bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the distribution patterns of BK polyomavirus lineages among China, Korea and Japan: Implications for human migrations in northeast Asia
Authors: Zhong Shan , Jeong Byung‐Hoon , Ikegaya Hiroshi , Kim Yong‐Sun , Xu Yawei , Zhu Mengyun , Chao Yuegen , Suzuki Makoto , Kitamura Tadaichi , Homma Yukio , Yogo Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBKV is widespread among humans, infecting children asymptomatically and then persisting in renal tissue. Based on the serological or phylogenetic method, BKV isolates worldwide are classified into four subtypes (I–IV), with subtypes I and IV further divided into several genetically‐distinct subgroups. Since, similarly to JCV, a close relationship exists between BKV lineages and human populations, BKV should be useful as a marker to trace human migrations. To elucidate ancient human migrations in northeast Asia, urine samples were collected from immunocompetent elderly patients in Shanghai, China; Anyang, South Korea; and various locations in Japan. Partial and complete BKV genomes from these samples were amplified and sequenced using PCR, and the determined sequences were classified into subtypes and subgroups by phylogenetic and SNP analyses. In addition, based on an SNP analysis, the major subtype I subgroup (I/c) was classified into two subdivisions, I/c/Ch and I/c/KJ. The distribution patterns of BKV subgroups and subdivisions among the three regions were compared. Some aspects of the subgroup and subdivision distribution were more similar between Korea and Japan, but others were more similar between China and Korea or between China and Japan. Based on these findings, we inferred various northeast Asian migrations. Most of the JCV‐based inferences of northeastern Asian migrations were consistent with those based on BKV, but the previously suggested migration route from the Asian continent to the Japanese archipelago seemed to need revision.
Clinical trial: the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in primary care – prospective randomized comparison of rabeprazole 20 mg with esomeprazole 20 and 40 mg
Authors: EGGLESTON A. , KATELARIS P. H. , NANDURKAR S. , THORPE P. , HOLTMANN G. ,   ON BEHALF OF THE TREAT STUDY GROUP
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground  A trial of empirical PPI therapy is usual practice for most patients with symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in primary care.Aim  To determine if the 4‐week efficacy of rabeprazole 20 mg for resolving heartburn and regurgitation symptoms is non‐inferior to esomeprazole 40 mg or 20 mg.Methods  In all, 1392 patients were randomized to rabeprazole 20 mg, esomeprazole 20 mg or 40 mg once daily. Patients, doctors and assessors were blinded. Symptom resolution data were collected on days 0–7 and day‐28 using the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Symptom Severity Index with a shortened version used on days 8–27.Results  Rabeprazole 20 mg was non‐inferior to esomeprazole 40 mg for complete resolution of regurgitation and satisfactory resolution of heartburn and regurgitation. For complete heartburn resolution, the efficacy of rabeprazole 20 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg was statistically indistinguishable, although the non‐inferiority test was inconclusive. Rabeprazole 20 mg was non‐inferior to esomeprazole 20 mg for all outcomes.Conclusions  In uninvestigated GERD patients, rabeprazole 20 mg was non‐inferior to esomeprazole 40 mg for complete and satisfactory relief of regurgitation and satisfactory relief of heartburn, and not different for complete resolution of heartburn.
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in combination with ambrisentan in healthy volunteers
Authors: Walker Gennyne , Mandagere Arun , Dufton Christopher , Venitz Jürgen 
Published: February 2009

WHAT IS ALRADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Warfarin anticoagulation therapy is commonly administered to patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) to reduce the risk of thrombosis and embolism.• Ambrisentan is an orally active, propanoic acid‐based endothelin receptor antagonist that is likely to be co‐administered with warfarin to PAH patients.• Concomitant therapies that induce or inhibit warfarin metabolism may alter the systemic exposure of warfarin and significantly alter clotting time, as measured by prothrombin time and International Normalized Ratio, thereby requiring substantial adjustments to warfarin dose. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study was undertaken in healthy subjects to identify any potential drug interactions between ambrisentan and warfarin.• Multiple doses of ambrisentan had no clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin; conversely, a single dose of warfarin had no clinically relevant effects on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of ambrisentan.• Therefore, co‐administration of ambrisentan with warfarin should not require adjustment of the therapeutically effective dosing regimen for either drug.AIMS Ambrisentan is an oral, propanoic acid‐based endothelin receptor antagonist often co‐administered with warfarin to patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for ambrisentan to affect warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.METHODS In this open‐label cross‐over study, 22 healthy subjects received a single dose of racemic warfarin 25 mg alone and after 8 days of ambrisentan 10 mg once daily. Assessments included exposure (AUC0–last) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for R‐ and S‐warfarin, and International Normalized Ratio maximum observed value (INRmax) and area under the curve (INRAUC(0–last)). The effects of warfarin on ambrisentan steady‐state pharmacokinetics and the safety of ambrisentan/warfarin co‐administration were assessed. Data are presented as geometric mean ratios.RESULTS Ambrisentan had no significant effects on the AUC0–last of R‐warfarin [104.7; 90% confidence interval (CI) 101.7, 107.7) or S‐warfarin (101.6; 90% CI 98.4, 105.0). Similarly, ambrisentan had no significant effects on the Cmax of R‐warfarin (91.6; 90% CI 86.2, 97.4) or S‐warfarin (89.9; 90% CI 84.8, 95.3). Consistent with these observations, little pharmacodynamic change was observed for INRmax (85.3; 90% CI 82.4, 88.2) or INRAUC(0–last) (93.0; 90% CI 90.8, 95.3). In addition, co‐administration of warfarin did not alter ambrisentan steady‐state pharmacokinetics. Adverse events were infrequent, and there were no bleeding adverse events.CONCLUSIONS Multiple doses of ambrisentan had no clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin. Therefore, significant dose adjustments of either drug are unlikely to be required with co‐administration.
Factors associated with bed and room sharing in Chinese school‐aged children
Authors: Li S. , Jin X. , Yan C. , Wu S. , Jiang F. , Shen X. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground and objectives  Co‐sleeping (bed or room sharing) has potential implications for children's development. Previous studies showed that co‐sleeping was more prevalent in non‐Western countries than in Western countries, which demonstrated that co‐sleeping was marked with ethnic and socio‐cultural background characteristics. The purpose of this study was to survey the prevalence of bed and room sharing and to examine related factors among school‐aged children in an Asian country – China.Methods  A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in 10 districts of Shanghai, China from November to December 2005. A total of 4108 elementary school children, 49.2% boys and 50.8% girls with a mean age of 8.79 years, participated. Parent‐administered questionnaires were used to collect information about children's sleeping arrangements and socio‐demographic characteristics.Results  The prevalence of routine bed sharing, room sharing and sleeping alone in Chinese school‐aged children was 21.0%, 19.1% and 47.7%, respectively. Bed and room sharing didn't show significant gender difference but gradually decreased with increasing age. Multivariate logistic regression identified those factors associated with bed and room sharing: younger age, large family, children without their own bedroom and parents' approval of a co‐sleeping arrangement.Conclusion  Co‐sleeping arrangement was a common practice in Chinese school‐aged children. Associated factors were characterized by intrinsic socio‐cultural values and socio‐economic status in China.
Prevalence of overweight in kindergarten children in the centre of Israel – association with lifestyle habits
Authors: Pinhas‐Hamiel O. , Bar‐Zvi E. , Boyko V. , Reichman B. , Lerner‐Geva L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives  (1) To determine the prevalence of overweight and at risk for overweight in a sample of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old Israeli children; and (2) to delineate factors which may be associated with excess of overweight such as food intake, food habits physical and sedentary activity, family and socio‐economic factors.Methods  In a cross‐sectional survey in six kindergartens in the centre of Israel, 204 children (104 boys), mean age 5.5 years were studied.Results  In total, 40% of the children were either at risk for overweight (25%) or overweight (15%). Parents of one‐third of all children reported their children ate unbalanced meals; however, caloric intake was not different between the weight groups. Overweight children were reported to eat according to mood status and preferred eating candies. Knowledge of dietary requirements was fairly good and similar in all three weight groups. Screen viewing time was more than twofold greater than the recommended in all weight groups. The rate of parental obesity was not different in the weight groups.Conclusions  A high rate of overweight was documented among pre‐schoolers in the centre of Israel. Poor lifestyle habits were noted in about one‐third of all children; however, no association was found between the poor lifestyle habits and overweight but more overweight children eat according to mood status and preferred eating candies as a snack.
Anxiety and stress in mothers and fathers in the 24 h after their child's surgery
Authors: Scrimin S. , Haynes M. , Altoè G. , Bornstein M. H. , Axia G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground and objective  Surgery in a paediatric setting stresses children and their parents. Previous studies have focused on children and the preoperative period; however, the 24 h after child surgery are highly stressful for parents as their child is still physically recovering and physician–parent communication is vital. The aims of this study are to investigate the impact of three levels of severity of paediatric surgery on mothers' and fathers' anxiety and stress and to identify factors that contribute to parental anxiety and acute stress symptoms in the first 24 h after child surgery.Patients and methods  A total of 154 parents (91 mothers, 63 fathers) of children who had just undergone elective surgery for a major intervention (n = 41), minor intervention (n = 64) or day surgery (n = 49) completed questionnaires aimed at assessing levels of state anxiety and acute stress symptoms. Social network, socio‐economic status and parental health locus of control were evaluated as contributors.Results  Parents reported high levels of state anxiety (26% had scores on the state scale 2 standard deviations above the norm) and acute stress symptoms (28% in at least one of the four acute stress disorder symptom categories). Child's type of surgery is related to parental anxiety [F(2,134) = 38.12, P = 0.0001, η2 = 0.175] and acute stress symptoms [F(2,133) = 31.21, P = 0.0001, η2 = 0.133]. Parental state anxiety was predicted by parent's gender, trait anxiety and health external locus of control. Parent's number of acute stress symptoms was predicted by parental trait anxiety, health external locus of control, parent's level of education and the number of social contacts.Conclusions  There is a need to take into consideration parental anxiety and distress in the 24 h after child surgery. Parental well‐being is related to several characteristics including the severity of child surgery; these aspects should be taken into consideration when interacting with parents in the aftermath of their child's surgery.
Why do some fathers become primary caregivers for their infants? A qualitative study
Authors: West A. F. , Lewis S. , Ram B. , Barnes J. , Leach P. , Sylva K. , Stein A. ,   the FCCC project team
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  Despite recent advances, research on father–infant relations is still relatively lacking. One hitherto neglected area is the subjective experience of primary caregiving (PCG) fathers, including their reasons for taking on a PCG role.Method  Twenty‐five PCG fathers, defined as those providing sole child care for their 1‐year‐old infant for at least 20 waking hours a week, completed semi‐structured interviews as part of a large two‐centre English study of child care. Interviews were tape‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using emergent theme analysis. Themes with a bearing on the fathers' explicit and implicit reasons for providing relatively high levels of sole child care were grouped using an iterative process of independent analysis, comparison and rechecking.Results  Reasons included mother's and father's employment situation and relative earning power, the absence of acceptable alternative child care, perceptions of societal values, maternal and paternal health, family history and ideological values. Flexibility of paternal employment, or its relative unimportance, and motivation or willingness on the part of the father to share in child care were invariably present. For some, the fact of one or other of their own parents having been emotionally distant or physically absent had led to a determination to do things differently with their own children. Fathers reported that they valued the increased time spent with their child, even if they had not been consciously motivated beforehand.Conclusions  Fathers describe a wide range of reasons for becoming primary caregivers for their infant, and generally experience themselves as being actively involved in that decision. If fathers are to take an increasing role in child care, societal values and financial pressure may need to be addressed.
Early head injury and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2009

.

Keenan H. T.,
Hall G. C. &
Marshall S.W.
(
2008
)

,
337
,
a1984
.

DOI:10.1136/bmj.a1984
.
Objective  To explore the hypothesis that medically attended head injury in young children may be causal in the later development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Design  Retrospective cohort study.Setting  Health improvement network database (1988–2003), a longitudinal UK general practice dataset.Participants  All children registered in the database from birth until their 10th birthday.Main outcome measures  Risk of a child with a head injury before age 2 developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder before age 10 compared with children with a burn injury before age 2 and children with neither a burn nor a head injury.Results  Of the 62 088 children who comprised the cohort, 2782 (4.5%) had a head injury and 1116 (1.8%) had a burn injury. The risk of diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder before 10 years of age after adjustment for sex, prematurity, socio‐economic status and practice identification number was similar in the head injury (relative risk 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 2.5) and burn injury groups (1.7, 1.2 to 2.5) compared with all other children.Discussion  Medically attended head injury before 2 years of age does not seem to be causal in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Medically attended injury before 2 years of age may be a marker for subsequent diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with severe forms of chromoblastomycosis induce CD4+ T cell activationin vitro
Authors: Sousa M Glória , Ghosn E Eid Bou , Nascimento R Ciciro , Bomfim G Facchioli , Noal V , Santiago K , De Maria Pedrozo e Silva Azevedo C , Marques S Garcia , Gonçalves A Guedes , De Castro Lima Santos D Wagner , Criado P Ricardo , Costa Martins J Eduardo , Almeida S Rogerio 
Published: February 2009

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) have been described as initiators and modulators of the immune response. Recently we have shown a predominant production of interleukin-10 cytokine, low levels of interferon-γ and inefficient T cell proliferation in patients with severe forms of chromoblastomycosis. Chromoblastomycosis starts with subcutaneous inoculation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi into tissue where DCs are the first line of defence against this microorganism. In the present study, the interaction of F. pedrosoi and DCs obtained from patients with chromoblastomycosis was investigated. Our results showed that DCs from patients exhibited an increased expression of human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and co-stimulatory molecules. In the presence of conidia, the expression of HLA-DR and CD86 was up-regulated by DCs from patients and controls. Finally, we demonstrate the reversal of antigen-specific anergy and a T helper type 1 response mediated by DCs incubated with F. pedrosoi conidea.
Complement classical pathway components are all important in clearance of apoptotic and secondary necrotic cells
Authors: Gullstrand B , Mårtensson U , Sturfelt G , Bengtsson A A , Truedsson L 
Published: February 2009

SummaryInherited deficiencies in components of the classical complement pathway are strong disease susceptibility factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and there is a hierarchy among deficiency states, the strongest association being with C1q deficiency. We investigated the relative importance of the different complement pathways regarding clearance of apoptotic cells. Phagocytosis of labelled apoptotic Jurkat cells by monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of sera from individuals with complement deficiencies was studied, as well as C3 deposition on apoptotic cells using flow cytometry. Sera from individuals deficient in C1q, C4, C2 or C3 all showed decreased phagocytosis. Mannose binding lectin (MBL) and the alternative pathway did not influence phagocytosis. Notably, the components of the complement classical pathway, including C1q, were equally important in clearance of apoptotic cells. This indicates that deposition of C3 fragments is of major significance; we therefore studied C3 deposition on apoptotic cells. Experiments with MBL-deficient serum depleted of C1q or factor D confirmed the predominance of the classical pathway. At low dilution, sera deficient of C1q, C4 or C2 supported C3 fragment deposition demonstrating alternative pathway activation. In conclusion, we have found that complement-mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, particularly those undergoing secondary necrosis, are dependent mainly upon an intact classical pathway. The alternative pathway is less important, but may play a role in some conditions. C1q was not more important than other classical pathway components, suggesting a role in additional pathogenetic processes in SLE other than clearance of apoptotic cells.
Immunomagnetic isolation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ natural T regulatory lymphocytes for clinical applications
Authors: Di Ianni M , Del Papa B , Cecchini D , Bonifacio E , Moretti L , Zei T , Iacucci Ostini R , Falzetti F , Fontana L , Tagliapietra G , Maldini C , Martelli M F , Tabilio A 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAlthough CD4+/CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a potentially powerful tool in bone marrow transplantation, a prerequisite for clinical use is a cell-separation strategy complying with good manufacturing practice guidelines. We isolated Tregs from standard leukapheresis products using double-negative selection (anti-CD8 and anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies) followed by positive selection (anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody). The final cell fraction (CD4+/CD25+) showed a mean purity of 93·6% ± 1·1. Recovery efficiency was 81·52% ± 7·4. The CD4+/CD25+bright cells were 28·4% ± 6·8. The CD4+/CD25+ fraction contained a mean of 51·9% ± 15·1 FoxP3 cells and a mean of 18·9% ± 11·5 CD127 cells. Increased FoxP3 and depleted CD127 mRNAs in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells were in line with flow cytometric results. In Vβ spectratyping the complexity scores of CD4+/CD25+ cells and CD4+/CD25- cells were not significantly different, indicating that Tregs had a broad T cell receptor repertoire. The inhibition assay showed that CD4+/CD25+ cells inhibited CD4+/CD25- cells in a dose-dependent manner (mean inhibition percentages: 72·4 ± 8·9 [ratio of T responder (Tresp) to Tregs, 1:2]; 60·8% ± 20·5 (ratio of Tresp to Tregs, 1:1); 25·6 ± 19·6 (ratio of Tresp to Tregs, 1:0·1)). Our study shows that negative/positive Treg selection, performed using the CliniMACS device and reagents, enriches significantly CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells endowed with immunosuppressive capacities. The CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ population is a source of natural Treg cells that are depleted of CD8+ and CD4+/CD25- reacting clones which are potentially responsible for triggering graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Cells isolated by means of this approach might be used in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation to facilitate engraftment and reduce the incidence and severity of GvHD without abrogating the potential graft-versus-tumour effect.
Analysis of the gutta‐percha filled area in C‐shaped mandibular molars obturated with a modified MicroSeal technique
Authors: Ordinola‐Zapata R. , Bramante C. M. , De Moraes I. G. , Bernardineli N. , Garcia R. B. , Gutmann J. L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To analyse the gutta‐percha filled area of C‐shaped molar teeth root filled with the modified MicroSeal technique with reference to the radiographic features and the C‐shaped canal configuration.Methodology  Twenty‐three mandibular second molar teeth with C‐shaped roots were classified according to their radiographic features as: type I – merging, type II – symmetrical and type III – asymmetrical. The canals were root filled using a modified technique of the MicroSeal system. Horizontal sections at intervals of 600 μm were made 1 mm from the apex to the subpulpal floor level. The percentage of gutta‐percha area from the apical, middle and coronal levels of the radiographic types was analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Complementary analysis of the C‐shaped canal configurations (C1, C2 and C3) determined from cross‐sections from the apical third was performed in a similar way.Results  No significant differences were found between the radiographic types in terms of the percentage of gutta‐percha area at any level (P > 0.05): apical third, type I: 77.04%, II: 70.48% and III: 77.13%, middle third, type I: 95.72%, II: 93.17%, III: 91.13% and coronal level, type I: 98.30%, II: 98.25%, III: 97.14%. Overall, the percentage of the filling material was lower in the apical third (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the C‐shaped canal configurations apically; C1: 72.64%, C2: 79.62%, C3: 73.51% (P > 0.05).Conclusions  The percentage of area filled with gutta‐percha was similar in the three radiographic types and canal configuration categories of C‐shaped molars. These results show the difficulty of achieving predictable filling of the root canal system when this anatomical variation exists. In general, the apical third was less completely filled.