bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bovine coccidiosis: Protective effects of low-level infection and coccidiostat treatments in calves
Authors: Conlogue Gerald , Foreyt William J. , Wescott Richard B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty coccidia-free Holstein bull calves were allotted to groups to study effects of treatment with lasalocid and decoquinate on subsequent resistance to coccidiosis (Eimeria spp infections). Calves fed medicated rations of either drug at dosages of 50 mg/kg of feed (approx 1.2 mg/kg of body weight) had significantly fewer oocysts (P < 0.01) than did nontreated controls regardless of other procedures used. Treated calves premunized with 2,000 oocysts/day for 5 days and later challenge inoculated with 200,000 oocysts did not develop diarrhea, unless the drugs were withdrawn from feed. Animals premunized (2,000 oocysts/day for 5 days) in absence of drug were no more resistant to the challenge inoculation than nonpremunized animals. These results indicated that lasalocid and decoquinate were efficacious coccidiostats and protected calves as long as they were administered. Cessation of drug treatment usually resulted in appearance of oocysts in feces and diarrhea. Premunization alone cannot be expected to prevent coccidiosis when animals are exposed to large numbers of oocysts.
Functional and ultrastructural evaluation of neutrophils from foals and lactating and nonlactating mares
Authors: Coignoul F. L. , Bertram T. A. , Roth J. A. , Cheville N. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neutrophils from 4 pony foals, 3 lactating pony mares, and 3 nonlactating mares were evaluated ultrastructurally and by in vitro function tests. Neutrophils from foals had significantly (P = 0.05) less random migration than neutrophils from mares; values in tests for iodination and Staphylococcus aureus ingestion were also lower with foal neutrophils. Neutrophils from lactating mares had lower responses to iodination, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and random migration tests than did neutrophils from nonlactating mares. Ultrastructurally, granule concentration did not differ significantly among groups. A slight decrease in primary granules and a corresponding increase in granules with a flocculent matrix indicates partial spontaneous neutrophil degranulation in foals and lactating mares.
Dyschondroplasias, including osteochondrosis, in boars between 25 and 169 days of age: Histologic changes
Authors: Hill Michael A. , Ruth George R. , Hilley Harvey D. , Hansgen Diane C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microscopic sections of physeal and articular-epiphyseal (a-e) cartilages from major limb bones of 60 boars between 25 and 169 days of age were examined. The objectives in this study were to determine the age of onset and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis, a defect of endochondral ossification.
Lesions regarded as typical of osteochondrosis were associated with physes of pigs from 25 days of age, indicating an earlier age of onset than has generally been documented. Two morphologically distinct lesions were observed, but both had areas with increased depth of the zone of hypertrophying chondrocytes. Some lesions were repairing. With increasing age of the pigs, the number of involved physes increased in each of 6 different age groups up to 169 days.
Lesions associated with physea were observed in boars younger than those with lesions associated with a-e complexes. A few pigs at, or older than, 53 days of age, had osteochondrosis-like lesions involving epiphyseal growth cartilages. However, a dyschondroplasia different from osteochondrosis and typified by chondrolysis was more frequently associated with a-e complexes of pigs at or > 79 days of age. The number of affected cartilages and sites with this type of lesion also increased with age. Although osteoarthrosis had not developed in any of the pigs, it is probable that chondrolytic areas were precursors of degenerative joint disease.
To date, osteochondrosis has been used to encompass lesions involving physes and a-e complexes. However, in view of the findings in the present study, dyschondroplasia is the preferred term to be used generically and then qualified by morphologic description, since causations may be different.
Dyschondroplasias, including osteochondrosis, in boars between 25 and 169 days of age: Radiologic changes
Authors: Hill Michael A. , Hilley Harvey D. , Feeney Daniel A. , Ruth George R. , Hansgen Diane C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Boars in 6 different groups ((between 25 and 169 days of age) were examined radiographically to determine the age of onset of lesions associated with the sites of endochondral ossification in limb bones.
Although lesions were in histopathologic sections of physes from all groups of pigs, they were not found frequently in radiographs of live animals until boars were more than 100 days old. Microscopic lesions were infrequent in articular-epiphyseal (a-e) complexes of pigs < 80 days old, and radiographic examination of live animals had limited value until animals were > 100 days old. Radiographs of slabs of bone were useful in the detection of physes with lesions in all age groups and a-e complexes with lesions in boars 100 days of age or older.
So that the accuracy of radiographic examination of live animals for the diagnosis of dyschondroplasias could be evaluated, a comparison was made between the numbers of growth cartilages with lesions as determined by radiologic examination of live animals, radiographic examination of slabs of bone, and light microscopy (examination of tissue sections). Only 21% of the lesions associated with physes and 22% of the lesions associated with a-e complexes were detected in radiographs of bones of live pigs. The authors concluded that the latter method was inaccurate for the identification of dyschondroplastic foci. Identification of lesions by examination of radiographs of slabs of bone was only slightly more accurate, since 33% of physes and 23% of a-e complexes which had lesions were found. Potential errors in evaluation of radiographs were discussed.
Despite the limited diagnostic value that radiographs of live boars have for dyschondroplasias, these radiographs used in conjunction with those of slabs of bone enabled the authors to estimate the age of lesions. Lesions in histopathologic sections were associated with the physes of the youngest pigs and by using the depths of lesions in radiographs of slabs of bone to estimate ages of lesions, it was hypothesized that the age of onset was < 14 days. Lesions associated with physes and a-e complexes apparently developed continuously and regressed as the pigs grew.
Persistence of passively acquired antibodies to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in swine
Authors: Paul P. S. , Mengeling W. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The persistence of passively acquired antibodies to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) was determined in 4 pigs in each of the litters of 10 sows. At time of delivery by the sows, the colostrum and serum samples (from the 10 sows) had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to hev. All of the pigs also had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to hev at 2 days of age. The level of circulating antibodies to hev decreased at a nonlinear rate and persisted for about 4 to 18 (mean 10.5) weeks in the circulation of pigs. All 40 pigs were seronegative at 20 weeks of age.
Extraction of viral DNA from erythrocytes of swine with acute African swine fever
Authors: Wesley Ronald D. , Quintero Julio C. , Mebus Charles A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The preparation of wild-type African swine fever (asf) virus DNA from small amounts of viremic blood from acutely febrile pigs is outlined. The extracted DNA is viral and not host-cell DNA, because of specific homology with cell culture grown and purified asf virus and because no DNA bands are obtained with an equal amount of nonviremic pig blood. Thus, in the absence of suitable serologic methods for strain identification, it is now possible to catalogue wild-type isolates by characteristic DNA restriction patterns. The wild-type virus genome contains terminal single-stranded DNA cross-links and has the largest genome size (180 kilobase pairs) reported for the asf virus. Experimental passage of the virus in contact-infected pigs and buffy coat cultures appears to confirm the stable nature of the asf genome in the field.
Acute monensin toxicosis in sheep: Light and electron microscopic changes
Authors: Anderson T. D. , Van Alstine W. G. , Ficken M. D. , Miskimins D. W. , Carson T. L. , Osweiler G. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Monensin was administered orally to 3 sheep at dosages of 12 (the ld50), 16, and 24 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Clinical signs of monensin toxicosis were observed in the sheep in 24 to 36 hours of administration. Clinical signs included cns depression, anorexia, diarrhea, and stiffness. Increased serum creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities identified possible muscle damage. Sheep were euthanatized at 54 hours after dosing; at necropsy, there were skeletal muscle hemorrhages, pale myocardium, and pulmonary edema.
Ultrastructural lesions were in the liver, diaphragm, and myocardium; diaphragm and myocardium were most severely affected. Mitochondrial swelling and cristolysis, swollen sarcoplasmic reticulum, and disruption of myofibrillar architecture were prominent. These ultrastructural changes are consistent with the hypothesis that monensin causes muscle cell necrosis due to its ionophorous properties and disruption of cellular Na+:Ca2+ balance. It is proposed that this upset of normal ionic processes allows increased intracellular calcium, which directly leads to the functional and structural mitochondrial changes observed.
Critical test evaluations of oxfendazole and trichlorfon: Effectiveness of a paste formulation in the horse
Authors: Presson B. L. , Hamm D. , Yazwinski T. A. , Pote L. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Critical tests were performed on 6 horses to evaluate the antiparasitic effectiveness of oxfendazole given in combination with trichlorfon in a paste formulation. Treatments were given orally as a single dose. The rates of active ingredient administration were 2.5 and 40 mg/kg of body weight for oxfendazole and trichlorfon, respectively. The combined activities of the 2 antiparasitic compounds proved 100% efficacious in the removal of adult Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, Oxyuris equi, and Parascaris equorum. Fourth stage O equi, and 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus nasalis also were completely removed. Second and 3rd stage instars of G intestinalis were removed at the rates of 98.1% and 98.8%, respectively. Nematodes of the “small strongyle” category were removed at the combined rate of 97.0%.
Pronounced larvicidal effects of the test formulation were demonstrated via culturing fecal nematode eggs during the trial. Untoward effects of treatment were not seen in any of the trial animals.
Enhanced uptake of liposomes by bovine macrophages after opsonization with antibodies to Brucella abortus
Authors: Quelch V. , Reed K. R. , Erdos G. W. , Nicoletti P. L. , Hoffmann E. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol liposomes containing 4(5) carboxyfluorescein were modified by incorporation of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide. These vesicles were opsonized with bovine anti-B abortus or anti-B abortus plus complement. The fluorescent marker entrapped in antibody-opsonized liposomes was taken up by cultured bovine macrophages more effectively than was the same compound which had been loaded into nonopsonized liposomes. The addition of bovine complement to antibody-opsonized liposomes did not increase the extent of 4(5) carboxyfluorescein uptake over that caused by antibodies alone.
The system, described in this report, could be used as a model for evaluation of the efficacy of selectively directing liposomes containing antibiotics to macrophages infected with intracellular B abortus, since macrophages possess Fc receptors capable of binding antibody-opsonized liposomes.
Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomaviruses in hyperplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions of animals
Authors: Sundberg John P. , Junge Randall E. , Lancaster Wayne D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a retrospective study of selected hyperplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions of wild, exotic, and domestic animals, paraffin sections from 438 biopsies and 15 necropsies were screened for the presence of papillomavirus structural antigens, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Viral antigens were detected in tissues from 9 of 21 different mammalian, 1 of 5 avian, and 0 of 2 reptilian species. The latter tissues were histopathologically classified as papillomas, fibropapillomas, and fibromas and of canine origin (n = 6), squamous cell carcinoma. Virus could be readily detected by transmission electron microscopy in lesions that contained numerous nuclei which stained positively by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique.
Morbidity and mortality in neonatal kittens
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Monti Katherine L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The mortality patterns of 294 Domestic Shorthair kittens indicated that birth weight was closely related to survivability.
Slightly over half of the nonsurviving kittens lost at 0 to 3 days of life were stillborn. Abnormal gross anatomy did not appear to be a major factor in neonatal kitten death. Mortality was lowest at the 5th parity and in litters of 5 kittens. Litters of 1 kitten experienced high mortality. Smaller queens tended to deliver fewer kittens per litter, but with improved kitten viability. Overweight queens experienced increased mortality of kittens. Further examination of mortality by litter size also revealed that low birth weight kittens tended to survive less often than normal birth weight kittens, even within the same litter.
Use of taste repellents and emetics to prevent accidental poisoning of dogs
Authors: Houpt Katherine , Zgoda James C. , Stahlbaum Cathi C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve taste repellents and 3 oral emetics were tested. The taste repellents were capsaicin, capsicum, oleoresin, sucrose octaacetate, quinine tonic, quassia wood extract, vanillamide, horseradish extract, caffeine, pepperoni enhancer, acorn extract, and commercially available bitter and hot flavors. The emetics tested were: antimony potassium tartrate, apomorphine, and copper sulfate. Intake of a 20% sucrose solution by Beagles was significantly depressed by addition of vanillamide at concentrations > 0.001%, by capsicum and capsaicin at concentrations > 0.01%, and by horseradish extract, pepperoni enhancer, and a commercially available hot flavor at concentrations > 0.1%. Antimony potassium tartrate, when added to the 20% sucrose solution at a concentration of 0.1%, produced emesis as did apomorphine at a concentration of 0.005% and copper sulfate at 1%. When the emetic antimony potassium tartrate was combined with vanillamide in a 20% sucrose solution, intake was reduced to < 20 ml, and vomiting occurred within 15 minutes. Capsaicin (0.02%) inhibited intake of ethylene glycol to less than the lethal dose in 5 dogs tested. Incorporation of such taste repellents and/or emetics into potentially poisonous substances would reduce accidental poisoning of animals and children.
Prevalence of enteric pathogens in the feces of healthy beef calves
Authors: Myers L. L. , Firehammer B. D. , Border Maryon M. , Shoop D. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fecal specimens from 136 healthy beef calves (1 day to 12 weeks of age) were examined for the presence of infectious agents known to cause enteric disease in calves. The calves were selected from 22 herds in which all calves were free of clinically apparent enteric disease. Salmonella sp, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium, and coronavirus were not detected in any of the calves. Three calves were infected with rotavirus and 1 calf was infected with Yersinia enterocolitis. Campylobacter-like bacteria were isolated from 50 of 130 calves, with 36 of the calves positive for C jejuni. Seemingly, clinically normal calves may be infected more often with enterotoxigenic Ε coli, Cryptosporidium, coronavirus, or rotavirus in herds in which some calves have enteric disease than in herds free of major enteric disease. Campylobacter jejuni was well adapted to the bovine host and was of similar prevalence in diarrheal and nondiarrheal calves.
The K99 positive, nonenterotoxigenic Ε coli was isolated from the feces of 16 healthy calves. Information in addition to the presence of K99 antigen is useful when diagnosing enterotoxic colibacillosis in calves.
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of pancuronium bromide in calves anesthetized with halothane
Authors: Hildebrand S. V. , Howitt G. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pancuronium bromide was administered to calves to define the dosage level necessary to produce surgical relaxation (90% to 99% reduction of base-line evoked, hind-limb digital-extensor muscle twitch tension). Initial dosage level requirement was 43 ± 9 μg/kg of body weight. Calves with this degree of relaxation required 26 ± 14 minutes to achieve 50% recovery and 43 ± 19 minutes to achieve complete return of base-line muscle twitch. Calves given a repeat injection of pancuronium at base-line muscle twitch required 27 ± 9 μg/kg to achieve relaxation similar to that of the 1st dose. The 2nd dose did not last as long as the 1st, with complete recovery occurring in 37 ± 12 minutes. Maximum evoked tension occurred at 200-to 400-g resting tension on the hoof.
There was an absence of heart rate or blood pressure changes after injection of relaxant and a variable and inconsistent fade response to train-of-four and tetanic stimulus of the facial muscles. Acid-base values were alkalemic (pHa 7.5 ± 0.08) when ventilation was controlled at eucapnia (Paco2, 25 to 45 mm of Hg).
Inactivation of bovine leukemia virus-infected lymphocytes in milk
Authors: Rubino Michael J. , Donham Kelley J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The survival of bovine leukemia virus (blv)-infected lymphocytes in milk was studied to determine whether treatments similar to those on a dairy farm would inactivate blv. Bovine leukemia virus was found in milk stored for 72 hours at 1.1 C (34 F); milk constituents, such as protein, total solids, minerals, fat, and somatic cell concentration did not affect the presence of blv. Infectivity also was found in the cream layer of milk. Pasteurization at 63 C for 30 minutes did inactivate blv-infected lymphocytes.
Experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Potgieter L. N. D. , McCracken M. D. , Hopkins F. M. , Walker R. D. , Guy J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five 6-month-old calves were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus (n = 3) or Pasteurella haemolytica (n = 2) endobronchially with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Five additional calves were inoculated sequentially with bvd virus followed by Ρ haemolytica at a 5-day interval. Blood samples were collected daily from the calves for bacterial isolation. Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease in calves were recorded daily. If the calves survived, they were killed for necropsy 3 or 4 days after inoculation with Ρ haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with bvd virus). The extent and nature of pulmonary lesions in the calves were determined, and the lower portion of the respiratory tract (lungs and trachea) was examined for both these organisms.
The 3 calves, inoculated with bvd virus only, developed mild clinical signs mainly manifested as fever, nasal discharge, and occasional cough. Approximately 2% to 7% of the total lung capacity of these calves was pneumonic. Mild clinical signs and localized lesions involving about 15% of the lung volume developed in the 2 calves exposed to Ρ haemolytica only. However, severe fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia and pleuritis involving 40% to 75% of lung volume developed in the 5 calves inoculated sequentially with bvd virus and Ρ haemolytica. The possible role bvd virus may have in bovine respiratory tract disease is discussed.
Topographic distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion in the horse
Authors: Amis T. C. , Pascoe John R. , Hornof W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The regional distribution of ventilation to perfusion ratios (V̇A/Q̇) in the lungs of 8 healthy standing Thoroughbred geldings (4.4 ± 1.5 years, 465.7 ± 46.6 kg) was studied, using steady-state inhalation and iv infusion of the radioactive gas krypton-81m. The V̇A/Q̇ was uniformly distributed within a vertical lung strip centered over the 9th rib on the right side. Ventilation per unit of alveolar volume (V̇/VA) assessed from the clearance of inhaled radioactive gas in 5 horses increased from 0.49 ± 0.13 (arbitrary units) in nondependent lung zones to 1.45 ± 0.16 in dependent lung zones. Seemingly, a vertical gradient of pulmonary ventilation exists in the horse that is matched by a similar gradient of perfusion.
Prevalence of Onchocerca cervicalis in equids in the Gulf Coast region
Authors: Klei Thomas R. , Torbert Betty , Chapman Melanie R. , Foil Lane 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were detected in midventral skin biopsy samples in 64 of 84 (76%) mixed-breed ponies > 2 years old from the Gulf Coast area and in 42 of 51 (82.4%) horses from Louisiana breeding herds. The number of microfilariae per 8 mm of biopsied skin (ponies) ranged from 1 to 21,570. The number of microfilariae per 6 mm of biopsied skin (horses) ranged from 8 to 55,600.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus antibody in swine sera
Authors: Nelson L. D. , Kelling C. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection and quantification of serum antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in swine. Sera from pigs inoculated with cell culture-origin tgev or gut-origin tgev were tested for anti-tgev antibody by elisa and by serum virus-neutralization test (nt). The elisa detected antibody 3 days (av) sooner than did the nt when sera from pigs inoculated with cell culture-origin tgev were tested and 1 day sooner than did the nt when sera from pigs inoculated with gut-origin tgev were tested. The elisa appeared to be more sensitive than the nt, since elisa was more responsive to low-level antibody and elisa titers exceeded nt titers.