bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Recovery after Hip Fracture in the Subacute Setting
Authors: Ganz Sandy B. , Peterson Margaret GE , Russo Pam Williams , Guccione Andrew 
Published: January 2007

Objective To measure functional recovery after hip fracture in the subacute setting. Background There are over 340,000 hip fractures that occur in the United States annually. Three out of five hospitalizations attributable to injury among persons over 75 were for fractures. Greater than 50% were hip fractures. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the functional recovery after hip fracture in the subacute setting utilizing performance-based measures (PBMs). Method This is a prospective observational cohort. Data analysis Descriptive statistics were used for baseline characteristics. Repeated measures analysis using a Bonferroni correction was utilized to compare admission and discharge PBM scores. Results Eighty residents were enrolled in the study, of which seven were withdrawn because of medical complications and one subject died within 1 week of admission. Data were analyzed for 72 subjects. There were 59 women and 13 men ranging in age from 63–99. Mean age was 85.3. The patients’ profiles were as follows: 53% lived alone, 63% were Medicare recipients, 50% used an assistive device before hip fracture, 46% sustained a femoral neck fracture, 57% underwent a bipolar hemiarthroplasty, 90% received epidural anesthesia, and 90% had a weight-bearing status as weight-bearing was tolerated. The PBM results are as follows: [Table: see text] Conclusion There was a significant improvement between admission and discharge TUG test, Tinetti gait and balance test, and 6MW test scores in patients who underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture after a fall.
Expression of mRNA electroporated into plant and animal cells
Authors: Callis J. , Fromm M. , Walbot V. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A general method to introduce RNA molecules into plant protoplasts and animal cells is described. This technique utilizes the ability of electric pulses of high field strength to form pores in biomembranes. RNA molecules containing the coding region for the bacterial enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were used as a model system. The presence of CAT activity as a result of the in vivo translation of the introduced RNA is entirely dependent on the presence of a 5′ cap and greatly increased by the presence of a poly A tail at the 3′ end. The introduction of RNA into eukaiyotic cells has broad applicability both as an assay for the uptake of nucleic acids into cells independent of transcriptional activity and as a tool to study eukaryotic mRNA translation.
A novel method for the purification of the Xenopus transcription factor IIIA
Authors: Miller J. , Fairall L. , Rhodes D. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We have developed a quick and simple purification method that yields large quantities of the Xenopus zinc finger protein transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA). The protein is purified in the form of the 7S storage particle (TFIIIA/5S RNA complex) found in the ovaries of immature Xenopus. Our method yields 0.5 to 1 mg of pure 7S particle per ovary. It involves a high speed centrifugation step, fractionation on a gel filtration column and a precipitation step using calcium chloride. TFIIIA purified using this protocol retains full DNA binding activity and has the expected zinc ion content.
THE SUPERCRITICAL SPATIALLY HOMOGENEOUS THERMAL EXPLOSION: INITIATION TO COMPLETION
Authors: KASSOY D. R. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A complete solution (initiation to completion) is developed for the spatially homogeneous model of a thermal explosion with heat loss. The temperature, time history and the concomitant reactant consumption are described in detail. A matched asymptotic expansion procedure is developed to describe the solution in six successive time zones. Each of these is characterized by distinct physical processes and their duration, which varies widely. Of particular interest are the extremely rapid processes which characterize a truly explosive event.
Circulating levels of copeptin, a novel biomarker, in lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: Müller B. , Morgenthaler N. , Stolz D. , Schuetz P. , Müller C. , Bingisser R. , Bergmann A. , Tamm M. , Christ‐Crain M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  Vasopressin has haemodynamic as well as osmoregulatory effects, and reflects the individual stress response. Copeptin is cosynthesized with vasopressin, directly mirroring vasopressin levels, but is more stable in plasma and serum. Both levels are increased in patients with septic shock. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are a precursor of sepsis. Thus, we investigated circulating levels and the prognostic use of copeptin for the severity and outcome in patients with LRTI.Materials and methods  Five hundred and forty‐five consecutive patients with LRTI and 50 healthy controls were evaluated. Serum copeptin levels were measured with a new chemiluminescens sandwich immunoassay.Results  Of the 545 patients, 373 had community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP), 60 acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 59 acute bronchitis, 13 exacerbations of asthma and 40 other final diagnoses. Copeptin levels were significantly higher in patients with LRTI as compared to controls (P < 0·001) with highest levels in patients with CAP. Copeptin levels increased with increasing severity of CAP, as classified by the pneumonia severity index (PSI) (P < 0·001). In patients who died, copeptin levels on admission were significantly higher as compared to levels in survivors [70·0 (28·8–149·0) vs. 24·3 (10·8–43·8) pmol L−1, P < 0·001]. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) for survival was 0·75 for copeptin, which was significantly higher as compared to C‐reactive protein (AUC 0·61, P = 0·01), leukocyte count (AUC 0·59, P = 0·01) and similar to procalcitonin (AUC 0·68, P = 0·21).Conclusions  Copeptin levels are increased with increasing severity of LRTI namely in patients with CAP and unfavourable outcome. Copeptin levels, as a novel biomarker, might be a useful tool in the risk stratification of patients with LRTI.
Expression profiling of PC‐3 cell line variants and comparison of MIC‐1 transcript levels in benign and malignant prostate
Authors: Patrikainen L. , Porvari K. , Kurkela R. , Hirvikoski P. , Soini Y. , Vihko P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  The mechanisms behind prostate cancer progression are largely unknown, but macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC‐1) has been suggested to be involved in tumour dissemination in vivo due to its reductive effect on cell adhesion.Materials and methods  We used two PC‐3 prostate cancer epithelial cell line variants as tools to screen for gene expression differences during prostate cancer progression by cDNA microarray analysis. Selected genes were further analysed by Northern blot analysis using mRNA isolated from prostatic cell lines and tissues. MIC‐1 expression was studied by in situ hybridization in archival patient specimens containing benign and malignant prostatic tissue.Results  Gene expression of human collagen type VI, basement membrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan, integrin alpha 1, and fibronectin I were remarkably decreased in suspension‐adapted PC‐3 (saPC‐3) cells, indicating a gene expression profile of reduced cell adhesion. Asparagine synthetase, serine protease 1, stanniocalcin homologue, NAD‐dependent methylene tetrahydrate dehydrogenase cyclohydrolase (NMDMC), fortilin, and MIC‐1 were overexpressed in saPC‐3 cells. In prostate, the MIC‐1 gene was mainly expressed in cancer tissue. However, MIC‐1 transcripts were detected in benign tissue areas, especially in specimens containing prostate cancer with Gleason sum scores of 5–8. A significant inverse correlation (Spearman's rho correlation coefficient −0·928**) was observed between the ratio of cancerous to benign MIC‐1 expression levels and Gleason scores.Conclusions  Differential expression of the MIC‐1 gene occurs during prostate cancer progression. The transcript level of the MIC‐1 gene in histologically benign tissue seems to approach that in paired cancer tissue concomitant with an increasing Gleason score.
Stoneley wave generation by an incident P‐wave propagating in the surrounding formation across a horizontal fluid‐filled fracture
Authors: Ionov Andrei M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the generation of the low‐frequency borehole Stoneley wave (tube wave) by a plane P‐wave propagating through the surrounding elastic formation, which is intersected by a fluid‐filled fracture. A model is constructed taking into account the dynamic fluid coupling between the borehole interior and the fluid‐filled fracture of infinite extent with parallel walls. The basic mechanism of such coupling is due to the contraction of the fracture walls by the incident P‐wave, leading to seismic radiation into the fracture. The dynamic fluid flux from the fracture into the borehole interior, and vice versa, is the source of the low‐frequency Stoneley wave. An expression for the monopole pressure source, exciting the tube wave, is obtained.The tube‐wave equation in the long‐wave approximation is derived in the presence of a fluid‐filled fracture of infinite extent. Amplitudes and waveforms of Stoneley waves are analysed in the seismic wavelength range for P‐wave pulses of various shapes. It is shown that the amplitude and waveform of the Stoneley wave depends significantly on the two dimensionless parameters of the problem: (1) the ratio of the borehole radius to the dominant wavelength of the incident pulse; (2) the ratio of the fracture width to the borehole radius. It is found that the amplitude of the generated Stoneley wave can be of the order of the P‐wave amplitude in the borehole fluid. Stoneley waveforms are found to be completely different from those of the incident pulse.
Appraisal of the consequences of the DDT‐induced bottleneck on the level and geographic distribution of neutral genetic variation in Canadian peregrine falcons,Falco peregrinus
Authors: BROWN JOSEPH W. , VAN COEVERDEN DE GROOT PETER J. , BIRT TIM P. , SEUTIN GILLES , BOAG PETER T. , FRIESEN VICKI L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPeregrine falcon populations underwent devastating declines in the mid‐20th century due to the bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants, becoming essentially extirpated east of the Great Plains and significantly reduced elsewhere in North America. Extensive re‐introduction programs and restrictions on pesticide use in Canada and the United States have returned many populations to predecline sizes. A proper population genetic appraisal of the consequences of this decline requires an appropriate context defined by (i) meaningful demographic entities; and (ii) suitable reference populations. Here we explore the validity of currently recognized subspecies designations using data from the mitochondrial control region and 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci taken from 184 contemporary individuals from across the breeding range, and compare patterns of population genetic structure with historical patterns inferred from 95 museum specimens. Of the three North American subspecies, the west coast marine subspeciesFalco peregrinus pealeiis well differentiated genetically in both time periods using nuclear loci. In contrast, the partitioning of continentalFalco peregrinus anatumand arcticFalco peregrinus tundriussubspecies is not substantiated, as individuals from these subspecies are historically indistinguishable genetically. Bayesian clustering analyses demonstrate that contemporary genetic differentiation between these two subspecies is mainly due to changes withinF. p. anatum(specifically the southernF. p. anatumpopulations). Despite expectations and a variety of tests, no genetic bottleneck signature is found in the identified populations; in fact, many contemporary indices of diversity are higher than historical values. These results are rationalized by the promptness of the recovery and the possible introduction of new genetic material.
Recombinant Escherichia coli produces tailor-made biopolyester granules for applications in fluorescence activated cell sorting: functional display of the mouse interleukin-2 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Authors: Bäckström B Thomas , Brockelbank Jane A , Rehm Bernd HA 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundFluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a powerful technique for the qualitative and quantitative detection of biomolecules used widely in both basic research and clinical diagnostic applications. Beads displaying a specific antigen are used to bind antibodies which are then fluorescently labelled using secondary antibodies. As the individual suspension bead passes through the sensing region of the FACS machine, fluorescent signals are acquired and analysed. Currently, antigens are tediously purified and chemically cross-linked to preformed beads. Purification and coupling of proteins often renders them inactive and they will not be displayed in its native configuration. As an alternative, we genetically engineeredEscherichia colito produce biopolyester (polyhdroxyalkanoate=PHA) granules displaying diagnostically relevant antigens in their native conformation and suitable for FACS analysis.ResultsHybrid genes were constructed, which encode either the mouse interleukin-2 (IL2) or the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) fused via an enterokinase site providing linker region to the C terminus of the PHA granule associated protein PhaP, respectively. The hybrid genes were expressed in PHA-accumulating recombinantE. coli. MOG and IL2 fusion proteins were abundantly attached to PHA granules and were identified by MALDI-TOF/MS analysis and N terminal sequencing. A more abundant second fusion protein of either MOG or IL2 resulted from an additional N terminal fusion, which did surprisingly not interfere with attachment to PHA granule. PHA granules displaying either IL2 or MOG were used for FACS using monoclonal anti-IL2 or anti-MOG antibodies conjugated to a fluorescent dye. FACS analysis showed significant and specific binding of respective antibodies. Enterokinase treatment of IL2 displaying PHA granules enabled removal of IL2 as monitored by FACS analysis. Mice were immunized with either MOG or OVA (ovalbumin) and the respective sera were analysed using MOG-displaying PHA granules and FACS analysis showing a specific and sensitive detection of antigen-specific antibodies within a wide dynamic range.ConclusionE. colican be genetically engineered to produce PHA granules displaying correctly folded eukaryotic proteins and which can be applied as beads in FACS based diagnostics. Since PHA granule formation and protein attachment occurs in one step already inside the bacterial cell, microbial production could be a cheap and efficient alternative to commercial beads.
Distinctly Different Conformations of an Amorphous Polymer with Azobenzene Side Chains in Solid and Solution
Authors: Ichimura Kunihiro , Akiyama Haruhisa 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A differential scanning calorimetry of a polymethacrylate with azobenzene side chains at the first heating exhibited a scan different from the subsequent ones. Comparison of absorption spectra in an aqueous dispersion, a cast film and dilute solutions of mixtures of dioxane and isopropyl alcohol revealed that the azobenzene forms J-aggregates in polymer solid resulting in the first heating scan whereas the subsequent heating scans corresponds to a polymer conformation with monomeric side chains.
Friends for better or for worse: Interracial friendship in the United States as seen through wedding party photos
Authors: Berry Brent 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFriendship patterns are instrumental for testing important hypotheses about assimilation processes and group boundaries. Wedding photos provide an opportunity to directly observe a realistic representation of close interracial friendships and race relations. An analysis of 1,135 wedding party photos and related information shows that whites are especially unlikely to have black friends who are close enough to be in their wedding party. Adjusting for group size, whites and East and Southeast Asians (hereafter, E/SE Asians) are equally likely to be in each other’s weddings, but whites invite blacks to be in their wedding parties only half as much as blacks invite whites, and E/SE Asians invite blacks only one-fifth as much as blacks invite E/SE Asians. In interracial marriages, both E/SE Asian and black spouses in marriages to whites are significantly less likely than their white spouses to have close friendships with members of their spouse’s race.
Less help for mother: The decline in coresidential female support for the mothers of young children, 1880–2000
Authors: Short Susan E. , Goldscheider Frances K. , Torr Berna M. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Research on changes in women’s parenting has focused primarily on their increased likelihood of combining parenthood with paid employment, exploring the pressures that result from this “second shift” or “double burden.” This article complements this approach by focusing instead on the likely reduction in the help that mothers of small children have received as declines both in fertility and the coresidence of nonnuclear adults have reduced the number of other women in the household. Using national census data for the period 1880 to 2000, we show a substantial decline in the presence and availability of other females in the household, as fewer are coresident and more of those who are coresident are employed or in school. Although all mothers experience this decline, it is most acute for mothers working for pay in nonagricultural activities.
Cabo Verde: Gulag of the South Atlantic: Racism, Fishing Prohibitions, and Famines
Authors: Brooks George E. 
Published: January 2007

[Off São Tiago Island, March 1456] We found so great a quantity of fish that it is incredible to record.[Praia, São Tiago, April 1816] The strictest precautions are taken against the evasion of slaves on board foreign vessels that touch here, and particularly by not allowing boats of any kind to the inhabitants, the want of which gives to the port the appearance of a deserted settlement.Numerous species of fish swim in Cabo Verdean waters, and the two streams of the Canary Current flowing past the archipelago nourish some of the richest marine resources on the globe. Yet, for centuries Portuguese colonial officials leagued with plantation owners to prohibit Cabo Verdeans from owning fishing craft and other vessels to prevent the escape of slaves, mutinous soldiers, exiled criminals, and political deportees. Denied the bounty of the sea and afflicted by multi-year droughts, tens of thousands of destitute people perished during famines. Cabo Verde during Portuguese rule was a gulag.
Customary Law, Sentencing and the Limits of the State
Authors: Douglas Heather 
Published: January 2007

RésuméLa question de la punition coutumière, particulièrement de la rétribution («payback»), a étiré les limites du droit pénal dans une série de décisions sentencielles dans le Territoire du Nord de l'Australie. Des arrêts australiens successifs ont établi que le droit pénal aborigène ne s'applique plus au-delà de l'établissement britannique. Cependant, la jurisprudence dans le Territoire du Nord ne reflète pas cette position. La réponse judiciaire aux punitions coutumières y fut de développer une sorte de pluralisme soft. Les juges y tiennent compte de la punition suggérée sans toutefois l'endosser formellement. Le système judiciaire tente de garder le contrôle sur la punition coutumière mais dépend des communautés aborigènes pour s'assurer tant d'une réponse coutumière adéquate que de l'exécution des punitions promises. Ceci crée une situation complexe dans laquelle les Aborigènes sont à la fois surveillés et surveillants, alors que l'État contrôle tout en ne contrôlant pas.
Population structure of the classic period Maya
Authors: Scherer Andrew K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study examines the population structure of Classic period (A.D. 250–900) Maya populations through analysis of odontometric variation of 827 skeletons from 12 archaeological sites in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The hypothesis that isolation by distance characterized Classic period Maya population structure is tested using Relethford and Blangero's (Hum Biol 62 (1990) 5–25) approach to R matrix analysis for quantitative traits. These results provide important biological data for understanding ancient Maya population history, particularly the effects of the competing Tikal and Calakmul hegemonies on patterns of lowland Maya site interaction. An overall FST of 0.018 is found for the Maya area, indicating little among‐group variation for the Classic Maya sites tested. Principal coordinates plots derived from the R matrix analysis show little regional patterning in the data, though the geographic outliers of Kaminaljuyu and a pooled Pacific Coast sample did not cluster with the lowland Maya sites. Mantel tests comparing the biological distance matrix to a geographic distance matrix found no association between genetic and geographic distance. In the Relethford–Blangero analysis, most sites possess negative or near‐zero residuals, indicating minimal extraregional gene flow. The exceptions were Barton Ramie, Kaminaljuyu, and Seibal. A scaled R matrix analysis clarifies that genetic drift is a consideration for understanding Classic Maya population structure. All results indicate that isolation by distance does not describe Classic period Maya population structure. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, DNA Binding and Antiviral Activity of New Uracil, Xanthine, and Pteridine Derivatives
Authors: El‐Sabbagh Osama I. , El‐Sadek Mohamed E. , El‐Kalyoubi Samar , Ismail Ibrahim 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSome new 6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐(substituted methylidene)aminouracils were synthesized. Most of them were cyclized with triethyl orthoformate as a one‐carbon source to afford 1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐substituted pteridine derivatives. Certain uracils gave xanthine instead of the expected pteridine derivatives upon using another one‐carbon source such as triethyl orthoacetate or triethyl orthobenzoate. The nucleic acid binding assay revealed that some new compounds showed high affinity, chelation, and fragmentation of nucleic acids whether DNA or RNA contrary to acyclovir that has affinity to DNA only. The antiviral activity of these novel compounds showed that compounds 2e and 2f reduced the cytopathogencity of Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) on Vero cell culture by 60 and 50%, respectively.
Progress in Polydiacetylene Nanowires by Self‐Assembly and SelfPolymerization
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Li Yuliang , Zhu Daoben 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn recent years, there has been immense interest in studying nanoscale aggregate structures derived from various polydiacetylenes (PDAs). The motivation for this is not only to understand the fundamental aggregate structures at different scales, but also to explore their potential for future technological applications. PDAs have been made sensitive to external stimuli such as light and chemical entities by incorporating a spectroscopically active moiety or a receptor unit as the head group of the PDA molecule. This makes them suitable for applications such as sensing and actuating. Furthermore, owing to the delocalization of π‐conjugated electrons, PDAs have been exploited as good candidates for organic nonlinear optical materials. This Focus Review highlights some of the instructive work done by various groups to develop well‐defined one‐dimensional assembly systems with a highly structural aspect ratio, which can be directly imaged by microscopic techniques.