bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological responses of Primula nutans to centimeter‐scale topographic and environmental variability in an alpine wetland
Authors: Shen Haihua , Tang Yanhong , Washitani Izumi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPrimula nutans Georgi is a herbaceous species broadly distributed in wetlands on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. These wetlands are often spatially highly heterogeneous because of their hummock‐and‐hollow microtopography. To address how P. nutans can be so broadly distributed on these wetlands, we examined ramet distribution, abundance, and growth performance in environmentally variable microsites at the centimeter scale. P. nutans showed significantly higher ramet density on the south‐orientated microsites than on the north‐orientated microsites. With increasing relative microsite elevation on the hummocks, ramet density increased significantly, but individual leaf area decreased significantly. Principle component analysis and multiple regression analysis indicated that microsites at higher elevations tend to have higher light availability and higher ramet density. The study suggests that P. nutans shows high plasticity in the distribution, abundance, and growth performance in response to the microtopography at the centimeter scale, which may contribute to the broad distribution of the species in the hummock‐and‐hollow wetlands in harsh alpine environments on the Tibetan Plateau.
Brain activity associated with slow temporal summation of C‐fiber evoked pain in fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls
Authors: Staud Roland , Craggs Jason G. , Perlstein William M. , Robinson Michael E. , Price Donald D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTemporal summation of “second pain” (TSSP) is the result of C‐fiber‐evoked responses of dorsal‐horn neurons, termed “windup”. This phenomenon is dependent on stimulus frequency (≥0.33Hz) and relevant for central sensitization as well as chronic pain. Whereas, our previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study characterized neural correlates of TSSP in 11 healthy volunteers, the present study was designed to compare brain responses associated with TSSP across these healthy participants and 13 fibromyalgia (FM) patients. Volume‐of‐interest analysis was used to assess TSSP‐related brain activation. All participants underwent fMRI‐scanning during repetitive heat pulses at 0.33Hz and 0.17Hz to the right foot. Stimulus intensities were adjusted to each individual's heat sensitivity to achieve comparable TSSP‐ratings of moderate pain in all subjects. Experimental pain ratings showed robust TSSP during 0.33Hz but not 0.17Hz stimuli. When stimulus strength was adjusted to induce equivalent levels of TSSP, no differences in activation of pain‐related brain regions occurred across NC and FM groups. Subsequently, the fMRI‐data of both groups were combined to increase the power of our statistical comparisons. fMRI‐statistical maps identified several brain regions with stimulus and frequency dependent activation consistent with TSSP, including ipsilateral and contralateral thalamus, medial thalamus, S1, bilateral S2, mid‐ and posterior insula, rostral and mid‐anterior cingulate cortex. However, the stimulus temperatures necessary to evoke equivalent levels of TSSP and corresponding brain activity were less in FM patients. These results suggest that enhanced neural mechanisms of TSSP in FM are reflected at all pain related brain areas, including posterior thalamus, and are not the result of selective enhancement at cortical levels.
Patients of immigrant origin in inpatient psychiatric facilities
Authors: Schouler-Ocak M. , Bretz H.J. , Penka S. , Koch E. , Hartkamp N. , Siefen R.G. , Schepker R. , Özek M. , Hauth I. , Heinz A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn a representative nationwide survey, the Psychiatry and Migration Working Group of the German Federal Conference of Psychiatric Hospital Directors (Bundesdirektorenkonferenz) examined the use of inpatient psychiatric and psychotherapeutic services in Germany by patients of immigrant origin. Questionnaires were sent to a total of 350 general hospital psychiatric clinics throughout Germany, and 131 clinics responded. As shown by the 2005 Microcensus [22], almost one-fifth (18.6%) of the German population is of immigrant origin. In our study, persons of immigrant origin comprised 17% of patients in the responding facilities. This indicates that the percentage of inpatient psychiatric services used by patients of immigrant origin is almost proportionate to these patients’ percentage of the general population. The largest group of immigrant patients in our study were those of Russian heritage, followed by patients of Turkish, Arabic, or other origin. Almost two-thirds of the immigrant patients were born in Germany, and a considerably larger percentage were German citizens (74%). Sixty-two per cent of all patients of immigrant origin spoke a language other than German (e.g. Russian, Turkish, Polish) at home. Patients of immigrant origin were significantly more likely to receive an ICD-10 F2 diagnosis, and it was precisely patients with this diagnosis who were observed to experience difficulties in communication with caregivers.
Cultural competency training in psychiatry
Authors: Qureshi A. , Collazos F. , Ramos M. , Casas M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecent reports indicate that the quality of care provided to immigrant and ethnic minority patients is not at the same level as that provided to majority group patients. Although the European Board of Medical Specialists recognizes awareness of cultural issues as a core component of the psychiatry specialization, few medical schools provide training in cultural issues. Cultural competence represents a comprehensive response to the mental health care needs of immigrant and ethnic minority patients. Cultural competence training involves the development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that can improve the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment. Cognitive cultural competence involves awareness of the various ways in which culture, immigration status, and race impact psychosocial development, psychopathology, and therapeutic transactions. Technical cultural competence involves the application of cognitive cultural competence, and requires proficiency in intercultural communication, the capacity to develop a therapeutic relationship with a culturally different patient, and the ability to adapt diagnosis and treatment in response to cultural difference. Perhaps the greatest challenge in cultural competence training involves the development of attitudinal competence inasmuch as it requires exploration of cultural and racial preconceptions. Although research is in its infancy, there are increasing indications that cultural competence can improve key aspects of the psychiatric treatment of immigrant and minority group patients.
Aspects of rumen microbiology central to mechanistic modelling of methane production in cattle
Authors: ELLIS J. L. , DIJKSTRA J. , KEBREAB E. , BANNINK A. , ODONGO N. E. , McBRIDE B. W. , FRANCE J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMethane, in addition to being a significant source of energy loss to the animal that can range from 0·02 to 0·12 of gross energy intake, is one of the major greenhouse gases being targeted for reduction by the Kyoto protocol. Thus, one of the focuses of recent research in animal science has been to develop or improve existing methane prediction models in order to increase overall understanding of the system and to evaluate mitigation strategies for methane reduction. Several dynamic mechanistic models of rumen function have been developed which contain hydrogen gas balance sub-models from which methane production can be predicted. These models predict methane production with varying levels of success and in many cases could benefit from further development. Central to methane prediction is accurate volatile fatty acid prediction, representation of the competition for substrate usage within the rumen, as well as descriptions of protozoal dynamics and pH. Most methane models could also largely benefit from an expanded description of lipid metabolism and hindgut fermentation. The purpose of the current review is to identify key aspects of rumen microbiology that could be incorporated into, or have improved representation within, a model of ruminant digestion and environmental emissions.
Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA: evaluating the role of the mode of administration
Authors: Goodwin R. D. , Zvolensky M. J. , Keyes K. M. 
Published: March 2008

BackgroundTo investigate the association between nicotine dependence (ND), by cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco (UST), and mental disorders.MethodFace-to-face surveys (n=43 093) were conducted in the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Nicotine use, ND, and mental disorders were assessed using DSM-IV criteria.ResultsUST-ND was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of any anxiety disorder, specific phobia, alcohol abuse and dependence. Consistent with previous findings, cigarette smoking-ND was associated with an increased likelihood of all mental disorders examined. Among those without ND, cigarette smoking was specifically associated with panic attacks and panic disorder; non-dependent UST was not associated with mental disorders.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the association between ND and mental disorders is relatively specific to the mode of nicotine administration. Among those who are nicotine dependent, cigarette use is associated with most major psychiatric disorders, whereas UST is associated with dysthymia and specific phobia. Among those who use tobacco but are not nicotine dependent, cigarette use is associated with dysthymia and panic disorder; UST is not associated with any major mood or anxiety disorders. The link between mental disorders and nicotine is complex, and is associated primarily with dependence, and not with non-dependent use.
Frame Dominance in Infants With Hearing Loss
Authors: von Hapsburg Deborah , Davis Barbara L. , MacNeilage Peter F. 
Published: March 2008

PurposeAccording to the frames then content (f/c) hypothesis (P. F. MacNeilage & B. L. Davis, 1990), the internal structure of syllables with consonant plus vowel structure (CV) during canonical babbling is determined primarily by production system properties related to rhythmic mandibular oscillations (motor frames). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether auditory sensitivity affects the internal organization of CV syllables in infants identified in the 1st year of life with hearing loss.MethodCV co-occurrence patterns were analyzed for 13 infants with varying degrees of hearing sensitivity (normal hearing [n= 4], mild-to-moderately severe hearing loss (n= 6), and severe-to-profound hearing loss [n= 3]). Consonants and vowels within CV syllables were grouped according to place of articulation. Thus, an inventory of CV syllables with labial, coronal, and dorsal consonant onsets was created.Results77% of predicted frames were confirmed above chance. Additionally, there was no association between pure-tone average and any CV co-occurrence. Finally, co-occurrences that were not predicted by the hypothesis were statistically confirmed in very few instances.ConclusionsAuditory sensitivity may not influence intrasyllabic organization within CV syllables once infants begin canonical babbling, as the co-occurrences observed are primarily those predicted by the f/c hypothesis.
Physiological Indices of Bilingualism: Oral–Motor Coordination and Speech Rate in Bengali–English Speakers
Authors: Chakraborty Rahul , Goffman Lisa , Smith Anne 
Published: March 2008

PurposeTo examine how age of immersion and proficiency in a 2nd language influence speech movement variability and speaking rate in both a 1st language and a 2nd language.MethodA group of 21 Bengali–English bilingual speakers participated. Lip and jaw movements were recorded. For all 21 speakers, lip movement variability was assessed based on productions of Bengali (L1; 1st language) and English (L2; 2nd language) sentences. For analyses related to the influence of L2 proficiency on speech production processes, participants were sorted into low- (n= 7) and high-proficiency (n= 7) groups. Lip movement variability and speech rate were evaluated for both of these groups across L1 and L2 sentences.ResultsSurprisingly, adult bilingual speakers produced equally consistent speech movement patterns in their production of L1 and L2. When groups were sorted according to proficiency, highly proficient speakers were marginally more variable in their L1. In addition, there were some phoneme-specific effects, most markedly that segments not shared by both languages were treated differently in production. Consistent with previous studies, movement durations were longer for less proficient speakers in both L1 and L2.InterpretationIn contrast to those of child learners, the speech motor systems of adult L2 speakers show a high degree of consistency. Such lack of variability presumably contributes to protracted difficulties with acquiring nativelike pronunciation in L2. The proficiency results suggest bidirectional interactions across L1 and L2, which is consistent with hypotheses regarding interference and the sharing of phonological space. A slower speech rate in less proficient speakers implies that there are increased task demands on speech production processes.
Genetic Effects on Children’s Conversational Language Use
Authors: DeThorne Laura S. , Petrill Stephen A. , Hart Sara A. , Channell Ron W. , Campbell Rebecca J. , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Thompson Lee Anne , Vandenbergh David J. 
Published: March 2008

Purpose
The present study examined the extent of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in children’s conversational language use.

Method

Behavioral genetic analyses focused on conversational measures and 2 standardized tests from 380 twins (
M
= 7.13 years) during the 2nd year of the Western Reserve Reading Project (S. A. Petrill, K. Deater-Deckard, L. A. Thompson, L. S. DeThorne, & C. Schatschneider, 2006) Multivariate analyses using latent factors were conducted to examine the extent of genetic overlap and specificity between conversational and formalized language.

Results
Multivariate analyses revealed a heritability of .70 for the conversational language factor and .45 for the formal language factor, with a significant genetic correlation of .37 between the two factors. Specific genetic effects were also significant for the conversational factor.

Conclusions
The current study indicated that over half of the variance in children’s conversational language skills can be accounted for by genetic effects with no evidence of significant shared environmental influence. This finding casts an alternative lens on past studies that have attributed differences in children’s spontaneous language use to differences in environmental language exposure. In addition, multivariate results generally support the context-dependent construction of language knowledge, as suggested by the theory of activity and situated cognition (J. S. Brown, A. Collins, & P. Duguid, 1989; T. A. Ukrainetz, 1998), but also indicate some degree of overlap between language use in conversational and formalized assessment contexts.
Head Angle and Elevation in Classroom Environments: Implications for Amplification
Authors: Ricketts Todd Andrew , Galster Jason 
Published: March 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine children’s head orientation relative to the arrival angle of competing signals and the sound source of interest in actual school settings. These data were gathered to provide information relative to the potential for directional benefit.MethodForty children, 4–17 years of age, with and without hearing loss, completed the study. Deviation in head angle and elevation relative to the direction of sound sources of interest were measured in 40 school environments. Measurements were made on the basis of physical data and videotapes from 3 cameras placed within each classroom.ResultsThe results revealed similarly accurate head orientation across children with and without hearing loss when focusing on the 33% proportion of time in which children were most accurate. Orientation accuracy was not affected by age. The data also revealed that children with hearing loss were significantly more likely to orient toward brief utterances made by secondary talkers than were children with normal hearing.ConclusionsThese data are consistent with the hypothesized association between hearing loss and increased visual monitoring. In addition, these results suggest that age does not limit the potential for signal-to-noise improvements from directivity-based interventions in noisy environments.
Comparison of Word-, Sentence-, and Phoneme-Based Training Strategies in Improving the Perception of Spectrally Distorted Speech
Authors: Stacey Paula C. , Summerfield A. Quentin 
Published: March 2008

Purpose
To compare the effectiveness of 3 self-administered strategies for auditory training that might improve speech perception by adult users of cochlear implants. The strategies are based, respectively, on discriminating isolated words, words in sentences, and phonemes in nonsense syllables.

Method
Participants were 18 normal-hearing adults who listened to speech processed by a noise-excited vocoder to simulate the information provided by a cochlear implant. They were assigned randomly to word-, sentence-, or phoneme-based training and underwent 9 training sessions (20 min each) on separate days over a 2- to 3-week period. The effectiveness of training was assessed as the improvement in accuracy of discriminating vowels and consonants, as well as identifying words in sentences, relative to participants’ best performance in repeated tests prior to training.

Results
Word- and sentence-based training led to significant improvements in the ability to identify words in sentences that were significantly larger than the improvements produced by phoneme-based training. There were no significant differences between the effectiveness of word- and sentence-based training. No significant improvements in consonant or vowel discrimination were found for the sentence- or phoneme-based training groups, but some improvements were found for the word-based training group.

Conclusion
The word- and sentence-based training strategies were more effective than the phoneme-based strategy at improving the perception of spectrally distorted speech.
Exchange Anisotropy in Stainless Steel
Authors: Meiklejohn W. H. 
Published: March 2008

“Nonmagnetic” stainless steel is a paramagnetic material at room temperature with a face-centered cubic lattice structure. It has been shown by Kondorsky and Sedov that the susceptibility has an anomaly at 40°K which is quite characteristic of an antiferromagnetic transition. This result suggested to us that cold working such a material to transform part of the material to the ferromagnetic body-centered cubic structure might yield a shifted hysteresis loop, if the bcc structure is in exchange contact with the fcc material.
A cold-worked (swaged) type 347 stainless steel did develop a shifted hysteresis loop when cooled in a magnetic field from room temperature to 4.2°K, while the hysteresis loop was symmetrical when the materialwas cooled in a zero magnetic field.
We also measured the shift of the hysteresis loop as a function of temperature and found that the shift disappeared at 40°K, which is in agreement with the susceptibility measurements of Kondorsky and Sedov.
Effects of High Temperature on Magnetic Properties of Core Materials
Authors: Pasnak Michael , Lundsten R. H. 
Published: March 2008

An experimental study was made of the effects of temperature on the dc and 60 cps magnetic properties of the following alloys: Orthonol, 4-79 Mo Permalloy, AEM 4750, L- and Z-Silectron, Transformer A, Audio Transformer A, 11.7 Alfenol, 15.5 Alfenol, Thermenol, 7-70 Perminvar, and Supermendur.
The results indicate that, in general, an increase in temperature decreases the coercive force and the maximum and residual inductions. Maximum and initial permeabilities increase with increasing temperature until the Curie temperature is approached, then they decrease. The initial permeability generally reaches a maximum at a lower temperature than does the maximum permeability.
Magnetism of Submicroscopical Iron Particles
Authors: Kronenberg Klaus J. 
Published: March 2008

The magnetic fields around submicroscopical iron particles were tested with iron oxide colloid in an electron microscope. The colloid particles usually spread evenly by diffusion. Magnetic fields of several hundred oersteds are required to concentrate the colloid particles visibly at certain spots. We found colloid around iron particles concentrated to various degrees. The colloid was attracted less by smaller particles. The smallest particles did not attract any colloid.
The particles were measured and grouped into three following categories: (a) Particles with strong, all around colloid attraction, indicating many domains. Stem volume of the dendritic particles much bigger than 109 A3, (b) Particles with colloid attractions at spots, indicating one or a few domains. (c) Particles without colloid attraction, indicating no well-developed domains. Stem volume much less than 109 A3.
Shape Anisotropy in a Wide-Range Gaussmeter
Authors: Luborsky F. E. , Mendelsohn L. I. 
Published: March 2008

A direct-reading, wide-range, stable gaussmeter is described. It consists of a thin ferromagnetic film mounted on a shaft. This film reacts with a magnetic field to produce a torque whose magnitude is a function of the applied field intensity. The magnetic torque developed is indicated by the angular rotation of the shaft restrained by a spiral spring. Because the magnetic torque is derived from shape anisotropy of the film, the instrument has three most valuable characteristics. First, it cannot be decalibrated by any magnetic field; second, it can cover any useful range from 200 to 20 000 gauss; finally the gaussmeter can be used for alternating as well as static fields.
An analysis of the torque-angle characteristics of this instrument has been made assuming that the magnitude of the film magnetization is uniform and constant and that its direction varies with the field direction and magnitude. Stoner and Wohlfarth's analysis for the ellipsoid which precludes domain boundary formation is used to calculate the anisotropy torque as a function of the applied field. The discrepancies between theory and experiment can be accounted for. Thus, the analysis should prove of interest to those engaged in research on thin films, while the gaussmeter itself has proved a valuable tool for those working with magnetic fields.