bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel synthetic strategy for copolymers of vinyl alcohol: Radical copolymerization of alkoxyvinylsilanes with styrene and oxidative transformation of CSi(OR)2Me into COH in the copolymers to afford poly(vinyl alcohol‐ran‐styrene)s
Authors: Ihara Eiji , Kurokawa Atsushi , Itoh Tomomichi , Inoue Kenzo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs a novel synthetic strategy for copolymers of vinyl alcohol, we propose herein copolymerization of alkoxyvinylsilanes with other vinyl monomers, followed by oxidative cleavage of the alkoxysilyl groups attached to the main chain of the resulting copolymers. Radical copolymerization of di(isobutoxy)methylvinylsilane 1 with styrene afforded poly(1‐ran‐styrene)s with a variety of compositions of both repeating units, although the Mn's (<9000) and yields (<35%) were rather low. The oxidative cleavage of the alkoxysilyl groups in the copolymers with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid proceeded efficiently, giving poly(vinyl alcohol‐ran‐styrene)s, which were soluble in common organic solvents. The structures of the poly(vinyl alcohol‐ran‐styrene)s were characterized by NMR, GPC, elemental analysis, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3648–3658, 2007
Gas‐Solid Flow in a Two‐Dimensional Cross‐Flow Moving Granular Filter Bed with a Symmetric Boundary
Authors: Chou Chuen‐Shii , Lee Ang‐Fen , Yeh Chun‐Hung 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigates how the inlet gas velocity and the louver angle affect the granular flow of spherical particles in two‐dimensional moving (and fixed) granular filter beds with a symmetric louvered‐wall. The methodology of Tsuji et al. [1] was extended to facilitate this gas‐solid flow field calculation. The calculation procedures were as follows: (1) determination of the coordinates of each spherical particle and calculation of the void fraction of the granular bed; (2) calculation of the updated two‐dimensional gas velocity field using the SIMPLE method [2]; (3) determination of the drag force acting on the particle using the equation of Fan and Zhu [3], and (4) obtaining the contact force, velocity and displacement of each particle using the DEM model devised by Cundall and Starck [4]. In addition, a digital camcorder was used to record the flow pattern histories of the spherical particles in cross‐flow moving (and fixed) granular filter beds with a symmetric louvered‐wall. The numerical predictions were compared with the experimental results in a qualitative manner. In a fixed granular bed, the bubble area obtained, which is based on numerical predictions agrees with that obtained experimentally, and increases with louver angle. However, in a moving granular bed, the bubble area obtained by numerical modeling increases with louver angle, but the bubble area obtained experimentally decreases with increasing louver angle. Additionally, this investigation demonstrates both numerically and experimentally that the bubble area increases with air inlet velocity in both fixed and moving granular beds.
From Particle Collective Characteristics to Cake Permeability: the Use of the Pore‐Particle Shape Factor
Authors: Sorrentino José Angel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough it has been thoroughly recognized that a relationship exists between particle size distribution (PSD) and cake porosity and permeability, a lack of prediction capability usually limits the possibility to forecast the change of permeability that occurs when the PSD of particles varies. Results obtained with limestone, glass spheres, aluminium hydroxide and magnesite, being the experimental matrix for limestone broader in both mean particle sizes and polidispersity are discussed. “Taylor‐made” particle mixtures were prepared varying mean sizes between 5 and 150 micrometers and geometrical standard deviations between almost 1 (narrow mixtures) and 2.5 in order to ensure a wide data spectrum. Particle size distribution was measured by laser diffraction, but it is shown that similar results can be obtained using other sizer devices, by the definition of a novel device dependent‐particle shape factor that relates assuming particles as spheres the actual specific surface to the specific surface estimated from PSD measurements. Further to the use of the particle shape factor it was necessary to include additional parameters take into account the fact that the same particle collective can build different porous structures depending on the way the bulk is formed. Therefore, two parameters that include the cake building mode were lumped with the particle shape factor to give a “pore‐particle shape factor”, which is a system‐specific parameter that must be determined experimentally. The use of this approach allows that the well‐known Kozeny‐Carman equation fits very well the data, provided that the relationship between PSD and porosity is known. This relationship is discussed in [1] but the approach suggested by Yu et al. [4] was followed. The results can be easily illustrated in a permeability‐porosity plot that has the advantage of concentrating all cake parameters in the y‐axis, while the particle collective characteristics (namely PSD) are in the x‐axis via the D3,2, being the shift from the ideal case of spheres forming a random bulk a measure of the pore‐particle shape factor.
Characterization of Reference Particles of Transparent Glass by Laser Diffraction Method
Authors: Mori Yasushige , Yoshida Hideto , Masuda Hiroaki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe validation of particle size analysis by laser diffraction (LD) method should be done using reference particles, whose size distribution is better to have a range over one decade of size, according to ISO 13320‐1. Two kinds of samples met this request, 1–10 μm and 10–100 μm samples, were distributed from the Association of Powder Process Industry and Engineering, Japan (APPIE).In this paper, the results of the round robin test of these two samples by LD method were reported together with the comparison of the size distributions measured by electrical sensing zone and scanning electron microscope methods. 1–10 μm sample was well dispersed in water without detergent, but a few drops of detergent sometimes needed for dispersing 10–100 μm sample. For 1–10 μm sample, the mean particle size by LD methods was slightly smaller than that by SEM method, and was agreed with each other results by seven different LD instruments. For 10–100 μm sample, the mean particle size by LD methods agree well with that by SEM method, but the discrepancy of one instrument in larger size range became larger than the results of other instruments.
On the use of principal component analysis to identify systematic patterns in roundness profiles
Authors: Colosimo Bianca Maria , Pacella Massimo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn many industrial applications, quality of products or processes is related to profiles. With reference to mechanical components, profiles and surfaces play a relevant role, as shown by the high number of geometric specifications characterizing most of the technical drawings. In this framework, an important step consists in identifying the systematic pattern which characterizes all the profiles machined while the process is in its standard or nominal state. With reference to this aim, this paper focuses on the use of principal component analysis (PCA) for profile data (Functional PCA). Since a usual objection to PCA is that principal components (PCs) are often difficult or impossible to interpret, this paper explores what types of profile features allow one to obtain interpretable PCs. Within the paper, a real case study related to roundness profiles of mechanical components is used as
reference. In particular, functional PCA is applied to the set of real profile data to derive the significant PCs and the corresponding eigenfunctions. In order to gain insight into the information behind the retained PCs, both simulations and analytical results are used. In particular, the analytical results, outlined in the literature on functional data analysis, allow one to link the eigenfunctions to specific profile features, given that profile data admit an orthogonal basis series expansion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance assessment of hanging funnel‐and‐gate structures designed by reverse particle tracking for capturing polluted groundwater
Authors: Hudak Paul F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of partially penetrating (hanging) funnel‐and‐gate structures, designed using reverse flow trajectories, for capturing plumes of contaminated groundwater. Linear capture structures, comprised of two slurry cutoff walls on either side of a permeable gate, were positioned perpendicular to regional groundwater flow in a hypothetical unconfined aquifer. A four‐step approach was used for each of two simulated settings: (1) a numerical mass transport model generated a contaminant plume originating from a source area; (2) a particle‐tracking model projected groundwater flow paths upstream from a treatment gate; (3) the structure was widened and deepened until bounding path lines contained the plume; and (4) mass transport simulation tested the ability of the structure to capture the plume. Results of this study suggest that designing funnel‐and‐gate structures using reverse particle tracking may result in too small a structure to capture a contaminant plume. This practice generally ignores effects of hydrodynamic dispersion, which may enlarge plumes such that contaminants move beneath or around a capture structure. This bypassing effect may be considerable even for low values of dispersivity. Particle‐tracking approaches may also underestimate the amount of time required to reduce contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment technologies for 1,4‐Dioxane: Fundamentals and field applications
Authors: Otto Martha , Nagaraja Sankalpa 
Published: June 2007

Abstract1,4‐Dioxane is a synthetic industrial chemical frequently found at contaminated sites where 1,1,1‐trichloroethane was used for degreasing. It is a probable human carcinogen and has been found in groundwater at sites throughout the United States. The physical and chemical properties and behavior of 1,4‐dioxane create challenges for its characterization and treatment. It is highly mobile and has not been shown to readily biodegrade in the environment. In December 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) prepared a report titled “Treatment Technologies for 1,4‐Dioxane: Fundamentals and Field Applications.” The report provides information about the chemistry of dioxane, cleanup goals, analytical methods, available treatment technologies, and site‐specific treatment performance data. The information may be useful to project managers, technology providers, consulting engineers, and members of academia faced with addressing dioxane at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. This article provides a synopsis of the US EPA report, which is available at http://cluin.org/542R06009. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical augmentation for the remediation of a hydrocarbon‐contaminated site
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Raji Sherifat A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractField trials with inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) nutrients were simulated in the greenhouse to remediate hydrocarbon‐polluted soils from a spill site in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Samples of the polluted soils taken from two depths were displayed in a randomized complete block (RCB) design and treated with 10–100 g of (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, and KCl. The agronomic addition of the chemical nutrients was found to enhance the concentrations of nitrate‐nitrogen, phosphate‐phosphorus, and potassium in the soils. Pretreated nitrate‐nitrogen content ranged from 432 to 590 mg/kg in the polluted samples (with a control at 522 mg/kg), while posttreatment concentrations were 3,285 ± 154 mg/kg and 3,254 ± 159 mg/kg for surface and subsurface soils, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of river discharge on abundance and instantaneous growth of age‐0 carpsuckers in the Oconee River, Georgia, USA
Authors: Peterson Rebecca Cull , Jennings Cecil A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Oconee River in middle Georgia, U.S.A., has been regulated by the Sinclair Dam since 1953. Since then, the habitat of the lower Oconee River has been altered and the river has become more incised. The altered environmental conditions of the Oconee River may limit the success of various fish populations. Some obligate riverine fishes may be good indicator species for assessing river system integrity because they are intolerant to unfavourable conditions. For example, many sucker species require clean gravel for feeding and reproduction. Further, age‐0 fishes are more vulnerable than adults to flow alterations because of their limited ability to react to such conditions. In this study, we investigated the relationship between abundance and growth of age‐0 carpsuckers to river discharge in the Oconee River. A beach seine was used to collect age‐0 carpsuckers (Carpiodes spp.) from littoral zones of the lower Oconee River from May through July of 1995 to 2001. Regression models were used to assess whether 12 river discharge categories (e.g. peak, low, seasonal flows) influenced age‐0 carpsucker abundance or instantaneous growth. Our analysis indicated that abundance of age‐0 carpsuckers was significantly negatively related to number of days river discharge was >85 m3 s−1(r2 = 0.61, p = 0.04). Estimates of instantaneous growth ranged from 0.10 to 0.90. Instantaneous growth rates were significantly positively related to summer river discharge (r2 = 0.95, p <0.01). These results suggest that (1) moderate flows during spawning and rearing are important for producing strong‐year classes of carpsuckers, and (2) river discharge is variable among years, with suitable flows for strong year‐classes of carpsuckers occurring every few years. River management should attempt to regulate river discharge to simulate historic flows typical for the region when possible. Such an approach is best achieved when regional climatic conditions are considered. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrathoracic fluid may be a normal finding at around 8 gestational weeks
Authors: Benoit B. , Murta M. M. , Leite J. , Jeanty P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the observation of embryonic thoracic fluid at around 8 weeks' gestation and to discuss the likely etiology.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients referred between August 2005 and May 2006 to our units in France and in the USA for a dating scan between 6 and 10 weeks. Included in our series were all embryos presenting with an ultrasound finding suggestive of an early pericardial fluid collection, i.e. a large anechoic fluid collection surrounding the heart. The gestational age, fetal heart rate and maternal age at this first scan were recorded, along with nuchal translucency thickness as measured at the 12‐week scan and the second‐trimester anomaly scan results.ResultsFive cases were included in this study. In all five patients, the anechoic fluid collection was visualized at 8 weeks, and by the time of the nuchal scan it had disappeared completely. The nuchal translucency thickness was normal in all cases and all five embryos had normal cardiac examinations during the second trimester and were normal at birth.ConclusionsThe observation on ultrasound at 8 weeks' gestation of a large anechoic fluid collection surrounding the heart that disappears by week 12 is suggestive of a transient pericardial collection. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester ultrasound diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia associated with increased nuchal translucency thickness
Authors: Ngo C. , Viot G. , Aubry M. C. , Tsatsaris V. , Grange G. , Cabrol D. , Pannier E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of five cases of skeletal dysplasia is reported in which the diagnosis was reached at the 11–14‐week routine ultrasound examination in our referral center. All five cases had increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT) associated with bone abnormalities. We review the current literature on skeletal dysplasia in the first trimester of pregnancy associated with increased NT. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing regulation costs in multi‐area systems with uncertain wind power forecasts
Authors: Lindgren Elin , Söder Lennart 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a power system where there are many fast and/or large changes in generation or consumption, e.g. in a system with large amounts of wind power, it is more complicated to handle the frequency control efficiently. Minimizing regulation costs for the system operator in such a system requires the possibility to simulate the frequency control in the time range from minutes to a few hours. In this paper, it is shown how the frequency control during normal operation can be optimized using a multi‐area model, without exceeding frequency limits or transmission capacity. The model has also been expanded to include uncertainties in wind power forecasts, which may lead to an increase of the regulating costs. The optimization model is applied to numerical examples to show the impact of wind power on costs for regulating power and to show the value of better wind speed forecasts. No load forecast errors are taken into account. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intention to respond to local wind turbines: the role of attitudes and visual perception
Authors: Johansson Maria , Laike Thorbjörn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWind power projects frequently face public opposition during the siting process. A deeper understanding of social factors has therefore been called for. Based on psychological theories, the present research was initiated in order to study the relative importance of individual aspects related to visual perception and attitudinal factors in public intention to oppose local wind turbines. In an empirical study, 80 people assessed the visual characteristics of wind turbines on site and rated their emotional state. They also completed a questionnaire covering attitudes towards the turbines, perception of significant others' opinions of local wind turbines, and perceived possibilities to oppose as well as intention to oppose local turbines. Moreover, socio‐demographics, factors related to the place of residence and general attitude towards wind power, were investigated. In a multiple regression analysis explaining 50% of the variance, it was found that intention to oppose was related to only a few perceptual and attitudinal factors, i.e. the perceived unity of the environment, the personal attitude towards the effects of wind turbines on landscape aesthetics and recreation, and the general attitude towards wind power. Of minor importance was the attitude towards the effects of wind turbines on people's daily quality of life. It seems important to involve the public in the discussion of how wind power installations can be integrated into the landscape without threatening the visual beauty and the recreational value of the natural and cultural environment. Moreover, social intervention is required to promote positive attitudes towards wind turbines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farnesol‐mediated inhibition of Candida albicans yeast growth and rescue by a diacylglycerol analogue
Authors: Uppuluri Priya , Mekala Satish , Chaffin W. LaJean 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring Candida albicans yeast cell growth to early stationary phase, metabolites accumulate in the medium, including the quorum‐sensing molecule farnesol. We found that besides germ tube inhibition, 40 µM farnesol also inhibited C. albicans yeast growth under yeast growth permissive conditions. Consistent with this observation, transcriptional analysis of yeast cells resuspended in fresh medium with 40 µM farnesol revealed that genes involved in hyphal formation, GTPase activation, mitosis and DNA replication were downregulated many‐fold. Farnesol‐mediated inhibition of yeast growth was dependent on the growth phase of the C. albicans cells. The growth defect was relieved by addition of a diacylglycerol analogue, implicating phosphatidylinositol signalling in the delay. Although diacylglycerol is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) in mammalian cells, there is some question about activation of fungal PKCs. A mutant strain deleted for PKC1 responded to farnesol and the diacylglycerol analogue similar to wild‐type, suggesting that PKC is not the target of the diacylglycerol analogue. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of grade level, context, and family type on male and female adolescents’ distributive justice reasoning
Authors: McGillicuddy‐De Lisi Ann V. , De Lisi Richard , Van Gulik Kate 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated ninth and twelfth grade students’ (N=640) distributive justice reasoning. Participants read stories presenting characters that varied in personal characteristics (popularity, productivity, need, and appearance), family type (biologically related/stepsiblings), and context (work/education). Adolescents allocated rewards to story characters, provided rationales for allocations, and judged the fairness of allocation patterns representing different justice principles. Older adolescents were more likely to favor equity and benevolence principles than younger adolescents on all three measures. Older adolescents, especially female students, also took kinship and contextual factors into account more often than younger adolescents. Male students tended to favor equity across conditions; female students’ views of fairness showed greater nuance, varying to a greater degree with relationship and contextual factors. Findings suggest distributive justice reasoning continues to develop through late adolescence, probably due to age‐related cognitive and socialization factors and experiences. Further, findings suggest that gender differences in adult justice reasoning arise in adolescence.
The Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors in a Middle-Aged Swedish Population — Mainly a Function of Overweight?
Authors: Hollman Gunilla , Kristenson Margareta 
Published: June 2007

Background: The prevalence of obesity, one risk factor for developing the metabolic syndrome (MS), has increased during the last decades. It has therefore been assumed that the prevalence of MS would also increase. Aims: The aim was to analyse the prevalence of MS and its risk factors in a middle-aged Swedish population. Methods: Data were obtained between 2003 and 2004 from a random population based sample of 502 men and 505 women, 45–69 years old. Measures of plasma glucose, serum lipids, blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference and self-reported data concerning presence of disease, medication and lifestyle were obtained. Results: The prevalence of MS was 14.8% among men and 15.3% among women, with an increase by age among women only, 10% to 25% ( p = 0.029). Among individuals with MS the most frequent risk factor was large waist circumference, present in 85% of men and 99% of women, followed by high blood pressure, high triglycerides, high glucose and HDL cholesterol (38% and 47% respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of MS was 15%, increasing with age only among women. Overweight was a dominant characteristic, and only half of the individuals with MS had glucose/HDL cholesterol levels beyond defined cut points of the syndrome.