bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamic effects of PEEP in a porcine model of HCl‐induced mild acute lung injury
Authors: MARUMO C. K. , OTSUKI D. A. , FANTONI D. T. , MARGARIDO C. B. , AMBRÓSIO A. M. , PELOSI P. , AULER J. O. C. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and sustained inspiratory insufflations (SI) during acute lung injury (ALI) are suggested to improve oxygenation and respiratory mechanics. We aimed to investigate the hemodynamic effects of PEEP with and without alveolar recruiting maneuver in a mild ALI model induced by inhalation of hydrochloric acid.Methods: Thirty‐two pigs were randomly allocated into four groups (Control–PEEP, Control–SI, ALI–PEEP and ALI–SI). ALI was induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid. PEEP values were progressively increased and decreased from 5, 10, 15 and 20 cmH2O in all groups. Three SIs maneuvers of 30 cmH2O for 20 s were applied to the assignable groups between each PEEP level. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), global hemodynamics, oxygenation indexes and gastric tonometry were measured 5 min after the maneuvers had been concluded and at each established value of PEEP (5, 10, 15 and 20 cmH2O).Results: The cardiac index, ejection fraction and end‐diastolic volume of right ventricle were significantly (P<0.001) decreased with PEEP in both Control and ALI groups. Left ventricle echocardiography showed a significant decrease in end‐diastolic volume at 20 cmH2O of PEEP (P<0.001). SIs did not exert any significant hemodynamic effects either early (after 5 min) or late (after 3 h).Conclusions: In a mild ALI model induced by inhalation of hydrochloric acid, significant hemodynamic impairment characterized by cardiac function deterioration occurred during PEEP increment, but SI, probably due to low applied values (30 cmH2O), did not exert further negative hemodynamic effects. PEEP should be used cautiously in ALI caused by acid gastric content inhalation.
Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in plants
Authors: Fitzgerald T. L. , Waters D. L. E. , Henry R. J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPlant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADHs) have been the target of substantial research, especially during the last 20 years. Initial characterisation of BADH as an enzyme involved in the production of glycine betaine (GB) has led to detailed studies of the role of BADH in the response of plants to abiotic stressin vivo, and the potential for transgenic expression of BADH to improve abiotic stress tolerance. These studies have, in turn, yielded significant information regarding BADH and GB function. Recent research has identified the potential for BADH as an antibiotic‐free marker for selection of transgenic plants, and a major role for BADH in 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline‐based fragrance associated with jasmine and basmati style aromatic rice varieties.
Trauma, stress, and preconscious threat processing in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Bakvis Patricia , Roelofs Karin , Kuyk Jarl , Edelbroek Peter M. , Swinkels Wilhelmina A.M. , Spinhoven Philip 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPurpose:  Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) have long been considered as paroxysmal dissociative symptoms characterized by an alteration of attentional functions caused by severe stress or trauma. Although interpersonal trauma is common in PNES, the proposed relation between trauma and attentional functions remains under explored. We examined the attentional processing of social threat in PNES in relation to interpersonal trauma and acute psychological stress.Methods:  A masked emotional Stroop test, comparing color‐naming latencies for backwardly masked angry, neutral, and happy faces, was administered to 19 unmedicated patients with PNES and 20 matched healthy controls, at baseline and in a stress condition. Stress was induced by means of the Trier Social Stress Test and physiologic stress parameters, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and cortisol, were measured throughout the experiment.Results:  No group differences related to the acute stress induction were found. Compared to controls, however, patients displayed a positive attentional bias for masked angry faces at baseline, which was correlated to self‐reported sexual trauma. Moreover, patients showed lower HRV at baseline and during recovery.Discussion:  These findings are suggestive of a state of hypervigilance in patients with PNES. The relation with self‐reported trauma, moreover, offers the first evidence linking psychological risk factors to altered information processing in PNES.
Ethical issues related to epilepsy care in the developing world
Authors: Tan Chong‐Tin , Avanzini Giuliano 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThere are three major issues of ethical concern related to epilepsy care in the developing world. First, is it ethical for a developing country to channel its limited resources from direct epilepsy care to research? The main considerations in addressing this question are the particular research questions to be addressed and whether such research will bring direct benefits to the local community. Second, in a country with limited resources, when does ignoring the high treatment gap become an ethical issue? This question is of particular concern when the community has enough resources to afford treatment for its poor, yet is not providing such care because of gross wastage and misallocation of the national resources. Third, do countries with plentiful resources have an ethical responsibility to help relieve the high epilepsy treatment gap of poor countries? Indeed, we believe that reasonable health care is a basic human right, and that human rights transcend national boundaries. Although health care is usually the responsibility of the nation‐state, many modern states in the developing world are arbitrary creations of colonization. There is often a long process from the establishment of a political‐legal state to a mature functional nation. During the long process of nation building, help from neighboring countries is often required.
Single and repetitive paired‐pulse suppression: A parametric analysis and assessment of usefulness in epilepsy research
Authors: Waldbaum Simon , Dudek F. Edward 
Published: December 2008

SummaryPurpose:  The paired‐pulse technique has been widely used as a convenient but indirect measure of “inhibition” in hippocampal circuits of normal and epileptic animals. Most investigators have used a single paired‐pulse protocol, whereas others have utilized repetitive paired pulses. This study investigated which parameters influence results from paired‐pulse tests, focusing on the repetitive paired‐pulse technique; it aims to assess how this technique may be used in an unbiased and quantitative manner across animal preparations for comparisons of control and experimental epileptic animals.Methods:  The perforant path was stimulated while field potentials were recorded from the granule cell layer under isoflurane anesthesia. Paired‐pulse suppression was analyzed as a function of stimulation intensity and interpulse interval and frequency.Results:  Paired‐pulse suppression was greater with increased stimulus intensity and decreased interpulse interval (20–100 ms). During repetitive protocols, stimulation frequencies ≤1.0 Hz produced paired‐pulse suppression similar to single paired‐pulse responses, but caused more paired‐pulse suppression between 1.0 and 4.0 Hz at all but the lowest intensities. The amplitude of the population spike produced by the conditioning pulse increased progressively during stimulation at higher frequencies (1.0–4.0 Hz).Discussion:  The single paired‐pulse technique is highly dependent on stimulation parameters, as is the repetitive paired‐pulse protocol, which is more variable. To generate reliable, consistent, and unbiased data in comparisons of control and experimental epileptic groups, all parameters should be specified and controlled across experiments. Paired‐pulse suppression is susceptible to alterations in many mechanisms, and, therefore, represents a circuit response rather than an assay of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition in epilepsy research.
“Just Relax”: Physicians’ Experiences with Women Who are Difficult or Impossible to Examine Gynecologically
Authors: Huber Jonathan D. , Pukall Caroline F. , Boyer Stéphanie C. , Reissing Elke D. , Chamberlain Susan M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The internal pelvic exam is a critical component of women’s reproductive health care; however, it can be perceived as uncomfortable, embarrassing, and painful, which may lead some women to avoid this procedure.

Aims
The purpose of this study was to survey physicians with respect to their experiences with female patients who are difficult or impossible to examine gynecologically.

Methods
Six hundred and fifty-eight obstetrician-gynecologist and family physicians were sent a 15-item questionnaire by mail and 424 participants responded (64% response rate). The survey consisted of questions pertaining to demographic variables, professional training and practice information, the frequency with which they encounter female patients who are difficult or impossible to examine, and the strategies employed with and beliefs surrounding such patients.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures were the frequency of patients who are difficult or impossible to examine, strategies used to manage such patients, and beliefs as to why these patients are difficult or impossible to examine.

Results
The results, based on a final sample size of 401, indicated that most respondents have had some experience with patients who are difficult or impossible to examine. In such cases, most physicians (87%) reported attempting to address their patients’ lack of relaxation. The majority of physicians in this study believed that a previous negative experience with (87%), and heightened anxiety about (79%), the exam were to blame. Twelve percent of respondents specifically reported that a previous history of sexual abuse was an important factor.

Conclusions
This study reinforces the importance of being aware of patient discomfort during pelvic exams and of developing strategies that fit the individual patient and her needs. Future research should examine women’s perceptions of their reproductive care, particularly correlates of pain and anxiety during pelvic exams, prevalence of negative experiences, and doctor–patient interactions in this context.
Beneficial Impact of Exercise and Obesity Interventions on Erectile Function and its Risk Factors
Authors: Hannan Johanna L. , Maio M. Tina , Komolova Marina , Adams Michael A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a multifaceted disease involving cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormonal factors and affects over 100 million men worldwide. ED has been shown to be a harbinger of underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as there are common risk factors (aging, hypertension, obesity) and mechanistic basis.

Aim
To provide an update on clinical and experimental evidence regarding the impact of lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet, with respect to changes in erectile function.

Main Outcome Measures
Published evidence regarding the impact of aging, hypertension, and obesity on ED and CVD, as well as new experimental data linking obesity and diminished erectile responses.

Methods
We reviewed the literature regarding common risk factors of ED and CVD, particularly involving obesity, as well as performed new analysis on the findings of other experimental studies involving diet and exercise interventions.

Results
Physical inactivity negatively impacts on erectile function, and experimental and clinical exercise interventions have been shown to improve sexual responses and overall cardiovascular health. Mediterranean-style diets and a reduction in caloric intake have been found to improve erectile function in men with the aspects of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, both clinical and experimental studies have confirmed that combining the two interventions provides additional benefit to erectile function, likely via reduced metabolic disturbances (e.g., inflammatory markers, insulin resistance), decreased visceral adipose tissue, and improvement in vascular function (e.g., increased endothelial function).

Conclusions
Lifestyle modifications provide significant benefits to vascular health and erectile function in a population that is increasingly aged and more obese.
Theileria
Apicoplast as a Target for Chemotherapy
Authors: Lizundia Regina , Werling Dirk , Langsley Gordon , Ralph Stuart A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Theileria
parasites cause severe bovine disease and death in a large part of the world. These apicomplexan parasites possess a relic plastid (apicoplast), whose metabolic pathways include several promising drug targets. Putative inhibitors of these targets were screened, and we identified antiproliferative compounds that merit further characterization.
Continuous Cefazolin Infusion To Treat Bone and Joint Infections: Clinical Efficacy, Feasibility, Safety, and Serum and Bone Concentrations
Authors: Zeller Valérie , Durand Frédérick , Kitzis Marie-Dominique , Lhotellier Luc , Ziza Jean-Marc , Mamoudy Patrick , Desplaces Nicole 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Cefazolin has been used for many years to treat bone and joint infections. Because of its time-dependent antimicrobial activity, continuous infusion would potentially be beneficial. We report on the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of prolonged continuous intravenous cefazolin therapy in a cohort of 100 patients, their serum cefazolin levels, and the concomitant bone cefazolin concentrations in 8 of them. This retrospective cohort study included all the patients treated for bone or joint infection with a continuous cefazolin infusion administered over a 12-h period twice daily for ≥2 weeks. Drug monitoring was performed at least twice for all the patients. Serum and bone cefazolin concentrations were determined by standardized disk diffusion microbiological assays. The absence of clinical, biological, and radiological signs of infection after 2 years of follow-up and the same criteria after 1 year of follow-up defined cures and probable cures, respectively. The median treatment duration was 42 days, and the median daily cefazolin dose was 6 g. Half of the patients received parenteral antibiotic therapy on an outpatient basis. Two moderate-grade adverse events were observed. The median serum cefazolin concentrations were 63 μg/ml (range, 13 to 203 μg/ml) and 57 μg/ml (range, 29 to 128 μg/ml) on days 2 to 10 and days 11 to 21, respectively. The median bone cefazolin concentration reached 13.5 μg/g (range, 3.5 to 29 μg/g). The median bone concentration/serum concentration ratio was 0.25 (range, 0.06 to 0.41). Among 88 patients with a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 12 to 53 months), 52 were considered cured and 29 were considered probably cured. Thus, the treatment of bone and joint infections with a prolonged continuous intravenous cefazolin infusion was feasible, effective, well-tolerated, safe, and convenient, making it a strong candidate for home therapy.
Antimicrobial Activities of Jadomycin B and Structurally Related Analogues
Authors: Jakeman David L. , Bandi Srinivasulu , Graham Cathy L. , Reid Taryn R. , Wentzell Jason R. , Douglas Susan E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Natural products are leads for new antibiotics as a result of their structural complexity and diversity. We have isolated a series of structurally related polyketide-derived natural products from
Streptomyces venezuelae
ISP5230. The most active of these jadomycin analogues showed good activity against a variety of staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Pyrosequencing Using the Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Protocol for Rapid Determination of TEM- and SHV-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Clinical Isolates and Identification of the Novel β-Lactamase Genes
bla
SHV-48
,
bla
SHV-105
, and
bla
TEM-155
Authors: Jones C. Hal , Ruzin Alexey , Tuckman Margareta , Visalli Melissa A. , Petersen Peter J. , Bradford Patricia A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are the most common ESBLs found in the United States and are prevalent throughout the world. Amino acid substitutions at a number of positions in TEM-1 lead to the ESBL phenotype, although substitutions at residues 104 (E to K), 164 (R to S or H), 238 (G to S), and 240 (E to K) appear to be particularly important in modifying the spectrum of activity of the enzyme. The SHV-1-derived ESBLs are a less diverse collection of enzymes; however, the majority of amino acid substitutions resulting in an ESBL mirror those seen in the TEM-1-derived enzymes. Pyrosequencing by use of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) protocol was applied to provide sequence data at positions critical for the ESBL phenotype spanning the
bla
TEM
and
bla
SHV
genes. Three novel β-lactamases are described: the ESBLs TEM-155 (Q39K, R164S, E240K) and SHV-105 (I8F, R43S, G156D, G238S, E240K) and a non-ESBL, SHV-48 (V119I). The ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam MICs for an
Escherichia coli
isolate expressing
bla
SHV-105
were >128, 128, and >128 μg/ml, respectively. Likewise, the ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam MICs for an
E. coli
isolate expressing
bla
TEM-155
were >128, 64, and > 128 μg/ml, respectively. Pyrosequence analysis determined the true identity of the β-lactamase on plasmid R1010 to be SHV-11 rather than SHV-1, as previously reported. Pyrosequencing is a real-time sequencing-by-synthesis approach that was applied to SNP detection for TEM- and SHV-type ESBL identification and represents a robust tool for rapid sequence determination that may have a place in the clinical setting.
Identification, Characterization, and Azole-Binding Properties of
Mycobacterium smegmatis
CYP164A2, a Homolog of ML2088, the Sole Cytochrome P450 Gene of
Mycobacterium leprae
Authors: Warrilow Andrew G. S. , Jackson Colin J. , Parker Josie E. , Marczylo Timothy H. , Kelly Diane E. , Lamb David C. , Kelly Steven L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

The genome sequence of
Mycobacterium leprae
revealed a single open reading frame, ML2088 (CYP164A1), encoding a putative full-length cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and 12 pseudogenes. We have identified a homolog of ML2088 in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
and report here the cloning, expression, purification, and azole-binding characteristics of this cytochrome P450 (CYP164A2).
CYP164A2
is 1,245 bp long and encodes a protein of 414 amino acids and molecular mass of 45 kDa. CYP164A2 has 60% identity with
Mycobacterium leprae
CYP161A1 and 66 to 69% identity with eight other mycobacterial CYP164A1 homologs, with three identified highly conserved motifs. Recombinant CYP164A2 has the typical spectral characteristics of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, predominantly in the ferric low-spin state. Unusually, the spin state was readily modulated by increasing ionic strength at pH 7.5, with 50% high-spin occupancy achieved with 0.14 M NaCl. CYP164A2 bound clotrimazole, econazole, and miconazole strongly (

K
d

, 1.2 to 2.5 μM); however, strong binding with itraconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole was only observed in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. Fluconazole did not bind to CYP164A2 at pH 7.5 and no discernible type II binding spectrum was observed.
Efficient Neutralization of Antibody-Resistant Forms of Anthrax Toxin by a Soluble Receptor Decoy Inhibitor
Authors: Sharma Shilpi , Thomas Diane , Marlett John , Manchester Marianne , Young John A. T. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

A soluble receptor decoy inhibitor (RDI), comprised of the extracellular I domain of ANTXR2, is a candidate anthrax therapeutic. Here we show that RDI can effectively neutralize altered forms of the protective antigen toxin subunit that are resistant to 14B7 monoclonal antibody neutralization. These data highlight the potential of RDI to act as an adjunct to existing antibody-based therapies and indicate that inhibitors based on RDI might be useful as a stand-alone treatment against specifically engineered strains of
Bacillus anthracis
.
Selectivity of TMC207 towards Mycobacterial ATP Synthase Compared with That towards the Eukaryotic Homologue
Authors: Haagsma Anna C. , Abdillahi-Ibrahim Rooda , Wagner Marijke J. , Krab Klaas , Vergauwen Karen , Guillemont Jerome , Andries Koen , Lill Holger , Koul Anil , Bald Dirk 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

The diarylquinoline TMC207 kills
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by specifically inhibiting ATP synthase. We show here that human mitochondrial ATP synthase (50% inhibitory concentration [IC
50
] of >200 μM) displayed more than 20,000-fold lower sensitivity for TMC207 compared to that of mycobacterial ATP synthase (IC
50
of 10 nM). Also, oxygen consumption in mouse liver and bovine heart mitochondria showed very low sensitivity for TMC207. These results suggest that TMC207 may not elicit ATP synthesis-related toxicity in mammalian cells. ATP synthase, although highly conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, may still qualify as an attractive antibiotic target.
A nutritional study of Irish athletes
Authors: Barry A. , Cantwell T. , Doherty F. , Folan Jean C. , Ingoldsby M. , Kevany J. P. , O'Broin J. D. , O'Connor H. , O'Shea B. , Ryan B. A. , Vaughan J. 
Published: December 2008

The aims of this study were (1) to carry out a nutritional assessment of selected Irish athletes and (2) to provide individual results and specific advice to each athlete on how to achieve an optimum diet.Dietary intakes were measured by a three-day weighed dietary record technique designed to evaluate each athlete's usual eating habits. The results were evaluated against a set of dietary standards in order to determine adequacy.Nutritional status was also assessed in a limited form by selected anthropometric and biochemical measurements.A total of 148 subjects took part in the assessment which began in May, 1979 and continued until April, 1980. The sports involved included: canoeing, cycling, rowing, swimming, hockey, squash and track and field events.The results indicated a range of sub-optimal dietary patterns relating in particular to abnormal intakes of folate, iron, pyridoxine and calcium. The significance and applications of these findings are discussed.
Sports medicine—health care information—supply and demand
Authors: Markee Katherine M. 
Published: December 2008

One field for health practitioners and specialists that is becoming of increasing importance is sports medicine. Many of the techniques have been used in the treatment of diseases or injuries such as broken bones or sprains, but an element in this practice is the speed with which the injury is treated and rehabilitated. The literature is diffused throughout the biomedical and biological science fields. As this is a growing specialty, it opens a challenge and an opportunity for the health science librarian. Availability of the literature is enhanced by on-line access to computerised bibliographic material and data such as MEDLINE; Toxicology Data Bank; Biosis Previews (Biological Abstracts/Bioresearch Index); Excerpta Medica; AVLINE; CATLINE; Health Planning and Administration and their corresponding reviews.The 1980 Olympics have increased the number of reviews and discussions in the literature. This paper is a review of the demand and supply for sports medicine information in the English language in Purdue University. Emphasis is given to the physical, social, and psychological rehabilitation of the athlete patient and the impact on the medical librarian in the provision of information demanded by the sports medicine specialist. Computerised access to the literature sources is discussed as an introduction to their use in this field.