bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tilting at Windmills? Judge Justine Wise Polier and a History of Justice and Education in New York City
Authors: de Forest Jennifer 
Published: January 2009

Judge Justine Wise PolierIn 1935 Justine Wise Polier (1903–87), an intense young labor lawyer serving on New York City's Committee on Unemployment Relief, was pressuring Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to expand the city's welfare benefits. Thinking he would mollify her, La Guardia promoted Polier to the bench of the city's children's court, making her the first woman to rise above the position of magistrate in New York State.
Use of Cyclopoid Copepod Apocyclops dengizicus as Live Feed for Penaeus monodon Postlarvae
Authors: Farhadian Omidvar , Yusoff Fatimah Md. , Mohamed Suhaila , Saad Che Roos 
Published: January 2009

Abstract In this study, the suitability of cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops dengizicus as a live food for black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, postlarvae was investigated. After 14 d, P. monodon postlarvae (PL1) had survival rates of 41.7 ± 2.9% (mean ± SE), 28.7 ± 1.2%, 56.3 ± 3.7%, 4.4 ± 1.9%, and 2.8 ± 1.0% when fed A. dengizicus (CC), Artemia nauplii (AN), mixture of A. dengizicus and Artemia nauplii (CC + AN), artificial shrimp feed (SF), and microalga Tetraselmis tetrathele (TT), respectively. Specific growth rates (SGRs) of P. monodon were maximum (14.2 ± 0.6%/d) in CC + AN, followed by CC (11.0 ± 0.4%/d), AN (9.3 ± 0.7%/d), SF (6.1 ± 0.2%/d), and TT (6.0 ± 0.5%/d). The total n‐3 fatty acids of postlarvae increased from 20.6 to 25.8% when fed with CC, 28.8% with AN, and 29.0% with CC + AN. Better survival and SGRs of P. monodon postlarvae could be attributed to docosahexaenoic acid : eicosapentaenoic acid : arachidonic acid ratio of CC (10.2:3.2:1) diet. The results of this study showed that A. dengizicus has a potential to be used as a substitute live feed for P. monodon postlarvae because of better survival, growth, and high polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Evaluation of the Microalgae Paste Viability Produced in a Mollusk Hatchery in Southern Brazil
Authors: Nunes Moira , Pereira Adriana , Ferreira Jaime Fernando , Yasumaru Fanny 
Published: January 2009

Abstract The present study was conducted to define a methodology to produce and store small‐scale microalgae paste to be used in a mollusk hatchery. Microalgae were cultured in 500 L fiberglass tanks, under temperature of 20 ± 2 C, Guillard f/2 culture medium, and continuous light intensity of 203–226 μmol photons/m2/sec. Cultures were centrifuged at 2000 g at the exponential growth phase. Microalgae cell quality after centrifugation and during storage was determined by analyses with Evan’s blue stain and by counting the number of total marine bacteria. Treatments with and without additive were applied to the microalgae paste produced, which was distributed into 100 mL plastic containers, capped, and stored under refrigeration at 4 ± 1 C. Results indicated that in the Chaetoceros muelleri paste, centrifugation did not damage the cells and the number of total marine bacteria reduced significantly from 2.9 × 106 to 8.3 × 105 colony‐forming units per milliliter. Chaetoceros muelleri and Chaetoceros calcitrans pastes stored with addition of 0.1% ascorbic acid had a shelf life shorter than 2 wk. For the treatment without additive, results with Evan’s blue stain showed that cells (99%) remained viable until the sixth week of storage for C. muelleri and seventh week of storage for Skeletonema sp. and C. calcitrans. The number of bacteria did not increase during storage for C. calcitrans and Skeletonema (P > 0.05). For C. muelleri, an increase in bacteria (P < 0.05) was observed after the sixth week of storage. This study demonstrated the feasibility to produce and store microalgae paste for a period of 2–8 wk, which allows it to be used as food source and also optimizes the use of microalgae cultured in laboratory.
Replacing Fish Meal with Rendered Animal Protein Ingredients in Diets for Malabar Grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, Reared in Net Pens
Authors: Li Kai , Wang Yan , Zheng Zhou‐Xing , Jiang Rui‐Li , Xie Ning‐Xia , Bureau Dominique P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract The potential of using rendered animal protein ingredients, poultry by‐products meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and feather meal (FM), to replace fish meal in diets for malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, was evaluated in a 10‐week net pen experiment. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 50.2 g) were fed eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated to contain 52% crude protein and 9% crude lipid. The control diet contained 50% herring meal, whereas in the remaining seven diets, PBM was incorporated at 11.9 (PM1), 23.8 (PM2), and 35.7% (PM3) to replace 25, 50, and 75% of the fish meal; MBM was incorporated at 14.5 (MM1) and 29.0% (MM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal; and FM was incorporated at 9.4 (FM1) and 18.8% (FM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal. A raw fish (RF) diet was used as comparison to assess growth performance of fish fed the formulated diets. Feed intake was lower in fish fed the diets PM3 and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), and total nitrogen waste output (TNW) between fish fed the control diet and the diets PM1, PM2, PM3, MM1, MM2, and FM1. Fish fed the diet FM2 had lower WG, FBW, NRE, and ERE but higher TNW than that of fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in fish fed the diets MM2, FM1, and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in whole‐body content of moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid among fish fed the formulated diets. WG, FBW, and TNW of fish fed the diet RF were higher, while FCR and NRE were lower than that of fish fed the control diet. No significant differences were found in feed intake, ERE, and whole‐body composition between fish fed the diet RF and the control diet. Results of the present study suggest that dietary fish meal level for malabar grouper can be lowered from 50 to 38% by incorporating PBM, MBM, or FM.
Evaluation of Alternative Protein Sources to Replace Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Tilapia, Oreochromis spp
Authors: Nguyen Tri N. , Davis D. Allen , Saoud I. Patrick 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate if methionine is limiting in practical grow‐out diets for tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Four diets containing 32% protein and 5% lipid were designed to compare the use of diets high in dehulled solvent‐extracted soybean meal (DSESM) and expeller pressed soybean meal (EPSM) compared with a diet containing 6% fish meal (FM). Tilapia (4.78 ± 0.07 g, mean ± SD) were randomly stocked into twelve 600‐L flow‐through tanks at 20 fish per tank. After 6 wk, there were no notable trends or statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in final mean weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. Because results of this study indicated that DSESM could totally replace FM in practical diets for juvenile tilapia, a second batch of diets were formulated using other protein sources. Typical levels of cottonseed meal (CSM), DSESM, and meat and bone meal (MBM) were used to evaluate whether methionine could be limiting. Two basal diet formulations were tested either without or with methionine supplement (0.06/100 g diet). The first diet contained 15% CSM, 27% DSESM, and 10% MBM and the second diet contained 15% CSM and 37% DSESM. These diets contained 28% protein and 5% lipid. Tilapia (3.90 ± 0.05 g) were randomly stocked into twelve 60‐L glass aquaria of a recirculation system at 18 fish per aquarium for 5 wk and then moved to the 600‐L flow‐through tanks for five more weeks. After 10 wk, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in final mean weight, survival rate, and FCR among the four treatments. Results of the present study indicated that DSESM and EPSM could totally replace FM’s inclusion rate in commercial diets for juvenile tilapia. Furthermore, methionine did not appear to be limiting in practical diets using typical levels of CSM, DSESM, and MBM as primary protein sources.
Growth of Chaetoceros calcitrans in Sediment Extracts from Artemia franciscana Culture Ponds Points to Phosphorus Limitation
Authors: Khoi Chau Minh , Guong Vo Thi , Hoa Nguyen Van , Sorgeloos Patrick , Merckx Roel 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chaetoceros calcitrans is one of the most suitable algal strains to feed Artemia because of its appropriate size, digestibility, absence of toxins, and nutritional value. Apart from light and temperature, the growth of C. calcitrans in Artemia ponds in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam depends on the supply of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the pond bottom sediments. This study was carried out to investigate the growth of C. calcitrans in relation to the availability and proportions of N and P present in the extracts of Artemia pond bottom sediments. The results show that the sediments are depleted in dissolved reactive P (DRP) and highly unbalanced in terms of the ratio of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) to DRP. Algal density and biomass were significantly higher in the extracts with DRP concentrations above 0.1 mg P/L and DIN/DRP ratios below 100.
Evaluation of Ves‐Matic Cube 200 – an automated system for the measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Authors: PEROVIC E. , BAKOVIC L. , VALCIC A. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryVes‐Matic Cube 200 is fully automated analyzer that performs erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measurement using the standard ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood sample tube, thus markedly reducing the analytical time and avoiding the need for an extra blood sample. The aim of this study was to assess the automatic Ves‐Matic Cube 200 system for the measurement of ESR in comparison with the original International Council for Standardization in Hematology reference method (Westergren). The evaluation comprised accuracy which was established using a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mean difference between Ves‐Matic Cube 200 and Westergren method (mean of difference: 0.47 ± 6.84 mm/h; 95% CI: −0.376 to 1.325 mm/h), within‐run imprecision for samples with ESR values of 9, 42 and 95 mm/h (coefficients of variation: 9.19%, 13.88% and 5.66%, respectively) and method comparison (ρ = 0.95; Passing‐Bablok regression equation: Y = −0.0435 + 1.0435 X; bias: −0.5; limits of agreement: −13.9 to 12.9). Stability was estimated after 24 h storage either at 4 °C and room temperature (mean of differences: −1.91 mm/h; 95% CI: −4.852 to 1.037 mm/h and mean of differences: −12.48 mm/h; 95% CI: −16.580 to −8.390 mm/h, respectively). The obtained results suggest that the Ves‐Matic Cube 200 automated analyzer is reliable system for the measurement of ESR in clinical laboratories.
New polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellites improve scoring accuracy in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus
Authors: NATER ALEXANDER , KOPPS ANNA M. , KRÜTZEN MICHAEL 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe isolated and characterized 19 novel tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in the Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) in order to improve genotyping accuracy in applications like large‐scale population‐wide paternity and relatedness assessments. One hundred T. aduncus from Shark Bay, Western Australia, were screened for polymorphism. Cross‐amplification was tested on four other small odontocete species. The new tetranucleotide microsatellite loci showed a more than fourfold higher scoring accuracy and significantly lower stutter formation compared to eight dinucleotide loci, although overall allelic diversity was significantly reduced.
Gene expression normalization in a dual‐compartment system: a real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocol for symbiotic anthozoans
Authors: MAYFIELD ANDERSON B. , HIRST MARISSA B , GATES RUTH D 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTraditional real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocols cannot be used accurately with symbiotic organisms unless the relative contribution of each symbiotic compartment to the total nucleic acid pool is known. A modified ‘universal reference gene’ protocol was created for reef‐building corals and sea anemones, anthozoans that harbour endosymbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. Gene expression values are first normalized to an RNA spike and then to a symbiont molecular proxy that represents the number of Symbiodinium cells extracted and present in the RNA. The latter is quantified using the number of genome copies of heat shock protein‐70 (HSP70) amplified in the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression values are then normalized to the total concentration of RNA to account for differences in the amount of live tissue extracted among experimental treatments and replicates. The molecular quantification of symbiont cells and effect of increasing symbiont contributions to the nucleic acid pool on gene expression were tested in vivo using differentially infected sea anemones Aiptasia pulchella. This protocol has broad application to researchers who seek to measure gene expression in mixed organism assemblages.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp9 Dimerization Is Essential for Efficient Viral Growth
Authors: Miknis Zachary J. , Donaldson Eric F. , Umland Timothy C. , Rimmer Ryan A. , Baric Ralph S. , Schultz L. Wayne 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) devotes a significant portion of its genome to producing nonstructural proteins required for viral replication. SARS-CoV nonstructural protein 9 (nsp9) was identified as an essential protein with RNA/DNA-binding activity, and yet its biological function within the replication complex remains unknown. Nsp9 forms a dimer through the interaction of parallel α-helices containing the protein-protein interaction motif GXXXG. In order to study the role of the nsp9 dimer in viral reproduction, residues G100 and G104 at the helix interface were targeted for mutation. Multi-angle light scattering measurements indicated that G100E, G104E, and G104V mutants are monomeric in solution, thereby disrupting the dimer. However, electrophoretic mobility assays revealed that the mutants bound RNA with similar affinity. Further experiments using fluorescence anisotropy showed a 10-fold reduction in RNA binding in the G100E and G104E mutants, whereas the G104V mutant had only a 4-fold reduction. The structure of G104E nsp9 was determined to 2.6-Å resolution, revealing significant changes at the dimer interface. The nsp9 mutations were introduced into SARS-CoV using a reverse genetics approach, and the G100E and G104E mutations were found to be lethal to the virus. The G104V mutant produced highly debilitated virus and eventually reverted back to the wild-type protein sequence through a codon transversion. Together, these data indicate that dimerization of SARS-CoV nsp9 at the GXXXG motif is not critical for RNA binding but is necessary for viral replication.
Characterization of Lassa Virus Cell Entry and Neutralization with Lassa Virus Pseudoparticles
Authors: Cosset François-Loic , Marianneau Philippe , Verney Geraldine , Gallais Fabrice , Tordo Noel , Pécheur Eve-Isabelle , ter Meulen Jan , Deubel Vincent , Bartosch Birke 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
The cell entry and humoral immune response of the human pathogen Lassa virus (LV), a biosafety level 4 (BSL4) Old World arenavirus, are not well characterized. LV pseudoparticles (LVpp) are a surrogate model system that has been used to decipher factors and routes involved in LV cell entry under BSL2 conditions. Here, we describe LVpp, which are highly infectious, with titers approaching those obtained with pseudoparticles displaying G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and their the use for the characterization of LV cell entry and neutralization. Upon cell attachment, LVpp utilize endocytic vesicles for cell entry as described for many pH-dependent viruses. However, the fusion of the LV glycoproteins is activated at unusually low pH values, with optimal fusion occurring between pH 4.5 and 3, a pH range at which fusion characteristics of viral glycoproteins have so far remained largely unexplored. Consistent with a shifted pH optimum for fusion activation, we found wild-type LV and LVpp to display a remarkable resistance to exposure to low pH. Finally, LVpp allow the fast and quantifiable detection of neutralizing antibodies in human and animal sera and will thus facilitate the study of the humoral immune response in LV infections.
Ebola Virus Protein VP35 Impairs the Function of Interferon Regulatory Factor-Activating Kinases IKKε and TBK-1
Authors: Prins Kathleen C. , Cárdenas Washington B. , Basler Christopher F. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
The Ebola virus (EBOV) VP35 protein antagonizes the early antiviral alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) response. We previously demonstrated that VP35 inhibits the virus-induced activation of the IFN-β promoter by blocking the phosphorylation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a transcription factor that is crucial for the induction of IFN-α/β expression. Furthermore, VP35 blocks IFN-β promoter activation induced by any of several components of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5)-activated signaling pathways including RIG-I, IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1), and IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε). These results suggested that VP35 may target the IRF kinases TBK-1 and ΙΚΚε. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments now demonstrate physical interactions of VP35 with ΙΚΚε and TBK-1, and the use of an ΙΚΚε deletion construct further demonstrates that the amino-terminal kinase domain of ΙΚΚε is sufficient for interactions with either IRF-3 or VP35. In vitro, either ΙΚΚε or TBK-1 phosphorylates not only IRF-3 but also VP35. Moreover, VP35 overexpression impairs ΙΚΚε-IRF-3, ΙΚΚε-IRF-7, and ΙΚΚε-IPS-1 interactions. Finally, lysates from cells overexpressing IKKε contain kinase activity that can phosphorylate IRF-3 in vitro. When VP35 is expressed in the IKKε-expressing cells, this kinase activity is suppressed. These data suggest that VP35 exerts its IFN-antagonist function, at least in part, by blocking necessary interactions between the kinases ΙΚΚε and TBK-1 and their normal interaction partners, including their substrates, IRF-3 and IRF-7.
E7 Oncoprotein of Novel Human Papillomavirus Type 108 Lacking the E6 Gene Induces Dysplasia in Organotypic Keratinocyte Cultures
Authors: Nobre Rui Jorge , Herráez-Hernández Elsa , Fei Jian-Wei , Langbein Lutz , Kaden Sylvia , Gröne Hermann-Josef , de Villiers Ethel-Michele 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

The genome organization of the novel human papillomavirus type 108 (HPV108), isolated from a low-grade cervical lesion, deviates from those of other HPVs in lacking an E6 gene. The three related HPV types HPV103, HPV108, and HPV101 were isolated from cervicovaginal cells taken from normal genital mucosa (HPV103) and low-grade (HPV108) and high-grade cervical (HPV101) intraepithelial neoplasia (Z. Chen, M. Schiffman, R. Herrero, R. DeSalle, and R. D. Burk, Virology
360:
447-453, 2007, and this report). Their unusual genome organization, against the background of considerable phylogenetic distance from the other HPV types usually associated with lesions of the genital tract, prompted us to investigate whether HPV108 E7 per se is sufficient to induce the above-mentioned clinical lesions. Expression of HPV108 E7 in organotypic keratinocyte cultures increases proliferation and apoptosis, focal nuclear polymorphism, and polychromasia. This is associated with irregular intra- and extracellular lipid accumulation and loss of the epithelial barrier. These alterations are linked to HPV108 E7 binding to pRb and inducing its decrease, an increase in PCNA expression, and BrdU incorporation, as well as increased p53 and p21
CIP1
protein levels. A delay in keratin K10 expression, increased expression of keratins K14 and K16, and loss of the corneal proteins involucrin and loricrin have also been noted. These modifications are suggestive of infection by a high-risk papillomavirus.
HR-2 Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Restore Fusion Kinetics Delayed by HR-1 Mutations That Cause Clinical Resistance to Enfuvirtide
Authors: Ray Neelanjana , Blackburn Leslie A. , Doms Robert W. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTEnfuvirtide (ENF) prevents the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into cells by binding to the HR-1 region of the viral envelope (Env) protein gp41 subunit. Resistance to ENF arises via mutations in the drug binding site in HR-1. In addition, HR-2 mutations are commonly observed in ENF-resistant Env proteins, though their role remains unclear. We explored the mechanistic basis for clinical resistance to ENF and the role of HR-2 mutations. Using panels of ENF resistance-associated mutants for two patients, we found that mutations in HR-1 slowed the fusion kinetics and that mutations in HR-2 restored fusion rates. We assessed the differences in the rates of fusion of these mutants from a temperature-arrested state and observed similar trends, suggesting that the step of delay occurs after coreceptor engagement. Sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies was unchanged by the HR-1 and HR-2 mutants in each panel. Since this result was in contrast to those of a previous in vitro analysis where enhanced sensitivity to neutralization was demonstrated for heterologous Envs with ENF resistance-associated HR-1 changes, we examined the context dependence of HR-1 and HR-2 mutations by transferring the mutations seen in one patient into the Env context of another. These studies revealed that some, but not all, HR-1 mutations, when placed out of context (i.e., in a patient Env where they did not originally arise), enhance sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. However, in most cases, HR-1 mutations in ENF-treated patients evolve in a manner that preserves pretreatment neutralization sensitivity so as to evade the pressures of the immune system.
Wireless innovation through software radios
Authors: Saha Dola , Grunwald Dirk , Sicker Douglas 
Published: January 2009

Advances in networking have been accelerated by the use of abstractions, such as "layering", and the ability to apply those abstractions across multiple communication media. Wireless communication provides the greatest challenge to these clean abstractions because of the lossy communication media. For many networking researchers, wireless communications hardware starts and ends with WiFi, or 802.11 compliant hardware.
However, there has been a recent growth in software defined radio, which allows the basic radio medium to be manipulated by programs. This mutable radio layer has allowed researchers to exploit the physical properties of radio communication to overcome some of the challenges of the radio media; in certain cases, researchers have been able to develop mechanisms that are difficult to implement in electrical or optical media. In this paper, we describe the different design variants for software radios, their programming methods and survey some of the more cutting edge uses of those radios.