bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-scale magnetic fields in turbulence: Saffman's approximation revisited
Authors: Baierlein Ralph 
Published: April 2006

The subject is the small-scale structure of a magnetic field in a turbulent conducting fluid, ‘small scale’ meaning lengths much smaller than the characteristic dissipative length of the turbulence. Philip Saffman developed an approximation to describe this structure and its evolution in time. Its usefulness invites a closer examination of the approximation itself and an attempt to place sharper limits on the numerical parameters that appear in the approximate correlation functions, topics to which the present paper is addressed.A Lagrangian approach is taken, wherein one makes a Fourier decomposition of the magnetic field in a neighbourhood that follows a fluid element. If one construes the viscous-convective range narrowly, by ignoring magnetic dissipation entirely, then results for a magnetic field in two dimensions are consistent with Saffman's approximation, but in three dimensions no steady state could be found. Thus, in three dimensions, turbulent amplification seems to be more effective than Saffman's approximation implies. The cause seems to be a matter of geometry, not of correlation times or relative time scales.Strictly-outward spectral transfer is a characteristic of Saffman's approximation, and this may be an accurate description only when dissipation suppresses the contributions from inwardly directed spectral transfer. In the spectral region where dominance passes from convection to dissipation, one can generate expressions for the parameters that arise in Saffman's approximation. Their numerical evaluation by computer simulation may enable one to sharpen the limits that Saffman had already set for those parameters.
The rate of magnetic field penetration through a Bénard convection layer
Authors: Drobyshevski E. M. , Kolesnikova E. N. , Yuferev V. S. 
Published: April 2006

Non-stationary MHD interaction of a horizontal magnetic field with a three-dimensional cellular convection is studied by means of computational methods and methods of mean field electrodynamics.For a given magnetic field drop across the convective layer, the rate of magnetic flux penetration through this layer is characterized by two integral coefficients: the first one describing the topological pumping effect arises from the antisymmetric part of the α-effect, while the second coefficient accounts for the enhancement of the effective diffusion due to the convective motions. In the magnetic-Reynolds-number range studied (−5 [les ] Rm [les ] 5) these coefficients are found to be, correspondingly, odd and even functions of Rm only. The net magnetic flux escape rate into vacuum decreases at Rm > 2·2 when compared with a case of a layer without cellular motions. Here the topological pumping prevails not only over the convective enhancement of diffusion but begins to suppress even the background diffusion action.Thus, the asymmetry in the transport properties of cellular motion is again demonstrated, and their difference from those of random turbulence is identified.
Full-coverage film cooling. Part 1. Three-dimensional measurements of turbulence structure
Authors: Yavuzkurt S. , Moffat R. J. , Kays W. M. 
Published: April 2006

Hydrodynamic measurements were made with a triaxial hot wire in the full-coverage region and the recovery region following an array of injection holes inclined downstream, at 30° to the surface. The data were taken under isothermal conditions at ambient temperature and pressure for two blowing ratios: M = 0·9 and M = 0·4. (The ratio M = ρjetUjet/ρ∞U∞, where U is the mean velocity and ρ is the density. Subscripts jet and ∞ stand for injectant and free stream, respectively.) Profiles of the three mean-velocity components and the six Reynolds stresses were obtained at several spanwise positions at each of five locations down the test plate.In the full-coverage region, high levels of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) were found for low blowing and low TKE levels for high blowing. This observation is especially significant when coupled with the fact that the heat transfer coefficient is high for high blowing, and low for low blowing. This apparent paradox can be resolved by the hypothesis that entrainment of the mainstream fluid must be more important than turbulent mixing in determining the heat transfer behaviour at high blowing ratios (close to unity).In the recovery region, the flow can be described in terms of a two-layer model: an outer boundary layer and a two-dimensional inner boundary layer. The inner layer governs the heat transfer.
Vortex pairing in a circular jet under controlled excitation. Part 2. Coherent structure dynamics
Authors: Hussain A. K. M. F. , Zaman K. B. M. Q. 
Published: April 2006

The coherent structure dynamics in the near field of a circular jet has been experimentally explored by inducing ‘stable’ vortex pairing through controlled excitation (see Zaman & Hussain 1980) and applying phase-averaging techniques. Hot-wire measurements were made in a 7·62 cm air jet with laminar exit boundary layer at the Reynolds number ReD = 3·2 × 104, excited at the Strouhal number StD = 0·85. At a particular phase during the pairing process, spatial distributions of the phase-average longitudinal and lateral velocity perturbations (〈u)〉, 〈v〉), vorticity, streamlines, the coherent and background Reynolds stresses and turbulence intensities have been educed. These data have been obtained for four different locations occupied by the vortices at the same phase (preceding, during, and following the pairing event), in the region 0 < x/D < 5. Spatial distributions of these measures at four successive phases during the pairing process are also educed in an attempt to further understand the vortex-pairing dynamics. The flow physics is discussed on the basis of measurements over the physical extent of the vortical structures, phase-locked to specific phases of the pairing event and thus do not involve use of the Taylor hypothesis.The computed pseudostream functions at particular phases are compared with the corresponding streamlines drawn by the method of isoclines. Transition of the vortices is examined on the basis of vorticity diffusion, the superimposed random fluctuation field intensities and Reynolds stress and phase-locked circumferential correlation measurements. The peak vorticity drops rapidly owing to transition and interaction of the vortices during pairing but, farther downstream, the decay can be attributed to destruction of the coherent vorticity by the background turbulence Reynolds stress, especially at the locations of the latter's ‘saddle points’. Controlled excitation enhances the initial circumferential coherence of the vortical structures, but is ineffective in delaying turbulent breakdown near the end of the potential core; the breakdown appears to occur through evolution of the circumferential lobe structures. The coherent structure Reynolds stress is found to be much larger than the background turbulence Reynolds stress for 0 < x/D [lsim ] 3, but these two are comparable near the end of the jet potential core. The zone average of the coherent structure Reynolds stress over the cross-section of the merging vortex pair is much larger than that over a single vortical structure either before or after the completion of pairing. During the pairing process, such average correlations are found to be the largest at an early phase of the process while entrainment, turbulent breakdown as well as rapid diffusion of vorticity occur at a later phase. The regions of alternate positive and negative coherent Reynolds stresses associated with the structures and their interactions help explain ‘negative production’.
LE CARNET MONDAIN VERS 1890: UN ASPECT DE LA SOCIABILITÉ MÉDIATIQUE
Authors: Pinson Guillaume 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A partir d'un échantillon de deux journaux quotidiens (
Le Gaulois
et
Le Figaro
) et de quatre magazines (
L'Écho mondain
,
Le Grand Monde
,
La Gazette mondaine
et
La Revue mondaine des salons
), cet article analyse la poétique du carnet mondain des années 1890, au moment où la France entre dans l'ère médiatique. Il vise à dégager les trois éléments principaux — événementialité, société, temporalité — qui permettent au journal de constituer une
sociabilité médiatique
, c'est-à-dire la représentation d'une communauté relativement homogène et de ses rituels mondains. Le carnet est donc un exemple probant de la façon dont le journal crée du lien social et le représente, quoique cette représentation soit très codifiée et stéréotypée. Dans un second temps, l'article fait valoir que la ‘spectacularisation’ de la mondanité a des effets dans d'autres secteurs du discours social, notamment la littérature. Une analyse sociocritique montre que, de Maupassant à Proust, certains romans réinscrivent la sociabilité médiatique dans leurs textes, exploitant et approfondissant le riche horizon de références du journal. Cet article suggère en conclusion que journal et roman construisent ainsi des fictions où la communauté peut s'imaginer et se représenter.
Epidemiology of open‐ and closed‐globe trauma presenting to Cairns Base Hospital, Queensland
Authors: Smith Andrew RE , O'Hagan Stephen B , Gole Glen A 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurpose:  To review the epidemiology of serious ocular trauma presenting to Cairns Base Hospital, from the far north Queensland health districts.Methods:  A retrospective study of cases from January 1995 to November 2002 inclusive. Cases were analysed with respect to demographics, cause and nature of injury, method of transport and time to and type of ophthalmic treatment, and visual outcomes.Results:  There were 226 cases identified, including 71 open‐globe and 155 closed‐globe injuries. The annual rate of injury was 3.7 per 100 000 for open‐globe and 11.8 per 100 000 in total. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population from the far north Queensland districts showed a disproportionate incidence, with 38% of the total number of injuries, despite representing only 12.3% of the population. Assault in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population resulted in 69.6% of injuries in men and 75.8% of injuries in women. Of all assaults 76.2% were alcohol‐related. The majority (71.5%) of injuries in the Caucasian population were due to accidental blunt and sharp trauma. In total, 77.4% of injuries occurred in men, with an average age of 31 years. Of all open and closed injuries in the study, a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved in 47.8% of eyes and a final visual acuity of 6/60 or less occurred in 17.7% of patients, 20.8% patients were lost to follow up. In total, 14.1% of open injuries required enucleation/evisceration.Conclusions:  The incidence of ocular trauma in far north Queensland is equal to other Australian populations. However, there is a disproportionately high incidence in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. Alcohol‐related assault is a significant cause of visual loss in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. Closed‐globe injuries are more common than open globe; however, the latter have poorer visual prognosis. Initial visual acuity of all injuries correlated with final visual acuity.
Comparative cytopathology of Crinivirus infections in different plant hosts
Authors: MEDINA VICENTE , RODRIGO GEMA , TIAN TONGYAN , JUAREZ MIGUEL , DOLJA VALERIAN V , ANGELES ACHON M , FALK BRYCE W 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe used transmission electron microscopy to compare the cytopathology induced in plants by five criniviruses (genus Crinivirus; Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Beet pseudo‐yellows virus (BPYV) (Hartono et al., 2003)). We also compared the patterns of infection for plants and mesophyll protoplasts infected by LIYV and Beet yellows virus (BYV), type members of genera Crinivirus and Closterovirus, respectively. The main cytopathological effects induced in plants by criniviruses were common in young leaves and included alterations of the chloroplasts and the presence of BYV‐type inclusion bodies in companion cells. Virus‐like particles were present in sieve tubes and vascular parenchyma cells as scattered particles, or in companion cells as large masses forming cross‐banded inclusions. Depending on the virus and the plant, it was possible to find virions or virus‐like particles out of the phloem cells, but only in cells of the bundle sheath. Virion‐like particles were never found outside of the vascular tissue. Accumulation of electron‐dense material at the plasmalemma was common for criniviruses, but only LIYV infections produced characteristic conical electron‐dense plasmalemma deposits (PDs). The LIYV‐induced PDs have a crystalline‐like structure and were found at the internal side of plasmalemma.
Lack of patients? – a hypothesis for understanding discrepancies between hospital resources and productivity
Authors: Bratlid Dag 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Despite a substantial increase in hospital resources, increased hospital admissions and out-patient visits, long waiting lists have been a significant problem in Norwegian health care. A detailed analysis of the development in resource allocation and productivity at St. Olavs University Hospital in central Norway was therefore undertaken.

Methods
Resource allocation and patient volume was analysed during the period 1995 to 2001. Data were analysed both for emergency and elective admissions as well as outpatient visits specified into new referrals and follow-up consultations.

Results
Full time employee equivalents for doctors and nurses increased by 36.6% and 25.9%, respectively, and all employees by 28.1%. However, admitted patients, outpatient consultations and surgical procedures only increased by 10%, 15% and 8.3%, respectively. Thus, the productivity for each hospital employee, defined as operations pr. surgeon, outpatient consultations pr. doctor etc. was significantly reduced. A striking finding was that although the number of outpatient consultations increased, the number of new referrals actually went down and the whole increase in activity at the outpatient clinics could be explained by a substantial increase in follow-up consultations. This trend was more evident in the surgical departments, where some departments actually showed a reduction in total outpatient consultations.

Conclusion
In view of the slow increase in hospital activity in spite of a significant increase in resources, it can be speculated that patient volume might be a limiting factor for hospital activity. The health market (patient population) might not be big enough in relation to the investments in increased production capacity (equipment and manpower).
Dieting practices, weight perceptions, and body composition: A comparison of normal weight, overweight, and obese college females
Authors: Malinauskas Brenda M , Raedeke Thomas D , Aeby Victor G , Smith Jean L , Dallas Matthew B 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Of concern to health educators is the suggestion that college females practice diet and health behaviors that contradict the 2005 dietary guidelines for Americans. In this regard, there remain gaps in the research related to dieting among college females. Namely, do normal weight individuals diet differently from those who are overweight or obese, and are there dieting practices used by females that can be adapted to promote a healthy body weight? Since it is well recognized that females diet, this study seeks to determine the dieting practices used among normal, overweight, and obese college females (do they diet differently) and identify dieting practices that could be pursued to help these females more appropriately achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.

Methods
A total of 185 female college students aged 18 to 24 years participated in this study. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, and skinfold thickness were measured to assess body composition. Surveys included a dieting practices questionnaire and a 30-day physical activity recall. Participants were classified according to body mass index (BMI) as normal weight (n = 113), overweight (n = 35), or obese (n = 21). Data were analyzed using JMP IN® software. Descriptive statistics included means, standard deviations, and frequency. Subsequent data analysis involved Pearson X
2 and one-way analysis of variance with comparison for all pairs that were significantly different using Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test.

Results
Outcomes of this study indicate the majority of participants (83%) used dieting for weight loss and believed they would be 2% to 6% greater than current weight if they did not diet; normal weight, overweight, and obese groups perceived attractive weight to be 94%, 85%, and 74%, respectively, of current weight; 80% of participants reported using physical activity to control weight, although only 19% exercised at a level that would promote weight loss; only two of 15 dieting behaviors assessed differed in terms of prevalence of use among groups, which were consciously eating less than you want (44% normal weight, 57% overweight, 81% obese) and using artificial sweeteners (31% normal weight and overweight, 5% obese); and the most prevalent explicit maladaptive weight loss behavior was smoking cigarettes (used by 9% of participants) and most unhealthy was skipping breakfast (32%).

Conclusion
Collectively, results indicate female college students, regardless of weight status, would benefit from open discussions with health educators regarding healthy and effective dieting practices to achieve/maintain a healthy body weight. The results are subject to replication among high school, middle-aged, and older females.
DNA Hydrolysis by Cerium(IV) Does Not Involve either Molecular Oxygen or Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Komiyama Makoto , Shiiba Tetsuro , Kodama Teruyuki , Takeda Naoya , Sumaoka Jun , Yashiro Morio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
DNA hydrolysis by Ce(IV) effectively proceeds both in the presence and in the absence of molecular oxygen. Addition of hydrogen peroxide induces undesired oxidative side-reactions and suppresses the hydrolysis. Participation of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in the phosphodiester hydrolysis is ruled out, supporting the intramolecular attack by the Ce(IV)-bound hydroxide ion.
CIDEP Study of Photooxidation Reaction of Carbazole by Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Honma Hidekazu , Murai Hisao , Kuwata Keiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Photooxidation reaction of carbazole by maleic anhydride was studied by a time-resolved ESR method. Emissively spin polarized maleic anhydride anion radical and neutral carbazole N-center radical were detected. According to the CIDEP data, it is concluded that the reaction takes place through the excited triplet state of carbazole and fast deprotonation takes place from carbazole cation. This reaction is different from those of the other N-substituted carbazoles.
Decomposition of t-Butanol in Water by γ-Irradiation Combined with Ozone; Cupric Ion Effect
Authors: Lee Myun Joo , Arai Hidehiko , Miyata Teijiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
When t-butanol in aqueous system was decomposed by simultaneous application of γ-rays and ozone treatment, the addition of the cupric ion (Cu2+) drastically improved the efficiency of the removal of organic substances from water. The major reason for the remarkable decrement of total organic substances is the positive catalytic effect of Cu2+ on the oxidation of carboxylic acids.
Occurrence of Self-assembled Monolayer J-aggregate of Pseudoisocyanine on Ag (111) Surface
Authors: Kawasaki Mitsuo , Ishii Hironori 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
By bathing a smooth and highly [111]-oriented Ag film in a monomeric solution of pseudoisocyanine (1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine) bromide, we have found a uniform monolayer adsorption of self-assembled two-dimensional J-aggregate. A specific interaction of bromide ions with the Ag (111) surface seemed to be the major driving force for the dye adsorption. The system allows combined conventional spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy studies of adsorbed J-aggregates of cyanine dyes.
Rapid Adsorption and Desorption of Fluoride on Zirconium(IV) Complex with Hydrophilic Chelating Polymer
Authors: Yuchi Akio , Terao Hirohito , Niwa Tomoko , Wada Hiroko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Zirconium(IV) was fixed on a hydrophilic polymer having iminodiacetate groups, developed for affinity chromatography, in a stoichiometric amount. Fluoride ion was rapidly adsorbed on this polymer-complex in acidic media, and the adsorbed fluoride was quantitatively desorbed in basic media. The complex can be repeatedly used after regeneration with an acid.
The Use of α-Trimethylsilyl-α,β-Unsaturated Ketones as 1-Acylethenyl Anion Synthon
Authors: Matsumoto Kozo , Oshima Koichiro , Utimoto Kiitiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Treatment of α-trimethylsilyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in the presence of aldehydes provided α-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-α,β-unsaturated ketones in good yields. The reaction proceeded via allenolate. The new method was successfully applied to a synthesis of α-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-α,β-unsaturated esters from α-trimethylsilyl-α,β-unsaturated esters.
Fluorescence Enhancement of Aluminum(III) 8-Quinolinolate in the Presence of 3,5-Dichlorophenol
Authors: Katsuta Shoichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The addition of 3,5-dichlorophenol to carbon tetrachloride solution of tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) was found to cause considerable enhancement of fluorescence and to suppress the decomposition of the chelate by UV-light irradiation. The fluorescence enhancement was attributed to the association of the metal chelate with the phenol through hydrogen bonding.
Preparation of Size-controlled Ruthenium Metal Particles on Carbon from Hydrido-carbonyl Cluster Complex
Authors: Nakabayashi Mamiko , Yamashita Masaru , Saito Yasukazu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Monodispersed ultrafine particles of metallic ruthenium (1.3 and 2.1 nm in average diameters) were prepared by heating and stirring the mixed powders of hydrido-carbonyl cluster H4Ru4(CO)12 and microporous carbon at 433 K under H2 flow. It was revealed that high dehydrogenation activities for 2-propanol were obtained over large ruthenium metal particles rather than small ones prepared with this dry method.
Vapor Phase Extraction and Mutual Separation of Rare Earths from Monazite Using Chemical Vapor Transport Mediated by Vapor Complexes
Authors: Murase Kuniaki , Machida Ken-ichi , Adachi Gin-ya 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Rare earths chlorides (RCl3), produced by direct chlorination of monazite concentrate or chlorine free crude oxides, were extracted via vapor complexes with KCl. The complexes, RKCl4(g), decomposed along a given temperature gradient, and RCl3 was selectively deposited in a temperature region 850–990 °C. Other elements such as Th, U, and P in the monazite were concentrated at the lower temperature fractions. Coexistence of vapor complex(es) in a RCl3-POCl3 system was suggested from the difference between the yields of RCl3 for the concentrate and the crude oxides.
Further Studies on the Dependence of the Barriers for Gear Slippage on the Joint Group in Bis(9-triptycyl)X Type Molecules. Bis(9-triptycyl)phosphine, the Missing Link in the Series along the Third Row of the Periodic Table
Authors: Kawada Yuzo , Kimura Yutaka , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Ishikawa Joji , Sakai Hiromi , Oguri Makoto , Koga Gen 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Bis(9-triptycyl)phosphines have been prepared. The two tortional degrees of freedom about the bonds from the bridgehead carbons to the phosphorus correlate in such a strength as to make it just possible to separate phase isomers under ambient conditions. The barrier for the loss of correlation has been accurately determined through the kinetics of the interconversion of the meso and dl isomer of bis(2-chloro-9-triptycyl)phosphine. (ΔH‡ = 24.0 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −4.2 ± 0.2 e.u.)