bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of posture and locomotion on energy expenditure
Authors: Maurice Abitbol M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEnergy expenditure for human adults and infants and for dogs was measured in resting (supine or lateral) posture, in bipedal posture and locomotion, and in quadrupedal posture and locomotion. Variations in respiratory and heart rate and in body temperature were utilized in this comparative study. Oxygen consumption was also measured in human adults. In human adults, bipedal posture and locomotion were shown to be much less energy‐consuming than corresponding quadrupedal posture and locomotion. The opposite was observed in adult dogs, where bipedalism was shown to be much more energy‐consuming than quadrupedalism. In addition, this study demonstrated, for human adults in their natural erect posture, an energy expenditure barely higher than in supine or lateral resting posture, while the dogs in their natural quadrupedal stance, the energy expenditure is much higher than in their resting posture. With respect to energy, therefore, humans are more adapted to bipedalism than dogs to quadrupedalism. Human children, at the transitional stage between quadrupedalism and bipedalism, have high and almost equal requirements for all postures and locomotions. This demonstrates, in term of energy, their incomplete adaptation to erect behavior.
Isonymy, inbreeding, and demographic variation in historical massachusetts
Authors: Relethford John H. , Jaquish Cashell E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRandom isonymy and inbreeding in a population may be affected by demographic variation, particularly population size and migration. Total levels of isonymy and inbreeding are also affected by cultural behaviors, which may themselves be affected by demographic factors. This paper investigates the relationship of demographic variation and inbreeding components (total, random, nonrandom) in five towns in north‐central historical Massachusetts, 1741–1849. Estimates of exogamy rates (the proportion of individuals who are migrants) were derived from 6,038 marriage records, and population sizes were obtained from census data. Inbreeding components were computed using the surnames of 5,791 marriages. A total of 72 marriages are isonymous, giving an estimated total inbreeding coefficient of 0.0031. Demographic and inbreeding measures were computed for 33 samples defined on the basis of town and marriage cohort. The interrelationship between demographic variation and inbreeding was tested using rank order correlation over all 33 samples. Total inbreeding within samples shows no significant correlation with any of the demographic variables. Random inbreeding within samples shows a significant negative correlation with population size, and nonrandom inbreeding shows a positive correlation with population size. Various explanations for these correlations are offered. The opposite influences on random and nonrandom inbreeding cancel one another. These results demonstrate the complex interaction between cultural factors, demographic variation, and genetic structure in human populations.
North American Indian population size, A.D. 1500 to 1985
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractProduction of the Smithsonian's Handbook of North American Indians has enabled new tribe‐by‐tribe estimates of North American Indian population size. Collectively these data suggest that population numbered about 1,894,350 at about A.D. 1500. Epidemics and other factors reduced this number to only 530,000 by 1900. Modern data suggest that by 1985 population size has increased to over 2.5 million.
Founder effect and genetic disease in Sottunga, Finland
Authors: O'Brien Elizabeth , Jorde L. B. , Rönnlöf Björn , Fellman Johan O. , Eriksson Aldur W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPedigree data are analyzed in order to determine the factors responsible for the high frequencies of certain genetic disorders in an isolated Swedish‐speaking population of Finland's Å land archipelago. The founders of Sottunga are identified, and the genetic contributions of each founder to descending birth cohorts are estimated. Founders born before 1700 have far more descendants in the contemporary gene pool than do more recent founders. However, because of migration and depopulation since 1900, the expected genetic contributions of the early founders to the present‐day population are similar to those of later founders.A descendant in the contemporary population has a 2% chance of having inherited a particular gene from the founder who makes the largest single contribution to the gene pool. This corresponds approximately to a 2% probability of inheriting an autosomal dominant disease gene from this founder. Given an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.0016, the probability of inheriting two recessive disease genes from this founder is 0.000032. The incidence of autosomal dominant von Willebrand disease in Sottunga is greater than 10% while that of autosomal recessive tapetoretinal disease is 1.5%. We conclude, therefore, that the high frequencies of these diseases are not due to the disproportionate genetic contribution of one or a few particular founders. It is more likely that these disease genes occurred in high frequency in the initial population or were introduced repeatedly through time.
Cultural ecology of prehistoric parasitism on the Colorado Plateau as evidenced by coprology
Authors: Reinhard Karl J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of coprolites (desiccated feces) is recognized as a viable method for analyzing parasitism of prehistoric peoples. Eight species of helminth parasites, including nematodes, cestodes, and acanthocephalans, have been recovered from archaeological sites on the Colorado Plateau. The comparative analysis of parasitological findings illustrates the effects of changing subsistence strategies and varying life‐style on prehistoric human parasitism. This comparative study is based on the analysis of coprolites recovered from one Archaic hunter‐gatherer site and two Anasazi agricultural villages. Hunter‐gatherers are represented by coprolites from Dust Devil Cave in southeastern Utah. Coprolites of prehistoric agriculturalists from Antelope House in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, and from Salmon Ruin in northwestern New Mexico were studied. The results demonstrate that helminth parasitism increased with the advent of agriculture. Between the agricultural sites, differences in patterns of excreta disposal, foraging behavior, and local ecology resulted in pronounced variations in both percentage of coprolites containing parasite remains and the number of parasite species represented.
Sociometrics of Macaca mulatta: II. Decoupling centrality and dominance in rhesus monkey social networks
Authors: Sade Donald Stone , Altmann Michael , Loy James , Hausfater Glenn , Breuggeman Judith A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe concept of the linear dominance hierarchy and a much less precise notion of a central/peripheral ordering of individuals have been prominent among the ideas about social organization of monkey groups. Although the latter has seldom been quantified, the ranks of individuals in the two orders are usually assumed to be correlated. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of a free‐ranging group of rhesus monkeys. The individual histories of progression of dominance rank and an independently determined measure of centrality in the social grooming network are compared among a set of males. Centrality is not a static correlate of dominance rank as implied by the findings of short‐term studies. Rather, centrality is a more sensitive indicator of status than is dominance rank, to which it is related in a dynamic fashion. Small changes in dominance rank may be followed by large changes in centrality. An increase in centrality may facilitate rise in dominance rank. These findings suggest a complex psychology of status, rather than a simple causative relation between the two variables.
Population structure, spite, and the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Pollock Gregory B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEvolutionary stability (sensu Maynard Smith: Evolution and the Theory of Games, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982) of TIT FOR TAT (TFT) under the social ecology of the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is a function of the number of pure TFT groups (dyads) in the population, relative to the social position of a focal invading defector. Defecting against TFT always raises the defector's relative intragroup fitness; when Axelrod's (Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 75:306–318, 1981; The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984) Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) conditions are met, defection also lowers the absolute fitness of the defector. Here the retaliatory (punishing) character of TFT converts defection into spite, permitting pure TFT groups to sufficiently outproduce the defector for the latter's evolutionary suppression. Increasing the relative impact of spiteful defection on a population lowers the range of evolutionary stability for TFT. When individuals participate in multiple dyads, those participating in the greatest number of dyads are most likely to provide a vehicle for the successful invasion of defection. Within social networks, ESS conditions for TFT are thus individual specific. This logic is generalized to the context of an interated n‐person Prisoner's Dilemma, providing a cooperative solution conceptually identical with TFT in the two‐person game.
Spread and maintenance of a disease in a structured population
Authors: Sattenspiel Lisa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe patterns of interactions among different groups of individuals in a structured population is an important factor affecting the ease of establishment of a disease and the rate of spread of the disease in a population. A model for the spread of a disease in such a population is described. The model considers two levels of interaction: interactions between individuals within a subpopulation because of geographic proximity, and interactions between individuals of the same or different sub‐populations because of attendance at common social functions. Analysis of the model leads to sufficient conditions which determine maximum subpopulation sizes in order to guarantee extinction, as well as minimum subpopulation sizes which allow the disease to be maintained in the population. These conditions are inequalities relating the removal rate of infectives to the infection rate of susceptibles. Results are discussed for both idealized movement patterns and for the spread of hepatitis A among day care centers in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In addition, the basic structures of the contact matrices necessary to extend the model to deal with vector‐borne diseases and with sexually transmitted diseases are discussed.
Cranial morphology of Aegyptopithecus and Tarsius and the question of the tarsier‐anthropoidean clade
Authors: Simons Elwyn L. , Rasmussen D. Tab 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew crania of the Oligocene anthropoidean Aegyptopithecus provide a test of the hypothesized tarsier‐anthropoidean clade. Three cranial characters shared by Tarsius and some modern anthropoideans (apical interorbital septum, postorbital septum, “perbullar” carotid pathway) were examined. 1) An apical interorbital septum is absent in Aegyptopithecus. A septum does occur in Galago senegalensis (Lorisidae) and Microcebus murinus (Cheirogaleidae), so the presence of a septum is not strong evidence favoring a tarsiiform‐anthropoidean clade. 2) In Aegyptopithecus and other anthropoideans, the postorbital septum is formed mainly by a periorbital flange of the zygomatic that extends medially from the lateral orbital margin onto or near the braincase. The postorbital plate of Tarsius is formed by frontal and alisphenoid flanges that extend laterally from the braincase to the zygomatic's frontal process, which is not broader than the postorbital bars of other prosimians. Periorbital flanges evolved in Tarsius for support or protection of the enormous eyes, as suggested by the occurrence of maxillary and frontal flanges that cup portions of the eye but do not separate it from temporal muscles. 3) The internal carotid artery of Aegyptopithecus enters the bulla posteriorly and crosses the anteroventral part of the promontorium. The tympanic cavity was probably separated from the anteromedial cavity by a septum stretching from the carotid channel to the ventrolateral bullar wall. In Tarsius, the carotid pathway is prepromontorial, and a septum stretches from the carotid channel to the posteromedial bullar wall. Quantitative analyses indicate that anterior carotid position has evolved because of erect head posture. The cranium of Oligocene anthropoideans thus provides no support for the hypothesized tarsier‐anthropoidean clade.
Model life table fitting by maximum likelihood estimation: A procedure to reconstruct paleodemographic characteristics from skeletal age distributions
Authors: Paine Richard R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA procedure is presented that uses the regression coefficients for the Coale and Demeny west model life tables to model selected demographic characteristics from skeletal age‐at‐death distributions. Model death distributions were constructed and compared to a given skeletal distribution, using methods of maximum likelihood estimation to determine the best fit. Two chisquare tests are employed to evaluate the degree of fit. The resulting model includes estimates of demographic characteristics including gross reproductive rate, crude birth rate and life expectancy. The procedure is applied to three archaeological skeletal samples as test cases: two from eastern North America and one from Mexico. These display a range of correspondence (between the best fitting model and the data) from good to poor. The proposed procedure is a potentially powerful tool for both reconstructing paleodemographic rates and illuminating differences between typical human patterns and those found in archaeological populations.
Reliability of anthropometric methods and replicate measurements
Authors: Himes John H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Spearman‐Brown Prophesy formula, derived from psychometrics, may be used in anthropometric studies to describe the relationship between the intraclass reliability coefficient for a single measurement and the reliability resulting from the mean of replicate measurements. This theory may be applied to determine expected reliabilities of anthropometric protocols using replicate measurements and to determine the numbers of replicate measurements necessary to achieve desired levels of reliability.
Consanguinity avoidance and mate choice in Sottunga, Finland
Authors: O'Brien Elizabeth , Jorde L. B. , Rönnlöf Björn , Fellman Johan O. , Eriksson Aldur W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPotential mates analysis is used to determine some of the social and demographic characteristics that influence mate choice in a small island population. Potential mate pools are defined for males in this population; characteristics such as population size and composition with respect to consanguinity are specified. Determinants of mate choice are examined in light of mate availability and potential mate pool characteristics for endogamous maters, exogamous maters, nonmaters, and males of various occupations. Random kinship is assessed from potential mate pools and compared to kinship between actual mates.The island community approximated a random mating population from 1700 to 1900 with some evidence for consanguinity avoidance intensifying in the period 1900–1950. Despite the island's small population size, kinship coefficients between random mates and actual mates are not high because of relatively high immigration rates. Having considered the contributions of various factors that influence mate choice, the significance of the island mating structure for genetic variation and the distributions of certain genetic disorders is discussed.
Intentional cranial vault deformation and induced changes of the cranial base and face
Authors: Anton Susan C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree morphologically distinct populations of Peruvian crania (n = 130) were metrically analysed to quantify changes resulting from intentional artificial vault deformation. Two of these samples are artificially deformed (anteroposterior [AP] and circumferential [C] types). Measurements taken from lateral radiographs demonstrated that alternative forms of the cranial base angle (N‐S‐Ba, planum angle, planum sphenoidale to plane of the clivus and PANG angle, planum sphenoidale to basion‐sella plane) and the orbital and OANG angles (orbital roof to plane of the clivus and basion‐sella plane, respectively) of both deformed groups increased while the angle S‐Ba‐O decreased significantly with respect to the undeformed (N) sample. Changes in the AP group are largely due to anteroinferior displacement of the basion‐sella plane. Similar changes in group C are amplified by this group's posterosuperior frontal migration. This migration results in a relatively shallow orbit at the orbital plate/frontal squama interface. Unlike the deformation experienced by the external vault plates, the basion‐sella plane orientation remains stable with respect to the Frankfort Horizontal. Additionally, nasal region measurements such as maximum nasal aperture breadth and nasal height were largely stable between each deformed group and the undeformed group. However, facial (bimaxillary and bizygomatic), basicranial, cranial, and frontal breadths decreased significantly from group AP to group N to group C. Thus, gross morphological facial changes between each undeformed group and the control group are largely accounted for by dimensional changes in peripheral structures. These results stress the importance of the dynamic interrelationship between the cranial vault and base in the development of the craniofacial complex.
Determination of adult stature from metatarsal length
Authors: Byers Steve , Akoshima Kaoru , Curran Bryan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe results of a study to determine the value of foot bones in reconstructing stature are presented. The data consist of length measurements taken on all ten metatarsals as well as on cadaver length from a sample of 130 adults of documented race, sex, stature, and, in most cases, age. Significant correlation coefficients (.58–.89) are shown between known stature and foot bone lengths. Simple and multiple regression equations computed from the length of each of these bones result in standard errors of estimated stature ranging from 40–76 mm. These errors are larger than those for stature calculated from complete long bones, but are approximately the same magnitude for stature calculated from metacarpals and fragmentary long bones. Given that metatarsals are more likely to be preserved unbroken than are long bones and given the ease with which they are accurately measured, the formulae presented here should prove useful in the study of historic and even prehistoric populations.
Early‐life background and the development of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Leonetti Donna L. , Fujimoto Wilfred Y. , Wahl Patricia W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship of early‐life background factors to type 2, or non‐insulin‐dependent, diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was examined with reference to family history of diabetes in two groups of Nisei (U.S. born/raised Japanese American) men from King County, Washington with identical mean (±S.E.M.) ages: 78 with NIDDM, 61.6 (±0.7) years of age; and 79 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 61.6 (±0.6) years of age. The early‐life variables were birthplace, parents' education, father's occupation and mother's employment status during subject's childhood, sibship size, son birth order, physical activity and weight assessed for ages 15–20 years, and educational achievement. Mul‐tivariate logistic regression models were used to test for the effect of each variable on the risk for diabetes in the presence of other variables. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Significantly higher risk for NIDDM was found with urban birthplace (vs. rural, OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.37–3.19), parents' education above primary level (vs. primary level or less, OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.08–2.50), mother being employed (vs. housewife, OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.43–3.45), subject being less active‐lean as a youth (vs. more active‐lean, OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.11–2.63), and subject's not attaining a college degree (vs. college degree, OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.41–3.33). In separate analyses of the early‐life variables by family history of diabetes, the interplay of environmental influences with familial predisposition to NIDDM is evident. The developmental background of NIDDM is discussed with reference to the concept of phenotype amplification within the context of the effects of westernization.
Functional analysis of the biceps femoris muscle during locomotor behavior in some primates
Authors: Kumakura Hiroo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to investigate a correlation between morphological variations of the biceps femoris muscle and its homologues in four primate species (Japanese macaque, spider monkey, white‐handed gibbon, and chimpanzee) and each type of species‐specific locomotor behavior, I carried out both morphological and functional analyses of these muscles. The description of the level of insertion reveals interspecific variation is in the level of crural attachment, especially in species with a bicipital biceps femoris muscle. Electromyo‐grams (EMGs) were induced from both the long and short head of the biceps femoris muscle during four kinds of locomotor behavior (horizontal quadrupedal walking, climbing on an inclined pole, vertical climbing, and bipedal walking). In the case of the monoceptual ischiocruralis lateralis muscle of the Japanese macaque, EMGs were induced from both the one‐joint femoral part and the two‐joint crural part. Though during horizontal quadrupedal locomotion the crural part of the monocipital‐type muscle functioned to maintain the knee joint angle, it functioned to gain propulsive force when the kinematic load became larger, as in vertical climbing and bipedal walking. On the other hand, the long heads of the biceps femoris muscles were active in propulsion regardless of the kinematic load. But in bipedal walking, the long head muscle also acted with the short head muscle to maintain the knee joint angle. These functional features of various biceps femoris muscles of primates correlated with their species‐specific locomotor behavior.
Deciduous teeth of the Neandertal mandible from Molare Shelter, near Scario (Salerno, Italy)
Authors: Mallegni F. , Ronchitelli A. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExcavations at hearth levels at the Molare Shelter in 1985 yielded the mandible of a 3–4‐year‐old child. The associated lithic artifacts recovered with it are Mousterian. Its features, although quite archaic, are within the known range of variation of Neandertals. Four deciduous molars are still preserved in the mandible. They were compared with other known specimens, which date to the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. The metrical characteristics are surprisingly primitive, within the range of variation of Homo erectus, or at least within that of European Pre‐Neandertals, more so than within the variability of typical Neandertal specimens. On the other hand, the morphological characteristics, except for a few that are decidedly plesio‐morph, are predominantly Neandertal.