bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Native Perennial Grasses in Highway Medians: Pre- and Postplant Techniques for Establishment in a Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Young Stephen L. , Claassen Victor P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWithin highway rights-of-way, native perennial grasses provide desirable services to support natural and human constructed ecosystems. However, native perennial grass establishment in annual grass dominated roadsides of semiarid and Mediterranean climates of the western United States requires specific cultural and chemical management treatments to control weeds. In 2004, field studies were conducted in Sacramento Valley, California to determine the effect of herbicide, disc cultivation, and species selection on native perennial grass establishment and annual weed persistence. Perennial grass species mixes common to drier and wetter upland areas in northern California were drill seeded at two sites (I-5 North and I-5 South) that had been burned in 2003 and received weed control (i.e., herbicide, cultivation, mowing) in spring 2004. Herbicides were the most important treatments for native perennial grass establishment and weed reduction. Native perennial grass species persistence was largely unaffected by cultivation or native plant accessions at these sites. Native perennial grass density increased at I-5 North in the second year of growth (2006) resulting in a plant density totaled across all herbicide regimes of 3.9 plants m−1 compared to 2.5 plants m−1 at I-5 South. Vigorous native perennial grass growth in the more fertile and less droughty soils of I-5 North helped to limit annual weeds through competition, which is anticipated to reduce the need for chemical and mechanical control in years following early establishment.
Modeling of NOM-removal in drinking water biofilters
Authors: Qiongqiong Xia , Wei Chen , Xingcan Zheng 
Published: December 2008

The application of biofiltration is a hot topic in the drinking water treatment field, and the mathematical modeling of biofilters has received considerable attention. However, no practical model is available for designing the biofiltration process. The aim of this research is to develop a representative model which simulates NOM (natural organic matter) removal in water treatment biofilter.
A steady-state model was applied. Monod-type substrate utilization was used and the external and internal mass transfer was neglected in this model. The model described the process of substrate biodegradation, bacterial attachment onto filter media and detachment of suspended bacteria. It simulated the NOM and biomass profiles in a biofilter as a function of filter depth and filtration velocity. The key biokinetic parameters k and Ks were estimated through a special experiment.
The results of the model testing show that the model prediction agrees well with the experimental data. It is possible to adapt the model under various conditions by changing the parameters such as flow rate, bacteria and DOC concentration et al. Therefore, the model is an effective tool for designing and operation.
Fatty Acid Incubation of Myotubes From Humans With Type 2 Diabetes Leads to Enhanced Release of β-Oxidation Products Because of Impaired Fatty Acid Oxidation
Authors: Wensaas Andreas J. , Rustan Arild C. , Just Marlene , Berge Rolf K. , Drevon Christian A. , Gaster Michael 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE—Increased availability of fatty acids is important for accumulation of intracellular lipids and development of insulin resistance in human myotubes. It is unknown whether different types of fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) influence these processes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined fatty acid and glucose metabolism and gene expression in cultured human skeletal muscle cells from control and type 2 diabetic individuals after 4 days of preincubation with EPA or TTA.
RESULTS—Type 2 diabetes myotubes exhibited reduced formation of CO2 from palmitic acid (PA), whereas release of β-oxidation products was unchanged at baseline but significantly increased with respect to control myotubes after preincubation with TTA and EPA. Preincubation with TTA enhanced both complete (CO2) and β-oxidation of palmitic acid, whereas EPA increased only β-oxidation significantly. EPA markedly enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in myotubes, more pronounced in type 2 diabetes cells. TAG accumulation and fatty acid oxidation were inversely correlated only after EPA preincubation, and total level of acyl-CoA was reduced. Glucose oxidation (CO2 formation) was enhanced and lactate production decreased after chronic exposure to EPA and TTA, whereas glucose uptake and storage were unchanged. EPA and especially TTA increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, activation, accumulation, and oxidation.
CONCLUSIONS—Our results suggest that 1) mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic myotubes is caused by disturbances downstream of fatty acid β-oxidation; 2) EPA promoted accumulation of TAG, enhanced β-oxidation, and increased glucose oxidation; and 3) TTA improved complete palmitic acid oxidation in diabetic myotubes, opposed increased lipid accumulation, and increased glucose oxidation.
Cross‐sectional study of violence in emerging adulthood
Authors: Marcus Robert F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTheories of emerging adulthood, the evolutionary perspective, and the presence of turning points in the lives of 19–25‐year olds were examined in relation to serious perpetrated violence for a cross‐sectional sample of men and women (n=14,098) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Wave III. Perpetrated, self‐reported violence included armed robbery, gang fighting, using a weapon in a fight, pulling a knife or gun on someone, or shooting or stabbing someone. Results showed that 11.3% of emergent adults had perpetrated at least one of these behaviors in the past year. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis partially supported the three theories for both men and women, beyond the contribution of violence in adolescence. The presence of Wave III violence was more likely given the unique contributions of unmarried status and economic risk. Moreover, and consistent with the theory of emerging adulthood, both sensation seeking and depression declined with age and contributed to the acknowledgement of Wave III violence, beyond the contribution of controls for Wave I violence (6 years earlier), demographics, age, gender, unmarried status, and economic risk. Findings of age‐related declines and gender differences in prevalence rates were consistent with previous research on nationally representative samples, and with the predictions of the three theories. Aggr. Behav. 35:188–202, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erythropoietin protects the developing brain from hyperoxia‐induced cell death and proteome changes
Authors: Kaindl Angela M. , Sifringer Marco , Koppelstaetter Andrea , Genz Kerstin , Loeber Rebecca , Boerner Constanze , Stuwe Janine , Klose Joachim , Felderhoff‐Mueser Ursula 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectiveOxygen toxicity has been identified as a risk factor for adverse neurological outcome in survivors of preterm birth. In infant rodent brains, hyperoxia induces disseminated apoptotic neurodegeneration. Because a tissue‐protective effect has been observed for recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo), widely used in neonatal medicine for its hematopoietic effect, we examined the effect of rEpo on hyperoxia‐induced brain damage.MethodsSix‐day‐old C57Bl/6 mice or Wistar rats were exposed to hyperoxia (80% O2) or normoxia for 24 hours and received rEpo or normal saline injections intraperitoneally. The amount of degenerating cells in their brains was determined by DeOlmos cupric silver staining. Changes of their brain proteome were determined through two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Western blot, enzyme activity assays and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were performed for further analysis of candidate proteins.ResultsSystemic treatment with 20,000 IE/kg rEpo significantly reduced hyperoxia‐induced apoptosis and caspase‐2, ‐3, and ‐8 activity in the brains of infant rodents. In parallel, rEpo inhibited most brain proteome changes observed in infant mice when hyperoxia was applied exclusively. Furthermore, brain proteome changes after a single systemic rEpo treatment point toward a number of mechanisms through which rEpo may generate its protective effect against oxygen toxicity. These include reduction of oxidative stress and restoration of hyperoxia‐induced increased levels of proapoptotic factors, as well as decreased levels of neurotrophins.InterpretationThese findings are highly relevant from a clinical perspective because oxygen administration to neonates is often inevitable, and rEpo may serve as an adjunctive neuroprotective therapy. Ann Neurol 2008;64:523–534
Brain involvement in muscular dystrophies with defective dystroglycan glycosylation
Authors: Clement Emma , Mercuri Eugenio , Godfrey Caroline , Smith Janine , Robb Stephanie , Kinali Maria , Straub Volker , Bushby Kate , Manzur Adnan , Talim Beril , Cowan Frances , Quinlivan Ros , Klein Andrea , Longman Cheryl , McWilliam Robert , Topaloglu Haluk , Mein Rachael , Abbs Stephen , North Kathryn , Barkovich A. James , Rutherford Mary , Muntoni Francesco 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the range and severity of brain involvement, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, in 27 patients with mutations in POMT1 (4), POMT2 (9), POMGnT1 (7), Fukutin (4), or LARGE (3), responsible for muscular dystrophies with abnormal glycosylation of dystroglycan (dystroglycanopathies).MethodsBlinded review of magnetic resonance imaging brain scans from 27 patients with mutations in 1 of these 5 genes.ResultsBrain magnetic resonance images were normal in 3 of 27 patients; in another 5, only nonspecific abnormalities (ventricular dilatation, periventricular white matter abnormalities, or both) were seen. The remaining 19 patients had a spectrum of structural defects, ranging from complete lissencephaly in patients with Walker–Warburg syndrome to isolated cerebellar involvement. Cerebellar cysts and/or dysplasia and hypoplasia were the predominant features in four patients. Polymicrogyria (11/27) was more severe in the frontoparietal regions in 6, and had an occipitofrontal gradient in 2. Pontine clefts, with an unusual appearance to the corticospinal tracts, were seen in five patients with a muscle‐eye‐brain–like phenotype, three patients with POMGnT1, one with LARGE, and one with POMT2 mutations. Prominent cerebellar cysts were always seen with POMGnT1 mutations, but rarely seen in POMT1 and POMT2. Brainstem and pontine abnormalities were common in patients with POMT2, POMGnT1, and LARGE mutations.InterpretationOur results expand the spectrum of brain involvement associated with mutations in LARGE, POMGnT1, POMT1, and POMT2. Pontine clefts were visible in some dystroglycanopathy patients. Infratentorial structures were often affected in isolation, highlighting their susceptibility to involvement in these conditions. Ann Neurol 2008;64:573–582
Randomized, controlled trial of miglustat in Gaucher's disease type 3
Authors: Schiffmann Raphael , FitzGibbon Edmond J. , Harris Chris , DeVile Catherine , Davies Elin H. , Abel Larry , Van Schaik Ivo N. , Benko William S. , Timmons Margaret , Ries Markus , Vellodi Ashok 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of miglustat, concomitant with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), in patients with Gaucher's disease type 3 (GD3).MethodsThis 24‐month, phase II, open‐label clinical trial of miglustat in GD3 was conducted in two phases. During the initial 12 months, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive miglustat or “no miglustat treatment.” The randomized phase was followed by an optional 12‐month extension phase in which all patients received miglustat. All patients received ERT during the 24‐month period. The primary efficacy end points were change from baseline to months 12 and 24 in vertical saccadic eye movement velocity as determined by the peak amplitude versus amplitude regression line slope. Secondary end points included changes in neurological and neuropsychological assessments, pulmonary function tests, liver and spleen organ volumes, hematological and clinical laboratory assessments, and safety evaluations.ResultsThirty patients were enrolled, of whom 21 were randomized to miglustat and 9 to “no miglustat treatment.” Twenty‐eight patients entered the 12‐month extension phase. No significant between‐group differences in vertical saccadic eye movement velocity or in the other neurological or neuropsychological evaluations were observed. Organ volumes and hematological parameters remained stable in both treatment groups, but improvement in pulmonary function and decrease of chitotriosidase levels were observed with miglustat compared with patients receiving ERT alone.InterpretationMiglustat does not appear to have significant benefits on the neurological manifestations of GD3. However, miglustat may have positive effects on systemic disease (pulmonary function and chitotriosidase activity) in addition to ERT in patients with GD3. Ann Neurol 2008;64:514–522
Delayed neural network degeneration after neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia
Authors: Stone Brian S. , Zhang Jiangyang , Mack Devin W. , Mori Susumu , Martin Lee J. , Northington Frances J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectiveClinical magnetic resonance studies show delayed and ongoing neurodegeneration after neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI), but the mechanisms and timing of this neurodegeneration remain unclear. We used ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and brain neuropathology to determine whether selective injury to white matter tracts occurs after neonatal HI in mice resulting in neural system–associated attrition in remote regions and at delayed times.MethodsThe Rice–Vannucci model (unilateral carotid ligation + 45 minutes of hypoxia FiO2 = 0.08) was used to cause brain injury in postnatal day 7 (p7) C57BL6 mice, and ex vivo DTI and correlative neuropathology were performed at p8, p11, p15, p21, p28, and p42.ResultsDTI provides excellent contrast visualization of unmyelinated white matter in the immature mouse brain. Severe ipsilateral injury to the hippocampus is seen with both histopathology and diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging 24 hours after injury. Injury to axons is evident 24 hours after HI in the hippocampal alveus. By p11 and continuing until p28, the ipsilateral fimbria fornix degenerates. At p15, there is injury and loss of axons entering the ipsilateral septal nucleus followed by ipsilateral septal atrophy. Volume loss in the hippocampus is rapid and severe, but is subacute and significantly slower in the ipsilateral septum. Neonatal HI also interrupts the normal developmental increase in fractional anisotropy in the ipsilateral fimbria but not in the contralateral fimbria from p8 to p42.InterpretationIn neonatal brain, there is progressive systems‐preferential injury after HI. DTI allows unparalleled visualization of this neural network–associated attrition so that it can be followed longitudinally in developing brain. Ann Neurol 2008;64:535–546
Umbilical cord blood transplantation for juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy
Authors: Pierson Tyler Mark , Bonnemann Carsten G. , Finkel Richard S. , Bunin Nancy , Tennekoon Gihan I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThree siblings with metachromatic leukodystrophy underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation at different stages of disease. Neuroimaging, nerve conduction studies, neurological examinations, and neuropsychological examinations were used to measure outcome over 2 years. After transplant, the oldest sibling experienced disease progression. His two siblings had near or total resolution of signal abnormalities on neuroimaging. Their neuropsychological testing remained stable, and nerve conduction studies have shown improvement. These results indicate pretransplantation neurological examinations may be the most significant predictor of outcome after transplant. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document neurological outcome of metachromatic leukodystrophy treated by umbilical cord blood transplantation. Ann Neurol 2008;64:583–587
Die C‐C‐Kreuzkupplung nach Liebeskind und Srogl
Authors: Prokopcová Hana , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: December 2008

AbstractÜber Schwefel zum Erfolg: Die Kreuzkupplung von organischen Schwefelverbindungen mit Boronsäuren unter neutralen Bedingungen in Gegenwart eines Palladium(0)‐Katalysators und einer stöchiometrischen Menge eines Kupfer(I)‐Cofaktors hat sich als wertvolle C‐C‐Verknüpfungsmethode etabliert (siehe Schema). Diese basenfreie Kupplung verläuft nach einem beispiellosen Mechanismus und hat deutliche Vorteile, wenn andere Pd0‐katalysierte Verfahren versagen.magnified imageUm die Fülle an bereits bekannten hoch selektiven und zuverlässigen Methoden zur C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfung zu ergänzen, besteht ein wachsendes Interesse an der Entwicklung neuer Verfahren mit einer veränderten oder orthogonalen Reaktivität. Liebeskind und Srogl beschrieben 2000 eine übergangsmetallkatalysierte Kreuzkupplung von Thioestern mit Boronsäuren zur Synthese von Ketonen unter neutralen Bedingungen. Diese desulfurierende Kreuzkupplung verläuft unter Palladium(0)‐Katalyse mit stöchiometrischem Kupfer(I)‐Zusatz, folgt einem beispiellosen Mechanismus und ist auf eine Reihe von Organoschwefelderivaten und nucleophilen Organometallreagentien anwendbar. Hier betrachten wir neuere Anwendungen dieser faszinierenden Reaktion in der organischen Synthese. Besondere Berücksichtigung finden Fälle, bei denen herkömmliche Methoden der C‐C‐Bindungsbildung versagt haben.
Synthesis, structure, and phase behavior of new chiral liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes based on mesogenic menthyl monomers
Authors: Zhang Bao‐Yan , Hu Jian‐She , Ren Shi‐Chao , Liu Cong 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSix new chiral monomers (M1–M6), and their corresponding side chain polymers (P1–P6) containing menthyl groups were synthesized. The chemical structures of M1–M6 were characterized with FTIR and 1H NMR. The structure–property relationships of the monomers and polymers obtained are discussed. The mesomorphic properties and phase behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Some compounds containing menthyl groups formed mesophase when a flexible spacer was inserted between the mesogenic core and the menthyl groups by reducing the steric hindered effect. The monomers M1, M4, and M5 did not reveal mesomorphic properties because of the weaker rigid core or the longer flexible terminal groups, whereas M2, M3, and M6 all revealed cholesteric phase. Except P4 and P5, the homopolymers P1–P3 and P6 showed a smectic A phase. In addition, melting, glass transition temperature, or clearing temperature increased, and the mesophase temperature range widened with increasing the rigidity of mesogenic core or decreasing the length of the flexible spacer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Environmental impact of razor clam harvesting using salt in Ria Formosa lagoon (Southern Portugal) and subsequent recovery of associated benthic communities
Authors: Constantino Rita , Gaspar Miguel B. , Pereira Fábio , Carvalho Susana , Cúrdia João , Matias Domitília , Monteiro Carlos C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRazor clams are found in different habitats ranging from sheltered systems (e.g. lagoons and estuaries) to open coasts. They are distributed worldwide and comprise a small number of species of high economic value. Depending on the specific habitat and species exploited, different mechanical and hand‐harvesting techniques are employed. While the environmental effects resulting from mechanized methods have been described by several authors, the impacts caused by traditional hand‐harvesting methods remain unknown. Therefore, a study was undertaken in Ria Formosa lagoon (South of Portugal) addressing the environmental effects resulting from harvestingSolen marginatuswith salt.No significant impact on the sediment was found; the main effect was an increase in salinity after covering the area with salt, which decreased rapidly with the flood tide and after a few hours had returned to pre‐harvesting levels.No effects on benthic communities were observed, with similar fluctuation patterns recorded in control and experimental areas, the observed differences being attributed to the natural variability of benthic populations.Based on the results obtained in the present study, a razor clam fishery using salt in intertidal areas can be considered environmentally ‘friendly’.Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structures, dynamics and stability of reef fish assemblages in non‐reefal coral communities in Hong Kong, China
Authors: Tam Tze‐Wai , Ang Put O. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A detailed study on the spatial and temporal patterns of reef fish assemblages associated with non‐reefal coral communities at A Ma Wan (AMW) and A Ye Wan (AYW) in Tung Ping Chau, Hong Kong, China, was carried out using an underwater visual census method from January 1998 to December 1999.
The study identified a total of 106 species (76 genera in 39 families) of fish in the study sites, in which 88 species were recorded in AMW and 78 species in AYW. Seasonal patterns in the abundance and species richness of all reef fishes and most of the frequently encountered families/trophic groups in both study sites were observed. Seasonal fluctuation of macroalgae, the influence of recruitment of larvae, and the possible seasonal variation in the behaviour of fish may all contribute to these observed seasonal patterns.
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordinations demonstrated that there were spatial variations in the fish community structures within and between sites. Such spatial patterns were possibly related to the spatial variation of the coral community structures in the study sites. The ordinations also showed that the fish community structures in the study sites were not seasonally stable. Such temporal instability of the fish community structures may be partly due to habitat isolation among the fish communities around the island.
These results imply that preservation and enhancement of habitat connectivity of the coral communities should be one of the main conservation strategies for the reef fish communities of Tung Ping Chau, and those of Hong Kong in general. This strategy may be equally applicable to other non‐reefal coral communities elsewhere around the world.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.