bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing pulmonary physiology in ventilated non‐human primates
Authors: Cervantes Orlando , Berg Melissa R. , Kapnadak Siddhartha G. , Miller Elizabeth , Fountain Connie , Curtis Britni , Thelen Sandi , Ruff Shannon , Huang Hazel , Altemeier William , Adams Waldorf Kristina M. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundAnimal models of respiratory viral infections are essential for investigating disease pathogenesis and the efficacy of antivirals and vaccine candidates. A major limitation in the research of respiratory diseases in animal models is correlating clinically relevant changes in pulmonary physiology with cellular and molecular mechanistic studies. Few animal models have captured and correlated physiologic changes in lung function and immune response within same experiment, which is critical given the heterogeneous nature of lung disease due to viral infections. In ventilated human patients, pulmonary physiology testing can be used to not only capture oxygenation, ventilation, but also pulmonary mechanics to yield quantitative measures of lung function and scalar tracings of flow‐volume and pressure‐volume loops. Application of this protocol during mechanical ventilation in non‐human (NHP) models would represent a major advance in respiratory viral disease research.MethodsWe have applied and optimized a human pulmonary physiology testing protocol to ventilated pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) at baseline and 5 days after influenza A (IAV) viral inoculation.ResultsThe NHPs manifested clinical disease with hypothermia and loss of body weight. Declines in lung function were striking with a 66%–81% decline in P/F ratio, a measure of oxygenation reflecting the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) to the fraction of inspiratory oxygen concentration (FiO2). There was also a 16%–45% decline in lung compliance.ConclusionWe describe a new approach to performing pulmonary physiology testing protocol in non‐human primates to better capture quantitative correlates of respiratory disease and demonstrate protection by therapeutics and vaccines.
Quality change in Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) surimi during frozen storage using different freezing methods
Authors: Yang Jing , Jiang Yuxin , Li Mingao , Deng Shanggui , Gao Yuanpei , Hu Yi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTo inhibit the quality deterioration caused by the frozen storage of surimi products, this work investigated the effect of freezing methods, including raw‐freezing‐setting‐heating, raw‐setting‐freezing‐heating, and raw‐setting‐heating‐freezing, on quality changes in surimi gel. The moisture loss, physical–chemical properties, and protein structure conformation of surimi gel derived from Bombay duck (BD) were assessed following frozen storage periods of 20, 40, and 60 days. The findings suggest that the raw‐setting‐heating‐freezing method yielded optimal surimi gel properties with extended frozen storage time. Employing this approach led to a reduction in thawing loss, while cooking loss remained constant. After 60 days of frozen storage, the hardness exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, and water‐holding capacity increased to 68.2%. Notably, the impact on surimi gel during the late stage of frozen storage was more pronounced throughout the formation of ice crystals, resulting in decreased disulfide bond content. Scanning hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining slices of samples following thawing and heating demonstrated that the raw‐setting‐heating‐freezing method could better resist the effect of ice crystals in frozen storage period on surimi tissue, while the gel on setting process could delay the erosion imposed on by ice crystals during frozen storage. This study provides a scientific foundation for the industrialization on frozen BD surimi products.
Tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy to prevent HBV transmission: Maternal ALT trajectory and infant outcomes
Authors: Chen Huey‐Ling , Lee Chien‐Nan , Chang Chin‐Hao , Lai Ming‐Wei , Tsai Ming‐Chieh , Mu Shu‐Chi , Liu Chun‐Jen , Shih Jin‐Chung , Wen Wan‐Hsin , Hu Rui‐Ting , Huang Chun‐Pin , Hu Kuang‐Chun , Chen Chie‐Pein , Lee Chyi‐Long , Chien Rong‐Nan , Chang Kai‐Chi , Hsu Hong‐Yuan , Lee Chien‐Chang , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Chang Mei‐Hwei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe use of antiviral agents, specifically tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), in pregnant women to prevent mother‐to‐child HBV transmission is a key step towards hepatitis elimination. However, data on using tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is insufficient. The frequent occurrence of postpartum ALT flares may impact the clinical implementation.MethodsThe maternal and infant outcomes were compared in multi‐centre trials of high viral load HBsAg/HBeAg+ pregnant women receiving TAF or TDF from the third trimester until 2 weeks postpartum with intensive follow‐ups. To explore the dynamic pre‐ and postpartum changes in ALT levels, we used a group‐based trajectory model for analysing data of 332 women from three prospective studies.ResultsAfter treatment, the maternal HBV DNA levels significantly decreased from baseline to delivery: 7.87 ± 0.59 to 3.99 ± 1.07 Log10 IU/mL TAF (n = 78) and 8.30 ± 0.36 to 4.47 ± 0.86 Log10 IU/mL (TDF, n = 53), with viral load reductions of 3.87 versus 3.83 Log10 IU/mL. The HBsAg‐positive rates among 12‐month‐old infants were 1.28% (1/78) versus 1.82% (1/55) respectively (p = 1.00). Of the TAF or TDF‐treated mothers, 25.64% versus 16.98% experienced ALT > 2X ULN, and 11.54% versus 1.89% received extended antiviral treatment. Our model revealed four distinct ALT patterns: stable ALT (87.2%), moderate (8.0%) or marked (2.4%) postpartum flares, or prepartum elevations (2.4%).ConclusionsTAF effectively reduces mother‐to‐child HBV transmission, but prophylaxis failure still occurred in few cases. Postpartum ALT flares are common in women receiving TAF or TDF during pregnancy. Approximately 12.8% of mothers may require extended postpartum antiviral treatment.Clinical trial number: NCT03695029 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Liver transplantation and primary liver cancer in porphyria
Authors: Lissing Mattias , Wang Bruce , Wahlin Staffan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe porphyrias are a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders that result from defects in heme synthesis. The metabolic defects are present in all cells, but symptoms are mainly cutaneous or related to neuropathy. The porphyrias are highly relevant to hepatologists since patients can present with symptoms and complications that require liver transplantation (LT), and some porphyrias are associated with a high risk for primary liver cancer (PLC). Among the cutaneous porphyrias, erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) can lead to cholestatic liver failure where LT cures the liver disease but not the porphyria. In acute porphyria (AP), neurotoxic porphyrin precursors are produced in the liver and LT is a curative treatment option in patients with recurrent severe neuropathic attacks. Patients with AP, mainly acute intermittent porphyria, have a significantly increased risk for PLC that warrants surveillance and adequate follow‐up of high‐risk groups. LT is well established in both EPP with liver failure and AP with recurrent attacks, but most transplant centres have little porphyria experience and cooperation between transplant hepatologists, and porphyria experts is important in the often‐difficult decisions on timing and management of comorbid conditions.
Radiopaque marker colonic transit study in the pediatric population BSPGHAN Motility Working Group consensus statement
Authors: Papadopoulos M. , Mutalib M. , Nikaki K. , Volonaki E. , Rybak A. , Thapar N. , Lindley K. , Borrelli O. , Das A. , Crespi D. , Cleeve S. , Athanasakos E. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFunctional constipation (FC) is a common condition in childhood in the United Kingdom and worldwide. Various radiological approaches have been established for diagnostic purposes. The radiopaque marker study (ROMS) is universally accepted and used to assess colonic transit time (CTT) in children with FC. Despite being widely used, there is a lack of standardization with various technical protocols, reproducibility of different populations, the purpose for using investigation, variance in the number of markers used, the amount of study days and calculations, the need to empty the colon before performing the test, and whether to perform on medication or off, or the use of specific diets. As part of the British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) motility working group (MWG), we decided to explore further into the evidence, in order to provide guidance regarding the use of ROMS in dealing with FC in the pediatric population.
Epidemiology of oral cancer in South and South‐East Asia: Incidence and mortality
Authors: Filho Adalberto M. , Warnakulasuriya Saman 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntroductionThis study provides an epidemiological description of cancer in the lip, oral cavity, and oropharynx in the South and South‐East Asia region.MethodsThe number of new cases and deaths was extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2020 and the CI5 series. We present age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants. To assess temporal trends, we estimated the annual percent change.ResultsThe incidence rates (ASR) for lip and oral cavity cancer in South and South‐East Asia were highest in Taiwan (30.2), Sri Lanka (16.5), India (14.8), and Pakistan (13.2) among males. For oropharyngeal cancer, the highest rates were found in Taiwan (4.7), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and India (4.3, 2.9, and 2.6, respectively). Incidence rates were consistently higher in males compared to females. Overall, trends in lip and oral cavity cancer incidence were either stable or decreasing in most of the populations evaluated. In India, an increase in rates among males contrasted with a decline among females over the study period.ConclusionIncidence and mortality rates of oral cavity cancer in South and South‐East Asia are among the highest globally. Our results suggest an optimistic trend of reduction in oral cavity rates in the region, despite an increase in rates among Indian males.
Assessment of the effects of myopic and hyperopic anisometropia on choroidal vascular structure in children using SS‐OCTA
Authors: Cao Yiwen , Gu Xiaopeng , Zhang Yadi , Zhao Jingjing , Zhu Dehai 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo compare large‐ and medium‐sized choroidal vascularity and the choriocapillaris (CC) flow area in children with different refractive errors using swept‐source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS‐OCTA).MethodsForty‐two anisometropic children were enrolled and divided into hyperopic anisometropia (HA) and myopic anisometropia (MA) groups. SS‐OCTA was performed to analyse choroidal vascularity. Mean choroidal thickness (CT), choroidal vascularity volume (CVV), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and CC flow area were compared between the two eyes. The inter‐ocular differences between the two groups were also determined.ResultsMean CT and CVV were highest in eyes with shorter axial lengths in both refractive groups, and the difference between the two eyes was positively correlated with the difference in axial length at the foveal region. Significant differences in the CVI in the MA group were only found in the parafoveal region. Inter‐ocular differences in the CC were significantly reduced in eyes with longer axial lengths in the foveal and parafoveal regions of the HA and MA groups, respectively. Comparing inter‐ocular differences, CC was significantly greater in the parafoveal region of the MA group than the HA group.ConclusionsAll layers of choroidal vasculature were thinner in eyes with longer axial lengths in all groups. The inter‐ocular CC difference was greater in the MA than in the HA group, with similar differences in axial length. This suggests that both medium‐to‐large choroidal vascular and choroidal capillaries may play a role in myopia development.
The experience of seeking and accessing help from mental health services among young people of Eastern European backgrounds: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Radez Jerica , Causier Chiara , Maughan Daniel , Waite Felicity , Johns Louise 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectivesMost lifetime mental health problems (MHP) start before the age of 25. Yet young people—particularly those of minority backgrounds—often do not seek or access professional help. In the UK, young people of Eastern European (EE) backgrounds represent a large minority group; however, little is known about their experiences of MHP and help‐seeking. In this study, we aim to understand the help‐seeking process from the perspectives of EE young people.DesignWe used a qualitative study design with semi‐structured individual interviews. The results were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.MethodTwelve young people (18–25 years) of EE backgrounds, living in Oxfordshire, UK, took part. All participants had experienced a severe MHP and were identified in the community.ResultsEE young people's experiences of MHP and help‐seeking were driven by a sense of being caught between different cultures and simultaneously needing to navigate the potentially contrasting expectations of both cultures. This process was reinforced or tempered by the perceived continuing influence of young people's families, that is, families with more open views about MHP made it easier for young people to navigate through the process of help‐seeking. Young people's internalised cultural and familial beliefs about MHP affected their decision‐making when experiencing difficulties, their levels of trust in services, and perceived sense of resourcefulness and ability to cope.ConclusionsRecognising and responding to the cultural tension that young people of EE backgrounds may experience can help us to develop more accessible and inclusive mental health services.
miR396b/GRF6 module contributes to salt tolerance in rice
Authors: Yuan Huanran , Cheng Mingxing , Wang Ruihua , Wang Zhikai , Fan Fengfeng , Wang Wei , Si Fengfeng , Gao Feng , Li Shaoqing 
Published: March 2024

SummarySalinity, as one of the most challenging environmental factors restraining crop growth and yield, poses a severe threat to global food security. To address the rising food demand, it is urgent to develop crop varieties with enhanced yield and greater salt tolerance by delving into genes associated with salt tolerance and high‐yield traits. MiR396b/GRF6 module has previously been demonstrated to increase rice yield by shaping the inflorescence architecture. In this study, we revealed that miR396b/GRF6 module can significantly improve salt tolerance of rice. In comparison with the wild type, the survival rate of MIM396 and OE‐GRF6 transgenic lines increased by 48.0% and 74.4%, respectively. Concurrent with the increased salt tolerance, the transgenic plants exhibited reduced H2O2 accumulation and elevated activities of ROS‐scavenging enzymes (CAT, SOD and POD). Furthermore, we identified ZNF9, a negative regulator of rice salt tolerance, as directly binding to the promoter of miR396b to modulate the expression of miR396b/GRF6. Combined transcriptome and ChIP‐seq analysis showed that MYB3R serves as the downstream target of miR396b/GRF6 in response to salt tolerance, and overexpression of MYB3R significantly enhanced salt tolerance. In conclusion, this study elucidated the potential mechanism underlying the response of the miR396b/GRF6 network to salt stress in rice. These findings offer a valuable genetic resource for the molecular breeding of high‐yield rice varieties endowed with stronger salt tolerance.
The Contemporary Presidency: Which presidents win more or less than expected in Congress? A Biden update
Authors: Bond Jon R. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis article updates estimates of which presidents won more or fewer votes than should be expected through President Biden's first two years in office. Multiple regression models estimating the effects of contextual variables (party, public approval, and party polarization plus interactions) establish a common baseline. Errors reveal which presidents won more or less than should be expected. Party polarization conditions relationships between party control and presidential success, but effects differ across chambers. As polarization increases in the House, majority presidents win more votes and minority presidents win fewer. The effects are less obvious in the Senate. Majority presidents win more than do minority presidents regardless of polarization. But polarization has led to a de facto 60‐vote Senate, as the minority party uses the supermajority required to invoke cloture to block confirmation of presidential appointments. Conclusions discuss limitations of roll‐call vote measures of presidential success.
Exploring mitochondrial metabolism of wild‐type and diabetic mice skin explants using the Seahorse technology
Authors: Dugrain Justine , Canaple Laurence , Picard Nicolas , Sigaudo‐Roussel Dominique , Bonod Christelle 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundSkin wound healing is a complex mechanism which requires a lot of energy, mainly provided by mitochondrial respiration. However, little is known about the mitochondrial bioenergetics of mice skin. We sought to develop a microplate‐based assay to directly measure oxygen consumption in whole mice skin with the goal of identifying mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic skin using an extracellular flux.Materials and methodsDifferent parameters were optimized to efficiently measure the oxygen consumption rate (OCR). First, the most pertinent skin side of wild‐type mice was first determined. Then, concentrations of mitochondrial inhibitors were then optimized to get the best efficacy. Finally, punch sizes were modulated to get the best OCR profile.ResultsDermis had the best metabolic activity side of the skin. Unlike the increased concentrations of carbonyl cyanide‐p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and rotenone/antimycin A, which showed no improvement of these drugs' effects, varying the skin punch size was successful. Finally, type II diabetic (T2D) skin produced less ATP through mitochondrial metabolism and had a greater non‐mitochondrial oxygen consumption than wild‐type or type I diabetic (T1D) skin.ConclusionHere we designed, for the first time, a reliable protocol to measure mitochondria function in whole mouse skin. Our optimized protocol was valuable in assessing alterations associated with diabetes and could be applied to future studies of pathological human skin metabolism.
“Churchill's Party”: A necessary experiment in personalization
Authors: Kowol Kit 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAimThis article aims to determine the extent of “personalization” and “de‐institutionalization” within the Conservative Party in Britain during the period 1940–1945 when the Party was under the leadership of Winston Churchill.Materials and methodsThe article examines the different dimensions of “personalization” and “de‐institutionalization” as defined by Harmel, Svåsand, and Mjelde in this special edition. To do so, it uses a variety of sources including: internal party records, memoirs and biographies, contemporaneous diaries, letters to party leaders, and survey research undertaken by the organization Mass Observation.ResultsThe article identified that a limited degree of personalization took place during the period. This was largely in relation to the movement away from existing internal policy and procedures, especially those to do with electioneering. Evidence regarding other dimensions was mixed with a notable lack of change in the perceptions other parties and their leaders held about the Conservative Party.ConclusionThe article suggests that the personalization that occurred within the Party was largely a product of necessity, notably the unpopularity of the Conservative “brand” during World War II, compared to Churchill's own personal popularity, as well as the disruptions caused by the war itself. The article argues that this was enabled, to an extent, by the already high degree of latitude that the Conservative Party afforded its leaders. At the same time, the article notes the way in which defeat at the 1945 general election led to the Conservative Party “snapping back” to its pre‐war highly institutionalized form. Both findings highlight the extent to which electoral calculations were central to the process of personalization and its subsequent reverse.
Thermal regulation of dormancy in Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) P. Beauv. seeds: Development of a model to predict the temporal ‘window’ of emergence in the field
Authors: Malavert Cristian , Batlla Diego 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPredicting weed emergence is of vital importance for weed management, since the seedling stage is the most effective plant stage for the application of control practices. In weeds species whose seeds present dormancy, as in Echinochloa crus‐galli, predicting emergence requires understanding how the environment regulates seed dormancy level. In the present work we studied the environmental regulation of dormancy in E. crus‐galli seeds. For this, E. crus‐galli seeds were stored under different conditions: (i) moist at 5, 10 and 15°C (stratification) and (ii) dry at 15 and 25°C (dry after‐ripening) for 80 days. During storage the seeds were tested for germination at regular intervals under a wide thermal range (10–30°C). The results showed that the changes in dormancy level were associated with a widening of the thermal range permissive for seed germination, which was mainly explained by a decrease in its lower limit temperature (Tl). This decrease in Tl was higher when the seeds were stratified at 10°C than at 5 and 15°C. Seeds exposed to dry after‐ripening showed an extremely low rate of dormancy release. Obtained results were used to establish functional relationships able to predict the temporal ‘window’ of field emergence of E. crus‐galli as a function of soil temperature.
Electrochemical Activity Measurements of UCl3 in Molten NaCl-MgCl2-UCl3
Authors: Yankey Jacob , Monreal Marisa , Jackson Matt , Simpson Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements were made to determine uranium chloride (UClx) species activity in NaCl–MgCl2, which is a candidate salt for use in a molten salt reactor fuel. The operating temperature ranged from 500 to 650 °C, and the measurement system used a U-Zr working electrode (WE) and Ag/AgCl reference electrode (RE). The activity was calculated to range from 2.52×10−6 to 2.99×10−8 (with uncertainties of ±1.0×10−7 and ±1.1×10−9, respectively), dependent upon the temperature and concentration of UCl3 (ranging from 0.25 to 11.55 wt.%). Fit of the OCP data to the Nernst equation resulted in values of 3.1 to 4.8 electrons transferred per U atom. This indicates the possibility for codeposition of Mg2+ and U3+ under certain conditions. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy analyses of cathodic deposits confirm the presence of metallic magnesium.
Effect of Gear Tooth Cracks on the Dynamic Characteristics of Gear Transmission System of High-Speed Train
Authors: Zhang Jian-Chao , Cai Li-Wei , Chen Zhan , Qi Xing-Ke 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In order to study the dynamic characteristics of a high-speed train gear transmission system with cracks, time-varying meshing stiffness of gear teeth with different cracks was obtained using energy method. A torsional vibration model of the gear transmission system of a high-speed train was established. Based on the model, the ρ-value describing the change in stiffness was used to obtain the analytical solution of a system with crack faults. The influence of the degree of crack on the dynamic characteristics of a system under torque excitation of the driving end and load end was analyzed. In contrast with a normal gear system, a system containing a crack fault generated no harmonic response. Moreover, for a given set of working conditions, the degree of crack only affected the resonance amplitude and frequency of the system. These results form a robust guide for the detection of crack faults in the gear transmission system of a high-speed train.