bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The subgenus Scaptodrosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: BOCK I. R. , PARSONS P. A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFour major subgenera, Drosophila, Sophophora, Hirtodrosophila and Scaptodrosophila, and several minor subgenera, have been recognized in the genus Drosophila. The hitherto little studied subgenus Scaptodrosophila, possessing a complicated synonymy, contains 144 named species, or about 11% of the total described in the genus; it is likely that many more Scaptodrosophila species await discovery. Scaptodrosophila probably originated in tropical Asia, and the greatest Scaptodrosophila faunas occur in Asia, south‐east Asia, New Guinea, Australia and Africa, with very few species in north and south America and Europe. Scaptodrosophila species usually possess a pair of prescutellar bristles, a propleural bristle, and three large subequal sternopleural bristles; other morphological features are more variable. Ecological information concerning the majority of Scaprodrosophila species is scanty or absent, but known feeding or breeding sites include tree sap, fungi, fruit, flowers and 1eaf litter; larvae of at least one species are gall forming in plant tissues. The establishment of species groups is complicated by lack of detailed knowledge of many species, but six groups containing four or more species are recognized.
Further notes on family‐group names of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: FITTON M. G. , GAULD I. D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe name Phygadeuontinae Foerster, 1868 is chosen, from those available, for the ichneumonid subfamily known previously as the Hemitelinae, Gelinae or Cryptinae. These latter three names are incorrect under theInternational Code.The operation of the first reviser principle in this case is explained. Other additions and corrections to the treatment of family‐group names of Ichneumonidae recently published by the same authors are also given.
The Aslauga purpurascens complex of entomophagous butterflies (Lycaenidae)
Authors: COTTERELL C. B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Aslauga purpurascens complex is revised and six species are recognized: purpurascens Holland, marshalli Butler (=purpurascens marginaria Talbot syn.n.), latifurca sp.n., orientalis sp.n., atrophifurca sp.n. and australis spn. All species are described and illustrated and keys provided for their identification. Characters used in previous studies and in the present study are discussed and the literature is reviewed. The biology of the species is discussed with special reference to the appetitive sexual behaviour of adult males and to possible hostspecificity in larval predation of membracids and coccids. The significance of the geographical distribution of the species is examined.
A re‐examination of the scuttle‐fly genus Rhynchomicropteron (Phoridae), with two new species from Sarawak
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA re‐examination of puliciforme Annandale, the type‐species of Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, reveals errors in the original description; puliciforme is redescribed and Longirostrum Disney synonymized with Rhynchomicropteron which is redefined. Two new species, muluensis and vallacki, are described from Sarawak and a key to the six species of Rhynchomicropteron provided.
A new lyonetiid moth, a pest of winged‐bean
Authors: BRADLEY J. D. , CARTER D. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Leucoptera psophocarpella sp.n., a minute lyonetiid moth (wing‐span ±4 mm) whose larvae damage the leaves of winged‐bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.) (Leguminosae) in Papua New Guinea, is described from the adult, larva and pupa. This species is known locally as the ‘winged‐bean blotch miner’ because of the characteristic damage caused by the larvae. Figures are given of the diagnostic external, venational and genitalic characters of the adult and chaetotactic and morphological characters of the larva and pupa.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: platyscelis‐grovip systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the second in a series designed to cover taxonomi‐cally all species‐groupsof Agra,whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. A clear understanding of their phylo‐geny and distribution may provide very good data with which to test recently proposed hypotheses of tropical species richness and endemism, particularly the forest refugium and flood‐zone hypothesis. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process.Four names are presented in new combinations:Agra baccii(Straneo),Agra platyscelis(Chaudoir),Agra guy anensis(Chaudoir) andAgra semiviridis(Straneo). All these species were originally placed inAgridia.One synonymy was detected;Agra clangorisLiebke is a junior synonymat A. guy anensis(Chaudoir).Sixteen new species ofAgraare described from the following type‐localities:howdenorum(Simla, 5.0 miles north of Arima, Trinidad, West Indies),ecaligis(Rio Bobonanza, Mentalva, Ecuador),yodella(Gourdonville, French Guiana),limulus(Tarapoto, Peru),tumatumari(Rio Potaro, Tumatumari, Guyana),varzeicola(Parana Costa da Ilha de Curari (Rio Solimoes), Amazonas, Brazil),ariasi(Reserva Ducke, 26.0 km northeast of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil),oliven‐cana(Sao Paulo d'Olivenija, Amazonas, Brazil),iquitosana(Iquitos, Peru),tarapotoana(Tarapoto, Peru),titan(type area ‐ French Guiana),seabrae(Mangabeira, near Mocajuba, Para, Brazil),caliga(Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Republic of Panama),yeti(Rosario Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil),sasquatch(Bele'm, Para, Brazil),azureipennis(type area – Northern Venezuela). Twenty‐one species arrayed in three subgroups are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Panama south to Bolivia, east to the mouth of the Amazon River and north along the coast of the Guyanas; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the five groups of SectionErythropusis completed. Species distributions correspond to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes of organisms.
Separation of Helophorus grandis, maritimus and occidentalis sp.n. (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) by banded chromosome analysis
Authors: ANGUS R. B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract Examination of the chromosomes shows that Helophorus grandis Ill. is a species quite separate from H.maritimus Rey. Further investigation shows that while the karyotype of H.grandis is the same in populations from southern England, northern and central France, and the northern half of Spain, that of H.maritimus from the Camargue is sufficiently different from supposed maritimus from central Spain for the Spanish specimens to be regarded as a separate species, here described as H.occidentalis sp.n. Aedeagophores of the three species are figured, along with additional maritimus‐like material.No aedeagal or other morphological features for distinguishing maritimus and Occidentalis have been discovered. The implications of the discovery of two species of an H.maritimus complex are discussed.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests:famulagroup offormicariagroup systematics (carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the third in a series designed to cover taxonomically all species groups ofAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. A clear understanding of phylogeny and distribution of these beetles may provide very good data with which to test recently proposed hypotheses of tropical species richness and endemism, particularly the forest refugium‐flood‐zone hypothesis. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. In this paper, two species groups,famulaandformicaria, are discussed.Three names are presented in new combinations:Agra rubricollis(Chaudoir),Agra smuragdinipennis(Steinheil),Agra phaenicodera(Bates). All these species were originally placed inAgridiaand now are considered as part ofAgra, formicariagroup. One synonymy (formicaria = batesii), previously recognized by Chaudoir, is questioned but left standing because of no recourse to type material offormicariaThomson.Twelve new species of Agra in two species groups are described from the following type localities:famula group; cuneolus(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus),tessera(BRAZIL, Pará Santarem),campana(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Panama, Cerro Campana),spina(BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Rosario Oeste),fortuna(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Chiriqui, Fortuna);formicariagroup;blumax(BRAZIL, Sāo Paulo, Mato de Governo),inpa(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus),zona(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),aeroides(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Sāo Paulo d'Olivenqa),leuhea(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, 5.0 miles northwest of Gamboa),vation(PERU, Loreto, Pebas),moira(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus area, Paraná do Xiboreninho). Twenty species arrayed in two groups and ten subgroups are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Costa Rica south to Bolivia and east to the middle of the Amazon Basin;most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the five groups of SectionErythropusis completed. Species distributions correspond to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes or groups of organisms.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: palmata‐group systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the fourth in a series designed to cover taxomomical‐ly all species groups ofAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. In this paper, one species group,palmata, is discussed; it is divided into six subgroups:dominula, cavei, dora, tingomaria, valentinaandpalmata.Thirty‐two new speciesof Agraare described from the following type‐localities:eucera(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),eucnemes(type area: ECUADOR),demerasae(GUYANA, Demerasa),nox(type area: FRENCH GUIANA),nigrarima(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley),sironyx(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley),atlas(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Simla, 5.0 miles north of Arima),rufarima(WEST INDIES, Trinidad),littleorum(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Rio Demiti),constans(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant),serra(BRAZIL, Para, Santarem),xingu(BRAZIL, Para, Sao Felix do Xingu),goyazella(BRAZIL, Goyas, Jatahy),cachimbo(BRAZIL, Para, Cachimbo),tarapoto(PERU, Tarapoto),iota(PERU, Rio Ucayali, mouth),cavei(PARAGUAY, Cordillera, Caapuce),notichlora(PARAGUAY, Santisma Trinidad),dora(PERU, Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 km (air) SW Puerto Maldonado),satipo(PERU, Satipo),notiocyanea(BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz, Sara),tingomaria(PERU, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley),pearsoni(PERU, Lago Yarina‐cocha),stockwelli(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),paloma(MEXICO, Oaxaca, Palomeres),kayae(MEXICO, Chiapas, Arroyo Santa Maria, east slope Sierra de Colmena),belize(BELIZE, Rio Temas),atriperna(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),orabrocha(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),dorazul(COLOMBIA, Santander),cyaneucnemes(COLOMBIA, Minca),vesedes(type‐area: northern South America). Thirty‐nine species are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Oaxaca, Mexico, south to Bolivia, east to Brazilia and north to Guyana; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis of the five groups of SectionErythropuswill be presented in a separate paper. Species distributions correspond to Pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes or groups of organisms.
The systematic position of Antirrhea and Caerois, with comments on the classification of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: DeVRIES PHILIP J. , KITCHING IAN J. , VANE‐WRIGHT R. I. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBased on a Wagner tree analysis of ninety‐two characters (eighty‐five larval, one egg, six adult), the nymphalid butterfly genera Antirrhea and Caerois are demonstrated to be the closest relatives of the genus Morpho. Accordingly, Antirrhea and Caerois are formally transferred from the Satyrinae to the Morphinae. Without these two genera, the Morphinae (sensu Ehrlich) is at best a paraphyletic group. During the study, fourteen nymphalid genera were treated as potential outgroups. The analysis suggests that many currently accepted higher taxa within the Nymphalidae are probably untenable: the Satyrinae and Nymphalinae (sensu Ehrlich) are both probably polyphyletic; the Biinae (sensu Miller) must be abandoned, being polyphyletic; the Charaxidae (sensu Rydon), although probably monophyletic, appear to form a group subordinate to part of the ‘Satyrinae’; and Apatura does not cluster with the ‘Nymphalinae’, but appears to form the sister‐group of the ‘Satyrinae’ (less Antirrhea and Caerois) plus the Charaxinae. Re‐analyses of reduced data sets, in which potentially homoplasious larval head‐horn and adult wing venational characters were eliminated, leaves these conclusions essentially unaltered. The authors suggest that a solution to the seemingly intractable problem posed by nymphalid higher classification can be sought by the application of cladistic analysis to a large data set gathered from all developmental stages, with special emphasis on detailed comparative larval morphology.
HarpactusShuckard, 1837, the valid name for the genus currently calledDienoplusFox, 1894 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: PULAWSKI WOJCIECH J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHarpactusShuckard, 1837 (an unjustified emendation of the preoccupied nameArpactusJurine, 1807) is an available name and must be restored as the valid name for the genus now calledDienoplusFox, 1894. The latter name has been incorrectly interpreted as valid by Pate (1937), de Beaumont(1954a)and all subsequent authors.
The Stigmella oxyacanthella species‐group in Europe (Nepticulidae: Lepidoptera)
Authors: SCHOORL J. W. (PIM) , NIEUKERKEN ERIK J. VAN , WILKINSON CHRISTOPHER 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Stigmella oxyacanthella species‐group sensu Johansson 1971, is revised here. Ten European species are recognized: torminalis (Wood), regiella (Herrich‐Schäffer), crataegella (Klimesch), hahniella (Wörz), magdalenae (Klimesch), nylandriella (Tengström), oxyacanthella (Stainton), pyri (Glitz), minusculella (Herrich‐Schäffer) and desperatella (Frey). Two species previously attributed to the group are here excluded: aceris (Frey) and aeneella (Heinemann). The latter is synonymized with Stigmella anomalella (Göze).Ten lectotypes are designated and an identification key to all the species is provided. Descriptions of adults and their genitalia and of larvae and their biology are given. The group has a holarctic distribution.
The taxonomic status of Architipula fragmentosa (Bode) and the family Eoasilidae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic
Authors: KRZEMIŃSKI WIESLAW , KOVALEV VLADIMIR G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe fossil species Architipula fragmentosa (Bode) comb. nov. (Diptera: Nematocera: Limoniidae) from the German Upper Lias (Lower Jurassic) is redescribed. This species was originally described by Bode (1953) in a new monotypic genus as Eoasilidea fragmentosa and placed in the Brachycera, with Eoasilidea as the type‐genus of a new family Eoasilidae. This family is here synonymized with the Limoniidae (Nematocera), and the genus Eoasilidea is synonymized with Architipula Handlirsch.
Egg bursters in the Chrysomelidae, with a review of their occurrence in the Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea (Coleoptera)
Authors: COX MICHAEL L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe literature on the occurrence of egg bursters in first instar larvae of the Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea is reviewed. The egg bursters and chaetotaxy of the tubercles on which they occur are described for the larvae of 221 chrysomelid species, representing fifteen of the nineteen subfamilies. The value of these as subfamily, generic and specific characters is discussed and also their use as indicators of the phylogenetic relationships among these different groups. Possible explanations are proposed for the absence of egg bursters in certain chrysomelid subfamilies.
The implications of function on the origin and homologies of the dipterous wing
Authors: WOOTTON ROBIN J. , ENNOS A. ROLAND 
Published: January 2008

Abstract The origin of Diptera, and the homologies of the dipteran wing, are re‐examined in the light of recent studies on the flight biomechanics and functional wing morphology of Diptera and ofPanorpa. Significant Diptera apomorphies are identified, relevant fossils discussed, and a hypothetical wing ground‐plan figured.The arculus, the modified clavus and the anteroposterior asymmetry of the fly wing seem to be adaptations to a mode of flight in which instantaneous wing pitch and camber are controlled automatically, rather than by muscular action; probably in association with the development of asynchronous power musculature.Tillyard's Cu2 (=CUP) is believed to be a secondary pseudo‐vein, his 1A to be the true CuP and 2A to be 1A.The late Permian fossil Permotipula Patricia is almost certainly a member of the Diptera stem‐group, possibly even of the crown‐group. The Mesozoic Laurentipteridae and the Permian Permotanyderidae are other possible, but not certain, stem‐group members.
Tests of male soft scale insects (Homoptera: Coccidae) from America north of Mexico, including a key to the species
Authors: MILLER GARY L. , WILLIAMS MICHAEL L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTests (pupal covers) of twenty‐eight species of male Coccidae, representing fifteen genera from America north of Mexico, are described and illustrated. Tests of each of the species exhibit morphological differences which are useful in identification. Terminology is given for the sutures, corresponding plates, and related structures of the generalized test and a key is provided for separation of the described species.
Phenetic and ecological relationships between species of the subgenus Hercostomus (Gymnopternus) in western Europe with the description of two new species (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: POLLET M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAs revised here, the subgenus Gymnopternus Loew of the genus Hercostomus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) comprises nine western European species. H. aerosus, H. metallicus and H. assimilis are re‐described, and H. silvestris and H. blankaartensis are described as new. Keys to males and females are given which include all western European species of this subgenus. A phenogram based on twenty‐seven morphological attributes is compared with cluster analyses based on the habitat preferences and seasonal activity patterns. The results are discussed in the light of the niche separation versus coexistence principles.
Description of a new genus of scale insect with a discussion of relationships among families related to the Kermesidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: MILLER DOUGLASS R. , MILLER GARY L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new kermesid genus, Eriokermes, is described for three species previously placed in the Eriococcidae: Eriokermes gillettei (Tinsley) comb.n.; E.juniperi (Goux) comb.n.; and E.juniperinus (De Lotto) comb.n. Keys to Nearctic kermesid genera, Eriokermes species, and immatures and adults of E.gillettei are provided. Four female and five male instars of E.gillettei are described. Eriokermes is placed in Kermesidae based on a cladistic estimate of its phylogenetic position.SummaryKermesids can be distinguished from eriococcids by: adult males with 5 pairs of simple eyes, presence of a postocciput, prescutal ridge extending into scutum, and scutum with central clear area; adult females with dorsal simple disc pores, without microtubular ducts, usually without protruding anal lobes, and usually with a submarginal band of tubular ducts on the tergum; and first instars with dorsal simple disc pores, with 4 dorsal rows of setae on abdominal segments excluding the posterior one, and without microtubular ducts. Conversely, eriococcids can be distinguished from kermesids by: adult males with 2 pairs of simple eyes, absence of a postocciput, presuctal ridge not extending into scutum, and scutum without central clear area; adult females without dorsal simple disc pores, with microtubular ducts, usually with protruding anal lobes, and usually with tubular ducts scattered over the venter; and first instars with microtubular ducts, with 6 dorsal rows of setae on abdominal segments excluding the posterior one, and without dorsal simple disc pores.The present cladistic analysis provides evidence that the Eriococcidae constitute the sister group of the Pseudococcidae (Boratynski & Davies, 1971) and is contrary to the conclusions of Miller & Kosztarab (1979), Danzig (1980) and Kosztarab & Bullington (1986).The importance of including characters from adult male and first instars in phylogenetic analyses of coccoids has been emphasized previously (Ferris, 1957; Miller & Kosztarab, 1979). The current study confirms their value for the resolution of higher level relationships within the Coccoidea.
Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)
Authors: RONQUIST FREDRIK 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBased on several structural and biological characteristics, the Cynipoidea can be divided into two groups, ‘macrocynipoids’ and ‘microcynipoids’. The macrocynipoids (i.e. the family Liopteridae and the genera Austrocynips, Eileenella, Heteribalia and Ibalia) are generally large insects that parasitize wood‐ or cone‐boring insect larvae. The microcynipoids are smaller insects that are either phytophagous gall inducers and inquilines (Cynipidae) or parasitoids of larvae of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera or Diptera (Figitidae sensu lato, including the families Eucoilidae, Charipidae and Anacharitidae). The phylogenetic relationships among genera of macrocynipoids and between these and a sample of four genera representing the Figitidae and Cynipidae were examined by parsimony analysis of 110 external morphological characters of adults. Within the macrocynipoids, three monophyletic lineages emerged, classified here as different families: the Austrocynipidae, with a single species, Austrocynips mirabilis, the only cynipoid with a true pterostigma; the Ibaliidae, including the genera Eileenella, Ibalia and Heteribalia; and the Liopteridae, comprising the remaining genera of macrocynipoids. The analysis further supported the monophyly of the microcynipoids and indicated that the macrocynipoids form a paraphyletic group relative to the microcynipoids, with the shortest tree suggesting the relationship (Austrocynipidae, (Ibaliidae, (Liopteridae, microcynipoids))). These results imply that cynipoids were originally parasitoids of wood‐boring insect larvae and that the other modes of life evolved secondarily within the group.