bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Government Pamphlets on the War
Authors: Wilcox Francis O. 
Published: May 2006

In a democracy, understanding is an essential ingredient of intelligent action. We the people cannot be expected to play our proper rôle in the drama unfolding before us today if we are not kept informed about the why and the how of the war. We ought to know our enemies, and their mad dream of world conquest. We ought to know our Allies and the sacrifices they are making to win a war which we could never have won without their help. We ought to know what we as individuals can do to bring our enemies to their knees more quickly. And finally, we ought to know something about the things we are fighting for. In the words of Mr. Elmer Davis, director of the Office of War Information, “This is a people's war, and to win it the people should know as much about it as they can.”To help “facilitate the development of an informed and intelligent understanding … of the status and progress of the war effort”—according to the executive order creating the OWI—the federal government has utilized five main media: motion pictures, the press, radio, graphics, and face-to-face discussion. While reaching a more limited audience, government pamphlets have served as an invaluable sixth medium. A review of a select list of the pamphlets about the war on the world front may be of particular interest to political scientists for two reasons: (1) the publication and distribution of such pamphlets is one important phase of the wartime activities of our government; and (2) they are an excellent source of information for teachers and other community leaders upon whose shoulders has fallen much of the responsibility for keeping our people informed about the war.
VI. The Brazilian Program of Administrative Reform
Authors: Reining Henry 
Published: May 2006

The régime of Getulio Vargas has in the past fourteen years wrought a major transformation in the national government of Brazil. A vast centralization has taken place whereby the states' rights direction of the post-Empire period—1889–1930—was reversed and both the states and the municipalities were brought under control. New ministries and other national organs were created. A merit system was established and a public service organized. The national administration has been integrated both structurally and by means of central management agencies.These sweeping changes have come rapidly, mostly in the past five years. There is added interest for people in the United States of America because the precedents have been taken from the theory and practice of this country. It will not be possible to present in this brief paper more than a summary of the Brazilian administrative reforms.
I. A Practical Approach
Authors: Murray James E. 
Published: May 2006

America has triumphed in the greatest war in all history, but we have yet to face the major enemy at home—unemployment and all the tragic waste and misery occasioned by it. By now it is hardly necessary to stress the grim fact that unemployment is a real threat. We have seen the first impact of demobilization and reconversion in many areas of the nation, especially in communities where aircraft and shipbuilding industries boomed in wartime. Some measures have been taken to cope with these short-run difficulties, and others are now under consideration. But the real danger lies beyond the present demobilization period. Fear has been creeping into the heart of all America—our returning soldiers, our war workers, our young graduates facing an uncertain future, our older and handicapped workers—a fear that relates to what will happen as things get back to “normal.” The dread lies in the word “normal.”We know, of course, and we are constantly being reminded, that for a while one may expect activity of boom proportions—that those who have saved during the war will be purchasing the cars and radios and refrigerators that they have gone without for years, that agricultural and other exports to the devastated world abroad will be at a record peacetime high, that producers will be spending feverishly to restock inventories and replace worn-out capital equipment. However, these are temporary factors which will end all too soon. Nobody has forgotten that they quickly petered out after the last war. When backlogs at home and abroad have been filled, the postwar bubble will burst.
The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities
Authors: Eldersveld Samuel J. 
Published: May 2006

In recent years, party theorists have been much concerned over the validity of the sectional interpretation of American politics. One contention is that sectionalism, if still valid, is being modified, or supplemented, by an urbanrural party alignment which bodes major change for the future. This intuition is of comparatively recent vintage, certainly not a product of the study of political trends before the New Deal, although one writer has attempted to construe a specific earlier election in terms of the tension between urban and rural areas. In the 1920's, however, most analysts decried the urban-rural thesis. Professor Holcombe, writing in 1924, asserted that “whatever may be the cause of the existing partisan alignment in national politics, it is not primarily a conflict between rural and urban interests.” And Stuart Rice concluded in 1928, after specialized studies of voting trends, that “antithetical” facts belie any interpretation of urban-rural election divisions which suggested a clearly defined cleavage.The literature on this subject which has appeared since 1932, however, has persistently suggested a new urban-rural modification of the pattern of presidential politics. In 1933, Professor Holcombe commented on the “radically different … urban politics of the future.”
A Job Analysis of Political Science
Authors: Gaus John M. 
Published: May 2006

Sentiment alone does not send my thoughts back to the first meeting of the Association which I attended—that held in Washington in December, 1920, a quarter of a century ago. You will have no time for that, although, perhaps, entry into a guild and fellowship has its appropriate niche for each of us, and so in some measure plays a collective rôle. The times and circumstances then and now, however, have useful common elements; both meetings followed and follow a world war; both reflect an atmosphere of exhaustion and of worry, of unsettlement, and also of new challenges to effort in the reshaping of things.But lately I have been recalling particularly words spoken at that earlier meeting by the then Secretary of War, Newton Baker, when he addressed the assembled Associations. Some of you will remember how vividly he described an episode in an American offensive in France, when he stood beside the commanding officer in a small hut, the maps and charts before them, and messages poured in as the hour of assault arrived and the troops moved forward. After a time came an appeal from an advanced unit requesting the barrage to be lifted, as their objective was won. The commander studied the maps and charts. “Continue the barrage,” he ordered; “we cannot yet have reached that point.” Later, after the battle was over and prisoners were being questioned, the message was traced to an enemy officer who had thus tried to trick the Americans and had faked the appeal. Secretary Baker drove home his point.
Post-War Municipal Elections in Great Britain
Authors: Robson William A. 
Published: May 2006

The interest and significance of the postwar municipal elections held in Britain can best be appreciated if they are seen against wartime conditions on the one hand and the reconstruction tasks which confront local authorities on the other.In England, as elsewhere, local government was designed to promote the arts of peace. But for six years during World War II it was asked to shoulder burdens of the most formidable kind directly connected with the war effort. The decision to make local authorities responsible, under the guidance of the Ministry of Home Security and its regional commissioners, for the complex of functions comprised under civil defense was a momentous one. Never before in Britain or any other country had local authorities been asked to undertake a task of such magnitude and importance as that of providing air-raid shelters, wardens and fire-guard posts in almost every street, gas decontamination centers, light and heavy rescue squads, evacuation schemes, emergency feeding and reception centers for those rendered homeless by enemy air attack, furniture stores, rest homes, a first-aid repair service for houses, and various other items of this kind.The Ministry of Food placed heavy duties on both local-government officers and councilors in connection with food control and rationing; and local authorities provided cheap restaurants and canteens on a large scale. The Ministry of Fuel and Power drew largely on the resources of municipal administration in appointing local fuel overseers and their staffs for regulating the distribution and consumption of solid and liquid fuel.
The Direct Primary and Party Structure: A Study of State Legislative Nominations
Authors: Key V. O. 
Published: May 2006

Some analysts blame the direct primary for the supposedly parlous state of the American party system; others assert that nominating procedures do not affect parties at all. The literature abounds with more or less judicious, and conflicting, estimates of the consequences of the primary mode of nomination. In fact, our present knowledge provides little basis for confident appraisal of the effects of the direct primary. This article reports an attack on a small part of the problem, viz., state legislative nominations in two-party states, by explicit methods of analysis, whose use may both make possible a minor substantive contribution as well as demonstrate the appalling amount of work necessary for a provisional solution of even the smallest aspect of the broad problem.To cope with questions about the consequences of particular institutional arrangements requires both a working theory and a means of observation to determine whether it fits the facts. For lack of a better concept, the problem of the effects of the primary method of nomination may be regarded as a special case of the broader question of the nature of the interaction between formal and informal organization.
“Neutralism” in Asia
Authors: Scalapino Robert A. 
Published: May 2006

Many Americans view “neutralism” as a new type of social disease. Its probable causes: intimacy in some form with communism; its symptoms: mental confusion and moral dereliction; its cure: unknown. This is a somber diagnosis, filled with implications of doom for the “victims.” But our warnings and protests have been to little avail. Most “neutralists” have deliberately rejected them, and the “disease”—if that be its proper designation—has approached epidemic proportions in many areas. Among the centers of infection, Asia is certainly the region where “neutralism” has shown its most consistent strength and taken its most diverse forms. And however much they may lament it, Americans must recognize the fact that Asian “neutralism” can be neither ignored nor talked out of existence. In our own interests, therefore, we should seek a more complete understanding of this highly complex force—its causes and effects, and possibly its implications for future American policy. Understanding does not necessarily mean acceptance; it does permit a more accurate calculation of alternative risks, and this is the vital element in decision making.At the outset, the problems of definition and terminology must be raised. It is not easy to define or describe “neutralism” in such manner as to obtain the largest measure of agreement from all parties concerned. Frequently, the word is intended as an epithet, with connotations similar to those suggested in our opening sentences.
Legislative Politics in Connecticut
Authors: Lockard W. Duane 
Published: May 2006

Although there is a voluminous literature on the organization and procedure of state legislatures, material on their politics is relatively sparse. The classic work of A. Lawrence Lowell, now more than a half-century old, still appears to be the chief reliance of scholars in the field. Lowell's thesis was that parties were relatively insignificant in state legislatures; virtually the whole of the subsequent literature agrees with this. In the case of the Connecticut legislature, it would seem that parties, far from being relatively insignificant, play a dominating role.The study of party influence in a legislature necessitates a two-level approach: analysis of the role of the party leadership and of the voting behavior of the party membership. Several questions must be answered with regard to the party leadership. Are the party leaders an identifiable and cohesive group? Do they develop a definite program for legislative consideration? Is their authority shared with factional leaders capable of frequent disruption of the party program? Are committee chairmen or party leaders in the stronger position for actually forming legislative policy? Do pressure group leaders work through the formal party leaders or do they attempt to build ad hoc legislative majorities for their bills through independent action?
Partisanship and County Office: The Case of Ohio
Authors: Key V. O. 
Published: May 2006

The textbooks contain singularly little systematic analysis of the role of party in local government. They abstract the relevant statutes. They expound more or less orthodox suppositions. Voting on local candidates corresponds closely with presidential voting. Party groups compete for control of local government more or less as they do on the national level. Or, the contrary notion is argued that party has little place in local politics. Personal followings or essentially non-party courthouse cliques determine all. This paper represents a modest attempt, by analysis of Ohio data, to test a few of the standard suppositions and to suggest lines of inquiry that might be fruitful in the study of local politics.Relation of voting for county and presidential candidates. Contrary to the belief that the presidential tide almost invariably carries with it the local candidates of the winning party, the Ohio record indicates a fairly high degree of independence of national party trends in the selection of county officers. Although in most instances a Republican county presidentially chooses Republican county officers and a Democratic county, Democratic county officers, the departures from this consistency are of sufficient magnitude to excite attention.
Observations of Rhodium‐Containing Reaction Intermediates using HPLC with ICP‐MS and ESI‐MS Detection
Authors: Welch Christopher J. , Tu Qiang , Wang Tiebang , Raab Conrad , Wang Peng , Jia Xiujuan , Bu Xiaodong , Bykowski Darren , Hohenstaufen Benjamin , Doyle Michael P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHPLC with ICP‐MS or ESI‐MS detection has been used to investigate metal‐containing reaction intermediates in the ligand exchange process leading to formation of the well known Rh2(MEPY)4 catalyst. A variety of intermediates are observed along the pathway to formation of the desired tetrasubstituted product, including isomeric species from di‐, tri‐, or tetrasubstitution that were previously believed to be absent.
2‐(2‐Haloalkenyl)‐aryl Halides as Substrates for Palladium‐Catalysed Tandem CN Bond Formation: Efficient Synthesis of 1‐Substituted Indoles
Authors: Willis Michael C. , Brace Gareth N. , Findlay Thomas J. K. , Holmes Ian P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract2‐(2‐Haloalkenyl)‐aryl halides, conveniently prepared in a single step from the corresponding o‐halobenzaldehydes, are combined with amines under Pd catalysis to provide 1‐substituted indoles. All combinations of Br and Cl leaving groups can be employed, and a range of substituents on the arene, alkene and amine, can all be tolerated. The use of 1,3‐dichloro‐substituted arenes allows a third amination process to take place; these three‐component processes deliver the corresponding 4‐aminoindoles in good yields.
Effect of ionic strength on folding and aggregation of the hemolytic peptide melittin in solution
Authors: Raghuraman H. , Chattopadhyay Amitabha 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMelittin is a cationic, amphipathic, hemolytic peptide composed of 26 amino acid residues. It is intrinsically fluorescent due to the presence of a single tryptophan residue, which has been shown to be crucial for its hemolytic activity. It undergoes a structural transition from a random coil monomer to an α‐helical tetramer at high ionic strength. Although the aggregation behavior of melittin in solution is well characterized, dynamic information associated with the aggregation of melittin is lacking. In this paper, we have monitored the effect of ionic strength on the dynamics and aggregation behavior of melittin in aqueous solution by utilizing sensitive fluorescence approaches, which include the red edge excitation shift (REES) approach. Importantly, we demonstrate that REES is sensitive to the self‐association of melittin induced by ionic strength. The change in environment experienced by melittin tryptophan(s) is supported by changes in fluorescence emission maximum, polarization, and lifetime. In addition, the accessibility of the tryptophan residue was probed by fluorescence quenching experiments using acrylamide and trichloroethanol as soluble and hydrophobic quenchers, respectively. Circular dichroism studies confirm the ionic strength–induced change in the secondary structure of melittin. Taken together, these results constitute the first report showing that REES could be used as a sensitive tool to monitor the aggregation behavior of melittin in particular and other proteins and peptides in general. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 111–121, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Personal cytometers: Slow flow or no flow?
Authors: Shapiro Howard M. , Perlmutter Nancy G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Although some manufacturers have optimistically described instruments with prices in the US$40,000 range as “personal cytometers”, analogy with the personal computer suggests that the target price for a true “personal” cytometer should be under $5,000. Since such an apparatus could find a wide range of applications in cytomics in both developing and developed countries, it seemed desirable to consider its technical and economic feasibility.Methods:Using resolution targets and a variety of fluorescent bead standards immobilized on filters and/or slides, we evaluated high‐intensity LEDs as fluorescence excitation sources, relatively inexpensive CCD cameras as detectors, and 35 mm camera lenses and plastic low‐power microscope optics for light collection in a simple, inexpensive low‐resolution imaging cytometer.Results:The components tested could be combined toproduce an instrument capable of detecting fewer than 10,000 molecules of cell‐associated fluorescent label, and thus applicable to a broad range of cytometric tasks.Conclusions:Given the requirements for light sources, detectors, optics, mechanics, electronics and data analysis hardware and software, and the components presently available, it should be easier to reach the desired $5,000 price point with an image cytometer than with a flow cytometer. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Extracting quantitative information from tissue—An industrial perspective
Authors: Van Osta Peter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe focus of this article is to provide an overview of the current technologies for the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. Disease processes express themselves in the functional and structural disturbance of cellular systems. Cells and their metabolites constitute the building blocks of tissues and entire organisms. Studying the spatial and temporal phenotype of disease processes in tissues at the cellular level reveals a multitude of information about the progress and status of a disease. Detailed exploration of tissues by slide‐based cytometry is an important source of information about disease processes. Technological and analytical advances allow us to shed a new light on tissues and to come to a better understanding of the complexity of disease processes. Dealing with complex multidimensional datasets from tissue samples requires an advanced approach to image processing and data management. The increase in computing power and the continuing research into imaging algorithms allow us to improve the exploration of the data content of tissues. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Effects of Ionic Liquids on Pd‐Catalysed Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Calò Vincenzo , Nacci Angelo , Monopoli Antonio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA comparative study of the effects exerted by different ionic liquids on catalyst stability, reaction rates and regio‐ and stereoselectivity in carbon–carbon coupling reactions points to the superiority of the quaternary ammonium halides over pyridinium‐ and imidazolium‐derived ionic liquids. The influence of ionic liquids on the Heck and Suzuki reactions emerges as being associated with the Coulombic interaction between the cations and anions in ILs as well as the nucleophilicity of the anions. In the tetraalkylammonium halides and acetate, the bulkiness of tetrahedral tetraalkylammonium cations, which forces the anions away from the cation, renders these anions available for a good activity and stability of the palladium catalysts. On the contrary, the planar structures of imidazolium and pyridinium cations, due to a strong Coulombic interaction that binds the anions tightly, decrease their availability for stabilisation and activity of the catalysts.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Regulatory fit and cognitive performance: the interactive effect of chronic and situationally induced self‐regulatory mechanisms on test performance
Authors: Keller Johannes , Bless Herbert 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwo studies examined the impact of chronic and situational self‐regulatory mechanisms on cognitive test performance. In both studies, test performance was enhanced when situationally induced regulatory mechanisms matched the chronic self‐regulatory focus of the test taker. These results support the regulatory fit hypothesis put forward in regulatory focus theory and point to the importance of compatibility between chronic and situationally induced self‐regulatory states when it comes to cognitive test performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.