bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent deficits and the market value of government debt
Authors: Smith Gregor W. , Zin Stanley E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates whether postwar Canadian public financial policy satisfies a borrowing constraint. Direct tests of the present‐value relation suggested by this constraint shed light on the sustainability of current policy. We examine monthly data on Canadian federal government finances using tests for cointegration. The finding is that the joint behaviour of real debt and real surpluses is inconsistent with intertemporal budget balance for the government. One interpretation of this finding is that the government is systematically paying real returns to bondholders by issuing further debt. Alternatively, bondholders may expect the government to finance future interest payments from a source other than primary surpluses, e.g. the sale of physical assets.
A review of stata 2.1
Authors: Peterson Steven P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSTATA 2.1 offers state‐of‐the‐art data management features and statistical procedures capable of handling very large data sets. Its graphics capabilities are excellent as well. Although the package performs a respectable array of econometrics procedures quickly and easily, its menu of available techniques is relatively weak compared to existing econometrics packages. However, since STATA plans a new release to be aimed at the econometrics market, this shortcoming could be mitigated substantially in future versions.
On Bayesian routes to unit roots
Authors: Schotman Peter C. , Van Dijk Herman K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper is a comment on P. C. B. Phillips, ‘To criticise the critics: an objective Bayesian analysis of stochastic trends’ [Phillips, (1991)]. Departing from the likelihood of an univariate autoregressive model different routes that lead to a posterior odds analysis of the unit root hypothesis are explored, where the differences in routes are due to the different choices of the prior. Improper priors like the uniform and the Jeffreys prior are less suited for Bayesian inference on a sharp null hypothesis as the unit root. A proper normal prior on the mean of the process is analysed and empirical results using extended Nelson‐Plosser data are presented.
‘Objective’ bayesian unit root tests
Authors: Koop G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDue to weaknesses in traditional tests, a Bayesian approach is developed to investigate whether unit roots exist in macroeconomic time‐series. Bayesian posterior odds comparing unit root models to stationary and trend‐stationary alternatives are calculated using informative priors. Two classes of reference priors which are informative but require minimal subjective prior input are used. In this sense the Bayesian unit root tests developed here are objective. Bayesian procedures are carried out on the Nelson–Plosser and Shiller data sets as well as on generated data. The conclusion is that the failure of classical procedures to reject the unit root hypothesis is not necessarily proof that a unit root is present with high probability.
How does the benefit effect vary as unemployment spells lengthen?
Authors: Narendranathan W. , Stewart M. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates how the effect of income while unemployed on the probability of an individual leaving unemployment varies with the length of time that the individual has been unemployed. We examine this question in the context of a variety of alternative econometric models. We extend the Proportional Hazards model with unrestricted baseline hazard to one in which there are unrestricted effects of a subset of the explanatory variables and also consider models that can be estimated as series of binary response models. The proportional hazard restrictions are rejected for the sample of British unemployed men analysed and in the binary sequence framework Logit and Probit models based on symmetric distributions dominate (in likelihood terms) the Extreme Value form model implied by extension of the Proportional Hazards formulation. Logit models with a flexible form for the duration dependence which also incorporate unobserved heterogeneity in a flexible way are estimated. The results for all formulations indicate a rapidly declining effect of unemployment income as a spell lengthens, with no significant effect for the long‐term unemployed. The preferred specifications which allow for omitted heterogeneity indicate no significant effect after about 5 months, and this result is robust to the inclusion or exclusion of previous labour‐market experience variables and to the choice of mixing distribution.
Alternative procedures for converting qualitative response data to quantitative expectations: An application to Australian manufacturing
Authors: Smith Jeremy , McAleer Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses and extends alternative procedures for converting qualitative expectations responses to quantitative expectations. A number of conversion procedures is investigated, including the probability model, the time‐varying parameter probability model, and the regression approach. The informational content of the survey expectations is compared with simple time series models. It is found that the expectations models are superior for many series, both in terms of producing lower forecast root mean square error (RMSE) values and in detecting turning points in the actual data. Survey expectations are also tested for rational expectations in aggregate using the orthogonality test.
Spectral tests of the martingale hypothesis for exchange rates
Authors: Fong Wai Mun , Ouliaris Sam 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new family of spectral shape tests was proposed recently by Durlauf (1991) for testing the martingale hypothesis. Unlike the widely used variance ratio test, spectral shape tests are consistent against all stationary non‐white‐noise alternatives from the martingale null. In this paper we examine the finite sample properties of the spectral shape tests and find that the tests have good size and power properties even for small samples. We apply the tests to examine the martingale hypothesis for five major currencies vis‐à‐vis the US dollar for the period 1974–89. The results indicate that most currencies violate the martingale hypothesis. It appears that some rejections are due to long‐memory influences.
Cyclical output, cyclical unemployment, and Okun's coefficient: A new approach
Authors: Weber Christian E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEstimates of Okun's coefficient are obtained using new estimates of cyclical GNP and cyclical unemployment rates for the post‐war USA. Empirical estimates of the coefficient are near —0.25, somewhat smaller in magnitude than other recent estimates obtained applying similar econometric techniques to different estimates of cyclical output and unemployment. Tests fail to reject the hypothesis of parameter stability across an hypothesized break between the third and fourth quarters of 1973, suggesting similar relationships between cyclical output and unemployment both before and after the supply shocks of the 1970s.
Fats which as linoleic
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Riley J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mixed fatty acids are first separated into .several group by erystallisation from acetone, and then from light petroleum, at low temperatures, Each group of acids is analysed spectrographically before and after isomerisation with alkali, whence the proportions of α‐elueustearie and linoleic (and, if present, linoleuic) acids are determined. On the mixed fatty acids, the saturated acids are determined by the Bertram method, and palmitie acid by fractionation of the hydrogenated mixed esters. Oleic acid is determined by difference, since iodine values cannot be reliably employed where conjugated fatty acids are involved. With fatty acid mixtures very rich in elaeostearic acid, spectrographic analysis of the total fatty acids may lead to errors in the determined proportions of linoleic and other acids, and the preliminary low‐temperature resolution into several groups is essential.Two specimens of tung oil and the seed oils of Parinarium macrophyllum, Ricinodendron africanum, and Telfairia accidentalishave been studied by this procedure. All the oils contain elacostearic glycerides in varying proportions, but in no case was linolenic acid present. Saturated, especially palmitic, acids increase parallel with decrease, in the proportion of elacostearie acid, but the greater part of diminution in elaeostearic acid content is made up by increases in oleic and/or linoleic acid.The technical possibilities of the three Nigerian seed oils mentioned are discussed.
A simple laboratory falling‐film molecular still
Authors: Farmer E. Harold , Sutton D. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA robust and easily operated falling‐film molecular still in glass, the details of which had evolved over a period of 10 years' use, is described with nil the necessary details regarding construction, accessories and layout. It is of non‐cyclic type, gives a vacuum of 10−5—10−6mm. (as measured an ionisation gauge) in the distillation vessel, and is suitable for laboratory research work in which moderate quantities of material are to be dealt with, it has a wide range of usefulness for the fractionation of mixtures of liquid of differentM., and in straight high‐vacuum distillation, but is unsuitable for use with viscous liquids which do not How, or for mobile liquids which do not spread uniformly over the glass distilling surface, at the desired distillation temperature.
Recent developments in the microbiology of retting. Part II.—The part played by bacteria in retting the flax and in purifying the liquor
Authors: Allen L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBacteria causing soft rot of potato were found to occur consistently in retting liquor and to increase considerably in numbers during the course of a ret. These were mainly spore‐forming anaerobes, though smaller numbers of more‐forming aerobes able to cause soft rot also appeared. Investigation showed that these bacteria were also the causal agents of retting. Continuous aeration of retting liquor encouraged bacterial oxidation of organic matter to carbon dioxide rather than formation of organic acids, thus purifying the liquor sufficiently for it to be re‐used.
Some unsaponifiable constituents of the deodorisation distillates of vegetable oils
Authors: Jasperson H. , Jones R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn examination of the unsaponifiable fraction of the distillates obtained during the industrial process of deodorisation of vegetable oils has revealed the presence in those from groundnut oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil and sunflower seed oil of a high proportion of terpenes accompanied by a smaller proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbons and minor amounts of hydroxy compounds and ketones. In the distillates from palm kernel oil and coconut oil, where there was a preponderance of methyl ketones, the proportions of terpene and aliphatic hydrocarbons were about equal; small quantities of carbinols were associated with the ketones.
The determination of the factor for pyrethrin I in the mercury method
Authors: Bray G. T. , Harper S. H. , Lord K. A. , Major F. , Tresadern F. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors have examined in two series of experiments the effect of varying the conditions under which the reduction of Denigès reagent by chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid is allowed to proceed. They have shown that both temperature and time of reaction influence appreciably the extent of the reduction; and have confirmed the result previously obtained by Graham and LaForge, that 1 ml. 0·01 M‐potassium iodate solution is equivalent to 5·7 mg. pyrethrin 1 when the reduction takes place, at 25 ± 2° for 1 hour. Differences of 5—6% of the general mean value were shown in the second series despite careful standardisation of conditions.
The use of low ‐ temperature crystallization in the determination of component acids of liquid fats. IV. Marine animal oils. The component acids and glycerides of a grey (atlantic) seal
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Pathak S. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPreliminary crystallization of the mixed fatty acids of marine animal oils from acetone at —60°, followed by ether at —30° or —40°, resolves them into groups, differing widely in unsaturation, which can then be esterified and fractionally distilled. This procedure has great advantages compared with the lithium and lead salt separations which were previously employed. The method has been applied to the component acids, and also to the component glycerides, of the blubber oil of a grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). The composition of the fatty acids of seal blubber oil varies over a somewhat wider range than obtains in the fatty oils of some other marine species. The glycerides belong to the extremely ‘“mixed” type characteristic of marine animal oils. The seal liver contained less than 3% of lipids, which consisted of 29%’ phosphatides, 21% unsaponifiable matter and 50% glycerides 5 the liver glycerides contained a less unsaturated mixture of fatty acids than the blubber glycerides and also a higher content of saturated fatty acids.
Pilot plant production of rare earth hydroxides and thorium oxalate from monazite
Authors: Urie R. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA semi‐industrial scale plant for the production of rare earth hydroxides and thorium oxalate from monazite is described. The methods of operation suggested result in yields of products which compare favourably with those obtained in the laboratory. Recommendations on the design and construction of plant equipment are included.
A note on bentonite film as a dielectric
Authors: Kendall J. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFilms obtained by removing the water from colloidal suspensions of bentonite clays were first studied by E. A. Hauser.1 It has been claimed2 that such films, particularly after a further “ waterproofing “ treatment, are suitable for use as condenser dielectrics and insulation, replacing mica. This note briefly gives the results of an investigation into their electrical and other properties.
The influence of basicity upon the efficiency of oxidation/hydrolysis procedures for the separation and purification of cerium
Authors: Vickery R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of several methods of precipitation of cerium shows that the apparent purity of the precipitate is dependent upon the pH of the solution. An attempt is made to evaluate the efficiency of the varying methods and it is found that the classical nitrate/bromate separation attains the highest efficiency of the procedures examined. The probable formation of a basic chloride during hypochlorite treatment of cerium is noted.
Polyethylene Terephthalate and its early development
Authors: Hardy D. V. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn account is given of an investigation carried out at the Chemical Research Laboratory, Teddington, on the fibre‐forming polyester, polyethylene terephthalate which was recently announced by the calico Printers' Association and Imperial chemical Industries under the registered name of “Terylene.” The major part of the investigation was carried out under extra‐mural contract with the Ministry of supply, and in collaboration with the Calico Printers' Association, but the latter part was carried out independently. the polyester is obtained from ethylene glycol and methyl terephthalate by ester interchange, and its preparation is covered by B.P. 578079 (Whinfield and Dickson).To prepare the necessary large of terephthalic acid, p‐cymene was oxidized with nitric acid and the product further oxidized with potassium permanganate to terephthalic acid. This was esterified, and purified by vacuum distilation and subsequent crystallization. The condensation of glycol and methyl terephthalate was carried out both in glass and in metal apparatus: the form of apparatus employed and the conditions of preparation are fully described . Attempts to produce satisfactory filaments by extruding the melt under a high pressure of nitrogen were unsuccesful, partly because the solid polyester suffers degradation when melted and so yields week filaments, and partly because the filaments contain bubbles due to liberation of dissolved nitrogen. Filaments were prepared by extruding the polyester from a glass apparatus immediately after preparation. The filament was cold‐drawn into fibre by passage through two pairs of mechanically driven rolls geared in the ratio of 1:4. The maximum strength of the fibre was 5 g. per denier, and the extension at break was about 12%. The water‐absorption of the fibre was very low, but the dielectric properties were not outstanding. Photomicrographs of filaments and fibres illustrate certain faults which were encountered, and attention is drawn to the fact that although the filament is transparent the fibre is subtantially opaque. The cause of this opacity is discussed.It is concluded that the maximum strength of polyethylene terephthalate fibre was not reacdhed. The observed properties of the fibre and the fact that it can be produced in metal apparatus suggested that industrial development was desirable. This development was undertaken by Imperial Chemical Industries.
Relationship between fungistatic activity and structure in a series of simple aromatic compounds
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Phillips J. N. , Vincent J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fungistatic activity of 127 benzene derivatives is reported and their behaviour related to structure and, in less detail, to solubility. The aromatic nucleus is more effective than its saturated counterpart. The effect of hydrophilic and nitro groups substituted in the benzene ring can differ markedly according to the position of substitution relative to groups already present. Halogen substitution is generally beneficial and is less affected by position. Nuclear substituted 4‐hydroxyhenzoates seem to behave biologically as substituted benzoic acids rather than as substituted phenols. The introduction of alkyl groups and alkyl esterification and etherification are generally beneficial, although the increased activity usually approaches an upper limit in the alkyl series relatively early (three to six carbon atoms). The carboxyl structure of the add and ester appears to be important since the analogous carbonyl compound is definitely less active. Methylene groups between the benzene nucleus and the carboxyl group lower effectiveness.Although there is evidently a general trend between inhibitory activity and decreasing water solubility, data available for 34 compounds show many deviations from a simple linear relationship between the logarithms of both properties. An approximate ratio between solubilities in ethanol and water (available for 23 compounds) provides a rather more significant relationship. There remain discrepancies, however, for the one organism, as well as between organisms, that suggest the operation of more specific factors than those covered in simple solubility data.
The analysis of pyrethrum flowers
Authors: Mitchell W. M. , Tresadern F. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is shown that in the assay of pyrethrum flowers the customary use of warm solvent (soxhlet) gives erroneously high results for pyrethrin II, especially when the higher‐boiling grades of ligroin are used. Cold extraction gives lower results for pyrethrin II, and largely eliminates the variations in the results obtained with different grades of ligroin. It is also shown that cold ligroin extracts all the insecticidally‐active pyrethrins, and that the additional “pyrethrins” extracted by hot ligroin are non‐toxic to house‐flies. Chloroform. is shown to extract a particularly large quantity of such non‐toxic “pyrethrins.” The use of cold ligroin both for the assay, and for the commercial extraction, of pyrethrum flowers is therefore recommended; and it is also suggested that the flowers should be standardized only on their content of pyrethrin I.
The preparation of acenaphthyl ene from acenaphthene. I. Review of possible methods
Authors: Jones J. Idris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe literature on the preparation of acenaphthylene is reviewed. In view of conflieting reports, previous work on the caustic fusion of acenaphthene monosulphonic acids is re‐examined and the production of acenaphthylene and polyacenaphthylene is confirmed. By photochemical halogenation of accnaphthcnc I‐chloro‐and I‐bromo‐acenaphthene are obtained in good yield. They spontaneously dehydrohalogenate giving a polymeric form of acenaphthylene.
The role of the heterofermentative lactobacilli in cyder making
Authors: Steuart Dan W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlready in 1879 Johnston and Church taught that lactic acid is the acid of cyder. The writer's experiments in 1934‐36 indicated that lactic acid is the predominating natural acid in English commercial cyders, that it arises usually from the bacterial fermentation of malic acid, and that in some cyders malic acid is probably absent. The lactic bacteria concerned have been investigated abroad, especially in Switzerland.
The volatile constituents of roasted coffee
Authors: Hughes E. B. , Smith R. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn an investigation into the production of aroma in roasted coffee, some of the principal volatile constituents have been determined. In the staling of coffee only small losses of aldehydes, acetone, and volatile phenols occurred and there was no loss of pyridine or of furfural, despite the volatility of these constituents. Apart from a conversion of diacetyl to acetyl‐methyl carbinol, no change indicating a loss of aroma was discovered. When coffee was prepared for drinking, some losses of volatile constituents were detected. The substance, or substances, giving the characteristic aroma to roasted coffee is as yet unidentified. It is probable that other less volatile substances, that are soluble in light petroleum and are readily oxidizable, are involved in the flavour of roasted coffee.
The peroxidation of diethyl ether and di‐ISOpropyl ether
Authors: Hunter W. , Downing J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInformation is given as to the rates of peroxidation of diethyl ether and di‐isopropyl ether under normal laboratory conditions of storage, both with and without inhibitors. Di‐isopropyl ether peroxidizes in daylight at least twice as rapidly, and in the dark several times as rapidly, as diethyl ether. By storing di‐isopropyl ether over 20% caustic soda the ether layer can be maintained almost free from peroxide. Anti‐oxidants effectively protect di‐isopropyl ether for limited periods. Diethyl ether can be protected from peroxidation by storage in presence of iron, and can be largely protected merely by storage in the dark.It is proposed in this paper to review briefly the more recent literature dealing with the peroxidation and avoidance of peroxidation of diethyl and di‐isopropyl ethers and to record our own observations under both these heads.
A thermostat control unit
Authors: Vodden H. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA sensitive electronic thermostat control unit is described in which a thermistor is used as the sensing element. The output from the thermistor bridge network, after amplification, provides grid potential amplitude control of the current in a gas‐filled triode, the anode circuit of which contains the heating element. The unit is of the proportionate control type, and it can readily be adjusted to provide temperature control to within 0·025°C. at temperatures up to 120°c.