bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report on the Occurrence of Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 5 and 9 in Tunisian Grapevines
Authors: Mahfoudhi N. , Habili N. , Masri S. A. , Dhouibi M. H. 
Published: September 2007

Grapevine leafroll disease is one of the most important diseases that occurs in cultivated grapevines in the world. So far, nine serologically distinct viruses of the family Closteroviridae have been isolated from diseased vines (3). A previous study (4) has shown that Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV) -1, -2, and -3 are present in Tunisian grapevines and GLRaV-3 is the predominant virus associated with leafroll disease. A survey was conducted in table grapes to identify other viruses associated with this disease. Samples of dormant canes were collected and screened by indirect Biotin Steptavidin ELISA with specific antibodies to GLRaV-5 (Bio-Rad, Sanofi, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serological analysis revealed that nearly 47% of the samples were infected with GLRaV-5. To confirm GLRaV-5 identification and identify other leafroll viruses, vines with severe leafroll symptoms were collected and total RNA extracts were obtained from six samples and tested at Waite Diagnostics (University of Adelaide, Australia) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers for GLRaV-5 (2), LR5-1F 5′-CCCGTGATACAAGGTAGGACA-3′ and LR5-1R 5′-CAGACTTCACCTCCTGTTAC-3′ with a resulting amplicon size of 690 bp and primers for GLRaV-9, LR9F 5′-ACAGTGGTCGGCATAAGAAAAG-3′ and LR9R 5′-ACACAAACATGCAGGCCAAAG-3′ with a resulting amplicon size of 250 bp. Results showed that 1 of 6 and 5 of 6 of the samples were infected with GLRaV-5 and GLRaV-9, respectively, by RT-PCR and comparable results were obtained by ELISA. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced to confirm the identification of GLRaV-5 and GLRaV-9. The obtained sequences showed 99.1% nt identity and 94.8% amino acid similarity with an isolate of GLRaV-5 (GenBank Accession No. AF233934) and 97.6% nt identity and 94.8% amino acid similarity with an isolate of GLRaV-9 (GenBank Accession No. AY297819). The occurrence of GLRaV-9 has previously been reported in California and Australia (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of GLRaV-5 and -9 in Tunisian grapevines. The widespread occurrence of GLRaV-5 and -9 is probably due either to the presence of their putative vectors, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri (Risso), or by propagation using infected local source material. Further studies are in progress to verify the implication of indigenous mealybugs in the spread of these viruses. References: (1) R. Alkowni et al. J. Plant Pathol. 86:123, 2004. (2) X. Good and J. Monis. Phytopathology 91:247, 2001. (3) P. Gugerli. ICVG, Extended Abstracts 14:23, 2003. (4) N. Mahfoudhi et al. EPPO Bulletin 28:197, 1998.
Society already achieves economic benefits from generic substitution but fails to do the same for therapeutic substitution
Authors: Gumbs Pearl D. , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Souverein Patrick C. , Mantel‐Teeuwisse Aukje K. , De Wit G. Ardine , De Boer Anthonius , Klungel Olaf H. 
Published: September 2007

AimsTo assess the potential annual savings due to generic and therapeutic substitution of statin therapy for the general Dutch population, taking the patients medical history into account.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based costing study using the PHARMO Record Linkage System (RLS). PHARMO RLS contains drug dispensing records from a representative sample of pharmacies located in more than 50 regions in the Netherlands. We selected all statin users in the database since 2003. The cost‐savings of generic substitution of statin therapy for all simvastatin and pravastatin users, and of therapeutic substitution of statin therapy for other statin users were calculated. Substituting current users and new users of statins were considered separately. Therapeutic substitution was based on the medical history of the individual patient. Patients were only substituted if there was an appropriate substitute available. The appropriateness of substitution was based on drug–drug interactions between statins and possible comedication and the availability of an equipotent alternative.ResultsSubstituting (generic and therapeutic) statin therapy for all current users would lead to potential annual savings of approximately €87 million. Substituting (generic and therapeutic) all starters on statin therapy would lead to potential annual savings of around €51 million. In the case of generic substitution only, the potential annual savings for all current simvastatin and pravastatin users would be €2.4 million and for the new users about €1.8 million.ConclusionsFrom an economic point of view, society could gain a lot from substituting statin therapy, especially from therapeutic substitution.
A survey of the Wolf–Rayet population of the barred, spiral galaxy NGC 1313
Authors: Hadfield L. J. , Crowther P. A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
We present a VLT/FORS1 survey of Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars in the spiral galaxy NGC 1313. In total, 94 WR candidate sources have been identified from narrow-band imaging. Of these, 82 have been spectroscopically observed, for which WR emission features are confirmed in 70 cases, one of which also exhibits strong nebular He iiλ4686 emission. We also detect strong nebular He iiλ4686 emission within two other regions of NGC 1313, one of which is a possible supernova remnant. Nebular properties confirm that NGC 1313 has a metal content log(O/H) + 12 = 8.23 ± 0.06, in good agreement with previous studies. From continuum-subtracted Hα images we infer a global star formation rate of 0.6 M⊙ yr−1. Using template LMC WR stars, spectroscopy reveals that NGC 1313 hosts a minimum of 84 WR stars. Our census comprises 51 WN stars, including a rare WN/C transition star plus 32 WC stars. In addition, we identify one WO star which represents the first such case identified beyond the Local Group. The bright giant H ii region PES 1, comparable in Hα luminosity to NGC 595 in M 33, is found to host a minimum of 17 WR stars. The remaining photometric candidates generally display photometric properties consistent with WN stars, such that we expect a global WR population of ∼115 stars with N(WR)/N(O) ∼ 0.01 and N(WC)/N(WN) ∼ 0.4.
Processing of multisensory spatial congruency can be dissociated from working memory and visuo‐spatial attention
Authors: Zimmer Ulrike , Macaluso Emiliano 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTactile stimuli at the same location as a visual target can increase activity in the contralateral occipital cortex compared with spatially incongruent bimodal stimulation. Does this cross‐modal congruency effect in the visual cortex depend on available cognitive resources? Visual attention and working memory can modulate responses to visual stimuli in the occipital cortex, with attenuation in conditions of high‐attentional or low‐memory load. Here, we asked if these two cognitive factors affect multisensory processing in the visual cortex. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, we manipulated the load of working memory or visuo‐spatial attention. Concurrently with these primary tasks we presented same‐side (congruent) or opposite‐side (incongruent) visuo‐tactile stimuli. Both experiments revealed enhancement of brain activity for congruent vs incongruent bimodal stimulation in the contralateral occipital cortex. Critically, these cross‐modal effects occurred irrespective of the level of load. We conclude that processing of visuo‐tactile spatial congruency in the visual cortex does not depend on available visuo‐spatial and memory resources.
A population of large neurons in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord that have long dorsal dendrites and lack the neurokinin 1 receptor
Authors: Polgár Erika , Thomson Suzanne , Maxwell David J. , Al‐Khater Khulood , Todd Andrew J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord contains a population of large neurons with cell bodies in laminae III or IV, that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have long dorsal dendrites that branch extensively within the superficial laminae. In this study, we have identified a separate population of neurons that have similar dendritic morphology, but lack the NK1r. These cells also differ from the NK1r‐expressing neurons in that they have significantly fewer contacts from substance P‐containing axons and are not retrogradely labelled following injection of tracer into the caudal ventrolateral medulla. We also provide evidence that these cells do not belong to the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway or the spinothalamic tract. It is therefore likely that these cells do not have supraspinal projections. They may provide a route through which information transmitted by C fibres that lack neuropeptides is conveyed to deeper laminae. The present findings demonstrate the need for caution when attempting to classify neurons solely on the basis of somatodendritic morphology.
Expectations and experience of labial reduction: a qualitative study
Authors: Bramwell R , Morland C , Garden AS 
Published: September 2007

Objective  To understand women’s reasons for undergoing labial reduction surgery, their expectations and experiences.Design  A retrospective qualitative study.Setting  British National Health Service Hospital.Sample  Six women who had experienced surgery for labial reduction.Method  Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.Results  Results relating to ‘Normality and defect’, ‘Sex lives’ and ‘The process of accessing surgery’ are presented in this study. The women had seen their presurgery genital appearance as ‘defective’ and sought a ‘normal’ genital appearance. They thought that their presurgery genital appearance impacted on their sex lives, but their expectations of the effects of surgery on their sex lives were not all fulfilled. Information about labial surgery came from both the popular media and the health services. An emphasis on, for example, physical discomfort rather than appearance may have been used to legitimise a request for surgery. The process of accessing surgery had exposed them to potentially conflicting messages about their genital appearance.Conclusions  Women presenting for labial reduction may have unrealistic expectations of surgery, but their perceptions and expectations are long‐standing and seem to be based on strong cultural norms. The gynaecologist is also meeting those women who have already negotiated the referral process. As demand for this surgery appears to be increasing, further research is needed. These findings may add to the case for the potential value of specialist staff to provide psychosocial interventions within gynaecology services.
A novel characteristic of porous titanium oxide implants
Authors: Sawase Takashi , Jimbo Ryo , Wennerberg Ann , Suketa Naoki , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Atsuta Mitsuru 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective: The anatase form of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most common crystalline forms of TiO2 and is normally produced by oxidation of titanium via thermal oxidation or anodizing. This crystalline form exhibits photocatalytic activity when it is irradiated with ultraviolet A (UVA) light. The aim of the current study was to analyze the crystal structure of anodic‐oxidized TiUnite® implants and to confirm the photocatalytic properties in vitro and in vivo.Material and methods: Cross‐sectional observations by transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the surface crystal structure on the TiUnite implant. Subsequently, photocatalytic activity was confirmed by degradation of methylene blue, and hydrophilicity was measured based on the water contact angle. Furthermore, the in vivo effects of the photocatalytic activity of this compound were investigated.Results: An amorphous layer that was about 10 μm thick was observed on the TiUnite implant surface. In the amorphous layer, the anatase form of the crystalline TiO2 was identified. Photocatalytic activity was clearly demonstrated by the bleaching effect of methylene blue under UVA illumination. The contact angle decreased from 44° to 11° after UVA illumination. Although these data suggest increased hydrophilicity for the TiUnite implant, the bone‐to‐metal contact at 4 weeks was not influenced.Conclusion: The anodic‐oxidized TiUnite implant has inherent photocatalytic activity. UVA illumination increases the surface hydrophilicity of the implant. However, this increase in hydrophilicity does not improve bone apposition to the implant surface at 4 weeks.
Falls among children in the developing world: a gap in child health burden estimations?
Authors: Hyder Adnan A. , Sugerman David , Ameratunga Shanthi , Callaghan Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim: To estimate the incidence and mortality rates for unintentional fall injuries in children under 5 years of age in three developing regions of the world.Methods: This is a systematic review of literature on unintentional childhood fall injuries. A computerized PUBMED search of literature published between 1980 and 2006 was conducted and a manual search of journals was also completed.Results: Over 140 000 injuries to children under 19 years were reported in 56 studies (21 from Asia, 20 from Africa and 15 from South America); on an average 36% of injuries (52 575) were due to falls. The median incidence is estimated at 137.5 fall injuries per 100 000 children. The incidence of falls specific to the under‐5 age group was reported in 16 studies with a median incidence of 40.6 falls per 100 000. The overall average incidence rate for childhood falls is highest in South America at 1315 followed by Asia at 1036 and Africa at 786 per 100 000, respectively. Average mortality rates were highest for Asia at 27 followed by Africa at 13.2 per 100 000, respectively.Conclusion: This review demonstrates that the burden of falls on children has not been well documented, and is most likely under‐reported. With the large and growing population of children in developing countries, the public health implications of the observed results are tremendous. Appropriate prevention relies on accurate statistics.
Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate and Diethyldithiocarbamate Are Active against Growing and Nongrowing Persister
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Byrne Sean T. , Gu Peihua , Zhou Jiangbing , Denkin Steven M. , Chong Curtis , Sullivan David , Liu Jun O. , Zhang Ying 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
Diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) were highly active against tubercle bacilli, with MICs of 8 μg/ml and 0.13 μg/ml, respectively. DETC and PDTC were active against old cultures, enhanced pyrazinamide or pyrazinamide/rifampin activity, and had serum inhibitory titers of 1:2 and 1:4, respectively, in mice given 100 mg/kg orally.
Gamma Interferon-Independent Effects of Interleukin-12 on Immunity toSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium
Authors: Price Jason D. , Simpfendorfer Kim R. , Mantena Radhakrishnam R. , Holden James , Heath William R. , van Rooijen Nico , Strugnell Richard A. , Wijburg Odilia L. C. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTInterleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are both central to the induction of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and various roles for IL-12 and IL-18 in control of intracellular microbial infections have been demonstrated. We used IL-12p40−/−and IL-18−/−mice to further investigate the role of IL-12 and IL-18 in control ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium. While C57BL/6 and IL-18−/−mice were able to resolve attenuatedS. entericaserovar Typhimurium infections, the IL-12p40−/−mice succumbed to a high bacterial burden after 60 days. Using ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor transgenic T cells (OT-II cells), we demonstrated that following oral infection with recombinantS. entericaserovar Typhimurium expressing OVA, the OT-II cells proliferated in the mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 and IL-18−/−mice but not in IL-12p40−/−mice. In addition, we demonstrated by flow cytometry that equivalent or increased numbers of T cells produced IFN-γ in IL-12p40−/−mice compared with the numbers of T cells that produced IFN-γ in C57BL/6 and IL-18−/−mice. Finally, we demonstrated that removal of macrophages fromS. entericaserovar Typhimurium-infected C57BL/6 and IL-12p40−/−mice did not affect the bacterial load, suggesting that impaired control ofS. entericaserovar Typhimurium infection in the absence of IL-12p40 is not due to reduced macrophage bactericidal activities, while IL-18−/−mice did rely on the presence of macrophages for control of the infection. Our results suggest that IL-12p40, but not IL-18, is critical to resolution of infections with attenuatedS. entericaserovar Typhimurium and that especially the effects of IL-12p40 on proliferative responses of CD4+T cells, but not the ability of these cells to produce IFN-γ, are important in the resolution of infection by this intracellular bacterial pathogen.
Scalable Clustered Time Warp and Logic Simulation
Authors: Avril Hervé , Tropper Carl 
Published: September 2007

We introduce, in this paper, Clustered Time Warp (CTW), an algorithm for the parallel
simulation of discrete event models on a general purpose distributed memory
architecture. CTW has its roots in the problem of distributed logic simulation. It is a
hybrid algorithm which makes use of Time Warp between clusters of LPs and a
sequential algorithm within the clusters whereas Time Warp is traditionally
implemented between individual LPs.We also develop a family of three checkpointing algorithms for use with CTW, each of
which occupies a different point in the spectrum of possible trade‐offs between memory
usage and execution time. The algorithms were implemented and tested on several digital
logic circuits and their speed, number of states saved and maximal memory consumption
were compared to Time Warp. Our results showed that one of the algorithms saved an
average of 40% of the maximal memory consumed by Time Warp while the other two
decreased the maximal usage by 15 and 22%, respectively. The latter two algorithms
exhibited a speed comparable to Time Warp, while the first algorithm was 60% slower.We investigated the scalability of CTW using 3 different queuing models and different
service‐time distributions and showed that the algorithm acts to limit the explosion of
rollbacks exhibited by Time Warp. Furthermore, we showed that the memory
requirements for CTW are three times smaller than that of Time Warp for one model
and half as large for the two other models.
Beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on vascular disease: myth or reality?
Authors: Papadakis J.A. , Ganotakis E.S. , Mikhailidis D.P. 
Published: September 2007

Moderate ethanol consumption (1-3 drinks/day on 5-6 days/week) has a favourable effect on vascular disease-related mortality and morbidity [especially ischaemic heart disease (IHD)]. This cardioprotective effect may be due to significant effects on cardiovascular risk factors such as high density cholesterol (HDL) concentration (HDL protects from IHD) and an inhibition of platelet aggregation (increased platelet aggregability predicts coronary events). In contrast, alcoholics and problem drinkers have an excess of IHD-related, and possibly stroke-related, mortality. Excessive alcohol intake may raise the blood pressure. Prolonged alcohol abuse can also result in alcoholic ?? muscle disease. Alcohol is the major cause of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in Western society. Although there is a widespread belief that red ?? protects more than other alcoholic beverages, several studies do not support this interpretation.
A preliminary assessment of two hospital food service systems using parameters of food safety and consumer opinion
Authors: Hartwell H. , Edwards J S A 
Published: September 2007

The goal of any hospital caterer should be to provide food that meets nutritional requirements, satisfies the patient, improves morale and is microbiologically safe. Food distribution to hospital wards plays a critical role. The aim of this study was to compare two hospital food service systems using parameters of food safety and consumer opinion. An NHS hospital was selected where food delivery was due to change from a plated system to a cafeteria trolley system. Samples (50g) of dishes (n=27) considered to be high-risk were collected for three consecutive days from breakfast, lunch and supper meals. The samples were taken from a pre-ordered tray (similar to that of a patient) in the plated system and from the trolley on the ward in the cafeteria system of meal delivery (approxi mately six months after its introduction). Consumer opinions cards (n=180) were distributed and interviews also conducted. Microbiologically, the quality of food items delivered by both systems was satisfactory. However, concern was raised with the plated system, not for hot foods cooling down but for chilled foods warming up and being sustained in ambient conditions. Overall con sumer satisfaction and experience was enhanced with the trolley system. Food was hotter and generally per ceived to be of a better quality. Satisfaction with cold desserts was not dependent on the delivery system.
Health Monitoring in Industry: Medical Considerations
Authors: Gädian T. 
Published: September 2007

MPROVED TECHNIQUES in monitoring the atmosphere and the worker have facilitated the task of the occupational physician in the prevention and early diagnosis of industrial disease. There is still, however, much to be done, as in the case of many chemicals there is as yet insufficient knowledge of their harmful potential — in particular of what level of concentration, if any, is sufficiently small as to render them harmless.
Sustaining Health Service Developments in the 'Third World'
Authors: MacLachlan Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

An increasing number of 'third world' health development projects are proving to be unsustainable once foreign aid has been withdrawn. It is argued that this is partly due to the fact that such projects usually deliver health care free of charge rather than allowing communities to incorporate the costs of health care into their local economies. There should be more emphasis on health development projects paying for themselves from the outset. Such projects might also incorporate the extant community based infra-structure of traditional medicine through direct collaboration with its practitioners.
Arena Tests with Piperonal, A New Louse Repellent
Authors: Peock Susan , Maunder J.W. 
Published: September 2007

Piperonal, once used to kill lice in Australian hospitals, was acclaimed as an effective pediculicide (Corlette, 1925) by the standards of the day. It is unusual in also exhibiting a repellent action against lice, a property only recently realised. A new, easy to use, low-fragrance, pump action spray, which incorporates 2% piperonal, was tested in the laboratory using clothing lice in an arena test and was found to exhibit consistently high repellency after half an hour, dropping only slightly after 24 hours. A well known multi-purpose insect repellent, diethyltoluamide (DEET), was then tested against piperonal. A 2% solution of piperonal was found to be almost twice as effective as a 50% solution of DEET. In arena tests using lice with the tip segments of both antennae removed, no behavioural differences or statistically significant differences from a random distribution could be found between untreated and Rappell-treated areas. This strongly suggests that sense organ(s) on the tip of the antenna are necessary for detection of the repellent. Although there can be no strict correlation between results in the laboratory and potential efficacy in the field, materials such as insecticides found to be effective in the laboratory have been found to be equally effective in the field. Furthermore, what with the threat of resistance to head lice insecticides, ineffectual treatment and the lack of contact tracing, a repellent would be of obvious use in the control of head lice.