bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from onion and garlic waste under organic, inorganic and dual acid mixtures
Authors: Şen Emine , Göktürk Ersen , Uğuzdoğan Erdal 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis study aims to investigate pectin extraction from garlic (GW) and onion waste (OW) by microwave-assisted (MAE) and sequential microwave assisted-hot acid extraction (MAHE) methods. All extractions were performed under three different media including organic acids [citric (CA) and acetic (AA)], inorganic acids [sulfuric (H2SO4) and hydrochloric (HCl)] and their mixtures. GW provided more pectin yields compared with OW. While the highest pectin yields from GW and OW by MAE in H2SO4 were respectively 24.62 ± 0.65 and 24.93 ± 0.59%, these yields under MAHE were 27.99 ± 0.36 and 28.43 ± 0.42%, respectively. Higher pectin yields and galacturonic acid (Gal-A) contents were mostly achieved in inorganic acids. However, degree of esterification (DE), methoxyl content (MeO) and equivalent weight (EW) values were higher for the pectins extracted under organic acids. Extraction of pectin from GW and OW was also accomplished in dual acidic media by MAE. Addition of inorganic acids to the organic acid solutions resulted in increasing pectin yields. The highest pectin yields from GW and OW under dual acid solutions were respectively 23.36 ± 0.66 and 21.88 ± 0.52%, and achieved in 1/3 HCl-H2SO4 and 1/3 CA-H2SO4 mixtures by MAE. While increasing inorganic acid contents in dual acid solutions resulted in enhanced Gal-A contents, increasing organic acid volume also generated higher DE and MeO values of the pectins. Obtained successful outcomes indicate that MAHE method could be used as an efficient extraction technique for the higher pectin yields, and utilization of organic-inorganic dual acid mixtures during MAE provides enhanced yields and controlled physicochemical properties of pectin.
Graphical abstract
A Review of Hepatitis B Reactivation Risk on Immunosuppressants with a Focus on Newer Immunomodulators
Authors: Dossaji Zahra , Haque Lubaba , Khattak Adam , Hsu Mark , Gish Robert 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can complicate the use of immunosuppressive, antiviral, and chemotherapeutic medications in individuals with a history of prior exposure to HBV or chronic infection. Timely management is crucial to prevent fatalities. This review focuses on the various classes of biologics linked to the risk of HBVr, with emphasis on newer immunosuppressive and immunomodulator therapies.

Recent Findings
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapies are associated with a high risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) in patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (HbsAg-positive). This risk decreases significantly when patients start nucleoside analogue (NA) prophylaxis. It is recommended to use NA prophylaxis alongside these medications and closely monitor for reactivation upon discontinuation of NA prophylaxis.

Summary
To minimize the risk of reactivation when starting immunosuppressive, antiviral, and chemotherapeutic agents in individuals at high, intermediate, and low risk for hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr), it is crucial to employ specific strategies for risk assessment, monitoring, and management.
A Multi-response Nonlinear Programming Model with an Inscribed Design to Optimize Bioreduction Conditions of (S)-phenyl (pyridin-2-yl)methanol by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides N13
Authors: Özdemir Akın , Şahin Engin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAsymmetric bioreductions have the potential to synthesize chiral alcohols when catalyzed by biocatalysts. Nevertheless, the (S)-phenyl (pyridin-2-yl)methanol ((S)-2) analgesic synthesis poses significant challenges concerning unsatisfactory substrate amount and production method. Thus, this study proposes an inscribed design-focused multi-response nonlinear optimization model for the asymmetric reduction of the phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methanone (1) with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides N13 biocatalyst. From the novel inscribed design-focused multi-response nonlinear optimization model, optimization conditions of the reaction, such as pH = 6, temperature = 29 °C, incubation time = 53 h, and agitation speed = 153 rpm, were found. Also, the reaction conversion was predicted to be 99%, and the product of the enantiomeric excess (ee) was 98.4% under the obtained optimization conditions. (S)-2 was obtained with 99% ee, 99% conversion, and 98% yield while performing a validation experiment using the determined optimized conditions. In addition, 1 with the amount of 11.9 g was converted entirely to (S)-2 (11.79 g, 98% isolated yield) on a high gram scale. Also, this study is noted as the first example of the gram-scale production of (S)-2 using an optimization strategy and biocatalyst. Further, the applicability of the inscribed design-focused optimization model in biocatalytic reactions has been demonstrated and provides an effective process for the analgesic synthesis of (S)-2, which is a green, cost-effective method of producing chiral aryl heteroaryl methanol.
Mining 4.0 and its effects on work environment, competence, organisation and society – a scoping review
Authors: Lund Erik , Pekkari Annika , Johansson Jan , Lööw Joel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The mining industry is facing a technological shift with Industry 4.0 creating new conditions for mining. This is often referred to as Mining 4.0. To succeed through the technological shift, the industry need to handle several challenges wisely, such as how to utilise the new digital technology to promote sustainable work environments, how to recruit skilled workers to the industry, and how to manage organisational challenges as a result of the technological shift. This scoping literature review examines a large field of literature on how Mining 4.0 might affect the mining industry in areas such as work environment, competences, organisation and society, and what can be done to promote sustainability going forward. The paper also identifies several areas that have not been explored in previous research. These include empirical studies on the effects of the technological shift brought about by Mining 4.0 on work environments, and how to attract younger generations to mining to ensure sustainability in the industry going forward.
Ontwikkelingen in de behandeling van gemetastaseerd hormoongevoelig prostaatcarcinoom
Authors: van Basten Jean-Paul , van Oort Inge 
Published: February 2024

SamenvattingDe behandeling bij gemetastaseerd hormoongevoelig prostaatcarcinoom (mHSPC) is volop in ontwikkeling. Hoewel androgeendeprivatietherapie (ADT) nog altijd de hoeksteen vormt van de behandeling van mHSPC, is de laatste jaren gebleken dat intensivering van de behandeling met chemotherapie of remmers van de androgeenreceptor-pathway significante verlenging van overleving geeft, met een acceptabele toxiciteit. Daarnaast wordt in studieverband de uitkomst onderzocht van veelbelovende aanvullende therapieën, zoals remmers van poly(-adenosinedifosfaat-ribose) polymerase (PARP) bij mHSPC-patiënten met een DNA-reparatiedeficiëntie (DRD). Dit artikel geeft de stand van zaken in diagnostiek en behandeling van mHSPC in de dagelijkse urologische praktijk en een overzicht van de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen. Daarnaast wordt aandacht besteed aan de cruciale rol van de uroloog bij de multidisciplinaire behandeling van mHSPC en de groeiende mogelijkheden voor gepersonaliseerde zorg.
PSMA PET/CT in diagnostiek en responsevaluatie in patiënten met primair gemetastaseerd prostaatkanker
Authors: Ettema Rosemarijn H. , Luining Wietske I. , Vis André N. , van den Bergh Roderick C. N. 
Published: February 2024

SamenvattingProstaatkanker is een van de meest voorkomende vormen van kanker bij mannen. Adequate stadiëring is van belang voor het bepalen van de therapie en de prognose. De prostaatspecifieke membraanantigeen (PSMA) positronemissietomografie/computertomografie (PET/CT) heeft een hogere diagnostische accuratesse voor het beoordelen van de aan-/afwezigheid van metastasen van prostaatkanker dan conventionele beeldvorming, bestaande uit CT-thorax/abdomen in combinatie met een botscan. Hierdoor worden er vaker metastasen gevisualiseerd en verandert bij een deel van de patiënten het stadium, meestal naar een hoger ziektestadium. De impact van deze stage shift op de prognose is nog niet uitgebreid onderzocht, maar geeft over het algemeen betere uitkomsten voor patiënten in hetzelfde stadium. Het is nog onduidelijk welke impact deze stage shift zou moeten hebben op de therapiekeuze van patiënten. Bij patiënten met gemetastaseerde prostaatkanker zouden de PSMA-bevindingen en behandelrespons op de PET/CT de kans op succesvolle behandeling kunnen voorspellen.
Renal dysfunction caused by severe hypothyroidism diagnosed by renal biopsy: a case report
Authors: Tani Hiroki , Hirashio Shuma , Tsuda Akihiro , Tachiyama Yoshiro , Hara Shigeo , Masaki Takao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThere is a close relationship between thyroid dysfunction and renal dysfunction. However, thyroid dysfunction can unfortunately result in inaccurate measurements of serum creatinine and cystatin C levels. The chronic decrease in cardiac output due to hypothyroidism can reduce renal plasma flow (RPF) resulting in renal dysfunction. We report the case of a 36-year-old male in whom renal dysfunction detected during a company health check-up was found to be caused by severe hypothyroidism. His serum creatinine levels showed poor results, but serum cystatin C levels were within the normal range. The physician thus prioritized serum cystatin C for assessing the patient’s renal function, and concluded that his renal function was normal. He subsequently visited our hospital, aged 36 years, for a comprehensive examination. His serum creatinine level was 1.88 mg/dL and his serum cystatin C level was 0.75 mg/dL, indicating an unusual discrepancy between the two measurements. The patient also presented with fatigue, suggesting hypothyroidism, and we therefore evaluated his thyroid function. His free thyroxine level was below the sensitivity of the assay, while his thyroid-stimulating hormone level was > 100 μIU/mL. A renal biopsy was performed to further explore the underlying cause of his renal dysfunction, which suggested that reduced RPF could be the leading cause of his renal ischemia, with no indications of chronic glomerulonephritis or other abnormalities. His hypothyroidism and renal function improved after thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Given the limited reports of renal biopsy tissue examination during the acute phase of hypothyroidism, the current case provides important information regarding the diagnosis of renal dysfunction in patients with hypothyroidism.
6-Stroke water injection engine literature review with an introduction of heat transfer and thermodynamic analysis
Authors: Mejía-Gallón V. , Gomez S. , Estrada Grisales D. , Fula M. A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractInternal combustion engines have played a crucial role in the advancement of society. Consequently, there has been a persistent need to enhance their efficiency and performance. The water-injected six-stroke engine is based on conventional four-stroke engines, producing additional power by injecting water into the hot combustion products during the expansion stroke, thereby increasing the overall engine efficiency. However, a comprehensive review that consolidates existing knowledge and identifies future research opportunities in six-stroke engine technology is lacking. This study addresses this gap by thoroughly examining the thermodynamic operation of six-stroke engines and analyzing the impact of water injection on engine performance. The review covers literature from 1994 to 2023, categorizing studies based on the modeling approach, working fluid, thermodynamic cycle, and consideration of heat transfer. Among the 18 analyzed articles, predominantly published from 2015 to 2019, half utilize analytical models, while the rest employ experimental models addressing heat transfer losses. Notably, water injection exhibits a substantial influence, manifesting as a 5.18% increase in brake power and a 1.55% enhancement in thermal efficiency, particularly with acetylene as the working fluid. Finally, a literature overview of water injection in hot gas environments within the engine cylinder was conducted in addition to a preliminary thermodynamic analysis of the Otto and Diesel cycles to compare different configurations outlined in the literature. The lack of studies, experimental setups, and non-idealized models that consider factors such as heat transfer or water evaporation during injection is evident. By critically synthesizing the available literature, this study offers valuable insights into the potential advantages, limitations, and prospects of six-stroke engine studies.
Innovations in Molecular Biomarkers and Biomaterial-Based Immunotherapies for Head & Neck Cancer
Authors: Wong Sarah Anne , Manon Victoria A. , Young Simon , Viet Chi T. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) survival rates have remained stagnant due to a lack of targeted therapies and diagnostic tools. Patient risk is currently determined solely through clinicopathologic features, primarily tumor staging, which lacks the necessary precision to stratify patients by risk and accurately dictate adjuvant treatment. Similarly, conventional OSCC therapies have well-established toxicities and limited efficacy.

Recent Findings
Recent studies show that patient risk can now be assessed using non-invasive techniques, at earlier time points, and with greater accuracy using molecular biomarker panels. Additionally, novel immunotherapies not only utilize the host’s immune response to combat disease but also have the potential to form immunological memory to prevent future recurrence. Localized controlled-release formulas have further served to reduce toxicity and allow the de-escalation of other treatment modalities.

Summary
We review the latest advances in head and neck cancer diagnosis and treatment, including novel molecular biomarkers and immunotherapies.
SGLT-2 inibitori nel trattamento dell’iponatremia. Quale ruolo?
Authors: Fibbi Benedetta , Norello Dario 
Published: February 2024

SommarioGli inibitori del cotrasportatore Na+-glucosio di tipo 2 inducono glicosuria e diuresi osmotica. L’aumento dell’escrezione di acqua libera, che riduce il volume circolante e determina cardio- e nefroprotezione indipendenti dall’azione ipoglicemizzante, li rende potenzialmente efficaci nei pazienti con iponatremia cronica, un disturbo elettrolitico gravato da elevate morbilità e mortalità per il quale le opzioni terapeutiche a disposizione sono poche e spesso poco tollerate, inefficaci o costose.
CCPs: EU Equivalence and Regulatory ‘Bazookas’
Authors: Zebregs Bas , de Serière Victor 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis paper discusses various aspects of equivalence and (re)location issues in relation to central counterparties (‘CCPs’). We will inevitably focus on the consequences of Brexit for the position of the London-based CCPs and the potential impact thereof on the derivatives clearing landscape in the European Union (‘EU’). We will first describe the regime applicable to CCPs under the 2012 EMIR regime. This is followed by an introduction to EMIR 2.2 and the tiering of third-country CCPs. Subsequently, we will review the ESMA assessment of substantially systemically important clearing services and summarise the EMIR 3.0 proposal and its implications. Subsequently, the potential impact of the imposition of a location policy will be addressed. Finally, we will comment on how the European regime applicable to CCPs aligns with what may be referred to as the ‘international legal order’ providing the regulatory parameters within which cross-border clearing services may be conducted. We contend that imposing additional requirements for Tier 2 CCPs and the implementation of a (partial) location policy could prove to be regulatory ‘bazookas’. Acting in breach of the international order of mutual recognition and deference could well backfire to the detriment of the European clearing industry.
On the functional basis of isotropic vector and tensor functions by Shariff (2023)
Authors: Itskov Mikhail 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the paper Shariff (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 76:143–161, 2023) a functional basis of a system of vectors and symmetric tensors is proposed. The functional basis is expressed in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the first tensor and includes a smaller number of terms in comparison to the classical irreducible representation (see, e.g., Boehler, J. Appl. Math. Mech. 57:323–327, 1977; Pennisi and Trovato, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 25:1059–1065, 1987). In the present contribution, we show that elements of the functional basis by Shariff (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 76:143–161, 2023) do not represent isotropic invariants of the vector and tensor arguments and cannot thus be referred to as the functional basis. To this end, a counterexample with two symmetric tensors is considered. Under an arbitrary orthogonal transformation the functional basis (Shariff, Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 76:143–161, 2023) of these two tensors should remain constant but it does change in contrast to the classical representation.
GrassCaré: Visualizing the Grassmannian on the Poincaré Disk
Authors: Li Huanran , Pimentel-Alarcón Daniel 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis paper introduces a novel method for visualizing high-dimensional Grassmannians through 2D embeddings on the Poincaré disk. The proposed approach involves the construction of affinity matrices on each manifold, followed by the minimization of KL-divergence between the geodesics affinity. This process enables the identification of an optimal projection that effectively preserves the geometry of the original high-dimensional Grassmannian. Our main theoretical contribution lies in bounding the embedding loss with respect to two factors: the logarithm of the number of subspaces and a term dependent on the distribution of subspaces within the Grassmannian. Notably, this term is smaller when subspaces exhibit well-defined clusters, and larger in the absence of any discernible structure. We complement our theoretical analysis with comprehensive experiments on both synthetic and real datasets. The experimental results showcase the superiority of our embedding in accurately visualizing Grassmannians compared to existing representations.
Prevertebral Anchored Kevlar Band to Recover Intact Spine Movement Ranges in Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty
Authors: Vanaclocha Amparo , Vanaclocha Vicente , Atienza Carlos M. , Jordá-Gómez Pablo , Peñuelas Andres , Saiz-Sapena Nieves , Vanaclocha Leyre 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAnterior longitudinal ligament and annulus fibrosus removal in total disc replacement induces excessive spinal mobility with zygapophyseal joint overload and osteoarthritic changes causing chronic back pain. To control disc arthroplasty-induced hypermobility with a Kevlar® band. A 3 × 3 cm Kevlar® band implanted in twelve human lumbar cadaveric spines substituted the anterior longitudinal ligament and annulus in disc arthroplasty. Biomechanical studies compared the intact spine, after discectomy, post-disc arthroplasty, and with the Kevlar® band inserted. The Kevlar® band recovered the extension and axial rotation movement ranges without regaining the intact status. Improvement was moderate in lateral bending. The Instantaneous Axis of Rotation improved the discectomy and total disc prosthesis conditions without recovering the initial state. The disc above the operated one also showed increased mobility, particularly in extension and axial rotation, improved by Kevlar® band insertion without recovering the intact spine values. The Kevlar® band improves excess mobility ranges induced by anterior longitudinal ligament and anterior annulus removal in disc arthroplasty in the operated and supra-adjacent discs without recovering the baseline status.
Just Asking! On “Friendly” Forms of Harassment
Authors: Claeys Martha 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHarassment is often understood to be, in its paradigm form, overtly aggressive or hostile. But harassment can also occur in a more deceptive format, and can be presented as soft, neutral, innocent, or even friendly and caring. There is something fundamentally deceptive and dishonest about this kind of harassment. The overt friendliness makes these particular forms of harassment harder to spot, and therefore potentially more likely to succeed. I focus on one such instance of friendly-presenting harassment: sealioning. I argue that, despite its ostensive friendliness, sealioning is a form of harassment that has a twofold goal: there is the political goal of forestalling action, and the epistemic goal of undermining the victim's authority. I draw on Jose Medina's understanding of culpable ignorance and the existentialist notion of bad faith to flesh out the distinction between ill-willed and good-willed sealioning, and argue that the latter, despite the good will, is also harassment. I conclude by addressing the different responsibilities of the sea lion, the victim, and the onlooker. Narrowing in on these deceptive forms of harassment, I aim to contribute to the hermeneutic justice of being able to spot and name harassment as it happens.
COFINAL TYPES OF ULTRAFILTERS OVER MEASURABLE CARDINALS
Authors: BENHAMOU TOM , DOBRINEN NATASHA 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We develop the theory of cofinal types of ultrafilters over measurable cardinals and establish its connections to Galvin’s property. We generalize fundamental results from the countable to the uncountable, but often in surprisingly strengthened forms, and present models with varying structures of the cofinal types of ultrafilters over measurable cardinals.
Spontaneous transmedia co-location: Integration in memory
Authors: Antonini Alessio , Brooker Sam , Škopljanac Lovro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The unanticipated product of a survey involving 190 non-professional readers, this first-report paper looks at the way memories from different source media overlap, along with the potential consequences of this phenomenon for existing approaches to reader behaviour.
The paper begins with a focus on how everyday readers articulate their recollection of literary works, in particular those moments they found most memorable. We identify a common situation in which participants ‘mix up’ recollections of a book's content with memories of their respective film or TV adaptations. We offer the term spontaneous transmedia co-location to describe this form of effortless recall involving memories of literary texts which spontaneously trigger memories of other, visual media. We outline five preliminary modes of spontaneous transmedia co-location (STC) and explain what they consist of.
Finally, we elaborate how STC ties into wider theories of how readers and other consumers interact with media, and how they tend to remember and otherwise connect them in a transmedia space.