bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Field Facility Development for Hot Sour Gas
Authors: Kuntz L. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the chronological plan by which a grass roots sweetening facility was constructed in a minimum amount of time. The facility design was based on production with 9% carbon dioxide and 40 ppm hydrogen sulfide. Flowing wellhead temperatures were predicted to be approximately 300°F with flowing well head pressures to 11,500 psi.
The production facility, with a current total nominal capacity of 100 MMcf/D, was installed as five separate parallel sweetening units. The units were put on-stream In phases in order to maintain a sweetening capacity schedule compatible with wells being put on production. The first units were available for service in three months. All five units were complete in nine months, and a permanent facility installation was commissioned three months later.
The process design, equipment procurement, and installation phases of the project were pursued concurrently. Three different sweetening systems were operated during the facility development. A conventional DEA (diethanolamine) system was used because of its simple operation. Conversions were made to a proprietary MDEA (methyldiethanolamine) system in order to increase capacity. A proprietary activated MDEA was tested and operated in order to determine sweetening system selection for future facility capacity and for other applications.
Included is a discussion of the project development procedure and key considerations that led to minimal development time. General comparisons are made concerning the performance of several sweetening systems.
Fitting Research Goals To Long Range Corporate Plans
Authors: Reeve Paul G. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper was presented at the 40th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colorado, October 3–6, 1965. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 30 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The preparation of long range corporate plans is an important management function which of necessity must start with top management. Once long range goals of the company have been established all parts of the organization can more effectively plan and execute their work. Research program plans have been used by most organizations for many years, but the product of the research effort cannot always be utilized if it does not fit into the needs of the company. To make the results of research of greater benefit, the Research Managers must fully understand and appreciate corporate objectives and prepare plans that contribute most to the attainment of the corporate plan. It is especially important that the applied research programs be aimed at the company's long range needs.

Introduction
The act of planning is one of the functions in which each of us engages. Our plans cover a wide scope and variety of interests, from purely personal matters to those relating to our business and professional activities. Although industrial managers have long made use of plans to guide their businesses it has been only in recent years that the corporate planning function has been given formal recognition and relied on as a means of helping companies to operate more efficiently. Managers as a group find it difficult to prepare written plans because by nature they are "doer's" and not planners. In many large corporations, corporate planning staffs have been established to coordinate and guide the planning activities. In other companies the planning function may not have been formalized to this degree but provisions have been made for all segments of the organization to participate in planning thereby enabling them to work in a unified manner toward company goals and objectives. Regardless of the provisions which are made within a given company to carry out the planning function, it must be clearly kept in mind that the responsibility for planning starts with top management and its effectiveness depends upon the attention which management at all levels gives to making plans for their specific functions.
Effect of Fracturing Fluid pH on Formation Permeability
Authors: Coulter A. W. , Frick E. K. , Samuelson M. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Recent studies show that only minimal formation permeability damage is induced by fracturing fluids with pH ranging from 4.7 to 11.5. The studies also indicate that optimum fluid pH range is seven to nine, where no appreciable damage occurs. It was felt these studies were merited because of the opposing views of the effect of treating fluid pH on the permeability of clay-bearing formations. Fluid pH is important in fracturing operations where it may vary from 4 to 10, depending on the system used. With crosslinked systems in particular, the pH greatly influences the stability of the fluid.
The studies reported in this paper undertook closer examination of midrange pH by both permeability measurements and examination with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Laboratory studies were conducted with Berea sandstone as well as typical formation cores. Since both high and low pH treating fluids have been used successfully, the explanation presented here seems appropriate.
Dynamic Fluid Loss of Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Gulbis Janet 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The relationship between rheology and fluid loss and the effects of shear history, temperature, cross-linker and fluid-loss additive on fluid loss of hydroxypropyl guar gels are discussed. Tests were performed under dynamic conditions using an apparatus which incorporates in-line mixing of crosslinked fluids, so that fluids whose fluid-loss properties are measured have rheological characteristics similar to those generated under field mixing conditions.
Brent Field 3-D Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Tollas J. M. , Sayers J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Brent Field, with two separate reservoirs being developed simultaneously by common facilities and with variable PVT fluid properties and rich condensate gas caps, presents many challenges to the reservoir engineer. This paper describes 3-D simulation studies of the whole field which have confirmed the basic plan for a pressure maintenance development by water injection.
Afterflow Measurement and Deconvolution in Well Test Analysis
Authors: Stewart George , Wittmann M. J. , Meunier Denis 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe introduction of new production logging devices which simultaneously measure and record bottom-hole flow and pressure allows improved identification of reservoir parameters from well test analysis. In particular the detection of sandface flow resulting from the location of the logging tool just above the formation top means that the actual mechanics of wellbore storage phenomena can be excluded from consideration. In the case of pressure buildup or falloff tests the afterflow is directly measured and the amount of information available for interpretation at early time is essentially doubled in comparison to the situation where only pressure is recorded and flow is deduced from a simplified model based on a constant wellbore storage coefficient. The monitoring device continuously transmits the instantaneous pressure, p(t), and sandface flowrate, q(t), throughout the test and methods of well test analysis for a general, known rate schedule are considered. For the purposes of deconvolution the measured rate schedule, q(t), is replaced by a piecewise linear approximation comprising a series of pulses in which flow is a linear function of time. The convolution integral has an analytical solution for this case which shows that, for radial flow, a plot of p(t)/q(t) versus a modified logarithmic time function is a straight line of slope μ/(4πkh) with an intercept which is dependent on the skin factor. Simultaneous pressure and flow data taken during the afterflow period can therefore be analysed in terms of kh and S using a semilog plot in a manner analogous to the constant rate case; this gives much greater precision than type curve analysis of pressure data alone.The deconvolution method is based on homogeneous, radial flow theory and its performance when applied to simultaneous, transient pressure and flow data from heterogeneous systems is considered. It is shown that in the case of drawdown in which the rate schedule is monatonic the variable-rate semilog plot based on homogeneous deconvolution exhibits the same characteristics as the constant-rate semilog plot. This is demonstrated for two types of heterogeneity - the single sealing fault and a dual porosity or layered system. Thus in the drawdown case, analysis methods based on constant-rate theory can be employed on the generalised variable-rate semilog plot to define heterogeneity parameters such as the distance to a fault. Buildup tests should be analysed using drawdown theory on the basis of the pressure difference pws - pwfex. The elimination of the influence of afterflow means that any deviation from the initial semilog straight line is better defined.
A Technique To Evaluate Deviated Wells With Standard Logging Tools
Authors: Escaron P. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new technique to log highly deviated wells with standard logging tools has been developed. The logging tool is carried at the end of the drillpipe inside a protective sleeve. The logging cable is pumped to the head of the tool where mechanical and electrical connections are made with a special wet makeup connector. The logging tool is extended in the open hole by a rigid stinger and retrieved by the logging cable. Logging takes place during the retrieval. This paper describes the new technique and the special equipment required.
Application of Electromagnetic Propagation Logging in the Permian Basin of West Texas
Authors: Eck M. E. , Powell D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A method has recently been developed for evaluating the Delaware Mountain group of west Texas by using electromagnetic propagation, photoelectric effect, and neutron-density measurements.
The Delaware Mountain group is a series of sand-shale sequences deposited in the Delaware basin of west Texas and southeastern New Mexico during the Guadalupian Age. For a variety of reasons, conventional interpretation methods based on resistivity measurements have not always been definitive in these formations for distinguishing between oil and water. An interpretation technique using electromagnetic propagation data, specifically porosity derived by comparing electromagnetic propagation measurements to porosity from neutron-density logs, has been used with considerable success in identifying traditional pay zones and locating new pay zones in the Bell Canyon and Cherry Canyon formations of the Delaware Mountain group.
Oil Content in Produced Brine on 10 Production Platforms
Authors: Jackson G. F. , Humes E. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Selected results of a survey of oil contents in brine discharges from 10 offshore Louisiana oil production platforms are presented. Tests identified significant differences in oil content, soluble oil, and efficiency of oil separation from brine at different platforms. Differences were also noted in the performance of gravity separators and flotation units.
Cogeneration Experience in Steam EOR Applications
Authors: Sigworth H. W. , Horman B. W. , Knowles C. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Three cogeneration plants, totaling 24 megawatts of electric power output and 750 million Btu/h of steam generation, have been placed in service in Chevron enhanced oil recovery operations in Kern County, California. Two of the plants, each with 10 MW of electricity generation capacity, use conventional gas turbines with supplementary-fired waste heat recovery steam generators. The third plant, with 4 MW of electricity generation, uses a steam topping turbine to extract power from steam as it expands from high steam generator output pressures down to lower steam injection well pressures.
The two gas turbine plants have proven to be reliable, flexible and economic. The topping turbine operation and economics are still being proven.
Maximize Revenue by Analyzing Crude Oil Treating Parameters
Authors: Heiman M. S. , Pellegrino V. L. , Pantermuehl L. A. , Crane T. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the past the Chemshare Design 2000 program has been utilized to model gas processing plant streams. This paper describes how the Chemshare Design 2000 program may be used to maximize lease revenues by modeling a crude oil treating system and presents a technique of recombining an ASTM Distillation and a gas sample to arrive at the original composition of the inlet oil stream for use with the Chemshare Program. Next the treating facility operations are evaluated in order to maximize revenues which depending on the crude could mean an increase or decrease in the treating temperatures and pressures. For a lease producing 21,000 BOPD the losses can easily surpass $2.0 MM per year due to oil shrinkage and gravity differential.
A New Approach to Quasi-Newton Methods With Application to Compositional Modeling
Authors: Nghiem L. X. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new approach to quasi-Newton methods for nonlinear equations called quasi-Newton successive substitution (QNSS) is proposed. The use of QNSS does not require the computation nor the inversion of the Jacobian matrix at every iteration. Hence for large sparse systems which arise from the discretization of the reservoir flow equations, substantial savings can be achieved.
The new method is applied to the solution of the pressure equation associated with a compositional model. An example shows the drastic improvement in convergence which can be achieved with QNSS compared to a previously published technique. The handling of gas solubility in the water phase using three-phase oil-gas-water flash calculations is also described.
The QNSS method is very general and can be applied to any existing simulators.
A Comparison of Three Equation-of-State Compositional Simulators
Authors: Thele K. J. , Lake L. W. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The compositional equation of state formulations by Coats (C), Nghiem, Fong, and Aziz (NFA), and Young and Stephenson (YS) are compared for both immiscible (IM) and multiple contact miscible (MCM) problems. Coats' formulation has the largest computer memory requirements and computation times. Nghiem, Fong, and Aziz's formulation requires the least memory, and Young and Stephenson's formulation is generally the fastest.
Finite Difference Solutions to Grid Orientation Problems Using IMPES
Authors: Bertiger W. I. , Padmanabhan L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It is well known that numerical solutions by the standard five-point differencing schemes for two-phase flow equations exhibit grid orientation effects in two and more dimensions. To minimize such effects nine-point differencing of the differential operator is often proposed, such as the recent formulation by Yanosik and McCracken (1). However, it has been observed that this approach does not give satisfactory results in the case of non-uniform grids. An alternate nine point formula is proposed based on a more accurate integration of fluid fluxes across cell faces. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate that this formula greatly reduces the sensitivity to grid orientation in both uniform and nonuniform grids.
Enhancements to the Strongly Coupled, Fully Implicit Well Model: Wellbore Crossflow Modeling and Collective Well Control
Authors: Holmes J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A strongly coupled well model is described for use in a fully implicit 3-phase reservoir simulator. The model uses three variables for each well, instead of the usual single variable representing the well's bottom hole pressure. The two extra variables describe the contents of the wellbore, and provide a means of modeling crossflow of fluid between reservoir layers through the wellbore.
For each of the standard modes of well control, it is possible to express the well flow rates in terms of the three well variables alone. This provides a convenient means of handling fully implicitly the collective interactions between wells that occur with group and field production rate control and re-injection or voidage replacement operations. An example simulation is presented, to illustrate the capabilities of the fully implicit collective well control algorithm.
The Use of Adaptive Grids in Numerical Simulations
Authors: Goslinga Jentje 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new method for generating adaptive grids is presented. The transformation of a general nonlinear heat equation to arbitrary moving coordinates is derived. Typical aspects of solving equations in moving grids are discussed, in particular the conservation of mass as well as volume. A new method for constructing discretizations to conservation equations is presented, and applied to the nonlinear heat equation.
Analysis of Growth and Interaction of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures
Authors: Narendran V. M. , Cleary M. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A general-purpose numerical formulation is presented for the incremental quasistatic stable lateral growth and interaction of fluid driven fractures in reservoir structures. Multiple fractures emanating from multiple wellbores are allowed to evolve on arbitrarily curved trajectories, dictated by non-uniform stress fields arising from interaction of fractures with one another and with material/stress variations. The model simulates fracture growth by simultaneously solving for stresses, displacements and pressure distributions associated with the fracturing configuration at each timestep. The elastostatic computation employs a surface integral method, while the coupled fluid flow and crack opening modelling involves a weak starting assumption of (instantaneous) self-similarity in the opening displacement profile. A search scheme is used to determine the directions and amounts of growth at the end of each timestep. Several sample fracture growth patterns are presented to illustrate the generality and applicability of the simulator, which is verified by comparison with many of our laboratory experiments. The overall scheme provides an efficient, direct and convenient tool for design of multiple fracturing treatments, whenever these begin to be used for creation of suitable underground fracture networks (e.g., for enhanced petroleum recovery or solution mining).
A Method of Data Management in a Simulator Used for Large Reservoir Models
Authors: Eccles T. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A software package has been developed to manage the transfer of data arrays back and forth between central memory and temporary disk storage. It was designed for and installed in a reservoir simulation program to provide the capability of simulating models containing in excess of 30,000 gridblocks. The simulator runs on both IBM and CRAY systems.
Simulator routines with array arguments are called via the disking package, which first ensures that needed arrays are in memory. If all arguments do not fit in memory, the package calls the routine repeatedly, each time with a different range of array elements until the full array range has been covered.
Often, arrays to be brought into memory do not fit into the randomly distributed existing empty memory spaces, even though the total empty space is sufficient. An efficient algorithm has been developed to handle this problem with a minimum amount of shuffling of existing memory contents.
Development of Fracture-Enhanced Reservoirs in Upper Devonian Sands and Shales
Authors: Tillman J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Fracture-enhanced reservoirs are widespread in the middle and upper Devonian sands and shales of the Appalachian Basin. These zones of fracture enhanced permeability and productivity can be delineated with surface and downhole geochemical techniques. Careful use of surface geochemical surveys can greatly improve our ability to target and develop these resources.
A Field Test of the Strain Recovery Method of Stress Determination in Devonian Shale
Authors: Blanton T. L. , Teufel L. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The strain recovery approach to in situ stress determination was applied to transversely isotropic Devonian shale core obtained from Meigs County, Ohio. The temperature-corrected recovery strains showed expansion in all directions for a period of about 30 hours. During this time, the average azimuth of the maximum recovery strain was N70E ± 2°. The calculcated magnitudes of the maximum and minimum horizontal compressive stresses were about 1.5 times and .8 times the overburden, respectively. Attempts to measure the stresses by hydraulic fracturing at the same site produced inconclusive results. However, the results of the strain recovery approach at Meigs County appear to be consistent with published results from hydraulic fracturing measurements made in other parts of the Appalachian Basin.
Pressure Transient Behavior of Dilatant Non-Newtonian/ Newtonian Fluid Composite Reservoirs
Authors: Okpobiri G. A. , Ikoku C. U. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This study investigates pressure falloff testing in non-Newtonian/Newtonian fluid composite reservoirs. The non-Newtonian fluids of interest exhibit dilatant behavior. Initial water saturation is accounted for. Application of non-Newtonian well test analysis techniques and conventional Horner (Newtonian) techniques is investigated. The effects of different injection times before shut-in, external radii, flow behavior indexes and non-Newtonian fluid consistencies on the pressure transient behavior constitute the salient features of this work.
It is shown that early time falloff pressure data can be analyzed by non-Newtonian techniques while the late shut-in data, under certain conditions, can be analyzed by the conventional Horner method. The time when the Newtonian fluid starts influencing the non-Newtonian falloff curves and the location of the non-Newtonian fluid front can be estimated by using the radius of investigation equation for power-law fluids and volumetric balance equation respectively. Rheo-logical consideration is made to illustrate the pressure transient behavior.