bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The atomistic model of electronic properties of Al2O3 and ZnO for the calculations of Al-doped ZnO.
Authors: Dadashov R , Voves J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The final aim of this work is to simulate the electronic properties of Al-doped ZnO (AZO). The density-functional theory with the Coulomb interaction potential (DFT+U) method was used to specify the electronic properties of wurtzite ZnO: band structure and the density of states. The tool for structural and electronic simulation was QuantumATK, produced by Synopsys. The first part of the simulation was based on the modeling of the wurtzite ZnO periodic cell, which consisted of 108 atoms. We tried to get reasonable value of the band structure, which is from 3.30 to 3.37 eV according to experiments. The implementation of the Hubbard U method requires setting up accurate energy values for localized atomic orbitals. These values will help to establish an estimate of the Al-doped ZnO parameters. The same process was applied to Al2O3-α (corundum) in the second step. Based on this procedure, we have obtained estimated energy values for the 2p orbital for oxygen, the 3p orbital for aluminum, and the 3d orbital for zinc. AZO is used in solar cells as a transparent conducting layer. The percentage of the aluminum doping in ZnO does change its electrical and optical properties. If we can succeed in finding the appropriate percentage of aluminum for the doped material in the model, we can compare it with the experiment and use it in the photovoltaic systems as a transparent conductive layer.
Modelling of gas-dynamic processes in the design of small-sized installation for the production of micro-powders by gas spraying melt quenching in a horizontal reactor.
Authors: Poghosyan E K , Stasyuk I O , Savin V V , Savina L A , Marukhin A O 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A new scheme for obtaining metal powders by gas spraying is present. The atomization takes place in a horizontal reactor where the interacting flows of the melt and the atomizing gas are perpendicular. The theoretical calculations performed within the selected approximation, quantitative values of process parameters, describing the interaction of flows were obtained as a result. The penetration depth of the gas stream into the melt jet at different pressures and gas flow rates was appreciated. The liquid melt jet, in initial approximation, as a flow of non-reactive particles of a spherical shape with a diameter in the range 40-250 μm in order to evaluate the selected parameters of the design of the spray chamber (atomizer) was considered. A relationship between the distribution of gas flow velocities and the distribution of the velocities of condensed particles in the atomizer chamber was modelled. We have found the areas of the atomizer in which the “reverse” flow of light particles (with a diameter of less than 80 μm). The vortex motion of the gas in the chamber induces this effect. We have found and modeled the correlation between the distribution of gas flow velocities and the distribution of the velocities of condensed particles in the atomizer chamber. The simulation results show that the investigated range of gas-dynamic characteristics in the sprayer of the chosen design ensures the production of powder materials of a given dispersion.
Application of two-grid interpolation to enhance average gradient method for solving partial differential equations
Authors: Pohjonen Aarne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Previously presented method of calculating local average gradients for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) is enhanced by using interpolating gridpoints and triangular grids. The interpolating mesh provides finer computational grid, which is then used for solving the PDE. The combined use of the finer interpolating grid together with the original sparser grid is a two-grid method. By comparing the previous application of rectilinear grid for diffusion from initial point concentration to the new triangular two grid method, it was found that the application of triangular two-grid method improves stability of the solution and it provides more rapid convergence to the correct analytical solution.
Learning systems of ordinary differential equations with Physics-Informed Neural Networks: the case study of enzyme kinetics
Authors: Lecca Paola 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are a type of function approximators that use both data-driven supervised neural networks to learn the model of the dynamics of a physical system, and mathematical equations of the physical laws governing that system. PINNs have the benefit of being data-driven to train a model, but also of being able to assure consistency with the physics, and to extrapolate accurately beyond the range of data that currently accessible. As a result, PINNs can provide models that are more reliable while using less data. Specifically, the PINNs objective is to learn the solutions of a systems of equations using supervised learning on the available data and incorporating the knowledge of physical laws and constraints into the training process. However, solving single differential equations with a PINN may be relatively simple, solving systems of coupled differential equations may not be so simple. In this study, I present a neural network model specialized in solving differential equations of enzyme kinetics that has the main characteristic of being a demonstrative simple case of coupled equations system. The study focuses mainly on the theoretical aspects of the definition of a physics-informed loss function and shows a case study that highlights the challenges still to be overcome in solving systems of coupled differential equations.
Model λ(φ
2n
)4, n ≥ 2 quantum field theory: A nonstandard approach based on nonstandard pointwise-defined quantum fields
Authors: Foukzon Jaykov 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A new non-Archimedean approach to interacted quantum fields is presented. In proposed approach, a field operator φ(x, t), no longer a standard tempered operator-valued distribution, but a non-classical operator-valued function. We prove using this novel approach that the quantum field theory with Hamiltonian P(φ)4 exists and that the corresponding C* - algebra of bounded observables satisfies all the Haag-Kastler axioms except Lorentz covariance. We prove that the λ(φ
2n
)4, n ≥ 2 quantum field theory models are Lorentz covariant.
Quasi-3D Numerical Thermal Modelling of Electronic Systems in Package
Authors: Petrosyants Konstantin O. , Ryabov Nikita I. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The technology of three-dimensional (3D) packaging currently provides an increase in the efficiency of various electronic systems, bringing the volume of the package and heat dissipation into proper correlation. For many types of modern 3D packages the electro-thermal properties were not yet investigated. So the thermal modelling of 3D system in package (SiP) constructions became obliged for package designers. The commercial universal fully-3D simulators are not effective for practical engineers because of the complexity in using. The problem-oriented method called “Quasi-3D”was proposed and software tool Quasi-3D-Overheatwas developed to save the pre- and post-processing labour and CPU time. Numerical thermal modelling for different types of modern SiP structures: bridge-chip; p2 Pack; chip stack with TSV; embedded silicon fan-out was carried out and compared with measured temperatures. Simulation error was not more than 10–15%.
Calculation of Deflagration Appearence in Hydrogen-Air Mixtures Flows in Regions with Obstacles
Authors: Martyushov S N 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many researches devoted to deflagration appearance in hydrogen-air mixes and transition it to detonation. Preference of hydrogen as a fuel is detonation fuel cycle which is more energetic preferable in comparing with ordinary fuel cycle. In connection with this preference problem of hydrogen detonation engine constructing is extreme actual. Essential part of investigations in this field is developing and improving of mathematical methods for numerical simulation of deflagration initiation and transition it to stable detonation. In real physical experiments this deflagration initiation in flows appears via sudden hot spot appearance or near an obstacle on boarding surface. In this paper numerically investigated flows of reactive gas mixes in channels with obstacles with purpose to define regims of deflagration initiation.
Simulation of Active Power Generation During Operation of a Steam Turbine Stage in Low-Steam and Motor Modes
Authors: Arakelyan E K , Andryushin A V , Pashchenko F F , Mezin S V , Andryushin K A , Kosoy A A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The operation mode of the steam turbine stage in low-steam and motor modes is considered. The features of the operation of the steam turbine stage in the motor mode are given. It is shown that the condition accepted in earlier studies of hydrodynamic processes in the turbine stage during its operation in the motor mode, that the cooling steam flows through the stage without expansion, i.e. without generating active power, is valid if the entire flow part of the turbine is under pressure in the condenser and there is no pressure drop in the stages. The conditions under which the stage operates in the ventilation mode or in the mode of generating active power are determined. The technique developed with this condition in mind allows, with known parameters before the stage and the pressure ratio before and behind the stage, to determine the operating mode of the stage.
ALICE ITS3: a bent stitched MAPS-based vertex detector
Authors: Groettvik O. ,   the ALICE collaboration
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ALICE ITS3 is a novel vertex detector replacing the innermost layers of ITS2 during
LS3. Composed of three truly cylindrical layers of wafer-sized 65 nm stitched Monolithic Active
Pixel Sensors, ITS3 provides high-resolution tracking of charged particles generated in heavy-ion
collisions. This contribution presents an overview of the ITS3 detector, highlighting its design
features, integration and cooling, and the ongoing development towards the final sensor.
Furthermore, the paper introduces the off-detector service electronics, which play an essential
role in the readout, control, and power supply of the detector.
The μ-RWELL in High Energy Physics and beyond
Authors: Bencivenni G. , de Oliveira R. , De Lucia E. , Felici G. , Gatta M. , Giovannetti M. , Morello G. , Poli Lener M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The μ-RWELL, a resistive Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector with a single amplification stage, is crafted using a copper-clad polyimide foil intricately micro-patterned with a blind hole (well) matrix. This matrix is integrated into the readout Printed Circuit Board, complemented by a thin Diamond-Like-Carbon sputtered resistive film, in order to mitigate the transition from streamer to spark regimes, enabling the attainment of substantial gains (≥104). However, this arrangement diminishes the detector's capacity to withstand high particle fluxes.
For low-rate applications, the simplest resistive configuration utilises a single resistive layer with edge grounding. This design, however, exhibits a non-uniform response under elevated particle irradiation. To overcome this behaviour, new current evacuation geometries have been developed. In this work, we examine the efficacy of various high-rate resistive layouts, trialled at the prestigious CERN H8-SpS and PSI πM1 beam testing facilities. These designs are tailored to meet the demanding requisites of detectors operating in the HL-LHC environment, as well as those of future experiments at the next generation colliders, such as the FCC-ee/hh and CepC.
Cropland abandonment between 1986 and 2018 across the United States: spatiotemporal patterns and current land uses
Authors: Xie Yanhua , Spawn-Lee Seth A , Radeloff Volker C , Yin He , Robertson G Philip , Lark Tyler J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Knowing where and when croplands have been abandoned or otherwise removed from cultivation is fundamental to evaluating future uses of these areas, e.g. as sites for ecological restoration, recultivation, bioenergy production, or other uses. However, large uncertainties remain about the location and time of cropland abandonment and how this process and the availability of associated lands vary spatially and temporally across the United States. Here, we present a nationwide, 30 m resolution map of croplands abandoned throughout the period of 1986–2018 for the conterminous United States (CONUS). We mapped the location and time of abandonment from annual cropland layers we created in Google Earth Engine from 30 m resolution Landsat imagery using an automated classification method and training data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cropland Data Layer. Our abandonment map has overall accuracies of 0.91 and 0.65 for the location and time of abandonment, respectively. From 1986 to 2018, 12.3 (±2.87) million hectares (Mha) of croplands were abandoned across CONUS, with areas of greatest change over the Ogallala Aquifer, the southern Mississippi Alluvial Plain, the Atlantic Coast, North Dakota, northern Montana, and eastern Washington state. The average annual nationwide abandoned area across our study period was 0.51 Mha per year. Annual abandonment peaked between 1997 and 1999 at a rate of 0.63 Mha year−1, followed by a continuous decrease to 0.41 Mha year−1 in 2009–2011. Among the abandoned croplands, 53% (6.5 Mha) changed to grassland and pasture, 18.6% (2.28 Mha) to shrubland and forest, 8.4% (1.03 Mha) to wetlands, and 4.6% (0.56 Mha) to non-vegetated lands. Of the areas that we mapped as abandoned, 19.6% (2.41 Mha) were enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program as of 2020. Our new map highlights the long-term dynamic nature of agricultural land use and its relation to various competitive pressures and land use policies in the United States.
Asymptotic evolution of speckle patterns to synthesize non-homogeneous string beams
Authors: Tellez-Garcia B , Martinez-Vara P , Perez-Leija A , Ramirez-San-Juan J C , Julián-Macías I , Martinez-Niconoff G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We analyze the evolution of the speckle pattern subjected to a compression showing that the spatial evolution of the probability density function satisfies a non-linear diffusion equation. Its asymptotic solution corresponds to a non-homogeneous wave with string-shape. During the compression, an irradiance interaction is generated between the speckles. The interaction satisfies a type-logistic equation. The electric field components associated with the speckles present a random behavior, however, during the compression process, the transversal components cancel each other, and the resulting light presents a state of polarization parallel to the propagation coordinate, justifying the non-homogeneous behavior. Computer simulations are presented.
A study on the electromagnetic mechanism of a flexible terahertz toroidal dipole metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Shuang , Huang Hai , Su Hao , Xu Guanghong , Wang Chen , Li Quan , Han Lei 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We have designed and fabricated metasurfaces structures generated toroidal dipole phenomenon by fabricating periodic metal pattern on polyimide substrate. The metasurfaces structure consists of two symmetric split rings along the Y-axis. The impact of structural parameters, gap, and SR, on the electromagnetic characteristics of metasurfaces at terahertz frequencies was investigated. An increase in gap results in a blue shift phenomenon in the amplitude transmission spectrum, while an increase in SR leads to a red shift phenomenon in the amplitude transmission spectrum. The intrinsic mechanism of the toroidal resonance is investigated more deeply by calculating the multipole scattering power and Q-factor. Q-factor values of 2.3 and 9.5 were obtained at low and high frequencies, respectively. Terahertz toroidal dipole metasurfaces made on flexible substrates like this have the potential for applications in terahertz functional devices, such as sensors and tuners.
Zynq SoC FPGA-based water-immersible ultrasonic instrumentation for pipe inspection and gauging
Authors: Pavan Kumar N , Patankar V H 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A re-programmable Zynq system-on-chip (SoC) FPGA-based water-immersible 2-channel ultrasonic instrumentation has been designed and developed and it is mounted inside the IP67-grade enclosures, which is suitable for ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging applications. The novel, compact Zynq SoC FPGA-based ultrasonic instrumentation system, powered by lithium-ion batteries for its operation over five hours, exhibits its adaptability for challenging environments, including its ability to travel through pipes carrying oil or water. One of the salient features of the 2-channel system is the capability to acquire echo signals using 12-bit/100 MSPS digitizer to provide highly accurate values of the inner diameter (ID) and wall thickness (WT) of the pipe under test. The system has been utilised to acquire and store 256 MB of A-Scan data in the DDR3 memory module of FPGA. Subsequent to five hours of acquisition, data was transferred to the computer to reconstruct B-Scan cross-sectional images for 300 mm nominal bore (NB) Stainless Steel (SS), and Carbon Steel (CS) pipes machined with volumetric and planar standard flaws. The B-Scan images could reveal both types of defects along with the location and size of these flaws. Such ultrasonic instrumentation has become an advanced tool to acquire a large volume of gauging data for pipes operating in harsh conditions, making it a vital asset for the inspection of pipes containing crude oil or processed water for petrochemical and nuclear industries. This paper provides brief details about the ultrasonic PIG instrument, with few inspection results obtained for SS and CS pipes.
Spectral density classification for environment spectroscopy
Authors: Barr J , Zicari G , Ferraro A , Paternostro M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Spectral densities encode the relevant information characterizing the system–environment interaction in an open-quantum system problem. Such information is key to determining the system’s dynamics. In this work, we leverage the potential of machine learning techniques to reconstruct the features of the environment. Specifically, we show that the time evolution of a system observable can be used by an artificial neural network to infer the main features of the spectral density. In particular, for relevant examples of spin-boson models, we can classify with high accuracy the Ohmicity parameter of the environment as either Ohmic, sub-Ohmic or super-Ohmic, thereby distinguishing between different forms of dissipation.
What Is It We Touch?
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAmong the traditional “five senses,” touch is an outlier in more than one respect. For some purposes, it comprises several different sensory systems, and it interacts almost inextricably with proprioception and kinaesthesis. After making some needed distinctions, this chapter argues that what touch primarily represents are properties internal to the skin. But tactual representation is unusually layered: by representing the skin properties, an internal tactual state further represents external objects and various of their properties, including hardness, surface texture, shape, heft, vibration, comparative temperature, and such features as being wet or dry, slippery, sticky, or squishy. The chapter closes with some remarks on tactual aspect-perception (‘feeling-as’) and its lessons for aspect-perception generally.
Complications
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIt is a common view that smell represents conditions of one’s immediate environment, such as an odor impacting the nose or the presence of a sensible quality. An apparently competing view is that, more ambitiously, smell represents distal substances and objects, such as coffee and roses and perhaps people. This chapter argues that, by the Layering thesis, we can have it both ways: often you represent an external object by representing the immediate condition. The chapter defends olfactory layering in some detail, making use of Casey O’Callaghan’s family-resemblance method of distinguishing perceptual content per se from the richer belief contents produced by tacit inference. The chapter then further distinguishes smelling, seeing, hearing et al. in their ordinary senses from the outputs of the corresponding visual systems. Finally, an augmented teleosemantics is proposed.
Racial Perspectives on Facelifts: Evaluating Techniques and Outcomes Across Diverse Populations
Authors: McCleary Sean Patrick , Nirbhay Jain , Moghadam Shahrzad , Le Christina , Roostaeian Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Facial aesthetic surgery is one of plastic and reconstructive surgery's most sought-after and evolving areas. The growing diversity in both local and worldwide populations compels us to reevaluate our previous approaches and underscores the significance of departing from a singular aesthetic standard. Thankfully, the historical practice of stereotypical racial profiling has become less prevalent in the literature. Regrettably, however, the comparative terminology persists, characterizing non-Caucasian races as deviating from the “norm,” which typically refers to the White or Caucasian race. Additionally, there is a lack of contemporary literature comparing the distinctive considerations relevant to rhytidectomy across multiple racial populations.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to succinctly outline the current body of literature examining the impact of race on facial aging and rhytidectomy, laying the groundwork for subsequent discussion on the relationship between race and facial aesthetic surgery.

Methods
A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), identifying all studies published before 2023 discussing facial aging and rhytidectomy, specifically in non-Caucasian patients.

Results
A total of 22 publications was identified. Asians were the most described group, with 12 publications, followed by Black/African with 5 and Hispanic/Latinx with 4.

Conclusions
In today's context, the aesthetic surgeon must possess the knowledge and readiness to provide culturally sensitive, patient-centered care guided by subtle anatomical nuances, informed by anecdotal recommendations, and ultimately, aimed at effectively addressing aging concerns within diverse populations.

Level of Evidence: 3
Spatial structure imposes sex-specific costs but does not reduce interlocus sexual conflict
Authors: Halder Subhasish , Kar Shramana , Sethi Simran , Tewari Swadha , Verma Tanya , Nandy Bodhisatta 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Spatial structure is a common feature of all naturally occurring populations. Theoretically, spatial structuring of a habitat could modulate the intensity of interlocus sexual conflict (ISC) in a population, possibly by modulating intersexual encounter rate. We tested this theory using laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster by measuring male-induced decline in female fitness in three-patch habitat systems with two alternative habitat types: structured–interconnected and unstructured. Our results on reproductive and survival costs in females suggested significant costs attributable to male presence (i.e. ISC) and to living on structured habitat. However, there was only weak evidence supporting the theory of modulation of ISC by habitat structuring only. Through a follow-up experiment, we also showed that the effect of habitat on ISC is robust to the alteration of female conditions. Therefore, it appears that spatial structuring per se is unlikely to modulate ISC but can impose additional survival costs. We also showed that this survival cost could be sex specific, possibly reflecting female-biased spontaneous dispersal.