bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant capacity of flaxseed lignans in two model systems
Authors: Hosseinian Farah S. , Muir Alister D. , Westcott Neil D. , Krol Ed S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe flaxseed lignans secoisolariciresinol (SECO) and its diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) are reported to have a number of health benefits associated with their consumption that have in part been attributed to their antioxidant properties. In this study the relative antioxidant capacity of the flaxseed lignans vs. BHT was determined in two model systems. First, an antioxidants stoichiometric value was determined for SECO and SDG in a liposomal system as a mimic of lipid peroxidation. Stoichiometric values for SECO (1.5) and SDG (1.2) vs. BHT (2.0) were measured from the lag time for the formation of conjugated dienes; all values were significantly different (P<0.01). Second, the ability of flaxseed lignans to prevent oxidative degradation of canola oil was determined. Samples were stored at room temperature and analyzed at 30‐d intervals over 120 d using a Rancimat™ analyzer. The lignans prevented degradation of canola oil, as measured by induction time, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Although SECO demonstrated a trend for better protection than either SDG or polymer containing SDG, they were not significantly different (P>0.01). There was also no significant difference between SECO or SDG and BHT, suggesting flaxseed lignans may be good alternatives to minimize rancidity in oil‐based food products.
Characterization of cold‐pressed onion, parsley, cardamom, mullein, roasted pumpkin, and milk thistle seed oils
Authors: Parry John , Hao Zhigang , Luther Marla , Su Lan , Zhou Kequan , Yu Liangli (Lucy) 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCold‐pressed onion, parsley, cardamom, mullein, roasted pumpkin, and milk thistle seed oils were characterized for their fatty acid (FA) composition, tocopherol content, carotenoid profile, total phenolic content (TPC), oxidative stability index (OSI), color, physical properties, and radical‐scavenging capacities against peroxyl (oxygen radical‐scavenging capacity) and stable DPPH (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radicals. Parsley seed oil had the highest oleic acid content, 81 g/100 g total FA, and the lowest saturated fat among the tested oils. Roasted pumpkin seed oil contained the highest level of total carotenoids, zeaxanthin, β‐carotene, cryptoxanthin, and lutein at 71 μmol/kg and 28.5, 6.0, 4.9, and 0.3 mg/kg oil, respectively. Onion seed oil exhibited the highest levels of α‐ and total tocopherols under the experimental conditions. One of the parsley seed oils exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging capacity and the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of 1098 μmol Trolox equiv/g oil. However, ORAC values of the tested seed oils were not necessarily correlated to their DPPH scavenging capacities under the experimental conditions. The highest TPC of 3.4 mg gallic acid equiv/g oil was detected in one of the onion seed oils. The OSI values were 13.3, 16.9–31.4, 47.8, and 61.7 h for the milk thistle, onion, mullein, and roasted pumpkin seed oils, respectively. These data suggest that these seed oils may serve as dietary sources of special FA, tocopherols, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and natural antioxidants.
Extraction of rice brain oil using supercritical carbon dioxide and propane
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Hernandez Rafael , Zappi Mark , Blackwell Dean , Fleming Trey 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtraction of rice bran lipids was performed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO2) and liquid propane. To provide a basis for extraction efficiency, accelerated solvent extraction with hexane was performed at 100°C and 10.34 MPa. Extraction pressure was varied for propane and SC−CO2 extractions. Also, the role of temperature in SC−CO2 extraction efficiency was investigated at 45,65, and 85°C. For the SC−CO2 experiments, extraction efficiencies were proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to temperature, and the maximal yield of oil achieved using SC−CO2 was 0.222±0.013 kg of oil extracted per kg of rice bran for conditions of 45°C and 35 MPa. The maximal yield achieved with propane was 0.224±0.016 kg of oil per kg of rice bran at 0.76 MPa and ambient temperature. The maximum extraction efficiencies of both SC−CO2 and propane were found to be significantly different from the hexane extraction baseline yield, which was 0.261±0.005 kg oil extracted per kg of rice bran. A simulated economic analysis was performed on the possibility of using SC−CO2 and propane extraction technologies to remove oil from rice bran generated in Mississippi. Although the economic analysis was based on the maximal extraction efficiency for each technology, neither process resulted in a positive rate of return on investment.
The 8.2-ka abrupt climate change event in Brown's Lake, northeast Ohio
Authors: Lutz Brian , Wiles Gregory , Lowell Thomas , Michaels Joshua 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany Northern Hemisphere paleoclimatic records, including ice cores, speleothems, lake sediments, ocean cores and glacier chronologies, indicate an abrupt cooling event about 8200 cal yr BP. A new well-dated series of sediment cores taken from Brown's Lake, a kettle in Northeast Ohio, shows two closely spaced intervals of loess deposition during this time period. The source of loess is uncertain; however, it is likely from an abandoned drainage and former glacial lake basin located to the north of the stagnant ice topography that gave rise to the kettle lake. Strong visual stratigraphy, loss on ignition data and sediment grain size analyses dated with 3 AMS radiocarbon dates place the two intervals of loess deposition between 8950 and 8005 cal yr BP. The possibility of a two-phase abrupt climate change at this time is a finding that has been suggested in other research. This record adds detail to the spatial extent and timing as well as possible structure of the 8.2-ka abrupt climate change event.
Electrophysiological evidence of the motivational salience of drug cues in opiate addiction
Authors: LUBMAN DAN I. , ALLEN NICHOLAS B. , PETERS LESLEY A. , DEAKIN J. F. WILLIAM 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundDrug-related stimuli reliably induce craving in experimental paradigms, yet are rarely cited by drug users as major precipitants of relapse. We examined the motivational significance of drug cues in opiate dependence, by exploring their impact on central attentional processes.MethodFourteen methadone-maintained subjects and 14 matched controls were studied. Subjects performed a novel active visual oddball task, consisting of opiate-related and matched neutral pictures, some of which (the oddballs) included a white cup. Subjects were fitted with a 32-channel electrode cap. The P300 for each stimulus category was identified using temporal principal components analysis.ResultsThe P300 elicited by opiate stimuli was significantly larger than that elicited by neutral stimuli in the methadone-maintained group but not in the controls. There was also a non-significant trend for the opiate stimuli to elicit larger P300s than the oddball stimuli in the addicted group.ConclusionsThese results suggest that drug cues acquire motivational salience and automatically capture attentional resources in opiate addicts, even when engaged in a non-drug-related task. Enhanced P300s to drug cues may provide an important biological marker of crucial psychological mechanisms relevant to addiction.
Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture
Authors: KENNEDY W. A. , CHANG S-J. , PURDY K. , LE T. , KILGORE P. E. , KIM J. S. , ANH D. D. , HUONG P. L. T. , DONG B. Q. , TAN D. M. , CLEMENS J. D. , WARD J. I. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYTo enhance the detection of bacterial meningitis in an East Asian surveillance study, we employed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture, latex agglutination (LA) and polymerase chain reaction–enzyme immunoassay (PCR–EIA) testing forHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) andStreptococcus pneumoniae(Sp). The sensitivity and specificity of CSF PCR–EIA testing was compared to LA and culture. A meningitis case was defined by one positive result for any of the three tests. The sensitivity ofH. influenzaeCSF PCR–EIA, LA, and culture was 100%, 40% and 57·5% respectively; and for Sp CSF PCR–EIA, LA and culture, the sensitivity was 100%, 58·3% and 66·7%, respectively. Hib and Sp specificity was 100% by each method. CSF PCR–EIA was more sensitive than culture or LA for the detection of Hib and Sp meningitis cases increasing their incidence by 74% and 50% compared to culture respectively. CSF PCR–EIA should be included for the detection of bacterial meningitis in surveillance studies.
Outbreak ofSalmonellaBraenderup infections associated with Roma tomatoes, northeastern United States, 2004: a useful method for subtyping exposures in field investigations
Authors: GUPTA S. K. , NALLUSWAMI K. , SNIDER C. , PERCH M. , BALASEGARAM M. , BURMEISTER D. , LOCKETT J. , SANDT C. , HOEKSTRA R. M. , MONTGOMERY S. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYSalmonellaBraenderup is an uncommon serotype in the United States. In July 2004, a multistate outbreak ofSalmonellaBraenderup diarrhoeal infections occurred, with 125 clinical isolates identified. To investigate, we conducted a case-control study, enrolling 32 cases and 63 matched controls. Cheese, lettuce and tomato eaten at restaurants all appeared to be associated with illness. To further define specific exposures, we conducted a second study and asked managers of restaurants patronized by patients and controls about cheese, lettuce and tomato varieties used in dishes their patrons reported consuming. This information was obtained for 27 cases and 29 controls. Roma tomatoes were the only exposure significantly associated with illness (odds ratio 4·3, 95% confidence interval 1·2–15·9). Roma tomatoes from two restaurants were traced back to a single tomato packing house. The methods used in this field investigation to define specific exposures may be useful for other foodborne outbreaks.
Major erosion at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: evidence from the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Bertoni C. , Cartwright J. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a detailed analysis of the top of the Messinian evaporites (Horizon M) in the Levant region, offshore Israel, based on the integration of three‐dimensional (3D)/2D seismic and well data. 3D mapping of a series of intra‐evaporite horizons and their termination against Horizon M provides new insights into the depositional setting and structural evolution of this saline giant system. New evidence of a discordant relationship between the intra‐evaporite horizons and the top of the Messinian evaporites (Horizon M) is given by the seismic stratigraphic analysis. This confirms that the top of the Messinian evaporites represents an erosional unconformity of semiregional extent in the Levant region. The truncation of the folded and faulted intra‐evaporite horizons indicates for the first time a Messinian phase of evaporite deformation, i.e. pre‐dating the well‐documented Plio‐Pleistocene thin‐skinned tectonic phase in the region. This major erosional unconformity is interpreted as subaerial in origin, documenting the exposure of the evaporitic system at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. These results give new evidence for the understanding of the events occurring during the last stages of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the region.
Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern North America
Authors: ERNST CRYSTAL , CAPPUCCINO NAOMI , ARNASON JOHN THOR 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Introduced insects often incorporate native plants into their diets and might be expected to show a predilection for novel hosts that are phylogenetically related to their normal hosts. The lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an introduced pest of cultivated lilies. Oviposition behaviour, larval behaviour, and development of L. lilii was examined on a range of potential host plants, as well as on the normal host, Asiatic hybrid lilies Lilium sp.2. Neonate larval feeding behaviour was quantified on 15 food plant species: 10 from the Liliales, three from the Asparagales and two eudicots. Larvae fed plants closely related to the genus Lilium were more likely to initiate feeding, less likely to abandon their food leaf, and consumed more leaf area.3. In no‐choice tests, females oviposited on the novel hosts Lilium philadelphicum, Medeola virginiana, Clintonia borealis, Streptopus amplexifolius, and Polygonatum biflorum; however, all but L. philadelphicum received very few eggs. Non‐Lilium novel hosts were not used for oviposition when presented along with Asiatic lilies in choice tests.4. A single individual was reared to the adult stage on the novel host S. amplexifolius. Several larvae survived to the pupal stage on M. virginiana, although no adults emerged from those pupae. Larvae reared on the native wood lily L. philadelphicum performed equally well or better than on the Asiatic cultivar.5. Our results indicate that the lily leaf beetle poses a threat to native Liliaceae. Several native Lilium species, including L. philadelphicum, are threatened or endangered in certain jurisdictions throughout their range; these species should be monitored closely for colonisation by the beetle.
Host‐dependent differences in prey acquisition between populations of a kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes kumadai (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Authors: BABA YUKI G. , WALTERS RICHARD J. , MIYASHITA TADASHI 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. A kleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes kumadai, is known to use phylogenetically unrelated host species in different regions –Cyrtophora moluccensis (Araneidae) in south‐west Japan and Agelena silvatica (Agelenidae) in north‐east Japan. The work reported here examined whether differences in host characters affect prey acquisition of A. kumadai.2. Field surveys showed that prey‐biomass capture rate of Argyrodes was significantly higher in populations parasitising Cyrtophora than in populations parasitising Agelena. Although Argyrodes appeared to catch fewer prey within Cyrtophora webs, they were able to feed upon substantially larger prey.3. Differences in prey‐biomass capture rate were found to reflect differences in host traits rather than regional differences in potential prey availability. Individuals in populations parasitising Cyrtophora were observed to acquire prey via a number of foraging tactics that included stealing wrapped food bundles, feeding upon prey remains and, in the case of large prey items, feeding together with the host. In contrast, individuals in populations parasitising Agelena were only ever observed to feed upon small prey items ignored by its host.4. This variability in prey acquisition between kleptoparasite populations reflected different opportunities for feeding within their respective host webs – opportunities that were primarily determined by the foraging behaviour of the host. One key trait associated with host foraging behaviour was host‐web structure, namely the presence/absence of a retreat.
Effects of dietary nicotine on the development of an insect herbivore, its parasitoid and secondary hyperparasitoid over four trophic levels
Authors: HARVEY JEFFREY A. , VAN DAM NICOLE M. , WITJES LEONTIEN M. A. , SOLER ROXINA , GOLS RIETA 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Allelochemicals in herbivore diet are known to affect the development of higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids and predators.2. This study examines how differing levels of nicotine affects the development of a herbivore, its parasitoid and secondary hyperparasitoid over four trophic levels. Separate cohorts of the herbivore, Manduca sexta, were fed on artificial diets containing 0.0, 0.1, and 0.5% wet weights of nicotine. Some of the larvae in each cohort were separately parasitised in the first (L1) and third (L3) instars by the gregarious endoparasitoid, Cotesia congregata. Newly emerged parasitoid cocoons were, in turn, parasitised by the hyperparasitoid, Lysibia nana.3. Pupal mass in M. sexta was negatively correlated with nicotine concentrations in the artificial diet, although larval development time was unaffected.4. Hyperparasitoid survival was highest when there were low levels of nicotine in the diet of M. sexta. Cocoon mass in C. congregata and adult mass in L. nana were mostly affected by nicotine levels in host diet when L1 M. sexta larvae were parasitised. The effects were slightly stronger on L. nana than on C. congregata, indicating the presence of both qualitative and quantitative effects of nicotine concentration on both species.5. The results suggest that allelochemicals in herbivore diet can have both direct and indirect effects on the performance of higher trophic levels. However, in multitrophic interactions these effects can vary with the stage of the herbivore attacked by the primary parasitoid, as well as with the strategy employed by the herbivore to deal with plant phytotoxins.
Species richness estimation and determinants of species detectability in butterfly monitoring programmes
Authors: KÉRY MARC , PLATTNER MATTHIAS 
Published: February 2007

Abstract1. Species richness is the most widely used biodiversity index, but can be hard to measure. Many species remain undetected, hence raw species counts will often underestimate true species richness. In contrast, capture–recapture methods estimate true species richness and correct for imperfect and varying detectability.2. Detectability is a crucial quantity that provides the link between a species count and true species richness. For insects, it has hardly ever been estimated, although this is required for the interpretation of species counts.3. In the Swiss butterfly monitoring programme about 100 transect routes are surveyed seven times a year using a highly standardised protocol. In July 2003, control observers made two additional surveys on 38 transects. Data from these 38 quadrats were analysed to see whether currently available capture–recapture models can provide quadrat‐specific estimates of species richness, and to estimate species detectability in relation to transect, observer, survey, region, and abundance.4. Species richness over the entire season cannot be estimated using current capture–recapture methods. The species pool was open, preventing use of closed population models, and detectability varied by species, preventing use of current open population models. Assuming a closed species pool during two mid‐season (July) surveys, a Jackknife capture–recapture method was used that accounts for heterogeneity to estimate mean detectability and species richness.5. In every case, more species were present than were counted. Mean species detectability was 0.61 (SE 0.01) with significant differences between observers (range 0.37–0.83). Species‐specific detection at timet+ 1 was then modelled for those species seen attfor three mid‐season surveys. Detectability averaged 0.50 (range 0.17–0.81) for individual species and 0.65, 0.44, and 0.42 for surveys. Abundant species were detected more easily, although this relationship explained only 5% of variation in species detectability.6. These are important, although not entirely unexpected, results for species richness estimation of short‐lived animals. Raw counts of species may be misleading species richness indicators unless many surveys are conducted. Monitoring programmes should be calibrated, i.e. the assumption of constant detectability over dimensions of interest needs to be tested. The development of capture–recapture or similar models that can cope with both open populations and heterogeneous species detectability to estimate species richness should be a research priority.
Conserved oviposition preferences in alpine leaf beetle populations despite host shifts and isolation
Authors: VERDON ALINE , MARGRAF NICOLAS , DAVISON ANTHONY C. , RAHIER MARTINE , NAISBIT RUSSELL E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Choosing the plant on which to lay their eggs is the last act of care that most female herbivorous insects bestow upon their offspring. These decisions play a pivotal role in insect–plant interactions, placing host preference under strong selection and contributing to the diversity of phytophagous insects as one of the first traits to adapt to new hosts.2. This study presents a test of whether extreme isolation and exposure to different host plants can produce intra‐specific divergence in oviposition preference in alpine insects. Geographic variation should impose selection to fine‐tune host plant ranking and specificity to the plants normally encountered, to avoid wasting time during the very limited reproductive season experienced at high altitudes.3. Beetles from five populations of Oreina elongata differing in host availability were offered three natural hosts: Cirsium spinosissimum, Adenostyles alliariae, and Adenostyles glabra. A novel application of a continuation ratio model (logistic regression) was made to sequential no‐choice experiments, combined with quasi‐likelihood analysis of multiple‐choice experiments.4. The results show little geographic variation in host plant choice: all populations strongly preferred Cirsium in multiple‐choice trials, and in no‐choice experiments laid around 47% of their remaining eggs during each stage, almost regardless of the host present.5. Enemy‐free space seems to explain the preference for Cirsium, but isolation and exposure to different plants has clearly not caused local adaptation in host plant ranking or specificity. Reasons for this conservatism despite divergence in other characteristics are discussed.
Heterospecific ovicide influences the outcome of competition between two endoparasitoids, Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola
Authors: COLLIER TIMOTHY R. , HUNTER MARTHA S. , KELLY SUZANNE E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract 1. Studies of inter‐specific competition in parasitoids have largely focused on the outcome of within‐host competition and the behavioural mechanisms by which female parasitoids prevent competition. Another, less well studied, possibility is oviposition preceded by ‘heterospecific ovicide’, the destruction of the other species’ egg. Heterospecific ovicide essentially eliminates within‐host competition.2. This study investigated the mechanisms and outcome of within‐host competition in Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola, solitary endoparasitoids of whitefly pests. These species are known to commit ovicide of conspecific eggs.3. Competition experiments indicated that the offspring of second‐ovipositing females had an apparent advantage in competition, regardless of whether the second female was E. formosa or E. luteola.4. Observations of ovipositor movement through the cuticle of host whitefly nymphs showed that both species often committed heterospecific ovicide and then oviposited or host‐fed. Multiparasitism and heterospecific host discrimination were less common and absent respectively.5. Heterospecific ovicide appears to explain the second‐female advantage in competition between these species. Second‐female advantage is contrary to the paradigmatic view of multiparasitism, where the first‐ovipositing female has an advantage in competition or one of the species consistently prevails in competition.