bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the mouse the maturation stage of the peripheral CD4+ CD45RA+ subset is different from that of the CD8+ CD45RA+ subset
Authors: Lightstone Elizabeth B. , Wyllie David , Marvel Jacqueline 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn vitro studies have suggested that the presence of CD45RA on subsets of CD4 and CD8 cells defines naive T cells and that, in response to antigen, CD45RA+ cells become CD45RA− along a differentiation pathway. To test the hypothesis that CD45RA+ cells are naive cells which have just left the thymus, young mice were thymectomized. This would be predicted to lead to a fall in the size of the peripheral pool of CD45RA+ T cells. However, the changes in the size of this pool would also be dependent on the life‐span and self renewal capacity of the CD45RA+ T cells in the periphery. Therefore, to test the contribution of the thymus to the peripheral CD45RA+ pool, the percentage of CD45RA+ cells among spleen lymphocyte subsets was studied from 10 days up to 2 years of age in thymectomized and control mice. We also studied the expression of the memory marker CD44 on the CD45RA subsets of CD4 and CD8 cells, as well as the effect of in vitro activation on expression of CD45RA. Our results show that CD8+ CD45RA+ cells are mainly CD44− and their maintenance is dependent on the presence of the thymus. In contrast, the majority of CD4+CD45RA+ are CD44+ and are not affected by thymectomy. This indicates that the maturation stage of CD8+CD45RA+ cells is different from that of CD4+CD45RA+ cells.
Dissociation between plasma and monocyte‐associated cytokines during sepsis
Authors: Munoz Carlos , Misset Benoit , Fitting Catherine , Blériot Jean‐Pierre , Jean‐Carlet  , Cavaillon Jean‐Marc 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report our investigations of circulating interleukin (IL) 1β, IL 6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, as well as cell‐associated IL 1α, IL 1β and TNF‐α in plasma and monocytes of 21 patients with sepsis syndrome and 6 patients with non‐septic shock. Longitudinal studies reveal that (a) the most frequent detectable plasma cytokines were TNF‐α and IL 6, (b) the presence and the kinetics of circulating cytokines were independent of one other, (c) detectable levels of cytokines could be found for a long period of time, and (d) significantly higher levels of IL 6 were found for non‐surviving patients. Because of the in vivo half‐life of cytokines and of the existence of numerous specific high‐affinity receptors, it is quite probable that detectable plasma cytokines represent the excess of produced mediators which have not been trapped by the target cells. TNF‐α (410 ± 65 pg/106 monocytes) and IL 1β (153 ± 60 pg/106 monocytes) were frequently found associated to monocyte lysates (88% and 50%, respectively). Despite the fact that IL 1α is the most abundant cytokine found associated to monocytes following in vitro activation, IL 1α was rarely found in monocytes of intensive care unit patients (29%). No correlation was found to exist between the levels of plasma cytokines and cell‐associated cytokines. Some patients had plasma TNF‐α or IL 1β in the absence of the corresponding monocyte‐associated cytokine. This observation suggests that cells other than monocytes can participate in the production of circulating cytokines. At the end of the longitudinal study (day 14 ± 2), only 2/12 surviving patients still had plasma TNF‐α, whereas 8/12 had monocyte‐associated TNF‐α. These results indicate that activation of monocytes still occurs in patients for whom no plasma cytokines can be detected. Thus, in addition to the measurement of plasma cytokine, measurement of cell‐associated cytokine appears useful to assess cytokine production and monocyte activation in vivo.
Molecular heterogeneity of auto‐anti‐idiotypic antibodies in MLR‐lpr/lpr mice
Authors: Koizumi Tamio , Puccetti Antonio , Migliorini Paola , Barrett Kathleen J. , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe VH and Vx gene families expressed by 20 monoclonal auto‐anti‐idiotypes (Ab2) derived from unmanipulated MLR‐lpr/lpr mice were determined by Northern blotting. Complete variable region sequences of six Ab2, along with three additional Vx‐JH Ab2 sequences, were obtained. These auto‐anti‐idiotypes arose spontaneously in the animals, and they bound specifically to an idiotypic determinant (ld/r) on mAb 28/12, a monoclonal IgG2b MLR‐lpr/lpr anti‐small nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibody. The 16 Ab2 heavy chains belonged to 7 different VH gene families, and the 10 Ab2 light chains were derived from 8 Vx families. The light chains of two Ab2 were ≈99% identical; the remaining variable region sequences were highly heterogeneous. There was no correlation between primary amino acid sequence of either heavy or light chain and idiotypic properties of the auto‐anti‐idiotypes. Six Ab2 used VH or Vx genes that are identical to known germ‐line genes. A high proportion of the spontaneous auto‐anti‐idiotypes was shown to have autoantibody activity (anti‐DNA, anti‐ribonucleoprotein), or specific binding reactions with lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella RE, or both properties. The structural diversity of spontaneous MLR‐lpr/lpr auto‐anti‐idiotypes differs sharply from the structural homogeneity reported for Ab2 induced in normal animals against syngeneic Ab1. Our results suggest that auto‐anti‐idiotypes might arise independently of an immunogenic stimulus from an Ab1.
The T cell receptor/CD3 complex and CD2 stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of indistinguishable patterns of polypeptides in the human T leukemic cell line Jurkat
Authors: Ley Steven C. , Davies Adelina A. , Druker Brian , Crumpton Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStimulation of the T cell receptor (TcR)/CD3 complex of Jurkat T cells with a monoclonal antibody to the CD3 ϵ chain induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple polypeptides, ranging in size from 21 to 155 kDa. The protein tyrosine phosphorylation was characterized by its rapidity and its transient nature, returning to baseline levels by 60 min. Protein tyrosine kinase activity was also induced when the Jurkat T cells were stimulated with a mitogenic pair of antibodies directed against CD2. Comparison of the polypeptides which were phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to stimulation of the two receptors, by either one‐ or two‐dimensional analysis, failed to reveal any differences. These data suggest that the TcR/CD3 complex and CD2 activated the same tyrosine kinase or kinases. A model is proposed in which CD2 functions as a signal amplifier in physiological responses to antigen/major histocompatibility complex without changing the qualitative nature of the signal generated via the TcR/CD3 complex.
Bone marrow‐derived progenitor T cells convey the origin of maturational arrest from CD4+CD8+ to CD4−CD8+ thymocytes in LEC mutant rats
Authors: Agui Takashi , Sakai Tohru , Himeno Kunisuke , Matsumoto Kozo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA mutant strain of rats, LEC, shows a novel arrest of T cell maturation from CD4+CD8+ to CD4+CD8− but not to CD4−CD8+ cells in the thymus. Transplantation of LEC rat fetal thymuses into the subcapsule of the kidney of athymic nude rats resulted in a normal maturation of thymocytes in the thymus graft. Furthermore, both single‐positive thymocytes and peripheral lymph node T cells expressed T cell receptor α/β antigen, and lymph node T cells acquired the ability to produce interleukin 2 upon mitogen stimulation. Transplantation of fetal thymuses from LEA rats, which express the same major histocompatibility complex haplotype as LEC rats, into LEC rat kidney subcapsule resulted in the maturational arrest from CD4+CD8+ to CD4+CD8− cells in the thymus graft. These data strongly suggest that bone marrow‐derived progenitor T cells carry the cause of maturational arrest and that the thymic stroma of LEC rats has a normal potential to nurse thymocytes.
A B cell population that dominates the primary response to influenza virus hemagglutinin does not participate in the memory response
Authors: Kavaler Joshua , Caton Andrew J. , Staudt Louis M. , Gerhard Walter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe early primary B cell response of BALB/c mice to the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (PR8) hemagglutinin (HA) is dominated by B cells that utilize a single Vx gene in association with one of two closely related VH genes. We have used an anti‐idiotypic reagent that recognizes a light chain‐associated idiotope (23‐1 Id) on these antibodies to follow their presence during the anti‐HA response. Quantitation of 23‐1 Id+ antibodies at different time points during the anti‐HA response indicates that the 23‐1 Id+ B cell response peaks early after primary immunization and is not re‐induced by secondary challenge. Furthermore, 23‐1 Id+ titers in serum decay rapidly between the first and second week after immunization, and the HA‐specific 23‐1 Id+ precursor B cell population does not significantly expand in the months following immunization. These results indicate that despite their predominance during the primary response, 23‐Id+ B cells abruptly disappear from the response and do not mature into memory B cells.
Biased T cell receptor Vα region repertoire in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Pluschke Gerd , Ricken Gesa , Taube Heiko , Kroninger Susanne , Melchers Inga , Peter Hans Hartmut , Eichmann Klaus , Krawinkel Ulrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSynovial T lymphocytes seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since very little is known about the structural heterogeneity of their T cell antigen receptors (TcR), we analyzed TcR α chain mRNA of synovial fluid T cells from two RA patients. TcR α chain cDNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction with single‐sided specificity for the α chain constant (Cα) gene segment, and the nucleotide sequences of 51 functionally rearranged cDNA clones were determined. Twenty different Vα genes and 26 different Jα gene segments were utilized in these cDNA clones. Three of the Vα gene segments which are frequently (8%‐17% total) expressed in synovial fluid T cells have rarely been found in the TcR repertoire of peripheral blood T cells from healthy individuals. The T cell responses in the rheumatic synovia analyzed here are not oligoclonal, but the usage of TcR Vα genes is biased.
Induction of CD8 molecules on thymic γ/δ T cells in vitro is dependent upon α/β T cells
Authors: Spetz Anna‐Lena , Kourilsky Philippe , Larsson‐Sciard Eva‐Lotta 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThymocytes differentiate upon interactions with microenvironmental components, but the precise role of different stromal cells, or other T cells, in early differentiative events remains unclear. Here we have analyzed the in vitro differentiation of double‐negative (DN) thymocytes from young adult mice. We demonstrate that a substantial proportion of DN thymocytes differentiate into CD8+ γ/δ T cells upon stimulation with concanavalin A and recombinant interleukin 2. However, if α/β T cells are excluded from the initial population of DN thymocytes, the CD8+ γ/δ T cells do not appear in the cultures. These results suggest a role for T‐T cell interactions in thymic differentiative events, and provide evidence for physiological interactions between the α/β and γ/δ T cell compartments within the thymus.
Temperature‐induced stress abrogates co‐stimulatory function in antigen‐presenting cells
Authors: Kuperberg Gina , Ellis Joanna , Marcinkiewicz Janosz , Chain Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study examines the effect of heat‐induced stress on the function of splenic antigen‐presenting cells. Heat shock (at 41°C, 45°C) profoundly inhibits the ability of this population to stimulate antigen‐specific proliferation in ex vivo, or short‐term cultures of T cells. This inhibition is not due to the release of suppressor factors from the antigen‐presenting cells, nor to a lack of interleukin 1. Comparison of the effect of heat shock on presentation to a T cell hybridoma suggest that heat shock may affect the ability of antigen‐presenting cells to deliver a co‐stimulatory signal to the T cell. The implication of these findings in terms of the regulation of autoimmune phenomena is discussed.
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells provides optimal stimulation for the production of interleukin (IL) 2, IL 4 and interferon‐γ by allogeneic T cells
Authors: Ellis Joanna , Chain Benjamin M. , Hugh Davies D. , Ibrahim Mohammed A. A. , Katz David R. , Kaye Paul M. , Lightstone Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that dendritic cells are the most potent inducers of T cell proliferation in vitro and that this is reflected in the release of interleukin (IL) 2 into culture supernatants during dendritic cell‐T cell interaction. However, the role of the dendritic cells, and, indeed, of the antigen‐presenting step, has not yet been explored with respect to other T cell‐derived cytokines, in either a qualitative or relative fashion.In this study, therefore, we have examined the comparative role of different antigen‐presenting cells (APC) as inducers of T cell cytokine release in allogeneic responses. We have confirmed that dendritic cells are the most effective inducers for IL 2 and have shown that this is true not only in primary alloresponses, but also in alloresponder T cells maintained for extended periods and then rechallenged. Dendritic cells were also the most potent inducers of IL 3 and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in primary cultures. No IL 4 was demonstrable irrespective of the type of presenting cells used, and both tissue macrophages and dendritic cells can induce synthesis of IL 6. Likewise, in secondary alloresponses both dendritic cells and to a lesser extent tissue macrophages induce release of IL 3, no IL 4 is detectable, and activated macrophages and B cells raise IFN‐γ levels in the supernatants albeit to a lower concentration than that seen when dendritic cells are used as stimulators. The results were similar in the tertiary alloresponse except that (a) IL 4 was now detectable in the supernatants but only where dendritic cells had been used as APC, and (b) both resting and activated macrophages induced IL 2 and IFN‐γ. By the eighth cycle of allostimulation there is negligible IL 2. Dendritic cells, tissue macrophages and activated B cells constitute a hierarchy of APC for IL 3, IFN‐γ and IL 4. These findings therefore demonstrate the role of dendritic cells as potent in vitro inducers of IL 3, IL 4 and IFN‐γ synthesis as well as of IL 2.
Rejection of bone marrow cell allografts by natural killer cell subsets: 5E6+ cell specificity for Hh‐1 determinant 2 shared by H‐2d and H‐2f
Authors: Sentman Charles L. , Kumar Vinay , Bennett Michael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 5E6 antigen, defined by anti‐5E6 mAb, is expressed on one‐half of murine natural killer (NK) cells, and we have previously demonstrated (C. L. Sentman et al., J. Exp. Med. 1989. 170: 1991) that 5E6+ NK cells are necessary for the rejection of BALB/c (Hh‐1d) but not C567BL/6 (Hh‐1b) bone marrow cells (BMC). In experiments described here, we have characterized the specificity of 5E6+ and 5E6− NK cell subsets for hemopoietic histocompatibility‐1 (Hh‐1) antigens. Prospective recipient mice were treated with anti‐5E6 mAb and challenged with BMC from a variety of donors. In addition, H‐2d/Hh‐1d C.B‐17 scid 5E6+ or 5E6− NK cells were adoptively transferred into irradiated, NK cell‐depleted hosts and challenged with H‐2b/Hh‐1b BMC. The data indicate that the 5E6+ NK cells are necessary for the rejection of only those BMC that express the Hh‐1 determinant 2 shared by H‐2d and H‐2f haplotypes of strains BALB/c (d), A.Ca (f), and B10.M (f). No reactivity to other Hh‐1 antigens resides in the 5E6+ population. In contrast, the ability of NK cells to lyse H‐2d or H‐2b tumor cells was independent of 5E6 expression. These results suggest that the 5E6 molecule is likely to be important in the specific recognition and rejection of BMC that express Hh‐1 determinant 2, and is probably not involved in recognition of „tumor target cell structures”︁.
Regulation of immune response to inhaled antigen by alveolar macrophages: differential effects of in vivo alveolar macrophage elimination on the induction of tolerance vs. immunity
Authors: Thepen Theo , McMenamin Christine , Oliver Jane , Kraal Georg , Holt Patrick G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA single intratracheal instillation of liposomes containing dichloro methylene diphosphonate into rats eliminated > 80% of the alveolar macrophage (AMϕ) population, and the population was not significantly renewed during the ensuing week. AMϕ depletion markedly increased local antibody production in the lung wall in pre‐primed animals exposed to antigen aerosols. However, AMϕ depletion did not affect the normal development of protective tolerance (particularly in the IgE antibody class) to inhaled antigen in immunologically naive rats. These results are discussed in relation to regional control of immune responses in the upper vs. the lower respiratory tract.
Correction of antigen‐specific T cell defects in aged murine gut‐associated lymphoid tissues an immune intervention by combined adoptive transfer of an antigen‐specific immunoregulatory CD4 T cell subset and interleukin 2 administration
Authors: Kawanishi Hidenori , Ajitsu Shin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGut‐associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) from aged mice enterically immunized with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis protoplasmic antigen show hyperreactive humoral immune responses; this hyperresponsiveness can be corrected to a considerable extent, but not entirely, by systemic administration of interleukin 2 (IL 2) alone. The aim of the present study was to determine further whether the hyperreactivity in the antigen‐specific humoral immune responses in aged GALT could be fully restored by adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded antigen‐specific IL 2‐dependent helper (CD4+VV−) T cells from GALT in conjunction with recombinant IL 2 administration. The results show that the age‐associated hyperresponsiveness in gut mucosal antigen‐specific humoral immune responses can be entirely corrected by adoptive transfer with the antigen‐specific GALT T helper cells together with in vivo IL 2 adminstration. The mechanism of this restoration involves reversal of the decline in antigen‐specific CD8+ suppressor T cell functions in aged GALT.
Homing receptors reexamined: mouse LECAM‐1 (MEL‐14 antigen) is involved in lymphocyte migration into gut‐associated lymphoid tissue
Authors: Hamann Alf , Jablonski‐Westrich Dorothee , Jonas Petra , Thiele Heinz‐Günter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpecific recognition molecules („homing receptors”︁) on lymphocytes are thought to direct selective entry of cells into different organs. The lectin‐related cell adhesion molecule LECAM‐1 has previously been supposed to mediate lymphocyte entry into peripheral lymph nodes and, partially, mesenteric nodes but not into Peyer's patches. Here we present evidence that in vivo the molecule is also implicated in homing of mouse lymphocytes to Peyer's patches and may have a more general role as homing receptor for high endothelial venules‐bearing lymphoid tissue, but not for most non‐lymphoid tissue.
Identification of thymocyte precursors in murine fetal liver
Authors: Bell Sarah E. , Zamoyska Rose 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have isolated thymic stem cells from murine fetal liver using a combination of approaches including discontinuous albumin density gradient separation and anti‐heat‐stable antigen (HSA) antibody plus complement‐mediated lysis. A population of early precursors has been identified which comprises approximately 1% of fetal liver, and which has the capacity to reconstitute alymphoid lobes and give rise to the four thymic subpopulations defined by expression of the T cell differentiation antigens CD4 and CD8. These early precursors express CD44 (Pgp‐1), however, they are negative for expression of Thy‐1, CD4, CD8, CD3, membrane immunoglobulin and HSA cell surface molecules.
Resistance to Leishmania major infection correlates with the induction of nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages
Authors: Liew Foo Y. , Li Yun , Moss David , Parkinson Clive , Rogers Mark V. , Moncada Salvador 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInbred strains of mice differ considerably in their innate resistance to leishmanial infection. BALB/c mice are highly susceptible to cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major, whereas CBA mice are resistant. We now show that this resistance correlates with the ability of macrophages to synthesize nitric oxide (NO) following activation with interferon‐γ or tumor necrosis factor α. Furthermore, the larger amounts of NO generated by resistant macrophages are related to higher levels of NO synthase activity, a difference which is not attributable to the number or the affinity of the receptors for interferon‐γ on these cells. The level of NO synthesis by activated macrophages was also correlated to the resistance in a number of other inbred mouse strains tested; macrophages from the resistant B10.S, C57BL and C3H mice produced significantly higher levels of NO than the macrophages from the susceptible BALB.b and DBA/2 mice.
Immunogenicity of multiple antigen peptides (MAP) containing T and B cell epitopes of the repeat region of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein
Authors: Munesinghe Dona Yamuna , Clavijo Pedro , Calle Mauricio Calvo , Nussenzweig Ruth S. , Nardin Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immunogenicity of multiple antigen peptides (MAP) constructs containing T and B cell epitopes of the repeat region of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein was examined in vitro, using a human T cell clone, and in vivo, using four different strains of mice. All the MAP constructs that contained the T cell epitope, (DPNANPNVDPNANPNV), stimulated proliferation and interferon‐γ production by a human T cell clone specific for this epitope which is located in the 5′ end of the repeat region of the P. falciparum CS protein. These human T cells did not recognize MAP that contained only the B cell epitope, (NANP)3, which is located in the 3′ repeat region. Optimal antibody responses were obtained in mice immunized with MAP containing four copies of tandemly arranged T and B cell epitopes, (TB)4. The murine immune response to the MAP constructs was genetically restricted. Mice of a high responder strain, C57BL, recognized both the 5′ and 3′ repeat sequences in the MAP as T, as well as B, cell epitopes and developed very high anti‐MAP and anti‐sporozoite antibody titers. A/J and C3H mice, which were intermediate responders, developed lower antibody titers which varied according to the orientation of the T vs. the B cell epitopes within the MAP constructs. BALB/c mice were nonresponders and did not develop antibodies following immunization with any of the MAP constructs containing the 5′ and 3′ repeats of the P. falciparum CS protein.
Immunoglobulin heavy chain cDNA from the teleost Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): nucleotide sequences of secretory and membrane form show an unusual splicing pattern
Authors: Bengtén Eva , Leanderson Tomas , Pilström Lars 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRabbit antibodies to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) immunoglobulin were affinity purified and used to screen cDNA libraries from spleen and head kidney mRNA. cDNA clones for both the secretory and membrane‐bound heavy (H) chain were isolated, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of which are reported here. Comparisons of the cod secretory H chain amino acid sequence show 24%, 27%, 30% identity to the μ chain of Mus, Xenopus and Ictalurus, respectively. The highest degree of identity was observed in the CH4 domain. The cDNA encoding the transmembrane form shows a novel splicing pattern where the TM1 exon is spliced directly onto the CH3 domain and not to the CH4 domain as in other animal groups. Southern blot analyses with VH and C probes on genomic DNA from cod erythrocytes indicate that there is a unique C gene but several V genes in the cod immunoglobulin H chain locus.