bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive multi‐dimensional liquid chromatographic separation in biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis: a review
Authors: Dixon Steven P. , Pitfield Ian D. , Perrett David 
Published: June 2006

Abstract‘Multi‐dimensional’ liquid separations have a history almost as long as chromatography. In multi‐dimensional chromatography the sample is subjected to more than one separation mechanism; each mechanism is considered an independent separation dimension. The separations can be carried out either offline via fraction collection, or directly coupled online. Early multi‐dimensional separations using combinations of paper chromatography, electrophoresis and gels, in both planar and columnar modes are reviewed. Developments in HPLC have increased the number of measurable analytes in ever more complex matrices, and this has led to the concept of ‘global metabolite profiling’. This review focuses on the theory and practice of modern ‘comprehensive’ multi‐dimensional liquid chromatography when applied to biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of naproxen in human plasma by chip‐based immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Phillips Terry M. , Wellner Edward F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn electrokinetic immunoassay performed in a chip‐based capillary electrophoresis system is described for the rapid measurement of naproxen in human plasma. The system employs a fluorescently labeled antibody to capture and detect the analyte of interest within a 5 min total assay time with an LOD of 0.025 µg/mL and a saturation level of 450 µg/mL. The system compared well with a conventional HPLC technique but was found to be much faster. Application of the electrokinetic assay to the study of patients with allergy to naproxen demonstrated increased concentrations of the drug extending past the predicted elimination half‐life. The portability of the system and its ability to process up to 18 samples per hour makes it suitable for use in emergency room situations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and evaluation of fluorogenic reagents for simultaneous detection of peptides and proteins by HPLC in two different samples
Authors: Saimaru Hiroshi , Yasui Eiko , Takamura Norio , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo find the pairs of fluorogenic reagents having similar retention times in HPLC but with different fluorescent characteristics, six fluorogenic reagents bearing benzoxadiazole or benzoselenadiazole skeletons were synthesized. The resultant derivatives obtained from the reaction of peptides and proteins with reagents which have a benzoselenadiazole skeleton showed different fluorescence characteristics from those with a benzoxadiazole skeleton. Since each corresponding derivatives of trypsin inhibitor and BSA with DAABD‐Cl and 7‐fluoro‐N‐[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl]‐2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole‐4‐sulfonamide (DEAEABSeD‐F) have similar retention times, the pair of reagents was adopted for the sensitive simultaneous detection of proteins in two different samples. When the soluble fraction of mouse hippocampus was divided into the two samples (A and B), each was reacted with DEAEABSeD‐F for A and DAABD‐Cl for B, respectively. The two reaction solutions were combined and subjected to HPLC analysis with two fluorescent detectors in series (excitation and emission at different wavelengths for A and B, respectively). The resultant two chromatograms had quite similar patterns for each other. The new pair of fluorogenic reagents (DAABD‐Cl and DEAEABSeD‐F) would be applicable to proteomics studies using the previously reported FD‐LC‐MS/MS method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of postprostatectomy external beam radiotherapy on quality of life
Authors: Hu Jim C. , Elkin Eric P. , Krupski Tracey L. , Gore John , Litwin Mark S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Postprostatectomy salvage radiotherapy may improve prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) progression‐free survival, but little is known about its effect on quality of life.METHODS.From the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) data base, 1289 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP) without neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormone therapy completed validated health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires. Of these, 69 patients also received salvage radiotherapy at a median of 14 months after RP. The University of California–Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index and the 36‐item short form SF‐36 questionnaire were used to compare HRQOL 12 to 18 months after external beam radiotherapy or 26 to 32 months after RP alone. Those responses also were compared with HRQOL responses from 55 men with data prior to and 12 to 18 months after primary radiotherapy. Multivariate regression identified differences between treatment groups.RESULTS.Men who underwent salvage radiotherapy were younger (P = .03) and had lower incomes (P = .01) than men who underwent RP alone; they also were younger than men who underwent primary radiotherapy (P < .01). In addition, men who received salvage radiotherapy were more likely than men who underwent RP alone to have clinically high‐risk prostate cancer (P < .01). Multivariate analyses revealed that men who received salvage radiotherapy experienced more marked decrements in sexual function (P = .01) and bowel function (P = .03) than men who underwent RP alone. Salvage radiotherapy led to less impairment of sexual function (P < .01) and less sexual bother (P = .04) than primary radiotherapy.CONCLUSIONS.Although salvage radiotherapy is associated with unclear survival benefits, it adversely affects sexual and bowel function. Until randomized clinical trials demonstrate disease‐specific survival benefits for salvage radiotherapy, the HRQOL detriments of additional therapy must be weighed against improved PSA progression‐free survival. Cancer 2006;. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Ototoxicity from high‐dose use of platinum compounds in patients with neuroblastoma
Authors: Kushner Brian H. , Budnick Amy , Kramer Kim , Modak Shakeel , Cheung Nai‐Kong V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The young age of neuroblastoma patients makes them especially prone to the ototoxic effects of widely used treatments that feature aggressive use of platinum compounds. We present data defining the extent of the problem in a large series of neuroblastoma patients whose induction included high‐dose cisplatin/etoposide (HD‐P/E) as used in both the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center N7 regimen and the Children's Oncology Group A3973 study.METHODS.N7/A3973 patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 had hearing tested after induction, that included 2 cycles of HD‐P/E (cumulative cisplatin = 400 mg/m2); Group 2 had hearing tested after induction, that included 3 cycles of HD‐P/E (cumulative cisplatin = 600 mg/m2); and Group 3 had hearing tested following carboplatin‐containing myeloablative therapy administered after induction, that included 2 cycles of HD‐P/E. Ototoxicity was scored by the Brock method.RESULTS.All 3 groups had similar clinical characteristics, including median age at diagnosis of about 3 years. Little or no hearing loss in the speech range (Grade 0/1) was documented in 21 (32%) of the 65 Group 1 patients, 5 (10%) of the 50 Group 2 patients, and 9 (15.5%) of the 58 Group 3 patients. Severe (Grade 3/4) deficits affected 25% of Group 1, 54% of Group 2, and 50% of Group 3 patients. Patients < 5 years at diagnosis had greater ototoxicity than older patients had, with adolescents/adults being the least affected. Findings were stable in repeated assessments over 2 or more years.CONCLUSIONS.Ototoxicity is a serious and pervasive problem in this patient population. Strategies to ameliorate ototoxicity without compromising on antitumor activity of treatments are urgently needed. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Model of luminance contrast‐sensitivity function for application to image assessment
Authors: Westland Stephen , Owens Huw , Cheung Vien , Paterson‐Stephens Iain 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe contrast‐sensitivity function (CSF) is a measure of fundamental spatiochromatic properties of the human visual system. It is typically measured at the detection threshold for the psychophysically defined cardinal channels: luminance, red–green, and yellow–blue. Recent measurements of luminance contrast sensitivity show that the sensitivity of the luminance channel is less for chromatic stimuli than for achromatic stimuli. This chromatic effect has important implications for both human and machine vision. The chromatic effect on luminance contrast sensitivity has been modeled in this work based upon an existing model published by Barten. Barten's model was chosen as the starting point for this work because it is analytical, relatively simple, and can predict those effects that are important for image analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 315–319, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20230.
A general moment generating function for MRC diversity over fading channels with Gaussian channel gains
Authors: Yen Rainfield Y. , Liu Hong‐Yu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFor maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity over correlated fading channels with Gaussian channel gains, we utilize unitary diagonalization of the channel covariance matrix to decorrelate the physical channels into uncorrelated virtual channels to obtain the moment generating function (MGF) of the received signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The MGF thus obtained has a compact form and can be universally applied to various popular fading models. In addition to the advantage of simple derivation procedure, this general MGF can be readily modified to express various scenarios of channel power distributions as well as joint fading models. To demonstrate these advantages, we use the generalized Ricean fading as a specific example to compare our derivation and our MGF expression with an existing work in the literature. Again, we present numerical simulations for MRC reception of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals over Nakagami fading to compare with existing results appearing in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired functional connectivity at EEG alpha and theta frequency bands in major depression
Authors: Fingelkurts Andrew A. , Fingelkurts Alexander A. , Rytsälä Heikki , Suominen Kirsi , Isometsä Erkki , Kähkönen Seppo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRecent reports on functional brain imaging in major depression have lead to an assumption that observed psychopathology might be related to an altered brain functional connectivity. Our hypothesis was that an increase in brain functional connectivity occurs in major depression. As a measure of functional connectivity, the electroencephalogram (EEG) structural synchrony approach was used in 12 medication‐free depressive outpatients and 10 control subjects. Differences in the number and strength of structurally synchronized EEG patterns were compared between groups. In depressive patients the number and strength of short cortex functional connections were significantly larger for the left than for the right hemisphere, while the number and strength of long functional connections were significantly larger for the right than for the left hemisphere. Some of the functional connections were positively correlated with the severity of depression, thus being predictive. These were short‐range anterior, posterior, and left hemisphere functional connections for the alpha frequency band and short‐range anterior functional connections for the theta frequency band. The topology of the most representative functional connections among all patients with major depression indicated that the right anterior and left posterior brain parts may discriminate depressive patients from healthy controls. The obtained data support our hypothesis that there is an increase in brain functional connectivity in major depression. This finding was interpreted within the semantic framework, where different specialization of left (monosemantic context) and right (polysemantic context) hemispheres is functionally insufficient in patients with depression. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fornix transection impairs exploration but not locomotion in ambulatory macaque monkeys
Authors: Kwok Sze Chai , Buckley Mark J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPrompted by the theoretical prediction that damage to the hippocampal system should abolish exploratory behavior, the present study examined exploratory movements in control monkeys (CON) and monkeys with transection of the fornix (FNX), a major input/output pathway of the hippocampus. CON and FNX monkeys were introduced to a novel octagonal chamber for six daily sessions, each lasting 20 min. Both groups visited, punctuated by stops, the majority of the floor space of the environment in each of the sessions. The exploratory movements of CON and FNX groups were not significantly different on most of the measures taken over six consecutive days. These measures included cumulative distance traveled, number and duration of stops, traveling patterns, and proportion of time spent in each of 12 designated zones of floor space. The high degree of similarity in behavior between CON and FNX groups suggests that an intact hippocampal system is not necessary for the display of normal exploratory movement per se. On the other hand, the CON and FNX groups did behave differently on two measures. First, the CON group exhibited a decrement in distance traversed over consecutive epochs within the first test session, whereas FNX animals did not. Second, on those days in which the chamber was made visually asymmetrical, the CON animals tended to show a predilection for spending proportionally more time within one particular quadrant of the chamber. These observations are consistent with the idea that interrupting normal hippocampal system function by means of fornix transection is detrimental to learning about the spatial layout of environments. We therefore suggest that while monkeys with fornix transection still display intact locomotor and exploratory behavior patterns, their new learning of visuospatial context is impaired. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple microindentation technique for mapping the microscale compliance of soft hydrated materials and tissues
Authors: Jacot Jeffrey G. , Dianis Scott , Schnall Joshua , Wong Joyce Y. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeveral recent studies have shown that cells respond to the elastic modulus and elasticity gradients on soft substrates. However, traditional macroscale methods for measuring elastic modulus cannot resolve elastic gradients or differences between the macroscale and microscale elastic modulus of layered tissues. Here, we present a technique for measurement of the microscale elastic modulus of soft, hydrated gels and tissues. This technique requires less equipment than equivalent atomic force microscopy (AFM) and can easily measure larger samples with high adhesiveness. We validate this technique by measuring the microscale modulus of a hydrogel with elasticity that does not depend on measurement scale. We show that the elastic modulus measured using microindentation correlates with measurements using AFM and the macroscale tensile modulus. We verified the ability of this technique to characterize a hydrogel with an elastic gradient of 2.2 kPa/mm across 19 mm and to measure the microscale elastic modulus of the endothelial side of human greater saphenous vein, which is an order of magnitude less than the whole vein macroscale modulus. This simple, inexpensive system allows the measurement of the spatial organization of microscale elastic properties of fully hydrated, soft gels and tissues as a routine laboratory technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
A homozygous frameshift mutation in the ESCO2 gene: Evidence of intertissue and interindividual variation in Nmd efficiency
Authors: Resta Nicoletta , Susca Francesco Claudio , Di Giacomo Marilena C. , Stella Alessandro , Bukvic Nenad , Bagnulo Rosanna , Simone Cristiano , Guanti Ginevra 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRoberts syndrome (RS) is a rare disorder characterized by tetraphocomelia and several other clinical features. Cells from RS patients exhibit characteristic premature separation of heterochromatic region of many chromosomes and abnormalities in cell cycle. Mutations in the ESCO2 gene have recently been identified in 20 RS families. We performed mutational analysis of the ESCO2 gene in two fetuses diagnosed with RS and their normal parents. In both fetuses, we identified homozygosity for the c. 745_746delGT mutation, while the non‐consanguineous parents were both heterozygous for the same mutation. Considering the position of the mutation identified, we carried out qualitative and quantitative real‐time ESCO2 cDNA analysis on RNA isolated from CVS‐stromal cells in one fetus, amniocytes in the second fetus, and lymphocytes from the heterozygous parents. The results of this analysis showed that despite the presence of a premature termination codon (PTC) 112 nucleotides upstream of the next exon3–exon4 junction, the mutant ESCO2 mRNA was present in both fetuses, albeit at low levels, indicating a partial resistance to nonsense mediated decay (NMD). Interestingly, when cells derived from the two fetuses were treated with an inhibitor of translation, they revealed the presence of tissue and individual variability in NMD efficiency, despite the identical mutational status. The existence of such a variation in the NMD efficiency could explain the broad intrafamilial and interfamilial variability in the clinical presentation of RS patients, and in other genetic diseases where nonsense mutations are responsible for most of the mutation load. Moreover, considering that a mutated full length mRNA was produced in both fetuses, we used Western blot analysis to demonstrate the absence of the ESCO2‐truncated protein in cells derived from both fetuses and in a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the parents. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 67–73, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implant wear induces inflammation, but not osteoclastic bone resorption, in RANK–/– mice
Authors: Ren Weiping , Wu Bin , Peng Xin , Hua Jing , Hao Hsiao‐Nan , Wooley Paul H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSignaling of RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B) through its ligand RANKL appears critical in osteolysis associated with aseptic loosening (AL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of RANK in a murine osteolysis model developed in RANK knockout (RANK–/–) mice. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) debris was introduced into established air pouches on RANK–/– mice, followed by implantation of calvaria bone from syngeneic littermates. Wild type C57BL/6 (RANK+/+) mice injected with either UHMWPE or saline alone were included in this study. Pouch tissues were collected 14 days after UHMWPE inoculation for molecular and histology analysis. Results showed that UHMWPE stimulation induced strong pouch tissue inflammation in RANK–/– mice, as manifested by inflammatory cellular infiltration, pouch tissue proliferation, and increased gene expression of IL‐1β, TNFα, and RANKL. However, the UHMWPE‐induced inflammation in RANK–/– mice was not associated with the osteoclastic bone resorption observed in RANK+/+ mice. In RANK+/+ mice subjected to UHMWPE stimulation, a large number of TRAP+ cells were found on the implanted bone surface, where active osteoclastic bone resorption was observed. No TRAP+ cells were found in UHMWPE‐containing pouch tissues of RANK–/– mice. Consistent with the lack of osteoclastic activity shown by TRAP staining, no significant UHMWPE particle‐induced bone resorption was found in RANK–/– mice. A well preserved bone collagen content (Van Gieson staining) and normal plateau surface contour [microcomputed tomography (µCT)] of implanted bone was observed in RANK–/– mice subjected to UHMWPE stimulation. In conclusion, this study provides the evidence that UHMWPE particles induce strong inflammatory responses, but not associated with osteoclastic bone resorption in RANK–/– mice. This indicates that RANK signaling is essential for UHMWPE particle‐induced osteoclastic bone resorption, but does not participate in UHMWPE particle‐induced inflammatory response. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1575–1586, 2006
The entrapment of corrosion products from CoCr implant alloys in the deposits of calcium phosphate: A comparison of serum, synovial fluid, albumin, EDTA, and water
Authors: Lewis A. C. , Kilburn M. R. , Heard P. J. , Scott T. B. , Hallam K. R. , Allen G. C. , Learmonth I. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhysical wear of orthopedic implants is inevitable. CoCr alloy samples, typically used in joint reconstruction, corrode rapidly after removal of the protective oxide layer. The behavior of CoCr pellets immersed in human serum, foetal bovine serum (FBS), synovial fluid, albumin in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), EDTA in PBS, and water were studied using X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF‐SIMS). The difference in the corrosive nature of human serum, water, albumin in PBS and synovial fluid after 5 days of immersion was highlighted by the oxide layer, which was respectively 15, 3.5, 1.5, and 1.5 nm thick. The thickness of an additional calcium phosphate deposit from human serum and synovial fluid was 40 and 2 nm, respectively. Co and Cr ions migrated from the bulk metal surface and were trapped in this deposit by the phosphate anion. This may account for the composition of wear debris from CoCr orthopedic implants, which is known to consist predominantly of hydroxy‐phosphate compounds. Known components of synovial fluid including proteoglycans, pyrophosphates, phospholipids, lubricin, and superficial zone protein (SZP), have been identified as possible causes for the lack of significant calcium phosphate deposition in this environment. Circulation of these compounds around the whole implant may inhibit calcium phosphate deposition. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1587–1596, 2006
Limitations of using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers of chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
Authors: Mwale Fackson , Stachura Dorothy , Roughley Peter , Antoniou John 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe study was initially designed to differentiate human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into chondrocyte‐like cells, for use in tissue engineering. We cultured MSCs in defined chondrogenic medium as pellet cultures supplemented with transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 or ‐β3 and dexamethazone, as they are commonly used to promote in vitro chondrogenesis. Markers of chondrogenesis used were type II collagen and aggrecan, with type X collagen being used as a marker of late‐stage chondrocyte hypertrophy (associated with endochondral ossification). Our results show that aggrecan is constitutively expressed by MSCs and that type X collagen is expressed as an early event. Furthermore, we found that type X collagen was expressed before type II collagen in some cases. This is surprising because it is understood that stem cells have to be differentiated into chondrocytes before they can become hypertrophic. Thus, caution must be exercised when using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers for chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy, respectively, in association with stem cell differentiation from this source. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1791–1798, 2006