bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horned Objects in Anatolia and the Near East and possible connexions with the Minoan “Horns of Consecration”
Authors: Diamant Steven , Rutter Jeremy 
Published: January 2007

Numerous interpretations of the meaning, function, and derivation of the Minoan “horns of consecration” have been put forward since Evans discovered the first object of this kind in his excavations at Knossos. As yet, not one of the various theories proposed has been universally accepted. Consequently, the authors of this article would prefer not to be so presumptuous as to claim that they have indeed solved the problem of the usage and origins of the Minoan “horns”; on the other hand they believe that excavations in the past twenty years have strongly suggested that the Minoan “horns” have their origins in Anatolia and that the object's function, originally at least, was a pot-support in a hearth.In Anatolia, horned objects which we consider served as precursors of the Minoan “horns of consecration” fall into three classes. Examples of the first of these classes have been found in EB II hearths at Beycesultan and at Tarsus. Survivals of this type of “horns” are also found in Late Bronze Age [hereafter LB] Kusura C and Beycesultan III–II. The second class consists of the pot-stands or andirons connected with Khirbet Kerak ware in the 'Amuq, Palestine, north-east Anatolia, and the Caucasus.
Lampron—Castle of Armenian Cilicia
Authors: Robinson F. C. R. , Hughes P. C. 
Published: January 2007

In this article the historical importance of Lampron, and the architecture of the castle as it stands at present, are described. The work was done during the summer vacation of 1966.For simplification of description in the text the longer axis of the castle is assumed to run north–south. The scale that appears in some photographs is marked in ½ metre divisions, with an additional short length at the top.“… tous les seigneurs de ce château se révoltent parce qu'ils le savent imprenable.”(Leo the Great of Cilician Armenia)The fief was the source of medieval military authority. The castle at the centre of the fief was its focal point. From it the baron derived all his power. It was, in a disturbed world, his insurance of safety. Much depended on its strength.
Jewellery, Gold Votive Plaques and a Silver Belt from Altıntepe
Authors: Özgüç Tahsin 
Published: January 2007

Our knowledge of Urartian jewellery in precious stones and metals has remained obscure in spite of references in Assyrian texts and examples portrayed in Urartian descriptive art. This can be attributed to two causes: (a) The jewellery from illicit excavations has not reached the museums; (b) Urartian tombs and cemeteries have not as yet been subjected to sufficiently methodical systems of research. In addition, jewellery of unknown provenance which has been bought by museums has not been published. However, that brought to light at the three Urartian centres of Karmir-Blur, Altıntepe, and Patnos/Deǧirmentepe has to some degree increased our knowledge of Urartian personal ornamentation.JewelleryThe jewellery from Altıntepe is made of gold, silver and precious stones:1. Gold and silver buttons (Pl. XIa–c):In the second room of the third tomb, and outside the coffin of the man, were found eight gold and six silver buttons. Thirty-two gold buttons, sewn onto the dress of the woman, were found in her sarcophagus. Thirty-eight of the large buttons are 1·75 cm. in diameter and 0·6 cm. in height. All are circular, with convex surfaces decorated at the centre with a six-petalled rosette encircled by six circles in repoussé and six granular triangles. The rosettes and circles are bordered by granules and a gold wire set between two rows of granules encircles the central design around the rim.
More Monkey Business
Authors: Mendleson Carole 
Published: January 2007

It is with great pleasure that I dedicate this short piece to Dr. Barnett. It was his original article, entitled “Monkey Business”, that led to this attempt to find out a little more about monkeys in ancient Mesopotamia.In the collection of terracottas from Ur now in the British Museum there appear three types of moulded relief plaque depicting a man with monkeys. As far as I am aware, except for one plaque without a provenance, all the known examples come from Ur.All the plaques clearly show a man with either one or two monkeys.Type 1(Pl. XXIVa) shows a bearded man facing right. He wears a close-fitting cap with a wide band and a wraparound skirt down to the calf, with a fringed side edge and a belt. He is bare-chested. In his left hand he holds a lead which is attached to the neckrings of two monkeys, one on his shoulder, the other seated in front of him playing a flute. In his bent right hand the man holds a folded-over object, perhaps another musical instrument (?clappers), possibly to be played by the second monkey which sits on the man's shoulder clutching his cap with its head snuggling down on the head of the man. Both monkeys are long-tailed.There are three examples of this type of plaque in the museum, one almost complete and two fragmentary.
A New Look at the Chronology of Alalakh Level VII
Authors: Na'aman Nadav 
Published: January 2007

The Alalakh tablets were published by Wiseman in 1953, and in subsequent years the main chronological problems raised by them have been treated in numerous studies. Already in 1954, Landsberger, in a comprehensive paper on the chronology, determined that the Alalakh archive was later than the days ofBḪammurapi and the destruction of Mari, and suggested identifyingYḪammurapi (end of the period of the Mari archives) withYḪammurapi the father ofYAbbael, the first ruler of Yamḫad mentioned in the Alalakh tablets. Landsberger thus was able to form a chronological continuity between the rulers known from the Mari archives (includingBḪammurapi) and the rulers known from the Alalakh archives. This suggestion was generally accepted among scholars subsequently dealing with the Alalakh material.In the same paper, Landsberger set out a full reconstruction of the dynasties ruling in Yamḫad and in Alalakh in the period of the archive from level VII. This scheme has been modified slightly by Smith, Goetze, and Kupper, in the years following, demonstrating thatYIrkabtum, who appears in the year-names in several documents from the archive (AT 33, 38, 54, 58, 64 and 65) was the heir ofYNiqmiepuḫ, and contemporary withAAmmitaqum. Thus, it was determined that, in the period of the Alalakh archive, the following six kings ruled in succession at Ḫaleb:YAbbael,YYarimlim II,YNiqmiepuḫ,YIrkabtum,YḪammurapi II,YYarimlim III (the latter two are often listed in reverse order). The first four kings of this list are noted in father-son relationships, while the relationships of the two latter are unknown.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 3 A Latin Inscription from Galatia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: January 2007

The Museum of Yalvaç contains a large and important collection of Greek and Latin inscriptions, mostly from the adjacent colony of Pisidian Antioch, but including a number from other sites in the region. Among the latter is an important text from the reign of Trajan, which has claimed some attention in the scholarly literature although it has never been fully published. Since it presents some points of difficulty, and contains matters of interest which have not hitherto been discussed, it seems worthwhile to do so now.The inscription was found at the village of Fele, now called Yassıbel, south of the town of Şarkıkaraağaç in what was once the Cillanian plain, and was brought to the museum in 1966. It is carved on a large rectangular block of yellow/white limestone; Ht. 0·62; width 2·31; depth 0·20. The text is engraved inside an elongated tabula ansata, and the letters measure 0·11 (1. 1), 0·07 (1. 2), 0·06 (1. 3), 0·055 (1. 4), 0·05 (1. 5). The stone has been broken into three pieces but is complete, and except at one point in 1. 4 there is no doubt about the reading. The museum inventory number is A.445.
On the Origins of Domestic Rye—Secale Cereale: the Finds from Aceramic Can Hasan III in Turkey
Authors: Hillman Gordon 
Published: January 2007

Wheat, barley and peas, traditional grain-crops of the Western World are, by now, well known to have originated in the Near East. It was the cultivation of the wild ancestors of these crops, beginning soon after the end of the last European Ice Age, that eventually led to an utterly new way of life for most of the population of Europe and Western Asia, a new Neolithic culture based on food production and complete with appropriately adapted tool assemblages and relatively permanent living structures. Soon, from different parts of the Near East, this new pattern of subsistence based on wheats, barleys and pulse crops spread in all directions. One direction led up the Balkan Peninsula and into Central and, eventually, Northern Europe where the Near Eastern, Neolithic, cereal-pulse culture spawned temperate-adapted versions of just the same patterns of subsistence.Rye, however, has played no part in this story as told to date, this despite the fact that, as Europeans, we automatically associate rye with wheat and barley, the two other providers of our ‘daily bread’.
The “Autobiography of Ariyahinas's Son”: an Edition of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Stelae Tell Ahmar 1 and Aleppo 2
Authors: Hawkins J. D. 
Published: January 2007

I am very happy to be able to offer to Oliver Gurney, to whom I owe many years of generous and unstinted teaching, advice and support, a token Hieroglyphic repayment for my Cuneiform debt to him. I only trust that this contribution of mine to this journal, being the first which has not had the benefit of his careful scholarship and judicious criticism, will not fall below his high standards.Of the two large stelae found at Tell Ahmar (the ancient Til-Barsip), the mutilated TELL AHMAR 2, now in the Louvre, names as its author a certain king Hamiyatas, who presumably ruled the city Til-Barsip and its surrounding territory, although his and his kingdom's titles have been carried away by the damage to the stele. In the remains of his genealogy, Hamiyatas names Masuwarazas, perhaps his father, but perhaps grandfather or even earlier forebear. The broken stele TELL AHMAR 1, a new edition of which is here presented, has lost the name, office and titles of the author and preserves only his genealogy, “Hapatilas's great-grandson, the ruler Ariyahinas's son” (by which patronymic he must be named by us).
Analyses of Tepecik and Tülintepe Metal Artifacts
Authors: Çukur Alaaddin , Kunç Şeref 
Published: January 2007

Tepecik and Tülintepe mounds are situated in the area of the reservoir of Keban dam, now completely flooded since 1974. Both mounds were located in Altınova plain about 31 and 21 km. respectively (by road) east of Elazıǧ in Eastern Turkey. The distance between the two mounds was about 9·5 km. as the crow flies. The rescue excavations at Tepecik were carried out in the years 1968–74 and at Tülintepe in 1971–74 (Esin 1975a, Esin 1975b).Tepecik was settled from the Late Neolithic period and Tülintepe from Chalcolithic to Medieval times. The sites were situated only about 60 km. away from the important copper and lead mines of Ergani Maden and about 70 km. from the mines of Keban. These two mining regions have often been quoted in the literature as possible copper and lead sources in Turkey since prehistoric times (Tylecote 1976, Seeliger et al. 1985 and Wagner et al. 1986).
Strobilos and Related Sites
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: January 2007

In the Byzantine period, urban life in Anatolia underwent a decay in which ancient cities shrank behind reduced circuits of walls or withdrew to the fortified hilltops whence they had descended in the Hellenistic age. Even the greatest city of the empire, Constantinople, saw a drastic diminution of population and resources, abandonment of its ancient public works and services, and consequent transformation from a classical to a medieval city. These changes began with the devastating invasions of Persians and Arabs in the seventh century. Sources reveal little about Anatolia between the early seventh and mid-ninth century, a true dark age, but the evidence of archaeology often makes it possible to visualize conditions at the time.The Byzantines, whose empire long survived these troubles, generally occupied existing sites in Asia Minor where their ruins are superimposed on those of the Romans or earlier cultures. In only a few instances, usually occasioned by the needs of defence or of a militarized administration, were new sites founded. Although the Dark Ages were not a propitious time for urban development, some new towns did come into existence or prominence. Few of them have been studied. Strobilos on the Carian coast, therefore, is of some potential interest as an example of a Byzantine town which first appears in the historical record in the eighth century, and whose remains have been preserved.
The Engraved Tridacna-Shell Discs
Authors: Brandl Baruch 
Published: January 2007

It is now more than 140 years since archaeologists began dealing with the engraved Tridacna shells, whose distribution extended from Vulci in the west to Susa in the east, and from Memphis in the south to Gordion and Vulci in the north. Their number is growing constantly and is now approaching 100. This increase is the result not only of the publication of new finds or old museum material, which until now escaped the scholar's eyes, but also of the reclassification of four items, in the past said to be imitations made of various stones, as authentic Tridacna shells.In this article I want to show that this is true not only with the complete Tridacna shells, but also of a sub-group of Tridacna shells cut into the shape of discs. I will try to prove that the items in this sub-group are indeed Tridacna shells by describing them and discussing their motives and distribution. I will not deal with questions such as the centre of manufacture, distributors, style etc. important as they are. These aspects will be discussed by me in detail in a separate publication which will treat the Tridacna shell group as a whole.
Shalmaneser's Campaign to Urarṭu in 856 B.C. and the Historical Geography of Eastern Anatolia according to the Assyrian Sources
Authors: Russell H. F. 
Published: January 2007

The highlands of Eastern Anatolia cannot have seemed to be a particularly attractive or accessible area to the Assyrians. The E. Taurus—the range of mountains separating the plain of Upper Mesopotamia from the highlands to the north—was rarely breached by the Assyrians: in the Middle-Assyrian period, Tiglath-pileser I claims that he went to the Nairi lands (then around Lake Van) three times; Shalmaneser III penetrated E. Anatolia through the E. Taurus in his 3rd, 7th and 15thpalûs, and from N.W. Iran in his accession year and 30th and 31stpalûs. Thereafter, the region lay in the hands of the Urartians and, except for the raid on Ṭurušpa carried out by Tiglath-pileser III pursuing the remnants of the army of Sarduri II after the defeat of the anti-Assyrian coalition in Kummuh in 743, was never penetrated by the Assyrian army again.Shalmaneser's campaign of 856 began with the completion of the conquest of the Aramaean state of Bit-Adini, lying on the Euphrates to the south of Carchemish. After leaving Bit-Adini, Shalmaneser made his way to Bit-Zamani, the Diyarbakır area, and thence began his long campaign through Eastern Anatolia to Western Iran and back to Assyria.
Were the S.E. Aegean Islands deserted in the MBA?
Authors: Papagiannopoulou A. 
Published: January 2007

Many interesting aspects appear in the article by J. Davis about “the earliest Minoans in the S.E. Aegean” (AnSt. XXXII, (1982), 33–41). There are two aspects in his work, the archaeological and the historical, both quite important for the research in this area.I would like to comment first on the archaeological evidence.Davis gives a review of the Light-on-Dark (henceforth L-on-D) fabric of E. Aegean sites (Trianda, Miletus, Serraglio, Iasos), and points out that the stratigraphic evidence suggests that “pots of this kind were in use during the early phases of the LBA.” (ibid. 36). He goes on to examine the settlement pattern of the S.E. Aegean islands (Samos, Rhodes, Karpathos, Kasos) and concludes that because “there is a paucity of evidence for MBA (or even EBA) settlements of any sort, in contact with Crete or not—on these same islands … there is a possibility that the islands were nearly uninhabited in the MBA.” (ibid. 39).
The Mat White-painted Pottery from Eastern Thrace: a new look at the relations between the Balkans and Anatolia
Authors: Erdoğu Burçin 
Published: January 2007

The excavations and surface surveys carried out in Eastern Thrace as well as the Southern Marmara region over the past few years have made much headway in filling the substantial gaps still existing in the cultural sequence of the region. Although the field data are far from complete, the results of this research help us to reconstruct the prehistory of the region and to gain a better understanding of the relations between the Balkan and Anatolian prehistoric sequences.The network of cultural exchange between Anatolia and Southeast Europe during the fifth and fourth millennia B.C. may be demonstrated by examining some major artifact types, such as pottery forms, terracotta figurines, bone spoons, etc. (cf. Thissen 1993a, 302–3, Özdoğan 1993, 179–81). In pottery the similarities between Anatolia and Southeast Europe are especially apparent in types of decoration, also to some extent in the repertoire of shapes (not all shapes are similar) and method of manufacture.During our investigations in the province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace, were recovered mat white-painted sherds of Anatolian and Aegean type which help to fill the gaps in our knowledge between Anatolian and Balkan prehistoric sequences.
Amorium Excavations 1993: the Sixth Preliminary Report
Authors: Lightfoot, et al C. S. 
Published: January 2007

The death of Prof. R. Martin Harrrison in September 1992 only a fortnight after the completion of a successful fifth season at Amorium was a serious blow and a sad loss to the Amorium Project. Without his drive and enthusiasm it was difficult at times, especially during the winter of 1992/93, to see how the excavations could be continued. It is, therefore, a major achievement in itself that work resumed in the following summer, and that a report on the findings can be presented here.The sixth season of excavations at Amorium lasted from 26th July until 3rd September during which time digging was carried out at four separate locations (Fig. 1). A further six days were spent conducting a regional survey on behalf of the Ministry of Culture as part of a larger scheme to collate and register sites and antiquities throughout the whole of Turkey. The team comprised Dr. C. S. Lightfoot (Director), Dr. E. A. Ivison (Sub-Director and Byzantinist), Dr. M. H. Ballance (Epigrapher), K. L. Barker (Conservator), L. S. Bown (Ceramicist), Dr. M. A. V. Gill (Glass Specialist), P. M. Cox, S. Farid, N. Mestci, I. Sjöström-Welsby and R. E. Turnbull (Archaeologists), S. F. Young (Student Assistant) and O. Kızılkılıç (Accountant). Four students from the Department of Archaeology and History of Art at Bilkent University also took part in the excavations: they were Mercan Araydin, Deniz Atilla Mustafa Eren and Tuğba Tanyeri. The government representative was Mrs. Jale Dedeoğlu from the İzmir Archaeological Museum.
The British-Georgian excavation at Pichvnari 1998: the ‘Greek’ and ‘Colchian’ Cemeteries
Authors: Vickers M. , Kakhidze A. 
Published: January 2007

Pichvnari lies on the Black Sea coast of Georgia, at the confluence of the Choloki and Ochkhamuri rivers, some 10km to the north of the town of Kobuleti in the Ajarian Autonomous Republic (fig 1). The site has been known since the 1950s, and excavations were carried out in both the settlement and its various cemeteries in succeeding years, under the auspices of the Batumi Archaeological Museum and the Batumi Research Institute. The site was surveyed and a notional grid-plan imposed, within which subsequent work was recorded. By the time of the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1989–90, the Pichvnari Expedition was a fixture in the Georgian archaeological calendar, but with the abrupt decline in the Georgian economy this happy state of affairs came to an end.In 1998, however, work started again in collaboration with the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. In the spring of that year, the dig-house (part of an oldkolkhoz, collective farm) was restored with the aid of the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust. The roof was mended, and water and electricity laid on. The first season took place in July and August, when work (briefly reported in Vickers 1998) was conducted in the areas of both the North, or ‘Colchian’, and West, or ‘Greek’, Cemeteries.
A land dispute from the Lycian borderland
Authors: Köktürk Hüseyin , Milner N.P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn inscription from a private collection in Fethiye tells part of a court case concerning the illegal sale of land to ‘foreigners’, who are identified as Lycians. It is argued that the land belonged to Rhodes' mainland possessions bordering on Lycia, and some of the individuals named in the inscription may be identified with members of a prominent second century AD Rhodian family. Possible locations for the land at Daidala or on the island of Meis/Castellorizo are discussed.
Association of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Lei , Giacobini MaiBritt , Anderlid Britt‐Marie , Anckarsäter Henrik , Omrani Davood , Gillberg Christopher , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Lindblom Annika 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe serendipitously identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 8636C>A (rs1804197) in the 3′‐untranslated region of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In order to gain further evidence for the association between the APC locus and ASD, we genotyped four additional adjacent common SNPs (rs2229992, rs42427, rs459552, and rs465899) in the coding regions within the APC gene in a set of Swedish ASDs and controls. One common haplotype TGAG was found to be associated with ASD after haplotype analysis using both Haploview v3.1.1 (P = 0.006) and COCAPHASE v2.403 (P = 0.030). This result is the first to suggest that the genomic locus at APC is associated with ASD, and that the APC gene itself is a good predisposing candidate to be evaluated in future studies due to its important role in neuronal development and function. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorogenic substrates for lipases, esterases, and acylases using a TIM‐mechanism for signal release
Authors: Sicart Renaud , Collin Marie‐Pierre , Reymond Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2007

Abstract3‐Acyloxyl‐2‐oxopropyl ethers of umbelliferone were investigated as new fluorogenic substrates for lipases and esterases. The aliphatic primary alcohol‐leaving group released the fluorescent product umbelliferone by an enolization/β‐elimination reaction similar to the triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) reaction. A similarly designed phenylacetamide provided a fluorescent probe for penicillin G acylase, whereby the enolization/β‐elimination sequence from the intermediate aminoketone was very fast and spontaneous even under acidic conditions. The corresponding epoxyketone was not fluorogenic with epoxide hydrolases (EH). These substrates represent periodate‐free Clips‐o™ substrates.