bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity‐Related Energy Expenditure With the RT3 and TriTrac Accelerometers in Overweight Adults
Authors: Jacobi David , Perrin Anne‐Elisabeth , Grosman Natacha , Doré Marie‐France , Normand Sylvie , Oppert Jean‐Michel , Simon Chantal 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to evaluate two accelerometers, the RT3 and the TriTrac‐R3D for their ability to produce estimates of physical activity‐related energy expenditure (PAEE) in overweight/obese adults.Research Methods and Procedures: PAEE estimates from both accelerometers were obtained in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 13 overweight/obese subjects (BMI 34.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2) were monitored over 2 weeks in everyday life, PAEE being simultaneously measured by the doubly labeled water method (DLW). In Experiment 2, 8 overweight/obese subjects (BMI 34.3 ± 5.0 kg/m2) and 10 normal‐weight subjects (BMI 20.8 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were monitored during a treadmill walking protocol, PAEE being simultaneously measured by indirect calorimetry.Results: In Experiment 1, there was no significant difference between methods in mean PAEE (DLW: 704 ± 223 kcal/d, RT3: 656 ± 140 kcal/d, TriTrac‐R3D 624 ± 419 kcal/d). The relative difference between methods (accelerometer vs. DLW) was −17.1% ± 16.7% for the RT3 and −20.0 ± 44.6% for the TriTrac‐R3D. Correlation for PAEE between RT3 and DLW was higher than between TriTrac‐R3D and DLW (r = 0.67, p < 0.05 and r = 0.36, p = 0.25, respectively). The 95% confidence interval (CI) (kcal/d) of the mean difference between methods was large, amounting to −385 to 145 for the RT3 and −887 to 590 for the TriTrac‐R3D. In Experiment 2, both accelerometers were sensitive to the changes in treadmill speed, with no significant difference in mean PAEE between methods in overweight/obese subjects.Conclusions: Although both accelerometers did not provide accurate estimates of PAEE at individual levels, the data suggest that RT3 has the potential to assess PAEE at group levels in overweight/obese subjects.
The Association Between Changes in Height and Obesity in Chilean Preschool Children: 1996–2004
Authors: Stanojevic Sanja , Kain Juliana , Uauy Ricardo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: To establish the association between changes in height and prevalence of obesity between 1996 and 2004 in Chilean preschool children.Research Methods and Procedures: Children registered in the Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles (JUNJI) preschool program were routinely measured three times a year and in consecutive years. Two indices [weight‐for‐height z‐scores (WHZ) and BMI centiles] were used to define obesity. Height‐for‐age z‐scores (HAZ) were used to define stature. Generalized estimating equations were used to describe the relationship between stature and obesity while controlling for repeated measurements in children.Results: The prevalence of obesity in Chilean preschool children has remained relatively constant over the past 9 years when either index is used. The prevalence of stunted (HAZ ≤2) children has decreased, while the proportion of children who are tall (HAZ >2) has increased. Using WHZ to define obesity, stunted children do not seem to be at increased risk of obesity when compared with children of normal height. Tall children were strongly protected from obesity when either criterion was used to define obesity.Discussion: The lack of association between stunting and obesity using WHZ ≥2 likely reflects the fact that Chile is in the post‐transitional phase of the nutrition transition, and stunting is no longer a risk factor for obesity; however, the associations observed between stunting and BMI suggest that either WHZ or BMI, or both, are inaccurate criteria to define overweight.Conclusions: There is a unique relationship between stature and obesity in preschool children that is different from that observed in older children in the same population.
Estimating Abdominal Adipose Tissue with DXA and Anthropometry
Authors: Hill Alison M. , LaForgia Joe , Coates Alison M. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Howe Peter R.C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify an anatomically defined region of interest (ROI) from DXA assessment of body composition that when combined with anthropometry can be used to accurately predict intra‐abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) in overweight/obese individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐one postmenopausal women (age, 49 to 66 years; BMI, 26 to 37 kg/m2) underwent anthropometric and body composition assessments. ROI were defined as quadrilateral boxes extending 5 or 10 cm above the iliac crest and laterally to the edges of the abdominal soft tissue. A single‐slice computed tomography (CT) scan was measured at the L3 to L4 intervertebral space, and abdominal skinfolds were taken.Results: Forward step‐wise regression revealed the best predictor model of IAAT area measured by CT (r2 = 0.68, standard error of estimate = 17%) to be: IAAT area (centimeters squared) = 51.844 + DXA 10‐cm ROI (grams) (0.031) + abdominal skinfold (millimeters) (1.342). Interobserver reliability for fat mass (r = 0.994; coefficient of variation, 2.60%) and lean mass (r = 0.986, coefficient of variation, 2.67%) in the DXA 10‐cm ROI was excellent.Discussion: This study has identified a DXA ROI that can be reliably measured using prominent anatomical landmarks, in this case, the iliac crest. Using this ROI, combined with an abdominal skinfold measurement, we have derived an equation to predict IAAT in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. This approach offers a simpler, safer, and more cost‐effective method than CT for assessing the efficacy of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing IAAT. However, this warrants further investigation and validation with an independent cohort.
EPoS: a modular software framework for phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Griebel Thasso , Brinkmeyer Malte , Böcker Sebastian 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Summary: Estimating Phylogenies of Species (EPoS) is a modular software framework for phylogenetic analysis, visualization and data management. It provides a plugin-based system that integrates a storage facility, a rich user interface and the ability to easily incorporate new methods, functions and visualizations. EPoS ships with persistent data management, a set of well-known phylogenetic algorithms and a multitude of tree visualization methods and layouts. Implemented algorithms cover distance-based tree construction, consensus trees and various graph-based supertree methods. The rendering system can be customized for, say, different edge and node styles.
Availability: Executables and source code are available under the LGPL license at http://www.bio.informatik.uni-jena.de/epos.
Contact: thasso@minet.uni-jena.de
Supplementary information: The homepage contains tutorials and documentation for both users and programmers who want to develop plugins and extensions.
Rice Aroma and Flavor: A Literature Review
Authors: Champagne Elaine T. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTDescriptive sensory analysis has identified over a dozen different aromas and flavors in rice. Instrumental analyses have found over 200 volatile compounds present in rice. However, after over 30 years of research, little is known about the relationships between the numerous volatile compounds and aroma/flavor. A number of oxidation products have been tagged as likely causing stale flavor. However, the amounts of oxidation products, singly or collectively, that need to be present for rice to have stale or rancid flavor have not been established. Only one compound, 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP; popcorn aroma) has been confirmed to contribute a characteristic aroma. Furthermore, 2‐AP is the only volatile compound in which the relationship between its concentration in rice and sensory intensity has been established. This article discusses the challenges of measuring aroma and flavor instrumentally and by human sensory panels and reviews research examining the effects of genetic, preharvest, and postharvest factors on volatile compound profiles and the aroma and flavor of cooked rice.
Quality Trait Variation in Major Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars Released in North Dakota Since 1968
Authors: Underdahl J. L. , Mergoum M. , Schatz B. , Ransom J. K. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTOver the last 40 years, grain yield of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) has increased dramatically in North Dakota and neighboring regions. This yield increase has caused some concern that recent higher yielding cultivars might be released at the expense of quality performance. A two‐year study was initiated in 2004 to examine the changes in quality performance of HRSW cultivars released by North Dakota State University (NDSU) over the past 40 years. The experiment was conducted in North Dakota at three and two sites in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The study included 33 HRSW genotypes laid out in a randomized complete‐block design with four replicates. Grain protein content, flour‐extraction yield, mixogram scores, Falling Number, glutograph scores, water absorption, dough character score, and loaf volumes did not vary significantly with year of release. Linear regression of cultivar means on year of release showed an annual increase in crumb color score of 0.4%/yr since 1968. Grain volume weight showed a significant and positive correlation with crumb color score (r = 0.62, P < 0.01). Given the yield increase achieved over the past 40 years, the data in this study suggest an increase in grain protein yield per hectare with no decline in breadmaking quality.
Physical Changes of Mesona Blumes Gum/Starch Mixed Gel with Sugars
Authors: Feng Tao , Gu Zhengbiao , Jin Zhengyu , Zhuang Haining 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTMesona Blumes gum (MBG) is extracted from Mesona Blumes, which is an annual herb distributed throughout Southeast Asia and South China that has been used for medicinal functions in folk culture. More recently, it has been the focus of research for its potential food ingredient applications, such as meat binders. To evaluate the physical properties of these MBG/starch mixed gels with sugars, the viscographic viscosity, gel strength, elastic modulus, cold water solubility, water holding capacity, electronic conductivity, and pH were determined. Glucose had little influence on the physical properties of MBG/starch mixed gels, while sucrose could affect MBG/starch mixed gels to a large degree. It was concluded that various sugars played different roles in the formation of MBG/starch mixed gel. Amylographic viscosity, gel strength, and elastic modulus analysis, indicate that glucose could enhance the swelling of starch granules at concentrations of 0–75 mmol/L but at <25 mmol/L sucrose could facilitate the swelling of starch granules and beyond that it would inhibit the swelling of starch granules. SEM micrographs suggest that the MBG/starch system with glucose had more orderly and densely fibrous structures than the MBG/starch system with sucrose.
Redistribution of 16 Fusarium Toxins During Commercial Dry Milling of Maize
Authors: Schollenberger M. , Müller H.‐M. , Rüfle M. , Suchy S. , Drochner W. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThe content of 13 A‐ and B‐type trichothecenes, zearalenone, as well as α‐ and β‐zearalenol was determined in products processed from raw maize by dry milling in an industrial plant. Two batches of samples were investigated derived from different lots of raw maize. Each of the toxins investigated was found in at least one of the samples analyzed, with up to 13 toxins co‐occurring within one sample. For both batches, toxins were either not detected or their content was low in raw and tempered maize, grits, and two types of flour. Markedly higher concentrations were found in screenings, bran, germ, or germ meal. The results suggest a similar redistribution during dry milling of maize for the whole spectrum of Fusarium toxins analyzed. In germ oil, only 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone, HT‐2 toxin, and T‐2 toxin were detected due to the higher lipophilic properties of these substances compared with the other toxins found in the basing germ. This is the first time that the redistribution of a spectrum of 16 Fusarium toxins has been measured in a single dry‐milling study.
Effect of Iron Source on Color and Appearance of Micronutrient‐Fortified Corn Flour Tortillas
Authors: Richins A. T. , Burton K. E. , Pahulu H. F. , Jefferies L. , Dunn M. L. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTIron deficiency anemia is a widespread occurrence. Consequently, iron is commonly added in cereal fortification programs. However, many iron sources cause undesirable sensory changes, especially color changes, in the food being fortified. This study evaluated the effect of different iron sources on CIE L*a*b* color values and sensory color perception in fortified corn tortillas. Corn masa flour was fortified with micronutrient premix containing vitamins, zinc, and one of eight iron compounds. Iron sources included ferrous fumarate (F), ferrous sulfate (S), ferric orthophosphate (OP), ferrous lactate (L), ferrous gluconate (G), ferric pyrophosphate (PP), sodium iron (III)‐EDTA, and A‐131 electrolytic iron (E), with addition levels adjusted based on bioavailability. Control (Ct) samples were prepared with all micronutrients except iron. All iron‐fortified tortillas had lower L* values and were significantly darker than control tortillas. Based on instrumental color values and Mexican regulatory recommendations, five treatments were selected for further testing. A difference‐from‐control sensory test was conducted comparing PP, E, OP, F, and S with Ct tortillas. Sensory rankings were C t > E = PP > OP > F > S. A‐131 electrolytic iron is recommended for fortification of corn tortillas due to minimal effect on color and significantly lower cost than other iron sources evaluated.
Toll‐like receptor 2 agonist Pam3CSK4 enhances the induction of antigen‐specific tolerance via the sublingual route
Authors: Lombardi V. , Van Overtvelt L. , Horiot S. , Moussu H. , Chabre H. , Louise A. , Balazuc A.‐M. , Mascarell L. , Moingeon P. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been established in humans as a safe and efficacious treatment for type I respiratory allergies.Objective
In this study, we compared three Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands (Pam3CSK4, Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid) as potential adjuvants for sublingual allergy vaccines.Methods
These molecules were tested in co‐cultures of adjuvant‐pre‐treated dendritic cells (DCs) with murine naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes. Patterns of cytokine production, phenotype, proliferation and gene expression were analysed by ELISA, cytofluorometry and quantitative PCR, respectively. TLR2 ligands were subsequently tested in a model of SLIT in BALB/c mice sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA).Results
Among the three TLR2 ligands tested, the synthetic lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 is the most potent inducer of IL‐12p35 and IL‐10 gene expression in murine bone marrow‐derived DCs, as well as in purified oral myeloid DCs. Only Pam3CSK4‐treated DCs induce IFN‐γ and IL‐10 secretion by naïve CD4+ T cells. Sublingual administration of Pam3CSK4 together with the antigen in BALB/c mice sensitized to OVA decreases airway hyperresponsiveness as well as OVA‐specific T‐helper type 2 (Th2) responses in cervical lymph nodes dramatically.Conclusion
Pam3CSK4 induces Th1/regulatory T cell responses, and as such, is a valid candidate adjuvant for sublingual allergy vaccines.
Impact of specific sensitization on asthma and rhinitis in young Brazilian and Chilean adults
Authors: Rona R. J. , Vargas C. , Vianna E. O. , Bustos P. , Bettiol H. , Amigo H. , Mackenney J. , Barbieri M. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
The pattern of associations and the attributable fractions (AF) of atopic conditions due to specific sensitizations vary between countries.Objective
To assess the level of associations and AF between sensitization to five allergens and atopic conditions in two settings.Methods
We studied 2063 Brazilians and 1231 Chileans of both sexes using representative samples selected at birth in the 1970s. Information on asthma and rhinitis was based on the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire. We assessed bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine and sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat, dog, grass blend and Alternaria alternata.Results
The prevalence of sensitization to one or more allergens was 50% in Brazilians and 22% in Chileans. The level of associations varied according to the outcome used. Strong associations between sensitization and asthma, defined as wheeze or awakening with breathlessness at night and positive BHR, were found for each of the five allergens in Chileans [varying from odds ratio (OR) 3.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47, 7.15 for D. pteronyssinus to 8.44, 95% CI 3.82, 18.66 for cat], whereas the level of associations was restricted to D. pteronyssinus, cat and dog in Brazilians and was somewhat weaker (highest OR 3.90, 95% CI 2.80–5.44). The AF of sensitization on asthma was 54% in Brazil and 44% in Chile. D. pteronyssinus and cat made an independent contribution to asthma in the two samples. The patterns of associations between sensitization and rhino‐conjunctivitis were similar to those for asthma.Conclusion
The associations between sensitization, and asthma and rhinitis were high in Chile and moderately high in Brazil, but the AF were higher in Brazil, reflecting a higher prevalence of sensitization. In Brazil, dust mite had the greatest impact on atopic conditions while in Chile several allergens had an impact. Sensitization is as serious a problem in Chile and Brazil as in developed countries.
Circulating IGF‐I levels are associated with increased biventricular contractility in top‐level rowers
Authors: Vitale Giovanni , Galderisi Maurizio , Colao Annamaria , Innelli Pasquale , Guerra Germano , Guerra Ermelinda , Dini Frank Lloyd , Orio Francesco Jr , Soscia Antonio , De Divitiis Oreste , Lombardi Gaetano 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground  The intensive physical activity is often associated with cardiac changes.Objectives  (i) To evaluate the IGF‐I system and myocardial structure and function by standard Doppler echocardiography and Tissue Doppler in athletes and sedentary controls; and (ii) to determine any relationship between IGF‐I system and echocardiographic parameters.Methods  Nineteen male top‐level rowers and 19 age‐matched healthy sedentary male controls underwent blood determination of fasting serum IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3 and acid‐labile subunit levels and standard Doppler echocardiography combined with pulsed Tissue Doppler of posterior septal wall, left ventricular (LV) lateral mitral annulus and right ventricular (RV) tricuspid annulus. Myocardial presystolic (PSm), systolic (Sm), the ratio of early diastolic (Em) to atrial (Am) velocities as well as myocardial time intervals were calculated.Results  Rowers had higher serum IGF‐I levels (P = 0·04), higher biventricular cavity dimensions and wall thicknesses compared to controls. They also had better LV and RV myocardial function than controls. In the rowers, IGF‐I was associated with LV ejection fraction (r = 0·50, P = 0·03), RV PSm velocity (r = 0·55, P = 0·01) and with RV myocardial precontraction time (r = −0·57, P = 0·01). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age and heart rate.Conclusions  Top‐level athletes showed higher IGF‐I levels and a better myocardial performance than controls, particularly for the RV systolic activity. The independent correlations between IGF‐I and systolic parameters of the left (ejection fraction) and right (PSm velocity and precontraction time) ventricles may possibly indicate a role of IGF‐I system in the modulation of myocardial inotropism in athletes. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Novel autoantigens in autoimmune hypophysitis
Authors: Lupi Isabella , Broman Karl W. , Tzou Shey‐Cherng , Gutenberg Angelika , Martino Enio , Caturegli Patrizio 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground  Pituitary autoantibodies are found in autoimmune hypophysitis and other conditions. They are a marker of pituitary autoimmunity but currently have limited clinical value. The methods used for their detection lack adequate sensitivity and specificity, mainly because the pathogenic pituitary autoantigen(s) are not known and therefore antigen‐based immunoassays have not been developed.Objectives  This study aimed to identify novel pituitary autoantigens using sera as probes in proteomic assays. We also compared immunoblotting and immunofluorescence methods for their accuracy in diagnosing autoimmune hypophysitis.Study design and subjects  Twenty‐eight sera from autoimmune hypophysitis cases (14 histologically proven and 14 clinically suspected) were compared to 98 sera from controls, which included 14 patients with pituitary adenomas, 48 with autoimmune thyroiditis (15 Graves’ disease and 33 Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and 36 healthy subjects.Methods  All sera were tested against human pituitary cytosolic proteins separated by one‐dimensional (1D) gel electrophoresis. The band recognition was analysed statistically to detect molecular weight regions preferentially recognized by hypophysitis sera. 2D gel immunoblotting and mass spectrometry were then used to sequence the protein spots of interest. Sera were also tested by immunofluorescence for their recognition of Macaca mulatta pituitary sections.Results  A single region in the 25–27‐kDa range was recognized more often by hypophysitis cases than healthy subjects (P = 0·004) or patients with pituitary adenomas (P = 0·044). This region contained two novel candidate autoantigens: chromosome 14 open reading frame 166 (C14orf166) and chorionic somatomammotrophin. Immunoblotting positivity for the 25–27‐kDa region yielded greater sensitivity (64%vs. 57%) and specificity (86%vs. 76%) than immunofluorescence in predicting histologically proven hypophysitis, although the performance was still inadequate to make immunoblotting a clinically useful test.Conclusion  The study reports two novel proteins that could act as autoantigens in autoimmune hypophysitis. Further studies are needed to validate their pathogenic role and diagnostic utility.