bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platonism and Mathematical Intuition in Kurt Gödel's Thought
Authors: Parsons Charles 
Published: April 2006

The best known and most widely discussed aspect of Kurt Gödel's philosophy of mathematics is undoubtedly his robust realism or platonism about mathematical objects and mathematical knowledge. This has scandalized many philosophers but probably has done so less in recent years than earlier. Bertrand Russell's report in his autobiography of one or more encounters with Gödel is well known:Gödel turned out to be an unadulterated Platonist, and apparently believed that an eternal “not” was laid up in heaven, where virtuous logicians might hope to meet it hereafter.On this Gödel commented:Concerning my “unadulterated” Platonism, it is no more unadulterated than Russell's own in 1921 when in theIntroduction to Mathematical Philosophy… he said, “Logic is concerned with the real world just as truly as zoology, though with its more abstract and general features.” At that time evidently Russell had met the “not” even in this world, but later on under the infuence of Wittgenstein he chose to overlook it.One of the tasks I shall undertake here is to say something about what Gödel's platonism is and why he held it.A feature of Gödel's view is the manner in which he connects it with a strong conception of mathematical intuition, strong in the sense that it appears to be a basic epistemological factor in knowledge of highly abstract mathematics, in particular higher set theory. Other defenders of intuition in the foundations of mathematics, such as Brouwer and the traditional intuitionists, have a much more modest conception of what mathematical intuition will accomplish.
Die Vergleichende Musikwissenschaft In Österreich Seit 1896
Authors: von Walter Graf 
Published: April 2006

Jaap Kunst (1891-1960) schreibt zu Beginn seines BuchesMusicologica:“To the question what is the study-object of comparative musicology, the answer must be: mainly the music and the musical instruments of all non-European peoples, including both the so-called primitive peoples and the civilized Eastern nations. Although this science naturally makes repeated excursions into the field of European music, the latter is, in itself, only an indirect object of its study. The name of our science is, in fact, not quite characteristic; it does not ‘compare’ any more than any other science. A better name, therefore, is that appearing on the title page of this book: ethnomusicology.”
Estimating Correlation Coefficient between Two Variables with Repeated Observations using Mixed Effects Model
Authors: Roy Anuradha 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe estimate the correlation coefficient between two variables with repeated observations on each variable, using linear mixed effects (LME) model. The solution to this problem has been studied by many authors. Bland and Altman (1995) considered the problem in many ad hoc methods. Lam, Webb and O'Donnell (1999) solved the problem by considering different correlation structures on the repeated measures. They assumed that the repeated measures are linked over time but their method needs specialized software. However, they never addressed the question of how to choose the correlation structure on the repeated measures for a particular data set. Hamlett et al. (2003) generalized this model and used Proc Mixed of SAS to solve the problem. Unfortunately, their method also cannot implement the correlation structure on the repeated measures that is present in the data. We also assume that the repeated measures are linked over time and generalize all the previous models, and can account for the correlation structure on the repeated measures that is present in the data. We study how the correlation coefficient between the variables gets affected by incorrect assumption of the correlation structure on the repeated measures itself by using Proc Mixed of SAS, and describe how to select the correlation structure on the repeated measures. We also extend the model by including random intercept and random slope over time for each subject. Our model will also be useful when some of the repeated measures are missing at random. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation of axillary involvement in breast cancer
Authors: Gil-Rendo A , Zornoza G , García-Velloso M J , Regueira F M , Beorlegui C , Cervera M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
This study analysed the value of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in detecting axillary lymph node involvement in women with breast cancer.

Methods
In the first 150 women in this prospective study, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed regardless of the PET results. In a second group (125 women) FDG-PET was complemented with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) only in those who did not have pathological axillary uptake.

Results
The sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET in detecting axillary involvement was 84·5 and 98·5 per cent respectively in the whole series of 275 patients, with two false-positive and 22 false-negative results. False-negative results were associated with some intrinsic tumour characteristics. In 21 women, PET revealed pathological uptake, suggesting involvement of the internal mammary lymph node chain. Whole-body PET identified a second synchronous tumour in five asymptomatic patients and haematogenous metastases in two patients.

Conclusion
The high positive predictive value of PET (98·4 per cent) suggests that FDG uptake in the axilla could be an indication for full ALND without previous SLNB.
Multi‐Phase‐Multi‐Size‐Group Model for the Inclusion of Population Balances into the CFD Simulation of Gas‐Liquid Bubbly Flows
Authors: Sha Z. , Laari A. , Turunen I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA CFD model for the simulation of gas‐liquid bubbly flow is developed. In the model, the multi‐phase flow is simulated by an Eulerian‐Eulerian approach using several phase definitions (from 3 to 10). The bubble size distribution is simulated by a solution of the discretized population balance equation with coalescence and break‐up of bubbles. The number of the discretized population balance equations in the model is larger than the number of the phases used in the flow field simulation. A desired accuracy in the simulation can be achieved by choosing a suitable number of phases as a compromise between accuracy and computational cost. With this model, more detailed flow hydrodynamics and bubble size distribution can be obtained. The model was tested with different operating conditions and for different numbers of dispersed phases in a bubble column, and was verified with a bubble size distribution obtained experimentally.
Dielectric Characteristics for Radio Frequency Waves in a Laboratory Dipole Plasma
Authors: Grishanov N. I. , Loula A. F. D. , de Azevedo C. A. , Pereira Neto J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTransverse and parallel dielectric permittivity elements have been derived for radio frequency waves in a laboratory dipole magnetic field plasma. Vlasov equation is resolved for both the trapped and untrapped particles as a boundary value problem to define their separate contributions to the dielectric tensor components. To estimate the wave power absorbed in the plasma volume the perturbed electric field and current density components are decomposed in a Fourier series over the poloidal angle. In this case, the dielectric characteristics can be analyzed independently of the solution of the Maxwell's equations. As usual, imaginary part of the parallel permittivity elements is necessary to estimate the electron Landau damping of radio frequency waves, whereas imaginary part of the transverse permittivity elements is important to estimate the wave dissipation by the cyclotron resonances. Computations of the imaginary part of the parallel permittivity elements are carried out in a wide range of the wave frequencies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collective Grain Interactions for Constant Ionization Source
Authors: Tsytovich V. , Kompaneets R. , de Angelis U. , Castaldo C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe dust screening and dust attraction in plasmas is considered for the constant ionization source. Both limits of linear and nonlinear screening are considered. It is shown that the non‐linear screening changes substantially the collective dust screening and collective dust attraction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EEDF Determination by Numerical Processing of the Probe Data in Neon DC Discharge
Authors: Djermanova N. , Kiss'ovski Zh. , Tsankov Ts. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNumerical processing of the data from single probe measurements allows determination of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) from the second derivative of the probe current. The current‐voltage probe characteristics are measured by acquisition system for further smoothing and differentiation. The developed procedure is a combination of the Savitzky‐Golay (S‐G) smoothing filter and three‐point differentiator with varying step. The above methods are modified for irregularly sampled data which enables more accurate determination of EEDF. Advantages of this approach are data smoothing with minimum information loss and improved noise reduction at the differentiation procedure. The procedure is applied for EEDF calculation in low current low pressure neon discharge. The shape of EEDF shows deviation from both Maxwellian and Druyvesteyn distributions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PIC‐Simulation Resolved Period‐Doubling Route to Chaos in the Classical Pierce Diode
Authors: Kočan M. , Kuhn S. , Tskhakaya D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe classical Pierce diode [J. R. Pierce, J. Appl. Phys. 15, 721 (1944)] is a one‐dimensional, electrostatic plasma‐filled system bounded by an emitter and a collector separated by a distance d and externally connected by a short circuit. A mono‐energetic electron beam is emitted from the emitter with a constant current density j 0 = –en 0u 0, where n 0 and u 0 are the initial electron density (corresponding to the plasma frequency ωpe = √n 0e 2/(ε 0me ) and velocity, respectively. The immobile ions form a uniform neutralising background. In this work we use Particle‐in‐Cell (PIC) simulations performed with the BIT1 code [D. Tskhakaya jr. and S. Kuhn, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 42, 302 (2002)] to investigate the evolution of slightly perturbed uniform equilibria into the related non‐linear attractor states for a broad range of α values, where α = ωped /u 0 is the diode control parameter. First, to demonstrate the suitability of our code, the period‐doubling route to chaos for α below 3π was re‐investigated in detail. In both the linear and non‐linear regimes, excellent agreement was found with the results obtained previously by Godfrey [Phys. Fluids 30, 1553 (1987)] from numerical integration of a genuine fluid model, and by Hörhager and Kuhn [Phys. Fluids B 2, 2741 (1990)] from a three‐harmonic fluid analysis. Having thus established that our method is perfectly adequate for these investigations, we present analogous results for linear and non‐linear oscillations in α domains in which these phenomena have not been considered in detail before. The present kinetic approach to small‐amplitude oscillations in a bounded system can be extended to more complex bounded plasma systems, e.g., for PIC simulations of turbulent fusion plasmas, in which small‐amplitude oscillations are known to give rise to anomalous transport. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genetic vaccines against Ep‐CAM break tolerance to self in a limited subset of subjects: Initial identification of predictive biomarkers
Authors: Elia Leonardo , Mennuni Carmela , Storto Mariangela , Podda Silvia , Calvaruso Francesco , Salucci Valentina , Aurisicchio Luigi , Scarito Alessia , Ciliberto Gennaro , Monica Nicola La , Palombo Fabio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe epithelial cell adhesion molecule, Ep‐CAM, has been historically considered a target of passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies, and more recently, of a first Pox‐vector‐based cancer vaccine Phase I trial in colorectal cancer patients. To shed further light on the use of this antigen, we isolated the mouse and rhesus homologues of human Ep‐CAM and explored different genetic vaccination modalities based on the use of adenoviral vectors as well as DNA electroporation (DNA‐EP). Immune responses to Ep‐CAM were measured by IFN‐γ ELISPOT and intracellular staining assays using overlapping sets of peptides covering the entire coding regions. We found the most powerful vaccination regimen to be constituted by DNA‐EP‐prime/Adeno‐boost mixed‐modality protocols. Vaccination in rhesus macaques resulted in breakage of immunological tolerance in a minority of cases. Similarly, a low frequency of responders was observed with the mouse Ep‐CAM vaccine in outbred CD1 mice. When immunized CD1 mice were analyzed for MHC haplotype and TCR expression levels, we observed that immune responders all had the same q/q MHC class I haplotype and showed higher expression levels of the TCRVβ4 and TCRVβ8 T cell receptors. Our results underscore the current limitations in our capacity to induce efficient cancer vaccines against self antigens like Ep‐CAM, but also represent a first effort to identify predictive biomarkers of response.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636085
Geometrical isomerisation of double bonds in acid‐catalysed preparation of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Mjøs Svein A. , Meier Sonnich , Grahl‐Nielsen Otto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAcid‐catalysed methylation is frequently applied for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters used for gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids. A series of artefacts were observed in hydrochloric acid‐catalysed direct methylation of herring (Clupea harengus L.) muscle. The artefacts were identified as trans isomers of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, and their levels increased with reaction time. The isomers were not found after methylation of a lipid extract of the herring muscle, even after extreme reaction times. In general, the trans isomers are only observed after methylation of certain marine tissues, indicating catalytic activity in these samples. Based on these results, it is recommended that direct methylation procedures are thoroughly validated with each matrix type analysed, and that reaction times should not be longer than necessary to complete the methylation.
Effects of processing on the quality and stability of three unconventional Sudanese oils
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit , Matthäus Bertrand , Eichner Karl , Hussein Ismail H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a refining experiment, on a laboratory scale, crude oils from Sclerocarya birrea (SCO), sorghum bugs (SBO), water‐extracted melon bugs (MBO H2O) and solvent‐extracted melon bugs (MBO SOL) were processed by alkali refining. Quality changes were characterized by the determination of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value, tocopherols, sterols, phosphatides and stability against oxidation (Rancimat test). In addition, the fatty acid composition was determined. It is clear that the contents of phosphatides, peroxides, tocopherols, sterols as well as oxidative stability were reduced during processing, while FFA were nearly totally removed. The content of phosphorus was reduced in SCO, SBO, MBO H2O and MBO SOL by 26, 19, 12, and 78%, respectively, while complete oil processing removed 95, 99, 96 and 99% of the FFA in crude oils, respectively. The level of total tocopherols decreased during processing by 38.7, 83.8, 100, and 33.3%, respectively. The color decreased through the processing steps up to bleaching; then, in the deodorization step, it darkened sharply in all samples. No change in the fatty acid composition was observed. The order of oxidation stability was crude > degummed > deodorized > neutralized > bleached, in SCO; and crude > degummed > neutralized > bleached = deodorized, in MBO H2O; and crude > degummed > deodorized > neutralized > bleached in MBO SOL; while in SBO, the order of oxidative stability was deodorized > crude > degummed > neutralized = bleached. Total sterols decreased by 42–92% in the processed oils, compared with crude oils.
Reactivity in LaGaO3/Ni and CeO2/Ni Systems
Authors: Solak N. , Zinkevich M. , Aldinger F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe reactivity in CeO2/Ni and LaGaO3/Ni systems, which are constituents of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT‐SOFC) anodes, has been investigated both computationally and experimentally. The CALPHAD‐method (CALculating of PHAse Diagrams), employing BINGSS and THERMOCALC software, was used to obtain a self‐consistent set of Gibbs energy functions describing the systems. Interactions in the LaGaO3/Ni system were predicted using a thermodynamic database developed for the La‐Ga‐Ni‐O system. Similarly, to analyze the CeO2/Ni system, the Ce‐Ni‐O ternary phase diagram was calculated using known thermodynamic data for binary Ce‐O, Ni‐O, and Ce‐Ni systems. The experimental work was designed based on the calculated phase diagrams. While the La‐Ga‐Ni‐O system experiments were conducted in air, the Ce‐Ni‐O system was also investigated in a reducing atmosphere. The calculated Ce‐Ni‐O diagram is in good agreement with the experimental results. It has been found that NiO does not react with CeO2. Extended solid solutions of La(Ga,Ni)O3, La2(Ni,Ga)O4, and La4(Ni,Ga)3O10 were found in the La‐Ga‐Ni‐O system. Additionally, the compound LaNiGa11O19, with magnetoplumbite‐type structure, has been found, which has not been reported in the literature so far. It is concluded that La2NiO4 is not chemically compatible, as a cathode material, with the LSGM electrolyte.
Influence of Microwave Irradiation on the Lipase‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Polymerization of ε‐Caprolactone
Authors: Kerep Patrick , Ritter Helmut 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: The microwave (MW)‐assisted lipase‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in boiling solvents was investigated for the first time. In case of boiling toluene or benzene the MW‐assisted reaction proceeded significantly slower compared to oil bath heating. On the other hand, using boiling diethyl ether as solvent, an increase of the polymerization rate due to MW irradiation was found. Yield, molecular weight measurements, and MALDI‐TOF analysis supported the results.Reactivity of the MW‐assisted ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone compared with conventional thermal heating in different solvents.magnified imageReactivity of the MW‐assisted ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone compared with conventional thermal heating in different solvents.
Submicron Polymer Gratings: Optical Diffraction and Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering
Authors: Cheng Wei , Fytas George , Kiyanova Anna V. , Efremov Mikhail Yu. , Nealey Paul F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Brillouin light scattering (BLS) from submicron‐size patterned polyurethane (PU) films was found to display rich spectral features. Their identification allows the determination of the mechanical properties of the PU and the characterization of the periodicity and the coherence of the structure. A temperature‐dependent study demonstrates that BLS is a sensitive tool to monitor changes of the mechanical properties and/or of the morphology.(a) Scheme of the sample structure and the scattering geometry, (b) SEM top view of the PU features.magnified image(a) Scheme of the sample structure and the scattering geometry, (b) SEM top view of the PU features.
Prediction of Polymer Properties from their Structure by Recursive Neural Networks
Authors: Duce Celia , Micheli Alessio , Starita Antonina , Tiné Maria Rosaria , Solaro Roberto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: We propose a new approach for predicting polymer properties from structured molecular representations based on recursive neural networks. To this aim, a structured representation is designed for the modeling of polymer structures. This representation can also account for average macromolecule characteristics. Preliminarily, this model is applied to the calculation of the Tg of (meth)acrylic polymers with different stereoregularity.Representation of poly(methyl methacrylate) as a chemical tree and unfolding of the encoding process through its structure.magnified imageRepresentation of poly(methyl methacrylate) as a chemical tree and unfolding of the encoding process through its structure.
Tuning aerosol‐assisted vapor phase processing towards low oxygen GaN powders
Authors: Janik J. F. , Drygaś M. , Stelmakh S. , Grzanka E. , Pałosz B. , Paine R. T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHerein, are reported studies of various experimental conditions aimed at optimizing the Aerosol‐Assisted Vapor Phase Synthesis (AAVS) of GaN powders. In general, the process utilizes affordable oxygen‐bearing gallium precursors in aqueous/methanol solutions to initially prepare nano‐sized GaNx Oy powders of spheroidal morphology. Subsequent pyrolysis of the GaNx Oy intermediate in a NH3 atmosphere converts the powders to sub‐micron, crystalline GaN powders that usually contain some residual oxygen. The application of appropriate solvents, e.g. , methanol, in the aerosol powder generation stage and the use of pyrolysis temperatures in the range 900–1000 °C may improve both the extent of nitridation and, to certain degree, the control over average particle sizes. The characteristics of the AAVS‐produced materials are compared with those for bulk GaN powders obtained by direct nitridation of commercial gallium oxide. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanism for proteins destabilization at low temperatures
Authors: Marqués Manuel I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProteins undergo unfolding when lowering the temperature by means of a process known as cold denaturation. Pure cold denaturation (without denaturants) is obtained at high pressures. In this paper, a recent proposal to explain the cold denaturation process based on the high density liquid state of water [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 138103 (2003)] is described in detail. The correct understanding of this process may be useful to artificially implement activation and inactivation of proteins at room temperatures with direct applications into the word of nanobiotechnology machinery. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)