bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of excess activated sludge ozonation in an SBR Plant. Effects on substrate fractioning and solids production
Authors: Naso M. , Chiavola A. , Rolle E. 
Published: July 2008

This paper provides new insights on the application of the ozonation process for the reduction of the activated sludge production in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The study was performed in two identical lab-scale SBRs plant, one for experimental activities (Exp SBR) and one used as control (Control SBR), both fed with domestic sewage. A fraction of the activated sludge collected from the Exp SBR at the end of the aerobic react phase was periodically subjected to ozonation for 30 minutes at three different specific dosages (0.05, 0.07 and 0.37 g O3/gSS) and then recirculated before the beginning of the following cycle.
Recirculation of the ozonated sludge to the Exp SBR did not appreciably affect the efficiency of the biological nitrogen and carbon removal processes. Nonetheless, an improvement of the denitrification kinetic was observed. Mixed liquor volatile and suspended solids (MLSS and MLVSS, respectively) concentrations in the reactor decreased significantly with time for long term application of the ozonation treatment. Kinetic batch tests on unstressed sludge taken from Control SBR indicated that the different oxidant dosages (0.05, 0.07 and 0.37 g O3/gSS) and durations of the ozonation process (10, 20 and 30 minutes) used remarkably affected chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic nitrogen fractioning. In particular, soluble and biodegradable fractions seemed to be higher at lower dosage and longer contact time.
Women's Objectification and the Norm of Assumed Objectivity
Authors: Papadaki Evangelia (Lina) 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTMacKinnon has famously claimed that there is a connection between objectivity and objectification. This paper examines this connection by focusing on a particular norm of objectivity, Assumed Objectivity, which is linked to women's objectification. Haslanger argues that this norm should be rejected since, under conditions of gender inequality, (a) it harms the interests of women (it is pragmatically bad), and (b) it yields false beliefs (it is epistemically bad). Langton attempts to go beyond Haslanger's critique, suggesting that this norm is also epistemically bad because it yields true but unjustified beliefs (beliefs that have a wrong direction of fit). I argue that while the norm of Assumed Objectivity is epistemically problematic in yielding false beliefs, it is wrongly accused of yielding true but unjustified beliefs.
Menispermaceae from the Cerrejón Formation, middle to late Paleocene, Colombia
Authors: Doria Gabriela , Jaramillo Carlos A. , Herrera Fabiany 
Published: July 2008

The origin and processes creating the high diversity of plant species in neotropical rain forests and their floristic composition and multistratitified forest structure are still uncertain. Here, we studied one of the most common leaf morphotypes of the Cerrejón flora (middle‐late Paleocene, ca. 60‐58 Ma), Guajira, Colombia, that contains one of the oldest records of neotropical rain forest floras. Fifty‐seven leaf specimens were carefully examined with a focus on general morphology, venation patterns, and cuticular characteristics. The analysis allowed us to recognize four new species that were assigned to the fossil‐leaf genusMenispermiteson the basis of an ovate leaf shape with cordate to truncate bases, actinodromous primary venation, brochidodromous secondary venation, percurrent tertiary venation, regular polygonal reticulate fourth and fifth venation, well‐developed polygonal areoles, entire margin, and the presence of a fimbrial vein. This set of characters suggests a possible affinity with the pantropical angiosperm family Menispermaceae. The predominantly climbing habit of this family suggests that the Cerrejón Paleocene tropical rain forest was already multistratified. These findings represent the earliest record for the family in northern South America.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
Authors: Kitabchi Abbas E. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Murphy Mary Beth 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe two most serious acute metabolic emergencies seen in diabetes are diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is responsible for more than 100 000 hospital admissions per year in the United States, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), which is seen in approximately 10 cases per 100 000 people in the general population. Mortality rates in DKA range from 2 to 5% and from 5 to 35% in HHS. The most common precipitating factors in DKA and HHS include infections and omission or inadequate diabetes therapy. Absolute or ineffective insulin levels lead to a series of biochemical events culminating in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis in DKA and severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without ketosis in HHS. Major therapeutic goals of both emergencies include improvement of organ perfusion by increasing circulatory volume, gradual reduction of osmolality, gradual correction of serum glucose, clearance of both serum and urine of ketones (in DKA), and normalization of electrolyte levels. Careful and frequent monitoring is the most important aspect of management in both conditions. An algorithm for treatment of both DKA and HHS is discussed. Improved education and access to health care, early treatment of hyperglycemia, and monitoring hospitalized patients for elevations in blood glucose continue to be areas that could impact the incidence of these potentially fatal disease states.
Active
X
Data Objects (
ADO
)
Authors: Kapoor Bhushan 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Microsoft has developed or patronized several technologies to access data from a wide range of data stores in order to comply with its universal data access strategy. Three such primary and interrelated technologies are ODBC, OLE DB, and ADO. Although ODBC is restricted to traditional SQL (structured query language) data stores, OLE DB provides universal data access. ODBC and OLE DB are low‐level, complex interfaces between applications and data stores. Microsoft developed ADO to provide simple and easy‐to‐use interfaces for both traditional and nontraditional data stores. ADO is an OLE DB data consumer optimized for building both client/server and Web‐based applications. This chapter blends theory with practical examples from Web‐based applications that interact with data stores.
Authentication
Authors: McDaniel Patrick 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAuthentication is the process by which the identity of an entity is established. Authenticating entities present credentials, such as passwords or certificates, as evidence of their identity. The entity is deemed authentic where presented credentials are valid and sufficient. Note that authentication does not determine which entities should be given access; it only verifies that entities are who they claim to be. However, it is only after entities are authenticated that their rights to resources can be assessed (through authorization). Hence, failure to correctly authenticate users on the Internet can leave online resources vulnerable to misuse. This article considers the semantics, methods, and mechanisms for authentication on the Internet. The goals and principles of authentication are illustrated through several expository systems. The embodied trust, operation, and limitations of these systems are explored. This article is concluded with a number of axioms for the selection and use of authentication systems on the Internet.
Benchmarking Internet
Authors: Vehovar Vasja , Dolnicar Vesna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the benchmarking process at different levels: company benchmarking, (public) sector benchmarking, framework conditions benchmarking, and benchmarking on the international level. Within these contexts, Internet benchmarking is discussed, particularly in the context of national comparisons. The key benchmarks (e.g., number of Internet users, number of Internet hosts) are presented, together with their methodological specifics, and the leading international organizations and projects that collect such benchmarks are briefly introduced. Additionally, the problem of benchmarking in time is presented.
C/C++
Authors: Giannini Mario 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter attempts to describe the C and C++ programming languages in general and also how they apply to developing software for Internet applications. The reader will be taken through a brief history of the languages, as well as its most common strengths and weaknesses. Although the scope of the two languages makes it impossible to cover them completely in this context, the languages are discussed in sufficient detail so that, with the proper tools, the reader can develop and test simple C or C++ programs. Working example programs are included. Finally, attention is given to how the language is used to develop Internet applications, and how it competes with other languages such as Java and common scripting languages such as Perl and PHP.
Click‐and‐Brick Electronic Commerce
Authors: Steinfield Charles 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the click‐and‐brick approach to electronic commerce, defined as involving the integrated use of traditional and Internet‐based sales channels. The current state of e‐commerce and the increasing role played by click‐and‐brick business models is noted. The chapter introduces the basic motivations behind a click‐and‐brick model, as well as the potential dangers arising from channel conflicts. A framework is offered that identifies the many sources of synergy between physical and virtual operations. It further emphasizes management strategies that can help to alleviate channel conflicts. The framework also highlights the types of benefits that can accrue to companies that successfully integrate the Internet with existing physical operations. The chapter closes with several example cases that serve to illustrate the basic click‐and‐brick framework.
Common Gateway Interface (
CGI
) Scripts
Authors: Kurkovsky Stan 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Common gateway interface (CGI) is the first technology that has been created to enable interactivity on the World Wide Web. Despite its relative age and a number of competing technologies, CGI remains a viable tool for creating dynamic Web pages. This chapter introduces CGI technology from a historic perspective. Further, this chapter examines the architecture of a CGI script and illustrates it with several examples written in Perl. The chapter concludes with an overview of different applications of CGI scripts and future prospects of this technology.
Computer Security Incident Response Teams (
CSIRT
s)
Authors: Panko Raymond R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
For major security breaches, many corporations activate computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs). CSIRTs pull together the skills of IT security personnel, IT personnel, functional line managers, other corporate employees, external business partners, and law enforcement agencies, in order to analyze the attack, contain it, repair damage, (possibly) punish the wrongdoer, and harden the attacked system to prevent a repeat of the security incident.
Conducted Communications Media
Authors: Pigg Thomas L. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss conducted communications media used for computer network applications. The three major types of cable to be discussed include coaxial, twisted pair, and fiber optic. Each cable type exhibits several important characteristics, such as physical makeup, bandwidth, and maximum cable lengths. This article compares and contrasts the distinctions between the different types of conductive transmission cables. By reviewing cable specifications, the reader should gain a better understanding of the network applications for a particular communications media. Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages ought to become more apparent. Finally, the current and future position of conducted communications media in the computer networking community is evaluated.
Cybercrime and Cyberfraud
Authors: Chin Camille 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Internet has changed the world. We now have access to a wealth of multidisciplinary resources and economic opportunities in cyberspace, but the Internet also makes it easier for criminals to commit crimes globally. Corporate saboteurs scheming to gain economic advantages over competitors can use Trojan horses or computer viruses to access corporate secrets and other viruses to destroy important company assets. Criminals can easily defraud consumers' remotely using fraudulent online auctions or franchise offerings. Thieves can use computers to obtain credit card numbers instead of rifling through a victim's mail.With great privilege comes great responsibility. We benefit from the opportunities in cyberspace but we must also become educated about the dangers. We have a responsibility to educate ourselves about the varieties of cybercrime and cyberfraud that are most prevalent in order to protect ourselves and participate fully in the process of creating legal safeguards against these new dangers.
Data Warehousing and Data Marts
Authors: Kelley Chuck 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Data warehouses and data marts came of age starting in the 1990s. During the explosion of the Internet, the data warehouse and data marts played an increasing role in supplying organizations with more information about their current or potential customers (regardless of whether they are business‐to‐business, business‐to‐customer, or business‐to‐employee). They also provide the organization with the ability to determine the navigability of their Web sites through clickstream analysis.
Learning to build, use, and gain insight from the data warehouse is an on‐going process. However, much needs to be done before we can accept what is learned as real and there must always be a continual concern about privacy.
Digital Divide
Authors: Dávila Jaime J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBecause of its great potential as an information distribution medium, the Internet has been described as a channel by which different groups in society can achieve equity. For this reason, having disenfranchised communities miss access to this technology is seen as a social, economic, political, and educational problem. This paper examines both data and arguments around this issue, commonly referred to as the “digital divide.” National and international trends, as well as causes and solutions for perceived patterns, are presented and discussed.
Digital Libraries
Authors: McCarthy Cavan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter defines digital libraries and lists their advantages and limitations. It offers descriptive examples of different types of digital libraries, such as multimedia, book‐oriented, or image‐oriented systems, as well as those dealing with ephemera and manuscripts. This chapter discusses the history of significant digital initiatives, including American Memory, maintained by the Library of Congress, and Project Gutenberg. Special attention is paid to e‐journals and their impact on the process of dissemination of research. Electronic theses and dissertations are also discussed. Pointer or signpost sites and commercial digital libraries are covered in a separate section. Procedures in the creation of digital libraries, such as selection, copyright clearance, digitization, indexing, computer and database systems, are outlined. Examples of metadata and XML are included. The text concludes with a balanced view of the future of both books and digital libraries.
Disaster Recovery Planning
Authors: Cremonini Marco , Samarati Pierangela 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Historically, enterprises that have survived natural or man‐made disasters have had recovery plans in place and were ready to face the risk of business interruptions. Today, the increased dependency on technology and tighter requirements in terms of recovery speed imposed on e‐business and Web‐based services have made recovery plans more complex. Disaster recovery planning, which plans for failures of components of the IT infrastructure and system or network outages, misconfigurations, and natural disasters, should be treated as a necessity by conscious system administrators, managers, and CEOs. In this chapter we discuss disaster recovery planning, illustrating the main phases of the planning process and the techniques that can be used to provide for recovery.
Downloading from the Internet
Authors: Maharjan Kuber 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Millions of people use the Internet to communicate through instant messaging, e‐mail, chat, discussion groups, and newsgroups. They also conduct research, shop, read news, listen to music and radio, transfer files, and even watch TV on their personal computer. To be successful in a profession today, individuals need to be able to download from the Internet efficiently. Downloading means the transfer of a file to the user's computer. By understanding the fundamentals of downloading from the Web, they will understand the types of files that can be downloaded, the security issues in downloading, and the legal aspects of downloading from the Web. This chapter will explain downloading with attendant details.
E
‐government
Authors: Schelin Shannon , Garson G. David 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
E‐government is a central management reform strategy of myriad governments across the globe, including efforts at the federal, state, and local levels of the United States and internationally. In the United States, e‐government arises from an administrative background associated with the “reinventing government” movement of the 1990s and rests on values emphasizing citizen‐centric, results‐oriented, market‐enabled government. In other countries, such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, e‐government has evolved from new public management. Originating in the 1980s and accelerating greatly after 1998, electronic government seeks to serve citizens better while improving governmental productivity and effectiveness in the provision of e‐services, in e‐procurement by government as the world's largest customer, and in new e‐democratic forms of governance, irrespective of geography.
Electronic Commerce and Electronic Business
Authors: Steinfield Charles 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this chapter, we provide an introduction to electronic commerce and electronic business. A critical theme is that despite the failure of so many dot‐coms, e‐commerce is becoming more pervasive. We also argue that impacts on businesses and markets are complex and often counterintuitive. First, we present an overview of the current status of e‐commerce and provide a definition that focuses on the commercial exchange of goods, services, and information between buyers and sellers, rather than on internal firm transactions. Next, we trace the development of e‐commerce from several predecessors to the Internet that served as prior platforms for electronic commerce. Then, we introduce the notion of a business model, including business‐to‐consumer and business‐to‐business models. We note critical flaws in many early models, such as the lack of attention to profits. We extend the business model discussion by overviewing innovative e‐commerce marketing strategies, many of which highlight new ways of interacting with customers. We explore the use of the Internet to support consumer‐initiated transactions, such as those common on services like eBay and Priceline. One important enabler for e‐commerce, electronic payment, is covered next. Then, we introduce several emerging technologies that are likely to extend e‐commerce into new arenas. We present an overview of important barriers that have slowed the adoption of e‐commerce. In the final section we examine the often counterintuitive results of research on e‐commerce impacts on competition and markets. Key themes and conclusions are provided in the final section.
Electronic Data Interchange (
EDI
)
Authors: McGowan Matthew K. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Electronic data interchange (EDI), the computer‐to‐computer exchange of business transactions in standardized formats, is one of the earliest forms of electronic commerce. Business benefits of EDI include reduced costs, improved accuracy, and support for just‐in‐time (JIT) inventory management and continuous replenishment process (CRP) strategies. EDI also has the potential to drive up costs, particularly for smaller organizations. This article provides an understanding of how EDI works and explains the technical and administrative aspects of implementing EDI. The article covers the standards developed for EDI and provides example applications of EDI. Although EDI pre‐dates commercial use of the Internet, Internet‐based EDI is rapidly evolving and offers the potential to make it easier and less expensive to attain the benefits of EDI. Organizations that implement EDI need to consider business process reengineering and trading partner relationships to be successful.
Electronic Payment
Authors: O'Mahony Donal 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In conventional commerce, many different ways of making payments have evolved but most of these are based on the principle that the bulk of the payments occur locally. The conventional payment method that works best globally is the credit card, and this had carried over well to the Internet, where the buyer and seller very often are very far apart. The bulk of Internet payments today are made using credit cards across a secure socket layer, which although it protects against some of the risks involved is still far from ideal. This paper reviews popular electronic payment methods used for transactions over the Internet, including credit‐card online purchasing, account‐based systems, smart‐card‐based systems, electronic checks, mobile payments, and micropayments.
Electronic Procurement
Authors: Goffman Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Over the past decade, electronic commerce (e‐commerce) has started to revolutionize business processes and transactions. The emergence of user‐friendly browsers for the World Wide Web (WWW), and consequently the increased viability and usage of the Internet, has influenced top executives to initiate business‐to‐business (B2B) e‐commerce and supply chain management (SCM) technology solutions. One aspect of e‐business and SCM is electronic procurement (e‐procurement) that currently entails purchasing items and services through the Internet. Substantial cost savings may easily be realized in both the public sector (government entities and public schools) and the private sector (hospitals and nonprofit organizations). E‐procurement continues to evolve quickly as enterprise resource planning (ERP) vendors either partner with software procurement specialists or develop new procurement modules for the already existing ERP software. Today's e‐procurement solutions are replacing electronic data interchange (EDI) and closing the gap on division of purchasing. Indirect and direct procurement are slowly becoming a single entity therefore causing operating resource management (ORM) as well as maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) purchasing processes to merge. The evolution of technology has allowed procurement to be a straight‐through process from the time a person browses a catalog until the invoice is paid and all information is stored for future use. This core of this chapter will focus on the strategic aspects of electronic procurement from a management viewpoint. It will concentrate on business‐to‐business purchasing, the e‐procurement decision, and the benefits and challenges of an e‐procurement solution. It touches on some of the technical detail and difficulties in e‐procurement but is not a “deep technical” document on choosing or implementing e‐procurement solutions.