bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF SIMAZINE BY SOME ROTHAMSTED SOILS
Authors: WILLIAMS J. D. H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The adsorption of simazine from, and subsequent desorption into, 0–01 M calcium chloride solution was investigated using twenty‐three Rothamsted soil samples from sites differing greatly in cropping history and manurial treatment. Organic carbon content was the only factor related to the ability of the soils to sorb simazine; this accounted for 90% or more of the variation between soils Equilibrium was attained during adsorption in from fewer than 2 to more than 24 hr. Equilibrium during desorption was only occasionally attained within 24 hr. Differences between theoretically predicted and measured concentrations of simazine in solution following desorption were least for soils that attained equilibrium fastest during adsorption. Differences in adsorption and desorption kinetics between soils could not be related to soil pH, organic carbon content or cropping and manuring history. Comparisons of unlimed and limed soils suggested that no simnazine was lost by acid hydrolysis during the experiments.Adsorption et désorption de la simazine par quelques sols de Rothamsted
EFFECTS OF PARAQUAT ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MESQUITE MESOPHYLL CELLS*
Authors: BAUR J. R. , BOVEY R. W. , BAUR P. S. , EL‐SEIFYDR ZENAB 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The effect of paraquat (l,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium‐24) on the ultra‐structure of mesophyll cells of honey mesquite (Prosopis juliftora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell) was studied by means of electron microscopic techniques. The first visible change induced by the herbicide was a rapid disintegration of the plasmalemma, followed by rupturing of the chloroplast membranes and loss of chloroplast turgor. Changes that occurred in plants treated and sampled in the dark were similar to those in plants treated and sampled in the light.The only change of a biochemical nature detected was a marked reduction in the quantity of starch deposits in chloroplasts. No changes were noted in the mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum or nucleus, or in the composition of the cytoplasm or cell walls of treated tissues.Effets du paraquat sur I'ultrastructure des cellules du mésophylle de ProsopisResumeL'action du paraquat (1,1′‐diméthyle‐4,4′‐bipyridylium‐2A) sur l'ultrastructure des cellules de mésophylle de Prosopis (P. juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell) a été eatudiée au moyen des techniques de microscopie électronique. Le premier effet visible provoqué par l'herbicide fut une deasintegration rapide de la membrane cytoplasmique suivie de la rupture des membranes des chloroplastes et de la perte de la turgescence des chloroplastes. Les transformations qui apparurent dans les plantes traitées et conservées a l'obscurité, furent analogues á ceux des plantes traitées et exposées a la lumière.Le seul changement de nature biochimique deacelé fut une reduction marquée de la quantité des dépôts d'amidon dans les chloroplastes. Aucun changement ne fut observe dans les mitochondries, l'appareil de Golgi, le réticulum endoplasmique ou le noyau, pas plus que dans la composition du cytoplasme ou des parois cellulaires des tissus traités.Der Einfluss von Paraquat auf die Feinstruktur von Mesophyllzellen des Honig‐Mesquitebaums
CHEMICAL FALLOW CONTROL OF NUTSEDGE
Authors: RAY BIBHAS , WILCOX MERRILL 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Field experiments were conducted to find a herbicide for complete control of nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). We applied seventeen herbicides and some of their combinations as chemical fallow. EPTC and CP‐31675 (6‐tert‐butyl‐2‐chloro‐o‐acetotoluidide) gave good but only temporary control of nutsedge. Dichlobenil at 2·5 or 5 lb/ac gave fair control for 1 year. Rates of 10 or 20 lb/ac of dichlobenil controlled nutsedge completely for 1 year but severely reduced the yield of oats planted 5 months after application. The highest rate completely killed tubers and prevented reinfestation for 1 year. Analyses indicated no residue of dichlobenil or of its metabolite, 2,6‐dichlorobenzoic acid, in vegetative parts and seeds of oats planted 5 months after application of 2.5, 5 or 10 lb/ac of dichlobenil. At equivalent rates the herbicide TH‐073‐H (N‐hydroxymethyl‐2,6‐dichlorothiolbenzamide) gave control of nutsedge similar to that with dichlobenil. The combinations of 8 lb/ac amitrole‐T and 10 lb/ac dichlobenil or TH‐073‐H were just as effective in controlling nutsedge shoots and tubers as dichlobenil or TH‐073‐H applied alone. The mixture of dichlobenil plus CP‐31675, each at 5 lb/ac, gave excellent control of nutsedge and tubers for 1 year. The herbicides terbacil (3‐ter‐Nbutyl‐5‐chloro‐6‐methyluracil) or Du Pont 733 (3‐tert‐butyl‐5‐bromo‐6‐methyluracil) at 10 lb/ac provided almost complete control of nutsedge. Application of terbacil to plants aged 4–6 weeks gave better results than application to mature nutsedge in the fall.La lutte chimique contre le cypirus
THE ADSORPTION OF LINURON, ATRAZINE AND EPTC BY MODEL ALIPHATIC ADSORBENTS AND SOIL ORGANIC PREPARATIONS
Authors: HANCE R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Model adsorbents were prepared by treating cellulose phosphate powder with a series of alkyltrimethylammonium compounds in which the size of the alkyl group was varied from C8to C18. The adsorption of linuron, atrazine and EPTC by these materials was found to increase logarithmically with increasing chain length. The extent of the adsorption was large compared with the adsorption of these herbicides by a humic acid and by a preparation made by removing the bulk of the inorganic constituents of a peat soil with a mixture of HCl and HF. Since soil organic matter is thought to contain alkyl groups, it is concluded that the possible influence of such groups should be considered in any discussion of the mechanisms involved in the adsorption of organic molecules by soils.Adsorption du linuron, de I'atrazine de l'EPTC par des adsorbants de la série aliphatique et des préparations organiques de sol
DIFFERENTIAL PHYTOTOXICITY OF ATRAZINE AND AMETRYNE TO BANANAS*
Authors: BARBA R. C. , ROMANOWSKI R. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. In field screening trials for bananas (Musa acuminata var. Dwarf Cavendish) in Hawaii, ametryne (2‐methylthio‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) was less phytotoxic to bananas than atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine). Sand culture experiments showed that both herbicides were equally injurious to banana plants. Differential degradation of the herbicides by the plants did not account for the phytotoxicity observed. Both herbicides were partly metabolized by the plant to their common hydroxyl derivative (hydroxyatrazine) and two other unidentified metabolites after 3 and 7 days of exposure to nutrient solution containing 14C‐labelled ametryne and atrazine.Phytotoxicity was directly related to leachability of the herbicides and negatively related to adsorption capacity of each soil for the herbicides. Organic matter content seemed to be correlated to the response observed. It was postulated that phytotoxicity in the field may have been attributed to differential location of the herbicide in relation to the roots.
A RAPID BIOASSAY FOR SIMULTANEOUS IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATJON OF PICLORAM IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: REID C. P. P. , HURTT W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. When seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were placed on small squares of filter paper moistened with solutions of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid), the degree of inhibition on of root and hypocotyl elongation 72 hr later was related to picloram concentration. Inhibition was a useful parameter in determining quantities of picloram ranging from 0·03 to 7·2 μg. (Growth stimulation occurred from 0·00072 to 0·0072 μg. After paper chromatography of plant exudates containing 14C‐labelled picloram, location and quantities of picloram on the chromatograms were determined by the lettuce bioassay and compared with determinations by the methods of ultraviolet light sensitivity, 14C 4π strip scanning and 14C dilution calculations. Rf values determined lay all methods were identical, and the quantitative determination by the bioassay agreed closely with the calculations based on the amount of 14C detected by liquid scintillation counting.Un essai biologique rapide d'idntification et de dosage de piclorame en solution aqueuse
UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION AND METABOLISM OF SIMAZINE IN NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES)
Authors: LUND‐HÖIE K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Uptake, distribution and fate simazine (2‐chioro‐4,6‐biserthylamino‐s‐triazine) in 4‐year‐old seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) are discussed. Simazine was found to be readily absorbed and distributed in the spruce seedlings. A positive relationship between the amount of simazine absorbed and the growth intensities of the plants indicates an active mechanism of uptake. A fixation of simazine in roots and sterm was observed.Simazine was degraded by roots and stem to hydroxysimazine and two other unknown metabolites. No simazine and only metabolites could be traced in the needles, indicating a very rapid rate of metabolism in the root system. The glucose derivative of benzoxazinone was extracted from all parts of the spruce seedlings and is probably responsible for the hydrolysis of simazine.The results indicate a very slow degradation of the metabolites to CO2 as one of the final products.
TRANSLOCATION OF AMINOTRIAZOLE AND DALAPON IN AG ROPY RON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.
Authors: LUND‐HÖIE K. , BYLTERUD A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Tracer studies using single drops of solutions containing 3–amino‐1,2,4–triazole‐5–14C (aminotriazole‐14C) or 2,2–dichloropropionic acid‐2–14C (datapon‐14C) revealed that in couch plants (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) growing under field conditions in the autumn and at the stage where the aerial shoots were 40–50 cm long, both compounds moved in both symplast and apoplast. Dalapon was less mobile in the symplast than aminotriazole and only negligible amounts of dalapon were translocated to the rhizomes. The nodes of the treated shoots appeared to act as barriers to translocation, a phenomenon more pronounced for dalapon than for aminotriazole.Application to a basal green leaf led to a more uniform distribution of the compounds within plants and rhizomes than when the application was made to the youngest fully‐expanded leaf.In couch plants with aerial shoots 10–15 cm long treated in the stubble, the distribution of both aminotriazole and dalapon was mainly restricted to the treated shoots. Even 15 days after application only trace amounts of radioactivity could be found in the rhizomes and untreated shoots.
THE PERSISTENCE OF SIMAZINE APPLIED ANNUALLY IN THE PROLONGED ABSENCE OF SOIL CULTIVATION
Authors: ALLOTT D. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Successive bioassays during 1966 and 1967 showed that simazine degradation reached 80% in 11 and 22i weeks, respectively, in soil from the 0–2 in. horizon of a gooseberry experiment to which simazine had been applied annually in the absence of soil cultivation from 1960. Where an annual farmyard‐manure mulch was also applied, the same loss of residual activity was reached in 10 and 20 weeks. This mulch initially reduced the simazine level rapidly compared to that of unmulched soil, but the subsequent rates of degradation were similar. The rate of simazine degradation depended more on environmental conditions each year than on soil type. The results indicate that an annual simazine degradation in excess of 80% can be expected in Loughgall soils in conditions of non‐tillage. Even if simazine applications continued indefinitely at an annual dose of 20 Ib/ac–the current dose in the gooseberry experiment–a large residue accumulation could not occur with or without a mulch.Persistance de la simazine appliquée annuellement en l'absence prolongée de façons culturales
CROISSANCE, RHIZOGENESE, TENEUR EN ANTHO‐CYANES ET CATABOLISME AUXINIQUE (IN VITRO ET IN VIVO) CHEZ ZEA MAYS TRAITÉ PAR L'HYDRAZIDE MALÉIQUE
Authors: GASPAR THOMAS , GLEDJO OLIVIER 
Published: July 2006

Résumé. Des plantules de mais sont cultivées à partir de la graine, à 1'obscurite ct i la lumiere, sur des solutions tamponnées (pH5,8) d'hydrazidemalfrque (HM) de concentrations allant de 10′ a 10−3 M. AUX faibles concentrations (10° et 10−6 M), I'HM stimule la croissance et la formation des racines; aux autres concentrations, it est inhibiteur. L'inhibition de croissance provoquee par I'HM est accompagnee d'une augmentation de poids sec et de la teneur en anthocyanes.L'HM n'influence pas in vitro la destruction de I'auxine par des extraits de mais, mais les extraits de plantes traitees par cette substance degradent l'hormone moins rapidement; parallelement, l'activite catalasique est diminuee mais l'activite péroxydasique est augmented. Le mode d'action de I'HM sur la croissanee et la rhizogenpse, compart à celui de la lumierc, est discute en rapport avec ses effets sur le raetabolisme auxinique.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HERBICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF MCPA AND MCPB IN THREE SPECIES OF MICRO‐ALGAE
Authors: KIRKWOOD R. C. , FLETCHER W. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The herbicidal activity of MCPA and MCPB was compared using three species of unicellular algae grown in liquid mineral salt medium. MCPB inhibited growth, respiration and phosphate uptake to a greater degree than MCPA and appears to be inherently toxic at concentrations of at least 2·5 × 10−4 M. The enhanced activity of MCPB coincided with more efficient absorption. Uptake of both compounds appears to be optimal at pH conditions favouring movement as the undissociated molecule.Facteurs infiuencant l'efficacite herbicide du MCPA et du MCPB sur trois espèces d'algues micro‐scopiquesRésumé. L'activité herbicide du MCPA et du MCPB a été comparée en utilisant trois espéces d'algues unicellulaircs cultivées en milieu liquide renfermant des sets minéraux. Le MCPB inhibe la croissance, la respiration et l'absorption du phosphate à un degré plus éevé que le MCPA et il semble être essentiellement toxique à des concentrations d'au moins 2,5 × 10−4 M. L'activité plus grande du MCPB coïncide avec une absorption plus complète. L'absorption des deux composés semble étre optimale aux conditions dec pH favorisant leur migration sans dissociation de la molécule.Faktoren, welche die hrbizide Wirkung von MCPA und MCPB gegen drei Mikro‐Algen‐Arlen beeinfiussenZusammenfassung. Die herbizide Wirksamkeit von MCPA und MCPB wurde bei drci Arten einzelliger Algen, die in flüssigem Mineralsalzmedium angezogen wurden, vcrglichen. MCPB hemmt Wachstum, Respiration und Phosphataufnahme starker als MCPA und ist offcnsichdich in Konzentrationen von mindestens 2,5 × 10−4 M absolute toxisch. Die bessere Wirkung von MCPB geht mit einer besseren Absorption parallel. Die Aufnahme beider Substanzen ist offensichtlich unter solchen pH‐Bedingungen optimal, die den Transport in Form von undissozierten Molekülen begünstigen.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN UBER DEN EINFLUSS LANGJAHRIG WIEDERHOLTER ANWENDUNG VON DNOC UND 2,4‐D AUF IHREN ABBAU IM BODEN
Authors: UND K. HURLE , RADEMACHER B. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Es wird über die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von DNOC und 2,4‐p in eistmals und in langjahrig wiederholt behandeltem Boden berichtet. Der langjahng wiederhoh behandelte Boden stammte aus einem Feldversuch, in dem diese Herbizide in 12 Jahren 12 mal zur Unkrautbekämpfung in Getreide angewandt wurden. Wenn Boden der DNOC‐Parzellen 7 Monate nach seiner letzten Behandlung erneut mit DNOC versetzt wurde, war gegenüber erstmals behandeltem kein Unterschied in der Abbaugeschwindigkeit festzustellen. Wurde Boden der 2,4‐D‐Parzcllen 8 Monate nach der letzten Applikation wieder mit 2,4‐D versetzt, verlicf der Abbau des Herbizids schneller als im Boden der zum erstenmal mit dem Herbizid behandelt worden war.Effet d'un traitement à long terme avec le DNOC et le 2,4‐D sur leur dègradation dans le solRésumé. La degradation du DNOC et du 2,4‐D a étéétudiée dans un sol traité pour la premiére fois et dans un sol provenant de parcelles en plein champ qui ont recu des traitements annuels durant une période de dotize ans pour le désherbage des céréales. Quand le sol provenant des parcelles traitées au DNOC fut examiné sept mois aprés la derniére application, il ne fut pas constaté de difference dans le taux de degradation par rapport ausol traits pour la premiére fois. La dégradation du 2,4‐D dans lesol provenant des parcelles traitées et examine huit mois aprés la derniere application fut plus rapide que dans le sol des parcelles traitées pour la premiére fois.The effect of long‐Urm treatment with DNOC and 2,4‐D on their breakdown in soilSummary. The breakdown of DNOC and 2,4‐D was studied in soil treated for the first time and in soil from field plots which had received annual treatments over a period of 12 years for weed control in cereals. When soil from DNOC‐treated plots was tested 7 months after the last application, there was no difference in the rate of breakdown from that in soil treated for the first time. The breakdown of 2,4‐D was more rapid in soil from the treated plots, tested 8 months after the last application, than in soil from plots treated for the first time.
SELECTIVITY OF PYRAZON AND BENZTHIAZURON IN SUGAR BEET
Authors: ESHEL Y. , SOMPOLINSKY D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Pyrazon (5‐amino‐4‐chloro‐2‐phenylpyridazin‐3(2H)‐one) and benzthiazuron (N‐(2‐benzothiazolyl)‐N′‐methylurea) were compared in respect to their effects on photosynthesis and growth of sugar beet, and to their movement in soil. Benzthiazuron had a five‐fold greater inhibitory effect than pyrazon on photosynthesis, and a ten‐fold greater inhibitory effect on the growth of sugar beet grown in treated culture solution. On the other hand, sugar beet was more tolerant to benzthiazuron than to pyrazon when grown in soil treated pre‐emergence with the herbicides.Leaching of pyrazon in clay soil appeared to be greater than that of benzthiazuron. Both herbicides entered the emerging seedlings through their roots, and hence movement of the compounds to the root zone by excess irrigation might be injurious to sugar beet. This was found to be more likely to occur with pyrazon than with benzthiazuron. Sélectivité du PCA et du benzthiazuron pour la betterave sucrière Résumé. Le PCA (5‐amino‐4‐chloro‐2‐phénylpyridazine‐3(2H)‐one) et le benz‐thiazuron (N‐(2‐benzothiazolyl)‐N′‐méthylurée) ont été compareés en ce qui concerne leurs effets sur la Photosynthèse et la croissance de la betterave sucrière et leur migration dans le sol. Le benzthiazuron manifesta un effet inhibiteur cinq fois plus grand sur la croissance de la betterave sucrière cultivée en solution traitée. En revanche, la betterave sucrière fut plus résistante au benzthiazuron qu'au PCA quand elle fut cultivée dans un sol traité en pré‐levée avec ces herbicides.Le lessivage du PCA dans un sol argileux apparut plus important que celui du benzthiazuron. II a été constaté que les deux herbicides pénétraient dans les plantules, après la Ievée, par les racines et que la migration des produits dans la zone des racines sous I'effet d'une irrigation excessive pouvait provoquer des dégâts sur la betterave à sucre. II fut constaté que ce phénomène était plus probable avec le PCA qu'avec le benthiazuron.Selektivität von Pyrazon und Benzthiazuron in ZuckerrübenZusammenfassung. Pyrazon (5‐Amino‐4‐chlor‐2‐Phenylpyridazin‐3(2H)‐one) und Benzthiazuron (N‐(2‐Benzothiazolyl)‐N′‐methyl‐harnstoff) wurden in ihrer Wirkung auf die Photosynthese und das Wachstum von Zuckerrüben sowie auf ihre Beweglichkeit im Boden verglichen. Das Herbizid Benzthiazuron hatte einen fünffach grösseren Hemmeffekt auf das Wachstum von Zuckerrüben, die in einer behandelten Nährlösung wuchsen. Andererseits waren Zuckerrüben toleranter gegenüber Benzthiazuron als gegenüber Pyrazon, wenn sie in Boden wuchsen, der im Vorauflauf mit diesen Herbiziden behandelt worden war.Die Einwaschung von Pyrazon in Tonboden war offensichtlich grösser als diejenige von Benzthiazuron. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass beide Herbizide in die auflaufenden Keimpflanzen durch deren Wurzel eindrangen. Daher könnte die Verlagerung der Herbizide in die Wurzelzone durch Überschussbewässerung die Zuckerrüben schädigen. Dies ist bei Pyrazon offensichtlich eher zu erwarten als bei Benzthiazuron.
ÜBER ABBAUGESCHWINDIGKEIT UND VERTEILUNG VON PHENMEDIPHAM IM BODEN
Authors: KOSSMANN K. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Phenmedipham, wirksamer Bestandteil des im Rübenbau ver‐wendeten Nachauflaufherbizides Betanal®, wird in Rübenböden mit geringem Humusanteil und schwach saurer Reaktion sowohl im Freiland als auch im Gewächshausversuch kontinuierlich abgebaut.Je nach Versuchsbedingungen und Bodenqualität wurden Halbwertzeiten zwischen 28 und 55 Tagen registriert. Der formulierte Wirkstoffdringt bei Freilandapplikation in nur geringem Ausmass in Bodenschichten ein, die tiefer als 5 cm unter der Oberfläche liegen.Rate of decomposition and distribution of phenmedipliam in soilSummary. Phenmedipham, the active ingredient of the post‐emergence sugar beet herbicide Betanal®, is continuously decomposed in the slightly acid soils of low humus content used for beet production. The decomposition was studied both in the field and in the glasshouse.Half‐lives of 28–55 days were recorded, depending on the experimental conditions and soil type. In field experiments the formulated herbicide was found to penetrate only very little beyond a depth of 5 cm.Taux de décomposition et distribution du phenmédiphame dans le solRésumé. Le phenmédiphame, matière active de l'herbicide de post‐levée pour betteraves sucrifères, dénommé Bétanal®, est décomposé de façon ininterrompue dans les sols légère‐ment acides, à faible teneur en humus, où la betterave est cultivée. La décomposition du phenmédiphame a étéétudiée, à la fois en serre et au champ.Des demi‐vies de 28 et 55 jours furent enregistrées en fonction des conditions expéri‐mentales et du type de sol. Dans les expériences au champ, il fut constaté que l'herbicide ne pénètre que très peu au‐delà d'une profondeur de 5 cm.
THE EFFECTS OF PICLORAM AND 2,4‐D ON PLANT CELL MEMBRANES
Authors: Bachelard E. P. , Ayling R. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The herbicide Tordon 50D (picloram + 2,4–D) caused severe shrinkage of the protoplasts of all cells of Pinus radiata needle segments within 24 h of treatment. Measurements of the resistance of these tissues to low‐frequency and to high‐frequency electrical currents showed a loss in the integrity of the plasmalemma within 4–8 h of treatment. Tordon 22K (picloram) had no such effects. The results with Tordon 50D could be attributed solely to the 2,4‐D content.Both Tordon 50D and Tordon 22K disrupted chloroplast structure in leaf discs, and the integrity of cell membranes in stem tips, of Eucalyptus viminalis.
CONTROL OF MIKANIA CORDATA (BURM. f.) B. L. ROBINSON IN PLANTATION CROPS USING PARAQUAT
Authors: SETH A. K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A single application of paraquat at 0·56 kg/ha applied in 224 l/ha gave short‐lived control of Mikania cordata. An increase in duration of control was obtained either by increasing the dose from 0·28 kg/ha to 1·12 kg/ha with a constant volume rate (224 l/ha) or by using a constant dose (0·56 kg/ha) and reducing the volume from 896 l/ha to 112 l/ha. Complete eradication of M. cordata was achieved by applying paraquat at 0·56 kg/ha or 0·28 kg/ha followed 2‐3 weeks later by a second application at 0·28 kg/ha in 112 l/ha. La lutte contre Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B. L. Robinson dans les cultures au moyen du paraquat