bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justus Lipsius, political humanism and the disciplining of 17th century statecraft
Authors: LEIRA HALVARD 
Published: September 2008

AbstractJustus Lipsius (1547–1606) was among the most influential thinkers of the late 16th/early 17th centuries. His guides for action were highly influential in the establishment of moderate absolutism and what has been called the fiscal-military state across Europe. In this article I explore Lipsian thought in an International Relations context. Special attention is paid to his ideals of discipline, which were meant to order both the ruler and those that he ruled. Dignity, self-restraint and discipline were the recipes for the foreign policy of the prince, while the individual was subordinated to the purposes of the state, and taught to control his own life by mastering his emotions. If not a seminal thinker in his own right, it is necessary to understand Lipsius’ thought and influence to be able to fully understand the 17th century theoretical approaches to peace and prosperity and the relative discipline of early-modern statecraft.
Periphery theorising for a truly internationalised discipline: spinning IR theory out of Anatolia
Authors: AYDINLI ERSEL , MATHEWS JULIE 
Published: September 2008

AbstractConcerns over inequalities that have been located between the roles of the core and periphery within the development of the IR discipline have led to questions of whether it is possible to build up theoretical concepts in IR based on national differences. There have not yet been studies however providing an in-depth look at how IR theorising has been developing within a periphery country or region, and exploring both the local and core level factors inhibiting the development of original theoretical paradigms from within that context. By looking at the Turkish experience, the article postulates that homegrown theorising may be the only means for periphery IR to be respectfully acknowledged by the core IR discipline.
Metacommunity structure of tropical forest along an elevation gradient in Puerto Rico
Authors: Barone John A. , Thomlinson John , Cordero Pedro Anglada , Zimmerman Jess K. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:The development of metacommunity theory, which suggests that the diversity and composition of communities is influenced by interactions with other communities, has produced new tools for evaluating patterns of community change along environmental gradients. These techniques were used to examine how plant communities changed along elevation gradients in montane tropical forests. Two transects of 0.1-ha vegetation plots were established every 50 m in elevation in the mountains of eastern Puerto Rico. The transects ranged from 300 m to 1000 m asl and 400 m to 900 m. In each plot, all free-standing woody stems greater than 1 cm in diameter at 130 cm in height were marked, measured and identified. Additional data on three similar transects were taken from the literature. The upper or lower boundaries of species ranges were significantly clumped along all five transects. Coherence, a measure of the number of gaps in species distributions, was also significant across all transects, and three transects showed significant, albeit low, nestedness. Four sites had significant species turnover. These results suggest that metacommunity techniques can be useful in searching for patterns of community change present in montane tropical forests.
The pollination ecology of the late-successional tree, Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae) in Thailand
Authors: Srithongchuay Tuanjit , Bumrungsri Sara , Sripao-raya Ekapong 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Although plant species that attract multiple species of pollinators predominate in tropical plant communities, pollination specialists appear to be at a greater advantage in tropical ecosystems in which pollinators are numerous and many plants flower synchronously. The present study determined the breeding system and legitimate pollinators ofOroxylum indicumVent. in Songkhla and Patthalung Provinces, Thailand.Oroxylum indicumexhibits steady-state flowering, with one or two flowers per inflorescence opening each night. Flowers open in the evening and drop off shortly after midnight, while its bilabiate stigma is highly sensitive, and quickly close upon being touched.Oroxylum indicumis self-incompatible. Hand-cross pollination and open pollination yielded the highest pollination success (47.7% and 31.2% respectively, n = 7 trees). About 900 pollen grains are needed for initiating fruit set. It is confirmed that a fruit bat,Eonycteris spelaea, is the legitimate pollinator. Bats are responsible for all pollen load and the pollen load from only one visit is generally sufficient to initiate fruit set. AlthoughEonycteris spelaeais effective, it is an inefficient pollinator. Compared with plant species pollinated by multiple animal species, the likelihood of pollination failure resulting from the decline in populations ofEonycteris spelaeawill be much more intense inOroxylum indicum.
Above- and below-ground competition in high and low irradiance: tree seedling responses to a competing liana Byttneria grandifolia
Authors: Chen Ya-Jun , Bongers Frans , Cao Kun-Fang , Cai Zhi-quan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:In tropical forests, trees compete not only with other trees, but also with lianas, which may limit tree growth and regeneration. Liana effects may depend on the availability of above- and below-ground resources and differ between tree species. We conducted a shade house experiment to test the effect of light (4% and 35% full sun, using neutral-density screen) on the competitive interactions between seedlings of one liana (Byttneria grandifolia) and three tree species (two shade-tolerant trees,Litsea dilleniifoliaandPometia tomentosa, and one light-demanding tree,Bauhinia variegata) and to evaluate the contribution of both above- and below-ground competition. Trees were grown in four competition treatments with the liana: no competition, root competition, shoot competition and root and shoot competition. Light strongly affected leaf photosynthetic capacity (light-saturated photosynthetic rate,Pn), growth and most morphological traits of the tree species. Liana-induced competition resulted in reducedPn, total leaf areas and relative growth rates (RGR) of the three tree species. The relative importance of above- and below-ground competition differed between the two light levels. In low light, RGR of the three tree species was reduced more strongly by shoot competition (23.1–28.7% reduction) than by root competition (5.3–26.4%). In high light, in contrast, root competition rather than shoot competition greatly reduced RGR. Liana competition affected most morphological traits (except for specific leaf area and leaf area ratio ofLitseaandPometia), and differentially altered patterns of biomass allocation in the tree seedlings. These findings suggest that competition from liana seedlings can greatly suppress growth in tree seedlings of both light-demanding and shade-tolerant species and those effects differ with competition type (below- and above-ground) and with irradiance.
Art in Dispute at the Beaverbrook Art Gallery
Authors: Cushing Deborah 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA long-running dispute between the Beaverbrook Art Gallery and its benefactor foundations illustrates the need for documentation of gifts or loans of artwork. At issue in this dispute is ownership of over 200 of the paintings on display at the gallery valued at up to $200 million. None of the parties to the dispute has been able to produce records to establish that the paintings were either a gift or on loan to the Beaverbrook. Instead the parties have had to rely on newspaper and magazine articles, speeches, gallery catalogues, and export documents to substantiate their positions. Central to the dispute has been the role of the First Lord Beaverbrook and whether his actions amounted to a breach of his fiduciary duty to the gallery. This article examines the particulars of the parties' claims as well as the decisions that have been made to date. Final resolution of the dispute is not expected until all appeals have been decided.
A Coordinated Legal and Policy Approach to Undiscovered Antiquities: Adapting the Cultural Heritage Policy of England and Wales to Other Nations of Origin
Authors: Fincham Derek 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBlanket ownership laws, export restrictions, and the criminal law of market nations are the default legal strategies currently used by nations of origin to prevent the looting of archaeological sites. Although they have been remarkably successful at achieving the return of looted objects, they may not be the best strategies to maximize the recording and preservation of archaeological context. In England and Wales a more permissive legal regime broadly applied and adopted by the public at large has produced dramatically better results than the strong prescriptive regime of Scotland, which can be easily ignored.This article attempts to clear up any misconceptions of the cultural policy framework in England and Wales. It accounts for the legal position accorded undiscovered portable antiquities, and describes how this legal framework is perfected by a voluntary program called the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS). This approach stands in stark contrast to Scotland, which has used a legal strategy adopted by most other nations of origin.The domestic legal framework for portable antiquities in England and Wales is unique and differs from the typical approach. Coupled with the PAS, this legal structure has resulted in a better cultural policy, which leads to less looting of important archaeological sites, allows for a tailored cultural policy, and has produced more data and contextual information with which to conduct historical and archaeological research on an unprecedented scale. Compensating finders of antiquities may even preclude an illicit market in antiquities so long as this compensation is substantially similar to the market price of the object and effectively excludes looters from this reward system. Although the precise number of found versus looted objects that appear on the market is open to much speculation, an effective recording system is essential to ensure that individuals who find objects are encouraged to report them.
Cytoskeletal toxicity of pectenotoxins in hepatic cells
Authors: Espiña B , Louzao M C , Ares I R , Cagide E , Vieytes M R , Vega F V , Rubiolo J A , Miles C O , Suzuki T , Yasumoto T , Botana L M 
Published: September 2008

Background and purpose.Pectenotoxins are macrocyclic lactones found in dinoflagellates of the genusDinophysis, which induce severe liver damage in mice after i.p. injection. Here, we have looked for the mechanism(s) underlying this hepatotoxicity.Experimental approach.Effects of pectenotoxin (PTX)‐1, PTX‐2, PTX‐2 seco acid (PTX‐2SA) and PTX‐11 were measured in a hepatocyte cell line with cancer cell characteristics (Clone 9) and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Cell morphology was assessed by confocal microscopy; F‐ and G‐actin were selectively stained and cell viability measured by Alamar Blue fluorescence.Key results.Clone 9 cells and primary hepatocytes showed a marked depolymerization of F‐actin with PTX‐1, PTX‐2 and PTX‐11 (1–1000 nM) associated with an increase in G‐actin level. However, morphology was only clearly altered in Clone 9 cells. PTX‐2SA had no effect on the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the potent F‐actin depolymerizing effect, PTX‐1, PTX‐2 or PTX‐11 did not decrease the viability of Clone 9 cells after 24‐h treatment. Only prolonged incubation (>48 h) with PTXs induced a fall in viability, and under these conditions, morphology of both Clone 9 and primary hepatocytes was drastically changed.Conclusions and implications.Although the actin cytoskeleton was clearly altered by PTX‐1, PTX‐2 and PTX‐11 in the hepatocyte cell line and primary hepatocytes, morphological assessments indicated a higher sensitivity of the cancer‐like cell line to these toxins. However, viability of both cell types was not altered.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155, 934–944; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.323; published online 8 September 2008
Viral vectors: from virology to transgene expression
Authors: Bouard D , Alazard‐Dany N , Cosset F‐L 
Published: September 2008

In the late 1970s, it was predicted that gene therapy would be applied to humans within a decade. However, despite some success, gene therapy has still not become a routine practise in medicine. In this review, we will examine the problems, both experimental and clinical, associated with the use of viral material for transgenic insertion. We shall also discuss the development of viral vectors involving the most important vector types derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses and adeno‐associated viruses.This article is part of a themed section on Vector Design and Drug Delivery. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
STRING and STITCH: known and predicted interactions between proteins and chemicals
Authors: Jensen Lars , Kuhn Michael , Stark Manuel , Chaffron Samuel , von Mering Christian , Bork Peer 
Published: September 2008

AbstractInformation on protein-protein and protein-chemical interactions is essential for understanding cellular functions. The STRING and STITCH web resources integrate interaction evidence derived from pathways, automatic literature mining, primary experimental data, and genomic context. The resulting interaction networks cover 1.5 million proteins from 373 organisms and 68,000 chemicals.
Quantification of Wheat TAXI and XIP Type Xylanase Inhibitors: A Comparison of Analytical Techniques
Authors: Gebruers Kurt , Beaugrand Johnny , Croes Evi , Dornez Emmie , Courtin Christophe M. , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTTo date, three different techniques are available for the quantification of TAXI and XIP type proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors in cereals. A first approach is based on the determination of the residual activities of xylanases (also referred to as endo‐1,4‐β‐d‐xylanases, EC 3.2.1.8), which are specifically inhibited by these inhibitors, after incubation with sample containing the inhibitors. The other two techniques are immunoblotting and ELISA which are based on recognition of TAXI and XIP proteins by specific antibodies. TAXI, as well as XIP, are easily extracted by aqueous buffers. Hence, the large difference in their concentrations (2–10 fold higher for XIP than for TAXI in whole meal) is not caused by differences in extractability. The repeatabilities of the three techniques are comparable. The intra‐assay and inter‐assay coefficients of variation were 6–7 and 10–14%, respectively, which is in the range of values described for methods to quantify other compounds in plant and animal tissues. The three methods give comparable results, suggesting they have similar accuracies. The choice of the technique to be used will depend not only on the sensitivity and dynamic range needed, but also on its technical simplicity and the need for high‐throughput analysis.
Site of Origin of Volatile Compounds in Cooked Rice
Authors: Yang Dong Sik , Lee Kyu‐Seong , Kim Kee‐Jong , Kays Stanley J. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTVolatile compounds emanating from three cultivars of cooked rice milled to different degrees (0, 8, and 30% by weight) were compared to ascertain their site of origin and the effect of pigmentation on synthesis. The cultivars tested were Ilpumbyeo (traditional white rice), Heugjinjubyeo (black pigmented), and Jeogjinjubyeo (red pigmented). In total, 29, 38, and 27 volatile compounds were identified in dehulled, unmilled Ilpumbyeo, Heugjinjubyeo, and Jeogjinjubyeo, respectively. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found among the cultivars in their volatile profiles. 2‐Acetyl‐1‐pyrroline, guaiacol, 1‐nonanol, 3‐octen‐2‐one, 1,2‐dimethoxybenzene, pyridine, and pyrrole were found only in Heugjinjubyeo and phenylacetaldehyde only in Jeogjinjubyeo. Removal of the bran, partial endosperm, and pigment qualitatively and quantitatively affected the volatile compounds formed, with certain volatiles higher in unmilled rice (0% milling), indicating the pericarp and aleurone layer (bran) as their primary site of origin. Volatiles emanating from the 8 and 30% milled samples indicated the outer and middle endosperm (8%) and core endosperm (30%) as the primary sites of origin. Therefore, differences in chemical composition with location within the grain appear to account for the quantitative and qualitative variation in volatile synthesis.
Dietary Inclusion of Wheat Bran Arabinoxylooligosaccharides Induces Beneficial Nutritional Effects in Chickens
Authors: Courtin Christophe M. , Broekaert Willem F. , Swennen Katrien , Lescroart Olivier , Onagbesan Okanlawon , Buyse Johan , Decuypere Eddy , Van de Wiele Tom , Marzorati Massimo , Verstraete Willy , Huyghebaert Gerard , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIn vivo experiments were conducted to verify whether arabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) obtained as low molecular mass compounds by enzymic hydrolysis from wheat bran arabinoxylan (AX) can exert nutritional effects. Two feeding trials were performed on chickens fed diets with either wheat or maize as the main component. Supplementation of bran AXOS at either 0.5% (w/w) to the wheat‐based diet or at 0.25% (w/w) to the maize‐based diet diets significantly (P < 0.05) improved the feed conversion rate without increasing the body weight of the animals, thus pointing to improved nutrient utilization efficiency. The positive effect of bran AXOS supplementation on feed utilization efficiency was similar to that obtained by adding an AX‐degrading xylanase directly to the wheat‐based diet. No significant effect on feed utilization efficiency was obtained with another type of nondigestible oligosaccharide such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) derived from chicory roots. Bran AXOS significantly increased the level of bifidobacteria but not total bacteria in the caeca of the chickens, an effect not observed with either xylanase or FOS addition. These data suggest that bran AXOS have beneficial nutritional effects and may act as prebiotics.
Bread Quality of Spelt Wheat and Its Starch
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Bechtel D. B. , Wilson G. W. T. , Seib P. A. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTFlours from five spelt cultivars grown over three years were evaluated as to their breadbaking quality and isolated starch properties. The starch properties included amylose contents, gelatinization temperatures (differential scanning calorimetry), granule size distributions, and pasting properties. Milled flour showed highly variable protein content and was higher than hard winter wheat, with short dough‐mix times indicating weak gluten. High protein cultivars gave good crumb scores, some of which surpassed the HRW baking control. Loaf volume was correlated to protein and all spelt cultivars were at least 9–51% lower than the HRW control. Isolated starch properties revealed an increase in amylose in the spelt starches of 2–21% over the hard red winter wheat (HRW) control. Negative correlations were observed for the large A‐type granules to bread crumb score, amylose level, and final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in year 1999 and to pasting temperature in 1998 samples. Positive correlations were found for the small B‐ and C‐type granules relative to crumb score, loaf volume, amylose, and RVA final pasting viscosity for cultivars grown in 1999, and to RVA pasting temperature for samples grown in 1998. The environmental impact on spelt properties seemed to have a greater effect than genetic control.
Association of Avenanthramide Concentration in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Grain with Crown Rust Incidence and Genetic Resistance
Authors: Wise Mitchell L. , Doehlert Douglas C. , McMullen Michael S. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAvenanthramides (avn) are antioxidant compounds found in oat tissues, including the grain, that are of interest from a nutritional standpoint. In this study, we have measured avenanthramide concentration in the grain of 18 oat genotypes grown in six environments. These genotypes varied widely in crown rust (Puccinia coronata) resistance. Crown rust infected two of the six environments studied. The grain avenanthramide concentrations in the crown rust environments were significantly higher than those in the uninfected environments. Avenanthramide concentrations in the crown rust infected environments was also significantly correlated with their genetic crown rust resistance, as evaluated in the field. These results suggest that avenanthramide accumulation in the grain is associated with crown rust infection and that, in most of the cultivars evaluated, the extent of their accumulation also correlated with their genetic disease resistance; avenanthramide accumulation in the grain was, with noted exceptions, highest in those cultivars showing the greatest genetic resistant to crown rust.
Physical and Milling Characteristics of Wheat Kernels After Enzyme and Acid Treatments
Authors: Lamsal B. P. , Yoo J. H. , Haque E. , Faubion J. M. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe current wheat milling process separates bran from endosperm by passing tempered wheat kernels through successive break rolls and sifters. Using hydrolytic enzymes during tempering degrades bran and aleurone layers and can improve milling efficiency and yield. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical and enzymatic treatments of wheat kernels before milling on physical and milling characteristics of the resulting wheat and flour quality. Hard wheat kernels were soaked in dilute acid or water and dried back to original moisture before being tempered with enzymes in water. Kernel physical and milling characteristics (600 g) were evaluated. Dilute acid soaking did not affect the 1,000‐kernel weight and diameter but softened treated kernels. When treated kernels were pearled, bran removal was mostly from ends; and the reducing sugar content in enzyme‐treated bran was significantly higher than the control. Compared with the control, acid‐soaked enzyme‐tempered kernels showed small but significant improvement in straight flour yield, with virtually no difference in protein content, and flour color. Chemical and enzyme treatment resulted in higher ash in flour. These differences were not seen in milling of larger batches (1,500 g) of kernels.
Modification of Standard Enzymatic Protocol to a Cost‐Efficient Format for Mixed‐Linkage (1→3,1→4)‐β‐d‐Glucan Measurement
Authors: Hu Gongshe , Burton Charlotte 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe current enzymatic assay approach (AACC International Approved Method 32‐23) for the measurement of mixed‐linkage β‐glucan in small grains was modified to a cost‐efficient and high‐throughput format without compromising the accuracy of the results. Ten barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes used in the study represented a wide range of β‐glucan content levels. A reduced reaction volume is used in the new protocol to adapt to a 96‐well plate format. The volume of key components lichenase and β‐glucosidase were reduced to 25% of the volume required in the original protocol and the cost per sample was reduced to 22% of that in the original protocol. Labor cost was also decreased to 25% of the original protocol as a result of format changes. The accuracy of the measurement from the modified protocol was comparable to the current standard enzymatic procedure. β‐Glucan measurement accuracy of the modified and original protocols were also compared using 21 oat (Avena sativa L.) samples. The results indicated that the new protocol consistently produced accurate measurements in both barley and oat.