bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An unusual case: Ruptured and infected primary muscle cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Keskin Davut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere are few case reports of primary muscle cystic echinococcosis in which a hot abscess developed at the site of the cyst following its perforation. Here, the author presents a 23-year-old female with a hydatid cyst of more than 15 years’ duration in her right quadriceps muscle. The cyst did not cause any complaints for years and grew very slowly, but eventually became infected and perforated. A large hot abscess was formed at its site. The patient was managed successfully by surgical and medical treatments. She was assessed carefully for clinical, radiological, surgical and histopathological findings. Investigations were made to differentiate the condition from classical hot abscesses and other soft tissue masses. In T1-and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, a hypointense membranous structure (the perforated rim) within the mass of the lesion was significant for its differential diagnosis. In conclusion, especially in endemic regions, magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable tool in differentiating soft tissue cystic echinococcosis in the presence of infected and rapidly enlarging masses after long periods of dormancy.
Messages About Calcium and Weight In Canadian Women's Magazines
Authors: Hassan Talia , Marchessault Gail , Campbell Marian , Huhmann Bruce 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Osteoporosis affects 1.4 million Canadians. Maximizing bone mass by age 30 may reduce this risk. Because calcium intake and body weight are both associated with bone mass, and many Canadian women report that they obtain nutrition information from magazines, we compared the frequency of calcium and body weight messages in Chatelaine and Flare, Canadian magazines for mature versus younger women, respectively. Methods: Using keywords, we identified relevant advertisements and articles in all issues of Chatelaine and Flare for 2000 to 2001. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank sum tests. Results: Chatelaine had more calcium and weight messages per 100 pages than did Flare (significant only for calcium, p ≤0.0001). Within Chatelaine, there were no significant differences between the frequency of calcium and weight messages; however, almost 90% of Flare's messages focused on weight (p ≤0.0001), with only eight messages in two years addressing calcium. Conclusions: Magazines with limited calcium and many weight messages inadvertently promote a lifestyle that may increase the risk for osteoporosis. The opportunity exists to provide improved calcium and osteoporosis coverage for women at the prime age for maximizing bone density. Awareness of information gaps may help dietitians strategize in promoting nutrition messages to women.
Supporting Healthy Eating Among Preschoolers: Challenges for Child Care Staff
Authors: Needham Lisa , Dwyer John J.M. , Randall-Simpson Janis , Heeney Elizabeth Shaver 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The child care setting can help preschoolers develop healthy eating habits. Establishing such habits may increase preschoolers’ likelihood of carrying them into adulthood, which can decrease the risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. Challenges in supporting preschoolers’ healthy eating were investigated among child care staff.Methods: Three focus group interviews were conducted with 29 child care staff members. Audiotapes of the sessions were transcribed.Results: Several themes were identified from the analysis of the transcripts. An intrapersonal (individual) factor was children's picky eating. Interpersonal factors (interactions) included perceptions that parents do not encourage their children to eat in a healthy way, and that child care staff's use of practices were inconsistent with health professional recommendations. Physical environment factors included perceptions that healthy food was not accessible at child care centres and that children have unhealthy food at home.Conclusions: Program planners and health professionals can develop and implement strategies to overcome some of the identified challenges to supporting preschoolers’ healthy eating.
Canadian Dietitians’ Understanding of Non-Dieting Approaches in Weight Management
Authors: Marchessault Gail , Thiele Kevin , Armit Eleeta , Chapman Gwen E. , Levy-Milne Ryna , Barr Susan I. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: How Canadian dietitians define and use non-dieting and size acceptance approaches (SAAs) in the context of weight management was explored. Methods: Fifteen focus groups with 104 dietitians were conducted in seven Canadian cities. Questions were designed to explore participants’ understanding and use of non-dieting and SAAs, including counselling goals, techniques, and outcome measures. Sessions were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using qualitative methods. Results: Participants generally agreed that non-dieting involves promoting healthy lifestyles and avoiding restrictive diets. Participants also agreed that size acceptance means accepting all body shapes and sizes and promoting comfort with one's body. Many dietitians said they use size acceptance only with appropriate clients, most often with those who are lighter or without other health risks. Others said that size acceptance, by definition, is appropriate for everyone. Opinions varied about the appropriateness of teaching portion sizes or using meal plans, and whether weight loss could be a goal of non-dieting and SAAs. Conclusions: Views on the usefulness of non-dieting and size acceptance strategies in weight management counselling were related, at least partially, to the different understanding that dietitians had of these approaches. Terminology needs to be clarified when we speak about non-dieting and SAAs. The varied understanding about these concepts should help dietitians reflect on their own perspectives and practice.
Food Insecurity and Dietary IntakeOf Immigrant Food Bank Users
Authors: Rush Timothy J. , Ng Victor , Irwin Jennifer D. , Stitt Larry W. , He Meizi 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The degree of food insecurity and dietary intake was examined in adult Colombians who are new immigrants to Canada and use a food bank.Methods: In-person surveys were conducted on a convenience sample of 77 adult Colombian immigrant food bank users in London, Ontario. Degree of food insecurity was measured by the Radimer/Cornell questionnaire, food intakes by 24-hour recall, sociodemographics, and questionnaires about changes in dietary patterns before and after immigration.Results: Thirty-six men and 41 women participated in the study. Despite being highly educated, all respondents had experienced some form of food insecurity within the previous 30 days. The degree of food insecurity seems to be inversely associated with income and length of residency in Canada. Total daily energy intake was low, with a mean value of 1,568.3 ± 606.0 kcal (6,217.5 ± 2,336.4 kJ). In particular, a large proportion of participants consumed a diet low in fruits and vegetables (73%) and milk and dairy products (58%).Conclusions: Colombian immigrant food bank users new to Canada experience various degrees of food insecurity, which is associated with inadequate food intake. Interventions are needed to assist this population with adapting to society while concurrently sustaining healthy eating patterns.
Learning with microcomputers: Training primary school children on a problem‐solving program
Authors: Simon Tony , McShane John , Radley Sally 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of structured training at two informational levels on children's performance on a problem‐solving computer program. An informed‐training group (strategy training with detailed explanations) performed at a superior level to a blind‐training group (strategy training with no explanations) and a control group. This superiority was maintained 3 weeks later on retest. The results are discussed in relation to the processes that mediate and facilitate training.
Monitoring archaeological sites in a changing landscape–using multitemporal satellite remote sensing as an ‘early warning’ method for detecting regrowth processes
Authors: Barlindhaug Stine , Holm‐Olsen Inger Marie , Tømmervik Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the coastal areas of North Norway farm abandonment followed by regrowth and reforestation is a major factor leading to landscape change. One consequence of this change is that archaeological sites are lost. A survey programme started by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 1997, aimed at monitoring the condition of archaeological sites listed in the Norwegian National Sites and Monuments Record, has documented that regrowth processes represent a threat to the sites. The extent of the problem of regrowth and reforestation of archaeological sites is mostly unknown, however, and efficient coping strategies are not developed. In this article we present a change detection method based on the use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) applied to Landsat images with different acquisition dates, followed by image differencing. This procedure results in an easily interpretable and extremely quick approach to change detection of land cover as well as change in biomass, and it can be used as a ‘first warning’ method to indicate archaeological sites threatened by regrowth processes. The method as it is applied in this study appears to be most suitable for monitoring changes in the infield areas where contrasts are clearest. Further development is possible, both at the regional level using medium resolution satellite remote sensing where the aim is to detect significant changes in the agricultural as well as the cultural landscape, and at the site level, where use of the same method on data from high‐resolution sensors will allow monitoring of the site on a very detailed scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An explicit and conservative remapping strategy for semi‐Lagrangian advection
Authors: Reich Sebastian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA conservative semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme has recently been proposed by Cotter et al. in their article “The remapped particle‐mesh semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme” published in The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2007, volume 133, pages 251–260). It is based on a remapped particle‐mesh implementation using bicubic B‐spline as basis functions. It has been shown that the method is of comparable accuracy as standard bicubic semi‐Lagrangian advection schemes. A potential drawback of the, so called, remapped particle‐mesh semi‐Lagrangian (RPM SL) advection scheme is that it requires the solution of tridiagonal linear systems of equations. In this note, we demonstrate that the solution of linear equations can be avoided without sacrificing the conservation and accuracy properties of the original RPM SL method. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The structure of informed consent in psychiatric research
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S. , Roth Loren H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe manner in which the informed consent process is structured was explored by means of intensive interviews with 17 experienced psychiatric researchers. Despite differing views on informed consent, investigators displayed a commonality of practice. Most investigators were themselves not usually involved in obtaining consents, relegating the process to lower‐level assistants. They did not closely monitor the process and generally were unaware of problems that may have arisen. Most protocols called for repeat contact with patients so that a relationship would develop and information could be provided before obtaining a formal consent. The actual signing of a consent form often reflected a decision that had been made much earlier in the process. These findings have significance for both sides in the dispute over informed consent in research. Those who favor tighter controls over psychiatric research will have to consider the implications of monitoring, without destroying, a prolonged and complicated process. Those who argue for a reliance on investigators' integrity must deal with the apparent lack of involvement most investigators have in the consent process.
Informed consent in psychiatric practice: The primacy of ethics over law
Authors: Winslade William J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn recent years, concern with informed consent in psychiatry has led to an overemphasis on legal formulations of the problem and a heated debate about when physician paternalism can be justified. This paper proposes that the principle of respect for persons provides better guidance for treatment decisions than do legal guidelines based on a questionable standard of competency.
Patient's choice to suicide v. treater's duty to prevent suicide: Some changing clinical dilemmas
Authors: Felthous Alan R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe evolution of civil commitment procedures is seen as reflecting changing social and ethical values regarding individual liberty versus protection of self and others. The dilemma of dealing with the modern suicidal patient places the psychiatrist at the interface of conflicting societal expectations. The legal aspects of civil commitment are seen as not necessarily compatible with the best clinical course for the suicidal patient. The relationship of the process of the civil commitment to the process of treatment is briefly explored.
Expert testimony on malingering: The admissibility of clinical procedures for the detection of deception
Authors: Adelman Roger M. , Howard April 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe detection of malingering in the legal context frequently requires the use of psychiatric and psychological expert testimony. These experts may rely on certain clinical techniques in order to detect deception. This article addresses the problem of the admissibility in evidence of clinical procedures used by these experts. The scientific reliability and effect on constitutional rights of procedures such as hypnosis, polygraphy, “truth” drugs, and psychological tests is examined.
Trial by polygraph
Authors: Lykken David T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA brief review of the early and current applications of lie detectors to detecting deception is presented. Research findings on the accuracy of polygraphs in real life situations are discussed. Additionally, the circumstances of polygraph testing (i.e., friendly or adversarial), methods of “beating” the polygraph, and the acceptance of polygraph results in the courtroom are reviewed.
The description and classification of presidential threateners
Authors: Logan William S. , Reuterfors David L. , Bohn Martin J. , Clark Charles L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPresidential threateners who received court‐ordered psychiatric evaluations at the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in 1981 and 1982 were studied. Using data from psychiatric reports and other background documents, the cases were analyzed according to demographic, legal, and psychiatric variables. Cases were also classified according to a system based on the characteristics of the threatener and the context in which the threat was made.
The predictive value of the triad for sex offenders
Authors: Prentky Robert A. , Carter Daniel L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined the predictive value of the triad (enuresis, firesetting, cruelty to animals) in a group of incarcerated sex offenders. The most salient positive finding in this investigation was the association between one or more components of the triad and a highly abusive home environment. There was no compelling evidence to support the prognostic value of the triad of behaviors for predicting adult criminal outcome. The triad appeared to be primarily a maladaptive response to the turmoil and abuse in the home prior to and during adolescence. Finally, it is noteworthy that this study revealed a much lower frequency of triad behaviors than has been reported in the literature.
How do people influence in jury deliberation? a social psychological view
Authors: Kaplan Martin F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch in small‐group decision making suggests two means by which discussion shifts the responses of individual members—Nonmative influence and informational influence. The former is based on pressure to conform to the normative positions of group members, and the latter involves changes due to the informational content of persuasively or passively shared facts. Which influence mode is used depends on the group decision rule, whether the response is public or private, the perceived nature of the task, and the nature of the issue. Specifically, normative influence is likely to prevail in public judgments, under group cohesion sets, and with value‐laden issues, while informational influence will emerge when responses are private, the group is oriented toward the immediate task, and the issue is intellective. Suggestions are made regarding strategy and tactics for anticipating, harnessing, and shaping the form of influence that will take place during deliberation.
The perils of police psychology: 10 strategies for minimizing role conflicts when providing mental health services and consultation to law enforcement agencies
Authors: Dietz Park Elliott , Reese James T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article addresses common dilemmas faced by mental health professionals working on behalf of law enforcement agencies, focusing on those relating to informed consent; conflicts in values, norms, or their relative importance; and the erosion of professional identity. The authors suggest 10 strategies that mental health professionals may invoke to reduce their risk of confronting ethical dilemmas or of experiencing role conflicts while working on behalf of law enforcement agencies. The need for each strategy is illustrated with one or more examples of problems that have arisen when mental health professionals have failed to obtain consent for their activities, have been insufficiently sensitive to or unaware of conflicts between the usual norms in their professions, and the norms of law enforcement agencies, or have identified too strongly with law enforcement personnel. The 10 strategies recommended here are intended to reduce professional conflicts without compromising operational effectiveness.
Criminal profiling from crime scene analysis
Authors: Douglas John E. , Ressler Robert K. , Burgess Ann W. , Hartman Carol R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSince the 1970s, investigative profilers at the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit (now part of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime) have been assisting local, state, and federal agencies in narrowing investigations by providing criminal personality profiles. An attempt is now being made to describe this criminal‐profile‐generating process. A series of five overlapping stages lead to the sixth stage, or the goal of apprehension of the offender: (1) profiling inputs, (2) decision‐process models, (3) crime assessment, (4) the criminal profile, (5) investigation, and (6) apprehension. Two key feedback filters in the process are: (a) achieving congruence with the evidence, with decision models, and with investigation recommendations, and (b) the addition of new evidence.
Relationships between the U.S. Secret Service and the behavioral and social sciences
Authors: Carney Caren M. , Baker Kenneth P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Secret Service investigates crimes related to U.S. currency, credit card fraud, forgery of government obligations, and other related violations. However, the Secret Service is perhaps best known for its protective and investigative responsibilities involving the President and Vice President of the United States, members of their immediate families, and visiting foreign dignitaries. During the past 22 years, concern for protective responsibilities has provoked occasional and sometimes fruitful dialogue between the Secret Service and members of the professional behavioral and social sciences communities. This article describes the evolution and future possibilities of that relationship by providing: (a) a brief history and overview of the Secret Service, focusing on its protective and investigative responsibilities, (b) an analysis of the recent contributions of the behavioral and social sciences to the Secret Service, and (c) an assessment of current and future directions to be taken in the professional behavioral sciences intramural and extramural research programs recently established by the Secret Service.
Trial by polygraph: Scientific and juridical issues in lie detection
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon , Bar‐Hillel Maya , Lieblich Israel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present article examines two methods of polygraph‐assisted lie detection: the Control Question Technique (CQT) and the Guilty Knowledge Technique (GKT). It presents the rationale for both, arguing that only the latter is well grounded in psychological theory. It then surveys the empirical support for claims of the polygraph's ability to detect deception, arguing that such support often comes from studies that are methodologically flawed by contamination of various sorts—especially studies of the CQT. The article then explores the legal implications of introducing polygraph test results, as presently gathered, into the criminal courtroom.
Diagnosing and treating “insanity” on death row: Legal and ethical perspectives
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn every American state with a death penalty law, execution of the insane is forbidden by statute or case law. Recently, the United States Supreme Court held that this proscription is mandated by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. As a result of these laws and the Supreme Court's recent ruling, psychiatrists and psychologists have been and will continue to be called upon to both diagnose and treat insanity among death row inmates. This article considers whether psychiatrists and psychologists can meet both these legal demands and the ethical demands of the healing professions to which they belong.
Ethical issues in prison research: A risk/benefit analysis
Authors: Overholser James C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEthical issues in research are especially important when working with confined populations such as prisoners. One method that has been proposed to assist the decision‐making process is the use of a risk/benefit model. The informed estimation of the probable risks and potential benefits of any given research project should be used to determine the ethical justifiability of conducting the research. The present article enumerates the variables relevant to a risk/benefit analysis when conducting research in a prison setting. Also, the risks of undue influence and the limits of confidentiality will be discussed. Finally, the appropriate use of informed consent will be discussed as a safeguard against these risks.
Neuroradiologic evaluation of craniocerebral trauma
Authors: Ramsey Ruth G. , Scheer‐Williams Mary 
Published: May 2007

AbstractModern imaging techniques have greatly aided our ability to diagnose the effects of craniocerebral trauma. Computed tomography (CT), introduced in 1973, revolutionized the evaluation of changes related to trauma, allowing accurate diagnosis of intracerebral and extracerebral areas of blood accumulation. It became readily apparent that in most cases CT was the only exam necessary prior to surgical treatment. CT also accurately evaluates facial bone trauma. Magnetic resonance (MR), widely introduced in 1983, has also aided in diagnosis and is most accurate in cases of subacute and chronic injury, particularly cases involving shearing injuries. Skull films continue to be useful for linear skull fractures.