bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural localization of blood group antigen A in normal and neoplastic urothelium
Authors: LIMAS C. , CUTLER B. , LANGE P. 
Published: April 2007

The subcellular distribution of the blood group antigen A in the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract and its neoplastic growths was studied using transmission immuno‐electronmicroscopy. Sixty‐five tissue specimens from 50 blood group A1 patients were processed according to an immunogold procedure which was optimized for preservation of both antigen and ultrastructure. The reactions were stronger in the glycocalyx of the luminal surfaces and at the interdigitating cytoplasmic processes of the cells. In the intracellular compartment the reactions were associated with tubulovesicular membrane‐bound structures and with the Golgi complexes. Secretory products, intra‐ or extra‐cellular, were also positive. The greatest variability was noted in the cell surface reactions, which were positive in 88% of normal but only 41% of neoplastic urothelial specimens. An inverse correlation was found between malignant behaviour and cell surface, but not intracellular, reactions.We conclude that, in transitional cell carcinomas, there is a quantitative defect in the processing of substance A which affects predominantly the cell surface component and may involve either the transport–insertion steps, the plasma membrane‐associated glycosyltransferases or internalization of blood group antigen A.
Bone marrow diagnosis in lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison of results obtained from conventional histomorphology and immunohistology
Authors: THALER J. , DIETZE O. , DENZ H. , DEMUTH R. , NACHBAUR D. , STAUDER R. , HUBER H. 
Published: April 2007

In this study we have investigated 313 bone marrow biopsies from 280 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Trephines were sectioned transversely to obtain one cylinder for cryostat sectioning and immunostaining and a second for histomorphological evaluation using a plastic‐embedding technique. The results obtained by histomorphological and immunohistological evaluation were compared for their contribution to staging and classification.Using both techniques, bone marrow involvement was seen in 3/43 (7.0%) biopsies from patients with Hodgkin's disease and in 193/270 (71.5%) cases with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, including multiple myeloma and acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Immunohistology proved superior in detecting minimal mainly interstitial bone marrow infiltration in 15 leukaemia/lymphoma cases.Biopsies showing infiltration with both methods (n= 157) were re‐examined for classification of lymphomatous infiltrates. Whereas immunohistology did not provide additional information in cases with Hodgkin's disease and myeloma, this method was crucial for establishing the definitive diagnosis in a number of cases with acute lymphocytic leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In all of six leukaemia cases, in which no or inadequate material was available for immunophenotyping of cell suspensions, immunohistology clearly defined the subtype. In the 140 cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma the majority of cases (76.4%) were identically classified. In some cases, with important prognostic and therapeutic implications, immunohistology alone provided the definitive diagnosis: T‐cell lymphoma (n= 2), hairy cell leukaemia (n= 2) and centrocytic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (n= 3).Bone marrow immunohistology is, therefore, an important supplement for classical lymphoma/leukaemia diagnosis. The differences observed between histomorphology and immunohistology emphasize the importance of lymph node biopsy in lymphoma classification.
Urinary bladder carcinoma with a neoplastic squamous component: a mapping study of 31 cases
Authors: SAKAMOTO N. , TSUNEYOSHI M. , ENJOJI M. 
Published: April 2007

A mapping study of cystectomy specimens in three cases of pure squamous cell carcinoma and 28 cases with transitional cell carcinoma with squamous differentiation is described, with an emphasis on the histogenesis of pure squamous cell carcinoma. Two of the three cases of pure squamous cell carcinoma had extensive benign keratinizing mucosa and an atypical squamous metaplastic mucosa contiguous with the tumour. These pure squamous cell carcinomas seemed to be derived from the squamous metaplasia. On the other hand, in all except one of the cases of transitional cell carcinoma with squamous differentiation, there was neither benign keratinizing nor atypical squamous metaplastic mucosa in the bladder.The quantitative amounts of both the transitional cell and squamous components differed from case to case in 28 cases with transitional cell carcinoma with squamous differentiation. Five of the 28 had a tumour composed predominantly of a squamous component with minute transitional cell components at the margin. In another two cases, transitional carcinoma in situ or satellite tumours of transitional cells were present adjacent to the main tumour which was composed of squamous cell carcinoma alone. We think these seven tumours originated as a result of extensive squamous differentiation in the transitional cell carcinomas. These features may indicate two forms of histogenesis of pure squamous cell carcinoma. The first is malignant transformation on the basis of squamous metaplasia of the bladder mucosa and the second is extensive squamous differentiation in a pre‐existing transitional cell carcinoma.
Detection of immunoglobulin light chain mRNA in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease by in situ hybridization with biotinylated oligonucleotide probes compared with immunohistochemical staining with poly‐ and monoclonal antibodies
Authors: LAURITZEN A.F. , PLUZEK K.‐J. , KRISTENSEN L.E. , NIELSEN H. WINTHER 
Published: April 2007

In order to elucidate the origin of the Hodgkin's and Reed–Sternberg cells, the expression of immunoglobulin kappa‐and lambda light chain mRNA in 23 cases of nodular sclerosing and two cases of mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease was examined by in situ hybridization using biotinylated oligonucleotide probes and compared with immunohistochemical staining with mono‐ and polyclonal antibodies against immunoglobulin kappa‐ and lambda light chains. No hybridization signals were seen in Hodgkin's or Reed–Sternberg cells in any of the cases. Polyclonal staining with polyclonal anti‐immunoglobulin light chain antibodies was seen in Hodgkin's and Reed–Sternberg cells in 12 cases of nodular sclerosis and in two cases of mixed cellularity and with monoclonal antibodies in three cases of nodular sclerosis, but in no cases of mixed cellularity. In all cases, there was polyclonal labelling of plasma cells with both the oligonucleotide probes and the antibodies. In five cases, the Hodgkin's and Reed–Sternberg cells were also stained with one of the B‐cell antibodies L26, MB2 or LN1.Lack of mRNA signals in Hodgkin's and Reed–Sternberg cells might indicate that these cells in Hodgkin's disease of the nodular sclerosis subtype are either not B‐cell derived or they are early B‐cells (precursor B‐cells) not yet able to produce immunoglobulin light chain mRNA, at least not at a level detectable by in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemical staining of Hodgkin's and Reed–Sternberg cells, however, with antibodies against immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chains may be explained by cellular uptake of the light chains, but the difference in reactivity between poly‐ and monoclonal antibodies cannot be explained at present.
Recent trends in haemodialysis: Australia 1994
Authors: KERR Peter G 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Haemodialysis in Australia is mostly practiced without many of the innovations seen in the USA and Europe. Home haemodialysis is common, high‐flux dialysis is uncommon and 4 h dialysis is the norm.This review examines the practice of haemodialysis in Australia, reflected in an annual mortality for dialysis patients of 11%. Issues of dialysis adequacy and biocompatibility are only just beginning to influence dialysis techniques in Australia and to this end the author's personal recommendations are put forward as suggestions regarding a sensible approach to Kt/v, biocompatibility, water quality and dialyser reuse.
Enhanced renal perfusion improves function in severe nephrosis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: FUTRAKUL Prasit , FUTRAKUL Narisa , SITPRIJA Visith 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Fourteen cases of severe steroid‐resistant nephrosis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were identified by the moderate to severe impairment of glomerular function. Symptoms included low glomerular filtration rate, ultrafiltration coefficient and increased intraglomerular hydrostatic pressure, tubular dysfunction including a defect in transporting solute, which was reflected by increasing fractional excretion of filtered solutes, in concentrating and acidifying the urine, and vascular dysfunction including marked elevation of renal arteriolar resistances and inversely severe reduction of renal plasma flow and peritubular capillary blood flow.Of these 14 nephrotics, eight patients were randomly treated with prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and antihypertensive agents, namely reserpine, hydralazine or prazosin, and the other six patients who had previously been resistant to prednisolone and cyclophosphamide were treated with an enhanced‐renal‐perfusion formula that consisted of a combination of antiplatelet agents, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors, anticoagulant and prednisolone.After follow‐up of 62 months, all eight patients were refractory to the conventional treatment, showing persistent proteinuria with a progressive deterioration of renal function entering end‐stage renal disease. In contrast, five of the six patients under the enhanced‐renal‐perfusion formula gradually improved their renal functions and survived after 82 months of follow‐up. the remaining patient, who did not improve, died of sepsis.
Azathioprine induced myelosuppression in renal transplant recipients: A study of 30 patients
Authors: SAKHUJA V , JHA V , KALRA OP , VARMA S , VARMA N , MARWAHA N , CHUGH KS 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Administration of azathioprine (Aza) to renal transplant recipients is not infrequently complicated by myelosuppression, but most studies have evaluated only the effects of short‐term administration of the drug. There is a lack of data on the frequency and outcome of myelosuppression after long‐term administration of Aza. In a retrospective analysis of 210 live related renal transplant recipients on azathioprine, a total of 33 episodes of myelosuppression were encountered in 30 (14.3%) patients. Myelosuppression occurred 2 weeks to 67 months (mean 16.8 ± 16.7 months) after starting Aza therapy. Whereas 30.3% of the episodes were noted within 2 months of starting Ma, 69.7% developed after this period. Leucopenia (n= 31) was the most frequent finding, followed by anaemia (n= 18) and thrombocytopenia (n= 16). There were 12 episodes of pancytopenia and one patient developed pure red cell aplasia. Bone marrow examination (n= 12) revealed hypocellularity and moderate megaloblastosis. A higher cumulative dose of Aza was associated with more prolonged myelosuppression. Following discontinuation of Aza, 20 patients recovered after periods varying from 2 weeks to 9 months (mean 2.6 ± 2.4 months). In three patients, myelosuppression persisted for over 12 months and was presumably irreversible. Seven patients died within 2 months of development of myelosuppression. Presence of pancytopenia, a total leucocyte count less than 2000/mm3 and graft dysfunction predicted a fatal outcome. Reinstitution of Aza in a lower dose was followed by a second episode of myelosuppression in three out of 12 (25%) patients.We conclude that a high cumulative Aza dose increases the risk of development of prolonged myelo suppression. Development of irreversible myelosuppression, as noted in three patients, has not been reported previously. Reinstitution of Aza should preferably be avoided in patients who have recovered from an episode. of prolonged myelosuppression.
A D.C. POTENTIAL DROP METHOD TO MONITOR CRACK GROWTH IN NOTCHES SUBJECTED TO TORSION
Authors: HAY E. , BROWN M. W. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—A d.c. potential drop formula has been established for monitoring crack growth in circular notched members subjected to torsion. Changes in crack depth of 20 μm can be detected in cracks growing up to 2 mm in depth.
STRESS INTENSITY AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN MULTIPLY‐CRACKED, PRESSURIZED, PARTIALLY AUTOFRETTAGED THICK CYLINDERS*
Authors: PARKER A. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStress intensity factors are determined for internally and externally cracked, pressurized thick cylinders with partial autofrettage (less than 100% overstrain). The solutions are based on a superposition of existing solutions which does not involve any loss of accuracy. Implications of the stress intensity factor results for the safe‐life design of pressure vessels subjected to fatigue are discussed.
FATIGUE LIFE BEHAVIOR OF COPPER SINGLE CRYSTALS. PART II: MODEL FOR CRACK NUCLEATION IN PERSISTENT SLIP BANDS
Authors: CHENG ALEX S. , LAIRD CAMPBELL 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA crack nucleation model is constructed based on the random slip of the dislocations within the fatal persistent slip band (PSB). From such a model, we derive the notch‐peak probability function. The crack is considered to nucleate when a critical notch depth is attained. This depth is constant for applied strains corresponding to the plateau of the cyclic stress‐ strain curve because the stress is constant. The PSBs behave in such a way that the more concentrated their localized slip the fewer the cycles required to attain the critical notch depth. Using the experimental relation between the applied strain and the magnitude of the slip offsets (reported in Part I) in conjunction with observations of the notch distributions along the gage surface, we have obtained the relation between the applied strain and the cycles for crack nucleation. A log‐log plot of this relation shows a slightly different slope from that of the Coffin‐Manson life data, previously reported. However, by allowing for cycles spent in Stage II propagation, good agreement is obtained.
SLOW FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND THRESHOLD BEHAVIOUR IN IMI 685
Authors: HICKS M. A. , JEAL R. H. , BEEVERS C. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Fatigue thresholds and crack growth rates up to 10−4 mm cycle −1 have been measured in β processed IMI 685. The results obtained in laboratory air for material having an aligned α microstructure and a random basketweave microstructure displayed a pronounced load ratio dependence which increased with decreasing ΔK. This sensitivity to mean load was also apparent from the threshold results determined in a vacuum of 5 ± 10−6 torr.Fractographic observations, compliance measurements, pd output and crack path replication have indicated that contacts can be made between the fracture faces at a number of points behind the crack tip during the load cycle. These contacts wedge the crack open, thus preventing the stress intensity from falling to the value associated with the minimum applied load. A critical stress intensity, Kop, has been determined which relates to the crack being fully “open” and the results are reanalysed and discussed in terms of an effective stress intensity range, ΔKeff.
FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF A RAIL STEEL
Authors: Scutti J. J. , Pelloux R. M. , Fuquen‐Moleno R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe fatigue behavior of a hot‐rolled, control‐cooled, plain carbon eutectoid rail steel has been characterized. The data include monotonic and cyclic stress‐strain curves, low cycle fatigue data and near‐threshold fatigue crack growth rate behavior in air and in vacuo. The effects of environment and mean stress on the near‐threshold fatigue crack growth rates of rail steel are significant. At a low stress ratio (R), ΔKo is lower in vacuum (7 MPa √m) than in moist air (10 MPa √m). At high R, ΔKo is higher in vacuum (6 MPa √m) than in air (4 MPa √m). The beneficial effect of moist air on FCGR at low ΔK and low R is attributed to an increase in closure due to fracture surface roughness and oxide film.
SHEAR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH: A LITERATURE SURVEY
Authors: Liu H. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA fatigue crack is often initiated by a localized cyclic plastic deformation in a crystal where the active slip plane coincides with the plane of maximum shear stress. Once a crack is initiated, the crack will propagate on the maximum shear plane for a while and, in the majority of the cases, will eventually change to the plane of the applied tensile stress. The “shear” and “tensile” modes of fatigue crack propagation are termed stage I and stage II fatigue crack growth. They are also known as mode II and mode I fatigue crack growth. However, the mechanism of the tensile mode fatigue crack propagation is shear in nature.Considerable progress has been made recently in the understanding of mode II fatigue crack growth. This paper reviews the various test methods and related data analyses.The combined mode I and mode II elastic crack tip stress field is reviewed. The development and the design of the compact shear specimen are described and the results of fatigue crack growth tests using the compact shear specimens are reviewed. The fatigue crack growth tests and the results of inclined cracks in tensile panels, center cracks in plates under biaxial loading, cracked beam specimens with combined bending and shear loading, center cracked panels and the double edge cracked plates under cyclic shear loading are reviewed and analyzed in detail.
AN EGF EXERCISE IN PREDICTING DUCTILE INSTABILITY: PHASE 1, COMPACT TENSION SPECIMENS
Authors: Milne I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe results of a round robin exercise in predicting ductile instability in two compact tension test specimens are presented and analysed. Many techniques were used, both to analyse the given raw data and to analyse the specimen behaviour, and large differences were obtained especially in defining J‐resistance parameters. Despite these differences there was little scatter in the final result principally because the specimens failed at plastic collapse. It was concluded that all the techniques were broadly satisfactory provided a plastic collapse analysis is performed, either as part of the analysis or independently.
PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF LONG‐TERM CREEP‐FATIGUE LIFE
Authors: Yamaguchi Koji , Nishijima Satoshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOrdinary short‐term creep fatigue tests were carried out on a servo‐hydraulic testing machine for various heat resistant steels. From these results a life prediction method in the long‐term creep‐fatigue regime is proposed using creep rupture ductility data up to 105 h. To verify the predicted life the authors have developed a new type of testing machine driven by thermo‐actuator which can evaluate the long‐term creep‐fatigue behaviour of materials beyond 104 h.
A NEW METHOD TO PREDICT THE LIFE UNDER HIGH‐TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE CONDITIONS
Authors: Danzer R. , Bressers J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe low cycle fatigue lives of some nickel‐base alloys tested at high temperature are predicted using a linear time dependent damage accumulation rule. Based on stress rupture data, the rule correctly predicts the cyclic life provided that the ratio of the inelastic strain rate in the cycle to the minimum creep rate in a stress rupture test (performed at the maximum cycle stress and at the same temperature) is near to one. If this ratio is much larger than one, the rule gives an upper limit to the cyclic life time. For that case a modified rule is proposed with a single fitting parameter which is adjusted to high frequency low‐cycle fatigue test data. Using the nickel‐base alloy data it is shown that life extrapolations to (i) low testing frequencies, (ii) a higher temperature and (iii) different cycle shapes, are possible too within a factor of two.
ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION UNDER BIAXIAL LOADING USING AN INCLINED STRIP YIELD ZONE MODEL OF CRACK TIP PLASTICITY
Authors: Ahmad J. , Leis B. N. , Kanninen M. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe work reported in this paper is based upon an inclined strip yield zone model of crack tip plasticity under biaxial remote loading. Equations are developed to predict fatigue crack growth rate under steady state conditions. A qualitative agreement between model predictions and experimental data is shown.
ON DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE AND GEOMETRICAL SIMILITUDE OF CRACKS
Authors: Navarro A. , Rios E. R. de los 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDimensional analysis has been applied to the fatigue failure of a material. The growth rate of cracks propagating within the limitations of LEFM can be described unequivocably by ΔK, as for example, in the Paris law. However, in the more general case, when LEFM conditions are violated or when the crack is short, an extra term, relating plastic zone size to crack length, is needed to preserve the physical similarity.
OVERLOAD RETARDATION IN A STRUCTURAL STEEL
Authors: Shin C. S. , Fleck N. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms causing crack growth retardation after an overload were examined for BS4360 50B steel. It was found that plasticity‐induced crack closure is the main cause of retardation when the pre‐overload growth rate is in the mid‐regime of the growth rate versus stress intensity range plot. When the pre‐overload growth rate is near threshold it is argued that retardation at the surface of the specimen is primarily due to strain hardening and to the build‐up of a favourable residual stress distribution in the material ahead of the crack tip. Supporting evidence for this argument is provided by a preliminary test on 2014A‐T4 aluminium alloy. Plasticity‐induced crack closure may be a further cause of retardation in the bulk, plane strain regions of the specimens made from BS4360 50B steel and 2014A‐T4 aluminium alloy, when the pre‐overload growth rate is near threshold.
LIFE PREDICTION OF 316 STAINLESS STEEL UNDER CREEP‐FATIGUE LOADING
Authors: Yagi K. , Kanemaru O. , Kubo K. , Tanaka C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLife prediction for creep‐fatigue loading conditions should be related to creep damage mechanisms. In order to examine the effect of the creep damage mode on rupture life under creep‐fatigue loading, a “combined creep‐fatigue loading test” was carried out on 316 stainless steel. In this method, creep loading and fatigue loading are repeated alternately. The fracture criteria under combined loading closely depend on the creep fracture modes of the static creep test. A new life prediction method which uses this new fracture criterion is proposed. The criteria are changed when the creep damage mode varies. In order to verify the adequacy of this method, fatigue tests with a tensile strain‐hold wave form were carried out. It is clear that rupture life in such fatigue tests is dependent on the chosen fracture criteria.
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR RIGID PLASTIC OR VISCOPLASTIC MATERIALS CONTAINING VOIDS
Authors: Guennouni T. , Francois D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— A systematic numerical study is reported that uses a homogenization technique to consider the plastic and viscoplastic potential of a porous medium; the study also takes account of the interactions between cavities. Calculations are carried out in plane strain with cylindrical cavities for various stress states characterized by the ratio of the principal stresses and for various values of the porosity as well as of the strain hardening exponent of the matrix.It is shown that the cavity growth rate is a strong function of the porosity, of the strain hardening exponent of the matrix and that it is a linear function of the stress triaxiality ratio. It is demonstrated that the growth models in an infinite body of Rice and Tracey or of Budiansky et al. can underestimate the cavity growth rate for intermediate stress triaxiality ratios, even for porosities as low as 1%.