bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body image preference among Nigerians with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Okoro EO , Oyejola BA 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSelf‐estimates of body mass and preferred body figure for individuals with type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension and preferences of body figure for the opposite gender were measured in order to determine how Nigerians with either or both conditions perceive their body sizes and that of the opposite gender.Adults with type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension attending a diabetes clinic, who volunteered to take part in the study, were requested to select body sizes from a standard figure rating scale (of 1–9 with 9 being the largest) to represent their current body figure perception (CBFP) and their preferred body figure (PBF) for themselves and the opposite gender. Selected anthropometric and demographic data were also collected.A total of 139 (84 females) subjects aged 55.71±12.95 years, BMI (kg/m2) of 27.0±5.8 and CBFP of 5.14±1.42 were involved. A highly significant correlation between BMI and CBFP (r = 0.69, p<0.001) was observed. CBFP was highly predictive of actual body size (BMI) with both parameters related as CBFP = 0.59±0.17 BMI (0.02), R2 = 0.47. Strikingly, 68.3% (95) of the subjects selected a body figure with visible fat for their current self, i.e. scale 5 and above. Also, 67.2% of the males and 61.9% of females preferred the opposite gender to have body silhouettes with visible fat. PBF was not too dissimilar from CBFP selected by most subjects, but more (p<0.01) females than males were significantly dissatisfied with their existing body shape.In conclusion, the results suggest that the study population was overweight and preferred to remain so or only slightly less overweight. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Continuous blood glucose monitoring: does it really affect diabetic control?
Authors: Ng JM , Patel J , Gibson H , Jennings PE 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThere remains uncertainty concerning the use of continuous blood glucose monitoring (CBGM) systems in the assessment and management of diabetes control.We examined 42 consecutive patients who attended a district hospital over a two‐year period and had CBGM performed to determine if the data obtained had benefited patient care.There was an easily identifiable pattern in the 72‐hour glycaemic trend in 25 patients. Out of this number, 15 patients had nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The average follow‐up time was seven months, whilst the total daily dose of insulin administered per day fell insignificantly from 55.7 initially to 55.4 units/24hr. HbA1c improved marginally over this time in all patients, reducing from 8.88% to 8.55%.CBGM offers a marginal advantage over home blood glucose monitoring where glycaemic patterns are poorly understood. However, from our observations, the use of CBGM independently in the management of glycaemic control in diabetes is, overall, ineffective, but it may be useful in the identification of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Defence mechanisms in schizophrenia
Authors: Shaw Richard J. , Geurse Maria K. , Steiner Hans 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim In this study, the aim was to conduct an empirical study of the nature of defence mechanisms in a group of subjects with schizophrenia.Methods Forty‐four clinically stable, medicated subjects with schizophrenia completed the Response Evaluation Measure (REM‐71), a self‐report measure used to assess defence mechanisms, and were rated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) to assess severity of psychopathology. Responses on the REM‐71 were compared with 136 age and gender‐matched control subjects.Results Subjects with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to endorse the use of immature but not mature defence mechanisms when compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). There was no relationship between responses on the REM‐71 and the BPRS. Test–retest reliability of the REM‐71 was supported by findings that responses by subjects with schizophrenia were unchanged when reassessed after a two‐week time interval.Conclusions Clinically stable subjects with schizophrenia are found to endorse the use of immature defence mechanisms that have been found to have associations with negative outcomes, including in the area of mood, self‐efficacy and quality of life. Defence style may be an important mediator of psychosocial outcomes, and knowledge of specific defence patterns may have important clinical implications for both prognosis and treatment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality disorders in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Simonsen Erik , Haahr Ulrik , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Friis Svein , Johannessen Jan Olav , Larsen Tor K. , Melle Ingrid , Opjordsmoen Stein , Rund Bjørn Rishovd , McGlashan Thomas , Vaglum Per 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of personality disorders in the early course of first‐episode psychosis and their likely presence in the premorbid period. Fifty‐five patients were enrolled at baseline and premorbid function was evaluated by the Premorbid Adjustment Scale. Thirty‐three of these of the patients were assessed at two‐year follow‐up for comorbid personality disorders by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Personality Disorders and by the self‐report instrument Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐II. Half of the patients met the criteria of two or more personality disorders, while one‐third of the patients did not fulfil the criteria for any personality disorder. The schizoid and the avoidant were the most frequent personality disorders and both were associated with social withdrawal during childhood and adolescence. The limitation of the study is the small sample, the retrospective assessment and a 40% attrition rate. The strengths are that it is a clinical epidemiological sample of first‐episode psychotic patients and that different but complimentary measures of the personality disorders were used. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Features and applications of blue‐native and clear‐native electrophoresis
Authors: Wittig Ilka , Schägger Hermann 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1‐D native electrophoresis is used for the separation of individual proteins, protein complexes, and supercomplexes. Stable and labile protein–protein interactions can be identified depending on detergent and buffer conditions. 1‐D native gels are immediately applicable for in‐gel detection of fluorescent‐labeled proteins and for in‐gel catalytic activity assays. 1‐D native gels and blots are used to determine native mass and oligomeric state of membrane proteins. Protein extracts from 1‐D native gels are used for generation of antibodies, for proteomic work, and for advanced structural investigations. 2‐D separation of subunits of protein complexes by SDS‐PAGE is mostly used for immunological and proteomic studies. Following the discussion of these general features, specific applications of native electrophoresis techniques in various research fields are highlighted: immunological and receptor studies, biogenesis and assembly of membrane protein complexes, protein import into organelles, dynamics of proteasomes, proteome and subproteome investigations, the identification and quantification of mitochondrial alterations in apoptosis, carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and the vast variety of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies.
Plasma membrane proteome in Arabidopsis and rice
Authors: Komatsu Setsuko 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPlant cells contain many membrane systems that are specially adapted to perform particular functions. In plant cells, the processing of signals that are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stressors occurs in the plasma membrane. Therefore, characterization of the plasma membrane proteome can provide new insights into the functions of various plant membrane systems. Plant plasma membrane proteomics can also provide valuable information for plant‐specific biological investigations. Despite recent advances in preparative and analytical techniques for plant plasma membrane proteins, the characterization of these proteins, particularly the hydrophobic ones, remains challenging. In this review, plant plasma membrane proteomics data compiled from the literature on Arabidopsis thaliana are presented. Initial attempts to determine the physiological significance of some proteins identified from plasma membrane proteomics in rice and other plants are also described from the results of our research.
Biotinylation reagents for the study of cell surface proteins
Authors: Elia Giuliano 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe extraordinarily stable, non‐covalent interaction between avidin and biotin is one of the most commonly exploited tools in chemistry and biology. Methods for derivatization with biotin of a variety of molecules (in particular, proteins) have been introduced, in order to allow their efficient recovery, immobilization and detection with avidin‐based reagents. The field has evolved very rapidly and the applications have become more and more sophisticated. Cell surface protein studies have enormously benefited from refinements of this technology. It is now possible to specifically biotinylate one single membrane protein or to fish out a membrane receptor bound to its ligand. The release of biotinylated molecules from the avidin‐based reagents, however, may still represent a major problem, due to the stability of the complex. This review will examine the biotin–avidin technology for the study of cell surface proteins, discussing reagents and techniques as well as examples of applications in quantitative proteomics.
Proteomics of mitochondrial inner and outer membranes
Authors: Distler Anne M. , Kerner Janos , Hoppel Charles L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFor the proteomic study of mitochondrial membranes, documented high quality mitochondrial preparations are a necessity to ensure proper localization. Despite the state‐of‐the‐art technologies currently in use, there is no single technique that can be used for all studies of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Herein, we use examples to highlight solubilization techniques, different chromatographic methods, and developments in gel electrophoresis for proteomic analysis of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Blue‐native gel electrophoresis has been successful not only for dissection of the inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation system, but also for the components of the outer membrane such as those involved in protein import. Identification of PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and nitration of mitochondrial membrane proteins has been greatly improved by the use of affinity techniques. However, understanding of the biological effect of these modifications is an area for further exploration. The rapid development of proteomic methods for both identification and quantitation, especially for modifications, will greatly impact the understanding of the mitochondrial membrane proteome.
Proteomics of membrane receptors and signaling
Authors: Kabbani Nadine 
Published: September 2008

AbstractReceptors represent an abundant class of integral membrane proteins that transmit information on various types of signals within the cell. Assemblages of receptors and their interacting proteins (receptor complexes) have emerged as important units of signal transduction for various types of receptors including G protein coupled, ligand‐gated ion channel, and receptor tyrosine kinase. This review aims to summarize the major approaches and findings of receptor proteomics. Isolation and characterization of receptor complexes from cells has become common using the methods of immunoaffinity‐, ligand‐, and tag‐based chromatography followed by MS for the analysis of enriched receptor preparations. In addition, tools such as stable isotope labeling have contributed to understanding quantitative properties and PTMs to receptors and their interacting proteins. As data from studies on receptor–protein interactions considerably expands, complementary approaches such as bioinformatics and computational biology will undoubtedly play a significant role in defining cellular and network functions for various types of receptor complexes. Findings from receptor proteomics may also shed light on the mechanism of action for pharmacological drugs and can be of value in understanding molecular pathologies of disease states.
Membrane proteins and membrane proteomics
Authors: Tan Sandra , Tan Hwee Tong , Chung Maxey C. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBiological membranes form an essential barrier between living cells and their external environments, as well as serve to compartmentalize intracellular organelles within eukaryotes. The latter includes membranes that envelope the nucleus, the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria, membrane cisternae complex of the ER, Golgi apparatus, as well as lysosomes and secretory vesicles. Depending on their localizations in the whole organism and also within the cell, these membranes have different, highly specialized functions. Although 30% of naturally occurring proteins are predicted to be embedded in biological membranes, membrane proteomics is traditionally understudied due to difficulties in solubilizing, separating, and identifying membrane proteins. Given the importance of membrane proteins in the various cellular processes listed in this review, as well as the roles they play in diseases and their potential as drug targets, it is imperative that this class of proteins be better studied. With the recent advancement in technology, it is expected that some of the difficulties in membrane proteomics will be overcome, yielding new data on membrane proteins.
Intercomparison of Inversion Algorithms for Particle‐Sizing Using Mie Scattering
Authors: Riefler Norbert , Wriedt Thomas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe applicability of different inversion algorithms to retrieve a size distribution of particles in air from light scattering is examined. The investigation is focused on an optical measurement setup with an elliptical mirror as the main optical element. In order to evaluate the capabilities of the individual inversion methods, light scattering by spherical particles is simulated in the size ranges of 0.1 – 10 μm and 0.05 – 1 μm. The distribution of the particle diameters is modeled with three different parametric functions, i.e., RRSB, logarithmic‐normal and a more specific distribution from an ultrasonic nebulizer. Different kinds of noise, e.g., additive and/or multiplicative, are applied in different levels to the simulated scattering measurement to include real physical measurement conditions. The convergence properties of the scattering simulation are investigated with respect to the number of size classes, and thus, information concerning the size resolution required to simulate a measurement for a given particle size distribution is obtained. Further parameters of interest are the minimum angular resolution of the measurements, the number of size classes of the retrieved particle size distribution and the measured polarization of the scattered light.
The interface between biomarker discovery and clinical validation: The tar pit of the protein biomarker pipeline
Authors: Paulovich Amanda G. , Whiteaker Jeffrey R. , Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Wang Pei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe application of “omics” technologies to biological samples generates hundreds to thousands of biomarker candidates; however, a discouragingly small number make it through the pipeline to clinical use. This is in large part due to the incredible mismatch between the large numbers of biomarker candidates and the paucity of reliable assays and methods for validation studies. We desperately need a pipeline that relieves this bottleneck between biomarker discovery and validation. This paper reviews the requirements for technologies to adequately credential biomarker candidates for costly clinical validation and proposes methods and systems to verify biomarker candidates. Models involving pooling of clinical samples, where appropriate, are discussed. We conclude that current proteomic technologies are on the cusp of significantly affecting translation of molecular diagnostics into the clinic.
An autoregressive linear mixed effects model for the analysis of longitudinal data which include dropouts and show profiles approaching asymptotes
Authors: Funatogawa Takashi , Funatogawa Ikuko , Takeuchi Masahiro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe are interested in longitudinal data of a continuous response that show profiles with an initial sharp change and approaching asymptotes for each patient, and many patients drop out with a reason related to the response. In this paper, we focus on a model that assumes a dropout process is missing at random (MAR). In this dropout process, we can obtain consistent maximum likelihood estimators as long as both the mean and covariance structures are correctly specified. However, parsimonious covariance structures for the profiles approaching asymptotes are unclear. An autoregressive linear mixed effects model can express the profile with random individual asymptotes. We show that this model provides a new parsimonious covariance structure. The covariance structure at steady state is compound symmetry and the other elements of the covariance depend on the measurement points. In simulation studies, the estimate of the asymptote is unbiased in MAR dropouts, but biased in non‐ignorable dropouts. We also applied this model to actual schizophrenia trial data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for incomplete longitudinal multivariate ordinal data
Authors: Liu Li C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn studies where multiple outcome items are repeatedly measured over time, missing data often occur. A longitudinal item response theory model is proposed for analysis of multivariate ordinal outcomes that are repeatedly measured. Under the MAR assumption, this model accommodates missing data at any level (missing item at any time point and/or missing time point). It allows for multiple random subject effects and the estimation of item discrimination parameters for the multiple outcome items. The covariates in the model can be at any level. Assuming either a probit or logistic response function, maximum marginal likelihood estimation is described utilizing multidimensional Gauss–Hermite quadrature for integration of the random effects. An iterative Fisher‐scoring solution, which provides standard errors for all model parameters, is used. A data set from a longitudinal prevention study is used to motivate the application of the proposed model. In this study, multiple ordinal items of health behavior are repeatedly measured over time. Because of a planned missing design, subjects answered only two‐third of all items at a given point. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A metric‐based approach to identifying refactoring opportunities for merging code clones in a Java software system
Authors: Higo Yoshiki , Kusumoto Shinji , Inoue Katsuro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA code clone is a code fragment that has other code fragments identical or similar to it in the source code. The presence of code clones is generally regarded as one factor that makes software maintenance more difficult. For example, if a code fragment with code clones is modified, it is necessary to consider whether each of the other code clones has to be modified as well. Removing code clones is one way of avoiding problems that arise due to the presence of code clones. This makes the source code more maintainable and more comprehensible. This paper proposes a set of metrics that suggest how code clones can be refactored. As well, the tool Aries, which automatically computes these metrics, is presented. The tool gives metrics that are indicators for certain refactoring methods rather than suggesting the refactoring methods themselves. The tool performs only lightweight source code analysis; hence, it can be applied to a large number of code lines. This paper also describes a case study that illustrates how this tool can be used. Based on the results of this case study, it can be concluded that this method can efficiently merge code clones. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYP51: A Major Drug Target in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily
Authors: Lepesheva Galina I. , Hargrove Tatyana Y. , Kleshchenko Yuliya , Nes W. David , Villalta Fernando , Waterman Michael R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe cytochrome P540 (CYP) superfamily currently includes about 9,000 proteins forming more than 800 families. The enzymes catalyze monooxygenation of a vast array of compounds and play essentially two roles. They provide biodefense (detoxification of xenobiotics, antibiotic production) and participate in biosynthesis of important endogenous molecules, particularly steroids. Based on these two roles, sterol 14|*alpha*|‐demethylases (CYP51) belong to the second group of P450s. The CYP51 family, however, is very special as its members preserve strict functional conservation in enzyme activity in all biological kingdoms. At amino acid identity across the kingdoms as low as 25–30%, they all catalyze essentially the same three‐step reaction of oxidative removal of the 14|*alpha*|‐methyl group from the lanostane frame. This reaction is the required step in sterol biosynthesis of pathogenic microbes. We have shown that specific inhibition of protozoan CYP51 can potentially provide treatment for human trypanosomiases. Three sets of CYP51 inhibitors tested in vitro and in trypanosomal cells in this study include azoles [best results being 50% cell growth inhibition at <1 and at 1.3 μM for Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) and Trypanosoma brucei (TB), respectively], non‐azole compounds (50% TC cell growth inhibition at 5 μM) and substrate analogs of the 14|*alpha*|‐demethylase reaction. 32‐Methylene cyclopropyl lanost‐7‐enol exhibited selectivity toward TC with 50% cell growth inhibition at 3 μM.
Identification of Glycoproteins from Mouse Skin Tumors and Plasma
Authors: Tian Yuan , Kelly-Spratt Karen S. , Kemp Christopher J. , Zhang Hui 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Plasma has been the focus of testing different proteomic technologies for the identification of biomarkers due to its ready accessibility. However, it is not clear if direct proteomic analysis of plasma can be used to discover new marker proteins from tumors that are associated with tumor progression. In this paper, we reported that such proteins can be detected in plasma in a chemical-induced skin cancer model in mice.

Materials and Methods
We analyzed glycoproteins from both benign papillomas and malignant carcinomas from mice using our recently developed platform, solid-phase extraction of glycopeptides and mass spectrometry, and identified 463 unique N-linked glycosites from 318 unique glycoproteins. These include most known extracellular proteins that have been reported to play roles in skin cancer development such as thrombospondin, cathepsins, epidermal growth factor receptor, cell adhesion molecules, cadherins, integrins, tuberin, fibulin, and TGFβ receptor. We further investigated whether these tumor proteins could be detected in plasma from tumor-bearing mice using isotope labeling and 2D liquid chromatography/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Results and Discussion
Two tumor glycoproteins, Tenascin-C and Arylsulfatase B, were identified and quantified successfully in plasma from tumor bearing mice. This result indicates that analysis of tumor-associated proteins in tumors and plasma by a method using glycopeptide capture, isotopic labeling, and mass spectrometry can be used as a discovery tool to identify candidate tumor proteins that may be detected in plasma.