bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of volatile constituents from fats and oils by vacuum degassing
Authors: de Bruyn J. , Schogt J. C. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA description is given of an all‐glass, high‐vacuum (10−5 to 10−6 mm.) laboratory apparatus, to be used for the quantitative recovery of volatile constituents from oils and fats.Up to 1 kg. of oil can be treated per day. To prevent decomposition of the oil, only moderately elevated temperatures are used. The distillate obtained can be transferred quantitatively to chromatographic columns.Model experiments are described to show the efficiency of the degassing and the factors involved.
Filtration‐extraction of safflower seed on a bench scale
Authors: D'Aquin E. L. , Pominski Joseph , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractData are presented to show that filtration‐extraction can be successfully applied on a bench‐scale to extract whole or decorticated safflower seed to a residual lipids content in meal of about 1.0%.Recommended procedure and operating conditions for processing this seed are given. These were found to be adequate within the limitations of the study and are not to be considered optimum. They are similar to those employed for filtration‐extraction of most high‐oil‐content materials except that, for safflower, severe initial rolling is necessary and that efficient processing of decorticated seed requires an additional step of rerolling of the cooked materials prior to extraction.Based on the close correlation obtained to date between bench‐ and industrial‐scale filtration‐extraction results for a wide variety of oil crops, there should be little difficulty encountered in the processing of safflower on a commercial scale.
Spontaneous conversion of gossypol to anhydrogossypol
Authors: Berardi Leah C. , Frampton Vernon L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn alkali‐fast pigment is produced at room temperature when gossypol is dissolved in ethyl acetate. This pigment has been isolated from ethyl acetate as an orange crystalline material and identified as anhydrogossypol. The identity was established by identity of the infrared spectra with that of authentic anhydrogossypol; by elementary composition; by mixture‐melting point behavior with authentic anhydrogossypol; and by the identity of the aniline derivatives produced from the orange crystalline product from ethyl acetate and authentic anhydrogossypol.
Enzymes in detergents
Authors: Liss R. L. , Langguth R. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFactors affecting the performance of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes in an anionic and nonionic detergent formulation have been studied using stain removal from EMPA blood‐milk‐ink and cocoa‐milk‐sugar soil test cloths as a measure of enzyme activity in the detergent solution. Factors considered include enzyme concentration, and temperature and pH of the wash solution. Results on stability of these enzymes in the two detergent formulations under accelerated storage conditions are also given.
Automated bioassay of proteolytic enzymes in detergents
Authors: Paixao L. M. , Babulak S. W. , Barkin S. M. , Shumway D. K. , Friedman S. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn automated biological assay for proteases in detergents was developed. The assay involved enzymic digestion of casein followed by the analysis of the liberated amino groups. Quantitative determination of the proteolytic activity was accomplished by reacting the amino groups with trinitrobenzene‐sulfonic acid (TNBS). An automated system was used to carry out both the digestion and the quantitative color development of the TNBS‐amino group complex. The method is accurate, reproducible, easy to handle, fast and free from interferences by any of the standard detergent ingredients. It may also be used as an investigative tool in enzyme research.
Some theoretical and practical aspects of polyester whitening from the wash bath
Authors: Anliker R. , Hefti H. , Kasperl H. , Milicévić B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUptake of fluorescent whitening agents from aqueous and organic systems by polyester fibers and films under various conditions was investigated. Different factors influencing the correlation between uptake of the fluorescent whitening agents and their performance in laundry liquors are discussed on the basis of the presented data. The results indicate that fluorescent whitening agents normally used for whitening other synthetic fibers can also have valuable additional effects on polyester. Furthermore the results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms of whitening.
A TLC method for identification of germicides in personal care products
Authors: Graber M. B. , Domsky I. I. , Ginn M. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInherent difficulties in the common ultraviolet (UV) analytical methods for determining germicide mixtures in personal care products have made desirable that another technique, thin layer chromatography (TLC), be applied for the identification of specific components. A variety of germicides can be identified on a TLC plate using silica gel as a substrate, a benzene‐ether developing solvent, and a UV light for observing the separate fractions. The Rf values obtained make it possible to distinguish between such germicidal classes as salicylanilides, carbanilides and phenolics.
Role of virucides in controlling virus dissemination by fabrics
Authors: Sidwell Robert W. , Dixon Glen J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractVaccinia virus, a lipophilic agent containing deoxyribonucleic acid, and poliovirus, a hydrophilic ribonucleic acid virus, persisted on wool and cotton fabrics for varying periods up to 20 weeks, which was of sufficient duration to be of epidemiological significance. The length of persistence of each virus varied with the type of fabric, humidity and method of exposure to the virus. A group of quaternary ammonium salts and bromosalicylanilides were evaluated quantitatively for virucidal activity against these viruses in a cell culture system. None of the compounds was active against poliovirus, but three of the quaternary ammonium compounds significantly inactivated vaccinia virus. Impregnation of wool and cotton fabrics with one of these compounds resulted in a marked decrease in vaccinia virus persistence. Both polio and vaccinia viruses persisted for less than five days on a cotton fabric finished with a modified triazone resin to impart a wash‐and‐wear property. Cotton fabric contaminated with vaccinia or with poliovirus was laundered with an anionic detergent and a nonionic detergent. This laundering reduced but did not eliminate the virus. Sterile fabric was contaminated with virus when laundered with the virus‐containing fabrics. Drying the fabrics for 20 hr after laundering reduced the virus titers to below detectable limits.
A triply labeled particulate soil for detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Shebs W. T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA kaolinite type of clay made radioactive by neutron irradiation (Spinks Bandy Black), described in an earlier report, has undergone extensive testing to determine its suitability as a particulate component of an artificial radioactive soil. The other components of the soil are labeled with14C and tritium. The incorporation of the radioactive clay into an established soil required the development of a reproducible padding procedure and the development of suitable analytical methods for the clay, as well as modification of the existing method for14C and tritium in the presence of the radioactive clay. A problem arose when it was noticed that, after the padding step, the specific activity of the clay adhering to the fabric was higher than the starting clay. This was traced to the fact that Spinks Bandy Black is not only a mixture of varying particle sizes, but of changing chemical composition with varying particle size. Thus, one could not readily convert radioactivity to weight. The problem has been resolved by resorting to chemical analysis for SiO2 and Al2O3 of a few representative swatches from each padding run to give the weight of clay per swatch and thus the specific activity. Chemical and radiochemical analyses of the swatches after laundering have demonstrated that further disproportionation of the clay is minor. A large Terg‐O‐tometer washing study was made under a variety of conditions to determine the precision of the method for all three labeled components of the soil. It was found from sets of four replicates that the precision for clay detergency is ±2.5%; for the polar fatty soil detergency (14C) is ±2.3%; and for the nonpolar fatty soil detergency (tritium) is ±3.5%. Redeposition of the clay in the presence of a built detergent is usually less than 1%.
The effect of water hardness on the solubilizing activity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Arai Haruhiko , Yoshizaki Koichiro 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe behavior of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in hard water has been studied by solubilization, transmittance and pH. Maximum solubilization is reported at specific water hardnesses on the basis of the change in the micellar properties of the detergent. The water hardness at maximum solubilization increases as the concentration of the detergent or of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), sodium nitrilo triacetic acid (NTA) or sodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) increases, while it decreases with an increase in the alkyl chain length of the detergent. A linear relationship between the detergent concentration and the water hardness at maximum solubilization or transmittance was found. It seems that the effect of STPP, NTA and EDTA on solubilization of anionic detergent was mainly due to water softening.
A rapid method for the determination oftrans unsaturation in fats and derivatives
Authors: Allen Robert R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThetrans unsaturation present in samples of unsaturated fats and derivatives may be determined from measurement of the infrared absorbance at two wavelengths, one due totrans configuration of a double bond and the other due to the ester or acid group. The ratio of the two absorbance values has a linear relationship with thetrans unsaturation content. Thus, a drop of sample is diluted with CS2 and the infrared absorbance measured at 10.36 µ and at 8.5–8.6 µ if esters and 10.7 µ if acids. To calculate the per cent isolatedtrans double bonds in the sample, the ratio of the two absorbance values is substituted into the linear equation which was developed from known samples. The method is rapid since the sample need not be weighed nor made up to a known volume and thus may be applied to samples such as those collected from a gas chromatograph or after thin layer chromatography.
Determination of brominated vegetable oils in soft drinks by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Conacher H. B. S. , Chadha R. K. , Sahasrabudhe M. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of brominated vegetable oils in soft drinks. The procedure involves treatment of the brominated oils with sodium methoxide followed by GLC analysis of the resulting methyl esters using methyl pentadecanoate as internal standard. Recoveries on known amounts of these oils ranged between 93.7% and 102.4%. The technique, applied to several commercial soft drinks, has shown the content of brominated oil to be in the range 10–45 mg per 10 fluid oz of drink.
Low temperature separation of trace amounts of dimethylpolysiloxanes from food
Authors: Neal P. , Campbell A. D. , Firestone D. , Aldridge M. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDimethylpolysiloxanes, which are difficult to determine in fatty foods, can be separated at low temperatures by special freeze‐out apparatus. Final determination is made by atomic absorption, visible or ultraviolet spectrometry. Recoveries from cottonseed oil and cake mix ranged from 95% to 110%.
Trace components of tall oil fatty acids:Trans‐3, 5‐dimethoxystilbene
Authors: Hetman N. E. , Arlt H. G. , Neglia M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract2,2″‐Methylenebis (trans‐3,5‐dimethoxystilbene) has been isolated from tall oil fatty acid after reaction with paraformaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst.
Aldehydes from rancid corn and avocado oils
Authors: Brekke J. , Mackinney G. 
Published: August 2007

SummarySteam distillates of rancid corn and avocado oils, collected in 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine solution, yield a complex mixture of DNPHs. These were readily separated by adsorption on anhydrous magnesium sulfate into derivatives of saturated aldehydes,‐enals and dienals, fully confirming the findings of Swiftet al. on autoxidized cottonseed oil. It is hoped that, with refinement of method, precise identification of each component may be made. The corn DNPH has at least five, the avocado DNPH at least six components soluble in petroleum ether, whose absorption spectra and chromatographic behavior are described.
Cocoa butter‐like fats from domestic oils
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Lovegren Norman V. , Cosler H. B. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTechnical considerations indicate that cocoa butter‐like mixtures can be prepared readily by the esterification of mixtures of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids, or the interesterification of their glycerides, followed by the fractional crystallization of the reaction products.Using the indicated procedures, three cocoa butter‐like fractions were prepared. One consisted essentially of oleopalmitostearins, another consisted essentially of oleodistearins, while the third consisted mostly of oleodipalmitins.On the basis of softening point curves, the oleopalmitostearin product was most compatible with cocoa butter, the oleodistearin product was the next most compatible, while the oleodipalmitin product was least compatible. When mixed with cocoa butter, all three of the products produced consistencyvs. temperature curves whose shapes closely resembled that of cocoa butter. All of the mixtures softened over a short temperature interval though the actual temperature at which softening occurred varied. The several products are believed to be satisfactory cocoa butter replacements.Another cocoa butter‐like fat was prepared by the interesterification of 70 parts of completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil and 30 parts of olive oil and genated cottonseed oil and 30 parts of olive oil and the subsequent fractionation of the reaction product.
Observations on the permanganate oxidation of unsaturated esters
Authors: Eshelman L. R. , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryVarious procedures for the permanganate oxidation of fats have been tried on purified model fatty acid esters. It was found that all the procedures tested except Kartha's procedure caused considerable loss of ester groups. Kartha's procedure, on the contrary, caused ester groups to be synthesized during the oxidation. It was concluded that none of the oxidation procedures that were tried is a very reliable method for the study of glyceride structure in fats. However the limitations which were discovered in Kartha's procedure could not be shown to invalidate Kartha's hypothesis of glyceride structure.
Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. VI. Selenium catalysis, a method for preparing diels‐alder adducts from cis,trans‐octadecadienoic acid
Authors: Teeter H. M. , Bell E. W. , O'Donnell J. L. , Danzig M. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAdducts of dienophiles and alkali‐conjugated safflower fatty acids containing conjugated linoleic acid in thecis,trans form were prepared by heating the reactants in the presence of selenium as a catalyst. The products appeared to be identical to those prepared fromtrans,trans conjugated linoleic acid so that isomerization ofcis‐trans totrans,trans acids is eliminated as a separate step. Although yields of pure product were lower than desired because of difficulties in removing selenium, yields of crude adducts ranged from 64–82%. The adducts obtained could be epoxidized with hydrogen peroxide and an ion‐exchange resin as catalyst in 80–93% yield or with peracetic acid in 89–98% yield.
Variations in crystal structure within certain isologous series of long‐chain compounds. A review of some basic features
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCrystal structures of many long‐chain compounds appear classifiable intoalpha, beta prime, orbeta cross‐sectional types, in which, respectively, the rows of parallel chains have axes randomly oriented, identically oriented within a row but with orientation alternating among the rows, or identically oriented throughout. Members of two isologous series are compared with particular regard to the cross‐sectional type. The series are (I) methyl palmitate (P), ethylene glyco dipalmitate (PP), glycerol tripalmitate (PPP), and m‐erythritol tetrapalmitate (PPPP); and (II) the corresponding stearates. The following behavior is observed—P:beta prime; PP:beta prime; PPP:alpha, beta prime, beta; PPPP:beta prime, beta; and similarly for the stearate series but with an additionalalpha form for SSSS. Other compounds are considered with respect to tendency to form various cross‐sectional types.
Bioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Different Algal Oils in Capsules and in a DHA‐Fortified Food
Authors: Arterburn Linda M. , Oken Harry A. , Hoffman James P. , Bailey‐Hall Eileen , Chung Gloria , Rom Dror , Hamersley Jacqueline , McCarthy Deanna 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acid, is important for eye and brain development and ongoing visual, cognitive, and cardiovascular health. Unlike fish‐sourced oils, the bioavailability of DHA from vegetarian‐sourced (algal) oils has not been formally assessed. We assessed bioequivalence of DHA oils in capsules from two different algal strains versus bioavailability from an algal‐DHA‐fortified food. Our 28‐day randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel group study compared bioavailability of (a) two different algal DHA oils in capsules (“DHASCO‐T” and “DHASCO‐S”) at doses of 200, 600, and 1,000 mg DHA per day (n = 12 per group) and of (b) an algal‐DHA‐fortified food (n = 12). Bioequivalence was based on changes in plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte DHA levels. Effects on arachidonic acid (ARA), docosapentaenoic acid‐n‐6 (DPAn‐6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were also determined. Both DHASCO‐T and DHASCO‐S capsules produced equivalent DHA levels in plasma phospholipids and erythrocytes. DHA response was dose‐dependent and linear over the dose range, plasma phospholipid DHA increased by 1.17, 2.28 and 3.03 g per 100 g fatty acid at 200, 600, and 1,000 mg dose, respectively. Snack bars fortified with DHASCO‐S oil also delivered equivalent amounts of DHA on a DHA dose basis. Adverse event monitoring revealed an excellent safety and tolerability profile. Two different algal oil capsule supplements and an algal oil‐fortified food represent bioequivalent and safe sources of DHA.
Physiological effects of dietary fructans extracted fromAgave tequilanaGto. andDasylirionspp.
Authors: Urías-Silvas Judith E. , Cani Patrice D. , Delmée Evelyne , Neyrinck Audrey , López Mercedes G. , Delzenne Nathalie M. 
Published: August 2007

Recent data reported that inulin-type fructans extracted from chicory roots regulate appetite and lipid/glucose metabolism, namely, by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production in the colon. TheAgavegenus growing in different regions of Mexico also contains important amounts of original fructans, with interesting nutritional and technological properties, but only few data report their physiological effect when added in the diet. Therefore, we decided to evaluate in parallel the effect of supplementation with 10 % agave or chicory fructans on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed a standard (STD) diet or diet supplemented with Raftilose P95 (RAF), fructans fromAgave tequilanaGto. (TEQ) or fructans fromDasylirionspp. (DAS) for 5 weeks. The body weight gain and food intake in mice fed fructans-containing diets were significantly lower than the ones of mice fed the STD diet, TEQ leading to the lowest value. Serum glucose and cholesterol were similarly lower in all fructans-fed groups than in the STD group and correlated to body weight gain. Only RAF led to a significant decrease in serum TAG. As previously shown for RAF, the supplementation with agave fructans (TEQ and DAS) induced a higher concentration of GLP-1 and its precursor, proglucagon mRNA, in the different colonic segments, thus suggesting that fermentable fructans from different botanical origin and chemical structure are able to promote the production of satietogenic/incretin peptides in the lower part of the gut, with promising effects on glucose metabolism, body weight and fat mass development.
ABORTION-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG NIGERIAN WOMEN
Authors: BANKOLE AKINRINOLA , SEDGH GILDA , OYE-ADENIRAN BONIFACE A. , ADEWOLE ISAAC F. , HUSSAIN RUBINA , SINGH SUSHEELA 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThis study used data from a community-based survey to examine women’s experiences of abortion in Nigeria. Fourteen per cent of respondents reported that they had ever tried to terminate a pregnancy, and 10% had obtained an abortion. The majority of women who sought an abortion did so early in the pregnancy. Forty-two per cent of women who obtained an abortion used the services of a non-professional provider, a quarter experienced complications and 9% sought treatment for complications from their abortions. Roughly half of the women who obtained an abortion used a method other than D&C or MVA. The abortion prevalence and conditions under which women sought abortions varied by women’s socio-demographic characteristics. Because abortion is illegal in Nigeria except to save the woman’s life, many women take significant risks to terminate unwanted pregnancies. Reducing the incidence of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion can significantly impact the reproductive health of women in Nigeria.
The effects of temperature on the distribution and establishment ofEchinoparyphium recurvatummetacercariae inLymnaea peregra
Authors: Morley N.J. , Adam M.E. , Lewis J.W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe establishment and distribution ofEchinoparyphium recurvatummetacercariae in the second intermediate host,Lymnaea peregra, were investigated at a temperature range of 5–29°C. Preliminary studies on the survival and infectivity ofE. recurvatumcercariae showed that both parameters were temperature dependent. No cercarial transmission occurred at 5 or 10°C. Nevertheless, the transmission efficiency (1/H0) indicated that transmission was temperature independent in the temperature range 17–25°C and was much lower than in previous studies using this host–parasite system. These differences were attributed to low cercarial densities used in this study. The effect of temperature on encystment site choice (mantle cavity, kidney, pericardium) by metacercariae showed that the mantle cavity was the prime site of encystment, followed by the pericardium and the kidney. Temperatures at the lower and upper ranges (14 and 29°C), however, caused a significant reduction in encystment in the mantle cavity but not in the pericardium or kidney. The importance of cercarial densities, the physiological mechanisms influencing metacercarial distribution and their implications for parasite transmission to the definitive host are discussed.