bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Third Time Lucky: Playing All the Suitors in The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Staines Christopher 
Published: January 2007

This article offers an account of an actor's preparation to play multiple roles in a production of The Merchant of Venice. Presented by Actors from the London Stage (AFTLS) in universities around the USA in 2006, the play was staged and performed by five actors. The article focuses on the challenge of playing all three of Portia's suitors: Bassanio, the Prince of Morocco, and the Prince of Arragon, and the insights the interplay of these roles affords. The need effectively to differentiate the characterization of the three suitors highlighted for the actor the ways in which the roles are defined against each other, and how the errors of the Princes of Morocco and Arragon frame the space that Bassanio must fill. Looking beyond the way in which the roles are balanced structurally, the actor describes in detail the process of exploding oversimplified notions of good winners and bad losers, grappling with the racially coded presentations of the Princes of Morocco and Arragon that the text prompts while mining the ambiguities and discrepancies in Bassanio's behaviour. Through an in-depth consideration of the use of physicality, costume, comedy and vocal delivery, the article ultimately seeks to demonstrate the inherent performative nature of Shakespeare's text, the challenges and benefits of performing the play through the prism of multiple roles, and specifically the rewards of exploring traditionally 'two-dimensional' characters and how the experience of playing the unfortunate suitors added deeper resonance to the unfolding of Bassanio's fortunes.
Heterostructured Visible‐Light‐Active Photocatalyst of Chromia‐Nanoparticle‐Layered Titanate
Authors: Kim T. W. , Hur S. G. , Hwang S.‐J. , Park H. , Choi W. , Choy J.‐H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn efficient visible‐light active photocatalyst of porous CrOx–Ti1.83O4 nanohybrid with a 1:1 type ordered heterostructure is synthesized through a hybridization between a chromia cluster and exfoliated titanate nanosheets. The present nanohybrids are found to have a large surface area (ca. 250–310 m2 g–1) and an intense absorption of visible light, ascribable, respectively, to the formation of a porous structure and the hybridization of titanate with narrow‐bandgap chromium oxide. After the calcination at 400 °C, the nanohybrid shows an enhanced photocatalytic activity to effectively decompose organic compounds under the irradiation of visible light (λ > 420 nm). The present study highlights the exfoliation–restacking route as a very powerful way to develop efficient visible‐light‐harvesting photocatalysts with excellent thermal stability.
Optimized Preparation of Elastically Soft, Highly Piezoelectric, Cellular Ferroelectrets from Nonvoided Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Films
Authors: Wirges W. , Wegener M. , Voronina O. , Zirkel L. , Gerhard‐Multhaupt R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractElectrically charged cellular polymer films can exhibit very high piezoelectric activity and are therefore more and more often employed in advanced electromechanical and electro‐acoustical transducers. In this paper, we report an optimized sequence of steps for preparing such ferroelectrets from commercial nonvoided poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) films by means of foaming with CO2, biaxial mechanical stretching, controlled void inflation, and bipolar electric charging. The nonvoided PETP films were foamed with supercritical CO2 at a suitably high pressure and subsequently annealed for stabilization. The cellular foam structure was further optimized by means of well‐controlled biaxial stretching in a commercial stretcher and sometimes subsequent inflation in a pressure chamber. Bipolar electric charging of the internal voids was achieved through the application of high electric fields in an SF6 atmosphere. The new optimized PETP ferroelectrets exhibit quite large piezoelectric coefficients up to almost 500 pC N–1, for which unusually low elastic stiffnesses of only around 0.3 MPa are essential. The PETP‐foam ferroelectrets possess unclamped thickness‐extension resonance frequencies between approximately 120 and 250 kHz, and are thus highly suitable for several established as well as novel ultrasonic‐transducer applications.
N∧C∧N‐Coordinated Platinum(II) Complexes as Phosphorescent Emitters in High‐Performance Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Cocchi M. , Virgili D. , Fattori V. , Rochester D. L. , Williams J. A. G. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract A series of terdentate cyclometallated PtII complexes with remarkable luminescence properties are used as new phosphorescence‐emitting dopants in a blended host matrix as the emitting layer, resulting in very high electroluminescence efficiencies. Because of the high phosphorescence quantum yields of these Pt complexes and the efficient energy transfer from both singlet and triplet excited states of the host to the emitting guest, external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies as high as 4–16 % photons per carrier and luminous efficiencies of 15–40 cd A–1 are achieved. Moreover, these high efficiency values were maintained over a four‐decade current intensity span with no significant roll‐off. Tuning of the electroluminescence spectra from the yellow to the green‐bluish region of the chromaticity diagram is obtained simply by changing the substituents at the central 5‐position of the cyclometallating ligand.
Optimal off‐line trajectory planning of hybrid fuel cell/gas turbine power plants
Authors: Kameswaran Shivakumar , Biegler L. T. , Junker S. Tobias , Ghezel‐Ayagh Hossein 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA nonlinear programming (NLP) framework is developed to determine optimal operating policies for hybrid fuel cell/gas turbine power systems. The approach consists of a dynamic model of the power plant, reformulated as an index one differential algebraic equation (DAE) system. A dynamic optimization framework is developed where the constraints include the dynamic model of the plant. The system model is then discretized using Radau collocation on finite elements and formulated in the AMPL modeling environment. This allows for the straightforward solution of dynamic optimization problems using large‐scale NLP solvers. IPOPT is the NLP solver used in this study. Program links were provided to Matlab/Simulink to visualize and interpret the results. The formulation of a dynamic optimization problem was focused on determination of optimal operating trajectories for tracking power plant load variations. Efficiency measures were also included as a part of the dynamic optimization problem to maximize efficiency while tracking the desired load profile. Results from 18 case studies show that the dynamic optimization can be performed quickly with excellent results. The applicability of the dynamic optimization framework for the estimation of feed fuel concentrations is also demonstrated. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Synthesis of New 4‐Heteroaryl‐2‐Phenylquinolines and Their Pharmacological Activity as NK‐2/NK‐3 Receptor Ligands
Authors: Borioni Anna , Mustazza Carlo , Sestili Isabella , Sbraccia Maria , Turchetto Luciana , Del Giudice Maria Rosaria 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSubstituted 4‐heteroaryl‐2‐phenylquinolines were synthesized and tested on NK‐2 and NK‐3 receptors in order to get a better insight in the structure‐activity relationship. On the whole, these molecules, which can be regarded as bioisosters of the NK‐3 antagonist SB 218795, displayed a lower activity than the template. Ring electronic distribution and H‐bond donor and acceptor positions played some role in selectivity, 2‐imidazolyl substituted 2a showing affinity mainly towards NK‐3 while 3‐pyrazolyl substituted 4 displayed a preferential interaction with NK‐2 receptor. Structural characterization of the synthesized compounds was achieved by NMR and mass techniques. Bidimensional 1H‐NOESY experiments were a helpful tool for the assignment of the isomeric structures of compounds 9 and 11b–c.
Cell division of Giardia intestinalis: Assembly and disassembly of the adhesive disc, and the cytokinesis
Authors: Tůmová Pavla , Kulda Jaroslav , Nohýnková Eva 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTrophozoites of Giardia are equipped with a special organelle of attachment, essential for parasite survival and pathogenicity, the ventral disc. Although its basic structure is well established, its reorganization and assembly during cell replication is poorly understood. We addressed some of these problems with aid of conventional, confocal and electron microscopy. We found that dividing Giardia alternates attached and free swimming phases in accordance with functional competence of the parent or newly assembled discs. The division started in attached cells by detachment of the disc microtubules from basal bodies. Shortening and eventual loss of the giardin microribbons, and unfolding of the microtubular layer resulting in collapse of the disc chamber and parasite detachment underlined gradual disassembly of the parent disc skeleton. Two daughter discs assembled on the dorsal side of the attached cell, with their ventral sides exposed on the parent cell surface and their microtubular skeletons growing in counter‐clockwise direction. A depression between the assembling discs marked the cleavage plane. The splitting continued during the free‐swimming phase with ventral‐ventral axial symmetry in a plane of the daughter discs. Finally, the daughter cells with fully developed discs but still connected tail to tail by a cytoplasmic bridge, attached to a substrate and terminated the division by a process resembling adhesion‐dependent cytokinesis. The mode of assembly of the daughter discs and plane of the division is compatible with maintenance of the left‐right asymmetry of the Giardia cytoskeleton in progeny, which cannot be satisfactorily explained by alternative models proposed so far. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial protection by the JNK inhibitor leflunomide rescues mice from acetaminophen-induced liver injury
Authors: Latchoumycandane Calivarathan , Goh Catherine W. , Ong Michie M.K. , Boelsterli Urs A. 
Published: January 2007

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that is safe at therapeutic doses but which can precipitate liver injury at high doses. We have previously found that the antirheumatic drug leflunomide is a potent inhibitor of APAP toxicity in cultured human hepatocytes, protecting them from mitochondria-mediated cell death by inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition. The purpose of this study was to explore whether leflunomide protects against APAP hepatotoxicityin vivoand to define the molecular pathways of cytoprotection. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with a hepatotoxic dose of APAP (750 mg/kg, ip) followed by a single injection of leflunomide (30 mg/kg, ip). Leflunomide (4 hours after APAP dose) afforded significant protection from liver necrosis as assessed by serum ALT activity and histopathology after 8 and 24 hours. The mechanism of protection by leflunomide was not through inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP)–catalyzed APAP bioactivation or an apparent suppression of the innate immune system. Instead, leflunomide inhibited APAP-induced activation (phosphorylation) of c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), thus preventing downstream Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inactivation and protecting from mitochondrial permeabilization and cytochromecrelease. Furthermore, leflunomide inhibited the APAP-mediated increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and prevented the formation of peroxynitrite, as judged from the absence of hepatic nitrotyrosine adducts. Even when given 8 hours after APAP dose, leflunomide still protected from massive liver necrosis.Conclusion:Leflunomide afforded protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice through inhibition of JNK-mediated activation of mitochondrial permeabilization.
Role of second trimester sonography in detecting trisomy 18: A review of 70 cases
Authors: Papp Csaba , Ban Zoltan , Szigeti Zsanett , Csaba Akos , Beke Artur , Papp Zoltan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurpose.To investigate the role of second‐trimester sonographic examination in the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18.Methods.Out of 22,150 fetal chromosomal analyses performed between 1990 and 2004, 70 trisomy 18 fetuses were found. The sonographic findings of this aneuploidy were analyzed.Results.The average maternal age was 32.4 years; the average gestational age was 19.5 weeks. Major anomalies were seen in 61 (87.1%) of the 70 fetuses with trisomy 18; among these, cardiac anomalies were the most common (47.1%), with a 27.1% incidence of ventricular septal defects. Anomalies of the central nervous system were seen in 35.7% of cases; abnormal head shape was the most frequently detected anomaly in this group (12.9%). Fifty‐six (80%) of the fetuses had at least 1 minor anomaly; of these, choroid plexus cyst was the most common (38.6%). Increased nuchal fold thickness was detected in 17.1% of cases.Conclusion.The vast majority of trisomy 18 fetuses have sonographically detectable abnormalities in the second trimester. Both the 87.1% frequency of major anomalies and the 80% frequency of minor anomalies are substantially higher than multiple biochemical marker tests could achieve. It was also demonstrated that fetal echocardiography plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of trisomy 18. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 35:, 2007
Cross‐national job stress: a quantitative and qualitative study
Authors: Liu Cong , Spector Paul E. , Shi Lin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUsing both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study contrasted employees' job stress perceptions and their relationships to strains in China and the United States. Significant job stressor–strain correlations were found in both countries. However, hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant interactions of country by job stressors in predicting job strains, indicating the unique patterns of stressor–strain relationships in China and the United States. In the qualitative analyses, American employees reported significantly more incidents of lack of job control, direct interpersonal conflict, lack of team coordination, anger, frustration, feeling overwhelmed, and stomach problems than the Chinese. Chinese employees reported significantly more incidents of job evaluations, work mistakes, indirect conflict, employment conditions, lack of training, anxiety, helplessness, sleep problems, and feeling hot than the Americans. The qualitative approach contributed above and beyond the quantitative results in that it revealed culture‐specific job stressors of job evaluations, work mistakes, and indirect conflict that had been overlooked in western‐based stress research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyridoxamine, a scavenger agent of carbohydrates
Authors: Adrover Miquel , Vilanova Bartolomé , Muñoz Francisco , Donoso Josefa 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPyridoxamine has been found to inhibit protein glycation and to avoid the formation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs). One of the mechanisms by which pyridoxamine can inhibit glycation involves the scavenger of carbonyl groups with glycation capacity. In this work, we conducted a kinetic study of the reactions of pyridoxamine with various carbohydrates under physiological pH and temperature. The reactions involving hexoses were found to give a tricyclic compound (5) in addition to pyridoxal and pyridoxine. Such a tricyclic compound inhibits the Amadori rearrangement and the formation of other carbonyl compounds with glycating properties. The reactions involving pentoses gave compound 7 and pyridoxal—by transamination of the Schiff base. The transamination reaction enhances the inhibitory action of pyridoxamine. The formation rate constants for the Schiff base, k3, were found to be similar to those for the reactions of D‐glucose with amino acids, which suggests competition between pyridoxamine and terminal amino residues in proteins for glycating sites in sugars. These constants are dependent on the electrophilic character of the carbonyl carbon in the carbohydrate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 154–167, 2007
Clinical evaluation of a hyaluronan‐based gel following microsurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerves of the hand
Authors: Atzei Andrea , Calcagni Maurizio , Breda Bruno , Fasolo Giampaolo , Pajardi Giorgio , Cugola Landino 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA controlled clinical trial was performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of the hyaluronate‐based gel polymer Hyaloglide® after microsurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerves of the hand. Thirty patients were randomized to receive either no postsurgical treatment (n = 16) or Hyaloglide® (n = 14) and were clinically evaluated at various intervals for 1 year. The application of Hyaloglide® posed no safety concerns. Efficacy was assessed by the recovery of sensitivity, measurement of pain, and progression of Tinel's sign. The Hyaloglide®‐treated group showed better improvement in recovery from pain, approaching statistical significance during the first 3 months postsurgery. Likewise, recovery of sensitivity was also higher in the Hyaloglide®‐treated group throughout the entire follow‐up period, and the distance of Tinel's sign was longer in the Hyaloglide®‐treated group (P < 0.05 at day 30). The application of Hyaloglide® may improve recovery of sensitivity and decrease pain following microsurgical repair of the peripheral nerves of the hand. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 27, 2007.
Origin and history of end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy
Authors: Papalia I. , Geuna S. , D'alcontres F. Stagno , Tos P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis historical note offers a perspective concerning the origin of the employment of end‐to‐side (termino‐lateral) anastomosis for nerve repair and summarizes the works that have been published on this surgical technique through the first part of the 20th Century. While the origin of end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy is usually dated to the beginning of the 20th Century, some works referring to this technique were published earlier, the first of which dates as far back as 1873. A number of interesting clinical and experimental studies have been carried out on end‐to‐side nerve anastomosis during the first years of the twentieth century. However, this literature is not easily detectable through current online scientific databases. In this paper we will give an overview of these early works. This history contributes interesting information to the debate surrounding this surgical concept and adds perspective to the use of a technique that has attracted a great deal of attention over the last 15 years. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Urtica ferox neuropathy
Authors: Hammond‐Tooke Graeme D. , Taylor Peter , Punchihewa Saman , Beasley Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA 21‐year‐old student developed an acute, symmetrical, predominantly motor polyneuropathy within 48 h of walking through a patch of nettles (Urtica ferox). Two companions had similar but less severe symptoms. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated markedly reduced compound muscle action potentials and prolonged distal motor latencies. Recovery occurred over a period of a few weeks. This case demonstrates that cutaneous exposure to Urtica ferox can cause an acute polyneuropathy and that its stinging hairs contain an unidentified neurotoxin. Muscle Nerve, 2007
An extended finite element library
Authors: Bordas Stéphane , Nguyen Phu Vinh , Dunant Cyrille , Guidoum Amor , Nguyen‐Dang Hung 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper presents and exercises a general structure for an object‐oriented‐enriched finite element code. The programming environment provides a robust tool for extended finite element (XFEM) computations and a modular and extensible system. The programme structure has been designed to meet all natural requirements for modularity, extensibility, and robustness. To facilitate mesh–geometry interactions with hundreds of enrichment items, a mesh generator and mesh database are included. The salient features of the programme are: flexibility in the integration schemes (subtriangles, subquadrilaterals, independent near‐tip, and discontinuous quadrature rules); domain integral methods for homogeneous and bi‐material interface cracks arbitrarily oriented with respect to the mesh; geometry is described and updated by level sets, vector level sets or a standard method; standard and enriched approximations are independent; enrichment detection schemes: topological, geometrical, narrow‐band, etc.; multi‐material problem with an arbitrary number of interfaces and slip‐interfaces; non‐linear material models such as J2 plasticity with linear, isotropic and kinematic hardening. To illustrate the possible applications of our paradigm, we present 2D linear elastic fracture mechanics for hundreds of cracks with local near‐tip refinement, and crack propagation in two dimensions as well as complex 3D industrial problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and identification of bacterial cell surface proteins by fluorescent labeling
Authors: Anaya Cecilia , Church Nadia , Lewis Janina P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid method of detection and identification of bacterial cell surface proteins is needed to better understand the interaction of bacteria with host components. To detect cell surface proteins, we have labeled cells of the Gram‐negative anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, with fluorescent cyanine dyes, Cy3 and Cy5. We demonstrate that only cell surface proteins were labeled, indicating the method applied in our study is suitable for detection and identification of cell surface proteins in Gram‐negative bacteria and possibly other organisms.
Estimating the predictive quality of dose–response after model selection
Authors: Hu Chuanpu , Dong Yingwen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrediction of dose–response is important in dose selection in drug development. As the true dose–response shape is generally unknown, model selection is frequently used, and predictions based on the final selected model. Correctly assessing the quality of the predictions requires accounting for the uncertainties caused by the model selection process, which has been difficult. Recently, a new approach called data perturbation has emerged. It allows important predictive characteristics be computed while taking model selection into consideration. We study, through simulation, the performance of data perturbation in estimating standard error of parameter estimates and prediction errors. Data perturbation was found to give excellent prediction error estimates, although at times large Monte Carlo sizes were needed to obtain good standard error estimates. Overall, it is a useful tool to characterize uncertainties in dose–response predictions, with the potential of allowing more accurate dose selection in drug development. We also look at the influence of model selection on estimation bias. This leads to insights into candidate model choices that enable good dose–response prediction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.