bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of [14C]parathion and [14C]paraoxon in isolated, perfused rat livers
Authors: Fuhremann Thomas W. , Lichtensteina E. Paul , Zahlten Rainer N. , Stratman Frederick W. , Schnoes Heinrich K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPerfusion of 14C‐(ring)‐parathion or 14C‐(ring)‐paraoxon with blood through isolated, intact rat livers resulted in the rapid degradation of these insecticides. Degradation was negligible in the absence of rat liver (controls), thus demonstrating the capacity of the liver per se to effectively degrade these compounds. Of the total radiocarbon recovered after liver perfusion with [14C]parathion, 33 % could be attributed to unchanged [14C]parathion (similarly distributed between the liver and the blood) while 67.9 % was degraded to water soluble compounds and 2.5% was converted to organic soluble paraoxon and traces of p‐nitrophenol. Nearly all of the [14C]paraoxon, however, was degraded by the intact rat liver, resulting in water soluble products that amounted to 98.5% of the total radiocarbon recovered. Unexplained losses of radiocarbon with the perfusion apparatus used were lower in the presence of rat liver which degraded the insecticides to more water soluble compounds. The water soluble degradation products produced from [14C]parathion and [14C]paraoxon were non‐toxic to mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti L.). These ring‐labelled products were found to be conjugated p‐nito‐phenol. Nearly all of the water soluble radiocarbon was located in the perfused blood, while only small amounts (1.8 to 3.0% of recovered) were excreted via the bile or were associated with the liver tissue (1.3 to 1.8 % of recovered).
An assessment of the value of plant growth regulators and herbicides for crops grown for the processed food industries
Authors: Thomas Tudor H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of growth regulators to induce specific modifications in the growth of crops produced for processing is discussed. Increases in yield may be obtained by some treatments but more important effects on uniformity, quality, ease of harvesting and short‐term storage may also be achieved. The results of experiments on stem extension of calabrese, chemical stopping and defoliation of Brussels sprouts, root/shoot ratio modification of root crops and short‐term storage of green vegetables are presented. It is concluded that although so far, few commercial applications have been discovered, the requirements for growth regulation justify the search for new, more reliable synthetic growth regulators by improving screening tests and more efficient field trials. The use of herbicides on crops grown for processing is also discussed briefly and it is concluded that the prime requirement is for more efficient post‐emergence herbicides.
Problems associated with the use of pesticides: Taints
Authors: Arthey V. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFood is a highly complex substance and its qualities are measured in many ways. One of the most important quality attributes is flavour, and this is a complicated characteristic probably because of the subtle nature of the many chemical substances involved in producing it. The care which is taken by food manufacturers in the United Kingdom ensures that, in general, products are of good flavour quality but very occasionally, taints do arise and pesticides are sometimes blamed for the off‐flavours produced. Although the whole field of taint experimentation is not an easy one to investigate, the work at Chipping Campden on this subject began nearly thirty years ago and is now well established and recognised. A number of pesticides are now known to have tainting characteristics.
The growth regulating activity of some thiazole‐, thiazoline‐and thiazolidire‐acetic acids
Authors: Garraway J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of some thiazole‐, thiazoline‐ and thiazolidine‐5‐acetic acids is described. In contrast to 2‐chlorothiazole‐4‐ and 4‐oxo‐2‐thiothiazolidine‐3‐ace‐tic acids described in an earlier paper, none of the compounds showed growth regulating activity. The relationship of these compounds to the phenylacetic acids and other compounds with growth regulating activity is discussed.
Distribution of methyl bromide in soils treated for nematode control in replant vineyards
Authors: Abdalla Nabil , Raski Dewey J. , Lear Bert , Schmitt Richard V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethyl bromide was applied with and without polyethylene covers at rates of 337, 449, 673 and 898 kg/ha to replant vineyard soils to control plant parasitic nematodes. Distribution of the gas in the soil atmosphere at different depths was measured by gas chromatography. Higher doses, low soil moisture and deeper placement of methyl bromide resulted in more rapid soil penetration and higher concentrations of the gas at the deeper soil levels. Placement of methyl bromide in the soil at 0.76‐0.81 m without polyethylene cover resulted in gas distribution at concentrations sufficient for nematode kill as deep as 2.44 m.
The application of computer‐based techniques in the evaluation of pesticide products
Authors: Wickham John C. , Bone Alan J. , Stewart Duncan C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComputer based techniques that have been developed to assist the evaluation of pesticides against veterinary parasites and for the control of public health and stored products pests, are considered. Emphasis is placed on probit regression analysis, tracing the development from a single line assay through various stages to the routine use of multiple assays arranged in a block pattern to give relative potencies of a series of compounds and on the use of Standard Population Base (SPB). SPB involves the generation of sufficient data to build a mathematical model of the interactions between the knockdown component, the kill component and the synergist needed for flykiller aerosols. The model may be interrogated on‐line to give comparisons of performance.
Degradation of the herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl in soil
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Roberts Terry R. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of [14C] benzoyl prop ethyl (SUFFIX,a ethyl N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐aminopropionate) in four soils has been studied under laboratory conditions.The major degradation product of benzoylprop ethyl at up to 4 months after treatment was its corresponding carboxylic acid (II). On further storage this compound became firmly bound to soil before it underwent a slow debenzoylation process which led to the formation of a number of products including N‐3,4‐dichlorophenylalanine (IV), benzoic acid, 3,4‐dichloroaniline (DCA), which was mainly present complexed with humic acids, and other polar products. Although these polar products were not identified, they were probably degradation products of DCA, since they were also formed when DCA was added to soil. No 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) was detected in any of the soils at limits of detectability ranging from 0.01‐0.001 parts/million.Since N‐3,4‐dichlorophenylalanine (IV) and 3,4‐dichloroaniline were transient degradation products of benzoylprop ethyl, the metabolism in soil of radiolabelled samples of these compounds was also studied.In these laboratory experiments the persistence of the herbicide increased as the organic matter content of the soil increased and the time for depletion of half of the applied benzoylprop ethyl varied from 1 week in sandy loam and clay loam soils to 12 weeks in a peat soil.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. VI. Methyl‐, alkenyl‐, and Benzyl‐furfuryl and −3‐furylmethyl chrysanthemates
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Needham Paul H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of the nature, number and relative dispositions of substituents on the furan ring of furfuryl and 3‐furylmethy chrysanthemates on insecticidal activity to two insect species is described. 5‐Benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl chrysanthemate was the most active compound developed in the investigation.
The metabolic fate of tridemorph in rats
Authors: Hawkins David R. , Down William H. , Chasseaud Leslie F. , Lewis John D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA single oral dose of [14C]tridemorph was partly, but rapidly absorbed by rats. Most of the radioactivity was excreted with a half‐life of about 15 h. During 5 days, 42.6% was excreted in the urine, 46.7% in the faeces, 1.5% in the expired air and 3.4 % was still retained. 24 % was excreted in the 48 h bile. Sequential wholebody autoradiography indicated that much of the radioactivity was confined to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. There was no unexpected uptake of radioactivity. Urinary metabolites were more polar than tridemorph and were also detected in the bile and faeces. The major metabolite in 24 h urine, accounting for 22.3% of the dose appeared to be a side‐chain hydroxylated derivative. Cleavage of the morpholine ring was limited to about 1.5 % of the dose.
Knockdown by pyrethroids: Its role in the intoxication process
Authors: Burt Paul E. , Goodchild Ralph E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing techniques for treating the insects unanaesthetised, knockdown of aduit Musca domestica by pyrethrin I applied topically to or injected into the thorax was assessed by measuring the ED50s on 13 occasions 1 min‐48 h after treatment. From 1 min to approximately 1 h after treatment, ED50s for topical application decreased quickly with increasing time. During this “knockdown phase” ED50 values were probably determined mainly by rate of penetration of the insecticide into the insect, but the rate of elimination of the insecticide probably determined the increasing ED50 values during the “recovery phase” which followed. ED50s for injected pyrethrin I were initially much smaller than after topical application but increased continuously until 24 h after treatment. From 100 min onwards ED50s by topical application and injection were similar. These results indicate (1) that the site affected during knockdown is within the insect rather than superficial, and (2) that detoxication and excretion processes determine the ultimate toxicity of the insecticide apparently independently of the method of treatment. Additional tests with a strain of flies having the penetration delaying factor and with the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. supported these conclusions.Speed of knockdown after topical treatment was also affected by the site of application and the solvent in which pyrethrin I was applied.Bioresmethrin was about as effective as pyrethrin I in knocking down flies when applied topically or when injected, but because the ED50 increased very little during the recovery phase it was ultimately much more toxic.
Time‐dose‐response relationships of pyrethroid insecticides with special reference to knockdown
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Pert David R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between incoordination, knockdown and mortality was investigated by following the course of poisoning in Schistocerca gregaria of two synthetic pyrethroids, bioresmethrin and bioallethrin. Kinetics describing theonset of these responses as a function of dose are interpreted in terms of the dynamics of penetration and detoxication. The possibility of the same site of action for knockdown and kill is briefly discussed.
Studies on the possible formation of polychloroazobenzenes in quintozene treated soil
Authors: Buser Hans‐Rudolf , Bosshardt Hans‐Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTreatment of different soils with quintozene at a level of 1000 parts/106 and incubation for 24 days at 30 °C did not result in the formation of polychloroazobenzenes, although pentachloroaniline was formed. This negative finding is in line with previous work, where it was shown that azobenzenes can only be formed from substituted anilines with at least one free ortho position. Soil activity was demonstrated by incubation of 3,4‐dichloroaniline under similar conditions yielding the expected 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrachloroazobenzene. Mass fragmentography with a quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for the detection of polychloroazobenzenes. Mass spectra for the synthesised reference compounds are presented.
Anti‐fungal and anti‐bacterial activities of some pyrrole, furan‐and thiophen‐sulphonamides and sulphonanilides
Authors: Carter Geoffrey A. , Dawson Glenn W. , Garraway James L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe anti‐fungal and anti‐bacterial activities and phytotoxicity of pyrrole‐ and 5‐nitropyrrole‐2‐sulphonamides are compared with furan and thiophen analogues. Certain compounds of the group have appreciable anti‐bacterial activity consistent with structure‐activity investigations of other anti‐bacterials derived from these heterocycles.
A comparative study of insecticide resistance assays with the German cockroach
Authors: Collins William J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFemales of a diazinon‐resistant strain of German cockroach exhibiting cross resistance to propoxur were evaluated for resistance to diazinon and propoxur by six assays: LD50s for topical application and injection; LC50, KT50 and LT50 for deposits on wood and KT50 for deposits on glass. Also investigated were certain variables in the topical application technique and the experimental conditions for topical synergism studies. Among all assays, diazinon resistance ratios (resistant:susceptible) ranged from 3‐ to 145‐fold; propoxur varied from 1‐ to 14‐fold. Resistance ratios based on KT50 data were consistently low (<4x) for both insecticides. Resistance to diazinon was 13x when applied topically and 6x when injected. Resistance to propoxur was 14x by injection compared to 8x for topical application. The LC50 assay exhibited the greatest difference in resistance to the two insecticides: namely, 145x to diazinon and 1x(no resistance) to propoxur. By LT50 analysis, resistance to propoxur was 10x compared with 100x resistance to diazinon. Thus, the method used had a significant effect on the final value of the resistance ratio. Even though resistance ratios may vary widely among different techniques, the final choice of a method depends upon many factors. The LT50 method may provide a more realistic appraisal of resistance in wild populations of German cockroaches especially when experimental residues are similar to those used in control programmes.
Effects of benomyl, carbendazim and thiophanates on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of Fusarium oxysporum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Decallonne Jacques R. , Genot Monique , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenomyl [methyl 1‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate] (350 × 10−6 M) decreased the respiration rate of Fusarium oxysporum conidia by 50% during germination. This inhibition was maintained at least 24 h after the treatment had begun. The treatment did not modify the relation between incubation time and respiration rate. Carbendazim [methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate], thiabendazole[2‐(thiazol‐4‐yl)benzimidazole], thiophanate [1,2‐di‐(3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐thioureido)benzene] and thiophanate‐methyl [1,2‐di‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl‐2‐thioureido)benzene] were assayed using isolated mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These four compounds decreased mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation rates to different extents when they were applied at a concentration of 250 × 10−6 M. Thiophanate‐methyl was the most effective since it completely suppressed the mitochondrial respiratory control at 75 × 10−6 M.
Distribution of tridemorph and its metabolites in barley plants grown to maturity
Authors: Waring Rosemary H. , Wolfe Martin S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of tridemorph residues in previously treated mature barley plants has been determined using a specific g.l.c. method. Tridemorph residues were found in grain, awns, leaves, rachis and stems, the amount of residue in the grain appearing to be variety‐specific.
Iodometric analysis and shelf life of malathion in formulations
Authors: Orth Robert A. , Minett William 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing an iodometric method for the determination of malathion in emulsifiable concentrates, values of active ingredient in four commercial formulations and one primary reference standard were within ±0.7% weight/volume (w/v) of the stated concentrations. A standard deviation of 0.42% w/v and 95% confidence limits of ±0.9% w/v for a single determination were calculated for the method. Added moisture and elevated temperature were found to accelerate malathion breakdown in the commercial formulations. The greatest breakdown rate of 5.2% w/v per 100 days occurred with a formulation stored at 27 °C containing 0.5% v/v added moisture.
Selectivity and mode of action of flamprop‐isopropyl, isopropyl (±)‐2‐[N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)benzamido]propionate, in the control of Avena fatua in barley
Authors: Jeffcoat Brian , Harries W. Norton 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe post‐emergence herbicide isopropyl (±)‐2‐[N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)benzamido]propionate (flamprop‐isopropyl) showed good activity against wild oat with selectivity in barley. The basis for activity and selectivity was similar to that previously established for benzoylprop‐ethyl, and found to be dependent on its rate of degradation to the biologically active acid flamprop. Flamprop stunted the growth of the oat by inhibiting cell elongation and showed a relatively high rate of movement in the phloem, approximately five times that of benzoylprop. Selectivity of flamprop‐isopropyl was dependent on its relative rate of hydrolysis and the subsequent detoxication of the acid to inactive conjugates. However, although the relative rate of de‐esterification of flamprop‐isopropyl was lower than that of benzoylprop‐ethyl similar quantities of the parent ester gave comparable effects on oat. The inherent activity of flamprop is approximately twice that of benzoylprop. The effect of flamprop‐isopropyl was best seen when the compound was applied during growth stages when the crop could offer the most effective competition to the wild oat. Throughout a range of growth stages the rate of hydrolysis of flamprop‐isopropyl was higher in oat than in barley. The metabolism of the compound was not markedly affected when the plants were under stress.
Use and misuse of calorimetry with special reference to muscle physiology
Authors: Woledge Roger C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCalorimetric experiments, on their own, can be extremely dangerous to biologists, for there are usually several possible, but alternative interpretations. The simplest interpretation is often not correct. The best way to use biological calorimetry on its own is to indicate good targets for biochemical investigations of a tissue. Even when biochemical investigations are carried out in parallel with calorimetry, dangers remain. In particular it is easy to assume that the heat observed is necessarily derived from the biochemical process measured. The way to avoid this error is to make an energy balance study. In most cases such a study requires calorimetric measurements on cell‐free systems of known composition to establish ΔH values for in vivo conditions. Used in this way biological calorimetry is much more than a mere indicator that something is happening; it can lead to the most important statement about what is happening: that we do not yet understand it!
Microcalorimetric studies of tissue cells and bacteria
Authors: Kemp Richard B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalytical microcalorimetric studies of cultures of Enterobacter aerogenes and Clostridium pasteurianum revealed a complex pattern of heat production. While both organisms gave thermograms which followed the exponential growth curves in the early stages, the later events in the heat effect appeared to reflect deficiencies in the growth medium and induction of “secondary” nutrients. Synchronously dividing Schizosaccharomyces pombe is known to give maxima in oxygen uptake during the cell cycle. These peaks are enhanced by the uncoupling agent, 2‐oxomalononitrile m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The rate of heat production in control cultures pumped through the LKB microcalorimeter increased at a linear rate, doubling over each complete cell cycle. Introduction of CCCP to cultures gave an altered thermogram in which the maxima of heat evolution which occurred corresponded in time to the peaks in oxygen uptake.When suspensions of muscle fibroblasts from 9 day old chick embryos were pumped through the aeration vessel, they produced heat at a rate which was proportional to cell concentration. Inhibitors of respiration decreased heat evolution by similar percentages to their effect on oxygen uptake. Cells of the same type in monolayer gave slightly lower levels of heat production. The thermogram was characterised by maxima over 4 h, which may be a reflection of temporal changes in intracellular ATP levels. When muscle fibroblasts were mixed with excess (zero order kinetics) ATP and pumped through the gold vessel of the microcalorimeter, the rate of heat production was proportional to cell concentration, the latter representing the hydrolysing enzyme. 4,4′‐Dithiodi(nicotinic acid), a sulphydryl inhibitor which does not enter cells, depressed the calorimetric response vs cell concentration curve by 78%, indicating that a sulphydryl enzyme was present at the cell surface. Batch calorimetric experiments to determine the heat of interaction of antibodies with cells gave thermograms which differed in form and value, the latter changing in sign and magnitude. The results illustrate the need for careful model experiments to disect this complex system. The present results underline the value of microcalorimetry in giving analytical data on growth and respiration in cells and organisms and illustrates the potential of the technique in studies of surface‐localised reactions.
Surfactants for the control of apple mildew
Authors: Clifford Derek R. , Hislop Eric C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReduction of the overwintering powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha resulted from one application of a variety of surfactants (at 50 g/litre a.i.) to apple trees during the dormant season. Examples of non‐ionic, anionic and cationic materials were tested and some gave promising control. Successful treatments delayed bud burst during the following spring and caused some loss in fruit yield.
Surfactants and the uptake and movement of paraquat in plants
Authors: Bland Peter D. , Brian Robert C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurfactants are still considered to be agents which either increase spray coverage of leaves with herbicidal solutions and/or increase herbicide penetration into the leaves. Experiments where the method of application largely eliminates leaf wetting as a factor in paraquat uptake show that this is an over‐simplification. Its efficiency in the plant is influenced by penetration and most of all by the degree of movement down the plant into untreated leaves. Results on the uptake, movement and biological activity of paraquat are reported using cocksfoot and wheat. A relation is found between paraquat movement and the hydrophilic nature of the surfactant. It moves most when the number of ethylene oxide residues is less than six and it is minimal when the number is 10 to 15. Leaf penetration, however, is at a maximum when movement under the influence of surfactant is least. Partition studies in which surfactants are distributed between leaf wax and water are described. There is a direct correlation between the degree of partition of the surfactant into the wax and the degree of movement of paraquat in cocksfoot and wheat. Surfactants are essential components of a paraquat formulation to wet the leaf surface and increase penetration but, when the surfactant also penetrates into the leaf, it reduces the mobility of paraquat and hence its efficiency.