bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The process of learning from small‐scale maps
Authors: Rossano Matt J. , Hodgson Shannon L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments are reported that test the general hypothesis that learning from a small scale map proceeds in a global to local fashion, structured by the spatial subdivisions present in the map. In Experiment 1, a fairly simple map depicting a single fictitious country containing provinces and cities was used as the to‐be‐learned stimulus. Evidence for a provincial to capital to city learning process was found, with map recall best when subjects used an imagery learning strategy. In Experiment 2, a more complex map containing multiple countries, with provincial and city elements present was used. The global to local learning process was replicated, as well as the beneficial effects of an imagery study strategy. Results are discussed in terms of progressive image differentiation and total information set size.
Phonemic effects in reading comprehension and text memory
Authors: McCutchen Deborah , Dibble Emily , Blount Martha M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments investigated the role of phonemic information in adult reading comprehension and replicated the visual tongue‐twister effect in a new paradigm–a modified probe memory task. College students took longer to read sentences that repeated word initial consonants (tongue‐twisters) than matched control sentences. Equally important, subjects also took longer to respond to probe words from tongue‐twisters. Slower response times in both the sentence reading task and the probe memory task indicate that the tongue‐twister effect is indeed phonemic in nature and that phonemic information is used in memory during comprehension.
Television distraction and the performance of introverts and extroverts
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Gunter Barrie , Peterson Emma 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experiment was run to test the effect on reading comprehension of distraction by a television programme, which was presented while reading took place. Respondents, classified in terms of extroversion or introversion, carried out two reading comprehension tests in silence and in the presence of a television drama programme. As predicted, extroverts and introverts both performed better in silence, but there was a significant interaction that showed that extroverts performed better than introverts in the presence of television distraction. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research on this subject.
The self and recollective experience
Authors: Conway Martin A. , Dewhurst Stephen A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree experiments investigated the hypothesis that self‐reference at encoding increases the probability of recollective experience in recognition memory. In all three experiments separate groups of subjects studied words naming personality traits. One group judged the self‐relevance of the traits, the other groups performed orientating tasks low in self‐reference. In a recognition test subjects first identified old items and then indicated which of these were accompanied by recollective experience ('remember' responses) and which were recognized on some other basis ('know' responses). No reliable differences in overall recognition performance between self‐referent and semantic encoding tasks were observed. However, subjects who encoded trait adjectives with reference to the self produced reliably more remember responses and few know responses than subjects who had encoded the items in the low self‐referent tasks. Experiment 1 demonstrated a self‐reference effect in recognition accompanied by recollective experience after 1‐hour retention interval, while Experiment 2 found this effect to persist over a 24‐hour retention interval. Experiment 3 demonstrated that this self‐reference effect is obtained under incidental as well as under intentional learning conditions. Taken together these findings demonstrate the importance of self‐reference as a factor in determining the likelihood that recognition judgements will be accompanied by recollective experience.
Mental models in word problem‐solving: A comparison between American and Korean sixth‐grade students
Authors: Hong Eunsook 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMental model analysis was conducted in word problem solving using American (n = 42) and Korean (n = 44) sixth‐graders. Two levels of mental models–the problem model and the mathematical model–constructed in the process of word problem solving were investigated. Categories for correct and incorrect models were developed to be used in think‐aloud protocol analysis. The majority of students who constructed correct problem models classified the problems rapidly according to solution procedures as they read the problems, or restated the problems focusing on the specific words relating them to other statements in the problems. However, significant differences were found between American and Korean sixth‐graders' in some categories of problem and mathematical models. While many Korean sixth‐graders' problem‐solving process steps were proceduralized, this was not the case for American sixth‐graders, even for those who had a readily accessible knowledge base of basic mathematical facts.
Trace element distribution and species fractionation in Brassica napus plant
Authors: Mestek Oto , Polák Jan , Juříček Martin , Karvánková Pavla , Koplík Richard , Šantrûček Jiří , Kodíček Milan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTrace element status in the parts of the rape plant (roots, shoots, seeds) has been investigated. Roots are able to accumulate large amounts of metals: approximately 2000 mg kg−1 Fe; 120 mg kg−1 Mn; 30 mg kg−1 Zn; 2–8 mg kg−1 As, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb; 0.3–1 mg kg−1 Co, Mo and Cd; and 0.1 mg kg−1 Ag and Tl (on a dry weight basis). However, the transfer of metals into shoots is limited. The ratios of element contents in shoots and roots are: 10–30% for Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb; 50–100% for As, Cd, Cu and Zn; and > 110% for Tl and Mo. The transfer of elements into the seeds is even lower except for Cu, Zn, Mo and Tl. The ratios of element contents in seeds and roots are: < 20% for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe and Pb; 20–60% for Cu, Mn and Ni; 90% for Tl; and 180–190% for Mo and Zn. The soluble portion of Fe, As and Pb compounds in Tris–HCl buffer (pH = 7.5) represents < 10% of total content, whereas that of other elements ranges between 10 and 60%. Extracts of all three parts of plant were submitted to SEC/ICP‐MS analysis. While the majority of Co, Cu, Mo, Mn, Ni and Zn compounds is bound in a low‐molecular‐weight fraction (1–2 kDa), that of As, Ag, Cr, Tl and Pb is present as metal ions or labile complexes. There is one exception: Tl in seed extract is found in three regions of Mr approximately 80, 5 and 2 kDa, respectively. The recovery of chromatographic separation of Tl compounds is approximately 100%. The low‐molecular‐weight fraction of the seed extract was isolated on preparative‐scale SEC and refined by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The isolated ligands contain large amounts of Cys, Asx, Glx and Gly. Moreover S‐carboxymethylcysteine was found. No phytochelatins were found by MALDI‐MS analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating MPEG‐7 into the Moving Image Collections portal
Authors: Agnew Grace , Kniesner Dan , Weber Mary Beth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the implementation of MPEG‐7 within the Moving Image Collections (MIC) portal. MIC is a union catalog of the world's moving images, as well as a portal to information on the care, management, and use of moving images. The MIC Union Catalog utilizes a core registry schema that is designed to map readily to any metadata schema used to describe moving images. The MIC development team was particularly interested in supporting MPEG‐7 for future non textual digital video indexing applications. An MPEG‐7 application profile and Microsoft Access cataloging utility were developed in order to test MPEG‐7 within the MIC Union Catalog; 400 science digital videos in the Research Channel collection were cataloged in MPEG‐7. The MPEG‐7 records were mapped to MIC and ingested. Draft MPEG‐7 to MIC and MIC to MPEG‐7 maps were developed and are available at the MIC Web site. MPEG‐7 records are available for viewing for any record in the MIC database via a collections explore search within the Archivists' portal. The MPEG‐7 cataloging utility may be downloaded from the MIC project Web site (Moving Image Collections. MIC Cataloging Utility. http://gondolin.rutgers.edu/MIC/text/how/cataloging utility.htm). This article also discusses issues with MPEG‐7 as a descriptive metadata schema, as well as mapping and implementation issues identified in the project.
MPEG‐7 tools for Universal Multimedia Access
Authors: Martínez José M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUniversal Multimedia Access (UMA) deals with seamless access to once‐only‐created content via any kind of terminal and any kind of network connectivity, which implies that the content should be adapted in order to fit a variety of terminal and network characteristics, as well as user preferences. The MPEG‐7 standard offers some support for UMA within its section on Multimedia Description Schemes (MDS). Within the standard, several groups of tools serve this purpose. For instance, the Navigation and Access Tools provide some Description Schemes that allow the description of adapted content variations and summaries and allow for preprocessed content versions. Some support is also found in the Content Metadata Tools (Media and Usage Tools), for real‐time ease in creation of online content versions and in limited support for session description, which is completed in MPEG‐21.
Investigating jury bias in a child molestation case
Authors: Deitz Sheila R. , Sissman Peter L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDefendants in most criminal cases have a constitutional right to be tried by a jury, however they may waive that right and elect to be tried by a judge. In several states and the federal criminal system, waiver of a jury trial requires the consent of the prosecution. Based on a United States Supreme Court decision in Singer v. United States, a criminal defendant does not have a constitutional right to bench a trial, although the Court acknowledged that certain cases might exist in which “passion, prejudice … public feeling” or other factors might render an impartial trial by jury impossible or unlikely. The present article describes one attempt to prove the Singer exception because of strongly biased pretrial publicity in a Virginia child molestation case.
Who is lying, who is not: An attributional analysis of the effects of nonverbal behavior on judgements of defendant believability
Authors: Feldman Robert S. , Chesley Richard B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of a defendant's nonverbal behavior and severity of crime on judgements of the defendant's believability were investigated in the present study. Subjects, 131 undergraduates acting as jurors, were exposed to testimony in which the defendant claimed innocence regarding his participation in either a major or a minor crime. In one condition, the defendant displayed nonverbal cues associated with deception, while in another his behavior was made to appear less deceptive. In a third condition, subjects merely read a transcript of the defendant's testimony. As predicted from an attributional theoretical approach, the defendant's nonverbal behavior had a significant effect upon subjects' ratings of the defendant's believability under conditions of a minor crime, but did not influence ratings of believability under the major crime condition.
Criminal defenses and pleas in mitigation based on amnesia
Authors: Hermann Donald H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCriminal defendants often claim to suffer from amnesia in connection with the events that are the basis of the criminal charges made against them. These claims present difficult problems of proof. Moreover, there are various defenses and opportunities to make pleas in mitigation which present a number of contexts in which evidence of amnesia can be introduced into the criminal trial. This article will examine the significance of amnesia in relation to: (1) a defense based on lack of mens rea; (2) a defense based on diminished capacity; (3) the insanity defense; (4) lack of fitness to stand trial; and (5) sentencing and the death penalty.
Amnesia and criminal law: A clinical overview
Authors: Rubinsky Elizabeth W. , Brandt Jason 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe use of amnesia as a legal defense raises complex issues for both psychology and jurisprudence. Our review of the legal literature suggests that recent advances in the understanding of clinical disorders of memory have not yet found their way into the courtroom. In this paper, we address the assumptions that amnesia means simply having a very bad memory and that amnesia is a unitary syndrome. We then review recent neuropsychological research on amnesia and its implications for the judicial process. Emphasis is placed on describing the amnesic disorders that most often arise in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that both psychologists and legal professionals should ensure that research findings from the clinic and the laboratory are applied appropriately in cases of defendants claiming amnesia.
Forensic hypnosis to lift amnesia: The jury is still out
Authors: Greene Edith 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the use of forensic hypnosis to lift amnesia in victims and witnesses who may have repressed or otherwise forgotten evidentiary details. This paper addresses the reliability of memories that result from forensic hypnosis, as well as the impact that hypnotically refreshed testimony has on a jury. Because of the mixed data on the reliability of hypnotically enhanced memories, the increasing use of this forensic tool on amnesics is questioned.
Alcoholic blackouts: Phenomenology and legal relevance
Authors: Cunnien Alan J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlcohol‐induced amnestic periods (blackouts) are common to alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinkers. The use of alcoholic amnesia as evidence of incompetence to stand trial or in mitigation of criminal responsibility hinges upon the reversibility of amnesia and upon the voluntariness of intoxication and of the ensuing blackout. After discussions of the phenomenology of alcoholic blackouts and the role of alcoholic and nonalcoholic amnesia in criminal law, it is argued that the voluntary nature of alcohol consumption should not mitigate behavioral consequences in any drinker.
Joint custody: A blind leap of faith?
Authors: Twiford J. Rainer 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the social, historical, empirical, and legal issues surrounding the concept of joint custody which has now been accepted in over half of the states. Early results in joint custody states suggest that joint custody awards prove satisfactory to parents and children provided that the parents are able to cooperate in childrearing activities and that they live in close geographic proximity. General recommendations and guidelines for joint custody are presented.
Mediation in custody disputes
Authors: Pearson Jessica , Thoennes Nancy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes the results of an evaluation of mediation services in three court‐based programs. Among the issues considered are client evaluations of the mediation experience and their assessments of immediate and long‐term effects. Two comparison groups are utilized: parents who contested custody without the offer of court‐based mediation and parents who divorced but did not contest custody. Results of the research indicate that mediation provides a valuable compliment to the existing domestic relations court processes. Mediation enjoys high user satisfaction and helps promote compliance with the agreement, a sense of equity, and continued cooperation. Thus, while the expectations of the process should not be overstated, it appears that even a brief mediation with a troubled population can produce modest but positive benefits.
The right to refuse treatment: Paradox, pendulum and the quality of care
Authors: Gutheil Thomas G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis clinical and theoretical overview of the right to refuse treatment will address some of the themes that have dominated this area of interface between psychiatry and the law, and have, perhaps, obscured the real concern of the right to refuse treatment question; i.e., the issue of quality of care. Central themes include factors present in the medicolegal context and recent events, origin of the concept of the right to treatment, the separation of confinement from treatment, and the changing models of vicarious decision making. This review also addresses judicial conceptualizations of treatment, including the concept of quarantine, judicial risk‐aversiveness, and judicial fantasies of drug action. Some possible directions for the future are also examined.
Treatment rights of the mentally retarded: The cost of refusal
Authors: French Laurence 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe cost of the mentally retarded client's rights to refuse treatment, in both monetary and human terms, varies under different legal/clinical circumstances. The process of placing severely retarded clients into the community with poor or no supervision, especially those who refuse or are denied treatment, can result in devastating costs for the client and others. The complexities associated with mental retardation require sophisticated treatment considerations. Moreover, these clients often need guidance in making meaningful decisions relevant to their quality of life. In order for this process to produce desirable results, for both the mentally retarded client and society, in general, a balance must be struck between the legal and clinical factors involved.
Juvenile homicide: The need for an interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Rowley John C. , Ewing Charles Patrick , Singer Simon I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMost of the empirical literature on juvenile homicide has emerged from the clinical experience of mental health professionals who have diagnosed and/or treated youngsters who killed. After a critical review of this literature, data on 787 juvenile homicide offenders are presented and discussed. These data indicate that intrafamilial killings represent but a small fraction of all homicides perpetrated by juveniles and that there are clear differences between intrafamilial and extrafamilial juvenile homicides.
Intimate homicide: An analysis of violent social relationships
Authors: Silverman Robert A. , Mukherjee S. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHomicide which occurs in intimate social relationships was studied using data from three Western Canadian cities. Variables which may be related to the relationship and homicide are also examined. Unstable relationships are clearly differentiated from other relationships and are more likely to result in homicide. Implications for future research are discussed.
Murders and suicide: Are they polar opposites
Authors: Lester David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between suicidal and murderous desires. Freud's psychological theory and Henry and Short's sociological theory are reviewed, and empirical studies that bear on the issue are examined. There is not sufficient information as yet to confirm or disconfirm that murder and suicide are polar opposites, but suggestions are made for future research needed to answer this question.
Brain damage, diagnosis, and substance abuse among violent offenders
Authors: Langevin Ron , Ben‐Aron Mark , Wortzman George , Dickey Robert , Handy Lorraine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeuropsychological functioning, diagnoses, and substance abuse were compared among killers, nonhomicidal assaulters, and nonviolent offender controls. The Reitan and Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological test batteries, the WAIS‐R, CT scans, and EEGs were examined with a trend to more neuropathology found in killers and assaulters than in controls. There were no group differences in ICD‐9 diagnosis nor on the MMPI, although considerable personality pathology was noted in all groups. Violent offenders scored higher on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). The violent offenders were more likely to experience alcohol and drug‐related mood dysphoria. The interaction of neuropsychological, personality, and substance abuse variables is discussed.
Expert evidence by psychologists: Sometimes problematic and often premature
Authors: Yuille John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article provides a critical review of two major types of expert evidence: (a) clinical assessments, and (b) generalizations drawn from psychological research. Strong arguments both for and against both types of testimony have been offered by legal experts and psychologists. These arguments are evaluated and the conclusion is drawn that there are two fundamental problems for psychologists in the role of expert. First, the types of assessments clinicians are asked to make (e.g., concerning the accused's mental state at the time of committing the offense) may exceed the capacity of the discipline; such assessments are problematic. Second, the research foundation that psychologists employ in court does not always apply to the court situation in the way experts imply; the application of laboratory research findings to real world contexts is sometimes premature. The article concludes with an admonition that psychologists should adopt a more conservative response to requests to provide expert evidence.
Cross‐examination of the expert witness: Do hostile tactics affect impressions of a simulated jury?
Authors: Gibbs Margaret S. , Sigal Janet , Adams Bonnie , Grossman Beth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNinety‐one introductory psychology students viewed a videotape of a simulated personal damage trial in which a psychologist expert witness testified about a plaintiff's psychological problems resulting from trauma. The defense attorney's cross‐examination tactics, employed against the expert witness, were varied in the videotape. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used, with leading versus nonleading questions and a hostile versus nonhostile attorney. An interaction effect was obtained, in which a hostile attorney using leading questions and a nonhostile attorney using nonleading questions were perceived as least effective.
The purposes of sentencing: Public support for competing aims
Authors: Roberts Julian V. , Gebotys Robert J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWith reform of the sentencing process a priority in both the United States and Canada, there has been a growth of interest in public attitudes toward the goals of sentencing. Two studies investigated the layperson's view of the appropriate purpose of sentencing offenders. Previous work on this topic has simply provided subjects with a checklist of sentencing purposes and asked them to endorse one. The present research—using both college students and members of the general public—employed a procedure that allows researchers to infer the principle underlying sentencing decisions. In the first study, subjects rated the importance of several sentencing purposes and also assigned sentences to offenders described in scenarios. Severity of assigned sentence was significantly correlated only with the seriousness of the offence. Ratings of the importance of general deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation were not significantly related to severity of recommended penalties. This result contrasts with the importance ratings of these purposes provided by the subjects themselves. These findings were replicated in the second study, which employed an independent sample of subjects. In contrast to the results of opinion polls, it would appear that the public is more concerned with the principle of just deserts than with the utilitarian sentencing aims such as deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation. The methodological implications of this research and the consequences of these findings for sentencing policy are discussed.