bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pouch appearance is a reliable indicator of the reproductive status in the Tasmanian devil and the spotted‐tailed quoll
Authors: Hesterman H. , Jones S. M. , Schwarzenberger F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFemale Tasmanian devils (TDs) Sarcophilus harrisii and spotted‐tailed quolls (STQs) Dasyurus maculatus were monitored to assess changes in plasma progesterone and faecal oestrogens/progestagens, vaginal smears and qualitative changes in pouch appearance during the oestrous cycle. Pouch condition was characterized based on size, colour and secretions, and was found to accurately reflect reproductive status, being significantly correlated with changes in both sex steroids and vaginal cytology. During the follicular phase, pouch redness and secretions were maximal, and associated with increased sex steroid concentrations, a karyopyknotic index of >90% and the onset of copulation. Post‐ovulation, pouches became wet and deep and developed a glandular appearance; plasma progesterone/faecal progestagen concentrations remained high and sustained throughout the luteal phase. These features were identical during the pregnant and non‐pregnant oestrous cycle. This study demonstrated that pouch appearance is a reliable physical indicator of the stage of oestrous in the TD and STQ, and provides an alternative non‐invasive method for evaluating the ovarian cycle of these threatened species. This technique can be readily applied to monitor individuals in free‐ranging or captive populations, and will aid as a practical tool for improved breeding management.
Tat‐Hsp70 protects dopaminergic neurons in midbrain cultures and in the substantia nigra in models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nagel Florian , Falkenburger Björn H. , Tönges Lars , Kowsky Sebastian , Pöppelmeyer Charlotte , Schulz Jörg B. , Bähr Mathias , Dietz Gunnar P. H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractParkinson’s disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. The heat‐shock protein 70 (Hsp70) reduces protein misfolding and aggregation. It has been shown to protect cells against oxidative stress and apoptotic stimuli in various neurodegenerative disease models. To deliver Hsp70 across cellular membranes and into the brain, we linked it to a cell‐penetrating peptide derived from the HIV trans‐activator of transcription (Tat) protein. In vitro, Tat‐Hsp70 transduced neuroblastoma cells and protected primary mesencephalic DA neurons and their neurites against MPP+‐mediated degeneration. In vivo, the systemic application of cell‐permeable Hsp70 protected DA neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta against subacute toxicity of MPTP. Furthermore, Tat‐Hsp70 diminished the MPTP induced decrease in DA striatal fiber density. Thus, we demonstrate that systemically applied Tat‐Hsp70 effectively prevents neuronal cell death in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease. The use of Tat‐fusion proteins might therefore be a valuable tool to deliver molecular chaperones like Hsp70 into the brain and may be the starting point for new protective strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
Spinal NTS1 receptors regulate nociceptive signaling in a rat formalin tonic pain model
Authors: Roussy Geneviève , Dansereau Marc‐André , Doré‐Savard Louis , Belleville Karine , Beaudet Nicolas , Richelson Elliott , Sarret Philippe 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCentral administration of the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) was shown to induce antinociceptive responses both spinally and supraspinally. Although NTS2 receptors play an important role in modulating the activity of spinal neurons, we have recently implicated NTS1 receptors in NT's analgesic effects in acute spinal pain paradigms. The current experiments were thus designed to examine the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal administration of NTS1 agonists in formalin‐induced tonic pain in rats. We first established, using immunoblotting and immunohistochemical approaches, that NTS1 receptors were present in small‐ and medium‐sized dorsal root ganglion cells and localized in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. We then examined the effects of intrathecal injection of NT (1–15 μg/kg) or NTS1 preferring agonists on the nocifensive response to intraplantar formalin. Both NTS1‐agonists, PD149163 (10–120 μg/kg) and NT69L (1–100 μg/kg), dose‐dependently attenuated the formalin‐induced behaviors. Accordingly, NTS1 agonists markedly suppressed pain‐evoked c‐fosexpression in the superficial, nucleus proprius and neck regions of the spinal dorsal horn. The concomitant administration of PD149163 with the NTS1 antagonist SR48692 (3 μg/kg) significantly reversed PD149163‐induced antinociception, confirming the implication of NTS1 in tonic pain. In contrast, NT69L’s analgesic effects were partly abolished by co‐administration of SR48692, indicating that NT69L‐induced effects may also be exerted through interaction with NTS2. These results demonstrate that NTS1 receptors play a key role in the mediation of the analgesic effects of NT in persistent pain and suggest that NTS1‐selective agonists may represent a new line of analgesic compounds.
Gephyrin interacts with the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 isoforms at GABAergic synapses
Authors: Yu Wendou , Charych Erik I. , Serwanski David R. , Li Rong‐wen , Ali Rashid , Bahr Ben A. , De Blas Angel L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe have previously shown that the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) splice forms GRIP1a/b and GRIP1c4–7 are present at the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex. Nevertheless, the role that these GRIP1 protein isoforms play at the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex is not known. We are now showing that GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b interact with gephyrin, the main post‐synaptic scaffold protein of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses. Gephyrin coprecipitates with GRIP1c4–7 or GRIP1a/b from rat brain extracts and from extracts of human embryonic kidney 293 cells that have been cotransfected with gephyrin and one of the GRIP1 protein isoforms. Moreover, purified gephyrin binds to purified GRIP1c4–7 or GRIP1a/b, indicating that gephyrin directly interacts with the common region of these GRIP1 proteins, which includes PDZ domains 4–7. An engineered deletion construct of GRIP1a/b (GRIP1a4–7), which both contains the aforementioned common region and binds to gephyrin, targets to the post‐synaptic GABAergic complex of transfected cultured hippocampal neurons. In these hippocampal cultures, endogenous gephyrin colocalizes with endogenous GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b in over 90% of the GABAergic synapses. Double‐labeling electron microscopy immunogold reveals that in the rat brain GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b colocalize with gephyrin at the post‐synaptic complex of individual synapses. These results indicate that GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b colocalize and interact with gephyrin at the GABAergic post‐synaptic complex and suggest that this interaction plays a role in GABAergic synaptic function.
Extracellular amino acids and lipid peroxidation products in periventricular white matter during and after cerebral ischemia in preterm fetal sheep
Authors: Fraser Mhoyra , Bennet Laura , Van Zijl Pierre L. , Mocatta Tessa J. , Williams Christopher E. , Gluckman Peter D. , Winterbourn Christine C. , Gunn Alistair J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIt is widely hypothesized that accumulation of excitatory amino acids, and oxygen free radicals during or after exposure to hypoxia–ischemia play a pivotal role in preterm periventricular white matter injury; however, there is limited evidence in the intact brain. In preterm fetal sheep (0.65 gestation; term 147 days) we found no significant increase in extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids measured by microdialysis in the periventricular white matter during cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid occlusion. There was no significant change in 8‐isoprostane or malondialdehyde levels in the early phase of recovery after occlusion. In contrast, there was a significant delayed increase in most amino acids and in malondialdehyde (but not 8‐isoprostane) that was maximal approximately 2–3 days after occlusion. The increase in glutamate was significantly correlated with a secondary increase in cortical impedance, an index of cytotoxic edema, and with white matter damage 3 days post‐insult. In conclusion, no significant accumulation of cytotoxins was found within immature white matter during cerebral ischemia. Although a minority of fetuses showed a delayed increase in some cytotoxins, this occurred many days after ischemia, in association with secondary cytotoxic edema, strongly suggesting that these changes are mainly a consequence of evolving cell death.
Which Way to U.S. Climate Cooperation? Issue Linkage versus a U.S.‐Based Agreement
Authors: Hovi Jon , Skodvin Tora 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSeveral scholars have suggested that the United States can be compelled to reengage in the Kyoto process by linking cooperation on climate change to cooperation on trade or technology research and development. We argue that such issue linkage would likely fail and suggest that a more promising road to U.S. cooperation is to develop an alternative climate agreement based on federal U.S. climate policy. However, the question then becomes whether the Kyoto countries might be prepared to abandon the Kyoto process in favor of such a U.S.‐based agreement. We argue that if a U.S.‐based agreement were to be built on President Bush's current climate policy, the Kyoto countries (especially the European Union) would likely be reluctant to go along. However, if a U.S.‐based agreement were to be built on the many Kyoto‐like initiatives now emerging at state and local levels, the Kyoto countries might well be more favorably inclined.
An economic approach to soil fertility management for wheat production in north‐eastern Australia
Authors: Farquharson Robert J. , Cacho Oscar J. , Mullen John D. , Schwenke Graeme D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSoil fertility decline and soil management for crop production are important economic issues for grain growers in north‐eastern Australia. In that region, there is evidence of soil fertility decline which is attributed to past crop management practices. The questions addressed in this article are first, whether components of soil fertility can be improved by better management and second, by how much soil fertility would change. Soil fertility for crop production is considered in terms of soil organic carbon and nitrogen. A stochastic dynamic economic analysis of soil fertility management for wheat production is presented. A sequential analysis of first deriving the optimal nitrogen stock and application rates is followed by an assessment of tillage, stubble, and fertilizer strategies to obtain an optimal level of soil organic carbon. The recommended management practices are consistent with emerging management trends in the region. The derivation of optimal levels of soil fertility for agricultural purposes has other policy implications, which we discuss.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE‐HISTORY AND BIONOMICS OF THE KNAPWEED GALLFLY UROPHORA SOLSTITIALIS LINN
Authors: WADSWOKTH J. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA description ofUrophora solstitialisL. and an account of its systematic position and geographical distribution are given, together with an abstract of the work of previous observers on this species.A list of its British and continental food‐plants is given; the records of the latter show that on the continent the larvae feed on various species of thistles, and on three species ofCentaurea, but not onCentaurea nigra, whereas with the exception of one record of their occurrence onSerratula tinctoria, the larvae in this country are recorded as feeding exclusively onCentaurea nigra.The life‐history, ovipositor, and method of oviposition are described, and descriptions and figures of the ova, larvae, and pupae are given. The life‐history is summarised on p. 118.It is shown that owing to the formation of gails induced by larvae ofU. solstitialisin the flower‐heads of this weed a reduction in the number of seeds is effected amounting to about 50 per cent, in the heads examined. The gerininative capacity of the seeds produced in these galled heads was also adversely affected. In the germination experiment described 60‐5 per cent, fewer seeds germinated from galled flower‐heads ofV. nigrathan from ungalled ones. At a moderate estimate the number of seeds rendered non‐effective in galled flower‐heads ofC. nigrais placed at f)0 per cent. It is pointed out that Try‐paneids, whose larvae adversely affect the weeds of cultivated land, may be regarded as beneficial.A short account and discussion of the recorded parasites ofU. solstitialisis given.Some interesting features observed in the process of gall‐formation are referred to, and a few notes are added on some other insect inhabitants of the flower‐heads ofC. nigra.
A BACTERIAL SPOT OF CITRUS.
Authors: DOIDGE ETHEL M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.This paper gives an account of a citrus disease which is causing considerable trouble in the Western Province of the Cape. It causes dark sunken spots on fruit and shoot, and not only disfigures but provides an entrance for fungous parasites which completely destroy the fruit.The causal organism is described at some length, and as it appears to be one hitherto undescribed has been named Bacillus citrimaculans.The question of preventive measures is not discussed, but an improvement in the sanitation of the orchard would certainly prove beneficial, and it is intended to carry out spraying experiments during the ensuring season
ON A DISEASE OF THE BEECH CAUSED BY BULGARIA POLYMORPH A WETT.
Authors: TABOR R. J. , BARRATT KATE 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A gumming disease of pollard beeches is described which is associated with the presence of Bulgaria polymorpha, Wett. on the trees.A mycelium isolated from the diseased bark has been cultivated and has produced the fructifications of Bulgaria.A pollard has been infected with the disease by grafting in a piece of diseased bark, and also by introducing the mycelium of Bulgaria.Repeated infections of young, vigorous trees with the mycelium failed to produce the disease.It is concluded that Bulgaria is a dangerous facultative parasite on old beeches, but that young healthy trees are able to resist infection.We take this opportunity to record our thanks to M. C. Duchesne, Esq., the Ranger of Burnham Beeches, for the facilities he has readily afforded us and for the information he has placed at our disposal.
ON FORMS OF THE HOP (HUMULUS LUPULUS L.) RESISTANT TO MILDEW (SPHAEROTHECA HUMULI (DC.) BURR.); III.
Authors: SALMON E. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. Certain seedlings of the wild hop when grown in the greenhouse are persistently immune to the attacks of the mildew Sphaerotheca Humuli. This immunity has been shown by the same individual seedling for three consecutive years. Under the same cultural conditions other seedlings of the same parentage prove to be very susceptible.2. Certain seedlings (Group 2) which are immune when grown in the greenhouse are also immune when grown in the open. These seedlings have retained this immunity after four years' residence in a hop‐garden under normal conditions of cultivation and manuring.3. Certain seedlings (Group 3) which are immune when grown in the greenhouse are susceptible when grown in the hop‐garden; in some cases the susceptibility shown is of the highest grade.4. “Cuts” taken from the seedlings of Group 3 in the same year in which the seedling proved to be susceptible in the hop‐garden are immune in the greenhouse under cultural conditions in which “cuts” taken from other susceptible seedlings in the hop‐garden are very susceptible.5. Certain seedlings (Group 4) are semi‐immune to the attacks of the mildew.6. One seedling (of American ancestry) grown in the greenhouse was immune throughout the season in 1916 and very susceptible in 1917.
MYCOLOGICAL STUDIES. I: ON THE “SPOTTING” OF APPLES IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: HORNE ARTHUR S. , HORNE ELEANOR VIOLET 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.This paper presents the results so far obtained in an investigation, which has been carried on since 1915, into “spotting” in apples. The symptoms of “spotting” as they are found and develop in numerous varieties of apple are described. Several fungi have been isolated from spots and cultured in various artificial media with the production of spores.They include a new genus of Phomatales (Polyopeus) and nine new species, of which at least one, Pleospora pomorum, as the result of experimental inoculations, has been proved capable of parasitising apples. The fungi do not include any of the species hitherto reported as causal organisms in the United States, the only centre where investigations into the “spotting” of apples, as distinct from the “bitter pit” problem, has been undertaken.The work was commenced at the Wisley Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. During the building of the Society's laboratory it was continued, by the kindness of Professor V. H. Blackman, in the Department of Plant Physiology and Pathology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. In was later carried on again at Wisley; the work however has been completed at the Imperial College.The authors' thanks are due to Professor Blackman for his kind help and criticism during the investigation.
CWMERELLA CINGULATA (STONEMAN) SPAULD. AND V. SCH. AND ITS CONIDIAL FORMS, GLŒO‐SPORIUM PIPERATUM E. AND E. AND COLLETO‐TRICHUM NIGRUM E. AND HALS., ON CHILLIES AND CARICA PAPAYA.
Authors: DASTUR JEHANGIR FARDUNJI 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY. Glœosporium piperatum E. and E. and Colletotrichum nigrum E. and Hals. are not known to be destructive to chillies in India but they cause much loss of fruit in Burma.These fungi are considered to be identical and to be the conidial forms of Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. and v. Sch., which is shown to be synonymous with Gnomoniopsis (Glomerella) piperata Stoneman, the ascogenous stage of G. piperatum E. and E., according to Miss Stoneman.The perithecia‐producing faculty does not depend on the nutrient medium on which the fungus is grown but depends on the race or strain.This faculty is not a fixed hereditary character but is lost by cultivating successive generations on the same medium at room temperature.There is a great deal of variation in the size and hairiness of the neck of the perithecium and in the size and shape of asci, and therefore cultural characteristics cannot be much relied upon for determining the species.The perithecia are aparaphysate.The ascospores are hyaline, unicellular and slightly curved, but in old perithecia they are found to be septate and their walls coloured brown.In cultures the presence of setae is not a constant character.In cultures of the perithecial strain there are very often sudden variations in the characters of the growth of the fungus.It is doubtful if inoculation experiments are of much value in establishing the relationship of the Glomerella on chillies with the other species of this genus or in finding its range of hosts, as the success of inoculation depends on several factors all of which may not be controllable.Inoculations on chillies, Carica papaya, and other plants have been described.A new disease of Carica papaya is described. It is caused by the conidial forms of a Glomerella, which is identical with that on chillies in both morphological and cultural characteristics.The disease is found on flowers, young fruits and fruit stalks. Diseased flower‐buds do not open but fall off. If the infection takes place when the flower whorls have opened they turn brown and wither.The most critical period when the fruits get infected is when they are newly set. Older fruits also at times get diseased.Newly set and young fruits get the infection through their stigmas or through the scars of the floral leaves or through punctures on the skin.The infection is marked by the presence of a circular saucer‐shaped depression in the skin.Diseased fruits become mummified, hard and woody.The study of the conidial forms of the Glomerella on Carica papaya also shows that Glmosporium and Colletotrichum are one and the same fungus.
SOME REMARKS ON THE METHODS FORMULATED IN A RECENT ARTICLE ON “THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLANT GROWTH.”
Authors: FISHER R. A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe methods of calculation formulated by Briggs, Kidd and West for the analysis of plant growth are inaccurate, (i) in introducing a large exaggeration when the plant is increasing in mass, (ii) in applying to periods of varying length a method of calculation which thereby becomes self‐inconsistent.The correct measure for the mean value of the relative growth rate over any period, long or short, is that advocated by Blackman under the name of the “efficiency index.”
THE CONTROL OF THE GREENHOUSE WHITE FLY (ASTEROCHITON VAPORARIORUM) WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY1
Authors: LLOYD LL. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.The insect exhibits partial adaptation to a temperate climate, the egg and adult being resistant to considerable cold.The wide range of its food plants is indicated.The adults are gregarious and show marked colour reactions. The life is long and the fecundity great. Parthenogenesis occurs and only male offspring result from this; mating is the rule and produces offspring of both sexes.The incubation period of the egg varied from 8 to 117 days according to temperature, and the duration of the scale stage from 17 to 43 days.The occurrence of A. sonchi Kotinsky in England was noted.The attacks of the pest on tomatoes mainly make it of great economic importance. Specialisation in tomato growing to the exclusion of other crops is a useful precaution and other precautionary measures are indicated.Fumigation is the only effective method of treating infested plants. Naphthalene and tobacco preparations give little relief. Tetrachlor‐ethane is a good fumigant, but is too costly for trade growers.Cyaniding is the best method of treatment. The dose of sodium cyanide varies from one‐quarter to one‐tenth ounce per thousand cubic feet of greenhouse space, according to the type of greenhouse and the condition of the plants. Long fumigations with these small doses are more effective than short fumigations with larger quantities.The precautions necessary to avoid damage to the plants are given, avoiding daylight during fumigation and having the roots of the plants dry being the most important.