bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Condensate Relative Permeability for Well Calculations
Authors: Whitson Curtis H. , Fevang Øivind , Sævareid Aud 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper addresses several issues related to the modeling and experimental design of relative permeabilities used for simulating gas condensate well deliverability.
The key relation defining steady-state flow in gas condensate wells is krg as a function of krg/kro. Strictly speaking, saturations are not important – i.e. the determination of kr(S). Once the krg =f(krg/kro) relationship is experimentally established and correlated with capillary number (Nc), accurate modeling of condensate blockage is possible.
Special steady-state experimental procedures have been developed to measure krg as a function of krg/kro and Nc. Saturations, though they can be measured, are not necessary. We have paid particular attention to the effect of hysteresis on the relation krg =f(krg/kro), based on our observation that many repeated cycles of partial/complete imbibition and drainage occur in the near-well region during the life of a gas condensate well.
An approach for fitting steady-state gas condensate relative permeability data has been developed and used for modeling relative permeability curves. A generalized relative permeability model is applied, where the "immiscible" or "rock" curves are linked with "miscible" or "straight-line" curves by a transition function dependent on the capillary number.
Treatment of "inertial" high velocity flow (HVF) within the condensate blockage region and locally at the wellbore are also treated.
The composite effect of condensate blockage is handled using a "Muskat" pseudopressure model, where relative permeabilities are corrected for the positive effect of capillary number dependence and the negative effect of inertial high velocity flow.
Environmental Policies, Politics, and Community Risk Perception: Case Study of Community Contamination in Casper, Wyoming
Authors: Tajik Mansoureh , Gottlieb Karen , Lowndes Nita , Stewart Gloria 
Published: January 2008

Objectives: We identify and explain factors that affected a community's perception of risk due to extensive industrial contamination and people's distrust of government agencies regarding the environmental investigations. Methods: Intrinsic bounded case study methodology was used to conduct research about extensive environmental contaminations due to activities of an oil refinery in North Casper, Wyoming, and the citizens' response. Data were collected from multiple sources that included public testimonies, observations, public hearings and meetings minutes, newspaper articles, archived records obtained from federal and state environmental and health agencies, as well as industry records obtained through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. Findings: The overarching theme that emerged was lack of trust due to several critical events and factors such as no response or delay in response time to community concerns, lack of transparency, perceived cover up, vague and fragmented communication by government and state officials, perception of pro-industry stance, and perceived unfair treatment. Discussion and Conclusion: People's perception of environmental risks and their willingness to accept official explanations and outcomes of environmental investigations are strongly affected by their direct experiences with government agencies and the evidence of influence the powerful industries exert over relevant investigations. The government cannot successfully address public and community concerns about environmental health impacts of contaminations and in turn the public perception of risk unless it adopts and implements policies, procedures, and protocols that are clear, timely, transparent, and free from industry influence.
Morphological Characteristics of the Symphyseal Region in Adult Skeletal Class III Crossbite and Openbite Malocclusions
Authors: Chung Chooryung Judi , Jung Sinae , Baik Hyoung-Seon 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the relationship of the morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region of adult Class III malocclusion to the differences in overjet and overbite.
Materials and Methods: The basal and symphyseal widths along with the alveolar and symphyseal heights were evaluated using data from the lateral cephalograms of Korean adult male skeletal Class III, divided into crossbite (n = 28) and openbite (n = 41) groups. Korean male normal occlusion samples (n = 32) were used as controls.
Results: The width of the symphyseal region including the basal width, point B width, Id width, symphyseal thickness, and pogonion width were similar in adult Class III crossbite and normal occlusion groups, but significantly less in the adult Class III openbite group (P &lt; .001). The alveolar height was similar in the adult Class III crossbite and control groups, but significantly less in the adult Class III openbite group (P &lt; .05). However, the symphyseal height was similar in all three groups.
Conclusions: An openbite, rather than a negative overjet, is the major factor influencing the symphyseal morphology in an adult Class III malocclusion.
Radiographic findings in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis: 125 cases (1989–2006)
Authors: Crews Laura J. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Newman Allison B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify radiographic patterns in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis and radiographic factors associated with outcome.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—125 dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed, and for each lung lobe, the primary radiographic pattern and percentage of lobar involvement at the time of initial examination were recorded.
Results—79 dogs survived, 38 died, and 8 were euthanized without treatment. The initial radiographic pattern was variable and not significantly associated with outcome. Mean half-time for radiographic resolution of pulmonary infiltrates was 41.4 days for all patterns except masses, for which mean half-time to resolution was 90.8 days. Transient radiographic worsening was seen in 20 of 87 (23%) dogs but was not associated with a poor prognosis. Pulmonary bullae were seen in 20 (16%) dogs, most often in association with an alveolar pattern. Accuracy of using percentage of right caudal lung lobe involvement (≤ 20% vs > 20%) to predict outcome was 74.4%; accuracy of using number of affected lobes (< 4 vs ≥ 4) to predict outcome was 65.8%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a nonuniform distribution of pulmonary infiltrates was equally as likely as a diffuse nodular interstitial pattern in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis. On the basis of half-time for resolution of pulmonary infiltrates, follow-up radiography should be performed no more often than every 4 to 6 weeks in clinically stable patients. Transient radiographic worsening that occurred during the initial weeks of treatment was not associated with a poorer prognosis.
Utility of diagnostic tests for and medical treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs: 125 cases (1989–2006)
Authors: Crews Laura J. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Newman Allison B. , Sharkey Leslie C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare results of the most common diagnostic tests for pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs, identify factors associated with outcome, and determine response to various antifungal treatment protocols.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—125 dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed, and information was obtained regarding diagnostic methods, results of routine laboratory testing, and radiographic response to antifungal treatment.
Results—79 dogs survived, 38 died, and 8 were euthanized. Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration and transtracheal lavage were the most common diagnostic methods. Results of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for antibodies against Blastomyces dermatitidis were negative in 12 of 24 (50%) dogs. Only 3 of 94 (3.2%) dogs in which cytologic or histologic examination or bacterial culture of pulmonary samples were performed had any evidence of concurrent bacterial infection. The half-time for radiographic resolution of pulmonary infiltrates did not vary significantly with antifungal treatment, and use of a loading dosage of itraconazole was not associated with significant improvements in outcome or time to disease resolution. Dogs that died had a higher number of band neutrophils at initial examination, compared with those that survived.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the agar gel immunodiffusion test should not be used as the sole diagnostic test for pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs, that concurrent bacterial pneumonia was uncommon in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis, and that the rate with which pulmonary infiltrates resolved did not vary significantly among antifungal treatments.
Self-expanding nitinol stents for the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs: 12 cases (2001–2004)
Authors: Sura Patricia A. , Krahwinkel Delbert J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate long-term outcome following nitinol stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—12 client-owned dogs with endoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse refractory to medical management.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for 12 dogs in which 1 or more self-expanding nitinol stents were placed for the treatment of endoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse. A total of 17 stents were placed.
Results—Survival times after stent placement ranged from 1 to 48 months. Three of 12 dogs died within 6 months after stent placement. Nine dogs survived > 1 year after stent placement, and 7 dogs survived > 2 years. Of the deceased dogs, 5 of 9 succumbed to tracheal disease. Other causes of death included congestive heart failure, cerebral neoplasia, cerebrovascular accident, and renal failure. Material failure (stent fracture) was a common complication (5/12 dogs). Other complications reported included excessive granulation tissue within the stent lumen, tracheitis, and pneumonia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Placement of an intraluminal stent with self-expanding nitinol stents was a successful palliative treatment for tracheal collapse in dogs that did not respond to medical management. Disease progression is inevitable, but substantial improvement in respiratory function may be achieved for a period of months to years.
Factors associated with vesicular stomatitis in animals in the western United States
Authors: Duarte Paulo C. , Morley Paul S. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Creekmore Lynn H. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify factors associated with development of vesicular stomatitis (VS).
Design—Case-control study.
Sample Population—138 livestock premises and 118 horses suspected of having VS in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado.
Procedures—Premises with ≥ 1 animal with clinical signs and laboratory confirmation of infection were classified as case premises. Premises where laboratory confirmation results were negative were control premises. Among equine premises, case and control horses were selected on the basis of premises status. A survey was conducted to identify factors associated with VS for premises and specific horses.
Results—Control of insect populations in the 2 weeks before the VS investigation decreased the odds of disease for premises where vegetation coverage was grassland or pasture (odds ratio [OR], 0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 0.7). Odds of VS for premises covered with grassland or pasture increased when measures to control insect populations were not used (OR, 11; 95% CI, 0.8 to 156.3) and for premises that had a body of water (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.6). Use of measures to prevent insect bites or harassment by insects (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.8) and spending time in shelters (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.1) in the 2 weeks prior to investigation decreased the odds of being a case horse.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Insect control and spending time in shelters decreased the odds for infection with VS. Premises covered with grassland or pasture or that had a body of water were at a higher risk.
Body wall tears during late pregnancy in mares: 13 cases (1995–2006)
Authors: Ross Julie , Palmer Jonathan E. , Wilkins Pamela A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective—To review management of pregnant mares with body wall defects and assess the effect of various management strategies on the outcome of mares and their foals.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—13 mares.
Procedures—Medical records of eligible mares were reviewed. Signalment, history, admitting complaint, clinical findings, parity, type of body wall defect, concurrent diagnoses, postpartum complications, outcome of fetus, outcome of mare, and type of clinical case management were recorded.
Results—8 mares received conservative management and 5 mares received interventional management. Survival of mares to discharge was good, and no difference in mare survival was identified on the basis of type of management, type of body wall defect, or presence of hydrops. Foal survival was significantly better in the conservative management group, compared with those managed by interventional management, and was also better without hydrops.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Foal survival can be improved in mares with body wall defects that occur during parturition without compromising mare survival by use of conservative management strategies that avoid induction of parturition or elective caesarian section and allow for natural parturition. Potentially, improved fetal readiness for birth may play a role.
Molecular imaging of reduced renal uptake of radiolabelled [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate by the combination of lysine and Gelofusine in rats
Authors: Bernard B. F. , Breeman W. A. P. , Forrer F. , de Blois E. , Hoppin J. , Gotthardt M. , Boerman O. C. , Krenning E. P. , de Jong M. , Rolleman E. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAim: In peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using radiolabelled somatostatin analogues, kidney uptake of radiolabelled compound is the major dose-limiting factor. We studied the effects of Gelofusine (20 mg) and lysine (100 mg) and the combination of both after injection of therapeutic doses of radiolabelled [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate (60 MBq 111In or 555 MBq 177Lu labelled to 15 μg peptide) in male Lewis rats. Methods: Kidney uptake was measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans with a four-headed multi-pinhole camera (NanoSPECT) at 24 h, 5 and 7 days p. i. and was quantified by volume of interest analysis. For validation the activity concentration in the dissected kidneys was also determined ex vivo using a gamma counter and a dose calibrator. Results: Gelofusine and lysine both reduced kidney uptake of [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate significantly by about 40% at all time points. The combination of Gelo - fusine and lysine resulted in a 62% inhibition of kidney uptake (p < 0.01 vs. lysine alone). A weak but significant dose-response relationship for Gelofusine, but not for lysine, was found. In a study with [111In-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate, conclusions drawn from NanoSPECT data were confirmed by biodistribution data. Conclusions: We conclude that rat kidney uptake of radiolabelled somatostatin analogues can be monitored for a longer period in the same animal using animal SPECT. Gelofusine and lysine had equal potential to reduce kidney uptake of therapeutic doses of [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate. The combination of these compounds caused a significantly larger reduction than lysine or Gelofusine alone and may therefore offer new possibilities in PRRT. The NanoSPECT data were validated by standard biodistribution experiments.
Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Gauler T. , Görges R. , Bauer S. , Stergar H. , Antoch G. , Bockisch A. , Schütte J. , Freudenberg L. S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAims: Objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the role of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with respect to potential therapy with somatostatin analogue (SST-A) and to assess the response rate under therapy with SST-A. Patients, methods: 16 patients with documented progression of histologically confirmed advanced RCC were included. Planar whole-body SRS was performed 4, 24 and 48h post i.v. injection of 175–200 MBq 111In-pentetreoide. 5 and 25 h p.i. SPECT of thorax and abdomen were performed. Documentation of somatostatin receptor expression via SRS in >50% of known tumour lesions was the criteria for treatment start with SST-A (Sandostatin LAR®-Depot 30mg i.m. every four weeks). Results: In 9/16 of the patients SRS showed at least one metastasis with moderate (n = 5) or intense (n = 4) tracer uptake. Lesion-based SRS evaluation showed only 12.1% (20/165) of all metastases. Most false-negative lesions were located in the lungs. In two patients, the majority of the known metastases was SRS positive and these patients received SST-A therapy. The first radiographic evaluation after a twomonth interval showed progressive disease in both patients. Conclusions: We conclude that SRS is of limited value in staging of advanced RCC. In our patients SST-A did not result in a growth control of RCC. Consequently, the use of SST-A in advanced RCC seems to be no relevant therapeutic option.
Factors affecting the specific activity of [18F]fluoride from a [18O]water target
Authors: Preusche S. , Mäding P. , Zessin J. , Steinbach J. , Füchtner F. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAim: Characterisation of the influence of different polymeric tube materials of a water target system, used for the production of 18F activity, on the specific activity of radiotracers. Material, methods: Target water samples taken from different locations of the 18F water target system of a Cyclone® 18/9 cyclotron, equipped with Teflon® (PTFE) or polypropylene (PP) tubes, were analyzed for non-radioactive [19F]fluoride content. [19F]Fluoride content was measured by ion chromatography (IC20, Dinoex) with suppressed conductivity detection. Both the ion chromatographic results and the amount of 18F activity produced were used for the calculation of the specific activity (SA) of [18F]fluoride at the start of the labelling synthesis. To check these results, the SA of the labelled receptor ligand [18F]ZK811460 was also determined by using the different tubing materials. Results: Dose-exposed PTFE tubes of the target dispensing (loading) system were identified to be a major source of [19F]fluoride contamination. Conclusion: By replacing PTFE tubes of the target dispensing system with PP tubes, the content of 19F was reduced considerably resulting in an increase of SA of the radiotracer [18F]ZK811460 by factor of two.
Demonstration of angiogenesis and the effect on an antiangiogenetic therapy with 99mTc labeled erythrocytes
Authors: Bodenstein C. , Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R. , Weber W. A. , Zengel P. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAim: To evaluate, whether scintigraphic studies with radiolabeled erythrocytes may be used to demonstrate the formation of new vessels during angiogenesis and if an effect on antiangiogenetic therapy could be detected. Methods: As an angiogenesis model we used the ingrowth of blood vessels in matrigel, subcutaneously injected into mice. In order to measure the relative blood volume in the matrigel non-invasively, mouse erythrocytes were labeled with Technetium-99m DTPA. The amount of activity in the matrigel was measured 30 minutes after injection of the radiolabeled erythrocytes with a gammacamera (in-vivo) and a gammacounter (ex-vivo). These results were correlated with the concentration of hemoglobin in the matrigel and the immunhistochemically evaluated density of blood vessels. The influence of the angiogenesis stimulating growth factor (bFGF) and the antiangiogenetic effect of the cyclooxigenase type 2 inhibitor (COX-2) NS398 were tested. Results: There was a close correlation between the activity concentration in the matrigel and the hemoglobin content. Treatment with bFGF significantly increased the activity concentration from 1.74% ± ID/g to 4.06% ± 0.36 (p < 0.01), whereas treatment with NS398 significantly inhibited tracer uptake from 2.83% ID/g ± 0.33 to 0.87% ID/g ± 0.12 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results demonstrate the feasibility of using 99mTc labelled erythrocytes for scintigraphic imaging to assess the effects of angiogenesis stimulating and inhibiting interventions noninvasively.
Survey of management of solitary thyroid nodules in Germany
Authors: Wegscheider K. , Vaupel R. , Schmidt M. , Schicha H. , Dietlein M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAim: To compare the opinions of practitioners in primary care with those of thyroid specialists in Germany on the management of solitary thyroid nodules (Papillon 2005). Methods: Questionnaires were filled in by 2,191 practitioners and 297 thyroid specialists between June 1 and September 30, 2005. The test cases and their modifications described a solitary thyroid nodule of 2–3 cm with different levels of thyroid function and a hypoechogenic nodule of 1 cm in diameter. Results: TSH determination and sonography were found to be standard procedures, followed by scintigraphy (selected by 84.7% of practitioners and 95.1% of specialists, p < 0.001) and fine needle aspiration cytology (54.5% of practitioners, 57.4% of specialists). For a hypoechogenic nodule calcitonin determination was advocated by 54.0% of endocrinologists and by 32.2% of nuclear medicine physicians (p < 0.001). A euthyroid solitary thyroid nodule would be treated medically by 77.8% of practitioners and by 85.7% of specialists, the combination of levothyroxine and iodine being clearly preferred (60.9% of practitioners and 67.1% of specialists). For a hyperfunctioning nodule the preference of radioiodine therapy was significantly higher in the specialist group (88.8%) than among the practitioners (52.2%). Conclusions: The main differences of opinion between practitioners and specialists focused on calcitonin screening and referral to radioiodine therapy.
Is there a role for scintigraphic imaging of bone manifestations in Gaucher disease?
Authors: Kohlfürst S. , Gallowitsch H. J. , Kresnik E. , Lind P. , Mehta A. B. , Hughes D. A. , Mikosch P. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryGaucher disease is the most prevalent inherited, lysosomal storage disease and is caused by deficient activity of the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase. Bone and bone marrow alterations are frequent in the most prevalent non-neuronopathic form of Gaucher disease. Imaging of bone manifestations in Gaucher disease is performed by a variety of imaging methods, conventional X-ray and MRI as the most frequently and most important ones. However, different modalities of scintigraphic imaging have also been used. This article gives an overview on scintigraphic imaging with respect to bone manifestations in Gaucher disease discussing the advantages and limitations of scintigraphic imaging in comparison to other imaging methods.
Assembly Language
Authors: King Willis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAn assembly language is a symbolic representation of a corresponding machine language. Whereas a machine language program consists of bit patterns, an assembly language program consists of alphanumeric names (symbols), numbers, and other special characters. The names describe operations to be performed (mnemonics) as well as storage locations and registers from which data (operands) are to be fetched or stored. While the machine language instruction is the only instruction a computer can “understand,” it is very difficult for humans to write a program using pure machine language directly. Assembly language was the first step taken some 60 years ago to facilitate programming and it led to the development of more powerful programming languages (higher level languages).