bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of organic‐silica nanocomposites with perhydropolysilazane
Authors: Saito Reiko 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and properties of the organic polymer‐silica nanocomposites by blending perhydropolysilazane with organic polymer having hydroxyl groups have been described. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐silica nanocomposites with a PMMA/silica lamellar structure and spherical silica domains in a PMMA matrix were obtained with random copolymers and block copolymers. The effect of the architecture of the random and block copolymers on the morphology of composites has been summarized. The thermal stability, electrical properties, such as field break down, leakage current, etc., and surface hardness of the composites have been discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5174–5181, 2006
Sonic tracking of wild cod, Gadus morhua, in an inshore region of the Bay of Fundy: a contribution to understanding the impact of cod farming for wild cod and endangered salmon populations
Authors: Brooking Paul , Doucette Gino , Tinker Steve , Whoriskey Frederick G. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sea cage trials of Atlantic cod farming have begun in the Bay of Fundy region. We fitted inshore wild cod (n = 10) captured in the Quoddy region with sonic tags during the late summer of 2004 to provide data on their temporal and spatial residency and habitat usage, with a view to understanding the potential for impact between escaped farmed cod and wild cod and other fish species, particularly Atlantic salmon. Most of the tagged cod remained within a restricted corridor in the inshore zone, occupied deep water (75–130 m) within several kilometres of the release point, and undertook local movements. Three cod undertook more extensive movements; one fish emigrated offshore immediately, and two fish moved as far as 14 km from the release point before returning, 52–54 h later, to the area in which the other cod were located. The mean residence time in the inshore zone was 55 days. In the late autumn, there was a staggered pattern of departure from the coastal zone, although one fish over-wintered in Passamaquoddy Bay. Three of the nine cod that migrated offshore in autumn 2004 returned within a three-week period in May 2005, after a mean absence of 172 days, and reoccupied the inshore region inhabited the previous year. These cod left the region again after a mean residence of 120 days during the spring and summer. The presence of some of the tagged cod in the principal migration corridor for wild salmon smolts during the period of their migration suggests that escapes from cod farms could result in increased predation on salmon smolts from endangered populations.
Construction and Characterization of ack Deleted Mutant of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for Enhanced Butyric Acid and Hydrogen Production
Authors: Liu Xiaoguang , Zhu Ying , Yang Shang‐Tian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractClostridium tyrobutyricum produces butyrate, acetate, H2, and CO2 as its main fermentation products from glucose and xylose. To improve butyric acid and hydrogen production, integrational mutagenesis was used to create a metabolically engineered mutant with inactivated ack gene, encoding acetate kinase (AK) associated with the acetate formation pathway. A non‐replicative plasmid containing the acetate kinase gene (ack) fragment was constructed and introduced into C. tyrobutyricum by electroporation. Integration of the plasmid into the homologous region on the chromosome should inactivate the target ack gene and produce ack‐deleted mutant, PAK‐Em. Enzyme activity assays showed that the AK activity in PAK‐Em decreased by ∼50%; meanwhile, phosphotransacetylase (PTA) and hydrogenase activities each increased by ∼40%. The sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) results showed that the expression of protein with ∼32 kDa molecular mass was reduced significantly in the mutant. Compared to the wild type, the mutant grew more slowly at pH 6.0 and 37 °C, with a lower specific growth rate of 0.14 h−1 (vs 0.21 h−1 for the wild type), likely due to the partially impaired PTA‐AK pathway. However, the mutant produced 23.5% more butyrate (0.42 vs 0.34 g/g glucose) at a higher final concentration of 41.7 g/L (vs 19.98 g/L) as a result of its higher butyrate tolerance as indicated in the growth kinetics study using various intial concentrations of butyrate in the media. The mutant also produced 50% more hydrogen (0.024 g/g) from glucose than the wild type. Immobilized‐cell fermentation of PAK‐Em in a fibrous‐bed bioreactor (FBB) further increased the final butyric acid concentration (50.1 g/L) and the butyrate yield (0.45 g/g glucose). Furthermore, in the FBB fermentation at pH 5.0 with xylose as the substrate, only butyric acid was produced by the mutant, whereas the wild type produced large amounts of acetate (0.43 g/g xylose) and lactate (0.61 g/g xylose) and little butyrate (0.05 g/g xylose), indicating a dramatic metabolic pathway shift caused by the ack deletion in the mutant.
Partition resampling and extrapolation averaging: approximation methods for quantifying gene expression in large numbers of short oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: Goldstein Darlene R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Studies of gene expression using high-density short oligonucleotide arrays have become a standard in a variety of biological contexts. Of the expression measures that have been proposed to quantify expression in these arrays, multi-chip-based measures have been shown to perform well. As gene expression studies increase in size, however, utilizing multi-chip expression measures is more challenging in terms of computing memory requirements and time.
Results: A strategic alternative to exact multi-chip quantification on a full large chip set is to approximate expression values based on subsets of chips. This paper introduces an extrapolation method, Extrapolation Averaging (EA), and a resampling method, Partition Resampling (PR), to approximate expression in large studies.
An examination of properties indicates that subset-based methods can perform well compared with exact expression quantification. The focus is on short oligonucleotide chips, but the same ideas apply equally well to any array type for which expression is quantified using an entire set of arrays, rather than for only a single array at a time.
Availability: Software implementing Partition Resampling and Extrapolation Averaging is under development as an R package for the BioConductor project.
Contact: Darlene.Goldstein@epfl.ch
Variance stabilization and normalization for one-color microarray data using a data-driven multiscale approach
Authors: Motakis E. S. , Nason G. P. , Fryzlewicz P. , Rutter G. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMotivation: Many standard statistical techniques are effective on data that are normally distributed with constant variance. Microarray data typically violate these assumptions since they come from non-Gaussian distributions with a non-trivial mean–variance relationship. Several methods have been proposed that transform microarray data to stabilize variance and draw its distribution towards the Gaussian. Some methods, such as log or generalized log, rely on an underlying model for the data. Others, such as the spread-versus-level plot, do not. We propose an alternative data-driven multiscale approach, called the Data-Driven Haar–Fisz for microarrays (DDHFm) with replicates. DDHFm has the advantage of being ‘distribution-free’ in the sense that no parametric model for the underlying microarray data is required to be specified or estimated; hence, DDHFm can be applied very generally, not just to microarray data.Results: DDHFm achieves very good variance stabilization of microarray data with replicates and produces transformed intensities that are approximately normally distributed. Simulation studies show that it performs better than other existing methods. Application of DDHFm to real one-color cDNA data validates these results.Availability: The R package of the Data-Driven Haar–Fisz transform (DDHFm) for microarrays is available in Bioconductor and CRAN.Contact: g.p.nason@bristol.ac.uk
Hierarchical classification of hydrolases catalytic sites
Authors: Gariev Igor A. , Varfolomeev Sergey D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Summary: Universal ontology of catalytic sites is required to systematize enzyme catalytic sites, their evolution as well as relations between catalytic sites and protein families, organisms and chemical reactions. Here we present a classification of hydrolases catalytic sites based on hierarchical organization. The web-accessible database provides information on the catalytic sites, protein folds, EC numbers and source organisms of the enzymes and includes software allowing for analysis and visualization of the relations between them.
Availability:
Contact: gariev@hotmail.com
SANTA domain: a novel conserved protein module in Eukaryota with potential involvement in chromatin regulation
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Martyniuk Christopher J. , Trudeau Vance L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Since packaging of DNA in the chromatin structure restricts the accessibility for regulatory factors, chromatin remodeling is required to facilitate nuclear processes such as gene transcription, replication, and genome recombination. Many conserved non-enzymatic protein domains have been identified that contribute to the activities of multiprotein remodeling complexes. Here we identified a novel conserved protein domain in Eukaryota whose putative function may be in regulating chromatin remodeling. Since this domain is associated with a known SANT domain in several vertebrate proteins, we named it the SANTA (SANT Associated) domain. Sequence analysis showed that the SANTA domain is approximately a 90 amino acid module and likely composed of four central β-sheets and three flanking α-helices. Many hydrophobic residues exhibited high conservation along the domain, implying a possible function in protein–protein interactions. The SANTA domain was identified in mammals, chicken, frog, fish, sea squirt, sea urchin, worms and plants. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree of SANTA domains showed that one plant-specific duplication event happened in the Viridiplantae lineage.
Contact: trudeauv@uottawa.ca
Supplementary Information: Supplementary Figure S1 for this paper is available at Bioinformatics online.
Absorption and biotransformation of topically applied 8-(methylthio)cyclic AMP
Authors: DREYFUSS JACQUES , MISCHLER TERRENCE W. , NEISS EDWARD S. , SHAW JAMES M. , SCHREIBER ERIC C. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY8-(Methylthio)cyclic AMP-35S was applied topically to the intact or abraded skin of dogs at a dose of about 2.5 mg/kg. In this species, an average of 7% of the dose was absorbed through the intact and 62% through abraded skin. Half-lives for radioactivity in plasma averaged 3.6 h. After the topical application of the drug to the intact skin of dogs, the average concentration in plasma of glucose, but not of insulin, was increased by as much as 21% after application to abraded skin, glucose and insulin were increased, on average, by as much as 84 and 221%, respectively. 8-(methylthio)adenosine and two unidentified compounds were present as metabolites in the urine of dogs; some unchanged 8-(methylthio)cyclic AMP-35S was also excreted. 8-(methylthio)cyclic AMP-35S was also applied topically (25 mg; 0.32 mg/kg) to the intact and stripped skin of normal human subjects under conditions similar to those used for dogs. Three subjects with intact skin did not absorb any of the drug, whereas three subjects with stripped skin absorbed 0.5, 8.3, and 23.3% of the dose. The half-life of radioactivity in the plasma of the subject with the greatest absorption was 0.5 h during the first 2 h, and 11 h for the next 10 h. During the first 2 h, this same subject excreted unchanged drug and 8-(methylthio)adenosine in his urine. No changes in glucose or insulin concentrations in plasma were observed in any of the subjects nor was there any apparent irritation of the skin.
Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis
Authors: MIER P.D , VAN DEN HURK JOSÉ J.M.A. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Five distinct ester hydrolases (EC 3.1) have been characterized in guinea-pig epidermis. These are carboxylic esterase, acid phosphatase, pyrophosphatase, and arylsulphatases A and B. Their properties are consistent with those of lysosomal enzymes.
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: JOHANSSON E.A , KIISTALA U. , NIEMI K-M. , HALME H. , LASSUS A. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYA clinical evaluation of the intradermal DNA-test was carried out on a series of patients with untreated or with treated definite systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or with suspected SLE with or without circulating antinuclear factors. A saline solution of a commercially available DNA-preparation was used. The course of the DNA reaction was followed for 24–48 h after the injection.All nine cases of untreated definite SLE had a positive DNA test 6 h after the injection, and eight cases a positive result at 24 h. All seven patients with definite SLE who were on low-dosage systemic steroid treatment had a clinically positive DNA test at 6 h. In all except one of these cases the test was still positive at 24 h. All five patients with definite SLE on antimalarial treatment had a positive test at 6 h which had become negative at 24 h after the injection. Eleven of the twelve patients with suspected SLE and circulating antinuclear factors had a positive DNA test at 6 h, which in nine cases persisted for 24 h. On the other hand, of the eleven ANF negative patients with various connective tissue diseases five had a positive test at 6 h. In only one of these cases it persisted for 24 h. Two of the eighteen control patients with various dermatoses exhibited a positive test at 6 h, and in one of these the positive reaction persisted for 24 h.It is concluded that the intradermal skin test using native DNA is a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of SLE when the reaction is followed up for 24 h. Antimalarial treatment seems to decrease skin reactivity to native DNA.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Authors: NIEBOER C. , BOORSMA D. M. , WOERDEMAN M. J. , KALSBEEK G. L. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYFour patients with the clinical picture of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita were investigated. Biopsies were taken from the involved and uninvolved areas of the skin and the immunohistochemical and microscopic changes were studied. Direct immunofluorescence showed deposition of IgG and C3/4 in a linear or notched pattern along the epidermal basement membrane in both the involved and the uninvolved skin. In addition IgA (3/4), IgM (1/4), C4 (3/4) and properdin (3/4) could be detected.Indirect immunofluorescence revealed the presence of circulating antibodies against inter alia the epithelial basement membrane zone in one patient. Routine electron microscopy showed that the blister was situated in the dermis leaving the basal lamina in the roof of the blister. With immunoelectron microscopy using peroxidase-labelled antibody the in vivo deposition of IgG was observed just beneath the basal lamina in the dermis of both the perilesional and the uninvolved skin. These observations show that epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a distinct entity, in which autoimmune mechanisms might possibly play a role.
Desquamative gingivitis: a form of cicatricial pemphigoid?
Authors: FINE ROBERT M. , WEATHERS DWIGHT R. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Desquamative gingivitis, a sub-epithelial vesiculo-bullous disease involving the gingiva, has been shown to have positive direct immunofluorescent findings similar to those of cicatricial pemphigoid. However, the lack of severe scarring, limitation of lesions to the anterior portion of the mouth and the tendency toward limitation of lesions to the oral mucosa over long periods of time in desquamative gingivitis, suggest that desquamative gingivitis and cicatricial pemphigoid are distinct and separate entities.
The antiandrogenic effect of progesterone on the hamster flank organ
Authors: VERMORKEN A. J. M. , GOOS C. M. A. A. , ROELOFS H. M. J. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Progesterone, topically applied, prevents the stimulation of the hamster flank organ by testosterone, but not by dihydrotestosterone. 5α-Dihydroprogesterone does not prevent stimulation by either of the two androgenic hormones. Neither progesterone nor 5α-dihydroprogesterone stimulate the flank organ to any extent.
Implications on the use of progesterone in acne therapy are discussed.
It is currently accepted that 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is formed mostly in the target cells per se by the 5α-reduction of testosterone, is the active androgen which controls gene expression in the target organ. This mechanism of action has been described for the prostate gland and seminal vesicles (Bruchovsky & Wilson 1968a, b; Stern & Eisenfeld, 1969). It has also been documented that a similar mechanism may be operating in the hamster flank organ (Takayasu & Adachi, 1972), a sebaceous structure, which like the sebaceous gland in the human and other species is androgen dependent. It seems reasonable to assume that inhibition of 5α DHT formation may be an effective means to block androgen action. Therefore Voigt, Fernandez & Hsia (1970) tested a great number of steroids for their capacity to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to 5α DHT in microsomal suspensions of the skin.
Of the two major inhibitors found, progesterone and 4-androstene-3-one 17α carboxylic acid, they examined the effect of the latter compound in the hamster flank organ test. The effect of progesterone on the hamster flank has not been documented yet but it is important to do so since not only has topical progesterone been used in acne therapy, but it has been claimed that 5α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP), which is formed from progesterone in the skin, interacts with the DHT receptor (Wright, Giacomini & Kirchhoffer, 1979). The latter finding may be irrelevant but alternatively it could mean that DHP has some intrinsic androgenic or antiandrogenic activity.
In this paper we describe experiments demonstrating that neither DHP nor progesterone have any androgenic activity. However, progesterone completely prevents the androgenic action of testosterone on the hamster flank organ.
Chromosome studies in mycosis fungoides
Authors: VAN VLOTEN W. A. , PET E. A. , GERAEDTS J. P. M. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
G-banded chromosome analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes after phytohaemagglutinin stimulation from sixteen patients with mycosis fungoides. A number of chromosome abnormalities were observed in a low proportion of blood lymphocytes in seven patients in later stages of the disease. In four patients similar marker chromosomes in multiple copies were present, some of them without a clearly visible centromere.
We conclude that a correlation exists between the presence of chromosome abnormalities in circulating blood lymphocytes and the course of the disease.
The effect of methotrexate and hydroxyurea on neutrophil chemotaxis
Authors: CREAM J. J. , POLE D. S. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Methotrexate depresses motility of neutrophils in chamber membranes, but does not interfere with random motility in tubes. Hydroxyurea has no such effect. The therapeutic response to methotrexate in psoriasis may be due in part to a reduction in migration of neutrophils into the epidermis.
Limited application period for dithranol in psoriasis
Authors: SCHAEFER HANS , FARBER E. M. , GOLDBERG LEONARD , SCHALLA W. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
This preliminary study suggests that a 1 h application of dithranol may be effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is conceivable that short application periods for other topically applied agents, e. g. corticosteroids, may reduce the side-effects in non-affected skin, while maintaining the therapeutic benefit in diseased areas.
A previously undescribed condition: tricho-odonto-onycho-dermal syndrome. A review of the tricho-odonto-onychial subgroup of ectodermal dysplasias
Authors: PINHEIRO MARTA , PEREIRA L.C. , FREIRE-MAIA N. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYAn apparently hitherto undescribed ectodermal dysplasia/malformation syndrome is presented. The patient, the last son in an outbred sibship of four males, presents scalp hypotrichosis, aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp, dental abnormalities, onychodysplasia, dry skin with hypochromic and atrophic (poikiloderma-like) spots with vicarious (marginal) hyperchromia, unusual facies, asymmetrical skull, absent right nipple, irregular areolae, palmar keratosis, dermatoglyphic alterations, syndactyly, clinodactyly, phalangeal aplasias and hypoplasias, right leukoma, abnormal EEG, and other findings. The aetiology is unknown. A review of seventeen ectodermal dysplasias is presented for differential diagnosis.
Serum and urine concentrations of 5-methoxypsoralen after oral administration
Authors: STOLK L.M.L. , WESTERHOF W. , CORMANE R.H. , ZWIETEN P.A.VAN 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Serum and urine concentrations were measured after oral administration of 5-methoxypsoralen (0.6 mg/kg or 1.2 mg/kg) to psoriasis patients. A dose of 0.6 mg/kg resulted in low serum concentrations, but after 1.2 mg/kg, much higher serum concentrations were reached. There was much individual variation in the time required for reaching peak serum levels. Minute amounts of unchanged 5-methoxypsoralen were excreted in urine. Much larger amounts were excreted as conjugates.
Late prurigo of pregnancy
Authors: FABER W.R. , VAN JOOST T.H. , HAUSMAN R. , WEENINK G.H. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Seven patients who developed a characteristic pruritic rash in late pregnancy are described. Clinically the lesions consisted of erythematous urticarial papules and plaques, with vesicles in some cases. The eruption started in the striae on the abdomen and spread over the thighs and in most cases also over the arms and buttocks. Biopsy showed lymphocytic vasculitis with a varying admixture of eosinophils and only minor epidermal changes. Immunofluorescence examination of six cases showed C3 deposition along the dermoepidermal junction in only one case. The lymphocytes, identified by a specific anti-T-cell serum, appeared to be mostly T-cells.
The nomenclature of pruritic skin disease in late pregnancy is confusing, but the term ‘late prurigo of pregnancy’ seems appropriate for this condition.
Acid lysosomal hydrolases in systemic sclerosis and other connective tissue diseases
Authors: HERRMANN K. , HAUSTEIN U.-F. , BÖHME H.-J. , LOHRISCH I. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYThe activities of five lysosomal hydrolases were determined fluorometrically in the serum of patients with systemic sclerosis (PSS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis (DM), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or Raynaud's disease (RD). In PSS the β-galactosidase activity was significantly increased compared with controls and the other connective tissue diseases. The β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase was significantly increased in PSS, SLE and DM. In PSS both enzymes were more active in the early stage of the disease than later. These changes of enzyme pattern seem to be a relatively reliable marker for the differential diagnosis of PSS compared to other connective tissue diseases, especially for RD, in which the β-galactosidase activity was significantly decreased. Further work is required to determine whether these polysaccharide-degrading acid hydrolases play a role in the pathogenesis of PSS.