bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five Years of Experience with the Application of Reverse Osmosis on Light Middlings in a Corn Wet Milling Plant
Authors: Kollacks W. A. , Rekers C. J. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCorn wet milling is a water intensive operation. A modern corn wet milling plant typically uses 1,5 m3 of fresh water per t of corn. Much of this added water must subsequently be removed by processes that are energy intensive to varying degrees. A major breakthrough in reducing the water consumption of the corn wet milling process was made when A. Cicuttini perceived the idea of using reverse osmosis more upstream in the corn wet milling process, to recover pure water from light middlings, the overflow from the hydrocyclone starch washing system, and to re‐use this water for starch washing. In doing so the direct relation between the amount of water used for washing the starch, and the amount of light steep water to be evaporated does no longer exist. A full size reverse osmosis system for this service has been installed in one of the CPC corn wet milling plants in 1982. In a first phase a reduction of the load to the steepwater evaporator of 50% has been obtained. Expansion of the reverse osmosis system enabled further reduction of the steepwater evaporator load down to 30% of the original value. The system has demonstrated its ability to operate in conjunction with a 9‐stage starch washing section with a wet fresh water intake for starch washing, comparable to that of a 15‐stage washing section, at the same high level of starch product quality, and at much lower energy cost. The disappearance of the direct link between fresh water consumption for starch washing and steep water evaporator load creates new possibilities for optimisation and flexibility in design and operation of corn wet milling plants.
New Industrial Products from Starch
Authors: Koch H. , Röper H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe industrial (non‐food) use of starch and starch‐based products as renewable raw materials is discussed together with examples, in the following application areas:

–Starch as auxiliary raw material: binder, adhesive, thickener, protective colloid.
–Starch as raw material for new products in chemical or biotechnical processes: polyols, acids, polysaccharides, enzymes.
–Starch as filler with specific functionality for synthetic polymers to improve application properties in e. g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane‐foams, styrene/butadiene copolymers, polyvinylchloride.
–Starch as reactive component to be incorporated during production of synthetic polymers leading to synergistic effects: urea/formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins, alkyd‐ and melamine resins.
–Starch‐based active materials which either exhibit direct functionality themselves, (e. g. as surfactants, sequestrants and bleaching boosters) or which represent building blocks for the synthesis of chiral compounds for the pharmaceutical or the agro‐industries.
Influence of Steeping Conditions for Kernels on Some Properties of Corn Starch
Authors: Takeda Y. , Suzuki A. , Hizukuri S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe steeping conditions for kernels affected the physicochemical properties of corn starch. Steeping in an alkaline solution minimized the nitrogen and phosphorus contents, while that in water and a sulfite solution gave high contents. The alkaline‐steeping appeared to slightly reduce the crystallinity of starch granules, as judged on X‐ray diffraction. Steeping at a low temperature produced the starch showing the lowest pasting temperature, on amylography, but it showed a similar gelatinization temperature, on photopastegraphy. to those of the other starches. The starches with low nitrogen and lipid contents swelled largely and were extensively solubilized on heating. The actual amylose contents were 20–21%, which were considerably lower than the apparent contents.
Investigating the Kinetics of the Process of Adsorption of Phosphate Starch on Cellulose
Authors: Nedelcheva M. P. , Sokolova J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe kinetic dependencies have been investigated of the adsorption process of phosphate starch on cotton cellulose and on unbleached sulphate cellulose of softwood at temperatures of 0°, 20°, 40° and 60°C. It has been found that the kinetics of adsorption can be described by means of the Elovich‐Tyomkin exponential kinetic equation. The values of the activation energy obtained for the two types of cellulose are of the order of 5‐9 kJ/mol, and do not depend on the quantity of the phosphate starch adsorbed.
Affinity Binding of Higher Plant β‐Amylases to Starch. A Rapid Purification Method
Authors: Subbaramaiah K. , Sharma R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid purification method exploiting affinity of higher plant β‐amylases to its substrate starch is described. Mustard β‐amylase on incubation with starch suspension binds rapidly to starch. The enzyme binds tenaciously to starch as various eluants as concentrated salt solutions, α‐cyclodextrin and shift in elution pH could not significantly elute the bound enzyme. Even maltose only partially eluted the bound enzyme at high concentrations (5% w/v) after a prolonged incubation time (24 h). Nevertheless, the enzyme could be rapidly eluted from starch with white dextrin (1% w/v). The eluted enzyme fractions consisted of β‐amylase purified to homogeneity. The above starch‐affinity purification process could also be applied to other higher plant β‐amylases such as sweet potato and barley.
Expansion, Color and Shear Strength Properties of Com Starches Extrusion‐Cooked with Urea and Salts
Authors: Chinnaswamy R. , Hanna M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and urea were mixed with normal corn starch (25% amylose) and extrusion‐cooked at 140°C. The expansion ratio of the starch increased from 13 to 16.9 as the sodium chloride concentration was increased from 0 to 1 g per 100 g of starch (d. b.) and then decreased. As the concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and urea in the starch mixtures were increased, the expansion ratios decreased gradually from 13 to 11.9 and 8, respectively. Starch‐sodium bicarbonate mixture extrudates were brownish‐yellow in color. In a follow‐up study, corn starches with amylose contents of 0, 25, 50 and 70% were extrusion‐cooked with the above chemicals added at a level of 1 g per 100g starch. In general, the addition of sodium chloride increased the expansion ratio of all starch extrudates by 0.5 to 5.5 units, whereas sodium bicarbonate and urea decreased expansion by 1 to 6 units. The overall color of the starch extrudates, prepared with and without sodium bicarbonate, tended towards brownish‐yellow with increasing amylose content.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Starch Granule Degradation in Chick‐pea Cotyledons
Authors: Rodríguez A. , Martín L. , Alonso J. R. , Nicolás G. , Villalobos N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe embryonic axis plays an important role in the processes of starch degradation. Before germination starts, the starch granules of chickpea cotyledons have an almost smooth surface. As germination progresses, membrane‐like material is deposited on the granules from the adaxial to the abaxial face of the cotyledon. At 10 days after the start of germination, the starch granules disappear, giving rise to numerous polyhaedral starch bodies. When excised cotyledons are cultured, a pronounced temporal delay occurs in these events.
Interference of Non‐enzyme Protein in the Reaction of α‐Amylase on Amyloses
Authors: Kennedy J. F. , Stevenson D. L. , White C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a previous communication [1] the assessment of amyloses as potential chromogenic substrates for the assay of α‐amylase was described. An α‐amylase suscetibility test for amyloses using a highly purified α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis was used. During the course of these investigations commercially available control sera containing α‐amylase were used, However, these preparations proved to be highly unsuccessful due to having both low enzyme activity and high level of extraneous protein. Therefore, the difficulties encountered using these preparations are reported in this communication as illustration of a wider principle of superfluous protein in enzyme preparations. In this context it should be noted that industrial preparations of starch degrading enzymes also contain non‐enzyme protein and such preparations are used for the production of e. g. glucose and high‐fructose syrups.
Moisture Accessibility of Hydrophilic Sites in Starch and Modified Starch
Authors: Hari P. K. , Agarwala A. K. , Garg S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPulsed NMR technique was used to determine total water, bound/mobile fraction and their force of binding in starch and hydroxyethyl starch. The accessibility of moisture to the hydrophilic sites was evaluated. Substitution of hydrophilic, bulky, hydroxyethyl group to starch increased the bound water. The force of binding increased with the increase of molar substitution of hydroxyethyl groups. The accessibility of starch to moisture is increased by substitution of hydroxyethyl groups.
Efficient Preparation of Octyl α‐D‐Glucopyranoside Monohydrate: A Recirculation Procedure Involving Water Removal by Product Crystallisation
Authors: Straathof A. J. J. , van Bekkum H. , Kieboom A. P. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractD‐Glucose, suspended in 1‐octanol, was converted according to the Fischer‐glycosidation using various macroporous sulfonic acid ionexchange resins as the catalyst. This resulted in an equilibrium mixture consisting of octyl D‐glucosides together with substantial amounts of reversion products. Octyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside monohydrate selectively crystallised from the equilibrium mixture upon the addition of petroleum ether (b. p. 40–65°C). The mother liquor was recirculated to the reactor and re‐equilibrated in the presence of additional D‐glucose and 1‐octanol. The ion‐exchange resin and petroleum ether were also recycled. This procedure allowed the one‐step preparation of crystalline octyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside monohydrate in a quantitative yield from D‐glucose and 1‐octanol without the use of toxic solvents or the formation of waste products.
Starch Hydrolysis During Sorghum Beer Brewing
Authors: Glennie C. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples were taken at different stages of sorghum beer brewing and the starch isolated. The physico‐chemical properties of the starch were determined to establish what changes occurred at the molecular level of the starch during brewing. Complete hydrolysis of the starch to fermentable sugars is never the aim of mashing during sorghum beer brewing. A certain amount of starch in the beer is required to give it its characteristic viscosity and body. This residual starch was found to be much reduced in amylose content as well as in molecular size compared with the starch in the raw materials. Debranching with isoamylase followed by gel filtration chromatography indicated that the amylopectin side chains were reduced in length by approximately half.
Methods for the Characterization of Cibacron® Blue 3G‐A Dyed Amyloses as Potential Substrates for the Assay of α‐Amylase
Authors: Kennedy J. F. , Stevenson D. L. , White C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImproved methods have been devised for the assessment of Cibacron® Blue 3G‐A dyed amyloses and their suitability as chromogenic substrates for the assay of α‐amylase. The new methods reported herein are based on the determination of oligosaccharide component composition of water soluble fractions and enzymatic hydrolysates using gel permeation chromatography with Bio‐Gel P2 media, determination of carbohydrate and Cibacron® Blue 3G‐A contents, gel permeation chromatography to assess molecular weight distributions, and enzymic degradation using α‐amylase (1, 4‐α‐D‐glucan glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.1.) and β‐amylase (1, 4‐α‐D‐glucan maltohydrolase EC 3.2.1.2.).
A New Immobilized Glucose Isomerase with High Productivity Produced by a Strain of Streptomyces murinus
Authors: Jørgensen O. B. , Karlsen L. G. , Nielsen N. B. , Pedersen S. , Rugh Susanne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe properties of a new immobilized glucose isomerase, produced by a selected strain of Streptomyces murinus, are described. The major advantages of the new immobilized enzyme are a productivity of more than 10,000 kg syrup dry substance per kg enzyme under optimal industrial conditions, increased activity and a very low syrup by‐product formation. The influence of process parameters (temperature, pH and feed syrup additives) on activity and stability is discussed based on laboratory and industrial plant data.
Small Scale Separation of Wheat Flour in Starch and Gluten
Authors: Weegels P. L. , Marseille J. P. , Hamer Hamer R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA system was designed to imitate on a small scale the separation process of wheat into starch and gluten. The system provides information on gluten coagulation, on yields, purity and recovery of gluten and starch, and on losses of soluble protein and other soluble matter in waste water. The performance of the system is demonstrated with the results of the separation of four wheat varieties of different baking quality. Using these results the accuracy, reproducibility and resolution of the system are discussed.
Das Anfahrverhalten von anaeroben Bioreaktoren zur Reinigung hochbelasteter Stärkeabwässer
Authors: Schraewer R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn naher Zukunft wird es aus Gründen des Umweltschutzes immer notwendig sein, zeitgleich mit der Inbetriebnahme eines Produktionsprozesses auch die Entsorgung zu gewährleisten. Beispielhaft für ein solches Vorgehen ist die Inbetriebnahme für die Kartoffelstärkefabrik in Lüchow (Bundesrepublik Deutschland). Innerhalb von sechs Wochen wurde der zweistufige anaerobe Abwasserreinigungsprozeß auf Nennleistung hochgefahren. Der biologische Prozeß besteht aus einem 1000 m3 Hydrolyse‐ und Versäuerungsreaktor mit Biomassenrückführung und vier parallel angeordneten Festbettreaktoren mit je 300 m3 Volumen zur Methanisierung. Während die Biologie den Erwartungen entsprach, gab es bei den Biomasseabscheidern, besonders nach der Versäuerungsstufe, noch Dimensionierungsprobleme. Vor dem Bau dieser Anlage wurden umfangreiche Versuche in Laboratoriums‐ und Pilotanlagen mit Kartoffelstärkeabwässer anderer Betreiber durchgeführt. Diese dienten zur Festlegung der Fahrweise. der notwendigen Anfahrbiomasse und der Behältergröße. Um die für Anaerobanlagen sehr kurze Anfahrzeit von sechs Wochen zu ermöglichen, wurde anhand eines detaillierten Planes spezielle Biomasse für die Methanstufe angezüchtet und bis zum Beginn der Stärkeproduktion in den Reaktoren der Großanlage vermehrt. Die Anfahrstrategie konnte flexibel dem Stärkeproduktionsprozeß angepaßt werden, die Nennleistung wurde in vorgesehener Zeit erreicht.
Applications of Hydrogenated Products
Authors: Rapaille A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSorbitol and maltitol, produced by catalytic hydrogenation of dextrose and high maltose‐containing glucose syrups, respectively, are very suitable sweeteners for production of sugarless food products. Sorbitol is also successfully used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as well as in a range of non‐food applications. Following a review of the properties of both polyols, the most important food applications are discussed. The use of sorbitol is described in confectionery products. chocolate, and particularly in tabletting, which is important for the pharmaceutical industry. Sorbitol powders of different particle size distributions can be used. Their powder properties are relatad to flow and compression characteristics, as well as to tablet properties such as hardness, friability, desintegration time and storage stability. Specific technological properties of sorbitol in classical confectionery compositions are also briefly discussed. For maltitol syrups the application work is focussed on sugarless confectionery products, more specifically hard candies and gums. Details are provided on formulations, manufacturing conditions and on properties of the final sweets, particularly taste, texture and storage stability.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Chemically and Enzymatically Treated Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo) and Ragi (Eleusine coracana) Starch Granules
Authors: Tharanathan R. N. , Bhat U. Ramadas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmylolysis of chemically ‐ treated starch granules of black gram and ragi was followed colorimetrically and by scanning electron microscopy. From the percent hydrolysis values it was evident that oxidation with periodate resulted in considerable resistance, whereas urea treatment resulted in granule susceptibility towards in vitro amylolysis. The action of α‐amylase and/or glucoamylase on periodate oxidised black gram starch showed on SEM sufficient enlargement of the granules and hollow craters as well; whereas similar treatment on oxidised ragi starch resulted in folded, distorted and deformed granules. Treatment with 8M urea resulted in the total loss of characteristic granular shape and formation of the socalled amylopectin “sacs”. Like waxy starches the latter showed an increase in enzymic activity. Particularly, the synergistic action of α‐amylase and glucoamylase on ureatreated starches virtually collapsed the granules, forming innumerable “flat” ribbon like fragments.
Modified Cyclodextrins – A New Generation of Chiral Stationary Phases for Capillary Gas Chromatographie
Authors: König W. A. , Lutz S. , Mischnick‐Lübbecke P. , Brassat B. , von der Bey E. , Wenz G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2,3,6‐Tri‐O‐pentylated and 2, 6‐di‐O‐pentylated/3‐O‐acetylated α‐ and β‐cyclodextrin derivatives are prepared and applied as chiral stationary phases for enantiomer separation by capillary gas chromatography. The cyclodextrin derivatives can be used over a temperature range from below room temperature to above 200°C for the separation of a large variety of chiral substrates.
Untersuchungen zur Synthese von Polyethern aus Anhydropolyolen
Authors: Thiem J. , Häring T. , Strietholt W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBei der Umsetzung von 1,4:3,6‐Dianhydro‐D‐sorbit mit Basen und α,ω‐Dihalogenalkanen werden Mono‐ und Dialkylderivate erhalten, mit trans‐1,4‐Dichlor‐2‐buten lassen sich Oligomere bis zum Heptamer isolieren und strukturell zuordnen. Ringöffnende Polymerisationen von substituierten Tetrahydrofuranen mit Supersäuren führen im Falle der 1,4‐Anhydro‐2,3‐di‐O‐alkyl‐D‐erythrite zu funktionalisierten Poly(oxytetramethylenen). Durch detaillierte Studien der Reaktionsparameter lassen sich optimierte Umsetzungsbedingungen erzielen, und mit polymeranalytischen Untersuchungen werden die linearen Strukturen der Polyether nachgewiesen.
Untersuchungen über Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Weizenkleber in chemisch‐technischen Bereichen
Authors: Kempf W. , Pelech B. , Bergthaller W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVital‐Weizenkleber kann durch ausreichend lange Reaktion mit Acrylnitril unter gleichzeitiger Seitenketten‐Desamidierung in alkalischem Milieu mit Ausbeuten von 85 bis 90% in lösliche Modifikationen übergeführt werden, die sich als Co‐bindemittel in Papierstreichfarben einsetzen lassen. Als Lösungsmittel wurden Natronlauge und Ammoniak erprobt. Viskosität und Wasserrückhaltevermögen der Streichfarben können in einem weiten Bereich variiert werden. Nach Reaktionszeiten von 18 bis 240 h wurden beim Einsatz cyanethylierter Weizenkleber als Co‐bindemittel sowohl an handgestrichenen Papieren als auch an Papieren aus halbtechnischen Streichversuchen anhand von IGT‐Rupftests Strichfestigkeiten ermittelt, die einem als Co‐bindemittel‐Standard gewählten modifizierten Sojaprotein‐Isolat gleichkamen. Auch in anderen Eigenschaften der gestrichenen Papiere (Glanz, Weißgrad, Naßrupffestigkeit) erwiesen sich die modifizierten Weizenkleber dem Standard als gleichwertig. Orientierende Versuche zur Modifizierung mit Bernsteinsäureanhydrid brachten gleichfalls positive Ergebnisse.Vital‐Weizenkleber sowie die Kleberfraktionen Gliadin und Glutenin konnten zur Verbesserung der Festigkeit von Sperrholzverleimungen eingesetzt werden, wenn sie in Harnstoff‐Formaldehydharz‐Leimen als Streckmittel eingearbeitet wurden.Mit Essigsäure behandelter Weizenkleber läßt sich nach einer Plastifizierung durch intensive mechanische Bearbeitung problemlos zur Streckung von Kollagen verwenden, das als Grundstoff von künstlichen eßbaren Wursthäuten dient. Qualitätseinbußen wurden dabei nicht beobachtet.
Solvent Extraction of Fatty Acids from Amylose Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Morrison W. R. , Coventry A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extractability of palmitic and other common fatty acids from inclusion complexes with potato amylose was studied using a wide range of common lipid solvents. At ambient temperature negligible yields were obtained with light petroleum or diethyl ether, and yields were low with most other solvents except those containing methanol or water. At 100°C, methanol, ethanol and propanol and all alcohol‐water mixtures gave good yields. Complexes of amylose with 1‐O‐palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine also gave good yields when extracted with propanol‐water (3:1) at 100°C. Since more rigorous conditions are required for extraction of lipids from native cereal starch granules, it seems that the barrier to lipid extraction is the structure of the granule rather than the resistance to lipid extraction of any possible inclusion complexes in the granules.
Intestinal Absorption of Carbohydrates and Calcium: A Review
Authors: Vogel W. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA review is given of recent publications on the absorption of carbohydrates especially in relation to calcium. Starch and sucrose are hydrolyzed in mammals by enzymes attached to the wall of the jejunum to glucose and fructose. These are rapidly absorbed via carrier mediated mechanisms in adjoining epithelial cells. Feeding relatively high levels of lactose, sugar alcohols or modified starches to rodents leads to enhanced calcium absorption in the ileum. This results in increased urinary calcium, which may lead to lesions of the kidneys and adrenals in rats or to the formation of bladder stones in mice. If not hydrolyzed to absorbable moieties in the small intestine, carbohydrates pass to the cecum where they are fermented by microbial flora. This fermentation leads to cecal enlargement, diarrhoea and a decrease in urinary pH. All these effects, mainly caused by substantially overfeeding the rodents with these carbohydrates, are of no significance to humans consuming a balanced diet.
Microbial Glucoamylases: Biochemical and Biotechnological Features
Authors: Saha B. C. , Zeikus J. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlucoamylase is one of the most important industrial enzymes and has a world wide application. A comprehensive review of microbial glucoamylase, its production, multiplicity, molecular characteristics, action on soluble and insoluble substrates and industrial usefulness is presented.