bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Update on the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency and the Use of Corticotherapy in Critical Illness
Authors: Thomas Zachariah , Fraser Gilles L 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To examine recent literature regarding corticotherapy in critically ill patients suffering from sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP). Data Sources: Literature was identified through MEDLINE (1966–April 2007) using combinations of the key words hydrocortisone, adrenal insufficiency, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, sepsis, and cortisol. Bibliographies of relevant articles were reviewed for additional citations. Presentations at recent critical care meetings were also incorporated. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles were chosen based upon their relevance to the topics covered. Data Synthesis: Earlier studies using high-dose corticotherapy in the intensive care unit have shown treatment to be ineffective. Recent studies using extended courses of low-to-moderate doses of steroids have found favorable results; however, these results must be interpreted with caution due to limitations in the data. One trial of steroids in septic shock found a survival benefit in patients who failed to increase their baseline cortisol by greater than 9 μg/dL in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone, but these results were not reproduced in a subsequent Phase 3 trial. Recently, inaccuracies in measuring cortisol have been identified, making interpretation of cortisol concentrations difficult. A large-scale study failed to confirm a previously reported mortality benefit of corticotherapy in late ARDS, but preliminary data suggest a role for steroid treatment in early ARDS. Finally, a pilot study has found that hydrocortisone lowers morbidity and mortality in SCAP. Conclusions: Corticotherapy may be beneficial to some patients with sepsis. The decision to administer steroids in sepsis cannot be based on biochemical markers of adrenal function; rather, treatment should be considered in septic patients with vasopressor refractory hypotension. Although preliminary evidence suggests a role for steroids in early ARDS and SCAP, there are not enough data to suggest routine administration of steroids in these conditions. Additional studies are needed to assess corticotherapy in the critically ill.
Intraosseous Drug Administration in Children and Adults During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Buck Marcia L , Wiggins Barbara S , Sesler Jefferson M 
Published: August 2007

Objective:To review and assess the available literature on the use of intraosseous (IO) drug administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, addressing the benefits and risks of using this method of drug delivery in children and adults.Data Sources:The MEDLINE (1950–July 2007) database was searched for pertinent abstracts, using the key term intraosseous infusions. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of the articles reviewed. Manufacturer Web sites were used to obtain information about IO insertion devices.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All available English-language clinical trials, retrospective studies, and review articles describing IO drug administration were reviewed. Studies conducted in animal models to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of IO drug administration were also included.Data Synthesis:IO access uses the highly vascularized bone marrow to deliver fluids and medications during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This route, developed in the 1940s, has been revived In the past decade as a means of achieving rapid vascular access when intravenous access cannot be obtained. The primary advantage of IO access is the high success rate (approximately 80%). Most trained providers can place an IO line within 1–2 minutes. A number of small-scale studies and retrospective reviews have established the usefulness of this route for the delivery of many commonly used resuscitation drugs. In addition, animal models have demonstrated rapid drug delivery to the systemic circulation. While all resuscitation drugs can be given by the IO route, administration of ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, Phenytoin, tobramycin, and vancomycin may result in lower peak serum concentrations. The most common adverse effect seen with IO use, extravasation, has been reported in 12% of patients. Compartment syndrome, osteomyelitis, and tibial fracture are rare, but have also been reported.Conclusions:IO administration is a safe and effective method for delivering drugs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It should be considered whenever intravenous access cannot be rapidly obtained.
Comparison of Propofol With Pentobarbital/Midazolam/Fentanyl Sedation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Children
Authors: Pershad Jay , Wan Jim , Anghelescu Doralina L. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE. Propofol and pentobarbital, alone or combined with other agents, are frequently used to induce deep sedation in children for MRI. However, we are unaware of a previous comparison of these 2 agents as part of a randomized, controlled trial. We compared the recovery time of children after deep sedation with single-agent propofol with a pentobarbital-based regimen for MRI and considered additional variables of safety and efficacy.
METHODS. This prospective, randomized trial at a tertiary children's hospital enrolled 60 patients 1 to 17 years old who required intravenous sedation for elective cranial MRI. Patients were assigned randomly to receive a loading dose of propofol followed by continuous intravenous infusion of propofol or to receive sequential doses of midazolam, pentobarbital, and fentanyl until a modified Ramsay score of &gt;4 was attained. A nurse who was blind to group assignment assessed discharge readiness (Aldrete score &gt; 8) and administered a follow-up questionnaire. We compared recovery time, time to induction of sedation, total sedation time, quality of imaging, number of repeat-image sequences, adverse events, caregiver satisfaction, and time to return to presedation functional status.
RESULTS. The groups were similar in age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology physical status class, and frequency of cognitive impairment. No sedation failure or significant adverse events were observed. Propofol offered significantly shorter sedation induction time, recovery time, total sedation time, and time to return to baseline functional status. Caregiver satisfaction scores were also significantly higher in the patients in the propofol group.
CONCLUSIONS. Propofol permits faster onset and recovery than, and comparable efficacy to, a pentobarbital/midazolam/fentanyl regimen for sedation of children for MRI.
How does crop type influence risk from pesticides to the aquatic environment?
Authors: Brown Colin D. , Holmes Chris , Williams Ryan , Beulke Sabine , van Beinum Wendy , Pemberton Emma , Wells Claire 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
National-level risk mapping was undertaken to identify specific situations within England with the greatest potential for impacts on aquatic biodiversity from normal agricultural use of pesticides. Calculations of exposure via spray drift and drainflow were differentiated by landscape type, region, and crop and then compared with toxicity to the indicator organisms Daphnia magna and algae. The approach incorporated regional-level information regarding pesticide usage derived from farm visits. Risk was calculated for individual water bodies and then aggregated and mapped for each of 5,760 individual catchments ranging in area up to 248 km2. Type of crop adjacent to water was the major driver for risk, and orchards were identified as the crop associated with the greatest potential risk to the aquatic environment. Crops such as cereals, oilseeds, and potatoes are more widely grown in England but have potential risk an order of magnitude smaller than that for orchards. Several of the pesticides that contribute most to risk have been withdrawn from use since collection of the most recent usage data. Driven by crop distribution, surface waters adjacent to orchards in the midwest and southeast of England are predicted to be most at risk of ecological impacts from agricultural pesticide use. This information can be used in targeting monitoring campaigns designed to protect the aquatic environment.
Contaminant-associated alteration of immune function in black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes), a North Pacific predator
Authors: Finkelstein Myra E. , Grasman Keith A. , Croll Donald A. , Tershy Bernie R. , Keitt Bradford S. , Jarman Walter M. , Smith Donald R. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Environmental pollution is ubiquitous and can pose a significant threat to wild populations through declines in fitness and population numbers. To elucidate the impact of marine pollution on a pelagic species, we assessed whether toxic contaminants accumulated in black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes), a wide-ranging North Pacific predator, are correlated with altered physiological function. Blood samples from adult black-footed albatrosses on Midway Atoll, part of the Hawaiian (USA) archipelago, were analyzed for organochlorines (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] and chlorinated pesticides), trace metals (silver, cadmium, tin, lead, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, and total mercury), and a sensitive physiological marker, peripheral white blood cell immune function (mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage phagocytosis). We found a positive significant relationship between organochlorines, which were highly correlated within individual birds (p &lt; 0.001, r &gt; 0.80, Spearman correlation for all comparisons; PCBs, 160 ± 60 ng/ml plasma [mean ± standard deviation]; DDTs, 140 ± 180 ng/ml plasma; chlordanes, 7.0 ± 3.6 ng/ml plasma; hexachlorobenzene, 2.4 ± 1.5 ng/ml plasma; n = 15) and increased lymphocyte proliferation (p = 0.020) as well as percentage lymphocytes (p = 0.033). Mercury was elevated in black-footed albatrosses (4,500 ± 870 ng/ml whole blood, n = 15), and high mercury levels appeared to be associated (p = 0.017) with impaired macrophage phagocytosis. The associations we documented between multiple contaminant concentrations and immune function in endangered black-footed albatrosses provide some of the first evidence that albatrosses in the North Pacific may be affected by environmental contamination. Our results raise concern regarding detrimental health effects in pelagic predators exposed to persistent marine pollutants.
Oxygen consumption by Daphnia magna straus as a marker of chemical stress in the aquatic environment
Authors: Martins José C. , Saker Martin L. , Teles Luís F. Oliva , Vasconcelos Vítor M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Oxygen consumption by Daphnia magna Straus was investigated as a bioindicator for the presence of 11 common aquatic pollutants: Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), mercury(II) chloride (HgCl2), 2-dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio-N-methylacetamide (dimethoate), hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), 4-chloro-o-tolyloxy-acetic acid, bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and arsenic trioxide (As2O3). The measurement of oxygen consumption by D. magna was carried out after 15 and 210 min of exposure to the toxicants under controlled laboratory conditions. The technique applied in the present study was found to be useful for the detection of significant changes in oxygen consumption for most toxicants, with the exception of BbF, dimethoate, and CCl4. Significant differences in oxygen consumption were noted, relative to the control treatments, for six of the compounds after only 15 min of exposure. For thiram and TBTO, statistically significant changes in oxygen consumption were recorded after 210 min of exposure. The present results suggest that the measurement of oxygen consumption by D. magna is a useful biomarker and could possibly be used as a biological early warning system for detecting pollutants in the aquatic environment.
The Ghost of Corruption
Authors: Yavas Cemile 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This paper features a continuum of firms that apply for a permit and randomly get matched with a potentially corrupt bureaucrat. Although firms have the reporting option, they prefer paying low enough bribes to avoid reporting costs. Hence, full-corruption is the unique equilibrium. Furthermore, the value of entry is always negative for the marginal firm. Hence, there will be no entry. If firms are offered sufficiently high rewards for reporting, corruption could be eliminated. However, a reward high enough to uproot corruption would lead to false accusations. Thus, rewarding could help reduce corruption, but only if the market is viable in its absence. The paper also argues that in the presence of corruption, the shadow economy and the official economy are complements. Similarly, formal punishment for corruption and the moral cost of corruption could complement each other.
Complications during Mandibular Midline Distraction
Authors: von Bremen Julia , Schäfer Dominik , Kater Wolfgang , Ruf Sabine 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective: To analyze the number and type of complications during mandibular midline distraction.Materials and Methods: The records of 100 consecutive patients who underwent mandibular midline distraction were evaluated, and complications which occurred up to 2 weeks after surgery were recorded.Results: Fourteen patients had complications during the distraction period. In four cases the screw of the appliance rotated back between the activations. In three cases the osteotomy had to be repeated because the symphysis did not open; two cases developed scar strictures, in another two a lower incisor fractured. One case developed an abscess, one a mandibular swelling, and one a large gingival recession.Conclusions: Complications during or shortly after mandibular midline distraction surgery are relatively rare and mostly mild or transient. Only 3% of the patients presented irreversible damage. Thus, mandibular midline distraction appears to be a relatively safe method of expanding the mandible.
Temporal Expression of SOX9 and Type II Collagen in Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis of Mice after Mechanical Tension Stimuli
Authors: Cendekiawan Teddy , Wong Ricky W. K. , Rabie A. Bakr M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjective: To associate the expressions of SOX9 and type II collagen during growth in the synchondrosis with and without tensile stress in order to understand the role of these factors in the growth of cartilage in spheno-occipital synchondrosis.Materials and Methods: Sixty 1-day-old male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Each group was subdivided again into five different time points which were 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours. Each subgroup consisted of five mice. Each mouse was sacrificed using an overdose of pentobarbitone sodium. The synchondroses were aseptically removed and incubated in a 24-well plate with or without tensile stress in tissue culture. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically to quantitatively analyze the expression of SOX9 and type II collagen.Results: There was a statistically significant increase of 57% (P &lt; .001) in the expression of SOX9 between the experimental and control groups at 24 hours, followed by a significant increase of 44.4% (P &lt; .001) in the expression of type II collagen at 72 hours.Conclusions: SOX9 may play an important role for early differentiation of chondrocytes and increase the expression of type II collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, during the growth of cartilage in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
Occlusal Changes from Primary to Mixed Dentitions in Nigerian Children
Authors: Onyeaso Chukwudi Ochi , Isiekwe Michael Chukwudi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate longitudinally the occlusal changes between the deciduous and early mixed dentition stages in Nigerian children.
Materials and Methods: The occlusion of 145 3- to 5-year-old children was initially assessed at a popular pre-primary school center in Ibadan, Nigeria in October 2002, using the Foster and Hamilton criteria. The same group of children was followed up for reexamination in October 2006 in the primary school section of the center. Of 61 students who were located and reexamined, 54 (26 male and 28 female) qualified for the study. The molar relationship was assessed using Angle classification, and other occlusal features such as spacing, crowding, overbite, and overjet were also assessed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient, were applied as appropriate in the analysis of the data.
Results: Of 32 subjects initially having a flush terminal relationship (Class 1), 22 (68.7%) resulted in a Class I molar relationship, seven (21.9%) had Class II, and three (9.4%) had asymmetric relationships. Mesial step (Class III) was formed initially in 18 and 11 (61.1%) resulted in Class I. A Class III developed in five (27.8%). Significant positive correlations were found for molar relationship, crowding, overbite, and overjet variables (P &lt; .01) between the two periods of assessments, but all were below 0.7 value.
Conclusions: Angle Class I molar relationship was favored by initial flush terminal plane and mesial step relationships in the deciduous dentition.
Shear Bond Strength of a New High Fluoride Release Glass Ionomer Adhesive
Authors: Bishara Samir E. , Soliman Manal , Laffoon John F. , Warren John 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine the shear bond strength of a new resin glass ionomer adhesive with higher fluoride release properties when bonding orthodontic brackets.
Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human molars were collected and stored in a solution of 0.1% (weight/volume) thymol. The teeth were cleaned and polished. The teeth were randomly separated into three groups according to the enamel conditioner/etchant and adhesive used. Group I: 20 teeth conditioned with 10% polyacrylic acid and brackets bonded with the new glass ionomer adhesive. Group II: 20 teeth conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid and brackets bonded with the new glass ionomer adhesive. Group III (control): 20 teeth etched with 37% phosphoric acid and brackets bonded with a composite adhesive.
Results: The results of the analysis of variance comparing the three experimental groups (F = 10.294) indicated the presence of significant differences between the three groups (P = .0001). The shear bond strengths were significantly lower in the two groups bonded with the new glass ionomer adhesive whether conditioned with polyacrylic acid (x̄ = 3.2 ± 1.8 MPa) or phosphoric acid (x̄ = 2.3 ± 1.1 MPa), while the mean shear bond strength of the composite adhesive was 5.2 ± 2.9 MPa.
Conclusions: Although the increased fluoride release from the new glass ionomer has the potential of decreasing decalcification around orthodontic brackets, the shear bond strength of the material is relatively low.
Gene Therapy to Enhance Condylar Growth Using rAAV-VEGF
Authors: Dai Juan , Rabie A. Bakr M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that the introduction of specific vascular growth inducting genes would favorably affect mandibular condylar growth in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats over a limited experimental period. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of gene therapy on condylar growth by means of a morphological assessment.
Materials and Methods: Ninety 35-day-old female SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, which received any of the injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated vascular endothelial growth factor (rAAV-VEGF), rAAV mediated enhanced green fluorescence protein (rAAV-eGFP), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into both mandibular condyles. Each group of rats was sacrificed on the following experimental days: 7, 14, 21, 30, and 60. Left halves of the mandibles were isolated and digital pictures were obtained in a standardized manner.
Results: The length of condylar process (B-F) as well as mandibular length (A-F) significantly increased on day 30 and continued to increase until the end of the experiment. Moreover, the width of condyle (Q-R) had increased significantly from day 30 and lasted to day 60. Condylar length (C-D) was found to be significantly longer on day 60.
Conclusions: Gene therapy with VEGF stimulates condylar growth at will. The rAAV-VEGF is an excellent candidate for future gene therapy to induce mandibular growth.
Skeletal Class lll Severe Openbite Treatment Using Implant Anchorage
Authors: Sakai Yuichi , Kuroda Shingo , Murshid Sakhr A. , Takano-Yamamoto Teruko 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A female patient with a skeletal Class III severe anterior openbite was treated using miniplates as the anchorage. The patient was 15 years and 10 months of age when she reported to our university hospital with a chief complaint of anterior openbite and reversed occlusion. The patient had an anterior openbite with an overjet of −3.0 mm and overbite of −5.0 mm and a Class III molar relationship. The cephalometric analysis showed a skeletal Class III relationship (ANB 0°). After the extraction of the bilateral mandibular third molars, miniplates were placed in the mandibular external oblique line. The mandibular dentition was retracted using elastic chain and miniplates. After treatment, an Angle Class I molar relationship was achieved and overjet and overbite had become 2.0 mm and 1.5 mm. A good facial appearance and occlusal relationship were obtained. The total active orthodontic treatment period was 23 months. Wrap-around type retainers were placed on both jaws and a lingual bonded retainer was also attached in the mandibular incisors. After 1 year of retention, the occlusion was stable, and a good facial profile was also retained. The mandibular deviation to the left was improved and the strain in the circumoral musculature during lip closure disappeared. An appropriate interincisal relationship was achieved by the uprighting of mandibular dentition without changing the vertical intermaxillary relationship. A panoramic radiograph showed no marked root resorption. Our results suggest that implant anchorage is useful for correction of skeletal Class III severe anterior openbite cases.
Facial Soft Tissue Profile Following Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Altug-Atac Ayse Tuba , Bolatoglu Halise , Memikoglu Ufuk Toygar 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective: To determine the changes in the position and area of nasal and labial soft tissues in adult skeletal Class III patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.
Materials and Methods: Pretreatment (T1), preoperative (T2), and posttreatment (T3) cephalometric variables and upper-lower lip areas were measured on lateral cephalometric radiographs for 20 individuals (9 male, 11 female; mean age 21.3 years at T1, 22.4 years at T2, and 23.4 years at T3) who had maxillary advancement and mandibular setback. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan tests were used to compare the cephalometric and area measurements at the beginning of treatment, and at presurgery and postsurgery, respectively. Paired t-tests were also performed to analyze changes within the periods.
Results: The tip of the nose was affected less with the movement of the underlying skeletal structure (0.25%), while the soft tissue B point (B′) moved equally with the skeletal B point. As the maxilla related variables increased due to the forward movement, the upper labial areas decreased. With the backward movement of the mandible, the middle and inferior lower labial areas increased, while the superior lower labial area decreased.
Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that the dramatic improvement in the facial profiles of the bimaxillary surgery patients is primarily related to the backward movement of the mandible and the significant reduction in the superior lower lip area.