bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NELUMBO LUTEA, THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE AMERICAN LOTUS
Authors: Ward Daniel B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe American lotus has long been known asNelumbo lutea(Willd.) Pers. An earlier epithet, derived fromNymphaea pentapetalaWalt., was once interpreted by Fernald as applying to the American plant, justifying the new nameNelumbo pentapetala(Walt.) Fern.; this name was soon opposed on the ground that it was based on a monstrosity. Although Fernald's name has not been generally accepted, Sohmer has recently argued that this ground for its rejection is not pertinent. However, a broader consideration of the context in which Walter described hisNymphaea pentapetala, including examination of the other nymphaeoid plants described by him, his probable dependence upon Fraser for part of their collection, and the inadequacy of any present herbarium record, suggests that he may have been describing the Old World sacred lotus,Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn., or a mixture of the sacred lotus and the American lotus, or that his basis, at least in part, was a confused verbal report provided him by Fraser.Nymphaea pentapetalaWalt. remains of uncertain application, and nomenclatural stability is best served by the retention ofNelumbo lutea(Willd.) Pers. for the American lotus.
ARE SECRETAN'S FUNGUS NAMES VALID?
Authors: Singer Rolf , Machol Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA new example, purported to exemplify Art. 23, 3 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature viz. Secretan, C., Mycographie Suisse, 1833 will be inserted in the forthcoming new edition of the Code. We submit that the new example is in flagrant contradiction with the contents of the paragraph (3) and the main part of the article; does not serve any justifiable purpose; confuses rather than clarifies the basic principles of nomenclature; should never have been accepted; should be rescinded at the earliest opportunity.
SYNCARPY AND ALTERNATIVE MODES OF ESCAPING DISADVANTAGES OF APOCARPY IN PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Endress Peter K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn most groups of the angiosperms the primitive condition of apocarpy has been surpassed by syncarpy, which is a more advantageous construction in several respects. It enables (1) more regular pollen tube distribution, (2) intensified pollen tube selection, (3) higher economy of construction, (4) increased diversity of dispersal types in the fruiting stage. In primitive angiosperms there are alternative evolutionary trends exhibiting modified apocarpy or unelaborated syncarpy with some unusual differentiations (extragynoecial compitum, hyperstigma). These alternative methods share some, but not all advantages of usual elaborated syncarpy. It is supposed that, therefore, they were, like normal apocarpy, not competitive enough compared with perfect syncarpy.
A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS COMPLEX
Authors: Duncan Thomas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn estimate of the evolutionary history of the 20 taxa comprising the R. hispidas complex is presented. This reconstruction of evolutionary history was developed by the use of character compatibility analysis. Two evolutionary lines which correspond to the major phenetic groups are recognized. The estimate of evolutionary history is discussed with respect to earlier phenetic studies and geographic distribution. A suggestion is offered for the use of cladistic analyses in the formulation of a classification.
ON THE PUBLICATION OF VAN TIEGHEM'S “RECHERCHES SUR LA STRUCTURE DU PISTIL ET SUR L'ANATOMIE COMPARÉE DE LA FLEUR”
Authors: Schmid Rudolf , Guédès Michel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhilippe van Tieghem's Recherches sur la structure du pistil et sur l'anatomie comparée de la fleur is shown to have been issued as a separate in 1871, although the volume of the journal in which it appeared was not completed until 1875. The accurate citation for the journal is Mem. Prés. Divers Savants Acad. Sci. Inst. Impérial France. The frequently encountered citation Mém. Savants Étrangers is a ghost reference and thus should not be used. It is recommended that in bibliographies the reference be dated “1875” but that the following note be added after the citation: “Issued as a separate in 1871”. In an addendum it is shown that G. Henslow's “second edition” (1893) of The origin of floral structures … is merely a reprinting and not a second edition.
PRE‐ABSORPTION—A VALUABLE TOOL IN SEROTAXONOMIC WORK
Authors: Lester R. N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe resolution of unit characters in serotaxonomy is an ideal now possible using monoclonal antibodies to recognise single epitopes. Understanding of the theoretical taxonomic implications of such data and methods for analysing it were pioneered by Professor Otto Moritz using pre‐absorbed antisera.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF SUILLUS (BOLETACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTINA)
Authors: Palm Mary E. , Stewart Elwin L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe generic name Suillus Micheli ex Adans. is lectotypified by Suillus granulatus (L.:Fr.) Kuntze. A neotype collection is designated for S. granulatus and a description of microscopic characters is provided. Suillus S. F. Gray no longer has nomenclatural standing and Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray (ut “[Schaeff.]”) is replaced by 5. granulatus as type.
MILIUSA GLOBOSA, COMB. NOV. FOR M. ROXBURGHIANA (ANNONACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. , Mishra S. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHyalostemma Wall. is treated as congeneric synonym of Miliusa Leschault. ex A. DC. and H. roxburghiana Wall., as also M. roxburghiana Hook. f. & Thoms. are established as nom. illeg. for Uvaria dioica Roxb. Considering Guatteria globosa DC. (1831) and U. dioica Roxb. (1832) as conspecific, M. globosa (DC.), comb. nov. based on G. globosa DC. is proposed to replace M. roxburghiana Hook. f. & Thoms., nom. illeg.
THE TYPIFICATION OF BOLETUS, SUILLUS AND LECCINUM (FUNGI)
Authors: Demoulin V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBoletus Dill, ex L.: Fr. presents a conserved type, Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr. Through application of Art. 7.20 it is fortunately possible to maintain Dillenius and Linnaeus in the author citation. However, for names that are not sanctioned, Art. 14.8 is currently interpreted as severing the link with the original author in case of type conservation. This practice in contradiction with Art. 47 stems from an error of the Editorial Committee of the Montreal Code. Suggestions are made to reestablish a logical wording of Art. 14.8.It is established that the typification of Suillus Micheli ex Adanson by Palm and Stewart (1984) is to be superseded and S. luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray reestablished as type of the genus.A modification of Art. 63 adopted at the Berlin congress does not make Leccinum superfluous anymore and its typification by L. aurantiacum (Bull.) S. F. Gray is accepted.
A NEW COMBINATION IN PHORADENDRON (VISCACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Johnston Marshall C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Committee for Spermatophyta has voted that the name “Phoradendron leucarpum” should not be treated as a homonym of “Phoradendron leucocarpum” thereby rendering Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnston incorrect. Although of minor economic importance, the name of the American mistletoe cannot be conserved through provisions of Art. 14.2 and Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Rev. & M. C. Johnston is proposed.
THE FRUIT OF ULLUCUS (BASELLACEAE), AN OLD ENIGMA
Authors: Rousi Arne , Yli‐Rekola Matti , Jokela Paula , Kalliola Risto , Pietilä Leena , Salo Jukka 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe fruit of the cultivated ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) has been referred to in the literature either as non‐existing or as a berry, seldom as a dry fruit. The fruit of this species as well as the genus is described here for the first time, and is shown to be a dry and indehiscent nutlet of an obovate shape and bilaterally symmetrical cross‐section. The thin testa of the seed is immediately inside the thickened fruit wall. The embryo is strongly curved and encircles the relatively scanty perisperm.
THE ADAPTIVE AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF RECEPTACULAR BRACTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. , Spooner David M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany morphological features of the heads of Compositae are systematically useful. Receptacular bracts (pales or paleae) are of particular significance taxonomically. These structures occur in nine of the 13 recognized tribes (absent in Arctoteae, Calenduleae, Senecioneae and Tageteae), with the greatest concentration in the Anthemideae, Heliantheae, and Inuleae. Because the Heliantheae contain the broadest diversity of pale types, the adaptive significance of these features within this tribe deserves special emphasis. Certain subtribes of the Heliantheae are characterized by distinctive types of pales, such as flattened with orange‐brown lines in the Coreopsidinae, pales subtending only the outer series of disc florets in the Madiinae, or their complete absence in the Bahiinae. Of the five principal factors affecting the evolution of features of heads in the family, viz., protection, dispersal, pollination, breeding systems, and seed germination, the former two are most likely the most important selective forces in the evolution of pales. Dispersal functions of pales include attachment or close envelopment of the achene by the pales with removal of the entire unit by wind from the head, conduplicate pales serving as chutes for release of unattached achenes, and brightly colored, fleshy pales being attractive to animals. Protective functions occur against predators and environmental extremes, and occur in bud, anthesis, and mature fruiting stages. Pales function during anthesis to protect ovaries and achenes from apical and lateral insect attack. The particular variations of the pales depend on the associated structures of the heads and breeding systems. In a phylogenetic context, the large and sometimes foliose pales of the Heliantheae seem best interpreted as adaptations for protection of large achenes and not necessarily as reflections of a primitive condition within the family.
SOBRE LA LECTOTIPIFICACIÓN DE SALVIA TINGITANA ETLINGER Y SU INCLUSIÓN EN SALVIA SCLAREA L. (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Rosúa José Luis 
Published: April 2006

ResumenSalvia tingitana fué descrita por Etlinger (1777: 35), señalando en el protólogo: “Habitat in Africa”. Sin embargo, si bien esta especie ha sido reconocida por diversos autores, núnca ha sido recolectada en forma silvestre y las escasas citas existentes, provienen todas ellas de cultivos en jardines o en agricultura. Constituye por ello, esta planta, un taxon problemático.
INTERACTIVE PLANT IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Wilson J. Bastow , Partridge Trevor R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIdentification techniques are discussed with particular reference to online keys. These are interactive keys in which a computer program selects successive questions from its database to guide the key‐user through an optimal identification course. Criteria that can be taken into account in selecting the optimum question at each stage include evenness of the split, the number of indeterminate database entries for each question, commonness of the species, and the part of the plant to which questions refer. Allowance can be made for user preferences and mistakes, and for inaccurate database entries. All such information can be accumulated over a number of identification sessions. This enables the program to improve its own performance, and points out sources of difficulty to the compiler of the database.
NOTES ON MYRIOPHYLLUM (HALORAGACEAE) IN THE FAR EAST: THE IDENTITY OF MYRIOPHYLLUM SIBIRICUM KOMAROV
Authors: Ceska A. , Ceska O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMyriophyllum sibiricum Komarov 1914 is conspecific with M. exalbescens Fernald 1919 and replaces it. Using herbarium material from LE, the distribution of M. sibiricum and other Myriophyllum species in Siberia and the Far East is presented.
COMMENTS ON THE PRINTING AND AVAILABILITY OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (ESPECIALLY EUROPEAN)
Authors: Schmid Rudolf 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany, especially European, theses and dissertations were required to be issued in a printed version rather than as a typescript and so were available in fairly large numbers of copies. Discussion involves some bibliographic aids for getting into the thesis and dissertation literature, some sources for abstracts of the theses and dissertations, and some suggestions for citing these in bibliographies.
THE PRESENT STATE OF TROPICAL FLORISTICS
Authors: Prance Ghillean T. , Campbell David G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn analysis is made of the growth rate of tropical herbaria and only a few areas, Central America, Pacifica and the West Indies appear to have adequate collecting rates. In spite of recent calls for accelerated collecting in the tropics, the overall rates have not increased greatly even though the threat of destruction of natural habitats and species loss is an increasingly serious problem. Some key areas in greatest need of tropical Holistic inventory in the near future are suggested. In the Neotropics, Atlantic coastal Brazil, the Colombian, Chocó, Bolivia, Rondônia and Acre in Brazil, and Guyana stand out as in need of further inventory. The collections of Chrysobalanaceae between 1972 and 1986 are analyzed and although many new species have been found, a large amount of material of common species has been repeatedly re‐collected, collections of both Chrysobalanaceae and the Projeto Flora Amazonica program are still yielding at least one new species per every 100 numbers collected, indicating continued inadequate inventory of the Neotropics. Tropical flora programs are discussed and it is suggested that there is a need for many more florulas of carefully selected small areas of the tropics. An analysis of the productivity of Flora Neotropica shows that in order to provide an adequate monographic basis for local floras there is an urgent need to increase the rate of production of monographs of tropical groups. This survey indicated that the work force in systematic botany is far too small for the urgent tasks that face it over the next few years.
TROPICAL FLORISTICS TOMORROW
Authors: Raven Peter H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOf the roughly 265,000 species of plants in the world, about a third occur in temperate regions, a third in Latin America, and a third in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia. Tropical forests are being destroyed very rapidly, as a result of the explosive growth of a record human population, extensive poverty, and an unwillingness to learn about and practice sustainable land use in the tropics. As a consequence, at least a fifth of the total plant species in the world, something on the order of 60,000 species, are threatened with extinction over the next several decades. Systematic botanists need urgently to devise comprehensive plans to inventory plant diversity, especially in the tropics. They should play a major role in making possible the utilization of this diversity for human benefit, and in conserving as extensive a sample as possible.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF ECUADOREAN PLANT SPECIES
Authors: Balslev Henrik 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEcuador covers some 300,000 km2 on the west coast of the South American continent. The country is divided into three natural regions: the coastal plain, the Andes cordillera, and the eastern lowlands. Twenty‐six life zones, including deserts, rainforests, and high montane vegetation types, are represented in the country. The flora includes an estimated 20,000 species of vascular plants. In this study the distribution of a sample of 536 species is analyzed, and some conspicuous phytogeographic patterns are obvious. The lowland flora is rich in widespread species and many of them occur on both sides of the Andes. The coastal plain is rich and the eastern lowlands are poor in endemics. The mid‐elevations between 900 m and 3000 m house about half of the species of the country although they constitute only 10% of the area. Endemism is high at mid‐elevations: 39% of the mid‐elevation species do not reach beyond Ecuador. Especially the western slopes of the Andes are rich in endemics with 10% of the total Ecuadorean flora being restricted to them. The Ecuadorean highlands above 3000 m house 10% of the total flora of the country. Endemism in the highlands is about the same as at mid‐elevations.
THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Gottsberger Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVirtually all flower‐visiting insect groups had already existed at the time of early angiosperm differentiation; beetles, flies, thrips, and moths were available as potential pollinators. Unspecific interactions with these insect groups are found in the Winteraceae, archaic Magnoliidae. Winteraceae are often weedy species for which an open pollination system may be advantageous in view of the different insect faunas of newly invaded habitats. Winteraceous pollination modes and life strategies are here interpreted as close to the ancestral condition of the angiosperms. The Annonaceae provide examples of more economic and effective plant/pollinator interactions. Within this family a range exists of different adaptations for pollination by beetles. Flowers in several genera provide pollination chambers resulting from enfolding petals in which beetles stay for long periods of time. In the dark chambers the beetles are protected against environmental changes and predators. The permanently recurved microsporophylls of the flowers of the late bennettitalean genus Cycadeoidea, evolving during the early Cretaceous, may be a comparable adaptation to beetle pollination.
SPECIES EPITHETS ENDING IN ‐COLA, A RETRACTION CONCERNING ‐COLUS, ‐COLUM
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUsage of ‐colus and ‐colum is to be changed to ‐cola under Art. 32.5 (incorrect Latin terminations), cross‐referenced by Art. 73.1, and as exemplified by Rubus amnicola (originally ‘amnicolus‘) in Ex. 4 under Art. 23.5. This affects epithets based on colo or incolo (dwell), whether with substantival sense (dweller in or on) or adjectival (dwelling in or on).
A CRITIQUE OF WAGNER GROUNDPLAN‐DIVERGENCE STUDIES AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Churchill Steven P. , Wiley E. O. , Hauser Larry A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWagner groundplan‐divergence analysis provides a suitable method for reconstructing phylogenies given suitable criteria for determining primitive and derived characters in a series of homologous characters. Approximately half of the papers surveyed determined such polarities using an out‐group criterion while the other half employed criteria that were suspect, simply incorrect or none at all. Four data sets were used to compare the Wagner groundplan‐divergence method with Hennig argumentation, Wagner 78 (a computerized Wagner algorithm) and CLINCH 3 (a compatibility algorithm). Hennig argumentation and Wagner 78 performed in a similar manner as Wagner groundplan‐divergence. CLINCH provided solutions that were either incomplete or incompatible with the results obtained by other methods. We conclude that compatibility analysis is not to be preferred and may be misleading.
TAXONOMIC CONGRUENCE
Authors: Crisci Jorge Víctor 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxonomic congruence is the degree to which classifications of the same organisms contain the same groupings. To aid in understanding such a concept, the types of experimental design for its study, a list of the modes of appraisal of it, a possible explanation for the results and the systematic implications of the problem, are presented. According to theoretical expectations (hypotheses of nonspecificity and Hennig's) if we follow the right methodological steps we should obtain perfect congruence. Nevertheless, the facts indicate that perfect congruence has rarely been obtained. There are two kinds of causes for the lack of perfect congruence: biological and methodological. The biological causes affect the phenetic and evolutionary approaches and are given by the degree of causal interdependence between the two sets of characters used. This interdependence decreases (incongruence increases) by several interacting phenomena (e.g. mosaic evolution). The methodological causes affect all kinds of approaches and are the technical steps that distort the appraisal of congruence. All the characters of the same taxon share their cladistic relationships but not necessarily their patristic and phenetic relationships. Thus, in a purely cladistic approach all kinds of characters have the same value. In an evolutionary or in a phenetic approach, a kind of character will be important if it shares with many others its patristic and phenetic relationships. Congruence is a good criterion for a cladistic approach, but a doubtful one for an evolutionary or phenetic approach, since incongruence could be the result of the biological phenomena that these two classificatory schools try to take into account in the construction of their classifications.
VALIDATION OF NAMES OF NEW SPECIES BY REFERENCE TO PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA WITHOUT VALID SPECIES NAMES
Authors: Friis I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn a considerable number of cases names of new species have been validated by direct or indirect reference to previously published descriptions of genera in which no species names had been proposed. This procedure, although it to a number of practising taxonomists seems to be contrary to the ruling of the present Code of Botanical Nomenclature, has in fact been sanctioned by the inclusion of a few such validated species names as types of generic names in Appendix III of the Code, and the inclusion of a much larger number of such names as the types of generic names in the ING. Some problems connected with this procedure are outlined, and it is suggested that action is taken to make the Code clearer on this point. A possible change of Art. 42 to effect this is presented for discussion.
ON QUERCUS COCCIFERA L. s.l.: VARIATION IN REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY
Authors: Bianco P. , Schirone B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVarious repeated observations carried out in different areas of the Mediterranean basin have shown that Quercus coccifera L. s.l. has three other reproductive cycles in addition to the normal biennial acorn maturation. It is therefore suggested that the strict description of “biennial” be corrected in all future analytical keys and descriptions.
TEMPERATE BIOGEOGRAPHY AND AN INTEMPERATE BOTANIST
Authors: Humphries C. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper is a reply to Heads (1985). In his attack on my previous publications (Humphries, 1981a, b) Michael Heads deliberately tries not to enter in the spirit of enquiry. So obsessed is he with the idea that everything written by Leon Croizat is of cardinal importance for biogeography that almost anything else with a different point of view is considered unscholarly. Although some of his comments on my paper are valuable, particularly those of a technical nature, his desire to take views out of context frequently gives rise to misunderstandings.
PROBLEMS OF LECTOTYPIFICATION IN LANGLOISIA (POLEMONIACEAE)
Authors: Timbrook Steven 
Published: April 2006

SummaryControversy exists in botanical literature concerning proper lectotypes for Langloisia Greene and L. setosissima (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene. Reasoning is presented here supporting selection of L. setosissima as the lectotype of Langloisia and Fremont 414 at NY as the lectotype of L. setosissima.
A REPORT ON THE RENOVATION OF HERBARIUM PACIFICUM (BISH)
Authors: Sohmer S. H. , O'Connor Peter J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe compacting system at BISH is reviewed and the statistics concerning it are provided. The carriage and case system that was developed has worked out extremely well and has provided an increase of 86.3% in storage capacity in the area compactorized. Concomitant with this was an increase of 51% in counter and table space. Our experience has shown this kind of system to be extremely efficient in cost, storage capacity, and user access.