bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World Offshore Petroleum Resources
Authors: Weeks Lewis G. 
Published: December 2007

Energy resources available to man today comprise two major classes. They are those of inorganic nature and the forms of energy that are of organic origin. Among the inorganic energy sources are those of atomic and of solar derivation. Included also is tidal energy, and the energy of geothermal (internal heat of the earth) nature. The inorganic sources of energy are unlimited as far as man's use of them is concerned. Part of the first named sources may be derivable from outer space.
The organic energy resources of our earth include the so-called "fossilfuels." Most familiar to us are the various types of coal, and the liquid, gaseous and solid petroleums. They also include substances of petroleum or petroleum-like nature, such as can be derived from oil sands, from bituminous accumulations, and from bituminous shales and limestones.
Energy of organic source has come to us from the geologic past. Through the agency of photosynthesis, the sun's heat energy was preserved originally in the (fantastically) huge volumes of plant and animal matter in the seas, and thence in the sediments. And it was similarly incorporated in the coal, most of which accumulated on the lands. The organic sources of energy, though they are vast beyond any precise estimation, are in reality relatively limited as far as man's very long future needs are concerned.
The writer's assignment is limited to an assessment of the extent of the world's offshore hydrocarbon resources, as is indicated by the title of this paper.
Waste Water Recycling in Steamflood Operations
Authors: Burton Robert 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTA pilot waste water recycling project was conducted at Conoco's Cat Canyon Field, Santa Barbara County, California. The project developed a process to treat the field's high silica produced water for reuse in steam generation.The treatment of produced water was found to be more complex than conventional fresh water treatment techniques currently employed in the field. Oil, solids, and iron were each removed from the process stream before softening the water. Softening was then conducted in a two-stage process consisting of strong acid primary softeners followed by a weak acid polisher. Continuous operation of this pilot recycling plant virtually eliminated scale deposition inside a test steam generator.
Characterization of Crude Oils by Alkane Value as an Aid in the Selection of a Micellar System for a Surfactant Flood
Authors: Pushpala S. M. , Michnick M. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The phase behavior of microemulsion systems, consisting of a petroleum sulfonate as surfactant, 2-propanol as co-surfactant, brine, and pure alkanes or crude oils, was studied in order to develop a procedure for the characterization of a crude oil. The brine-alcohol titration method was used to obtain the lower phase boundary for the microemulsion of interest for enhanced oil recovery. From the slope of the phase boundary an EACN value was determined for the crude oil using the relationship between slope and carbon number developed by Shah et al.1 In the direct titration of the crude oil the colored constituents of the oil make it difficult to detect the presence of a second phase. However, this problem can be overcome by dilution of the crude oil with a pure alkane hydrocarbon or by using distillate fractions of the oil.
The Formulation of High-Activity and High-Viscosity Surfactant Slugs Containing Medium Molecular Weight Alcohols
Authors: Chiu Ying-Chech 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Activity of most aqueous surfactant slugs for teertiary oil recovery is built up by electrolyte. This paper presents oil recovery data using an alternative method for amking an aqueous surfactant solution active. Chemical slugs with high recovery activity and high viscosity are obtained by adding alcohols of C6-C12 to petroleum sulfonate solutions. The high viscosity developed in the slug renders the addition of polymer unnecessary and improves the displacement of oil significantly. Little emulsion is produced during the core experiments.
Sandpack experiments performed under electrolyte-free conditions confirm that the activity of the solution comes from proper adjustment of the alcohol concentration. To build up activity in a sulfonate-alcohol system, there is a minimum requirement of the sulfonate concentration and a minimum requirement of the total alcohol and sulfonate in the solution. These minimum concentration requirements can be explained by the formation of large surfactant aggregates in the active regions.
The use of these medium molecular weight alcohols makes it possible to convert some petroleum sulfonates to active slugs when the addition of electrolyte is ineffective. As a result, some surfactants previously considered inapplicable in tertiary oil recovery may become usable.
Improved Water-Soluble Polymers for Enhanced Recovery of Oil
Authors: Martin F. D. , Hatch M. J. , Shepitka J. S. , Ward J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two principal types of polymers have been used extensively for enhanced recovery of crude oil: partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and xanthan gum (XG). Because of its lower cost, HPAM is being used in a majority of the field projects when water-soluble polymers are applied. However, HPAM does lose viscosity in brines, particularly when divalent ions are present, and is susceptible to mechanical degradation under high shear conditions. Although many different polymer structures were evaluated in our laboratory tests, the main focus consisted of modifying the structure of HPAM and observing the effects on brine and shear stability. Testing of these analogs provided a systematic correlation of polymer structure with polymer performance so that improved compounds could be developed.
Two modified acrylamide polymers were synthesized that show improved performance when compared to HPAM. The main improvement with these modified materials is the higher viscosities generated in salty waters.
This paper presents highlights of the laboratory program and conclusions from the polymer synthesis work. Results obtained with the improved polymers are summarized and compared to commercially available products.
Precipitation/Redissolution Phenomena in Sulfonate/AICI3 Solutions
Authors: Celik M. S. , Ananthapadmanabhan K. P. , Somasundaran P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The interaction surfactants with multivalent ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ can lead to their precipitation and consequently to surfactant loss in micellar flooding systems. Investigation of the precipitation behavior of CaCl2, MgCl2/ Na-dodecylbenzenesulfonate and Na-dodecylsulfonate systems showed that the precipitation of multivalent ions occurred in certain surfactant concentration regions and the precipitate redissolved upon increasing the surfactant concentration. In this paper, the precipitation behavior of AlCl3 - Na-dodecylben-zenesulfonate/Na-dodecylsulfonate systems and their pH dependence are discussed.
AlCl3 - sylfonate systems similar to CaCl2 systems exhibited precipitation/redissolution behavior and the redissolution was found to be caused by micellar solubilization. Most interestingly, the sulfonate precipitation behavior was markedly influenced by the system pH. Results indicate that the competition among sulfonate monomers, micelles and hydroxyl ions for Al species control the system behavior. A quantitative model taking into account the hydrolysis behavior of Al has been developed for the pH dependence of precipitation/ redissolution.
Trends In Industrial Research
Authors: Holmer E.C. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper was prepared for the 40th Annual Fall Meeting of the of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colo., Oct. 3–6, 1965. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Although industry performs a large majority of total United States R and D, more than half its research is financed by the Federal Government. R and D growth in industries that participate heavily in Government research contracts has been much greater than R and D growth in industries that primarily pay for their own research. Rate of R and D expansion has recently decreased sharply. This has been accompanied by a growing integration of research with the business elements of the companies. Attempts are being made to measure the value of research, and more emphasis is being placed on increasing research productivity.
Petroleum industry R and D trends have been generally consistent with those followed by other industries that largely finance their own R and D programs. Insufficient data are available to determine petroleum exploration and production research growth trends. The outstanding technological trend in exploration research is the emphasis being placed on improvement of the seismic system, particularly by conversion to digital recording and data processing. In drilling and production research, the outstanding trend involves development of new offshore technology to permit operations in increasingly deep water. The major trend in reservoir and oil recovery research is development of economic heavy oil recovery processes.

Introduction
The last two and one-half decades have represented a period of outstanding technological development. This has been the period of miracle drugs, synthetic fibers, high speed computers, the transistor, lasers, color television, jet travel, the atomic and hydrogen bombs, space satellites, and many other developments.
This has been a period when research and development of concern to the Federal Government has changed from a modest activity conducted primarily by the Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Naval Observatory to a massive effort critical to the defense of the Nation and the Free World.
Successful ELREC Logging for Casing Proximity in an Offshore Louisiana Blowout
Authors: West C. L. , Kuckes A. F. , Ritch H. J. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
The newly developed ELREC logging method was successfully used to directionally drill a relief well for blowout control at West Cameron 65. It was determined that it can detect casing in a target well at least 200′ away and can give the direction to the target casing. Accurate distance between the relief and target wells was determined using ELREC data in conjunction with multi-shot surveys from both wells.
Selecting a Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve for Deep, Hot, High-Pressure, Sour Gas Offshore Completions
Authors: Nystrom Keith O. , Morris Douglas W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
From a safety aspect, a surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV) is installed to perform but one function - that is, in an emergency, shut in the well to prevent a catastrophic blowout. As such, producers must be assured that the safety valve installed will: 1) close, remain locked in position, and seal off pressure in an emergency, and 2) maintain its mechanical reliability in the producing environment. To gain this assurance, Exxon Company U.S.A. conducted an extensive program to select and test a surface-controlled subsurface safety valve for a 15,000 psi working pressure (WP), hot, sour, corrosive gas completion in the Gulf of Mexico.
Field Results of Adding Surfactant to Cyclic Steam Wells
Authors: Adkins J. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A water soluble surfactant was added during the steam cycles of four low-gravity oil producers in Conoco Inc.'s Cat Canyon Field, Santa Barbara County, California. This enhanced oil recovery process was attempted to improve the response from "huff and puff" steaming of older wells that had only been previously stimulated with steam. Three of the four wells tested responded better than previous steam-only cycles. Improvements have been demonstrated by the higher peak production rates, generally greater cumulative produced volumes, decreased initial water production periods, and shorter investment payback periods.
Numerical Simulation of Power-Law Fluid Flow in a Vertically Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Murtha J. A. , Ertekin Turgay 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A finite-difference numerical simulator was written to model the flow of a slightly compressible power law fluid in a vertically fractured cylindrical reservoir. This generalizes the analytical solutions for non-Newtonian fluids in radial systems and for Newtonian flow in fractured systems. Unlike most related models, this approach uses a polar coordinate grid representation.
In its most general form, the model simulates a polymer flood in a hydraulically fractured reservoir. Various special cases reduce to classical well-testing models for either injection or production with the usual assortment of boundary conditions. The model can be used to generate some type curves to analyze the pressure transient behavior of a hydraulically fractured polymer injection well.
The highly non-linear flow equation for power law fluid flow in a fractured system can be adequately treated by numerical simulation. Representation of the fracture in polar coordinates appears to be successful. The model was extensively tested by comparing several special cases to known analytical solutions. Close agreement is found in the special cases, such as non-Newtonian radial flow and Newtonian flow in fractured systems, for which analytical solutions have been published. The generalization yields dimensionless pressure versus time curves that appear to be the natural extensions of previous results.
Polymer flooding in hydraulically fractured reservoirs is a common enhanced oil recovery technique. The non-linearity of the resulting flow equations makes analytical solutions seem unlikely. The little-used polar coordinate grid, which allows logarithmic spacing for both the well and the fracture, offers a promising means of modeling and thereby predicting ultimate performance.
Applying the Principles of Project Financing to the Independent Oil and Gas Producer
Authors: Manchester C. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The key difference between a traditional lending approach and a project-oriented lending approach to financing independent oil and gas producers is the stage at which the lender is willing to enter the project. A project-oriented lender must have the technical expertise to assess enhanced reservoir risks associated with financing oil and gas production prior to the minimum six months production history normally required by traditional lenders. In return for taking greater than traditionally acceptable lending risks, a project-oriented lender should receive an equity risk type of reward in addition to the usual interest rate on funds provided to finance the project. Although such a lender is knowingly accepting greater than usual reservoir risks, a careful analysis of the sponsor/operator's financial condition, a proper structuring of the loan, and exercise of good judgment about management's technical and planning capabilities, can help reduce the overall risk to the lender. This paper presents an approach to project-oriented lending to U.S. independent oil and gas producers.
Natural Gas Outlook
Authors: Edwards Bryan C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
LEFT 1, RIGHT 1
I AM PLEASED TO TAKE PART IN THIS 58TH ANNUAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS. MY ASSIGNMENT THIS AFTERNOON IS TO PROVIDE SOME PERSPECTIVE ON THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY, INCLUDING THE OPPORTUNITIES THAT FUTURE MAY HOLD FOR OUR INDUSTRY'S ENGINEERING PROFESSIONALS.
IN ORDER TO GAIN SOME INSIGHTS INTO WHAT LIES AHEAD, I WILL BEGIN BY LOOKING AT THE STRUCTURE OF THE U.S. NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY, AND AT SOME OF THE PAST DEVELOPMENTS THAT CONTINUE TO SHAPE OUR BUSINESS. THESE DEVELOPMENTS INCLUDE THE EVOLUTION OF REGULATION, WHICH CERTAINLY HAS BEEN INFLUENTIAL IN SHAPING THE PRESENT STATUS OF OUR INDUSTRY AS WELL AS ITS FUTURE OUTLOOK.
The Outlook for the Oil Service Industry
Authors: Shannon E. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When I was asked to talk to you about the outlook for the oil service industry, it seemed a pretty straightforward assignment.
But it occurred to me rather quickly that while facts are facts, what really matters is the perception of those facts. At the negotiating table, as you know, whether the facts are bad or good often depends simply on where you are sitting.
From where you sit, assuming most of you are with the oil operators, the outlook for the oil service industry should be quite gratifying. For some years to come, you are assured of competent equipment of recent vintage, operated by highly efficient crews, at bargain prices.
Another Comeback for Uranium
Authors: Boyden T. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The uranium market has been unstable since private industry entered the nuclear power generating business in the early 1960s. Uranium supply has always exceeded demand throughout the Free World. In 1982, production was 106 million pounds U308 and accumulated inventory totaled over 400 million pounds; consumption was only 63 million pounds. Recent inventory selling, production cutbacks and producers buying from consumers, have led to decreasing prices and further market instability.
It now appears that the market is beginning to change to a more stable situation. Current forecasts indicate that Free World demand will double by 1996, led by Europe and the US. Annual production will average about 100 million pounds during the same period. A closer balance between supply and demand should allow market prices to improve between now and 1990.
The situation in the US is more complex. Consumption will increase to 35 million pounds through the 1990s while annual production is expected to decrease to about 12 million pounds, (down from a 1980 high of almost 44 million pounds) before higher prices allow a recovery to an annual production level of about 16 million pounds. The balance of US consumption will be met with imports and inventory drawdowns. Higher prices in the latter part of the decade will support a number of new solution mining projects, and allow the development of high-grade ore deposits by conventional methods. The US producer industry will survive, but will be secondary to those in Canada, South Africa and probably Australia.
Improving Fracturing Design Through the Use of an On-Site Computer System
Authors: Cooper G. D. , Nelson S. G. , Schopper M. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1979, methods were established for analyzing formation properties before a hydraulic stimulation (prefracturing test) and for interpreting fracturing pressure behavior during treatment (slope analysis). These methods were used as a basis in writing software for an on-site computer system. Since 1980, this system has been used for prefracturing test analyses (in the form of step rate, flow-back, and pressure decline tests) and for monitoring hydraulic fracturing treatments (in the form of real-time graphics of surface parameters and downhole pressures). This information was then applied to improving quality control and job design.
New Tools Improve the Economics of Coring
Authors: Filshtinsky Michael , Aumann J. T. , Quinn Joel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the overall cost of coring is influenced more by higher rig costs, due to additional trip time and slower penetration rates, than by charges made by the coring companies for their tools and services (Fig. 1). Because of this, a major R&D effort was initiated to develop tools to reduce those costs. In this paper three new tools are reviewed with emphasis on design, operational requirements and limitations, and field results.
Pressure Coring—An Oilfield Tool
Authors: Hyland C. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Pressure coring is rapidly becoming an accepted reservoir engineering tool. As high cost projects and increasingly more stringent industry economics demand more accurate data for decision making, pressure coring has become a new tool in the reservoir engineers evaluation arsenal. Complimenting, not replacing, traditional evaluation methods, pressure coring has developed into a field proven and increasingly reliable tool.
Laboratory Measurement of Dielectric Constant Near 20 MHz
Authors: Mazzagatti R. P. , Dowling D. J. , Sims J. C. , Bussian A. E. , Simpson R. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A laboratory measurement system for determining the dielectric constant and resistivity of reservoir rocks is described. The system is composed of a computer–controlled RF analyzer and a capacitive sample holder, which operates in the frequency range from 2 MHz to 100 MHz. The sample is held at room temperature and pressure. Data is presented for carbonate rocks saturated with brine having resistivity ranging from near saturation to 5 Ωm.
The results presented provide a means for interpreting dielectric log data by determining water–filled porosity from the dielectric constant and resistivity, which are derived from the tool data. This interpretation scheme will require additional data to account for temperature effects and to match variations in water-filled porosity to specific formations.
Effects of Stress Sensitive Permeability and Fracture Fluid Leakoff on Transient Well Tests of Fractured Gas Wells
Authors: Brockenbrough J. R. , Culham W. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The influence of two mechanisms of permeability alteration and their effect on transient well test response are investigated. First, formation permeability reduction with increasing overburden stress in low permeability gas reservoirs is examined. It is found that analysis using conventional gas pseudo pressure can lead to substantial error in fracture length estimates. A permeability dependent pseudo pressure function is defined which improves parameter estimation in stress sensitive formations. Second, the effect of near-fracture liquid accumulation resulting from fracture fluid leak-off on transient well test response in a low permeability gas reservoir is investigated. It is shown that the effect of liquid accumulation resulting from leak-off is to create a skin around the fracture which reduces the permeability of the formation to gas. This skin can obscure well test interpretation on a log of pressure versus log of time graph but data can still be analyzed with the appropriate pressure versus power time graphs.
Effects of Invasion on the Compensated Neutron Log (CNL) in Gas and Liquid-Filled Formations
Authors: Ullo J. , Chiaramonte J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It is well known that the large CNL sensitivity to the presence of gas in a rock formation is reduced by the existence of borehole fluid invasion. There is little precise knowledge about bow invasion influences the porosity indication of the CNL tool, and only limited information can be obtained experimentally. Using mathematical models of the CNL tool based on multidimensional radiation transport techniques, the tool response for many varied environmental conditions has been successfully modeled. These models have been used recently to predict tool responses when borehole fluid invasion is present. The results of this study are discussed in this paper.