bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction Between High‐Fat Diet and Alcohol Dehydrogenase on Ethanol‐Elicited Cardiac Depression in Murine Myocytes
Authors: Ren Jun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Consumption of high‐fat diet and alcohol is associated with obesity, leading to enhanced morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to examine the interaction between high‐fat diet and the alcohol metabolizing enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) on ethanol‐induced cardiac depression.Research Methods and Procedures:Mechanical and intracellular Ca2+properties were measured in cardiomyocytes from ADH transgenic and Friend Virus‐B type (FVB) mice fed a low‐ or high‐fat diet for 16 weeks. Expression of protein kinase B (Akt) and Foxo3a, two proteins essential for cardiac survival, was evaluated by Western blot. Cardiac damage was determined by carbonyl formation.Results:High fat but not ADH induced obesity without hyperglycemia or hypertension, prolonged time‐to‐90% relengthening (TR90), and depressed peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (± dL/dt) without affecting intracellular Ca2+properties. Ethanol suppressed PS and intracellular Ca2+rise in low‐fat‐fed FVB mouse cardiomyocytes. ADH but not high‐fat diet shifted the threshold of ethanol‐induced inhibition of PS and ± dL/dt to lower levels. The amplitude of ethanol‐induced cardiac depression was greater in the high‐fat but not the ADH group without additive effects. Ethanol down‐ and up‐regulated Akt and Foxo3a expression, respectively, and depressed intracellular Ca2+rise, the effects of which were exaggerated by ADH, high‐fat, or both. High‐fat diet, but not ADH, enhanced Foxo3a expression and carbonyl content in non‐ethanol‐treated mice. Ethanol challenge significantly enhanced protein carbonyl formation, with the response being augmented by ADH, high‐fat, or both.Discussion:Our data suggest that high‐fat diet and ADH transgene may exaggerate ethanol‐induced cardiac depression and protein damage in response to ethanol.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers as Endocrine Disruptors of Adipocyte Metabolism
Authors: Hoppe Andrea A. , Carey Gale B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is thought to result from poor diet and insufficient exercise. An additional factor may be endocrine‐disrupting environmental chemicals that contaminate the air, water, and food supply. We tested the hypothesis that a class of lipid‐soluble flame retardant chemicals known to accumulate in adipose tissue, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), disrupts insulin and isoproterenol sensitivity of isolated rat adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: Six‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were gavaged daily with 14 mg/kg body weight (BW) pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta‐BDE) in corn oil (n = 24) or corn oil alone (n = 24). At 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, epididymal fat pad adipocytes were isolated, and isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis, insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, and adipocyte size were measured.Results: There was no alteration in adipocyte metabolism after 2 weeks of in vivo penta‐BDE treatment, but after 4 weeks of treatment, adipocytes averaged a 30% increase in isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis and a 59% decrease in insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, compared with control. There were no differences in average rat BW and adipocyte size between treated and control rats, but plasma total thyroxine level in 2‐ and 4‐week treated rats was 30% of control.Discussion: Daily exposure of rats to 14 mg/kg BW penta‐BDE for 4 weeks has no effect on animal or adipocyte size but significantly alters insulin and isoproterenol‐stimulated metabolism of isolated adipocytes. These alterations, hallmark features of metabolic obesity, suggest the need for further research on the contribution of lipid‐soluble, endocrine‐disrupting environmental chemicals to the obesity epidemic.
Association between Gastric Electromechanical Activity and Satiation in Dogs
Authors: Sanmiguel Claudia P. , Aviv Ricardo , Policker Shai , Haddad Walid , Brody Fredrick , Soffer Edy E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to validate the use of impedance for measurement of antral contractions and to determine the relationship between food‐induced changes in gastric motility and satiation.Research Methods and Procedures: In Experiment 1, three dogs were implanted with an antral strain gauge and bipolar electrodes for measurement of local tissue impedance. Impedance and strain gauge recordings were obtained simultaneously during antral contractions to correlate impedance changes with contractile events. In Experiment 2, seven dogs were implanted with two pairs of gastric electrodes for simultaneous recording of slow wave activity and impedance. The changes in the rate of slow waves and of antral contractions assessed by impedance during food intake were characterized.Results: Variations in strain gauge amplitude were highly correlated with changes in antral impedance (R2: 0.70 to 0.82, p < 0.05). In Experiment 2, slow wave rate was significantly reduced after food intake and reached a nadir at satiation (5.0 ± 0.3 vs. 3.8 ± 0.5 events/min, p < 0.001). Likewise, the amplitude of antral contractions assessed by variations in impedance was significantly increased after food intake, peaking at satiation (5.3 ± 1.4 vs. 12.2 ± 4.3 Ohms, p < 0.01).Discussion: Measurement of impedance is a reliable tool for assessing gastric contractility. Food ingestion significantly reduces slow wave rate and enhances antral contractions. Peak changes in these two variables occur at the time of satiation. Electrical measurements of both slow waves and impedance may be used to estimate gastric motility and satiation.
Breakfast Cereals and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Physicians’ Health Study I
Authors: Kochar Jinesh , Djoussé Luc , Gaziano J. Michael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between breakfast cereal consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (DM).Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed prospectively data from 21,152 male participants of the Physicians’ Health Study I. Consumption of breakfast cereals was estimated using an abbreviated food questionnaire, and incident DM was ascertained through yearly follow‐up questionnaires.Results: The average age was 53.6 ± 9.4 years (range, 39.7 to 85.9) during the initial assessment of cereal intake (1981 to 1983). During a mean follow‐up of 19.1 years, 1958 cases of DM occurred. The crude incidence rates of DM were 57.7, 53.8, 43.5, and 35.4 cases/10,000 person‐years for people reporting breakfast cereal intake of 0, ≤1, 2 to 6, and ≥7 servings/wk, respectively. In a Cox regression model adjusting for age, cigarette smoking, BMI, physical activity, vegetable consumption, and alcohol intake, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for DM were 1.0 (reference), 0.89 (0.79 to 1.00), 0.76 (0.67 to 0.86), and 0.63 (0.55 to 0.72) from the lowest to the highest category of cereal consumption, respectively (p for trend < 0.0001). In secondary analyses, the inverse association between cereal intake and DM was stronger with whole‐grain than refined cereals.Discussion: These results suggest that intake of breakfast cereals might confer a lower risk of DM. Consumption of whole‐grain products may help lower the risk of DM.
Consistent Self‐monitoring of Weight: A Key Component of Successful Weight Loss Maintenance
Authors: Butryn Meghan L. , Phelan Suzanne , Hill James O. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objectives were to investigate the characteristics associated with frequent self‐weighing and the relationship between self‐weighing and weight loss maintenance.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants (n = 3003) were members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) who had lost ≥30 lbs, kept it off for ≥1 year, and had been administered the self‐weighing frequency assessment used for this study at baseline (i.e., entry to the NWCR). Of these, 82% also completed the one‐year follow‐up assessment.Results: At baseline, 36.2% of participants reported weighing themselves at least once per day, and more frequent weighing was associated with lower BMI and higher scores on disinhibition and cognitive restraint, although both scores remained within normal ranges. Weight gain at 1‐year follow‐up was significantly greater for participants whose self‐weighing frequency decreased between baseline and one year (4.0 ± 6.3 kg) compared with those whose frequency increased (1.1 ± 6.5 kg) or remained the same (1.8 ± 5.3 kg). Participants who decreased their frequency of self‐weighing were more likely to report increases in their percentage of caloric intake from fat and in disinhibition, and decreases in cognitive restraint. However, change in self‐weighing frequency was independently associated with weight change.Discussion: Consistent self‐weighing may help individuals maintain their successful weight loss by allowing them to catch weight gains before they escalate and make behavior changes to prevent additional weight gain. While change in self‐weighing frequency is a marker for changes in other parameters of weight control, decreasing self‐weighing frequency is also independently associated with greater weight gain.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Different Measures of Adiposity, and Cancer Mortality in Men
Authors: Farrell Stephen W. , Cortese Gina M. , LaMonte Michael J. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose was to examine the prospective relationship among cardiorespiratory fitness level (CRF), different measures of adiposity, and cancer mortality in men.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 38,410 apparently healthy men who completed a comprehensive baseline health examination between 1970 and 2001. Clinical measures included BMI, waist circumference (WC), percent body fat, and CRF quantified as duration of a maximal treadmill exercise test. Participants were divided into fifths of CRF, BMI, WC, and percent body fat. Hazard ratios were computed with Cox regression analysis.Results: During a mean follow‐up period of 17.2 ± 7.9 years, 1037 cancer deaths occurred. Adjusted hazard ratios across incremental BMI quintiles were 1.0, 1.23, 1.15, 1.39, and 1.72; those of WC were 1.0, 1.05, 1.03, 1.31, and 1.64; those of percent body fat were 1.0, 1.24, 1.17, 1.23, and 1.50; and those of CRF were 1.0, 0.70, 0.67, 0.70, and 0.49 (trend p < 0.01 for each). Further adjustment for CRF eliminated the significant trend in mortality risk across percent body fat groups and attenuated the trend in risk across BMI and WC groups. Adjustment of CRF for adiposity measures had little effect on mortality risk. When grouped into categories of fit and unfit (upper 80% and lower 20% of CRF distribution, respectively), mortality rates (per 10,000 man‐years) were significantly lower in fit compared with unfit men within each stratum of BMI, WC, and percent body fat.Discussion: Higher levels of CRF are associated with lower cancer mortality risk in men, independently of several adiposity measures.
Four‐year Follow‐up of School‐based Intervention on Overweight Children: The KOPS Study
Authors: Plachta‐Danielzik Sandra , Pust Svenja , Asbeck Inga , Czerwinski‐Mast Mareike , Langnäse Kristina , Fischer Carina , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Kriwy Peter , Müller Manfred J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the 4‐year outcome of a school‐based health promotion on weight status as part of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS).Research Methods and Procedures: Within a cluster‐sampled quasi‐randomized controlled trial, 1764 children at 6 and 10 years of age were assessed between 1996 and 2005 in 32 primary schools in Kiel, North Germany. Six nutrition units followed by 20‐minute running games were performed within the first year at school. Prevalence, incidence, and remission of overweight were main outcome measures.Results: The 4‐year change in BMI was +11.6%, with increases in prevalence of overweight and obesity from 5.2% to 11.1% and 3.9% to 5.1%, respectively. Cumulative 4‐year incidence of overweight and obesity was 9.2% and 3.1%, respectively. Intervention had no effect on mean BMI. The effect on prevalence was significant in children from families with high socioeconomic status [odds ratio (OR), 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14 to 0.91] and marginally significant in children of normal‐weight mothers (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.00). Cumulative 4‐year incidence of overweight was lower only in intervention children from families with high socioeconomic status (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.87). Remission of overweight was most pronounced in children of normal‐weight mothers (OR, 5.43; 95% CI, 1.28 to 23.01). Prevalence of underweight was unchanged. The intervention had minor but favorable effects on lifestyle.Discussion: A school‐based health promotion has sustainable effects on remission and incidence of overweight; it was most pronounced in children of normal‐weight mothers and children from families with high socioeconomic status. There was no effect on obesity. The data argue in favor of additional measures of prevention.
Apparently low reproducibility of true differential expression discoveries in microarray studies
Authors: Zhang Min , Yao Chen , Guo Zheng , Zou Jinfeng , Zhang Lin , Xiao Hui , Wang Dong , Yang Da , Gong Xue , Zhu Jing , Li Yanhui , Li Xia 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMotivation: Differentially expressed gene (DEG) lists detected from different microarray studies for a same disease are often highly inconsistent. Even in technical replicate tests using identical samples, DEG detection still shows very low reproducibility. It is often believed that current small microarray studies will largely introduce false discoveries.Results: Based on a statistical model, we show that even in technical replicate tests using identical samples, it is highly likely that the selected DEG lists will be very inconsistent in the presence of small measurement variations. Therefore, the apparently low reproducibility of DEG detection from current technical replicate tests does not indicate low quality of microarray technology. We also demonstrate that heterogeneous biological variations existing in real cancer data will further reduce the overall reproducibility of DEG detection. Nevertheless, in small subsamples from both simulated and real data, the actual false discovery rate (FDR) for each DEG list tends to be low, suggesting that each separately determined list may comprise mostly true DEGs. Rather than simply counting the overlaps of the discovery lists from different studies for a complex disease, novel metrics are needed for evaluating the reproducibility of discoveries characterized with correlated molecular changes.Contact: guoz@ems.hrbmu.edu.cn; lixia@ems.hrbmu.edu.cnSupplementaty information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Intronically encoded siRNAs improve dynamic range of mammalian gene regulation systems and toggle switch
Authors: Greber David , El-Baba Marie Daoud , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Applications of conditional gene expression, whether for therapeutic or basic research purposes, are increasingly requiring mammalian gene control systems that exhibit far tighter control properties. While numerous approaches have been used to improve the widely used Tet-regulatory system, many applications, particularly with respect to the engineering of synthetic gene networks, will require a broader range of tightly performing gene control systems. Here, a generically applicable approach is described that utilizes intronically encoded siRNA on the relevant transregulator construct, and siRNA sequence-specific tags on the reporter construct, to minimize basal gene activity in the off-state of a range of common gene control systems. To demonstrate tight control of residual expression the approach was successfully used to conditionally express the toxic proteins RipDD and Linamarase. The intronic siRNA concept was also extended to create a new generation of compact, single-vector, autoinducible siRNA vectors. Finally, using improved regulation systems a mammalian epigenetic toggle switch was engineered that exhibited superior in vitro and in vivo induction characteristics in mice compared to the equivalent non-intronic system.
Macrophyte species diversity in formerly cultivated wetlands in Uganda
Authors: Esaete Josephine , Kasenene John M. , Totland Ørjan , Obua Joseph 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe diversity of major macrophytes was assessed in cultivated areas in Bukasa and Kinawataka wetlands in Central Uganda. One thousand and seventy‐two plots of 1 × 1 m were established in 69 cultivated areas. Data were collected on species richness and abundance. Two‐way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed how cropping regimes affected macrophyte species richness and abundance. There were 127 plant species belonging to 37 families in cultivated areas. Of the 127 species, 42 were macrophytes and of the 37 families, fourteen contained macrophyte species. Plant species diversity was higher in the short‐term cropping regime areas (11.3 species per 1 m2) than in the long‐term cropping regime areas (9.3 species per 1 m2). However, macrophyte species richness was similar in the short‐term (3.2 species per 1 m2) and the long‐term (3.3 species per 1 m2) cropping regimes. The dominant families were Poaceae, Asteraceae and Cyperaceae with more than ten species each. The higher plant species diversity in cultivated areas than in uncultivated was because of nonmacrophyte species, thus cropping regime does not influence macrophyte species diversity. Increase in diversity of nonmacrophyte species in short‐term cropping regime implies that the use of wetlands for agricultural crop growing may alter plant species composition and diversity during secondary succession.
A peri‐operative statin update for non‐cardiac surgery. Part I: The effects of statin therapy on atherosclerotic disease and lessons learnt from statin therapy in medical (non‐surgical) patients
Authors: Biccard B. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe utility of peri‐operative statin therapy is currently considered to be inconclusive. To provide a platform for more meaningful peri‐operative statin literature in the future, this is the first of two review articles evaluating peri‐operative statin therapy. This review examines the predictors of cardiovascular outcome and therapeutic targets which are established in medical (non‐surgical) patients. In patients with stable coronary artery disease at least 4–6 weeks of standard statin therapy are required to realise most of the beneficial cellular and metabolic effects of statin therapy. Low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol reduction is associated with improved survival in these patients. In comparison, patients who sustain an acute coronary event require high‐dose statin therapy probably initiated within 24 h with a therapeutic target of C‐reactive protein reduction. Withdrawal of statin therapy results in a rapid return to endothelial dysfunction and amplification of the inflammatory process, which may increase cardiovascular risk.
Peritonsillar infiltration with bupivacaine and pethidine for relief of post‐tonsillectomy pain: a randomised double‐blind study
Authors: Nikandish R. , Maghsoodi B. , Khademi S. , Motazedian S. , Kaboodkhani R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryPrevious studies of infiltration of local anaesthetics in children undergoing tonsillectomy resulted in conflicting results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the peritonsillar injection of bupivacaine and pethidine on postoperative pain in children undergoing snare‐dissection tonsillectomy. In a double‐blind study, 80 children (aged 7–15 years) were randomly divided into two groups receiving peritonsillar injection of either bupivacaine (1 mg.kg−1) and pethidine (1 mg.kg−1) in adrenaline 1 : 200 000 (treatment group) or an equivalent volume of saline (placebo group) pre‐operatively. The time needed for first demand of analgesia and analgesic consumption to reduce the visual analogue scale (VAS) for resting throat pain to≤30, the VAS for pain on swallowing, drinking liquid and eating a soft diet, incidence of nausea and vomiting, and the need for rescue anti‐emetics in the first 24 h after operation were compared in both groups. The combination of bupivacaine and pethidine could significantly decrease the consumption of analgesics for resting pain at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after operation but did not reduce pain on swallowing, drinking liquid and eating a soft diet. The times to demand of first dose of analgesic and to first oral intake were not significantly different. The overall satisfaction of patients in relation to relief of postoperative pain was not significantly different between the two groups. Although peritonsillar injection of pethidine and bupivacaine in children reduces the analgesic consumption, it does not affect the dynamic pain state in the first 24 h after snare‐dissection tonsillectomy.
Osmotic demyelination syndrome following rapid correction of hyponatraemia
Authors: Snell D. M. , Bartley C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryWe report a case of a young male with adrenal hypoplasia who presented following water intoxication with severe hyponatraemia and seizures. He required a period of intensive care and over the initial 24 h his serum sodium corrected at average of 0.9 mmol.l−1 h−1. He subsequently developed osmotic demyelination syndrome. Following supportive treatment he made a full recovery. Severe hyponatraemia carries a risk of cerebral oedema with a significant mortality, yet correcting it too rapidly can result in osmotic demyelination syndrome, again with potentially disastrous consequences. It may be difficult to determine the duration and aetiology of the hyponatraemia and this is necessary to guide treatment. There is no consensus about the optimal rate of correction of hyponatraemia but formulae such as the Adrogue and Madias formula can be used to guide treatment with normal or hypertonic saline. Continuous veno‐venous haemofiltration has been used effectively in this setting.