bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS TO IMMOBILIZATION WITH KETAMINE, A KETAMINE‐DIAZEPAM OR KETAMINE‐XYLAZINE MIXTURE, AND ZOLETIL®
Authors: Boyd I. L. , Lunn N. J. , Duck C. D. , Barton T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAdult Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were immobilized with Zoletil® (n= 172), ketamine (n= 30), ketamine mixed with diazepam (n= 23) and with ketamine mixed with xylazine (n= 45). Response to all drugs was highly variable. There was a relationship between dose rate and level of immobilization in females given Zoletil®. Males were slightly more sensitive to Zoletil® than females but this could have been due to the greater body mass and lower mass‐specific metabolic rate of males. The dose required to achieve a level of immobilization declined with greater body mass for Zoletil® and ketamine but not for ketamine‐diatepam. Ketamine and ketamine‐sedative mixtures commonly caused mild tremoring and occasionally caused convulsions. Neither reaction was seen with Zoletil®. Mean doses were, Zoletil® 1.5 mg/ kg, ketamine 6.9 mg/kg, ketamine‐diazepam 6.3 mg/kg ketamine and 6.3 μg/kg diazepam, and ketamine‐xylazine 7.3 mg/kg ketamine and 0.62 mg/ kg xylazine. Zoletil® performs at least as well on Antarctic fur seals as ketamine but it may cause respiratory depression. The dose of ketamine required for Antarctic fur seals was greater than for most other species of seals.
PUPPING IN THE MOST NORTHERLY HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA)
Authors: Gjertz Ian , Børset Asbjørn 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe Norwegian high arctic archipelago Svalbard is the home of the world's northernmost population of harbor seals. Due to their limited distribution in isolated areas of the archipelago, little is known about their biology. Until now no information has been published on their pupping or whether it differs from that of harbor seals in other regions. This paper shows that the peak pupping period for harbor seals in Svalbard coincides with that in Europe, i.e., the second half of June. The pups are born with an adult‐like pelt and not with a white coat.
SEXUAL COMPOSITION and ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE FEMALES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE, EUBALAENA GLACIALIS, POPULATION
Authors: Brown Moira W. , Kraus Scorr D. , Gaskin David E. , White Bradley N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTo test hypotheses involving reproduction and demographics, the sex of individuals must be established, but many species of Cetacea are not obviously dimorphic. In the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, population, the sex of 61 males and 55 females had been determined previously by observation of the urogenital region, and the sex of 43 more females had been inferred from repeated sightings with a calf. To confirm the sex of some of these animals and to identify the sex of mote animals, genomic DNA was isolated from skin samples of 95 individual right whales (54 from among those described above and 41 additional recognizable individuals). The DNA was surveyed using the human Y‐chromosome probe pDP1007. With EcoRI‐digested DNA, a clear, sex‐discriminating banding pattern was apparent. This method verified the sex of all 54 animals whose sex was previously known or inferred and identified the sex of an additional 41 recognizable individuals. A total of 89 male and 111 female right whales was identified in the population. The most unbiased estimate of sex ratio available is the 36 male and 34 female calves identified by genital morphology and DNA techniques. The sex ratio of this sample does not differ significantly from unity (P = 0.811). Only 38% (58/152) of the females in the North Atlantic population are known to have been reproductively successful compared with 54% in the population of right whales in the western South Atlantic. The population growth rate reported for the North Atlantic population is only 33% of that reported for right whales in the South Atlantic. Thirteen adult North Atlantic females have been identified that have not been known to calve during the past 11 yr. These data suggest that the absence of measurable recovery may be due to a combination of fewer actively reproducing females and lower reproductive rates of some females.
ORPHAN‐INDUCED LACTATION IN TURSIOPS AND ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED MILK
Authors: Ridgway Sam , Kamolnick Tricia , Reddy Michelle , Curry Christine , Tarpley Raymond J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo non‐lactating, non‐gravid female bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, (SLA, age 32 yr and TOD, age 34 yr) began lactating within one week after being housed with a 6.5‐ and 6.75‐month‐old orphaned calf, respectively. Cooperative swimming and nursing behaviors were quickly evident in both cow/ calf pairs. During the first 2.5 mo a milk substitute, eventually in combination with some whole fish, was used to supplement nursing in both calves. After this initial period, supplemental feeding was discontinued. SLA then became her adopted calf s sole source of nutrition for the next 5 mo, followed by another 6 mo during which the calf shifted to a predominantly fish diet with occasional nursing. TOD's orphan also continued to nurse beyond the 2.5‐mo supplementation period and began voluntarily accepting small quantities of fish, suckling continued over the next year while fish consumption increased. Using a modified human breast pump, trainers collected milk at intervals from the adult dolphins throughout the lactation period. The first milk collected from TOD (day 8 after housing with calf) and SLA (day 12 with her calf) contained 6.0% and 10.3% fat, respectively. On day 68 TOD's milk fat had increased to 23.5%, and on day 37 that of SLA measured 22.5%. These later values are similar to those reported for normally lactating bottlenose dolphins.
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON CALIFORNIA SEA OTTERS: IMPLICATIONS OF THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL IN ALASKA
Authors: Brody Allan J. , Raus Katherine , Siniff Donald B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBased on the survival of sea otters held at rehabilitation centers during the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, we built two models of otter mortality. One was based on the relationship between mortality and distance from spill origin, the other was based on the relationship between mortality and time from the spill origin. These models are simplistic and are meant as first steps in arriving at realistic risk estimates and in providing a conceptual framework for relating oil spills and sea otter mortality. Using the distance model, we simulated the impact of an Exxon Valdez event occurring at different locations along the California coast. A spill at the Monterey Peninsula had the greatest impact, exposing 90% of the California sea otter population to oil and killing at least 50% of the individuals. The time model was used to predict the mortality of otters exposed to oil of various ages and for various periods of time. It suggested that efforts to rehabilitate otters should be discontinued 20‐30 d after a spill. The limitations of the data available from the Exxon Valdez spill emphasize the importance of being prepared to conduct appropriate research during the next oil spill in sea otter habitat.
COMPARATIVE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FUR SEALS
Authors: WICKENS PATTI , YORK ANNE E. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe population sizes, trends, exploitation, and life history parameters for the ten fur seal species and subspecies are summarized. The largest population is that ofArctocephalus pusillus pusilluswith approximately two million seals, and the smallest is A.townsendiwith approximately 7,000 individuals. Most populations are legally protected, although controlled harvesting may occur. None of the fur seal populations is currently known to be decreasing. Data are presented for parameters related to the survival of pups, juveniles, adults, and territorial males, and to reproduction, including the age of attainment of territorial status, aggregation sizes, age of first parturition, pregnancy rates, sex ratios of young animals, and information on the birth seasons of the different species. Since pinnipeds are often of concern in fisheries management, their daily consumption rates are of importance, and consequently data on body masses are summarized and the paucity of data on consumption rates as a function of body mass noted. A simplified age‐structured model is developed, and the results of this model are compared with results from more detailed models based on two published life tables forCallorhinus ursinus.This comparison shows that the use of the simplified age‐structured model is justified to explore changes in population growth rate. However, the simplified model does show exaggerated age structure effects compared to the more detailed models. This model is used to compare the population dynamics of those species for which sufficient data are available. Areas in which limited, or no, data are available for the different fur seal species are highlighted.
MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE FACIAL MUSCLES IN THE BAIKAL SEAL (PHOCA SIBIRICA)
Authors: Endo Hideki , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Petrov Evageny A. , Amano Masao , Miyazaki Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study was performed to determine if, as expected, the enlarged eye of the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) has an influence on the form and function of the skull and facial muscles. Macroscopic observation of these muscles demonstrated that the M. orbicularis oculi expands around the palpebral fissure and that some facial muscles attach and insert in the M. orbicularis oculi, possibly supporting M. orbicularis oculi function. We suggest that these muscles move the eye and palpebral area and constitute a morphological and synergistic facial muscle complex system. Further, the development of the M. rectus lateralis around the sclera of the eye indicates that this muscle is also involved in eye movement.
EFFECTS OF MEAL SIZE ON OTOLITH RECOVERY FROM FECAL SAMPLES OF GRAY AND HARBOR SEAL PUPS
Authors: Marcus J. , Bowen W. Don , Eddington J. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecovered otoliths from pinniped feces provide valuable information on diet composition and prey size. We studied the effect of meal size on otolith recovery from the feces of one harbor and eight gray seal pups. Each of 11 experiments comprised a half‐ration meal, a period of fecal collection, a 1.5‐or double‐ration meal again followed by a period of fecal collection. A significantly lower percentage of Atlantic herring otoliths were recovered from half‐ration meals (25%± 12.5% in the harbor seal, 8.6%± 6.9% in eight gray seals) than from 1.5‐ or double‐ration meals (62.5%± 3.1 % in the harbor seal, 32.8%± 23.5% in gray seals). Meal size also significantly affected the percentage of Atlantic cod otoliths recovered from gray seal feces (65.0%± 26.3% from half ration, 98.3%± 2.9% from 1.5 ration). For both size meals, recovered cod otoliths were more significantly eroded than herring otoliths. The development of correction factors to account for the effects of digestion will need to consider the distribution of meal sizes of free‐ranging pinnipeds.
AN OCEAN‐BASIN‐WIDE MARK‐RECAPTURE STUDY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC HUMPBACK WHALE (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE)
Authors: Smith T. D. , Allen J. , Clapham P. J. , Hammond P. S. , Katona S. , Larsen F. , Lien J. , Mattila D. , Palsbøll P. J. , Sigurjónsson J. , Stevick P. T. , ØIen N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough much is known about the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, regional studies have been unable to answer several questions that are central to the conservation and management of this endangered species. To resolve uncertainties about population size, as well as the spatial and genetic structure of the humpback whale population in the North Atlantic, we conducted a two‐year ocean‐basin‐wide photographic and biopsy study in 1992‐1993. Photographic and skin‐biopsy sampling was conducted of animals in feeding and breeding areas throughout most of the range of this species in the North Atlantic, from the West Indies breeding grounds through all known feeding areas as far north as arctic Norway. A standardized sampling protocol was designed to maximize sample sizes while attempting to ensure equal probability of sampling, so that estimates of abundance would be as accurate and as precise as possible. During 666 d at sea aboard 28 vessels, 4,207 tail fluke photographs and 2,326 skin biopsies were collected. Molecular analyses of all biopsies included determination of sex, genotype using six microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial control region sequence. The photographs and microsatellite loci were used to identify 2,998 and 2,015 individual whales, respectively.Previously published results from this study have addressed spatial distribution, migration, and genetic relationships. Here, we present new estimates of total abundance in this ocean using photographic data, as well as overall and sex‐specific estimates using biopsy data. We identify several potential sampling biases using only breeding‐area samples and report a consistent mark‐recapture estimate of oceanwide abundance derived from photographic identification, using both breeding and feeding‐area data, of 10,600 (95% confidence interval 9,300‐12,100). We also report a comparable, but less precise, biopsy‐based estimate of 10,400 (95% confidence interval of 8,000‐13,600). These estimates are significantly larger and more precise than estimates made for the 1980s, potentially reflecting population growth. In contrast, significantly lower and less consistent estimates were obtained using between‐feeding‐area or between‐breeding‐area sampling. Reasons for the lower estimates using the results of sampling in the same areas in subsequent years are discussed. Overall, the results of this ocean‐basin‐wide study demonstrate that an oceanwide approach to population assessment of baleen whales is practicable and results in a more comprehensive understanding of population abundance and biology than can be gained from smaller‐scale efforts.
A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE EFFECT OF A DIE‐OFF FROM STRANDING DATA
Authors: Eguchi Tomoharu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA method was developed for estimating the mortality during a die‐off of marine mammal species from longitudinal stranding data. A deterministic mathematical model of the stranding process was used to calculate the mortality during a die‐off. The model incorporated natural and anthropogenic mortality rates, the number of stranded carcasses before, during, and after the die‐off, the duration of the die‐off, and detection probability of a stranded carcass. The model was applied to data for the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) along the Atlantic coast of the United States. The mortality rate during the epizootic of 1987 and 1988 was calculated using the model. Sensitivity analyses indicated that precise estimates of natural and anthropogenic mortality rates were important for obtaining precise additional mortality rates during the die‐off. For stranding data to be useful in this model, data should be collected in a consistent manner and effort within a defined area prior to, throughout, and after a die‐off. Survey effort also should be measured.
DIET OF HARBOR PORPOISES IN THE KATTEGAT AND SKAGERRAK SEAS: ACCOUNTING FOR INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
Authors: Börjesson Patrik , Berggren Per , Ganning Björn 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStomach contents of 112 bycaught harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) collected between 1989 and 1996 in the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas were analyzed to describe diet composition and estimate prey size, to examine sample size requirements, and to compare juvenile and adult diets. Although porpoises preyed on a variety of species, only a few contributed substantially to the diet. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) was the dominating prey species for both juveniles and adults. Our results, in combination with those from previous studies, suggest that where herring is a dominant food source, porpoises prey primarily on size classes containing mature or maturing individuals. Further, we also show that Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) may be an important food resource, at least for adult porpoises. Examination of sample size requirement showed that, depending on the taxonomic level used to describe the diet, a minimum of 35–71 stomachs are needed to be confident that all common prey species will be found.
USE OF A PETHIDINE AND MIDAZOLAM COMBINATION FOR THE REVERSIBLE SEDATION OF CRABEATER SEALS (LOBODON CARCINOPHAGUS)
Authors: Tahmindjis Mark A. , Higgins Damien P. , Lynch Michael J. , Barnes Julie A. , Southwell Colin J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBetween October and December of 1996–1999, off eastern Antarctica (60°‐150°E), we darted 31 crabeater seals with midazolam and pethidine at estimated dose rates of 0.15–0.4 mg/kg and 1–3 mg/kg, respectively. Maximum sedation was reached at 23 ± 9 min (n = 18) and first signs of recovery were noted at 54 ± 24 min (n = 4). Seals greater than 250 kg body‐mass were sedated by administration of approximately 90–100 mg midazolam and 600 mg pethidine, but the degree of sedation was unpredictable and did not permit invasive procedures in some cases. Behavior of the seal and adjacent conspecifics affected the success of procedures and our ability to monitor vital signs. Naloxone and flumazenil reversed sedation, making this combination attractive for use in animals adjacent to water. Additional ketamine was administered to two seals, resulting in improved restraint.
AGE AND LENGTH AT WEANING AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIET OF PANTROPICAL SPOTTED DOLPHINS, STENELLA ATTENUATA, FROM THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
Authors: Archer Frederick I. , Robertson Kelly M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractUsing stomach contents from 203 spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) killed in the yellowfin tuna fishery, we modeled the weaning process of calves. Spotted dolphins began to take solid food at approximately 6 mo of age, or 115 cm, but continued to suckle until they were nearly 2 yr old. Calves tended to feed more frequently on squid as they got older, which suggested there was a shift in diet during weaning. The average age and total body length at weaning was estimated to be 0.8 yr (approximately 9 mo) and 122 cm. The oldest suckling calf was almost 2 yr old, which suggests that some calves continued to suckle for more than a year after they could have been weaned. A better understanding of the weaning process, especially quantifying the period of time when calves are nutritionally dependent on their mothers may lead to a better evaluation of their potential vulnerability to the disturbance caused by the yellowfin tuna purse‐seine fishery.
EVIDENCE FOR INCREASES IN ANTARCTIC BLUE WHALES BASED ON BAYESIAN MODELLING
Authors: Branch Trevor A. , Matsuoka Koji , Miyashita Tomio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAntarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) are the largest and formerly most abundant blue whale subspecies, but were hunted to near extinction last century. Estimated whaling mortality was unsustainable from 1928 to 1972 (except during 1942–1944), depleting them from 239,000 (95% interval 202,000–311,000) to a low of 360 (150–840) in 1973. Obtaining statistical evidence for subsequent increases has proved difficult due to their scarcity. We fitted Bayesian models to three sighting series (1968–2001), constraining maximum rates of increase to 12% per annum. These models indicated that Antarctic blue whales are increasing at a mean rate of 7.3% per annum (1.4%–11.6%). Informative priors based on blue whale biology (4.3%, SD = 1.9%) and a Bayesian hierarchical meta‐analysis of increase rates in other blue whale populations (−3%, SD = 11.6%), suggest plausible increase rates are lower (although the latter has wide intervals), but a meta‐analysis of other mysticetes obtains similar rates of increase (6.7%, SD = 4.0%). Possible biases affecting the input abundance estimates are discussed. Although Antarctic blue whales appear to have been increasing since Sovier illegal whaling ended in 1972, they still need to be protected‐their estimated 1996 population size, 1,700 (860–2,900), was just 0.7% (0.3%–1.3%) of the pre‐exploitation level.
PATTERNS OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN DIVING SPERM WHALES IN THE NORTHWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: Teloni Valeria 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPassive acoustic tracking of sperm whales was conducted during three cruises (2001, 2002, and 2003) in the northwestern part of the Mediterranean Sea using a 128‐element towed linear array with real‐time beamforming capabilities. This allowed angular separation of sperm whales clicking from different horizontal directions, as well as an enhanced signal‐to‐noise ratio. Thus, when several diving animals were present, the description of individual click series was possible. Over a total of 279 complete dives, sperm whales were recorded clicking an average of 35 min per dive. The acoustic repertoire heard from diving sperm whales consisted of usual clicks, creaks, codas, and ttumpets. Trumpets occurred at the beginning of 45 dives. One hundred and thirty‐one codas, 98% belonging to the Mediterranean pattern 3+1, were recorded, usually at the end of the dive.
Teaching landing skills in elite junior Australian football: evaluation of an injury prevention strategy
Authors: Scase E , Cook J , Makdissi M , Gabbe B , Shuck L 
Published: August 2006

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of a preseason physical training programme that taught landing and falling skills in improving landing skills technique and preventing injury in junior elite Australian football players.Methods:723 male players who participated in an under 18 elite competition were studied prospectively in a non-randomised controlled trial over two consecutive football seasons. There were 114 players in the intervention group and 609 control players. The eight session intervention programme taught players six landing, falling, and recovery skills, which were considered fundamental for safe landing in Australian football. Landing skills taught in these sessions were rated for competence by independent and blinded assessors at baseline and mid-season.Results:Evaluation of landing skills found no significant differences between the groups at baseline. Evaluation after the intervention revealed overall improvement in landing skills, but significantly greater improvement in the intervention group (z  =  −7.92, p  =  0.001). Players in the intervention group were significantly less likely (relative rate 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 0.98) to sustain an injury during the season than the control group. In particular, the time to sustaining a landing injury was significantly less for the intervention group (relative rate 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.92) compared with the control group.Conclusions:Landing and falling ability can be taught to junior elite Australian football players. Players in the intervention group were protected against injury, particularly injuries related to landing and falls.