bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property and Biotechnology
Authors: Jimenez Victoria , Fernandez Dennis 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhy protect Intellectual Property?Intellectual property (IP) refers to a legal entitlement, which sometimes attaches to the expressed form of an idea or of other intangible subject matter. The most well known forms of IP include copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. IP rights are protected under various federal and state laws, as well as international treaties. Without this protection, IP would fall into the public domain and be used by any party without a license. Therefore, a sound management strategy should systematically build a portfolio consisting of different IP rights, with the aim of protecting the various aspects of the company’s technology and commercial interests.
Dialektforschung im Internet [Dialect research on the Internet]
Authors: Schmitz Ulrich 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHypermediale Techniken eröffnen der Dialektforschung ungeahnte Forschungs- und Präsentationsmöglichkeiten, weil authentische Sprachproben, kartographisches Material, Texte und Informationen unterschiedlichster Art auf ein und derselben technischen Plattform unmittelbar zusammengebunden werden können.
Bridge verbs and V2 verbs – the same thing in spades?
Authors: Featherston Samuel 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper we investigate the quality of ‘bridgeness’, the extent to which a verb permits extraction from its complement clause. In spite of considerable study, linguists have only a limited idea of the nature of the factor involved. We address the question whether the quality of being a bridge verb is the same as the quality which permits a verb to take a verb-second complement clause in German. We report the results of two experiments using the technique of magnitude estimation, a method of eliciting grammaticality judgements with a high degree of differentiation. The data reveals that the ‘bridge’ quality and the ‘V2’ quality co-vary very closely, suggesting that they may well be facets of the same factor. We discuss the implications this finding has for the nature of the bridge quality.
Das neue italienische Gesetz über Sklaverei und Menschenhandel(Gesetz Nr. 228 vom 11. August 2003)
Authors: Summerer Kolis 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
I. Einleitung
Die Einführung der neuen Regelung über Sklaverei und Menschenhandel beendet einen langen Zeitraum, in dem die Anwendung der Art. 600ff. it.StGB systematisch unterlassen wurde und bestätigt gleichzeitig die Auffassung der Rechtsprechung, die schon seit Jahren eine moderne und innovative Auslegung der knappen Vorschriften des Codice Rocco langsamdurchgesetzt hatte. Das neue Gesetz Nr. 228 vom 11. August 2003 zwingtnun, die Diskussion im Hinblick auf den gewandelten politischen und gesellschaftlichen Kontext und einen in den Jahren komplex und heterogengewordenen normativen Rahmen wieder aufzunehmen.
Die mit der Sklaverei und dem Menschenhandel verbundenen kriminellen Erscheinungen haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten beträchtlich zugenommen. Außerdem haben diese nun eine ausgedehnt organisierte Form angenommen und weisen einen typisch transnationalen Charakter auf. Die Versklavung, der An- und Verkauf von Menschen, die Formen totaler körperlicherund psychischer Unterwerfung sind durchaus Phänomene der modernen Gesellschaft. Es handelt sich eindeutig um Ausbeutungstypologien,die von der traditionellen und historisch bekannten Sklaverei weit entferntsind: man denke nur an die Zwangsarbeit und an die Zwangsdienste im Haushalt und in der Industrie, an die Bettelei, an die Schuldknechtschaft, andie Zuhälterei, an die Ausnutzung der Jugendprostitution und an den Sex-Tourismus – wahre Formen einer modernen Sklaverei, die dadurch charakterisiertsind, dass die Personen tatsächlich in der Situation eines Sklaven lebenund der Macht eines Gebieters völlig unterworfen sind.
Early Bantu Ethnography from a Philological Point of View
Authors: Warmelo N. J. v. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphFew of the secrets that Africa still holds from us to-day have, I think, such an absorbing interest as the problem of Bantu in its relation to the neighbouring families and types of speech. Taking the continent of Africa as a whole, we find on the one hand the huge, yet marvellously homogeneous and compact body of the Bantu languages, clear-cut in structure, simple and transparent in phonology, and, at the back of much apparent diversity, exceptionally uniform in vocabulary. On the other hand there are in Africa numerous other languages of various type, which differ so much amongst each other that they have not yet been brought under any but the very broadest of classifications. The essential points of these are as follows.
Marriage by Exchange in Nigeria. A Disappearing Institution
Authors: Meek C. K. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn Nigeria there are two principal methods of contracting marriages (a) by the payment of a bride-price, and (b) by exchange.I use the well-established term ‘bride-price’ in preference to the newfangled term ‘bride-wealth’ because the exact equivalent of the term ‘bride-price’ is used in many native Nigerian languages, and also because the term connotes a standard rate payable for a bride, whereas ‘bride-wealth’ is a vague term which seems to suggest the goods and chattels or wedding-presents of a bride.
The Study of Native Court Records as a Method of Ethnological Inquiry
Authors: Hall R. De Z. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWherever native courts have been established and maintain W records of their proceedings, there is available a mass of material concerning native law and custom which, properly regarded, may be of great value to the ethnographer as well as to the administrator. In Tanganyika Territory, from one portion of which the material for the present paper is derived, the making of elaborate records of evidence and judgements is deprecated at the present stage of development, as likely to interfere with the smooth working of the courts. A minimum is required of the names of parties, a brief statement of the subject-matter, and a short judgement signed by the holder of the court, be he chief, headman, or chairman of a council. Under such circumstances, a study of records will show, at the least, the types of social maladjustment which bring people to court, with the relative frequency of different kinds of case: the manner in which different types of case are viewed by the court, whether as offences against society or as affecting only families or individuals: and probably some general indication of the tone of the society. From this type of record there will be an upward range to the most valuable of all for the student, those containing a precis of evidence and a full reasoned judgement.
A Luba Tribe in Katanga. Customs and Folklore
Authors: Donohugh Agnes C. L. , Berry Priscilla 
Published: April 2006

One of the three major divisions of the Luba-speaking people in the Katanga Province in the Southern part of Central Belgian Congo is under the chief Kabongo, in a country well watered, fertile, at an elevation of about 4,000 feet, 8.5° south of the equator.Game is plentiful, hunted for the most part seasonally, with bow and arrow, after burning the forest to drive out the game.An agricultural people, without cattle, being cut off from the cattle region by the tsetse-fly belt, they have goats and chickens; though these are not used for food. They are in physique a tall, well-built, vigorous people, alert and intelligent, showing certain distinctions in physiognomy which indicate tribal mixture, although the traditions are unified. Contact with foreigners is occasional, foreign currency is viewed with suspicion, and the unit of exchange for local trade is the woven square of grass-cloth, made in the tribe, barter being still common.
Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru
Authors: Moore R. J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphFrom Lake Mweru to Tanganyika is an area which was exposed to European influence at a very early date, when the lakes were the chief entrance to Northern Rhodesia. There was then a comparatively large European community, traders and administrators, settled at Chiengi and Kalungwishi. However, with the coming of the railway, and, later, the development of the copper mines, attention was focused farther South; trade in the Chiengi district became less important, and, recently, the District Commissioner, the last remaining European, was removed owing to Government economies.
The Social Organization of the Kung (!UN) Bushmen of the North-Western Kalahari
Authors: Brownlee Frank 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWith some previous knowledge of these people I had expected to ascertain on inquiry that they had a set if simple form of government and something more or less regular in their group and tribal organization, whereas I find that there is no cohesion or co-operation between groups or collections of groups, chieftainship hardly exists, and there is little or nothing in the way of a judicial system. What may have been custom seems to have been replaced to a great extent by habit and impulse, the interest of the individual is paramount to the exclusion of the good of the community—in short their mode of life, in spite of what may be said cf co-operative food quest, is the most complete expression of individualism, and any man who in astuteness and cunning, bravery and endurance, or in other similar qualities shows himself to be ahead of his fellows becomes their unacknowledged leader.
An Outline of the Descent System of the Teita, a North-Eastern Bantu Tribe
Authors: Prins A. H. J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper presents a preliminary account of the results of field research among the Teita, a tribal group not previously studied. It aims at giving a survey of the main structural features of the Teita tribal system and of the genealogical groupings within it. I hope to devote a separate article to a study of residential relations as cohesive factors within the tribal structure.
Some Problems of Language Classification with Particular Reference to the North-West Bantu Borderland
Authors: Richardson I. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphPersons accustomed to dealing with languages of known and proven ancestry may have difficulty in believing that language classification can be problematic. They may be unaware that, whereas many modern languages may be classified according to historical evidence, those without a recorded past must be grouped in the light of present-day similarity or dissimilarity. None of the languages investigated by the western section of the Northern Bantu Border Survey has a history which goes back beyond last century, and many of them had never been previously recorded. Oral tradition, usually so informative on ethnic events, is generally vague, if not absolutely silent, on linguistic matters.
Il Cannibalismo degli Asandè
Authors: Carmignani Renzo 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphFiliberto Giorgetti ha pubblicato in questa rivista (vol. xxvii, no. 2, April 1957, pp. 178-86) un articolo su ‘II cannibalismo dei Niam-Niam’. Quel che ci riguarda di questo scritto è sopratutto la premessa, in quanto il Giorgetti prende spunto, per il suo assunto, da un nostro libro su Il Cannibalismo degli Asandè (o Niam-Niam), edito a Roma, nella Collana di Studi Etnografici, nel 1954.
Figurines used in the Initiation Ceremonies of the Nguu of Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Cory A. 
Published: April 2006

The following pages give some examples of the figurines used in the male initiation ceremonies of the Nguu, a tribe related to the larger and better-known Zigua of Tanganyika Territory. The Nguu, like the Zigua, practise circumcision.My own collection of figurines used in the initiation ceremonies of this tribe numbers eighty-seven; this is known to be only a small part of the total in use. The figures are made of clay, and vary in size from a few inches up to three feet in height. Beads, the bright red seed of Abrus Drecatorius, and coloured paper are used for decoration. This varies with individual taste and appears to have no symbolic significance.
L'École des Peintres de Poto-Poto
Authors: Lebeuf Jean-Paul 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphA l'encontre de nombreuses entreprises groupées sous l'appellation d'Artisanat indigène où les modèles sont plus ou moins imposés, où les artistes, éloignés de leur milieu originel, se livrent souvent à des activités réservées à des catégories sociales différentes de celles auxquelles ils appartiennent, où l'influence européenne est déterminante, l'École des Peintres de Poto-Poto constitue une expérience rare. Créée à Brazzaville en 1951 sur l'initiative du peintre Pierre Lods, elle fonctionne depuis cette date avec l'appui du Haut-Commissariat de la République en Afrique Équatoriale Française.
Étuis péniens ou Gaines de Chasteté chez les Ba-Pende
Authors: de Sousberghe L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLe territoire occupé par les Ba-pende forme une bande de largeur variable de la Lutshima au Kasaï entre le 5° et le 6,30° latitude sud, chevauchant le cours d'une série d'affluents du Kasaï dont le Kwilu et la Loange. Comme l'indique la carte ci-jointe, cette bande chevauche même la Lutshima à son confluent avec le Kwilu. Quelques milliers de Ba-pende y forment sur la rive gauche une poussière de petites chefferies.
Yoruba Cooking
Authors: Bascom William 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAmong the Yoruba, cooking is done on a hearth (aro, adiro) consisting of three stones or lumps of clay on which a pot may be set over a wood fire. Five principal cooking techniques are employed:se, bǫ, to boil in water, or to steam in leaves;din, to fry in deep oil;yan, ta, to toast beside the fire, or in live embers or in a potsherd or dry pot over the fire;sun, to roast in the fire;bu, to bake in hot ashes.
Le Problème des Mulâtres
Authors: Hulstaert G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphMême dans les éventualités les plus favorables de l'application préconisée, la présence des mulâtres laissera subsister des difficultés. Si celles-ci demeurent réduites à des cas isolés, on ne voit pas que le gouvernement doive intervenir; car il n'a pas à l'égard des mulâtres des devoirs différents de ceux qui le lient à ses autres administrés et n'a pas à se substituer à la charité privée. Mais la multiplication des mulâtres pouvant conduire à transformer les cas isolés en véritable problème dont l'état doit s'occuper, celui-ci fera bien de prendre, dans les limites de la justice, de l'équité, de l'honnêeteté, du respect de la personne humaine et de ses droits naturels, les mesures aptes à éviter l'éclosion de cette situation défavorable.
Lord Lugard et la Politique Africaine
Authors: Delavignette M. Robert 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphL'institut International Africain me fait un grand honneur en m'invitant à prendre la parole ici. J'y suis très sensible. Je ne saurais mieux vous remercier qu'en célébrant la mémoire de Lord Lugard.Il y a quelque trente ans, dans la seconde décade du XXème siècle, un jeune administrateur des colonies françaises qui était désigné pour servir au Territoire du Niger, recevait par là même un rare privilège: celui de traverser la Nigéria britannique, du sud au nord, de Lagos à Kano.
Democracy and Indirect Rule
Authors: Ashton E. H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWhen discussing the political development of the African it is important to ask whether in his social organization there is a sufficiently strong element of popular participation in government to form a basis for modern democratic institutions. Another question is, to what extent the present system of colonial government (which for the sake of convenience, I shall call Indirect Rule, without analysing the various meanings and application of the term) gives free play to such democratic institutions as may already exist. In this article, an attempt is made to answer these two questions, so far as they apply to Basutoland and the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The position in the latter territory has recently been referred to by two writers when dealing with the second question and, as their findings were almost diametrically opposed, a detailed analysis of the position will not be out of place.
Bref Aperçu sur les principaux Cultes syncrétiques de la basse Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Holas B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphParmi les mouvements prophétiques qui donnent depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années un caractère spécifique au tableau religieux de la basse côte éburnéenne, le harrisme occupe une place de toute première importance, comptant décidément plus de fidèles que les Eglises missionnaires locales et les cultes autochtones. Déjà, en 1940, d'après les documents officiels, les Subdivisions de Grand Lahou et de Fresco (régions où ce mouvement accusait une tres grande intensité) présentaient les chiffres suivants: 7.75 5 harristes, 6.426 catholiques, 5.454 protestants, 2.202 animistes et 439 musulmans.
A Uganda Secondary School as a Field of Culture Change
Authors: Musgrove F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphI Propose to examine the Uganda secondary boys' boarding-school, in which I teach, as an institution in culture contact; to consider how far its function must be interpreted in terms of its own dynamism and how far in terms of the parent cultures of the Black and White members of the community. The interpretation I make from data gained chiefly within the school is necessarily incomplete, and a complementary study by a field anthropologist, looking at the school from the point of view of outside society, is desirable. But within the limits of the data available to a schoolmaster I here offer a description and an analysis.
An Experiment in Public-opinion Polling among Preliterate People
Authors: Marwick M. G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphTowards the end of 1947 I carried out a public-opinion survey among the Cewa tribe of Fort Jameson district, Northern Rhodesia. Although the survey was a failure, judged by the rigorous standards of public-opinion polling, it nevertheless threw light on some of the problems that arise when public-opinion-polling techniques are adapted for use among preliterate peoples. Research of this kind has a place in assessing general morale, in gauging people's reactions to administrative and development policies, and in supplementing the more intensive, but highly selective, observations of the social anthropologist. Because this is an important but almost untouched field, I am recording the lessons that are to be learned from my experiment.
Anthropology as a Public Service
Authors: Wilson Godfrey 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphFor many years colonial governments in Africa have made occasional use of the services of trained social anthropologists. Sometimes they have employed them directly as ‘Government Anthropologists’, sometimes they have subsidized students in the employ of scientific bodies for particular pieces of research. But it was left for Sir Hubert Young, as Governor of Northern Rhodesia, to set up in 1937 the first institute for systematic sociological research in colonial Africa.
Savanna and Forest in Western Nigeria
Authors: Morgan W. B. , Moss R. P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe savanna-forest boundary in West Africa is one of its most remarkable geographical features. The clarity with which the boundary is defined, whether seen from the air or from ground level, is, throughout most of its length, most striking. Moreover, the most casual observer will discover that many other features, particularly of settlement and of agriculture, reach the limit of their distributions at about the same location. Not the least significant feature, in sharp contrast with many other zones of vegetation change, is that the boundary is not an ecotone, or zone of gradual change in floristic composition and community structure in response to equally gradual changes in habitat character, but ‘a mosaic of communities representative of each region’. The zone of change consists of islands, salients, and enclaves of forest and savanna, sharply separated from one another. Only one community, the ‘transition woodland’, may in any sense be considered an ecotone. Even this, in some instances at least, may be a more or less transient sub-seral community, in view of the fact that forest trees within it are generally young, whereas the savanna trees are old.
Some Comments on Land Tenure in Egba Division, Western Nigeria
Authors: Mabogunje Akin L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDuring the sitting of the West African Lands Committee in 1912, the witnesses who were called before the Committee from Egba Division emphatically stated that sales of both farm and town lands had been going on in Egbaland for some considerable time and had become accepted as normal. Equally significant was the vigour with which witnesses from all the other Yoruba sub-tribes countered the suggestion that sale of land existed or was permitted by the traditional land law and custom. H. L. Ward Price in his report also pointed out that sales of land had been going on in Egbaland for at least sixty years before he was writing in the 1930's. From the evidence he collected, it would seem that land sales dated back to between 1860 and 1880.
Rituals of Nyoro Kingship
Authors: Beattie J.H.M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn this article I present an outline account of the ritual associated with the kingship of the interlacustrine Bantu kingdom of Bunyoro, in western Uganda. At the same time I attempt to analyse this material in terms of the categories both of Nyoro thought and of social anthropology. My information is drawn from the scattered accounts and references in the various writings about Bunyoro, rather than from my own field investigations, which in this department of Nyoro culture were not extensive. My assumption is that an anthropological approach based on some knowledge of Nyoro culture as a whole may make the available data more intelligible and more readily comparable with analogous material from elsewhere than it has been hitherto. This, rather than an exhaustive ethnographical account, is the aim of this article.
Activités Économiques des Femmes Dakaroises
Authors: le Cour Grandmaison Colette 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDakar en 1965 offre l'image d'une grande ville, impression que corroborent les données chiffrées: 500.000 habitants, ensemble industriel qui groupe une centaine d'entreprises et 20.000 salariés, trafic portuaire de 2.000.000 de tonnes, administration ne comptant pas moins de 30.000 fonctionnaires. L'urbanisation y est relativement ancienne puisque la création de la ville date du milieu du siècle dernier; de surcroît une longue tradition de relations et d'échanges ont mis en contact de longue date les populations de la Presqu'île avec l'Europe par l'intermédiaire de Gorée et du trafic négrier et avec les anciens royaumes intérieurs du Sine et du Cayor.