bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of AgInS2 thin films prepared by sulfurization of evaporated metal precursors
Authors: Nakamura Shigeyuki , Seto Satoru 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhotoluminescence study has been demonstrated for AgInS2 thin films prepared by sulfurization of metal‐evaporated precursors as well as XRD measurement. We have found the 1.79 eV DAP recombination emission for the stoichiometric thin film containing both chalcopyrite and orthorhombic form. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial growth of chalcopyrite CuInS2 films on GaP(001) by controlling [Cu]/[In] ratio
Authors: Vequizo Reynaldo Magdadaro , Tsuboi Nozomu , Kobayashi Satoshi , Oishi Koichiro , Kaneko Futao 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEpitaxial growth of CuInS2 films with various [Cu]/[In] ratios at 570 °C on GaP (001) substrates is presented with structural and luminescent investigations. CuIn5S8 phase with Cu‐Au ordered CuInS2 dominate in almost stoichiometric films while Cu‐Au ordering of CuInS2 was observed in Cu‐rich films. Chalcopyrite ordering of CuInS2 was highly evident in the slightly Cu‐rich films at a narrow range of 1.28 ≤ [Cu]/[In] ≤ 1.41. These slightly Cu‐rich films exhibited streaky reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns corresponding to the c‐axis oriented chalcopyrite structure without the other oriented structures were observed, indicating highly structural quality of CuInS2 epitaxial films. Broad emission bands in the band‐edge region were observed in the films. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence and time‐resolved photoluminescence in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films and solar cells
Authors: Shirakata Sho , Nakada Tokio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) and time‐resolved PL (TR‐PL) studies have been carried out on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films and solar cells (ZnO/CdS/CIGS) to study the recombination of the photo‐excited carriers. The CIGS solar cells exhibited intense near‐band‐edge (NBE) PL compared with the CIGS films by two orders of magnitude. PL decay time of the cell is strongly dependent on the repetition frequency of the excitation light. PL decay time of the cell is longer than that of the corresponding CIGS thin film. The chemical bath deposition of the CdS buffer layer on CIGS leads to changes in PL intensity, defect‐related PL and the PL decay time. They are discussed with relation to the substitution of Cd atom at the Cu site at the Cu‐deficient surface of CIGS thin film. Under the open circuit condition, NBE‐PL is stronger and the decay time is longer compared with those under the short circuit condition. PL of the cell under the load was examined, and PL intensity and PL decay time are related to the photovoltage during PL measurements. Low temperature PL suggests that the Cd diffusion during the CBD process is pronounced for low Ga content CIGS. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of PL as a powerful non‐destructive device and photovoltaic characterization methods of CIGS solar cells. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence properties of ZnSnP2 single crystals
Authors: Miyauchi Keisuke , Minemura Takehiro , Nakatani Keigo , Nakanishi Hisayuki , Sugiyama Mutsumi , Shirakata Sho 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) spectra of bulk ZnSnP2 crystals grown by solution growth (SG) and normal freezing (NF) methods are described. The donor‐acceptor pair (DAP) transition, which possibly originates from the transition from Sn levels at Zn sites (SnZn) to Zn vacancy (VZn) levels, is observed in the crystals grown by the SG method. The PL spectra of the crystals grown by the NF method exhibit free‐to‐bound transitions. Ionization energies of the SnZn and VZn levels are estimated to be approximately 110 and 40–50 meV, respectively. These results are the first step toward realizing novel functions of optical devices using ZnSnP2. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐dependent evolution of crystal lattice, defects and impurities in CdIn2S4 and GaP
Authors: Pyshkin Sergei L. , Ballato John , Bass Michael , Chumanov George , Turri Giorgio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate that in III‐V and ternary compounds the natural stimuli for ordered distribution of impurities along crystal nodes and interstitials, host atoms and inherent vacancies in right lattice positions prevail over the others which could lead to a heterogenic distribution. The result is obtained in the crystals, prepared in 1963‐1977, due to each 10‐15 years monitoring of their optical and mechanical properties. Here we have summarized the results of the 2005‐2008 monitoring and compare them with the earlier obtained data. We show that the partly inverse spinel CdIn2S4 turns into the perfect normal spinel, while in GaP the impurity ordering leads to the formation of a new type of crystal lattices. Periodically disposed impurities and inherent structural defects modify, improve and stabilize properties of the crystals. New luminescent phenomena of these crystals, including stimulated emission and “hot” luminescence have been discovered. The existing technologies help us to reproduce these naturally ordered structures and to apply them for new generation of optoelectronic devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films using ionization Ga source and application for solar cells
Authors: Li Zhang , Nishijima Mitsutaka , Yamada Akira , Konagai Makoto 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS) thin films with lower (Ga/III = 0.30) and higher (Ga/III = 0.70) Ga‐content were grown onto the soda‐lime glass substrates by the co‐evaporation process using ionization Ga source. The enlargement of grain size for the as‐grown CIGS films was observed using the higher grid ionization voltage (Vc) and filament current (Ifila). XRD results revealed that the crystal quality can be improved using higher Vc and Ifila which is consistent with SEM results. Hall effect measurements showed that an obvious increasing in carrier concentration and decreasing in resistivity using higher Vc. Finally, the lower and higher Ga‐content CIGS solar cell with a promising efficiency of 15.4% and 8.27% has been achieved, respectively. Our results suggested that the high energy inherent to the ionized Ga atoms could be transferred to the substrate and played an important role for improvement of film quality like a local substrate heating sources. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface Functionalization of Single Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Amstad Esther , Zurcher Stefan , Mashaghi Alireza , Wong Joyce Y. , Textor Marcus , Reimhult Erik 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a non‐invasive, non‐radiative technique, is thought to lead to cellular or even molecular resolution if optimized targeted MR contrast agents are introduced. This would allow diagnosing progressive diseases in early stages. Here, it is shown that the high binding affinity of poly(ethylene glycol)‐gallol (PEG‐gallol) allows freeze drying and re‐dispersion of 9 ± 2‐nm iron oxide cores individually stabilized with ≈9‐nm‐thick stealth coatings, yielding particle stability for at least 20 months. Particle size, stability, and magnetic properties of PEGylated particles are compared to Feridex, a commercially available untargeted negative MR contrast agent. Biotin‐PEG(3400)‐gallol/methoxy‐PEG(550)‐gallol stabilized nanoparticles are further functionalized with biotinylated human anti‐VCAM‐1 antibodies using the biotin–neutravidin linkage. Binding kinetics and excellent specificity of these nanoparticles are demonstrated using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM‐D). These MR contrast agents can be functionalized with any biotinylated ligand at controlled ligand surface density, rendering them a versatile research tool.
Off‐line model predictive control of DCDC converter and its experimental verification
Authors: Zanma Tadanao , Asano Nobuhiro , Ishida Muneaki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an optimal control method for DCDC converters. The system is modeled as a mixed logical dynamical system so that the switching property can be considered explicitly. Specifically, the input of the system is confined to a discrete value whereas the output to be controlled is a continuous value. The optimal control law for the system is obtained by means of off‐line model predictive control. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through numerical simulations and experiments. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Positioning control experiment switching from adaptive nonstationary servo control to force sensorless nonstationary impedance control
Authors: Hara Susumu , Yamada Yoji , Lee Suwoong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe authors have studied on the positioning control of a cart by means of a smooth switching from the servo access control (SAC) for automatic conveyance function to the impedance control (IC) for power‐assisting function. The nonstationary optimal control (NOC) method and the force sensorless nonstationary impedance control (FSLIC) method were applied in a previous study. However, NOC requires the offline calculations for generating time‐varying feedback gains. This letter shows the experimental result of smooth switching from the adaptive nonstationary servo control (ANSSC) to FSLIC. ANSSC generates the feedback gains online and realizes some adaptive control for parameter variations of a controlled object. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of Experiments to Evaluate the Detergency of Surfactants on Fatty Soils in a Continuous‐Flow Device
Authors: Jurado Alameda Encarnación , Bravo Rodríguez Vicente , Núñez Olea Josefa , Bailón Moreno Rafael , Gálvez Borrego Antonio , Altmajer Vaz Deisi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDetersive processes are complex systems involving a great number of variables. To determine the effect of these variables on the washing of hard surfaces and fatty soils is the object of this work. The statistical design of experiments has been used to evaluate the influence of factors such as temperature, soil concentration and surfactant concentration on detergency. The experimental trials have been made in a continuous‐flow device where the soiling agent is confined in a column filled with borosilicate glass spheres. Solutions of the commercial surfactant Berol©LFG61 (a mixture of alkylpolyglucosides and fatty‐alcohol ethoxylates) have been employed as the wash bath. Both the design of experiments and the continuous experimental system used proved to be an effective tool for detecting the key variables in the cleaning process. Expressions were developed to simulate detergency levels as a function of the variables assayed, always inside the experimental domain. In the trials with oleic acid as the soiling agent, it was found that the temperature and soil concentration were the most important variables to take into account, while the surfactant concentration was not a significant variable. When a semi‐solid mixture of different fatty acids was employed, all the variables assayed proved significant, with high detergency values being reached by combining temperature and surfactant concentrations. Results clearly show that the effectiveness of the surfactant used is influenced by the type and concentration of the soil and thus the intended application of the product being developed should be taken into account when designing detergent formulas.
Dietary n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA Enhance DHA Incorporation in Retinal Phospholipids Without Affecting PGE1 and PGE2 Levels
Authors: Schnebelen Coralie , Grégoire Stéphane , Pasquis Bruno , Joffre Corinne , Creuzot‐Garcher Catherine P. , Bron Alain M. , Bretillon Lionel , Acar Niyazi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA may affect retinal PUFA composition and PGE1 and PGE2 production. Male Wistar rats were fed for 3 months with diets containing: (1) 10% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 7% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or (2) 10% γ‐linolenic acid (GLA), or (3) 10% EPA, 7% DHA and 10% GLA, or (4) a balanced diet deprived of EPA, DHA, and GLA. The fatty acid composition of retinal phospholipids was determined by gas chromatography. Prostaglandin production was measured by enzyme immunoassay. When compared to rats fed the control diet, the retinal levels of DHA were increased in rats fed both diets enriched with n‐3 PUFA (EPA + DHA and EPA + DHA + GLA diets) and decreased in those supplemented with n‐6 PUFA only (GLA diet). The diet enriched with both n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA resulted in the greatest increase in retinal DHA. The levels of PGE1 and PGE2 were significantly increased in retinal homogenates of rats fed with the GLA‐rich diet when compared with those of animals fed the control diet. These higher PGE1 and PGE2 levels were not observed in animals fed with EPA + DHA + GLA. In summary, GLA added to EPA + DHA resulted in the highest retinal DHA content but without increasing retinal PGE2 as seen in animals supplemented with GLA only.
Whitehead'S Philosophy: Actual Entities
Authors: Hooper Sydney E. 
Published: February 2009

I have tried to expound Whitehead's doctrine of Creativity and of actual entities. Nothing remains but to give a brief summary of what has been said in the foregoing notes.Creativity is the ultimate activity and principle of novelty in the Universe.The world is said to consist of “actual entities,” not substances. An actual entity is also called an “actual occasion.” It is essentially a genetic process, having two sides, (I) the process of “becoming,” and (2) the outcome of the process named the “satisfaction.” The satisfaction is the fully determined achievement abstracted from the process. On attaining satisfaction the actual entity viewed as a self-creating subject loses its “final” causation, and as a subject perishes, but the “satisfaction” remains as a potential constituent for the emergence of a new actual entity. This is its “efficient” causation. The potentiality of the satisfaction for a new creation is called its “objective immortality”: in this capacity it functions as an “object” for the self-creation of another actual entity.
Duty and Interest—(I)
Authors: Lamont W. D. 
Published: February 2009

1.Aim and Scope of this Paper.—In this paper I shall try to show that “duty” derives its significance from its relation to “interest,” and that the former concept cannot be understood when taken apart from its relation to the latter. Such a doctrine is, I am aware, rejected by some contemporary philosophers; and I shall, I trust, make it sufficiently clear in the sequel why I am unable to accept their view.I am not, however, concerned primarily with criticism of other theories. This paper represents an attempt to interpret a particular province of “the common moral consciousness” and to elicit the principles there implied. I begin by accepting the view that, like natural science, ethics has its data, and that it is the business of ethics to interpret these data which are the contents of the “moral consciousness.” InSection AI discuss various methods which may be used for the discovery of the relevant data, and suggest that initial enquiries can most fruitfully be pursued in the field of law and custom. InSection BI undertake an analysis of the principles of the law relating to promise-keeping. As a result of what is there found, it becomes necessary, inSection C, to discuss the nature of rights and their relation to interests, and, inSection D, the nature of duties and their relation to rights.
The Development of the Civilized Mind in the Ancient Civilizations
Authors: Murphy John 
Published: February 2009

The positions which are offered for consideration in this paper may be summarized in the following four points:First, there is a civilized type of mind which may be clearly distinguished from a primitive type.Second, the civilized mind developed from the primitive under certain economic and ethnological conditions which are to be described.Third, this emergence of the civilized mind from the primitive took place at a fairly definite period and reached its height in the remarkable efflorescence of genius between the ninth and fourth century b.c., over an area from Egypt to China. This was the appearance in that period of a mind essentially one in character, with natural variations, in the Greek thinkers, the Hebrew prophets, the early Hindu mystical philosophers and the Buddha in India, and the ethical teachers of China of the Confucian school.Fourth, this type of mind with its characteristic powers was achieved once for all and was never lost. In spite of the decay of most of the ancient civilizations, the civilized mind has been transmitted, chiefly through the survival of Greek and Graeco-Hebraic thought, into science, philosophy, and theology to become the modern mind for the world of culture of to-day.
A Challenge to Philosophers in the Atomic Age
Authors: Schilpp Paul Arthur 
Published: February 2009

Philosophy, I know, is philosophia perennis. A “dated” philosophy, therefore, would appear almost to amount to a contradiction in terms. In this sense the “challenge” implied by the title of this paper seems out of place. A challenge to philosophers—well, perhaps. But a challenge to philosophers in the atomic age (or, for that matter, in any specific age)—no!In general such an objection is well taken. But we are, of course, never confronted with a situation “in general,” but always with a very specific—and to-day, moreover, with a unique—situation. It is a situation which has changed radically even since the close of official hostilities at the so-called end of World War II. True enough, the history of the two world-wars had already brought home to us the fact that, with the accelerating development of applied science and technology, wars were rapidly approaching a tremendous scale of destructive power. Thus it became difficult to imagine any possibilities of still more powerful implements of devastation.
Berkeley, The Sun that I see by Day, and that which I imagine by Night
Authors: Woolhouse Roger 
Published: February 2009

On A number of occasions in the Principles, Berkeley defends himself against the possible objection that‘by the foregoing principles, all that is real and substantial in nature is banished out of the world; and instead thereof a chimerical scheme of ideas takes place. All things that exist, exist only in the mind.… What therefore becomes of the sun, moon, and stars? … Are all these but so many chimeras and illusions on the fancy ?’
The Problem of Ethics
Authors: Burrell P. S. 
Published: February 2009

The problem of ethics may arise in any circumstances, at all times and in all places. For it is an ever-present problem which confronts every individual at all stages of his career after the dawn of consciousness. It is not limited to any particular aspect or department of life; it concerns the whole life of every human being from the cradle to the grave. Its existence may not be consciously recognized, and generally the choice of right and wrong action is unaccompanied by reflection; but the problem begins to operate as soon as the development of character begins, and people are always deciding between good and evil, whether they look inside their minds or not. For the formation of character depends on the manner in which the problems of conduct or morals are solved by each individual for himself. If he solves them correctly, he becomes good;If he solves them badly, he sows in himself the seeds of evil. The general problem, moreover, is essentially the same for all, though in each particular case its specific nature may vary according to particular circumstances.
Kierkegaard and the ‘Truth’ of Christianity
Authors: Edwards Paul 
Published: February 2009

The Alleged Turning Point in European PhilosophyExistentialists, especially those who follow either Heidegger or Jaspers, find a great deal objectionable in what they variously call ‘scientism’, ‘scientific rationalism’, and ‘positivism’. In this article I shall discuss one of the alleged defects of scientific rationalism, that it recognizes only one kind of truth—the kind that existentialists call ‘objective truth’. ‘One great achievement of existential philosophy,’ writes William Barrett, ‘has been a new interpretation of the idea of truth in order to point out that there are different kinds of truth, where a rigid scientific rationalism had postulated but one kind: objective scientific truth.’ Not only scientific rationalists but traditional metaphysicians from Plato to Aquinas and Hegel are judged to be equally at fault here: they too have failed to recognize any truth other than the objective variety. It was Kierkegaard who for the first time effectively challenged the assumptions shared by scientific rationalists and traditional metaphysicians. Kierkegaard, in Barrett's words, ‘had to re-open the whole question of the meaning of truth … his stand on the question may well have marked a turning point in European philosophy.’
Philosophy in Germany
Authors: Knight Helen 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis survey deals with (i) Contemporary [German] Philosophy, vol. vii, by several contributors; (ii) The Machine-Theory of Life, by Julius Schultz; (iii) Bernard Bolzano, by Heinrich Fels; (iv) The Theory of Classes, by Adolf Fraenkel; (v) An Abstract of Logistic, by Rudolf Carnap.
Games and the World
Authors: Cherry Christopher 
Published: February 2009

Discussing what Wittgenstein means by ‘the use’ of an expression, Dr Kenny writes:Does a word have a use provided that it can fit into acceptable sentences, or does its use have to make some difference in the world ? Wittgenstein's two favourite similes point in opposite directions. A game, like chess, has only syntactical rules; what goes on in chess has no effect on the world except indirectly through the consequence of winning and losing.
Comprehensively Critical Rationalism
Authors: Watkins J. W. N. 
Published: February 2009

In his book The Retreat to Commitment Professor Bartley raised an important problem: can rationalism (meaning by this something that contrasts, not with empiricism, but with irrationalism) can rationalism be held in a rational way, that is, in a way that complies with its own requirements? Or is there bound to be something irrational in the rationalist's position?Briefly, Hartley's answer was that an element of irrationalism is involved in extant versions of rationalism; however, Bartley proposed a new version of rationalism that can, he claimed, be held in a way that is rational according to its own account of rationality. Bartley called this ‘Comprehensively Critical Rationalism’. (Being a bit of a mouthful, this is often abbreviated to ‘CCR’, a practice I will follow.)
Collective Responsibility—Again
Authors: Cooper David E. 
Published: February 2009

I shall not try to deal with all of the interesting points Mr. R. S. Downie (Philosophy. Jan. 1969) raises against my paper, Collective Responsibility (Philosophy. July 1968). I shall deal with (1) a matter of clarification, (2) one of the lesser issues between us, and (3) the major issue between us.(1). On one point, surely, Downie has simply misunderstood what I said. He claims that my criticisms do not work against the common view that Responsibility is analytically tied to blameworthiness; but only apainst the claim that Responsibility is analytically tied to the efficacy of blame. Well, I hope so. For it was meant to be clear that I was only attacking the view, to be found in Nowell-Smith's Ethics (and also among some Utilitarians), that Responsibility is to be analysed in terms of the efficacy of blame and punishment. Far from attacking the view that Responsibility is analytically tied to blameworthiness, I quoted, with full approval, a passage from Brandt, according to which Responsibility entails the “fittinsness” of blaming and praising attitudes.