bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF OESTROGEN-INDUCED GLYCOGENESIS IN THE UTERUS OF THE RAT, RABBIT AND SHEEP
Authors: Bitman Joel , Cecil Helene C. , Wood Joan R. , Wrenn T. Randall 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Essentially similar 2- to 3-fold increases in glycogen concentration were observed in uteri of rats, rabbits and sheep in the first six to ten hours after administration of 17β-oestradiol. Rats and rabbits were treated with alloxan to assess the effect of high circulating levels of glucose upon uterine glycogen and upon uterine glucose shifts. Uterine glycogen was elevated to a level almost as high as that achieved under oestrogen stimulation. Oestrogen administration caused a further increase in glycogen concentration. Free uterine glucose was measured in each species to see whether an increase in glucose availability occurred. The relative expansion in glucose space was compared to chloride space (used as an index of extracellular volume) to determine if there was an influx of glucose into the uterine cell. In the rat uterus and in the sheep endometrium, increases in free uterine glucose were observed, but the rabbit uterus and sheep myometrium synthesized glycogen without showing an increase in free glucose in the tissue.
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE.
Authors: Rerup Claus , Lundquist Ingmar 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Using serial sampling (25 μl) the blood glucose level in individual mice was followed during the induction of and during the steady state of alloxan diabetes. It was found that 70 mg/kg body weight of alloxan, given intravenously to female NMRI mice, caused 1) a rapid blood glucose level increase to 300–400 mg/100 ml within 45 minutes (initial hyperglycaemia), the increase being highly significant after 10 minutes; 2) a subsequent fall in blood glucose (hypoglycaemic phase) to levels of about 50 mg/100 ml measured from 4–8 hours following alloxan injection, sometimes associated with convulsions and death; 3) permanently elevated blood sugar levels from 12–48 hours after alloxan injection (final hyperglycaemia).
Permanently diabetic mice still possess a blood sugar level homeostatic mechanism as shown by relatively constant individual blood glucose levels in a population with large differences between animals. This mechanism is highly sensitive to external influences such as handling and blood sampling. A second dose of alloxan, diabetogenic in normal mice, was completely ineffective in diabetic mice irrespective of their degree of hyperglycaemia. Insulin administration or hypophysectomy abolished the initial hyperglycaemia following alloxan injection. Adrenalectomy greatly reduced but failed to abolish the initial hyperglycaemic phase. Alloxan injection into hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized animals resulted in fatal hypoglycaemia. Alloxan diabetic mice responded to hypophysectomy by a total disappearance of hyperglycaemia within 24 hours and death in severe hypoglycaemia within one week.
Liver glycogen levels were decreased during the initial hyperglycaemic phase. The hypothesis is put forward that the liver glycogen level at the time of alloxan injection may play a role in the occurrence and intensity of the initial hyperglycaemic phase.
ENDEMIC GOITER IN PEDREGOSO (Chile)
Authors: Barzelatto J. , Beckers C. , Stevenson C. , Covarrubias E. , Gianetti A. , Bobadilla E. , Pardo A. , Donoso H. , Atria A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A survey on goiter was carried out in Pedregoso, an isolated Indian Reservation in the Chilean Andes. A palpable goitre was present in 84 per cent of the adult population. All subjects were clinically euthyroid and had a normal contraction time of the Achilles tendon reflex. The mean value for serum PBI was 5.06 μg/100 ml, with 22% of the cases having values below 4 μg. Iodine deficiency was established by its low concentration in drinking water (0.35 μg/liter) and in the urine (33 μg/24 h).
Radioiodine studies showed an average thyroid uptake of 68% at 24 h with a tendency to increase directly with thyroid size and to decrease with age. Serum labelled PBI reflected different radioiodine turnover rates, highest values being more frequent in large nodular goitres. Triiodothyronine (T3) suppression tests were negative in about one-third of the goitrous subjects. Perchlorate tests and antithyroid antibodies determinations consistently gave negative results.
Thyroxine (T4) was always the main labelled compound, T3 being significantly present in 9 out of 22 cases. Up to 18% of the circulating radioiodine at 48 h was not butanol-extractable, and appeared in the initial fraction of column chromatography analysis. Six out of 58 cases also showed endogenously labelled diiodotyrosine (DIT), which constituted up to 10% of the total circulating radioiodine at 48 h. After intravenous injection of a tracer dose labelled DIT, 5.8 per cent ± 0.51 of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine within 2 h. The highest values were observed in the largest goitres.
The extra-thyroid organic iodine compartment was investigated after the injection of labelled T4 and T3. An increase in fractional turnover rate was always observed associated with an increase in the thyroxine distribution space.
EFFECT OF ANDROGENISATION ON ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL PROLACTIN CONTENT IN RATS
Authors: Kurcz M. , Kovács K. , Tiboldi T. , Orosz A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The adenohypophyses of androgenised female rats contain significantly less prolactin than control animals. Testosterone phenylpropionate administered in the early postnatal period does not markedly change the adenohypophysial prolactin content of male rats. Since examination of the mammary gland provide no evidence of increased prolactin secretion, the decrease in the adenohypophysial prolactin content of androgenised female rats must be explained by reduced hormone production. It is suggested that androgenisation in female rats influences prolactin production by an action on the hypothalamus.
DER INSULINHYPOGLYKÄMIE-TEST ALS FUNKTIONSPRÜFUNG DES HYPOTHALAMUS-HYPOPHYSEN-NEBENNIERENRINDEN-SYSTEMS.
Authors: Bethge H. , Nahmer D. v. d. , Zimmermann H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In 22 subjects determinations of blood sugar and plasma corticosteroids (11-OHCS) were carried out before and during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. In 17 of these patients (free from endocrine disorders) whose blood sugar fell below 45 mg/100 ml a distinct increase in plasma concentrations of 11-OHCS was noted. The mean maximal increase was found to be 13.1 ±3.7 μg/100 ml (range: 6.4–19.6 μg/100 ml). At sixty minutes p. i. the mean value of 11-OHCS was 25.3 ± 4.3 μg/100 ml. Of another 5 patients (2 with diabetes mellitus) where the blood sugar did not fall below 50 mg/100 ml 4 showed no increase in plasma corticosteroids. In order to effect an increase, in healthy subjects an insulin dose of 0.15 U/kg body weight is recommended. The increase of corticosteroid levels in plasma during hypoglycaemia is considered to be the consequence of stress-induced stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. This mechanism provides the base of the test in the detection of hypothalamic or pituitary disturbances (hypoglycaemia-test). The pathophysiological significance of this test is compared with that of the metopiron-test and its advantages over the pyrogen-test discussed.
STUDIES OF EOSINOPHIL GRANULOCYTES
Authors: Baker A. P. , Bergman F. , Paul K. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A cyclic variation in peroxidase activity, accounted for by the number of eosinophil granulocytes, occurs in the uterus. To investigate whether this variation could be a result of the variations in the secretion of oestrogens and progestogens the following experiments were performed. Castrated female mice were treated with various combinations of such hormones and it was found: (i) The peroxidase activity induced by 17β-oestradiol was almost entirely suppressed by the simultaneous administration of progesterone. (ii) The peroxidase activity induced by the longacting preparation 17β-oestradiol-p-propoxyphenylpropionate was substantially decreased by the long-acting progesterone capronate, given simultaneously. (iii) Simultaneous, single injections of the long-acting oestrogen and the short-acting progesterone produced peroxidase activities, initially lower but subsequently higher than those caused by this oestrogen alone.
Previous investigators have found that 17β-oestradiol reduces the number of granulated mast cells in the uterus of spayed mice. In order to study the possible relation between mast cell degranulation and eosinophilia in the uterus, we treated spayed rats with some combinations of the histamine liberator 48/80 and the long-acting oestrogen. 48/80 alone did not induce eosinophilia in the uterus, whereas the eosinophilia in response to the oestrogen was enhanced by a previous mast cell degranulation.
Cortisone, administered together with the oestrogen, suppressed the uterine peroxidase activity.
Some effects of the three steroid hormones and of 48/80 on the weight of the uterus are described and discussed.
KIDNEY BIOPSY FINDINGS IN FAMILIAL CHLORIDE DIARRHOEA
Authors: Pasternack A. , Perheentupa J. , Launiala K. , Hallman N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Percutaneous renal biopsies from seven children with familial chloride diarrhoea were studied. The age of the patients ranged from one month to three and a half years. Typical potassium losing nephropathy was observed in the three youngest children. Nephrocalcinosis was found in all the biopsies. Hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus was present in all children. Arteriolar and arterial changes resembling those seen in hypertensive disease were observed. On the basis of these findings a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of the syndrome is presented.
CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING ACTIVITY IN SERUM OF MOUSE, RABBIT AND GUINEA PIG DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN THE INITIATION OF LACTATION
Authors: Gala Richard R. , Westphal Ulrich 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Corticosteroid-binding activity was determined during pregnancy and lactation in the sera of mouse, rabbit and guinea pig. The measurements were made by multiple equilibrium dialysis using 14C labeled corticosteroids at 37° C. There was a marked increase of binding activity in all three species during pregnancy followed by a decline to the levels of nonpregnant animals during lactation. Serum corticosteroid concentrations paralleled but appeared subsequent to changes in corticosteroid-binding activity during pregnancy and lactation.
In the mouse, no sex difference in »resting« corticosterone levels was noted, but the corticosteroid-binding activity was almost 3 times higher in the female animal than in the male. This difference was reflected in a greater amount of unbound corticosterone in the male as evidenced by lower thymus weights. Calculation of the approximate amount of unbound corticosteroid in the mouse and rat during pregnancy revealed a decline at mid pregnancy, followed by an increase from late pregnancy through lactation. In the rabbit and guinea pig, unbound corticosteroid values did not follow similar trends. A mechanism is suggested for the initiation of lactation in the rat, involving the corticosteroid-binding globulin and its endocrine control.
PROGESTERONE IN THE HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN THE PREOVULATORY PERIOD OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Runnebaum Benno , Zander Josef 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Progesterone was determined and identified in human peripheral blood during the preovulatory period of the menstrual cycle, by combined isotope derivative and recrystallization analysis. The mean concentration of progesterone in 1.095 ml of plasma obtained 9 days before ovulation was 0.084 μg/100 ml. However, the mean concentration of progesterone in 1.122 ml of plasma obtained 4 days before ovulation was 0.279 μg/100 ml. These data demonstrate a source of progesterone secretion other than the corpus luteum. The higher plasma-progesterone concentration 4 days before ovulation may indicate progesterone secretion of the ripening Graafian follicle of the ovary.
REGIONAL RESPONSES OF INTERRENAL TISSUE AND OF CHROMAFFIN TISSUE TO HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND STRESS IN PIGEONS
Authors: Miller Richard A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of hypophysectomy and of stress upon the weight of chromaffin tissue and of central and peripheral interrenal tissue was measured in pigeons hypophysectomized for as long as 128 days. Although uncomplicated removal of the pars distalis evoked only slight decrease in total adrenal weight, interrenal tissue decreased progressively in weight with time, while chromaffin tissue increased slightly. Atrophy of interrenal tissue was confined to the central part of the tissue, while the weight of the peripherally located interrenal tissue remained unchanged for up to 128 days.
Stress evoked increase in the weight of both peripheral and central interrenal tissue as well as of chromaffin tissue in hypophysectomized pigeons. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia were greater in interrenal tissue than in chromaffin tissue, and more marked peripherally in the interrenal tissue than centrally.
Although the changes in weight suggested that interrenal tissue of the pigeon has a region comparable to the mammalian glomerular zone in its response to hypophysectomy and to stress, no changes in the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus were observed. The juxtaglomerular apparatus in pigeons, which differs in certain respects from that of the mammal, is described.
ENDOCRINE FUNCTION FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF PITUITARY ADENOMA
Authors: Elkington S. G. , Buckell Monamy , Jenkins J. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
At intervals varying from 1 to 25 years after combined surgical and radiotherapeutic treatment of pituitary adenoma 152 patients were examined and the state of their endocrine function assessed: the validity of this classification was supported by detailed investigation of 30 patients. 78% of the 152 patients studied were found to suffer from pituitary insufficiency, but only 33% were receiving treatment. It was found that a slight degree of endocrine disorder caused much discomfort to both patients and relatives; earlier recognition and treatment of this state is recommended, since replacement therapy is effective and has few unwanted effects.
BODY CELL MASS DURING LONG-TERM TREATMENT WITH CORTISONE AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS IN ASTHMATIC SUBJECTS
Authors: Lindholm Björn 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Thirty-six patients (17 males and 19 females) with severe bronchial asthma were treated for more than two years with cortisone and norandrolone. The patients were followed by repeated estimations of the body cell mass (BCM) using total exchangeable potassium (Ke) as a parameter of cell mass. In ten of the female patients, determinations of total body water (TBW) were also performed at the end of anabolic treatment. BCM increased significantly in both male (3.3 kg) and female (4.5 kg) patients. The relative increase in BCM was more pronounced in the female (25%) than in the male patients (13%). After one year of anabolic therapy, no further increase in BCM was demonstrated in either sex. The male patients did not increase more than was seen in male patients on cortisone only and previously reported. The average body weight was unchanged during the study, indicating a decrease in body fat. In the female patients, the final relative body cell mass was higher than in normal women and similar to that of normal men. TBW also increased in proportion to Ke and at the end of treatment the quotient TBW/B.W. was not different from that of normal men. The regression of Ke on TBW was normal. The significance of these findings are discussed.
During treatment, one woman developed radiological signs of osteoporosis and two males showed progression of bone atrophy, which was diagnosed before the study.
EFFECTS OF EXTRAHYPOTHALAMIC DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANTS ON THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM
Authors: Davidson Julian M. , Feldman Shaul 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
To study the possible involvement of extrahypothalamic regions of the brain in the negative feedback inhibition of corticotrophin (ACTH) secretion by corticoids, the effects of crystalline dexamethasone implants on compensatory adrenal hypertrophy (CAH) were investigated. Complete inhibition of CAH or actual adrenal atrophy followed implantation in a rather widespread field stretching from the anterior hypothalamus through the preoptic area to the septal and bordering regions. The effectiveness of implants in the septal-preoptic areas was not due to destruction of cerebral tissue, since electrolytic lesions in these regions had no significant effect on CAH. Although diffusion of the implanted steroid probably played some role in these results, they cannot be explained by simple diffusion to the hypothalamic median eminence, since implants just posterior or lateral to this area were generally ineffective. It was concluded that either (1) forebrain structures remote from the median eminence are sensitive to the negative feedback effects of corticosteroids, or (2) some unknown mechanism facilitates selective diffusion of implanted steroid from these regions to the basal hypothalamus, in preference to diffusion from other regions.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C-19 STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT.
Authors: Lamb E. , Mancuso S. , Acqua S. Dell' , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) labelled with 3H and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) labelled with 14C were simultaneously administered into the arterial supply of four placentas perfused in situ immediately following the removal of the foetus at midpregnancy.
From the perfused placentas testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), oestrone (OE1) and 17β-oestradiol (OE2) derived from the metabolism of both DHA and DHAS were isolated in a radiochemically homogeneous form. In addition DHA derived from DHAS was isolated. No labelled 19-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, or 3β,19-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one was detected.
From the perfusates the same steroids were isolated as from the placentas. They contained so small amounts of 3H that their radiochemical homogeneity could be established only on the basis of the 14C label.
The 3H/14C ratio of the A isolated from each placenta was higher than that of DHA and OE1 isolated from the same source, indicating a higher contribution of DHAS to A than to DHA or OE1 However, no conjugated or unconjugated intermediates between DHAS and A other than DHA were detected. One possible explanation for the differences in isotope ratios based on the existence of two hypothetical placental compartments, is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE AROMATISATION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
Authors: Dell'Acqua S. , Mancuso S. , Eriksson G. , Ruse J. L. , Solomon S. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
16α-Hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone-7α-3H (16αHO-DHA), 16α-hydroxy-androstenedione-4-14C (16αHO-A) and 16α-hydroxy-testosterone-4-14C (16αHO-T) were synthesized. Human placentas were perfused in situ at midpregnancy with these steroids and the radioactive material recovered from the placentas and perfusates was analysed. In order to compare the aromatisation of 16α-hydroxylated and 16-desoxy precursors, in a second series of perfusions 16αHO-DHA was combined with differently labelled dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and 16αHO-T with testosterone (T).
Following the perfusion of 16αHO-DHA, both 16αHO-A and oestriol (OE3) were isolated from the placentas and perfusates. No labelled androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol (Δ5-TRIOL) or 16αHO-T was detected in these sources.
When 16αHO-A or 16αHO-T was perfused, OE3 was isolated from the placenta and perfusates. However, there was no interconversion between 16αHO-A and 16αHO-T.
No oestrogenic ring D ketols were found in the placentas and perfusates in any of the experiments.
The extent of aromatisation (judged from the amount of oestrogen isolated from the placenta and perfusate) was approximately the same following the perfusion of 16αHO-DHA, 16αHO-A, DHA and T, but was much lower when 16αHO-T was perfused. The low degree of aromatisation of 16αHO-T was associated with the presence of large amounts of unchanged 16αHO-T in the placentas as well as in the perfusates. The transfer of 16αHO-T to the maternal compartment was also much lower than that of the other precursors studied.
It is concluded that
the placental transfer and aromatisation of 16αHO-T is much lower than those of other oestrogen precursors. This condition might lead to the accumulation of this compound in the placenta. The placental metabolism of Δ5-TRIOL and 16αHO-DHA follow separate pathways with no interconversion until the stage of aromatisation, or possibly 19-hydroxylation.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL PATTERN OF THE HUMAN ADULT TESTES
Authors: Koudstaal Joh. , Frensdorf E. L. , Kremer J , Mudde J. M. , Hardonk M. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The histochemical pattern of the human testes has been investigated. Steroid-producing Leydig cells are characterized by the enzymes 3β ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. The presence of the last mentioned enzyme precedes that of the 3β ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Fibroblast-like interstitial cells showed only enzyme activity of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. The best results for indicating the presence of the enzyme 3β ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were obtained by the method of Allen (1960) with the substrate androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol. No activity of 3β ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase was found in the Sertoli cells.
HYPOTHYROIDISM INDUCED BY A TRANSPLANTED FIBROSARCOMA IN THE RAT
Authors: Claus-Walker Jacqueline 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Rats bearing a methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma showed a decrease in thyroid weight, a decreased responsiveness to the goitrogenous effect of PTU and a significant decrease in 24 hour thyroidal 131I uptake. The thyroid of the tumourous rats was also shown to have a marked inability to synthesize thyroid hormones. The effects on the thyroid were found to accumulate proportionally to the time during which the tumour grew in the rat, and lead to a fibrous and degenerative invasion of the thyroid gland.
In the rats bearing tumours, 1) the plasma and the pituitary TSH concentrations were within normal range; 2) large doses of exogenous TSH were able to stimulate the thyroid; 3) injection of saline extracts from the tumour elicited thyroid changes similar to those produced by the tumour. It is concluded from these data that the tumour produces an unusual hypothyroidism in the rat, which is caused by a substance elaborated by the tumour. The substance destroys progressively the thyroid tissue, leaving less and less thyroid parenchyma to respond to TSH and to secrete thyroid hormones. The substance seems to interfere with TSH at the thyroid level.
EFFECT OF bis(p-HYDROXYPHENYL)-CYCLO-HEXYLIDENEMETHANE (F6060) ON THE CONVERSION OF PREGNENOLONE TO Δ4-3-KETOSTEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Larsson Hans , Stensson Margareta 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexylidenemethane (F6060) is shown to inhibit the in vitro conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and other Δ4-3-ketosteroids. A 50% inhibition was noted at ∼ 1·10−4 m F6060. Diethylstilboestrol also showed a comparable inhibitory action under the conditions used but 17β-oestradiol did not affect pregnenolone oxidation. Incubations were performed with the 10 000·g supernatant of human ovarian structures; rat ovaries and adrenals. As a substrate 14C-labelled pregnenolone was used. Radioactive conversion products were determined by thin layer chromatography followed by quantitative scanning. The part of reaction products more polar than pregnenolone tended to increase when progesterone production was moderately inhibited by F6060 in human ovarian homogenates.