bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute tibial tubercle avulsion fractures in children: Selective use of the closed reduction and internal fixation method
Authors: Pesl Tomas , Havranek Petr 
Published: September 2008

Purpose Acute tibial tubercle avulsion fractures typically occur in adolescent boys involved in certain sports. All of the excerpted authors recommend open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as the only method to manage the displaced form of the injury. We attempted to select the optimal medical treatment of various types of this injury. The closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) method was selectively used. Methods During a period of 10 years (1997–2006), we treated 12 children with an acute injury to the tibial tubercle. Ogden's classification was used to describe the type of injury. Nine patients with a displaced fracture were treated surgically, using either the CRIF or ORIF methods. In cases of intraarticular fracture, the use of the CRIF method was tested. The suitability of the CRIF method was decided during manipulation of the fragments under an X-ray amplifier. Results According to Ogden's classification, three children were classified with type 1A, one with 1B, three with 2A, four with 3A, and one with 3B. In patients with the displaced extraarticular injury (types 1B and 2A), the ORIF method of treatment was necessary. In all but one case of intraarticular fracture (type 3A and 3B), the CRIF method was sufficient. Conclusions The authors recommend that, for displaced intraarticular Ogden's type 3A or 3B fracture, the CRIF method should be considered as a first choice.
A Gersten-Witt complex for hermitian Witt groups of coherent algebras over schemes II: Involution of the second kind
Authors: Gille Stefan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLet X be a regular noetherian scheme of finite Krull dimension with involution σ and an Azumaya algebra over X with involution τ of the second kind with respect to σ. We construct a hermitian and a skew-hermitian Gersten-Witt complex for (, τ) and show that these complexes are exact if X = Spec R is the spectrum of a regular semilocal ring R of geometric type, such that R is a quadratic étale extension of the fixed ring of σ.
Physiological and morphological effects of genistein against the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica
Authors: TONER E. , BRENNAN G. P. , WELLS K. , McGEOWN J. G. , FAIRWEATHER I. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYA study has been carried out to determine the activity of genistein against adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica. Flukes were incubatedin vitroin genistein at a concentration of 0·27 mg/ml (=1 mm). They ceased to move after 3 h, at which point the experiment was terminated and the specimens prepared for examination by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Surface changes to the flukes comprised swelling and blebbing, especially in the posterior region of the flukes, and there was particular disruption to the spines, accompanied by some spine loss. Fine structural changes to the tegumental syncytium indicated an accelerated release of secretory bodies at the surface, but a reduction in their production within the cell bodies. Autophagic activity was evident in the tegumental cells, a phenomenon that was also observed in the gastrodermal cells. Disruption to the testis and vitelline follicles was severe, with an apparent block in the normal developmental sequence of the spermatogenic and vitelline cells, respectively. Shell protein production by the vitelline cells was also disrupted. In separate experiments, somatic muscle strips were exposed to concentrations of genistein ranging from 1 μmto 1 mm. There were statistically significant increases in the frequency and/or amplitude of muscle contractions at concentrations of 10 μm, 100 μmand 1 mm. The results suggest that genistein is capable of causing severe morphological and neuromuscular disruption to adult flukesin vitroover a short time-span.
Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases ofOesophagostomum dentatum
Authors: JOACHIM A. , RUTTKOWSKI B. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYOesophagostomum dentatumstages were investigated for glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression at the protein and mRNA levels. GST activity was detected in all stages (infectious and parasitic stages including third- and fourth-stage larvae of different ages as well as males and females) and could be dose-dependently inhibited with sulfobromophthalein (SBP). Addition of SBP toin vitrolarval cultures reversibly inhibited development from third- to fourth-stage larvae. Two glutathione-affinity purified proteins (23 and 25 kDa) were detected in lysates of exsheathed third-stage larvae by SDS-PAGE. PCR-primers were designed based on peptide sequences and conserved GST sequences of other nematodes for complete cDNA sequences (621 and 624 nt) of 2 isoforms, Od-GST1 and Od-GST2, with 72% nucleotide similarity and 75% for the deduced proteins. Genomic sequences consisted of 7 exons and 6 introns spanning 1296 bp for Od-GST1 and 1579 and 1606 bp for Od-GST2. Quantitative real-time-PCR revealed considerably elevated levels of Od-GST1 in the early parasitic stages and slightly reduced levels of Od-GST2 in male worms. Both Od-GSTs were most similar to GST ofAncylostoma caninum(nucleotides: 73 and 70%; amino acids: 80 and 73%). The first three exons (75 amino acids) corresponded to a synthetic prostaglandin D2synthase (53% similarity).O. dentatumGSTs might be involved in intrinsic metabolic pathways which could play a role both in nematode physiology and in host-parasite interactions.
Verbal, visual, and spatial working memory demands during text composition
Authors: OLIVE THIERRY , KELLOGG RONALD T. , PIOLAT ANNIE 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTTwo experiments examined whether text composition engages verbal, visual, and spatial working memory to different degrees. In Experiment 1, undergraduate students composed by longhand a persuasive text while performing a verbal, visual, or spatial concurrent task that was presented visually. In Experiment 2, participants performed a verbal or spatial concurrent task that was aurally presented. Writing performance was not disrupted differentially across the three tasks. Performance on all concurrent tasks showed fewer correct responses and longer RTs relative to single-task, baseline data. However, the demands on visual working memory were as high as those on verbal working memory, whereas demands on spatial working memory were minimal. The findings help to delineate the roles of the verbal, visual, and spatial working memory in written composition.
Policy Metamorphosis in China: A Case Study of Minban Education in Shanghai
Authors: Ding Xiaojiong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBy taking minban education at the level of basic education in Shanghai as an example, this article studies the processes of policy implementation in mainland China. Based on 65 interviews conducted during 2001 and 2004, the article analyses two policies on minban education which have metamorphosed during implementation. It argues that the Chinese mode of state governance has shifted from Party despotism to a mode that tolerates and embraces local deviation.
Bacterial community succession during in situ uranium bioremediation: spatial similarities along controlled flow paths
Authors: Hwang Chiachi , Wu Weimin , Gentry Terry J , Carley Jack , Corbin Gail A , Carroll Sue L , Watson David B , Jardine Phil M , Zhou Jizhong , Criddle Craig S , Fields Matthew W 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Bacterial community succession was investigated in a field-scale subsurface reactor formed by a series of wells that received weekly ethanol additions to re-circulating groundwater. Ethanol additions stimulated denitrification, metal reduction, sulfate reduction and U(VI) reduction to sparingly soluble U(IV). Clone libraries of SSU rRNA gene sequences from groundwater samples enabled tracking of spatial and temporal changes over a 1.5-year period. Analyses showed that the communities changed in a manner consistent with geochemical variations that occurred along temporal and spatial scales. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the levels of nitrate, uranium, sulfide, sulfate and ethanol were strongly correlated with particular bacterial populations. As sulfate and U(VI) levels declined, sequences representative of sulfate reducers and metal reducers were detected at high levels. Ultimately, sequences associated with sulfate-reducing populations predominated, and sulfate levels declined as U(VI) remained at low levels. When engineering controls were compared with the population variation through canonical ordination, changes could be related to dissolved oxygen control and ethanol addition. The data also indicated that the indigenous populations responded differently to stimulation for bioreduction; however, the two biostimulated communities became more similar after different transitions in an idiosyncratic manner. The strong associations between particular environmental variables and certain populations provide insight into the establishment of practical and successful remediation strategies in radionuclide-contaminated environments with respect to engineering controls and microbial ecology.
3 The Conservative Tradition
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSchenker's sometimes virulently conservative politics have been a major problem for later commentators, who have sought to minimize their relevance to his theory. Taking as its starting point his essay “The mission of German genius” (1921), this chapter argues that while prompted by the experience of the First World War, Schenker's politics expressed an underlying cultural conservatism, with roots in the previous century, that is fundamental to his work. In early 20th-century Vienna, the collision between this conservative tradition and processes of modernization resulted in a perniciously binary pattern of thought that is reflected in Schenker's writings, but also prompted a desire for reconciliation heavily coloured by nostalgia. Both the desire and the nostalgia — which are shared with such disparate contemporaries as the piano manufacturer Ludwig Bösendorfer and T. W. Adorno — are central to Schenker's project, for which music is understood as always imbued with social meaning.
4 The Politics of Assimilation
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA Galician Jew who came to Vienna on a government scholarship, Schenker arrived just as a fully racial anti-semitism was developing; the binary pattern of thought discussed in Chapter 3 became most pernicious when linked to the binary opposition Jew/not Jew. True to the tradition of German cultural conservatism, Schenker constructed his identity through an extreme appropriation of high German culture, while at the same time maintaining his personal adherence to the Jewish tradition. Though attempts to explain Schenker's theory in terms of that tradition are ultimately unconvincing, his situation in an increasingly anti-semitic society explains much about the motivation of Schenker's project and the way it developed. These issues of culture and race are drawn out through comparisons with two of the principal Others of Schenker's cultural and intellectual universe: Richard Wagner, to whom Schenker's entire project can be understood as a response, and Arnold Schoenberg.
Jewish Biblical Fundamentalism
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter asks why modern and haredi (ultra) Orthodox Jews affirm the outmoded traditional belief that the Torah (Pentateuch) was revealed by God to Moses at Sinai (TMS) and refuse to accept the findings of modern biblical scholarship that the Pentateuch is a humanly authored multiple source post‐Mosaic (MSPM) work. It suggests emotional, psychological, and social forces that account for why smart people cling to foolish beliefs, and describes the defenses they use to ward off scholarly and scientific arguments and evidence that threaten cherished beliefs and evoke fear of loss of faith. The chapter analyzes the ArtScroll commentary on the Torah, and responses to his questions addressed to Orthodox Jews: Why do you believe in TMS? Can you imagine any kind evidence that would induce you to give up your belief in TMS? He also points to immoral and unethical teachings of the Pentateuch as evidence for its human authorship.
Modernity, Religion, and Moral Worldviews
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPeter Berger has argued that modernity marginalizes religion to the private sphere, thus creating a secularization of culture. Later he reneged, suggesting that religion can survive without a “sacred canopy.” Christian Smith has used the term “sacred umbrella,” and in this study the metaphor “sacred tent” is used to suggest that subcultures use religion to solidify and mobilize identity. This chapter gives a definition of religion, arguing that groups form religious subcultures around symbolic and social boundaries that involve forces and powers that go beyond the self and group, which create powerful moral worldviews‐defining identity, creating tension with outsiders, and, on occasion, violence.
Method, Data, and Demographics
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter outlines the methodology of the study, developing a non‐random group of thirty-four churches, ten liberal and twenty-four evangelical, which are defined as vital. Vitality means the ability to sustain growth in numbers and finances, stability of leadership, and a coherent institutional vision. The data from the interviews is statistically presented. The data shows that liberal churches do not grow in part because they mirror the social and moral ethos of the region. Evangelicals do grow because they overlap the region in their entrepreneurial emphasis and are attractive to those in the region because they offer strong family programs, community to new immigrants, and a “non‐church” church relative to architecture, aesthetics, and social ethos.
Religion, Ideology, and Belief
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this chapter the natural history of religious ideology is examined relative to each groups' view on Jesus Christ, the Bible, and epistemology. Ideology is a neutral term meaning the way in which cultural processes are used to shape and guide social and political behavior. For evangelicals Jesus Christ saves one from sin and nurtures one in love; for liberals Jesus Christ exemplifies the way of compassion, hospitality, and justice. For evangelicals truth is absolute, given by scripture, relatively static though deeply personal and persuasive; for liberals truth is love, justice in a dynamic spiritual journey that deepens one's perception of what is means to live out these principles in the world.
Religion, Outreach, and Mission
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter on religion and culture argues that H. Richard Niebuhr's model of Christ and Culture is too abstract in this context. The Pacific Northwest has no assumed religious ethos; it is an open religious market, where religions live and die on how well they sell their brand. The taken for granted aspects of Protestant mainline and liberal Protestant churches have less success though they do have a market in gay and lesbian men and women who make up nearly a third all these congregations. The evangelical brand offers an extensive program in local and global missions that challenges their congregations to evangelize their community and the world.
Conservation of Sensitive Biodiversity Areas
Authors: Goodland Robert 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the approaches being taken by the World Bank to conserve biodiversity in developing countries. It argues that the conservation of biodiversity also means conserving habitats and ecosystems that are critical to sustaining those environmental services on which the poor, more than the wealthy, depend. Therefore, the chapter states, the presumed conflict between conservation and humans is false. The World Bank must implement and strengthen its social and environmental policies, grant exceptions only when projects meet a stringent set of criteria that unambiguously demonstrates that benefits outweigh losses, and demand insurance or escrow bonds in such cases. The World Bank can also promote both biodiversity and social progress through the rehabilitation of degraded areas.
Ecological and Intellectual Baselines: Saving Lions, Tigers, and Rhinos in Asia
Authors: Seidensticker John 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by stating that one of the great problems in conservation biology is so-called ecological amnesia, the disappearance in the public mind of what environments were like even a few decades ago. Once species and natural environments are lost, mental adjustments are made in the minds of local people; what is “natural” now is not what was natural twenty or fifty years ago. If Asian conservation and restoration are to take place at all, it must be done in concert with the human populations that have always been part of the landscape. Two case studies are described: (1) Asian lions and the Gir Forest (India) and (2) rhinos, tigers, and the Chitwan Valley (Nepal).
Sustainable Use of Wild Marine Living Resources: Notion or Myth?
Authors: Holt Sidney J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the idea that extractive use of “renewable” living resources can be sustained by imposing simple management measures. It reviews the history of the analyses and models developed to describe the reproductive behavior of marine living resources in relation to exploitation. Many of these were deterministic models and they led to the development of the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), an approach to fisheries management that is still dominant although it has been discredited scientifically for many years. The question of sustainability is addressed and problems of the current approaches to multispecies management and ecosystem management are discussed.
Evolving Earth's Environmental Law: Perspectives on a Work in Progress
Authors: Robinson Nicholas A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the evolution of environmental laws and examines current international environmental law. It traces the primary sources of international law: (1) general principles of law, (2) customary law and conventional or treaty law, (3) analysis of legal experts who elaborate the principles, and (4) customs or treaty obligation through their commentaries. It discusses EIAs and ways to streamline the complexities of international environmental legal norms by recodification of the norms on a regional basis.
The Evolution of Sustainability in Forest Management Policy
Authors: Sample V. Alaric 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter characterizes sustainability as a central and traditional concern within the science and management practices of forestry. It summarizes the historical evolution of sustainability in forest management and the concept of a “regulated forest”. It then examines the means by which natural resource policy developed in the United States, the influence of the European concept of sustained yield, and the promotion of forest conservation practices, and additional possibilities for policy development to achieve sustainable forest management both on local levels and in a global context.
A New Environmentalism: Conservation and the Core of Governmental Purpose
Authors: Woodwell George M. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that the environment must be elevated to a position of prominence, not secondary to war and terrorism. For this to happen, scientists must be more effective in communicating environmental concerns so that the public consciousness can be galvanized into action. While the current focus on protection of biodiversity and the establishment of parks and reserves is important, it is inadequate by itself in preserving functional ecosystems.
Climate Change and Prospects for Sustainability
Authors: Lovejoy Thomas E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning of sustainability in the face of climate change. It discusses how we can begin stemming and then reducing the tide of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere. One way is to pay landowners to grow trees and maintain the carbon stock of a forest, while allowing them to use the forest for anything else that would not affect its carbon content.
The Holy Spirit
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The central chapter of the book evaluates Gregory's distinctive doctrine of the Holy Spirit and the Spirit's role in the work of Christian theology, focusing on the soteriological character of Gregory's Pneumatology in distinction from that of his Christology. It traces the development of Gregory's doctrine of the Spirit from his early episcopal sermons to the climax of his work in Constantinople and provides a new reading of the structure and argumentation of his monumental Oration 31 On the Holy Spirit, which is aimed at both the Eunomians and Pneumatomachians. At the heart of the matter is Gregory's account of the full divinity of the Spirit in light of the Bible's silence at the literal level—an argument that involves tracing the sequence of Trinitarian revelation through the covenants and the age of the Church, the direct proof of the Spirit's divinity from baptismal divinization, and Gregory's subsequent exegesis of the Spirit “according to the Spirit.” In conclusion, the chapter identifies the Spirit's central epistemic function for all theology and Gregory's literary rhetoric of piety, which frames and unifies the Theological Orations as a series.
The Trinity
Authors: Beeley Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter brings the argument to a focus by considering Gregory's doctrine of the Trinity as a whole, which is “theology” in the fullest sense. After cataloging Gregory's major and minor texts on the Trinity, it demonstrates of the nature of Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine as the “theology of the divine economy,” in which the divinity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit is confessed, against the well known separation of these categories in certain ancient, medieval, and modern systems. It then identifies Gregory's core doctrine in the dynamic monarchy of God the Father—who is the cause (aitia) and first principle (arche) of the Trinity—as being the root of both the unity and the distinctions among the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and the fundamental element of Gregory's entire theological system. In its necessary combination of divine equality and dependence, Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine is shown to repudiate both ancient and modern assumptions that the monarchy of the Father contradicts the consubstantiality and equality of the three persons, as well as the false distinctions between Trinitarian personalism and essentialism and between Christocentrism and Trinocentrism in modern theological analysis. It goes on to interpret the secondary types of Gregory's Trinitarian discourse in light of this core doctrine, namely his formulaic summaries of the Trinity—the most common being “the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the one Divinity and power” and the most famous being the Nicene language of consubstantiality—and his clarification of several technical matters. Finally, the basic meaning of Gregory's doctrine is located in the believer's participatory knowledge of the Trinity.