bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Image Processing
Authors: Kassim Asharf A. , Yan Pingkun 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWith the advent of more sophisticated and powerful imaging instruments using a variety of radiant energy forms, numerous improvements have been made to the basic tomographic techniques. These improvements enable greater specificity and sensitivity in clinical diagnostic and basic investigative imaging procedures. Modern medical imaging modalities, which includemagnetic resonance imaging(MRI),positron emission tomography(PET),single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT),ultrasound, and x‐ray CT, have revolutionized diagnostic capabilities. Medical professionals are now provided with significant capabilities for noninvasive and accurate examination of internal anatomy. These modern imaging modalities can capture not only anatomical information but also physiological, metabolic, and functional information.
Collaborative Virtual Environment: System Architectures
Authors: Lin Qingping , Zhang Liang 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA collaborative virtual environment (CVE) is a shared synthetic space that provides users a shared sense of presence in a common context with natural interaction and communication. A CVE allows geographically dispersed users to interact with each other and virtual entities in a common synthetic environment via network connections. One of the challenging tasks for a CVE creator is to determine where the data of the virtual world should be stored and how the data changes (e.g., interaction with an object by a user) should be propagated to all the users who share the same virtual world. When a user navigates in a virtual world, the movement of the avatar representing the user as well as his/her interaction with virtual entities should be perceived by other users in the same CVE. These require data communication among CVE users over the network. The design of system architecture centers around the choice of data communication models, database distribution models, and world consistency maintenance methods, which will have a direct impact on the CVE system performance. It is the core of a CVE design.
Collaborative Virtual Environment: Web‐Based Issues
Authors: Lin Qingping , Zhang Liang 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWith the exponential growth of the Internent in the past decade, it has evolved from a repository of information to an interactive digital social world. Interactive multimedia contents can be embedded into Web pages to enrich the information presented in the cyberspace for enhanced social and business applications. Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) function as a new type of interface that attempts to model the Internent into a real social world using the power of Internent communication and virtual reality. For Web‐based three‐dimensional (3‐D) interactive CVEs, due to the heterogeneous nature of the Internet, the most challenging issues of system scalability, virtual world database delivery, and consistent world states maintenance across all participants should be addressed with efficient protocol and data communication architecture incorporating with appropriate virtual world partition, content delivery, and world states synchronization methods if it is intended for use by a large number of concurrent users over the Internent. In this article, we discuss the existing standards, methods for constructing Web‐based CVEs, and popular solutions to the Web‐based CVE issues.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Berg Bernd A. , Billoire Alain 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMarkov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations are widely used in many branches of science. We explain the basic method and illustrate it for a simple statistical physics system, the Ising ferromagnet in two dimensions An overview of MCMC updating scheme is subsequently given. The final section of this article focuses on so called generalized ensemble algorithms.
Synthesis and characterization of low relative molecular weight trans‐1,4‐poly(isoprene)
Authors: Shao Huafeng , Huang Baochen , Yao Wei , Li Haixia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractLow relative molecular weight trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene oligomers were synthesized successfully by bulk precipitation and solution polymerization with supported titanium catalyst using hydrogen as relative molecular weight modifier. The effects of polymerization conditions on intrinsic viscosity ([η]), catalyst efficiency (CE) and structure of polymer were studied. Increasing the hydrogen pressure resulted in the decrease of [η] of the polymer. With the increasing of hydrogen pressure and reaction temperature, CE decreased but still maintained above 2500 g polymer/g Ti. The percentage composition of (trans‐1, 4‐unit) in the polymer was over 90% in all results. The crystallinity of polymer was about 50–60% with Tm being about 60°C. The relative molecular weight distribution index (MWD) was quite difference according to the polymerization method. While number average molecular weight (Mn) exceeded 860, polymer turned from viscous materials to fragile wax materials, and then to toughness materials at 1800. Dynamic property testing showed that the additional of this oligomer could increase the wet‐skid resistance of the rubber. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Water absorption properties of phosphate glass fiber‐reinforced poly‐ϵ‐caprolactone composites for craniofacial bone repair
Authors: Onal Levent , Cozien‐Cazuc Sophie , Jones I. Arthur , Rudd Christopher D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe moisture uptake of polymers and composites has increasing significance where these materials are specified for invasive, long‐term medical applications. Here we analyze mass gain and the ensuing degradation mechanisms in phosphate glass fiber reinforced poly‐ϵ‐caprolactone laminates. Specimens were manufactured using in situ polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone around a bed of phosphate glass fibers. The latter were sized with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane to control the rate of modulus degradation. Fiber content was the main variable in the study, and it was found that the moisture diffusion coefficient increased significantly with increasing fiber volume fraction. Diffusion, plasticization, and leaching of constituents appear to be the dominant aspects of the process over these short‐term tests. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Effect of additives on release profile of leuprolide acetate in an in situ forming controlled‐release system: In vitro study
Authors: Zare M. , Mobedi H. , Barzin J. , Mivehchi H. , Jamshidi A. , Mashayekhi R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn situ forming drug delivery system is prepared by phase inversion technique using poly (D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolide) and leuprolide acetate dissolved in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. The effects of ethyl heptanoate and glycerol additives are important determinant as rate modifying agents on the drug release kinetics in biodegradable in situ forming porous systems of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP). The release performance and porous structure morphology are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy techniques to study the effect of additives. The experimental results exhibit the crucial role of ethyl heptanoate and glycerol at different loadings (1, 3, and 5% w/w) on release profile of leuprolide acetate loaded on poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)hydroxylated (PLGA‐H). Both additives at different concentrations reduce the burst effect, while increasing duration of drug release. Ethyl heptanoate, however, shows stronger effect than glycerol. The results of morphological studies show that ethyl heptanoate reduces the porosity of the polymer surface and interconnected tear‐like structures of the bulk disappear while the sponge‐like structures are observed. In this system glycerol reduces the surface porosity intensively, while the interconnected tears change into channel‐like structures. Therefore, morphological results confirm the effect of additives on leuprolide release profile. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Morphology and mechanical properties of polyamide‐6/K resin blends
Authors: Ding Qiong , Dai Wenli 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMechanical properties and morphological studies of compatibilized blends of polyamide‐6 (PA‐6)/K resin grafted with maleic anhydride (K‐g‐MAH) and PA‐6/K resin/K‐g‐MAH were investigated as functions of K resin/K‐g‐MAH and dispersed phase K resin concentrations, and all the blends were prepared using twin screw extruder followed by injection molding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the fracture surface morphology and the dispersion of the K resin in PA‐6 continuous phase, the results showing extensive deformation in presence of K‐g‐MAH, whereas, uncompatibilized PA‐6/K resin blends show dislodging of K resin domains from the PA‐6 matrix. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) test reveals the partially miscibility of PA‐6 with K‐g‐MAH, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results further identified that the introduction of K‐g‐MAH greatly improved the miscibility between PA‐6 and K resin. The mechanical properties of PA‐6/K resin blends and K‐g‐MAH were studied through bending, tensile, and impact properties. The Izod notch impact strength of PA‐6/K‐g‐MAH blends increase with the addition of K‐g‐MAH, when the K‐g‐MAH content adds up to 20 wt %, the impact strength is as more than 6.2 times as pure PA‐6, and accompanied with small decrease in the tensile and bending strength less than 12.9% and 17.5%, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinked chitosan films
Authors: Kiuchi Hiroki , Kai Weihua , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) crosslinked chitosan films with various PEG to chitosan ratio and PEG molecular weight were successfully prepared via the epoxy‐amine reaction between chitosan and PEG‐epoxy. The thermal and mechanical properties and swelling behavior were studied for the PEG crosslinked chitosan films. The mechanical strength of chitosan films were greatly enforced by the introduction of PEG‐epoxy, achieving an elongation of about 80%. It was found that the crosslinked chitosan films form hydrogel in water, achieving a swelling ratio higher than 20 times of original weight. The swelling behavior of chitosan films relied greatly on the molecular weight of the crosslinker PEG‐epoxy and the weight percent of PEG‐epoxy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Process analysis of macrotetrolide biosynthesis during fermentation by means of direct infusion LC‐MS
Authors: Jani Peter , Emmert Joachim , Wohlgemuth Roland 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe optimization of the biosynthetic pathways is highly attractive for the large‐scale preparation of macrotetrolides, because overall yields in the chemical synthesis of compounds like nonactin have been very low. A key success factor determining the outcome of such optimizations is the adequate process analysis for the envisioned product. The analytical methods for process control involved in the past spectrophotometric and chromatographic measurements. LC‐MS offers a modern approach to obtain more detailed data than the spectrophotometric and chromatographic measurements used in the past. In this work, a fast and versatile analytical LC‐MS method has been set up, which has proven of much value for the in‐process analysis of macrotetrolides during fermentation and which has allowed rapid large‐scale bioprocess development.
Protoplast isolation and transient gene expression in switchgrass,Panicum virgatumL.
Authors: Mazarei Mitra , Al‐Ahmad Hani , Rudis Mary R. , Stewart C. Neal 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTransient assay systems using protoplasts have been utilized in several plant species and are a powerful tool for rapid functional gene analysis and biochemical manipulations. A protoplast system has not been used in switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.), even though it is a bioenergy crop that has received considerable attention. Here we report the first protocol to isolate large numbers of viable protoplasts from both leaves and roots of two switchgrass genotypes. Furthermore, we demonstrate transient expression of PEG‐mediated DNA uptake in the isolated protoplasts by measuring the activity of β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven by either theCauliflower mosaic virus(CaMV) 35S promoter or the maize ubiquitin 1 promoter. Protoplast transformation with either the 35S or the ubiquitin promoter resulted in an increase in GUS activity compared to the untransformed controls; however, the extent of GUS activity was considerably higher for the ubiquitin promoter than for the 35S promoter. Collectively, our results indicate an efficient protoplast isolation and transient assay system that can be used to facilitate gene expression studies in switchgrass.
The changing pattern of “smart” flow cytometry (S‐FC) to assist the cost‐effective diagnosis of HIV, tuberculosis, and leukemias in resource‐restricted conditions
Authors: Janossy George 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere is a need to introduce cytometry into areas of the globe that have remained virtually untouched by modern laboratory medicine. With the demand to carry out tests on 100 000s of individuals requiring antiretroviral therapy (ART), flow cytometry must remain simple and cost‐effective – while being sustainable and industry supported as well as proven by quality assessment (QA). This outlook is referred to as “smart flow cytometry” (S‐FC). There are five main areas where the power of S‐FC is demonstrated. These are: (i) the use of CD45 to assist precise cell counting in blood and tissue samples; (ii) the primary CD4 gating to count CD4+ T cells in patients waiting for ART, including the combination (i) and (ii) in the panleucogating (PLG) protocol; (iii) monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) patients during ART by the decreasing levels of lymphocyte activation in a CD8/CD38 test – leading to economies of viral‐load assays; (iv) in tuberculosis and HIV–TB coinfections the use of TB‐antigen‐stimulated cytokine‐synthetic CD4+ Tcells to identify active disease; and (v) the utilization of “minimal residual disease (MRD)‐Lite” technology in patients 19 days after the start of antileukemic therapy to detect MRD. These methods of S‐FC have been successfully introduced in “resource‐restricted” countries with international and local QA.
Sphingosine kinase 1 gene transfer reduces postoperative peritoneal adhesion in an experimental model
Authors: Guo Q , Li Q-F , Liu H-J , Li R , Wu C-T , Wang L-S 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Recovery of the surgically damaged mesothelial cell layer is a major process in reducing postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Sphingosine kinase (SPK) 1 is a signalling molecule involved in the regulation of proliferation and migration of various cell types. This study determined the effect of SPK-1 gene transfer on the recovery of damaged mesothelial cells and on peritoneal adhesion formation after surgery.

Methods
Rat mesothelial cells were isolated and characterized by their expression of cytokeratin and vimentin. Their migration was determined by scratch wound motility assay. Cellular SPK-1 activity was measured by [γ-32P]adenosine 5′-triphosphate incorporation. Wistar rats underwent laparotomy with subsequent caecum or uterine horn abrasion. Rats were randomized to either SPK-1 gene (Ad-SPK-1) transfer or control groups. The animals were killed 14 days after operation and peritoneal adhesions were graded.

Results
Adenovirus-mediated SPK-1 gene transfer increased the cellular SPK-1 activity of mesothelial cells, leading to enhanced migration. Median adhesion scores were significantly lower in the Ad-SPK-1 group than in controls in both rat caecum (0·98 versus 2·60; P &lt; 0·001) and rat uterine horn (0·28 versus 1·83; P &lt; 0·001) models.

Conclusion
Adenovirus-mediated SPK-1 gene transfer promotes recovery of the surgically damaged mesothelial cell layer and prevents postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation.
Reactivity of the “yl”‐Bond in Uranyl(VI) Complexes. Part 1. Rates and Mechanisms for the Exchange Between the trans‐Dioxo Oxygen Atoms in (UO2)2(OH)22+ and Mononuclear UO2(OH)n2‐n Complexes with Solvent Water
Authors: Szabo Zoltan , Grenthe Ingmar 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Properties of Synthetic Libethenite Cu2PO4OH: A New Spin‐Gap System.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , Koo Hyun‐Joo , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan , Tsujii Naohito , Naumov Pance , Takayama‐Muromachi Eiji 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure, Phase Relations and Electrochemical Properties of Monoclinic Li2MnSiO4.
Authors: Politaev V. V. , Petrenko A. A. , Nalbandyan V. B. , Medvedev B. S. , Shvetsova E. S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of (N(C2H5)4)4 [VMo12V2O44].
Authors: Cevik S. , Alkan Z. , Poyraz M. , Sari M. , Bueyuekguengoer O. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Iron‐Containing Tungstogermanates: [K(H2O)(β‐Fe2GeW10O37 (OH))(γ‐GeW10O36)]12‐ and [{β‐Fe2GeW10O37 (OH)2}2]12‐.
Authors: Nsouli Nadeen H. , Mal Sib Sankar , Dickman Michael H. , Kortz Ulrich , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis , Clemente‐Juan Juan M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Use of Allylic Alcohols for Platinum‐Catalyzed Monoallylation of Amines.
Authors: Utsunomiya Masaru , Miyamoto Yoshiki , Ipposhi Junji , Ohshima Takashi , Mahsima Kazushi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkyl—Alkyl Suzuki Cross‐Couplings of Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Halides at Room Temperature.
Authors: Saito Bunnai , Fu Gregory C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iron‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Alkenyl Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Cahiez Gerard , Duplais Christophe , Moyeux Alban 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis and Unusual Methanesulfonylation Reaction of (2R,3R)‐1,4‐Dimethoxy‐1,1,4,4‐tetrasubstituted‐2,3‐butanediols.
Authors: Srimurugan Sankareswaran , Suresh Paulsamy , Viswanathan Balasubramanian , Varadarajan Thirukkallam Kanthadai 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Compounds by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Tandem Reaction.
Authors: Bi Hai‐Peng , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Gou Fa‐Rong , Guo Li‐Na , Duan Xin‐Hua , Shu Xing‐Zhong , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pd‐Catalyzed Reduction of Aryl Halides Using Dimethylformamide as the Hydride Source.
Authors: Zawisza Anna Maria , Muzart Jacques 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Reduction of Nitroarenes over Nickel—Iron Mixed Oxide Catalyst Prepared from a Nickel‐Iron Hydrotalcite Precursor.
Authors: Shi Qixun , Lu Rongwen , Lu Lianhai , Fu Xinmei , Zhao Defeng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction Catalyzed by Simple Amino Alcohol Derived Thioureas.
Authors: Lattanzi Alessandra 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
MgI2 Etherate‐Promoted Allylation of Aldehydes: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols.
Authors: Zhang Xingxian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Three‐Component Coupling of Arynes, Aminosilanes, and Aldehydes.
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Morishita Takami , Fukushima Hiroyuki , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
gem‐Difluoromethylation of α‐ and γ‐Ketoesters: Preparation of gem‐Difluorinated α‐Hydroxyesters and γ‐Butyrolactones.
Authors: Pohmakotr Manat , Panichakul Duanghathai , Tuchinda Patoomratana , Reutrakul Vichai 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Deacetalization—Bicyclization Routes to Novel Polycyclic Heterocycles Using Stannous Chloride Dihydrate.
Authors: Cayley Alex N. , Cox Rhona J. , Menard‐Moyon Cecilia , Schmidt Jan Peter , Taylor Richard J. K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Amines of the Di‐ and Trifurylmethane Series
Authors: Nevolina T. A. , Stroganova T. A. , Shevlyakov M. V. , Butin A. V. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Synthesis of Photochromic Symmetrical or Unsymmetrical Bis(heteroaryl)maleimides via the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: El Yahyaoui A. , Felix G. , Heynderickx A. , Moustrou C. , Samat A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.