bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Native Indians and the Fishing Industry of British Columbia
Authors: Gladstone Percy 
Published: June 2006

Contemporary industry and society have brought major changes to the economic and social life of the Indians of British Columbia. Most tribal cultures were built upon a simple small-scale base. The tribal band was typically small and closely knit with personal relationships; the individual's status and role were clearly defined, and his activities regulated by tradition. Hunting, fishing, and gathering supplied a livelihood. Equipment and techniques were generally simple and static. Most of the output was for the local community's own use: only a small fraction was bartered for the products of other groups.The new economic system and the way of life associated with it is almost the direct antithesis of the tribal system outlined above. Today the Indian is involved in a large-scale and increasingly complex system of production and distribution, characterized by dynamic, rapidly changing techniques, a steadily increasing use of automatic power-driven machinery, and a growing production for national or international markets rather than for local use. As worker or producer he has, with few exceptions, lost his direct ownership of, or control over, his means of production. Relationships, defined increasingly by the market rather than by custom, have become more impersonal.Comparatively few Indians have managed to derive full advantage from the new way of life. Tribal cultures have been disorganized or destroyed, and with them has gone the whole structure of role and status that made life meaningful for individuals. Indians have faced formidable difficulties in acquiring the economic incentives of the white man's culture, and the equipment and techniques with which to meet them. The result has been, in all too many cases, deterioration of morale, apathy, and economic dependency. Indians have become a marginal labour group in many areas: living on reservations, depending upon the government for a large part of their subsistence, and employed only casually in unskilled or menial jobs of a type that other workers avoid.
Representation in the House of Commons of the Twenty-First Parliament: Party and Province
Authors: Williams John R. 
Published: June 2006

Although, as Professor Norman Ward pointed out in The Canadian House of Commons: Representation, statistical studies of the personnel of Parliament are not entirely satisfactory, they are none the less valuable to the political scientist for they help him to a better understanding of legislative bodies. The nature of a parliament is partly determined by the characteristics of its members. Thus the British House of Commons, with its membership broadly distributed in many occupations and its many trade union members, has a collective approach to contemporary problems of government different from that of the American Congress dominated by lawyers; and a legislative body with a large proportion of Roman Catholics will handle legislation on divorce in a manner quite different from that of a parliament composed almost entirely of Protestants.The present study does not consider whether the various segments of the Canadian population are represented in proportion to their size in the nation, nor question the quality of Canadian representation. It is simply an attempt to discover some of the measurable characteristics of members of the House of Commons elected June 27, 1949. An effort has been made to indicate trends by comparing the results of this study with the conclusions reached by Lionel Laing in his article on the characteristics of members of the twentieth Parliament. The major source of data has been The Canadian Parliamentary Guide. Although the information is not complete in all biographical sketches of members, the absence of only a few items does not seriously alter the final statistical picture. No attempt has been made to include information on members elected in by-elections since June, 1949.
The National Policy—Old and New
Authors: Fowke V. C. 
Published: June 2006

The Canadian system of protective tariffs has long been known as the National Policy. Professor Underhill describes this designation as a stroke of genius. We gladly bow to the judgment of Professor Underhill, with one proviso, namely, that we may regard this description of the protective system as a stroke of political genius, and not necessarily as genius in the abstract and absolute. No one can doubt the political sagacity of the appeal made to the Canadian electorate in 1878 which claimed for the Conservatives an exclusive proprietary right to the formula for nation building. In retrospect we can readily recognize the contribution of the protective system to the creation of the Canadian nation. We are, nevertheless, by no means able to identify the protective system as the only nation-building instrument of the past century of Canadian history.Professor Underhill does not, of course, attribute to Sir John A. Macdonald the genius which he finds implicit in the designation of the protective system as the National Policy. This indicates the exercise of proper caution, for it is clear that Macdonald displayed little originality in thus describing the tariff system. Many years ago Professor O. D. Skelton stressed the evolutionary nature of the concept of the National Policy and referred to the term as “a phrase which Rose devised, Hincks stamped with his approval, and Macdonald made current.”
A Revised Classification of Forms of Competition
Authors: Birch Cecil M. 
Published: June 2006

In the present stage of development of economic theory there is found even at the most elementary level a general theory for pure competition, for monopolistic competition, and for monopoly, but there is not to be found anywhere a general theory of oligopoly or circularity. Thus, there is a general theory for all branches of the modern classification of types of competition except one branch, namely, oligopoly. The explanation given for the absence is that a rival's possible reactions to price or output alterations by some particular firm are unlimited in number; there are indeed many oligopoly or circularity theories—a theory for each of many sets of specific assumptions.It is not the purpose of this essay to set forth a general theory of oligopoly, but rather to move in the direction of a general classification of forms of competition. An attempt is made to retain one special characteristic of Professor Chamberlin's work viz., that of proceeding by degrees from one extreme to another, a characteristic Professor Chamberlin achieved with his “number of firms” and “degree of product differentiation.” At the same time it is attempted to break up oligopoly situations; thus, for example, “leadership oligopoly” is as distinct from “collusive oligopoly” as it is from pure competition, or as monopolistic competition is from pure competition.
British Monopoly Legislation in Practice
Authors: Guenault Paul H. , Jackson J. M. 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this article is neither to consider the formal provisions of the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Acts, 1948 and 1953, nor to outline the findings of the Commission set up under the 1948 Act. These have been dealt with elsewhere. Our more limited purpose is to examine the operation of the 1948 Act and the efficiency of the machinery set up in the light of a recent report of the Select Committee on the Estimates. The function of this Committee is to investigate items in the Government estimates for expenditure to see whether public funds are being properly and economically applied to the purposes for which they are voted. The Committee therefore does not question the policy laid down by Parliament. On the other hand, in questioning whether the Commission and the Government departments concerned are making the best use of the funds available in accordance with the provisions and intentions of the Act, the report and the minutes of evidence allow us to judge whether the Act, as it stands, provides an adequate basis for inquiry into and the control of monopolistic practices.At the outset it should be borne in mind that there are important differences between the British legislation and that of the United States and Canada. Both North American countries have legislation which forbids specific practices and creates offences under the criminal law. The British legislation does neither. There is a commission which investigates industries referred to it by the President of the Board of Trade and makes its report upon these industries to him. Following a report by the Monopolies Commission that certain practices are contrary to the public interest the President of the Board of Trade or the minister in charge of certain other Government departments may make an order forbidding the practices in that industry only.
The Two-Party System and One-Party Dominance in the Liberal Democratic State
Authors: Smiley Donald V. 
Published: June 2006

Most serious students of modern politics in the English-speaking democracies have regarded the two-party system as the norm of the liberal-democratic polity. The arguments for the superiority of such a pattern proceed along the following lines: (a) stability is encouraged when the powers of the political executive are at all times monopolized by members of a single party who are united by mutual adherence to common leaders, traditions, and policies and whose past and future fate at the polls is to a significant degree interdependent; (b) effective accountability of government to electorate is encouraged when power is not shared among parties and when a ruling party is therefore completely responsible for the use of such power; and (c) constructive opposition is encouraged when the party out of office is constantly faced with the challenge of justifying itself to the electorate as an effective alternative to the party in power.Professor Leslie Lipson has defined the two-party system as one in which: “1. Not more than two parties at any given time have a genuine chance to gain power. 2. One of these is able to win the requisite majority and stay in office without any help from a third party. 3. Over a number of decades two parties alternate in power.”
Aspects of Speculation in the Canadian Market for Foreign Exchange
Authors: Eastman Harry C. 
Published: June 2006

Since the fourth quarter of 1950 the Canadian dollar has been allowed to find its price in terms of foreign currencies, usually with little official interference. During this period special interest groups have occasionally complained about the level of the rate of exchange, but, on the whole, the operation of the new system of exchange has met with satisfaction at home and admiration abroad. This success has depended on the small amplitude of the fluctuations that have taken place in the rate of exchange during short periods of time, say quarter to quarter. However, very little is known about the mechanism that has operated to maintain such stability as the rate has shown in practice. Confidence in the future stability of the rate can easily be mistaken under these circumstances. It is the purpose of this paper to shed some light on the equilibrating process in the market in foreign exchange by identifying the stabilizing influences in the balance of payment and by developing a possible explanation of their movement.The items in the balance of international payments can be divided into two categories according to the manner in which they are related to the rate of exchange if it is assumed that they have demand and supply functions that are independent of each other and that they have ordinary Marshallian elasticities. The appropriate assumptions about other things to be held constant when analysing merchandise trade, for instance, include income and its distribution, relative prices, tastes, and production functions. The things held constant do not include other items in the international accounts such as movements of capital from which come the offsetting net supply or demand for foreign exchange. Some of the items are not independent: freight and shipping are obviously related to trade; but the smaller items are not taken up separately in this analysis.
Political Necessity and Moral Principle in the Thought of Friedrich Meinecke
Authors: Sterling Richard W. 
Published: June 2006

The publication of an English translation of Friedrich Meinecke's Die Idee der Staatsraeson has stimulated a renewal of interest in the political ideas of Germany's most eminent twentieth-century historian. Particularly in the United States, newly emerged from isolation and suddenly finding itself at the centre of world power and world conflict, thinking people have been seeking a more satisfying approach to the intellectual and moral dilemmas posed by the possession of great power and great responsibility. The old confidence in an inevitable progress and in an uncomplicated harmony between reason, power, and morality has vanished with the elimination of the geographic and strategic barriers which once insulated America from the harsher realities of world politics.In such a situation, the reflections of a scholar who probed more deeply than any of his contemporaries into the ethical problems of foreign policy are peculiarly appropriate. Meinecke's sense of the tragic conflict between political necessity and moral principle can now find an understanding response in a country which has borne the terrible responsibility of making the crucial decisions in the long series of crises since 1945–Hiroshima, Berlin, Korea, Hungary, Suez, and again Berlin. Each of these crises has harboured complex ethical as well as expediential challenges. All have demonstrated the ambiguity of both moral and political standards of conduct. It was precisely this ambiguity of standards to which Meinecke addressed his thought. His reflections have, if anything, more significance today than when they first found expression.
Inter-Establishment Dispersion of Occupational Wage Rates, Ontario and Quebec, 1957
Authors: Ostry Sylvia W. 
Published: June 2006

The phenomenon of inter-establishment variation in occupational wage rates is of considerable significance not only to the economist concerned with wage theory but also to the unionist, the employer and those government agencies concerned with wage policy. In view of its importance it is unfortunate that in Canada there has been virtually no analysis of questions of inter-establishment wage diversity. In this vast and neglected field, it is difficult to choose a specific plot for cultivation or to know what size to make it. Since inter-regional differences are of great interest and significance to Canadians, it was decided, for a start, to attack the problem first by comparing the extent of dispersion in Ontario and Quebec. Further, the study is concerned with an examination of the factors which might explain the relatively greater dispersion found in Quebec. These factors include both inter- and intra-industry variation in rates, the “economic geography” of the two provinces, the effects of differences in plant size on plant wage rates, and the influence of unionism.The data consist of more than 1,250 establishment rates for hourly rated male common labour in the manufacturing industries of Ontario and Quebec for the year 1957. Common labour was chosen as a measure for comparing wages in different plants not only because it is a fairly homogeneous occupational group but also because it is the one occupation for which extensive cross-industry rate data are presently available in Canada. There is no doubt that some variation in the rates for any occupation will arise because of differences in ability—and effort—within the occupational group. A perfectly homogeneous group of workers is a textbook abstraction which can only be approximated in the real world in a very crude fashion.
The Decline of Shipbuilding at Quebec in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Faucher Albert 
Published: June 2006

The construction of wooden vessels was an outstanding achievement of nineteenth-century Quebec. It spread along both shores, mainly on the north shore, from Sillery coves to the Isle of Orleans. It was the staple industry of Quebec city, for “half the men were engaged in shipbuilding and nearly all the rest in doing business with them.” At one time, twenty or more yards employed about five thousand workers, a good many of whom lived in what is now regarded as the parish, one and a half miles long and thirty feet wide. In the years of peak production, shipbuilding was closely associated with the lumber-export business. It supported a way of life characteristic of the nautical city which once hoped to become a great seaport in North America.In the early fifties, indeed, Quebec-built ships commanded high prices in the British market; activity was brisk on the shores, tavern keepers did a good business, and some of them won the reputation of being effective crimps. Someone has said of this phase of prosperity that “the profiteers tried giving least and getting most,” and it was a byword that the “ordinary lumberjack and sailorman earnt like a horse and spent like an ass.” A feature of Quebec city and its vicinity at that time was the mingling of the French- and English-speaking people, as the proportion of the latter reached about 40 per cent of the total population. But this study need not elaborate ethnical folklore. Rather, it seeks to inquire briefly into the decline of the basic industry of Quebec city.
Likely Trends in Canadian-American Political Relations
Authors: Ferguson G. V. 
Published: June 2006

I doubt very much if I can effectively shovel any more platitudes on the huge heap of them that have been piled on Canadian-American relations in the past. I will, however, do my best to produce a few more. I have been lured on to this platform by nothing more worthy than personal vanity, and, since accepting the invitation, I have been regretting my weakness. There is nothing I can add to this subject that has not been said, in one or another form, a score, a hundred times, before. Yet here I am, pretending to have a thesis, and I suppose I had better produce one.What I have to say, such as it is, is addressed to persons my own age or older, and I was 59 last April. Younger persons, or most of them, will wonder what all the shouting is about—if there is any shouting; and I would suggest to the programme committee of this association that they might consider having a repetition of this paper next year, or the year after, read to them by somebody who is 29, and not 59 years of age. The effect, at least on the older members, might be salutary and perhaps even startling.The reason why I make this suggestion is that I was brought up in an old school, a school which thought about Canadian-American relations in a context very different from that which has become necessary now. It was a school in which one of the great teachers was John W. Dafoe, who was my master for 20 years and whose memory I will honour for whatever years are left to me. But the cardinal thesis of that school was that, at all costs, Canada had to fight its way out from under the traditional influence of British imperialist and colonial rule; and that one of the best ways of doing it was to use the influence of the United States as a counter-balance against the pressure from Westminster.
The Role of the Canadian Life Insurance Companies in the Post-War Capital Market
Authors: Hood Wm. C. , Main O. W. 
Published: June 2006

The increasing importance of institutional investors in the provision of private and public long-term credit has focused the attention of economists on the activities of these investors in the saving-investment process in the economy. Institutions have become crucial factors in the determination of the nature and the extent of the expansion that takes place in industry and business, and of the nature and extent of credit supplied, including the relationship between equity and debt in the capital structure of corporations. In addition, they are important suppliers of public credit, particularly in time of heavy government borrowing, as in wartime. Also, from the point of view of government policy, they are important in determining the nature and types of credit controls needed in inflation and deflation.The life insurance companies merit particular attention not only because of the size but also because of the nature of the funds under their administration. Their funds, amounting to some $6 billion, represent almost 50 per cent of institutional funds, excluding those administered by the banks. The assets of these funds comprise approximately 20 per cent of the total long-term public and private debt, including mortgages, in Canada. In contrast to other institutions, life companies acquire their funds as the result of contractual saving on the part of millions of policyholders. Thus their funds exhibit, and will continue to exhibit, a sustained growth. Since they are the result of personal saving, the income arising from their investment is important to a large segment of the economy, and the way in which they are invested is important for the nation as a whole.
The Nature and Control of Hostile Crowds
Authors: Westley W. A. 
Published: June 2006

This paper is an appraisal of the theory of crowds from the perspective of a study of how metropolitan police see and control them. Students of the behaviour of crowds have commented on the almost complete absence of empirical studies and of the consequent highly speculative nature of the major theories. To a great extent this state of affairs is a result of the difficulty of studying crowds, which are unpredictable in appearance, and formidable to study when identified. Furthermore, owing to the highly dramatic nature of the phenomenon, the usual secondary sources, both journalistic and historical, are quite unreliable.A study of how the police see and control crowds obviates some of these difficulties. Individual policemen have recurrent experiences with most types of crowds. To control them they must make some appraisal of their origin, nature, and organization. The success or failure of the tactics they adopt functions as a test of their appraisal. The researcher, interviewing these policemen, is able to apply the test of consistency, and to check the most frequently recurrent statements against those of policemen with a great reputation for being able to control crowds. All the points presented in this paper have been validated in this way.