bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical aspects of a real‐time sub‐structuring technique in structural dynamics
Authors: Sajeeb R. , Roy D. , Manohar C. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA time domain coupling technique, involving combined computational and experimental modelling, for vibration analysis of structures built‐up of linear/non‐linear substructures is developed. The study permits, in principle, one or more of the substructures to be modelled experimentally with measurements being made only on the interfacial degrees of freedom. The numerical and experimental substructures are allowed to communicate in real time within the present framework. The proposed strategy involves a two‐stage scheme: the first is iterative in nature and is implemented at the initial stages of the solution in a non‐real‐time format; the second is non‐iterative, employs an extrapolation scheme and proceeds in real time. Issues on time delays during communications between different substructures are discussed. An explicit integration procedure is shown to lead to solutions with high accuracy while retaining path sensitivity to initial conditions. The stability of the integration scheme is also discussed and a method for numerically dissipating the temporal growth of high‐frequency errors is presented. For systems with non‐linear substructures, the integration procedure is based on a multi‐step transversal linearization method; and, to account for time delays, we employ a multi‐step extrapolation scheme based on the reproducing kernel particle method. Numerical illustrations on a few low‐dimensional vibrating structures are presented and these examples are fashioned after problems of seismic qualification testing of engineering structures using real‐time substructure testing techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability‐based design optimization with equality constraints
Authors: Du Xiaoping , Huang Beiqing 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEquality constraints have been well studied and widely used in deterministic optimization, but they have rarely been addressed in reliability‐based design optimization (RBDO). The inclusion of an equality constraint in RBDO results in dependency among random variables. Theoretically, one random variable can be substituted in terms of remaining random variables given an equality constraint; and the equality constraint can then be eliminated. However, in practice, eliminating an equality constraint may be difficult or impossible because of complexities such as coupling, recursion, high dimensionality, non‐linearity, implicit formats, and high computational costs. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology to model equality constraints and a numerical procedure to solve a RBDO problem with equality constraints. Equality constraints are classified into demand‐based type and physics‐based type. A sequential optimization and reliability analysis strategy is used to solve RBDO with physics‐based equality constraints. The first‐order reliability method is employed for reliability analysis. The proposed method is illustrated by a mathematical example and a two‐member frame design problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymerisation of butadiene in the presence of carbon tetrabromide
Authors: Beaton J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies of the polymerisation of butadiene in the presence of carbon tetrabromide in bulk and emulsion systems have shown that in both systems telomers are the first products of reaction. These consist of between 4–10 butadiene units with terminal allylic bromine and tribromomethyl groups. However, the fact that the telomers function as chain transfer agents through the terminal tribromomethyl group to produce diallylic bromine terminated low molecular weight polymers is unique to the emulsion system. Telomers prepared in bulk and emulsion have been isolated, characterised and the kinetics of their formation studied. Kinetic analysis has indicated that at low molecular weights an increase in polymerisation rate with increasing carbon tetrabromide concentration is predicted, but it is postulated that the telomer itself can initiate polymerisation. Telomers formed in either bulk or emulsion have been studied as chain transfer agents in the polymerisation of butadiene in emulsion at 60°C. Polymerisation rate decreases with increasing amount of chain transfer and it is postulated that degradative chain transfer plays a role in the polymerisation. A simplified kinetic scheme for retarded polymerisation has been developed to analyse the results. It is postulated that radical termination is by cross termination of growing polymer radicals with telomer radicals.
Proteomic analysis of rice seedlings during cold stress
Authors: Hashimoto Makoto , Komatsu Setsuko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLow temperature is one of the important environmental changes that affect plant growth and agricultural production. To investigate the responses of rice to cold stress, changes in protein expression were analyzed using a proteomic approach. Two‐week‐old rice seedlings were exposed to 5°C for 48 h, then total crude proteins were extracted from leaf blades, leaf sheaths and roots, separated by 2‐DE and stained with CBB. Of the 250–400 protein spots from each organ, 39 proteins changed in abundance after cold stress, with 19 proteins increasing, and 20 proteins decreasing. In leaf blades, it was difficult to detect the changes in stress‐responsive proteins due to the presence of an abundant protein, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (RuBisCO LSU), which accounted for about 50% of the total proteins. To overcome this problem, an antibody‐affinity column was prepared to trap RuBisCO LSU, and the remaining proteins in the flow through from the column were subsequently separated using 2‐DE. As a result, slight changes in stress responsive proteins were clearly displayed, and four proteins were newly detected after cold stress. From identified proteins, it was concluded that proteins related to energy metabolism were up‐regulated, and defense‐related proteins were down‐regulated in leaf blades, by cold stress. These results suggest that energy production is activated in the chilling environment; furthermore, stress‐related proteins are rapidly up‐regulated, while defense‐related proteins disappear, under long‐term cold stress.
Health among long‐term survivors of breast cancer—an analysis of 5‐year survivors based on the Swedish surveys of living conditions 1979–1995 and the Swedish Cancer Registry 2000
Authors: Bolin Kristian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we examine health among breast cancer 5‐year survivors. We raise two questions: (1) how do the health level of this survival group compare to the health level of the general population; and (2) how have the health levels among these survivors changed over time. We found that 5‐year breast cancer survivors assess their health lower than the general population, and that having being diagnosed in a later year increases health compared to having received the diagnosis at an earlier point in time. This implies that screening and treatment of breast cancer have been successful. Further, we did not find any statistically significant effect of the length of the time spell since diagnosis on health. One reason for this may be that those additional individuals surviving over time as a result of improved treatment therapies have on average lower health levels than those who survived before more efficient medical technologies were introduced. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytopreventative effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum against acute Indomethacin‐induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity in rats
Authors: Hesse Cristina , Razmovski‐Naumovski Valentina , Duke Colin C. , Davies Neal M. , Roufogalis Basil D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the present study, the phytoprotective effects of gypenosides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum throughout the gastrointestinal tract and kidney were examined in indomethacin‐treated rats. Indomethacin induced gastric and intestinal damage as well as renal toxicity after a single toxicological dose (10 mg/kg) in rats. Acute oral administration of the gypenoside extract (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced gastric and intestinal toxicity induced by indomethacin as measured by ulceration, caecal haemoglobin and plasma haptoglobin. A significant decrease in small intestinal lactose fermenting enterobacteria was evident in animals treated with indomethacin and those pre‐treated with G. pentaphyllum then indomethacin. In the renal system, kidney toxicity was evident after indomethacin and in animals pre‐treated with indomethacin plus G. pentaphyllum with an increase in urinary N‐acetyl‐beta‐glucosaminidase and a decrease in urinary sodium and chloride electrolyte output. However, a significant increase in urinary microprotein in indomethacin‐treated animals was not present in indomethacin plus G. pentaphyllum‐treated animals. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in lowering gastrointestinal damage induced by indomethacin. The results suggest further investigations of Gynostemma gypenosides are warranted to examine the mechanisms of this phytoprotective activity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of crude extract from Radix Dipsaci on bone in mice
Authors: Wong Ricky W. K. , Rabie A. Bakr M. , Hägg E. Urban O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRadix Dipsaci is used in China for the treatment of bone fractures and other bone diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the systemic effect of Radix Dipsaci consumption on bone histomorphology. Twenty eight‐week‐old male BALB/c mice were divided into two groups. In the control group, ten mice were daily fed with distilled water. In the Radix Dipsaci group, ten mice were daily fed with distilled water mixed with crude Radix Dipsaci extract. The mice were kept for 5 weeks and were then killed. Using microcomputed tomography, 20 microtomographic slices with an increment of 0.25 mm were acquired to cover the proximal end of the left tibia of each mouse. Quantitative morphometry of the bone structure was performed. Histological sections of the region of micro‐tomographic slices were prepared. The results showed that the consumption of Radix Dipsaci extract caused a 4.50% increase in bone volume/tissue volume ratio. The bone trabeculae increased by 11.82% in number so that the bone density was increased. To conclude, Radix Dipsaci extract taken orally increased bone density and altered bone histomorphology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of responses in migraine modelling using hidden Markov models
Authors: Anisimov Vladimir V. , Maas Hugo J. , Danhof Meindert , Della Pasqua Oscar 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMarkov‐type models have been used in the analysis of disease progression. Although standard errors of model parameters are usually estimated, available software often does not permit the construction of confidence intervals around predictions of the dependent or response variable. A method is presented to calculate means and confidence intervals of model‐predicted responses in time governed by a non‐homogeneous hidden Markov model in continuous time. The Kolmogorov equations serve as the basis for the calculations. The method is realised in S‐Plus and is applied to the prediction of headache responses in clinical studies of anti‐migraine treatment. Means and confidence intervals are calculated by numerically solving differential equations that are non‐linear in the explanatory variable. Results indicate that uncertainty on predicted drug responses is larger than that on predicted placebo responses and that pain‐free responses are less precisely predicted than pain‐relief responses. This is due to the uncertainty in the drug‐specific parameters which is not present in predicted placebo responses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carboxymethyl Cocoyam Starch: Synthesis, Characterisation and Influence of Reaction Parameters
Authors: Lawal Olayide S. , Lechner M. Dieter , Hartmann Brigitte , Kulicke Werner‐Michael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty carboxymethyl starch derivatives of cocoyam starch were synthesized under different reaction conditions. The influences of sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium monochloroacetate concentration, water, type of organic solvent, reaction time and temperature were evaluated for degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE). The optimal ratio of moles of NaOH per mole anhydroglucose unit (AGU), nNaOH/nAGU was 1.62. Increases in ratio of moles of monochloroacetate (nSMCA) to mole of AGU (nAGU) increased the DS progressively. The ratio of water to solvent (isopropanol, IPA) in the reaction media was optimal at H2O/IPA 0.16. Both RE and the DS increased with increase in reaction time within the studied time range (1‐4 h). Increases in temperature enhanced both reaction efficiency and DS. Among the solvents studied, an isopropanol – water medium produced the optimal result. The starch paste clarity improved remarkably after carboxymethylation. Wide angle X‐ray diffractometry revealed that starch crystallinity was reduced after carboxymethylation. 13C‐NMR showed peaks at δ = 180.42 ppm, 80.35 ppm, 77.77 ppm, and 71.96 ppm, which were assigned to C‐O, substituted C‐2, C‐3 and C‐6, respectively. In addition, three signals appeared at δ = 74.16 ppm, 73.42 ppm and 72.59 ppm and they were assigned to the CH2 in the carboxylate substituents.
The influence of core teaching conceptions on teachers' use of inquiry teaching practices
Authors: Lotter Christine , Harwood William S. , Bonner J. José 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article investigates three teachers' conceptions and use of inquiry‐based instructional strategies throughout a professional development program. The professional development program consisted of a 2‐week summer inquiry institute and research experience in university scientists' laboratories, as well as three academic year workshops. Insights gained from an in‐depth study of these three secondary teachers resulted in a model of teacher conceptions that can be used to direct future inquiry professional development. Teachers' conceptions of inquiry teaching were established through intensive case–study research that incorporated extensive classroom observations and interviews. Through their participation in the professional development experience, the teachers gained a deeper understanding of how to implement inquiry practices in their classrooms. The teachers gained confidence and practice with inquiry methods through developing and presenting their institute‐developed inquiry lessons, through observing other teachers' lessons, and participating as students in the workshop inquiry activities. Data analysis revealed that a set of four core conceptions guided the teachers' use of inquiry‐based practices in their classrooms. The teachers' conceptions of science, their students, effective teaching practices, and the purpose of education influenced the type and amount of inquiry instruction performed in the high school classrooms. The research findings suggest that to be successful inquiry professional development must not only teach inquiry knowledge, but it must also assess and address teachers' core teaching conceptions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1318–1347, 2007
Fetal lung volume: three‐dimensional ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Gerards F. A. , Twisk J. W. R. , Bakker M. , Barkhof F. , van Vugt J. M. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectivesAn accurate and reliable method for measuring fetal lung volumes would be helpful in predicting the outcome in cases with suspected impaired lung growth. Recent studies show that it is possible to obtain fetal lung volume estimations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement of lung volumes measured with 3D ultrasonography and MRI in uncomplicated pregnancies.MethodsThis was a prospective study in which MRI and 3D ultrasonography examinations were conducted on the same day to measure the fetal lung volumes of 10 women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Intraclass correlation was used to evaluate the agreement between fetal lung volume measurements obtained by MRI and 3D ultrasonography. A proportionate Bland–Altman plot was constructed.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient between MRI and 3D ultrasonography measurements for the right lung was 0.92 (95% CI 0.71–0.98) and for the left lung was 0.95 (95% CI 0.82–0.99). The proportionate limits of agreement between the methods were for the right lung − 32.57% to 20.03% and for the left lung − 21.26% to 17.13%.ConclusionsThere is good agreement between lung volumes measured by MRI and those measured by 3D ultrasonography. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diameter of the normal fetal thymus on ultrasound
Authors: Cho J. Y. , Min J. Y. , Lee Y.‐H. , McCrindle B. , Hornberger L. K. , Yoo S.‐J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo present the normative data of the transverse diameter of the developing fetal thymus.MethodsIn this prospective study, the maximum transverse diameter of the thymus was measured by one sonologist in 376 normal fetuses between 19 and 38 weeks of gestation. We assessed the relationship of the transverse thymic diameter with gestational age (GA), biparietal diameter, femur length and abdominal circumference using general linear regression modeling. The predicted mean and 95% reference range of thymic diameter at each GA were calculated from the regression equation.ResultsMeasurements of the transverse diameter were possible in 352 of the 376 (94%) fetuses. The transverse diameter of the fetal thymus increased with increasing GA and fetal size parameters in a linear manner. The regression equation for transverse diameter of the thymus as a function of GA was: thymic diameter (cm) = 0.15 × GA (weeks) − 1.59 (r2 = 0.86, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe transverse diameter of the fetal thymus is easy to measure; this study presents normative data. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid synthesis in cultured human embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Waite Moseley , Kucera Louis , King Lynn , Crosland Sheryl 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe here the pathways by which human embryonic fibroblasts synthesize lipids. In these studies, we quantitated the phospholipids by their phosphorus content and by their acyl components. These determinations defined both the chemical composition of the cellular membranes as well as their metabolic turnover. Using radiolabeled precursors, we have shown (a) synthesis of the glycerol moiety via glycolysis and the action of glycerokinase, (b) utilization of both exogenously added and endogenously synthesized fatty acids, (c) synthesis de novo of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from their base precursors, and (d) the methylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine yielding phosphatidyl choline. Dividing cells synthesized phosphoglyceride more rapidly than cells in the stationary phase. However, considerable turnover of cellular lipid did occur in the stationary phase.
Free and esterified cholesterol in developing feline white matter
Authors: Hildebrand C. , Berthold C‐H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe content of free and esterified cholesterol was examined in the cervical spinal cord lateral funiculus and in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal development. The concentration of free cholesterol increased with development from 8 to 56 μg/mg in the lateral funiculus and from 4 to 37 μg/mg in the corpus callosum. The total content per specimen increased 130 and 70 times, respectively. The major part of the postnatal increase in the free cholesterol occurred late postnatally. The concentration of esterified cholesterol decreased with development from 0.96 to 0.07% and from 9.50 to 0.30% of total sterol in the lateral funiculus and corpus callosum, respectively. In both regions, the total content per specimen increased with maturation. Throughout development, the content of cholesteryl ester was higher in the corpus callosum than in the lateral funiculus. A transient increase in esterified cholesterol concentration was seen during the first postnatal days in the lateral funiculus and 3 weeks postnatally in the corpus callosum. The results suggest that most of the postnatal increase of free cholesterol in the white matter is related to a continued growth of established myelin sheaths and not to de novo myelination. The transient increase in concentration of esterified cholesterol in the early postnatal lateral funiculus coincides in time with a spontaneous myelin sheath disintegration. This supports the view that the ester peak may be primarily related to myelin breakdown rather than to myelin production. The significance of the high ester concentration in the neonatal corpus callosum and the ester peak seen during initial myelination remains obscure and calls for further developmental morphological studies.
The effect of cerulenin on sterol biosynthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Greenspan Michael D. , Mackow Robert C. , Ōmura Satoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCerulenin specifically inhibited fatty acid biosynthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae without having an effect on sterol formation. Ergosterol was not required for cell growth in the presence of cerulenin (1 μg/ml). The addition of fatty acids to the growth medium reduced the amount of ergosterol formed by 45%; further addition of cerulenin to the media had no effect on the amount of ergosterol synthesized by the cells. The incorporation of3H from3H2O into ergosterol was not affected by cerulenin whereas incorporration into fatty acids was inhibited by 90%.
Polygala virgata seed oil—A new source of acetotriglycerides
Authors: Smith C. R. , Madrigal R. V. , Weisleder D. , Plattner R. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe seed oil ofPolygala virgata (family Polygalaceae) contains 74% of monoacetotriglycerides, the first found in nature with the acetate group in position 2 ofsn‐glycerol. Naturally occurring triglycerides characterized previously all have the acetate at position 3. The configuration of the acetoglyceride fromP. virgata was established by a combination of thin layer chromatography, optical rotatory dispersion, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Lipogenesis in the developing brain from intracranially administered [1‐14C] acetate and [U‐14C] glucose
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar Govind A. , Subramanian Carole 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifteen‐day‐old rats divided into two groups were given [1‐14C]acetate or [U‐14C] glucose by intracranial injection and were sacrificed after 1 hr. Analysis of lipids from the two groups showed differences in the incorporation of radioactivity in the polar lipids and cholesterol. Analysis of brain fatty acid showed that whereas radioactivity from acetate was incorporated into saturated, monoand polyunsaturated fatty acids, the radioactivity from [U‐14C] glucose was found only in 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1. No radioactivity was found in polyunsaturated fatty acids even after concentration of this fraction by AgNO3:SiO2 thin layer chromatographic method. This difference is discussed in hypothetical terms of nonhomogeneous acetyl CoA pool, formation of acetyl CoA from glucose exclusively inside the mitochondria, and activation of injected acetate to acetyl CoA.