bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 Retrospective Voting1
Authors: Listhaug Ola 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that the European voter is also an economic voter in the sense that negative evaluations of the economy hurt the electoral fortunes of incumbent parties. For those who expected that economic voting would be on the rise, the empirical results are disappointing. Systematic trends towards an increase in economic voting were not observed. Political events and institutional factors account for some of the variations in economic voting. For instance, the weak and irregular effects in Norway can be explained by the dominance of minority governments, a weak opposition, and the EU issue which dominated over economic concerns and probably reduced Labour’s ability to benefit from the first stage of the economic recovery in the 1993 election. Similarly, under a different institutional context, the British Conservative party in 1997 had less success than Labour four years later in taking advantage of an improving economy. These examples may suggest that institutions as well as embedded effects of political events influence the impact of economic evaluations on the vote.
10 Party Leaders and Party Choice
Authors: Curtice John , Holmberg Sören 
Published: October 2005

AbstractElections are widely believed to have become beauty contests in which voters decide who to vote for on the basis of which party leader they like most, rather than which party they think has the best policies or will best represent their interests. Scant evidence was found in support of this proposition. Voters’ evaluations of party leaders appear to be as important or unimportant now as they were when they were first measured. Part of the reason for this appears to be the fact that the importance of leaders is constrained by the political structure in which elections take place. There is strong evidence that leaders matter when a parliamentary election comes closest to mimicking a presidential contest. That is, when the next head of government is likely to be the leader of whichever of two large parties can win the most votes without the need to engage in significant post-election coalition bargaining.
11 Modernization or Politics?
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter summarises the discussions on the development of patterns of voting behaviour in European countries, and the validity of the two alternative theoretical approaches to explaining the changes in electoral behaviour. The analyses will be done separately for the two successive decisions voters have to make at election time. First, the decision on whether they will vote at all, and second, which party of candidate they will vote for.
Speaking My Mind
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis book motivates and develops a novel view of avowals and self-knowledge that attempts to give systematic answers to standing questions concerning our ability to know our own minds. Drawing on resources from the philosophy of language, the theory of action, epistemology, and the philosophy of mind, the author offers original and systematic answers to these questions. She proposes a Neo-Expressivist view according to which an avowal is an act through which a person directly expresses, rather than merely reports, the very mental condition that it tells of. She argues that this expressivist idea, coupled with an adequate characterization of expression and a proper separation of the semantics of avowals from their pragmatics and epistemology, explains the special status we assign to avowals. As against many expressivists and their critics, she maintains that an expressivist explanation is consistent with a non-deflationary view of self-knowledge and a robust realism about mental states. The view that emerges preserves many insights of the most prominent contributors to the subject, while offering a fresh perspective on our special relationship to our own minds.
Introduction: The Special Security of Some “I” Talk
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIntroduces the primary problem to be dealt with in the book, namely, how to account for the special security of some first-personal ascriptions of mental states (’avowals’). Relatedly, the book aims to answer whether avowals constitute privileged self-knowledge of mental states, and generally, what such knowledge might consist of. What’s more, the author wants to answer these questions while retaining the view that, though avowals exhibit epistemic asymmetries with other ascriptions, they are also ’semantically continuous’ with ordinary empirical reports (as against the Wittgensteinian expressivist view that fully assimilates an avowal like ’I’m in pain’ to mere crying). The chapter then lists a number of desiderata on an adequate view of avowals’ special security, and ends with an overall plan of the book, and a few terminological notes.
Using “I” ‘as Subject’: Cartesian Reference or No Reference?
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe uniquely secure status of avowals apparently has something to do with the special way an avowing subject refers to herself by the pronoun ‘I’, as opposed to referring to herself by some description. However, the author argues in this chapter that excessive focus on the way ‘I’ refers has led people astray. In particular, she criticizes the view that we must see ‘I’ as referring to some special object, a Cartesian ego, as well as Anscombe’s view that ‘I’ in fact, does not refer at all. Both accounts fail to respect the Semantic Continuity of avowals with other empirical reports.
“I”-Ascriptions: The Semantic and the Epistemic
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA more promising account of the way ‘I’ refers, which derives from the works of Sidney Shoemaker and Gareth Evans, is discussed in Ch. 3. This account, the ’Reference without Identification’ view, preserves Semantic Continuity while explaining various epistemic asymmetries between avowals and other ascriptions. The observation is that uses of ‘I’ are immune to error through misidentifying the referent, and it is so because no identification of the referent is needed when ‘I’ is used. In connection with this view, the author also critiques the alternative explanations of immunity to error through misidentification given by Shoemaker and Evans.
Content Externalism, Skepticism, and the Recognitional Conception of Self-Knowledge
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines a much-discussed puzzle about how the security of avowals (specifically, the security of avowals that specify one’s mental contents) can be reconciled with so-called ’externalism’ about content. It has been argued that if externalism is true, then we face a form of scepticism about content, analogous to scepticism about the external world. However, the author argues that this reasoning relies on a ’recognitional conception’ of knowledge of content, which ought to be rejected. She further suggests that self-ascriptions of mental content are protected from sceptical arguments precisely because they do not involve or require a separate recognition of those contents.
The Distinctive Security Of Avowals: Ascriptive Immunity to Error
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe author develops further the idea, introduced at the end of Ch. 5, that avowals do not involve or require a recognition of one’s own mental state. The notion of ‘ascriptive immunity to error’ is introduced by analogy to the notion of immunity to error though misidentification. So-called ’self-verifying’ avowals of occurrent thoughts best illustrate this idea, where it seems most plausible to say that there is no separate recognition of one’s thought contents. Nevertheless, the author also suggests that all avowals have ‘ascriptive immunity’ as well. This is to be explained by the expressive character of avowals.
Avowals: ‘Grammar’ and Expression
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter and the next develop a Neo-Expressivist view of avowals, according to which avowals are seen as expressive performances that serve directly to express the self-ascriber’s mental condition, rather than merely to report it. But unlike purely natural expressions (cries, groans), avowals ascribe to the subject the very state the subject expresses. The view is compared and contrasted with Wittgenstein’s ’simple expressivist’ view of avowals, as well as with ethical expressivism.
Avowals: Expression, Content, and Truth
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe author begins this chapter with an account of how linguistic expressions, and in particular, mental ‘I’-ascriptions, could acquire an expressive role similar to the role played by natural expressions, despite the dissimilarities between avowals and natural expressions. This is done by explaining how mental self-ascriptions could emerge in the order of acquisition. In addition, the last part of the chapter answers the question how avowals are truth-evaluable (despite their similarity with non-truth-evaluable natural expressions), and how avowals are governed by a special presumption of truth.
Speaking My Mind: Expression, Truth, and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Bar-On Dorit 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCh. 9 makes the connection between privileged self-knowledge, and the Neo-Expressivist view of the special security of avowals. First, the author considers a challenge, which suggests that Neo-Expressivism is committed to a deflationary view of self-knowledge. For the Neo-Expressivist, even though avowals are semantically continuous with other verbal reports, they do not seem to articulate things we genuinely know, since they are not made on any epistemic basis. In reply, the author sketches a variety of non-deflationary views of self-knowledge, and illustrates how these views are compatible with her account of avowals. The chapter also attempts to explain self-knowledge via the notion of first person privilege (as opposed to first-person epistemic authority).
A Case for Theism
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter sketches the case for supposing theistic metaphysics to offer the best explanation of a world productive of mind, freedom, morality, art, philosophy, and religion. All these features of the human world, itself undoubtedly the product of evolution, are much more intelligible when seen as proceeding ultimately from God’s creative action, than simply as emerging out of the random interaction of material energies. A nature productive of finite spirit, and of the values of goodness, beauty and truth is best understood as the creation of infinite Spirit, itself supremely good, beautiful and true.
The Rationality of Revelation
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The relation between natural theology and revealed theology is explored. It is shown how appeals to revelation are perfectly rational. Such appeals can and should be included in a cumulative case that assembles a whole range of considerations — metaphysical, historical and doctrinal — that together provide support for Christian belief. The assimilation of revealed theology to natural theology involved in such a cumulative case is illustrated with reference to the writings of Joseph Butler, H. H. Farmer and James Barr. This approach is then compared and contrasted with the position known as ‘Reformed epistemology’, associated particularly with the work of Alvin Plantinga.
The Appeal to History I: The History of Religions
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter shows how a cumulative case for theistic belief is already moving from considerations of natural theology to considerations of revealed theology, as one attempts to do justice to a wide range of historical data on the history of religions. Sense has to made of the widespread phenomenon of religious experience. Morality, too, is found to be more intelligible in a theistic context than within a purely naturalistic worldview. Further arguments for theism from value include appeals to the objectivity of beauty and truth. But the diversity of world religions presents a problem for the rationality of any one doctrinal system. Christianity, like any other faith, has to provide a theology of religion and the religions if its particular and unique claims are to be rationally justified.
The Appeal to History II: Christ and the Church
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The cumulative case for specifically Christian belief now concentrates on the history of Israel and the story of Jesus and its aftermath, including the rise of the Christian Church. Rational assessment of these historical facts depends greatly on the background beliefs already held. Theistic belief leads one to expect revelation. Sympathy towards revelation claims leads one to take seriously the historical evidence for the unique status claimed for Jesus Christ, including the evidence for his Resurrection. The work of David Brown and Richard Swinburne on evidence for the Incarnation is assessed.
A Case for Incarnational and Trinitarian Belief
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter argues that the doctrines developed over time, in order to make best sense of the historical phenomena considered in the last two chapters, themselves contribute to the cumulative case for Christian belief, in so far as their logic, their scope and their power provide the most theoretically and existentially convincing account of existence, predicament and its resolution, and of what one may hope for. While what the different world religions have in common needs to be borne in mind, the case for Christianity depends chiefly on the logic and power of the doctrines of the Incarnation and the Trinity. The chapter ends with a brief exposition of the religious significance of Christian soteriology — its understanding of salvation and eschatology — its hope for the ultimate future of creation.
Chapter 3 Economic Issues in Alcohol Taxation
Authors: Smith Stephen 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlcohol taxes and revenues vary widely in the EU, ranging from over 100 euros per capita in Scandinavian countries to less than 30 euros in Mediterranean countries. It is difficult to defend the high alcohol excises on ‘inverse-elasticity’ rounds (Ramsey rule). It is also unclear whether alcohol would be a complement or a substitute for leisure. To be sure, the taxation of alcohol sales helps to reduce the external costs generated by abusive consumers, but at the cost of reducing the consumer satisfaction of non-abusive consumers. The concerns that are sometimes raised about the regressivity of tobacco taxes do not apply with anything like the same force to alcohol taxes. In the US, a very large proportion of the net external cost associated with abusive alcohol consumption is accounted for by the valuation of alcohol-related traffic fatalities, whereas in UK studies, the largest items appear under the heading ‘social cost to industry’. The average external cost of alcohol consumption in the UK might be in the order of 17 per cent of the pre-tax price of alcohol. Narrowing differences in levels of alcohol taxation in EU member states would reduce the economic and fiscal costs associated with legal cross-border shopping.
Chapter 4 Gambling Taxes
Authors: Clotfelter Charles T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGambling has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, marked by the legalization of heretofore forbidden games and increasing rates of participation among households. This legalization is invariably accompanied by both regulation and taxation. Governments collect excise tax revenue from gross revenue (e.g. slot machines and casino gambling tables) or gross wager (e.g. lotteries). Overall, gambling products tend to be subject to quite high implicit or explicit rates approximating those on tobacco and alcohol. While the joint legalization and taxation probably conveys net welfare gains (net gamblers are better off), the legalization nevertheless imposes some external costs (compulsive gamblers, particularly of gaming machines, are worse off). The incidence of gambling taxes is usually regressive. The taxation of gambling is bound up with other policy issues relating to society’s attitude towards gambling. A middle ground is to accommodate the existing, unstimulated demand for gambling, without doing anything to stimulate that demand. Besides limiting the availability of gambling opportunities, this approach would be consistent with differentially higher tax rates.
Chapter 5 Environmentally Related Levies
Authors: Barde Jean‐Philippe , Braathen Nils Axel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlthough the need for environmentally related taxes, charges, and tradable permits is widely recognized, in practice command-and-control types of regulations still dominate the environmental landscape. Moreover, green taxes and other environmentally related levies on motor fuel, electricity, packaging, and landfill waste still exhibit a large number of shortcomings. In most cases, the externality-tax linkage is weak, the rates are low, the bases are riddled with exemptions (for example, for coal, which is often subsidized, and electricity), taxes overlap with regulations, and international coordination, required to contain border-crossing externalities, is not forthcoming. Two main fears seem to stall further progress — the perceived regressivity of environmental levies and their negative impact on sectoral competitiveness. However, the regressivity issue can be tackled by ex-post compensation measures and the loss of competitiveness by ex-ante exemptions and reduced rates. Green tax reform is unlikely to make much progress unless some minimum level playing field is agreed upon between OECD countries.
Chapter 8 Excise Taxes: Economics, Politics, and Psychology
Authors: Frey Bruno S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractExcise taxation is only one instrument in the fiscal toolbox to combat externality and immorality. Excise taxes, along with tradable permits and command-and-control measures, provide external incentives for desirable conduct, i.e. they induce extrinsic motivation. In addition, the importance of socially desirable behaviour for its own sake, i.e. intrinsic motivation, should be recognized. Specifically, a key consideration in the analysis and evaluation of external regulatory instruments is whether they undermine intrinsic behaviour (crowding-out effect) or reinforce it (crowding-in effect). Crowding-out is a ‘hidden cost’ that should be accounted for. Tax-price instruments bolster intrinsic motivation in so far as they provide regulated agents freedom of choice and thus enhance moral agency. At the same time, tax-price instruments may impair intrinsic motivation by signalling that once the price has been paid for an activity, such as pollution, there is no reason, moral or otherwise, not to engage in it. By contrast, tradable permits may have a damaging effect on intrinsic behaviour; their sale may be likened to the selling of indulgences. In short, psychological and political considerations should be taken into account in formulating excise tax policy.
The Samaritan's Dilemma
Authors: Gibson Clark C. , Andersson Krister , Ostrom Elinor , Shivakumar Sujai 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWhat’s wrong with development aid? It is argued that much of aid’s failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the main actors in the aid delivery system, and often generate a series of perverse incentives that promote inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. The theoretical insights of the new institutional economics are applied to several settings. First, the institutions of Sida, the Swedish aid agency, is investigated to analyze how that aid agency’s institutions can produce incentives inimical to desired outcomes, contrary to the desires of its own staff. Second, cases from India, a country with low aid dependence, and Zambia, a country with high aid dependence, are used to explore how institutions on the ground in recipient countries might also mediate the effectiveness of aid. Suggestions are offered on how to improve aid’s effectiveness. These include how to structure evaluations in order to improve outcomes, how to employ agency staff to gain from their on-the-ground experience, and how to engage stakeholders as “owners” in the design, resource mobilization, learning, and evaluation process of development assistance programs.
Laying the Theoretical Foundations for the Study of Development Aid
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the problem of collective action as it relates to development at the operational level. It first explores how individuals’ motivation may hamper their incentive to work together. Next, it looks at how missing or asymmetric information about the actions or characteristics of individuals may also inhibit their cooperation. This exploration of collective-action problems is undertaken using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework.
Better Development Through Better Policy?
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the obstacles and possibilities for development at the collective-choice level, and discusses the difficulties most likely to thwart efforts to solve collective-action situations in recipient countries, including how the reality of weak, bad, or missing institutions hampers development efforts. It unpacks the challenges arising at the collective-choice level by emphasizing the problems of information and motivation. Questions are posed about development aid in an effort to improve its design and outcome.
Sorting Out the Tangle: Incentives Across Action Situations in Development Aid
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe International Development Cooperation Octangle, or “Octangle”, demonstrates the realistic and complex tangle of relationships involved in aid. The result of this tangle of relationships facilitates a situation in which many individuals may have de jure responsibility for ensuring the effectiveness of aid, even using language in aid contracts like “ownership” and “sustainability,”, but no one is actually held accountable for its performance.
A Formal Analysis of Incentives in Strategic Interactions Involving an International Development Cooperation Agency
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractInitial conditions in the recipient almost always reflect tragedies of the commons, public good problems, and principal-agent problems. Two broad motives/mechanisms behind the decision on the part of a developed country to enter a recipient country with aid are identified. The first is altruism and warm glow. The second is increased per capita GDP via growth factors including essential capital investment, overcoming market failure in the recipient countries. Using game theory, the strategic implications of this mix of initial conditions and donor motives on donor outcomes are studied. It is shown that aid dependency is a likely outcome of this mix.
Applying the IAD Framework: The Incentives Inside a Development Agency
Authors: Gibson Clark C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIncentives for an aid agency’s staff to learn about sustainability of field activities is one of the most fundamental factors in that agency’s quest for sustainable development outcomes. It is essential for agencies to base their decisions about development cooperation programs on an ongoing learning and adjustment process. Drawing from the general discussion of collective-action problems in public organizations in earlier chapters, the IAD framework is employed to identify and analyze specific collective-action problems within the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), and its relationships with counterparts and contractors, both at the Stockholm headquarters and in the field.