bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A final report on safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent aqueous subunit HBV vaccine
Authors: Prince A. M. , Brotman B. , Purcell R. H. , Gerin J. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe bivalent form of an aqueous formalin‐inactivated hepatitis B vaccine was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in chimpanzees. To evaluate safety five animals were inoculated intravenously with vaccine containing 500 μg HBsAg and two animals with 50 μg. None of these animals developed hepatitis or any serologic marker indicative of the presence of residual live vims in the vaccine.Twenty‐four animals were used to evaluate immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Seven of these immunized animals produced weak or no anti‐HBs responses. Two doses of 50 μg HBsAg given subcutaneously 1 month apart protected each of four animals that were challenged with 103.5 CID50 HBV at 6 and 12 months after immunization and protected three of four animals challenged at 24 months against development of hepatitis or HBsAg. Three of 4 animals in each group immunized with two doses of 20, 10, or 5 μg HBsAg were similarly protected when challenged 6 months after immunization.Thirteen of 20 immunized animals that did not develop HBsAg after challenge with HBV developed anamnestic anti‐HBs or anti‐HBc responses between 2 and 18 months after challenge, indicating minimal replication of challenge virus. The time of onset and frequency of occurrence of these delayed responses was related to the titer of anti‐HBs at the time of challenge.False positive Ausab test results were observed in quarantined chimpanzees. These were neither preceded by appearance of HBsAg nor accompanied by development of anti‐HBc. In most cases these reactions were due to a reactant having a sedimentation coefficient and an electrophoretic mobility resembling that of IgM. This reactant generally did not appear to confer resistance to challenge with HBV.The humoral immune response was characterized as being entirely of the IgM class 2 weeks after immunization and switched entirely into the IgG class by 10–12 weeks after vaccine administration. At the time of challenge all animals with antibody had anti‐HBs of subtype a.
Direct detection of the human papovavirus BK in urine of bone marrow transplant recipients: Comparison of DNA hybridization with ELISA
Authors: Arthur Ray R. , Beckmann Anna Marie , Li Chou Chi , Saral Rein , Shah Keerti V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrine specimens from bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients and from controls were directly tested for BK virus (BKV) DNA sequences by dot hybridization and for BKV antigen by a double‐antibody indirect ELISA. A total of 158 specimens from 55 BMT patients (57 collected prior to or at the time of transplantation and 101 in the posttransplant period) and single urines from 125 control subjects were examined by both methods. A molecularly cloned, 32P‐labelled BKV probe was hybridized with urine sediments that were spotted directly on nitrocellulose filters and denatured in situ. BKV DNA sequences were detected in 1 (1.8%) pretransplant and 22 (21.8%) posttransplant urines of BMT patients, and in none of control urines. In ELISA of urine supernatants, BKV antigen was detected in 1 (1.8%) pretransplant and 21 (20.8%) posttransplant urines of BMT patients and in 1 (0.8%) of the control urines. The results of the two tests correlated as follows: 16 urines were positive and 253 urines negative by both methods; seven specimens were positive by DNA hybridization only and seven were positive by ELISA alone. Virus excretion in urine was demonstrated in 20 (36.4%) patients by DNA hybridization, in 19 (34.5%) patients by ELISA, in 15 (27.3%) patients by both methods, and in 24 (44%) patients by at least one of the two tests.
Retrovirus‐like particles in hepatocytes of patients with transfusion‐acquired Non‐A, Non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Iwarson Sten , Schaff Zsuzsa , Seto Belinda , Norkrans Gunnar , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRetrovirus‐like particles 60–85 nm in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in liver biopsies obtained during the acute and chronic phases of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANBH) in three patients with transfusion‐acquired disease. The particles appeared in dilated endoplasmic reticulum cisternae as well as in enlarged Golgi vesicles. No such particles were seen in hepatocytes in liver biopsies similarly obtained during the acute or chronic phases of NANBH from 11 additional patients with NANBH who did not acquire their disease following blood transfusion. Particle‐associated reverse transcriptase activity (peak activity at a density of 1.14 gm/ml) was present in the sera of all three “particle‐positive” patients and also in 42% of the “particle‐negative” patients. The retrovirus‐like particles described here were apparently unrelated to the previously described human T cell lymphocytotropic retroviruses (HTLV), since none of the 14 patients studied had antibodies in their serum directed against antigens of any of the three known HTLVs.
Human‐enteric‐coronaviruslike particles (CVLP) with different epidemiological characteristics
Authors: Sitbon Marc 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred fifty‐six diarrheic and 115 control stools collected throughout a year from nonhospitalized children were examined by electron microscopy in Haut‐Ogooué, Gabon; 65.2% of the controls and 38.5% of the diarrheics were found to contain coronaviruslike particles (CVLP). In both diarrheic and control groups the CVLP prevalences showed a seasonal variation whereas significant variation of prevalence with age was observed only in the controls. Thus, the CVLP in controls were significantly more abundant in children over 2 years old (76% vs 48%, P < .01) and more frequently observed during the months of rainy seasons (75% vs 54%, P < .02). On the other hand, the higher prevalence of CVLP in diarrheics over 2 years old was not significant (48% vs 36%, P = .20), whereas a significantly lower prevalence of CVLP during the months of rainy seasons was observed in this group (27% vs 50%, P < .01). Studies of the climatological factors in this equatorial climate showed a parallel cyclical variation of parameters representing rainfall, temperature, as well as relative humidity. We were not able to distinguish which of these factors was influencing more directly the prevalence of CVLP.
Inactivation of the hutchinson strain of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus by combined use of β‐propiolactone and ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Stephan Wolfgang , Dichtelmüller Herbert , Brotman Betsy , Huima Tellervo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA b̃‐propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation procedure (βPL/UV) has been evaluated for its ability to inactivate 30,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of the Hutchinson strain of non‐A, non‐B (NANB) virus. The chimpanzees were inoculated with plasma to which this dose of the titrated virus had been added prior to application of the βPL/UV process in accordance with a procedure used for licensed blood derivatives in Germany. Neither animal developed hepatitis. When subsequently challenged with the same contaminated plasma, which had not been sterilized, both animals promptly developed typical NANB hepatitis.This study extends the high (∼107‐fold) process efficiency of the βPL/UV procedure previously reported for hepatitis B virus to a blood‐borne NANB virus.
The immune response to herpes simplex virus: Comparison of the specificity and relative titers of serum antibodies directed against viral polypeptides following primary herpes simplex virus type 1 infections
Authors: Eberle R. , Mou Siao‐Wen , Zaia John A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEmploying an immunoblotting technique, the polypeptide specificity and relative titers of anti‐HSV IgG reactive with denaturation‐resistant epitopes on HSV proteins were determined in patients experiencing primary HSV‐1 infections at various anatomical sites. Early sera from previously seronegative patients with primary HSV‐1 infections were found to have comparatively low levels of antibody directed against the major viral glycoprotein antigens (gB, gC, and gD) relative to titers present in sera of individuals with long‐standing, latent orofacial HSV‐1 infections. Patients with primary infections did however have high titers of antibody directed against a series of low molecular weight HSV polypeptide antigens. These antigens were found to be antigenically related to a structural component of virion nucleocapsids. At later times postinfection, titers of antibodies directed against other viral polypeptides including the major glycoproteins increased to levels more closely approximating those observed in latently infected individuals. These results indicate that the anti‐HSV IgG detected by immunoblot analysis which appears earliest following primary infection is not directed against the known major infected cell or virion glycoprotein surface antigens but rather against an internal capsid protein of HSV.
Relapsing viral hepatitis type A
Authors: Jacobson Ira M. , Nath Barbara J. , Dienstag Jules L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree patients with a relapsing course of serologically confirmed viral hepatitis type A are presented. In addition, one patient had aminotransferase elevations for over 6 mo. In all three, hepatitis ultimately resolved. A relapsing or protracted course does not appear to alter the benign prognosis of hepatitis A.
Horizontal transmission of hepatitis b virus infection in household contacts, pune, india
Authors: Dhorje Sanjay P. , Pavri Khorshed M. , Prasad Subba R. , Sehgal Ashok , Phule Dnyaneshwar M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe study was undertaken to detect the risk of infection, if any, among 193 household contacts of 40 hospitalised hepatitis patients (group I) with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in their blood. As a control group, 103 household contacts of 27 hospitalised hepatitis patients who were negative for HBsAg (group II) were investigated. The family contacts of the former group had a significantly higher prevalence of HBV infection than those of the latter group (P < .001). Significant differences were observed both in the prevalence of HBsAg (P < .05) and antibody to HBsAg (anti‐HBs) (P < .025) between the two groups. IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐Hbc‐IgM) was detected in 32 out of the 39 (82%) sera tested from the patients of group I with HBsAg. A statistically significant difference (P < .005) of HBV prevalence was also found in the contacts of these 32 patients suffering from acute hepatitis B as compared to the contacts of the patients of group II.Overall, the children of the first group showed a significantly higher prevalence of HBsAg as compared to the second group. All the children with HBsAg were positive for HBeAg also, but were negative for anti‐HBc‐IgM. Anti‐HBs was detected in a significantly larger number of adult females. Spouses were found to be affected more than other relatives. A significant difference (P < .025) was noted in the number of families having HBV markers in group I (80.0%) as compared to those in group II (48.1%). In group I, contacts of male patients had a significantly higher (P < .025) prevalence of HBV infection than those of the female patients (46.4% vs 29.3%).
Comparison of various serological methods and diagnostic kits for the detection of acute, recent, and previous rubella infection, vaccination, and congenital infections
Authors: Enders Gisela , Knotek Frank , Pacher Uta 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antibody development after natural rubella infection and rubella vaccination has been followed in 802 sera from 493 patients and 71 sera from 22 vaccinees. Also examined were 67 sera from 28 infants with rubella embryopathy and sera from 50 children with presumed prenatal infection. In addition, 777 sera from 641 patients tested for routine rubella diagnosis were studied. Anamnestic information was available from all these patients. These sera were assayed for IgM antibody detection by sucrose density gradient (SDG), the commercial ELISAs (Enzygnost IgG Rubazyme), and the noncommercial anti‐my‐hemadsorption immunosorbent technique (HIT). For the determination of IgG antibodies the hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI), the commercial ELISAs (Enzygnost IgG, Rubazyme), and a single radial hemolysis test (SRH) were used. The SDG and HIT were less sensitive for IgM antibody detection than the two ELISAs, particularly when IgM concentrations were low. In total 26.5% of the IgM results with the newer tests were discordant with SDG, but only 0.5–3% of these results were not explicable when the clinical data was considered. Problems were encountered with all IgM assay systems used. For the detection of rubella antibodies after acute infection and vaccination the ELISA Enzygnost IgG was as sensitive as the HAI whereas the ELISA Rubazyme and SRH detected antibodies with some delay. Corresponding results with all tests were found more than 25 days after acute infection and more than 50 days after vaccination. All methods can be used for detection of antibodies in infants with rubella embryopathy. The results of this study suggest that certain combinations of tests can be used for the reliable detection of rubella infection.
Inhibition of in vitro HBsAg production by amphotericin B and ketoconazole
Authors: Pottage John C. , Kessler Harold A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and adenine arabinoside on production of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles by the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5 were examined. In addition, the effects of these drugs on cellular protein synthesis were determined. These drugs caused a dose‐dependent decrease in HBsAg production that was paralleled by a decrease in cellular protein synthesis. Ketoconazole was the most active of these drugs and the most specific, causing a 72% reduction in HBsAg production with only a 38% reduction in protein synthesis. These data suggest that further studies evaluating ketoconazole for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in animals are warranted.
Detection by ELISA of IgG‐Subclass‐Specific Antibodies in Primary Respiratory Syncytial (RS) Virus Infections
Authors: Hornsleth Allan , Bech‐Thomsen Niels , Friis Birgitte 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe IgG‐subclass specific antibody response was investigated in primary RS‐virus infections in infants and small children by using an ELISA with monoclonal antibodies against the four human IgG subclasses. When 78 serum samples obtained from 21 patients during the first 3–4 mo following the onset of illness were studied, only IgG‐1 and IgG‐3 antibodies could be detected. Both of these subclass specific antibodies appeared during the second week following the beginning of illness. Approximately 4 wk after the onset of illness, IgG‐1 antibodies reached maximum levels, which persisted during the following months. Approximately 3 wk after the onset of illness, IgG‐3 antibodies reached maximum levels, which decreased during the following months. Both IgG‐1 and IgG‐3 antibodies showed neutralizing capacity.
Detection of markers of hepatitis B virus infection in urine of chronic carriers
Authors: Di Bisceglie A. M. , Dusheiko G. M. , Kew M. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrine from 19 chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers was tested for markers of HBV infection. Hepatitis B surface and e antigens were excreted in the urine of about one‐half of the patients, but not in any consistent pattern. HBV DNA, a much more sensitive indicator of infectivity, was found in only one specimen and then in very low concentration. We conclude that urine of chronic HBV carriers is not a major vehicle for the transmission of hepatitis B.
Quantitative and qualitative detection of cytomegalovirus‐specific antibodies using two types of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Kinane Kevin A. , Hillary Irene B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn indirect ELISA and an inhibition ELISA were developed for the detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and CMV‐specific total immunoglobulin, respectively. Both assays were more specific than the complement fixation (CF) test, and titres of positive sera were 660 times higher by IgG ELISA and 6 times higher by inhibition ELISA than titres by the CF test. Titres by IgG ELISA were reliably determined using the absorbance obtained at a single serum dilution of 1/1,000 in conjunction with a standard graph. Both ELISAs compared favourably with each other in sensitivity and specificity in determining CMV immune status. The inhibition ELISA, in particular, provides a simple and reliable method of screening sera, which requires no control antigen or predilution of sera. It should prove useful for large‐scale screening procedures, such as blood donor testing.
Tolerance of one‐month intranasal interferon
Authors: Scott G. M. , Onwubalili J. K. , Robinson J. A. , Doré C. , Secher D. S. , Cantell K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUnder double‐blind conditions, groups of volunteers (68 in total) were allocated at random to take intranasal solutions of placebo or one of three doses of highly purified leucocyte interferon by intranasal spray twice a day for 28 days. The highest dose would have been expected to protect against experimental colds. Treatment was discontinued because of upper respiratory symptoms as often in each of the interferon groups as in the placebo group. However, it was possible to distinguish clinically between “colds” on placebo and low‐dose interferon and “reactions to treatment” on high‐dose interferon. The features of the reactions to treatment were a protracted build‐up of local symptoms and minor epistaxis. None of the volunteers on the high‐dose interferon were thought to have a definite cold, but viruses were isolated from four out of six volunteers on low‐dose interferon who had definite colds. Previous experiments had also shown this dose to be insufficient to protect against experimental rhinovirus challenge.The dose of interferon that appeared to protect against virus infection caused significant unwanted effects. It is essential to find interferon preparations with less inflammatory activity before interferon can be considered for use as a long‐term prophylactic against the common cold.
Hantaan virus infection in suckling mice: Virologic and pathologic correlates
Authors: McKee Kelly T. , Kim Gum Ryong , Green David E. , Peters C. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Hantaan virus suckling mouse model was examined to delineate virologic and histopathologic characteristics of infection at the organ level. Viral antigen and infectious virus were detected in all organs examined, with highest titers achieved in brain, lung, and kidney. A constellation of histologic lesions was identified in brain (diffuse meningoencephalitis with bilaterally symmetrical thalamic necrosis), liver (pericholangiohepatitis), lung (pneumonitis), and spleen (lymphoid hyperplasia); this tetrad is apparently unique to this model system. The chronology of clinical, virologic, serologic, and pathologic findings in Hantaan‐infected newborn mice suggests an immune‐mediated mechanism in disease pathogenesis.
Humoral immune response to HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 viral proteins in patients with primary genital herpes
Authors: Ashley Rhoda , Benedetti Jacqueline , Corey Lawrence 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe humoral immune response to HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 proteins was examined in patients with primary first‐episode genital herpes. Ten patients had culture‐proven HSV‐1 infections, 37 had HSV‐2 infections, and all were seronegative to HSV proteins before developing their infections. Development of serum antibodies to individual HSV proteins and glycoproteins was determined by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled HSV‐1‐ and HSV‐2‐ infected cell proteins and subsequent gel electrophoresis. In HSV‐1 patients, a sequential development of antibodies to HSV‐1 proteins was observed with early appearance of antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein p148 and to glycoproteins gB and gC. Seroconversion to gD and to a polypeptide of 88,000 molecular weight (p88) occurred next, and, finally, seroconversion to gE and to a nonglycosylated 66,000 dalton protein p66. In HSV‐2 patients, antibodies to HSV‐2 proteins p148, gB, and p88 appeared within 1 week of onset of symptoms. Seroconversion to p66, gD, and to a complex of glycoproteins gC and gE (g80) occurred later, at a mean time of approximately 3 weeks. Seroconversion to HSV‐1 gB, p88, and p66 occurred significantly later than seroconversion to the homologous counterparts. Seroconversion within 21 days of onset to HSV‐2 gD, g80, and p66 was associated with a longer time to the first recurrence in HSV‐2 patients, suggesting a possible role of these antibodies, alone or in combination, in the maintenance of HSV‐2 latency in humans.
An outbreak of hepatitis A on a hospital ward
Authors: Skidmore S. J. , Gully P. R. , Middleton J. D. , Hassam Z. A. , Singal G. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of hepatitis A has been recognised on a medical ward of a district general hospital. Eleven nurses and one patient were reported to have hepatitis over a period of 18 days in October, 1984. Specific tests for hepatitis A IgM were positive in all cases. Following extensive investigations, the outbreak was traced to a female patient who had recently returned from India and who was incontinent. Her serum, when tested subsequently, showed evidence of recent hepatitis A infection. The implications of this outbreak are discussed.
Human immune response to cytomegalovirus structural polypeptides studied by immunoblotting
Authors: Landini M. P. , Re M. C. , Mirolo G. , Baldassarri B. , La Placa M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo define better the human immune response to individual structural proteins of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), 55 human sera with different IgG and IgM titres were studied for their reactivity with HCMV structural polypeptides separated by SDS‐PAGE and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose paper. The results obtained showed that antibody titres detected by immunoassay correlate with the intensity and the number of polypeptides reacting by immunoblotting (IB). The IB profiles of HCMV polypeptides reacting with different sera having the same antibody titres show considerable variation. Sera with high levels of IgG antibody and that are IgM‐positive frequently react with 155, 149, 82.5, 74.5, 67, 57, 55, 38.5, and 28 kD polypeptides; all these sera react with 155, 67, 57, 55, 38.5 kD polypeptides. Sera with high levels of IgG antibody but that are IgM negative frequently react with all these polypeptides, with the exception of 149 and 74.5. Only 155 and 28 kD polypeptides were recognized by all sera of this group. The sera with moderate levels of IgG antibody preferentially recognize 155, 110, 82.5, 62, 55, 38.5 and 28 kD polypeptides. The sera with low levels of antibody reacted especially with 155 and 62 kD polypeptides. IgM antibody seems to recognize preferentially 155, 110, 67, 57, 55, 38.5 kD polypeptides.