bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality evaluation of Korean soy sauce fermented in Korean earthenware (Onggi) with different glazes
Authors: Lee Kwang Soo , Lee Yang Bong , Lee Dong Sun , Chung Sun Kyung 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of porosity‐controlled earthenware as fermentation vessels for Korean soy sauce. Porosity of fermentation vessels was controlled by glazing the surfaces of Korean earthenware. Three kinds of onggis– the outside glazed, inside and outside glazed, and unglazed onggi – were made and used to investigate the effect of glazing on the fermentation of soy sauce. During fermentation of soy sauce in porosity‐controlled earthenwares at 30 °C for 4 months, physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality attributes were monitored. Compared to other vessels, soy sauce fermented in onggi with both inside and outside surfaces glazed showed less water loss (10.7%), salt content (17.6%) and pH (pH4.4) after the fourth month. It also produced higher total acidity (1.43%), protease activity (810 μg mL−1 min−1) and microbiological changes that included total aerobic bacteria [4.3 log(cfu mL−1)], lactic acid bacteria [3.8 log(cfu mL−1)] and yeast [4.2 log(cfu mL−1)]. The contents of total nucleotide (200–255 mg per 100 g sample) and free amino acids (4634–4848 mg per 100 g sample) in soy sauce were not consistent with glazing, which may be more affected by other factors, such as water loss, than the porosity of vessels. However, the percentage of glutamic acid among total free amino acids was 23.6% in onggi with both surfaces glazed, which was a little higher than the 21.9% in the outside glazed and 21.5% in the unglazed. These positive physicochemical and microbiological changes during fermentation in onggi with both sides glazed also resulted in higher sensory quality.
Properties of five canned luncheon meat formulations as affected by quality of raw materials
Authors: Mohd Abdullah Basem 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFive formulations for commercial luncheon meat were prepared and canned, then analysed for proximate composition, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, peroxide value, pH, acidity (% as free fatty acid, FFA) and subjected to sensory analysis. Small differences (P = 0.05) in the proximate composition were recorded, but all samples came within the required Jordanian Standard for the product. TBA values were the highest in luncheon meat containing the highest percentage of mechanically deboned chicken meat. The most preferred colour to the panel was achieved in samples containing the greatest percentage of beef heart and lowest fat content; these samples were also the juiciest. The highest scoring samples for sensory evaluation were those that contained beef flank, topside and heart.
Hysteresis phenomenon in foods
Authors: Caurie Matthew 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIt has been explained that hysteresis is a sorption phenomenon, which rests on temperature, Aw, moisture content and on surface energy Q. As temperature and Aw as environmental variables have opposite effects on moisture content the isobar and isotherm methods are bound to have opposite effects on the hysteresis loop. Using Caurie's equation it has been shown that the desorption isotherm of the hysteresis loop is always at a higher energy level than the adsorption isotherm. This energy difference is stated to arise from physical changes in the adsorbent matrix which expose new energetic sites which adsorb moisture on return to lower Aws rather than desorb moisture and this is indicated to be responsible for the hysteresis phenomenon. It has also been argued that hysteresis may be used as an index of food quality.
Push or Pull: Imitation vs. Emulation in Great Apes and Human Children
Authors: Tennie Claudio , Call Josep , Tomasello Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAll four species of great apes and young human children (12–24 mo of age) were administered an imitation task designed to distinguish between results learning (emulation) and action learning (imitation). Some subjects were exposed to a demonstrator either pushing or pulling a door to open a box, whereas others simply saw the door of the box opening itself in one of the two directions (the ghost control). Most of the apes successfully opened the box in both experimental conditions, as well as in a baseline condition, but without being influenced either by the demonstrator's actions or by the door's motions. In contrast, human children over 12 mo of age were influenced by the demonstration: the 18‐mo‐olds were influenced by the demonstrator's actions, and the 24‐mo‐olds were influenced both by the demonstrator's actions and by the door's motions in the ghost control. These results provide support for the hypothesis that human children have a greater propensity than great apes for focusing either on a demonstrator's action or on the result of their action, as needed, in social learning situations.
Egg Discrimination and Sex‐Specific Pecking Behaviour in Parasitic Cowbirds
Authors: Llambías Paulo E. , Ferretti Valentina , Reboreda Juan C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe studied egg‐pecking behaviour in males and females of three cowbird species: the shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), a host generalist brood parasite, the screaming cowbird (M. rufoaxillaris), a host specialist brood parasite, and the bay‐winged cowbird (Agelaioides badius), a non‐parasitic species. We conducted three experiments in which we offered each bird an artificial nest with two plaster eggs and recorded whether egg pecking occurred and the number of pecks on each egg. In expt 1, we tested if there were species and sex differences in egg‐pecking behaviour by offering the birds two spotted eggs of similar pattern. Shiny and screaming cowbirds responded in 40.3% and 44% of the trials, respectively, with females and males presenting similar levels of response. In contrast, bay‐winged cowbirds did not show any response. In expt 2, we tested if shiny cowbirds responded differentially when they faced a choice between one host and one shiny cowbird egg, while in expt 3, we tested if screaming cowbirds responded differentially when they faced a choice between one shiny and one screaming cowbird egg. Shiny cowbirds pecked preferentially host eggs while screaming cowbirds pecked more frequently shiny cowbird eggs. Our results show that egg‐pecking behaviour is present in both sexes of parasitic cowbirds, but not in non‐parasitic birds, and that parasitic cowbirds can discriminate between eggs of their own species and the eggs of their hosts or other brood parasites.
Mesh Width Influences Prey Retention in Spider Orb Webs
Authors: Blackledge Todd A. , Zevenbergen Jacquelyn M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOrb‐weaving spiders depend upon the sticky capture spirals of webs to retain insects long enough to be captured. However, insects often escape from orb webs before the spiders can attack them. Therefore, the architectures of orb webs likely reflect strong selective pressure to increase retention times of insects. We experimentally increased the mesh width of one side of an orb web while maintaining the original mesh width on the other side as a control, and then tested the effect of this manipulation on the retention times of four different taxa of insects. We found evidence that increased mesh width of Argiope aurantia orb webs resulted in a general reduction in the retention times of insects. However, retention times for different taxa of insects were not predicted by any one specific morphological or flight characteristic. The influence of mesh width on the retention times of insects is very complex, but our results suggest that mesh width can act to selectively favor the capture of certain taxa of insect prey over others. This effect may help to explain both species level differences in web‐building behaviors and variation in the architectures of webs spun by individual spiders on different days.
Vocal and Facial Attractiveness Judgments of Children, Adolescents and Adults: the Ontogeny of Mate Choice
Authors: Saxton Tamsin K. , Caryl Peter G. , Craig Roberts S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhysical traits are thought to be used as indicators of mate quality, allowing individuals to select mates most likely to help them bear the fittest offspring. As the capacity for human sexual behaviour emerges at puberty, we investigated whether adult‐like judgments of the relative attractiveness of opposite‐sex individuals also arise at puberty. Following previous research, we focussed on facial and vocal attractiveness, which are known to be used in human mate choice and to carry concordant information regarding mate quality. Here we show that males with more attractive faces have more attractive voices as judged by female adults and adolescents, but not by female children. This suggests that cues of facial and vocal attractiveness provide similar information, but that awareness of these cues does not develop fully until reproductive capability, when mate choice judgments become relevant. Adolescents’ judgments also mirrored those of adults in that, like adults, they preferred lower‐pitched male voices, and as a group made concordant judgments about facial attractiveness. However, they did not make similarly concordant judgments about vocal attractiveness, suggesting that a further period of maturation and learning is required to fully develop optimal judgments for mate choice.
Comparative study on biaxial low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of three structural steels
Authors: De FREITAS M. , REIS L. , LI B. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study the uniaxial/biaxial low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of three structural steels (Ck45 normalized steel, 42CrMo4 quenched and tempered steel and AISI 303 stainless steel) are studied, evaluated and compared. Two parameters are considered for estimating non‐proportional fatigue lives: the coefficient of additional hardening and the factor of non‐proportionality. A series of tests of uniaxial/biaxial low‐cycle fatigue composed of tension/compression with cyclic torsion were carried out on a biaxial servo‐hydraulic testing machine. Several loading paths were carried out, including proportional and non‐proportional ones, in order to verify the additional hardening caused by different loading paths. The experiments showed that the three materials studied have very different additional hardening behaviour. Generally, the transient process from the initial loading cycle to stabilized loading cycle occurs in a few cycles. The stabilized cyclic stress/strain parameters are controlling parameters for fatigue damage. A factor of non‐proportionality of the loading paths is evaluated based on the Minimum Circumscribed Ellipse approach. It is shown that the microstructure has a great influence on the additional hardening and the hardening effect is dependent on the loading path and also the intensity of the loading.
Magnetic resonance imaging pelvimetry in 186 patients with rectal cancer confirms an overlap in pelvic size between males and females
Authors: Salerno G. , Daniels I. R. , Brown G. , Heald R. J. , Moran B. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntroduction  It has generally been considered that open pelvic surgery is almost always easier in female subjects because of anatomical differences facilitating surgical access. In contrast, the male pelvis has been considered to be narrower and deeper. The objective of this study was to assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pelvimetry in patients with rectal cancer in whom any difference in pelvimetry may potentially affect operative management. Male and female pelvic bony dimensions were compared.Method  A cohort of 186 patients (112 males and 74 females) with rectal cancer who had been recruited prospectively to the Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Rectal Cancer European Equivalence Study (MERCURY Study) were assessed. Complete digital images were available on these patients. A comparison of the pelvic dimensions was made between the sexes using 16 dimensions measured on the MRI workstation using the mid‐sagittal and axial images.Results  There was no significant difference and considerable overlap between the sexes with respect to each of the 14 parameters measured from the preoperative sagittal MRI scan. However, there was a highly significant difference between the interspinous and intertuberous transverse diameter of the pelvis (P < 0.0001).Conclusion  Outcome after surgery may be influenced by the technical difficulty of the operation and this had been thought to be partly affected by the pelvic size. In this cohort of 186 patients, the only difference seen between the sexes, was in the transverse mid‐inlet and pelvic outlet diameter.
A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of pelvic floor therapies for urodynamic stress and mixed incontinence
Authors: Williams Kate S. , Assassa R. Phil , Gillies Clare L. , Abrams Keith R. , Turner David A. , Shaw Christine , Haslam Jeanette , Mayne Christopher , McGrother Catherine W. ,   the Leicestershire MRC Incontinence Study Team
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVESTo assess the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle therapies (PFMT) in women aged ≥ 40 years with urodynamic stress incontinence (USI) and mixed UI.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn a three‐arm randomized controlled trial in Leicestershire and Rutland UK, 238 community‐dwelling women aged ≥ 40 years with USI in whom previous primary behavioural intervention had failed were randomized to receive either intensive PFMT (79), vaginal cone therapy (80) or to continue with primary behavioural intervention (79) for 3 months. The main outcome measure was the frequency of primary UI episodes, and secondary measures were pad‐test urine loss, patient perception of problem, assessment of PF function, voiding frequency, and pad usage. Validated scales for urinary dysfunction, and impact on quality of life and satisfaction were collected at an independent interview.RESULTSAll three groups had a moderate reduction in UI episodes after intervention but there was no statistically significant difference among the groups. There were marginal improvements in voiding frequency for all groups, with no statistically significant difference among them.CONCLUSIONSIn women who have already had simple behavioural therapies (including advice on PFM exercises) for urinary dysfunction, the continuation of these behavioural therapies can lead to further improvement. The addition of vaginal cone therapy or intensive PFMT does not seem to contribute to further improvement. The improvement in pelvic floor function was significantly greater in the PFMT arm than in the control arm although this did not translate into changes in urinary symptoms.
Clinically significant prostate cancer found incidentally in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens
Authors: Abdelhady Mazen , Abusamra Ashraf , Pautler Stephen E. , Chin Joseph L. , Izawa Jonathan I. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVETo review the incidence, histopathological features and clinical outcomes of patients with incidental prostate cancer found in radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) specimens excised for bladder cancer, to determine if these cancers affected the follow‐up strategy and if prostate‐sparing cystectomy would be appropriate for these patients.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of men who had a RCP for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, at our institution between 1987 and 2003. Patients with a preoperative diagnosis or clinical suspicion of prostate cancer were excluded from further analysis. We identified those men with incidental prostate cancer in the RCP specimens. The patients’ demographic, histopathological and clinical outcome data were collected.RESULTSIn all, 217 men had RCP for TCC between 1987 and 2003; 13 were excluded from the study due to a preoperative diagnosis or clinical suspicion of prostate cancer, and 58 (28%) were found to have incidental prostate cancer. The mean (range) follow‐up was 47 (6–157) months. Of these prostate cancers, 20% were of Gleason score ≥ 7 and two patients developed local and metastatic prostate cancer recurrences.CONCLUSIONIncidental prostate cancer is a relatively common finding in RCP specimens, with a significant proportion having the characteristics of clinically relevant prostate cancer. The follow‐up for prostate cancer should be incorporated with that for TCC and adapted according to the grade and stage of the prostate cancer. Preserving the prostate in an attempt to decrease the morbidity after RCP carries a high risk of significant prostate cancer in the residual prostatic tissue, suggesting that prostate‐sparing cystectomy should only be reserved for a highly selected group of patients.
The association between t‐type Ca2+ current and outward current in isolated human detrusor cells from stable and overactive bladders
Authors: Sui Gui‐Ping , Wu Changhao , Severs Nicholas , Newgreen Donald , Fry Christopher H. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine if bladder overactivity in humans is associated with an altered activity of Ca2+ channels in detrusor smooth muscle and the consequent activation of other ion channels.MATERIAL AND METHODSSamples of bladder were obtained from patients with urodynamically stable bladders, or with idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Isolated cells were patch‐clamped with pipettes containing a Cs+‐based filling solution to isolate inward currents, or a K+‐filling solution to measure outward current. Components of inward current were separated according to their sensitivity to NiCl2 (≤100 µm) and nifedipine.RESULTSNi2+‐sensitive (t‐type) and nifedipine‐sensitive (l‐type) current was recorded in all cells. The voltage‐ and time‐dependent properties were similar in cells from both patient groups. However, the current density of the l‐type current was less, and that of the t‐type current was greater, in myocytes from overactive bladders. In cells from overactive bladders, the mean K+ current over the range − 80 to − 50 mV was also higher than in control cells. This current was sensitive to the large‐conductance channel modulator iberiotoxin and to NiCl2 (100 µm)CONCLUSIONSDetrusor myocytes from overactive human bladders have a higher t‐type Ca2+ current density; we propose that this increases transient outward currents, and so might contribute to higher levels of spontaneous activity.
Polymorphisms in the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene and Growth in the First Year of Life
Authors: Hindmarsh P. C. , Rodeck C. H. , Humphries S. E. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAbnormal patterns of fetal and infant growth have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Catch‐up growth during the first year of life has been associated with a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas a lack of catch‐up growth tracks with a risk of hypertension. The role of genetic factors influencing both growth and blood pressure have not been explored.We genotyped cord blood samples from 530 singleton, Caucasian, uncomplicated pregnancies, drawn from a larger cohort of 1650 pregnancies, and related polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene (alleles insertion (I) or deletion (D)) with measures of size at birth and at age of 1 year. ACE genotype did not significantly influence size at birth, although there was a greater proportion of individuals with the D/D genotype born with a birth weight less than the 10th centile (P = 0.004). The ACE I/I genotype was significantly associated with higher weight (p = 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.001) and mid arm circumference (p = 0.001) at 1 year of age compared to the ACE D/D and I/D genotypes. Individuals with the I/I genotype displayed catch‐up (gain from birth size of ≥0.6 Standard Deviation Score) in weight (p = 0.04), body mass index (p = 0.03) and mid arm circumference (p = 0.03) compared to the D/D group, the majority of which showed no change or catch‐down. The I/D genotype was distributed equally across the catch up/catch down/no change categories. The effect was more marked in males, but ACE genotype and sex of the infant contributed independently to mid arm circumference measurements and there was no interaction between the two. There was no effect of maternal or paternal ACE genotype on birth size. In a multiple linear regression model ACE genotype, socioeconomic status and sex of the infant explained 10.9% of the variance in body mass index SDS at 1 year of age.We conclude that the ACE I/I genotype is associated with a higher weight and body mass index SDS at 1 year of age, along with catch‐up in terms of these measures from birth to 1 year. The D/D genotype is associated with a greater proportion of babies, born at term, that at small for gestational age. These results suggest that due consideration should be given to the underlying genotype of an individual when evaluating the association of early human growth with the development of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The observation of independent effects of genotype, sex of the individual and socioeconomic status on postnatal growth suggests the need to develop methodologies for the integration of genetic and environmental factors in causality modelling.
Mixed‐effects Logistic Approach for Association Following Linkage Scan for Complex Disorders
Authors: Xu H. , Shete S. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn association study to identify possible causal single nucleotide polymorphisms following linkage scanning is a popular approach for the genetic dissection of complex disorders. However, in association studies cases and controls are assumed to be independent, i.e., genetically unrelated. Choosing a single affected individual per family is statistically inefficient and leads to a loss of power. On the other hand, because of the relatedness of family members, using affected family members and unrelated normal controls directly leads to false‐positive results in association studies. In this paper we propose a new approach using mixed‐model logistic regression, in which associations are performed using family members and unrelated controls. Thus, the important genetic information can be obtained from family members while retaining high statistical power. To examine the properties of this new approach we developed an efficient algorithm, to simulate environmental risk factors and the genotypes at both the disease locus and a marker locus with and without linkage disequilibrium (LD) in families. Extensive simulation studies showed that our approach can effectively control the type‐I error probability. Our approach is better than family‐based designs such as TDT, because it allows the use of unrelated cases and controls and uses all of the affected members for whom DNA samples are possibly already available. Our approach also allows the inclusion of covariates such as age and smoking status. Power analysis showed that our method has higher statistical power than recent likelihood ratio‐based methods when environmental factors contribute to disease susceptibility, which is true for most complex human disorders. Our method can be further extended to accommodate more complex pedigree structures.