bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal changes in habitat use by dugongs in a spatially restricted coral reef environment
Authors: Cleguer Christophe , Garrigue Claire , Fuentes Mariana M. P. B. , Hamann Mark , Payri Claude , Marsh Helene 
Published: March 2024

Context The dynamic habitat use by dugongs (Dugong dugon) in small coral reef lagoon systems spatially limited by tides is not well understood and has hampered adaptive management. Aims We investigated how dugongs locally used a high conservation value coral-reef lagoon system during different seasons and tides to support local management. Methods We conducted local-scale aerial surveys to document the seasonal and tidal changes in the distribution and number of dugongs over seagrass and non-seagrass coral reef habitats in a small lagoon in New Caledonia. The surveys were conducted fortnightly over 18 months in different seasons and at different tides. Temperature loggers and existing local footage of dugong herding behaviour were used to study the habitat use and behaviour of the animals in the area. Key results More dugongs were sighted in Cap Goulvain during the cool season than during the warm season. As tides restricted access to the intertidal seagrass meadows and during the cool season, more dugongs were sighted outside the lagoon on the fore reef shelf outside the lagoon. Dugongs were resting in large aggregations during their use of this non-seagrass habitat. Conclusions Our study emphasises the importance of non-seagrass habitats for dugongs in spatially restricted coral reef environments as well as the importance of considering outer lagoon habitats as key dugong management areas. This study also adds evidence of behavioural thermoregulation in dugongs. Implications The development of dynamic management strategies is essential, especially where different habitats should be protected at different times of the year.
Modeling turbulent impurity transport in the SOL of DIII-D with a reduced model
Authors: Zamperini S , Nichols J H , Odstrcil T , Abrams T , Boedo J A , Elder J D , Rudakov D L , Donovan D C , Duran J D , Huang A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A novel impurity transport model that approximates SOL turbulence as a fluctuating poloidal electric field is shown to be an acceptable replacement for the traditional approach of assigning an arbitrary radial diffusion coefficient to the impurity ions. The model is implemented in the DIVIMP impurity transport code and applied to an L-Mode tungsten divertor experiment on DIII-D. The poloidal electric field is represented as fluctuating between ±1000 V m−1 based on previous measurements. The resulting intermittent vr = E
θ
× BT transport causes ions to transport both into the core as well as into the far-SOL. Simultaneous agreement with estimates of the W density just inside the separatrix as well as in the far-SOL is obtained (nW ∼ 1014 m−3 and nW ∼ 1012 m−3, respectively). Prompt re-deposition of the W ions was necessary to obtain agreement (fredep ∼ 99%). We conclude that simulating impurity transport using a physics-based approximation for turbulence in the SOL, versus arbitrarily assigning diffusion coefficients, may enable better reactor scale predictions of core impurity contamination.
Median Statistics Estimate of the Distance to M87
Authors: Rackers Nicholas , Splawska Sofia , Ratra Bharat 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
de Grijs & Bono compiled 211 independent measurements of the distance to galaxy M87 in the Virgo cluster from 15 different tracers and reported 31.03 ± 0.14 mag as the arithmetic mean of a subset of this compilation as the best estimate of the distance. We compute three different central estimates—the arithmetic mean, weighted mean, and the median—and corresponding statistical uncertainty for the full data set as well as three sub-compilations. We find that for all three central estimates the error distributions show that the data sets are significantly non-Gaussian. As a result, we conclude that the median is the most reliable of the three central estimates, as median statistics do not assume Gaussianity. We use median statistics to determine the systematic error on the distance by analyzing the scatter in the 15 tracer subgroup distances. From the 211 distance measurements, we recommend a summary M87 distance modulus of

31.08

−
0.04

+
0.05

(statistical)

−
0.06

+
0.04

(systematic) mag, or combining the two errors in quadrature

31.08

−
0.07

+
0.06

mag, rounded to 16.4 ± 0.5 Mpc, all at 68.27% significance.
Numerical investigation of a wideband supercontinuum source based on a large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber pumped at 1.3 μm
Authors: Jin Yu Xin , Hao Qian Qian , Liu Jing Jing , Liu Jie , Peng Qian Qian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A numerical investigation was conducted to obtain a supercontinuum spanning about two octaves using a large mode area photonic crystal fiber (PCF) pumped at 1.3 μm. In our study, a 1.3 μm femtosecond laser and a silica-based large mode area PCF were selected as the pump source and nonlinear medium, respectively. The nonlinear Schrodinger equation was solved with split-step Fourier method to simulate the evolution of pulse and the broadening of spectrum. The effect of several parameters including the length of PCF, the pulse width, and the average pump power on characteristics of the output spectrum was studied. The simulation results revealed that the supercontinuum extended from near 600 nm to over 2450 nm at 20 dB with length of 30 cm, pulse width of 100 fs and average power of 12 W, respectively. This work proved this large mode area PCF a potentially excellent medium for supercontinuum source and provided some theoretical guidance for future experiments.
Constant Fraction Discriminator for NA62 experiment at CERN
Authors: Zamkovsky M. , Lichard P. ,   the NA62 collaboration
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A new Constant Fraction Discriminator with additional
Time over Threshold measurement capabilities will be presented.
It operates in a wide dynamic range of 1:150, with an excellent time
resolution of better than 70 ps
over one order of magnitude of the input signals.
It is highly customizable for different signal shapes and thresholds,
using remotely-programmable
parameters for Detector Control System commands.
Two outputs, each in the Nuclear Instrumentation Module and Low Voltage
Differential
Signaling standards,
provide a precise signal arrival time and Time over Threshold
information with programmable thresholds.
The technical specification and performance measured with cosmic rays and in the
high-intensity NA62 experiment will be reported.
Adaptability and efficiency of the CMS Level-1 Global Trigger firmware implementation for Phase-2
Authors: Bortolato G. , Cepeda M. , Heikkilä J. , Huber B. , Leutgeb E. , Rabady D. , Sakulin H. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We present details on the new Level-1 Global Trigger at CMS for the upcoming high-luminosity operation of the LHC. Our focus is on the newly developed firmware, which employs a bottom-up generic approach to enhance menu adaptability and accommodate the increase in upstream data. We also highlight our efficient pipelining strategy that ensures excellent routability at 480 MHz. Furthermore, we discuss the firmware implementation for three prototypes targeting Serenity boards, together with their current and future testing and validation endeavours.
Human Rights and Social Work: Making the Case for Human Rights Plus (hr+)
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Human rights are declared to be ‘fundamental’ and ‘foundational’ to social work. Such rights are part of the ‘DNA’ of the profession. This understanding is central to the profession’s self-image, and it reflects how social work portrays its ethical base to the general public and the wider world. However, uncritical uses of ‘human rights’ by its promulgators and (re)producers occlude a range of important questions; for example, around the failure to historise the political reanimation of the phrase and concept, especially in the 1970s. Drawing on an expansive literature, the article aspires to deepen and trouble social work engagement. It is also proposed that the notion of ‘human rights plus’ (hr+) might potentially expand the political reach of the usage of the term within social work.
Resequencing of reindeer genomes provides clues to their docile habits
Authors: Wu Baosheng , Ren Qingmiao , Yan Xiaoting , Zhao Fei , Qin Tao , Xin Peidong , Cui Xinxin , Wang Kun , Du Rui , Røed Knut H , Côté Steeve D , Yannic Glenn , Li Zhipeng , Qiu Qiang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Reindeer have long been served as vital subsistence resources for inhabitants of Arctic and subarctic regions owing to their domestication. However, the evolutionary relationships and divergence times among different reindeer populations, genetic traits that distinguish domesticated reindeer, and factors that contribute to their relative docility compared with that of other Cervidae specie, remain unclear. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of 32 individuals from wild and domestic reindeer populations that inhabit Arctic and subarctic regions. We found that reindeer experienced 2 or more independent domestication events characterized by weak artificial selection pressure and limited significant differences in genomic parameters between wild and domestic populations. Alterations in conserved noncoding elements in the reindeer genomes, particularly those associated with nervous system development, may have contributed to their domestication by rendering the nervous system less responsive. Together, our results suggest that inherent species-specific traits, rather than intense artificial selection, may have played a significant role in the relatively docile behavior of reindeer and offer valuable insights into the domestication process of these animals.
Navigating Anxiety: International Politics, Identity Narratives, and Everyday Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Houde Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHow do individuals navigate international politics and mitigate the anxieties it elicits in the everyday? Giddensian literature on ontological security suggests that (collective) internalized routines and narratives provide a sense of certainty and stability that enable individuals to “go on” with their daily lives. This article adopts a Kleinian psychoanalytical approach to show that when faced with anxiety about their internalized narratives being ruptured, individuals do not necessarily, as Giddens suggests, fall into “chaos.” Rather, they rely on psychodynamic defense mechanisms such as denial and idealization to protect their sense of self and, by extension, maintain a sense of ontological security. The article investigates everyday practices of how people cope with anxiety related to international politics. It focuses on the case of the European Union by analyzing the reactions to political cartoons of participants from eighteen focus groups conducted in Belgium, France, and Italy. The findings provide, in turn, a deeper understanding of individuals’ everyday defense mechanisms in response to threats to collective narratives of being and belonging. The article thereby advances our theoretical and empirical knowledge of how international politics can affect individuals’ everyday life and sense of self as well as shape political behavior and attitudes.
The Agency of the Global South’s Regional Organizations through the Institutionalization of Staff Recruitment
Authors: Parthenay Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
How is staff recruitment in regional organizations institutionalized? This article focuses on explaining the determinants of staff recruitment institutionalization in regional organizations (ROs). It is important to understand how ROs recruit their regional staff, as ROs have become players with an increasing influence in global governance, and as regional (and international) bureaucracies constantly contribute to the reshaping of power relations with member states. The institutionalization of staff recruitment offers an insightful and innovative way of unpacking the way ROs operate and exert agency. In this perspective, the article examines an RO from the Global South, the Central American Integration System (SICA), and argues that member states institutionalize staff recruitment for fear of losing control to a powerful combination of regional bureaucracy and international donors. This single-case study will be comparable with many Global South ROs that share similar characteristics, and will provide generalizable results in the realm of RO studies. This article sheds light on a very poorly known case among ROs and helps to extend the empirical scope of International Public Administration (IPA) studies beyond the “Global North,” and consolidate the field of comparative regionalism. To develop the argument, the article uses empirical material from several pieces of in-depth fieldwork conducted within SICA since 2009. It analyses official legal documents and internal documents relating to staff regulation, and uses semi-structured interviews focused on practices of recruitment standards. Keywords: Staff recruitment, Regional organizations, Institutionalization, Regional bureaucratic autonomy, External interventions
Antibiotic susceptibility patterns at the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Acute Trauma Hospital in Aden, Yemen: a retrospective study from January 2018 to June 2021
Authors: Almehdar Hussein , Yousef Nagwan , van den Boogaard Wilma , Haider Amna , Kanapathipillai Rupa , Al-Hodiani Emad , Zelikova Evgenia , Moh’d Waddah G , Michel Justine , Malaeb Rami 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent global health concern, especially in countries facing instability or conflicts, with compromised healthcare systems. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) established an acute trauma hospital in Aden, Yemen, treating mainly war-wounded civilians, and implemented an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programme. This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics and identify antibiotic susceptibility patterns representative of patients treated with antibiotics.

Methods
Retrospective cross-sectional study using routinely collected data from all patients treated with antibiotics in the MSF-Aden Acute Trauma hospital between January 2018 and June 2021. Routine clinical data from patients’ files was entered into an AMS electronic database and microbiological data were entered into WHONET. Both databases were imported and merged in REDCap and analysed using RStudio.

Results
Three hundred and sixty-three of 481 (75%) included patients were injured by violence-related trauma. Most were men aged 19–45 years (n = 331; 68.8%). In total, 598 infections were diagnosed and treated. MDR organisms were identified in 362 (60.5%) infections in 311 (65%) patients. Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) (n = 143; 24%) were the most common, followed by osteomyelitis (n = 125; 21%) and intra-abdominal-infections (IAIs) (n = 116; 19%), and 111 (19%) secondary bloodstream infections were identified. Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified pathogen, causing IAI (n = 87; 28%) and SSTI (n = 43; 16%), while Staphylococcus aureus caused mainly osteomyelitis (n = 84; 19%). Most Gram-negatives were ESBL producers, including E. coli (n = 193; 81.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 72; 77.4%) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 39; 50%) while most S. aureus were methicillin resistant (n = 93; 72.6%).

Conclusions
High rates of MDR were found. This information will facilitate a comprehensive review of the empirical antibiotic treatment guidelines.
Derivation and Validation of Thresholds Using Synthetic Data Methods for Single-Test Screening of Emergency Department Patients with Possible Acute Myocardial Infarction Using a Point-of-Care Troponin Assay
Authors: Pickering John W , Young Joanna M , George Peter M , Watson Antony S , Aldous Sally J , Verryt Toby , Troughton Richard W , Pemberton Christopher J , Richards A Mark , Cullen Louise A , Apple Fred S , Than Martin P 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Single-sample (screening) rule-out of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with troponin requires derivation of a single-test screening threshold. In data sets with small event numbers, the lowest one or two concentrations of myocardial infarction (MI) patients dictate the threshold. This is not optimal. We aimed to demonstrate a process incorporating both real and synthetic data for deriving such thresholds using a novel pre-production high-precision point-of-care assay.

Methods
cTnI concentrations were measured from thawed plasma using the Troponin I Next (TnI-Nx) assay (i-STAT; Abbott) in adults on arrival to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of AMI. The primary outcome was an AMI or cardiac death within 30 days. We used internal–external validation with synthetic data production based on clinical and demographic data, plus the measured TnI-Nx concentration, to derive and validate decision thresholds for TnI-Nx. The target low-risk threshold was a sensitivity of 99% and a high-risk threshold specificity of &gt;95%.

Results
In total, 1356 patients were included, of whom 191 (14.1%) had the primary outcome. A total of 500 synthetic data sets were constructed. The mean low-risk threshold was determined to be 5 ng/L. This categorized 38% (95% CI, 6%–68%) to low-risk with a sensitivity of 99.0% (95% CI, 98.6%–99.5%) and a negative predictive value of 99.4% (95% CI, 97.6%–99.8%). A similarly derived high-risk threshold of 25 ng/L had a specificity of 95.0% (95% CI, 94.8%–95.1%) and a positive predictive value of 74.8% (95% CI, 71.5%–78.0%).

Conclusions
With the TnI-Nx assay, we successfully demonstrated an approach using synthetic data generation to derive low-risk thresholds for safe and effective screening.
Exploring the feasibility of bacteriocins EntK1 and EntEJ97s in treatment of systemic vancomycin resistant enterococci infections in mice
Authors: Reinseth Ingvild , Diep Dzung B , Kjos Morten , Tønnesen Hanne H , Carlsen Harald 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Aims
Enterocins K1 and EJ97 have specific antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of these enterocins for in vivo treatment of systemic enterococcal infections.

Methods and results
The antimicrobial effect in blood was analysed and compared against the effect in saline. Colony forming unit counts revealed that the enterocins killed all the bacteria within 1 hour. Additionally, the bactericidal effect against E. faecalis was more rapid in blood, indicating a possible synergy between EntEJ97 and blood. Importantly, no enterocin resistant mutants emerged in these experiments. Injecting the enterocins intraperitoneally in an in vivo mouse model and using fluorescence and minimum inhibitory concentration determination to estimate concentrations of the peptides in plasma, indicate that the enterocins exist in circulation in therapeutic concentrations. Alanine aminotransferase detection, and haemolysis analysis indicates that there is no detectable liver damage or haemolytic effect after injection.

Conclusions
The study revealed that EntK1 and EntEJ97 are able to kill all bacteria ex vivo in the presence of blood. In vivo experiments determine that the enterocins exist in circulation in therapeutic concentrations without causing liver damage or haemolysis. Future experiments should test these peptides for treatment of infection in a relevant in vivo model.
Pediatric Postburn Flexion Contracture Release: Early Outcomes Using 2 Bloodless Techniques
Authors: Abass Oluwatobi , Michael Afieharo I , Abubakar Mohammad L , Adebayo Wasiu O , Kabir Mohammed A , Ibrahim Abdulrasheed 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Postburn flexion contracture of the hand in children constitutes a significant proportion of postburn complications. We compared the early clinical outcomes of reconstruction of pediatric postburn flexion contracture of the digits of the hand using tourniquet or tumescent technique. A prospective randomized study of pediatric patients requiring contracture release and wound resurfacing with full-thickness skin graft between September 2020 and August 2021. Patients were randomized into groups of either tourniquet or tumescent technique for contracture release. The surface area of graft take and total active motion across joints were the outcome measures. Student t test and chi-square test were performed. Twenty-two patients were randomized into either group. The mean age of the participants was 6.09 ± 2.41 years, mostly males 31 (72.1%). A grade 3 flexion contracture was the most common (72.1%). Ninety-four digits and 178 joints were operated on, with the proximal interphalangeal joint being the most common (48.9%). The mean surface area of graft take on postoperative day 10 was significantly higher for the tumescent group than the tourniquet group, P = .001. The total active motion across the joints at 6 and 9 weeks postoperative showed a strong correlation between the total active motion across joints and the technique of release, P = .004 and .001, respectively. Tumescent technique is a feasible alternative to the tourniquet method for postburn flexion contracture release of the digits in the pediatric burned hand.
Signaling outrage is a signal about the sender: moral perceptions of online flaming
Authors: Monge Charles Kevin , Laurent Sean M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Most flaming research addresses explanations for and the immediate effects of flaming on those engaging in and targeted by flaming. However, online interactions are increasingly visible, suggesting that understanding third-party evaluations of flaming is important. By integrating considerations in computer-mediated communication theorizing with the social-perceptual effects of online moral outrage, we explore how third-party observers evaluate flaming, also assessing beliefs about the signaling social function that flaming serves. In seven experiments (total N = 3,178), we manipulated the intentionality of triggering events and compared flaming to other types of online responses (less-toxic criticism; supportive), measuring reactions including moral regard, comment approval, and positive/negative engagement. Findings suggest that flaming may sometimes act as exculpable moral outrage when responding to egregious behaviors. However, contrary to participants’ beliefs, flaming does not reliably or persuasively influence perceptions of those whom it targets; rather, it mostly appears to send negative signals about the flamer.
A role for immunohistochemical stains in perinatal brain autopsies
Authors: Viaene Angela N 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Identification of central nervous system injury is a critical part of perinatal autopsies; however, injury is not always easily identifiable due to autolysis and immaturity of the developing brain. Here, the role of immunohistochemical stains in the identification of perinatal brain injury was investigated. Blinded semiquantitative scoring of injury was performed on sections of frontal lobe from 76 cases (51 liveborn and 25 stillborn) using H&E, GFAP, Iba-1, and β-APP stains. Digital image analysis was used to quantify GFAP and Iba-1 staining. Commonly observed pathologies included diffuse white matter gliosis (DWMG) and white matter necrosis (WMN). DWMG scores were very similar on H&E and GFAP stains for liveborn subjects. For stillborn subjects, DWMG scores were significantly higher on GFAP stain than H&E. β-APP was needed for identification of WMN in 71.4% of stillborn subjects compared to 15.4% of liveborn subjects. Diffuse staining for Iba-1 within cortex and white matter was positively correlated with subject age. Staining quantification on digital image analysis was highly correlated to semiquantitative scoring. Overall, GFAP and β-APP stains were most helpful in identifying white matter injury not seen on H&E in stillborn subjects. Immunostains may therefore be warranted as an integral part of stillborn brain autopsies.