bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opportunities and Challenges in Materials Development for Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Litzelman S. J. , Hertz J. L. , Jung W. , Tuller H. L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are currently the focus of intense investigation given their high chemical‐to‐electrical energy conversion efficiency and low carbon footprint. In this review, the development of thin film SOFCs, sometimes described as ‘micro‐SOFCs', is highlighted and analysed. Opportunities for reduced temperature operation and portable power generation arise from the decreased thickness of the solid electrolyte, as well at the metastable phases and nanoscale‐dependent effects that are a consequence of the reduced temperature of fabrication. Challenges such as enhanced cation diffusion along grain boundaries are; however, also observed, potentially impacting the long‐term stability of these devices. Recent progress achieved in understanding these and other challenges are reviewed and directions for future work identified.
Tissue responses to novel tissue engineering biodegradable cryogel scaffolds: An animal model
Authors: Bölgen Nimet , Vargel Ibrahim , Korkusuz Petek , Güzel Elif , Plieva Fatima , Galaev Igor , Matiasson Bo , Pişkin Erhan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBiodegradable macroporous cryogels with highly open and interconnected pore structures were produced from dextran modified with oligo L‐lactide bearing hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) end groups in moderately frozen solutions. Tissue responses to these novel scaffolds were evaluated in rats after dorsal subcutaneous implantation, iliac submuscular implantation, auricular implantation, or in calvarial defect model. In no case, either necrosis or foreign body reaction was observed during histological studies. The cryogel scaffolds integrated with the surrounding tissue and the formation of a new tissue were accompanied with significant ingrowth of connective tissue cells and new blood vessels into the cryogel. The tissue responses were significantly lower in auricular and calvarial implantations when compared with the subcutanous and the submuscular implantations. The degradation of the scaffold was slower in bone comparing to soft tissues. The biodegradable cryogels are highly biocompatible and combine extraordinary properties including having soft and elastic nature, open porous structure, and very rapid and controllable swelling. Therefore, the cryogels could be promising candidates for further clinical applications in tissue regeneration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Cytocompatibility studies of an in situ photopolymerized thermoresponsive hydrogel nanoparticle system using human aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Sabnis Abhimanyu , Rahimi Maham , Chapman Christopher , Nguyen Kytai T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe have been investigating thermoresponsive hydrogel nanoparticle composite networks to develop photopolymerized hydrogels to deliver drugs for prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. These composite systems can form a gel under physiological conditions and release drugs in response to temperature changes. Our novel system, consisting of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) thermoresponsive nanoparticles, photo cross‐linker poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and UV photoinitiator, 2‐hydroxy‐1‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy) phenyl]‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanone‐1‐one (Irgacure 2959), would be photopolymerized in situ in the presence of UV light. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of photoinitiator and UV exposure on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We found that the exposure to UV light did not significantly affect the cellular survival within doses required for photopolymerization. The photoinitiator was cytocompatible at low concentrations (≤0.015% w/v); however, cytotoxicity increased with increasing photoinitiator concentrations. In addition, free radicals formed in the presence of a photoinitiator and UV light caused significant levels of cell death. An antioxidant (free radical scavenger), ascorbic acid, added to the cell media, significantly improved relative cell survival but increased the hydrogel gelation time. Finally, HASMC survival when exposed to all potential cytotoxic components was also evaluated by exposing HASMCs to media incubated with our composite hydrogels. In summary, our studies show that the photoinitiator and free radicals are responsible for the cytotoxicity on HASMCs, and the addition of antioxidants can significantly reduce these harmful effects. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Ossification sequence of the common tern (Sterna hirundo) and its implications for the interrelationships of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes)
Authors: Maxwell Erin E. , Harrison Luke B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe hypotheses of relationships within Lari (gulls) are highly unstable, and depend on whether morphological or molecular data are examined. Developmental sequence data are thought to contain phylogenetic information, but have never been applied to the problem of avian systematics. In this article, we describe the ossification sequence of the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), and compare the pattern observed to published descriptions of other Charadriiformes, specifically the Great Skua (Stercorariidae) and various species of gulls (Laridae). We use changes in ossification sequence to elucidate the relationship between these three taxa, using both qualitative and systematic approaches. The first analysis of the ossification sequence data does not support a close relationship between Stercorariidae and Laridae, as has been proposed in some morphological analyses; however it was unable to differentiate between a Laridae‐Sternidae sister‐group relationship or a Sternidae‐Stercorariidae sister‐group relationship. The second analysis was unable to differentiate between any topology, including a polytomy, for these taxa. These results highlight the potential for use of ossification sequence data in an evolutionary context but caution that analyses are highly dependent on sequence resolution and the taxonomic level of the data set. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gill structure and relationships of the Triassic cycloid crustaceans
Authors: Dzik Jerzy 
Published: August 2008

AbstractUnusually well‐preserved fossils of a Halicyne‐like cycloid crustacean frequently occur in the early Late Triassic lacustrine clay bed at Krasiejów in Opole Silesia, southern Poland. Its gill‐like structures form a horseshoe‐shaped pair of units composed of numerous calcified blades with reverse U‐shaped cross‐section. Originally, these were parallel slits opening on the ventral surface of the carapace. Lobation of the posterior margin of the carapace, of unusually large mature size for the group, make the animal different from other members of Halicynidae, and the new name Opolanka decorosa gen. et sp. nov. is proposed for it. More completely preserved specimens of cycloids from Vosges, France, and Madagascar show that the slit openings were located above radially arranged coxae of the walking appendages and a reduced abdomen. The disposition and arrangement of the cycloid gills suggest at least close analogy, and possibly homology, with the “respiratory areas” of the Branchiura, serving mostly as ion‐exchange organs. It is proposed that they originated, in connection with the body size increase and adaptation to fresh‐water environment, as radially arranged infoldings of the respiratory areas cuticle, with strongly calcified rigid dorsal parts suspended from the carapace. At least three ecologically and anatomically distinct lineages were represented in the order Cyclida, which was probably initially confined to marine environments and gradually adapted to life in continental waters. New taxa Schraminidae fam. nov. (with Schramine gen. nov.) and Americlidae fam. nov. (with Americlus gen. nov.) are proposed. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustaining the ‘connective tissue’ of customer relationships
Authors: Stace Doug , Bhalla Ajay 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper we focus on the growing trend toward outsourcing customer contact and argue that particular care is required to ensure that the customer relationship is not, in effect, itself outsourced. Outsourced customer contact centers (CCCs), like their internal counterparts, are a key channel for interaction with customers, acting as important transactional, service, and point of sales channels. However, the danger and unintended consequence, particularly in the case of outsourced CCCs, is their greater potential to lead to a weakening of the ‘connective tissue’ between the firm and its customers. The ‘voice of the customer’ can become muted or lost to decision‐makers and strategists within the firm, and important organizational learning dissipates. This can result in a negative spiral of ‘organizational unlearning’, and potential disintermediation of the customer relationship itself. The authors explore this phenomenon, and suggest strategies to ensure both that such ‘organizational unlearning’ is guarded against, and that a more thoughtful analysis of the end benefits is undertaken from the outset.Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What do women entrepreneurs want?
Authors: Manolova Tatiana S. , Brush Candida G. , Edelman Linda F. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Women are the majority owners in 30% of all privately held firms in the United States. These firms have $2.5 trillion in revenues and employ 19.1 million individuals. However, despite the large number of women business owners, little is known about the motivations that women have for starting their own firms.

This study uses an expectancy theory framework to examine the differences in motivations to start a firm between men and women. We propose that nascent entrepreneurs expend effort toward the creation of a new venture because they believe this will lead to a set of desired outcomes. We further argue that the desired outcomes of new venture creation differ by sex.

Hypotheses are tested using data from the phone surveys of the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (n = 441). Our findings indicate that there are significant differences in motivations for starting a new business, with men being motivated by financial gains, self‐realization, and autonomy, whereas for women status is an additional significant motivating factor. Our results confirm the explanatory power of expectancy theory in examining entrepreneurial start‐up motivations.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going global: how middle managers approach the process in medium‐sized firms
Authors: Mair Johanna , Thurner Claudia 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Prior research has emphasized middle managers' important role in the strategy process and the benefits of their involvement, but little is known about their role in medium‐sized firms and their participation in the internationalization strategy process (ISP). This article aims to fill these gaps.

Our analysis of interviews conducted with the complete layer of middle managers at a medium‐sized firm is intended to shed light on these issues by examining the extent and effect of middle managers' involvement in the strategy formulation phase of the ISP. The medium‐sized Italian firm chosen for our sample was going through a period of radical change as it expanded its international activities beyond its cultural boundaries.

We found that not all the firm's middle managers perceived themselves to be involved in formulating the internationalization strategy. The perception of involvement was dependent on ownership of the outcome of internationalization. Middle managers with revenue accountability perceived themselves to be involved in strategy formulation. Furthermore, this perception of increased involvement was tightly linked to a more opportunity‐oriented attitude toward internationalization.

We suggest that medium‐sized firms can actively manage middle managers' attitudes and behavior toward internationalization by managing perceptions.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting uses of balanced scorecards: case studies at two UK companies
Authors: Witcher Barry J. , Chau Vinh Sum 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article considers two contrasting applications of the balanced scorecard, at EDF Energy and Tesco, where the scorecard is called a steering wheel. A distinction is drawn between a strategic scorecard based on vision and a performance management scorecard based on mission and values. This difference makes the associated balanced scorecards useful to management in different ways. Our model demonstrates how different balanced scorecard approaches can complement each other for effective strategic management. This conceptualization is consistent with a perceived general tendency for large multinationals to use values to strategically manage from the center organization‐wide core competences.Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The profit factor: how corporate culture affects a joint venture
Authors: Bach Volker , Whitehill Martin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Cross‐sector joint ventures offer the chance for new business strategies and might help to solve global challenges like the climate change.

This case study analyzes a cross‐sector joint venture between an organization from the profit and non‐profit sector.

The challenges and opportunities of this cooperation are revealed using a qualitative research approach.

Guidelines for a successful cross‐sector cooperation are delivered.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clarification of reconstituted frozen orange juice concentrate by continuous flow centrifugation for limonin glucoside solid phase extraction
Authors: Breksa III Andrew P , Manners Gary D , Ibarra Phil 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The suitability of continuous flow centrifugation for the clarification of reconstituted frozen orange juice concentrate prior to its application to a solid phase extraction column for the isolation of limonin glucoside was evaluated. Clarification experiments spanning three flow rates (325, 588 and 875 mL min−1) and three rotor speeds (equivalent to 2130, 8521 and 19 172 × g) were conducted in a simple factorial design.RESULTS: With increasing rotor speed or decreasing flow rate the average particle size, colour parameters (CIE L*, a*, b*) and residual solids in the resulting centrifugates were found to decrease, whereas juice characteristics including pH, conductivity, °Brix and limonin glucoside content were unchanged by the clarification process. Mean particle size in the resulting centrifugates ranged from 1.14 to 79.31 µm. The most effective clarification was obtained using a 325 mL min−1 flow rate in conjunction with the maximum rotor speed. Suitability of the centrifugates for processing by solid phase extraction was tested through a two‐step process, in which the centrifugates were first screened using small columns, followed by application of the centrifugate to a larger self‐packed column (6.5 cm × 20 cm) containing SP‐70 Sepabeads.CONCLUSION: Centrifugates from two conditions (325 and 588 mL min−1 at the maximum rotor speed) were suitable for direct application to both columns. It was found that up to 19 L of these centrifugates could be applied to the 6.5 cm × 20 cm column without clogging or experiencing a decrease in flow rate. Analysis of the column effluent revealed that 11 L of centrifugate was sufficient to saturate this column. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning Microbeam X‐Ray Scattering of Fibers Analyzed by One‐Dimensional Tomography
Authors: Stribeck Norbert , Nöchel Ulrich , Almendárez Camarillo Armando 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe investigation of structure gradients in polymer fibers or pipes by the X‐ray microbeam scanning technique is put on its theoretical fundament. The inverse Abel transform desmears measured data in X‐ray scattering fiber computer‐tomography (XSF‐CT). Fast, low noise algorithms from one‐dimensional tomography are available. They are applicable to scan data in which the X‐ray absorption, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), or the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) is measured. The method is demonstrated by application to SAXS scan data from a polymer fiber. The resulting sequence of image‐space SAXS patterns is reflecting the nanostructure variation along the fiber radius.magnified image
Nanomechanical Function Made Possible by Suppressing Structural Transformations of Polyarylacetylenes
Authors: Rudick Jonathan G. , Percec Virgil 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSelf‐assembling dendrons sterically disfavor the cisoid conformation through which 6π‐electrocyclization proceeds in cis‐polyarylacetylenes. Through the same mechanism, selected self‐organizable dendronized helical cis‐polyphenylacetylenes (cis‐PPAs) undergo an unprecedented thermally induced cisoid‐to‐transoid conformational isomerism in bulk. The motion of helix (un)winding can be converted to unidirectional motion in self‐organizable dendronized cis‐PPAs. By eliminating 6π‐electrocyclization, nanomechanical actuators capable of lifting a US dime have been prepared from self‐organizable dendronized cis‐PPAs.magnified image
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on an Amorphous Copolyester
Authors: González Imanol , Eguiazábal José I. , Nazábal Jon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNanocomposites based on an amorphous copolyester (PCTG) were obtained by melt mixing, changing the screw speed and the nature of the surfactant, which differed in polarity and molecular volume. Using Young's modulus as a measure of the dispersion level, a less‐polar nature and a higher molecular volume of the surfactant appeared as positive structural factors for dispersion of the clay in the less‐polar PCTG. The Cloisite 20A, which led to the highest modulus (widest dispersion), was mixed at different contents with PCTG at the observed optimum screw speed (200 rpm). Intercalated structures were observed by WAXD and TEM. The dispersion was wide, as observed by TEM, and led to a large (77%) modulus increase after 7% organoclay addition and to important increases in both tensile yield stress and dimensional stability in creep.magnified image
Nanocomposites Based on Polyethylene and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes, 1 – Microstructure, Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties
Authors: Hato Mpitloane J. , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Luyt Adriaan S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNanocomposites of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), with three different amounts of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), were prepared through melt‐mixing in a batch‐mixer at 150 °C. The structure of the prepared nanocomposites was studied by X‐ray scattering and optical microscopy. The surface morphology of the nanocomposites was investigated through field‐emission SEM. The thermal properties of the pure LLDPE and nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Thermomechanical properties were assessed on a Paar‐Physics MCR501 rheometer using a solid‐state rectangular fixture. Results exhibited a significant improvement in both the storage and loss moduli of the neat LLDPE upon the incorporation of the POSS particles. A substantial improvement in thermal stability was also observed in the high‐temperature region.magnified image
Thermosensitive and Switchable Terpyridine‐Functionalized Metallo‐Supramolecular Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Chiper Manuela , Fournier David , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMetallo‐supramolecular polymers offer attractive possibilities to combine the properties of polymers with the characteristics offered by the metal–ligand coordination. Here we present for the first time the combination of metal‐bis(terpyridine) complexes and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymers that can be switched by addressing either the thermosensitive polymer or the metal complex. We describe a new strategy for the synthesis of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) end functionalized with a terpyridine moiety, which is further used for the preparation of FeII and ZnII‐bis(terpyridine PNIPAM). The comparison of the LCST behavior of the uncomplexed ligands and their metal complexes that bear different counter ions is included. Furthermore, the switchability of the synthesized FeII system is demonstrated by a decomplexation reaction followed by the characterization of the uncomplexed ligand.magnified image
“Click” Dielectrics: Use of 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions to Generate Diverse Core‐Shell Nanoparticle Structures with Applications to Flexible Electronics
Authors: White Meghann A. , Maliakal Ashok , Turro Nicholas J. , Koberstein Jeff 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe have synthesized a “universal ligand” incorporating a phosphonate surface anchor and a terminal alkyne moiety which binds to TiO2 nanoparticles and exhibits excellent dispersity in organic solvents. The alkyne functionality permits attachment of azide terminated polymer shells using “click” chemistry. Thus TiO2 core nanoparticles have been encapsulated with both polystyrene and poly(t‐butyl acrylate) shells. The TiO2‐poly(t‐butyl acrylate) core shell nanoparticles are amenable to further chemical transformation into TiO2‐poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles through ester hydrolysis. These TiO2‐polyacrylic acid nanoparticles are dispersible in aqueous solution. The resulting core‐shell nanoparticles have been incorporated as high K dielectric films in capacitor and organic thin film transistor devices and are promising new materials for flexible electronics applications.magnified image
Self‐Assembly of Rod‐Like Copolymers into Monolayers: A Simple Theoretical Estimate of Molecular Recognition Quality
Authors: Berezkin Anatoly V. , Lazutin Alexei A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA discrete model of a monolayer, consisting of identical rod‐like copolymer molecules, is suggested. The influence of the copolymer's composition and sequence on its self‐assembly was studied. Thermodynamic quantities of monolayers were calculated. It is shown that the system undergoes an “order‐disorder” transition upon temperature increase. The most regular monolayers are formed by copolymers with quasi‐random sequences. Nevertheless, the monomer composition of such “good” sequences can vary over a wide range. It is shown that homopolymers, copolymers with a predominance of one‐type monomer units and copolymers consisting of a small number of large blocks have a reduced ability to self‐assembly.magnified image