bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Na-bearing white micas from Triassic rocks of the transition between the Maláguide and Alpujárride complexes (Betic Cordillera, Spain)
Authors: Ruiz Cruz Maria Dolores 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe structural significance of micas with Na-K intermediate composition, and their chemical and structural evolution at increasing metamorphic grade have been investigated in Triassic rocks from the transition between the Maláguide and Alpujárride complexes (Internal zones of the Betic Cordillera, Spain). Micas were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). Three samples, belonging to the late diagenesis and to the low and medium anchizone, were selected for this study. Na-bearing mica appears as submicroscopic packets intergrown in parallel with K-mica, becoming more compositionally uniform with increasing grade. The diagenetic sample contains illite, minor paragonite, and two main populations of intermediate Na-K micas, with average compositions Ms60Prg40 and Ms35Prg65, respectively, where Ms represents muscovite and Prg, paragonite. The lattice-fringe images of mica packets with intermediate compositions suggest the presence of random mixed-layered paragonite-muscovite. Under low anchizonal conditions the amount of discrete paragonite increases and the Na-K intermediate mica has a mean composition of Ms40Prg60. The TEM images suggest that the packets with intermediate composition are solid solutions of paragonite and illite. Micas with Na-K intermediate composition are lacking in the sample with the highest metamorphic grade. In this sample, paragonite and muscovite coexist with mica, with composition intermediate between paragonite and margarite. The lattice-fringe images of these Na-Ca-bearing packets suggest that they consist of irregularly shaped domains enriched either in Na or in Ca.Our data indicate that Na+K-bearing micas have several origins: detrital stacks of K- and Na-bearing micas coexist with authigenic phases, formed from dickite in the diagenetic, coarse-grained samples, and perhaps from smectite-bearing mixed-layers or detrital illite, in the fine-grained rocks. The changes observed at increasing metamorphic grade can be related to the influence of the lithology, the metamorphic grade, and the different geological settings. Intermediate Na-Ca mica appears to have grown from paragonite, with calcite as the source of Ca.
Early clay diagenesis in Gulf Coast sediments: New insights from XRD profile modeling
Authors: McCarty Douglas K. , Sakharov Boris A. , Drits Victor A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSamples from different depths in the Oligocene Frio formation (offshore Gulf of Mexico) were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental XRD patterns recorded from oriented and ethylene glycol (EG) solvated clay fractions of the samples were similar to those typical of random, mixed-layered illite-smectite (R0 I-S). The experimental XRD patterns recorded in air-dried (AD) and EG states were simulated using three different models. One of them corresponds to R0 I-S for which thickness and content of the interstratified layers were determined by the Środoń technique. The second model is represented by a single homogeneous I-S in which illite and smectite layers are interstratified with a tendency to segregation. The expandability of the segregated I-S model varies from 48% to 75% without any rational relationship between the smectite layer content and depth.The third model assumes that the clay fraction is a physical mixture of smectite and an R0 I-S. In this model the I-S contains 65% illite and 35% smectite layers independent of depth, whereas the smectite content varies from 28% to 63%. This model has consistently smaller profile factors, Rp, for both EG and AD XRD scans compared with the Rp values determined for the other two models.The mineralogical association, volcanic origin, narrow stratigraphic interval (427 m), and low maximum temperature (42°C) of the studied Frio Formation are considered. These features are completely consistent with the two-phase model and so the segregation model must be rejected. An authigenic origin of the pure smectite and an alternative detrital or authigenic origin of the R0 I-S are discussed.
Log selfsimilarity of continuous soil Particle-size distributions estimated using random multiplicative cascades
Authors: Martín Miguel Ángel , García-Gutiérrez Carlos 
Published: June 2008

AbstractParticle-size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental soil property usually reported as discrete clay, silt, and sand percentages. Models and methods to effectively generate a continuous PSD from such poor descriptions using another property would be extremely useful to predict and understand in fragmented distributions, which are ubiquitous in nature. Power laws for soil PSDs imply scale invariance (or selfsimilarity), a property which has proven useful in PSD description. This work is based on two novel ideas in modeling PSDs: (1) the concept of selfsimilarity in PSDs; and (2) mathematical tools to calculate fractal distributions for specific soil PSDs using few actual texture data. Based on these ideas, a random, multiplicative cascade model was developed that relies on a regularity of scale invariance called ‘log-selfsimilarity.’ The model allows the estimation of intermediate particle size values from common texture data. Using equivalent inputs, this new modeling approach was checked using soil data and shown to provide greatly improved results in comparison to the selfsimilar model for soil PSD data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov D-statistic for the log-selfsimilar model was smaller than the selfsimilar model in 92.94% of cases. The average error was 0.74 times that of the selfsimilar model. The proposed method allows measurement of a heterogeneity index, H, defined using Hölder exponents, which facilitates quantitative characterization of soil textural classes. The average H value ranged from 0.381 for silt texture to 0.838 for sandy loam texture, with a variance of <0.034 for all textural classes. The index can also be used to distinguish textures within the same textural class. These results strongly suggest that the model and its parameters might be useful in estimating other soil physical properties and in developing new soil PSD pedotransfer functions. This modeling approach, along with its potential applications, might be extended to fine-grained mineral and material studies.
Perceived responsibility for change as an outcome predictor in cognitive‐behavioural group therapy
Authors: Delsignore Aba , Carraro Giovanni , Mathier Fabienne , Znoj Hansjörg , Schnyder Ulrich 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe study of control beliefs in psychotherapy research has been neglected in the past years. Based on the evidence that some patients do not benefit enough from therapy because of inadequate expectancies regarding the responsibility and the mechanisms of therapeutic change, assessing control beliefs specific to the psychotherapy context and linking them to therapy outcome can help highlighting this specific aspect and reactivating a neglected field of clinical research.MethodUsing a new validated instrument (Questionnaire on Control Expectancies in Psychotherapy, TBK), this study investigated whether and how perceived responsibility for change predicts favourable response to group cognitive‐behavioural therapy in a sample of 49 outpatients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Patient engagement and therapy‐related self‐efficacy were assessed as possible process variables.ResultsAmong therapy‐related control beliefs, low powerful others expectancies (towards the therapist) were found to be the strongest predictor for clinical improvement at follow‐up. At a process level, analyses of mediation showed that powerful others expectancies predicted therapy engagement, which then influenced the degree of clinical improvement on social anxiety levels and global symptoms. The association between therapy‐specific internality and outcome was confirmed for social anxiety at follow‐up and was partially mediated by therapy‐related self‐efficacy.ConclusionsFindings confirm that therapy‐related control beliefs predict psychotherapy process (patient engagement and therapy‐specific self‐efficacy) and outcome in cognitive‐behavioural group therapy for SAD. Implications for clinicians and for future research are discussed.
Low rates of PTSD in men attending childbirth: A preliminary study
Authors: Bradley Rachel , Slade Pauline , Leviston Angela 
Published: June 2008

ObjectivesTo investigate whether men experience symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after attending their partner's labour and delivery and the prevalence and predictors of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression.DesignThis quantitative study involved a large sample, within‐participants design with questionnaires completed at recruitment and six weeks follow‐up.MethodsWithin 72 hours of attending their partner giving birth, 199 men provided demographic details and completed questions about their partner's pregnancy, labour and delivery. Six weeks later they completed a second questionnaire booklet containing measures of symptoms of post‐traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression.ResultsNo men reported symptoms at significant levels on all three dimensions of PTSD (intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal) although 12% reported clinically significant symptoms on at least one dimension. The dimension with the highest frequency was hyperarousal. Linear regression indicated more PTSD symptoms were predicted by trait anxiety, fewer children, the pregnancy being unplanned, being present at actual delivery, and feeling less confident about coping, less prepared, and more distressed during the process of childbirth. Prevalence of clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety was 8 and 7%, respectively, and was predicted by higher trait anxiety.ConclusionsIn this sample there was little evidence for the full constellation of PTSD in men attending their partner giving birth. Using a trauma perspective in this context may not be supported. Those symptoms most commonly reported could be viewed primarily as anxiety and were linked with less previous experience of attending childbirth. Attendance at actual delivery was a key predictor of symptoms.
Referential delusions of communication and reality discrimination deficits in psychosis
Authors: Bucci Sandra , Startup Mike , Wynn Paula , Heathcote Andrew , Baker Amanda , Lewin Terry J. 
Published: June 2008

BackgroundThere appear to be two kinds of delusion of reference, which vary independently: delusions of observation and delusions of communication. It has been suggested that delusions of communication might derive from an impairment in reality discrimination, though the impairment would be centred on non‐verbal channels in delusions of communication as opposed to verbal channels in auditory hallucinations.MethodPatients (N = 64) with acute psychotic symptoms were recruited according to a 2 × 2 design: presence versus absence of delusions of communication crossed with presence versus absence of auditory hallucinations. They were presented with 100 brief video clips in which an actor either made a well‐known gesture or an incidental movement, with the clips being obscured by visual noise. For each clip, the patients indicated how confident they were that a gesture was portrayed.ResultsAccording to a signal detection analysis, all groups showed adequate sensitivity and the groups did not differ in sensitivity, but patients with delusions of communication showed a bias to report gestures which was not shown by patients with hallucinations. A control group of healthy volunteers (N = 57) showed significantly greater sensitivity than the patients and a more conservative bias than patients with delusions of communication.ConclusionsA bias to report gestures is not part of a general tendency to externalize one's own thoughts but may be the result of a reality discrimination deficit that is specific to delusions of communication. A possible theoretical explanation for such a deficit is discussed.
Thyroid and the environment: exposure to excessive nutritional iodine increases the prevalence of thyroid disorders in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Camargo Rosalinda Y A , Tomimori Eduardo K , Neves Solange C , G S Rubio Ileana , Galrão Ana Luiza , Knobel Meyer , Medeiros-Neto Geraldo 
Published: June 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) and iodine-induced hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (overt and subclinical), and goiter in a population exposed to excessive iodine intake for 5 years (table salt iodine concentrations: 40–100 mg/kg salt).DesignThis was a population-based, cross-sectional study with 1085 participants randomly selected from a metropolitan area in São Paulo, Brazil, and conducted during the first semester of 2004.MethodsThyroid ultrasound examination was performed in all participants and samples of urine and blood were collected from each subject. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies, urinary iodine concentration, thyroid volume, and thyroid echogenicity were evaluated. We also analyzed table salt iodine concentrations.ResultsAt the time the study was conducted, table salt iodine concentrations were within the new official limits (20–60 mg/kg salt). Nevertheless, in 45.6% of the participants, urinary iodine excretion was excessive (above 300 μg/l) and, in 14.1%, it was higher than 400 μg/l. The prevalence of CAT (including atrophic thyroiditis) was 16.9% (183/1085), women were more affected than men (21.5 vs 9.1% respectively, P=0.02). Hypothyroidism was detected in 8.0% (87/1085) of the population with CAT. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3.3% of the individuals (36/1085) and goiter was identified in 3.1% (34/1085).ConclusionsFive years of excessive iodine intake by the Brazilian population may have increased the prevalence of CAT and hypothyroidism in subjects genetically predisposed to thyroid autoimmune diseases. Appropriate screening for early detection of thyroid dysfunction may be considered during excessive nutritional iodine intake.
The Relationship of Mirizzi Syndrome and Cholecystoenteric Fistula: Validation of a Modified Classification
Authors: Beltran Marcelo A. , Csendes Attila , Cruces Karina S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundMirizzi syndrome and cholecystoenteric fistula with or without gallstone ileus are late complications of gallstone disease. We previously suggested that the natural history of Mirizzi syndrome may not end with just a cholecystobiliary fistula and that the continuous inflammation in the triangle of Calot area may result in a complex fistula involving the biliary tract and the adjacent viscera. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship of Mirizzi syndrome with cholecystoenteric fistulas.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients older than aged 18 years submitted to emergency or elective cholecystectomy from 1995 to 2006. Of 5,673 cholecystectomies performed during that period, we found 327 (5.7%) patients with Mirizzi syndrome and 105 (1.8%) patients with cholecystoenteric fistula. Ninety‐four (89.5%) patients with cholecystoenteric fistula also had an associated Mirizzi syndrome.ResultsCholecystoenteric fistula was associated with Mirizzi syndrome (p < 0.0001), increased age was associated with Mirizzi syndrome and cholecystoenteric fistula (p < 0.0001), and female gender was associated with Mirizzi syndrome (p < 0.0001).ConclusionWhen during surgery for gallstone disease a cholecystoenteric fistula is encountered, the possibility of an associated Mirizzi syndrome must be considered. The findings of this study confirm the association of Mirizzi syndrome with cholecystoenteric fistula.
Effect of Surfactants and Polyethylene Glycol on the Activity and Stability of a Lipase from Oilseeds of Pachira aquatica
Authors: Polizelli Patricia Peres , Tiera Márcio José , Bonilla‐Rodriguez Gustavo Orlando 
Published: June 2008

AbstractLipases from oilseeds have a great potential for commercial exploration as industrial enzymes. Lipases are used mixed with surfactants in cleaning and other formulated products, and accordingly, both components must be compatible with each other. This work presents the results of the effects of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants, polyethylene glycol and urea on the activity and stability of a lipase extracted of oilseeds from Pachira aquatica. The enzyme was purified and the spectrophotometric assays were done using p‐nitrophenyl acetate (p‐NPA) as substrate pH 7.5 and 25 °C. The activity was significantly enhanced by the cationic surfactant CTAB. Bile salts increased the lipase activity in the tested concentration range, whereas anionic and nonionic surfactants showed an inhibitory effect. Aqueous solutions of PEG activated the lipase and maximum activation (161%) occurred in PEG 12,000. This effect on lipase that can be due to exposition of some hydrophobic residues located in the vicinity of the active site or aggregation.
Late‐onset heart failure after myocardial infarction: Trends in incidence and survival☆
Authors: Najafi Farid , Dobson Annette J. , Hobbs Michael , Jamrozik Konrad 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground:Limited data are available on the epidemiology of heart failure (HF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We have investigated trends in the incidence and outcome of HF developing more than 28 days after first‐ever AMI.Methods and resultsWe identified all residents of Perth, Western Australia aged 25–64 years with no history of HF, who had experienced an AMI between 1984 and 1993, and followed them to 2005 (at which time survivors of the index events would have been aged up to 85 years). Of 3109 patients identified, 406 (13.1%) had at least one subsequent admission to hospital with a diagnosis of HF and 211 died. Following adjustment for age and sex, the hazard ratio for late‐onset HF for the period 1989–1993 relative to 1984–1988 was 0.85 (95%CI: 0.69 to 1.04). After adjustment for age, history of diabetes and recurrent acute coronary syndrome, the hazard ratio for death in patients with late‐onset HF did not change over the period of study (HR per year=1.02, 95%CI: 0.99 to 1.05).Conclusion:Our findings contradict recent claims that there is an epidemic of HF driven in part by improved survival after AMI.
Jumping to conclusions and persecutory delusions
Authors: Startup Helen , Freeman Daniel , Garety Philippa A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIt is unknown whether a ‘jumping to conclusions’ (JTC) data-gathering bias is apparent in specific delusion sub-types. A group with persecutory delusions is compared with a sample of non-clinical controls on a probabilistic reasoning task. Results suggest JTC is apparent in individuals with the persecutory sub-type of delusions.
The Danish Communicative Developmental Inventories: validity and main developmental trends
Authors: BLESES DORTHE , VACH WERNER , SLOTT MALENE , WEHBERG SONJA , THOMSEN PIA , MADSEN THOMAS O. , BASBØLL HANS 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a large-scale cross-sectional study of Danish children's early language acquisition based on the Danish adaptation of theMacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories(CDI). Measures of validity and reliability imply that the Danish adaptation of the American CDI has been adjusted linguistically and culturally in appropriate ways which makes it suitable for tapping into Danish children's language acquisition. The study includes 6,112 randomly selected children in the age of 0 ; 8 to 3 ; 0, and results related to the development of early gestures, comprehension and production of words as well as grammatical skills, are presented.
Rapid learning of an abstract language-specific category: Polish children's acquisition of the instrumental construction
Authors: DĄBROWSKA EWA , TOMASELLO MICHAEL 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTRapid acquisition of linguistic categories or constructions is sometimes regarded as evidence of innate knowledge. In this paper, we examine Polish children's early understanding of an idiosyncratic, language-specific construction involving the instrumental case – which could not be due to innate knowledge. Thirty Polish-speaking children aged 2 ; 6 and 3 ; 2 participated in a elicited production experiment with novel verbs that were demonstrated as taking nouns in the instrumental case as patients. Children heard the verbs in sentences with either masculine or feminine nouns (which take different endings in the instrumental case), and were tested with new nouns of the same and of the opposite gender. In both age groups, a substantial majority of children succeeded in generalizing from one gendered form of the instrumental case to the other (especially to the masculine), thus indicating that they have some kind of abstract understanding of the instrumental case in this construction. This relatively early abstract knowledge of an idiosyncratic construction casts doubt on the view that early acquisition requires innate linguistic knowledge.
Rigid thinking about deformables: do children sometimes overgeneralize the shape bias?
Authors: SAMUELSON LARISSA K. , HORST JESSICA S. , SCHUTTE ANNE R. , DOBBERTIN BRANDI N. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTYoung children learning English are biased to attend to the shape of solid rigid objects when learning novel names. This study seeks further understanding of the processes that support this behavior by examining a previous finding that three-year-old children are also biased to generalize novel names for objects made from deformable materials by shape, even after the materials are made salient. In two experiments, we examined the noun generalizations of 72 two-, three- and four-year-old children with rigid and deformable stimuli. Data reveal that three-year-old, but not two- or four-year-old, children generalize names for deformable things by shape, and that this behavior is not due to the syntactic context of the task. We suggest this behavior is an overgeneralization of three-year-old children's knowledge of how rigid things are named and discuss the implications of this finding for a developmental account of the origins of the shape bias.
Early vocabulary development in Danish and other languages: A CDI-based comparison
Authors: BLESES DORTHE , VACH WERNER , SLOTT MALENE , WEHBERG SONJA , THOMSEN PIA , MADSEN THOMAS O. , BASBØLL HANS 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe main objective of this paper is to describe the trajectory of Danish children's early lexical development relative to other languages, by comparing a Danish study based on the Danish adaptation of The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) to 17 comparable CDI-studies. The second objective is to address the feasibility of cross-linguistic CDI-comparisons. The main finding is that the developmental trend of Danish children's early lexical development is similar to trends observed in other languages, yet the vocabulary comprehension score in the Danish children is the lowest across studies from age 1 ; 0 onwards. We hypothesize that the delay is related to the nature of Danish sound structure, which presents Danish children with a harder task of segmentation. We conclude that CDI-studies are an important resource for cross-language studies, but reporting of studies needs to be standardized and the availability of published data improved in order to make comparisons more straightforward.