bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William III and the Negative Voice
Authors: Carafano James Jay 
Published: November 2007

A fresh interpretation of King William III's employment of the royal veto provides new insights into the political and constitutional issues of his reign. The veto, or the crown's negative voice as it was called by contemporaries, is a particularly fruitful subject for study in charting the course of politics in seventeenth century England. The employment of the veto offers an accurate barometer for measuring political and constitutional change. It addresses the key issue of sovereignty—who makes law? King or Parliament? It is surprising, therefore, that historians have neglected to examine the implications of William's employment of the veto. As a result, their conclusions about the veto are not supported by a full analysis of the available evidence. What they have overlooked is that a close examination of the bills the king rejected, and of contemporary views of the royal prerogative, demonstrates that underneath the turmoil of Williamite politics lay a stable foundation built on the settlement achieved at the Revolution of 1688/9.During his brief rule William III rejected a significant number of bills. Between 1692 and 1696 he vetoed five public bills: the Judges, Royal Mines, Triennial, Place, and MP Qualifications Bills. Previous Tudor and Stuart monarchs, with the exception of Queen Elizabeth I, only infrequently invoked the crown's right to refuse legislation. Queen Anne, who followed William to the throne, vetoed only one bill. She was the last monarch to employ this prerogative, although it remains theoretically a legitimate royal power.
From “Rabble” to “Chopsticks”: The Radicalism of William Cobbett
Authors: Dyck Ian 
Published: November 2007

William Cobbett is a problem figure in English history. Among his several stage credits are his performances as the soldier's friend, the champion of the rural laborers and the parliamentary leader of the common people. During the 1810s and 1820s he took his celebrated rural rides for the purpose of discovering first-hand the wants and needs of the country laborers. He voiced their “cottage charter” in thePolitical Register, he composed hundreds of tracts disseminating their reform program, and in 1830 he led them in the Captain Swing disturbances—the laborers' militant campaign for improved wages, full employment, and the return to the cottage of bacon, beer, and wheaten bread.Cobbett's sympathies for the farm workers have long been a subject of observation among historians and literary critics. Matthew Arnold suggested that Cobbett's politics were regulated by the condition of country workers, while Hugh Egerton described Cobbett as “the one eminent author whom the farm labourers of England can claim as their own.” For Leslie Stephen, Cobbett was “the voice of the English peasant,” for J. B. Morton he was “the peasant articulate,” and for G. K. Chesterton he “spoke for those innumerable who are also inarticulate.” The great biographer of Cobbett, G. D. H. Cole, agreed: Cobbett was a politicized peasant “at one in nature and sentiment with the mass which he aspired to lead.” Unlike the previous commentators, Cole developed his argument at some length, but his primary understanding of Cobbett was as a rustic-minded critic of industrialism and high finance—a valid assessment certainly, but one neglectful of Cobbett's self-professed ignorance of industrial labor and of market economy.
Aelred of Rievaulx's Rhetoric and Morale at the Battle of the Standard, 1138
Authors: Bliese John R. E. 
Published: November 2007

The morale or fighting spirit of an army has always been a most important if intangible factor in military success. Clausewitz believed that “the moral [psychological] elements are among the most important in war.” Field-Marshal Montgomery went so far as to claim that “the morale of the soldier is the greatest single factor in war.” And Napoleon's dictum has often been quoted: in war “the moral is to the physical as three is to one.” Since morale is such an elusive quality, however, its role in military history can be nearly lost in the study of battles of long ago. Indeed, the historians of medieval warfare have been little concerned with it. Philippe Contamine, in hisWar in the Middle Ages, includes a short chapter on courage, which focuses on theological definitions of courage as a virtue and risk assessment in the wars of the later middle ages. J. F. Verbruggen makes a number of valuable comments on the psychology of war. But these two are notable exceptions. Of course, the evidence for mental states in medieval battles is severely limited, but even what little there is has been largely overlooked.For at least one significant battle, the Battle of the Standard, there is evidence which shows the psychology of one of the two armies which faced one another on a foggy August morning in 1138. We can see in considerable detail the low morale of the northern English forces as they tried in desperation to stop a devastating invasion by the king of Scotland. We can see their concerns and fears, and some of the attempts by the leaders to overcome them and rouse their spirits. We indeed get a remarkable glimpse of “the face of battle”—or at least the pre-battle. Military historians of the middle ages have neglected this building of battle morale entirely; although other historians have made passing reference to it. Since the evidence for the morale of the English army at the Battle of the Standard is so unusual and full, it deserves greater attention. The developments leading up to the battle will be considered briefly, and then evidence that reveals the psychology of a medieval army will be considered in detail.
Murder & the Modern British Historian
Authors: Wiener Martin J. 
Published: November 2007

Over a century ago, the pioneer English historian of law F. W. Maitland observed that “If some fairy gave me the power of seeing a scene of one and the same kind in every age of history of every race, the kind of scene that I would choose would be a trial for murder, because I think that it would give me so many hints as to a multitude of matters of the first importance.” For many decades Maitland's remark was ignored, as historical scholarship passed over murder trials as far too “atypical” and “sensationalistic” to merit serious study, leaving them to amateur devotees of courtroom drama and detection mysteries. One notable exception was Brian Simpson, the distinguished legal historian, whose Cannibalism and the Common Law, published in 1984, for the first time placed in its social context the leading case of R. v. Dudley & Stephens, which in 1884 produced the still-authoritative rule governing the “necessity” justification for homicide. In Simpson's hands the case, a “sensational” one indeed, involving the eating of a cabin boy by shipwrecked sailors, opened up the little-known world of late Victorian maritime life. However, Simpson's lead was not followed up, and his book remained a fascinating “one-off,” regarded as an “amusement piece” by an otherwise “serious” scholar of arcane legal reasoning.Only more recently, with developments such as the rise of the genre of “micro-history” and the legitimation of interest in the “sensational,” have historians come to accept homicide and its legal treatment as a worthy subject.
Lifestyle Intervention and Adipokine Levels in Subjects at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Corpeleijn Eva , Feskens Edith J.M. , Jansen Eugène H.J.M. , Mensink Marco , Saris Wim H.M. , Blaak Ellen E. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—We investigated whether circulating adipokine concentrations can be altered by lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations in subjects at risk for diabetes as well as the potential of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin as biomarkers for lifestyle-induced improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht, 147 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were randomized to either a combined diet-and-exercise intervention or a control program. At baseline and after 1 year, an oral glucose tolerance test, an exercise test, and anthropometric measurements were performed. After 1 year, complete data of 103 subjects (50 intervention and 53 control subjects) were obtained.RESULTS—Lifestyle intervention reduced plasma leptin concentrations (−14.2%) in IGT subjects but did not alter plasma adiponectin (−0.3%) or resistin (−6.5%) concentrations despite marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.CONCLUSIONS—Changes in leptin concentration were related to improvements in insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition.
Diabetes, Depression, and Death
Authors: Bogner Hillary R. , Morales Knashawn H. , Post Edward P. , Bruce Martha L. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to test our a priori hypothesis that depressed patients with diabetes in practices implementing a depression management program would have a decreased risk of mortality compared with depressed patients with diabetes in usual-care practices.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used data from the multisite, practice-randomized, controlled Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial (PROSPECT), with patient recruitment from May 1999 to August 2001, supplemented with a search of the National Death Index. Twenty primary care practices participated from the greater metropolitan areas of New York City, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In all, 584 participants identified though a two-stage, age-stratified (aged 60–74 or ≥75 years) depression screening of randomly sampled patients and classified as depressed with complete information on diabetes status are included in these analyses. Of the 584 participants, 123 (21.2%) reported a history of diabetes. A depression care manager worked with primary care physicians to provide algorithm-based care. Vital status was assessed at 5 years.
RESULTS—After a median follow-up of 52.0 months, 110 depressed patients had died. Depressed patients with diabetes in the intervention category were less likely to have died during the 5-year follow-up interval than depressed diabetic patients in usual care after accounting for baseline differences among patients (adjusted hazard ratio 0.49 [95% CI 0.24–0.98]).
CONCLUSIONS—Older depressed primary care patients with diabetes in practices implementing depression care management were less likely to die over the course of a 5-year interval than depressed patients with diabetes in usual-care practices.
The cryopelagic meroplankton community in the shallow waters of Gerlache Inlet, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Sewell Mary A. , van Dijken Schannel G. , Suberg Lavinia 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLimited sampling has so far been conducted of the meroplankton community of the high Antarctic, with most research being conducted using vertical hauls in waters > 50 m, and little focused research on the meroplankton community directly under the sea ice (cryopelagic). Here we report the composition of the early summer cryopelagic meroplankton community of the shallow waters of Gerlache Inlet, Terra Nova Bay. A fixed-frame stationary plankton net was deployed c. 1 m below the annual sea ice and sampled at c. 24 hour intervals over a period of 19 days from mid-November to early December 2006. A total of 173 larvae from the phyla Annelida (n = 66), Mollusca (n = 30), Nemertea (n = 4), Echinodermata (n = 8), several Pleuragramma antarcticum (n = 4) and numerous planulae (n = 61) were collected, as well as 265 egg/embryo stages. A mean of 9.1 larvae (SD = 7.3, n = 19) and 13.9 eggs/embryos (SD = 20.5, n = 19) were found directly below the sea ice in each 24 hour period, and these early life history stages may be subject to the hazards of extensive platelet ice and penetrating ultraviolet radiation. The cryopelagic meroplankton community of shallow water is also compositionally similar to that of deeper waters, suggesting that the 50–0 m plankton tows used in previous research are providing a reliable assessment of the biodiversity of coastal Antarctic meroplankton.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES THE ROLE OF SERUM FACTORS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HAEMOCYTES OF THE FRESHWATER CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn in vitro cell culture system is described which allows a quantitative study of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes by haemocytes from the freshwater crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus). The studies showed that specific senmi opsonins were essential for efficient phagocytosis. These results are discussed in relationship to similar findings in other invertebrates and to the evolution of vertebrate antibodies.
AN EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOSTRIDIUM CHAUVOEI WHICH POSSIBLY INDICATE A HIGHLY PROTECTIVE STRAIN
Authors: Chandler HM , Gulasekharam J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei was compared and contrasted with a number of less protective strains and strain variants. This strain was found to produce uniformly smooth colonies and was highly toxic to mice and pathogenic to guinea‐pigs. It possessed an O antigen common to all the strains of Cl. chauvoei and an H antigen which in this study was shared only by the standard challenge strain. Apart from flagella type, no single characteristic sets this strain clearly apart from other less protective strains.
THE VALIDITY OF THE ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD OF MEASURING EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME AFTER ACUTE HAEMORRHACE
Authors: Furneaux RW , Tracy GD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEstimations of extracellular fluid volumes were made before and after three levels of acute haemorrhage in anaesthetised, splenectomised dogs. Three different radioactive isotopes. 35SO4, 125I and 24Na were used.The reduction in sulphate space after 10% and 27% blood loss was replenished in less than 2 hours. However, after 46% blood loss, the sulphate space was markedly reduced and showed no evidence of recovery. The rate loss of the isotope after “equilibration” declined from 12·7% to 9% per hour. When 125I or 24Na were used the results were different. These isotope dilution spaces 2 hours after haemorrhage were reduced only by an amount equal to the volume of plasma water removed by the haemorrhage.Delay in equilibration of all three isotopes occurred after haemorrhage, and possible explanations for the anomalous behaviour of sulphate after 46% haemorrhage are discussed. From this it is concluded that immediately after severe haemorrhage an accurate assessment of extracellular fluid partitioning may not be possible without a marker which is instantly distributed into the total extracellular fluid space.
THE RESPONSE OF MICE TO THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS
Authors: Tosolini FA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe initiation and development of infection in the visceral organs and the central nervous system of mice after intravenous injection of the WE3strain of lymphoctytic choriomeningitis virus has been studied by the immunofluorescence technique and correlated with histological changes.In the liver, virus was taken up within a few minutes by Kupffer cells. Viral replication first occurred within these cells and infection spread from them to hepatic cells. Infiltration of the tissues by mononuclear cells, necrotic changes and signs of sickness all developed at about the same time. Necrosis occurred in foci of infected cells and immunoglobulin was present in and around the lesions.In the central nervous system, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected the walls of blood vessels and passed through the meringue vessels into the surrounding tissue and into the cerebrospinal fluid. Spread of infection from the choroids plexuses occurred at a later stage, but infection was not transmitted from cerebral blood vessels to cells in the brain substance.In infant mice inoculated extraneurally with lymphocytes the choriomeningitis virus, invasion of the central nervous system occurred much earlier and more readily than in adult mice and there was widespread infection of the brain substance as well as the meanings.
INTERACTION IN VITRO BETWEEN RAT MACROPHAGES AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES DURING INITIATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: McCullagh PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFactors influencing the in vitro initiation of an immune response to sheep erythrocytes on the part of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes have been studied. Immune responses, initiated in vitro, were followed after transfer of the lymphocytes to irradiated hosts. Control experiments were performed to exclude the initiation of these immune responses by antigen transferred to the host. While lymphocytes were effectively stimulated as a result of incubation with antigen‐primed peritoneal cells, incubation with antigen alone failed to initiate a response. Initiation of an immune response in vitro was not observed if incubation of lymphocytes with antigen primed peritoneal cells was deferred for 6 hours after priming. Attempts to stimulate lymphocytes obtained from a thoracic duct fistula later than 12 hours after its establishment were also unsuccessful.
THIOL DISTRIBUTION AND MERCAPTALBUMIN REACTIVITY IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF DIFFERENT VERTEBRATES
Authors: Fantl P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBlood plasma of man, rabbit, mouse, rat and guinea‐pig contains 3 groups of thiol compounds. Non‐protein thiols are present to the extent of approximately 52%. The albumin fraction contains 75% thiols as determined with di‐(5‐carboxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) disulphide and about 10% higher values are obtained when determinel with 4,4′‐dipyridyldisulphide. Approximately 20% of the plasma thiols are present in proteins other than albumin.The reaction of the plasma thiols with the disulphides is mainly due to mercaptalbumin, and the reactivity of plasma thiols and the isolated albumins with di‐(5‐carboxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) disulphide and 4,4′‐dipyridyldisulphide varies according to species and pH. Human and guinea‐pig mercaptalbumin react slowly with di‐(5‐carboxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) disulphide at pH 6·5 whereas a fast reaction takes place with rat's mercaptalbumin. Intermediate reaction rates are seen with rabbit and mouse plasma.Species differences are also noted in the unmasking of thiol groups of plasma and isolated albumins by urea, guanidine hydrochloride and lauryl sulphate.Certain positions of the thiol groups in the mercaptalbumin structures are suggested and genetic considerations and evolutionary aspects of mercaptalbumin coding are discussed.
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF BLOOD VOLUME FOLLOWING ACUTE SEVERE HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Furneaux RW , Tracy GD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAnaesthetized dogs, which had undergone previous splenectomy, were subjected to mild (10% blood volume), moderate (30% blood volume) and severe (46% blood volume) haemorrhage. The arterial and central venous pressures, blood volume and haematocrit were measured before and after haemorrhage. In the mild and moderately bled dogs there was a return of all observed parameters to their control, prebleed values. All of these animals survived the duration of the experiment. In the severely bled animals there was a negligible return of both arterial and central venous pressures, an absence of blood volume repletion and no significant changes in large vessel haematocrit. All of these animals died. It is suggested that these observations might result from a gross reduction in the area of the vascular bed being perfused following severe haemorrhage.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS FOR MATERNAL AND FOETAL SERUM, AMNIOTIC FLUID AND FOETAL GASTRIC JUICE IN NORMAL PREGNANGY
Authors: Connon Aileen F 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study was made of IgG, IgM and IgA levels in 38 normal pregnant women using quantitative radial immunodiffusion plates. Foetal and maternal serum IgG levels were in the same range, but there was considerably less IgM and IgA in the foetal circulation than in the maternal serum. All three immunoglobulins could be measured in amniotic fluid collected shortly before delivery and in foetal gastric juice aspirated at birth. The levels were similar in these two fluids, in contrast to the levels in foetal serum. This difference was especially noticeable for IgG which was 100 fold greater in foetal serum than in amniotic fluid or gastric juice. It is suggested that the foetus itself is the source of at least some of the IgG, IgM and IgA present in amniotic fluid and gastric juice at birth.
EVIDENCE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF PREFORMED PURINES BY RAT LYMPHOID TISSUES: IMPLICATION TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY 6‐THIOPURINE ANALOGUES
Authors: Chalmers AH , Atkinson MR , Burgoyne LA , Murray AW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPortal occlusion selectively inhibits the in vivo incorporation of [14C]formate into the purines of deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from rat lymph nodes and thymus compared with incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid thymine. Incorporation of formate into deoxyribonucleic acid purines is also low in perfused submandibular lymph nodes and in lymph nodes incubated in vitro. A similar depression of formate incorporation into lymphoid tissue deoxyribonucleic acid purines is obtained by treatment with the immuno‐ suppressive drugs azathioprine and 9‐butylazathioprine.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND GASTRO‐INTESTINAL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPING RED KANGAROO (MEGALEIA RUFA, DESMAREST)
Authors: Harrop CJF , Barker S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe concentration of reducing sugars in peripheral blood of adult, female red kangaroos has been measured and was found to be intermediate between those of ruminant and non‐ruminant herbivores; the levels of steam volatile fatty acids resembled those of non‐ruminants. The concentration of reducing sugars in pouch‐young red kangaroos was similar to that of adults, while volatile fatty acids levels in fully suckling pouch‐young were significantly lower than in animals which were both suckling and eating solid food, or in adults; this may have been related to gastric function. Changes in the morphology and histology of the blood erythrocytes, and in the dimensions of the stomach and pH of the stomach contents in pouch‐young, occurred at an early age (< 100 days), while the animals were still fully suckling.
CONCENTRATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN MAMMARY SECRETION OF RUMINANTS DURING INVOLUTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF IgG1
Authors: Watson DL , Brandon MR , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryInvolution of the mammary gland was initiated by stopping milking in 8 cows in the eighth to tenth month of lactation, in 4 ewes which had been lactating less than 7 weeks and in a further 6 ewes lactating more than 12 weeks. In all animals the concentrations of immunoglobulins in the mammary secretion—IgG1, IgC2, IgA and IgM—increased as involution progressed. In the cows and in those ewes in early lactation there was a transitory increase in selective transfer of IgG1 during the initial phase of involution. Subsequently, the glandular epithelium completely lost its ability to selectively transfer IgG1, and the results indicated that the loss of structural integrity of the epithelium characteristic of advanced involution allowed a ready equilibration of proteins between the secretion and interstitial fluid. There was no suggestion of a transitory increase in selective transfer of IgC1 in those ewes involuted late in lactation.
IN VITRO RECONSTITUTION BY PURIFIED T CELLS OF NUDE MOUSE SPLEEN ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO SRBC ANTIGEN
Authors: Adams PB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe antibody‐forming cell response of spleen cells from nude mice to the thymic‐dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen is greatly depressed. The response can be restored if the nude spleen cells are cultured together with a population of peripheral T cells from normal mice.