bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical Cyclone Intensification from Asymmetric Convection: Energetics and Efficiency
Authors: Nolan David S. , Moon Yumin , Stern Daniel P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Prior studies of the linear response to asymmetric heating of a balanced vortex showed that the resulting intensity change could be very closely approximated by computing the purely symmetric response to the azimuthally averaged heating. The symmetric response to the purely asymmetric part of the heating was found to have a very small and most often negative impact on the intensity of the vortex. This result stands in contrast to many previous studies that used asymmetric vorticity perturbations, which suggested that purely asymmetric forcing could lead to vortex intensification.
The issue is revisited with an improved model and some new methods of analysis. The model equations have been changed to be more consistent with the anelastic approximation, but valid for a radially varying reference state. Expressions for kinetic and available potential energies are presented for both asymmetric and symmetric motions, and these are used to quantify the flow of energy from localized, asymmetric heat sources to kinetic energy of the wind field of the symmetric vortex.
Previous conclusions were based on simulations that used instantaneous temperature perturbations to represent rapid heat release in cumulus updrafts. Purely asymmetric heat sources that evolve over time and move with the local mean wind are shown to also cause vortex weakening. Weakening of the symmetric vortex is due to extraction of energy by the evolving asymmetries that undergo significant transient growth due to downgradient transport of momentum across the radial and vertical shears of the symmetric wind field. While much of this energy is returned during the axisymmetrization of the resulting potential vorticity anomalies, there is typically a net loss of energy for the symmetric vortex. Some variations on the rotation rate and duration of the heat sources can lead to intensification rather than weakening, as does a deeper (more barotropic) vertical structure of the symmetric vortex. However, it is reaffirmed that these asymmetrically forced changes are small compared to the response to the azimuthally averaged heating of an isolated heat source.
Following the work of Hack and Schubert, the efficiency of the intensification process, defined as the ratio of injected heat energy to the kinetic energy change of the symmetric vortex, is computed for vortices of different sizes and strengths. In the limit of small perturbations, the efficiency does not depend on the temporal distribution of the heating. The efficiency is shown to increase with the intensity of the vortex and with the Coriolis parameter, with substantial efficiency increases for weak vortices. Potential applications of these results for predicting tropical cyclone formation and rapid development are discussed.
A Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Radiative Transfer System Using the Analytic Four-Stream Approximation
Authors: Lee Wei-Liang , Liou K. N. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A coupled atmosphere–ocean radiative transfer model based on the analytic four-stream approximation has been developed. It is shown that this radiation model is computationally efficient and at the same time can achieve acceptable accuracy for flux and heating rate calculations in the atmosphere and the oceans. To take into account the reflection and transmission of the wind-blown air–water interface, a Monte Carlo method has been employed to simulate the traveling of photons and to compute the reflectance and transmittance of direct and diffuse solar fluxes at the ocean surface. For the ocean part, existing bio-optical models, which correlate the concentration of chlorophyll and the absorption and scattering coefficients of phytoplankton and other matters, have been integrated into this coupled model. Comparing to the values computed by more discrete streams illustrates that the relative accuracies of the surface albedo and total transmission in the ocean determined from the present model are generally within 5%, except in cases of the solar zenith angle larger than 80°. Observational data have also been used to validate this model and the results show that the relative differences of downward and upward shortwave fluxes and albedo are within 10% of the observed values. This computationally efficient and physically based radiative transfer model is well suited for consistent flux calculations in a coupled atmosphere–ocean dynamic system.
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves. Part I: Horizontal and Vertical Structures
Authors: Yang Gui-Ying , Hoskins Brian , Slingo Julia 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Multilevel 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15) and satellite-observed brightness temperature (Tb) data for the period May–October 1992 are used to examine the horizontal and vertical structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves. Dynamical waves are isolated using a methodology developed previously. Composite structures of convectively coupled equatorial waves are obtained using linear regression/correlation between convection (Tb) and dynamical structures. It is found that the relationship depends on the ambient flow and the nature of the convective coupling, and varies between off-equatorial- and equatorial-centered convection, different hemispheres, and seasons.
The Kelvin wave structure in the Western Hemisphere is generally consistent with classic equatorial wave theory and has its convection located in the region of low-level convergence. In the Eastern Hemisphere the Kelvin wave tends to have convection in the region of enhanced lower-tropospheric westerlies and a tilted vertical structure. The Kelvin wave also tends to have a third peak in zonal wind amplitude at 500 hPa and exhibits upward propagation into the lower stratosphere. Lower-tropospheric westward-moving mixed Rossby–gravity (WMRG) and n = 1 Rossby (R1) wave structures and their relationship with convection are consistent with classic equatorial wave theory and the implied lower-tropospheric convergences. In the Eastern Hemisphere the WMRG and R1 waves have first baroclinic mode structures in the vertical. However, in the Western Hemisphere, the R1 wave has a barotropic structure. In the Eastern Hemisphere the R1 wave, like the Kelvin wave, tends to have equatorial convection in the region of enhanced lower-level westerlies, suggesting that enhanced surface energy fluxes associated with these waves may play an important organizing role for equatorial convection in this warm-water hemisphere.
In the upper troposphere, eastward-moving Rossby–gravity (EMRG) and n = 1 gravity waves are found in the Eastern Hemisphere, and eastward-moving WMRG and R1 waves are found in the Western Hemisphere, suggestive of Doppler shifting of waves by the ambient flow.
Evidence of Tropical Forcing of the 6.5-Day Wave from Lightning Observations over Africa
Authors: Chronis Themis G. , Williams Earle , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A study employing observations and climatic reanalysis data is concerned with links between convection and the well-documented 6.5-day stratospheric global wave. Observations from a long-range lightning detection network, known as ZEUS, reveal an in-phase behavior between the maximization of daily lightning activity over Africa and the intensification of the wave. To extend the observations on a climatological basis, the authors make use of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) as proxy for convection and the surface level pressure (SLP) as an indicator of atmospheric column forcing. Cross-spectral analysis shows significant peaks in coherency between OLR and SLP, apparent only over equatorial Africa and South America (Amazon basin), while strong coherency in this frequency band is absent over the Maritime Continent.
Reduced Atmospheric Models Using Dynamically Motivated Basis Functions
Authors: Kwasniok Frank 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Nonlinear deterministic reduced models of large-scale atmospheric dynamics are constructed. The dynamical framework is a quasigeostrophic three-level spectral model with realistic mean state and variability as well as Pacific–North America (PNA) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns. The study addresses the problem of finding appropriate basis functions for efficiently capturing the dynamics and a comparison between different choices of basis functions; it focuses on highly truncated models, keeping only 10–15 modes. The reduced model is obtained by a projection of the equations of motion onto a truncated basis spanned by empirically determined modes. The total energy metric is used in the projection; the nonlinear terms of the low-order model then conserve total energy. Apart from retuning the coefficient of horizontal diffusion, no empirical terms are fitted in the dynamical equations of the low-order model in order to properly preserve the physics of the system. Using the methodology of principal interaction patterns (PIPs), a basis is derived that carefully compromises minimizing tendency error with maximizing explained variance in the resolved modes. A new PIP algorithm is introduced that is more compact and robust than earlier PIP algorithms; a top-down approach is adopted, removing modes from the system one by one.
The mean state and standard deviation of the streamfunction as well as transient momentum fluxes are well reproduced by a PIP model with only 10 modes. Probability density functions are accurately modeled and autocorrelation functions are captured fairly well using 15 modes. Reduced models based on PIPs are substantially superior to reduced models based on empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The leading PIPs have a higher projection onto the PNA and NAO teleconnection patterns than the corresponding EOFs. Both with EOFs and PIPs, the interactions between the resolved modes are predominantly linear and the improvement of PIP models on EOF models stems entirely from better modeling these linear interactions although the full nonlinear tendencies are optimized. There is considerable influence of smaller-scale modes on the large-scale modes due to nonlinear coupling that is not well captured by either EOFs or PIPs. This nonlinear backscattering possibly plays a role in generating the low-frequency variability of the model. The results call for a nonlinear and/or stochastic closure scheme in which PIPs may be suitable basis functions.
Dynamics of Orographically Triggered Banded Convection in Sheared Moist Orographic Flows
Authors: Fuhrer Oliver , Schär Christoph 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Shallow orographic convection embedded in an unstable cap cloud can organize into convective bands. Previous research has highlighted the important role of small-amplitude topographic variations in triggering and organizing banded convection. Here, the underlying dynamical mechanisms are systematically investigated by conducting three-dimensional simulations of moist flows past a two-dimensional mountain ridge using a cloud-resolving numerical model. Most simulations address a sheared environment to account for the observed wind profiles. Results confirm that small-amplitude topographic variations can enhance the development of embedded convection and anchor quasi-stationary convective bands to a fixed location in space. The resulting precipitation patterns exhibit tremendous spatial variability, since regions receiving heavy rainfall can be only kilometers away from regions receiving little or no rain. In addition, the presence of banded convection has important repercussions on the area-mean precipitation amounts.
For the experimental setup here, the gravity wave response to small-amplitude topographic variations close to the upstream edge of the cap cloud (which is forced by the larger-scale topography) is found to be the dominant triggering mechanism. Small-scale variations in the underlying topography are found to force the location and spacing of convective bands over a wide range of scales. Further, a self-sufficient mode of unsteady banded convection is investigated that does not dependent on external perturbations and is able to propagate against the mean flow. Finally, the sensitivity of model simulations of banded convection with respect to horizontal computational resolution is investigated. Consistent with predictions from a linear stability analysis, convective bands of increasingly smaller scales are favored as the horizontal resolution is increased. However, small-amplitude topographic roughness is found to trigger banded convection and to control the spacing and location of the resulting bands. Thereby, the robustness of numerical simulations with respect to an increase in horizontal resolution is increased in the presence of topographic variations.
Forced Annular Mode Patterns in a Simple Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Authors: Ring Michael J. , Plumb R. Alan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Previous studies using simplified general circulation models have shown that “annular modes” arise as the dominant mode of variability. A simple GCM is used here to explore to what extent these modes are also the preferred response of the system to generic forcing.
A number of trials are conducted under which the model is subjected to an artificial, zonally symmetric angular momentum forcing, and the climatologies of these trials are compared to that of the control. The forcing location is varied among the several trials. It is found that the changes in the model’s climatology are generally annular mode–like, as long as the imposed forcing projects strongly upon the annular modes of the unforced model.
The role of changes to the eddy–zonal flow feedback versus the action of direct forcing is also considered through the use of a zonally symmetric version of the model. It is found that the direct responses to forcing are insufficient to capture either the strength or the structure of the annular mode responses. Instead, the changes in eddy fluxes are needed to produce the correct responses.
Extratropical–Tropical Interaction during Onset of the Australian Monsoon: Reanalysis Diagnostics and Idealized Dry Simulations
Authors: Davidson Noel E. , Tory Kevin J. , Reeder Michael J. , Drosdowsky Wasyl L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The onset of the Australian monsoon is examined using (i) reanalysis data for seasons when enhanced observational networks were available and (ii) a 15-yr onset composite. Similar to previous findings, onset is characterized by a sudden strengthening and deepening in tropical westerly winds, which are overlain with upper-tropospheric easterlies. All onsets are preceded by up to a 7-day preconditioning period of enhanced vertical motion and moistening. During the transition season, the 6 weeks prior to onset, a number of moist westerly events occur. Generally they are only sustained for short periods and overlain by upper-level westerly winds, suggesting an association with midlatitude troughs, which protrude into the deep Tropics.
For individual years and for a 15-yr composite, monsoon onset is associated with major cyclogenesis events over the southwest Indian Ocean in the presence of a subtropical jet over the eastern Indian Ocean. The proposed mechanism for extratropical–tropical interaction is northeastward Rossby wave propagation from the cyclogenesis region toward the Tropics at upper levels. At these levels, westerly winds extend to nearly 10°S and provide a favorable background flow for such propagation. The process eventually results in the amplification of an equatorward-extending midlatitude upper trough and tropical ridge, which appears to trigger the development of the underlying monsoon trough. To test the hypothesis, the influence of high-latitude cyclogenesis on the tropical circulation is investigated with the aid of an idealized, dry, three-dimensional, baroclinic wave channel model. The initial state consists of (i) a zonally constant baroclinic region centered on 40°S, from which the high-latitude cyclogenesis develops, (ii) a weak monsoon trough at 15°S, and (iii) a subtropical jet at 25°S.
The major findings from the simulations are as follows: 1) There is evidence of northeastward Rossby wave propagation from the cyclogenesis region toward low latitudes. 2) Consistent with theoretical studies, the subtropical jet plays a key role by providing a favorable westerly background flow for group propagation into the Tropics. 3) High-latitude cyclogenesis in the presence of a subtropical jet can influence the meridional location, zonal structure, vorticity, and divergence in the monsoon trough. 4) Vorticity and divergence changes are consistent with enhancement of the monsoon trough (increases in low-level cyclonic vorticity) and the potential for triggering a large-scale convective outbreak (changes in upper-level divergence).
On the Lagrangian Dynamics of Atmospheric Zonal Jets and the Permeability of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex
Authors: Rypina I. I. , Brown M. G. , Beron-Vera F. J. , Koçak H. , Olascoaga M. J. , Udovydchenkov I. A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Lagrangian dynamics of zonal jets in the atmosphere are considered, with particular attention paid to explaining why, under commonly encountered conditions, zonal jets serve as barriers to meridional transport. The velocity field is assumed to be two-dimensional and incompressible, and composed of a steady zonal flow with an isolated maximum (a zonal jet) on which two or more traveling Rossby waves are superimposed. The associated Lagrangian motion is studied with the aid of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) theory, including nontrivial extensions of well-known results. These extensions include applicability of the theory when the usual statements of nondegeneracy are violated, and applicability of the theory to multiply periodic systems, including the absence of Arnold diffusion in such systems. These results, together with numerical simulations based on a model system, provide an explanation of the mechanism by which zonal jets serve as barriers to the meridional transport of passive tracers under commonly encountered conditions. Causes for the breakdown of such a barrier are discussed. It is argued that a barrier of this type accounts for the sharp boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole at the perimeter of the stratospheric polar vortex in the austral spring.
The Response of a Uniform Horizontal Temperature Gradient to Heating
Authors: Ambaum Maarten H. P. , Athanasiadis Panos J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The response of a uniform horizontal temperature gradient to prescribed fixed heating is calculated in the context of an extended version of surface quasigeostrophic dynamics. It is found that for zero mean surface flow and weak cross-gradient structure the prescribed heating induces a mean temperature anomaly proportional to the spatial Hilbert transform of the heating. The interior potential vorticity generated by the heating enhances this surface response. The time-varying part is independent of the heating and satisfies the usual linearized surface quasigeostrophic dynamics. It is shown that the surface temperature tendency is a spatial Hilbert transform of the temperature anomaly itself. It then follows that the temperature anomaly is periodically modulated with a frequency proportional to the vertical wind shear. A strong local bound on wave energy is also found. Reanalysis diagnostics are presented that indicate consistency with key findings from this theory.
The Effect of the Ocean Eddy on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Wu Chun-Chieh , Lee Chia-Ying , Lin I-I. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina followed by the devastation of the U.S. Gulf States highlights the critical role played by an upper-oceanic thermal structure (such as the ocean eddy or Loop Current) in affecting the development of tropical cyclones. In this paper, the impact of the ocean eddy on tropical cyclone intensity is investigated using a simple hurricane–ocean coupled model. Numerical experiments with different oceanic thermal structures are designed to elucidate the responses of tropical cyclones to the ocean eddy and the effects of tropical cyclones on the ocean. This simple model shows that rapid intensification occurs as a storm encounters the ocean eddy because of enhanced heat flux. While strong winds usually cause strong mixing in the mixed layer and thus cool down the sea surface, negative feedback to the storm intensity of this kind is limited by the presence of a warm ocean eddy, which provides an insulating effect against the storm-induced mixing and cooling.
Two eddy factors, FEDDY-S and FEDDY-T, are defined to evaluate the effect of the eddy on tropical cyclone intensity. The efficiency of the eddy feedback effect depends on both the oceanic structure and other environmental parameters, including properties of the tropical cyclone. Analysis of the functionality of FEDDY-T shows that the mixed layer depth associated with either the large-scale ocean or the eddy is the most important factor in determining the magnitude of eddy feedback effects. Next to them are the storm’s translation speed and the ambient relative humidity.
Recent Development of Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysts with Nanosize Ligands
Authors: Tsuji Yasushi , Fujihara Tetsuaki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Expanding catalytic environment to a nanosize is one of the most promising ways to improve performance of homogeneous catalysts. In this highlight review, recent development in homogeneous transition metal catalysts with well-defined nanosize ligands is overviewed. These systems realize efficient catalysts with remarkable enhancement of catalytic activity, suppression of metal aggregation, and unprecedented selectivity.
Catalytic Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation over Solid-state Rhenium Sulfide Clusters with an Octahedral Metal Framework
Authors: Kamiguchi Satoshi , Nagashima Sayoko , Chihara Teiji 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
When solid-state rhenium sulfide clusters with an octahedral metal framework are treated in a hydrogen stream above 250 °C, a catalytic activity for dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to yield 2-cyclohexen-1-one and phenol develops. Dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and hydrogenation of phenylacetylene to styrene also proceed. This catalytic behavior is the same as that of the platinum group metals. The catalytic activities are attributable to the partial loss of the sulfur ligands.
Blue Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complex. A Reaction Path on the Triplet Potential Energy Surface
Authors: Treboux Gabin , Mizukami Junji , Yabe Masayoshi , Nakamura Shinichiro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The potential energy surfaces associated with the triplet electronic state of the Ir(ppz)3 and Ir(ppy)3 cyclometalated complexes, respectively, are calculated using density functional theory [where ppz = 1-phenylpyrazolyl-N,C2′, ppy = 2-phenylpyridyl]. Both surfaces present a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer energy minimum and a ligand-field energy minimum, connected by a chemical path involving only the rotation of one pyrazolyl or pyridyl group. Unlike Ir(ppy)3, the lowest energy minimum of Ir(ppz)3 is the ligand-field state.
On-chip Capillary Electrophoresis Fractionation of DNA Construct for Cell-free Protein Expression
Authors: Nojima Takahiko , Kaneda Shohei , Fujii Teruo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An on-chip capillary electrophoresis-based DNA collection was applied to isolate desired DNA construct from a reaction mixture of DNA-assembly instead of traditional living cell-based screening. The isolated construct was amplified with polymerase chain reaction and subjected to a coupled cell-free transcription/translation system as a template, and the template-dependent protein expression was observed. It was demonstrated that total process of standard recombinant DNA technology was performed in a cell-free condition.