bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Attitudes Towards Glass Recycling in Scotland
Authors: Ball Robert , Lawson Shirley M. 
Published: October 2007

This paper describes a research project into public attitudes towards glass recycling in Scotland which was undertaken with the objective of identifying ways of increasing the recycling rate. Interviews were carried out of users and non-users at a number of sites in different districts in Scotland with the object of ascertaining the knowledge of glass recycling, motivation and behaviour of both groups. The results gave considerable insights into the types of people that were involved in recycling, their aspirations, motivation, types of trip, mode of transport etc. Significant insights into motivation of non-recyclers were also obtained. Interestingly, it seemed that glass recycling promotional campaigns had made little impact on either group. A number of conclusions were drawn from the study and suggestions about the appropriate targeting of future promotional campaigns put forward.
The Future Course of Solid Waste Management in the U.S
Authors: Alter H. 
Published: October 2007

It is postulated that the current "garbage crisis" is due to a shortage of disposal capacity, not to burgeoning amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW). In support of this, trends in the quantity and composition of MSW, methods of waste reduction, recycling and growth of waste-to-energy capacity are examined to gain insight as to the future course of MSW management in the U.S. over about the next 15 plus years. This is the likely time to install new disposal capacity if pending legislative proposals are passed, that would enable states that provide their own disposal to ban wastes from other states. A new term, the "intensity of waste generation", is proposed and illustrated, analogous to the intensity of mineral usage. The intensity is decreasing, implying that it is unlikely that waste generation will grow at rates projected by extrapolation or simple macroeconomic assumptions. Some other conclusions are: per capita MSW generation was nearly statistically constant from 1970 to 1984; the content of most forms of packaging in MSW are decreasing; packaging decreases the amount of food residues in MSW; and proposed national recycling targets of about 25% or more are not likely to be achieved, in part because of changes in the composition of MSW. Coupled with likely shortages of labor to process separated waste, it is forecast that there will be some future time when people will not think source separation is worth the bother and recycling will decrease. The future growth of waste-to-energy capacity is projected by assuming that a city will install capacity when others have done so, which leads to a simple quantitative model. The likely effects of impending landfill and incineration regulations are addressed.
Waste Management in Copenhagen: Principles and Trends
Authors: Larsen Ib , Børrild Kit 
Published: October 2007

The increase in volumes of waste, and the difficulties of finding suitable locations for landfill sites within the borders of Copenhagen municipality, along with the need for treatment of oil and chemical waste, resulted in the erection in the early 1970s of two large waste-to-energy plants and a large centralized plant for the treatment of oil and chemical waste. Ten years later, however, it became evident that the then structure was not sufficient to face rapidly emerging problems. A number of pollution cases in Denmark which emerged during the early 1980s, proved that oil and chemical waste was being transported illegally to landfills instead of being disposed of in compliance with the obligatory system, thus becoming a threat to groundwater and drinking water supplies in Copenhagen. At the same time, waste-to-energy plants were facing pollution problems such as the emission of dioxin and large quantities of hydrochloric acid, which contribute to acidification and forest death. As a response to the increasing problems in relation to both waste incineration and deposits, new regulations from the Ministry of the Environment allowed future sanitary landfills to be located only near the coast or in areas documented to be composed of an impermeable layer of clay. New regulation also defined conditions for flue gas cleansing. However, it was clear that pollution problems combined with increases in volumes of waste called for a much firmer administration and a stronger influence on the waste flow. From February 1989 the municipalities have undertaken the obligation to assign all waste producers the means to dispose of their waste. How Copenhagen municipality has solved the problems is discussed.
Technology Tradeoffs Related To Advanced Mission Waste Processing
Authors: Slavin Thomas J. , Oleson Melvin W. 
Published: October 2007

Manned missions to the Moon and Mars will produce waste, both in liquid and solid form, from the day-to-day life-support functions of the mission—even considering a "closed" physico-chemical life support approach. An "open" life support system configuration, even one reliant on in situ resources, would result in even more waste being produced. The solution for short term missions appears to be either to store these wastes on-site or to convert them to useful products needed by other systems such as methane, water and gases which could be used for propulsion. The solution for longer term missions appears to be to incorporate their use within the life support system itself by making them a part of a closed ecological life-support system where nearly all materials are recycled. This paper discusses briefly the extent and impact of the life-support system waste production problem for a lunar base for different life support system configurations, including the impact of using in situ resources to meet life support requirements. It then discusses in more detail trade-offs among six of the currently funded physico-chemical waste processing technologies being considered for use in space.
Processes for Water Reclamation
Authors: Dean Robert B. 
Published: October 2007

Water treatments fall into two broad classes; those that remove or destroy specific classes of pollutants, i.e. color, metal ions, hardness, sediment, bacteria, etc., and those that remove water from nearly all of the pollutants. The first class includes sedimentation, biological treatment by microbes, chemical precipitation, adsorption on active carbon or ion exchange resins, and disinfection. The second class includes distillation, freezing and reverse osmosis (RO). The first class are the least expensive in terms of energy and have a long history of successful use on a large scale to reclaim water containing sewage. Most of the second group are energy intensive and have been used primarily on a moderate scale. All processes, except disinfection, leave a residual sludge or brine that contains a substantial quantity of water. Many of the problems of treating waste water for reuse on Earth stem from the fact that waste water carries pathogenic organisms from one location to another and may spread disease over long distances. In a closed group, such as in a Space Station, there are so many other routes for transfer of microorganisms, i.e. in the air, on surfaces, by hand-to-mouth, that undue emphasis on disinfection of water is inappropriate. Successful examples of water reuse on Earth are reviewed in terms of their possible application in space.
Long-term Care Facilities: Distribution and Reimbursement Systems
Authors: Mead Robert A. 
Published: October 2007

There are several types of drug distribution systems available for use in long-term care facilities. They include floor stock, traditional, unit-dose, and modified unit-dose systems. There are advantages and disadvantages to each system, all of which can have an impact on pharmacy, nursing, and long-term care facility residents. Other services that can be provided by pharmacies include emergency services and drug supplies; controlled drug handling, accounting and disposition procedures; automatic stop order policies; and computer and formulary services. In order to continue providing services to a long-term care facility, a pharmacy must be adequately reimbursed. The most important part of a reimbursement system is developing a pricing method. The amount that a pharmacy is reimbursed should include the drug acquisition cost, cost of dispensing, and a net profit. Drug acquisition cost can include average wholesale price, actual acquisition cost, or a hybrid of these amounts, an estimated acquisition cost. The total costs involved in operating the prescription department should be computed in order to arrive at a cost of dispensing. Net profit should be an equitable amount that will allow the pharmacy to remain financially solvent. Types of reimbursement systems include private payment, where the individual resident reimburses the pharmacy, and third party payment, where agencies such as Medicaid, private insurance companies, and, in the near future, Medicare, reimburse the pharmacy. A major component of nursing home pharmacy services is the drug distribution system. There are various types of distribution systems, which differ in many ways. A key factor in the provision of pharmacy services to nursing homes is reimbursement. This article will discuss the different types of drug distribution systems available, as well as the various methods of reimbursement for pharmaceutical products and services.
Comparing Child-Rearing Practices in Parents of Children With Cancer and Parents of Healthy Children
Authors: Hillman Kimberly Anne 
Published: October 2007

This nonexperimental, descriptive study identified parenting behaviors and differences in the reported child-rearing practices between parents of children diagnosed with cancer and parents of healthy children. Two groups of parents were included: 58 parents of children diagnosed with cancer at a large urban children's cancer center and 58 parents of healthy children. The total group of parents ranged from 22 to 58 years with 35.7 and 35.9 years as the mean ages of the two groups. A variety of races were included among the parents and educational backgrounds ranged from high school and vocational to graduate/ doctoral degrees. Each child with cancer selected a healthy friend of the same age, sex, and race who served as their healthy counterpart for this study. Each of these child's parents were then involved in the data collection process. Data were collected over a 2-month period using the Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) in the Q-sort format, in which the parent sorted 91 cards containing 91 items dealing with child-rearing. Items were compared between the two groups using two-tailed t-tests. Using a significance level of alpha = .02, 11 significant differences were found between the two groups in the domains of parental expectations, discipline, expression of emotion, parental concern/worry, and overprotectiveness. In conclusion, the primary types of items that shared or demonstrated significant differences between the two groups of parents were those dealing with discipline and overprotectiveness issues. The items responded to most significantly different were, "I tend to spoil my child" and "I worry about the health of my child," with the parents of children with cancer consistently rating these as more descriptive of them than the parents of healthy children did. Finally, this study suggested that the time of the child's diagnosis with cancer also affected the parents' reported child-rearing practices.
The Future of Environmental Health in Scotland
Authors: Stewart Kenneth M. 
Published: October 2007

This paper reviews the considerable progress which the environmental health profession has achieved, particularly during the course of the past 10-20 years. The future of the profession is considered particularly in relation to the development of higher degree opportunities and progress of research, the expanding use of support and associate specialist staff, and the thorny area of meat inspection. Further re-organisation of local government is inevitable and the paper suggests the development of a broader based environmental health and public safety service within local government, mirrored nationally by a similar department at the Scottish Office. The key roles of the Environmental Health (Scotland) Unit and the Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland in the future development of the profession are highlighted.
Characteristics of p-Aramid Fibers in Friction and Sealing Materials
Authors: Hahn Christoph 
Published: October 2007

Aramid fibers are common asbestos replacement materials for friction and sealing products. In brake pads, friction papers, as well as in static gaskets highly fibrillated short cut fibers, the aramid pulp is used. The aramid pulp not only serves as processing aid in the manufacturing process but also has great impact on the performance of the products. The following article describes the manufacture, properties, and performance data of para-aramid pulp and its function in friction materials and static gaskets.
Regulation of angiogenesis through a microRNA (miR-130a) that down-regulates antiangiogenic homeobox genes GAX and HOXA5
Authors: Chen Yun , Gorski David H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAngiogenesis is critical to tumor progression. The homeobox gene GAX inhibits angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). We have identified a microRNA (miR-130a) that regulates GAX expression and hypothesized that it plays a major role in modulating GAX activity in ECs. A 280-bp fragment from the GAX 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) containing 2 miR-130a targeting sites was observed to be required for the rapid down-regulation of GAX expression by serum and proangiogenic factors, whereas the activity of the GAX promoter did not vary with exposure to serum or proangiogenic factors. This same 280-bp sequence in the GAX 3′-UTR cloned into the psiCHECK2-Luciferase vector mediated serum-induced down-regulation of the reporter gene when placed 3′ of it. Finally, forced expression of miR-130a inhibits GAX expression through this specific GAX 3′-UTR sequence. A genome-wide search for other possible miR-130a binding sites revealed an miR-130a targeting site in the 3′-UTR of the antiangiogenic homeobox gene HOXA5, the expression and antiangiogenic activity of which are also inhibited by miR-130a. From these data, we conclude that miR-130a is a regulator of the angiogenic phenotype of vascular ECs largely through its ability to modulate the expression of GAX and HOXA5.
Elevated expression of adenosine A1receptor in bronchial biopsy specimens from asthmatic subjects
Authors: Brown R. A. , Clarke G. W. , Ledbetter C. L. , Hurle M. J. , Denyer J. C. , Simcock D. E. , Coote J. E. , Savage T. J. , Murdoch R. D. , Page C. P. , Spina D. , O’Connor B. J. 
Published: October 2007

Asthmatics, unlike healthy subjects, experience bronchoconstriction in response to inhaled adenosine, and extracellular adenosine concentrations are elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and exhaled breath condensate of asthmatic subjects. However, little is known about the location and expression of adenosine receptors in asthmatic airways. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of adenosine A1receptors in bronchial biopsy specimens from mildly asthmatic steroid-naïve subjects and then compare the degree of expression with that of healthy subjects.Biopsy sections were immunostained using an adenosine A1receptor antibody, the selectivity of which was validated in specific experiments. Image analysis was then performed in order to determine differences in immunostaining intensity.Immunostaining of biopsy sections from the asthmatic subjects revealed strong expression of the A1receptor, located predominantly in the bronchial epithelium and bronchial smooth muscle. In comparison, very weak immunostaining was observed in biopsy specimens obtained from healthy subjects. Image analysis revealed that the intensity of positive staining of the asthmatic bronchial epithelium and smooth muscle regions was significantly greater than that observed for the healthy epithelium and smooth muscle.In conclusion, the sensitivity of asthmatics to inhaled adenosine coupled with increased adenosine A1receptor expression implies that these receptors play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
Increased activation of p38 MAPK in COPD
Authors: Renda T. , Baraldo S. , Pelaia G. , Bazzan E. , Turato G. , Papi A. , Maestrelli P. , Maselli R. , Vatrella A. , Fabbri L. M. , Zuin R. , Marsico S. A. , Saetta M. 
Published: October 2007

Inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis, which are involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis, may activate the p38 subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of the phosphorylated, active form of p38 MAPK (phospho-p38) in the lungs of COPD patients.Surgical specimens were obtained from 18 smokers with COPD at different stages of disease severity, plus nine smoking and eight nonsmoking subjects with normal lung function. Phospho-p38+ cells were quantified by immunohistochemistry in both alveolar spaces and alveolar walls. Moreover, a Western blot analysis of phospho-p38 and total p38α isoform expressed by alveolar macrophages was performed.Phospho-p38+ alveolar macrophages and phospho-p38+ cells in alveolar walls were increased in patients with severe and mild/moderate COPD, compared with smoking and nonsmoking controls. Moreover, they were inversely correlated to values of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylated p38, but not the total p38α isoform, was specifically increased in alveolar macrophages from COPD patients.Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The present findings suggest that this protein may be a suitable pharmacological target for therapeutic intervention.
Suboptimal asthma control: prevalence, detection and consequences in general practice
Authors: Chapman K. R. , Boulet L. P. , Rea R. M. , Franssen E. 
Published: October 2007

Telephone surveys describing suboptimal asthma control may be biased by low response rates.In order to obtain an unbiased assessment of asthma control and assess its impact in primary care, primary care physicians used a 1-page control questionnaire in 50 consecutive asthma patients.Of the 10,428 patients assessed by 354 physicians, 59% were uncontrolled, 19% well-controlled and 23% totally controlled. Physicians overestimated control, regarding only 42% of patients as uncontrolled. Physicians were more likely to report plans to alter the regimens of uncontrolled patients than controlled patients (1.29versus0.20 medication changes per patient) doing so in a fashion consistent with guideline recommendations. Of the uncontrolled patients, 59% required one or more urgent care or specialist visitsversus26 and 15% of well-controlled or totally controlled patients, respectively. Patients were more likely to report short-term symptom control when they had not required urgent or specialist care (odds ratio 5.68; 95% confidence interval 4.91–6.58).The majority of asthma patients treated in general practice are uncontrolled. Lack of control can be recognised by physicians who are likely to consider appropriate changes to therapy. A lack of short-term symptom control of asthma is associated with excess healthcare utilisation.
Procalcitonin predicts patients at low risk of death from community-acquired pneumonia across all CRB-65 classes
Authors: Krüger S. , Ewig S. , Marre R. , Papassotiriou J. , Richter K. , von Baum H. , Suttorp N. , Welte T. 
Published: October 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value, in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), of procalcitonin (PCT) compared with the established inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte (WBC) count alone or in combination with the CRB-65 (confusion, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1, low blood pressure (systolic value <90 mmHg or diastolic value ≤60 mmHg) and age ≥65 yrs) score.In total, 1,671 patients with proven CAP were enrolled in the study. PCT, CRP, WBC and CRB-65 score were all determined on admission and patients were followed-up for 28 days for survival.In contrast to CRP and WBC, PCT levels markedly increased with the severity of CAP, as measured by the CRB-65 score. In 70 patients who died during follow-up, PCT levels on admission were significantly higher compared with levels in survivors. In receiver operating characteristic analysis for survival, the area under the curve (95% confidence interval) for PCT and CRB-65 was comparable (0.80 (0.75–0.84)versus0.79 (0.74–0.84)), but each significantly higher compared with CRP (0.62 (0.54–0.68)) and WBC (0.61 (0.54–0.68)). PCT identified low-risk patients across CRB classes 0–4.In conclusion, procalcitonin levels on admission predict the severity and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia with a similar prognostic accuracy as the CRB-65 score and a higher prognostic accuracy compared with C-reactive protein and leukocyte count. Procalcitonin levels can provide independent identification of patients at low risk of death within CRB-65 (confusion, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1, low blood pressure (systolic value <90 mmHg or diastolic value ≤60 mmHg) and age ≥65 yrs) risk classes.
The expiration reflex from the trachea and bronchi
Authors: Tatar M. , Hanacek J. , Widdicombe J. 
Published: October 2007

The expiration reflex (ER) is a forced expiratory effort against a closed glottis that subsequently opens to eject laryngeal debris and prevent aspiration of material. It is distinct from the cough reflex. Its source is usually assumed to be restricted to the larynx and vocal folds, and its possible origin from the tracheobronchial (TB) tree has been suggested but never studied.The current authors re-analysed previous records with mechanical or chemical stimulation of the TB tree to see if an ER can consistently be elicited, and to see whether it has properties similar to that from the larynx and vocal folds. A random review was made of some of the extensive literature on TB “cough” to see if it confirmed the authors’ conclusions. The TBER was consistently seen in cats and rabbits, either alone or followed by cough. These results are consistent with many studies in other species, including humans. It was enhanced, relative to cough, by inflation of the lungs and by general anaesthesia.Tracheobronchial expiration reflex occurs frequently with mechanical stimulation of the tracheobronchial tree. It differs fundamentally from many of the properties of “true” cough. Its features similar to the laryngeal expiration reflex suggest that both should be labelled “expiration reflexes” and not cough. Its existence should be taken into account in experimental, and possibly clinical, studies on tracheobronchial cough.