bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Further Comparison of Cannabis (Marijuana) Users and Non‐Users
Authors: Wells Brian , Stacey Barrie 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the hypothesis that individuals who take cannabis occasionally or even regularly differ little in personality from those who do not partake. Data were obtained from a field study of the prevalence of drug misuse among 2809 young Glasgow people. Cannabis was the most frequently used illegal drug among the drug takers, though multi‐drug misuse proved to be far more common than single‐drug misuse. On the basis of group comparisons, increasing involvement with cannabis was found to be related to (a) increasingly elevated levels of anxiety, neuroticism and psychoticism; (b) increasingly frequent difficulties with interpersonal relationships; (c) employment problems; and (d) an increasing emphasis on drinking liquor. In terms of personality characteristics, female occasional takers of cannabis differ rather more from non‐misusers than male occasional takers. The results indicate that non‐misusers, occasional takers, and regular takers of cannabis differ in personality characteristics.
Effects of Contingent Management of Addicts Expecting Commitment to A Community Based Treatment Program*
Authors: Copemann Chester D. , Shaw Paula L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results presented support previous evidence of a relationship between length of stay in treatment and clinical outcome. This was not unexpected since the longer a client remains in treatment, a greater exposure to the treatment regimen should occur, which increases the likelihood that some change in behavior will take place as a function of treatment. In addition, the results suggest that when a clearly contingent relationship between behavior and its consequence exists and the contingency is systematically manipulated, addicts are likely to remain longer and do better in treatment. The finding that subjects with criminal charges pending did better than subjects on probation (who in turn were no better than volunteers) may suggest that the failure of civil commitment programs is a result of the failure of the personnel evolved to systematically enforce stated contingent relationships. Thus, the civil commitment of addicts to community based treatment facilities is a viable approach when coupled with an effective therapeutic regimen. However, whenever outside agencies (e.g., probation/parole units) as opposed to the treatment facility are required to enforce contingent relationships, retention rate and successful outcome will greatly depend upon the extent to which the outside agencies systematically enforce contingent relationships.
Alcohol and Blacks: Survey of the Periodical Literature
Authors: Harper Frederick D. , Dawkins Marvin P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the state of the periodical literature on alcohol and Blacks. Three major professional indexes were used in the literature search. Although 16,000 alcohol‐related studies were reported in scientific journals over the last 30 years, only 77 dealt with Blacks. Non‐scientific articles were also scarce. Articles were categorized by topic and sample description. Drinking patterns and behavior appeared most frequently, while no articles involved alcohol education and prevention. Few studies dealt with Blacks, exclusively, and no studies were found on Black youth. A criticism of the literature was that many of the studies on alcohol and Blacks were limited in terms of theoretical background and research methodology. Some recommendations are offered.
The Manson Evaluation as an Indicator of Heroin Independence*
Authors: Gubernachuk Eugene , Brockman Lois M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Manson Evaluation, designed to identify alcoholics and potential alcoholics, was administered to groups of male and female drug additcs, alcoholics, criminals, and normal subjects. Among the males the mean scores of drug addicts and alcoholics were similar and significantly higher than those of criminals and normal subjects. The mean scores of criminal and normal males did not differ significantly. Mean scores of female drug addicts, alcoholics and criminals did not differ but each was significantly higher than the mean score of normal females. Trait differences among the four groups were also examined.
Methadone Maintenance: A Review and Critique
Authors: Peck David G. , Beckett Wayne 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe problem of heroin addiction and rehabilitation has caused considerable alarm in the past few years. The number of heroin addicts alone in the United States has been estimated at 300,000 (“The Heroin Plague: What Can Be Done”, 1971, p. 27).Methadone maintenance is one approach to this problem of treating the addict so that he can become a productive member of society. It is being used in such cities as New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Chicago, Mew Orleans, Portland, San Francisco, and Racine.The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of methadone maintenance by examining topics such as the program's background, the rationale behind the program, legal aspects of methadone maintenance, results, advantages, disadvantages, and criticisms of the program.
Dimensions of Addict Life‐style* after Treatment
Authors: Mandell Wallace , Amsel Zili 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA review of the literature suggests that there are life‐style patterns typical of addicts. However, these descriptions are usually based on limited samples of addicts.In the present study, systematic data were collected for a national sample of addict respondents who had applied for treatment under PL89–793 by the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Branch of NIMH. Twenty‐one dimensions representing the seven content areas of criminality, health, living arrangement, employment, heterosexual adjustment, drug use and social competence were entered into a principal component analysis. A ten‐factor solution which allowed for maximum interpretation was selected. The clustering of responses supports the view that life‐style dimensions exist which can describe the addict after treatment. Thus the popular stereotypes of association of behaviors among addicts are called into question.
γ‐Aminobutyric Acid in Alcohol, Barbiturate and Morphine Dependence: A review*
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. , Davidson Neil 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe literature on the γ‐aminobutyric acid system in acute and chronic effects of alcohol, barbiturates and morphine is reviewed. Results are conflicting and in the light of present knowledge of the nervous system there is no evidence to date which would implicate disturbance of the γ‐aminobutyric acid system as having a causal role in the genesis or maintenance of alcoholism or other drug dependent states.
The Use of Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride (Lomotil) in the Management of the Minor Withdrawal Syndrome during Methadone Detoxification: A Clinical Report
Authors: Kleinman Marc H. , Arnon Dan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDiphenoxylate Hydrochloride (Lomotil) was effective in alleviating the minor withdrawal symptoms that accompanies complete methadone detoxification. None of the subjects developed a tolerance to Lomotil nor did they experience withdrawal symptoms or craving when Lomotil was discontinued. This report indicates that the elimination of this minor withdrawal syndrome facilitates complete methadone detoxification.
Family Surrogates? The Drug Culture or the Methadone Maintenance Program
Authors: Kamback M. C. , Bosma Willem G. A. , D'Lugoff Burton C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractReview af existing treatment methods coupled with extensive clinical contact with outpatient methadone maintenance clients suggests that, the primary difficulty in treatment u nut in the chemical properties af the drug “per se” but rather what the drug represents – a sustaining familial life style system.Item analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles indicates that social deviance is incorporated as an adopted life style which extremely resistant to change. The tenacity with which the individual dings to the drug abuse life style is an indicant of the support provided by the drug culture and is indicative of the amount of support which must be provided before any permanent change can be effected.
Arrests for Drunkenness and Recidivism in Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Virkkunen Matti 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn attempt was made to clarify the extent to which arrests for drunkenness could be considered reliable in predicting later criminality. The investigation based on the juvenile delinquents (aged 16–20) convicted in 1965 in Finland, totalling 741 subjects. Of these subjects 242 had been arrested for drunkenness at juvenile deliquent age. In the 51/2year period included in the investigation it emerged that the subjects with arrests for drunkenness clearly showed more criminality than the remainder (p <0.001). They were guilty of violent acts more often then the remainder (p <0.001). This was also true of the offences against property (p <0.0l), but not much of traffic offences (p <0.05).
Manipulativeness among Drug Abusers: Reliability and Validity of the Mach IV Scale
Authors: Kaestner Elisabeth , Rosen Linda , Appel Philip , Sofer Stephen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to measure manipulative tendencies among narcotics abusers, the Machiavellianism (Mach IV) Scale was administered to a sample of narcotics abusers in residential treatment. Obtained means and standard deviations were well within the range of values reported for non‐drug abusing samples. Examination of the retest‐reliability and validity of the present Mach IV scores confirmed the reliability of the scale. However, a three ‐person bargaining situation failed to validate Mach Scale scores, possibly due to constraints imposed by the institutional setting and for to the educational level of the sample.
Teenage Drinking in South‐West Scotland
Authors: McKechnie R. J. , Cameron D. , Cameron I. A. , Drewery J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBy the age of fourteen most children have tasted alcohol. There is a suggestion that drinking behaviour starts wry early within the family home and progresses in a common manner through other social situations leading to peer group drinking. It is argued that this early experience and progression may be a prerequisite of normal social drinking in later life.
A Speech Deficit Syndrome Associated with Addictive Drug Use
Authors: Tozman Seymour , Kramer Steven S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe authors make note of a speech deficit syndrome which seems to be appearing with some frequency on New York City drug detoxification units. It is suggested that this is a concomitant of changing drug use patterns and that it probably represents a release phenomenon based on methadone‐alcohol interaction in the process of withdrawal.
Locus of Control and Treatment Dropout in an Alcoholic Population
Authors: Bowen William T. , Twemlow Stuart W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn experiment was conducted to determine whether an individual's locus of control was associated with premature drop‐out from treatment. No association was found, but a tendency was observed amongst those who remained in treatment to have more homogeneous attitudes. The possibility that measures of locus of control can be utilized as indicators of social cohesion should be explored.
Opium Eating and the Working Class in the Nineteenth Century: The Public and Official Reaction
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper analyses the contemporary rumour and hysteria which overlay much discussion of working‐class opiate consumption. General middle‐class fears arising from social dislocation, the reaction to the temperance movement, the sensational presentation of opium eating by the Romantics, the Indo‐Chinese trade and the agitation against it; and the professional aspirations of pharmacists, all contributed to the irrationality with which much evidence was assessed.
Interpretive Procedures Entailed in Using the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test*
Authors: Skinner Thelma Jean , Charalampous K. D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe authors examined the differences between a self‐administered and counselor‐administered Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the status accorded the score in determining diagnosis. It was found that interpretive work by counselors and clients led to a number of changed answers from first to second testing. It was further found that, since the counselors took into account supplementary information not provided by the test score alone, they frequently established a diagnosis that differed from the one indicated by the test they had administered. As a result of these two sets of changes, diagnostic classification by the self‐administered test was found to be a poor predictor of the ultimate diagnosis by the counselors.
Sedative‐Hypnotic and Alcohol Dependence among Psychiatric In‐Patients
Authors: Allgulander Christer , Borg Stefan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe frequency of dependence on sedative‐hypnotics and alcohol in psychiatric in‐patients from a region of Stockholm during one year was determined. One‐half of all males and one‐fourth of all females had dependency problems. Exclusive alcohol dependence was found in 24 per cent of all patients, exclusive sedative‐hypnotics dependence in 3 per cent and a combined alcohol/sedative‐hypnotic dependence in 9 per cent. Middle‐aged males dominated markedly the alcohol‐dependent group, while middle‐age females tended to be over‐represented in the sedative‐hypnotic dependents clientele. Among the dependent patients, 14 per cent were not officially diagnosed as such. The number of dependent females, as well as that of sedative‐hypnotic dependents, constitute significant increases in comparison with previous studies.
Alcoholic Marriages: A Longitudinal Empirical Assessment of Alternative Theories
Authors: Paolino Thomas J. , McCrady Barbara S. , Kogan Kathryn B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis investigation is an empirical test of three conceptualizations of the alcoholic marriage: the Disturbed Personality Hypothesis (DPH), the Decompensation Hypothesis (DH), and their rival, the Stress Theory (S T). Fourteen spouses of hospitalized' alcoholics were given the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (MAACL) at admission, six weeks and six months after discharge. The alcoholic's drinking behaviour was assessed by the Quantity Frequency (QF) and Alcohol Impairment (AI) Indices.One‐way repeated measures analyses of variance revealed no significant change in PSI scores, but significant (p < 0.05) decreases in QF, AI and two (Anxiety and Depression) out of the three MAACL scales. The results support the ST and contradict the DPH and DH, but the authors emphasize that the value of this report is mostly as a demonstration project to stimulate much needed large‐scale longitudinal investigations.
Toward a Theory of Drug Use
Authors: Lawson Thomas R. , Winstead Daniel K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrevious research by the. author revealed quantative personality differences between users of various drugs. This discovery led the authors to develop a mode! of drug use. This mode! presents an analysis of the factors that lead to use: (1) Factor A Internal Stress and (2) Factor B External Stress, and proposes a formula to quantify Factor A using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. These factors determine a person's level of discomfort which subsequently determines his category of drug use or abuse. The literature it then briefly reviewed using the model to clarify the many divergent findings concerning drug use.
Respiratory Function in Heroin and Methadone Addicts
Authors: Aylett Pamela 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPEF and minute volume have been studied in 68 male and 23 female addicts maintained on methadone, heroin, or both drugs and on 12 ex‐addicts. The findings have been compared with other authors for normal and tobacco cigarette smokers of the same age group. PEF was impaired in both users and ex‐users. In users PEF was no less impaired with methadone than with heroin, and with or without tobacco smoking. Minute volume was in the normal range, implying adaptation of the respiratory centre to chronic drug misuse as a part of tolerance. It seems likely that heroin/methadone depresses the cough reflex with risk of developing chronic bronchitis in dependent young people. Methadone was no better in this respect than heroin.
Voluntary versus Prescribed Termination of Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Berger Herbert , Smith Malcolm J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study was initiated to use a new criteria in determining the value of the methadone maintenance programs; to wit, a comparison of patients who stayed under therapy with those who dropped out. Those who left the program against advice, abused drugs while on the program and relapsed into drug use shortly after leaving. Fewer were gainfully employed; more were arrested for various crimes for the most part. Alcoholism was more common in this group during treatment and even more so after termination. Both groups stayed on the dole.Thus non‐complying patients do badly after leaving a methadone maintenance program and every effort should be used to motivate them to continue under treatment until they are rehabilitated.
Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts in a Correctional Setting
Authors: Garner T. G. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMajor social problems are always reflected within the prison community and programmes for the rehabilitation of offenders should include provision to tackle them. Drug addiction, particularly to narcotics, is one such problem, and intervention for treatment is appropriate at the time the offender is placed in the custody of the Prison Service. Based on the Hong Kong experience, the period required for treatment and the procedures by which treatment takes place is discussed; so too is the treatment programme and the necessity for after‐care. Statistics illustrating the success of the programme are included.
Thought‐stopping, Pocket Timers, and their Combination, in the Modification of Smoking Behaviour*
Authors: Lamontagne Yves , Gagon Marc‐André , Gaudette Gilles 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOne hundred and four woken wishing to reduce their cigarette smoking were randomly allocated to the following Join experimental conditions: thought‐slapping, pocket timer, a combination of thought‐stopping and packet timer, and a non‐treated control group. Treatment was of 12 weeks duration. At the one, three and six months follow‐ups, smoking rates were reassured.The difference between the thought‐stopping and control group wax not statistically significant during treatment nor during follow‐up. On the other hand, the difference between the pocket timer and control group was highly significant from the second week of treatment until the twelfth: it remained significant at the three‐month follow‐up, but was no longer so at six months. Finally, the combined effect of thought‐stopping and pocket timer was not only less effective than the packet timer alone, but thought stopping appeared to interfere with the effect at the timer.
Alcohol Tolerance and Dependence at the Cellular Level
Authors: Littleton John 
Published: January 2006

An anaesthetic is not a special poison for the nervous system…. We can study elsewhere than in the central nerve cells the phenomenon which causes this stoppage of action…. It is permissible to assume that something similar happens in the nerve cell.Claude Bernard Leç sur les anesthésiques et sur l'asphyxie, 1875
“In Vivo Veritas’: an Observational Study of Alcoholics' and Normal Drinkers' patterns of Consumption
Authors: Saunders Bill , Richard Glen 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrevious observational studies, undertaken in artificial settings, have found differences in the drink preference, sip sine and rate of ingestion for alcoholics when compared to social drinkers. In this study data was collected blind from eleven alcoholics and eleven normal drinkers who were consuming their alcohol in a Clydeside bar. The subjects were unaware of their being observed. The previously found differences were not apparent in this study, and this disagreement questions the validity of using certain specific drinking behaviours as targets for the modification of alcoholics' drinking style.
Static Ataxia: A Predictor of Alcoholism?*
Authors: Lipscomb Thomas R. , Carpenter John A. , Nathan Peter E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryNon‐alcoholic college‐aged males with and without a family history of alcoholism were compared on a measure of static ataxia (body sway). In two separate studies, subjects with alcoholic biological relatives showed significantly greater body sway than those without such relatives. This effect was independent of alcohol influence and subjects' typical drinking pattern. To the extent that subjects with a family history of alcoholism are at risk to become alcoholic, these results suggest that the previously reported motor impairment of alcoholics may exist prior to chronic alcohol intake. This possibility should be considered cautiously, due to two methodological issues: (a) differences between the two studies in measurement procedures and (b) the use of subjects' self reports for family history classifications. Methodological improvements and future research directions were discussed.
A Critique of the Concept of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome
Authors: Shaw Stan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe term ‘alcoholism’ has been dropped from the International Classification of Diseases and replaced by the concept of the ‘alcohol dependence syndrome’. Four justifications for the syndrome idea are examined. It has been claimed that (1) the syndrome's existence was supported by scientific evidence, but only psychobiological alterations were truly supported by evidence; (2) dependence was not considered as all or none, but other statements contradicted this; (3) the syndrome idea had clinical usefulness, but it can be argued that the concept would be superfluous within a thorough assessment, and would likely confuse rather than enlighten a patient; (4) the syndrome concept synthesised research findings which contradicted the alcoholism concept, but this might inhibit further research by concentrating on ‘impaired control’ and neglecting the process of the development of drinking problems. Since both the validity and the utility of the concept of the alcohol dependence syndrome are questionable, it is suggested that the WHO's formal support for it was partly a political decision, and that the assertion that dependence is an illness might be an attempt to rejuslify the role of medical expertise in this area.
Experimental Observations on the Relationship between Ethanol Tolerance and Physical Dependence
Authors: Rigby M. , Littleton J. M. 
Published: January 2006

Summary The development of functional tolerance In ethanol has been studied in control mice and in mice which are physically dependent an ethanol. Physical dependence is associated with a state of submaximal functional tolerance. which can neither be increased nor reduced rapidly in response to altered tissue concentrations of the drug.