bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The freeze fracture ultrastructure of peanut oil and other natural and synthetic triacylglycerol droplets
Authors: Rigler M. W. , Roth I. L. , Kritchevsky D. , Patton J. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe freeze fracture morphology of some emulsified natural and synthetic triacylglycerol oils was examined. Emulsions were frozen by two methods, immersion in liquid melted Freon 22 (rate ∼ 100 K/ sec) or by a jet of liquefied propane (rate ∼ 10,000 K/sec). Emulsion droplets appeared spherical regardless of freezing method. Droplets frozen with propane appeared featureless in cross‐fracture and demonstrated smooth cores regardless of oil type. Those frozen by immersion possessed cores exhibiting lamellae embedded in an amorphous matrix. Pure unsaturated oils such as triolein appeared structureless regardless of freezing rate, whereas natural oils exhibited characteristic morphologies which were partially related to their saturated fatty acid content. Immersion frozen peanut oil possessed, in addition to interior laminations, distinct surface laminations regardless of droplet size, emulsion preparation technique or buffer pH. The laminations were 100 Å thick and extended 3–15 layers deep into the droplet and were caused by long chain C20, C22 and C24 fatty acids. Six kinds of peanut oil were examined and their droplet surface laminations could be grouped into three structural classes. There was no correlation between structural features of the peanut oils and their atherogenicity. The type of surface lamination that a peanut oil exhibited appeared to be related to its ratio of oleic to linoleic acid. The cryoprotectant glycerol was soluble in olive oil to < 0.1% and produced no morphological alterations of the droplet.
Vacuum‐assisted Wound Closure and Mesh‐mediated Fascial Traction—A Novel Technique for Late Closure of the Open Abdomen
Authors: Petersson Ulf , Acosta Stefan , Björck Martin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundOpen abdomen (OA) treatment often results in difficulties in closing the abdomen. Highest closure rates are seen with the vacuum‐assisted wound closure (VAWC) technique. However, we have experienced occasional failures with this technique in cases with severe visceral swelling needing longer treatment periods with open abdomen. Feasibility and short‐term outcome of a novel combination of techniques for managing the open abdomen are presented.MethodsThe VAWC technique was combined with medial traction of the fasciae through a temporary mesh in seven consecutive patients. The VAWC‐system was changed and the mesh tightened every 2–3 days.ResultsMedian (range) age in the 7 men was 65 (17–78) years. The diagnoses were ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (3), operation for juxtarenal AAA (1), iatrogenic aortic lesion (1), trauma (1) and abdominal abscesses (1). Four patients were decompressed due to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) or intra‐abdominal hypertension, and 3 could not be closed after laparotomy. Intra‐abdominal pressure prior to OA treatment was 24 (17–36) mmHg. Maximal separation of the fasciae was 16 (7 –30) cm. Delayed primary closure was achieved in all patients after 32 (12–52) days with OA. No recurrent ACS was seen. No technique‐specific complication was observed. Two small incisional hernias, one intra‐abdominal abscess and one wound infection occurred in three patients.ConclusionsDelayed primary closure in cases with severe visceral swelling and long periods of OA seems feasible with this technique.
Biochemistry and bioenergetics of glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Sauer S. W. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryGlutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is a central enzyme in the catabolic pathway of l‐tryptophan, l‐lysine, and l‐hydroxylysine which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl‐CoA to crotonyl‐CoA and CO2. Glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (GDD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the accumulation of glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids in tissues and body fluids. Untreated patients commonly present with severe striatal degeneration during encephalopathic crises. Previous studies have highlighted primary excitotoxicity as a trigger of striatal degeneration. The aim of this PhD study was to investigate in detail tissue‐specific bioenergetic and biochemical parameters of GDD in vitro, post mortem, and in Gcdh−/− mice. The major bioenergetic finding was uncompetitive inhibition of α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by glutaryl‐CoA. It is suggested that a synergism of primary and secondary excitotoxic effects in concert with age‐related physiological changes in the developing brain underlie acute and chronic neurodegenerative changes in GDD patients. The major biochemical findings were highly elevated cerebral concentrations of glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acid despite low permeability of the blood–brain barrier for these dicarboxylic acids. It can be postulated that glutaric and 3‐hydroxyglutaric acids are synthesized de novo and subsequently trapped in the brain. In this light, neurological disease in GDD is not ‘transported’ to the brain in analogy with phenylketonuria or hepatic encephalopathy as suggested previously but is more likely to be induced by the intrinsic biochemical properties of the cerebral tissue and the blood–brain barrier.
Simple fistulas: Diagnosis and management in low‐resource settings—A descriptive report
Authors: Lassey A.T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObstetric fistulas occur in developing countries because of the scarcity or complete absence of obstetric services. The magnitude of the problem is unknown but thought to be sizeable. This article describes a basic approach to the care of women with fistulas in a low‐resource rural hospital in northern Ghana, where the results were similar to those obtained at better‐equipped centers. The facility includes an outpatient clinic for history taking and clinical examinations, and a laboratory for hemoglobin concentration assessment, sickling test, blood grouping, and cross‐matching when necessary. Anesthesia consists of a spinal anesthesia given by the surgeon and monitored by a nurse while the surgeon scrubs up before repairing the fistula. Surgery is performed with the patient in exaggerated lithotomy position, and a bed sheet used as a sling prevents her from falling backwards. The patients are kept at the hospital for 14 days postoperatively for continuous bladder drainage.
Fistula Fortnight: Innovative partnership brings mass treatment and public awareness towards ending obstetric fistula
Authors: Ramsey K. , Iliyasu Z. , Idoko L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveAs part of the global Campaign to End Fistula, the Fistula Fortnight, a 2‐week mass obstetric fistula treatment project, was organized in northern Nigeria to contribute to reducing the backlog of untreated fistulas and raise awareness regarding obstetric fistulas and safe motherhood.MethodsAn array of partners joined forces to provide free surgical treatment, strengthen the capacity of existing facilities to manage obstetric fistulas, and utilize media strategies to raise awareness.ResultsThe Fistula Fortnight took place from February 21 to March 6, 2005, at 4 established fistula repair centers in the northern Nigeria states of Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, and Sokoto. A total of 569 women received treatment, with an 87.8% rate of successful closures. The highly publicized event also raised awareness on the issue of obstetric fistula and helped put a face to maternal deaths.ConclusionThe Fortnight, which required extensive and thoughtful planning involving many persons cognizant of health system and quality of care issues, was effective in drawing attention to the vast fistula problem and contributed to reducing the backlog of patients.
The Architecture of an Information Revolution
Authors: Dale Adrian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe twenty-first century is already proving to be the real dawn of the information revolution. The internet is now officially coming of age and highly functional mobile devices are everywhere. The youth of today are permanently connected and the media world is shifting to a “born digital”, “on line first” mentality. Every part of our society is feeling the effects of this revolution and is reaping the benefits of “real time information everywhere” ... or are they? Adrian Dale, in the second Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture, suggests that the reality is that many businesses are failing to keep pace with information growth and desperately need help – the question is from whom?
Bird & Bird: Our Approach to Knowledge Management
Authors: Pearson Kathryn 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn her Conference presentation Kathryn Pearson discussed Bird & Bird's approach to Knowledge Management (KM). She considered the skills needed to become a legal knowledge manager and how these differ from those needed in Library and Information Services (LIS). She reviewed the merits of KM and the firm's approach to KM from three angles: people, process and technology, giving examples from recent KM projects.
TERSE AND TERRIBLE TEXTS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
While working twelve hours a day, seven days a week, young reporter Mencken finds time to write short stories and poetry. His influences include Rudyard Kipling and Theodore Dresier. All this activity takes its toll, and Mencken travels to the Caribbean to recuperate. His previous notions of race were shattered upon seeing that unlike the African-Americans in Baltimore, those in Jamaica were given high positions in government and administration. He begins writing a humorous column on local politics, but yearns for more excitement in his life.
A MAN OF ABILITY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken tried to rehabilitate the Herald after the Baltimore Fire. In his desperation, he abandoned his own principles and printed a fabricated story about the Russo-Japanese war. Restless, he came to the realization that journalism was fleeting, and that “the man who devotes his life to it writes his history in water.” He returned to drama criticism, a powerful medium for scrutinizing the beliefs of society. His first serious book of criticism was on playwright George Bernard Shaw. Although His literary stature was rising, it could not avert the demise of his newspaper, the Baltimore Herald.
OLD DISCORD AND NEW ALLIANCES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the rise and fall of the famous Mencken/Nathan partnership, their departure from The Smart Set, and the inauguration of The American Mercury, a magazine credited for influencing widespread changes in the magazine industry. It also introduces a new character in the story: the notorious Charles Angoff, who will, in the future, do his best to damage Mencken's reputation.
THE TUNE CHANGES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although Mencken remained popular among American blacks during the 1930s, he began to alienate Jewish American fans who believed that Mencken, like the rest of the world, was ignoring the threat of Adolf Hitler. This was exacerbated by Mencken's flippant review of the abridged version of Mein Kampf in the pages of The American Mercury.
MENCKEN AS BOSS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the influence a popular president like Franklin D. Roosevelt had on the press, and the danger of journalists' reliance on White House handouts and propaganda. To mitigate this, Mencken became editor of the Baltimore Evening Sun. His tireless energy and daily denunciation of FDR not only stressed out the staff, but also himself. Mencken was also concerned over stories coming out of Hitler's Berlin, and decided to go there to see for himself what exactly was going on. He was convinced that the negative stories he heard were the same kind of propaganda he witnessed during World War I.
2 Fifty Ways to Feel YourPudor
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the many different forms of pudor, the Latin term that roughly corresponds to English “shame”. The concept of face is further explored, the method of describing emotional scripts is fully elaborated, and a system or “taxonomy” of pudor-scripts is described and analyzed to show how the Romans experienced the emotion in a wide range of circumstances. Since pudor is a form of distress felt at seeing oneself being seen in discreditable terms, a section of the chapter also considers the many different forms that “being seen” in the relevant sense could take. The chapter concludes by analyzing the relation between two emotions of self-attention, verecundia and pudor.
Genes, Germs, and Enzymes
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of the understanding of genes, enzymes, and microbial genetics. The first breakthrough in understanding how genes actually functioned in the cell was made by British physician Archibald Garrod, who, in 1908, discovered that a gene controlled biochemical reactions by directing the formation of a single enzyme. Geneticists claim that Garrod's insight was unappreciated and overlooked for several decades until it was rediscovered in the 1940s by George Beadle and Edward Tatum. They proposed that a gene acts by determining the specificity of a particular enzyme and thereby controls, in a primary way, enzymatic synthesis and other metabolic reactions in the organism. Their proposal, known as the “one-gene: one-enzyme” hypothesis, played a directive role in the development of biochemical genetics throughout the 1940s and 1950s.
Genetic Heresy and the Cold War
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the outlawing of Mendelian genetics in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, and the emergence of Lysenkoism. Led by Trofim Denisovich Lysenko and supported by the Communist Party, antigeneticists in the Soviet Union denied that the basis of heredity was in special substances such as chromosomal genes, and they asserted rather that evolutionary and agricultural advances had been achieved through the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In the West, Lysenkoism came to represent a breakdown of scientific freedom and a clamp down of political control over the beliefs of scientists and the direction of research. Historians and biologists have extended considerable effort to analyze how Lysenkoism arose and maintained its power — how dogmatism, authoritarianism, displaying how the abuse of state power can help create and sustain erroneous theories.
Creatures of Empire
Authors: Anderson Virginia DeJohn 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This study presents colonial American history as the story of three-way interactions among Indians, English colonists, and livestock. By situating domestic animals at the heart of the colonizing process in 17th-century New England and the Chesapeake region, the book restores contingency to a narrative too often dominated by human actors alone. Livestock were a central factor in the cultural clash between colonists and Indians as well as a driving force in expansion west. By bringing livestock across the Atlantic, colonists assumed that they provided the means to realize America's potential, a goal that Indians, lacking domestic animals, had failed to accomplish. They also assumed that Native Americans who learned to keep livestock would advance along the path toward civility and Christianity. But colonists failed to anticipate that their animals would generate friction with Indians as native peoples constantly encountered free-ranging livestock often trespassing in their cornfields. Moreover, concerned about feeding their growing populations and committed to a style of animal husbandry that required far more space than they had expected, colonists eventually saw no alternative but to displace Indians and appropriate their land. This created tensions that reached boiling point with King Philip's War and Bacon's Rebellion, and it established a pattern that would repeat time and again over the next two centuries.
“THE NECESSITIES OF THE HOUR”: ANNA DICKINSON'S CIVIL WAR
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes how Anna Elizabeth Dickinson successfully stormed the male-dominated bastion of partisan politics during the Civil War, becoming a leading stump speaker for the Republican Party even while maintaining a radical critique of the relatively moderate Lincoln administration. In barely two years Dickinson had made the rapid transition from her early war status as a captivating young Philadelphia radical with a gift for oratory, to her role as a successful abolitionist speaker in New England, to her new identity as a national celebrity. When Lincoln fell to an assassin's bullet, Dickinson paid homage to his numerous virtues in a speech in New York, but retracted none of her earlier critiques. Even to the very end, Dickinson and Lincoln had different paths in response to the nation's greatest crisis.
“A WOMAN OF EARNEST CONVICTIONS”: THE LYCEUM
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
When the Civil War came to a close, the nation faced a battery of questions, from the fate of the conquered Southern states to whether the nation grant a political voice to African American men while continuing to exclude women. These issues weighed heavily on Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. As an advocate for both women and African Americans, she would be forced to take a position on one of the crucial political debates of the day: which citizens should be granted suffrage in the postwar world? This chapter focuses on Dickinson's participation in the Lyceum Movement, which originated in New England in the late 1820s and in its original embodiment was distinctly local and pointedly educational. Community groups would arrange a series of lectures, commonly on scientific, historical, or philosophical topics, to be delivered by amateur orators, who were almost exclusively men.
“WHAT NEW GRIEF HAS COME TO YOU?”: THE PERSONAL AND THE POLITICAL
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the half-dozen years following the Civil War, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson's personal life followed the patterns she had established in her early twenties. Among dozens of admirers, a series of men and women grew particularly enamored with the captivating orator. Only months after Elias Irish succumbed to tuberculosis in 1866, Illinois congressman John Baker — two decades her senior — sent Dickinson several romantic notes before abandoning his quest when she failed to reciprocate his affections. She was also linked, at one time or another, to Iowa Congressman William B. Allison, New York reporter Ralph Meeker, and Ohio reporter Whitelaw Reid. Dickinson also continued to develop close, often physically intimate, relationships with other women, including Lou Brackett and Susan B. Anthony.
After the Knowledge Is Gone
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes three strategies that managers can use when employees actually leave an organization with critical intellectual capital. One is effectively rehiring retirees or other ex-employees who return to work in the organization as contractors or consultants. The pros and cons of this increasingly common practice, which has led to the growth of a segment known as the “working retired”, are discussed. Another solution involves making smart outsourcing decisions about how to replace critical capabilities that a firm can no longer sustain internally. It is argued that outsourcing can actually accelerate the loss of essential knowledge and make organizations more vulnerable in the long term. When unique capabilities are lost, a detailed case study is presented with a suggested process for lost knowledge recovery.
Toward the Ancient Future
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the United States at the turn of the 1970s, the countercultural revolution, which turned many Americans on to hallucinogens and alternative lifestyles, was on the decline. Many spiritual seekers felt fatigue from the psychedelic and communal experiences and longed for natural, individually-oriented spirituality. One of these spiritual seekers was Michael Harner, an anthropologist who, while formally remaining an academic, gradually grounded himself in the countercultural community. Harner experimented with drugless spiritual techniques from native North American, Siberian, and Sami traditions, which rely more on drumming, rattling, chanting, and guided meditation. Since his thinking resonated well with the sentiments of many spiritual seekers, his workshops began to enjoy popularity. In 1980, he established the Foundation for Shamanic Studies (FSS), the first school of modern shamanism, which organizes, systematizes, and disseminates archaic knowledge worldwide. Thus, shamanism entered modern Western nature communities. Given Harner's role as one of the first to spearhead the shamanism idiom in modern Western esotericism, this chapter discusses neo-shamanism in Europe and North America as well as Harner's spiritual experiences.
What Are We?
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDiscussions of personal identity commonly ignore the question of our basic metaphysical nature: whether we are biological organisms, spatial or temporal parts of organisms, bundles of perceptions, or what have you. This book is a general study of this question. It begins by explaining what the question means and how it differs from others, such as questions of personal identity and the mind-body problem. It then examines critically the main possible accounts of our metaphysical nature. The book does not endorse any particular account but argues that the matter turns on issues in the ontology of material objects. If composition is universal–if any material things whatever make up something bigger–then we are temporal parts of organisms. If things never compose anything bigger, so that there are only mereological simples, then either we are simples–perhaps the immaterial souls of Descartes–or we do not exist at all. If some things compose bigger things and others do not, we are organisms.
Contamination and Manipulation in a Briber y Case: US v. Paul Manziel
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In a successful drug sting operation against Paul Manziel’s brother, Bobby Joe Manziel, one tape recording gave law enforcement a clue that Paul may be involved in an unrelated bribery event. The undercover cooperating witness then turned his attention to Paul, using recording strategies in which he manipulated the tape recorder and otherwise contaminated the evidence to the extent that the case had to be dismissed before trial.
An Undercover Policeman Uses Ambiguity, Hit and Run, Interrupting, Scripting, and Refusing to Take “No” for an Answer in a Solicitation to Murder Case: The Crown v. Mohammed Arshad
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This case is set in the cross-culture milieu of Scotland, where many Muslim families now live. Fearing that his daughter would disgrace the family by marrying outside of the Muslim cultural framework, Arshad expressed his frustration to a friend, who for an unknown reason told the police that Arshad was looking for a hit man to kill his daughter’s new husband. In the undercover conversations that followed, the policeman uses all of the conversational strategies of ambiguity, hit and run, interrupting, scripting, and refusing to take “No” for an answer.