bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful educational geophysics field program expands
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE), a program that gives students an opportunity to apply a variety of modern geophysical methods in a challenging geologic environment, has expanded.A 2‐year grant awarded in 1993 by the National Science Foundation's Research Experiences for Undergraduate's (REU) initiative allowed the program to include fourteen U.S. undergraduate students last summer.
Workshop held on natural disasters
Authors: Rundle John , Klein W. , Turcotte D. 
Published: October 2006

Natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods are a menace to the population worldwide. The United Nations focused attention on this global problem by declaring the 1990s the Decade of Natural Hazard Reduction. In addition to threatening human life, natural hazards can cause severe economic hardship locally and, in an ever more complex and interactive world economy, dislocations that are felt in areas far beyond the site of a disaster.Recent catastrophic earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and fires have called into question the ability of private insurers to cover economic losses. Unlimited liability is a necessity for confidence in insurance coverage, but these events have stretched the resources of even the largest insurers.
SkyFix network expands
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Three new SkyFix reference stations have been opened as part of the continued expansion of the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) network.The SkyFix reference stations feed GPS data to a Radcal control center, where it is then uplinked with other reference data to the four INMARSAT ocean region communications satellites. The SkyFix correction signals, with those from the navigation satellites by the vessel's GPS unit, enable its precise position to be calculated by the onboard computer.
Mission offers a new look at the Moon and a near‐Earth asteroid
Authors: Nozette Stewart , Garrett Henry B. 
Published: October 2006

Although the Clementine mission (Figure 1) was not designed primarily for planetary exploration, it points the way to a new and better approach to solar system exploration. The mission will yield significant information about the rocks that make up the lunar crust, high resolution images of the Moon's surface features, and topographic information about its surface. Its encounter with the near‐Earth asteroid Geographos will permit the first close view of this type of asteroid.The number of images of the lunar surface—well over one million—to be transmitted during the 2‐month mission is larger than that obtained during the first Magellan mapping cycle of Venus. At Geographos, over 2000 images will be recorded with a resolution approaching 5 m. Finally, Clementine will acquire observational data on the Earth, the impact of Comet Shoemaker‐Levy with Jupiter, and in situ measurements of the radiation environment.
River diversion could change climate in delta ecosystems
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

When humans divert excessive amounts of water from their natural courses, ensuing impacts on regional and global climate may threaten the fragile ecosystems around the mouths of rivers.David Smith, a geographer at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., is researching this problem by concentrating on river deltas, which are recognized for their fertile soils and abundance of water. As a result, river deltas are also sites of intense agricultural production and high population density.
Interdisciplinary group investigates snow ecology
Authors: Jones H. G. , Pomeroy J. W. , Walker A. A. , Wharton R. A. 
Published: October 2006

Snow plays a key role in the ecology of much of Earth's surface, especially in circumpolar and high‐altitude regions where ecosystems are under increasing stress from global changes in climate and human development.Until recently, our knowledge of snow has been restricted to areas of study associated with specific physical, chemical, and biological disciplines. Although this research has significantly increased our understanding of snowpack dynamics, the results of these studies have not been integrated to further our knowledge of snow as a life‐support system and as a component of larger terrestrial ecosystems.
Shale may hamper spread of toxic contaminants
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Adding finely ground shale to barrier or “slurry” walls appears to be an inexpensive and effective way to retard the spread of toxic contaminants from landfills and hazardous waste sites, according to researchers at the University of Michigan.“Natural shale could prove to be an ideal material for use in slurry walls and clay landfill liners,” said Richard Gullick, a University of Michigan graduate student in civil and environmental engineering.
Project Skippy explores lithosphere and mantle beneath Australia
Authors: van der Hilst Rob , Kennett Brian , Christie Doug , Grant John 
Published: October 2006

A new project is probing the seismic structure of the lithosphere and mantle beneath Australia. The Skippy Project, named after the bush kangaroo, exploits Australia's regional seismicity and makes use of recent advances in digital recording technology to collect three‐component broadband seismic data from over 60 sites across the continent (Figure 1).The main goal of the Skippy Project, which is run by Australian National University's Research School of Earth Sciences (RSES), is to delineate the three‐dimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere and mantle beneath the continent.
Oscar Buneman, a personal remembrance
Authors: Nishikawa Ken‐Ichi 
Published: October 2006

Oscar Buneman, professor emeritus of electrical engineering at Stanford University and significant contributor to the fields of numerical analysis, plasma electrodynamics, and fundamental electromagnetic theory, died in his sleep on January 24, 1993. Numerous tributes to his memory have been published; however, I would like to concentrate on my own marvelous experiences with him.I knew Oscar Buneman through his interesting lectures at the International School for Space Simulation (ISSS) II, held in Kauai, Hawaii, in 1985. Later during ISSS III, held in France in 1987, Oscar was my instructor for the practical courses. I enjoyed his experienced guidance on the 1‐D electrostatic code and developed a close relationship with him. After this course, I presented a poster on a 3‐D magnetostatic simulation of whistler waves driven by an electron beam a a symposium in Beaulieu‐sur‐Mer, France. A friend told me that Oscar Buneman had attended my poster session and had said that he had also done a similar model. After the 1987 Fall AGU Meeting in San Francisco, I met Oscar Buneman at Stanford University. He was interested in my 3‐D magnetostatic simulation of Whistler waves.
Deviatoric stressitis: A virus infecting the Earth science community
Authors: Engelder Terry 
Published: October 2006

This note serves as a warning that a recently mutated virus, deviatoric stressitis, has infected many in the Earth science community. The good news is that this virus, nicknamed deveitis (dee vee' i‐tis), is not lethal and its victims can hope for a complete recovery. The bad news is that deveitis has spread like wildfire and leads to great confusion about Earth stress in papers, abstracts, and discussions by any of its victims.Deveitis is easy to recognize. The most common symptom is the use of the term, deviatoric stress, in papers, abstracts, and discussions.
DOE National Lab Bill passed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

HR1432, the Department of Energy Laboratory Technology Act, was approved by the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology on April 20. The bill redefines the role the laboratories play in meeting the needs of the nation during the next century.The bill establishes well‐defined missions for the national labs including dealing with national defense, energy security, environmental quality, and science. It also establishes the appropriate role of technology transfer, streamlines the process of technology transfer from the labs to the private sector, establishes a mechanism to evaluate laboratory performance, requires a plan for future use of DOE laboratories, and coordinates activities across the DOE lab system.
Tool available to estuarine scientists on Internet
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

MAGIC Elbe PC is a tool for the visualization, animation, and geographically aided retrieval of gridded data on IBM‐compatible PCs. The version offered on the Internet is fed by the results of a three‐dimensional, high‐resolution baroclinic model of the Elbe estuary, Germany. The package is available to anyone with access to the Internet.MAGIC Elbe PC, which was developed at the Institut für Meereskunde/Universität Hamburg, visualizes maps of tidally integrated data and animates full tidal cycles of vertically resolved and integrated current, salinity, and water level fields. It also allows the user to extract time series and cross‐sectional data onto an ASCII file for individual use in a specific research topic simply by selecting a grid point with the mouse.
Pack rats' pine needles indicate ice age shifts in atmospheric CO2
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Pine needles gathered by pack rats 30,000 years ago indicate that plant physiology changed in response to increasing CO2 at the end of the last Ice Age.Measurements from nearly 1200 Limber pine needles preserved in pack rat middens from Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona show that the number of stomata on leaf surfaces decreased as CO2 increased during the last deglaciation. Stomata are leaf pores through which carbon is taken in for photosynthesis and water is lost in evapotranspiration; a plant's water‐use efficiency is the ratio of C gained to water lost through the stomata.
Sea‐level and slope processes reflected off New Jersey
Authors:   Leg 150 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

After a 10‐year hiatus, scientific drilling returned to offshore New Jersey in June and July 1993 to measure the effects of global sea‐level change and slope processes on the clastic sediments of a passive continental margin. Advances and retreats of the shoreline exert enormous effects on ecosystems, material and chemical balances of the ocean, and links within the earth‐ocean‐atmosphere system that determine global climate. The geologic record of these changes is recorded in passive margin sediments such as those offshore New Jersey.The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) began drilling into this margin during Legs 11, 93, and 95; the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is now in the process of completing a carefully designed drill hole transect that extends from the continental rise to boreholes drilled on land.
Calendar reform for the year 2000
Authors: Emiliani Cesare 
Published: October 2006

In the BC/AD way of reckoning years, there is no year zero, and the numbering of years increases in opposite directions, whereas time flows in one direction. As a result, time intervals across the BC/AD boundary cannot be calculated algebraically—the time interval between 1.5 BC and AD 1.5 is 1 year, not 3 years. Moreover, the BC/AD boundary breaks the flow of history and singles out an event—the birth of Christ—which has no significance in non‐Christian civilizations.To alleviate these problems, 1 have proposed [Emiliani, 1993] that the beginning of calendrical time be reset to 00.00 hours GMT on January 1, 10,000 BC (10,000 BC January 0d 0h 0m 0s) and years be reckoned in continuity from that date.
Scientists study Canadian forests' impact on climate change
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

U.S., Canadian, and European scientists have moved into the second phase of a fivepart study of Canadian forests and the role these forests play in climate change.Dubbed the Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), the large‐scale ground‐based and remote‐sensing investigation seeks to better understand how the forests and atmosphere exchange energy, heat, water, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. From these findings, the researchers will develop better computer models to allow scientists to anticipate the effects of climate change on the region and across planet Earth.
Using regional seismic networks to study the Earth's deep interior
Authors: Benz H. M. , Vidale J. E. , Mori J. 
Published: October 2006

Long‐period or broadband data from global stations or small aperture arrays have traditionally been used to study the Earth's deep interior. However, recent seismic studies have shown that regional seismic networks can be an important tool in high‐ resolution studies of the upper mantle, coremantle boundary, and the inner and outer core, as well as the earthquake source.Although these networks were established to monitor regional earthquakes, many have systematically archived seismograms from distant earthquakes that provide a wealth of information on the Earth's deep interior.
Free exchange of weather data threatened
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The more than century‐old tradition of the free exchange of international meteorological data may be in jeopardy because of increasing anticompetitive measures that violate “free market” concepts, some American scientists worry.Competition from private weather companies has caused many European countries to encode information from weather satellites and license it to industry. But now mounting economic pressures for some governments to recoup costs have led to new proposals to further restrict the availability of data, which until recent years had mainly been limited by telecommunication system capability. Cost recovery policies have been introduced in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Finland, Ireland, and Denmark, among others, and by facilities multilaterally supported by the European Community.
AGU exhibit informs public about solar‐planetary relationships
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

“Electric Space: Our Earth‐Sun Environment,” an exhibit developed by AGU, examines the Earth's atmosphere, the Sun's atmosphere, and the fascinating and highly active area between. It will be on display at the Maryland Science Center in Baltimore, just a few blocks away from the Convention Center, during the Spring Meeting.The exhibit demonstrates that space is filled with high energy particles, magnetic fields, and rarefied gas. It consists of six modules, which focus on engaging, interactive components of various facets of space science as well as specific take‐home messages geared toward visitors of all ages.
New center for study of crustal fluids opens
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The School of Earth Sciences at Stanford University has established a new center for the study of fluids in the Earth's crust. It is thought that important outstanding problems related to fluids in the crust and their roles in crustal processes may be solved only through the kind of interdisciplinary approach provided by such a center.Key problems to be investigated at the center include the nature of wettability of porous rock; mapping subsurface fluids and permeability heterogeneities; pore pressure in the crust and deformation; formation of hydrothermal ore deposits; volcanism in subduction zones; coupled processes of the crust; and diagenesis and hydrocarbon migration.
‘Comet’ Remains on collision course with Jupiter
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A string of celestial bodies that is rapidly descending on a collision course with Jupiter presents a unique research opportunity in space science: for the first time ever, scientists will be preparing to observe such an impact more than a few seconds in advance.And study it they will. Observation telescopes in more than twenty countries and about six spacecraft, including the Galileo and Hubble Space Telescope, will have lenses focused on Jupiter from July 16–22, when the current twenty‐one segments of the heavenly body, known as Periodic Comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9, are anticipated to crash into the Jovian atmosphere.
Seismologists meet “Down Under”
Authors: Ellsworth William L. 
Published: October 2006

Planned presentations on hazard assessment and research weren't the only topics for discussion at the 27th General Assembly of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), held from January 10–21 at the University of Victoria in Wellington, New Zealand.There was a more timely one unfolding: California's Northridge earthquake. When conference participants awoke to news of the earthquake on January 18, they scrambled to action to gather the latest data available. Just 12 hours after the event, they held a general discussion about the earthquake.
Disaster prevention plan developed for high‐risk volcano
Authors: Rose William I. , Sandoval Ciro , Kimberly Paul 
Published: October 2006

Besides being Central America's most notorious volcano, Guatemala's Santa Maria, is now touted as a hotspot for an unlikely prospect: volcanic disaster prevention.Last November, an international workshop was held in Quezaltenango to develop an integrated plan for preventing volcanic hazards at Santa Maria, as part of a broader strategy to maximize the return on investments by focusing on team projects in natural disaster reduction.
New Windows version of paleomagnetic lab database released
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

International efforts to establish several relational databases of paleo‐ and rock‐magnetic data are being coordinated by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. The last, but not least, of these is a database of labs, researchers, and current projects.The first version, released in 1992, was not very “user friendly” and several errors and omissions were found. Therefore, a second version for use with Windows was developed. To keep the maximum possible compatibility with Windows, Version 1.0 of the Microsoft Access Relational Database System was used, although this version is not yet free of errors and inconveniences.
Physics of iron: Showdown in Colorado Springs
Authors: Anderson Orson L. 
Published: October 2006

The Second Ironworkers Convention was held at an international conference in Colorado Springs, Colo., from June 28 to July 2, 1993. It was convened by the International Association for High Pressure Research and Technology. Papers on the physics of iron were presented by 51 authors and were sponsored by the University of California's IGPP, the American Physical Society, and Study of the Earth's Deep Interior.As this meeting affirmed, there has been an upswing of interest in iron melting and the equation of the state of iron since publication of the Proceedings of the 1989 First Ironworkers Convention (see JGR—Solid Earth, December 1990).
Satellite Geodesy—Foundations, Methods, and Applications
Authors: Fell Patrick 
Published: October 2006

This text is an updated English translation of Satellitengeodasie, a book that was published in German in 1989. The text is the first in many years that attempts to cover the broad spectrum of methods, applications, and systems, both classical and current, that have developed in the field of satellite geodesy.The material is presented in a structure that follows the major observational methods used in satellite geodesy: classical techniques, Doppler, GPS, laser, altimetry, and special methods including satellite‐to‐satellite tracking, satellite radiometry, and VLBI. Before introducing these observational techniques in detail, the author provides the fundamentals on reference frames, time signal propagation, orbital mechanics and basic applications of satellite geodesy in positioning, gravity field modeling, navigation, marine geodesy, kinematics, and geodynamics. An excellent reference list completes the text.
Congressional Fellow having a blast on the Hill
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

“It's fun,” says Winston Tao, AGU's 1993–1994 Congressional Fellow, of his stint on the personal staff of Rep. George Brown Jr. (D‐Calif.), who chairs the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology.Along with covering environment, energy, technology, and science policy for Brown, Tao, who received his Ph.D. in geophysics from Harvard University in 1992, also works with members of the committee to produce legislation and to set up hearings.
Geophysical science alive and well in Georgia
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Geophysical research has a strong foothold in a surprising place: the strife‐filled former Soviet republic of Georgia.In April 1993, the Georgian Geophysical Society was founded to cement a more than a century‐and‐a‐half tradition of quantitative geodesy and geophysics in Georgia and maintain Georgia's status as a keen player in the international science arena. In light of the on‐going destruction of Soviet structures and catastrophic economic situation in Georgia, which has subsequently isolated geophysical scientists from most international connections, the move stands as testimony, indeed, to their scientific dedication.
Seeing California move with global positioning satellites
Authors: Blewitt Geoffrey , Bock Yehuda 
Published: October 2006

Imperceptible to the human senses, California's tectonic plates deform every day at a rate comparable to the growth of fingernails.Convection in the mantle under the Earth's solid crust forces continental‐size “tectonic plates” to move slowly in different directions. Where plates meet, the motion between them is accommodated by slow deformation, but when the crust is no longer strong enough to withstand the stress buildup, it breaks as an earthquake at weak points we call “faults.”
Eye in the Sky: Landsat's future looking up
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

For the first time in recent years, the future is looking bright for Landsat, the U.S. program to provide high spatial resolution measurements of the Earth's surface.Earlier this month, the Clinton administration said it plans to continue the Landsat program and extend its 20‐year data set. Provided that both houses of Congress are willing, the next generation of the satellite program Landsat 7 will be funded and launched in December 1998.
Ian Donald Moore (1951–1993)
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Early on September 28,1993 our friend and colleague, Ian Moore passed away after a brief but courageous fight with cancer.Ian was born in Melbourne, Australia. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering (with honors) in 1973 and his Master of Engineering Science in Civil Engineering in 1975, both from Monash University. After completing his Ph.D. in Agricultural Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 1979, he joined the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, as an Assistant Professor. In 1983 he returned with his family to Australia to work as a Senior Research Scientist in the Canberra Laboratory of the then CSIRO Division of Water and Land Resources as a hydrologist in the Physical Hydrology and Water Quality Program. He left the Canberra Laboratory in 1986 for an appointment as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Minnesota, where he was promoted to Associate Professor in 1989.
Where in the world are Winslow Reef and Amelia Earhart?
Authors: Jacobson R. S. 
Published: October 2006

Uncharted or doubtful positions of shoals and reefs have played a large role in the history of maritime navigation and oceanography. Two of these shoals, Winslow Reef and Reef and Sand Bank in the central equatorial Pacific, were the subjects of a fruitless 2‐day aerial search in 1937 for Amelia Earhart by planes from the battleship USS Colorado.Sightings before and after 1937 convinced the U.S. Hydrographic Office and later the Defense Mapping Agency to retain these shoals on navigational charts. Yet all of these sightings and positions were based on unreliable celestial and dead‐reckoning navigation. Nevertheless, at the time, this aerial search by the Colorado planes was probably the most extensive survey for the poorly determined shoals.