bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical note: Worst‐case performance of power‐of‐two policies for serial inventory systems with incremental quantity discounts
Authors: Rieksts Brian Q. , Ventura José A. , Herer Yale T. , Sun Daning 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study presents power‐of‐two policies for a serial inventory system with constant demand rate and incremental quantity discounts at the most upstream stage. It is shown that an optimal solution is nested and follows a zero‐inventory ordering policy. To prove the effectiveness of power‐of‐two policies, a lower bound on the optimal cost is obtained. A policy that has a cost within 6% of the lower bound is developed for a fixed base planning period. For a variable base planning period, a 98% effective policy is provided. An extension is included for a system with price dependent holding costs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Morphological features of TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion prostate cancer
Authors: Mosquera J‐M , Perner S , Demichelis F , Kim R , Hofer MD , Mertz KD , Paris PL , Simko J , Collins C , Bismar TA , Chinnaiyan AM , Rubin MA 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe TMPRSS2–ETS fusion prostate cancers comprise 50–70% of the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA)‐screened hospital‐based prostate cancers examined to date, making it perhaps the most common genetic rearrangement in human cancer. The most common variant involves androgen‐regulated TMPRSS2 and ERG, both located on chromosome 21. Emerging data from our group and others suggests that TMPRSS2–ERG fusion prostate cancer is associated with higher tumour stage and prostate cancer‐specific death. The goal of this study was to determine if this common somatic alteration is associated with a morphological phenotype. We assessed 253 prostate cancer cases for TMPRSS2–ERG fusion status using an ERG break‐apart FISH assay. Blinded to gene fusion status, two reviewers assessed each tumour for presence or absence of eight morphological features. Statistical analysis was performed to look for significant associations between morphological features and TMPRSS2–ERG fusion status. Five morphological features were associated with TMPRSS2–ERG fusion prostate cancer: blue‐tinged mucin, cribriform growth pattern, macronucleoli, intraductal tumour spread, and signet‐ring cell features, all with p‐values < 0.05. Only 24% (n = 30/125) of tumours without any of these features displayed the TMPRSS2–ERG fusion. By comparison, 55% (n = 38/69) of cases with one feature (RR = 3.88), 86% (n = 38/44) of cases with two features (RR = 20.06), and 93% (n = 14/15) of cases with three or more features (RR = 44.33) were fusion positive (p < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates a significant link between a molecular alteration in prostate cancer and distinct phenotypic features. The strength of these findings is similar to microsatellite unstable colon cancer and breast cancer involving BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. The biological effect of TMPRSS2–ERG overexpression may drive pathways that favour these common morphological features that pathologists observe daily. These features may also be helpful in diagnosing TMPRSS2–ERG fusion prostate cancer, which may have both prognostic and therapeutic implications. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anionically prepared copolymers and small molecules
Authors: Cunliffe A. V. , Davis A. , Richards D. H. , Scilly N. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFurther kinetic studies on an anionic condensation polymerisation system have been carried out. It has been found that the model compound approach is valid for this system, particularly when dienes are used as monomers. The technique is useful, not only as an analytical tool but also as a means of preparing novel hydrocarbons and diols. The effect on the resulting copolymers of reducing the proportion of dihalide linking agent to monomer is discussed.
Organic isocyanates and their utilisation in the production of polymeric materials
Authors: Buist J. M. , Lowe A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe use of isocyanates in conjunction with polyesters and polyethers to produce polyurethanes is reviewed. The manufacturing conditions and hazards involved in the production of flexible and rigid foams are discussed. Surface coating applications and the production of elastomers are also reviewed.
Polymerisation and block copolymerisation of cyclic sulphides
Authors: Morton M. , Kammereck R. F. , Fetters L. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe organolithium‐initiated ring‐opening polymerisation of cyclic sulphides in polar, aprotic solvents was investigated. It was found that at −78°C thiiranes are attacked at the sulphur atom by the carbanion of the organolithium. This reaction is followed by elimination of an olefin and formation of a lithium alkylthiolate. The polymerisation reaction then involves bimolecular nucleophilic displacement at a carbon atom of the monomer by the propagating thiolate. Similarly, the initiation of the thietanes takes place through reaction of the carbanion at the sulphur atom. This is followed by ring‐opening and the formation of a new carbanion rather than the thiolate‐lithium species.The homopolymerisation of thiiranes and thietanes is essentially free of termination and chain‐transfer reactions. Thus, it is possible to prepare polythioethers of well‐defined molecular characteristics. In addition, block polymers of poly‐α‐methylstyrene‐poly(propylene sulphide)‐poly‐α‐methylstyrene were synthesised using phosgene to couple the active lithium thiolate chain ends. Molecular weight measurements and gel permeation chromatograms indicate that block polymers were prepared possessing predictable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Several other block polymers involving cyclic sulphides were also synthesised.
A novel catalyst for the cure of carboxy‐terminated polybutadienes
Authors: Uri N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe catalysis of the reaction between carboxylic acids and epoxides was examined in general and with special reference to the cure of carboxy‐terminated polybutadienes. It was established that the most active catalysts were the chromium chelates of salicylic acid or substituted salicylic acids. 3,5‐Diiso‐propylsalicylato chelates were studied in detail because of their solubility advantages. Reaction mechanisms are proposed which are in agreement with the kinetic data. A variety of applications were established for the new chelate catalyst. They include: synthesis of hydroxyalkyl carboxylic acids; efficient low‐temperature cure of liquid rubbers with possible regulation of chain extension and crosslinking; and use of the catalytic system for room‐temperature‐cured, midly acid adhesives of high strength and rubber‐modified epoxy resins.
Decomposition products of PVC for studies of fires
Authors: Woolley W. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractApproximately seventy‐five organic materials have been detected by gas chromatography in the thermal decomposition products of PVC and are shown by mass spectrometry and retention studies to consist mainly of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Weight‐loss experiments and time‐resolved chromatography indicate that these products are formed mainly during dehydrochlorination. The products are modified by the presence of oxygen but no oxygenated organic species have been detected.Experiments to specifically monitor the production of phosgene from the decomposition of both a rigid PVC sheet and a PVC polymer in air are recorded. Phosgene has not been detected and direct seeding techniques have been used to investigate the detection limits of this material.PVC is known to release the toxic gases, carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride, when involved in fires. It is shown that the minor products, including phosgene, make little or no contribution to the overall toxicity of the decomposition products.
Toxic products from the combustion and pyrolysis of polyurethane foams
Authors: Napier D. H. , Wong T. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProducts from the thermal decomposition of four polyurethane foams heated to temperatures in the range 220 to 400 °C, in atmospheres of nitrogen, of 6% oxygen in nitrogen and of air were examined for some of the anticipated toxic materials. When phosphorus‐containing inhibitors were added to or chemically incorporated in the foams, phosphorus compounds were evolved under most of the conditions employed. Other materials detected were hydrogen cyanide, isocyanate, urea, halogenated compounds and alkenes. A brief discussion is given of the hazard presented by polyurethane foams decomposing under these conditions.
Effect of annealing on transport properties of organic vapours in drawn polyethylene
Authors: Peterlin A. , Williams J. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDrawing of quenched polyethylene at 60°C transforms the spherulitic sample into a material with fibrous structure. As a consequence, the sorption and still more the diffusion of C2Cl4 vapours are drastically reduced. Annealing at 120 and 125°C increases the crystallinity and hence reduces the amount of the amorphous component. In spite of that, it enormously increases the transport properties. It restores the sorption per unit volume of amorphous component to a value which, corresponding to completely relaxed amorphous component, is even higher than that of the starting undrawn but quenched material. The diffusion constant after annealing is a little smaller than in the undeformed original sample and shows the same small dependence on concentration in striking contrast with the drawn material. One concludes that the restoration by annealing of the sorption and diffusion coefficients for drawn polyethylene to the values of the undrawn material is a consequence of the complete relaxation of polyethylene chains, in particular of tie molecules, in the amorphous component which completely overcompensates the effects of a reduced amorphous fraction and the increase in crystal perfection.
High pressure polymerisation of acetylenic compounds
Authors: Bartlett R. K. , O'Neill G. , Turner H. S. , Wall W. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcetylenic compounds have been polymerised by heating at pressures up to 23.5 kbar in the absence of initiators. The products are either low melting or intractable solids. 2‐Butyne copolymerises with tetramethylethylene and trimethylethylene. Propiolic acid gives carbon dioxide and a mixture of aromatic acids as well as an amorphous polymeric acid.
Selectivity of nitro versus fluoro substitution in arenes in their reactions with charged O‐ and S‐nucleophiles
Authors: Khalfina Irina A. , Vlasov Vladislav M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative mobility of nitro and fluoro substituents in 1,3‐dinitro‐ and 1‐fluoro‐3‐nitrobenzenes, 3,5‐dinitro‐ and 3‐fluoro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluorides under the action of the nucleophiles (2ArYH)·K2CO3 and ArY−K+ in solution and the nucleophiles ArYH·K2CO3 (Y = O, S) under heterogeneous conditions was studied by a competitive method in DMF at 40–140 °C. The unique dependences of ΔΔH≠ on ΔΔS≠ and ΔΔH≠ on ΔΔG≠ were determined for all the substrates and nucleophiles. The dependence of the mechanistic pathway on the nucleophile is discussed. Two results are relevant to the reactions studied: (i) substituent effects in the nucleophiles (2ArYH)·K2CO3 and ArYH·K2CO3 on the activation entropies suggest that the entropy favours the displacement of nitro group; (ii) the negative signs of ΔΔH≠ and ΔΔS≠ for the reactions of the nucleophiles ArY−K+ indicate that the enthalpy determines the displacement of nitro group. It is concluded that the selectivity of the reactions with aryloxide and arylthioxide ions cannot be explained by the hard–soft acid–base principle only. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical conducting behaviors in polymeric composites with carbonaceous fillers
Authors: Zhu Dan , Bin Yuezhen , Matsuo Masaru 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeveral kinds of polymer composites with carbonaceous fillers such as carbon black (CB), vapor‐grown carbon fiber (CF), and carbon nanotube (CNT) are prepared by a gelation/crystallization process or a melt mixing method. The electrical phenomena, changes of electrical conductivities with different filler's type, filler's concentration and temperatures, and the mechanism of electron transport in these carbon‐filled polymer composites are directly influenced by the geometric grain shape and aggregating morphology of the fillers dispersed in the polymer matrix. For the composites of CB and CF, long‐range macroscopic conduction are governed by the percolation phenomenon, the conduction is behaved through the conductive path formed by the conductors' contacting, and the thermal expansion changes the physical dimensions of the entire electrical network and leads to the changes in the electrical phenomenon. Microscopic conduction between conductive elements is influenced by the tunneling barrier or tunneling voltage, which varies with the temperature change, explaining the apparent observation of the temperature dependence of the composites. In comparison with fillers of CB and CF, the CNT performs unique electric properties for their nonspherical geometry and morphology as a three‐dimensional network (high structures), which has been visually proved by SEM photos in our former research, leading to the percolation threshold lower than 1% in the volume fraction and much less temperature dependence in its composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1037–1044, 2007
The relationship between coping strategies and anxiety in women from families with familial breast–ovarian cancer in the absence of demonstrated mutations
Authors: Geirdal Amy Østertun , Dahl Alv A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis is a cross‐sectional study of coping strategies in 174 healthy women who fulfill clinical criteria for familial breast/ovarian cancer in the absence of demonstrated mutations (ADM) compared to 68 healthy women with BRCA1 carrier status. Both groups got a mailed questionnaire after genetic counseling and testing, respectively. The questionnaire included demographic and cancer‐related variables as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale (COPE). In both groups 24% of the women had an anxiety disorder. Coping strategies which helped the women to accept and make the best out of their situation were most frequently applied in both the ADM and the carrier groups. Compared to the carrier group, the ADM group had higher mean levels on both emotion‐focused and problem‐focused strategies. The emotion‐focused strategies were all significantly associated with presence of HADS‐defined anxiety disorder in the ADM group. In the carrier group problem‐focused strategies were significantly associated with increased prevalence of such anxiety disorder. In multivariate analysis ‘focus on emotions’ was significantly associated with increased prevalence of HADS‐defined anxiety disorder in both groups, and ‘acceptance’ was associated with reduced prevalence in both groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p‐type conduction in stacking‐fault‐free m ‐plane GaN
Authors: McLaurin Melvin , Speck James S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTransport measurements of p‐type m ‐plane GaN films grown on low extended‐defect density, free‐standing m ‐plane (10$ \bar 1 $0) GaN substrates are presented. No significant anisotropy in in‐plane mobility was found for hole concentrations between 2.45 × 1017 and 8.7 × 1018 cm–3. Since faulted, heteroepitaxial m ‐plane films showed significant anisotropy in electron and hole mobility a microstructural feature with anisotropic distribution (basal plane stacking faults) is discussed as a possible source of anisotropic scattering in non‐polar and semi‐polar films. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil,Eugenia caryophyllata(Syzigium aromaticumL. Myrtaceae): a short review
Authors: Chaieb Kamel , Hajlaoui Hafedh , Zmantar Tarek , Kahla‐Nakbi Amel Ben , Rouabhia Mahmoud , Mahdouani Kacem , Bakhrouf Amina 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe essential oil extracted from the dried flower buds of clove,Eugenia caryophyllataL. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), is used as a topical application to relieve pain and to promote healing and also finds use in the fragrance and flavouring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. The biological activity ofEugenia caryophyllatahas been investigated on several microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria,Herpes simplexand hepatitis C viruses. In addition to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activity, clove essential oil possesses antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, insect repellent and anaesthetic properties. This short review addresses the chemical composition and biological effects of clove essential oil, and includes new results from GC/MS analysis and a study of its antimicrobial activity against a large number of multi‐resistantStaphylococcus epidermidisisolated from dialysis biomaterials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the equivalence of some medical cost estimators with censored data
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Bang Heejung , Wang Hongkun , Pfeifer Phillip E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn clinical trials comparing different treatments and in health economics and outcomes research, medical costs are frequently analysed to evaluate the economical impacts of new treatment options and economic values of health‐care utilization. Since Lin et al.'s first finding in the problem of applying the survival analysis techniques to the cost data, many new methods have been proposed. In this report, we establish analytic relationships among several widely adopted medical cost estimators that are seemingly different. Specifically, we report
the equivalence among various estimators that were introduced by Lin et al., Bang and Tsiatis, and Zhao and Tian. Lin's estimators are formerly known to be asymptotically unbiased in some discrete censoring situations and biased otherwise, whereas all other estimators discussed here are consistent for the expected medical cost. Thus, we identify conditions under which these estimators become identical and, consequently, the biased estimators achieve consistency. We illustrate these relationships using an example from a clinical trial examining the effectiveness of implantable cardiac defibrillators in preventing death among people who had prior myocardial infarctions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Program testing versus proofs of correctness
Authors: Howden William E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt is argued that the goal in verification and validation is not correctness, but the detection of the occurrence of errors in the program construction process. Different methods, such as proofs and testing, should not be viewed as competing techniques, but as complementary methods used to detect different kinds of error. Proofs, for example, are appropriate for the detection of logical errors made during algorithm design, but are not appropriate for detecting detailed programming errors. Testing is useful for detecting other kinds of error. Mutation testing, for example, can be used to detect “typographical errors”, such as the use of the wrong arithmetic operator. Functional static analysis can be used to detect decomposition errors in which a programmer working on one part of a system makes a false assumption about the properties of objects that are established in some other part of the system. A brief summary of different methods is given, along with a description of the kind of error classes for which they are appropriate. An integrated approach to verification and validation is suggested in which, error classes are characterized, and methods, identified as being particularly appropriate for such classes, are combined.
The mass spectrometry of iso and anteiso monoenoic fatty acids
Authors: Boon Jaap J. , van de Graaf B. , Schuyl P. J. W. , de Lange F. , de Leeuw J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe normal, iso, and anteiso Δ8‐ and Δ9‐17:1 fatty acid methyl esters were synthesized and their electron impact‐induced fragmentation was studied by mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of the preterminal branched monoenoic fatty acid methyl esters present characteristic fragment ions, now understood to be indicative of the position of the methyl group. These fragment ions are in the iso compound m/e 227 [M‐55]+, m/e 195 [M‐87]+, and m/e 177 [M‐105]+, while in the anteiso compound these fragments are shifted by 14 mass units to m/e 213, m/e 181, and m/e 163. The 15‐D‐iso Δ8‐ and Δ9‐17:1 methyl esters were synthesized because the characteristic fragment ions in the methyl branched compounds indicated a key role of the tertiary hydrogen atom in the rearrangement process. A fragmentation mechanism consisting of a double bond migration triggered by the tertiary hydrogen and an allylic cleavage assuming a displacement mechanism is proposed.
Modification of the fatty acid composition of L1210 murine leukemia cells
Authors: Burns C. Patrick , Luttenegger Diana G. , Wei Shiao‐Ping L. , Spector Arthur A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have compared the effect of diets containing 16% sunflower seed oil (polyunsaturated fat‐rich) or 16% coconut oil (saturated fat‐rich) fed for 3–7 weeks on the composition of L1210 murine leukemia cells which were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity during the final week of feeding. The L1210 phospholipids of mice fed the sunflower oil diet contained 43% polyenoic fatty acids and an average of 1.5 double bonds per fatty acid molecule as compared to only 25% polyenoic fatty acids and 1.2 double bonds in the coconut oil group. In contrast, the cells from the sunflower oil group contained only 13% monoenoic fatty acids as compared to 33% in those from the coconut oil group. When compared to phospholipids of tumors from mice who were fed a commercial mouse chow, cells grown on sunflower oil had an 18% increase in polyenoic fatty acids and those grown on coconut oil a 31% decrease. The greatest changes occurred in the proportion of oleate and linoleate. There was only a small difference in the percentage of saturated fatty acids and in the mean fatty acid chain length among the tumor cells from animals on the experimental diets. The changes in the fatty acid composition of the L1210 cell neutral lipids and the lipids of the ascites fluid were similar to those observed in the phospholipids. A majority of the changes had occurred after 5 weeks of feeding the special diet. These results indicated that the fatty acid saturation of tumor cell phospholipids can be altered appreciably. The changes in fatty acid composition were not associated with any change in the sterol/phospholipid ratio of the cells. Therefore, our results suggest that it may be possible to alter the physical properties and function of a tumor cell membrane by dietary modification of its phospholipid composition.