bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
61.5L: Late‐News Paper: Extremely Long Lived White Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Device with Minimum Organic Materials
Authors: D'Andrade Brian , Esler James , Lin Chun , Weaver Michael , Brown Julie 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA non‐stacked white phosphorescent organic light emitting device with 6 organic materials is demonstrated with extremely long lifetime of LT50 >200,000 hrs from 1,000 nits initial luminance. At 1,000 nits without enhanced outcoupling, EQE = 15.3% (32.4 cd/A), operating voltage = 6.3 V, power efficacy = 16.1 lm/W (30 lm/W with outcoupling enhancement), and CIE (0.45, 0.46).
62.2: AMLCD with Carbon‐Nanotube Pixel Electrodes
Authors: Schindler Axel , Pross Achim , Baur Holger , Fruehauf Norbert 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have realized a full color 4‐inch quarter‐VGA amorphous‐Silicon AMLCD with pixel electrodes made of random carbon nanotube (CNT) networks instead of ITO. The CNTs are deposited from suspension by spray‐coating. with this work we demonstrate the applicability of CNT pixel electrodes in a standard AMLCD process.
62.4: Development of Zigzag Thin‐Film‐Transistor‐Driven OCB for Field‐Sequential‐Color LCDs with High Aperture Ratio
Authors: Wu Chao‐Hui , Shih Po‐Sheng , Yang Sweehan J. H. , Chen Po‐Yang , Chang Tsu‐Chiang , Cheng Chien‐Yung , Yang Kei‐Hsiung 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFor the first time, we have developed a field‐sequential 3.5″ VGA zigzag TFT‐driven OCB prototype that the splay‐to‐bend transition of the OCB LC was initiated by zigzag TFTs to enable a design of 64.5%‐aperture ratio. We also optimize the light transmittance through the OCB LC medium to obtain a total panel transmittance of 15.2 % by a novel driving scheme. The prototype shows a wide color gamut of 125 % NTSC by using scanning LED backlights.
63.3: GaN‐Based 1‐W Continuous‐Wave Blue‐Laser Diodes
Authors: Miyoshi Takashi , Kozaki Tokuya , Yanamoto Tomoya , Nagahama Shin‐ichi , Mukai Takashi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe succeeded in fabricating high power blue (445nm) laser diodes (LDs) with an output power of 1.0W for a light source of laser TV. The operating current, voltage and wall‐plug efficiency of these LDs were 920mA, 4.5V, and 24.2%, respectively. The estimated lifetime of these LDs was over 30,000h under continuous‐wave (CW) operation.
65.2: Video & Picture Quality Enhancement for Mobile Display Systems
Authors: de Greef Pierre 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMobile display systems must be able to render spatial and temporal compressed video. They require low power and optimal picture quality. Video enhancement features like up‐scaling, sharpening and motion‐compensated field‐insertion, combined with display enhancement features, improve the Picture Quality. In addition, Adaptive Contrast & Backlight Control reduces the system power.
P‐161: Multi‐domain Vertical Alignment of Liquid Crystal by the Ion Beam Exposure on Inorganic Film Surfaces
Authors: Son Phil Kook , Jo Bong Kyun , Kim Jae Chang , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Rho Soon Joon , Jeon Back Kyun , Shin Sung Tae , Kim Jang Sub , Lim Soon Kwon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe propose a method for the multi‐domain vertical alignment of liquid crystal through the ion beam exposure. We demonstrated 4‐domain twisted vertical alignment of liquid crystal on SiOx film surfaces at intervals of 100 μm by using a stainless steel mask. We have shown that multi‐domain liquid crystal alignment can be formed (anchoring energy > 2× 10−4 J/m2) at SiOx film surfaces through the irradiation of the ion beam. We found that the disclination width of the multi‐domain are related with the polar anchoring energy that can be controlled by changing ion beam parameters, such as the ion beam energy and the beam flux density.
P‐168: Reflective Type Polarizer‐Free Flexible Displays Using Dye‐Doped Nematic Liquid Crystal Gels
Authors: Lin Yi‐Hsin , Yang Chih‐Ming , Lin Yan‐Rung , Jeng Shie‐Chang , Liao Chi‐Chang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA polarizer‐free flexible display using a dye‐doped nematic liquid crystal (LC) gel is demonstrated in reflective mode and transmissive mode. By mimicking the display principle of a paper, combing both scattering and absorption, such a bendable and trim‐able LCD exhibits∼55% reflectance, ∼450:1 contrast ratio in reflective mode, ∼20:1 contrast ratio in transmisive mode, and 15 ms response time. A single pixel flexible reflective display using such dye‐doped LC gels is also demonstrated under bending and cutting. The minimal bending radius of curvature is ∼21mm.
P‐163: Mono‐Domain Alignment of the SmC Liquid Crystalline Phase for Analog Display Applications
Authors: Reznikov Mitya , Wall Bentley , Bos Philip J. , Handschy Mark A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe propose a novel liquid‐crystal alignment method that provides uniform orientation of otherwise difficult‐to‐align smectic materials lacking a nematic phase. The smectic‐A phase is grown in the presence of a 10–20 K/mm temperature gradient from an air bubble located within a cell by a photolithographically defined channel in the cell substrates. We obtain uniform layer alignment in millimeter‐wide smectic regions at growth rates below about 0.05 μm/s even though there is a tendency for growth instability. As many smectic materials that have attractive features for analog display applications, the proposed alignment method can play an important role in designing and development of analog display devices.
Nanoparticle characteristics affecting environmental fate and transport through soil
Authors: Darlington Thomas K. , Neigh Arianne M. , Spencer Matthew T. , Guyen Oanh T. N. , Oldenburg Steven J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Nanoparticles are being used in broad range of applications; therefore, these materials probably will enter the environment during their life cycle. The objective of the present study is to identify changes in properties of nanoparticles released into the environment with a case study on aluminum nanoparticles. Aluminum nanoparticles commonly are used in energetic formulations and may be released into the environment during their handling and use. To evaluate the transport of aluminum nanoparticles, it is necessary not only to understand the properties of the aluminum in its initial state but also to determine how the nanoparticle properties will change when exposed to relevant environmental conditions. Transport measurements were conducted with a soil-column system that delivers a constant upflow of a suspension of nanoparticles to a soil column and monitors the concentration, size, agglomeration state, and charge of the particles in the eluent. The type of solution and surface functionalization had a marked effect on the charge, stability, and agglomeration state of the nanoparticles, which in turn impacted transport through the receiving matrix. Transport also is dependent on the size of the nanoparticles, although it is the agglomerate size, not the primary size, that is correlated with transportability. Electrostatically induced binding events of positively charged aluminum nanoparticles to the soil matrix were greater than those for negatively charged aluminum nanoparticles. Many factors influence the transport of nanoparticles in the environment, but size, charge, and agglomeration rate of nanoparticles in the transport medium are predictive of nanoparticle mobility in soil.
Single-ion anisotropy in a four-spin system: mixing of S-states
Authors: Florek Wojciech , Jaśniewicz-Pacer Katarzyna , Kaliszan Leonard , Kamieniarz Grzegorz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA four-spin system with s=1 and the single-ion anisotropy, D∑ j [s jz ] 2 , is considered. When D≠0 the Hamiltonian of the system does not commute with S 2 and, therefore, S cannot be used as an additional label of energy levels. In this work we concentrate on the problem of mixing states with different total spins S. The Hamiltonian matrix is transformed to the symmetry-adapted basis (with subspaces labeled by the irreducible representations of the symmetry group) and next, after solving the eigenproblem for S 2, to the basis with vectors labeled by S. Each eigenproblem is solved exactly (at least numerically) and the eigenstates are expressed as ∑S a S ¦S〉. The coefficients aS are analyzed, especially for their D-dependence. Even in such a small system different schemes of level mixing can be observed.
Habitat use and home range size of red foxes in Prince Edward Island (Canada) based on snow-tracking and radio-telemetry data
Authors: Silva Marina , Johnson Karen , Opps Sheldon 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
There is a lack of information regarding the ecology and behaviour of red foxes that can be used to elaborate effective management programs for this species on Prince Edward Island (Canada). The main goal of this study was to provide baseline information on habitat selection and home range size of red foxes on Prince Edward Island. Data were collected from snow-tracking and radio-telemetry sessions conducted in two study sites (including one site within Prince Edward Island National Park). Our results indicated that red foxes selected for roads and human-use areas during both the breeding and the kit-rearing seasons in the park. Outside the park, however, the data failed to conclusively show that foxes have a unique preference for human-use habitats or roads. Forests were selected against in both study sites. Although roads are frequently visited by foxes during the kit-rearing season in the park, each individual fox typically stays in this habitat only for short periods of time (< 15 min). This finding suggests that foraging efficiency along the roads is very high possibly reflecting the abundance of anthropogenic food sources. Overall, we present the largest amount of data on habitat selection ever collected for red foxes in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Our results show that food sources in human-use areas and roads are altering the selection and/or use of habitats of red foxes in some areas of Prince Edward Island.
The knockdown of c-myc expression by RNAi inhibits cell proliferation in human colon cancer HT-29 cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Ge Yin-Lin , Tian Run-Hua 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigated the effects of RNA interference-mediated silencing of the c-myc gene on celluar proliferation and apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells in vitro and in vivo. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting c-myc was designed, the DNA template was synthesized, and the siRNA was obtained by in vitro transcription. After siRNA transfection into HT-29 and human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells with Lipofectamine 2000™, the proliferation of the HT-29 and IMR-32 cells was assessed via 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetry, and Hoechst 33258 staining was used to observe cell apoptosis. Following gene transfer to HT-29 cells, the expression of c-myc mRNA was examined via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the level of the protein via Western blot assay. Growth curves were constructed and in vivo experiments were performed on nude mice to assess the effects of c-myc silencing on tumor growth. The c-myc expression in the tumor tissue was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and subsequently by immunohistochemistry. Our paper demonstrates that the delivery of siRNA directed against c-myc not only efficiently down-regulated the expression of c-myc, inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells and induced apoptosis in vitro, but also suppressed the growth of colon cancer cells in vivo.
Plantar Pressure Pain Thresholds and Touch Sensitivity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hodge Margaret C. , Nathan Denise , Bach Timothy M. 
Published: January 2009

Background: In-shoe pressure redistribution to provide relief of forefoot pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is based on assumed links between pressure and pain. However, little is known about the size of the pressure change required to reduce pain or the capacity of other plantar regions to bear increased pressure. Our primary aim was to quantify the plantar pressure pain threshold (PPT) in RA and compare it to age- and gender-matched control participants. Materials and Methods: This controlled trial involved 10 RA participants and 10 age- and gender-matched control subjects. PPT, measured using a force gauge, and touch sensitivity, measured via Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, were tested in 19 plantar regions. Results: RA plantar PPTs were significantly reduced in eight foot regions ( p < 0.05) and were more uniform across the plantar surface. Touch sensitivity was not different between groups. Plantar PPT was significantly related to age ( p < 0.05) and to touch sensitivity ( p < 0.05) in multiple foot regions of the control group but not in RA. PPT was significantly correlated with disease duration ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Plantar PPTs in RA were 60% to 80% of the control group and may be helpful in predicting the amount of pressure reduction needed to relieve pain. This study provides further evidence that RA disturbs normal pain sensory mechanisms. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control
Fusion Versus Excision of the Symptomatic Type II Accessory Navicular: A Prospective Study
Authors: Scott Aaron T. , Sabesan Vani J. , Saluta Jonathan R. , Wilson Melanie A. , Easley Mark E. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Patients with symptomatic Type II accessory naviculars that fail nonoperative measures may be treated with excision, percutaneous drilling, a modified Kidner procedure, or a fourth option, arthrodesis of the accessory ossicle to the navicular body. There is little information in the literature on the relative merits of arthrodesis. Materials and Methods: A prospective evaluation of 20 patients undergoing surgical intervention for symptomatic Type II accessory naviculars was performed. The decision to perform either an arthrodesis (10 feet) or a modified Kidner (10 feet) was made intraoperatively based on the size of the accessory ossicle. Outcomes were measured using pre- and postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot scores, plain radiographs, and chart reviews. Results: At an average followup of 35 months, the mean AOFAS score for the arthrodesis group improved from 50 to 93 points. There were two non-unions (20%) and one patient complained of painful hardware. At an average followup of 48 months, the mean AOFAS score for the modified Kidner group improved from 52 to 80 points. However, in this group, three of ten patients (30%) had persistent midfoot pain and radiographic evidence of progressive loss of the longitudinal arch. Conclusion: Although the methods do not represent a randomized comparison of treatments for the same condition, the results suggest that arthrodesis may be a reasonable treatment option in selected cases of patients with symptomatic recalcitrant Type II accessory naviculars that are large enough to accept small fragment screws. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control Study
Long-term Results of Mitchell's Procedure for Hallux Valgus Deformity: A 5- to 20-year Followup in 204 Cases
Authors: Dermon Antonios , Tilkeridis Constantinos , Lyras Dimitrios , Tryfonidis Marios , Petrou Charis , Tzanis Stavrakis , Kazakos Konstantinos , Petrou Georgios 
Published: January 2009

Background: There are limited studies on the long term outcome of Mitchell's osteotomy for hallux valgus deformity. We present the long term results of 204 cases. Materials and Methods: Postoperative clinical and radiological evaluation with a mean follow up of 12.9 years was performed on patients with preoperative hallux valgus angles (HVA) of up to 50 degrees and intermetatarsal angles (IMA) of up to 20 degrees. Two crossed Kirschner wires were used to fix the capital fragment; lateral soft tissue release performed when deemed necessary. Comparisons were made between the pre- and postoperative measurements using a Mann-Whitney U-test. Statistical significance was defined at p < 0.05. Results: The mean AOFAS score improved from 49.6 to 87.9 points ( p = 0.004). There was significant improvement in the HVA and IMA, 33.8 degrees versus 16.1 degrees ( p = 0.002) and 15.2 degrees versus 8.2 degrees ( p = 0.004), respectively. Fifty-seven cases (27.9%) had preoperative HVA greater than 40 degrees but only 16 required lateral soft tissue release with no significant difference in the postoperative HVA (21.3 versus 20.8, p = 0.08). There was a significant change in lateral metatarsalgia and symptomatic callosities (18.3% versus 11.8%, p = 0.023). In 97.6% of cases the patients were satisfied with the overall result. Revision surgery was performed in five cases (2.5%). Conclusion: Mitchell's osteotomy was a reliable technique with successful outcome and low complication rate when performed with Kirschner wire fixation and lateral soft tissue release when appropriate. It may also be successfully performed with hallux valgus angles greater than 40 degrees. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Results of Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy Using Absorbable Pin Fixation
Authors: Morandi Alberto , Dupplicato Paolo , Sansone Valerio 
Published: January 2009

Background: Metatarsalgia with plantar hyperkeratosis can be a difficult problem to treat. Many different techniques have been reported with the Weil osteotomy very popular currently. Despite good results complications include metatarsophalangeal stiffness, hyperextension of the toe, prehensile deficit and a reduction in strength. We evaluated our results with a distal diaphyseal osteotomy. Materials and Methods: From 1999 to 2005, we performed 66 distal midshaft subtraction osteotomies in 62 patients suffering from metatarsal overload without metatarsophalangeal subluxation. Fixation was obtained with an absorbable pin. Some patients underwent simultaneous corrective surgery for hallux valgus, hallux rigidus or lesser toe deformities. There was an average of 18 months followup. Results: The mean preoperative Maryland score was 52; the mean postoperative score was 86. Seventy-two percent of the patients were very satisfied and 28% felt their condition improved with only occasional pain (VAS 2 to 4). The only complications reported was a loss of correction due to breakage of the pins in three patients (two sustained trauma and the third began walking prematurely without a postoperative shoe). Conclusion: The good clinical results obtained and the low incidence of complications have encouraged us to use this technique to treat symptomatic metatarsal overload. Surgical accuracy, adherence to the postoperative regimen and, where necessary, adequate correction of the first ray were important factors for success. Level of Evidence:
Radiographic Evaluation for AVN Following Distal Metatarsal Stoffella Bunion Osteotomy
Authors: Klein Christian , Zembsch Alexander , Dorn Ulrich 
Published: January 2009

Background: Avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head, delayed bone healing and nonunion are complications that may occur after distal first metatarsal osteotomies. Intraoperative damage to the extraosseous blood supply, the location of the osteotomy and postoperative vasospasm have been cited as possible causes of such changes. We evaluated Stoffella's subcapital osteotomies which were performed at our department for the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities. Materials and Methods: Standardized radiographs of 300 feet, taken 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively and at the final followup were examined with regard to postoperative AVN or signs of delayed bone healing. Of 228 patients, 202 were women and 26 were men. The patients' mean age was 49 years, and the mean followup was 12 months. Results: In 278 cases the radiographs revealed an unremarkable first metatarsal head. Seventeen cases showed diffuse or localized osteopenia or small cysts in the subchondral bone. These changes fully resolved on subsequent radiographs. The X-rays of two patients revealed progressive narrowing of the joint space, irregular contours on the surface of the joint and an abnormal bone structure. The patients subsequently developed a characteristic picture of avascular necrosis, in one case combined with nonunion. Three patients had delayed bone healing, but ultimately healed successfully. Conclusion: Ischemic changes in bone are known to occur after distal first metatarsal osteotomies. There is a very low incidence of postoperative perfusion problems after Stoffella's technique, even with lateral soft tissue release. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Study on the zooplankton of Sona Dighi in Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Authors: Naz Sabrina , Najia Sirajun 
Published: January 2009

Zooplankton populations of Sona Dighi were remarkable. In all 31 genera and 45 species represented by five major groups have been reported from Sona Dighi, Rajshahi based on a year investigation. The recorded groups were as follows as Protozoa (5 genera, 4 species), Rotifera (7 genera, 11 species), Cladocera (6 genera, 8 species), Ostracoda (4 genera, 6 species) and Copepoda (9 genera, 15 species).Physical chemical characteristics and zooplankton diversity of the reservoir indicates its eutrophic nature. Key words: Zooplankton, Sona Dighi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Â doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1945 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 07-11
Isolation of pathogenic bacteria from the skin ulcerous symptomatic gourami (<i>Colisa lalia</i>) through 16S rDNA analysis
Authors: Hossain Mosharrof 
Published: January 2009

Aeromonas spp infections are probably the most common bacterial disease diagnosed in cultured warm water fish. In the present study, six strains of Aeromonas spp bacteria were isolated from the gourami (Colisa lalia) by 16S rDNA sequencing analyses that are pathogenic to freshwater fish. Among them, three were under Aeromonas veronii species, two were Aeromonas sp ATCC and one was Aeromonas hydrophila. Colisa lalia usually imported in Korea from the South and South-east Asian countries for recreational purposes. However, they are playing important role as a disease vector or carriers. The infected fish of this study frequently have hemorrhages at the base of the fins or on the skin, and gross ulcerative lesions. Internal signs include, fluid in the abdomen, swollen liver and spleen, and the intestine was distended and fluid-filled. In this study, the utility of 16S rDNA sequencing was employed to isolate Aeromonas bacteria from freshwater imported fish are important to environment, veterinary, and clinical purposes. Key word: Bacteria, Colisa lalia, 16S rDNA, Aeromonas Â doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1948 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 21-24
Relative toxicity of some insecticides and azadirachtin against four crop infesting aphid species
Authors: Khalequzzaman M , Nahar Jesmun 
Published: January 2009

Indirect application was used to assay the toxicity of five insecticides; viz. malathion, carbosulfan, cymbush, imidacloprid and azadirachtin against four important crop infesting aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), reared on bean, brinjal, potato and cauliflower plants respectively. Residual film technique was applied by bringing leaves with tested aphids of the vegetable plants in the laboratory. Malathion was the least toxic to all aphids having LC50 as 327.97, 333.92, 305.26 and 313.77 Î¼g cm-2 for A. craccivora, A. gossypii, M. persicae and M. persicae respectively. Cypermethrin was the most toxic showing LC50 as 12.55, 12.29, 12.55 and 12.10 Î¼g cm-2 in the above mentioned species of aphid respectively. Carbosulfan and imidacloprid showed moderate toxicity. Azadirachtin as a natural plant origin insecticide proved to be the most toxic having LC50 as 0.41 Î¼g cm-2 for A. craccivora, 0.34 Î¼g cm-2 for A. gossypii and 0.44 Î¼g cm-2 for both M. persicae and L. erysimi. Key words: Insecticide, toxicity, azadirachtin, Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Lipaphis erysimi Â doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1950 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 31-34