bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal reconstruction of the lower urinary tract as a prerequisite for renal transplantation
Authors: Djakovic Nenad , Wagener Nina , Adams Judith , Gilfrich Christian , Haferkamp Axel , Pfitzenmaier Jesco , Toenshoff Burkhard , Schmidt Jan , Hohenfellner Markus 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVETo report a two‐stage protocol for children in whom bladder reconstruction was followed by kidney transplantation, as about a quarter of children requiring a kidney transplantation show significant lower urinary tract dysfunction, and consequently their bladder is unsuitable for a kidney transplant.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwelve children (median age 9.5 years, range 4.2–16.8) with end‐stage renal disease had a lower urinary tract reconstruction before kidney transplantation. The cause of bladder dysfunction and renal failure included posterior urethral valves in five, neuropathic bladder in two, prune‐belly syndrome in two, anal‐rectum and urethral atresia syndrome in one, primary obstructive uropathy in one and caudal regression syndrome in one. Two children were diverted with an ileal conduit; four had a bladder augmentation, and four had a bladder augmentation with additional continent cutaneous stoma. A continent urinary reservoir was constructed in one boy, and one boy had a Mitrofanoff‐only procedure. Subsequently, 11 children were transplanted.RESULTSThe graft survival rate was 11 of 12 at 1 year and eight of 12 at 5 years. No patient lost the graft related to the reconstructed lower urinary tract. During the median (range) follow‐up of 5.4 (1.6–12.5) years all but one child had free drainage of the upper urinary tract. All 10 children who did not have an ileal conduit are continent.CONCLUSIONReconstruction of the lower urinary tract followed by renal transplantation is a safe and efficient approach. It has the advantage of restoring the lower urinary tract before immunosuppressive therapy, and supplies the best possible reservoir for a transplanted kidney.
ON THE PROBABILITY OF BEING MAXIMAL
Authors: Li Deyuan 
Published: December 2008

SummaryLet X1, X2, … , Xn be independent and identically distributed random variables with a continuous cumulative distribution function F, which belongs to the max‐domain of attraction of the Frechet or Gumbel extreme value distribution. We define the probability of being maximal, Dn, and approximate it. Several previous papers have considered this problem, but only for special cases. The approximations to Dn are very useful for obtaining demand functions from random utility models in the qualitative response models used in social sciences.
Social Representations and Repression: Examining the First Formulations of Freud and Moscovici
Authors: BILLIG MICHAEL 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe English edition of Moscovici's classic work on the social representation of psychoanalysis enables us to reflect on the historical origins of psychoanalytic ideas and of social representation theory itself. Moscovici claimed that science was both univocal and abstract and, in these respects, it differs from the social representations of commonsense. This paper explores these notions, especially in relation to Moscovici's claim that psychoanalytic theory is to be found in Freud's first formulations. It is suggested that some of the processes, which Moscovici attributes to the passage of psychoanalytic ideas to commonsense, can be found occur in the early history of psychoanalysis. This can be seen in Freud's criticisms of the way Jung used the concept of “complex”. Moreover, psychoanalytic theory could never be univocal for it incorporated the voices of patients and their representations of the world. An examination of Studies on Hysteria reveals further multivocality as Freud uses both the “action” language of ordinary life and the reified, nominalized language of science. Examples are given in relation to the first formulations of the key psychoanalytic concept of “repression”. Some comparisons are made between Freud's first formulations of “repression” and Moscovici's first formulations of “social representation”.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Emergency Care for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Tsai Chu‐Lin , Camargo Jr Carlos A 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjectives:  The objective was to investigate racial and ethnic differences in emergency care for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).Methods:  The authors performed a prospective multicenter cohort study involving 24 emergency departments (EDs) in 15 U.S. states. Using a standard protocol, consecutive ED patients with AECOPD were interviewed, their charts reviewed, and 2‐week telephone follow‐ups were completed.Results:  Among 330 patients, 218 (66%) were white, 84 (25%) were African American, and 28 (8%) were Hispanic. A quarter of the 24 EDs cared for 59% of all minority patients. Compared with white patients, African American and Hispanic patients were more likely to be uninsured or with Medicaid (19, 49, and 52%, respectively; p < 0.001), were less likely to have a primary care provider (93, 81, and 82%, respectively; p = 0.005), and had more frequent ED visits in the past year (medians = 1, 2, and 3, respectively; p = 0.002). In the unadjusted analyses, minority patients were less likely to receive diagnostic procedures, more likely to receive systemic corticosteroids in the ED, less likely to be admitted, and more likely to have a relapse. After adjustment for patient and ED characteristics, these many racial and ethnic differences in quality of care were nearly completely eliminated.Conclusions:  Despite pronounced racial and ethnic differences in stable COPD, all racial and ethnic groups received comparable quality of emergency care for AECOPD and had similar short‐term outcomes.
Spring temperature and precipitation affect tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, population growth and Tomato spotted wilt virus spread within patches of the winter annual weed Stellaria media
Authors: Morsello Shannon C. , Kennedy George G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEffects of temperature and rainfall timing, amount, and duration on the spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae: genus Tospovirus; TSWV) and population growth of its primary vector, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), within patches of common chickweed, Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo (Caryophyllaceae), were examined during the spring of 2004, 2005, and 2006. Elevated temperature treatments were investigated in an attempt to alter the age structure of F. fusca populations and change the effect of precipitation, but an average increase in daily temperature of 1 °C did not increase population size until late spring. Populations of immature F. fusca were immediately and negatively influenced by large amounts of rainfall or by rainfall distributed over three or more consecutive days during late April and early May. However, when precipitation was distributed over 1–3 days during early May, it also delayed senescence of the chickweed and ultimately resulted in a larger F. fusca population late in the season. The majority of TSWV spread within patches of chickweed occurred after mid‐April. The fewest TSWV‐infected chickweed plants occurred in plots that received high levels of precipitation during April or throughout spring and the amount of spread was directly related to the size of the immature F. fusca population that developed in each plot.
Introduction to the special issue on the world food crisis
Authors: Masters William A. , Shively Gerald E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis issue of Agricultural Economics contains articles on the causes and effects of rising food prices. All papers were subject to full, double‐blind peer review on an accelerated basis, in an effort to publish the best new research as quickly as possible. We received more than 60 submissions; referees were given three weeks to respond, and authors of candidate papers had an additional week to revise their work before final acceptance. Articles published use descriptive, econometric, and simulation methods for both global overviews and case studies.
Implications of higher global food prices for poverty in low‐income countries1
Authors: Ivanic Maros , Martin Will 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods have raised the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real‐world data. Results using household data for 10 observations on nine low‐income countries show that the short‐run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low‐income countries substantially.
The impact of food inflation on urban poverty and its monetary cost: some back‐of‐the‐envelope calculations
Authors: Dessus Sébastien , Herrera Santiago , De Hoyos Rafael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article uses a sample of 72 developing countries to estimate the change in the cost of alleviating urban poverty brought about by the recent increase in food prices. This cost is approximated by the change in the poverty deficit (PD), that is, the variation in financial resources required to eliminate poverty under perfect targeting. The results show that, for most countries, the cost represents less than 0.2% of gross domestic product. However, in the most severely affected, it may exceed 3%. In all countries, the change in the PD is mostly due to the negative real income effect of those households that were poor before the price shock, while the cost attributable to new households falling into poverty is negligible. Thus, in countries where transfer mechanisms with effective targeting already exist, the most cost‐effective strategy would be to scale up such programs rather than designing tools to identify the new poor.
Is a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth contributing to the rise in commodity prices?
Authors: Fuglie Keith O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA slowdown in the rate of agricultural productivity growth is thought by many observers to be contributing to the recent rise in agricultural prices. In this article I decompose sources of output growth in global agriculture into aggregate input and total factor productivity (TFP) components and examine whether productivity growth slowed substantially in the years leading up to the recent rise in commodity prices. Contrary to widely held perceptions, I find no evidence of a general slowdown in sector‐wide agricultural TFP, at least through 2006. If anything, the growth rate in agricultural TFP accelerated in recent decades. However, the results do show a slowdown in the growth of agricultural investment. Accelerating TFP growth largely offset decelerating input growth to keep the real output of global agriculture growing at about 2% per year since the 1960s. Regionally, however, agricultural productivity performance has been uneven. These findings have important implications for the appropriate supply‐side policy response to the current agricultural price crisis.
The impact of food price increases on caloric intake in China
Authors: Jensen Robert T. , Miller Nolan H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWorld food prices have increased dramatically in recent years. We use panel data from 2006 to examine the impact of these increases on the consumption and nutrition of poor households in two Chinese provinces. We find that households in Hunan suffered no nutrition declines. Households in Gansu experienced a small decline in calories, though the decline is on par with usual seasonal effects. The overall nutritional impact of the world price increase was small because households were able to substitute to cheaper foods and because the domestic prices of staple foods remained low due to government intervention in grain markets.
Toward a green revolution in Africa: what would it achieve, and what would it require?
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Headey Derek , Johnson Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe current global food crisis has reemphasized the costliness of Africa's failure to achieve food security and poverty reduction. The instrument by which other more successful developing countries achieved these outcomes was a “Green Revolution” in agriculture. While previous research has provided largely discursive appraisals of the viability of an African Green Revolution, this article adopts a more rigorous methodology to address that question. First, an economy‐wide multimarket model, augmented with existing poverty–growth elasticities, is developed to assess the likely impacts of a rapid acceleration in food production (of the kind witnessed in previous Green Revolutions) on food prices, consumption and demand, farmer revenue, and poverty. Our results suggest that a rapid growth in staple production, together with more integrated regional markets, would reduce food prices by roughly 20–40% for consumers and 10–20% for producers among the major crops. This translates into a large rise in farm revenues, annual agricultural growth rates of 6.5% or higher, broader income growth and food security, and over 70 million Africans being lifted out of poverty. The article concludes by emphasizing the kinds of fundamental policy actions and resources that would be required for achieving these outcomes.
Hotter or Not? Should we Believe Model Predictions of Future Climate Change?
Authors: Knutti Reto 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Why should we believe predictions of climate change over the next century if we cannot predict the weather 3 days ahead?Reto Knutti explains why scientists have confidence in climate change models, how statistical methods can help to quantify their uncertainties—and why uncertainty is not an argument for delaying efforts to reduce the damage.
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION FOR FREEZE‐DRYING OF NATURAL ORANGE JUICE
Authors: KOROISHI ERIKA TOMIE , BOSS EDINARA ADELAIDE , WOLF MACIEL MARIA REGINA , MACIEL FILHO RUBENS 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Freeze‐drying is a method of dehydrating frozen materials by a process of sublimation under vacuum, usually for the purpose of preservation. It is a procedure relatively expensive compared to other possible techniques; however, better results may be achieved when freeze‐drying is used, especially for thermally sensitive components. The performance of the freeze‐drying process is strongly dependent on the adequate operational conditions, and so it is necessary to have extensive analysis of effects of process variables mainly in terms of process time and quality of the obtained product. In the present work, a parametric sensitivity analysis based on the experimental data is presented and a suitable statistical procedure is applied. In order to obtain a product with the market requirements as well as with high productivity and lower costs, process improvement is necessary. Optimization through factorial design using response surface methodology was carried through extensive experimental study. In order to verify the product quality, infrared humidity and water activity were used and it was shown that the process performance might be significantly improved if optimal operating conditions were used. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe stability, storage and distribution of certified reference materials, which may consist of liquid or frozen fruit juices, are rather problematic. A possible alternative solution to this problem is the storage and the transport in powdered form. Orange juice powder by freeze‐drying is a very interesting alternative to recompose the juice with practically all the properties of the natural product. Several specific applications may be visualized either to the food industry or to pharmaceutical use.Among others, a fundamental factor affecting the quality of the dried product when conventional procedures (as evaporation for instance) are used is the thermal damage during the concentration and drying steps leading to loss of flavor as well as of some vitamins and difficulty of redispersion. Because of the low temperatures involved and the highly porous structure formed, freeze‐drying is one of the processes that most minimize these effects.A process for the freeze‐drying of natural orange juice was developed. The best operational conditions were identified so that high performance is achieved both in terms of operation time and product quality.
EFFECTS OF KERNEL PROPERTIES AND POPPING METHODS ON POPCORN QUALITY OF DIFFERENT CORN CULTIVARS
Authors: ERTAŞ NILGÜN , SOYLU SÜLEYMAN , BILGIÇLI NERMIN 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Three popcorn genotypes, Koç Cin (composite), Nermin Cin and Ant Cin‐98 (hybrid) were investigated for the effects of kernel size (4 < D < 5 and 5 < D < 6), popping methods (conventional and microwave) and moisture content (10, 12 and 14%) on popcorn quality. The relationships between physical kernel properties and popping characteristics were also researched. The Nermin Cin popcorn cultivar had the highest expansion volume, flake size and the lowest percentage of unpopped kernel values among genotypes. 5 > D > 6 mm kernel fraction and the conventional method produced higher popcorn quality in all popcorn cultivars. The optimum moisture levels for the highest expansion volume changed between 12 and 14% for different cultivars. The correlation coefficient between kernel properties (width, sphericity, L, a and b) and expansion volume were found significant (P < 0.01) in microwave popping method. Color a had high direct effects on expansion volume in conventional and microwave popping methods according to path coefficient analysis. L values of popcorn cultivars negatively correlated with expansion volume in both popping methods.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPhysical parameters like width, sphericity and color values were found important in predicting popping quality. Color values should be used to predict expansion volume instead of classic physical properties for ease ofmeasurement. Conventional popping method, 5 > D > 6 kernel size and 12–14% moisture content parameters should be used for optimum popcorn quality.
MODELING OF RESPIRATION RATE OF SAPOTA FRUIT UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS
Authors: DASH K.K. , RAVINDRA M.R. , GOSWAMI T.K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Accurate measurement of respiration rate is an important aspect to the success of design and operational features of techniques like controlled and modified atmosphere storage. Two different models based on regression analysis and enzyme kinetics were developed with the help of respiration data generated at temperatures of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30C for sapota fruit using a closed system method. Temperature was found to influence the model parameters. In the model based on enzyme kinetics, the dependence of respiration rate on O2 and CO2 was found to follow the uncompetitive inhibition. The developed models were tested for its validity at 12C. The models showed good agreement with the experimentally estimated respiration rate, although the model based on enzymatic kinetic with Arrhenius‐type temperature dependence was found to have a closer agreement than the other model studied. The levels of agreement between the respiration rates of sapota at 12C predicted by regression analysis and that obtained through experiments were 18.44 and 22.18% for O2 consumption and CO2 evolution, respectively, while those for the model based on enzyme kinetics were found to be 16.79 and 12.12%.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSManipulation of respiration rate is the underlying principle behind storage techniques like controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). However, besides being specific to horticultural parameters, respiration rate is also dependent on factors like storage temperature and composition of storage atmosphere. Hence, a mathematical approach to predict the respiration rate under given conditions would be an immense help in both design and process control of such storage systems. For example, predictive models for respiration rate would aid in the selection of packaging material of appropriate permeability for MAP. Also, it would help in protocols for the control of gas compositions in CA systems. In this study, mathematical models have been developed and tested to predict the respiration rate of sapota (cv. Calcutta).
OPTIMIZATION OF BLANCHING PROCESS FOR CARROTS
Authors: SHIVHARE U.S. , GUPTA M. , BASU S. , RAGHAVAN G.S.V. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Investigations were carried out to study the effects of selected blanching treatments on the quality of carrots over a temperature range of 80–100C. The blanching treatments selected were steam, water, 0.05 N acetic acid solution and 0.2% calcium chloride solution. These blanching treatments were evaluated with respect to the inactivation time of peroxidase (POD) and catalase, and the process was optimized on the basis of the maximum yield of carrot juice and minimum loss of vitamin C andβ‐carotene. The most effective blanching treatment was 5 min in hot water at 95C. At this time–temperature combination, POD and catalase were completely inactivated and the yield of carrot juice and vitamin C andβ‐carotene contents were found to be 55%, 8.192 mg/100 g and 3.18 mg/100 g, respectively. The kinetics of thermal inactivation of POD in carrot juice using various enzyme inactivation models available in the literature was critically evaluated. The Weibull distribution model provided a good description of the kinetics of the inactivation of POD in carrot juice over the temperature range of 80–100C.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBlanching is an important unit operation before processing fruits and vegetables for freezing, pureeing or dehydration. The findings of this study would be useful in determining the process parameters for blanching carrots with maximal retention of nutrients. The enzyme residual activity curve indicates the destructive effect of heat on the affected enzymes. A successful modeling will enable the processors to modulate their process according to different time–temperature combinations.