bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Distribution of Cross-Linking Agents in Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Shippee F.B. , Gagliardi D.D. 
Published: March 2007

A new mechanism is proposed to impart improved wear life in 100% cotton fabrics by treating with cross-linking agents so as to effect a differential distribution of the cross- linking agent in the fabric, yarn. and fiber. The theoretical basis for this is considered and practical methods to achieve the differential distribution effect are reported. Results obtained from the laboratory application study cover both spread coatings with a knife-coater and spraying techniques. In addition to the mechanical methods of distribution cotitrol, several chemical approaches, such as resist methods and poisoning and also the achievement of effectiveness by heat migration with conventional saturation methods, are reported. Microscope studies. coupled with dye identification techniques, have established the existence of this new resin distribution system in several fabric structures and confirm that the desired differential effects have been obtained. Physical property measurements show that crease resistance, crease retention, and wash/wear appearance comparable to conventional saturation methods with deferred cure cross-linking systems are obtained. Wear life, as measured by laboratory test methods, has been found to be markedly improved.
The Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Grosberg P. , Swani N.M. 
Published: March 2007

Frictional forces play an important role in the flexural' behavior of a fabric by increasing its resistance to bending and impeding its recovery from deformations. It has been shown that the effect of frictional restraint is to introduce considerable deviations from the behavior of an elastic lamina. From an analysis of these deviations, a fairly accurate estimate of elastic bending rigidity and frictional restraint can be obtained separately, which gives reasonable explanation of the recovery characteristics of a fabric. The values of elastic bending rigidity and frictional. restraint, as given by two different methods of measuring stiffness are in good agreement which shows that, for a genuine comparisrm of results from different bending tests, the effect of frictional restraint cannot be ignored. The new parameter of frictional restraint can be readily measured and a knowledge of its value appears to be of considerable practical importance. It is a measure of the extent to which stresses in a fabric have relaxed and. therefore, indicates the degree of set imparted to a fabric as a result of a particular finishing treatment.
Observations of Deformation and Failure Processes in Fiber-Loop Tests
Authors: Smith Steven C. , Lau Edmund K. , Backer Stanley 
Published: March 2007

When tensile forces are applied to textile structures consisting of twisted, interwoven, interlooped, or entangled fibers, local deformations will often consist of a combination of tensile, bending, lateral compression and surface shearing, and unbending modes. The static-loop test combines the first three of these deformation modes, the sliding or dynamic-loop test adds the last two modes and readily lends itself to fatigue testing. The current paper reports on observations of filament deformation and fracture incurred during both static and dynamic-loop tests in contrast to what occurs during straight tensile tests. The damage processes observed include: opening of tensile cracks at surface flaws, catastrophic tensile failure, fiber flattening, coupled shear bands due to axial compression, surface shingling due to extreme shearing, gross filament dis tortion due to ploughing, crack branching accompanied by longitudinal splitting, surface wear, abrasion, and cutting. As expected, fibers with different tensile properties exhibit different combinations of deformation and fracture modes; like wise, different modes are manifested in the same fiber when testing is conducted at room condition and in liquid nitrogen.
Sikhism and the caste question: Dalits and their politics in contemporary Punjab
Authors: Jodhka Surinder S. 
Published: March 2007

Caste has invariably been seen in unitary terms, as a pan-Indian reality without any significant variations in its structure or ideology. While it was sanctioned through some Hindu scriptural sources, other Indian religious communities, 100, were believed to support the idea of hierarchy and practice caste in everyday life, albeit to a lesser degree. Despite scholarly criticisms of such theories and the many changes that caste has undergone over time, this view of caste has largely prevailed. This happens partly because the idea of caste has become embedded in the idea of India as a nation: caste is taken as proof of India's cultural continuity and a stable past . Taking a cue from a recent case of conflict between Ad-Dharmis and Jats in a village of Punjab over the question of representation in the management of a religious shrine, the article looks at caste in relation to Sikhism and in the regional context of contemporary Indian Punjab. I have tried to argue that, as in the case of other structures of social relations, caste identities too undergo change, and that they have never functioned as 'pure ideological systems'. For a region-specific understanding of caste, we need to 'disentangle it from Hinduism and look at caste from an historical perspective. It is within such a framework that we can possibly understand the question of caste today. I conclude by arguing that while caste is nearly dead in contemporary Punjab, as an ideology, it survives and thrives as a source of identity.
An Innovative Approach to Fatigue Cracking in Elastomers
Authors: Aglan Heshmat 
Published: March 2007

A methodology to analyze fatigue cracking in elastomers is pre sented. A fundamental equation and the basic principles of fracture mechanics are used to extract parameters characteristic of the material's resistance to cracking. These parameters are the specific energy of damage, γ*, and the dis sipative characteristic of the material, β. The basic formalism expresses the rate of crack propagation as: where dAldN is the cyclic rate of fatigue crack propagation, J is the energy release rate, and R, is the resistance moment that accounts for the amount of damage associated with the crack advance. The utilization of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated in view of experimental data generated for two different elastomers—a rubber com pound and a medically implantable polyurethane. The practical significance of the proposed methodology is apparent. It provides a basic rationale upon which the resistance to crack propagation of elastomers can be evaluated. On this basis microstructure-resistance to crack propagation relationships can be con structed. Also, it aids in lifetime assessment of load bearing structural compo nents manufactured from these materials.
Effect of Chemical Structure of Some Pyridazine Derivatives as Antioxidants in Natural Rubber
Authors: Ismail M.N. , Tawfik S.Y. , Yehia A.A. 
Published: March 2007

Pyridazine derivatives of the general formula were prepared where R = H, CH3, OCH3 and CI. The prepared compounds were evaluated as antioxidants in natural rubber (NR) mixes by incorporating equimolar quantities of them to N-isopropyl-N- phenyl-p-phenylene diamine (IPPD) in the standard formula of NR. The kinetic constants for the vulcanization reaction in the presence of these antioxidants, using the rheometric data, were calculated. It was found that the presence of electron donating groups in the compound increases the rate of vulcanization while the presence of electron withdrawing groups decreases it. The synthesized compounds show good antioxidant behavior compared with the commercial agent (IPPD) industrially used, and the efficiency of such com pounds depends on their chemical structure.
The Roots and Development of the πιστ- Word Group as Faith Terminology'
Authors: Lindsay Dennis R. 
Published: March 2007

The religious use of the πιστ- word group in the NT is not an isolated development in the first and second centuries CE. Employment of the word group as faith termin ology can be traced back to Classical Greek where, in a few instances, πιστεύειν appears in reference to faith in (the) God(s). In these passages πιστεύειν θεω/θεoις carries the idea of 'religious engagement'. This prepares the way for the Septuagint translators who found the πιστ- word group to be a good equivalent for the Hebrew root ?. Because πιστ- was not a perfect match for ?, the Greek word group, by virtue of its association with the Hebrew word group, began to assume new (Hebrew) nuances of religious faith. This development can be further traced in Sirach and in Philo of Alexandria, as well as in other Hellenistic Jewish writings. Sirach and Philo in particular provide evidence that the πιστ- word group was flexible and expandable in its religious understanding. The NT represents a further major development of the religious use of the word group. Taking up the ideas of the Hebrew ? and the early Classical understanding of πιστεύειν θεω/θεoίς as religious engagement, the NT develops the πιστ- word group into termini technici for the proper relationship of humankind to God.
Pointing, naming, and talk about objects: referential behaviour in children and mothers
Authors: Goldfield Beverly A. 
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the relationship of children's communicative pointing and maternal language to the child's acquisition of object labels. Ten children with a high proportion of nouns (a High Referen tial group) were matched for vocabulary level with 10 children with fewer nouns and a more varied lexicon (a Low Referential group). The frequency of children's communicative pointing during play and the proportion of maternal talk used to label and describe objects during independent observations of mother-child interaction were coded from videotaped observations at 14 and 20 months. At 14 months there were no differences between the two groups in either pointing or maternal language. Both communicative pointing and maternal talk about objects, however, increased significantly for the High Referential group at 20 months. At 20 months, children in the High Referential group pointed out objects to their mothers more than three times as often as children in the Low Referential group. There was no change over time in communicative pointing and mater nal talk about objects for children and mothers in the Low Referential group. At 20 months, there was a significant positive correlation between communicative pointing and maternal talk about objects for children in the High Referential group.
Effect of pictorial versus oral story presentation on children's use of referring expressions in retell
Authors: Schneider Phyllis , Dubé Rita 
Published: March 2007

Young children have been found to use referring expressions less adequately than older children to introduce and maintain reference to characters and objects in their stories. Indirect evidence suggests that this tendency may be stronger when children look at pictures as they retell stories; they may tend to presuppose shared knowledge of information in pictures, even when the listener clearly cannot see the pictures. The present study is an investigation of the effects of presenting stories pictorially versus orally on children's use of adequate reference. Retellings of stories by 44 children in Kindergarten and Grade 2 were compared when they were presented: (a) orally, (b) through pictures, and (c) both orally and pictorially. An oral version was created for each of 3 picture sets, representing a single complete episode with 2 characters. Oral versions were controlled for length, story units, and language level. Within-subject comparisons revealed main effects for both presentation type and age, and an interaction. The younger children used a higher percentage of adequate reference in the oral-only than the picture-only condition. Older children used high percentages of adequate reference in all conditions. Thus it appears that older children can use referring expressions equally adequately whether they hear stories or view pictures, while younger children do not use adequate reference when they only view pictures and must formulate the story themselves.
Metabolic Control, Quality of Life, and Negative Life Events: A Longitudinal Study of Well-Controlled and Poorly Regulated Patients With Type 1 Diabetes After Changeover to Insulin Pen Treatment
Authors: Wikby A. , Stenström U. , Andersson P-O. , Hörnquist JO 
Published: March 2007

In a previous study of a group of 74 patients with Type 1 diabetes, quality of life was found to be consistently enhanced a year after transition to multiple injection therapy with the insulin pen, whereas metabolic control (HbA1c ) only improved moderately. The aim of the present investigation was to examine quality of life, recent life events, and metabolic control longitudinally in this original study group over a 5-year period beginning I year after transition to the insulin pen. Multiple analysis of variance with a repeated-measures design was used to analyze the data longitudinally and compare metabolic control in subgroups of well-controlled and poorly regulated patients during the study period. For the group as a whole, quality of life was found to change only moderately, whereas metabolic control deteriorated significantly across time following transition to the insulin pen. The two subgroups exhibited distinct differences, however, in quality of life, recent life events, and metabolic control patterns. These findings are discussed in terms of the clinical suitability of a multiple injection regimen.
Library and information science literature: authorship and growth patterns
Authors: Bottle R.T. , Efthimiadis E.N. 
Published: March 2007

The characteristics of library and information science litera ture were investigated by sampling issues of LISA, ISA, RZI. BS and CCA for the year 1983. Single author documents predominate with 69% of the total. English (71%) and Journals (71%) are the dominant language and format. Currency has detenorated since earlier studies but literature coverage has increased. 1391 distinet journal titles were identi fied in the coverage of LISA, ISA, RZI and BS, but the overlap is very low with only 39 titles common to all four services. Most of the literature originated from North America (38%) and Western Europe (34%). 1545 journals were identified from Ulrich's Guides. The number of these 'surviving' journals exhibited exponential growth for the past 150 years. From this and other data the corpus of knowledge of library and information science is estimated as 5 x 105 documents.
The valuing of management information. Part IV: A practical approach
Authors: Carter M.P. 
Published: March 2007

This article is the last in a series of four articles concerned with the valuing of management information. The first three articles examined the major approaches to valuation. This final article summarizes and links together these methods into a practical approach to the valuing of management information. The article examines the types of management information and their place in organizations. Also examined is the point in time at which information can be valued. The methods of valuation discussed in the first three articles of the series are then linked into a practical methodology in the context of the types of information and their place in the organization.
The Singapore vision: an information-based economy
Authors: Davies Jim 
Published: March 2007

The major report recently issued by the Institute of En gineers, Singapore (IES) is highlighted as a key document in the strategy to revolutionize the Singapore economy by exploit ing IT to the full within a carefully delineated local context. The National IT plan proposes seven main building blocks each with a strategic thrust which will serve as the overall impetus for the national IT movement. These are: (1) IT manpower. (2) IT culture, (3) Information communication infrastructure, (4) IT applications. (5) IT industry. (6) Climate for creativity and entrepreneurship. (7) Coordination and collaboration. Each block is examined in turn and detailed recommendations are set out.
Comparative analysis of the penetrative capacity of synopses and of full papers unrelated to the synopses published in the same broad-scope agricultural journal
Authors: van der Heij Dirk G. , van der Burg Jan , Cressie Ian R.C. , Wedel Michel 
Published: March 2007

As from 1984, synopses based on unpublished research reports have been published in the Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science (NJAS), in addition to full papers unre lated to the synopses. To study readers' behaviour towards the synopsis, which is still a relatively uncommon vehicle of primary communication, both full papers ( n = 94) and synopses ( n = 67) published in NJAS in 1984-1986 were subjected to citation analysis. Self-ci tations ("autocitations," as opposed to "allocitations") were excluded from most analyses. On average, citation yields were significantly lower for synopses than for full papers. The citation yields vaned strongly between the three years. The distribution of the journal's contents over the various subdisciplines of agricultural science explamed fairly well the capricious behaviour of citation yields over the years, but not the difference in yield between synopses and full papers. Further, the coverage of NJAS papers by five major biblio graphic databases was analysed. AGRIS and SCISEARCH covered NJAS' contents integrally. Thirteen percent of all papers ( n = 21) covered by AGRIS and SCISEARCH only had not been cited at all. CHEMABS' coverage appeared to be fmrly consistent with the scope of this database (chemistry). However, BIOSIS' and CABI's coverage behaviour over the period in question appeared to be characterized by incon sistency and arbitrariness. Coverage by BIOSIS and CABI was significantly better for full papers than for synopses (BIOSIS 87% and 43%. and CABI 65% and 48%, respectively). After correction for bibliographic coverage the citation yield was still lower for synopses than for full papers, but the difference was no longer significant. Two-thirds of the initial difference in citation yield between full papers and synopses could be attributed to differences in bibliographic coverage. It is concluded that inconsistent bibliographic coverage procedures seriously undermine the penetrative capacity (and hence meaningfulness) of papers published in journals whose readers depend largely on bibliographic sources.
Implementation Structures: A New Unit of Administrative Analysis
Authors: Hjern Benny , Porter David O. 
Published: March 2007

This article argues that a multiorganizational unit of analysis, an implementation structure, should be used when describing and evaluating the implementation and administration of programmes. Programmes are implemented by clusters of parts of public and private organizations. An implementation structure is the administrative entity which programme implementors use for accomplishing objectives within programmes. An organizationally rooted analy sis is therefore inadequate to rationalize the activities surrounding programme imple mentation. This article defines implementation structures and argues the advantage of using a multiorganizational analytic perspective over the perspective of single organizations.
The Management of Hard Times: Budget Cutbacks in Public Sector Organizations
Authors: Jick Todd D. , Murray Victor V. 
Published: March 2007

Writing on organizational change to date has been implicitly predicated on an assump tion of organizations either growing or remaining stable in size and resources. However, the most likely future for most organizations, especially those in the public sector, is one of cutback and decline. The major changes such organizations face are those related to how to survive on less money. On this particular matter, comparatively little is known though interest is, perhaps understandably, starting to grow among organization theor ists and, to a much lesser extent, among organization researchers. The present article reviews the existing literature on organizational decline in public sector organizations. It makes a conceptual distinction between (a) the strategic deci sion responses regarding what to cut, if one must cut. and how to prevent having to make further cuts, and (b) the behavioural responses within the organization to the cuts that are made. A second major distinction is made between the 'objective' conditions of funding reductions and the way they are perceived and interpreted by the dominant coalition in the focal organizations. A number of influences related to the organization's environment, internal design, key personality differences, and other variables are identified and discussed in terms of their influence on these subjective interpretations of reality. Finally, a few thoughts are offered on: (a) the as yet completely unstudied question of the long-term effects of repeated cutbacks and (b) the problems of undertak ing research in the whole area of organizational decline.
The Management and Power Structure of Chinese Enterprises during and after the Cultural Revolution; with Empirical Data Comparing Chinese and European Enterprises
Authors: Laaksonen Oiva 
Published: March 2007

During the history of Communist China, the management and structure of enterprises have undergone great changes, reaching their culmination during the Cultural Revolution and afterwards under the new administration which followed the late Chairman Mao-Zedong. The main shifts in recent years have been: from the use of ideology in guiding organizations towards the use of economic rewards; a move towards decentralization of enterprise management; and one towards a limited free market system in the economy. The paper is divided into two main parts. First we analyse the development of the power structure in Chinese enterprises since the Cultural Revolution, and in the second part we study how the changes in the power structure appear in the influence of different interest groups in decision making at the end of 1980, comparing the results of the IDE study of European enterprises with interview and personally administered questionnaire data collected in China. On the whole, European personnel appear to exercise more influence than do their Chinese counterparts.
Towards an Interaction Theory of Organizational Actors
Authors: Geser Hans 
Published: March 2007

Organizations can be conceptualized as social actors capable of interacting with each other as well as with individual actors. A correlative interaction theory has to take into account the many ways in which organizations are different from human individuals. First of all, organizations are constituted by actions; they have no existence and identity apart from their activities, and they are held strictly respon sible for almost everything they do. Second, organizations are transparent actors; their internal structures and proces ses can be observed by outsiders so that they can be submitted to external supervision and social control. Finally, organizations are differentiated actors; they can make use of their internal segmentations by participating simultaneously in many different interaction processes and by committing different sub-units to contradictory values and rules.