bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guided Bone Regeneration of a Pronounced Gingivo‐Alveolar Cleft Due to Orthodontic Space Closure
Authors: Pinheiro Maria Letícia B. , Moreira Teresa Cristina , Feres‐Filho Eduardo J. 
Published: May 2006

Background: Gingival invagination is a relatively common occurrence following orthodontic closure of extraction sites. The present paper reports a combined periodontal and orthodontic treatment in a patient with a severe gingivo‐alveolar cleft due to orthodontic closure of maxillary central incisor extraction space.Methods: A definite interdental gingival cleft, extending 8 mm into the alveolar bone, required the correction of the gingival deformity as a first step, followed by guided bone regeneration (GBR). The GBR approach included the emptying of the incisive foramen to ∼5 mm in depth followed by the insertion of bioabsorbable hydroxyapatite and covering with a bioabsorbable barrier membrane. Six months afterward, the orthodontic therapy was resumed.Results: Radiographs and clinical examination 4 years after the completion of therapy indicates functionally and aesthetically satisfactory and stable results.Conclusion: The present paper illustrates an additional application for the guided bone regeneration technique.
Access to Care, Health Status, and Health Disparities in the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population-Based Survey
Authors: Lasser Karen E. , Himmelstein David U. , Woolhandler Steffie 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We compared health status, access to care, and utilization of medical services in the United States and Canada and compared disparities according to race, income, and immigrant status. Methods. We analyzed population-based data on 3505 Canadian and 5183 US adults from the Joint Canada/US Survey of Health. Controlling for gender, age, income, race, and immigrant status, we used logistic regression to analyze country as a predictor of access to care, quality of care, and satisfaction with care and as a predictor of disparities in these measures. Results. In multivariate analyses, US respondents (compared with Canadians) were less likely to have a regular doctor, more likely to have unmet health needs, and more likely to forgo needed medicines. Disparities on the basis of race, income, and immigrant status were present in both countries but were more extreme in the United States. Conclusions. United States residents are less able to access care than are Canadians. Universal coverage appears to reduce most disparities in access to care.
Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-Rated Health Among African American Women in Detroit: Results From a Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Schulz Amy J. , Gravlee Clarence C. , Williams David R. , Israel Barbara A. , Mentz Graciela , Rowe Zachary 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. Our understanding of the relationships between perceived discrimination and health was limited by the cross-sectional design of most previous studies. We examined the longitudinal association of self-reported everyday discrimination with depressive symptoms and self-rated general health. Methods. Data came from 2 waves (1996 and 2001) of the Eastside Village Health Worker Partnership survey, a community-based participatory survey of African American women living on Detroit’s east side (n=343). We use longitudinal models to test the hypothesis that a change in everyday discrimination over time is associated with a change in self-reported symptoms of depression (positive) and on self-reported general health status (negative). Results. We found that a change over time in discrimination was significantly associated with a change over time in depressive symptoms (positive) (b=0.125; P<.001) and self-rated general health (negative) (b=−0.163; P<.05) independent of age, education, or income. Conclusions. The results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that everyday encounters with discrimination are causally associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. In this sample of African American women, this association holds above and beyond the effects of income and education.
Simple combinations of 5‐FU pathway genes predict the outcome of metastatic gastric cancer patients treated by S‐1
Authors: Ichikawa Wataru , Takahashi Takehiro , Suto Kenichi , Shirota Yoshinori , Nihei Zenro , Shimizu Michio , Sasaki Yasutsuna , Hirayama Renzo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe evaluated the expression of 5‐FU pathway genes in prechemotherapeutic fresh frozen samples obtained from primary tumors to predict response and survival of 59 metastatic gastric cancer patients treated with S‐1 monotherapy as first line treatment. Five 5‐FU pathway genes, including thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and uridine phosphorylase (UP), were analyzed by the quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptional PCR method. Median values of each gene were selected for cut‐off values separating high and low gene expressions. In univariate analyses, low TS, high OPRT and low TP were significantly associated with a tumor shrinkage and a long survival, whereas DPD and UP gene expressions did not correlate with response and survival. Multivariate analyses revealed that independent variables were OPRT and TS for response and TS and TP for survival. When OPRT and TS were combined, a significantly increased accuracy rate of 91.5% was seen for response. Similarly, an increased hazard ratio of 10.29 was observed for survival in patients possessing low TS and low TP, compared with those with high TS or high TP. The simple combinations of 2 genes, OPRT and TS for response and TS and TP for survival, may allow identification of gastric cancer patients who will benefit from S‐1 chemotherapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Affective cues and brand‐extension evaluation: Exploring the influence of attitude toward the parent brand and attitude toward the extension ad
Authors: Nan Xiaoli 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis research investigates the influence of two affective cues, namely, attitude toward the parent brand and attitude toward the extension ad, on brand‐extension evaluation. Results show that as perceived congruity between the extension and the parent brand decreases, the influence of attitude toward the parent brand on brand‐extension evaluation decreases, but the influence of attitude toward the extension ad increases. The impact of the two affective cues also appears to be moderated by an individual's need for cognition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fault‐tolerant routings with minimum optical index
Authors: Dinitz Jeffrey H. , Ling Alan , Stinson Douglas R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe construct sets of routings in the complete directed graph
$\vec{K}_n$
that tolerate up to f failures of nodes or links. These routings are optimal with respect to several desirable criteria. In addition, our routings have minimum (or close to minimum) possible optical indices, which means that wavelengths can be assigned to the directed paths in the routings in an efficient manner. This property is useful in the context of optical networks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(1), 47–55 2006
Breast cancer in relation to childhood parental divorce and early adult psychiatric disorder in a British birth cohort
Authors: LOKUGAMAGE A. U. , HOTOPF M. , HARDY R. , MISHRA G. , BUTTERWORTH S. , WADSWORTH M. E. J. , KUH D. 
Published: May 2006

Background. Jacobs and Bovasso reported (Psychological Medicine 2000, 30, 669–678) that maternal death in childhood and chronic severe depression in adulthood were associated with subsequent breast cancer. We have examined the effects of parental loss in childhood and psychiatric disorder in adult life on breast cancer risk using a national birth cohort study.Method. Eighty-three cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in a study of 2253 women followed from birth to age 59 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test whether breast cancer rates were higher in women who experienced parental death and divorce before age 16, psychiatric disorders between 15 and 32 years, symptoms of anxiety and depression at 36 years, or use of antidepressant medication at 31 or 36 years than in women who did not have these experiences.Results. There was no overall association between parental death, parental divorce or psychiatric disorder and the incidence of breast cancer. There was some evidence that women with more severe psychiatric disorders between the ages of 15 and 32 years were more likely to develop breast cancer early. The interaction between parental divorce and severe psychiatric disorder was non-significant (p=0·1); however, the group who experienced both these events had an increased breast cancer risk compared with those who experienced neither [hazard ratio (HR) 2·64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·13–6·19].Conclusions. Our study does not provide strong support for the hypothesis that early loss or adult psychiatric disorders are associated with breast cancer. A meta-analysis is needed that uses data from all available cohort studies and investigates possible interactive effects on breast cancer risk.
THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL SPLEEN CELLS IN THE INTERFERON RESPONSE OF THE INTACT MOUSE
Authors: Osborn June E. , Walker Duard L. 
Published: May 2006

A method is described for the detection of interferon production by individual spleen cells of mice after intravenous virus infection. Although mouse spleen plays a major role in the total interferon response to Newcastle disease virus, the number of spleen cells participating is a small fraction of the total, suggesting that interferon formation is to some extent a specialized cell function.
Monolayers of mouse embryo cells, after brief contact with agar-suspended spleen cells from interferon-producing mice, have roughly circular foci of cells remaining after removal of agar and vesicular stomatitis virus challenge. The numbers of such foci correlate directly with the number of spleen cells, concentration of inducing virus in the inoculum, duration of contact of cells with mouse-embryo indicator monolayers, time after interferon induction, and serum interferon titer. With this technique, evolution of the interferon-forming cell response in spleens of virus-infected mice has been studied.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN EVOKED BY BRADYKININ AND ITS ALTERATION BY MORPHINE AND ASPIRIN
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Krauthamer G. , Guzman F. , Fulp R. R. 
Published: May 2006

Synthetic bradykinin, a nonapeptide formed from α-2 globulin in plasma, injected intra-arterially or intraperitoneally in cats in doses of 10-50 μg, evoked activity in the central nervous system in pathways associated with the signaling of pain. Similar injections of bradykinin in intact normal cats and dogs evoked manifestations of pain, and in conscious humans elicited verbal reports of pain perceived in the area of injection. Single unit activity was recorded in the medial reticular formation of the brainstem, in the medial thalamus and, more laterally, among the posterior group nuclei and the suprageniculate nucleus. Bradykinin did not evoke any cortical or subcortical slow potentials such as those evoked by electrical stimulation of the foot pads. When bradykinin was given together with the electrical stimulus, the responses evoked by the latter were blocked.
Morphines uppressed bradykinin-evoked activity. Aspirin caused marked fluctuations in activity, unrelated to the bradykinin injection; the bradykinin block of evoked potentials could no longer be observed after aspirin dosage. The results are discussed in terms of the peripheral and central sites of analgesic action and the likelihood of the existence of chemosensitive pain receptors.
AMINOACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE REACTION UNIQUE TO EARLY EMBRYONIC TISSUE OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Rennert Owen M. 
Published: May 2006

The formation of trifluoroleucine-tRNA and leucine-tRNA during embryonic development of the mouse is a function of gestational age. The existence of a leucine-tRNA synthetase has been demonstrated in early embryonic tissue (gestational age <10 days) which has unique chemical properties, acylating tRNA with trifluoroleucine with avidity almost equal to leucine. This enzyme has been shown to be stable to heating at 45°C for 30 minutes.
A second leucine-tRNA synthetase, which is similar chemically and physically to the enzyme isolated from more mature embryonic tissue, has been isolated from this embyronic source as well as from adult tissue.
Quantitative changes in the species of tRNA isolated from these various sources have been documented utilizing the technique of polyacrylamide electrophoresis. These changes parallel the disappearance of the early embryonic enzyme, fewer species of tRNA acting as acceptors for leucine as maturation progresses.
Qβ-Replicase and
E. coli
Transcriptase: Requirements for Substrate Selection as Revealed by a Study of Base Analogs
Authors: Kapuler A. M. , Spiegelman S. 
Published: May 2006

Base selection by the Qβ-replicase and
E. coli
transcriptase has been studied using substrate analogs. Six analogs with normal hydrogen-bonding sites were polymerized by both enzymes. Three analogs containing ring substitutions which affect the conformation at the glycosyl bond would not substitute for their normal congeners. The remaining analog was an excellent substrate for the transcriptase but not the replicase.

The results imply that the base selection procedure has stringent requirements for substrate conformation. Part of the restriction may derive from the requirement that template and substrates conform to the stereochemical constraints of a double helix.
In the Qβ-replicase reaction, synthesis in the presence of substrate analogs displayed abortive kinetics, implying that the replicase reaction can be uniquely curtailed by substrate analogs.
Contemporaneous Disequilibrium, a New Hypothesis to Explain the „Paradox of the Plankton”
Authors: Richerson Peter , Armstrong Richard , Goldman Charles R. 
Published: May 2006

The diversity of lake phytoplankton is unexpectedly high, since the epilimnion of a lake is continuously mixing and might be expected to have only one or at most a few niches for primary producers. However, a carefully replicated series of samples from Castle Lake, Calif., showed a high degree of patchiness for many phytoplankton species, indicating that the rate of mixing is slow enough relative to the reproductive rate of the algae for many different niches to exist simultaneously. Productivity per unit biomass ratios, measured at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, shows that the turnover times for carbon in even this ultraoligotrophic lake are often less than 1 day. High diversity is associated with high productivity per unit biomass and high zooplankton populations in this lake.
A contemporaneous disequilibrium model to explain the diversity of the lake phytoplankton is therefore highly plausible. At any one time, many patches of water exist in which one species is at a competitive advantage relative to the others. These water masses are stable enough to permit a considerable degree of patchiness to occur in phytoplankton, but are obliterated frequently enough to prevent the exclusive occupation of each niche by a single species.
Lactobacillus
Exonuclease Mutants: Selection of Mutants with Altered Ability to Utilize Deoxyribonucleotides
Authors: Hotchkiss Rollin D. , Nozawa Ryushi , Gabor Magda 
Published: May 2006

Lactobacillus acidophilus
R-26, which requires preformed deoxyriboside for its growth, is able to grow in a basal medium supplemented with nitrophenyl esters of thymidine 3′- and 5′-phosphates. Mutants unable to grow on the thymidine phosphate esters were isolated and classified thus far into two classes.

One class of mutants that are unable to grow on the diesters have modified exonucleases, their extracts being unable to hydrolyze the specific nitrophenyl ester on which the strain did not grow. It appears therefore, that the known 3′- and 5′-exonucleases specifically hydrolyzing these esters can be used for the support of growth. A second mutagenization treatment of one of the mutants gave rise to a new strain unable to use or hydrolyze either diester for growth, although it could still grow on several deoxyribodinucleotides.
Another class of mutants does not grow on deoxyribooligonucleotides but grows on monodeoxyribo-nucleosides and -nucleotides. These mutants have normal levels of exonuclease activities, so it appears possible that they bear a mutation affecting permeability to diesters or to molecules larger than mononucleotides.
Adenovirus-2 DNA Contains an Inverted Terminal Repetition
Authors: Wolfson John , Dressler David 
Published: May 2006

Denaturation and renaturation of the adenovirus-2 chromosome (a duplex rod) generates single-stranded circles of unit length. These circles can be opened into linear DNA molecules by digestion with exonuclease III, indicating that hydrogen bonding between the two ends of an adenovirus strand is responsible for maintaining the rod in a circular state.
The formation of adenovirus single-stranded circles, and their sensitivity to exonuclease III, indicate that the mature adenovirus-2 DNA molecule contains an inverted terminal repetition. That is, the base sequence at one end of the molecule is inverted and appears again at the other end of the molecule. This is the first example of such a structure, and its function is unknown.
The Active Site of Staphylococcal Nuclease: Paramagnetic Relaxation of Bound Nucleotide Inhibitor Nuclei by Lanthanide Ions
Authors: Furie Bruce , Griffin John H. , Feldmann Richard J. , Sokoloski Edward A. , Schechter Alan N. 
Published: May 2006

The structure of 3′,5′-thymidine diphosphate bound in the active site of staphylococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) was studied by measuring the relaxation rate enhancement of substrate analog nuclei by a paramagnetic metal ion. The lanthanide ion, Gd(III), was substituted for Ca(II) in the formation of the ternary complex of nuclease-Gd(III)-3′,5′-thymidine diphosphate. Measurements were made of the transverse relaxation rates of protons and the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the phosphorus nuclei of the bound nucleotide. Internuclear distances between the metal ion and atoms of the 3′,5′-thymidine diphosphate nucleotide were determined from these data by the Solomon-Bloembergen equation. In general, these distances corresponded closely to those determined by previous x-ray crystallography of the thymidine diphosphate complex.
These internuclear distances were also used with a computer program and graphics display to solve for metal-nucleotide geometries, which were consistent with the experimental data. A geometry similar to the structure of the metal-nucleotide complex bound to nuclease determined by x-ray analysis was one of the solutions to this computer modeling process. For staphylococcal nuclease, the nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray methods yield compatible high resolution information about the structure of the active site. However, differences of uncertain significance exist between the two structures.
Two Types of Molecular Evolution. Evidence from Studies of Interspecific Hybridization
Authors: Wilson A. C. , Maxson L. R. , Sarich V. M. 
Published: May 2006

To assess the significance of macromolecular sequence differences among species, we compared the serum albumins of 81 pairs of vertebrate species capable of producing viable hybrids. Micro-complement fixation experiments showed that the average difference between the albumins within such pairs was only 3 immunological distance units for placental mammals (31 pairs), but 36 units for frogs (50 pairs). Albumin immunological distance is strongly correlated with other measures of genetic distance, including those made with DNA annealing techniques. It therefore seems likely that mammalian species pairs capable of hybridization are far more similar at the macromolecular sequence level than is the case for most hybridizable frogs.
We think the most likely explanation for the marked molecular restriction on hybridization among mammals is that the ratio of regulatory evolution to protein evolution is higher for mammals than for frogs. Mammals may have experienced unusually rapid regulatory evolution; indeed, this could be the factor responsible for their unusually rapid anatomical evolution.
EVALUATION OF THE LOOPING FORMATION AND PAIN DURING INSERTION INTO THE CECUM IN COLONOSCOPY
Authors: Sato Koichiro , Fujinuma Sumio , Sakai Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  One of the causes of pain during insertion of the colonoscope is stretching of the mesenterium by loop formation. The degree of pain differs according to the type of loop formation. Our aims were to study the accuracy of the colonoscopist’s assessment of the presence and type of loop formation and to study the degree of pain in relation to the type of loop by administering the visual analog scale (VAS).Methods:  Two hundred and fifty‐seven consecutive patients were enrolled. All procedures were performed by two experienced colonoscopists who were blind to magnetic endoscope imaging view. After the colonoscopy, the colonoscopist was asked to assess the presence and type of loop formation. The degree of pain was assessed using the VAS.Results:  The accuracy of estimating N loop, alpha loop, absence of loop formation and U loop was each over 70%. The accuracy of estimating gamma and splenic loop was significantly lower than the accuracy of estimating U loop. Colonoscopy was significantly more painful in women than in men. The degree of pain was significantly higher upon formation of reverse alpha loop and gamma and splenic loop than upon formation of N loop and U loop.Conclusions:  Upon formation of reverse alpha loop or gamma and splenic loop, patients experienced more pain and it was difficult for the endoscopists to assess these loops. As women had severe pain compared with men, the use of a pediatric colonoscope or higher dosage of sedation in women should be considered.