bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of benzene waste NESHAP emissions from a petroleum refinery
Authors: Truelove Ronald D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the control of benzene emissions from a petroleum refinery as regulated by the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Subpart FF—National Standard for Benzene Waste Operations (40 CFR Part 61.340). This regulation is complex and confusing, but it provides flexibility to achieve compliance through various strategies to control benzene emissions.The first step to achieve compliane with the benzene waste NESHAP is understanding the regulation itself. Therefore, this paper summarizes the regulation to provide the reader with sufficient background to understand why specific controls are required for specific processes. The flexibility provided by the regulation to achieve compliance is not always readily apparent. This paper summarizes some of these subtleties. The author's involvement with an industry trade association in meetings with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during the development of the regulation allows some of EPA's expressions of their intent and internal interpretation to also be contained in the summary. The second step to achieve compliance with the benzene waste NESHAP is to actually design and operate a cost effective solution for a specific set of existing conditions within a refinery. This paper provides a case study of the equipment necessary to achieve compliance with the substantive requirements of the regulation at a large, integrated refinery. The retrofit requirements are very specific to the circumstances of this facility. Therefore, they will not be a universal, cost effective means of compliance for other refineries.
Micronutrient addition and its impact on WWTP performance
Authors: Ballard Ronald W. , Giltner Joan A. , Cable James K. , Langford Richard D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Hoechst Celanese facility in Narrows, Virginia, treats process wastewater in an aerobic biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Historically, the WWTP has experienced high effluent TSS levels. When the facility's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is modified, more stringent effluent TSS limits will be incorporated based on the OCPSF effluent guidelines. Without significantly improved effluent quality, effluent filtration will be required. At the historical effluent TSS levels experienced by the WWTP, conventional filters will not provide the reliability needed for permit compliance. In 1990, influent sampling indicated that the poor effluent quality could be the result of nutrient limitations. Nitrogen was identified as a limiting macronutrient, but effluent quality did not substantially improve when only nitrogen additions were increased. After a program was implemented to add micronutrients concurrently, effluent quality significantly improved. It was concluded that micro‐ and macro‐nutrient additions coupled with effluent filtration will be required to meet the future OCPSF TSS limits.
Integration of RCRA corrective action with Clean Water Act compliance
Authors: Cable James K. , Starlin Leigh A. , Giltner Joan A. , Futch Robin S. , Ballard Ronald W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA synthetic fibers manufacturing facility is implementing an integrated phased program to upgrade its existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to comply with both the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The existing WWTP consists of an influent settling basin, two equalization basins, two aeration basins with low‐ and high‐speed aerators, three secondary clarifiers, post‐aeration, and belt filter press dewatering with on‐site landfilling. The existing WWTP will be replaced with a tank‐based system that will include equalization, biological treatment, clarification, effluent filtration, and effluent diffusion. RCRA regulatory compliance incorporated the Corrective Action Program, the Toxicity Characterstic Rule, the Land Disposal Restrictions, and closure/postclosure requirements. Clean Water Act compliance incorporated the Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) effluent guidelines, effluent toxicity, and general water quality requirements. Logistically, project implementation involved fast‐track design and construction, close regulatory interface, and maintenance of production process continuity.
Low temperature thermal treatment for petroleum refinery waste sludges
Authors: Ayen Richard J. , Swanstrom Carl P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment requirements for waste sludges generated by petroleum refinery operations and designated as waste codes K048, K049, K050, K051 and K052 under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) became effective in November, 1990 under the ‘Landban’ regulations. An experimental program evaluated low temperature thermal treatment of filter cakes produced from these sludges using laboratory and pilot‐scale equipment. One set of experiments on waste samples from two different refineries demonstrated the effective removal of organics of concern from the sludges to meet the RCRA Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) treatment standards. Cyanides were also within the acceptable limit. Combined with stabilization of heavy metals in the treatment residues, low temperature thermal treatment therefore provides an effective and efficient means of treating refinery sludges, with most hydrocarbons recovered and recycled to the refinery. A milder thermal treatment was used to remove the bulk of the water from a previously filtered waste sludge, providing effective waste minimization through a 40% decrease in the mass of sludge to be disposed. The heating value of the sludge was increased simultaneously by one‐third, thereby producing a residue of greater value in an alternative fuels program. A process based on this approach was successfully designed and commercialized.
Aerobic biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment of a phenolic wastewater
Authors: Lin Wei , Weber A. Scott 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOrganic removal rates achieved in the aerobic BAC process were comparable to rates typically reported for traditional aerobic fixed‐film systems. When operated at organic loading rates lower than 0.03 g COD/g GAC‐d and air as the oxygen source, greater than 90 percent COD removal and 99 percent phenol removal was achieved. At higher organic loading rates, oxygen limitations resulted in less than optimal performance. Observed oxygen limitations were mitigated by the use of pure oxygen. Long‐term stability of operation of the BAC process was excellent with one aerobic BAC column operated under the same conditions in excess of 260 days. During that time, consistent column performance was achieved without the need to provide supplemental carbon or carbon regeneration. System biomass yields ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 g VSS/g COD removed and increased with effluent COD concentration.
Remediation of dichloromethane (DCM) ‐contaminated ground water
Authors: Flathman Paul E. , Jerger Douglas E. , Woodhull Patrick M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis case history describes the physical and biological treatment of dichloromethane (DCM)‐contaminated ground water following the rupture of an underground pipeline which contaminated an estimated 11,000 m3 (14,000 yd3) of soil and ground water in the early fall of 1983. Air stripping DCM from recovered ground water was initiated and provided an estimated 97% reduction in the ground water concentration of DCM. When it became evident that physical treatment alone would no longer be effective in removing residual DCM from the ground water environment, the practice of air stripping DCM from recovered ground water was terminated. Biological treatment was initiated and provided greater than a 500,000‐fold reduction in the ground water concentration of DCM. Biological treatment had far exceeded the ability of physical treatment alone to remediate a ground water environment contaminated with a biodegradable contaminant.
Pneumatic pumping test for soil vacuum extraction
Authors: Cho Jong Soo , Digiulio Dominic C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn‐situ pneumatic pumping tests were performed to estimate the pneumatic permeability at a site containing soils contaminated with aviation gasoline. Determination of pneumatic permeability was necessary to evaluate soil‐air discharge or pore volume exchange rates. Pressure propagation was measured in clustered vapor probes during the application of vacuum and positive pressure. An analytical solution for soil‐air pressure distribution with a non‐linear data fitting algorithm was adopted to obtain the pneumatic permeability from soil‐air pressure distribution. Pneumatic pumping tests indicated substantially higher air discharge rates in the immediate vicinity of wells. The air discharge rate dissipated rapidly as distance from the wells increased. Application of increased vacuum or injection pressure resulted in substantially increased air flow in the immediate vicinity with small changes at a distance. This fact indicates that effective design should be based on air flow fields near wells, and the site specific design criteria should be determined with carefully conducted tests.
Extraction and recovery of lead species from soil
Authors: Krishnamurthy S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe remediation of lead contaminated soil at Superfund sites and urban soil is a serious concern, given the grave effects of lead exposure and the prevasive nature of the threat. The lead species of interest are elemental lead, lead sulfate, basic carbonate of lead and lead dioxide. This paper describes work done to solubilize these species and recover the contaminants as salable lead sulfate. Proof of concept was done using the pure chemicals. After this, bench scale experiments were done using a soil that was dosed with varying amounts of the contaminants (total lead from 1,000 to 10,000 ppm) and better than 80% of the contaminants was recovered as lead sulfate. The treated soil passed the TCLP test with 3.0 ppm lead, showing that it could be be redeposited on site. A pilot‐plant scale‐up is being explored.
Bioremediation: An effective remedial alternative for petroleum hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil
Authors: Autry Andrew R. , Ellis Gary M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBioremediation technologies applied to contaminated soil usually mitigate environmental rate‐limiting factors so that biodegradation rates are maximized for any given compound. A newer approach to soil bioremediation mitigates these environmental rate‐limiting factors simultaneously, initially allowing biodegradation to proceed at a maximal rate without the need for additional action. This technology involves intensive mixing of contaminated soil in a ribbon blender, introduction of a protein‐based, surfactant‐containing nutrient additive to the soil while in the mixer, physical entrainment of oxygen‐containing air into the soil, discharge of the mixed soil from the mixer, and placement of the mixed soil in curing piles, for curing, during which time biodegradation can occur. No additional treatment actions (e.g., tillage, fertilizer or water applications) are typically required. The remediation, using this approach, of a former distribution facility which possessed soil contaminated with gasoline, is summarized.
In situ treatment of soil for the extraction of organic contaminants
Authors: O'Neill M. W. , Symons J. M. , Lazaridou M. E. , Park J. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe initial progress of an ongoing laboratory investigation is described in which phenol and aniline were mixed into a slightly organic, loamy soil and various aqueous solutions used to attempt to extract these organic contaminants. Extraction compounds consisted of deionized water, hydrogen peroxide at varying concentration and sodium hydroxide at varying pH. Two methods were used to affect desorption. The first method, which is simple and quick, has been termed the “successive reverse isotherm” (SRI) method, and the second method, which is very labor intensive and time‐consuming, but which represents better the conditions that exist in an in situ extraction operation, was the permeation method. The SRI method indicated that an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide in concentration of 200 to 500 mg/L extracted about 45% of the phenol, while an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at a pH of 10 extracted in excess of 70% of the phenol. On the other hand, none of the solutions extracted more than 25% of the aniline. Further tests conducted in permeameters indicated that approximately 80% of phenol was recovered by permeation with either hydrogen peroxide or sodium hydroxide and that both were measurably more effective than deionized water. Neither the phenol nor any of the decontaminants had any major effect on hydraulic conductivity or physical index properties of the soil. From the results of the tests to date, the SRI test appears to provide a viable method of predicting whether permeameter tests will yield productive results.
The applicability of UV/Oxidation technologies to treat contaminated groundwater
Authors: Topudurti Kirankumar V. , Lewis Norma M. , Hirsh Steven R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents information useful in evaluating the applicability of UV/oxidation treatment technologies for groundwater contaminated with organics. The information presented includes a description of the technologies, factors affecting the technologies, and results from two pilot‐scale studies of UV/oxidation treatment system applications. The first pilot‐scale study describes the performance of a UV/oxidation system, developed by Ultrox International of Santa Ana, California, in treating groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). At the optimum operating conditions, the Ultrox system achieved total VOC removals of greater than 90 percent. Most VOCs were removed through chemical oxidation. However, a few VOCs were removed through oxidation and stripping. The treated groundwater met the applicable limits for discharge into a local waterway. No harmful emissions were released to the atmosphere from the Ultrox system, which is equipped with an off‐gas treatment unit. The second pilot‐scale study describes the performance of another UV/oxidation system, developed by Peroxidation Systems, Inc. of Tucson, Arizona, in treating groundwater contaminated with VOCs and chemical‐warfare agent degradation products. At the optimum operating conditions, the system achieved contaminant removal efficiencies of about 96 percent, and the treated water met the federal maximum contaminant levels for drinking water.
Comparison of a steady‐state and dynamic model for predicting priority pollutant removal
Authors: O'Brien Gerald J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA dynamic model successfully predicted the effluent concentrations of both volatile and non‐volatile priority pollutants from a large industrial wastewater treatment plant. A steady‐state model, which was formulated with the identical rate equations and variable influent data, was inadequate for dynamic predictions. The dynamic model is the first developed for predicting the fate of priority pollutants in the PACT® process.
Ceramic membrane treatment of petrochemical wastewater
Authors: Lahiere Richard J. , Goodboy Kenneth P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCeramic alumina microfiltration membranes were evaluated for treatment of 3 aqueous streams containing heavy metals, oils, and solids at petrochemical manufacturing facilities. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first reported use of ceramic alumina membranes for process water and wastewater treatment in a U.S. petrochemical plant.In a pilot test at a vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) plant, precipitated heavy metal solids were filtered with the membranes. On another stream at that site, the ceramic membrane pilot system successfully treated emulsions of 1, 2‐dichloroethane (EDC), water, and solids. Membrane filtration of a linear alkyl benzene (LAB) oily wastewater stream produced water with less than 5 ppmw oil and grease, after pretreatment with HCl and ferric chloride.A preliminary financial analysis shows that the installed system cost for a ceramic membrane unit is comparable to other membrane technologies, while operating costs are anticipated to be lower. Specific process conditions that are particularly amenable to treatment by ceramic membrane microfiltration are also given in the paper.
Development of a new long term multiple‐source plume model: Application on some industrial and residential areas in Kuwait
Authors: Ahmad Naima , Bouhamra Walid 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA long term plume model, which is based on the Gaussian dispersion equation, has been developed for computing pollutant concentrations from multiple sources of different heights and emission rates. Unlike the conventional multiple‐source models, the summation or integration of the concentrations of all point sources is not needed in the new model. Instead, the properties (height, diameter, location, etc.) and the emission variables (gas velocity, temperature, flow rates, etc.) of the different stacks, or point sources, are represented by a single stack. These properties and emission variables of the “superstack” are obtained by using the concept of the mixing rule of multi‐component systems. Consequently, the problem becomes finding the concentration of a single point source which drastically reduces the computations involved in the conventional multiple‐source models. The new model gave a better prediction of SO2 concentration than the conventional model. The results also showed that there are two different trends in the dispersion of this pollutant.
NOXSO SO2/NOx flue gas treatment process Proof‐of‐Concept test
Authors: Ma W. T. , Haslbeck J. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe NOXSO process uses a regenerable sorbent that removes SO2 and NOx simultaneously from flue gas. The sorbent is a γ alumina bead impregnated with sodium carbonate. The process was successfully tested at three different scales, equivalent to 0.017, 0.06 and 0.75 MW of flue gas generated from a coal‐fired power plant. The Proof‐of‐Concept (POC) Test is the last test prior to a full‐scale demonstration. A slip stream of flue gas equivalent to a 5 MW coal‐fired power plant was used for the POC test. This paper summarizes the NOXSO POC process and its current test results.
Computer simulation of a flue gas desulfurization moving‐bed reactor
Authors: Young Rachel J. , Yeh James T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the methodology of computer simulation of a moving‐bed reactor system utilizing a gravity‐fed solid reactant and a cross‐flow of reacting gas. The objective of this work was to predict the efficiency of a moving‐bed reactor for generic solid‐gas reactions with known reaction rate parameters. Since in a continuous cross‐flow‐moving‐bed reactor the solid reactant at the inlet of the reactor is fresh (or freshly regenerated) and the solid reactant can be almost totally utilized, the break‐through of the reactant gas is much less at the reactor top (solid inlet) than at the bottom. The simulation provides predictions of the reactant gas break‐through concentration profile as well as the bulk reactant gas consumption within the moving‐bed reactor. The reactor performance is modeled by both one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional series of imaginary micro‐reactors. The computer code is listed and a sample calculation is presented for a flue gas desulfurization process utilizing copper oxide impregnated on alumina as a sorbent.
A priori simulation of tetrachloroethene transport through aquifer material using an intraparticle diffusion model
Authors: Young Dirk F. , Ball William P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent work has suggested that sorption rate limitations may have important implications on the fate and transport of organic chemicals in the subsurface. In previous batch work, tetrachloroethene (PCE) exhibited diffusion‐limited uptake onto sand‐sized grains of aquifer material with a high internal porosity. In this work, the breakthrough of PCE through packed columns of this same aquifer material was studied, and a transport model incorporating intraparticle diffusion was used to simulate the experimental results. All model parameters were determined by independent measurements, allowing a true prediction of the breakthrough curve. Batch isotherm data were collected over a wide concentration range using both unaltered and pulverized material, with the latter used to shorten the equilibration time. Although consideration of all data suggested significant isotherm nonlinearity, data collected over a concentration range relevant to the column experiments and encompassing two orders of magnitude suggested that a linear approximation of sorption capacity might be adequate for modeling purposes. Model predictions showed excellent agreement with column breakthrough data, supporting the hypothesis of intraparticle pore diffusion as the causative mechanism of slow sorption in this material.
Removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous waste streams using granular activated carbon (GAC) columns
Authors: Reed Brian E. , Arunachalam Selvam , Thomas Bob 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of granular activated carbon (GAC) columns to treat metal‐bearing wastewaters was investigated. Synthetic wastewaters containing Pb and Cd (10 or 50 mg/L), acetic acid (0.001 N) or EDTA (1:0.1 or 1:1 Me:EDTA molar ratios) were studied. For metal‐only and metal‐acetic acid experiments, significant quantities (as high as 325 bed volumes (BV)) of wastewater were treated prior to breakthrough (Ce = 0.03 Co). X/M values were as high as about 30 mg Pb/g carbon. For EDTA experiments, Ce was always >0.03 Co. The amount of metal not removed corresponded to the amount that was complexed by EDTA. Column pH is the critical parameter influencing column performance. The increase in effluent metal concentration corresponded with the decrease in column pH. GAC columns were successfully regenerated using a 1 L (≈ 8 BV) 0.1 N HNO3 rinse followed by a 1 L 0.1 N NaOH rinse. Column performance was not adversely affected by regeneration. When the regeneration step was used on virgin carbon, a dramatic improvement in column performance was observed and was attributed to the increase in carbon surface pH (pH≈11) and the deposition of OH− in the pore liquid. Possible removal mechanism are precipitation on the carbon surface and in the pore liquid, and adsorption.