bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SHINPADS SERIAL DATA BUS
Authors: KUHNS RICHARD C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Shipboard Integrated Processing And Display System (SHINPADS) Serial Data Bus is a high speed digital interconnect system designed to provide a real time data bus communication facility for Naval Electronic Systems. The Serial Data Bus (SDB) can be used to interconnect devices currently using Military Standard MIL‐STD‐1397 Input/Output Interfaces and it has been designed to suit the needs of Naval Combat Systems.The SHINPADS Serial Data Bus was specified with an eye to the future. A large growth margin was designed into the system, while minimizing costs, by properly distributing functions between software, firmware, and hardware. The Serial Data Bus protocol enables future evolution to Fiber Optic Transmission without impacting system software. The Serial Data Bus provides the potential for accomplishing many of the features attributed to Distributed Processing Systems. However, the accomplishment of Distributed Processing improvements can only occur through proper and enlightened system design.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SHIPBOARD MULTIFUNCTIONAL WASTE INCINERATOR
Authors: WYATT SAMUEL , CROWSON FRED 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOne of the problems facing the shipping industry is the disposal of shipboard generated waste. The problem is especially acute in coastal areas and in the Mediterranean Sea where the overboard discharge of solid and oily waste is prohibited. One of the Navy's solutions to this problem is the development of a shipboard multifunctional waste incinerator. This incinerator is designed to process on a daily basis shipboard generated trash, food waste, sewage sludge from a sewage treatment system, and oily waste from the effluent side of an oil‐water separator. This paper discusses decisions made during the laboratory evaluation as well as solutions to these problems for the multifunctional waste incinerator.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH‐PRESSURE HYDRAULICS FOR U.S. NAVY SUBMARINES
Authors: ROWTON DONALD V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper traces the hydraulic systems development design considerations for the first post‐World War II U.S. Submarine, USS TANG (SS‐563). Higher pressures and new construction and control techniques, many adopted from then current aircraft practices, were adapted to the Submarine. The basic development testing programs, resulting design philosophy, and contracting methods which led to the first installation are recounted. Shipyard impact, training programs, and problem‐solving methods are detailed. The “at‐sea” results, from near disaster to final success, led to the eventual application of high‐pressure hydraulics in subsequent ships. This paper is essentially a historic narrative of a pioneering engineering undertaking which, however difficult it then seemed, contributed to a significant advance in submarine control capability.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN AIRCRAFT CARRIER DESIGN
Authors: REIN ROBERT J. , RYAN J. CHRISTOPHER 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSince the signing of the Contract Design Plane for the CVN 68 (the U.S. Navy's latest Class of Aircraft Carriers) In 1963, considerable technological advances have been made in Naval Ship Design. This paper provides specific examples of how new technology has affected traditional Carrier design practices and techniques, and also indicates areas where future advanced technology will be needed. It is divided into four sections: 1) Computer Design Application; 2) Total Ship Energy Conservation Analysis; 3) Advances in Structural Design; and 4) Impact of V/STOL Aircraft.The increased use of the computer to define ship characteristics in the initial stage of ship design is discussed, followed by a report on efforts to include energy conservation as an integral part of the design process. The energy conservation approach uses traditional analytical techniques to develop innovative design configurations that will achieve energy savings. Of the many advances in Carrier structural design, two specific examples are given: 1) Elimination of the infamous “knee‐knockers” (high sills in passageway openings) common to Gallery Deck structure, and 2) Successful attempts at reducing the thickness of aircraft elevator platforms. The paper concludes by pointing out some possible challenges facing the ship designer and some of the technology already created by the expected introduction of advanced design Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft.
SEAKEEPING BY DESIGN
Authors: COMSTOCK EDWARD N. , KEANE ROBERT G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT“Seakeeping … is the ability of our ships to go to sea, and Successfully and safely execute their missions despite adverse environmental factors.”— VAdm. R.E. Adamson. USNIn June 1975, VAdm. R.E. Adamson, USN, then Commander Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, addressed the participants of the Seakeeping Workshop [1] and established what has come to be a most profound definition of seakeeping as it relates to the U.S. Navy. In those few words he identified the two major issues facing the operator today and provided the focus for all subsequent seakeeping efforts within the design community at the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). For it is these two hues of mission sum and safety at sea which are addressed within NAVSEA, for each new ship design and for ships in the Fleet, in terms of: SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE — Ability to execute mission in a sea environment, and SEAWORTHINESS — Ability to survive in an extreme sea environment.In the past, the design of ships exhibiting superior seakeeping performance and seaworthiness and seaworthiness has been looked upon by many as an art or an academic exercise. The objective of this paper then is to demonstrate clearly that the ability of our ships to execute their missions successfully and safely in a sea environment is not by chance but by design.
COLD OIL SAL VAGE PUMPS
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V. , MITTZEMAN JOHN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTHydraulically powered, submersible oil transfer pumps were tested at the Naval Coastal Systems Center. The tests were performed under controlled temperature and discharge pressure conditions to simulate the cold weather and long discharge lines often encountered during emergency oil offloading in high latitudes. Five different pumps were tested. Of the five pumps, two were centrifugal, two were progressive cavity types, and one was a vertical turbine pump. The two centrifugal pumps performed better than was expected while the vertical turbine pump was determined to be unsuitable at the lower test temperatures. The progressive cavity pumps were determined to be unsuitable in their present configurations, but deserve further investigation because of their unique properties. The test effort led to the development of an empirical method for estimating pump efficiency at extremely high viscosities, and most important, to the creation of a Navy Specification for the development and procurement of a petroleum, oils, and lubricants transfer system to be used for offloading stranded Tankers in emergency situations.
COMB AT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE TOP LEVEL REQUIREMENT
Authors: TRUXALL C.W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Top Level Requirement (TLR) is a document that is required by the Chief of Naval Operations to be developed for new ship designs. This document describes in some detail the requirements levied on the ship designers for characteristics of the ship and its combat system. The Combat System Engineering Program has been developed in the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to provide a disciplined approach to the engineering of upgrades and modernizations to current surface ship complex combat systems. One of the axioms of this systemized approach is that “top down” engineering must take place. That is, the rationale for the upgrade for the new elements being included in the system, and for the way the integration of those elements takes place, must be based upon a set of operational requirements.In order to systems engineer the developments of modernizations properly, the Author proposes that TLRs be developed for each combatant ship class without a TLR that is a candidate for a major modernization or upgrade. The primary focus would be on the combat system requirements, but also there is concern for the other ship operational characteristics as well. The TLR should be contained in a document of about twenty‐five pages. As with the current TLRs, a Working Group of representatives from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV), Naval Material Command (NAVMAT)/Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), and other activities would be the developers of the new TLR. Because of the numbers of individuals with some responsibility in current Fleet ships, closer coordination between NAVMAT/NAVSEA and OPNAV is required. The process which this paper describes may well support significant cost savings in future‐year combat system upgrades, and the Combat System Engineering Community will have a basis for combat system design.
WATERFRONT CORRECTIVE ACTION PROGRAM (WCAP)/PILOT SHIPYARD PROJECT: RESOLVING EMI PROBLEMS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE SHIP OVERHAUL PROCESS
Authors: WINTER DALE B. , CARSTENSEN RUSSELL V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper begins with a discussion of activities toward institutionalization of the control of electromagnetic interference (EMI) during the ship overhaul through the Pilot Shipyard portion of WCAP. The discussion covers such practices as development of training and awareness material, development of standardized documentation to support shipyard activities, establishment of individual ship files of known problems, provision of technical assistance to other shipyards in the resolution of known EMI problems and investigation and development of new installation techniques and processes to insure an extended life span for EMI control hardware installed on board ship. This is in turn followed by a discussion of improvement in pre‐overhaul planning, improvements in existing specifications and standards, the development of model studies and improvements in ships force maintenance procedures to insure that the improvements in overhaul techniques are adopted as a routine institutionalized method.
SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF AIR CAPABLE SHIPS
Authors: COMSTOCK EDWARD N. , BALES SUSAN L. , GENTILE DANA M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe on‐going debate regarding the merits of large versus small aircraft carriers raises several issues concerning the ability of various ship configurations to support sea based air operations. One such issue is the question of the relative seakeeping performance of ship alternatives. In an effort to shed some light on the matter, a comparative seakeeping assessment of nine air capable ships covering a wide range of size and hull form was performed. An evaluation of the impact of aircraft and ship motion limitations on sea based air operations and a comparison of the relative ability of the ships to conduct air operations while in a seaway are presented. The specific air operations considered are launch, recovery, and support of aircraft. The ships evaluated are CVN‐71, CVA‐67 (MR), CVV, LHA‐1, VSS‐D, DDV‐2, DDV‐1D, DD‐963, and SWATH‐6. These ships have the combined capability to operate Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL), Conventional Takeoff and Landing (CTOL), Short Takeoff and Arrested Landing (STOAL), and Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (STOVL) type aircraft. Results indicate that seakeeping performance generally degrades with decreasing displacement, that SWATH‐6 performance is the least degraded, that elevator wetness can be an important degrader for ships with lower freeboards, that roll motion can be an important degrader for ships under 60,000 tons, and that percent time of operation is strongly dependent on the prevailing wave and wind environment.
THE DESIGN OF VARIABLE PAYLOAD SHIPS
Authors: BROOME GRANVILLE W. , NELSON DAVID W. , TOOTLE WILLIAM D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the issues involved and the approach taken in the design of Variable Payload Ships. The objectives in Variable Payload Ship design are: first, to permit concurrent design and development of the ship and its initial combat system; and second, to simplify the testing, installation, and upgrading of the combat system over a ship's life cycle. In order to accomplish these objectives, Ship Systems Engineering Standards and Design Criteria are being developed for the VPS platform and payload. Based on the Mid‐Size Combatant design conducted so far, indications are that the abovementioned objectives can be met — giving the Navy maximum flexibility to choose the latest and most appropriate combat suite for each of its surface combatants during both initial acquisition and entire life cycle.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF VARIABLE PAYLOAD SHIPS
Authors: THOMPSON DANIEL H. , THORELL LENNART M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe decoupling of combat systems from the platform makes it possible for shipyards and combat system suppliers to work in parallel without schedule or technological conflict. Great benefit is derived from building one, standard platform able to accommodate a variety of combat systems. The capability to build and test the payload modules independently, in a well equipped shore‐based facility, means higher production efficiency and improved quality control. The standardization of payload‐platform interfaces means that the detail design and construction of foundations and distributive systems need not be delayed if some of the combat system components are being upgraded at the time when the ship is in construction.Additionally, shipyards recognize the value of the variable payload ship concept for major combat systems and weapons upgrades. Analysis shows that combat system changes will not lie on the critical path from a scheduling point of view if the payload items are modularized and conform to the Ship Systems Engineering Standards.The shipyards intend to participate actively in the conservation of tenth‐scale models and full‐scale mock‐ups. These mock‐ups should prove valuable in the definition of interface requirements which must be incorporated in the Ship System Engineering Standards. The module installation procedures and clearance requirements for both weapons modules and pelletized electronics can be checked in this effective way.Variable payload ship platform construction poses no technical problems as far as new facility requirements are concerned. Shipyards interested in assembling, testing, and installing payload modules would, however, have to use appropriate buildings, equipment, and cranes. These capital requirements are significant but reasonable for those yards that are likely to be interested in building frigates, destroyers, or cruisers. Furthermore, these yards generally plan for production improvements through better facilities, many of which would support variable payload production.However, the shipyards are concerned about weapons module designs. The weapons module alignment requirements and techniques are of particular concern. The dynamic alignment procedures, which compensate for mechanical misalignments by computer software, are not yet a reality. Therefore, an alternate alignment approach and technique is proposed in the paper for further study. The shipyards are also extremely interested in the design of the destructive system connections between the ship and these weapons modules. Useful guidelines are provided in this area to aid the interface designer.
ENERGY CONSERVATION UTILIZING WASTE HEAT BOILERS — THE CHALLENGE, PROBLEMS, AND SOLUTIONS—
Authors: MASTRONARDE THOMAS P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOver a decade ago, a commitment was made to the concept of using boilers to recover waste heat from naval gas turbine generators to provide energy in the form of steam for fresh water production, water heating, fuel heating, galley and laundry services. In meeting the challenge to interface an auxiliary steam generating system with the ship's vital electrical supply, the following design and service problems must be addressed without compromising the ship's generators.

Gas Side Pressure Drop
Gas Side Fouling
Waterside Corrosion and Deposits
Exhaust Gas Leakage
Dry Operation
“Hot Start” from Dry Condition
Moisture in Steam
Stability of Pressure and Water Level
Access for Maintenance
Frequency and Complexity of Required Maintenance

This paper discusses specific design features of the CG‐47 Class Waste Heat Boilers and the Integration of state‐of‐the‐art steam system components into a package of equipment that meets the design and operational requirements listed above.
THE SHIPBOARD OPERATING ENVIRONMENT — A DESIGN CHALLENGE
Authors: JUDSON HARLOW M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe 1975 Seakeeping Symposium dealt with problems associated with designing ships in relation to performance in a seaway. Substantial elements of the problems noted in the symposium report reflected the difficulty of characterizing the physical phenomena involved (seaway representation and resulting ship motions), and the need for an acceptable means of converting the basic physical phenomena into performance‐ based design decisions.In addition to the basic rigid body motions of concern to the Seakeeping Symposium, the dynamic at‐sea environment includes several design‐controllable elements. It is these elements which this paper addresses.As used herein, the term “environment” includes, in addition to ship motions and other aspects of operating in a seaway, structural influences and electromagnetic radiation. For each of these elements of the environment, a summary of the range of environmental effects which might be encountered by men and equipment on modern surface warships is presented, together with a synopsis of how these environmental effects can be influenced by design.The basic conclusions of the paper are: (1) that follow‐ups to the Seakeeping Symposium are needed; and (2) that their scope should be expanded to include all aspects of the dynamic at‐sea environment.
FIRE SAFE MATERIALS FOR NAVY SHIPS
Authors: VENTRIGLIO DANUTE R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAdequate fire protection of the Fleet is a very difficult task, demanding numerous and diverse materials options, ranging from materials of limited flammability to the high temperature “noncombustible” types. To improve shipboard fire safety, certain categories of fire susceptible materials may be upgraded through the incorporation of fire retardants. In many cases, however, new and more fire resistant elastomers, plastics, fibers, resins, composites, and ablative materials, must be developed and adapted for marine applictions. New materials embodying innovating technologies are needed for more fire tolerant structures and machinery components, fire barriers, protective insulation, nonflaming and intumescent coatings, and fire safe materials for a wide variety of internal ship uses. To achieve these goals at affordable cost to the NAVY, the materials R&D community faces considerable challenges.In this paper, an overview is given of ongoing NAVY programs addressing shipboard fire protection. Existing fire resistant materials requirements and specifications are reviewed. Current usage of fire resistant materials on ships is high‐lighted, and new technological opportunities are discussed for future materials developments.
SAFE CHEMICAL CLEANING OF FREON‐SIDE STEEL SHELLS OF R‐11 AND R‐114 AIR CONDITIONING PLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS
Authors: MARTIN WILLIAM R. , UHR DANIEL R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn this study, a three step chemical process was developed as a safe and effective method for removal of residues which interfere with the efficient operation of Refrigerant 11 and 114 air conditioning plants aboard U.S. Navy ships.In the first stage of the process, an alkaline surfactant system is employed to remove oil and residues which form as a result of chemical reactions of the refrigerant with the compressor oil. The reactions of water and air, drawn into the plant through, for example, corrosion damaged tubes in the heat exchangers, result in the formation of hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids. These acids further react with the compressor oil to form hardened polymeric residues and with metal components in the plant to form corrosion products.The second stage of the process employs a citric acid/erythorbic acid/triethanolamine formulation to achieve rapid removal of iron and copper oxides. In addition, this formulation is designed to minimize the phenomenon of copper plating on clean steel usually observed during acid deoxidation of this and other mixed cuprous/ferrous metal systems.The final stage of the process chemically removes copper residues which may remain in the plant and passivates the clean steel so that plant dehydration can be completed without rerusting of the steel.The process described here is a practical means of restoring moderately corroded air conditioning plants. The flushing procedure is considered safer for in‐place chemical cleaning in areas aboard ship where mineral acids might cause corrosion damage or personal injury.
LINEAR DC MOTOR CATAPULT SYSTEM
Authors: TOFFOLO D.S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe steam catapult currently used aboard the carrier to launch the aircraft has an acceptable suitability and reliability. The operational drawbacks which it has or may have in the future make it prudent to investigate alternative means of launching the aircraft. The proposal here describes a new type of linear d.c. motor utilizing new permanent magnet material (recently in production) enabling a lighter and more efficient motor to be designed. Four motors are used in combination with a multiple pulley arrangement. This combination reduces the motor rotor stopping problem and the mechanical sliding contact problem of the motor to design attainable levels. The calculations are not extensive, as this paper is not a design procedure, and are of the “first cut” variety.The generators used to power the motors are rectified a.c. generators of a type currently under development. The steam turbine prime mover for the generator is the type used currently for ship service electrical power on our latest carriers. The average horsepower during launch of one catapult is 7500 hp (5.6 Mw) and the peak power at the end of the launch is 229,000 hp (170 Mw). All components are state‐of‐the‐art.The total overall weight of the system is estimated to be 60 percent of the overall weight of the steam catapult. The steam load is estimated to be one‐half that of the present steam catapult. The installed cost should be comparable to the steam catapult. These preliminary estimates make the system attractive enough to have a detailed design analysis performed.
DESIGNING SHIPS TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: BALES SUSAN L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUntil recently, the natural environment has played a very minor role in ship design. The consideration of ship performance in the prevailing environment was focused primarily on optimization of calm water resistance and other factors related to the ship's propulsion system. During the 197os, the NAVY recognized the need to “design in” better ship performance and initiated the R&D efforts necessary to establish a technology base for doing so.This paper outlines the state‐of‐the‐art for environmental (primarily wave) modelling in the emerging seakeeping performance oriented design procedures. The sensitivity of the ship system to the environment is briefly examined. A standard procedure for specifying wave and wind conditions for ship design is recommended. Revision of U.S. Navy applied Sea State numeral definitions is discussed. A standard for specifying Sea State occurrences is offered as a new design tool.