bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellophane banding for the gradual attenuation of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in eleven dogs
Authors: YOUMANS KR , HUNT GB 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and short term effects of a cellophane banding technique for progressive attenuation of canine single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts.DesignA prospective trial of 11 dogs with single congenital extrahepatic shunts.ProcedureRectal ammonia tolerance testing and routine biochemical tests were performed preoperatively on all dogs. In seven dogs, preoperative abdominal Doppler ultrasonography was also performed. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a single extrahepatic portocaval shunt in each animal, which was attenuated using a cellophane band with an internal diameter of 2 to 3 mm. The abdomen was closed routinely. Follow‐up biochemical analysis and abdominal Doppler ultrasonography or splenoportography were performed postoperatively.ResultsThe shunt was not amenable to total ligation in 11 dogs, based upon reported criteria. All dogs recovered uneventfully from surgery without evidence of portal hypertension, and showed clinical improvement thereafter. Shunt occlusion was deemed to have occurred in 10 dogs based on resolution of biochemical and/or sonographic abnormalities. One dog continued to have sonographic evidence of portosystemic shunting when evaluated 3 weeks after surgery, despite normal ammonia tolerance, but was lost to subsequent follow‐up. Two dogs, in which 3 mm cellophane bands were placed, experienced delayed shunt occlusion.ConclusionCellophane banding is simple to perform, and causes progressive attenuation of single extrahepatic shunts in dogs. Further work is needed to determine the maximum diameter of a cellophane band which will produce total attenuation, and the long‐term safety and reliability of the treatment.
Lymphoid neoplasia in the koala
Authors: CONNOLLY JH , CANFIELD PJ , HEMSLEY S. , SPENCER AJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective Correlation of immunophenotype with history, anatomical and morphological features of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala. Methods Routine necropsies were performed on 51 koalas with suspected lymphoid neoplasia between 1986 and 1997 in New South Wales and Queensland. Immuno‐phenotyping was by an immunoperoxidase method utilising species cross‐reactive antibodies raised against human lymphocytes and an antibody raised against koala IgG. Cases were classified according to organs and tissues affected and the morphological features of neoplastic cells. Results Twenty‐six (51%) of the cases were of the T cell immunophenotype, 12 (24%) were of B cell immunopheno‐type and 13 (25%) did not stain. The age and sex of koalas did not correlate with immunophenotype (P = 0.686 and P = 1.000, respectively). Thirty‐two cases were leukaemic and 36 had multiple organ involvement, probably reflecting presenta tion of koalas at advanced stages of disease. Abdominal tissue involvement was most common (44 cases), followed by nodal (32), atypical (21) and cervicomediastinal (14). The T cell immunophenotype was over‐represented among the leukaemic cases (P = 0.013). Generally, the T cell immunophenotype predominated except for many affected atypical tissues. Neoplastic cells were mostly of medium nuclear size with round to oval nuclei. No correlations were found for cell morphology, mitotic index and immunopheno‐type. Conclusion The prognostic value of an immunopheno‐typic, anatomical and morphological basis for the classifica tion of lymphoid neoplasia in the koala currently is limited by the need to detect these neoplasms at an early age, the requirement for freshly fixed tissues and the restricted range of available cross‐reacting antibodies.
Pathology of skin diseases in crocodiles
Authors: BUENVIAJE GN , LADDS PW , MARTIN Y. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To establish which skin diseases occur in crocodiles, particularly those on farms, to indicate the relative frequency of each particular disease and to provide information on pathogenesis, especially in regard to lesions with two or more pathogens present. Design A gross and microscopic retrospective (period of 1989 to 1995) and current (1996 to 1997) examination of skin lesions in crocodiles in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Result Skin lesions were obtained from crocodiles on nine farms, from a group of experimental animals and from one adult found dead in the wild. A total of 203 lesions from 180, mostly young, crocodiles was examined; 119 lesions were from retrospectively examined cases and 84 were recent. The relative frequencies of four presumed primary pathogens in lesions were Dermatophilus s p 28.1 %, fungi 14.8%, poxvirus 3.4% and probable Mycobacterium s p 2.5%. In addition, other bacteria of unknown significance were present in many lesions, and there was one case of presumed Paratrichosoma crocodilus infection. In 32.5% of lesions, multiple pathogens were identified. Conclusion Dermatophilosis is the most common and probably the most important skin disease of crocodiles in Australia, but it is frequently complicated by concurrent infection with fungi or other microorganisms.
Mycobacterial nodular granulomas affecting the subcutis and skin of dogs (canine leproid granuloma syndrome)
Authors: MALIK R. , LOVE DN , WIGNEY DI , MARTIN P. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To obtain a better understanding of a disease affecting dogs in which nodular mycobacterial granulomas are present in the subcutis or skin. Design Retrospective survey Procedure A diagnosis of an unidentified mycobacterial infection was made in 45 dogs following detection of acid‐fast bacilli surrounded by granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation in tissue sections. Eight cases were identified from the records of our diagnostic laboratory. In all cases culture for mycobacteria was unsuccessful. Another 37 cases were identified by practitioners and veterinary pathologists in response to a survey mailed to veterinary clinics throughout Australia. Data from these 45 cases were entered into a data base. The data set was incomplete, as some respondents did not answer all questions. Results Over 90% of affected dogs had short coats and about half were Boxers or Boxer‐cross dogs. A weak seasonal trend for the development of primary lesions in autumn and winter was identified. Cases were recorded from New South Wales (35 dogs), Western Australia (4), Queensland (4), Tasmania (1) and New Zealand (1). The subcutis and skin of the ears and head (including the ears) were involved in 64% and 85% of cases, respectively, for which lesion site was recorded. Culture was attempted but was unsuccessful in 19 cases, including 11 cases where material was submitted to our laboratory and/or a Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory. Lymph node enlargement, internal organ involvement or constitutional signs were not a feature of the syndrome, and most lesions did not worry the dogs. Although many practitioners recorded a favourable response to therapy with doxycycline (response rate 57%) or amoxycillin‐clavulanate (63%), spontaneous resolution of infection was thought to have occurred in six of seven dogs (86%) not given systemic antimicrobials, and three dogs where antimicrobials had failed previously. A minority of cases failed to respond to antimicrobial therapy and continued to have chronic lesions. There was no discernible trend for dogs of a particular age or sex to be affected. Conclusion This syndrome is caused by saprophytic mycobacteria of limited pathogenicity that give rise to lesions restricted principally but not exclusively to the subcutis and skin of body extremities. Fastidious growth requirements have prevented their isolation on synthetic media used for culture of mycobacteria. Organisms presumably enter the subcutis following a breach in integrity of the epidermal barrier and produce self‐limiting disease in immunocompetent dogs. Lesions tend to resolve spontaneously. The possibility of a public health threat from affected dogs is highly unlikely.
A longitudinal study of racing Thoroughbreds: performance during the first years of racing
Authors: MORE SJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo develop a profile of the racing careers of Thoroughbred horses in south‐eastern Queensland, and to examine factors that affect racing during the first years of racing.Design and procedureA longitudinal study using the racing records of a defined cohort of Thoroughbred horses that were born on or within 12 months following 1 August 1991. Data collection commenced in 1996 and will continue until all horses cease racing. In this paper two measures of performance were examined: race earnings during the first year of racing and cumulative proportion of horses still racing up to 2 years after their first start. Univariable and multivari‐able methods were used to describe and identify factors associated with the performance of these horses.ResultsBy 31 July 1997, 1804 horses were enrolled in the study including 916, 701, 152 and 35 horses that first raced at 2, 3, 4 and 5 years of age, respectively. During their first year of racing, half the horses earned no more than A 450 from race earnings, and 710 (39.4%) horses earned no money at all. In comparison to poorly performing horses, well‐performing horses were more likely to be male, to have started as 2‐year‐olds and to have had more starts during this year. Of the horses that first started as 2 and 3‐year‐olds, only 71 and 46% continued racing for at least 1 and 2 years after their first start, respectively. Length of racing life was associated with performance during the first year of racing (number of starts and average earnings per race), and with sex, date of birth and age at first start.ConclusionsThe study confirmed a high wastage among racing Thoroughbreds. As expected, premature retirement from racing was linked to poor performance. During the first year of racing, the race earnings of an estimated 1567 (86.9%) horses were insufficient to cover training costs. The 2‐year‐old racing cohort outperformed the older racing cohorts in each of the performance measures under investigation. Interpretation of this result, and the long‐term effects of 2‐year‐old racing, was limited by the problem of confounding.
Therapeutic efficacy of zeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on for the treatment of biting and sucking lice in cattle under field conditions
Authors: ROTHWELL JT , HACKET KC , RIDLEY I , MITCHELL L , DONALDSON C , LOWE LB 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of zeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on to control cattle lice.DesignFive field trials in south‐eastern Australia.ProcedureZeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on, deltamethrin pour‐on and pour‐on vehicle were applied to groups of 10 cattle. Lice were counted before treatment and 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after treatment.ResultsZeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on given at 2.5 mg/kg was equivalent to, or marginally more effective than a deltamethrin pour‐on at 0.75 mg/kg. It eliminatedB bovisandH eurysternusand gave good control ofL vituliandS capillatus.Zeta‐cypermethrin at 1 mg/kg gave good control ofB bovisandH eurysternusbut was not satisfactory againstL vituliandS capillatus.ConclusionZeta‐cypermethrin pour‐on, given at 2.5 mg/kg, is an effective treatment for cattle lice control. Zeta‐cypermethrin, and other synthetic pyrethroid pour‐ons, are the treatment of choice to controlB bovis.
Transmission of virulent footrot between sheep and goats
Authors: GHIMIRE SC , EGERTON JR , DHUNGYEL OP 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the infectivity of ovine and caprine strains ofDichelobacter nodosusfor both sheep and goats.DesignPen experiments in which 20 sheep and 19 goats were challenged directly with the two strains, and trans mission experiments on pasture, using donors infected by experimental challenge.ResultsSheep and goat strains ofD nodosusinfected both animal species in ex perimental challenges. Animals so infected transmitted footrot to both sheep and goats on pasture plots. A significantly smaller proportion of goats than sheep was infected when challenged with either strain. The interval between exposure and development of footrot in goats was longer than in sheep when recipient animals were exposed to infected donors on pasture. The disease was less invasive in goats than in sheep.ConclusionsWith the strains ofD nodosusused there was no evidence of host specificity. Direct transmission of footrot can occur between sheep and goats in the same environment. There is a need to include goats in ovine footrot eradication programs and vice versa
Serological characterisation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in 1993 to 1996
Authors: BLACKALL PJ , BOWLES R. , PAHOFF JL , SMITH BN 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To clarify the serological identity of the proto type strain of a group of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates that could not be serotyped in previous studies and to establish the serovar of 378 isolates of A pleuropneumoniae obtained from pigs in Australia over the period 1993 to 1996.Design After initial validation, QGD and IHA tests were used to characterise the prototype isolate (HS143) selected to represent the cross‐reacting isolates that were found in a previous study. Next, 378 recent field isolates of A pleurop‐neumoniae were characterised using the existing gel diffusion serotyping technique and/or the IHA or QGD tests.Results The indirect haemagglutination test was shown to be capable of correctly recognising the reference strain for all serovars except serovar 11. While the quantitative gel diffu sion test was not as effective as indirect haemagglutination, it could recognise serovar 11. When the two tests were used to examine the prototype strain (HS143) of the cross‐reactive isolates, the results indicated that HS143 is serologically distinct from all 12 of the recognised serovars of A pleurop‐neumoniae. However, as HS143 was subsequently identified as serovar 12 by one of the leading international reference laboratories, the antiserum to isolate HS143 was used as the serovar 12 antiserum. A total of 346 of the 378 A pleuropneumoniae field isolates examined could be confidently serotyped with almost 90% of the isolates being either serovar 1 (104 isolates); serovar 7 (83 isolates) or serovar 12 (142 isolates). A range of other serovars and some cross‐reactive isolates made up the remainder of the isolates.Conclusion The serovar 12 antiserum produced against the international reference strain (1096) does not recognise Australian serovar 12 isolates. The antiserum raised against isolate HS143 does recognise the Australian serovar 12 isolates. The dominant serovars of A pleuropneumoniae infecting Australian pigs are (in decreasing order) serovars 12, 1 and 7.
Postoperative performance of racing horses with tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament
Authors: WHITTON RC , KANNEGIETER NJ , ROSE RJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) tearing and postoperative performance in racing horses.Materialsand methods The postoperative performance of 42 horses in which the midcarpal joint was examined arthroscopically was followed prospectively. Intra‐articular variables examined were the severity of MPICL tearing, subchondral bone damage and articular cartilage damage. Using a scoring system based on the class of race and the position in the race, a mean score was calculated for up to five races before and after surgery. The preoperative score was subtracted from the postoperative score to give a net score. Statistical analysis was by a Mann Whitney U test and multiple linear regression.ResultsThirty‐two (76%) raced postoperatively, 23 (55%) won at least one race and 12 of 26 (46%) performed at the same or higher level. Horses with grades 2 to 4 MPICL tearing had significantly lower net scores than those with grade 1 or no tearing. The severity of subchondral bone damage was the only variable on its own that was significantly correlated with net score (r2= 0.23, P<0.05). The addition of the grade of MPICL tearing to bone damage significantly improved the prediction of postoperative performance (P < 0.05). The inclusion of articular cartilage damage had no effect on the prediction of postoperative performance.ConclusionTears involving more than one third of the MPICL as observed arthroscopically have a significant detrimental affect on postoperative performance of racing horses.
Haematological, serum biochemical and serological features of platypuses with and without mycotic granulomatous dermatitis
Authors: CONNOLLY JH , OBENDORF DL , WHITTINGTON RJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether there are haematological, serum biochemical and serological differences between platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) with and without granulomatous dermatitis due to Mucor amphibiorum infection. An additional objective was to establish reference haematological and serum biochemical ranges for the species in Tasmania. Design A clinicopathological and serological study. Animals A total of 37 free‐living adult platypuses captured from streams and dams in Northern Tasmania were used in the clinicopathological study. Twenty‐seven were clinically normal and 10 had mycotic granulomatous dermatitis. A total of 22 platypuses (20 adult and 2 juvenile) were used for the serosurvey. Eighteen were captured from streams in Northern Tasmania, and four were submitted for necropsy. Results Platypuses with mycotic ulcerative dermatitis had significantly smaller packed red cell volumes, haemoglobin concentrations, lymphocyte counts, serum cholesterol and calcium concentrations, and higher serum globulin and potassium concentrations than clinically normal animals. The lymphopenia and hyperkalaemia were thought to be clinically significant. Numbers of Trypanosoma binneyi in blood smears were similar between the two groups. Diseased platypuses had higher concentrations of serum antibody against Mucor amphibiorum as determined by ELISA compared to clinically normal platypuses. Conclusion Platypuses affected by mycotic granulomatous dermatitis showed haematological and serum biochemical changes when compared to clinically normal animals from the same Tasmanian sites. A serological survey may be a useful method for detecting the prevalence of exposure to Mucor amphibiorum and humoral immunity in platypus populations both in Tasmania and the mainland of Australia.
Effect of phenobarbitone on the low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test and the urinary corticoid: creatinine ratio in dogs
Authors: FOSTER SF , CHURCH DB , WATSON ADJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo investigate potential effects of phenobarbitone on the low‐dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test and urinary corticoid to creatinine ratio in dogs in a controlled prospective study and in a clinical setting.AnimalsTen crossbreed experimental dogs and 10 client‐owned dogs of mixed breeds treated chronically with phenobarbitone to control seizures.ProceduresExperimental dogs were allocated to treatment (6 mg/kg oral phenobarbitone, n = 6) and control (n = 4) groups. LDDS tests (dexamethasone 0.01 mg/kg intravenously, cortisol concentration determined at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) were conducted repeatedly over a 3‐month period. Urinary corticoid to creatinine ratios were measured before LDDS tests. A single LDDS test was performed on 10 epileptic dogs.ResultsLDDS and urinary corticoid to creatinine ratios in dogs were not affected by treatment with phenobarbitone.ConclusionsPhenobarbitone does not interfere with LDDS testing regardless of dosage or treatment time. Urinary corticoid to creatinine ratios are also unaffected.
Characterisation of isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum from Indonesia
Authors: POERNOMO S. , SUTARMA  , RAFIEE M. , BLACKALL PJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise 18 isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolated from chickens in Indonesia. Procedure The isolates were identified to species level by traditional phenotypic methods. Six of the isolates were also identified by a species‐specific polymerase chain reaction. Fourteen of the isolates were examined for resistance to a panel of seven antimicrobial agents using a disc diffusion method. All 18 isolates were serotyped according to the Page scheme using reference antisera in a haemagglutination inhibition test. Results Four of the 18 isolates were obtained from indigenous (kampung) chickens, with the remainder being from typical intensive poultry production systems. The 18 isolates were obtained from 11 outbreaks that showed the typical clinical signs of infectious coryza and 11 of the isolates were obtained from chickens that had been vaccinated with infectious coryza vaccines. All 18 isolates were confirmed as H paragallinarum by biochemical testing and six isolates were also identified as H paragallinarum b y the polymerase chain reaction test. Eleven isolates were resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin, 10 to neomycin, eight to oxytetracycline, five isolates to doxycycline, three to sulphamethoxazol‐trimethoprim but only one to ampicillin. Seven isolates were Page serovar A, four were Page serovar B and seven were Page serovar C. Conclusion The presence of all three Page serovars (A, B and C) has been confirmed for the first time in Indonesian chickens. As the majority of the infectious coryza vaccines in use in Indonesia contain only serovar A and C, the presence of serovar B in chickens indicates that the protection by these bivalent vaccines would be reduced. The use of trivalent infectious coryza vaccines that contain serovars A, B and C is recommended for use in Indonesia.
A clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment of lactating cows with high somatic cell counts in their milk
Authors: SHEPHARD RW , MALMO J. , PFEIFFER DU 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of treatment of lactating cows with high somatic cell counts in milk.DesignRandomised clinical trial.MethodsSingle pooled quarter samples of milk were obtained from cows with somatic cell counts above 500,000 cells/mL on fifty farms. Milk samples were cultured for known mastitis bacterial pathogens. Cows were randomly allocated to treated and untreated groups. Treated cows received both intramammary cloxacillin and parenteral erythromycin. Single pooled quarter milk samples were obtained at 6 weeks after treatment and were cultured for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The percentage of samples with no growth at the post‐treatment culture was used as an estimate of the bacteriological cures for each pathogen type and for each treatment group. Somatic cell counts of cows were compared between treatment groups and within pathogen group. The number of cows that completed a full lactation were compared between each treatment group and within each pathogen group.ResultsTreatment had no effect upon bacteriological cures, irrespective of pathogen present or the presence of bacteria during the previous lactation. There was no effect of treatment upon somatic cell count except for cows infected withStreptococcus dysgalactiaein which treatment caused a significant lowering of cell counts. This effect was not present in the subsequent lactation. Treatment of chronically infected cows did not alter the probability of a cow completing a full lactation but did improve the probability of newly infected cows being retained for the next lactation. Twenty‐eight of 214 treated cows developed clinical mastitis in more than one quarter after treatment, thus indicating a poor technique by farmers for the insertion of intramammary antibiotics.ConclusionsTreatment during lactation of cows with high somatic cell counts in milk is ineffective in reducing bacterial infections and in reducing somatic cell counts to acceptable numbers.