bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micropithecus clarki, a small ape from the Miocene of Uganda
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicropithecus clarki, from Miocene sediments of Napak, Uganda, is the smallest known hominoid primate, living or fossil. In facial morphology it is very similar to extant gibbons. Dentally, it is most similar to the small apes from the Miocene of Kenya, Dendropithecus and Limnopithecus. All of the apes from the early Miocene of East Africa seem to represent a single phyletic group that could be easily derived from the Oligocene apes known from the Fayum of Egypt. Pliopithecus from the Miocene of Europe is more closely allied with the Oligocene radiation than with the later East African radiation.
Social group fission and the origin of intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus monkeys of Cayo Santiago
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Sade Donald 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe serum transferrin locus is used to investigate the roles of the lineal effect of fission, male migration effect of fission, and genetic drift in causing intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. These three mechanisms prove sufficient to explain the degrees of differentiation between the newly formed social groups A, K, and L as of July 1, 1971. The lineal effect of fission provides a baseline of intergroup differentiation which is altered by forces leading to intragroup genetic change, the male migration effect and genetic drift. The importance of population dynamics for the distribution of alleles among subgroups of a population is recognized.
The femur in early human evolution
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUni‐ and multivariate analyses of 5 fossil and 215 extant hominoid femora show that two morphological patterns of hominid femora existed about two million years ago. Femora classified asHomosp. indet. (KNMER 1472 and 1481) are more likeHomo sapiensalthough not identical. Those classified asAustralopithecus robustus(SK 82 and 97) andA. boisei(KNM‐ER 1503) are similar to one another but uniquely different from any living hominoid. The strong mophological contrasts imply biomechanical and possible locomotor differences, although these are as yet unknown.
ABO blood groups and fertility—with special reference to intrauterine selection due to materno‐fetal incompatibility
Authors: Satyanarayana M. , Vijayalakshmi M. , Rao C. Sambasiva , Mathew Susan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present investigation was to study whether there is differential fertility between different mating types of ABO blood group system. Selective force which is operating through maternal‐fetal incompatibility has been observed in the differential fertility between compatible and incompatible mating groups in the present sample of 183 families of Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh, India. The differences in the mean numbers of pregnancies as well as living children between the two major mating groups, compatible and incompatible are significant. The fertility rates of O fathers and O mothers were significantly higher than those in matings in which neither parents belongs to O. The selection is operating to reduce the gene ratio of A and to increase the gene ratios of O and B in this sample.
Heritability of permanent tooth size
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to quantify the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the observed variability of permanent tooth size in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Tooth size data were obtained from dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. The custom of polygyny practised by these people enabled the analysis of associations between full‐siblings and half‐siblings. Phenotypic variability of tooth size was partitioned into four variance components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers and between offspring. From these components, the relative genetic and environmental contributions were quantified and heritability estimates for tooth size derived. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by regression analysis from a small sample of parent‐offspring data.Results of the analyses suggested that about 64% of the total variability of permanent tooth size could be attributed to genetic factors, while a further 6% was due to common environment. Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non‐genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability.
Admixture estimation using skin reflectance data
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral different methods are suggested for the estimation of admixture proportions in hybrid populations based on skin reflectance data. These methods are applied to hybrid populations of known ancestry and yield results generally quite similar to those expected based on a simple genetic model. Results indicate the usefulness of these methods in hybridization studies and in the development and refinement of models of the genetics of skin color.
An analysis of cercopithecoid odontometrics. I. The scaling of the maxillary dentition
Authors: Goldstein Serge , Post David , Melnick Don 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relations between two tooth indices, post‐canine area and incisor width in the upper jaw, and three variables, diet, body weight and body weight dimorphism, were examined separately for the males and females of 29 cercopithecoid species. Each species was assigned to one of three diet classes (folivore, frugivore, omnivore). Data on the other variables consisted of species means (log‐transformed) obtained from published sources. The analytic techniques used were bivariate and multiple regression, the tooth indices being the dependent variables.All tooth indices scaled isometrically within diet classes, and all except female incisor width scaled with positive allometry across diet classes. In both sexes, the body weight adjusted mean incisor width of folivores was significantly smaller than that of either frugivores or omnivores. In the females, the body weight adjusted mean post‐canine areas did not differ significantly across diet classes, while in the males the omnivores had a larger body weight adjusted mean post‐canine area than either the folivores or frugivores. Female post‐canine area was the only tooth index for which body weight dimorphism was a significant predictor. Extrapolations of these findings to other extant and to fossil primate species are discussed.
The basicranium of fossil hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems
Authors: Laitman Jeffrey T. , Heimbuch Raymond C. , Crelin Edmund S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the use of the basicrania of fossil hominids as a guide to reconstructing their possible upper respiratory systems. As described previlosly (Laitman and Crelin, '76; Laitman et al., '78), the exocranial orientation of the basicrania of extant primates is related to the position of upper respiratory structures such as the larynx and pharynx. These relationships in living primates sugest that the basicranium of fossil hominids may provide an indicator of what their upper respiratory systems were like.Originals and casts of 14 fossil hominids were examied. The marked similarites in overall basicranial form between Sterkfontein 5 and extant pongids indicate that Sterkfontein had an upper respiratory system similar to that of extant great apes. The Classic European Neandertals show a range of basicranial, and thus potential upper respiratory, structure comparable to extant human children between 2 and 11 years of age. Cro‐Magnon, Steinheim, Předmostí, Broken Hill, and the more recent North African hominids, exhibit basicrania much more similar to those of adult or sub‐adult modern humans. Their upper respiratory systems probably did not differ considerably from that of present day adult humans.Our craniometric analysis has shown that it is statistically improbable for the basicrania, and by extrapolation, upper respiratory systems of certain Neandertals to fall within the range of modern adult or sub‐adult humans. There thus appar to be at least two different pathways taken in the evolution of man's upper respiratory system after a common pongid‐like stage exhibited by the australopithecines. One line appears to have terminated with the Clssical Neandertals. The other line, encompassing those hominids with basicrania and upper respiratory structure of more modern appearance, may have given rise to modern man.
Normal amplitudes of radioulnar pronation and supination in several genera of anthropoid primates
Authors: O'connor Brian L. , Rarey Kyle E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe amounts of radioulnar pronation and supination occurring in five genera of Old World Monkeys (Macaca, Papio, Cercopithecus, Theropithecus, and Erythrocebus), three genera of hominoid primates (Homo, Pongo, and Hylobates), and one genus of New World monkey (Cebus) were compared in this investigation. The results indicate that radioulnar motion is significantly less in Macaca than in other cercopithecoid monkeys, that it is significantly less in all cercopithecoid monkeys than in Cebus, and that it is significantly less in Cebus than in the hominoid primates.The data support the contention that hominoid primates and (at least some) cercopithecoid monkeys possess fundamentally different ranges of radioulnar pronation and supination, and the contention that the morpological differences between the inferior radioulnar joints of hominoid and cercopithecoid primates reflect different ranges of motion which, in turn, are associated with either a quadrupedal or non‐quadrupedal lifestyle.
Plantar zygodactylous triradii and corresponding patterns
Authors: Aue‐Hauser Gertrud 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTaking into consideration the methods of Cummins and Sicomo ('23), Cummins and Midlo ('43) and Penrose and Loesch ('69) a new classification scheme of plantar zygodactylous triradii has been introduced, differentiating three expression types, i.e., strong, medium and weak.On the basis of plantar prints of 500 ♂ Viennese the frequencies of these expression types were established. Furthermore their relations to the pattern types located proximally were studied. It resulted that certain pattern types are always and others never associated with a zygodactylous triradius.Therefore it is possible to predict the existence of a zygodactylous triradius non visible on the print if the corresponding pattern type is known.
Relationship of lower limb height to sitting height in black populations of Africa and the United States
Authors: Meredith Howard V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article examines a recently reported generalization. Materials from more than a score of investigations are drawn upon. These materials show there is not a substantial research base for the claim that interbreeding in the United States between black people of African ancestry and white people of European ancestry has resulted in increased lower limb height relative to sitting height.
A correlation of tooth wear and age among modern Igloolik Eskimos
Authors: Tomenchuk John , Mayhall John T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe level of molar wear can be estimated reliably by measuring the cusp height. A correlation between age and the level of molar wear, expressed by a normalizing index (TWI) of cusp height, was found to exist in a sample of modern Igloolik Northwest Territories Eskimos. Not only was it possible to derive linear regression models to test the degree of correlation in the sample of 46 female and 39 male maxillary casts of Igloolik Eskimos, but the models were capable of accurately predicting the age of natives of the neighboring Hall Beach community. Sexual dimorphism in molar wear, perhaps attributable to differential bruxism, was demonstrated for the Igloolik sample. Based on the combined estimate of slopes for each maxillary molar pair for females and males, it was discovered that the male maxillary molars are worn approximately 30% more rapidly than female maxillary molars.
Sixth and seventh cusp on lower molar teeth of Icelanders
Authors: Axelsson Gudjón , Kirveskari Pentti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe occurrence of lower molar accessory cusps c6 and c7 is studied in three local populations of known Caucasoid origin in the Northeast of Iceland. The sample comprises 1,010 school‐children, 506 boys and 504 girls. The scoring is made from dental stone casts with reference to standard plaques. Only the frequency of c6 on the second deciduous molar is relatively low as expected in a Caucasoid population. Otherwise both c6 and c7 are more common than expected, the frequencies are in fact comparable to those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations.
The human mandible: Lever, link, or both?
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHylander ('78) recently published important new data on bite force in humans, and showed that the human mandible cannot function purely as a link during incisal biting. He concluded instead that the mandible acts as a lever. Reexamination of Hylander's data suggests that the mandible cannot function purely as a lever either, and in fact it probably functions simultaneously as both lever and link during incisal biting.
A demographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2) Walworth County, South Dakota: Vital statistics
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Bass William M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA life table methodology was used for paleodemographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2), an Arikara village and cemetery dated to circa A.D. 1750–1785. Vital statistics on mortality, survivorship, age‐specific probability of death, life expectancy and crude mortality rate were derived from skeletal data.The population had an extremely high infant mortality rate and high rates of childhood mortality. The lowest probability of death was for adolescents. Mortality increased for young adults, ages 15–19. This increase was especially marked for females, the actual peak of adult female mortality was during ages 15–19. A second mode in the female mortality curve occurred at ages 35–39. The greatest percentage of male deaths was observed in the fourth decade, ages 30–34. Only 4.0% of the population attained the age of 50.The population crude death rate was 76 per thousand per year. This estimate, although high, is congruent with archaeological and historical sources which report a rapid Arikara population decline during the Post‐Contact period. Causes of specific deaths appear to be linked to childbirth (affecting mother and infant), starvation, diseases especially tuberculosis, and intertribal warfare.
The incidence of cone epiphyses and ivory epiphyses of the hand in Nigerian children
Authors: Shaw Helen A. , Bohrer Stanley P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRadiographs of the left hand of 594 children from Ibadan, Nigeria were inspected for skeletal anomalies to determine differences in the incidence of cone and ivory epiphyses for the rich and poor children and differences in incidence for four hemoglobin types. Ivory epiphyses occurred more often in children in the lower socio‐economic class and children with hemoglobin AA. The cone epiphyses observed in Hb SS children were primarily a result of bone infarcts, while cones in children of other hemoglobin types appeared to be normal variants. The incidence of ivory epiphyses was higher in the Nigerian children than in American black children in the Ten‐State Nutrition Survey. The incidence of cone epiphyses was much lower than those reported for other normal populations.
A craniometric study of the Black and White Colobus illiger 1811 (Primates: Cercopithecoidea)
Authors: Hull David B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examines the craniometry of Black and White Colobus monkeys using 1072 specimens representing all the recognized subspecies (after Rahm, '70) of the genus. Seventy‐six measurements were taken on each individual, and examined using canonical variates analysis and clustering by Ward's Error Sum method. The assumptions of the analytical techniques are shown to be met, and the results demonstrated to be stable. Examination of the populations for statistical difference and taxonomic distinctiveness using a multivariate extension of Mayr's Rule indicates that the taxonomy presented by Rahm ('70) is essentially correct, except that the subspecies of guereza across the northern part of Central Africa should be lumped into a single group ‐C. g. occidentalis‐and the subspecies of montane angolan colobus in Eastern Zaire should all be lumped into C. a. ruwenzorii. The systematic patterns of the genus illustrate the whole range of the process of speciation, from barely distinct subspecies, to subspecies almost as distinct as allopatric species of the genus, and on to fully sympatric species. Three major zoogeographic areas may be delineated: an East African area dominated by the effects of the Rift Valley, with a large number of subspecies isolated in forest islands; a Central African area with little subspeciation and sympatric overlap of the major species of Colobus; and a West African area with a clinial pattern of distribution of subspecies, and secondary intergradation. The arbitary nature of Mayr's Rule is also apparent. Lastly, the CVA indicated major differences across the genus to be located in the teeth and jaws, suggesting diet might be an important distinguishing feature in Colobus.
A Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program. VIII. Lung function changes with migration between altitudes
Authors: Mueller William H. , Yen Fanny , Soto Patricia , Schull Victoria N. , Rothhammer Francisco , Schull William J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStudies of lung function in high altitude populations have suggested the influence of hypoxic environment on the development of this characteristic independent of confounding variables such as ethnicity and habitual exercise. However, often the effect of altitude on vital capacity is greater in children than adults, suggesting that more than developmental adaptation is operative. Also selective migration could account for the similarity of migrants and permanent residents at a destination altitude. To explore these problems we studied the lung function (FVC, FEV1, PFR) of 377 individuals who had migrated between altitudes in northern Chile.Migrant measurements were adjusted to those of permanent residents of appropriate age, sex and height at the altitudes of origin and destination. The measurements were then related to ethnicity (Spanish‐Aymara ancestry), occupation and permanence, the latter combining information on both age at migration to and length of stay at a destination altitude.Upward migration was associated with increased chest depth, FVC and FEV1, but not height or other chest measurements. Downward migration had no significant effect. The flow‐dependent test PFR was so sensitive to observer variability and occupation that it was difficult to establish its relationship to permanence. Unlike the body measurements, lung function measurements (especially PFR) tended to deviate from permanent controls at the origin altitude in a direction suggestive of selective migration, nor was permanence itself independent of ethnicity and occupation. Because of these difficulties the question of developmental adaptation in lung function may not be answerable in cross‐sectional studies like the present and previous efforts, but rather in longitudinal investigations in which the control is the individual him/herself.
Principal axis analysis of dental attrition data
Authors: Scott E. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe principal axis method is an age independent analysis method for dental attrition data which avoids many problems associated with earlier methods of analysis, correlation and regression. A principal axis equation is determined from the scatter of M1 on X and M2 on Y, and the slope of the equation can be used to indicate rate of wear. High slopes indicate rapid rates of wear. Because rate of wear rather than degree of wear is the parameter of interest, the procedure is age independent. Confidence regions can be calculated to test the distinctness of the slopes. Dental data from three Amerind skeletal samples, Indian Knoll, Hardin Site and Campbell Site, are used to illustrate the technique. Because least squares fits such as the principal axis solution are strongly influenced by the magnitude of variance in the data, two different methods of ordinal data collection are used in this test: Molnar's 1–8 and Scott's 4–40 scales. The Scott scoring system provides more satisfactory results when used in the principal axis analysis technique because of smaller confidence regions. The testing of the technique on other samples is urged.
Dental wear scoring technique
Authors: Scott E. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn ordinal dental attrition scoring technique for molar teeth involving a quadrant system is applied to three Amerind skeletal samples. Molar teeth are visually divided into four sections and each section scored on a 1–10 scale. The score for the whole tooth is the sum of the quadrant scores and ranges from 4–40. Scores are based on the amount of enamel in each quarter of the tooth. The method's reliability is demonstrated by a paired comparison type of ANOVA, for both intra‐ and inter‐observer repeated measurements. Because the method is reliable, easy to use, and produces data with lower variances than a 1–8 system (such as Molnar's ['71]), it is recommended for use in the principal axis technique for the analysis of wear data presented in the accompanying paper.
Anterior dental cutting in the Laetolil hominids and the evolution of the bicuspid P3
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe younger Laetolil hominids provide evidence of a unique anterior cutting complex with a chisel‐like action occurring between the lingual‐distal C face and a transverse ridge on the P3 perpendicular to it, extending between the subequal cusps. An earlier adaptation to more efficient grinding may have resulted in reduced canine projection and the development of the lingual P3 cusp, raising the ridge between it and the buccal cusp. This development acted to retain the anterior cutting function by shifting it to the top of the premolar.
The taxonomic status of the bonobo chimpanzee
Authors: Horn Arthur D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA review of past work on the taxonomic status of the bonobo chimpanzee is presented. It is suggested that differences in size and morphology of the common and the bonobo chimpanzees have been exaggerated or poorly understood.It is concluded that not enough data from the field on both bonobo and rainforest‐living common chimpanzees exist to classify the bonobo. However, using Simpson's ('61) evolutionary species definition and the preliminary ecological data available, a subspecies designation for the bonobo chimpanzee is supported. Resolution of this taxonomic question through extensive field studies of both the bonobo and rainforest‐dwelling common chimpanzees may greatly aid our interpretation of the hominoid fossil record.