bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brand name influence on brand perception
Authors: Wänke Michaela , Herrmann Andreas , Schaffner Dorothea 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe impact of hotel names on the evaluation of the hotels by customers prior to their stay was investigated. In general, hotels were rated higher on attributes consistent with the semantic associations of the name than on inconsistent attributes. This name effect was somewhat reduced—but still strong—when actual feature information was given, when consumers were explicitly told that the hotels bearing different names had exactly the same features, when consumers were provided with testimonials from former hotel guests, when consumers were informed that the name had changed in the past or would change in the future, and when the actual features were in with the image evoked by the name. The results corroborate the widely accepted assertion that consumers use brand names as diagnostic and legitimate search attributes. Most notably, the findings imply that the effects are robust and resistant to elimination. Four hundred clients of a travel agency participated in this research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast multidimensional NMR by polarization sharing
Authors: Kupče Eriks , Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe speed of multidimensional NMR spectroscopy can be significantly increased by drastically shortening the customary relaxation delay between scans. The consequent loss of longitudinal magnetization can be retrieved if ‘new’ polarization is transferred from nearby spins. For correlation spectroscopy involving heteronuclei (X = 13C or 15N), protons not directly bound to X can repeatedly transfer polarization to the directly bound protons through Hartmann–Hahn mixing. An order of magnitude increase in speed has been observed for the 600 MHz two‐dimensional HMQC spectra of amikacin and strychnine using this technique, and it also reduces the noisy F1 ridges that degrade many heteronuclear correlation spectra recorded with short recovery times. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of blood–myocardial contrast in 3D true FISP cardiac imaging at 1.5 T
Authors: Martirosian Petros , Greil Gerald F. , Fenchel Michael , Kramer Ulrich , Miller Stefan , Greiser Andreas , Claussen Claus D. , Schick Fritz , Sieverding Ludger 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) steady‐state free precession (SSFP) MRI sequences are often applied to visualize both intra‐ and extracardiac pathologies. In the present study the contrast behavior of 3D true fast imaging with steady precession (True‐FISP) sequences for cardiac imaging was optimized in numerical simulations and compared with measurements obtained in eight healthy volunteers on a 1.5 T whole‐body scanner. Two SS preparation schemes in combination with and without a T2 preparation were assessed to improve contrast between blood and myocardium using a navigator‐gated and ECG‐triggered 3D True‐FISP sequence. Numerical simulations and experimental studies in volunteers showed that an SS preparation using a constant flip angle (CFA) is preferable to a linear flip angle (LFA) preparation in terms of contrast between blood and myocardium. The optimized 3D True‐FISP sequence provides a reliable, accurate, and time‐efficient means of obtaining a morphological cardiac diagnosis. Magn Reson Med 57:213–219, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastatic carcinoma: palaeopathology and differential diagnosis
Authors: Marks M. K. , Hamilton M. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA 62 year‐old contemporary white female diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma of the breast was examined after skeletonisation. She never received chemical, hormonal or radiation therapy. Because of the confirmed clinical diagnosis, lack of medicinal intervention, and quality of bone preservation, this specimen provides a comparative standard for metastatic carcinoma and differential diagnosis of idiopathic dry bone pathology. We detail gross and radiographic bone response to this disease and differentially diagnose the skeleton against Langerhans cell histiocytosis and multiple myeloma, conditions capable of modifying bone in characteristic patterns that may mimic metastatic carcinoma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The frequency of os acromiale in the Robert J. Terry Collection
Authors: Hunt D. R. , Bullen L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNormal fusion of the acromion process in humans begins at about age 15 and should complete ossification by age 22–25. Os acromiale occurs when fusion of the acromial epiphysis does not follow its normal ossification pattern, resulting in the retention of a separate epiphyseal end to the acromial process. Depending on how the metaphyseal junctures fuse, differential size and shape of the unattached acromial segment is produced. As a result of shoulder anatomy and the mobile epiphysis, os acromiale is associated with shoulder impingement and rotator cuff problems. The purpose of this study is to document the frequency of os acromiale in the Robert J. Terry Collection and gain a perspective on the occurrence of os acromiale in this specific US population. The overall frequency of os acromiale in the sample of 1594 skeletons was 8.34%. This study also evaluates the prevalence of os acromiale between sexes and ancestral groups in the Terry Collection. Significant frequency differences in the expression of os acromiale were found between both ancestry and sex; the black male sample has the highest frequency (12.47%), with a lower occurrence in the black female sample (9.22%). The white sample exhibited observably lower frequencies, with the white males at 6.8%, and white females at 3.2%. Size and shape and side expression (laterality) showed no significant differences between the sexes. However, significant differences in laterality by ancestry were observed; black males exhibited 48.3% bilateral expression, while white males exhibited bilateral expression only 29% of the time and 54.8% had a right lateral expression. Based on the results presented in this study, it is suggested that there is a genetic causation for os acromiale, which may or may not be exacerbated by physical activity. The use of this anomaly as an additional non‐metric feature in inferring familial relationships and personal identification is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School choice, racial segregation, and test‐score gaps: Evidence from North Carolina's charter school program*
Authors: Bifulco Robert , Ladd Helen F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing panel data that track individual students from year to year, we examine the effects of charter schools in North Carolina on racial segregation and black‐white test score gaps. We find that North Carolina's system of charter schools has increased the racial isolation of both black and white students, and has widened the achievement gap. Moreover, the relatively large negative effects of charter schools on the achievement of black students is driven by students who transfer into charter schools that are more racially isolated than the schools they have left. Our analysis of charter school choices suggests that asymmetric preferences of black and white charter school students (and their families) for schools of different racial compositions help to explain why there are so few racially balanced charter schools. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Employment, privatization, and managerial choice: Does contracting out reduce public sector employment?
Authors: Fernandez Sergio , Smith Craig R. , Wenger Jeffrey B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe examine the effects of governments' use of alternative service provision on public employment using panel data from a nationally representative sample of local governments. We model the effects of alternative service provision on the size of the public workforce and hypothesize that alternative provision jointly impacts both full‐ and part‐time employment. We find evidence of an inter‐relationship between these employment types. Our results from seemingly unrelated and 3SLS regressions indicate that full‐time employment in the public sector declines when additional services are provided by for‐profit providers, while part‐time employment increases. The net employment effect in the public sector is negative when government services are moved to the for‐profit sector. These combined effects result in a compositional shift toward more part‐time public sector employment. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
The impact of child support enforcement policy on nonmarital childbearing
Authors: Plotnick Robert D. , Garfinkel Irwin , McLanahan Sara S. , Ku Inhoe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe interaction of welfare and child support regulations has created a situation in which child support policy's incentives that discourage unwed fatherhood tend to be stronger than its incentives that encourage unwed motherhood. This suggests that more stringent child support enforcement creates incentives that reduce the likelihood of nonmarital childbearing, particularly among women with a significant chance of needing public assistance in the event of a nonmarital birth and their male partners. We investigate this hypothesis with a sample of women from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, to which we add information on state child support enforcement. We examine childbearing behavior between the ages of 15 and 44 before marriage and during periods of non‐marriage following divorce or widowhood. The estimates indicate that women living in states with more effective child support enforcement are less likely to bear children when unmarried, especially if they are young, never‐married, or black. The findings suggest that improved child support enforcement may be a potent intervention for reducing nonmarital childbearing. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Earned income credit utilization by welfare recipients: A case study of Minnesota's earned income credit program
Authors: Hirasuna Donald P. , Stinson Thomas F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper examines utilization of a state earned income credit by AFDC and TANF recipients. Although utilization percentages are increasing, we find that among TANF recipients in 1999, 45.7 percent of all households and 34.8 percent of eligible households did not receive the state earned income credit. Moreover, we find that utilization may depend upon TANF requirements and incentives, information resources, and barriers to work and filing of income tax returns. Finally, we investigate whether low utilization is because of little or no benefit from the state earned income credit and find this may be true for some with barriers or less incentive to work under TANF. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
The effects of state policy design features on take‐up and crowd‐out rates for the state children's health insurance program
Authors: Bansak Cynthia , Raphael Steven 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe evaluate the effects of state policy design features on SCHIP take‐up rates and on the degree to which SCHIP benefits crowd out private benefits. The results indicate overall program take‐up rates of approximately 10 percent. However, there is considerable heterogeneity across states, suggesting a potential role of inter‐state variation in policy design. We find that several design mechanisms have significant and substantial positive effects on take‐up. For example, eliminating asset tests, offering continuous coverage, simplifying the application and renewal processes, and extending benefits to parents all have sizable and positive effects on take‐up rates. Mandatory waiting periods, on the other hand, consistently reduce take‐up rates. In all, inter‐state differences in outreach and anti‐crowd‐out efforts explain roughly one‐quarter of the crossstate variation in take‐up rates. Concerning the crowding out of private health insurance benefits, we find that between one‐quarter and one‐third of the increase in public health insurance coverage for SCHIP‐eligible children is offset by a decline in private health coverage. We find little evidence that the policy‐induced variation in take‐up is associated with a significant degree of crowd out, and no evidence that the negative effect on private coverage caused by state policy choices is any greater than the overall crowding‐out effect. This suggests that states are not augmenting take‐up rates by enrolling children that are relatively more likely to have private health insurance benefits. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in keloid pathogenesis modulate vascular endothelial growth factor expression and secretion
Authors: Ong CT , Khoo YT , Tan EK , Mukhopadhyay A , Do DV , Han HC , Lim IJ , Phan TT 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in angiogenesis during the wound healing process. As epithelial–mesenchymal interactions have been shown to regulate a plethora of genes in wound healing, we hypothesized that these interactions might have a role in modulating VEGF expression and angiogenesis. A two chamber co‐culture model was used, wherein normal and keloid keratinocytes and fibroblasts were physically separated by membrane inserts while allowing cytokine diffusion. Cell lysates obtained from keratinocytes co‐cultured with fibroblasts demonstrated increased expression of VEGF. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed significant increase in VEGF expression in co‐culture conditioned media compared with controls. Additionally, the conditioned medium from keloid keratinocyte and fibroblast co‐cultures increased proliferation and formation of complex three‐dimensional capillary‐like structures in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, emphasising the importance of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in the angiogenic process. Immunostaining of keloid tissue localized VEGF in the basal layer of the epidermis and also demonstrated higher blood vessel density than normal skin. Keloid tissue extract also demonstrated increased expression of VEGF compared with normal skin. It is likely that epidermal VEGF exerts significant paracrine control over the dynamics and expression profile of underlying dermal fibroblasts. Addition of the inhibitors WP631, mitoxantrone, and Rapamycin to keloid keratinocyte and fibroblast co‐cultures, downregulated secreted VEGF expression in a dose‐dependent manner, suggesting therapeutic potential for these compounds in the treatment of keloid scars. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypermethylation of CpG island loci and hypomethylation of LINE‐1 and Alu repeats in prostate adenocarcinoma and their relationship to clinicopathological features
Authors: Cho N‐Y , Kim B‐H , Choi M , Yoo EJ , Moon KC , Cho Y‐M , Kim D , Kang GH 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPromoter CpG island hypermethylation is an important carcinogenic event in prostate adenocarcinoma. Regardless of tissue type, human cancers have in common both focal CpG island hypermethylation and global genomic hypomethylation. The present study evaluated CpG island loci hypermethylation and LINE‐1 and Alu repeat hypomethylation in prostate adenocarcinoma, analysed the relationship between them, and correlated these findings with clinicopathological features. We examined 179 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma and 30 cases of benign prostate hypertrophy for the methylation status of 22 CpG island loci and the methylation levels of LINE‐1 and Alu repeats using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction and combined bisulphite restriction analysis, respectively. The following 16 CpG island loci were found to display cancer‐related hypermethylation: RASSF1A, GSTP1, RARB, TNFRSF10C, APC, BCL2, MDR1, ASC, TIG1, RBP1, COX2, THBS1, TNFRSF10D, CD44, p16, and RUNX3. Except for the last four CpG island loci, hypermethylation of each of the remaining 12 CpG island loci displayed a close association with one or more of the prognostic parameters (ie preoperative serum prostate specific antigen level, Gleason score sum, and clinical stage). Prostate adenocarcinoma with hypermethylation of each of ASC, COX2, RARB, TNFRSF10C, MDR1, TIG1, RBP1, NEUROG1, RASSF1A, and GSTP1 showed a significantly lower methylation level of Alu or LINE‐1 than prostate adenocarcinoma without hypermethylation. In addition, hypomethylation of Alu or LINE‐1 was closely associated with one or more of the above prognostic parameters. These data suggest that in tumour progression a close relationship exists between CpG island hypermethylation and the hypomethylation of repetitive elements, and that CpG island hypermethylation and DNA hypomethylation contribute to cancer progression. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The soft‐solid model for liquids. Application to biodiesel and other materials of technological interest
Authors: Castellón‐Elizondo Erick , Lutz Giselle , Mata‐Segreda Julio F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe coefficient of cubic expansion of liquids (α) correlates inversely with the corresponding value of enthalpy of vaporisation. The theoretical interpretation is based on the molecular view of liquids as modified solids made of molecules packed in a way that a few neighbouring molecules have been removed. The general equation for the coefficient of cubic expansion of solids was modified to describe the case of liquids regarded as soft solids. The empirical equation α = 0.087/ΔHvap was obtained for long‐chain liquids of low polarity such as biodiesel materials, when the enthalpy value is given in kJ/mol. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamics of the partitioning of poly(propylene oxide) between aqueous and chlorinated organic phases compared to poly(ethylene oxide) and other hydrophilic polymers
Authors: Anselmo Aletéia G. , Sassonia Rogério C. , Loh Watson 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThermodynamic functions associated with the partitioning of poly(propylene oxide), PPO, between aqueous and organic (chloroform, dichloromethane, and chlorobenzene) phases were determined and analyzed in comparison with those for the partitioning of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP. Amounts of water accompanying the partitioning of PPO to the organic phases were also measured. These results reveal that PPO partitioning is controlled by hydrophobic effects (entropic contribution), which was confirmed by the release of a significant amount of water molecules following the partitioning. Hydrophilic polymers like PVP and polyacrylamide, on the other hand, remain almost quantitatively in the aqueous phase. PEO remains a unique example of a polymer displaying high affinity for water, but that can be extracted to certain organic solvents (which should display hydrogen bond donating capacity). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of substituted (methylthio)benzylidene Meldrum's acids with primary amines in aqueous DMSO
Authors: Ali Mahammad , Biswas Supriya , Rappoport Zvi , Bernasconi Claude F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA kinetic study of the aminolysis of substituted (methylthio)benzylidene Meldrum's acids, 2‐SMe‐Z with the aliphatic primary amines, n‐butylamine, glycinamide, methoxyethylamine, and aminoacetonitrile, in aqueous DMSO at 20 °C is reported. With all amines the reaction is strictly second‐order, that is, first‐order in 2‐SMe‐Z and first‐order in the amine. A three steps mechanism has been proposed. The first step is a rate‐limiting attachment of the amine to form the tetrahedral intermediate (T), and the subsequent steps are a fast acid–base equilibrium followed by a fast R‴CH2NH or H2O catalyzed expulsion of the leaving group. The Brönsted plot for k1 for the reaction of 2‐SMe‐H with four primary amines showed a good correlation between log k1 and pK with βnuc = 0.32 ± 0.02, a slightly lower value than that for the reactions of secondary amines (βnuc = 0.41 ± 0.01). The Hammett plot for n‐butylamine yields ρ(k1) = 0.40 ± 0.05 which is smaller than that for the reaction of piperidine with the same substrates (ρ(k1) = 0.72 ± 0.07) and also for the reactions of HOCH2CH2S− (ρ(k1) = 1.18), CF3CH2O− (ρ(k1) = 1.14) and OH− (ρ(k1) = 1.11) addition to 2‐H‐H (ρ(k1) = 1.11). All these observations are consistent with the suggested mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of benzyl halides with zinc in dimethylformamide
Authors: Egorov Anatoly M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of metal zinc with various benzyl halides in dimethylformamide has been studied. The low‐temperature ESR‐spectroscopy is used to show that reaction of zinc with benzyl bromide and benzyl iodide occurs to form benzyl radicals. Benzyl chloride reacts with zinc at 77 K to form benzyl radicals and ion‐radical pairs${\rm RX}^{\mathop \cdot \limits^ - } - {\rm Zn}^{\mathop \cdot \limits^ + }$. Nevertheless these pairs disappear at temperatures higher than 110 K. The investigation of the reaction stereochemistry and the use of a radical trap provide evidence in favor of a radical mechanism. The optical activity has been proved in the course of the formation of organozinc halide from (+)‐R‐1‐halogen‐1‐phenylethane at low temperature. The kinetic features of the reaction have been studied. Benzyl iodide reacts with zinc at transport‐controlled rate. The reaction of zinc with benzyl chloride and benzyl bromide in DMF occurs according to Langmuir–Hinshelwood scheme, the adsorption of reagents taking place on similar active centers of metal. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction have been clarified. The comparison of kinetic parameters with those reported in literature evidences that the limiting step of reaction is halogen atom transfer (inner sphere electron transfer). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining estimates from multiple early studies to obtain estimates of response: using shrinkage estimates to obtain estimates of response
Authors: Kathman Steven J. , Hale Michael D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDevelopment of anti‐cancer therapies usually involve small to moderate size studies to provide initial estimates of response rates before initiating larger studies to better quantify response. These early trials often each contain a single tumor type, possibly using other stratification factors. Response rate for a given tumor type is routinely reported as the percentage of patients meeting a clinical criteria (e.g. tumor shrinkage), without any regard to response in the other studies. These estimates (called maximum likelihood estimates or MLEs) on average approximate the true value, but have variances that are usually large, especially for small to moderate size studies. The approach presented here is offered as a way to improve overall estimation of response rates when several small trials are considered by reducing the total uncertainty.The shrinkage estimators considered here (James–Stein/empirical Bayes and hierarchical Bayes) are alternatives that use information from all studies to provide potentially better estimates for each study. While these estimates introduce a small bias, they have a considerably smaller variance, and thus tend to be better in terms of total mean squared error. These procedures provide a better view of drug performance in that group of tumor types as a whole, as opposed to estimating each response rate individually without consideration of the others. In technical terms, the vector of estimated response rates is nearer the vector of true values, on average, than the vector of the usual unbiased MLEs applied to such trials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.