bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Walking to school: incidental physical activity in the daily occupations of Australian children
Authors: Ziviani Jenny , Scott Joanne , Wadley David 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChildren's participation in physical activity is declining, and nowhere is this more apparent than in the incidental activity of walking to school. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the extent to which Australian children walked to and from primary school, and to survey parents to identify factors influencing this behaviour. Parents of 164 students in Grades 1–7 (mean age 9.1±2.02 years) from a primary school comprising 360 students responded to a questionnaire regarding psychosocial and environmental factors thought to influence the means by which their children went to and from school. Results indicated that parent perception of the importance of physical activity, parents' individual history of transport to school as well as distance from school were the most statistically significant factors determining children's involvement in walking to and from school. The results of this study highlight the attitudes and experiences of parents in determining the extent to which children are involved in non‐motorized access to school. Also implicated are organizational policies about geographical school regions. While this study is limited to one school community, further study is recommended with others to better confirm findings by examining socioeconomic, geographic and policy variables. Occupational therapists are challenged to examine ways in which incidental physical activity can be increased in the lives of young children. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Functional predictors of school participation by children with disabilities
Authors: Mancini Marisa C. , Coster Wendy J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study examined the functional requirements that significantly predicted participation of US elementary school children with a variety of disabling conditions (N=266), in seven different school settings: Transportation, Transitions, Regular classroom, Special classroom, Mealtime, Bathroom, and Playground. Performance on a number of setting‐relevant tasks was expected to be predictive of meaningful participation in each school environment. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify the order of importance of the relevant variables as well as the smaller set of functional tasks that best predicted children's participation in each setting. The results revealed that successful participation in the different elementary school settings was strongly associated with performance of both physical and cognitive/behavioural activities. Furthermore, each setting had a unique set of predictors, suggesting that some aspects of function are context‐specific. Findings from this study may inform therapists about the most relevant areas of function that support social and physical participation of children with disabilities who are included in regular schools. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The development of the School Function Assessment – Chinese version for cross‐cultural use in Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Jeng‐Liang , Nochajski Susan M. , Linn Richard T. , Wu Yow‐Wu B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe primary purpose of this research project was to translate and adapt the School Function Assessment (SFA), a standardized criterion‐referenced instrument that measures school‐related functional skills, for its cross‐cultural use in Taiwan. The project consisted of four study phases: translation, cultural adaptation, pilot testing, and field testing for standardization. A series of rigorous procedures including the method of translation and back‐translation, team consensus for cultural adaptation, and Rasch modelling techniques were used to address various dimensions of cross‐cultural equivalence and psychometric properties of the translated SFA. The protocols that were developed as well as technical issues that were addressed in this project provide useful guidelines for international occupational therapists who are interested in translating and adapting instruments for cross‐cultural use. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Occupational therapists' reported experiences using weighted vests with children with specific developmental disorders
Authors: Olson Laurette J. , Moulton Heather J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify specific practice patterns of a convenience sample of paediatric occupational therapists and the behavioural changes that they observe when they use weighted vests with children with developmental disorders. Although the practice of weighted vests is accepted clinically, there is little discussion of their use nor is there empirical evidence of their efficacy in the literature. A convenience sample of 51 occupational therapists from different geographic areas of the United States participated in a telephone survey about how they used weighted vests with specific children. This study was a follow‐up to a mail survey about paediatric occupational therapists' opinions and general practice patterns with weighted vests (Olson and Moulton, 2004). Although the interviewees observed some different behavioural changes in children with various developmental disorders when these children used weighted vests, their practice patterns in using the vests were similar across disabilities. The most common behavioural changes noted were increased attention and staying on task. Participants' opinions and practice patterns related to weighted vests are discussed. This study is not generalizable as it utilized a self‐selected group of therapists. However, the findings from the qualitative data can provide direction for future quantitative studies by providing important data about practice patterns that may serve as independent variables examining the effectiveness of weighted vests. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Upper extremity movement pattern of a common drinking task in well elderly women: a pilot study
Authors: Maitra Kinsuk K. , Junkins Michael D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRetraining of the upper limb during neurological rehabilitation often involves preparatory therapeutic exercises of concentric and eccentric nature embedded in purposeful activity. However, empirical baseline studies are lacking to justify efficacy of such training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of concentric and eccentric exercises on upper extremity movement pattern in healthy elderly persons during a common daily functional task. Nine young women aged between 22 and 23 years and nine elderly women between 70 and 78 years participated in the musculoskeletal study of lifting a cup of water to sip and then lowering the cup back to a table. Two‐dimensional forearm movement kinematics and associated electromyography from biceps and triceps were analysed. Forearm motor performance in the elderly participants were slower and needed more corrections compared to the younger participants. The electromyography revealed that lifting and lowering movements were accomplished by concentric and eccentric muscle firing in the biceps. However, in the elderly the muscle responses were varied suggesting a possible decline in object‐related visuomotor co‐ordination with age. The results indicate that movement patterns and muscular response decline in elderly people during preparatory therapeutic exercises embedded in purposeful activity. The effect of therapeutic exercises on upper limb functional performance needs to be further investigated in patient populations to explore the effectiveness of embedded therapeutic exercises in movement retraining. Small sample number limits the results of the study to be generalized. In addition, future studies should measure movement of more limb and hand segments to gain understanding of the total upper extremity performance during the task. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Functional capacity evaluation reports for clients with personal injury claims: a content analysis
Authors: Allen Shelley , Rainwater Adam , Newbold Anthony , Deacon Naomi , Slatter Kelli 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFunctional capacity evaluations (FCEs) for personal injury claimants are rigorously scrutinized by the stakeholders because of their financial implications. This study examined 51 medico‐legal FCE reports for clients all of whom suffered with spinal pain attributed to a motor vehicle accident. The FCEs were completed by 14 occupational therapists. Content analysis of the FCE reports identified categories and sub‐categories of objective and subjective information on which occupational therapists reported. They included employment, activities of daily living, pain, functional physical capacities and job demands. Recommendations included the suitability of current and future jobs. However, the reasoning behind occupational therapists' recommendations in the FCE reports was frequently not stated. This content analysis demonstrated that these detailed FCE reports had a consistent focus on work capacity; further, the researchers suggest refinements to FCE reporting practices so that findings, recommendations and predictions about work outcomes for clients are interpreted clearly and realistically. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluation of the mentor–mentee relationship in an occupational therapy mentorship programme
Authors: Milner Tracy , Bossers Ann 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMentor group relationships in an occupational therapy university curriculum were investigated. In phase I, mentors (n = 23) and mentees (n = 124) were surveyed over a four year period. In phase II, 14 mentees from the same time period were surveyed after graduation. It was found that mentors and mentees surveyed agreed that their mentor group leader displayed more mentoring (i.e. ongoing partnership for guidance and support) than coaching (i.e. short‐term relationship for providing feedback on areas requiring change) characteristics, and most agreed that, post‐graduation, their mentor group leader had been a mentor to them. Mentees viewed their mentors predominantly as a role model or counsellor and emphasized knowledge, experience, guidance, and support as desirable attributes of a mentor. Contact with mentors for resources, support, or job‐related purposes continued after graduation for more than half of mentees. Some mentees reported that peer mentoring had also occurred. Limitations of the study include the small sample size in Phase II and some aspects of survey design. Future areas of research identified include studying the development of the relationship over time (i.e. pre‐, mid‐way, and post‐programme), comparing relationships between mentors and mentees who have similar versus dissimilar expectations for the programme, further examining peer mentoring or group relationships, and continuing post‐graduation surveys with a larger sample size for increased reliability. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Cross‐cultural adaptation of the Sensory Profile: establishing linguistic equivalency of the Hebrew version
Authors: Neuman Ariela , Greenberg David F. , Labovitz Deborah R. , Suzuki Lisa A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the process of translating assessment tools from one language to another, researchers often run the risk of altering the intended meaning of the test items, and consequently affecting the validity of the assessment tool. In this study, the accuracy of a Hebrew translation of the Sensory Profile (Dunn, 1999) was validated. A multi‐step process, based on back‐translation and the bilingual method was undertaken to examine whether the Hebrew translation was linguistically equivalent to the original Sensory Profile. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to detect and explain inconsistencies in the translation. The analysis of the back‐translation revealed that the discrepancies found in a number of items stemmed from inaccurate translation or back‐translation, erroneous substitution, omission, or addition of words/phrases, and from substitution of words/phrases because there was no equivalent in the Hebrew language. Of the 59 back‐translated items, which were not linguistically equivalent to the original Sensory Profile items, only 12 items generated inconsistent responses by the bilingual parents. Overall, the responses of the bilingual parents to the Hebrew and the English version were inconsistent in 26 of the 125 Sensory Profile items. The coefficient alpha values in all sections of the Hebrew version (except for section N) were above .70, indicating a good overall reliability. Based on proposed criteria, results indicate that the Hebrew translation of the Sensory Profile is accurate. Inconsistencies found in a number of items may relate to connotation effect, language effect, and measurement errors. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Comparison of clinical reasoning skills in occupational therapy students in the USA and Scotland
Authors: McCannon Robin , Robertson David , Caldwell Jennifer , Juwah Charles , Elfessi Abdulaziz 
Published: March 2006

AbstractProblem‐based learning (PBL) in occupational therapy (OT) education has become increasingly important. However, the efficacy in identifying clinical reasoning skills has not been well researched. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utilization of clinical reasoning by students in the USA and Scotland. Thirty OT students were videotaped during a PBL case. Responses were transcribed and compiled into 122 statements. The two primary investigators independently coded each of the responses into one of five categories: Procedural, Interactive, Conditional reasoning, N/A, or Other. Intraclass correlation coefficients reflected strong reliability between the two raters (ICC=0.914). Results of this study indicated that the predominant form of clinical reasoning was procedural in nature (61%) followed by conditional reasoning (27%) and interactive reasoning (12%). Students in Scotland tended to use interactive reasoning more than the students in the USA. Further research is needed to explore educational models to foster clinical reasoning skills in occupational therapy students. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia 32 months after local therapy for a primary extramedullary myeloid cell tumor
Authors: Szinnai Gabor , Cogliatti Sergio B. , Avoledo Pierino , Dirnhofer Stephan , Schmid Ulrico , Kühne Thomas 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA primary extramedullary myeloid cell tumor (pEMT) of an inguinal lymph node was completely excised without subsequent anti‐tumor therapy in a 6‐year‐old child. Clinical observation and monitoring of blood and bone marrow (BM) did not reveal any pathologic results before 32 months, when a precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed. Identical T‐cell receptor gamma rearrangement in nodal pEMT and in precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia in BM indicates a clonal relationship of these two tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1039–1046. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trilateral retinoblastoma
Authors: Antoneli Célia B.G. , Ribeiro Karina de Cássia B. , Sakamoto Luis Henrique , Chojniak Martha M. , Novaes Paulo Eduardo R.S. , Arias Victor E.A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundTrilateral retinoblastoma (TRB) is a syndrome consisting of unilateral or bilateral hereditary retinoblastoma (Rb) associated with an intracranial neuroblastic tumor. Although its incidence is low, the prognosis is very poor. This article reports four cases of TRB and discusses the role of neuroimaging screening for early detection.ProcedureFrom January 1986 to December 2003, 470 children with Rb were admitted to the Pediatrics and Ophthalmology Departments, A C Camargo Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.ResultsThere were four patients with pineoblastoma, two of whom had a positive familial history. The age at diagnosis of Rb was 4, 6, 10, and 24 months while the age of diagnosis of TRB was 10, 25, 57, and 72 months. One patient presented TRB at initial diagnosis of Rb. Three patients had bilateral disease and all of them had one eye enucleated, followed by chemotherapy and/or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). One child with unilateral disease was only submitted to enucleation. In spite of intensive treatment, all patients died with progressive disease within 7, 8, 12, and 12 months after diagnosis of TRB.ConclusionsEarly diagnosis as well as new therapeutic approaches are needed to achieve better results. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:306–310. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow‐induced warpage of injection‐molded TLCP fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: DePolo W.S. , Baird D.G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe most common belief is that warpage in injection‐molded fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics is primarily attributed to residual thermal stresses associated with shrinkage and thermal contraction of the parts. Therefore, it is assumed that flow‐induced stresses generated during mold filling do not play a significant role. Injection‐molded plaques of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with pregenerated thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) microfibrils were generated in order to investigate the role of residual flow‐induced stresses relative to that of thermal stresses on the warpage. In an effort to relate the material parameters to warpage, the rheological behavior of these fiber‐filled systems was investigated. The shrinkage and the thermal expansion of the TLCP/PP composites, and hence, the thermally induced stresses decreased with an increase in fiber loading while the flow‐induced stresses increased. The increase in the flow‐induced stresses was attributed to increased relaxation times (this is not the only cause, but is a significant factor) with an increase in fiber loading. Therefore, it was found that in order to accurately predict the warpage of fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics, the flow‐induced residual stresses must be accounted for. It is expected that the results reported here can be extended to glass‐reinforced PP composites as well. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:239–248, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(aryl ether ketone) copolymers with pendant 3‐(trifluoromethyl) phenyl groups
Authors: Wang Guibin , Jiang Zhenhua , Zhang Shuling , Chen Chunhai , Wu Zhongwen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNovel poly(aryl ether ketone) copolymers with pendant 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups were synthesized by the reaction of a crystal‐disrupting monomer, 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenylhydroquinone (FH) and a mesogenic monomer, 4,4′‐biphenol (BP) with 1,4‐bis(p‐fluorobenzoyl)benzene (BF). Thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior of the copolymers was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscope and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. As a result, the copolymers with the respective molar ratios of FH/BP/BF of 0/100/100–10/90/100 and 80/20/100–100/0/100 were semi‐crystalline without liquid crystalline properties, and amorphous polymers, respectively. In contrast, copolymers with the molar ratio of FH/BP/BF of 20/80/100–70/30/100 had liquid crystalline characteristics. Interestingly, the formation of a highly ordered smectic phase was confirmed for copolymers with the molar ratio of FH/BP/BF of 20/80/100–50/50/100, respectively. All the liquid crystalline copolymers had a wide liquid crystalline temperature range (57–75 °C). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of the degree of grafting on the morphology and mechanical properties of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) (EPR)
Authors: Sun SL , Tan ZY , Zhang MY , Yang HD , Zhang HX 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPoly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) (EPR) was functionalized to varying degrees with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by melt grafting processes. The EPR‐graft‐GMA elastomers were used to toughen poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Results showed that the grafting degree strongly influenced the morphology and mechanical properties of PBT/EPR‐graft‐GMA blends. Compatibilization reactions between the carboxyl and/or hydroxyl of PBT and epoxy groups of EPR‐graft‐GMA induced smaller dispersed phase sizes and uniform dispersed phase distributions. However, higher degrees of grafting (>1.3) and dispersed phase contents (>10 wt%) led to higher viscosities and severe crosslinking reactions in PBT/EPR‐graft‐GMA blends, resulting in larger dispersed domains of PBT blends. Consistent with the change in morphology, the impact strength of the PBT blends increased with the increase in EPR‐graft‐GMA degrees of grafting for the same dispersion phase content when the degree of grafting was below 1.8. However, PBT/EPR‐graft‐GMA1.8 displayed much lower impact strength in the ductile region than a comparable PBT/EPR‐graft‐GMA1.3 blend (1.3 indicates degree of grafting). Morphology and mechanical results showed that EPR‐graft‐GMA 1.3 was more suitable in improving the toughness of PBT. SEM results showed that the shear yielding properties of the PBT matrix and cavitation of rubber particles were major toughening mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
How to model the behaviour of organic photovoltaic cells
Authors: Moliton André , Nunzi Jean‐Michel 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper we discuss the optimization of various parameters which govern the behaviour of polymer based and organic photovoltaic cells. General mechanisms leading to the generation of charge carriers and the related loss factors are detailed. Theoretical electrical parameters for bilayer and interpenetrating networks of donors and acceptors (open circuit voltages) are established along with current versus voltage characteristics. An equivalent circuit to a solar cell, considering the effects of shunt resistance across the whole layer, is elaborated. After modelling optical interference and its effects on the photocurrent spectrum, orders of magnitude of the required parameters are established for an efficient solar cell. Deviations from optimal values and their effects on the current–voltage characteristics are discussed. Ageing and degradation effects, and calculations demonstrating the necessary photophysical requirements to achieve long‐term stable devices are presented. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Photovoltaics energy payback times, greenhouse gas emissions and external costs: 2004–early 2005 status
Authors: Fthenakis Vasilis , Alsema Erik 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLife cycle assessments and external cost estimates of photovoltaics have been often based on old data that do not reflect the extensive technological progress made over the past decade. Our assessment uses current (2004–early 2005) manufacturing data, from twelve European and US photovoltaic companies, and establishes the Energy Payback Times (EPBT), Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and external environmental costs of current commercial PV technologies. Estimates of external costs are about 70% lower than those in recent high‐impact publications which were derived from the old data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.