bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of various antioxidants on the keeping quality of yellow grease
Authors: Gearhart W. M. , Stuckey B. N. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryYellow grease was stabilized with varying quantities of BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate under laboratory conditions. Propyl gallate was the best antioxidant with BHA a close second.Yellow grease was stabilized with mixtures of BHA and citric acid; BHA, propyl gallate, and citric acid; and BHA and BHT under laboratory conditions. The BHA‐citric acid mix proved to be the best mixture.Grease was stabilized by adding various antioxidant mixtures before and after rendering. It was found better to add the antioxidant after rendering. Propyl gallate showed almost no carry‐through properties. It was also shown possible to add the citric acid before rendering and the antioxidant after rendering.It was found that extra citric acid (.1 to .5%) added with an antioxidant increased the effectiveness of the antioxidant when greases of low stability were encountered. The iron content of the initial grease seems to have some bearing on the ease with which it could be stabilized.
Oleoresinous varnishes from epoxy resins and drying oils
Authors: Tess Roy W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEpoxy resins derived from epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol‐A have been converted into air‐drying varnishes by cooking with vegetable oils. Compared to varnishes derived from ordinary varnish resins, the epoxy resin‐oil varnishes have faster bodying rate, higher viscosity, lighter color, and lower acid number. Although the epoxy resin‐oil varnishes dry slowly and yield soft films like many other soft oil varnishes, they have remarkably good exterior durability in clear films upon wood, and in pigmented films have good chalk resistance. The varnishes are quite different from epoxy esters derived from epoxy resins and fatty acids. These latter products dry rapidly and yield hard, flexible films possessing good abrasion and chemical resistance.In cooking the varnishes at the high temperatures (580°F.) employed, epoxy groups are destroyed and the total hydroxyl content remains essentially unchanged. At lower temperatures (480°F.) the alcoholysis of oils by the hydroxyl groups in the epoxy resin proceeds readily while the epoxy groups remain essentially intact. Such alcoholyzed products may be used for further cooking with acids of various types. Phthalic anhydride, for example, was used to convert the product to an alkyd having good drying properties.
Rice bran oil. V. The stability and processing characteristics of some rice bran oils
Authors: Swift C. E. , Fore Sara P. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

The extraction, processing, characteristics, and stability properties of nine batches of hexane‐extracted rice bran oil were investigated. The oils were refined, bleached, and deodorized and their color and stability determined. Samples of the bleached oils were hydrogenated to approximately shortening consistency, deodorized, and the stability of the hydrogenated products determined.

Pilot plant extractions of five batches of rice bran yielded crude oils equivalent to 91% of the hexane‐soluble portions of the bran.

The nine crude oils whose content of free fatty acids ranged from 2.0 to 6.3% were refined by the cup method with losses ranging from 12.0 to 23.5% although the neutral oil content of six crude rice bran oils ranged from 89.9 to 92.6%.

The Lovibond color of the nine refined oils ranged from 35 yellow and 4.5 red to 70 yellow and 9.5 red, and the color of the bleached oils ranged from 15 yellow and 1.5 red to 35 yellow and 3.2 red.

Steam‐refining, employed in conjunction with alkali‐refining, proved effective as a means of reducing the losses in refining rice bran oil.

The nine batches of refined, bleached, and deodorized rice bran oils had iodine values ranging from 101.3 to 105.7 and stabilities averaging 24 hours.

Nine bleached oils hydrogenated to approximate shortening consistency had iodine values averaging approximately 66 and stabilities averaging 370 hours.

Refined, bleached, and deodorized rice bran oil is bland but has some tendency toward flavor reversion.

The most outstanding characteristics of rice bran oil is its exceptional stability after hydrogenation.
9(10)‐Carboxyoctadecylamine and 9(10)‐aminomethyloctadecanoic acid: Synthesis and polymerization to polyamides with lateral substitution
Authors: Miller W. R. , Neff W. E. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract9(10)‐Carboxyoctadecylamine (I) and 9(10)‐aminomethyloctadecanoic acid (II) have been prepared from selectively hydroformylated oleonitrile and oleic acid, respectively. Polymerization of I gave a transparent hard, somewhat brittle, polyamide, whereas polymerization of II gave a soft, rubbery polymer that flowed slowly at room temperature. Copolymers of I with II had properties reflecting those of the component homopolymers, although II exercised a disproportionate softening effect. The same was generally true of copolymers of I or II with nylon‐66 salt, caprolactam, and 9‐aminononanoic acid. The copolymer of I with 25 mole % nylon‐66 salt was transparent, was also elastic, and could be either drawn into fibers or made into a coherent film. The properties of the two amino acids and of their polymers agreed with those expected from simpler alkyl‐substituted amino acids.
Membrane concentration potentials across heavy metal soap membranes
Authors: Beg M. Aljaz , Ahmad Firoz , Razzao Abdul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe alumina mixed copper soap pellets of different fatty acids (C6−C16) have been prepared. The pellets are used as membranes of electropositive character. The concentration potential studies have been carried out with potassium chloride solutions. Transport number of counterions and selective ionic permeability through these membranes have been calculated. The values of both these parameters increase with increase in the number of C‐atoms of the hydrocarbon chain of copper soaps. This seems to be due to lowering in solubility and increase in crosslinking in the membrane material.
5,5‐Dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione formation from glucosinolate inLimnanthes alba Benth. seed
Authors: Daxenbichler M. E. , Vanetten C. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA crystalline compound, identified as 5,5‐dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione was isolated from defattedLimnanthes alba var.alba (meadowfoam) seed meal by either of two procedures, described below. The precursor glucosinolate was separated and then hydrolyzed with an added thioglucosidase prepared from mustard seed. Alternatively, endogenous thioglucosidase was allowed to act in an aqueous slurry of theLimnanthes alba meal, and subsequently 5,5‐dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione was purifed from the autholysis products. Previous workers reported 5,5‐dimethyloxazolidine‐2‐thione formation in seed meals of only two Cruciferae genera. Among seed samples we analyzed representing theLimnanthaceae species, production of the rare oxazolidinethione derivative was unique toLimnanthes alba.
Secondary products from high pressure hydrogenation of crambe oil
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Nieschlag H. J. , Rothfus J. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of crambe oil, mainly an α,α’‐dierucoyl triglyceride, in the presence of cadmium promoted copper‐chromite provides long chain waxes being sought as sperm whale oil replacements. Gas liquid chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses of secondary products indicate, however, that reduction proceeds rather differently from Adkins‐type hydrogenations of triglycerides over copper‐chromium oxide catalysts. Monoand diunsaturated alkenes ranging from C16‐C24, odd chain lengths included, constitute ca. 1% of the product. Esters of crambe acids with methyl, ethyl, n‐propyl, and isopropyl alcohols account for less than 5%. These alcohols and traces of 1,2‐propanediol from the hydrogenolysis of glycerol occur in either the head gas or the reaction mixture or both. In contrast to published results for Adkins‐type hydrogenations of triglycerides, n‐propyl alcohol is far more abundant than isopropyl alcohol or 1,2‐propanediol. Isopropyl esters of C‐18 acids are not present, and those of C‐22 acids constitute no more than 2% of the total esters. Low proportion of isopropyl esters and enrichment of C‐22 acids in the secondary products compared with C‐18 acids suggest that the acyl substituent at the β‐position of glycerol is eliminated during hydrogenation of crambe oil with a Cd−Cu−Cr catalyst.
Detection and determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in raw and various stages of processed vegetable oil
Authors: Hashemy‐Tonkabony S. E. , Soleimani‐Amiri M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne hundred and ten samples of raw oil and the oil of various stages of processing, i.e., neutralized, hydrogenated, decolorized, deodorized, and shortenings were taken from seven operating oil processing factories of Iran. The samples were analysed by gas chromatography for detection and determination of chlorinated pesticide residues. The results show the presence of DDT and its metabolites as well as lindane, dieldrin, and endrin in raw and processed oil, and their relative loss is due to chemical and heat treatment.
Nucleophilic and radical addition of H2S to methyl linolenate and linseed oil
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E. , Rohwedder W. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogen sulfide was added to methyl linolenate and linseed oil to yield mercapto, thio, and thiolan derivatives. Nucleophilic conditions at low temperatures gave faster and more complete reactions than did free radical conditions. Major reaction products were identified by gas liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen sulfide to the methyl esters of hydrogenated nonconjugatable linseed oil was made at −70 C in the presence of boron trifluoride, and thiolan derivatives appeared to form in preference to thiane derivatives.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids V. A spectrophotometric method for cottonseed oils based upon the Halphen‐test reaction
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Pittman R. A. , Magne F. C. , Skau E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA spectrophotometric method of analysis for the quantitative estimation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed oil based upon the Halphen‐test reaction has been described. Various parameters involved in the reaction have been investigated and two pigment fractions responsible for the characteristic Halphen‐test cherry‐red color have been isolated. The method is applicable to relatively small amts of sample material. The average deviation from the actual cyclopropenoid acid contents as determined by the stepwise HBr titration method was less than ŷ0.02% in both the refined and crude oil series.
Studies on the behaviour of chromium (iii) soaps. I. Spectrophotometry of chromium stearate and palmitate in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Malik W. U. , Ahmad S. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies on the spectrophotometry of chromium stearate and chromium palmitate in benzene, toluene, xylene, carbon tetrachloride and pyridine solvents provide evidence for the existence of complex ion formation. It has been found that this property can be applied successfully for the estimation of chromium in the concn range 1 to 11 mM/liter at 425 and 580 mƁ. The method can be employed for the higher concn (> 11 m M/liter) range also but the Beer‐Lambert舗s law is applicable only at 425 mƁ.
Studies on the behaviour of chromium (iii) soaps. II. Solubility and viscometric studies with chromium stearate and palmitate in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Malik W. U. , Ahmad S. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe colloid chemical behaviour of the chromium stearate and palmitate in nonaqueous solutions have been investigated by solubility and viscometric methods. Chromium stearate and palmitate form no micellar aggregate in pyrindine but aggregate into micelles in benzene, toluene, xylene and carbon tetrachloride in the concn range of ca. 0.7舑1.5ȕ10蜢2 mole/liter. Viscometric studies can be utilized in estimating the concn of the metal soaps in fairly concd solution: 0.822舑27.431 g/liter.
Carotenoid pigments of peanut oil
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Purcell Albert E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were beta‐carotene and lutein. A sample of oil from immature peanuts contained 60 Ɓg of beta‐carotene and 138 Ɓg of lutein per liter of oil. The total carotenoid concentration in oil from mature peanuts appears to be less than 1 Ɓg per liter of oil.
Chemical and nutritional evaluation ofPongamia glabra oil andAcacia auriculaeformis oil
Authors: Mandal B. , Majumdar S. Ghosh , Maity C. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKaranja seed(Pongamia glabra) oil contains toxic flavonoids including 1.25% karanjin and 0.85% pongamol. After refining the oil resembles peanut oil in composition and is free from toxic flavonoids, bitterness and unpleasant odors. Akashmoni seed(Acacia auriculaeformis) oil is rich in stearic acid (31%), and nearly two‐thirds of its glyceride is GS2 U (disaturated monounsaturated), mostly SOS (saturated‐stearic acid and unsaturated‐oleic acid). Nutritional evaluations of these two refined seed oils were carried out in rats by feeding the respective oils and peanut oil as control at 10% level in a 20% protein diet for 12 weeks. The animals fed karanja oil showed poor growth performance, altered lipid metabolism and fatty infiltration in liver. Akashmoni oil in the diet of rats did not reveal growth retardation or any abnormalities in evaluations of lipid parameters of serum and liver or histopathological findings. The results of this study indicate that refined karanja oil is toxic to rats and may not be desirable for edible purposes, while akashmoni oil may be desirable.
Method of analysis for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone from cereal grains
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Megalla S. E. , Shotwell O. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method was developed to determine deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in corn, wheat, oats, rice and barley. The toxins are extracted with methanol/water (50:50, v/v) (2×) and partially purified by partitioning into ethyl acetate and then defatting with acetonitrile‐petroleum ether. Toxins are isolated by silica gel column chromatography. Interfering materials are removed from the column with benzene; zearalenone is eluted with benzene/acetone (95:5, v/v), and after a column wash of chloroform/methanol (95:2, v/v), deoxynivalenol is eluted with chloroform/methanol (95:5, v/v). Zearalenone is quantitated by thin‐layer chromatography and deoxynivalenol by gas‐liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilyl derivative. The detection limit is about 0.02 µg/g for each toxin. Recoveries of added toxins varied with substrate and level of toxins. Recovery of deoxynivalenol ranged from 58% for 1 ppm in rice to 108% for 1 ppm in corn. Average recoveries for all levels (1, 2 and 5 ppm) ranged from 69% for barley to 89% for oats. Recovered zearalenone ranged from 40% for 5 ppm in wheat to 100% for 1 ppm in barley. Average recoveries for zearalenone at 1, 2 and 5 ppm varied from 53% for wheat to 87% for rice.
Characteristics and compositions ofCarissa spinarum, Leucaena leucocephala andPhysalis minima seeds and oils
Authors: Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Lakshminarayana G. , Prasad N. B. L. , Jagan Mohan Rao S. , Azeemoddin G. , Atchyuta Ramayya D. , Thirumala Rao S. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe seeds and extracted oils ofCarissa spinarum (Apocynaceae), (I),Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) (II) andPhysalis minima (Solanaceae) (III) were analyzed for characteristics and compositions. The seeds of I, II and III contained 22.4, 6.4 and 40.0% oil and 10.1, 27.6 and 17.9% protein, respectively. The oils of I, II and III had, respectively, iodine values 70.1, 113.5 and 122.5; saponification values 186, 188 and 189; unsaponifiable matter 5.2, 2.5 and 0.8%, and the following fatty acid compositions (area %): palmitic 12.6, 14.2, 10.5; stearic 7.6, 6.1, 8.6; oleic 72.7, 20.1, 17.3; linoleic 5.2, 53.8, 61.4; linolenic 0.9, 1.8, 0.0, and arachidic 1.0, 2.3, 0.0. II contained 1.7% lignoceric acid. III contained small amounts of hexadecenoic (0.1%), epoxy (0.6%) and hydroxy (1.5%) fatty acids.
On free hydroxy acids of peat wax
Authors: Rauhala Veikko T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFurther examination of peat wax has not resulted in the isolation of chemically pure compounds, but data presented below make it seem probable that peat wax contains aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with a molecular size of about C19−C22 and aliphatic monohydroxy acids with a molecular size of the order of C20−C21.
Concurrent oxidation of cholesterol and corn oil sterols in autoxidizing lipid films
Authors: Norcia L. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new, simple method based on assay of cholesterol is presented for study of the time course and extent of air oxidation of cholesterol. Using such a method, the air oxidation of 0.5–3.5% solutions of corn oil sterols and cholesterol in films of either corn oil or corn oil fatty acids has been followed by the author for periods of up to 3 months at room temperature and 2 weeks at 60°C. in the dark. Under these conditions it was shown that a) solid cholesterol is relatively stable to air oxidation; b) in lipid films cholesterol is readily subject to oxidative attack which appears to be closely linked to the stability of the lipid film itself to autoxidation; c) more than 90% conversion of cholesterol to oxidation products has been observed in such systems; d) the principal corn oil sterols are oxidized at the same rate as cholesterol, and esterification of the corn oil sterols did not affect the rate at which they were oxidized; and e) the rate of concurrent oxidation of cholesterol in corn oil and corn oil fatty acid films in independent of the concentration of cholesterol at low concentrations, 0.5–3.5%. The disappearance rate is dependent on the stability of the lipid film itself as shown by peroxide value.
Brain cholesterol. XI. A review of biosynthesis in adult mice
Authors: Kabara Jon J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the past decade, our laboratory has been involved in studying the biosynthesis of brain cholesterol under various conditions. As a result of these studies, we feel that the hypothesis of metabolic stability of cholesterol in adult life is untenable. Our data suggest that there are several compartments of sterol metabolism ranging from extremely fast to metabolically very slow. It is our hypothesis that (a) brain function is more nearly associated with fast turnover compartments than with metabolically slow ones; (b) these compartments can be altered by a variety of stress conditions.Current experimental work being done with monkeys and baboons, and in human fetii suggest that conclusions formed about the mouse generally are applicable to these higher evolutionary forms.What remains unsolved is the relationship between cholesterol metabolism and brain function. We continue to search for answers to physiological psychology.
Desmosterol in developing rat brain
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Tepper Shirley A. , DiTullio Nicholas W. , Holmes William L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe brain of the young rat contains appreciable amounts of desmosterol (24‐dehydrocholesterol). The peak desmosterol concentration is seen during the first week of life and only traces of this sterol are found at 21 days. The spinal cord also contains some desmosterol. Rat brain desmosterol is distributed in the white matter, gray matter and cerebellum and occurs in the same proportion to cholesterol in each of these brain fractions. Rat brain contains a small amount of sterol ester but no appreciable amounts of desmosterol are present in this fraction.Studies carried out in intact animals injected either intraperitoneally or intracerebrally with mevalonic acid‐2‐14C or glucose‐U‐14C indicate the biosynthetic origin or brain desmosterol. Rat brain slices (1舑20 day old) incubated in suitably fortified medium convert sodium acetate‐2‐14C and glucose‐U‐14C to desmosterol, whereas brain slices from adult rats yielded no radioactive desmosterol under similar conditions. When labeled desmosterol was incubated with young rat brain slices, it was converted to cholesterol.When pregnant rats were treated with triparanol (20 mg/kg/day) during the course of their pregnancy, they either resorbed the fetuses or gave birth to small, stillborn litters. The brains of the progeny of triparanol treated mothers contained large amounts of desmosterol as well as another sterol which may be ख7,24‐cholestadiene‐3ॆ‐ol.
Application of computer methods to the calculation of triglyceride structure
Authors: Perkins Edward G. , Hanson Andrew V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA digital computer method for the calculation of triglyceride structure using a FORTRAN program has been developed. The results of several methods of calculation and hypothesis of glyceride structure were compared with values determined experimentally. The comparison obtained with the random, restricted random, 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution hypotheses, as well as other proposed hypotheses, indicated that the 1,3‐random‐2‐random hypothesis best approximated the values obtained experimentally by other investigators.
Production of microbial lipases for the study of triglyceride structure
Authors: Alford John A. , Smith James L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipases from different microorganisms are known to differ in their site of attack on triglycerides, and recent evidence has indicated that they may be useful in studying triglyceride structure. This paper is concerned with the most recent developments in the production, recovery, and stability of lipases from three of these microorganisms. The lipase fromStaphylococcus aureus, which attacks both the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐positions of triglycerides, is produced in an aerated, tryptic digest of casein at 30C in 1舑2 days. The lipase fromGeotrichum candidum, which attacks primarily unsaturated fatty acid linkages and shows some stereospecificity, is produced in a static culture grown on a mineral salts‐glucoseprotein hydrolysate medium incubated at 20C for 4舑5 days. An improved method is described for preparing lyophilized preparations of these, and thePseudomonas fragi lipase, which are quite stable when stored in a refrigerator.
Determination of cloud points of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Williams J. L. , Stein N. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy use of a specially adapted fluorometer attached to a strip chart recorder, a spectrum or cloud‐o‐gram can be obtained from various types of ethylene oxide condensates (nonionic surfactants). A cloud‐point reproducible to ŷ0.2C can be determined from the cloud‐o‐gram. The cloud‐o‐gram is unique for each classification, and differences can be detected within classifications.
Preparation of linseed acid chlorides
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Gast L. E. , DeJarlais W. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method is described for the preparation of linseed acid chlorides in excellent yields and functional purity. After linseed acids are reacted with phosphorus trichloride, the mixture is briefly heated in vacuo, cooled, and decanted. The linseed acid chlorides were also distilled in a specially modified molecular still to obtain a nearly colorless product.