bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of quality control for trauma management between Western and Eastern European trauma center
Authors: Calderale Stefano Massimiliano , Sandru Raluca , Tugnoli Gregorio , Di Saverio Salomone , Beuran Mircea , Ribaldi Sergio , Coletti Massimo , Gambale Giorgio , Paun Sorin , Russo Livio , Baldoni Franco 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Quality control of trauma care is essential to define the effectiveness of trauma center and trauma system. To identify the troublesome issues of the system is the first step for validation of the focused customized solutions. This is a comparative study of two level I trauma centers in Italy and Romania and it has been designed to give an overview of the entire trauma care program adopted in these two countries. This study was aimed to use the results as the basis for recommending and planning changes in the two trauma systems for a better trauma care.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed a total of 182 major trauma patients treated in the two hospitals included in the study, between January and June 2002. Every case was analyzed according to the recommended minimal audit filters for trauma quality assurance by The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACSCOT).

Results
Satisfactory yields have been reached in both centers for the management of head and abdominal trauma, airway management, Emergency Department length of stay and early diagnosis and treatment. The main significant differences between the two centers were in the patients' transfers, the leadership of trauma team and the patients' outcome. The main concerns have been in the surgical treatment of fractures, the outcome and the lacking of documentation.

Conclusion
The analyzed hospitals are classified as Level I trauma center and are within the group of the highest quality level centers in their own countries. Nevertheless, both of them experience major lacks and for few audit filters do not reach the mmum standard requirements of ACS Audit Filters. The differences between the western and the eastern European center were slight. The parameters not reaching the minimum requirements are probably occurring even more often in suburban settings.
New onset Graves' disease as a cause of an adrenal crisis in an individual with panhypopituitarism: brief report
Authors: Lewandowski Krzysztof C , Marcinkowska Magdalena , Skowrońska-Jóźwiak Elżbieta , Makarewicz Jacek , Lewiński Andrzej 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
46 year old patient was admitted as an emergency with vomiting, hypotension and serum cortisol of 0,940 μg/dl (26 nmol/l) indicative of adrenal failure. Despite previous history of panhypopituitarism he was found to be hyperthyroid [free T4 6.32 ng/dl (ref. range: 0.93–1.7), free T3 22.21 pg/ml (ref. range: 1.8–4.6)]. He was fit and well till the age of 45. Eight months prior to this hospitalisation he presented with diabetes insipidus and was found to have a large cystic tumour in the area of the pituitary gland. Surgery was only partially successful and histologically the tumour was diagnosed as craniopharyngioma. Endocrine assessment revealed deficiency in ACTH-cortisol, growth hormone, and gonadotropin, as well as low-normal free T4. On the day of his emergency admission he looked ill and dehydrated, though was fully conscious and cooperative. Heart rate was 120 beats/min (sinus rhythm), blood pressure 85/40 mm Hg. There were no obvious features of infection, but there was marked tremor and thyroid bruit. He received treatment with intravenous fluids and hydrocortisone. L-thyroxine was stopped. Administration of large dose of methimazole (60 mg/day) resulted in gradual decrease in free T4 and free T3 (to 1.76 ng/ml, and 5.92 pg/ml, respectively) over a 15-day period. The patient was found to have increased titre of antithyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-TSH receptor (anti-TSHR) antibodies [2300 IU/l (ref. range <40) and 3.6 IU/l (ref. range <1.0), respectively]. He was referred for radioactive iodine treatment. Iodine uptake scan performed prior to radioiodine administration confirmed uniformly increased iodine uptake consistent with Graves' disease.

Conclusion

Our case illustrates coexistence of hypopituitarism and clinically significant autoimmune thyroid disease. The presence of hypopituitarism does not preclude the development of autoimmune thyrotoxicosis.
Use of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Sunitinib in a Patient with von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Targeting Angiogenic Factors in Pheochromocytoma and Other von Hippel-Lindau Disease-Related Tumors
Authors: Jimenez Camilo , Cabanillas Maria E. , Santarpia Libero , Jonasch Eric , Kyle Karen L. , Lano Elizabeth A. , Matin Surena F. , Nunez Rodolfo F. , Perrier Nancy D. , Phan Alexandria , Rich Thereasa A. , Shah Beejal , Williams Michelle D. , Waguespack Steven G. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Context: von Hippel-Lindau disease is characterized by highly vascularized tumors of multiple organs.
Evidence Acquisition: We present a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease with multiple renal and pancreatic tumors and a malignant pheochromocytoma infiltrative of the sacrum and associated with lymph nodule metastases. The pheochromocytoma expressed high protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor. The patient presented with a poor performance status, severe pelvic pain, weight loss, and manifestations of catecholamine excess.
Evidence Synthesis: Treatment against malignant pheochromocytoma with surgery, chemotherapy, or participation in clinical trials was not feasible because of the patient’s poor performance status, the presence of multiple tumors, and the extension of the pheochromocytoma into the bones. Patient was treated with sunitinib, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, RET, c-KIT, and FLT-3 receptors. Six months of treatment with sunitinib was associated with normalization of the patient’s performance status and blood pressure, absence of symptoms of catecholamine excess, weight gain, disappearance of pain, shrinkage of each of the tumors (50% in the largest renal tumor, 38% in the largest islet cell tumor, 21% in the pelvic malignant pheochromocytoma), and reduction of plasma normetanephrines and chromogranin A.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence that targeting tyrosine kinase receptors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and the platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor may have value in the treatment of VHL-related tumors including pheochromocytoma.
The Killing Joke of Sympathy: Chester Himes's End of a Primitive Sounds the Limits of Midcentury Racial Liberalism
Authors: Melamed Jodi 
Published: November 2008

“The Killing Joke of Sympathy” reconstructs the centrality of the “race novel” for the consolidation of racial liberalism as an official and limited state of antiracism in the United States after World War II. In particular, it considers the evidentiary and emotional values ascribed to literature by the Julius Rosenwald Fund, arguably the most influential philanthropy at mid-century dedicated to race relations. For the fund, literature was a privileged tool for antiracist social transformation because of its unique capability to arouse white sympathies. Jodi Melamed argues that such ideas shaped a dominant practice of reading that had a regulative effect, narrowing what counted as acceptable antiracism.
Melamed reads Chester Himes's End of a Primitive as a novel where we see satire deliberately misfired in an attempt to dehegemonize racial liberal meanings secured through the discourse of “the race novel.” Featuring the murder of a white, female race relations professional by an African American author resembling Himes, End of a Primitive “predicts” (through metafictional address) that the force of racial liberal reading practices will cause the novel to be misread by white liberal readers as protest, rather than satire. At the same time, the novel constructs an imaginative exercise that dares readers to go against the grain of such reading practices, to experience the novel's humor, and to “get the handle to the joke” of their own confinement. For the reader who fails the imaginative exercise, End of a Primitive nonetheless debunks liberal ideas of sympathy as a guarantee of racial progress.
The Synthesis of Carbohydrate Microarrays by S-Alkylation of the Glass-supported 2-Bromoacetamides
Authors: Takahashi Daisuke , Tanaka Hiroshi , Nakane Emiko , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
S-alkylation reaction of a thiol group on a carbohydrate probe with 2-bromoacetamide-coated glass slide as a loading reaction was developed under physiological conditions, and the synthesis of carbohydrate microarrays using the immobilization reaction was achieved.
One-step Preparation of Cationic Sugar–Peptide Nanospheres Using the Water-soluble Chitosan-initiated Polymerization of l-Phenylalanine-N-carboxylic Anhydride
Authors: Waku Tomonori , Matsusaki Michiya , Chirachanchai Suwabun , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Biodegradable chitosan-based nanospheres were prepared by the one-step polymerization of l-phenylalanine-N-carboxylic anhydride initiated by water-soluble chitosan. The obtained chitosan-g-poly(phenylalanine) nanospheres with a diameter of 220–290 nm showed a strong positive charge, and thus it will be valuable as novel biodegradable cationic nanosphere.
Effects of Garlic on Blood Pressure in Patients with and Without Systolic Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Reinhart Kurt M , Coleman Craig I , Teevan Colleen , Vachhani Payai , White C Michael 
Published: November 2008

Background: Garlic has been suggested to lower blood pressure; however, studios evaluating this parameter have provided conflicting results. Objective: To examine the effect of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without elevated systolic blood pressure (SPB) through meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials in humans evaluating garlic's effect on blood pressure. All databases were searched from their inception through June 26, 2008, using the key words garlic, Allium sativum, and allicin. A manual search of published literature was used to identify additional relevant studies. To be included in the analysis, studies must have been written in English or German and reported endpoints of SBP or diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Studies whose population had a mean baseline SBP greater than 140 mm Hg were evaluated separately from those whose population had lower baseline blood pressures. Garlic's effect on SBP and DBP was treated as a continuous variable and weighted mean differences were calculated using a random-effects model. Results: Ten trials were included in the analysis; 3 of these had patients with elevated SBP. Garlic reduced SBP by 16.3 mm Hg (95% CI 6.2 to 26.5) and DBP by 9.3 mmHg (95% CI 5.3 to 13.3) compared with placebo in patients with elevated SBP. However, the use of garlic did not reduce SBP or DBP in patients without elevated SBP. There was only a minor degree of heterogeneity in the analyses and publication bias did not appear to influence the results. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that garlic is associated with blood pressure reductions in patients with an elevated SBP although not in those without elevated SBP. Future research should focus on the impact of garlic on clinical events and the assessment of the long-term risk of harm.
Freedom, Foreknowledge, and Frankfurt: A Reply to Vihvelin
Authors: Fischer John M. 
Published: November 2008

In a fascinating and challenging article in this journal, Kadri Vihvelin presents a spirited and vigorous critique of the strategy of defending compatibilism about causal determinism and moral responsibility that employs (in part, at least) the ‘Frankfurt-examples.’ Here is her presentation of such an example:… Jones … chooses to perform, and succeeds in performing, some action X. Tell the story so that it is vividly clear that Jones is morally responsible for doing X. If you are a libertarian, you may specify that Jones is an indeterministic agent who can choose otherwise, given the actual past and the laws. If you are a compatibilist, you may fill in the details so that Jones does X in a way that satisfies your favorite account of the counterfactual or dispositional facts that make it true that Jones could have done otherwise in the sense you think relevant to responsibility. Now, add to your story the following facts: there is standing in the wings another agent, Black. Black is interested in what Jones does. In particular, he wants Jones to do X and, moreover, Black has it in his power to prevent Jones from doing anything other than X.
Truth in Virtue of Meaning
Authors: Sullivan Arthur 
Published: November 2008

In recent work on a priori justification, one thing about which there is considerable agreement is that the notion of truth in virtue of meaning is bankrupt and infertile. (For the sake of more readable prose, I will use ‘TVM’ as an abbreviation for ‘the notion of truth in virtue of meaning.’) Arguments against the worth of TVM can be found across the entire spectrum of views on the a priori, in the work of uncompromising rationalists (such as BonJour (1998)), of centrist moderates (such as Boghossian (1997)), and of uncompromising empiricists (such as Devitt (2004)). My aim is to dispute this widespread opinion.The outline is as follows: first, §§II-III consist of preliminary stage-setting. Then, in §IV I will argue that some of the most prevalent arguments against the worth of TVM — in particular, one which is given clear expression by Quine (1970), and is recently reinforced by Boghossian (1997) — do not engage with the core idea motivating TVM. After deflecting this charge of incoherence, the aim of §§V-VIII is to work toward developing a useful conception of TVM.
Self-Knowledge and Knowledge of Content
Authors: Wikforss Åsa Maria 
Published: November 2008

The question of content externalism's compatibility with a plausible account of self-knowledge has been the subject of much debate in recent years. If the very content of my thoughts depends on external factors beyond me, factors that can only be known a posteriori, what happens to the traditional assumption that we know our own thoughts directly, without having to rely on any empirical investigations of the environment?Two decades ago, Tyler Burge presented what has become the standard compatibilist reply to this challenge. Burge focused on a certain class of judgments, what he calls ‘basic self-knowledge,’ such asI think (with this very thought) that water is wet.Exploiting the fact that reflexive judgments of this sort reemploy the content of the first-order thought, such that no ‘content mistakes’ are possible, Burge argued that externalism is perfectly compatible with the traditional view that we know our own thoughts directly and authoritatively.
Focus on the Future: A Community Health Worker Research Agenda by and for the Field
Authors: Rosenthal E. Lee , de Heer Hendrik , Rush Carl H. , Holderby Lisa-Renee 
Published: November 2008

Problem: Research articles describing community health worker (CHW) programs often focus on program activities and short-term outcomes, failing to assess CHWs’ long-term contributions to improving individual and community health. Reflecting this, CHWs are supported by short-term public and private funding.
Purpose: To inform policies that will potentially increase support and funding for CHW work, specific research is needed providing evidence of CHW effectiveness. This article describes the development of a CHW research agenda by and for the field.
Key Points: CHWs, researchers, and stakeholders (policy makers, funders, others) collaborated during and after a conference to develop and refine a 164 question agenda targeting six areas (Table 1).
Conclusions: Key research areas identified by the agenda development participants include:
•
CHW impact on health status;
•
CHW cost effectiveness;
•
Building CHW capacity and sustaining CHWs on the job;
•
Funding options;
•
CHWs as capacity builders; and
•
CHWs promoting real access to care.
Importing Freud and Lamarck to the Tropics: Arthur Ramos and the Transformation of Brazilian Racial Thought, 1926-1939
Authors: Lange Brad 
Published: November 2008

If, in the work of Nina Rodrigues, we substitute the terms culture for race, and acculturation formestiçamento, for example, his concepts acquire complete and perfect modernity.—Arthur Ramos, 1939Popular legend suggests that a mysterious curse fated Nina Rodrigues’ death in 1906. Though a pioneer of Afro-Brazilian studies, he posited that Afro-descendants possessed a genetic atavism predisposing them to crime and argued that widespread racial miscegenation had contributed to the fin-de-siècle “negro problem” in Brazil. Almost four decades following his death, the curse was reborn, striking Arthur Ramos shortly after he had revived the stagnant field of Afro-Brazilian studies using a modified version of Rodrigues’ methodology. Both Brazilian men died in Paris in their midforties, just as they were reaching the summit of their respective careers.
Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction
Authors: Ladd RS 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A specimen preparation procedure is presented that offers an improved method of preparing reconstituted sand specimens for cyclic triaxial testing. The method leads to more consistent and repeatable test results. This procedure (1) minimizes particle segregation, (2) can be used for compacting most types of sands having a wide range in relative densities, and (3) permits determination of the optimum cyclic strength of a given sand at a given dry unit weight.
Railroad Ballast Density Measurement
Authors: Yoo TS , Chen HM , Selig ET 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Because existing methods were unsuitable for measuring the in-situ density of railroad ballast, studies were conducted to develop a new technique. A laboratory investigation was made of the various factors affecting the measurement of density in railroad ballast, which typically is composed of open-graded and coarse-grained aggregates. An approach employing water replacement in a lined hole was selected for extensive evaluation. Based on the laboratory results, a new apparatus has been devised and test procedures have been developed which subsequently have been successfully applied in the field at various railroad sites. This paper summarizes the research involved in the development of the density-measurement method. The details of the apparatus and procedures are provided in appendixes to the paper. The field tests confirmed the suitability of the method and provided new information on the physical state of ballast. The proposed new method is not limited to use with ballast but is also applicable to most other soil and aggregate materials.
Air Injection and Waterflood Performance Comparison of Two Adjacent Units in the Buffalo Field
Authors: Kumar V. K. , Gutiérrez D. , Moore R. G. , Mehta S. A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Buffalo field covers a large area on the southwestern flank of the Williston basin, in the northwest corner of South Dakota. In 1987, 8,000 acres of the field were divided into two units to initiate improved-oil-recovery (IOR) operations with two different methods: air injection and waterflooding. After collecting 19 years of production history, a technical and economic comparison has been made between the two projects to determine the relative success of both units.
The technical performance was evaluated in terms of incremental oil recovery, ultimate recovery, and incremental recovery per volumes of fluid injected. Ultimate primary recovery was estimated using conventional decline-curve analysis on individual wells. Ultimate recovery was estimated by extrapolation of the current performance of the units, assuming the same actual development scheme and operating strategies.
The economic comparison was performed in terms of net present value (NPV), incremental rate of return, and payout time. A sensitivity analysis on some of the key drivers of the project economics—specifically, oil price, operating cost, and capital investment—was also performed.
Throughout the years, the west Buffalo Red River unit (WBRRU) under high-pressure air injection (HPAI) has technically outperformed its "twin," west Buffalo "B" Red River unit (WBBRRU), which is under waterflooding. Nevertheless, the waterflood project has shown greater economic benefit, which results primarily from the low oil prices (less than USD 20/bbl) experienced during most of their operating lives.
This case study shows that for an air-injection project to be successful not only technically but also economically, a sufficiently high oil price (i.e., greater than USD 25/bbl) is needed, mainly because of the high operating costs and capital investment.
Computation of Sand Production in Water Injectors
Authors: Vaziri Hans H. , Nouri Alireza , Hovem Knut Arne , Wang Xiuli 
Published: November 2008

Summary
A significant proportion of future oil production is expected to be driven by water injectors in reservoirs that are sand prone. Achieving sweep efficiency and sand control in such formations is challenging. In many cases, the ideal sand control is no sand control [e.g., a cased-and-perforated (C&P) completion] that requires rigorous sanding assessment. Sand production in injectors often goes unnoticed until it is too late (sand covering the pay), making it difficult to ascertain the specific set of conditions resulting in sanding and the severity of the individual sanding episodes. On the basis of physics and mechanisms governing sanding, general non-quantitative factors can be postulated on the causes of sanding. To provide a deeper insight into this matter, a numerical study has been undertaken to model sanding in injectors, accounting for several intercoupled factors, including, among others, injection pressure, crossflow, water hammer (WH) pressure pulses, and degradation of the formation matrix resulting from repeated shutdowns.
This paper describes the concepts used for sand-production modeling and shows application of the model to a field problem involving a C&P completion in a sand-prone reservoir. The results show that the mode and magnitude of sanding are influenced by the rock properties, injection operations, and the equipment type and installation. The cases analyzed indicate a correspondence between the rate of shut-in and the onset of sanding. In cases involving unconsolidated sands, the WH effects have a pronounced impact on sanding. Sand control can be omitted in even extremely weak rocks if the injection pressure is optimized, frequency of hard shutdowns is controlled, and hardware is positioned in a manner that reduces the WH-pressure-pulse magnitude. The proposed modeling can be used when determining the sand-sump capacity required over the projected life of the well.
Productivity and Drainage Area of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Medeiros F. , Ozkan E. , Kazemi H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
This paper discusses the performance and productivity of fractured horizontal wells in heterogeneous, tight-gas formations. Production characteristics and flow regimes of unfractured and fractured horizontal wells are documented. The results show that if hydraulic fracturing affects stress distribution to create or rejuvenate natural fractures around the well, the productivity of the system is significantly increased. Unless there is significant contrast between the conductivities of the hydraulic and natural fractures, hydraulic fractures may not significantly contribute to the productivity. For extremely tight formations, the effective drainage area may be limited to the naturally fractured region around the well and the hydraulic fractures. It is also shown that very long transient flow periods govern the productivity and economics of fractured horizontal wells in tight formations. The results of this study are also applicable to oil production from fractured shale.