bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic analysis of dialect “correction” and its interaction with cognitive salience
Authors: Yaeger-Dror Malcah 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis article considers language variation within one “ethnic” group: Israelis of Middle Eastern origins. Earlier studies (Yaeger-Dror, 1988, 1991) found that singers from the dominant “koiné” -speaking social group (Blanc, 1968) use [r] in pop songs and [R] in casual interviews. This can be defined as a register distinction. On the other hand, singers from a MidEastern ethnolinguistic background, whose underlying dialect includes [r], use [R] even in songs. Given that singers whose vernacular consonant invetory does not even include [r], and who should find it easire to use it categorically, have such a difficult time maintaing [r] consistently (and appropriately) in the song register? One of the recorded variants for these singers “merges” the [r] and [R] into coarticulated [rR]. Why does this previously unattested sound arise, and what does it tell us about the linguistic and sociolinguistic situation? Data from various registers are analyzed in order to discover the answers to these questions. This analysis is concerned with the quantifiable evidence of systematic patterns in the use of these three pronunciations for [r] and uses this evidence to demonstrate that subconscious sociolinguistic pressures on members of the minority community influence them to assimilate to the dominant social group while still retaining ethnolinguistic proof of a narrower ethnic identity. For example, the use of [rR] is found to be correlated with a wish to affiliate with both an [R]-using group and an [r]-using group, showing that sociolinguistic techniques can reveal social psychological ethinc affiliation. Like Trudgill's (1986) discussions of dialects in contact, the present theoretical discussion takes advantage of proposals advanced by Giles, to explain why the data reveal both convergence (toward the dominant out-group) and divergence (toward the in-group) (Giles & Coupland, 1991). Sociolinguistic methods permit a quantitative analysis of the strength of these conflicting tendencies, both of which are subsumed under the technical term “accommodation.” Methods are proposed to determine if choice of the[R] or [rR] variant is conscious or not, and variable rule analysis reveals that for most of the singers the less cognitive salience, the greater the degree of convergence to the Koiné norm [R]. The linguistic factors that are correlated with the relative degree of salience can be used in future studies when the relationship between convergence toward another dialect or language and relative cognitive salience is also at issue.
The relationship between lexical variation and lexical change
Authors: Johnson Ellen 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the relationship between the usage of particular social groups and language change. This article reports on a longitudinal study of lexical variables that analyzed comparable data from the 1930s and 1990. Nearly 1,000 words were tested to determine differences in usage related to age, sex, race, education, region, and rurality. Another set of tests compared the terms used at each point in time. Yielding a list of words that exhibited both change and a pattern of social or regional variation, the results indicated that males, whites, older speakers, and speakers from rural areas use more older terms. The most educated speakers use more newer terms. These findings were reinforced by an analysis of “No Response” answers, especially on questions about obsolete or agricultural referents, which were more common among females, blacks, and urban dwellers. Most of the linguistic change was not accompanied by significant social variation.
Relative pronouns in it-clefts: The last seven centuries
Authors: Ball Catherine N. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIt has often been claimed that it-cleft complements differ syntactically from restrictive relative clauses. Alleged differences in the distribution and relative frequency of wh-forms in the two clause types are generally offered to support this view, but such claims have not been empirically verified. In this study, we examine synchronic and diachronic data for clefts and relative clauses and show that the major claims are unsupported. The diachronic data further show that cleft complements and restrictive relative clauses have changed together over time and at the same rate. On the constant rate hypothesis, the evidence supports the position that the two clause types are not syntactically distinct.
Subject-verb agreement in Newfoundland French
Authors: King Ruth 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIn Newfoundland French the verb does not agree in number with a plural subject in one particular construction–subject relative clauses–but rather displays default singular marking. Agreement is made with the subject relative pronoun, which does not have a morphological feature for number associated with it. This absence of a number feature results in a form consistently spelled out as homophonous with the third-person singular. Gender agreement transmitted in subject relatives containing a predicate adjective is evidence that number marking is at issue, not agreement in general. An exception to this pattern is the (variable) marking of plural agreement in theil y en aconstruction, explained in terms that are independent from the analysis of the default singular. Newfoundland French agreement is then compared with data from other French varieties, and the approach taken in this study is compared with those of other studies of grammatical variation.
China's industrial SO2 emissions and its economic determinants: EKC's reduced vs. structural model and the role of international trade
Authors: HE JIE 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for the case of China's industrial SO2 emissions: both its reduced form and structural model are considered. The EKC curve for China's per capita industrial SO2 emissions predicts the turning point at 10,000 yuan (3,085 US$, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)). However, given China's fast population expansion, the decreasing trend in per capita emissions may well not be enough to bring about an immediate reduction in terms of total industrial SO2 emissions and emissions density. Using the structural EKC model makes it possible to reveal how various factors contribute to the industrial SO2 emissions density – namely, the three commonly known structural determinants and the marginal impact of international trade. International trade proves to have a two-fold impact: a significantly negative direct one and an indirect one that is dependent on the current capital–labour abundance ratio and on the income level of each province.
Hemodynamic and electrophysiological evidence of resting-state network activity in the primate
Authors: Ardestani Allen , Shen Wei , Darvas Felix , Toga Arthur , Fuster Joaquin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn expanding body of literature describes the existence of concerted brain activations in the absence of any external stimuli. Resting-state networks have been identified and demonstrated to be modulated during the performance of specific cognitive operations. However, despite mounting evidence the possibility still remains that those correlated signal fluctuations reflect non-neural phenomena. In order to isolate functionally relevant spontaneous coactivations, we utilized a multi-level sampling approach to obtain co-registered brain signals across a range of sampling resolution and sensitivity. Surface and local field potentials, hemodynamic signals (near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS), and cell spiking were recorded from dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in four monkeys trained to remain motionless in a primate chair. The use of an optical recording technique (NIRS) allows measurement of a signal that is physiologically equivalent to that obtained using BOLD fMRI, though with millisecond temporal resolution and minimal technical or environmental constraints. The different signal types exhibited correlations between the two regions of interest in both the frequency and time domains. This evidence suggests that the resting-state network activations detected by fMRI do in fact reflect functional coactivations of areas across multiple levels of network communication.
Visualising a scientific article
Authors: Page Roderic 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper describes my entry in the Elsevier Grand Challenge "Knowledge Enhancement in the Life Sciences" contest. The entry takes a collection of fulltext issues of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution as the starting point, then extracts citation links to both papers and data, such as Genbank sequences and specimens, together with geotagged localities, and builds a "web" of objects linked by typed relationships. Each object (such as a publication, a sequence, a specimen, a taxon name, etc.) is treated equally, so that you can take a publication and see what taxa it refers to, or take the taxon and find all the publications that refer to the taxon. Although the database has been seeded with some articles from Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, much of the data comes from GenBank, PubMed, and specimen databases. These are accessed through "bioGUID":http://bioguid.info, a tool I constructed to resolve globally unique identifiers and return associated metadata.
Administration of a substituted adamantyl urea inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase protects the kidney from damage in hypertensive Goto–Kakizaki rats
Authors: Olearczyk Jeffrey J. , Quigley Jeffrey E. , Mitchell Bradford C. , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Kim In-Hae , Newman John W. , Luria Ayala , Hammock Bruce D. , Imig John D. 
Published: November 2008

Hypertension and Type 2 diabetes are co-morbid diseases that lead to the development of nephropathy. sEH (soluble epoxide hydrolase) inhibitors are reported to provide protection from renal injury. We hypothesized that the sEH inhibitor AUDA [12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid] protects the kidney from the development of nephropathy associated with hypertension and Type 2 diabetes. Hypertension was induced in spontaneously diabetic GK (Goto–Kakizaki) rats using AngII (angiotensin II) and a high-salt diet. Hypertensive GK rats were treated for 2 weeks with either AUDA or its vehicle added to drinking water. MAP (mean arterial pressure) increased from 118±2 mmHg to 182±20 and 187±6 mmHg for vehicle and AUDA-treated hypertensive GK rats respectively. AUDA treatment did not alter blood glucose. Hypertension in GK rats resulted in a 17-fold increase in urinary albumin excretion, which was decreased with AUDA treatment. Renal histological evaluation determined that AUDA treatment decreased glomerular and tubular damage. In addition, AUDA treatment attenuated macrophage infiltration and inhibited urinary excretion of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and kidney cortex MCP-1 gene expression. Taken together, these results provide evidence that sEH inhibition with AUDA attenuates the progression of renal damage associated with hypertension and Type 2 diabetes.
Neutrophil Adhesion and Activation under Flow
Authors: ZARBOCK ALEXANDER , LEY KLAUS 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTNeutrophil recruitment into inflamed tissue in response to injury or infection is tightly regulated. Reduced neutrophil recruitment can result in a reduced ability to fight invading microorganisms. During inflammation, neutrophils roll along the endothelial wall of postcapillary venules and integrate inflammatory signals. Neutrophil activation by selectins and chemokines regulates integrin adhesiveness. Binding of activated integrins to their counter‐receptors on endothelial cells induces neutrophil arrest and firm adhesion. Adherent neutrophils can be further activated to undergo cytoskeletal rearrangement, crawling, transmigration, superoxide production, and respiratory burst. Signaling through G‐protein‐coupled receptors, selectin ligands, Fc receptors and outside‐in signaling through integrins are all involved in neutrophil activation, but their interplay in the multistep process of recruitment is only beginning to emerge. This review provides an overview of signaling in rolling and adherent neutrophils.
MFEprimer: multiple factor evaluation of the specificity of PCR primers
Authors: Qu Wubin , Shen Zhiyong , Zhao Dongsheng , Yang Yi , Zhang Chenggang 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Summary: We developed a program named MFEprimer for evaluating the specificity of PCR primers based on multiple factors, including sequence similarity, stability at the 3 ′ -end of the primer, melting temperature, GC content and number of binding sites between the primer and DNA templates. MFEprimer can help the user to select more suitable primers before running either standard or multiplex PCR reactions. The cDNA and genomic DNA databases of 10 widely used species, as well as user custom databases, were used as DNA templates for analyzing primers specificity. Furthermore, we maintained a Primer3Plus server with a modified Primer3Manager for one-stop primer design and specificity checking.
Availability: The web service of MFEprimer is freely available at http://biocompute.bmi.ac.cn/MFEprimer/. A stand-alone version of MFEprimer can be downloaded at http://biocompute.bmi.ac.cn/MFEprimer/download/. Primer3Plus on our server is located at http://biocompute.bmi.ac.cn/MFEprimer/primer3plus.cgi. All programs are licensed under the General Public License (Free Software Foundation, 1991).
Contact: zhangcg@bmi.ac.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The thoracic morphology of Archostemata and the relationships of the extant suborders of Coleoptera (Hexapoda)
Authors: Friedrich Frank , Farrell Brian D. , Beutel Rolf G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThoracic structures ofTetraphalerus bruchiare described in detail. The results were compared with features found in other representatives of Archostemata and other coleopteran suborders. Differences between thoracic structures ofTetraphalerusand members of other archostematan subgroups are discussed. External and internal characters of larval and adult representatives of 37 genera of the coleopteran suborders are outlined, coded and analysed cladistically, with four groups of Neuropterida as outgroup taxa. The results strongly suggest the branching pattern Archostemata + [Adephaga + (Myxophaga + Polyphaga)]. Coleoptera excluding Archostemata are supported with a high Bremer support. Important evolutionary changes linked with this branching event are simplifications of the thoracic skeleton resulting in reduced degrees of freedom (i.e. a restricted movability, especially at the leg bases), and a distinct simplification of the muscle system. This development culminates in Polyphaga, which are also strongly supported as a clade. Internalization of the partly reduced propleura, further muscle losses, and the fusion of the mesoventrites and metaventrites—with reversal in Scirtoidea and Derodontidae—are autapomorphies of Polyphaga. Archostemata is a small relict group in contrast to highly successful xylobiontic groups of Polyphaga. The less efficient thoracic locomotor apparatus, the lack of cryptonephric Malpighian tubules, and the rise of angiosperms with beetle groups primarily adjusted to them may have contributed to the decline of Archostemata.© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
New ITS genotype of Cryptococcus gattii isolated from an AIDS patient in Brazil
Authors: Kang Yingqian , Tanaka Hiroko , Moretti Maria Luiza , Mikami Yuzuru 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTBased on combinations of nine variable nucleotides at nine different base positions in the ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region, Cryptococcus gattii strains were classified into six genotypes. A new genotype of C. gattii, designated as ITS type 8, was isolated from an AIDS patient in Brazil. The ITS type 8 strain is closely related to the ITS type 4 strain, which has been frequently isolated in Brazil and the USA, but which shows ITS‐signatured nucleotide difference at each nucleotide position. The ITS type 8 strain is also differentiated from all heretofore reported ITS types of C. gattii strains in the RAPD band patterns and IGS sequence information.
Analysis of cis‐regulatory elements in the 5′ untranslated region of murine leukemia virus controlling protein expression
Authors: Yamamoto Naoki , Takase‐Yoden Sayaka 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTIt has previously been reported by us that high‐level expression of the Env protein of Fr‐MLV clone A8 in brains is crucial for induction of spongiform neurodegeneration, and that the 0.3‐kb fragment containing the R, U5, and the 5′ leader sequence of A8 is responsible for neuropathogenicity. In the present study, the role of the 5′ untranslated region in protein expression was investigated. Luciferase expression vectors containing the LTR (R‐U3‐U5) and 5′ leader sequence of A8 and non‐neuropathogenic 57 Fr‐MLV, designated gl‐A8 and gl‐57, and their chimeric vectors, were constructed, and transfected into rat glial cells F10. Replacement of the region containing the 3′ half of R, U5, and 5′ leader sequence of gl‐A8 with that of 57 showed a reduction in luciferase activities, and replacement of this region of gl‐57 with that of A8 showed increased luciferase activity. These results show that the region containing the 3′ half of R, U5, and 5′ leader sequence of A8 more efficiently up‐regulates protein expression than 57. In particular, the 3′ half of 5′ leader of A8 was most responsible for the up‐regulation of protein expression. Of interest, after replacement of the fragments between A8 and 57, changes in the activities of vectors containing A8‐U3 paralleled the amount of mRNA, but the activities of vectors containing 57‐U3 did not. Furthermore, it is suggested that the region containing R, U5, and the 5′ leader sequence influences transcriptional or post‐transcriptional steps, depending on the upstream sequence containing enhancer elements and promoter.
Infliximab treatment for symptomatic Crohn’s disease strictures
Authors: PELLETIER A.‐L. , KALISAZAN B. , WIENCKIEWICZ J. , BOUARIOUA N. , SOULÉ J.‐C. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBackground  Some reports have suggested that infliximab may induce obstructive symptoms and, although there is no firm evidence, it is usually contra‐indicated in‐patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and strictures.Aims  To evaluate the effect of infliximab on symptomatic strictures of the small intestine in CD and to identify predictive factors of clinical response.Methods  This retrospective study included symptomatic patients treated with infliximab after conventional treatment had failed. The short‐term (week 8) and long‐term results were classified according to predefined criteria as complete, partial response, or failure.Results  Before infliximab, 18 patients had complete obstruction or intermittent chronic abdominal pain. Fourteen patients were treated by corticosteroids and 13 received immunosuppressive drugs. At week 8, complete, partial response and failure were observed in 10, 7 and 1 patients, respectively. Fourteen patients continued maintenance infliximab treatment after week 8. During the most recent evaluation (median follow‐up: 18 months), 8 patients were on maintenance infliximab treatment; only eight were still on prednisone; there were five complete responses, 10 partial responses and three failures. Initiating prednisone or increasing its dosage was the only factor associated with a short‐term complete response.Conclusions  Infliximab may be effective in patients with symptomatic strictures from CD, and should be tested before considering surgery.
Continuous distal oesophageal acidification decreases postprandial gastric acidity in healthy human subjects
Authors: BLONDEAU K. , SIFRIM D. , GARDNER J. D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBackground  Previously, we hypothesized that exposing the distal oesophagus to acid signals the stomach to decrease gastric acidity.Aim  To test the hypothesis that exposing the distal oesophagus to acid signals the stomach to decrease gastric acidity.Methods  Twenty‐two healthy humans ingested a standard meal containing [14C]octanoic acid and [13C]glycine over 30 min on 2 separate occasions. Gastric pH was measured for 90 min before and 240 min after the meal. 10 mm HCl was infused continuously at 1 mL/min into either the distal oesophagus or stomach in a 2‐way crossover fashion for 60 min before and 240 min after the meal. Gastric emptying of solid and liquid were determined with breath tests.Results  Compared to gastric infusion, oesophageal infusion significantly decreased gastric acidity after the meal, but not before the meal and the magnitude of the decrease varied directly with gastric acidity. Gastric emptying of solid or liquid with oesophageal infusion was not significantly different from that with gastric infusion.Conclusions  These findings support the hypothesis of the existence of a physiological oesophago‐gastric feedback mechanism that might contribute to regulation of postprandial gastric acidity. Oesophageal acidification might decode gastric information and signal the stomach to decrease gastric acidity. Further studies are needed to assess the characteristics of such feedback mechanism in‐patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Atopic and non‐atopic allergic disorders: current insights into the possible involvement of free immunoglobulin light chains
Authors: Groot Kormelink T. , Thio M. , Blokhuis B. R. , Nijkamp F. P. , Redegeld F. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAllergic diseases have become a serious global health problem in the developed world. IgE interacting with its high‐affinitiy receptor FcɛRI is considered a major contributing factor to most types of allergies, but depending on the type of allergy, however, a subgroup of patients displays common symptoms and yet lack elevated levels of total serum IgE and/or antigen‐specific IgE. Novel therapeutic strategies such as anti‐IgE therapy may therefore not be applicable to these patients. It is clear, however, that these patients do display activation of mast cells. In several patients suffering from immunological disorders, an increase in free immunoglobulin (IG) light chain levels can be detected. Previously, we have described the capability of free light chains to elicit immediate hypersensitivity responses. In this Opinion article, we will discuss the role of IgE‐ and non‐IgE‐mediated mechanisms in allergic disorders and point out a possible role of free IG light chains in the pathogenesis of the non‐atopic types of these allergies.