bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of lightning on the atmospheric chemistry of exoplanets and potential biosignatures
Authors: Barth Patrick , Stüeken Eva E. , Helling Christiane , Schwieterman Edward W. , Telling Jon 
Published: February 2024

Context. Lightning has been suggested to play a role in triggering the occurrence of bio-ready chemical species. Future missions such as PLATO, ARIEL, HWO, and LIFE, as well as ground-based extremely large telescopes (ELTs), will carry out investigations of the atmospheres of potentially habitable exoplanets.
Aims. We aim to study the effect of lightning on the atmospheric chemistry. We also consider how it affects false-positive and false-negative biosignatures and whether these effects would be observable on exo-Earth and TRAPPIST-1 planets.
Methods. We utilised a combination of laboratory experiments and photochemical and radiative transfer modelling. We conducted spark discharge experiments in N2−CO2−H2 gas mixtures, representing a range of possible rocky-planet atmospheres. We investigated the production of potential lightning signatures (CO and NO), possible biosignature gases (N2O, NH3, and CH4), and important prebiotic precursors (HCN and urea). Using the measured CO and NO production rates, we conducted photochemical simulations for oxygen-rich and anoxic atmospheres for rocky planets orbiting in the habitable zones of the Sun and TRAPPIST-1 for a range of lightning flash rates. Synthetic spectra were calculated using SMART to study the atmosphere’s reflectance, along with the emission and transmission spectra.
Results. Lightning enhances the spectral features of NO, NO2, and (in some cases) CO through direct production; whereas CH4 and C2H6 may be enhanced indirectly. Lightning at a flash rate slightly higher than on modern-day Earth is able to mask the ozone features of an oxygen-rich, biotic atmosphere, making it harder to detect the biosphere of such a planet. Similarly, lightning at a flash rate at least ten times higher than on modern-day Earth is also able to mask the presence of ozone in the anoxic, abiotic atmosphere of a planet orbiting a late M dwarf, reducing the potential for a false-positive life detection.
Conclusions. The threshold lightning flash rates to eliminate oxygen (>0.1%) and ozone false positive biosignatures on planets orbiting ultra-cool dwarfs is up to ten times higher than the modern flash rate. This result indicates that lightning cannot always prevent these false-positive scenarios.
Heavy element abundances in galactic globular clusters
Authors: Schiappacasse-Ulloa J. , Lucatello S. , Cescutti G. , Carretta E. 
Published: February 2024

Context. Globular clusters are considered key objects for understanding the formation and evolution of the Milky Way. In this sense, the characterisation of their chemical and orbital parameters can provide constraints on chemical evolution models of the Galaxy.
Aims. We use the heavy element abundances of globular clusters to trace their overall behaviour in the Galaxy, with the aim to analyse potential relations between the hot H-burning and s-process elements.
Methods. We measured the content of Cu I and s- and r-process elements (Y II, Ba II, La II, and Eu II) in a sample of 210 giant stars in 18 galactic globular clusters from high-quality UVES spectra. These clusters span a broad metallicity range and the sample is the largest that has been uniformly analysed to date, with respect to heavy elements in globular clusters.
Results. The Cu abundances did not show a considerable spread in the sample, nor any correlation with Na, indicating that the Na nucleosynthesis process does not affect the Cu abundance. Most GCs closely follow the Cu, Y, Ba, La, and Eu field stars’ distribution, revealing a similar chemical evolution. The Y abundances in mid-metallicity regime GCs (−1.10 dex < [Fe/H] < −1.80 dex) display a mildly significant correlation with the Na abundance, which ought to be further investigated. Finally, we do not find any significant difference between the n-capture abundances among GCs with either Galactic and extragalactic origins.
Astrochemical effect of the fundamental grain surface processes
Authors: Chen Long-Fei , Quan Donghui , He Jiao , Wang Yao , Li Di , Henning Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Context. Thermal diffusion is one of the basic processes for the mobility and formation of species on cosmic dust grains. The rate of thermal diffusion is determined by the grain surface temperature, a pre-exponential factor, and an activation energy barrier for diffusion. Due to the lack of laboratory measurements on diffusion, prior astrochemical models usually assume that the diffusion pre-exponential factor is the same as that for desorption. This oversimplification may lead to an uncertainty in the model predictions. Recent laboratory measurements have found that the diffusion pre-exponential factor can differ from that for desorption by several orders of magnitude. However, the newly determined pre-exponential factor has not been tested in astrochemical models so far.
Aims. We aim to evaluate the effect of the newly experimentally measured diffusion pre-exponential factor on the chemistry under cold molecular cloud conditions.
Methods. We ran a set of parameters with different grain temperatures and diffusion barrier energies using the NAUTILUS astro-chemical code and compared the molecular abundance between the models with the abundance obtained using the experimentally determined pre-exponential factor for diffusion and with the abundance obtained using the values commonly adopted in prior models.
Results. We found that statistically, more than half of the total gas-phase and grain surface species are not affected by the new pre-exponential factor after a chemical evolution of 105 yr. The most abundant gas-phase CO and grain surface water ice are not affected by the new pre-exponential factor. For the grain surface species that are affected, compared to the commonly adopted value of the pre-exponential factor for diffusion used in the chemical models, they could be either overproduced or underproduced with the lower diffusion pre-factor used in this work. The former case applies to radicals and the species that serve as reactants, while the latter case applies to complex organic molecules (COMs) on the grain and the species that rarely react with other species. Gas-phase species could also be affected due to the desorption of the grain surface species. The abundance of some gas-phase COMs could be varied by over one order of magnitude depending on the adopted grain surface temperature and/or the ratio of diffusion to desorption energy in the model. Key species whose diffusion pre-exponential factor significantly affects the model predictions were also evaluated, and these species include CH3OH, H2CO, and NO.
Conclusions. The results presented in this study show that the pre-exponential factor is one of the basic and important parameters in astrochemical models. It strongly affects the chemistry and should be determined carefully. More experiments to determine the diffusion of grain surface species are helpful for constraining their properties.
The powerful lens galaxy cluster PLCK G287.0+32.9 (θE ∼ 43″)
Authors: D’Addona M. , Mercurio A. , Rosati P. , Grillo C. , Caminha G. , Acebron A. , Angora G. , Bergamini P. , Bozza V. , Granata G. , Annunziatella M. , Gargiulo A. , Gobat R. , Tozzi P. , Girardi M. , Lombardi M. , Meneghetti M. , Schipani P. , Tortorelli L. , Vanzella E. 
Published: February 2024

Aims.We present a new high-precision strong-lensing model of PLCK G287.0+32.9, a massive lens galaxy cluster atz = 0.383, with the aim of obtaining an accurate estimation of its effective Einstein radius and total mass distribution. We also present a spectroscopic catalog containing accurate redshift measurements for close to 500 objects up to redshiftz = 6, including multiply lensed sources and cluster member galaxies.Methods.We exploited high-quality spectroscopic data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), covering a central 3 arcmin2region of the cluster. We supplemented the spectroscopic catalog by including redshift measurements from VIsible MultiObject Spectrograph (VIMOS) and DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS). We identified 129 spectroscopic cluster member galaxies with redshift values of 0.360 ≤ z ≤ 0.405, andmF160W ≤ 21. We complemented this galaxy cluster member sample with 24 photometric members identified with a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach. We also identified 114 multiple images from 28 background sources, of which 84 images from 16 sources are new and the remaining ones have already been identified in previous works. From these, we extracted “golden sample” of 47 secure multiple images and used them, together with the selected cluster member, to build and optimize several strong-lensing models with the software lenstool.Results.The best-fitting lens model shows a root mean square (RMS) separation value between the predicted and observed positions of the multiple images of 0.″75. Using its predictive power, we found three new multiple images and we confirm the configuration of three systems of multiple images that were not used for the optimization of the model. For a source at a redshift ofzs = 2, we found a cluster with an Einstein radius ofθE = 43.4″ ± 0.1″. This value is in agreement with previous estimates and corresponds to a total mass enclosed in the critical curve ofME = 3.33−0.07+0.02 × 1014 M⊙.Conclusions.The combined application of ancillaryHubbleSpace Telescope (HST) imaging, VIMOS and DEIMOS data, and the new MUSE spectroscopic observations allowed us to build a new lens model of the galaxy cluster PLCK G287.0+32.9, with an improvement in terms of reconstructing the observed positions of the multiple images of a factor of 2.5 with respect to previous models. The derived total mass distribution confirms this cluster to be a very prominent gravitational lens, with an effective Einstein radius ofθE ∼ 43″. We were also able to construct an extensive spectroscopic catalog containing 490 objects, of which 153 are bright cluster members withmF160W ≤ 21, and 114 are multiple images.
Emulating the interstellar medium chemistry with neural operators
Authors: Branca Lorenzo , Pallottini Andrea 
Published: February 2024

Context. The study of galaxy formation and evolution critically depends on our understanding of the complex photo-chemical processes that govern the evolution and thermodynamics of the interstellar medium (ISM). In a computational sense, resolving the chemistry is among the weightiest tasks in cosmological and astrophysical simulations.Aims. Astrophysical simulations can include photo-chemical models that allow for a wide range of densities (n), abundances of different species (ni/n) and temperature (T), and plausible evolution scenarios of the ISM under the action of a radiation field (F) with different spectral shapes and intensities. The evolution of such a non-equilibrium photo-chemical network relies on implicit, precise, computationally costly, ordinary differential equations (ODE) solvers. Here, we aim to substitute such procedural solvers with fast, pre-trained emulators based on neural operators.Methods. We emulated a non-equilibrium chemical network up to H2formation (9 species, 52 reactions) by adopting the DeepONet formalism, namely: by splitting the ODE solver operator that maps the initial conditions and time evolution into a tensor product of two neural networks (named branch and trunk). We usedKROMEto generate a training set, spanning −2 < log(n/cm−3) ≤ 3.5, log(20) ≤ log(T/K) ≤ 5.5, −6 ≤ log(ni/n) < 0, and adopting an incident radiation field,F, sampled in 10 energy bins with a continuity prior. We separately trained the solver forTand eachnifor ≃4.34 GPUhrs.Results. Compared with the reference solutions obtained by KROME for single-zone models, the typical precision obtained is of the order of 10−2, that is, it is 10 times better when using a training that is 40 times less costly, with respect to previous emulators that only considered a fixedF. DeepONet also performs well forTandnioutside the range of the training sample. Furthermore, the emulator aptly reproduces the ion and temperature profiles of photo dissociation regions as well; namely, by giving errors that are comparable to the typical difference between various photo-ionization codes. The present model achieves a speed-up of a factor of 128× with respect to stiff ODE solvers.Conclusions. Our neural emulator represents a significant leap forward in the modelling of ISM chemistry, offering a good balance of precision, versatility, and computational efficiency. Nevertheless, further work is required to address the challenges represented by the extrapolation beyond the training time domain and the removal of potential outliers.
Probability distributions of initial rotation velocities and core-boundary mixing efficiencies of γ Doradus stars
Authors: Mombarg J. S. G. , Aerts C. , Molenberghs G. 
Published: February 2024

Context. The theory of rotational and chemical evolution is incomplete, thereby limiting the accuracy of model-dependent stellar mass and age determinations. The γ Doradus (γ Dor) pulsators are excellent points of calibration for the current state-of-the-art stellar evolution models, as their gravity modes probe the physical conditions in the deep stellar interior. Yet, individual asteroseismic modelling of these stars is not always possible because of insufficient observed oscillation modes.
Aims. This paper presents a novel method to derive distributions of the stellar mass, age, core-boundary mixing efficiency, and initial rotation rates for γ Dor stars.
Methods. We computed a grid of rotating stellar evolution models covering the entire γ Dor instability strip. We then used the observed distributions of the luminosity, effective temperature, buoyancy travel time, and near-core rotation frequency of a sample of 539 stars to assign a statistical weight to each of our models. This weight is a measure of how likely the combination of a specific model is. We then computed weighted histograms to derive the most likely distributions of the fundamental stellar properties.
Results. We find that the rotation frequency at zero-age main sequence follows a normal distribution, peaking at around 25% of the critical Keplerian rotation frequency. The probability-density function for extent of the core-boundary mixing zone, given by a factor of fCBM times the local pressure scale height (assuming an exponentially decaying parameterisation), decreases linearly with increasing fCBM.
Conclusions. Converting the distribution of fractions of critical rotation at the zero-age main sequence to units of d−1, we find most F-type stars start the main sequence with a rotation frequency between 0.5 d−1 and 2 d−1. Regarding the core-boundary mixing efficiency, we find that it is generally weak in this mass regime.
Fracture sonography – Literature review and current recommendations
Authors: Ackermann Ole , Berthold Daniel , Fischer Christian , Grosser Kay , Hauenstein Christina , Kluge Sebastian , Moritz Jörg D , Tesch Christian , v. Kaisenberg Constantin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose Over the course of more than two years, an expert group of 9 professional societies has created the S2e guidelines for fracture sonography. This publication summarizes the key points regarding the individual indications.
Materials and Methods A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 2000 to March 2021 with evaluation of the literature lists. Randomized controlled clinical trials, observational clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews were included. Guidelines, conferences, reviews, case reports, and expert opinions were excluded. Evidence was graded using the SIGN grading system 1999–2012, and the SIGN tables were then presented to the expert group. These were used to develop specific recommendations for the use of fracture sonography. All recommendations were discussed in detail and finally unanimously agreed upon.
Results Of the 520 primary literature sources found, 182 sources (146 clinical studies and 36 meta-analyses and systematic reviews) were evaluated after screening and content assessment. 21 indications that allow reasonable application of fracture sonography were identified.
Conclusion Ultrasound is a sensible, easy-to-use diagnostic method that is feasible for a large number of indications.
Increased off-target binding of [18F]florbetaben in the skull of women with reduced skull density
Authors: Hipp Noah , Young Kim Lea , Apostolova Ivayla Ilieva , Klutmann Susanne , Hardewig Iris , Koglin Norman , Gallinat Jürgen , Buchert Ralph 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Aim To investigate the relationship between off-target binding of the amyloid tracer [18F]florbetaben (FBB) in the skull and skull density.
Methods Forty-three consecutive patients were included retrospectively (age 70.2±7.5y, 42% females, 65% amyloid-positive). For each patient, CT skull density (in Hounsfield units) and (late) FBB uptake in the skull were obtained using an individual skull mask generated by warping the skull tissue probability map provided by the statistical parametric mapping software package (version SPM12) to the native patient space. Skull FBB uptake (mean of the 10% hottest voxels) was scaled to the individual median FBB uptake in the pons. The association between skull FBB uptake and skull density was tested by correlation analyses. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) of skull FBB uptake with dichotomized skull density (low: ≤ median, high), sex (female, male) and amyloid-status (positive, negative) as between-subjects factors was used to assess the impact of sex and amyloid status.
Results There was a significant inverse correlation between skull FBB uptake and skull density (Pearson correlation coefficient -0.518, p < 0.001; Spearman rho -0.321, p = 0.036). The ANOVA confirmed the bone density effect on the FBB uptake in the skull (p = 0.019). In addition, sex (p = 0.012) and density*sex interaction (p = 0.016) had a significant impact. Skull FBB uptake was significantly higher in females with low skull density than for all other combinations of sex and skull density. Amyloid status did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.092).
Conclusion Off-target binding of FBB in the skull is inversely associated with skull density. The relationship is mainly driven by females. Amyloid status does not have a major impact on skull FBB binding.
Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of Δ
8-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Impurities Found in Synthetic Δ
8-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Vaping Products
Authors: Gul Waseem , Shahzadi Iram , Sarma Nandakumara , Kim Nam-Cheol , ElSohly Mahmoud A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractConcerns about health hazards associated with the consumption of trans-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol products were highlighted in public health advisories from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration and U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Simple and rapid quantitative methods to determine trans-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol impurities are vital to analyze such products. In this study, a gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method was developed and validated for the determination of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and some of its impurities (recently published) found in synthesized trans-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol raw material and included olivetol, cannabicitran, Δ
8-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ
4-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol, iso-tetrahydrocannabifuran, cannabidiol, Δ
4,8-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ
8-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol,
4,8-epoxy-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol, trans-Δ
9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 8-hydroxy-iso-THC, 9α-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, and 9β-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol. Validation of the method was assessed according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines and confirmed linearity with R2 ≥ 0.99 for all the target analytes. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1.5 and 5 µg/mL, respectively, except for olivetol, which had a limit of detection of 3 µg/mL and a limit of quantitation of 10 µg/mL. Method precision was calculated as % relative standard deviation and the values were less than 8.4 and 9.9% for the intraday precision and inter-day precision, respectively. The accuracy ranged from 85 to 118%. The method was then applied to the analysis of 21 commercially marketed vaping products claiming to contain delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol. The products analyzed by this method have various
levels of these impurities, with all products far exceeding the 0.3% of trans-Δ
9-tetrahydrocannabinol limit for hemp under the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018. The developed gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method can be an important tool for monitoring delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol impurities in commercial products.
Accelerated versus Standard Rehabilitation after Meniscus Allograft Transplantation in the Knee
Authors: Rucinski Kylee , Stannard James P. , Crecelius Cory , Nuelle Clayton , Cook James L. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMeniscus allograft transplantation (MAT) is a proven treatment option for patients with symptomatic irreparable meniscus deficiency. When patients are adherent to prescribed postoperative restriction and rehabilitation protocols, outcomes after MAT are considered good to excellent. However, nonadherence to standard protocols is common and can be associated with undesirable outcomes and patient dissatisfaction. Based on demonstrated safety for early weight-bearing following MAT in conjunction with significant advances in graft preservation and surgical techniques, our joint preservation center implemented a shift in practice toward accelerated weight-bearing following MAT and designed this study to test the hypothesis that accelerated rehabilitation would be associated with superior adherence, patient-reported outcomes, and patient satisfaction, without diminishing patient safety, when compared with standard rehabilitation. Patients were included for analyses when they had undergone fresh or fresh-frozen MAT using a double bone plug technique for treatment of medial or lateral meniscus deficiency and had at least 1-year treatment outcomes recorded. The results of this study revealed that patients who were prescribed accelerated rehabilitation after MAT were significantly more adherent than patients who were prescribed standard rehabilitation and reported statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in knee pain and function for at least 1-year following MAT, whereas those in the standard cohort did not. While not statistically different, treatment failure rate was lower in the accelerated rehabilitation cohort when compared with the standard rehabilitation cohort (11 vs. 29%). Importantly, initial outcomes for revision MAT were associated with short-term success in all the patients who opted for this option in the study population. These data suggest that accelerated weight-bearing after MAT is safe, promotes patient adherence, and is associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported knee pain and function at early and mid-term follow-up.