bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A digital elevation model as a base for the reconstruction of Holocene land‐use potential in arid regions
Authors: Bolten Andreas , Bubenzer Olaf , Darius Frank 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe study presents an attempt to reconstruct the land‐use potential of two different arid regions during the early‐ and mid‐Holocene climatic optimum using geomorphological and archaeological data sets. Field investigations and the analysis of digital elevation data, derived from ASTER‐satellite data, demonstrate that in the Western Desert of Egypt archaeological hunter and gatherer sites are concentrated in relief positions with a surplus of surface water. A statistical analysis (CCA) confirms these results. Furthermore, we found evidence that people favored plains and highlands with diffuse vegetation during the early Holocene, but were more attracted to temporary wetlands along wadis and depressions in the mid‐Holocene. It seems possible that the complex analysis of point‐specific and area‐wide archaeological and geomorphological data provide a sound base for the reconstruction of Holocene land‐use potential in arid regions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Type‐2 cells as link between glial and neuronal lineage in adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Steiner Barbara , Klempin Friederike , Wang Liping , Kott Monika , Kettenmann Helmut , Kempermann Gerd 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new cells go through a series of stages associated with proliferative activity. The most highly proliferative cell type is an intermediate precursor cell, called type‐2 cell. We here report that on the level of type‐2 cells a transition takes place between features associated with the glial and the neuronal lineage. We show that stem‐cell marker Sox2 and radial glia marker BLBP are expressed in type‐2 cells but label only a small percentage of the proliferating cells. By and large, precursor cell marker Sox2 was found to be widely expressed in hippocampal astrocytes. Between 3 h and 1 week after a single injection of permanent S‐phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), the number of BrdU‐labeled BLBP‐positive cells did not change, consistent with the idea that both markers here are associated with the maintained precursor cell pool. Using reporter gene mice expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the promoter for nestin we found an overlap of GFP with markers of the neuronal lineage, doublecortin (DCX) and transcription factor NeuroD1 in type‐2 cells, whereas in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐GFP mice expression of GFP and NeuroD1 or DCX was mutually exclusive. Electrophysiologically, the group of type‐2 cells fell into two subgroups: one with astrocytic properties and another with an early “complex” phenotype of neural progenitor cells. Our data further support the existence of proliferative precursor cells that mark the transition between glia‐like states and neuronal differentiation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐hydroxytryptamine‐mediated increase in glutamate uptake by the leech giant glial cell
Authors: Hirth Ingolf C. , Deitmer Joachim W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe clearance of synaptically released glutamate is one of the pivotal functions of glial cells. We have studied the role of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, 30 μM), a neurotransmitter and neurohormone in the leech central nervous system with a versatile action spectrum, on the efficacy of glial glutamate uptake. The activity of the glutamate uptake carrier in the giant glial cell in isolated ganglia of Hirudo medicinalis was monitored by measuring the membrane current and the change in the intracellular Na+ concentration (Na+i) as induced by the glutamate carrier substrate D‐aspartate (D‐asp, 1 mM). 5‐HT increased the D‐asp‐induced current (EC50 at 5 μM) and rise in Na+i, an effect which was mimicked by the membrane‐permeable cyclic nucleotide analogue dibutyryl‐cyclic AMP (db‐cAMP). The adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22,536 and the protein kinase A antagonist Rp‐cAMP inhibited the effect of 5‐HT. Blocking the G protein in the giant glial cell by injecting GDP‐β‐S suppressed the effect of 5‐HT, but not the effect of db‐cAMP, on the D‐asp‐induced current. Our results suggest that 5‐HT enhances the glial uptake of glutamate via cAMP‐ and PKA‐mediated pathway. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of radioactivity on stent‐graft incorporation after endovascular treatment of aneurysms: An animal study
Authors: Lerouge Sophie , Raymond Jean , Schloesser Klaus , Gaboury Louis , Soulez Gilles 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPoor stent‐graft (SG) incorporation into the vessel wall, following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR), can lead to endoleaks and SG migration. Low‐dose radiation can prevent aneurysm recurrence after coil embolization, and has been associated with a “paradoxical” increase in neointima formation after stenting in a few studies. It was hypothesized that insitu β radiation emitted from SG could improve its incorporation by preventing the persistence of circulating channels between the implant and the vessel wall and increasing neointima formation around the SG. Phosphorus 32 (32P, 200 or 400 kBq per SG (n = 6 each)) was ion implanted on the external surface of balloon‐expandable SGs. Twelve radioactive and six non‐radioactive SGs were deployed in iliac arteries of nine Mongrel dogs. Neointima formation inside the graft and the persistence of circulating flow through an artificial groove created during the endovascular procedure were assessed by follow‐up imaging and by blinded, computerized histomorphometric analysis after animal sacrifice at 3 months. Occlusion occurred in four radioactive SGs. A lesser number of patent grooves was observed along high‐activity SGs than along control SGs (1/3 versus 4/4). No difference in neointima formation was observed in radioactive and non‐radioactive SGs. Alteration of external graft surface was observed after ion implantation. Ion implantation of 32P on SGs does not seem to be a viable strategy to improve incorporation and prevent type‐I endoleak after EVAR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Effect of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) contact on maturation of murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Yoshida Mutsumi , Mata Jessica , Babensee Julia E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUnderstanding of biomaterial adjuvant effect and its mechanisms is essential for the effective design and selection of appropriate materials for specific applications. We have previously shown that poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA), one of the most commonly studied polymers in tissue engineering, supports an adjuvant effect as measured by enhanced immune response against a co‐delivered model antigen, which was dependent on the form of the biomaterial. Furthermore, we have shown that PLGA induces the maturation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. In this study, the effect of PLGA contact on the maturation of murine bone marrow‐derived DCs was investigated in part to explain the biomaterial adjuvant effect observed. Treatment of bone marrow‐derived DCs from C57BL6 mice with PLGA microparticles or films lead to maturation of these cells as exemplified by increased expression of co‐stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐6. These results suggest that PLGA contact induces maturation of murine DCs, supporting our observations with human DCs. With the techniques developed in this study and given the results, our future goal is to utilize transgenic murine models to delineate the mechanisms of biomaterial‐induced DC maturation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Complexity in modeling of residual stresses and strains during polymerization of bone cement: Effects of conversion, constraint, heat transfer, and viscoelastic property changes
Authors: Gilbert Jeremy L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAseptic loosening of cemented joint prostheses remains a significant concern in orthopedic biomaterials. One possible contributor to cement loosening is the development of porosity, residual stresses, and local fracture of the cement that may arise from the in‐situ polymerization of the cement. In‐situ polymerization of acrylic bone cement is a complex set of interacting processes that involve polymerization reactions, heat generation and transfer, full or partial mechanical constraint, evolution of conversion‐ and temperature‐dependent viscoelastic material properties, and thermal and conversion‐driven changes in the density of the cement. Interactions between heat transfer and polymerization can lead to polymerization fronts moving through the material. Density changes during polymerization can, in the presence of mechanical constraint, lead to the development of locally high residual strain energy and residual stresses. This study models the interactions during bone cement polymerization and determines how residual stresses develop in cement and incorporates temperature and conversion‐dependent viscoelastic behavior. The results show that the presence of polymerization fronts in bone cement result in locally high residual strain energies. A novel heredity integral approach is presented to track residual stresses incorporating conversion and temperature dependent material property changes. Finally, the relative contribution of thermal‐ and conversion‐dependent strains to residual stresses is evaluated and it is found that the conversion‐based strains are the major contributor to the overall behavior. This framework provides the basis for understanding the complex development of residual stresses and can be used as the basis for developing more complex models of cement behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
In vivo biostability of polyether polyurethanes with fluoropolymer and polyethylene oxide surface modifying endgroups; resistance to metal ion oxidation
Authors: Ward Robert , Anderson James , McVenes Rick , Stokes Ken 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPolyether polyurethanes are subject to oxidation catalyzed by, and through direct (redox) reaction with transition metal ions (metal ion oxidation, MIO). The source of the ions is corrosion of metallic parts within an implanted device. A Shore 80A polyether polyurethane was modified with fluoropolymer (E80AF) or polyethylene oxide (E80AP) surface modifying end groups (SME). The SME migrates to the surface to form a covalently bonded monolayer, while maintaining the bulk properties of the polyurethane. In vitro tests in H2O2 solution indicated that both SME's accelerated MIO. Tubing samples containing cobalt mandrels were implanted in the subcutis of rabbits for up to 2 years. In vivo, E80AF significantly slowed the rate of visible degradation, but did not prevent MIO. E80AP had virtually identical visual performance to the unmodified control in vivo. Infrared spectroscopy and molecular weight correlated well with visual appearance. When cracks were seen, polyether soft segment oxidation was occurring. Both E80AP and the control developed severe loss of molecular weight in vivo. The changes were much less severe for E80AF. Thus, contrary to in vitro test results, the PEO SME had no effect at all on MIO resistance, while the fluoropolymer SME produced a significant improvement in biostability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
RGTA OTR4120, a heparan sulfate mimetic, is a possible long‐term active agent to heal burned skin
Authors: Garcia‐Filipe S. , Barbier‐Chassefiere V. , Alexakis C. , Huet E. , Ledoux D. , Kerros M. E. , Petit E. , Barritault D. , Caruelle J. P. , Kern P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBurn‐related skin fibrosis leads to loss of tissue function and hypertrophic scar formation with damaging consequences for the patient. There is therefore a great need for an efficient agent to treat burned skin. We report that ReGeneraTing Agent (RGTA) reduces burn‐induced skin alteration. The tissue‐regenerating effect of RGTA OTR4120 was evaluated after 1–6 days and after 10 months in a rat skin burn model. This effect was also examined in vitro using fibroblasts isolated from control and 6‐day‐old burned skins. We measured production of dermal collagen I, III, and V and activities of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP‐2 and MMP‐9). Ratio of collagen III over collagen I production increased 6 days after the burn, because of a decrease in collagen I production. After 10 months, ratio of collagen III over collagen I in burn sites was still increased compared with control skin, because of an increase in collagen III production. Both abnormalities were corrected by OTR4120. OTR4120 increased pro‐ and active MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, compared with healthy and burned controls and therefore accelerated remodeling. Similar data were obtained with cultured fibroblasts from healthy and burned skins. OTR4120 enhanced healing in short‐ and long‐term after burns, reducing the formation of fibrotic tissue, and then represents a potential agent to improve burned skin healing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Application of thermophilic aerobic digestion in protein enrichment of high strength agricultural waste slurry for animal feed supplementation
Authors: Ugwuanyi J Obeta , Harvey Linda M. , McNeil Brian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD) is a relatively novel waste processing technique with the potential to improve the safety and nutritional value of many agricultural and food industry wastes for use in animal feed supplementation. TAD of model agricultural waste slurry, at soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) load of approximately 8.0 g L−1, was implemented to study the effect of the process on crude protein accretion and waste quality. Digestions were carried out under batch conditions at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 vvm (volume of air per volume of waste slurry per minute) aeration rates and pH 7.0, and at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 9.5 and without pH regulation at 0.5 vvm, all at 55 °C. All reactions were carried out for 156 h using thermophilic populations indigenous to the waste. Digestion at 0.5 and 1.0 vvm led to the greatest degradation of total suspended solids (51.17% and 52.03% respectively) and the highest accretion of crude protein in treated waste (131.28% and 258.94% respectively). Protein content of the digest decreased as digestion pH increased beyond neutral. Slurry soluble protein content decreased with digestion progress, while the ammonium increased early in the process before decreasing progressively. The percentage content of most amino acids in the digest decreased slightly relative to raw waste. The quality of waste protein was comparable with the FAO standard for protein supplement for feed use. Overall, the digested waste was significantly improved relative to the raw waste. With appropriate process optimization TAD has clear potentials for use in the improvement of various wastes for recycling in animal feed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Properties and applications of supports for enzyme‐mediated transformations in solid phase synthesis
Authors: Basso Alessandra , Braiuca Paolo , Ebert Cynthia , Gardossi Lucia , Linda Paolo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWith the increasing interest in automated synthesis and screening protocols, solid supported chemistry and biochemistry have become attractive technologies. Furthermore, the use of enzymes in solid phase synthesis has opened the route to selective and mild processes. The efficiency of enzymes in transforming substrates that are bound on solid supports is strictly related to the availability of polymers endowed with specific properties, above all permeability to enzymes. This review describes how the recent developments of this rapidly evolving area have made possible novel challenging applications of enzymes in solid phase synthesis. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐phase electro‐chemical catalytic oxidation of wastewater
Authors: Gu Lin , Wang Bo , Ma Hongzhu , Kong Wuping 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe removal of organic pollutants from synthetic wash wastewater by a combined multi‐phase electro‐catalytic oxidation method was evaluated using porous graphite as anode and cathode, and CuO–Co2O3–PO43− modified kaolin as catalyst. The synergic effect on COD removal was studied when integrating the electro‐chemical reactor with the effective modified kaolin in a single undivided cell; the results showed that higher COD removal efficiency was obtained than those obtained using the individual processes. Under optimal conditions of pH 3, 30 mA cm−2 current density, very effective reduction of organic pollutants was achieved with this combined electro‐chemical method. High removal efficiency (90%) of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was obtained in 60 min in the treatment of simulated wash wastewater (anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate [DBS]). This method was also applied to treat wastewater form paper‐making and resulted in a COD reduction of 84%. Based on the investigation, a possible mechanism of this combined electro‐chemical process was proposed. The pollutants in wastewater could be decreased by the high reactive OH• that were produced via the decomposition of electro‐generated H2O2 activated by the synergic effect of electro‐field and catalyst. The results indicate that the multi‐phase catalytic electro‐chemical oxidation process is a promising technique for wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator gene therapy in liver cirrhosis is mediated by collagens gene expression down‐regulation and up‐regulation of MMPs, HGF and VEGF
Authors: Bueno Miriam , Salgado Silvia , Beas‐Zárate Carlos , Armendariz‐Borunda Juan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHuman urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene administration via an adenoviral (Ad)‐vector induced cirrhosis regression and ameliorated hepatic dysfunction in a model of experimental liver cirrhosis. The administration of a single dose of 6 × 1011 viral particles per kilogram of a clinical‐grade Ad‐vector was evaluated after the onset of rat liver cirrhosis via degradation of deposited collagen and a substantial decrease of α‐sma‐positive cells. Also, gene expression for pro‐fibrogenic molecules (Col I, III, IV, TIMP‐1 and PAI‐1) was clearly down‐regulated. In contrast, gene expression for collagen‐degrading enzymes such as MMP‐13 and MMP‐2 was up‐regulated. These events correlated with increased amounts of proteic free‐TIMP‐1, i.e. non‐complexed with metalloproteinases (MMPs), indicating the presence of higher amounts of active MMPs inside the liver of cirrhotic animals treated with Ad‐huPA. The harmonized and concerted expression of HGF and c‐met resulted in exacerbated hepatocyte proliferation, although these events did not induce an abnormal liver growth. Angiogenesis, i.e. formation of new blood vessels, was evaluated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression which was notably detected to be 10 times higher during the first 6 days after Ad‐huPA‐treatment in cirrhotic animals as compared with controls. These events provide a clearer rationale as to how Ad‐huPA‐induced liver regeneration on CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis takes place. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetically engineered Bifidobacterium animalis expressing the Salmonella flagellin gene for the mucosal immunization in a mouse model
Authors: Takata Tetsuo , Shirakawa Toshiro , Kawasaki Yoshiko , Kinoshita Shohiro , Gotoh Akinobu , Kano Yasunobu , Kawabata Masato 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundA critical component of the host defense against enteric infections is the immunological response of the mucosal membrane, a major starting point of infectious disease, such as typhoid fever. The mucosal immune system consists of an integrated network of lymphoid tissues, mucous membrane‐associated cells, and effector molecules. In the present study, we developed a recombinant Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis) genetically modified with the Salmonella flagellin gene for mucosal immunization as an oral typhoid vaccine.MethodsWe constructed an oral vaccine against Salmonella typhimurium, consisting of recombinant B. animalis containing the flagellin gene of Salmonella. The recombinant B. animalis was administered orally to mice every other day for 6 weeks. Anti‐flagellin antibodies in the serum and stools were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsWe detected significantly higher levels of flagellin‐specific IgA in the serum and stools of the mice treated with the recombinant B. animalis containing the flagellin gene than was seen in those treated with parental B. animalis.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that an oral vaccination using recombinant B. animalis genetically modified with the flagellin gene of Salmonella may be effective against Salmonella infections. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved synthesis of isotope labeled 6‐hydroxychlorzoxazone
Authors: Jian Zhigang , Ray Tapan , Wu Amy , Jones Lawrence 
Published: September 2006

Abstract[13C6]6‐Hydroxychlorzoxazone, a major P450 metabolite of chlorzoxazone, was synthesized from [13C6]benzene in an overall 18% yield. An improved procedure for converting 4‐chloro‐6‐nitrosoresorcinol to 6‐hydroxychlorzoxazone was developed, with a yield more than double that previously reported in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic MR venography: An intrinsic benefit of time‐resolved MR angiography
Authors: Du Jiang , Thornton Frank J. , Mistretta Charles A. , Grist Thomas M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the possibility of obtaining dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance venography (DCE‐MRV) images of the lower extremities.Materials and MethodsPeripheral contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA) was performed on 20 patients using a time‐resolved sequence that combined undersampled projection reconstruction (PR) in‐plane and Cartesian slice encoding through‐plane. The contrast dynamics of distal vessels were depicted. An automated segmentation algorithm based on a contrast arrival time (CAT) threshold was used to generate contrast dynamics in the venous system. The signal difference between the vein and artery was measured to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique in isolating the venous contrast dynamics.ResultsThe automatically generated image series depicted the contrast dynamics of both the arterial and venous systems, including asymmetric venous enhancement and background tissue enhancement. Quantitative measurement showed a mean venous/arterial signal ratio increase from 1.58 to 4.82 for the peak venous frame after arterial signal suppression.ConclusionDCE‐MRV is a minimally invasive technique for evaluating the venous side of the systemic vascular anatomy. Time‐resolved MRA has the potential clinical benefit of enabling both arterial and venous disease to be detected in patients undergoing CE‐MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spray‐dried encapsulation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) with polymeric matrices
Authors: Jimenez M , García HS , Beristain CI 
Published: September 2006

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid was encapsulated in three different matrices: whey protein concentrate (WPC), gum arabic (GA) and a blend of WPC and maltodextrin 10 DE (1:1, w/w). Kinetic studies on the degradation of CLA and lipid oxidation of microcapsules were carried out at water activities from 0.108 to 0.892 at 35 and 45 °C. The highest values of CLA degradation and lipid oxidation were observed in the range of water activities 0.103–0.429 for all matrices at 45 °C, whereas the lowest CLA degradation and lipid oxidation were observed for WPC at a water activity of 0.743 and 35 °C. WPC microcapsules showed the best morphology and encapsulation efficiency and the lowest CLA degradation. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry