bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mr A. M. P
odhalicz
writes
Authors: Phodalicz A. M. 
Published: November 2007

Engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers will welcome Graham West's review of the current practices in the site investigations for tunnels, and their effectiveness.
West points out some discrepancies between the computer-predicted model of the geology along the route of the Jubilee Line extension and the results of the site investigation boreholes.
Those discrepancies were a necessary consequence of simplifications needed to design a computer model used by Sir William Halcrow & Partners and Mott, Hay & Anderson (1973). The model was based mainly on logs of water boreholes from the London area which generally contained simple descriptions of lithology without giving stratigraphic provenance of the formation. Therefore, a deliberate decision has been made to treat the Blackheath Beds and Woolwich and Reading Beds as a single lithological unit.
My recent Australasian experience prompts me to comment on two other points made by West. Where, on mountainous sites like Dinorvic, access to borehole positions is difficult, helicopters can be used to advantage; the whole operation of dismantling the rig into air-portable parts, moving it and reassembling it ready
to drill on a new site can be carried out in a single day.
In difficult strata, such as very weak friable Pliocene sandstone or volcanic rock with clay-filled joints, full core recovery can often be achieved using large diameter (PQ3) triple tube wireline core barrels. Cores of firm to stiff clays obtained in this way are considered (when sealed on site) to be more suited for triaxial testing than samples from normal
Impact of engineering structures on tidal flow and sediment distribution in the Thames
Authors: Kendrick Mary P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Thames is one of the most suitable estuaries in which to examine how engineering works affect flow and sediment movement. Case histories are given to demonstrate the important influence of both structure location and structure design on river conditions. They also illustrate methods available for predicting the consequences of works or for identifying cause and effect following changes in estuary regime. Finally, they provide warning of the penalties of failure to take account of the hydraulic implications of a new structure.
Deep Foundations in the River Hull
Authors: McMillan P. H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The River Hull Tidal Surge Barrier is located at the confluence of the rivers Hull and Humber to exclude surge tides from the river Hull and any consequent flooding from the city of Hull. This paper discusses changes to the design concept for the foundations of the Barrier necessitated by the geotechnical investigation data. Other features of the Barrier project have been described elsewhere (

Fleming
et al
1980

).
Chemical soundness test on Carboniferous Limestone samples from the Bristol area
Authors: Al-Jassar S. A. , Hawkins A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Soundness tests using sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate solutions on seven lithologies from the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol area are reported. The loss percentage from the two solutions is notably different. The factors which affect this variation are considered. The results stress the differing behaviour of the main limestone groups and indicate the danger of using the single word ‘limestone’ and assuming it has a single set of properties.
Discussion on ‘A55 Pwll Melyn slip and remedial works: a case history’ by A. Siva Subramaniam and R. W. Carr
Authors: Child G. H. , Norbury D. R. 
Published: November 2007

G. H. C
hild
and D. R. N
orbury
write: From our investigation of the slip when active we would like to make the following comments. Although we did not find shear zones in borehole samples, overnight movement of drill casing in two holes and positive response from a slip indicator in another enabled us to identify the surface of sliding under the embankment side slope which the authors confirmed. We disagree with the authors on the location of the back of the slip, considering the crack in the road to be a secondary feature. In our investigation we considered the primary slip surface to be as shown on Fig. 1 Figures 2 and 3 show the top and toe of the slip on 25 October 1976. The casing of the borehole commenced on the verge and referred to in the paper can be seen in Fig. 2 At this stage major movement had occurred and was all downslope of the road. Figures 3 shows the surface ruckling that had already occurred in the field below.

Because of the large crack in the embankment side slope we question the authors’ conclusion regarding the significance of pore water pressures in the fluvioglacial deposits uphill from this crack. Pore water pressures to their line A or above seem most improbable since this would imply flooding of the old A55 road.
We agree that the embankment fill was relatively permeable; gradings indicated that it was probably more permeable than the fluvioglacial sand. Therefore, a feature
The weathered zone aquifers of the basement complex areas of Africa
Authors: Jones M. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A major groundwater resource across the high African Plateau is shown to occur within the thick overburden derived by
in situ
chemical weathering of the underlying crystalline Basement Complex. The saprolite aquifer horizon is identified at the base of this weathered zone. The chemical weathering processes that produced this aquifer horizon are largely controlled by circulating groundwater, and this in turn is a function of the climate. The saprolite profiles tend to have similar characteristics over a wide variety of rock types. The geomorphological development of the plateau by cyclic erosion has resulted in a predictable distribution of the aquifer and the analysis of data from over one thousand wells shows it to be hydrogeologically very uniform.
Large-scale toppling within a sackung type deformation at Ben Attow, Scotland
Authors: Holmes G. , Jarvis J. J. 
Published: November 2007

The southwest slope of Ben Attow (NH 010180) features numerous obsequent (uphill-facing) scarplets which are up to 10 m high and 800 m long (Figs 1 and 2). de Freitas and Watters (1973) discussed similar features at Glen Pean, Scotland, invoking obsequent-scarplet formation by toppling. The Ben Attow slope exhibits the largest extent of obsequent-scarplets in Scotland known to the authors. This note examines its mode of instability and the formation of obsequent-scarps.
The slope is composed of coarse Moinian psammites of locally varying metamorphic grade. Joint surveys revealed the presence of four joint sets (Fig. 3): one parallel to the foliation (F), one striking parallel to and dipping into the slope (J1) and two sets that dip gently west (J2 and J3). The scarplets strike subparallel to J1 and terminate westwards at a 1 to 2 m high step-like feature.

Watters (1972) undertook a reconnaisance investigation of the slope and hypothesized that the scarplets were formed by sequential upslope separation and translation of blocks on a failure plane at depth. This was followed by erosion upslope of the tension cracks between displaced blocks and their later infilling with slope debris. However, no slide toe exists at the base of the slope, nor is it likely that there ever was one, since any erosion of a toe would have removed the essentially delicate obsequent-scarplets as well. Further,
in situ
rock crops out across the base of the slope. The scarplets are less than 30 m apart in places and translation
Infra-red linescan survey at Altnabreac, Northern Scotland
Authors: Black J. H. 
Published: November 2007

During 1978, a desolate stretch of moorland, bog and lochans, around Altnabreac in northern Scotland, became famous. Apart from being the place where British Rail ‘lost’ a train, it was here that the first (and to date the only) UK field investigation into the suitability of granite as a host for high level radioactive waste was carried out. The objective of the work was to assess how easy it would be to measure the parameters necessary to predict the outcome of waste disposal at such a site. Despite the premature termination of the programme in 1981, much interesting work in an unusual hydrogeological environment was completed. Since hydrogeology has a major impact on safety assessment, understanding the movement of groundwater in fractured crystalline rocks, such as those underlying Altnabreac, was essential. In particular, the role of faults and major joints in controlling the directions of flow and the recharge and discharge zones was uncertain.
The hydrogeological investigations included measurements in the twenty seven boreholes which were drilled, some limited surface hydrology and some preliminary groundwater flow modelling. The bulk of the data was from the boreholes which gave no direct information on the areal distribution of groundwater flow. Whilst the modelling indicated recharge and discharge areas, the groundwater component of stream flow was likely to be small and therefore the shore of the lake. Less spectacular, but perhaps more interesting from a groundwater viewpoint, are the warm springs within the swarm of dubh-lochs south of the loch. In this area
Energy potential of Irish groundwaters
Authors: Aldwell Christopher R. , Burdon David J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The energy potential of Irish groundwater is assessed, and its sources summarized. The two sources of energy, solar and geothermal, are outlined. The manner in which water and energy are united is described. The recovery of energy may be from the warm springs areas, from the tepid springs areas or from the high yielding cold aquifers underlying some 27% of the country. Heat pumps will be essential for their development. It is concluded that both solar and geothermal energies are of importance in Ireland; that energy extraction from the warm and tepid springs has limited potential; and that cold groundwater offers the best energy potential from Irish groundwaters.
Thermal energy storage studies in the Lower Greensand aquifer in Cambridgeshire
Authors: Kitching R. , Adams B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A field experiment has been carried out in the Lower Greensand near Cambridge to test the feasibility of injecting, storing and recovering heat in this formation. Approximately 1500 m
3
of water at about 60°C were injected into the Lower Greensand over a period of 78 days. After storage for 105 days, the heat was abstracted over a period of 97 days. Over this single cycle of operation 33% of the injected energy was recovered. This proportion is likely to increase significantly with further injection/abstraction cycles. Increasing the amount of heat injected was also thought likely to reduce losses and increase the proportion of heat recovered.

A digital model of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) system was set up and calibrated on the Cray IS system at the University of London Computer Centre. It was then used to predict the behaviour of larger ATES systems both on inter-seasonal and diurnal bases. Energy recovery factors of over 66% appear to be feasible.
Fluctuating, non-homogeneous changes of hydraulic conductivity in porous media
Authors: Goldenberg L. C. , Mandel S. , Magaritz M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Evidence of formation of entrapped saline bodies of water in a porous medium where fresh water displaces flowing sea water was observed in laboratory experiments, carried out on aquifer sands containing clay minerals. When sea water was flushed from these sands by fresh water, fluctuating changes of EC (electrical conductivity) appeared in the sample, and the hydraulic conductivity of the entire sample fluctuated before a lower value of hydraulic conductivity stabilized.
These results are explained by a sequence of mechanisms: (a) formation of small pockets of seawater surrounded bysemi-permeable membranes of deflocculated clay minerals; (b) bursting of the pockets by osmotic pressure and release of trapped sea water; and (c) deflocculation of clay minerals in the pockets formerly occupied by sea water.
The restoration of buildings constructed with Menorcan limestone
Authors: Laurie J. B. , Robertson R. H. S. , Vicente M. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Accelerating weathering of the stonework of an 18th century building in Mahó n, Menorca, has given cause for concern. The nature and causes of the deterioration of the limestone were studied by X-ray diffraction, partial chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. In the light of the results the following recommendations could be made with some confidence: replacement of most affected blocks by the more resistant dolomite; replacement of less deteriorated limestone by a tinted mortar; and the provision of a sacrificial coating of a lime wash.
Sand, gravel and crushed rock aggregates for construction purposes
Authors: Sims Ian 
Published: November 2007

1. Introduction
Engineering geology has traditionally been concerned more with interaction between the engineering structure and its geological environment than with the performance of rock aggregates in the structure itself. In recognition of this imbalance, the Engineering Group of the Geological Society established a Working Party in 1978 to compile a reasonably comprehensive document covering the most important aspects of natural and crushed rock aggregates used for construction purposes. The objectives of the Working Party are set out in detail in Section 1 of the Working Party Report, which is being published by the Geological Society in separate book form.
The membership of the Working Party, under the Chairmanship of Professor Peter Fookes, reflected a broad range of expertise and consisted of experienced individuals involved with construction materials, including producers, specifiers, users and researchers. The Working Party members are listed at the end of this summary.
The first complete draft of the Report was submitted for open discussion at a one-day session of the 17th Annual Regional Meeting of the Engineering Group in 1981 at Bangor. A great number of suggestions arising from the open discussion have been considered in the preparation of the final Working Party Report; additional advice has been obtained from a considerable body of corresponding members and professional organizations. The Working Party Report contains a full list of acknowledgments.
The Report was written for a wide audience and is intended to provide basic information on subjects that are new to the reader as well as serving
Discussion on ‘Large-scale toppling within a sackung type deformation at Ben Attow, Scotland’ by G. Holmes & J. J. Jarvis
Authors: Whiteside P. 
Published: November 2007

P. W
hiteside
writes: Holmes & Jarvis have inferred that the obsequent scarplets on Ben Attow have formed as a result of movement of the jointed rock mass, yet they present no evidence that movement has occurred. In fact they go so far as to say that there are no signs of recent movement on the slope.

It would undoubtedly be difficult to find such evidence since these Moine Psammites are likely to present a fairly monotonous sequence in which displaced lithologies would not be apparent.
However, one may reasonably expect the scarplets to show some slickensiding, the orientation and sense of which could perhaps preclude its having been formed during some other, earlier joint movement.
In the absence of any actual evidence of movement it is necessary to discuss alternative explanations and in particular to give reasons for assuming that the scarplets have not just simply formed by erosion. Such erosion could, for instance, have occurred during glaciation by plucking of rock blocks by ice.
If the evidence for toppling movement is simply based on the present morphology of the hillside then I would suggest that the erosion explanation is perhaps more likely.
Wells ancient and modern—an historical review
Authors: Hardcastle B. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The practices of locating, digging and boring wells, raising water from them, providing well-head protection and speculating about the source of groundwater, are of great antiquity. Methods and ideas changed little until the Industrial Revolution. Steam power facilitated increased abstractions, and wells, adits and boreholes constructed by development of traditional methods, peaked by the end of the 19th century. By then, the scientific understanding of geology and of seepage towards wells had been founded. Thereafter, drilling and pumping technology and ground-water theory progressed rapidly. Awareness of the need for conservation by comprehensive management of resources grew, resulting in legislation which led to accelerated understanding and new modes of operation.
The development of crystalline basement aquifers in a tropical environment
Authors: Acworth R. I. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Chemical weathering is the dominant process in the development of a weathering profile on crystalline basement rocks. In the saturated lower part of the weathering profile, groundwater is the principal chemical reagent and the rate of groundwater flow determines the rate of weathering reactions.
The search for successful borehole sites in this environment also depends upon finding locations where the rate of groundwater flow is at an optimum. This search could therefore be facilitated by an appreciation of the part which groundwater flow plays in the chemical weathering process.
The principal factors which control the quantity of groundwater flow through a unit cross sectional area of the weathering system are the availability of recharge, the permeability of the weathered material and the hydraulic gradient between the recharge and discharge areas. Of these three, the importance of recharge is clear as this determines the input to the groundwater system. The permeability of the weathered material is a function of the extent of chemical weathering and is therefore intrinsically linked to the history of groundwater flow through the system. The remaining independent variable is the hydraulic gradient. This is normally developed in what is generally a relatively thin weathered layer which closely follows the surface morphology. The hydraulic gradient is therefore a function of the average surface slope over the groundwater flow path and therefore related to the surface morphology.
A plot of recharge against surface morphology therefore becomes a valid projection upon which the various groundwater provinces can be plotted and provides a useful means of classifying the various occurrences of groundwater within the weathered profile.
Indexing the engineering properties of residual soil
Authors: Vaughan P. R. , Maccarini M. , Mokhtar S. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The geological study of the formation and structure of
in situ
residual soils is well advanced; the study of the engineering properties of these soils much less so. In particular, no methods exist whereby mechanical properties can be related to geological descriptions, or to simple index tests, as is done for sedimentary soils. The methods for sedimentary soils are inappropriate for residual soils, yet no alternatives have been developed.

Most residual soils are weakly bonded, and they may have widely varying void ratios. A laboratory study of how these two features influence engineering behaviour is being conducted, based mainly on the testing of an artificial material in which both can be varied under control. Initial results from this study show that engineering behaviour depends on the void ratio of the soil related to that which the soil can have in the un-bonded ‘de-structured’ state. This indicates that it is useful to index the
in situ
void ratio of residual soils in relation to void ratio in the de-structured state, in a manner similar to the indexing of sands by relative density or of sedimentary clays by liquidity index. Simple methods whereby this may be done are suggested and discussed.
Rehabilitation of clogged discharge wells in the Netherlands
Authors: van Beek C. G. E. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
During the last ten years much research has been conducted by KIWA, in close cooperation with various waterworks, into the rehabilitation of clogged production wells. During this research it became apparent that various types of clogging could be distinguished. One type of clogging is caused by the mixing of groundwaters with incompatible chemical compositions in the well itself, due to the vertical chemical heterogeneity of groundwater in the aquifer. Another type of clogging is caused by the increased velocity of groundwater flow near the borehole, which increases the intensity of various biological and chemical processes. The selection of the correct method of rehabilitation, the rehabilitation results, and the costs, all depend on the type of cloging that has occurred.
Attenuation from seismic refraction surveying as a ground investigation aid
Authors: Murphy B. J. , Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Ground investigation applications of the seismic refraction technique are briefly reviewed and the rock mass parameters which may be obtained from seismic velocity discussed. The phenomenon of seismic attenuation is explained and techniques for its measurement described. The pulse broadening technique is found to give the best measure of seismic attenuation.
The use of soil fabric studies in evaluating the strengths of clays in a North Sea site investigation
Authors: Marsland A. , Love M. , Løken T. , Lunne T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Soil fabric features influence both the large-scale engineering properties and measurements made in laboratory and field tests. The effects on the large-scale parameters and different types of tests can vary appreciably. In the absence of relevant full-scale test data from the site being investigated, fabric studies can play a vital role in the evaluation of design parameters from laboratory and small in situ tests. This is especially the case where relationships between test and large scale behaviour have previously been obtained in soils with similar fabric features and stress histories. The potential value of fabric studies is particularly important in offshore investigations where large-scale in situ tests are not feasible and even the data from laboratory and small in situ tests are severely limited. During a major investigation for a gravity platform in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea in 1981 it was found that the relationships between the results obtained from the different types of tests did not fit into the patterns previously found at other North Sea sites. The need to explain these anomalous results and the availability of adequate numbers of good quality samples provided an excellent opportunity to make extensive observations and measurements of the soil fabric features and to use them in the interpretation of the test data and the evaluation of design parameters. This paper describes the detailed macro-and micro-fabric studies which were made and their role in explaining the anomalies in the test data and in the evaluation of the design parameters.
Drilling fluid invasion and permeability impairment in granular formations
Authors: Howsam P. , Hollamby R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In water well drilling the clogging of the formation due to drilling fluid invasion is a process of which most engineers/ geologists are aware but may not fully understand. Some simple laboratory test rigs are described. These were used to examine the damage mechanisms and damage potential of several drilling fluids. This work did not include a study of damage removal. The results show that solids content and rheology are the main factors influencing the type and degree of damage, as defined by the location and amount of permeability reduction. Whilst skin damage is the most obvious and occurs with many fluids, internal damage is equally significant and could be the most difficult to remove. With internal damage it is important to remember that the fluid which introduces the damage is not usually the same as that used to try and remove it.