bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Manchester Scale for the rating of schizophrenic symptoms
Authors: Manchanda R. , Saupe R. , Hirsch S. R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA reliability study was carried out to compare the short Manchester Scale (MS) to the longer Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), to see if similar items scored the same aspect of pathology and to find the sources of error. The raters were a psychiatrist and a psychologist cum medical student; they had recently arrived in Britain, came from different cultures and had not used the scale previously. Comparisons between the scales were made by interviewing the patients separately and together using either one or both scales. The items on the MS showed a higher interrater reliability as compared to the BPRS, both with independent and simultaneous ratings. Items based on observation only correlated poorly as compared to items based on verbal report. Lower between‐scale correlations for delusions and affect were observed even where the same rater used the two scales, suggesting that the scales have different meanings for these items. The MS is a suitable alternative to the BPRS for quantifying schizophrenic symptoms.
Female alcoholics
Authors: Haver B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a follow‐up study of 44 female alcoholics, different aspects of outcome were studied. These were alcohol consumption, the use of drugs and psycho‐social functioning. Also studied was a sumscore of these items called total outcome score. Childhood experiences such as having had a mentally disturbed father, a violent mother and/or unstable childhood environment were associated with a poor total outcome score. The same was true for alcohol abuse and violence in partner during follow‐up period. Those women who had had their children removed from the home by the social authorities during follow‐up period, also had a poor outcome. Destructive patterns of interaction experienced in family of origin may repeat themselves in adult life in relationship with partner and children. The successful treatment of female alcoholics would require modification of these behavioural patterns as well as drinking behaviour.
Research and society
Authors: Cohen Jerome , Serafetinides E. A. , May Philip R. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐The values and value judgements of individual scientists, of the institution to which they belong and of society at large are heavily involved in political and administrative issues related to research. It would be desirable to devise a system that might reconcile the goals and values of the various components of society, rather than set them against each other in adversary stance. Assessment of the various benefits to society of a particular research activity would spell out the values of those involved, show how they differ, and could lead to a productive discussion of the differences. Scientists are in partnership with the public: the development and use of knowledge are their joint responsibility. Optimal allocation of research resources for the common good requires that scientists rise above personal and institutional self interest and take a broader perspective in promoting research in other than their own discipline; and that relevant information on external social merit and moral and ethical values should be sought from whoever can supply it, professional or layman; and that contradictory values must be accepted ‐ and examined scientifically ‐ as a fact of life.
The potential values and benefits of research
Authors: May Philip R. A. , Serafetinides E.A. , Cohen Jerome , Glaser Edward M. , Smedby Björn , Wetterberg Lennart , Dixon W. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe potential social values and benefits of sxi widely different research projects were described systematically, using a checklist and description form that addressed 10 different general aims of research and 47 subcategories (items) of benefit.The checklists and descriptions were given to 280 persons at nine centers in five countries as the information base for making scaled judgements of the projects’ potential value to society, overall and along each of the 10 major dimensions and 47 items. For this purpose, 100‐point Likert‐type scales were used. The raters also used a constrained allocation procedure to indicate what proportion of the public funds available for research they would allocate for research (not service) in each of the 10 main areas. The primary focus was on developing and testing the instruments and taking a preliminary look at differences in value systems. We emphatically did not envisage a sur‐vey of public opnion nor a definitive statement as to the values that are held by any particular segment of society. Such studies would, in the absence of preliminary trials, be premature.
Composition of the rater group of the research values and benefits project
Authors: May Philip R. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe rater group for the study of research values and benefits comprised 280 persons from nine centers in fice countries: 73% were from Europe, 27% from North America. Compared to the general population, there was a greater proportion of persons with a higher education; of health care and other professionals; of persons with research background; and of persons involved in political and media activities. The group inducluded a respectable spread of the various kinds of persons whose opinions might be considered relevant in considering the social value of re‐search projects.Such a group is appropriate for the modest purposes of a preliminary study to test a methodology; to obtain information of the variation in opinion and on statistical and methodological problems that might be encountered; to suggest hypotheses; and to draw attention to the need for scientific study of research values and benefits. It does not represent the general population as a whole, not will it support definitive statements about differences between groups or countries on or about research pri‐orities.
The relationship between category, item, and global ratings of the social value of individual research projects
Authors: Scott Alex 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates the relationship between Category and Item Ratings and Global Ratings of overall social value using multiple regression techniques. It is found that the Categories and Items vary considerably in their implicit weights, and the reader is warned that the estimates are unlikely to tally with his prior expectations. The estimation is carried out in both linear and log odds forms, using a variety of models, and estimates are also generated of the association between Item Ratings and Category Ratings. The results suggest that there are powerful underlying connections between the characteristics of the research Projects as described by the Categories and Items and Global assessments of overall social value.
Cluster patterns in project ratings
Authors: Wetterberg Lennart , Calltorp Johan 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA cluster analysis of the ratings of overall social value assigned to the six projects by 242 raters indentified five clusters with roughly equal numbers of raters in each cluster. The analysis identified five clusters with roughly equal numbers of raters in each cluster. The analysis identifies two extremist groups: One who gave high ratings to all six projects, and another who gave low ratings to all of them. The other three clusters are differentiated by the particular projects that was valued most highly.
The sensitivity of the research priorities rating scales as depicted by the effect of the invasion of the Falkland Islands on the allocation of research funding to improving national security
Authors: Sainsbury Peter 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA comparison was made between the research priorities of 21 United Kingdom raters who had completed the Research Values and Priorities form before the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands and 19 raters who did so following it. There was a statistically significant increase in funding allotted to research related to national security. Within its obvious limits, this modest experiment in nature demonstrates that the constrained allocation methodology is sensitive to changes in opinions on research priorities. It also points to one of the difficulties entailed in assessing the time may be rapidly reappraised by the turn of events in the social or potitical scene: Socaial values can be quite fickle.
Pharmacokinetics of temazepam compared with other benzodiazepine hypnotics—some clinical consequences
Authors: Jochemsen R. , Breimer D. D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWhen the various benzodiazepine hypnotics are studied, large differences are seen with regard to their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism in man. Some are eliminated from the body at a relatively slow rate (e.g. nitrazepam), others are metabolized rather rapidly (temazepam, triazolam). Some benzodiazepine hypnotics have major active metabolites that are slowly eliminated (flurazepam, quazepam), while others have non‐active metabolites (temazepam, lormetazepam). In hypnotic treatment, the duration of drug action should be restricted to the duration of the night, hence a compound with a relatively short elimination half‐life may represent a more rational choice.An overview is given of the pharmacokinetics of the currently available benzodiazepine hypnotics with emphasis on temazepam and other hydroxylated benzodiazepines.
Normal sleep, disturbed sleep, transient and persistent insomnia
Authors: Dement W. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThere are three fundamental principles for understanding sleep; (1) the sleeping brain is not a resting brain, (2) the sleeping brain functions in a different manner from the waking brain and (3) the activity and work of the sleeping brain are purposeful. The sleeping brain does fail and this failure is mainfest in a variety of clinical symptoms; all sleep complaints should be taken seriously and investigated. Transient insomnia is uniformly associated with objective sleep disturbances which have been documented following phase shifts of the major sleep period such as that caused by transmeridian travel. However, the degree to which the individual responds to these factors is variable. There is a consensus that sleep medications are indicated for transient and short‐term insomnia. Benzodiazepine hypnotics are commonly used to induce and maintain sleep, and improve daytime alertness.
Drugs and impaired performance
Authors: Nicholson A. N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:‐Transient insomnia is known to occur in people who normally sleep well but whose sleeping pattern has been altered (e.g. by shift‐work, intercontinental travel). The occasional use of an hypnotic is likely to be beneficial in these cases although, in the past, the problem of daytime sedation precluded the use of such drugs in certain occupations. Recent advances in therapeutics reflect the increasing interest in the impairment of performance and it is now recognized that both the nature and persistence of any effect must be determined. Two broad approaches are used at present: the laboratory study of isolated skills and some form of simulation such as car handling. There is, however, clear disagreement concerning the relevance of these two methods to the real‐life situation and both have their limitations, so results must be interpreted with caution. In addition, an inability to demonstrate impaired performance does not necessarily mean that the drug is completely free from adverse effects, and different effects may be seen in a patient population compared with healthy volunteers because of variations in age, gender or concomitant drug therapy etc. It is fortunate that there are many drugs within a specific group which, though they have similar efficacy, have different effects on performance and so, accepting a limited impairment of performance, it should be possible for therapy to be suited to the day‐to‐day needs of any individual patient.
Benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly
Authors: Cook P. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT A review is presented of the changes that occur in the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines during normal ageing and as a result of disease. Controlled studies in which subjects of different ages have received single doses of diazepam, temazepam, nitrazepam and flunitrazepam have consistently shown an increase in the response to benzodiazepines in the elderly which is not explained by the effects of disease or by altered plasma concentrations. In general, healthy elderly subjects have a 2–3 fold greater response compared with the young. This change appears to be due to a change in the post‐receptor mechanism of action. Cerebral diazepam concentrations are similar in young and elderly rats, though older animals also show an increased response and no consistent changes have been demonstrated in brain receptor binding. However, benzodiazepine‐induced increases in GABA binding and GABA‐induced increases in post‐synaptic inhibition have been reported to be greater in aged animals.Regular daily dosing with most benzodiazepines leads to drug accumulation which is proportional to the elimination half‐life. Regular dosing with diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam and flurazepam has also been found to produce more sedation in the elderly, particularly long stay patients who have a high incidence of dementia, and those with a low albumen or chronic renal failure. A controlled trial of 1 week's dosing with 5 mg of nitrazepam or 20 mg of temazepam in elderly in‐patients showed that these doses produced significant impairment of psychomotor performance the morning after the last dose. Only about 50% of the patients were affected and many of these were frail patients with mild dementia on rehabilitation or long stay wards. The doses prescribed for these types of patients should not exceed 2.5 mg of nitrazepam or 10 mg temazepam.
Anxiety neuroses and DSM‐III
Authors: Torgersen S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between ICD‐9 anxiety states, phobic states, obsessive‐compulsive disorder and DSM‐III anxiety disorder is discussed. Data are presented which show that one third of ICD‐9 anxiety states are diagnosed as affective disorder by DSM‐III. Research concerning cases with a concurrent affective and anxiety disorder is discussed. It is finally concluded that while DSM‐III has unsolved hierarchial problems, the identification of the two disorders, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, seems advantageous and the inclusion of obsessive compulsive disorder, among the anxiety disorders, reasonable.
Experiences with the DSM‐III. in a psychiatric consultation/liaison service
Authors: Larsen Frode 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT375 patients referred to consultation/liaison service at a general hospital form the neurological and internal medical department were diagnosed according to the DSM‐III criteira for axis I and II.The sample represents all the patients referred from the two department in a two year period.The phenomenological approach of the DSM‐III and its reliability, is an advantage over older classification systems in the psychiatric consultation/liaison work. The system was easily applicable in this setting, leaving only 4 percent with “Diagnoses deferred” on both axes.From the consultation/liaison Psychiatrist's point of view, special problems seemed to exist concerning the categories “Somatoform disorders” and “Psychological factors affecting physical condition”, and the concepts of the axis II.
Teaching DSM‐III to clinicians: Some problems of the DSM‐III system reducing reliability, using the diagnosis and classification of depressive disorders as an example
Authors: Malt Ulrik Fr. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTExperiences from teaching DSM‐III to more than three hundred Norwegian psychiatrists and clinical psychologists suggest that reliable DSM‐III diagnoses can be achieved within a few hours training with reference to the decision trees and the diagnostic criteria only. The diagnoses provided are more reliable than the corresponding ICD diagnoses which the participants were more familiar with.The three main sources of reduced reliability of the DSM‐III diagnoses are related to: (1) poor knowledge of the criteria which often is connected with failure of obtaining diagnostic key information during the clincal interview; (2) unfamiliar concepts and (3) vague or ambiguous criteria. The two first issues are related to the quality of the teaching of DSM‐III. The third source of reduced reliability reflects unsolved validity issues. By using the classification of five affective case stories as examples, these sources of diagnostic pitfalls, reducing reliability and ways to overcome these problems when teaching the DSM‐III system, are discussed.It is concluded that the DSM‐III system of classification is easy to teach and that the system is superior to other classification systems available from a reliability point of view. The current version of the DSM‐III system, however, partly owes a high degree of reliability to broad and heterogenous diagnostic categories like the concept major depression, which may have questionable validity. Thus, the future revisions of the DSM‐III system should, above all, address the issue of validity.
Five years of experience with the DSM‐III system in clinical work and research: some concluding remarks
Authors: Malt Ulrik 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ The reliability of the DSM‐III is superior to other classification systems available in psychiatry. However, reliability depends on proper knowledge of the system. Some pitfalls reducing reliability of axis 1 diagnosis which commonly are overlooked are discussed.Secondly, some problems of validity of axis 1 and 2 are considered. This is done by discussing the differential diagnosis of organic mental disorders and other psychiatric disorders with concomittant physical dysfunction, and the diagnoses of post‐traumatic stress disorders and adjustment disorders among others. The emphasis on health care seeking behaviour as a diagnostic criteria in the DSM‐III system, may cause a social, racial and sexual bias in DSM‐III diagnoses.The present discussion of the DSM‐III system from a clinical point of view indicates the need for validation studies based on clinical experience with the DSM‐III. These studies should include more out‐patients and patients with psychopathology who do not seek psychiatric treatment. Such studies must also apply alternative diagnostic standards like the ICD‐9 and not only rely on structured psychiatric interviews constructed for DSM‐III diagnoses.The discussion of axis 4 points to the problem of wanting to combine reliable rating with clinically meaningful information. It is concluded that the most important issue to be settled regarding axis 4 in the future revisions is the aim of including this axis. The discussion of axis 5 concludes that axis 5 is biased toward poor functioning and thus may be less usefull when applied on patients seen outside hospitals.Despite these problems of the DSM‐III, our experiences indicate that the use of the DSM‐III is fruitful both for the patient, the clinician and the researcher. Thus, the cost of time and effort needed to learn to use the DSM‐III properly are small compared to the benefits achieved by using the system.
Circulatory and respiratory effects of chlormethiazole
Authors: Scott D. B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ The circulatory and respiratory effects of chlormethiazole were studied in volunteers and patients. The only clinically significant cardiovascular change was an increase in heart rate. However, this is only important if associated with a high arterial pressure in the presence of coronary artery disease. The respiratory effects were not significant.
Hypnotic effect of chlormethiazole in geriatric patients during long‐term treatment
Authors: Dehlin O. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypnotic effect of chlormethiazole was studied for 3 months in 20 geriatric in‐patients. Registered variables were the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm and 6 am and the observed number of awakenings. Mental and somatic variables were rated according to the Crichton Geriatric Behavioural Rating Scale. Observations were made every second week. In 11 of the patients the plasma concentration of chlormethiazole was measured at regular intervals. No systematic significant change with time was observed for the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm or for the number of awakenings. A significant decrease occurred in the percentage of patients asleep at 6 am. The long‐term treatment with chlormethiazole did not cause any deterioration in the patients’behaviour, according to the geriatric rating scheme. Observed peak plasma levels of chlormethiazole did not change significantly during the study. Great interindividual variations in the plasma concentrations were observed. The results indicate the chlormethiazole is lastingly effective as a hypnotic agent in geriatric patients.
Changes in psychophysiological and conditioning variables during chlormethiazole‐medicated and unmedicated ethanol withdrawal: preliminary report
Authors: Wang M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic liability during ethanol withdrawal in chlormethiazole‐medicated and unmedicated groups was investigated using electrodermal measures. Vulnerability to Pavlovian aversive conditioning was also assessed. Ethanol withdrawal was associated with increased autonomic arousal and aversive conditioning, suggesting an increased risk of phobia acquisition. Chlormethiazole administered during ethanol withdrawal may protect against such developments.
A retrospective comparison of delirium tremens cases before and after the availability of chlormethiazole
Authors: Schied H. W. , Kimmerie K. , Braunschweiger M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTo assess the contribution of chlormethiazole to the treatment of delirium tremens (DT), a retrospective analysis was carried out on cases of DT admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, West Germany before and after the introduction of chlormethiazole. Following the introduction of chlormethiazole, there was a significant reduction in DT mortality and in duration of DTs. The age and sex distribution of cases of DT were compared and were found to be similar before and after the introduction of chlormethiazole. The incidence of complications in the two periods were analysed. The dose of chlormethiazole on the first 4 days of DT and the doses of additional psychoactive drugs were also noted.