bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differing responses of human follicular and nonfollicular scalp cells in an in vitro wound healing assay: Effects of estrogen on vascular endothelial growth factor secretion
Authors: Stevenson Susan , Taylor Anthony H. , Meskiri Aisha , Sharpe David T. , Thornton M. Julie 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTImproved wound healing of hairy skin may involve mesenchymal hair follicle cells with stem cell potential and enhancement by estrogen therapy. How estrogen affects follicular dermal papilla (DP) and dermal sheath (DS) cells in wound healing is unknown. Therefore, a comparison of estradiol action on DP, DS, and corresponding interfollicular dermal fibroblasts (DF) in a scratch‐wound assay was performed using matching primary cultures established from female temporo‐occipital scalp. All three cell types expressed mRNA transcripts and protein for estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ). DF ERα transcripts were half that of DP and one‐third of DS cells, while DF ERβ transcripts were two‐thirds of DP and DS cells. In the scratch‐wound assay all three cells types migrated at similar rates, but only the rate of DF was enhanced by estradiol. Mechanical wounding increased DNA synthesis rates of all three cell types and increased the secretion of collagen by DF and DS cells. All three secreted similar basal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was increased by wounding DF and DS cells, but not DP cells. DP cells required estradiol to increase VEGF secretion; by contrast VEGF secretion was decreased by estradiol in wounded DS cells. These results highlight differences in the responses of DF, DP, and DS cells to estradiol in a scratch‐wound assay, providing further support for the dichotomy of cellular functions in the hair follicle. Further understanding of the role of estrogen in cutaneous wound healing may have important implications for the management of chronic wounds and scarring.
Impaired wound healing in an acute diabetic pig model and the effects of local hyperglycemia
Authors: Velander Patrik , Theopold Christoph , Hirsch Tobias , Bleiziffer Oliver , Zuhaili Baraa , Fossum Magdalena , Hoeller Daniela , Gheerardyn Raphael , Chen Michael , Visovatti Scott , Svensson Henry , Yao Feng , Eriksson Elof 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTDiabetic wounds result in significant morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and enormous health‐care expenses. Pigs have been shown to have wound healing resembling that in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a large‐animal model for diabetic wound healing. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection in Yorkshire pigs. Full‐thickness wounds were created and dressed with a sealed chamber. Nondiabetic pigs with or without high glucose wound fluid concentration served as controls. Glucose concentration in serum and wound fluid was measured and collected. Wound contraction was monitored, and biopsies were obtained for measurement of reepithelialization. Wound fluid was analyzed for insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), platelet‐derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor. Glucose concentration in wound fluid initially followed serum levels and then decreased to undetectable on day 9. Reepithelialization was significantly delayed in diabetic pigs. In nondiabetic pigs, wounds treated in a local hyperglycemic environment, and thus excluding the effects of systemic hyperglycemia, showed no difference in wound closure compared with controls. This suggests that delayed wound healing in diabetes is not induced by local high‐glucose concentration itself. Analysis of growth factor expression showed a marked reduction in IGF‐1 in the diabetic wounds. Diabetic pigs have impaired healing that is accompanied by a reduction of IGF‐1 in the healing wound and is not due to the local hyperglycemia condition itself.
Human dermal fibroblast subpopulations; differential interactions with vascular endothelial cells in coculture: Nonsoluble factors in the extracellular matrix influence interactions
Authors: Sorrell J. Michael , Baber Marilyn A. , Caplan Arnold I. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe superficial dermis of adult human skin contains a complex arcading microvasculature that provides nutrient support to the overlying epidermis. We propose that the unique subpopulations of dermal fibroblasts located in the superficial dermis contribute to the organization and maintenance of this elaborate microvasculature. This possibility was tested in a coculture system in which distinct subpopulations of adult human dermal fibroblasts were grown to form high‐density lawns that were then seeded with human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (EC). The fibroblast subpopulation cultured specifically from the papillary dermis supported a robust array of highly branched tube‐like structures. In contrast, fibroblasts cultured from the reticular dermis provided an anemic level of support for the formation of tube‐like structures. These varied interactions with vascular EC were not due to the differential production of the potent pro‐angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor‐A or fibroblast growth factor‐2. Instead, the extracellular matrix and/or molecules bound to this matrix appeared to contain instructions that modulated these differential fibroblast–vascular EC interactions. One matrix‐binding growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, was identified that was both differentially expressed by papillary and reticular dermal fibroblasts and which was shown to be physiologically relevant in the coculture model. These studies highlight the importance of fibroblasts in supporting and maintaining vascular integrity. Furthermore, these studies have important implications for wound repair and may help to explain how fibroblasts contribute to the etiology of nonhealing wounds.
Autonomic consequences of kainic acid–induced limbic cortical seizures in rats: Peripheral autonomic nerve activity, acute cardiovascular changes, and death
Authors: Sakamoto Kenichi , Saito Takeshi , Orman Rena , Koizumi Kiyomi , Lazar Jason , Salciccioli Louis , Stewart Mark 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPurpose:Autonomic consequences of seizures are common, but can be severe. We sought to define changes in autonomic activity from limbic cortical seizures and their impact on the heart.Methods:We studied kainic acid (KA)‐induced seizures in urethane‐anesthetized rats using peripheral nerve, blood pressure (BP), and ECG recordings and echocardiography.Results:Seizures were associated with massive increases in parasympathetic (vagus nerves) and sympathetic (cervical sympathetic ganglion >renal nerve >splanchnic nerve) activity. Seizure‐associated activity increases were greater than activity changes induced by nitroprusside or phenylephrine (each producing BP changes of >50 mmHg). Increases in c‐fos expression were found in both sympathetic and parasympathetic medullary regions (as well as hypothalamic areas). Baroreceptor reflex function (tested with nitroprusside and phenylephrine) was impaired during seizures. Finally, a significant fraction of the animals died and the mechanism of death was defined through ECG, BP, and echocardiographic measures to be profound cardiac dilatation and bradyarrhythmia leading to hypoperfusion of the brain and ultimately hypoperfusion of the heart. Cardiovascular changes occur within seconds (or less) of autonomic nerve activity changes and death by these mechanisms takes minutes.Discussion:We propose that the massive parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow that occurs during a seizure gets compounded by respiratory distress (driving both autonomic nervous system divisions in the same direction) causing mechanical dysfunction, slowing the heart, and hypoperfusing the brain.
Clinical picture of EPM1‐Unverricht‐Lundborg disease
Authors: Kälviäinen Reetta , Khyuppenen Jelena , Koskenkorva Päivi , Eriksson Kai , Vanninen Ritva , Mervaala Esa 
Published: March 2008

SummaryUnverricht‐Lundborg disease (ULD), progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 (EPM1, OMIM254800), is an autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by age of onset from 6 to 16 years, stimulus‐sensitive myoclonus, and tonic–clonic epileptic seizures. Some years after the onset ataxia, incoordination, intentional tremor, and dysarthria develop. Individuals with EPM1 are mentally alert but show emotional lability, depression, and mild decline in intellectual performance over time. The diagnosis of EPM1 can be confirmed by identifying disease‐causing mutations in a cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin B (CSTB) gene. Symptomatic pharmacologic and rehabilitative management, including psychosocial support, are the mainstay of EPM1 patients' care. Valproic acid, the first drug of choice, diminishes myoclonus and the frequency of generalized seizures. Clonazepam and high‐dose piracetam are used to treat myoclonus, whereas levetiracetam seems to be effective for both myoclonus and generalized seizures. There are a number of agents that aggravate clinical course of EPM1 such as phenytoin aggravating the associated neurologic symptoms or even accelerating cerebellar degeneration. Sodium channel blockers (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine) and GABAergic drugs (tiagabine, vigabatrin) as well as gabapentin and pregabalin may aggravate myoclonus and myoclonic seizures. EPM1 patients need lifelong clinical follow‐up, including evaluation of the drug‐treatment and comprehensive rehabilitation.
Natural Disaster Insurance and the Equity‐Efficiency Trade‐Off
Authors: Picard Pierre 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the role of private insurance in the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. We characterize the equity‐efficiency trade‐off faced by the policymakers under imperfect information about individual prevention costs. It is shown that a competitive insurance market with actuarial rate making and compensatory tax‐subsidy transfers is likely to dominate regulated uniform insurance pricing rules or state‐funded assistance schemes. The model illustrates how targeted tax cuts on insurance contracts can improve the incentives to prevention while compensating individuals with high prevention costs. The article highlights the complementarity between individual incentives through tax cuts and collective incentives through grants to the local jurisdictions where risk management plans are enforced.
Litigation Patterns in Automobile Bodily Injury Claims 1977–1997: Effects of Time and Tort Reforms
Authors: Browne Mark J. , Schmit Joan T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study uses data from the Insurance Research Council to investigate changes in the use of attorneys and in the filing of legal claims to resolve automobile third‐party bodily injury claims between 1977 and 1997. We find results consistent with the general public perception that the use of attorneys and the filing of legal claims have increased over the study period. In addition, we find evidence that tort reforms enacted by the states have slowed the rates of increase in the use of attorneys and in the filing of legal claims to resolve automobile insurance claim disputes.
On the Feasibility of Insurers' Investment Policies
Authors: Zweifel Peter , Auckenthaler Christoph 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article calls attention to a difficulty with insurers' investment policies that seems to have been overlooked so far. There is the distinct possibility that insurers cannot satisfy the demands of different stakeholders in terms of expected returns and volatility. While using the capital asset pricing model as the benchmark, this article distinguishes two groups of stakeholders that impose additional constraints. One is “income security” in the interest of current beneficiaries and older workers; the other is “predictability of contributions” in the interest of contributing younger workers and sponsoring employers. It defines the conditions for which the combination of these constraints results in a lack of feasibility of investment policy. Minimum deviation from the capital market line is proposed as the performance benchmark in these situations.
RECENT CHANGES IN TRADE AND TRANSPORT IN WEST GREENLAND
Authors: Lloyd T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTWest Greenland has long been dependent on the sea for its wealth, supplemented by a small production of coal for domestic use, and cryolite for export. While sea mammals such as seals, walrus and small whales were for long the mainstay of native hunters, changes in water temperatures in the past thirty years have brought cod into coastal waters and permitted contemporary economic expansion.Transport today is of far greater significance than formerly. The old subsistence economy supplemented by modest imports from Europe paid for by exports of seal and other oils, has given way to a modern trading economy with large imports of fuel, construction materials and a wide variety of consumer's goods. These are paid for, in part, by exports of dried, salt and frozen fish.The former small ocean‐going vessels are no longer adequate, and modern passenger‐cargo ships owned by the government trading company and an equal tonnage of chartered vessels are used. Modern coaster carry exports from outposts to the main harbours, which are themselves being modernized.Cryolite has been exported for almost a hundred years. That for North America is carried in chartered vessels which convey little or no cargo to Greenland. That destined for Copenhagen provides a return cargo for vessels carrying supplies to Greenland settlements.Apart from the commercial fishing by Greenlanders, there is a growing production from vessels from Norway, Denmark and the Faeroes, which are based on special Greenland harbours. These are serviced by large freighters bringing salt and other supplies and carrying away fish products. This trade is completely separate from that of Greenland proper, and it does not appear in published statistics.In recent years imports to Greenland settlements have amounted to about 50,000 tons per annum, made up approximately of coal 20%, salt 20%, and general cargo including oil fuel, 60%. Exports have been slightly larger, amounting to about 60,000 tons of which 80% by weight has been cryolite.
CULTURAL CONFLICT IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Michie George H. , Neil Eric M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe exploitation of the Canadian Arctic by people of European extraction has meant profound disruption to the culture of the indigenous Eskimo people. Through the fur‐trade they were provided with efficient weapons with which they have rapidly depleted their resource base. From the white man, also, have come many diseases which have ravaged and reduced the natives themselves. A new era of northern development is now beginning in which the mineral resources are about to be exploited. In it the Eskimo cultures of Ungava and Keewatin face their most severe testing time. The Eskimo can be a useful workman. If the whole population migrates to the new settlements, the younger generation will not learn the old ways so that the culture, and probably the race ag well, will disappear.On the other hand, through proper attention to health, housing, education, conditioes of employment and improvement of the resource base, it should be possible to integrate the Eskimo into the new order. Some of them may be educated to fill very useful places in north‐ ern industries while, at the same time, the old culture may be continued and improved by others who develop a new herding industry on the tundra from which the caribou have vanished.In the present global situation, there is some worry about the lack of population in the immense northland. For economic and political, as well a8 humanitarian reasons, Canadais compelled to face the problem of Eskimo survival and to attempt to provide a solution. In any event, the human geography of the Canadian Arctic is being rapidly recast.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICHELIEU VALLEY
Authors: Ballabon M. B. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTSince the early days of the colonial period, the Richelieu Valley has shared in the formation of the Quebec landscape and has reflected, often quite strikingly, the elements that have been associated with its development. Three graduate geography students associated with the Committee on Physical Planning at McGill University, studied the area in 1951–1952 and presented theses on the land use, historical evolution, and urban development of the valley. These have been traced through six historical periods: pre‐1761, 1761–1815, 1815–1839, 1839–1867, 1867–1914, 1914 to the present.Under the French Regime, virtually the entire drainage area of the Richelieu River, extending from the southern fringes of Lakes George and Champlain to the very gates of the St. Lawrence and Montreal, was a vast “no‐man's land”. Apart from the forts, the early settlements were limited to the river banks below the Chambly portage, which was connected to Laprairie, opposite Montreal, by one of the first roads built in Canada.The early British rule brought paradox and profit to the Richelieu. Political ambitions from the south went hand in hand with commercial intercourse, military considerations for the protection of the St. Lawrence were compromised by the ties of the Anglo‐Saxon settlements advancing down‐valley to meet the older French movement from the St. Lawrence, and the defensive centres of the previous regime at St. Jean, Chambly and Sorel, now became the strongholds of a Loyalist group in a French Canadian rural environment.The next period saw the first steam railroad in Canada built between Laprairie and St. Jean, recognizing the commercial value of the southern part of the river route, the beginning of the Chambly Canal, and the evolution of urban centres outside the requirements of military protection. Commercial agriculture and local industries witness the maturity of settlement.By 1867 land occupancy was virtually complete, and the peak in rural settlement had occurred. The institutional fabric of the urban centres developed rapidly in this period, while industry was still of only limited importance. Modern industrialism arose in the next period which also saw a rapid increase in urbanization and declining rural population.The most recent period has witnessed an accentuation of those ties which have cut across traditional valley relations, and brought the centre of the valley within the orbit of metropolitan Montreal. The urban centres have developed distinctive characteristics, and have their own particular problems associated with their industrial structures and physical morphology. Local agricultural specialization have accompanied these changes. These are representative of tendencies that pervade much of the contemporary Quebec landscape.
INDUSTRIALISATION ET STRUCTURE DE L'EGLISE DANS LE DIOCESE DE TROIS RIVIERES, QUEBEC
Authors: Hamelin L.E. , Hamelin C.L. 
Published: March 2008

RESUMEBien que peu connues, les répercussions de l'industrialisation sur les faits de religion dans le Québec sont très profondes. Nous voulon présenter celles qui se rapportent à la structure de certains groupes et institutions, tels la paroisse, les fidèles et les clercs. En géographes, nous avons une préoccupation écologique: nous étudions les structures en fonction de leurs milieux naturel et social. Nous nous en tiendrons au diocèse représentatif de Trois‐Rivières. Nous ne nous occuperons que de l'Englise catholique et de son évolution depuis 60 ans.Les 200, 000 catholiques de diocèse résident dans la vallée du Saint‐Maurice, la plaine laurentienne et les Laurentides locales. L'industrialisation a provoqué une forte augmentation de la population totale (65, 000 à 200, 000), un accroissement extraordinaire du peuplement de la vallée (10, 000 à 132, 000), une proletarisation des diocésains, une urbanisation prononcée (67% en 1952), une augmentation du nombre de catholiques par prêtre (de moins de 1, 000 à 1, 200), une inadaptation du clerc aux nouvelles conditions naturelles et sociales: le prêtre est fils de cultivateur dans la proportion de 40% et il vient de la plaine ou des Laurentides dans 68% des cas alors que le fidèle réside surtout dans la vallée (65%) et il appartient aux groupes salaries ou artisanaux (66%). L'urbanisation a aussi accentué les différences entre les situations rurale et urbine. Les 2/3 des paroisses et la moitié des prêtres engagés dans le ministère se trouvent à la campagne alors que les 2/3 des fidèles sont en ville. A la campagne, la densité des fidèles est faible (20 au mille carré); aucune paroisse n'est trop posse; seulement 20% des prêtres sont surchargés; il y a 600 catholiques par prêtres. En ville, la densité moyenne est de 10, 000 catholiques au m.c.; la moitié des paroisses sont trop grosses; 80% des fidèles vivent dans ges paroisses trop populeuses; 85% des prêtres dans le ministère sont surchargès; 75% des fidèles sontdesservis par des prêtres surchargés; on compte 1, 650 catho‐liques par prêtres engagés dans le min.La structure paroissiale de l'Englise n'est pas adaptée au nouveau genre de vie.La diminution de la vitalité religieuse dans les villes ne serait‐elle pas reliée à ce fait?
TRACING ROSS ACROSS BOOTHIA1
Authors: Fraser J. Keith 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis was one of the few expeditions of this period which made careful note of the Eskimo names in the area which they explored. No further explorations were made in southern Boothia until recently. By correlating the descriptions and Eskimo names with those obtained in 1953, it was possible to trace Ross' journeys quite accurately in most cases, and credit must be given to the officers of this expedition for their mapping of inland features as well as the coasts. Most of the other expeditions of the past century either mapped coastal configuration only, applying British names liberally without regard to local native nomenclature, or followed the larger rivers leading to the Arctic seas. It must be remembered that the Ross expedition spent three winters in southern Boothia and thereby gained an intimate knowledge of the country. By associating with the local inhabitants, they learned much more about the local geography and the native culture than parties which did not utilize local guides.
POPULATION DENSITY AND MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT ‐ THE VANCOUVER. B.C., METROPOLITAN AREA
Authors: Crerar A. D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPopulation growth in the Greater Vancouver metropolitan area has been rapid. The greatest growth in recent years has occurred not in the central city Vancouver, but in the suburban municipalities of the fringe. Eightly per cent of the new population growth in one of the typical fringe municipalities has occurred on lots of urban size (less than one acre). Forty‐four per cent of the new urban lots were located in compact groupings (gross population density over 3.5 people per acre).The remaining urban lots, 56 per cent of the total, were widely scattered to form sprawl conditions (density between 0.3 and 3.5 people per acre).Sprawl is considered to be a problem of greater magnitude in coastal British Columbia than elsewhere in Canada. It makes the supply of certain municipal services such as sanitary sewers virtually impossible. Sprawl areas do not provide sufficient tax return to pay for the municipal services they receive at present.
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND1
Authors: Forward Charles N. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe city of St. John's has been analysed systematically from a commercial viewpoint. Mapping of commercial establishments was carried out to achieve distributional patterns of individual types. The maps permitted the determination of business location relative to population distribution. This enabled a further evaluation of the effectiveness of specific retail distributions in serving the people. The numbers and types of stores were compared with those in other Canadian cities with the aim of discovering any peculiarities in St. John's. The comparison revealed business opportunities in the case of certain retail types and overcrowding in others. Finally, the degree of concentration of commercial establishments was determined and a regionalization of commercial areas was achieved.