bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancing reflective judgment through Socioscientific Issues
Authors: Zeidler Dana L. , Sadler Troy D. , Applebaum Scott , Callahan Brendan E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to explore possible relationships between Socioscientific Issues instruction and students' development of reflective judgment. The usefulness of the Reflective Judgment Model as a tool for assessing the value of SSI is established in the parallels that can be drawn between them. Both involve ill‐structured problems requiring evidence‐based reasoning subject to differing interpretations by students, and both require examination, analysis and the blending of scientific and normative evidence, as students use that evidence to support a reasoned position. Results demonstrated both qualitative evidence revealing more sophisticated and nuanced epistemological stances toward higher stages of reflective judgment, as well as statistically significant gains within treatment groups with a moderately large effect size. Theoretical implications for advancing students' epistemological beliefs about evidence‐based argumentation and pedagogical implications for rethinking how to connect science with topics that are fundamentally meaningful to students are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 74–101, 2009
Abscheidung superharter Kohlenstoffschichten mittels Laser‐Arco® auf dem Weg vom Labor in die industrielle Serienfertigung
Authors: Scheibe Hans‐Joachim , Leonhardt Michael , Leson Andreas , Meyer Carl‐Friedrich , Stucky Thomas , Weihnacht Volker 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDiamantähnliche amorphe Kohlenstoffschichten (DLC) erreichen als Verschleißschutzschichten für Komponenten und Werkzeuge eine zunehmende Bedeutung. Sie beruht auf der unikalen Kombination von hoher Härte, niedriger Reibung und geringer Klebeneigung zu metallischen Gegenkörpern. Bisher eingesetzte DLC‐Schichten sind wasserstoffhaltige (a‐C:H) bzw. Metallkohlenstoffschichten (Me‐C:H), die in einem Plasma‐CVD‐Prozess durch Zersetzung von Kohlenwasserstoffen abgeschieden werden. Ihr breiter industrieller Einsatz wurde dadurch möglich, dass sie in geringfügig modifizierter Anlagentechnik für die Beschichtung mit klassischen Hartstoffschichten (z. B. TiN oder CrN) abgeschieden werden können.Eine neue Generation von DLC‐Schichten stellen die wasserstofffreien ta‐C‐Schichten (ta‐C = tetraedrisch gebundener amorpher Kohlenstoff) dar, die eine um den Faktor 2–3 höhere Härte besitzen. Sie erreichen eine größere Verschleißbeständigkeit als klassische DLC‐Schichten insbesondere unter extremen Belastungsbedingungen. Bei Ausfall der Schmierung gewährleisten sie daher hervorragende Notlauf‐Eigenschaften. Trotz wachsendem Interesse für einen breiten industriellen Einsatz konnte diesem nicht entsprochen werden, da ihre Abscheidung mit der bisher verwendeten Anlagentechnik für klassische Hartstoff‐ bzw. DLC‐Schichten nicht möglich ist, und eine neue, industriell einsetzbare Technik nicht zur Verfügung stand. Die im Fraunhofer IWS Dresden entwickelte Technologie des laser‐gesteuerten Vakuumbogens (Laser‐Arco®) besitzt dieses Potenzial. In Form einer Laser‐Arc‐Modul‐Quelle kann die ta‐C‐Abscheidung in industriell eingesetzten Beschichtungsanlagen integriert werden.
Application of the background standard method for the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in phosphorites by x‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Cherkashina T. Yu. , Khudonogova E. V. , Revenko A. G. , Letnikova E. F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe aim of the present work is to demonstrate the application of the x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) technique to the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in phosphorites. The effect of a chemical sample composition on fluorescence intensities of analytical lines has been taken into account using the background standard method.A novelty of the work is the detailed study of a background to choose the background position, free from the spectral line overlaps of the elements presented in the sample. The most suitable background position is the position at the angle 2θ = 29° when using the analyzing crystal LiF(200). During our investigation we faced a problem of choice of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) for the calibration of the phosphorites. To estimate interelement effects and to choose CRMs for the calibration the intensities were theoretically calculated. The statistical processing of analytical results of the technique is carried out. This technique may be applied to the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in the phosphorites. Also, the possibility has been demonstrated to use the XRF technique for geochemical investigations of rocks. Phosphorites of Bokson‐Khubsugul Basin were selected as an example. As a result of the investigation the genetic type of phosphorites was established, which corresponded to the present geodynamical depositional environment. The character of the distribution of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in the phosphorites was also studied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fission yeast translation initiation factor 3 subunit eIF3h is not essential for global translation initiation, but deletion of eif3h+ affects spore formation
Authors: Ray Anirban , Bandyopadhyay Amitabha , Matsumoto Tomohiro , Deng Haiteng , Maitra Umadas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of the p40/eIF3h subunit of mammalian translation initiation factor eIF3 has been characterized in this study. We show that this protein physically associates with the 40S ribosomal particles as a constituent of the multimeric eIF3 protein complex, which consists of all five known eIF3 core subunits (eIF3a, eIF3b, eIF3c, eIF3g and eIF3i) as well as the five non‐core subunits (eIF3d, eIF3e, eIF3f, eIF3h and eIF3m) that constitute an eIF3 holocomplex in fission yeast. However, affinity purification of eIF3 from fission yeast cells expressing TAP‐tagged eIF3h suggests the presence of distinct forms of eIF3 that differ in their composition of the non‐core subunits. Further characterization of eIF3h shows that strains lacking eif3h+ (eif3hΔ) are viable and show no gross defects, either in vegetative growth or in the rate of in vivo protein synthesis. Polysome profile analysis shows no apparent defects in translation initiation. Furthermore, deletion of eif3h+ does not affect the ability of the other eIF3 subunits to remain associated with one another in a tight protein complex similar to the situation in wild‐type cells. Additionally, we show that human eIF3h can functionally substitute fission yeast eIF3h in complementing in vivo a genetic deletion of eif3h+. Interestingly, mutant eif3hΔ cells show several prominent phenotypic properties. They are hypersensitive to caffeine and highly defective in meiosis, producing either no spores or incomplete tetrads with a very high frequency. The implications of these results in relation to the functions of eIF3h in Sz. pombe are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A CSP model with flexible parallel termination semantics
Authors: Howells Paul , d’Inverno Mark 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

In the original
failure-divergence
semantic model for
Communicating Sequential Processes
(CSP), the incomplete treatment of successful process termination, and in particular parallel termination, permitted
unnatural
processes to be defined. In response to these problems, a number of different solutions have been proposed by various authors since the original failure-divergence model was developed by Hoare, Brookes and Roscoe. This paper presents an alternative solution to this problem, which is both closer to the original semantic model and provides greater flexibility over the type of parallel termination semantics available in CSP.
Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Complicated Appendicitis: A Comparison with Open Appendectomy
Authors: Katsuno Goutaro , Nagakari Kunihiko , Yoshikawa Seiichiro , Sugiyama Kazuyoshi , Fukunaga Masaki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundAlthough laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is widely performed in many countries, LA for complicated appendicitis, which includes perforated or gangrenous appendicitis with or without localized or disseminated peritonitis, has not become a common practice yet.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 230 patients who had undergone appendectomy for complicated appendicitis: 141 had undergone LA, 84 had conventional open appendectomy (OA), and 5 patients had conversion to the open procedure after laparoscopy. The LA group (total LA) was subdivided into “early experience (early LA: cases 1–56)” and “late experience (late LA: case 57 and higher).” We defined the early LA group as the comparison group to minimize selection bias.ResultsPatient demographics were similar in the early LA and OA groups (P > 0.05). Wound infection was significantly more frequent in the OA group (P < 0.05). Intra‐abdominal infection was equally common in these two groups. The overall rate of postoperative complications was significantly higher in the OA group (32.1%) than in the early LA group (18%; P < 0.05). This incidence was 12.8% in the total LA group. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the early LA group (10.6 ± 3.9 days; P < 0.05), and 8.9 ± 3.7 days in the total LA group.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that LA is safe and useful even for the treatment of complicated appendicitis if performed by an experienced surgeon.
Stem cell engineering for treatment of heart diseases: Potentials and challenges
Authors: Li Shengwen Calvin , Wang Lang , Jiang Hong , Acevedo Julyana , Chang Anthony Christopher , Loudon William Gunter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHeart disorders are a major health concern worldwide responsible for millions of deaths every year. Among the many disorders of the heart, myocardial infarction, which can lead to the development of congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, or even death, has the most severe social and economic ramifications. Lack of sufficient available donor hearts for heart transplantation, the only currently viable treatment for heart failure other than medical management options (ACE inhibition, beta blockade, use of AICDs, etc.) that improve the survival of patients with heart failure emphasises the need for alternative therapies. One promising alternative replaces cardiac muscle damaged by myocardial infarction with new contractile cardiomyocytes and vessels obtained through stem cell‐based regeneration.We report on the state of the art of recovery of cardiac functions by using stem cell engineering. Current research focuses on (a) inducing stem cells into becoming cardiac cells before or after injection into a host, (b) growing replacement heart tissue in vitro, and (c) stimulating the proliferation of the post‐mitotic cardiomyocytes in situ. The most promising treatment option for patients is the engineering of new heart tissue that can be implanted into damaged areas. Engineering of cardiac tissue currently employs the use of co‐culture of stem cells with scaffold microenvironments engineered to improve tissue survival and enhance differentiation. Growth of heart tissue in vitro using scaffolds, soluble collagen, and cell sheets has unique advantages. To compensate for the loss of ventricular mass and contractility of the injured cardiomyocytes, different stem cell populations have been extensively studied as potential sources of new cells to ameliorate the injured myocardium and eventually restore cardiac function. Unresolved issues including insufficient cell generation survival, growth, and differentiation have led to mixed results in preclinical and clinical studies. Addressing these limitations should ensure the successful production of replacement heart tissue to benefit cardiac patients.
A novel bacterial blight resistance gene fromOryza nivaramapped to 38 kb region on chromosome 4L and transferred toOryza sativaL.
Authors: CHEEMA KULJIT K. , GREWAL NAVJIT K. , VIKAL YOGESH , SHARMA RAJIV , LORE JAGJEET S. , DAS APARNA , BHATIA DHARMINDER , MAHAJAN RITU , GUPTA VIKAS , BHARAJ TAJINDER S. , SINGH KULDEEP 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBacterial blight (BB) of rice caused byXanthomonas oryzaepvoryzae(Xoo) is one of the major constraints to productivity in South-East Asia. The strategy of using major genes, singly or in combination, continues to be the most effective approach for BB management. Currently, more than two dozen genes have been designated but not all the known genes are effective against all the prevalent pathotypes. The challenge, therefore, is to continue to expand the gene pool of effective and potentially durable resistance genes. Wild species constitute an important reservoir of the resistance genes including BB. An accession ofOryza nivara(IRGC 81825) was found to be resistant to all the sevenXoopathotypes prevalent in northern states of India. Inheritance and mapping of resistance inO. nivarawas studied by using F2, BC2F2, BC3F1and BC3F2progenies of the cross involvingOryza sativacv PR114 and theO. nivaraacc. 81825 using the most virulentXoopathotype. Genetic analysis of the segregating progenies revealed that the BB resistance inO. nivarawas conditioned by a single dominant gene. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of F2population using 191 polymorphic SSR markers identified a ∼35 centiMorgans (cM) chromosomal region on 4L, bracketed by RM317 and RM562, to be associated with BB resistance. Screening of BC3F1and BC2F2progenies and their genotyping with more than 30 polymorphic SSR markers in the region, covering Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone OSJNBb0085C12, led to mapping of the resistance gene between the STS markers based on annotated genes LOC_Os04g53060 and LOC_Os04g53120, which is ∼38·4 kb. Since none of the knownXagenes, which are mapped on chromosome 4L, are effective against theXoopathotypes tested, the BB resistance gene identified and transferred fromO. nivarais novel and is tentatively designated asXa30(t). Homozygous resistant BC3F3progenies with smallest introgression region have been identified.
Genetic relationships between obesity and osteoporosis in LGXSM recombinant inbred mice
Authors: REICH MICHAEL S. , JARVIS JOSEPH P. , SILVA MATTHEW J. , CHEVERUD JAMES M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryObesity and osteoporosis affect millions of Americans. While phenotypically, obesity is negatively correlated with fracture risk, research on a genetic basis for this relationship is lacking. We used males and females from 16 LGXSM recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains to investigate the genetically mediated relationship between obesity and osteoporosis-related traits. First, heritabilities were estimated for (1) bone morphology properties determined by microCT (femoral and radial diaphyseal bone cross-sectional area and moments of inertia, as well as proximal tibial trabecular bone volume, connectivity density, structure model index, trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation), (2) mechanical properties determined by bending tests (femoral and radial rigidity, yield moment, ultimate moment, fracture displacement and post-yield displacement), and (3) effective material properties (femoral and radial modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength). All femoral (H2=43–74%) and tibial traits (H2=31–56%) were heritable; as were 8 of 10 radial traits (H2=21–33%). Eighteen significant genetic correlations were discovered between obesity- and osteoporosis-related phenotypes. Genetic correlations indicate that gene effects associated with increased fat mass and leptin levels are also associated with larger, stronger femora. Gene effects associated with larger, stronger radii and with denser tibiae were also associated with increased fat mass but not with leptin levels. Furthermore, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) previously reported for obesity and leptin levels also had effects on bone morphology, mechanical and material properties. Our results support the use of the LG/J-by-SM/J mouse intercross populations as models for normal, complex genetic variation in obesity, bone properties and their interrelationship.
A multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of X-linked and autosomal sites inDrosophila
Authors: VICOSO BEATRIZ , HADDRILL PENELOPE R. , CHARLESWORTH BRIAN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPopulation genetics models show that, under certain conditions, the X chromosome is expected to be under more efficient selection than the autosomes. This could lead to ‘faster-X evolution’, if a large proportion of mutations are fixed by positive selection, as suggested by recent studies inDrosophila. We used a multispecies approach to test this: Muller's element D, an autosomal arm, is fused to the ancestral X chromosome inDrosophila pseudoobscuraand its sister species,Drosophila affinis. We tested whether the same set of genes had higher rates of non-synonymous evolution when they were X-linked (in theD. pseudoobscura/D. affiniscomparison) than when they were autosomal (inDrosophila melanogaster/Drosophila yakuba). Although not significant, our results suggest this may be the case, but only for genes under particularly strong positive selection/weak purifying selection. They also suggest that genes that have become X-linked have higher levels of codon bias and slower synonymous site evolution, consistent with more effective selection on codon usage at X-linked sites.
Paratactic and subordinative So
Authors: Hoeksema Jacob , Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: December 2008

The contrast between subordination and co-ordination, from both a syntactic viewpoint and a semantic viewpoint, is assumed by most formal theories of grammar today, so much so that generally only avowed a-formalists or anti-formalists seriously entertain the possibility that any other type of relationship may exist between clauses. Yet paratactic constructions persist in nagging us, undermining precisely that contrast, sometimes competing with co-ordination, sometimes with subordination, for the same semantic niche in language. In this article we focus on one such case in English, that of complex sentences containing the degree-adverbs so or such in which one clause serves to indicate an extent to which the predicate modified by so/such holds and the other clause expresses a result. As we argue below, there are two types of complex sentences with this general characterization, one of which is of the paratactic kind and is exemplified in (I):(I) I fainted, the sun was so hot.
Phonological versus morphological rules: on German Umlaut and Ablaut
Authors: Wiese Richard 
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses the relationship between phonology and morphology, using the vowel alternations of Standard German Umlaut and Ablaut as relevant examples. Umlaut is analysed as a completely unified process of vowel fronting which can be found in a wide variety of morphologically derived environments. A number of non-linear phonological analyses of Umlaut, involving a floating feature, are presented and compared. While Umlaut is interpreted, in current analyses, as a morphological rule, the present paper argues for its status as a lexical phonological rule.Ablaut, on the other hand, is, synchronically, a totally unpredictable vowel change found mostly in the paradigms of so-called strong verbs. On the grounds of its internal and external behaviour, it is argued that this phenomenon must receive a completely different description by means of additional specifications for lexical entries.
Case, category, and configuration
Authors: Robinson Jane J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTRepresentation of syntactic relations by dependency trees with nodes labelled by categories of lexical morphemes and with branches effectively labelled by relational morphemes reveals the relationships of elements to which selectional restrictions apply more directly than do current phrase structure characterizations and avoids certain defects of a configurational definition of relationships. The relations are those of CASE as defined by Fillmore and more generally those of HEAD-OF and COMPLEMENT-OF. Adoption of the view that SUBJECT-OF is a surface rather than a deep structure relation eliminates the need to distinguish strict subcategorization rules from selectional rules.
Semantics and syntax of the to possessive in English
Authors: Chapman Robert L. 
Published: December 2008

The to possessive may be defined as that phrasal possessive construction using to which interchanges with either an inflected possessive or an of possessive or both, and with a sentence using a form of the verb have. For example:(1) father to the bride (to possessive, henceforth to-Poss)(2) bride's father (inflected possessive, henceforth gen-Poss)(3) father of the bride (of possessive, henceforth of-Poss)(4) the bride has this father.
A second look at the to-Poss in English
Authors: Millward Celia M. 
Published: December 2008

Robert Chapman's article on the to-Poss in English (Chapman, 1975) brings out some interesting points about constructions with the preposition to. Chapman concludes by suggesting the need for more data. As I shall try to demonstrate, more data reveal that the uses of to-Poss are more pervasive in English than his article implies.Chapman restricts to-Poss to three categories: (a) kinship and other personal relations; (b) parts or qualities — both (a) and (b) are elements of what has long been singled out as ‘inalienable possession’ — and (c) serving adjuncts (64).These categories seem to be simultaneously too limited and too general; all instances of the so-called to-Poss can apparently be included under one category, but a category with very special properties.
The accusative and infinitive in Latin: a refractory complement clause
Authors: Pillinger O. S. 
Published: December 2008

In this paper I set out to show that, contrary to expectation, Subject-to-Object Raising does not form part of the derivation of Accusative and Infinitive (A&I) complements in Latin: and that this, coupled with the apparent NP-status of these complements, causes some difficulties for two of the current ‘schools’ of transformational-generative grammar, namely Generative Semantics/Relational Grammar, and Chomsk's Extended Standard Theory.After a brief note on the use of intuition in analysing a dead language, the basic positions of the above two schools are given, together with certain distinctions and terminology relevant to the Latin data under consideration.
Under stress: a functional explanation of English sentence stress
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi , Lappin Shalom 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this paper we argue that it is possible to account for sentential stress in English in terms of the pragmatic property of Dominance, which is assigned to a constituent in discourse contexts. We have shown elsewhere (Erteschik-Shir & Lappin, 1979) that constraints on extraction from syntactic islands, and conditions on certain rules of semantic interpretation are best formulated in terms of the notion of Dominance. In the first part of the paper we review our definition of Dominance and provide operational tests for discerning its presence. In part 2 of the paper we state a rule which assigns primary stress to the constituent of the sentence which is marked for Dominance. We illustrate the operation of this rule with examples of stress patterns which it generates. In part 3 we then compare our analysis of stress with various other proposals for dealing with this phenomenon which are current in the literature. In part 4 we defend the distinction between contrastive and non-contrastive stress, while rejecting the notion of normal sentence stress. We claim that contrastive stress is, in fact, an instance of a distinct set of stress patterns which we refer to as restrictive stress. The assignment of restrictive stress is not marked, but is independently conditioned by three pragmatic features. We characterize these features and formulate rules for the prediction of restrictive stress. We also discuss the relationship between Dominant and restrictive stress. Finally, in the last section of the paper we indicate how the occurrence of primary stress on pronouns and reflexives can be analysed within the framework of our theory.