bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of Heart‐Rate Variability Data in Accordance With a Physiological Model for the Genesis of Heartbeats
Authors: de Boer Roel W. , Karemaker John M. , Strackee Jan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA survey is presented of techniques which transform heart‐rate variability data into a signal that is both visually informative and accessible for analysis. The Instantaneous Heart‐Rate (IHR) signal is introduced, i.e. the signal having the value of the heart rate (inverse interbeat interval) during the interval concerned. The IHR signal differs from the standard Delayed Heart‐Rate (DHR) signal, which is always one beat late. The relationship is discussed between the different representation methods and the Integral Pulse Frequency Modulation (IPFM) model, the latter being a physiologically plausible model for the transformation of a continuous input signal (e.g., nervous influence on the cardiac pacemaker) into a series of events (heartbeats). It is shown that when the IHR signal is used as input of the IPFM model, the event series from which the signal was derived appears at the output. Hence, if the IPFM model is accepted as a model of the pacemaker, the IHR signal may be considered as an approximation of the neural (sympathetic and parasympathetic) influence on the pacemaker. In addition we show that the appearance of the IHR signal is less affected by trigger errors or extrasystoles than the standard DHR signal. It is concluded that the most attractive time‐domain representation of physiological event series consists of the IHR signal, because this signal, being conceptually and computationally simple, is consistent with the IPFM model.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Biofeedback and Relaxation Training on Hand Warming
Authors: Kluger Martin A. , Jamner Larry D. , Tursky Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFinger pulse volume (FPV) biofeedback, relaxation training (RT), and finger temperature (FT) biofeedback were compared for their effectiveness in the alteration of hand temperature (HT). It was hypothesized that the use of FPV, a more direct measure of peripheral blood flow, should be more effective in producing hand warming than the demonstrably latent FT or the less direct RT manipulation. No significant difference in HT alteration was found between the two biofeedback training groups and neither the finger temperature nor finger pulse volume biofeedback groups were more successful than the relaxation training group in the alteration of HT. No significant differences were found in the alteration of FPV among the three groups. A major finding of this study indicates that all groups produced a significant inverted U training function across trials for both FT and FPV. In all cases, rapid learning was demonstrated in the early trials followed by a decline toward baseline in the later trials. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of strategy formation, frustration, saturation, and the limitations of the physiological learning process.
A Psychophysiological Field Study of Stress at Three Mile Island
Authors: Gatchel Robert J. , Schaeffer Marc A. , Baum Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResidents of the area surrounding the Three Mile Island (TMI) nucelar power plant and from a control location 80 miles away participated in a longitudinal study of response to the venting of radioactive gas from the damaged reactor. Four assessments (including one prior to the venting, one during the venting, and two post‐venting) were made using a battery of biochemical, performance, and self‐report measures. Relative to demographically matched control subjects, TMI subjects exhibited higher levels of stress on each mode of this battery. While perceived threat and task performance remained constant during the four assessments for TMI subjects, symptom reporting and urinary catecholamine levels decreased after the krypton gas venting. Since these data were collected more than 17 months after the reactor accident, the findings suggest that the venting procedures had specific acute effects on chronic problems being experienced by TMI subjects, but no global effect across all measures.
Effects of Prolonged Sleep Deprivation, With and Without Chronic Physical Exercise, on Mood and Performance
Authors: Angus Robert G. , Heslegrave Ronald J. , Myles W. Stewart 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on mood and cognitive performance were studied in 12 healthy young male volunteers deprived of sleep on two occasions. During the first 60‐hr period without sleep, half of the subjects walked on a treadmill at 25–30% of their maximum aerobic capacity (Exercise condition) for 1 out of every 3 hrs while the remaining 6 subjects remained physically inactive (No Exercise condition) during that same hour. Eight weeks later the same 12 subjects underwent an identical sleep‐deprivation protocol except that those who were previously inactive exercised, while those who previously exercised remained inactive. Throughout the sleep deprivation periods, subjects in both conditions completed subjective assessments of fatigue, sleepiness and mood every 3 hrs, performed an auditory vigilance task every 6 hrs, and completed a cognitive test battery every 12 hrs. The results revealed clear decrements in mood and performance as a function of sleep loss. However, with the exception of somewhat more long reaction times in the Exercise condition, exercise neither increased nor decreased the impairment induced by sleep deprivation.
Activation Patterns to Aversive Stimulation in Man: Passive Exposure Versus Effort to Control
Authors: Lovallo William R. , Wilson Michael F. , Pincomb Gwendolyn A. , Edwards Gary L. , Tompkins Paul , Brackett Daniel J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study contrasted physiological response patterns occurring when subjects coped passively and actively with aversive stimuli. In one condition, 29 healthy young men were exposed to unpredictable noise (115BA) and shock (3.5 mA) with no means of control, and in the other they attempted to avoid the noise and shock with rapid keypresses. Both tasks were characterized by maximal uncertainty as to locus of presentation, chance of occurrence, and type of stimulus to occur next in sequence. Dependent variables included: reports of moods, reaction times, muscle tension, plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, cortisol and catecholamines, heart rate, blood pressures, systolic time intervals, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and an index of myocardial contractility. Both experimental conditions produced significant neuroendocrine, lipid, and cardiovascular changes from baseline. The active avoidance procedure produced further increases in cardiac function which were related to control efforts as indexed by muscle tension and task performance. The results point toward the effects of effort in the face of uncertainty in determining the patterns of response to aversive stimulation.
The Interpretation of the Component Structure of Event‐Related Brain Potentials: An Analysis of Expert Judgments
Authors: Kramer Arthur F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe analysis of components of the event‐related brain potential (ERP) is accomplished through standardized statistical algorithms. However, visual inspection of ERPs is commonly used to guide the selection of the analytic techniques. Thus, the definitional criteria of components employed by the investigators may interact with the choice of analysis procedures. The present study examines the criteria which investigators employ to define components of the ERP, the relative importance assigned to different criteria, and the consistency with which investigators use the definitional criteria. ERPs are simulated so as to vary systematically the amplitude, latency, duration, and electrode distribution of the P300 component. Ten experienced ERP researchers rated the similarity of 153 pairs of simulated ERPs. The ratings were analyzed by a multidimensional scaling procedure. Eight unidimensional judgments on each of the 18 ERPs were also obtained. The results suggest that ERP investigators are capable of accurately recovering the underlying dimensions of a set of simulated ERPs. Furthermore, the degree of experience in analyzing and interpreting ERPs affects the weighting structure of the underlying dimensions. These findings support the commonly held, but previously untested, belief that judgments of ERPs based on visual inspection can be both accurate and reliable
Groin Skin Temperature: Testing the Validity of a Relatively Unobtrusive Physiological Measure of Psychosexual Arousal
Authors: Rubinsky Hillel J. , Hoon Peter W. , Eckerman David A. , Amberson Janis I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe validity of groin skin temperature as a relatively unobtrusive physiological measure of psychosexual arousal was tested for both males and females. Groin skin temperature and hemodynamic (penile circumference, vaginal blood volume, and vaginal pulse amplitude) changes induced by erotic and non‐erotic film presentations were monitored in 10 male and 10 female volunteers. Significant positive correlations (p<.001) between the measures were obtained for 16 of 20 subjects. Implications of the findings for detecting low levels of psychosexual arousal are discussed.
The Pupil and Stimulus Probability
Authors: Qiyuan Jiang , Richer Françlois , Wagoner Brennis L. , Beatty Jackson 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree studies were conducted to examine the relationship of the task‐evoked pupillary response (TEPR) to the probability of the eliciting stimuli in Bernoulli sequences. Subjects counted target tones in sequences containing two types of tones differing in pitch. For a given probability level, both targets and non‐targets elicited pupillary dilations that were similar in amplitude. The dilation to both targets and non‐targets was inversely related to probability at low probability levels. This relationship appeared to break down at high probability levels, at least for non‐targets. When tone omissions were used as targets they elicited a larger dilation than tonal targets at very low target probability. The amplitude of dilations produced by omitted targets was also affected by probability. The data converge to indicate that the TEPR in random stimulus sequences is sensitive to the surprise value of events, whether involving a physical stimulus or not, and not to the target designation of these events.
Individual Differences in Autonomic Response: Conditioned Association or Conditioned Fear?
Authors: Hodes Robert L. , Cook Edwin W. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCluster analysis was used to define three groups of subjects whose conditioned heart rate response emphasized either acceleration, deceleration, or moderate deceleration. A subject pool (N = 148) was generated from four separate studies of differential classical conditioning in which colored slides served as conditioned stimuli (CSs) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was aversive auditory noise. Both the statistically generated Accelerator and Decelerator groups responded with a significant late interval deceleration to CS+. However, only Accelerators also displayed a significant mid‐interval heart rate increase to CS+. Conditioned electrodermal responses were significantly more resistant to extinction for Accelerators than for the other two cluster groups. Accelerators also differed from Decelerators in that their affective judgments of the slide stimuli became less positively valent and less dominant from pre‐ to post‐conditioning, effects not found for Decelerators. Moderate Decelerators produced mixed results across the several psychophysiological and verbal measures of conditioning, resembling Accelerators in their verbal report change, and Decelerators in their rapid electrodermal extinction.It is suggested that cluster assignment may reflect subjects' pre‐conditioning learning set. All successfully conditioned subjects appear to learn a relationship between stimuli such that the appearance of the CS+ prompts an anticipatory orienting response (late interval heart rate deceleration). Accelerators differ from the other two groups in that they also condition a defensive response which is associated with a change in emotional judgments of the stimuli and may represent covert preparation for avoidance. The relationships between defensive responding, avoidance, and the concept of fear are considered, and the problem of desynchrony in emotional change (i.e., the Moderate Decelerators) is addressed. Finally, parallels are drawn between results from classical conditioning and clinical studies of fear and phobia, and further suggestions are made for utilizing the conditioning paradigm in the study of emotion.
Endurance as Opposed to Power Training: Their Effect on Sleep
Authors: Trinder John , Paxton Susan J. , Montgomery Jain , Fraser Geoff 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere is evidence that sleep is affected by physical exercise and by factors derived from exercise such as physical fitness and body composition. In this context, this study assessed the effect of type of athletic training. The sleep of four groups of 10 young male subjects, who differed with respect to the type of athletic training in which they habitually engaged, was compared on 2 consecutive, non‐exercise nights. The groups were: aerobically trained endurance runners; power trained weightlifters and bodybuilders; athletes with mixed anaerobic, aerobic, and power training; and an unfit, non‐athletic sedentary, control group. Pre‐planned comparisons showed that the control group did not differ from the combined athletic groups on any sleep variable. However, the aerobic group had more SWS and NREM sleep, slept longer, and had shorter sleep onset latencies than the power group. The mixed group was intermediate on each of these variables. The data show that the type of physical training in which athletes engage has substantial effects on their sleep–a finding which emphasizes the relevance of peripheral physiological factors for sleep architecture and which has theoretical relevance.
Relative Discriminability of Heartbeat‐Contingent Stimuli Under Three Procedures for Assessing Cardiac Perception
Authors: Davis Mark R. , Langer Alan W. , Sutterer James R. , Gelling Paul D. , Marlin Michelle 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the relative discriminability of heartbeat detection tasks described by Whitehead, Drescher, Heiman, and Blackwell (1977) and Katkin, Morell, Goldband, and Bernstein (1980) with a third procedure designed to capitalize on the strengths of the other two. One‐hundred‐and‐eight subjects were given 2 blocks of 25 trials in which they attempted to discriminate whether a short train of auditory and visual pulses were contiguous with their ongoing cardiac activity. Subjects were divided into three experimental groups. When subjects were tested without knowledge of results (KR), all three procedures yielded approximately similar discrimination performances, with only the new procedure significantly exceeding that expected by chance. Over 25 trials with KR, the new procedure yielded significantly higher discrimination performance than baseline, an effect not achieved by the Katkin or Whitehead procedures. A second experiment assessed subjects' ability to discriminate S+ and S− trials in the new procedure based on a noncardiac input. Subjects could not reliably perform this discrimination.
Abnormal Motoneuronal Excitability in Hyperkinetic Children
Authors: Pivik R.T. , Bylsma F.W. , Margittai K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo investigate the generality of reported spinal monosynaptic reflex amplitude reductions in hyperkinetic children, H‐reflexes were recorded in unmedicated male hyperkinetic and age‐matched control children during relaxed wakefulness. Reflex amplitude variations were examined in response to either paired stimuli delivered at varying inter‐pair intervals (recovery function procedure) or trains of stimuli delivered at varying rates (homosynaptic depression procedure). As a group, hyperkinetic children demonstrated reflex amplitude reductions in the recovery function region of secondary facilitation (50–300 ms). However, these subjects could be divided into those showing either significantly exaggerated or reduced secondary facilitation relative to controls. Group differences present during paired‐stimuli procedures were maintained during repetitive stimulation. Furthermore, response reduction or enhancement in both paradigms extended beyond stimulus intervals encompassing the region of secondary facilitation. The results demonstrate that hyperkinetic children homogeneous for commonly utilized diagnostic criteria may exhibit disparate resting levels of spinal motoneuronal excitability which vary significantly from normal levels. Current thinking regarding bases for secondary facilitation and homosynaptic depression suggests the presence of both neurochemical and neurophysiological disregulation in hyperkinesis.
In Vitro Studies of the Pulsatile Radiometric Signal
Authors: Tahmoush Albert J. , Francis Mildred E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn in vitro model system was designed to permit simultaneous measurements of blood flow, blood pressure, and the pulsatile radiometric signal during flow studies with Ringer's solution and blood of hematocrit 32,41, and 51. When the in vitro system contained a cat carotid artery, increases in blood flow were associated with increases in the pulsatile radiometric signal. Changes in the pulsatile radiometric signal were linearly related to changes in mean flow and highly correlated with changes in the pulsatile flow, mean pressure, and pulsatile pressure. Results from the regression analyses suggest that the pulsatile radiometric signal may be attributed to reflection from the artery wall. When the in vitro system contained a glass cell, increases in blood flow were associated with decreases in the pulsatile radiometric signal. There was an inverse linear relationship between the pulsatile radiometric signal and mean flow, and changes in the pulsatile radiometric signal were highly and inversely correlated with changes in pulsatile flow and pulsatile pressure. These results suggest that when recording over the cutaneous microcirculation, the pulsatile radiometric signal is in part due to changes in the red blood cell scattering and absorption coefficients.
Guidelines for Human Electromyographic Research
Authors: Fridlund Alan J. , Cacioppo John T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGuidelines are proposed for the collection, analysis, and description of electromyographic (EMG) data. The guidelines cover technological issues in EMG recording, social aspects of EMG experimentation, and limits to inferences that can be drawn in EMG research. An atlas is proposed for facial EMG electrode placements, and standard EMG terminology is suggested.
Maturation of Startle Modulation
Authors: Ornitz Edward M. , Guthrie Donald , Kaplan Andrea R. , Lane Shelly J. , Norman Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study of the maturation of prestimulation‐induced modulation of startle in 3 to 8 year old children and adults demonstrated significant effects of age on both startle magnitude and onset latency. Startle was evoked by 104dB(SPL) 50‐ms bursts of white noise, and the amplitude and onset latency of the blink reflex were measured after integration of the obicularis oculi EMG. Prestimulation with 75dB 1000 Hz tones resulted in severe inhibition of both amplitude and latency in adults when 20‐ms tones preceded the startling stimuli by 120 ms or 250 ms. Following sustained prestimulation for 2000 ms, the adults showed modest nonsignificant response facilitation. Eight‐year‐old children showed mature inhibitory and facilitatory startle amplitude modulation, but significantly less inhibition and more facilitation of onset latency compared to adults. Preschool children showed significantly less amplitude and latency inhibition and more facilitation than 8‐year‐olds and adults. In response to prestimulation 120 ms before startling stimuli, the preschool children actually showed latency facilitation. Modulation of startle by prestimulation is mediated by brainstem neuronal networks. These findings suggest that brainstem mechanisms which mediate startle response modulation undergo development during early childhood and do not mature until about 8 years of age.
Predicting Response to a Reaction Time Task: Heart Rate Reactivity Compared with Type A Behavior
Authors: Lovallo William R. , Pincomb Gwendolyn A. , Wilson Michael F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study measured somatic muscle, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses to an unsignalled, rewarded reaction time task and examined the relative contributions of heart rate reactivity and Type A behavior in accounting for variability in response to the task. Task responses were characterized by significant changes in muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and plasma norepinephrine concentration. Subjects shown to be high heart rate reactors during an independent cold pressor test were found to produce the greatest changes in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ventricular ejection time, cardiac output, and rate‐pressure product during the reaction time task. In contrast, Type As did not respond differently from Type Bs. The results indicate that heart rate reactivity is a relatively stable trait which generalizes from cold pressor to a nonaversive task and which accounts for much of the between‐subject variability in cardiovascular response.
A Solution for Reliable and Valid Reduction of Ocular Artifacts, Applied to the P300 ERP
Authors: Semlitsch Heribert V. , Anderer Peter , Schuster Peter , Presslich Otto 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe P300 ERP was measured in 10 subjects each for 9 days. The selection of instructions for subjects, the recording technique, the elimination of a few single trials significantly contaminated by eye movements, and the use of a correction procedure for ocular artifacts with calculable reliability and validity resulted in a set of data, in which 94% of the single trials were suitable for further analysis. The correction procedure relies on regression analysis. To reduce coherence between eyeblink activity and ongoing EEG, VEOG and EEG are averaged on eyeblinks. This yields a high reliability and validity of regression factors, determined per day, subject, and lead. In addition, this correction procedure allows for an estimation of the maximal error that must be taken into account. The efficiency of the procedure is demonstrated for single trials and averaged potentials.
Getting Individual Differences in Autonomic Reactivity to Work For Instead of Against You: Determining the Dominant “Psychological” Stress Channel on the Basis of a “Biological” Stress Test
Authors: Levis Donald J. , Smith Jane E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop a procedure to increase the re liability of autonomic measures, such as skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR), when assessing negative emotional responding. The strategy was to capitalize on the individual difference factor by determining prior to the start of an experiment each subject's most reactive autonomic channel. To achieve this objective, a “biological” stress test (balloon‐burst test) was used. Subjects were then classified by using a median‐split, rank‐ordered procedure, as high SC responders, high HR responders. high responders in both channels, or low responders in both channels. The generality of the responder‐non‐responder classification was then assessed to a “psychological” stressor which involved presentations of a fear‐eliciting bodily‐injury slide. Transfer effects were obtained with those subjects defined as high responders on a given channel displaying greater reactivity on that channel when compared to subjects classified as low responders. The implications of these findings for clinical research were discussed.