bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of oil content of sunflower seed by wide‐line NMR
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Morrison W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe wide‐line nuclear magentic resonance (NMR) analyzer is routinely used to determine the oil content of sunflower seed by plant breeders. This technique is now under consideration as the official method for the domestic trading of sunflower seed. A study of the effect of depth (volume) of sunflower seed in the NMR 130 ml sample tube showed that between a depth of 30–75 mm (23.5–62.5 g seed) the NMR response was uniform, but beyond 75 mm, the response rapidly decreased. Oil analysis of 10 sunflower seed samples showed that coefficient of variation (C.V.) was lower with a 130 ml sample tube (C.V. 0.4%) than with a 34 ml tube (C.V. 0.8%). As the temperature of the sample was increased 1C, the instrument response decreased by 0.4%. Analysis of sunflower seed with 31–71% linoleic acid contents analyzed 0.1% higher for each 1% decrease in linoleic acid. Data show that linoleic acid content of NMR sunflower seed standard is important in NMR total oil analysis. Results of this study showed that the sample of sunflower seed for total oil analysis by NMR should be contained at least within the bottom 70 mm of the 130 ml sample tube, and NMR response of the standard calibration seed and sample being analyzed should be read at the same temperature, and their fatty acid compositions should be similar.
Effect of soybean breakage on the quality of soybean oil: Preliminary study
Authors: Velasco J. , Abdul‐Baki A. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean samples were separated into 4 fractions (whole beans, halves, pieces, and fines) according to physical damage, and all fractions but the fines were analyzed for oil quality. Free fatty acids were found to increase from 0.65% for whole beans to 1.79% for halves, 3.04% for pieces, and 9.46% for fines (by differences). Neutral oil loss of hexane‐extracted oil from these fractions was 4.5% for whole beans, 4.62% for halves, and 6.08% for pieces. The results give a measure of the decrease in quality of soybean oil with increasing soybean breakage.
Refining of tall oil pitch
Authors: Erä V. , Noronen K. , Holmbom B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSix grades of tall oil pitch (TOP) were subjected to extraction by n‐hexane and subsequent adsorption by SiO2‐activated carbon blend. Treated pitch samples contained 32.9–48.4% free acids, 24.2–35.0% esterified acids, and 25.0–36% unsaponifiable neutral compounds. Each of the above fractions was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography. The portion insoluble in n‐hexane contained 83.9% free acids, 10.6% esterified acids, and 5.5% unsaponifiable neutral compounds, indicating enrichment of the acidic compounds in this fraction. The decolorizing effect was observed in all treated TOP grades.
Near‐infrared spectroscopic analysis of deterioration indices of soybeans for process control in oil milling plant
Authors: Sato Tetsuo , Abe Hideyuki , Kawano Sumio , Ueno Goro , Suzuki Kiyoji , Iwamoto Mutsuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe feasibility of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was examined for analyzing quality criteria or deterioration induces of soybeans, such as the nitrogen solubility index (NSI), acid value, digestibility and percentage germination, as well as the contents of their major constituents (moisture, oil and total nitrogen). Because all the criteria are closely related to yield and quality of the final product, their rapid analysis is required for process control in the oil milling plant. NIR diffuse‐reflectace spectra were measured on ground samples in an InfraAlyzer 500 (Bran+Luebbe Co., Norderstedt, Germany). As for the major constituents, the standard errors of prediction (SEP) were 0.34% (moisture), 0.24% (oil) and 0.067% (total nitrogen). There results show the ability of NIR for analyzing these parameters, as many researchers reported previously. As for the other quality criteria, the SEP values were 2.40 (NSI), 5.58 (digestibility), 0.29 (acid value) and 15.27 (germinatio percentage). Further, NIR analysis for some of these criteria of the extracted residue and defatted soybeans was also examined, and almost the same level of SEP values was obtained. Although it is still necessary to improve the accuracy, we concluded that the NIR method has the feasibility to measure quality criteria for the purpose of process control in the plant in place of the time‐consuming chemical analysis that are conventionally used.
Antipolymerization activity of oat extract in soybean and cottonseed oils under frying conditions
Authors: Tian L. L. , White P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA methanolic extract of Noble oat (Avena sativa L.) was tested for its antipolymerization activity in soybean and cottonseed oils heated to 180°C for 10 h per day for 10 d and for its carry‐through properties in fried bread cubes. The soybean and cottonseed oils containing 0.005 or 0.007% oat extract (based on total phenolic content) formed significantly lesser amounts of polar compounds with high molecular weight than did the oils containing 0.02% tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), 1 ppm dimethylpolysiloxane (DMS) and oils containing no additives (control) as measured by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography. Fatty acid composition, also monitored, showed that oils with either level of oat extract maintained a significantly higher linoleic‐to‐palmitic acid ratio (18∶2/16∶0) than did the other treatments. Oil extracted from bread cubes fried (180°C) in oils containing TBHQ and oat extract and then stored at 60°C in the dark for up to 14 d had significantly lower (P≤0.05) peroxide values and higher (P≤0.05) 18∶2/16∶0 ratios than did oil extracted from cubes fried in oil containing DMS and in the control oil.
Oxidative stability of blends and interesterified blends of soybean oil and palm olein
Authors: Neff W. E. , El‐Agaimy M. A. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractImprovement of oxidative stability of soybean oil by blending with a more stable oil was investigated. Autoxidation of blends and interesterified blends (9∶1, 8∶2, 7∶3 and 1∶1, w/w) of soybean oil and palm olein was studied with respect to fatty acid composition, fatty acid location and triacylglycerol composition. Rates of formation of triacylglycerol hydroproxides, peroxide value and volatiles were evaluated. The fatty acid composition of soybean oil was changed by blending. Linolenic and linoleic acids decreased and oleic acid increased. The triacylglycerol composition of blends and interesterified blends was different from that of soybean oil. Relative to soybean oil, LnLL, LLL, LLO, LLP, LOO and LLS triacylglycerols were lowered and POO, POP and PLP were higher in blends and interesterified blends (where Ln, L, O, P and S represent linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids, respectively). Interesterification of the blends leads to a decrease in POO and POP and an increase in LOP. Linoleic acid concentration at triacylglycerol carbon‐2 was decreased by blending and interesterification. Rates of change for peroxide value and oxidation product formation confirmed the improvement of soybean oil stability by blending and interesterification. But, blends were more stable than interesterified blends. Also, the formation of hexanal, the major volatile of linoleate hydroperoxides of soybean oil, was decreased by blending and interesterification.
Effects of expander process on the phospholipids in soybean oil
Authors: Zhang F. , Koseoglu S. S. , Rhee K. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCrude oils were extracted from soybean flakes and collets by conventional and expander processes, respectively. The phospholipids were removed by degumming, and the lecithins were produced by using commercial procedures. The effects of the expander process on the degumming efficiencies were evaluated. The differences in the phosphatide compositions of the oils and the lecithins produced from expander and conventional processes were compared by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The phosphorus content indicated that expander‐processed oil contained more phosphorus (985 ppm) than the conventional oil (840 ppm). However, the phospholipids in the expander‐processed oil were more hydratable than those in the conventional oil. After degumming, the phosphorus content in the expander‐processed and conventional oil were reduced by 93.2 and 78.6%, respectively. The expander‐processed lecithin contained 74.3% acetone‐insoluble matter (AI), and the conventional lecithin contained 65.8%. More phosphatidylcholine was found in the expander‐processed lecithin (39.78%, based on AI) than in the conventionally processed lecithin (34.19%). The phosphatidylinositol contents of the expander‐processed lecithin and the conventional lecithin are almost the same (19.95 and 19.97%). The phosphatidylethanolamine in the expander‐processed lecithin (12.36%) was lower than that in the conventional lecithin (18.07%).
Quantitation of volatile compounds in heated trilinolein by static headspace‐capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Mahungu Symon M. , Hansen Steven L. , Artz William E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStatic headspace and capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy‐mass spectrometry were used to collect, separate, detect and quantitate the oxidative and thermal decomposition products in heated trilinolein. Trilinolein without added antioxidants was heated in a deep‐fat fryer at 190°C for 12 h each day for a total of 24 h until the amount of polymeric material in the oil exceeded 20%. The concentration of the volatile compounds in trilinolein, as well as thep‐anisidine values and polymer content, increased with an increase in heating time. After 24 h of heating, the concentrations of the major volatile compounds (>10 ppm) had increased as follows: pentane (33.4–398.7 ppm), pentanal (11.7–73.5 ppm), 1‐pentanol (5.2–46.7 ppm), hexanal (67.6–346.1 ppm), (E)‐2‐hexenal (12.9–87.6 ppm), (E)‐2‐heptenal (309.6–894.1 ppm), 1‐octen‐3‐ol (35.2–150.2 ppm), formic acid (0–18.7 ppm), hexanoic acid (0–83.8 ppm), heptanal (2.5–29.5 ppm), 2‐pentylfuran (29.2–146.9 ppm), (E)‐2‐octenal (26.4–347.2 ppm), (E)‐2‐octenal (26.4–347.2 ppm), (E)‐2‐nonenal (31.6–163.2 ppm), (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal (15.0–320 ppm) and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal (43.1–1137.5 ppm).
SD&C Technical phosphates as energy savers in machine dishwash performance
Authors: Langguth R. P. , Casey E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA savings of 20% in the energy consumption of machine dishwashers to meet government guidelines requires a significant reduction in the amount of water used or in the temperature of the wash. Performance testing has shown that a reduction in wash temperature from 140 F to 100 F results in a significant increase in the spotting and filming of glassware. This performance loss to conserve energy can be reduced by increasing the sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) content of the machine dishwash formulation. A reduction in the STP content of the formulation from the typical 40–45% level that would be required to comply with restrictive phosphate (8.7% P) legislation coupled with a decrease in wash temperature for energy conservation results in extremely poor washing performance.
A structural approach to the assessment of fracture risk in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Leonard Mary B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChildren with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have multiple risk factors for impaired accretion of trabecular and cortical bone. CKD during childhood poses an immediate fracture risk and compromises adult bone mass, resulting in significantly greater skeletal fragility throughout life. High-turnover disease initially results in thickened trabeculae, with greater bone volume. As disease progresses, resorption cavities dissect trabeculae, connectivity degrades, and bone volume decreases. Increased bone turnover also results in increased cortical porosity and decreased cortical thickness. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based measures of bone mineral density (BMD) are derived from the total bone mass within the projected bone area (g/cm2), concealing distinct disease effects in trabecular and cortical bone. In contrast, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) estimates volumetric BMD (vBMD, g/cm3), distinguishes between cortical and trabecular bone, and provides accurate estimates of cortical dimensions. Recent data have confirmed that pQCT measures of cortical vBMD and thickness provide substantially greater fracture discrimination in adult dialysis patients compared with hip or spine DXA. The following review considers the structural effects of renal osteodystrophy as it relates to fracture risk and the potential advantages and disadvantages of DXA and alternative measures of bone density, geometry, and microarchitecture, such as pQCT, micro-CT (μCT), and micro magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) for fracture risk assessment.
Fruit phenology of Prunus jamasakura and the feeding habit of the Asiatic black bear as a seed disperser
Authors: Koike Shinsuke , Kasai Shinsuke , Yamazaki Koji , Furubayashi Kengo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between the fruit phenology of Prunus jamasakura and the fruit‐feeding period of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus). The purposes of this study were to determine (1) when bears feed on the fruit of P. jamasakura in relation to phenology; (2) whether ingestion damages seeds; and (3) how ingestion influences seed germination. We assessed the relationship between the phenology of fruit maturation (size, sugar concentration, color, persistence, and germination percentage) and the feeding period of bears in the field, as judged from bear shelves and claw marks. We also compared the germination percentage of seeds ingested by captive bears with that of uningested. Bears fed on the fruit from days 50 to 66 after flowering, when most of the fruits were on the tree and became large, the germination percentage of seeds increased, and the sugar concentration became high. Bears fed only on mature fruits and so obtained high‐quality nutrients. Germination tests showed that ingestion of fruits by the bears caused no physical damage to the seeds. Ingested seeds did not show a significant difference in germination percentage from seeds, whose pulp was artificially removed. These results indicate that bears are potentially effective dispersers from a qualitative perspective and, to some extent, from a quantitative perspective.
Protein–Protein Interactions in High Moisture‐Extruded Meat Analogs and Heat‐Induced Soy Protein Gels
Authors: Liu Ke Shun , Hsieh Fu‐Hung 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo commercial soy protein isolates were made into fibrous meat analogs by high moisture extrusion or into gels by heating and cooling, at varying concentrations and/or temperatures. Protein–protein interactions by extrusion or gelation were investigated through protein solubility studies of raw and finished products. All samples except for extrudates exhibited similar patterns of solubility in four selected extractants. Phosphate buffer (PB) extracted the least amount of protein. Addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) to PB improved protein solubility, indicating the presence of disulfide bonds. PB + Urea and PB + Urea + DTT gave the highest and almost equal amount of extractable proteins from all samples, except for the extrudates from which protein could not be extracted effectively by PB + Urea, implying that disulfide bonding was more pronounced during extrusion than gelation. The results support our hypothesis that soy protein gels and extrudates both have the same types of chemical bonds, namely covalent disulfide bonds and non‐covalent interactions. It is the relative proportion of each type of bonds in their structures that differentiates the two with respect to reversibility and structure rigidity. In forming protein gels during heat‐induced gelation, non‐covalent bonds play a dominant role over disulfide bonds; whereas for forming the fibrous structure of protein extrudates, non‐covalent bonds and covalent disulfide bonds are both important.
Genetische Grundlagen der Migräne
Authors: Kubisch C. 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Die Migräne ist eine periodische neurovaskuläre Erkrankung mit einer Lebenszeitprävalenz von >15%. Obwohl bereits lange bekannt ist, dass sie familiär gehäuft auftritt, sind die genetischen Suszeptibilitätsfaktoren der häufigen Migräneformen bis jetzt nicht bekannt. Demgegenüber sind bereits 3 Gene identifiziert worden, die die familiäre hemiplegische Migräne – eine seltene monogene Subform – verursachen können. Bei allen 3 Genprodukten handelt es sich um Ionentransportproteine, sodass auch die Migräne wenigstens z. T. zu den so genannten „channelopathies“ zu zählen ist, die auf einer neuronalen Übererregbarkeit beruhen. Systematische und genomweite Screeningverfahren in großen Patienten- und Familienkollektiven werden in naher Zukunft zeigen, inwiefern auch die komplex vererbten Migräneformen zu dieser Gruppe von Erkrankungen gehören oder ob diese häufigen und individuell oft schwer belastenden Störungen eine distinkte molekulare Pathogenese aufweisen.
Altersabhängige Makuladegeneration
Authors: Fiebig B.S. , Weber B.H.F. 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Die altersabhängige Makuladegeneration (AMD) ist eine komplexe Erkrankung der zentralen Netzhaut mit einer Prävalenz von 12% in der Bevölkerung über 80 Jahre. Spätstadien sind heute die häufigste Ursache von Erblindung im Sinne des Gesetzes. Das Erkrankungsrisiko wird von exogenen und endogenen Faktoren beeinflusst. Zu den umweltbedingten Risikofaktoren gehört v. a. das Rauchen. Erste Hinweise auf genetische Faktoren ergaben sich aus Zwillings- und familiäre Aggregationsstudien. Jüngere Arbeiten haben genetische Varianten an 2 Genorten beschrieben, die mit einem stark erhöhten Risiko für die Entwicklung einer AMD einhergehen. Während die 1q32-assoziierten Varianten auf das Komplement-Faktor-H(CFH)-Gen und damit auf eine Rolle der angeborenen Immunität und entzündlicher Reaktionen in der Ätiologie der AMD verweisen, ist der funktionelle Beitrag des LOC387715/HTRA(HtrA-Serin-Peptidase-1)-Genorts in 10q26 noch unverstanden. In den kommenden Jahren ist zu erwarten, dass das Wissen um die genetischen Faktoren und deren zelluläre Rolle in der Netzhaut weiter zunehmen und Eingang in die klinische Betreuung der Patienten finden wird.
„Syndrom“ multiple Sklerose
Authors: Akkad D.A. , Epplen J.T. , Gold R. 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Manifestation und Verlauf der multifaktoriell bedingten Erkrankung multiple Sklerose (MS) als häufigster neuroinflammatorischer/-degenerativer Erkrankung des Nervensystems unterliegen mannigfaltigen genetischen und Umwelteinflüssen. Differenzialdiagnostik und (symptomorientierte) Therapie bedürfen neben modernen technischen Hilfsmitteln des erfahrenen Neurologen, um andere chronische entzündlich-degenerative Prozesse auszuschließen bzw. die Behandlung optimal anzupassen. Bemühungen, den komplexen genetischen MS-Beitrag aufzuklären, zeigen Teilerfolge in vertiefter Kooperation zwischen Klinik und Grundlagenforschung.
Cell Saver: Is it beneficial in scoliosis surgery?
Authors: Weiss Jennifer M. , Skaggs David , Tanner John , Tolo Vernon 
Published: July 2007

Study design Review of the use of Cell Saver in a non-randomized group of patients undergoing spinal fusion for scoliosis. Objectives To determine the efficacy of the use of Cell Saver for spinal fusions for scoliosis. Summary of background data Although Cell Saver is widely used in scoliosis surgery, it is not clear whether its use decreases the need for other transfusions or whether there are certain patients more likely to benefit from its use. The blood collected by Cell Saver intraoperatively is not always of sufficient volume to be returned to the patient, and there are no current guidelines addressing the amount that is likely to be returned to the patient. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine: Does use of Cell Saver reduce the need for other transfusions in scoliosis surgery? Is there an amount of blood loss at which Cell Saver is likely to be returned? Materials and methods The study group consisted of 95 children who had undergone posterior spinal fusion between January 2002 and March 2004 with one of two surgeons. One surgeon used Cell Saver, the other surgeon did not. Of the total, 58 patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion with the use of Cell Saver (group 1) were compared with the 37 (group 2) who underwent the same procedure without the use of Cell Saver. Results Of those in group 1, 34 received Cell Saver blood back as an intraoperative autologous transfusion (IAT) (59%). Patients in the Cell Saver group were just as likely to receive non-Cell Saver transfusions as those in the control group ( P = 0.12). Of the 39 patients who lost more than 500 cc of blood, 34 received IAT (87%). No patient who lost less than 500 cc of blood received IAT. Conclusion The use of Cell Saver does not reduce the need for other transfusions in scoliosis surgery. The amount of blood loss at which Cell Saver is likely to be returned is 500 cc. We demonstrated no benefit in the use of Cell Saver in our patient population.
Pregabalin for relief of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy: A randomized, double‐blind study
Authors: Tölle Thomas , Freynhagen Rainer , Versavel Mark , Trostmann Uwe , Young James P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeven published, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials with pregabalin have shown robust efficacy for relief of neuropathic pain from DPN and PHN. An investigation of the efficacy and safety of twice daily pregabalin enrolled 395 adults with painful DPN for ≥1 year in a 12‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Patients were randomized to placebo, 150, 300, or 600mg/day pregabalin (n=96, 99, 99, and 101). Primary efficacy measure was change from baseline in endpoint mean pain score from patients’ daily pain diaries. Secondary efficacy measures included pain‐related sleep‐interference scores, Patient and Clinical Global Impressions of Change (PGIC, CGIC), and the EuroQOL Health Utilities Index (EQ‐5D). Statistically significant reduction in pain was observed in patients receiving pregabalin 600mg/day, and 46% of patients treated with 600mg/day pregabalin reported ≥50% improvement in mean pain scores from baseline (vs 30% of placebo patients, p=0.036). Number needed to treat to achieve such response was 6.3. Pregabalin 600mg/day was significantly superior to placebo in improving pain‐related sleep‐interference scores (p=0.003), PGIC (p=0.021), and CGIC (p=0.009). (Neither pregabalin 150 nor 300mg/day separated from placebo on these measures, largely because of an atypically large placebo response in one country representing 42% of patients.) All pregabalin dosages were superior to placebo in improving EQ‐5D utility scores (all p≥0.0263 vs placebo). Pregabalin was well tolerated at all dosages; adverse events were generally mild to moderate. Number needed to harm (discontinuation because of adverse events) was 10.3 for pregabalin 600mg/day.