bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations
Authors: Sachdev Itesh , Bourhis Richard Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing a variant of the minimal group paradigm (Tajfel and Turner, 1986), this study tested the effects of power, status and group numbers on intergroup behaviours and perceptions. Subjects (N = 160) were categorized into groups that varied on status (high or low), power (dominant or subordinate) and group numbers (majority or minority) variables within a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design. Based on their evaluations of others' creative products, subjects distributed credit points to ingroup and outgroup others using the Tajfel matrices. Results showed that dominant group members were much more discriminatory and less parity oriented towards outgroup others than subordinate group members. High status group members were more discriminatory and less parity oriented than low status group members. Minority group members who were dominant and of high status were highly discriminatory and were unique in showing no parity whatsoever towards outgroup others. Subordinate low status minorities did not discriminate and were exceptional in showing out‐group favouritism. Relative to group status and group numbers, group power seemed more predictive of actual discriminatory behaviour. Group status accounted for the greatest variance in social identification and intergroup perceptions measures. Results also showed that social categorization was sufficient to elicit more in‐group than outgroup liking amongst all group members regardless of their position in the intergroup structure. Overall, this study indicated that power, status and group numbers independently and in combination, have a strong impact on intergroup behaviours and perceptions.
Social categorization and the formation of group stereotypes: Further evidence for biased information processing in the perception of group‐behavior correlations
Authors: Schaller Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experiment tested the hypothesis that the mere categorization of people into social groups spontaneously instigates a mechanism through which group‐relevant information is perceived and processed in a biased manner. This in turn may result in the erroneous perception of correlation between group and behavior. Subjects were initially assigned to be members of a minority group, a majority group, or were not assigned to a group. They were then presented with a series of statements that described members of the two groups performing either desirable or undesirable behaviors. Results showed that unaffiliated subjects perceived an illusory group‐behavior correlation, indicating the operation of a cognitive bias to associate the minority group with distinctive behaviors. Subjects who were themselves members of the observed groups perceived illusory correlations that favored their own group, indicating a very different sort of bias. The results suggest that a categorization‐based ingroup favoritism guided the manner in which group information was processed. These data lend support to the contention that social categorization spontaneously instigates specific cognitive mechanisms that contribute to group stereotype formation.
Differential effects of priming at the encoding and judgment stage
Authors: Philippot Pierre , Schwarz Norbert , Carrera Pilar , De Vries Nannes , Van Yperen Nico W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments investigated whether the direction of priming effects depends on the processing stage at which the individual links the prime to a trait that is applicable to the evaluation of an ambiguously described target person. In line with previous research, it is hypothesized that assimilation effects will emerge when primes are processed in terms of a trait concept that is applicable to the encoding task. However, when the primes are not processed in applicable trait terms, they may still affect subsequent Judgments if the individual recalls the prime when judging the target along a trait dimension. In this case, the primes may serve as an anchor, resulting in contrast effects. Two experiments, in which subjects were primed with names of prototypically nice or hostile famous individuals under instructions that did or did not prompt subjects to process the prime in applicable trait terms, supported these hypotheses. Implications for the emergence of priming effects in everyday social interaction are discussed.
Contextual aspects of ethnic stereotypes and interethnic evaluations
Authors: Kleinpenning Gerard , Hagendoorn Louk 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe existence of context‐specific ethnic stereotypes and their effect on evaluations of contact with ethnic groups is examined in a survey of 1694 Dutch secondary‐school students. Interethnic evaluations and 13 trait attributions towards five ethnic groups were measured in three basic social domains: as neighbours, classmates and (marital) partners. The 13 trait attributions were also measured for ethnic groups in general and for ‘people in general’. The first hypothesis was that stereotypes operationalized as diagnostic ratios were better predictors of interethnic evaluation than stereotypes operationalized as percentage scores. The second hypothesis was that contextual stereotypes are better predictors of interethnic evaluation than general group stereotypes. It was found that diagnostic ratios do not predict interethnic evaluations better than percentage scores. For most ethnic groups contextual stereotypes are better predictors of interethnic evaluations than general group stereotypes.
Differential effects of identification with family and peers on coping with developmental tasks in adolescence
Authors: Palmonari Augusto , Kirchler Erich , Pombeni Maria Luisa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdolescents from three Italian cities responded to a questionnaire concerning the particular peer‐group with which they were associated and identification with their family, aspects of the process of coping with seven developmental tasks, and demographic characteristics. The participants were 1600 male and female teenagers, with a mean age of 16.28 years, who were approached at schools and various meeting places in three Italian cities. The study shows that effective coping with developmental tasks depends largely on the degree of identification with both family and peer‐group. Those who identify with both social groupings show advantages in various critical situations. Adolescents only identifying with either family or peers get emotional and instrumental support from that group but not from the other, thus, they are supported in some critical situations but not in others. Adolescents who are unwilling or unable to identify with their family and/or their peers are less successful in managing the transition to adulthood than others who are close to their parents and peers. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, the type of group adolescents join, be it a formal group or an informal street group, has no significant effect on their coping strategies.
Self‐stereotyping and self‐enhancement in gender groups
Authors: Lorenzi‐Cioldi Fabio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of sex membership and its salience on individuals' self‐stereotyping and the motivation to define oneself positively (self‐enhancement). Bem's (1981) gender‐schema and Markus's (1977) self‐schema theories were interpreted within the framework of inter group relations, which emphasized their respective bipolar and unipolar structures. The use men and women made of these cognitive schemas, as well as of self‐enhancement, was tested by examining latencies in self‐descriptions on the BSRI attributes (Bem, 1974). Subjects described themselves and rated the stereotypicality and the positiveness of these attributes in one of two situations. A situation stressed a personal level of categorization (the individual setting), another a social level (the group setting). The first hypothesis was that the situations influence individuals' selection of specific self‐defining strategies. Results supported this expectation when considering the motivational strategy and the gender‐schema. Self‐enhancement was slightly more used in the individual than the group setting, and the gender‐schema was salient only in the group setting. The second hypothesis was that distinct self‐stereotyping processes occur as a function of the sex of the subjects. Support for this hypothesis was again found only for the gender‐schema, with women displaying this schema more than men. Sex differences in schematic thinking were interpreted as ensuing from status positions of women and men in the social structure.
Accuracy and bias in estimates of others' knowledge
Authors: Fussell Susan R. , Krauss Robert M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPerspective‐taking is central to much social interaction, but the processes by which it is accomplished are poorly understood. The current study examines accuracy and bias in one type of perspective‐taking: inferences about what others know. Twenty‐two New York City landmarks were presented in three conditions: Picture Only, Picture‐+ Name and Name Only. Subjects estimated the proportion of short‐ and long‐term New York City residents who could identify each landmark from its picture. They also rated their subjective recognition of the stimuli. Subjects in all three conditions were good at estimating stimulus identifiability, but their estimates were biased in the direction of their own knowledge. Estimates of the difference in identifications by short‐and long‐term residents were relatively inaccurate, probably because the two groups differed less than anticipated. For most but not all subjects, subjective feelings of recognition were significantly correlated with estimates of identifiability. We conclude that perceptions of the distribution of knowledge are socially shared.
An investigation into the relationship between perceived control, attitude variability and the consumption of two common foods
Authors: Sparks Paul , Hedderley Duncan , Shepherd Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study reported here takes its lead from the literatures which emphasize the importance of attitude variability and the role of perceived control over action. Within‐person variability and perceptions of control are investigated in the context of people's attitudes towards the consumption of two common foods. The role of attitude ambivalence is also examined. The findings indicate that higher attitude variability is associated with weaker relationships between the components of the theory of reasoned action and that attitude variability is negatively related to perceived control. Moreover, perceived control is shown to be related to different sorts of control problem for different behaviours. It is advocated that a more in‐depth assessment of attitude variability and the perceived control construct is merited and that recent calls for more serious examination of attitude ambivalence are well‐founded.
Intentionality and fatality during the King's Cross underground fire
Authors: Donald Ian , Canter David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch has shown that the behaviour of people in fires and other emergencies is characterized by internally rational, socially and cognitively structured action. It has not been possible to date to discover whether the victims of fires display similar patterns of behaviour to the survivors, or act in a fundamentally different way. Following the public inquiry into the 1987 King's Cross underground fire in London, data were made available which allowed this issue to be addressed. The data mainly consisted of statements and interviews with survivors and friends of the victims. Examination of this information allowed the likely actions and intentions of 24 of the 31 victims to be pieced together with a good degree of certainty. The results showed that those who died in the fire behaved in a way similar to the survivors. Generally, victims perpetuated actions that were consistent with the normal scripts for the use of the setting, and as shaped by their place‐related roles and schemata. The study shows that virtually all of the victims attempted to leave the station either by the way they had entered, or by their originally intended route. Implications of the findings for the understanding, modelling and researching of behaviour under life‐threatening conditions are discussed.
Context‐dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self‐categorization and accentuation
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Turner John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the hypothesis that patterns of stereotypic accentuation reflect the degree to which judged stimuli share the same social category membership as the stereotyper, Following self‐categorization theory, the degree of this shared identity is operationalized in terms of the meta‐contrast ratio as a function of the positions of (a) stereotyper and (b) stereotyped target relative to (c) the stereotyper's frame of reference. Three experiments are reported which sought to manipulate shared category membership either by extension of subjects' frame of reference or by extremitization of target and subject with respect to that frame. As predicted, greater shared identity was associated with stronger assimilation of the target to subjects' own position and with change in stereotype content. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of personality, social judgement and social cognition. Like the accentuation processes which underpin them, it is proposed that stereotypes are sensitive to comparative context and that they reflect veridically the social self‐categorical properties of stimuli.
Preattributional and attributional determinants of emotions and expectations
Authors: Overwalle Frank Van , Heylighen Francis , Casaer Sarah , Daniëls Marleen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExplores how preattributional variables describing an event (i.e. consensus, consistency, distinctiveness, and effectuality) as well as dimensions of attributions given to explain the event (i.e. locus, stability, globality, and control) determine subsequent emotions and expectations. In a first pilot study, subjects described actual emotion‐evoking incidents. The results indicated that these free descriptions included preattributional variables more often (43 per cent) than attributional appraisals (13 per cent), and that the hypothesized preattributional cues were used to describe the emotions. In a second experimental study, preattributional or attributional information about an event was presented, and subjects were asked to judge an actor's emotions or expectations. The time needed to make this judgment was recorded. Judgments and response times were not significantly different after preattributional or attributional information, but were different for distinct emotions and expectations in accordance with the hypotheses. The data were interpreted as suggesting that people possess cognitive schemas about the preattributional and attributional determinants of emotions, and that these schemas speed up the processing of diagnostic inputs that shape emotions.
Intragroup differentiation in terms of ingroup and outgroup attributes
Authors: Simon Bernd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experiment (n = 36) was conducted to test the hypothesis that attribute typicality moderates intragroup differentiation. The predicted reversal from perceived relative ingroup homogeneity on typical ingroup attributes to perceived relative outgroup homogeneity on typical outgroup attributes was confirmed for both homogeneity measures (standard deviation and probability of differentiation). But the ingroup homogeneity effects were more reliable than the outgroup homogeneity effects. Relative ingroup size (minority versus majority) was included in the experimental design as a between‐subjects factor but did not qualify the reversal of perceived relative homogeneity.
Anticipated bias from an outgroup: An attributional analysis
Authors: Vivian James E. , Berkowitz Norman H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUtilizing a group product evaluation paradigm, a study was conducted to investigate anticipated outgroup evaluations. Specifically, it was proposed that ingroup members view outgroups in a way that leads them to anticipate discrimination. Results indicated, as predicted, that while subjects expected outgroup members to favour their own (outgroup) product, they expected impartial judges to agree with their own more favourable rating of the (ingroup) product. It is thus suggested that while subjects saw outgroup members as biased in their anticipated evaluations, they saw their own evaluations as relatively impartial. The results are discussed as an expression of ethnocentric attribution.
Affect and persuasion: Mood effects on the processing of message content and context cues and on subsequent behaviour
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Crow Kimberly , Erb Hans‐Peter , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments are reported examining the impact of recipients' mood on the processing of simple, everyday persuasive communications and on subsequent behaviour. Consistent with the general assumption that affective states may inform an individual about the state of its current environment, it was found that positive (as compared to neutral or negative) mood reduced subjects' motivation to systematically process both content information and contextual cues. Specifically, Experiment I demonstrated that, in a field setting, the behaviour of subjects who had been put in a good mood was less likely to reflect differences in message content than the behaviour of neutral mood subjects. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings, showing that good mood subjects' behaviour was uninfluenced by content as well as context information, whereas bad mood subjects did make use of both types of information. Subject's cognitive responses and evaluations paralleled the behavioural data. The results are discussed in terms of their compatibility with contemporary models of persuasion, and their implications for future research on mood and persuasion and on the interplay of affect and cognition in general are considered.
The ingroup overexclusion effect: Impact of valence and confirmation on stereotypical information search
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigates an old controversy in ethnic identification from the perspective of information‐gathering strategies. It was hypothesized that people would request a lot of positive information before deciding that someone is a member of the ingroup. First, a questionnaire measuring the typical features of likeable and unlikeable targets issuing from two linguistic groups (Flemish and Walloon) revealed the existence of four distinguishable sets. These sets corresponded to the orthogonal combination of valence and group membership, i.e. they were organized in terms of two independent dimensions, an evaluative one and descriptive one. The dimensional complexity and evaluative extremity of the ‘positive ingroup’ and ‘negative outgroup’ sets were not different. Second, characteristics in each set served to create personality profiles presumably describing real targets. Subjects read these profiles, one feature at a time up to 10 features, and were asked to decide whether the target was a member of their group. They also learned that they could make their decision as soon as they felt confident. In line with Yzerbyt and Leyens' (1991) results, data indicate that subjects requested more information when the evidence was positive or consistent with their ingroup membership than when it was negative or inconsistent. These findings shed new light on earlier work concerning ethnic identification. In the context of the more general question of intergroup relations and their role in person perception, the present results may be interpreted in terms of an ingroup overexclusion effect rather than a vigilance effect or response bias. Thus is added a new effect to the well‐known phenomena of ingroup favouritism and outgroup homogeneity.
Emotion words used in six European countries
Authors: Van Goozen Stephanie , Frijda Nico H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo what extent are the more common emotion words in Western European languages equivalent? Some information on this question, which is relevant for cross cultural emotions research, is collected in the present study. Students from six Western European countries were asked to list all emotion words they could think of in 5 minutes. The most frequently mentioned categories were highly similar across samples. However, considerable differences in relative frequency of presumably equivalent words (close, common translations) in the different languages were also found.
Reaction of hypochlorous acid with imidazole: Formation of 2‐chloro‐ and 2‐oxoimidazoles
Authors: Jena N. R. , Kushwaha P. S. , Mishra P. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReaction of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with imidazole (Im) taken as a model for the 5‐membered ring of guanine, leading to the products 2‐chloro‐ and 2‐oxo‐imidazoles was investigated at the B3LYP/6‐31+G* and B3LYP/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ levels of density functional theory. For all cases, single point energy calculations were performed at the MP2/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ level of theory using the geometries optimised at the B3LYP/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ level. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations were performed to ensure genuineness of all the calculated transition states. Effect of aqueous media was investigated by solvating all the species involved in the reactions using the polarizable continuum model. It is found that 2‐chloroimidazole (2‐ClIm) can be formed following three different reaction schemes while 2‐oxoimidazole (2‐oxoIm) can be formed following two different reaction schemes. The calculated barrier energies show that formation of 2‐oxoIm would be less favored than that of 2‐ClIm, which explains the experimental observations on relative yields of 8‐chlorodeoxyguanosine and 8‐oxodeoxyguanosine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2008
Rebuilding cities: Beyond bricks and mortar
Authors: Long Norton E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rebuilding of cities is far more than a matter of bricks and mortar. The city is people, not buildings, and unless most of them are employed, self‐respecting and respected, the towers of a “renewed” downtown are a delusion and a mockery. The city can be truly rebuilt and have a viable future only if its economy is made competitive and able to employ all its inhabitants.
Financing criminal justice: The state‐local switch
Authors: Skoler Daniel L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe standards enunciated by various groups in the last decade include a host of exciting and needed improvements in the criminal justice system. They also conceal a “revolution” in fiscal impact and approach that has not been examined frequently enough in all its ramifications. Chiefly, they would transform state government into a primary funder of the system.
The state role in land use: New York in the seventies
Authors: Werthamer Shirley K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPresent provisions for controls over land development in the U. S. are causing dissatisfaction among many groups. Although New York has no single, official statewide development plan, it has removed certain areas from local control and has adopted legislation concerning agricultural lands, tidal wetlands, Adirondack Park and forest preserves, and siting of public utility facilities.