bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleoclimate of Arctic lakes and estuaries: A new NSF initiative
Authors: Andrews John 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Arctic System Science Program of the National Science Foundation has been created “to document and understand the processes of the Arctic system that interact with the total Earth system” (NSF, ARCSS 1990). ARCSS research has three components: Land/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions, Ocean/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions, and Paleoenvironmental Studies, made up of the Greenland Ice Sheet Program and Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries. PALE forms a link between the first two components as it seeks to document and understand changes in both terrestrial and nearshore marine environments.The need to integrate the community of Arctic paleoclimate researchers was perceived in the middle 1980s and this resulted in a focus on lake and nearshore sediment cores as a basis for proxy records of environmental change across the Arctic. Several workshops, held at the University of Colorado between 1987 and 1990 resulted in a proposal to the National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programs to establish a Steering Committee that would outline a science plan and coordinate national efforts toward these goals.
New GSA precollege education program
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Partners for Excellence is a new educational initiative of the Geological Society of America's Science Awareness Through Geoscience Education (SAGE) Program. Partners for Excellence brings together K‐12 science teachers, students, and professional Earth scientists in cooperative and mutually beneficial educational partnerships to provide teachers with new resources, greater confidence, and increased flexibility in teaching about the Earth.Through Partners for Excellence, Earth science professionals can learn more about and become a part of precollege science education, enrich the geological understanding of their partners, provide quality demonstration materials, advise about exhibits, lead field trips, and mentor students. Geoscientists who wish to get involved register, choose a partner at a school or museum, and collaborate with their partners to plan a presentation which focuses on scientific concepts that are useful and relevant to the students' lives.
Comparative studies of planetary magnetospheres
Authors: Mauk Barry H. 
Published: October 2006

Three recent “flyby” spacecraft encounters of planetary magnetospheres have provided new glimpses of the broad spectrum of plasma behaviors that occur within such environments. Voyager 2's encounter with Neptune in August 1989 and Galileo's grav itational assist encounters with Venus in February 1990 and Earth in December 1990 have revealed significant new information and have highlighted the comparative aspect of magnetospheric study. By viewing multiple examples of naturally occurring, complex plasma systems [for example, Hill and Dessler, 1991], we can gain an understanding of the fundamental behavior of astrophysical plasmas.The magnetospheres of Venus, Neptune, and Earth span a very broad range of magnetospheric types. Venus does not have a significant internal magnetic field, and the comet‐like plasma regions surrounding Venus do not contain the Van Allen or radiation belt regions found at magnetized planets. Thus, it is of substantial interest that Galileo detected very energetic charged atoms (ions) outside of the Venusian bow shock (formed in the supersonic solar wind) and streaming away from Venus (D. J. Williams, personal communication, 1991). By eliminating a leaking radiation belt as a source of these particles, known to contribute if not dominate at other magnetospheres, this new result shows that planetary bow shocks are efficient accelerators of charged particles to high energies. The mechanisms of that acceleration remain highly controversial.
NSF cuts likely, says House panel
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

At key congressional hearings held recently on the National Science Foundation's budget for fiscal year 1993, the bottom line was clear: the agency should not expect the 18% increase it has requested.The chair of the House VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommitee, Bob Traxler (D.‐Mich.), indicated his support for NSF, but added that his subcommittee “lives and dies by its 602(b) allocation.” This is the amount with which the subcommittee funds programs under its jurisdiction, including veterans' health care and housing support. Traxler said the administration had “shortchanged” some activities to provide the NSF increase, and that money would have to be returned to other programs. Throughout the hearings, Traxler spoke of a possible 4–6% increase for NSF in fiscal 1993, less than one‐third the amount requested.
Global views of Venus from Magellan
Authors: Arvidson R. E. , Phillips R. J. , Izenberg N. 
Published: October 2006

Analysis of a global radar backscatter mosaic generated from cycle 1 and 2 Magellan data shows that the Venusian surface is, on average, only hundreds of millions of years old, dominated by volcanic plains, and that it exhibits a variety of tectonic features. Impact craters are well‐preserved and widely distributed. In this article, we consider resurfacing models that are consistent with these observations and interpretations.On August 10, 1990, the Magellan spacecraft, with its 12.6 cm wavelength radar system, was placed in a highly inclined elliptical orbit around Venus, with a periapsis located at ∼10° northern latitude. [Saunders and Pettengill, 1991]. Since September 15, 1990, the 3.7‐m diameter high gain antenna (HGA) has been used to acquire side‐looking synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter images and passive radiometry data in HH (horizontally polarized transmit and receive) polarization [Pettengill et al., 1991]. A smaller, nadir‐pointing antenna (ALTA) that shares electronics with the high gain antenna has been used to obtain echoes from which elevation and surface scattering properties have been derived [Pettengill et al., 1991]. The orbital ground track shifts approximately 20 km eastward at the equator from orbit to orbit, returning to the same position in 243 days, the time it takes Venus to rotate once beneath the orbital plane. Each complete circuit is called a “mapping cycle.” Mapping cycle 1 ended on May 15, 1991. After completion of cycle 1, the spacecraft's orbit was changed to offset the ground track relative to cycle 1 to allow for interleaving of altimetry ground swaths.
House to vote on EOS, Station on April 29
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

The House has scheduled the first vote of the year on funding for Space Station Freedom, the Earth Observing System (EOS), and other NASA funding, for April 29. While this is but the first in a series of votes on fiscal year 1992 NASA funding, it will serve as an important indicator of congressional sentiment on space programs.On April 8, the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee approved by voice vote H.R. 4364, the NASA Multiyear Authorization Act of 1992. This 3‐year bill authorizes NASA to spend $15.3 billion in fiscal 1993. Of this amount, $14.3 billion is authorized for ongoing science and technology programs that are the core of NASA's space programs. Another $952.1 million would be made available for “special initiatives” that would compete for funding if the overall NASA appropriation is increased by the appropriations committees. NASA now receives $14.3 billion, an amount the appropriations committees have warned may not be increased for fiscal 1993.
International Earthquake Hazard Program underway
Authors: Bolt Bruce A. 
Published: October 2006

Over a year into the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), significant steps were taken at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) assembly in Vienna last August to develop major activities in a number of associations. In particular, a broad program on the reduction of earthquake hazards was adopted by the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI).First, a major IASPEI report on the proposed goals and activities of the association, “Minimizing Earthquake Vulnerability” (IASPEI Committee for IDNDR, 29 pp., 1991), was adopted. This report sets out program goals and an organization for dealing with proposals and allocating resources. It contains twenty‐two recommendations that cover all aspects of seismological risk reduction and associated research and education. At the IUGG assembly, a keynote lecture on the decade and its relation to seismological work was given by R. Hamilton, director, United Nations‐IDNDR Secretariat in Geneva.
Intercomparison of land‐surface parameterizations launched
Authors: Henderson‐Sellers A. , Dickinson R. E. 
Published: October 2006

One of the crucial tasks for climatic and hydrological scientists over the next several years will be validating land surface process parameterizations used in climate models. There is not, necessarily, a unique set of parameters to be used. Different scientists will want to attempt to capture processes through various methods “for example, Avissar and Verstraete, 1990”. Validation of some aspects of the available (and proposed) schemes' performance is clearly required. It would also be valuable to compare the behavior of the existing schemes [for example, Dickinson et al., 1991; Henderson‐Sellers, 1992a].The WMO‐CAS Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE) and the Science Panel of the GEWEX Continental‐Scale International Project (GCIP) [for example, Chahine, 1992] have agreed to launch the joint WGNE/GCIP Project for Intercomparison of Land‐Surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS). The principal goal of this project is to achieve greater understanding of the capabilities and potential applications of existing and new land‐surface schemes in atmospheric models. It is not anticipated that a single “best” scheme will emerge. Rather, the aim is to explore alternative models in ways compatible with their authors' or exploiters' goals and to increase understanding of the characteristics of these models in the scientific community.
AGU report on volcanism and climate targets media, public
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

A new AGU initiative to convey current science to the press and public culminated May 18 with a press conference in Washington, D.C., that aired the latest research on volcanoes and climate. AGU released its first special report, “Volcanism and Climate Change,” at the event, and AGU headquarters has been receiving a steady stream of requests for it from the media and others. Both the report and the press conference focused on results of the AGU Chapman Conference on Climate, Volcanism, and Global Change, held March 23–27, 1992, in Hilo, Hawaii.media was conceived by AGU Public Information Committee member William Graustein last November, and the committee added a press conference as a way to expand the Union's role in delivering accurate scientific information to the public, according to Debra Knopman, committee chair. The committee chose the Hilo conference as a test case because it dealt with global change, a topic of clear public interest. By publicizing an emerging area of research discussed at a recent meeting, the report and press conference would also show the scientific process at work, Knopman said
[Comment on “GEWEX: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment”] Global water balance uncertainty
Authors: Dincer Turgot 
Published: October 2006

I am surprised by the opening remarks of Moustafa T. Chahine in his article, “GEWEX: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment” (Eos, January 14, 1992, p. 9), which stated that “our quantitative knowledge of the global hydrological cycle remains surprisingly poor. Evaporation minus precipitation or, similarly, the net flow of water from land to oceans and the net advection of moisture from the marine atmosphere to the terrestrial atmosphere is known at best to a factor of two to three.” The author here refers to a personal communication made to him in 1991 by J. Shaake.It seems that the author of this article and his reference are not aware of important advances made in the subject of global water balance during the last decades, particularly during the International Hydrological Decade Program sponsored by UNESCO and carried out successfully with the cooperation of 110 member countries. One of the major outcomes of this program was the establishment of World Water Balance based on a vast amount of meteorological and hydrological data [Korzun, 1978;Budyko, 1980]. A wealth of detailed information about the water balance of continents, oceans, major river basins, and islands, including atmospheric moisture fluxes to and from the continents, is found in the UNESCO publication edited by Korzun [1978], often with residual values of the water balance that are less than 10 and very often less than 5% of the main water balance components. This is in serious contradiction with the statement that these components are known at best to a factor of two to three as suggested in Chahine's article.
The imperiled future of solar‐terrestrial research in the former Soviet Union
Authors: Roederer Juan G. , Teague Michael 
Published: October 2006

From the beginning of solar‐terrestrial research (STR) during the International Geophysical Year 1957/58, the Soviet Union made substantial contributions to this new discipline. In many areas, such as magnetic pulsations, cosmic ray modulation, plasmasphere structure and dynamics, ionospheric modification, theoretical space plasma physics, and planetary ionospheres, Soviet scientists have pioneered and excelled.Some unique facts call for vigorous participation by the former Soviet Union (FSU) in the Solar‐Terrestrial Energy Program 1990–1997 (STEP) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) (see, for instance, Rostoker [1990]). There are the existing brain power in many related disciplines, with particular strength in theoretical physics and analytical methods; the area's geographic importance, especially Russia's vast longitudinal extent at high northern latitudes; the existing magnetic, optical, and ionospheric observatory networks throughout the country, especially in the Arctic and important Antarctic bases; space mission capability with existing and planned satellite missions and a stock of available prototype spacecraft with their launch vehicles; an existing bank of STR data, some of it formerly classified, waiting to be analyzed; and ongoing research on “controversialrdquo; topics such as the search for solar‐terrestrial coupling effects on biological and human systems and the study of earthquake precursor effects in the ionosphere.
LATEX Program awarded to Texas A&M
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) has awarded a $10.8 million contract to the Texas A&M University system to establish a major new oceanography research program focusing on the Gulf of Mexico.The Texas A&M program is one of a three‐part, $16.2 million federal initiative called the Louisiana/Texas Physical Oceanography Program (LATEX), which will aid MMS in reducing risks associated with oil and gas operations on the continental shelf along the Texas and Louisiana coasts from the mouth of the Mississippi River to the Rio Grande.
Loma Prieta Data Archive Project
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation have selected the National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering to serve as the primary clearinghouse for archival materials related to the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake. Members of all disciplines are invited to contribute data sets, technical reports and articles, slides, photos, and other research material related to the earthquake.Research data sets will be published on CD‐ROM as part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act Report to Congress on the Loma Prieta Earthquake.
951 Gaspra: First pictures of an asteroid
Authors: Veverka J. , Belton M. , Chapman C. ,   Galileo Imaging Team
Published: October 2006

On October 29, 1991, the Galileo spacecraft flew past 951 Gaspra at a distance of 1600 km and obtained the first close‐up views of an asteroid. The best view of an asteroid ever taken (Figure 1) from some 5300 km out, shows detail as fine as 54 m.Among the more than 5,000 numbered asteroids, 951 Gaspra is a relatively small, highly elongated object with an average radius of about 7 km, orbiting near the inner edge of the main asteroid belt (semimajor axis of 2.21 AU), in the so‐called Flora region. This region is densely populated with small asteroids that are generally thought to be the fragments of one or more larger precursor asteroids smashed by catastrophic collisions.
JGR‐Solid Earth to commemorate AGU anniversary
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Journal of Geophysical Research‐Solid Earth is planning to commemorate AGU's 75th anniversary in 1994 with a series of special invited papers dealing with particularly interesting and important frontier areas of solid Earth research. Papers concerning the full sweep of topics published in JGR‐Solid Earth are of interest. The purpose of this note is to solicit topics for these papers and the names of potential authors.Two manuscripts will be solicited for each topic, which will include such topics as the core/mantle boundary, the occurrence and role of fluids in the Earth, and the nature and origin of the geomagnetic field. We hope that these papers will document the role of AGU and its publications in the advancement of the geophysical sciences. One paper will be a historical overview of the current state of the research and how we arrived there, and the other will take a more future‐looking approach and discuss major problems remaining in the field and how they might be investigated.
OTA director to be Clinton's science advisor
Authors: Leath Audrey 
Published: October 2006

President Clinton has nominated John H. “Jack” Gibbons to be Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). For over a decade, Gibbons has served as director of the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), a bipartisan research arm of Congress.In nominating Gibbons, Clinton said, “I am delighted to appoint a brilliant scientist and gifted administrator… It is profoundly important that the president have a science advisor who understands science, who understands technology, who understands the practical application of these disciplines to the myriad of problems we face today. And I can tell you that from [Vice‐president] Al Gore on down to every other member of Congress I have discussed John Gibbons with, I have hardly ever received more glowing and more consistent recommendations for anyone.”
1993 Congressional Calendar
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The following is the tentative 1993 schedule for Congress. This calendar can be used to plan visits to Washington to meet with members of Congress, or as a guide for scheduling events to which a member will be invited.When the House is in session, members are typically in Washington from Tuesday morning to Thursday afternoon. Roll call votes are recorded, greatly reducing the probability that a Representative can attend a local function. These days are best for scheduling appointments in Washington. Appointments should be made at least 2 weeks in advance. During district work periods, representatives return to their district offices.
Weddell Sea exploration from ice station
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. ,   Ice Station Weddell Group of Principal Investigators and Chief Scientists
Published: October 2006

On January 18, 1915, the Endurance and Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew were stranded in the ice of the Weddell Sea and began one of the most famous drifts in polar exploration. Shackleton turned a failure into a triumph by leading all of his team to safety [Shackleton, 1919]. The drift track of the Endurance and the ice floe occupied by her stranded crew after the ship was lost on November 21, 1915, at 68°38.5′S and 52°26.5′W, carried the group along the western rim of the Weddell Gyre, representing a rare human presence in this region of perennial sea‐ice cover.Seventy‐seven years later, in 1992, the first intentional scientific Southern Ocean ice drift station, Ice Station Weddell‐1 (ISW‐1), was established in the western Weddell Sea by a joint effort of the United States and Russia. ISW‐1 followed the track of the Endurance closely (Figure 1) and gathered an impressive array of data in this largely unexplored corner of the Southern Ocean, the western edge of the Weddell Gyre.
O'Leary confirmed as DOE secretary
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

On January 21, the U.S. Senate approved the nomination of Hazel R. O'Leary as the new secretary of energy. This vote came just 2 days after O'Leary appeared before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.O'Leary, 55, has been executive vice president for corporate affairs at the Minnesota‐based Northern States Power Company. During the Carter administration, she worked in a senior position at the Federal Energy Administration.
Clinton seeks additional funds for NSF
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

A $207 million fiscal year 1993 supplemental appropriation for the National Science Foundation has been proposed by President Clinton for strategic research and core research programs. The funds would increase the agency's 1993 budget to $2.04 billion, a 14% increase over the fiscal 1992 budget. The request is part of a $16.3 billion supplemental bill awaiting action by Congress that would also create 500,000 new jobs.On February 23, NSF Director Walter E. Massey testified before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Veterans Affairs, HUD, and Independent Agencies to support the supplement. “NSF's activities contribute to improving the nation's productivity by generating new knowledge and investing in the future by training the current and next generation of scientists and engineers,” he said.
Insight on the formation of Pacific guyots from ODP Leg 144
Authors:   Ocean Drilling Program Leg 144 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Guyots are flat‐topped seamounts that are most common on Mesozoic‐age Pacific oceanic crust. Dredging of the Pacific guyots, of which over 300 are known, commonly revealed the existence of mid‐Cretaceous rudist reefs and other shallow‐water carbonate facies, now submerged to depths on the order of 1000‐1500 m, capping volcanic edifices [Lincoln et al., 1993].The intriguing question of how guyots originate played a major role in the development of concepts of seafloor spreading, hot spots, thermal subsidence and crustal thinning, and superswells [e.g., Hess, 1962; Detrick and Crough, 1978; Menard, 1964, 1984]. However, key questions remain, such as why a tropical carbonate platform would suddenly cease to keep pace with subsidence after constructing a massive carbonate cap up to 1000‐m thick and tens of kilometers in diameter, or why the apparent ages of the underlying volcano and of the shallow‐water carbonate cap as determined from dredge samples appeared to lack the coherent patterns predicted from hot‐spot and subsidence theories.