bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Gene Therapy for HNSCC
Authors: Tysome James Russell , Alusi Ghassan , Lemoine Nick , Wang Yaohe 
Published: August 2008

ProblemOncolytic viral therapy a promising new strategy for the treatment of cancer and an oncolytic adenovirus was first licensed for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the outcomes of clinical trials with viral monotherapy have been disappointing. Oncolytic vaccinia virus represents an attractive alternative as its replication is less dependent than adenovirus on the genetic make‐up of tumor cells and it has been used safely as the smallpox vaccine in millions of patients.MethodsThe potency and replication of vaccinia virus and adenovirus were compared in a panel of HNSCC cell lines in vitro before assessing the tumor selectivity of systemically delivered vaccinia virus in vivo. In order to increase antitumor potency, a novel vaccinia virus expressing the angiogenesis inhibitory endostatin‐angiostatin fusion protein was constructed. The expression and function of this protein was confirmed in vitro and antitumor efficacy assessed in vivo.ResultsOncolytic vaccinia virus was more potent than adenovirus against all HNSCC cell lines and displayed high selectivity for cancer cells, sparing normal cells both in vitro and in animal tumour models in vivo. Vaccinia virus expressing the endostatin‐angiostatin fusion protein inhibited new blood vessel formation as well as tumour growth by oncolysis. The protein was expressed in virus‐infected HNSCC cells and demonstrated function by the inhibition of human umbilical vein epithelial cell proliferation and tube formation in vitro. Treatment of nude mice bearing FaDu HNSCC xenografts significantly prolonged survival when compared to the oncolytic adenovirus ONYX‐015 used previously for HNSCC.ConclusionThis novel vaccinia virus is a promising therapeutic agent for HNSCC, which improved survival in tumour bearing mice and requires further evaluation in vivo.SignificanceThe combination of an oncolytic vaccinia virus that delivers tumor‐specific angiogenesis inhibition may prove to be an effective treatment for patients with HNSCC, with the potential for systemic delivery to treat metastatic disease.SupportCancer Research UK, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Barts and the London Trustees.
Anatomy of the Transarcuate Approach to the Petrous Apex
Authors: Lee Alice D , Hamidi Sanaz , Djalilian Hamid R 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe petrous apex is considered to be one of the most difficult areas of the temporal bone to approach surgically. We present data describing the dimensions of a transarcuate approach to the petrous apex, as measured on high resolution computed tomography.MethodsMeasurements of the mean dimensions and ranges through the crura of the superior semicircular canal were made. The measurements were obtained from high‐resolution computed tomography images of 30 temporal bones in 19 consecutively presenting patients with a pneumatized posterior petrous apex cell tract on CT. Measurements were obtained with the use of the standard PACS (picture archiving and communication system) software.ResultsThe mean anterior‐posterior space in the superior semicircular canals without transcrural pneumatization was 4.96±0.39 mm. The mean superior‐ inferior dimension was 4.98±0.48 mm. The same measurements in canals with pneumatized intercrural tracts were 5.17±0.51 mm and 5.11±0.62 mm respectively. The mean anterior‐posterior distance and superior‐inferior distance of the intercrural air tracts themselves were 2.09±0.57 and 2.01±0.45mm. There was a statistically significant difference in the anterior‐posterior size between the pneumatized and non‐pneumatized canals but not in the superior‐inferior distance.ConclusionPneumatized bones demonstrate a slight increase in the subarcuate dimensions as compared to non‐pneumatized bones. The transarcuate approach is a viable one for drainage and biopsy of the petrous apex.SignificanceOur study demonstrates that the transarcuate approach is anatomically possible for drainage of the petrous apex with minimal risk to the superior semicircular canal. This would be especially useful for the drainage of cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex or biopsy in this area.
Cemented Titanium Ventilation Tube in the Chinchilla
Authors: Kuhn Jeffery J , Anderson Scott R , Strasnick Barry 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe use of long‐term ventilation tubes in patients with chronic eustachian tube dysfunction is an acceptable form of initial surgical treatment. Despite improvements in composition and design, early extrusion, occlusion, and need for repeated procedures continue to be frequent problems encountered in the course of treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel technique for establishing permanent middle ear ventilation. The study was conducted following the refinement of surgical techniques and long‐term follow‐up in a pilot group of animals.MethodsHeat cautery myringotomy was used to expose the middle ear space in both ears of 15 chinchillas. A titanium ventilation tube was fixed to the medial wall of the hypotympanum in each ear using OtoMimix hydroxyapatite bone cement. At four months, both ears in 12 animals were re‐explored and the integrity of the cemented tube was assessed clinically. One animal was euthanized and the temporal bones obtained for histopathologic analysis.ResultsA stable fixation of the titanium tube to the medial wall of the hypotympanum was demonstrated in 23 of 24 ears at four months re‐exploration. The titanium tube‐bone cement fixture was covered with healthy vascularized mucosa in all ears. Two ears showed mild mucosal inflammation adjacent to the fixed tube. The histologic findings will be reviewed.ConclusionThe use of hydroxyapatite bone cement to permanently secure a titanium tube to the middle ear wall appears to have some promise as a technique for establishing long‐term ventilation of the middle ear space. A prototype titanium tube is currently being developed for this purpose.SignificanceBy incorporating the proven technologies of titanium implants and hydroxyapatite bone cement, this study provides a novel technique for establishing a permanent means of middle ear ventilation.SupportThe ventilation tubes (Gyrus ENT LLC) and bone cement (Walter Lorenz Surgical, Inc.) were supplied by their respective manufacturers.
Alterations In Immunity After Total vs Partial Tonsillectomy
Authors: Bitar Mohamed A , Rameh Charbel E , Ataya Nour , Najarian Alik , Chakhtoura Marita , Abdelnoor Alex Michael 
Published: August 2008

ProblemPalatine tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs active in sampling antigens entering the upper respiratory tract and in producing immunoglobulin (Ig) both locally and distally through migrating tonsillar B cells. Their size has been found to be directly proportional to the number of B and T cells. The aim of this study is to compare the change in serum and saliva Ig levels after total and partial tonsillectomy.MethodsChildren with obstructive tonsils and/or adenoid undergoing total or partial tonsillectomy were recruited in a pilot study. Patients with history of recurrent infections or immunodeficiency were excluded. Blood and saliva samples were obtained immediately preoperatively and at the 1st follow‐up visit. Serum Ig's (G,M&A) concentrations were determined using radial immunodiffusion. Saliva secretory IgA was measured using an Enzyme Immuoassay (EIA).ResultsTwenty five patients (13 partial and 12 total) were included. There were no statistically significant changes in serum Ig's levels after total or partial tonsillectomy, except for IgM which increased (1.317 to 1.632 g/L) after partial tonsillectomy, more significantly in males, in those aged 5 years and older, and when the postoperative samples were taken within a 2 month‐period. Moreover, there was statistically non‐significant decrease in secretory IgA level after both total and partial tonsillectomy.ConclusionThe effect of partial or total tonsillectomy on immunoglobulin level seems reassuring. The increase in IgM and the non‐significant decrease in SIgA may represent a kind of immunological readjustment after tonsillar surgery.SignificanceThis is the first study (to our knowledge) that compares the changes in immunoglobulin levels (in serum & saliva) after partial vs. total tonsillectomy. The obtained results are preliminary and are reassuring to the parents and physicians who have concerns regarding the immunological sequalae of tonsillectomy in children. A longer follow up will be done in a larger future study.SupportThis study was supported by Medtronic.
Effects of Humidification on a CPAP Experimental Rat Model
Authors: Vilaseca Isabel , Martinez Vidal Brigida Meritxell , Montserrat Josep Maria , Marta Torres , Isaac Almendros , Farre Ramon 
Published: August 2008

ProblemIntroduction: Rhinitis is a potential side effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) when applied to patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In the clinical setting, air humidification is regularly applied to treat these symptoms, but its benefits are controversial and human confounding factors may make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Animal models could therefore be useful. Objectives: To study the effects of air humidification as a mechanism that may reduce nasal inflammation during the application of nCPAP with or without an oral leak.MethodsThe study was divided into two phases. Phase I: 36 anesthetized Sprague‐Dawley rats (300–360g) were subjected to nCPAP = 10cmH2O (n=12), sham‐CPAP (n=12) and nCPAP with 100% air humidification (n = 12) for 5 hours. Nasal scraping was carried out on all the rats and Wright staining was performed to detect neutrophils. Phase II: The same procedure was applied to 33 rats exposed to nCPAP (n=11), nCPAP with a controlled mouth airleak (n=11) and nCPAP‐airleak with 100% air humidification (n=11).ResultsPercentage of neutrophils in nucleated cells in the nasal scrapings was significantly (p=0.017) higher after 5 hours of nCPAP (0.96±0.90%) than in the control group (0.27±0.2%). When humidification was applied, the percentage of neutrophils was similar to that observed in the CPAP group (0.95±0.9%; p=0.97). When leakage was added there were no significant differences in the neutrophil count compared to nCPAP (0.75±0.5%; p=0.70). The application of humidified air to the rat with mouth airleak did not change the neutrophil count (1.17±1.2%; p=0.60).ConclusionAir humidification applied to an acute animal model of nCPAP with and without an oral air leak does not seem to reduce nasal inflammation.SignificanceThe study is an intent to clarify the objective effects of the addition of air humidification into a CPAP device, in order to reduce rhinitic symptoms.SupportSupported by FIS PI050194, by CIBERRes, and in part by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (SAF2005‐00110 and SAF2004‐00684).
R407 – Prognostic Factors in Salvage Surgery
Authors: Chedid Helma Maria , Lehn Carlos Neutzling , Porsani Alex Freitas 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe main cause of uncontrolled disease of the squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract is the loco‐regional recurrence. Salvage surgery is a good option of treatment. The aim of this paper is to assess the prognostics factors in the patients with tumors of oral cavity and oropharynx treated with surgery and undergoing salvage surgery.MethodsRetrospective study of 276 patients treated with surgery associated or no with postoperative radiation therapy. The patients were excluded when they presented distant metastasis, second primary tumors or previous oncological treatment. Statistic analysis: tests Chi‐quadrado and Fisher.ResultsThe average follow‐up was 35.3 months, and 127 patients developed loco‐regional recurrences being 76 patients approached with salvage surgery. In 65% of the patients, the salvage surgery was in the oral cavity due to the higher predominance of exclusive local relapse. The main indications of salvage surgery were in patients with early clinical stage (I/II) and loco‐regional recurrence. The clinical factors prognostics in the univariate analysis were the sites of tumors (p=0.004), clinical stage of loco‐regional recurrence (p=0.0001), initial clinical stage (p=0.01) and previous radiotherapy (p=0.04) and the independent clinical factors prognostics in the multivariate analysis were clinical stage of loco‐regional recurrence (p=0.005), site of the primary tumor (p=0.003) and previous radiotherapy (p=0.01).ConclusionThe tumor sites, previous radiotherapy and the clinical stage of loco‐regional recurring were independent clinical factors prognostics.SignificanceThe assessment of the clinical factors in the patients submitted salvage surgery.
R422 – EMMPRIN as a Novel Target in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Safavy Seena , Nichole Dean , Newman John Robert , Wenyue Zhang , Weeks David Michael , Helman Emily E , Buchsbaum Donald J. , Rosenthal Eben L 
Published: August 2008

ProblemTo determine if blocking EMMPRIN function in vivo inhibits tumor growth alone or when combined with radiation therapy in a preclinical model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MethodsImmunodeficient mice bearing SCC‐1 subcutaneous xenografts were sorted into four treatment groups: anti‐EMMPRIN antibody alone, anti‐EMMPRIN antibody in combination with radiotherapy, radiotherapy alone, and untreated control groups (n = 7 per group). Each animal in the treatment groups received a total dose of 1.2 mg of antibody and/or 12 Gy of 60Co radiation, biweekly over three weeks. To investigate possible mechanisms of action for anti‐EMMPRIN therapy, xenograft samples from the control group and antibody alone group were analyzed for proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (TUNEL). Furthermore, the expressions of EMMPRIN induced cytokines were assessed by ELISA, including IL‐1?, IL‐6, IL‐8, and VEGF.ResultsTwo weeks after completion of treatment, mean tumor surface area for the antibody alone group was smaller than the untreated group (P = 0.0006), as was the radiation alone group (P = 0.0029), while combination therapy yielded optimal results (P = 0.0003). Anti‐EMMPRIN antibody treated tumors had a significant reduction in proliferation (P = 0.007), and analysis of in vivo apoptosis by TUNEL assay showed a higher number of cells undergoing apoptosis in the treatment group (18%) vs. untreated (5%; P = 0.087), although this failed to reach statistical significance. Treatment of xenografted tumors resulted in decreased expression of IL‐1? (P = 0.0079), IL‐6 (P = 0.077), IL‐8 (P= 0.1481), and VEGF (P = 0.0538) when compared to animals receiving no treatment.ConclusionThis data suggests that blocking EMMPRIN function in vivo inhibits tumor cell proliferation and sensitizes tumor xenografts to radiation in vivo.SignificanceEMMPRIN may represent a novel target for treatment in head and neck cancer.SupportThis work was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI K08CA102154) and the National Institute of Health (2T32 CA091078‐06).
R423 – Electrochemical Dissolution of Salivary Calculi
Authors: Schatton Robert , Stanek Adam P , Moheb Afshin , Kempf Hans Georg , Schatton Helmut 
Published: August 2008

ProblemMinimally invasive therapies of sialolithiasis have been developed to avoid complications of sialadenectomy like nerve injury or frey's syndrome. Sialendoscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy are used to manage stone removement and fragmentation. The size of salivary calculi often limits minimally invasive treatment. Chemical and electrolytic dissolution have been used successfully to reduce the diameter of sialoliths in vitro. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of electrolitholysis (ELL) and the combination of ELL with chemolitholysis on salivary calculi.MethodsEleven submandibular calculi (7‐19mm diameter) were halved. These halves were randomised to the ELL group and the ELL combined with chemolitholysis group. The calculi were placed in a glass tube and two platinum electrodes (0.5mm diameter) were brought in contact with their surfaces. For the ELL group isotonic sodium chloride was used as rinsing solution whereas calculi of the ELL combined with chemolitholysis group were rinsed with diluted acetic acid (0.6%, pH 2.78). Electrical current (30mA, 14V) with periodic current reversal was applied to the electrodes for three hours. To determine the extent of dissolution, the calculi were weighed and photographed before and after the treatment.ResultsThe mean weight reduction of salivary calculi was 14,7±5,8 mg (19,9±8,4%) after ELL and 16,2±8,8 mg (23,1 ±20,5%) after ELL combined with chemolitholysis respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. The corrosive effect of both methods could be shown by morphologic changes of the calculi.ConclusionIn this study a comparable weight reduction of salivary calculi was achieved using ELL alone or ELL combined with chemolitholysis with diluted acetic acid. These methods could be helpful to diminish the size of salivary calculi within the scope of minimally invasive treatment of sialolithiasis. Further investigations should be done.SignificanceBasic research.
R426 – Muscle‐Nerve‐Muscle Neurotization of the Rat Larynx
Authors: Bader Bradford A , Oh Sang Su , Old Matthew Owen , Corey Joseph M , Feldman Eva L , Hogikyan Norman D 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe ability to reliably restore physiologic movement to a paralyzed vocal fold is not yet in hand. Muscle‐nerve‐muscle (M‐N‐M) neurotization is a process whereby axons sprouting from within an innervated muscle are directed toward a denervated muscle via a neural conduit. Given the paired laryngeal musculature, M‐N‐M neurotization holds promise for restoring physiologic vocal fold movement in cases of unilateral paralysis. This study is aimed at exploring the effectiveness of M‐N‐M neurotization in a rat model.MethodsTwelve Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided equally into Control and M‐N‐M groups. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve was transected in both groups, and in the M‐N‐M group a nerve graft was interposed between the innervated right thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle and the denervated left TA muscle via bilateral laryngeal windows. Vocal fold mobility was serially documented pre‐ and post‐operatively by video‐assisted endoscopy. The rats will be sacrificed at 6 weeks and immunohistochemistry used to quantify percent nerve‐motor endplate contact in the left TA muscles. Myelinated axons per cross‐section of the nerve graft will be counted.ResultsThe initial surgical and endoscopic procedures were successful in all rats. Immunohistochemical data, endoscopic findings, and axon counts in the M‐N‐M grafts will be presented as measures of reinnervation, with comparisons between groups for percent nerve‐motor endplate contact and endoscopy data.ConclusionM‐N‐M grafts can be performed in a rat laryngeal model and the degree of successful neurotization can be determined by this analysis paradigm.SignificanceThis study contributes new data toward the eventual goal of restoring movement to the paralyzed vocal fold.SupportThis project is supported by the University of Michigan's Program for Neurology Research and Discovery and the Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery.
R436 – Association Between Chronic Otitis Media and Otosclerosis
Authors: Cureoglu Sebahattin , Rie Nomiya , Shigenobu Nomiya , Patricia Schachern , Morita Norimasa , Kariya Shin , Nishizaki Kazunori , Paparella Michael M 
Published: August 2008

ProblemIn a previous clinical study, the incidence of chronic otitis media in cases of otosclerosis was reported to be less than that observed in patients without otosclerosis. Histopathologically, we can detect minimal changes such as histological otosclerosis or silent otitis media which are not detected clinically. The purpose of this study is to reveal the association of otosclerosis and chronic otitis media by evaluating human temporal bones, histopathologically.Methods1235 human temporal bones were reviewed for this study. In order to match patients with otosclerosis, patients with chronic otitis media were limited to 16 to 92 years of age. The incidence of otosclerosis (clinical otosclerosis, histological otosclerosis) and chronic otitis media, either clinical (tympanic membrane perforation) or silent (without perforation) were analyzed.ResultsThere was no statistically difference between the incidence of chronic otitis media in temporal bones with and without otosclerosis.ConclusionThe association of chronic otitis media and otosclerosis appears to be a coincidental.SignificanceThe incidence of chronic otitis media in cases of otosclerosis is not less than that observed in cases of chronic otitis media in cases without otosclerosis.SupportInternational Hearing Foundation, Hubbard Foundation, Starkey Foundation.
R437 – Sonotubometry With Perfect Sequences in Pathologic Ears
Authors: Martino Ercole F. N. Di , Asenov Deyan , Nath Viorel Emanoil , Telle Aulis , Vary Peter 
Published: August 2008

ProblemSonotubometry is a non‐invasive method for the evaluation of Eustachian Tube (ET) function. Perfect Sequences (PSQE) allow monitoring the ET under physiologic conditions in healthy ears. This study investigates the use of this new approach in pathologic ears.MethodsForty individuals were examined. Group A: n=20 individuals (40 normal ears). Group B: n= 11 patients (16 ears) with acute/subacute ET dysfunction. Group C: n=9 patients with chronic problems requiring tympanoplasty. Sonotubometry was performed before and after operation. As opening maneuvers, yawning, dry swallowing, water swallowing, and Toynbee were employed.ResultsIn group A an ET opening was seen in 77.06% maneuvers and in all patients. The median amplitude (A) of sound increase was 16.64 dB, the duration of the openings (D) was 365 ms. In group B these values were 34.39%, A = 9.27 dB, D=311 ms before and 72.26%, A= 19.51 dB and D=329 ms after operation (myringotomy/tympanostomy). Group C showed openings in 33.83% with A=9.78dB and D=365 ms. There was no significant change after surgery.ConclusionThe comparison between normal ears and acute ET dysfunction shows sonotubometrical a return of the normal function after operation within a week in most ears. The results demonstrate that the findings occur not only due to an improved sound transmission through the dry middle ear but from a recovering ET. The results in Group C show that the ET dysfunction is chronic.SignificanceSonotubometry with PSQE is feasible for assessment of ET (dys)function under physiological conditions. It has therefore the potential to open new perspectives on ET monitoring.SupportSupported by DFG‐grant MA 3917/1‐1.