bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hexafluorodiberyllat, [Be2F6]2−. Synthese und Kristallstruktur von (Ph4P)4[Be2F6][SiF6]·6CH3CN
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHexafluorodiberyllate, [Be2F6]2−. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (Ph4P)4[Be2F6][SiF6]·6CH3CNThe chlorodiberyllate (Ph4P)2[Be2Cl6] reacts with excess silver(I)fluoride in acetonitrile suspension, assisted by side reaction of AgF with the glass surface to give the hexafluorodiberyllate (Ph4P)4[Be2F6][SiF6]·6CH3CN (1). According to the single crystal X‐ray determination the unique centrosymmetric [Be2F6]2− ion forms a double tetrahedron (symmetry Ci). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 2438.8(3), b = 1336.9(1), c = 3012.5(3) pm, β = 96.16(1)°, R1 = 0.0478.
Three Piperazine Complexes of Divalent Mercury: Hg(CF3)2(Pip), Hg(SCN)2(Pip), and (Hg(SCN)2)2(Pip)
Authors: Nolte Matthias , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: October 2005

AbstractColourless single crystals of three piperazine (Pip) complexes of divalent mercury with ‐CF3 and SCN‐ as the ligands have been obtained from aqueous and ethanolic solution of the respective components Hg(CF3)2, Hg(SCN)2, and piperazine. The crystal structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction: Hg(CF3)2(Pip) (1) [monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 891.2(1), b = 1649.8(2), c = 777.7(1) pm, β = 101.27(2)°, R1(all) = 0.0413], Hg(SCN)2(Pip) (2) tetragonal, P42/ncm, Z = 4, a = 840.8(1), c = 1511.0(1) pm, R1(all) = 0.0479], (Hg(SCN)2)2(Pip) (3) [triclinic, ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, Z = 1, a = 590.6(1), b = 738.6(2), c = 919.5(2) pm, α = 88.96(2)°, β = 82.80(2)°, γ = 78.21(2)°, R1(all) = 0.0582]. In 1 and 2 zig‐zag chains are observed with the piperazine molecule only weakly attached to the Hg(CF3)2 molecule. The Hg(SCN)2(Pip) chains in 2 condense to double chains in 3 where half of the piperazine molecules are missing. In both, 2 and 3, Hg2+ is coordinated in a distorted tetragonal fashion by two N and two S ligator atoms from piperazine and SCN‐ ligands, respectively.
Supported Organometallic Complexes. XLI [1] Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium Interphase Catalysts Produced by a Surfactant‐Templated Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Wu Da‐Yong , Marzini Michael , Lindner Ekkehard , Mayer Hermann A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRecyclable mesoporous ruthenium interphase catalysts have been synthesized by a surfactant‐templated sol–gel process. Their activity and selectivity in the direct hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones are remarkably improved compared to their counterparts that were sol–gel processed without template molecules.
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil developmental stages on herbaceous plants growing in the early stage of primary succession on Mount Fuji
Authors: Fujiyoshi Masaaki , Kagawa Atsushi , Nakatsubo Takayuki , Masuzawa Takehiro 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA pot culture experiment was conducted to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and soil developmental stages on the growth and nutrient absorption of pioneer plants growing in the early stage of primary succession on Mt. Fuji. Four herbaceous plants, Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae), Miscanthus oligostachyus (Gramineae), Aster ageratoides var. ovatus (Compositae), and Hedysarum vicioides (Leguminosae), were grown from seed in soils collected from two different successional stages, bare ground and an herbaceous plant community. Spores of indigenous AM fungi collected from the herbaceous plant community were used as inoculum. The initial colonizer P. cuspidatum showed very low levels of AM colonization (<0.4%), whereas the average AM colonization levels of M. oligostachyus, A. ageratoides var. ovatus, and H. vicioides were within the range of 13–49%. AM fungi had positive effects on the growth and N acquisition of the leguminous species (H. vicioides) irrespective of soil developmental stages. In contrast, AM colonization did not increase the plant dry weight and N content of the non‐leguminous species (P. cuspidatum, M. oligostachyus, and A. ageratoides var. ovatus) in both soil developmental stages. A positive effect of AM colonization on P content was observed in M. oligostachyus, A. ageratoides var. ovatus, and H. vicioides only in soil collected from the herbaceous plant community. P. cuspidatum showed no or a negative response to AM colonization in all cases. These results suggest that the effect of AM fungi on plant growth depends more on the plant species than soil developmental stages in the early stage of primary succession in this volcanic area.
Paleoecological and Climatic Changes of the Upper Lerma Basin, Central Mexico during the Holocene
Authors: Ludlow-Wiechers Beatriz , Almeida-Leñero Lucia , Islebe Gerald 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe record of Almoloya Lake in the Upper Lerma basin starts with the deposition of the late Pleistocene Upper Toluca Pumice layer. The data from this interval indicate a period of climatic instability that lasted until 8500 cal yr B.P., when temperature conditions stabilized, although moisture fluctuations continued until 8000 cal yr B.P. Between 8500 and 5000 cal yr B.P. a temperate climate is indicated by dominance of Pinus. From 5000 to 3000 cal yr B.P. Quercus forest expanded, suggesting a warm temperate climate: a first indication of drier environmental conditions is an increase in grassland between 4200 and 3500 cal yr B.P. During the Late Holocene (3300 to 500 cal yr B.P.) the increase of Pinus and grassland indicates temperate dry conditions, with a considerable increase of Pinus between 1100 and 950 cal yr B.P. At the end of this period, humidity increased. The main tendency during the Holocene was a change from humid to dry conditions. During the Early Holocene, Almoloya Lake was larger and deeper; the changing humidity regime resulted in a fragmented marshland, with the presence of aquatic and subaquatic vegetation types.
Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations, by Norman Yoffee. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-81837-0 hardback £45 & US$75; ISBN 0-521-52156-4 paperback £19.99 & US$34.99, 291 pp.
Authors: Yoffee Norman , Matthews Roger , Trigger Bruce G, , Kohl Philip L. , Webster David , Schreiber Katharina 
Published: October 2005

For more than a century, archaeologists have frequently been drawn to understand the human past in broadly evolutionary terms, applying Darwinian thinking to the development of human societies. The unilinear models of human development that often result typically regard the state as the culmination of human progress, the end-point of a journey through intervening stages of bands, tribes and chiefdoms. Neo-evolutionary thinking was especially prevalent from the 1940s onwards, in the work of Julian Steward and others writing on the origins of the state. In the volume reviewed, Norman Yoffee challenges the former dominance of the neo-evolutionary approach, arguing that over the past half century it has stifled rather than stimulated our understanding of early state development.Yoffee contests the idea that states develop through a series of programmatic stages from less complex kinds of society. Instead, he stresses the diversity of the archaic state, drawing heavily on his specialist knowledge (drawn from texts as well as archaeology) of early Mesopotamia. Here we see city-state societies in which heterarchies play a role alongside hierarchies, and in which the varieties of lived experience varied considerably from place to place, even though all may at some level be considered to have been part of a shared Mesopotamian civilization.Yoffee's book is not, however, concerned solely with Mesopotamia; far from it, he draws comparative evidence from Egypt, South and East Asia and Central and South America to demonstrate the diversity and fluidity of the entities he is describing. Few of them conform to models that might be drawn from ethnography, and each state may in many ways be considered unique. Yet in a broader perspective, all states arise through a widespread pattern of change that has taken place in human society since the end of the Pleistocene in which individuals and groups have competed for control of resources.Yoffee concludes that ‘The central myth about the study of the earliest states ... is that there was something that could be called the archaic state, and that all of the earliest states were simply variations on this model’. The methodological alternative is to consider each society (of whatever type) as individual and unique, and constantly in a state of flux. In this review feature we invite a series of archaeologists specializing in the study of early states to address this and other issues raised by this important book. We begin, however, with an opening statement from the author himself.
Local Government and the Meanings of Political Representation: A Case Study of Bologna between 1860 and 1915
Authors: Körner Axel 
Published: October 2005

SummarySince the early nineteenth century political opposition became a central concept of political representation in constitutional monarchies. While this concept marked the political language of unified Italy on the national level, in local administration the legitimacy of political opposition remained an issue of dispute, as illustrated in this analysis of the political language in Bologna's local council. Local perceptions of national events, like the government's reaction to Garibaldi's unsuccessful Mentana-campaign, assumed major symbolic meaning in local politics and challenged traditional understandings of municipal administration by introducing the concept of political opposition. In Bologna, after Rome the second city of the former Papal State, the Moderates were able to grow into a position of political hegemony after the Unification of Italy and remained the predominant political force also after Italy's “parliamentary revolution” of 1876 and the electoral reforms of the 1880s. As a consequence of its limited influence on the local administration, Bologna's Left defined its ideological profile earlier and more clearly than the Left in other parts of Italy and integrated issues of national importance into local political discourse. Analysing the relationship between central administration and periphery, the article reveals the development of political language and the changing meanings of political representation between Unification and World War One and explains on this basis the escalation of social and political conflict in Finesecolo Italy.
Women's History and Gender History: The Italian Experience
Authors: Fiume Giovanna 
Published: October 2005

SummarySince the early nineteenth century political opposition became a central concept of political representation in constitutional monarchies. While this concept marked the political language of unified Italy on the national level, in local administration the legitimacy of political opposition remained an issue of dispute, as illustrated in this analysis of the political language in Bologna's city council. Local perceptions of national events, like Garibaldi's unsuccessful Mentana-campaign, assumed a significant symbolic meaning and challenged traditional understandings of local administration by introducing notions of political opposition. In Bologna, the second city of the former Papal State, the Moderates were able to form a political hegemony after the Unification of Italy and remained the predominant political force also after the parliamentary revolution of 1876 and the electoral reforms of the 1880s. Due to its limited influence on the local administration, Bologna's Left defined its ideological profile earlier and more clearly than the Left in other parts of Italy and integrated issues of national importance into local political discourse. Illustrating the relationship between central administration and the periphery, the article analyses the development of political language and changing meanings of political representation on the local level between Unification and World War One.
Evaluating and improving cDNA sequence quality with cQC
Authors: Hayden Celine A. , Wheeler Travis J. , Jorgensen Richard A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Summary: Errors are prevalent in cDNA sequences but the extent to which sequence collections differ in frequencies and types of errors has not been investigated systematically. cDNA quality control, or cQC, was developed to evaluate the quality of cDNA sequence collections and to revise those sequences that differ from a higher quality genomic sequence. After removing rRNA, vector, bacterial insertion sequence and chimeric cDNA contaminants, small-scale nucleotide discrepancies were found in 51% of cDNA sequences from one Arabidopsis cDNA collection, 89% from a second Arabidopsis collection and 75% from a rice collection. These errors created premature termination codons in 4 and 42% of cDNA sequences in the respective Arabidopsis collections and in 7% of the rice cDNA sequences.
Availability: A web-based version of cQC, source code and revised cDNA collections are available at
Contact: raj@ag.arizona.edu
Supplementary information: Further text, tables and figures are available at the above website or on Bioinformatics online.
Improving the efficiency of SPR moves in phylogenetic tree search methods based on maximum likelihood
Authors: Hordijk Wim , Gascuel Olivier 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMotivation: Maximum likelihood (ML) methods have become very popular for constructing phylogenetic trees from sequence data. However, despite noticeable recent progress, with large and difficult datasets (e.g. multiple genes with conflicting signals) current ML programs still require huge computing time and can become trapped in bad local optima of the likelihood function. When this occurs, the resulting trees may still show some of the defects (e.g. long branch attraction) of starting trees obtained using fast distance or parsimony programs.Methods: Subtree pruning and regrafting (SPR) topological rearrangements are usually sufficient to intensively search the tree space. Here, we propose two new methods to make SPR moves more efficient. The first method uses a fast distance-based approach to detect the least promising candidate SPR moves, which are then simply discarded. The second method locally estimates the change in likelihood for any remaining potential SPRs, as opposed to globally evaluating the entire tree for each possible move. These two methods are implemented in a new algorithm with a sophisticated filtering strategy, which efficiently selects potential SPRs and concentrates most of the likelihood computation on the promising moves.Results: Experiments with real datasets comprising 35–250 taxa show that, while indeed greatly reducing the amount of computation, our approach provides likelihood values at least as good as those of the best-known ML methods so far and is very robust to poor starting trees. Furthermore, combining our new SPR algorithm with local moves such as PHYML's nearest neighbor interchanges, the time needed to find good solutions can sometimes be reduced even more.Availability: Executables of our SPR program and the used datasets are available for download atContact: gascuel@lirmm.fr; wim@santafe.edu
Prediction of protein–protein interactions using random decision forest framework
Authors: Chen Xue-Wen , Liu Mei 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Motivation: Protein interactions are of biological interest because they orchestrate a number of cellular processes such as metabolic pathways and immunological recognition. Domains are the building blocks of proteins; therefore, proteins are assumed to interact as a result of their interacting domains. Many domain-based models for protein interaction prediction have been developed, and preliminary results have demonstrated their feasibility. Most of the existing domain-based methods, however, consider only single-domain pairs (one domain from one protein) and assume independence between domain–domain interactions.
Results: In this paper, we introduce a domain-based random forest of decision trees to infer protein interactions. Our proposed method is capable of exploring all possible domain interactions and making predictions based on all the protein domains. Experimental results on Saccharomyces cerevisiae dataset demonstrate that our approach can predict protein–protein interactions with higher sensitivity (79.78%) and specificity (64.38%) compared with that of the maximum likelihood approach. Furthermore, our model can be used to infer interactions not only for single-domain pairs but also for multiple domain pairs.
Contact: xwchen@ku.edu
Availability: Source code is written in Java and is available upon request from the authors.
Supplementary information:
Regularized ROC method for disease classification and biomarker selection with microarray data
Authors: Ma Shuangge , Huang Jian 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMotivation: An important application of microarrays is to discover genomic biomarkers, among tens of thousands of genes assayed, for disease classification. Thus there is a need for developing statistical methods that can efficiently use such high-throughput genomic data, select biomarkers with discriminant power and construct classification rules. The ROC (receiver operator characteristic) technique has been widely used in disease classification with low-dimensional biomarkers because (1) it does not assume a parametric form of the class probability as required for example in the logistic regression method; (2) it accommodates case–control designs and (3) it allows treating false positives and false negatives differently. However, due to computational difficulties, the ROC-based classification has not been used with microarray data. Moreover, the standard ROC technique does not incorporate built-in biomarker selection.Results: We propose a novel method for biomarker selection and classification using the ROC technique for microarray data. The proposed method uses a sigmoid approximation to the area under the ROC curve as the objective function for classification and the threshold gradient descent regularization method for estimation and biomarker selection. Tuning parameter selection based on the V-fold cross validation and predictive performance evaluation are also investigated. The proposed approach is demonstrated with a simulation study, the Colon data and the Estrogen data. The proposed approach yields parsimonious models with excellent classification performance.Availability: R code is available upon request.Contact: jian@stat.uiowa.edu
Six characters (and a few more) in search of an author: how to rescue rural development before it's too late
Authors: Maxwell Simon 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRural development has not received the priority and attention warranted by the present and future concentration of poverty in rural areas. Is this perhaps because rural development agencies present conflicting narratives? A framework is presented within which to answer that question, and is then applied to the recent policy statements of the European Union (EU), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Deveopment (IFAD), and the World Bank. Each policy statement is compelling in its own way, but the strategies are not consistent. A narrative is needed, which recognizes the rapid pace of change in rural areas, acknowledges the need for diversification out of agriculture, builds market institutions for growth, and works effectively within the current international consensus on poverty reduction, emphasising opportunity, empowerment, and security.
Achieving success in rural development: toward implementation of an integral approach
Authors: De Janvry Alain , Sadoulet Elisabeth 
Published: October 2005

AbstractStarting from an analysis of the reasons for failure of previous “integrated” approaches to rural development, we propose here a conceptual framework for an “integral” approach better in tune with current opportunities for and constraints on rural poverty reduction. The approach is centered on the process whereby well‐being is determined, linking household asset positions, the context where the assets are used, pathways from poverty through specific livelihood strategies, and well‐being outcomes. This in turn identifies entry points for policies and programs to improve the well‐being outcomes that consist in interventions to: increase access to assets, improve context, provide social protection, and achieve social incorporation of the rural poor.
Will food safety jeopardize food security?
Authors: Kinsey Jean 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBy a new definition proposed here, food safety is not just about safe food but the safe consumption of food. This draws attention to the issue of overeating as well as undernourishment. With the transition of diets and a rapid rise in obesity, worldwide, chronic illnesses join acute illness (from microbiological contamination) as health issues related to food consumption. The economics of obesity overwhelms the costs of microbiological contamination, with large impacts on private and social health care costs. In food‐insecure areas, producing and consuming unsafe food does not build a healthy population nor does it allow export of food to other nations. Safety and security must work hand in hand to enhance human health.
Food safety, the media, and the information market
Authors: Swinnen Johan F. M. , McCluskey Jill , Francken Nathalie 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAvailability of information has increased rapidly over the past decades. Yet, information on food safety is still considered problematic. Economists have extensively researched the effects of imperfect information. However, little attention has been paid to the institutional organization of the supply of information and the incentive schemes in the information market. This paper analyzes how and when information is supplied by media organizations, and what the implications are. We first develop a theoretical framework and afterwards provide empirical evidence from media coverage of two recent food safety crises in Europe.
Resource degradation, low agricultural productivity, and poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa: pathways out of the spiral
Authors: Ehui Simeon , Pender John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) has the lowest agricultural productivity in the world, while almost half of the population lives below US$1 per day. The biggest development policy challenge is to find appropriate solutions to end hunger and poverty in the region. Building on several years of empirical research conducted in East Africa, this paper identifies potential strategies for sustainable development in this region. In general, the empirical evidence reviewed confirms that different strategies are needed in different development domains of SSA. Nevertheless, some elements will be common to all successful strategies, including assurance of peace and security, a stable macroeconomic environment, provision of incentives through markets where markets function, development of market institutions where they do not, and public and private investment in an appropriate mix of physical, human, natural, and social capital. The differences in strategies across these domains mainly reflect differences in the mix of those investments as influenced by different comparative advantages.