bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soybean unsaponifiables: Hydrocarbons from deodorizer condensates
Authors: Evans C. D. , Oswald J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMolecular distillation of deodorizer condensates followed by chromatography on alumina, gave substantial quantities of hydrocarbons free of other unsaponifiable constituents. Squalene comprised 50% of the hydrocarbon fraction and contained practically all the unsaturation. A crystalline, saturated hydrocarbon fraction of 4.2% was composed primarily of C29 and C31 paraffins. An unresolved fraction was composed of two major components, each estimated to contain about 30 or 35 carbon atoms. Minor amounts of many hydrocarbons with chain lengths of 15\s‐35 carbon atoms were present but not completely identified. C14 analysis showed that the hydrocarbons are natural to soybean oil and they are not artifacts arising from petroleum solvent residues.
On the polarographic behaviour of the palmitates and myristates of copper and cobalt
Authors: Malik W. U. , Haque Rizwanul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPyridine complexes of myristates and palmitrates of copper and cobalt were found to be reducible at the dropping mercury electrode in 1) LiCl in 1:1 benzene methanol mixture; 2) MeHSO4 in 1:1 benzene methanol mixture; and 3) KCl in glycol. The diffusion current was found to be a linear function of concentration. Hence it was concluded that this linear relationship can be successfully employed for the estimation of cobalt and copper concentration in their respective soaps.
Vitamin A activity of acidulated soybean soapstocks in chicks
Authors: Budowski P. , Ascarelli I. , Gross Jeana , Nir I. , Bondi A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAcidulated soybean soapstock increased the vitamin A storage in the livers of young chicks receiving a practical‐type diet and improvet the survival of chicks reared on vitamin A‐deficient diets. The biological activity was mainly associated with one of the carotenoids present in the acidulated soapstock. This pigment is characterized by its red color on the MgO column, its position below lutein but slightly above cryptoxanthin on the same column, and itssingle absorption max at 460 mॖ in the visible region. Evidence is presented to show that the pigment is an artefact formed from lutein during the acidulation of raw soapstock and that it is identical with 3艂‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dehydro‐ॆ‐carotene, a dehydration product of lutein.
Detergency: Micellar relationships of an anionic‐nonionic surfactant mixture
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe micellar characteristics of the mixed micelles formed by three ratios of an anionicnonionic surfactant mixture have been compared with the detergencies imparted by the three combinations to aqueous alkaline cleaning solutions of ca. pH 12. It was found that detergency increases with increasing charge on, and number of anionic monomers in, the mixed micelles. Improved detergency appears to be connected to a reduction in micellar dissociation.
Solvent extraction in the soybean industry
Authors: Myers Noel W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryThis paper comments on solvent plant operation with regard to maximizing grind rate and its effect on plant performance. Data is presented on a miscella evaporator and on extractor retention time vs. residual oil in the spent flakes. Calculations are presented to justify the investment for an oversize extractor in any existing or proposed plant installation based on product yield value. Attention is drawn to an existing publication by Othmer in 1955 which suggests some extractor design theory that would seem to warrant increased attention.
Products formed by photosensitized oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Terao J. , Matsushita S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryPhotosensitized oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester was carried out using methylene blue as a sensitizer. Oxidation products, monohydro‐peroxides, were identified as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Methyl oleate gave the 9‐ and 10‐isomers; methyl linoleate, the 9‐, 10‐, 12‐, and 13‐isomers; and methyl linolenate, the 9‐, 10‐, 12‐, 13‐, 15‐, and 16‐isomers, respectively. The double bond to which the hydroperoxide group attached was shifted to the adjacent position in each isomer. Thus, both conjugated and nonconjugated isomers were present in methyl linoleate monohydroperoxides and methyl linolenate monohydroperoxides. By the inhibition experiment, it was ascertained that the above reaction proceeded via singlet oxygen. The relative rates of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate were 1.0∶1.7∶2.3, respectively. These results obtained from the methyl esters were applied to the photosensitized oxidation of triglycerides purified from vegetable oils, and the reaction mechanism on triglycerides was proposed.
Aphananthe aspera kernel oil: A rich source of linoleic acid
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuo , Ihara Shogo , Koyama Yoshito 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryThe seed kernels ofAphananthe aspera Planch. yielded 50.8% of a pale yellow oil. The fatty acid composition determined by gas liquid chromatography was: 5.3% palmitic, 0.1% hexadecenoic, 3.0% stearic, 6.1% oleic, 85.1% linoleic, and 0.4% linolenic acids.
Drying oils from 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylolcyclohexanol and linseed fatty acids
Authors: Wittcoff Harold 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIt has been found that TMC may be esterified readily with linseed acids when 10% excess of alcohol is used. The optimum temperature of esterification is 235°C. The esterification is greatly facilitated by the use of catalysts such as lead stearate, with which an acid number of seven may be obtained in eight hours. Zinc stearate and uranyl stearate are likewise good catalysts, not only for the esterification of TMC but also for the esterification of glycerol.When the linseed esters of glycerol, pentaerythritol, and TMC are compared it is found that the last exhibits the advantage of a faster initial drying time although the final drying times of the pentae‐rythritol and TMC esters are the same. Both dry considerably faster than glycerol. The TMC oil exhibits a further advantage in that it dries to the hardest film of all three oils. Results of a similar nature were obtained with soybean oil acid compositions.
The adsorptive capacity of cotton for sodium oleate
Authors: Gardiner K. W. , Smith L. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe adsorption of soap on cotton from solutions of pure sodium oleate has been investigated. The adsorbate has been shown to be an acid soap of the composition 1 NaO1: 1 HO1. The addition of free sodium hydroxide represses hydrolysis and reduces the adsorption. The acid soap may be removed from the fabric by repeated boiling distilled water rinses or the adsorptive capacity for fresh acid soap may be restored by converting the adsorbed material to lime soap by rinsing in hard water. The resulting lime soap is largely retained by the fiber and on repeated washes accumulates in substantial amounts.
Combination of silver ion and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography in the fractionation of herring oil triacylglycerols
Authors: Laaksoo Päivi , Christie William W. 
Published: July 2007

Triacylglycerols from North Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) were separated according to the degree of unsaturation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the silver ion mode. Each of the eleven fractions collected was then separated by reversed‐ phase HPLC, which in these circumstances separated the molecules according to the combined chain‐ lengths of the fatty acyl residues only. One hundred thirty fractions were obtained for fatty acid analysis.Almost 50% of the triacylglycerol molecules had six or more double bonds in their fatty acyl residues. Saturated‐dimonoenes and disaturated‐ monoenes, 18.9% and 10.4%, respectively, were the most plentiful fractions of the more saturated species. Such a complex mixture of molecules was present that the most abundant subfractions from reversed‐ phase HPLC represented less than 5% of the total. Indeed, the largest single molecular species [16:0‐ 22:l‐ 22:6(n− 3)] represented only 2.8% of the total. These sequential analyses by complementary techniques made it possible to obtain a considerable amount of information on the composition of molecular species, but it was still not possible to identify all components.
Thermodynamics of solid formation in cottonseed oil
Authors: Kapseu C. , Kayem G. J. , Balesdent D. , Dellacherie J. 
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study is to establish thermodynamic relations which govern the equilibrium of solid formation during the cooling of cottonseed oil either when tripalmitin is added to it or when the oil is cooled in the presence of solvent with consequent enrichment of the solid phase in certain triacylglycerols. We have established analytical expressions of the functions and variables of state that can describe the experimental results obtained.The effect of the addition of tripalmitin to refined cottonseed oil is well represented by simple expressions.
Composition of soybean lecithin
Authors: Scholfield C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCommercial soybean lecithin is a complex mixture containing ca. 65–75% phospholipids together with triglycerides and smaller amounts of other substances. The major phospholipids include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and inositol‐containing phosphatides. Other substances reported include carbohydrates, pigments, sterols and sterol glycosides. This paper reviews the nature of the compounds found in soybean lecithin and our present knowledge of its composition.
A review of lecithin chemistry and glandless cottonseed as a potential commercial source
Authors: Cherry J. P. , Gray M. S. , Jones L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIndustrial lecithin can be fractionated as phospholipids and glycolipids after neutral lipids and protein‐containing contaminants are removed. The polar lipids are very reactive and are difficult to extract and purify from oilseeds. Their purity and special properties can be improved by a number of methods including solvent fractionation, hydrogenation, sulfonation, and ethoxylation. Studies are determining the role of the polar lipids of lecithin in (a) the synthesis of triglycerides in maturing seeds, (b) the structure of biological membranes, and (c) the molecular basis of the functionality of food ingredients. Lecithin, having both polar and nonpolar groups, has high surface activity and is reactive with both oil and protein, making it an excellent emulsifying agent in food systems; lecithin also slows autoxidation and enzyme hydrolysis of fats. Cottonseed lecithin is low in linolenic acid, prevents flavor deterioration of soybean oil and can be used to stabilize sunflower oil against color change during high temperature use. Gossypol binds to lecithin in oil from glanded cottonseed economically negating it as a commercial source of this product. New cultivars producing glandless, or gossypol‐free cottonseed, may have potential as commercial sources of edible lecithin.
Gas chromatographic analysis of cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed oils
Authors: Fisher G. S. , Schuller W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA gas chromatographic method of analysis for cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed oil, as the methyl esters, is described. With a glass column packed with a methyl silicone substrate on an inert support, methyl sterculate and methyl malvalate can be chromatographed without decomposition. Although methyl malvalate was not well resolved from methyl linoleate, it could be quantitated accurately at concentrations as low as 0.03% by a peak‐height method. Quantitation can be done manually with an internal standard, or with a data system without an internal standard. The method does not require calibration with a cyclopropenoid acid standard, i.e., it is a primary method. Results compare favorably with those obtained by HBr titration. Less than 1 mg of oil is required for an analysis.
Ethylene oxide oligomer distribution in nonionic surfactants via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Allen M. C. , Linder D. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using adsorption columns combined with linear gradient elution has been developed for the determination of ethylene oxide (EO) distribution in nonionic surfactants. The quantitative ethoxylate adduct distribution in single‐carbon‐number and mixed‐carbon‐number primary alcohol‐based samples can be obtained. The HPLC method is also applicable for determining the molar EO distributions in diverse ethylene oxide adduct compounds such as alkylphenol ethoxylates, branched alcohol ethoxylates and secondary alcohol ethoxylates. Nonionic surfactant samples containing adducts up to 25 mol have been successfully separated and the individual adducts quantitated.
Open pollinated and hybrid sunflower seed structures that may affect processing for oil
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Akin D. E. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOil and wax contents of confectionery (non‐oil) and oilseed, open‐pollinated and hybrid sunflower seed and their hulls, testae, and kernels were determined. Wax content inversely correlated with hull content, and the degree to which the seeds were compressed corre‐lated with hull thickness. Light and electron microscopy showed increased connective tissue in the hybrid seed. This combination of higher wax content in the dehulled hybrids and increased connective tissue between hull and kernel could explain the reports of high wax content of the oil from newly developed hybrid seed.
Odor considerations in the use of frying oils
Authors: Mounts T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOdors generated into cooking and serving areas during use of oils in pan frying and deep‐fat frying are of concern to home and institutional consumers and, in some respects, to industrial users. Odor considerations are factors in the selection of types of oils to be used in both domestic and foreign markets. Comparative techniques have been developed to evaluate room odor characteristics of frying oils. Evaluation research has been done on various oils and cooking fats for room odors developed during frying. Improved odor characteristics contributed by additives to oils have been studied, as well as relationship between the linolenate content of soybean oil and its characteristic room odor. The nature of the volatile constituents which contribute to room odors during frying is the subject of continuing research efforts.
Effects of minor components on the crystallization of coconut oil
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Rahman Ibrahim Abdul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVariations in the crystallization behavior of fats have important consequences for the processing of fatty foods.This paper is concerned with the changes in the crystallization of coconut oil due to refining, and the effects of diacylglycerols, free fatty acids and phospholipids on oil crystallization.The changes in coconut oil crystallization due to changes in oil composition have been studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bleaching or neutralization of crude coconut oil caused a dramatic reduction in the induction time before the onset of detectable crystallization at 15°C. The addition of oleic and lauric acid caused a large increase in the induction time of refined coconut oil whereas palmitic acid had a smaller effect. However, the changes in coconut oil crystallization during refining are not completely explained by the removal of free fatty acids. Dilaurin retarded the nucleation of coconut oil whereas diolein did not have any significant effect. Phosphatidylcholine also retarded the nucleation of coconut oil at 15°C, but this effect is not significant in practice for coconut oil because of the low levels of phospholipids present in the crude oil.
Electrolytic acetoxylation of methyl oleate
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Koritala S. , Selke E. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe electrolysis of methyl oleate in acetic acid solution with LiClO4 as the supporting electrolyte was studied. Both stirred and pumped undivided cells were used with Pt electrodes. Constant current at 6, 8, 16 and 24 ma/cm2 current densities was used. The amount of acetoxyl substitution appeared to be independent of the current density. With 4 Faradays of charge, about 1.1 acetoxy groups were introduced/mole at a current efficiency (i.e., net chemical reaction/net charge) of 50 to 60%. The acetoxylated octadecenoates exhibit thermal instability upon molecular distillation with the formation of conjugated unsaturation by loss of acetic acid. Catalytic hydrogenation of the acetoxylated product yielded distillable acetoxylated methyl octadecanoates. The unsaturated acetoxylated products gave 25–47% undistillable material upon molecular distillation, while the saturated acetoxy derivatives had as little as 1%. From the corresponding alcohols of the unsaturated acetoxy products,t‐butyldimethylsilyl ethers were prepared and analyzed by mass spectrometry. This analysis supported the hypothesis that the principal points of acetoxyl substitution in the mono‐acetoxylated esters were at C‐8,9,10 and 11, while the acetoxylation in the poly‐acetoxylated esters was more widely dispersed.
Molecular weight averages as criteria for quality assessment of heated oils and fats
Authors: Husain Sajid , Sastry G. S. R. , Raju N. Prasada 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple method for quality assessment of heated oils and fats is described. The proposed method involves precise determination of molecular weight averages (MWA)viz., the weight average molecular weight (), the number average molecular weight () and the Z‐average molecular weight () by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and their quantitative correlation to percent polar material obtained by column chromatography (CC). Change in MWA on heat treatment of fourteen different edible oils and fats at 180° ± 2°C for eight 8‐hr days is studied. Relative standard deviations and regression coefficients of correlation between MWA and their ratios (, {}, {}, {}, {} and {)vs percent polar material have been reported. Probable discard time was predicted for all the oils based on the above‐mentioned correlations and also from the percent of high molecular weight (H. Mwt) species formed. It was observed that the oils which are generally recommended for coronary patients deteriorated faster. A possibility of extending this methodology to the frying oils is suggested.
Microwave heating to prevent deterioration of cottonseed during storage
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Schneider G. R. , Bland J. M. , Marshall H. F. , Goynes W. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFuzzy cottonseed samples of 14.5% moisture and <1.0% free fatty acids (FFA) contents heated in a conventional, home‐style microwave oven at 700W and 2450 MHz for intervals up to 2.0 min. The 2.0‐min treatment reduced the moisture content to 13.1%. Examination of the seed immediately after microwave heating (MWH) indicated no differences in the proteins or in the quality or quantity of the cotton linters as compared with unheated seed. Neither the oil content of the seed nor the quality of the oil were affected by the microwave treatment. After nine weeks of storage at 50°C, the unheated seed had a FFA content of >3.0% while the FFA content of the 2.0‐min microwave‐heated seed remained <1.0%. During this storage period there was significant deterioration of the protein quality of the unheated seed. The 2.0‐min MWH treatment, however, maintained the integrity of the protein during storage.
Preparation of polyunsaturated phospholipids by lipase‐catalyzed transesterification
Authors: Totani Yoichiro , Hara Setsuko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTransesterifications were investigated to determine a means for preparing polyunsaturated phospholipids simply from soy phospholipid, sardine oil, and two kinds of microbial lipases originating fromCandida cylindracea andRhizopus delemar.The optimum reaction conditions forCandida cylindracea lipase were: 4 g of sardine oil, 10 mL of water, 0.7 g of lipase, 10 mL of hexane, 48 hr of reaction time at 37°C for 3 g of soy phospholipid, for which the transesterification ratio reached approximately 45%. Recovery of phospholipid was low, because hydrolysis also occurred under these reaction conditions. However, hydrolysis could be suppressed by using glycerine instead of water, and the recovery of phospholipid increased to 47%, although the transesterification ratio was reduced to 32%.Rhizopus delemar lipase has 1,3‐specificity for triglycerides, and the transesterification ratio was approximately 37% in the 1‐position of phospholipid. The resulting phospholipid was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid, while the total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids incorporated was 18.4%. Therefore, polyunsaturated phospholipids can be prepared easily by transesterification of soy phospholipid with fish oil by means of commercial lipases.
Survey of quality of used frying oils from restaurants
Authors: Al‐Kahtani Hassan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCommercial frying practices and frying conditions at 62 restaurants or fast‐food outlets were investigated and the quality of their discarded frying oils was evaluated by several standard laboratory methods: total polar components (TPC), free fatty acids (%FFA), p‐anisidine and peroxide values, color, viscosity, C18:2/C16:0, absorbance at 232 and 268 nm, and five quick test methods (Foodoil sensor, Oxifrit (RAU‐Test), Fritest, Veri‐Fry‐TAM 150, and Veri‐Fry‐FFA 500). Frying techniques varied from primitive traditional practice at traditional shops to modern sophisticated frying procedures at some franchise restaurants. Discarded oils appeared to be heat‐damaged to a varying extent according to the degree of quality control applied by the corresponding restaurants. Test methods were shown to possess different statistical correlations. Highly significant correlations were found between TPC and Foodoil sensor (c.f=0.93) and between Oxifrit and Fritest (c.f=0.94), each of which were also correlated relatively well to the TPC. Peroxide value followed by %FFA did not significantly (p<0.05) correlate with the TPC. Significant linear relationships (p⊕0.05) were found between the TPC and each of the other indicators but %FFA and peroxide value.
Studies on glycolipids of kenaf, english walnut, myrobalan and manila tamarind seeds of the Vidarbha region (India)
Authors: Kulkarni A. S. , Khotpal R. R. , Bhakara H. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStudies on the glycolipid compositions of Kenaf, English walnut, Myrobalan and Manila tamarind seeds found in the Vidarbha region of Central India have been carried out by silicic acid column chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). The total glycolipids have been separated into individual components such as monogalactosyldiglycerides 20–28%, digalactosyldiglycerides 40–41%, sterylgalactosides 15–18%, acylated sterylgalactosides 8–15% and unidentified components 0.8–2%. The fatty acid composition of total and component glycolipids as determined by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) showed the predominant fatty acids to be palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. Sugar in the component glycolipids was found to be exclusively galactose.