bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrosospiraspp. can produce nitrous oxide via a nitrifier denitrification pathway
Authors: Shaw Liz J. , Nicol Graeme W. , Smith Zena , Fear Jon , Prosser James I. , Baggs Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNitrous oxide (N2O) emission from soils is a major contributor to the atmospheric loading of this potent greenhouse gas. It is thought that autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are a significant source of soil‐derived N2O and a denitrification pathway (i.e. reduction of NO2–to NO and N2O), so‐called nitrifier denitrification, has been demonstrated as a N2O production mechanism inNitrosomonas europaea.It is thought thatNitrosospiraspp. are the dominant AOB in soil, but little information is available on their ability to produce N2O or on the existence of a nitrifier denitrification pathway in this lineage. This study aims to characterize N2O production and nitrifier denitrification in seven strains of AOB representative of clusters 0, 2 and 3 in the culturedNitrosospiralineage.Nitrosomonas europaeaATCC 19718 and ATCC 25978 were analysed for comparison. The aerobically incubated test strains produced significant (P < 0.001) amounts of N2O and total N2O production rates ranged from 2.0 amol cell−1 h−1, inNitrosospira tenuisstrain NV12, to 58.0 amol cell−1 h−1, inN. europaeaATCC 19718.Nitrosomonas europaeaATCC 19718 was atypical in that it produced four times more N2O than the next highest producing strain. All AOB tested were able to carry out nitrifier denitrification under aerobic conditions, as determined by production of15N‐N2O from applied15N‐NO2–. Up to 13.5% of the N2O produced was derived from the exogenously applied15N‐NO2–. The results suggest that nitrifier denitrification could be a universal trait in the betaproteobacterial AOB and its potential ecological significance is discussed.
Microbial community structure in polluted Baltic Sea sediments
Authors: Edlund Anna , Soule Terence , Sjöling Sara , Jansson Janet K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNearly half the seabed of the Baltic Proper is incapable of supporting life of higher organisms as a consequence of oxygen depletion resulting from eutrophication. However, these areas are actually teeming with microbial life. Here we used terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) to investigate the dominant archaeal and bacterial groups, with respect to community structure, in surface layers of bottom sediments of the Baltic Sea along a coastal pollution gradient. Both archaeal and bacterial communities formed distinct clusters along the pollution gradient and the community compositions were different at the polluted sites compared with the relatively clean reference sites. The structures of the bacterial communities were most strongly correlated to water depth, followed by organic carbon, oxygen, salinity and silicate levels. In contrast, the structures of the archaeal communities were most strongly correlated to oxygen, salinity, organic carbon, silicate and nitrate levels. Some members of the microbial communities were identified using a combination of traditional and molecular approaches. Isolates obtained on different culture media were identified by partial sequencing of their 16S rRNA genes and some novel species were found. In addition, we developed a computer program, aplaus, to elucidate the putative identities of the most dominant community members by T‐RFLP.
Impact of mountain chains, sea straits and peripheral populations on genetic and taxonomic structure of a freshwater turtle, Mauremys leprosa (Reptilia, Testudines, Geoemydidae)
Authors: Fritz Uwe , Barata Mafalda , Busack Stephen D. , Fritzsch Guido , Castilho Rita 
Published: January 2006

Mauremys leprosa, distributed in Iberia and North‐west Africa, contains two major clades of mtDNA haplotypes. Clade A occurs in Portugal, Spain and Morocco north of the Atlas Mountains. Clade B occurs south of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and north of the Atlas Mountains in eastern Algeria and Tunisia. However, we recorded a single individual containing a clade B haplotype in Morocco from north of the Atlas Mountains. This could indicate gene flow between both clades. The phylogenetically most distinct clade A haplotypes are confined to Morocco, suggesting both clades originated in North Africa. Extensive diversity within clade A in south‐western Iberia argues for a glacial refuge located there. Other regions of the Iberian Peninsula, displaying distinctly lower haplotype diversities, were recolonized from within south‐western Iberia. Most populations in Portugal, Spain and northern Morocco contain the most common clade A haplotype, indicating dispersal from the south‐western Iberian refuge, gene flow across the Strait of Gibraltar, and reinvasion of Morocco by terrapins originating in south‐western Iberia. This hypothesis is consistent with demographic analyses, suggesting rapid clade A population increase while clade B is represented by stationary, fragmented populations. We recommend the eight, morphologically weakly diagnosable, subspecies of M. leprosa be reduced to two, reflecting major mtDNA clades: Mauremys l. leprosa (Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco) and M. l. saharica (southern Morocco, eastern Algeria and Tunisia). Peripheral populations could play an important role in evolution of M. leprosa because we found endemic haplotypes in populations along the northern and southern range borders. Previous investigations in another western Palearctic freshwater turtle (Emys orbicularis) discovered similar differentiation of peripheral populations, and phylogeographies of Emys orbicularis and Mauremys rivulata underline the barrier status of mountain chains, in contrast to sea straits, suggesting common patterns for western Palearctic freshwater turtles.
Phylogenetic systematics of the Gondwanan nephilid spider lineage Clitaetrinae (Araneae, Nephilidae)
Authors: Kuntner Matjaž 
Published: January 2006

This study revises the taxonomy, biology, phylogeny, and biogeography of the basal‐most nephilid spider lineage, the Clitaetrinae, with the least known nephilid genus Clitaetra. The five previously known species are redescribed: Clitaetra clathrata Simon from western Africa, C. simoni Benoit from central Africa, C. episinoides Simon from the Comoro Islands and Mayotte, C. perroti Simon from Madagascar, and C. thisbe Simon from Sri Lanka with first descriptions of the males of C. clathrata and C. perroti. Additionally, C. irenae sp. nov. is described in both sexes from southern Africa. Clitaetra biology, so far largely unknown, is presented here based on observations of C. irenae in South Africa, and clitaetrine anatomy is summarized to assess phylogenetic homologies. A species‐level phylogenetic analysis of 32 taxa scored for 197 morphological and behavioural characters results in eight most parsimonious cladograms and places Clitaetra as sister to the clade (Herennia+ (Nephilengys+Nephila)). Thus, the orb‐weaving spider family Nephilidae Simon contains the (sub)tropical genera Nephila, Nephilengys, Herennia, and Clitaetra, but not Deliochus or Phonognatha. Contra recent cladistic treatments, the nephilines are not tetragnathids, but the sister group to the newly proposed clade, Nephilidae, is ambiguous. The three species clades (subgenera) within Clitaetra show a seemingly old Gondwanan biogeographic pattern: Afroetra subgen. nov., with the three mainland African species, is sister to Clitaetra with the two Indian Ocean island species. Indoetra subgen. nov. contains the unstudied species from Sri Lanka, C. thisbe. Future understanding of the morphology and biology of C. thisbe is important for the polarization of many nephilid features. Vicariance would estimate the clitaetrine subgeneric clades and basal nephilid lineages to be at least 160 Myr old and of Gondwanan origin.
Teachers’ Reactions to Children's Aggression
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Pickering Kaye 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDrawing on social schema theory (Fiske & Taylor, 1991) and social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), this study examined the impact on teachers’ reactions to children's aggression of three variables, two of which were related to the aggressors and one was related to the teachers. Experienced female elementary school teachers (N =90) each read a scenario that described an aggressive episode committed by a group of boys against a boy from another class. The aggressors were either good or bad children, who were either popular or unpopular with their classroom peers. In addition, the scenario manipulated the teachers’ identification with, or commitment to, the class to be either high or low. Analysis of the teachers’ ratings of causal responsibility, liking, and recommended punishment revealed a consistent negative response from the teachers towards the aggressors versus the victim. However, the teachers’ responses were also interactively influenced by the aggressors’ goodness and popularity, as well as the teachers’ class identification. The results are discussed in relation to other findings on teachers’ responses to school aggression and bullying, as well as how their responses might best be explained.
CHRISTIAN ORTHODOXY AND RELIGIOUS PLURALISM
Authors: TILLEY TERRENCE W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper argues that it can be demonstrated that the position of Jacques Dupuis, S.J., a pluralist, is compatible with that of the syllabus on religious pluralism produced by the Roman Catholic Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Dominius Iesus. This demonstration provides good reason to believe that at least one form of de jure pluralism, labeled “inclusivist pluralism”, is a theological theory compatible with orthodox Christian belief.
NOT EXPLANATION BUT SALVATION: SCIENTIFIC THEOLOGY, CHRISTOLOGY, AND SUFFERING
Authors: MOORE ANDREW 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe view that Christian belief is explanatory is widespread in contemporary theology, apologetics, and philosophy of religion and it has received particular impetus from attempts to correlate science and Christianity. This article proposes an account of explanatory thinking in theology based on the principle that theological explanations should be disciplined by the internal logic of Scripture. Arthur Peacocke's biologically construed Christology and Alister McGrath's argument that suffering is an anomaly in the Christian explanatory scheme are shown to yield theological results which are inconsistent with this principle. This article's theological argument complements philosophical criticisms of the view that religious belief is explanatory.
GOD's PRISONERS: PENAL CONFINEMENT AND THE CREATION OF PURGATORY
Authors: SKOTNICKI ANDREW 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay explores two events that occurred in the thirteenth century: the decree normalizing the prison as the fundamental disciplinary apparatus in the first universal system of law (canon law) and the formal recognition by the Catholic Church of the existence of Purgatory. It will be suggested that this simultaneity was far from coincidental. The penal colony known as Purgatory reflected in nearly exact detail the contours of the earthly prison. Implications for modern theology will then be discussed.
“BEYOND GLASS DOORS . . . THE SUN NO LONGER SHINING”: ENGLISH PLATONISM AND THE PROBLEM OF SELF‐LOVE IN THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL WORK OF IRIS MURDOCH1
Authors: INSOLE CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCertain oddities of Iris Murdoch's Platonism have a significance beyond that of being the personal and idiosyncratic opinion of one author, of interest only to Murdoch enthusiasts. First of all, they provide richly suggestive indications of what can happen to Platonism when it is brought into interaction with a mechanical and deterministic model of the physical universe. Secondly, Murdoch's work acts as a particularly perspicuous theological flash‐point, showing the intrinsic difficulties with combining demanding features of Platonism with a strong sense of human selfishness (self‐love) and imperfectibility. This is illuminated through a comparison with a strand of neo‐Lutheran theology.
Changing job boundaries and workforce reform: the case of teaching assistants
Authors: Bach Stephen , Kessler Ian , Heron Paul 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTA prominent feature of the restructuring of work in the public services has been the growing importance of assistant roles. This article examines the regulation of teaching assistant (TA) roles in 10 primary schools. It examines entry into TA roles, the structure of TA roles and the consequences of TA roles for teachers and assistants. The article develops a series of arguments to explain the variations in the TA workforce between authorities and schools.
Adjusting to the national minimum wage: constraints and incentives to change in six low‐paying sectors
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Carroll Marilyn 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTInterest in the national minimum wage (NMW) includes not only its direct impact on employment and wages, but also its indirect impact on organisational performance resulting from a reorientation of employer behaviour with regard to employment practices and product market competition. Drawing on data from small firms in six low‐paying sectors, this article identifies three key constraints that have undermined the possible effect of the NMW in generating a virtuous cycle between employment practices and product market approach. These constraints relate to product market conditions, employer norms and labour market institutions (especially training).
The German model of employee relations on trial: negotiated and unilaterally imposed change in multi‐national companies
Authors: Williams Karen , Geppert Mike 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the effects of negotiated and unilaterally imposed change on employee relations in the German subsidiaries of a Finnish and a German multi‐national company (MNC). We look at how the strategies affect the sustainability of the current German model of employee relations and highlight some of the disadvantages of this model for global MNCs.
Effects of the ‘principle of non‐discrimination’ on temporary agency work: compensation and working conditions of temporary agency workers in 15 European countries
Authors: Nienhüser Werner , Matiaske Wenzel 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines, with reference to Europe (EU‐15), whether temporary agency workers experience less favourable working conditions and compensation than employees with a standard employment contract. Furthermore, it analyses whether the same differences exist in European countries with and without the principle of non‐discrimination in force. The results show that discrimination of temporary workers persists even when we control for other factors. Second, in countries with the principle of non‐discrimination in force, the discrimination is higher with respect to employer‐provided training.
What is Genetic Information, and why is it Significant? A Contextual, Contrastive, Approach
Authors: MANSON NEIL C. 
Published: January 2006

abstract  Is genetic information of special ethical significance? Does it require special regulation? There is considerable contemporary debate about this question (the ‘genetic exceptionalism’ debate). ‘Genetic information’ is an ambiguous term and, as an aid to avoiding conflation in the genetic exceptionalism debate, a detailed account is given of just how and why ‘genetic information’ is ambiguous. Whilst ambiguity is a ubiquitous problem of communication, it is suggested that ‘genetic information’ is ambiguous in a particular way, one that gives rise to the problem of ‘significance creep’ (i.e., where claims about the significance of certain kinds of genetic information in one context influence our thinking about the significance of other kinds of genetic information in other contexts). A contextual and contrastive methodology is proposed: evaluating the significance of genetic information requires us to be sensitive to the polysemy of ‘genetic information’ across contexts and then examine the contrast in significance (if any) of genetic, as opposed to nongenetic, information within contexts. This, in turn, suggests that a proper solution to the regulatory question requires us to pay more attention to how and why information, and its acquisition, possession and use, come to be of ethical significance.
Experimental determination of the periodicity of incremental features in enamel
Authors: Smith T. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractVital labelling of hard tissues was used to examine the periodicity of features of dental enamel microstructure. Fluorescent labels were administered pre‐ and postnatally to developing macaques (Macaca nemestrina), which were identified histologically in dentine and related to accentuated lines in enamel, allowing for counts of features within known‐period intervals. This study demonstrates that cross‐striations represent a daily rhythm in enamel secretion, and suggests that intradian lines are the result of a similar 12‐h rhythm. Retzius lines were found to have a regular periodicity within individual dentitions, and laminations appear to represent a daily rhythm that also shows 12‐h subdivisions. The inclusion of intradian lines and laminations represents the first empirical evidence for their periodicities in primates; these features frequently complicate precise measurements of secretion rate and Retzius line periodicity, which are necessary for determination of crown formation time. The biological basis of incremental feature formation is not completely understood; long‐period features may result from interactions between short‐period rhythms, although this does not explain the known range of Retzius line periodicities within humans or among primates. Studies of the genetic, neurological and hormonal basis of incremental feature formation are needed to provide more insight into their physiological and structural basis.
The accuracy of histological assessments of dental development and age at death
Authors: Smith T. M. , Reid D. J. , Sirianni J. E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHistological analyses of dental development have been conducted for several decades despite few studies assessing the accuracy of such methods. Using known‐period incremental features, the crown formation time and age at death of five pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were estimated with standard histological techniques and compared with known ages. Estimates of age at death ranged from 8.6% underestimations to 15.0% overestimations, with an average 3.5% overestimate and a 7.2% average absolute difference. Several sources of error were identified relating to preparation quality and section obliquity. These results demonstrate that histological analyses of dental development involving counts and measurements of short‐ and long‐period incremental features may yield accurate estimates, particularly in well‐prepared material. Values from oblique sections (or most naturally fractured teeth) should be regarded with caution, as obliquity leads to inflated cuspal enamel formation time and underestimated imbricational formation time. Additionally, Shellis's formula for extension rate and crown formation time estimation was tested, which significantly overestimated crown formation time due to underestimated extension rate. It is suggested that Shellis’ method should not be applied to teeth with short, rapid periods of development, and further study is necessary to validate this application in other material.
Regional variations in human patellar trabecular architecture and the structure of the proximal patellar tendon enthesis
Authors: Toumi H. , Higashiyama I. , Suzuki D. , Kumai T. , Bydder G. , McGonagle D. , Emery P. , Fairclough J. , Benjamin M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProximal patellar tendinopathy occurs as an overuse injury in sport and is also characteristic of ankylosing spondylitis patients. It particularly affects the posteromedial part of the patellar tendon enthesis, although the reason for this is unclear. We investigated whether there are regional differences in the trabecular architecture of the patella or in the histology of the patellar tendon enthesis that could suggest unequal force transmission from bone to tendon. Trabecular architecture was analysed from X‐rays taken with a Faxitron radiography system of the patellae of dissecting room cadavers and in magnetic resonance images of the knees of living volunteers. Structural and fractal analyses were performed on the Faxitron digital images using MatLab software. Regional differences at the enthesis in the thickness of the uncalcified fibrocartilage and the subchondral plate were evaluated histologically in cadaveric material. The radiological studies showed that the quantity of bone and the apparent trabecular thickness in the patella were greatest medially, and that in the lateral part of the patella there were fewer trabeculae which were orientated either antero‐posteriorly or superiorly inferiorly. The histological study showed that the uncalcified fibrocartilage was most prominent medially and that the subchondral plate was thinner laterally. Overall, the results indicate that mechanical stress at the proximal patellar tendon enthesis is asymmetrically distributed and greater on the medial than on the lateral side. Thus, we suggest that the functional anatomy of the knee is closely related to regional variations in force transmission, which in turn relates to the posteromedial site of pathology in proximal patellar tendinopathy.
Multiple‐image radiography for human soft tissue
Authors: Muehleman Carol , Li Jun , Zhong Zhong , Brankov Jovan G. , Wernick Miles N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractConventional radiography only provides a measure of the X‐ray attenuation caused by an object; thus, it is insensitive to other inherent informative effects, such as refraction. Furthermore, conventional radiographs are degraded by X‐ray scatter that can obscure important details of the object being imaged. The novel X‐ray technology diffraction‐enhanced imaging (DEI) has recently allowed the visualization of nearly scatter‐free images displaying both attenuation and refraction properties. A new method termed multiple‐image radiography (MIR) is a significant improvement over DEI, corrects errors in DEI, is more robust to noise and produces an additional image that is entirely new to medical imaging. This new image, which portrays ultra‐small‐angle X‐ray scattering (USAXS) conveys the presence of microstructure in the object, thus differentiating homogeneous tissues from tissues that are irregular on a scale of micrometres. The aim of this study was to examine the use of MIR for evaluation of soft tissue, and in particular to conduct a preliminary investigation of the USAXS image, which has not previously been used in tissue imaging.