bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Article: On the Personal Service of the Indians in Central America
Authors: Zavala Silvio 
Published: July 2006

William L. Sherman has written a good book on the personal service of the Indians, a theme so important in the society of Spanish America but here limited to Central America.Series of studies exist on this topic for the viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru but Central America, the intermediate region, has received only sporadic attention. Now it receives an impressive and more complete study, based on documents from the archives of Central America and Spain: actas de cabildo, letters, official depositions, law suits, juicios de residencia and notarial registers. Both the old and modern bibliography is cited, with some omissions.In his volume, Professor Sherman includes all the distinct institutional forms of Indian labor. The first is Indian slavery either as the result of war or barter. This section enlarges our understanding of that topic for the entire region. Of special interest is the trade in Honduran Indians to the Antilles and those of Nicaragua to Panama and Peru. The Peruvian sources consulted are limited. In this connection, he recalls (p. 387, note 11), even though the matter does not concern Central America, the exportation of the Indians from the Province of Panuco in New Spain to the Spanish Islander of the Caribbean.
Commerce and Orthodoxy: A Spanish Response to Portuguese Commerical Penetration in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1580-1640
Authors: Cross Harry E. 
Published: July 2006

They have made themselves masters of commerce. The Merchant's Street is almost theirs; the Merchant's Lane is all theirs, as are most of the retail booths. … As a result, they have gained control of merchandising. … The Spaniard who has not a Portuguese as a business partner has limited chances for success.This remarkable statement, issued by the Lima Inquisition, suggests the extent to which Portuguese and their descendants had penetrated the Peruvian commercial system during the six-decade union of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns. Spanish concern over the presence of Portuguese merchants in the viceroyalty extended to the royal bureaucracy and Lima Consulado. For example, one important government functionary writing to the King in 1619 assessed the situation as follows: “These Portuguese … in the Provinces of Peru are many of them rich, powerful, and very intelligent in all aspects of commerce. They maintain communication with many other Portuguese retail and wholesale merchants who reside in the stated realms. …” The Consulado issued numerous complaints against Portuguese merchants and often agitated for their expulsion on the grounds that they increasingly dominated trade to the detriment of Spaniards. By 1639, the majority of Portuguese merchants had been expelled from Lima and from many other parts of the viceroyalty thanks to a rapid and far-reaching expurgation by the Inquisition. Indeed, Spanish merchant monopolists and their government-sanctioned trading association, the Consulado, acted in concert with the Lima Inquisition to harass and eventually to oust their Portuguest competitors. The establishment of Portuguese merchants in Peru and their subsequent purge by the Holy Office comprise a crucial chapter in the business history of imperial Spain.
From Martín Fierro to Peronism: A Century of Argentine Social Protest
Authors: Winn Peter 
Published: July 2006

At first glance, nothing could be stranger than a paper discussing the relationship between Martín Fierro and peronism. It is not just the disparity of genres. The gulf of history that separates their worlds and styles appears to be unbridgeable. Martín Fierro is emblematic of the gaucho, the endless pampa, man alone, the pastoral economy, individualism and the search for personal transcendence. Peronismo, on the other hand, calls up images of the factory worker, the city, mass society, the industrial economy, corporatist idealogy and the struggle for collective salvation.Despite these differences, however, Martín Fierro and peronismo are in both clear and complex ways of the same lineage and an analysis of their relationship illuminates both generations—and a century of Argentine social protest. The world's of Martín Fierro and peronismo may be different, but the line of descent that joins them is as clear as that which leads from Fierro's pampa milonga to the tango of porteño peronismo and as complex as that which runs from the singer in the pulpería to the orator in the Plaza de Mayo.
Antonio De Alcedo: His Collaborators and His Letters to William Robertson
Authors: Ronan Charles E. 
Published: July 2006

This article is divided into two parts. The first deals with Alcedo and his collaborators; the second treats his correspondence with the Scottish historian, William Robertson.When Antonio de Alcedo y Bexerano published his valuable five-volume Diccionario geográfico-histórico de … América … (Madrid: 1786-1789), he was painfully aware that, given its magnitude, it inevitably contained errors and omissions. To remedy these deficiencies in a revised edition that he planned to bring out later but never did, he requested in his prologue that readers inform him about mistakes and shortcomings they might detect. Exactly how many heeded his call, we do not know; but prominent among those who offered assistance and whose correspondence has been found were three: two expatriated Spanish American Jesuits, the Mexican, Agustín Pablo de Castro, and the Argentinian, Francisco Javier Iturri, and the former Spanish governor and commander-general of Guayana, Colonel Manuel Centurión. Only the letters of Castro and Centurión to Alcedo are published here. Those of Iturri, one of which has already appeared, will be published later.
Agrarian Policy and Instability in Porfirian Mexico
Authors: Stevens Donald Fithian 
Published: July 2006

In the struggle sustained from time immemorial by the people with the haciendas, I shall be on the side of the people, once I obtain power.— Porfirio Díaz, 1876Given the importance of rural unrest in the destabilizing of Porfirian Mexico, it seems at least ironic to find these words attributed to Díaz during his Tuxtepec revolt. And, given the attention paid to the repressive elements of the Díaz dictatorship, one might easily argue that Díaz never intended to fulfill that promise, vague though it may be. A number of works seem to blame Díaz personally for the land problem which lead to his overthrow. Others maintain that Díaz remained aloof and was isolated from the common people; but by far the greatest number of works employ such amorphous or monolithic concepts as the “State,” the “Díaz regime,” “porjirismo,” or simply “the government” and focus exclusively on evidence of repression in Porfirian Mexico. Repression has attracted attention in part because it has been important in explaining dissatisfaction which lead to the Revolution of 1910 and in part because violence attracted a great deal of attention from contemporaries. This interest provides historians with more accessible sources while evidence of a more conciliatory attitude has remained hidden in the collection of Porfirio Díaz's presidential papers.
The Black Man's Contribution to Cuban Culture
Authors: Valdés-Cruz Rosa 
Published: July 2006

The well-known ethnologist and investigator, Fernando Ortiz, has recognized that “without the black, Cuba would not be Cuba,” a statement that makes clear the tremendous importance of the African contribution to present-day Cuban culture.It is a known fact that the aboriginal base of Cuban society was quickly destroyed by the first Spaniards to reach the island, thereby creating the necessity for a new slave population, a new race: that of the blacks of Africa. They came from various regions but primarily from near the mouth of the Niger River.The cultures which they brought were varied: some elementary and others sufficiently developed, like the Dahomeyan and Yoruba, which manifested a degree of complexity that made them comparable in many aspects to European culture of the Middle Ages. They had agriculture, trade, centralized government, mutual protection social organizations, highly developed oral folkloristic literature (they lacked writing), and a degree of development in certain branches of art—such as music.
Orange and Red Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Employing Neutral Ru(II) Emitters: Rational Design and Prospects for Color Tuning
Authors: Tung Y.‐L. , Chen L.‐S. , Chi Y. , Chou P.‐T. , Cheng Y.‐M. , Li E. Y. , Lee G.‐H. , Shu C.‐F. , Wu F.‐I. , Carty A. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new series of charge‐neutral Ru(II) pyridyl and isoquinoline pyrazolate complexes, [Ru(bppz)2(PPh2Me)2] (bbpz: 3‐tert‐butyl‐5‐pyridyl pyrazolate) (1), [Ru(fppz)2(PPh2Me)2] (fppz: 3‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐pyridyl pyrazolate) (2), [Ru(ibpz)2(PPhMe2)2] (ibpz: 3‐tert‐butyl‐5‐(1‐isoquinolyl) pyrazolate) (3), [Ru(ibpz)2(PPh2Me)2] (4), [Ru(ifpz)2(PPh2Me)2] (ifpz: 3‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐(1‐isoquinolyl) pyrazolate) (5), [Ru(ibpz)2(dpp)] (dpp represents cis‐1,2‐bis‐(diphenylphosphino)ethene) (6), and [Ru(ifpz)2(dpp)] (7), have been synthesized, and their structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties have been characterized. A comprehensive time‐dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) approach has been used to assign the observed electronic transitions to specific frontier orbital configurations. A multilayer organic light‐emitting device (OLED) using 24 wt % of 5 as the dopant emitter in a 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazolyl‐1,1′‐biphenyl (CBP) host with 4,4′‐bis[N‐(1‐naphthyl)‐N‐phenylamino]biphenyl (NPB) as the hole‐transport layer exhibits saturated red emission with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.10 %, luminous efficiency of 5.74 cd A–1, and power efficiency of 2.62 lm W–1. The incorporation of a thin layer of poly(styrene sulfonate)‐doped poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) between indium tin oxide (ITO) and NPB gave anoptimized device with an EQE of 7.03 %, luminous efficiency of 8.02 cd A–1, and power efficiency of 2.74 lm W–1 at 20 mA cm–2. These values represent a breakthrough in the field of OLEDs using less expensive Ru(II) metal complexes. The nonionic nature of the complexes as well as their high emission quantum efficiencies and short radiative lifetimes are believed to be the key factors enabling this unprecedented achievement. The prospects for color tuning based on Ru(II) complexes are also discussed in light of some theoretical calculations.
Evidence on the effectiveness of occupational health interventions
Authors: Ruotsalainen Jani H. , Verbeek Jos H. , Salmi Jukka A. , Jauhiainen Merja , Laamanen Irja , Pasternack Iris , Husman Kaj 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundAt present there exists no overview of the range of evidence currently available regarding the effectiveness of occupational health interventions (OHI).MethodsArticles published in 2000 and 2001 in 16 general and specialized biomedical journals were searched for evaluations of OHI studies.ResultsOut of 8,687 articles searched there were 148 OHI studies. In 21% of the studies the study design was a randomized controlled trial, in 28% it was a controlled trial, an interrupted time‐series in 7% and a different design in 44%. The occupational health outcome was exposure in 27% of the studies, worker behavior in 12%, disease symptoms in 30%, disability or sickness absence in 24%, injuries in 4%, and quality of care in 3%.ConclusionsHigh quality evaluation studies are conducted in all areas of occupational health. However, it is clear that more are needed and the methodology used could be improved. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Causes of death and prognostic factors in a series of 250 patients
Authors: Bucciarelli Silvia , Espinosa Gerard , Cervera Ricard , Erkan Doruk , Gómez‐Puerta José A. , Ramos‐Casals Manuel , Font Josep , Asherson Ronald A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the main causes of death and the prognostic factors that influence mortality in patients with the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS).MethodsWe analyzed the case reports of 250 patients included in the CAPS Registry up to February 2005. To identify prognostic factors for CAPS, we compared the main clinical and immunologic features and the types of treatment in the patients who died with those features in the patients who survived.ResultsRecovery occurred in 56% of the episodes of CAPS and death occurred in 44%. Cerebral involvement, consisting mainly of stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and encephalopathy, was considered the main cause of death, being present in 27.2% of patients, followed by cardiac involvement (19.8%) and infection (19.8%). The only factor we identified that was prognostic of a higher mortality rate was the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A higher recovery rate was associated with combined treatment with anticoagulants (ACs) plus corticosteroids (CS) plus plasma exchange (PE) (77.8%), followed by ACs plus CS plus PE and/or intravenous immunoglobulins (69%). In contrast, concomitant treatment with cyclophosphamide did not demonstrate additional benefit.ConclusionCerebral involvement (mainly consisting of stroke), cardiac involvement, and infections were considered the main causes of death in patients with CAPS. The presence of SLE was related to a higher mortality rate. According to the results of the present study, ACs plus CS plus PE should be the first line of therapy in patients with CAPS.
Regeneration of B cell subsets after transient B cell depletion using anti‐CD20 antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Roll Petra , Palanichamy Arumugam , Kneitz Christian , Dorner Thomas , Tony Hans‐Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTransient B cell depletion with the monoclonal anti‐CD20 antibody rituximab has resulted in favorable clinical responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about the regeneration profile of different peripheral B cell subpopulations. The aim of this study was to delineate the regeneration profile of different B cell subsets in the peripheral blood after selective anti‐CD20–mediated B cell depletion.MethodsSeventeen patients with RA refractory to standard therapy were treated with rituximab. Patients 1–6 received 4 weekly infusions of rituximab at a dose of 375 mg/m2, and patients 7–17 received 2 infusions of rituximab (1,000 mg), 2 weeks apart. Four‐color staining was performed at several time points, using CD38, IgD, and CD27 in addition to other cell surface markers. In one patient, the mutational status of the immunoglobulin receptor was examined.ResultsThe analysis revealed a distinct pattern of B cell regeneration. The first wave of repopulating B cells were immature B cells (CD38high,IgD+,CD10+,CD24high), the immunoglobulin receptors of which were not yet somatically mutated. In parallel, a recirculation of plasma cells was observed. Later, the number of naive B cells increased, and these cells predominated in the peripheral blood B cell pool. CD27+ memory B cells showed a slow and delayed repopulation, and the level of these cells stayed significantly reduced (<50%) compared with baseline values, for more than 2 years.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence for a characteristic regeneration pattern of B cell subpopulations, with long‐lasting modulation of B cell subset composition, after selective anti‐CD20–mediated B cell depletion.
Regulation of interleukin‐1β–induced chemokine production and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation by epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Ahmed Salahuddin , Pakozdi Angela , Koch Alisa E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a potent antiinflammatory molecule, in regulating interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)–induced production of the chemokines RANTES (CCL5), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1/CCL2), epithelial neutrophil–activating peptide 78 (ENA‐78/CXCL5), growth‐regulated oncogene α (GROα/CXCL1), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts.MethodsFibroblasts obtained from RA synovium were grown, and conditioned medium was obtained. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. RANTES, MCP‐1, ENA‐78, and GROα produced in culture supernatants were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. MMP‐2 activity was analyzed by gelatin zymography. Western blotting was used to study the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB.ResultsEGCG was nontoxic to RA synovial fibroblasts. Treatment with EGCG at 10 μM or 20 μM significantly inhibited IL‐1β–induced ENA‐78, RANTES, and GROα, but not MCP‐1 production in a concentration‐dependent manner. EGCG at 50 μM caused a complete block of IL‐1β–induced production of RANTES, ENA‐78, and GROα, and reduced production of MCP‐1 by 48% (P < 0.05). Zymography showed that EGCG blocked constitutive, IL‐1β–induced, and chemokine‐mediated MMP‐2 activity. Evaluation of signaling events revealed that EGCG preferentially blocked the phosphorylation of PKCδ and inhibited the activation and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in IL‐1β–treated RA synovial fibroblasts.ConclusionThese results suggest that EGCG may be of potential therapeutic value in inhibiting joint destruction in RA.
Distinct synovial immunopathologic characteristics of juvenile‐onset spondylarthritis and other forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Kruithof Elli , Van den Bossche Veronique , De Rycke Leen , Vandooren Bernard , Joos Rik , Cañete Juan D. , Tak Paul P. , Boots Annemieke M. H. , Veys Eric M. , Baeten Dominique 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the synovial immunopathologic features of juvenile‐onset spondylarthritis (SpA) in relation to adult SpA and other forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsSynovial biopsy samples were obtained from 10 patients with juvenile‐onset SpA, 23 with adult SpA, 19 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 8 with juvenile polyarthritis, and 12 with juvenile oligoarthritis. Synovial immunopathologic features were studied by extensive histologic and immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsSynovitis in juvenile SpA was characterized by marked lining layer hyperplasia, clear hypervascularity, and pronounced inflammatory cell infiltration with lymphocytes and macrophages, independent of disease duration or time of sampling. The immunopathologic features of juvenile SpA resembled those of adult SpA in terms of hypervascularity and absence of RA‐specific intracellular citrullinated proteins and HLA–DR4/human cartilage glycoprotein 39263–275 complexes, but differed markedly by a stronger lining layer hyperplasia and lower numbers of CD163+ macrophages. Accordingly, class prediction analysis failed to classify juvenile SpA synovitis in the SpA group. Comparison of juvenile SpA with other JIA subtypes showed a broad overlap, with the exception of slightly lower vascularity in juvenile polyarthritis and higher inflammatory cell infiltration in juvenile oligoarthritis. Unsupervised clustering analysis identified a subgroup of samples characterized by high plasma cell infiltration, which corresponded with active, longstanding JIA, mostly of the oligoarthritis subtype.ConclusionDespite some similarities with adult SpA, the findings with regard to lining layer hyperplasia and CD163+ macrophage infiltration are indicative of important differences in the synovial immunopathologic features of juvenile‐onset SpA. The partial overlap with other JIA subtypes emphasizes the need for further biologic characterization of JIA in order to define pathophysiologic, rather than phenotypic, subgroups.
Confirmatory Seamless Phase II/III Clinical Trials with Hypotheses Selection at Interim: General Concepts
Authors: Bretz Frank , Schmidli Heinz , König Franz , Racine Amy , Maurer Willi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTraditional drug development consists of a sequence of independent trials organized in different phases. Full development typically involves (i) a learning phase II trial and (ii) one or two confirmatory phase III trial(s). For example, in the phase II trials several doses of the new compound might be compared to a control and/or placebo with the goal of deciding whether to stop or continue development and, in the latter case, selecting one or two “best” doses to carry forward into the confirmatory phase. The phase III trials are then conducted as stand‐alone confirmatory studies, not incorporating in their statistical analyses data collected in the previous phases.Seamless phase II/III designs are aimed at interweaving the two phases of full development by combining them into one single, uninterrupted study conducted in two stages. In the dose‐finding example above, one (or more) dose(s) are selected after the first stage based on the available data at interim, and are then observed further in the second stage. The final analysis of the selected dose(s) includes patients from both stages and is performed such that the overall type I error rate is controlled at a pre‐specified level regardless of the dose selection rule used at interim. The adequacy of the dose selection at interim is obviously a critical step for the success of a seamless phase II/III trial. In this paper we focus on the description of flexible test procedures allowing for adaptively selecting hypotheses at interim and thus allowing the combination of learning and confirming in a single seamless trial. We review the statistical background, introduce different test procedures and compare them in a power study. In a subsequent paper (Schmidli et al., 2006) we give several applications from our daily practice and discuss related implementation issues in conducting adaptive seamless designs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generation of a mouse for conditional excision of progesterone receptor
Authors: Hashimoto‐Partyka Minako K. , Lydon John P. , Iruela‐Arispe M. Luisa 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe progesterone receptor (PR) is required for several aspects of mammalian female reproduction. PR null mice have overlapping defects that preclude an understanding of its multiple functions in ovulation, pregnancy, mammary gland biology, and sexual behavior. We have generated a PR conditional excision (PRCE) allele in which loxP sites flank exon 1. Homozygous PRCE females are fertile and appear to be functionally normal. Global cre mediated excision of the floxed exon 1 using EIIa‐cre mice resulted in systemic loss of exon 1 and PR protein. Female mice homozygous for this null allele were sterile, as expected for PR knockout (PRKO) females. Conditional loss of PR will facilitate investigation of the spatial and temporal roles of PR in both normal development and disease. genesis 44:391–395, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.