bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Digestibility of Cereal Grain Products and By‐products in Extruded Diets for Nile Tilapia
Authors: Guimarães Igo G. , Pezzato Luiz E. , Barros Margarida M. , Tachibana Leonardo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) provide estimates of nutrient availability in feedstuffs and can be used as a tool for selecting ingredients to compound cost‐effective diets for fish. Extrusion process is one factor that could influence ADC values. Thus, a digestibility trial was undertaken to evaluate ADC of protein, energy, and dry matter, and apparent amino acid availability (AAAA) in five cereal grain products/by‐products (corn, wheat middlings, broken rice, rice bran, and sorghum) in compounded diets for Nile tilapia. Chromic oxide was used as an external inert marker. The digestibility values of energy and dry matter in ingredients, in decreasing order, were highest for broken rice (95.34 and 96.45%), sorghum (82.37 and 87.29%), corn (67.34 and 82.21%), rice bran (57.58 and 55.59%), and wheat middlings (48.94 and 45.88%). Protein digestibility value was higher for corn (72.86%) and the lowest value was observed for sorghum (56.77%), while broken rice, wheat middlings, and rice bran presented values ranging from 63.01 to 66.88%. AAAA values were higher for corn (70.05%) and the lowest methionine and cystine availability values were recorded for wheat middlings and broken rice, respectively. Broken rice appears as one of the most indicated ingredient for using in Nile tilapia diets because of its highest values of nutrient digestibility when compared to the other energetic sources. The use of this information should aid more precise and economic diet formulation for Nile tilapia.
Effects of Dietary Vitamin C on Blood Chemistry and Nonspecific Immune Response of Juvenile Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major
Authors: Ren Tongjun , Koshio Shunsuke , Uyan Orhan , Komilus Connie Fay , Yokoyama Saichiro , Ishikawa Manabu , Abdul Md Kadel 
Published: December 2008

Abstract A trial was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbyl‐2‐monophosphate Na/Ca (AMP‐Na/Ca) on blood chemistry and nonspecific immune response of red sea bream juveniles. Test diets with three levels of AsA (free, 107, and 325 mg/kg diet) were fed to juvenile red sea bream (36.0 ± 1.3 g) two times a day for 3 wk. There were no significant differences in hematocrit, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen. Total cholesterol and triglyceride in plasma of fish fed AsA‐free diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed two other diets. There were no significant differences in serum albumin, total bilirubin, and total serum protein. Glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase in serum of fish fed diets containing 107 and 325 mg of AsA were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of fish fed AsA‐free diet. Serum lysozyme activity (LA) of fish fed diets containing 107 and 325 mg of AsA were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed AsA‐free diet. There was no significant difference in mucus LA. The results mentioned above demonstrated that AMP‐Na/Ca is a bioavailable AsA source for red sea bream juveniles. Supplement of more than 107 mg AsA/kg in diets improved blood chemistry and nonspecific immune function of red sea bream juveniles.
Effects of Salinity on Biogenic Amines, Hemolymph Osmotic Pressure, and Activity of Gill’s Na+/K+‐ATPase in Charybdis japonica (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Authors: Hong‐Yu Liu , Lu‐Qing Pan , Debin Zheng 
Published: December 2008

Abstract The effects of salinity on hemolymph osmotic pressure, gill Na+/K+‐ATPase activity and dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5‐HT) in the gills, and hemolymph of the adult Charybdis japonica were studied. DA levels increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the NE and 5‐HT revealed contrary change in hemolymph and gills. The iso‐osmotic point of C. japonica (911.4 mOsm/kg) was at salinity of 27.87 ppt. The Na+/K+‐ATPase activity of gill showed negative correlation with salinity in the hypotonic environment (<27.87 ppt). The results of this experiment indicated that C. japonica had great capability to acclimate to low salinity.
Feeding Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides to Juvenile Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Has No Effect on Hematological Parameters and Showed Decreased Feed Consumption
Authors: Sado Ricardo Yuji , Bicudo ÁLvaro José De Almeida , Cyrino José Eurico Possebon 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Impaired immune system by environmental stressors can lead fishes to be more susceptible to diseases that limit the economic development of aquaculture systems. This study was set out to determine the effect of six levels of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS; ActiveMOS®; Biorigin, Lençois Paulista,
São Paulo
, Brazil) on the performance index and hematology of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles. Fish (13.62 g) were randomly distributed into 18 plastic aquaria (300 L; 20 fishes per aquarium) and fed during 45 d with a commercial diet supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1% dietary MOS, in a totally randomized design trial (n = 3); biometrical and hematological data were collected and analyzed. There were no significant differences in hematological parameters between fish fed control and MOS supplementation diets, and daily feed consumption (FC) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary MOS. Dietary MOS did not increase leukocyte count and presented negative effects on FC of Nile tilapia. At 0.4% MOS supplementation, the individual weight gain was higher in absolute values but not different (P > 0.05) compared to control diet.
Analytical Modeling of Hydraulically Expanded Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints
Authors: Laghzale Nor Eddine , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe loss of the initial tightness during service is one of the major causes of failure of tube-to-tubesheet joints. The initial residual contact pressure and its variation during the lifetime of the joint are among the parameters to blame. A reliable assessment of the initial contact pressure value requires accurate and rigorous modeling of the elastoplastic behavior of the tube and the tubesheet during the expansion process. This paper deals with the development of a new analytical model used to accurately predict the residual contact pressure resulting from a hydraulic expansion process. The analytical model is based on the elastic perfectly plastic material behavior of the tube and the tubesheet and the interaction between these two elements of the expanded joint. The model results have been compared and validated with those of the more accurate finite element analysis models. Additional comparisons have been made with existing methods.
Inhibition of Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase by the Cyclic Peptide Aureobasidin A
Authors: Aeed Paul A. , Young Casey L. , Nagiec Marek M. , Elhammer Åke P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

By using a detergent-washed membrane preparation, the interaction of the fungal natural product inhibitor aureobasidin A (AbA) with inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPC synthase) was studied by kinetic analysis of wild-type and mutant enzyme-catalyzed reactions. AbA inhibited the wild-type enzyme from both
Candida albicans
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in an irreversible, time-dependent manner, with apparent

K
i

values of 183 and 234 pM, respectively. Three synthetic chemistry-derived AbA derivatives, PHA-533179, PHA-556655, and PHA-556656, had affinities 4 to 5 orders of magnitude lower and were reversible inhibitors that competed with the donor substrate phosphatidylinositol (PI). AbA was a reversible, apparently noncompetitive inhibitor, with a

K
i

of 1.4 μM, of the IPC synthase from an AbA-resistant
S. cerevisiae
mutant. The

K
m

values for both substrates (ceramide and PI) were similar when they interacted with the mutant and the wild-type enzymes. By contrast, the
V
max
for the mutant enzyme was less than 10% of that for the wild-type enzyme. A comparison of the results obtained with AbA with those obtained with two other natural products inhibitors, rustmicin and khafrefungin, revealed that while rustmicin appeared to be a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of the wild-type enzyme, with a

K
i

of 16.0 nM, khafrefungin had the kinetic properties of a time-dependent inhibitor and an apparent

K
i

of 0.43 nM. An evaluation of the efficiencies of these compounds as inhibitors of the mutant enzyme revealed for both a drop in the apparent affinity for the enzyme of more than 2 orders of magnitude.
Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains of Clonal Lineages ST398 and ST9 from Swine Carry the Multidrug Resistance Gene
cfr
Authors: Kehrenberg Corinna , Cuny Christiane , Strommenger Birgit , Schwarz Stefan , Witte Wolfgang 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
clonal lineage ST398 and methicillin-susceptible lineage ST9 strains have their main reservoir in swine but can colonize and cause infections in humans. The phenicol/lincosamide/oxazolidinone/pleuromutilin/streptogramin A multidrug resistance gene
cfr
was detected in isolates of both clonal lineages, rendering a spread to humans with exposure to swine farming possible.
Bacterial Diversity in a Mine Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Heinzel Elke , Hedrich Sabrina , Janneck Eberhard , Glombitza Franz , Seifert Jana , Schlömann Michael 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

We investigated the microbial community in a pilot plant for treatment of acid mine water by biological ferrous iron oxidation using clone library analysis and calculated statistical parameters for further characterization. The microbial community in the plant was conspicuously dominated by a group of
Betaproteobacteria
affiliated with “
Ferribacter polymyxa
”.
Regulation of Carotenogenesis and Secondary Metabolism by Nitrogen in Wild-Type
Fusarium fujikuroi
and Carotenoid-Overproducing Mutants
Authors: Rodríguez-Ortiz Roberto , Limón M. Carmen , Avalos Javier 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

The fungus
Fusarium fujikuroi
(
Gibberella fujikuroi
MP-C) produces metabolites of biotechnological interest, such as gibberellins, bikaverins, and carotenoids. Gibberellin and bikaverin productions are induced upon nitrogen exhaustion, while carotenoid accumulation is stimulated by light. We evaluated the effect of nitrogen availability on carotenogenesis in comparison with bikaverin and gibberellin production in the wild type and in carotenoid-overproducing mutants (
carS
). Nitrogen starvation increased carotenoid accumulation in all strains tested. In
carS
strains, gibberellin and bikaverin biosynthesis patterns differed from those of the wild type and paralleled the expression of key genes for both pathways, coding for geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and kaurene synthases for the former and a polyketide synthase for the latter. These results suggest regulatory connections between carotenoid biosynthesis and nitrogen-controlled biosynthetic pathways in this fungus. Expression of gene
ggs1
, which encodes a second GGPP synthase, was also derepressed in the
carS
mutants, suggesting the participation of Ggs1 in carotenoid biosynthesis. The
carS
mutations did not affect genes for earlier steps of the terpenoid pathway, such as
fppS
or
hmgR
. Light induced carotenoid biosynthesis in the wild type and
carRA
and
carB
levels in the wild-type and
carS
strains irrespective of nitrogen availability.
Bioreduction with Efficient Recycling of NADPH by Coupled Permeabilized Microorganisms
Authors: Zhang Wei , O'Connor Kevin , Wang Daniel I. C. , Li Zhi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

The glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from
Bacillus subtilis
BGSC 1A1 was cloned and functionally expressed in
Escherichia coli
BL21(pGDH1) and XL-1 Blue(pGDH1). Controlled permeabilization of recombinant
E. coli
BL21 and XL-1 Blue with EDTA-toluene under optimized conditions resulted in permeabilized cells with specific activities of 61 and 14 U/g (dry weight) of cells, respectively, for the conversion of NADP
+
to NADPH upon oxidation of glucose. The permeabilized recombinant strains were more active than permeabilized
B. subtilis
BGSC 1A1, did not exhibit NADPH/NADH oxidase activity, and were useful for regeneration of both NADH and NADPH. Coupling of permeabilized cells of
Bacillus pumilus
Phe-C3 containing an NADPH-dependent ketoreductase and an
E. coli
recombinant expressing GDH as a novel biocatalytic system allowed enantioselective reduction of ethyl 3-keto-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate with efficient recycling of NADPH; a total turnover number (TTN) of 4,200 mol/mol was obtained by using
E. coli
BL21(pGDH1) as the cofactor-regenerating microorganism with initial addition of 0.005 mM NADP
+
. The high TTN obtained is in the practical range for producing fine chemicals. Long-term stability of the permeabilized cell couple and a higher product concentration were demonstrated by 68 h of bioreduction of ethyl 3-keto-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate with addition of 0.005 mM NADP
+
three times; 50.5 mM (
R
)-ethyl 3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate was obtained with 95% enantiomeric excess, 84% conversion, and an overall TTN of 3,400 mol/mol. Our method results in practical synthesis of (
R
)-ethyl 3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, and the principle described here is generally applicable to other microbial reductions with cofactor recycling.
Detection and Quantification of Noroviruses in Shellfish
Authors: Le Guyader Françoise S. , Parnaudeau Sylvain , Schaeffer Julien , Bosch Albert , Loisy Fabienne , Pommepuy Monique , Atmar Robert L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans, and high concentrations of NoVs are discharged into the environment. As these viruses are very resistant to inactivation, the sanitary consequences are contamination of food, including molluscan shellfish. There are four major problems with NoV detection in shellfish samples: low levels of virus contamination, the difficulty of efficient virus extraction, the presence of interfering substances that inhibit molecular detection, and NoV genetic variability. The aims of this study were to adapt a kit for use with a method previously shown to be efficient for detection of NoV in shellfish and to use a one step real-time reverse transcription-PCR method with addition of an external viral control. Comparisons of the two methods using bioaccumulated oysters showed that the methods reproducibly detected similar levels of virus in oyster samples. Validation studies using naturally contaminated samples also showed that there was a good correlation between the results of the two methods, and the variability was more attributable to the level of sample contamination. Magnetic silica very efficiently eliminated inhibitors, and use of extraction and amplification controls increased quality assurance. These controls increased the confidence in estimates of NoV concentrations in shellfish samples and strongly supported the conclusion that the results of the method described here reflected the levels of virus contamination in oysters. This approach is important for food safety and is under evaluationfor European regulation.
Antibacterial Effects of Grape Extracts onHelicobacter pylori
Authors: Brown Joseph C. , Huang Guohui , Haley-Zitlin Vivian , Jiang Xiuping 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAnti-Helicobacter pyloriactivities were determined by agar dilution, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and cell proliferation assays following treatment with various grape extracts. Muscadine grape skin possessed the strongest activity, followed by grape synergy (skin and seed) and seed, suggesting that higher phenolic levels do not necessarily determine overall anti-H. pyloriefficacy.
Discovery of Stable and Variable Differences in the
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
Type I, II, and III Genomes by Pan-Genome Microarray Analysis
Authors: Castellanos Elena , Aranaz Alicia , Gould Katherine A. , Linedale Richard , Stevenson Karen , Alvarez Julio , Dominguez Lucas , de Juan Lucia , Hinds Jason , Bull Tim J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
is an important animal pathogen widely disseminated in the environment that has also been associated with Crohn's disease in humans. Three
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
genomotypes are recognized, but genomic differences have not been fully described. To further investigate these potential differences, a 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray (designated the MAPAC array), based on the combined genomes of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
(strain K-10) and
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
hominissuis
(strain 104), was designed and validated. By use of a test panel of defined
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
strains, the MAPAC array was able to identify a set of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs) diagnostic for each of the three major
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
types.
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
type II strains contained a smaller genomic complement than
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
type I and
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
type III genomotypes, which included a set of genomic regions also found in
M. avium
subsp.
hominissuis
104. Specific PCRs for genes within LSPs that differentiated
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
types were devised and shown to accurately screen a panel (
n
= 78) of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
strains. Analysis of insertion/deletion region INDEL12 showed deletion events causing a reduction in the complement of mycobacterial cell entry genes in
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
type II strains and significantly altering the coding of a major immunologic protein (MPT64) associated with persistence and granuloma formation. Analysis of MAPAC data also identified signal variations in several genomic regions, termed variable genomic islands (vGIs), suggestive of transient duplication/deletion events. vGIs contained significantly low GC% and were immediately flanked by insertion sequences, integrases, or short inverted repeat sequences. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that variation in vGI signals could be associated with colony growth rate and morphology.
Public Health Assessment of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Enteritidis Inactivated-Vaccine Treatment in Layer Flocks
Authors: Toyota-Hanatani Yukiko , Ekawa Tomoya , Ohta Hiroaki , Igimi Shizunobu , Hara-Kudo Yukiko , Sasai Kazumi , Baba Eiichiroh 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Although there have been several reports on the efficacy assessment of a
Salmonella enterica
serovar Enteritidis vaccine against intestinal and parenchymatous organ diseases of laying hens, no public health risk characterization of its long-term effect on eggs has been reported. In this study, we attempted to assess the public health effect of an inactivated
S. enterica
serovar Enteritidis vaccine against serovar Enteritidis contamination of chicken eggs. We analyzed serovar Enteritidis isolation test results from four windowless farms in which inactivated-vaccine administration was initiated based on the sanitary monitoring program of a farm. When flocks with and without
S. enterica
serovar Enteritidis vaccine treatments were mixed, the application of an inactivated serovar Enteritidis vaccine decreased the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria by at least 100-fold in broken (liquid) egg samples positive for serovar Enteritidis, although a statistical difference between those MPNs could not be obtained. The isolation frequency after the vaccine application was less than 1/10 (
P
< 0.01). No
S. enterica
serovar Enteritidis bacteria were isolated approximately 1 year after all of the chickens had received the inactivated serovar Enteritidis vaccine. It was suggested that an adequate administration of an inactivated serovar Enteritidis vaccine reduced the contamination risk of eggs (the number of isolated serovar Enteritidis cells and detection frequency) compared to the contamination risk of eggs laid by nonvaccinated hens.
Metabolomic Investigation of the Bacterial Response to a Metal Challenge
Authors: Tremaroli Valentina , Workentine Matthew L. , Weljie Aalim M. , Vogel Hans J. , Ceri Howard , Viti Carlo , Tatti Enrico , Zhang Ping , Hynes Alexander P. , Turner Raymond J. , Zannoni Davide 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
KF707 is naturally resistant to the toxic metalloid tellurite, but the mechanisms of resistance are not known. In this study we report the isolation of a KF707 mutant (T5) with hyperresistance to tellurite. In order to characterize the bacterial response and the pathways leading to tolerance, we utilized Phenotype MicroArray technology (Biolog) and a metabolomic technique based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The physiological states of KF707 wild-type and T5 cells exposed to tellurite were also compared in terms of viability and reduced thiol content. Our analyses showed an extensive change in metabolism upon the addition of tellurite to KF707 cultures as well as different responses when the wild-type and T5 strains were compared. Even in the absence of tellurite, T5 cells displayed a “poised” physiological status, primed for tellurite exposure and characterized by altered intracellular levels of glutathione, branched-chain amino acids, and betaine, along with increased resistance to other toxic metals and metabolic inhibitors. We conclude that hyperresistance to tellurite in
P. pseudoalcaligenes
KF707 is correlated with the induction of the oxidative stress response, resistance to membrane perturbation, and reconfiguration of cellular metabolism.
Acetohydroxyacid Synthase, a Novel Target for Improvement of
l
-Lysine Production by
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Blombach Bastian , Hans Stephan , Bathe Brigitte , Eikmanns Bernhard J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

The influence of acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) on
l
-lysine production by
Corynebacterium glutamicum
was investigated. An AHAS with a deleted C-terminal domain in the regulatory subunit IlvN was engineered by truncating the
ilvN
gene. Compared to the wild-type AHAS, the newly constructed enzyme showed altered kinetic properties, i.e., (i) an about twofold-lower
K

m

for the substrate pyruvate and an about fourfold-lower
V
max
; (ii) a slightly increased
K

m

for the substrate α-ketobutyrate with an about twofold-lower
V
max
; and (iii) insensitivity against the inhibitors
l
-valine,
l
-isoleucine, and
l
-leucine (10 mM each). Introduction of the modified AHAS into the
l
-lysine producers
C. glutamicum
DM1729 and DM1933 increased
l
-lysine formation by 43% (30 mM versus 21 mM) and 36% (51 mM versus 37 mM), respectively, suggesting that decreased AHAS activity is linked to increased
l
-lysine formation. Complete inactivation of the AHAS in
C. glutamicum
DM1729 and DM1933 by deletion of the
ilvB
gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of AHAS, led to
l
-valine,
l
-isoleucine, and
l
-leucine auxotrophy and to further-improved
l
-lysine production. In batch fermentations,
C. glutamicum
DM1729 Δ
ilvB
produced about 85% more
l
-lysine (70 mM versus 38 mM) and showed an 85%-higher substrate-specific product yield (0.180 versus 0.098 mol C/mol C) than
C. glutamicum
DM1729. Comparative transcriptome analysis of
C. glutamicum
DM1729 and
C. glutamicum
DM1729 Δ
ilvB
indicated transcriptional differences for about 50 genes, although not for those encoding enzymes involved in the
l
-lysine biosynthetic pathway.
Widespread Occurrence and Lateral Transfer of the Cyanobactin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria
Authors: Leikoski Niina , Fewer David P. , Sivonen Kaarina 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Cyanobactins are small cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria. Here we demonstrate the widespread but sporadic occurrence of the cyanobactin biosynthetic pathway. We detected a cyanobactin biosynthetic gene in 48 of the 132 strains included in this study. Our results suggest that cyanobactin biosynthetic genes have a complex evolutionary history in cyanobacteria punctuated by a series of ancient horizontal gene transfer events.