bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysphagia After Stroke
Authors: Martino Rosemary , Foley Norine , Bhogal Sanjit , Diamant Nicholas , Speechley Mark , Teasell Robert 
Published: November 2005

Objective—To determine the incidence of dysphagia and associated pulmonary compromise in stroke patients through a systematic review of the published literature.Methods—Databases were searched (1966 through May 2005) using terms “cerebrovascular disorders,” “deglutition disorders,” and limited to “humans” for original articles addressing the frequency of dysphagia or pneumonia. Data sources included Medline, Embase, Pascal, relevant Internet addresses, and extensive hand searching of bibliographies of identified articles. Selected articles were reviewed for quality, diagnostic methods, and patient characteristics. Comparisons were made of reported dysphagia and pneumonia frequencies. The relative risks (RRs) of developing pneumonia were calculated in patients with dysphagia and confirmed aspiration.Results—Of the 277 sources identified, 104 were original, peer-reviewed articles that focused on adult stroke patients with dysphagia. Of these, 24 articles met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. The reported incidence of dysphagia was lowest using cursory screening techniques (37% to 45%), higher using clinical testing (51% to 55%), and highest using instrumental testing (64% to 78%). Dysphagia tends to be lower after hemispheric stroke and remains prominent in the rehabilitation brain stem stroke. There is increased risk for pneumonia in patients with dysphagia (RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.07, 4.87) and an even greater risk in patients with aspiration (RR, 11.56; 95% CI, 3.36, 39.77).Conclusions—The high incidence for dysphagia and pneumonia is a consistent finding with stroke patients. The pneumonia risk is greatest in stroke patients with aspiration. These findings will be valuable in the design of future dysphagia research.
Individual differences in aggressive responding to intravenous flumazenil administration in adult male parolees
Authors: Tcheremissine Oleg V. , Lane Scott D. , Lieving Lori M. , Rhoades Howard M. , Nouvion Sylvain , Cherek Don R. 
Published: November 2005

Nonhuman and human studies have shown that benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonists can modify aggressive behaviour. However, it is unknown whether flumazenil, a BZD receptor antagonist, enhances or inhibits aggressive behaviour.The present study was designed to investigate the effects of acute administrations of flumazenil on aggressive responding in adult humans.Six adult males with histories of childhood conduct disorder (DSM IV R) participated in experimental sessions. Aggression was measured using the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP; Cherek 1992), which provided subjects with aggressive and monetary-reinforced response options.Acute doses of flumazenil (2 and 3mg) did not produce statistically significant changes in either monetary-reinforced responding or aggressive responding. The analysis of individual subjects data revealed that aggressive responses varied across subjects.The results are discussed in terms of individual differences based on the previous history of BZD abuse. Additional laboratory research is needed to better clarify the behavioural mechanisms by which BZD receptor antagonists modify human aggressive responding.
Evaluation of the impact of the recommendations of the Conference for the Development of Nursing Research in Salamanca
Authors: Casbas Teresa Moreno , Cano Alejandra , Hale Claire 
Published: November 2005

In 2001, Investen-isciii (Unit for Coordination and Development of Nursing Research) carried out a questionnaire survey among 13 European countries the aim of which was to assess the degree of progress concerning the recommendations of the 1999 Euroconference entitled ‘Building a European Nursing Research Strategy’, held in Salamanca, Spain. Aim:To evaluate the level of dissemination and the impact of these recommendations and assess which actions to stimulate nursing research had been subsequently undertaken in each country, after the Salamanca Euroconference. Method:The study used a descriptive approach. A total of 23 questionnaires with 70 questions were distributed, 13 of which were returned. The questionnaire used a multiple-choice format with some space for explanations. The questionnaire covered the impact at national, regional and local level and the degree of dissemination of the recommendations of the conference in each country. Results:At the national level, the countries where the impact and acceptance of the conference findings were highest were Finland, Denmark and the UK. In Germany, the Netherlands and Spain, impact and acceptance had been good. At regional and local levels, the best rated countries were the UK, Denmark, Germany and Spain. Conclusions:The major difficulty for nursing research is lack of funds and the lack of nursing research infrastructure in some of the countries studied. National and regional support are also very limited in some countries.
AID expression identifies interfollicular large B cells as putative precursors of mature B-cell malignancies
Authors: Moldenhauer Gerhard , Popov Sergey W. , Wotschke Beate , Brüderlein Silke , Riedl Petra , Fissolo Nicolas , Schirmbeck Reinhold , Ritz Olga , Möller Peter , Leithäuser Frank 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Neoplastic transformation of mature B cells can be triggered by class-switch recombination of the immunoglobulin gene, which aberrantly targets a protooncogene and promotes translocation. Class-switch recombination is initiated by the B-cell-specific protein activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Using immunohistochemistry with a newly generated monoclonal antibody and quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on microdissected tissue from lymph node, tonsil, and thymus, we demonstrate that AID expression is found in secondary lymphoid organs outside germinal centers and in the thymic medulla at substantial levels. This is accompanied by the presence of circle transcripts, indicating class-switch recombination to be active at these sites. The dominant AID-expressing cell population outside germinal centers displays cytomorphologic properties corresponding to those that define the recently characterized interfollicular large B-cell subset. These findings indicate that interfollicular large B cells and AID-expressing B lymphocytes of the thymic medulla could give rise to mature B-cell malignancies. (Blood. 2006;107:2470-2473)
Reference values for methacholine reactivity (SAPALDIA study)
Authors: Jayet Pierre-Yves , Schindler Christian , Künzli Nino , Zellweger Jean-Pierre , Brändli Otto , Perruchoud André Paul , Keller Roland , Schwartz Joel , Ackermann-Liebrich Ursula , Leuenberger Philippe ,   SAPALDIA team
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe distribution of airway responsiveness in a general population of non-smokers without respiratory symptoms has not been established, limiting its use in clinical and epidemiological practice. We derived reference equations depending on individual characteristics (i.e., sex, age, baseline lung function) for relevant percentiles of the methacholine two-point dose-response slope.MethodsIn a reference sample of 1567 adults of the SAPALDIA cross-sectional survey (1991), defined by excluding subjects with respiratory conditions, responsiveness during methacholine challenge was quantified by calculating the two-point dose-response slope (O'Connor). Weighted L1-regression was used to estimate reference equations for the 95th, 90th, 75thand 50thpercentiles of the two-point slope.ResultsReference equations for the 95th, 90th, 75thand 50thpercentiles of the two-point slope were estimated using a model of the form a + b* Age + c* FEV1+ d* (FEV1)2, where FEV1corresponds to the pre-test (or baseline) level of FEV1. For the central half of the FEV1distribution, we used a quadratic model to describe the dependence of methacholine slope on baseline FEV1. For the first and last quartiles of FEV1, a linear relation with FEV1was assumed (i.e., d was set to 0). Sex was not a predictor term in this model. A negative linear association with slope was found for age. We provide an Excel file allowing calculation of the percentile of methacholine slope of a subject after introducing age – pre-test FEV1– and results of methacholine challenge of the subject.ConclusionThe present study provides equations for four relevant percentiles of methacholine two-point slope depending on age and baseline FEV1as basic predictors in an adult reference population of non-obstructive and non-atopic persons. These equations may help clinicians and epidemiologists to better characterize individual or population airway responsiveness.
A strategy using NMR peptide structures of thromboxane A2 receptor as templates to construct ligand-recognition pocket of prostacyclin receptor
Authors: Ruan Cheng-Huai , Wu Jaixin , Ruan Ke-He 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background:
Prostacyclin receptor (IP) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) belong to rhodopsin-type G protein-coupling receptors and respectively bind to prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 derived from arachidonic acid. Recently, we have determined the extracellular loop (eLP) structures of the human TP receptor by 2-D 1H NMR spectroscopy using constrained peptides mimicking the individual eLP segments. The studies have identified the segment along with several residues in the eLP domains important to ligand recognition, as well as proposed a ligand recognition pocket for the TP receptor.

Results:
The IP receptor shares a similar primary structure in the eLPs with those of the TP receptor. Forty percent residues in the second eLPs of the receptors are identical, which is the major region involved in forming the ligand recognition pocket in the TP receptor. Based on the high homology score, the eLP domains of the IP receptor were constructed by the homology modeling approach using the NMR structures of the TP eLPs as templates, and then configured to the seven transmembrane (TM) domains model constructed using the crystal structure of the bovine rhodopsin as a template. A NMR structure of iloprost was docked into the modeled IP ligand recognition pocket. After dynamic studies, the segments and residues involved in the IP ligand recognition were proposed. A key residue, Arg173 involved in the ligand recognition for the IP receptor, as predicted from the modeling, was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis.

Conclusion:
A 3-D model of the human IP receptor was constructed by homology modeling using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin TM domains and the NMR structures of the synthetic constrained peptides of the eLP domains of the TP receptor as templates. This strategy can be applied to molecular modeling and the prediction of ligand recognition pockets for other prostanoid receptors.
The contribution of leading diseases and risk factors to excess losses of healthy life in eastern Europe: burden of disease study
Authors: Powles John W , Zatonski Witold , Vander Hoorn Stephen , Ezzati Majid 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe East/West gradient in health across Europe has been described often, but not using metrics as comprehensive and comparable as those of the Global Burden of Disease 2000 and Comparative Risk Assessment studies.MethodsComparisons are made across 3 epidemiological subregions of the WHO region for Europe – A (very low child and adult mortality), B (low child and low adult mortality) and C (low child and high adult mortality) – with populations in 2000 of 412, 218 and 243 millions respectively, and using the following measures: 1. Probabilities of death by sex and causal group across 7 age intervals; 2. Loss of healthy life (DALYs) to diseases and injuries per thousand population; 3. Loss of healthy life (DALYs) attributable to selected risk factors across 3 age ranges.ResultsAbsolute differences in mortality are most marked in males and in younger adults, and for deaths from vascular diseases and from injuries. Dominant contributions to east-west differences come from the nutritional/physiological group of risk factors (blood pressure, cholesterol concentration, body mass index, low fruit and vegetable consumption and inactivity) contributing to vascular disease and from the legal drugs – tobacco and alcohol.ConclusionThe main requirements for reducing excess health losses in the east of Europe are: 1) favorable shifts in all amenable vascular risk factors (irrespective of their current levels) by population-wide and personal measures; 2) intensified tobacco control; 3) reduced alcohol consumption and injury control strategies (for example, for road traffic injuries). Cost effective strategies are broadly known but local institutional support for them needs strengthening.
Preventive effect of vitamin E on iron-induced oxidative damage in rabbit
Authors: Koyu Ahmet , Ozguner Fehmi , Caliskan Sadettin , Karaca Halit 
Published: November 2005

Although iron (Fe), plays an important role in different oxidative steps during the metabolism of the human body, it can cause free radical damage. Iron ions seem to play a major role in initiation and promotion reactions of intracellular lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin E has a protective effect on oxidative changes in erythrocytes induced by Fe treatment. Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 14009 / 50 g were used in the study. The animals were divided into three groups. The first group (n:10) was given 500 mg/kg iron-dextran through intraperitoneal (ip) injection. The second group was given 500 mg/kg iron-dextran+100 mg/kg vitamin E(ip). The third group constituted the control group and received a saline solution injection. The activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes; Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutatione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were determined. Erythrocyte SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were decreased and MDA level was increased in iron-dextran treated animals compared to the control group (PB / 0.05). The activities of the three antioxidant enzymes were increased and MDA level was decreased in iron-dextran and vitamin E treated group compared to the control group (PB / 0.05). Our data indicate that lipid peroxidation occurs after iron overload in the blood. In the light of our findings, vitamin E administration can prevent the toxic oxidative effects induced by iron-dependent free radical damage in erythrocytes.
Transepithelial urate transport by avian renal proximal tubule epithelium in primary culture
Authors: Dudas Paul L. , Pelis Ryan M. , Braun Eldon J. , Renfro J. Larry 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARYBirds are uricotelic, and because they excrete urate by renal tubular secretion, they provide a convenient model for examination of this process. Primary monolayer cultures of the isolated renal proximal tubule epithelium from the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus L., were mounted in Ussing chambers where several substrates/inhibitors of renal organic anion transporters were tested for the sidedness and specificity of their effects on transepithelial urate transport. Transepithelial electrical resistance,electrical potential and sodium-dependent glucose current were monitored to detect nonspecific effects. Under control short-circuited conditions the ratio of unidirectional fluxes of [14C]urate was found to be 3:1. Active net secretion was specifically inhibited by 1 mmol l–1probenecid and 10 mmol l–1para-aminohippuric acid(PAH). Bromocresol Green, cimetidine, nocodozole, cytochalasin D and ouabain also inhibited secretion but were toxic. Interstitial-side lithium (5 mmol l–1) and glutarate (1 mmol l–1) specifically blocked transport, but 10–100 μmol l–1 glutarate had no effect. Interstitial estrone sulfate (ES) stimulated urate secretion at 10μmol l–1 but was inhibitory at 500 μmol l–1. Active PAH secretion (5:1 flux ratio) was inhibited 34%by 330 μmol l–1 urate. ES (500 μmol l–1) blocked the remainder. From the lumen side,glucose-free, Cl--free and high K+ (30 mmol l–1) solutions, or an alkaline pH of 7.7 had no effect on urate transport and neither did several compounds known to be uricosuric. Lumen-side methotrexate (500 μmol l–1) and MK571 (20μmol l–1) strongly inhibited urate secretion. MK571 had no effect from the interstitial side. RT-PCR revealed mRNA for OAT1-, OAT3-,MRP2- and MRP4-like organic anion transporters in chicken proximal epithelium.
The effects of l-arginine and l-NAME supplementation on redox-regulation and thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue
Authors: Petrović Vesna , Korać Aleksandra , Buzadzić Biljana , Korać Bato 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY
Changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels and its relationship with the hyperplasia and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels were examined in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of adult rat males receiving l-arginine (l-Arg; 2.25%) or N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 0.01%)as a drinking liquid and maintained at low (4±1°C) or room(22±1°C) temperature for 45 days.
Cold generally diminished both iNOS immunopositivity and protein level in IBAT, as well as the rate of apoptosis. Among groups acclimated to cold,higher iNOS immunopositivity and protein levels were detected only in the l-Arg-treated group. Furthermore, chronic l-Arg treatment increased IBAT mass and UCP1 protein content, while l-NAME had an opposite effect, decreasing both IBAT mass and UCP1 protein level, as compared to the control maintained at 4±1°C.
These data suggest that nitric oxide (NO) produced by iNOS could also contribute to overall NO-associated regulation of thermogenesis in IBAT. Namely, that iNOS, i.e. NO, in correlation with enhanced thermogenesis,additionally induced IBAT hyperplasia and UCP1 level compared to that induced by low temperature. Cooperative action of decreased apoptosis accompanied by increased tissue hyperplasia and UCP1 level, observed in IBAT of cold-acclimated rats, would be a way of meeting the metabolic requirements for increased thermogenesis.
Response properties of electrosensory afferent fibers and secondary brain stem neurons in the paddlefish
Authors: Hofmann Michael H. , Chagnaud Boris , Wilkens Lon A. 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY
The passive electrosense is used by many aquatic animals to detect weak electric fields from other animals or from geoelectric sources. In contrast to the active electrosense, `passive' means that there are no electric organs,and only external fields are measured. Electroreceptors are distributed in the skin, but are different from other skin senses because they can detect and localize sources a considerable distance away. Distant sources, however,stimulate a large number of receptors at the same time and central circuits have to compute the exact location of the source from this distributed information. In order to gain insights into the algorithms involved, we compared the response properties of units in the dorsal octavolateral nucleus(DON) with primary afferent fibers in the paddlefish. The following parameters were tested: spontaneous activity, sensitivity, frequency tuning, receptive field size, movement sensitivity, and topography within the DON. Although there are some differences in spontaneous activity and receptive field size,there are no major differences between primary afferents and DON units that could reveal any substantial amount of spatial information processing. In particular the lack of any topographic order whithin the DON renders a lateral interaction between neighboring receptive fields unlikely.
The red muscle morphology of the thresher sharks (family Alopiidae)
Authors: Sepulveda C. A. , Wegner N. C. , Bernal D. , Graham J. B. 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARYA more medial and anterior position of the red aerobic myotomal muscle (RM)and the presence of a vascular counter-current heat exchange system provide the functional elements that facilitate regional RM endothermy in tunas,lamnid sharks and the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus). The convergent RM morphology among all species capable of RM endothermy suggests that RM position is a strong predictor of fish endothermic capacity. The present study investigated the comparative RM morphology of the other two thresher shark species (bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus, and the pelagic thresher, Alopias pelagicus), for which there is no information regarding their capacity for RM endothermy, and compared these data with published works on A. vulpinus. The digitization of transverse sections along the body of A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus enabled quantification of the relative amount of RM and the position and placement of the RM along the body. The RM in both A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus is positioned subcutaneously,along the lateral edges of the myotomes, and is distributed relatively evenly over the trunk of the body. The position of maximum RM area is at 50% fork length (FL) for A. superciliosus and at 75% FL for A. pelagicus. The amount of RM (mean ± s.e.m.) is 2.31±0.11% and 3.01±0.10% in A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus, respectively. When compared with A. vulpinus,all three alopiid sharks have a similar amount of RM. However, A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus differ from A. vulpinusin that they do not possess the medial and anterior RM arrangement that would likely facilitate metabolic heat conservation (RM endothermy).
Expression of eight distinct MHC isoforms in bovine striated muscles:evidence for MHC-2B presence only in extraocular muscles
Authors: Toniolo L. , Maccatrozzo L. , Patruno M. , Caliaro F. , Mascarello F. , Reggiani C. 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY
This study aimed to analyse the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC)isoforms in bovine muscles, with particular attention to the MHC-2Bgene. Diaphragm, longissimus dorsi, masseter, several laryngeal muscles and two extraocular muscles (rectus lateralis and retractor bulbi) were sampled in adult male Bos taurus (age 18-24 months, mass 400-500 kg) and analysed by RT-PCR, gel electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry. Transcripts and proteins corresponding to eight MHC isoforms were identified: MHC-αand MHC-β/slow (or MHC-1), two developmental isoforms (MHC-embryonic and MHC-neonatal), three adult fast isoforms (MHC-2A, MHC-2X and MHC-2B) and the extraocular isoform MHC-Eo. All eight MHC isoforms were found to be co-expressed in extrinsic eye muscles, retractor bulbi and rectus lateralis,four (β/slow, 2A, 2X, neonatal) in laryngeal muscles, three (β/slow,2A and 2X) in trunk and limb muscles and two (β/slow and α) in masseter. The expression of MHC-2B and MHC-Eo was restricted to extraocular muscles. Developmental MHC isoforms (neonatal and embryonic) were only found in specialized muscles in the larynx and in the eye. MHC-α was only found in extraocular and masseter muscle. Single fibres dissected from masseter, diaphragm and longissimus were classified into five groups(expressing, respectively, β/slow, α, slow and 2A, 2A and 2X) on the basis of MHC isoform electrophoretical separation, and their contractile properties [maximum shortening velocity (v0) and isometric tension (P0)] were determined. v0increased progressively from slow to fast 2A and fast 2X, whereas hybrid 1-2A fibres and fibres containing MHC-α were intermediate between slow and fast 2A.