bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation-related genes up-regulated in schizophrenia brains
Authors: Saetre Peter , Emilsson Lina , Axelsson Elin , Kreuger Johan , Lindholm Eva , Jazin Elena 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Multiple studies have shown that brain gene expression is disturbed in subjects suffering from schizophrenia. However, disentangling disease effects from alterations caused by medication is a challenging task. The main goal of this study is to find transcriptional alterations in schizophrenia that are independent of neuroleptic treatment.

Methods
We compared the transcriptional profiles in brain autopsy samples from 55 control individuals with that from 55 schizophrenic subjects, subdivided according to the type of antipsychotic medication received.

Results
Using global and high-resolution mRNA quantification techniques, we show that genes involved in immune response (GO:0006955) are up regulated in all groups of patients, including those not treated at the time of death. In particular, IFITM2, IFITM3, SERPINA3, and GBP1 showed increased mRNA levels in schizophrenia (p-values from qPCR ≤ 0.01). These four genes were co-expressed in both schizophrenic subjects and controls. In-vitro experiments suggest that these genes are expressed in both oligodendrocyte and endothelial cells, where transcription is inducible by the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-γ.

Conclusion
Although the modified genes are not classical indicators of chronic or acute inflammation, our results indicate alterations of inflammation-related pathways in schizophrenia. In addition, the observation in oligodendrocyte cells suggests that alterations in inflammatory-related genes may have consequences for myelination. Our findings encourage future research to explore whether anti-inflammatory agents can be used in combination with traditional antipsychotics for a more efficient treatment of schizophrenia.
Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence
Authors: Stevenson Catherine R , Forouhi Nita G , Roglic Gojka , Williams Brian G , Lauer Jeremy A , Dye Chirstopher , Unwin Nigel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of mortality in developing countries, and in these countries diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly. Diabetes increases the risk of TB. Our aim was to assess the potential impact of diabetes as a risk factor for incident pulmonary tuberculosis, using India as an example.

Methods
We constructed an epidemiological model using data on tuberculosis incidence, diabetes prevalence, population structure, and relative risk of tuberculosis associated with diabetes. We evaluated the contribution made by diabetes to both tuberculosis incidence, and to the difference between tuberculosis incidence in urban and rural areas.

Results
In India in 2000 there were an estimated 20.7 million adults with diabetes, and 900,000 incident adult cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Our calculations suggest that diabetes accounts for 14.8% (uncertainty range 7.1% to 23.8%) of pulmonary tuberculosis and 20.2% (8.3% to 41.9%) of smear-positive (i.e. infectious) tuberculosis.
We estimate that the increased diabetes prevalence in urban areas is associated with a 15.2% greater smear-positive tuberculosis incidence in urban than rural areas – over a fifth of the estimated total difference.

Conclusion
Diabetes makes a substantial contribution to the burden of incident tuberculosis in India, and the association is particularly strong for the infectious form of tuberculosis. The current diabetes epidemic may lead to a resurgence of tuberculosis in endemic regions, especially in urban areas. This potentially carries a risk of global spread with serious implications for tuberculosis control and the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN) III: Molecular markers for drug resistant malaria
Authors: Plowe Christopher V , Roper Cally , Barnwell John W , Happi Christian T , Joshi Hema H , Mbacham Wilfred , Meshnick Steven R , Mugittu Kefas , Naidoo Inbarani , Price Ric N , Shafer Robert W , Sibley Carol H , Sutherland Colin J , Zimmerman Peter A , Rosenthal Philip J 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Molecular markers for drug resistant malaria represent public health tools of great but mostly unrealized potential value. A key reason for the failure of molecular resistance markers to live up to their potential is that data on the their prevalence is scattered in disparate databases with no linkage to the clinical, in vitro and pharmacokinetic data that are needed to relate the genetic data to relevant phenotypes. The ongoing replacement of older monotherapies for malaria by new, more effective combination therapies presents an opportunity to create an open access database that brings together standardized data on molecular markers of drug resistant malaria from around the world. This paper presents a rationale for creating a global database of molecular markers for drug resistant malaria and for linking it to similar databases containing results from clinical trials of drug efficacy, in vitro studies of drug susceptibility, and pharmacokinetic studies of antimalarial drugs, in a World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN). This database will be a global resource, guiding the selection of first line drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria, for preventing malaria in travelers and for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnant women, infants and other vulnerable groups. Perhaps most important, a global database for molecular markers of drug resistant malaria will accelerate the identification and validation of markers for resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies and, thereby, potentially prolong the useful therapeutic lives of these important new drugs.
Does Japanese encephalitis virus share the same cellular receptor with other mosquito-borne flaviviruses on the C6/36 mosquito cells?
Authors: Ren Junping , Ding Tianbing , Zhang Wei , Song Jianhua , Ma Wenyu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of mosquito-borne Flaviviridae. To date, the mechanisms of the early events of JEV infection remain poorly understood, and the cellular receptors are unidentified. There are evidences that the structure of the virus attachment proteins (VAP), envelope glycoprotein of mosquito-borne flaviviruses is very similar, and the vector-virus interaction of mosquito-borne flaviviruses is also very similar. Based on the studies previously demonstrated that the similar molecules present on the mosquito cells involved in the uptake process of JEV, West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DV), it is proposed that the same receptor molecules for mosquito-borne flaviviruses (JEV, WNV and DV) may present on the surface of C6/36 mosquito cells. By co-immunoprecipitation assay, we investigated a 74-KDa protein on the C6/36 cells binds JEV, and the mass spectrometry results indicated it may be heat shock cognate protein 70(HSC70) from Aedes aegypti. Based upon some other viruses use of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family proteins as cell receptors, its possible HSC70's involvement in the fusion of the JEV E protein with the C6/36 cells membrane, and known form of cation channels in the interaction of HSC70 with the lipid bilayer, it will further be proposed that HSC70 as a penetration receptor mediates JEV entry into C6/36 cells.
Discovery of herpesviruses in multi-infected primates using locked nucleic acids (LNA) and a bigenic PCR approach
Authors: Prepens Sandra , Kreuzer Karl-Anton , Leendertz Fabian , Nitsche Andreas , Ehlers Bernhard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Targeting the highly conserved herpes DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene with PCR using panherpes degenerate primers is a powerful tool to universally detect unknown herpesviruses. However, vertebrate hosts are often infected with more than one herpesvirus in the same tissue, and pan-herpes DPOL PCR often favors the amplification of one viral sequence at the expense of the others. Here we present two different technical approaches that overcome this obstacle: (i) Pan-herpes DPOL PCR is carried out in the presence of an oligonucleotide substituted with locked nucleic acids (LNA).This suppresses the amplification of a specific herpesvirus DPOL sequence by a factor of approximately 1000, thereby enabling the amplification of a second, different DPOL sequence. (ii) The less conserved glycoprotein B (gB) gene is targeted with several sets of degenerate primers that are restricted to gB genes of different herpesvirus subfamilies or genera. These techniques enable the amplification of gB and DPOL sequences of multiple viruses from a single specimen. The partial gB and DPOL sequences can be connected by long-distance PCR, producing final contiguous sequences of approximately 3.5 kbp. Such sequences include parts of two genes and therefore allow for a robust phylogenetic analysis. To illustrate this principle, six novel herpesviruses of the genera Rhadinovirus, Lymphocryptovirus and Cytomegalovirus were discovered in multi-infected samples of non-human primates and phylogenetically characterized.
Progressive loss of CD3 expression after HTLV-I infection results from chromatin remodeling affecting all the CD3 genes and persists despite early viral genes silencing
Authors: Akl Haidar , Badran Bassam , Dobirta Gratiela , Manfouo-Foutsop Germain , Moschitta Maria , Merimi Makram , Burny Arsène , Martiat Philippe , Willard-Gallo Karen E 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundHTLV-I infected CD4+T-cells lines usually progress towards a CD3-or CD3lowphenotype. In this paper, we studied expression, kinetics, chromatin remodeling of the CD3 gene at different time-points post HTLV-I infection.ResultsThe onset of this phenomenon coincided with a decrease ofCD3γ followed by the subsequent progressive reduction inCD3δ, thenCD3ε andCD3ζ mRNA. Transient transfection experiments showed that theCD3γ promoter was still active in CD3-HTLV-I infected cells demonstrating that adequate amounts of the required transcription factors were available. We next looked at whether epigenetic mechanisms could be responsible for this progressive decrease in CD3 expression using DNase I hypersensitivity (DHS) experiments examining theCD3γ andCD3δ promoters and theCD3δ enhancer. In uninfected and cells immediately post-infection all three DHS sites were open, then the CD3γ promoter became non accessible, and this was followed by a sequential closure of all the DHS sites corresponding to all three transcriptional control regions. Furthermore, a continuous decrease ofin vivobound transcription initiation factors to theCD3γ promoter was observed after silencing of the viral genome. Coincidently, cells with a lower expression of CD3 grew more rapidly.ConclusionWe conclude that HTLV-I infection initiates a process leading to a complete loss of CD3 membrane expression by an epigenetic mechanism which continues along time, despite an early silencing of the viral genome. Whether CD3 progressive loss is an epiphenomenon or a causal event in the process of eventual malignant transformation remains to be investigated.
Retroperitoneal haemorrhage in renal angiomyolipoma causing hepatic functional decompensation: a case report
Authors: Wajed Julekha R , Taylor-Robinson Simon D , Jackson James E , Stamp Gordon WH 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Renal angiomyolipomata usually present as incidental findings on routine imaging, but rarely they may give rise to significant haemorrhage. If bleeding occurs, first-line treatment is currently angiography with selective embolisation. Prophylactic embolisation may be considered in some cases, depending on lesion size and patient co-morbidities.
We present a case of retroperitoneal bleeding from a renal angiomyolipoma in a patient with known cirrhosis of the liver, which caused acute deterioration of liver function and consequent hepatic encephalopathy. Selective embolisation of the lesion was performed with a good subsequent outcome. Such functional hepatic decompensation has not previously been reported in this context and we suggest the use of prophylactic embolisation for incidental renal angiomyolipomata, regardless of size, in all patients with chronic liver disease to prevent this potentially life-threatening complication.
Antipolymer antibody in Italian fibromyalgic patients
Authors: Bazzichi Laura , Giacomelli Camillo , De Feo Francesca , Giuliano Tiziana , Rossi Alessandra , Doveri Marica , Tani Chiara , Wilson Russell B , Bombardieri Stefano 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe objectives of the present study were to evaluate the presence of antipolymer antibody (APA) seropositivity in 285 Italian patients affected by primary fibromyalgia (FM) and to verify whether APA levels correlate with disease severity and with cytokine levels.APA levels were determined on serum samples by an indirect ELISA kit that detects IgG APA. Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNFα) were measured by ELISA in plasma. The impact of FM on the quality of life was estimated using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, while pain severity was evaluated using a visual analogic scale. Patients were also characterized by the presence of tiredness, stiffness, nonrestorative sleep, anxiety, depression, tension headache, irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular dysfunction and Raynaud's phenomena.Using a cut-off value of 30 U, APA-positive values were detected in 60 FM patients (21.05%) and in 15 healthy control individuals (15.00%) without significant differences among their levels or the percentage of seropositivity. FM patients with moderate and severe symptoms had slightly higher APA levels with respect to patients with mild symptoms. APA-seropositive patients exhibited significant correlations between APA levels and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire estimate (P = 0.042), tiredness (P = 0.003) and IL-1 levels (P = 0.0072).In conclusion, APA cannot be considered a marker of disease in Italian FM patients. The presence of APA, however, might permit the identification of a subset of FM patients with more severe symptoms and of patients who may respond differently to different therapeutic strategies.
Tissue Doppler in critical illness: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sturgess David J , Marwick Thomas H , Joyce Christopher J , Jones Mark , Venkatesh Bala 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background
There is a paucity of published data on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in the critically ill. In a critically ill cohort, we studied the distribution of TDI and its correlation with other echocardiographic indices of preload. To aid hypothesis generation and sample size calculation, associations between echocardiographic variables, including the ratio of peak early diastolic transmitral velocity (E) to peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E'), and mortality were also explored.

Methods
This retrospective study was performed in a combined medical/surgical, tertiary referral intensive care unit. Over a 2-year period, 94 consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography with E/E' measurement were studied.

Results
Mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score was 72 ± 25. Echocardiography was performed 5 ± 6 days after intensive care unit admission. TDI variables exhibited a wide range (E' 4.7–18.2 cm/s and E/E' 3.3 to 27.2). E' below 9.6 cm/s was observed in 63 patients (rate of myocardial relaxation below lower 95% confidence limit of normal individuals). Fourteen patients had E/E' above 15 (evidence of raised left ventricular filling pressure). E/E' correlated with left atrial area (r = 0.27, P = 0.01) but not inferior vena cava diameter (r = 0.16, P = 0.21) or left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.16, P = 0.14). In this cohort, increased left ventricular end-systolic volume, but not E/E', appeared to be an independent predictor (odds ratio 2.1, P = 0.007) of 28-day mortality (31%; n = 29).

Conclusion
There was a wide range of TDI values. TDI evidence of diastolic dysfunction was common. E/E' did not correlate strongly with other echocardiographic indices of preload. Further evaluation of echocardiographic variables, particularly left ventricular end-systolic volume, for risk stratification in the critically ill appears warranted.
Cost-effectiveness of activated protein C in real-life clinical practice
Authors: Dhainaut Jean-François , Payet Stéphanie , Vallet Benoit , França Lionel Riou , Annane Djillali , Bollaert Pierre-Edouard , Tulzo Yves Le , Runge Isabelle , Malledant Yannick , Guidet Bertrand , Le Lay Katell , Launois Robert ,   the PREMISS Study Group
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background
Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) has been reported to be cost-effective in severely ill septic patients in studies using data from a pivotal randomized trial. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of rhAPC in patients with severe sepsis and multiple organ failure in real-life intensive care practice.

Methods
We conducted a prospective observational study involving adult patients recruited before and after licensure of rhAPC in France. Inclusion criteria were applied according to the label approved in Europe. The expected recruitment bias was controlled by building a sample of patients matched for propensity score. Complete hospitalization costs were quantified using a regression equation involving intensive care units variables. rhAPC acquisition costs were added, assuming that all costs associated with rhAPC were already included in the equation. Cost comparisons were conducted using the nonparametric bootstrap method. Cost-effectiveness quadrants and acceptability curves were used to assess uncertainty of the cost-effectiveness ratio.

Results
In the initial cohort (n = 1096), post-license patients were younger, had less co-morbid conditions and had failure of more organs than did pre-license patients (for all: P < 0.0001). In the matched sample (n = 840) the mean age was 62.4 ± 14.9 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was 56.7 ± 18.5, and the number of organ failures was 3.20 ± 0.83. When rhAPC was used, 28-day mortality tended to be reduced (34.1% post-license versus 37.4% pre-license, P = 0.34), bleeding events were more frequent (21.7% versus 13.6%, P = 0.002) and hospital costs were higher (€47,870 versus €36,717, P < 0.05). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios gained were as follows: €20,278 per life-year gained and €33,797 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. There was a 74.5% probability that rhAPC would be cost-effective if there were willingness to pay €50,000 per life-year gained. The probability was 64.3% if there were willingness to pay €50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained.

Conclusion
This study, conducted in matched patient populations, demonstrated that in real-life clinical practice the probability that rhAPC will be cost-effective if one is willing to pay €50,000 per life-year gained is 74.5%.
Roman Cement Mortars in Europe’s Architectural Heritage of the 19th Century
Authors: Weber J. , Gadermayr N. , Bayer K. , Hughes D. , Kozlowski R. , Stillhammerova M. , Ullrich D. , Vyskocilova R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Natural cements calcined at low temperatures, so-called Roman cements, formed an important binder material in 19th century construction and facade decoration of many European cities and towns. As a rule, Roman cement mortars appear well preserved. In order to understand their range of composition and properties, a number of samples from historic buildings were collected and analyzed. Microscopic techniques including scanning electron microscopy were employed along with the assessment of physico-mechanical properties. The study shows that the most significant feature of Roman cement mortars is a wide range of differently calcined clinker relicts within each mortar. These unreactive particles, classified as being either overfired or underfired, obviously play an important role for the mortar properties. The binder relicts are composed of a number of phases in the system Ca-Si-Al-Fe. C2S and C2AS (gehlenite) are among the most frequent compounds, their grain size and microstructure depending on calcination temperatures. In particular, the clinkers produced at lower temperatures show nonequilibrium features such as solid solution systems and zoning by partial diffusion. The aggregates found in the mortars cover a wide range of mineralogical compositions reflecting local geological conditions. Cast and in situ applied mortars differ in the amount of aggregate, which is generally lower for cast elements. There is no correlation between the amount of inert material and the state of preservation indicated, e.g., by the occurrence of shrinkage cracks. Historic cast mortars show high compressive strengths at comparably low moduli of elasticity. The total porosity is frequently high. This contribution presents the above-mentioned properties and discusses them in terms of the excellent aging performance of the historic Roman cement mortars.
The Dichotomies of Rationalism in 20th‐Century Italian Architecture
Authors: Peckham Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe two key moments of Rationalism in Italy ‐ the Gruppo 7 of the 1930s and the Tendenza of the 1960s ‐ stand in counterpoint. The Tendenza espoused a very different ideology to its predecessor and thus remained ambivalent to the earlier legacy. Andrew Peckham reveals how this led to a history of discontinuity and, ultimately, recognition of Rationalism's limitations despite the involvement of influential figures such as Giuseppe Terragni, Aldo Rossi and Giorgio Grassi. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rationalist Practice
Authors: Dudler Max 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMax Dudler's buildings, conceived as apparently autonomous and self‐referential objects, nonetheless demonstrate a reciprocal relationship with the city and have, over the past two decades, presented a consistent Rationalist approach. Born in 1949 in Switzerland, Max Dudler studied architecture in Frankfurt/Main and Berlin. From 1981 to 1986 he worked in the office of OM Ungers on the projects for the Frankfurt trade fair, and has run his own practice, with offices in Berlin, Frankfurt and Zurich, since 1992. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foster + Partners' Hearst Tower and Gehry Partners' IAC Building
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe two most interesting, talked about new office buildings in New York both have unique angular profiles and unusual shiny surfaces that have irrevocably changed their neighbourhoods. Jayne Merkel takes a peak at the interiors of Norman Foster's triangulated steel‐and‐glass Hearst Tower and Frank Gehry's curvaceous, white‐glass hulk for the IAC/InterActiveCorp. In so doing she sizes up what effect the exotic exteriors have on the spaces where the editors, writers, designers and media executives work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why Critical Modernism?
Authors: Jencks Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn a new edition of a seminal book, Critical Modernism: Where is Post‐Modernism Going? (What is Post‐Modernism? 5th Edition), Charles Jencks argues that social and economic forces have reached a new stage of global civilisation. This promises the onset of a new cultural strain of thought: Critical Modernism. Here he defines and argues for a significant and more analytical mode of perceiving the world in all its complexity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.