bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Holocene economic specialisation through aquatic resource exploitation at Kobadi in the Méma, Mali
Authors: Jousse H. , Obermaier H. , Raimbault M. , Peters J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFollowing the last humid phase of the Late Holocene, human groups left the Saharan latitudes of northern Mali at around 2500 cal. years BC to settle further south. The Kobadi population was among the first Neolithic human groups to enter the Niger Inland Delta in central Mali. People adapted to their new environment by intensifying one of their former subsistence practices, namely fishing. The rich and diversified ichthyofauna exploited was dominated by large Nile perches and a variety of catfish taxa. It testifies to relatively stable hydrological conditions: a fluvial lake which was probably linked permanently to the main Niger River. Fish were caught with harpoons and probably also with diverse fishing devices such as nets, baskets and fences. Preparation processes prior to cooking cannot be determined, but fish were probably cooked on hot coals or stones, the left‐overs of the meals being discarded randomly at the site.Intense exploitation of the aquatic environment near Kobadi provided an abundant, secure and predictable source of protein. Besides fish and riparian mammals, reptiles such as turtles, monitors and crocodile were hunted. Domestic cattle provided milk and/or meat. These animals were either raised at the site or obtained by means of exchange with pastoral groups roaming the hinterlands. From the 2ndmillennium BC, the focus on aquatic resources at Kobadi, mostly through the intensification of fish exploitation, may demonstrate the beginning of economic specialisation in the Niger Inland Delta. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of children with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma with oral maintenance compared to high dose chemotherapy: Report of the HD CWS‐96 trial
Authors: Klingebiel Thomas , Boos Joachim , Beske Florian , Hallmen Erika , Int‐Veen Christoph , Dantonello Tobias , Treuner Joern , Gadner Helmut , Marky Ildiko , Kazanowska Bernarda , Koscielniak Ewa 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurposeWe prospectively studied the efficacy of high dose therapy (HDT) versus an oral maintenance treatment (OMT) in patients with stage IV soft tissue sarcoma (STS).Patients and MethodsBoth groups were pretreated with the CEVAIE combination consisting of carboplatin, etoposide, vincristine, actinomycin D, ifosfamide, and epirubicin. HDT consisted of a tandem cycle of thiotepa (600 mg/m2) plus cyclophosphamide (4,500 mg/m2) and melphalan (120 mg/m2) plus etoposide (1,800 mg/m2). This treatment was compared with OMT, consisting of four cycles trofosfamide (10 days 2 × 75 mg/m2/day) plus etoposide (10 days 2 × 25 mg/m2/day), and 4 cycles trofosfamide (10 days 2 × 75 mg/m2/day) plus idarubicin (10 days 4 × 5 mg/m2). Eligibility criteria were: diagnosis confirmed by reference pathology, primary stage IV, below 22 years of age, and having completed the study therapy.ResultsFrom 96 patients 45 were treated with HDT and 51 with OMT. The main risk parameters were equally distributed in both arms. After a median follow‐up of 57.4 months, 11/45 (24.4%) patients in the HDT‐arm and 26/51 (57.8%) patients in OMT‐arm were alive. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated an overall survival for the whole group of 0.27 (OMT group: 0.52, HDT group 0.27, log rank P = 0.03). The proportional hazard analysis for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) or “RMS‐like” tumors (77.1% of all patients) demonstrated an independent benefit of OMT on outcome.ConclusionOral maintenance therapy seems to be a promising option for patients with RMS‐like stage IV tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:739–745. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe hypercholesterolemia mediated by lipoprotein X in a pediatric patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease of the liver
Authors: Zidan Hanaa , Lo Stanley , Wiebe Donald , Talano Julie , Alemzadeh Ramin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe describe a case of extreme hypercholesterolemia, mediated by lipoprotein X, in a 12‐year‐old Caucasian female who underwent an unrelated allogenic bone marrow transplant for relapsed acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Her post‐transplant course was complicated by severe chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) of the liver. Previously normal serum cholesterol and triglycerides rose to 1,122 mg/dl (29.0 mmol/L) and 1,100 mg/dl (12.4 mmol/L), respectively. Serum cholesterol appeared to be dominantly carried by lipoprotein X. Intra‐hepatic cholestasis leading to reflux of bile lipoproteins into the blood stream and subsequent formation of lipoprotein X appears to be the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1280–1281. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of balloon‐expandable metallic stent in a premature infant with congenital tracheobronchial stenosis
Authors: Törer Birgin , Gülcan Hande , Oğuzkurt Levent , Oğuzkurt Pelin , Tarcan Aylin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA congenital tracheobronchial stenosis is a rare obstructive lesion of the airway characterized by intrinsic narrowing of a segment of the trachea and bronchi. In this report, we present the smallest premature infant with a congenital tracheobronchial stenosis who has been successfully treated with balloon dilatation and placement of a balloon‐expandable metallic stent. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:414–417. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Airway stents in children
Authors: Nicolai T. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAirway obstruction in children is a rare, but difficult clinical problem, with no clear agreement on optimal therapeutic approach. Stenting of the airway has been used successfully in adults, and is an attractive alternative in children. Fundamental differences of pediatric compared to adult use include the benign nature of most stenoses, the narrow and soft airways of children, the required long‐term tolerance and adaptation to growth. These differences may significantly alter the therapeutic balance, calling into question the precise role stents play in the treatment of airway obstruction in children. Stent placement can be technically demanding but is not exceedingly difficult. Experience is necessary to select the proper size and type of stent. Metal stents usually achieve airway patency and clinical improvement in the majority of cases, while this is less frequently the case with silicone stents. Some complications such as granulation and secretion retention seem to occur in most children after stent implantation. Unfortunately, severe complications including death have been reported in a significant proportion of children. Stent related mortality can be estimated at 12.9% from published data, but these include complication centered reports. The initial euphoria for airway stents in children has largely abated and most authors agree that they should only be employed in circumstances with no good alternatives. It is crucial that all surgical and medical alternatives are considered and the decision to place a stent is not made because other options are overlooked or not available locally. Stent use in a palliative setting has also been reported and is probably reasonable. Stents will only allow limited adaptation for the growth of pediatric airways by balloon dilatation. All metal stents should be considered as potentially permanent, and removal sometimes may only be possible through a surgical and sometimes risky approach. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:330–344. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hazard ratings for organic peroxides
Authors: Duh Yih‐Shing , Hui wu Xiao , Kao Chen‐Shan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNine of commercially available organic peroxides were assessed with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and adiabatic calorimeters. These organic peroxides are cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP), methyl‐ethyl‐ketone peroxide (MEKPO), tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), hydrogen peroxide, lauroyl peroxide (LPO), tert‐butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPBZ), and dicumyl peroxide (DCPO). Exothermic onset temperatures, self‐heat temperature and pressure rates, and heats of decomposition were measured and assessed. Adiabatic runaway reaction characteristics were determined by using ARC (accelerating rate calorimeter) and VSP2 (vent sizing package). Incompatibility, tests with several potential contaminants, was made using DSC, VSP2, and microcalorimeter. An incompatibility rating was developed using onset temperature, lowering of the onset temperature, heat of decomposition, maximum self‐heat rate, adiabatic temperature rise, maximum pressure of decomposition, and maximum pressure rising rate, etc. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
Hot‐electron energy‐loss rate via LA‐phonon scattering in InGaAs quantum wire
Authors: Vartanian A. L. , Asatryan A. L. , Kirakosyan A. A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe hot‐electron energy‐loss rate conditioned by acoustic (LA) phonon modes for a free‐standing InGaAs cylindrical quantum wire is investigated theoretically. The energy‐loss rate as a function of wire radius, electron density and electron temperature is obtained. The comparison of our theoretical results for energy‐loss rate per electron with the experimental results obtained in the acoustic‐phonon scattering regime shows a sufficient agreement. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic semiconductors in ternary Cd–Mn–Te compounds
Authors: Liu Yong , Liu Bang‐Gui 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSince Mn‐doped CdTe in zincblende structure has been fabricated for Mn concentrations from 0 to 0.5, we use a first‐principles full‐potential method to study CdTe‐based ternary Cd–Mn–Te compounds for possible magnetic semiconductors. The compounds are constructed by substituting Mn for some Cd atoms in zincblende CdTe. We optimize fully their geometric structures and internal atomic positions, and then study their electronic and magnetic properties. We find that the stable CdMnTe2 and Cd3MnTe4 are antiferromagnetic semiconductors with space groups 160 and 111, and the stable Cd7MnTe8 is a layered ferromagnetic semiconductor with space group 115. Their real lattice constants are a little smaller than CdTe's and an Mn atom contributes 5 Bohr magnetons to their total magnetic moments. The antiferromagnetism for the CdMnTe2 is attributed to the Te‐based superexchange of Mn spins. For the other two, the MnMn spin interactions are dependent on the MnMn distance and the environment. The antiferromagnetism for the Cd3MnTe4 and the layered ferromagnetism for the Cd7MnTe8 can be attributed to two weaker indirect exchange interactions based on both Cd and Te. The Kohn–Sham gaps of the three magnetic semiconductors are 0.52 eV, 0.80 eV, and 1.23 eV, respectively. The real semiconductor gaps may be larger than 1 eV considering the fact that the Kohn–Sham gap of CdTe is 0.55 eV but the experimental semiconductor gap is 1.56 eV at 300 K. These magnetic semiconductors, compatible with semiconductors such as CdTe, could be useful in spintronics applications. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaAs microcavity exciton‐polaritons in a trap
Authors: Kim Na Young , Lai Chih‐Wei , Utsunomiya Shoko , Roumpos Georgios , Fraser Michael , Deng Hui , Byrnes Tim , Recher Patrik , Kumada Norio , Fujisawa Toshimasa , Yamamoto Yoshihisa 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe present a simple method to create an in‐plane lateral potential in a semiconductor microcavity using a metal thin‐film. Two types of potential are produced: a circular aperture and a one‐dimensional (1D) periodic grating pattern. The amplitude of the potential induced by a 24 nm – 6 nm Au/Ti film is on the order of a few hundreds of μeV measured at 6–8 K. Since the metal layer makes the electromagnetic fields to be close to zero at the metal–semiconductor interface, the photon mode is confined more inside of the cavity. As a consequence, the effective cavity length is reduced under the metal film, and the corresponding cavity resonance is blue‐shifted. Our experimental results are in a good agreement with theoretical estimates. In addition, by applying a DC electric voltage to the metal film, we are able to modify the quantum well exciton mode due to the quantum confined Stark effect, inducing a ∼1 meV potential at ∼20 kV/cm. Our method produces a controllable in‐plane spatial trap potential for lower exciton‐polaritons (LPs), which can be a building block towards 1D arrays and 2D lattices of LP condensates. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adapting second‐order response surface designs to specific needs
Authors: Simpson James R. , Landman Drew , Giroux Rupert , Zeisset Michelle , Hall Brian , Rhew Ray D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractExperimental design strategies most often involve an initial choice of a classic factorial or response surface design and adapt that design to meet restrictions or unique requirements of the system under study. One such experience is described here, in which the objective was to develop an efficient experimental design strategy that would facilitate building second‐order response models with excellent prediction capabilities. In development, careful consideration was paid to the desirable properties of response surface designs. Once developed, the proposed design was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to prove the concept, a pilot implementation of the design carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the response models, and a set of validation runs enacted to look for potential weaknesses in the approach. The purpose of the exercise was to develop a procedure to efficiently and effectively calibrate strain‐gauge balances to be used in wind tunnel testing. The current calibration testing procedure is based on a time‐intensive one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. In this study, response surface methods were used to reduce the number of calibration runs required during the labor‐intensive heavy load calibration, to leverage the prediction capabilities of response surface designs, and to provide an estimate of uncertainty for the calibration models. Results of the three‐phased approach for design evaluation are presented. The new calibration process will require significantly fewer tests to achieve the same or improved levels of precision in balance calibration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New generation smallpox vaccines: a review of preclinical and clinical data
Authors: Artenstein Andrew W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe recognition that smallpox is a potential threat agent of bioterrorism has engendered renewed interest in the development of improved vaccines against this pathogen. The purpose of this paper is to review current data regarding novel approaches to smallpox vaccines in comparison with traditional vaccine strategies. The method used is a literature search using overlapping search terms and citations from the relevant, published literature. Substantial animal and limited human data suggest that selected second and third generation smallpox vaccines, specifically tissue‐cultured vaccinia virus and replication‐competent, highly attenuated vaccinia virus possess immunogenicity and surrogate efficacy profiles similar to those of first generation New York City Board of Health and Lister vaccines. Replication‐defective, attenuated vaccinia appears to be less immunogenic in both animals and humans but may have utility as a priming agent in those with contraindications to live vaccinia. There is a clear risk of myopericarditis with first and second generation products, but the relative risk of this complication among various vaccine approaches cannot as yet be determined. The incidence of other serious, albeit uncommon, adverse events of smallpox vaccines cannot be determined for newer vaccine approaches because these agents have not yet been deployed on a scale large enough to discern rare events. Since 2001, progress towards improved smallpox vaccines has been accelerated, spurred on by the threat of bioterrorism. Among newer vaccine candidates, replication‐competent, highly attenuated vaccinia and tissue culture‐derived live vaccinia appear to offer the greatest potential for efficacy, although it is unclear whether these products offer a safer alternative to existing first generation vaccines. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding science in the school body: Reflections on transgressing the boundaries of science education and the social studies of science
Authors: Weinstein Matthew 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the framings that the fields of the social studies of science and science education use for each other. It is shown that the social studies of science frames science education as passive and timeless. Science education frames science studies as a set of representations to better capture how science works. The paper then proceeds to sketch an alternative in which schools are understood, drawing on actor‐network theory and cultural studies of science, as constituted through contesting scientific practices and discourses and, therefore, are proper objects of study within science studies frameworks. The curricular implications are briefly developed, emphasizing the need for much more reflection upon and activism within science education regarding the technoscientific constitution of students and schools. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed92:389–403, 2008
Improving Youth Mentoring Interventions Through Research‐based Practice
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractYouth mentoring programs are in the limelight. Over three million young people have a Big Brother, a Big Sister, or a similar adult volunteer involved in their lives–a sixfold increase from just a decade ago–and generous federal funding continues to fuel new initiatives. This expansion speaks volumes about the faith our society places in one‐on‐one relationships between vulnerable young people and caring adults. But what do we know about the effectiveness of this intervention strategy? A better understanding of the research evidence for youth mentoring, including findings from reviews, evaluations, and meta‐analyses, provides a basis for a more informed, practically applicable approach to strengthening youth mentoring interventions.
How Culture Impacts the Dissemination and Implementation of Innovation: A Case Study of the Families and Schools Together Program (FAST) for Preventing Violence with Immigrant Latino Youth
Authors: Guerra Nancy G. , Knox Lyndee 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe consider how culture impacts the translation of research into practice, focusing on the culture of the client and the culture of the agency implementing selected programs. We build on lessons learned from a pilot study of an evidence‐based family‐school partnership, Families and Schools Together (FAST), to prevent youth violence with low‐income, immigrant Latino families in Southern California. We examine the impact of cultural characteristics on the translation of this innovation into practice at the community level, relying on an interactive systems framework developed recently by Wandersman and colleagues (2008, American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3–4), in press) discussed in this issue. As we point out, the culture of the client and the culture of the agency can facilitate or impede connections within and across these interactive systems.
Individual variation in migratory and exploratory movements and habitat use by adult red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in a mountainous temperate forest
Authors: Pépin Dominique , Adrados Christophe , Janeau Georges , Joachim Jean , Mann Carole 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUsing data from a global positioning system (GPS), seven adult red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) were tracked in the Parc National des Cévennes, southern France, between November 1998 and December 2000 to assess the factors affecting large‐range movement patterns and habitat use. The home range varied from a single compact area for females to three distinct seasonal ranges for males, which used alternative migratory strategies (i.e. non‐, downward‐ and upward‐migrants). The migrants used mainly southerly and easterly aspects, and wintered in areas having steeper slopes than were used during summer or the rut season. For males, the time of rut migration was mid‐September and they finally entered wintering ranges from mid‐December to the beginning of January. Exploratory behaviour (i.e. individuals found outside the limits of their familiar area but returning to it a few days later) occurred in both sexes and for all individuals monitored during at least a 6‐month period. Velocity and efficiency of exploratory movements were higher than usual movements. During these exploratory movements, hinds may have used different landscape attributes (elevation, slope, canopy cover) while stags did not. These results provide new empirical information that could be used for building and applying broad‐scale spatial and landscape use models in ecological research.
FDG autoradiography reveals developmental and pathological effects of mutant amyloid in PDAPP transgenic mice
Authors: Valla Jon , Gonzalez‐Lima Francisco , Reiman Eric M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTransgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) show some characteristic features of the disease, and we aim to further bridge the gap between studies of humans with AD, those at risk, and these murine models by providing shared markers of disease which could be used to track progression and assess future interventions. Brain imaging measurements may prove useful in this regard. We previously found that the homozygous PDAPP mouse model of AD showed significant declines in glucose uptake with age in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), an area homologous to the human posterior cingulate, which shows significant declines in AD and in those at risk for AD. To further evaluate this potential biomarker and its correlation across age, we used fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) autoradiography at two ages (2 and 12 months) in wildtype, heterozygous, and homozygous PDAPP mice. We found significant posterior cingulate fluorodeoxyglucose uptake declines again in homozygous PDAPP mice, but at both ages assessed. There was a strong effect of gene dose; homozygous mice showed larger and earlier effects. These results, in conjunction with our previous analyses, indicate a nonlinear progression stemming from synergistic effects of the overexpressed mutant gene, both developmental and pathological. The posterior cingulate is preferentially vulnerable to both effects of transgene in the PDAPP mouse, and both are independent of amyloid deposition.
DECLINE IN SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AFTER BAM (KERMAN PROVINCE, SOUTHERN IRAN) EARTHQUAKE
Authors: SAADAT MOSTAFA 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOn 26th December 2003, a severe earthquake hit the city of Bam in Kerman province, southern Iran. It destroyed around 90% of houses and at least 60% of the public buildings, and claimed the lives of more than 20,000 persons. To investigate whether acute stress caused by the Bam earthquake could alter the sex ratio at birth (SRB) 6–12 months later, the present study was done. The number of live births by sex was obtained from the National Organization for Civil Registration (Kerman province). The SRB was expressed as the male proportion. A prominent decline in the SRB (̃0·467) 11 months after the earthquake was observed (χ2=6·68, df=1, p=0·009). There was no significant difference between Bam and Kerman province (excluding Bam) for SRB (χ2=0·44, df=1, p=0·51) for a period of 33 month before the earthquake (from April 2001 to December 2003). It might be concluded that psychological tensions and stress are associated with a decrease in SRB.