bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online acid barrage stacking anti‐salt injection for capillary electrophoresis of 9‐fluorenylmethylchloroformate‐derivatized amino acids in high ionic strength solutions by UV detection
Authors: Han Yanli , Zuo Min , Qi Li , Liu Kun , Mao Lanqun , Chen Yi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn acid barrage stacking (ABS) method has been shown to be feasible for online anti‐salt injection in CE of 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC)‐labeled amino acids (AAs) detected by common UV absorption. The operation was performed on normal polar CE by sucking in an extra plug of acid following a sample zone, serving as a selective acid barrage to block the backward migration of weak anionic analytes due to a sudden mobility reduction via acid‐base reaction which does not affect strong co‐ions such as Cl− to penetrate the barrage freely. By CE‐UV of FMOC‐AAs in various NaCl solutions, the effectiveness of ABS was firmly validated, able to stand up to 500 mM NaCl and to stack analytes by 103‐fold calculated from the UV detection limits, that is 0.01 µM for ABS and 10 µM for non‐stacking injection. The method was also validated by determining trace Glu and Asp in real samples of rat brain microdialysate, rat serum and human saliva. The intraday RSDs were 0.33–4.9% for migration time and 1.8–9.6% for peak area. The recoveries measured by spiking technique were 82–115% for Glu and 86–116% for Asp. Working equations were obtained by plotting peak height vs. concentration at 0.1–50 µM, with correlation coefficients of >0.999. The contents of Glu and Asp were thus found at 0.26–0.83 µM and 0.24–0.64 µM respectively, in rat brain microdialyste; 37–40 µM and 8.4–10 µM, respectively, in rat serum; and 3.5–5.8 µM and 1.0–4.1 µM, respectively in human saliva. They were consistent with the data from other methods.
Microchip‐based CEC of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives using silica‐based sol–gel stationary phases from methyl‐ and ethyl‐trimethoxysilane precursors
Authors: Giordano Braden C. , Terray Alex , Collins Greg E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicrochip‐based CEC of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives with UV absorbance detection is described. The stationary phase was deposited in the microchip using the sol–gel process. Unique to this work, is the exclusive use of alkylated‐trimethoxysilane precursors in the gel solution. Using alkylated precursors allows for the synthesis of a hydrophobic stationary phase in a single step. Three sol–gel formulations of increasing hydrophobicity and suitable for the separation of explosives are established from methyl‐ and ethyl‐trimethoxysilane precursors. Increasing the alkyl‐chain length improved the resolution significantly, allowing for the separation of up to seven analytes. Direct injection onto the head of the stationary phase for long injection times, results in sub‐mg/L detection limits with little effect on separation efficiency.
Morphological and X‐ray diffraction studies of crystalline hydroxyapatite‐reinforced polycaprolactone
Authors: Baji Avinash , Wong Shing‐Chung , Liu Tianxi , Li Tingcheng , Srivatsan T. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMorphological and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HAP)‐reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) were studied. The objective was to examine how morphological features alter the bulk mechanical properties in our laboratory‐synthesized HAP‐reinforced PCL. HAP crystals were synthesized by hydrolysis of mixtures of calcium and phosphate salts in the laboratory with wet chemical methods. The properties of the commercially available hydroxyapatite (HAP1) are compared with that of laboratory‐synthesized hydroxyapatite (HAP2). The HAP crystals and composition were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The HAP1 and HAP2 crystals were dispersed into polymers to examine the mechanical behavior of bioactive composites, and the interfacial interactions between the polymer and HAP crystals are addressed. The FTIR results confirmed that the two forms of HAP crystals are consistent in terms of the functional chemical groups. The wide angle X‐ray diffraction study was performed to determine the crystallinity of the bioactive composites. It was observed that the crystallinty of HAP‐filled PCL steadily increased as the filler concentration increased. Generally, HAP2 has a particle size considerably smaller than HAP1 and the composite derived had higher modulus than conventional HAP‐filled polymers. This increase in modulus is attributed to better interfacial interaction. Bioresorbability tests performed on HAP particles found that the synthesized HAP had higher resorption rates. It is clear that the mechanical properties are influenced by the particle size and therefore by the processing method used. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
In vitro cytotoxicity of dental composites based on new and traditional polymerization chemistries
Authors: Brackett M. Goël , Bouillaguet S. , Lockwood P. E. , Rotenberg S. , Lewis J. B. , Messer R. L. W. , Wataha J. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe biological response to dental restorative polymer composites is mediated by the release of unpolymerized residual monomers. Several new composite formulations claim to reduce unpolymerized residual mass. The current study assessed the cytotoxic responses to several of these new formations and compared them with more traditional formulations. Our hypothesis predicted that if these new polymerization chemistries reduce unpolymerized residual mass, the cytotoxicity of these materials also should be reduced relative to traditional formulations. Methods: Materials (HerculiteXRV, Premise, Filtek Supreme, CeramxDuo, Hermes, and Quixfil) were tested in vitro in direct contact with Balb mouse fibroblasts, initially, then after aging in artificial saliva for 0, 1, 3, 5, or 8 weeks. The toxicity was determined by using the MTT assay to the estimate SDH activity. Knoop hardness of the materials also was measured at 0 and 8 weeks to determine whether surface breakdown of the materials in artificial saliva contributed to cytotoxic responses. Results: Materials with traditional methacrylate chemistries (Herculite, Premise, Filtek Supreme) were severely (>50%) cytotoxic throughout the 8‐week interval, but materials with newer chemistries or filling strategies (Hermes, CeramXDuo, and Quixfil) improved over time of aging in artificial saliva. Hermes showed the least cytotoxicity at 8 weeks, and was statistically equivalent to Teflon® negative controls. Hardness of the materials was unaffected by exposure to artificial saliva. Conclusions: Newer polymerization and filling strategies for dental composites show promise for reducing the release of unpolymerized components and cytotoxicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effect of in‐season calcium applications on cell wall physicochemical properties of nectarine fruit (Prunus persica var. nectarina Ait. Maxim) after harvest or cold storage
Authors: Manganaris George A , Vasilakakis Miltiadis , Diamantidis Grigorios , Mignani Ilaria 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPre‐harvest calcium sprays with calcium chloride or with a commercial chelated calcium form at equivalent calcium rate were applied in nectarine trees at weekly intervals beginning 4 or 8 weeks before harvest, respectively. The fruits were harvested at commercial maturity stage and cold stored (0 °C, 95% RH) for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, prior to their ripening at room temperature (20 °C) for 1 and 5 days. The interrelations between calcium content (total, cell wall and pectin‐bound), cell wall components (polyuronide, neutral sugar and cellulose content) and tissue firmness of the nectarine fruits were examined. The two strategies (four or eight calcium sprays) were equally effective at increasing the fruit calcium content. Calcium increased by 14–25% in the peel and by 8–11% in the flesh, whereas cell wall calcium increased by 7–17% in calcium‐sprayed compared to non‐sprayed fruits after harvest. Cell wall and pectin calcium increased with the increase of storage time both in sprayed and non‐sprayed fruits without a corresponding increase of total calcium and uronic acid content, indicating the formation of more sites for calcium binding as storage period increased. Neutral sugar and cellulose content remained unaffected by the application of calcium sprays. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved shelf‐life of rice bran by domestic heat processing and assessment of its dietary consumption in experimental rats
Authors: Ahmed Faiyaz , Platel Kalpana , Vishwanatha Suryanarayanaiyer , Puttaraj Shashikala , Srinivasan Krishnapura 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRice bran, a valuable byproduct of the rice milling industry, in spite of being a rich nutrient, has limitations in food application, being highly susceptible to rancidity caused by the inherent enzyme lipase. In the present investigation, three simple heat treatment procedures, namely pan roasting, pan roasting with oil and microwave roasting, were examined to extend the shelf‐life of three varieties of rice bran. In the heat‐treated rice brans, the increase in free fatty acid content at the end of a 3‐month storage period was 1.6‐ to 2.5‐ fold as a result of heat treatment, while it was 12‐ to 23‐fold in the absence of heat treatment. In an animal experiment, pan‐roasted rice bran was fed to rats at 5% and 10% levels to study the palatability and safety of its consumption. The mean food intake was slightly higher in the 10% rice bran group (13.57 ± 0.2 g compared to 12.31 ± 0.52 g in control). Rats in the 10% rice bran group gained higher body weight when compared to the control group, which can be attributed to the higher food consumption by these animals. Dietary rice bran did not have any adverse effect on any of the hematological parameters. Serum protein level was similar to that of the control group except for an increase in serum albumin in rice bran‐fed groups, which is indicative of liver sufficiency in rice bran treatment. The weights of liver, kidney, heart and testes were not affected by rice bran either at the 5% or 10% level. It is inferred that simple domestic heat treatment procedures such as pan roasting and microwave heating can effectively check the rancidity in rice bran for a considerable period of storage, making it suitable for possible animal/human consumption. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Polyadic and cylindric algebras of sentences
Authors: Amer Mohamed , Sayed Ahmed Tarek 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this note we give an interpretation of cylindric algebras as algebras of sentences (rather than formulas) of first order logic. We show that the isomorphism types of such algebras of sentences coincide with the class of neat reducts of cylindric algebras. Also we show how this interpretation sheds light on some recent results. This is done by likening Henkin's Neat Embedding Theorem to his celebrated completeness proof. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on unbounded metric temporal logic over dense time domains
Authors: Baratella Stefano , Masini Andrea 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe investigate the consequences of removing the infinitary axiom and rules from a previously defined proof system for a fragment of propositional metric temporal logic over dense time (see [1]). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A topological characterization of consistency of logic theories in propositional logic
Authors: Wang Guo‐Jun , She Yan‐Hong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe main purpose of this note is to characterize consistency of logic theories in propositional logic by means of topological concept. Based on the concepts of truth degree of formulas and similarity degree between formulas the concept of logic metric space has been proposed by the first author. It is proved in this note that a closed logic theory Γ is consistent if and only if it contains no interior point in the logic metric space. Moreover the relationship between logic closedness and topological closedness of a logic theory Γ is discussed. Finally, the concept of full divergency is also characterized by means of the topological concept of density. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anti‐cancer properties of anthraquinones from rhubarb
Authors: Huang Qing , Lu Guodong , Shen Han‐Ming , Chung Maxey C.M. , Ong Choon Nam 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRhubarb has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times and today it is still present in various herbal preparations. In this review the toxicological and anti‐neoplastic potentials of the main anthraquinones from Rhubarb, Rheum palmatum, will be highlighted. It is interesting to note that although the chemical structures of various anthraquinones in this plant are similar, their bioactivities are rather different. The most abundant anthraquinone of rhubarb, emodin, was capable of inhibiting cellular proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and prevention of metastasis. These capabilities are reported to act through tyrosine kinases, phosphoinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), NF‐kappa B (NF‐κB), and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Aloe‐emodin is another major component in rhubarb found to have anti‐tumor properties. Its anti‐proliferative property has been demonstrated to be through the p53 and its downstream p21 pathway. Our recent proteomic study also suggests that the molecular targets of these two anthraquinones are different. However, both components were found to be able to potentiate the anti‐proliferation of various chemotherapeutic agents. Rhein is the other major rhubarb anthraquinone, although less well studied. This compound could effectively inhibit the uptake of glucose in tumor cells, caused changes in membrane‐associated functions and led to cell death. Interestingly, all three major rhubarb anthraquinones were reported to have in vitro phototoxic. This re‐evaluation of an old remedy suggests that several bioactive anthraquinones of rhubarb possess promising anti‐cancer properties and could have a broad therapeutic potential. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 5, 609–630, 2007
An X‐ray study of the influence of processing and thermal treatment on polycaproamide
Authors: Khaydarov Abbas A , Collins Stephen , Abdurazakov Muhitdin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWide‐angle X‐ray scattering has been used to study the crystalline structure and some structural properties of untreated and thermally treated samples of polycaproamide obtained by hydrolytic and anionic polymerisation of caprolactam. For untreated samples of polycaproamide two crystalline forms exist: a stable α‐monoclinic form and an unstable γ*‐pseudohexagonal modification. There are initial differences in the crystalline parameters of polycaproamide, i.e. content of α‐ and γ*‐form, degree of crystallinity and size of lamellae. A more ordered structure has been observed for samples obtained by anionic polymerisation. Both temperature and duration of annealing have a considerable influence on the polymorph transition of the unstable γ*‐pseudohexagonal crystalline form into the stable α‐crystalline form, on the degree of crystallinity and on the lamellar thickness. It was found that the largest change in these parameters occurred at an annealing temperature at the lower end of the melting point range of polycaproamide. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Calcium‐binding and temperature induced transitions in equine lysozyme: New insights from the pCa–temperature “phase diagrams”
Authors: Permyakov Sergei E. , Khokhlova Tatyana I. , Nazipova Aliya A. , Zhadan Andrey P. , Morozova‐Roche Ludmila A. , Permyakov Eugene A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe most universal approach to the studies of metal binding properties of single‐site metal binding proteins, i.e., construction of a “phase diagram” in coordinates of free metal ion concentration–temperature, has been applied to equine lysozyme (EQL). EQL has one relatively strong calcium binding site and shows two thermal transitions, but only one of them is Ca2+‐dependent. It has been found that the Ca2+‐dependent behavior of the low temperature thermal transition (I) of EQL can be adequately described based upon the simplest four‐states scheme of metal‐ and temperature‐induced structural changes in a protein. All thermodynamic parameters of this scheme were determined experimentally and used for construction of the EQL phase diagram in the pCa–temperature space. Comparison of the phase diagram with that for α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA), a close homologue of lysozyme, allows visualization of the differences in thermodynamic behavior of the two proteins. The thermal stability of apo‐EQL (transition I) closely resembles that for apo‐α‐LA (mid‐temperature 25°C), while the thermal stabilities of their Ca2+‐bound forms are almost indistinguishable. The native state of EQL has three orders of magnitude lower affinity for Ca2+ in comparison with α‐LA while its thermally unfolded state (after the I transition) has about one order lower (K = 15M−1) affinity for calcium. Circular dichroism studies of the apo‐lysozyme state after the first thermal transition show that it shares common features with the molten globule state of α‐LA. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Human Bocavirus Infection in Young Children in the United States: Molecular Epidemiological Profile and Clinical Characteristics of a Newly Emerging Respiratory Virus
Authors: Kesebir Deniz , Vazquez Marietta , Weibel Carla , Shapiro Eugene D. , Ferguson David , Landry Marie L. , Kahn Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
BackgroundHuman bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified human parvovirus that was originally identified in the respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease. To further investigate the epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of HBoV infection, we screened infants and children &lt;2 years of age (hereafter referred to as “children”) for HBoV
MethodsChildren for whom respiratory specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory tested negative for respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3), influenza A and B viruses, and adenovirus, as well as asymptomatic children, underwent screening for HBoV by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Respiratory specimens were obtained from the children from 1 January 2004 through 31 December 2004
ResultsTwenty-two (5.2%) of the 425 children who had a respiratory specimen submitted to the diagnostic laboratory and 0 of the 96 asymptomatic children were found to be positive for HBoV by PCR (P=.02). Fever, rhinorrhea, cough, and wheezing were observed in ⩾50% of the HBoV-positive children. Of the 17 children who had chest radiography performed, 12 (70.6%) had abnormal findings. HBoV appeared to have a seasonal distribution. Nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the viral capsid protein (VP) 1/VP2 genes. Two distinct HBoV genotypes circulated during the study period
ConclusionsHBoV is circulating in the United States and is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children
Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and AUDIT zones in defining levels of severity among out‐patients with alcohol dependence in the COMBINE study
Authors: Donovan Dennis M. , Kivlahan Daniel R. , Doyle Suzanne R. , Longabaugh Richard , Greenfield Shelly F. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To examine among alcohol‐dependent out‐patient clients the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) total score and ‘zones’ suggested by the World Health Organization for defining levels of severity of alcohol use problems.Design  Participants were classified into AUDIT zones (AUDIT total score = 8–15, 16–19, 20–40) and compared on measures of demographics, treatment goals, alcohol consumption, alcohol‐related consequences, severity of dependence, physiological dependence, tolerance, withdrawal and biomarkers of alcohol use.Setting  Eleven out‐patient academic clinical research centers across the United States.Participants  Alcohol dependent individuals (n = 1335) entering out‐patient treatment in the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions (COMBINE) study.Measurements  The AUDIT was administered as part of an initial screening. Baseline measures used for concurrent validation included the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) Disorders, the Alcohol Dependence Scale, the Drinker Inventory of Consequences, the Obsessive‐Compulsive Drinking Scale, the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment, the Thoughts about Abstinence Scale, the Form‐90, %carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin and gamma‐glutamyl transferase.Findings  Indicators of severity of dependence and alcohol‐related problems increased linearly with total score and differed significantly across AUDIT zones. The highest zone, with scores of 20 and above, was markedly different with respect to severity from the other two zones and members of this group endorsed an abstinence goal more strongly.Conclusions  The AUDIT total score is a brief measure that appears to provide an index of severity of dependence in a sample of alcohol‐dependent individuals seeking out‐patient treatment, extending its potential utility beyond its more traditional role as a screening instrument in general populations.
A pilot study of psychopathology in Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Green D. , Baird G. , Sugden D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  This paper explores the prevalence of emotional and behavioural disorders in children referred to a Community Paediatric Occupational Therapy service for assessment and treatment of problems with development of motor skills.Methods  Parents of 47 children from a clinical sample of children who had been identified with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) returned the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) – a brief measure of the pro‐social behaviour and psychopathology that can be completed by parents, teachers or youths.Results  Significant emotional and behavioural problems were reported by 29 parents (62%) with a further six (13%) reporting problems in the borderline range. Seven children (15%) were without significant problems in one or more area although only four of these (9%) were outside the borderline range for all of the sub‐domains of the SDQ.Discussion  A significant proportion of children with DCD were reported by their parents to be at risk of psychopathology. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between motor difficulties and emotional and behavioural symptoms; however, it is recommended that interventions for children with DCD should support mental health and behavioural problems as well as motor development.