bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing for Minds at the Mela
Authors: Maclean Kama 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the way in which the pilgrimage system functioned as a device to communicate a range of ideas in colonial India. Both colonial authorities and nationalists sought to use the occasion of the mela to spread their respective ideas to a broad public. While colonial authorities sought to communicate the benefits of colonial modernity through impressive exhibitions, nationalists found the pilgrimage system an expedient way of spreading ideas such as swadeshi. The ways in which the British sought to manage and manipulate this information mechanism is also delineated. The chapter reveals the advantages and limitations that nationalists — including prominent Congressmen such as Malaviya, Tilak, Gandhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru — encountered in doing this, contributing to recent debates about the relationship between Congress politics and Hindu idioms, symbols, and genres. The chapter also examines the linkages and dynamics between different modes of information dissemination regarding the mela, from Indian and Governmental press reports, to rumours disseminated through indigenous communication mechanisms. During this period, Seva Samitis — voluntary social service organisations — were increasingly deployed at melas to enhance the provision of basic needs and necessities to pilgrims. The management of, and attempt to constrain attendance at melas (predominantly through limitation on railway services) during the two world wars also highlights some of the ongoing tensions regarding British administration of the mela. Grievances and rumours relating to attempts to limit the pilgrimage became a concern for would-be pilgrims, making it clear that even an arrested pilgrimage played an important role in indigenous communication.
The Sarkari Mela
Authors: Maclean Kama 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The newly independent government took a prominent role in encouraging people to attend the first Kumbh after independence, which was held in a spirit of celebration. If critics of the British administration of the festival had pointed to its heavy handedness and a sense of dismissiveness of the “heathen beliefs” that were enacted at the mela, the Indian administration of it was to be characterised by a more encouraging ethos. Sadly, hundreds of pilgrims died on the biggest bathing day, largely as a result of crowd mismanagement, which the subsequent inquiry blamed largely on the aggressive actions of a band of sadhus. The findings of the official inquiry were not well accepted, as attested to by a thriving oral tradition which maintains that there was a cover-up in the inquiry. This chapter examines closely the Kumbh Tragedy, examining a range of evidence, analysing the recriminations and debates and that attempted to reimagine the relationship between the state and religious events. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of government-mela interactions since independence.
The Romantic Era
Authors: Mutter Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses Ralph Waldo Emerson's prophetic announcement of both the decay of orthodox, institutional religion and the ascent of a solitary spirituality founded upon the intuition of the “moral sentiment.” Matthew Mutter argues that this dual expectation is made possible by a radicalization of the Puritan project of integrating the sacred and the secular. This radicalization ultimately placed the burden of sacred order on the vision of the perceiving individual, which in turn diminished the significance of outward social and political arrangements. Attention is given to Emerson's misapprehension of the actual trends in nineteenth‐century American religious life, to the differences between Emerson's prophetic stance and those of Whitman, Thoreau, Melville and Lincoln, and to the effects of the Civil War on Emerson's thought and American public religion in general. The conclusion looks at Emerson's legacy in American religious history.
After the Civil War
Authors: Witmer Andrew 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
During the second half of the nineteenth century, American intellectuals found much to argue over in the writings of Auguste Comte. A French social theorist generally credited as the founder of modern sociology, Comte grounded his Positivist philosophy in a theory of history predicting the demise of theism and the triumph of naturalistic science and humanistic religion. Debates over Positivism peaked in the United States between the 1860s and 1880s, and became entangled with arguments over Darwinism and the alleged battle between religion and science. Most Americans dismissed Comte's predictions that belief in God would vanish, but his theories won over a small group of important thinkers, clothed Enlightenment attacks on traditional religion in the garb of scientific neutrality and historical inevitability, spurred on the academic secularizers who sought to reduce religion's public influence, and emerged during the middle decades of the twentieth century as a commonplace of modern sociology.
The Thirties to the Fifties
Authors: Ciepley David 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
In the United States, in contrast to continental Europe, science and social reform maintained generally positive relations with organized Christianity into the twentieth century. After World War Two, however, American social scientists frowned on religion's public role and embraced secularization theory despite its conceptual and empirical shortcomings. More important than the influx of European émigrés in effecting this shift was the reinterpretation of American democracy by native‐born social scientists. Under assault from Catholic intellectuals for their “moral relativism,” social scientists turned the tables, arguing that totalitarianism was the child of Catholic‐style moral absolutism, while democracy flowed from moral openness and skepticism. They buried the covenantal conception of America as a moral project and reinterpreted it as a regime of neutral process. Modernization‐secularization theory, as developed in the United States, projected this procedural, “secular Enlightenment” image of America onto the world stage, casting it as the telos of history.
The Sixties
Authors: Jakelić Slavica 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter shows that during the 1960s there was an increasing affinity between the notion that de‐institutionalized religion is something good and the intellectual and social sensibilities of the period. Two views on secularization and de‐institutionalization of religion, those of Christian theologian Harvey Cox and sociologist Peter L. Berger, mirrored the intellectual and social climate of the time and were broadly discussed and debated. In this chapter Slavica Jakelić argues that Berger and Cox's claims about the inevitable link between deinstitutionalization of religions and modernity were persuasive because they happened in a context in which “religionless religion” was increasingly becoming the ideal of religious life. Berger and Cox talked of the de‐institutionalization of religion as progress that brought about freedom for individuals to choose. Their prophecies of godlessness were the prophecies of freedom.
The Seventies and Eighties
Authors: Davis Joseph E. , Franz David 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the trajectories of two traditions of thinking about godlessness, which move in opposite directions in the 1970s and 1980s: the jeremiad tradition and the social scientific tradition. During this period, evangelicals and fundamentalists forcefully reasserted themselves in public life after decades of self‐imposed exile animated in part by stories of secularization and moral decay told by leaders Francis Schaeffer and Jerry Falwell. They entered the 1990s with new confidence and renewed hope. Many sociologists of religion, by contrast, were surprised by the surge of new religious energy and mobilization. They lost confidence in their predictions of religious decline and basic assumptions about the triumph of scientific rationalism. By the 1990s, consensus on their “secularization thesis” had collapsed.
Interpreting the Musical Past
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhat did it mean for French musicians to sing Handel's choral music in the 1870s, to defend the operas of Lully and Rameau against hostile criticism, or to vote for Palestrina, alongside plainchant, as being essential to the Catholic musical liturgy? The early music revival in France gives us a vivid sense of how music's cultural meanings were contested, distilled into dominant visions, and then often revised. Peppering the century are famous fakes, pastiches, and other creative negotiations between past and present. When contemporary witnesses described these phenomena, the resulting dissension could run along social, religious, and political lines, helping us understand why certain musical genres became idealized while others were disparaged. This book discusses what is at stake in the construction of a musical heritage, and how ideology informs musical value judgements. In its focus on the nature of musical experience and the meaning of music in society, it explores amateur and professional music-making; working-class, aristocratic, and bourgeois cultural life; national pride; religious politics; and ritual, both liturgical and secular. Covering five centuries of music (from the mid-13th to the mid-18th centuries) and a century of French history, this book explains long-term changes of cultural meaning while celebrating the richness of local detail, and explores what lies at the heart of the construction and development of a musical cultural memory.
7 Baroque Choral Music: The Popular and the Profound
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines how the politicized nature of Handel's reception in the late 1860s caused enthusiasm for his choral music to reach a nationalist peak at Bach's expense shortly after war ended. Presented as a quasi-Latin and quasi-Republican figure, Handel the oratorio composer appeared accessible, macho, indomitable, and expressive of social cohesion. The chapter centers on debates about France's relatively weak musical capital in comparison with Protestant countries, especially an ascendant Germany. The state of the nationwide orphéon tradition, seemingly in crisis with musically illiterate participants and a simplistic repertory, fuelled calls to overhaul France's choral traditions. The chapter examines this short-lived, almost expedient, revival of Handel ode and oratorio as an example of cosmopolitan nationalism intensified by the experience of defeat. It offers telling evidence of a French need for a masculine musical culture and of their inability to find such a combination of brute strength and stylistic accessibility among native composers. It closes with an account of the post-Handelian return to Bach's choral music and the ideologies underpinning it.
Music, Criticism, and the Challenge of History
Authors: Karnes Kevin 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This book provides a first look at the ideological dilemmas and methodological anxieties that pervaded the discipline of musicology (in German, Musikwissenschaft, encompassing music theory, analysis, and the study of music history) at the time and place of its academic institutionalization. Engaging in close readings of key contributions by Eduard Hanslick, Heinrich Schenker, and Guido Adler, all leading pioneers in the field, it argues against the widely held assumption that German musicology of the period was characterized, first and foremost, by a positivist endeavor to transform the discipline after the model of the natural sciences. Instead, it suggests that the work of its three central figures was shaped not only by progressivist ideologies of scientific positivism but also, and just as profoundly, by the skeptical pronouncements of Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, and other critical observers of modern culture. It furthermore suggests that some of the most pressing questions regarding musicology's disciplinary identities in the present day—about the relationship between musicology and criticism, the role of the subject in analysis and the narration of history, and the responsibilities of the scholar to the listening public—have points of origin in the discipline's conflicted and largely forgotten beginnings.
Large-scale collective motion at finite thermal excitations
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter uses a Kramers-Moyal expansion to derive from short time propagators transport equations of Fokker-Planck type for global motion. Because of the inherent non-linearities, the transport coefficients may vary strongly with the collective coordinates. In this sense the resulting equation for the phase space density differs markedly from that of Kramers, implying modifications in the probability distribution of the collective coordinates. Of particular importance are consequences for the limit of over-damped motion, where one faces problems typical for multiplicative noise. This influences the relation of equations for the collective density distribution to those of Langevin type for the collective variables themselves. Microscopic computations of transport coefficients are presented in their variation both with nuclear shapes and with temperature. Problems related to level crossings are discussed, together with general thermal aspects of global motion.
Giant dipole excitations
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses giant dipole excitations as the prime example for nuclear modes of isovector nature. Absorption and radiation of the classical dipole are described exploiting the benefits of linear response theory, and cross sections for the scattering of and reactions with electromagnetic waves are derived. These formulas are adapted to the nuclear case by introducing effective charges for neutrons and protons, and by giving microscopic expressions for the response functions. The damping of giant resonances is addressed in its variation with temperature. Because of couplings to isoscalar modes which exhibit statistical fluctuations, the giant mode becomes a stochastic process itself. A critical review is given for models presented in the literature, like that for motional narrowing. Assumptions made therein on timescales are examined in the light of microscopic results presented in previous chapters.
Metal clusters
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe stability of metal clusters exhibits shell effects similar to that of nuclei. This chapter reviews how this feature is treated in the jellium model. The main focus is on optical properties described by the dielectric function, which is analyzed in greater detail, first for the Drude-Lorentz model then for a fully quantal treatment. With increasing volume of the clusters, only bulk properties typical for a metal are important. For smaller systems, quantum size effects come into play. This effect is studied, reporting on microscopic calculations within the jellium model. Of special interest is the damping width, for which finite values are obtained even at small frequencies if the quantal electronic states are treated as being quasi-continuous. This mechanism is often associated with Landau damping known to conserve entropy. The problem related to this fact is examined, together with the analogous one of wall friction in finite nuclei.
The Political Economy of Adjustment in Mixed Market Economies: A Study of Spain and Italy
Authors: Molina Óscar , Rhodes Martin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractVoC theory seems to be caught in a trade-off between parsimony and explanatory capacity. It provides high heuristic value-added for analysing countries where performance-enhancing complementarities rely on clearly different patterns of actor interaction and forms of coordination. It appears more difficult to extend to ‘deviant’ cases where there is a mix of logics, a high degree of institutional incoherence and an apparent absence of complementarities. This chapter uses the tools of VoC to explain how mechanisms of market and non-market coordination work and change over time in two ‘mixed market economies’ (MMEs) — Italy and Spain. It focuses on the relationship between production regimes and welfare systems, and specifically the wage-labour nexus and employment protection. In contrast to arguments for a distinctive form of state capitalism alongside ‘market’ and ‘managed’ varieties, this chapter argues that the state's role is distinctive but not unique in the Mediterranean countries, and has also undergone considerable change in recent years. It also argues that two different trends can be perceived in these countries: the growth of ‘autonomous coordination’ in which actors seek to manage the economy via new kinds of non-market governance; and ‘market colonization’, a process whereby market modes of coordination emerge and prevail.
Strengths and Weaknesses of ‘Weak’ Coordination: Economic Institutions, Revealed Comparative Advantages, and Socio-Economic Performance of Mixed Market Economies in Poland and Ukraine
Authors: Mykhnenko Vlad 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores and explains: ‘what type of capitalism has emerged in post-communist Europe?’ and, ultimately, ‘does it work?’. It also critically examines the suitability and applicability of essentially Western neo-institutionalist theories of comparative capitalism for the study of post-communist phenomena. On the basis of empirical evidence and comparative analysis of the two largest neighbouring political economies of eastern Europe (Russia apart), it is argued that notwithstanding the world-wide neo-liberalising pressures, the changeable politics of post-communist transformation, and the unstable nature of eastern European institutions, both Polish and Ukrainian national variants of capitalism can be described as mixed- or ‘weakly’ coordinated market economies. In spite of the prevailing perceptions and popular media praise given to post-communist nations for adopting a deregulated, privatised, liberal type of capitalism, neither Polish nor Ukrainian political economy generally resembles the liberal market-based model. It is contended, however, that despite the apparent system-wise detachment of the eastern European economies of Poland and Ukraine from the ideal types of a coordinated-market economy (CME) and, especially, of a liberal-market economy (LME), the institutional structures of the two post-communist countries are not necessarily of a ‘low-level’, ‘dysfunctional’, or ‘suboptimal equilibrium’ type.
Pragmatics
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
There are two non-equivalent characterizations of pragmatics. Pragmatics (first version) concerns the linguistic phenomena left untreated by phonology, syntax, and semantics. Pragmatics (second version) is the study of properties of words which depend on their having been spoken, or reacted to, in a certain way, or in certain conditions, or in the way, or conditions, they were. There are also two equally non-equivalent characterizations of semantics. Semantics (first version) is, by definition, concerned with certain relations between words and the world, and centrally with those on which the truth or falsity of words depends. Semantics (second version) is defined by this idea: ‘A theory of meaning for a language should be able to tell us the meanings of the words and sentences which comprise that language’. Combing these different ideas yields a substantial thesis: such things as English sentences have statable conditions for truth, and meanings can be given in or by stating these. That might be wrong. Perhaps, as J. L. Austin suggested, questions of truth arise at a different level entirely from that of expressions of a language. Perhaps conditions for truth depend, pervasively, on the circumstances in which, or the way in which, words were produced. If so, then on the second version of pragmatics and the first version of semantics, semantic questions are pragmatic ones; whereas semantics (second version), however it is to be done, would have little or nothing to do with truth conditions. This is called the pragmatic view. This chapter argues that the pragmatic view is the right one; that it is intrinsically part of what expressions of (say) English mean that any English (or whatever) sentence may, on one speaking of it or another, have any of indefinitely many different truth conditions, and that any English (or whatever) expression may, meaning what it does, make any of many different contributions to truth conditions of wholes in which it figures as a part.
Sublunary Intuitionism
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Truth matters to all those capable of thinking falsely (so of thinking things); but to philosophers in a special way. Philosophers have spoken volumes on the topic. One such example is Michael Dummett's early essay, ‘Truth’, where he defends two intuitions. The first is that no statement could be neither true nor false; or it could never be right to say so. The second is that it is not so of every statement that it is guaranteed to be either true or false. Each has its exponents. Few, though, defend both. If both are right, that may argue for a view dubbed sublunary intuitionism: in an important sense (though one yet to be clarified) the logic of ordinary discourse is intuitionist, not classical. This chapter argues that Dummett's first intuition is incorrect. His second intuition stands on a more radical, perhaps more simple-minded, reading than he gives it. But it is the tension between the two intuitions, if anything, that argues for sublunary intuitionism. Neither alone makes the case.
Aristotle's Condition
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that bivalence does not hold, as conceived by Tim Williamson. Bivalence, on Williamson's conception, seems essential to (the motivation for) his own account of vagueness. As for meaning, the problem, this chapter puts forth, is to locate Williamson's view of that. In fact, he has suggested two views, which move in opposing directions. One of Williamson's suggested views severs the link one finds, for example, in Donald Davidson (e.g., 1967) between what words mean and the conditions under which they would be true (of something). The other view has the same shape as a later view of Davidson's (1983), and, for the same reasons, will not do.
Are Belief Ascriptions Opaque?
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of what is known about belief ascriptions. It does not settle whether there are opaque ones, since it is not known what would be needed to know to decide that. The chapter also argues that the usual reasons for finding (some) such ascriptions opaque are bad ones, as are the usual accounts of what such opacity would come to. In fact, there is more than just a possibility that in this area, our notions of opacity such as they are, break down.
Attitudes As States
Authors: Travis Charles 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
A recurrent theme emerges in Wittgenstein. Its subjects are meaning, understanding, and attitudes such as expecting, believing, hoping, and intending. The point is not that there is no good sense in which such things are mental states. It is rather that so thinking of them suggests false pictures. Which ones? At least two. This chapter explores just one, and only for belief.