bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with quitting areca (betel) quid chewing
Authors: Lai Ching‐Shiun , Shieh Tien‐Yu , Yang Yi‐Hsin Connie , Chong Mian‐Yoon , Hung Hsin‐Chia , Tsai Chi‐Cheng 
Published: November 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to provide useful data for a future abstinence project by identifying the factors related to quitting areca (betel) quid chewing.Methods:  The study was cross‐sectional. Data on demographic variables, psychological factors and substance‐use behaviors were collected via questionnaires from 326 participants.Results:  Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the areca/betel quid chewers who were less educated (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34–0.98) were least likely to try to give up. Among the chewers who tried to quit, those employed as full‐time drivers (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.14–4.39), who had drinking habits (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.24–4.66), and who preferred to chew only betel quid wrapped with leaf (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.99–9.90) were more likely to fail. Chewers who successfully quit had a higher internal health locus of control compared with those who failed to quit (one‐point increments, OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90–0.98).Conclusions:  The results suggest that health educators and researchers can better influence people's chewing behavior if the importance of chewers’ education level, job type, substance use (i.e. drinking habits, type of betel quid), and level of health locus of control are all taken into consideration when devising interventions.
Caries‐preventive effect of resin‐based and glass ionomer sealants over time: a systematic review
Authors: Beiruti N. , Frencken J. E. , Van‘t Hof M. A. , Van Palenstein Helderman W. H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract –  Introduction:  The difference in preventing dentine lesion development between resin‐based and glass ionomer sealant materials is unclear. Two recently published reviews were unable to conclude on the difference because the comparison was an exclusion criterion in one review and there were statistical shortcomings in the relevant papers in the other (Cochrane) review.Objectives:  The aim of the present investigation was to carry out a systematic review on the caries‐preventive effect of these two types of sealant materials under more liberal exclusion criteria concerning the statistical presentations in the publications.Methods:  Based on five exclusion criteria, the literature search in the electronic libraries PubMed and MEDLINE and the publications retrieved in the Cochrane review, revealed 12 eligible publications for analyses. A variety of glass ionomers and resin‐based sealant materials had been applied in the included studies. Attributable risk (AR) was chosen rather than relative risk (RR), as used in the Cochrane review, because RR is very instable in a low caries population.Results:  There was no consistent pattern observed with respect to the caries‐preventive effect of either resin‐based or glass ionomer sealants. Therefore, it was impossible to calculate an overall AR.Conclusions:  There is no evidence that either resin‐based or glass ionomer sealant material is superior to the other in preventing dentine lesion development in pits and fissures over time.
Tendinopathy and Doppler activity: the vascular response of the achilles tendon to exercise
Authors: Boesen M. I. , Koenig M. J. , Torp‐Pedersen S. , Bliddal H. , Langberg H. 
Published: November 2006

Background:Intratendinous Doppler activity has been interpreted as an equivalent of neovessels in the Achilles tendon and as a sign of tendinosis (AT).Aim:To evaluate the vascular response as indicated by color Doppler activity after repeated loading of both symptomatic and non‐symptomatic Achilles tendons.Material and methods:Ten non‐trained, healthy subjects ran 5 km. Ultrasound (US) Doppler activity was determined before and after the exercise. Eleven patients with chronic AT performed 3 × 15 heavy‐load eccentric exercise. The Achilles tendons were scanned before and immediately after the exercise.Results:Non‐symptomatic: six Achilles tendons in five subjects had intratendinous Doppler activity before the exercise. All but two subjects (80%) had intratendinous Doppler activity after running. Symptomatic: all patients had Doppler activity in the tendons, with a median color fraction before eccentric exercise of 0.05 (range 0.01–0.33). The Doppler activity did not disappear after exercise. Tendons with a color fraction below the median at baseline increased significantly after the exercise (P=0.02).Conclusion:The mere presence of Doppler in the Achilles tendon does notper seindicate disease. Eccentric exercise does not extinguish the flow during or after one training session in patients with chronic AT.
A capsular incision leads to a fast osteoarthritic response, but also elevated levels of activated osteogenic protein‐1 in rabbit knee joint cartilage
Authors: Fahlgren A. , Chubinskaya S. , Messner K. , Aspenberg P. 
Published: November 2006

We studied whether a small capsular incision alone, or combined with meniscectomy could induce early osteoarthritic changes in the rabbit knee.Thirty‐one rabbits were operated on with a capsular incision in the left knee and meniscectomy in the right knee. Another 12 rabbits were used as controls. The rabbits were killed 3, 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Osteoarthritic changes in the articular cartilage were evaluated by the modified Mankin score. The subchondral bone was evaluated by scintimetry (99mTc‐HDP) and semiquantitative grading of histological changes. Osteogenic protein (OP‐1) in its mature and pro‐form was examined by immunohistochemistry.Both a capsular incision and meniscectomy induced articular cartilage fibrillation and increased bone metabolic activity during the initial weeks after surgery. Capsular incision led to lesser changes than meniscectomy. Mature OP‐1 was elevated, and its pro‐form reduced, in meniscectomized knees. A similar pattern was observed in knees with capsular incision.Already 3 weeks after surgery, the articular cartilage and subchondral bone showed typical signs of early osteoarthritis (OA), and a reparative response was suggested by increased intensity of OP‐1 staining. As these signs were also found in knees with capsular incision only, it appears that trauma‐related factors such as increased bleeding and inflammation are critical for the development of OA.
Sex‐specific characteristics of cardiac function, geometry, and mass in young adult elite athletes
Authors: Petersen S. E. , Hudsmith L. E. , Robson M. D. , Doll H. A. , Francis J. M. , Wiesmann F. , Jung B. A. , Hennig J. , Watkins H. , Neubauer S. 
Published: November 2006

PURPOSE: To study young adult elite athletes with age‐ and sex‐matched sedentary controls to assess sex‐specific differences for left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes and mass as well as for LV contraction and relaxation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 23 male athletes (mean age 25±4 years, training 22±7 h/week in rowing, swimming, or triathlon) and 20 female athletes (mean age 24±4 years, training 19±5 h/week in rowing, swimming, or triathlon) and age‐ and sex‐matched sedentary controls (21 males/17 females) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging (1.5 T). Cardiac phase contrast imaging using a black‐blood k‐space segmented gradient echo sequence was used for analysis of cardiac contraction and relaxation and steady‐state free‐precession cine images were acquired for determination of cardiac volumes and mass.RESULTS: Male and female athletes showed similar increases in LV and RV volume and mass indices when compared with controls (ranging between 15% and 42%). No sex‐specific differences in training effect on LV and RV volumes, mass indices, and ejection fractions, as well as LV to RV ratios of these volume and mass indices (parameters of balanced LV and RV dilatation and hypertrophy) were observed (all P for interaction >0.05). Similarly, no sex‐specific differences in training effect on cardiac contraction and relaxation were found (all P for interaction >0.05).CONCLUSION: Young adult elite athletes do not show sex‐specific adaptive structural and functional changes to exercise training in accordance with the benign nature of the hypertrophy associated with athlete's heart.
Different responses of plants and herbivore insects to a gradient of vegetation height: an indicator of the vertebrate grazing intensity and successional age
Authors: Pöyry Juha , Luoto Miska , Paukkunen Juho , Pykälä Juha , Raatikainen Katja , Kuussaari Mikko 
Published: November 2006

Empirical studies have suggested that species richness of grassland insects usually decreases under grazing management. By contrast, grazing has been shown to increase the species density and richness of vascular plants, especially on productive soils. In order to test the suggested differences in response to management between plants and insects, we simultaneously studied species richness of vascular plants and their insect herbivores, butterflies and moths, in 68 semi‐natural grasslands with varying grazing intensity and frequency in SW Finland. Species richness of plants and insects was for the first time related to a quantitative measure of disturbance intensity and successional age, mean vegetation height, by using generalized additive models (GAM). The effects of soil nutrients on vegetation height were accounted for by using phosphorus concentration as a productivity surrogate.The results showed that species richness of butterflies and moths peaked in taller vegetation compared with vascular plants, corresponding to a lower disturbance intensity and increasing time since abandonment. These patterns are discussed in the light of two hypotheses, the “structural diversity hypothesis” and “dynamic equilibrium model” of Huston, both suggesting a weaker disturbance tolerance of insects compared with plants. Butterflies and moths which are specialists in their larval host‐plant use (monophagous and oligophagous species) preferred lower vegetation (higher disturbances) compared with generalists (polyphagous species), as predicted by Huston's model. This difference indicates a stronger relationship with plant species richness for specialist than for generalist butterflies and moths. Our results support the application of regionally and temporally varying grazing intensities in grassland conservation management.
Immunostimulatory Effects of the Anionic Alkali Mineral Complex BARODON on Equine Lymphocytes
Authors: Koo HyeCheong , Ryu Seung-Ho , Ahn Hyung Jin , Jung Woo Kyung , Park Young Kyung , Kwon Nam Hoon , Kim So Hyun , Kim Jun Man , Yoo Byung Woo , Choi Soo Il , Davis William C. , Park Yong Ho 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that the anionic alkali mineral complex BARODON has an immunoenhancing effect on pigs as an adjuvant and as a nonspecific immunostimulant. Likewise, the equine immune system has been defined with various monoclonal antibodies specific to equine leukocyte differentiation antigens to determine the possibility of enhancing equine resistance to respiratory diseases and promoting other immunostimulatory effects with the application of BARODON. Compared with the control group, after 3 weeks of treatment, BARODON-treated groups showed higher proportions of cells (P< 0.05) expressing major histocompatibility complex class II and CD2, CD4+, CD4+CD25+, CD8+, and CD8+CD25+T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and surface immunoglobulin M+B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, as well as enhanced cell proliferative responses with phytohemagglutinin and increased phagocytic activity againstStreptococcus equiandStaphylococcus aureusstrains with high antibiotic resistance, the bacteria frequently identified as etiologic agents of equine respiratory diseases at the Seoul Race Park in Seoul, Korea. This study shows that BARODON may act as an immunostimulator and can be an effective alternative to antimicrobial feed additives for nonspecific improvements in equine immune responses, particularly against respiratory diseases.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Malate Synthase- and MPT51-Based Serodiagnostic Assay as an Adjunct to Rapid Identification of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Achkar Jacqueline M. , Dong Yuxin , Holzman Robert S. , Belisle John , Kourbeti Irene S. , Sherpa Tsering , Condos Rany , Rom William N. , Laal Suman 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The 81-kDa malate synthase (MS; Rv 1837c) and the 27-kDa MPT51 (Rv 3803c) of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are immunodominant antigens recognized by serum antibodies from ∼80% of human immunodeficiency virus-negative smear-positive tuberculosis patients from India. We now provide evidence that the use of the MS/MPT51-based serodiagnostic assay can serve as an adjunct to sputum microscopy in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Measurement of Plasma-Derived Substance P: Biological, Methodological, and Statistical Considerations
Authors: Campbell Donald E. , Raftery Nancy , Tustin Richard , Tustin Nancy B. , DeSilvio Michelle L. , Cnaan Avital , Aye Pyone Pyone , Lackner Andrew A. , Douglas Steven D. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The undecapeptide substance P (SP) is a member of the tachykinin family of neurotransmitters, which has a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. One of the major barriers to the study of the in vivo role of SP in a number of immune disorders is the accurate measurement of SP in fluids. This is reflected in the variability of reported SP levels in serum and plasma of humans in both healthy and diseased states. This study was initiated in order to identify sources of variability by the comparative evaluation of the influences of sample preparation and analytical detection methods on the measurement of SP in plasma. The results indicate that sample preparation (peptide extraction versus no extraction) and the choice of analytical method for SP quantitation may yield significantly different values and may contribute to the variability in SP values reported in the literature. These results further emphasize the need for careful consideration in the selection of methods for SP quantitation, as well as caution in the interpretation and comparison of data reported in the literature.
Validation of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies against
Babesia bovis
Authors: Goff Will L. , Molloy John B. , Johnson Wendell C. , Suarez Carlos E. , Pino Ignacio , Rhalem Abdelkebir , Sahibi Hamid , Ceci Luigi , Carelli Grazia , Adams D. Scott , McGuire Travis C. , Knowles Donald P. , McElwain Terry F. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

A previously developed competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) based on a species-specific, broadly conserved, and tandemly repeated B-cell epitope within the C terminus of rhoptry-associated protein 1 of
Babesia bovis
was refined and validated for use internationally. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an assay with a specificity and positive predictive value of 100% and a sensitivity of 91.1%, with various negative predictive values depending on the level of disease prevalence. The cELISA was distributed to four different laboratories, along with a reference set of 100 defined bovine sera, including known-positive, known-negative, and field samples. Pairwise concordances among the four laboratories ranged from 94% to 88%. Analysis of variance of the resulting optical densities and a test of homogeneity indicated no significant difference among the laboratories. Overall, the cELISA appears to have the attributes necessary for international application.
Recombinant Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) Expressing Glycoprotein D of BoHV-1 Is Immunogenic and Elicits Serum-Neutralizing Antibodies against BoHV-1 in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Donofrio Gaetano , Cavirani Sandro , Vanderplasschen Alain , Gillet Laurent , Flammini Cesidio Filippo 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Several biological characteristics of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) make it a good candidate as a gene delivery vector for vaccination purposes. These characteristics include little or no pathogenicity, unlikely oncogenicity, the capability to accommodate large amounts of foreign genetic material, the ability to infect several cell types coming from different animal species, and the ability to maintain transgene expression in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Starting from BoHV-4 cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), we used MuA transposase-mediated in vitro transposition to generate recombinant BoHV-4 expressing the immunodominant glycoprotein D (gD) of BoHV-1, one of the most important pathogens of cattle. Although a
cis
-acting element from woodchuck hepatitis virus (the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element [WPRE]) in the 3′ end of the gD expression cassette was required for maximal gD expression from plasmids in transient transfection assays, this element was not necessary for efficient expression of gD from recombinant BoHV-4 genomes. BoHV-4 recombinants containing gD expression cassettes with or without the WPRE expressed gD at similarly high levels. Several cell lines originating from different animal species expressed gD when infected with BoHV-4 recombinants. When rabbits were immunized with one of the recombinants, high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies against BoHV-1 were generated. This work is one of the first demonstrations of the use BoHV-4 as a vector for vaccine purposes and may provide the basis for BoHV-1 vaccination of cattle with recombinant BoHV-4.
Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody toIxodesCalreticulin Salivary Protein
Authors: Alarcon-Chaidez Francisco , Ryan Raymond , Wikel Stephen , Dardick Kenneth , Lawler Caroline , Foppa Ivo M. , Tomas Patricio , Cushman Alexis , Hsieh Ann , Spielman Andrew , Bouchard Keith R. , Dias Filiciano , Aslanzadeh Jaber , Krause Peter J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTTicks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. People who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. Despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. In order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infection and the immune response to tick bite, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody to a recombinant form of calreticulin protein found in the salivary glands ofIxodes scapularis, a member of a complex ofIxodesticks that serve as the vectors for Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Using this assay, we tested sera obtained from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice before and after experimental deer tick infestation. These mice developed antibody toIxodescalreticulin antigen after infestation. We then used the same assay to test sera obtained from people before and after they experienced deer tick bite(s). People experiencing deer tick bite(s) developedIxodescalreticulin-specific antibody responses that persisted for up to 17 months. ThisIxodesrecombinant calreticulin ELISA provides objective evidence of deer tick exposure in people.
Compartmentalization of Interleukin-6 Response in a Patient with Septic Meningococcal Peritonitis
Authors: de Souza Alexandre Leite , Sztajnbok Jaques , Marques Salgado Maristela , Romano Carla C. , das Graças Adelino Alkmin Maria , Duarte Alberto J. S. , Seguro Antonio Carlos 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We report the first case of
Neisseria meningitidis
-induced septic peritonitis diagnosed by PCR assay of peritoneal fluid. Concentrations of interleukin-6 were notably higher in the peritoneal fluid than in the blood. PCR diagnosis of septic meningococcal peritonitis and the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed.
Ethics and Education
Authors: Birkelund Regner 
Published: November 2006

In the debate concerning the education of nurses that is currently taking place in Denmark, two widely differing views are apparent regarding the best way of training nurses such that the ethical aspect of their work is adequately considered. The first of these is based on the premise that practical care is fundamental to and justified by theories on nursing, care and ethics, which is why the theoretical part of nurse education deserves a higher priority. The second view is based on the premise that social care cannot be taught by means of theories, but can be learnt only through practice. The master-apprentice principle of ancient Greece is stressed in connection with this as being a viable alternative to the theoretical model of education. These two very different views can be traced back to Plato’s and Aristotle’s ideas on ethics and teaching respectively; indeed, those engaged in the debate make specific reference to these philosophers. In Denmark, a third fundamental viewpoint exists, known as ‘ontological ethics’. Phenomenologist KE Løgstrup is one of the best-known representatives of this view. Basing the line of argument on Løgstrup’s ethics and the view of education associated with this, this article questions the relevance of ancient Greek thought to today’s world by illustrating a number of problems that are connected with the theoretical model of nurse education and with the master-apprentice principle. Løgstrup associates ethics with the aesthetic principle that ‘the useless is the most useful’ in human life and with the view we also see in Kierkegaard’s and NFS Grundtvig’s writings that ethics can be imparted only by indirect means. Løgstrup bases his understanding of ethics on the Judaeo-Christian concept of Genesis and the view that human beings were created with an ethical potential that is best nourished by aesthetic impressions.
The Experiences of Elderly People in Geriatric Care with Special Reference to Integrity
Authors: Randers Ingrid , Mattiasson Anne-Cathrine 
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to obtain an increased understanding of the experiences of elderly people in geriatric care, with special reference to integrity. Data were collected through qualitative interviews with elderly people and, in order to obtain a description of caregivers’ integrity-promoting or non-promoting behaviours, participant observations and qualitative interviews with nursing students were undertaken. Earlier studies on the integrity of elderly people mainly concentrated on their personal and territorial space, so Kihlgren and Thorsén opened up the possibility of considering the concept of integrity from a broader view by recognizing its relationship to the larger framework of the self-concept. Based on this, findings in the present study indicate that elderly people’s integrity relating to their corporal self were the least violated. On the other hand, their psycological, information and cultural selves were the most exposed. The study also identified a further dimension (i.e. one relating to social self), which should be included in the concept of integrity because respecting elderly people’s social self reduces their feelings of loneliness, isolation and seclusion. In summary, the results indicate that the concept of integrity is complex and has several dimensions.