bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Step Change Improvement in Drilling Performance - Repeatable Worldclass Performance is Possible
Authors: de Wardt John P , Cook Allen , Smook Robert W 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
When depletion strategies for BP Amoco's Valhall field on Norway's continental shelf required the drilling of extended reach drilling (ERD) wells, problems appeared which threatened the project economics. Average trouble costs approached 35% and occasionally exceeded 50%, while some wells failed to reach their objectives and the projects were not completed. Sound principles for aligning the operator/supplier team were applied to a very challenging ERD well following successful applications on exploration wells in Norway and development wells in other areas. Starting with a slot recovery that historically took 29 days being completed in 18, the well concluded 31 days (30%) ahead of past performance. It is clear that re-organization of a select group of operating and service company candidates into an aligned team made the difference. This paper will describe the challenge, the transformation and the result.
The Effects of Particle Size, Fluid Rheology, and Pipe Eccentricity on Cuttings Transport
Authors: Walker S. , Li J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This study was conducted to gain a more in-depth understanding of solids transport for coiled tubing workovers, cleanouts and drilling applications. Cuttings or particle transport in Coiled Tubing operations is a complex problem that is affected by numerous parameters. Predicting effective cuttings transport requires all of these parameters to be considered simultaneously. Tests were conducted to determine the effects of the following parameters:
I) Different particle size, II) Fluid rheology, including water, gel, and multi-phase fluids, III) Pipe eccentricity, coiled tubing positioned on the low and high side of the wellbore.
The effects of the different parameters were investigated in two different modes: the circulation mode, that involves the development of a cuttings bed or build-up of cuttings in the wellbore, and hole cleaning mode, which is cleaning out an existing cuttings bed. It will be shown that the results indicate: 1) for the tested particle size range (0.150 – 7 mm), cleaning efficiency is partly dependant upon the particle’s size, 2) with suitable agitation, a gelled fluid is more effective for cuttings transport than water in a highly deviated wellbore, 3) Pipe eccentricity has an effect on cuttings transport for different fluids and 4) for complete wellbore clean-up it requires many more hole volumes than previous ‘rules of thumb’ would indicate.
Homocysteine Upregulates Resistin Production From Adipocytes In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Li Yin , Jiang Changtao , Xu Guoheng , Wang Nanping , Zhu Yi , Tang Chaoshu , Wang Xian 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Homocysteine (Hcy) is epidemiologically related to insulin resistance, which has been speculated to be a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition. Resistin acts as a critical mediator of insulin resistance associated with inflammatory conditions. We aimed to determine whether Hcy can induce insulin resistance by directly regulating the expression and secretion of resistin from adipose tissue.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The effect of Hcy on the expression and secretion of resistin and insulin resistance was investigated using primary rat adipocytes and mice with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy).
RESULTS—Hcy impaired glucose transport and, particularly, the insulin signaling pathway as shown by decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and inhibited Akt phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo, and these impairments were accompanied by an increase in resistin expression. Compared with normal mice, HHcy mice with a clinically relevant level of plasma Hcy (19 μmol/l) showed significantly increased resistin production from adipose tissue (33.38 ± 3.08 vs. 19.27 ± 1.71 ng/ml, P &lt; 0.01). Hcy (300–1000 μmol/l) also increased mRNA expression of resistin in primary rat adipocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with maximal induction at 24 h of approximately fourfold with 1,000 μmol/l. In addition, Hcy-induced resistin expression attenuated by treatment with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, protein kinase C (PKC), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors implies a role in the process for ROS, PKC, and NF-κB.
CONCLUSIONS—HHcy may promote insulin resistance through the induction of resistin expression and secretion from adipocytes via the activation of the ROS-PKC–NF-κB pathway.
Mutations in the Insulin Gene Can Cause MODY and Autoantibody-Negative Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Molven Anders , Ringdal Monika , Nordbø Anita M. , Ræder Helge , Støy Julie , Lipkind Gregory M. , Steiner Donald F. , Philipson Louis H. , Bergmann Ines , Aarskog Dagfinn , Undlien Dag E. , Joner Geir , Søvik Oddmund ,   the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group, Bell Graeme I. , Njølstad Pål R. 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Mutations in the insulin (INS) gene can cause neonatal diabetes. We hypothesized that mutations in INS could also cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We screened INS in 62 probands with MODY, 30 probands with suspected MODY, and 223 subjects from the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry selected on the basis of autoantibody negativity or family history of diabetes.
RESULTS—Among the MODY patients, we identified the INS mutation c.137G&gt;A (R46Q) in a proband, his diabetic father, and a paternal aunt. They were diagnosed with diabetes at 20, 18, and 17 years of age, respectively, and are treated with small doses of insulin or diet only. In type 1 diabetic patients, we found the INS mutation c.163C&gt;T (R55C) in a girl who at 10 years of age presented with ketoacidosis and insulin-dependent, GAD, and insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2) antibody-negative diabetes. Her mother had a de novo R55C mutation and was diagnosed with ketoacidosis and insulin-dependent diabetes at 13 years of age. Both had residual β-cell function. The R46Q substitution changes an invariant arginine residue in position B22, which forms a hydrogen bond with the glutamate at A17, stabilizing the insulin molecule. The R55C substitution involves the first of the two arginine residues localized at the site of proteolytic processing between the B-chain and the C-peptide.
CONCLUSIONS—Our findings extend the phenotype of INS mutation carriers and suggest that INS screening is warranted not only in neonatal diabetes, but also in MODY and in selected cases of type 1 diabetes.
Association of Variants in the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Factor 1 (SREBF1) Gene With Type 2 Diabetes, Glycemia, and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Grarup Niels , Stender-Petersen Kirstine L. , Andersson Ehm A. , Jørgensen Torben , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Sandbæk Annelli , Lauritzen Torsten , Schmitz Ole , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—We evaluated the association of variants in the sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 gene (SREBF1) with type 2 diabetes. Due to the previous inconclusive quantitative trait associations, we also did studies of intermediate quantitative phenotypes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We genotyped four variants in SREBF1 in the population-based Inter99 cohort (n = 6,070), the Danish ADDITION study (n = 8,662), and in additional type 2 diabetic patients (n = 1,002). The case-control studies involved 2,980 type 2 diabetic patients and 4,522 glucose-tolerant subjects.
RESULTS—The minor alleles of rs2297508, rs11868035, and rs1889018 (linkage disequilibrium R2 = 0.6–0.8) associated with a modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes (rs2297508: OR 1.17 [95% CI 1.05–1.30], P = 0.003), which was confirmed in meta-analyses of all published studies (rs2297508 G-allele: 1.08 [1.03–1.14] per allele, P = 0.001). The diabetes-associated alleles also associated strongly with a higher plasma glucose at 30 and 120 min and serum insulin at 120 min during an oral glucose tolerance test (all P &lt; 0.006) and the minor allele of rs1889018 with a surrogate measure of insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03). Furthermore, the diabetes-associated alleles associated with a modestly increased A1C level in the population-based Inter99 of middle-aged subjects and in the ADDITION study of high-risk individuals (P = 0.006 and P = 0.008, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS—We associate sequence variation in SREBF1 with a modestly increased predisposition to type 2 diabetes. In the general population, the diabetes-associated alleles are discreetly associated with hyperglycemia presumably due to decreased insulin sensitivity. Because sterol regulatory element–binding protein-1c is a mediator of insulin action, the findings are consistent with the presence of a yet undefined subtle loss-of-function SREBF1 variant.
Observations of Private Veterinary Practices in Colorado, with an Emphasis on Anesthesia
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Hellyer Peter W. 
Published: January 2008

Rationale for the study – To give academic faculty in anesthesia a better understanding of the anesthetic techniques used by veterinarians in private practice, in order to enhance their teaching of anesthesiology to veterinary students. Methodology – Two anesthesia faculty members visited 20 different small-animal veterinary practices, interviewing veterinarians and technical staff about their use of anesthesia and their anesthesia-related problems. Results – Compared to most university veterinary teaching hospitals, private practitioners tended to use fewer anesthetic drugs, provide fewer analgesics, do more out-patient procedures, and rarely monitor blood pressure in anesthetized animals. Conclusions – Techniques of anesthesia and monitoring used in private veterinary practice are often quite different from those used in large university teaching hospitals.
Implementing a Simulated Client Program: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice
Authors: Adams Cindy L. , Ladner Lynda 
Published: January 2008

Introduction – This paper outlines the design and implementation of an innovative communication skills training program at the Ontario Veterinary College (OVC). Based upon the body of research in human medical education reporting effective results through the use of standardized patients (SPs) for this type of training, an experiential learning laboratory using simulated clients (SCs) and patients was introduced to first-year veterinary students. Method – One hundred and four first-year students were assigned to 12 groups of eight or nine students plus a facilitator. Each student interacted with a simulated client and a patient while being observed by peers and a facilitator. The Calgary–Cambridge Observation Guide (CCOG) was used to guide students and facilitators with performance standards and feedback. Assessment strategies were utilized. Results – Implementation of this program required extensive resources, including funding, expertise, facilitator training, time allotment in an already overburdened curriculum, and administrative and faculty support. Preliminary assessment revealed high student and facilitator satisfaction. The potential of this program for student education and assessment was recognized, and it will be expanded in years 2 and 3 of the DVM (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine) curriculum. Conclusions – Medical educators have created resources, including skills checklists and experiential learning modalities, that are highly applicable to veterinary medical education. Ongoing evaluation of the program is essential to determine whether we are meeting expectations for communication competency in veterinary medicine.
A Quiz Becomes a Multidirectional Dialogue with Web-Based Instructional Tools for an Anatomical Pathology Rotation
Authors: Fales-Williams Amanda , Kramer Travis , Heer Rex , Danielson Jared 
Published: January 2008

Senior veterinary students in the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine (ISU CVM) participate in clinical rotations, among them a two-week necropsy rotation. The students have access to the rotation syllabus on the ISU CVM intranet site. To promote rapid comprehension of necropsy protocol, students completed a pre-exam on the syllabus. This exercise evolved from a paper quiz to an online pre-exam, using course management software to improve use of class time, increase feedback, and shift the focus to acquisition of knowledge. The students were encouraged to work collaboratively on the pre-exam and could make repeated attempts. We predicted that professional students would make multiple attempts at the pre-exam until the desired score was attained. This exercise achieves multiple goals. First, the exam encourages early review of necropsy protocol. Second, use of WebCT allows for instant, automatic, and consistent feedback from the instructor, reducing redundancy while improving the quality of communication between student and instructor and thus using faculty time more efficiently. The instructor can quickly identify and rectify common misunderstandings through this interface. Third, by allowing discussion and repeated attempts, we can ensure that there is less pressure associated with the exam. Statistical analysis of the students’ performance supports the prediction that students would repeat the exam until the desired score was achieved. Subjectively, as a result of implementation of an online pre-exam, the instructor has observed students to be more engaged with the material at an earlier point in the rotation.
Stress in Veterinary Science Students: A Study at the University of Queensland
Authors: McLennan Malcolm W. , Sutton Richard H. 
Published: January 2008

This paper reports on the results of a survey of selected University of Queensland (UQ) veterinary students aimed at elucidating factors causing stress during the five undergraduate years of the program. Students from each of the five years were asked to form six- or seven-member focus groups. Each focus group was then interviewed and their opinions sought on causes of ongoing stress and the ranking of those causes into predetermined categories. They were also asked to give their opinions on counseling services available within the university and what, if any, services they would like to see in place to help students with stress-related problems. Students in the first, third, and fourth years of the program rated academic issues as the most likely causes of ongoing stress, while students in the second and fifth years of the program ranked lifestyle and financial issues as more likely to cause ongoing stress. In most cases, students coped well with these causes of stress and tended not to use counseling services available to all UQ students. When faced with stressful issues, students looked to their classmates or family members for help and not to university counseling services. Students were also happy to approach staff members in the Veterinary School when faced with a problem. The authors nevertheless conclude that mechanisms set in place at the undergraduate level to help veterinary students cope with stress should particularly benefit those students when they become new graduates and are faced with the stresses of veterinary practice.
Perceptions of the Human–Animal Bond in Veterinary Education of Veterinarians in Washington State: Structured versus Experiential Learning
Authors: Martin François , Taunton Anne 
Published: January 2008

Rationale for the study – The purpose of this research was to describe Washington private practitioners’ beliefs about how the Human-Animal Bond (HAB) should be addressed in DVM curricula and continuing education. Methodology – 1,602 Washington veterinarians in private practice were asked to participate in an online survey that addressed the importance of HAB and of DVM/post-DVM HAB education. Results and conclusions – The response rate was 25.9% (415/1,602). Eighty-one percent (334/412) of respondents indicated that the HAB was important to their decisions to become veterinarians. The HAB was more important to the most recent graduates than to earliest graduates and to females than to males. Forty-four percent (184/415) of respondents considered mentoring to be the best way to learn about the HAB while in veterinary school. Of the 40% (165/415) of respondents who indicated that their veterinary schools offered structured learning on the HAB, 89% (145/163) said they had participated in it. Seven percent (29/415) indicated that entry-level veterinarians were very prepared to identify and facilitate the HAB, while 54% (224/415) said that they were somewhat prepared. Only 32% (131/415) had participated in any HAB structured learning since having started practicing, and the earliest graduates were twice as likely to have participated as the most recent graduates. More than half (55%, 223/407) disagreed or strongly disagreed that post-DVM, the best way to learn about the HAB is through structured learning. However, 83% (342/414) agreed that continuing-education credits should be given for HAB classes. Eighty-six percent (358/414) supported additional HAB research. Ninety-seven percent (402/414) agreed that the best way to learn about the HAB is through experience. These results suggest that veterinarians do not value HAB structured learning as much as experiential learning and that they are not very confident in recent graduates’ abilities regarding the HAB. We propose HAB structured learning in the first three years of DVM education, complemented by the incorporation of the HAB into clinical rotations and post-DVM continuing education.
Education and the Food-Systems Veterinarian: The Impact of New Information Technologies
Authors: Bernardo Theresa M. 
Published: January 2008

Food systems educators face a double challenge: (1) the inherent change in scope and perspective from raising animals to producing safe food in an environmentally conscientious manner; and (2) the unprecedented demand for higher education, both nationally and internationally. In the modern world, small numbers of producers are capable of feeding a growing population. As demographics have shifted from rural to urban areas, more global livelihoods are derived from manufacturing and services than from agriculture. Education, as one of those services, is accounting for an increasing percentage of world trade, through the physical translocation of students and, more recently, through online education. Within the veterinary realm, colleges outside the United States seek accreditation to better compete for students, and there is increasing pressure from private schools. Today's food systems require a high level of veterinary expertise, with specialization in a particular production system as well as the ability to contribute as part of a larger team that can address economic, bio-security, biological-waste, animal-welfare, food-safety, and public-health concerns. The need for different expertise from food systems specialists (indeed, shortages of all types of veterinary specialists), combined with global competition in education, is a call to action for the veterinary profession. This is an opportunity to revisit and reorganize the delivery of veterinary education, making use of new collaborative technologies for greater efficiency and effectiveness.
Formation of coke and minor products in 2‐methylpentane cracking over USHY
Authors: Zhao Yingxian , Wei Feng , Yu Ying 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe formation of coke and minor products in 2‐methylpentane cracking on USHY has been examined at 673, 723, and 773 K. The results show that the coke precursors are various dehydrogenated carbocations on catalyst surface. Despite the increase of coke yield with reaction time, the selectivity and H/C atomic ratio of coke decrease with rising temperature. Echoing to the formation of coke, minor products including acyclic paraffins, acyclic olefins, methylcyclopentane, diolefins, cyclic olefins, and aromatics are formed by various side‐reactions of carbenium ions, such as dehydrogenation, elimination, disproportionation, cyclization, and aromatization. Undergoing of such pathological reaction processes gradually lead to catalyst deactivation. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008.
Further evidence for shared genetic effects between psychotic bipolar disorder and P50 suppression: A combined twin and family study
Authors: Hall Mei‐Hua , Schulze Katja , Sham Pak , Kalidindi Sridevi , McDonald Colm , Bramon Elvira , Levy Deborah L. , Murray Robin M. , Rijsdijk Frühling 
Published: January 2008

AbstractP50 suppression deficit has been reported in patients with psychotic bipolar disorder. In our previous report on twin pairs concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder, we found significant genetic overlap between bipolar disorder and P50 sensory gating. However, the sample size in that study was relatively small. A separate study, the Maudsley Bipolar Family Study, reported diminished P50 gating in unaffected relatives of psychotic bipolar patients. However, genetic and environmental influences are confounded in family studies due to lack of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. The current study combines the twin sample and the family sample in order to improve statistical power and study design, with the aims of: (1) substantiating the association between psychotic bipolar disorder and diminished P50 suppression and (2) verifying the genetic overlap between the two traits reported in the twin sample. We also assessed the relationship between bipolar disorder and an alternative suppression index, the P50 Condition–Testing (C–T) amplitude difference. A total of 309 subjects was included in this study, comprising 91 twin pairs, 31 bipolar families, and 45 unrelated healthy controls. Statistical analyses were based on structural equation modeling. Bipolar disorder was significantly associated with a diminished P50 suppression ratio and decreased C–T amplitude difference. Shared genetic factors were the main source of these associations. Suppression impairment was due to larger, poorly gated, T amplitude responses. The results provide further evidence that impaired P50 suppressions are promising endophenotypes for psychotic bipolar disorder. The non‐specificity of impaired P50 suppression may reflect the impact of shared psychosis susceptibility genes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.