bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Pollinators Discriminate between Different Floral Forms?
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter investigates whether the different shapes, structures, and colours that flowers produce have the potential to enhance pollinator visitation. To do this, they must fulfil two criteria. First, they must be visible to the appropriate pollinator, or detectable using some other sense. Secondly, the pollinator must discriminate between different floral forms. Simply because a change in floral form is detectable to an animal, it does not necessarily follow that the animal will discriminate between the original and the novel form. Such discrimination will only occur if one form provides an advantage to the animal. This chapter begins by discussing the current evidence on what different pollinating animals can see and detect in other ways. It then considers the experimental evidence that pollinators do discriminate between different floral forms, focussing on flower colour, flower shape, and flower scent.
4 Applications
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses some important applications of the formalism previously developed. It describes the inspiral of compact binaries, and shows how the backreaction caused by GW emission affects the motion of the source and in turn the GW emission itself, leading to the so-called ‘chirp waveform’. The effect of the eccentricity of the orbit on the total radiated power and on its frequency spectrum (Peters-Mathews formula) is calculated. The radiation from rotating and precessing rigid bodies is studied in view of applications to rotating neutron stars. The radial infall of a star into a black hole is then considered; depending on the compactness of the star, this leads to the emission of coherent or incoherent gravitational radiation. Finally, the radiation emitted by accelerated masses is discussed.
7 Data analysis techniques
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter deals with experimental aspects of gravitational waves. It defines spectral strain sensitivity, describes the detector's noise and the pattern functions that encode its angular sensitivity, and discusses various data analysis techniques for GWs. It also introduces the theory of matched filtering. A proper interpretation of the results obtained with matched filtering relies on notions of probability and statistics. These are discussed together with an introduction to the frequentist and the Bayesian frameworks. The reconstruction of the source parameters is discussed, and the general theory is then applied to different classes of signals, namely, bursts, periodic sources, coalescing binaries, and stochastic background.
1 The World that is Mystical
Authors: Klein Terrance W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief introduction to the thought of Wittgenstein. It argues that Christians have nothing to fear by accepting his now commonplace maxim that the meaning of any word is its usage, not some occult object lying beyond the word. It then introduces the thought of this seminal thinker to those who might be unfamiliar with it, but it also takes discussion of Wittgenstein's writings to a deeper, theological level. It addresses questions such as: what is the relationship between the divine and the human in the thought of Wittgenstein? Can the word ‘grace’ find a place within the world of his discourse?
From Ethics to Epistemology
Authors: Klein Terrance W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter takes up the biblical roots of grace, noting that grace begins its life as an act, specifically the human perception of being favoured by God. All revealed religions view their adherents as graced, or favoured by God, even if the purpose of this favouring is ultimately a more universal election for all peoples. In its encounter with non-biblical thought, specifically Neoplatonism and Gnosticism, the Galilean religion would be forced to defend what could be called ‘the emergence of history from nature’ and its proclamation of historical predilection on the part of God. St Augustine of Hippo will appear as grace's champion in this struggle, defending salvation history by recasting it as a great dialogical drama of love. It is argued that the passion driving Augustine was a personal, nuptial relationship, one inadequately expressed by the concept of nature, demanding instead that history be seen as the foundational horizon for grace.
5 Grace as Gaze
Authors: Klein Terrance W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the noetic character of grace, attempting to make grace comprehensible to those outside of Christian discourse. It argues that grace is the apperception of a form that reveals itself to be the offer of a person. It is something akin to meeting a gaze. Hence, it has a noetic, experiential element that represents real contact with God, without sacrificing divine transcendence vis-à-vis the world.
8 Constructing Capabilities in Entrepreneurial Technology Firms: A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Germany, Sweden, and the UK
Authors: Whitley Richard , Casper Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the mechanisms linking dominant institutions to distinctive business competences in Germany, Sweden, and the UK, and looks at the relative success of these mechanisms in some detail by focusing on the characteristics of different subsectors. Specifically, it compares how the institutional frameworks in these countries have affected strategies for dealing with two major kinds of organizational problems that firms have to manage in developing new technologies in the biotechnology and software industries. It focuses on the role of different kinds of skill formation systems and labour market institutions in encouraging the development of contrasting kinds of organizational capabilities. While the predominantly arm's length institutions in countries such as the USA or UK are conducive to the development of project-based entrepreneurial technology start-ups focusing on discontinuous radical innovations, there are other subsectors of these industries where more complex and stable organizations are effective. Success in such segments is strongly advantaged by institutional structures that encourage competence enhancing human resource strategies.
11 Developing Transnational Organizational Capabilities in Multinational Companies: The Role of Cross‐National Authority Sharing and Organizational Careers
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the framework exploring the connections between dominant institutions and the development of distinctive organizational capabilities outlined in earlier chapters could be extended to multinational companies (MNCs) by analysing how international companies from different kinds of market economy are likely to develop varied patterns of employer-employee commitment across national institutional regimes, and so generate different cross-border capabilities. The chapter first considers how MNCs from four ideal types of institutional regimes are likely to share authority with, and provide organizational careers for foreign managerial and skilled employees in the relatively weakly institutionalized international business environment. It then suggests how different kinds of MNCs that combine different degrees of transnational authority sharing and organizational careers develop different types of transnational organizational capabilities.
Towns in the Polity
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter asks how the demands of war changed towns' relationships with other elements in the polity. War accelerated their direct communication with central government, whether through correspondence or princely visits. Provincial councils took some part in steering towns into compliance with princely policy in war, but more important were intermediaries from the local nobility. Their role declined over time in England, though fluctuating with the character and courtly power of individual noble patrons. It remained significant in the Netherlands whenever campaigns came near or princely tax demands had to be considered. Representative institutions — parliament in England and the provincial states and States-General in the Netherlands — were important forums in which towns could trade consent to taxation for favourable legislation or other concessions. At times they even enabled towns collectively to manage the war effort in their own strategic interest.
War and Noble Power
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyses the role of war in the construction of the nobility's power. War could foster competition between great lords or enforce collaboration. Noble kinship networks were important in the organization of war and local politics. Military service, sometimes rewarded by the conferral of knighthood, was both a force in shaping noblemen's affinities or clienteles, and an important function of those affinities. Military failure and a breakdown in trust could cripple local government, as it did for the fifth and sixth earls of Northumberland; military success and the development of a loyal following could facilitate provincial political management, as it did for Maximiliaan van Egmond-Buren. War conditioned the relations between nobles and the towns and ecclesiastical institutions in the areas where they aspired to exercise influence, especially given the proximity of campaigning in the Netherlands.
Introduction
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces various ways in which rulers in England and the Netherlands were assuming greater powers over their subjects, and the role of war in such developments. Princely ambition was evident in the wider provision of justice and in the regulation of religion in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation; in the use of propaganda to shape public opinion and national identity; and the development of economic and social policy. Some of these trends were more closely related to war than others, but all interacted with it in shaping the relationship between princes and subjects.
The Trials of War
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter asks how the ill-effects of war and princes' efforts to mitigate them affected their relationship with their subjects. Attempts to discipline soldiers often failed to prevent them from terrorizing civilians, while wartime disturbance bred crime more generally. Both problems were more severe in the Netherlands than in England, as was the disruption to trade and agriculture caused by war. However, they did not always alienate subjects from rulers, for the rulers' case that war was to be blamed on the enemy seems to have been widely accepted. Those engaged in the arms trade benefited from war, but they were not a significant interest group. Governments took significant powers over food supply, transport, trade with the enemy, and fishing in contested waters, which increased their ability to direct economic life, yet in so doing compromised with wealthy groups to secure funding for their wars.
War, State, and Society
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by testing its findings against various models for the process of state formation in early modern Europe. In England and the Netherlands, it seems that war did shape the state in significant ways not only in the development of taxation, armies, and navies, but also in changing political relationships of many sorts. War was not the sole force for the concentration of power, but interacted with judicial, religious, ideological, and social drivers. Many differences in the impact of war, not only between the two polities but between different parts of each polity, can be attributed to geopolitics. Others highlight the differences in the political institutions each polity had inherited; the differences in the economic and social configuration of the two societies; the different dynastic traditions of the Habsburg and Tudor houses; or the different dynamics of their respective multiple monarchies.
A Game-Theoretic Perspective on Coalition Formation
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The formation of coalitions to achieve both collaborative and competitive goals is a phenomenon we see all around us. The list of examples of this phenomenon is long and varied: production cartels, political lobbies, customs unions, environmental coalitions, and ethnic alliances are just a few everyday instances. This book looks at coalition formation from the perspective of game theory. How are agreements determined? Which coalitions will form? And are such agreements invariably efficient from a social perspective? The book brings together developments in both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to study the analytics of coalition formation and binding agreements. It concentrates on pure theory, but discusses several potential applications, such as oligopoly and the provision of public goods.
Irreversible Agreements: The General Case
Authors: Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter takes up the more general problem of coalition formation when the symmetry assumption is dropped. The analysis is necessarily complex and several new considerations arise. The chapter proceeds in two main steps. First, a theory of coalition formation is developed for the theory for situations in which there are no payoff externalities across coalitions. The Markovian equilibrium payoffs for such games have a simple structure: they are unique for each set of active players, and they are amenable to computation by the use of a recursive algorithm. The efficiency properties of such equilibria are discussed in detail. The second step extends the theory to cover externalities across coalitions. The chapter therefore obtains a fairly general theory of coalition formation when commitments to form coalitions are irreversible.
Introduction
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of a revolution that occurred in education across Europe from the 1500s where Latin emerging as the main language of instruction. It then discusses the significance of Virgil's poetry, which has been linked to the high culture of the early modern period and the institutions that supported it. It identifies the existence of another Virgil, one that was available to those who had reason later in life to question the unquestioned verities they had learnt in school and to use Virgil's poetry, more specifically the Aeneid, as a way to envision a society that was different in one or more ways from the one in which they lived. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Burdens of Enlightenment
Authors: Halmi Nicholas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This imagined transposition of nature from nature itself to a book is analogous to the experience that Enlightenment aesthetics designated the sublime, in which, precisely by means of a subjective substitution of the phenomenal for the noumenal or the finite for the infinite. But as in the case of the sublime, Diderot's description of the Encyclopédie as a landscape could not help betraying the desire that had motivated it — a longing to reconcile anthropocentrism with the idea of ‘nature's truth’ as perspectivally neutral. This chapter argues that the Enlightenment's incomplete satisfaction of such longing would condition the Romantic theorization of the symbol.
Uses of Philosophy
Authors: Halmi Nicholas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Enlightenment in its multiplicity made the Romantic concept of a universal and inherently meaningful symbolism not only intellectually desirable, but philosophically possible. Four developments, each entailing in its way a rejection of dualism, were crucial: (1) the non-subjectivist recuperation of sensible intuition in the disciplines comprising ‘ natural history’; (2) the interpretation of humanity's cognitive relation to nature in terms of a microcosm-macrocosm analogy; (3) the increased acceptance of metaphysical monism after the reported affirmation of Spinoza's philosophy by the much-admired Lessing; and (4) the replacement of mechanistic with vitalist theories of matter in the later 18th century. These developments were not necessarily compatible with each other: vitalism, for example, rejected the mechanistic concepts that Spinoza applied more rigorously and comprehensively than anyone else. But by a process of syncretic assimilation the Romantics, especially Schelling (with active encouragement from Goethe), undertook to develop out of the various anti-dualist tendencies in Enlightenment thought ‘a markedly unified interpretation of matter and spirit, of nature and history, as elements of a single ascending process’ — in short, the Naturphilosophie on which the claims for the symbol would be based.
Uses of Theology
Authors: Halmi Nicholas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the theological nature of the Romantic concept. It argues that to claim the concept for theology is to reclaim it from aesthetics, and in that respect, the claim constitutes an assertion of custodial rights rather than an act of explanation. What the symbol gains by being subsumed under the category of the theological is not greater clarity but greater legitimacy, since its irrationality can now be dignified as a mystery of transcendent origin. Underlying this claim is the assumption that the institutional divisions between the fields of theology and literary criticism correspond to actual distinctions between the chosen objects of study of these fields, so that whatever concerns the theologian should not concern the literary critic or intellectual historian. An important question is whether the appeal to transcendence is even necessary, as far as the historical legitimacy of the Romantic symbol is concerned. If the concept's irrational content can be explained rationally in terms of its social function, then it should not require the protective custody of a discipline in which inexplicable mysteries are accepted as a norm. The chapter shows that accepting the concept on the Romantics' terms rather than claiming it for a particular discipline entails the risk of discovering that it is not what it seems: that it is neither strictly aesthetic nor theological but sui generic.
PRODUCTION OF IONS IN THE LIQUID
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the main techniques exploited to produce ions in the liquid. Several ingenious techniques have been devised to produce or inject electron and ions in liquid helium. The most used techniques are described, including those based on direct liquid ionization, field emission and field ionization, photoelectric effect, tunnel junctions, glow discharge, thermionic emission, ion implantation, and laser ablation.
MULTIPLE SPECIES OF POSITIVE IONS IN NORMAL LIQUID 3HE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe realization that ions of different size are produced in liquid 3He with different concentrations of 4He isotopic impurities has allowed researchers to select the ion to be studied just by changing the purity of the liquid. At about 70 mK, the positive ion mobility has a discontinuity related to the impossibility of further increase of an 4He-rich halo around the ion. Below the discontinuity, the temperature dependence of the mobility in the zero-field limit is well described by theory. At the discontinuity, it has been possible to determine the growth dynamics of the halo. The field dependence of the mobility also follows fairly accurately the theoretical description that takes into account ion recoil. The drift velocity non-linearities have put into evidence the equivalence of temperature and drift velocity in determining the ion mean energy.
5 Partisan Government and Employment Protection
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between government partisanship and employment protection in Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK since 1970. The analysis of the Spanish case shows that the social democratic party [Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)] was decidedly pro-insider. Facing increasing economic challenges (unemployment, inflation, etc.), the PSOE responded by staunchly maintaining the high protection of insiders and by facilitating the entry into the labour market of outsiders. Regarding the Netherlands, the analysis shows very similar developments to those described in the Spanish analysis. The analysis of the UK displays the consequences of unfettered conservative government. In the 1980s and 1990s, prime ministers Thatcher and Major engineered a dramatic attack on insiders in the UK. Labour's return to power since has meant a very timid attempt to promote insider protection.
6 No Man's Island: Fugard, Kani, and Ntshona's The Island
Authors: Goff Barbara , Simpson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates The Island, devised jointly by Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona. It enquires into how the play, when witnessed in performance, seems to be both an arena of real historical forces coursing across the stage and yet, since the demise of apartheid, a ritual re-enactment. These two versions of itself are coordinated in the play-within-the-play, the Antigone, itself staged as both a dead, oppressive letter at the heart of The Island and as a vehicle of liberation that erupts from and yet energizes the larger play. To stage this internal play requires a submission to the European canon, but this very submission permits Winston to find his own voice, and that of his people, within and beyond the voice of Antigone. Scripts of routinely baleful authority are thereby re-made as pretexts for a dramatic liberation.
An Empiricist Critique of Constructive Empiricism: The Aim of Science
Authors: Percival Philip 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the aim of science according to constructive empiricism. It argues that empirical adequacy is not the only scientific non-instrumental theoretical value. A tautologous theory is empirically adequate, and yet such a theory would not be valued in science. It further argues that the scientific evaluation of theories is context-dependent.
Accepting Contradictions
Authors: Lipton Peter 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the general idea of acceptance, from an angle somewhat different from van Fraassen's. It focuses on the sort of case where the argument for acceptance rather than belief is particularly compelling, namely where the full set of claims in question are contradictory. Here, acceptance may be the only live cognitive option. Some of the different forms these contradictions may take, and some of the reasons that the proper response to some of them is acceptance are considered. The chapter concludes with some brief remarks about what the need for a strategy of acceptance tells us about our general epistemic situation.
Putting a Bridle on Irrationality: An Appraisal of van Fraassen's New Epistemology
Authors: Psilos Stathis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines van Fraassen's conception of rationality. It reviews the Bayesian structural conception of rationality and argues that it has been found wanting. It goes on to analyze van Fraassen's voluntarism. Some objections are raised about van Fraassen's reliance on prior opinion, and it is argued that the content of a belief matters to its rationality. Then it criticizes van Fraassen's view that inference to the best explanation is incoherent. Finally, it is shown that van Fraassen's conception of rationality is too thin to capture rational judgement fully.