bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trust and the therapeutic bond: the special case of psychiatry
Authors: Sheather Julian 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis article asks whether it is ever acceptable for a psychiatrist to form an intimate relationship with a former patient. It explores the tensions that arise between the freedom of autonomous adults, the need to protect vulnerable individuals, and the public interest in maintaining trust in the doctor–patient relationship. It argues that although a complete ban on all sexual relationships between doctors and former patients would be excessively restrictive, a special case can be made for relationships with former psychiatric patients. The particular vulnerability of psychiatric patients, and the resulting need to ensure the highest standards of trust in the profession, strengthen the case for a complete ban.
Older people with enduring mental illness: a needs assessment tool
Authors: Abdul-Hamid Walid K. , Lewis-Cole Kelly , Holloway Frank , Silverman Marisa 
Published: February 2009

Aims and MethodThere is a lack of tools to assess the needs of older people with enduring mental illness who have ‘graduated’ from adult mental health services and little is known about this population. the Elderly Psychiatric Needs Schedule (EPNS) was developed and applied to older people with enduring mental illness in contact with the old age and general adult components of an inner-city mental health service.ResultsThe EPNS proved reliable (mean agreement 96%, mean Kappa κ=0.90). the mean number of needs identified was 7.6, of which 4.3 were unmet and 3.3 were met.Clinical ImplicationsThe EPNS provided a reliable method of needs assessment in this population. the authors offer the EPNS as a tool to assess service needs of older adults with functional psychiatric disorders having ‘graduated’ from adult mental health services.
Unilateral and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy: what informs Scottish psychiatrists' choices?
Authors: Brown Kevin A. 
Published: February 2009

Aims and MethodA postal questionnaire was sent to Scottish consultant psychiatrists asking about their attitudes towards unilateral and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and the difference in effectiveness between the two ECT types that they considered clinically significant.ResultsThe response rate was 61%. of those that responded, 62% were prescribers of ECT and most (79%) favoured bilateral ECT over unilateral ECT. the outcome that they were most concerned with was remission rate: 97% believe that an absolute difference of more than 5% in remission rate would make the difference in effectiveness between the two types of ECT clinically important.Clinical ImplicationsFuture investigators should focus on comparative remission rates of bilateral and unilateral ECT.
Dangerousness in firesetters: a survey of psychiatrists' views
Authors: Sugarman Philip , Dickens Geoff 
Published: February 2009

Aims and MethodThe assessment of the future dangerousness of firesetters is problematical but psychiatrists may be requested to perform assessment of arsonists for the courts. We surveyed the views of psychiatrists and others (n=54) on how 11 candidate historical variables might contribute to future dangerousness.ResultsHierarchical cluster analysis indicated that variables fell into three groups related to level of perceived dangerousness. Apparent intention to endanger life and setting fire to an occupied building were the items thought by psychiatrists to most indicate highest future dangerousness. Having previously set fires that caused extensive damage, failure to extinguish previous fires or alert the authorities were perceived as indicating moderate future dangerousness.Clinical ImplicationsThe study adds to what is known about how psychiatrists formulate assessments of future dangerousness.
Release of endo-lysosomal cathepsins B, D, and L from IEC6 cells in a cell culture model mimicking intestinal manipulation
Authors: Mayer Kristina , Vreemann Anna , Qu Hong , Brix Klaudia 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
IEC6 cells were used as an in vitro model system to study the effects of cell damage caused by mechanical manipulation of intestine epithelial cells. We constructed an apparatus that allowed analyzing the consequences of mechanical compression in a standardized and reproducible manner. Manipulation of IEC6 cells induced necrosis rather than apoptosis, and resulted in release of HMGB1, which is known to function as a trigger of inflammatory responses in vivo. Mechanical damage by traumatic injury of the intestine is accompanied by altered protease activities in the extracellular space, but only little is known about the possible contribution of endo-lysosomal cathepsins. Therefore, we tested the supernatants of manipulated cells in our in vitro model system for proteolytic activity and determined release rates by fluorimetric assays. Endo-lysosomal proteases, such as cathepsins B, D, and L, were released from damaged cells within the first 3 h after manipulation. While cathepsin L re-associated with the surfaces of neighboring cells, cathepsins B and D were present in the extracellular space as soluble enzymes. We conclude that our apparatus for mechanical manipulation can be used to approach surgical trauma, thereby focusing on epithelial cells of the intestine mucosa.
Case Study: Bioassessment of Glovers Creed, West Union, Iowa, Using the USEPA's Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II
Authors: Vigna JR , Johnson JK , Kross BC 
Published: March 2009

The Glovers Creek Watershed Protection Project aims to establish extensive agricultural conservation and management practices to protect the soil and water resources by limiting the amount of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides that enter the stream. In order to assess the effectiveness of these best management practices, biological, physical, and chemical components of water quality were examined using the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols For Use in Streams and Rivers as a template (Plafkin et al., 1989). The goal of this investigation is to examine the family-level macroinvertebrate RBP II and assess the biological condition of Glovers Creek in the early stages of the watershed protection project.
Bioassessment results indicate that Glovers Creek is moderately impaired relative to the chosen reference site. A paired-watershed approach is also examined. The shortcomings of RBP II are evaluated and suggestions are made to increase protocol applicability to this region.
Development of an Electrodyn Spray System for Sawmill Operation
Authors: Groves CK , Smith RS , Johnson EL 
Published: March 2009

Unseasoned export lumber sawn in British Columbia currently is treated with aqueous anti-sapstain formulations, applied by relatively inefficient hydraulic spray systems. As an alternative spray system ICI's Electrodyn (ED) applying PP523, an organic solvent-based formulation containing 5% hexaconazole as the active ingredient, had been previously tested at Forintek in field trials. Recent development work showed that a bipolar apparatus using twelve ED nozzles could uniformly treat lumber to the required retention levels at transfer efficiency as high as 60%. To prove the commercial potential of the improved ED system, the PP523 formulation was applied at two levels of treatment on a large quantity of lumber for a shipping trial. Earlier field trials indicated that a retention of 25-30 μg hexaconazole/cm2 was required for acceptable protection. Included in the current test was a set of untreated control lumber and a set treated with the aqueous formulation NP-1 applied by a conventional hydraulic spray system; one of the two active ingredients of NP-1 is didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), and treatment was done to the recommended level of 90μg DDAC/cm2. One lot of lumber was shipped to Tampa, Florida, for storage and another kept in Vancouver, British Columbia; both lots were inspected four and one-half months after treatment and rated for the extent of fungal degradation.
All untreated lumber, both in Tampa and in Vancouver, was degraded by staining fungi and moulds so that only 32% and 48%, respectively, was rated as acceptable. In all sets treated with PP523, applied to 20μg and 30μg hexaconazole/cm2, lumber was protected to better than 90% acceptability. Although the lumber treated with NP-1 was rated at 96% acceptability in the Vancouver-stored lumber, the Tampa-stored lumber was rated at only 82% acceptability. The 90% acceptability figure, determined by a rating system in use for a number of years at Forintek, has become an international norm. This successful shipping trial of an ED system applying PP523 to lumber propelled at sawmill production line speeds, and subjected to rigorous export storage conditions, indicates the ED system should next be developed for a sawmill installation.
“Assessing Ex/In-Situ Full Scale Soil Bioremediation Processes Through Laboratory Experiments: 2 Case Studies”
Authors: Galvez-Cloutier R , Yong RN , Hadjinicolaou J 
Published: March 2009

Bioremediation is considered an innovative technology, essentially because current knowledge concerning the fundamental mechanisms of biodegradation does not allow for a large and safe application of biotechnology. Pre-assay and ongoing monitoring of biotechnology in the laboratory can provide the basic scientific and technical information which assist to improve the efficiency in the field.
Two soil bioremediation projects were implemented with parallel assistance of laboratory simulations: (1) The Soil Recycling Demonstration Plant at the Toronto Harbour and (2) The soil decontamination of a Montreal refinery site. The clean-up of the first site is complete while the second is still in progress.
Both sites are highly contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (20–30% Oil and Grease) and heavy metals (e.g. &gt;600 ppm of Pb). The remediation techniques included combined physico/chemical and bioremediation processes in order to tackle both types of contamination. Biostimulation was simulated in large bench-scale reactors in both bio-slurry and solid state form depending on the requirements of the project.
The bioremedmtion controlling parameters which have been assessed in these studies include: a) screening of reagents, b) optimization of nutrients and oxygen dosages (concentrations, mixing gradients, contact time), c) effects of hydrocarbon/soil ratios, d) biodegradation pathways and persistence of products, e) microbe family strains and the effects of redox and pH on population growth.
The results showed that valuable scientific and practical information can be obtained from laboratory experiments performed on actual contaminated soils. The major practical advantage being the greater flexibility they provide at lower expense.
The Regulatory Approach to Fastener Integrity in the Nuclear Industry
Authors: Davis JA , Johnson RE 
Published: March 2009

Fasteners used in operating nuclear power plants are subjected to specific design rules. The regulatory basis for these rules is contained in Part 50 of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part 50). The Code specifies that safety-related components in an operating nuclear power plant be designed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Section III of the Code sets design rules for tensile loads, bending loads, fatigue stresses, and stress-corrosion-cracking load limits for fasteners larger than 1 in. (2.54 cm) in diameter. The ASME Code also permits design of fasteners by analysis using generally accepted methods such as finite element analysis in place of the ASME Code recommended methods. Section XI of the ASME Code describes inspection requirements for fasteners. Typical inspection methods covered by this code are visual inspection, magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection and ultrasonic inspection.
There has been a great deal of interest in safety-related fasteners in nuclear power plants because of the many fasteners that failed in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the early 1980s, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) established Generic Safety Issue 29, “Bolting Degradation or Failure in Nuclear Power Plants.” The industry responded to this generic safety issue by forming a Joint Task Group on Bolting that included the Atomic Industrial Forum, the Materials Properties Council, and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Generic Safety Issue 29 was resolved in October 1991 as a result of the work of the Joint Task Group on Bolting and numerous NRC actions.
Typical examples of fastener degradation will be discussed in this paper along with the regulatory response that was taken to minimize the probability of reoccurrence.
Modeling of Accumulated Damage and Failure of Multidirectional Composite Plates Subjected to In-Plane Loads
Authors: Shahid I , Chang F-K 
Published: March 2009

An investigation was performed to study damage accumulation in multidirectional laminated composite plates subjected to in-plane loads. Matrix cracking-induced accumulated damage in a multi-directional laminate was the primary concern. A progressive damage analysis has been developed for predicting the accumulated damage and its effect on the failure and the response of the composite plates. The development of the analysis was based on the assumption that the accumulated damage would be generated uniformly in composites under uniform in-plane loads. Hence, the free edge effect and the laminates that are prone to delamination were not considered in the analysis.
The analysis consists of three parts: constitutive modeling, damage accumulation prediction, and stress analysis. Based on the two-dimensional elasticity analysis, constitutive equations of a ply containing matrix crack-induced damage in a laminate were developed. In the failure analysis, a set of damage accumulation criteria modifying the existing failure criteria was proposed for predicting the extent of the damage in composites as a function of the applied loads. The stresses and deformations in the laminates were calculated by a nonlinear finite element method that incorporated the constitutive equations and the damage accumulation criteria.
The predictions of the model were compared with the available experimental data for laminates with and without a cutout. Overall, the predictions agreed with the data quite well.
Delamination in Composites with Terminating Internal Plies Under Tension Fatigue Loading
Authors: Wisnom MR , Jones MI , Cui W 
Published: March 2009

Tension-tension fatigue tests have been undertaken on glass-fiber and carbon-fiber epoxy specimens with terminated internal plies. All specimens delaminated along the interfaces between the continuous and discontinuous plies. Delamination starts immediately, and the rate is approximately constant. Different specimens delaminate at different rates. However, when the strain-energy-release-rate amplitudes are normalized by the values for delamination under static loading, the delamination rates for all the specimens of both glass and carbon epoxy are very similar.
Terminated 0° plies are much more susceptible to delamination than ±45° plies. The number of plies terminated together has a large effect on delamination. Tapered sections with dropped plies are stronger than equivalent untapered sections with cut plies. Delamination at terminated plies can cause a significant reduction in fatigue strength, especially for carbon-fiber epoxy.
A Review of Alternative Accelerated Corrosion Testing
Authors: Singh CB , Cordo OL 
Published: March 2009

Over the years, traditional methods for testing and screening materials which are prone to corrosion have suffered from chronic complaints about the lack of acceleration. Efforts to respond to this criticism have included changes in laboratory cyclic test chambers and outdoor test methods. This paper examines the performance of a specific coating system after cyclic exposure to seven different accelerated corrosion test methods, two of which are South Florida Test Service test designs.
Of the seven accelerated corrosion test methods reviewed, the ones that provided the fastest corrosion growth after a total of 4 weeks of exposure are: cyclic salt fog and cyclic salt spray. It is also possible to achieve significant corrosion growth by conducting outdoor cyclic corrosion tests in the Arizona desert.
Wear Reductions and Contact Interface Observations for Carbon Samples Sliding Against Wavy and Smooth Copper Surfaces
Authors: Bryant MD , Lin J-W 
Published: March 2009

Wear tests are presented in which a carbon graphite slider, loaded by a constant 20 N force spring, slides against smooth and wavy copper rotors. Rotors were prepared by attaching 250 μm thick copper foil to underlying backings of steel or photoelastic polycarbonate. A “smooth” rotor surface firmly attached copper sheeting to a steel disk, machined with a flatness tolerance less than 0.051 mm around the outer circumference. Special “smooth” and “wavy” rotors were prepared by curing polycarbonate beneath 250 micron thick copper foil. Sliding tracks on “wavy” rotors possessed surface waves of tens of microns; here higher harmonic (5 and greater) surface wave components had spectral amplitudes larger than about 50 μm.
Carbon samples with various contact geometries given in table 2 were slid over the smooth and wavy rotors; wear rates (μgm/sec) were plotted versus rotor speed. Wear rates for the smooth and wavy rotors were identical at some speeds, but at other speeds the wear rates for the wavy rotors were slightly less than half those on the smooth rotors.
Friction, contact voltage drop across the sliding interface (due to a 5 volt source and 220 ohm resistor in series with the slider and rotor), and vibration amplitudes for motions of the slider perpendicular to the sliding surface were also measured versus rotor speed. On the wavy rotor the vibration amplitudes were noticeably larger (tens to hundreds of microns) at those speeds where the wear rates for the wavy rotor were most reduced. Traces of the friction coefficient were similar on the wavy and smooth rotors. The contact voltage drop never changed abruptly (from low to high), implying that the vibrations never separated the slider from the rotor.
The photoelastic behavior of polycarbonate backed rotors permitted visual observation and direct measurement of the real contact areaswithin the contact interface between the opaque copper rotor and the carbon sample. Phenomena such as friction and wear could be correlated with changes in real contact area. At higher speeds where wear rates on the smooth and wavy rotors were most different, photoelastic images revealed concentrated contact on the smooth polycarbonate rotor, but little or none on the wavy polycarbonate rotor.
Spectral analysis of slider motions measured perpendicular to the sliding surface show enhancement of vibration amplitudes on the wavy rotor at those speeds where the wear rates were most reduced. Calculations of resonant frequency suggest that certain waviness harmonics passed beneath the slider at rotor speeds that excited natural frequencies of the slider-spring-rotor dynamic system.
This study suggests that appreciable reductions (up to 50%) in wear rates can be achieved by designing small surface waves on a rotor, and running the rotor such that the surface waves cause the slider-spring-rotor system to resonate. Although these waves apparently alter the interfacial physics, friction and contact integrity appear unaffected.
Vibration Monitoring in Wear Testing of Orthopaedic Biomaterials
Authors: Waldman SD , Cornwall GB , Kiss R , Moore TN , Bowe AJ 
Published: March 2009

Wear of orthopaedic bearing materials, especially the ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPe) component, is a leading clinical concern. The reported wear rates of typical bearing materials are subject to extreme variability due to various factors including the operating environment, measuring technique, testing protocol, and machine characteristics such as mechanical stiffness and vibration. Also, a lack of standardization in reporting pertinent information confounds this variability.
This investigation characterized the performance of a wear testing device. Through vibrational analysis, an attempt was made to identify possible reasons for discrepancies in the reported wear testing results for orthopaedic biomaterials.
Wear result variability was probably a combination of the vibration characteristics of the individual tester and uncertainties introduced by the wear measurements themselves. The effect of superimposed base vibrations on the pins was investigated. Characteristic frequencies of pin vibrations were linked to the dominant wear mechanisms in the orthopaedic tribological system.
Numerical Simulation of Stable Crack Growth in Fracture Mechanics Specimens
Authors: Klingbeil D , Zadeh GM , Eberle A , Fricke S , Brocks W 
Published: March 2009

Stable crack growth in fracture mechanics specimens, i.e. side-grooved compact tension C(T), side-grooved middle tension M(T) and side-grooved part-through surface tension PS(T) specimens, is experimentally performed and numerically analysed by finite element calculations using the node shift node release technique. The crack propagation is either controlled by J-resistance curves for the C(T) and M(T) specimens, which are modelled two-dimensionally assuming plane strain conditions, or by local CMOD-resistance curves for the PS(T) specimen, which is modelled three-dimensionally. The triaxiality, i. e. the ratio of the hydrostatic part of the stress tensor to its deviatoric part, is introduced as the quantity characterizing the stress state at the crack tip.
For all specimens, the relation between the triaxiality and the slope of the J-resistance curves is shown and analysed, indicating that a decreasing triaxiality results in an increasing slope for the global J-resistance curves concerning the C(T) and M(T) specimens as well as for the local J-resistance curves regarding the PS(T) specimen.