bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term study of thyroid function in healthy Beagle dogs, using 125I
Authors: Wilson Ove , Stone J. M. , Monty D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Maximum thyroid 125I uptake and thyroid 125I release rates were studied in 11 adult Beagles which were maintained in a controlled environment and fed a diet containing 240 to 480 mg of iodine, depending on the food intake of the individual dog. Maximum thyroid 125I uptake occurred 48 to 72 hours after the administration of the isotope, and ranged from 8.6 to 22.3% of the administered dose, with an average of 14.2 ± 4.9%. Thyroid 125I release was measured for up to 198 days. The uptake and release-rate curves were adequately described by a general 3 exponential model equation. The initial uptake phase was followed by a 2 exponential release-rate curve, containing rapid and slow exponential components. The B½ of the rapid release-rate exponential ranged from 8.6 to 13.8 days, with an average of 9.8 ± 2.5 days, while the slow release-rate exponential ranged from 33.7 to 52.1 days, with an average of 36.6 ± 6.3 days. The average B½ for 100 days, between days 3 and 103 after administration of the isotope, ranged from 15.5 to 23.8 days, with an average of 18.1 ± 2.6 days. Total plasma 125I (TP125I), protein-bound 125I (PB125I) and plasma 125iodide (P125I-) were measured for 50 to 70 days. The PB125I levels reached maximum in 48 to 72 hours and ranged from 0.27 to 1.27% of the administered dose/L plasma, with an average of 0.60 ± 0.32%. The B½ of PB125I ranged from 6 to 18 days, with an average of 10.7 days.
The study demonstrated the nonlinear form of the thyroid radioiodine release-rate curve in the dog, and the marked individual variation within littermate and nonlittermate dogs. Individual inconsistency in the maximum thyroid uptake was demonstrated by measurements repeated 8 to 12 months later, while the approximate time to maximum uptake and the form of the thyroid 125I release-rate curve was reproducible in each dog. The sensitivity and responsiveness of the thyroid 125I release rate and PB125I, TP 125I, and P125I- disappearance rate curves to changes in thyroid function were demonstrated with thyroid-stimulating hormone injection, indicating the usefulness of this method for demonstrating changes in thyroid activity such as may be related to environmental temperature, stress, pregnancy, and drugs.
Evaluation of various serotests to detect antibodies in ponies and horses infected with contagious equine metritis bacteria
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Rommel F. A. , Fales W. H. , Hamdy F. M. , Swerczek T. W. , Youngquist R. S. , Bryans J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rapid plate agglutination (rpa), antiglobulin, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), passive hemagglutination (pha), complement-fixation (cf), and agargel diffusion (agd) tests were used to detect antibodies in pony mares and Thoroughbred mares and stallions infected with contagious equine metritis (cem).
Antibody responses to cem bacterial antigens were different in Thoroughbred mares than in pony mares. In pony mares, the induction of antibodies to cem bacteria was directly related to the number of organisms inoculated. Antibodies to cem bacteria were detected by the rpa, cf, pha, elisa, and antiglobulin tests in mares inoculated with at least 1 × 108 colony-forming units. Results of the cf test on pony mares’ sera were inconsistent. Pony mares exposed to ≤ 1 × 106 colony-forming units developed antibodies by 30 days after inoculation, as demonstrated by elisa and pha test.
Antibodies to cem bacteria in sera of Thoroughbred mares were detected by the elisa, rpa, cf, and pha tests. The cf test was unreliable during the chronic stage of infection in Thoroughbred mares due to the anticomplementary activity and low cf titer. A large percentage of acute and chronic cem infections in Thoroughbred mares was detected when the rpa test was used in conjunction with the elisa and pha test. Antibodies to cem bacteria were detected in approximately 2.2% (9 of 414) of a noninfected equine population surveyed using the elisa, rpa, and pha tests.
Hemolytic complement titers and complement C3 levels in endotoxin-induced mastitis
Authors: Mueller R. , Carroll E. J. , Panico L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide B was instilled through the lactiferous duct of cows to induce acute mastitis. Hemolytic complement (C) activity and C3 concentrations were determined in blood serum and in rennin-precipitated whey before, and at certain times after, mastitis was induced.
Hemolytic complement activity was detected in the whey only during the first 36 hours after endotoxin was instilled, whereas activity was not seen before and 48 or more hours after the endotoxin was given. The maximum titer as measured with the guinea pig rbc/bovine natural antibody system was 1:64. The C3 concentrations in normal whey (before installation of endotoxin), measured by radial immunodiffusion, were between 1% and 4% of the base-line blood serum values (pool from healthy cows). The whey concentration of C3 increased (to 5% to 18%) during the first 8 hours of mastitis. However, at 72 hours, the whey values were back to preinstillation concentrations in all quarters.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic alterations of monensin toxicosis in swine
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Amstutz Harold E. , Weirich Walter E. , Rebar Alan H. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxicosis was produced in 10 weanling pigs given monensin (40 mg/kg, orally) to allow making a characterization of the sequential clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic alterations on postdosing days 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16. Clinical signs of monensin toxicosis were apparent on day 1 (lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea, and muscle weakness) and had completely regressed by day 6. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in 7 of the 10 pigs on day 1, but were infrequently observed thereafter. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities were greatly increased on day 1 and moderately increased on days 2 and 4, and were within the base-line limits on days 8 and 16.
Elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities coincided with the development of acute myocardial and skeletal muscle necroses. Selective atrial myocardial necrosis appeared in 5 of the 10 pigs. Affected atria were pale, and microscopically, there were necrosis with contraction bands on day 1, macrophagic invasion and lysis on days 2 and 4, and resolving lesions of myocyte loss with persistent myocardial stroma on day 16. Skeletal muscle damage was present in 9 of the 10 pigs as pale areas (more obvious on cut section). Of the muscles examined (n = 7), the frequency and severity of damage were high in diaphragm, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, triceps, and intercostal; moderate in longissimus lumborum; and low in tongue. Damage appeared to be greatest in muscles that contained a high proportion of type I fibers. In the damaged muscles, there were hyaline necrosis on day 1, macrophagic infiltration on days 2 and 4, and regeneration of necrotic fibers on day 4 and thereafter. With the regeneration, there was a rapid and complete restoration of skeletal muscle structure and function.
Hydralazine pharmacodynamics in the dog
Authors: Kittleson Mark D. , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacodynamics of hydralazine, an arteriolar dilator, were studied in dogs with induced heart failure. The dogs were studied 5 days after heart failure was induced by injecting microspheres into the left circumflex coronary artery. All dogs had a stroke volume index < 25 ml/beat/m2 of body surface and a left ventricular filling pressure ≥ 16 mm of Hg. Approximately 1 mg of hydralazine/kg of body weight was administered orally each hour until the total systemic resistance index decreased below 1,700 dynes·s·cm-5·m2. The drug effect was monitored hemodynamically until it dissipated.
Hydralazine increased the cardiac index from 3.06 ± 0.47 (± sd) to 6.81 ± 0.87 L/min/m2 (P < 0.01), stroke volume index from 20.9 ± 1.6 to 36.8 ± 9.3 ml/beat/m2 (P < 0.01), and heart rate from 146.2 ± 17.2 to 187.8 ± 42.8 beats/min (P < 0.05). It decreased mean arterial pressure from 111.5 ± 20.4 to 83.8 ± 4.7 mm of Hg (P < 0.05) and total systemic resistance index from 2,903 ± 149 to 992 ± 83 dynes·s·cm-5·m2 (P < 0.001). It did not affect left ventricular filling pressure or contractility. Peak drug effect occurred at 3 to 5 hours after drug administration and duration of effect was 11 to 13 hours. Recurrence of ventricular dysrhythmias occurred in 2 dogs and 1 dog died during a recurrence.
Hydralazine improved cardiac performance in the dog with left ventricular failure.
In vitro action of combinations of antimicrobial agents and EDTA-tromethamine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Jones M. S. , Gilbert J. P. , Shotts E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Combinations of EDTA-tromethamine and 7 antimicrobial agents (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, penicillin, polymyxin-B, streptomycin, and triple sulfa) were tested for synergistic activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three in vitro tests were used, including minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs, a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, and bacterial inhibition studies. A synergistic inhibitory action was observed with combinations of EDTA-tromethamine plus penicillin and EDTA-tromethamine plus oxytetracycline. When chloramphenicol, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, polymyxin-B, or triple sulfa was mixed with EDTA-tromethamine, synergistic action did not occur.
Motor nerve conduction velocity in normal chickens
Authors: Kornegay Joe N. , Gorgacz Edward J. , Parker Marcia A. , Schierman Louis W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Muscle potentials evoked by proximal and distal tibial nerve stimulation were evaluated and used to calculate motor nerve conduction velocity in 65 chickens. Two potentials analogous to the M and F waves recorded in persons consistently were evoked. The mean tibial motor nerve conduction velocity ± sd of the birds was 32.3 ± 4.0 m/s. This value varied significantly (P < 0.05) with both age and cloacal temperature.
Hemoglobin enhancement of experimental infection of mice with Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Chengappa M. M. , Carter G. R. , Chang T. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 2% hemoglobin preparation injected into mice along with Pasteurella haemolytica culture was found to be as good an enhancer of virulence as a 7% swine gastric mucin preparation. The hemoglobin preparation was easier to prepare and was less toxic than mucin for mice when injected intraperitoneally.
Procaine in the urine of racing Greyhounds: Possible sources
Authors: Sundlof Stephen F. , Duer Wayne C. , Hill Dennis W. , Gancarz Terry , Dorvil Marie G. , Rosen Penni 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Greyhounds (n = 25) were given procaine in the form of procaine HCl or procaine penicillin G or were fed meat prepared from a heifer given procaine penicillin G on 3 consecutive days before slaughter. Dogs given procaine HCl or procaine penicillin G were given daily doses equivalent to 9 mg of procaine/kg. Urine samples were collected from the dogs twice daily before dosing, during the dosing period, and for 4 days after final dose administration.
All dogs excreted detectable concentrations of procaine in the urine, regardless of the dose form or route of administration. Blood plasma samples were prepared from 10 Greyhounds to determine procaine esterase activity. Hydrolysis of procaine by plasma esterases did not occur. Low plasma procaine esterase activity, coupled with rapid oral absorption of procaine, resulted in high urinary concentrations of the parent drug in dogs given procaine HCl or procaine penicillin G (9 mg/kg). Even in the dogs given relatively small doses (0.85 mg/kg) of procaine in the form of meat residues, urinary procaine concentrations were found.
The results of these studies indicate that procaine is rapidly absorbed following oral administration and that meat from livestock given procaine penicillin before slaughter may serve as a source of urinary procaine in Greyhounds consuming the meat.
Use of monoclonal antibodies directed against Eimeria tenella sporozoites to determine stage specificity and in vitro effect on parasite penetration and development
Authors: Danforth Harry D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three different hybridoma-produced monoclonal antibodies (Ab) were used to study their reactivities with in vitro developmental stages of Eimeria tenella and their effects on sporozoite penetration and intracellular development. One Ab (designated B10) was stage-specific, whereas the other 2 Ab (designated C3 and E5) reacted with various intracellular developmental stages of the coccidia. The E5 Ab interacted with the cytoplasm of cultured cells that were infected with sporozoites at 24 hours after inoculation. All 3 Ab inhibited penetration to various degrees—the one designated B10 having the greatest inhibitory effect. These 3 Ab also inhibited development of the parasite in cell culture, provided that Ab was continuously present in the cell culture medium. Removal of Ab from the medium allowed coccidial development to continue at about the same rate as in controls. A longer pretreatment time of the sporozoites with the Ab before cell inoculation increased the inhibitory effect with respect to both the penetration and the development of the parasite.
Cyclic nucleotides in hamster retina
Authors: Buyukmihci Ned , Elliott Hugh F. , Giri Shri N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of cyclic 3′:5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic amp) and cyclic 3′:5′-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic gmp) were determined in white light- and dim red light-adapted golden Syrian hamster retinas. Retinas from animals in dim red light had cyclic amp concentrations of 9.29 ± 2.94 pmol/mg of protein and cyclic gmp concentrations of 110.62 ± 32.98 pmol/mg of protein. After white light adaptation, retinal cyclic amp and cyclic gmp concentrations were reduced to 74% and 45% of the previous values, respectively. In another experiment with white light-adapted animals, the sex or method of immobilization of the animals (cervical dislocation vs sodium pentobarbital) had no significant effect on cyclic nucleotide values.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes
Authors: Pope Andrew M. , Heavner James E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-six ewes were bred in mid-May, and whole blood acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity was measured at 3,6,9,15, and 26 weeks after breeding. The ache activity declined to its lowest value 9 weeks after breeding (mid-July) for all ewes, regardless of pregnancy status, and then increased to greater than baseline values by 21 weeks after breeding (early October). Seemingly, a relationship exists between ambient temperature and fluctuations in ache activity.
Anthelmintic activity of ivermectin in pigs naturally infected with Ascaris and Trichuris
Authors: van Veen T. W. Schillhorn , Gibson C. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin administered by subcutaneous (sc) injection or orally via the drinking water was investigated in feeder pigs naturally infected with Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis. Group 1 pigs (n = 5) were given drinking water as a placebo, group 2 pigs (n = 5) were given ivermectin by sc injection (300 μg/kg of body weight), and group 3 pigs (n = 5) were given ivermectin in water also at a dosage rate of 300 μg/kg of body weight.
At necropsy 11 days later, the mean worm counts in group 1 pigs were 4 for Ascaris and 50.2 for Trichuris. All adult and juvenile ascarids were removed from the intestine in groups 2 and 3 pigs. Compared with the number of Trichuris in group 1 pigs, the number of Trichuris was reduced by 91.2% and 78.1%, respectively, for the orally and sc treated pigs.
Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in horses given small doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , Moore James N. , Eakle Nora 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin (3 mg/kg of body weight) were evaluated in 6 healthy horses and in 6 horses after they were given Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.113 μg/kg). In the horses given endotoxin, there were a maximum temperature increase of 1.97 ± 0.44° (C) and a fever index (between the 2 groups) of 8.754 units. Other mild signs of endotoxemia also occurred.
Statistically significant changes were not observed in the rate constants for distribution (α) or elimination (β) or in body clearance (ClB) of gentamicin in the 2 groups of horses. In the horses given endotoxin, significant (P < 0.05) increases were found in the serum concentration data (A, B, and Cso), and significant decreases were found in the apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)] and in the volume of the central compartment (Vc). The alterations in gentamicin kinetics in the horses given endotoxin are believed to result from the decrease in Vc. This indicates that the extracellular fluid volume available for gentamicin distribution may be reduced by endotoxin.
Further tests of activity of levamisole on Ostertagia ostertagi in dairy calves with notes on overwinter survival of gastrointestinal helminths on pasture
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. , Hemken R. W. , Button F. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two controlled tests were conducted in 1981 and 1982 in dairy calves on the University of Kentucky research farm to determine activity of the bolus formulation of levamisole given at the dose rate of 8 mg/kg against naturally occurring infections of Ostertagia ostertagi. Removal efficacies of mature O ostertagi were 98% in the 1981 test (3 treated and 3 nontreated calves) and 94% in the 1982 test (7 treated and 8 nontreated calves). Against immature Ostertagia spp, removal efficacies were 100% and 65% for the 1st and 2nd tests, respectively. The calves were grazed on the same pasture as dairy calves in previous controlled tests in 1979 and 1980 where activity of levamisole against mature O ostertagi (data recently published) was much less than in the present tests. It does not appear that the poor performance in the early tests can be attributed to the drug resistance phenomenon.
Data on overwinter survival (119 days) of free-living stages of gastrointestinal parasites on pasture were derived from the nontreated calves in the 1982 controlled test. The calves, raised helminth-free, were placed on the pasture on Apr 5,1982. Helminths recovered at necropsy of the calves, besides O ostertagi, included Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus helvetianus, Nematodirus spp, Cooperia oncophora, Trichuris spp, and Moniezia spp. The lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, previously found in cattle on the farm, was not found in these calves.
Reservoir of St. Louis encephalitis virus in Ohio bats
Authors: Herbold John R. , Heuschele Werner P. , Berry Richard L. , Parsons Margaret A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Inoculation of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) with a small dose of a St. Louis encephalitis (sle) virus strain isolated in Ohio indicated that the big brown bat was susceptible to infection. The virus was maintained in the bats through hibernation (70 days), and the bats developed a viremia within 4 days of arousal from hibernation (105 days after inoculation). A field survey of 390 big brown bats and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) conducted in 5 regions of Ohio during 1979 to 1981 revealed a sle virus-neutralizing antibody prevalence of 9%. Cohabitation of natural caves and abandoned mineshafts in Ohio by Culex pipiens mosquitoes, big brown bats, and little brown bats was also documented. Demonstration of a 9% prevalence rate of neutralizing antibody to sle virus in big brown bats and little brown bats in Ohio during a nonepizootic period indicated that the bat may be involved in the maintenance of sle virus in enzootic foci and could have a role in dissemination of sle virus to epizootic foci.
Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 antigen and the specific antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Dutta S. K. , Talbot N. C. , Myrup A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed to detect equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) antigens and specific antibodies. Detection of ehv-1 antigens was done by a 4-layer elisa. In inoculated cell cultures, ehv-1 cell antigen was detected after postinoculation (pi) hour 4, reached approximately twice the value of ehv-1 viral antigen (extracellular virus) in pi hour 18, and peaked in pi hour 24, whereas ehv-1 viral antigen appeared after pi hour 12, increased steadily, and peaked higher than ehv-1 cell antigen in 24 hours. The elisa titer and infectivity titer of 24-hour pi cultures were 200 and 9.2 × 105 plaque-forming units/0.1 ml, respectively.
Equine anti-ehv-1 antibody (eaehv-1) from experimentally inoculated pony foals and rabbit anti-ehv-1 antibody (raehv-1) were detected by indirect elisa and direct elisa, respectively. The raehv-1 had elisa titers of 665,000 and 102,000 when rabbits were immunized with ehv-1 infected cell culture lysate and with sucrose-purified virus, respectively. The corresponding plaque-reduction virus-neutralization titers were 270 and 150 in the absence of complement and were 6,200 and 3,200 in the presence of complement. The eaehv-1 had a mean elisa titer of 60,000, and the corresponding mean virus-neutralization titer in the absence of complement was 34 and that in the presence of complement was 2,142.
Failure of bovine complement levels measured by radial hemolysis to correlate with tube titration
Authors: Nielsen K. , Rosenbaum B. , Harper S. , Adams L. G. , Williams J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemolytic complement levels in 30 duplicate samples of normal bovine sera were determined by a tube titration method (ch50) and by a radial hemolysis in gel assay. Significant correlation was not observed between the values obtained by the 2 tests. This lack of correlation could be a result of considerable error observed in values obtained for duplicate samples in the ch50 method or to the relative insensitivity of the hemolysis in gel test. The hemolytic reaction in gel was found to depend on Mg2+, thus raising questions (i) about its validity in determining total hemolytic complement or (ii) about bovine C1q depending on Mg2+ rather than Ca2+ for binding to immune complexes.
Cardiac dimensions in severely anemic neonatal pigs
Authors: Lee John C. , Fagenholz S. Allen , Downing S. Evans 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of chronic severe anemia on weights and chamber volumes of hearts were studied in 9 spontaneously anemic neonatal pigs (mean hematocrit = 10.1%) and 10 healthy piglets (mean hematocrit = 28.3%) of approximately the same age and similar body weights. All cardiac chamber weights, as well as total heart weight/body weight ratios, were significantly higher in the anemic pigs than in the healthy pigs (P < 0.001). The left ventricular free wall/right ventricular free wall weight ratio was identical in the 2 groups. Calculated left ventricular volume/body weight ratio also was significantly greater in the anemic pigs (P < 0.05). It is concluded that cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy occur consistently in chronically anemic neonatal pigs. These changes are independent of age or body weight of the animal.