bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluctuating Helium Emission in Optically Thick Divertor Plasmas
Authors: Rosmej F. B. , Ohno N. , Takamura S. , Kajita S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSimulations of the helium radiative properties carried out with the recently developed multi‐level meta‐stable resolved collisional‐radiative code SOPHIA discovered new unique emission lines to analyze optically thick divertor plasmas relevant for ITER. The comparison of their time dependent line emission obtained from the NAGDIS‐II plasma simulator experiments with time dependent temperature probe measurements shows a strong correlation. This indicates that line intensity fluctuations can be transformed to the important quantities of density and temperature fluctuations. A transformation method based on integral line intensity ratios which can be recorded with high time resolution is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulating the Role of Intrinsic Carbon Impurities in the Divertor Detachment of ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Wischmeier M. , Bonnin X. , Coster D. P. , Chankin A. V. , Kallenbach A. , Müller H. W. , ASDEX Upgrade Team  
Published: March 2008

AbstractAs part of a general effort in validating SOL fluid Monte Carlo codes, well diagnosed ohmic discharges have been done in ASDEX Upgrade reaching from the lowest accessible density up to densities at which both targets were at least partially detached. The numerical code B2.5‐EIRENE has been used to simulate these experiments with a particular focus on detachment. Whilst it is possible to qualitatively reproduce the general experimental observations when transiting from attached to detached plasmas, the simulations do not reproduce the detachment threshold observed in experiment quantitatively. The strong asymmetry of the ion flux density between the inner and the outer target with increasing density and in particular the vanishing ion flux, defined as full detachment, at the inner target cannot be reproduced. The influence of various parameters such as chemical sputtering yields and the effect of the activation of drift terms on the results is analyzed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extension of IMPMC Code Toward Time Evolution Simulation
Authors: Shimizu K. , Takizuka T. , Kawashima H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA self‐consistent modelling of divertor plasma and impurity transport has been developed. The key feature of this integrated code, SONIC, is to incorporate the elaborate impurity Monte Carlo code, IMPMC. Monte‐Carlo (MC) approach is suitable for modelling of interactions between impurities and walls, including kinetic effects, and the complicated dissociation process of hydrocarbons. The MC modelling, however, has the disadvantage for long computational time, large MC noise, and assumption of steady state. The first and second difficulties were solved by developing a new diffusion model and optimizing with a Message Passing Interface (MPI) on the massive parallel computer. The third subject is solved by extension of IMPMC code toward time evolution simulation. A time‐dependent simulation with impurity MC code involves a problem to increase number of test particles. The particle reduction method to resolve this problem is newly developed and is validated. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐Z Impurity Transport Code by Monte Carlo Method in a Realistic Tokamak Geometry – IMPGYRO –
Authors: Hoshino K. , Noritake M. , Toma M. , Hatayama A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe have developed a three‐Dimensional (3‐D) Monte Carlo transport code “IMPGYRO” for heavy metal impurities. The code includes most of important processes of heavy metal impurities, such as the Larmor gyration, Coulomb collisions and multi‐step ionization/recombination processes. The code outputs the 2‐D density profiles of high‐Z impurity for a realistic tokamak geometry. In this paper, the IMPGYRO code has been improved to take into account the self‐sputtering and the thermal force. The normalized density of impurities in the divertor region for the power detached case is larger than that for the attached case. The balance between the friction force and the thermal force possibly explain the tendency. The IMPGYRO code directly solves the 3‐D equation of motion for impurity particles. It is possible to properly calculate the incident angle to the wall for each impurity particle. The incident angle calculated by the IMPGYRO is widely distributed around the incident angle of a magnetic line of force. The sputtering yield greatly depends on the incident angle, especially in the angle range that the incident angle of tungsten is distributed. Therefore, the IMPGYRO code which properly calculates the incident angle is a useful tool to evaluate the angular distribution of incident particles and the resultant amount of the self‐sputtered impurity. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Oblique Magnetic Field on Release Conditions of Dust Particle from Plasma‐Facing Wall
Authors: Tomita Y. , Smirnov R. D. , Takizuka T. , Tskhakaya D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEffects of oblique magnetic field on release condition of a spherical dust particle from a plasma‐facing vertical wall is studied analytically. The magnetic pre‐sheath and the Debye sheath are coupled to obtain the plasma quantities and the electric field at the wall, which are necessary to analyze the release condition. It is clarified that for the deeper potential drop inside the Debye sheath than the floating one the critical radius for release increases as the magnetic field approaches parallel to the wall. The smaller dust than the critical one can be released from the wall. On the other hand in the case of the shallower potential drop the critical radius disappears at some angle of the oblique magnetic field. From this analysis we find that the size of the released dust particle can be controllable by adjusting the plasma parameters such as plasma density and temperature as well as biasing the wall potential. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of Dust Statistical Characteristics in Tokamaks
Authors: Smirnov R. D. , Pigarov A. Yu. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Rosenberg M. , Mendis D. A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this work we analyze the size (radius) distribution function of dust particles in tokamak plasmas during a steady state discharge. A relation between the radius distribution function of dust in the plasma and the radius distribution of dust injected from tokamak walls is obtained using a Green's function formalism. Numerical simulations of the dust radius distribution function in a tokamak plasma with the Dust Transport (DUSTT) code are used to obtain the analytical form of the Green's function semi‐empirically. It is demonstrated that the Green's function obtained can be used to predict qualitatively the dust size distributions in the tokamak plasmas. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Distinct subsets of human invariant NKT cells differentially regulate T helper responses via dendritic cells
Authors: Liu Tian‐Yi , Uemura Yasushi , Suzuki Motoharu , Narita Yayoi , Hirata Shinya , Ohyama Hideki , Ishihara Osamu , Matsushita Sho 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells regulate the T helper (Th) 1/2 balance and elicit either enhancement or suppression of the immune responses. However, the exact mechanism by which iNKT cells exert these contrasting functions has remained elusive. We demonstrate herein that two major distinct subsets of human iNKT cells, CD4+CD8β– (CD4+) and CD4–CD8β– (double negative; DN) cells, express functional CD40 ligand (CD40L), but they differentially regulate the dendritic cell (DC) function by reciprocal NKT‐DC interactions, thereby influencing the subsequent Th response. The CD4 subset stimulated by α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer)‐loaded DC immediately produced massive amounts of IL‐4 and IL‐13, which together with IFN‐γ enhanced CD40L‐induced IL‐12 production by DC. In contrast, the DN subset eliminated the DC by cytolysis and changed the living DC into a default subtype, in turn markedly down‐regulating the levels of IL‐12. Therefore, the DC stimulated by the CD4 subset preferentially induced Th1 responses, whereas the DC reacted with the DN subset induced a shift toward Th2 responses. These findings may provide an important insight into better understanding the contribution of iNKT‐DC cross‐talk governing the Th1/2 balance and the diverse influences of iNKT cells in various diseases.
Superior induction of anti‐tumor CTL immunity by extended peptide vaccines involves prolonged, DC‐focused antigen presentation
Authors: Bijker Martijn S. , van den Eeden Susan J. F. , Franken Kees L. , Melief Cornelis J. M. , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Offringa Rienk 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAnti‐tumor vaccines consisting of extended CTL peptides in combination with CpG‐ODN were shown to be superior to those comprising minimal CTL epitopes and CpG‐ODN, in that they elicit stronger effector CTL responses with greater tumoricidal potential. We now demonstrate that this improved performance is primarily due to the focusing of CTL epitope presentation onto activated DC in the inflamed lymph nodes draining the vaccination site. In the case of vaccination with minimal peptides, additional APC including T and B cells are also loaded with CTL epitopes. Our data suggest that circulation of these peptide‐loaded lymphocytes leads to epitope presentation in non‐inflamed lymphoid organs distal from the vaccination site, in the absence of potent costimulatory signals required for efficient CTL priming. The resulting blend of pro‐immunogenic and tolerogenic signals, which results in suboptimal activation of the CTL response, is avoided by vaccinating with extended CTL peptides. An additional advantage of extended CTL peptide vaccines is an increased duration of in vivo epitope presentation.
Chemical Modification of a Bridging Ligand Inside a Metal–Organic Framework while Maintaining the 3D Structure (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 10/2008)
Authors: Costa José Sánchez , Gamez Patrick , Black Cory A. , Roubeau Olivier , Teat Simon J. , Reedijk Jan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe cover picture shows the post‐synthetic functional group modification of a Metal–Organic Framework without destroying the original 3D architecture. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by P. Gamez et al. on p. 1551 ff. The authors are indebted to the Chemical Research Council of the Netherlands and the Graduate Research School Combination “NRSC Catalysis” for financial support.
A Carbon Nanotube PVC Based Matrix Modified with Glutaraldehyde Suitable for Biosensor Applications
Authors: Pérez‐López Briza , Sola Joan , Alegret Salvador , Merkoçi Arben 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are offering a great promise for developing electrochemical sensors. Distinctive properties of CNTs such as a high surface area, ability to accumulate analyte, minimization of surface fouling and electrocatalytic activity are very attractive for electrochemical sensing. The electrochemical study of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode coated with a matrix based in multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and with a glutaraldehyde (GA) solution (MWCNTs‐TPG/GC), for β‐Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) detection is discussed in this work using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The used CNTs matrix promotes better the electron transfer of NADH minimizing the fouling effect. The obtained results show remarkable electrochemical and mechanical advantages of MWCNTs‐TPG/GC electrode compared to bare glassy carbon electrode with a great promise for future amperometric biosensors applications.
A multivariate spot filtering model for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis
Authors: Rye Morten Beck , Alsberg Bjørn K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractImage segmentation plays an important role in the automatic analysis of protein spots in 2‐DE. Using image segments representing protein spots, the amount of protein in each segment can be quantified, and corresponding segments can be matched and compared for multiple gels. However, the common presence of image segments caused by noise and unwanted artefacts highly disturb the analysis and comparison of the gels. Common sources of such artefacts are cracks in the gel surface, fingerprints, dust and other pollutions. It would be advantageous to remove these unwanted artefacts during or after the segmentation procedure. To achieve this task a multivariate spot filtering model is developed using image segments from a gel segmentation. Parameters in the model are based on texture, shape and intensity measurements of the image segments. The model successfully managed to separate segments caused by noise, artefacts and cracks from image segments representing true protein spots. The classification method used is discriminant partial least squares regression.
An improved pixel‐based approach for analyzing images in two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis
Authors: Rye Morten Beck , Færgestad Ellen M. , Martens Harald , Wold Jens Petter , Alsberg Bjørn K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn improved pixel‐based approach for analyzing 2‐DE images is presented. The key feature of the method is to create a mask based on all gels in the experiment using image morphology, followed by multivariate analysis on the pixel level. The method reduces the impact of noise and background by identifying regions in the image where protein spots are present, but make no assumption on individual spot boundaries for isolated spots. This makes it possible to detect significant changes in complex regions, and visualize these changes over multiple gels in an easy way. False missing values and spot volumes caused by imposing erroneous spot boundaries are thus circumvented. The approach presented gives improved pixel‐based information from the gels, and is also an alternative to existing methods for data‐reduction, significance testing and visualization of 2‐DE data. Results are compared with software using a common spot boundary approach on an experiment consisting of 35 full size gel images. Gel alignment is required before analysis.
An optimal method of DNA silver staining in polyacrylamide gels
Authors: Han Yan‐Chuang , Teng Cai‐Zhu , Hu Zhong‐Li , Song Yun‐Chun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDNA silver staining has widely been used to detect DNA fragments in polyacrylamide gels with high sensitivity. We developed an optimal method for DNA silver staining on polyacrylamide gels. The novel procedure can be completed within 10 min instead of over 20 min with the conventional methods. The sensitivity is significantly improved by the silver‐ion sensitizer (Eriochrome black T (EBT)) and the minimum of 0.11 and 1.75 ng of DNA amount can be detected in denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, respectively. Compared with the conventional silver staining methods, the improved optimal method can save time and display high sensitivity, color uniformity, and long storage time of the staining gels.
Next‐day cognition, psychomotor function, and driving‐related skills following nighttime administration of eszopiclone
Authors: Boyle Julia , Trick Leanne , Johnsen Sigurd , Roach James , Rubens Robert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate next‐day driving ability, as assessed by brake reaction time (BRT), and cognitive/psychomotor function following nighttime administration of 3 mg eszopiclone.MethodsTwo randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over studies were performed in healthy volunteers (n = 32) and patients with primary insomnia (n = 32). Study participants received nighttime dosing of 3 mg eszopiclone or placebo. BRT and a psychometric test battery were used to assess the next‐day effects of eszopiclone treatment.ResultsIn both studies, driving ability and measures of cognitive and psychomotor function were not impaired the morning after eszopiclone, as compared to placebo. All eszopiclone subjects reported improved ease in getting to sleep and quality of sleep with no significant changes in behavior upon awakening. A significant increase in next‐day feelings of sedation was reported in healthy volunteers, but not in patients with primary insomnia, following eszopiclone treatment relative to placebo. Sleep induction, maintenance, duration, and efficiency, as assessed by PSG, were significantly improved following eszopiclone treatment in patients with insomnia.ConclusionsNighttime administration of 3 mg eszopiclone improved objective and subjective sleep measures in patients with insomnia (and subjective sleep measures in healthy patients) and did not impair next‐day driving‐related skills or measures of cognition in either study population relative to placebo. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast detection of MYCN copy number alterations in brain neuronal tumors by real‐time PCR
Authors: Malakho S.G. , Korshunov A. , Stroganova A.M. , Poltaraus A.B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIncreased MYCN gene copy number is a characteristic property of neurogenic tumors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) are traditionally used to determine MYCN amplification for tumor stratification. A unique ability of real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine gene copy number, even within a small percent of observed tumor cells, and can be more appropriate. MYCN genomic copy number from 44 human brain tumors (22 medulloblastomas and 22 neurocytomas) was determined by means of FISH, array‐CGH, and qPCR. By qPCR, with the original set of oligonucleotides, 17 out of 44 (38.6%) tumors were found to contain a 1.3‐ to 2.9‐fold increase of MYCN defined as low‐level gain. An absolute qPCR method was used to get high accuracy of results. Strong correlation was observed between the three methods: for medulloblastomas, r=1 (P<0.01) between FISH and array‐CGH and r=0.92 (P<0.01) between qPCR and FISH/array‐CGH. For neurocytomas, r=0.9 (P<0.01) between FISH and array‐CGH and r=0.34/0.43 (P<0.01) between qPCR and FISH/array‐CGH. Absolute qPCR assays possess high precision compared to other conventional methods and can be used for accurate and quickness detection of MYCN status (low‐level gene gain and amplification). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 22:123–130, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scale development of a measure to assess community‐based and clinical intervention group environments
Authors: Wilson Patrick A. , Hansen Nathan B. , Tarakeshwar Nalini , Neufeld Sharon , Kochman Arlene , Sikkema Kathleen J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThough group interventions are widely used in community‐based and clinical settings, there are few brief instruments for assessing the group environment. Two studies on the development of a brief measure to assess intervention group environments are described, and psychometric properties of the new scale are presented. The new measure is based on Moos' (1994) Group Environment Scale (GES). Participants in the studies were from two independent randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of group interventions (combined N=334). In Study 1 (N=139), the factor content of the original 90‐item GES was examined. The scale was shortened, the response format was changed, and items were adapted and added to in an effort to increase applicability to community‐based and clinical intervention groups. In Study 2 (N=195), the new scale was evaluated, the factor solution obtained in Study 1 was cross‐validated, and subsequently the length of the scale was shortened again. The final scale contains 25 items with three subscales. Reliability and validity of the new scale was examined. Finally, the research and practice implications of the scale are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity within: subgroup differences of youth problem behaviors among asian pacific islander American adolescents
Authors: Choi Yoonsun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study compares problem behaviors across a range of adolescent Asian Pacific Islander (API) subgroups using the Add Health data, and controlling for parental education or immigrant status. The study finds that Filipino, “other” API, and multiethnic API American youth are at higher risk for poorer outcomes than Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese American counterparts. Many of these differences remained after adjusting for parental education. Controlling for immigrant status explained only some of the subgroup differences. The results suggest several shortcomings to the “model minority” stereotype that is often applied to API American youth. Research and practice should not overlook the higher risk for problem behaviors among certain API American subgroups. The findings highlight the need for more resources for API Americans, especially for the API subgroups facing higher risks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Religious coping among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks and Non‐Hispanic Whites
Authors: Chatters Linda M. , Taylor Robert Joseph , Jackson James S. , Lincoln Karen D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study examined demographic predictors of attitudes regarding religious coping (i.e., prayer during stressful times and look to God for support, strength and guidance) within a national sample of African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non‐Hispanic Whites (National Survey of American Life). The findings demonstrate significant Black‐White differences in attitudes regarding religious coping with higher endorsements of religious coping among African Americans and Black Caribbeans (Caribbean Blacks). Comparisons of African Americans and Black Caribbeans revealed both similar and divergent patterns of demographic effects. For both African Americans and Black Caribbeans, women were more likely to utilize religious coping than men and married respondents were more likely than never married respondents to report utilizing prayer when dealing with a stressful situation. Further, for both groups, higher levels of education were associated with lower endorsements of the importance of prayer in dealing with stressful situations. Among African Americans only, Southerners were more likely than respondents who resided in other regions to endorse religious coping. Among Black Caribbeans, those who emigrated from Haiti were more likely than Jamaicans to utilize religious coping when dealing with a stressful episode. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrokinetic chromatography with polymeric pseudostationary phases
Authors: Palmer Christopher P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecent research and development efforts concerning polymeric pseudostationary phases (PSPs) for electrokinetic chromatography are reviewed. The introduction of new materials, characterization of structural effects on performance and selectivity, applications, and the use of polymeric PSPs with mass spectrometric detection are considered. Very interesting results concerning the effects of polymer structure have been reported. Significant developments have also been reported in the development of novel applications of polymeric PSPs, particularly for sample preconcentration using micellar affinity gradient focusing. The use of mass spectrometric detection with electrokinetic chromatography has seen significant development, and recent reports indicate that this is a robust and sensitive approach.