bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HERBICIDE PRACTICE IN ARABLE FARMING DISTRICTS OF EASTERN ENGLAND, 1959‐60
Authors: CHURCH B. M. , DADD C. V. T. , MILLER T. K. , PAGE J. B. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Information on the use of herbicides in the 1959‐60 crop year was collected from a stratified random sample of farms in each of four arable farming districts in Eastern England.In each of the surveyed districts about 80% or more of the area under cereals, 10‐20% of other tillage crops and about 10% of the grassland was treated with herbicides. In the three diatricts where peas were widely grown most of this crop was also treated. Contract services were used most on the smaller farms.MCPA was the most widely used herbicide on cereals, but in two of the four districts mecoprop was also often used. Manufacturer's reeommendations for rates of application were followed fairly closely for MCPA on cereal crops which were not undersown but MCPA was also used on much of the undersown cereals in spite of the risk of damage to the legumes. MCPB and mecoprop were often applied to cereals at rather lower rates than those generally recommended, Little detailed information was obtained about when herbicides were applied but clearly most farmers were influenced more by general crop appearance (and possibly date) than by the stage of growth of crop or weeds.The weeds most often mentioned by farmers as occurring on areas treated with herbicide were Cirsium spp., Sinapis arvensis. Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album and Rumex spp. The weeds which were most frequently difficult to control were Avena spp.Polygonum persicaria, Tussilago farfara, Stellaria media and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora. The herbicides used were usually appropriate for the weeds which they were intended to control and nine out of every ten farmers asked were satistified with the results of treatment; it was very rare for any detrimental effect on crops to have been noted.L'emploi d'herbicides dans quatre régions agricoles de l'est de l'Angleterre 1959‐60
THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION FROM CEREAL CROPS ON THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF AVENA FATUA L. IN A NATURALLY‐INFESTED FIELD
Authors: THURSTON JOAN M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The effect of winter wheat, winter rye, winter barley, spring barley, and fallow cultivated as for a winter cereal, on germination and growth of wild oats (A. fatua) was investigated on a naturally‐infested field. Treatments were continued for 2 years on the same plots and in the third year all plots were cropped with spring barley. Wild oats were not allowed to shed seeds. A. fatua was controlled by a dense crop of an autumn‐sown cereal. The crop genus was unimportant provided it grew well on the site; its effectiveness depended on its density when the wild oats germinated in spring. Winter wheat and winter rye were equally effective. Even in a light crop of barley, wild oats grew much less vigorously than on the fallow plots. Beyond a certain crop density dependent on soil fertility, further increase in crop did not decrease the size of wild oats. The heaviest crop did not completely suppress the wild oats.The crop affected the wild oats mainly by decreasing growth of the seedlings, but under winter wheat and winter rye some wild oat seeds may have remained dormant, germinating in the spring barley in the third year, perhaps because the crops decreased the soil moisture content. Nitrogenous fertilizer increased the weight of both crops and wild oats. Barley was more severely affected by soil acidity than wild oats and on acid areas of barley plots the wild oats were larger than where the pH was higher. In wheat and rye which were scarcely affected by soil acidity the size of the wild oat plants was unaffected by soil pH. L'effet du competition des céréales sur la germination et le développement d'Avena fatua dans un champ naturellement infesté.
HERBICIDES AS FERTILIZER ADDITIVES
Authors: SCOTT M. R. , SCOTT E. M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Granulated compound fertilizers were tested as solid carriers for a variety of herbicides known to be active when applied as liquids.Pasture and cereal experiments with 2,4‐D and MCPA as fertilizer additives indicated considerable loss of herbicidal activity in comparison with spray formulations.Residual herbicides such as TCA, propham and diuron retained their activity when added to fertilizer for application to root crops. The most effective of the herbicides used as fertilizer additives were TCA and propham, both of which gave good control of Avena fatua in sugar beet, and a mixture of chlorpropham and diuron gave promising results as a general weed control treatment in carrots.It is concluded that the addition of these or similar herbicides to fertilizer granules may have advantages over conventional spray formulations for those crops which require broadcast pre‐sowing applications of herbicides and fertilizer. For such crops the use of a granular fertilizer as the carrier instead of inert material could also have advantages over conventional granular herbicides, particularly by reducing transport and application costs.
THE FATE OF N‐(4‐CHLOROPHENOXY)‐PHENYL‐NN‐DIMETHYLUREA (C‐1983) IN SOILS AND PLANTS*
Authors: GEISSBÜHLER H. , HASELBACH G. , AEBI H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The adsorption of N'‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)‐phcnyl‐NN‐dimethylurea (C‐1983) and N‐butyl‐N‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐ N‐methylurea (ref. comp.) by different soils was investigated with a slurry‐type procedure. Freundlich isothermal equilibrium plots demonstrate that both herbicides, but especially C‐1983, were quite strongly adsorbed, on soil particles. The following concentrations of C‐1983 adsorbed were found to be in equilibrium with 1 ppm soil solutions: 14 γ/g (sandy loam), 40 γ/g (clay loam) and 110 γ/g (humus soil) The corresponding values for the ref. comp. were 6.3, 21 and 60 γ/g. Adsorption of C‐1983 was strong on bentonite (400 γ/g) and less pronounced on cellulose (48 γ/g). Soil pH had no significant effect on adsorption. Desorption equilibrium plots indicate that about 50% of C‐1983 adsorbed was released into solution according to adsorption equilibrium conditions. The remaining 50% came off at a much lower rate.Leaching of C‐1983 and the ref. comp. was studied with soil columns to which 200 mm of simulated rain was applied during a period of 45 hours. At a low soil moisture level (wilting capacity), the bulk of C‐1983 was not removed from the top 1 cm section of all three soils. Leaching was somewhat more pronounced in sandy loam (80% recovery in top 1 cm layer) than in clay loam (90%) or in humus soil (95%). Only traces of C‐1983 were recovered from depths below 10 cm and in water percolating from the columns. The ref. comp. leached more easily than C‐1983, especially in sandy loam (bulk of herbicide below 5 cm level). Leaching of both herbicides, but especially of the ref. comp., was less pronounced at the higher soil moisture level (field capacity wet) than at the lower one (wilting capacity).It is suggested that leaching is not a major factor in removing C‐1983 from the surface soil layers. On the other hand, its very strong adsorption seems to be a decisive factor in controlling its availability insoil solution and thus determining both the initial toxicity and and the residual activity in some types of soils. The practical implications for field use are discussed. Le comportement de la N'‐(4‐chllorophénoxy)‐phényl‐NN‐diméthylurée (C‐1983) dans les terres et dans les plantes 1. Adsorption et lessivage dans divers types de terres
EVALUATION OF PARAQUAT AND DIQUAT FOR WEED CONTROL IN RUBBER
Authors: JEATER R. S. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. In Malayan rubber plantations where the weed flora was dominated by grasses paraquat was superior to diquat as a herbicide. At the rates needed to give satisfactory grass weed control paraquat also gave an adequate control of broad‐leaved weeds.The rate of paraquat needed varied between 0.75 and 1.25 lb/ac depending on the weed flora and the growth stage of the rubber trees. In young rubber 1.0–1.25 lb/ac gave 8–10 weeks' control, but in mature rubber there was only 20% recovery 6 months after an application of 0.75 lb/ac. Where weed regrowth was very rapid after the initial spray, as in the case of Paspalum conjugation in young rubber, a second application some 2–3 weeks after the first was an advantage. The volume of water in which it was applied was not critical.Rain falling soon after application did not reduce the herbicidal activity of paraquat. Paraquat did not injure rubber trees providing it was not sprayed onto green tissue and this feature combined with its inactivation by soil made it safe to use from a very early stage in the growth of the rubber trees.L'évaluation du paraquat et du diquat pour la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes dans les plantations de caoutchouc
PHYTOTOXICITY OF HERBICIDES AS MEASURED BY ROOT ABSORPTION*
Authors: HILTON H. W. , NOMURA N. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The phytotoxicity of numerous herbicides was measured on cucumber, sorghum, and wheat plants in terms of the minimum lethal concentration of herbicide in nutrient solution surrounding the roots of photosynthetizing plants. Wheat and cucumber were about equally sensitive as test plants, while, sorghum at a similar growth stage required ten to one hundred times the concentration (on a molar basis) of most chemicals for lethal effect. Only paraquat as a root‐absorbed herbicide appeared to be completely non‐selective to all three species. The triazines showed considerable selectivity to sorghum; of all the triazines tested only CP‐17029 was more toxic to wheat and sorghum than to cucumber.None of the compounds were ethal at a concentration of 10−7 molar (7.00, expressed as the negative logarithm); the triazine G‐34360 (desmetryne) showed the greatest toxicity (6.85) to the cucumber plant. Diuron on the same species had a toxicity rating of 6.69 and bromacil 6.72.Mesure de la phytotoxicité des herbicides au moyen de l'absorption radiculaire
EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF COUCHGRASS, AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.
Authors: WATERSON H. A. , CRAIG J. , JOICE R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Two techniques for the comparative evaluation for the control of couchgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) were tested in 1960, and it was concluded that the more practicable was the one in which known lengths (96 in.) of couchgrass rhizome fragments were planted in a plot of 10 × 2 ft. The rhizomes were allowed to grow and herbicides were applied when the shoots were 6–9 in. high. Two to 3 months later the rhizomes were carefully dug up, weighed, measured and dried. Dry weight of rhizomes was used as a measure of the quantity of couchgrass present. Four trials of spring applications, and two of autumn applications are reported.Of the commercially available herbicides, amitrole‐T, TCA and dalapon were effective in that order, and presented no insuperable problems of persistence in the soil. Fenac and atrazine showed little promise. Spring applications of herbicides were considerably more effective than autumn treatments.Essai d'herbicides pour la lutte contre Agropyron repens
EMERGENCE AND LONGEVITY IN CULTIVATED SOIL OF SEEDS OF SOME ANNUAL WEEDS
Authors: ROBERTS H. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Four replicated experiments were begun in successive years to study the behaviour of viable seeds of eleven species of annual weeds when mixed with a 3 in. layer of cultivated soil. The soil was confined in pots sunk in the ground outdoors, seedling emergence was recorded, and the numbers of viable seeds remaining at the end of the experiments were assessed. One experiment was continued for 3 years, the others for 5 lull calendar years after the freshly collected seeds had been sown.Initial emergence was greatest with Stellaria media, Senecio vulgaris and Poa annua, and least with Chenopodium album and Thlaspi arvense. Subsequently, the numbers of seedlings which emerged each year declined at a rate which was constant for each species. In the fifth year after sowing, the number of seedlings of Senecio vulgaris was only 0.3% of the initial number of viable seeds, while for Thlaspi arvense and Veronica hederifolia the figure was 3.2%.The proportions of viable seeds which produced seedlings ranged from 37 to 86%, while from 0 to 11% were still present in the dormant state after 5 years. Most species showed marked patterns in the seasonal distribution of emergence which were modified by variations in weather from year to year, but in any one year, the distribution of emergence was not influenced by the length of time the seeds had been in the soil.Germination et longévité dans des sots cultivés de semences de quelques mauvaises herbes annuelles
EINIGE BEOBACHTUNGEN ZUR VERÄNDERUNG DER VERUNKRAUTUNG WÄHREND MEHRJÄHRIGEN GETREIDEBAUS UND VERSCHIEDENARTIGER UNKRAUTBEKÄMPFUNG
Authors: KOCH W. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Auf einem stark verunkrauteten Feld (guter Lehmboden] wurde die Veränderung der Unkrautflora im Verlauf von 3 Jahren bei verschiedenartiger Unkrautbekämpfung (keine Unkrautbekämpfung; zweimal Blindeggen sowie Eggen im 3‐Blattstadium des Getreides; chemische Unkrautbekämpfung mit DNOC) beobachtet In diesem Zeitraum ging die Gesamtverunkrautung als Folge des guten Getreidestandes auch in den Parzellen ohne Unkrautbekämpfung erheblich zurück.Durch jährlich wiederholte, intensive mechanische Unkrautbekämpfung wurde im Verlauf von 3 Vegetationsperioden die Gesamtverunkrautung gegenüber der Kontrolle etwas, der Bestand einzelner Unkrautarten wie Alopecunus myosuroides, Sinapis arvensis und Galeopsis tetrahit erheblich vermindert. Der prozentuale Anteil der grasartigen Unkräuter an der Gesamtverunkrautung entsprach bei Versuchsende dem der unbearbeiteten Parzellen.Durch chemische Bekämpfung mit DNOC wurden im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrolle Sinapis arvensis, Palygonum convolvulus, Galium aparine und die Gesamtverunkrautung stark reduziert, Alopecurus myosuroides dagegen stark gefördert. Das Artenverhältnis änderte sich zugunsten der grasartigen Unkräuter.Some observations on changes in weed populations under continuous cereal cropping and with différent methods of weed control
THE USE OF ADSORBENTS AND SIMAZINE ON NEWEY PLANTED STRAWBERRIES
Authors: ROBINSON D. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A series of field trials was conducted to determine if the tolerance of newly planted strawberry runners to simazine could be increased by placing adsorbents in the vicinily of the root zone at planting time. Powdered steam‐activated charcoal was found to be the most suitable of seven adsorbents tested. Dipping the roots of runners in charcoal before planting was more effective and practicable than placing a similar quantity of charcoal around each runner at planting time. No significant damage was recorded in several trials in which dipped runners were sprayed with simazine at 1 lb/ac within a few days of planting.Although new roots are likely to take up the herbicide as they grow away from the charcoal‐protected area around the plant, the protection provided by the adsorbent appears to be sufficient to enable the young plants to develop satisfactorily.Utilisation d'adsorbants et de simazine sur des fraisiers récemment plantés
SELECTIVITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INACTIVATION OF SOME HERBICIDES INHIBITING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: van OORSCHOT J. L. P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The effects of several herbicides on the rates of CO2 uptake and transpiration of intact plants were measured. A simple technique is described which reveals whether photosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicides are inactivated by plants. By this method, the inactivation of simazine by maize could be confirmed. Evidence is presented for physiological inactivation of monuron by Plantago lanceolata, of cycluron (OMU) and pyrazon by sugar beet, of N'‐(4‐butoxyphenyl)‐NN‐dimethylurea by of 5‐bromo‐6‐methyl‐3‐phenyluracil by flax. Certain plant species showed different reactions to some other new herbicides. The effect of herbicides in the culture solution on CO2 uptake by the leaves is probably largely determined by the rate of transpiration of the plants. Assuming that uptake in proportional to transpiration rate, estimates of the concentration of the herbicides inside the plant were made.L'inactivation physiologique de quelques herbicides produisant une inhibition de la photosynthèse
THE USE OF HERBICIDES IN ALTERNATE HUSBANDRY AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PLOUGHING
Authors: ARNOTT R. A. , CLEMENT C. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. It is practicable to use herbicides as an alternative to ploughing grass swards for the preparation of a seedbed for the sowing of cereals and kale. The yields of spring barley and kale following a glaass/clover sward killed with 10 lb/ac amitrole‐T were similar to those obtained following ploughing. Yields of tip to 40 cwt/ac of winter wheat were obtained following grass swards killed with amitrole‐T compared with up to 45 cwt/ac after ploughing.The ideal herbicide must kill all plants in a sward and have no residual toxicity to the subsequent crop. At 10 lb/ac, amitrole‐T killed most plants in the sword, but it was considered necessary to delay sowing for at least 3 weeks after spraying to minimize the danger of residual toxicity. Ploughing gave the lowest incidence of grasses persisting from the sward. Paraquat did not control clover and Agropyron repens, while broad‐leaved weeds were more common on the ploughed than on the sprayed land.There were differences in the amount of nitrogen mineralized in ploughed and In undisturbed soil, but these were insufficient to affect crop yields materially. When a lower yield followed herbicidal destruction of the sward, this was not accompanied by a reduced percentage nitrogen content.L'emploi des déherbants pour la rénovation des prairies
THE MOVEMENT OF PARAQUAT IN PLANTS
Authors: SLADE P. , BELL E. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A qualitative study of the movement of the herbicide paraquat from droplets applied to leaves of tomato plants, using 14C‐methyl‐labelled and 14C‐ring‐labelled paraquat dichloride and di(methylsulphate), has shown that it moves in the xylem with the transpiration stream. The chemical is as well transported from young leaves as from mature ones, and will move through a steam‐ringed petiole. The enhancement of the amount of paraquat transported from the treated leaves which occurs when treated plants are kept in darkness for a period following treatment and then exposed to light, is probably due to the greater movement into the xylem through undamaged tissue which can occur in the dark. Once the chemical has been absorbed into treated leaves, light‐induced damage is required for significant movement through the rest of the plant to take place, but the damage then inhibits further entry of paraquat into the xylem. The movement of paraquat in broad bean and maize is essentially similar, though the enhancement of movement by a period of darkness after application is much less marked.La migration du paraquat dans les plantes
THE BIPYRIDYLIUM QUATERNARY SALTS
Authors: BRIAN R. C. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. In a number of plant species, the biological activity of diquat and paraquat was increased by an increase in environmental humidity. This improved activity resulted from an increase in both uptake and movement.High humidity was more effective after treatment than before it, and durations of 8 hr or more were required to produce the maximum effect. When periods of low humidity of up to 16 hr were interposed between treatment and high humidity, there was no significant effect on the activity of diquat in darkened tomato or sugar beet.The increase in activity occurred both in the dark and in the light, and it is therefore concluded that humidity does not exert its effect by modifying the degree of stomatal opening.Experiments were carried out with wheat using two air humidities combined with different soil moisture contents, ranging from saturated down to only 30% of water‐holding capacity. Greatest movement occurred where high air humidity was combined with low soil moisture, and least where low air humidity was combined with high soil moisture. It is concluded that diquat and paraquat would be most effective in the field when sprayed under dry soil conditions in late afternoon or evening when increased humidity (and darkness) can follow soon after treatment.Les sels quatemaires de bipyridyliumEffet de l'humidité atmosphérique et de l'humidité du sol sur l'absorption et la migration du diquat et du paraquat dans les plantes
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT ON POTATO HAULM KILL BY DIQUAT AND ON ITS RESIDUES IN THE TUBERS
Authors: BRIAN R. C. , WARD JOYCE 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The effect of various environments on the degree of desiccation and of residues in King Edward and Majestic potatoes was studied. The higher residues frequently associated with the variety King Edward are ascribed from glasshouse experiments to greater diquat movement; they could not be accounted for by differences in uptake between the two varieties.In glasshouse experiments, uptake was increased both by high air humidities and reduced light intensities before and after treatment. Since earlier work with cocksfoot and wheat indicated that dry soil conditions markedly increased movement, it is concluded that dull, humid air conditions associated with dry soil would be most conducive to efficient haulm desiccation and also to highest residues in the tubers. Late afternoon or evening treatment often provides thes conditions, and residues were in fact least from morning treatment.In the field, increases in haulm desiccation were associated with reductions in residues. As they were observed only at light intensities below 5000 lux, they are unlikely to occur in normal dull weather.Rain falling soon after spraying did not reduce the extent of haulm desiccation or diquat residues.Influence de I'enviromurtunt sur la destruction des fanes de pomme de terre par le diquat el sur ses
TUBER NECROSIS FOLLOWING THE DESICCATION OF POTATO FOLIAGE WITH DIQUAT
Authors: HEADFORD D. W. R. , DOUGLAS G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Necrosis at the stem‐end of potato tubers following the application of diquat to the foliage is rare and has occurred mainly in seasons of low rainfall. Damage in the field has been associated with tuber residues of diquat of about ten times the normal level and the extent of damage has shown a linear relationship with the concentration of chemical in the tubers. Normally an increase in the dose of diquat applied causes only a slight increase in amount of chemical in the tubers, but under conditions where damage occurred, tuber residues increased markedly with increase in application rate.The factors influencing diquat residues in potato tubers were examined in pot experiments. Highest residues were found when plants were subjected to drought and to a period of darkness following spraying at a time when senescence of the foliage had commenced and the tubers were still increasing in fresh weight. Further experiments at a similar stage of growth showed that high residues of diquat caused stem‐end rot only when plants were subjected both to a soil moisture stress sufficient to induce wilting before spraying and to reduced light intensity and a high atmospheric humidity after spraying. It is suggested that these conditions promote the rapid downward movement of a high concentration of diquat in the xylem.In a preliminary experiment with a range of chemical desiccants, only sodium arsenite gave appreciable tuber damage when applied to the foliage.