bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance and reliability of the House‐Brackmann grading system for regional facial nerve function
Authors: Reitzen Shari D. , Babb James S. , Lalwani Anil K. 
Published: February 2009

ObjectiveTo determine the reliability of the House‐Brackmann facial nerve grading scale in the setting of differential function across its branches.Study DesignProspective.Subjects and MethodsEleven physicians with different levels of clinical experience and three upper‐level medical students were provided with digital video clips of 11 patients with differential facial nerve functioning, and asked to report facial nerve function as a traditional global score and as a regional score on the basis of the House‐Brackmann scale for the forehead, eye, nose, and mouth. Agreements between the traditional global score and the regional scores, as well as inter‐rater agreement, were analyzed.ResultsIn patients with variable facial weakness, a single House‐Brackmann score did not fully communicate facial function. The single House‐Brackmann score most strongly correlated with the regional scoring of the nose/midface (59%), followed by the mouth (51%), eye (48%), and forehead (35%). Overall inter‐reader reliability was relatively strong for the midface (kappa = 0.503) and global scores (kappa = 0.541), followed by the mouth (k = 0.419), the forehead (k = 0.330), and the eye (k = 0.302). There was a marked tendency for reader agreement to increase among those with more clinical experience.ConclusionRegional assessment using the House‐Brackmann grading scale more fully communicates facial function and increases in reliability with experience.
HPV‐16 infection predicts treatment outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nichols Anthony C. , Faquin William C. , Westra William H. , Mroz Edmund A. , Begum Shanaz , Clark John R. , Rocco James W. 
Published: February 2009

ObjectiveTo determine if patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treated with chemoradiation have improved outcomes.Study DesignA retrospective search was used to identify patients with OPSCC treated with concurrent chemoradiation. Pretreatment biopsy specimens were tested for HPV‐16 infection and p16 expression.MethodsForty‐four patients with OPSCC treated with concurrent chemotherapy and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy were identified. Eligibility criteria included a minimum two years of follow‐up, or biopsy‐proven recurrence. In situ hybridization was applied to archival tumor specimens, with HPV‐16‐positive status defined as positive staining of tumor cell nuclei. p16 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsTwenty‐seven tumors (61%) were positive for HPV‐16 and 29 tumors (66%) expressed p16. HPV‐16 infection was highly correlated with p16 expression (P < 10−7). Three‐year disease‐free and overall survival for all patients was 66 percent and 79 percent respectively. Patients with tumors infected with HPV‐16 had improved overall (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) after chemoradiation (OS: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.21, P = 0.01; DFS: HR = 0.30, P = 0.02).ConclusionPatients with OPSCC tumors that are infected with HPV‐16 have improved survival after treatment with concurrent chemoradiation.
Synergien und Konkurrenzen bei Naturschutz und vorsorgendem Gesundheitsschutz
Authors: Claßen Thomas 
Published: February 2009

Einleitung
Zur Gefahrenminderung, aber ebenso zum Erhalt salutogener, d.h. gesundheitsförderlicher Umweltbedingungen, wird dem Natur- und Ressourcenschutz in der internationalen Diskussion inzwischen ein hoher Stellenwert auch im Rahmen des vorsorgenden Gesundheitsschutzes zugeschrieben (Litsios, 1994; MA, 2005). In Deutschland vollziehen diese beiden umfassenden Disziplinen und Handlungsfelder in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten einen paradigmatischen Wandel ihrer Strategien und Konzepte.
Naturbezüge in der ökologischen Gesundheitsförderung
Authors: Fehr Rainer 
Published: February 2009

Einleitung
Die Ottawa-Charta behandelt ausdrücklich den Stellenwert natürlicher Ressourcen für die menschliche Gesundheit: „Die enge Bindung zwischen Mensch und Umwelt bildet die Grundlage für einen sozial-ökologischen Weg zur Gesundheit […]. Jede Strategie zur Gesundheitsförderung muss den Schutz der natürlichen und der sozialen Umwelt sowie die Erhaltung der vorhandenen natürlichen Ressourcen mit zu ihrem Thema machen“ (WHO, 1986). Hier äußert sich eine ökologische Gesundheitsperspektive, wie sie zur Tradition von Medizin und Hygiene seit der Antike gehört.
Die Bedeutung von Stadtgrün aus gesundheitswissenschaftlicher Sicht
Authors: Brei Björn , Hornberg Claudia 
Published: February 2009

Einleitung
Stadtgrün erhält als Gesundheitsressource inzwischen sowohl international als auch national einen hohen Stellenwert (vgl. WHO Europe, 2007; Maas et al., 2008; Mitchell & Popham, 2008).
Zahlreiche Forschungsvorhaben der vergangenen Jahre untersuchten die Wirkungen von Natur und Landschaft im städtisch-urbanen Kontext. Sie konnten zeigen, dass regelhaft eine deutliche Assoziation zwischen dem Wohlbefinden bzw. der Zufriedenheit der Bevölkerung im Sinne salutogener Widerstandressourcen und der Erreichbarkeit von Grünräumen besteht.
Naturbezogene Elemente der Gesundheitserziehung
Authors: Gebhard Ulrich 
Published: February 2009

Einleitung
Zu den günstigen Wirkungen von Naturerfahrungen zählen eine gesundheitsförderliche Wirkung und ein positiver Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Umweltbewusstsein. Damit sind unmittelbare Bezüge zwischen Gesundheitserziehung und Umweltbildung gegeben. Vor allem erlebnispädagogische Konzepte gründen auf diese Zusammenhänge. Es gibt Hinweise, dass eine Entfremdung von Natur sich in psychischer und somatischer Hinsicht negativ auswirkt.
Gesunde Ernährung durch gesunde Natur
Authors: Straka Dorothee 
Published: February 2009

Einleitung
„Gesunde Ernährung“ wird als eine optimale Versorgung mit Nährstoffen kommuniziert, die den physiologischen Bedarf deckt und eine entsprechend empfehlenswerte Lebensmittelauswahl impliziert (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung – DGE, 2008). Dabei geht es nicht allein um individuelles gesundheitsförderndes Verhalten, sondern auch im Hinblick auf die steigende Bedeutung ernährungsabhängiger Erkrankungen um die gesellschaftspolitische Relevanz.
Thermodynamic model for sorption of bivalent heavy metals on calcite in natural-technogenic environments
Authors: Gaskova O.L. , Bukaty M.B. , Shironosova G.P. , Kabannik V.G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Approaches to the construction of thermodynamic models for sorption of trace-element cations on carbonates are considered. To calculate thermodynamic equilibria by the method of Gibbs free-energy minimization, the existing database of reaction constants and thermodynamic potentials was extended. Different types of models are illustrated by the example of precipitation of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn from the water of a drainage stream flowing out of the impoundment of barite-polymetallic ore-dressing wastes. It is shown that the mobility of metals in such cases can be controlled by their sorption by calcite present in bottom sediments and suspension. Any approach can be successfully applied to both the modeling of experimental data on cation sorption and the prediction of the ecologo-geochemical situation in the districts of dressing works.
Periodicity of geophysical fields and seismicity: possible links with core motion
Authors: Malyshkov Yu.P. , Malyshkov S.Yu. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Years-long data series of Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic fields (EPEMF) from the Talaya station near Lake Baikal indicates their mainly terrestrial origin and includes a component of poorly understood stable diurnal and annual crustal rhythms. The short-period crustal motion may drive mechanic-to-electric conversion in rocks and be responsible for diurnal and annual VLF electromagnetic pulses.
The lithospheric rather than atmospheric origin of many recorded EPEMF signals is supported by their links with nucleation of earthquakes and respective perfect match of the EPEMF and seismicity diurnal patterns. Joint spectral analysis of the Talaya EPEMF and seismicity time series and comparison with the known spectra of lunar and solar tides shows no direct correlation between the short-period rhythms and the gravitation effects.
We suggest that the diurnal and annual EPEMF periodicity may be associated with differential motion of the core and lithosphere and use this hypothesis to model an annual core path. As the model predicts, the inner solid core is never at the Earth’s geometric center but moves relative to the latter along a closed orbit; the plane of the core orbit is normal to the equatorial plane and tilted 45° to the direction to the Sun and to the Earth’s orbit; the core rotates 1.1 deg/yr faster than the Earth. The suggested model of core motion is consistent with the known instability of Earth rotation.
Estimating heat flow from an unsteady temperature log of submarine borehole BDP-98 (Lake Baikal)
Authors: Duchkov A.D. , Kutasov I.M. , Sokolova L.S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We have applied the method of one temperature log suggested by Kutasov in 1987 to process an unsteady temperature log of the 674 m deep submarine borehole BDP-98-2 (Akademichesky Ridge, Lake Baikal) and found it suitable to reconstruct the primary steady thermal gradient not disturbed by drilling. The steady gradient we derived using a special formalism, with reference to drilling conditions and measured thermal properties of sediments, was 63 mK/m, more than two times the unsteady gradient at different depths. Heat flow calculated with this gradient and a mean thermal conductivity of 1.1 W/(m·K) was 70 mW/m2, which is consistent with earlier geothermal data from the same area. Thus, the one-log procedure is a useful tool to predict the original undisturbed thermal gradients and estimate approximate heat flows if a single unsteady temperature log is available.
Joint inversion of IP-affected TEM data
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O. , Antonov E.Yu. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A numerical experiment was applied to explore the potentialities and limitations of joint inversion of IP-affected transients measured with different loop configurations above a uniform half-space with a Cole-Cole complex conductivity. One of us calculated 200 m × 50 m and 50 m × 50 m loop responses of a uniform polarizable conductor with varied Cole-Cole parameters and imposed synthetic Gaussian noise that simulated measurement errors. Then the generated pseudo-experimental data passed to the other co-author who performed single and joint 1D inversion twice: first being unaware of the “true” underlying models and then after being told that they all were represented by a uniform polarizable earth. More than a half of the fitted models provided a good idea of the true models though misfit was quite large in some cases. The fit was better in single inversion with a priori information available, and improved further through joint inversion of central-loop and coincident-loop responses. Joint inversion with a priori information known was of good quality even at a chargeability as low as 0.02. The standard error in joint inversion was times the measurement error and depended mainly on fitting errors for smaller-loop data. The reason is that the smaller-loop transients included a non-monotonous interval where the signal changed rapidly under the effect of fast-decaying induced polarization.
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: a community-based survey
Authors: Goswami Ravinder , Marwaha Raman Kumar , Gupta Nandita , Tandon Nikhil , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Tomar Neeraj , Ray Debarti , Kanwar Ratnesh , Agarwal Rashmi 
Published: February 2009

25-Hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency is linked with predisposition to autoimmune type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Our objective was to assess the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and thyroid autoimmunity. Subjects included students, teachers and staff aged 16–60 years (total 642, 244 males, 398 females). Serum free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb), intact parathyroid hormone and 25(OH)D were measured by electrochemiluminescence and RIA, respectively. Thyroid dysfunction was defined if (1) serum TSH ≥ 5 μU/ml and TPOAb>34 IU/ml or (2) TSH ≥ 10 μU/ml but normal TPOAb. The mean serum 25(OH)D of the study subjects was 17·5 (sd 10·2) nmol/l with 87 % having values ≤ 25 nmol/l. TPOAb positivity was observed in 21 % of subjects. The relationship between 25(OH)D and TPOAb was assessed with and without controlling for age and showed significant inverse correlation (r − 0·08, P = 0·04) when adjusted for age. The prevalence of TPOAb and thyroid dysfunction were comparable between subjects stratified according to serum 25(OH)D into two groups either at cut-off of ≤ 25 or >25 nmol/l or first and second tertiles. Serum 25(OH)D values show only weak inverse correlation with TPOAb titres. The presence of such weak association and narrow range of serum 25(OH)D did not allow us to interpret the present results in terms of quantitative cut-off values of serum 25(OH)D. Further studies in vitamin D-sufficient populations with wider range of serum 25(OH)D levels are required to substantiate the findings of the current study.
Significance of the tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata (hymenoptera: formicidae) as part of the natural enemy complex responsible for successful biological control of many tropical irrigated rice pests
Authors: Way M.J. , Heong K.L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) often nests very abundantly in the earthen banks (bunds) around irrigated rice fields in the tropics. Where some farmers habitually drain fields to the mud for about 3–4 days, the ants can quickly spread up to about 20 m into the fields where they collect food, including pest prey such as the eggs and young of the apple snail Pomacea caniculata (Lamarck) and insects such as lepidopterous larvae and hoppers, notably Nilaparvata lugens (Stäl) the brown planthopper (Bph) and green leafhoppers Nephotettix spp. Even in drained fields, the activity of S. geminata is restricted by rainfall in the wet season. The relatively few ant workers that forage characteristically into drained fields and on to the transplanted clumps of rice plants (hills) kill the normally few immigrant Bph adults but are initially slower acting than other species of the natural enemy complex. However, larger populations of Bph are fiercely attacked and effectively controlled by rapidly recruited ant workers; whereas, in the absence of the ant, the other natural enemies are inadequate. In normal circumstances, there is no ant recruitment in response to initially small populations of immigrant Bph and no evidence of incompatibility between ant foragers and other natural enemies such as spiders. However, when many ants are quickly and aggressively recruited to attack large populations of Bph, they temporarily displace some spiders from infested hills. It is concluded that, in suitable weather conditions and even when insecticides kill natural enemies within the rice field, periodic drainage that enables S. geminata to join the predator complex is valuable for ant-based control of pests such as snails and Lepidoptera, and especially against relatively large populations of Bph. Drainage practices to benefit ants are fully compatible with recent research, which shows that periodic drainage combats problems of ‘yield decline’ in intensively irrigated tropical rice and is also needed in South East Asia to make better use of seriously declining water supplies for irrigation.
A real-time PCR assay to differentiate the B and Q biotypes of theBemisia tabacicomplex in Cyprus
Authors: Papayiannis L.C. , Brown J.K. , Seraphides N.A. , Hadjistylli M. , Ioannou N. , Katis N.I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan® technology was developed and evaluated for the rapid detection of the B and Q biotypes ofBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). A survey was conducted during 2005–2007 in order to identify the distribution and prevalence ofB. tabacibiotypes in Cyprus using the real-time PCR assay. More than 700 adult whiteflies collected from 35 cultivated and weed plant species were individually haplotyped using TaqMan® PCR, and the results of the assay were validated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene. Two biotypes, B and Q, were identified in the collected plant species on the island. The real-time PCR and RFLP assay consistently yielded the same results, although the real-time assay was more sensitive and less time consuming. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtCOI DNA sequences corroborated the identity of the B and Q biotypes 100% of the time and by phylogenetic analysis the haplotypes grouped, as expected, in the major North African-Mediterranean-Middle Eastern clade of theB. tabacicomplex.
Alighting of Tabanidae and muscids on natural and simulated hosts in the Sudan
Authors: Mohamed-Ahmed M.M. , Mihok S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlighting of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) and non-biting muscids (Diptera: Muscidae) was studied at Khartoum, Sudan, using black cylindrical models mimicking a goat, calf and cow. Flies were intercepted by attaching electrocution grids or clear adhesive film to models. Alighting sites and defensive behaviour were also documented on hosts through observation. FemaleTabanus sufis(Jennicke),T. taeniola(Palisot) andAtylotus agrestis(Wiedemann) were the main tabanids captured. Muscids landed in equal numbers on all sizes of models. They had a strong preference for the upper portions of both models and hosts. Landings ofT. taeniolaandA. agrestisincreased with model size, but not so forT. sufis.T. taeniolaandA. agrestisscarcely alighted on the legs of models whereas 60–78% ofT. sufisdid so. Landings ofT. sufison artificial legs did not vary with model size. Landings of all tabanids on the lower and upper portions of a model increased with model size. For both hosts and models, most tabanids (88–98%) alighted on the lower half and legs. Most muscids (63–89%) alighted on the upper half. Landing of tabanids on the cow was 34.9 and 69.3 times greater than that on the calf and goat, respectively. These results are discussed in relation to strategies for the control of blood-sucking flies associated with farm animals using either insecticide-treated live baits or their mimics.
Gordon Brown's Misplaced Smithian Appeal: The Eclipse of Sympathy in Changing British Welfare Norms
Authors: WATSON MATTHEW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGordon Brown has eagerly lauded his fellow Kirkcaldy citizen, Adam Smith, as his main policy inspiration. This article tests the rigour of such a claim by matching Brown's promotion of Smithian ‘sympathy’ as the centrepiece of his programme for government with the changes introduced by his Treasury to the British welfare model. In the 1970s, Thomas Wilson showed that the traditions of the post-war British welfare state were compatible with a modified form of Smithian sympathy socialised at the level of the state. New Labour has set about reforming the welfare model with respect to both its underlying institutions and the basic subjectivities of its recipients. I show that Brown's substantive preference for an asset-based system of welfare moves those subjectivities away from the ‘relational self’ of Smithian sympathy and towards a much more ‘autonomous self’. Consequently, I conclude that it is stretching Smith's concept of sympathy too far, even in a modified socialised form, to associate it with New Labour's asset-based system of welfare.
Early Childcare and Child Development
Authors: HANSEN KIRSTINE , HAWKES DENISE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNowadays many more young children experience non-maternal childcare than in the past. From a theoretical perspective, the effect this may have on their cognitive and behavioural development is unclear. This paper uses data from the UK for a sample of children in the Millennium Cohort Study, whose mothers were working when they were nine months old, to test how different forms of childcare at an early age play a role in the production of cognitive skills and the behavioural development of young children (measured at age three). The results show that formal group care is positively associated with school readiness test scores. But, unlike previous research, we find no association between formal group care and problem behaviour. Grandparent care, which has received negative attention in the past, is shown to be positively associated with vocabulary test scores, but also positively related to problem behavioural scores.
Articulating the Improvement of Care Standards: The Operation of a Barring and Vetting Scheme in Social Care
Authors: HUSSEIN SHEREEN , MANTHORPE JILL , STEVENS MARTIN , RAPAPORT JOAN , HARRIS JESS , MARTINEAU STEPHEN 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe vetting and barring scheme known as the POVA (Protection of Vulnerable Adults) List established in England and Wales by the Care Standards Act (2000) was intended to provide greater assurance about the quality of social care for adults. This article discusses referrals to the POVA List in the period 21 May 2004 to 17 November 2006, details of which were made available to the researchers. These comprised 5,294 cases. Further data relating to the investigation process were provided through drawing on all material supplied in a purposively selected sample of 298 referrals. These have been analysed and findings are reported here in respect of referrals and prior disciplinary action, interactions with local and national agencies and the involvement of the police. What happened to the referrals and the length of time for decisions about Listing are also reported. The article concludes with some policy recommendations for the future of the scheme and sets this in the context of regulation.
Spatial Perspectives on Voluntarism in Learning Disability Services in Ireland
Authors: POWER ANDREW 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVoluntarism has moved to the centre of most western neo-liberal governments' focus in terms of welfare delivery. At the same time, very little of the social policy literature has identified specific historical, cultural and political contexts of place in shaping the particular form of voluntarism and the scale at which it takes place in a country. In order to address policy-related issues of the voluntary sector, a geographical perspective focusing on these local contexts can be very useful in unpacking how the sector can exist across regional and local scales. This article explores the rise of voluntarism in adult learning disability services in Ireland. Ireland experienced the ‘community turn’ much earlier than most Western states, in that the state advocated a ‘hands-off’ approach in learning disability services from the outset. It uses data from 40 interviews with local health agencies, voluntary organisations and informal carers. It critically examines the complex geographical factors that have contributed to the particular form of voluntarism that has evolved, thus demonstrating that understanding levels of voluntary activity requires attention to local circumstances.