bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tenoscopic surgery for treatment of lacerations of the digital flexor tendon sheath
Authors: FRASER B. S. L. , BLADON B. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Lacerations to the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) are a common injury in the horse, but little information is available in the literature regarding prognostic indicators.Objective: To ascertain whether laceration of the DFTS carried a better prognosis if treated by tenoscopic lavage, debridement and repair within 36 h of the original injury.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 39 horses treated surgically for lacerations to the DFTS was performed over a 3 year period. The injury‐to‐surgery interval was recorded as <36 or >36 h. The structures damaged by the injury were also recorded, as well as age, sex, use and outcome.Results: Sixteen horses had laceration and contamination of the DFTS alone, of which 15 (94%) returned to their original or intended use. Sixteen horses had lacerations involving the superficial digital flexor tendon, of which 12 (75%) made a full recovery. Six horses had lacerations to both superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, 5 were subjected to euthanasia intraoperatively and one is paddock sound. Treatment within 36 h of initial laceration carried a significantly better prognosis for return to intended athletic use (25 of 28 horses allowed to recover from anaesthesia) than treatment after 36 h (2 of 5 P = 0.03; Fisher's Exact Test).Conclusions: If sepsis is treated early using tenoscopic visualisation, lavage and repositol antibiotics, the limiting factor in return to athletic function is tendon damage.Potential relevance: This study supports anecdotal evidence that early treatment of synovial sepsis improves the prognosis for return to intended use. It also provides information on prognostic indicators including extent of damage to collateral structures.
Effects of stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction on the nasopharynx in exercising horses
Authors: TESSIER C. , HOLCOMBE S. J. , DERKSEN F. J. , BERNEY C. , BORUTA D. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Nasopharyngeal collapse has been observed in horses as a potential cause of exercise intolerance and upper respiratory noise. No treatment is currently available and affected horses are often retired from performance.Objective: To determine the effect of bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block and stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction on nasopharyngeal function and airway pressures in exercising horses.Methods: Endoscopic examinations were performed on horses at rest and while running on a treadmill at speeds corresponding to HRmax50, HRmax75and HRmax, with upper airway pressures measured with and without bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block.Results: Bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block caused stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction and dorsal nasopharyngeal collapse in all horses. Peak inspiratory upper airway pressure was significantly (P = 0.0069) more negative at all speeds and respiratory frequency was lower (P = 0.017) in horses with bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block and stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction compared to control values.Conclusions: Bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia produced stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction, dorsal pharyngeal collapse and airway obstruction in all horses.Potential relevance: The stylopharyngeus muscle is probably an important nasopharyngeal dilating muscle in horses and dysfunction of this muscle may be implicated in clinical cases of dorsal nasopharyngeal collapse. Before this information can be clinically useful, further research on the possible aetiology of stylopharyngeus dysfunction and dysfunction of other muscles that dilate the dorsal and lateral walls of the nasopharynx in horses is needed.
Prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in Japanese Thoroughbred flat racehorses in 1999
Authors: KASASHIMA Y. , TAKAHASHI T. , SMITH R. K. W. , GOODSHIP A. E. , KUWANO A. , UENO T. , HIRANO S. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Overstrain injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries which contribute to the considerable wastage of racing Thoroughbreds. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated the prevalence of and risk factors for tendon injury when racing but have not included those injuries sustained during training. However, since tendon injury during training is seen commonly in clinical practice, it is appropriate to determine the overall prevalence of tendon injury sustained during both training and racing.Objective: To determine the prevalence of overstrain injury to the SDFT and SL during training and racing among Thoroughbred flat racehorses in Japan in 1999.Methods: A retrospective study was performed using a sample population of 10,262 Thoroughbred racehorses. The medical information database of Thoroughbred racehorses registered by the Japan Racing Association (JRA) in 1999 was analysed for SDFT and SL overstrain injury diagnosed by a veterinarian employed by JRA during training and racing. Jump racehorses were excluded from this study.Results: The prevalence of forelimb SDFT tendonitis and SL desmitis was 11.1% (1130 cases) and 3.61% (370 cases) of the population, respectively. In the hindlimb, there were 0.06% (6 cases) and 0.14% (14 cases), respectively. Risks of SDF tendonitis in the forelimb in 3‐year‐olds or older horses were significantly higher than in 2‐year‐olds. In contrast, the risk of SL desmitis in the forelimb at age 3 and 4 years was 2.23 and 2.11 times higher, respectively, than in 2‐year‐olds, but this increased to 5.07 times in those age ≥5 years. Entire males were at greater risk in comparison to females and geldings.Conclusions: The results suggest that the prevalence of SDF tendonitis and SL desmitis in the forelimb was associated with the horse's age and sex. The prevalence of SL desmitis increased further with age compared with SDF tendonitis, possibly reflecting a more rapid accumulation of degeneration in this structure.Potential relevance: The age‐related risk demonstrated in this study provides further support that overstrain injuries are associated with accumulated degeneration. These data provide a valuable resource for further research into the aetiology of tendon injury in the racehorse.
Effect of age at presentation on outcome following arthroscopic debridement of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle: 85 horses (1993‐2003)
Authors: SMITH M. A. , WALMSLEY J. P. , PHILLIPS T. J. , PINCHBECK G. L. , BOOTH T. M. , GREET T. R. C. , RICHARDSON D. W. , ROSS M. W. , SCHRAMME M. C. , SINGER E. R. , SMITH R. K. , CLEGG P. D. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle (SCMFC) are well documented in horses 3 years; arthroscopic debridement or enucleation of the cyst is currently the surgical treatment of choice. However, studies of occurence and outcome following surgery in older horses are lacking.Objective: To identify factors important in outcome for horses with SCMFC treated by arthroscopic debridement.Hypothesis: Age of horse at presentation has a significant influence on return to work following arthroscopic treatment for SCMFC. Clinical and diagnostic findings are also significant with respect to prognosis.Methods: A retrospective review of medical records from 6 equine referral centres identified 85 horses that underwent arthroscopic debridement of SCMFC. Clinical examination, radiographic and arthroscopic findings were analysed together with follow‐up data. Univariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine factors affecting return to soundness. Event‐time analysis was performed to evaluate return to work.Results: Older horses (>3 years) were less likely to return to soundness (P = 0.02) or to work (P = 0.04) than younger horses (> 3 years). Of 39 horses age 0‐3 years, 25 (64%, 95% CI 49‐79%) returned to soundness. Of 46 horses age >3 years, 16 (35%, 95% CI 21‐49%) returned to soundness. In addition, cartilage damage at sites other than the SCMFC negatively affected prognosis (P = 0.05). The hospital where treatment was performed had no influence on return to soundness.Conclusions: Older horses carry a worse prognosis for both return to soundness and return to work.Potential relevance: It is important for clients to be made aware of the difference in outcome between age groups.
Modified frontonasal sinus flap surgery in standing horses: surgical findings and outcomes of 60 cases
Authors: QUINN G. C. , KIDD J. A. , LANE J. G. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Previous studies of sinus surgery on standing horses have been based on techniques which utilise powered hand bone saws and preserve the bone flap, which was thought to be essential for a good cosmetic result. This report describes a simplified technique applied to the standing horse where the sinus flap construction used a large skull trephine and where the bone flap is necessarily discarded.Objectives: To assess whether the modified standing frontonasal flap (SFF) surgery offers an effective method to investigate and/or treat sinunasal disorders in the horse.Methods: The case records of 60 horses subjected to modified SFF surgery were reviewed to analyse the efficacy of the technique when applied to a range of sinunasal disorders in terms of diagnosis, surgical findings, complications and long‐term outcomes, including cosmetic effect.Results: Resolution of clinical signs was achieved in 54 out of 60 horses, and for the remainder the SFF technique proved useful on a diagnostic basis. The cosmetic result was, in the opinion of the owners, excellent or satisfactory in 48 of 56 (86%) horses.Conclusions: The modified SFF technique was found to be practicable and provided satisfactory exposure of the sinus contents for diagnosis and removal of diseased tissue in a range of disorders. An acceptable cosmetic result can be obtained in the majority of horses despite rejection of the disc of overlying bone. Apart from avoiding the risks associated with general anaesthesia, the advantages of the modified SFF sugery are: a reduction of haemorrhage in the standing horse; reduced mucosal engorgement; straightforward anatomical orientation; a comfortable working height; and reduced surgery time. A sound knowledge of the functional anatomy of the area is a prerequisite before embarking on any form of sinunasal surgery. Complications are infrequent and usually transient.Potential relevance: The modified SFF technique is a valuable alternative to other invasive methods of sinunasal surgery.
In vitro comparison of three materials as apical sealants of equine premolar and molar teeth
Authors: STEENKAMP G. , OLIVIER‐CARSTENS A. , van HEERDEN W. F. P. , CROSSLEY D. A. , BOY S. C. 
Published: April 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Surgical endodontic therapy is a conservative dental technique used in horses with some degree of clinical success. Failure of this procedure can partially be explained by inadequate sealing of the root apices with resultant microleakage in the periapical area. Objectives: To assess and compare in vitro sealing ability of 3 different dental restorative materials used as apical sealants during equine surgical endodontics. Methods: Thirty extracted equine cheek teeth were divided randomly into 3 groups and subjected to apicoectomy and apical sealing using 3 materials: reinforced zinc oxide‐eugenol cement; intermediate restorative material (IRM); a resin‐modified glass ionomer; and amalgam. After apical sealing, the teeth were submerged in a solution of Procion Brilliant Cresyl Blue stain for a period of 7 days. The teeth were then washed, embedded in resin, sectioned and assessed microscopically for dye leakage around the apical restorations. Results: Although the materials proved effective as apical sealants, some dye leakage was encountered in all 3 groups with no statistical difference (P = 0.114). Conclusions and potential relevance: IRM, a resin‐modified glass ionomer and amalgam all showed comparative features as apical sealants when used in vitro in equine teeth. IRM is currently regarded as the superior material in clinical situations due to its ease of handling and lesser sensitivity to environmental moisture during placement compared to the other 2 materials.
Freezability of equine semen after glass beads column separation
Authors: KLINC P. , KOSEC M. , MAJDIC G. 
Published: April 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: The success rate of artificial insemination following the freezing of stallion semen is limited; therefore, improving the stallion semen quality after the freezing and thawing process is a necessary objective. Objectives: To investigate the influence of glass bead column separation on the freezability of stallion semen. Hypothesis: Glass beads in a column separator remove damaged and dead spermatozoa in the ejaculate during centrifugation. Methods: In total, 50 ejaculates from 6 Lipizzaner stallions were studied. Each ejaculate was divided into 2 parts, one half processed following standard procedure and the second half used for the column separation procedure. After freezing, semen quality was evaluated using standard tests for motility, morphology and viability of semen. Results: Motility and progressive motility of the column‐separated (CS) semen were significantly higher (P<0.001) before freezing and immediately, 24 and 48 h after thawing. A significant increase (P<0.001) in the percentage of hypoosmotic positive spermatozoa was observed in CS samples. The percentage of total morphological changes in the separated samples before and after freezing was significantly lower (P<0.001) compared with samples prepared using the standard procedure. A substantial decrease (P<0.001) was found in the percentage of spermatozoa with damaged acrosomes. However, the percentage of spermatozoa with coiled tails was increased in the separated samples (P<0.001). Conclusions: Column separation before freezing has a positive effect on the quality of thawed equine semen. Potential relevance: The quality of CS frozen/thawed samples indicates their potential use for increasing insemination success in mares.
Comparison of intra‐articular drilling and diode laser treatment for arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints in normal horses
Authors: SCRUTON C. , BAXTER G. M. , CROSS M. W. , FRISBIE D. D. 
Published: April 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Anecdotal reports suggest that laser‐facilitated arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints improves the prognosis compared with intra‐articular drilling but no objective comparisons have been performed. Objectives: To evaluate intra‐articular drilling and laser‐facilitated arthrodesis using in situ and in vivo techniques. Methods: Fourteen cadaver limbs were evaluated in situ for chondrocyte viability after both surgical techniques. In vivo, one randomly selected limb was subjected to laser‐facilitated arthrodesis and the other underwent intra‐articular drilling in 6 normal horses. Clinical examinations were performed at 1, 3 and 5 months. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia at 1, 3 and 5 months. Results: Significantly more chondrocyte death was observed with laser‐facilitated arthrodesis compared to drilling, but the overall degree suggested only a focal effect. In vivo, both groups demonstrated minimal post operative morbidity. There was more evidence of arthrodesis seen at all time points with intra‐articular drilling. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that changes associated with ultimate arthrodesis occur earlier after intra‐articular drilling of the distal tarsal joints than laser‐facilitated arthrodesis, although clinically affected horses may respond differently. Potential relevance: Intra‐articular drilling may provide earlier arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints, but not necessarily a better long‐term result.
Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors flunixin and deracoxib on permeability of ischaemic‐injured equine jejunum
Authors: TOMLINSON J. E. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Recent studies have shown that flunixin prevented recovery of equine jejunum post ischaemia. However, the use of a purported cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 preferential inhibitor, etodolac, also prevented recovery. These findings may have implications for the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in colic patients.Objective: To compare the effects of deracoxib, a highly selective canine COX‐2 inhibitor, with flunixin onin vitrorecovery of ischaemic‐injured equine jejunum.Methods: Six horses underwent 2 h jejunal ischaemia, after which mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers and recovered for 240 mins. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and mucosal‐to‐serosal fluxes of3H‐mannitol were monitored as indices of barrier function in the presence of flunixin or deracoxib.Results: The TER of ischaemic‐injured tissue recovered significantly over 240 mins in the presence of no treatment, but not in the presence of flunixin or deracoxib. In addition, flunixin‐treated ischaemic jejunum was significantly more permeable to mannitol when compared with untreated tissue by the end of the recovery period, whereas deracoxib treatment did not increase permeability. Addition of the PGE1analogue misoprostol to flunixin‐treated tissue restored recovery of TER.Conclusions and potential relevance: Treatment of horses with ischaemic jejunal disease with flunixin may result in a prolonged permeability defect in recovering mucosa. Addition of misoprostol or replacement of flunixin with deracoxib may ameliorate effects of COX inhibitors on recovering mucosa.
The effect of bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia on swallowing in horses
Authors: KLEBE E. A. , HOLCOMBE S. J. , ROSENSTEIN D. , BORUTA D. , BARTNER L. R. , TESSIER C. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Dysfunction of the glossopharyngeal nerve has been implicated as a cause of dysphagia in horses. However, recent studies have indicated that this is not the case.Objectives: To determine whether bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia would cause dysphagia in horses or result in measurable alterations in the timing, function, or sequence of swallowing.Methods: Swallowing was evaluated in 6 normal horses with and without bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia. Swallowing dynamics were assessed subjectively and objectively based on time from prehension of food until swallowing, number of tongue movements until initiation of swallowing, depth of bolus at the base of the tongue prior to initiation of swallow and evidence of tracheal aspiration using fluoroscopy and endoscopy.Results: There was no evidence of aspiration or dysphagia in horses before or after bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block. No observed or measured differences in swallowing sequence or function could be detected in blocked compared to unblocked horses. However, there was a trend in blocked horses for the number of tongue pushes and the time to swallowing to be increased.Conclusions: Glossopharyngeal nerve function may not be essential for normal swallowing function in otherwise healthy horses.Potential relevance: Clinically, normal swallowing is not an appropriate test of glossopharyngeal nerve function and dysphagic horses should not be assumed to have glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction.
Ultrastructural immunolocalisation of bone sialoprotein in the osteocartilagenous interface of the equine third carpal bone
Authors: EKMAN S. , SKIÖLDEBRAND E. , HEINEGÅRD D. , HULTENBY K. 
Published: April 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: One of the most common causes of lameness in racehorses is osteoarthritis (OA). Pathogenesis is not clear and pathological processes of the different joint tissues interact in often progressive events. The interface between cartilage and newly synthesised bone has been shown to be particularly enriched in bone sialoprotein (BSP), a cell‐binding matrix protein. Objectives: To establish whether changes in the concentration of BSP may serve as a marker for early biochemical changes of the subchondral bone. Methods: Articular cartilage, cartilage/bone interface and subchondral bone of the proximal third carpal bone from 3 Standardbred trotters were analysed ultrastructurally for the presence of BSP in normal and degenerative areas. Results: A marked increase of BSP in the cartilage/bone interface with degenerative changes of the bone and cartilage compared to the morphologically intact cartilage/bone interface was noted, but levels of the protein were distinctly lower in the distal bone. Conclusions: The results indicate that BSP has the potential to be used as a marker for changes in bone metabolism in the subchondral bone. Potential relevance: Tools to monitor early biochemical changes within the connective tissues of the joint in vivo are essential in studies of the pathogenesis of OA. These could be used to monitor and understand such changes in relation to load, exercise, training programmes, inflammation and the development of OA.
Arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment of intra‐articular insertional injuries of the suspensory ligament branches in 18 horses
Authors: MINSHALL G. J. , WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Clinical association between the branches of insertion of the suspensory ligament (SL) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints has been reported. However, there has been no assessment of the lengths of the SL branches which are subsynovial with respect to the joints or reports of involvement of the MCP/MTP joints in injuries of the SL branches.Objectives: To establish proportions of SL branches subsynovial with respect to the MCP/MTP joints and report clinical and arthroscopic findings in horses with desmitis of SL branches identified as having an articular component to the lesion.Hypothesis: Arthroscopic surgery enables identification and potential treatment of intra‐articular injuries of SL branches.Methods: Twelve forelimbs and 13 hindlimbs were dissected and the total and subsynovial lengths of the SL branches recorded. Case records of horses with intra‐articular injuries of the SL branches were reviewed and 18 animals identified. Diagnostic information and arthroscopic findings were recorded and results of treatment determined by telephone follow‐up.Results: Of SL branches, 28.45% in the forelimb and 29.56% in the hindlimb were subsynovial to the MCP and MTP joints. All animals with intra‐articular lesions of the SL branch were lame and had distension of the affected MCP/MTP joint. In 16 horses (17/22 branches), there was palpable thickening of the affected SL branch. Disrupted infrastructure was evident ultrasonographically in 15/17 branches and involvement of the dorsal articular surface of the ligament was predicted in 12/17 branches. Following arthroscopic intervention, 13 horses returned to work at a level equal to or greater than that achieved prior to injury and 2 returned to work at a lower level. Three horses incurred separate injuries and were retired or subjected to euthanasia.Conclusions: Articular involvement should be considered in animals with injuries of an SL branch and concurrent distension of the MCP/MTP joint. Arthroscopy is necessary to identify such lesions confidently and to direct case management.Potential relevance: Arthroscopy of the MCP/MTP joints can make a positive contribution to the assessment and management of some SL branch injuries.