bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF LACTOBACILLUS SAKEI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS XYLOSUS ON THE INHIBITION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN PASTIRMA, A DRY‐CURED MEAT PRODUCT
Authors: AKSU MUHAMMET İRFAN , KAYA MÜKERREM , OZ FATIH 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Pastırma was produced from beef meat contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 to investigate the effects of protective cultures on the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 in pastırma manufacturing. After being contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 (105 cfu/g), meats for pastırma were divided into two groups. The control group was untreated meat, and the treatment group was meat in which protective cultures (Lactobacillus sakei + Staphylococcus xylosus) were added. E. coli O157:H7 was decreased during processing and showed approximately a 3 log cycle reduction at the end of the production. At the end of the second drying step, there was a difference in E. coli O157:H7 levels between the cultured and control groups. There was no such difference after the other manufacturing steps. As a result, it was concluded that the most important factor effecting reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in pastırma production was loss of water in the drying process.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most dangerous food pathogen in pastırma and similar dry‐cured meat products if it contaminates the carcass and muscles from the slaughterhouse. It has been found that the use of protective culture and the procedure of pastırma are effective for inhibiting E. coli O157:H7 during pastırma manufacturing. Results of this study can be applied to inhibit E. coli O157:H7 in pastırma.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIALLY PRODUCED ALHEIRA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO FOODBORNE PATHOGENS
Authors: ESTEVES ALEXANDRA , PATARATA LUIS , SARAIVA CRISTINA , MARTINS CONCEIÇÃO 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAlheiras is a traditional Portuguese meat product, typically from the north of the country. To investigate on some of the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of industrially produced alheira, samples from four factories and six production batches were analyzed. The microbiological status of the analyzed samples can be considered a matter of concern in terms of food safety. Considering the microbiological counts and the pathogen occurrence rate, it can be inferred that most of the alheira samples were produced under substandard hygienic conditions. Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. were prevalent in 50, 25 and 12.5% of the samples, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Yersinia enterocolitica were present in smaller numbers. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and enteropathogenic Campylobacter were not detected. The source factory was a determining factor in terms of microbiological characteristics and pathogen occurrence levels.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGiven the significant economic importance of alheira (a traditional Portuguese sausage) to a number of small domestic and industrial producers, particularly in the north of Portugal, this study can be used to help implement strategies designed to enhance the product's microbiological quality. This would therefore have positive knock‐on effects on the region's economy and community as a whole.The next logical step would be to carry out a systematic analysis of contamination patterns along alheira production lines, which should enable the introduction of more specific and effective methods of ensuring product safety in the face of common microbiological hazards. There also appears to be an urgent need for the establishment of a thorough technical and scientific monitoring program across the industry. This would include testing the technological procedures involved in the production process, and would clearly lead to a significant improvement in this product's microbiological profile.
INFLUENCE OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON COOLING INTENSITY OF TOPICAL EMULSIONS CONTAINING ENCAPSULATED MENTHOL
Authors: ZAGUE VIVIAN , DE OLIVEIRA NISHIKAWA DEBORAH , DE ALMEIDA SILVA DIEGO , BABY ANDRÉ ROLIM , BEHRENS JORGE HERMAN , KANEKO TELMA MARY , VELASCO MARIA VALÉRIA ROBLES 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT The cooling intensity of topical emulsions added with encapsulated or free menthol was evaluated by a screened and trained panel recruited based on the American Society for Testing and Materials method. A sensory panel composed of 10 trained judges performed the evaluation of samples stored at 22 ± 2C for 24 h and, after 28 days of storage, at 37.0 ± 0.5C. The obtained data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The results showed an increase of cooling intensity as a function of encapsulated menthol concentration. The opposite was observed in samples added with free menthol, which may have caused sensory fatigue. Storage at 37 ± 0.5C for 28 days had no impact on the cooling intensity of emulsions containing encapsulated menthol, demonstrating high stability and suggesting its application in cooling skin care products. In contrast, emulsions added with free menthol showed a drastic decrease of cooling intensity at 37 ± 0.5C.PRATICAL APPLICATIONSThis article deals with sensory assessment of the cooling intensity of topical emulsions added with encapsulated menthol under accelerated storage conditions. In all, the work is a major contribution to (1) investigating the feasibility of sensory analysis for evaluating the sensory properties of topical products during storage; (2) verifying the cooling intensity of topical emulsions containing encapsulated menthol; and (3) evaluating the effect of encapsulation of menthol on its stability during accelerated storage conditions.
FLAVOR DIFFERENCES IN HETEROGENEOUS FOODS CAN BE DETECTED USING REPEATED MEASURES OF CONSUMER PREFERENCES
Authors: HARKER F. ROGER , AMOS RACHEL L. , WHITE ANNE , PETLEY MARY B. , WOHLERS MARK 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT A method in which repeated hedonic measurements are used to infer flavor differences was proposed and tested using kiwifruit. Consumers assessed kiwifruit that had been treated with 1‐methylcyclopropane (1‐MCP, SmartFresh, AgroFresh Inc., Philadelphia, PA), a product used to manage the rate of ripening of fruits. Each consumer tasted four pairs of kiwifruit represented by a 2 × 2 design (high and low sugar content by soft and firm texture), and each pair of fruit included a 1‐MCP‐treated and control kiwifruit. Significant differences in consumer liking were found for kiwifruit with higher sugar content and firmer textures (two factors that were included as positive controls for panel sensitivity). However, no significant differences in liking were found between 1‐MCP and control kiwifruit. The repeated measures of preference for pairs of kiwifruit were subjected to analysis of probability, which confirmed that preferences for and against 1‐MCP were no different from the simple probability of tossing a coin four times. It was concluded that 1‐MCP did not affect the flavor of kiwifruit, and any preference expressed by consumers for or against 1‐MCP‐treated kiwifruit was due to other factors associated with biological variability in fruit quality.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis consumer method is presented for consideration and further evaluation. It is recommended as a useful addition to those currently available for assessing heterogeneous foods. In addition to providing information on liking scores and consumer preferences, it allows inferences to be made about the existence of qualitative differences in flavor.
QUESTIONNAIRE PRACTICE: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE JAR SCALE IS PLACED BETWEEN TWO “OVERALL” ACCEPTANCE SCALES?
Authors: GACULA MAXIMO , MOHAN PURNIMA , FALLER JIN , POLLACK LANA , MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Using the observational analysis of two different foods as test products, this note examined some interesting findings that emerge when the just‐about‐right (JAR) scale was placed after the overall liking rating, and before the preference ranking. The JAR data appeared to be statistically uncorrelated with the overall rating scales. First, this fortuitous observation from several studies suggests that the JAR scale can play a diagnostic role to determine how the consumer feels about changing the product. Second, the statistical analysis of the JAR ratings (e.g., bipolar nature of the JAR scale, its skewness and kurtosis) all suggest that the appropriate measure is %JAR, an incidence metric, rather than scale average, ought to be used both to report the results, and to create models relating to the JAR versus sensory magnitude or versus liking, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results of the present analysis suggest that overall acceptance/liking can be the last question in the questionnaire design. That location is very important for the sensory analysis of foods eaten over time and then rated, as well as personal care and cosmetic studies where the products are used over time periods, and where the true evaluation of performance ought to be made at the end of the trial. In these long‐term uses, overall liking is generally the last question given at the end of the time period of product evaluation. The facts that the just‐about‐right (JAR) scales are independent of this final overall liking rating suggest that the integrity of the overall evaluation and usefulness of JAR as diagnostics will not be compromised.
THE EFFECT OF RESISTANT STARCH ADDITION ON VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF COOKED SPAGHETTI
Authors: SOZER NESLI , KAYA AHMET , DALGIC ALI COSKUN 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Resistant starch is a good alternative to traditional fiber sources. From this point of view, it was used to enrich spaghetti, which is included in most diets. The effect of resistant starch addition on viscoelastic properties of spaghetti was investigated by stress–relaxation and creep tests. Tests were carried out with a TA‐XT2i texture analyzer. Relaxation and creep data were modeled by Maxwell, Peleg and Normand, Burgers, and Peleg. The three‐term Maxwell model and Burgers model were found to fit best to the relaxation and creep data, respectively. All samples started to lose their elastic behavior as cooking time proceeded. The parameters from the modeling of both stress relaxation and creep data showed that the addition of resistant starch resulted in spaghetti samples with similar viscoelastic values. However, data were different from those of the control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe increased consumption of spaghetti with added resistant starch is proposed for health reasons. Resistant starch is believed to be a good alternative for traditional fiber sources like bran. The research reported in this article is part of a study conducted on the rheological properties of spaghetti enriched with resistant starch. The aim was to introduce a new healthy food product, based on spaghetti enriched with resistant starch, with improved mouthfeel and texture. Durum pasta cooking quality is highly influenced by starch and gluten. Gluten contributes to the physical properties, such as viscoelasticity, of pasta. Viscoelasticity is one of the most important rheological parameters determining spaghetti quality, especially in formulations where starch is more dominant. To the best of our knowledge, the effect of resistant starch addition on the viscoelasticity of cooked spaghetti has not been studied before. We believe that with this article, this concept can be better understood especially for pasta products.
RHEOLOGICAL AND SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED TURKISH HONEYS
Authors: KAYACIER AHMED , KARAMAN SAFA 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT In this study, some physicochemical properties and rheological characteristics of four Turkish honey samples were determined. Moisture content, ash content, pH and water activity of the samples were determined using standard procedures. The rheological properties of honeys were investigated using a controlled stress rheometer equipped with a plate–plate configuration over a temperature range of 10–40C. There was no difference among the honey varieties in terms of water activity values. Rheological results indicated that all samples exhibited Newtonian flow behavior. The viscosity varied between 2.8 and 101 Pa·s according to honey type and temperature. Temperature dependence of viscosity was adequately described by the Arrhenius relationship, with determination coefficients of 0.990 or greater. The calculated activation energy of the honey samples ranged from 63.4 to 78.5 kJ/mol. Viscosity of citrus honey, with the lowest activation energy, was found to be less sensitive to temperature change compared with other honey varieties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRheological properties of honey are very important in terms of applications related to handling, processing storage and quality control. Although Turkey is one of the leading honey producers in the world, information on the rheological characteristics of Turkish honey is lacking in the literature. In addition, temperature is a very important parameter affecting the viscosity of honey. The current study presents the viscosity characteristics of selected Turkish honeys, as well as the temperature dependence of viscosity using the Arrhenius model. Turkish honeys exhibited Newtonian flow, and the Arrhenius model successfully described the temperature–viscosity relationship.
Democracy, Minority Rights and Plural Societies:Plus ça Change?
Authors: Preece Jennifer Jackson 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFor more than a century, it was assumed that plural societies were unconducive to democratic government and assimilation a necessity. The end of the Cold War reopened the question of self‐determination and the concomitant issue of minority rights not only in Europe but also worldwide. As a result, minority rights and multiculturalism are emerging as the consensus position on democracy in plural societies. But it would be inaccurate and potentially unwise to regard this pluralist perspective as a universal remedy for the problems of diversity. Instead, the history of academic debate and public policy in this area as surveyed here is testimony to the fact that there can be no categorical imperatives when addressing problems of democratic governance in plural societies; both academics and policy‐makers would do well to remember that crucial fact.
Public Spaces of Dissent
Authors: Roberts John Michael 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article looks at some recent developments in the relationship between public space and dissent. The article does this by firstly distinguishing between dissent and resistance. Dissent is based broadly around disagreements between individuals in particular groups and contexts against a perceived grievance of some sort. As a result dissent can arise in a variety of contexts, especially within everyday life, popular culture, and with small acts of defiance against frustrations one experiences. These acts can also assume more overtly political modes in the form of resistance as when people demonstrate in the streets. The distinction is therefore useful because it helps us understand how the state and other governance mechanisms adopt policies and strategies to pre‐empt dissent and thereby prevent dissent from spilling over into resistance located in particular places. The article will examine how the state and governance have changed the way in which they pre‐empt the formation of spaces of dissent in order to effectively regulate them in the pre‐ and post‐9/11 climate. Taking examples from the USA and the UK, the paper explores these points through global social movements, law and dissent, planning and designing dissent, and the surveillance of dissent.
Family Leisure and Changing Ideologies of Parenthood
Authors: Shaw Susan M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the significant role that family leisure plays in family life, and the ways in which family time, family activities, and family vacations reflect and contribute to changing ideologies of parenthood (including ideologies of motherhood and fatherhood). Research on this topic has shown family leisure to be a parental commitment, organized and constructed for the benefit of children and for the family as a whole. At the same time, family leisure has contradictory meanings and outcomes, because of the work involved and the difficulties associated with organizing and facilitating positive family experiences. Moreover, the work of family leisure falls disproportionately to mothers, reducing their personal time and personal leisure. It is argued that family leisure is a new obligation of parenthood, and one that has important implications for understanding ideas, beliefs and practices associated with intensive motherhood and involved fatherhood.
Perceptions of and Responses to Stigma
Authors: LeBel Thomas P. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn the last 10 years, interest in the concept of stigma has grown remarkably throughout the social sciences. Today, stigma is an important topic that bridges many disciplines, including sociology, psychology, social psychology, and public health. This literature review primarily addresses perceptions of and responses to stigma from the insider's or target's perspective. The topics examined in this review include the following: defining stigma, public opinion and attitudes toward the stigmatized, measurement of perceptions of stigma and discrimination, the coping strategies employed by stigmatized persons to deal with stigma, the impact of stigma in terms of psychological and behavioral outcomes, explanations of coping strategies and outcomes, and strategies and interventions to reduce stigma. As many of the concerns faced by stigmatized persons are universal, what has been learned in research about one stigmatized group can provide insight into another. Promising directions for future stigma‐related research are identified and discussed.
Effectiveness of a law to reduce alcohol-impaired driving in Japan
Authors: Nagata T , Setoguchi S , Hemenway D , Perry M J 
Published: February 2008

Objective:To estimate the effect of a new road traffic law against alcohol-impaired driving in Japan.Methods:Japan passed a new road traffic law in June 2002 intended to reduce alcohol-impaired driving by decreasing the permissible blood alcohol level and by increasing penalties. Using data collected from police reports, the number of traffic fatalities and injuries were analyzed by time series.Results:Simple comparisons of the average of all severe traffic injuries, traffic fatalities, alcohol-impaired traffic injuries, alcohol-impaired severe traffic injuries, and alcohol-impaired traffic fatalities per billion kilometers driven showed reductions after enactment of the new road traffic law in June 2002. The rate of alcohol-related traffic fatalities per billion kilometers driven decreased by 38% in the post-law period. In segmented regression analyses with adjustment for baseline trends, seasonality, and autocorrelation, all traffic injuries, severe traffic injuries, alcohol-impaired traffic injuries, alcohol-impaired severe traffic injuries, and alcohol-impaired traffic fatalities per billion kilometers driven declined significantly from baseline after the new traffic law.Conclusion:Large, immediate public health benefits resulted from the new road traffic law in Japan.
Stable age pattern supports role of development in unintentional childhood poisoning
Authors: Schmertmann M , Williamson A , Black D 
Published: February 2008

Objective:To investigate if child development has a role in unintentional poisoning, by describing the pattern of hospitalization due to unintentional poisoning in children aged 0–4 years in New South Wales by single year of age and then assessing the stability of the age-specific pattern found when analyzed by sex, remoteness of residence, and socioeconomic status.Design:Retrospective descriptive study.Setting:New South Wales hospitals from 1994 to 2005.Participants:Children aged 0–4 years in the New South Wales Department of Health Inpatient Statistics Collection.Main exposure:Hospitalization due to unintentional poisoning.Main outcome measures:Hospitalization rates by single year of age and single year of age by three covariates: sex, remoteness of residence, and socioeconomic status.Results:Children aged 1–3 years had the highest rates of hospitalization due to unintentional poisoning, and this pattern persisted over time. The same age-specific pattern was seen for both boys and girls, but rates were significantly higher for boys than girls at age 3 years (RR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.62). The age-specific pattern persisted when the covariates remoteness of residence and socioeconomic status were controlled for.Conclusion:The age-specific pattern of hospitalization for unintentional poisoning by single year of age was found to be stable when analyzed over time and by sex, remoteness of residence, and socioeconomic status. This finding provides strong evidence for the role of a child’s development in an unintentional poisoning event.
Genotoxic Stress–Induced Expression of p53 and Apoptosis in Leukemic Clam Hemocytes with Cytoplasmically Sequestered p53
Authors: Böttger Stefanie , Jerszyk Emily , Low Ben , Walker Charles 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In nature, the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, develops a fatal blood cancer in which a highly conserved homologue for wild-type human p53 protein is rendered nonfunctional by cytoplasmic sequestration. In untreated leukemic clam hemocytes, p53 is complexed throughout the cytoplasm with overexpressed variants for both clam homologues (full-length variant, 1,200-fold and truncated variant, 620-fold above normal clam hemocytes) of human mortalin, an Hsp70 family protein. In vitro treatment with etoposide only and in vivo treatment with either etoposide or mitoxantrone induces DNA damage, elevates expression (600-fold) and promotes nuclear translocation of p53, and results in apoptosis of leukemic clam hemocytes. Pretreatment with wheat germ agglutinin followed by etoposide treatment induces DNA damage and elevates p53 expression (893-fold) but does not overcome cytoplasmic sequestration of p53 or induce apoptosis. We show that leukemic clam hemocytes have an intact p53 pathway, and that maintenance of this tumor phenotype requires nuclear absence of p53, resulting from its localization in the cytoplasm of leukemic clam hemocytes. The effects of these topoisomerase II poisons may result as mortalin-based cytoplasmic tethering is overwhelmed by de novo expression of p53 protein after DNA damage induced by genotoxic stress. Soft shell clam leukemia provides excellent in vivo and in vitro models for developing genotoxic and nongenotoxic cancer therapies for reactivating p53 transcription in human and other animal cancers displaying mortalin-based cytoplasmic sequestration of the p53 tumor suppressor, such as colorectal cancers and primary and secondary glioblastomas, though not apparently leukemias or lymphomas. [Cancer Res 2008;68(3):777–82]