bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrochemistry of pollutant attenuation in groundwater contaminated by coal tar wastes
Authors: Torstensson Daniel , Thornton Steven F. , Broholm Mette M. , Lerner David N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

This paper describes a preliminary hydrochemical study of a Triassic Sandstone aquifer in the UK East Midlands which is contaminated by coal tar waste products from a former coal-carbonization plant. Processes controlling the attenuation of inorganic species within the identified plume are examined, supported by equilibrium and reactive transport modelling of contaminant fate. The study forms part of a more detailed research programme examining the long term fate of pollutants from this site in the aquifer. Groundwater beneath the site is polluted with NH
4
(up to 350 mg l
-1
), SO
4
and NVOC from the plant and nearby coal mining operations. Concentrations of organic chemicals within the plume are not significant. The aquifer is calcareous, (Fe) oxide-rich and aerobic, and geochemical modelling suggests that the native groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by carbonate equilibria. Anaerobic conditions are sustained within the plume by microbial oxidation of the NH
4
and NVOC load which is coupled to the reduction of native Fe oxides. Sulphate is transported conservatively within the plume. The NH
4
load is primarily attenuated by cation exchange reactions with the aquifer sediments. This is supplemented by nitrification at the plume margins under conditions of higher oxygen flux which generates locally elevated NO
3
concentrations and depressed pH in the contaminated groundwater. Elevated alkalinity within the plume is consistent with dissociation of the ammonia waste stream during groundwater transport and is an important control on the increased porewater Ca and Fe load mobilized by cation-exchange and redox reactions. A conceptual model of the key processes affecting contaminant fate within the plume is presented and the implications for aquifer clean-up are discussed.
Distribution of volatile organic compounds in porewater of the seasonally unsaturated Chalk aquifer
Authors: Fretwell B. A. , Burgess W. G. , Jefferies N. L. , Dottridge J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Chalk aquifer is contaminated at many sites at outcrop by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Most studies of VOCs concentrate on the saturated zone, ignoring potentially significant accumulations of dissolved contaminants within porewaters of the unsaturated zone. Of particular interest in the Chalk is the large zone of the aquifer over which seasonal fluctuation of the water table occurs. VOCs accumulated in this zone (resulting from vertical migration and diffusion from contaminated ground water at seasonal high water levels) can form a reservoir of contaminants which will be released into the aquifer over a long period. Better understanding of the VOC behaviour in the seasonally unsaturated zone is needed to improve risk assessment and optimize remediation response.
Determination of VOC occurrence and concentration in the seasonally unsaturated zone at a contaminated site on the Chalk outcrop is described. Some 500 samples of chalk have been taken from cores drilled in the unsaturated zone over a depth interval of 20 m. Headspace analysis has been used to determine porewater chemistry for a range of VOCs. Vertical profiles of contaminant con- centration are presented and interpreted in terms of VOC transport mechanisms. Hydrocarbon contamination at the site poses an additional element of complexity. The presence of chloride associated with VOC contamination provides a conservative comparison for the distribution behaviour of the VOCs.
The relevance of a DNAPL-tracer test conducted at Base Borden, Canada, to solvent groundwater contamination in the UK
Authors: Rivett Michael O. , Feenstra Stan , Cherry John A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The relevance of key conclusions obtained from a tracer test performed at the Base Borden research site in Canada to solvent contamination in the UK is indicated. The tracer test represented a world unique opportunity to study groundwater contamination arising from a known DNAPL source zone in a natural aquifer environment. The test involved the controlled emplacement of a source zone of residual solvent DNAPL (dense non-aqueous phase liquid) below the water table from which a dissolved plume of chlorinated solvents developed. Significant data were collected on DNAPL dissolution, plume transport and remediation. Conclusions from the test are shown to be relevant to the development, investigation and remediation of solvent contamination in UK aquifers.
Volcanic hazards and their mitigation
Authors: McGuire W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Over the past century, a range of volcanic hazards, particularly pyroclastic flows and debris flows, have claimed over 60000 lives, and between 1980 and 1990 alone, have detrimentally affected the day-to-day lives of over 600 000 people. Although a battery of mitigation measures are now available to reduce the impact of volcanic hazards, rapidly increasing populations near active volcanoes in the developing world will ensure increasing vulnerability to hazardous volcanogenic phenomena into the next millenium, and new initiatives are required to prevent a contemporaneous rise in the numbers of volcanic disasters. Alongside increased monitoring, partly through improved satellite observations, a programme of public education and training is needed to ensure that both civil authorities and local populations are able to respond rapidly and appropriately to a developing volcanic emergency. This in turn requires greater focus on improved communication between scientists and the responsible civil authorities, and the formulation of workable contingency plans based upon reliable and informed scientific opinion.
Integrated use of Landsat TM and SPOT panchromatic imagery for landslide mapping: case histories from southeast Spain
Authors: Eyers Richard , Moore John McM. , Hervás Javier , Liu J. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper demonstrates some of the ways in which digital space imagery can be used for landslide mapping. Landslides ranging in size from a few metres to several hundred metres across have been studied at a test site in semi-arid terrain in Almeria Province, SE Spain. The study illustrates the capabilities and limitations imposed by spatial and spectral resolution in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT panchromatic space imagery. The results demonstrate the scales at which, landsliding which can be studied, using SPOT P and Landsat TM imagery.
Spectral and textural features of landslides were enhanced digitally. Textural discrimination was improved by linear contrast stretching combined with edge enhancement by adding back the results of Laplacian filtering. Spectral features of landslides, including soil moisture dependent vegetation and rock debris types, are well-displayed in supervised RGB colour composites and band ratio images.
A data integration technique, the Brovey Transformation, was used to produce colour composites combining textural and spectral features from SPOT Pan and Landsat TM imagery. Landslides with a minimum width of 250 metres can be identified in space images. Interpretation of results revealed the presence of several previously unrecorded landslides.
Daedalus 1268, Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) digital imagery has been used to demonstrate the value of improved spatial and spectral resolution imagery for landslide mapping on the scale of the Spanish test sites. The results illustrate the future system requirements for more detailed landslide mapping and demonstrate the improvements of scale which will occur when space imagery with pixel sizes of five metres becomes more readily available.
Inspection and risk assessment of slopes associated with the UK canal network
Authors: Holland G. J. , Andrews M. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Canals in the UK typically comprise artificial channels, with a wide range of embankments and cuttings. These structures often suffer from a range of problems unique to the canal environment including age, wide variation in construction methods and, in the case of embankments, a requirement to retain water. It is the responsibility of British Waterways to regularly inspect and evaluate these slopes with regard to long-term safety and identification of maintenance requirements.
A system of slope inspection procedures has been developed which is tailored to aspects of slope stability related to canal structures. This is used in conjunction with a risk evaluation procedure to identify areas of concern on a proactive basis. The results are used to co-ordinate maintenance effort, and identify requirements for more detailed ground investigation.
Silica gels: a possible explanation for slope failures in certain rocks
Authors: Butenuth Christine , Frey Marie-Luise , de Freitas Michael Henry , Passas Nikolaos , Forero-Duenas Carlos 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Studies of a weak sandstone which disaggregates in water reveal that particles of colloidal dimensions are released as the sand-sized particles separate. Colloids are the building blocks of gels and their presence suggests that gels (in this case silica gels) could be a component of this material. Samples of the disaggregated sandstone were collected soon after a landslide within it had occurred and, when left to stand in the ground water collected with them, naturally recemented themselves. Such behaviour implies that gels are not only present in this sandstone but also contribute to its strength. The role of gels may therefore be significant to those geohazards arising from a loss of strength.
Graphical methods for hazard mapping and evaluation
Authors: Smith G. J. , Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Graphical techniques are presented as a practical approach to hazard assessment. These were initially developed for the evaluation of potential collapse associated with old chalk mine workings. However, the underlying methodology is free-standing and now capable of being tailored to other ground engineering situations. This places a strong emphasis on the inclusion of abstract factors, otherwise excluded from mechanistic forms of assessment by traditional methods. The ways in which such varied information can be analysed and then synthesized in an assessment are discussed. The graphical approach lends itself to both overview and audit, and is therefore relevant for project evaluation as well as geohazard assessment.
Chalk solution features at three sites in southeast England: their formation and treatment
Authors: Rhodes S. J. , Marychurch I. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Solution features are common phenomena within Chalk areas and the classical theory states that solution features are formed entirely by dissolution of the Chalk as a result of chemical weathering, probably during the Quaternary period. These solution features pose a risk to development and infrastructure works in these areas due to the presence of soft or loose infill materials. As a result a number of treatment methods have been developed to overcome the problems of construction in these areas.
Observations of solution features encountered at three sites in southeast England, all underlain by Upper Chalk, are reviewed and the treatment methods designed to overcome the hazards posed are discussed.
Geohazards and the urban environment
Authors: McCall G. J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recent escalation of urbanization throughout the world has increased the attention to geoscience in the urban setting. In the urban context, earlier attention to routine engineering geology and hydrogeology investigations was later augmented by the introduction of thematic mapping and the erection of urban databases to support environmental assessments and land use planning. More recently, the role of the urban environment in exporting pollution regionally and globally, and the problems of degradation of the urban environment itself, together with the immediately surrounding area on which the urban community depends for resources, have attracted attention; as has the mushrooming of megacities which threatens disastrous environmental problems. In this paper, the aim is to review the geohazards that threaten the urban setting (using the term ‘geohazard’ in the broadest sense, i.e. both natural and human-made, and both intensive rapid-onset and slow-onset pervasive geohazards).
To illustrate the extent of urban problems, the principal natural geohazards which threaten towns and cities, most of them of the intensive, rapid-onset type, are briefly considered. However, the emphasis is on the various human-made geohazards, most of them pervasive and of slow onset. Examples are cited of these human-made problems, all of which involve the interaction between human activity and natural processes. Details are given of some of the acute problems facing cities and towns, as well as urbanized regions.
Hazards induced by groundwater recharge under rapid urbanization
Authors: Lawrence A. R. , Morris B. L. , Foster S. S. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Urban population growth across most of Latin America and Asia is relentless. Rapid urbanization has profound impacts on the hydrological cycle, including major changes in groundwater recharge. Existing infiltration mechanisms are radically modified, and new ones introduced, with evidence of an overall increase in recharge rates. There is also widespread diffuse pollution of groundwater by nitrogen compounds (normally nitrate, but sometimes ammonium), salinity (especially sodium chloride) and dissolved organic carbon. Groundwater contamination by petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons, related synthetic organic compounds, and, on a more localized basis, pathogenic bacteria and viruses, is also encountered. An analysis of the processes involved is made through citing detailed case histories.
Natural hazards in the urban environment: the need for a more sustainable approach to mitigation
Authors: Degg Martin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a variety of environmental and socio-economic circumstances, the medium to long-term effectiveness and sustainability of traditional approaches to managing natural hazards and their impact on urban areas are increasingly being questioned. This is reflected in two trends of particular relevance to the geosciences and engineering, namely (a) changing attitudes towards the use of ‘hard’ engineering to manage environmental processes; and (b) calls for greater involvement and responsibility on the part of the community and individual in hazard mitigation. The latter, in particular, is increasingly seen as crucial to reducing vulnerability to loss in both developed and developing societies. It requires a conceptual change in how the issue of human vulnerability is viewed and portrayed, and greater public accessibility to information about environmental processes, the potential dangers they pose and the ways in which these can be mitigated. In this respect the geoscientist has a vital role to play in providing the non-specialist with essential earth science information, in formats that are environmentally, economically and culturally appropriate.
Landfill disposal of urban wastes in developing countries: balancing environmental protection and cost
Authors: Griffin A. R. , Mather J. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Controlled landfilling with minimal engineering is appropriate for urban waste disposal in most developing countries. Case histories from Tanzania, the Gambia and Mauritius show how unsanitary dumpsites can be replaced by controlled landfills using simple technology at a sustainable and realistic cost commensurate with Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In each country care has been taken to tailor schemes to local conditions.
GIS techniques for mapping and evaluating sources and distribution of heavy metal contaminants
Authors: Fragkos C. , Rosenbaum M. S. , Ramsey M. H. , Goodyear K. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Spatially dependent phenomena related to heavy metal concentration in a drainage system have been evaluated using GIS methodology, so providing an indication of areas which may contain contaminated land. The geochemical distribution is used to identify the heavy metal sources. The GIS facilitates dispersion modelling defined by a digital elevation model. This can be used to delineate drainage catchments and to examine its interaction with stream sediment geochemistry. The resulting drainage basin-segment images can then be used to identify heavy metal sources. Such modelling of geochemical dispersion of metals within drainage basins allows predictions to be made as to which areas of contamination originate from which point source. The accuracy of such maps depends fundamentally on the accuracy of the dispersion model. This model includes both descriptive and deductive components concerning the influential criteria for describing the distribution of heavy metals. Each criterion is defined using an interactive discussion process that leads to the generation of a set of weighting coefficients. The integration of such criteria is achieved using fuzzy set methodology to produce images ranked according to how well they meet the selected site assessment criteria.
Some issues associated with the preparation of a review of foundation conditions in Great Britain
Authors: Earle David , Marker Brian , Nathanail Paul , Nathanail Judith 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Department of the Environment commissioned Wimpey Environmental Limited, with the National House-Building Council, to undertake research to establish whether planners should take greater account of foundation conditions in preparing development plans and in considering planning applications.
Existing information on factors such as compressible ground, shrinkage and swelling, saturated and loose granular deposits, frost susceptibility, groundwater conditions, durability of construction materials, and gas emissions, was reviewed. It was concluded that some of these factors may be material planning considerations whilst others are likely to remain only a matter for site development and Building Control.
Soil survey digital data were used as a basis for 1:250 000 and 1:625 000 scale maps showing the general geographical extent of selected potential foundation problems in Great Britain. These, together with reports, provide information on ground conditions to planners and developers which will help to increase awareness of the problems and of the purposes, procedures and benefits of thorough site investigation. The preparation of the maps was guided by a database of site investigation information which should be of use to those who are undertaking more detailed consideration of sites.
Some geohazards caused by soil mineralogy, chemistry and microfabric: a review
Authors: Bell F. G. , Culshaw M. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper reviews three geohazards: swelling/shrinkage, dispersivity and collapsibility, that are not dramatic and do not usually cause disasters because they rarely result in loss of life, nor cause sudden huge financial losses. However, these unspectacular' geohazards result, over time, in the loss of millions of pounds and in disruption to people's lives due to damage to foundations or loss of land. The geological controls on the hazards are described; all result from the inherent microfabric, mineralogy and/or chemistry of the particular soils affected. From this understanding it is possible to design mitigation and remedial measures that will prevent, or reduce, the effects of these hazards; these measures are presented.
Caledonian igneous rocks of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Brown G. C. , Francis E. H. , Kennan P. , Stillman C. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The British sector of the Caledonide-Appalachian fold belt, which bridges the Iapetus plate closure zone, has a range of plutonic, volcanic and volcaniclastic lithologies with characteristic space-time variations. The map of Caledonian igneous rocks in the British Isles (Plate 1) is compiled from many sources, some of which predate the use of methods of classification which are based largely on chemical data. In such cases, whilst extensive re-mapping continues, the compilers have had to resort to the collection and analysis of representative samples from the areas in question, the collection sites being based on existing maps. Thus, whilst the references to the mapped areas indicate specific publications, the chemical data on which the coding is based are commonly derived from compilations such as Stillman & Williams (1979) and Stillman & Francis (1979) for volcanic rocks and Sutherland & Pankhurst (1982), Le Bas (1982), Hall (1972) and Brown
et al
. (1981) for plutonic rocks.

The coding system, which is explained fully in the Plate 1 legend, is that accepted by the Plutonics-Volcanics International Working Group of IGCP Project 27 and is intended to provide a shorthand description by which the user of the map may ascertain as much information as possible about the igneous rocks of each locality, many of which cover too small an area on the 1:2 million scale of the map to be reconizable on any conventional system of colour and symbol designation. Given the small scale of Plate 1 the chemical symbols portrayed are a compromise in
Revised World maps and introduction
Authors: Scotese C.R. , McKerrow W. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We review the highlights of the 1988 symposium on Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography, and present a revised set of 20 Palaeozoic base maps that incorporate much of the new data presented at the symposium. The maps include 5 major innovations: (1) A preliminary attempt has been made to describe the motion of the Cathaysian terranes during the Palaeozoic; (2) a more detailed description of the events surrounding the Iapetus Ocean is presented; (3) an alternative apparent polar wandering path for Gondwana has been constructed using the changing distributions of palaeoclimatically restricted lithofacies; (4) new palaeomagnetic data have been incorporated that places Laurentia and Baltica at more southerly latitudes, and adjacent to Gondwana, during the Early Devonian; Siberia is also placed further south in the light of biogeographic data presented at the symposium; (5) Kazakhstan is treated as a westward extension of Siberia, rather than as a separate palaeocontinent. The relationships between climatic changes, sea level changes, evolutionary radiations and intercontinental migrations are discussed