bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical surgery for carcinoma of the middle ear
Authors: Mccrea R. S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSix cases of carcinoma of the middle ear are described, and the problems of radical surgery are discussed. Three of the six cases are alive and free from neoplasm, one for eight years and two for three years.The difficulty in assessing the extent of a carcinoma of the middle ear is emphasized.Classical en bloc resection of the temporal bone is unsatisfactory, because of the difficulty in controlling venous bleeding, and because the protympanum is opened if the internal carotid artery is preserved. A modification of this operation is described.The author recommends pre‐operative studies of the cerebro‐vascular cross‐circulation, and radical surgery followed by radiotherapy for residual or recurrent growth.
Presurgical internal maxillary artery embolization in juvenile angiofibroma
Authors: Roberson Glenn H. , Biller Hugh , Sessions Donald G. , Ogura Joseph H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEmbolization of the internal maxillary artery with barium impregnated silastic spheres was performed in four patients with juvenile angiofibroma of the nasopharynx. Three of the cases were done prior to the initial surgical resection to reduce operative hemorrhage. The fourth case was a postoperative recurrence, and embolization was performed to evaluate the clinical response of the tumor. The technical aspects of the procedure, the rationale for embolization and pertinent literature are reviewed.
Cationic changes in endolymph during hypoglycemia
Authors: Mendelsohn Melvin , Roderique Jim 
Published: August 2006

AbstractExperimentally induced hypoglycemia, using insulin as the hypoglycemic agent, was carried out, using three groups of guinea pigs. The differentiating factor was the time sequence. After the animals had been hypoglycemic for periods of time ranging from one to three hours, the cochlear endolymph. was collected and the sodium and potassium measured. It was found that there was a change in potassium/sodium ratio in the endolymph with the potassium concentration falling, and the sodium concentration rising. The magnitude of the change was quite time‐dependent with the most marked changes occurring after the longest period of hypoglycemia. The results point to the fact that the high potassium/sodium ratio is maintained by an active transport process which ultimately utilizes glucose as an energy source.
Cerebral abscess — A recurrent otologic problem
Authors: Kornblut Alan D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCerebral abscess represents one of the more serious complications of chronic ear disease. Patient morbidity and mortality is dependent on prompt diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cerebral abscesses have been reviewed in order to refamiliarize the otolaryngologist with the management of this clinical problem.
Haus ohne Hüter? Die Justizgrundrechte im Mehr-Ebenen-System von EG-/EU-Vertrag, EMRK und Europäischem Verfassungsvertrags-Entwurf
Authors: Paeffgen Hans-Ullrich 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Der nachfolgende Aufsatz vergleicht anhand der Justizgrundrechte in den drei vorhandenen bzw. geplanten völkerrechtlichen Verträgen den existenten, den werdenden und den sinnvollen Grund-/Menschenrechtsschutz des EU-Bürgers. Ausgangs- und Mittelpunkt sind dabei die Grundrechtecharta 2000 und der Entwurf eines Verfassungsvertrages für Europa. Dabei befasst er sich besonders mit dem Problem von Rechtsprechungs-Unterschieden und dem Verhältnis der Jurisdiktionsgewalt der jeweils in den Verträgen vorgesehenen Gerichte zueinander. Zugleich möchte er ein wenig in die für das Strafrecht zunehmend bedeutender werdenden, aber dem traditionellen deutschsprachigen Rechtsdenken nicht immer nahestehenden Mechanismen des Europarechtes, namentlich die Rechtsprechung des EuGH, einführen.
Die Übertragbarkeit der Judikatur des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zur akustischen Wohnraumüberwachung auf die Telekommunikationsüberwachung und andere verdeckte Ermittlungsmaßnahmen
Authors: Löffelmann Markus 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Mit seinem Urteil vom 3. März 2004, 1 BvR 2378/98, hatte das Bundesverfassungsgericht die Verfassungsmäßigkeit der Verankerung der akustischen Wohnraumüberwachung in Art. 13 Abs. 3 GG bestätigt, zugleich aber ihre einfachgesetzliche Ausgestaltung in der Strafprozessordnung in weiten Teilen für verfassungswidrig erklärt und dem Gesetzgeber aufgetragen, bis 30. Juni 2005 einen verfassungsgemäßen Zustand herzustellen. Am 1. Juli 2005 ist nach kontroversen rechtswissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskussionen das Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Urteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 3. März 2004 (akustische Wohnraumüberwachung) in Kraft getreten. Obwohl im wissenschaftlichen und politischen Diskurs die Frage aufgeworfen wurde, ob und inwieweit das gegenständliche Urteil Auswirkungen auf das Recht anderer heimlicher Ermittlungsmaßnahmen hat und auch dort einen entsprechenden Reformbedarf zeitigt, verhält sich das neue Gesetz nicht zu dieser Problematik. Hier liegt ein Schwerpunkt der noch zu führenden rechtswissenschaftlichen Debatte.
Die Rolle der Staatsanwaltschaft im Strafverfahren: Objektives Organ der Rechtspflege oder doch „parteiischer“ Anwalt des Staates?
Authors: Kelker Brigitte 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

I. Einführung in das Thema und Überblick über den Gang der Darstellung

Wer sich mit der Rolle der Staatsanwaltschaft im Strafverfahren befasst, beschäftigt sich mit einem Thema, das nicht nur bereits Gegenstand zahlreicher Vorarbeiten ist, sondern immer auch mit Implikationen für die anderen am Strafverfahren Beteiligten verbunden ist.
Die Konsensmaxime in der Hauptverhandlung: Zur Rekonstruktion des Amtsermittlungsgrundsatzes in § 244 Abs. 2 StPO unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Gesetzesentwürfe zur Verständigung im Strafverfahren
Authors: Jahn Matthias 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

I. Blitzlichter, Schlaglichter, Wetterzeichen

Gäbe es einen Wettbewerb um das strafprozessuale Foto des Jahres, wäre 2005 eine Aufnahme aussichtsreicher Kandidat für den ersten Platz gewesen. Es zeigt den Vizepräsidenten und Vorsitzenden der 10. Strafkammer des Landgerichts Augsburg, den „mittlerweile legendären Richter“ Maximilian Hofmeister, wie er einem auf der Grundlage einer prozessualen Absprache soeben zu zwei Jahren und drei Monaten Haft verurteilten Ex-Staatssekretär im Bundesverteidigungsministerium die Hand schüttelt. Die Körperhaltung des Richters ist dezent nach vornüber gebeugt, während der so mit besonderer Wohlerzogenheit konfrontierte Ludwig-Holger Pfahls sein Gegenüber nicht ansieht, sondern professionell in Richtung der Agenturfotografen feixt. Die Situation ist durchwirkt von einer fundamentalen Misskonzeption zwischen einem auf die Kommunikation zwischen zwei Menschen berechneten Höflichkeitsritual und die jede Intimität dementierende Strahlkraft der öffentlichen Person Pfahls.
Strafrechtsgeschichte
Authors: Jerouschek Günter , Rüping Hinrich 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

I. Ältere Abteilung

von Moos, Peter: Der Fehltritt. Vergehen und Versehen in der Vormoderne. Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau 2001. Norm und Struktur Bd. 15 XXIV, 468 S. (Studien zum sozialen Wandel im Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit).
Gesprengte Ketten? Zur Zukunft des Guidelines Sentencing im US-amerikanischen Strafzumessungsrecht
Authors: Meyer Frank 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

I. Einleitung

Fragt man Strafrechtler hierzulande nach kennzeichnenden Elementen des US-amerikanischen Strafjustizsystems, wird die Antwort regelmäßig jury trial oder plea bargaining lauten. Weitaus weniger bekannt ist ein Institut, das die Strafrechtspflege der Vereinigten Staaten in den letzten 20 Jahren besonders nachhaltig geprägt hat. Die Rede ist vom guidelines sentencing. Anders als es eine wörtliche Übersetzung nahe legt, handelt es sich dabei nicht um informelle Richtlinien, wie sie auch in Deutschland vor allem für Verkehrs- und Steuerstrafsachen existieren. Sie sind vielmehr in der Regel als rechtlich verbindliche Vorschriften ausgestaltet. Dies galt bis zum 13. Januar 2005 auch für die in Bundesstrafverfahren geltenden Federal Sentencing Guidelines (im Folgenden: FSG). An besagtem Tag entschied der U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Booker, dass deren rechtlich verbindliche Natur mit dem 6. Amendment (right to a jury trial) unvereinbar ist. Die FSG sollten nur noch „beratend“ (advisory) bei der Strafzumessung herangezogen werden. Die Tragweite dieser Entscheidung lässt sich kaum überschätzen. Trotz fortlaufender Kritik am guidelines-Regime war dieses doch integraler Bestandteil des bundesrechtlichen Verfahrensalltags. Mit „Booker“ ist dieses System nicht nur weggefallen, sondern durch ein neues ersetzt worden, über dessen genaue Ausgestaltung und Implikationen Unklarheit herrscht. Ziel des Beitrags ist es daher nicht nur, in die Welt des guidelines sentencing einzuführen, sondern auch Fragestellungen aufzuzeigen, die aus der jüngsten Rechtsprechung des Supreme Court folgen und das US-Strafrecht künftig stark beschäftigen werden. Dazu werden zunächst Geschichte (II.) und Funktionsweise (III.) der FSG skizziert. Überleitend erfolgt eine Schilderung der Kritik, die bezüglich der Anwendungspraxis der FSG sowie ihrer strukturellen Mängel seit Jahren geäußert wird (IV.). Nur vor diesem Hintergrund lässt sich die Entscheidungsserie des Supreme Court, die mit Jones v. United States ihren Ausgang nahm und schließlich in United States v. Booker kulminierte, darstellen (V.). Abschließend wird die Adaption dieser Rechtsprechung durch die Instanzgerichte (VI.) beleuchtet sowie das rechtliche und politische Spannungsfeld erörtert, in dem sich die Zukunft des guidelines sentencing entscheiden wird (VII.).
The Relationship between Body and Scale Growth Proportions and Validation of Two Back‐Calculation Methods Using Individually Tagged and Recaptured Wild Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Heidarsson Thorkell , Antonsson Thorolfur , Snorrason Sigurður S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractUsing individually tagged wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from two Icelandic rivers, we evaluated scale growth in relation to body growth and validated smolt length estimates derived from the Dahl–Lea and Fraser–Lee back‐calculation models. Smolts were measured and individually tagged during their seaward migration, and scale samples were taken. The scale reader's accuracy was tested, and the bias was found to be less than 5% on average. Spring freshwater growth measurements (i.e., riverine growth during the spring before seaward migration) were validated using scales from smolts and again from the same individuals as adults. Spring growth was largely underestimated (average = 31–34%) when back‐calculated from adult scales. Isometry in body growth and scale growth depended on the fish growth rate. The Dahl–Lea back‐calculation model overestimated smolt lengths in both populations (average = 0.76–1.43 cm). Use of the Fraser–Lee back‐calculation model resulted in slightly more extensive overestimation of smolt length (average = 1.36–1.71 cm). The overestimation decreased with increased smolt size, especially in the Vesturdalsá. The results indicate that the accuracy of the Dahl–Lea back‐calculation model is acceptable and that this model is less biased than the Fraser–Lee model for back‐calculating smolt length. The effect of over‐ or underestimating freshwater growth in spring should be kept in mind when back‐calculating from adult scales, even if the final error will be proportionally small.
Long-term exposure to environmentally relevant doses of methyl-tert-butyl ether causes significant reproductive dysfunction in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Moreels David , van Cauwenberghe Karen , Debaere Bruno , Rurangwa Eugène , Vromant Nico , Bastiaens Leen , Diels Ludo , Springael Dirk , Merckx Roel , Ollevier Frans 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an anthropogenic chemical used as a gasoline additive, is being detected at an increasing frequency in the environment. The acute lethal concentration that kills 50% of the fish test population and the chronic effects of exposure to MTBE were investigated in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chronic exposure over three weeks to effective MTBE concentrations as low as 0.11 mg/L induced a significant increase in the vitellogenin concentration of male fish. The impact of a chronic, eight-week exposure at effective concentrations ranging from 0.44 to 220 mg/L had no significant effect on fecundity, fertilization, or hatch rate but highly significant impacts on sperm motility. Spermatozoa of all MTBE-exposure groups showed a significantly lower straight-line velocity and lower average path velocity compared to those of the nonexposed group. These results suggest that chronic exposure to MTBE negatively affects fish sperm motility at concentrations that are environmentally relevant and several orders of magnitude lower than concentrations inducing acute effects.
Atmospheric dry deposition of trace metals in the coastal region of Los Angeles, California, USA
Authors: Sabin Lisa D. , Lim Jeong Hee , Stolzenbach Keith D. , Schiff Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere and subsequent deposition, either directly to a waterbody surface or indirectly to the watershed as washoff during rainfall, represents a potential source of contamination to surface waters near urban centers. The present study provides measurements of atmospheric concentrations of particle-bound trace metals, and it estimates the dry deposition mass loading of trace metals in coastal watersheds in the Los Angeles, California, USA, air basin. Coarse-particle atmospheric concentrations of metals were measured seasonally using a Noll Rotary Impactor at six urban sites and one nonurban site. Dry deposition fluxes were calculated by summing the product of air concentration and the theoretical deposition velocity for each particle size fraction. Mean fluxes at urban sites ranged from 3.2 to 9.1, 11 to 34, 3.8 to 8.8, 8.3 to 29, and 69 to 228 μg/m2/d for chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc, respectively. Mean concentrations and fluxes were significantly higher at urban sites compared with the nonurban site, although differences between urban and nonurban sites were reduced when sampling took place within 5 d after rainfall. Dry deposition to watershed land surfaces was substantial, representing a potentially large source of trace metals based on comparisons with load estimates from stormwater runoff.
Effects of pulp and paper mill discharges on caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Biomarker responses along a pollution gradient in the Biobio River, Chile
Authors: Orrego Rodrigo , Burgos Abed , Moraga-Cid Gustavo , Inzunza Barbara , Gonzalez Margarita , Valenzuela Ariel , Barra Ricardo , Gavilán Juan F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCaging experiments were conducted using hatchery-reared, immature, female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in three previously defined areas of the Biobio River (south central Chile) representing a pollution gradient from the pulp and paper mill discharges area: a pre-impact area (upstream area, reference location), an impact area (area directly influenced), and a postimpact area (downstream area, less influenced). No significant changes were observed in the physiological index as represented by condition factor (K) and liver somatic index during different sampling times (after 11, 21, and 30 d of exposure). Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were significantly higher in trout caged at the impact and postimpact discharges areas (two- to fourfold) compared with the reference (pre-impact) area, and a strong inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, reaching 50%, was observed mainly in fish caged at the impact area. A significant endocrine–disrupting effect (reproductive level) was evidenced by significant increments in gonad somatic index and plasma vitellogenin levels combined with an induction of gonad maturation (presence of vitellogenic oocytes) in trout caged at the impact and postimpact areas. These results, generated by an in situ approach, confirmed our group's findings for trout exposed to sediment in the laboratory: discharges of pulp mill effluent in the Biobio River are associated with the effects evaluated at different biological levels.
Uptake, removal, accumulation, and phytotoxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis)
Authors: Ucisik Ahmed Suheyl , Trapp Stefan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPhenol is an intermediate in the metabolism of plants, but it also is a high-volume production compound frequently found in the environment. The relation between removal, uptake, accumulation, and toxicity of phenol in willow trees (Salix viminalis) was determined. Willows were exposed to phenol levels up to 1,000 mg/L in hydroponic solution and sand, respectively. The change on water transpiration of the trees was used to determine toxic effects. In both hydroponic solution and sand, only small inhibition of transpiration was detected up to phenol concentrations of 250 mg/L. For concentrations of 500 mg/L or greater, transpiration fell to 50% or less, and the trees wilted. The trees exposed to 1,000 mg/L wilted and eventually died. For initial nominal concentrations of 1,000 mg/L, a significantly higher amount of phenol remained at the end of the experiment compared to the amount remaining with all other concentrations. Phenol loss was approximately 90% for the trees that survived, except for trees exposed to the lowest concentration (10 mg/L). The loss of phenol was only 15 to 18% in experiments performed without trees. The results demonstrate a clear relation between removal, accumulation, and toxic effects of phenol in trees. Phenol levels of less than 250 mg/L could be degraded by “in planta” metabolism; therefore, no significant buildup of phenol nor any toxic effects in plants occurred. With higher levels, phenol was still degraded quickly, but an accumulation in trees accompanied by severe toxic effects occurred. Phytoremediation of phenol would be best with concentrations in water or soil solution of less than 250 mg/L, at which the degradation of phenol by willows or associated bacteria is rapid and efficient and the toxic effects on trees are negligible.
Estrogenicity patterns in the Swiss midland river Lützelmurg in relation to treated domestic sewage effluent discharges and hydrology
Authors: Vermeirssen Etiënne L.M. , Suter Marc J.-F. , Burkhardt-Holm Patricia 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Sewage treatment works (STW) discharge estrogenic effluent into rivers, which leads to variable estrogenicity of river water. Here, we characterize how the factors effluent and hydrology influence the estrogenicity of river water. We selected a river for which good hydrological data are available and collected water samples upstream and downstream from a STW discharge; effluent was sampled as well. Sampling took place during four 12-d periods, associated with the seasons, and always occurred in the morning. We also investigated the estrogenicity along the river, both by grab sampling and by passive sampling. Estrogens were analyzed by a recombinant yeast assay (YES); the estrogenicity of a sample was equated to the 17β-estradiol standard of the YES (ng/L). Estrogenicity upstream from the STW was mostly close to the detection limit of the YES (maximum, 0.4 ng/L). Estrogenicity of effluent ranged between 0.2 and 7.7 ng/L; lower estrogenicity was associated with higher hydraulic retention times. Downstream from the STW, estrogenicity exceeded 1 ng/L on 25% of the days (maximum, 2.1 ng/L). Measured river water estrogenicity correlated positively and significantly with predicted estrogenicity based on effluent estrogenicity and effluent dilution factor. Grab samples taken along the river indicate that no significant sources of estrogens were upstream from the STW; downstream from the STW, the pattern of estrogenicity was highly variable. However, passive sampling showed that the estrogenicity of river water downstream from the STW decreased continuously with increasing distance from the STW, which is largely explained by dilution.
Cholinesterase activity and behavior in chlorpyrifos-exposedRana sphenocephalatadpoles
Authors: Widder Pamela D. , Bidwell Joseph R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent studies have found a correlation between organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure and declines in amphibian populations. We evaluated the hypothesis that this relationship is driven by behavioral changes in developing larvae. Specifically, we examined how exposure to a common OP pesticide, chlorpyrifos, influenced cholinesterase (ChE) activity, mass, and swim speed in Rana sphenocephala tadpoles. We also determined how the presence of natural pond sediments in exposure chambers influenced response to the pesticide and how mass and survival were affected when tadpoles were exposed to an invertebrate (odonate) predator in addition to the pesticide. Mass and swim speed were measured after 4- and 12-d laboratory exposures to 1, 10, 100, and 200 μg/L of chlorpyrifos in test chambers that either did or did not contain pond sediments. These same parameters also were examined in mesocosms dosed with 200 μg/L of chlorpyrifos to evaluate responses under more environmentally realistic conditions. The effect of the invertebrate predators on survival and/or growth of tadpoles was evaluated in the mesocosm study and in separate laboratory experiments. In laboratory tests, no pesticide-induced mortality was observed; however, tadpole ChE activity in the two highest concentrations was significantly lowered, with a longer exposure duration further decreasing activity (maximum inhibition, 43%). Mass also was lower at higher concentrations, but this effect was not enhanced with longer duration of exposure. Reductions in ChE activity of tadpoles exposed in mesocosms were similar to those observed in laboratory experiments for the first 4 d. Tadpole swim speed and survival in the presence of a predator were not affected, with the latter largely resulting from pesticide-induced predator mortality.
Evaluation of statistical methods for left-censored environmental data with nonuniform detection limits
Authors: Sinha Parikhit , Lambert Michael B. , Trumbull V. Lyle 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate statistical methods for estimating 95% upper confidence limits of mean constituent concentrations for left-censored data with nonuniform detection limits. Two primary scenarios were evaluated: data sets with 15 to 50% nondetected samples and data sets with 51 to 80% nondetected samples. Sample size and the percentage of nondetected samples were allowed to vary randomly to generate a variety of left-censored data sets. All statistical methods were evaluated for efficacy by comparing the 95% upper confidence limits for the left-censored data with the 95% upper confidence limits for the noncensored data and by determining percent coverage of the true mean (μ). For data sets with 15 to 50% nondetected samples, the trimmed mean, Winsorization, Aitchison's, and log-probit regression methods were evaluated. The log-probit regression was the only method that yielded sufficient coverage (99–100%) of μ, as well as a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.99) and small average percent residuals (− 0.1%) between upper confidence limits for censored versus noncensored data sets. For data sets with 51 to 80% nondetected samples, a bounding method was effective (r2 = 0.96–0.99, average residual = −5% to −7%, 95-98% coverage of μ), except when applied to distributions with low coefficients of variation (standard deviation/μ &lt; 0.5). Thus, the following recommendations are supported by this research: data sets with 15 to 50% nondetected samples—log-probit regression method and use of Chebyshev theorem to estimate 95% upper confidence limits; data sets with 51 to 80% nondetected samples— bounding method and use of Chebyshev theorem to estimate 95% upper confidence limits.