bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. II: Cirrus
Authors: Foot J. S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAircraft measurements of broad‐band infrared and solar irradiances together with radiance measurements at discrete angles and wavelengths are used, combined with microphysical observations, to investigate the optical properties of cirrus cloud.Results are found to be consistent with approximations appropriate to large particles with strong absorption in the thermal infrared. The observed angular scattering pattern is compared with other limited observational results and found to be consistent with them. Implications for predicting cloud albedo are discussed. An effective radius for the ice particles is also defined to enable solar absorption within the cloud to be predicted. Observations in the near‐infrared are shown to be consistent with this definition although the agreement is dependent on a number of assumptions.
Recent large fluctuations in total ozone
Authors: Newell Reginald E. , Selkirk Henry B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTotal ozone changes have been examined for the past 29 years at 32 stations selected from the 70 surface stations in the global ozone network. Recent changes have been dominated by negative anomalies of two general types: reductions in the antarctic since 1980 in spring and deficits since late 1982 primarily in middle latitudes and centred on winter and spring. When significant anomalies from the 1963–1979 monthly means are tabulated world‐wide, it is found that positive anomalies were substantially in excess in 1970 only, whereas negative anomalies have dominated in each of the years 1983 to 1986. Springtime correlations between ozone and temperature at the south pole for the period 1963–1979 are used in linear regression models to predict ozone from temperature for the period since 1980. Recent observed ozone values are consistently lower than values predicted by these models. A potential contributor to the antarctic springtime deficits is reduced planetary wave transport of ozone from the middle latitudes into the lower polar stratosphere accompanying a change in the atmospheric general circulation pattern that is also manifested in global sea surface temperature patterns. Northern hemisphere middle latitude deficits are thought to be related to trace substances ejected by the El Chichon volcanic eruption in April 1982, although equatorward of 45°N negative anomalies are accentuated by the quasi‐biennial oscillation.
Mean and turbulence structure of the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer
Authors: Curry J. A. , Ebert E. E. , Herman G. F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe structure of the summertime Arctic planetary boundary layer in the presence of a stratus cloud cover is described using the data from a series of aircraft observations made during 1975 and 1980 over the Beaufort Sea. The cloudy boundary layers that were studied can be classified into three groups: (1) a stable boundary layer with thin, patchy clouds that may occur in numerous layers; (2) a stable boundary layer, frequently containing a fog, that is surmounted by a cloud‐topped mixed layer; and (3) a cloud‐topped mixed layer that extends from the surface. Several existing models of the cloudy boundary layer that have been applied to the Arctic are discussed in light of the aircraft observations.Two cases with relatively high wind velocity signals have been chosen for detailed analysis of the mean and turbulence characteristics. The observed mean budgets of equivalent potential temperature were generally dominated by the radiative and advective terms, while the moisture budgets were dominated by advection and the turbulent fluxes. The processes that act to produce and destroy turbulence kinetic energy in the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer are also examined. The dominant mode of turbulence kinetic energy production in the Arctic cloudy boundary layer is the buoyancy produced within the cloud due to the cloud diabatic processes. This paper focuses particularly on the role of diabatic processes (radiative and condensational heating) associated with the cloud in modifying the turbulence structure of the boundary layer. A comparison is made of these two cases with the marine stratocumulus layers previously described in the literature.
Stability properties of and scaling laws for a dry radiative‐convective atmosphere
Authors: Larson Vincent E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis work is a theoretical and numerical study of the stability properties and scaling laws associated with an idealized radiative‐convective model. We find that the linear‐stability threshold in the model can be described by a radiative Rayleigh number, a parameter that incorporates radiative effects but otherwise resembles the classical Rayleigh number. The energy method is used to find a nonlinear‐stability threshold below which all perturbations, whether infinitesimal or finite‐amplitude, decay. The model behaviour when weakly nonlinear convection occurs is studied via the mean‐field equations. We find that changing the values of viscosity, thermal diffusivity, and radiative damping has only weak effects on the vertical convective heat flux, in contrast to the case for weakly nonlinear Rayleigh‐Bénard convection. Finally, we propose scaling laws for the vertical convective heat flux, vertical velocity, and temperature perturbations.
Solid Phase Preparation of 1,3‐Disubstituted Indazole derivatives
Authors: de la Figuera Natalia , Fiol Sandra , Fernández Joan‐Carles , Forns Pilar , Eastwood Paul , Albericio Fernando 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe immobilization and reactions of indazol‐3‐carboxylic acid on the solid phase is described. These reactions are of importance since many biologically active compounds contain an indazole core. Here, indazole 3‐carboxylic acid was efficiently anchored onto the solid phase via a protecting group strategy. The indazolic NH was then derivatized to sulfonamides, ureas, amides, carbamates, and amines. Depending on compound class yield and purity varied but was generally high.
Information processing and misperceptions of the implications of feedback in dynamic decision making
Authors: Kleinmuntz Don N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo themes have emerged from research on individuals' decision behavior in dynamic tasks. First, dynamic decision‐making situations have features that permit effective decision performance by rather simple decision rules. Second, the existence of simple but effective decision rules does not guarantee that decision makers will use those rules. In fact, decision makers exhibit systematically ineffective performance, apparently because they misperceive the implications of feedback structures for their decision making. Other interpretations of such decision behavior are that it is a rational allocation of cognitive effort, that it reflects the incomplete generation of decision rules, and that it results from faulty mental models of the environment. The discussion emphasizes the importance of studying individuals' information processing behavior in dynamic settings.
Distinct isocomplexes of the TRAPP trafficking factor coexist inside human cells
Authors: Kümmel Daniel , Oeckinghaus Andrea , Wang Chengcheng , Krappmann Daniel , Heinemann Udo 
Published: October 2008

MINT‐6784845:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Trs33B (uniprotkb:Q86SZ2) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
MINT‐6785053:

Trs33B (uniprotkb:Q86SZ2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) and Sedl (uniprotkb:O14582) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
MINT‐6784856:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Trs33A2 (uniprotkb:O75865‐2) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
MINT‐6785038:

Trs33A1 (uniprotkb:O75865‐2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Sedl (uniprotkb:O14582) and Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
MINT‐6784879:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with NIBP (uniprotkb:Q96Q05) by tandem affinity purification (MI:0676)
MINT‐6785068:

Trs33B (uniprotkb:Q86SZ2), Trs33A2 (uniprotkb:O75865‐2) and Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) colocalize (MI:0403) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
MINT‐6785415:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Trs33A1 (uniprotkb:O75865) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
Sudden hearing loss due to fibromuscular dysplasia
Authors: Kunstmann E , Eickelmann A , Sudhoff H , Pearson M , Brors D 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:This case is reported in order to demonstrate the importance of detailed clinical analysis, including evaluation of personal and family history, in the differential diagnosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Case report:A 50-year-old woman presented with a sudden onset of sensorineural hearing loss in her right ear. She had experienced three previous episodes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss in her left ear, at the ages of 35, 48 and 50 years. She also reported suffering two strokes with left hemiparesis due to fibromuscular dysplasia of her right internal carotid artery. A positive family history of stroke among maternal relatives suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. The patient's personal and family history suggested a rare cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, for which alternative therapeutic modalities may be applicable in selected cases.Conclusions:Careful follow up of any patient with sudden sensorineural hearing loss and evaluation of their personal and family history is essential, in order to uncover evidence of rare underlying causes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. For patients with such rare diagnoses, alternative therapy and surveillance modalities may be useful in disease management, depending on pre-existing pathology. Those patients should be managed via a multidisciplinary approach, including genetic counselling, in order to achieve the best possible outcome.
Case of perilymphatic fistula caused by medially displaced tympanostomy tube
Authors: Hajiioannou J K , Bathala S , Marnane C N 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:We present a rare case of perilymphatic fistula which occurred due to bony erosion by a tympanostomy tube that had migrated into and become interred in the middle-ear space.Method:We present a case report and a literature review concerning migration of tympanostomy tubes into the middle ear as a complication of tubes insertion.Conclusion:Medial migration of tympanostomy tubes into the middle-ear space is a rare complication of tympanostomy tubes insertion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of perilymphatic fistula caused by a tympanostomy tube which had migrated into the middle ear. This case highlights the need for early removal of tympanostomy tubes which migrate into the middle ear.
Human papillomavirus vaccination: what is the best choice? A comparison of 16 strategies by means of a decisional model
Authors: GASPARINI R. , AMICIZIA D. , MANFREDI P. , ANSALDI F. , LUCIONI C. , GALLELLI G. , PANATTO D. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSome European countries decided to include human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in national immunization schedules. In order to help decision makers choose the best vaccination policy for females, a decisional model has been developed. The study was performed from the National Health Service perspective. Several hypotheses of multi-cohort vaccination policies were compared. ‘Potentially avoidable infections’ were chosen as the outcome. The model envisioned a short-term scenario (2008–2011). The best policy was that of vaccinating 12-year-olds and, a year later, those aged 14–16 years; the most expensive strategy was that of vaccinating 12-year-old females and, after 1 year, vaccinating those aged 15, 18 and 25 years. The sensitivity analysis showed that coverage rate has a great effect on the cost of avoidable infections. The study offers stake-holders an important datum-point for the choice of the best HPV policy vaccination in the short term. Indeed, it could generate interesting savings for the National Health Service and a rapid HPV immunization of young girls.
A combined treatment with ethanol and 6-dimethylaminopurine is effective for the activation and further embryonic development of oocytes from Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats
Authors: Sano Daisuke , Yamamoto Yuki , Samejima Tomo , Seita Yasunari , Inomata Tomo , Ito Junya , Kashiwazaki Naomi 
Published: October 2008

SummaryIn nuclear-transferred or round spermatid-injected oocytes, artificial activation is required for further development in mammals. Although strontium chloride is widely used as the reagent for inducing oocyte activation in mice, the optimal method for oocyte activation remains controversial in rats because ovulated rat oocytes are spontaneously activated in vitro before artificial activation is applied. In our previous study, we found that cytostatic factor activity, which is indispensable for arrest at the MII stage, is potentially low in rats and that this activity differs greatly between two outbred rats (Slc: Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Crj: Wistar). Therefore, it is necessary to establish an optimal protocol for oocyte activation independent of strains. Given that comparative studies of the in vitro development of oocytes activated by different activation protocols are very limited, we compared four different protocols for oocyte activation (ethanol, ionomycin, strontium and electrical pulses) in two different SD and Wistar rats. Our results show that oocytes derived from SD rats have significantly higher cleavage and blastocyst formation than those from Wistar rats independent of activation regimes. In both types of rat, ethanol treatment provided significantly higher developmental ability at cleavage and blastocyst formation compared to the other activation protocols. However, the initial culture in a fertilization medium (high osmolarity mR1ECM) for 24 h showed a detrimental effect on the further in vitro development of parthenogenetic rat oocytes. Taken together, our results show that ethanol treatment is the optimal protocol for the activation of rat oocytes in SD and Wistar outbred rats. Our data also suggest that high-osmolarity media are inadequate for the in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes compared with fertilized oocytes.
Wastewater pollution abatement across an international border
Authors: FERNANDEZ LINDA 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTA differential game model is developed to compare incentives for wastewater pollution abatement of upstream and downstream countries under cooperative and noncooperative strategies. The Tijuana River is the empirical setting of water flow from south (Mexico) to north (US) where pollution stock accumulates. Asymmetry between the upstream and downstream countries for costs, damages, and emissions influences incentives to abate pollution. Cost minimization is achieved as the US can finance pollution abatement in Mexico. Game sharing rules (Shapley value, Chander–Tulkens rule, Helsinki rule, egalitarian rule) are analyzed. Financial transfers from two North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) institutions are examined. In most cases of cooperation, transfer payments are positive from downstream to upstream for reductions in flow and stock of pollution. Transfer size varies according to the rule and sensitivity analysis of changes in abatement costs and damages. The two institutions follow a variation of the Helsinki rule.
Non-renewable resource depletion and reinvestment: issues and evidence for an oil-exporting country
Authors: YOUSIF BASSAM 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis essay offers a limited study of income sustainability for one oil-exporting country: Iraq. The nature of the study motivates a discussion of some theoretical issues concerning levels of non-renewable resource depletion and re-investment as well as related questions about the substitutability of man-made and natural capital and critical natural capital. The results of the study, which decomposes oil revenues into consumption and capital portions, suggest that the re-investment in physical capital offset the depletion of natural assets arising from oil extraction in the period under consideration. Because of the lack of data, a complete study of the capital balance is not feasible. Consequently the findings are tentative.
ITCH is a putative target for a novel 20q11.22 amplification detected in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Ishihara Takaya , Tsuda Hitoshi , Hotta Akiko , Kozaki Ken‐ichi , Yoshida Akira , Noh Jaeduk Yoshimura , Ito Koichi , Imoto Issei , Inazawa Johji 
Published: October 2008

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most virulent of all human malignancies, with a mean survival time among patients of less than 1 year after diagnosis. To date, however, cytogenetic information on this disease has been very limited. During the course of a program to screen a panel of ATC cell lines for genomic copy‐number aberrations using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a high‐level amplification of the ITCH gene, which is mapped to 20q11.22 and belongs to the homologous to the E6‐associated protein carboxylterminus ubiquitin ligase family. The expression of ITCH was increased in 4 of 14 ATC cell lines (28.6%), including 8305C in which there was a copy‐number amplification of this gene, and six of seven primary cases (85.7%). Among the primary thyroid tumors, a considerable number of ITCH high expressers was found in ATC (40/45, 88.9%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (25/25, 100%), and papillary microcarcinoma (25/25, 100%). Furthermore, knockdown of ITCH by specific small interfering RNA significantly inhibited the growth of ITCH‐overexpressing cells, whereas ectopic overexpression of ITCH promoted growth of ATC cell lines with relatively weak expression. These observations indicate ITCH to be the most likely target for 20q11.22 amplification and to play a crucial role in the progression of thyroid carcinoma. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1940–1949)
Allergic asthma: a tale of many T cells
Authors: Afshar R. , Medoff B. D. , Luster A. D. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryAsthma is a common immune‐mediated disorder characterized by reversible airway inflammation, mucus production, and variable airflow obstruction with airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In most cases the airway inflammation characteristic of asthma is thought to result from an allergic‐type reaction to an inhaled substance from the environment (so‐called allergic asthma). In allergic asthma, allergen exposure stimulates eosinophilic inflammation of the airways associated with infiltration of T cells. Although the recruitment of eosinophils into the airways is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma, the trafficking of T lymphocytes into the airways is now believed to establish and orchestrate the asthmatic inflammatory response. This review explores the roles of various T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and highlights the contributions of these cells in regulating asthma.
Fibrinolysis‐independent role of plasmin and its activators in the haematopoietic recovery after myeloablation
Authors: Tjwa Marc , Moura Rute , Moons Lieve , Plaisance Stephane , Mol Maria De , Jansen Sandra , Dewerchin Mieke , Verfaillie Catherine , Carmeliet Peter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProteinases have been implicated in the mobilization of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow (BM). Here, we report the involvement of the plasminogen (Plg) system in the haematopoietic recovery following chemotherapy. By using gene‐deficient mice, we found that plasmin and its activators tPA and uPA play a role in the haematopoietic recovery upon delivery of the cytotoxic agent 5‐fluoro‐uracil (5‐FU). The impaired haematopoietic recovery of Plg‐deficient (Plg−/−) mice after 5‐FU was not rescued by depletion of fibrinogen, indicating that it was not due to defective fibrinolysis. Instead, loss of Plg impaired breakdown of fibronectin, VCAM‐1 and laminin‐BM matrix proteins involved in adhesion of HPCs to their BM microenvironment and in transendothelial migration of HPCs. These findings provide novel insights in how plasmin regulates haematopoietic recovery upon cytotoxic myeloablation.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immune Responses in Relation to the
TLR4
(
Asp299Gly
) Gene Polymorphism
Authors: Lundberg Anna , Wikberg Lars Andersson , Ilonen Jorma , Vaarala Outi , Böttcher Malin Fagerås 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Altered microbial exposure is a possible explanation for the increase of allergies in the Western world. However, genetic factors influence microbially induced immune responses. We have investigated the
TLR4
(
Asp299Gly
) gene polymorphism and its possible association with receptor expression of circulating peripheral blood monocytes and the in vitro cytokine responses and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhimurium. We studied 34 of the predominant haplotype TLR4 Asp299 (AA) and 8 heterozygote Asp299Gly (AG) individuals. TLR4 expression levels were similar in the two genotype groups. Serovar Typhimurium LPS induced interleukin-12p70 from PBMC, and the degree of phosphorylation of the intracellular signaling protein IκBα in PBMC was lower in the AG than the AA group (
P
= 0.03 and
P
= 0.04, respectively). These results were not seen, however, when PMBC were stimulated with
E. coli
-derived LPS. Based on these results, we propose that
TLR4
(
Asp299Gly
) gene polymorphism and the bacterial origin of LPS should be considered when environmental LPS exposure is evaluated in disease risk or protection.
Timing of deposition, orogenesis and glaciation within the Dalradian rocks of Scotland: constraints from U–Pb zircon ages
Authors: DEMPSTER T. J. , ROGERS G. , TANNER P. W. G. , BLUCK B. J. , MUIR R. J. , REDWOOD S. D. , IRELAND T. R. , PATERSON B. A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract: The stratigraphical and structural continuity of the Late Proterozoic Dalradian rocks of the Scottish Highlands is re-examined in the light of new U–Pb zircon ages on the tuffs belonging to the Tayvallich Volcanic Formation (601 ± 4 Ma), and on the late Grampian ‘Newer Gabbros’ (470 ± 9 Ma) of Insch and Morven–Cabrach in Aberdeenshire. These age data, together with the existing 590 ± 2 Ma age for the Ben Vuirich Granite, provide key radiometric constraints on the evolution of the Dalradian block, and the implications arising from these ages are critically assessed. Three main conclusions are drawn.
(1) The entire Caledonian orogeny, although short-lived, is unlikely to have affected sediments of Arenig age and a break probably occurs between those Dalradian sediments of late Proterozoic (<600 Ma) age and the Ordovician rocks of the Highland Border Complex.
(2) A period of crustal thickening probably affected some Dalradian rocks prior to 590 Ma. Such an event is indicated by both the polymetamorphic histories of the lower parts of the Dalradian pile and the contact metamorphic assemblages within the aureole of the Ben Vuirich Granite, which are incompatible with sedimentary thicknesses.
(3) Age constraints on global Late Proterozoic glacial activity also suggest that the Dalradian stratigraphy is broken into discrete smaller units. Models involving continuous deposition of Dalradian sediments from pre-750 Ma to 470 Ma are rejected.