bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Once Weekly Pimozide versus Fluphenazine Decanoate as Maintenance Therapy in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Mccreadie R. , Mackie M. , Morrison D. , Kidd J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double blind trial, 28 male chronic schizophrenic in-patients received either pimozide, given once weekly, or fluphenazine decanoate, given mostly once fortnightly. There was no difference in relapse rates over nine months. However, three-quarters of the patients on pimozide who completed the trial developed at least mild tardive dyskinesia. All patients on pimozide lost weight, the average loss being 5.4 kg (12 lbs). Plasma pimozide levels suggested satisfactory drug compliance. Plasma prolactin levels confirmed that in the pimozide group there was fluctuating dopamine receptor antagonism, while in the fluphenazine group average plasma prolactin levels throughout most of the interval between injections were at the upper limit of normal.
Unfavourable Left-Right Asymmetries of the Brain and Autism: A Question of Methodology
Authors: Tsai Luke , Jacoby Charles G. , Stewart Mark A. , Beisler Jean M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-six patients with infantile autism and various neurological disorders underwent computerized tomographic (CT) scanning of the brain. All CT scans were assessed blindly and independently by a diagnostic radiologist. Two techniques modified from two previous studies were used for measuring parieto-occipital asymmetry. The frequency of reversed asymmetry in autistic patients was the same as that in patients with various neurological disorders, and there was no significant association between reversed asymmetry and delayed language development. The study does not support the concept that unfavourable morphological asymmetries of the brain near the posterior language zone may contribute to the difficulties autistic children experience in acquiring language. Methodological difficulties and the design of new studies are discussed.
Hysterectomy and Psychiatric Disorder: I. Levels of Psychiatric Morbidity before and after Hysterectomy
Authors: Gath Dennis , Cooper Peter , Day Ann 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and fifty-six women with menorrhagia of benign origin were interviewed before hysterectomy, and re-interviewed six months post-operatively (n = 147), and again 18 months post-operatively (n = 148). Levels of psychiatric morbidity were significantly higher before the operation than after. On the Present State Examination, 58 per cent of patients were psychiatric cases before surgery, as against 29 per cent at the 18-month follow-up. Similar post-operative improvements were found on measures of mood (POMS), and of psychosexual and social functioning. Most of these improvements had occurred within three to six months after the operation. Both before and after hysterectomy, levels of psychiatric morbidity were high by comparison with women in the general population, but lower than in psychiatric patients. The pre-operative psychiatric morbidity had been mainly of long duration.
II. Demographic Psychiatric and Physical Factors in Relation to Psychiatric Outcome
Authors: Gath Dennis , Cooper Peter , Day Ann , Bond Alison , Edmonds Gillian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and fifty-six patients with monorrhagia of benign origin were interviewed before hysterectomy, and again six months (n = 147) and 18 months (n = 148) after the operation. Psychiatric outcome, measured in terms of PSE cases detected at 18 months, was strongly associated with pre-operative mental state, neuroticism, previous psychiatric history, and family psychiatric history. No association was found with organic pathology in the uterus, bilateral oophorectomy or demographic variables.
Children Who Set Fires: the Clinical Picture and a Follow-Up
Authors: Stewart Mark A. , Culver Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study concerns 46 children who had set at least one fire and had been admitted to a psychiatric ward. Their firesetting behaviour has been related to variables such as age, IQ, and psychiatric disorder in parents, and to the distinction between children who present with firesetting as their chief problem and those in whom it is a secondary complaint. Thirty subjects were followed up after one to five years. Seven, all boys and all less than 13 years old, were still setting fires, but these were less serious than the ones set before treatment. The persistent firesetters may have come from less stable homes and they tended to be more antisocial at follow-up than children who no longer set fires.
Twelve Blood Markers and Measures of Temperament
Authors: Harburg Ernest , Gleibermann Lillian , Gershowitz Henry , Ozgoren Feridun , Kulik Chen-Lin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis project tested the association of 12 blood marker systems with the Eysenck Extraversion-Introversion/Neuroticism forms and the Buss-Plomin Temperament forms. The sample was about 400 males and 470 females who were given medical examinations during the Tecumseh Community Health Study (Michigan). ANOVA and Scheffe tests were used to test for significant differences; personality traits were adjusted for age. The Lewis red blood cell phenotypes were significantly associated with Anger and Impulsivity for males and Sensation-seeking (a subscale of Impulsivity) for females. It is suggested that these temperament factors merit further exploration.
Anti-Cholinergic Drugs and Memory: the Effects of Benzhexol on Memory in a Group of Geriatric Patients
Authors: Potamianos G. , Kellett J. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double blind trial on the effects of 2 mg of benzhexol on memory was performed on thirteen elderly subjects without cognitive impairment. The tests given 90 minutes after the drug or placebo involved learning a list of ten words, a paired-associate learning task, learning a short story and a test of digit span. Subjects were asked to recall the word list one minute after an interfering task, and 6 items from the story directly. Digit span involved immediate recall and the paired learning was measured by the number of trials necessary to learn. All tests were significantly impaired by the benzhexol except for digit span. This suggests that muscarinic blocking drugs should be avoided in the elderly, as they mimic the memory deficits found in senile dementia of Alzheimer type.
Reliability and Validity of a Tardive Dyskinesia Videotape Rating Technique
Authors: Barnes Thomas R. E. , Trauer Thomas 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety-four psychiatric in-patients, receiving regular antipsychotic medication, were videotaped using a standard procedure. The tapes were rated by blind observers using a simple scoring system for the duration of abnormal movements. Using this combined videotape and rating scale assessment technique the re-rating reliability, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were high. In order to demonstrate the validity of the technique the rating scale scores in a sub-sample of 30 patients, were compared with the assessment of three experienced clinicians on the same patients, and AIMS scores. Central (lip, tongue, jaw and neck movements) scores showed close agreement with the clinicians' assessment, suggesting that clinical diagnosis is based principally on the presence and severity of oro-facial dyskinesia. Total rating scale scores were in close accord with total AIMS scores. When the two scales were carried out on the same patients on the same occasion a diagnostic criterion level of 2 or more on the central score produced a tardive dyskinesia prevalence rate identical to that produced by an AIMS criterion level of 2 or more on the global severity rating. The tardive dyskinesia prevalence rate based on the central score criterion level showed an increase with age.
Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study of Patients with and Without Family History
Authors: Baron Miron , Gruen Rhoda , Asnis Lauren 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo test the hypothesis that schizophrenia can be differentiated on the basis of family history, the authors compared two matched samples of 20 patients each, distinguished by the presence or absence of family history of schizophrenia. Family history was not associated with either onset characteristics, symptom picture, phenomenological subtypes of schizophrenia, prognostic indicators or global assessment score for psychosocial functioning.
A Chronic Impairment of Colour Vision in Users of LSD
Authors: Abraham Henry David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-six users of the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide were compared with 31 controls on a test of colour discrimination an average of two years after their last exposure to the drug. Controls performed better than users, and LSD users without flashbacks performed better than users with flashbacks. An analysis of variance between the three groups was significant at P <0.001. This study suggests that some users of LSD may have a sustained or irreversible impairment in colour discrimination.
Measurement of Alcohol Withdrawal in Detoxification Centre Patients
Authors: Makanjuola Julius D. A. , Faragher Brian , Rees David W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe pattern and severity of alcohol withdrawal in 49 alcohol dependent subjects admitted to the Manchester Detoxification Centre are described. Assessment over 10 days involved the use of the Selected Severity Assessment Scale (SSA) and allocation of patients to subgroups of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. There were associations between tremor, clouding of sensorium, hallucinations and convulsions (items of the SSA) and the four pre-delirious clinical sub-groups identified. We concluded that clinical assessment of the pre-delirious stage took into account these four variables and that there was little value in the routine use of the SSA on a unit such as ours.
The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Survey: III. Handedness and Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. , Crorie John , Barron Elizabeth T. , Winslow George S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHandedness was assessed in 87 per cent (n = 116) of all known schizophrenics from a discrete geographical area, Nithsdale in Dumfries and Galloway Region. Seventy-three per cent were right-handed, a proportion greater than that found in a normal population. It was especially Feighner positive schizophrenics and non-in-patients who produced the excess of right-handers. Within the Feighner positive group, 68 per cent of mixed or lefthanders, but only 29 per cent of right-handers, had tardive dyskinesia.
Family Transmission of Schizophrenia: A Review and Synthesis
Authors: Karlsson Jon L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe more recent large scale family investigations of schizophrenia are reviewed, particularly studies in which the authors have compared the rates in relatives of index cases with those of the general population. The risk of psychotic illness is increased four-fold in first-degree relatives and two-and-a-half-fold in second-degree relatives over that of the population at large. The possible genetic mechanisms are evaluated, with the conclusion that modified dominant transmission, based on a single major gene, is a plausible system.
Intellectual Function in Primary Affective Disorder
Authors: Donnelly Edward F. , Murphy Dennis L. , Goodwin Frederick K. , Waldman Ivan N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe possible effects of clinical depression on intellectual function were investigated in unipolar and bipolar patients. Ninety-six hospitalized depressed patients completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) on admission and 34 were retested on remission. The high average full scale IQs found remained relatively stable throughout, consistent with earlier studies indicating a limited relationship between intellectual function and clinical severity of depression. No evidence was found for retarded psychomotor activity in bipolar groups or increased psychomotor activity in unipolar groups on three WAIS subtests of psychomotor function, but full scale IQ increased slightly in hypomania.
The Association between Family Atmosphere and Hospital Career of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe content analysis was made of special thirty minute discussions between each of 30 acute male schizophrenics and their parents to determine features of parental personality. All patients were discharged, but after 2 years 13 of them had been readmitted. Compared with those not readmitted their fathers expressed more outward-directed hostility and hostility projected on to others, and their mothers expressed more inward-directed hostility as well as guilt anxiety and shame anxiety. Both parents were emotionally more unstable during the course of the discussion. The emotional interaction between mothers and sons was of symmetrical type (whereas it was complementary between mothers and sons who had not been readmitted).
Electro-Convulsive Therapy with Minimum Hazard
Authors: Gordon Douglas 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe inter-electrode resistance during ECT is shown to be very variable, a finding which invalidates the measurement of shocks in joules. With square wave pulses of selected current value the threshold for convulsion may be below 100 milliamperes or above 2,000 milliamperes. It is advisable to measure the current value during millisecond pulses with relatively long intervals between.
Estimating Suicide Risk among Attempted Suicides: I. the Development of New Clinical Scales
Authors: Pallis D. J. , Levey A. B. , Jenkins J. S. , Sainsbury P. , Barraclough B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA discriminant function analysis was carried out to separate a sample of 75 suicides from a sample of 146 attempted suicides, on which comprehensive clinical and social data were recorded on an identical schedule. Two sets of discriminating items (with 18 and 6 variables) correctly classified 91 per cent and 83 per cent of the two samples in their respective groups. The results provide a basis for examining the usefulness of these variables as predictors of future suicide in people who have attempted suicide.
A Comparison of Depression Rating Scales
Authors: Kearns Norma P. , Cruickshank C. A. , McGuigan K. J. , Riley S. A. , Shaw Susan P. , Snaith R. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a comparison of assessment methods of severity of depressive illness, the Montgomery-åsberg Scale had, broadly, a performance equal to the Hamilton Scale. The Beck Depression Inventory, its subscale, and the Wakefield Inventory all had overall poor performances and should now be abandoned in research. The two-patient-rated scales were, overall, similar and fairly satisfactory measures. The comparisons were at points in severity of illness and not on change of severity.
Randomized Comparative Trial of a Ward Discussion Group
Authors: West E. D. , Jackson A. , Physentides A. , Seenivasagan S. , Jezard P. , Nicholson A. , Ram R. , Knight H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA randomized controlled study of 38 catchment unit psychiatric in-patients in a discussion group showed no significant additional benefit compared with 36 in-patients in an activity group. Symptom change scored by three rating groups agreed closely, average r = +0.64. Patients treated with ECT showed 2.6 times as much reduction in morbidity as those not so treated, but there was still no appreciable difference between discussion and activity groups when this was allowed for. Other treatment factors and the Hawthorne effect appeared to obscure any effect due to group therapy.
Plasma Folate and Affective Morbidity During Long-Term Lithium Therapy
Authors: Coppen A. , Abou-Saleh M. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 107 patients on long-term lithium, those with lower plasma folate concentration had a higher affective morbidity than those with higher folate, both at the time and during the previous two years. The association was not the result of weight change or the concomitant use of other drugs. Animal work reporting a decreased synthesis of 5-HT both in folate-deficient animals and in animals fed excessive amounts of folate suggests that it may be important for lithium patients to receive folate supplements to their diet for maximum therapeutic effect.
Behavioural Psychotherapy of Uncommon Referrals
Authors: Greenberg David , Marks Isaac 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a behavioural clinic, over a period of nine years, trainee nurse-therapists treated 65 unusual referrals (8 per cent) out of a total of 800 patients. The remainder had phobic, obsessive-compulsive, sexual and social disorders, which responded encouragingly to behavioural treatment. Of the unusual referrals, useful results were obtained by behavioural treatment for stuttering, hairpulling, tics, and writer's cramp; bulimia is worth further study. Unresponsive conditions included compulsive gambling and obesity.
Prognosis in Chronic Mental Disability
Authors: Morgan Roger , Gray Sean 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a replication study three performance variables measured at the beginning of 200 patients' rehabilitation courses were combined to form an Index to quantify the degree of initial disability. The Index score was significantly associated with the ten-year outcome, and hence has predictive value. With it a level of disability can be specified beyond which a patients' prospect of resettlement is predictably hopeless from the outset despite prolonged and intensive rehabilitative efforts. On the other hand, many less disabled patients cannot achieve resettlement unless such efforts are made. There are, therefore, humanitarian and economic reasons for seeking to distinguish these two groups.
The Response of Endogenously and Reactively Depressed Patients to Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Vlissides D. N. , Jenner F. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients diagnosed as reactively or endogenously depressed were given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The endogenously depressed patients tended to respond to the treatment more quickly and favourably. Measures of age and severity of depression were as predictive as the classification into endogenous or reactive depression using the Newcastle rating scale. The degree of psychological stress ascertained and presumed to be operating did not contribute to the prediction of outcome.
Influence of Acetylator Phenotype on Antidepressant Effects of Phenelzine
Authors: Paykel E. S. , West P. S. , Rowan P. R. , Parker R. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAcetylator phenotype, determined by blood levels after sulphadimidine, was related to outcome in a controlled trial of phenelzine in patients with depression and mixed anxiety depression. Slow acetylators showed more improvement and greater phenelzine-placebo differences than did fast acetylators, at two, four and six weeks. A tendency towards faster acetylation was observed in subjects with previous increased alcohol intake. Acetylator phenotype was not related to other symptom, diagnostic or history data.
Social Networks, Attachments and Support in Minor Affective Disorders: A Replication
Authors: Brugha T. , Conroy R. , Walsh N. , Delaney W. , O'Hanlon J. , Dondero E. , Daly L. , Hickey N. , Bourke G. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySignificant deficiencies in personal social networks and social support in non-psychotic psychiatric out-patients have been reported by Henderson and his colleagues. In a replication study, 50 non-psychotic psychiatric out-patients were compared with 50 matched controls. Patients reported spending less time in social interaction, but more time in unpleasant interaction during the previous week; they also had fewer attachment figures, close relatives and good friends and fewer social contacts than controls. However, the separate analysis of Neurotic and Retarded depressives (using the Present State Examination) failed to replicate all these findings in the Retarded depressives. It is concluded that these associations are confirmed in neurotic patients, but that the more severe depressive disorders require further investigation.
A Comparative Study of Pse/Catego and Diasika: Two Psychiatric Computer Diagnostic Systems
Authors: Schmid W. , Bronisch T. , Von Zerssen D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn unselected series of 100 psychiatric in-patients was independently diagnosed by two clinicians using the PSE and by two computer diagnostic systems: CATEGO based on PSE items and DiaSiKa based on AMDP items. The computer programs are compared with respect to their diagnostic agreement with the clinical diagnoses.
Crisis Intervention in Psychogeriatrics: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Ratna L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOver a six-month period, 142 referrals of patients aged over 65 to a community-orientated psychogeriatric service in North London were studied, and their progress followed for a further two years. The emphasis was on domiciliary management by initiating and supporting caring networks. More active involvement in the community by hospital staff is suggested.
Failure to Mourn, and Melancholia
Authors: Pedder Jonathan R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper reviews ideas about depression and mourning from various quarters, particularly from psychoanalytic writings, from the work of George Brown on the social origins of depression and from some of the work in behavioural psychotherapy on guided mourning. Its essence is foreshadowed in a statement of Winnicott's: “If in an individual the depressive position has been achieved and fully established, then the reaction to loss is grief, or sadness. Where there is some degree of failure at the depressive position the result of loss is depression”.
The Asymmetric Lateralization of Tactile Extinction in Schizophrenia: the Possible Role of Limbic and Frontal Regions
Authors: Scarone Silvio , Pieri Elisabetta , Gambini Orsola , Massironi Roberto , Cazzullo Carlo L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study evaluates the tactile extinction rate in acute and chronic schizophrenics by means of the Quality Extinction Test (QET) proposed by Schwartz in 1977. This procedure is successful in detecting ipsilateral abnormal extinction rates in neurological patients with dominant frontal lesions. Sixty schizophrenics and sixty controls were tested. The results suggest adominant temporo-parietal dysfunction in acute patients and a dominant frontal dysfunction in chronic patients.
Abrupt Discontinuation of Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs: Evidence for Noradrenergic Hyperactivity
Authors: Charney Dennis S. , Heninger George R. , Sternberg David E. , Landis D. Harold 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effect of abrupt discontinuation of amitriptyline, desipramine, or imipramine) on norepinephrine turnover and specific symptoms in seven depressed patients was examined. Turnover, as determined by plasma and urinary 3 methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethylene glycol (MHPG), was increased to a peak during the second week following discontinuation. There were no changes in blood pressure or heart rate. Two of the seven patients experienced clear increases in anxiety. The implications for the role of noradrenergic function is discussed.
Lithium withdrawal Trial in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Delva N. J. , Letemendia F. J. J. , Prowse A. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySix schizophrenic patients treated with lithium and neuroleptics for at least two years had their lithium medication stopped. Two patients relapsed within two weeks, and four did not after one year of follow-up.
Pathways to Opiate Addiction: An Evaluation of Differing Antecedents
Authors: Rounsaville Bruce J. , Weissman Myrna M. , Wilber Charles H. , Kleber Herbert D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper defines and tests a typology of addicts defined through assessment of the sequence of three types of key events: (a) traumatic childhood events such as death of a parent or child abuse; (b) onset of regular delinquent activity; and (c) initiation of illicit drug use. By evaluating the sequence of these events three groups are defined: (a) an initial childhood trauma group; (b) an early delinquency group; and (c) an initial drug use group. Data derived from a sample of treated opiate addicts are used to define and differentiate these three groups.