bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training to address attitudes and behaviour of rural bank managers in Madhya Pradesh, India: a programme to facilitate financial inclusion
Authors: Jones J. Howard M. , Williams Marylin , Nilsson Esse , Thorat Yashwant 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGiven their physical presence in India, banks are arguably well‐placed to improve financial inclusion in rural areas. However, uncertain repayment capacities and high transaction costs mean formal financial institutions are often reluctant to lend to the rural poor. Conversely, high transaction costs in dealing with banks are also incurred by clients, through, for example, lengthy, cumbersome and potentially ignominious procedures. Negative attitudes towards poor clients can be an important component of such transaction costs. An applied research project funded by the Enterprise Development Innovation Fund (EDIF‐DFID) developed an innovative training programme designed to encourage more positive attitudes of bank staff towards poor clients, and towards their own role in rural poverty alleviation and development. This paper examines the development of the training programme, its implementation, and the results of its evaluation. It is shown that training can bring about attitudinal change, which in turn is reflected in behaviour and social impact. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICT assimilation and SME expansion
Authors: Matthews Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInformation and communication technology (ICT) is acknowledged to play an important role in the growth of enterprises by contributing directly to profitability and by providing foundations for the evolution of operations from a micro to a medium level. A number of factors play a role in the successful deployment of ICT for growth and these form a complex system encompassing environmental, technical and human factors. This paper discusses the key variables and challenges facing organisations in harnessing ICT for growth, as evidenced in the literature and through a survey of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Some of the key system dynamics are proposed. The impact and shortfall of expansion‐friendly ICT policies are presented and indicate a need for more general support to the sector to accompany government subsidies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enterprise development in Zambia: reflections on the missing middle
Authors: Phillips Christine , Bhatia‐Panthaki Seema 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper is the result of the analysis of 200 interviews with Zambian enterprise owners during the summer of 2006. It examines the reasons for the lack of growth of micro and small firms and the resulting ‘missing middle’ in Zambia. The study finds that most enterprise owners are risk takers, have bounded rationality in terms of their understanding of market structure, conduct and performance and rely on inappropriate channels for their information. A second group of enterprise owners who are less risk preferring, and do not have aspirations in terms of firm growth is also identified. Most enterprises in these two groups do not operate on a growth trajectory. Finally there is a very small group of enterprise owners who are truly entrepreneurial. Policy recommendations address issues concerning the need for differentiated targeting to support firm sustainability and growth. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From policy to practice: changing government attitudes towards the private sector in Malawi
Authors: Record Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews relations between government and the private sector in Malawi from independence to the present. The analysis charts the changing emphasis that official policy has attached to the role of the private sector throughout the transition from dictatorship to democracy; and from a PRSP that effectively ignored the role of the private sector in national development, to the current more balanced approach that recognises the private sector as the ‘engine of economic growth’ and the best means of achieving poverty reduction. However, in spite of progress, Malawi's private sector remains fragile and while the rhetoric from the highest levels of government towards the private sector has evolved, the enabling environment for private sector development is still inhospitable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Options for private sector involvement in rural water supply provision in Pakistan
Authors: Tayler William Kevin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRural water supply services in Pakistan are funded by government and should, in theory, be managed by communities but community management is often ineffective. Operators often assume management responsibilities, collecting tariffs and paying bills and in effect acting as informal contractors. The paper examines the potential for improving water supply services through more formal forms of private sector involvement in service provision. It concludes that localised forms of private sector involvement are possible but will be dependent on action to develop private sector capacity, implement effective oversight arrangements and provide support to oversight bodies and private sector operators. Possible arrangements for managing services and providing oversight and support are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of food standards in international trade: evidence from Brazilian beef exports to the EU market
Authors: Vieira Luciana Marques , Traill W. Bruce 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe study reviews the literature on global chain governance and food standards to allow for an assessment of Brazilian beef exports to the European Union. The empirical approach employed is based on company case studies. The results suggest that the Brazilian beef chain has little choice but to adapt to market changes as standards evolve. Costs of compliance for meeting international food standards reduce Brazil's comparative advantage. At the same time, changes in the nature of demand have created the need for a more integrated supply chain in order to enhance confidence in Brazil's beef production and processing abroad. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic growth and the environment in Transitional China—an old topic with new perspectives
Authors: Zhang Dongyong , Kambhampati Uma , Morse Stephen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing experience elsewhere in the world, China has pinned its hopes for development on industrialisation and China's economy has grown exceptionally fast in the last two decades. But many unintended environmental consequences have been recognised. This paper asks whether there really is a trade‐off between economic and environmental performance. This is considered in the context of China's macroeconomic performance as well as in the case study of a Chinese state‐owned enterprise (SOE) (Zhengzhou Abrasive Company (ZZAC)). The feature of the paper is that stakeholders' perceptions of the trade‐off were considered. Our results indicate that the low economic performance of ZZAC to some extent resulted in its improved environmental performance. However, other factors like investment in pollution abatement, which is also influenced by the economic performance, have had a positive impact. Furthermore, ZZAC is found to have increased its labour productivity level, but is retreating from social commitments. Finally, our results clearly indicate that the characteristics of the stakeholders, as well as their positions in the local economy, make a significant difference to their perception of trade‐offs between economic growth and the environment, which will finally affect environmental policy making in China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The private sector, poverty reduction and international development
Authors: Garforth Chris , Phillips Chris , Bhatia‐Panthaki Seema 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe private sector, after shifting fortunes in development theory and practice over the years, is now widely recognised as the key to economic growth, which itself is indispensable for poverty reduction. The Development Studies Association (DSA) Annual Conference in 2006 brought together academics, private sector actors, NGOs and policy makers to share insights and experiences on how this vital contribution to growth, development and poverty reduction can be realised. This paper summarises the main themes and discussions of the conference and introduces the papers selected for inclusion in this conference issue. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of sulfur‐35 reagents for protein labeling
Authors: Ren Sumei , McNamara Paul , Koharski David , Hesk David , Borges Scott 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo 35S reagents were developed to radiolabel proteins. The first reagent, a N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester (SMSB), acylates the ε‐amino group of lysine residues in proteins. The second reagent, an aldehyde (MSAPPA), labels lysine residues via reductive alkylation. Comparing the two methods, the reductive alkylation method labeled proteins over a broader pH range with higher overall radiochemical yield. The biological activity of the proteins did not change after labeling with these 35S reagents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein supplementation on onset of post‐partum ovarian cyclicity of dairy cows: an isotopic immunoassay study
Authors: Khan Mohammed A. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProtein is the main nutritional constraint on livestock development in Bangladesh. With this idea in mind, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of (pulse) concentrate supplementation of protein mixture on the post‐partum onset of ovarian cyclicity using an isotopic immunoassay technique. Other relevant parameters were also studied. It was concluded that the protein concentrate supplementation could have produced better weight gain, milk yield and reproductive performance of cows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of four isotopically labeled forms of a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib
Authors: Li Yuexian , Plesescu Mihaela , Sheehan Patrick , Scott Daniels J. , Prakash Shimoga R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract[D2](1R)‐3‐methyl‐1‐[[(2S)‐1‐oxo‐3‐phenyl‐2‐[(pyrazinylcarbonyl)amino]propyl]‐amino]butyl] boronic acid ([D2]bortezomib), a proteasome inhibitor, was synthesized in 11 steps from isobutyryl chloride. Key steps in the synthesis included formation of the isobutyryl boronic acid via Grignard reaction and preparation of the chiral chloride using Matteson reaction. [13C9]bortezomib, [D5]bortezomib, and [D1]bortezomib were similarly synthesized from appropriate labeled precursors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convenient and efficient tritiation of aristolochic acid I (AAI) and aristolochic acid II (AAII) with tritiated water
Authors: Ray Tapan , Wu Amy , Allentoff Alban J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIridium‐catalysed isotope exchange with tritiated water is an efficient way to introduce tritium into polar molecules. The method is feasible for compounds containing a nitro group.It has been confirmed through our experiment that using excess tritiated water, the H/T exchange can be quantitative. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diaryliodonium salts: a solution to 3‐[18F]fluoropyridine
Authors: Carroll Michael A. , Nairne James , Woodcraft John L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFluorine‐18 labelled fluoropyridines have found increasing application in the medical imaging technique of Positron Emission Tomography. The fluorine‐18 has largely been restricted to the 2‐ and 6‐position where its introduction may be readily achieved, from a range of appropriate precursors, by nucleophilic aromatic substitution using [18F]fluoride. However, fluorine at this position may be labile in vivo limiting the potential of the radiotracer. To date the more stable 3‐fluoro and 5‐fluoropyridines have not been exploited due to unsuitable methods of preparation. Pyridyliodonium salts provide a convenient way to overcome this restriction and allow the introduction of fluorine‐18, as fluoride, into the 3‐ or 5‐position. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging hypoxia in vivo by controlling the electrochemistry of copper radionuclide complexes
Authors: Blower Philip J. , Went Michael J. , Martin Kath E. , Smith Gareth E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTissue hypoxia is a feature of cancer, heart disease and stroke, and imaging it may become clinically important. Copper‐ATSM (ATSMH2 = 2,3‐butanedione bis(N‐methyl)thiosemicarb‐azone), labelled with 60Cu, 62Cu or 64Cu, is selectively taken up in hypoxic cells in vitro and in vivo by a bioreductive mechanism, and is a prototype hypoxia imaging agent amenable to improvement. In vitro studies with several differently alkylated analogues of CuATSM show that hypoxia selectivity is a general property of complexes with two alkyl groups at the diketone backbone, offering a range of pharmacokinetic properties while retaining hypoxia selectivity. This pharmacokinetic control affords a route to development of second‐generation hypoxia imaging agents with optimized properties for different clinical applications. Combinatorial synthesis of these analogues, including asymmetric ones, is possible by combining several diketones with several thiosemicarbazides and separating the products chromatographically. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for the synthesis of carbon‐13 labelled acids and esters
Authors: Jordan Angela C. , Axford Lorraine C. , Harding John R. , O'Connell Yvonne , Simpson Thomas J. , Willis Christine L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSyntheses of isotopically labelled putative biosynthetic intermediates to the natural products monocerin 1, hectochlorin 2 and strobilurin A 3 are described. For the preparation of [9,10‐13C2]dihydroisocoumarin 10, a stereoselective aldol condensation of 13C2‐acetylated chiral auxiliary 5 was used to assemble the labelled C9‐C14 fragment. The preferred approaches to the syntheses of [1,2‐13C2]5,5‐dichlorohexanoic acid 15 and the N‐acetylcysteamine derivative of [1,2‐13C2]cinnamic acid 19 involved a Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons chain extension and Knoevenagel reaction, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IAEA activities in support of production and utilization of radioisotope labelled compounds
Authors: Ramamoorthy Natesan , Pillai Maroor Raghavan Ambikalmajan , Jin Joon‐Ha , Haji‐Saeid Seyed Mohammad 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of a large variety of radioisotope labelled compounds as well as the ability to design and prepare specific products forms the basis for several important applications in medicine, industry and research. As a part of the IAEA's role in fostering the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, the IAEA's Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences has focused attention on the important classes of compounds such as, fluorine‐18 products; technetium‐99m labelled complexes; products for radionuclide therapy of yttrium‐90, samarium‐153, lutetium‐177 and rhenium‐186/188; industrial radiotracers based on bromine‐82 labelled compounds, tritiated water and carbon‐14 labelled thiocyanate. A number of coordinated research projects (CRP) and technical cooperation projects have been implemented for this purpose. Thematic technical and consultancy meetings have been held to review the status and prepare technical documents on specific topics of interest for developing Member States (MS). These measures have contributed to several developing MS acquiring/enhancing expertise in building local facilities and capability in the production and utilization of radioisotope labelled compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H/D‐exchange reactions with hydride‐activated catalysts
Authors: Derdau Volker , Atzrodt Jens , Holla Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA safe, user friendly and efficient method to provide high deuterium incorporation into a variety of organic substrates was developed. Systematic screening of catalysts and activators revealed that the activation of the Pd‐ or Rh‐catalyst by NaBD4 is essential for the H/D exchange. The feasibility has been demonstrated by the successful application of this method to bi‐ and tricyclic aromatic compounds as well as chiral natural products like dextrorphan or drugs like formoterol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation of sodium iodide (Na 123I) oral capsule
Authors: Sattari A. , Kamali Moghadam K. , Mirzaee M. , Aslani A. , Shadanpour N. , Yusefi K. , Bahrami A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSodium iodide‐123 (Na123I) is well known as a radioisotope that is used for studies of the thyroid and its metastases. 123I was produced from the reaction of 28 Mev protons with 99.99% enriched 124Xe by cyclotron. A home made target was installed and used for this purpose. The main part of the target contained target vessel, target windows and cooling system. In addition, some other part such as a cold finger, decay vessel, vacuum pump and four fingers were also designed and installed on the system. After bombardment, the production of 123I from 123Cs, the target was left for 6 hours and then rinsed with distilled water. A clear and colourless solution containing 123I was pumped to the hot cell. For adjusting the pH, sodium citrate buffer was used. The solution was added directly to the capsules which were already filled with inert powder. Each capsule contained 210 µCi Na123I. Quality control has shown 98% radiochemical and 99.96% radionuclide purity, with the yield of 2 mCi/µA. Quality control results had good accordance with the United States Pharmacopoeia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of isotopically labelled glucosinolates for analysis and metabolic studies
Authors: Botting Nigel P. , Robertson Avril A. B. , Morrison John J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGlucosinolates are dietary natural products with important cancer chemoprevention properties. The syntheses of a number of stable isotopically labelled (2H, 13C) glucosinolates, and their desulfo‐analogues, are described. These compounds are used as internal standards for analysis and for metabolic studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design of radiolabeled carbon‐14 polymers
Authors: Shemilt Gary , Newby Mark , Kitson Sean L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper outlines three methods for the incorporation of carbon‐14 radiolabels into polymers. The first method discussed used the radiolabeled starting material, [1,6‐14C]hexamethylenediamine 2. The reaction of 2 with sodium dicyanamide led to a carbon‐14 polybiguanide 3 with a wide molecular weight distribution. An improvement to this reaction was to react 2 with biguanide. This produced 3 with a tighter molecular weight distribution. Modification of side chains in polymers provides a facile route to incorporate carbon‐14 labels. This is illustrated in the formation of [14C]carboxymethyl cellulose 6 which resulted in near perfect molecular weight distribution. Another method to incorporate carbon‐14 into polymers was the reaction between the sodium salt of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with [U‐14C] ethylene oxide. This resulted in oligomer formation and random labeling in the polymer. This was circumvented by synthesizing carbon‐14 PEG esters from the reaction of carbon‐14 labeled 2‐bromoethyl esters with PEG. This method retained the polydispersity ratio on the reduction of the ester to release the carbon‐14 labeled PEG. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopic labelling of heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Burton Andrew J. , Wadsworth Alan H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStable isotopically labelled (SIL) versions of Glimepiride 1 (10 steps, 11% overall yield), a blood glucose lowering drug, and Melagatran 13 (9 steps, 17% overall yield), an anticoagulant with similar uses to warfarin, were synthesized as internal standards for LCMS assays. Modifications of known routes (Weyer et al., US Patent 4379785, Hocchst, 1983; Antonsson et al., PCT International Application W09429336, 1994) to these compounds are examples of the introduction of stable isotopes via heterocyclic intermediates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New approaches for the synthesis of isotopically labelled guanidine‐derived amino acids and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Bischoff Roland , Hamilton Deborah J. , Jobson Nicola K. , Sutherland Andrew 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new approach for the stereoselective synthesis of guanidine‐derived amino acids, L‐arginine and (+)‐blastidic acid, has been devised which allows the selective incorporation of isotopic labels in both the side chain of the amino acid as well as the guanidine unit. A new asymmetric synthesis of the (S,R)‐diastereomer of reboxetine, an antidepressant, has also been completed which allows the specific incorporation of radiolabelled iodine for SPECT imaging. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation protection of man and the environment
Authors: Pentreath R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRadiological protection has traditionally been concerned with the protection of human beings, but it is now recognized that this approach has to be complemented by a measured concern for the protection of the environment as a whole. This broader synthesis brings with it both new challenges and opportunities, some aspects of which are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [14C6‐3,4,7,8,11,12]‐(1E,5E,9E)‐cyclododeca‐1,5,9‐triene
Authors: Diel Bruce N. , Han Mingcheng , White Jonathan M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTrimerization of butadiene in the presence of Ni(0) affords (1E,5E,9E)‐cyclododeca‐1,5,9‐triene 1 (ttt‐CDT), (1E,5E,9Z)‐cyclododeca‐1,5,9‐triene 2 (ttc‐CDT), and other isomers/oligomers. After optimization of reaction conditions, [14C6‐3,4,7,8,11,12]‐ttt‐CDT 1 was synthesized efficiently either by homogenous or heterogeneous Ni(0) catalytic trimerization of [1,4‐14C2]butadiene 10, in 60–82% yield. Depending on the exact reaction conditions employed, the yields and ratio of 1/2 ranged from (59–90%) / (41–10%). The all‐trans isomer was conveniently isolated via Ag+‐mediated reversed‐phase HPLC. The important intermediate [1,4‐14C2]‐1,3‐butadiene 10 was prepared from potassium [14C]cyanide and 1,2‐dibromoethane 3 as starting materials, in seven steps with a 57% yield. The total radioactive yield of [14C6‐3,4,7,8,11,12]‐ttt‐CDT 1 is 30% from [14C]KCN. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiotracers for a multi‐target approach to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mukherjee Jogeshwar , Head Elizabeth , Pichika Rama , Easwaramoorthy Balasubramaniam , Collins Daphne , Chen Ines , Wang Crystal S. , Saigal Neil , Trinidad Portia , Kim Kathy , Nguyen Vivien L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDevelopment of β‐amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressively affects the overall functioning of the brain. Noninvasive imaging methods aiding early diagnosis will significantly improve benefits provided by treatments and possibly lead to prevention of AD. We report the development of PET radiotracer methods for β‐amyloid plaques and tangles, nicotinic α4β2 receptors, serotonin 5HT1A receptors, dopamine D2/D3 receptors and norepinephrine transporters for the study of AD. This multi‐target approach is currently being evaluated in AD transgenic mice models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging the proliferative status of tumors with PET
Authors: Mach Robert H. , Wheeler Kenneth T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of radiotracers for imaging solid tumors has recently focused on measuring a tumor's proliferative status. Two different strategies have emerged: (1) radiolabeled DNA precursors that measure DNA synthesis; and (2) radiotracers that label the sigma‐2 receptor, a putative biomarker of proliferation. This paper provides a brief description of these two different methods of imaging tumor proliferation that are currently being developed in the field of positron emission tomography (PET). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.