bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do parents respond to children's questions about the identity of artifacts?
Authors: Nelson Deborah G. Kemler , O'Neil Kelly 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe investigated how parents respond to young children's questions about the identity of artifacts. Children's questions were predominantly ambiguous about whether they were inquiring about name or function, but when their questions were more specific, they were almost always about function. For unfamiliar objects, parents responded with functional information the majority of the time, alone or in addition to names. For atypical members of familiar categories, adults usually responded only with the category name. The results indicate that adults adjust their responses in a way that often provides the information about object kind, specifically functional information in the case of artifacts, that they believe their children are lacking. Such input may contribute to the development of children's concepts and word meanings.
Maturation of action monitoring from adolescence to adulthood: an ERP study
Authors: Hogan Alexandra M. , Vargha‐Khadem Faraneh , Kirkham Fenella J. , Baldeweg Torsten 
Published: October 2005

Abstract This study investigated the development of the frontal lobe action‐monitoring system from late childhood and adolescence to early adulthood using ERP markers of error processing. Error negativity (ERN) and correct response negativity (CRN) potentials were recorded while adolescents and adults (aged 12–22 years, n = 23) performed two forced‐choice visual reaction time tasks of differing complexity. Significant age differences were seen for behavioural and ERP responses to complex (infrequent, incompatible) trials: adolescents elicited an error negativity of reduced magnitude compared with adults. Furthermore, in contrast to adults, adolescents showed a non‐significant differentiation between response‐locked ERP components elicited by correct (CRN) and error responses (ERN). Behaviourally, adolescents corrected fewer errors in incompatible trials, and with increasing age there was greater post‐error slowing. In conclusion, the neural systems underlying action‐monitoring continue to mature throughout the second decade of life, and are associated with increased efficiency for fast error detection and correction during complex tasks.
The development of gaze following and its relation to language
Authors: Brooks Rechele , Meltzoff Andrew N. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe examined the ontogeny of gaze following by testing infants at 9, 10 and 11 months of age. Infants (N = 96) watched as an adult turned her head toward a target with either open or closed eyes. The 10‐ and 11‐month‐olds followed adult turns significantly more often in the open‐eyes than the closed‐eyes condition, but the 9‐month‐olds did not respond differentially. Although 9‐month‐olds may view others as ‘body orienters’, older infants begin to register whether others are ‘visually connected’ to the external world and, hence, understand adult looking in a new way. Results also showed a strong positive correlation between gaze‐following behavior at 10–11 months and subsequent language scores at 18 months. Implications for social cognition are discussed in light of the developmental shift in gaze following between 9 and 11 months of age.
Beyond the distributional input? A developmental investigation of asymmetry in infants’ categorization of cats and dogs
Authors: Furrer Stephanie D. , Younger Barbara A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTwo experiments are reported using a visual familiarization categorization procedure. In both experiments, infants were familiarized with sets of stimuli previously shown to contain asymmetric feature distributions that support an asymmetry in young infants’ categorization of cats and dogs (i.e. infants’ cat category excludes dogs but their dog category includes cats). In Experiment 1, the asymmetry was replicated in 4‐month‐old infants. In contrast, 10‐month‐old infants demonstrated exclusive category representations for both cats and dogs. In Experiment 2, an additional group of 10‐month‐olds demonstrated exclusive representations for both cats and dogs under conditions of very limited within‐task category familiarization. Potential mechanisms underlying the shift from an asymmetric to a symmetric pattern of categorization in the first year are discussed.
Children's implicit knowledge of harmony in Western music
Authors: Schellenberg E. Glenn , Bigand Emmanuel , Poulin‐Charronnat Benedicte , Garnier Cécilia , Stevens Catherine 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThree experiments examined children's knowledge of harmony in Western music. The children heard a series of chords followed by a final, target chord. In Experiment 1, French 6‐ and 11‐year‐olds judged whether the target was sung with the vowel /i/ or /u/. In Experiment 2, Australian 8‐ and 11‐year‐olds judged whether the target was played on a piano or a trumpet. In Experiment 3, Canadian 8‐ and 11‐year‐olds judged whether the target sounded good (i.e. consonant) or bad (dissonant). The target was either the most stable chord in the established musical key (i.e. the tonic, based ondo, the first note of the scale) or a less stable chord. Performance was faster (Experiments 1, 2 and 3) and more accurate (Experiment 3) when the target was the tonic chord. The findings confirm that children have implicit knowledge of syntactic functions that typify Western harmony.
Evidence against a maximum response model of exogenous visual orienting during early infancy and support for a dimensional switching model
Authors: Dannemiller James L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Very young infants orient overtly with eye and head movements to salient events in their visual environments, but those events rarely occur in the absence of competing visual stimuli. Two different models of how this kind of orienting is related to number and distribution of elements in the stimulus field were tested with infants across the age range from 2 to 5 months in four experiments. A set size manipulation in Experiments 1–3 produced data that were mostly inconsistent with the Maximum Response model proposed by Dannemiller (1998), especially at ages over 3 months. Experiment 4 produced data from 3.5‐month‐olds that were consistent with an alternative Dimensional Switching model that assumed that there was switching across trials in the stimulus dimension that drove orienting. This Dimensional Switching model can explain the small to nonexistent set size effects observed in the first three experiments as well as data from previous experiments using this paradigm. Factors that could produce this kind of dimensional switching over time were considered and other implications of this model for understanding the development of overt visual orienting were discussed.
What young children do and do not know about the spelling of inflections and derivations
Authors: Deacon S. Hélène , Bryant Peter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMorphemes have a powerful impact on the spellings of words in English. We report on two experiments examining young children's knowledge of the effect of suffix morphemes on spelling. In Experiment 1, 5‐ to 8‐year‐olds demonstrated awareness of the role of inflections, but not derivations in spelling. Experiment 2 examined whether children might show an understanding of the impact of derivations on spelling when they are provided with the specific spelling pattern. There was support for this idea; 7‐ to 10‐year‐old children took advantage of the derivations that were given to spell other derivations, but not the endings of control words. The results of these experiments suggest that young children are aware of the role that suffixes play in determining spelling, but that there are limits, such as those imposed by spelling difficulty, that constrain the execution of this knowledge. These findings provide new insights into current theoretical debates on spelling development.
Ambiguous benefits: the effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures
Authors: Bialystok Ellen , Shapero Dana 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Two studies are reported in which monolingual and bilingual children, approximately 6 years old, attempted to identify the alternative image in a reversible figure. In both studies, bilingual children were more successful than monolinguals in seeing the other meaning in the images. In the first study, there was no relation between the ability to reverse the interpretation and performance on the children's embedded figures task, a task that superficially appeared to involve similar processes. The second study replicated this finding but showed that performance was strongly related to success in the post‐switch phase of the dimensional change card sort task. In both cases, the meaning of an image must be reassigned, and bilinguals were better in both these tasks.
A longitudinal investigation of visual event‐related potentials in the first year of life
Authors: Webb Sara J. , Long Jeffrey D. , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract The goal of the current study was to assess general maturational changes in the ERP in the same sample of infants from 4 to 12 months of age. All participants were tested in two experimental manipulations at each age: a test of facial recognition and one of object recognition. Two sets of analyses were undertaken. First, growth curve modeling with mixed models was used to examine trajectories of development and possible differences in trajectories based on recognition memory (novel versus familiar) and/or stimulus‐specific memory (face versus object recognition). Our results suggest that the Pb, Nc and Slow Wave components change significantly in terms of amplitude and latency over the first year of life. Pb amplitude showed a significant non‐linear increase over time, whereas Pb latency showed a significant linear decrease over time with a plateau beginning at 10 months. Nc amplitude showed a significant linear decrease over time (i.e. a stronger negative value), whereas Nc latency showed a significant linear decrease over time, with a plateau beginning at 8 months. Second, to relate our findings to those reported in the literature, we examined the effects of memory and stimulus and their combination. Differences between recognition memory and stimulus specific memory were found in the responses to familiar and novel faces and objects for all three components, although the pattern differed across the five ages. These results have implications for future studies that involve the recording of the visual ERP, and point to the advantages of growth curve modeling in examining longitudinal data to account for non‐linear development.
Three‐month‐olds, but not newborns, prefer own‐race faces
Authors: Kelly David J. , Quinn Paul C. , Slater Alan M. , Lee Kang , Gibson Alan , Smith Michael , Ge Liezhong , Pascalis Olivier 
Published: October 2005

Abstract Adults are sensitive to the physical differences that define ethnic groups. However, the age at which we become sensitive to ethnic differences is currently unclear. Our study aimed to clarify this by testing newborns and young infants for sensitivity to ethnicity using a visual preference (VP) paradigm. While newborn infants demonstrated no spontaneous preference for faces from either their own‐ or other‐ethnic groups, 3‐month‐old infants demonstrated a significant preference for faces from their own‐ethnic group. These results suggest that preferential selectivity based on ethnic differences is not present in the first days of life, but is learned within the first 3 months of life. The findings imply that adults’ perceptions of ethnic differences are learned and derived from differences in exposure to own‐ versus other‐race faces during early development.
Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation potentiates nitric oxide release by activated microglia
Authors: Saura Josep , Angulo Ester , Ejarque Aroa , Casadó Vicent , Tusell Josep M. , Moratalla Rosario , Chen Jiang‐Fan , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Lluis Carme , Franco Rafael , Serratosa Joan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe absence of adenosine A2A receptors, or its pharmacological inhibition, has neuroprotective effects. Experimental data suggest that glial A2A receptors participate in neurodegeneration induced by A2A receptor stimulation. In this study we have investigated the effects of A2A receptor stimulation on control and activated glial cells. Mouse cortical mixed glial cultures (75% astrocytes, 25% microglia) were treated with the A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CGS21680 potentiated lipopolysaccharide‐induced NO release and NO synthase‐II expression in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. CGS21680 potentiation of lipopolysaccharide‐induced NO release was suppressed by the A2A receptor antagonist ZM‐241385 and did not occur on mixed glial cultures from A2A receptor‐deficient mice. In mixed glial cultures treated with LPS + CGS21680, the NO synthase‐II inhibitor 1400W abolished NO production, and NO synthase‐II immunoreactivity was observed only in microglia. Binding experiments demonstrated the presence of A2A receptors on microglial but not on astroglial cultures. However, the presence of astrocytes was necessary for CGS21680 potentiating effect. In light of the reported neurotoxicity of microglial NO synthase‐II and the neuroprotection of A2A receptor inhibition, these data suggest that attenuation of microglial NO production could contribute to the neuroprotection afforded by A2A receptor antagonists.
Normal values of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and the blood pressure response to the Valsalva manoeuvre in healthy elderly subjects
Authors: Remmen Jaap J. , Aengevaeren Wim R. M. , Verheugt Freek W. A. , Jansen René W. M. M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe blood pressure response to the Valsalva manoeuvre is related to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and can be used to diagnose heart failure. However, this has never been studied specifically in the elderly, in whom the prevalence of heart failure is highest. Furthermore, normal values of the Valsalva manoeuvre are lacking. We aimed to obtain normal values of PCWP and the blood pressure response to the Valsalva manoeuvre in elderly subjects. Therefore, 28 healthy subjects, aged 70 ± 4 years, performed Valsalva manoeuvres before and after anti‐G garment inflation, which was used for temporary increase of PCWP. Before inflation, PCWP was 9·8 ± 1·9 mmHg in supine and 8·9 ± 2·1 in semi‐recumbent position. From the blood pressure response, measured with Finapres, the systolic blood pressure ratio (SBPR), pulse pressure ratio (PPR), stroke volume ratio (SVR) and heart rate ratio (HRR) were calculated. In supine position, SBPR was 0·76 ± 0·11, PPR 0·51 ± 0·16, SVR 0·42 ± 0·11, and HRR 1·17 ± 0·12. Semi‐recumbently, SBPR was 0·74 ± 0·10, PPR 0·46 ± 0·14, SVR 0·41 ± 0·10, and HRR 1·24 ± 0·23. After inflation of the anti‐G garment, the areas under the Receiver Operator Characteristics curves of SBPR, PPR and SVR for elevated (≥15 mmHg) PCWP were >0·85 in supine position. In conclusion, this is the first study to obtain normal values of the blood pressure response to the Valsalva manoeuvre and PCWP in healthy elderly subjects, which is essential for the interpretation of patient data. The Valsalva manoeuvre showed significant discriminatory power in the detection of elevated PCWP, which underscores its potential in the non‐invasive diagnosis of heart failure.
The effects of left ventricular hypertrophy on the respiratory changes in transmitral Doppler flow patterns of hypertension patients
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Hsin , Tsai Wei‐Chuan , Tsai Liang‐Miin , Lin Chih‐Chan , Chen Ju‐Yi , Huang Yao‐Yi , Chao Ting‐Hsing , Liu Ping‐Yen , Chen Jyh‐Hong 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground:  Left ventricular early diastolic fillings can be reduced by inspiration. However, the effects of left ventricular hypertrophy on such changes have not been studied before. This study was undertaken to investigate whether respiratory changes in transmitral Doppler flow were affected by left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension patients.Methods:  Eighty‐three patients (mean age 46 ± 8 years, 49 males) with untreated essential hypertension were included in this study. Transmitral Doppler flow velocity was measured both at end‐expiration and end‐inspiration. Left ventricular mass was measured by M‐mode echocardiography. We divided patients into two groups based on the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or not.Results:  Twenty‐one patients were diagnosed to have left ventricular hypertrophy. In patients without left ventricular hypertrophy, the peak early filling velocity decreased significantly (from 74 ± 15 to 71 ± 18 cm s−1, P = 0·003), the peak atrial velocity increased significantly (from 65 ± 17 to 74 ± 15 cm s−1, P<0·001) and the early filling to atrial velocity ratio decreased significantly (from 1·2 ± 0·3 to 1·1 ± 0·3, P<0·001) from end‐expiration to end‐inspiration. In patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, the parameters of transmitral Doppler flow pattern did not change during respiration.Conclusion:  Respiratory changes in the transmitral Doppler flow velocity are blunted by left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension patients. This phenomenon is probably contributed by the increased left ventricular wall stiffness in the left ventricular hypertrophy.
Physiological determinants of the variation in left ventricular mass from early adolescence to late adulthood in healthy subjects
Authors: Cain Peter A. , Ahl Ragnhild , Hedstrom Erik , Ugander Martin , Allansdotter‐Johnsson Ase , Friberg Peter , Marild Staffan , Arheden Hakan 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground:  The physiological determinants of left ventricular mass (LVM) measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging are not well defined as prior investigators have studied either adults or adolescents in isolation or have not strictly excluded hypertension or accounted for the effects of exercise habits, haemodynamic, demographic, or body shape characteristics.Methods:  A total of 102 healthy volunteers (12–81 years, 53 males) underwent CMR. All parameters [unstandardized and adjusted for body surface area (BSA)] were analysed according to gender and by adolescence versus adulthood (adolescents <20 years, adults ≥20 years). The influence of haemodynamic factors, exercise, and demographic factors on LVM were determined with multivariate linear regression.Results:  LVM rose during adolescence and declined in adulthood. LVM and LVMBSA were higher in males both in adults (LVM: 188 ± 22 g versus 139 ± 21 g, P<0·001; LVMBSA: 94 ± 11 g m−2 versus 80 ± 11 g m−2, P<0·001) and in adolescents when adjusted for BSA (LVM: 128 ± 29 g versus 107 ± 20 g, P = 0·063; LVMBSA: 82 ± 8 g m−2 versus 71 ± 10 g m−2, P = 0·025). In adults, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and self‐reported physical activity increased while meridional and circumferential wall stress were constant with age. Multivariate regression analysis revealed age, gender, and BSA as the major determinants of LVM (global R2 = 0·69).Conclusions:  Normal LVM shows variation over a broad age range in both genders with a rise in adolescence and subsequent decline with increasing age in adulthood despite an increase in SBP and physical activity. BSA, age, and gender were found to be major contributors to the variation in LVM in healthy adults, while haemodynamic factors, exercise, and wall stress were not.
Cardiorespiratory effects of warm water immersion in elderly patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Cider Åsa , Sunnerhagen Katharina Stibrant , Schaufelberger Maria , Andersson Bert 
Published: October 2005

SummaryBackground: Hydrotherapy might be included in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), but little is known about the acute cardiorespiratory reaction in warm water. The aim of this study was to assess the acute cardiorespiratory effect of immersion in warm water, in a clinical setting, in elderly patients with CHF compared with healthy age and sex matched persons.Methods: Twelve patients (three females) with CHF, NYHA II–III, age 64 ± 6 years, and 12 healthy subjects were studied. Cardiorespiratory changes, on land and in a temperature‐controlled swimming pool (33–34°C) were assessed during rest and exercise, in a sitting position, using continuous gas analyses.Results: There were no significant differences, land versus water, in carbon dioxide production, total ventilation, respiratory frequency, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate or blood pressure in either of the groups. A significant difference was found in oxygen uptake, at rest, land versus water in patients with CHF in comparison with healthy subjects (−0·2 ± 0·4 versus +0·3 ± 0·6 ml kg−1 min−1,P<0·01). Oxygen kinetics (τ) increased significantly (P = 0·01) in both groups during exercise in water.Conclusion: Hydrotherapy was well tolerated and the vast majority of the cardiorespiratory responses, during warm water immersion in a clinical setting, are similar in patients with CHF compared with healthy subjects. However, further larger studies, are needed to better understand the physiological reactions during hydrotherapy.
Recording of dynamic arterial compliance changes during hand elevation
Authors: Jagomägi Kersti , Raamat Rein , Talts Jaak , Ragun Ulvi , Länsimies Esko , Jurvelin Jukka 
Published: October 2005

SummaryFinger arterial compliance has been studied on the beat‐to‐beat basis by using the digital arterial pressure and volume waveforms and performing measurements at zero transmural pressure during arm elevation in 11 volunteers. Continuous non‐invasive finger blood pressure was measured by applying the Finapres monitor and the finger volume pulses were recorded by the UT9201 physiograph by using the photoplethysmographic principle of registration. Estimation of the beat‐to‐beat finger arterial compliance is based on (i) the recorded volume and pressure wave amplitudes (Vpulse and Ppulse) and (ii) on the calculation of the slope of the pressure–volume relationship from the first derivatives dV/dt and dP/dt of the recorded volume and pressure pulses near the point of the maximum slope. The results of the study demonstrate that the applied two methods similarly (correlation coefficient r = 0·97) describe the changes of the beat‐to‐beat compliance during hand elevation test. At the same time the second estimate was 18% higher than the first one (P = 0·003).