bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MOLECULAR CHARGE ON THE UPTAKE OF PROTEIN BY CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Dickson MR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDerivatives of the protein ferritin, differing in their net charge, were presented to cultures of peritoneal macrophages, HeLa, KB and L cells. Unmodified ferritin was not taken up by the continuons line cells. However, as the negative charge carried by the inulecule was reduced, a point was reached when these cells would take up the test protein. The continuous line cells bchaved as a homogeneous population in the sense that either all or none of the cells in the culture would take up a particular protein. The macrophage culture did not behave in this way. A small proportion of the macrophage population would pinocytose the untreated ferritin and as the negative charge carried by the molecule was decreased the proportion of cells taking up the protein increased markedly. The penetration of protein into KB cells was only observed when the test protein would bind to the cell surface. The adsorbed protein fixes to the eell surface in a patchy manner and does not form a uniform layer over the whole surface. The pattern of adsorption suggtests that there are well defined receptor areas on the cell surface where binding can occur.
A MODIFIED ANTIBODY FORMING CELL ASSAY FOR DETECTING CELLS PRODUCING A PARTICULAR CLASS OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Kraft N , Wistar R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA modified immune cytoadherence assay is described which is capable of distinguishing cells forming IgM antibody from other types of antibody producing cells in the rat. The kinetics of appearance of IgM and non‐IgM producing antibody forming cells in fixed lymphoid tissues and in blood were determined using this modified assay. Non‐IgM forming cells were found early in the primary response to Salmonella adelaide polymerized flagellin protein, and no evidence was seen to suggest a sudden switch from IgM to IgG production.
THE EFFECTS OF BILATERAL DESTRUCTION OF THE HYPOTHALANHC FEEDING CENTRE ON FASTINC BLOOD SUGAR, GLUCOSE ABSORPTION AND GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN THE RAT
Authors: Gray RH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of bilateral destruction of the bypotlialamic “feeding” centre on tbe fasting blood sugar level, glucose alworption and glucose tolerance in the rat were investigated. It was fund that lesions in this area do not directly influence these aspects of glucose metabolism.Bilateral lesions in the “feeding” centre produced a market and protracted elevation of the glucose tolerance curve after adniinistnition of a glucose load. However, this effect was evidently due to dehydration resulting from adipsia. Dehydration produces the same type of glucose tolerance curve in control animals without hypothalamic lesion.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CROSS REACTION BETWEEN MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE ANTIGEN AND BOVINE ANTISERA TO MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES VAR. MYCOIDES
Authors: Buttery SH , Etheridge JR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA chloroform‐methanol extract of Mycoplasma pneumoniae reacted with bovine antisera to Mycoplasma mycoides in a complement fixation test. Some antisera gave higher titres with the M. pneumoniae antigen than with the homologous antigen; absorption of the antisera with M. mycoides antigen reduced the titres to either antigen by approximately the same amount. Absorption of antisera with M. pneumoniae antigen greatly reduced the titre of antisera to M. pneumoniae antigen but the titre to the homologous antigen was reduced fourfold or less. It is concluded that only some of the complement fixing antigens of M. mycoides are shared with M. pneumoniae.
THE VAGAL AND SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF THE HEART OF THE LIZARD TILIQUA RUGOSA
Authors: Berger PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIsolated auricles of Tiliqua rugosa with vagus and sympathetic nerves attached have been studied to determine the origin of cardiac sympathetic fibres. Stimulation of the cervical vagus had a depressor effect on the heart. After treatment with hyoscine (2 × 10—7 g/ml) the vagal response was abolished but was only reversed to an augmentor response when the nerve was stimulated at high voltages close to the heart. Stimulation of the upper cervical sympathetic chain, either rostrally or caudally, did not elicit any response in the heart. However, stimulation of fibres leaving the stellate ganglion complex caused an augmentor effect on the auricles which was blocked liy bretylium (2 × 10—6 g/ml). It is concluded that the entire cardiac sympathetic supply leaves the stellate complex and the bulk of the fibres reach the heart independently of the vagus.
INHIBITION OF BONE MARROW COLONY FORMATION IN VITRO BY DIALYSABLE PRODUCTS OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC HAEMOPOIETIC CELLS
Authors: Metcalf D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDialysates of tissue culture medium conditioned by normal cells (bone marrow, thymic, spleen or lymph node) or by leukaemic cells (myelomonocytic, lymphoid or plasma cell tumour) inhibited colony formation in agar by mouse bone marrow cells. The dialysable inhibitors were not species specific, did not alter colony morphology and were heat‐ and ether‐resistant. Leukaemic cells were as effective in producing inhibitors as normal cells, and colony formation in vitro by leukaemic cells was as susceptible to inhibition as was colony formation by normal cells. No dear evidence was obtained for the presence of similar dialysable inhibitors in the serum of normal or experimental mice, and the real biological function of these dialysable inhibitors remains in doubt.
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAMBS THYMECTOMIZED IN UTERO
Authors: Cole GJ , Morris Bede 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of in utero thymectomy on the subsequent growth rate, the levels of circulating white blood cells, the levels of lymphocytes in lymph and the size and development of the peripheral lymphoid organs have been investigated in lambs. Consistent and severe depressions were observed in the circulating lymphocyte counts in both the blood and the lymph of thymectomized lambs of 3 months of age; by 10 months of age, although these levels were still significantly below normal, the differences in the circulating lymphocyte counts were much less.Histological observations showed that the lymphoid tissues were depleted of cells to varying degrees. The tissues of lambs thymectomized at 80–90 days post‐conception were generally less depleted than lambs which were thymectomized at 60–70 days post‐conception. The “wasting syndrome” described to occur following thymectomy in mice was not seen in lambs.These results in the lamb snggest that, while the thymus is a source of lymphocytes, it is not the only source and a considerable proportion of the lymphocytes present in normal animals is not derived directly from the thymus.
INFLUENCE OF SERUM INHIBITORS ON COLONY DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO BY BONE MARROW CELLS
Authors: Chan SH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe sera from BALB/c mice were found to contain uniformly high levels of inhibitors which acted in vitro by blocking the effect of colony stimulating factor in stimulating colony formation by mouse bone marrow cells. These inhibitors could be inactivated by ether extraction and heating and were removable by dialysis. The inhibitors exhibited partial species specificity, were not toxic for colony‐forming cells but led to the preture transformation of granulocytic cells to macrophages in developing colonies. Bone marrow cells from BALB/c mice contained lower numbers of in vitro colony‐forming cells and produced a lower percentage of granulocytic colonies when stimulated in culture than did cells from C57BL mice (a strain with low serum inhibitor levels). Mice with myelomonocytic leukaemia developed low serum inhibitor levels in the advanced stages of the disease.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Williams Neil , Shortman Ken 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe buoyant density of erythrocytes suspended in serum, or in iso‐osmotic. media at neutral pH, is around 1·108 g/cm3. Lowering the pH of the medium, from pH 7 to pH 5. without change of osmolarity, causes about a 50% increase in volume and a decrease it density of about 0·02 g/cm3. It was established that this was due to the pH change itself, und not to changes in cation concentration. The basis for the swelling is an accumulation of anions in the cell as the pH is lowered, in accordance with the Donnan equilibrium across the membrane.Lymphocytes do not display pH induced volume changes, nor do they change in density with pH when tested by a phthalate ester non‐aqueous density separation procedure. This is as expected from the relative ion impermeability of the membrane. However, lymphoid cell buoyant density does change with pH if separation is accomplished in continuous, iso‐osmotic gradients of albumin. This effect is reversible, and amounts to a 0·01 g/cm3 lower density at pH 5·1 than at pH 7·2. The buoyant density value at pH 5·1 in albumin gradients is close to the density of cells in scrum, as estimated by the non‐aqueous separation procedure.The basis for the anomalous behaviour of lymphocytes in continuous. aqueous density gradients is discussed ill relation to the density analysis of lymphoid cells and the pH‐shift technique for the separation of erythroid from lymphoid cells.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF PIPERAZINE ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Authors: Redgrave TG , West CE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPiperazine was added to the diet of cholesterol‐fed male and female rabbits. In male rabbits after a latent period of four weeks or longer hypercholesterolaemia was reduced. Cholesterol content of liver and aorta was also decreased.In contrast, hypercholesterolaemia of female rabbits was greatly increased by treatment with piperazine. The mechanism of this differential effect of piperazine on cholesterol metabolism in male and female rabbits is unknown, but it is suggested that our observation might prove useful in investigations of sexual differences in cholesterol metabolism.
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON TRYPSIN INHIBITING CAPACITY IN PANCREATIC JUICE
Authors: Elmslie RG , Rao M Mohan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWe set out to study the effect of alcohol on the tripping inhibiting capacity of pancreatic juice secreted in the intact anaesthetized dog following the administration of four units secret in per kg per hour for 1 hour and two units secret in per kg per hour for 6 hours. The secret in‐stimulated per fused isolated pancreas was also studied.In each of the three groups of experiments alcohol produced a significant (p < 0.01) fall in tripping inhibiting capacity of pancreatic juice when compared with control experiments without alcohol. However, in spite of constant blood alcohol levels, after 4 hours the tripping inhibiting capacity of the pancreatic juice returned to normal. Alcohol did not change the rate of secretion from the secret in‐stimulated pancreas and in two of the groups it produced a significant (p < 0.01) rise in trypsinogen concentration.Thus, under the artificial conditions of these experiments alcohol produced an immediate but transient fall in tripping inhibiting capacity in pancreatic juice which was independent of its volume and trypsinogen concentration. The significance of the findings is obscure; no direct link can be forged between them and the pathogenesis of alcohol‐induced acute pancreatitis in man, although it is possible that tripping inhibiting capacity changes could occur in this disease.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Shortman Ken , Byrd W , Williams N , Brunner KT , Cerottini J‐C 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPassage of lymphoid cell suspensions through glass‐bead columns separated lymphotytes into “adherent” and “non‐adherent” populations on the basis of a temperature‐independent. “physical adherence” effect. Density distribution analysis on continuous albumin gradients demonstrated that adherent cells were gererally light, and non‐adlierent cells were generally dense.The “B‐cell” and “T‐cell” classes of lymphocyte in mouse spleen both contained light adherent and dense non‐adherent components. The adherence columns and the density procedure both separated sub‐populations within the “B‐ceir” and the “T‐cell” lineages.Lymphocytes in mouse spleen responsive to phytohaemagglutinin mitogen were dense non‐adherent cells, whereas those responsive to pokeweed mitogen were predominantly light adherent cells.Antibody‐forming cells (“B‐cell” lineage) and cytotoxic lymphocytes (“T‐cell” lineage) were predominantly, but not exclusively, light adherent cells.
INHIBITION OF THE RELEASE OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES OF RATS BY CATECHOLAMINES, IN VITRO
Authors: Yeo B‐K , Lockett Mary F , Heller H 
Published: November 2007

SummarySuperfused horns of uteri removed from rats during artificially induced oestrus were equally sensitive to oxytocin and vasopressin when the superfusion fluid contained MgSO4.H2O, 500 mg/l. This preparation was used to assay the total neurohypophysial hormone released by pairs of posterior lobes of rat pituitary glands in serial 20 minute incubations in vitro. The rate of release of posterior lobe hormone remained constant from the 20th to the 80th minute of incubation in medium containing 500 mg MgSO4.H2O per l. The release rate varied from gland to gland: each pair of glands, therefore, necessarily provided its own control for tests of drug action on release rate. L‐noradrenaline and L‐adrenaline (3 × 10‐6M) inhibited the release of hormone from the neural lobes: the α‐adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, 5·3 × 10‐6M, may have decreased the resting rate of release of hormone and clearly enhanced the inhibition of release caused by noradrenaline. The β‐blocking agent proprannlol (6·8 × 10‐6M) did not influence the basal rate of hormonal release but potentiated the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline.
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN ON THE RESPONSE TO ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Hall RC , Hodge RL , Irvine R , Katic F , Middleton JM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of aspirin on the response to endotoxin in cats, dogs and sheep was studied. Aspirin inhibited the acute vascular response to endotoxin in cats and sheep and the delayed vascular effects in dogs. Aspirin had no effect on the delayed response in cats and sheep. Aspirin had no effect on the platelet response to endotoxin in cats, clogs or sheep. In sheep, aspirin had no effect on the vascular response to 5‐Hydroxytryptamine. In dogs, aspirin significantly inihibited the release of a 5‐Hydroxytryptamine‐like substance by endotoxin from blood and significantly prolonged the half‐life of 5‐Hydroxytryptamine in blood.
SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ANTIBODIES IN CONGENITALLY ATHYMIC (NUDE) MICE
Authors: Crewther Pauline , Warner NL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe antibody response of homozygous athymic nu/nu mice to heterologous erythrocytes is minimal or undetectable, in contrast to that of heterozygous nu/+ or inbred mice. The IgM response to Brucella is, however, normal to prolonged, whereas the IgG (2‐mercapto/ethanol resistant) response to Brucella is considerably depressed. Homozygous nude mice have a specific IgA dysgammaglobulinemia in that whereas only moderate or no reduction in IgG1, IgG2 or IgM globulin levels was observed, only 5% of control serum IgA levels was found. This is not due to increased catabolism, as the rate of catabolism of an IgA myeloma was found to be lower in nude mice than in controls. The results suggest either an essential T cell co‐operation for expression of serum IgA, or that nude mice have another non‐immunologically mediated defect in IgA secretion.
IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE LIZARD, TILIQUA RUGOSA
Authors: Wetherall JD , Turner KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryImmunization of the lizard. Tiliqua rugosa, with Salmonella typhimurium, rat erythrocytes and bovine serum albumin induced a vigorous humoral antibody response, the kinetics and magnitude of which were dependent upon the environmental temperature. Anamnestic responses were observed with two of the three immunogens. Both 19S and 7S antibodies were produced against rat erythrocytes and bovine serum albumin but S. typhimurium induced the formation of only 19S antibodies. The reticuloendothelial system of Tiliqua is relatively well developed and capable of locating exogenous colloidal carbon in the liver and spleen. The spleen showed a definite demarcation into red and white pulp but germinal centres were not noted. A lymph node containing sinuses and follicular aggregation was also identified.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ADRENAL AUTOTRANSPLANTS
Authors: Wright RD , Blair‐west JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Funder JW , Goding JR , Nelson JF , Scoggins BA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe salient aspects of the structure‐function relationships of twenty‐seven adrenal cervical autotransplants which survived for periods up to ten years show essentially normal cortical structure, persistence of relatively constant normal level responses for compensatorily hypertrophied glands and high durability in the face of repeated (in some cases more than one hundred) experimental procedures, most of which have involved vascular cannulation.Incomplete studies of regeneration of nervous structures to the transplant indicate restoration of catecholinergic supply but as yet no clear evidence for restoration of cholinergic supply.The effect of not primarily suturing the lymphatic vessels poses clearly the significance of this for all reattachment surgery.
THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS THYMIDINE CONCENTRATION ON THE INCORPORATION OF LABELLED THYMIDINE AND IODODEOXYURIDINE, AND ON GROWTH OF JU56 CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Moore Ruth C , Martin RF , Hodgson GS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe simultaneous incorporation of tracer amounts of initiated thymidine and 125I‐5‐iodo‐2’ deoxyuridine was measured during short term in vitro incubation of the permanent cell line JU56 in the presence of increasing concentrations of unlabelled thymidine. As unlabeled thymidine concentration increased in the range 5 × 10−8M‐4 × 10−5M, uptake of both tracers decreased in parallel. The extent of the decrease indicated that a rise in the contribution of exogenous thymidine to DNA synthesis had occurred. At higher concentrations of unlabelled thymidine when DNA synthesis began to decline the incorporation of 125I‐5‐iodo‐2’ deoxyuridine decreased more than that of tritiated thymidine.In an experiment using both tracers in the presence of 10−6M unlabelled thymidine it was found that the ratio of the fractions of each tracer taken up from the medium was not significantly different from unity, if a correction was made for the inorganic 125I contaminating the 125,I‐5‐iodo‐2’ deoxyuridine preparation used.
HYDRATION AND VASOPRESSIN EFFECTS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN SHEEP
Authors: Yesberg Nancy E , Henderson Myrna , Budtz‐Olsen OE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHydration of sheep has been shown to result in a diuresis which is accompanied by a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate. Antidiuretic hormone has also been shown to cause an increase in glomerular filtration rate, observable only in those sheep where the initial glomerular filtration rate has not been raised by prior hydration.It is suggested that antidiuretic hormone has a two‐fold effect on water excretion–an increase in water loss through its glomerular filtration rate‐augmenting effect and a decrease in water loss through its ability to increase tubular water reabsorption. The diuretic effect of antidiuretic hormone frequently observed in non‐hydrated sheep, where glomerular filtration rate initially is low and tubular water reabsorption high, is probably due to a relatively large change in the former and a minor change in the latter of these two effects.
NASOPHARYNGEAL REFLEXES: INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF EVOKED RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
Authors: White SW , McRitchie RJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTrigeminal afferents in the nasopharynx of unanaesthetized rabbits detect substances in the inspired air potentially damaging to the respiratory tree, and initiate reflex apnoea in expiration, bradycardia, a rise in mean arterial pressure and widespread reduction in blood flow and peripheral conductance. The apnoea is due to direct suppression of respiratory neurones by trigeminal activity activity maninly in bulbospinal regions, and the cardiovascular changes to direct trigeminal effects, to trigminal‐artrerial baroreceptor interactions, and to lung inflation‐arterial baroreceptor interactions in both suprabulbar and bulbospinal regions. Integration of trigeminal input occurs mainly at bulbospinal sites, where trigeminal ‐arterial baroreceptor‐ interactions are responsible for vagal motoneurone excitation, and direct trigeminal effects for excitation of mesenteric vasomotor neurones. Integration of the lung inflation input occurs at both suprabulbar and bulbospinal sites, lung inflation‐arterial baroreceptor Interactions at each site contributing to vagal excitation, but lung inflation‐arterial baroreceptor interactions only at suprabulbar sites causing excitation of mesenteric vasomotor neurones.The result of the increased vagal and sympathetic vasomotor activity is to lower profoundly blood flow in all soft tissue beds except the brain, for which a close to normal perfusion pressure is maintained. The peripheral effects act to reduce the rate of fall of circulating blood oxygen levels in the face of continuing apnoea. The asphyxial blood gas changes stimulate arterial chemoreceptors which contribute to the recommencement of respiration, and, if the environmental threat has dissipated, respiration continues and the cardiovascular effects subside.
STUDIES ON GOAT ANTI‐CBA THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN: THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY OF ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE GLOBULIN IN MICE TOLERANT TO, OR SENSITIZED TO, GOAT GAMMA‐GLOBULIN
Authors: Fahey KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe immunosuppressive activity of goat anti‐CBA thymocyte globulin was assessed in mice which had been rendered tolerant to, or had been actively or passively sensitized to, goat gamma‐globulin. In tolerant mice the absence of an immune response to anti‐lymphocyte glubulin did not significantly enhance the activity of the anti‐lymphocyte glubulin, nor in sensitized mice did the presence of antibodies to anti‐lymphocyte glubulin consistently reduce the immunosuppressive activity of anti‐lymphocyte glubulin. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed in the light of reports to the contrary.
SOME EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE ADAPTATION OF RATS TO THE DRINKING OF SALINE
Authors: Marwood JF , Lockett Mary F 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe progress of adaptation to drinking 0·7% NaCl was monitored in sham‐operated, in hypophysectomized and in adrenalectomized rats by measuring the rate of elimination of sodium in the 1 h period immediately following administration of an acute oral 0·7% saline load (equivalent to 2·5% body weight under fully standardized conditions.Normal, sham‐operated and hypophysectomized rats reached full adaptation in six weeks, by which time the rates of sodium‐elimination had risen six‐fold in the normal and sham‐operated animals. Hypophysectomized rats showed near‐normal, but just significantly decreased (P < 0·05), ability to adapt to saline‐drinking and to escape from deoxycorticosterone acetate‐induced volume expansion. Glomerular filtration rate in the fully adapted hypophysectomized rats was approximately one third and the rate of water elimination one half the corresponding values in sham‐operated fully adapted animals. Adrenalectomized rats, salt maintained, did not adapt to saline‐drinking and did not escape From deoxycorticosterone acetate‐induced volume expansion.