bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Salvage in Cardiothoracic Surgery: Cost Issues
Authors: Morgan Cliff , Cooper Mary 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe benefits of cell salvage in cardiothoracic surgery are generally accepted from a quality perspective and in terms of reducing the need for transfusion of allogeneic blood. The authors attempt to place this clinical quality driver in the context of financial issues such as the relative costs of using or, indeed, not using cell salvage. Recent developments in the United Kingdom make the case for widespread use of cell salvage very compelling but differences in the prevalence of transfusion‐related complications and different cost models in various health economies have to be considered.
Approaches to the Engineering of Hemoglobin‐Based Oxygen Carriers
Authors: Fronticelli Clara , Bellelli Andrea , Brinigar William S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYMolecular biology offers the opportunity to construct hemoglobin molecules as blood substitutes tailored to specific therapeutic applications. Oxygen affinity can be manipulated by amino acid substitutions in the heme pocket or on the protein surface. A response to the concentration of plasma‐Cl‐ that mimics the effect of 2,3‐DPG was also introduced in human Hb. Polymerization of tetrameric Hb prevents the vasoconstriction associated with infusion of Hb solutions. Polymers have been obtained through the formation of intermolecular S‐S bonds between cysteine residues introduced on the Hb surface. In a mouse model, transfusion of polymeric hemoglobins reduced the volume of cerebral infarction. This effect was particularly evident with polymers having a high oxygen affinity (P50≤˜2.0 Torr) and no cooperativity (n = 1). These are the same functional characteristics of myoglobin. Polymers of myoglobin have been constructed and could be a viable alternative to the use of polymeric hemoglobins in some pathological conditions.
Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution: A Critical Evaluation of Its Safety and Utility in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Wong Edward C. C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe use of blood conservation techniques has gained importance since the 1980s when hazards of blood transfusion, especially transfusion of infectious agents, became well recognized. In adult medicine, predonation autologous blood donation (PABD) and techniques of intraoperative and postoperative collection and reinfusion, initially perfected during the Vietnam era, were used with increased frequency. Methods to limit homologous transfusion in pediatrics were slow to develop, at least in part due to limitations of venous access, operational complexity and the unique and ever changing physiology of the infant and toddler. Blood conservation techniques include PABD, intraoperative hemodilution, intraoperative blood recovery and postoperative scavenging. The history and physiology of hemodilution and its application in pediatric surgery patients with and without additional conservation methods in different clinical conditions will be discussed. In particular, the use of acute normovolemic hemodilution in pediatrics will be the focus of this review.
Aprotinin Versus Synthetic Antifibrinolytics in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Dietrich Wulf 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe prophylactic perioperative use of antifibrinolytics in open‐heart surgery substantially reduces hemorrhage and allogeneic blood requirements. This has been proven for open‐heart surgery, but is not as evident for other surgical procedures. In general, the higher the degree of intraoperative hemostatic activation, the more effective in terms of decreased bleeding tendency a pharmacological antifibrinolytic intervention will be. It should be emphasized that aprotinin, in contrast to tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid, does not act as a pure antifibrinolytic, but also has thrombin‐reducing properties. Promising results for aprotinin as an antiinflammatory agent are under discussion. Both drugs are recommended for the reduction of bleeding tendency during and after open‐heart surgery. Review of the literature suggests the routine use of antifibrinolytics during open‐heart surgery.
Resuscitation Endpoints in Trauma
Authors: Napolitano Lena M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFluid and blood resuscitation is the mainstay of therapy for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock, whether due to trauma or other etiology. Cessation of hemorrhage with rapid hemostatic techniques is the first priority in the treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock, with concomitant fluid resuscitation with blood and crystalloids to maintain perfusion and organ function. “Hypotensive” or “low‐volume” resuscitation has become increasingly accepted in the prehospital resuscitation phase of trauma, prior to definitive hemorrhage control, since aggressive fluid resuscitation may increase bleeding. Resuscitation after hemorrhage control is focused on restoration of tissue oxygenation. Efforts to optimize resuscitation have used “resuscitation endpoints” as markers of adequacy of resuscitation. The resuscitation endpoints that have been evaluated include both global (restoration of blood pressure, heart rate and urine output, lactate, base deficit, mixed venous oxygen saturation, ventricular end‐diastolic volume) and regional (gastric tonometry, near‐infrared spectroscopy for measurement of muscle tissue oxygen saturation) measures. This review critically evaluates the evidence regarding the use of resuscitation endpoints in trauma.
Overview of Transfusion Practices in Perioperative and Critical Care*
Authors: Hébert Paul C. , McDonald Bernard J. , Tinmouth Alan 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYDecisions concerning the use of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in the treatment of anemia and hemorrhage require a clear understanding of the risks and benefits of both the condition and its treatment. Although we have developed a much clearer appreciation for the infectious and immunomodulatory risks of RBC transfusion over the past two decades, the risks of anemia in many clinical settings and the benefits of RBC transfusion are still inadequately characterized. Only one large randomized controlled trial has examined red cell administration in the perioperative and in the critical care setting, and high‐quality clinical evidence is not yet available for many decisions related to red cell transfusions. Several studies and initiatives to evaluate alternatives to RBC transfusions and to improve current understanding of transfusion practices are underway. It is anticipated that risks and benefits of red cells and alternatives will be elucidated in the coming years.
Thoughts on the Mechanism of Action of Aprotinin
Authors: Royston David 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCurrently there is no unifying theory that fully explains the hemostatic action of aprotinin. The majority of data related to the potential mechanism(s) of action of aprotinin can be broadly divided into the three topics of preservation of platelet function, reduced fibrinolysis and inhibition of thrombin generation. These three themes are not mutually exclusive and have evidence that either supports or refutes their importance in the process. What is clear when all of the scientific evidence is evaluated is that aprotinin is not simply an antifibrinolytic. The agent has multiple direct and indirect effects to inhibit platelet and coagulation functions in addition to inhibition of free plasmin. Despite the incomplete knowledge of its mechanism of action, aprotinin given in a sufficient dose remains the most potent agent currently available to prevent the need for transfusions of blood and hemostatic components in multiple surgical environments.
Detection of
Histoplasma capsulatum
Antigenuria by Ultrafiltration of Samples with False-Negative Results
Authors: Egan Lindsey , Connolly Patricia A. , Fuller Deanna , Davis Thomas E. , Witt John , Knox Kenneth S. , Hage Chadi A. , Wheat L. Joseph 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Patients with histoplasmosis may test falsely negative for
Histoplasma capsulatum
antigenuria. In some cases antigen is present at levels below the assay's detection limit, and ultrafiltration could improve sensitivity. Antigen was detected following ultrafiltration in 73.8% of falsely negative specimens versus 2% of controls. Ultrafiltration improved sensitivity with a small reduction in specificity.
Lagos Bat Virus in Kenya
Authors: Kuzmin Ivan V. , Niezgoda Michael , Franka Richard , Agwanda Bernard , Markotter Wanda , Beagley Janet C. , Urazova Olga Y. , Breiman Robert F. , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

During lyssavirus surveillance, 1,221 bats of at least 30 species were collected from 25 locations in Kenya. One isolate of
Lagos bat virus
(LBV) was obtained from a dead
Eidolon helvum
fruit bat. The virus was most similar phylogenetically to LBV isolates from Senegal (1985) and from France (imported from Togo or Egypt; 1999), sharing with these viruses 100% nucleoprotein identity and 99.8 to 100% glycoprotein identity. This genome conservancy across space and time suggests that LBV is well adapted to its natural host species and that populations of reservoir hosts in eastern and western Africa have sufficient interactions to share pathogens. High virus concentrations, in addition to being detected in the brain, were detected in the salivary glands and tongue and in an oral swab, suggesting that LBV is transmitted in the saliva. In other extraneural organs, the virus was generally associated with innervations and ganglia. The presence of infectious virus in the reproductive tract and in a vaginal swab implies an alternative opportunity for transmission. The isolate was pathogenic for laboratory mice by the intracerebral and intramuscular routes. Serologic screening demonstrated the presence of LBV-neutralizing antibodies in
E. helvum
and
Rousettus aegyptiacus
fruit bats. In different colonies the seroprevalence ranged from 40 to 67% and 29 to 46% for
E. helvum
and
R. aegyptiacus
, respectively. Nested reverse transcription-PCR did not reveal the presence of viral RNA in oral swabs of bats in the absence of brain infection. Several large bat roosts were identified in areas of dense human populations, raising public health concerns for the potential of lyssavirus infection.
Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus ORF48R Functions as a New Viral Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Authors: Wang Zi-Liang , Xu Xiao-Peng , He Bai-Liang , Weng Shao-Ping , Xiao Jia , Wang Li , Lin Ting , Liu Xi , Wang Qing , Yu Xiao-Qiang , He Jian-Guo 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus
(ISKNV) causes a pandemic and serious disease in fish. Infection by ISKNV causes epidermal lesions, in which petechial hemorrhages and abdominal edema are prominent features. ISKNV ORF48R contains a domain similar to that of the platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) families of proteins. ISKNV ORF48R showed higher similarity to the VEGFs encoded by
Megalocytivirus
and
Parapoxvirus
than to those encoded in fish and mammals. We used zebrafish as a model and constructed a recombinant plasmid containing the DNA sequence of ISKNV ORF48R to study ISKNV infection. The plasmid was microinjected into zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage. Overexpression of the ISKNV ORF48R gene results in pericardial edema and dilation at the tail region of zebrafish embryos, suggesting that ISKNV ORF48R induces vascular permeability. ISKNV ORF48R is also able to stimulate a striking expression of
flk1
in the zebrafish dorsal aorta and the axial vein. Furthermore, ISKNV ORF48R, while cooperating with zebrafish VEGF
121
, can stimulate more striking expression of
flk1
than can either ISKNV ORF48R or zebrafish VEGF
121
alone. However, decreased expression of FLK-1 by gene knockdown results in the disappearance of pericardial edema and dilation at the tail region of zebrafish embryos induced by overexpression of ISKNV ORF48R in the early stages of embryonic development.
Identification of the oriI-Binding Site of Poliovirus 3C Protein by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Amero C. D. , Arnold J. J. , Moustafa I. M. , Cameron C. E. , Foster M. P. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Replication of picornaviral genomes requires recognition of at least three
cis
-acting replication elements: oriL, oriI, and oriR. Although these elements lack an obvious consensus sequence or structure, they are all recognized by the virus-encoded 3C protein. We have studied the poliovirus 3C-oriI interaction in order to begin to decipher the code of RNA recognition by picornaviral 3C proteins. oriI is a stem-loop structure that serves as the template for uridylylation of the peptide primer VPg by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In this report, we have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to study 3C alone and in complex with two single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides derived from the oriI stem. The
1
H-
15
N spectra of 3C recorded in the presence of these RNAs revealed site-specific chemical shift perturbations. Residues that exhibit significant perturbations are primarily localized in the amino terminus and in a highly conserved loop between residues 81 and 89. In general, the RNA-binding site defined in this study is consistent with predictions based on biochemical and mutagenesis studies. Although some residues implicated in RNA binding by previous studies are perturbed in the 3C-RNA complex reported here, many are unique. These studies provide unique site-specific insight into residues of 3C that interact with RNA and set the stage for detailed structural investigation of the 3C-RNA complex by NMR. Interpretation of our results in the context of an intact oriI provides insight into the architecture of the picornavirus VPg uridylylation complex.
Hantavirus Causing Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Enters from the Apical Surface and Requires Decay-Accelerating Factor (DAF/CD55)
Authors: Krautkrämer Ellen , Zeier Martin 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe Old World hantaviruses, members of the familyBunyaviridae, cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Transmission to humans occurs via inhalation of aerosols contaminated with the excreta of infected rodents. The viral antigen is detectable in dendritic cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and, most importantly, microvascular endothelial cells. However, the site and detailed mechanism of entry of HFRS-causing hantaviruses in polarized epithelial cells have not yet been defined. Therefore, this study focused on the entry of the pathogenic hantaviruses Hantaan and Puumala into African green monkey kidney epithelial cells and primary human endothelial cells. The polarized epithelial and endothelial cells were found to be susceptible to hantavirus infection exclusively from the apical surface. Treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, which removes glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins from the cell surface, protects cells from infection, indicating that hantaviruses require a GPI-anchored protein as a cofactor for entry. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)/CD55 is a GPI-anchored protein of the complement regulatory system and serves as a receptor for attachment to the apical cell surface for a number of viruses. Infection was reduced by the pretreatment of hantaviral particles with human recombinant DAF. Moreover, the treatment of permissive cells with DAF-specific antibody blocked infection. These results demonstrate that the Old World hantaviruses Hantaan and Puumala enter polarized target cells from the apical site and that DAF is a critical cofactor for infection.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latent Gene vFLIP Inhibits Viral Lytic Replication through NF-κB-Mediated Suppression of the AP-1 Pathway: a Novel Mechanism of Virus Control of Latency
Authors: Ye Feng-Chun , Zhou Fu-Chun , Xie Jian-Ping , Kang Tao , Greene Whitney , Kuhne Kurt , Lei Xiu-Fen , Li Qui-Hua , Gao Shou-Jiang 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency is central to the evasion of host immune surveillances and induction of KSHV-related malignancies. The mechanism of KSHV latency remains unclear. Here, we show that the KSHV latent gene vFLIP promotes viral latency by inhibiting viral lytic replication. vFLIP suppresses the AP-1 pathway, which is essential for KSHV lytic replication, by activating the NF-κB pathway. Thus, by manipulating two convergent cellular pathways, vFLIP regulates both cell survival and KSHV lytic replication to promote viral latency. These results also indicate that the effect of the NF-κB pathway on KSHV replication is determined by the status of the AP-1 pathway and hence provide a mechanistic explanation for the contradictory role of the NF-κB pathway in KSHV replication. Since the NF-κB pathway is commonly activated during infection of gammaherpesviruses, these findings might have general implications for the control of gammaherpesviral latency.
Enumeration and Functional Evaluation of Virus-Specific CD4
+
and CD8
+
T Cells in Lymphoid and Peripheral Sites of Coxsackievirus B3 Infection
Authors: Kemball Christopher C. , Harkins Stephanie , Whitton J. Lindsay 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have suggested that coxsackievirus B (CVB) activates CD8
+
T cells in vivo, but the extent of this activation and the antigen specificity of the CD8
+
T cells remain uncertain. Furthermore, CVB-induced CD4
+
T-cell responses have not been carefully investigated. Herein, we evaluate CD8
+
and CD4
+
T-cell responses both in a secondary lymphoid organ (spleen) and in peripheral tissues (heart and pancreas), using a recombinant CVB3 (rCVB3.6) that encodes well-characterized CD8
+
and CD4
+
T-cell epitopes. Despite reaching high levels in vivo, rCVB3.6 failed to trigger a marked expansion of CD8
+
or CD4
+
T cells, and T-cell activation was surprisingly limited. Furthermore, epitope-specific effector functions could not be detected using highly sensitive in vivo and ex vivo assays. Moreover, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramer analysis indicated that our inability to detect CVB3-specific CD8
+
T-cell responses could not be explained by the cells being dysfunctional. In contrast to naïve T cells, epitope-specific memory CD8
+
and CD4
+
T cells proliferated markedly, indicating that both of the rCVB3.6-encoded epitopes were presented by their respective MHC molecules in vivo. These data are consistent with the observation that several CVB3 proteins can limit the presentation of viral epitopes on the surface of infected cells and suggest that the level of MHC/peptide complex is sufficient to trigger memory but not naïve T cells. Finally, our findings have implications for the biological significance of cross-priming, a process thought by some to be important for the induction of antiviral CD8
+
T-cell responses.
NP, PB1, and PB2 Viral Genes Contribute to Altered Replication of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens
Authors: Wasilenko Jamie L. , Lee Chang Won , Sarmento Luciana , Spackman Erica , Kapczynski Darrell R. , Suarez David L. , Pantin-Jackwood Mary J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT
The virulence determinants for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are considered multigenic, although the best characterized virulence factor is the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. The capability of influenza viruses to reassort gene segments is one potential way for new viruses to emerge with different virulence characteristics. To evaluate the role of other gene segments in virulence, we used reverse genetics to generate two H5N1 recombinant viruses with differing pathogenicity in chickens. Single-gene reassortants were used to determine which viral genes contribute to the altered virulence. Exchange of the PB1, PB2, and NP genes impacted replication of the reassortant viruses while also affecting the expression of specific host genes. Disruption of the parental virus' functional polymerase complexes by exchanging PB1 or PB2 genes decreased viral replication in tissues and consequently the pathogenicity of the viruses. In contrast, exchanging the NP gene greatly increased viral replication and expanded tissue tropism, thus resulting in decreased mean death times. Infection with the NP reassortant virus also resulted in the upregulation of gamma interferon and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. In addition to the impact of PB1, PB2, and NP on viral replication, the HA, NS, and M genes also contributed to the pathogenesis of the reassortant viruses. While the pathogenesis of AIVs in chickens is clearly dependent on the interaction of multiple gene products, we have shown that single-gene reassortment events are sufficient to alter the virulence of AIVs in chickens.
Trajectory-based visual analysis of large financial time series data
Authors: Schreck Tobias , Tekušová Tatiana , Kohlhammer Jörn , Fellner Dieter 
Published: February 2008

Visual Analytics seeks to combine automatic data analysis with visualization and human-computer interaction facilities to solve analysis problems in applications characterized by occurrence of large amounts of complex data. The financial data analysis domain is a promising field for research and application of Visual Analytics technology, as it prototypically involves the analysis of large data volumes in solving complex analysis tasks.
We introduce a Visual Analytics system for supporting the analysis of large amounts of financial time-varying indicator data. A system, driven by the idea of extending standard technical chart analysis from one to two-dimensional indicator space, is developed. The system relies on an unsupervised clustering algorithm combined with an appropriately designed movement data visualization technique. Several analytical views on the full market and specific assets are offered for the user to navigate, to explore, and to analyze. The system includes automatic screening of the potentially large visualization space, preselecting possibly interesting candidate data views for presentation to the user. The system is applied to a large data set of time varying 2-D stock market data, demonstrating its effectiveness for visual analysis of financial data. We expect the proposed techniques to be beneficial in other application areas as well.
Strong Convergence of Monotone Hybrid Algorithm for Hemi-Relatively Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Su Yongfu , Wang Dongxing , Shang Meijuan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to prove strong convergence theorems for fixed points of closed hemi-relatively nonexpansive mappings. In order to get these convergence theorems, the monotone hybrid iteration method is presented and is used to approximate those fixed points. Note that the hybrid iteration method presented by S. Matsushita and W. Takahashi can be used for relatively nonexpansive mapping, but it cannot be used for hemi-relatively nonexpansive mapping. The results of this paper modify and improve the results of S. Matsushita and W. Takahashi (2005), and some others.