bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonobstetric lower genital tract injuries in rural India
Authors: Jana Narayan , Santra Debjyoti , Das Debasis , Das Anindya K. , Dasgupta Subhendu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo study the impact of nonobstetric genital tract injury (NOGTI) in rural India.MethodsA prospective observational study of 52 consecutive women admitted with NOGTIs caused by voluntary coitus or accidental injury. Details of the causes of trauma, clinical presentations, and management were recorded.ResultsA total of 17 women (32.7%) presented with coital trauma, while 35 women (67.3%) sustained noncoital injuries: bicycle/automobile accidents (10); fall from height (7); cattle horn injury (7); straddle‐type trauma (6); leech bites (3); and vaginal foreign bodies (2). Most women had multiple injuries; 15 women developed vulvar hematomas and 3 had anorectal lacerations. Management included immediate resuscitation along with primary repair of injuries, evacuation of vulvar hematomas, and removal of vaginal foreign bodies. Fifteen women (28.8%) required blood transfusions; none of the women died.ConclusionsSevere hemorrhage caused by NOGTIs is potentially fatal in rural settings if treatment is delayed. Prompt resuscitation, early referral, and appropriate surgical intervention can avert both morbidity and mortality.
Maternal obesity and neonatal congenital cardiovascular defects
Authors: Khalil Hala S. , Saleh Ahmed M. , Subhani Shazia N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether isolated congenital heart defects (CHDs) were associated with maternal obesity.MethodIn a retrospective study we compared the incidence and severity of isolated CHDs in the offspring of 428 women divided into 3 groups, one of women of normal weight (n = 141), one of obese women (n = 228), and one of morbidly obese women (n = 59) according to their body mass index.ResultsThere were 143 mild (66.8%), 44 moderate (20.6%), and 27 complex (12.6%) forms of CHDs in the offspring and septal defects were the most common (61.7%). No significant differences were found among the 3 groups of women regarding the type or severity of CHDs in their respective offspring, or the corrective cardiac surgery required.ConclusionNo association was found between maternal weight and isolated CHDs in the offspring.
Butter making from caprine creams: Effect of washing treatment on phospholipids and milk fat globule membrane proteins distribution
Authors: Lamothe Sophie , Robitaille Gilles , St-Gelais Daniel , Britten Michel 
Published: July 2008

A washing treatment was applied to caprine cream before churning in order to improve phospholipids and MFGM protein purification from buttermilk and butter serum. Cream obtained from a first separation was diluted with water and separated a second time using pilot plant equipment. Regular and washed creams were churned to produce buttermilk and butter, from which butter serum was extracted. The washing treatment allowed a significant decrease of the casein content. As a result, the phospholipids-to-protein ratios in washed buttermilk and butter serum were markedly increased by 2·1 and 1·7-folds respectively, which represents an advantage for the production of phospholipids concentrates. However, when compared with bovine cream, lower phospholipids-to-protein ratios were observed when the washing treatment was applied to caprine cream. A higher concentration of MFGM protein and a lower retention of phospholipids during washing treatment are responsible for the lower phospholipids-to-protein ratios in buttermilk and butter serum obtained from caprine cream. The phospholipids distribution in the butter making process was similar to the one obtained from bovine regular and washed cream. Phospholipids were preferentially concentrated in the butter serum rather than the buttermilk fraction. This simple approach permitted the production of caprine and bovine butter sera extracts containing up to 180 and 240 g phospholipids/kg sera, respectively, on a dry basis.
The rebodying of stirred yoghurt: interactions between proteins
Authors: Renan Marie , Guyomarc'h Fanny , Arnoult-Delest Véronique , Pâquet Denis , Brulé Gérard , Famelart Marie H 
Published: July 2008

The aim of the present study was to identify the nature of bonds established between protein particles after stirring that are responsible for the texture improvement of stirred yoghurts, called rebodying. Using a constant model yoghurt at pH 4·4, the effects of changes in the physicochemical conditions at stirring were studied on the subsequent rebodying. Short term rebodying was measured as the changes in viscoelastic properties at 4°C during 20 h after stirring, while long-term rebodying was measured as the viscosity changes during 28 d storage at 4°C. Moreover, stirred gels obtained from either set gels that were allowed time or not for ionic equilibration were compared. Increasing or decreasing ionic strength did not change the properties of stirred gels. Calcium chloride addition significantly decreased G′0 h, G′20 h and tan20 h but did not induce changes in the gel microstructure as observed by confocal scanning microscopy. Yoghurt rebodying could not be explained by fulfilling ionic equilibrium. Moreover, N-ethyl maleimide addition had no effect on the stirred yoghurt. Attractive electrostatic and disulphide interactions were not involved in the gel rebodying and increasing calcium concentration in the set gel limited rebodying.
Lady Chatterley and the Monk: Anglican Radicals and the Lady Chatterley Trial of 1960
Authors: ROODHOUSE MARK 
Published: July 2008

The trial of Penguin Books for publishing an unexpurgated edition of D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's lover is a symbolic episode in histories of 1960s Britain, used to illustrate changes in social attitudes. However, historians have not appreciated the impact of the trial on Anglican attitudes towards contemporary society. Using correspondence in the papers of the Mirfield father and literary critic Martin Jarrett-Kerr, this article reveals the tensions within a loose coalition of Anglican radicals just as their views began to receive attention in the media. Jarrett-Kerr and fellow liberal Anglo-Catholics found themselves in an uneasy alliance with Liberal Anglicans, whose views were conflated with those of the radicals.
Interaction between the nematophagous fungusDuddingtonia flagransand infective larvae ofHaemonchus contortus(Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)
Authors: Campos A.K. , Araújo J.V. , Guimarães M.P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe interaction betweenDuddingtonia flagransand infective larvae ofHaemonchus contortuswas studiedin vitrounder optical and scanning electron microscopy. Trap formation by the fungus started 9 hours after inoculation and first larvae were found 11 hours after larval inoculation on colonies grown on the surface of dialysis membranes. Scanning electron micrographs were taken 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after larval predation. Details of predation structures and fungus–larvae interaction are described. A mucilaginous substance occurred at the points of adherence of traps to nematode cuticle. Bacteria were also found at some points of interaction between fungus and larval cuticle. Cuticle penetration by fungus hyphae occurred only 48 h after predation.
Protease expression analysis in recently field-isolated strains ofTrypanosoma cruzi: a heterogeneous profile of cysteine protease activities between TC I and TC II major phylogenetic groups
Authors: FAMPA P. , LISBOA C. V. , JANSEN A. M. , SANTOS A. L. S. , RAMIREZ M. I. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYProtease expression among TCI and TCII field isolates was analysed. Gelatin-containing gels revealed hydrolysis bands with molecular masses ranging from 45 to 66 kDa. The general protease expression profile showed that TCII isolates presented higher heterogeneity compared to TCI. By utilizing protease inhibitors, we showed that all active proteases at acid pH are cysteine-proteases and all proteases active at alkaline pH are metalloproteases. However, the expression of cruzipain, theT. cruzimajor cysteine-protease, did not reproduce a heterogeneous TCII cysteine zymogram profile. Dendogram analyses based on presence/absence matrices of proteases and cruzipain bands showed a TCI separation from the TCII group with 50–60% similarity. We suggest that the observed cysteine protease diversification contributes to differential host infection between TCI and II genotypes.
Immunolocalization ofTaenia soliumgap junction innexins
Authors: ZURABIAN R. , LANDA A. , ROBERT L. , WILLMS K. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYIn previous studies, ultrastructural observations revealed a large number of gap junctions (GJs) in the neck and immature proglottid tissues ofTaenia soliumtapeworms. In these helminths, cytoplasmic glycogen sacs are connected by numerous discrete GJs to other cells throughout the maturing strobilar tissue. Discontinuous sucrose gradients were used to purify membrane fractions containing GJs, which were identified by ultrastructural analysis. A trans-membrane peptide sequence from a highly conserved innexin region was used to construct a 20-amino acid synthetic peptide and used to raise polyclonal antibodies in rabbits that recognized both a 55 and a 67 kDa protein in a Western blot of the GJ-enriched pellet. Immunohistochemistry of larval and adult worm sections incubated with antiserum to the synthetic peptide and a secondary anti-rabbit IgG bound to fluorescein, revealed strong binding to the tegumentary surface of the worm, as well as patchy fluorescent areas in the parenchyma. The results indicate that both the tegument of cysticerci and adultT. soliumcontain innexin-rich membranes, which may function as a tegumentary transport system for small molecules.
Were class C iron-containing superoxide dismutases of trypanosomatid parasites initially imported into a complex plastid? A hypothesis based on analyses of their N-terminal targeting signals
Authors: BODYŁ A. , MACKIEWICZ P. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYTrypanosomatid parasites possess 2 distinct iron-containing superoxide dismutases (Fe-SODs) designated SODA and SODC, both of which are targeted to their mitochondria. In contrast to SODAs that carry typical mitochondrial transit peptides, SODCs have highly unusual mitochondrial targeting signals. Our analyses clearly show that these pre-sequences are bipartite possessing a signal peptide-like domain followed by a transit peptide-like domain. Consequently, they resemble N-terminal extensions of proteins targeted to multi-membrane plastids, suggesting that trypanosomatids once contained a eukaryotic alga-derived plastid. Further support for this hypothesis comes from striking similarities in length, hydropathy profile, and amino acid composition of SODC pre-sequences to those ofEuglenaand dinoflagellate plastid proteins. To account for these data, we propose that the Trypanosomatidae initially possessed a gene encoding a mitochondrial Fe-SOD with a classical mitochondrial transit peptide. Before or after plastid acquisition, a gene duplication event gave rise to SODA and SODC. In a subsequent evolutionary step a signal peptide was linked to SODC, enabling its import into the plastid. When the trypanosomatid plastid subsequently was lost, natural selection favoured adaptation of the SODC N-terminal signal as a mitochondrial transit peptide and re-targeting to the mitochondrion.
Specificity of theToxoplasma gondii-altered behaviour to definitive versus non-definitive host predation risk
Authors: LAMBERTON P. H. L. , DONNELLY C. A. , WEBSTER J. P. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYThe hypothesis that the parasiteToxoplasma gondiimanipulates the behaviour of its intermediate rat host in order to increase its chance of being predated specifically by its feline definitive host, rather than a non-definitive host predator species, was tested. The impact of a range of therapeutic drugs, previously demonstrated to be effective in preventing the development ofT. gondii-associated behavioural and cognitive alterations in rats, on definitive-host predator specificity was also tested. Using a Y-shaped maze design, we demonstrated thatT. gondii-associated behavioural changes, apparently aimed to increase predation rate, do appear to be specific to that of the feline definitive host – there were significant and consistent differences between the (untreated) infected and uninfected rats groups whereT. gondii-infected rats tended to choose the definitive host feline-predator-associated maze arm and nest-box significantly more often than a maze arm or nest-box treated with non-definitive host predator (mink) odour. Drug treatment of infected rats prevented any such host-specificity from being displayed. We discuss our results in terms of their potential implications both forT. gondiiepidemiology and the evolution of parasite-altered behaviour.
The distribution of the pathogenic nematodeNematodirus battusin lambs is zero-inflated
Authors: DENWOOD M. J. , STEAR M. J. , MATTHEWS L. , REID S. W. J. , TOFT N. , INNOCENT G. T. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYUnderstanding the frequency distribution of parasites and parasite stages among hosts is essential for efficient experimental design and statistical analysis, and is also required for the development of sustainable methods of controlling infection.Nematodirus battusis one of the most important organisms that infect sheep but the distribution of parasites among hosts is unknown. An initial analysis indicated a high frequency of animals withoutN. battusand with zero egg counts, suggesting the possibility of a zero-inflated distribution. We developed a Bayesian analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to estimate the parameters of the zero-inflated negative binomial distribution. The analysis of 3000 simulated data sets indicated that this method out-performed the maximum likelihood procedure. Application of this technique to faecal egg counts from lambs in a commercial upland flock indicated thatN. battuscounts were indeed zero-inflated. Estimating the extent of zero-inflation is important for effective statistical analysis and for the accurate identification of genetically resistant animals.
Invariant measures for meromorphic Misiurewicz maps
Authors: KOTUS JANINA , ŚWIATEK GRZEGORZ 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe study the existence of finite absolutely continuous invariant measures for meromorphic Misiurewicz maps whose Julia set is the whole sphere. In the rational context, these hypotheses imply that such a measure must exist. We show that it is not so for meromorphic maps unless an additional condition on the behavior of the map, which can be stated in terms of its Nevanlinna characteristic, is satisfied.
Hilbert polynomials and powers of ideals
Authors: HERZOG JÜRGEN , PUTHENPURAKAL TONY J. , VERMA JUGAL K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe growth of Hilbert coefficients for powers of ideals are studied. For a graded ideal I in the polynomial ring S = K[x1, . . ., xn] and a finitely generated graded S-module M, the Hilbert coefficients ei(M/IkM) are polynomial functions. Given two families of graded ideals (Ik)k≥0 and (Jk)k≥0 with Jk ⊂ Ik for all k with the property that JkJℓ ⊂ Jk+ℓ and IkIℓ ⊂ Ik+ℓ for all k and ℓ, and such that the algebras $A=\Dirsum_{k\geq 0}J_k$ and $B=\Dirsum_{k\geq 0}I_k$ are finitely generated, we show the function k ↦ e0(Ik/Jk) is of quasi-polynomial type, say given by the polynomials P0,. . ., Pg−1. If Jk = Jk for all k, for a graded ideal J, then we show that all the Pi have the same degree and the same leading coefficient. As one of the applications it is shown that $\lim_{k\to \infty}\length(\Gamma_\mm(S/I^k))/k^n \in \mathbb{Q}$, if I is a monomial ideal. We also study analogous statements in the local case.
How many maximal surfaces do correspond to one minimal surface?
Authors: ARAÜJO HENRIQUE , LEITE MARIA LUIZA 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe discuss the minimal-to-maximal correspondence between surfaces and show that, under this correspondence, a congruence class of minimal surfaces in 3 determines an 2-family of congruence classes of maximal surfaces in 3. It is proved that further identifications among these classes may exist, depending upon the subgroup of automorphisms preserving the Hopf differential on the underlying Riemann surface. The space of maximal congruence classes inherits a quotient topology from 2. In the case of the Scherk minimal surface, the subgroup has order two and the quotient space is topologically a disc with boundary. Other classical examples are discussed: for the Enneper minimal surface, one obtains a non-Hausdorff space; for the minimal catenoid, a closed interval.
Distance to a focal point and singularity theorems with weak timelike convergence condition
Authors: PAENG SEONG-HUN 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn classical general relativity, the timelike convergence condition is Ric(v, v) ≥ 0 for every timelike vector v. But recent astronomical observations show that the timelike convergence condition does not hold. In this paper, we obtain an explicit upper bound of the volume form and the distance to a focal point (such as Hubble distance) along timelike geodesic with integrals of the negative part of Ricci curvature, which entails singularity theorems.
Can Clark and Wells' (1995) Cognitive Model of Social Phobia be Applied to Young People?
Authors: Hodson Kate J. , McManus Freda V. , Clark David M. , Doll Helen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSocial phobia is a common and disabling condition for both children and adults. In recent years Clark and Wells' (1995) cognitive model of social phobia has given rise to an effective treatment protocol for the condition in adults (e.g. Clark et al., 2003, 2006). The current study investigates the applicability of this model to younger people. One hundred and seventy-one 11–14 year-old participants completed questionnaires measuring social anxiety, depression, and the variables hypothesized to maintain social phobia in Clark and Wells' (1995) cognitive model: negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and pre- and post-event processing. High socially anxious children scored significantly higher than low socially anxious children on all of the variables in Clark and Wells' model. Negative social cognitions, self-focused attention, safety behaviours, and pre- and post-event processing were all significant predictors of social anxiety, accounting for 48% of the variance in social anxiety. Furthermore, these variables showed specificity to social anxiety, predicting significantly more variance in social anxiety than in depression. Findings suggest that although Clark and Wells' (1995) model of social phobia was developed from research on adult populations, it may be equally applicable to younger people with social phobia.
Fiscal sustainability and public debt in an endogenous growth model
Authors: MORAGA JESÚS FERNÁNDEZ-HUERTAS , VIDAL JEAN-PIERRE 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates fiscal sustainability in an overlapping generations economy with endogenous growth coming from human capital formation through educational spending. We assess how budgetary imbalances affect economic dynamics and the outlook for economic growth, thereby providing a rationale for fiscal rules ensuring sustainability. Our results show that the appropriate response of fiscal policy to temporary shocks is not trivial in the absence of fiscal rules. Fiscal rules allow for a timely reaction, thereby avoiding possibly disruptive fiscal adjustment in the future: the more adjustment is delayed, the larger its necessary scale is. We perform a rough calibration of the model to simulate the effects of a demographic shock (change in the population growth rate) under different fiscal policy scenarios.
Ecological characterization of wildHelianthus annuusandHelianthus petiolarisgermplasm in Argentina
Authors: Poverene Monica , Cantamutto Miguel , Seiler Gerald J. 
Published: July 2008

Helianthus annuusandH. petiolaris(Asteraceae) are wild sunflowers native to North America but have become naturalized in central Argentina covering an area of about 5 million hectares. WildH. annuushas been recognized as invader species in several countries, but no research has been done to study the ecological determinants of their distribution. In a survey covering seven provinces between 31°58′–38°S and 60°33′–69°W, we described the ecology of the main wild populations. WildHelianthuspopulations were located in three of the 18 ecological regions of Argentina, on five Mollisol and seven Entisol soil groups. The associated plant communities were comprised 60 species belonging to 16 families, all being frequent components of the native flora. Disease symptoms were seldom observed in wild populations, withAlternariahelianthibeing the most commonly observed pathogen. Population size varied from less than 100 to more than 100,000 plants, covering from 100 to more than 60,000 m2with densities most frequently up to 3 plants/m2, but reaching 80 plants/m2at certain sites. Intermediate plant phenotypes between wild species and cultivated sunflower were found in one-third of the populations providing evidence of intense gene flow. Hybrid swarms were found at three localities with population sizes between 100 and 10,000 individuals.
Oleanolic acid induces relaxation and calcium‐independent release of endothelium‐derived nitric oxide
Authors: Rodriguez‐Rodriguez R , Stankevicius E , Herrera M D , Østergaard L , Andersen M R , Ruiz‐Gutierrez V , Simonsen U 
Published: July 2008

Background and purpose:The present study investigated the mechanisms by which oleanolic acid, a component of olive oil, increases release of nitric oxide (NO).Experimental approach:Measurements of isometric tension, NO concentration, or endothelial cell calcium were made in rat isolated mesenteric arteries. Immunoblotting for endothelial NOS (eNOS) and Akt kinase were performed in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).Key results:Oleanolic acid (3–30 μM) evoked endothelium‐dependent relaxations in noradrenaline‐contracted rat superior and small mesenteric arteries. In rat superior mesenteric arteries, oleanolic acid induced simultaneous increases in NO concentration and relaxation, and these responses were inhibited by an inhibitor of NOS, asymmetric dimethyl‐L‐arginine (300 μM) and by the NO scavenger, oxyhaemoglobin (10 μM). Oleanolic acid‐evoked NO increases were not reduced in Ca2+‐free solution and in the presence of an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum calcium‐ATPase, thapsigargin (1 μM). Oleanolic acid evoked relaxation without changes in endothelial cell calcium, but decreased smooth muscle calcium in arterial segments. Oleanolic acid failed to increase calcium in HUVECs, but increased time‐dependently phosphorylation of Akt kinase at Serine473 (Akt‐Ser473) and eNOS at Serine1177 (eNOS‐Ser1177), which was attenuated by inhibitors of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase.Conclusions and implications:This study provides direct evidence that a component of olive oil, oleanolic acid, activated endothelium‐dependent release of NO and decreased smooth muscle cell calcium followed by relaxation. The oleanolic acid‐evoked endothelium‐derived NO release was independent of endothelial cell calcium and involved phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase‐dependent phosphorylation of Akt‐Ser473 followed by phosphorylation of eNOS‐Ser1177.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 535–546; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.289; published online 14 July 2008