bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naikan and Danshukai for the Treatment of Japanese Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Suwaki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2006

Summary The author uses two important therapies, Naikan Therapy (Self‐observation Psychotherapy) and Danshukai (Alcohol Abstinence Society), in treating Japanese alcoholics. Naikan Therapy is a method which is administered mainly in hospitals and is most suitable for patients to reflect on their past lives, retrieve the bonds of affection of their families and make up their minds to abstain from alcohol. Danshukai is an important method, particularly as after‐care following discharge in the sense that patients continue sticking to the resolution to give up drinking they made in the hospital, while keeping in touch with their fellow members for encouragement. These two methods were born in the Japanese Buddhist climate and are much alike in their basic principles. Particularly, regarding the family as important and making efforts with the family are outstanding features common to these two methods, and they can be administered one after the other to provide a synthetical effect.
Ethanol‐Induced Hepatic Triglyceride Accumulation in Mice and Genetic Differences in the Ethanol Physical Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: Griffiths P. J. , Murad C. Abu , Littleton J. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThree strains of mice (DBA, TO and C5T) were exposed to ethanol vapour in separate inhalation chambers for 10 days. The concentration of ethanol in inspired air was carefully controlled so that similar concentrations of ethanol in blood (c. 2 mg ml‐1) were produced in each strain. No significant differences between strains mere observed, in ethanol or acetaldehyde concentrations in blood or in liver after administration of ethanol for 10 days. On withdrawal of ethanol some mice of each strain were assessed for the ethanol withdrawal syndrome (convulsions, tremor, piloerection, and tail erection) using a subjective scoring system. The remainder were killed for measurement of hepatic triglyceride concentration. The DBA strain of mice showed a very severe ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Hepatic triglyceride concentration in this strain showed an increase of 892 per cent compared to controls. The C57 strain in contrast showed little evidence of a physical withdrawal syndrome, and triglyceride concentrations in liver were increased only 235 per cent above control concentrations. TO mice were intermediate both in withdrawal syndrome severity and in accumulation of triglycerides in liver (365 per cent above control). The results suggest an association between genetic differences in ethanol‐induced changes in hepatic lipid metabolism and the seventy of the ethanol physical withdrawal syndrome.
Heroin Addiction and Cognitive Style: Disembedding Performance in the Male Heroin Addict
Authors: Ross Lloyd 
Published: January 2006

SummaryField dependent individuals, who are characterized primitive, find it difficult to separate the figure‐ground relationship and consequently do poorly on embedded figure tests. Heroin addicts have also been described as being fixated at an early level of psychosexual development, using the more primitive avoidance defences. It was therefore hypothesized that addicts would be more field dependent on a perceptual disembedding task than non‐addicts. Also, although both groups should learn from practice on this task, non‐addicts will exhibit greater improvement than addicts. Thirty male addicts between the ages of 18 to 28 and an equated group of non‐addicts were administered Part 1 and Part 2 of the Hidden Figure Test cf‐1 with a 120 s interval between the parts. Both hypotheses were supported at the 0.001 level. However, these differences are not enough to distinguish addicts from other highly field dependent nosological groups. Also, additional research must be undertaken in order to understand the connection between this type of cognitive functioning and current low addict rehabilitation rates.
A Method for Describing Variability in Alcohol Consumption Levels
Authors: Taylor Colin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDiscussions of the varying levels of alcohol consumption within a population usually focus on the alcohol consumption distribution curve. An alternative way of looking at this information is introduced by defining a ‘consumption containment rate ‘, which is interpretable as a population's tendency to contain its drinking within any given level. Parallels with the concept of age specific mortality rates are drawn. It is argued that the CCR is a useful concept in analysing data and in comparing populations, and two examples are given. Some of Ledermann's data and his use of the log‐normal distribution curve are re‐appraised through the use of the CCR.
Recent Developments in International Drug Control *
Authors: Pan Lynn , Bruun Kettil 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper follows up an earlier study, published under the title The Gentlemen's Club, of the system of drug and alcohol control operating through multilateral treaties and United Nations organs. It reviews some changes which have occurred in the period 1973–78 in drug use patterns, illicit trafficking, control machinery, sources of national influence on international policy‐making and the approach adopted towards drug abuse. It discusses four major issues in international drug control: the new goal of demand reduction, opium crop substitution projects, channelling development aid into the UN Fund for Drug Abuse Control and the control of psychotropic substances.
Prognosis of Alcoholic Patients: Comparisons of Abstainers and Moderate Drinkers *
Authors: Bromet Evelyn J. , Moos Rudolph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe issue of whether alcoholics can become moderate drinkers has recently been debated on empirical and ideological grounds. The present study compared residentially treated alcoholics who subsequently abstained with those who became moderate drinkers.Data were analysed separately for two groups of patients: 262 patients who were low in socio‐economic status and related variables and who had been discharged from one of three programmes ‐ Salvation Army, public hospital‐based setting, or a half‐way house that functioned as a therapeutic community; and 167 patients who were relatively high in socio‐economic status and related variables and who had been treated at either an aversion conditioning programme or a milieu oriented programme. Three sets of variables were studied: socio‐demographic and pre‐morbid psycho‐social and drinking factors; post‐hospital treatment experiences; and post‐hospital psycho‐social and drinking factors.Six to eight months after discharge, 22 per cent of ‘low‐bottom’ alcoholics and 29 per cent of ‘high‐bottom’ alcoholics were drinking moderately; 15 per cent of ‘low‐bottom’ alcoholics and 46 per cent of ‘high‐bottom’ alcoholics were abstinent. Few predictive or concurrent differences between abstaining and moderate drinking alcoholics were found. In light of the absence of controlled studies which incorporate biological and psycho‐social data, the authors cautioned against drawing clinical and theoretical conclusions from existing research.
Experience with Carbamazepine in the Treatment of Withdrawal Symptoms in Alcohol Abusers
Authors: Poutanen Pauli 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe use of carbamazepine in the treatment of chronic alcohol abusers has been described by Brune and Busch (1971), Löfgren (1972), Roaldsnes (1972) and Gammer (1976), among others. Ritola (1975) compared the effects of clomethiazole and carbamazepine in the treatment of alcoholics using double‐blind techniques at Törnävä Hospital in 1974. Björkqvist and co‐workers (1976) carried out a comparative multi‐centre trial with carbamazepine and placebo. The positive results obtained in these clinical trials encouraged us to study carbamazepine in the treatment of alcohol abusers in a withdrawal unit for alcoholics.
Consumption of Cigarettes of Reduced Tar and Nicotine Delivery
Authors: Stepney R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of 16 published experiments which have investigated the effect of reduced tar and nicotine delivery on cigarette consumption were analysed. Smokers switched to brands of lower delivery were found to have significantly increased consumption, the greatest increases in consumption occurring after the largest reductions in delivery. A linear regression of the data shows the consumption increase predicted for different levels of delivery reduction. The relevance of this data to changes in cigarette consumption taking place in the general smoking population is discussed.
Increase in Alcohol‐Related Hospitalizations in Finland 1969–1975
Authors: Poikolainen Kari 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcohol consumption increased 2.2‐fold in Finland in 1968‐1974. Have alcohol‐related diseases become at the same time more common? This was studied by scrutinizing hospitalizations with alcoholism, alcohol psychosis, alcohol poisoning, liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis as the principal diagnosis. During the years 1969–1975, the male admission rate for alcohol psychosis increased 2.1‐fold, the rate for pancreatitis increased 2‐fold, that for alcoholism increased 1.7‐fold and that for liver cirrhosis increased 1.2‐fold. At the same time, the increases in female admission rates were 2.4‐fold for alcoholism, 2.3‐fold for alcohol psychosis, 1.9‐fold for alcohol poisoning and 1.4‐foldfor pancreatitis. The increase in admission rates seemed to be closely associated with the increase in alcohol consumption.
A Further Investigation into the Personality of Drug Addicts in Treatment
Authors: Gossop M. R. , Eysenck S. B. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySeveral previous studies have reported personality differences between addicts and normal subjects. In the present investigation, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 221 addicts at three London treatment centres, and to 310 normal subjects. An item analysis showed that a large number of items discriminated between the two groups. An ‘Addiction Scale’ was constructed from the 32 items on which the groups differed most, (all at p<0.001). Most of the A‐Scale items were drawn from the Neuroticism Scale and identified feelings of anxiety and depression. It is suggested that this neurotic component may be artificially inflated. Addicts may have learned to present neurotic problems through such symptoms being rewarded in therapeutic institutions. The neurotic component seems to play a lesser role in distinguishing female addicts from controls. These and other findings are discussed.
Detoxication of the Female Alcoholic: A Follow‐up Study
Authors: Annis H. M. , Liban C. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOver the six‐month period following discharge from a detoxication centre, one‐fifth of the 98 women studied were arrested, one‐fifth were readmitted to the detoxication centre, one‐quarter were admitted to outpatient programmes and over one‐quarter entered residential treatment. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported follow‐up findings on male detoxication residents.
The Manchester Detoxification Centre
Authors: Hore B. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe development of the first purpose built hospital‐based detoxification centre (the Manchester Detoxification Centre) in England and Wales is described. The centre opened in 1977 taking police referrals only; however police referrals have been insufficient to fill the centre. There appear to have been two principal reasons for this, the lack of police resources including transport and an unwillingness on the part of the majority of drunken offenders to enter the centre (admission being voluntary).During the first year of operation there was an over‐representation of Irish and Scottish males amongst patients who were predominantly middle‐aged and male. Apart from the period 6 a.m.‐12 midday patients were admitted throughout a 24‐hour period. The majority of patients demonstrated minimal withdrawal symptoms, 40 per cent co‐operated with plans for after‐care and approximately 25 per cent of these were referred for specialist alcoholism treatment; homeless patients were more likely to stay as required compared with those who had a known address. During the year following the opening of the centre there was a fall in the annual rate of drunken arrests not accountable by the number of patients entering the centre.
The Influence of Much Increased Alcohol Consumption on Mortality Rates: The Netherlands Between 1950 and 1975
Authors: de Lint J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt has often been suggested that a higher rate of alcohol consumption will eventually lead to a higher rate of death from traumata and diseases typically observed in alcoholics and other excessive drinkers. In the Netherlands alcohol consumption has much increased in recent years. However, an examination of mortality by cause and age over a 25–year period has indicated that it is very difficult indeed to render the presumed effects of much increased alcohol consumption on public health statistically visible. Some of these effects may well have been obscured by more significant developments in mortality such as the higher rates of death from cardiovascular diseases and from neoplasm of the lung. Other effects may not have happened at all. In the case of liver cirrhosis mortality ‐ which doubled while alcohol consumption quadrupled during the period of study ‐ it was noted that the rate of death from all liver diseases (including liver cirrhosis) has been declining. In the case of several other alcohol‐related (?) causes of death it was found that mortality rates were not responsive to recent trends in alcohol consumption in the Netherlands.
Expectations and Therapeutic Practices in Outpatient Clinics for Alcohol Problems
Authors: Davies Phil 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper examines the interaction and therapeutic practices that therapists and patients engage in during initial consultations for alcohol problems in outpatient clinics. Therapists are seen to work with elicitation strategies which allocate responsibility to patients and require patients both to identify the nature of their problem(s) and suggest possible solutions. This is seen as part of a general psychiatric approach wherein little is offered by therapists in terms of giving direct advice and guidance. Patients, however, respond to therapists' elicitations in ways which actively seek an explanation, advice or guidance from therapists concerning their alcohol problems. For patients, the provision of such guidance and direction is seen as falling within the professional expertise of therapists. This divergence between patients' and therapists' models and expectations of treatment is examined. The role of advice giving and guidance in inducing patients' motivation is also considered in this paper.
The Use of Drugs in the Islamic World
Authors: Baasher Taha 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper describes the development of the early Islamic community and the control of alcoholism within the context of overall socio‐cultural changes. The Islamic approach and the technique of the step‐by‐step methods which were applied to attain acceptance of prohibition are discussed. The origin and use of opium, cannabis, khat and synthetic psychoactive substances in the Islamic World are also reviewed. Finally the role of Islam in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse is outlined.
Ten‐year Follow‐up of a Representative Sample of London Heroin Addicts: Clinic Attendance, Abstinence and Mortality
Authors: Wille Rolf 
Published: January 2006

SummaryHome Office records were used to trace the current status of a representative sample of 128 of the patients who in 1969 attended London out‐patient Drug Dependence Clinics (DDCs) and received daily prescriptions for heroin. The mean age of the patients at follow‐up was 35.2 years and a mean period of 15.4years had elapsed since they first admitted to using heroin. By July 1979, 49 (38%) were still attending the DDCs and almost half (24 people) of them were still being prescribed heroin, the rest (25 people) receiving methadone only. Nineteen people (15%) had died and 60 (47 %) had stopped attending the DDCs. A comparison with the sample in earlier follow‐ups continued to show an increase in the number of people who had stopped attending the DDCs. Only one of the forty people found to be abstinent at personal follow‐up 1976/77, attended a DDC again in 1979. The extent to which the original intentions of treatment policy have been realized since the setting up of DDCs is discussed.
Population Consumption of Alcohol and Proportion Drinking
Authors: McIntosh I. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData on the relationship between population average alcohol consumption and the proportion of the population that drinks alcohol is limited. Nevertheless a quite large and statistically significant positive correlation between them is demonstrated with the six data sets presented here. Part of this relationship is probably the result of confounding variables, but evidence is presented that it could also be of a direct cause and effect nature whose directionality could lie both ways. The importance of a direct relationship lies in the possibilities for prevention of alcohol related problems that might derive from a policy of abstention.
Acetaldehyde: Its Role in Alcoholic Toxicity and Dependence
Authors: Thomas M. , Peters T. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe role of acetaldehyde in the pathogenisis of alcohol‐induced tissue damage and of alcoholism is discussed. Although there are technical difficulties in the measurement of plasma acetaldehyde, the levels appear to be elevated in chronic alcoholics and this may reflect the reduced hepatic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in these patients. Even though acetaldehyde can form morphine‐like adducts with certain CNS biogenic amines, it remains to be demonstrated that these phenomena are important in alcoholics. The role of acetaldehyde toxicity in alcoholism remains at present not proven.
Long‐Term Outcome in Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Among Males in the Lundby General Population, Sweden
Authors: Öjesjö Leif 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe report presents some prospective base‐lines for assessing prognosis in alcoholism of various gradations in the gene ml population, each variable measured at the beginning (Time I) and at the end (Time 2) of a 15 year longitudinal study. It shows an inverse relation between the degree of involvement with alcohol and the time course of the syndrome. Alcoholism as a dependency‐syndrome is confirmed to be a valid working model for medical and epidemiological use. The findings also give evidence that future problems can be anticipated on the basis of a few general items.
Alcohol Consumption and Ischemic Heart Disease: Some Evidence from Population Studies*
Authors: Schmidt Wolf , Popham Robert E. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySpatial correlations for a series of countries in each of three years, and for the states of the U.S.A. in one year, confirmed previous reports of a negative association between mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and per capita alcohol consumption, and of a positive association between the latter and liver cirrhosis mortality. A temporal analysis of the same variable for each of 19 countries gave results consistent with the well‐established consumption‐cirrhosis relationship but inconsistent with the postulated ‘protective’ effect of alcohol consumption on IHD. For consumption and cirrhosis there were 18 highly significant positive coefficients, while for IHD and consumption, 13 were positive and 6 negative, and 8 out of 19 were not significant. These results did not appear to be attributable either to the absence of adjustment for the effect of the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases or to the lack of a time lag in the consumption data. The difference in the findings of the spatial and temporal analyses suggests that the association between IHD mortality and alcohol consumption in general populations is dependent upon variation in a third as yet unidentified factor. Such a factor would be expected to correlate with alcohol consumption cross‐nationally but remain more or less constant through time in any given country. Certain food habits appear to have this characteristic.
Teaching Coping Skills to Chronic Alcoholics in a Coeducational Halfway House: II. Assessment of Outcome and Identification of Outcome Predictors
Authors: Walker K. , Sanchez‐Craig M. , Bornet A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn outcome study was conducted with 104 male and 56 female residents of an alcoholism halfway house. Generally poor outcomes were observed for both sexes on measures of drinking, employment, and social stability at 6, 12, and 18 month postdischarge periods. Although a number of differences were found between men and women at follow‐up, sex was found to predict little of the variance when adjusted for the effects of other pretreatment characteristics. In predictive analyses, intake characteristics were found to be relatively strong predictors (19 to 21%) of drinking and employment outcomes. Status variables at the time of discharge were only modestly predictive of outcome when adjusted for intake characteristics. Implications for halfway houses are discussed.
Alcohol Taxes as a Public Health Measure
Authors: Cook Philip J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrices of alcoholic beverages in the U.S. have declined sharply over the last two decades relative to the overall rate of price inflation, in part because federal alcohol excise taxes have not been increased since 1951. There is strong evidence that an increase in alcohol taxes would reduce the prevalence of chronic heavy drinking; this evidence, summarized here, is based on an analysis of the effect of changes in state liquor taxes rates on cirrhosis mortality. Thus alcohol taxation is an effective public health policy investment. Alcohol taxes are also fairly well targeted, in the sense that a large fraction of tax revenues are collected from those whose alcohol consumption level places them at risk for health problems and other alcohol‐related problems.
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Wodak A. , Richardson Peter J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCardiovascular damage associated with alcohol abuse is predominantly seen with persistent heavy drinking. Occasionally nutritional deficiencies or congeners in alcoholic beverages may cause cardiac disease. Alcohol use is associated with other changes in lifestyle, especially smoking, which may also contribute to the associations between heavy drinking and cardiovascular disease. Alcohol excess is associated with hypertension, heart muscle disease and arrhythmias. Moderate drinking may reduce cardiovascular mortality compared to heavy drinking or abstension, but this is still controversial. Consumption of small amounts of alcohol in patients with angina causes temporary impairment of heart function. Diagnostic awareness of alcohol excess in cardiovascular disease needs to be increased and improvements in screening may be of assistance. The foetal alcohol syndrome includes cardiac malformations and requires greater efforts in prevention.
Cues for Drinking and Degrees of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Rankin Howard , Stockwell Tim , Hodgson Ray 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this study, alcoholic subjects were divided as to their degree of dependence by an independent rater and were given a questionnaire designed to elicit information on which a variety of cues influenced drinking behaviour. Overall, the study supported other findings in suggesting that ‐high arousal states symptomatic of withdrawal and negative mood states were seen by those suffering from alcohol dependence as important and influential situations. The severely dependent group not only endorsed withdrawal items more, as would be expected, but also those items suggesting a priming effect and loss of control phenonema.