bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Onset of quasi‐ballistic transport and mobility degradation in ultra scaled MOSFETs: a Monte Carlo study
Authors: Martín M. J. , Rengel R. , Pascual E. , Łusakowski J. , Knap W. , González T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA Monte Carlo investigation of quasi‐ballistic transport in scaled MOSFETs is presented. Taking into account a realistic velocity and electric field profile in ultra‐scaled transistors, the carrier mobility is calculated, observing a degradation of this macroscopic parameter strongly related to the peculiarities of the electrostatic profiles found for extremely short gate lengths. Simultaneously, the onset of ballistic phenomena within the channel is detected. A detailed investigation of the movement of carriers inside the channel allows providing numerous microscopic quantities related to electronic transport, such as mean free paths, transit times or average number of scattering mechanisms. Results evidence the existence of a significant proportion of ballistic carriers as the gate length is scaled down to few tens of nanometre. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rashba spin‐orbit interaction of In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.53Ga0.47As shallow two‐dimensional electron gas by surface etching
Authors: Kunihashi Yoji , Nihei Takayuki , Kohda Makoto , Nitta Junsaku 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have investigated Rashba spin‐orbit interaction (SOI) of In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.53Ga0.47As two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) located below 6.4 nm ‐ 26.5 nm from the sample surface by analyzing weak antilocalization (WAL). Depth of the 2DEG from the sample surface is systematically controlled by surface etching within the identical samples. WAL is enhanced as increasing the etching depth due to the large energy‐band bending of In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.53Ga0.47As quantum well. The Rashba SOI parameter α increases with increasing the etching depth, and 2.41 × 10–12 eVm is obtained in the shallowest 2DEG which is located below 6.4 nm from the surface. Calculated α from the k · p formalism shows good agreement on the surface etching dependence with the experimental values. Dominant contribution of the Rashba SOI parameter α is originated from the In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.7Ga0.3As heterointerface as well as the energy‐band bending in the In0.7Ga0.3As quantum well. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Emission and absorption of phonons in silicon
Authors: Aksamija Z. , Hahm H.‐S. , Ravaioli U. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe examine in detail the rates of phonon emission and absorption in silicon at several values for the applied electric field. The effect of the field on the electron distribution is obtained from full‐band Monte Carlo simulation for bulk silicon. The electron distributions are used to numerically compute the phonon rates and learn about their behavior at high fields. The concept of electron temperature is used to understand the relationship between field and heat emission, and it is found that longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon emission increases at high fields. Optical absorption is found to be small, while optical phonon emission stays constant across a wide range of electron temperatures. Strong emission of LA phonons at high field can be used to enable heat‐conscious design of future silicon devices. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Shelf life of vegetable oils bottled in different scavenging polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) containers
Authors: Sacchi R. , Savarese M. , Del Regno A. , Paduano A. , Terminiello R. , Ambrosino M. L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe shelf life of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and sunflower oil (SO) bottled in containers with different levels of oxygen scavenger (OS) and stored at room temperature under diffuse lighting conditions for 6 months has been evaluated. Four packaging materials were tested: glass, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), PET including 1% of OS (PET 1%) and PET including 5% of OS (PET 5%). Free acidity, peroxide value (PV), spectrophotometric indices (K232, K270, ΔK), antioxidant (biophenols and tocopherols) content, pigment (chlorophylls and carotenoids) change and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the oil were monitored during storage. A significant influence of the packaging material on the quality decay was not found. The differences in the shelf life observed between oils bottled in PET and oils bottled in glass are attributable to a difference in the initial content of dissolved oxygen in the oils. The study showed the usefulness of monitoring changes in dissolved oxygen level, antioxidant (phenols and tocopherols) and pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoids) profiles during oil storage. The change of these compounds could in fact supply important information on the oxidation processes that occur in bottled oils and on the effectiveness of the material employed in oil packaging. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling capping of 28 mm beverage closures using finite element analysis
Authors: Rowson J. , Yoxall A. , Hart J.H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the performance of packaging on production lines is of course extremely important to the packaging industry. Computer simulation techniques have improved vastly in recent years, and modelling the complex interaction of three‐dimensional threaded shapes, like closures, is now a reality. This paper outlines the work undertaken in understanding the possible mechanisms relating to the capping of 28  mm beverage closures and the use of experimental and computer simulations in order to establish that understanding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of Volatile Components Retention Time in Blackstrap Molasses by Least‐Squares Support Vector Machine
Authors: Yuan Yongna , Zhang Ruisheng , Hu Rongjing , Ruan Xiaofang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHouse flies are pestiferous insects that have the potential to spread many diseases to humans and livestock, so it is very significant for us to manage house fly populations. Many commercial types of bait are available to attract house flies, but most are designed for outdoor or limited indoor use, due to their malodorous components. This study sought to identify compounds present in blackstrap molasses that might be attractive to house flies. An effective Quantitative Structure‐Property Relationship (QSPR) model between the Retention Time (RT) and five molecular descriptors of the volatile compounds in blackstrap molasses, was built using a modified algorithm of Least‐Squares Support Vector Machine (LS‐SVM). Descriptors calculated from the molecular structures alone were used to represent the characteristics of compounds. The five molecular descriptors selected by the Heuristic Method (HM) in CODESSA were used as inputs for LS‐SVM. The results obtained by LS‐SVM were compared with those obtained by the HM. The LS‐SVM model gives better results with the predicted correlation coefficient ($\rm{ R^2 }$) 0.919 and Root Mean‐Square Errors (RMSE) 2.193 for the test set, as well as that 0.824 and 2.728 in the MLR model. The prediction results of log RT are in very good agreement with the experimental values. This paper provided a new and effective method for predicting the chromatography retention index.
A Review of (Q)SAR Models for Skin and Eye Irritation and Corrosion
Authors: Saliner Ana Gallegos , Patlewicz Grace , Worth Andrew P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the state‐of‐the‐art of in silico methods for assessing dermal and ocular irritation and corrosion. It is based on an in‐depth review performed by the European Chemicals Bureau of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in support of the development of technical guidance for the implementation of the REACH legislation, and is one of a series of minireviews in this journal. The most widely used in silico approaches are classified into methods to assess (1) skin irritation, (2) skin corrosion and (3) eye irritation. In this review, emphasis is placed on literature‐based (Q)SAR models.
Optimizing port placement for robot‐assisted minimally invasive cardiac surgery
Authors: Trejos A. L. , Patel R. V. , Ross I. , Kiaii B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundProper placement of ports during robot‐assisted endoscopic surgery is critical to the success of the procedure. In current practice, port placement methods do not consider the ability of the robot to manoeuvre the tools.MethodsThis paper proposes to choose the best port location such that the performance of the robot is maximized. The Global Conditioning Index (GCI) is used to optimize port placement when using the da Vinci®surgical system during cardiac surgery.ResultsThe results show that, due to a singularity at the remote centre of motion, higher performance is obtained the further away the port is from the workspace. When compared to the ports selected by an expert surgeon, our results show that it is possible to increase robot performance by at least 29% for the left arm of the robot.ConclusionsSelecting an adequate port location can improve robot performance and ensure that the instruments reach the surgical site. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical computation of large partial differential equations on memory hierarchy
Authors: Sato Takashi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOften, partial differential equations for the case of numerical computation are solved. However, to solve partial differential equations whose order of dimensions are more than 2, main memory is not large enough even in the main frame or super computers, not to mention workstations or personal computers. Thus, we have to use external memory to solve large partial differential equations numerically. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve numerically by explicit methods, large partial differential equations which are time‐dependent and have fixed boundary conditions. In this algorithm, neighbor mesh points are placed together in main memory. Also, even partially, they are computed toward the time axis as far as possible. In other words, this method computes mesh points toward the time axis with priority, reusing computed data in main memory. The proposed algorithm is unique in this point. It is faster than conventional methods in proportion to D√P where P is the bulk of the main memory and D is the order of dimensions.
A task mapping method for a hypercube
Authors: Horiike Satoshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new algorithm for task mapping onto a hypercube. The structure of parallel programs can be expressed by a task graph. With this graph, the algorithm generates a mapping that reduces communications costs considerably.When the target computer is an n‐dimensional cube (n‐cube), the algorithm is composed of n stages. It starts with an initial state in which the tasks are mapped onto 2+ 0‐cubes. At each stage k, the task graph is mapped onto 2n‐k k‐cubes. The mapping onto k‐cube can be accomplished by combining two (k ‐1)‐cubes.
Order preserving code having a search tree
Authors: Sato Takashi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecently, computers have been used not only for numerical computations but also for various data processing applications. Thus, the ability to store data has become more important.This paper considers external memory which supports a large amount of computer memory and studies its effective utilization and rapid accesses. Tabular data structure having a domain for each column such as a relation table of a relational database or set of records in a file also are considered. The idea is to combine updatable and order‐preserving code and search trees.A compact data structure which supports both functions can be obtained. Cost analysis shows that its space is less than half of that of a table with B‐tree indexing structure and that its speed is as fast as when B‐trees are employed. Moreover, fast coincidental or range search can be possible under the conditions when no B‐tree could be used. This is because the.code obtained from the proposed method has minimum length and order preserving characteristics.
Stuck‐open faults test generation for cmos combinational circuits
Authors: Kajihara Seiji , Itazaki Noriyoshi , Kinoshita Kozo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a stuck‐open test generation system which generates test patterns with high fault coverage for single stuck‐open faults in CMOS combinational circuits. In the proposed method, although the stuck‐open faults are treated at switch level in each cell consisting of CMOS logic gates, test patterns for the overall circuit are generated at gate level using a path sensitization method. To reduce the number of test patterns, a gate level circuit is partitioned into subcircuits. Also, heuristics are introduced to select a sensitizing path dynamically such that a pair of test vectors could detect many more faults. Finally, some results are presented about test pattern generation for combinational benchmark circuits.
Method of diagnosing single bridging faults in combinational circuit
Authors: Yamada Teruhiko , Yamazaki Kouji 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA diagnosis method for single bridging faults in combinational circuits is proposed. In this method the cause of an error observed at the outputs is analyzed using a diagnosis table constructed based on the circuit and its test patterns. The size of the diagnosis table is proportional to the number of nets the number of tests and much smaller than the fault dictionary.The results of experiments conducted using the test patterns for single stuck‐at faults show that the testing time is nearly proportional to the size of the circuit and that the number of possible fault locations can be reduced to 20 to 30. Hence, it is expected that by conducting fault simulations for those fault possibilities, a maximal resolution can be obtained within a reasonable amount of computation time.
Neural network model of temporal pattern memory
Authors: Doya Kenji , Yoshizawa Shuji 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a neural network model which memorizes temporal patterns such as movement patterns of animals. A transient or periodic signal waveform is memorized and regenerated as a transient response waveform or a waveform of an autonomous oscillation in the continuous‐time neural network with recurrent connections. The back‐propagation (BP) learning rule, which has been used primarily in the discrete‐time neuron model with feed‐forward connections, is extended in two ways so that it is applicable to the continuous‐time neural model with recurrent connections.As a result of computer simulation, it is shown that “direct BP learning,” which considers only the direct effect of the output of the hidden unit on the output unit, has almost the same learning performance with less computation time than “simultaneous BP learning,” which is based more strictly on the learning by the steepest descent.
Edge location to subpixel precision and analysis
Authors: Nomura Yoshihiko , Sagara Michihiro , Naruse Hiroshi , Ide Atsushi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method of locating an edge in a digital image to sub‐pixel precision by using gray‐level information in the neighborhood of the edge alone. The location of the edge is determined by fitting the first derivatives of gray‐level values to a normal‐distribution curve using the least‐squares method and by regarding the location of the extreme value of the curve as the location of the edge. By comparing the proposed method with five conventional methods it is shown that the method requires the smallest amount of computation generally and minimum systematic errors in a sharp edge. The errors in an edge location measurement caused by image noises are quantized and are shown by a graph so that errors under an arbitrary condition can easily be estimated.
Quadratic curve detection by sampling manner
Authors: Mori Katsumi , Kawakubo Kazuo , Ikenoue Jun‐Ichi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the “Segment Pairs Matching” (SPM) method which detects the quadratic curves (e.g., circles and ellipses, etc.) mingled in other patterns such as letters, symbols and straight lines. The SPM method determines the set of sample points lying on the quadratic curves by using the matching condition (named “SPM condition”) which is a restriction on the formation of the sample points. The SPM condition is derived from the algebraic necessary condition under which a quadratic curve can be formed so as to pass through more than five given points. Through theoretical discussions, we clarify the geometrical meaning of the SPM condition and give the generalized formula. The SPM condition plays a geometrical role in deciding whether or not a given curve has a diameter. Then some experimental results show that the SPM condition is approved by digital picture processing and the quadratic curves can be detected with high reliability. Comparison with the Hough Transform demonstrates that the SPM method has the following merits: (i) the processing is done in the picture space; (ii) the operations are very simple (i.e., arithmetical operations); and (iii) the process can be effectively performed from coarse to fine.
μ‐PULSER: A reactive operating system for personal robots
Authors: Yakoh Takahiro , Anzai Yuichiro , Sugawara Tomoyoshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhen the “personal robot,” which is one of the future goals of the autonomous mobile robot, is viewed from the standpoint of computer control, there must be a reactive mechanism that reflects the sudden change of the sensor output on the emergency processing task. When the personal robot is viewed as a robot owned by the individual and to be used for the individual purposes, it must be highly expandable and flexible so that the functions and the hardware configuration can be varied according to the purpose. To support such a robot, the authors developed a multithread operating system μ‐PULSER. μ‐PULSER provides a high‐speed synchronization mechanism among threads, which helps to realize the reactive control of the robot. The high‐speed communication mechanism is provided among the threads, by utilizing the forementioned synchronization mechanism. By minimizing the kernel, it is made possible to reconfigure dynamically the system by exchanging and adding the servers. This paper discusses the design and implementation of μ‐PULSER. It is shown by actual measurement and evaluation that the synchronization and the communication mechanism among the threads have sufficiently high speeds to meet the requirement of robot control.
Synthesis of two‐phase quasi‐delay‐insensitive circuits from dependency graphs
Authors: Kagotani Hiroto , Nanya Takashi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecently, the efficiency of asynchronous circuits has again attracted a great deal of attention. In this paper, a synthesis method of delay‐sensitive circuits is presented. In this method, a directed graph representing dependencies between microoperations such as register transfers and arithmetic operations is given as the specification of a circuit. Under some constraints of the graph for correct synthesis, the control circuit is implemented by translating graph nodes to the associated circuit blocks. It controls data‐paths in a two‐phase manner by handshakes. This method allows designers to describe parallelism easily in their specifications. The cost of synthesis is low.
An example‐based disambiguation of english prepositional phrase attachment
Authors: Sumita Eiichiro , Furuse Osamu , Iida Hitoshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe English prepositional phrase often has multiple candidates for attachment. Usually, it is difficult to determine uniquely the attachment of the prepositional phrase only by the syntactic analysis. Since the prepositional phrase appears with a high frequency, it is a very important problem in English analysis to disambiguate the attachment. In the machine translation, for example, the translation of the preposition and consequently the translation of the whole sentence become unnatural if the attachment of the prepositional phrase is not correctly identified.This paper proposes the Example‐Based Disambiguation (EBD) method, which is composed of the following processes: (1) examples (prepositional phrase and its attachment) are extracted from the corpus; (2) the semantic distance between the input expression and the example is calculated according to the thesaurus; and (3) the attachment of the prepositional phrase is disambiguated using the example with the minimum distance. Through the comparison experiment between the proposed method and the conventional method, it is shown that the former is better in terms of the success rate in the determination of the prepositional phrase attachment.
Sustainable development: premises, understanding and prospects
Authors: Hull Zbigniew 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHumanity now finds itself at a ‘turning point’ and is looking for new visions of further development. One such vision is provided by the sustainable development concept, though this is understood in different ways. The conceptualizations of sustainable development within the worlds of politics and business still lie within the framework of the earlier paradigm of civilizational development. At the same time, the possibility of development being understood in a quite separate way is taking shape, and this may represent a starting point for a new vision of social development. The latter will necessitate a fundamental and far‐reaching rethinking and revision of the philosophical (above all the anthropological and axiological), economic and political underpinnings of any further development, as well as an incorporation of sustainable development content into every sphere and aspect of humanity's cultural evolution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Diffusion of oligomers from polydimethylsiloxane stamps in microcontact printing: Surface analysis and possible application
Authors: Yunus S. , de Looringhe C. de Crombrugghe , Poleunis C. , Delcorte A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe present study investigates polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomer diffusion occurring when contacting PDMS rubber against another material. Several surface analysis techniques (ToF‐SIMS, XPS, contact angle measurement, AFM, SEM, interferential polarized microscopy: Sarfus) are used to characterize surfaces that have been in contact with noninked PDMS rubber stamps. While the effect of several parameters such as time of contact and ageing of prepatterned surfaces seem to give comprehensible effects on the oligomer deposition, other parameters such as the stamp's shape give paradoxical but reproducible results on the deposited quantity. The results provide us with a better understanding of the transfer and diffusion of PDMS oligomers on certain types of substrates (Al, SiO2). In addition to establishing a better control of the side effects in microcontact printing, this study suggests applications that take advantage of oligomer diffusion. In particular, the capability of using PDMS transfer on a metallic surface to protect selected areas from chemical etching is assessed. In this context, oligomers are no longer harmful contaminants but the actual ink needed for a soft‐lithographic process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.