bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of introduced seaweeds
Authors: Schaffelke Britta , Hewitt Chad L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We analyzed 69 publications on the impacts of introduced seaweeds. The predominant impacts were changed competitive relationships in the recipient habitat, indicated by high abundances of invaders, resultant space monopolization, and reduced abundances/biomass of native macrophytes. Changes in biodiversity, effects on fish and invertebrate fauna, toxic effects on other biota, and habitat change were also identified. The mechanisms underlying the manifestation of impacts are uncertain and inferences about common patterns were hampered because impact studies were available for only a few introduced seaweeds, covered only a fraction of their introduced distribution and generally were conducted over short time scales. There was no information about evolutionary effects or changes of ecosystem processes. Knowledge of socio-economic impacts of invasive seaweeds is poor. We collated costs associated with control/eradication activities and for national spending on marine biosecurity in Australia, New Zealand and the United States. Prevention of impacts is the driving force for costly surveillance, eradication and control programs. Until we are able to understand, predict and measure impacts of introduced seaweeds, the management of species incursions needs to remain focused on early detection, rapid response and control to reduce the likelihood of negative impact effects.
Quantifying Evidence for Candidate Gene Polymorphisms: Bayesian Analysis Combining Sequence-Specific and Quantitative Trait Loci Colocation Information
Authors: Ball Roderick D 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We calculate posterior probabilities for candidate genes as a function of genomic location. Posterior probabilities for quantitative trait loci (QTL) presence in a small interval are calculated using a Bayesian model-selection approach based on the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and used to combine QTL colocation information with sequence-specific evidence, e.g., from differential expression and/or association studies. Our method takes into account uncertainty in estimation of number and locations of QTL and estimated map position. Posterior probabilities for QTL presence were calculated for simulated data with n = 100, 300, and 1200 QTL progeny and compared with interval mapping and composite-interval mapping. Candidate genes that mapped to QTL regions had substantially larger posterior probabilities. Among candidates with a given Bayes factor, those that map near a QTL are more promising for further investigation with association studies and functional testing or for use in marker-aided selection. The BIC is shown to correspond very closely to Bayes factors for linear models with a nearly noninformative Zellner prior for the simulated QTL data with n ≥ 100. It is shown how to modify the BIC to use a subjective prior for the QTL effects.
The Role of Double-Stranded Break Repair in the Creation of Phenotypic Diversity at Cereal VRN1 Loci
Authors: Cockram James , Mackay Ian J , O'Sullivan Donal M 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nonhomologous repair of double-stranded breaks, although fundamental to the maintenance of genomic integrity in all eukaryotes, has received little attention as to its evolutionary consequences in the generation and selection of phenotypic diversity. Here we document the role of illegitimate recombination in the creation of novel alleles in VRN1 orthologs selected to confer adaptation to annual cropping systems in barley and wheat.
Subtelomeric Elements Influence But Do Not Determine Silencing Levels at Saccharomyces cerevisiae Telomeres
Authors: Mondoux Michelle A , Zakian Virginia A 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genes placed near telomeres are transcriptionally repressed (telomere position effect, TPE). Although telomeric DNA sequence is the same at all chromosome ends, the subtelomeric elements (STEs) and level of TPE vary from telomere to telomere. We tested whether STEs determine TPE levels. STEs contributed to TPE, as deleting the X element from the VI-R telomere modestly decreased silencing at this telomere. However, STEs were not the major determinant of TPE levels, as inserting the VI-R X element at the truncated VII-L telomere did not increase TPE. These data suggest that the TPE levels of individual telomeres are dependent on some aspect of chromosome context.
Extensive Allelic Variation in Gene Expression in Populus F1 Hybrids
Authors: Zhuang Yan , Adams Keith L 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Hybridization between plant species can induce speciation as well as phenotypic novelty and heterosis. Hybrids also can show genome rearrangements and gene expression changes compared with their parents. Here we determined the allelic variation in gene expression in Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoides F1 hybrids. Among 30 genes analyzed in four independently formed hybrids, 17 showed &gt;1.5-fold expression biases for one of the two alleles, and there was monoallelic expression of one gene. Expression ratios of the alleles differed between leaves and stems for 10 genes. The results suggest differential regulation of the two parental alleles in the hybrids. To determine if the allelic expression biases were caused by hybridization we compared the ratios of species-specific transcripts between an F1 hybrid and its parents. Thirteen of 19 genes showed allelic expression ratios in the hybrid that were significantly different from the ratios of the parental species. The P. deltoides allele of one gene was silenced in the hybrid. Modes of gene regulation were inferred from the hybrid–parent comparisons. Cis-regulation was inferred for 6 genes, trans-regulation for 1 gene, and combined cis- and trans-regulation for 9 genes. The results from this study indicate that hybridization between plant species can have extensive effects on allelic expression patterns, some of which might lead to phenotypic changes.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci From a Single-Tail Sample of the Phenotype Distribution Including Survival Data
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko J , Hoti Fabian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA new effective Bayesian quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach for the analysis of single-tail selected samples of the phenotype distribution is presented. The approach extends the affected-only tests to single-tail sampling with quantitative traits such as the log-normal survival time or censored/selected traits. A great benefit of the approach is that it enables the utilization of multiple-QTL models, is easy to incorporate into different data designs (experimental and outbred populations), and can potentially be extended to epistatic models. In inbred lines, the method exploits the fact that the parental mating type and the linkage phases (haplotypes) are known by definition. In outbred populations, two-generation data are needed, for example, selected offspring and one of the parents (the sires) in breeding material. The idea is to statistically (computationally) generate a fully complementary, maximally dissimilar, observation for each offspring in the sample. Bayesian data augmentation is then used to sample the space of possible trait values for the pseudoobservations. The benefits of the approach are illustrated using simulated data sets and a real data set on the survival of F2 mice following infection with Listeria monocytogenes.
Genomic Instability Within Centromeres of Interspecific Marsupial Hybrids
Authors: Metcalfe Cushla J , Bulazel Kira V , Ferreri Gianni C , Schroeder-Reiter Elizabeth , Wanner Gerhard , Rens Willem , Obergfell Craig , Eldridge Mark D B , O'Neill Rachel J 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that, within a lineage, particular genomic regions are subject to instability that can lead to specific types of chromosome rearrangements important in species incompatibility. Within family Macropodidae (kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, and potoroos), which exhibit recent and extensive karyotypic evolution, rearrangements involve chiefly the centromere. We propose that centromeres are the primary target for destabilization in cases of genomic instability, such as interspecific hybridization, and participate in the formation of novel chromosome rearrangements. Here we use standard cytological staining, cross-species chromosome painting, DNA probe analyses, and scanning electron microscopy to examine four interspecific macropodid hybrids (Macropus rufogriseus × Macropus agilis). The parental complements share the same centric fusions relative to the presumed macropodid ancestral karyotype, but can be differentiated on the basis of heterochromatic content, M. rufogriseus having larger centromeres with large C-banding positive regions. All hybrids exhibited the same pattern of chromosomal instability and remodeling specifically within the centromeres derived from the maternal (M. rufogriseus) complement. This instability included amplification of a satellite repeat and a transposable element, changes in chromatin structure, and de novo whole-arm rearrangements. We discuss possible reasons and mechanisms for the centromeric instability and remodeling observed in all four macropodid hybrids.
Injuries in Bouldering: A Prospective Study
Authors: Josephsen Gary , Shinneman Scott , Tamayo-Sarver Joshua , Josephsen Kelly , Boulware David , Hunt Matthew , Pham Hoai 
Published: December 2007

Objective Bouldering is a type of rock climbing in which the climber ascends small boulders with pads and spotters in lieu of ropes, with an emphasis on ascending the most difficult surface possible. We sought to investigate the prevalence and incidence of injuries, and we hypothesized boulderers who enlisted preventative measures and those who bouldered indoors would have fewer injuries. Methods This cross-sectional cohort study assessed incidence and pattern of injury among indoor and outdoor boulderers over 1 year. Results Spotting other boulderers resulted in few injuries, but both climbing and falling were associated with diffuse injuries. Finger and ankle injuries were common. Traditional preventative measures were ineffective, and there were few differences between indoor and outdoor boulderers. Conclusions Bouldering outdoors has an increased risk of injury to the fingers. Preventative measures appear largely ineffective in reducing the number of injuries in both cohorts.
Cause of Death in Avalanche Fatalities
Authors: McIntosh Scott E. , Grissom Colin K. , Olivares Christopher R. , Kim Han S. , Tremper Bruce 
Published: December 2007

Objective Avalanches pose a life-threatening risk to participants of outdoor winter activities. Determining the causes of death in avalanche fatalities can aid rescue and resuscitation strategies and hopefully improve survival. Methods The study population included all avalanche fatalities in Utah from the 1989–90 to 2005–06 winter seasons. The Utah Avalanche Center and Medical Examiner records were reviewed to identify accident circumstances, autopsy findings, and causes of death. Results Fifty-six avalanche deaths were identified during the study period. Most deaths occurred while participating in recreational backcountry activities; 85.7% of deaths were due to asphyxiation, 8.9% were due to a combination of asphyxiation and trauma, and 5.4% were due to trauma alone. Head injuries were frequent in those killed solely by trauma. Conclusions Most avalanche deaths in Utah result from asphyxia. Therefore, most victims are alive in the postavalanche period and have the potential for live recovery. Rescue strategies that employ rapid recovery as well as techniques that prolong survival while buried provide the best means of improving outcome.
Scales to Assess the Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review
Authors: Olivo Susan Armijo , Macedo Luciana Gazzi , Gadotti Inae Caroline , Fuentes Jorge , Stanton Tasha , Magee David J 
Published: December 2007

Background and PurposeThe methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is commonly evaluated in order to assess the risk of biased estimates of treatment effects. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify scales used to evaluate the methodological quality of RCTs in health care research and summarize the content, construction, development, and psychometric properties of these scales.MethodsExtensive electronic database searches, along with a manual search, were performed.ResultsOne hundred five relevant studies were identified. They accounted for 21 scales and their modifications. The majority of scales had not been rigorously developed or tested for validity and reliability. The Jadad Scale presented the best validity and reliability evidence; however, its validity for physical therapy trials has not been supported.Discussion and ConclusionMany scales are used to evaluate the methodological quality of RCTs, but most of these scales have not been adequately developed and have not been adequately tested for validity and reliability. A valid and reliable scale for the assessment of the methodological quality of physical therapy trials needs to be developed.
Polyelectrolyte Blend Multilayers: A Versatile Route to Engineering Interfaces and Films
Authors: Quinn A. , Such G. K. , Quinn J. F. , Caruso F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe ability to reliably engineer surfaces with nanoscale precision is a rapidly developing field of research with applications ranging from biosensing and biomedical materials to antifouling and corrosion protection. The layer‐by‐layer (LbL) approach is a widely utilized method for engineering surfaces, in part because of the large array of polymeric materials that can be integrated and the diverse range of functionality that these materials afford. Herein, we discuss the LbL deposition of multicomponent ‘blend' solutions to form polyelectrolyte blend multilayer films and coatings. This approach is a versatile platform for enhancing film stability, incorporating a wide range of functional materials, controlling film morphology and material properties, and increasing biological response, thereby expanding the range of potential applications.
Multiple Functionalization of Mesoporous Silica in One‐Pot: Direct Synthesis of Aluminum‐Containing Plugged SBA‐15 from Aqueous Nitrate Solutions
Authors: Wu Z. Y. , Wang H. J. , Zhuang T. T. , Sun L. B. , Wang Y. M. , Zhu J. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAluminum‐containing plugged mesoporous silica has been successfully prepared in an aqueous solution that contains triblock copolymer templates, nitrates, and silica sources but without using mineral acid. The acidity of the solution can be finely tuned from pH 1.4 to 2.8 according to the amount of the introduced aluminum species which ranged from an Al/Si molar ratio of 0.25/1 to 4.0/1. The aluminum nitrate additive in the starting mixture, along with the weak acidity produced by the nitrates, contributes to the formation of plugged hexagonal structures and the introduction of different amounts of aluminum species into the mesostructure. Characterization by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 sorption measurements show that the Al‐containing plugged silicas possess well‐ordered hexagonal mesostructures with high surface areas (700–860 m2 g–1), large pore volume (0.77–1.05 cm3 g–1) and, more importantly, combined micropores and/or small mesopores in the cylindrical channels. Inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry results show that 0.7–3.0 wt % aluminum can be introduced into the final samples. 27Al MAS NMR results display that about 43–60% aluminum species are incorporated into the skeleton of the Al‐containing silicas and the amount of the framework aluminum increases as the initial added nitrates rises. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the directly synthesized Al‐containing plugged silica has a similar morphology to that of traditional SBA‐15. Furthermore, the Al‐containing plugged samples have excellent performances in the adsorption and the catalytic decomposition of isopropyl alcohol and nitrosamine. Finally, the direct synthesis method is used to produce plugged mesoporous silicas that contain other metals such as chromium and copper, and the resultant samples also show good catalytic activities.
Graphene Physics in Graphite
Authors: Kopelevich Y. , Esquinazi P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSingle layers of carbon dubbed “graphene”, from which graphite is built, have attracted broad interest in the scientific community because of recent exciting experimental results. Graphene is interesting from a fundamental research perspective, as well as for potential technological applications. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent developments in this field, focusing especially on the electronic properties of graphite. Experimental evidence indicates that high‐quality graphite is a multi‐layer system with nearly decoupled 2D graphene planes. Based on experimental observations, we anticipate that thin graphite samples and not single layers will be the most promising candidates for graphene‐based electronics.
Inside Front Cover: Modulating Neuronal Responses by Controlled Integration of Acetylcholine‐like Functionalities in Biomimetic Polymers (Adv. Mater. 24/2007)
Authors: Gumera C. B. , Wang Y. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPrimary neurons respond to acetylcholine functionalities in polymers in a dose‐dependent manner, report Christiane Gumera and Yadong Wang on p. 4404. The control of the interactions between a biomaterial and neurons may enable novel clinical treatments for neurological disorders. Here, the repeating unit of the polymer is shown on top of neurites extending from the dorsal root ganglia cultured on the polymer.
In utero exposure to mycophenolate mofetil: A characteristic phenotype?
Authors: Perez‐Aytes Antonio , Ledo Ana , Boso Virginia , Sáenz Pilar , Roma Eva , Poveda José Luis , Vento Maximo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a widely prescribed immunosuppressive agent after solid organ transplantation. Potential teratogenic effects after in utero exposure to MMF in experimental studies and clinical observations in humans has been postulated in recent literature. However, a specific pattern of malformation has not been identified yet. We present a newborn patient, born to a recipient of renal transplantation, who became pregnant while taking MMF as immunosuppressive therapy. The newborn exhibited cleft lip and palate, bilateral microtia and atretic external auditory canals, chorioretinal coloboma, hypertelorism, and micrognathia. An extensive review of the literature documented six other cases with similar malformations after in utero exposure to MMF. A consistent pattern of malformations comprising cleft lip and palate, microtia and external auditory canals could be observed in five of the six cases. A different malformative pattern observed in one of the patients could be attributed to a different agent rather than MMF. The possible teratogenic effects of other immunosuppressive drugs, such as tacrolimus and prednisone, to which this patient was also exposed, are discussed herein. In addition, the differential diagnosis with other dysmorphic syndromes that can present with a similar phenotype, such as CHARGE syndrome, 18q deletion and hypertelorism‐microtia‐clefting (HMC) syndrome, is presented. We conclude that in utero exposure to MMF can cause a characteristic phenotype and propose the existence of a mycophenolate‐associated embryopathy whose main features are: cleft lip and palate, microtia with atresia of external auditory canal, micrognathia and hypertelorism. Ocular anomalies, corpus callosum agenesis, heart defects, kidney malformations, and diaphragmatic hernia may be part of the phenotypic spectrum of MMF embryopathy. The human teratogenicity of MMF is reinforced by this report, and the current contraceptive recommendations about its use in fertile women are stressed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked polystyrene microspheres via dispersion copolymerization with the crosslinker‐postaddition method
Authors: Cui Hengli , Chen Hou , Qu Rongjun , Wang Chunhua , Ji Chunnuan , Sun Changmei , Zhou Wenying , Yu Mengmeng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMonodisperse crosslinked polystyrene microspheres were prepared by the dispersion copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in a mixed solvent of ethanol and H2O. 2,2′‐Azobisisobutyronitrile and poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) were used as the initiator and steric stabilizer, respectively. The crosslinker‐postaddition method was adopted through a slow addition of a crosslinking agent into the dispersion system at a certain time after the beginning of the polymerization. The effects of the postaddition recipe, postaddition beginning time, postaddition velocity, and agitation rate on the particle size, size distribution, and morphology were discussed. The resulting polymer microspheres were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and laser particle analysis. Crosslinked polystyrene microspheres with a narrow size distribution and a 12.0% crosslinker level were obtained with a size of 1.0 μm through the crosslinker‐postaddition method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Preparation of a three‐dimensional ordered macroporous titanium dioxide material with polystyrene colloid crystal as a template
Authors: Li Shi , Zheng Jingtang , Zhao Yucui , Liu Ying 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPolystyrene (PS) photonic colloid crystals were assembled from PS spheres prepared by emulsion‐free polymerization through an improved vertical deposition method that could shorten the assembly time efficiently. The monodispersity of the spheres was appraised according to the standard deviation. The results showed that the PS spheres had a high monodispersity with a standard deviation of 3.7% and a dispersion coefficient of 0.02. The morphology and bandgap structure were observed with scanning electron microscopy images and transmission spectra, respectively. The mechanism of vertical deposition was analyzed simply. As an application of PS colloid crystals, ordered macroporous TiO2 photonic crystals were prepared, and the structure and properties of macroporous TiO2 were also studied with various analytical methods, which provided some values for the fabrication of photonic crystals with a complete bandgap. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008