bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenic and genetic variability among Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from different yam hosts in the agroecological zones in Nigeria
Authors: Abang M. M. , Asiedu R. , Hoffmann P. , Wolf G. A. , Mignouna H. D. , Winter S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., is the most severe foliar disease of water yam (Dioscorea alata) worldwide. Population genetic analyses can yield useful insights into the evolutionary potential of C. gloeosporioides and thus lead to the development of appropriate disease management strategies. The genetic structure of C. gloeosporioides populations from yam and non‐yam hosts in three agroecological zones of Nigeria was investigated. Microsatellite‐primed polymerase chain reaction (MP‐PCR), virulence phenotyping using five putative D. alata differentials, cross‐inoculation tests, and the presence/absence of a Glomerella teleomorph in yam fields were used to infer the evolutionary potential of C. gloeosporioides on yam. We observed high genotypic diversity (GD = 0.99 to 1.00) for populations from all hosts and agroecological zones, with multiple pathogen genotypes in individual anthracnose lesions. Genetic differentiation was low among pathogen populations from different hosts (GST = 0.10, θ = 0.034), and agroecological zones (GST = 0.04, θ = 0.018), indicating limited host differentiation and significant gene flow. No evidence was found for the existence of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. alatae reported in previous studies. The fungus was recovered from several non‐yam host species commonly found in yam fields but non‐yam isolates caused only mild to moderate symptoms on yam. Eighteen C. gloeosporioides virulence phenotypes were identified among 217 isolates but there was a weak correlation (r = 0.02, P = 0.40) between virulence phenotype and MP‐PCR haplotype. Consistent with the above findings, we observed for the first time the Glomerella teleomorph on anthracnose‐infected yam plants in Nigeria, indicating that sexual recombination might play an important role in anthracnose epidemics on yam. The implications of these findings for C. gloeosporioides evolutionary potential and anthracnose resistance breeding are discussed.
Impact of a New Source of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea
Authors: Gwata E. T. , Silim S. N. , Mgonja M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPigeonpea is an important grain legume grown by smallholder farmers in Southern Africa. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium udum Butler, is the major disease limiting pigeonpea production in the region. This study was designed to evaluate the reaction to fusarium wilt as well as agronomic performance of new elite pigeonpea germplasm in three different countries during the 2001/2002 cropping season using wilt‐sick plots. Per cent incidence of fusarium wilt (%FW), grain size and yield, were measured. The genotype ICEAP 00040 consistently showed a high (<20.0%) level of resistance to the disease in all three countries. In contrast, %FW score for the susceptible genotype ICEAP 00068 was 87.5, 92.0 and 90.9% in Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania, respectively. The grain size obtained for ICEAP 00040 at Ngabu (Malawi) was 25.0% larger than that at each of the remaining locations indicating environmental influence on this trait. At all the three locations, ≥1.5 ton/Ha of grain yield was obtained for ICEAP 00040 compared with <1.0 ton/Ha for ICEAP 00068. In 2003, this improved resistant genotype (ICEAP 00040) was released for commercial production and will be useful as a good source of resistance in pigeonpea genetic improvement programs in the region.
Treating Chronic Nightmares of Sexual Assault Survivors with an Intellectual Disability – Two Descriptive Case Studies
Authors: Kroese Biza Stenfert , Thomas Gail 
Published: February 2006

Background  Imagery rehearsal therapy for people who suffer from recurring nightmares has been shown to be a successful intervention. Very little research has been conducted on post‐traumatic nightmare sufferers with learning disabilities.Method  This paper presents two case studies to illustrate the application of an adapted form of imagery rehearsal therapy to adults with learning disabilities.Results  Both descriptive cases indicated that the intervention resulted in significant reductions in distress because of nightmares and provided some evidence that these positive results were generalized into waking life.Conclusions  As a short and simple method, imagery rehearsal therapy appears to be very suitable for people with learning disabilities.
Depression, Social Context and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for People who have Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Jahoda Andrew , Dagnan Dave , Jarvie Pamela , Kerr Wendy 
Published: February 2006

Background  It is striking that although cognitive behavioural therapy was developed to treat depression in the general population, there remains a paucity of research concerning its application to people with intellectual disabilities. Recent research points to the importance of understanding people's distress in the context of their particular life experience.Areas to be addressed  This paper examines how the life experience of people with intellectual disabilities may influence the nature of their self‐perceptions and their vulnerability to depression. In addition to considering the impact of experience on the content of participants’ self‐perceptions, evidence concerning the mediating role played by cognitive factors in the genesis and maintenance of depression is also reviewed.Conclusions  These strands of research are discussed in the light of existing CBT models of depression, along with potential adaptations of interventions for people with intellectual disabilities.
In Response to Lindsay and Emerson
Authors: Sturmey Peter 
Published: February 2006

Background  Lindsay's comments related mostly behaviour, analytic conceptions of human behaviour and therapy.Materials and Method  I argue that radical behaviourism addresses many of his concerns relating to private behaviour and his cognitive analysis of the private behaviour of offenders with intellectual disabilities. Cognitive explanations of behaviour can readily be reformulated in behaviour analytic terms. Emerson's comments mostly concern the external validity of applied behaviour analysis (ABA) research, the cost–benefit analysis of ABA interventions, the relevance of outcome research to public policy and the apparent narrowness of outcome variables used in ABA outcome research. I argue that treatment efficacy is a necessary condition for cost efficacy and the only other approach that currently has evidence of efficacy is anger management, although that is based on a very small literature. Studies have addressed the cost efficacy of ABA interventions for some common problems, but no studies are available for cost efficacy of non‐behavioural research. The limitations in the outcome literature for ABA should be judged against the general absence of evidence from controlled studies for non‐behavioural treatment.Conclusion  The balance of evidence continues to favour selection of behavioural treatments.
Cognitive Therapy Abilities in People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Sams Kathryn , Collins Suzanne , Reynolds Shirley 
Published: February 2006

Background  There is a need to develop and adapt therapies for use with people with learning disabilities who have mental health problems.Aims  To examine the performance of people with learning disabilities on two cognitive therapy tasks (emotion recognition and discrimination among thoughts, feelings and behaviours). We hypothesized that cognitive therapy task performance would be significantly correlated with IQ and receptive vocabulary, and that providing a visual cue would improve performance.Method  Fifty‐nine people with learning disabilities were assessed on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale‐II (BPVS‐II), a test of emotion recognition and a task requiring participants to discriminate among thoughts, feelings and behaviours. In the discrimination task, participants were randomly assigned to a visual cue condition or a no‐cue condition.Results  There was considerable variability in performance. Emotion recognition was significantly associated with receptive vocabulary, and discriminating among thoughts, feelings and behaviours was significantly associated with vocabulary and IQ. There was no effect of the cue on the discrimination task.Conclusion  People with learning disabilities with higher IQs and good receptive vocabulary were more likely to be able to identify different emotions and to discriminate among thoughts, feelings and behaviours. This implies that they may more easily understand the cognitive model. Structured ways of simplifying the concepts used in cognitive therapy and methods of socialization and education in the cognitive model are required to aid participation of people with learning disabilities.
Science, Stewardship, and Spirituality: The Human Body as a Model for Ecological Restoration
Authors: Schaefer Valentin 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Ecological restoration is practiced by people of diverse backgrounds working at many different levels in a variety of settings. Portraying the human body as a metaphor of a natural ecosystem can be useful in identifying the breadth of strategies used to restore the natural environment. A technical approach, environmental stewardship, and more spiritual traditional attitudes to ecological restoration can be viewed as analogous to restoring health to the human body through an operation in a hospital, administering remedies to oneself from the medicine cabinet, and taking a broader holistic/preventative approach to cultivate the mind–body connection through, e.g., yoga.
Recommendations for Integrating Restoration Ecology and Conservation Biology in Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southwestern United States
Authors: Noss Reed F. , Beier Paul , Wallace Covington W. , Edward Grumbine R. , Lindenmayer David B. , Prather John W. , Schmiegelow Fiona , Sisk Thomas D. , Vosick Diane J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOver the past century, ponderosa pine–dominated landscapes of the southwestern United States have been altered by human activities such as grazing, timber harvest, road building, and fire exclusion. Most forested areas within these landscapes now show increased susceptibility to stand‐replacing fires, insect outbreaks, and drought‐related mortality. Recent large wildfires in the region have spurred public interest in large‐scale fuel reduction and restoration programs, which create perceived and real conflicts with the conservation of biodiversity. Conservation concerns include the potential for larger road networks, soil and understory disturbance, exotic plant invasion, and the removal of large trees in treated areas. Pursuing prescribed burning, thinning, or other treatments on the broad scale that many scientists and managers envision requires the reconciliation of ecological restoration with biodiversity conservation. This study presents recommendations from a workshop for integrating the principles and practices of restoration ecology and conservation biology, toward the objective of restoring the composition, structure, and function of dry ponderosa pine forests. Planning on the scale of hundreds of thousands of hectares offers opportunities to achieve multiple objectives (e.g., rare species protection and restoration of ecological structures and processes) that cannot easily be addressed on a site‐by‐site basis. However, restoration must be coordinated with conservation planning to achieve mutual objectives and should include strict guidelines for protection of rare, declining, and sensitive habitats and species.
Variation in Growth Rates under Saline Conditions of Pascopyrum smithii (Western Wheatgrass) and Distichlis spicata (Inland Saltgrass) from Different Source Populations in Kansas and Nebraska: Implications for the Restoration of Salt‐Affected Plant Communities
Authors: Aschenbach Todd A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Soil salinization resulting from agricultural and oil‐ and gas‐production activities can impact habitats of native flora and fauna and reduce production on agricultural lands. Restoration of saline areas with salt‐tolerant vegetation may alleviate impacts. However, differences in how the growth rate under saline conditions varies between species and source populations must first be evaluated before recommending species for restoration. Plant material of Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and Inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) collected from Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve, Kansas and Little Salt Fork Marsh, Nebraska was propagated to evaluate variation in growth rates between these species under saline conditions and determine if differences exist between populations within these species. Ten transplants of each species from each location were grown in sand culture in a greenhouse for 51 days and watered with one of five different saltwater solutions (0.86 dS/m, 9.85 dS/m, 17.85 dS/m, 32.5 dS/m, and 57.7 dS/m). Results indicate that P. smithii grew faster than D. spicata at all comparable salinity levels. Only D. spicata exhibited significant differences in growth rate under saline conditions between populations. Results suggest that P. smithii is equivalent to D. spicata in salt tolerance and should be regarded as an appropriate halophyte for restoration of salt‐affected plant environments. Results for D. spicata suggest that differences between source populations should be considered when evaluating plant material for plant community restoration.
State‐and‐Transition Successional Model for Bauxite Mining Rehabilitation in the Jarrah Forest of Western Australia
Authors: Grant Carl D. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Alcoa World Alumina Australia has been rehabilitating bauxite mines in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of western Australia for more than 35 years. Completion criteria were developed in the 1990s for native species rehabilitation, with various desirable characteristics described as the rehabilitation ages. Successional models can be useful in mining rehabilitation for predicting whether sites are developing along the desired trajectory toward the rehabilitation objective. The current rehabilitation objective is to establish a self‐sustaining jarrah forest ecosystem, planned to enhance or maintain water, timber, recreation, and conservation values. The major objective of this study was to present a state‐and‐transition successional model that assists Alcoa to identify sites that will and will not meet identified completion criteria. Agreed completion criteria and vegetation data collected from native species rehabilitation from 9 months to 15 years old were used to construct a state‐and‐transition model. The model identified the various desired and deviated successional states and factors that cause transitions between these states. Five desirable and nine deviated states were identified and described in detail. Key indicators relating to desired and deviated states include eucalypt density, species richness, legume density, topsoil cover, vegetation structure, ripping depth, and tree health and form. Identified management manipulations to return deviated states to the desired successional trajectory include ripping, reseeding, replanting, weed control, and tree thinning. Some of the identified thresholds between desired and deviated states will require significant management input (e.g., reripping), whereas others require little or no input (e.g., recovery following wildfire). Of the 6,429 ha of native species rehabilitation undertaken between 1991 and 2002, 98% is on or above the desired successional trajectory. More than half of the rehabilitated area is regarded as being above the desired trajectory because of high tree density. Although these sites meet the existing completion criteria, management input may be required in the future, emphasizing the importance of identifying maximum and minimum completion criteria. The state‐and‐transition model of successional development is a practical but rigorous land management tool that has the potential to be applied in a wide variety of ecosystems and wide range of land uses.
Factors Affecting the Use of Reforested Sites by Reptiles in Cleared Rainforest Landscapes in Tropical and Subtropical Australia
Authors: Kanowski John J. , Reis Terry M. , Catterall Carla P. , Piper Scott D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDespite recent efforts to reforest cleared rainforest landscapes, in Australia and elsewhere, the value of reforested sites for rainforest‐dependent reptiles is unknown. We surveyed the occurrence of reptiles in a range of reforestation types (monoculture and mixed‐species timber plantations, diverse “ecological restoration” plantings and regrowth), as well as reference sites in pasture and rainforest, in tropical and subtropical Australia. We recorded 29 species of reptiles from 104 sites, including 15 rainforest‐dependent species. Most rainforest reptiles were strongly associated with complex microhabitats (tree trunks, logs, rocks). The richness and abundance of rainforest‐dependent reptiles varied between the different types of reforestation and between regions. In the tropics, rainforest reptiles were recorded in old timber plantations and ecological restoration plantings but not in young timber plantations or regrowth. Rainforest reptiles were recorded in few reforested sites in the subtropics. The occurrence of rainforest‐dependent reptiles in reforested sites appears to be influenced by (1) habitat structure; (2) proximity to source populations in rainforest; and (3) biogeography and historical differences in the extent of rainforest. Restoration of cleared land for rainforest‐dependent reptiles may require the development, or deliberate creation, of complex structural attributes and microhabitats in reforested sites. Where reforested sites are located away from rainforest, recolonization by rainforest reptiles may require the construction of corridors of suitable habitat between reforested sites and rainforest or the translocation of reptiles to reforested sites.
Physical Sheltering and Liming Improve Survival and Performance of Mountain Birch Seedlings: A 5‐Year Study in a Heavily Polluted Industrial Barren
Authors: Eränen Janne K. , Kozlov Mikhail V. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Denuded landscapes adjacent to big polluters represent an extremely harsh environment for plants due to a unique combination of soil toxicity and physical stress. In a 5‐year experiment we tested whether survival and performance of seedlings of Mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) planted in two barren sites around the nickel–copper smelter at Monchegorsk, northwestern Russia, can be enhanced by physical sheltering and how large the supposed benefits to survival and performance are in relation to liming. Seedling performance was assessed by measuring growth parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence. Physical sheltering was found to be beneficial in some conditions: when soil characteristics were not so harsh as to cause 100% mortality, sheltering increased both survival and performance of birch seedlings. Although the benefits of liming on seedling performance and survival were stronger than the benefits of sheltering, sheltering may still have its uses in restoration when large‐scale liming is not applicable, for example, when the ecological side effects of liming are to be avoided.
Restoration of a Restinga Sandy Coastal Plain in Brazil: Survival and Growth of Planted Woody Species
Authors: Zamith Luiz R. , Scarano Fábio R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this article we report the results of an experiment introducing 17 native shrub and tree species into a Brazilian restinga (i.e., coastal sandy plain vegetation). Restingas have been affected by human impact for about 8,000 years, and human occupation for housing, tourism, and land speculation has recently increased in such a way that there is a need for conservation of remnant patches and restoration of degraded areas throughout the coast to protect biodiversity. Our study site is a remnant located in Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in the country, and has been subjected in the past to deforestation, man‐made fire, and sand extraction. Although trees and shrubs predominantly compose natural restinga vegetation, local vegetation after impact was replaced by an exotic grass cover, which meant a drastic reduction in species richness. Thus, in this experiment we removed the grass cover, introduced shrub and tree species, and monitored survival and growth of 20 plants per species for 2 years. Despite the adversities imposed by the nutrient‐poor sandy soil, 70% of the species showed high survival percentage and considerable growth. This report on restoration initiatives in the restingas points out the viability of shrub and tree plantation following exotic grass removal as a strategy to restore Brazilian coastal vegetation.
Leaf‐Litter Arthropods in Restored Forests in the Colombian Andes: A Comparison Between Secondary Forest and Tree Plantations
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H. , Correa Darío , Escobar Federico , Medina Claudia 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Tree monocultures of native and exotic species are frequently used as tools to catalyze forest recovery throughout the tropics. Although plantations may rapidly develop a canopy cover, they need to be evaluated as habitat for other organisms. We compared samples of leaf‐litter arthropods from two elevations in restored forest in the Colombian Andes. At the upper elevation (2,430 m), we compared native Andean alder (Alnus acuminata) plantation and secondary forest, and at the lower elevation (1,900 m) exotic Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) plantation and secondary forest. Samples were obtained in two periods, March–April and September 1995. Species richness and abundance of arthropods were highest in secondary forest at the lower elevation. There were no differences in richness between both plantations and high‐elevation forest. Arthropod richness and abundance increased in the second sampling period in both secondary forest types and the ash plantation but not in the alder plantation, reflecting population recovery after the dry season. Alder leaf litter apparently buffered seasonal variations in arthropod richness and abundance. Composition of morphospecies was different among forest types. Although arthropod richness was lower in ash plantations compared to secondary forest, plantations still provided habitat for these organisms. On the other hand, the alder plantation was not different from secondary forest at the same elevation. At our site, plantations are embedded in a forested landscape. Whether our results apply to different landscape configurations and at different spatial scales needs to be established. The use of plantations as a restoration tool depends on the objectives of the project and on local conditions of forest cover and soils.