bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The kinetics and mechanism of metal‐catalyzed autoxidation
Authors: Waters W. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of organic compounds, RH, occurs by a radical‐catalyzed chain reaction to give hydroperoxides, RO2H, as primary products. The initial rate is ‐d[O2]/dt = kp[RH] {ki[Cat]/kt}1/2, or in the presence of an inhibitor, (In), kp[RH](ki[Cat]/kI[In]), where kp is the chain propagation rate; ki[Cat], the rate of radical catalysis; kt chain termination rate; kI[In] rate of inhibitor action. As oxidation proceeds the hydroperoxides break down to give further catalytically active radicals and eventually an autoxidation may reach a maximum rate of kp2[RH]2/fkt, independent of the concentration or nature of the catalyst. Photosensitization, by forming singlet oxygen, can catalyze autoxidation by forming peroxides. Compounds of many transition metals, e.g., Co, Mn, Fe, act as secondary catalysts by promoting the rapid formation of radicals from RO2H molecules by a one‐electron transfer reaction RO‐OH + M2+→RO· + M3+ + OH− and the M3+ ions are then reconverted to M2+ ions giving further radicals. The overall catalytic activity of a metallic ion is controlled by the slower step of the M2+⇌M3+ + e redox cycle and depends on the electronic structures of the two ions concerned and on the ligand groups attached to them. These effects are discussed in detail since ligand molecules for transition metal ions can be selected so as either to promote or inhibit autoxidation. Special reference is made to biological catalysts, such as the porphyrins, found in food products. Direct activation of oxygen by metallic complexes rarely seems to occur, but direct oxidation of substrates by metallic compounds is possible. This leads to another redox cycle which is utilized in copper‐containing enzymes.
The α,β‐distribution of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in cruciferae seed triglycerides
Authors: Litchfield Carter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCorrelation studies on lipolysis data from 24 species of Cruciferae seed triglycerides have revealed very regular positional distribution patterns for oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. When the ratio % 18:1 in β‐position/% 18:1 in total triglycerides for each species is plotted vs. the content of Category I acids (16:0, 18:0, plus all C20, C22 and C24 acids) in the total triglycerides, a smooth curve is obtained. Application of suitable statistical procedures yields a best‐fitting curve, from which an equation expressing the % 18:1 in the β‐position as a function of the fatty acid composition of the total triglycerides can be derived. The % 18:1 in the α‐position is then readily calculated by difference. Similar distinctive relationships have also been developed for linoleic and linolenic acids. Comparison of calculated and experimental results shows that the relationships developed here are considerably more accurate than the previous Gunstone‐Mattson and Evans hypotheses for estimating the α,β‐distributions of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 in Cruciferae seed triglycerides.
Breeding for improved oilseeds
Authors: Howell R. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBreeding for improved oilseeds has traditionally emphasized improvement in yield, oil content and disease resistance. Improved protein has been sought by some breeders in recent years. The soybean varieties Provar and Protana were released in 1969 because they contain higher protein percentages than other varieties. Glandless cotton varieties are being bred by public and private breeders. Two glandless varieties have been released by commercial breeder‐seedsmen, but one has been withdrawn because of low yield. It probably will be several years before glandless varieties are of commercial significance. Safflower germplasm has been screened and a source of improved lysine has been identified. This lead may be pursued, but major problems of disease susceptibility and high fiber content also demand attention. Emphasis in sunflower programs will be on developing higher yielding lines and on exploiting the possibility of developing hybrids. Sunflower research personnel is so limited that there is not likely to be any major effort on quality factors for some time. Sesame research is very limited, major emphasis being on control of shattering.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil with commercial copper‐chromite and nickel catalysts: Winterization of low‐linolenate oils
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean oil hydrogenated in the presence of copper‐chromite catalysts to 3% linolenate and below requires winterization if it is to pass the cold test. Yields of winterized oil from soybean oil hydrogenated to several linolenate levels were therefore studied. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil was sampled and filtered at intervals during hydrogenation on a pilot plant scale with a commercial copper‐chromite catalyst. Samples were then vacuum bleached and filtered to remove dissolved copper, held at 7 C for 48 hr and filtered to remove stearines. The filtered winter oils passed the standard 5.5 hr cold test. For soybean oil in which linolenate was reduced to 0.1% with a commercial copper‐chromite catalyst or to 3.0% with a nickel catalyst yields of winter oil were about the same; 92% for a 5.5 hr cold test oil (winterized two days at 7 C) and 89% for a 20 hr cold test oil (winterized two days at 4 C).
Surface‐active properties of salts of alpha‐sulfonated acids and esters
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. , Bistline R. G. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryIn a comparison of the solubility, detergency, and surface‐active properties of the mono‐ and disodium salts ofa‐sulfonated lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, it has been shown that the less solublea‐sulfopalmitates anda‐sulfostearates, and sodiuma‐sulfomyristic acid as well, are the best detergents. The easily soluble disodiuma‐sulfolaurate resembles a simple electrolyte with little evidence of surface‐active properties. Ammoniuma‐sulfopalmitic acid and triethanolammoniuma‐sulfopalmitic acid are more soluble surface‐active agents and detergents than the sodium salts. Triethanolammoniuma‐sulfopalmitic acid is exceedingly soluble in water at room temperature.The sodium salts of alkyla‐sulfopalmitates anda‐sulfostearates are easily prepared from the isolated crude diacid. The esters of primary alcohols containing from one to six carbon atoms are readily soluble in water and quite stable to hydrolysis, especially in acid solution. Salts ofa‐sulfonated esters of secondary alcohols are stable both to acid and to alkaline hydrolysis. This behavior extends the range of possible application.
A method of destroying salmonella
Authors: Wilder O. H. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSalmonella in animal proteins or similar feed ingredients can be killed by putting the feedstuffs through a terminal heater whereby the materials in meal form are heated to a temperature of 99 C with a retention time of 2.5–3.0 min at that temperature, and with a moisture content of at least 10% in the materials entering the heater. Commercial heat exchangers are modified to serve as the terminal heaters. Partial cooling takes place as moisture flashes off on emergence from the heater or, if further cooling is desired, a smaller chilled heat exchanger may be attached to the equipment.
Antimicrobial activity and physical characteristics of some N,N‐Disubstituted decanamides
Authors: Novak Arthur F. , Solar James M. , Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA number of N,N‐disubstituted decanamides have been prepared, characterized and screened for their antimicrobial activity against a number of pathogenic organisms including bacteria both gram positive and negative, yeasts and molds. Several of these compounds exhibited a broad spectrum and high level of activity against all or most of the test organisms. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds has been shown to correlate with their dispersibility and surface tension in an aqueous systems.
Fat oxidation at lwo oxygen pressure: II. Kinetic studies on linoleic acid oxidation in emulsions in the presence of antioxidants
Authors: Marcuse R. , Fredriksson P. ‐O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEarlier reported kinetic studies on the dependence of lipid oxidation on oxygen pressure in emulsions were continued by studying this relationship in the presence of antioxidants. The substances tested represented two types of antioxidants, phenolic inhibitors (α‐tocopherol, BHA, PG) and amino acid‐retarders (glycine, alanine, histidine, tryptophane). The inhibiting effect of the first mentioned group, i.e., the formation of an induction period was, in general, not dependent on oxygen pressure, while the retardation caused by amino acids was stronger at low oxygen pressure than in air. The effect of lowering oxygen pressure was practically the same, when phenolic inhibitors were added as without such addition. It was, however, enhanced by the addition of amino acid‐retarders. When representatives of these two types of antioxidants were added in combination, their synergistic effect was considerably enhanced at low oxygen pressure.
The Conversion of 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of monocarbonyls to ethylenethioacetals and ethylenethioketals for analysis by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Metwally M. M. E. , Amundson C. H. , Richardson T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method was developed for the direct conversion of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4‐DNPHS) ofn‐al‐kanals and methylketones int ethylenethioacetals and ethylenethioketals for analysis by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). the method depended on heating the 2,4‐DNPHS and 1,2‐ethanedithiol with boron fluoride (BF3) ethyl ether at 125 C for 12 min or withp‐toluenesulfonic acid at 200 C for 15 min. The reaction was extracted with pentane, and after evaporation, the product was dissolved ono‐cylene and injected into the GLC. High yields of above 90% were obtained from long chain 2,4‐DNPHS and somewhat lower yields of about 80% were obtained from short chain 2,4‐DNPHS. Eight standard ethylenethioacetals and ethylenethioketals were synthesized; their elemental analysis, bp, mp, and retention times on FFAP and SE‐30 GLC columns were determined.
Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: IV, acetone
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Fore S. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple volatilization procedure was developed for the determination of residual acetone in oilseed meals and flours. One gram of meal or flour and 0.2 g of water containing 0.4 mg of methanol are added into a 100 ml serum bottle, which is sealed and heated at 70 C for 5 hr in an oven. A 1 ml aliquot of the headspace gas is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The concentration of residual acetone is easily determined by comparing the ratio of the peak areas of acetone to methanol of the chromatogram with a calibration curve. Results are reproducible within ± 10%, and concentrations of a few ppm can be detected. This technique is much simpler and requires less operator time than other procedures available.
Statistical development of improved emulsification systems for bakers shortenings
Authors: Rusch D. T. , Truax H. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStatistical design methods were used to observe trends of surfactant functionality for specific cake and icing quality attributes. A two‐level factorial design was used in the initial screening activity. within the favorable region, a rotable central composite design was used to more accurately detect surfactant effectivenness. It was found that sorbitan monostearate improved cake volume and tenderness but reduced icing aeration. Polysorbate esters increased icing aeration but had relatively little effect on cake volume and tenderness. Based on the information obtained, individual blends of emulsifiers were developed to suit specific needs.
Studies on the wet dehulling of sesame seed to obtain superior grade protein concentrates
Authors: Shamanthaka Sastry M. C. , Subramanian N. , Rajagopalan R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEasy removal of the fibrous colored skin of sesame seed was accomplished by contacting the seed with lye solution under optimal conditions. The decuticled seed was dried mechanically and a yield of 85% on the raw material was obtained. Screw pressed or pre‐press solvent extracted flour derived from the dehulled seed had an attractive white appearance, was free from bitterness and had a lower crude fibre and oxalic acid content. Both in the content of protein and its nutritional quality, the meal was found to be superior to commercial sesame cake. Heat treatment inherent to expeller operation was found to have beneficial effect on sesame protein.
Preparation and properties of sodium alkyl sulfoacetates
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe preparation and properties for a homologous series of sodium salts of alkyl sulfoacetates, containing 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms are described. The sodium salts of alkyl sulfoacetates were prepared from monochloroacetic acid, sodium sulfite and corresponding higher alcohol. The Krafft point, c.m.c. value, surface tension, solubilizing power, emulsifying power, foaming power, and calcium ion stability and resistance to acid hydrolysis were measured as the properties of these compounds. The c.m.c. values at 40 C obtained by electrical conductivity were related to the alkyl carbon number (N) of the compounds by log c.m.c.=4.852–0.301 N. Solubilizing power, emulsifying power and foaming power increased with the number of carbon atoms of alkyl chain in the surfactant. But the calcium ion stability and resistance to the acid hydrolysis decreased with an increase in the length of the hydrophobic portion.
Polarity index of surface‐active ethylene oxide adducts
Authors: Fineman I. G. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe polarity indexes of surface‐active ethylene oxide adducts with varying lipophilic parts and varying content of ethylene oxide have been studied. An interesting relationship has been found between the fraction of ether groups and polarity index, which gives a polarity index line for every type of ethylene oxide adduct. It permits the calculation of polarity indexes of all ethylene oxide adducts of known composition with known polarity index of the lipophilic part. It also gives valuable information for evaluating different lipophilic substances as raw materials for ethylene oxide adducts.
Characterization and evaluation of some rapeseed oils
Authors: Tremazi S. A. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRapeseed oil is used mostly in edible products. Four rapeseed oils, brown sarson and toria oils from West Pakistan, a Swedish oil and a Canadian oil, were characterized and examined relative to their suitability as edible oils. The various analytical data obtained are reported. The hydrogenated oils have consistency characteristics and plastic ranges which make them suitable for use as plastic fats.
Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of hydroxy fatty acids, as their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives
Authors: Wood R. D. , Raju P. K. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA quantitative method is described for the rapid gas liquid chromatographic analysis of mono‐ and polyhydroxystearates as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. The TMS derivatives of the hydroxy esters are formed rapidly and quantitatively at room temp. The retention times of ricinoleic acid as the methyl ester, acetylated derivative and the TMS derivative are compared. Purified diastereoisomers of di‐, triand tetrahydroxystearates and their mixtures were analyzed on three different columns. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of methyl mono‐, di‐, tri‐ and tetrahydroxysteartes were shown to give quantitative results as TMS derivatives. Analyses were carried out on a diethylene glycol succinate polyester (DEGS) packed column and on large‐bore capillary columns of DEGS and Apiezon L. The elution order of the TMS derivatives of the hydroxy esters from the DEGS largebore capillary column was not the same as that obtained from the DEGS packed column. The unusual elution pattern of the large‐bore capillary column is discussed.
Fatty acid composition changes in meat lipids during low temperature storage
Authors: Huston C. K. , Sink J. D. , Miller R. C. , Shigley J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of low‐temp storage on the fatty acid composition of meat lipids was studied. Fat samples were taken from the perirenal and subcutaneous depots of 12 beef carcasses. The samples were divided and one‐half from each carcass were stored at 蜢37C for four months. The fat samples (before and after the low‐temp storage period) were then extracted, the glyceride fractions separated by low‐temp solvent crystallization, and subsequently analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatographic techniques. The data obtained in this study and the changes in fatty acid composition noted were not consistent with the pattern of oxidative deterioration but would appear to indicate that non‐oxidative mechanisms were responsible for the changes in fatty acid composition observed.
Practical feeding programs using soy protein as base
Authors: Crowley Paul R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe U.S. has furnished billions of lb food commodities containing soy protein for use in feeding programs in the less developed countries. As a result of the low cost, excellent nutritional qualities and functional versatility of soy products, they have been used extensively as protein additives in a broad spectrum of foods for practical feeding programs. Soy flours are a major ingredient in blended foods, such as instant corn soy milk, corn soy blend, and wheat soy blend; and soy flours and grits have been used as protein fortificants in wheat, corn, sorghum, and oat products distributed overseas. Most recently, a new whey soy drink mix has been developed for use in preschool feeding programs and now is being introduced around the world. As more attention focuses on the nutritional requirements of feeding program beneficiaries and on the need for low cost sources of protein, it can be expected that uses for soy protein will expand and additional soy based foods will be added to the list of commodities used in practical feeding programs.
Lipid structures
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMuch of the function of lipids, as in shortenings, confections, biological membranes, etc., depends on the structures they exhibit, i.e., their crystalline and mesomorphic states. Triglycerides may serve as a point of departure for considering the crystal state of lipids. The three principle cross‐sectional arrangements of long chains‐α, β′ and β‐in which there is kinship to hydrocarbons, offer a major basis for classification. Different crystal forms are rheologically different. Complications in the chain length direction lead to stepped configurations in the methyl planes and to double and triple chain length structures. A detailed consideration of the time‐honored melting point alternation of homologs sheds light on the lipid crystal picture. A startling feature is the catalysis of isomerization by the solid state of diglycerides, with a consequent shift in equilibrium far toward 100% 1,3‐diglyceride. Stepwise reversible transformations, as in hydrocarbons, are documented for high molecular weight 1‐monoglycerides. A common feature, the sharp drop with mixture of stable form melting points, to “expose” metastable forms as stable forms for intermediate compositions is strikingly exhibited by fatty alcohols. The two bases for mesomorphism, or liquid crystal formation, among lipids are discussed: (1) dichotomy between molecular moieties in degree of polarity, as in phospholipids; and (2) dichotomy in molecular geometry as in cholesteryl esters. The former type is associated with three main basic arrangements‐smectic or lamellar, middle or hexagonal (normal and reversed), and viscous isotropic or cubic (normal and reversed). The latter is associated with two main arrangements‐cholesteric (essentially limited to cholesteryl compounds) and smectic. The importance of mesomorphism in consideration of membranes and emulsions is emphasized. Developments in understanding the structures of interfacial lipid states (including monomolecular surface films) and the correspondence of interfacial with bulk states is a matter of great continuing interest.
The plant geneticist’s contribution toward changing lipid and amino acid composition of soybeans
Authors: Howell R. W. , Brim C. A. , Rinne R. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInterest in changing composition of soybeans focuses on linolenic acid in the oil. Available germ plasm includes no lines with less than about 3.5% linolenic acid in the oil. Some breeding lines have been obtained with iodine values of about 115, reflecting higher oleic acid and somewhat lower than normal linoleic and linolenic acid levels. Radiation and other mutagenic agents have been investigated to a limited extent for potential usefulness in inducing a mutation in the direction of low linolenic acid. No such mutant has yet been found, and the task of identifying one is formidable. There is no research known at this time with the objective of altering amino acid distribution in soybeans.
Improving soybean quality by plant breeding
Authors: Hammond E. G. , Fehr W. R. , Snyder H. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTreatment of soybean seeds with x‐rays has been successful in increasing the incidence of low‐linolenic‐acid soybean strains both in pure breeding lines and crosses of low‐linolenic‐acid lines. The incidence of strains high in oleic acid also is increased by x‐ray treatment. A procedure for measuring the lipoxygenase content of seed is described. There is a 2‐ to 3‐fold variation in the lipoxygenase activity of the soybean lines tested. The lipoxygenase activity of soybean seed is influenced by the genotype of the maternal parent.
Lanthanide shift reagents as an aid in the NMR analysis of the normal alcohols C6 to C11
Authors: Smentowski F. J. , Stipanovic R. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method is described that substantially aids in the interpretation of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of a series of six fatty alcohols (C6 to C11). The lanthanide shift reagent tris (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptanedionate)praseodymium‐(III)[Pr(DPM)3] is employed, and produces large shifts in the resonances of the various methylene groups in the chain depending on their position with respect to the hydroxy group. This paramagnetic shift for the first seven methylenes of these six alcohols is found to to be directly proportional to the amount of Pr(DPM)3 added. Measurement of the coupling constants for the methylene groups in the chain are reported. The power of lanthanide shift reagents for both analytical and conformational information derived from their NMR spectra is demonstrated.