bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ca2+‐binding proteins S100A6* and S100B in primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Böni R. , Heizmann C.W. , Doguoglu A. , Ilg E.G. , Schäfer B.W. , Dummer R. , Burg G. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose: Commercially available polyclonal antibodies against a mixture of bovine brain S100 proteins have become an established marker for immunohistochemical characterization of malignant melanoma. However, the commercially available antibodies used are undefined and to date, 13 different human S100 proteins are known. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of 4 newly available polyclonal antibodies against the human recombinant Ca2+‐binding S100 proteins, S100A1, S100A2, S100A4 and S100A6, in cutaneous melanoma and to correlate these findings with the standard S100 staining as well as with the metastatic potential of the primary.Methods: 39 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded primary cutaneous melanomas were incubated with polyclonal antibodies against recombinant human S100 proteins using the APAAP method. The extent of staining was qualitatively assessed and a staining index was calculated. Findings were correlated to the metastatic potential and the overall survival in all patients. Results: Staining with antibodies against human S100A6 as well as with antibodies against conventional bovine S100 proteins was positive in all specimens. No correlation was found between the extent of protein expression and patients' outcome for standard S100 staining as well as for S100A6. S100A1, S100A2 and S100A4 stainings could not be used for statistical analysis due to their low expression in melanoma.Conclusion: Staining was positive using S100A6 antibodies in all specimens, the quality being inferior to the commercially available SI00 antibody. Highly specific and well characterized antibodies against the individual S100 proteins are now available for future immunohistochemical characterization studies in melanomas.Böni R, Heizmann CW, Dogouglu A, Ilg EC, Schäfer BW, Dummer R, Burg G. Ca+2‐binding proteins S100A6 and S100B in primary cutaneous melanoma.
Experimental salivary mucoceles in cat
Authors: Harrison J. D. , Garrett J. R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Ductal ligation of the sublingual gland induced mucocele formation in a high percentage of cats. Extravasated mucus was associated with all sublingual glands up to 20 days after ligation, and extravasation mucoceles were associated with 12 out of 27 sublingual glands between 7 and 365 days after ligation. Enzyme‐histochemic examination revealed that the extravasated mucus induced a migration of macrophages and a fibro‐blastic reaction. It is thought that if these reactions are sufficiently intense in the early days after ligation, then continued spread of extravasated mucus and mucocele formation does not occur; however, if the extravasation is too great to be contained, a mucocele forms in which a balance develops between extravasation of mucus and its removal. Possibly the numerous macrophages in the mucoceles are involved in degrading mucus and facilitating its removal.
The carbohydrate composition of experimental salivary pellicles
Authors: Mayhall Clyde W. , Butler William T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The carbohydrate compositions of pellicles formed in vivo and others formed in vitro from submandibular, parotid, and mixed (submandibular‐parotid) saliva were determined using gas‐liquid chromatography. Samples of the total pellicles as well as the relatively acid‐soluble supernates and acid‐insoluble sediments were collected, analyzed, and compared. The differences in carbohydrate composition between the supernates and sediments, particularly in the in vivo and in vitro mixed salivary pellicles, suggest that the total pellicle is composed of more than one component. In each instance obvious differences in composition between the pellicle and the saliva from which it was formed indicated that pellicle formation is a highly selective process.Glucose: galactose ratios of approximately 1:1 were found in each of the total pellicles. These data suggest that at least one pellicle component is an unusual glycoprotein in that it contains high levels of glucose.The total submandibular salivary pellicle and both its fractions were remarkably similar in carbohydrate composition to the counterparts formed from parotid saliva alone. The data strongly suggest that there are present in both submandibular and parotid saliva similar glycoproteins that are selectively deposited onto etched enamel as the initial pellicle.
Relationships among fluoride concentration in enamel, degree of fluorosis and caries incidence in a community residing in a high fluoride area
Authors: Retief D. H. , Bradley E. L. , Barbakow F. H. , Friedman M. , van der Merwe E. H. M. , Bischoff J. I. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The caries inhibitory effect of optimally fluoridated drinking water is well documented. Communities are often exposed to naturally fluoridated water with F content exceeding the optimal level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between enamel fluoride, degree of fluorosis (DEGF) and caries incidence (DMFT) in an endemic fluoride area.Eighty‐five 14‐ to 16‐year‐old children (37 males and 48 females) who were born and had been living continually in the town of Kenhardt in South Africa were selected for this study. The fluoride content of the common water supply is 3.2 ppm F. The DMFT and DEGF were determined clinically. Acid etch biopsies were carried out on both maxillary central incisors of each subject. Ca and F analysis were carried out and mass enamel expressed in μg and mass F in pg. Data transformations to logc, mass F (1nF), logc mass En (1nEn) and were made. The 1nF values were corrected to a standarized depth of 10 μm (208.6 μg enamel equivalent mass) by covariance analysis. Correlations between the parameters , 1nF and DEGF were calculated, adjusting for the sex of the individual.The correlations were as follows:
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A positive association among the three parameters was established.
UNDER SURVEILLANCE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING
Authors: PADGETT KATHY G. , BALES WILLIAM D. , BLOMBERG THOMAS G. 
Published: April 2006

Research Summary:This study addresses the effectiveness of electronic monitoring (EM) for serious offenders supervised in the community. Using data on 75,661 offenders placed on home confinement in Florida from 1998 to 2002, we find that both radio‐frequency and global positioning system monitoring significantly reduce the likelihood of technical violations, reoffending, and absconding for this population of offenders. Additionally, we find that offenders placed on home confinement with EM are significantly more serious than those placed on home confinement without EM, which casts doubt on the anticipated net‐widening effect of this particular intermediate sanction.Policy Implications:Given the anticipated increase in the use of EM in the immediate future, policy makers will surely be faced with questions about its effectiveness in preventing or deterring further criminal activity among offenders in the community, as well as concerns about the intensity of surveillance it affords and a subsequent increase in the likelihood of a prison sentence or return to prison for technical violations. The results presented here suggest that such concerns may be overblown and that EM of offenders in the community may prove an effective public safety alternative to prison. Additional implications of this research include decision making regarding which offenders should be placed on EM, which type of monitoring device will be the most cost‐effective and efficient, and the potential for front‐end net‐widening if states adopt the practice of “Got ‘em?’ Use ‘em.’”
Wilfulness, a lesson in ambiguity
Authors: Andrews J.A. 
Published: April 2006

Others, I am not the first,Have willed more mischief than they durst.Many words do not have a single meaning. There is rarely a problem where two different words of the same spelling have a different meaning as the context usually will clarify which of the alternative words is intended. The difficulty arises where the same word has more than one meaning and the different meanings are not unrelated to each other. The word wilful is such a word and much would have been gained if it had been struck out of the Parliamentary draftsman's dictionary many years ago. Very popular in Victorian legislation, its use in modern drafting is less common, but it still haunts the statute book providing problems of interpretation and illustrating the underlying conceptual weakness of much of English law.
Conditional intention
Authors: Campbell Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

In this article I wish to deal with a problem about the analysis of intention in criminal law. The issue I want to take up has arisen primarily in the context of theft and theft-related offences. However, there is no reason to suppose that it is a problem confined to theft. It could arise in any area of the criminal law which involves intention as constitutive of mens rea.The general problem can be stated very briefly. How is the law to deal with an accused who intended to perform some act which, if performed with simple intention, would be an offence, when he intended to perform that act only if some contingency occurred? The case law on theft demonstrates that, far from being an arcane question, this is a live issue. This is for the simple reason that a great many intentions are intentions of this conditional nature.
Litigation and the consumer interest; the class action and beyond
Authors: Tur Richard H. S. 
Published: April 2006

The enjoyment of traditional as well as new social rights presupposes mechanisms for their effective protection. Such protection, moreover, is best assured by a workable remedy within the framework of the judicial system.[M. Cappelletti]Acts and regulations are of little value unless they are observed. A major cause of consumer weakness in the past has lain in the inadequate enforcement of the many laws in his favour.
[Molony Report, 1962, para. 869]The statute book bears eloquent testimony that the law has been regarded as an appropriate vehicle for protecting the consuming public. The Molony Report, 1962, has borne much legislative fruit and, 20 years later, enthusiasm for legislation in the consumer interest does not appear to be waning.
Freewill, determinism and criminal justice
Authors: Norrie Alan 
Published: April 2006

‘Supposing, then, that determinism is true – and surely many intelligent and well-informed people believe that it is – how can we any longer uphold the notion of responsibility in our courts of law?’A. Kenny.The substance of this article revolves around Kenny's rhetorical question. It is a widely held view among lawyers and legal philosophers that the idea of criminal justice involves the presupposition of the freedom of the will, but there are good grounds for accepting some version of determinism as a working hypothesis to explain criminal behaviour. Judges themselves on occasion do this. Unless it can be shown, therefore, that determinism is either compatible with free will, or is itself an incoherent doctrine, the whole rationale of the criminal law as a form of social control stands exposed to criticism.
The teaching of jurisprudence and legal theory in British universities and polytechnics
Authors: Barnett Hilaire A. , Yach Dianna M. 
Published: April 2006

‘Whatever the future of the subject, the content of the present courses suggests that jurisprudence has a capacity for self-renewal and an elasticity which enables it to interpret ideas from philosophy and the social sciences to law students in a way which stresses their modern relevance to the social and theoretical problems which an intelligent and critical study of law should suggest.’ So concludes the last survey of jurisprudence teaching in British universities carried out in 1972/73 by Cotterrell and Woodliffe. To what extent could their sentiments be echoed in 1983/84?Ten years have elapsed since the previous survey was completed during which time important changes have occurred in legal education and its environment.
What should the Code do about omissions?
Authors: Williams Glanville 
Published: April 2006

I yield to none in my admiration of the draft Criminal Code produced by the Law Commission's academic team, but everyone who studies it will have what he regards as improvements to suggest. So here is my item, relating to the team's proposals for omissions. I think the draft provides too great scope for offences of omission, particularly for serious offences of omission.This article is concerned with pure omissions. I call them ‘pure’ since omissions combined with action are counted as acts - largely because they are not subject to the peculiar difficulties of penalising omissions.
Justifying private property rights: a message from Hegel's jurisprudential writings
Authors: Salter Michael 
Published: April 2006

This article seeks to unfold the character, scope and trajectory of justifiable property rights within Hegel’s jurisprudential writings. It does so in order to try to make this reputedly ‘difficult’ and much neglected theorist fit for undergraduate consumption on private law courses.If we accept the need for an intelligible social theory of private law, why should lawyers consider that of Hegel? Hegel devoted his last book to a ‘Philosophy of Right. This text is, however, barely mentioned by even the more comprehensive of modern textbooks on jurisprudence. There could be little ground for complaint if such neglect of Hegel’s legal writings were based upon a fully reasoned consideration and then subsequent rejection due to certain vital and demonstrable flaws within them.
Continuing departures from Woolmington: a South Asian perspective
Authors: Peiris G. L. 
Published: April 2006

Recent trends in England represent a dramatic erosion of the sanctity of the rule in Woolmington. These developments are of particular significance today, in the light of the virtually open-ended character of some of the contemporary departures from Woolmington’s case.A decade ago, in Edwards, the Court of Appeal purported to identify in the common law a line of authority which established, as a result of experience and the need to ensure that justice is done both to the community and to the defendants, an exception to the fundamental rule of the criminal law that the prosecution must prove every element of the offence charged. The effect of this exception, which the court sought to extract from rules of pleading, is that where an enactment, on its true construction, prohibits the doing of acts subject to provisos, exceptions and the like, the prosecution is entitled to rely on the exception, with the result that the burden shifts to the defendant to prove that it was lawful for him to do the prohibited act in the circumstances.
Some favourite fallacies about similar facts
Authors: Allan T.R.S. 
Published: April 2006

There can be few passages ofjudicial exegesis which have claimed more attention, analysis and controversy than Lord Herschell’s famous, or infamous, statement of principle in Makin u A-G for New South Wales. His Lordship had appeared to assert an absolute rule against adducing evidence of bad character in order to prove the defendant’s guilt on the basis ofhis criminal disposition; and in Boardman v DPP Lord Hailsham expressly approved this prohibition on use of the ‘forbidden chain of reasoning’. A recent judgment by Gibbs CJ in the High Court of Australia contains a lucid modern restatement of Lord Herschell’s principle:‘The prosecution cannot adduce evidence tending to show that the accused has been guilty ofcriminal acts other than those with which he is charged if the evidence shows only that he had a propensity to commit crime, or crime of a particular kind, or that he was the sort of person likely to have committed the crime charged.
Must retiring trustees be replaced?
Authors: Tan Y. L. 
Published: April 2006

A trustee who has accepted trust obligations can retire from his trusteeship in four ways: (i) by virtue of the trust instrument which expressly or impliedly authorises him to do so; (ii) under s 36 of the Trustee Act 1925; (iii) under s 39 of the Trustee Act 1925 and (iv) under s 41 of the Trustee Act 1925, ie by permission of the court.In regard to retirement under s 36 which provides for non-judicial appointment of new trustees, it is widely accepted that a trustee may so retire only by the valid appointment of another trustee in his place; retirement without replacement is only possible under s 39 and that would require consent to the retirement. An examination of the relevant case law reveals that it assumes rather than establishes the widely accepted view; but more importantly the effect of legislative changes culminating in the present s 36 removes the most probable reason for the view so that the formulation for it has, so to speak, disappeared.
Marriage in England: favouring the lex fori
Authors: Clarkson C. M. V. 
Published: April 2006

The orthodox rules on validity of marriage at common law are that formal validity of marriage is governed by the lex loci celebrationis and essential validity of marriage (or capacity to marry) is governed by the personal law, ie the law of domicile. Neither the lex loci celebrationis nor the lex fori ought to have any interest in such questions of essential validity.According to such orthodoxy there are two rules of English law that are suspect and in need of reconsideration. First, there is (arguably) the rule that the parties to a marriage do not need to have capacity to marry by the lex loci celebrationis when they marry abroad but do need such capacity when the marriage takes place in England. The second rule subject to attack is the notorious ‘exception’ based on Sottomayer v de Barros (No 2)2 which allows a foreign incapacity to be ignored when an English domiciliary marries in England, but not when the marriage takes place abroad.
Some thoughts on jury secrecy
Authors: Jaconelli Joseph 
Published: April 2006

Should those who have served as members of the jury in a newsworthy trial be restrained by the criminal law from recounting what transpired in the jury room?The issues surrounding the legitimacy or otherwise of jury room disclosures pose peculiar problems in the administration of justice. They do so because such disclosures are made, not by journalists assigned to cover the trial (as at present), nor via the medium of televising the event (as may shortly be the case), nor simply by those most intimately involved in the conduct and outcome ofthe trial (such as the accused or counsel). The special feature which sets jury room disclosures apart is the fact that they emanate from those who are directly responsible for the verdict in the case. Viewed in this way, the accounts given by ex-jurors should perhaps be considered in broadly the same light as the recollections of the person less directly responsible for the outcome, namely the trial judge. And, indeed, we do have a wellknown instance of the latter type of account in Lord Devlin's Easing the Passing , the story of the trial for murder in 1957 of Dr John Bodkin Adams.
Informal dealings with land after section 2
Authors: Bently Lionel , Coughlan Paul 
Published: April 2006

The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 has radically altered the law relating to the formalities required in respect of a contract for the sale of land. It has repealed s 40 of the Law of Property Act 1925 and in its place s 2( 1) of the 1989 Act provides:‘A contract for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land can only be made in writing and only by incorporating all the terms which the parties have expressly agreed in one document or, where contracts are exchanged, in each.’
‘Can I help you?’ accessorial liability and the intention to assist
Authors: Duff R. A. 
Published: April 2006

Aiding and abetting requires an ‘intention’ to assist the commission of the relevant offence. But what should ‘intention’ mean in this context? Does D have that intention just so long as she acts in a way which she knows will facilitate the commission of the offence which P intends to commit, or must she act in order to assist the commission of that offence?On one view knowledge is sufficient, since D need only have ‘intended to do the acts which he knew to be capable of assisting or encouraging the commission of the crime’. A brewer who knowingly sells beer to someone who intends to resell it without a licence is guilty of aiding and abetting, as is a person who lends her car to someone who intends, she knows, to use it for a criminal venture.
Old enough to know best?
Authors: Bridgeman Jo 
Published: April 2006

Are there now any circumstances in which a teenage may effectively withhold her consent to medical treatment? By effectively, I mean not only that she can refuse to consent to treatment but also that this refusal is respected and the treatment prevented.Consent to medical advice and treatment, the givingofwhich means that a doctor does or does not commit a battery (criminal or civil) on her patient, necessarily involves both the giving of consent and the withholding of consent. Without one the other has no meaning.
A third survey of university legal education in the United Kingdom
Authors: Wilson John 
Published: April 2006

The second survey of legal education was published in July 1975 and was based largely on information gathered during the academic session 1973/74. At that time, the decision was taken to present the material in tabular form in order that the report could provide a framework for the future publication, at suitable intervals, of supplements containing appropriate up-dated tables. In pursuance of this objective, supplements were published in 1978 and 1981 with statistics drawn largely from sessions 1976/77 and 1980/81 respectively.Developments since 1981 now justify the undertaking of a more thorough review with the object of producing a third survey report.
Character merchandising and the limits of passing off
Authors: Catty Hazel 
Published: April 2006

The tort of passing off developed as an offspring of deceit, with the twist that it allows trade rivals, rather than deceived customers, to sue. The classic case is a trader ‘passing off his goods as the goods of somebody else: the defendant is liable for misrepresenting, innocently or otherwise, that his goods are the goods of somebody else. The plaintiff is the trader whose trade is thereby diverted or whose reputation is thereby harmed.The classic case thus involves a misrepresentation as to the source of the goods. However, case law has shown that this is not the only relevant misrepresentation on which the tort can be founded
Decentralization and law enforcement in EC competition law
Authors: Shaw Jo 
Published: April 2006

In a Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission published in early 1993, the European Commission made the following policy pronouncements about its future role in the enforcement of the competition rules contained in the EC Treaty:‘As the administrative authority responsible for the Community's competition policy, the Commission must serve the Community's general interest. The administrative resources at the Commission's disposal to perform its task are necessarily limited and cannot be used to deal with all the cases brought to its attention. The Commission is therefore obliged, in general, to take all organizational measures necessary for the performance of its task and, in particular to establish priorities.’