bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPPORTUNITY IS IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER: THE ROLE OF PUBLICITY IN CRIME PREVENTION
Authors: JOHNSON SHANE D. , BOWERS KATE J. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:Data concerning burglary rates and, among other things, the timing and intensity of publicity campaigns were acquired for 21 burglary reduction schemes. Statistical analyses showed clear effects of publicity as follows: (1) schemes that employed stand‐alone publicity campaigns were the most effective in reducing burglary; (2) time‐series analyses demonstrated that burglary reduction was coincident with intense periods of publicity; and (3) across the 21 schemes, there was evidence of a drop in the burglary rates prior to the implementation of the schemes, a so‐called anticipatory benefit.Policy Implications:The results suggest that the effectiveness of crime reduction schemes may be significantly enhanced by publicity. Promoting schemes prior to their implementation may also produce an anticipatory benefit, as was observed here. This suggests that carefully planned publicity campaigns may represent a powerful yet cost‐effective tool in crime prevention.
ARE SEX OFFENDERS DANGEROUS?*
Authors: SAMPLE LISA L. , BRAY TIMOTHY M. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:Current legislation mandating DNA collection, civil commitment, registration, and community notification of sex offenders is predicated on the assumption that sex offenders are simply more dangerous than other types of offenders in that they inevitably re‐offend. Moreover, many states are moving to expand sex offender legislation to include non‐sexual offenders on the assumption that some offense types, such as burglary and robbery, serve as “gateway” offenses to sex crimes. The purpose of this research is to highlight two of the common perceptions underlying sex offender laws, and the extension thereof, and examine them in light of current empirical evidence. We employ analysis of variance techniques on Illinois arrest data from 1990 to 1997 to examine the degree to which sex offenders have higher proportions of repeat offending than other criminal categories and if some offense types serve as “gateway” or predicate offenses to sex crimes.Policy Implications:Our results suggest that the extension of sex offender laws to non‐sexual offenders will likely have little effect on sexual victimization rates. More importantly, our results illustrate that policies can be founded on misconceptions, and these misconceptions not only have financial consequences, but also can affect the likelihood that the policies enacted will achieve their goals. If nothing else, this research suggests that policy makers need to become better informed on the issues they subject to far‐reaching and costly legislation.
COMBATING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: FINDINGS FROM AN EVALUATION OF A LOCAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURT*
Authors: GOVER ANGELA R. , MACDONALD JOHN M. , ALPERT GEOFFREY P. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:The present study examined the effectiveness of a localized domestic violence court in Lexington County, South Carolina. An interrupted time series analysis indicated that domestic violence arrests increased significantly after the court was established. Recidivism rates of 189 defendants arrested for domestic violence before the implementation of the domestic violence court were compared with 197 defendants arrested after the court's implementation. Results indicate significantly lower rates of rearrests among defendants processed through the domestic violence court.Policy Implications:The results from this study suggest that systematic localized court interventions aimed at domestic violence defendants can be effective at enhancing enforcement and improving victim safety.
INCREASING THE PROPORTION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARRESTS THAT ARE PROSECUTED: A NATURAL EXPERIMENT IN MILWAUKEE*
Authors: DAVIS ROBERT C. , SMITH BARBARA E. , TAYLOR BRUCE 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary: Mandatory and pro‐arrest policies in domestic violence incidents have increased strains on prosecutorial and court resources. They have also brought to prosecutors many cases in which victims never wanted batterers charged and prosecuted. Prosecutors are faced with the dilemma of (a) screening out difficult cases up front and expending resources on fewer but more winnable case or (b) prosecuting a larger number of cases as adequately as resources will allow. We studied a natural experiment that resulted when the Milwaukee prosecutor liberalized his screening policy to double the number of domestic violence case filings. After the new screening policy was implemented, time to disposition doubled, convictions decreased, the prevalence of pretrial crime increased, and victim satisfaction declined.Policy Implications: The results do not support the idea that domestic violence cases can be readily prosecuted without regard for victim desires. To commit to such a policy would require a substantial commitment of additional staff, resources to collect additional types of evidence, and a willingness to try a substantially larger number of cases.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LEGISLATION: EXPLORING ITS IMPACT ON THE LIKELIHOOD OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, POLICE INVOLVEMENT, AND ARREST*
Authors: DUGAN LAURA 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary: This research uses data from the National Crime Victimization Survey to test whether legislation affects domestic violence, police involvement, and arrest. Findings suggest that most laws do reduce the chances of family or intimate violence. Fewer appear to influence police involvement, and none relate to more arrest. This suggests that laws may deter would‐be offenders from harming family and partners.Policy Implications: The findings suggest that states should continue to aggressively pursue domestic violence offenders. However, local officials should recognize that mandatory arrest laws could reduce the number of cases that enter the system. Further, more protection should go toward victims when the state awards them custody of the children.
HOMELESS SHELTER USE AND REINCARCERATION FOLLOWING PRISON RELEASE*
Authors: METRAUX STEPHEN , CULHANE DENNIS P. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:This paper examines the incidence of and interrelationships between shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995–1998. Results show that, within two years of release, 11.4% of the study group entered a New York City homeless shelter and 32.8% of this group was again imprisoned. Using survival analysis methods, time since prison release and history of residential instability were the most salient risk factors related to shelter use, and shelter use increased the risk of subsequent reincarceration.Policy Implications:These findings show both homelessness and reincarceration to be substantial problems among a population of released prisoners, problems that fall into the more general framework of community reintegration. They also suggest that enhanced housing and related services, when targeted to a relatively small at‐risk group among this population, have the potential to substantially reduce the overall risk for homelessness in the group.
SUSTAINING PROBLEM‐SOLVING CAPACITY IN COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS
Authors: SRIDHARAN SANJEEV , GILLESPIE DAVID 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:Comprehensive Community Initiatives (CCIs) attempt to build collaborative networks within the community and enhance the community's collaborative social problem‐solving capacity to address specific criminal justice problems. In this paper, we use network analysis methods to operationalize the collaborative problem‐solving capacity in two sites involved in the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders (Wilson and Howell, 1995). The problems addressed in this paper originally emerged while conducting a national process evaluation of the Comprehensive Strategy. Both overall and organizational‐level network measures are used to operationalize the collaborative problem‐solving capability in the planning and implementation phases of the Comprehensive Strategies.Policy Implications:An important policy implication of our work is that sustaining connections with even a handful of organizations can be difficult. CCIs represent complex systems consisting of multiple organizations collaborating over time under varying constraints and opportunities. Understanding such dynamic complexity is important if one is to recognize the difficulties inherent in sustaining such collaborative networks. For the process evaluation of the Comprehensive Strategy, participants provided concrete feedback about how to sustain the collaborative networks into the implementation phase. Specific feedback included: (1) providing greater upfront clarity of funding, (2) learning from other “exemplary” sites, and (3) developing a clearer definition of community and funder roles. We leverage results from other parts of the implemented multimethod research design to both interpret and validate the network results.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF MASS INCARCERATION ON INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL IN COMMUNITIES
Authors: LYNCH JAMES P. , SABOL WILLIAM J. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:This paper reviews and evaluates the existing (and limited) evidence that increases in incarceration have affected the ability of residential neighborhoods to perform their traditional social control functions. It suggests that, although comparatively weak, the evidence points to the increases in the level and clustering in social and geographic space of incarceration as contributing to changes in the social organization of affected communities by weakening family formation, labor force attachments, and patterns of social interaction among residents. At the same time, however, the paper does find support for the contention that incarceration leads to reductions in crime in affected communities.Policy Implications:To the extent that mass incarceration disrupts patterns of social interaction, weakens community social organization, and decreases the stigma of imprisonment, its longer‐run effects may be to reduce its effectiveness.
SUSPECT SEARCHES: ASSESSING POLICE BEHAVIOR UNDER THE U.S. CONSTITUTION*
Authors: GOULD JON B. , MASTROFSKI STEPHEN D. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:This study examines police conformity to the law by evaluating direct observations of police searches in a medium‐sized American city against the applicable constitutional standards. Other researchers have investigated police misconduct, but the present study uses direct observations of police behavior. The research asks three questions: How frequently do patrol officers engage in searches? How often do their searches meet constitutional standards? What explains the proclivity to search unconstitutionally? The results paint a disquieting picture, with nearly one‐third of searches performed unconstitutionally and almost none visible to the courts. The research links police misconduct to the municipality's “war on drugs,” but surprisingly, the majority of constitutional violations was concentrated in a small number of otherwise model officers engaged in community policing.Policy Implications:Based on researchers’ direct field observations, this analysis suggests that studies of constitutional violations based on secondary or official records touch only the exposed tip of the population of police searches, and far more importantly, they may vastly understate the extent of constitutional violations. This is not the picture offered by Wilson and Kelling (1982), who claimed that the police previously had been constrained by legal restrictions. If anything, the data support Kelling's (1999) more recent contention that police officers are “pushing the Fourth Amendment” to the verge of or beyond what is legally permissible. There are substantial costs when the police search unconstitutionally, not only to the rights of individuals but also to the legitimacy of law enforcement. The present observations were conducted in the midst of a war on drugs, which raises the question of what a replication would show now that the nation's local law enforcement agencies have been enlisted in a war against terrorism.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF PRISON SITING IN RURAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: KING RYAN SCOTT , MAUER MARC , HULING TRACY 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:This study is the first of its kind to use statistical controls to measure the effects of prison siting on the host county. We use an interrupted time series design to measure the impact of prison siting on employment and income indicators in rural New York State from 1977 to 2000. Results indicate that prisons have had no substantive or statistically significant impact on host counties.Policy Implications:In the last decades of the twentieth century, a number of rural areas decimated by chronic poverty due to the decline of the manufacturing and agricultural economy that had once sustained them turned to prison siting as a means of development. The results of this study suggest that those decisions have been premature, and counties that rely on prisons to rebuild their economy will receive little return on their investment, while closing off any discourse concerning other means of sustainable economic growth.
SURVEILLANCE FOR CRIME PREVENTION IN PUBLIC SPACE: RESULTS AND POLICY CHOICES IN BRITAIN AND AMERICA
Authors: WELSH BRANDON C. , FARRINGTON DAVID P. 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:The present study assessed the comparative effectiveness of two forms of surveillance in preventing crime in public space: formal surveillance, in the form of closed‐circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras, and natural surveillance, in the form of improved street lighting. Based on the highest quality available research evidence on these two measures—from systematic reviews incorporating meta‐analytic techniques—it was found that they are equally effective in reducing crime. More detailed analyses showed that improved street lighting was more effective in reducing crime in city centers, that both were more effective in reducing property crimes than violent crimes, and that both measures were far more effective in reducing crime in Britain than in America.Policy Implications:The results of this study lend support for the continued use of CCTV and improved street lighting to reduce crime, but they suggest that they need to be targeted more narrowly on property crimes. A policy that combines the two interventions may produce a greater yield in reduced crime rates, but this may be limited to vehicle crimes in car parks. Improved street lighting is an effective form of surveillance to reduce crime in public space, and it may attract less public resistance than CCTV surveillance cameras (in America at least). Lessons from the British studies to help improve the effectiveness of the two measures in America are explored.
RECIDIVISM AMONG AN EARLY COHORT OF CALIFORNIA'S PROPOSITION 36 OFFENDERS
Authors: FARABEE DAVID , HSER YIH‐ING , ANGLIN M. DOUGLAS , HUANG DAVID 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:In November 2000, California voters approved the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), also known as “Proposition 36,” which gives adults convicted of nonviolent drug possession offenses the option of participating in drug treatment in lieu of incarceration. Using data from an earlier evaluation of community treatment programs, we examined the subsample of clients admitted to drug treatment during the law's first six months (July 1, 2001 and December 31, 2001; N = 3,748) in 13 counties to describe an initial cohort of SACPA clients (SACPA; N = 688) regarding their participation in treatment and their subsequent rearrest outcomes. These data were compared with other criminal justice‐referred clients (Non‐SACPA‐CJ; N = 1,178) and with clients who entered treatment without a current criminal justice status (Non‐CJ; N = 1,882). Relative to Non‐CJ clients, CJ (SACPA or Non‐SACPA) clients with severe drug problems were significantly less likely to be treated in residential programs. Subsequent analyses further revealed a significant severity by modality interaction, with high‐severity/outpatient clients being most likely to be rearrested on a drug‐related charge in the 12 months after treatment admission. Although the prevalence of arrests decreased for all three groups after treatment admission, SACPA clients remained more likely to be rearrested for a drug crime even after controlling for the interaction between drug use severity and treatment modality.Policy Implications:These findings underscore the importance of client‐treatment matching (based on addiction severity) and of actively applying legal pressure to increase treatment retention and maximize potential treatment benefits.
A STUDY OF PROSECUTORIAL CERTIFICATION PRACTICE IN VIRGINIA
Authors: SRIDHARAN SANJEEV , GREENFIELD LYNETTE , BLAKLEY BARON 
Published: March 2006

Research Summary:In response to the growing trend of violent juvenile crime, the Virginia legislature enacted the Juvenile Justice Reform Package in 1996. This legislation created two new classes of transfers: automatic and prosecutorial certifications. This article examines the prosecutor's decision to certify a juvenile offender to adult court in Virginia for intake cases in 1997 and 1998. Although the law gives the prosecutor the authority to certify all cases that meet certain criteria, only a portion of those are actually certified, which indicates that other factors must be impacting the decision. A number of factors relating to present and prior offenses, offender's social history characteristics, and the location of the courts were examined. Location of the court was important in influencing prosecutorial certification in Virginia.Policy Implications:The policy implications of the following three key findings are discussed: (1) Small percentage of waiver‐eligible offenders at intake are actually transferred; (2) Considerable variation in certification practice across localities; (3) Serious juvenile offenders are more likely to be waived. The analysis of juvenile records was supplemented with qualitative interviews with key decision makers in the transfer process, including a sample of judges, prosecutors, court service unit directors, and probation officers. These key decision makers provided feedback to improve the certification processes. Key feedback included the need for information systems to follow the flow of transfer cases through the system and the need for a three‐tiered placement system within the adult system whereby offenders are separated by age and maturity.
A statistical approach to the optimisation of membrane operation
Authors: Lodge B. N. , Judd S. J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA bench‐scale analysis has been conducted on the ultrafiltration of synthetic and real domestic wastewaters post‐biotreatment by a biological aerated filter. This paper presents a rigorous analytical technique to identify the process parameters that have a significant influence on a membrane system performance. By applying statistical techniques, the influence of each parameter and the level of uncertainty were quantified within a highly complex, interrelated and variable process. The results showed that the fouling propensity for real greywater was significantly variable, both during the trial and from one trial to the next. The variability was primarily due to the inherent variability of greywater quality and the extent of settling within the storage facility. However, the fouling propensity for real greywater was generally lower than for settled sewage. The results of the analysis were extended to produce a predictive model that can be used as a guide in the design of membrane systems and their operation. The methodology is readily transferable and adaptable to other membrane systems.
Endotoxin Contamination in Commercially Available Pokeweed Mitogen Contributes to the Activation of Murine Macrophages and Human Dendritic Cell Maturation
Authors: Yang Jae Seung , Kim Hye Jin , Ryu Young Hee , Yun Cheol-Heui , Chung Dae Kyun , Han Seung Hyun 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTCommercially available pokeweed mitogen (PWM) has been reported to activate macrophages, leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). However, we found that polymyxin B (PMB), a specific inhibitor of endotoxin activity, inhibited the PWM-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and NO and the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). A kinetic-turbidimetricLimulusamebocyte lysate assay demonstrated that commercial PWM contained substantial endotoxin, over 104endotoxin units/mg of the PWM. A PWM repurified by PMB-coupled beads no longer induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TLR4 activation, or dendritic cell maturation. However, the repurified PWM remained able to induce proliferation of human lymphocytes, which is a representative characteristic of PWM. These results suggest that commercial PWM might be contaminated with a large amount of endotoxin, resulting in the attribution of misleading immunological properties to PWM.
ML0405 and ML2331 Are Antigens ofMycobacterium lepraewith Potential for Diagnosis of Leprosy
Authors: Reece Stephen T. , Ireton Greg , Mohamath Raodoh , Guderian Jeffrey , Goto Wakako , Gelber Robert , Groathouse Nathan , Spencer John , Brennan Patrick , Reed Steven G. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTDespite the success of multidrug therapy in reducing the number of registered leprosy cases worldwide, evidence suggests thatMycobacterium lepraecontinues to be transmitted. A serological diagnostic test capable of identifying and allowing treatment of early-stage disease could reduce transmission and prevent the onset of the disability, a common complication of the disease in later stages. Serological diagnosis based on antibody recognition of phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) cannot reliably identify individuals with lower bacterial indices (BI). One strategy that might improve this situation is the provision of highly specific serological antigens that may be combined with PGL-I to improve the sensitivity of diagnosis. Using serological expression cloning with a serum pool of untreated lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients, we identified 14 strongly reactiveM. lepraeproteins, 5 of which were previously unstudied. We present results suggesting that two of these proteins, ML0405 and ML2331, demonstrate the ability to specifically identify LL/borderline lepromatous (BL) patients on the basis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity. In a household contact study, LL index cases were identified on the basis of this reactivity, while household contacts of these patients demonstrated undetectable reactivity. At a serum dilution of 1:800, suitable to reduce background PGL-I IgM reactivity, two BL patients with a BI of <4 showed anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulin G, A, and M reactivity measured with a combination of ML0405, ML2331, and natural disaccharide O-linked human serum albumin (NDOHSA) (synthetic PGL-I) that was markedly higher than IgM reactivity to NDOHSA alone. We suggest that ML0405 and ML2331 may have utility in serological leprosy diagnosis.