bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scenario Analysis, Cognitive Maps, And Concept Maps
Authors: Crowther Kenneth G. , Haimes Yacov 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Detailed analysis without foresight is insufficient to cope with risks of improbable events to the homeland. Moreover, it is the improbable events that typically result in the greatest impact (e.g. unimagined terrorist attacks using passenger planes in New York; unlikely tsunami covering southeastern Asia). By their definition, disasters constitute extreme events; thus, their probabilities and associated consequences are largely undefined and defy any common expected value representation of risk.

Scenario analysis, cognitive maps, and concept maps are system analysis techniques that enable tractable foresight and risk analysis of complex, largely unpredictable environments.
Scenario analysis
is a process of collecting and organizing potential future events that may impact as‐planned operations. Analyses are performed across the range of scenarios to estimate ranges of likelihoods, consequences, and most importantly, tipping points where small decisions now can have a large impact on future likelihoods and consequences.
Cognitive maps
are projections of reality onto a general model space that is used as a foundation for making judgments and decisions, and help analysts understand the assumptions that decision makers integrate for decisions.
Concept maps
are diagrams used to portray causal or logical relationships among concepts and are a means to assimilate knowledge into decision processes. This article reviews scenario analysis, cognitive maps, and concept maps as they relate to risk analysis in homeland security.
Defending Against Directed Energy Weapons:
RF
Weapons and Lasers
Authors: Frankel Michael J. , Toton Edward T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Directed energy weapons provide attractive features for terrorist use, including ready availability and ease of acquisition, transportability, covert deployment, deep magazines, and ease of retreat. Radio frequency weapons—another name for electromagnetic weapons—produce both narrow band waveforms (HPM) and wideband forms (UWB) and may generate intense electromagnetic fields that could overwhelm digital electronic components; disrupting, degrading, or destroying computers and other key electronic functions. These in turn support telecommunications, monitoring, control and protection of our national power grid, control of railroad switches, maintenance of the data centers that permit our daily financial transactions, and generally enable the functioning of the critical infrastructures of the nation on which our physical and economic sustenance depend. Lasers as a terrorist threat are usually considered in the context of pilot interference and aircraft safety. Although the directed energy threat cannot be entirely eliminated, prudent steps can be taken to reduce vulnerabilities and thus the overall risk of terrorist use. Some of these steps would include performance of a site vulnerability assessment, elimination of easy line‐of‐sight access to an external threat, and continued investment in protective materials research.
Comparative Risk Assessment for Energy Systems: A Tool for Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Security
Authors: Burgherr Peter , Hirschberg Stefan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAccidents in the energy sector have been identified as one of the dominant contributors to man‐made disasters. Additionally, intentional attacks that are the result of a purposed malicious action such as vandalism, sabotage, terrorism, or war have become a major focus in the past few years. Severe accident risks of different energy chains (fossil, hydro, and nuclear) were analyzed based on the highly comprehensive energy‐related severe accident database (ENSAD), which has been established at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). Additionally, probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) has been utilized to address the consequences of hypothetical accidents at nuclear power plants. Comparative evaluations were performed for full energy chains because accidents can take place at every stage of an energy chain. Results are provided separately for Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries and non‐OECD countries to account for differences in technological development as well as management, regulatory frameworks, and general safety culture. Aggregated indicators and frequency–consequence (F–N) curves indicate that fatality rates in OECD countries are substantially lower compared to non‐OECD countries. Upstream stages of fossil chains and hydropower in non‐OECD countries are most accident‐prone, whereas energy‐related accident risks are lowest for western hydropower and nuclear power plants, although their maximum consequences can be very large. Finally, intentional attacks on oil and gas installations provide a real threat, resulting in potential health and environmental effects, economic loss, social impacts, and reduction of supply. In conclusion, the inclusive protection of critical infrastructures requires a holistic, multilevel approach within the context of Homeland Security.
Water Infrastructure and Water Use in the United States
Authors: Pitt Robert , Clark Shirley E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWater infrastructure is critical to the health and economic well‐being of the United States. Water infrastructure includes the systems and management practices used to provide drinking water, agricultural irrigation water, wastewater collection and treatment, and safe recreational and commercial fishing waters. This article will provide important background to help users understand the nature and scope of water infrastructure in the United States by offering a quantitative statistical picture of the number and types of infrastructure elements, capital value, annual use, and other relevant quantities. In addition, it will provide an overview of the future needs in maintaining functional water systems.
Craniofacial Aging
Authors: Ricanek Karl , Sethuram Amrutha , Patterson Eric K. , Albert Arlene M. , Boone Edward J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFace recognition is one of the most favored techniques used in the field of biometrics. Despite many of the advanced methods that have been developed, face recognition is still challenged by many factors such as illumination, pose, and other real‐world conditions such as a temporal difference in training and classification data (mainly images). As such, normal adult aging is an important factor to be considered in the development and evaluation of face‐recognition systems. To date, little progress has been made in developing techniques that are robust to age‐progression in individuals. Two of the main reasons for minimal development in this area are an incomplete understanding of the factors that influence the changing appearance of the face during aging and a lack of relevant longitudinal face corpora required for development and evaluation. This article provides a summary understanding of the factors and process innate to craniofacial morphology of the face during the period of adult aging and also reviews recent biometric‐related work on aging of the human face. Additionally, this work can be used to inform practitioners who conduct human‐based analysis on longitudinal face images for identity verification.
The Global Food Supply Chain
Authors: Kastner Justin J. , Block Cobus L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe multidimensional supply food supply chain, undergirded by economic and technological investment, involves a sequence of production,processing, distribution, and consumption components; the safety and security of these components typically involves multiple regulatory agencies. The emergence of new external challenges—from agroterrorism and bioterrorism to relatively new social considerations—challenge the normal functioning of the global food supply chain. China—a salient example of a geographically vast, rapidly developing country—illustrates the challenges of adopting elements (e.g. traceability and transparency) necessary for ensuring the security of the food supply chain. A broad understanding of food security requires an appreciation of multiple academic perspectives, from economics to public health; cross‐border trade flows both ensure food security through the provision of food imports and, potentially, can threaten food security through the introduction of accidentally introduced or deliberately introduced hazards. New risk‐management systems instituted by, for example, the 2002Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Actseek to help regulatory agencies better ensure the safety and security of food imports. Elsewhere, novel approaches to cross‐border cooperation signal models for enhanced trade cooperation that will ensure security in the global food supply chain.
Early Detection and Diagnosis of High‐Consequence Plant Pests in the United States
Authors: Cardwell Kitty F. , Hoffman William J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The United States has over a billion acres of food, fiber, feed, and fuel production agriculture. US agriculture could be considered a large, soft target to those who would want to strike at the economy, the social stability, or the sense of security of the US citizenry. It would be technically easy to do. Early detection and diagnosis of pests and diseases of plants is the best way to limit spread and impact, whether they arrive naturally or are introduced deliberately. The US Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Agriculture, together with its State Department of Agriculture partners, the Land Grant University System, the Cooperative Extension Service, and agricultural industry and commodity association partners have formal and nonformal surveillance systems, as well as networks of plant pest diagnostic facilities to accomplish early detection and diagnosis of newly introduced agricultural and forest pest agents. Due to the large geographic area that must be covered to be effective, physical surveillance has to be supplemented by predictive models and remote sensing technologies. Even when surveillance systems are working optimally, diagnostic laboratory throughput could be a bottle‐neck for the generation of information in near real time. The National Plant Diagnostic Network is a distributed system of laboratories designed to manage sample surge and produce data for syndromic analysis.
Pulsenet: A Program to Detect and Track Food Contamination Events
Authors: Cooper Kara L. F. , MacCannell Duncan R. , Ribot Efrain M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPulseNet USA is a national foodborne surveillance program that facilitates standardized subtyping of foodborne bacteria through a network of over 70 public health laboratories throughout the United States. With over a decade of successes in the rapid detection, communication, and response to foodborne outbreaks, PulseNet has proven instrumental to the identification and investigation of scores of outbreaks associated with unintentional foodborne contamination. In an increasingly globalized economy, the importance of food safety and biosecurity has become increasingly paramount. An act of bioterrorism involving food products is likely to be recognized, at least initially, in the same manner as naturally occurring foodborne outbreaks, and response capabilities will rely heavily upon the capacity and efficiency of existing public health infrastructure. Preparedness efforts will require the extension and enhancement of foodborne surveillance programs beyond the national level, and increased reliance on multilateral cooperation and information sharing with international partners. The recent globalization of PulseNet, with the establishment of PulseNet International, has greatly expanded the reach of foodborne disease surveillance to include regional networks in Asia, Europe, Canada, Latin America, and the Middle East, ushering in a promising new era for improved food safety and public health.
Advanced Attacker Detection and Understanding with Emerging Honeynet Technologies
Authors: Dodge Ronald C. , Holz Thorsten , Chuvakin Anton 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

The world is more and more reliant on information technology in every sector. Power interconnects rely on it to balance generation and transmission, hospitals use it to manage patient care, and financial businesses rely on it in virtually every transaction. The IT infrastructure that runs the services that we rely on is a tempting target. The attacker community is motivated by many factors, but the common thread is financial gain. The attacker continues to morph its tactics and techniques, attacking both infrastructure and end users with firewall and
intrusion detection system
(
IDS
) evading attacks. The first imperative in defending our infrastructure is understanding how the attacker operates. One of the most innovative technologies for the past decade is the honeynet. The current and emerging honeynet technologies can provide network security personnel with advance warning and attack understanding, beyond the capability of other security technologies.
Knowledge Extraction from Surveillance Sensors
Authors: Chellappa Rama , Veeraraghavan Ashok , Sankaranarayanan Aswin C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDuring the last decade, significant progress has been made in both the design of novel sensors and in the development of algorithms for extracting information from these sensors. Several applications have emerged in areas such as automated wide area surveillance, monitoring, multimedia forensics, and video indexing and retrieval. Such systems use a plethora of sensors including motion sensors, audio sensors, visual and infrared (IR) sensors, along with accompanying algorithms to extract knowledge from the data captured by these sensors. Specifically, in the context of surveillance, the sensors mentioned above can effectively accomplish several tasks such as detecting and tracking humans and vehicles of interest, identifying human subjects, classification of vehicle types, human action analysis, and alerting security personnel when suspicious activities such as incursions into restricted areas are detected. In this article, we briefly describe the various sensors that can be used in such a system and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We then discuss several classes of algorithms that are used in order to detect, track, and recognize people and vehicles in wide areas using a combination of both visual, audio, and motion sensors. Finally, we provide an overview of the current challenges and future trends.
Eye and Iris Sensors
Authors: Hamza Rida , Whillock Rand 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe explain how iris recognition can provide an unalterable, reliable biometric solution without encumbering the subject. We describe the structure of the human eye and the benefits of removing ambiguity to prevent human identification systems from rejecting valid subjects or validating imposters. Such failures in identification can be disastrous, especially in counterterrorism and law enforcement applications. We describe the fundamental processes required for an iris recognition system and describe current techniques used for acquiring and encoding iris images. We discuss the difficulties of encoding poorly presented or occluded iris images along with the unmet needs, on‐going research in iris segmentation, and the need to develop reliable, noninvasive identification systems. We then address the potential for applying iris recognition technology to persons in motion and the challenges of this technology.Accurate, reliable identification of humans is a goal as ancient as humanity. As technology and services have developed, humans regularly engage in transactions in which rapid and reliable personal identification is required. Examples include passport control, computer login control, automatic teller machines and other financial transaction authorizations, premises access control, and security systems for meeting the critical needs of homeland security. Speedy, reliable, automated identification procedures are especially necessary for law and counterterrorism enforcement.
Pronounced Catalytic Effect of a Micellar Solution of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) on the Efficient C‐S Bond Formationviaan Odorless Thia‐Michael Addition Reaction through thein situGeneration ofS‐Alkylisothiouronium Salts
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Abbasi Mohammad 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA pronounced catalytic effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was observed on thein situproduction ofS‐alkylisothiouronium saltsviathe reaction of primary, allyl and benzyl halides with thiourea in SDS droplets .Hydrolysis of the generatedS‐alkylisothiouronium salts in the palisade layer of the droplets produces the corresponding thiol moieties which are immediately added to the electron‐deficient olefins that are present in the micellar core to produce the thia‐Michael adducts. The entire route is an almost odorless process. The yields of the products are good to excellent and the method is applicable to large‐scale operation without any problem.
Ovarian failure and dilated cardiomyopathy due to a novel lamin mutation
Authors: McPherson Elizabeth , Turner Lesley , Zador Ivan , Reynolds Kara , Macgregor David , Giampietro Philip F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo unrelated young women presented with similar dysmorphic features including severe retrognathia, beaked nose, narrow chest, sloping shoulders, and an acrogeric appearance of the hands and feet. Neither had any evidence of skeletal myopathy, but both developed progressive dilated cardiomyopathy, both experienced premature ovarian failure, and both were found to have the same heterozygous novel missense mutation c.176T>G in exon 1 of the LMNA gene, resulting in a leucine to arginine change at codon 59 (Leu59Arg). Mutations in the LMNA gene cause a variety of disorders including dilated cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, familial lipodystrophy, progeria, atypical progeroid syndromes, and mandibuloacral dysplasia. Genotype–phenotype correlation has been reported for some of these conditions. Our patients are the only ones known to have the specific mutation Leu59Arg and also share a set of features not entirely consistent with any of the laminopathies previously described. A previously reported patient with an adjacent mutation (Ala57Pro) had “atypical Werner syndrome” with dilated cardiomyopathy, hypogonadism, and sloping shoulders. While each of these clinical features does occur in other laminopathy syndromes, these patients form a phenotypic cluster distinct from other laminopathies and clinically overlapping with Malouf syndrome. LMNA sequencing should be considered for patients presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, including those previously diagnosed with Malouf syndrome. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caloric restriction in Alström syndrome prevents hyperinsulinemia
Authors: Lee Ni‐Chung , Marshall Jan D. , Collin Gayle B. , Naggert Jürgen K. , Chien Yin‐Hsiu , Tsai Wen‐Yu , Hwu Wuh‐Liang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlström syndrome (AS; OMIM 203800) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cone‐rod dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, sensorineural hearing impairment, developmental delay, and most case had both childhood‐onset obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Currently, the pathogenesis of this disease is not clear. Here we report on an 18‐month‐old boy with Alström syndrome. He had obesity but with normal insulin and glucose levels. Molecular analysis of the ALMS1 gene revealed a 19 base pair homozygous deletion 11116_11134del in exon 16. His body mass index decreased from 25.0 to 20.7 after calorie restriction for 9 months, and his insulin and glucose levels remained normal. Finding in this case suggests that hyperinsulinemia is a secondary event in Alström syndrome, and early‐commenced treatment prevents hyperinsulinemia. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable isotopic evidence for diet at the Imperial Roman coastal site of Velia (1st and 2nd Centuries AD) in Southern Italy
Authors: Craig Oliver E. , Biazzo Marco , O'Connell Tamsin C. , Garnsey Peter , Martinez‐Labarga Cristina , Lelli Roberta , Salvadei Loretana , Tartaglia Gianna , Nava Alessia , Renò Lorena , Fiammenghi Antonella , Rickards Olga , Bondioli Luca 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHere we report on a stable isotope palaeodietary study of a Imperial Roman population interred near the port of Velia in Southern Italy during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses were performed on collagen extracted from 117 adult humans as well as a range of fauna to reconstruct individual dietary histories. For the majority of individuals, we found that stable isotope data were consistent with a diet high in cereals, with relatively modest contributions of meat and only minor contributions of marine fish. However, substantial isotopic variation was found within the population, indicating that diets were not uniform. We suggest that a number of individuals, mainly but not exclusively males, had greater access to marine resources, especially high trophic level fish. However, the observed dietary variation did not correlate with burial type, number of grave goods, nor age at death. Also, individuals buried at the necropolis at Velia ate much less fish overall compared with the contemporaneous population from the necropolis of Portus at Isola Sacra, located on the coast close to Rome. Marine and riverine transport and commerce dominated the economy of Portus, and its people were in a position to supplement their own stocks of fish with imported goods in transit to Rome, whereas at Velia marine exploitation existed side‐by‐side with land‐based economic activities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The causes of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: A reappraisal of the iron‐deficiency‐anemia hypothesis
Authors: Walker Phillip L. , Bathurst Rhonda R. , Richman Rebecca , Gjerdrum Thor , Andrushko Valerie A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPorosities in the outer table of the cranial vault (porotic hyperostosis) and orbital roof (cribra orbitalia) are among the most frequent pathological lesions seen in ancient human skeletal collections. Since the 1950s, chronic iron‐deficiency anemia has been widely accepted as the probable cause of both conditions. Based on this proposed etiology, bioarchaeologists use the prevalence of these conditions to infer living conditions conducive to dietary iron deficiency, iron malabsorption, and iron loss from both diarrheal disease and intestinal parasites in earlier human populations. This iron‐deficiency‐anemia hypothesis is inconsistent with recent hematological research that shows iron deficiency per se cannot sustain the massive red blood cell production that causes the marrow expansion responsible for these lesions. Several lines of evidence suggest that the accelerated loss and compensatory over‐production of red blood cells seen in hemolytic and megaloblastic anemias is the most likely proximate cause of porotic hyperostosis. Although cranial vault and orbital roof porosities are sometimes conflated under the term porotic hyperostosis, paleopathological and clinical evidence suggests they often have different etiologies. Reconsidering the etiology of these skeletal conditions has important implications for current interpretations of malnutrition and infectious disease in earlier human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gold Nanorod/Fe3O4 Nanoparticle “Nano‐Pearl‐Necklaces” for Simultaneous Targeting, Dual‐Mode Imaging, and Photothermal Ablation of Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Chungang , Chen Jiji , Talavage Tom , Irudayaraj Joseph 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPerlen auf Gold: Neuartige multifunktionelle Nanopartikel bestehen aus einzelnen Amin‐modifizierten Goldnanostäbchen, an denen Fe3O4‐„Perlen“ mit Carboxyendgruppe angebracht sind. Die Partikel eignen sich zur simultanen Erkennung, dualen Bildgebung und photothermischen Ablation von Brustkrebszellen.magnified image