bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIOSYNTHESIS OF EQUILIN AND RELATED RING B UNSATURATED OESTROGENS IN PERFUSED HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: STÁRKA L. , BREUER H. , CEDARD L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Equilin, equilenin, 17β-dihydroequilin and 17β-dihydroequilenin were formed during perfusion of androsta-4,7-diene-3,17-dione, 3β-hydroxyandrosta-5,7-dien-17-one and 3β,7α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one through human placenta. The ring B unsaturated oestrogens were isolated and identified by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, melting point determination, ultraviolet spectra, infrared spectra and various colour reactions.
The present findings show that human placental tissue is capable of forming ring B unsaturated oestrogens from neutral C-19 steroids. Of these, 3β,7α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one is a normal steroid metabolite in man. It seems, therefore, reasonable to assume that equilin and related ring B unsaturated oestrogens may occur in human pregnancy urine.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENZYMES CONCERNED IN GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN THE MYOMETRIUM OF PREGNANT AND PARTURIENT MICE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Glycogen, and the activities of the enzymes phosphorylase, uridine diphosphate glucose-glycogen glucosyl transferase (UDPG-synthetase) and transglycosylase (branching enzyme) were investigated by histochemical techniques in the myometrium of intact and ovariectomized mice throughout the first pregnancy, during parturition induced by oxytocin, and on the first and second days post partum.
In intact mice, glycogen remained near the limit detectable histochemically until the end of the second week, and phosphorylase activity was almost absent in muscle fibres of the inner (circular) layer but often strong in those of the outer (longitudinal) layer. During the third week there was a progressive increase in glycogen and UDPG-synthetase in both layers and of phosphorylase in the circular layer, culminating in heavy deposits of glycogen and very strong phosphorylase activity, particularly in the circular muscle, shortly before parturition. Colour reactions with iodine suggested that at some stages of pregnancy branching enzyme activity was deficient in the circular fibres. The distribution of UDPG-synthetase activity in late pregnancy appeared to be the same as that of phosphorylase and of native glycogen, but the amount was considerably less.
During parturition, the most common pattern was of strong phosphorylase activity and heavy deposits of glycogen in the circular muscle fibres but absence or very patchy distribution of both in the longitudinal fibres. The possible mechanism for this differentiation is discussed.
Tests to separate the activities of phosphorylase a and b were carried out. Activities of both forms appeared to increase during the last part of pregnancy but there was no evidence that at parturition phosphorylase existed mainly in the a form.
Mice ovariectomized on day 14 or 15 of pregnancy were injected with a combination of progesterone, oestrogen and relaxin. Ovariectomized mice maintained on progesterone alone were resistant to oxytocin on day 19, but responsiveness could be restored by relaxin. Glycogen deposits were very small in mice given progesterone alone and appeared to be rather less than normal with all combinations of hormones. Data for phosphorylase were inconclusive.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF [1,2-3H]TESTOSTERONE IN THE TISSUES OF FEMALE RATS
Authors: WANG D. Y. , YOUNG STRETTON , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) The incorporation of [1,2-3H]testosterone in vivo into various tissues of virgin, pregnant, post-partum and tumour-bearing female rats was studied.
(2) In virgin female rats the clearance of radioactivity from mesenteric fat, mammary gland, uterus, spleen, lung and blood was similar. This similarity in the rates of clearance of radioactivity for all the tissues examined was also found for the tissues of pregnant, post-partum, and tumour-bearing rats.
(3) After the administration of [1,2-3H]testosterone different amounts of radioactivity were found in each of the tissues examined. In virgin rats the levels of incorporation were fat > uterus ≥ mammary gland > lung > blood ≥ spleen. This pattern was also obtained in post-partum and tumour-bearing animals; the tumours in the latter behaved in a similar way to normal mammary glands. In the pregnant rat, the foetus incorporated the least amount of radioactivity.
A STUDY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF MALE HYPOGONADISM WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONTROL OF 17-OXOSTEROID PRECURSORS FROM THE TESTES AND ADRENALS
Authors: CLAYTON B. E. , HUTCHINSON J. S. M. , HYDE R. D. , LONDON D. R. , MILLS I. H. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thirty-five male patients with hypogonadism (excluding those suffering from complete hypopituitarism) have been studied. A system of classification is outlined based on the following features: (1) the clinical picture; in particular, evidence for androgen deficiency, (2) the histology of the Leydig cells, (3) the function of the seminiferous tubules as assessed by histology and sperm counts in semen, and (4) the excretion of gonadotrophins. The patients have been classified into those with primary testicular failure and those with failure of pituitary gonadotrophin secretion; the former group includes the patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Difficulties arose in deciding when gonadotrophin excretion was definitely subnormal because the values in the lower part of the normal range overlap some of those from patients who were obviously deficient in pituitary gonadotrophin.
Some patients showed evidence of hypothyroidism, probably related to testosterone deficiency.
The excretion of 17-oxosteroids is shown to be a poor guide to the assessment of androgen deficiency. This is partly due to the secretion of adrenal androgen, which may be greater than normal in some patients with Leydig-cell deficiency. Patients with primary Leydig-cell failure responded to stimulation by corticotrophin (ACTH) with a relatively greater increase in 17-oxosteroids than normal. Patients with deficiency of pituitary gonadotrophin responded to ACTH stimulation with a much smaller increase in 17-oxosteroid excretion than normal individuals. The evidence presented suggests that a mechanism exists for the integration of androgen production by both gonad and adrenal.
URINARY CORTISOL EXCRETION IN STRESS SITUATIONS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: ESPINER E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Measurements of urinary free cortisol were made in convalescent subjects and in patients with established Cushing's syndrome and the results compared with those in acutely ill patients, in pregnancy and in surgical patients. Cortisol was measured in urine after paper chromatography, each measurement being corrected for losses according to the recovery of added internal standard (tritiated cortisol). In a number of cases, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol excretion was also examined and the results related to plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels and measurements of renal function.
The mean 24 hr. urinary cortisol excretion in 13 convalescent subjects was 74μg. (range 35–98 μg./24 hr.) and all showed a well-marked diurnal rhythm. Patients with Cushing's syndrome excreted more than normal amounts of cortisol, even when plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids were in the normal range; there was a marked reversal in the diurnal rhythm of cortisol excretion. In 13 acutely ill medical patients with pyrexia, four only showed unequivocal increases in cortisol excretion although there was frequently an upset in the diurnal rhythm. The duration of the illness, rather than the severity, appeared to be an important factor so far as the response of the adrenals was concerned. A consistent increase in cortisol excretion was found in pregnancy but there was no significant difference between the day and night excretion of cortisol. The response to the stress of surgical trauma was largely dependent upon the severity of the operative procedure. The importance of emotional stress immediately before operation was shown in 4 out of 14 patients.
EFFECTS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE ON SYNTHESIS OF PROGESTATIONAL STEROIDS BY RABBIT OVARIAN TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: DORRINGTON J. H. , KILPATRICK R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulated synthesis of both progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by rabbit ovarian tissue in vitro. Progesterone synthesis was stimulated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), but 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one production was only slightly affected by NADP compared with the effect of LH. When NADP was added with glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) or 6-phospho-gluconate (6-P-G), no apparent stimulation of progestational steroid synthesis occurred.
Specific activity measurements suggested that stimulation of synthesis was masked by increased conversion of progestational steroids to other products.
When NADP and submaximal concentrations of LH were used together, potentiation rather than addition of effects on progesterone synthesis was found, and addition of effects with supramaximal concentrations of LH. No potentiation was found when NADP was replaced by NADP and G-6-P or 6-P-G, or by NADPH2. NADP, unlike LH, caused striking stimulation of progesterone synthesis by separated corpora lutea. It is suggested that the present results provide further support for the view that the actions of LH and NADP are related.
THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE BY TISSUE FROM NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC MOUSE BREAST
Authors: SMITH J. A. , KING R. J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The qualitative and quantitative metabolism of testosterone in vitro by normal and neoplastic breast tissues of BR6 mice has been investigated. These tissues contain a Δ4-5α steroid reductase, 3-oxosteroid reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase. Qualitatively, the pregnancy-dependent and independent tumours differ in that the latter produce androst-4-ene-3α,17β-diol (androstenediol) whereas the former do not. This metabolite could not be detected in incubations with normal mammary tissue from pregnant mice. In general, tumours were more active than normal tissue from pregnant animals. No conversion of testosterone to oestrone or oestradiol was detected.
THE ROLE OF NEUROPHYSIN IN THE TRANSPORT ANDRELEASE OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES
Authors: GINSBURG M. , IRELAND M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of neurophysin in subcellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of bovine neurohypophyses is essentially similar to the distribution of the hormones. The neurosecretory particle fraction contained more neurophysin than other fractions and neurophysin comprised half of its water soluble protein. Estimates were derived for the concentrations of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin in neurosecretory granules.
In experiments in which neurosecretory granules were suspended in media at pH values between 6·2 and 8·0 it was found that release of hormones increased with increasing pH.
The role of neurophysin in the transport and release of neurohypophysial hormones is discussed.
CHANGES IN PLASMA ALDOSTERONE, CORTISOL, CORTICOSTERONE, AND RENIN CONCENTRATION IN A PATIENT WITH SODIUM-LOSING RENAL DISEASE
Authors: FRASER ROBERT , JAMES V. H. T. , BROWN J. J. , DAVIES D. L. , LEVER A. F. , ROBERTSON J. I. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A woman with recurrent urinary infection, bilateral renal calculi, and an abnormal pattern of plasma proteins was unable to reduce urinary sodium excretion when sodium intake was restricted.
When the intake of sodium was reduced depletion developed rapidly, and severe hyponatraemia was associated with increased plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations, and a less marked although definite, increase in plasma corticosterone. Plasma cortisol was unchanged during sodium depletion, although it increased normally after the administration of corticotrophin.
SERIAL ESTIMATION OF PLASMA RENIN CONCENTRATION DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTER PARTURITION
Authors: BROWN J. J. , DAVIES D. L. , DOAK P. B. , LEVER A. F. , ROBERTSON J. I. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Plasma renin concentration has been measured in normal women at intervals throughout pregnancy. Further measurements have been made in the days and hours before and after delivery of the foetus and placenta.
Plasma renin was consistently raised in the majority of pregnant women and did not change markedly until 24 hr. or more after delivery.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE DIFFERENCE IN RESPONSE BY THE MOUSE ADRENAL X-ZONE TO TROPHOBLAST DERIVED FROM TRANSPLANTED TUBAL EGGS AND UTERINE BLASTOCYSTS
Authors: KIRBY D. R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Trophoblast derived from mouse eggs removed from the oviduct (tubal eggs) and transplanted to the kidney readily bring about degeneration of the adrenal X-zone in the intact female mouse. A similar amount of trophoblast from the same source was ineffective in ovariectomized mice. Trophoblast derived from transplanted uterine blastocysts, on the other hand, caused X-zone degeneration both in the intact and ovariectomized, and in prepubertally castrated males. The effect was abolished by hypophysectomy. It is suggested that trophoblast which develops from transplanted tubal eggs stimulates the pituitary to secrete a gonadotrophin which induces the interstitial ovarian tissue to secrete androgen which causes X-zone degeneration. Trophoblast from transplanted uterine blastocysts has the same effect and may additionally stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone which, by direct action, would stimulate adrenal androgen production and thus produce degeneration of the X-zone.
THE EFFECT OF ALDOSTERONE ON SODIUM AND POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTION IN MAN
Authors: COX J. R. , PLATTS MARGARET M. , HORN MARGARET E. , ADAMS ROSEMARY , MILLER H. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Total exchangeable sodium, potassium and bromide space were measured by a triple isotope technique, and antipyrine space, body weight, plasma electrolyte concentrations and urine electrolyte excretion were determined before and after intramuscular injection of 0·5 mg. aldosterone 6-hourly for 6–8 days in nine convalescent men.
After the treatment with aldosterone there were mean increases in body weight of 2·5 kg., 2·5 1. in total body water, and of 3·0 1. in extracellular fluid volume; a slight decrease in intracellular fluid volume was not significant. The mean total exchangeable sodium increased by 463 m-equiv. and the mean cumulative urinary excretion of sodium decreased by 444 m-equiv. The sodium was retained in the extracellular fluid without significant change in exchangeable intracellular sodium. Mean total exchangeable potassium was reduced by 207 m-equiv. while mean cumulative urinary potassium excretion increased by 88 m-equiv. The potassium loss was entirely intracellular.
The main source of error arose from isotope counting. The coefficient of variation of the sample count minus the background exceeded ±3% in 18 out of 150 samples: these results were discarded. Sixteen of the inaccurate counts were due to low concentrations of sodium or potassium in the specimens.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ISOLATED PANCREATIC ISLETS OF MAMMALS: ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATES AND p-NITROPHENYL PHOSPHATE IN NORMAL AND CORTISONE-TREATED RATS
Authors: TÄLJEDAL I.-B. , HELLMAN B. , HELLERSTRÖM C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Chemical micromethods and histochemical staining were employed for studies of the enzymic hydrolysis of inosine diphosphate (IDP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the non-specific acid phosphatase activity of the endocrine pancreas from normal and cortisone-treated rats. The following observations were made:
1. Enzymic dephosphorylation of IDP and ADP was maximal at about pH 8·0. Magnesium and manganese ions enhanced the phosphate liberation, the hydrolysis of ADP being more activated than that of IDP. A marked inhibition of enzyme activity towards either substrate was produced by sodium fluoride, sodium cyanide and ethylene-diaminotetraacetate. Acid phosphatase activity was maximal at about pH 5·5, a tendency for a second activity optimum was noted at about pH 4·0. Acid phosphatase activity was markedly inhibited by sodium fluoride, tartaric acid and formaldehyde.
2. Histochemical staining revealed marked enzyme activity towards IDP and ADP in the capillaries and walls of the large blood vessels throughout the pancreas, whereas the islet cells displayed a moderate reaction. The staining intensity was the same with IDP as with ADP.
3. Cortisone administration reduced the rate of cleavage of both IDP and ADP in both the endocrine and the exocrine pancreas, but the enzymic splitting of these substrates remained unchanged in the liver. Acid phosphatase activity was not influenced in any of these tissues by the steroid treatment.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE CONTENT OF THE HYPOTHALAMO-NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM AND URINARY EXCRETION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE IN RATS DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS AFTER LESIONS IN THE PITUITARY STALK
Authors: LÁSZLÓ F. A. , de WIED D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) content of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) and the excretion of AD-activity in the urine has been examined after pituitary stalk lesion in rats. In the oliguric phase which developed approximately 24 hr. after stalk destruction and lasted for about 3 days, the HNS was greatly depleted of ADH and the excretion of AD-activity in the urine was much above normal.
Implantation of posterior lobes obtained from intact adult rats under the kidney capsule of stalk-lesioned animals with a manifest diabetes insipidus produced oliguria similar to that found after stalk destruction. However, the antidiuretic effect of the implant lasted somewhat longer and the amount of AD-activity excreted in the urine was twice as high as that excreted in the oliguric period after stalk destruction.
Subcutaneous injection of lysine or arginine vasopressin in various vehicles into rats with manifest diabetes insipidus showed that the effect of these preparations on water intake and urine output was independent of the dosage used but seemed to depend on the rate of absorption from the subcutaneous tissue. The results indicate a relationship between duration of action and the amount of AD-activity excreted in the urine.
Hyperosmoticity induced by the subcutaneous injection of a 15% NaCl solution failed to release ADH irrespective of the hormone content of the HNS of stalk-lesioned rats.
In a number of stalk-lesioned rats the polyuria gradually disappeared several weeks after stalk destruction. The ADH content of the hypothalamus of these animals was nearly normal, but that of the posterior lobe was only about 10 % of that of intact controls. The urinary excretion of AD-activity in these animals was about half of that of the controls. In such rats ADH could be readily released from the HNS after loading with 15% NaCl, indicating that animals with a regression of the diabetes insipidus had resumed the production of ADH.
ADRENAL SECRETION RATES OF C-19 AND C-21 STEROIDS BEFORE AND AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN THE PIG AND THE DOG
Authors: HEAP R. B. , HOLZBAUER MARGARETHE , NEWPORT HELEN M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) The adrenal secretion of androgens and of some intermediates of corticosteroid biosynthesis have been studied in immature pigs and adult dogs under anaesthesia.
(2) Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracts of adrenal venous blood were performed by a combination of paper and gas chromatographic techniques.
(3) In both species 1 1βOH-androstenedione, pregnenolone, progesterone and 1 1βOH-progesterone were secreted under stress conditions at a mean rate of approximately 20 μg./adrenal/hr.; this was somewhat more than aldosterone secretion and about one-fiftieth of the glucocorticoid secretion.
(4) Within 2 hr. of hypophysectomy the secretion of all four compounds was decreased by more than 95%.
THE COMPOSITION OF FEMALE RAT SKIN IN RELATION TO REGION, AGE, HAIR GROWTH CYCLE AND HORMONES
Authors: EBLING F. J. , HALE PATRICIA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Skin from the dorsal flank of rats had a higher water content, a lower fat content per unit dry weight, and a higher hydroxyproline content, estimated as a proportion of the dry, defatted skin weight, than skin from the ventral flank.
In each region the water content decreased with age until the rats were about 80 days old and then remained relatively constant; the hydroxyproline content increased with age between 25 and 150 days, but not in a regular manner. There were no significant changes in skin fat with age in either region.
Superimposed on these changes were cyclic fluctuations which were correlated with the hair growth cycle. The water content was greatest during the latter part of the resting phase, and fell steeply during early activity of the follicles to a minimum towards the middle or in the latter part of the active phase. Fat reached a peak around the middle of the active phase and fell to a trough during the resting phase; it started to increase again well before the start of new follicular activity. Hydroxyproline fell during the early active phase to a minimum shortly after eruption of the hair, and then rose to reach a new peak in early telogen.
When the follicular period was shortened by ovariectomy or administration of thyroxine, or lengthened by implantation of oestradiol or by inhibition of the thyroid with propylthiouracil, the changes in water, fat and hydroxyproline continued, in the main, to fluctuate in phase with follicular activity, and the regional differences were substantially maintained. There was a tendency for the fluctuations to be accentuated when the periods were shortened and damped when they were lengthened.
Oestradiol accelerated the fall in skin water content which normally occurs with age, so that the ultimate low plain was achieved 25 days earlier. In propylthiouracil-treated rats the skin water content decreased more slowly than in normal rats, and had not reached a stable value by 150 days of age. Oestradiol-treated rats had more and spayed rats less skin fat at any age than normal controls. The skin fat content rose progressively when rats were treated with propylthiouracil.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORTICOSTERONE SYNTHESIS FROM ENDOGENOUS PRECURSORS AND FROM ADDED RADIOACTIVE PRECURSORS BY RAT ADRENAL TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: VINSON G. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A kinetic study of corticosterone recovered during incubation of rat adrenal tissue with [4-14C]progesterone and [16-3H]pregnenolone shows that both its 3H: 14C ratio and its specific activity change with time throughout incubation. Corticosterone is itself metabolized, and hypotheses based on the rate of production of corticosterone may be therefore deceptive when the amount is measured at a single point in time. Thus disparities between the specific activities of products and intermediates may be expected which alone do not necessarily indicate differences between the biosynthetic pathways involved in production from endogenous precursors and those from added radioactive precursors.
Other experiments suggest that steroids in incubation media, in concentrations comparable with those found in adrenal venous plasma, do not inhibit the continued synthesis of hormones.