bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the eruption order of the first permanent tooth and their relation to season of birth in Japan
Authors: Nonaka K. , Ichiki A. , Miura T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to examine the eruption order of the first two permanent teeth, kindergarten children 5 to 6 years old were examined in Hakone, Japan. Among a total of 817 children examined from 1976 to 1984, 349 were determined as I‐type children, whose mandibular first incisor erupted earlier than the mandibular first molar, and 183 were as M‐type children, whose first molar erupted earlier in the mandible. The mandibular I‐type rate, i.e., the proportion of the I‐type among a total of I‐ and M‐type children, was 66% (349/532). In 1983–1984, the I‐type rate was 70% among boys and 62% among girls, but the overall I‐type rate did not differ significantly by the sex of the subject or by the year of examination. The I‐type rate varied significantly with the season of subject's birth. Those born in October or November showed a significantly lower I‐type rate (33%) than the other subjects (P < 0.001), in spite of a shift of birth season with low I‐type rate toward winter in 1983–1984. The difference of the I‐type rate according to birth season suggests that the causes responsible for this change are primarily environmental and act at the prenatal or perinatal stage of life.
Studies of ancient crania from northern Africa
Authors: Keita S. O. Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHistorical sources and archaeological data predict significant population variability in mid‐Holocene northern Africa. Multivariate analyses of crania demonstrate wide variation but also suggest an indigenous craniometric pattern common to both late dynastic northern Egypt and the coastal Maghreb region. Both tropical African and European metric phenotypes, as well intermediate patterns, are found in mid‐Holocene Maghreb sites. Early southern predynastic Egyptian crania show tropical African affinities, displaying craniometric trends that differ notably from the coastal northern African pattern. The various craniofacial patterns discernible in northern Africa are attributable to the agents of microevolution and migration.
Mass‐to‐surface area index in a large cohort
Authors: Armstrong Lawrence E. , De Luca Jane P. , Christensen Elaine L. , Hubbard Roger W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany biological and anthropological investigations have described the role between mass‐to‐surface area index (M/SA) and heat tolerance. No large M/SA database exists that can be used as a reference standard to interpret previous or future M/SA studies. This report presents the M/SA data of a large military cohort (1,170 males aged 17–54 years, 305 females aged 17–40 years). The effects of gender, ethnic group, and age on the distribution of M/SA, as well as the relationship between M/SA and other physical characteristics, were described. It was observed that the increase of M/SA with increasing age (over the 17–75 years category) were not significant. All descriptive characteristics (including M/SA) were different (P < .001) between males and females. M/SA was not statistically different between ethnic groups among both males and females. These data may be utilized to compare the M/SA values of U.S. citizens to those of other ethnic groups and to identify those laborers or athletes who possess the greatest theoretical risk of heat intolerance.
The VCL hypothesis revisited: Patterns of femoral morphology among quadrupedal and saltatorial prosimian primates
Authors: Anemone Robert L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe descriptive and functional morphology of the postcranium of the vertical clinging and leaping prosimians is of great interest in both adaptational and phylogenetic studies of extant and extinct primates. An analysis of patterns of femoral morphology among quadrupedal and saltatory living prosimians indicates the presence of at least two, and possibly three, distinct femoral adaptations to the demands of an arboreal, saltatory existence. Osteological measurements were taken on 277 postcranial skeletons representing eight prosimian families, with skeletal trunk length (Biegert and Maurer, Folia Primatol. 17:142–156, 1972) used as an estimator of body size in both bivariate and multivariate (discriminant function) statistical analyses. Whereas all extant vertical clingers and leapers share certain femoral traits (i.e., long femur, proximally restricted trochanters, ventrally raised patellar articular surface), Galagidae and Tarsiidae share features of the proximal femur (i.e., cylindrical head, large posterior expansion of articular surface onto the neck) that clearly distinguish them from the specialized leapers of the Malagasy Republic (Indriidae and Lepilemur). These latter animals closely resemble active quadrupedal Lemuriformes in possessing spherical femoral heads, with little posterior expansion of articular surface and a distinctive greater trochanter shape. Some traits suggested as being characteristic of vertical clingers and leapers (i.e., deep femoral condyles facing posteriorly, narrow patellar groove with prominent lateral margin, greater trochanter overhanging anterior aspect of shaft) are shown to be common to all prosimians except the slow‐climbing lorisids. The functional significance of aspects of femoral morphology among saltators is discussed, along with the relevance of these results to an assessment of vertical clinging and leaping among extant and extinct primates.
New fossil platyrrhine tali from the early miocene of Argentina
Authors: Meldrum D. Jeffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive platyrrhine tali have been recovered from early Miocene localities in the Pinturas Formation of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. These new fossil tali show overall greater similarities to the slightly older Gaiman talus attributed to Dolichocebus gaimanensis than to tali of the younger primate taxa from La Venta, Colombia. The smallest and oldest talus from the Pinturas Formation displays features similar to the extant atelines and Pithecia, and is provisionally referred to Soriacebus ameghinorum. The four larger Pinturas tali are provisionally referred to Carlocebus cf. carmenensis, and most resemble tali of the extant small‐bodied cebids and callitrichids. The differences in talar morphology exhibited by these two genera suggest that Soriacebus had a more derived locomotor repertoire than Carlocebus, which included more climbing and possibly suspensory behaviors.
Ventral arc of the os pubis: Anatomical and developmental considerations
Authors: Anderson Bruce Edward 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ventral arc is a ridge of bone which may occur on the ventral surface of the corpus of the os pubis in adult females. Recently, this feature of the human pubic bone has regained attention as being of value in ascribing sex. The ventral arc should not be confused with a somewhat similar crest that can occur in adult males, which is characterized by a different position and configuration than that of the ventral arc. The corpus is the site of both muscular and ligamentous attachments. The tissues correlated with adult bony morphology and its development in females and males during growth are described. The primary research question addresses the factors involved in the determination of bony differences between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in bony features of the ventral aspect of the human os pubis relates to muscular origin and to differential growth patterns between males and females.
Stature loss among an older United States population and its relation to bone mineral status
Authors: Galloway Alison , Stini William A. , Fox Sherry C. , Stein Patricia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAge‐related statural loss has been recorded but incompletely assessed in modern populations. In this study, data collected on stature during annual bone mineral assessments are analyzed for 1,024 Caucasian individuals from southern Arizona. Continued stabilization in reported maximum heights is seen in this population. With advancing age there is a gradual decrease in height apparently beginning in the mid‐40s. Thereafter, there is a relatively rapid decrease in measured height. This contrasts to the much slower rates predicted from earlier populations (Trotter and Gleser: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9:311–324, 1951). The rate of stature loss is associated with diminution of bone mineral density as well as with maximum height. Since there are suggestions of a secular trend toward greater reductions in bone mineral density, this study suggests there may be a secular trend toward an increase in statural loss with age.
Curvature of the forelimb bones of anthropoid primates: Overall allometric patterns and specializations in suspensory species
Authors: Swartz Sharon M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt has previously been reported that brachiating primates, particularly gibbons, are characterized by distinctively straight forelimb long bones, yet no hypotheses have been proposed to explain why straight limb bones may be adaptive to suspensory locomotion. This study explores quantitatively the curvature of the long bones in 13 species of anthropoid primates and analyzes the functional consequences of curvature in biomechanical terms. These analyses demonstrate that, whereas the humeri of gibbons and spider monkeys are functionally less curved than those of other taxa, the ulnae of brachiators are neither more nor less curved than those of other anthropoids, and the gibbon radius is far more curved than would be predicted from body size alone. The humerus is likely significantly less curved in brachiators because of its torsion‐dominated loading regime and the greatly increased stress magnitude developed in torsionally loaded curved beams. The large curvature of the radius is localized in the region of attachment of the supinator muscle. Analysis presented here of muscle mass allometry in catarrhines demonstrates that gibbons are characterized by an extremely massive supinator, and the large radial curvature is therefore most likely due to forearm muscle mechanics. This study also demonstrates that the overall pattern of limb bone curvature for anthropoids is distinct from the pattern reported for mammals as a whole. This distinctive scaling relationship may be related to the increased length of the limb bones of primates in comparison to other mammals.
Tooth and bone development in a Danish medieval mandible with unilateral absence of the mandibular canal
Authors: Jakobsen Jan , Jørgensen JØRgen Balslev , Kjær Inger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA Danish anthropological collection of medieval human skeletons excavated in 1986 involves a mandible (No. 212) from an adult female born without the lower alveolar nerve and mandibular canal. It is believed that the defect has resulted in lack of tooth development on the affected side and that the mylohyoid nerve has partially compensated for this defect by development of teeth in localized areas. The defective mandibular dentition has caused a compensatory development of the alveolar process in the maxilla. The missing occlusal support has altered muscular traction on the mandible. This has caused an alteration in mandibular shape. Whether the asymmetric development of the mandible is caused by muscular dysfunction, by failure in angular growth apposition, or by a combination of these factors is discussed. The case presents valuable data in the ongoing discussion about the interaction between nerve tissue and tooth formation and about the interaction between occlusion, jaw morphology, and muscular traction. The study shows how archeological material in an interdisciplinary cooperation between archeological, embryological and orthodontic research can contribute to the clarification of current biological problems.
Coat color and biochemical variation in Amazonian wild populations of Alouatta belzebul
Authors: Schneider H. , Sampaio M. I. C. , Schneider M. P. C. , Ayres J. M. , Barroso C. M. L. , Hamel A. R. , Silva B. T. F. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA comparative study of 13 blood genetic systems and pelage color variation was performed in four wild populations of Alouatta belzebul. The animals from the west bank of the Tocantins River showed less color variation than those from the east bank, as well as less than those from Tocantins Island. The blood genetic markers, however, revealed an opposite pattern of variation. A previously undescribed morphological variant (completely red) was observed in one specimen of the east bank, where pelage color of the local population varied from completely black to completely red. Levels of heterozygosity and interand intralocus variances for the blood systems are compared with those observed in five other species of New World primates.
Ontogenetic perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDimensions of the supraorbital torus, postorbital bar, and postorbital septum were collected in an ontogenetic series of Macaca fascicularis and compared with expectations based on models that attribute morphological variation in these features to spatial factors, allometry, anterior dental loading, and neurofacial torsion. Each model was evaluated using correlation, partial correlation, and regression techniques (model I/least squares; model II/reduced major axis) applied to log‐transformed and size‐corrected data. Results indicate clearly that face or skull size is the primary determinant of variation in circumorbital structures. Strong support is found for the influence of spatial influences on anteroposterior supraorbital torus development (Moss and Young, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 18:281–292, 1960). Only minor support is noted for the neurofacial torsion model of Greaves (J. Zool. 207:125–136, 1985), and no support is indicated for the anterior dental loading model. The sexes do not differ significantly in any relevant comparisons of ontogenetic trajectories.
Skin color variation in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. , Blangero J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to provide skin color data on several endogamous groups of eastern Nepal and to demonstrate genetic microdifferentiation in skin color. Skin reflectance measures were taken at the upper inner arm and forehead sites, using the British DSL Model 99 Reflectance Spectrophotometer fitted with blue, green, and red filters. Measurements on 484 males representing six endogamous groups (Jirel, Sunwar, Sherpa, Tamang, Brahman, Chetri) were utilized. After adjusting for group‐specific age effects, multivariate likelihood ratio permutation tests were used to assess ethnic differences in skin reflectance means and covariance matrices. Ethnic group membership had a highly significant effect on skin color at the upper inner arm site and at the forehead site. Differential tanning responses among groups were also detected and may represent the influence of genotype‐environment interaction on reflectance traits. Mahalanobis distance analysis revealed patterns of microdifferentiation that are inconsistent with oral historical accounts. Little support was found for the ethnohistorical belief that Jirels are a hybrid group descended from Sunwars and Sherpas, even though this scenario is supported by linguistic, anthropometric, and dermatoglyphic data. We suggest that while reflectometric studies of skin pigmentation may be useful in assessing the macrodifferentiation of human populations, the use of skin color in differentiation studies at the local population level needs to be carefully evaluated.
On the etiology of interproximal grooves
Authors: Frayer David W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe recent suggestion by Brown and Molnar (1990) that the common etiology of sinew processing is responsible for the production of interproximal tooth grooves is contested. Based on a review of the Australian evidence and presentation of a previously undescribed dentition from Central Europe, it is argued tookpicks are a likely cause of many artificial grooves in human teeth.
Gm and Km allotypes in four Sardinian population samples
Authors: Walter Hubert , Matsumoto Hideo , de Stefano Gian Franco 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum samples of 683 unrelated male and female individuals of four Sardinian population samples (Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano and Cagliari) were typed for G 1 m (1, 2, 3, 17), G 3 m (5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 26), and Km (1). Phenotype, haplotype (Gm), and allele frequencies (Km), respectively, show a remarkable variability between these four population samples. Comparisons with other Italian populations reveal the considerable genetic difference of the Sardinians, which is in particular caused by the presence of the haplotype Gm1, 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 26 in them. This haplotype is quite uncommon in Europeans and may reflect gene flow from Eastern populations (Phoenicians?) who came to this island in ancient‐history times.
Foot morphology and evolution in early Eocene Cantius
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Dagosto Marian , Rose Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMore than one hundred undescribed foot elements of Cantius and other closely related notharctine adapids (7 species in all) from throughout the early Eocene (Wasatchian) Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, have been analyzed. For four species (Cantius ralstoni, “Copelemur” feretutus, Cantius frugivorus, and? Pelycodus jarrovii) these represent the first described postcranial material. The clade of Cantius and allied genera in the Bighorn Basin includes several speciation events and both increases and decreases in body size. The largest species represented by tarsal remains (? Pelycodus jarrovii) is several times larger than the smallest, Cantius ralstoni. However, despite the number of species, temporal duration, and range of body size represented, there are no obvious changes in foot morphology as measured by various indices or by observation of qualitative features. This contrasts with the more obvious changes in dental features (e.g., development of hypocone and mesostyle) in the same group of species described by earlier authors. The fossil record of Cantius thus illustrates different kinds of evolutionary change in the dentition and tarsus. The dentition changes in both size and shape while the tarsus changes only in size. We describe significant differences in foot anatomy which distinguish notharctines from extant strepsirhines, including the nature of the articulations between the navicular and cuboid and the distal tarsus with the metatarsus. These features indicate that the fossil taxa are not particularly closely allied phylogenetically to either extant strepsirhines in general or lemurids in particular.
Relative dental development in hominoids and its failure to predict somatic growth velocity
Authors: Simpson Scott W. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEstimates of age‐at‐death are a function of the sidereal growth rate of the tissue(s) being employed to gauge development, and cannot be made without a priori knowledge of that growth rate. The latter cannot be determined from any inherent differences in pattern in the developing tissues of extant taxa. Such similarities and/or differences are usually the result of functional specialization and are independent of somatic developmental rate. The primary differences in dental maturational pattern among hominoids, for example, are a direct consequence of dentognathic functional specializations, and bear no direct relationship per se with somatic growth velocity. The similarities of developmental patterns between dentitions of individual fossil specimens and those of extant taxa, therefore, cannot be used to estimate age‐at‐death.
Investigation into the relationship between perikymata counts and crown formation times
Authors: Mann Alan E. , Monge Janet M. , Lampl Michelle 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study reports on a sample of 12 modern human incisors (from two archaeological sites) that were viewed with a scanning electron microscope and whose perikymata were counted. These 12 incisors more than doubles the previously published sample size of modern human incisors that have served as the published standard for perikymata number in human incisors and have been employed to define taxonomic relationships in fossil hominids. All previously published fossil specimens fall within the expanded range of modern human perikymata counts and can no longer be considered distinctively nonhuman in dental formation time.Five neandertal incisors from the Krapina site in Croatia, Yugoslavia, were also examined. These incisors substantially expand the previous data base for counts of perikymata in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, likewise overlapping the previously published modern human range.Finally, the validity of methods that have been employed for deriving crown formation times from perikymata counts in fossil hominines is called into question. Utilizing the presently known perikymata ranges for modern humans, these methods do not predict the range of known crown formation times of modern humans as assessed from studies of living children.
Dental development of known‐age chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes (primates, pongidae)
Authors: Anemone Robert L. , Watts Elizabeth S. , Swindler Daris R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInterpretation of dental development of fossil hominids requires understanding of and comparison with the pattern and timing of dental development among living humans and pongids. We report the first study of crown and root calcification in the lower permanent molar teeth among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of known chronological age. A series of 99 lateral head radiographs of 16 captive‐born chimpanzees were analyzed. Radiographs were taken at irregular intervals throughout the entire postnatal period of dental development from birth to 13 years of age. Permanent mandibular molars were rated on an eight‐point maturation scale from initial radiographic appearance through crown and root calcification and apical closure of the root canals. In addition, we were able to document initial crown calcification and completion, as well as root completion and apical closure in incisors, canines, and premolars. Our results show several differences from the widely cited developmental schedule for pongid dentitions of Dean and Wood (Folia Primatol. 36:111–127, 1981). We found a much greater degree of temporal overlap in calcification of the crowns of adjacent molars, a pattern very unlike that usually seen in human dental development, which is characterized by delays between the onset of crown calcification in the molar series. Also, the ages and durations of crown and root formation in our chimp sample differ from the estimates proposed by Dean and Wood. By more clearly establishing the nature of developmental schedules and the timing of major events in the pongid dentition, these results should aid in the ongoing controversies concerning the human or pongid nature of dental development among Plio‐Pleistocene hominids.