bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder: a comparison of the general population, schizophrenia, and major depression
Authors: Diaz Francisco J , James Danielle , Botts Sheila , Maw Lorraine , Susce Margaret T , De Leon Jose 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  This study compared the prevalence of tobacco smoking behaviors in patients with bipolar disorder with normal and psychiatric (schizophrenia and major depression) controls. The main goal was to establish that bipolar patients smoke more than normal controls. Differences with psychiatric controls were explored.Methods:  Samples of 424 patients (99 bipolar, 258 schizophrenia and 67 major depression) and 402 volunteer controls were collected in Central Kentucky. Smoking data for Kentucky’s general population were available. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to establish the strength of associations. Logistic regression was used to adjust ORs for confounding variables.Results:  Using epidemiological definitions of smoking behaviors and the general population as controls provided bipolar disorder unadjusted ORs of 5.0 (95% CI: 3.3–7.8) for current cigarette smoking, 2.6 (95% CI: 1.7–4.4) for ever cigarette smoking, and 0.13 (95% CI: 0.03–0.24) for smoking cessation. Using a clinical definition and volunteers as controls provided respective bipolar disorder adjusted ORs of 7.3 (95% CI: 4.3–12.4), 4.0 (95% CI: 2.4–6.7), and 0.15 (95% CI: 0.06–0.36). Prevalences of current daily smoking for patients with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia were 57%, 66%, and 74%, respectively.Conclusions:  Bipolar disorder was associated with significantly higher prevalences of tobacco smoking behaviors compared with the general population or volunteer controls, independently of the definition used. It is possible that smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder may have intermediate prevalences between major depression and schizophrenia, but larger samples or a combination of multiple studies (meta‐analysis) will be needed to establish whether this hypothesis is correct.
Structural abnormalities of ventrolateral and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with familial bipolar disorder
Authors: Stanfield Andrew C , Moorhead T William J , Job Dominic E , McKirdy James , Sussmann Jessika ED , Hall Jeremy , Giles Stephen , Johnstone Eve C , Lawrie Stephen M , McIntosh Andrew M 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  Abnormalities of ventral prefrontal function have been widely reported in bipolar disorder, but reports of structural abnormalities in the same region are less consistent. We examined the presence and location of ventral prefrontal abnormalities in a large sample of individuals with bipolar disorder and their relationship to gender, psychotic symptoms, and age.Methods:  Structural magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were carried out on 66 individuals with bipolar disorder, type I, and 66 controls. Voxel‐based morphometry was used to examine differences in grey and white matter density between the groups and their relationship with a lifetime occurrence of psychotic symptoms and age.Results:  Reductions in grey matter density were seen in the left and right lateral orbital gyri and the right inferior frontal gyrus, while white matter density reductions were seen in the corona radiata and the left temporal stem. In contrast, hallucinations and positive symptoms were associated with grey matter reduction in the left middle temporal gyrus. Age was more strongly associated with the right inferior frontal gyrus grey matter reductions in the bipolar group than in the controls, but not with any other finding.Conclusion:  Abnormalities of the ventral prefrontal cortex are likely to be involved in the aetiopathology of bipolar disorder, while hallucinations appear to be more closely associated with temporal lobe abnormality, extending earlier work in schizophrenia. Further prospective studies are required to comprehensively address the trajectory of these findings.
Effects of stimulus intensity on the efficacy and safety of twice‐weekly, bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with antipsychotics in acute mania: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mohan Titus SP , Tharyan Prathap , Alexander Jacob , Raveendran Nirmal S 
Published: February 2009

Objectives: To examine differences in speed of improvement and remission in people with mania undergoing bilateral, brief‐pulse, twice‐weekly electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at stimulus intensities administered just above and 2.5 times their individually titrated seizure threshold.Methods: Consecutive, eligible subjects with mania, prescribed ECT, were randomised to receive treatments at stimulus doses either just above or 2.5 times their individually titrated seizure thresholds. Main outcomes were the speed of improvement and remission as measured by the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions—Improvement scale (CGI‐I) and cognitive side effects assessed by the Mini‐Mental State Exam, the Wechsler Memory Scale, and a scale for autobiographical memory.Results: A total of 24/26 subjects (92.3%) given threshold ECT and 22/24 subjects (91.7%) given suprathreshold ECT were significantly improved [CGI = 2; odds ratio (OR) = 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1–8.4; p = 1.0] at the end of ECT. A total of 88% of the sample had remitted [YMRS < 10; threshold 23/26 (88.5%) versus suprathreshold 21/24 (87.5%)], with no significant differences between interventions (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.2– 6.0; p = 1.0). The interventions did not differ significantly in the time or number of ECT treatments required for improvement or remission. Both interventions were equally safe.Conclusions: Bilateral, twice‐weekly ECT delivered at stimulus intensities just above individually titrated seizure threshold was as effective and safe as ECT administered at stimulus intensities 2.5 times seizure threshold in rapidly resolving the symptoms of acute mania.
Hot and cold cognition in unmedicated depressed subjects with bipolar disorder
Authors: Roiser Jonathan P , Cannon Dara M , Gandhi Shilpa K , Tavares Joana Taylor , Erickson Kristine , Wood Suzanne , Klaver Jacqueline M , Clark Luke , Zarate Jr Carlos A , Sahakian Barbara J , Drevets Wayne C 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  Neuropsychological studies in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) have reported deficits on a variety of cognitive measures. However, because the majority of subjects were medicated at the time of testing in previous studies, it is currently unclear whether the pattern of deficits reported is related to BD itself or to psychotropic medication. We addressed this issue by examining cognitive performance in a group of unmedicated, currently depressed subjects with BD.Methods:  Forty‐nine unmedicated subjects who met DSM‐IV criteria for BD, depressed phase, and 55 control subjects participated in this study. Most patients were diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. Performance on emotion‐dependent, or ‘hot’, and emotion‐independent, or ‘cold’, cognitive tasks was assessed using tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.Results:  The groups were well matched with respect to general intelligence and demographic variables. Deficits in the unmedicated depressed BD group were apparent on tests tapping ‘hot’ cognitive processing, for example the Cambridge Gamble task and the Probabilistic Reversal Learning task. However, other than a deficit on the Spatial Span test in the depressed BD subjects, the groups performed equivalently on most measures of ‘cold’ cognitive processing, for example visual memory, attention, and working memory.Conclusions:  These data suggest that deficits on tests involving reward processing, short‐term spatial memory storage, and sensitivity to negative feedback in depressed BD subjects represent an effect of the illness itself and not mood‐stabilizing medication.
A ROLE FOR RHO‐KINASE IN Ca2+‐INDEPENDENT CONTRACTIONS INDUCED BY PHORBOL‐12,13‐DIBUTYRATE
Authors: Baek Inji , Jeon Su Bun , Kim Juyoung , Seok Young Mi , Song Min‐Ji , Chae Shung Chull , Jun Jae Eun , Park Wee Hyun , Kim In Kyeom 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYPhorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu) is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) that causes contractions in both physiological salt solutions and Ca2+‐depleted solutions. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Rho‐kinase plays a role in Ca2+‐independent contractions induced by PDBu in vascular smooth muscles.In Ca2+‐free solution, 0.1 and 1 µmol/L PDBu induced contraction and myosin light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation, both of which were approximately 40% of responses obtained in normal Krebs’ solution. Hydroxyfasudil (H1152; 1 µmol/L), an inhibitor of Rho‐kinase, but not ML7 (10 µmol/L), an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, inhibited Ca2+‐independent contractions induced by PDBu.In Ca2+‐free solution, PDBu increased phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) and CPI‐17 (PKC‐potentiated inhibitory protein for heterotrimeric myosin light chain phosphatase of 17 kDa). This action was inhibited by H1152, with the phosphorylation of CPI‐17 almost completely abolished by 1 µmol/L Ro31‐8220, an inhibitor of PKC.In Ca2+‐free solution, PDBu increased the amount of GTP‐RhoA (an activated form of RhoA). This increase was blocked by the PKC inhibitor Ro31‐8220, but not by the Rho kinase inhibitor H1152.In conclusion, RhoA/Rho‐kinase plays an important role in Ca2+‐independent contractions induced by PDBu in vascular smooth muscles. The results of the present study suggest that PDBu induces Ca2+‐independent contractions by inhibiting myosin light chain phospatase (MLCP) through activation of GTP‐RhoA and subsequent phosphorylation of MYPT1 and CPI‐17.
Mean stress effects in stress‐life fatigue and the Walker equation
Authors: DOWLING N. E. , CALHOUN C. A. , ARCARI A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTMean stress effects in finite‐life fatigue are studied for a number of sets of experimental data for steels, aluminium alloys and one titanium alloy. Specifically, the agreement with these data is examined for the Goodman, Morrow, Smith–Watson–Topper and Walker equations. The Goodman relationship is found to be highly inaccurate. Reasonable accuracy is provided by the Morrow and by the Smith–Watson–Topper equations. But the Morrow method should not be used for aluminium alloys unless the true fracture strength is employed, instead of the more usual use of the stress‐life intercept constant. The Walker equation with its adjustable fitting parameter γ gives superior results. For steels, γ is found to correlate with the ultimate tensile strength, and a linear relationship permits γ to be estimated for cases where non‐zero mean stress data are not available. Relatively high‐strength aluminium alloys have γ≈ 0.5, which corresponds with the SWT method, but higher values of γ apply for relatively low‐strength aluminium alloys. For both steels and aluminium alloys, there is a trend of decreasing γ with increasing strength, indicating an increasing sensitivity to mean stress.
Microcrack nucleation, growth, coalescence and propagation in the fatigue failure of a powder metallurgy steel
Authors: KABATOVA M. , DUDROVA E. , WRONSKI A. S. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTDetailed quantitative micrographic data are presented for Stages I and II of a Powder Metallurgy Fe‐1.5Cr‐0.2Mo‐0.7C steel specimen fatigued in bending with R =−1 at 24 Hz and a stress amplitude of 312 MPa. The fatigue limit was ∼240 MPa, at which stress level no microcracks were detected in static loading. Testing was interrupted at 100 cycles and at further 29 intervals until failure after 49 900 cycles. For each arrest, surface replicas were made in the two regions where maximum stress was applied. Microcracks could nucleate below 100 cycles, when their sizes ranged from <5 to ∼20 μm. Fractographic examination identified the failure‐originating site, which was then associated with the crack system observed on the ‘last’ pre‐failure micrograph. Detailed examination of the eventual failure region showed nucleation, at various cycle intervals, of 18 microcracks, their subcritical growths, arrests and coalescences with continuing cycling to form a critical crack 2.25 mm deep. Stepwise microcrack growth was probably rapid – to the next arrest or coalescence. For each (micro)crack size stress intensity factors, Kas, were estimated and, at the end of Stage II, for the coalesced crack, Ka reached K1C, independently estimated to be ∼36 MPa m1/2.
Evaluation of window flight traps for effectiveness at monitoring dead wood‐associated beetles: the effect of ethanol lure under contrasting environmental conditions
Authors: Bouget C. , Brustel H. , Brin A. , Valladares L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract1 Subsequent to the diversity of saproxylic beetles being proposed as a management tool in forestry, more explicit knowledge about the efficiency and selective properties of beetle sampling methods is needed.2 We compared saproxylic beetle assemblages caught by alcohol‐baited or unbaited window traps in different forest contexts. Considering that trap attractiveness depends on kairomone concentrations, we appraised whether the trap efficiency was influenced by trap environment (openness and local supply of fresh dead wood).3 Saproxylic beetles were sampled using 48 cross‐vane window flight traps, arranged in paired designs (alcohol‐baited/unbaited), in eight ancient and eight recent gaps (open stands), and eight closed‐canopy control stands in an upland beech forest in the French Pyrenees.4 Baited traps were more efficient than unbaited traps in terms of abundance and richness in our deciduous forests. The ethanol lure did not have any repellent effect on the individual response of saproxylic taxa.5 The influence of local environmental conditions on trap attractiveness was observed. Openness had a significant moderate effect on species richness. Trap attractiveness was slightly reduced in the alcohol‐saturated environment of recent gaps probably due to a disruption by local fresh dead‐wood concentrations of the kairomonal response of saproxylic beetles to baited traps (‘alcohol disruption’).6 Because the ethanol lure enhanced the probability of species detection, it may be useful in early‐warning surveillance, monitoring and control of wood borers, despite slight influences of local conditions on baited trap efficiency.
Is a solitary inguinal lymph node metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the rectum really a metastasis?
Authors: Bardia A. , Greeno E. , Miller R. , Alberts S. , Dozois E. , Haddock M. , Limburg P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective  Metastatic involvement of inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) from rectal adenocarcinoma is unusual, particularly without signs of distant spread to other organ sites. By current convention, ILN involvement, including solitary involvement, is classified as metastatic disease (M). However, anecdotal reports suggest that such patients are a distinct entity and should be managed differently. The aim of this study was to gain further insight regarding this seemingly distinct patient subset.Method  This case series provides a descriptive report of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma and solitary inguinal lymph node metastasis (SILNM).Results  Upon retrospective review of medical records from 4480 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1995 to 2004, six patients (0.13%) with SILNM were identified. Three had metachronous and three had synchronous SILNM (four left sided, one right sided, and one bilateral). The mean age at SILNM diagnosis was 61.3 years, and three patients had originally stage II (and three had stage III disease). Five patients received concurrent chemo‐radiation therapy and one declined treatment. Among those with metachronous SILNM, the mean survival after diagnosis of rectal cancer was 42 months. By comparison, all three patients with synchronous SILNM were still alive after a mean duration of 40 months of follow up.Conclusion  Solitary involvement of ILNs might represent a distinct subset of patients with metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma who have a more favourable prognosis. If confirmed by larger studies, our data suggest that alternate management algorithms might be reasonable for such patients.
THE EX‐POST INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN: WHO NEEDS IT?*
Authors: Wright F. K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The relationship between the accounting rate of return and the internal rate of return has been the subject of quite a number of articles. In many of these, it has been assumed that the ex post internal rate of return represents a desirable measure of performance, and efforts have been made to deduce its value from accounting rates of return. The present paper draws attention to some limitations of the ex post internal rate of return and throws doubt on its usefulness as a measure of performance.
A NOTE ON SOME ‘WEAK FORM’ TESTS OF CAPITAL MARKET EFFICIENCY IN NEW ZEALAND*
Authors: Emanuel David M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper reports the results of some experiments designed to test the ‘weak form’ efficiency of the New Zealand Stock Market The experiments were tests of serial correlation for various lags, and runs tests. The evidence suggests that the New Zealand market, at least as reflected in those securities tested, is essentially weak‐form efficient
FIELD STUDIES IN THE ACCOUNTING CURRICULUM*
Authors: Gleeson June 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper describes the introduction and evaluation of a field study component in the management and cost accounting subjects of two undergraduate accounting courses. The three types of participants in the field studies — organizational contacts, College staff, and students — were surveyed using questionnaire (semantic differential) and telephone interview techniques, to ascertain attitudes toward the field study. Results of the survey demonstrated strong support for the studies from all three groups of participants, and several useful suggestions for improvement were received. From these results the field study concept seems to warrant further development and evaluation.
CAPITAL RECONSTRUCTIONS: ARE THEY REALLY NECESSARY?
Authors: McDonald Bruce C. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The topic of capital reconstructions is covered in most texts on company accounting and included in most company accounting courses of study at tertiary institutions. Unfortunately, though, there exists little material on the extent of the application of the available reconstruction options, and the usefulness of these options to companies and shareholders.This paper outlines the extent and type of the capital reconstruction schemes proposed by Australian listed companies between 1975 and 1977. Some research regarding the effectiveness of two of the options is then outlined. Finally, a call is made for research to be undertaken into the other available options to determine whether their implementation is really warranted.
ACCOUNTING DETERMINED AND MARKET DETERMNED RISK MEASURES: SOME TESTS OF ASSOCIATION AND PREDICTIVE ABILITY
Authors: Goh P. L. , Emanuel D. M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the degree of association between certain measures of risk that commonly feature in the accounting literature, and the β coefficient, the risk measure given by the capital asset pricing model. Tests were applied to a subset of New Zealand listed public company securities. A weak association was found. Tests of the predictive ability of an accounting based regression model showed that its performance was inferior to other commonly assumed predictive models.
THE DETERMINATION AND USE OF INVESTMENT HURDLE RATES IN CAPITAL BUGETING: A SURVEY OF AUSTRALIAN PRACTICE*
Authors: McMahon Richard G. P. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper summarizes the results of a survey, conducted in 1979, which investigated Australian practice in the determination and use of investment hurdle rates, and in certain other areas of capital budgeting which impinge on hurdle rate practice. The study suggests a significant closure of the gap between theory and practice in capital budgeting in terms of the use of discounted cash flow techniques of capital project evaluation, and in terms of the use of some tools of finance such as the weighted average cost of capital. However, many developments in the determination and use of investment hurdle rates appear to have taken place at a slower rate, and it is possible that some “back‐tracking” may be required in order to improve practice.
A NOTE ON CORPORATE INVESTMENT DECISIONS AND OPTION PRICING
Authors: Brown R. L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Using the Black‐Scholes option pricing model, numerical examples are given which illustrate the known fact that shareholders in a levered firm might reject investments which are profitable for the company as a whole and accept investments which are unprofitable for the company as a whole. Even the assumption that side‐payments are allowed can be inadequate to handle a possible succession of unprofitable projects which are acceptable to shareholders. However, existing company law attempts to provide a solution procedure. The analysis helps to explain why such law has been thought necessary.
RETURN OF CAPITAL: CASH FLOW, WEALTH TRANSFER AND INFORMATION SIGNALLING EFFECTS
Authors: Coombes Robert J. , Tress Richard B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper examines the price effects of an announcement to distribute cash to shareholders via the return of capital procedure currently applying under Australian company law. The impact of such announcements on the market value of ordinary shares is analysed in terms of three hypothesised effects: the cash flow effect, the wealth transfer effect and the information signalling effect. Using data from 17 companies which announced a return of capital between 1970–1978, and applying the “comparison period” methodology, significant positive returns were observed at the time of the announcement of a return of capital. Possible explanations for this result are considered.
THE INFLATION ADJUSTMENT OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTS: THE CASE OF MONETARY ITEMS
Authors: Tippett Mark , Hodgson Allan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper investigates the sensitivity of the computed loss from holding monetary items to alternative numerical estimating techniques. Using data from 38 companies for the fiscal year 1980‐81, we find that estimation of the loss from holding monetary items is robust with respect to the calculating technique utilized, provided the monetary base is broadly defined. The implications of this for “market model” type studies of the impact of inflation adjustments are discussed.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES FOR EXCHANGE GAINS AND LOSSES ON LONG‐TERM MONETARY ITEMS
Authors: Eddey Peter H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Accounting standards and exposure drafts on foreign currency translation have differed in their recommended treatment of unrealised exchange gains and losses on long‐term monetary assets and liabilities of domestic firms denominated in foreign currencies. This paper compares the immediate recognition method (U.S. and U.K.) to the defer and amortise method (Australia and Canada) with respect to their effects on net income, asset and liability measurement. Reasons why management will be concerned with the financial statement effect of exchange rate changes are advanced and these, together with the empirical analysis of the competing accounting methods, help explain the evident support the Australian corporate sector has shown for the defer and amortise method.