bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AlGaN/GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors on sapphire with Fe‐doped GaN buffer layer by MOVPE
Authors: Aggerstam T. , Sjödin M. , Lourdudoss S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA simple AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure without any interlayer on Fe‐doped GaN (GaN:Fe) grown by LP‐MOVPE in one single run on sapphire is demonstrated. The surface segregation of Fe in GaN occurring during growth is identified. Hall measurements yield 2DEG (two dimensional electron gas) mobilities of 1700 and 10700 cm2/Vs and sheet carrier concentrations of 5.1x1012 and 5.7x1012 cm–2 at 300 K and 20 K, respectively. Good pinch‐off current‐voltage (I D‐V D) characteristics is observed from AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. A maximum drain current density of 0.6 A/mm and a peak extrinsic transconductance of 200 mS/mm have been observed. The HEMT structure yields very good device isolation as indicated by an isolation current of ≤1 nA at 20 V. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarity and microstructure in InN thin layers grown by MOVPE
Authors: Kuwano N. , Nakahara Y. , Amano H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMicrostructures in InN grown on sapphire (0001) and yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (111) by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to clarify the growth process. Special attention was paid to the selectivity of the crystal polarity of InN. The InN thin films grown on sapphire after nitridation has a flat surface while those grown on YSZ has hillocks on the surface. The crystal polarity was determined by comparing the experimentally observed intensity distribution in convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) disks with those simulated by the Broch‐wave method. It was found that the InN grown on the sapphire has a nitrogen‐polarity and the one on YSZ has a mixture of In‐ and N‐polarities. The effect of surface‐nitridation of sapphire on the growth process is also discussed (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modifying optical properties of InGaN quantum wells by a large piezoelectric polarization
Authors: Gotoh H. , Tawara T. , Kobayashi Y. , Kobayashi N. , Yamauchi Y. , Makimoto T. , Saitoh T. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Piezoelectric effects on PL properties are clarified in InGaN quantum wells (QWs) of 1–10 nm wide at 17 K. An extremely large change in PL peak energy (up to 200 meV) and PL decay time (two orders of magnitude) are found in a 10 nm‐wide QW with increasing excitation intensity. We compare the distinctive characteristics of the field effects with QCSE in GaAs QWs and discuss possible optical device functions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wavelet Methods for the Detection of Anomalies and their Application to Network Traffic Analysis
Authors: Kwon D. W. , Ko K. , Vannucci M. , Reddy A. L. N. , Kim S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHere we develop an integrated tool for the online detection of network anomalies. We consider statistical change point detection algorithms, for both local changes in the variance and for the detection of jumps, and propose modified versions of these algorithms based on moving window techniques. We investigate performances on simulated data and on network traffic data with several superimposed attacks. All detection methods are based on wavelet packet transforms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: Findings from a national study
Authors: Sinha Jill W. , Cnaan Ram A. , Gelles Richard J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractToo few studies have assessed the relationship between youth risk behaviors and religiosity using measures which captured the varied extent to which youth are engaged in religion. This study applied three measures of religiosity and risk behaviors. In addition, this study ascertained information about youths’ participation in religious activities from a parent or caretaker. Based on a national random sample of 2004 teens (ages 11–18), this study indicates that youth perceive religion as important, are active in religious worship and activities, and further shows that perceived importance of religion as well as participation in religious activities are associated with decreased risk behaviors. Looking at ten risk behaviors, religiosity variables were consistently associated with reduced risk behaviors in the areas of: smoking, alcohol use, truancy, sexual activity, marijuana use, and depression. In the case of these six risk variables, religiosity variables were significantly associated with reduced risk behaviors when controlling for family background variables and self‐esteem. The study highlights the importance of further understanding the relationship between religious variables, background variables, self‐esteem, and youth risk behaviors.
Profiles and portfolios of adolescent school‐based extracurricular activity participation
Authors: Feldman A.F. , Matjasko J.L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe current study presented a new description of adolescent school‐based activity participation, in the form of mutually exclusive activity portfolios, and described the kinds of youth that participate in each portfolio. These portfolios included (1) Sports Only, (2) Academics Only, (3) School Only, (4) Performance Only, (5) Multiple Activities, and (6) Non‐Participation. Findings indicated that youth demographic characteristics and school size differentiated between different kinds of activity participation as well as nonparticipation. More detailed activity portfolios were also identified that were complex and demonstrate the difficulty of examining participation beyond larger, more inclusive groupings. The Multiple Activity portfolio emerged as a unique group worthy of further examination. Characteristics of non‐participators included: lower socioeconomic status, lower grades, and attended larger schools. Hispanic adolescents were also less likely to participate in school‐based extracurricular activities. Findings from this study inform ecological models of adolescent development as well as school and social policy.
The genealogy of lean production
Authors: Holweg Matthias 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLean production not only successfully challenged the accepted mass production practices in the automotive industry, significantly shifting the trade‐off between productivity and quality, but it also led to a rethinking of a wide range of manufacturing and service operations beyond the high‐volume repetitive manufacturing environment. The book ‘The machine that changed the World’ that introduced the term ‘lean production’ in 1990 has become one of the most widely cited references in operations management over the last decade. Despite the fact that the just‐in‐time (JIT) manufacturing concept had been known for almost a decade prior, the book played a key role in disseminating the concept outside of Japan. While the technical aspects of lean production have been widely discussed, this paper sets out to investigate the evolution of the research at the MIT International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP) that led to the conception of the term ‘lean production’. Furthermore, the paper investigates why – despite the pre‐existing knowledge of JIT – the program was so influential in promoting the lean production concept. Based on iterating series of interviews with the key authors, contributors and researchers of the time, this paper presents an historical account of the research that led to the formulation and dissemination of one of the most influential manufacturing paradigms of recent times.
Milk as a food for growth? The insulin-like growth factors link
Authors: Rogers Imogen , Emmett Pauline , Gunnell David , Dunger David , Holly Jeff ,   ALSPAC Study Team
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe mechanisms underlying the association of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leg length (a marker of prepubertal growth) with cancer risk are uncertain. One hypothesis is that diet in early childhood might provide the link. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between early diet – in particular, the intakes of cows' milk and dairy products – and height, leg length and IGF-I levels at age 7–8 years.SubjectsChildren participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.DesignDiet was assessed using a 3-day unweighed food record. Anthropometry, IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured by standard methods.ResultsData on both diet and height were available for 744 children (404 boys) and on diet and IGF for 538 (295 boys). After adjusting for energy, both cows' milk and dairy product intakes were positively associated with IGF-I (P=0.040 and 0.027, respectively) and IGFBP-3 levels (P=0.082 and 0.067, respectively). These associations persisted on adjustment for potential confounders, but were abolished on controlling for protein intake. In energy-adjusted models there was only weak evidence of associations of milk and dairy product intakes with anthropometry. In boys only, dairy product intake was positively associated with leg length (equivalent to a 0.058 (0.002, 0.114) standard deviation score increase in leg length per 100 g increase in daily intake).ConclusionsThese data provide some evidence that variation in childhood milk and dairy product intakes underlies associations of leg length, IGF-I and cancer risk. The association appears to be due to the protein content of milk.
Autoinducer 2: a concentration‐dependent signal for mutualistic bacterial biofilm growth
Authors: Rickard Alexander H. , Palmer Robert J. , Blehert David S. , Campagna Shawn R. , Semmelhack Martin F. , Egland Paul G. , Bassler Bonnie L. , Kolenbrander Paul E. 
Published: May 2006

Summary4,5‐dihydroxy‐2,3‐pentanedione (DPD), a product of the LuxS enzyme in the catabolism of S‐ribosylhomocysteine, spontaneously cyclizes to form autoinducer 2 (AI‐2). AI‐2 is proposed to be a universal signal molecule mediating interspecies communication among bacteria. We show that mutualistic and abundant biofilm growth in flowing saliva of two human oral commensal bacteria, Actinomyces naeslundii T14V and Streptococcus oralis 34, is dependent upon production of AI‐2 by S. oralis 34. A luxS mutant of S. oralis 34 was constructed which did not produce AI‐2. Unlike wild‐type dual‐species biofilms, A. naeslundii T14V and an S. oralis 34 luxS mutant did not exhibit mutualism and generated only sparse biofilms which contained a 10‐fold lower biomass of each species. Restoration of AI‐2 levels by genetic or chemical (synthetic AI‐2 in the form of DPD) complementation re‐established the mutualistic growth and high biomass characteristic for the wild‐type dual‐species biofilm. Furthermore, an optimal concentration of DPD was determined, above and below which biofilm formation was suppressed. The optimal concentration was 100‐fold lower than the detection limit of the currently accepted AI‐2 assay. Thus, AI‐2 acts as an interspecies signal and its concentration is critical for mutualism between two species of oral bacteria grown under conditions that are representative of the human oral cavity.
A modelling approach to estimate the effect of exotic pollinators on exotic weed population dynamics: bumblebees and broom in Australia
Authors: Stokes Kate E. , Buckley Yvonne M. , Sheppard Andrew W. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe role of mutualisms in contributing to species invasions is rarely considered, inhibiting effective risk analysis and management options. Potential ecological consequences of invasion of non‐native pollinators include increased pollination and seed set of invasive plants, with subsequent impacts on population growth rates and rates of spread. We outline a quantitative approach for evaluating the impact of a proposed introduction of an invasive pollinator on existing weed population dynamics and demonstrate the use of this approach on a relatively data‐rich case study: the impacts on Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) from proposed introduction of Bombus terrestris. Three models have been used to assess population growth (matrix model), spread speed (integrodifference equation), and equilibrium occupancy (lattice model) for C. scoparius. We use available demographic data for an Australian population to parameterize two of these models. Increased seed set due to more efficient pollination resulted in a higher population growth rate in the density‐independent matrix model, whereas simulations of enhanced pollination scenarios had a negligible effect on equilibrium weed occupancy in the lattice model. This is attributed to strong microsite limitation of recruitment in invasive C. scoparius populations observed in Australia and incorporated in the lattice model. A lack of information regarding secondary ant dispersal of C. scoparius prevents us from parameterizing the integrodifference equation model for Australia, but studies of invasive populations in California suggest that spread speed will also increase with higher seed set. For microsite‐limited C. scoparius populations, increased seed set has minimal effects on equilibrium site occupancy. However, for density‐independent rapidly invading populations, increased seed set is likely to lead to higher growth rates and spread speeds. The impacts of introduced pollinators on native flora and fauna and the potential for promoting range expansion in pollinator‐limited ‘sleeper weeds’ also remain substantial risks.
Sex‐ and cell‐type‐specific patterns of GABAA receptor and estradiol‐mediated signaling in the immature rat substantia nigra
Authors: Galanopoulou Aristea S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) is involved in movement and seizure control. In male but not female postnatal day 15 (PN15) rats, GABAA receptor agonists depolarize the SNR neurons and increase the expression of the calcium‐regulated gene KCC2 (potassium/chloride cotransporter). Moreover, in PN15 rat SNR, 7β‐estradiol down‐regulates KCC2 expression only in the presence of depolarizing GABAA receptor responses. The hypothesis tested here was that GABAA receptors and estradiol also regulate the expression of the phosphorylated form of the transcription factor cAMP responsive element binding protein (phosphoCREB), in PN15 rat SNR and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Rats were injected with muscimol or 17β‐estradiol or their vehicles, and killed 1 h later. Sections were stained with an antibody specific for phosphoCREB alone or counterstained with either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐ or parvalbumin (PRV)‐specific antibodies. Muscimol increased phosphoCREB‐ir in male but not in female SN neurons. Using gramicidin perforated patch clamp of PN14–15 SNC neuron, it was shown that muscimol bath application depolarized male SNC neurons but did not significantly alter membrane potential in females. In males, 17β‐estradiol decreased phosphoCREB expression in all studied cell types. In females, 17β‐estradiol did not influence phosphoCREB expression in PRV‐ir SNR cells, but increased it in the dopaminergic SN neurons. These data suggest that GABAA receptor activation and estradiol promote the sexual differentiation of the SN in a cell‐type‐specific manner, by influencing calcium‐regulated gene transcription, and therefore promoting the acquisition of sex‐specific roles of the SN in movement and seizure control.
Effective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy
Authors: RINI CHRISTINE , SCHETTER CHRISTINE DUNKEL , HOBEL CALVIN J. , GLYNN LAURA M. , SANDMAN CURT A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis longitudinal study investigated a new conceptualization of the effectiveness of social support attempts called social support effectiveness (SSE) that takes into account the quantity and quality of support attempts and the extent to which they meet the needs of recipients. SSE was assessed in a sample of 176 pregnant women with regard to their partners’ social support behaviors. Potential antecedents of SSE were investigated, including individual and relationship variables. In addition, it was hypothesized that women who appraised their partner’s support as more effective would have lower prenatal anxiety, both concurrently (in mid‐pregnancy) and prospectively (in late pregnancy). Factor analyses confirmed that all hypothesized aspects of SSE contributed to a unitary factor of SSE. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed antecedents and consequences of SSE. Results revealed that women’s ratings of the effectiveness of partner support were predicted by their interpersonal orientation (adult attachment, network orientation, kin individualism–collectivism, and social skills) and by characteristics of their relationships with their partners (relationship quality, emotional closeness and intimacy, and equity). Furthermore, women who perceived themselves to have more effective partner support reported less anxiety in mid‐pregnancy and showed a reduction in anxiety from mid‐ to late pregnancy. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for advancing research on social support processes, especially within relationship contexts.
Working models of romantic attachment and the subjective quality of social interactions across relational contexts
Authors: SIBLEY CHRIS G. , LIU JAMES H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwo diary studies examined the effects of domain‐specific representations of romantic relationships (assessed using the Relationship Questionnaire in Study 1 and the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire in Study 2) on the subjective quality of social interactions across four relational contexts: those with a romantic partner, family member, platonic friend, or acquaintance/other. In both studies, domain‐specific romantic attachment, particularly attachment avoidance, was more strongly related to subjective experiences of social interactions involving a romantic partner than those with family members, platonic friends, or acquaintances/others. These results complement previous diary research using earlier categorical measures of attachment and elaborate upon the contextual effects of the attachment behavioral system in naturally occurring social interactions with different relational partners. The conditions under which working models of different relationship domains should influence interpersonal functioning are discussed, and a context‐congruence hypothesis of attachment effects, which encompasses the current findings and generates further predictions, is detailed.
Lanthanum: A Safe Phosphate Binder
Authors: Persy Veerle P. , Behets Geert J. , Bervoets An R. , De Broe Marc E. , D’Haese Patrick C. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAccumulation of inorganic phosphate due to renal functional impairment contributes to the increased cardiovascular mortality observed in dialysis patients. Phosphate plays a causative role in the development of vascular calcification in renal failure; treatment with calcium‐based phosphate binders and vitamin D can further increase the Ca × PO4 product and add to the risk of ectopic mineralization. The new generation of calcium‐free phosphate binders, sevelamer and lanthanum, can control hyperphosphatemia without adding to the patients calcium load. In this article, the metabolism of lanthanum carbonate and its effects in bone, liver and brain are discussed. Although lanthanum is a metal cation its effects are not comparable to those of aluminum. Indeed, in clinical studies no toxic effects of lanthanum have been reported after up to four years of follow‐up. The bioavailability of lanthanum is extremely low. The effects observed in bone are due to phosphate depletion, with no signs of direct bone toxicity yet observed in rats or humans. The liver is the main route of excretion for lanthanum carbonate, which can be localized in the lysosomes of hepatocytes. No lanthanum could be detected in brain tissue.
VISCOELASTIC AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE PUREE‐BASED BABY FOODS
Authors: AHMED JASIM , RAMASWAMY HOSAHALLI S. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Viscoelastic properties of three commercial vegetable puree‐based baby foods (pea, corn and wax bean) were evaluated in the temperature range of 20 to 80C using dynamic oscillatory viscometry, and the thermal properties were evaluated using a standard differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (−10 to 100C). Test samples behaved like viscoelastic fluids with consistently higher magnitudes of storage modulus (G′) as compared to loss modulus (G″) in an oscillatory frequency (ω) range between 0.628 and 62.800 rad/s. Both G′ and G″ versusωdata were well fitted by a power‐type relationship at all temperatures employed in the study. However, the derived power‐law parameters of G′ and G″ showed no consistent trends with temperature. Both pea and wax bean purees exhibited similar viscoelastic patterns with an increase in both G′ and G″ at 50C, somewhat coinciding with the initiation of starch gelatinization. However, the corn puree exhibited a stronger elastic characteristic with starch gelatinization occurring around 80C. The rheological measurements were well supported by the calorimetric data from the DSC.
Mise en abyme and Tragic Signification in the Odyssey: The Three Songs of Demodocus
Authors: Rinon Yoav 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis essay highlights some aspects of the tragic conception of the Odyssey in assertion of its generic identity, focusing on the three songs of the bard Demodocus recounted in Book 8 of the epic and using mise en abyme as the primary exegetical tool. Mise en abyme, a narratological term denoting a certain part of a literary work of art that represents the work as a whole, functions in Demodocus' first song to mark the Odyssey as an epic in dialogue with the Iliad. The second song functions as a mise en abyme of both the content of the Odyssey and its poetic form. The last of the bard's songs enhances the perception of mise en abyme, viewing the Odyssey as an act of communication between poet and audience where the song and its responding listeners suggest emotional and cognitive reactions to the narratees of the Odyssey. This song also reflects the two earlier ones, and it is this dialogical relationship that leads to the epic's tragic signification.
Shared Legacies of the War: Spirit Mediums and War Veterans in Southern Zimbabwe
Authors: Fontein Joost 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the nature of ongoing relationships between war veterans and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe, as well as the continuing salience of a shared chimurenga legacy of co-operation by these two groups, and how it has been put to use, and acted out by both in the context of Zimbabwe's recent fast track land reform project. In emphasising this continuity, the paper also considers whether a corresponding disparity between the ideology of the ruling political elite and the practices, experiences and performances of guerrillas, spirit mediums and others acting on the ground, which materialised during the liberation struggle, has re-emerged, despite or alongside the recent collaboration of some war veterans with the ruling party's rhetoric of 'patriotic history'. Engaging with Lambek's work on moral subjectivity and Mbembe's 'logic of conviviality' of postcolonial states and their subjects, it argues that war veterans and spirit mediums sometimes share a 'moral conviviality' which appears during bira possession ceremonies, in the shared demands for the return and reburial of the war dead from foreign countries, or for 'national' ceremonies held at Great Zimbabwe and elsewhere to thank the ancestors, as well as in the similar way in which spirit mediums and war veterans subject their agency to that of the ancestors in their narrative performances. It concludes by suggesting that although many war veterans have undeniably been closely complicit in the violent 'authoritarian nationalism' of the state, in this shared war legacy of spirit mediums and war veterans lies the opportunity for radical alternative imaginations of the state.