bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of GIS to Prioritize Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Control on Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center, Mississippi
Authors: Yager Lisa Y. , Smith Matt 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGeographic information systems (GIS) analysis considering size and spatial distribution of infestations of invasive species on a landbase can assist with developing appropriate control strategies for that species. We used GIS to evaluate strategies that placed highest priority on: smallest patches of cogongrass, largest patches of cogongrass, and cogongrass patches on land considered high-value under military training and conservation priorities on Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center (CSJFTC), MS. Strategies were first evaluated using predicted increase in area of new growth prevented, if prioritized patches were treated with herbicide. Travel and other time needed to implement strategies were then assessed as they affected total area treated. Assuming equivalent areas treated, predicted total reduction in area was consistently highest for the strategy prioritizing smallest patches and lowest for the strategy prioritizing largest patches. However, travel and other time was sufficiently reduced for the strategy prioritizing patches on high-value land compared to the other strategies to suggest that this strategy would result in the greatest reduction in area infested with cogongrass. Analyses of spatial distribution and size of infestations can assist land managers with selecting the appropriate strategy for controlling invasive species.
Response of Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and Cool-Season Grasses to Defoliation
Authors: Ralphs Michael H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBroom snakeweed is one of the most widespread range weeds in western North America. Although a native plant, it increases with disturbance such as overgrazing, fire, and drought, and can dominate sites. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that defoliation of broom snakeweed alone, and along with associated grasses, would reduce its vigor and increase its mortality in bunchgrass plant communities. The study was conducted at two locations: near Nephi, UT in an invaded crested wheatgrass stand and at Howell, UT in a bluebunch wheatgrass/Wyoming big sagebrush community. Clipping treatments consisted of (1) untreated Control; (2) All Clip—clipping all herbaceous vegetation 2 cm above the soil surface, and current season foliar growth of snakeweed; (3) Grass Clip—clipping all grass and forb plants; (4) Snakeweed Clip—clipping current season foliar growth. Treatments were randomly assigned to 1-m2plots and clipped in May or late August. Plots were measured and clipped at the respective seasons annually from 2004 to 2007. Defoliation of snakeweed in spring in the Snakeweed Clip treatment caused higher mortality and lower size and vigor of remaining plants than the other treatments at the end of the study. Clipping all vegetation also reduced snakeweed density at Nephi, but not at Howell. There was little regrowth of bluebunch wheatgrass at Howell in the All Clip treatment; thus, it was likely to have not competed with snakeweed regrowth for limited soil moisture. Bluebunch wheatgrass cover declined at Howell in the All and Grass Clip treatments. Crested wheatgrass was not adversely affected by spring defoliation in the All and Grass Clip treatments, and it increased in the Snakeweed Clip treatment. There were few differences in the fall defoliations. Spring defoliation of snakeweed put it at a competitive disadvantage with both intact perennial bunchgrasses and regrowth crested wheatgrass, thus enhancing its mortality.
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) Management Method Impacts Restoration of Understory Plants in the Presence of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginiana)
Authors: Cipollini Kendra , Ames Elizabeth , Cipollini Don 
Published: March 2009

AbstractManagement methods for invasive species vary in their restoration success in the presence or absence of herbivores. We investigated the performance of understory plants after management of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle using two herbicide-based methods (cut/paint and basal application) in fenced and unfenced plots. The cut/paint method resulted in the removal of above-ground stems, while the basal application method resulted in the dead stems remaining in place. Light level in the cut/paint treatment was higher than in the basal application treatment, which was higher than in the control (no management) treatment. Across fencing treatments, fruit production, height, and subsequent recruitment of transplanted jewelweed were greater in the cut/paint treatment. Across management treatments, jewelweed plants were taller in the fenced treatment. Native species richness was generally higher in the cut/paint and basal application treatments than in the control treatment. There were more jewelweed recruits, more jewelweed fruits, and greater native species richness in the cut/paint treatment than in the basal application treatment in fenced plots, but these measures were similar in both management treatments in unfenced plots. Thus standing dead stems of Amur honeysuckle offered protection from damage in the presence of herbivores, offsetting the advantage of the cut/paint method seen in the fenced plots. There was a trend for more leaves of transplanted wild ginger in the basal application treatment. There were more invasive garlic mustard and more Amur honeysuckle seedlings in the cut/paint treatment than in the control treatment. Our results illustrate the complexities involved in selecting appropriate restoration management techniques given herbivore pressure, differential species response, and presence of multiple invasive species. In our study, we demonstrated that the basal application honeysuckle management method (and therefore perhaps similar methods that leave the dead stems standing) led to increased understory plant restoration success when compared to the cut/paint method.
Herbicide Evaluation to Control Clematis terniflora Invading Natural Areas in Gainesville, Florida
Authors: Langeland Kenneth , Meisenburg Michael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractJapanese clematis, a herbaceous to woody vine native to Asia, has been widely used for landscaping in the southeastern United States and is now a naturalized and invasive in Florida. Herbicides that contain the active ingredients fluroxypyr, glyphosate, imazapic, metsulfuron, or triclopyr, applied alone or in combination on a spray-to-wet basis, were evaluated for their effectiveness to control the plant in a natural area of Gainesville, FL. All herbicide treatments provided some level of control 30, 60, and 90 d after application. The most effective herbicide treatments, imazapic 0.6 g ae/L, glyphosate as low as 3.6 g ae/L, triclopyr as low as 3.6 g ae/L, metsulfuron 0.07 g ai/L, and fluroxypyr as low as 1.8 g ae/L, resulted in 72% to 99% control 90 d after application, but were not significantly different from each other. Natural area managers throughout the range of Japanese clematis should be vigilant for this species and remove it whenever encountered. Our results indicate that it can be controlled by foliar application of several herbicides commonly used for management of pest plants in natural areas, but repeat applications will be necessary.
Commentary: Antioxidants for Cancer: New Tricks for an Old Dog?
Authors: Sharifi Nima 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Traditionally, the main focus of the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oncology is that these species induce DNA damage, leading to a predisposition to cancer. However, it has recently been shown that ROS may have an alternative activity, by modulating tumor cell signaling. Moreover, tumor cell signaling mediated by ROS is readily reversible upon treatment with antioxidants. This emerging evidence on the molecular effects of antioxidants on tumor cells, along with the evidence that the route of administration of antioxidants in earlier clinical trials for cancer could not achieve pharmacologically effective levels, suggests that antioxidants may serve as bona fide signal transduction modifiers for cancer. A re-examination of the current evidence and further study is clearly warranted.
Bridging levels of pharmaceuticals in river water with biological community structure in the llobregat river basin (northeast spain)
Authors: Muñoz Isabel , López-Doval Julio C. , Ricart Marta , Villagrasa Marta , Brix Rikke , Geiszinger Anita , Ginebreda Antoni , Guasch Helena , de Alda M. José López , Romaní Anna M. , Sabater Sergi , Barceló Damià 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA wide range of human pharmaceuticals are present at low concentrations in freshwater systems, particularly in sections of polluted river. These compounds show high biological activity, often associated with a high stability. These characteristics imply a potential impact of these substances on aquatic biota even when present at low environmental concentrations. Low flow conditions in Mediterranean rivers, most of which flow through densely populated areas and are subjected to intensive water use, increase the environmental risk of these emergent compounds. Here, we studied whether pharmaceuticals in river water affect the local benthic community structure (diatoms and invertebrates). For this purpose, we analyzed the occurrence of pharmaceuticals along the Llobregat River and examined the benthic community structure (diatoms and invertebrates) of this system. Some pharmaceutical products in the Llobregat River registered concentrations greater than those cited in the literature. Multivariate analyses revealed a potential causal association between the concentrations of some anti-inflammatories and β-blockers and the abundance and biomass of several benthic invertebrates (Chironomus spp. and Tubifex tubifex). Further interpretation in terms of cause-and-effect relationships is discussed; however, it must be always taken with caution because other pollutants also may have significant contributions. Combined with further community experiments in the laboratory, our approach could be a desirable way to proceed in future risk management decisions.
Effect of 17β-estradiol on the immunocompetence of japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax Japonicus)
Authors: Thilagam Harikrishnan , Gopalakrishnan Singaram , Bo Jun , Wang Ke-Jian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Environmental contaminants can interfere with hormonal regulation in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and these contaminants may disrupt the endocrine system of human and other organisms. Evidence is growing that contaminants may be partly responsible for the observed increase of disease in marine organisms by adversely affecting their immunity. Fish are commonly used as sentinel organisms in vertebrate immunotoxicology; however, to date, studies have been undertaken only on a single size group of fish (juvenile/adult) and for acute exposure. In the present study, Lateolabrax japonicus fingerlings and juveniles were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (200 and 2,000 ng/L) of 17β-estradiol (E2) for 30 d under laboratory conditions, and alterations in immune parameters comprising differential leukocyte count, respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin levels, serum lysozyme, and bactericidal activity were investigated to establish whether estrogen produced immunomodulation and to understand the effects of long-term exposure on these immune parameters in fish fingerlings and juveniles. The results revealed a significant elevation of respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin levels, and differential leukocyte counts of the fish exposed to estrogen compared to the control. The remaining parameters were significantly reduced in the experimental groups when compared to the control. The results indicated that sublethal E2 exposure induced immunomodulation in both fingerling and juvenile L. japonicus, and the changes caused by estrogen might affect the function of immune system in fish.
Adaptive β-Cell Proliferation Is Severely Restricted With Advanced Age
Authors: Rankin Matthew M. , Kushner Jake A. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
Regeneration of the insulin-secreting β-cells is a fundamental research goal that could benefit patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. β-Cell proliferation can be acutely stimulated by a variety of stimuli in young rodents. However, it is unknown whether this adaptive β-cell regeneration capacity is retained into old age.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We assessed adaptive β-cell proliferation capacity in adult mice across a wide range of ages with a variety of stimuli: partial pancreatectomy, low-dose administration of the β-cell toxin streptozotocin, and exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist. β-Cell proliferation was measured by administration of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in the drinking water.

RESULTS
Basal β-cell proliferation was severely decreased with advanced age. Partial pancreatectomy greatly stimulated β-cell proliferation in young mice but failed to increase β-cell replication in old mice. Streptozotocin stimulated β-cell replication in young mice but had little effect in old mice. Moreover, administration of GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 stimulated β-cell proliferation in young but not in old mice. Surprisingly, adaptive β-cell proliferation capacity was minimal after 12 months of age, which is early middle age for the adult mouse life span.

CONCLUSIONS
Adaptive β-cell proliferation is severely restricted with advanced age in mice, whether stimulated by partial pancreatectomy, low-dose streptozotocin, or exendin-4. Thus, β-cells in middle-aged mice appear to be largely postmitotic. Young rodents may not faithfully model the regenerative capacity of β-cells in mature adult mice.
Peri-Conceptional A1C and Risk of Serious Adverse Pregnancy Outcome in 933 Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jensen Dorte M. , Korsholm Lars , Ovesen Per , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Moelsted-Pedersen Lars , Westergaard Jes G. , Moeller Margrethe , Damm Peter 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE
To study the association between peri-conceptional A1C and serious adverse pregnancy outcome (congenital malformations and perinatal mortality).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Prospective data were collected in 933 singleton pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS
The risk of serious adverse outcome at different A1C levels was compared with the background population. The risk was significantly higher when peri-conceptional A1C exceeded 6.9%, and the risk tended to increase gradually with increasing A1C. Women with A1C exceeding 10.4% had a very high risk of 16%. Congenital malformation rate increased significantly at A1C above 10.4%, whereas perinatal mortality was increased even at A1C below 6.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
These results support recent guidelines of preconceptional A1C levels &lt;7% in women with type 1 diabetes.
Why Do Herders Insist on Otor? Maintaining Mobility in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Xie Yina , Li Wenjun 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Otor is a traditional mobility strategy developed by Mongolian herders to cope with their highly variable and uncertain environment. The Livestock and Rangeland Double-Contract Responsibility System (LRDCRS) implemented in pastoral Inner Mongolia (People's Republic of China during the mid-1980s) has encouraged a settled mode of livestock husbandry within a delimited household rangeland area, depending primarily on fenced pastures. Practical results from the past 20 years indicate that this settled pattern can not completely replace the traditional herd mobility strategy that was anticipated by LRDCRS. A case study from a village in Xilingol Prefecture in Inner Mongolia explores the reasons why herders insist on otor. The paper evaluates the impact of changes in rangeland tenure and social relationships brought by LRDCRS on the herders' ability to access key resources in adverse weather. It is found that otor movement provides herders with the means to maintain livestock husbandry in highly variable and uncertain arid and semi-arid environments. Rangeland semi-privatization results in a loss of de facto guarantee of access to key resources. Faced with barriers to accessing resources, reciprocal bonds are weakened for conducting otor. As a result both sustainable pastoral livelihoods and sustainable use of rangelands are doomed to suffer.
How Pastoralists in Mongolia Perceive Vegetation Changes Caused by Grazing
Authors: Kakinuma Kaoru , Ozaki Takahiro , Takatsuki Seiki , Chuluun Jonjin 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
It is widely recognized that changes in livestock grazing in Mongolia after the early 1990s has increased concerns regarding land management and a need for better management strategies. Traditional knowledge and experiences of the Mongolian pastoralists should be used for such strategies. If pastoralists recognize the seriousness of 'overgrazing' or signs of overgrazing, management can be guided to use this traditional ecological knowledge to develop more effective strategies. This paper describes vegetation changes caused by grazing and how pastoralists assess these changes. We have found that pastoralists use certain types of plants as indicators to assess vegetation changes. They consider 'nariin' (narrow) plants, which often include short grasses and sedges, as good because livestock prefer them. However, most of the interviewed pastoralists thought that the main reason for vegetation degradation is temperature increase, not overgrazing. This case study suggests the usefulness of such interviews together with vegetation surveys.
The Relevance of Owen Lattimore's Writings for Nomadic Pastoralism Research and Development in Inner Asia
Authors: Miller Daniel , Sheehy Dennis 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Nomadic pastoral systems in Inner Asia are facing sweeping changes. Designing new development models for the sustainable utilization of rangelands requires a better understanding of nomadic pastoral systems. Owen Lattimore's writings, based on his experiences in Inner Asia in the 1920s and 1930s, are a valuable resource for those interested in nomads and pastoral development in Inner Asia. The paper introduces some of Lattimore's work to illustrate their relevance to today's pastoral development challenges. Despite being written 70 years ago, Lattimore's texts are still useful for understanding traditional livestock management practices and provide valuable insight for the sustainable development of the pastoral areas of Inner Asia.
Long-term results with exophthalmos in a surgical series of 30 sphenoorbital meningiomas
Authors: Scarone Pietro , Leclerq Delphine , Héran Françoise , Robert Gilles 
Published: March 2009

Object
The authors analyzed the long-term results and radiological aspects of sphenoorbital meningioma (with emphasis on exophthalmos) in a series of 30 patients who underwent resection.

Methods
Data obtained in all 30 patients who underwent surgery for typical sphenoorbital meningioma at the authors' institution between June 1994 and September 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. The exophthalmos index (EI) was measured on preoperative MR images and/or CT scans and compared between the early and last follow-up examinations. All patients were women 35–74 years of age (median 51 years). Exophthalmos was the presenting symptom in 28 patients (93%), and was observed on preoperative MR images in all patients. The median duration of symptoms before surgery was 10 months (2–120 months).

Results
Total resection (Simpson Grade I) was not achieved in these patients because of the impossibility of resecting the dura mater in the superior orbital fissure without causing significant complications. Subtotal resection (Simpson Grade II) was obtained in 90% of patients, and in 3 patients (10%) a portion of the tumor was deliberately left in place because of extensive macroscopic infiltration of the cavernous sinus and/or extraocular muscles (Simpson Grade III). No patient died. Radiological evaluation at a median follow-up of 61 months (range 17–136 months) showed no contrast enhancement in 14 patients (47%), residual contrast enhancement without evolution in 13 (43%), and recurrence (new contrast enhancement) in 3 (10%). The EI was improved at the first radiological follow-up (median 12 months) in 27 patients (90%), and at the last radiological follow-up (median 61 months) in 28 patients (93%). In the interval between the first and final imaging follow-up, the EI improved in only 8 patients (20%), worsened in 15 patients (50%), and showed no variation in 7 patients (30%).

Conclusions
Sphenoorbital meningiomas are insidious tumors with slow progression. Even when exophthalmos is not clinically evident, it is always present on preoperative MR imaging. Total resection is not possible due to superior orbital fissure invasion, but subtotal resection (Simpson Grade II) can assure long-term stability due to the nonevolutive nature of most residual tumors. Exophthalmos improves at early radiological follow-up, but may worsen again as time passes.
Effect of biodegradable fibrin scaffold on survival, migration, and differentiation of transplanted bone marrow stromal cells after cortical injury in rats
Authors: Yasuda Hiroshi , Kuroda Satoshi , Shichinohe Hideo , Kamei Shintaro , Kawamura Ryoichi , Iwasaki Yoshinobu 
Published: March 2009

Object
In this study the authors' aim was to assess whether fibrin matrix could act as an injectable, valuable scaffold in bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) transplantation for injured CNS tissue.

Methods
Both clotting time and 3D structure of fibrin matrix were analyzed with various concentrations of fibrinogen and CaCl2. The BMSCs were harvested from green fluorescent protein–transgenic mice and cultured. A cortical lesion was produced in rats by application of a very cold rod to the right cerebral hemisphere. The BMSCs, fibrin matrix, or BMSC–fibrin matrix complex was transplanted into the lesion though a small bur hole 7 days after the insult. Using immunohistochemical analysis, the authors evaluated the survival, migration, and differentiation of the transplanted cells 4 weeks after transplantation.

Results
Based on in vitro observations, the concentrations of fibrinogen and CaCl2 were fixed at 2.5 mg/ml and 2 μM in animal experiments, respectively. Fibrin matrix almost completely disappeared 4 weeks after transplantation. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that fibrin matrix exclusively enhanced the retention of the transplanted cells within the lesion, migration toward the lesion boundary zone, and differentiation into the neurons and perivascular cells.

Conclusions
Injectable fibrin matrix enhanced the survival, migration, and differentiation of the BMSCs transplanted into the cortical lesion in rats. The authors believe that it is one of the promising candidates for a potential, minimally invasive scaffold for CNS disorders. The present findings strongly suggest that such a strategy of tissue engineering could be a therapeutic option for CNS regeneration in patients with CNS injuries.