bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Botulinum toxin vs glyceryltrinitrate for the medical management of chronic anal fissure: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sajid M. S. , Vijaynagar B. , Desai M. , Cheek E. , Baig M. K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective  The objective of this review was to analyse systematically the prospective randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) and glyceryltrinitrate (GTN) for the pharmacological management of chronic anal fissure (CAF).Method  A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Prospective randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of BTX and GTN for the management of CAF were selected according to specific criteria and analysed to generate summative data.Results  Six studies encompassing 355 patients with CAF were retrieved from electronic databases. Only three randomized controlled trials on 180 patients qualified for the meta‐analysis according to inclusion criteria. There were 90 patients in BTX and 90 in the GTN group. BTX and GTN were equally effective in healing/improving the CAF. There was no statistically significant difference between the two pharmacotherapies [RR 1.29 (0.98–1.70) 95% CI, z = −1.83, P = 1.93, Fig. 1]. However, there was statistically significant heterogeneity among the trials (Q = 4.03, df = 1, P = 0.042). On fixed effect model, GTN was associated with higher incidence of total side effects [fixed effect model RR 0.14 (0.05–0.40) 95% CI, z = −3.71, P = 0.0002] and headache [RR 0.07 (0.02–0.20) 95% CI, z = −5.05, P = 0.0007] among patients of CAF. Healing.imageConclusion  Botulinum toxin is as effective as GTN for the management of CAF but it is associated with a lower complication rate. BTX can be recommended as a first‐line therapy for chemical sphincterotomy in patients of CAF. However, a major and multi‐centre randomized controlled trial is required to support this treatment approach in order to establish stronger evidence.
Comparison of surgical vs chemical sphincterotomy using botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sajid M. S. , Hunte S. , Hippolyte S. , Kiri V. A. , Maringe C. , Baig M. K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective  To analyse systematically prospective randomized controlled trials dealing with the effectiveness of surgical sphincterotomy (SS) vs chemical sphincterotomy (CS) using botulinum toxin for the management of chronic anal fissure (CAF).Method  A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Prospective randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of SS vs CS using botulinum toxin were selected and analysed to generate the summative outcome.Results  Four prospective randomized controlled trials dealing with SS vs CS using botulinum injection, which included 279 CAF patients, were analysed. Based on the random effects model, there was a higher complication rate [Risk ratio (RR) 14.54 (−9.84, −38.9) 95% CI, df = 2, P < 0.0163] and a higher risk of transient faecal incontinence [RR 6.39 (−2.37, −15.1) 95% CI, df = 3, P < 0.0001] in the SS group than in the CS group. However, there was significant heterogeneity among the trials (Q = 8 408 891, P < 0.0001), indicating a wide confidence interval range; thus, the inferiority of SS could not be shown. SS had a significantly higher healing rate [RR 1.63, (1.34–1.91) 95% CI, df = 3, P < 0.0110] and a significantly lower recurrence rate [RR 0.35 (0.33–0.38) 95% CI, df = 3, P < 0.0221] than CS.Conclusion  Both CS and SS are comparable in the management of CAF. There are no differences in the complication rates and incontinence rates between the two procedures. SS has a higher healing rate and a lower recurrence rate than CS. As long as the patient is willing to accept a negligible risk of transient faecal incontinence, SS should be the first‐line treatment for CAF.
Laparoscopic reconstructive options for obstruction in children with duplex renal anomalies
Authors: Lowe Gregory J. , Canon Stephen J. , Jayanthi Venkata R. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo present our initial experience of laparoscopic reconstructive surgery in children with upper urinary tract obstruction associated with duplex anomalies, as although there is much information on ablative procedures such as laparoscopic heminephrectomy, there is little available about minimally invasive reconstructive options for duplex renal anomalies in children.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed four consecutive patients (aged 6–11 years) with duplex anomalies and laparoscopic reconstruction for obstructed, dilated segments treated at our institution. The port placement and surgical exposure were analogous to that for transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty. A JJ stent was placed retrogradely into the ureter immediately before each procedure. The procedures performed were pyelo‐ureterostomy for incomplete duplication and lower pole pelvi‐ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, lower pole pyeloplasty for lower pole PUJ obstruction and complete duplication, and ipsilateral uretero‐ureterostomy and distal ureterectomy for an obstructed, ectopic upper pole. Foley catheters were left indwelling for 36–48 h and stents were removed at 4–6 weeks. Postoperative imaging included either ultrasonography or intravenous urography.RESULTSThree children presented with intermittent flank pain due to lower pole PUJ obstruction. The other child presented with pyonephrosis and purulent drainage from her vagina due to an ectopic ureter associated with a functioning upper pole segment. All procedures were successfully completed. The only complication was in the first patient (pyelo‐ureterostomy) who had transient urinary extravasation that resolved with bladder decompression for 10 days. With a follow‐up of 6–18 months, all had resolution of symptoms with improvement in radiographic variables.CONCLUSIONSThis series shows that children with duplex anomalies and obstruction can undergo successful reconstruction using techniques learned with laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
The associations amongeNOSG894T gene polymorphism, erectile dysfunction and related risk factors
Authors: Lee Yung‐Chin , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Wang Chii‐Jye , Liu Chia‐Chu , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Chang Lin‐Li , Lin Hui‐Hui 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possible correlations amongeNOSG894T polymorphism, erectile dysfunction (ED) and related risk factors in a Taiwanese population.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn all, 151 patients with ED and 77 healthy controls were enrolled. All the men had a complete clinical history taken and laboratory data was collected. To assess erectile conditions the five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) was used. TheeNOSG894T polymorphisms were determined using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.RESULTSIn all, 228 men were enrolled with a mean (sd) age of 58.6 (9.7) years. In a univariate analysis, age, serum testosterone level, and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension were significantly different between patients with ED and the healthy controls (P < 0.01). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, DM, age and hypogonadism were three independent risk factors for ED (P = 0.018,P = 0.046 andP = 0.016, respectively). The prevalence of ED in T allele carriers (GT/TT) was significantly greater than in G allele carriers (GG; 80.0% vs 63.3%,P = 0.04). Also theeNOS894T allele carriers had significantly lower IIEF‐5 scores than theeNOS894G allele carriers, at 13.2 (5.3) vs 15.7 (6.1) (P = 0.01) and it was associated with increment of T allele number (11.0 (5.6) vs 13.6 (5.2) vs 15.7 (6.1);P = 0.03).CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that DM, age and hypoganadism are three significant independent risk factors for ED. Also, in the Taiwanese population, theeNOS894T allele carriers are at greater risk of ED, both in prevalence and severity, and this might be a factor of genetic susceptibility.
Transobturator surgery for female stress incontinence: a comparative anatomical study of outside‐in vs inside‐out techniques
Authors: Spinosa Jean‐Pierre , Dubuis Pierre Yves , Riederer Beat M. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo assess the specific risks of injury to neural and vascular structures inherent in two approaches to transobturator surgery for inserting a suburethral sling, i.e. the outside‐in (standard technique) and inside‐out approaches.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study comprised seven cadavers, providing 14 obturator regions. Five specimens had a tape inserted outside‐in on one side, and inside‐out on the other; of the remaining two cadavers, one had an inside‐out tape and one an outside‐in tape, bilaterally. After tape insertion, the cadavers were dissected. Particular attention was paid to the distances between the tape and the deep external pudendal vessels, and between the tape and the posterior branch of the obturator nerve.RESULTSWith the inside‐out technique, the safety margins were reduced, and the external pudendal vessels and the posterior branch of the obturator nerve were at greater risk of injury.CONCLUSIONThe two techniques are not equivalent, with a lower risk of injury to vascular and nerve structures with the outside‐in technique.
Influence of the glycosaminoglycan layer on the permeation of hypericin in rat bladders in vivo
Authors: Huygens Ann , Crnolatac Ivo , Maes Jan , Van Cleynenbreugel Ben , Van Poppel Hendrik , Roskams Tania , De Witte Peter A.M. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer on the specific location of hypericin in superficial urothelial carcinoma lesions of the bladder after intravesical instillation.MATERIALS AND METHODSFisher rat bladders were incubated with 15 or 30 µm hypericin for 2 h. To examine the influence of the GAG layer on the permeation of hypericin, bladders were pre‐treated with chondroitinase ABC, n‐dodecyl‐β‐d‐maltoside (DDM) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to disrupt, or protamine to neutralise the GAG layer before incubating with hypericin. After incubation, the photosensitizer permeation was examined quantitatively in cryostat sections of the bladders, using fluorescence microscopy and image analysis.RESULTSDisrupting or neutralising the GAG layer in the bladder had no influence on the permeation of hypericin. Pre‐treatment of the bladder with chondroitinase, DDM or SDS resulted in a significantly lower accumulation of hypericin, whereas neutralising the GAG layer in rats with protamine had no significant effect on the biodistribution of hypericin.CONCLUSIONThe GAG matrix causes no obstacle to the permeation of hypericin in the urothelium of the bladder, and modification of this GAG layer cannot explain the enhanced accumulation of hypericin in superficial bladder tumours.
Non‐genomic effects of androgens on isolated human vascular and nonvascular penile erectile tissue
Authors: Waldkirch Eginhard , Ückert Stefan , Schultheiss Dirk , Geismar Ulrike , Bruns Carola , Scheller Friedemann , Jonas Udo , Becker Armin J. , Stief Christian G. , Hedlund Petter 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate non‐genomic effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on isolated human cavernosal arteries (HCA) and corpus cavernosum (HCC) using organ‐bath studies and radio‐immunoassays (RIA), as non‐genomic effects of androgens are reported for vascular smooth musculature and there is evidence that the relaxant response involves a modulation of cyclic nucleotide tissue levels.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe relaxation induced by the cumulative addition of testosterone and DHT (0.01–10 µm) was studied using circular segments of HCA and strip preparations of HCC. To evaluate the effects of testosterone and DHT on tissue levels of cAMP and cGMP, specimens were exposed to increasing concentrations of the hormones. Forskolin and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) served as reference compounds.RESULTSTestosterone and DHT dose‐dependently reversed the noradrenaline‐induced tension of vascular segments and HCC strips. At the maximum concentration, testosterone and DHT reduced the mean (sd) tension to 79.8 (4.43)% and 83.9 (10.94)%, respectively. SNP and forskolin significantly stimulated the production of cGMP and cAMP. No effects of testosterone and DHT on cGMP and cAMP levels were detected.CONCLUSIONRapid androgen‐induced relaxation of HCA and HCC occurs via non‐genomic mechanisms. In penile erectile tissue, non‐genomic relaxant effects of testosterone and DHT are not mediated via modulation of cyclic nucleotide tissue levels. Additional studies are required to establish if non‐genomic relaxant effects are important in ensuring a basal level of perfusion to maintain overall penile function.
Risk of new‐onset diabetes mellitus and worsening glycaemic variables for established diabetes in men undergoing androgen‐deprivation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Derweesh Ithaar H. , DiBlasio Christopher J. , Kincade Matt C. , Malcolm John B. , Lamar Kimberly D. , Patterson Anthony L. , Kitabchi Abbas E. , Wake Robert W. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence of new‐onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) and of worsening glycaemic control in established DM after starting androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer, as ADT is associated with altered body composition, potentially influencing insulin sensitivity.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed patients receiving ADT for prostate cancer at our institution between January 1989 and July 2005; those with incomplete information and those receiving only neoadjuvant ADT were excluded. Variables examined included age, race, body mass index (BMI), pretreatment prostate‐specific antigen, Gleason sum, clinical stage, ADT type (medical vs surgical) and schedule (continuous vs intermittent), presence of pre‐existing DM, serum glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels before and after ADT, and receipt of vitamin D or bisphosphonate supplementation. Data were analysed statistically and P < 0.05 considered to indicate significance.RESULTSIn all, 396 patients (median age 73.2 years; median BMI of 26.7 kg/m2 at ADT initiation) were analysed. Of these, 59.1% were African‐American and 40.9% were Caucasian/other. At a median follow‐up of 60.1 months, 36 (11.3%) patients developed NODM. In 77 patients with pre‐existing DM, there was an increase of ≥10% in serum HbA1c or fasting glucose levels in 15 (19.5%) and 22 (28.6%), respectively. On multivariate analysis, a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2 was associated with an increased risk of developing NODM (odds ratio 4.65, P = 0.031). Receipt of vitamin D had a protective effect (odds ratio 5.75, P = 0.017).CONCLUSIONSPatients receiving ADT for prostate cancer with or with no history of DM should have routine surveillance of glycaemic control, particularly when their BMI is ≥ 30 kg/m2, with appropriate preventive and treatment measures.
Overlap of different urological symptom complexes in a racially and ethnically diverse, community‐based population of men and women
Authors: Barry Michael J. , Link Carol L. , McNaughton‐Collins Mary F. , McKinlay John B. ,   for the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Investigators
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo define the prevalence and overlap of symptom patterns traditionally associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, and incontinence among men and women in a racially and ethnically diverse, community‐based population.SUBJECTS AND METHODSIn all, 5506 men and women aged 30–79 years were recruited to participate in the Boston Area Community Health Survey, using a stratified‐cluster sampling technique to obtain roughly similar representative samples by age group, gender and race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic). Survey data were collected by bilingual interviewers in subjects’ homes. Scales measuring symptom patterns were derived from validated instruments, with minor changes to eliminate different recall periods and overlap in items that might have confused subjects.RESULTSAbout a quarter of men and women of all ages met the definition for one or more of the target symptom patterns; there was no significant variation in the prevalence of any of the symptom patterns by race/ethnicity. Overall, ≈16% of men and women had one symptom pattern, while 7% had overlap patterns. Except for urinary incontinence and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in both men and women, the prevalence of all symptom complexes were associated with one another significantly more often that would be expected by chance.CONCLUSIONSOverlapping patterns of lower urinary tract symptoms and pelvic pain are common. These overlapping patterns present challenges for clinical practice and research, and require further investigation of their causes, diagnosis and optimum treatment.
Erythropoietin receptor expression in the human urogenital tract: immunolocalization in the prostate, neurovascular bundle and penis
Authors: Liu Tongyun , Allaf Mohamad E. , Lagoda Gwen , Burnett Arthur L. 
Published: September 2007

Associate EditorMichael G. WyllieEditorial BoardIan Eardley, UKJean Fourcroy, USASidney Glina, BrazilJulia Heiman, USAChris McMahon, AustraliaBob Millar, UKAlvaro Morales, CanadaMichael Perelman, USAMarcel Waldinger, NetherlandsOBJECTIVETo investigate whether the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor is expressed in human periprostatic (including the neurovascular bundles) and penile tissues, and define its distribution in these tissues, as the administration of exogenous EPO in cavernous nerve injury promoted the recovery of erectile function in a rat model.MATERIALS AND METHODSHuman prostate (six samples) and penile (two) tissue were collected and paraffin‐embedded. Tissue was sectioned and processed for immunohistochemical studies using an antibody for the EPO receptor; immunolocalization was assessed using light microscopy.RESULTSThere was prominent staining for the EPO receptor in neuronal cell bodies of the periprostatic neurovascular bundles, and in the axons emanating from these ganglia. The glandular epithelium of the prostate also had weak staining. There was EPO receptor immunoreactivity in the penile specimens in the penile dorsal nerves, sinusoidal endothelium of the corpus cavernosum, and endothelial cells lining the dorsal veins and arteries. All slides processed with no primary antibody or blocking peptide showed no staining.CONCLUSIONSEPO receptor expression was identified and localized in human penile tissues and in the periprostatic neurovascular bundles responsible for erectile function. This suggests a likely role for endogenous EPO within these tissues, and provides the rationale for its clinical use as a protective agent locally.
Effect of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin on testicular spermatogenesis‐related panels and serum sex hormone levels in rats
Authors: Choi Jong‐Soon , Kim Il‐Woong , Hwang Seock‐Yeon , Shin Bong‐Jeong , Kim Si‐Kwan 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVESTo determine the detrimental role of tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) in testicular histology, spermatogenesis‐related panels and proteome, and serum sex hormone levels.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn all, 40 male rats were divided into equal groups: a normal control (NC) group that received vehicle and saline, and a TCDD‐treated (TT) group injected intraperitoneally with TCDD (one dose, 50 µg/kg body weight). The rats were killed 4 weeks after TCDD exposure and testicular weight, histopathology, proteome and variables related to spermatogenesis, and serum sex hormone levels were investigated.RESULTSTCDD induced a significant decrease in testicular weight, Johnsen’s score, seminiferous tubular size, percentage of tubules containing sperm, sperm counts, germ cell counts and Sertoli cell index. In addition, there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone level (P < 0.01) and a remarkable increase in oestradiol (P < 0.01), follicle‐stimulating hormone (P < 0.05) and luteinizing hormone (P < 0.05) levels in the TT group. The expression of six testicular proteins including testis‐specific heat shock protein (Hsp70), protein disulphide isomerase A3 precursor, 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, nonmuscle myosin heavy‐chain type B‐like protein, and superoxide dismutase 1 were significantly up‐regulated (P < 0.05–0.01). Interestingly, fertility protein SP22 and phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein were down‐regulated but this was only significant for fertility protein SP22 (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONTCDD induces marked histological changes in the testis, impairs variables related to spermatogenesis, and increases serum oestradiol levels but decreases testosterone levels. In particular, TCDD disturbs testicular proteome profiles in rats.
Microarray analysis of exstrophic human bladder smooth muscle
Authors: Hipp Jason , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Kwon Tae Gyun , Kwak Eun Kyoung , Yoo James , Atala Anthony 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVETo compare the genetic profiles of ‘healthy’ bladder smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and exstrophic SMCs (ESMCs) to identify genes that are over‐ and under‐expressed in ESMCs, thus providing a molecular evaluation of the quality and therapeutic potential of ESMC tissue.PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODSClassical bladder exstrophy is a rare disorder, occurring in 1 in 30 000 live births. Studies have shown that exstrophic bladders are developmentally immature at birth. After surgical closure, the bladder typically undergoes abnormal remodelling (such as over‐expression of collagen III) throughout early development. We hypothesized that the predominant genetic differences between normal SMCs and ESMCs are in the developmental genes. This hypothesis was tested by the use of microarray analysis. Bladder SM biopsies were taken from ‘healthy’ subjects undergoing bladder surgeries for other conditions (for example, urinary reflux) and patients with bladder exstrophy. Cells were expanded in vitro, and total RNA was isolated and hybridized to the Affymetrix U133A GeneChip® (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) by the Wake Forest University School of Medicine Affymetrix core facility, using standard protocols.RESULTSWe created a genetic signature consisting of 961 genes that are over‐expressed and 432 genes that are under‐expressed in ESMCs. Analysis of these signatures identified an over‐expression of inflammatory genes and an under‐expression of developmental genes.CONCLUSIONOur data is in concordance with previous studies and histological data showing that ESMCs are developmentally immature relative to healthy bladder SM. The clinical implication of the ESMC genetic signature is that it provides a list of targets that can be (i) manipulated ex vivo and/or in vivo to induce differentiation (the completion of development) and (ii) used as biomarkers to explain the variability of the clinical symptoms after surgical closure.
Liquidity commonality and the intervalling effect
Authors: Hillier David , Hillier Joe , Kyaw Khine 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPast studies of liquidity commonality have reported conflicting findings regarding the relationship between market liquidity and firm size. The present paper provides empirical evidence that underlying estimation problems might be responsible for these results. We develop a model of information and spreads that provides some insights into the firm size–liquidity relationship. Our empirical evidence confirms the main testable implications of the model and presents evidence that the presence and strength of common covariability in liquidity depends upon the interval over which liquidity movements are measured. These intervalling effects are caused by delays in information being incorporated into bid and ask spreads.