bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of effectiveness of a vaccination program against an infectious disease at the population level
Authors: Carpenter Tim E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the application of a vaccine in a population of animals.Sample Population—Field-trial data from the literature.Procedure—A spreadsheet simulation model was constructed to estimate the impact of a vaccination program, assuming various population sizes, transmission rates, and vaccine efficacies.Results—Total effectiveness (proportion of affected animals [ie, cases] avoided) increased with the vaccinated proportion of the population. However, with a highly efficacious vaccine, this relationship discontinued after a sufficient vaccination proportion was reached, reflecting herd immunity. Evaluation of a case study indicated that what may be considered a poor vaccine on the basis of its low efficacy may protect a substantial portion of the population if the vaccine is administered to a sufficient number of susceptible animals. Further investigation of a case study of horses indicated that evaluating a vaccine based solely on its efficacy could greatly underestimate its value.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When evaluating a vaccine applied to a population, in addition to the vaccine efficacy, the vaccination rate, cost of the vaccine, potential disease transmission rate, and number and cost of cases avoided must also be considered. Efficacy may underestimate vaccine value in terms of the reduction of indirect cases typically avoided when vaccination is applied in a population. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:202–205)
Quantitative assessment of mast cells and expression of IgE protein and mRNA for IgE and interleukin 4 in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Locher Christine , Tipold Andrea , Welle Monika , Busato André , Zurbriggen Andreas , Griot-Wenk Monika E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize the mucosal IgE network in dogs affected with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and compare it with that for healthy dogs.Animals—9 healthy dogs and 20 dogs with IBD.Procedure—In situ hybridization of mRNA specific for IgE and interleukin 4 (IL-4) and immunohistochemical analysis for IgE protein and 2 markers of mast cells (ie, tryptase and chymase) were performed on tissue sections obtained from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and lymph nodes of dogs.Results—Dogs with IBD had significantly more cells positive for IgE protein and more mast cells in the GI mucosa than healthy dogs. Despite this significant increase in number of cells positive for IgE, cells positive for IgE mRNA were rarely detected in the GI mucosa; most cells positive for IgE mRNA were found in mesenteric lymph nodes. Signal pattern of IL-4 mRNA was similar to that of IgE mRNA.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The increased numbers of cells positive for IgE and mast cells in dogs with IBD suggest hypersensitivity such as hypersensitivity to bacterial or dietary-derived antigens in the intestinal lumen. Future studies need to elucidate whether this represents a cause of inflammation or is a result of the inflammatory process of IBD. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:211–216)
Effect of commercially available nasal strips on airway resistance in exercising horses
Authors: Holcombe Susan J. , Berney Cathy , Cornelisse Cornelis J. , Derksen Frederik J. , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effect of a commercially
available nasal strip on airway mechanics in exercising
horses.

Animals—6 horses (5 Standardbreds and 1
Thoroughbred).

Procedure—Horses exercised on a treadmill at
speeds corresponding to 100 and 120% of maximal
heart rate with and without application of a commercially
available nasal strip. Concurrently, tracheal pressures,
airflow, and heart rate were measured. Peak
inspiratory and expiratory tracheal pressures, airflow,
respiratory frequency, and tidal volume were recorded.
Inspiratory and expiratory airway resistances
were calculated by dividing peak pressures by peak
flows. Endoscopic examination of the narrowest point
of the nasal cavity (ie, nasal valve) was performed in
1 resting horse before, during, and after application of
a nasal strip.

Results—During exercise on a treadmill, peak tracheal
inspiratory pressure and inspiratory airway
resistance were significantly less when nasal strips
were applied to horses exercising at speeds corresponding
to 100 and 120% of maximal heart rate.
Application of the nasal strip pulled the dorsal conchal
fold laterally, expanding the dorsal meatus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The commercially
available nasal strip tented the skin over the
nasal valve and dilated that section of the nasal passage,
resulting in decreased airway resistance during
inspiration. The nasal strip probably decreases the
amount of work required for respiratory muscles in
horses during intense exercise and may reduce the
energy required for breathing in these horses.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1101–1105)
Effect of transforming growth factor-β1, insulin-like growth factor-I, and hepatocyte growth factor on proteoglycan production and regulation in canine melanoma cell lines
Authors: Serra Montserrat , Pastor Josep , Domenzain Clelia , Bassols Anna 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To identify extracellular proteoglycans
produced by canine melanoma cell lines and analyze
the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),
insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and hepatocyte
growth factor (HGF) on these proteoglycans.

Sample Population—3 canine melanoma cell lines
(ie, CML-1, CML-6M, and CML-10c2).

Procedure—Extracellular proteoglycans were analyzed
by use of metabolic labeling and western
immunoblot analysis. The effect of TGF-β1 on cell proliferation
was determined by incorporation of 5-
bromo-2'-deoxyuridine.

Results—The CML-1 and CML-6M melanoma cell
lines produced 2 main extracellular proteoglycans.
One of them was identified as versican, a proteoglycan
found in undifferentiated human melanoma cell
lines. The CML-10c2 cells produced a small amount of
extracellular proteoglycans. Addition of TGF-β1 (1.25 to
6.25 ng/ml) increased the release of sulfated proteoglycans
into the medium. The TGF-β1 had mainly a
posttranslational effect, because it increased the molecular
mass of the sulfated bands. Addition of IGF-I
(50 ng/ml) slightly increased production of proteoglycans
in the CML-6M cell line, whereas HGF (50 ng/ml)
did not have any effect on proteoglycan production.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The proteoglycan
content and response to TGF-β1 treatment for
CML-1 and CML-6M canine melanoma cell lines are
similar to that for undifferentiated human melanoma
cell lines. In contrast, CML-10c2 cells produced a low
amount of proteoglycans with high molecular weight.
Because these extracellular proteoglycans are
involved in the control of cell adhesion, proliferation,
and migration, they may play an important role in the
progression of melanomas in dogs. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:1151–1158)
Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine, tryptophan, and tryptophan metabolite concentrations in dogs with portosystemic shunts
Authors: Holt David E. , Washabau Robert J. , Djali Sina , Dayrell-Hart Betsy , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Heyes Melvyn P. , Robinson Michael B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether glutamine (GLN), tryptophan (TRP), and tryptophan metabolite concentrations are higher in cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) dogs with naturally occurring portosystemic shunts (PSS), compared with control dogs.Animals—11 dogs with confirmed PSS and 12 control dogs fed low- and high-protein diets.Procedure—Cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples were collected from all dogs. Serum and CSF concentrations of GLN, alanine, serine, TRP, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) were measured.Results—Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of GLN, TRP, and 5-HIAA were significantly higher in PSS dogs, compared with control dogs fed high- or lowprotein diets. Cerebrospinal fluid QUIN concentration was significantly higher in PSS dogs, compared with control dogs fed the low-protein diet. Serum QUIN concentration was significantly lower in PSS dogs, compared with control dogs fed either high- or lowprotein diets.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An increase in CNS GLN concentration is associated with high CSF concentrations of TRP and TRP metabolites in dogs with PSS. High CSF 5-HIAA concentrations indicate an increased flux of TRP through the CNS serotonin metabolic pathway, whereas high CSF QUIN concentrations indicate an increased metabolism of TRP through the indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase pathway. The high CSF QUIN concentrations in the face of low serum QUIN concentrations in dogs with PSS indicates that QUIN production from TRP is occurring in the CNS. High concentrations of QUIN and other TRP metabolites in the CNS may contribute to neurologic abnormalities found in dogs with PSS and hepatic encephalopathy. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1167–1171)
Liver glutathione concentrations in dogs and cats with naturally occurring liver disease
Authors: Center Sharon A. , Warner Karen L. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine total glutathione (GSH) and
glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations in liver
tissues from dogs and cats with spontaneous liver
disease.

Sample Population—Liver biopsy specimens from
63 dogs and 20 cats with liver disease and 12 healthy
dogs and 15 healthy cats.

Procedure—GSH was measured by use of an enzymatic
method; GSSG was measured after 2-vinylpyridine
extraction of reduced GSH. Concentrations were
expressed by use of wet liver weight and concentration
of tissue protein and DNA.

Results—Disorders included necroinflammatory liver
diseases (24 dogs, 10 cats), extrahepatic bile duct
obstruction (8 dogs, 3 cats), vacuolar hepatopathy (16
dogs), hepatic lipidosis (4 cats), portosystemic vascular
anomalies (15 dogs), and hepatic lymphosarcoma
(3 cats). Significantly higher liver GSH and protein
concentrations and a lower tissue DNA concentration
and ratio of reduced GSH-to-GSSG were found in
healthy cats, compared with healthy dogs. Of 63 dogs
and 20 cats with liver disease, 22 and 14 had low liver
concentrations of GSH (µmol) per gram of tissue; 10
and 10 had low liver concentrations of GSH (nmol) per
milligram of tissue protein; and 26 and 18 had low
liver concentrations of GSH (nmol) per microgram of
tissue DNA, respectively. Low liver tissue concentrations
of GSH were found in cats with necroinflammatory
liver disease and hepatic lipidosis. Low liver concentrations
of GSH per microgram of tissue DNA
were found in dogs with necroinflammatory liver disease
and cats with necroinflammatory liver disease,
extrahepatic bile duct occlusion, and hepatic lipidosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Low GSH values
are common in necroinflammatory liver disorders,
extrahepatic bile duct occlusion, and feline
hepatic lipidosis. Cats may have higher risk than dogs
for low liver GSH concentrations. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:1187–1197)
Evaluation of bacteriologic culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Wells Scott J. , Whitlock Robert H. , Lindeman Cynthia J. , Fyock Terry 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare sensitivity of several methods
of bacteriologic culture of pooled bovine fecal
samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
and evaluate homogeneity in number of
M paratuberculosisin pooled fecal samples.

Sample Population—Feces from 10 dairy cows that
shed M paratuberculosis at various concentrations
and 1 dairy cow known to be free of infection with
M paratuberculosis.

Procedure—5 fecal pooling methods, 2 culture methods,
and 2 pool sizes were evaluated. Each pooled
sample contained 1 infected sample and 4 or 9 uninfected
samples.

Results—Sensitivity of detection of M paratuberculosis was
greater with smaller pool size (5 vs 10 samples/
pool). Detection sensitivity was also associated
with concentration of bacteria in the infected sample.
Results indicated that, compared with concurrent
bacterial culture of individual infected samples, 37 to
44% of pooled samples with low bacterial concentrations
yielded positive culture results and 94% of
pooled samples with high bacterial concentrations
yielded positive results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bacteriologic
culture of pooled fecal samples may provide a valid
and cost-effective method of detecting M paratuberculosis
infection in cattle herds. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:1207–1211)
Use of noninvasive dental dolorimetry to evaluate analgesic effects of intravenous and intrathecal administration of morphine in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Brown Dorothy C. , Bernier Noemie , Shofer Frances , Steinberg Sheldon A. , Perkowski Sandra Z. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether changes in amplitude of the reflex-evoked muscle action potential (REMP) elicited by noninvasive dental dolorimetry (electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp) in anesthetized dogs may be used to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of IV and intrathecal (IT) administration of morphine.Animals—6 male Beagles that were 2 to 6 years old.Procedure—Dogs were used in a crossover design with at least a 5-day washout period between treatments. Each dog received morphine, saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and oxytocin via the IV and IT routes of administration; however, only results for morphine and saline treatments were reported here. Dogs were anesthetized and prepared for noninvasive dental dolorimetry. After IV or IT administration, electrical stimulation was applied to a tooth, and REMPs of the digastricus muscle were recorded at 5-minute intervals for 60 minutes. To determine differences in REMP amplitude between treatments, a linear regression line was fitted for each dog-treatment combination.Results—The IV administration of morphine significantly inhibited REMP amplitude, compared with IV administration of saline solution. Intrathecal administration of morphine significantly inhibited REMP amplitude, compared with IT administration of saline solution.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Noninvasive dental dolorimetry in anesthetized dogs has promise as a technique for use in evaluating the analgesic potential of drugs administered IV and IT through evaluation of their effect on REMP amplitude recorded for the digastricus muscle. (Am J Vet Res2002;63: 1349–1353)
Differentiation of Haemobartonella canis and Mycoplasma haemofelis on the basis of comparative analysis of gene sequences
Authors: Birkenheuer Adam J. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Alleman A. Rick , Pitulle Christian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whetherHaemobartonella canisandMycoplasma haemofelis(formerly known asH felis[large form]) can be differentiated by use of comparative analysis of gene sequences.Sample Population—Blood samples obtained from 3 dogs infected withH canisand 2 cats infected withM haemofelis.Procedure—The partial 16S rDNA and ribonuclease P RNA (RNase P) genes were amplified, cloned, and sequenced in blood samples obtained fromH canis-infected dogs andM haemofelis-infected cats. The DNA sequences were subjected to comparative analysis.Results—The 16S rDNA sequences ofH canisandM haemofeliswere nearly identical (homology of 99.3 to 99.7%). In contrast, RNase P gene sequences had a lower degree of sequence homology between the 2 organisms (94.3 to 95.5%).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Haemobartonella canisandM haemofelisare not identical organisms. Molecular differentiation ofH canisandM haemofelisis more clearly evident by use of comparative analysis of RNase P gene sequences than by comparative analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1385–1388)
In vitro evaluation of an intraluminal solution to attenuate effects of ischemia and reperfusion in the small intestine of horses
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Nieto Jorge E. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the efficacy of intraluminal administration of a customized solution during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion in the jejunum of horses.Sample Population—Segments of jejunum obtained from 13 healthy adult horses.Procedure—In isolated segments of jejunum maintained in an extracorporeal circuit, arterial flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 40 minutes (ischemia) followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. In 2 groups, a customized solution (concentrations, 12.5 and 25%, respectively) was placed in the lumen prior to lowflow ischemia and maintained during reperfusion. The control group received intraluminal lactated Ringer's solution for the same duration. Various metabolic, hemodynamic, histologic, and permeability variables were recorded.Results—The 12.5% solution resulted in less histomorphologic injury and reduced mucosal permeability to albumin, compared with the 25% solution and the lactated Ringer's solution. Morphologic injury and permeability were reduced in tissues that received the 25% solution, compared with the control group, but this difference was not significant.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a 12.5% customized solution appeared to minimize injury in the isolated extracoporeal jejunal loop, which provides some indication that it might be useful in clinical situations. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1389–1394)
Effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on expression of interleukin-16 in goats
Authors: Sharmila C. , Williams John W. , Reddy P. Gopal 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of caprine arthritis- encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection on expression of interleukin-16 (IL-16).Animals—-6 goats experimentally infected with CAEV and 6 age-matched healthy uninfected control goats.Procedure—-Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial membrane cells from infected and control goats cultured with or without phytohemagglutinin were analyzed for IL-16 mRNA by use of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay with goat-specific primers, after cloning and sequencing of a 384-bp fragment of the goat IL-16 gene. Synovial fluid, serum, and culture supernatants of PBMCs and synovial cells of control and CAEVinfected goats were analyzed for IL-16 by use of an ELISA.Results—-The 384-bp product was 86% homologous to the corresponding human IL-16 nucleotide sequence. Higher expression of IL-16 mRNA in PBMCs (unstimulated or stimulated with phytohemagglutinin) was detected in samples from CAEVinfected goats, compared with control goats, but the difference was not significant. Synovial membrane cells infected in vitro had higher expression than uninfected control cells. Higher IL-16 concentration was detected in synovial fluid, serum, and culture supernatants of PBMCs of infected goats than in samples from control goats.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infection with CAEV increases expression of IL-16, a proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokine. This cytokine appears to be constitutively expressed at low concentrations in normal uninfected PBMCs and synovial membrane cells. Increased production of IL-16 in CAEV infection may partly be responsible for increased lymphoid cell infiltrations observed in arthritic joints and other tissues of CAEV-infected goats. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1418–1422)
Effects of stimulus with proinflammatory mediators on nitric oxide production and matrix metalloproteinase activity in explants of cranial cruciate ligaments obtained from dogs
Authors: Riitano Marco C. , Pfister Hedi , Engelhardt Petra , Neumann Ulf , Reist Martin , Zurbriggen Andreas , Stoffel Michael , Peel John , Jungi Thomas , Schawalder Peter , Spreng David E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the origin and degree of activity of nitric oxide (NO) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in explants of cranial cruciate ligaments (CCLs) obtained from dogs and cultured with and without inflammatory activators.Sample Population—Tissue specimens obtained from 7 healthy adult Beagles that were (mean ± SD) 4.5 ± 0.5 years old and weighed 12.5 ± 0.8 kg.Procedure—The CCLs were harvested immediately after dogs were euthanatized, and specimens were submitted for explant culture. Cultures were stimulated by incubation with a combination of interluekin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and lipopolysaccharide, or they were not stimulated. Culture supernatants were examined for production of NO nitrite-nitrate metabolites (NOts) and activity of MMP. Cultured specimens were evaluated by use of immunohistochemical analysis to detect activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS).Results—All ligament explants produced measurable amounts of NOts. Stimulated cultures produced significantly more NOts after incubation for 24 and 48 hours, compared with nonstimulated cultures. Production of MMP in supernatants after incubation for 48 hours was significantly higher in stimulated cultures than in nonstimulated cultures. Cells with positive staining for iNOS were detected on all slides. Positively stained cells were predominantly chondroid metaplastic. There was a significant difference in intensity of cell staining between stimulated and nonstimulated cultures.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Explant cultures of intact CCLs obtained from dogs produce iNOS-induced NO. Stimulation of chondroid metaplastic cells in CCL of dogs by use of inflammatory activators can increase production of iNOS, NOts, and MMP. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1423–1428)
Inheritance of pancreatic acinar atrophy in German Shepherd Dogs
Authors: Moeller E. Michael , Steiner Jörg M. , Clark Leigh Anne , Murphy Keith E. , Famula Thomas R. , Williams David A. , Stankovics Mary E. , Vose Amy S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess the heritability of pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) in German Shepherd Dogs (GSDs) in the United States.Animals—135 GSDs belonging to 2 multigenerational pedigrees.Procedure—Two multigenerational pedigrees of GSDs with family members with PAA were identified. The clinical history of each GSD enrolled in the study was recorded, and serum samples for canine trypsinlike immunoreactivity (cTLI) analysis were collected from 102 dogs. Dogs with a serum cTLI concentration ≤ 2.0 µg/L were considered to have exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and were assumed to have PAA.Results—Pedigree I consisted of 59 dogs and pedigree II of 76 dogs. Serum cTLI concentrations were measured in 48 dogs from pedigree I and 54 dogs from pedigree II. A total of 19 dogs (14.1%) were determined to have EPI, 9 in pedigree I (15.3%) and 10 in pedigree II (13.6%). Of the 19 dogs with EPI, 8 were male and 11 were female.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Evaluation of data by complex segregation analysis is strongly suggestive of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for EPI in GSDs in the United States. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1429–1434)