bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investivation of the extraction, refining and composition of oil from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus [L.] D.C.)
Authors: Bodger D. , Davis J. B. , Farmery D. , Hammonds T. W. , Harper A. J. , Harris R. V. , Hebb L. , MacFarlane N. , Shanks P. , Southwell K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEleven winged bean accessions from Thailand were analyzed. Oil content ranged between 15 and 18%. Oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids (62.5–64.5%) together with behenic (12.6–14.4%) and lignoceric acid (2.4–2.8%). Linolenic acid level was low and traces of 15‐, 17‐ and 21‐carbon acids (saturated and unsaturated) were found. No parinaric acid was detected. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol were the principal components of the unsaponifiable fraction. The extracted oil had a very low free fatty acid (FFA) content but was not completely liquid below 35 C. The refining of crude winged bean oil is reported. Oil produced by expeller had a strong, beany aroma but a negligible level of gums and a low level of FFA. Degumming and neutralizing were unnecessary; bleaching produced an attractive colored oil free from beany aroma. Crude solvent‐extracted oils from whole and decorticated winged beans had appreciable contents of gums and higher FFA contents than expeller‐produced oil. Laboratory refining demonstrated the strong interference on bleaching exerted by gums and FFA. Conventional refining by degumming, neutralizing, bleaching and deodorizing, and by physical refining produced high‐quality oils having a good color, low FFA level and no taste or smell. The solid/liquid ratio of refined winged bean oil as a function of temperature was found to be unusual. Oil was extracted from whole and decorticated winged beans in a pilot solvent extraction plant designed to simulate a Rotocei. Winged bean flakes were not as mechanically strong as those from soybean but good oil extraction yields were obtained and a meal was produced having an oil content of less than 1% at 10% moisture. Whole winged beans were expelled in a small expeller (throughput 16.8 kg/hr). Cake was produced with a residual oil content of 3.3–5% in a single pass through the expeller.
Sterols in mollusks and crustacea of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Gordon D. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere are at least eight major sterols in mollusks and cholesterol predominates in shrimp and crab of the Pacific Northwest. Depending on the analytical method used, significantly different values for total sterols in mollusks are obtained. Using combined gas liquid chromatography for Δ5 sterols and a modified Liebermann‐Burchard reaction for Δ5,7 sterols, an average total sterol and cholesterol content in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of 170±21 mg and 51±10 mg/100 g, respectively were found. Approximately one‐half these amounts were found in 7 other mollusks. Dungeness Crab (Cancer magiter) and Pacific shrimp (Pandalus joradani) contain 50 and 144 mg cholesterol/100 g, respectively. For these crustacea, this represents 99% of the total sterols present. In mollusks, the percent non‐esterified sterols ranges from 49.6 to 100%, with a mean of 73%. Only free cholesterol is present in Dungeness crab. Proximate composition of all samples, including oysters analyzed over a 9‐month period is reported.
C‐19 diacid‐based polyamides
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Cheng T. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe preparation and properties of polyamide hot‐melt adhesives derived from Koch C‐19 diacid are described. They are comparable to those of commercial C‐36 dimer acid‐based polyamides for bonding leather and metals and somewhat superior to those of polyamides made from C‐19 diacid derived from a hydroformylation process.
Use of unsaponifiable matter for detection of ghee adulteration with other fats
Authors: Farag R. S. , Ahmed F. A. , Shihata A. A. , Abo‐Raya S. H. , Abdalla A. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatography (GLC) was used for the detection of lard and margarine added to buffalo and cow ghee. The chromatograms of the unsaponifiable matter could be divided into two parts representing hydrocarbons and sterols. Hydrocarbons were fractionated by GLC into 3–6 different compounds depending on the lipid origin. The sterols were cholesterol and β‐sitosterol. The content of cholesterol in lipid samples was in the following decreasing order: cow > buffalo > lard > margarine. With β‐sitosterol, the concentration order was: margarine > buffalo > cow > lard. The ratios of total hydrocarbons to total sterols in the unsaponifiable matter for margarine and lard were the most different for the various lipids. Adulteration of cow and buffalo ghee with various levels of lard or margarine caused significant changes in the unsaponifiable compounds. It is possible to determine the extent of admixture of lard or margarine to either cow or buffalo ghee by applying a simple regression equation for each unsaponifiable component. Hence, an examination of unsaponifiable matter appears to provide a rapid and simple laboratory method for the detection of ghee adulteration.
Surfactant/cosurfactant association and emulsion stability
Authors: Li Gan‐Zuo , Friberg S. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe stability of emulsions with an anionic surfactant combined with dodecanol and ethylene glycol dodecyl ether, respectively, was studied. The stability of the emulsion with the nonionic compound as cosurfactant was superior. The results are discussed, with the phase diagrams of water and the cosurfactant as a basis. The phase diagram of the nonionic compound shows a lamellar liquid crystal of superior stability against high water contents.
Synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants: II. Some experimental data
Authors: Rosen M. J. , Hua X. Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe conditions derived previously for three types of synergism in aqueous binary mixtures of surfactants‐mixed micelle formation, surface tension reduction efficiency, and surface tension reduction effectiveness‐are reviewed and verified by use of experimental data from the chemical literature. They involve the experimentally determined parameters, β and βM, related to the interaction between the two surfactants in the mixed monolayer at the aqueous solution/air interface and in the mixed micelle, respectively. The experimental data needed to determine whether a binary surfactant system is capable of synergism in these respects are: (a) the surface tension/log concentration curves of the individual surfactants in the vicinity of their critical micelle concentrations (cmc); (b) the cmc of at least one mixture of the two surfactants; and (c) the solution phase concentration of at least one mixture of the two surfactants needed to produce a surface tension attainable by both individual surfactants. From the available data, some tentative generalizations regarding the effect of chemical structure and the molecular environment of the values of β and βM have been made.
Effects of high temperature storage upon lard as a raw material for shortening manufacture
Authors: Sims Rex J. , Hilfman Lee 
Published: June 2007

SummaryStorage of lard at 95°F. with the resultant development of peroxides had a detrimental effect on its flavor. Colors of the stored lards after deodorization were considerably darker than those of the fresh, and the flavor stabilities of the former were poorer. Partial hydrogenation did not stabilize the aged lards nearly as markedly as the fresh lards. The former had darker colors, lower A.O.M.’s, and poorer flavor stabilities.
Surface phenomena of fats for parenteral nutrition
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Benerito Ruth R. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySurface tensions of natural vegetable oils of known origin and processing conditions have been measured over the temperature range 25°–27° by means of a modification of the capillary rise method. Interfacial tensions against water of the crude and refined oils have been determined at 25°. The surface tensions and interfacial tensions against water of 1,3‐dipalmito‐2‐lactin at 75° and of a synthetic fat at 55° have been determined.The method of Least Squares was applied to the surface tension‐temperature data to obtain equations of the form, γ=a−bt, where γ is the surface tension in dynes cm−1, t is the temperature in °C., anda andb are the least square factors.Only the crude rice, olive, and cottonseed oils have interfacial tensions against water less than 10 dynes cm−1. Of the refined oils, coconut oil has the lowest interfacial tension, namely 12.8 dynes cm−1. All of the other refined oils have interfacial tensions between 14.5 and 22.9 dynes cm−1 at 25°. The addition of unsaponifiable matter to a refined oil had little effect on its interfacial tension, but the addition of a small percentage of a crude oil to a refined oil lowered the interfacial tension of the refined oil considerably.
Comparison of methods for determining fatty acid oxidation produced by ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Kenaston Carolyn B. , Wilbur Karl M. , Ottolenghi Athos , Bernheim Frederick 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction for fatty acid oxidation has been compared with Lundberg and Chipault's method for peroxides, the Kreis test for aldehydes, and with the degree of conjugation, using fatty acid esters exposed to ultraviolet light for various periods. The TBA test paralleled the other methods for methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate but was essentially negative for methyl oleate oxidation.The sensitivity of the TBA test for linolenate was 30–80 times that for linoleate at the same peroxide values. The TBA test appears to be a reliable method of estimating the oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acids in tissues and other biological material.
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Myocutaneous Flap for Corrosive Pharyngoesophageal Strictures
Authors: Ananthakrishnan N. , Parthasarathy G. , Maroju Nanda Kishore , Kate Vikram 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundStrictures at the pharyngoesophageal junction represent a subgroup of corrosive esophageal strictures requiring a specialized management approach. Non‐dilatable cricopharyngeal strictures need surgical intervention. We report the use of the sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap (SCMMIF) for reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in patients with corrosive strictures.MethodsA SCMMIF was used in four patients with cricopharyngeal strictures. The surgical technique is described. All patients had complete dilatation of the stenosed cricopharyngeal segment as seen on postoperative endoscopy and contrast studies. One patient was managed successfully for a short midesophageal stricture by serial endoscopic dilatations. Another patient underwent an esophagocoloplasty subsequently for bypass of the long distal esophageal stricture The last two patients await esophagocoloplasty.ConclusionsThis is the first report on the use of sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap for corrosive cricopharyngeal strictures. The flap is simple to construct, is effective and can be performed in a short time, and yields good cosmetic results.
Quantum dots coordinated with conjugated organic ligands: new nanomaterials with novel photophysics
Authors: Hammer Nathan I , Emrick Todd , Barnes Michael D 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
CdSe quantum dots functionalized with oligo-(phenylene vinylene) (OPV) ligands (CdSe-OPV nanostructures) represent a new class of composite nanomaterials with significantly modified photophysics relative to bulk blends or isolated components. Single-molecule spectroscopy on these species have revealed novel photophysics such as enhanced energy transfer, spectral stability, and strongly modified excited state lifetimes and blinking statistics. Here, we review the role of ligands in quantum dot applications and summarize some of our recent efforts probing energy and charge transfer in hybrid CdSe-OPV composite nanostructures.
Nonsolvent quantitation of anionic surfactants and inorganic ingredients in laundry detergent products
Authors: Kawauchi Akihiko 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a method for measuring alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkyl sulfates (AS) without requiring the use of chlorinated organic solvents, such as chloroform. Alkylbenzene sulfonates and AS are precipitated with calcium and then isolated by filtration. Through this filtration process, they are separated from inorganic sulfur compounds. After the precipitate is prepared, the level of sulfur is measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) to determine the total anionic surfactant level. Separately, AS are hydrolyzed in an autoclave, and the level of alkylbenzene sulfonates is then measured in the same manner. By using the autoclave, a safe and rapid hydrolysis step has been achieved. In addition to alkylbenzene sulfonates and AS, phosphate, silicate, sulfate, and zeolite can be determined with this sample preparation. This sample preparation procedure was investigated by ICP‐AES and was confirmed applicable for simultaneous measurements of alkylbenzene sulfonates, AS, phosphate, silicate, sulfate, and zeolite without using organic solvents. Relative standard deviation for the analysis is less than 1.7%, recovery is more than 99.0%, and the calibration curve gives a correlation coefficient of R=1.000. The detection limit of this method for alkylbenzene sulfonates and AS is 0.6%, for zeolite, 0.04%, for phosphate, 0.4%, for silicate, 0.1%, and for sulfate, 0.2%, by weight in product. This method is applicable to various laundry detergent products that contain the materials mentioned above and is 10 times faster than the six wet chemical methods normally used to analyze these compounds.
Thermodynamics of dissociation and micellization of sodium, calcium, aluminum, and tin stearates in mixed organic solvents
Authors: Topallar Hüseyin , Bayrak Yüksel , Işcan Mehmet 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSodium, calcium, aluminum, and tin stearates behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions (60% benzene + 40% methanol, vol/vol) below the critical micelle concentration, and conductance data can be explained on the basis of Ostwald’s formula and the Debye‐Hückel theory of weak electrolytes. Dissociation constants and thermodynamic parameters for dissociation and micellization of these soaps were also evaluated. Micellization was spontaneous and predominant over the dissociation process.
Effects of various hydrocarbons on micellar growth
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , David Sara Liz , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effect of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons on surfactant micellar growth has been investigated by viscosity measurements at 40°C. Aqueous and aqueous KBr (0.1 M) solutions of 0.1 M cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) showed that the viscosity behavior changed substantially in the presence of KBr. This is attributed to favorable conditions produced by KBr that assist micellar growth by addition of hydrocarbons. Reasons for the effectiveness of the solubilized hydrocarbons are suggested and supported by theoretical arguments. The causes of viscosity decrease at higher aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations are also explained. Micellar growth with soluble aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbons could also be initiated if a moderate salt concentration is present in CPB micellar solutions. The chainlength, solubilization site, and molar volume of the soluble hydrocarbons all affect the bulk viscosity of the solution. Such surfactant and hydrocarbon combinations may find use in micellar‐enhanced ultrafiltration of benzene and its derivatives, but it should be kept in mind that micellar shape may change and be more curved at higher benzene derivative concentrations.
Complex formation in a ternary system composed of lauroamphoglycinate, oleic acid, and water
Authors: Nakama Y. , Shiojima Y. , Takeshita Y. , Yamaguchi M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe formation of a complex, composed of lauroamphoglycinate (LG), oleic acid (OA) and water, was investigated, and this system was applied to emulsification. The complex was formed in the water‐rich area (more than 90% in this system) at a molar ratio of OA to LG from 1 to 3, where two‐phase systems of water and the complex existed. The interaction between LG and OA, both in the aqueous solution and at the interface of liquid paraffin dissolving the OA and LG solution, was studied by pH measurements and interfacial tension measurements, respectively. The results implied that LG and OA were linked stoichiometrically, both in aqueous solution and at the interface, and formed complexes. X‐ray diffraction patterns and the strong hydrophobicity showed that the equimolar complex composed of LG, OA, and water was a liquid crystal with a reversed hexagonal structure. The reversed hexagonal liquid crystal was capable of solubilizing a certain amount of liquid paraffin in its alkyl group parts while maintaining its hexagonal structure. These results suggest the possibility to prepare a W/O‐type emulsion by using the liquid crystal formed by LG, OA, partial liquid paraffin, and water as the continuous phase. The authors could obtain a stable W/O emulsion without coalescence of the water droplets that contained a substantial amount of water (approximately 90%). Furthermore, various types of emulsions, O/W, W/O, W/O/W, could be prepared by changing the ratio of LG and OA.
Phase behavior of octyldimethyl para‐amino benzoate, polyoxyethylene‐10‐stearyl ether, olive oil, and water
Authors: Yang J. , Yang H. , Friberg S. E. , Aikens Patricia A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe phase diagrams of octyl dimethyl para‐amino benzoate (ODP)/polyoxyethylene‐10‐stearyl ether (Steareth 10)/olive oil/water, and of ODP/polyoxyethylene‐4‐lauryl ether (Laureth 4)/water systems were determined. ODP was solubilized in the lamellar liquid crystal of Steareth 10 water and of Laureth 4 water to 15 and 12% by weight, respectively. Low‐angle x‐ray diffraction was used to determine the location of the ODP molecules in the liquid crystal. ODP penetrated between the hydrocarbon chains of the surfactants, while olive oil was solubilized both at that site and between the terminal methyl group layers. The location of ODP in the liquid crystal was also reflected in ultraviolet absorption in the 260–350 nm region of the spectrum, which was compared to absorption in a polar solvent, polyethylene glycol (260–340 nm), and in a nonpolar solvent, decane (260–328 nm).
Influence of catalyst structure on direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl esters over Al‐Mg composite oxide catalyst
Authors: Hama I. , Sasamoto H. , Okamoto T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl ester over Al‐Mg composite oxide catalyst, the activity was nearly proportional to the total number of active Al acidic sites on the catalyst surface per unit weight of catalyst. Lower active Al acidic site densities resulted in a narrower ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distribution of obtained ethoxylate. We developed a new catalyst with a large surface area on which many acidic sites are distributed uniformly by partially poisoning the Al acid sites of high‐Al content Al‐Mg composite oxide with alkali. This catalyst was used for direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl esters to obtain ethoxylated fatty methyl esters with narrow EO adduct distribution efficiently.
Nonionic surfactant properties of methoxypolyoxyethylene dodecanoate compared with polyoxyethylene dodecylether
Authors: Hama I. , Sakaki M. , Sasamoto H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNonionic surfactant properties of methoxypolyoxyethylene dodecanoate [C12‐EFME; C11H23CO‐(OCH2CH2)nCH3] with varying ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distributions were compared with those of polyoxyethylene dodecylether [C12‐alcohol ethoxylate (AE); C12H25O(CH2CH2O)nH]. The gelling region of C12‐EFME was much smaller than that of C12‐AE due to the effects of the ester bond and the terminal methyl group. When the EO adduct distribution of EFME is narrowed, the cloud point and the ability to lower interfacial tension do not change appreciably. Other effects of narrow distribution on EFME performance include a decrease in the gellation region and better foam breaking and wetting.
Impact of composition on the performance of sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (NaLAS)
Authors: Smith Dewey L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLike other commercial surfactants, commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate is not a single compound but a mixture of components. This mixture comprises different carbonchain homologs, different phenyl isomers, and, in addition, the manufacturing co‐product, dialkyltetralin sulfonate. Current manufacturing technology makes it possible to easily vary the average carbon chainlength. On the other hand, the phenyl isomer distribution and dialkyltetralin sulfonate content can be changed only within a certain range. Each of these variations in composition affects performance. This study reports on the effect of commercial alkylbenzenesulfonate composition on surface tension, solubility, viscosity, foam stability, and detergency. The study shows that average carbon chainlength affects all performance properties. Phenyl isomer distribution and dialkyltetralin sulfonate content affect only solubility and viscosity.
Cleaning properties of single‐phase hydrocarbon‐based microemulsion systems
Authors: Klier J. , Suarez R. S. , Green D. P. , Kumar A. M. , Hoffman M. , Tucker C. J. , Landes B. , Redwine D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSingle‐phase hydrocarbon‐based microemulsions with low volatile organic carbon levels can help deliver solvent‐like cleaning properties while allowing formulators to meet regulatory requirements. The rheology and petroleum jelly solubilization properties of model microemulsion systems that contained equal volumes of hydrocarbon solvent and water were evaluated as a function of microemulsion structure and composition. Single‐phase microemulsions with low surfactant contents and broad formulation flexibility were obtained through the use of efficient anionic surfactants and low electrolyte levels. The microemulsion structure was advanced from solvent‐continuous to water‐continuous by varying the solvent alkane carbon number or the electrolyte content, whereas the liquid crystal content was controlled via cosurfactant concentration. Both microemulsion structure and viscosity influenced solubilization rates. Low‐viscosity, solvent‐continuous microemulsions showed solubilization rates comparable to those found with solvent‐based systems, while water‐continuous microemulsions showed relatively poor solubilization rates. Microemulsions containing dispersed liquid crystals exhibited high viscosity and low solubilization rates.
Production of 8,11‐cis‐eicosadienoic acid by a Δ5 and Δ12 desaturase‐defective mutant derived from the arachidonic acid‐producing fungus Mortierella alpina 1S‐4
Authors: Kamada Nozomu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Sakuradani Eiji , Akimoto Kengo , Ogawa Jun , Shimizu Sakayu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Δ5 and Δ12 desaturase (DS)‐blocked mutants of an arachidonic acid‐producing fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, were obtained. These mutants accumulated 8,11‐cis‐eicosadienoic acid (20:2n‐9). One of the mutants, M226‐9, in which Δ5 and Δ12 DS are perfectly blocked, produced 1.68 mg of 20:2n‐9 per mL of culture medium (101 mg/g dry mycelia) and no 5,8,11‐cis‐eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n‐9) when grown in a medium containing 4% glucose and 1% yeast extract at 28°C for 2 d and then at 12°C for 12 d. The mycelial lipid comprised 77.4% triacylglycerol (TG) and 9.8% phosphatidylcholine (PC), among others. TG contained 69.0% of the total 20:2n‐9, whose percentage in total TG fatty acids was 15.9%. The highest percentage (44.4%) of 20:2n‐9 was found in PC. The addition of olive oil to the culture medium enhanced the production of 20:2n‐9.