bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of retinoid receptors in sebaceous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chakravarti Nitin , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Lotan Reuben , Anderson James , Diwan Abdul H. , Saadati Hossein G. , Diba Roxana , Prieto Victor G. , Esmaeli Bita 
Published: December 2005

Purpose:  The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are any abnormalities in the in vivo expression of retinoid acid receptors (RAR‐α, RAR‐β and RAR‐γ) and retinoid X receptors (RXR‐α, RXR‐β and RXR‐γ) in sebaceous cell carcinoma.Methods:  Expression of retinoid receptors in paired specimens of cancerous tissues (n = 10) and adjacent normal tissues (n = 10) from 10 patients with sebaceous cell carcinoma was studied immunohistochemically by using anti‐retinoid receptor antibodies.Results:  In eight of the 10 normal tissue samples, all six receptors were expressed. In the other two samples, all receptors were expressed except RAR‐γ (one sample) or RXR‐γ (two samples). Five tumours (50%) lacked RAR‐α; RAR‐α expression was lower in tumours than in normal tissues in eight of 10 cases. RAR‐β was expressed in the cytoplasm of nine of 10 tumours; RAR‐β expression was at least as high in tumours as in normal tissue in eight of 10 cases. Two tumours lacked RAR‐γ; three tumours had lower RAR‐γ expression than paired normal epithelium; four had the same RAR‐γ expression, and one had higher RAR‐γ expression. RXR‐α expression was strong in all normal tissues and tumour samples. Ten tumours lacked RXR‐β and all 10 tumours lacked RXR‐γ expression.Conclusions:  Diminished RXR‐β and RXR‐γ expression might be related to the development of sebaceous cell carcinoma. Additional studies are required to establish whether the defects in RAR expression in sebaceous cell carcinoma might affect the potential response of this tumour to treatment with retinoids.
Multiple cellular neurothekeomas – a case report and review on the role of immunohistochemistry as a histologic adjunct
Authors: Mahalingam M. , Alter J. N. , Bhawan J. 
Published: December 2005

Background:  Cellular neurothekeoma is a relatively rare, benign cutaneous neoplasm, which usually presents as a solitary papule or nodule involving the head and neck area of young adults. Multiple neurothekeomas have not, to date, been known to occur.Methods:  We report a 30‐year‐old, otherwise healthy, male who presented with multiple neurothekeomas (15) in the head and neck area over a period of 12 years.Results:  While the unifying feature of all biopsied (10 of 15) lesions was the presence of epithelioid cells – the lesions differed in their cellularity and the degree of sclerosis of the stromal component. Antigenic profiling of the lesional cells revealed expression of vimentin, NKI/C3, PGP 9.5, factor XIIIa and CD68 but not S100, HMB45, MelanA, EMA, MSA, desmin, CD57 or NGF‐R.Conclusions:  This case report is the first to document the occurrence of multiple cellular neurothekeomas. An unusual histologic feature of some of the biopsied lesions was the presence of a markedly sclerotic stroma.
Expression of c‐kit (CD117) in Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma
Authors: Isabel Zhu Y. , Fitzpatrick James E. 
Published: December 2005

Background:  CD117, the receptor for kit‐ligand, which is a growth factor for melanocyte migration and proliferation, has shown differential staining in various benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. The purpose of this study is to compare CD117 immunohistological staining in Spitz nevus versus malignant melanoma, to determine whether CD117 can aid in the diagnosis of these two lesions.Methods:  CD‐117 immunohistological staining was performed in 22 clinically and pathologically diagnosed pigmented lesions including 9 cases of Spitz nevus, 10 cases of primary MM and 3 cases of metastatic melanoma.Results:  There was no significant difference in CD117 staining in either epidermis or dermis between Spitz nevi and primary melanomas. However staining of metastatic melanomas is less than dermal staining of primary MM and Spitz nevus.Conclusions:  CD117 is unlikely a useful diagnostic tool in differentiating Spitz nevus from primary MM. On the other hand, CD 117 may be useful in differentiating metastatic melanoma from primary melanoma in patients who had a history of melanoma and who present with new dermal lesions.
Flavour encapsulation and controlled release – a review
Authors: Madene Atmane , Jacquot Muriel , Scher Joël , Desobry Stéphane 
Published: December 2005

SummaryFlavours can be among the most valuable ingredients in any food formula. Even small amounts of some aroma substance can be expensive, and because they are usually delicate and volatile, preserving them is often a top concern of food manufacturers. Encapsulation describes different processes to cover an active compound with a protective wall material and it can be employed to treat flavours so as to impart some degree of protection against evaporation, reaction, or migration in a food. Encapsulation of flavours has been attempted and commercialized using many different methods such as spray drying, spray chilling or spray cooling, extrusion, freeze drying, coacervation and molecular inclusion. The choice of appropriate microencapsulation technique depends upon the end use of the product and the processing conditions involved in the manufacturing product. This overview describes each method cited above in terms of the basic chemical and/or physical principles involved and covers mechanisms of flavour release from food matrices.
The broader usage of sugars and fillers in milk chocolate made possible by the new EC cocoa directive
Authors: Bolenz Siegfried , Amtsberg Kristina , Schäpe Rita 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThe European Community directive 2000/36/EC now allows the addition of any sugar to chocolate and also adding up to 40% (w/w) of any foodstuff. Milk chocolates with lactose‐replacing sucrose and also with added fillers were tested for physical and sensory properties. Helianthus tuberosus flour, pea and oat fibres made the taste of the chocolate unacceptable. The addition of cellulose and wheat fibre at low dosages resulted in tolerable flavour; however, fat absorption of fibres caused worse flow properties and toughness made particle sizes to increase. Sugar beet fibres introduced bitter and cereal notes. The three products mentioned above would be useable only after modifications to the upstream process. Lupin gave a higher yield value because of its lecithin content but otherwise showed positive impact and could be used to supplement milk ingredients after adjustments to the recipe. As inulin improved the flow and sensory characteristics, it could be recommended both for its physical and nutritional properties. Lactose was not detectable up to 20%, but had some negative effects at higher levels in a low‐fat formulation and could require refining modifications. Further development seems worthwhile.
Effect of rotation on the heat penetration characteristics of thermally processed tuna in oil in retort pouches
Authors: Ansar Ali Ameer , Sudhir Balaraman , Srinivasa Gopal Teralandur Krishnaswamy 
Published: December 2005

SummaryTuna in oil was processed in retort pouches (20 × 17 cm) to a, F0 value of 10. Heat penetration characteristics were determined using a rotary retort to an F0 value of 10 and the results compared with a stationary retort. For studying the changes in heat penetration during rotation, tuna in oil was packed into retort pouches, subjected to different rotation speeds (2, 4 and 6 r.p.m.) and thermally processed to the same F0 value. For the same F0 value of 10, although there was a reduction in process time with increasing rotation speed up to 6 r.p.m., the magnitude of the reduction in processing time decreased with increase in speed of rotation. However up to 2 r.p.m. there was a considerable reduction in process time.
Sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological changes in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets packed under modified atmosphere/air or prepared from whole fish stored in ice
Authors: Poli Bianca Maria , Messini Anna , Parisi Giuliana , Scappini Federico , Vigiani Valentina , Giorgi Gianluca , Vincenzini Massimo 
Published: December 2005

SummaryQuality changes and shelf‐life in European sea bass fillets packed under 40% CO2: 60% N2 (MAP) and air (AIR) or prepared from the whole ungutted fish stored in ice (ROUND) were compared. Raw and cooked sensory scores, pH, colour, expressible water, malonaldehyde, total viable count, Pseudomonas spp., H2S‐producing bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., coliforms and proteolytic counts, were determined until AIR and MAP raw fillet spoilage. Raw ROUND fillets had the best quality and shelf‐life (10 vs. 8 vs. 7 days after slaughtering in ROUND, MAP and AIR, respectively), while the MAP fillets had better sensorial scores, lower pH values and better microbiological counts, but greater lightness values than the corresponding AIR fillets. MAP fillets also had the highest malonaldehyde levels. The higher correlation between Streptococcus spp. and odour scores (r = −0.971, P < 0.01) compared to the other species could suggest that it is a specific spoilage organism in the MAP condition used.
Atypical growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum in subclinical infections
Authors: Hirvelä‐Koski V , Pohjanvirta T , Koski P , Sukura A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo growth types of Renibacterium salmoninarum were isolated from subclinically infected rainbow trout, one producing the smooth colonies typical of R. salmoninarum and the other forming a thin film on the surface of the agar with no separate colonies. The atypical growth was present on kidney disease medium agar in primary cultures of the kidney but not on selective kidney disease medium (SKDM). Fluorescent antibody staining of the fresh isolate and polymerase chain reaction amplification were the most reliable techniques to identify the atypical growth of R. salmoninarum. The condition was reversible, with growth reverting from atypical to the smooth colony form in experimentally infected rainbow trout and under laboratory conditions. There was no mortality, or any clinical signs of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in the fish challenged with the atypical growth, although small numbers of smooth colonies of R. salmoninarum were isolated from 8% of these fish. The atypical growth reported here may explain some of the failures of culture, when SKDM agar alone is used for the detection of BKD in subclinically infected fish.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post‐smolts in the Shetland Isles, Scotland: virus identification, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and genetic comparison with Scottish mainland isolates
Authors: Smail D A , Bain N , Bruno D W , King J A , Thompson F , Pendrey D J , Morrice S , Cunningham C O 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDuring mid‐June 1999 peak mortalities of 11% of the total stock per week were seen at a sea cage site of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post‐smolts in the Shetland Isles, Scotland. Virus was isolated on chinook salmon embryo (CHSE) cells in a standard diagnostic test and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) identified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. IPNV was confirmed as serogroup A by a cell immunofluorescent antibody test using the cross‐reactive monoclonal antibody AS‐1. Four weeks after the main outbreak, virus titres in surviving moribund fish were assayed at >1010 TCID50 g−1 kidney. Histopathology of moribund fish was characterized by pancreatic acinar cell necrosis and a marked catarrhal enteritis of the intestinal mucosa. In the liver, necrosis, leucocytic infiltration and a generalized cell vacuolation were noted. IPNV‐specific immunostaining was demonstrated in pancreas, liver, heart, gill and kidney tissue. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region of segment A was determined from the Shetland isolate. A 1180 bp fragment of the VP2 gene of this isolate was compared with a 1979 reference isolate from mainland Scottish Atlantic salmon, La/79 and another more recent mainland isolate, 432/00. Both A2 isolates were derived from carrier fish without signs of IPN and serotyped by a plaque neutralization test. The Shetland isolate shows a different nucleotide and amino acid sequence compared with the two isolates from carrier fish. These latter isolates showed identical amino acid sequences in the fragment examined, despite the 21 years separating the isolations. Sequence comparisons with other A2 (Sp) isolates on the database confirm all three Scottish isolates are A2 (Sp).
In infectious pancreatic necrosis virus carrier Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post‐smolts, almost all kidney macrophages ex vivo contain a low level of non‐replicating virus
Authors: Munro E S , Gahlawat S K , Acosta F , Ellis A E 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe level of infection by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) of kidney macrophages from 12 asymptomatic carrier Atlantic salmon post‐smolts was studied. Kidney leucocytes were fractionated on 34/51% Percoll gradients, allowed to adhere to plastic wells overnight, washed to remove non‐adherent cells and cultured for up to 7 days with or without renewal of medium on day 3. On day 1, supernatants were harvested, macrophages were counted, lysed and IPNV in the supernatants and lysates was titred in chinook salmon embryo (CHSE‐214) cells. The multiplicity of infection ranged between 1:2.2 and 1:7.4 (virus:macrophages). On day 3, the titres of IPNV in macrophage lysates decreased and in wells where the medium was renewed on day 3, IPNV was no longer detectable on day 7. In the supernatants, one fish was positive for IPNV on day 1, four fish on day 3 but none were detectably positive on day 7. In parallel wells in which the medium was not renewed, on day 7 IPNV was detected in macrophage lysates of three fish and the supernatants were also IPNV positive in two of these fish. This suggests that virus might be shed from infected macrophages and then reinfect other macrophages. When macrophages were serially diluted in wells and cultured for 24 h, IPNV could be cultured from macrophage lysates of wells containing between two and 70 macrophages. These results indicate that a very high proportion of the adherent kidney macrophages must be infected with very few non‐replicating virions.
Spinal deformity in a sandtiger shark, Carcharias taurus Rafinesque: a clinical–pathological study
Authors: Preziosi R , Gridelli S , Borghetti P , Diana A , Parmeggiani A , Fioravanti M L , Marcer F , Bianchi I , Walsh M , Berzins I 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe present study investigated spinal deformity in a captive sandtiger shark and describes the clinical and histopathological features of the lesion. Clinically, the shark presented a marked spinal curvature in the region between the pectoral girdle and cranial dorsal fin. Radiographic studies revealed scoliosis and kyphosis of the vertebral column with a modification of the basic structure of five vertebrae. Post‐mortem examination confirmed the results of radiographic studies and histological examination showed remodelling and cartilaginous proliferation of the vertebral bodies together with necrosis, haemorrhage and signs of a local chronic inflammatory response extending to the surrounding muscle. Different aetiologies are proposed and discussed but nutritional imbalance (dietary vitamin deficiency) and/or traumatic injury are considered the most likely contributing factors.
Minding the gap: frequency of indels in mtDNA control region sequence data and influence on population genetic analyses
Authors: PEARCE JOHN M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractInsertions and deletions (indels) result in sequences of various lengths when homologous gene regions are compared among individuals or species. Although indels are typically phylogenetically informative, occurrence and incorporation of these characters as gaps in intraspecific population genetic data sets are rarely discussed. Moreover, the impact of gaps on estimates of fixation indices, such as FST, has not been reviewed. Here, I summarize the occurrence and population genetic signal of indels among 60 published studies that involved alignments of multiple sequences from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of vertebrate taxa. Among 30 studies observing indels, an average of 12% of both variable and parsimony‐informative sites were composed of these sites. There was no consistent trend between levels of population differentiation and the number of gap characters in a data block. Across all studies, the average influence on estimates of ΦST was small, explaining only an additional 1.8% of among population variance (range 0.0–8.0%). Studies most likely to observe an increase in ΦST with the inclusion of gap characters were those with < 20 variable sites, but a near equal number of studies with few variable sites did not show an increase. In contrast to studies at interspecific levels, the influence of indels for intraspecific population genetic analyses of control region DNA appears small, dependent upon total number of variable sites in the data block, and related to species‐specific characteristics and the spatial distribution of mtDNA lineages that contain indels.
Fine‐scale genetic structure and gene dispersal inferences in 10 Neotropical tree species
Authors: HARDY OLIVIER J. , MAGGIA LAURENT , BANDOU ERIC , BREYNE PETER , CARON HENRI , CHEVALLIER MARIE‐HÉLÈNE , DOLIGEZ AGNÈS , DUTECH CYRIL , KREMER ANTOINE , LATOUCHE‐HALLÉ CÉLINE , TROISPOUX VALÉRIE , VERON VINCENT , DEGEN BERND 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe extent of gene dispersal is a fundamental factor of the population and evolutionary dynamics of tropical tree species, but directly monitoring seed and pollen movement is a difficult task. However, indirect estimates of historical gene dispersal can be obtained from the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of populations at drift–dispersal equilibrium. Using an approach that is based on the slope of the regression of pairwise kinship coefficients on spatial distance and estimates of the effective population density, we compare indirect gene dispersal estimates of sympatric populations of 10 tropical tree species. We re‐analysed 26 data sets consisting of mapped allozyme, SSR (simple sequence repeat), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) or AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) genotypes from two rainforest sites in French Guiana. Gene dispersal estimates were obtained for at least one marker in each species, although the estimation procedure failed under insufficient marker polymorphism, limited sample size, or inappropriate sampling area. Estimates generally suffered low precision and were affected by assumptions regarding the effective population density. Averaging estimates over data sets, the extent of gene dispersal ranged from 150 m to 1200 m according to species. Smaller gene dispersal estimates were obtained in species with heavy diaspores, which are presumably not well dispersed, and in populations with high local adult density. We suggest that limited seed dispersal could indirectly limit effective pollen dispersal by creating higher local tree densities, thereby increasing the positive correlation between pollen and seed dispersal distances. We discuss the potential and limitations of our indirect estimation procedure and suggest guidelines for future studies.
The vancomycin resistance VanRS two‐component signal transduction system of Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Hutchings Matthew I. , Hong Hee‐Jeon , Buttner Mark J. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe took advantage of the vancomycin‐dependent phenotype of Streptomyces coelicolor femX null mutants to isolate a collection of spontaneous, drug‐independent femX suppressor mutants that expressed the vancomycin‐resistance (van) genes constitutively. All of the suppressor mutations were in vanS but, unexpectedly, many were predicted to be loss‐of‐function mutations. Confirming this interpretation, a constructed vanS deletion mutation also resulted in constitutive expression of the van genes, suggesting that VanS negatively regulated VanR function in the absence of drug. In contrast, a vanS pta ackA triple mutant, which should not be able synthesize acetyl phosphate, failed to express the van genes, whereas a pta ackA double mutant showed wild‐type, regulated induction of the van genes. These results suggest that in the absence of vancomycin, acetyl phosphate phosphorylates VanR, and VanS acts as a phosphatase to suppress the levels of VanR∼P. On exposure to vancomycin, VanS activity switches from a phosphatase to a kinase and vancomycin resistance is induced. In S. coelicolor, the van genes are induced by both vancomycin and the glycopeptide A47934, whereas in Streptomyces toyocaensis (the A47934 producer) resistance is induced by A47934 but not by vancomycin. We exploited this distinction to replace the S. coelicolor vanRS genes with the vanRS genes from S. toyocaensis. The resulting strain acquired the inducer profile of S. toyocaensis, providing circumstantial evidence that the VanS effector ligand is the drug itself, and not an intermediate in cell wall biosynthesis that accumulates as result of drug action. Consistent with this suggestion, we found that non‐glycopeptide inhibitors of the late steps in cell wall biosynthesis such as moenomycin A, bacitracin and ramoplanin were not inducers of the S. coelicolor VanRS system, in contrast to results obtained in enterococcal VanRS systems.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilin receptor binding domain functions as an adhesin for both biotic and abiotic surfaces
Authors: Giltner Carmen L. , Van Schaik Erin J. , Audette Gerald F. , Kao Dan , Hodges Robert S. , Hassett Daniel J. , Irvin Randall T. 
Published: December 2005

Summary Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily binds to stainless steel and other abiotic surfaces, causing major problems in both the medical and food industries. In this study, we show that P. aeruginosa binds to abiotic surfaces in a concentration‐dependent, saturable manner during the initial stages of biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa type IV pili mediate binding to stainless steel as a pilus‐deficient strain does not bind to steel, purified type IV pili bound in a concentration‐dependent, saturable manner, and purified pili competitively inhibited whole cell binding. PAK pili can also bind polystyrene and polyvinylchloride in a concentration‐dependant and saturable manner. As an antibody specific for the C‐terminal pilin receptor binding domain inhibited adherence to abiotic surfaces, the role of the C‐terminal receptor binding domain in mediating binding to steel surfaces was examined. A synthetic peptide of the PAK pilin epithelial cell receptor binding domain [PAK(128–144)ox] bound directly to steel with high affinity. The interaction of pili with steel was specifically inhibited by this peptide with an apparent Ki of ∼0.2 nM and effectively inhibited the binding of viable homologous and heterologous P. aeruginosa strains to steel with an apparent Ki of ∼4 nM. A single point mutation (K130I) in the PAO receptor binding domain was observed to abolish binding to stainless steel while binding to human buccal epithelial cells was enhanced. Therefore, the C‐terminal receptor binding domain appears to have evolved for binding a variety of surfaces.