bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five oximes (K‐27, K‐48, obidoxime, HI‐6 and trimedoxime) in comparison with pralidoxime: survival in rats exposed to methyl‐paraoxon
Authors: Petroianu G. A. , Nurulain S. M. , Nagelkerke N. , Shafiullah M , Kassa J. , Kuča K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is a clear need for broad‐spectrum cholinesterase reactivators (active against a multitude of organophosphorus ester enzyme inhibitors) with a higher efficacy than pralidoxime. The purpose of the study was to quantify in vivo the extent of oxime‐conferred protection, using methyl‐paraoxon [dimethyl p‐nitrophenyl phosphate; (methyl‐POX)] as a cholinesterase inhibitor. There were seven groups of six rats in each cycle of the experiment. Group 1 (G1) received 2 µmol methyl‐POX (≈ LD50), the other groups (G2‐7) received 2 µmol methyl‐POX + one of the six reactivators. The animals were monitored for 48 h and the time of mortality was recorded. The procedure was repeated six times. All substances were applied i.p. The experiments were repeated using 3 and 5 µmol methyl‐POX. Mortality data were compared and hazards ratios (relative risks) ranked using the Cox proportional hazards model with methyl‐POX dose and group (reactivator) as time‐independent covariables. The relative risk of death estimated by Cox analysis (95% CI) in oxime‐treated animals when compared with untreated animals, adjusted for methyl‐POX dose (high/low) was K‐27, 0.58 (0.42–0.80); K‐48, 0.60 (0.43–0.83); trimedoxime, 0.76 (0.55–1.04); pralidoxime, 0.88 (0.65–1.20); obidoxime, 0.93 (0.68–1.26); HI‐6, 0.96 (0.71–1.31). Only K‐27 and K‐48 provided statistically significant protection in rats exposed to methyl‐POX. Despite the lower inhibitory potency (higher IC50) of methyl‐POX compared with POX (ratio 4:1), the ability of oxime reactivators to protect from methyl‐POX induced mortality was reduced compared with protection from POX (ethyl‐analog). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzoic acid‐degrading bacteria from the intestinal tract of Macrotermes michaelseni Sjöstedt
Authors: Kamanda Ngugi David , Khamis Tsanuo Muniru , Iddi Boga Hamadi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe intestinal tracts of termites host a wide variety of microbial symbionts, which have been implicated in degradative processes. In this study, a fungus‐cultivating termite, Macrotermes michaelseni was found to harbor 2.2 × 106 bacterial cells per ml of gut homogenates capable of degrading benzoic acid. Two benzoic acid degrading bacteria were isolated from the highest dilution of gut homogenates in oxic media with benzoic acid as the sole carbon source. Isolate CBC was related to Stenotrophomonas maltophila LMG 958T, Xanthomonas campestris DSM 3586T and Stenotrophomonas acidaminophila DSM 13117T with a sequence similarity of 98.3%, 94.7% and 94.2%, respectively. Isolate CBW was related to Enterobacter aerogenes JCM 1235T and Raoultella ornithinolytica ATCC 31898T with sequence similarity of 98.4% and 97.8%, respectively. In addition to growing on benzoic acid (up to 9 mM) aerobically, isolate CBW also degraded benzoic acid under anoxic conditions with nitrate as electron acceptor. Isolate CBC did not degrade bezoic acid with nitrate but could degraded resorcinol under oxic conditions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of bacteria isolated from diseased Neungee mushroom, Sarcodon aspratus
Authors: Lee Young Nam , Koo Chang‐Duck 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs the first step in an investigation of the problem with quality deterioration seen in the Neungee mushroom (Sarcodon aspratus) due to bacterial overgrowth during its storage, an attempt to isolate bacterial strains was made using infected gills of Sarcodon aspratus. Five bacterial strains were isolated; one phototrophic cyanobacterial species and four heterotrophic Gram negative rods. The four heterotrophic bacterial isolates (strains P, S, R, and MK1) were subjected to identification based on biochemical characteristics using the Biolog system, cellular fatty acid analysis using the MIDI system, cytology by scanning microscopy, and 16s rDNA sequence analysis. A slow grower, the P strain (ca. 0.7 μm × 1.5 μm), which forms pink colonies on Tryptic Soy agar (TSA) and glucose minimal salt medium containing thiamine (MT medium), belongs to genus Methylobacterium, and is likely M. radiotolerans. The methanol‐utilizing capacity of the P strain was confirmed by growth on methanol‐supplemented medium as a sole carbon source. Both the S and R strains (ca. 0.5 μm × 0.8 μm) produced smooth and slightly rough white colonies, respectively, on TSA, MT, and potato dextrose (PD) agar are members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Although both strains showed some differences from each other in colony morphology, nitrogen fixation capacity, and denitrification, they were considered to be Burkholderia stabilis because their 16s rDNA sequences showed 99.93% similarity with those of B. stabilis LMG 14294T (NCBI AF 148554). The MK1 strain, a rod‐shaped bacterium with a tapered end (ca. 0.6 μm × 1.8 μm), produces a copious mucoid substance on MT and PD agar, but not on TSA. Despite extensive identification studies, the M strain is not currently identifiable, which suggests that it is a novel bacterium. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flagellin gene structure of flaA and flaB and adjacent gene loci in urease‐positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC)
Authors: Sekizuka T. , Murayama O. , Moore J. E. , Millar B. C. , Matsuda M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo flagellin gene (flaA and flaB) sequences and the adjacent gene loci of urease‐positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC)1 were examined. The flagellin gene sequences (1.7 kb) and adjacent gene loci of the two UPTC isolates (89049 and A3), obtained from animal hosts, were very similar to those of C. lari RM2100, C. jejuni, and C. coli. However, the structure and loci of the two flagellin genes (1.46‐1.47 kb) and the adjacent gene loci of a UPTC strain obtained from the natural environment (NCTC12892) clearly differed from those of C. lari RM2100 and UPTC obtained from animal hosts. The two flagellin genes of UPTC 89049 and A3 were located between topA /CLA0518 and CLA0521, whereas those of NCTC12892 were located between topA and CLA0521.The sequences involved in regulation of flagellin expression, like σ28, σ54 and transcription termination signals, were conserved in all isolates. The characteristic direct repeat sequences containing a complete repeat unit of 5′‐TCTTTAAAACAAC‐3′ were located in the intergenic regions between flaA and flaB in UPTC89049 and A3, but not in NCTC12892.The deduced amino acid sequence alignment revealed that the two flagellin genes in NCTC12892 had a deletion of the variable region of flagellin, which was reported previously to be modified by pseudaminic acid in C. jejuni and C. coli.Consequently, these results may possibly suggest that the length of the flagellin is related to pathogenicity and colonization of Campylobacter. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controlled radical polymerization of styrene mediated by the C‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone/AIBN pair: Kinetics and electron spin resonance analysis
Authors: Sciannamea Valérie , Catala Jean‐Marie , Jérôme Robert , Detrembleur Christophe 
Published: February 2007

AbstractKinetics of the free radical polymerization of styrene at 110 °C has been investigated in the presence of C‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone (PBN) and 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) after prereaction in toluene at 85 °C. The effect of the prereaction time and the PBN/AIBN molar ratio on the in situ formation of nitroxides and alkoxyamines (at 85 °C), and ultimately on the control of the styrene polymerization at 110 °C, has been investigated. As a rule, the styrene radical polymerization is controlled, and the mechanism is one of the classical nitroxide‐mediated polymerization. Only one type of nitroxide (low‐molecular‐mass nitroxide) is formed whatever the prereaction conditions at 85 °C, and the equilibrium constant (K) between active and dormant species is 8.7 × 10−10 mol L−1 at 110 °C. At this temperature, the dissociation rate constant (kd) is 3.7 × 10−3 s−1, the recombination rate constant (kc) is 4.3 × 106 L mol−1 s−1, whereas the activation energy (Ea,diss.), for the dissociation of the alkoxyamine at the chain‐end is ∼125 kJ mol−1. Importantly, the propagation rate at 110 °C, which does not change significantly with the prereaction time and the PBN/AIBN molar ratio at 85 °C, is higher than that for the thermal polymerization at 110 °C. This propagation rate directly depends on the equilibrium constant K and on the alkoxyamine and nitroxide concentrations, as well. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1219–1235, 2007
Phenothiazine‐S,S‐dioxide‐ and fluorene‐based light‐emitting polymers: Introduction of e−‐deficient S,S‐dioxide into e−‐rich phenothiazine
Authors: Lee Jonghee , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Park Moo‐Jin , Jung Young Kwan , Cho Nam Sung , Cho Hoon Je , Hwang Do‐Hoon , Lee Sang‐Kyu , Park Jong‐Hwa , Hong Jiwon , Chu Hye Yong , Shim Hong‐Ku 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA novel series of poly(10‐hexyl‐phenothiazine‐S,S‐dioxide‐3,7‐diyl) and poly(9,9′‐dioctyl‐fluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐10‐hexyl‐3,7‐phenothiazine‐S,S‐dioxide) (PFPTZ‐SS) compounds were synthesized through Ni(0)‐mediated Yamamoto polymerization and Pd(II)‐catalyzed Suzuki polymerization. The synthesized polymers were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis and showed higher glass transition temperatures than that of pristine polyfluorene. In terms of photoluminescence (PL), the PFPTZ‐SS compounds were highly fluorescent with bright blue emissions in the solid state. Light‐emitting devices were fabricated with these polymers in an indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/polymer/Ca/Al configuration. The electroluminescence (EL) of the copolymers differed from the PL characteristics: the EL device exhibited a redshifted greenish‐blue emission in contrast to the blue emission observed in the PL. Additionally, this unique phenothiazine‐S,S‐dioxide property, triggered by the introduction of an electron‐deficient SO2 unit into the electron‐rich phenothiazine, gave rise to improvements in the brightness, maximum luminescence intensity, and quantum efficiency of the EL devices fabricated with PFPTZ‐SS. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1236–1246, 2007
Reorganization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) structures and conformations to alter properties
Authors: Vedula Jyotsna , Tonelli Alan E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe solid‐state morphologies, structures, and chain conformations of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been reorganized/altered from those normally produced by solution and melt processing. This has been achieved by two distinct methods: (1) formation of a crystalline inclusion compound (IC) between guest PET and host γ‐cylodextrin (γ‐CD), followed by removal of the host γ‐CD and coalescence of the guest PET (c‐PET) and (2) rapid precipitation of PET from a warm trifluoracetic acid solution into a large excess of rapidly stirred acetone (p‐PET). Our prior observations (FTIR, NMR, DSC, X‐ray) demonstrated that c‐PET processed in this manner has a morphology, structure, and non‐crystalline chain conformations that are quite distinct from those of as‐received PET (asr‐PET). Where possible to compare, here we find that c‐ and p‐PETs behave very similarly, but very distinctly from asr‐PET. The reorganized c‐ and p‐PETs were found to be repeatedly rapidly crystallizable from the melt with a high level of crystallinity, and in their non‐crystalline regions to have tightly packed chains predominantly adopting highly extended kink conformations, which evidence no glass‐transition behavior. What is most unusual and somewhat puzzling is that their contrasting structures, morphologies, conformations, and thermal responses were observed to be independent of melt annealing, and persisted even after holding both samples above Tm for extended periods (hours). p‐PET, which can be produced in larger quantities than c‐PET, was utilized to measure additional macroscopic properties, such as melt viscosities, densities, and the stress‐strain and thermal shrinkage of melt‐pressed films, for comparison to those of asr‐PET. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 735–746, 2007
Combination effects of herbicides on plants and algae: do species and test systems matter?
Authors: Cedergreen Nina , Kudsk Per , Mathiassen Solvejg K , Streibig Jens C 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRisk assessment of herbicides towards non‐target plants in Europe is currently based solely on tests on algae and floating aquatic plants of Lemna sp. Effects on terrestrial non‐target species is not systematically addressed. The purpose of the present study was to compare combination effects of herbicide mixtures across aquatic and terrestrial test systems, and to test whether results obtained in the traditional aquatic test systems can be extrapolated to the terrestrial environment. This was done by evaluating ten binary mixtures of nine herbicides representing the seven most commonly used molecular target sites for controlling broadleaved weeds. Data were evaluated statistically in relation to the concentration addition model, and for selected concentrations to the independent action model. The mixtures were tested on the terrestrial species Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz‐Bip. (Scentless Mayweed) and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Common Chickweed), and on the aquatic species Lemna minor L. (Lesser duckweed) and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korschikov) Hindak. For the two mixtures of herbicides with the same molecular site of action, the joint effect was additive. For the eight mixtures of herbicides with different sites of action, two of the mixtures were consistently antagonistic across species, while for the remaining six mixtures the joint effect depended on the species tested. This dependence was, however, not systematic, in the sense that none of the species or test systems (terrestrial versus aquatic) had a significantly higher probability of showing synergistic or antagonistic joint effects than others. Synergistic interactions were not observed, but approximately 70% of the mixtures of herbicides with different sites of action showed significant antagonism. Hence, the concentration addition model can be used to estimate worst‐case effects of mixtures of herbicides on both terrestrial and aquatic species. Comparing the sensitivity of the species to a 10% spray drift event showed that the terrestrial species were more vulnerable to all herbicides compared with the aquatic species, emphasising the importance of including terrestrial non‐target plants in herbicide risk assessment. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Path consistent model selection in additive risk modelviaLasso
Authors: Leng Chenlei , Ma Shuangge 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs a flexible alternative to the Cox model, the additive risk model assumes that the hazard function is the sum of the baseline hazard and a regression function of covariates. For right censored survival data when variable selection is needed along with model estimation, we propose a path consistent model selector using a modified Lasso approach, under the additive risk model assumption. We show that the proposed estimator possesses the oracle variable selection and estimation property. Applications of the proposed approach to three right censored survival data sets show that the proposed modified Lasso yields parsimonious models with satisfactory estimation and prediction results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanium carbene complexes as useful tools in organic synthesis
Authors: Takeda Takeshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVarious titanium carbene complexes are prepared by the reductive titanation of thioacetals, gem‐dihalides, and related organosulfur and organohalogen compounds with the titanocene(II) reagent Cp2Ti[P(OEt)3]2. Alkylidene‐, heteroatom‐substituted methylidene‐, 2‐alkenylidene‐, 2‐alkynylidene‐, and vinylidene‐titanocenes thus formed are highly reactive toward organic compounds bearing a multiple bond and are employed for a variety of organic transformations such as carbonyl olefination and olefin metathesis. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 24–36; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20103
Reasoning across ontologically distinct levels: Students' understandings of molecular genetics
Authors: Duncan Ravit Golan , Reiser Brian J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this article we apply a novel analytical framework to explore students' difficulties in understanding molecular genetics—a domain that is particularly challenging to learn. Our analytical framework posits that reasoning in molecular genetics entails mapping across ontologically distinct levels—an information level containing the genetic information, and a physical level containing hierarchically organized biophysical entities such as proteins, cells, tissues, etc. This mapping requires an understanding of what the genetic information specifies, and how the physical entities in the system mediate the effects of this information. We therefore examined, through interview and written assessments, 10th grade students' understandings of molecular genetics phenomena to uncover the conceptual obstacles involved in reasoning across these ontologically distinct levels. We found that students' described the genetic instructions as containing information about both the structure and function of biological entities across multiple organization levels; a view that is far less constrained than the scientific understandings of the genetic information. In addition, students were often unaware of the different functions of proteins, their relationship to genes, and the role proteins have in mediating the effects of the genetic information. Students' ideas about genes and proteins hindered their ability to reason across the ontologically distinct levels of genetic phenomena, and to provide causal mechanistic explanations of how the genetic information brings about effects of a physical nature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 938–959, 2007
Extended Resections of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jonas S. , Thelen A. , Benckert C. , Spinelli A. , Sammain S. , Neumann U. , Rudolph B. , Neuhaus P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundIndications for resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer and surgical strategies are still under debate.MethodsWe have retrospectively reviewed the outcome of 660 patients after 685 liver resections for metastases of colorectal cancer in our institution from 1988 to 2004. All surviving patients have a minimum follow‐up period of 1 year. The longest follow‐up in these patients is 16 years. Three different time periods of 5 to 6 years each were analyzed.ResultsThe 30‐ and 60‐day mortality rates were 1.5% (n = 10) and 2.2 % (n = 15), respectively. The rate of formally curative (R0) resections was 84%. Five‐year survival rates in all patients and in patients after R0 resection were 37% and 42%, respectively. If only resections from 1999 to 2004 were considered, 5‐year survival in patients after R0 resection was 50%. In a multivariate analysis, surgical radicality, ligamental lymph node involvement, number of liver metastases, and time period, in which the liver resection had been performed, were independent prognostic parameters.ConclusionsOutcome after liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer has constantly improved. A formally curative resection is the most relevant prognostic parameter. Number of liver metastases and, in the few patients concerned, lymph node infiltration of the hepatoduodenal ligament, were further prognostic parameters.
Pneumatic Dilatation or Laparoscopic Cardiomyotomy in the Management of Newly Diagnosed Idiopathic Achalasia
Authors: Kostic S. , Kjellin A. , Ruth M. , Lönroth H. , Johnsson E. , Andersson M. , Lundell L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe most effective therapeutic strategy in newly diagnosed achalasia is yet to be established. Therefore we designed a study in which pneumatic dilatation was compared to laparoscopic cardiomyotomy to which was added a partial posterior fundoplication.Patients and ResultsA series of 51 patients (24 males, mean age 44 years) were randomly allocated to the therapeutic modalities (dilatation = 26, surgery = 25). All patients were followed for at least 12 months, and during that period the pneumatic dilatations strategy had significantly more treatment failures (P= 0.04). Only minor differences emerged between the study groups when symptoms, dysphagia scorings, and quality‐of‐life assessments were evaluated 12 months after initiation of therapy.ConclusionsLaparoscopic myotomy was found to be superior to an endoscopic balloon dilatation strategy in the treatment of achalasia when studied during the first 12 months after treatment.
The effect of pain‐related fear on sexual arousal in women with superficial dyspareunia
Authors: Brauer Marieke , Le Kuile Moniek M. , Janssen Sabine A. , Laan Ellen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of pain‐related fear in the etiology and/or maintenance of superficial dyspareunia is still unclear. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of pain‐related fear on sexual arousal in women with superficial dyspareunia (n=48) and women without sexual complaints (n=48). To induce pain‐related fear, participants were told that they had a 60% chance of receiving painful stimuli while being exposed to one of two erotic film clips. Genital arousal was assessed using vaginal photoplethysmography. Self‐reported ratings of genital sensations and affect were collected after both erotic stimulus presentations. Elevated levels of skin conductance and higher ratings of experienced threat during the pain threat condition indicated that fear was successfully elicited. Pain‐related fear impeded genital arousal in all women. Women of both groups reported significantly less positive affect and more negative affect when threatened. Although women with dyspareunia did not differ in their genital responsiveness from women without sexual complaints, they experienced overall significantly more negative affect than the control group. The present results indicate that pain‐related fear reduces genital and subjective sexual responding in women with and without sexual problems. We conclude that emotional appraisal of the sexual situation determines genital responsiveness in both sexually dysfunctional and functional women.