bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Resource Management in the Prospect Valley Area, Coloradoa
Authors: Skinner M. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper is essentially a summary of observations and conclusions of a 3 year hydrologic study (Skinner, 1963) in Prospect Valley, Colorado. A general description of the area is presented, including a brief review of the geology and hydrology with special emphasis on the surface and ground‐water supplies for irrigation. The effects of an artificial ground‐water recharge operation on ground‐water levels and ground‐water quality are discussed. Based on historical water deliveries some water resource management aspects are proposed involving conjunctive use of surface and ground‐water supplies.
Why Electric Log Water Wells?
Authors: Zoblin C. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes an electric log and what it can do for water well contractors and ground‐water hydrologists. Electric logs furnish data on depth of hole, where casing should be set and perforated, static water levels, relative water‐yielding properties of aquifers, water quality, character of formations encountered, etc. The electric log is a permanent record of a water well which can assist in planning future repair work.
Artificial Recharge of Surface Water to the Ogallala Formation in the High Plains of Texasa
Authors: Valliant James 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn 1957, the High Plains Research Foundation, Plainview, Texas, initiated a full scale program to investigate all factors affecting the recharge of surface water to the ground‐water formation. Some of the factors being investigated and studied are: rate of recharge, effects of solids contained in the lake water being recharged, maintenance practices, and evaluation of different filtering materials. This program was started because of concern about the declining water table and the potential of the lakes as a means of recharging the formation.Artificial ground‐water recharge in the High Plains is accomplished by injecting water collected in playa lakes into a well constructed for this purpose. Either by gravity or pumping, water is placed back into the underground formation through the well casing in reverse of the pumping process. These wells can be used for irrigation crops as regular irrigation wells.
An Empirical Model Study of Cones of Depression Produced by Pumping Wellsa
Authors: Lehr J. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is of the utmost importance that ground‐water users understand the basic concept that all the ground water within a single set of hydrologic and geologic boundaries is part of a single hydrologic system. It is therefore worthwhile for all ground‐water users to understand the manner in which ground water moves through the pore spaces of saturated rock and to understand the various configurations of the water table brought about by the pumping of water table wells. The movement of ground water is illustrated in two hydraulic models which were constructed in order to bring ground‐water flow into surroundings where it can be visually observed. The models consist of watertight plexi‐glass cases containing a porous consolidated mixture of sand and epoxy resin, which simulates a true sandstone. The models are used to study cones of depression produced by pumping wells. Photographic histories of several ground‐water flow conditions are illustrated.
Ground‐Water Recharge Hydrologya
Authors: Schiff Leonard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe hydrology of ground‐water recharge depends upon the physical and chemical characteristics of both soil and water. These characteristics must be measured and related to subsurface storage space and water movements to determine the feasibility of a site for recharge and to select appropriate methods and systems of recharge. Then water may be efficiently stored underground to be used independently or conjunctively with releases from surface storage reservoirs.
The Problem of Integrating Ground‐Water and Surface Water Usea
Authors: Bittinger M. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe problem of integrating or coordinating surface water and ground‐water use is becoming serious in many areas where the two supplies are hydraulically connected. Because surface waters were generally developed first in the West, later development of connected ground‐water supplies has tended to devaluate the prior appropriations on the streams. Legally, those withdrawing such ground water may be in jeopardy. However, the highest beneficial use of the total water resources can only be obtained through a combined or integrated use of both surface and ground water. A simple hypothetical stream‐aquifer situation is used to illustrate the influence of ground‐water pumping upon surface flows and water available for diversion. One example of a possible solution is presented. Legal and economic factors must also be considered in designing the best physical situation.
State Programs in Water‐Resources Investigation
Authors: Sokol Daniel , Cook E. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEighty‐one state agencies are engaged in hydrologic investigations. Many of these agencies have vigorous programs involving many phases of water resources; a few merely administer state funds in state‐federal cooperative programs. The scopes of activities differ from state to state and include observation‐well measurement, stream gaging, areal investigation, site investigation, statewide compilation, drilling test wells, cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, providing geologic support for hydrologic investigations, basic research, studying special problems, and publication of hydrologic reports.
Geohydrological and Geophysical Investigations Near Izmir, Turkeya
Authors: Bierschenk W. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlluvial aquifers underlying Cigli Air Base near Izmir, Turkey are moderarely permeable (Pf= 1,600 gallons per day per square foot) but contain brackish waters. To circumvent the need for construction of an expensive electro‐dialysis treatment plant, an area several miles to the north was explored for water of good quality to meet the base requirement of 600 gallons per minute.Forty‐eight vertical resistivity soundings were made along six traverses. Profiles thus obtained delineated an area favorable for testing. Test drilling at or near three recommended locations resulted in three supply wells completed in an 11 to 23 foot thick gravelly sand 260 or more feet deep.The aquifer is artesian and tests indicated a field coefficient of permeability (Pf) in the range 5,000 to 8,500 gallons per day per square foot with declines to the south. Step‐drawdown test data suggested that the design capacity of the three wells, from north to south, be 800, 500, and 400 gallons per minute, respectively.Water sampled during pumping tests is chemically good, with a maximum 490 parts per million total solids and a maximum 50 parts per million chlorides. The danger of salt‐water encroachment is present, however, and well waters are being sampled routinely so that encroachment may be detected early and consequent remedial action taken.
Ground Water and Underground Gas Storage
Authors: Bays C. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMuch underground gas storage depends on the presence of ground water for its effectiveness. Many of the techniques of the geohydrologist are useful in exploration, design, and development of underground storage fields for natural gas. Both local and regional geologic and hydrologic conditions are pertinent to gas storage effectiveness. Behavior of water in aquifers and their caprock zones can be used to predict behavior with gas. Leakage has been common in underground gas storage.Conflict between the public interest in gas storage and water resource development as both are expanded in the future is to be anticipated. There are many problems yet remaining in the development of underground gas storage to insure the complete effectiveness of design and operation.
A Reconnaissance Appraisal of Ground‐Water Potential and Development in Saskatchewan, Canadaa
Authors: Mollard J. D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround water, being essentially free of salt and suspended matter, generally free of contamination from chemical and bacterial waste and relatively stable in temperature, is attractive to industries, municipalities, farmers and urbanized society in Saskatchewan. However, ground‐water reservoirs are difficult to locate and evaluate and ground water tends to be highly mineralized when compared to surface water. Suspected ground‐water reservoirs do not represent a capital asset until they are proven up, at least partially, and catalogued.It is possible that some 2 × 108 million gallons of water are stored in the glacial drift beneath southern Saskatchewan. Pumpage of ground water was about 50 million gallons per day in 1963, or about 1.8 × 104 million gallons per year. If we were to prospect as diligently and as successfully for ground water throughout southern Saskatchewan as we already have to locate 14 million gallons per day around many of our cities, towns and villages, theoretically we should locate another 486 million gallons per day of recoverable ground water.Because present pumpage of ground water is small, the ground‐water reservoir in southern Saskatchewan is still essentially full. However, the amount of usable ground water actually recoverable will remain difficult to estimate reliably until we receive more refined information on amounts of ground‐water recharge and on the dependable productive capabilities of some of our Province's major aquifers.Most municipal ground‐water supplies in Saskatchewan contain total dissolved solids in the order of 500 to 1500 parts per million. Hardness usually falls in the 200 to 900 parts per million range; alkalinity is regularly below 600 parts per million and iron below 6 parts per million. While waters in many aquifers in the lower part of the glacial drift and in the underlying bedrock in Saskatchewan are often very highly mineralized, this water is customarily suitable for stock‐watering purposes. There is great need in Saskatchewan for the development of a small‐unit demineralizer that is within the budget of the average farmer.Aquifers in Saskatchewan most suitable for development include surficial sand and gravel, sand and gravel in buried bedrock valleys and other sand and gravel within the glacial drift. High salinity, low permeability, customary great depth below ground surface, difficult and costly drilling, and difficult and costly well construction and well development make bedrock aquifers unattractive except for certain types of industries that can use inferior quality water.There is much merit in following a systematic and scientific procedure when trying to locate ground‐water supplies. Any sequence of steps or phases followed must consider the elements of economy, quality of work, speed and efficiency. Mathematical and electric analog models are useful when trying to forecast the long‐term dependable yields of aquifers under different pumping schemes.
Economics and Ground‐Water Developmenta
Authors: Hartman L. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe economics of ground‐water resource development and use are discussed. After a consideration of the welfare criteria, problems of defining and managing property rights are presented. The interrelated nature of ground‐water use and external effects resulting from uncoordinated individual action lead to inefficiencies in ground‐water development and use unless appropriate institutional arrangements have been made.
Hydrologic Aspects of the Disposal of Oil‐Field Brines in Alabamaa
Authors: Knowles D. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractContamination of fresh‐water supplies by the disposal of oil‐field brines occurs on a small scale in Alabama. The problems that exist, however, are symptoms of potentially serious problems in the management of oil‐field wastes.The sources of contamination are: 1) evaporation pits and 2) leaks in pipelines or well‐head connections to disposal wells. The storage capacity and construction of many pits are inadequate for the evaporation of the quantity of brine they receive. Waste overflows during rainstorms, affecting vegetation in surrounding areas. Some of the brine overflowing from the evaporation pits or percolating to the water table from the pits or leaks in pipelines moves to the nearest stream. The base flow of some streams in the oilfield areas is maintained by highly mineralized ground‐water inflow.Pits should be used only if: 1) the pit is constructed in an area underlain by semi‐impermeable material, and 2) the storage capacity and construction of the pits is adequate for the quantity of brine and storm runoff they receive.The elimination of contamination from leaks in pipelines and wellhead connections can be accomplished through an effective system of monitoring.
Planning a Ground‐Water Programa
Authors: Walton W. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSkilled planning is essential to achieve the level of efficiency in ground‐water resource evaluation programs which will be required in the future with foreseeable manpower and money limitations. The planning effort must be broader in scope in the future than it has been in the past if ground‐water hydrologists are to successfully cope with an expanding number of marginal ground‐water development projects. To insure adequate consideration of all factors, planning procedures should provide for reconnaissance type quantitative analyses of ground‐water conditions before committments concerning scope and emphasis of the program are made. A substantial amount of careful computation should be included as an integral part of the planning effort.
Geoelectrical and Seismic Refraction Investigations Near San Jose, Californiaa
Authors: Zohdy Adel A. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe geoelectrical resistivity method, in conjunction with a few seismic refraction profiles, is used to locate permeable strata for the artificial recharge of ground water. Both Schlumberger and Wenner electrode configurations are used in carrying out the resistivity measurements. Possibilities and limitations in the interpretations of some sounding curves are discussed. An attempt to interpret (horizontal) resistivity profiles in terms of theoretical profiles over hemispherical sinks is included.The results of the seismic refraction profiles seem to show that, within the depth of interest, the alluvial strata lack a good elastic differentiation. On the other hand, the resistivity measurements have indicated the presence of buried stream channels. The discovery of one such channel is confirmed by later drilling and a good correlation is shown between geoelectrical predictions and geologic findings. It is shown that the construction of isoresistivity maps can greatly contribute to the successful performance and interpretation of electrical soundings.
Tracing the Continuity of Pleistocene Aquifers in Northern New Jersey by Seismic Methodsa
Authors: Gill H. E. , Vecchioli J. , Bonini W. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeismic refraction measurements were used to draw a new bedrock contour map in Morris County, New Jersey, where the major ground‐water supplies are found in Quaternary sand and gravel deposits filling pre‐Pleistocene channels. Aquifer performance tests aided in tracing the continuity of the Quaternary aquifers in these channels. In one case, the lack of continuity between two wells substantiated the seismic prediction that two separate channels were involved.The success of the seismic exploration emphasizes the value of using such methods, so that test drilling can be devoted to exploring the more favorable areas for production wells.
Estimating Water Quality, West Bengal, India
Authors: Chatterjee K. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper a way of estimating the probable character of the water in sand aquifers is explained with examples. Comparative chemical quality of water from many types of sand formations generally encountered during drilling may be predicted with considerable accuracy by observing the color of an aquifer sand and its depth. This approximate method of “guessing” water chemistry, if properly used, can do much to guide the water well contractors. It may often fail due to incorrect application of the technique rather than a failure of the technique.
Recharge Distribution Determined by Analog Modela
Authors: Matlock W. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA two‐dimensional, passive element electric analog model was used to determine the spatial distribution of natural ground‐water recharge in the Santa Cruz River basin of southern Arizona. Existing records were used to draw a ground‐water level contour map of the area in its undeveloped condition. The model was made to duplicate these contours by varying inputs from known locations of recharge. Recharge distribution as determined by the model was consistent with previous estimates, but no direct correlation was found with the contributing drainage area.
Digital Computer Methods for Water‐Quality Dataa
Authors: Morgan C. O. , Dingman R. J. , McNellis J. M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe digital computer is used on a routine basis in the ground‐water program in Kansas for tasks ranging from the listing of water‐quality data in tabular and publishable form to statistically and graphically analyzing a mass of data.In the past year a number of computer programs in FORTRAN IV have been developed by Charles O. Morgan and Jesse M. McNellis using an IBM‐7040 computer to store, retrieve, and manipulate water‐quality data. These programs:(1) Tabulate data at the rate of 40 chemical analyses of water per minute in a format similar to that found in the Kansas ground‐water publications.(2) Perform necessary calculations and print Stiff diagrams at the rate of 30 per minute.(3) Perform necessary calculations and print Piper diagrams, including a square modification of the normally diamond‐shaped cation‐anion diagram, and trilinear diagrams of the cations and anions. The symbol representing the analyses located on the diagrams can be designated by either an analysis number or a geologic unit number. A cation‐anion diagram showing the average chemical composition of water for an aquifer can also be printed. These diagrams for 50 analyses can be produced in 1.5 minutes.(4) Plot maps of 42 individual, combined, or calculated parameters obtained from the data cards. These maps can be plotted to any specified scale and for as many as 10 designated geologic units. Computer time involved for one map with 50 plotted points is 15 seconds.It is estimated that the use of these programs will save several man‐months during a ground‐water study, and the error inherent in the manual manipulation of data is greatly reduced. The present cost for running 50 analyses through the four water‐quality programs on the computer is approximately $20.
New Graduate Program in Hydrogeology at the University of innesota
Authors: Graf D. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA graduate program in hydrogeology is described, in which the field is defined as encompassing the whole range of processes operating in water and water‐mineral mixtures at and near the earth's surface. The interdisciplinary character of this training is insured by requiring both a minor from another department and course work in other sub‐disciplines of hydrogeology in addition to the one in which the thesis is carried out. The importance of nonscientific aspects of hydrogeology is recognized by allowing for minors in fields such as economics and business administration.
Geochemistry and Ground‐Water Movement in Northwestern Minnesotaa
Authors: Maclay R. W. , Winter T. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe relation between water quality and water movement within the ground‐water reservoir may be better understood if studies of flow systems are used in conjunction with hydrochemical methods. Within small watersheds, local, intermediate, and regional flow systems may develop, depending upon the shape, the relief, and the thickness of the ground‐water reservoir. Lateral and vertical variations of water quality in the ground‐water reservoir reflect the difference in length of flow paths within a system. The relative ion concentration of the major ions in solution in ground waters change as water moves from recharge areas to discharge areas. These changes are used to interpret the direction and rate of ground‐water movement.Ground‐water types mapped in the Two Rivers watershed of northwestern Minnesota indicate that calcium bicarbonate type water occurs near the source of recharge and progressively changes to the sulfate type as water moves downgradient toward the discharge area. Local recharge areas are indicated by the greater penetration of calcium bicarbonate waters into the ground‐water reservoir. The calcrum bicarbonate type water of surface streams during low flow indicates that water moves into the stream from the upper part of the ground‐water reservoir. Chloride type water moves from the Paleozoic rocks and mixes with water in the glacial drift probably at places where permeable zones in the Paleozoic rocks are in contact with the overlying drift.
An Electrical Analog Study of the Geometry of Limestone Solution
Authors: Bedinger M. S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study of the geometry of limestone solution is based on the following conditions: (1) the limestone is impermeable but contains and transmits water in joints, fractures, bedding‐plane partings, and solution channels; (2) at depth, the limestone aquifer is underlain by impermeable rock; (3) ground water in the limestone is under water‐table conditions; (4) recharge to the limestone is by infiltration of precipitation through the overlying rock to the zone of saturation; (5) discharge from the aquifer is by seeps and springs; and (6) ground water dissolves the limestone through which it flows, continuously modifying the flow pattern and the hydrologic properties of the medium. These conditions commonly are found in limestone terranes in the eastern and central United States. An electrical analog was constructed conforming to this description of the ground‐water flow system and has been used to define the pattern, velocity, and density of ground‐water flow and the relative length of time of contact of water with the aquifer. Successive models are used to illustrate progressive limestone solution and changes in ground‐water flow in the aquifer. The initial analog indicates a strongly convex water table with the greatest density of flow at shallow depths beneath the water table near the point of discharge. Successive models indicate greater concentration of flow near and on the level of ground‐water discharge, an overall lowering of the water table, and a pronounced flattening of the water table near the discharge point.Results of the analog study support the following conclusions:(1) The most active zone of solution is at shallow depths beneath the water table and near the point of ground‐water discharge. Consequently, the size of channels generally decreases with depth and increases with proximity to the point of ground‐water discharge.(2) Generally, solution channels have a greater lateral than vertical extent.
Maximum Drawdown in Intermittently Pumped Wells
Authors: Tavener G. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA method is presented for computing maximum drawdown in a well being pumped intermittently but in accordance with a regular sequence of fixed periods of pumping at constant discharge followed by fixed periods of rest. The method is extended to allow for interruption of the basic pattern by occasional changes such as the elimination of the pumping phase from certain individual cycles.