bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REEFS IN THE BASINAL FACIES OF THE ZECHSTEIN LIMESTONE (UPPER PERMIAN) OF WESTERN POLAND: A NEW GAS PLAY
Authors: Dyjaczynski K. , Gorski M. , Mamczur S. , Peryt T. M. , Al‐Saad H. 
Published: December 2007

Zechstein (Upper Permian) reefs have long been known to occur along the margins of the Polish Zechstein Basin where they host important gas reserves. During the last decade, reefal build‐ups have also been found in the centre of the basin on pre‐Zechstein highs such as the Wolsztyn Ridge in Western Poland. Here, early 2D seismic and subsequent more detailed 3D seismic studies and integrated geophysical and geological interpretations have led to a number of major gas discoveries. The reef complexes in the Koscian– Wielichowo region are thought to have recoverable gas reserves of more than 32B cu m.The basin‐centre reefs have been identified on the basis of palaeogeographic analysis and from the seismo‐acoustic properties of the Zechstein Limestone of which they are composed. 3D seismic profiles show that the reefs have irregular shapes in map view. Drilling results indicate that their thickness may exceed 80m, but characteristically their thickness decreases sharply at their margins corresponding to a facies change.In the Wolsztyn Ridge area, the Zechstein Limestone can be divided into five lithological units which are capped by the Werra Anhydrite. Four of these units reflect deposition in subaqueous environments whereas the uppermost unit originated in a very shallow‐water or temporarily subaerial setting. Typical “ecological” bryozoan‐stromatolitic reefs occur in the middle and upper (but not the uppermost) parts of the Zechstein Limestone, while the lower parts are dominated by bioclastic packstones and grains tones. Average reservoir porosity is 10–20%. The permeability varies significantly (0–400 mD) but values of a few tens of mD are common.The occurrence of intraclastic breccia in many boreholes suggests that the reefs may have developed on local palaeoslopes which are generally of tectonic origin. Blocks of contemporaneously lithifiedZechstein Limestone as well as steeply‐dipping laminar sheets are common in the reefs of the Wolsztyn Ridge and have also previously been recorded in the English Zechstein. Palaeoslopes elsewhere in the Wolsztyn Ridge and possibly also in other parts of the Variscan externides may host similar reefal build‐ups which could be of exploration potential.
WELL LOG CALIBRATION OF KOHONEN‐CLASSIFIED SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES USING BAYESIAN LOGIC
Authors: Taner M. T. , Berge T. , Walls J. D. , Smith M. , Taylor G. , Dumas D. , Carr M. B. 
Published: December 2007

We present a new method for calibrating a classified 3D seismic volume. The classification process employs a Kohonen self‐organizing map, a type of unsupervised artificial neural network; the subsequent calibration is performed using one or more suites of well logs. Kohonen self‐organizing maps and other unsupervised clustering methods generate classes of data based on the identification of various discriminating features. These methods seek an organization in a dataset and form relational organized clusters. However, these clusters may or may not have any physical analogues in the real world. In order to relate them to the real world, we must develop a calibration method that not only defines the relationship between the clusters and real physical properties, but also provides an estimate of the validity of these relationships. With the development of this relationship, the whole dataset can then be calibrated.The clustering step reduces the multi‐dimensional data into logically smaller groups. Each original data point defined by multiple attributes is reduced to a one‐ or two‐dimensional relational group. This establishes some logical clustering and reduces the complexity of the classification problem. Furthermore, calibration should be more successful since it will have to consider less variability in the data.In this paper, we present a simple calibration method that employs Bayesian logic to provide the relationship between cluster centres and the real world. The output will give the most probable calibration between each self‐organized map node and wellbore‐measured parameters such as lithology, porosity and fluid saturation. The second part of the output comprises the calibration probability.The method is described in detail, and a case study is briefly presented using data acquired in the Orange River Basin, South Africa. The method shows promise as an alternative to current techniques for integrating seismic and log data during reservoir characterization.
FUZZY PARTITIONING SYSTEMS FOR ELECTROFACIES CLASSIFICATION: A CASE STUDY FROM THE MARACAIBO BASIN
Authors: Finol J. J. , Guo Y. K. , Jing X. D. 
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a method of advanced data processing for the inverse problem of lithofacies prediction from well logs using fuzzy partitioning systems. A fuzzy partitioning system consists of a set of fuzzy If‐Then rules of the form “If bulk density (pb) is low and neutron porosity (øCNL) is high Then classify pattern x=(pbøCNL) as Fades Fi”. In this paper, we introduce an intelligent method for the problem of fuzzy rule generation based on fuzzy clustering. Fuzzy clustering is used to detect structures in the multidimensional space of the available well log readings. Each cluster detected is a potential fuzzy classification rule. By applying fuzzy validity measures an optimum number of fuzzy clusters can be found. Using this approach, the number of rules, the antecedent membership functions and other parameters that constitute the fuzzy partitioning system are derived in an automatic way.The aim is to find a minimum set of fuzzy classification rules that can correctly classify all log training patterns. Unlike traditional methods of predicting lithofacies, this approach does not require prior knowledge about the partitioning of the well log readings or any assumption of the facies probability densities. Computer simulations using selected well log responses and facies description from a clastic and carbonate sequence in the Maracaibo Basin (western Venezuela) examine the performance of the fuzzy rule‐based classification approach. The performance of the fuzzy classification method is evaluated against the fades classification results using conventional statistical analysis.
IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS WITH SUCCINYLCHOLINE USING THE PROJECTILE TYPE SYRINGE
Authors: Heuschele Werner P. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYForty‐four trials using succinylcholine chloride to produce immobilization, through temporary muscle paralysis in seventeen species of captive wild animals are reported. It is apparent that there is considerable variation between species with respect to drug dose per pound required to produce complete immobilization and with respect to the margin of safety of the drug. In highly nervous and fractious animals where a risk of death due to shock secondary to fright produced by the immobilization exists, the administration of tranquillizers prior to immobilization is suggested.
Breeding behaviour of the tiger Panthera tigris in Rajasthan
Authors: SANKHALA K. S. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper described the breeding behaviour of tigers and tigresses as observed in the forests of Rajasthan and in zoological gardens.The tiger mates and reproduces throughout the year, but March to June is the peak period for births. There is also a second peak period in September. The observations made in the field and zoological gardens are compared. They indicate similarity. Study has shown that the gestation period is 93 to 114 days. Generally two to three cubs are born in one litter and the juvenile sex ratio indicates female predominance. When they reach a length of approximately 2 4 m at 11/2‐2 years, tiger cubs become separated from their mothers and establish territory of their own. At the age of four to five years they become mature. Based on the above data, a plea has been made to restrict shooting of tigers during the peak birth period.
the occurrence of dioctophymiasis in the Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus
Authors: MATERA E. A. , SALIBA A. M. , MATERA A. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe authors describe in this paper the occurrence of five cases of dioctophymiasis in Maned wolves Chrysocyon brachyurus belonging to Sao Paulo Zoo. Clinical symptoms are described and the lesions found at post‐mortem examination are noted. Agreeing with the veterinary literature on the subject, they also verify that the infestation is in the right kidney. Finally, they show the possibility of diagnosis by radiography and treatment by nephrectomy.
Breeding the Rhinoceros iguana Cyclura cornuta cornuta at San Diego Zoo
Authors: SHAW CHARLES E. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe incubation of a total of 45 eggs of the Rhinoceros iguana Cyclura c. cornuta was attempted. Of these 45 eggs, 12 (26%,) hatched and 13 eggs (28.8%) contained dead embryos or young that died within the egg after slitting the shell. Unfortunately, the total fertility of these 45 eggs is not known, for in 20 of the eggs (44.4%) that spoiled during incubation, fertility was not determined. This contrasts with 100 per cent fertility in a clutch of 17 eggs of the Cuban iguana Cyclura m. macleayi in which there was a hatching rate of 94%.
Halothane inhalation anaesthesia in reptiles and its clinical control
Authors: BONATH KLAUS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryInhalation anaesthesia is recommended for small and medium‐sized reptiles (Sauria, Serpentcs, Crocodilia). For large reptiles medicinal muscle relaxation followed by endotracheal intubation and inhalation anaesthesia using an anaesthesia machine is suggested and discussed. Possible methods of monitoring the depth of anacstlicsia by means of simple reflex tests are summarised in an anaesthesia monitoring plan and the simple circulatory and respiratory reactions of anaesthetised reptiles are described; the determining influence of the environmental temperature on the course of anaesthesia and possibilities for reanimation of reptiles under dialation anaesthesia are reported.
REVIEWS
Authors: D.G.F.  
Published: December 2007

ELEMENTS OP PURE ECONOMICS or The Theory of Social Wealth. By LEAON WALRAS, translated by WILLIAM JAFFEA. THE ECONOMIST IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, AND OTHER LECTURES ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. By LIONEL ROBBINS. BRITISH INCOMES AND SAVINGS. By H. F. LYDALL. COLONIAL SOCIAL ACCOUNTING. By PHYLLIS DEANE. RETAIL TRADING IN BRITAIN 1850–1950. By J. B. JEFREYS. THE SCOTTISH ECONOMY. A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University. Edited by A. K. CAIRNCROSS THE VALIDITY OF INTERNATIONAL GOLD MOVEMENT STATISTICS. By OSKAR MORGENSTERN. RIGHT AND WRONG. By A. SPIR: THE ALPHABET OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE. By PHILIP H. WICKSTEED. New York
REVIEWS
Authors: Bijl W. V. van der 
Published: December 2007

The Affluent Society. By J. K. Galbraith. A Short History of Germany 1815–1945. By E. J. Passant. Economic Sections by W. O. Henderson and Contributions by C. J. Child and D. C. Watt. An Ancient Economic History: From the Palacolithic Age to the Migrations of the Germanic, Slav and Arabic Nations. Vol. I. By Fritz M. Heichelheim. Economic Development: Theory, History, Policy. By Gerald M. Meier and Robert E. Baldwin. Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth. By Harvey Leiuenstein. Hobson and Underconsumption. By E. S. Nemmers8 Accounting—A Social Force in the Community. By Mary E. Murphy. (London: Cambridge University Press for Melbourne University Press, 1956. Pp. 208. Price 30s.).
RELATIONSHIP OF IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY AND WORKING STATUS AFTER RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY OF THE WRIST
Authors: De Smet Luc 
Published: December 2007

The aim was to study the relationship between impairment (function) and disability (participation) in wrist surgery, according to the WHO definitions.The outcome of 205 wrist operations were studied. The impairment was expressed as range of motion (ROM) and gripping force, the disability as the DASH score.There was a significant correlation between DASH and gripping force (R = 0.47). The correlation between ROM and DASH was weaker (R = 0.24).In manual workers, shorter temporary disability periods were significantly associated with lower DASH score.In (reconstructive) wrist surgery, impairment, disability and working status are significantly correlated. Gripping force measurement is a reliable tool for evaluation and gives a good impression of the disability. Preservation of some mobility is important, however the amount of ROM is not essential for the disability.
A giant Late Triassic–Early Jurassic evaporitic basin on the Saharan Platform, North Africa
Authors: Turner P. , Sherif H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic evaporites of the Berkine/Ghadames Basin in eastern Algeria and western Libya, which is important because it forms the regional seal to a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Triassic Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur. This evaporitic succession spans the time interval Norian to Late Liassic and is divided into three contrasting units (S1, S2 and S3). S1 consists of five evaporitic cycles dominated by mudstone and halite, which represent the main salt deposits of the Berkine Basin. At this time the Berkine/Ghadames basin was a restricted evaporitic basin with a barrier to the north (Medenine High) separating the basin from the developing peri-Tethys and North Atlantic. The succession thickens to the west, thins around the Hass Messouad Ridge and continues across the Maghreb into the western High Atlas of Morocco, a distance of some 1500 km. S2 is represented by the basin-wide development of a carbonate platform in Pliensbachian times. This is the product of a relative sealevel rise concomitant with the developing extension of the region and may reflect the opening of an Atlantic gateway. S3 comprises five cycles that are predominantly mudstones, fine-grained carbonates and anhydrites. Mounded structures, evident on seismic sections, may represent the development of patch reefs and the whole succession is interpreted as a shallow-marine carbonate–evaporite ramp. Similar thickness variations to those observed in Sequence 1 continue through Sequence 3 and reflect the on-going influence of differential subsidence along basement lineaments. A number of factors controlled the development of the evaporite basin. These include Late Triassic sealevel rise and flooding of a sub-sealevel basin, combined with globally warm climatic conditions and on-going extensional tectonics in the peri-Tethyan and Atlantic areas. Restricted circulation was caused by an east–west oriented sill to the north (Medenine High in central Tunisia) and the basin was episodically refilled as global sealevel rose during the Early Mesozoic and extensional tectonics continued.
Depositional environments of a salina-type evaporite basin recorded in the Badenian gypsum facies in the northern Carpathian Foredeep
Authors: Bąbel M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn integrated group of conceptual models for evaporite deposition is presented for a shallow salina-type basin, supplied both with marine and non-marine water, and with a water level separated from and drawn down below world sea-level. Knowledge of, and terminology for, modern limnology is used in these models in order to build a new and more comprehensive link between the hydrography and hydrochemistry of brines and the depositional and stratigraphical record anticipated in such basins. In these modelled basins it is assumed that (as in saline lakes): (1) the evaporite deposition reflects the stratification-mixing cycles in the brine column; (2) the evaporative crystallization of salts culminates during the mixing periods; and (3) the evaporite facies are linked to the position of water zones separated by a horizontal pycnocline. The models are prepared especially for interpretation of subaqueous coarsely crystalline gypsum (selenite) deposition in perennial-to-ephemeral saline pans, and also for fine-grained gypsum deposition (clastic, microbialite and pedogenic) on specific, flat, semi-emerged shoals (majanna-type shoals), commonly flooded by wind-driven brine sheets, in between them. Coarse, crystalline selenites appear to form below the pycnocline and the crystallization of particular well-developed grass-like selenite beds is thought to be connected with the pycnocline highstands. Such beds are both marker beds and ideal datum surfaces. The models presented are used for sedimentological interpretation of the various gypsum facies of the Badenian (Middle Miocene) evaporite basin in the northern Carpathian Foredeep. The observed architecture of these facies suggests that the margin of the basin was occupied by a system of variable saline pans (dominated by selenite deposition) and evaporite shoals (dominated by gypsum microbialite deposition); some of these shoals were majanna-type. Many features of the studied facies can be clearly explained by the models presented, particularly by the rapid and variable fluctuations in water and pycnocline levels incomparable in time scale and size with any global sea-level changes. All these features together consistently suggest that the Badenian gypsum basin was a salina-type basin with a water level below global sea-level, although salts in the basin are/were basically marine in origin.
Oxidative stress as a risk factor for osteoporosis in elderly Mexicans as characterized by antioxidant enzymes
Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez Martha A , Ruiz-Ramos Mirna , Correa-Muñoz Elsa , Mendoza-Núñez Víctor Manuel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundOxidative stress (OxS) has recently been linked with osteoporosis; however, we do not know the influence of OxS as an independent risk factor for this disease.MethodsWe conducted a case-control study in 94 subjects ≥60 years of age, 50 healthy and 44 with osteoporosis. We measured total antioxidant status, plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and calculated the SOD/GPx ratio. Bone mineral density was obtained at the peripheral DXA in calcaneus using a portable Norland Apollo Densitometer®. Osteoporosis was considered when subjects had a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean value for young adults.ResultsGPx antioxidant activity was significantly lower in the group of subjects with osteoporosis in comparison with the group of healthy subjects (p< 0.01); in addition, the SOD/GPx ratio was significantly higher in the group of individuals with osteoporosis (p< 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, we found OxS to be an independent risk factor for osteoporosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.08–7.23;p= 0.034).ConclusionOur findings suggest that OxS is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis linked to increase of SOD/GPx ratio.
The Internet for weight control in an obese sample: results of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: McConnon Áine , Kirk Sara FL , Cockroft Jennie E , Harvey Emma L , Greenwood Darren C , Thomas James D , Ransley Joan K , Bojke Laura 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundRising levels of obesity coupled with the limited success of currently available weight control methods highlight the need for investigation of novel approaches to obesity treatment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an Internet-based resource for obesity management.MethodsA randomised controlled trial conducted in a community setting, where obese volunteers (n = 221) were randomly assigned to Internet group (n = 111) or usual care group (n = 110). Objective measures of weight and height were obtained. Questionnaires were used to collect dietary, lifestyle, physical activity and quality of life data. Data were collected at baseline, six months and 12 months.ResultsData were collected on 54 (49%) participants in the Internet group and 77 (70%) participants in the usual care group at 12 months. Based on analysis conducted on all available data, the Internet group lost 1.3 kg, compared with 1.9 kg weight loss in the usual care group at 12 months, a non-significant difference (difference = 0.6 kg; 95% CI: -1.4 to 2.5, p = 0.56). No significant differences in change in secondary outcome measures between the two groups at six or 12 months were revealed. Total costs per person per year were higher in the Internet group than the usual care group (£992.40 compared to £276.12), primarily due to the fixed costs associated with setting up the website, and QALYs were similar (0.78 and 0.77) for both groups.ConclusionThis trial failed to show any additional benefit of this website in terms of weight loss or secondary outcome measures compared with usual care. High attrition and low compliance limits the results of this research. The results suggest that the Internet-based weight control resource was not a cost-effective tool for weight loss in the obese sample studied.Trail RegistrationISRCTN 58621669
The development of a theory-based intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia
Authors: Foy Robbie , Francis Jillian J , Johnston Marie , Eccles Martin , Lecouturier Jan , Bamford Claire , Grimshaw Jeremy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background
The development and description of interventions to change professional practice are often limited by the lack of an explicit theoretical and empirical basis. We set out to develop an intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia based on theoretical and empirical work.

Methods
We identified three key disclosure behaviours: finding out what the patient already knows or suspects about their diagnosis; using the actual words 'dementia' or 'Alzheimer's disease' when talking to the patient; and exploring what the diagnosis means to the patient. We conducted a questionnaire survey of older peoples' mental health teams (MHTs) based upon theoretical constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and used the findings to identify factors that predicted mental health professionals' intentions to perform each behaviour. We selected behaviour change techniques likely to alter these factors.

Results
The change techniques selected were: persuasive communication to target subjective norm; behavioural modelling and graded tasks to target self-efficacy; persuasive communication to target attitude towards the use of explicit terminology when talking to the patient; and behavioural modelling by MHTs to target perceived behavioural control for finding out what the patient already knows or suspects and exploring what the diagnosis means to the patient. We operationalised these behaviour change techniques using an interactive 'pen and paper' intervention designed to increase intentions to perform the three target behaviours.

Conclusion
It is feasible to develop an intervention to change professional behaviour based upon theoretical models, empirical data and evidence based behaviour change techniques. The next step is to evaluate the effect of such an intervention on behavioural intention. We argue that this approach to development and reporting of interventions will contribute to the science of implementation by providing replicable interventions that illuminate the principles and processes underlying change.
Novel Synthesis of meso-Tetraarylporphyrins by Using I2 as Catalyst and Air as Oxidant under Thermal or UV Conditions
Authors: Duan Le , Wang Yu-Lu , Fan Xue-Sen , Wang Jin-Ye 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An efficient and novel synthesis of meso-tetraarylporphyrins is accomplished through iodine-catalyzed condensation of pyrrole, and aryl aldehydes and subsequent oxidation by air under thermal or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation conditions. The advantages of this procedure include good yields and a green nature.