bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managerial Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors
Authors: Lu Lin , Leung Kwok , Koch Pamela Tremain 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper describes two studies conducted in the People's Republic of China aimed at improving understanding of knowledge sharing among managers. Study 1 found evidence for the role of two individual factors: greed which reduced knowledge sharing, and self-efficacy which increased it. In addition, co-worker collegiality has an indirect influence on knowledge sharing by lowering greed and raising self-efficacy. Study 2 replicated the key findings of Study 1 and also identified the influence of organizational support on knowledge sharing. Organizational support led to higher utilization of information and communication technologies, resulting in more knowledge sharing, especially for explicit as opposed to implicit knowledge.
Determinants of Locations of Foreign Direct Investment in China
Authors: Li Shaomin , Park Seung Ho 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study examines the factors that affect the choice of location for foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. We identify three groups of factors that may affect the location choice by foreign firms: agglomeration economies, infrastructure, and institutional changes resulting from the economic reform. The study utilizes the most recent data from China's industrial census for the empirical testing. The findings show that agglomeration economies, in particular the clustering of foreign firms and domestic firms, exert the strongest effect on FDI location. Higher FDI concentration tends to attract more foreign firms. The clustering of domestic firms exerts a negative effect on FDI locations. Better infrastructure (electricity, telecommunications, and road) and greater institutional change (open policies, privatization, and legal development) also show positive effects on FDI location. The size of the local economy does not seem to affect the choice of location of FDI.
Stability and Change in Managerial Work Values: A Longitudinal Study of China, Hong Kong, and the U.S.
Authors: Ralston David A. , Pounder James , Lo Carlos W. H. , Wong Yim-Yu , Egri Carolyn P. , Stauffer Joseph 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study presents a 12-year (1989-2001) longitudinal comparison of managerial values systems in China, Hong Kong, and the U.S. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we test the validity of the three competing perspectives - convergence, divergence, and crossvergence - on values system evolution in these three societies. We use the sociocultural influence and business ideology influence typology as the foundation for developing our hypotheses. Additionally, we assess the contribution of the specific values within the values system to the overall system values findings. Our data most strongly support the multicultural crossvergence perspective. During a time period of stability in the U.S. and substantial change in both Hong Kong and China, the values of Hong Kong and China became more similar, while the values of these two Greater China societies became more different from those of the U.S.
‘Disdaining Bounds of Place and Time,’ Staining Language with Furze and Burvine: John Clare’s Nomadic Poetics
Authors: Garrison Alysia E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Romanticism Section. This article argues that the green Romanticist John Clare’s poetic œuvre has a “nomadic” orientation that troubles late eighteenth‐ and early nineteenth‐century enclosures of all kinds: spatial, grammatical, taxonomic, linguistic, and finally, political. This orientation was influenced in part by the gypsies who camped in and around Clare’s native Helpston, a people with whom he shared a similar rhizomatic relationship to language and space. Clare’s poetry and prose – like the itinerant gypsy population and Clare’s own wanderings – ambles over smooth space, cutting across the monolithic, totalizing systems of the state apparatus. Clare’s cited and uncited borrowings from gypsy oral and musical expression inflect his work, ultimately vexing state logics that on the one hand consider the gypsies to be foreigners, and on the other, believe local provincial language to be “pure,” native, and free from outside influences. Instead, Clare, peasant poet of little England and perhaps England’s best nature writer, is not particularly “England’s” possession at all: His poetic nomadology does not recognize state logics that parse out who is a citizen and who falls outside the sovereign’s protection. The unacknowledged force in John Clare’s work, I argue, is the implication that we are all “gangs” or gypsies, and all language is “argot” or slang: it is the law of the sovereign that has drawn the lines between people, language, and nation.
Hits and Misses in Interpreting Patience’s Riddle
Authors: Adair Allison 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This essay won the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Medieval Section. I propose that Patience’s riddle in Piers Plowman (B.13.151–56) was misinterpreted for almost a century because of a misplaced hyphen in Walter Skeat’s 1886 edition of the poem. This hyphen joins two words –laumpe and lyne– which seem to mimic other alliterative connections. Though it may seem insignificant, this misplaced hyphen prompted a wild‐goose chase for a non‐existent “lamp‐line”. Instead, as Andrew Galloway reveals in his 1995 study, the line in question is a reference to another riddle (in which laumpe and lyne belong to different subjects), casting Patience’s riddle as a poetic mise en abyme. The poem’s saturation with alliterative phrases seems to be one of the most obvious intrinsic guides to reading the poem; in this case, I argue, it is also one of the most deceptive. After examining the breadth of riddle scholarship, I conclude that that one of the inherent characteristics of the poem – alliteration – accounts for a majority of these mistaken solutions, and thus it is Langland’s propensity to word play that poses such a problem of translation and interpretation for contemporary scholars. Building on Galloway’s important article, I question why other parts of the riddle remain unsolved: do modern scholars lack a text or cultural reference that would help decipher the riddle? If so, would the riddle’s components have been familiar to Langland’s contemporary readers? Or was Langland as enigmatic to them as he is to us? To begin to answer these questions, I propose a cumulative understanding of the riddle based upon an investigation of its individual parts and offer possible explanations for its near‐chronic misinterpretation. I also explore how these scholastic failures fit within in the greater context of the poem’s scholarship, since the riddle’s elements represent many of the poem’s larger thematic and technical components. My investigation of the language, imagery, grammar, and Latin code‐switching reveals that, independent of the different interpretations of these elements, all scholars reach a collective agreement of the riddle’s “greater meaning.” This shared solution is indicative of an overarching characteristic of Piers Plowman: the poem speaks in multiple voices on tiered levels of complexity. In the same way, the simple and abstruse solutions of the riddle, and by extension, the poem, coincide, perhaps by the design of Langland himself.
‘A New Mimesis’: Approaches to Representation in the Poetry of the New York School
Authors: Wood Alice 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, American Section. Although the New York School of Poets opposed reception as a unified artistic movement, study of a selection of their early poetry illustrates that John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch, Frank O’Hara and James Schuyler all shared a concern with developing new techniques of representation. This essay argues that much of their experimentation was motivated by a desire to communicate personal experience in poetry without clarification or analysis, and so to depict the self without elevating the significance of the individual.
Shakespeare Against Doctrine
Authors: Leinwand Theodore 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFrom the seventeenth century to the present, adapters and critics have done their best to discern what we might call Shakespeare’s political and religious tendencies: left‐leaning, right‐leaning, centrist; Anglican, anti‐puritan, Erasmian; and so on. Recent, learned scholarship on Measure for Measure carries on this tradition, making Shakespeare out to be an advocate of one sort or another. We may, however, conceive of the plays in terms of analysis, not advocacy, as dramatic essays or staged inquiries. The point is not to celebrate Shakespeare’s “negative capability”– if anything, his ego seems to be always in evidence, taking pride in its relentless analytical competence. The plays do not so much sponsor doctrine as recommend ways to evaluate it; they pertain less to matter (or for that matter, spirit) than to method.
Dispersión Primaria de Semillas por Primates y Dispersión Secundaria por Escarabajos Coprófagos en Tikal, Guatemala1
Authors: Ponce‐Santizo Gabriela , Andresen Ellen , Cano Enio , Cuarón Alfredo D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe linked primary dispersal by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) to post‐dispersal seed fate by studying the effects of dung type and defecation pattern on secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. First, we described the defecation patterns for both primate species. Howler monkeys generally defecated in groups (88% of observed defecations), with each individual producing on average 31 g of dung, resulting in a large area of the forest floor (31 m2) covered by large amounts of dung (clumped spatial pattern). Spider monkeys generally (96% of observed defecations) defecated individually, each individual producing an average of 11 g of dung, resulting in a small area of the forest floor (2 m2) covered by small amounts of dung (scattered spatial pattern). Secondly, we captured dung beetles using as bait the dung of both primate species, to detect differences in the assemblages of these secondary seed dispersers attracted to the dung of both primates. More individual dung beetles, but not more species, were attracted to howler monkey dung than to spider monkey dung. Finally, we assessed experimentally (using plastic beads as seed mimics) how dung type (Ateles vs. Alouatta) and defecation pattern (scattered vs. clumped) affect secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. We found that post‐dispersal seed fate was affected by dung type, with more seeds being buried when present in howler monkey dung, than in spider monkey dung, but was not affected by defecation pattern. It is important to consider post‐dispersal processes, such as secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles, when comparing species of primary dispersers.
Allometry and Shade Tolerance in Pole‐Sized Trees of Two Contrasting Dipterocarp Species in Sabah, Malaysia1
Authors: Barker Martin G. , Pinard Michelle A. , Nilus Reuben 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe compared the allometry of two contrasting late‐successional dipterocarp species to test whether a monolayer (shade‐tolerant)–multilayer (shade‐intolerant) model applies to pole‐sized trees. Crown traits of the more shade‐tolerant species (Vatica micrantha) did not conform to either of the familiar monolayer or multilayer models for pole‐sized trees, but instead were consistent with a “persistent multilayer” model. Species differences in crown traits may be influenced more by future rather than present light environments.
Eutrophication of Tamar Lakes (1975–2003): a case study of land‐use impacts, potential solutions and fundamental issues for the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Hendry Keith , Sambrook Hugh , Underwood Chris , Waterfall Rachel , Williams Adrian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTamar Lakes is comprised of two reservoirs, which are located in South West England and in the headwaters of River Tamar at approximately 135 m above ordnance datum. Upper Tamar Lake (UTL) is a direct feed source reservoir of potable water in North Cornwall. Immediately following completion in 1975, UTL was subject to intense blue‐green algal blooms that continue to the present. These blooms create operational problems for water treatment, especially in hot‐dry years. Lower Tamar Lake (LTL) was constructed as a water supply reservoir in 1819 and became obsolete following UTL coming on‐line. Detailed water quality investigations over a period of some 28 years have confirmed the source of nutrient enrichment that fuels the algal blooms to be agriculturally derived, corresponding with a substantial increase in livestock farming. Associated poor land management practices, such as extensive field drainage and inappropriate slurry disposal to land, are linked with substantial elevations in organic contaminants such as ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) during rainfall events. Evidence demonstrates that both reservoirs act as primary treatment lagoons, substantially reducing the worst of these pollutants and providing significant environmental gain. The implications of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and regulatory monitoring are discussed in relation to resource management.
Logical Form: Classical Conception and Recent Challenges
Authors: Jackson Brendan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe term “logical form” has been called on to serve a wide range of purposes in philosophy, and it would be too ambitious to try to survey all of them in a single essay. Instead, I will focus on just one conception of logical form that has occupied a central place in the philosophy of language, and in particular in the philosophical study of linguistic meaning. This is what I will call theclassical conceptionof logical form. The classical conception, as I will present it in section 1, has (either explicitly or implicitly) shaped a great deal of important philosophical work in semantic theory. But it has come under fire in recent decades, and in sections 2 and 3 I will discuss two of the recent challenges that I take to be most interesting and significant.
Debates about the Ontology of Art: What are We Doing Here?
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPhilosophers have placed some or all works of art in nearly every available ontological category, with some considering them to be physical objects, others abstract structures, imaginary entities, action types or tokens, and so on. How can we decide which among these views to accept? I argue that the rules of use for sortal terms like “painting” and “symphony” establish what ontological sorts of thing we are referring to with those terms, so that we must use a form of conceptual analysis in adjudicating these debates. This has several interesting consequences, including that revisionary answers are suspect, that adequate answers may require broadening our systems of categories, and that certain questions about the ontology of art – including the basic question “What is the ontological status of the work of art?”– are ill‐formed and unanswerable.
Longidorus cylindricapitatus sp. n. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Serbia
Authors: Agostinelli Augusta , Roca Francesco , Krnjaić Smiljka , Krnjaić Dorde 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDuring a survey carried out in Serbia in October 1998 and 1999 a population of Longidorus was found in forest soil from Mt Goch (central Serbia). The population was identified as a new species and is described herein as Longidorus cylindricapitatus sp. n. The new species is characterised by a body length of ca 5.5 mm, a vulva located almost at the mid-body (V − 50.5), an almost cylindrical lip region, amphidial pouches more or less symmetrically bilobed, a very long odontostyle (164–178 μm), and conoid tail with a rounded terminus. Males were not found. Data for the four juvenile stages are presented.
Rhabditis rainai n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditida) associated with the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Osbrink Weste , Carta Lynn 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRhabditis rainai n. sp. is described from the gut and head of sick Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus) collected in New Orleans, LA, USA (isolate LKC20). Rhabditis rainai n. sp. is a hermaphroditic species with an unusual prerectum, four denticles per glottoid swelling, enlarged posterior stoma, three paired lip sectors, protruding posterior anal lip, and five ridges in the hermaphrodite lateral field. Males generated from starved bacterial cultures have three lateral field ridges and a notched peloderan bursa with only eight rays. Male spicules are distinctive with a round but truncated head, constricted neck, narrow shoulders, nearly straight blade with distal tenth upturned, and rounded tips supporting a curved ventral arch. Males of LKC20 were mated successfully with hermaphrodites cultured from a Fiji Islands soil (isolate PS1191). In subsequent crosses, male progeny were fertile as expected for conspecific populations. Differences in morphometrics of cultured specimens that were heat-killed or fixed is demonstrated. Rhabditis rainai n. sp. was compared to R. blumi and R. adenobia, but does not fit clearly within the current subgenera of Rhabditis or genera of Rhabditidae. Nematode-termite relationships and possible origin of R. rainai n. sp. with Formosan subterranean termites from Southeast Asia are discussed.
Phylogeny of Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) based on morphology and D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S-rRNA gene sequences with application of a secondary structure model
Authors: Crozzoli Renato , Lamberti Franco , Vovlas Nicola , Baldwin James , Subbotin Sergei , Sturhan Dieter , Moens Maurice 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe suborder Criconematina is a large group of ecto- and endoparasitic nematodes, including several species of major agricultural importance. The D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S nuclear ribosomal RNA gene were amplified and sequenced from 23 nominal and six unidentified species from the genera Mesocriconema, Criconemoides, Ogma, Criconema, Xenocriconemella, Hemicriconemoides, Hemicycliophora, Paratylenchus, Tylenchulus, Trophonema and Sphaeronema, together with outgroup taxa from Tylenchidae (Aglenchus) and Atylenchidae (Eutylenchus). A sequence alignment optimised using the secondary structure model was analysed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches under two models. All analyses yielded a similar topology with differences primarily in the position of poorly supported clades. Although some molecular trees differ from the previous morphologically based hypotheses of criconematid phylogeny, maximum likelihood tests did not yield statistically significant differences between some of the tested classical morphological and molecular topologies. DNA data support monophyly for the genera Mesocriconema, Hemicriconemoides and Criconema and reject the hypothesis of a single origin of criconematids with a cuticular sheath or 'double cuticle'. Application of the complex model of rRNA evolution, considering paired nucleotides for the stem and unpaired nucleotides for the loop region, resulted in a majority rule consensus Bayesian tree with unresolved relationships between main clades. This lack of resolution is expected by the low number of independently evolving nucleotides. Sequence divergence in this DNA segment between populations of Mesocriconema xenoplax, M. sphaerocephalum and Hemicriconemoides cocophillus suggest the presence of several sibling species under these taxa names.
Phylogeny of Meloidogyne spp. based on 18S rDNA and the intergenic region of mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Carneiro Regina , Dickson Don , Jeyaprakash Ayyamperumal , Adams Byron , Tigano Myrian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe 18S rDNA of 19 populations of Meloidogyne spp. was amplified and directly sequenced. The region of mitochondrial DNA, located in the 3′ portion of the gene that codes for cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) through a portion of the 16S rRNA (lRNA) gene, from 16 of these populations was cloned and sequenced. Heteroplasmic sequences were identified from both rDNA and mtDNA regions for several taxa. Several sequences sampled from nominal taxa differed from previously published accounts. Phylogenetic trees based on alignments of these sequences were constructed using distance, parsimony and likelihood optimality criteria. For 18S rDNA data, three main clades were identified. One well supported clade (86–91% bootstrap) included the most common and widely disseminated species, e.g.,M. arenaria, M. javanica and M. incognita, some recently described or redescribed species (M. floridensis, M. paranaensis, and M. ethiopica) plus numerous unidentified isolates. All mitotic parthenogenetic species, except for M. oryzae, were included in this clade. Other, less well supported clades included the amphimictic and facultative meiotic species M. hapla, M. microtyla, M. maritima and M. duytsi. One such clade comprised three meiotic parthenogens (M. exigua, M. graminicola and M. chitwoodi) and M. oryzae. This clade was moderately supported (77% bootstrap) but the relationships within this clade were poor. For mitochondrial DNA data, only the species in clade I from rDNA analysis, and M. hapla were analysed. These species formed a well supported clade (100% bootstrap) to the exclusion of M. mayaguensis and M. hapla. The addition of taxa and mtDNA data to publicly available records improved the discrimination sensitivity of species and atypical, non-identified, isolates.
Community development of free-living aquatic nematodes in littoral periphyton communities
Authors: Traunspurger Walter , Rothhaupt Karl-Otto , Peters Lars , Wetzel Markus 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe development of an epilithic nematode community and the mode of colonisation was monitored over a 57-day period during spring in a field experiment in the littoral zone of a large oligotrophic lake. Two types of experimental units were used: one type prohibited direct colonisation via active crawling by elevating substrates into the water column and the second type had substrates placed on the lake bottom. Data from the two types of units and from nearby natural hard substrates were compared. The nematodes quickly colonised on the introduced substrates and reached maximum densities of 123 individuals per 10 cm2 after 57 days. Nematode densities on elevated and non-elevated substrates did not differ significantly. The nematode abundance and community structure showed a large initial variation, but became more stable over time and resembled the natural community structure at the end of the experiment. The maximum number of nematode species was reached after 2 weeks of colonisation, with a maximum species number on days 12 and 14 in the experimental units and on day 19 on the surrounding natural hard substrates. The five numerically dominant species, Eumonhystera vulgaris, Chromadorina bioculata, Eumonhystera filiformis, Chromadorina viridis and Daptonema dubium, accounted for most of the variation between the different communities. The results indicate that water-column transport was the main colonisation pathway of epilithic nematodes. The distribution of nematode species points to potential morphological adaptations of some species for persistence on hard substrates.