bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tentative identification and quantification of TAG core aldehydes as dinitrophenylhydrazones in autoxidized sunflowerseed oil using reversed‐phase HPLC with electrospray lonization MS
Authors: Sjövall Olli , Kuksis Arnis , Kallio Heikki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe molecular species of TAG core aldehydes (aldehydes still esterified to parent molecules) were detected and quantified in dietary‐quality sunflowerseed oil autoxidized for 0‐18 d at 60°C in the dark. The analyses were performed by reversed‐phase HPLC with UV (358 nm) absorption or light scattering and electrospray ionization‐MS (ESI/MS) detection following preparation of the dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. Aldehyde production, as estimated by UV and ESI/MS, increased gradually over the 18‐d period following a rapid initial destruction of the core aldehydes accumulated during storage of the commercial oil at 10°C for 3 mon. The contents of hydroperoxides and hydroperoxide core aldehyde combinations were estimated to account for about 5% of total TAG, quantified as area in the chromatographic trace, after 18 d of autoxidation as estimated by an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). The major species of core aldehydes were tentatively identified as 9‐oxononanoyl (70%)‐, 12‐oxo‐9,10‐epoxydodecenoyl (10%)‐, and 13‐oxo‐9,11‐tridecadienoyl (5%)‐containing acylglycerols, plus smaller amounts of simple and mixed chain‐length dialdehydes, and hydroxy and epoxy monoaldehyde‐containing acylglycerols (15% of total). Quantitatively, the core aldehydes made up 2–12 g/kg of oil by UV detection and 2–9 g/kg of oil by EsI/MS detection, whereas the hydroperoxides measured in the unreduced state by HPLC with ELSD were estimated at 200 g/kg after 18 d of autoxidation. The major hydroperoxides of sunflowerseed oil were as previously identified.
Effect of ultrasonication and grinding on the determination of lipid class content of microalgae harvested on filters
Authors: Pernet Fabrice , Tremblay Réjean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo ensure complete lipid extraction of algal samples collected on glass fiber filters, one must facilitate the access of extracting solvent to the lipids by using ultrasonication, grinding, or a combination of these two methods. This study examines the effect of these three treatments, in combination with storage time and sampling volumes, on the determination of lipid class composition of the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. The TAG level was significantly influenced by treatment in relation to either storage time or sampling volume. FFA and other degradation products increased markedly with storage time at the expense of TAG and phospholipids (PL). Finally, sampling volume and storage time interacted in their effects on TAG and PL contents in an inverse manner.
Occurrence of high levels of tetracosahexaenoic acid in the jellyfish Aurelia sp.
Authors: Nichols Peter D. , Danaher Kathryn T. , Koslow J. Anthony 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe FA composition of the pelagic jellyfish Aurelia sp. collected from off‐shore Western Australia waters was determined by capillary GC and GC‐MS, with confirmation of PUFA structure performed by analysis of 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives. PUFA constituted 47.6% of the total FA, with the essential PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (FPA), arachidonic acid, and DHA accounting for 34%. Of particular interest, the unusual very long chain PUFA 6,9,12,15,18,21‐tetracosahexaenoic acid (THA, 24∶6n−3) was present at 9.3%, and the rarely reported 6,9,12,15,18‐tetracosapentaenoic acid (24∶5n−6) also was detected at 0.8%. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of THA as a major PUFA in a pelagic marine organism.
Comparative effects of flaxseed and sesame seed on vitamin E and cholesterol levels in rats
Authors: Yamashita Kanae , Ikeda Saiko , Obayashi Mariko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlaxseed and sesame seed both contain more than 40% fat, about 20% protein, and vitamin E, mostly γ‐tocopherol. Furthermore, both contain considerable amounts of plant lignans. However, flaxseed contains 54% α‐linolenic acid, but sesame seed only 0.6%, and the chemical structures of flaxseed and sesame lignans are different. In this study, we investigated the differential effects of flaxseed and sesame seed on plasma and tissue γ‐tocopherol, TBARS, and cholesterol concentrations. Rats were fed experimental diets for 4 wk: vitamin E‐free, (‐VE), γ‐tocopherol, flaxseed (FS), sesame seed (SS), flaxseed oil (FO), FO with sesamin (FOS), and defatted flaxseed (DFF). SS and FOS diets induced significantly higher γ‐tocopherol concentrations in plasma and liver compared with FS, FO, and DFF diets. Groups fed FS, FO, and FOS showed lower plasma total cholesterol compared with the SS and DFF groups. Higher TBARS concentrations in plasma and liver were observed in the FS and FO groups but not in the FOS groups. These results suggest that sesame seed and its lignans induced higher γ‐tocopherol and lower TBARS concentrations, whereas flaxseed lignans had no such effects. Further, α‐linolenic acid produced strong plasma cholesterol‐lowering effects and higher TBARS concentrations.
New glyceroglycolipid and ceramide from Premna microphylla
Authors: Zhan Zha‐Jun , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIwo new compounds (1,2) were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Premna microphylla, together with five known compounds. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated as (2S,3S,4R,11E)‐2‐[(2R)‐2‐hydroxytetracosanoylamino]‐11‐octadecene‐1,3,4‐triol (1) and 1‐O(9Z,12Z, 15Z‐octadecatrienoyl)‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐α‐d‐galactopyranosyl] glycerol (2) by means of spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: Effect on visual acuity and n−3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes
Authors: Lauritzen Lotte , Jørgensen Marianne H. , Mikkelsen Tina B. , Skovgaard Ib M. , Straarup Ellen‐Marie , Olsen Sjúrdur F. , Høy Carl‐Erik , Michaelsen Kim F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies on formula‐fed infants indicate a beneficial effect of dietary DHA on visual acuity. Cross‐sectional studies have shown an association between breast‐milk DHA levels and visual acuity in breast‐fed infants. The objective in this study was to evaluate the biochemical and functional effects of fish oil (FO) supplements in lactating mothers. In this double‐blinded randomized trial, Danish mothers with habitual fish intake below the 50th percentile of the Danish National Birth Cohort were randomized to microencapsulated FO [1.3 g/d long‐chain n−3 FA (n−3 LCPUFA)] or olive oil (OO). The intervention started within a week after delivery and lasted 4 mon. Mothers with habitual high fish intake and their infants were included as a reference group. Ninety‐seven infants completed the trial (44 OO‐group, 53 FO‐group) and 47 reference infants were followed up. The primary outcome measures were: DHA content of milk samples (0, 2, and 4 mon postnatal) and of infant red blood cell (RBC) membranes (4 mon postnatal), and infant visual acuity (measured by swept visual evoked potential at 2 and 4 mon of age). FO supplementation gave rise to a threefold increase in the DHA content of the 4‐mon milk samples (P<0.001). DHA in infant RBC reflected milk contents (r=0.564, P<0.001) and was increased by almost 50% (P<0.001). Infant visual acuity was not significantly different in the randomized groups but was positively associated at 4 mon with infant RBC‐DHA (P=0.004, multiple regression). We concluded that maternal FO supplementation during lactation did not enhance visual acuity of the infants who completed the intervention. However, the results showed that infants with higher RBC levels of n−3 LCPUFA had a better visual acuity at 4 mon of age, suggesting that n−3 LCPUFA may influence visual maturation.
Fatty acids induce increased granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor secretion through protein kinase C‐activation in THP‐1 macrophages
Authors: Bahramian Nahid , Östergren‐Lundén Gunnel , Bondjers Göran , Olsson Urban 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with elevated circulating levels of nonesterified FA (NEFA) and lipoprotein remnants. The dyslipidemia is an important contributor to the excess arterial disease associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms involved are elusive. In the present study we examined the effect of NEFA on macrophages. For this purpose, we utilized human macrophages, prepared by treating THP‐1 monocytes with phorbol ester. We found that albumin‐bound NEFA at physiological levels increase the secretion of granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) by the THP‐1 macrophages in a dose‐dependent manner. The effect was registered as an increase in mRNA, and the amount of GM‐CSF secreted correlated with the accumulation of TAG and DAG in the cell. The NEFA‐induced rise in GM‐CSF appeared to be mediated by activation of protein kinase C, probably acting on extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 and being calcium dependent. We speculate that increased secretion of GM‐CSF by resident macrophages in the intima exposed chronically to high levels of NEFA, such as those present in insulin resistance, may contribute to a proatherogenic response of arterial cells.
Lipids rich in phosphatidylethanolamine from natural gas‐utilizing bacteria reduce plasma cholesterol and classes of phospholipids: A comparison with soybean oil
Authors: Müller Hanne , Hellgren Lars I. , Olsen Elisabeth , Skrede Anders 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe compared the effects of three different high‐lipid diets on plasma lipoproteins and phospholipids in mink (Mustela vison). The 18 mink studied were fed one of the three diets during a 25‐d period in a parallel group design. The compared diets had 0,17, and 67% extracted lipids from natural gas‐utilizing bacteria (LNGB), which were rich in PE. The group with 0% LNGB was fed a diet for which the lipid content was 100% soybean oil. The total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol of animals consuming a diet with 67% LNGB (67LNGB‐diet), were significantly lowered by 35, 49, and 29%, respectively, and unesterified cholesterol increased by 17% compared with the animals fed a diet of 100% lipids from soybean oil (SB‐diet). In addition, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol was 27% lower in mink fed the 67LNGB‐diet than those fed the SB‐diet. When the mink were fed the 67LNGB‐diet, plasma PC, total phospholipids, lysoPC, and PI were lowered significantly compared with the mink fed a SB‐diet. Plasma total cholesterol was correlated with total phospholipids as well as with PC (R=0.8, P<0.001). A significantly higher fecal excretion of unesterified cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, PC, lysoPC, and PE was observed in the 67LNGB‐fed mink compared with the SB‐fed mink. We conclude that phospholipids from the 67LNGB‐diet decreased plasma lipoprotein levels, the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, and plasma phospholipid levels, especially lysoPC and PC, compared with the highly unsaturated soybean oil. Our findings indicate that the decrease of plasma cholesterol is mainly caused by a specific mixture of phospholipids containing a high level of PE, and not by the dietary FA composition. The lack of significant differences in the level of plasma PE due to the diets indicates that most of the PE from LNGB has been converted to PC in the liver. Thus, plasma cholesterol may at least be partly regulated by phospholipid methylation from PE to PC in the liver.
Multivariate prediction of clarified butter composition using raman spectroscopy
Authors: Beattie J. Renwick , Bell Steven E. J. , Borgaard C. , Fearon A. M. , Moss Bruce W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has been used to predict the abundance of the FA in clarified butterfat that was obtained from dairy cows fed a range of levels of rapeseed oil in their diet. Partial least squares regression of the Raman spectra against FA compositions obtained by GC showed that good prediction of the five major (abundance >5%) FA gave R2=0.74–0.92 with a SE of prediction (RMSEP) that was 5–7% of the mean. In general, the prediction accuracy fell with decreasing abundance in the sample, but the RMSEP was <10% for all but one of the 10 FA present at levels >1.25%. The Raman method has the best prediction ability for unsaturated FA (R2=0.85–0.92), and in particular trans unsaturated FA (best‐predicted FA was 18∶1tΔ9). This enhancement was attributed to the isolation of the unsaturated modes from the saturated modes and the significantly higher spectral response of unsaturated bonds compared with saturated bonds. Raman spectra of the melted butter samples could also be used to predict bulk parameters calculated from standard analyzes, such as iodine value (R2=0.80) and solid fat content at low temperature (R2=0.87). For solid fat contents determined at higher temperatures, the prediction ability was significantly reduced (R2=0.42), and this decrease in performance was attributed to the smaller range of values in solid fat content at the higher temperatures. Finally, although the prediction errors for the abundances of each of the FA in a given sample are much larger with Raman than with full GC analysis, the accuracy is acceptably high for quality control applications. This, combined with the fact that Raman spectra can be obtained with no sample preparation and with 60‐s data collection times, means that high‐throughput, on‐line Raman analysis of butter samples should be possible.
Inhibitory action of conjugated C18‐fatty acids on DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerases
Authors: Mizushina Yoshiyuki , Tsuzuki Tsuyoshi , Eitsuka Takahiro , Miyazawa Teruo , Kobayashi Kanako , Ikawa Hiroshi , Kuriyama Isoko , Yonezawa Yuko , Takemura Masaharu , Yoshida Hiromi , Sakaguchi Kengo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe reported previously that unsaturated linear‐chain FA of the cis‐configuration with a C18‐hydrocarbon chain such as linoleic acid (18∶2Δ9c, 12c) could potently inhibit the activities of mammalian DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerases, but their saturated forms could not. There are chemically two classes of unsaturated FA, normal and conjugated, but only the conjugated forms show potent antitumor activity. In this report, we study the inhibitory effects of chemically synthesized conjugated C18‐FA on mammalian DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerases as compared with normal unsaturated FA. The conjugated α‐eleostearic acid (18∶3Δ9c, 11t, 13t) was the strongest of all the FA tested. For the inhibition, the conjugated form is crucially important. The energy‐minimized 3‐D structures of the FA were calculated, and both a length of less than 20 Å and a width of 8.13–9.24 Å in the C18‐FA structure were found to be important for enzyme inhibition. The 3‐D structure of the active site of both DNA polymerases and topoisomerases must have had a pocket to join α‐eleostearic acid, and this pocket was 12.03 Å long and 9.24 Å wide.
Asymmetric in vitro synthesis of diastereomeric phosphatidylglycerols from phosphatidylcholine and glycerol by bacterial phospholipase D
Authors: Sato Rina , Itabashi Yutaka , Hatanaka Tadashi , Kuksis Arnis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing chiral‐phase HPLC, we determined the stereochemical configuration of the phosphatidylglycerols (PtdGro) synthesized in vitro from 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (PtdCho, R configuration) or 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (PtdEtn, R configuration) and glycerol by transphosphatidylation with bacterial phospholipase D (PLD). The results obtained with PLD preparations from three Streptomyces strains (S. septatus TH‐2, S. halstedii K5, and S. halstedii subsp. scabies K6) and one Actinomadura species were compared with those obtained using cabbage and peanut PLD. The reaction was carried out at 30°C in a biphasic system consisting of diethyl ether and acetate buffer. The resulting PtdGro were then converted into bis(3,5‐dinitrophenylurethane) derivatives, which were separated on an (R)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethylamine polymer. In contrast to the cabbage and peanut PLD, which gave equimolar mixtures of the R,S and R,R diastereomers, as previously established, the bacterial PLD yielded diastereomixtures of 30–40% 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐1′‐sn‐glycerol (R,S configuration) and 60–70% 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐3′‐sn‐glycerol (R,R configuration). The highest disproportionation was found for the Streptomyces K6 species. The present study demonstrates that bacterial PLD‐catalyzed transphosphatidylation proceeds to a considerable extent stereoselectively to produce PtdGro from PtdCho or PtdEtn and prochiral glycerol, indicating a preference for the sn‐3′ position of the glycerol molecule.
Effects of dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on T‐Cell membrane composition and function
Authors: Switzer Kirsten C. , McMurray David N. , Chapkin Robert S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDietary n−3 PUFA have been shown to attenuate T‐cell‐mediated inflammation, in part, by suppressing T‐cell activation and proliferation. n−3 PUFA have also been shown to promote apoptosis, another important mechanism for the prevention of chronic inflammation by maintaining T‐cell homeostasis through the contraction of populations of activated T cells. Recent studies have specifically examined Fas death receptor‐mediated activation‐induced cell death (AICD), since it is the form of apoptosis associated with peripheral T‐cell deletion involved in immunological tolerance and T‐cell homeostasis. Data from our laboratory indicate that n−3 PUFA promote AICD in T helper 1 polarized cells, which are the mediators of chronic inflammation. Since Fas and components of the deathinducing signaling complex are recruited to plasma membrane microdomains (rafts), the effect of dietary n−3 PUFA on raft composition and resident protein localization has been the focus of recent investigations. Indeed, there is now compelling evidence that dietary n−3 PUFA are capable of modifying the composition of T‐cell membrane microdomains (rafts). Because the lipids found in membrane microdomains actively participate in signal transduction pathways, these results support the hypothesis that dietary n−3 PUFA influence signaling complexes and modulate T‐cell cytokinetics in vivo by altering T‐cell raft composition.
Effect of cancer cachexia on triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling in white adipose tissue
Authors: Beck S. A. , Tisdale M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of cancer cachexia on the TAG/FA substrate cycle in white adipose tissue was determined in vivo using the MAC16 murine model of cachexia. When compared with non‐tumor‐bearing animals, the rate of TAG‐glycerol production was found to be increased almost threefold in animals bearing the MAC13 tumor, which does not induce cachexia, but was not further elevated in animals bearing the MAC16 tumor. In both cases TAG‐glycerol production and de novo synthesis of TAG‐FA were also increased above non‐tumor‐bearing animals. In animals bearing the MAC16 tumor, the TAG‐FA rates were significantly higher than in animals bearing the MAC13 tumor. This suggests that the presence of the tumor alone is sufficient to cause an increase in cycling rate, and in the absence of an elevated energy intake (MAC16) this may contribute to the depletion of adipose tissue.
Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health
Authors: Lock Adam L. , Bauman Dale E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is increased consumer awareness that foods contain microcomponents that may have beneficial effects on health maintenance and disease prevention. In milk fat these functional food components include EPA, DHA, and CLA. The opportunity to enhance the content of these FA in milk has improved as a result of recent advances that have better defined the interrelationships between rumen fermentation, lipid metabolism, and milk fat synthesis. Dietary lipids undergo extensive hydrolysis and biohydrogenation in the rumen. Milk fat is predominantly TG, and de novo FA synthesis and the uptake of circulating FA contribute nearly equal amounts (molar basis) to the FA in milk fat. Transfer of dietary EPA and DHA to milk fat is very low (<4%); this is, to a large extent, related to their extensive biohydrogenation in the rumen, and also partly due to the fact that they are not transported in the plasma lipid fractions that serve as major mammary sources of FA uptake (TG and nonesterified FA). Milk contains over 20 isomers of CLA but the predominant one is cis‐9,trans‐11 (75–90% of total CLA). Biomedical studies with animal models have shown that this isomer has anticarcinogenic and anti‐atherogenic activities. cis‐9,trans‐11‐CLA is produced as an intermediate in the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid but not of linolenic acid. However, it is only a transient intermediate, and the major source of milk fat CLA is from endogenous synthesis. Vaccenic acid, produced as a rumen biohydrogenation intermediate from both linoleic acid and linolenic acid, is the substrate, and Δ9‐desaturase in the mammary gland and other tissues catalyzes the reaction. Diet can markedly affect milk fat CLA content, and there are also substantial differences among individual cows. Thus, strategies to enhance milk fat CLA involve increasing rumen outflow of vaccenic acid and increasing Δ9‐desaturase activity, and through these, several‐fold increases in the content of CLA in milk fat can be routinely achieved. Overall, concentrations of CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows.
Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Richardson Alexandra J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth omega‐3 and omega‐6 long‐chain PUFA (LC‐PUFA) are crucial to brain development and function, but omega‐3 LC‐PUFA in particular are often lacking in modern diets in developed countries. Increasing evidence, reviewed here, indicates that LC‐PUFA deficiencies or imbalances are associated with childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders including ADHD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, and autistic spectrum disorders. These conditions show a high clinical overlap and run in the same families, as well as showing associations with various adult psychiatric disorders in which FA abnormalities are already implicated, such as depression, other mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Preliminary evidence from controlled trials also suggests that dietary supplementation with LC‐PUFA might help in the management of these kinds of childhood behavioral and learning difficulties. Treatment with omega‐3 FA appears most promising, but the few small studies published to date have involved different populations, study designs, treatments, and outcome measures. Largescale studies are now needed to confirm the benefits reported. Further research is also required to assess the durability of such treatment effects, to determine optimal treatment compositions and dosages, and to develop reliable ways of identifying those individuals most likely to benefit from this kind of treatment. Childhood developmental and psychiatric disorders clearly reflect multifactorial influences, but the study of LC‐PUFA and their metabolism could offer important new approaches to their early identification and management. Heterogeneity and comorbidity are such, however, that a focus on specific traits or symptoms may prove more fruitful than an exclusive reliance on current diagnostic categories.