bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convenient and efficient syntheses of 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal and 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal
Authors: Kurangi Reshma F. , Tilve Santosh G. , Blair Ian A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLipid peroxidation products 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE) and 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal (ONE) were conveniently synthesized using Wittig and Horner‐Wardsworth‐Emmons (HWE) reaction. Wittig or HWE reaction between an easily prepared phosphorane or phosphonate with glyoxal dimethyl acetal gave a protected 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal. Hydrolysis gave 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal, whereas reduction followed by hydrolysis gave 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal.
Characterization of scavenger receptor class B, type I in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Kleveland E. J. , Syvertsen B. L. , Ruyter B. , Vegusdal A. , Jørgensen S. M. , Gjøen T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR‐BI) is an important player in regulation of mammalian lipid homeostasis. We therefore wanted to study this receptor in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), which requires a diet with particular high lipid content. We have for the first time cloned and characterized SR‐BI from a salmonid fish. The predicted 494 amino acid protein contained two transmembrane domains, several putative N‐glycosylation sites, and showed 72% sequence identity with the predicted homolog from zebrafish. SR‐BI expression was analyzed by reverse transcription Real‐Time PCR in several tissues, and a high relative expression in salmon midgut was detected, which may suggest that SR‐BI has a role in uptake of lipids from the diet. We also expressed a construct of salmon myc‐tagged SR‐BI in salmon TO cells and HeLa cells, which gave a protein of approximately 80 kDa on reducing SDS‐PAGE using an antibody against the myc‐epitope. Immunofluorescence microscopy analyses of the salmon SR‐BI protein in transiently transfected HeLa cells revealed staining in the cell periphery and in some intracellular membranes, but not in the nucleus, which indicated that the salmon protein may be a functional membrane protein. We also observed a high degree of co‐localization using an anti‐peptide SR‐BI antiserum. We found that 20 μg mL−1 insulin up‐regulated the SR‐BI mRNA levels in primary cultures of salmon hepatocytes relative to untreated cells. Oleic acid, EPA, DHA, or dexamethasone did not affect the relative expression of SR‐BI in this liver model system. In conclusion, the salmon SR‐BI cDNA encoded a protein with several features common to those of mammalian species. SR‐BI gene expression was high in the intestine, which leads us to propose that SR‐BI may contribute to the uptake of lipids from the diet.
1H and 13C NMR studies of melon and head blubber of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Authors: Scano P. , Cesare Marincola F. , Locci E. , Lai A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntact portions of melon, the echolocation organ of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), and the corresponding raw oils were analyzed by means of one‐ and two dimensional 1H and 13C NMR techniques. For comparative purposes the tissue and the raw oil of head blubber were also examined. Complete assignments of the spectra were obtained. Furthermore, dynamics of the lipid components was investigated by means of 13C NMR spin lattice relaxation time (T1). Analysis of the data revealed that lipid molecules in the tissue compartments experience a liquid‐like microenvironment and that T1 values depend on the lipid composition and/or organization in the intact tissue framework. In particular, a dependence of the T1 values on the wax esters content in melon intact tissues was found. A possible correlation between dynamic parameters and sound propagation properties has been hypothesized.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators
Authors: Bryan Dani‐Louise , Forsyth Kevin D. , Hart Prue H. , Gibson Robert A 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA protective association between breastfeeding and the development of bronchial asthma has been demonstrated. However, a mechanism remains unclear. FA present in human milk but rare in infant formula have been associated with marked immunological modulation as well as some indications of protection from asthma development. We examined the effect of in vitro manipulation of membrane phospholipid on the production of cytokines and prostaglandin (PG)E2 by respiratory epithelial cells (A549) in response to stimulation by mast cell mediators of allergic disease [histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐5]. DHA and CLA significantly decreased the production of IL‐8 in response to stimulation by TNF‐α [2907±970 (DHA) and 6471±1203 (CLA) vs. 12,287±2309 (control) pg/ml; P≤0.05, mean±SEM], whereas both EPA and DHA reduced histamine‐stimulated RANTES (regulation on activation, T cell‐expressed and‐secreted) production [2314±861 (EPA) and 877±326 (DHA) vs. 8526±1118 (control) pg/ml; P≤0.03]. PGE2 released in response to histamine was decreased by n−3 [1305±399 (α‐linolenic acid), 406±73 (EPA), and 265±32 (DHA) vs. 9324±3672 (control) pg/mL; P≤0.05] and increased by n−6 [18,843±4439 (arachidonic acid) vs. 9324±3672 (control) pg/mL; P=0.02], with CLA producing a decrease of the same magnitude as DHA [553±126 (CLA) vs. 9324±3672 (control) pg/mL; P=0.03]. This study demonstrates the potential for immunological manipulation of the respiratory epithelium by FA in situ during allergic responses and suggests that further investigation into FA intervention in infants via human milk or supplemented infant formula, to prevent the development of allergic disease, may be worthwhile.
Dietary fish oil n−3 fatty acids increase regulatory cytokine production and exert anti‐inflammatory effects in two murine models of inflammation
Authors: Sierra Saleta , Lara‐Villoslada Federico , Comalada Mònica , Olivares Mónica , Xaus Jordi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe higher incidence of inflammatory diseases in Western countries might be related, in part, to a high consumption of saturated fatty acids and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and an insufficient intake of n−3 fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary n−3 fatty acids on innate and specific immune response and their anti‐inflammatory action in models of contact and atopic dermatitis. Balb/C mice were fed for 3 wk either n−6 or n−3 PUFA‐fortified diets. After inducing a contact or an atopic dermatitis, immunological parameters were analyzed to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory potential of these n−3 PUFA. n−3 PUFA reduced innate and specific immune responses through inhibition of TH1 and TH2 responses, increase of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL‐10, and regulation of gene expression. The inhibition of both kinds of responses was confirmed by the anti‐inflammatory effect observed in contact and atopic dermatitis. Reduction in weight, edema, thickness, leukocyte infiltration, and enhancement of antioxidant defenses in the inflamed ears of mice from both models along with the prevention of delayed‐type hypersensitivity induced in atopic dermatitis proved n−3 PUFA efficacy. Our data suggest that dietary fish oil‐derived n−3 fatty acids have immunomodulatory effects and could be useful in inflammatory disorders.
Effects of flaxseed derivatives in experimental polycystic kidney disease vary with animal gender
Authors: Ogborn Malcolm R. , Nitschmann Evan , Bankovic‐Calic Neda , Weiler Hope A. , Aukema Harold M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlaxseed derivatives, including both oil and flax lignan, modify progression of renal injury in animal models, including Han:SPRD‐cy polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Gender is a significant factor in the rates of progression of many forms of human renal disease, but the role of gender in the response to nutrition intervention in renal disease is unexplored. In this study, male and female Han:SPRD‐cy rats or normal littermates were fed either corn oil (CO) or flax oil (FO) diets, with or without 20 mg/kg of the diet flax lignan secoisolaricinoresinol dyglycoside (SDG). Renal injury was assessed morphometrically and biochemically. Renal and hepatic PUFA composition was assessed by GC and renal PGE2 release by ELISA. FO preserved body weight in PKD males, with no effect in females. SDG reduced weight in both normal and PKD females. FO reduced proteinuria in both male and female PKD. FO reduced cystic change and renal inflammation in PKD males but reduced cystic change, fibrosis, renal inflammation, tissue lipid peroxides, and epithelial proliferation in PKD females. SDG reduced renal inflammation in all animals and lipid peroxides in PKD fenales. A strong interaction between SDG and FO was observed in renal FA composition of female kidneys only, suggesting increased conversion of C18 PUFA to C20 PUFA. FO reduced renal release of PGE2 in both genders. Gender influences the effects of flaxseed derivatives in Han:SPRD‐cy rats. Gender‐based responses to environmental factors, such as dietary lipid sources and micronutrients, may contribute to gender‐based differences in disease progression rates.
Identification and quantification of feruloylated mono‐, di‐, and triacylglycerols from vegetable oils
Authors: Compton David L. , Laszlo Joseph A. , Berhow Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of HPLC‐MS to separate and identify the feruloylated acylglycerols formed during the transesterification of ethyl ferulate with TAG was examined. Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica lipase B)‐catalyzed transesterifications of ethyl ferulate and soybean oil resulted in a mixture of feruloylated MAG, DAG, and TAG and diferuloylated DAG and TAG. These feruloylated acylglycerols have recently garnered much interest as cosmeceutical ingredients. The ratio of the various feruloylated acylglycerol species in the resultant oils is presumed to affect the oil's cosmetic efficacy as well as its physical (formulation) properties. Thus, it was desirable to develop an analytical method to separate, identify, and quantify the individual feruloylated acylglycerols to determine their relative ratios. The feruloylated acylglycerols were successfully separated and identified by HPLC‐MS using a phenyl‐hexyl reversed‐phase column developed with a water/methanol/1‐butanol gradient. The chromatograms of the feruloylated acylglycerols from soybean oil were convoluted by myriad fatty acids; therefore, feruloylated acylglycerols from triolein were studied as a model reaction. Hydrolysis of the feruloylated acylglycerols from triolein catalyzed by Lipase PS‐C “Amano” I (Burkholderia cepacia), which showed no hydrolysis reactivity toward ethyl ferulate, allowed for the chromatographic assignment of the feruloyl acylglycerol positional isomers.
Enzymatic glycerolysis and transesterification of vegetable oil for enhanced production of feruloylated glycerols
Authors: Laszlo Joseph A. , Compton David L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNovel functional groups can be introduced into vegetable oils using enzymes, resulting in value‐added products. The transesterification kinetics of ethyl ferulate with MAG, DAG, and TAG were examined. Transesterification was catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B in solventless batch and packed‐bed reactors. Initial reaction rates with TAG were slightly sensitive to water activity, whereas rates with MAG and DAG were water activity independent. Transesterification was also three‐to sixfold faster with MAG and DAG. These observations indicate that the reaction is rate limited by the acyl acceptor, and that oils with free hydroxyl groups are preferred acyl acceptors in comparison with TAG, which must undergo partial hydrolysis before becoming reactive.
Microwave roasting effects on the physico‐chemical composition and oxidative stability of sunflower seed oil
Authors: Anjum Fozia , Anwar Farooq , Jamil Amer , Iqbal M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to explore the influences of microwave heating on the composition of sunflower seeds and to extend our knowledge concerning the changes in oxidative stability, distribution of FA, and contents of tocopherols of sunflower seed oil. Microwaved sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) of two varieties, KL‐39 and FH‐330, were extracted using n‐hexane. Roasting decreased the oil content of the seeds significantly (P<0.05). The oilseed residue analysis revealed no changes in the contents of fiber, ash, and protein that were attributable to the roasting. Analysis of the extracted oils demonstrated a significant increase in FFA, p‐anisidine, saponification, conjugated diene, conjugated triene, density, and color values for roasting periods of 10 and 15 min. The iodine values of the oils were remarkably decreased. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in the amounts of tocopherol constituents of the microwaved sunflower oils also was found. However, after 15 min of roasting, the amount of α‐tocopherol homologs was still over 76 and 81% of the original levels for the KL‐39 and FH‐330 varieties, respectively. In the same time period, the level of σ‐tocopherol fell to zero. Regarding the FA composition of the extracted oils, microwave heating increased oleic acid 16–42% and decreased linoleic acid 17–19%, but palmitic and stearic acid contents were not affected significantly (P<0.05).
Ethanolysis of castor and cottonseed oil: A systematic study using classical catalysts
Authors: Meneghetti Simoni M. Plentz , Meneghetti Mario R. , Wolf Carlos R. , Silva Eid C. , Lima Gilvan E. S. , Coimbra Masurquede de A. , Soletti João Inácio , Carvalho Sandra H. V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral classical catalytic systems for the transesterification reaction have been used to produce FA ethyl esters (FAEE) from castor and cottonseed oils The effects of the amount and nature of the catalyst, and of the reaction temperature, on the yields of FAEE were determined. The most efficient transesterification of castor oil was achieved in the presence of methoxide and acid catalysts, whereas for cottonseed oil, which has a composition that is much more similar to most vegetable oils than is castor oil, the highest yields of FAEE were obtained following base‐catalysed ethanolysis.
Biocatalytic production of 10‐hydroxystearic acid, 10‐ketostearic acid, and their primary fatty amides
Authors: Kuo Tsung Min , Levinson William E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop scaleup bioprocesses for producing 10‐hydroxystearic acid (10‐HSA) and 10‐ketostearic acid (10‐KSA) as well as their primary amides for potential new uses. A reactor process was examined to obtain the mono‐oxygenated FA using Sphingobacterium thalpophilum (NRRL B‐14797) and Bacillus sphaericus (NRRL NRS‐732), which solely produce 10‐HSA and 10‐KSA, respectively, from technical‐grade oleic acid. By using an 8‐h‐old B‐14797 culture grown in a manganese‐containing WF6 medium, pH 7.3, at 28°C under 350 rpm agitation and 0–50% dissolved oxygen concentrations provided by a controlled sparger aeration, the production of 10‐HSA reached 7 g/L with a 40% yield in 4 d. In using a 12‐h‐old NRS‐732 culture grown in a pyruvate‐containing PF6 medium, pH 6.5, at 30°C under 750 rpm agitation without any sparger aeration during the conversion reaction, 10‐KSA production reached 7.9 g/L with a yield of more than 54% in 72 h. The scaleup reactor process provided crystalline 10‐HSA and 10‐KSA for producting new primary amides via a lipase‐catalyzed amidation reaction with yields of 94 and 92%, respectively. The primary amides of 10‐HSA and 10‐KSA displayed m.p of 115 and 120°C, respectively.
Modification of maillard browning in a microwaved glucose/glycine model system by water‐soluble natural antioxidants and foods containing them
Authors: Porter William L. , Conca Karen R. , Yeomans Walter G. , Diotte Shawn , Lynch Amy , Tate Jennifer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInhibition of pyrazine formation by natural antioxidants and the foods containing them was measured in a microwaved glucose/glycine model system. Inhibition of lipid oxidation by the same materials was assayed in both bulk and emulsion systems. Pyrazines were determined by solid‐phase micro extraction followed by GC. Lipid oxidation volatiles were assayed by polyamide fluorescence produced by either a bulk oil display or a hematin‐ or 2,2′‐azobis‐(2‐amidino=propane) dihydrochloride‐accelerated lecithin or fish oil emulsion. It was shown that (i) the inhibition of pyrazine formation depends on high concentrations of water‐soluble antioxidants; (ii) such antioxidants occur naturally in some foods and are usually polyphenols; (iii) during pyrazine inhibition, oxidized polyphenols show enhanced nonfluorescing browning similar to enzymic browning products; (iv) monophenols, which structurally cannot form quinone polymers on oxidation, inhibit pyrazines with less browning; (v) during the final pyrazine‐forming phase of the Maillard reaction, polyphenolics and reducing agents such as glutathione and ascorbic acid are partially consumed with some nutritional loss; (vi) fruit powders of grape seed, grape skin, and red wine are highly pyrazine‐inhibitory, steeped blueberry strongly so, but plum purees are moderately pro‐pyrazine, and freeze‐dried vegetables strongly pro‐pyrazine; and (vii) black and green tea infusions are highly inhibitory, whereas spices have mixed effects.
Determination of essential fatty acids in captured and farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from the Brazilian Amazonian area
Authors: de Almeida Neiva Maria , Bueno Franco Maria Regina 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis research aimed to quantify the methyl esters of linoleic (LA), γ‐linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the muscular tissue and orbital cavity of farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and in those caught in the Brazilian Amazonian Area during two periods. For the farmed fish, the amounts of LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA found in the muscle were 208.0, 12.4, 57.9, 5.0, and 25.1 mg/g, respectively. The amounts of these FA in the orbital cavity were 103.4, 6.6, 20.0, 4.4, and 8.1 mg/g for LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA, respectively. For the fish caught during the flood period, the LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA levels were 297.3, 50.7, 32.3, 3.8, and 14.1 mg/g in the muscle and in the orbital cavity were 259.7, 40.3, 10.8, 5.5, and 9.3 mg/g, respectively. For the fish captured in the dry season the levels of LA, LNA, AA, EPA and DHA in the muscle were 262.0, 48.0, 157.6, 9.3, and 40.2 mg/g and in the orbital cavity were 102.5, 15.7, 24.6, 7.0, and 8.9 mg/g. According to their contents of AA, EPA, and DHA, tambaqui captured in the dry season can be considered as a rich source of EFA. The adipose tissue of the orbital cavity did not show sufficiently high EPA and DHA contents to classify it as a better source of FA than the muscle.
Sesame seed is a rich source of dietary lignans
Authors: Moazzami Ali A. , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe variation in the contents of sesamin and sesamolin was studied in oils extracted from 65 samples of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) from plants with shattering (n=29), semishattering (n=7), and nondehiscent (n=29) capsules. The oil content ranged from 32.5 to 50.6% and was greater in white than black seeds (P<0.001). The sesamin and sesamolin contents in seeds ranged from 7 to 712 mg/100 g (mean±SD, 163±141 mg/100 g) and from 21 to 297 mg/100 g (101±58 mg/100 g), respectively, with no difference between black and white seeds. Thus, there was a wide variation in the contents of sesamin and sesamolin, which were positively correlated (R2=0.66, P<0.001). There were negative correlations between the contents of sesamin and the contents of sesaminol (R2=0.37) and sesamolinol (R2=0.36) and between the content of sesamolin and those of sesaminol (R2=0.35) and sesamolinol (R2=0.46) (P<0.001). Sesame seeds had an average of 0.63% lignans, making them a rich source of dietary lignans.
DSC study on the melting properties of palm oil, sunflower oil, and palm kernel olein blends before and after chemical interesterification
Authors: Mat Dian Noor Lida Habi , Sundram Kalyana , Idris Nor Aini 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChanges in DSC melting properties of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SFO), palm kernel olein (PKOo), and their belends in various ratios were studied by using a combination of blending, and chemical interesterification (CIE) techniques and determining total melting (ΔHf) and partial melting (ΔHi°C) enthalpies. Blending and CIE significantly modified the DSC melting properties of the PO/SFO/PKOo blends. PO and blends containing substantial amounts of PO and PKOo experienced an increase in their DSC ΔHf and ΔHi°C following CIE. The DSC ΔHf and ΔHi°C of PKOo, blends of PO/SFO at 1∶1 and 1∶3 ratios, and all blends of PKOo/SFO significantly decreased after CIE. The DSC ΔHf and ΔHi°C of SFO changed little following CIE. Randomization of FA distribution within and among TAG molecules of PO and PKOo led to modification in TAG composition of the PO/PKOo blends and improved miscibility between the two fats and consequently diminished the eutectic interaction that occurred between PO and PKOo.
Practical implications of the phase‐compositional assessment of lipid‐based food products by time‐domain NMR
Authors: Duval Franck P. , van Duynhoven John P. M. , Bot Arjen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe objective of this work is to determine the solid fat content (SFC) of the fat‐oil phase in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, i.e., the droplet SFC, using transverse relaxation decay deconvolution (TRDD) analysis. The TRDD NMR experiment classifies protein protons as mobile, semimobile, and nonmobile. Hence, protein contributes more or less to the solid content detected by TRDD as a function of pH, protein content, and protein denaturation. By taking into account the protein contribution to the overall solid content, one can estimate the droplet solid content in O/W emulsions. The SFC can then be deduced if one converts the ingredients' mass fraction into ingredients' proton fraction using the ingredients' proton densities.
Evaluation of ethanolysis with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase for regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols containing highly unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Shen Zhiping , Wijesundera Chakra 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe suitability of a recently proposed method based on ethanolysis with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase for regiospecific analysis of oils containing long‐chain PUFA such as [PA and DHA has been evaluated using selected marine oils and regio‐isomerically enriched synthetic TAG substrates. 1,3‐Regios‐electivity of the lipase was enhanced when the ethanolysis was conducted in a high excess of ethanol, typically 10–50 times by weight of the oil. This enabled the reaction to be conducted on a milligram scale. However, irrespective of the ethanol‐to‐oil ratio, C. antarctica lipase released FA from TAG at different rates depending on the degree of unsaturation and/or chain length of the FA. Differences in lipolysis rates were particularly significant for EPA and DHA, with EPA released faster than DHA. Although DHA can be measured with reasonable accuracy by ethanolysis with C. antarctica, the method requires further optimization before it can be adopted for reliable regiospecific analyses that are as accurate as those obtainable by 13C NMR analysis for all major FA occurring in oils rich in long‐chain PUFA.