bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor beta in human prostatic epithelial cells in culture
Authors: Sutkowski Debra M. , Fong Chau‐Jye , Sensibar Julia A. , Rademaker Alfred W. , Sherwood Edward R. , Kozlowski James M. , Lee Chung 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study was conducted to study the interaction between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) in benign human prostatic epithelial cells in culture. Primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells were grown in complete WAJC, which consisted of WAJC‐404 medium and, in addition to other defined additives, EGF and bovine pituitary extract (BPE). Incomplete WAJC contained the same composition except EGF and BPE were deleted. TGF‐β was added into media at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 1.0 ng/ml. When cells were grown in complete WAJC, they proliferated rapidly. Cell proliferation was greatly suppressed when incomplete WAJC was used. Addition of TGF‐(β to these cultures caused a significant reduction in the final cell number when either complete WAJC or incomplete WAJC was used. In additional experiments, cells were prelabeled with 3H‐thymidine for 72 hr prior to treatment with TGF‐β. The percentage of radioactivity released into the medium at the end of a 6‐day culture was used as an indication of the extent of cell death. Trypan blue exclusion test was also used to assess the extent of cell death. Addition of TGF‐β into complete WAJC did not significantly affect the extent of cell death beyond what was considered as the result of normal cellular turnover. Addition of TGF‐β into incomplete WAJC, however, caused a significant increase in the percent of cell death in the culture. These results demonstrated an interaction between EGF and TGF‐β in proliferation and cell death in human prostatic epithelia in culture. In the presence of EGF alone in the culture medium, prostatic epithelial cells were stimulated to proliferate. The rate of proliferation was greatly diminished when EGF was deleted from the medium or when TGF‐β was added in the presence of EGF. Finally, cell death was induced when TGF‐β was added into the medium in the absence of EGF.
Analysis of retinoblastoma (RB) gene deletion in human prostatic carcinomas
Authors: Sarkar Fazlul H. , Sakr Wael , Li Yi‐Wei , Macoska Jill , Ball Daniel E. , Crissman John D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB gene) has been reported to be deleted and/or modified in a number of human cancers, indicating that dysfunction of this tumor suppressor gene is perhaps critical in the development of many human tumors. In addition to deletion of one copy and/or mutational inactivation of the RB gene, this gene has also been reported to be altered by a small deletion in the promoter sequence in one case of small cell mixed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A deletion of 105 nucleotides of the RB gene in exon 21, leading to an aberrant short‐sized mRNA transcript, has also been reported in one cell line (DU 145) derived from brain metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.We have analyzed tissues from 10 prostate specimens (3 hyperplastic and 7 neoplastic) and one prostate cancer cell line (DU 145) for the presence of short‐sized mRNA transcript (exon 21 alterations) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using total RNA extracted from frozen tumors and the cell line. None of the prostate tissue showed any evidence of aberrant short‐sized mRNA, although it was confirmed in the DU 145 cell line. Simultaneously, we have used DNA‐PCR to investigate RB promoter deletion in 23 adenocarcinomas and one small cell carcinoma of the prostate. We also failed to demonstrate any indication of RB promoter deletion at the DNA level in adenocarcinomas. The single case of small cell carcinoma failed to show evidence of any aberration in RB promoter. We therefore conclude that neither RB promoter alterations nor the exon 21 deletion are associated with typical prostate adenocarcinoma.
Correlation between the prostatic vein and vertebral venous system under various conditions
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Kurokawa Kohei , Okabe Kazuhiko , Ito Kazuto , Yamanaka Hidetoshi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn dogs, the venous blood from the prostate gland was observed under X‐ray fluoroscopy to drain into the vertebral venous system under conditions of abdominal compression, the addition of various intraabdominal pressures, and occlusion of the inferior vena cava by a balloon catheter. Pressure in the inferior vena cava and abdominal cavity were measured simultaneously. The venous blood draining from the prostate gland started to flow from the inferior vena cava into the vertebral veins at more than 25 mmHg of intraabdominal pressure with the animal in the supine position. The average pressure of the inferior vena cava draining into the vertebral veins was 12.8±1.3 mmHg in the supine position and 21.1 ± 2.7 mmHg in the standing position. The average intraabdominal pressures were 35.5± 3.9 mmHg and 30.1 ± 2.8 mmHg, respectively. Under conditions of abdominal compression and balloon occlusion of the inferior vena cava, the materials flowed into the vertebral venous system from various routes, such as the internal iliac vein, common iliac vein, and inferior vena cava. It was suggested that the inferior vena caval blood easily enters the vertebral venous system in the standing position by adding high intraabdominal pressure, and that the vertebral venous system may be useful for experimental study of drug administration in bone metastasis of prostate cancer.
Amino acid concentrations in serum and urine after intravenous infusion of 1.5% glycine in prostatectomy patients
Authors: Hahn Robert G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGlycine 1.5% was given by intravenous infusion at a rate of 50 mg/min over 20 min to 10 patients (aged 57‐79 years) scheduled for transurethral prostatectomy. The concentrations of amino acids in serum and urine were measured at 0, 10, 20, 50, 80, and 140 min in the experiments in order to study how elderly men handle a glycine load. The results show an increase in the serum concentrations of alanine, proline, glutamine, glycine, serine, and threonine. The apparent distribution volume for the excess glycine was 33 ±9 L, the half‐life was 41 ±7 min, and the total body clearance was 0.56 ±0.08 L/min, while the renal clearance for glycine was 36 ±14 ml/min (mean ±SD). There was an increase in the excretion of all amino acids that could be detected in the urine. The renal clearances of urea and creatinine was reduced in some of the patients. The absence of toxic symptoms is consistent with unchanged serum concentrations of ammonia and glutamate.
Estrogen‐induced morphological and immunohistochemical changes in stroma and epithelium of rat ventral prostate
Authors: Zhao G. Q. , Holterhus P. M. , Dammshäuser I. , Hoffbauer G. , Aumüller G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstatic smooth muscle cells have been regarded to play a major pathogenetic role during the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in elderly men. Altered hormonal signals (increased estrogen) have been made responsible for the “metabolic” transformation of prostatic smooth muscle cells, which were thought to produce increased amounts of connective tissue fibers observed in BPH. In order to find out the role of metabolically “activated” smooth muscle cells, hormone stimulation experiments were performed in male rats. The effects of androgen deprivation and estrogen stimulation were recorded by semiquantitative analysis of intermediate and myofilament proteins in stromal smooth muscle cells. In castrated or estrogen‐treated or estrogen‐treated and castrated animals, the reduction of the glandular lumen is the most obvious morphological alteration, accompanied by an increase in connective tissue. Regressive changes occurred most rapidly in castrated animals (already within the first week), slower in castrated estrogen‐treated animals and still slower in normal estrogen‐treated animals. Regression of the epithelium was accompanied by a marked decrease in immunoreactivity for prostatic binding protein (PBP) in castrated animals, while PBP immunoreactivity in estrogenized animals was retained for up to 6 weeks. Smooth muscle cells became atrophic in castrated animals. This effect was attenuated in estrogen‐treated animals. There was no indication for enhanced collagen synthesis by smooth muscle cells. Actin and desmin‐immunoreactivity were only slightly altered in experimental animals and showed a changed distribution pattern. Prostatic smooth muscle cells respond less markedly to hormonal alterations than do the fibroblasts.
The prostatic epithelial cell in dysplasia: An ultrastructural perspective
Authors: Devries Catherine R. , McNeal John E. , Bensch Klaus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe histologic features of prostatic duct‐acinar dysplasia have been difficult to analyze ultrastructurally, because of the difficulty in properly selecting and processing such small, randomly situated grossly invisible lesions. We have succeeded in identifying dysplastic foci by examination of the cut surfaces of tissue slices under low magnification. Dsyplasia foci were excised from the slices and were compared to adjacent normal tissue by both light and electron microscopy. By electron microscopy (EM), normal secretory cells were filled with myriad tiny clear vacuoles, which were markedly diminished to absent in the cytoplasm of dysplastic cells. Both apocrine and eccrine secretion characterized normal epithelium and were diminished in dysplasia. EM showed striking features of nuclear abnormality more prominently than light microscopy, and qualitative basement membrane abnormalities were revealed. By EM analysis, dysplastic epithelium resembled that of invasive carcinoma more than normal epithelial cells.
Radiation sensitization by estramustine studies on cultured human prostatic cancer cells
Authors: Eklöv Solveig , Nilsson Sten , Essand Magnus , Carlsson JÖRgen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn low‐stage prostatic carcinoma, local cure can be obtained with radiation therapy alone, while in locally advanced disease the chances for cure are less. In this study, we have addressed the question of whether estramustine (EM), the main cytostatic metabolite of estramustine phosphate (Estracyt), may act as a radiosensitizing agent. This drug accumulates in prostatic cancer and has also been shown to arrest cancer cells at metaphase both in vitro and in vivo. The human prostatic cancer cell line DU 145 was grown as cultures monolayer and incubated with EM in concentrations varying from 1 to 20 μg/ml. External beam irradiation was performed with doses ranging from 0 to 8 Gy using gamma rays from a 60Co source. Clonogenic cell survival (CS) was used to analyse the radiation sensitizing effect of EM. The radiation dose modifying factor (DMF) at the survival level 0.1 was found to be 0.77 in the presence of EM (5 (μg/ml), i.e., 23% sensitization was obtained. When irradiating cells at the standard fraction dose of 2 Gy in the absence of EM, 22% of the cells lost their clonogenic ability. In presence of EM (5 μ/ml), 2 Gy caused 40% of the cells to lose their clonogenic ability. Thus a radiation sensitizing effect of EM was established in the CS assay. It was also of interest to determine if the radiosensitizing effect of EM could be confirmed in a rapid assay. The rapid fluorescence assay was used to observe early damage of the cells. Results showed that by 2 days after exposure to irradiation a weak tendency towards sensitization was seen, while a clear sensitization was obtained after 4 days. This indicates that the rapid assay might be developed to a predictive assay for detection of the response of primary prostate tumor cells to the radiation sensitizing effect Of EM.
Effects of prolactin on explant cultures of rat ventral prostate: Morphological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Romero L. , Muñoz C. , Lopez A. , Vilches J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpecimens derived from rat ventral prostate were cultured by an explant culture technique using differents concentrations of ovine prolactin. Sacrified explants embedded on paraffin were sectioned for morphologic and immunocytochemical studies using antibodies against prostatic acid phosphatase, prostatic specific antigen, and wide‐spectrum monoclonal keratin. Prolactin significantly stimulated the growth of these cells in the concentration range of 1 × 10−2 ui/ml, but was inhibitory at a concentration of 1 and 0.1 ui/ml. The 1 × 10−3 and 1 × 10−4 ui/ml prolactin concentrations demonstrated the preservation of a glandular epithelium with a columnar shape, similar to the normal appearance of ventral prostate from rats. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Castration rapidly results in a major reduction in epithelial cell numbers in the rat prostate, but not in the highly differentiated dunning R3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Westin Patrick , Bergh Anders , Damber Jan‐Erik 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRats with implanted highly differentiated Dunning R3327PAP prostatic tumors were castrated, and at 3, 7, and 14 days thereafter, the effects on tumor volume, epithelial cell numbers, and sizes were quantified using morphometrical methods. The castration response on these parameters was also examined in the normal prostate of the same rats. Castration resulted in a rapid decrease in organ volume, epithelial cell number, and size in the normal prostate, and morphological signs of epithelial cell death (apoptosis) were observed. Tumor growth and mitotic index were reduced, but there were no signs of increased apoptosis, and cell numbers remained fairly constant in the Dunning tumors during the study period. It is concluded that the castration‐induced inhibition of tumor growth is caused by factors other than tumor cell death. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Effects of suramin on the proliferation of primary epithelial cell cultures derived from normal, benign hyperplastic and cancerous human prostates
Authors: Mitchen Jacque , Rago Randall , Wilding George 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrimary epithelial cultures (PECs) derived from normal, benign hyperplastic (BPH), and cancerous human prostate tissue were treated with increasing doses of suramin, and assayed for cell proliferation over a period of days. The suramin IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) value was 0.5 to 1.0 × 10−4 M whereas doses between 2.5 × 10−4 and 5 × 10−4 M resulted in total growth inhibition. This inhibition was reversible by exchange with suramin‐free medium up to day 6. Concentrations ⩾ 5 × 10−4 M resulted in increased cytotoxicity as exposure time increased. No differential response to suramin could be demonstrated among the prostate PECs derived from different tissues. The established cell lines, PC‐3 and DU 145, grown in serum containing medium exhibited IC50s comparable to the PECs grown in serum free medium.EGF, bFGF, α, or β ECGF at the concentrations tested did not reverse suramin inhibition. Increasing concentrations of bovine pituitary extract (BPE) increased cell growth in both the treated and the control cells. However, the percent growth inhibition by suramin at each concentration of BPE remained constant. Flow cytometry examination of cells treated for 7 days with suramin (0–10−3 M) failed to detect any significant cell cycle alterations compared to control.At high concentrations of suramin (⩾ 10−4 M), large numbers of viable and dead cells were detectable in the medium. The increase in unattached viable cells was most prevalent (80%) in cultures treated with suramin at the time of plating, but also occurred with cells (25–30%) plated hours prior to the addition of suramin. Treatment for several days with low concentrations of suramin (10−7 to 10−5 M) transiently enhanced cell growth compared to Controls. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Human primary prostate tumor cell line, ALVA‐31: A new model for studying the hormonal regulation of prostate tumor cell growth
Authors: Loop Stephen M. , Rozanski Thomas A. , Ostenson Richard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new human prostate tumor cell line (ALVA‐31) has been established from a biopsy specimen of primary tumor obtained during prostatectomy. The cell line has been maintained for more than 48 months in stable growth. The in vitro doubling time was determined to be approximately 26 hr. The chromosome number ranged from 24–112, with a modal number of 59 tested over several time points throughout continuous culture. Karyotypic analysis of late‐passaged cells demonstrated approximately 70 human chromosomes, 8–14 markers, and two × chromosomes without a Y chromosome. Prostatic origin was confirmed by the expression of both prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, using specific antisera and immunoradiolabelling techniques. Prostate tumor xenografts were grown in intact male, castrate male, and female athymic mice; however, the rate of tumor growth was clearly dependent upon serum testosterone levels. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of metallothionein by CdCl2 administration in rat prostate
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Kanatani Kazushi , Suzuki Keiji , Kimura Masami , Nakazawa Yasuo , Otaki Noriko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMetallothionein (MT) induction in the rat prostate gland was investigated by means of cadmium chloride administration. Ten‐week‐old male Wistar rats housed with cadmium free food were divided into three groups of six rats each and castrated. After seven days, 1 mg of testosterone propionate per rat was injected subcutaneously once a day until the end of the experiment. After three weeks, rats were injected daily for six days with a physiological saline, 0.3 mg/kg CdCl2, and 0.9 mg/kg CdCl2. MT concentration of the ventral and dorsal lobes was significantly increased in the three groups in proportion to the dose of CdCl2. MT content of the lateral lobe in three groups was also increased, but was not significantly different. Immunohistochemically, MT was induced mainly in the ventral lobe in the basal cells, and in the lateral and dorsal lobes in the epithelial cells. The weights of the prostatic lobes were similar in the three groups, and no histological change was identified. These results suggested that MT in the prostate was induced by cadmium administration, and that it may prevent cellular damage from harmful metals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of hormone application by subcutaneous injections or steroid‐containing silastic implants on human benign hyperplastic prostate tissue transplanted into male nude mice
Authors: Claus Siegfried , Aumüller Gerd , Tunn Sabine , Senge Theodor , Schulze Harald 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo study the influence of androgens and estrogens on human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue, BPH fragments were grafted subcutaneously (s.c.) into male nude mice. Testosterone alone (group I) or in combination with 17β‐estradiol (group III) were administered either by s.c. injections as oil suspensions or continuously by s.c. implanted steroidcontaining Silastic implants (groups II and IV). Intact mice without transplants and treatment served as a control (group V). After 4 weeks of treatment, animals were exsanguinated, transplants were removed, and serum was obtained. Ninety‐six percent of the BPH fragments were located; they displayed histologically typical BPH acini and stroma. In transplants of all treatment groups, the majority of secretory, as well as basal, cells displayed a proliferation comparable to the original tissue. In glandular cells of all transplants, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) could be demonstrated immunohistochemically. Specimens removed from animals bearing testosterone implants displayed a very well preserved ultrastructure that was found less frequently in samples from injection‐treated animals. Acini‐bearing metaplastic epithelium were more often present in transplants treated by steroid injections and seemed to be due to lower androgen or higher estrogen serum levels. Endogenous serum testosterone levels (ng/ml ± SD; n) were lower and more variable (i.e., higher standard deviation) in groups treated by injections (group 1: 3.68 ± 2.12; n = 5 and group III: 3.86 ± 1.13; n = 5) and were similar to those seen in intact controls (3.93 ± 1.62; n = 6) compared with groups treated by Silastic implants (group II: 5.11 ± 1.14; n = 10 and group IV: 10.20 ± 0.52; n = 4). These results indicate that by application of steroids via Silastic implants, reproducible hormone effects can be obtained on BPH tissue transplanted into male nude mice, thus providing a reliable new model system for study. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neoplastic transformation of a human prostate epithelial cell line by the v‐Ki‐ras oncogene
Authors: Parda David S. , Thraves Peter J. , Kuettel Michael R. , Lee Myeong‐Seon , Arnstein Paul , Kaighn M. Edward , Rhim Johng S. , Dritschilo Anatoly 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInvestigations of mechanisms of human prostate carcinogenesis are limited by the unavailability of a suitable in vitro model system. We have demonstrated that an immortal, but nontumorigenic, human epithelial cell line (267B1) established from fetal prostate tissue can be malignantly transformed by a biological carcinogen, and can serve as a useful model for investigations of the progression steps of carcinogenesis. Activated Ki‐ras was introduced into 267B1 cells by infection with the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Morphological alterations and anchorage‐independent growth were observed; when cells were injected into nude mice, poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas developed. These findings represent the first evidence of malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells in culture, and support a role for Ki‐ras activation in a multistep process for prostate neoplastic transformation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.