bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in Salt Tolerance of Nine Spring Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Ashraf M. , McNeilly T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe biotic approach to overcome salinity problems has recently received a considerable attention from many workers throughout the world. However the identification of existing crop varieties which have enhanced salt tolerance is clearly of considerable value for exploitation of saline soils for agriculture.Salt tolerance of the nine spring wheat cultivars Bounty, Jerico, LU 26S, Minaret, Sonora 64, Timmo, Toban 66, Tonic, and Wembley was assessed at germination, and at maturity using solution and sand culture techniques. No consistent correlation was found between tolerance assessed at these two growth stages in any of the cultivars except Wembley.The salt tolerant cultivar LU 26S had significantly higher germination percentage and germination rate than the other cultivars, but was intermediate in yield. By contrast cv. Tobari 66 had low germination percentage, intermediate germination rate, but had a higher yield than the other cultivars particularly at the highest salt level. The cv. Wembley had low values in all the characters studied and thus appeared to be very salt sensitive compared with the other cultivars. There was not any consistent relationship between yield characters and ionic content in these cultivars.A general selection criterion based upon whole plant performance for assessment of salt tolerance in wheat is proposed.ZusammenfassungVariabilität der Salztoleranz von neun Som‐merweizensortenDie Salztoleranz von neun Sommerweizensor‐ten: Bounty, Jerico, LU 26S, Minaret, Sono‐ra 64, Timmo, Tobari 66, Tonic and Wembley wurden bezüglich des Keimens und der Aus‐reife untersucht. Bei den geprüften Sorten wa‐ren mit Ausnahme von Wembley keine Bezie‐hungen bezüglich der Salztoleranz für diese beiden Entwicklungsphasen festzustellen. Die Sorte LU 26S wies höhere Keimprozente und Keimraten auf als andere Sorten, ergab aber nur einen mittleren Ertrag. Die Sorte Tobari 66 hatte niedrige Keimprozente, eine mittle‐re Keimrate und höhere Erträge als andere Sorten; dies gait insbesondere für eine hohe Salzgehaltstufe. Die Sorte Wembley erschien dagegen sehr sensitiv in bezug auf die Salzver‐träglichkeit in alien untersuchten Eigenschaf‐ten. Es konnte kein konsistentes Verhältnis zwischen den Ertragseigenschaften und dem Ionengehalt nachgewiesen werden.
Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung der Ertragsleistung von Mais (Zea mays L.) durch Wachstumsregulatoren*
Authors: Kötting K. , Hofmann K. , Höfner W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Possibilities to influence the productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) by growth regulators The application of plant growth regulators to maize shalt improve the resistance to lodging by a reduction of ear — and plant height as well as by an increase of stalk diameter. At the same time, the sink‐capacity of the ear shalt increase because this is lucrative to all specializations of corn production.The applicated plant growth regulators CCC and RSW 0411 antagonize the content of native gibberellic acids, so that these active substances may influence the stage of the stem elongation and the development of the inflorescences. However, it is very difficult to conceive the numerous interrelations between the several groups of hormones. During a period of 3 years, the plant growth regulator CCC, applied at fixed stages of the development, effected a significant increase of the number of kernels per ear and of the grain yield per pot. Only the plant growth regulator RSW 0411 caused vegetative modifications according to the fixing of an aim at an early treatment, whereby the grain yield was effected strongly negative by a considerable reduction of ear — and plant height.ZusammenfassungIn dreijährigen Gefäßversuchen unter Frei‐landbedingungen mit verschiedenen Maissor‐ten wurden die Auswirkungen der Wachs‐tumsregulatoren CCC und RSW auf die generative und vegetative Entwicklung beobachtet. Dabei erzielten wir folgende Ergebnisse: 1. Der Kornertrag wurde durch den Wachs‐tumsregler CCC, appliziert in ES 31/32, um 10,0 % und, appliziert in ES 34/35, um 8,9 % signifikant gesteigert. Der Wachstumsregula‐tor RSW wirkte sich bei einer frühen Behand‐lung in ES 21/23 stark negativ (‐ 14,4 %) auf den Kornertrag aus, zeigte jedoch bei späterer Applikation positive Tendenzen (+ 5,4 %),2. Die Kornzahl je Kolben wurde durch CCC um 10,4 % (ES 31/32) bzw. um 7, 3 % (ES 34/35) signifikant angehoben. Der Wachs‐tumsregler RSW senkte bei frühem Einsatz in ES 21/23 die Kornzahl hoch signifikant um 19,2%.3. Das TKG blieb bei alien Behandlungen unverändert.4. Eine tendenzielle Einkürzung der Ge‐samtpflanzenlänge bewirkte der Wachstums‐regler RSW bei frühem Einsatz in ES 21/23.5. Die Kolbenansatzhöhe wurde durch den Wachstumsregler RSW, appliziert in ES 21/23, um 30,7 % und, appliziert in ES 34/35, um 5,2 % signifikant reduziert. Der Wachstumsregler CCC zeigte bei der späten Behandlung eine statistisch abgesicherte Förderung dieses Parameters.6. Die frühe RSW‐Behandlung (ES 21/23) bewirkte eine hoch signifikante Zunahme der oberen Stengellänge.7. Das Strohgewicht blieb bei alien Behandlungen unverändert.8. Die Gesamttrockensubstanzerträge je Ge‐fäß wurden entsprechend den Veränderungen der Kornerträge signifikant variiert.
Nitrogen Balance of Legume‐Wheat Cropping Sequences
Authors: Jung J. , Dressel J. , Kuchenbuch R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a lysimeter trial the legumes faba bean (Vicia faba), red clover (Trifolium repens), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were grown for two years, followed by winter wheat on all plots in the third year. Plots fertilized with mineral nitrogen and a rye/maize – wheat cropping sequence were included for comparisons. These four cropping sequences were replicated twice in 1982–1984 and 1985–1987, respectively. Two soils, a loamy sand and a sandy loam were used. On average of both soils: – N fixation during two years was 461 kg N/ha, 803 kg N/ha, and 790 kg N/ha for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.– Leaching of nitrogen occurred mainly during the periods of winter fallow or, in case of the perennial legumes, after incorporation of residues into the soil and planting of wheat. Average leaching for all 6 years was 49, 28, and 29 kg ha−1 year−1 for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.– In the period of wheat growth and before planting the new crop (1.5 years) in 1984/85 51–64 kg N/ha and 1986/87 68–94 kg N/ha were leached after growing legumes. Leaching was less for rye/maize fertilized with mineral N, 41 kg N/ha in 1984/85, and 51 kg N/ha in 1986/87, respectively.– Winter wheat grown after legumes took up 18 kg N/ha < 47 kg N/ha < 65 kg N/ha on average of both soils and 2 years (1984, 1987) after faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively. This indicates a nitrogen recovery of 24–44% of the legume N potentially available, and consequently a loss by leaching from 56 to 76 %.On the sandy loam amount of drainage water and N leaching were lower, and faba bean and wheat yields higher than on the loamy sandy soil.
Effects of Seed Vigor on Crop Characters in Uniform and Reduced Populations of Corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Adegbuyi E. , Burris J. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relationship between seed corn vigor and some crop characters in uniform and reduced plant populations is poorly defined. This study, was designed to define the crop characters through which seed vigor is expressed in reduced and uniform populations of corn and to clarify which experimental technique should be used in seed vigor studies. Seeds of two corn hybrids, A632 x (H99 x H95) and B73 x (H99 x H95), were dried at two temperatures, 35 °C and 50 oC, and planted near Ames, Iowa, in 1983. The two drying temperatures created differential vigor levels between the seed lots. There were 21 crop characters measured in two populations, reduced populations due to lack of seed vigor and uniform population (thinning to stand). Early vegetative growth was influenced by seed vigor, but as the plant aged, the influence of seed vigor decreased. Increased early plant height, up to 6 weeks old, small stem diameter, low shoot dry‐matter content, delay in days from sowing to 50 % tasseling and to 50 % silking, narrow penultimate and ear leaf, and reduction in the number of ears and tiller production were observed in the uniform population. The differences in population density due to seed vigor did not have a significant effect on final grain yield inasmuch as plants in the reduced populations were able to compensate completely for missing stands.
Potential Yields and On‐Farm Ethanol Production Cost of Corn, Sweet Sorghum, Fodderbeet, and Sugarbeet
Authors: Geng S. , Hills F. J. , Johnson S. S. , Sah R. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted during 1980‐82 at the Agronomy Farm of the University of California, Davis, to compare fermentable carbohydrate production and cost of potential ethanol from fodderbeet, sweet sorghum, sugarbeet, and corn in relation to the requirements of these crops for fertilizer nitrogen and irrigation. The response of hexose yields of these crops to fertilizer N varied in the two experiments. When all crops responded, sweet sorghum and sugarbeet required 36 % and fodderbeet 68 % of the fertilizer N needed for corn. Twelve weeks following a mid‐season irrigation cut off, hexose yield of sugarbeet was decreased by 18 % as compared to an adequately watered crop. Water stressed sweet sorghum extracted higher amounts of soil moisture, increased in hexose concentration and produced 29 % higher hexose yield than when adequately watered. Stressed sugarbeet, however, had a higher hexose yield due to its higher sugar concentration.When fertilized and irrigated adequately, fodderbeet produced 13.4, sugarbeet 11.9, sweet sorghum 10.0, and corn 8.15 Mg hexose ha−1. Comparative on‐farm ethanol production costs of these four crops were very close ($0.38 to 0.40 L−1). Thus, growing established crops like corn and sugarbeet for which processing facilities and alternative markets already exist would be preferred.
Effect of Intercropping on the Yield Components of Rice, Mungbean, Soybean, Peanut and Blackgram
Authors: Mandal B. K. , Dhara M. C. , Mandal B. B. , Das S. K. , Nandy R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn experiment with sixteen cropping systems (pure and intercroppings) was conducted during the kharif season of 1985 and 1986. The sixteen cropping systems were: sole rice, sole mungbean, sole soybean, sole peanut, sole blackgram, rice + mungbean (2:1), rice + mungbean (4:1), rice + mungbean deferred (2:1), rice + soybean (2:1), rice + soybean (4 : 1), rice + soybean deferred (2 : 1), rice + peanut (2:1), rice + peanut (4 : 1), rice + blackgram (2:1), rice + blackgram (4:1) and rice + blackgram deferred (2:1). Sole crop of rice always recorded higher number of effective tillers/m2, however, it was observed that legumes had an influence on the number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight of rice in rice + legume combinations. Among legumes, pure crops of soybean and peanut always gave rise to increased number of yield components than the other crops grown in association with rice. In case of mungbean, number of pods per plant and thousand seed weight was higher in pure crops though number of seeds per pod was more with rice + mungbean combination. Deferred sown blackgram in association with rice yielded greater number of seeds per pod and thousand seed weight though sole crop of blackgram significantly produced higher number of pods per plant.
Siebsortierung von Getreide mit Hilfe der quantitativen Bildanalyse
Authors: Kühbauch W. , Bestajovsky J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Sieve grading of cereal kernels by means of quantitative image analysis In former investigations several possibilities to apply computerized quantitative image analysis (CQJA) in the field of crop science have been reported. In the present studies applicability of this technique have been tested to accurately determine sieve grading of barley kernels. Accordingly, CQJA seems to be appropriate for measuring and processing digitalized image information of the respective length and thickness of grain kernels both, at high velocity and precision, and it can be done at any classification of kernel sizes. Contamination of the cereals by broken grain and/or other non‐grain material can be discriminated by integrating threshold levels of minimum and maximum diameters respectively. It is argued that major advantages of the proposed automated CQJA‐equipment could be (1) control of sieve grading and calibration processes of seeds and (2) sieve grading of the kernels of individual ears for breeding purposes.
Messung und Dokumentation mikromorphologischer Veränderungen in Pflanzen am Beispiel CCC‐behandelten Sommerweizens mit Hilfe der quantitativen Bildanalyse
Authors: Petry W. , Rademacher I. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Measurement and documentation of micromorphological changes in plant tissue by means of quantitative image analysis as illustrated with CCC treated spring wheat Growth regulators are used in crop production to influence extension growth of plants and stability of tissues. Knowledge about the mode of action and efficiency of these compounds are based on physiological and morphological studies with the respective plant tissues. Technical deficiencies in both fields quite often hinder the appropriate insight into tissue reaction. In the present study a computer assisted quantitative image analysis system was applied to support precise and fast measurement and documentation of micromorphological effects in plant tissue.Spring wheat (cv. Arkas and Sappo) were treated with 0.75 and 1 I ha−1 CCC at EC 30. For morphological studies plants were harvested at EC 61. Tissue microcuts out of the 1st and 2nd internodium of wheat stem were stained with alcoholic safranin solution and measured with the interactive image analysis system “IBAS I” (Zeiss and Kontron).Stem diameter and stem wall thickness did not change after CCC treatment, while thickness of the selerenchyma ring of the stem was increased significantly. After CCC application average length of cells in the respective tissue decreased up to 15 %, length of internodium up to 27 %. Thickness of cell walls were reduced in the stem tissue of CCC‐treated plants and the number of parenchyma cells increased.According to this investigation stem stabilizing effects of CCC treated wheat stem are based on the increased size of the lignified selerenchyma ring and on increased number but smaller cells in the parenchyma tissue. With the image analysis system used all measurements could be performed at high precision and quickly so that each given parameter is based on at least several hundred single data.
Influence of NaCl Salinity on Growth and Metabolic Status of Protein and Amino Acids in Rice Seedlings
Authors: Dubey R. S. , Rani Manju 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeeds of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance when grown under increasing level of NaCl salinity and seedling vigour as well as metabolic status of total and soluble proteins, amino acids were evaluated in seedlings at increasing days of growth it was observed that increasing level of salinity caused loss in dry wt. of seedlings as well as reduction in lengths of root and shoot. In both sets of cultivars salt stressed seedlings showed higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins, total amino acids compared to non salinized seedlings. In roots of salt susceptible cvs. Ratna and Jaya increased salinity up to 14 mmhos/cm remarkably increased total as well as soluble protein level whereas in shoots moderate level of salinity increased protein level compared to controls and higher salinity level caused suppression in such increase. Tolerant cultivars always maintained higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins and total amino acids in salt stressed seedlings compared to susceptibles. Amino acids which accumulated greatly in salinized seedlings were arginine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, proline, valine and glutamine. Results suggest possible role of proteins and amino acids in confering salt tolerance in rice.
Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Growth, Yield, Oil Content and Its Fatty Acids to Nitrogen Rates and Application Times
Authors: Ibrahim A. F. , Abusteit E. O. , El‐Metwally El‐M. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA steady and progressive increase in rapeseed yield was observed with each increment in applied nitrogen rates up to 213 kg/ha in both seasons. As for nitrogen application times, the analyzed data showed that adding a split dose (either 1/2 or 1/3) before the third irrigation was a common part between high yielding treatments in 1985/86 season. Nitrogen rates X application times interaction affected rapeseed yield significantly during the first winter season. The highest seed yield of 2.5 t/ha was obtained by adding 213 kg N/ha in two split doses at sowing and just before the third irrigation. The second yield value of 2.47 t/ha was produced under the same N rate when applied in two split doses before second and third irrigation. However, in the second season (1986/87), rapeseed plants did not exhibit significant responses to nitrogen rates X application times interaction.Chemical analyses showed that rapeseed oil content and its fatty acids (Palmetic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidic and Erucic) percentages were not significantly affected by either nitrogen rates or application times in both seasons. A very low content of Erucic acid (0.1–0.9 %) in all tested sample was noticed.
Effect of Planting Geometry on the Growth and Yield Performance of Maize Intercropped with Rice
Authors: Nesa Ashratun , Hamid A. , Mondal M. H. , Maniruzzaman A. F. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment with maize and rice planted under four planting configurations in an intercropping system was conducted to evaluate the plant competition effects on the performance of component crops. Intercropping substantially reduced grain yields of both rice and maize. Rice yield was generally low giving monocrop yield of 1,084 kg/ha. Intercropped rice ranged between 179 kg/ha and 615 kg/ha depending on maize planting arrangement. Monocrop maize yielded highest in square planting (3,617 kg/ha) and lowest in skip‐row (2,600 kg/ha) planting, but planting geometry did not influence intercropped maize yield. Monocrop maize outyielded the combined yield of component crops suggesting no yield advantage through rice‐maize intercropping.
Sorten‐Mischungseffekte in Wintergerstenbestanden in Abhängigkeit von Standort und Produktionsintensität
Authors: Aufhammer W. , Stützel H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Cultivar mixture effects in winter barley as dependent on location and production intensity Grain yields of high‐yielding six‐rowed winter barley cultivar mixtures were compared with those of pure stands under different production intensities in field trials over two years and two locations. Generally, mixing effects tended to be positive with low and negative with high intensities. Significantly negative mixing effects could be observed each year at both locations with highest production intensity. Significantly positive mixing effects could be observed in one year at one location only‐ Mixing effects could not be explained by the observed levels of diseases and lodging. There were, however, relatively close correlations between mixing effects on grain yields and on grain numbers/m2
Influence of Different Soil Moistures during the Vegetative Phase of Development of Field Bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) on Leaf Water Status, Photosynthesis Rate and Plant Growth
Authors: Grzesiak S. , Filek W. , Koscielniak J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of exposure in the vegetative phase of growth to 10‐day spells of mild (30 % of field water capacity – fwc) and severe (20 % fwc) drought on leaf water status, photosynthesis rate, plant growth and distribution of dry matter were studied in field bean. Either drought level caused similar changes of leaf water status and reduced photosynthesis rates. In older leaves these drought effects were greater. Plants exposed to mild drought quickly recovered their full photosynthetic activity and growth rate when optimum water supply was restored, but after severe drought the slower rate of these processes persisted much longer. Reduced growth caused by drought was proportionally the same in stems, leaves and roots, so that the share of dry weights of these organs in total dry matter of whole plants was similar as in control.
Einfluß eines variierten N‐Angebots auf α‐Amylase‐Aktivität, primäre Dormanz und Auswuchsresistenz von Weichweizen (Triticum aestivum L.), Roggen (Secale cereale L.) und Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)
Authors: Detje H. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Influence of Varying N‐Fertilization Rates on α‐Amylase Activity, Primary Dormancy and Resistance to Pre‐Harvest Sprouting in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) Pre‐harvest sprouting, induced by unfavourable ecological conditions, can affect the grain growers success considerably. Positive correlations are reported between resistance to pre‐harvest sprouting and primary dormancy. Genotypes with a short dormancy period have a high pre‐harvest sprouting risk. In the case of a premature germination of caryopses in the head of grain a hydrolysis of intact starch granules caused by the endoenzyme α‐amylase takes place in the endosperm.Negative correlations between falling number and protein content are reported, however, it is unknown, if a varying N‐application influences pre‐harvest sprouting rates, dormancy periods and amylase activity. For this reason, both greenhouse and field trials were conducted with different N‐fertilization rates and (additional in the greenhouse) a rain simulation treatment.High amounts of α‐amylase a few days post anthesis are opposed to small enzyme activities in mature kernels. Stratificating temperatures and germination inducing precipitations at the same time are inducing pre‐harvest sprouting and a high α‐amylase activity especially in rye and triticale. It seems as if N‐deficiency reduces the possibility of pre‐harvest sprouting, on the other hand high N‐rates increase the enzymes' activity and promote germination processes in the kernel. Effects of N‐fertilization on dormancy are not known.In the discussion of reasons for an increase of α‐amylase activity in sprouted grain caryopses, changes in the relation of the phytohormones gibberellic acid (promoter of enzyme activities) and abscisine acid are mainly presumed.