bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using pollution prevention tools for compliance in the Federal community
Authors: Bridges James S. , Hoagland N. Theresa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn addition to environmental laws, Federal facilities must comply with Presidential Executive Orders, such as Executive Order 12856 which requires Federal facilities to put policies and practices in place in their environmental programs which emphasize pollution prevention as the alternative of “first choice” for how they will (1) achieve compliance with new regulations and requirements; (2) ensure compliance with existing regulations and requirements; and (3) return to compliance when violations are identified. This article identifies major environmental laws and executive orders affecting Federal facilities and presents demonstrated pollution prevention techniques and tools that will help Federal facilities with the environmental challenges while meeting mission objectives.
Development of a computer supported information system for measuring pollution prevention progress
Authors: Olbina Rada 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe paper deals with the development of an information system for measuring pollution prevention progress at the industrial production facility level. The design of information systems is presented. Examples of information systems for solving of environmental problems are discussed. A framework of industrial production and waste generation system as a pollution prevention measuring system is outlined. A model of the system is presented and parameters are precisely defined. Cost analysis of the system is also carried out. Based on the model, an information system scheme for measuring pollution prevention progress is shown and its testing in an industrial production facility is discussed.
Environmental partnerships: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Walton Thomas F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPartenerships among business, government and environmental organizations show considerable promise for improving both the environment and the economic health of American business and industry. There is nothing more potent than a coalition of diverse interests. The author presents case studies based on his participation in partnerships involving General Motors (GM) and two environmental organizations. While environmental partnerships promise significant rewards, there are a number of challenges to be addressed, including entrenched adversarial attitudes and a regulatory paradigm that encourages business managers and government regulators alike to focus on paper “compliance” rather than real‐world performance. Overcoming these challenges will require that “win/lose” and “yes/no” be replaced by “win/win” and “how to.” It will require a new, market‐driven paradigm that fully integrates environmental considerations into the business planning process and that relies on economic incentives to encourage business managers and government regulators to seek out real solutions to real problems.
Development of a wastewater treatment process: Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by metals
Authors: Schlimn Christian , Heitz Ewald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA low‐energy dechlorination technique has been applied to the detoxification of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) in aqeous solution. This alternative to biological or physco‐chemical decomposition methods achieves reduction by means of metal particles or copper‐activated metal particles (Mg, Fe, Al, Zn).The paper presents data from two pilot studies, covering fundamental process design aspects. Experimental investigations of pilot study 1 were conducted in a laboratory‐scale fixed bed reactor. In weak acidic or neutral medium (pH‐range 4–7) proper process application resulted in very rapid removal of hexacholorocyclohexane concentration (γ – BHC, lindane) from model wastewaters with up to 99.3% efficiency. During the course of reaction the main products formed are chloride and benzene, the by‐product being small amounts of chlorobenzene. After employing different metals in the dechlorination reaction zinc proved to be the optimum reducing agent since it achieved the best space‐time yield. Pilot study 2 dealt with a couple of screening reactions of various CHCs with zinc as the reducing agent, which were performed in the batch mode. Even volatile CHCs (chloroform, 1, 1, 1‐trichloroethane) could be completely dechlorinated by forming the corresponding hydrocarbons (methane; ethane and ethene respectively). Pseudo‐first order rate constants (k, s−1) were determined to assess substrate reactivity with respect to possible process applications are discussed.
Reducing the leachable lead content of used oil filter paper
Authors: Gallup Darrell L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsed automotive oil filter papers are typically contaminated with traces of lead and zinc particulates that may exceed the EPA toxicity characterization leaching procedure (TCLP) or the California soluble threshold limit concentration (STLC). The leachable lead and zinc content of oil filter paper may be reduced below hazardous waste levels by treatment with leach solutions comprised of metal complexing agents that dissolve a portion of the heavy metals. Further reduction of leachable lead and zinc in filter paper may be achieved by treatment with phosphate solutions to form insoluble metal phosphates. The resultant non‐toxic paper may be safely incinerated, while the leach “solubilizing” and phosphate “fixing” solutions are recycled. Lead and zinc are recovered from leach solutions by precipitation with sodium sulfide or polysulfide for beneficial use in lead/zinc smelter feedstock. The total levelized cost of treatment of filter paper to yield a non‐hazardous waste may range from $ 100–$ 300 per metric ton.
Biological elimination of VOCs in biofilter
Authors: Kiared K. , Bibeau L. , Brezezinski R. , Viel G. , Heitz M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA laboratory scale biofilter system was used to eliminate toluene and ethanol, the main solvents employed in lacquering, from waste air. A specific micro‐flora (mixture of Bacillus for ethanol and two pseudomonas species for toluene) able to degrade ethanol and toluene, was fixed on a packed bed of particles of commercial peat intermittently humidified by a nutrient solution necessary for the survival of the micro‐organisms.In the experiments, polluted gas was fed upwards through the bed and physcial parameters: moisture content of peat; humidity of air; temperature; pressure drop; inlet/outlet concentration of gas and microbial population were measured regularly in order to check the performance of the biodegradation process.These experiments showed good performance and good stability of the biofilter over time.
Treatment of chlorinated ethenes in groundwater with ozone and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Clancy Peter B. , Armstrong Jennifer , Couture Michelle , Lussky Robert , Wheeler Keith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA study was conducted to enhance the performance of an advanced oxidation process in treating chlorinated ethenes in groundwater at IBM's groundwater treatment system at its Essex Junction, Vermont facility. A model describing the reaction kinetics and mass transfer of a co‐current ozone injection process is presented. This model, in conjunction with experiments, demonstrates that the treatment performance of the ozone treatment process at a given ozone/air concentration and ozone mass flowrate cannot be improved by varying process operating parameters such as number of ozone injectors utilized, use of a static mixer, or variation of groundwater flowrate through each injector. This is because dissolved ozone reaches equilibrium with the injected ozone/air mixture within two seconds of initial contact. Also, the Venturi‐type ozone injection system presently in use destroys nearly half of the injected ozone.Injection of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with ozone increases the overall tetrachloroethylene (PCE) treatment efficiency by a factor of four (in comparison to ozone alone) at a H2O2/O3 mass ratio of between 1 and 2. Treatment of trichloroethylene (TCE) is enhanced by a factor of two. This enhancement of the oxidative treatment process results in a reduction in solvent mass load to a granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption system located downstream, thus potentially reducing the usage GAC and regeneration of spent GAC. However, residual hydrogen peroxide and/or hydroxyl free radicals from the oxidation process effluent may interact adversely with certain grades of GAC; the causes of this interaction and methods to attenuate it (i.e., the use of more resistant grades of GAC) are discussed. Overall O3/H2O2/GAC system operating costs can potentially be reduced significantly (up to $ 20K annually). An economic analysis and system operation/cost optimization study are presented.
Use of Ambersorb® carbonaceous adsorbent for removal of BTEX compounds from oil‐field produced water
Authors: Gallup D. L. , Isacoff E. G. , Smith D. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe removal of high concentrations of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) from oil‐field produced waters using a carbonaceous adsorbent was successfully demonstrated in the field. The carbonaceous adsorbent was much more effective in removing BTEX compounds from produced water than activated carbon or modified clays. The primary objectives of the field studies were to evaluate the efficiency of oil removal processes to protect the adsorbent from fouling, to determine the BTEX removal efficiency of a carbonaceous adsorbent at a high flow rate loading, and to demonstrate regeneration of the adsorbent.Adsorbent fouling with oil was mitigated by mechanical coalescing for heavier crude and emulsion‐breaking for lighter crude. Adsorbent extenders and filters did not control fouling in the presence of exceedingly emulsified crude oil. Carbonaceous adsorbent reduced BTEX compounds levels from the 25–130 mg/l range to less than 1 mg/l treating approximately 500 bed volumes of produced water per cycle. Regeneration of the adsorbent using low pressure steam or solvents was successfully achieved with regeneration efficiencies exceeding 95 percent.
Life cycle assessment applied to process design: Environmental and economic analysis and optimization of a nitric acid plant
Authors: Kniel G. E. , Delmarco K. , Petrie J. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an environmental auditing tool that quantifies the environmental burdens of an activity inclusive of all its related systems. In the past, LCA has been applied primarily to products, but recent literature suggests it also has potential as an analysis and design tool for processes and services. This potential arises from the unique ability of LCA to link the environmental burdens of a process with its mass and energy flows. The aim of this work is to apply LCA as a tool for process design rather than one for product assessment. A nitric acid plant formed the basis for a case study wherein LCA was used to quantify and compare environmental performance of a number of design alternatives aimed at waste reduction. Economic models for the alternatives were formulated and linked to the environmental models to perform a multiobjective optimization with the express aim to maximize economic returns and minimize enviromental impact. The comparative study showed that one design alternative was clearly superior from an environmental point of view. The optimization demonstrated that operational changes could result in significant enviromental improvement at minimal economic cost. Future work in this area should focus on the allocation of environmental burdens from multiple‐output processes as well as extending the analysis to include environmental and economic impacts of all related downstream processes.
Air emissions of volatile liquids spilled on sands
Authors: Sharma Mukul , Overcamp Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimple laboratory experiments simulating a spill of a volatile liquid on sands were conducted. Hexane was spilled onto both initially dry sand and water‐wetted sand at near field capacity. The experimental conditions approximated the assumptions of a theory developed by Thibodeaux (1979). Predictions of a modification of this model were generally in good agreement at early times with data on the rate of volatilization. The modified model can be used to estimate air emissions of a volatile liquid spilled on sands.
Process challenges in rotary kiln‐based incinerators in soil remediation projects
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Fogo Denis , McBride Chris 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMost Superfund sites undergoing thermal remediation consist of high‐moisture content (15 to 40 percent) soils having light organic contamination (low‐heat content). In the early 1980s, the rotary kiln incinerators employed at these Superfund sites were relatively small mobile hazardous waste incinerators (HWI) built on standard‐size semi‐trailers. As the industry matured over the past ten years, competition has driven the industry to larger and more efficient rotary kiln systems that minimize the cost per ton of soil treated by increasing the throughput rates and shortening on‐site processing time.Because these units are transported from site to site by truck or a combination of rail and truck, the rotary kiln outside shell diameters have peaked to approximately 13.5 feet. Now the focus has shifted to increasing the processing capacity of these existing, maximized fixed‐sized systems. Such actions include the use of oxygen‐based combustion systems, which increase the throughput and efficiency by improving heat transfer and reducing the volume of combustion gas requiring treatment. However, despite the experience and expertise gained by the participants in the thermal remediation industry, many of the same process challenges still remain. Combustion gas particulate entrainment from a rotary kiln HWI is a key issue when thermally treating soils because of the slagging potential in the secondary combustion chamber (SCC) and/or the potential to overload the downstream incinerator wastewater treatment system (IWTS). Excessive infiltration air into the rotary kiln can reduce the rate of heat transfer to the solids bed and correspondingly reduce the overall processing rate. More stringent ash quality requirements require higher ash temperatures and longer solids retention time at temperature. Estimating metal emissions remains a challenge due to the limited availability of data on metal behavior in combustion systems. New and more stringent particulate, nitrogen oxides (NOx), metals, and dioxins/furans emissions performance requirements present additional challenges, as does a trend in towards zero‐liquid discharge from the air pollution control system.This article discusses these process challenges facing the industry and potential solutions, based on data from IT's Hybrid Thermal Treatment System® HTTS® and other sources.
Surmounting design problems in a complex piping system for groundwater remediation
Authors: Maxey Robert , Pincince Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the design of a fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) piping system which transports groundwater extracted from 43 wells at the site of a former chemical manufacturing plant in Toms River, New Jersey. This system conveys an average flow of 2.7 million gallons per day of groundwater contaminated with aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons and metals through seven miles of pipeline to a biological and physical treatment plant. The piping system, shown in Figure 1 exceeds the scale typically seen in most groundwater remediation projects, with respect to length, number of wells and volume of water treated.The groundwater extraction system is a manifold piping network that consists of the 43 wells and associated pumps, piping and controls and is capable of conveying 150% of the average flow. All piping within plant boundaries is above ground. Offsite piping is installed below ground and is double walled. Leak detection devices are installed below ground in manways along the buried pipe route. Discharge piping from well pumps is tied into manifolds which go to the groundwater treatment plant.This paper describes design choices significantly affecting the system construction, piping system components, design procedures and significant lessons learned in the construction of the system. System design commenced in 1993, was completed in 1995 and system construction was finished in 1996.
The magnitude and source of air emissions from asphalt blowing operations
Authors: Trumbore David C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe US EPA has developed emmission factors for estimating the emissions of filterable particulate, total organic compounds, and carbon monoxide from asphalt blowing operations. These are published by the EPA in a series called AP‐42, which contain factors for many manufacturing processes. The emission factors for asphalt blowing are acknowledged by the EPA to be of poor quality. Owens Corning has taken extensive data in various manufacturing facilities and an asphalt pilot plant to provide more information on air emissions from these operations. The results of that work clearly show that the current AP‐42 emission factors for asphalt processed by air blowing are dificient in that they omit significant emissions of SOx and HCl, overestimate particulate and CO emissions, and potentially underestimate both VOC and NOx emissions. In fact, SOx, which is not addressed by AP‐42, is the major air emission contributed by the fumes from the asphalt blowing process when those fumes are incinerated. The sources of SOx from air blowing are discussed in detail in this paper. The impact of incineration temperature on carbon monoxide is also illustrated. With the exception of HCl, the hazardous air pollutants encountered in the asphalt blowing process are minimal.
A sorbent regenerator simulation model in copper oxide flue gas cleanup processes
Authors: Chen Zhong‐Ying , Yeh James T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSorbent regeneration is an important step in copper oxide flue gas cleanup processes because poor regeneration performance could require higher sorbent circulation rate and inventory, resulting in increased process costs. This article describes a countercurrent moving‐bed regeneator model using natural gas as the reducing agent. The model incorporates several aspects important for predicting the regenerator performance, such as gas expansion effects, deviation from first‐order kinetics with respect to copper sulfate, and mass transfer limitations. The sorbent residence time predicted by this model is in good agreement with data obtained from the life‐cycle test system at the Federal Energy Technology Center. The tests conducted include effects of reactor temperature, the methane to copper sulfate feed ratio, and sorbent residence time, on sorbent regeneration. The regenerator modeling also details the impact of gas velocity on the reactor performance.
The effect of oxygen exposure on the methanogenic activity of an anaerobic bacterial consortium
Authors: Petersen James N. , Bereded‐Samuel Yared , Skeen Rodney S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDue to industrial, agricultural, and defense operations, chlorinated solvents, and their natural transformation products, have been found in drinking water, wastewater, and ground water throughout the industrialized world [1]. Further, such compounds represent the most prevalent organic groundwater contaminants in the U.S. [2]. Because many are priority pollutants and/or suspected carcinogens or mutagens, the movement, transformation, and fate of these contaminants in the environment is of interest [3]. For these compounds, in situ bioremediation has the potential to substantially reduce cleanup duration and cost, when compared with traditional pump‐and‐treat technologies [4].
Science plus management equals successful remediation: A case study
Authors: Buehlman Mark D. , Rogers Daniel T. , Payne Frederick C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the past, owners of contaminated sites attempted to remediate as quickly as possible, usually by excavating contaminated soil or pumping and treating contaminated groundwater. Often, they started remediation before identifying all potential types and sources of contaminants, and before conducting a thorough hydrogeologic study. Such premature action usually resulted in the selected remedy not working, the contamination spreading, or unnecessary remedial activities. Today, successful site remediation is recognized as a complex and time‐consuming undertaking–requiring a combination of careful scientific study, effective negotiation with the regulatory agencies and skillful management of multidisciplinary efforts.A case study involving a brownfields site in southeastern Michigan clearly illustrates the elements of successful remediation. The site's soil was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and its groundwater with a variety of chlorinated solvents. The original estimate for remediation had exceeded $30 million. Several phases of investigation were conducted to evaluate the nature and sources of contaminants, the site's hydrogeology, potential risks to human health and the environment, and feasible remedial technologies. Multiple cleanup criteria were established for different affected areas based on the results of the investigations, changes that were taking place with the state cleanup regulations and standards and subsequent negotiations with state and federal regulators. Innovative remedial technologies were selected. The result was a remediation that met or exceeded all soil and groundwater cleanup objectives, was performed on schedule, and was highly cost‐effective. The final cost was limited to $3 million–one‐tenth of the original estimate.The success of this project involved meticulous scientific study and comprehensive understanding of applicable regulatory requirements and available remediation technologies. It also required effective project management to coordinate the multidisciplinary efforts involved and to maintain the constant vertical and horizontal communications necessary to ensure sound decisions at every step in the process.
Precipitation and separation of chloride and sulfate ions from aqueous solutions: Basic experimental performance and modelling
Authors: Bader M. S. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn experimental database for the precipitation of chloride and sulfate salts associated with six cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, and strontium) from aqueous solutions was generated using isopropylamine as the precipitation agent. Consistency tests performed on the acquired precipitation data indicated a high level of experimental consistency. The precipitation fractions (P) of all chloride salts (at 5,000 and 10,000 mg/L) over the studied range of solvents volume ratios (VR) were approximately identical and their small variations were within their experimental uncertainty. The P of sulfate salts (1,000 mg/L) over the studied range of VR were appreciably varied.A framework derived from thermodynamic principles of liquid‐liquid equilibrium criteria was developed to correlate the precipitation data. The activity coefficient of a given salt in a reference solvent (water) was related to the activity coefficient of such a salt in a mixed‐solvent mixture (water and organic). The power series function was employed to express the activity coefficients. Two model equations were provided by the framework: the 2‐power equation with two interaction parameters, and the 3‐power equation with three interaction parameters. While both equations were adequate for correlating the solubility phase behavior of a salt in a mixed‐solvent mixture, the 3‐power equation was more accurate.