bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drilling Waste Management Plans for Exploration and Production Operations in Iran
Authors: Mohammadi M. Kalhor , Tahmasbi K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
More than 200 wells are drilled in Iran for exploration and development operations every year. These drilling operations would annually generate millions of barrels of wastes that has become a main problem for the major operators and their future liabilities. Also, the total well construction cost increases by increasing environmental restriction every year.
For many years, traditional drilling fluids and solids control equipment have been used and there has not been any drilling waste management strategy to minimize the wastes. In addition, traditional disposal options are used at the site without any treatments or practices before discharge of the wastes. Today, operators are looking for implementing cost effective waste management practices and treatments to meet the environmental requirements in Iran.
This paper will introduce a drilling waste management plan with operational practices for waste minimization, re-cycling and disposal by considering the environmental legislation and the economy of the drilling operations. Also, operational requirements will be discussed for treating drilling fluids wastes and contaminated cuttings with the instruction for measuring generated waste.
In conclusion, implementing new technologies for drilling waste management requires long term goals for operators with environmental and economical investigations to keep them in compliance with current regulations. It should be considered that monitoring and reviewing the waste management practices can improve the performance of the designed plan for a country such as Iran with consecutive increase in drilling operations.
Health Circles—A Tool for Work Place Health Promotion in the Oil Industry
Authors: Schunder-Tatzber Susanne , Unterberger Werner 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Traditional efforts concerning occupational safety and health with the focus on individuals and the physical working environment are often not sufficient to meet the spectrum health problems in modern working life. The target of health promotion programs in the workplace has often been the individual rather than the underlying working conditions that affect health and wellness. Traditional workplace practices need to be complemented by a wider public health perspective that integrates the level of the individual with the group and the company or organisation. The idea of healthy organisations can only be reached by a stronger involvement of employees and a closer collaboration with managers. One way to reach this aim is Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) and a specific tool is Health Circles. These Circles should develop proposed solutions for job design in a manner, which promotes health, and to increase the individual's responsibilities and competencies for his/her own health – so it is a bottom – up approach tool, which requires the active involvement of the workforce. Health Circle focuses on short-and mid-term improvements of working conditions and aspects of job design and will not alter the organisational structures of the company.
Health Circles should look at the working environment in their particular work units – like workstation ergonomics or organisational dynamics, which have impact on the health. According to the fact, that this tool demonstrated its effectiveness in some works sites of OMV since 1996, it was decided to implement Health Circles group-wide in OMV.
An OMV Health Circle has at least one moderator, who guides the group and reports the findings to the OMV Health Circle Steering Committee. These moderators should have experience in their specific work, should be accepted by their peers and should have to follow a specific Health Circle moderator training, where the participants learn about the aims of WHP, Health Circle and methods of moderating and presenting.
According to international experience optimal groups have between 6 -12 members – and every single employee could become a member and they meet normally 1-2 times for 1-2 h a month/quarter during paid working time.
Europ Assistance's New Approach of Clinic and Patient Management Tools: An Integrated Solution
Authors: Belliard P. A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
As a medical provider we were faced with a common dilemma: how to efficiently manage the medical support to Oil & Gas companies, who have very specific needs and obligations, with tools that were developed for entirely different uses. After investigating the solutions available on the market, it became clear that none would meet all the above-mentioned requirements. Those "off the shelf" solutions would need to either be completely revamped or to be used in conjunction with other incomplete solutions in order to approach the level of excellence that we were looking for, but never really attain it. We identified two main groups of existing solutions: the first group was made up of very complex systems designed for the management of hospitals, while the second one was comprised of much lighter solutions aimed at small medical offices. Neither one met the requirements of our very specific activity. Therefore, it was decided to develop a proprietary tools meeting and exceeding our activity's requirements.
Sustainable CSR Activities in Uganda
Authors: Brunton G. , Early M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
As an independent oil and gas exploration and production company, Tullow approaches its CSR commitments in a unique way to ensure positive links with the local communities in which it works. The core criteria for Tullow support focuses on assisting children, improving education and providing basic health requirements. An initial dialogue is held with key locals to establish a clear priority of actions then the Team look at ways of achieving these improvements in a sustainable way.
Two such examples from the Tullow Uganda operations which highlight this are described in the paper. The first outlines the lifejacket project where Tullow worked with a local company employing people from the villages to make internationally certified lifejackets. The lifejackets were designed for use by the fishermen on the lake and the project was accompanied by an incentive plan to ensure the lifejackets are worn.
The second example is the Bee Keeping Co-operative where co-operatives were set up in 10 villages to build and manage 200 bee hives with expansion plans to 2000. Sunflowers and fruit trees were planted to provide additional sources of nectar for the bees and to maximise production. Although providing ongoing support and development options, this project is fully sustainable and would function in the area without Tullow involvement.
The paper concludes that Tullow has demonstrated significant and sustainable benefit to the communities in Uganda where it operates. The results of the lifejacket project has shown lives are being saved among the fishing community and the sustainable commercial output from the bee keeping industry has brought prosperity to the village co-operatives and improvements to the quality of life in these areas. The Tullow CSR activities show involvement and alignment with the local communities which are sustainable and successful.
Screening for Human Factors in Process Safety and Technical Integrity
Authors: McLeod Ron 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Shell Group requires all new facilities projects to apply the principles of Human Factors Engineering (HFE) from early project stages. Shell's HFE process is based around a screening, conducted early in front end engineering, to identify areas of risk or opportunity. The purpose is to identify where a structured programme of Human Factors Engineering can add value either in reducing risk or improving operational performance. This paper summarises the importance of Human Factors Engineering to process safety and technical integrity and provides an overview of the three screening tools used by Shell. It emphasizes the critical importance of Challenge to HFE.
Hydrocarborn Seepage in Former Drilling Mud Pits
Authors: Vicente Elena Luisa 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
For a long time, as an industry accepted practice, the oil companies digged ground drilling pits in well locations. The pits were open and mainly intended to operate as a containment reservoir for drilling and completion fluids. Nevertheless, their useful life did not end in said operation. The pits remained open besides the well to receive solid and liquid waste during their entire useful life.
These problems generated a reaction from the community and from the application authority that, through Resolution 341/93, enforced compliance of schedules for plugging pits according to the criteria of potential risk.
Terms set forth by the application authorities were short, based on the number of open pits, the lack of methodology to be applied and the scarcity of contractors.
Hematuria and transitional cell papilloma of the renal pelvis treated via unilateral nephrectomy in an alpaca
Authors: Gerspach Christian , Hull Bruce L. , Rings D. Michael , Chew Dennis J. , Beamer Gillian L. , Hubbell John A. E. , Lakritz Jeffrey 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Case Description—An 11-year-old 72-kg (158-lb) sexually intact female alpaca was examined for diagnosis and treatment of hematuria of 4 months' duration.
Clinical Findings—Pigmenturia was detected by the owner when the alpaca was 8 months pregnant. Radiographic, ultrasonographic, vaginal speculum, and cystoscopic evaluation of the urinary tract revealed normal vaginal and urethral epithelia and increased bladder vessel tortuosity, with pulses of hemorrhage from the left ureter. Regenerative anemia and mild leukopenia were detected and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were within reference ranges.
Treatment and Outcome—Chronic hematuria resolved after unilateral nephrectomy of the left kidney, and no dysfunction was detected in the remaining kidney. Histologic evaluation of the kidney revealed a transitional cell tumor in the renal pelvis.
Clinical Relevance—Although anemia is common in South American camelids, hematuria is an uncommon sign of this condition. Chronic urinary tract infection, toxin ingestion, and neoplasia causing hematuria or hemoglobinuria should be considered in South American camelids with pigmenturia. Thorough and systematic evaluation of the urinary tract should be performed to locate the site of hemorrhage to treat hematuria appropriately.
Compositional characterisation and thermodynamic modelling of nitride precipitates in a 12% Cr steel
Authors: Albu Mihaela , Martín Francisca Méndez , Kothleitner Gerald , Sonderegger Bernhard 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In 9–12% Cr steels, nitrides (MX, M2X) and modified Z-phase ((Cr, V, Nb, Fe)N)) are of special interest because of their different contribution to the creep strength of the material. The changes in the chemical composition of complex nitrides and their crystallography were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. A method based on multiple linear least squares fit procedures was applied to extract the complete element content of the nitrides from the electron energy loss spectra. These results, augmented by X-ray spectroscopic data, were compared with the outcomes of the thermodynamic model implemented in the software package MatCalc. The elemental concentrations of precipitates under study i. e. the M2X, MX and modified Z-phase are in good agreement with simulations.
A simple classification of soil types as habitats of biological soil crusts on the Colorado Plateau, USA
Authors: Bowker Matthew A. , Belnap Jayne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractQuestion:Can a simple soil classification method, accessible to non‐experts, be used to infer properties of the biological soil crust (BSC) communities such as species richness, evenness, and structure?Location:Grand Staircase‐Escalante National Monument, an arid region of the Colorado Plateau, USA.Methods:Biological soil crusts are highly functional soil surface communities of mosses, lichens and cyanobacteria that are vulnerable to soil surface disturbances such as grazing. We sampled BSC communities at 114 relatively undisturbed sites. We developed an eight‐tier BSC habitat classification based upon soil properties including texture, carbonate and gypsum content, and presence of shrinking‐swelling clays. We used simple structural equation models to determine how well this classification system predicted the evenness, richness, and community structure of BSC relative to elevation and annual precipitation.Results:We found that our habitat classification system explained at least 3.5 × more variance in BSC richness (R2= 0.57), evenness (R2= 0.59), and community structure (R2= 0.34) than annual precipitation and elevation combined. Gypsiferous soils, non‐calcareous sandy soils, and limestone‐derived soils were all very high in both species richness and evenness. Additionally, we found that gypsiferous soils were the most biologically unique group, harboring eight strong to excellent indicator species.Conclusions:Community properties of BSCs are overwhelmingly influenced by edaphic factors. These factors can be summarized efficiently by land managers and laypeople using a simple soil habitat classification, which will facilitate incorporation of BSCs into assessment and monitoring protocols and help prioritize conservation or restoration efforts.
Reintegrative Shaming Theory, moral emotions and bullying
Authors: Ttofi Maria M. , Farrington David P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the usefulness of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (RST) in explaining the bullying of siblings in families and peers in schools. Questionnaires were completed by 182 children aged 11–12 years in ten primary schools in Nicosia, Cyprus, about sibling and peer bullying. A vignette‐based methodology was used to investigate children's expectations of the type of shaming their parents would offer in response to their possible wrong doing. Children were also asked questions about the emotions they would have felt (i.e. shame, remorse, guilt or anger) if they were in the position of the child in the vignette. The level of bonding toward each parent was also examined. In agreement with the theory, a path analysis showed that mother bonding influenced children's expectations of the type of shaming offered by parents. Disintegrative shaming (i.e. shaming offered in a stigmatizing or rejecting way) had a direct effect on the way children managed their shame. Shame management directly influenced sibling and peer bullying. Father bonding had no direct or indirect effects in the model. Against the theory, reintegrative shaming (i.e. shaming offered in the context of approving the wrongdoer while rejecting the wrongdoing) did not have a direct effect on shame management. Beyond the postulates of RST, mother bonding—a plausible indicator of family functioning—had a direct effect on sibling and peer bullying. Mother bonding had a stronger effect for boys than for girls. It is concluded that RST is useful in explaining the link between family factors and bullying, and that RST has cross‐cultural applicability. Aggr. Behav. 34:352–368, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorph Switching of Calcium Carbonate Crystals by Polymer‐Controlled Crystallization
Authors: Xu An‐Wu , Dong Wen‐Fei , Antonietti Markus , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolymer‐controlled crystallization of calcium carbonate crystals in solution by a gas diffusion method has been carried out in the presence of poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PSS‐co‐PNIPAAM), and for the first time all three anhydrous polymorphs, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite could be selectively produced with a single additive. The selective polymorph synthesis can be nicely adjusted simply by concentration variations of polymer and calcium ions in the present reaction system. The simplicity of the system reveals the influence of Ca2+ and polymer concentration on the nucleation and crystal growth of CaCO3 via the balance between thermodynamic and kinetic reaction control. A single mechanistic framework employing particle mediated as well as ion mediated crystallization for polymorph control is proposed.
Synthesis of Sulfoximine‐Derived P,N Ligands and their Applications in Asymmetric Quinoline Hydrogenations
Authors: Lu Sheng‐Mei , Bolm Carsten 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA series of naphthalene‐bridged P,N‐type sulfoximine ligands and their iridium complexes have been synthesized. They were applied in the enantioselective hydrogenation of quinoline derivatives, and enantioselectivities up to 92% ee have been achieved in the hydrogenation of 2‐methylquinoline.
Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Tumor‐Associated Carbohydrate Antigen Globo‐H and Stage‐Specific Embryonic Antigen 4
Authors: Wang Zhen , Gilbert Michel , Eguchi Hironobu , Yu Hai , Cheng Jiansong , Muthana Saddam , Zhou Luyuan , Wang Peng George , Chen Xi , Huang Xuefei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGangliosides have attracted much attention due to their important biological properties. Herein we report the first chemoenzymatic syntheses of two globo series of ganglioside oligosaccharides, Globo‐H1and stage‐specific embryonic antigen‐4 (SSEA‐4)2. The common precursor SSEA‐3 pentasaccharide for these two compounds was assembled rapidly using the pre‐activation‐based one‐pot glycosylation method. The stereoselectivity in forming the 1,2‐cislinkage in SSEA‐3 was attributed to a steric buttressing effect of the donor rather than electronic properties of the glycosyl donors. SSEA‐3 was then successfully fucosylated by the fucosyltransferase WbsJ and sialylated by sialyltransferases CST‐I and PmST1 producing Globo‐H and SSEA‐4, respectively.
Severe Marfan syndrome due to FBN1 exon deletions
Authors: Blyth Moira , Foulds Nicola , Turner Claire , Bunyan David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMarfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition, with manifestations mainly in the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. The disorder is caused by mutations in fibrillin‐1 gene (FBN1). The majority of these are family‐specific point mutations, with a small number being predicted to cause exon‐skipping. To date, there have only been five reports of in‐frame exon deletions in FBN1, with the largest of these spanning three exons. Mosaicism is rarely recorded and has only been reported in the unaffected, or mildly affected, parents of probands. Here, we report on the clinical histories of two children with exon deletions in FBN1. Both have severe Marfan syndrome with significant signs in infancy. One patient has a deletion of exon 33, which has not previously been reported. The other has the largest reported deletion, which spans 37 exons, and also represents the first reported case of mosaicism in a patient with Marfan syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The clinical spectrum of homozygous HOXA1 mutations
Authors: Bosley Thomas M. , Alorainy Ibrahim A. , Salih Mustafa A. , Aldhalaan Hesham M. , Abu‐Amero Khaled K. , Oystreck Darren T. , Tischfield Max A. , Engle Elizabeth C. , Erickson Robert P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe describe nine previously unreported individuals from six families who have homozygous mutations of HOXA1 and either the Bosley–Salih–Alorainy syndrome (BSAS) or the Athabascan brainstem dysgenesis syndrome (ABDS). Congenital heart disease was present in four BSAS patients, two of whom had neither deafness nor horizontal gaze restriction, thus raising the possibility that cardiovascular malformations might be a clinically isolated, or relatively isolated, manifestation of homozygous HOXA1 mutations. Two ABDS probands had relatively mild mental retardation. These individuals blur the clinical distinctions between the BSAS and ABDS HOXA1 variants and broaden the phenotype and genotype of the homozygous HOXA1 mutation clinical spectrum. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of post‐traumatic stress disorder: Informing clinical conceptualizations and promoting future research
Authors: Nugent Nicole R. , Amstadter Ananda B. , Koenen Karestan C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to provide an overview of genetic research involving post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). First, we summarize evidence for genetic influences on PTSD from family investigations. Second, we discuss the distinct contributions to our understanding of the genetics of PTSD permitted by twin studies. Finally, we summarize findings from molecular genetic studies, which have the potential to inform our understanding of underlying biological mechanisms for the development of PTSD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral impairment in chronic solvent‐induced encephalopathy
Authors: Visser Ieke , Lavini Cristina , Booij Jan , Reneman Liesbeth , Majoie Charles , de Boer Angela G. E. M. , Wekking Elizabeth M. , de Joode Elisabeth A. , van der Laan Gert , van Dijk Frank J. H. , Schene Aart H. , Den Heeten Gerard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveWorldwide, many workers experience occupational exposure to organic solvents, which may induce chronic solvent‐induced encephalopathy (CSE). Disturbances within the frontostriatothalamic (FST) circuitry might explain the symptomatology of CSE. We tested the hypothesis of FST circuitry abnormalities in CSE, as well as associations with performance of psychomotor speed, attention, and solvent exposure. To detect preclinical, solvent‐related effects, we also studied the FST circuitry in solvent‐exposed, but asymptomatic workers.MethodsTen CSE patients, 10 asymptomatic but solvent‐exposed house painters (EC), and 11 nonexposed asymptomatic carpenters were included. Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) binding, central nervous system tissue metabolites, and fractional anisotropy were measured within the FST circuitry, using single‐photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging. Performance of psychomotor speed and attention, and severity of solvent exposure were assessed.ResultsStriatal D2R binding was reduced in CSE. In the solvent‐exposed asymptomatic patients, striatal D2R binding and levels of N‐acetylaspartate + N‐acetylaspartyl‐glutamate in frontal gray matter were reduced. In both exposed groups, a trend was seen for reduced choline in frontal gray matter. In CSE, the fractional anisotropy in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and striatal D2R binding significantly predicted reduced performance of attention and psychomotor speed. In CSE, striatal D2R binding showed a negative correlation with solvent exposure.InterpretationThis is the first study in CSE showing pronounced disturbances within the FST circuitry that are related to the clinical findings and to exposure severity to solvents. The comparable, but milder, abnormalities within the FST circuitry in the exposed asymptomatic workers may imply a presymptomatic phase of CSE. Ann Neurol 2008
Synthesis and characterization of a series of SPEEK/TiO2 hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Dou Zhiyu , Zhong Shuangling , Zhao Chengji , Li Xianfeng , Fu Tiezhu , Na Hui 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThrough sol‐gel reactions, a series of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)/TiO2 hybrid membranes with various contents of nano‐sized TiO2 particles were prepared and characterized. It was found that with the increasing of the TiO2 contents in the hybrid membranes, the water uptake and water retention increased. Meanwhile, the introduction of inorganic particles reduced the methanol permeability. The proton conductivity was enhanced by introduction of hydrophilic inorganic particles into the SPEEK membranes, which might be an effective approach to increase the working temperature of PEM. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008