bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of insulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor occurs via ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway in human lung cancer cells
Authors: Carelli Stephana , Di Giulio Anna Maria , Paratore Simona , Bosari Silvano , Gorio Alfredo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) is often overexpressed in malignant tumors, and is involved in the establishment and maintenance of malignant phenotypes. Tyrosine kinase receptor endocytosis is commonly triggered by ligand binding and occurs via clathrin‐coated vescicles that transfer the receptor to the lysosome system for degradation. Our study aims at the evaluation of the mechanisms involved in IGF‐IR downregulation in neoplastic (Npl) and non‐neoplastic (non‐Npl) cells. Exposure to insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) of human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549 and H1299) triggers IGF‐IR ubiquitination and internalization processes that require energy and are preceded by the phosphorylation of receptor tyrosines. Differently from other plasma membrane substrates of the ubiquitin system, IGF‐IR is degraded mostly by the proteasome in these tumor cell lines. The degradation is inhibited by lactacystin and unaffected by lysosomal inhibitors such as bafilomycin A1 and NH4Cl. IGF‐IR is processed in a similar manner also in fresh specimens of human lung tumors, while it requires active lysosomal functions in non‐Npl human lung tissues. These results suggest that the degradation routes of ubiquitinated IGF‐IR diverge in normal and Npl cells, and further support the involvement of IGF‐IR signaling in cancer. Such a different route for IGF‐IR processing might take place sometime during development, since both proteasome and lysosome pathways are active in fetal lung human fibroblasts, IMR90 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 354–362, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inclusion of the (T) triples correction into the linear‐r12 corrected coupled‐cluster model CCSD(R12)
Authors: Fliegl Heike , Hättig Christof , Klopper Wim 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe recently developed singles‐and‐doubles linear‐r12 corrected coupled‐cluster model CCSD(R12) has been extended by inclusion of triples corrections in exactly the same manner as in the popular CCSD(T) model. The resulting model is denoted CCSD(T)(R12). An orthonormal auxiliary basis set is used for the resolution‐of‐the‐identity approximation to calculate the three‐ and four‐electron integrals needed in the linear‐r12 Ansatz. CCSD(T)(R12) reaction energies are calculated for a test set of 15 chemical reactions involving 23 small molecules. The CCSD(T)(R12), CCSD(R12), and MP2‐R12 results are compared with experimental data obtained by correcting experimental enthalpies of reaction for zero‐point vibrational energies and finite temperature contributions. Conventional MP2, CCSD, and CCSD(T) results are presented for comparison. An estimate of the basis set limit is obtained by an aug‐cc‐pV(Q + d)Z/aug‐cc‐pV(5 + d)Z CCSD(T) extrapolation for a subset of 12 reactions. All CCSD(T) results are compared with the extrapolated values, and the errors are analyzed for the CCSD(T) and CCSD(T)(R12) models in various basis sets. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Repression of Cap-Dependent Translation Attenuates the Transformed Phenotype in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Both In vitro and In vivo
Authors: Jacobson Blake A. , Alter Michael D. , Kratzke Marian G. , Frizelle Sandra P. , Zhang Ying , Peterson Mark S. , Avdulov Svetlana , Mohorn Riikka P. , Whitson Bryan A. , Bitterman Peter B. , Polunovsky Vitaly A. , Kratzke Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Aberrant hyperactivation of the cap-dependent protein synthesis apparatus has been documented in a wide range of solid tumors, including epithelial carcinomas, but causal linkage has only been established in breast carcinoma. In this report, we sought to determine if targeted disruption of deregulated cap-dependent translation abrogates tumorigenicity and enhances cell death in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC cell lines were stably transfected with either wild-type 4E-BP1 (HA-4E-BP1) or the dominant-active mutant 4E-BP1A37/A46 (HA-TTAA). Transfected NSCLC cells with enhanced translational repression showed pronounced cell death following treatment with gemcitabine. In addition, transfected HA-TTAA and HA-4E-BP1wt proteins suppressed growth in a cloning efficiency assay. NSCLC cells transduced with HA-TTAA also show decreased tumorigenicity in xenograft models. Xenograft tumors expressing HA-TTAA were significantly smaller than control tumors. This work shows that hyperactivation of the translational machinery is necessary for maintenance of the malignant phenotype in NSCLC, identifies the molecular strategy used to activate translation, and supports the development of lung cancer therapies that directly target the cap-dependent translation initiation complex. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4256-62)
Sex-Determining Region Y Box 4 Is a Transforming Oncogene in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Pengbo , Ramachandran Sumathi , Ali Seyed Mohamed , Scharer Christopher D. , Laycock Noelani , Dalton W. Brian , Williams Holly , Karanam Suresh , Datta Milton W. , Jaye David L. , Moreno Carlos S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous neoplasm and second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in western men. To investigate the mechanisms of prostate cancer development and progression, we did expression profiling of human prostate cancer and benign tissues. We show that the SOX4 is overexpressed in prostate tumor samples compared with benign tissues by microarray analysis, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. We also show that SOX4 expression is highly correlated with Gleason score at the mRNA and protein level using tissue microarrays. Genes affected by SOX4 expression were also identified, including BCL10, CSF1, and NcoA4/ARA70. TLE-1 and BBC3/PUMA were identified as direct targets of SOX4. Silencing of SOX4 by small interfering RNA transfection induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, suggesting that SOX4 could be a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Stable transfection of SOX4 into nontransformed prostate cells enabled colony formation in soft agar, suggesting that, in the proper cellular context, SOX4 can be a transforming oncogene. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4011-9)
Tumor-Induced Expansion of Regulatory T Cells by Conversion of CD4+CD25− Lymphocytes Is Thymus and Proliferation Independent
Authors: Valzasina Barbara , Piconese Silvia , Guiducci Cristiana , Colombo Mario P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe CD25− and CD25+ CD4 T-lymphocyte compartments are tightly regulated. We show here that tumors break such balance, increasing the number of CD4+CD25+ T cells in draining lymph node and spleen but not contralateral node of tumor-bearing mice. Tumor injection in thymectomized and CD25-depleted mice shows that CD4+CD25+ T-cell expansion occurs even in the absence of the thymus and independently from proliferation of preexisting CD25+ T cells. These newly generated cells are bona fide regulatory T cells (T reg) in terms of Foxp3 expression and suppression of CD3-stimulated or allogeneic effector cell proliferation. Transfer of congenic Thy1.1 CD4+CD25− T cells, from mice treated or not with vinblastine, into tumor-bearing or tumor-free mice and analysis of recovered donor lymphocytes indicate that conversion is the main mechanism for acquiring the expression of CD25 and Foxp3 through a process that does not require proliferation. Although conversion of CD4+CD25− T cells for generation of T regs has been described as a natural process that maintains peripheral T-reg population, this process is used by the tumor for immune escape. The prompt recovery of T regs from monoclonal antibody–mediated CD25 depletion in tumor-bearing mice suggests attempts able to inactivate rather than deplete them when treating existing tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4488-95)
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004
Authors: Franklin James L. , Pasch Richard J. , Avila Lixion A. , Beven John L. , Lawrence Miles B. , Stewart Stacy R. , Blake Eric S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe 2004 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized, and the year’s tropical and subtropical cyclones are described. Fifteen named storms, including six “major” hurricanes, developed in 2004. Overall activity was nearly two and a half times the long-term mean. The season was one of the most devastating on record, resulting in over 3100 deaths basinwide and record property damage in the United States.
Radar and Damage Analysis of Severe Bow Echoes Observed during BAMEX
Authors: Wheatley Dustan M. , Trapp Robert J. , Atkins Nolan T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This study examines damaging-wind production by bow-shaped convective systems, commonly referred to as bow echoes. Recent idealized numerical simulations suggest that, in addition to descending rear inflow at the bow echo apex, low-level mesovortices within bow echoes can induce damaging straight-line surface winds. In light of these findings, detailed aerial and ground surveys of wind damage were conducted immediately following five bow echo events observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV) Experiment (BAMEX) field phase. These damage locations were overlaid directly onto Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) images to (i) elucidate where damaging surface winds occurred within the bow-shaped convective system (in proximity to the apex, north of the apex, etc.), and then (ii) explain the existence of these winds in the context of the possible damaging-wind mechanisms.
The results of this study provide clear observational evidence that low-level mesovortices within bow echoes can produce damaging straight-line winds at the ground. When present in the BAMEX dataset, mesovortex winds produced the most significant wind damage. Also in the BAMEX dataset, it was observed that smaller-scale bow echoes—those with horizontal scales of tens of kilometers or less—produced more significant wind damage than mature, extensive bow echoes (except when mesovortices were present within the larger-scale systems).
Reaction Behavior of Cumulene in Diels–Alder and Friedel–Crafts Reactions
Authors: Asakawa Tomohiro , Iinuma Mie , Furuta Takumi , Fujii Satoshi , Kan Toshiyuki , Tanaka Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Diels–Alder and Friedel–Crafts reactions of [3]cumulene 1 were investigated. Although the Diels–Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene selectively occurred on the C2, 3 double bond to give tetrasubstituted allenyl products, the Friedel–Crafts addition of electron-rich heteroaromatics and subsequent protonation cleanly occurred on the C3, 4 double bond to afford tetrasubstituted conjugated dienes.
Who Builds Theatres and Why?
Authors: Reiss Alvin H. 
Published: April 2006

Whoever coined the expression “cultural explosion” to describe America's flirtation with the arts must have taken a decibel count first. For whether we are experiencing a true artistic renaissance, or, as the recent Twentieth Century Fund study suggests, merely witnessing a modest expansion of arts activity, one thing is certain—whatever is happening is not happening quietly.When a community, an organization, or even a small group of individuals decides to build a new theatre or arts center, the announcements stream forth, press conferences are called, and words flow endlessly from mayors, civic leaders, businessmen, and occasionally from arts professionals. On December 11, 1966, for example, three lengthy articles about arts centers appeared in the New York Times.
Text-Books for African Schools. A Preliminary Memorandum by the Council
Authors: The Executive Council  
Published: April 2006

Text-Books used in African schools are admittedly to a large extent not satisfactory. Many of them are neither adapted to the life and mind of the people whom they are intended to teach, nor do they meet the requirements of the principles of modern education. The call for better school-books in Africa is therefore general.The International Institute of African Languages and Cultures considers it as one of its foremost duties to direct attention to this serious and urgent problem, which needs careful study, and for the solution of which the co-operation of those engaged in education in Africa is imperatively required.
Fr. Lodovico Melzo's Rules for Cavalry
Authors: Gilbert Allan 
Published: April 2006

The lieutenant general of the Spanish cavalry in the Low Countries at the Truce of 1609 was Frate Lodovico Melzo, a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem and a member of an important Milanese family. He represents the Italian professional soldier of the period.In 1611 there appeared at Antwerp his Regole Militari sopra il Governo e Servitio della Cavalleria. This is a folio volume printed in large Italic type, with an engraved title page representing Pallas and Hercules and three typical cavalry soldiers [Plate I], and with a number of double-page folding plates to illustrate the text. Melzo explains in the dedication to his leader, the Archduke Albert, that as soon as the peace of 1609 was made, he judged it a good employment of his leisure to gather together those rules that in the experience of many years he had observed on the conduct and special service of cavalry.
A Medallion of Antoninus Pius
Authors: Van Buren A. W. 
Published: April 2006

There are published several examples of a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, dated A.D. 140–144, with the following reverse (fig 33):AESCVLAPIVS in exergue.Ship to right under arched structure; one man is visible on ship; at prow, serpent springing to right; to right, river-god facing left with right hand extended in greeting; above him, indications of rocks; above them, three buildings and a tree.The casual observer would naturally interpret the scene as follows : “From under a bridge comes a ship in motion, from the prow of which a serpent leaps to the land; a river-god greets him; the inscription AESCVLAPIVS identifies the scene as the arrival of the sacred snake of Aesculapius at the Insula Tiberina, the Insula Tiberina being represented to the right, and a bridge across the Tiber (Pons Aemilius?) to the left; the river-god being the Tiber.”
Stephani on the Tombs at Mycenae
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: April 2006

In the Compte rendu of the Russian Imperial Archaeological Commission for 1877, which has just made its appearance, Dr. Stephani, one of the most learned and experienced of archaeologists, has boldly attacked the antiquity of the graves discovered by Dr. Schliemann at Mycenae. The circumstances of that discovery will be fresh in the memory of our readers. As soon as English archaeologists had an opportunity of examining the various objects discovered by Dr. Schliemann in the graves, they at once gave their verdict, all but unanimously, that what was found belonged to the pre-historic times of Greece. And in this country it is now commonly assumed that the antiquities of Mycenae must form the subject of the first chapter of any account of Greek artistic production. But the reputation of Dr. Stephani is deservedly so great that his entry into the controversy compels us to a reconsideration of the whole problem, and a careful examination of the new light which he has to offer.This task I have undertaken, not without reluctance. And whatever may be my inferiority to M. Stephani in the matter of learning and experience, I have over him the great advantage that whereas he judges of the Mycenaean treasures from engravings and photographs, I have seen them not once, but many times, have examined them with utmost care, and have for years been seeking in all quarters for anything to throw light on their date and origin.
An Archaic Vase with Representation of a Marriage Procession
Authors: Smith Cecil 
Published: April 2006

The vase which forms the subject of this memoir has been thought worthy of publication, both because it belongs to a type of which we have as yet but few examples, and also on account of the peculiar interest attaching to the design painted upon it. Its probable age can only be a matter of conjecture, as some of the vases of the class to which it belongs have been considered by archaeologists to be late imitations of the archaic, while on the other hand the internal evidence of the painting would seem to assign it to a place among the earliest class of Greek vases. It is figured on Plate VII.It is a circular dish with two handles, 3 inches high by 11¾ inches diameter, composed of a soft reddish clay of a yielding surface; the painting is laid on in a reddish brown, in some parts so thinly as to be transparent, and in other parts has rubbed away with the surface, so that it has acquired that patchy appearance generally characteristic of vase pictures of this type. The drawing, though crude and in parts almost grotesque, is executed with great spirit and freedom of style,—and thus could hardly have been the work of a late provincial artist—while in the shape of the column and of the wheel of the cart, in the prominent nose and chin which admit of no distinction between bearded and beardless faces, and in the angular contour of the human figures, we recognise features peculiar to an archaic period of art.
La musique Arabe en Israël: sa préservation, sa rénovation
Authors: Hofman Shlomo 
Published: April 2006

Le sort de la musique arabe en Israël pourrait susciter de sérieux doutes parmi les musiciens qui ne connaissent pas assez l'aspect culturel de ce pays, ou sa musique en général, ou celle de sa population arabe en particulier.Le fait est qu'il existe ici, dans le domaine de la culture musicale arabe, des conditions bien différentes de celles des pays voisins essentiellement arabes, ce qui entraîne des conséquences pour la préservation et la rénovation de la musique arabe. Sur le plan démographique, la population arabe en Israël constitue une minorité (12 per cent environ de l'ensemble de la population), comprenant, d'une part, des musulmans, des chrétiens, et leur parents les druzes, d'autre part, des bédouins mi-nomades et des villageois—les deux groupes vivant dans un milieu plus ou moins arabe—et des citadins qui, par contre, sont mêlés à la population juive des grandes villes (employés, étudiants, commerçants, etc.).
The Bourdon of the East–Its Regional and Universal Trends
Authors: Gerson-Kiwi Edith 
Published: April 2006

In the general re-orientation concerning the origins and the true nature of Western polyphony, the bourdon techniques of the Orient are considered as one of the basic forms of simultaneous sound combination. Though not “polyphony” in the accepted meaning of the word, the bourdon has generated a number of polyphonic devices, a kind of proto-polyphony which may perhaps be the living archetypes behind the dead letters of notated music of the Middle Ages, and of their actual performance.Though the bourdon has already been acknowledged as one of the essential polyphonic forms of the Mediterranean countries, neither the Islamic countries nor central India were explored as to their possible contribution in the field of folk polyphony. Paradoxically, it is just the so-called “monophonic” raga and maqam techniques which are closely bound to the various bourdon styles, and which therefore are actually a polyphonic performance.
Haphazard Assembly as a Pre-Musical Form of Polyphony
Authors: Hoerburger Felix 
Published: April 2006

A few years ago I published a short article on a strange phenomenon, which I dared to call “polyphony.” In the meanwhile, Curt Sachs treated a very similar phenomenon in his last book and I felt encouraged to take up this problem once more. I mentioned two examples.In a village in southern Rumania, I observed some thirty or forty women going to the churchyard; there, each woman stood in front of a tomb and sang a song. Each woman sang a different melody and there was no musical relation between one song and the other. And yet the whole formed a uniform expression in a higher, let us say, extra-musical sense.
L'improvisation et l'Ornementation en Orient et en Occident
Authors: Hacobian Z. 
Published: April 2006

Il semble que le rô1e important de l'improvisation dans l'évolution de la musique soit quelque peu oublié de nos jours, ainsi que le fait qu'elle peut être, souvent, considérée comme la base de toute production musicale. L'étude de la constitution et de l'évolution de nombreuses formes musicales est toujours révélatrice à cet égard et ceci surtout aux époques où l'artiste était à la fois créateur et interprète. Ne peut-on pas dire, en exagérant à peine, qu'avant l'invention d'une notation précise toute musique était plus ou moins improvisée ?Il est certain que des formes telles que Prélude, Toccata et Ricercare ont été, à l'origine, des formes d'improvisation, mais on ne peut naturellement pas limiter à quelques formes ni à une certaine époque ce qu'on pourrait appeler “tendance a l'improvisation”, volonté qui se manifeste presqu' à toutes les époques, sous des aspects différents.
Transcription and Transnotation in Ethnomusicology
Authors: Herzog Avigdor 
Published: April 2006

The problems of transcription and transnotation in ethnomusicology are especially important in Israel today because the concentration of so many different ethnic groups has led to increased research in their various folk musics. Within the traditional system of musical notation only pitch and duration of a sound can be reflected, while colour and dynamic level must be conveyed by other means. Obviously, such notation is insufficient for the ethnomusicologist who needs an objective, impersonal account of all the musical qualities of that which is actually performed.Various solutions to this problem have been proposed. Analytical transcription incorporates all elements of the music and its performance—i.e., not only the pitches sung, but the artistic nuances of the performer as well. The problems which arise here are mainly those of accuracy within the framework of our standard notation. Even with the addition of special symbols, truly accurate results remain impossible to attain.
Towards the Exploration of National Idiosyncrasies in Wandering Song-Tunes
Authors: Salmen Walter 
Published: April 2006

IT has often been shown that wandering song-tunes are genuine expressions of national idiosyncrasies; that the physiognomy of a people and a province can be judged from folk songs, which, as Goethe says, ‘crystallise the characteristics of a nation.’The wandering of melodies and melodic patterns over time and space was discussed by W. Tappert as early as 1865 in a very stimulating musical study, without, however, resulting in any direct solution of the present problem. Further progress was made by 0. Fleischer in his publications in SIMG, Vols. 1 and 4, which were later followed by several shorter essays. In more expansive style and with the assistance of indispensable synoptic melodic tables, W. Danckert continued these attempts at analysis and description, chiefly in his book, Das Europäische Volkslied (1939), in a manner which, for the most part, was neither free from prejudice nor convincing.
La musique à l'époque de la peinture paléolithique
Authors: Wiora Walter 
Published: April 2006

On connaît les plastiques et les figures célèbres gravées dans les parois de l'époque paléolithique, c'est-à-dire créées pendant le dernier stade de la période glaciaire environ vingt cinq à dix mille ans avant Jésus-Christ. Elles nous prouvent combien on se trompe en préjugeant que l'art des ces temps ne s'élève pas au-dessus d'un niveau tout à fait primitif. Les hommes qui nous ont laissé de telles oeuvres ont-ils developpé également la musique?Les peintures en Espagne de Test et en Afrique du nord datent d'une époque plus récente que l'art francocantabrique, mais malgré de grandes différences quelques traits principaux du style leur sont communs. Les groupes dont il s'agit n'étaient plus des chasseurs de niveau assez bas tuant le gibier de tout près à l'aide de pierres, de massues ou de lances primitives mais des chasseurs plus évolués se servant des flèches et de javelots pour atteindre le bison, le renne et d'autres grosses bêtes. Ils chassaient dans les vastes steppes et tiraient à longue distance.