bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soap‐based detergent formulations: VI. Alkylaryl sulfonamide derivatives as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlkylbenzenes, such as industrial detergent alkylates, as well as pure 1‐phenylalkanes whose side chain lengths varied C8−C12, were converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenensulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid. Surface active sulfonamides were obtained from the reaction of the sulfonyl chlorides with various low mol wt aminosulfonic acids, such as N‐methyltaurine, or with aminoalkyl esters of sulfuric acid, such as 2‐aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate. The hydrolytic stability of the resulting surface active sulfonamide derivatives was investigated. As expected, the sulfonates were quite resistant to acid or alkaline hydrolysis, while the sulfates were more susceptible to hydrolysis. Hydrolytic stability of the sulfonamides was compared with that of the analogous fatty acid amide sulfactants. All of the compounds were excellent lime soap dispersing agents giving Borhetty‐Bergman values of 4–10. The compounds were evaluated for detergency either alone or formulated either with tallow soap or with tallow soap and sodium silicate (Na2O/SiO2 ratio of 1∶1.6) The derivatives of the pure hydrocarbons which gave the best overall detergency were those of 1‐phenyldecane and 1‐phenyldodecane, whereas those of 1‐phenyloctane exhibited poor detergency. This ranking was observed when the compounds were tested alone as well as when formulated. The sulfonamide derivatives of the detergent alkylate type of alkylbenzenes exhibited excellent detergency characteristics and showed substantial potentiation of detergency when mixed with soap or with a soap‐sodium silicate blend. The detergency performance of some of these formulated detergents was equal to that of a commercial household detergent used as a control.
Processing for nonruminant feed markets
Authors: Rathbone C. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProcessing methods can be controlled to provide a cottonseed meal that is improved nutritionally and substantially free from toxic principles. In so doing, cottonseed meal can be fed beneficially to cattle, poultry, swine, and even trout. It is, therefore, possible to feed cottonseed meal to animals and poultry up to 10% of their dietary levels without harmful effects like minimizing their growth, reducing their bone marrow, harming their spleens, or discoloring their egg yolks. It is, however, necessary to prove to those who might use the meal that the feeding is economically sound and as productive as other meals.
Improved system for bulk meal storage
Authors: Milligan E. D. , Suriano J. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA system was installed for the bulk storage of soybean meal and operated in a manner designed to eliminate the problems commonly associated with such storage, such as hangups and damage to tanks due to dropping of arched meal. The final system design and operation was based upon the results of a study of a large number of operating soybean meal storage systems and their problems. The primary consideration in successful storage of meal was found to be the condition of the meal itself and its tendency to consolidate when stored fresh from production. When the meal stored in this system was disturbed at regular intervals, this tendency was overcome; and the meal moved freely and uniformly without arching. The design and operating features of the system are described.
Production of food‐grade cottonseed protein by the liquid cyclone process
Authors: Ridlehuber J. M. , Gardner H. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA brief background is presented on the development of the Liquid Cyclone Process as modified to process glanded cottonseed kernels from the Texas high plains into a gland‐free 65+% protein flour. Southern Regional Research Center's pilot plant process is described and related to the commercial process that will become operational in early 1974 at Plains Cooperative Oil Mill, Lubbock, Texas. Some of the functional properties of the flours and results of their evaluation in food application are discussed.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: VII. Sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Marmer William N. , Van Horn David E. , Linfield Warner M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResearch was performed on the development of lime soap dispersing agents derived from alkylbenzenes. The sulfonation with sodium bisulfite of a variety of methyl β‐p‐alkylbenzoylacrylates (III) produced adducts (I) whose detergent properties were studied. Yields were optimized, model compounds were synthesized, and products characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The sulfonated adduct (I‐A) derived from a commercial mixture of alkylbenzenes can be formulated with tallow soap, sodium silicate, and sodium carboxy methylcellulose to give a product that is competitive with a standard linear alkylbenzenesulfonate‐phosphate household detergent.
Characteristics of pistachio kernel oils from Iranian cultivars
Authors: Kamangar T. , Farrohi F. , Mehran M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTen pistachio samples from various Iranian cultivars were examined for some botanical features of their nuts and oil characteristics of their kernels. The wt of 100 nuts varied from 78.5 to 136.9 g. The nuts contained 44.1–58.9% kernel. Moisture of the kernels was low, 2.5–4.1%, and the kernels contained 55.2–60.5% oil. Unsaponifiable matter (0.72–0.96%), saponification value (189.0–193.6), refractive index (1.4635–1.4643), and iodine value (98.1–100.5) showed little differences in various samples. Fatty acids detectable by gas chromatographic analysis were: traces of myristic; 9.2–13.4%, palmitic; 0.5–1.1%, stearic; traces of arachidic; 0.5–1.0%; palmitoleic; 56.1–64.0%, oleic; 22.6–31.0%, linoleic; and 0.1–0.4%, linolenic. There were no significant differences due to origin and/or cultivar of the samples.
Contribution of lipid to aroma of ripening mango(Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Gholap A. S. , Bandyopadhyay C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPulp lipid composition of two commercial varieties of mango, ‘Alphonso’ and ‘Totapuri’, with wide differences in aroma and flavor during ripening was studied. Ripening of Alphonso mango was found to be associated with a marked increase in glyceride content and a rapid change in aroma and flavor, while in case of ‘Totapuri’ there were no appreciable changes in these parameters. Although the same type of fatty acids were present in both varieties, a variation in the distribution of fatty acids during ripening was observed. The ratio of palmitic to palmitoleic acid, which was correlated with aroma and flavor characteristics, was higher in the ‘Totapuri’ mango.
Oil characteristics of sweet and sour cherry kernels
Authors: Farrohi F. , Mehran M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOil content and oil characteristics of sweet and sour cherry kernels from 8 Iranian cultivars were examined. The ranges of values were: 20.5–37.9% for the oil content of the kernels; 0.77–1.19% for unsaponfiable matter; 188.2–191.5 for saponification value; 123.1–127.8 for iodine value (Hanus); and 1.4692–1.4721 for refractive index at 40 C. As to fatty acid composition of the samples, traces of myristic, 6.7–9.9% palmitic, 0.9–4.2% stearic, 0.3–1.1% arachidic, 0.3–0.7% palmitoleic, 38.6–53.2% oleic, 33.9–51.9% linoleic, and 0.2–0.8% linolenic acids were determined by gas chromatographic analysis.
Fatty acid composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil as influenced by seed position
Authors: Zimmerman D. C. , Fick G. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe variation in fatty acid composition of the oil from seeds located in different positions within an individual sunflower head was determined. Each head was divided into three ring‐shaped zones and four samples were taken from each zone. Ten heads from an inbred line and ten from an open‐pollinated variety were sampled. Position of the seed within the head had a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of the oil. The linoleic and palmitic acid contents of the oil increased and the oleic acid content decreased from the perimeter toward the center of the head.
Gas chromatographic determination of hydrophile‐lipophile balance of nonionic emulsifiers
Authors: Petrowski Gary E. , Vanatta John R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe determination of the hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) values of nonionic emulsifiers by a gas chromatographic method is described. Factors that affect this correlation have been examined. Attempts to extend this method to the determination of the required HLB values of fats and oils are presented. These data along with supplementary wet methods have been used to determine optimum conditions for emulsion stability of simple model systems (fat‐wateremulsifier).
Methylsterol compositions of 19 vegetable oils
Authors: Itoh Toshihiro , Tamura Toshitake , Matsumoto Taro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe unsaponifiables from 19 vegetable oils were divided into 4‐methylsterol fraction, triterpene alcohol fraction and two other fractions by thin layer chromatography. The 4‐methylsterol and triterpene alcohol fractions were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography, and identification of major components was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Gramisterol(24‐methylenelophenol), citrostadienol and obtusifoliol were present in all oils, and the presence of a 4‐methylsterol, presumably cycloeucalenol, was indicated in most of the oils. Cycloartenol and 24‐methylenecycloartanol were found as common triterpene alcohols in all oils, and the occurrence of cyclobranol(24‐methylcycloartenol), cycloartanol, and α‐ and β‐amyrins was demonstrated in most of the oils.
Deuteration of methylcis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate with nickel catalyst
Authors: Koritala S. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethylcis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate was partially deuterated with nickel catalyst, and the product was separated into saturate, monoene and diene fractions. Monoenes were separated intotransandcisfractions, and dienes intotrans,trans, cis,transandcis,cisfractions. Monoene isomers with double bonds at the 9 and 15 positions predominated in bothcis‐ andtrans‐monoene fractions. Considerable amounts of isomers with double bonds situated on either side of the original 9 and 15 positions were found in thetrans‐monoene fraction. Diene was extensively isomerized to positional and geometrical isomers, and deuterium was incorporated into these isomers. Double bond migration was greatest intrans,trans‐dienes and smallest incis,cis‐dienes. The amount of deuterium in the dienes was proportional to the extent of isomerization experienced by the dienes.
Deuteration of methyl linoleate with nickel, palladium, platinum and copper‐chromite catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasi Varao , Selke E. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSamples taken during deuteration of methyl linoleate with the title catalysts were separated into saturate, monoene and diene fractions. Monoenes were further separated intocis andtrans fractions. A comparison of the double bond distribution in monoenes with those from hydrogenation of alkaliconjugated linoleate indicated that up to 59% of the linoleate was reduced through a conjugated intermediate with nickel catalyst. The respective percentages for palladium and platinum catalysts were 51 and 23. Copper catalysts have previously been shown to reduce linoleate solely through conjugated intermediates. Copper‐chromite catalyst showed infinite selectivity for the reduction of linoleate, because stearate did not form. The decreasing order of various catalysts for the selective reduction was copper‐chromite>>>Ni at 195 C>Pd>Ni at 100 C>Pt. Computer simulation of platinum reduction indicated that ca. 20% of the linoleate was directly reduced to stearate through a shunt. Geometrical isomers of linoleate were formed during reduction with all catalysts except copper‐chromite. Nickel catalyst formed bothtrans,trans‐ andcis,trans‐isomers, as well as nonconjugatable dienes. These isomers were favored at the higher temperature and deuterium was incorporated into them. Palladium and platinum did not isomerize linoleate to nonconjugatable dienes. Because conjugated dienes are more reactive than linoleate, they were not found in appreciable amounts during reduction. Conjugated dienes were the only isomers formed with copper‐chromite catalyst. Deuterium was found in these conjugated dienes, which were also extensively isomerized. As a result of isomerization and exchange during reduction of linoleate‐as well as further exchange between deuterium and monoenes‐a wide distribution of isotopic isomers in monoenes was found with nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts. Since isomerization of monoenes with copper‐chromite is negligible, the isotopic distribution of monoenes must be due to exchange of intermediate conjugated dienes followed by addition.
Kinetics of hydrogenation of conjugated triene and diene with nickel, palladium, platinum and copper‐chromite catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA mixture of methyl linoleate and alkali‐conjugated methyl linoleate was reduced with nickel, palladium, platinum and copper‐chromite catalysts. The course of hydrogenation was followed by gas liquid chromatography of samples withdrawn at intervals. Relative rate constants of reactants and inermediates were calculated by a computer. Conjugated linoleate was 10–18 times more reactive than methyl linoleate with all catalysts except platinum, which showed no selectivity at 60 C. At 150 C conjugated diene reacted four times faster than methyl linoleate with platinum catalyst. A conjugated diene‐to‐stearate shunt was observed with palladium and platinum catalysts. When β‐eleostearate was hydrogenated with the same catalysts, 50–97% of the triene was reduced directly to monoene with all catalysts except copper chromite, which selectively reduced conjugated triene to conjugated diene. On the basis of present kinetic data and previous knowledge about the mode of hydrogen addition to conjugated systems, a scheme has been proposed to account for the products formed during hydrogenation of methyl linolenate.
Determination of the total unsaturation of tung oil by catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Pack F. C. , Planck R. W. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe use of catalytic hydrogenation as a quantitative method for the measurement of total unsaturation in tung oil and related products containing conjugated unsaturation, has been investigated.The apparatus, which comprises essentially a gas burette, manometer, and reaction vessel, is relatively simple, is constructed entirely of glass, and employs an externally mounted magnetic agitator. The weighed sample and platinum catalyst are suspended in glacial acetic acid during hydrogenation. In the case of tung oil and partially hydrogenated tung oil, heating of the reaction vessel is necessary to complete the hydrogenation.Hydrogen iodine values representing the total unsaturation in domestic and imported oils, alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids, the residual unsaturation in partially hydrogenated tung oils, and the unsaturation of other organic materials are reported. Tung oil and eleostearic acid gave hydrogen iodine values of approximately 240 and 271, respectively.Analytical hydrogenation, as described, is particularly well suited for the determination of unsaturation in conjugated systems.
Nonionic surfactants derived from a new hydrophobic base
Authors: Vaughn Thomas H. , Jackson Donald R. , Lundsted Lester G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA versatile new class of nonionic surfactants has been prepared essentially from ethylene and propylene oxides. The new products are based upon the discovery that a polyoxypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of approximately 900 or higher will function as the hydrophobic unit of a nonionic surfactant which may presumably be represented as HO (C2H4O)a (C3H6O)b (CH2O4)cH. By selection of a polyoxypropylene glycol having a suitable molecular weight and by adjusting the weight ratio of oxypropylene to oxyethylene units in the product, nonionics have been prepared which range in physical form from liquids to solids which are sufficiently hard that they may be flaked.The possibility of wide variation in the molecular weight of the hydrophobic unit and in the weight ratio of the hydrophobic to hydrophilic units in the molecules allows extensive tailoring of the products to give specific control of properties such as solubility in water, detergency, wetting action, and surface tension lowering.
Effect of selected oat sterols on the deterioration of heated soybean oil
Authors: White Pamela J. , Armstrong Lillian S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo sterol fractions of different purity, each containing both Δ5‐avenasterol and β‐sitosterol, were separated from oat oil, and their antioxidant effects studied in soybean oil at 180 C. Oil samples with added pure β‐sitosterol and control samples (no added sterol) also were studied.Fatty acid changes, conjugated diene formation and polymerization were monitored in all samples. All heated oils with added oat‐sterol fractions containing Δ5‐avenasterol deteriorated more slowly than did the controls. Oil with added pure β‐sitosterol was altered at a rate similar to that of the controls.
Chemical and microscopic studies of the matrix substance in pigment glands of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds
Authors: Yatsu Lawrence , Jacks Thomas J. , Kircher Henry W. , Godshall Mary An 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCottonseeds contain gossypol, a toxic substance, that renders the otherwise nutritious seeds inedible. However, because the gossypol is concentrated in small, intercellular glands, it is possible to separate gossypol from other seed constituents by pulverizing the seeds and removing the glands. This procedure is practicable because gossypol remains with the glands even during seed pulverization and manipulation in hexane. Many believe that the gossypol remains within the glands because the glands are virtually indestructible, protected by tough, resilient “plates.” However, we show that most of the isolated glands are broken after comminution. The gossypol is held in a water‐soluble matrix within the lumen of the glands. Analysis of aqueous extracts of isolated glands showed that the bulk of the extract is a non‐dialyzable arabinogalactan. We suggest that the matrix substance is an arabinogalactan.
Effect of protein cationicity on inhibition of in vitro epidermis curling by alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Tavss Edward A. , Eigen Edward , Temnikow Victor , Kligman Albert M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDilute solutions of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), an anionic detergent, caused strips of epidermis to twist and curl. Four commercially available protein hydrolysate mixtures and a synthetic peptide, when added to the LAS solution, countered this to varying degrees, from the epidermis being as distorted as the LAS control to as flat as the water control. A study to determine the contribution of these materials’ positive charge (isoionic point) to in vitro epidermis flatness demonstrated a direct linear relationship, i.e., the more positive the charge the flatter the epidermis. This effect was even discernible in a 1 to 30 ratio of a highly cationic protein to detergent. One of the protein mixtures, which was then fractionated according to charge, showed a linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.86 for this relationship. Because the twisting and curling of epidermis has been demonstrated to be related to human skin irritation, these results suggest that positively charged proteins might increase the mildness of solutions containing anionic detergents.
A kinetic approach to detergent synergism
Authors: Jennings Walter G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is shown that kinetic theory can be applied to the removal of a heterogeneous soil by detergent solutions. By assuming first‐order kinetics, const permitting rate comparisons were calculated for the removal of baked P32 milk films from stainless steel test discs by NaOH, a nonionic surfactant, and combinations of the two. Values for E* were obtained from Arrhenius plots. The data indicate an abrupt change in the activity of the nonionic detergent occurred as it passed through the cloud point region. Synergism was demonstrated in solutions of NaOH‐surfactant maintained below cloud point temps; at higher temps, this synergism was apparently lost. Possible explanations of synergism and detergency as affected by the could point phenomenon are discussed.
The preparation of hydroxystearic acids from red oil (Commercial oleic acid)
Authors: Munns W. O. , Kairys S. , Manion Dilys A. , Meade E. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hydroacetoxylation of red oil (commercial oleic acid) in acetic acid solution has been studied. The optimum hydroacetoxylation conditions were obtained under anhydrous conditions using sulphuric acid as a catalyst at:

a concentration of 1% (based on the wt of red oil).
at a reaction temp of 70C,
at a ratio of acetic acid: oleic acid of 3蝘1.
Some 70 hr were required under these conditions to obtain maximum (60舑70%) addition to the double bond.Some 50% (based on the wt of red oil) of pure hydroxystearic acids was isolated from this acetoxylation mixture by simultaneous deacetylation and esterification, followed by distillation, saponification, acidification, and crystallization of the acids from hexane.For the isolation of a less pure (50舑60%) hydroxystearic acid, the mixture following distillation was hydrogenated, saponified, and acidified. Suitable hydrogenation conditions were found to be 110舑115C, at a pressure of 300 psi for 4 hr. Selectol C was the catalyst of choice used at a concentration of 0.2% (nickel based on the wt of fatty acids). An 85% wt yield of this product was obtained.
Hydrogenation of methyl linolenate. I. The formation of methyl isolinoleate on the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate
Authors: Rebello Damascene , Daubert B. F. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA highly purified sample of methyl linoleate was prepared from linolenic acid obtained by debromination of hexabromostearic acid. The methyl linolenate was hydrogenated to varying degrees of saturation, using palladium on barium sulfate as the catalyst. Ethyl acetate was used as the solvent and all hydrogenations were conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The hydrogenated samples were analyzed for their fatty acid composition (as methyl esters).The relative reactivities of the various polyunsaturated acids towards hydrogenation were calculated and may be represented by the following whole numbers: oleic (including isooleic) acid, 1; isolinoleic acid, 5; linoleic, 27; linolenic, 27.A procedure was outlined for effecting a concentration of an isolinoleic acid (methyl ester) by low temperature crystallization. The fraction isolated contained 95.8% methyl isolinoleate.
Estimation of monocarbonyl compounds in rancid foods
Authors: Pool M. F. , Klose A. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA convenient method for the determination of monocarbonyl compounds in rancid foods is described. The quantitative procedure is based on the formation of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of monocarbonyl compounds in benzene solution, the removal of excess hydrazine reagent and the hydrazones of dicarbonyl compounds with alumina, and the colorimetric determination of the remaining hydrazones of monocarbonyl compounds in alkaline solution. Applicability to aldehydes varying in molecular size and degree of unsaturation has been demonstrated. The method may be used on the crude benzene extracts of rancid foods. Illustrative data are presented.