bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contexts and Patterns of Injuries in Free-Ranging Male Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus)
Authors: Drews Carlos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInjury in male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) was investigated as an indicator of damaging fights in order to provide a framework for analyses of conflict resolution and dynamics of agonistic competition in primates. The vast majority of wounds were canine slashes resulting from intraspecific face-to-face combat. Wounds were more common in males than females. In males they concentrated on the right side of anterior parts of the body, principally the head. Wounds took on average three weeks to heal. Aggressive conflicts represented 10% of all interactions between males. Less than 1% of aggressive contests led to injury. The individual rate of injury from fights with other males was on average once every 1.5 months. The winner of damaging fights was sometimes the wounded individual. The number of wounds per damaging fight was not related in a simple way to the presence of proceptive females or to recent immigration events. Four fights yielding the highest number of injuries, however, involved recent immigrations or attempts to immigrate by adult males in their prime. Contexts of male injury observed during infliction include challenges to the resident alpha male by newcomers, intertroop encounter, fights over proceptive females or unusual foods, redirected aggression, defense of a female and a fight unrelated to any obvious resource. This study and anecdotal reports from the literature point at various implications of injury to male baboons, including physical impairments which can constrain feeding efficiency, limit access to resting sites and safe retreats, cause a drop in dominance rank, jeopardize mating success and even result in death. Severely injured males typically reduce interaction rates, retreat to the periphery of the troop or emigrate temporarily. Although most wounds are small and heal well, the potentially high costs of injury probably exercise strong selection pressure on contestants for means of peaceful conflict resolution, given that during fights both baboons risk injury irrespective of their competitive abilities. The potential fitness consequences of inflicted injury can explain the evolution of the formidable canine weaponry of some male primates.
The Relationship Between Pregnancy Block and Infanticide in House Mice (Mus Musculus Domesticus) During Lactational Pregnancy
Authors: Coopersmith Carol B. , Lenington Sarah 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recently mated female house mice separated from their mates and exposed to unfamiliar (strange) males often undergo pregnancy disruption. A favored explanation for this phenomenon, known as pregnancy block, is that it has evolved as a female counterresponse to potential infanticide by males. Curiously, pregnancy block is believed not to occur during lactational pregnancy, even though that lactational pregnancy is thought to be common in house mice. We examined the potential for male-induced pregnancy block to occur during lactational pregnancy in female mice after lactation disruption by both male infanticide (Expt 1) and litter removal (Expt 2). Strange males were paired with females that had both recently given birth to a first litter and potentially been reimpregnanted by the original stud male during postpartum estrus. Hence, some of the females' second litters were sired by the stud males and pregnancy block could then be detected as a drop in the delivery rate of such litters among these experimental females relative to control females that were not exposed to strange males. Pairs remained housed together until after a second litter was born. Thus, we were also able to measure the influence of prolonged heterosexual cohabitation on infanticide by strange males towards subsequent litters. If, as some have found, non-sexual contact with a pregnant female suppresses male infanticide, then the importance of male infanticide as an explanation for pregnancy block is further drawn into question. When strange males were introduced to lactating dams approximately one and a half days postpartum (Expt 1), male infanticide effectively halted lactation. However, none of these females subsequently showed pregnancy block. In contrast, when strange males were introduced to dams approximately one day postpartum and lactation was interrupted even earlier (Expt 2), pregnancy block did occur. There was no evidence for a cohabitation-induced reduction of male infanticide in either experiment; most strange males initially categorized as infanticidal subsequently killed females' second litters, provided they had not sired those litters. Despite the lack of cohabitation effects on male infanticide, because pregnancy block may only occur under restricted conditions during lactational pregnancy, the role of male infanticide in shaping the evolution of pregnancy block may be less straightforward than previously thought.
Individual Specialisation and Encounters Between Harvester Ant Colonies
Authors: Brown Mark J.F. , Gordon Deborah M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study examined how individual specialisation contributes to neighbour-stranger discrimination in the red seed-harvesting ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. The following hypothesis was tested: is there a group of ants (detectives) that specialise in interacting with non-nestmates and thus have the opportunity to learn the colony-specific odour of neighbouring colonies? Encounters were staged between laboratory colonies. Ants were marked and observed in successive encounters. There is no specialisation for interaction; the results showed that all ants were equally likely to interact with non-nestmates. The frequency of fighting between P. barbatus colonies varies from day to day. The following hypothesis was tested: do some ants (fighters) specialise in fighting when they interact with non-nestmates. There is specialisation for fighting; a few ants tended to fight when they met non-nestmates. There was no day-to-day effect of encounters on the number of foragers in the laboratory arena. Without specialised detectives, neighbour recognition must arise either from frequent interactions between foragers of neighbouring colonies or from communication among nestmates about the odour of neighbours. Shifts in the number of specialised fighters present in the foraging pool may underlie the day-to-day variation in fighting intensity observed in the field.
Where and When To Feed: Sex and Experience Affect Access To Food in Wintering Snow Buntings
Authors: Smith Richard D. , Metcalfe Neil B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn group-foraging species an individual's ability to feed in the most beneficial situations could influence its overall foraging success more than its ability to find and handle food. Here we examined whether sex, age or site experience of individual snow buntings Plectrophenax nivalis in winter flocks could help explain how frequently they were found in advantageous foraging situations. We found that inexperienced females were scarcer than expected in large flocks, that females fed less often in the early parts of flock feeding bouts, and that older and more experienced birds were more likely to feed in central flock positions. In addition, the likelihood of moving around the feeding station increased more with flock-size in females, while older birds were better at retaining access to the feeding patch. Previously reported differences in peck-rate between sex and age/experience categories of this species are therefore likely to be magnified by differential access to sources of food. We suggest that experience may help individuals to integrate within the feeding flock, but aggression from larger males may cause females to delay feeding or to feed in smaller flocks.
Divergent Systems of Agonistic Behaviour in Lemurid Primates
Authors: Pereira Michael E. , Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo semifree-ranging groups of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and two co-ranging groups of redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) were studied across a two-year period to characterise and contrast the adult agonistic behaviour these primates exhibit within groups. Temporal analyses of behavioural data distinguished agonistic from non-agonistic behaviour and aggressive from submissive behaviour. The ringtailed lemurs employed a diverse repertoire of behavioural elements to communicate agonistic intent. More than 50% of these elements were signals and nearly 50% of signals were submissive. The agonistic repertoire of the redfronted lemurs, by contrast, was relatively unelaborated: less than 40% of agonistic behaviour in this species comprised signals and less than 20% of signals were submissive. These structural differences underlay marked species differences in agonistic interaction and relationship. All pairs of ringtailed lemurs maintained dominance relations resembling those seen in many anthropoid primates: subordinates consistently signalled submissively to dominant partners, often in the absence of aggression. Dominance relations among members of each sex were seasonally unstable and not always transitive (hierarchical) during periods of stability, however. Redfronted lemurs, by contrast, did not maintain dominance relations, failing to respond agonistically to most aggression received (52% of interactions) and responding with aggression on many other occasions (12%). Even applying relaxed criteria, few adult redfronted dyads (14%) showed consistent asymmetries in agonistic relations and several never exhibited any asymmetry. Lacking dominance, E. f rufus relied heavily on alternate behavioural mechanisms to moderate social conflict as frequent and intense as that seen in study groups of ringtailed lemurs. These included a great inclination not to respond agonistically to aggression, a distinctive behavioural proposal to limit or terminate dyadic conflict (Look away), post-conflict reconciliation, and relatively frequent third-party aggression. The existence of such divergent systems of agonistic behaviour in partially sympatric, closely related and generally similar prosimian primates offers important opportunities for comparative study of the ecology, development, and evolution of mammalian social systems. Future research may reveal ecophysiological factors that promote the use of dominance behaviour among like-sexed ringtailed lemurs and show how the relative absence of dominance relates to other major elements of redfronted lemur biology, including 'special relationships' of variable duration between adult males and females.
The Ontogeny of Antipredator Behaviour in Paradise Fish Larvae (Macropodus Opercularis). Ii. the Response To Chemical Stimuli of Heterospecific Fishes
Authors: Miklósi Ádám , Pongrácz Péter , Csányi Vilmos 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The response of larval paradise fish to chemical stimuli from heterospecific fish was investigated. The behaviour of 15, 20 and 25 day old larvae was observed both in the presence and absence of the chemical stimuli and in the presence or absence of a predator model. Larvae decreased their swimming activity to a similar level both in the absence and in the presence of the model if they swam in water conditioned with chemical stimulus of the snakehead (Chana striata), a sympatric predator, or the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a sympatric benthic feeder. Moreover, if the model was present larval paradise fish showed more fleeing and backing in the water conditioned by the sympatric snakehead and pike (Esox lucius) in comparison to water of allopatric predators and the sympatric crucian carp. Fleeing and backing increased with age in the case of snakehead stimulus. We conclude that larval paradise fish are capable of discriminating between waters conditioned by sympatric and allopatric fish in the presence of a simple predator model and this ability develops with age even without experience. The results support the hypothesis that larval fish rely more on non-specific avoidance of potential predators at the beginning of their development but their ability of discrimination emerges in parallel with the improvement of the motor skills that enable them to actively avoid and escape from predators.
Beitrag Zur Kenntnis Von Zwei Psammopsyllus-Arten (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Cylindropsyllidae)
Authors: Kunz Helmut 
Published: April 2008

AbstractContribution to the knowledge of two Psammopsyllus species. A new record of Psammopsyllus stri Mielke (1983), hitherto only known from the Caribbean coast of Panama, is given from Hawaii. Psammopsyllus pori n.sp. is described from Namibia. Biogeographical notes are added.
Les Communautés Suprabenthiques Bathyales De La Mer Catalane (Méditerranée Occidentale): Données Préliminaires Sur La Répartition Bathymétrique Et L'Abondance Des Crustacés Péracarides
Authors: Enric Cartes Joan , Sorbe Jean Claude 
Published: April 2008

Abstract99 species of Peracarid Crustaceans (2 Mysidacea, 52 Amphipoda, 28 Cumacea, 15 Isopoda, and 2 Tanaidacea) were identified during a sampling performed on the muddy bottoms of the deep slope in front of Barcelona (western Mediterranean). Ten deep-water samples were performed between 552-1808 m using a small plankton net attached to a bottom trawl. Fifteen species should be considered as Mediterranean endemics: Ampelisca cf. anophthalma, Ampelisca dalmatina, Carangoliopsis spinulosa, Urothoe corsica, Lilljeborgia psaltrica, Idunella pirata, Bathymedon banyulsensis, Oediceropsis pilosa, Pardaliscoides stebbingi, Syrrhoe angulipes, Janirella bonnieri, Fageapseudes retusifrons, Diastyloides carpinei, Diastylis jonesi, and Makrokylindrus stebbingi, while 9 other species were recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean: Epimeria parasitica, Rhachotropis gracilis, Andaniexis abyssi, Chelator insignis, Desmosoma lineare, Belonectes parvus, Munnopsurus atlanticus, Ilyarachna longicornis, and Janirella nanseni. On the upper middle slope amphipods were the dominant taxa both in terms of species richness and abundance. Cumaceans were progressively more abundant when depth increased, being the dominant taxa on the lower slope. All these trends were discussed in the light of the sampling method used and in function of the ecological factors characterizing the deep bathyal environment in the Catalan Sea.
Timing of Ovulation in the Atlantic White Shrimp Pejvaeus Setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Decapoda, Penaeidea)
Authors: Chow Seinen , Browdy Craig L. , Sandifer Paul A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe timing of ovulation in the American white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) was studied by sacrificing mated females and females whose spawning was interrupted for histological observation of ovarian tissue. The ovaries of the three mated females were in the cortical body stage, either pre- or post-germinal vesicle breakdown. The oocytes in all of the mated females were entirely enveloped by the follicular epithelium. Observations on the ovaries of females which stopped spawning indicated that ovulation may occur within a very short time before spawning or parallel with spawning.
L'Origine Protocéphalique De La Carapace Chez Les Thermosbaenacés, Tanaidacés, Cumacés Et Stomatopodes
Authors: Casanova Bernadette 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study deals with the formation of the carapace in Malacostraca which have the last thoracic segments free. In all of them, the three gnathal cephalomeres are dorsally split open whereas this phenomenon affects only a few thoracomeres: the first and part of the second in the thermosbaenacean Monodella argentarii; the first and the second in the tanaidaceans Allotanais hirsutus and Apseudes spectabilis; the first, second and third in the cumacean Heterocuma intermedia, the last two being moreover stretched. The pseudozoean stages of Stomatopoda are slighty different: only the first thoracomere is partly split open and connected by epimera to the sides of the carapace which extends as far as the fourth thoracomere; the last four thoracomeres are exposed. The organization differs in the protocephalic area. In Thermosbaenacea, Tanaidacea and Cumacea which have sessile eyes or arc blind, the protocephalon is undivided. In Stomatopoda which have stalked eyes, the ocular and antennular segments are differentiated as previously observed in other Podophthalmata; that allows to observe that the carapace is produced by the sole antennal segment. Hence, the origin of the carapace is the same in all Malacostraca: it is a dorsal expansion of the protocephalic area (antennal segment when differentiated) which splits and pushes aside the gnathal cephalic tergites and a variable number of thoracic tergites. The tergites play absolutely no role in this formation, either by fusion or by coalescence.
The Benthic Amphipod Fauna of the Azores (Portugal): an Up-To-Date Annotated List of Species, and Some Biogeographic Considerations
Authors: Fatima Rosa Lopes M. , Carlos Marques Joao , BELLAN-SANTINI Denise 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Azores archipelago, located in the middle north Atlantic region, is biogeographically very interesting. With regard to the benthic amphipod fauna there are only few studies that concern the Azores, although species inventory and distributional ecology are relatively well known for the Portuguese continental coast (0 to 700 m). Actually, the knowledge of benthic amphipods from the Azores is limited to the results of two oceanographical expeditions, that took place in the first half of this century, and to data provided by some relatively recent papers and several other sporadic references. Moreover, this knowledge is mainly or exclusively taxonomic. Benthic amphipod dispersal capability is small compared to that of molluscs, decapods or fishes. They have direct development and a reduced swimming capability, and their migrations, both nictemeral and horizontal, cannot compensate these features. This limited dispersal capability determines a clear endemic tendency, and a reduced probability of global fauna mixtures. Therefore, amphipods constitute a fine biological material for biogeographic studies. In order to provide a tool for biogeographical comparisons, the available data on the Azores amphipod fauna were compiled. A review of the available literature and the study of several collections from the Azores, sampled during 1988 and 1989 at the islands of S. Miguel and Faial, provided a list of 122 species from 29 families. Thirty species were identified from the study of the S. Miguel and Faial collections, of which 15 (50%) are new records for the Azores, which emphasizes the existing lack of knowledge. One Ampithoe species might be new, and will be further studied, although it will be necessary to collect more specimens. Additionally, some available ecological data for each species arc given in the present paper.
Mitochondrial 16S-rRna Gene of Two Species of Shrimps: Sequence Variability and Secondary Structure
Authors: Garcia Machado Erik , Dennebouy Nicole , Oliva Suarez Mario , Mounolou Jean-Claude , Monnerot Monique 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Part of the mitochondrial 16S-ribosomal RNA gene (around 400 nucleotides) of Penaeus notialis and Penaeus schmitti has been amplified and sequenced. The comparison of sequences reveals an 11% nucleotide divergence between the two species. When compared with that of the homologous fragment in Artemia salina and Drosophila yakuba, the secondary structure appears well conserved in spite of high nucleotide divergence due to numerous substitutions and additions/deletions. Sequences have been obtained for six individuals of P. notialis belonging to the same population, their comparison shows a 0.7% nucleotide diversity.
Ecological Diversity With Reference To Aesthetascs in Freshwater Prawns
Authors: Shenoy Shakuntala , Jalihal D.R. , Sankolli K.N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aesthetascs of the prawns are chemo- and mechano-receptors which exhibit diversity in number and shape depending on habitat and environment. In marine forms (both adults and larvae) they arc more numerous, longer, slender and uniformely thin wallcd. In adults of freshwater prawns they are fewer, shorter, divided into a thick walled stalk and a thin distal cob-like portion. However, they arc structurally different and positioned differently in the atyid genus Caridina and palaemonid genus Macrobrachium. Further, Caridina exhibits sexual dimorphism with males possessing a greater number of aesthctascs-bearing segments than females, unlike Macrobrachium which does not show such dimorphism. As far as larvae are concerned, in the 'inland species' of both genera, which complete their metamorphosis purely in freshwater, the 'freshwater- type aesthetases' appear in the first and second zoeal stages in totally or partially abbreviated type of development respectively. On the other hand, the early zoeal stages of 'coastal species' possess 'marine-type aesthetascs' indicating salinity dependence for their successful metamorphosis. These aesthetascs get shortened in late larval stages and subsequently get transformed into typically 'freshwater type' from postlarva onwards. A unique kind of 'branched larval aesthetascs' has been observed in two species of Macrobrachium. Thus, despite their common sensory function, the aesthetascs exhibit structural variations depending on environment and also play an important role as salinity indicators in the culture of freshwater prawns.
Decapod and Stomatopod Crustaceans From the Trawlable Bottoms of the Sicilian Channel (Central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Pipitone Carlo , Tumbiolo Maria Linda 
Published: April 2008

Abstract78 species of decapod and stomatopod crustaceans were collected during a two-year survey on the trawlable bottoms of the Sicilian Channel. Bathymetric range, size range, size of the smallest ovigerous females and their period of occurrence are given. Some brief remarks on Parasquilla ferussaci, Pontophilus norvegicus and Maja goltziana are made.
A Comparative Study of Selected Physical Aspects of the Eggs of the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) and P. Zonangulus Hobbs & Hobbs, 1990 (Decapoda, Cambaridae)
Authors: Noblitt Steven B. , Payne James F. , Delong Michael 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Certain physical aspects of eggs from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and P. zonangulus were studied. Fecundity, both potential and actual, is greater in P. clarkii, while the size (diameter) of extruded eggs is considerably less. Counts of oocytes indicate that egg production in P. zonangulus is partitioned among all size classes of the reproducing population, while in P. clarkii, the major reproductive responsibility is with the largest individuals. P. clarkii exhibits a profligate reproductive strategy, one better adapted to warm water habitats where nutrient flow is continuous. P. zonangulus has a prudential reproductive strategy, one better adapted to cool water habitats in which nutrient flow is pulsed.
Biometrics and Fatty Acid Composition of the Resting Eggs of Thamnocephalus Platyurus (Anostraca) in View of an Eventual Use as Fish Feed
Authors: Mura Graziella 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFairy shrimps have recently been considered for use in larval fish rearing, because of their size and their nutritional value. This study presents the results obtained for Thamnocephalus platyurus, a species from Central and South America, which was already mass cultured successfully in the United States in a flow-through system. Cysts and instar I nauplii have an unfavourably large size: mean diameter 278 μm and 240 μm for untreated and decapsulated cysts, respectively; mean naupliar length 436 μm. However, the species shows an interesting pattern in its fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile, especially with regard to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In particular, T. platyurus cysts are characterized by significant levels of the 18:2 and the 20:5w3, and by the presence of the 22:6w3, which are normally absent in Artemia cysts.