bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structures of the Ligands 1‐Methylimidazol‐2‐yl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanone {(py)(mim)CO} and 1‐Benzylimidazol‐2‐yl(1‐phenylaldimine) (PhN=CHbim) as their Tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) Complexes [Mo(CO)4(L2‐N, N′)]
Authors: Batten Michael P. , Canty Allan J. , Cavell Kingsley J. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe complexes [Mo(CO)4(L2‐N,N′)] [L2 = 1‐methylimidazol‐2‐yl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanone and 1‐benzylimidazol‐2‐yl(1‐phenylaldimine)] have been synthesized from hexacarbonylmolybdenum(0) in order to define the coordination characteristics of the bidentate nitrogen‐donor ligands; the complexes exhibit distorted octahedral coordination for molybdenum(0) and cis‐bidentate ligand configurations.
Tieftemperaturuntersuchung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in Lithiumtetrahydroxoborat mit Raman‐Spektroskopie, Röntgen‐ und Neutronenbeugung (Li11B(OD)4)
Authors: Jacobs Herbert , Niemann Anke , Kockelmann Winfried 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLow Temperature Investigation of Hydrogen Bridge Bonds in Lithium Tetrahydroxoborate by Raman Spectroscopy, X‐Ray and Neutron Diffraction (Li11B(OD)4)Low temperature Raman spectroscopic measurements on isotopically diluted Li11B(OH)4 with 8 % D and Li11B(OD)4 with 8 % H reveal four crystallographically different hydrogen bridge bonds. With decreasing temperatures beginning at ∼50 K measured down to ∼10 K the stretching modes of the hydroxide ions shift to higher wave numbers. For the strongest bond O–D···O the frequency shift is 16 cm−1and for the weakest 7 cm−1. For O–H···O the maximum in the frequency shift is 22 cm−1. X‐ray single crystal (LiB(OH)4) and neutron powder diffraction (Li11B(OD)4) data result in bond lengths for the four hydroxide ions in the range of 0.943 (3) Å ≤ d(O–D) ≤ 0.974 (3) Å. The value of the effect of inversion of the stretching mode frequencies seems to correlate with the strength of the hydrogen bridge bonds and is found to be different for the two isotopes H and D in this compound.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Neutral Complexes of Tellurium(IV) – [PhTeX3L](X = Br, I; L = ethylenethiourea)
Authors: Casagrande Gleison Antonio , Schulz Lang Ernesto , Tirloni Bárbara , Burrow Robert Alan , Manzoni de Oliveira Gelson , Lemos Sebastião S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA three‐step one‐pot synthetic procedure to synthesize the neutral tellurium(IV) coordination compounds PhTeX3L (X = Br, I and L = ethylenethiourea) has been developed and is described in this article. Oxidative halogenation of PhTeTePh in methanol generates the tellurium(II) derivative, PhTeX, which is subsequently complexed with ethylenethiourea, and, finally, further oxidative addition of additional halogen affords the corresponding tellurium(IV) compound PhTeX3L in good yields. The final product was obtained by the slow evaporation of the reaction mixture as black crystals. The X‐ray structural analyses of the compounds show Te···X and X···X secondary interactions in the solid state and suggest a weak dependence of the formation of supramolecular assemblies on the nature of the halogen bonded to the tellurium atom.
Cross‐sectional evaluation of patient functioning and health‐related quality of life in patients with neuropathic pain under standard care conditions
Authors: Gálvez Rafael , Marsal Carlos , Vidal Javier , Ruiz Manuel , Rejas Javier 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAim: The purpose of this cross‐sectional evaluation was to determine the impact of neuropathic pain (NeP) on patient functioning and Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) under standard care conditions.Methods: Patients with NeP or neuropathic and nociceptive pain [Mixed Pain (MP)] enrolled in the DONEGA study, a naturalistic, prospective and multi‐centre study of the effectiveness of gabapentin under usual care conditions, were included in this cross‐sectional evaluation before starting study treatments. Participants completed the Short Form‐McGill Pain Questionnaire, MOS Short Form‐12 (SF‐12), and Sheehan Disability Scale (ShDS). Multivariate analysis and regression models were used to analyze patient data.Results: A total of 1519 patients [mean±SD; 56.0±13.7 yrs old (58.8% female)] with NeP or MP were enrolled in the study. The mean pain history was 1.1±2.8 yrs, current pain intensity on a 5‐point visual analogue scale was 2.8±1.0 and mean pain in previous week was 71.3±19.0mm. Pain substantially interfered (i.e., score≥5 on 0–10 scale) with normal work (5.9±3.0), social life (5.7±3.0), and family life (5.3±3.0), producing substantial disability (total ShDS score of 16.9±8.3 pts). Country‐standardised physical (PCS) and mental health (MCS) component summary scores of SF‐12 indicated significant impairment in both domains compared with the general Spanish population: PCS; −1.13±1.0 SDS (standard deviation score), and MCS; −1.21±0.7 SDS, equivalent to the 15th and 25th percentiles of normative populations, respectively.Conclusions: Under standard care conditions, neuropathic and mixed pain are associated with impaired physical and mental QoL, producing a substantial level of disability in these patients.
Economic impacts of changes in the population dynamics of fish on the fisheries of the Barents Sea
Authors: Link P. Michael , Tol Richard S.J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A bioeconomic simulation model of the two interacting fish species cod (Gadus morhua) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) and their fisheries is presented and applied to assess the consequences of changes in the population dynamics of these important fish stocks in the Barents Sea. In each scenario, the population dynamics of the fish species are changed by reducing the reproduction-induced productivities and/or the carrying capacities. Stock sizes and landings of fish are calculated for each fishing period, and the net present values of profits from fishing are determined for time periods prior to and after the change in population dynamics. Results show that reduced growth rates or carrying capacities lead to lower stock levels and consequently to smaller catches. There is only a small short-term economic impact on the fisheries, but the long-term consequences are pronounced. In some cases, greater fishing activity in the first few years after the change in population dynamics causes harvests to remain stable despite diminishing stock sizes. This stabilizes the returns from fishing in the short term, but veils the apparent negative long-term impact on the fisheries resulting from adversely affected stock dynamics.
Temporal and geographic variability of sardine maturity at length in the northeastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean
Authors: Silva A. , Santos M.B. , Caneco B. , Pestana G. , Porteiro C. , Carrera P. , Stratoudakis Y. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We investigate spatial and temporal variations in sardine maturation patterns and discuss the implications for stock structure, using recent samples collected opportunistically across the species range and data collected regularly for the assessment of the Atlanto-Iberian stock. Maturity ogives were fitted to maturity-at-length data using Generalized Linear Models, and maturation patterns are summarized by length at first maturity (L50). Sardine attain sexual maturity at a total length of 10.9–16.8 cm. The percentage of mature small sardine increases from north to south across the Northeast Atlantic. L50 is low in the Mediterranean and Moroccan waters, but maturation is delayed towards the limits of the species' range. Sardine mature smaller in the Gulf of Cadiz than in other areas of the Atlanto-Iberian stock, although there is no indication of a different maturation pattern north of the stock boundary. These results are not sufficient to review the stock structure of sardine, but question the hypothesis of homogeneous biological properties of sardine populations within the stock area. Sardine maturation length reduced and the spawning period extended in western Iberia during the past two decades. Associated increases in fish condition and fat reserves during the summer feeding season suggest that variations in reproductive traits may have been caused by environmentally driven changes in food availability.
A high resolution relative paleointensity record from the Gerlache-Boyd paleo-ice stream region, northern Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Willmott Verónica , Domack Eugene W. , Canals Miquel , Brachfeld Stefanie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHerein we document and interpret an absolute chronological dating attempt using geomagnetic paleointensity data from a post-glacial sediment drape on the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Our results demonstrate that absolute dating can be established in Holocene Antarctic shelf sediments that lack suitable material for radiocarbon dating. Two jumbo piston cores of 10-m length were collected in the Western Bransfield Basin. The cores preserve a strong, stable remanent magnetization and meet the magnetic mineral assemblage criteria recommended for reliable paleointensity analyses. The relative paleomagnetic intensity records were tuned to published absolute and relative paleomagnetic stacks, which yielded a record of the last ∼8500 years for the post-glacial drape. Four tephra layers associated with documented eruptions of nearby Deception Island have been dated at 3.31, 3.73, 4.44, and 6.86 ± 0.07 ka using the geomagnetic paleointensity method. This study establishes the dual role of geomagnetic paleointensity and tephrochronology in marine sediments across both sides of the northern Antarctic Peninsula.
Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix–Baza Basin (SE Spain)
Authors: Díaz-Hernández José Luis , Juliá Ramón 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Guadix–Baza basin is one of a number of intramontane depressions located within the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain), where the geological and geomorphological evolution is controlled by tectonic activity. The basin ceased to be closed after capture by the Atlantic network, when five main land systems developed. Late Pleistocene geological evolution basically consisted of erosional modelling, when badlands were deeply incised in highly erodible materials (marls and silts). Three travertine platforms and several Palaeolithic sites were used to determine that this main incision period fell within a 115,000–48,000 yr range. There are few signs of geomorphological evolution of this basin in the last 48,000 yr. Based on these geomorphological data and soil development, tectonic uplift of the basin probably played a secondary role in its evolution, and climatic conditions in southern Iberia in the 144,000–48,000 yr period were more humid and variable than later.
Bivariate line‐fitting methods for allometry
Authors: Warton David I. , Wright Ian J. , Falster Daniel S. , Westoby Mark 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTFitting a line to a bivariate dataset can be a deceptively complex problem, and there has been much debate on this issue in the literature. In this review, we describe for the practitioner the essential features of line‐fitting methods for estimating the relationship between two variables: what methods are commonly used, which method should be used when, and how to make inferences from these lines to answer common research questions.A particularly important point for line‐fitting in allometry is that usually, two sources of error are present (which we call measurement and equation error), and these have quite different implications for choice of line‐fitting method. As a consequence, the approach in this review and the methods presented have subtle but important differences from previous reviews in the biology literature.Linear regression, major axis and standardised major axis are alternative methods that can be appropriate when there is no measurement error. When there is measurement error, this often needs to be estimated and used to adjust the variance terms in formulae for line‐fitting. We also review line‐fitting methods for phylogenetic analyses.Methods of inference are described for the line‐fitting techniques discussed in this paper. The types of inference considered here are testing if the slope or elevation equals a given value, constructing confidence intervals for the slope or elevation, comparing several slopes or elevations, and testing for shift along the axis amongst several groups. In some cases several methods have been proposed in the literature. These are discussed and compared. In other cases there is little or no previous guidance available in the literature.Simulations were conducted to check whether the methods of inference proposed have the intended coverage probability or Type I error. We identified the methods of inference that perform well and recommend the techniques that should be adopted in future work.
An examination of cetacean brain structure with a novel hypothesis correlating thermogenesis to the evolution of a big brain
Authors: Manger Paul R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis review examines aspects of cetacean brain structure related to behaviour and evolution. Major considerations include cetacean brain‐body allometry, structure of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, specialisations of the cetacean brain related to vocalisations and sleep phenomenology, paleoneurology, and brain‐body allometry during cetacean evolution. These data are assimilated to demonstrate that there is no neural basis for the often‐asserted high intellectual abilities of cetaceans. Despite this, the cetaceans do have volume‐trically large brains. A novel hypothesis regarding the evolution of large brain size in cetaceans is put forward. It is shown that a combination of an unusually high number of glial cells and unihemispheric sleep phenomenology make the cetacean brain an efficient thermogenetic organ, which is needed to counteract heat loss to the water. It is demonstrated that water temperature is the major selection pressure driving an altered scaling of brain and body size and an increased actual brain size in cetaceans. A point in the evolutionary history of cetaceans is identified as the moment in which water temperature became a significant selection pressure in cetacean brain evolution. This occured at the Archaeoceti – modern cetacean faunal transition. The size, structure and scaling of the cetacean brain continues to be shaped by water temperature in extant cetaceans. The alterations in cetacean brain structure, function and scaling, combined with the imperative of producing offspring that can withstand the rate of heat loss experienced in water, within the genetic confines of eutherian mammal reproductive constraints, provides an explanation for the evolution of the large size of the cetacean brain. These observations provide an alternative to the widely held belief of a correlation between brain size and intelligence in cetaceans.
Bone mineral density is reduced in brain tumour patients treated in childhood
Authors: Pietilä Sari , Sievänen Harri , Ala‐Houhala Marja , Koivisto Anna‐Maija , Lenko Hanna Liisa , Mäkipernaa Anne 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine the prevalence of low bone mineral density among children surviving brain tumours and to identify possible factors underlying impaired bone health. Methods: Cross‐sectional study; total body bone mineral density (TBBMD), fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 46 brain tumour patients aged from 3.8 to 28.7 y (mean 14.9 y) treated in childhood 1.4–14.8 y (mean 6.4 y) after end of treatment for brain tumour. Low bone mineral density was defined as TBBMD z score<−2.0. Results: Fifteen patients had TBBMD z scores<−2.0, indicating a 33% prevalence of low bone density. The TBBMD z score ranged from −5.7 to 0.6 (mean −1.7). Out of several potential factors, only combined craniospinal irradiation was significantly associated with low z score (p=0.034, according to multiple regression analysis), while exclusive cranial irradiation showed a borderline statistical association (p=0.100, according to multiple regression analysis). Conclusion: One third of brain tumour patients treated in childhood had reduced bone mineral density. The reasons for this condition are apparently multifactorial, including craniospinal irradiation.
Properdin deficiency in a boy with fulminant meningococcal septic shock
Authors: Genel Ferah , Atlihan Fusun , Gulez Nesrin , Sjöholm Anders G. , Skattum Lillemor , Truedsson Lennart 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBacterial meningitis is a rare presentation for congenital immunodeficiency, but meningococcal invasive diseases and meningitis have been associated with late complement component deficiencies and properdin deficiency. A 5½‐y‐old boy of non‐consanguineous parents was admitted to our hospital with meningococcal septic shock. He had previously been suffering from recurrent respiratory infections. His 13‐y‐old brother had also been treated for meningococcal meningitis when he was 7 y old. Immunological studies, done after recovery, on the patient and his two brothers revealed normal immunoglobulin, IgG subclasses, C3, C4 and CH50 levels. Haemolytic activity of the alternative complement pathway could not be detected, and properdin concentrations were <0.01 mg/l in serum samples from the patient and his brothers. The patient and family members received quadrivalent polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine. The patient was discharged on penicillin prophylaxis, and he remained healthy during the ensuing year. Conclusion: Our findings stress that measurement of the haemolytic activity of the alternative complement pathway in addition to classical pathway haemolytic complement activity should be performed in patients with meningococcal disease to reveal various forms of complement deficiency. This is particularly important when there is a family history, or recurrences or infection due to uncommon serogroups. Deficient individuals and affected family members might be protected from infection by vaccination.
The prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of zinc sulphate on common cold in children
Authors: Kurugöl Zafer , Akilli Münevver , Bayram Nuri , Koturoglu Guldane 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To determine the efficacy of prophylactic administration of zinc sulphate in reducing the occurrence of the common cold in children, and to evaluate the efficacy of zinc sulphate in reducing the duration and severity of cold symptoms. Methods: A total of 200 healthy children were randomly assigned to receive oral zinc sulphate (zinc group, n=100) or placebo (placebo group, n=100). Zinc sulphate (15 mg of zinc) or placebo syrup were administered for prophylaxis once daily during a 7‐mo study period. The dose was increased to two times per day (30 mg of zinc) at the onset of cold, until symptoms resolved. Results: The mean number of colds in the zinc group was significantly less than in the placebo group (1.2 vs 1.7 colds per child; p=0.003). The mean cold‐related school absence was 0.9 d per child in the zinc group versus 1.3 d in the placebo group (p=0.04). Compared to the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean duration of cold symptoms and decreased total severity scores for cold symptoms (p<0.0001). Adverse effects were mild and similar in both groups. Conclusion: Zinc sulphate appears to be an easily administered, safe and well‐tolerated alternative for the prevention and treatment of the common cold in children.
Circulating adiponectin levels in Kawasaki disease
Authors: Takeshita Seiichiro , Takabayashi Humiyo , Yoshida Naoki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To investigate the kinetics of adipocytokine in Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods: The plasma levels of adiponectin, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were measured in 20 patients with KD, 15 patients with acute febrile diseases (disease control, DC) and 15 healthy children (HC). Results: Plasma adiponectin levels in patients with acute KD were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those with convalescent KD, DC and HC. The decreased levels of adiponectin negatively correlated with the increased levels of CRP and IL‐6 in acute KD. Conclusion: Hypoadiponectinaemia was shown during the acute phase of KD vasculitis. The downregulation of adiponectin secreted from adipose tissue may be closely linked to upregulation of systemic pro‐inflammatory markers in acute KD.
Steroid fears in children with eczema
Authors: Hon Kam‐Lun Ellis , Kam Wai‐Yan Christy , Leung Ting‐Fan , Lam Man‐Ching Adrian , Wong Kin‐Yee , Lee Kwing‐Chin Kenneth , Luk Nai‐Ming Tommy , Fok Tai‐Fai , Ng Pak‐Cheung 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Background: Topical glucocorticoids (GCs) are the mainstay of treatment for eczema, but GC phobia and fears are very common among the parents of paediatric patients. Aim: To survey the nature and extent of “fears” of GC use, and to evaluate if disease severity is associated with such fears. Methods: Patients with eczema managed in the paediatric dermatology outpatient clinic of a university hospital were recruited in this survey. Disease severity and various aspects of belief and practices of GC use were assessed with the Nottingham Eczema Severity Score and a questionnaire. Results: GC “fears” were present in two fifths of informants with non‐eczematous skin disease and mild eczema, but three fifths in moderate‐to‐severe disease. Requests for steroid‐sparing medications (such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus) had been made in nearly 50% of cases with moderate‐to‐severe eczema, and many parents would wait until eczema had worsened or apply GC only as a last resort to avoid potential side effects. “Fears” were predominantly interpersonal and rarely iatrogenic in nature. Skin problems (in particular skin thinning) and adverse effects on growth were the side effects of GC of most concern. However, fewer than half of the informants had discussed their concerns with doctors. Conclusion: Our results suggest the importance of understanding the nature and extent to which GC fears, regardless of eczema severity, are prevalent so that sound advice can be offered in a timely manner to parents and patients.
Injection Practices in Romania Progress and Challenges
Authors: Dentinger Catherine , Pasat Lili , Popa Mircea , Hutin Yvan J. F. , Mast Eric E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjective:To identify breaks in infection control practices that might put Romanians at risk for transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from injections.Methods:A standardized questionnaire was administered to a systematic sample of the 1,906 nurses in Valcea District, Romania, to collect information on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding injection administration and universal precautions.Results:Of the 180 nurses interviewed, 91% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 86% to 95%) reported having attended training for universal precautions; 58% (CI95, 49% to 67%) accurately reported that HBV remains infectious for at least 1 week in the environment; and 4% (CI95, 2% to 8%) knew that HBV is transmitted more efficiently than HrV through percutaneous exposures. No nurses reported reusing syringes or needles on different patients, but 4 (2%; CI95, 1% to 6%) would reuse a syringe and 3 (2%; CI95, 0% to 5%) would reuse a needle on the same patient in an emergency. Fifty-three percent (CI95, 44% to 61%) of nurses reported having a dedicated area for the preparation of injectable medications separate from where blood-contaminated items were handled. Shortages of infection control supplies were common.Conclusions:Although nurses in Valcea do not report reusing injection equipment without sterilization, other unsafe practices occur that may facilitate HBV transmission through injections, including preparing injectable medications in areas potentially contaminated with blood. Inadequate knowledge of blood-borne pathogen transmission and shortages of infection control supplies may contribute to these unsafe practices. Addressing these deficits could improve injection safety in Romania.