bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System peaks in micellar electrophoresis: I. Utilization of system peaks for determination of critical micelle concentration
Authors: Lokajová Jana , Hruška Vlastimil , Tesařová Eva , Gaš Bohuslav 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA new way to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) based on the mobilities of system peaks is presented. A general approach for the CMC determination is based on the change of the slope or on finding the inflection point in the plot of a physical property of solution as a function of surfactant concentration. The determination of CMC by system peaks in CE utilizes a “jump” instead of a continuous change in the measured quantity. This phenomenon was predicted by the program PeakMaster, which was modified for simulation of micellar systems. The simulation of the steep change in mobilities of the anionic system peaks showing the CMC value was verified experimentally in a set of measurements, where the concentration of the surfactant was varied while the ionic strength was kept constant. The experimental work fully proved our model. A comparative electric current measurement was carried out. The proposed method seems to offer easier CMC determination as compared to the standard methods.
Zeta potential and electroosmotic mobility in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers: 2. Slip and interfacial water structure
Authors: Tandon Vishal , Kirby Brian J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe discuss the structure of water at hydrophobic interfaces from the standpoint of its impact on electrokinetic phenomena in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers such as Teflon® or Zeonor®. Water structuring at hydrophobic interfaces has been described as a source of interfacial charge (see Part 1, this issue), and dewetting phenomena, whether via depletion layers or nanobubbles, contribute to slip and enhanced apparent electrokinetic potentials. Issues concerning the impact of hydrodynamic slip and the role of diffuse interfacial structures are discussed. These issues are coupled with each other and with interfacial charge concerns, providing challenges for measurements of individual parameters.
Optimal design of water treatment plant under uncertainty using genetic algorithm
Authors: Gupta Ajay Kumar , Shrivastava Rakesh Kumar 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAn approach that links genetic algorithm (GA) as an optimization tool with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)‐based reliability program is presented for reliability‐constrained optimal design of water treatment plant (WTP). The reliability of a WTP is defined as its ability to produce water of desired effluent water quality standard. The objective function minimizes the treatment cost subjected to reliability constraint, design constraints, and performance constraints. The random variables used to generate the reliability estimates are suspended solid concentration, viscosity of water, specific gravity of floc particle, sedimentation basin performance index, velocity gradient, and flow rate. The application of GA‐MCS approach for design of a WTP is illustrated with a hypothetical case study. The application shows that the reliability of achieving desired water quality standard is affected by the uncertainty of system parameters. The suggested GA‐MCS approach is efficient to evaluate treatment cost‐reliability tradeoff in design of WTP. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Aeration improvement in fed batch composting of vegetable and fruit wastes
Authors: Jolanun Banjarata , Towprayoon Sirintornthep , Chiemchaisri Chart 
Published: February 2008

AbstractVegetable and fruit wastes amended with sawdust and urea were composted in a laboratory scale reactor by controlling a waste feeding rate of 21 g L−1 day−1 under proper conditions of composting. Effects of aeration, agitation, and initial waste‐to‐sawdust ratio on enhancing organic matter degradation and process performance in fed batch composting were investigated. During the feeding stage, rapid increase in moisture content and lowest removal of dry mass (0.28–0.30 g g−1 day−1) were observed at all aeration rates without agitation at a waste‐to‐sawdust ratio of 1:1.5. As the amount of sawdust was doubled, the water released was not only absorbed by waste matrix efficiently, resulted in the highest dry mass removal and total amount of new waste addition, but also demonstrated the substantial N loss (54–71%). The results revealed that the initial waste‐to‐sawdust ratio and agitation mode indeed influenced the performance of the fed batch composting (feeding stage) as indicated by a higher percentage of dry mass removal (34–59%) and larger free air space in compost matrix were determined. Adoption of a large amount of sawdust and agitation mode is recommended for maintaining stable degradation and enhancing fed batch composting under continuous aeration at a rate of 10.62–21.24 L m−3 min−1. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Consequences of No Child Left Behind on evaluation purpose, design, and impact
Authors: Mabry Linda 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAs an outgrowth of No Child Left Behind's narrow definition of scientifically based research, the priority given to certain quantitative evaluation designs has sparked debate among those in the evaluation community. Federal mandates for particular evaluation methodologies run counter to evaluation practice and to the direction of most evaluation theorists, who advocate for flexibility and adaptability in methods choices. The impact of this mandate for randomized clinical trials as the sine qua non of evaluation methods is not yet discernible, but the potential impact is explored through an analogous example involving the World Bank. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responding to accountability requirements while promoting program improvement
Authors: Guillén‐Woods Blanca Flor , Kaiser Monica A. , Harrington Maura J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is usually understood in relation to schools and districts, but the legislation has also affected community‐based organizations that operate school‐linked programs. This case study of an afterschool program in California demonstrates how educational accountability systems that emphasize students' academic achievement and scientifically based research prompted evaluators to modify evaluation questions, methods, and analytic techniques. The external demands of NCLB transformed the evaluation to support the relevance and value of this community‐based program within the evolving framework of accountability for the school. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring student progress: Changes and challenges under No Child Left Behind
Authors: Azin Mariam , Resendez Miriam G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEvaluators face a number of challenges in using student assessment data, given varying state and federal accountability requirements. Approaches to measuring student progress and specific characteristics of state assessment systems influence how data can be used. The continuous changes to state assessment systems and data create a significant challenge for evaluators wishing to use state repositories of student achievement data over time to track changes in achievement. The authors discuss the larger questions of the validity of tests being used and the potential limitations of single measures of student achievement in using state‐collected student assessment data. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postoperative intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for cancers of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and lacrimal glands: Technique, early outcomes, and toxicity
Authors: Hoppe Bradford S. , Wolden Suzanne L. , Zelefsky Michael J. , Mechalakos James G. , Shah Jatin P. , Kraus Dennis H. , Lee Nancy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to review Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center's experience with postoperative intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, and lacrimal gland cancer and report dosimetric measures, toxicity, and outcomes.MethodsBetween September 2000 and June 2006, 37 patients with paranasal sinus, nasal cavity, or lacrimal gland cancer underwent postoperative IMRT. Median values were as follows: prescription dose, 60 Gy (range, 50–70); PTVD95, 99% (range, 79–101%); optic nerve Dmax, 53 Gy (range, 2–54); optic chiasm Dmax, 51Gy (range, 2–55). Acute and late toxicities were scored by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group morbidity criteria.ResultsMedian follow‐up was 28 months. Two‐year local progression–free and overall survivals were 75% and 80%. No early‐ or late‐grade 3/4 radiation‐induced ophthalmologic toxicity occurred.ConclusionsPreliminary results show that adjuvant IMRT in these patients is feasible, allowed for excellent planning target volume (PTV) coverage, and minimized dose delivered to optic structures. Longer follow‐up is warranted to assess the extent of late effects and outcomes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx: A 40‐year experience
Authors: Moukarbel Roger V. , Goldstein David P. , O'Sullivan Brian , Gullane Patrick J. , Brown Dale H. , Wang Lisa , Irish Jonathan C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundLaryngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease. We reviewed our experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) with its treatment.MethodsThis is a retrospective chart review of 15 cases treated at PMH between 1963 and 2005.ResultsThe mean age was 48.6 years. There was no sex predilection. The subglottis was the most common subsite involved. Only 2 patients had regional metastasis. Local or regional recurrence was noted in 5 patients (33.3%). The distant metastasis rate was 66.7% and involved the lungs. The median follow‐up time was 6.9 years. The 5‐ and 10‐year overall and disease‐specific survival rates were 64% and 46%, and 69% and 49%, respectively.ConclusionLaryngeal ACC is a rare disease with a high rate of distant recurrence. Its management should emphasize maximizing local and regional disease control by surgery followed by radiotherapy with distant disease failure eventually dictating survival. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Functional outcome after total and subtotal glossectomy with free flap reconstruction
Authors: Yanai Chie , Kikutani Takesi , Adachi Masatosi , Thoren Hanna , Suzuki Munekazu , Iizuka Tateyuki 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative oral functions of patients who had undergone total or subtotal (75%) glossectomy with preservation of the larynx for oral squamous cell carcinomas.MethodsSpeech intelligibility and swallowing capacity of 17 patients who had been treated between 1992 and 2002 were scored and classified using standard protocols 6 to 36 months postoperatively. The outcomes were finally rated as good, acceptable, or poor.ResultsThe 4‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 64%. Speech intelligibility and swallowing capacity were satisfactory (acceptable or good) in 82.3%. Only 3 patients were still dependent on tube feeding. Good speech perceptibility did not always go together with normal diet tolerance, however.ConclusionsOur satisfactory results are attributable to the use of large, voluminous soft tissue flaps for reconstruction, and to the instigation of postoperative swallowing and speech therapy on a routine basis and at an early juncture. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Concurrent hyperfractionated radiotherapy and carboplatin with transoral debulking microsurgery for T2N0 glottic cancer
Authors: Ohguri Takayuki , Imada Hajime , Nakano Keita , Yahara Katsuya , Udaka Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Hideaki , Korogi Yukunori 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with transoral debulking microsurgery for T2N0 glottic cancer.MethodsThirty patients with T2N0 glottic cancer treated with concurrent hyperfractionated radiotherapy (RT) and carboplatin were retrospectively analyzed. Median total dose of RT was 72 Gy. Nineteen of 30 patients also received transoral debulking microsurgery during or before CRT. The remaining 11 patients who demonstrated complete response or good partial response at 36 to 45.6 Gy were not treated with transoral debulking microsurgery.ResultsLocal recurrence developed in 5 patients; 4 of these patients did not undergo transoral debulking microsurgery. The 3‐year local control rate was significantly better for CRT with transoral debulking microsurgery (95%) than for CRT alone (61%) (p = .02).ConclusionCRT with transoral debulking microsurgery may have a positive impact on the local control of T2N0 glottic cancer, which justifies further evaluation to confirm its definite benefit. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Recollection and familiarity in hippocampal amnesia
Authors: Turriziani Patrizia , Serra Laura , Fadda Lucia , Caltagirone Carlo , Carlesimo Giovanni Augusto 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCurrently, there is a general agreement that two distinct cognitive operations, recollection and familiarity, contribute to performance on recognition memory tests. However, there is a controversy about whether recollection and familiarity reflect different memory processes, mediated by distinct neural substrates (dual‐process models), or whether they are the expression of memory traces of different strength in the context of a unitary declarative memory system (unitary‐strength models). Critical in this debate is the status of recognition memory in hippocampal amnesia and, in particular, whether the various structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) contribute differentially to the recollection and familiarity components of recognition. The present study aimed to explore the relative contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition of words that had been previously read or that had been previously generated in a group of severely amnesic patients with cerebral damage restricted to the hippocampus. A convergent pattern of results emerged when we used a subjective‐based (remember/know; R/K) and an objective‐based (process dissociation procedure; PDP) methods to estimate the contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition performance. In both PDP and R/K procedures, healthy controls disclosed significantly higher recollection estimates for words that had been anagrammed than for words that had been read. Amnesic patients' recollection scores were not different for words that had been generated or that had been read, and the recollection estimate for words that had been generated was significantly reduced as compared to the group of healthy controls. For familiarity, both healthy controls and amnesic patients recognized as familiar more words that had been generated than words that had been read, and there was no difference between the two groups. These data support the hypothesis of a specific role of the hippocampus in recollection processes and suggest that other components of the MTL (e.g., perirhinal cortex) may be more involved in the process of familiarity. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NPY gene transfer in the hippocampus attenuates synaptic plasticity and learning
Authors: Sørensen Andreas T. , Kanter‐Schlifke Irene , Carli Mirjana , Balducci Claudia , Noe Francesco , During Matthew J. , Vezzani Annamaria , Kokaia Merab 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRecombinant adeno‐associated viral (rAAV) vector‐induced neuropeptide Y (NPY) overexpression in the hippocampus exerts powerful antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in rats. Such gene therapy approach could be a valuable alternative for developing new antiepileptic treatment strategies. Future clinical progress, however, requires more detailed evaluation of possible side effects of this treatment. Until now it has been unknown whether rAAV vector‐based NPY overexpression in the hippocampus alters normal synaptic transmission and plasticity, which could disturb learning and memory processing. Here we show, by electrophysiological recordings in CA1 of the hippocampal formation of rats, that hippocampal NPY gene transfer into the intact brain does not affect basal synaptic transmission, but slightly alters short‐term synaptic plasticity, most likely via NPY Y2 receptor‐mediated mechanisms. In addition, transgene NPY seems to be released during high frequency neuronal activity, leading to decreased glutamate release in excitatory synapses. Importantly, memory consolidation appears to be affected by the treatment. We found that long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area is partially impaired and animals have a slower rate of hippocampal‐based spatial discrimination learning. These data provide the first evidence that rAAV‐based gene therapy using NPY exerts relative limited effect on synaptic plasticity and learning in the hippocampus, and therefore this approach could be considered as a viable alternative for epilepsy treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous release from mossy fiber terminals inhibits Ni2+‐sensitive T‐type Ca2+ channels of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the rat organotypic hippocampal slice
Authors: Reid Christopher A. , Xu Shenghong , Williams David A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMossy fibers (axons arising from dentate granule cells) form large synaptic contacts exclusively onto the proximal apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons. They can generate large synaptic currents that occur in close proximity to the soma. These properties mean that active conductance in the proximal apical dendrite could have a disproportionate influence on CA3 pyramidal neuron excitability. Ni2+‐sensitive T‐type Ca2+ channels are important modulators of dendritic excitability. Here, we use an optical approach to determine the contribution of Ni2+ (100 μM)‐sensitive Ca2+ channels to action potential (AP) elicited Ca2+ flux in the soma, proximal apical and distal apical dendrites. At resting membrane potentials Ni2+‐sensitive Ca2+ channels do not contribute to the Ca2+ signal in the proximal apical dendrite, but do contribute in the other cell regions. Spontaneous release from mossy fiber terminals acting on 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX)‐sensitive postsynaptic channels underlies a tonic inhibition of Ni2+‐sensitive channels. Chelating Zn2+ with CaEDTA blocks CNQX‐sensitive changes in Ca2+ flux implicating a mechanistic role of this ion in T‐type Ca2+ channel block. To test if this inhibition influenced excitability, progressively larger depolarizing pulses were delivered to CA3 pyramidal neurons. CNQX significantly reduced the size of the depolarizing step required to generate APs and increased the absolute number of APs per depolarizing step. This change in AP firing was completely reversed by the addition of Ni2+. This mechanism may reduce the impact of T‐type Ca2+ channels in a region where large synaptic events are common. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal hippocampus involvement in delay fear conditioning depends upon the strength of the tone‐footshock association
Authors: Quinn Jennifer J. , Wied Heather M. , Ma Quang D. , Tinsley Matthew R. , Fanselow Michael S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe hippocampus is important for the formation of spatial, contextual, and episodic memories. For instance, lesions of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) produce demonstrable deficits in contextual fear conditioning. By contrast, it is generally agreed that the DH is not important for conditioning to a discrete cue (such as a tone or light) that is paired with footshock in a temporally contiguous fashion (delay conditioning). There are, however, some reports of hippocampus involvement in delay conditioning. The present series of experiments was designed to assess the conditions under which the hippocampus‐dependent component of delay fear conditioning performance may be revealed. Here, we manipulated the number of conditioning trials and the intensity of the footshock in order to vary the strength of conditioning. The results indicate that the DH contributes to freezing performance to a delay conditioned tone when the conditioning parameters are relatively weak (few trials or low footshock intensity), but not when strong parameters are used. The results are discussed in terms of two parallel memory systems: a direct tone‐footshock association that is independent of the hippocampus and a hippocampus‐dependent memory for the conditioning session. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse events in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic medications
Authors: Jerrell Jeanette M. , McIntyre Roger S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo report the odds of developing adverse events associated with antipsychotic treatment among children and adolescents.MethodA retrospective cohort design evaluating medical and pharmacy claims from one state Medicaid program was used to compare incidence rates for six categories of adverse events of antipsychotic use in 4140 children and adolescents newly prescribed one of six atypical or two conventional antipsychotic medications, January, 1998 to December, 2005 with prevalence rates of these conditions in a random sample of 4500 children not treated with psychotropic medications.ResultsThe odds of developing obesity/excessive weight gain, Type II diabetes and dyslipidemia, digestive/urogenital problems, and neurological/sensory symptoms were higher for females and those prescribed multiple antipsychotic medications. The odds of developing cardiovascular conditions were higher for those prescribed multiple antipsychotic medications and haloperidol. The odds of developing somatic conditions were higher for females, children 12 and under, and those prescribed multiple antipsychotics. Those with lengthy exposure to antipsychotics were at higher risk of developing incident neurological/sensory symptoms. Those treated with concomitant antipsychotic agents were at higher risk of developing somatic problems, and digestive/urogenital conditions.ConclusionPediatric exposure to antipsychotic polypharmacotherapy confers a higher risk of developing adverse events than monotherapy, especially for females. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Models for estimating evapotranspiration using artificial neural networks, and their physical interpretation
Authors: Jain S. K. , Nayak P. C. , Sudheer K. P. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEstimation of evapotranspiration (ET) requires a knowledge of the values of many climatic variables, some of which require special equipment and careful observations. Although ET is an important component of water balance, the data required for its accurate estimation are commonly available only at widely spaced measurement stations. The major objective of this study was to estimate ET using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique and to examine if a trained neural network with limited input variables can estimate ET efficiently. The results indicate that even with limited climatic variables an ANN can estimate ET accurately. The paper also outlines a procedure to evaluate the effects of input variables on the output variable using the weight connections of ANN models. Such an analysis performed on the ANN‐ET models developed was able to explain the reasons for the ANN's potential in estimating the ET effectively from limited climatic data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.