bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing technologies of polymeric nanofibres and nanofibre yarns
Authors: Zhou Feng‐Lei , Gong Rong‐Hua 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn the textile industry, although there are several methods for obtaining sub‐micro‐ or nanofibres, electrospinning perhaps is the most versatile process. Electrospinning has been recognized as a feasible technique for the fabrication of continuous polymeric nanofibre yarns desired in the textile industry. Various materials including polymers, composites, ceramics and metals have been successfully electrospun into nanofibres in recent years mostly in solution and some in the melt. Potential applications based on electrospun nanofibres as a new‐generation material in the textile industry will be realized if suitable nanofibre yarns become available to textile processes like weaving, knitting and embroidery. In this review, we present, from a textile viewpoint, a comprehensive overview of processing technologies of polymeric nanofibres in the textile industry; however, the emphasis here is focused on electrospinning. In particular, we choose to concentrate on a detailed account of research activities on the yarns and fabrics composed of electrospun nanofibres. Our discussion is concluded with some personal perspectives on the future challenges for the development and optimization of yarns based on electrospun nanofibres. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Berührungslos messen mit Licht. Laser‐Doppler‐Sensoren
Authors: Czarske Jürgen , Büttner Lars , Pfister Thorsten 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDer optische Doppler‐Effekt ermöglicht die Messung von Positionen und Geschwindigkeiten bewegter Objekte. Bringt man kleine Teilchen in ein Fluid ein, so lässt sich auch die Strömung studieren. Die spezielle Ausführung des Laser‐Doppler‐Liniensensors eignet sich wegen seiner hohen Ortsauflösung von etwa einem Mikrometer besonders für die Vermessung von Mikrokanalströmungen. Kombiniert man mehrere Sensoren dieser Art, kann man sogar dreidimensionale Strömungsfelder von turbulenten Strömungen untersuchen. Moderne Ausführungen erlauben die Vermessung von technischen rauen Oberflächen. Beispielsweise kann auch die Spaltweite von Turbomaschinen gemessen werden, was für eine Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrads von Bedeutung ist.
Die stärksten Explosionen im Universum. Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Authors: Klose Sylvio , Kann David Alexander , Schulze Steve 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNoch vor wenigen Jahren waren die kosmischen Gamma‐Ray Bursts weitgehend unbekanntes Terrain. Heute ist die Erforschung dieser kurzlebigen Quellen einer der wissenschaftlichen Zweige der Astrophysik, die besonders rasant wachsen. Die Bursts und die ihnen nachfolgenden Afterglows sind die leuchtkräftigsten Erscheinungen im Universum. Ihre Quellen liegen vermutlich in der Entstehung stellarer Schwarzer Löcher und den dabei verursachten ultra‐relativistischen Materieausflüssen. Gamma‐Ray Bursts bieten als Werkzeug der beobachtenden Kosmologie eine atemberaubende Perspektive.
Mit Pedalkraft gegen Berge und Wind. Fahrradfahren
Authors: Suhr Wilfried , Schlichting H. Joachim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDie Steigung der Fahrbahn bestimmt die Zusammensetzung der Fahrwiderstände und ist damit von großer Bedeutung für die Taktik eines Radrennens. Da sich an steilen Anstiegen das Fahren im Windschatten nicht mehr lohnt, kommt es dort zum Showdown unter den Favoriten. Leichtgewichtige Fahrer sind hier im Vorteil, wie einfache allometrische Überlegungen zeigen. Aus denselben Gründen hätten Schwergewichte auf Gefällestrecken zwar Vorteile, die sie aber im Allgemeinen wegen der engen Kurven und begrenzter Haftreibung nicht voll ausnutzen können. Je nach Streckenführung kann beim Einzelzeitfahren der Wind der ärgste Widersacher des Radfahrers sein. Modellrechnungen zeigen, wie sich der Wind je nach seiner Richtung auswirkt und erteilen der auf den ersten Blick nahe liegenden Idee zur Kompensierung des Windes kreisförmige Rennstrecken einzuführen, eine klare Absage.
Laue‐Beugung auf dem Schreibtisch. Photonische Quasikristalle
Authors: Ledermann Alexandra , von Freymann Georg , Wegener Martin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractQuasikristalle aus atomaren Strukturen, die Röntgenlicht beugen, sind seit rund einem Vierteljahrhundert bekannt. Seit 2006 sind dreidimensionale Quasikristalle mit größeren Strukturen nanotechnologisch herstellbar, die auf sichtbares Licht abgestimmt sind. Diese photonischen Quasikristalle erlauben zum Beispiel mit einem Laserpointer eine einfache Visualisierung der ungewöhnlichen Laue‐Beugungsbilder. Im Gegensatz zum Röntgenbereich “spürt” das Licht beim Durchgang durch die Struktur eine starke räumliche Modulation der optischen Brechzahl. Das wirft neue Fragen zur Physik der Wellenausbreitung in photonischen Quasikristallen auf.
Die Entdeckung des Riesen‐Magnetowiderstandes. Physik‐Nobelpreis 2007
Authors: Bruno Patrick 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDen Nobelpreis für Physik erhielten in diesem Jahr Albert Fert (Paris) und Peter Grünberg (Jülich) “für ihre Entdeckung des Riesen‐Magnetowiderstandes.” Dessen Anwendung revolutionierte die Technik, mit der Computerfestplatten die Information auslesen, heißt es in der Begründung des Nobel‐Komitees.
Mathematica 6
Authors: Radons Gunnar 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSoftwaresystem für Berechnungen und Simulationen aller Art. Voraussetzungen: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux x86‐64bit; Vertrieb: www.additive‐net.de/software/mathematica. Preise von ca. 150,– Euro (Studentenversion) bis ca. 3800,– Euro (Industrieversion).
Forschung bis zur Selbstaufgabe
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn einer Pfarrersfamilie auf dem Lande wächst er zu einem eigenwilligen Denker heran. Humanistische Bildung mag er gar nicht, stattdessen führt er das Leben eines Romantikers wie nach dem Lehrbuch – inklusive Krankheit zum Tode.
Kaltes Eis aus heißem Ofen
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: October 2007

AbstractZugegeben, Mikrowellengeräte sind bei Gourmets eher verpönt, raubt die Erwärmung von Fertiggerichten oder Gefrorenem nicht nur Genuss, sondern auch jegliches Kocherlebnis. Für Physiker hingegen sind Mikrowellen beliebte Experimentierfelder, deren elektromagnetische Eigenschaften feine Zaubereien ermöglichen, zum Beispiel das Herstellen von heißer Pflaumensauce im Kardamom‐Eismantel. So steht dem Dessertklassiker einem neuen, physikalischen Auftritt nichts mehr im Wege.
Functional balance and mobility tests in healthy participants: reliability, error and influencing factors
Authors: Busse M E , Tyson S F 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Knowledge of the measurement error and reliability of measurement tools is required to judge whether true changes in performance have occurred. How a patient's performance relates to that of a healthy individual, and which factors would influence performance, also need to be considered to assess whether a patient's performance is ‘normal’. The aim of the present study was to assess within‐session and test–retest reliability, and measurement error, of a hierarchical series of functional tests of balance and walking in healthy participants. Obtaining indicative data in a group of healthy participants was an additional aim. Method. Forty healthy participants aged 20–60 years were recruited from staff and students of Cardiff University. The participants completed eight functional balance and mobility tests on two occasions on the same day. Intra‐class correlation co‐efficients (ICCs), assessed within‐session, and test–retest reliability and measurement error were calculated from the mean squares error term of a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The relationship to the overall mean score was calculated and linear regression investigated the factors influencing performance. Results. Within‐session and test–retest reliability for each of the tests was moderate to high (ICCs = 0.88–0.98 and 0.77–0.94, respectively). The overall measurement error was 3% to 11% of the mean scores. Age was the most frequent factor influencing performance; level of activity and body mass index (BMI) did not influence performance on any of the tests. Conclusions. Functional balance and mobility tests are reliable but are subject to random error up to 11% of the mean. The present study provides initial reference data for physiotherapists in clinical practice. It is important to begin to develop a database of a standard range of scores to give a context with which to judge more accurately the importance and relevance of clinical measurements from patients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic resolution (1.1 Å) structure of the ribosome‐inactivating protein PD‐L4 from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves
Authors: Ruggiero Alessia , Chambery Angela , Maro Antimo Di , Parente Augusto , Berisio Rita 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe ribosome inactivating protein PD‐L4 from Phytolacca dioica is a N‐β‐glycosidase, probably involved in plant defence. The crystal structures of wild type PD‐L4 and of the S211A PD‐L4 mutant with significantly decreased catalytic activity were determined at atomic resolution. To determine the structural determinants for the reduced activity of S211A PD‐L4, both forms have also been co‐crystallized with adenine, the major product of PD‐L4 catalytic reaction. In the structure of the S211A mutant, the cavity formed by the lack of the Ser hydroxyl group is filled by a water molecule; the insertion of this non‐isosteric group leads to small albeit concerted changes in the tightly packed active site of the enzyme. These changes have been correlated to the different activity of the mutant enzyme. This work highlights the importance of atomic resolution studies for the deep understanding of enzymatic properties. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc binding of Tim10: Evidence for existence of an unstructured binding intermediate for a zinc finger protein
Authors: Ivanova Ekaterina , Ball Matthew , Lu Hui 
Published: October 2007

AbstractZinc‐finger proteins are among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic genomes. Tim10 and all the small Tim proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space contain a consensus twin CX3C zinc‐finger motif. Zn2+can bind to the reduced Tim10, but not disulphide bonded (oxidized) protein. However, the zinc‐binding reaction of Tim10 and of zinc‐finger proteins, in general, is ill‐defined. In this study, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of zinc‐binding to reduced Tim10 were investigated using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectrometry, and stopped‐flow fluorescence techniques. At equilibrium, coupled with the use of protein fluorescence and metal chelators, the zinc‐binding affinity was determined for Tim10 to be about 8 × 10−10M. Then, far UV CD was used to investigate the secondary structure change upon zinc‐binding of the same set of protein samples at various free Zn2+concentrations. Comparison between the results of CD and fluorescence studies showed that the zinc‐binding reaction is not a simple one‐step process. It involves formation of a binding intermediate that is structurally as unfolded as the apoTim10; subsequently, a degree of folding is induced at increased zinc concentrations in the final complex. Next, the stopped‐flow fluorescence technique was used to investigate the kinetic process of the binding reaction. Data analysis shows that the reaction has a single kinetic phase at a low free Zn2+concentration (∼1 nM), and a double kinetic phase at a high free Zn2+concentration. The kinetic result is consistent with that of the studies at equilibrium. Therefore, a two‐step reaction model mechanism is proposed, in which zinc‐binding is regulated by the initial selective‐binding of Zn2+to Cys followed by folding. Implication of the two‐step zinc‐binding mechanism for Zn2+trafficking in the cell is discussed. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Buprenorphine plus naloxone, a new substitution treatment
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Fraser Alan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSuboxone, a combination of buprenorphine and the opiate antagonist naloxone, is a substitution treatment for opioid drug dependence intended to reduce potential abuse by intravenous injection. In our New products review Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects, and Dr Alan Fraser comments on its place in therapy. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Measurement and analysis of truck transport environment in Brazil
Authors: Rissi Giovani Otavio , Singh S. Paul , Burgess G. , Singh J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIncreasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, protect and deliver products without damage during transportation and handling. Vibration forces that occur during transportation are one of the most significant causes of damage during shipping. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyse the vibration that occurs during truck transport in Brazil. The study was done using two types of trucks: small local trucks for local metropolitan distribution areas and larger tractor‐trailers for cross‐country transportation. Ten metropolitan areas in different regions of Brazil were selected for 1‐day trips representing normal delivery. These trips encountered varying road surfaces (asphalt, concrete, stone and dirt). The long distance trips were done on highways that were more than 1200  km long. The vertical vibration levels were higher than the lateral and longitudinal levels as expected. A composite power density spectrum of all trips is provided in this paper to simulate truck transport in Brazil using random vibration test methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast determination of herbicides in waters by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Montoro Elena Pastor , González Roberto Romero , Frenich Antonia Garrido , Torres M. Elena Hernández , Vidal Jose Luis Martínez 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA rapid multiresidue method for the analysis of more than 40 herbicides (such as simazine, terbuthylazine and diuron) in waters has been developed and validated by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). Prior to chromatographic determination, the samples were extracted using a solid‐phase extraction procedure. The analysis was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column using a gradient elution profile and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and an aqueous solution of formic acid (0.01%). Other chromatographic and MS/MS parameters were optimised in order to improve selectivity and sensitivity of the analytes. The analytes were detected using electrospray ionisation (ESI)‐MS/MS in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), optimising parameters such as voltage cone, capillary voltage, source and desolvation temperature, and desolvation and cone gas flow. The optimised method provides a rapid separation (less than 10 min) of the selected herbicides in the assayed matrices, and it was validated by the analysis of spiked blank matrix samples. Good linearity was obtained and the repeatability of the method was less than 20% for the lowest calibration point. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 µg/L, and the limits of quantification from 0.005 to 0.05 µg/L, which were below the values specified by the European Union. Finally, the method was successfully applied to real environmental samples from Andalusia (southern Spain). Terbuthylazine, simazine, atrazine desisopropyl and desethyl terbuthylazine were the herbicides most frequently found in water samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infections: the past, the present and the future
Authors: Férir Geoffrey , Kaptein Suzanne , Neyts Johan , De Clercq Erik 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA decade ago, standard therapy against chronic hepatitis B virus infections only consisted of lamivudine or IFN‐α. Treatment with lamivudine and IFN has been compounded by, respectively, the emergence of drug‐resistant virus strains and the appearance of serious side effects. In the last 10 years, hepatitis B treatment has made much progress. Several treatments are now licensed for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B and others are under development. Here, we provide an overview of the potential and mode of action of anti‐HBV agents that are currently available, and/or may become available in the near future. Foremost among these newer compounds are adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir and telbivudine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural design innovation: Russia Tower
Authors: Halvorson Robert , Warner Carrie 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Russia Tower will be Europe's tallest building and one of the most distinctive high rises in the world. The striking 600 m (1968 ft) tall form and its structure evolved through a collaborative process between the architect, Foster + Partners of London, and structural engineer Halvorson & Partners of Chicago. The innovative ‘braced spine’ structural system developed in this process is an efficient concept for super‐tall structures and was a direct response to the design challenges and opportunities presented by this project. The design process between Foster and Halvorson that led to this unique tower design is described and several of its special structural engineering design considerations are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IEEE 802.11 handoff latency improvement using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Chang Chi‐Yuan , Wang Hong‐Jie , Chao Han‐Chieh , Park Jong Hyuk 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMultimedia transmissions are delay‐sensitive Internet applications. Because mobile stations are in continual motion, handoff processes are necessary and unavoidable in wireless network environments. Because handoff processes tend to break the communication link, the research has been conducted on reducing the break time and arrival delay during Internet multimedia applications. In this paper, we propose an approach based on Fuzzy Logic to evaluate the average variation in signal strength received by a mobile station and produce a FitAP factor. This factor indicates the possible handoff access point that is suitable for the mobile station. According to the FitAP factor, a mobile station needs only to execute an active scan process once. Therefore, smaller handoff latency is expected. We compare the results from the current cell search scheme with that of the Fuzzy Logic approach. The statistical results show that the proposed method outperforms the current cell search scheme with an improved handoff latency performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed routing protocol for providing QoS in Wireless Mesh Networks operating above 10 GHz
Authors: Anastasopoulos Markos P. , Panagopoulos Athanasios D. , Cottis Panayotis G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are considered for a plethora of complex applications, where different QoS specifications should be satisfied. In such applications, QoS issues concerning the delay and the reliability of data transmission are of utmost importance. In this paper, a distributed routing protocol for WMNs operating above 10 GHz to support services with distributed QoS is presented. As far as propagation is concerned, the major factor limiting the performance of millimetre wave radio systems is rain attenuation. The routing problem is formulated as a problem of linear programming, where the objective is to determine the path with minimum transmission delay while at the same time, satisfying a given set of constraints. Lagrangian Relaxation and dual decomposition are used to solve the problem in a distributed way. The proposed algorithm exhibits a low computational complexity, it is scalable and guarantees convergence to an optimal routing scheme. Its performance is verified through extended simulations employing an accurate spatial‐temporal channel model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal TCP segment size for mobile server access over wireless links of cellular networks
Authors: Lee Goo Yeon , Jeong Choong Kyo , Kim Hwa Jong , Lee Yong 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInternet access from mobile phones over cellular networks suffers from severe bandwidth limitations and high bit error rates over wireless access links. Tailoring TCP connections to best fit the characteristics of this bottleneck link is thus very important for overall performance improvement. In this work, we propose a simple algorithm in deciding the optimal TCP segment size to maximize the utilization of the bottleneck wireless TCP connection for mobile contents server access, taking the dynamic TCP window variation into account. The proposed algorithm can be used when the product of the access rate of the wireless link and the propagation time to mobile contents servers is not large. With some numerical examples, it is shown that the optimal TCP segment size becomes a constant value when the TCP window size (WS) exceeds a threshold. One can set the maximum segment size (MSS) of a wireless TCP connection to this optimal segment size for mobile contents server access for maximum efficiency on the expensive wireless link. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of MIMO systems with multiuser diversity
Authors: Yang Liang 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we present a comprehensive performance analysis for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems with multiuser diversity over Rayleigh fading channels. We derive exact closed‐form expressions of the outage probability and the average bit error rate (BER) for different MIMO schemes, including the selective combining (SC), maximum ratio combining (MRC) and space‐time block codes (STBC). We also provide the explicit upper bounds on the BER performance. Finally, the mathematical formalism is verified by numeric results that study the interaction between the antenna diversity and the multiuser diversity. It is observed that the system performance is deteriorated as the number of transmit antennas increases in multiuser scenario, which is unlike the case in single‐user systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Oil Quality in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] by Mutation Breeding
Authors: Patil Archana , Taware S. P. , Oak M. D. , Tamhankar S. A. , Rao V. S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLow oxidative stability, off‐flavor and rancidity are the major drawbacks of soybean oil. Modification of the fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil can improve its quality and value for processors and acceptability among consumers. Mutation breeding of soybean was therefore initiated with the objective of identifying stable soybean mutants with altered fatty acid composition for improved oxidative stability and nutritional quality. Seeds of soybean cultivar ‘MACS 450’ were treated with γ‐radiation and/or ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The harvest of M1 plants was evaluated for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Highly significant variation in all the fatty acids except palmitic acid was observed. Treatment of EMS in higher concentrations as well as combined treatment of both the mutagens, i.e., γ‐radiation and EMS were effective in increasing the variability for the fatty acid content in soybean oil. The variability was skewed towards high levels of oleic (35–42%) and low levels of linolenic acid (3.77–5.00%). M3 and M4 generations of desirable variants were analyzed for the stability of the mutated trait. Only high oleic variants were stable in M3 and M4 generations. Based on fatty acid values, oxidative stability index (OSI), nutritional quality index (NQI) and ratio of essential fatty acids (ω6/ω3) were calculated for the control and M2, M3 and M4 generations. The ω6/ω3 ratio in all the high oleic mutants was within the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value (5–10%). A significant positive correlation between OSI and oleic acid content (P < 0.001) indicated improved oxidative stability of the oil while retaining nutritional quality. These high oleic lines could be utilized further in breeding programs for improvement of soybean oil quality.