bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimentally Created Nonbalanced Occlusion Effects on the Thickness of the Temporomandibular Joint Disc in Rats
Authors: Sun Lei , Wang Meiqing , He Jianjun , Liu Lei , Chen Shuang , Widmalm Sven E. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To test the hypothesis that experimentally created physiologically nonbalanced occlusion will not affect the thickness of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs in rats.
Material and Methods: Twenty-four 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into a control group that was left untreated and an experimental group where a nonbalanced occlusion was created. Elastic rubber bands, 1 mm in diameter, were inserted and 1 week later were replaced by plastic material between the first and the second molars of the left maxillary and the right mandibular dentitions to move the first molars about 0.8 mm mesially. This created and maintained a physiologically nonbalanced occlusion. The animals were euthanized 8 weeks later, and the TMJ disc thickness was measured on histologically prepared slices using an electronic meter. Two-way univariate analysis of variance was used to compare the groups (α level = .05).
Results: The intermediate zone was thicker in the experimental group than in the control group (P = .003), but no differences were found between groups regarding the anterior and posterior bands. There were no significant sex-related effects on this observation.
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The results indicate that the intermediate zone of rat TMJ disc has the ability to adapt to the alteration of the space between condyle and fossa caused by occlusion changes. Further studies on larger groups that are followed for longer times are needed.
Preventive Effect of Ozone on the Development of White Spot Lesions during Multibracket Appliance Therapy
Authors: Kronenberg Otmar , Lussi Adrian , Ruf Sabine 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypotheses: (1) there is no difference in the caries protective effect of ozone and Cervitec/Fluor Protector during multibracket (MB) appliance therapy, and (2) DIAGNOdent and quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) are not superior to a visual evaluation of initial caries lesions.
Materials and Methods: Twenty right-handed patients with a very poor oral hygiene who required full MB appliance therapy were analyzed during 26 months. In a split-mouth-design, the four quadrants of each patient were either treated with ozone, a combination of Cervitec and Fluor Protector, or served as untreated controls. The visible plaque index (VPI) and white spot formation were analyzed clinically. DIAGNOdent and QLF were used for a quantitative assessment of white spot formation.
Results: The average VPI in all four dental arch quadrants amounted to 55.6% and was independent of the preventive measure undertaken. In the quadrants treated with Cervitec/Fluor Protector, only 0.7% of the areas developed new, clinically visible white spots. This was significantly (P &lt; .05) less than in the quadrants treated with ozone (3.2%). The lesions detected with QLF only partially corresponded to the clinically detected white spots, while DIAGNOdent proved to be unable to detect any changes at all.
Conclusions: The caries protective effect of Cervitec/Fluor Protector during MB therapy was superior to ozone, and a visual evaluation of initial caries lesions was superior to both DIAGNOdent and QLF.
The Relationship between Digital Model Accuracy and Time-Dependent Deformation of Alginate Impressions
Authors: Alcan Toros , Ceylanoğlu Cenk , Baysal Bekir 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effects of different storage periods of alginate impressions on digital model accuracy.
Materials and Methods: A total of 105 impressions were taken from a master model with three different brands of alginates and were poured into stone models in five different storage periods. In all, 21 stone models were poured and immediately were scanned, and 21 digital models were prepared. The remaining 84 impressions were poured after 1, 2, 3, and 4 days, respectively. Five linear measurements were made by three researchers on the master model, the stone models, and the digital models. Time-dependent deformation of alginate impressions at different storage periods and the accuracy of traditional stone models and digital models were evaluated separately.
Results: Both the stone models and the digital models were highly correlated with the master model. Significant deformities in the alginate impressions were noted at different storage periods of 1 to 4 days. Alginate impressions of different brands also showed significant differences between each other on the first, third, and fourth days.
Conclusions: Digital orthodontic models are as reliable as traditional stone models and probably will become the standard for orthodontic clinical use. Storing alginate impressions in sealed plastic bags for up to 4 days caused statistically significant deformation of alginate impressions, but the magnitude of these deformations did not appear to be clinically relevant and had no adverse effect on digital modeling.
Microleakage under Orthodontic Brackets Using High-Intensity Curing Lights
Authors: Ulker Mustafa , Uysal Tancan , Ramoglu Sabri Ilhan , Ertas Huseyin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To compare the microleakage of the enamel-adhesive-bracket complex at the occlusal and gingival margins of brackets bonded with high-intensity light curing lights and conventional halogen lights.
Materials and Methods: Forty-five freshly extracted human maxillary premolar teeth were randomly separated into three groups of 15 teeth each. Stainless steel brackets were bonded in all groups according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Specimens (15 per group) were cured for 40 seconds with a conventional halogen light, 20 seconds with light-emitting diode (LED), and 6 seconds with plasma arc curing light (PAC). After curing, the specimens were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic-fuchsine for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for microleakage for the enamel-adhesive and bracket-adhesive interfaces from both the occlusal and gingival margins. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with a Bonferroni correction.
Results: The type of light curing unit did not significantly affect the amount of microleakage at the gingival or occlusal margins of investigated interfaces (P &gt;.05). The gingival sides in the LED and PAC groups exhibited higher microleakage scores compared with those observed on occlusal sides for the enamel-adhesive and adhesive-bracket interfaces. The halogen light source showed similar microleakage at the gingival and occlusal sides between both adhesive interfaces.
Conclusions: High-intensity curing units did not cause more microleakage than conventional halogen lights. This supports the use of all these curing units in routine orthodontic practice.
Bond Strength of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate–Containing Orthodontic Composite Used as a Lingual Retainer Adhesive
Authors: Uysal Tancan , Ulker Mustafa , Akdogan Gulsen , Ramoglu Sabri Ilhan , Yilmaz Esra 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength and fracture mode difference between amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)–containing adhesive and conventional resin-based composite material used as an orthodontic lingual retainer adhesive.
Materials and Methods: Forty crowns of extracted lower human incisors were mounted in acrylic resin, leaving the buccal surface of the crowns parallel to the base of the molds. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control, containing 20 teeth each. Conventional lingual retainer composite (Transbond-LR, 3M-Unitek) and ACP-containing orthodontic adhesive (Aegis-Ortho) were applied to the teeth surface by packing the material into the cylindrical plastic matrices with a 2.34-mm internal diameter and a 3-mm height (Ultradent) to simulate the lingual retainer bonding. For shear bond testing, the specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine, and an apparatus (Ultradent) attached to a compression load cell was applied to each specimen until failure occurred. The shear bond data were analyzed using Student's t-test. Fracture modes were analyzed by χ2 test.
Results: The statistical test showed that the bond strengths of group 1 (control Transbond-LR, mean: 24.77 ± 9.25 MPa) and group 2 (ACP-containing adhesive, mean: 8.49 ± 2.53 MPa) were significantly different from each other. In general, a greater percentage of the fractures were adhesive at the tooth-composite interface (60% in group 1 and 55% in group 2), and no statistically significant difference was found between groups.
Conclusion: The ACP-containing Aegis-Ortho adhesive resulted in a significant decrease in bond strength to the etched enamel surface.
Hard and Soft Tissue Stability of Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Kitahara Toru , Nakasima Akihiko , Kurahara Shinichi , Shiratsuchi Yuji 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the stability of the hard and soft tissue changes following a surgical mandibular setback using a sagittal split ramus osteotomy or an intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy.
Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 45 female patients with mandibular prognathism, who were divided into two groups. Twenty-three underwent a sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) with rigid fixation by titanium mini-screws and maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) for 14.0 ± 0.7 days. Twenty-two underwent intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) without rigid fixation, and MMF was released 21.5 ± 3.3 days after surgery. Data were collected from standardized cephalometric radiographs taken at the start of preoperative orthodontic treatment (T1), immediately after surgery (MMF, T2), and the completion of postoperative treatment (T3). Angular measurements were compared on each of T1, T2, and T3.
Results: There were no significant differences in the pretreatment hard and soft tissue morphology between the SSRO and IVRO. However, when fixation was released, the mandible was posteriorly positioned in the IVRO group. In the soft tissue profile, the mental region was located backward in the IVRO group at postoperative stage (T3).
Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. The soft tissue profile of the IVRO group especially showed a retromandibular position after postoperative treatment in comparison with the SSRO group. This tendency of the IVRO group would contribute to the database for treatment planning and prediction.
Evaluation of two-dimensional accelerometers to monitor behavior of beef calves after castration
Authors: White Brad J. , Coetzee Johann F. , Renter David G. , Babcock Abram H. , Thomson Daniel U. , Andresen Daniel 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the accuracy of accelerometers for measuring behavior changes in calves and to determine differences in beef calf behavior from before to after castration.
Animals—3 healthy Holstein calves and 12 healthy beef calves.
Procedures—2-dimensional accelerometers were placed on 3 calves, and data were logged simultaneous to video recording of animal behavior. Resulting data were used to generate and validate predictive models to classify posture (standing or lying) and type of activity (standing in place, walking, eating, getting up, lying awake, or lying sleeping). The algorithms developed were used to conduct a prospective trial to compare calf behavior in the first 24 hours after castration (n = 6) with behavior of noncastrated control calves (6) and with presurgical readings from the same castrated calves.
Results—On the basis of the analysis of the 2-dimensional accelerometer signal, posture was classified with a high degree of accuracy (98.3%) and the specific activity was estimated with a reasonably low misclassification rate (23.5%). Use of the system to compare behavior after castration revealed that castrated calves spent a significantly larger amount of time standing (82.2%), compared with presurgical readings (46.2%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—2-dimensional accelerometers provided accurate classification of posture and reasonable classification of activity. Applying the system in a castration trial illustrated the usefulness of accelerometers for measuring behavioral changes in individual calves.
Relative expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in synovial fluid from healthy calves and calves with experimentally induced septic arthritis
Authors: Francoz David , Desrochers André , Simard Nathalie , Saint Pierre Yves , Fecteau Gilles , Latouche Jean Sébastien , Fortin Mado 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify changes over time in relative expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9) in synovial fluid from healthy calves and calves with experimentally induced septic arthritis.
Animals—12 Holstein calves.
Procedures—In 7 calves, Escherichia coli was injected in the right tarsal joint on day 1. Joint lavage was performed on day 2, and calves were treated with ceftiofur from days 2 through 21. Synovial fluid samples were collected on days 1 (before inoculation), 2 (before joint lavage), 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. In the remaining 5 calves, joint lavage was performed on day 2 and synovial fluid samples were collected from the left tarsal joint. Relative expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by means of gel zymography.
Results—On day 1, MMP-2 was detected in all synovial fluid samples but MMP-9 was not detected. In calves with septic arthritis, values for relative expression of MMP-9 monomer and dimer were significantly increased on days 2 through 20 and days 2 through 24, respectively, and relative expression of MMP-2 was significantly increased on days 3 through 20. There were significant linear associations between relative expression of the monomer and dimer forms of MMP-9 and between neutrophil count and relative expression of the MMP-9 monomer and dimer forms.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that relative expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 increased in synovial fluid from calves with experimentally induced septic arthritis, with relative expression remaining high for several days after infection.
Assessment of alterations in triglyceride and glycogen concentrations in muscle tissue of Alaskan sled dogs during repetitive prolonged exercise
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Williamson Katherine K. , Payton Mark E. , Davis Michael S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess changes in muscle glycogen (MG) and triglyceride (MT) concentrations in aerobically conditioned sled dogs during prolonged exercise.
Animals—54 Alaskan sled dogs fed a high-fat diet.
Procedures—48 dogs ran 140-km distances on 4 consecutive days (cumulative distance, up to 560 km); 6 dogs remained as nonexercising control animals. Muscle biopsies were performed immediately after running 140, 420, or 560 km (6 dogs each) and subsequently after feeding and 7 hours of rest. Single muscle biopsies were performed during recovery at 28 hours in 7 dogs that completed 560 km and at 50 and 98 hours in 7 and 6 dogs that completed 510 km, respectively. Tissue samples were analyzed for MG and MT concentrations.
Results—In control dogs, mean ± SD MG and MT concentrations were 375 ± 37 mmol/kg of dry weight (kgDW) and 25.9 ± 10.3 mmol/kgDW, respectively. Compared with control values, MG concentration was lower after dogs completed 140 and 420 km (137 ± 36 mmol/kgDW and 203 ± 30 mmol/kgDW, respectively); MT concentration was lower after dogs completed 140, 420, and 560 km (7.4 ± 5.4 mmol/kgDW; 9.6 ± 6.9 mmol/kgDW, and 6.3 ± 4.9 mmol/kgDW, respectively). Depletion rates during the first run exceeded rates during the final run. Replenishment rates during recovery periods were not different, regardless of distance; only MG concentration at 50 hours was significantly greater than the control value.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Concentration of MG progressively increased in sled dogs undergoing prolonged exercise as a result of attenuated depletion.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Souza Marcy J. , Greenacre Cheryl B. , Cox Sherry K. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of an orally administered dose of tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Animals—6 healthy adult sexually intact female New Zealand White rabbits.
Procedures—Physical examinations and plasma biochemical analyses were performed to ensure rabbits were healthy prior to the experiment. Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane, and IV catheters were placed in a medial saphenous or jugular vein for collection of blood samples. One blood sample was collected before treatment with tramadol. Rabbits were allowed to recover from anesthesia a minimum of 1 hour before treatment. Then, tramadol (11 mg/kg, PO) was administered once, and blood samples were collected at various time points up to 360 minutes after administration. Blood samples were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography to determine plasma concentrations of tramadol and its major metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol).
Results—No adverse effects were detected after oral administration of tramadol to rabbits. Mean ± SD half-life of tramadol after administration was 145.4 ± 81.0 minutes; mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration was 135.3 ± 89.1 ng/mL.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although the dose of tramadol required to provide analgesia in rabbits is unknown, the dose administered in the study reported here did not reach a plasma concentration of tramadol or O-desmethyltramadol that would provide sufficient analgesia in humans for clinically acceptable periods. Many factors may influence absorption of orally administered tramadol in rabbits.
An examination of US consumer pet-related and veterinary service expenditures, 1980–2005
Authors: Wolf Christopher A. , Lloyd James W. , Black J. Roy 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate US consumer expenditures for veterinary services, pets-pet supplies, and pet-related services.
Design—Retrospective economic analysis.
Sample Population—US consumers from 1980 through 2005.
Procedures—Descriptive statistics and probit regressions were calculated.
Results—From 1980 to 2005, total inflation-adjusted expenditures on pet-related and veterinary services increased, as did the percentage of households with a pet-related expenditure. The percentage of households with veterinary service expenditures was fairly constant. Among households with a pet-related expenditure, the percentage purchasing veterinary services decreased. The probability for pet-related and veterinary service expenditures increased with income, education, and family size and was higher for household heads who were white, were married, owned their residence, and lived in a rural area.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overall spending on veterinary services increased substantially, providing no indication that successful practices should change strategy. Households that spent money on veterinary services increased their spending sufficiently to exceed the loss of income for veterinarians associated with the increasing proportion of pet-owning households that did not spend anything on veterinary services. Because the probability of veterinary service expenditures was strongly related to household income, caution is suggested in planning provision of veterinary services when incomes are constrained. Among households with pet-related expenditures, the decreasing percentage of households with veterinary service expenditures suggests a growing proportion of pet owners who are not having their veterinary service needs met. Because non-white households were less likely to purchase veterinary services, the veterinary profession cannot afford to delay efforts to enhance diversity and cultural competence.
Efficacy and safety of cefovecin in treating bacterial folliculitis, abscesses, or infected wounds in dogs
Authors: Six Robert , Cherni Judy , Chesebrough Robert , Cleaver Dawn , Lindeman Cindy J. , Papp Georg , Skogerboe Terry L. , Weigel Daniel J. , Boucher Joseph F. , Stegemann Michael R. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of administration of cefovecin, compared with cefadroxil, for treatment of naturally occurring secondary superficial pyoderma, abscesses, and infected wounds in dogs.
Design—Multicenter, randomized, positive-controlled clinical trial.
Animals—235 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Dogs with clinical signs of skin infection confirmed via bacteriologic culture were randomly allocated to receive a single SC injection of cefovecin (8 mg/kg [3.6 mg/lb]) followed by placebo administered PO twice daily for 14 days or cefadroxil (22 mg/kg [10 mg/lb]) administered PO twice daily for 14 days following a placebo injection. Two 14-day treatment courses were permitted. Treatment success was defined as reduction of clinical signs to mild or absent at the final assessment.
Results—Clinical efficacy achieved with cefovecin in dogs was equivalent to that observed with cefadroxil. At the final assessment, 14 days following the completion of treatment (on day 28 or 42), 92.4% (109/118) of the cefovecin group and 92.3% (108/117) of the cefadroxil group were treatment successes. There were no serious adverse events or deaths related to treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A single cefovecin injection (8 mg/kg) administered SC, which could be repeated once after 14 days, was safe and effective against naturally occurring skin infections in dogs and as effective as cefadroxil administered PO twice daily for 14 or 28 days.
Rupture of collateral ligaments in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses: 17 cases (1999–2005)
Authors: Tenney Wade A. , Whitcomb Mary Beth 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective—To characterize ruptures of collateral ligaments (CLs) in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—17 horses with ruptured CLs.
Procedures—Data were obtained from medical records, including signalment, history, clinical signs, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome. Additional follow-up information was obtained from owners or referring veterinarians.
Results—The lateral CL was ruptured in 11 horses; the medial CL was ruptured in 6 horses. Ultrasonography revealed ipsilateral rupture of the short and long components of the CL in 11 horses and rupture of only 1 component in 6 horses. No biaxial ruptures were detected, but 9 horses had desmitis of the CL on the nonruptured side of the affected joint. All horses were lame (lameness score range, 2/5 to 4/5). Joint instability was palpable in 9 horses; only 4 horses had episodes of joint luxation. Avulsion fractures were identified radiographically in 6 horses and ultrasonographically in another 2 horses. Stress radiography revealed joint instability in 10 horses. Horses were managed by stall confinement, limb immobilization, and gradual return to exercise. Eight horses returned to riding, 2 resumed breeding, 2 were retired, 2 were euthanized, and 3 were doing well 86 to 139 days after injury.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonographic examination is indicated in horses with acute lameness and swelling at the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint, particularly when stress radiography cannot be performed or findings are equivocal. Affected horses can be conservatively managed. Prognosis for athletic use may be better than originally believed.