bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects of Commercialization, Surfactant/Polymer Flooding, North Burbank Unit, Osage County, OK
Authors: Trantham J.C. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The North Burbank Unit Tract 97 surfactant/polymer pilot (Fig. 1) in Osage County, OK (Fig. 1) is a cooperative project operated by Phillips Petroleum Cofor 17 working-interest owners. During a 51-month period the project was supported by the U.S. DOE. All planned phases of the project have been completed except for conversion from fresh to produced drive water, and tertiary oil recovery is continuing. As of Feb. 27, 1981, 221,700 bbl (35 247 m ) of tertiary oil has been recovered from the 90-acre (364 000-m ) pilot, and it is estimated that tertiary oil production will continue at economical rates for 7 more years. Three annual and a final report on the project have been published by the U.S. DOE.
This reservoir is particularly attractive for tertiary recovery because more than 360 MMbbll (57.2× 10 m ) of sweet, 39 deg. API (0.83-g/cm ) oil will remain unrecovered when waterflooding reaches its economic limit (Fig. 1 2). Unfortunately, the reservoir is highly heterogeneous, both inherently and because of a fracture system that must be considered in orientation of the well pattern. It is also strongly oil-wet, requiring that chemical formulations be carefully tailored to its eccentricities.
Evaluation of the pilot has included a series of studies of prospects for commercial expansion, with economic calculations made periodically as changes in the economic climate have taken place over the past 2 years. The information reported here represents the most recent study, which includes sensitivity of the economics to several important factors.

Pilot Project
The Tract 97 pilot, shown at the bottom of Fig. 3, consists of an array of nine inverted five-spots totaling approximately 90 acres (364 000 m ). Following the drilling of 9 injection wells, 11 producing wells, and 1 saltwater disposal well, the fluid injection sequence shown in Table 1 was started on Dec. 1, 1975. Response to surfactant injection occurred in Nov. 1976, slightly more than 3 months after injection began (Fig. 4). During the early stages of ternary oil production. the response was greater than original predictions. The production peaked at a considerably lower level than anticipated, however, producing a broad, flat production curve rather than a sharply peaked one. Decline-curve analysis led to a forecasted economic limit of about 7 years, with an ultimate tertiary oil recovery of 285,000 bbl(45 300 m ).
As additional production data have been accumulated. the ultimate tertiary oil recovery has been revised upward to 295,000 bbl (46 900 m3). Currently, cumulative tertiary oil is about 225,000 bbl (35 800 m3). A detailed analysis of the pilot performance has been presented and is beyond the scope of this paper. Additional details of all aspects of the pilot project can be found in the annual reports and in several published papers.
JPT
P. 872^
Semiautomated Method for Cation-Exchange-Capacity Determination of Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Gall Bonnie L. , Volk Leonard J. , Raible Clarence J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The presence of significant amounts of clay in tight-gas sand formations makes the determination of cation exchange capacities (CEC) important for electric-log, self-potential (SP), and gamma ray log interpretation.
In the past, CEC measurements have been difficult and time-consuming to obtain. However, an automated method that avoids many difficulties of other techniques while determining the CEC's of many samples at one time has been described by Worthington1. Our work is a modification of the work done by Worthington. Easily assembled commercial equipment instead of specially built equipment is used to agitate rock samples contained in dialysis membrane bags during ion exchange with barium acetate solution and during washing of the samples to remove excess barium ions. Barium acetate is used as the source of barium ions instead of barium chloride, which is used in Worthington's procedure, to avoid corrosion of the stainless steel equipment. The amount of barium ions on the rock samples is then determined by conductometric titration with magnesium sulfate. The titration procedure is not automated.
In addition, the use of the barium ion method was extended to samples with CEC values an order of magnitude lower than those determined by Worthington. Most measured CEC's for the western tight-gas sands ranged from 0.5 to 10 meq/100 g with a few to 19 meq/100 g.
A comparison of barium acetate, adsorbed water, and ammonium acetate methods for determining CEC's is made.
The Influence of Oil Viscosity and Thickness on the Steam Drive
Authors: Doscher Todd M. , Ghassemi Farhad 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A correlation of steamdrive efficiency, based on model studies, predicts that it will fall as the viscosity of the crude at steam temperature increases. Sensitivity to viscosity results from the overlay of steam, which also mitigates the influence of reservoir thickness. High efficiency, expected of frontal displacement, is realized in the recovery of high-gravity crudes.

Introduction
Physical scaled models of the steam drive have reproduced many features of field operations. One of the most pronounced features of the steam drive is the overlay of steam above the oil column and its subsequent stratified flow to the producing well.
This is in contrast to frontal displacement that was assumed in early analytical models. The effects of various reservoir and operational parameters therefore may be different from those originally deduced on the basis of frontal advance concepts.
Three important parameters used to assess the feasibility of steamdrive operations are (1) rate of injection of steam and its quality, (2) viscosity of the crude oil, and (3) reservoir thickness. The most frequently used analytical model and its modification do not attribute any effect of the crude oil viscosity on the efficiency of the steam drive. Steam zone growth and the corresponding depletion of oil are based exclusively on the way in which heat is distributed within the reservoir. The quality of the steam and its injection rate are both shown to be important, with the resulting oil/steam ratio monotonically increasing with each. On the other hand, field and model studies have indicated that there is an optimal rate of steam injection to attain a maximum oil/steam ratio. The analytical models predict that the efficiency of the steamdrive process as measured by the oil/steam ratio will vary directly with a function of reservoir thickness, whereas results obtained from field operations in which steam stimulation did not contribute significantly to the overall performance suggest that thickness may not have the pronounced effect that is predicted.
The purpose of this work was to elucidate the role of oil viscosity and reservoir thickness in steamdrive operations in which gravity segregation of the steam and its stratified flow dominate the process.

Steamdrive Analysis Based on Stratified Steam Flow
Steam initially enters a viscous oil reservoir through a depleted or wet interval, a fracture, or a fluidized interval. If the initial entry is not at the top of the oil section, the steam rapidly migrates upward because of the strong gravitational gradients imposed by the marked difference in density between the steam and the reservoir fluids. The rate of upward migration depends on vertical permeability and viscosity of the crude oil at steam temperature - that is, the concurrent drainage rate of the heated crude oil.
JPT
P. 291^
Dynamic Fracture of Natural Rubber
Authors: Al-Quraishi Ali A. , Hoo Fatt Michelle S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper illustrates how the fracture energy of a tensile strip made of unfilled and 25 phr carbon black-filled natural rubber varies with far-field strain rate in the range 0.01–71 s−1. Quasistatic and dynamic fracture tests were performed at room temperature with an electromechanical INSTRON machine, a servo-hydraulic MTS machine, and Charpy tensile apparatus, respectively. It was found that the fracture energy of the unfilled natural rubber did not vary significantly over the range of sample strain rate, but there was significant variation in the fracture energy of the 25 phr carbon black-filled natural rubber from 0.01 to 71 s−1 sample strain rate. The fracture energy of the 25 phr carbon black-filled natural rubber at a sample strain rate of 0.1 s−1 was about three times greater than it was at the 10 s−1 sample strain rate. While the carbon black fillers increased the fracture energy of natural rubber by about 200% at quasistatic sample strain rates (0.01–0.1 s−1) and at 71 s−1, the carbon black fillers did nothing to improve the fracture energy of natural rubber at sample strain rates between 5 and 29 s−1. In this strain rate range, the fracture energy of 25 phr carbon black-filled natural rubber was almost the same as that in the unfilled natural rubber. The variation in the fracture energy with far-field strain rate was due to changes in the material behavior of natural rubber at high strain rates. Finite element analysis using a high-strain-rate constitutive equation for the 25 phr carbon black rubber specimen was used to calculate the fracture energy of the specimen at a sample strain rate of 55 s−1, and good agreement was found between the test and finite element results.
Associations between teat injuries and fistula formation in lactating dairy cows treated with surgery
Authors: Azizi Saeed , Rezaei Farshid Sarrafzadeh , Saifzadeh Siamak , Dalir-Naghadeh Bahram 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine associations between rate of fistula formation and parity, lactation period, wound age, wound location, and shape of teat injuries in surgically treated teats in dairy cows.
Study Design—Prospective clinical study.
Animals—106 lactating dairy cows with teat lacerations.
Procedures—Lacerations were classified via shape, location, and age. Associations between potential risk factors and fistula formation were analyzed. Seasonal distribution, type of injured teat, parity, and days in lactation were determined.
Results—Cows with teat injury in their first and second parity had 4.1 times the odds of fistula formation, compared with cows with parity ≥ 3.Teats sutured within 48 to 72 hours of injury had 8.3 times the odds of fistula formation, compared with teats sutured within the first 24 hours. Cows in early lactation stage (first 60 days of lactation) were more susceptible to teat injuries. Occurrence of teat injury was greater at the third, fourth, and fifth parity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Season, parity, and lactation period were associated with prevalence of teat injury in lactating dairy cows in a range system. Neither the type of suture material used nor the suturing technique was associated with effects on healing of the operated full-thickness teat wounds. Factors such as parity and age of the wound can be associated with delay in the healing process, which may result in fistula formation.
Generalized scaling on forecasting heating patterns for microwave processing
Authors: Bhattacharya Madhuchhanda , Basak Tanmay 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA closed form analysis based on Finite Fourier Transformation (FFT) has been carried out to predict the heating characteristics in the presence of microwave induced volumetric heat sources. A scaling analysis shows that temperature distributions within a material during microwave heating evolve in two stages, namely small time and large time. The inverse of square of second eigenvalue along with thermal diffusivity determines the threshold time scale between these two regimes. During small time evolution, the spatial temperature distribution follows absorbed power profiles, whereas the temperature distributions are slaved by first eigenfunction and independent of volumetric heat distribution at large time evolution. In all the cases, the variation of temperature within the material is guided by a dimensionless number NG = L2q0/kTref. For NG ≪ 1, almost uniform temperature distributions are attained and a lump parameter model can be used. In contrast, nonuniformity in absorbed power distributions amplifies in temperature distribution for materials with NG ≫ 1, where there exists a possibility of local hot spot formation if absorbed power exhibits local maxima. The applicability of this analysis has been illustrated to forecast heating characteristics within various materials © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Fluidization of coated group C powders
Authors: Chen Yuhua , Yang Jun , Dave Rajesh N. , Pfeffer Robert 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWhile it is well known that flow aids such as fumed silica can be added to improve flowability and fluidizability of cohesive powders, the improvements observed depend on how well the flow aids are blended together with the cohesive powders. In this work, dry particle coating is used to deposit a very small amount of nano‐sized particles (as low as 0.01 wt %) with a high degree of precision onto the surface of cohesive, Geldart Group C powders to make them fluidize like Group A powders. A model taking into account the effect of the size of the guest and host particles as well as surface area coverage (SAC) of the coated nano‐sized particles is developed to predict the effect of coating on the adhesion reduction of cohesive powders. A series of experiments are performed to investigate the improvement in the fluidizability of dry particle coated Group C powders (e.g., cornstarch and aluminum), and the effect of various parameters such as SAC, guest particle size and host particle size are systematically investigated. The results clearly show the effect of each of these parameters on the fluidization behavior of cohesive powders, and also validate the model. The study also indicates that a critical SAC is required to make the coated cornstarch fluidize, which is about 5%; the smaller the guest size, the better its effect on improved fluidizability, although the improvement is reduced if the guest size is smaller than about 10 nm; and if the conditions regarding the SAC and guest size are satisfied, dry particle coating will significantly improve the fluidization of cohesive particles even as small as 5–10 μm. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
DMD pseudoexon mutations: splicing efficiency, phenotype, and potential therapy
Authors: Gurvich Olga L. , Tuohy Therese M. , Howard Michael T. , Finkel Richard S. , Medne Livija , Anderson Christine B. , Weiss Robert B. , Wilton Steve D. , Flanigan Kevin M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe degenerative muscle diseases Duchenne (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy result from mutations in the DMD gene, which encodes the dystrophin protein. Recent improvements in mutational analysis techniques have resulted in the increasing identification of deep intronic point mutations, which alter splicing such that intronic sequences are included in the messenger RNA as “pseudoexons.” We sought to test the hypothesis that the clinical phenotype correlates with splicing efficiency of these mutations, and to test the feasibility of antisense oligonucleotide (AON)–mediated pseudoexon skipping.MethodsWe identified three pseudoexon insertion mutations in dystrophinopathy patients, two of whom had tissue available for further analysis. For these two out‐of‐frame pseudoexon mutations (one associated with Becker muscular dystrophy and one with DMD), mutation‐induced splicing was tested by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; pseudoexon skipping was tested using AONs composed of 2′‐O‐methyl–modified bases on a phosphorothioate backbone to treat cultured primary myoblasts.ResultsVariable amounts of pseudoexon inclusion correlates with the severity of the dystrophinopathy phenotype in these two patients. AON treatment directed at the pseudoexon results in the expression of full‐length dystrophin in a DMD myoblast line.InterpretationBoth DMD and Becker muscular dystrophy can result from out‐of‐frame pseudoexons, with the difference in phenotype being due to variable efficiency of the newly generated splicing signal. AON‐mediated pseudoexon skipping therapy is a viable approach to these patients and would be predicted to result in increased expression of wild‐type dystrophin protein. Ann Neurol 2007
Modified use of team‐based learning for effective delivery of medical gross anatomy and embryology
Authors: Vasan Nagaswami S. , DeFouw David O. , Holland Bart K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTeam‐based learning (TBL) is an instructional strategy that combines independent out‐of‐class preparation for in‐class discussion in small groups. This approach has been successfully adopted by a number of medical educators. This strategy allowed us to eliminate anatomy lectures and incorporate small‐group active learning. Although our strategy is a modified use of classical TBL, in the text, we use the standard terminology of TBL for simplicity. We have modified classical TBL to fit our curricular needs and approach. Anatomy lectures were replaced with TBL activities that required pre‐class reading of assigned materials, an individual self‐assessment quiz, discussion of learning issues derived from the reading assignments, and then the group retaking the same quiz for discussion and deeper learning. Students' performances and their educational experiences in the TBL format were compared with the traditional lecture approach. We offer several in‐house unit exams and a final comprehensive subject exam provided by the National Board of Medical Examiners. The students performed better in all exams following the TBL approach compared to traditional lecture‐based teaching. Students acknowledged that TBL encouraged them to study regularly, allowed them to actively teach and learn from peers, and this served to improve their own exam performances. We found that a TBL approach in teaching anatomy allowed us to create an active learning environment that helped to improve students' performances. Based on our experience, other preclinical courses are now piloting TBL. Anat Sci Ed 1:3–9, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
Designing patient‐focused information: An opportunity for communicating anatomically related information
Authors: Evans Darrell J.R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractLiterature clearly demonstrates that there has been a large increase in the time devoted to teaching oral communication skills within medical curricula worldwide. In contrast, the ability to communicate with patients through written means does not appear to be a feature in many programmes, despite its fundamental importance in creating understanding of medicine within the general population. This article investigates one way patient‐centered written communication has been integrated into part of the early training years of medical students using anatomically related material as a focus. Following a series of interactive seminars and debates as part of a student‐selected component, students were asked to prepare a patient‐focused information leaflet on a particular birth defect. The leaflets included aspects of anatomy and embryology as well as causes of the birth defect, signs and symptoms, treatments, outlook, and support mechanisms. Evaluation of the leaflets using set marking criteria and readability indexes showed that students had successfully targeted the chosen audiences. Feedback showed that the component was rated highly by the students in terms of quality, usefulness, and interest. Students viewed sessions as an excellent forum for appreciating the importance of and developing their own effective written communication skills. It is hoped that such developments will enhance the capacity of all potential doctors to communicate more effectively with patients and colleagues in both the written and spoken form. Anat Sci Ed 1:41–45, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
Tracheobronchial cast production and use in an undergraduate human anatomy course
Authors: Cope Lee Anne 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSilastic E RTV silicone was used to produce tracheobronchial cast for use in an undergraduate human anatomy course. Following air‐drying, the trachea and lungs were injected with E RTV silicone and allowed to cure for 24 hr. The parenchyma was then removed from the tracheobronchial cast by maceration and boiling and then whitened in a 10% solution of hydrogen peroxide. The result was an anatomical replica that illustrates the branching pattern of the tracheobronchial tree and looks very similar to human even though canine lungs were used. In addition, this cast is very flexible and durable enough to stand up to repeated student handling. Anat Sci Ed 1:23–26, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
A minimally invasive approach to undergraduate anatomy teaching
Authors: Gogalniceanu Petrut , Madani Hardi , Paraskeva Paraskevas A. , Darzi Ara 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAnatomy is one of the cornerstones of medical education. Unfortunately, sufficient evidence has accumulated to suggest a worldwide decline in the resources and time allocated to its teaching. Integration of anatomy with clinical medicine has been frequently advocated as the solution to this academic crisis. Consequently, new ways of harnessing clinical relevance to the teaching of anatomy must be sought to make it applicable to contemporary clinical practice. Human cadavers have been used to teach laparoscopic skills to surgical trainees for some time. More recently, centers in the United States have piloted the use of minimally invasive techniques in the teaching of anatomy to undergraduates. We believe that the use of laparoscopy on human cadavers may also be used to complement the teaching of anatomy to United Kingdom and European medical students. This would not only familiarize students with the topography and morphology of human anatomy, but also with the concept of manipulating anatomical structures to achieve a clinical outcome. Other benefits include improved three‐dimensional orientation, increased dexterity, and development team‐working skills amongst students. A UK feasibility study is currently underway. Anat Sci Ed 1:46–47, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.