bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of duodenal juice on bombesin‐stimulated cholecystokinin release during loxigIumide administration in man
Authors: JEBBINK M. C. W. , JANSEN J. B. M. J. , KLEIJ F. G. H. VAN DER , MOOY D. M. , ROVATIT L. C. , LAMERS C. B. H. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Stimulation of cholecystokinin release by bombesin is augmented by cholecystokinin receptor blockade with loxiglumide. We hypothesize that this augmented cholecystokinin release results from inhibition of the pancreatico‐biliary response to bombesin during cholecystokinin receptor blockade. To test this hypothesis, we infused bombesin for 180 min in six healthy subjects Three bombesin‐infusion experiments were performed in each subject in random order on different days. In two of these experiments loxiglumide was co‐infused with bombesin, while in the third experiment saline was co‐infused with bombesin. In one of the loxiglumide experiments, duodenal juice, collected on the previous day during infusion of cholecystokinin‐GIH, was reperfused intraduodenally during the second hour of bombesin infusion.In the saline experiment, the integrated cholecystokinin response during the first hour of bombesin‐infusion (262 ± 63 pmol 60 min‐1) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than during the second (88 ± 26 pmol 60 min‐1) and third (87 ± 31 pmol 60 min‐l) hour of bombesin‐infusion. Loxiglumide augmented bombesin‐stimulated cholecystokinin secretion from 262 ± 63 pmol 60 min‐1 to 453 ± 63 pmol 60 min‐1 in the first hour of bombesin infusion (P < O.01). Integrated cholecystokinin values in the second (489 ± 90 pmol 60 min‐1) and third (450 ± 74 pmol 60 min‐1) hour of the loxiglumide experiment, were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in the saline experiment. Duodenal juice significantly (P<0.05) suppressed cholecystokinin responses from 489 ± 90 to 401 ± 69 pmol 60 min‐1 in the first hour of reperfusion, and from 450 ± 74 to 300 ±85 pmol 60 min‐1 in the hour after reperfusion (P<0.05). However, during and after reperfusion of duodenal juice, cholecystokinin concentrations were still distinctly (P<0.01) higher than in the BBS without loxiglumide experiment.Since the presence of bombesin‐like immunoreac‐tivity in the mucosa of the small intestine permits a role for this neuropeptide in the regulation of cholecystokinin release under physiological conditions, and since the present study demonstrates that pancreatico‐biliary outputs suppress the augmented cholecystokinin response to bombesin during specific blockade of CCK‐receptors, this study supports the concept that pancreatico‐biliary components in the duodenum may be involved in a feedback regulation between pancreatico‐biliary products and cholecystokinin release in man.
Alpha‐subunit and human chorionic gonadotropin‐β immunoreactivity in patients with malignant endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours
Authors: GROSSMANN M. , TRAUTMANN M. E. , POERTL S. , HOERMANN R. , BERGER P. , ARNOLD R. , MANN K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. In the serum of patients with malignant endocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumours, both α‐subunit (α‐SU), common to all glycoprotein hormones, as well as free β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG‐β) have been reported to be elevated in a substantial fraction. Both have been discussed as markers of malignancy in these neoplasms. In the present study we evaluated the diagnostic significance of α‐SU and hCG‐β as serum markers in patients with malignant endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours.The study group consisted of 52 patients with endocrine GEP‐malignancies (24 nonfunctioning, 23 carcinoid syndromes, four gastrinoma, one glucagonoma), located in the small intestine (n= 29), pancreas (n= 17), colon or rectum (n= 3), retroperitoneum (n= 2) and stomach (n= 1). α‐SU and hCG‐β immunoreactivity was also assessed in the serum of patients with benign GEP‐tumors (five insulinoma, and three gastrinoma).Concentrations of α‐SU and hCG‐β were determined using two highly sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assays employing two monoclonal antibodies each. In 19 of 52 patients (37%), either α‐SU (n= 9), hCG‐β (n= 7) or both subunits (n= 3) were elevated. In the subgroup of 24 patients with nonfunctioning GEP‐tumours, increased concentrations of either α‐SU (n= 6) or hCG‐β (n= 3) or both subunits (n= 1) were found in 10 of 24 patients (42%). In four of 23 patients with carcinoid syndrome (17%), either α‐SU (n= 2), hCG‐β (n= 1) or both subunits (n= 1) were above the normal range. Of five patients with functionally active endocrine pancreatic islet cell tumours, all had an elevation of at least one of the two substances. In contrast, in the serum of all eight patients with benign GEP‐tumours, α‐SU and hCG‐β were within normal limits. In summary, our data show a high frequency of elevated α‐SU or hCG‐β immunoreac tivity in the serum of patients with malignant endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. Since immunoreactivity is mostly discordantly elevated, the two markers are well suited to supplement each other. Absolute values had a similar range in the subgroups analysed. The prevalence was highest for functionally active endocrine pancreatic islet cell cancers, but nonfunctioning endocrine GEP‐malignancies also exhibited a high frequency of predominantly α‐SU immunoreactivity. This is important since this subgroup of endocrine GEP‐tumours usually lacks hormonal markers. In patients with carcinoid syndrome, however, increased serum levels of α‐SU or hCG‐β appear to be rare and of no diagnostic value.
Strain gauge plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound in the measurement of limb blood flow
Authors: PALLARÉS L. C. M. , DEANE C. R. , BAUDOUIN S. V. , EVANS T. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The maintenance of adequate oxygen delivery (DO2) and tissue uptake (VO2) has become central dogma in the management of the critically ill. However, these parameters are derived using gas tensions measured in mixed venous blood and may not reflect changes in regional blood flow. Therefore, it has become necessary to provide estimates of blood flow to specific organs and to evaluate the most adequate techniques available.In order to define the best means of assessing blood flow to the lower limb noninvasively in normal subjects, measurements of superficial femoral arterial blood flow using Doppler ultrasound (DU) and strain gauge plethysmography (SGP) were compared in 10 normal volunteers at rest and during exercise. To evaluate the effect of strain gauge positioning, results of measurements made under four different combinations of cuff/strain gauge placement were compared in 15 other volunteers.The correlation of the limb blood flow obtained using the two methods at rest and exercise was 0·57 and 0·62 and the limits of agreement (d±2SD) were 0·40±2·49 and ‐0·86±5·22 ml 100 ml‐1 tissue min‐1 at rest and on exercise, respectively. Results obtained using SGP were more reproducible (Coef. repeat. 0·45 vs. 0·94 ml 100 ml‐1 tissue min‐1, for SGP and DU, respectively). The various combinations of cuff/strain gauge positioning showed a tendency to over‐read when the latter was placed on the thigh, but were not significantly different (P<0·05).Measurements of limb blood flow obtained using DU and SGP correlate poorly over a wide range of blood flow and do not agree, the results from the latter being more reproducible. Although the same position of cuff and strain gauge should be maintained throughout an experiment, varying the positions studied yields comparable results.
Soil organic matter stabilization in acidic forest soils is preferential and soil type‐specific
Authors: Spielvogel S. , Prietzel J. , Kögel‐Knabner I. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMinerals with large specific surface areas promote the stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM). We analysed three acidic soils (dystric, skeletic Leptic Cambisol; dystric, laxic Leptic Cambisol; skeletic Leptic Entic Podzol) under Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest with different mineral compositions to determine the effects of soil type on carbon (C) stabilization in soil. The relationship between the amount and chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM), clay content, oxalate‐extractable Fe and Al (Feo; Alo), and dithionite‐extractable Fe (Fed) before and after treatment with 10% hydrofluoric acid (HF) in topsoil and subsoil horizons was analysed. Radiocarbon age, 13C CPMAS NMR spectra, lignin phenol content and neutral sugar content in the soils before and after HF‐treatment were determined and compared for bulk soil samples and particle size separates. Changes in the chemical composition of SOM after HF‐treatment were small for the A‐horizons. In contrast, for B‐horizons, HF‐soluble (mineral‐associated) and HF‐resistant (non‐mineral‐associated) SOM showed systematic differences in functional C groups. The non‐mineral associated SOM in the B‐horizons was significantly depleted in microbially‐derived sugars, and the contribution of O/N‐alkyl C to total organic C was less after HF‐treatment. The radiocarbon age of the mineral‐associated SOM was younger than that of the HF‐resistant SOM in subsoil horizons with small amounts of oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe. However, in horizons with large amounts of oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe the HF‐soluble SOM was considerably older than the HF‐resistant SOM. In acid subsoils a specific fraction of the organic C pool (O/N‐alkyl C; microbially‐derived sugars) is preferentially stabilized by association with Fe and Al minerals. Stabilization of SOM with the mineral matrix in soils with large amounts of oxalate‐extractable Alo and Feo results in a particularly stable and relatively old C pool, which is potentially stable for thousands of years.
Amphibians as metrics of critical biological thresholds in forested headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.
Authors: WELSH JR HARTWELL H. , HODGSON GARTH R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. Amphibians are recognized both for their sensitivity to environmental perturbations and for their usefulness as cost‐effective biometrics of ecosystem integrity (=system health).2. Twenty‐three years of research in headwater streams in the Klamath‐Siskiyou and North Coast Bioregions of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A., showed distinct patterns in the distribution of amphibians to variations in water temperature, % fine sediments and the amount of large woody debris (LWD).3. Here, we review seven studies that demonstrate connections between species presence and abundance and these three in‐stream variables. These data were then used to calculate realized niches for three species, the southern torrent salamander, the larval coastal tailed frog and the larval coastal giant salamander, relative to two of these environmental stressors (water temperature and % fine sediments). Moreover, multivariate generalized additive models were used to predict the presence of these three amphibians when these three stressors act in concert.4. Stream‐dwelling amphibians are shown to be extremely sensitive to changes in water temperature, amounts of fine sediment and LWD, and specific thresholds and ranges for a spectrum of animal responses can be used to manage for headwater tributary ecosystem integrity.5. Consequently, amphibians can provide a direct metric of stream ecosystem integrity acting as surrogates for the ability of a stream network to support other stream‐associated biota, such as salmonids, and their related ecological services.
Plesiosaurs
Authors: Smith Adam Stuart 
Published: March 2008

Plesiosaurs are an unusual and intriguing group of extinct aquatic reptiles (Fig. 1). They are sauropterygians, a group known from an array of semi‐aquatic forms during the Triassic period: placodonts, pachypleurosaurs and nothosaurs. The first plesiosaurs are known from the very latest Triassic, but by the Early Jurassic plesiosaurs were cosmopolitan in distribution and lasted successfully to the latest Cretaceous, when they became victims of the K‐T extinction event. Plesiosaurs were predominantly marine organisms, although their fossils are not uncommon in brackish or even fresh water deposits. We know that all plesiosaurs were carnivorous; many of them were top predators in their respective ecosystems. But with no living descendants (or analogues) plesiosaurs are mysterious fossil organisms—as we will see, many questions regarding their biology remain unanswered or contentious. However, plesiosaurs are currently undergoing renewed scientific attention.The beautifully preserved skeleton of the plesiosaur Rhomaleosaurus victor seen in ventral view, from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Holzmaden, Germany (total length 3.44 m). Redrawn from Fraas (1910).image
Influence of endodontic sealer cement on fibreglass post bond strength to root dentine
Authors: Menezes M. S. , Queiroz E. C. , Campos R. E. , Martins L. R. M. , Soares C. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAim  To test the hypothesis that the composition of endodontic sealer cements and the time elapsed between root filling and fibreglass post fixation interferes with adhesion to root canal dentine.Methodology  Sixty bovine incisor roots were divided into five groups (n = 12): CI, unfilled; SI, filled with a calcium hydroxide‐based cement‐Sealer 26, and immediate post fixation; S7, Sealer 26 and post fixation after 7 days; EI, filled with a zinc oxide and eugenol‐based cement‐Endofill and immediate fixation; and E7 Endofill and post fixation after 7 days. The posts were cemented with adhesive system and dual resin cement. Ten roots were cross‐sectioned to obtain two 1‐mm‐thick discs for each cervical (TC), middle (TM) and apical (TA) third of the prepared root portion. The posts were submitted to a micropush‐out test. The other two teeth were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy to analyse the bond interface. Data were analysed using anova, Tukey and Dunnett tests (P < 0.05).Results  Group EI was associated with a significant reduction in bond strength values irrespective of the root region; TC = 3.50 MPa (P = 0.0001); TM = 2.22 MPa (P = 0.0043) and TA = 1.45 MPa (P = 0.003). Region of canal had an influence on the values for the cement used in group E7, in which only the TA presented differences from the CI.Conclusions  Endofill interfered negatively with the bond to root dentine along its full length and in the TA when post fixation was delayed for 7 days. Bond strength decreased from crown to apex in all groups.
Ethical sensitivity in professional practice: concept analysis
Authors: Weaver Kathryn , Morse Janice , Mitcham Carl 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTitle.  Ethical sensitivity in professional practice: concept analysis Aim.  This paper is a report of a concept analysis of ethical sensitivity.Background.  Ethical sensitivity enables nurses and other professionals to respond morally to the suffering and vulnerability of those receiving professional care and services. Because of its significance to nursing and other professional practices, ethical sensitivity deserves more focused analysis.Data sources.  A criteria‐based method oriented toward pragmatic utility guided the analysis of 200 papers and books from the fields of nursing, medicine, psychology, dentistry, clinical ethics, theology, education, law, accounting or business, journalism, philosophy, political and social sciences and women’s studies. This literature spanned 1970 to 2006 and was sorted by discipline and concept dimensions and examined for concept structure and use across various contexts. The analysis was completed in September 2007.Findings.  Ethical sensitivity in professional practice develops in contexts of uncertainty, client suffering and vulnerability, and through relationships characterized by receptivity, responsiveness and courage on the part of professionals. Essential attributes of ethical sensitivity are identified as moral perception, affectivity and dividing loyalties. Outcomes include integrity preserving decision‐making, comfort and well‐being, learning and professional transcendence. Our findings promote ethical sensitivity as a type of practical wisdom that pursues client comfort and professional satisfaction with care delivery.Conclusion.  The analysis and resulting model offers an inclusive view of ethical sensitivity that addresses some of the limitations with prior conceptualizations.
Hierarchical Bayes estimation of species richness and occupancy in spatially replicated surveys
Authors: Kéry M. , Royle J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary

Species richness is the most widely used biodiversity metric, but cannot be observed directly as, typically, some species are overlooked. Imperfect detectability must therefore be accounted for to obtain unbiased species‐richness estimates. When richness is assessed at multiple sites, two approaches can be used to estimate species richness: either estimating for each site separately, or pooling all samples. The first approach produces imprecise estimates, while the second loses site‐specific information.
In contrast, a hierarchical Bayes (HB) multispecies site‐occupancy model benefits from the combination of information across sites without losing site‐specific information and also yields occupancy estimates for each species. The heart of the model is an estimate of the incompletely observed presence–absence matrix, a centrepiece of biogeography and monitoring studies. We illustrate the model using Swiss breeding bird survey data, and compare its estimates with the widely used jackknife species‐richness estimator and raw species counts.
Two independent observers each conducted three surveys in 26 1‐km2 quadrats, and detected 27–56 (total 103) species. The average estimated proportion of species detected after three surveys was 0·87 under the HB model. Jackknife estimates were less precise (less repeatable between observers) than raw counts, but HB estimates were as repeatable as raw counts. The combination of information in the HB model thus resulted in species‐richness estimates presumably at least as unbiased as previous approaches that correct for detectability, but without costs in precision relative to uncorrected, biased species counts.
Total species richness in the entire region sampled was estimated at 113·1 (CI 106–123); species detectability ranged from 0·08 to 0·99, illustrating very heterogeneous species detectability; and species occupancy was 0·06–0·96. Even after six surveys, absolute bias in observed occupancy was estimated at up to 0·40.
Synthesis and applications. The HB model for species‐richness estimation combines information across sites and enjoys more precise, and presumably less biased, estimates than previous approaches. It also yields estimates of several measures of community size and composition. Covariates for occupancy and detectability can be included. We believe it has considerable potential for monitoring programmes as well as in biogeography and community ecology.
Niche overlap between marsupial and eutherian carnivores: does competition threaten the endangered spotted‐tailed quoll?
Authors: Glen A. S. , Dickman C. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary

The significance of top‐down regulation by carnivores is receiving increasing global recognition. As a consequence, key objectives in many programmes that seek to maintain ecosystem function now include conserving carnivores and understanding their interactions. This study examined overlap in resource use (space and diet) of introduced eutherian carnivores and an endangered marsupial carnivore, the spotted‐tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus, in eastern Australia. We also investigated mechanisms of niche partitioning and evidence for interspecific aggression.
Dietary overlap between quolls, red foxes Vulpes vulpes and wild dogs Canis lupus ssp. was assessed by analysis of scats. Trapping, radio‐tracking and direct observations were used to quantify spatial overlap between quolls, foxes, wild dogs and feral cats Felis catus.
Dietary overlap among the carnivores was extensive. Medium‐sized mammals were the most important prey for all three predators, indicating potential for exploitative interactions. However, hunting of different size classes of secondary prey and consumption by quolls of more arboreal prey than their counterparts may assist coexistence. Remains of quoll were found in two dog scats, and cat hair in another, possibly indicating intraguild predation.
We observed extensive spatial overlap between quolls and eutherian carnivores. However, we inferred from dietary data that quolls foraged primarily in forested habitat, while canids foraged mainly in cleared habitat.
Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate strong potential for competition between spotted‐tailed quolls and eutherian carnivores, and thus a situation where control of introduced predators may be desirable, not only for the conservation of prey species but also for the protection of native carnivores. Concern over potential non‐target mortality of quolls has hindered efforts to control foxes in eastern Australia using poison baits. We contend that, rather than harming quoll populations, baiting for foxes should aid the conservation of quolls and should be implemented in areas of sympatry where fox numbers are high.
Research priorities in nursing – a Delphi study among Swedish nurses
Authors: Bäck‐Pettersson Siv , Hermansson Evelyn , Sernert Ninni , Björkelund Cecilia 
Published: March 2008

Aims and objectives.  The main aim was to illuminate essential areas for future patient‐related nursing research. The secondary aim was to stimulate nurses to explore important research areas based on clinical practice.Background.  Priority‐setting is regarded as one of the main strategies to ensure excellence in nursing science, to direct nursing research and develop healthcare practice accordingly as well as strengthening the nursing profession's research commitment.Design and method.  A three‐round Delphi survey was conducted. A panel of 118 clinicians, in various nursing, teaching and administrative positions participated. Ninety‐five panel members completed all three rounds (81%). The majority were female, aged 25–67 (mean 49) years, with an average of 23 (range 1–40) years in nursing, working in hospitals (42%), primary healthcare centres, community care (44%) and administration/education (14%). Sixty‐six per cent had graduate diplomas and 34% had an academic education, ranging from bachelors’ to doctoral degrees.Results.  Three hundred and eighty nursing research areas were identified, evaluated and ranked using content analysis and descriptive statistics. The participants’ prioritised research aimed at preserving humanistic values and developing cross‐organisational collaboration in the healthcare system. Nursing research aimed at preserving human dignity in geriatric care, respectful transfers, continuity of care and exploring the characteristics of a caring encounter were ranked high relative to the patient welfare, to the healthcare organisation and to the nursing profession.Conclusions.  Nurses prioritise research that will improve clinical practice, assure patients’ wellbeing and a caring environment. Nurses can reach consensus on the objectives of patient‐related nursing research despite differences in age, workplace, educational period and level of academic degree.Relevance to clinical practice.  When prioritising important areas for patient‐related nursing research, informed nursing practitioners’ commitment initiates knowledge development within clinical practice from a nursing science perspective as well as expanding cross‐professional and cross‐organisational collaboration.