bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How probability theory explains the conjunction fallacy
Authors: Costello Fintan J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe conjunction fallacy occurs when people judge a conjunctive statement B‐and‐A to be more probable than a constituent B, in contrast to the law of probability that P(B ∧ A) cannot exceed P(B) or P(A). Researchers see this fallacy as demonstrating that people do not follow probability theory when judging conjunctive probability. This paper shows that the conjunction fallacy can be explained by the standard probability theory equation for conjunction if we assume random variation in the constituent probabilities used in that equation. The mathematical structure of this equation is such that random variation will be most likely to produce the fallacy when one constituent has high probability and the other low, when there is positive conditional support between the constituents, when there are two rather than three constituents, and when people rank probabilities rather than give numerical estimates. The conjunction fallacy has been found to occur most frequently in exactly these situations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AXIN2andCDH1polymorphisms, tooth agenesis, and oral clefts
Authors: Letra Ariadne , Menezes Renato , Granjeiro Jose M. , Vieira Alexandre R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:AXIN2andCDH1genes play important roles during craniofacial morphogenesis. Mutations in these genes have been described in families presenting colorectal cancer and tooth agenesis, and gastric cancer and cleft lip/palate (CL/P). Oral clefts have been associated with tooth agenesis. We investigated ifAXIN2andCDH1polymorphisms were associated with clefts or with any associated dental subphenotypes.METHODS:Markers inAXIN2andCDH1were genotyped using Taqman chemistry in a sample cohort comprised of 500 cleft individuals and 500 unrelated controls.RESULTS:Comparison between cleft and control groups showed a trend for association forAXIN2with incomplete cleft palate (p= .006) andCDH1with unilateral CL/P (p= .03 for left CL/P andp= .04 for right CL/P). Comparison of cleft subphenotypes with tooth agenesis and controls revealed borderline associations forCDH1(p= .008) andAXIN2(p= .01) with unilateral right CL/P with tooth agenesis.CONCLUSIONS:We observed only borderline results for the association ofAXIN2andCDH1with CL/P with and without tooth agenesis. Nevertheless, implication of these genes in the simultaneous occurrence of CL/P and cancer, and in tooth agenesis and cancer, is rather intriguing and warrants further investigations with other geographic and ethnic populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyzing characteristic length scales in biofilm structures
Authors: Milferstedt K. , Pons M‐N. , Morgenroth E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe quantification of biofilm structure based on image analysis requires a statistical measure like representative elemental areas (REA) to determine the necessary size of biofilm area to be imaged. In this study, REAs for biofilm structure were calculated for the descriptors Gray level and Correlation (COR) derived from a spatial gray level dependence matrix analysis (SGLDM). An important difference between these two descriptors is their response to structural features at different spatial scales. Gray level is a scale‐independent descriptor, whereas COR is scale‐dependent. For scale‐independent descriptors, the size of the individual images is not relevant when determining REAs. This is in contrast to scale‐dependent descriptors for which REAs can only be determined when the area of each image covers the range of structural variability of the biofilm. We used COR to analyze scale dependence of structural heterogeneity at different length scales. A characteristic length of 400 µm in biofilm images provides structural information relevant for mass transport phenomena in biofilms. Overall REAs for gray level and COR were on average 3.4 mm2. The scale‐dependent descriptor COR could not in all cases accurately be determined from combining individual image analysis results—even when the combined area resulted in the REA. Microscope and camera specifications define the upper and lower limit of detectable characteristic length that can be extracted from images and should therefore be considered in the experimental design when choosing an imaging technique. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 368–379. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamically populating large urban environments with ambient virtual humans
Authors: Haciomeroglu M. , Laycock R. G. , Day A. M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCreating an interactive simulation of a large urban environment populated with virtual humans poses a number of interesting challenges, ranging from how to initialise the virtual humans in the correct locations to maintaining a real‐time simulation. When considering a large environment it is beneficial to investigate automatic techniques that create and simulate virtual humans using the available computing resources effectively. In this paper, two contributions towards the population of a large environment are described. The first presents two methods that use an automatic analysis of the urban environment to determine the required population densities throughout the scene. These methods ensure that the virtual humans are distributed such that main high streets consistently exhibit a higher number of virtual humans than other areas. The methods presented here achieve above 90% correlation to the predicted population densities for the environment, which outperforms the state of the art. The second contribution concerns the optimisation of the two methods to facilitate their applicability to large environments. The methods presented are modified to insert virtual humans dynamically into the behaviour system when required. The approach limits the required computing resources whilst achieving above 75% correlation to the predicted population values. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D virtual simulator for breast plastic surgery
Authors: Kim Youngjun , Lee Kunwoo , Kim Wontae 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe have proposed novel 3D virtual simulation software for breast plastic surgery. Our software comprises two processes: a 3D torso modeling and a virtual simulation of the surgery result. First, image‐based modeling is performed in order to obtain a female subject's 3D torso data. Our image‐based modeling method utilizes a template model, and this is deformed according to the patient's photographs. For the deformation, we applied procrustes analysis and radial basis functions (RBF). In order to enhance reality, the subject's photographs are mapped onto a mesh. Second, from the modeled subject data, we simulate the subject's virtual appearance after the plastic surgery by morphing the shape of the breasts. We solve the simulation problem by an example‐based approach. The subject's virtual shape is obtained from the relations between the pair sets of feature points from previous patients' photographs obtained before and after the surgery. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface matching with salient keypoints in geodesic scale space
Authors: Zou Guangyu , Hua Jing , Dong Ming , Qin Hong 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper develops a new salient keypoints‐based shape description which extracts the salient surface keypoints with detected scales. Salient geometric features can then be defined collectively on all the detected scale normalized local patches to form a shape descriptor for surface matching purpose. The saliency‐driven keypoints are computed as local extrema of the difference of Gaussian function defined over a curved surface in geodesic scale space. This method can properly function on either manifold or non‐manifold surface without resorting to any surface mapping or parameterization procedures. Therefore, it has a wide utility in many applications such as shape matching, classification, and recognition. Our experiments on 3D shapes demonstrate that the salient keypoints and local feature descriptors are robust and stable to noisy input and insensitive to resolution change. We have applied our technique to the tasks of 3D shape matching, and the experimental results showed good performance and the effectiveness of this new method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2D shape deformation based on rigid square matching
Authors: Wang Yanzhen , Xu Kai , Xiong Yueshan , Cheng Zhi‐Quan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a fast and stable method for 2D shape deformation based on rigid square matching. Our method utilizes uniform quadrangular control meshes for 2D shapes and tries to maintain the rigidity of each square in the control mesh during user manipulation. A rigid shape matching method is performed to find an optimal pure rotational transformation for each square in the control mesh. An iterative solver is proposed to compute the final deformation result for the entire control mesh by minimizing the difference between the deformed vertices and their counterparts in the neighboring rigid square. The deformation result on the 2D shape is as rigid as possible and the details of the shape are preserved well. As extensions, we present a shape‐aware splitting method to improve the deformation effect for coarse meshes and a simple sketch‐based clustering method for skeletal deformation. Experiments with various 2D shapes show that our method is efficient and easy to use, and can provide physically plausible result for shapes of objects in real world. Therefore, our shape deformation method is especially suitable for applications in cartoon character animation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grasp synthesis from low‐dimensional probabilistic grasp models
Authors: Ben Amor Heni , Heumer Guido , Jung Bernhard , Vitzthum Arnd 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe propose a novel data‐driven animation method for the synthesis of natural looking human grasping. Motion data captured from human grasp actions is used to train a probabilistic model of the human grasp space. This model greatly reduces the high number of degrees of freedom of the human hand to a few dimensions in a continuous grasp space. The low dimensionality of the grasp space in turn allows for efficient optimization when synthesizing grasps for arbitrary objects. The method requires only a short training phase with no need for preprocessing of graphical objects for which grasps are to be synthesized. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A unified handling of immiscible and miscible fluids
Authors: Park Jinho , Kim Younghwi , Wi Daehyeon , Kang Nahyup , Shin Sung Yong , Noh Junyong 
Published: August 2008

AbstractConventional level set‐based approaches have an inherent difficulty in tracking miscible fluids due to its discrete treatment for interface. This paper proposes a unified framework to efficiently handle both miscible and immiscible fluid simulations. Based on the chemical potential energy, our method describes the evolution of multiple fluids as time‐varying concentration fields. Handling of multiple fluids is straightforward and, unlike level set methods, ad hoc reinitialization or fictitious particle deployment is not necessary. For numerical computation of the Navier—Stokes equations, we adopt advanced lattice Boltzmann methods (LBMs) for computational efficiency. The experiments show that our approach works well with immiscible fluids, miscible fluids, and interaction with objects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Are Tricoordinated PdIISpecies Accessible? Stability Trends and Mechanistic Consequences
Authors: Moncho Salvador , Ujaque Gregori , Lledós Agustí , Espinet Pablo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe ease of access to PdIItricoordinated species (whether intermediates or transition states) in organometallic and catalytic reactions has been assessed with DFT methods to analyze the relative stability of tricoordinated [PdArXL] complexes versus their tetracoordinated derivatives formed by two most common processes of filling the fourth coordination site: solvent coordination (with tetrahydrofuran), or dimerization to give [Pd2Ar2(μ‐X)2L2]. The effect of each ligand (L=PH3, PMe3, PPh3,PtBu3, 1‐AdPtBu2; Ar=C6F5, C6H5, C6H4OH, C6H4OCH3, C6H4NH2, C6H2(NH2)3; X=F, Cl, Br, I, OH, SH, NH2, PH2, CH3) on these two processes has been systematically considered, and the results have been compared with the experimental information available. The trends observed, match the experimental results and suggest that: 1) the formation of bridged dimeric complexes is strongly preferred; 2) electronic effects are in general less important compared to steric effects; 3) when steric effects prevent formation of bridges and coordination of a fourth external ligand, intramolecular agostic interactions are established with CH groups of one ligand; 4) as an exception, for X=NR2true tricoordinated complexes, not showing agostic interactions, become stable. In the later case NR2seems to act as π‐donor with its lone pair to the empty orbital at the fourth coordination site of palladium, thus avoiding a true 14e configuration for the tricoordinated PdIIcomplex.
Highly Regioselective Hydroformylation with Hemispherical Chelators
Authors: Sémeril David , Matt Dominique , Toupet Loïc 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe hemispherical diphosphites (R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐di(OR)‐26,28‐bis(1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐dioxyphosphanyloxy)calix[4]arene (R=OPr, OCH2Ph, OCH2‐naphtyl, O‐fluorenyl; R=H, R′=OPr) (LR), all with C2 symmetry, have been synthesised starting from the appropriate di‐O‐alkylated calix[4]arene precursor. In the presence of [Rh(acac)(CO)2], these ligands straightforwardly provide chelate complexes in which the metal centre sits in a molecular pocket defined by two naphthyl planes related by the C2 axis and the two apically situated R groups. Hydroformylation of octene with the LPr/Rh system turned out to be highly regioselective, the linear‐to‐branched (l:b) aldehyde ratio reaching 58:1. The l:b ratio significantly increased when the propyl groups were replaced by ‐CH2Ph (l:b=80) or ‐CH2naphthyl (l:b=100) groups, that is, with substituents able to sterically interact with the apical metal sites, but without inducing an opening of the cleft nesting the catalytic centre. The trend to preferentially form the aldehyde the shape of which fits with the shape of the catalytic pocket was further confirmed in the hydroformylation of styrene, for which, in contrast to catalysis with conventional diphosphanes, the linear aldehyde was the major product (up to ca. 75 % linear aldehyde). In the hydroformylation of trans‐2‐octene with the Lbenzyl/Rh system, combined isomerisation/hydroformylation led to a remarkably high l:b aldehyde ratios of 25, thus showing that isomerisation is more effective than hydroformylation. Unusually large amounts of linear products were also observed with all the above diphosphites in the tandem hydroformylation/amination of styrene (l:b of ca. 3:1) as well as in the hydroformylation of allyl benzyl ether (l:b ratio up to 20).
Evaluating the supportive care costs of severe radiochemotherapy‐induced mucositis and pharyngitis
Authors: Nonzee Narissa J. , Dandade Neal A. , Markossian Talar , Agulnik Mark , Argiris Athanassios , Patel Jyoti D. , Kern Robert C. , Munshi Hidayatullah G. , Calhoun Elizabeth A. , Bennett Charles L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Few studies have examined the costs of supportive care for radiochemotherapy‐induced mucosits/pharyngitis among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) or lung cancers despite the documented negative clinical impact of these complications.METHODS.The authors identified a retrospective cohort of patients with HNC or nonsmall lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received radiochemotherapy at 1 of 3 Chicago hospitals (a Veterans Administration hospital, a county hospital, or a tertiary care hospital). Charts were reviewed for the presence/absence of severe mucositis/pharyngitis and the medical resources that were used. Resource estimates were converted into cost units obtained from standard sources (hospital bills, Medicare physician fee schedule, Red Book). Estimates of resources used and direct medical costs were compared for patients who did and patients who did not develop severe mucositis/pharyngitis.RESULTS.Severe mucositis/pharyngitis occurred in 70.1% of 99 patients with HNC and in 37.5% of 40 patients with NSCLC during radiochemotherapy. The total median medical costs per patient were $39,313 for patients with mucositis/pharyngitis and $20,798 for patients without mucositis/pharyngitis (P = .007). Extended inpatient hospitalization accounted for $12,600 of the increased medical costs (median 14 days [$19,600] with severe mucositis/pharyngitis vs 5 days [$7000] without; P = .017). For patients who had HNC with mucositis/pharyngitis, incremental inpatient hospitalization costs were $14,000, and total medical costs were $17,244. For patients who had NSCLC with mucositis/pharyngitis, these costs were $11,200 and $25,000, respectively.CONCLUSIONS.In the current study, the medical costs among the patients with HNC and NSCLC who received radiochemotherapy were greater for those who developed severe mucositis/pharyngitis than for those who did not. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A computer‐assisted colour selection system based on aesthetic measure for colour harmony and fuzzy logic theory
Authors: Hsiao Shih‐Wen , Chiu Fu‐Yuan , Hsu Hsin‐Yi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAn aesthetic measure based approach for constructing a colour design/selection system is proposed in this article. In this model, an image data base for the relationships between the psychological preference of customers and clothing colour tones is built using the membership functions of a fuzzy set, and an aesthetic measure calculation method based on colour harmony is also proposed. In addition, a skin colour detection theory is proposed to construct a skin colour detection program to detect the skin colour of a customer, which is then taken as the major colour in matching the skin, polo shirt, and(or) pant colours to select the best colour combination. Integrating the skin colour detection theory, colour harmony theory, aesthetic measure method, and fuzzy set theory, a program is constructed to build an aesthetic measure based colour design/selection system. With the aid of this system, one can get proper cloth colours to match his/her skin colour and image requirement by starting with inputting one's colour photo, catching image with a camera, or inputting R, G, B values of his/her skin. The theoretical results for the ranks of clothing colours proposed by the system are examined with the experimental results and the result shows they are very close, suggesting that the proposed colour selection system is acceptable. Although the selection of clothing colours is taken as an example to specify the methodology, it can also be used to develop a system for other products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 411–423, 2008
Building and applying geographical information system Grids
Authors: Aydin Galip , Sayar Ahmet , Gadgil Harshawardhan , Aktas Mehmet S. , Fox Geoffrey C. , Ko Sunghoon , Bulut Hasan , Pierce Marlon E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe discuss the development and application of Web‐service‐based geographical information system (GIS) Grids. Following the WS‐I+ approach of building Grids on Web service standards, we have developed data Grid components for archival and real‐time data, map generating services that can be used to build user interfaces, information services for storing both stateless and stateful metadata, and service orchestration and management tools. Our goal is to support dynamically assembled Grid service collections that combine both GIS services with more traditional Grid capabilities such as file transfer and remote code execution. We are applying these tools to problems in earthquake modeling and forecasting, but we are attempting to build general purpose tools by using and extending appropriate standards. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reparallelization techniques for migrating OpenMP codes in computational grids
Authors: Klemm Michael , Bezold Matthias , Gabriel Stefan , Veldema Ronald , Philippsen Michael 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTypical computational grid users target only a single cluster and have to estimate the runtime of their jobs. Job schedulers prefer short‐running jobs to maintain a high system utilization. If the user underestimates the runtime, premature termination causes computation loss; overestimation is penalized by long queue times. As a solution, we present an automatic reparallelization and migration of OpenMP applications. A reparallelization is dynamically computed for an OpenMP work distribution when the number of CPUs changes. The application can be migrated between clusters when an allocated time slice is exceeded. Migration is based on a coordinated, heterogeneous checkpointing algorithm. Both reparallelization and migration enable the user to freely use computing time at more than a single point of the grid. Our demo applications successfully adapt to the changed CPU setting and smoothly migrate between, for example, clusters in Erlangen, Germany, and Amsterdam, the Netherlands, that use different kinds and numbers of processors. Benchmarks show that reparallelization and migration impose average overheads of about 4 and 2%, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed image processing over an adaptive Campus Grid
Authors: Caton Simon J. , Rana Omer F. , Batchelor Bruce G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA system implemented in MATLAB is described, which may be deployed over a Campus Grid utilizing the Condor job management system. Our approach can re‐distribute jobs as node availability changes. The architecture of the system, its components, and their deployment across the Cardiff University Campus Grid (consisting of 2500 machines) are presented. Challenges in image processing applications that can be deployed over such infrastructure are presented, along with performance results that demonstrate the use of our system alongside a standard Condor deployment, demonstrating a significant increase in throughput using our approach‡. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing and implementing lightweight kernels for capability computing
Authors: Riesen Rolf , Brightwell Ron , Bridges Patrick G. , Hudson Trammell , Maccabe Arthur B. , Widener Patrick M. , Ferreira Kurt 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the early 1990s, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories and the University of New Mexico began development of customized system software for massively parallel ‘capability’ computing platforms. These lightweight kernels have proven to be essential for delivering the full power of the underlying hardware to applications. This claim is underscored by the success of several supercomputers, including the Intel Paragon, Intel Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative Red, and the Cray XT series of systems, each having established a new standard for high‐performance computing upon introduction. In this paper, we describe our approach to lightweight compute node kernel design and discuss the design principles that have guided several generations of implementation and deployment. A broad strategy of operating system specialization has led to a focus on user‐level resource management, deterministic behavior, and scalable system services. The relative importance of each of these areas has changed over the years in response to changes in applications and hardware and system architecture. We detail our approach and the associated principles, describe how our application of these principles has changed over time, and provide design and performance comparisons to contemporaneous supercomputing operating systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.