bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvements to staged canal wall up tympanoplasty for middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Hinohira Yasuyuki , Yanagihara Naoaki , Gyo Kiyofumi 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveTo describe our improvements to staged canal wall up tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy (SCUT) for middle ear cholesteatoma, and to show more successful outcomes of the surgery compared with our data previously reported.Study DesignRetrospective study in a tertiary referral hospital.Setting78 ears of 76 patients with extensive cholesteatoma were operated on using the improved SCUT between July 1998 and December 2006. Improved SCUT included new techniques such as scutum plasty and mastoid cortex plasty performed in a staged manner.ResultsOnly 2 ears showed retraction pocket formation (7.7%) without recurrence in 26 ears followed for more than 5 years. In 48 followed for more than 3 years, frequency of postoperative retraction pocket formation (5/48; 10.4%) was significantly lower compared to our previous results (41/134; 30.6%, P 0.01).ConclusionOur improvements to SCUT contributed to the decreasing of frequency of postoperative retraction pocket that may lead to cholesteatoma recurrence, although a longer follow‐up study is required.
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in functional lacrimal obstruction
Authors: Brewis C , Yung M , Merkonidis C , Hardman-Lea S 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIntroduction:We performed endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in cases diagnosed with both anatomical and functional lacrimal obstruction, and here report results for the latter cases.Methods:Sixty-eight endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomies were performed for functional obstruction on 44 patients. The indication for surgery was epiphora in 66 patients and recurrent dacryocystitis in two. The minimum follow up was six months.Results:There was complete cure in 44 (65 per cent) patients, partial cure in nine (13 per cent) and no improvement in 15 (22 per cent). Revision surgery was performed in five of the 15 cases with no improvement, after which there was an overall complete cure in 47 patients (69 per cent), partial cure in 10 (15 per cent) and no improvement in 11 (16 per cent).Discussion:Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is indicated in cases of epiphora with a diagnosis of functional lacrimal obstruction. Currently available investigations cannot reliably distinguish partial anatomical obstruction from pump failure.
Three-dimensional simulations of magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma
Authors: LAZERSON SAMUEL A. , WIECHEN HEINZ M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe present the results of three-dimensional self-consistent multi-fluid simulations of magnetic reconnection in a dusty plasma. We ballistically relax a Harris-like current sheet into a fluid pseudo-equilibrium. We then perturb the current sheet with typical inflow and outflow velocities associated with classical models of reconnection. We find a 20% decrease in magnetic energy for the case of a locally enhanced resistivity. For a parameter-dependent resistivity we find a 26% decrease in magnetic energy in the current sheet. We find dust-neutral relative flow velocities that are a factor of two greater than the dust Alfvén velocity. We then explore the implications of these flows on aerodynamic drag heating of the dust particles.
IMMUNITY IN INVERTEBRATES. THE PURIFICATION OF A HAEMAGGLUTININ TO RAT AND RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES FROM THE HAEMOLYMPH OF THE MURRAY MUSSEL (Velesunio ambiguus).
Authors: Jenkin CR , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA haemagglutinin present in the haemolymph of the Murray Mussel (Velesunio ambiguus) has been purified by density gradient centrifugation and elution from the specific red cell stroma. The purified haemagglutinin is one of several which behave as a homogeneous group of proteins. Amino acid analyses of these proteins indicate that they lack tyrosine and sulphur‐containing amino acids.
FURTHER STUDIES ON A SKIN CALCIFYING SYSTEM
Authors: Smillie AC , Cousins FB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe changes in distribution of phosphorus involved in initiating deposition of hydroxy apatite in an experimental system based on mineralisation of rat skin have been studied.Measurement of several major phosphate fractions indicated considerable movement of phosphorus, particularly between the inorganic and organic phosphate pools of the skin. There was also an uptake of phosporus by a collagen‐rich fraction, which was related both temporally and sequentially to mineralisation. The phosphate taken up was released from the collagen fraction within a few hours if calcification did not occur. Attempts to demonstrate an inhibitory role for pyrophosphate in this calcifying system were unsuccessful.
COLICIN‐LIKE ANTIBIOTICS AND BACTERIOPHAGES OF SALMONELLAS
Authors: Atkinson Nancy 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn an investigation of 1825 strains of a wide variety of Salmonella serotypes and Kauffmann‐White groups, between 5 and 10% were found to produce colicin‐like antibiotics, and at least 40% produced phage; the majority were sensitive to salmonellin, and about 40% of those tested were sensitive to at least one colicin. It is suggested that some combination of these characters might be useful for exact strain identification.
“NATURAL” ANTIBODY IN MAN TO FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS OF SALMONELLA ADELAIDE
Authors: Rowley Merrill J 
Published: November 2007

Summary“Natural” antibodies to flagellin from Salmonella adelaide (SW 1338) were detected by tanned cell haemagglutination in 79% of 611 men, women and children. These antibodies were not detected in cord blood, but became demorstrable in serum within two weeks of birth, after which the incidence of antibodies increased, and titres rose to a peak in the twenties. Thereafter titres fell slowly. Natural antibodies to fiagellin were of IgM class and were specific for flagellin from Salmonella adelaide.Studies on natural antibodies to flagellin, an antigen of restricted provenance, should clarify how natural antibodies originate and what relation they have to immune antibodies.
MURINE DISEASE INDUCED BY AVIAN REOVIRUS
Authors: Phillips PA , Stanley NF , Walters M N‐I 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMice infected neonatally by the oronasal route with an avian reovirus (Fahey‐Crawley virus) developed pathological changes in the liver similar to those caused by murine infections with mammalian reoviruses. Further changes occurred in the central nervous system, and in the lungs, where there was severe suppurative bronchopneumonia apparently caused by secondary bacterial invasion with endogenously derived Pasteurella pneumotropica.
EFFECTS OF URINARY ACIDITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROCALCINOSIS IN RATS
Authors: Goulding Ailsa , Malthus RS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWeanling rats fed a semi‐purified dirt containing 25 per cent casein and 67·8 per cent sucrose developed considerable deposits of calcium phosphate in their kidneys. Rats given ammonium chloride supplements in the diet excreted more hydrogen ions as ammonium and develope significantly less nuphrocalcinosis; the greater the quantity of ammonium chloride ingested. the less severe was the nephrocalcinosis, but even rats feil 5·7 per cent NH4Cl developed some mineral deposits. However, feeding ammonium chloride did not appear to dissolve deposits already formed. Mineral deposition was only reduced whilst the diet contained ammonium chloride; when the acidifying diet was replaced, mineral deposition progressed rapidly. Rats given supplements of sodium bicarbonate in the diet excreted alkaline urine containing significantly less hydrogen ion as ammonium than that of rats fed the original diet and accumulated significantly more mineral in their kidneys.
THE INFLUENCE OF SYNTHETIC OESTROGEN AND PROGESTOGEN ON THE RAT MYOCARDIUM
Authors: Frank S , Zelcer J , Walters WAW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryChanges in wet and dry weight of the heart were investigated in female rats after ovariectomy anti following the administration of oestrogen, progestogen and a combination of oestrogen and progestogen. These changes were related to body weight and the size of the extracellular fluid space of the myocardium.Heart dry weight and body weight in the animals given combined oestrogen and progestogen were maintained closer to those of the controls than in the animals given either hormone separately. Ovariectomy resulted in an increase in body weight and a relative decrease in wet and dry weight of the heart.The extracellular fluid space was increased in the hearts of animals treated with a combination of oestrogen and progestogen, whereas it was not altered in ovariectomized animals or in those given either hormone separately.
INCREASED UPTAKE AND EFFLUX OE CALCIUM WITH ACETYLCHOLINE STIMULATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF TOAD STOMACH
Authors: Potter Julia M , Sparrow MP , Simmonds WJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of acetylcholine stimulation on Ca movements in depolarized smooth muscle from toad stomach muscle was investigated.No difference in the content of Ca45 due to ACh stimulation could be detected in muscle containing its full complement of Ca. However, in Ca depleted muscle exposed to Ca 0·05 mM, solution, uptake of Ca was accelerated and the equilibrium content of total and exchangeable Ca was increased by some 5% of the total tissue Ca. This amount was similar to the extra Ca lost when muscle was depleted into Ca‐free solution with intermittent ACh stimulation.The efflux of Ca45 from normal and replcted muscle was studied, using a constant flow system. ACh stimulation of both normal and repleted muscle resulted in a transient increase in the efflux of Ca45. The slow component of the efflux curve occupied a larger proportion of the cellular Ca in the repleted than in the normal muscle. The increment of Ca uptake due to ACh stimulation during repletion was found to be wholly in this fraction.The significance of these results in relation to an excitation‐contraction‐coupling fraction are discussed.
CHANGES IN PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL ORGANS IN MICE INDUCED BY ANTILYMPIIOCYTE SERUM
Authors: Gotjamanos T , Gill PG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRabbit anti‐mouse antilymphocyte sera and antilymphocyte globulin preparations went studied for their effects on (1) phagocytic activity of peritoneal and fixed macrophages and (2) morphology of reticuloendothelial organs. Antilymphocyte sera did nut adversely affect the ability of peritoneal macrophages to carry out phagocytosis in vivo or in vitro. One and 2 does of antilymphocyte sera given to mice depressed the rate of carbon clearance from the circulation; multiple doses of antilymphocyte sera stimulated the rate of carbon clearance and induced marked hepatosplenomegaly. The increased liver mass in serum‐treated mice was due mainly to hypertrophy although some antilymphocyte sera‐treated mice also exhibited an increase in the relative numbers of Kupffer cells. Splenic enlargement followed administration of unabsorbed antilymphocyte sera as well as antilymphocyte sera that had been absorbed with mouse erythrocytes and bone marrow cells. Histologically, these enlarged spleens showed marked lymphoid depletion and intense extramedullary haematopoiesis. The changes in phagocytic activity and morphology of reticuloendothelial organs observed in adult mice used in the present investigation closely parallel those which have been reported to occur in neonatally thymectomized mice. The results obtained thus tend to support the concept that antilymphocyte sera can confer a state of “immunothymectomy” when administered to adult animals, and, furthermore, are in accord with its principal mode of action.
LOCAL CELLULAR ANTIBODIES, RESPONSE IN SPLENECTOMIZED RATS FOLLOWINC ORAL MUCOSA IMMUNIZATION WITH SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Thonard JC , Aladjem Racheune 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNormal and splenectomized male albino rats were injected in the oral mucosa between the lower central incisor teeth with sheep erythrocytes twice weekly for three weeks. Specific cell immune competence was assayed in the areas of local injection, the draining lymph nodes and spleens by a modified Jerne plaque technique. Sera were analysed for haemagglutinins and haemolysins und the mercaptoethanol sensitivity of the immune responses tested. Results indicate that the spleen is primarily involved in 19S‐type antibody response, whereas the draining lymph nodes and/or the local injection site can account for the 7S response following local antigen stimulation. The spleen is not necessary for the production of immunocompetent cells in a local inflammatory site. The immunocompetent cells found in a local site of antigen stimulation must therefore be derived from lymph nodes or from a local cellular differentiation into antibody forming cells. These possibilities are discussed.
A COMPARISON OF THE CHANGES PRODUCED IN RETICULOENDOTHELIAL ORGANS OF MICE DURING HOST‐VERSUS‐GRAFT AND GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTIONS
Authors: Gotjamanos T 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA host‐versus‐graft reaction initiated by the intravenous injection of F1 (Balb/c × C57 Black) spleen cells into Balb/c mice is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and a marked increase in the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. Although the host‐versus‐graft reaction is accompanied by changes in reticuloendothelial organs which are also found in the graft‐versus‐host reaction, viz., phagocytic stimulation, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, significant differences exist in the onset, duration and nature of the functional and morphological changes produced. They occur much earlier in the host‐versus‐graft reaction and persist for shorter periods. No increase in the relative number of liver macrophages occurs in the host‐versus‐graft reaction, and splenic enlargement is due to white pulp hyperplasia with prominent germinal centre development. In a situation where the potential exists for host‐versus‐graft and graft‐versus‐host reactions to occur simultaneously, such as that created by injecting CBA spleen cells into Balb/c mice, the host‐versus‐graft reaction develops and is of sufficient intensity to prevent the transplanted cells from mounting a graft‐versus‐host reaction against the recipient animal.
THE ASSESSMENT OF A SELECTED SET OF BACTERIOPHAGES IN THE TYPING OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS OF BOVINE ORIGIN IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Frost AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe action of 20 selected phages on 1187 strains of Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle was studied. The phage patterns of 933 strains were analysed; 45 simple patterns accounted for 69·3% of strains and 6·9% were non‐typable. The phages were separated into lytic groups and the staphylococci classified into the following phage groups: group I 11·4%, group II 0·8%, group III 2·2%, group III/IV 20·9%, group IV 51·4%, miscellaneous 5·8%, others 7·5%.
DISTRIBUTION VOLUMES OF LABELLED RED BLOOD CELLS AND LABELLED PROTEIN AND “F CELLS” IN INTACT AND SPLENECTOMIZED HbA AND HbB TYPE SHEEP
Authors: Dooley PC , Morris RJH , Harris LRJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe dilutions of labelled red blood cells and labelled albumin were studied over a 10 hour period in HbA and HbB sheep, both before and after splenectomy.The dilution curves were analysed into exponentials, and values for red blood cell volume and plasma volume were calculated from various portions of the curves.Dilution curves for labelled red blood cells in intact sheep showed. important differences from those in splenectomized sheep.Red blood cell volume was calculated from: The extrapolation of the exponential process with the slowest decay rate; the sum of intercepts of all exponential processes; jugular haematocrit and plasma volume. Splenectomy significantly reduced the values for these parameters.Plasma volume was calculated from the extrapolation of the exponential with the slowest decay rate and from the sum of intercepts of all exponential processes. Splenectomy significantly reduced the values for these parameters. Blood volume and the value for the ratio of body to jugular haematocrit were calculated from the data, and were found to be significantly reduced by splenectomy.Differences between HbA and HbB sheep were found only for jugular haematocrit and red blood cell volume calculated from jugular haematocrit and plasma volume.The differences in values from the several methods of calculating red blood cell volume in intact sheep and the reduction of these values by splenectomy are discussed in relation to the splenic red blood cell content.
THE EFFECT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT ON PRESSURE‐FLOW CURVES FOR HUMAN SKIN
Authors: Ludbrook J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA pressure‐box was used to reduce mean perfusion pressure in the upper limb. Pressure‐flow curves for the skin of the hand and forcann were‐ constructed under a variety of conditions. The blood flow to the skin of the forearm was examined by plethysmosraphy before and after adrenaline ionto‐ phoresis, after alterations to the local thermal environment and after body‐ heating. The skin of the hand was examined by the latter two technique's and by heat‐flow discs. No evidence was fonnd for antorcgulation of blood flow in skill under any of these circumstances.
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF “OPTIMAL” CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL
Authors: Korner PI 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe classic cardiovascular centres of the pons and medulla, and the higher autonomic mechanisms of the hypothalamus and cerebral hemispheres all receive important afferent projections from the 9th and 10th cranial nerve cardiorespiratory afferent inputs. The higher and lower autonomic mechanisms both act in conjunction as a functional circuit to which somatic and other inputs also converge. Of particular importance are the inhibitory systems of the cerebral hemispheres, which appear to have become more developed during evolution, and which limit hypothalamic autonomic activity during moderate stress. Grading of autonomic activity depends on a “comparator” action by the central nervous system of the relative magnitude of two or more inputs. When during severe stress large autonomic effects are produced, it is blood flow distribution which alters, rather than the level of cardiac output. The blood flow patterns in animals without functioning autonomic effectors have been compared with those found in a number of neurological preparations, with different degrees of prominence of the various autonomic effector mechanisms. During severe prolonged stress the benefit of a particular autonomic activity has to be weighed against the potential metabolic cost (i.e. acidosis) of excessive neural vasoconstriction or high rates of secretion of adrenal catecholamines. Suprabulbar mechanisms contribute to “optimal” cardiovascular control during severe disturbances.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT. EFFECT ON ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCopper deficiency does not influence the synthesis of ATP by liver mitochondria not does it alter the concentration of ATP in whole liver homogenates or in isolated mitochondria, macrodomes and supernatant. However, copper deficiency considerably reduces the affinity of mitochondria to bind adenine nucleotides on membrane preparations. This defect leads to failure of ATP transport across the inner membrane resulting in abnormal accumulation of ATP within mitochondria incubated in vitro and a requirement of exogenous ATP for optimal rates of phospholipid synthesis by enzymes of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The effect of copper deficiency on adenine nucleotide metabolism and consequently on phospholipid synthesis is analogous to that of the glycoside atractyloside. The possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT. EFFECT ON LIVER AND BRAIN LIPIDS
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCopper deficiency in the rat has been found not to alter significantly the total phospholipids of liver or brain. However, in agreement with their defective capacity to synthesize phospholipid. liver mitochondria from copper deficient rats contain significantly less phospholipid than do control mitochondria. The qualitative contort of specific phospholipids in liver or brain homogenates or in liver mitochondria is not changed by copper deficiency, indicating that the effect on phospholipid synthesis is general rather than on the synthesis of a specific phospholipid. The proportion of phospholipids present in liver and brain of control or copper‐deficient rats on the special diet does not differ from that of siblings raised on a stock pellet diet. Liver mitochondria from copper‐ deficient rats contain significantly more polyunsaturated fatty acids than do control liver mitochondria.The decrease in total phospholipid and the increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids of copper‐deficient liver mitochondria are discussed in relation to cytochrome oxidase activity, mitochondrial permeability and the affinity of mitochondrial mombranes to bind and transport ATP. It is concluded that copper deficiency influences phospholipid synthesis by liver mitochondria in vivo as well as in vitro.
A STUDY OF THE CENTRAL ACTION OF FLUROTHYL AND METHOXYFLURANE
Authors: Schuck Sandra L , Shulman A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe central nervous system actions of the volatile fluorinated ethers flurothyl and methoxynflurane have been studied quantitatively in the mouse. Both ethers have been titrated against each other and against homologous glutarimides with analeptic, hypnotic or dual stimulant‐depressart central action. Flurothyl has been titrated additionally against the hypnoties hydroxydione, pentobarbitone sodium and trimethadione. The forms of the titration curves and the wide dose ranges of titration of the stimulants flurothyl, bemegride and 3‐methyl‐3‐n‐propylylutarimide have suggested that flurothyl and methoxyflurane produce their opposed stimulant and depressant actions at the same central sites as their structurally‐unrelated titrants. Thus, the ethers may act at excitatory synapses on neurones in the midbrain reticiular formation by increasing or decrcasing respectivcly the liberation of transmitter substance presynaptitally or the flux of ions postsynaptically, or both. Physicochemical properties of flurothyl and methoxyflurane which may contribute to their central actions have been discussed.
IN VITRO EFFECT OF RUBELLA VIRUS ON EMBRYONIC CHICK LENS
Authors: Harley JD , Edwards Anne , Filipic M , Gupta JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLenses dissected from 12‐day embryonic chicks, then incubated with rubella virus for varying periods of time, were subsequently found to have a shorter metabolic life in organ culture than those treated with uninfected RK13 cell extracts. In high concentrations of virus this inhibitory effect was rapid; with lower concentrations or shorter treatment time the effect was delayed. Virus could be isolated from the supernatant culture media 48 hours after removal of the original virus inoculum, but not subsequently. Distinct histopathological changes were usually apparent in lenses after 4 hours' incubation with rubella virus suspension, and extensive changes were present after 24 hours' incubation. Extract's of rubella‐infected RK13 cells from which rubella virus had been eliminated were also toxic to the lens. The early changes in this experimental system thus appear due to a direct toxic effect; the later changes may result from viral proliferation in the lens.