bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Catch per Unit Effort, Catchability, and Abundance Based on Actual Measurements of Salmonids in a Mountain Stream
Authors: Tsuboi Jun‐ichi , Endou Shinsuke 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe relationships between catch per unit effort (CPUE), catchability, and abundance were examined in a mountain stream (Ara Stream, Japan) using actual measurement data from two sympatric salmonids, the white‐spotted char Salvelinus leucomaenis and red‐spotted masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae. We counted the number of individuals of each species by underwater observations after effort‐regulated baitfishing in 92 pools that were considered to be short‐term closed systems. Catch per unit effort increased with increasing abundance for both species, but the relationships were different. For white‐spotted char, a linear relationship (i.e., proportional increase) was a better fit than a power curve relationship, whereas for red‐spotted masu salmon a power curve relationship was a better fit. The shape parameter (β) was estimated to be less than 1.0 for red‐spotted masu salmon, suggesting that CPUE declines more slowly than abundance (i.e., hyperstability). The relationship between catchability and abundance also differed between the species. For white‐spotted char, catchability was constant and independent of abundance, whereas red‐spotted masu salmon catchability increased with decreasing abundance. This corresponds to the relationship between CPUE and abundance for each species. We conclude that the CPUE‐abundance relationship differs between species, even when the same fishing method is used in the same habitat. The relationship may be fundamentally species specific, determined by the vulnerability of each species to fishing gear and fishing methods.
Polymer Reduction Leads to Increased Success: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kostenuk Natasha , Gagnon Pierre 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Recent advances in guar and crosslinker technologies have resulted in the development of high-viscosity crosslinked borate-fracturing fluids without increasing polymer loadings. These low polymer (LP) borate fracturing fluids are being used successfully in various formations previously believed to be too hot and or too deep for LP fracturing fluids.
Historically, polymer loadings of 3.6 to 4.2 kg/m3 (30 to 35 lbm/1,000 gal) were commonly pumped in the Western Canadian Sedimentary basin (WCSB) for formations deeper than 2500 m and bottomhole temperatures greater than 80°C. These same formations are now fracture stimulated using the LP fluids with loadings as low as 1.8 kg/m3 (15 lbm/1,000 gal) with exceptional results.
This paper demonstrates that LP fracture fluids can be used in place of fluids requiring higher polymer loadings with minimal changes to the overall design of the fracture treatment. The new fluid can be pumped on-the-fly at conventional pump rates and proppant concentrations because of the fluid's improved shear and temperature stability.
The advantages of using a reduced-polymer fracturing fluid include increased production, lower treatment costs, and lower frictional pressure loss.
This paper illustrates these advantages as it compares the LP fracture fluid with HP fracture fluids in more than 200 wells in the WCSB. The formations where LP fluids were used have depths of up to 3250 m and reservoir temperatures reaching over 100°C.
The analysis of long‐term changes in plant communities using large databases: The effect of stratified resampling
Authors: Haveman Rense , Janssen John A.M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestion:Releves in large phytosociological databases used for analysing long‐term changes in plant communities are biased towards easily accessible places and species‐rich stands. How does this bias influence trend analysis of floristic composition within a priori determined vegetation types and how can this bias be reduced by resampling methods?Location:The Netherlands.Methods:Basis for the analysis was the Dutch national phytosociological database, consisting of more than 460 000 relevés. For the Cirsio dissecti‐Molinietum, Genisto anglicae‐Callunetum and the Stellario‐Carpinetum betuli, we analysed differences in floristic composition (species frequencies) before and after 1970, using X2‐statistics. We resampled the original dataset, using different types of stratification. The results of the trend analysis with the resampled datasets were compared with the results using the original dataset.Results:In the resampled datasets a much smaller number of plant species showed a significant trend over both periods, compared to the results form the original dataset. Differences could be related to the smaller size of datasets after resampling, but also to avoiding over‐representation of certain geographical localities in the datasets. The influence of stratification was different for the three plant communities, due to the different distribution of releves in time and space.Conclusions:Analysis of long‐term changes in plant communities is strongly affected by the uneven spatio‐temporal distribution of releves in different research periods. These effects are reduced by geographical stratified resampling. The results of the trend analysis after stratified resampling are expected to give a more reliable representation of true changes, than the results after using the original data. The scale of stratification is dependent on the structure of the data.
Aerogels
Authors: Reichenauer Gudrun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAerogels are a class of lightweight materials with intriguing properties, resulting from the combination of their customizable porosity and pore size, as well as their backbone morphology. Since synthesis starts on a molecular level, bottom‐up design can be used to tailor their chemical backbone composition and surface properties. In addition, the aerogel synthesis via the sol–gel process opens up seemingly endless options for making composites combining different functionalities and materials that can easily be shaped into binderless monolithic solids or applied as thin layers.This article starts with a short overview on the history of aerogels, before guiding the reader through the key synthesis and processing steps. Suitable characterization techniques for aerogels are presented and discussed and information on typical properties of aerogels is provided.The final section is dedicated to aerogel applications, as well as current commercial and research activities.
Particle Size Enlargement
Authors: Darcovich K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSize enlargement concerns those processes that bring together fine powder particles into larger masses to improve the properties of the powders. Many diverse industries benefit from size enlargement processes. Examples discussed herein include fertilizer granulation, iron ore pelletization, tablet feeds for pharmaceuticals, instant food products, and the processing of mineral and chemical products.This article primarily considers those processes in which the creation of coarse granular material from fines is the objective. The characteristics of individual agglomerates are important only in their effect on the properties of the bulk granular product.Following an initial discussion of particle‐bonding mechanisms and the theory and measurement of agglomerate strength, size enlargement processes and equipment, including principal design parameters, are described. These processes are considered on the basis of the principal mechanism used to bring the particles together into agglomerates. The categories used are agglomeration by tumbling and other agitation methods, pressure compaction and extrusion methods, heat reaction, fusion, and drying methods, and agglomeration from liquid suspensions by competitive wetting.
Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Mantelis Charalampos , Meyer Thierry 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSupercritical fluids have been intensively studied during the past three decades in polymer science. The main driving force has been the substitution of the large amount of liquid organic solvents, currently used by the polymer industry, to design more sustainable, environmental friendly, polymer‐related processes. Their key characteristic is the ability to tune their physical and chemical properties by simply changing the temperature and/or the pressure. Research focused not only on the development of supercritical fluid reactions but also on the phase behavior of supercritical fluids with polymers and the mathematical modeling of such reaction systems. As far as polymerizations are concerned, a wide range of homogeneous and heterogeneous, including catalytic, reactions have been investigated and many analytical methods were applied to monitor the evolution of these reactions and fundamentally understand them. Finally, a very large part of the research carried out has been devoted to using supercritical fluids in polymer processing. As a result, many processes of polymer fractionation, impregnation, purification, foaming, particle formation, and extrusion have been developed for an extremely wide pallet of applications, such as medical devices, implants, space‐vehicle parts, specialty chemicals, and many others.
Toys
Authors: Pickering George E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPlastics have been used for toys since the beginnings of the plastics' industry. The acceptable cost for volume production of realistic looking and functional and interactive products was the driving force of the toy industry. Easy moldability of plastics into complex shapes contributed to the both cost and realism. Many toy manufacturers have learned to utilize the wide range of plastics to produce quality toys. In addition to plastic's use for conventional toys such as dolls, games, and instruments, an important factor is their use in educational processes. The principal plastics used in toys are high density polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride). A wide variety of processing techniques can be used with these plastics; injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, and thermoforming. The toy industry is not without controversy. Safety and recalls of toys have been of recent concern. Economics and safety are discussed here. New developments are mentioned including a new bio‐resin based on plants used to make Green Toys.
Leatherlike Materials
Authors: Nagoshi K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLeather has been an important material since ancient times. Leather is a unique three‐dimensional material; it is so dense in texture that it combines insulation properties with water and wind resistance and water vapor permeability. Early attempts to produce synthetic leather were not successful until the development of poly(vinyl chloride), nylon, polyester, and polyurethane. Leather imitations based on these compounds soon were used in shoes, bags, clothing, and home furnishings. Leatherlike materials are flexible sheets that have a surface structure similar to leather. They are composed usually of a polymeric layer and a carrier layer. Coated synthetic leather with a textile carrier can be divided into three categories depending on the textile used: woven fabrics, knits or nonwoven. Today most synthetic leather is coated with PVC. Polyurethane coatings are the next most used.This article gives details on the materials, properties, and production of these imitations. Finishing is an important step. Surface are either grained or suede. Feel, handling, and grain are important properties.The newer generation of synthetics now exhibit better air and moisture permeability, can be dry‐cleaned or washed, and repel stains and mildew. They can be dyed in a variety of colors. Their uses also include now sporting goods, everything from balls to gloves. The automotive industry uses these materials in seats and roofs.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Basiliskamide B
Authors: Dias Luiz C. , da Costa S. Gonçalves Caroline 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe total synthesis of the polyketide antibiotic (−)‐basiliskamide B is described. The convergent asymmetric synthesis relies on the use of a diastereoselective ethyl ketone aldol reaction followed by asynselective reduction of a β‐hydroxy ketone and a Stille cross‐coupling between aZ‐vinylstannane and anE‐vinyl iodide to establish the(Z,E)‐dienamide moiety.
Niobium‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Jurčík Václav , Arai Kenzo , Salter Matthew M. , Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNiobium‐based chiral Lewis acid was found to be highly effective catalyst for aza‐Diels–Alder reactions of imines with Danishefsky‘s dienes. The reactions proceed in high yield with high enantioselectivity for both aromatic and aliphatic imines. The developed methodology was applied to total synthesis of (+)‐anabasine.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the cadherin 23 (CDH23) gene in Polish workers exposed to industrial noise
Authors: Sliwinska‐Kowalska Mariola , Noben‐Trauth Konrad , Pawelczyk Malgorzata , Kowalski Tomasz Jarema 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent type of variation in the human genome and may underlie differential susceptibility to common genetic diseases. A candidate gene for susceptibility to noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL) is Cadherin 23 (CDH23). This study aimed to analyze genetic variation in the CDH23 gene in a group of 10 individuals derived from a cohort of 949 workers exposed to noise, and consisted of five persons from each of the resistant and susceptible extremes. DNA samples were collected and the coding exons of CDH23 were sequenced. We identified a total of 35 SNPs: 11 amino acid substitutions, 8 silent nucleotide changes, and 16 substitutions in intervening sequences. Ten of the 11 amino acid substitutions were previously shown also to segregate in a Cuban population. The nonsynonymous SNPs localized to the part of the gene encoding the extracellular domain of Cadherin 23, in particular ectodomains 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, and 22. One amino acid change occurred at a conserved position in ectodomain 5. Our results provide a framework for future study of polymorphisms in CDH23 as risk factor for NIHL. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting metatropic dysplasia: Presentation of a series of 19 novel patients and review of the literature
Authors: Geneviève D. , Le Merrer M. , Feingold J. , Munnich A. , Maroteaux P. , Cormier‐Daire V. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMetatropic dysplasia (MD—OMIM: 156530 and 250600) is a rare chondrodysplasia characterized by short limbs with limitation and enlargement of joints and usually severe kyphoscoliosis, first described in 1893. Up until now, 81 other patients have been reported. The phenotypic variability of MD has led to a classification based on radiological anomalies dividing into three different types: a lethal autosomal recessive form, an autosomal recessive non‐lethal form and a non‐lethal autosomal dominant form with less severe radiographs manifestations and a better clinical outcome. Here, we report on clinical and radiological features of 19 novel MD patients. We describe new radiological features, including precocious calcification of hyoid and cricoid cartilage, irregular and squared‐off calcaneal bones and severe hypoplasia of the anterior portion of first cervical vertebrae. In addition, the observation of an overlap between the autosomal recessive non‐lethal form and the non‐lethal autosomal dominant form, the rarity of sibship recurrences and the observation of vertical transmissions of MD in the literature argue in favor of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for all MD types. This hypothesis is reinforced by the use of the statistical single ascertainment method that rejects the hypothesis of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance responsible for MD. Therefore, we propose that recurrence in sibs is due to gonadal mosaicism. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hardikar syndrome: Long term outcome of a rare genetic disorder
Authors: Nydegger Andreas , Van Dyck Maria , Fisher Robert A. , Jaeken Jaak , Hardikar Winita 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHardikar syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown etiology. Features of the syndrome are manifold with a predominance of liver and renal involvement. The syndrome is clearly distinct from other previously described syndromes such as Alagille syndrome, congenital hepatic fibrosis, Caroli disease, and Kabuki make‐up syndrome. To date, only four cases of Hardikar syndrome have been published worldwide. We report here on the long term outcome of these patients. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical genetics and the Hutterite population: A review of Mendelian disorders
Authors: Boycott Kym M. , Parboosingh Jillian S. , Chodirker Bernie N. , Lowry R. Brian , McLeod D. Ross , Morris Jackie , Greenberg Cheryl R. , Chudley Albert E. , Bernier Francois P. , Midgley Julian , Møller Lisbeth Birk , Innes A. Micheil 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Hutterian Bretheren is an isolated population living on the North American prairies, the current community exceeding 40,000 in number. Their unique genetic history has contributed to a founder effect, which is reflected in the Mendelian disorders present in this population today. Genetic studies in the Hutterite population have led to the identification of a number of genes over the last several years and highlights the power of this population for gene identification. However, for the more than 30 autosomal recessive conditions currently recognized in this population, the gene or Hutterite specific mutation remains to be identified for over half and novel autosomal recessive syndromes continue to be recognized. This review summarizes what is currently understood about the molecular etiology of the Mendelian disorders and highlights the cardinal features of those disorders that are unique to or over‐represented in this population. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A functional polymorphism, rs6280, inDRD3is significantly associated with nicotine dependence in European‐American smokers
Authors: Huang Weihua , Payne Thomas J. , Ma Jennie Z. , Li Ming D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNicotine enhances reward functions in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in general and the nucleus accumbens in particular. The genes encoding dopamine receptors are thus plausible candidates for involvement in nicotine dependence (ND). We investigated 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a region of the dopamine D3receptor gene (DRD3) to determine whetherDRD3is associated with ND. We studied a set of 2,037 subjects in 602 nuclear families representing two distinct American populations using three ND measures, namely, smoking quantity (SQ), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), and the Fagerström Test for ND (FTND). In the family based association study, we found that SNP rs6280 showed a strong association with ND in European‐Americans (EAs) and the pooled sample, whereas SNPs rs1486012 and rs963468 had weak associations with ND in African‐Americans (AAs) and the pooled sample. Further haplotype analysis with all contiguous 3‐SNP groups revealed relatively weak evidence for association ofDRD3with ND in the EA and pooled samples. The results indicate thatDRD3is significantly associated with ND in EAs, and that rs6280, a functional polymorphism causing an amino acid change of serine to glycine (Ser9Gly) in the N‐terminal extracellular domain of the D3receptor, likely is causative of the association betweenDRD3and ND. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An analysis of candidate autism loci on chromosome 2q24–q33: Evidence for association to the STK39 gene
Authors: Ramoz Nicolas , Cai Guiqing , Reichert Jennifer G. , Silverman Jeremy M. , Buxbaum Joseph D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA susceptibility locus for autism was identified to the chromosome 2q24–q33 region in independent cohorts of families, especially in subsets clinically defined with phrase speech delay (PSD). In the present work, we screened 84 linkage‐informative SNPs covering this locus in a cohort of 334 families with autism and in subsets identified with PSD. We observed linkage to autism with the highest non‐parametric linkage score (NPL) of 2.79 (P = 0.002) in the PSD subset with at least two affected subjects. In addition, using a set of 109 additional gene‐oriented SNPs in this interval we observed that several SNPs encompassing the SLC25A12 gene provided the maximum evidence for linkage (NPL = 3.32, P = 0.0003). Using the transmission disequilibrium test to test for associations, we observed significant over‐transmissions of rs2056202 (P = 0.006) within the SLC25A12 gene, rs1807984 (P = 0.007) within the STK39 gene, and rs2305586 (P = 0.009) within the ITGA4 gene. We also found evidence for association between autism and two other SNPs (rs1517342, P = 0.012 and rs971257, P = 0.030) or haplotypes (P = 0.003) of the STK39 gene. STK39 encodes a serine/threonine kinase (SPAK/PASK/STE20‐SPS1 homolog) abundantly expressed in the brain with roles in cell differentiation, cell transformation and proliferation, and in regulation of ion transporters. In summary, we have observed further evidence for linkage and association between autism and loci within the 2q24–q33 region, including at STK39, a novel candidate gene for autism. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of polymer‐supported metal‐ion complexes and evaluation of their catalytic activities
Authors: Gupta K. C. , Sutar A. K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPolymer‐supported transition‐metal‐ion complexes of the N,N′‐bis(o‐hydroxy acetophenone) propylenediamine (HPPn) Schiff base were prepared by the complexation of iron(III), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ions on a polymer‐anchored N,N′‐bis(5‐amino‐o‐hydroxy acetophenone) propylenediamine Schiff base. The complexation of iron(III), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ions on the polymer‐anchored HPPn Schiff base was 83.44, 82.92, and 89.58 wt%, respectively, whereas the unsupported HPPn Schiff base showed 82.29, 81.18, and 87.29 wt % complexation of these metal ions. The iron(III) ion complexes of the HPPn Schiff base showed octahedral geometry, whereas the cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ion complexes were square planar in shape, as suggested by spectral and magnetic measurements. The thermal stability of the HPPn Schiff base increased with the complexation of metal ions, as evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis. The HPPn Schiff base showed a weight loss of 51.0 wt % at 500°C, but its iron(III), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ion complexes showed weight losses of 27.0, 35.0, and 44.7 wt % at the same temperature. The catalytic activity of the unsupported and supported metal‐ion complexes was analyzed by the study of the oxidation of phenol and epoxidation of cyclohexene in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The supported HPPn Schiff base complexes of iron(III) ions showed a 73.0 wt % maximum conversion of phenol and 90.6 wt % epoxidation of cyclohexene, but unsupported complexes of iron(III) ions showed 63.8 wt % conversion of phenol and 83.2 wt % epoxidation of cyclohexene. The product selectivity for catechol (CTL) and epoxy cyclohexane (ECH) was 93.1 wt % and 98.1 wt % with the supported HPPn Schiff base complexes of iron(III) ions, but it was low with the supported Schiff base complexes of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ions. The selectivity for CTL and ECH varied with the molar ratio of the metal ions but remained unaffected by the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to the substrate. The energy of activation for the epoxidation of cyclohexene and oxidation of phenol with the polymer‐supported Schiff base complexes of iron(III) ions was 10.0 and 12.7 kJ/mol, respectively, but it was found to be higher with the supported HPPn Schiff base complexes of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ions and with the unsupported HPPn Schiff base complexes of iron(III), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008