bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships at school and stage‐environment fit as resources for adolescent engagement and achievement
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Chipuer Heather M. , Hanisch Michelle , Creed Peter A. , McGregor Leanne 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTGuided by Self‐Determination and associated theories, we examined whether adolescent (, M , 52% female) competence (academic engagement and achievement) were supported by relationships at school and school fit. Aspects of relationships and school fit that were measured included adolescents’ perceptions of each context as promoting autonomy, relatedness and competence. Within a latent‐variable structural equation model, direct and indirect path estimates, standard errors and confidence intervals were produced using maximum likelihood and bootstrapping. Results supported the hypothesized model. As predicted, school fit partially mediated the association between teacher–student relationships and engagement, but fully mediated the association between peer relationships and engagement. Engagement fully mediated the path from school fit to achievement. The use of SEM and bootstrapping are encouraged as the combination of these techniques can increase power to detect direct and indirect effects, and can be a better choice for data that do not conform to normal theory assumptions. Overall, these techniques allowed for more firm conclusions about the importance of a hierarchy of multidimensional contextual experiences for adolescent competence.
Competence under challenge: Exploring the protective influence of parental support and ethnic identity in Latino college students
Authors: Ong Anthony D. , Phinney Jean S. , Dennis Jessica 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis longitudinal study examined the protective influence of psychological and family factors on academic achievement in 123 Latino college (101 Mexican American, 14 Central American, 8 mixed Mexican/Central American) students. Three cultural resources—ethnic identity, family interdependence, and parental support—were hypothesized as protective factors that modify the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage in a positive direction. The pattern of findings suggests that Latino students with greater psychological and family resources evidence greater academic achievement. After covarying between‐person differences in gender and generational status, both ethnic identity and parental support moderated the effects of low socioeconomic status on academic achievement.
A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis
Authors: MENEZES N. M. , ARENOVICH T. , ZIPURSKY R. B. 
Published: June 2006

Background. Existing outcome literature has had an over-representation of chronic patients and suggested a progressive course and poor outcome for schizophrenia. The current study aimed to recombine data of samples from longitudinal studies of first-episode psychosis (FEP) to describe outcome and its predictors.Method. A literature search (1966–2003) was conducted for prospective studies examining outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis using the following key words: early, first, incident, episode, admission, contact, psychosis, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, course, outcome, follow-up, longitudinal, cohort. These were pooled and analyzed using descriptive and regression analyses.Results. Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, representing 4100 patients with a mean follow-up of 35·1±6·0 months. Studies varied in the categories of outcome used, the most common being ‘good’ (54% of studies) and ‘poor’ (34% of studies), variably defined. In studies reporting these categories, good outcomes were reported in 42·2% (3·5%) and poor outcomes in 27·1% (2·8%) of cases. Predictors associated with better outcome domains were: combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial therapy, lack of epidemiologic representativeness of the sample, and a developing country of origin. Use of typical neuroleptics was associated with worse outcome. Stratification analyses suggested that populations with schizophrenia only, and those with prospective design, were associated with worse outcome domains.Conclusions. Outcome from FEP may be more favorable than previously reported, and treatment and methodological variables may be important contributors to outcome. Significant heterogeneity in definitions and methodology limited the comparison and pooling of data. A multi-dimensional, globally used definition of outcome is required for future research.
Bright light, negative air ions and auditory stimuli produce rapid mood changes in a student population: a placebo-controlled study
Authors: GOEL NAMNI , ETWAROO GLENDA R. 
Published: June 2006

Background. Bright light and high-density negative air ion exposure are efficacious for winter and non-seasonal depression compared with a low-density negative ion placebo. Similarly, auditory stimuli improve mood in clinical populations. This study compared the short-term effects of bright light, an auditory stimulus, and high- and low-density negative ions on mood and alertness in mildly depressed and non-depressed adults.Method. One hundred and eighteen subjects, 69 women and 49 men (mean age±S.D., 19·4±1·7 years), participated once across the year. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: bright light (10000 lux; n=29), auditory stimuli (60 dB; n=30), or high-density (4·5×1014 ions/s flow rate; n=29) or low-density (1·7×1011 ions/s; n=30; placebo control) negative ions. Exposure was for 30 min on three consecutive evenings between 1900 and 2100 hours. Mood and alertness assessments, using standardized scales, occurred before, and 15 and 30 min during exposure. The Beck Depression Inventory classified subjects as depressed ([ges ]10; n=35) or non-depressed (<10; n=83).Results. The three active stimuli, but not the low-density placebo, reduced depression, total mood disturbance (a global affect measure) and/or anger within 15–30 min. Neither testing season nor degree of depressive symptoms affected response to stimuli.Conclusions. The auditory stimulus, bright light and high-density ions all produced rapid mood changes – with small to medium effect sizes – in depressed and non-depressed subjects, compared with the low-density placebo, despite equivalent pre-study expectations. Thus, these stimuli improve mood acutely in a student sample, including a subset with depressive symptoms.
Pollen and seed dispersal among dispersed plants
Authors: Ghazoul Jaboury 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe ecological significance of spacing among plants in contributing to the maintenance of species richness, particularly in tropical forests, has received considerable attention that has largely focussed on distance ‐ and density‐dependent seed and seedling mortality. More recently it has become apparent that plant spacing is also relevant to pollination, which often constrains seed production. While seed and seedling survival is reduced at high conspecific densities, pollination success, by contrast, is positively correlated to local conspecific density. Distance‐dependent mechanisms acting on pollination and seed production have now been described for a variety of plants, with relatively isolated plants or fragmented populations generally suffering reduced fecundity due to pollen limitation. Yet there is considerable variability in the vulnerability of plant species to pollination failure, which may be a function of breeding system, life history, the pollination vector, the degree of specialisation among plants and their pollinators, and other indirect effects of habitat change acting on plants or pollinators. As reduced tree densities and population fragmentation are common outcomes of anthropogenically altered landscapes, understanding how pollination processes are affected in such degraded landscapes can inform effective conservation and management of remaining natural areas.
A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even‐toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)
Authors: Price Samantha A. , Bininda‐Emonds Olaf R. P. , Gittleman John L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDespite the biological and economic importance of the Cetartiodactyla, the phylogeny of this clade remains controversial. Using the supertree approach of matrix representation with parsimony, we present the first phylogeny to include all 290 extant species of the Cetacea (whales and dolphins) and Artiodactyla (even‐toed hoofed mammals). At the family‐level, the supertree is fully resolved. For example, the relationships among the Ruminantia appear as (((Cervidae, Moschidae) Bovidae) (Giraffidae, Antilocapridae) Tragulidae). However, due to either lack of phylogenetic study or contradictory information, polytomies occur within the clades Sus, Muntiacus, Cervus, Delphinidae, Ziphiidae and Bovidae. Complete species‐level phylogenies are necessary for both illustrating and analysing biological, geographical and ecological patterns in an evolutionary framework. The present species‐level tree of the Cetartiodactyla provides the first opportunity to examine comparative hypotheses across entirely aquatic and terrestrial species within a single mammalian order.
Mu and Delta opioid receptors activate the same G proteins in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Alt A , Clark M J , Woods J H , Traynor J R 
Published: June 2006

There is evidence for interactions between mu and delta opioid systems both in vitro and in vivo. This work examines the hypothesis that interaction between these two receptors can occur intracellularly at the level of G protein in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells.
The [35S]GTPγS binding assay was used to measure G protein activation following agonist occupation of opioid receptors. The agonists DAMGO (EC50, 45 nM) and SNC80 (EC50, 32 nM) were found to be completely selective for stimulation of [35S]‐GTPγS binding through mu and delta opioid receptors respectively. Maximal stimulation of [35S]‐GTPγS binding produced by SNC80 was 57% of that seen with DAMGO. When combined with a maximally effective concentration of DAMGO, SNC80 caused no additional [35S]‐GTPγS binding. This effect was also seen when measured at the level of adenylyl cyclase.
Receptor activation increased the dissociation of pre‐bound [35S]‐GTPγS. In addition, the delta agonist SNC80 promoted the dissociation of [35S]‐GTPγS from G proteins initially labelled using the mu agonist DAMGO. Conversely, DAMGO promoted the dissociation of [35S]‐GTPγS from G proteins initially labelled using SNC80.
Tolerance to DAMGO and SNC80 in membranes from cells exposed to agonist for 18 h was homologous and there was no evidence for alteration in G protein activity.
The findings support the hypothesis that mu‐ and delta‐opioid receptors share a common G protein pool, possibly through a close organization of the two receptors and G protein at the plasma membrane.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 217–225; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704430
Tissue‐specific expression of human lipoprotein lipase in the vascular system affects vascular reactivity in transgenic mice
Authors: Esenabhalu Victor E , Cerimagic Mirza , Malli Roland , Osibow Karin , Levak‐Frank Sanja , Frieden Maud , Sattler Wolfgang , Kostner Gerhard M , Zechner Rudolf , Graier Wolfgang F 
Published: June 2006

The role of smooth muscle‐derived lipoprotein lipase (LPL) that translocates to the endothelium surface on vascular dysfunction during atherogenesis is unclear. Thus, the role of vascular LPL on blood vessel reactivity was assessed in transgenic mice that specifically express human LPL in the circulatory system.
Aortic free fatty acids (FFAs) were increased by 69% in the transgenic mice expressing human LPL in aortic smooth muscle cells (L2LPL) compared with their non‐transgenic littermates (L2).
Contractility to KCl was increased by 33% in aortae of L2LPL mice. Maximal contraction to phenylephrine (PE) was comparable in L2 and L2LPL animals, while the frequency of tonus oscillation to PE increased by 104% in L2LPL mice.
In L2LPL animals, •NO mediated relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) and ATP was reduced by 47 and 32%, respectively. In contrast, endothelium‐independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was not different in both groups tested.
ATP‐initiated Ca2+ elevation that triggers •NO formation was increased by 41% in single aortic endothelial cells freshly isolated from L2LPL animals.
In aortae from L2LPL mice an increased •O2− release occurred that was normalized by removing the endothelium and by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor DPI and the PKC inhibitor GF109203X.
The reduced ACh‐induced relaxation in L2LPL animals was normalized in the presence of SOD, indicating that the reduced relaxation is due, at least in part, to enhanced •NO scavenging by •O2−.
These data suggest that despite normal lipoprotein levels increased LPL‐mediated FFAs loading initiates vascular dysfunction via PKC‐mediated activation of endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase. Thus, vascular LPL activity might represent a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis independently from cholesterol/LDL levels.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 143–154; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704440
Pathological role of a constitutively active population of α1D‐adrenoceptors in arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Gisbert Regina , Ziani Khalid , Miquel Raquel , Noguera M Antonia , Ivorra M Dolores , Anselmi Elsa , D'Ocon Pilar 
Published: June 2006

The role of a constitutively active population of α1D‐adrenoceptors was analysed in arteries obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and controls (WKY) divided into three groups: young prehypertensive, adult hypertensive, and adult animals chronically treated with captopril (50 mg kg−1per day orally) in order to prevent the hypertensive state.In adult SHR, a significant increase in BMY 7378 potency (not in prazosin potency) was observed in aorta, mesenteric artery, and the first and second branches of the small mesenteric arteries with respect to WKY rats. This difference was not observed in iliac and tail arteries, which suggests an increased functional role of α1D‐adrenoceptors only in some vessels of SHR.The increase in the resting tone (IRT) observed in absence of agonist, inhibited by BMY 7378, that represents the constitutively active population of α1D‐adrenoceptors, was also significantly greater in aorta and mesenteric artery from adult SHR.In young and captopril treated adult animals, no differences between strains with respect to BMY 7378 potency, or IRT were observed.The increase in the functional role of α1D‐adrenoceptors and their constitutive activity observed in hypertension is prevented by captopril treatment. The pathological consequence of this change is the slower rate of recovery of the basal tone after removal of an adrenergic stimulus, observed in vessels from hypertensive animals that had shown an increase in the functionality of constitutively active α1D‐adrenoceptors. This change was not observed in prehypertensive or captopril treated animals.British Journal of Pharmacology(2002)135, 206–216; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704447
Sodium butyrate induces P53‐independent, Fas‐mediated apoptosis in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells
Authors: Chopin Valérie , Toillon Robert‐Alain , Jouy Nathalie , Bourhis Xuefen Le 
Published: June 2006

This study was performed to determine the effect and action mechanisms of sodium butyrate (NaB) on the growth of breast cancer cells.
Butyrate inhibited the growth of all breast cancer cell lines analysed. It induced cell cycle arrest in G1 and apoptosis in MCF‐7, MCF‐7ras, T47‐D, and BT‐20 cells, as well as arrest in G2/M in MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
Transient transfection of MCF‐7 and T47‐D cells with wild‐type and antisense p53 did not modify butyrate‐induced apoptosis. Pifithrin‐α, which inhibits the transcriptional activity of P53, did not modify cell growth or apoptosis of MCF‐7 and T47‐D cells treated with butyrate. These results indicate that P53 was not involved in butyrate‐induced growth inhibition of breast cancer cells.
Treatment of MCF‐7 cells with anti‐Fas agonist antibody induced cell death, indicating that Fas was functional in these cells. Moreover, butyrate potentiated Fas‐induced apoptosis, as massive apoptosis was observed rapidly when MCF‐7 cells were treated with butyrate and anti‐Fas agonist antibody. In addition, butyrate‐induced apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells was considerably reduced by anti‐Fas antagonist antibody. Western blot analysis showed that butyrate increased Fas and Fas ligand levels (Fas L), indicating that butyrate‐induced apoptosis may be mediated by Fas signalling.
These results demonstrate that butyrate inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells in a P53‐independent manner. Moreover, it induced apoptosis via the Fas/Fas L system and potentiated Fas‐triggered apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells. These findings may open interesting perspectives in human breast cancer treatment strategy.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 79–86; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704456
Multiple mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by the activation of Proteinase‐Activated Receptor 2 in mouse mesenteric arterioles
Authors: McGuire John J , Hollenberg Morley D , Andrade‐Gordon Patricia , Triggle Chris R 
Published: June 2006

Activation of PAR2 in second‐order mesenteric arteriole (MA) rings from C57BL/6J, NOS3 (−/−) and PAR2 (−/−) mice was assessed for the contributions of NO, cyclo‐oxygenases, guanylyl cyclase, adenylyl cyclase, and of K+channel activation to vascular smooth muscle relaxation.PAR2 agonist, SLIGRL‐NH2(0.1 to 30 μM), induced relaxation of cirazoline‐precontracted MA from C57BL/6J and NOS3 (−/−), but not PAR2 (−/−) mice. Maximal relaxation (Emax) was partially reduced by a combination ofL‐GN‐nitroarginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), 1H‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) and indomethacin. An ODQ/L‐NAME/indomethacin resistant relaxation was also caused by trypsin (30 nM) in PAR2 (+/+), but not in PAR2 (−/−) mice. Relaxation was endothelium‐dependent and inhibited by either 30 mMKCl‐precontraction, or pretreatment with apamin, charybdotoxin, and their combination; iberiotoxin did not substitute for charybdotoxin nor did scyllatoxin substitute fully for apamin.Tetraethylammonium (TEA), glibenclamide, tetrodotoxin, 17‐octadecynoic acid, carboxy‐2‐phenyl‐4,4,5,5,‐tetramethyl‐imidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide, SQ22536, carbenoxolone, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, 7‐nitroindazole, N‐(3‐(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W), N‐(2‐cyclohexyloxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)‐methanesulfonamide (NS‐398) and propanolol did not inhibit relaxation. 4‐aminopyridine significantly increased the potency of SLIGRL‐NH2. A combination of 30 μMBaCl2and 10 μMouabain significantly reduced the potency for relaxation, and in the presence ofL‐NAME, ODQ and indomethacin, Emaxwas reduced.We conclude PAR2‐mediated relaxation of mouse MA utilizes multiple mechanisms that are both NO‐cGMP‐dependent, and ‐independent. The data are also consistent with a role for endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle that involves the activation of an apamin/charybdotoxin‐sensitive K+channel(s) and, in part, may be mediated by K+.British Journal of Pharmacology(2002)135, 155–169; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704469
The role of β3‐adrenoceptors in mediating relaxation of porcine detrusor muscle
Authors: Yamanishi Tomonori , Chapple Christopher R , Yasuda Kosaku , Yoshida Kenichiro , Chess‐Williams Russell 
Published: June 2006

β‐adrenoceptors mediate relaxation of bladder detrusor smooth muscle. This study investigates the contribution of β3‐adrenoceptors to relaxation of the pig urinary bladder.Cell membranes were prepared from detrusor muscle of the pig bladder dome and competition experiments with [3H]‐dihydroalprenolol (DHA), a non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist was used as a specific radioligand to determine the presence of β‐adrenoceptor subtypes. In functional experiments, isolated detrusor muscle strips were used to determine the potency of agonists and the affinity of antagonists.In competition binding experiments, CGP20712A (β1‐adrenoceptor selective) displaced [3H]‐DHA from a single binding site with a low affinity. In contrast, displacement data for ICI 118551 (β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist) and SR59230A (β3‐adrenoceptor antagonist) best fitted a two‐site model suggesting a predominant (70%) population of β3‐adrenoceptors.In functional studies, isoprenaline and salbutamol (β2‐adrenoceptor agonist) relaxed KCl precontracted muscle strips with high potency (pEC507.7 and 7.2, respectively), whilst CGP12177 and BRL37344 (β3‐adrenoceptor agonists) had low potency and were partial agonists. CGP20712A and atenolol (β1‐adrenoceptor antagonists) antagonised responses with a low affinity. ICI118551 antagonized responses to isoprenaline and salbutamol with a high affinity (pKB=7.8 and 8.7, respectively), but the Schild slopes were low suggesting that responses were mediated by more than one β‐adrenoceptor. The Schild plot for SR59230A was biphasic, apparent pKBvalues for 3 – 10 nMSR59230A being 8.6 and those for 30 nM – 1 μMbeing 7.7.These data suggest that β3‐adrenoceptors are the predominant β‐adrenoceptor subtype present in the pig bladder and that β‐adrenoceptor mediated responses of this tissue are mediatedviaboth the β2‐ and β3‐adrenoceptor subtypes.British Journal of Pharmacology(2002)135, 129–134; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704470
Presynaptic modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in the human proximal stomach
Authors: Leclere Pascal G , Lefebvre Romain A 
Published: June 2006

This study investigates whether the cholinergic neurones, innervating the human proximal stomach, can be modulated by nitric oxide (NO) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), orviapresynaptic muscarinic, α2‐ or 5‐hydroxytryptamine4(5‐HT4‐) receptors.Circular muscle strips, without mucosa, were incubated with [3H]‐choline to incorporate [3H]‐acetylcholine into the cholinergic transmitter stores. The basal and electrically‐induced release of tritium and [3H]‐acetylcholine were analysed in a medium containing guanethidine (4×10−6 M), hemicholinium‐3 (10−5 M), physostigmine (10−5 M) and atropine (10−6 M). Tissues were stimulated twice for 2 min (S1and S2: 40 V, 1 ms, 4 Hz) and drugs were added before S2.The NO synthase inhibitorL‐NG‐nitroarginine methyl ester (3×10−4 M) and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (10−5 M), as well as VIP (10−7 M) did not influence the basal release nor the electrically‐evoked release.The α2‐adrenoceptor agonist UK‐14,304 (10−5 M) significantly inhibited the electrically‐evoked release of [3H]‐acetylcholine, and this was prevented by the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine (2×10−6 M).The 5‐HT4‐receptor agonist prucalopride (3×10−7 M) significantly enhanced the electrically‐evoked release of [3H]‐acetylcholine, and the 5‐HT4‐receptor antagonist SB204070 (10−9 M) prevented this.When atropine (10−6 M) was omitted from the medium and added before the second stimulation, it significantly increased the release of [3H]‐acetylcholine.These results suggest that the release of acetylcholine from the cholinergic neurones, innervating the circular muscle in the human proximal stomach, can be inhibitedviapresynaptic muscarinic auto‐receptors and α2‐adrenoceptors, and stimulatedviapresynaptic 5‐HT4‐receptors. No evidence for modulation by NO or VIP was obtained.British Journal of Pharmacology(2002)135, 135–142; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704471