossen rearrangement to give mixtures of 2,4-quinazolinedione and ammonium salts of arenesulfonic acids. N-Hydroxyphthalimide undergoes aminolysis to give the corresponding N-arylphthalimides. N-Hydroxyphthalimide reacts with hydrazine hydrate and/or phenylhydrazine in acetic acid or ethanol to give the corresponding 1,4-phthalazinedione, or by fusion to give phthalimide and N-phenylphthalimide, respectively. Pyrolysis of N-hydroxyphthalimide gives phthalimide, and N-(aroyloxy)phthalimides give mixtures of phthalimide and carboxylic acids. N-(Arylsulfonyloxy)phthalimides give mixture of phthalimide and arenesulfonic acids. However, pyrolysis of N-(arylcarbamoyloxy)phthalimides gave N-arylphthalimides. N-Hydroxyphthalimide reacts with phenylmagnesium bromide to give 1,1-diphenyl-3-(phenylimino)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran via ring opening followed Beckmann rearrangement, while N-(arylsulfonyloxy)phthalimides react with arylmagnesium bromide to give mixtures of [O-(arylamino)phenyl]diarylmethanols, and arenesulfonic acids via ring opening followed by Lossen rearrangement.
Preparation, Infrared and Mass Spectral Studies of 6-Substituted 6,7-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]diazaphosphepine 6-Oxides
Authors: Naidu M S R , Reddy C Devendranath 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several 6-substituted 6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]diazaphosphepine 6-oxides have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by IR and mass spectra. The existence of hydrogen bonding between the amidic hydrogens and the phosphoryl oxygen in theses compounds is indicated by the IR spectra. Under electron impact, the splitting pattern of these compounds takes about four major fragmentation pathways. The stability of dibenzodiazaphospheine cyclic system is indicated by the appearence of ions at m/e 229 and 211 corresponding to the species C12H10N2OP+ and C12H8N2P+, respectively, in all the spectra of the compounds except in the methyl and ethyl substituted compounds.
Chemical Equilibria of Methyl-, Ethyl-, and Propylmercury(II) Chlorides and Their Complexes with l-Cysteine in Liquid-Liquid Distribution Systems
Authors: Niitsu Masaru , Manri Teruo , Iritani Nobuhiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The distribution constants for methyl-, ethyl-, and propylmercury(II) chlorides (RHgCl) between aqueous 1 mol dm−3 (H, Na)Cl and benzene were determined to be 101.04, 101.60, and 102.20 respectively. The formation constants for the complexes of these organomercury(II) chlorides with l-cysteine (R′SH), K=[RHgSR′][H+][Cl−][RHgCl]−1[R′SH]−1, were determined to be 101.71 101.55, and 101.49 respectively.
Photochemical Oxidation of Toluene with Nitrogen Dioxide in Gas Phase. “Effects of Oxygen”
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroshi , Watanabe Kazuo , Ando Wataru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The products and mechanism of the reaction of toluene with nitrogen dioxide have been investigated in the presence of oxygen. The volatile products observed were benzaldehyde, o-, m-, and p-nitrotoluene, along with 6-nitro-o- and 2-nitro-p-cresol.
Preparation and Reactions of Di-1,3,5-triazinyl Ethers. I. Preparation of Di-1,3,5-triazinyl Ethers
Authors: Sakurai Ryuta , Hashida Yoji , Matsui Kohji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Di-1,3,5-triazinyl ethers have been prepared by the condensation of 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazines with potassium 1,3,5-triazin-2-olate in acetonitrile in the presence of a small amount of cyclic polyether. Di-1,3,5-triazinyl ether was also prepared by the reaction of 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine with potassium nitrite.
Electroorganic Chemistry. XXXIV. Novel Intramolecular Cyclization through Anodic Oxidation of Enol Acetates
Authors: Shono Tatsuya , Nishiguchi Ikuzo , Kashimura Shigenori , Okawa Masahisa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The anodic oxidation of 1-acetoxy-1,6-heptadiene homologues in acetic acid gave mainly intramolecular cyclization products, cyclohexenyl ketones. The cyclization takes place through the electrophilic attack of the cationic center generated from the enol ester moiety to the double bond.
Dissociation Constants of the Cyanohydrins of Substituted Acetonaphthones
Authors: Nadar P Ananthakrishna , Gnanasekaran C , Chandrasekaran J 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The dissociation constants of the cyanohydrins of 4-substituted 1-acetonaphthones and 6-substituted 2-acetonaphthones were determined at 30 °C in 80% dioxan–water(v/v). 1-Acetonaphthone Cyanohydrin has a greater dissociation constant than 2-acetonaphthone cyanohydrin due to steric interaction between the reaction centre and peri-H. The Hammett equation is well obeyed by both the series. The ρ values are found to be −1.18 and −2.36 for the 1-series and the 2-series respectively. The significant difference in the ρ values suggests that the electronic transmission is different in these two cases.
Bromate Ion Specific Adsorption at Hg/KBrO3(aq) Interface
Authors: Ramanamurti M V , Qayum A , Singh R K 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Adsorption analysis at polarized Hg/KBrO3 (aq) interface through capacity measurements at 25 °C indicates bromate ion specific adsorption by the cathodic shift of zero charge potential with bulk electrolyte activity confirmed by means of q1 (charge due to specifically adsorbed anions) vs. qm (electrode charge) curves. At any concentration, q1&gt;qm revealed bromate ion superequivalent adsorption. At fixed qm, q1 increases with electrolyte activity.