bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet Function in the Racing Thoroughbred: Implication for Exercise‐Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , McClay Carolyn B. , Smith Clark M. , Rao Gundu H.R. , White James G. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPlatelet function was evaluated in horses with exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage (bleeder) and in control horses (nonbleeder). Platelet aggregation, secretion, and adhesion to rabbit aortic suben‐dothelium were similar for bleeders and nonbleeders. Platelets readily aggregated in response to ADP, thrombin, collagen, and arachidonic acid, but platelet secretion occurred only with high concentrations of thrombin. Platelets readily adhered to rabbit aortic subendothelium and tended to form large thrombi rather than platelet monolayers or aggregates. These data suggest that horses may be predisposed to thrombus formation and subsequent microvascular obstruction.
Evaluation of a Radioimmunoassay for Type III Procollagen Peptide in the Dog
Authors: Dimski Donna S. , Brooks Charles L , Johnson Susan E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryType III procollagen peptide (P‐3‐P) is a serum marker for hepatic fibrosis in humans. The utility of a commercially available radioimmunoassay for P‐3‐P was evaluated in the dog. The specificity of the assay was assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of canine serum and purified bovine P‐3‐P, followed by Western immunoblotting with rabbit anti‐P‐3‐P serum. The sensitivity was assessed by performing the radioimmunoassay on dilutions of sera from 22 dogs. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified bovine P‐3‐P and sera from two dogs suspected of having elevated P‐3‐P concentrations revealed no homologous bands of staining. Western immunoblotting showed marked cross‐reactivity of the high antisera concentrations with several components of the serum proteins, but none corresponding to the purified P‐3‐P.All tested sera from dogs had minimal competitive binding with radiolabeled P‐3‐P in the radioimmunoassay. Dilution curves of dog sera did not parallel either the standard curve or the dilution curve of a known test human serum. There were no statistically different P‐3‐P concentrations in any of the groups of dogs studied.It was concluded that currently available radioimmunoassay kits for the measurement of P‐3‐P in the human are not applicable in the dog. Seemingly, the structure or metabolism of canine P‐3‐P may vary significantly from that of the bovine or human, limiting the sensitivity and specificity of this assay in the dog.
Cytochemical Staining Characteristics of Chicken Heterophils and Eosinophils
Authors: Andreasen Claire B. , Latimer Kenneth S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryCytochemistry was used to differentiate chicken heterophils and eosinophils in blood smears and cytospin preparations of isolated leukocytes. Cytochemical staining also was performed to evaluate any alteration of cell staining characteristics after heterophils had been isolated using discontinuous Ficoll‐Hypaque gradients. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils and eosinophils were the same before and after discontinuous gradient cell separation. Characteristic positive reactions did not occur when chicken heterophils were stained with alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, Sudan black B, acid phosphatase, alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase, naphthol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase, periodic acid‐Schiff, or Luna's eosinophil granule techniques. Chicken eosinophils stained positively when peroxidase, Sudan black B, acid phosphatase, and Luna methods were performed. In highly cellular cytospin preparations, peroxidase reactions readily distinguished the few contaminating eosinophils (< 1%) from the heterophils.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Response Following Metrizamide Myelography in Normal Dogs: Effects of Routine Myelography and Postmyelographic Removal of Contrast Medium
Authors: Widmer William R. , Blevins William E. , Cantwell H. Dan , Cook James R. , DeNicola Dennis B. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe effect of metrizamide myelography on 90‐minute postmyelographic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples was evaluated in a paired crossover study in 16 normal dogs. Each dog received a routine cervical myelogram (nonwithdrawal myelography) and a myelogram followed by contrast medium removal via aspiration from the subarachnoid space (withdrawal myelogram). Following nonwithdrawal myelography, the CSF was characterized by mild inflammation with a mixed pleocytosis and increased protein concentration. Compared with the nonwithdrawal CSF samples, the postmyelographic CSF of the withdrawal dogs had a more severe Inflammatory response with significant increases (p < 0.05) in absolute numbers of neutrophils, monocytoid cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and protein concentration. The withdrawal procedure may have contributed an additional mechanical effect on the leptomeninges producing the more severe inflammatory response in the withdrawal dogs. Although seizure data are not reported here, postmyelographic seizures were more frequent following non‐withdrawal myelography as compared with withdrawal myelography (p < 0.05), suggesting a decrease in metrizamide‐induced neurotoxicity for the withdrawal dogs.
Lipoprotein Electrophoresis Differentiation of Chylous and Nonchylous Pleural Effusions in Dogs and Cats and Its Correlation with Pleural Effusion Triglyceride Concentration
Authors: Waddle Jerry R. , Giger Urs 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPleural effusions from 23 dogs and 25 cats hospitalized between November 1986 and April 1987 at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (VHUP) were classified as chylous (chylomicrons present) or nonchylous (chylomicrons absent) by the presence or absence, respectively, of a chylomicron band on lipoprotein electrophoresis gels of the effusions. Triglyceride concentrations, cholesterol concentrations, and cholesterol/triglyceride (C/T) ratios were compared between the chylous and nonchylous groups in each species. Cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between chylous and nonchylous effusions in both dogs and cats. Cholesterol/triglyceride ratios of less than 1 were present in all dogs and cats with chylous effusions; however, 12% of dogs with nonchylous effusions and 50% of cats with nonchylous effusions also had a C/T ratio less than 1. Triglyceride concentrations accurately classified all effusions as chylous or nonchylous in both dogs and cats. Pleural effusions with triglyceride concentrations greater than 100 mg/dl were chylous in all cases, whereas, effusions with triglyceride concentrations less than 100 mg/dl were nonchylous in all cases.
Determination of Uric Acid in Canine Serum and Urine By High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Felice Lawrence J. , Dombrovskis Dzintra , Lafond Elizabeth , Bartges Joseph , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA reproducible high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for analysis of uric acid in canine serum and urine. The method consists of precipitating serum proteins with phosphotungstic acid prior to HPLC analysis. Urine is analyzed after dilution with buffer. Chromatography is performed on a reversed‐phase C‐18 column with UV detection at 292 nm. Sensitivity of the method will allow reproducible measurement of uric acid at concentrations of 0.05 mg/dl in serum and 0.1 mg/dl in urine. The HPLC method has been used to quantify hundreds of canine serum and urine samples. The method is superior to UV absorption or colorimetric methods because its lower limit of detection allows measurement of uric acid at concentrations found in canine serum and urine.
Experimental Transmission of Granulocytic Ehrlichial Organisms in Dogs
Authors: Stockham S.L. , Tyler J.W. , Schmidt D.A. , Curtis K.S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryCanine granulocytic ehrlichial organisms were transmitted from an infected dog from Missouri to two male, 10‐month‐old dogs by an intravenous injection of whole blood. Physical or behavioral abnormalities were not detected during the 98 days of evaluation other than a mild pyrexia from Day 18 to 20. Ehrlichial morulae were found in blood granulocytes of Dog 1 from Day 13 to 44 and of Dog 2 from Day 14 to 34 with the peak rickettsemia occurring on Day 16 for both dogs. By Day 21 after inoculation, both dogs had positive titers to Ehrlichia canis. The highest titers for both dogs were found 63 days after inoculation, after which the titers decreased. Most of the hematologic abnormalities (i.e., neutropenia, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia) and fever occurred between 18 and 24 days after inoculation. The pathologic bases of these abnormalities were not investigated but their concurrent presence suggested an association with the dogs' immunologic responses to the granulocytic ehrlichial agent. Results from the study indicated that the canine granulocytic ehrlichial agent of Missouri may produce subclinical infections and suggested that dogs may be able to clear the organism without antimicrobial therapy.
Serum 5'Nucleotidase Activity in Rats: A Method for Automated Analysis and Criteria for Interpretation
Authors: Carakostas Michael C. , Power Richard J. , Banerjee Asit K. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA manual kit for determining serum 5'nucleotidase (5'NT, EC 3.1.3.5) activity was adapted for use with rat samples on a large discrete clinical chemistry analyzer. The precision of the method was good (within‐run C.V. = 2.14%; between‐run C.V. = 5.5%). A comparison of the new automated method with a manual and semi‐automated method gave regression statistics of y = 1.18x − 3.66 (Sy·x = 4.54), and y = 0.733x + 1.97 (Sy·x = 1.69), respectively. Temperature conversion factors provided by the kit manufacturer for human samples were determined to be inaccurate for converting results from rat samples. Analysis of components contributing to normal variation in rat serum 5'NT activity showed age and sex to be major factors. Increased serum 5'NT activity was observed in female rats when compared to male rats beginning at about 5 to 6 weeks of age. An analysis of variance of serum 5'NT, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT activities observed over a 9‐week period in normal rats suggests several advantages for 5'NT as a predictor of biliary lesions in rats.
Quantitative Evaluation of Echinocytes in the Dog
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Kristensen Annemarie , Papenfuss Nancy , McClay Carolyn B. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryEchinocytes were evaluated quantitatively in both healthy and sick dogs and compared with red blood cell (RBC) morphology on Wright's‐stained blood smears. Of 68 samples submitted from sick dogs, 32 had high echinocyte numbers. Two diseases, glomerulonephritis and lymphosarcoma, accounted for 15 of the 32 cases. In only four instances were echinocytes reported from blood smear evaluation and not found to be high by quantitative studies. We conclude that nonartifactual echinocytosis occurs in the dog and that it may be associated with specific diseases.
Anti‐A Isoagglutinins in Two Blood Type B Cats Are IgG and IgM
Authors: Wilkerson Melinda J. , Meyers Kenneth M. , Wardrop K. Jane 
Published: February 2009

SummarySera from two blood type B cats had strong isoagglutinating and isohemolyzing titers against blood type A erythrocytes. In order to determine the class of the immunoglobulins, sera from the cats were pooled, ammonium sulfate precipitated, and gel filtered using sepharose 6B to separate the immunoglobulins by molecular size. The immunoglobulin concentrate separated into two fractions. The initial part of the first fraction was shown in an ELISA to contain IgM and to be devoid of IgG by immunoelectrophoresis and to have agglutinating activity (a titer of 1:4 with a protein concentration of 0.8 mg/ml). Treating this fraction with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) eliminated agglutinating activity. The latter portion of the second column fraction was shown to contain IgG by immunoelectrophoresis, and to be devoid of IgM by ELISA. Agglutinating activity was also present in the second fraction (a titer of 1:2 with a protein concentration of 1.9 mg/ml); hemagglutinating activity was not decreased by DTT treatment. These studies show that the predominant anti‐A isoagglutinating activity in pooled sera from two blood type B cats is IgM and that some isoagglutinin activity can be associated with IgG.
Detection of Antiplatelet Antibody: Comparison of Platelet Immunofluorescence, Agglutination, and Immunoinjury Tests Using Rabbit Antiequine Platelet Serum
Authors: Jain Nemi C. , Dhawedkar Ram G. , Vegad J.L. , Kono Constance S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryImmunofluorescence, tube agglutination, and platelet factor‐3 immunoinjury tests for detecting antiplatelet antibody were compared using a heterologous system of equine platelets and rabbit antiequine platelet serum. Platelet immunofluorescence tests were performed using paraformaldehyde‐fixed platelets in suspension as well as in air‐dried smears on glass slides (solid phase). Bright homogeneous, membranous, specific fluorescence was seen in both assays with anti‐immunoglobulin G (IgG) and protein G fluorescein isothiocynate conjugates (FITC‐conjugates). Protein A conjugate gave nonspecific fluorescence irrespective of normal or antiserum treatment. Anti‐IgG and protein G conjugates in suspension immunofluorescence tests with the same antiserum yielded antibody titers of 1:1024 and 1:128, respectively. Similarly, respective titers of 1:512 and 1:64 were obtained with solid phase immunoassay. Platelet suspension assay was slightly better than the solid phase assay. These observations indicated that anti‐IgG was more sensitive than protein G in detecting antiplatelet antibody by fluorescence microscopy, while protein A was ineffective because of its nonspecificity. Chloroquine treatment of platelets failed to reduce the nonspecific fluorescence. Platelet agglutination and platelet factor‐3 tests were relatively less sensitive to detect equine antiplatelet antibody.
Epidemiologic Survey of Thrombocytopenia in Dogs: A Report on 987 Cases
Authors: Grindem Carol B. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Corbett Wayne T. , Jans Heather E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThrombocytopenia was documented in 987 of 18,910 (5.2%) dogs admitted to North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, between 1983 and 1989. Classifying thrombocytopenic dogs by etiologic groups revealed the following proportionate ratios: 5% (48/987) immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia; 13% (130/987) neoplasia‐associated thrombocytopenia; 23% (224/987) inflammatory***linfectious thrombocytopenia; and 59% (585/987) miscellaneous thrombocytopenia. Dogs with immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia had significantly (P < 0.05) lower platelet counts (mean 36,760 ± 50,288/μl) than dogs in the other three groups, and Doberman Pinschers were overrepresented in all groups except the immune‐mediated thrombocytopenic group. We conclude that thrombocytopenia is a prevalent and potentially important diagnostic finding in a variety of disease states.
Inherited Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in a Beagle Dog
Authors: Giger Urs , Mason Gail D. , Wang Ping 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA 1‐year‐old, female Beagle dog with minimal exercise intolerance was found to have a persistent, severe, and highly regenerative anemia, splenomegaly, and progressive osteosclerosis. Despite near‐normal in vitro erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, the authors diagnosed PK deficiency by demonstrating a glycolytic block at the PK step, the lack of normal R‐type PK isoenzyme, and the presence of M2‐type PK in the animal's erythrocytes. The dam had half‐normal erythrocyte PK activity, which supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. We conclude from our studies that close similarities exist between erythrocyte PK deficiency in Beagle, Basenji, and West Highland White Terrier dogs and that this form of PK deficiency may be more widespread than previously thought.
Using the Correct Regression Analysis Technique in Method Comparison Studies
Authors: Carakostas Michael C. , Green John W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryRegression analysis frequently is used to evaluate a new clinical laboratory method. Results from the new method are compared to results from an existing more established method. If measurement error exists in the established method, then least squares may not be an appropriate statistical method to use for the regression analysis. An errors variable regression analysis model was used to evaluate data from five method comparison studies. Results were compared to least squares analyses performed on the same data. When significant measurement error existed in the “reference” method, the errors variable analysis provided a less blased estimate of the regression statistics, which differed markedly from the least squares results. Inappropriate use of least squares in method comparison studies can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relationship of a new analytical method to an existing method.
Urine Protein Determination in Dogs and Cats: Comparison of Dipstick and Sulfasalicylic Acid Procedures
Authors: Moore Frances M. , Susan L. , Brown Lynne 
Published: February 2009

SummaryProtein levels in urine specimens from 91 dogs and 65 cats were evaluated by sulfasalicylic acid precipitation (SSA) and dipstick methods. The dipstick frequently yielded reactions for protein that were greater than the level of protein indicated by SSA (i.e., false positive reactions), although no false negative reactions for protein were noted. All urine specimens with protein levels equal to or greater than 100 mg/dl by SSA had dipstick results of 3 +. Results of this study suggest that dipstick analysis for urine protein is an adequate screening procedure for the selection of urines for quantitative analysis of protein and creatinine to assess proteinuria.
Hematology Analyzer Comparison: Ortho ELT‐8/ds vs. Baker 9000 for Healthy Dogs, Mice, and Rats
Authors: Weingand Kurt W. , Odioso Leslie W. , Dameron Gregory W. , Laytart Melanie J. , Stitzel Katherine A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA Baker 9000 hematology analyzer (electronic impedance) was purchased to replace an Ortho ELT‐8/ds analyzer (laser optics) due to discontinued technical support. An analytical comparison of hemograms from healthy dogs, rats, and mice was made from paired disodium ethylenediamine tetra‐acetate anticoagulated blood samples. Both instruments were calibrated with human blood products, and the ELT‐8/ds hematocrit (HCT) was calibrated to a spun packed cell volume (PCV) for each species. For Beagle dogs (n = 49), Baker 9000 mean platelet (PLT) counts had a negative bias of −89 × 103/μl when compared to ELT‐8/ds values. Mean ± standard error manual PLT counts compared well with Baker 9000 values for dogs (n = 10): 369 ± 28 vs. 367 ± 27 × 103/μl; r = 0.93. For CD‐1 mice (n = 44), Baker 9000 mean white blood cell (WBC) counts had positive biases of 1.1 × 103/μl when compared to ELT‐8/ds and 0.5 × 103/μl when compared to hemacytometer counts. Diluted microsamples using the predilution mode on the Baker 9000 compared well with undiluted samples for mice. For Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 70), Baker 9000 mean WBC, red blood cell (RBC), and PLT counts had absolute biases of 0.8 × 103/μl, −1.09 × 106/μl, and −357 × 103/μl, respectively, when compared to ELT‐8/ds values. Baker 9000 RBC, WBC, and PLT counts from rats compared well with reference hemacytometer counts. The Baker 9000 HCT determination for rats had an absolute negative bias of 6% when compared to the ELT‐8/ds values or spun PCV. The Baker 9000 required whole blood calibration to PCV for accurate determination of HCT for rats. The biases between analyzers may be due to inherent physical differences between the analytical methods and/or the calibration techniques.
Analysis of Serum Protein Concentrations After Severe Thermal Injury in a Dog
Authors: Kern Margaret R. , Stockham Steven L. , Coates Joan R. 
Published: February 2009

SummarySerial serum electrophoreses and routine serum protein assays were used to assess changes in serum protein concentrations after severe thermal injury in a dog. Electrophoretic patterns during the month of evaluation were consistent with protein‐losing dermatopathy (thermal burn) and inflammatory dysproteinemias.
Development of a Teaching Laboratory Aid for Instruction of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytology Technique
Authors: Simpson R. Mark , Meuten Donald J. 
Published: February 2009

SummarySpecialized training is required to obtain adequate cytology smears by needle aspiration biopsy. An educational method that would provide opportunity for numerous trainees to acquire needle aspiration biopsy and cytodiagnostic skills, and which would not result in the interruption of teaching hospital patient care nor result in the use or sacrifice of animals from laboratory animal resources was sought. An aspiration biopsy cytology teaching aid was developed by placing portions of fresh organ tissue from routine submissions to the necropsy laboratory into a specimen container partially filled with chilled normal saline solution. Specimens were stored immersed in saline at 4°C for up to 48 hours. Prior to the cytopathology teaching laboratory period, the specimen container was removed from storage and covered with a latex diaphragm. Instructors responsible for teaching cytodiagnostic techniques used this ex vivo aspiration biopsy cytology device for instruction of fine needle aspiration biopsy, specimen processing, and microscopy. In the teaching laboratory, puncture of the diaphragm and aspiration of a tissue sample with hypodermic needle and syringe was instructed to, and practiced by, numerous trainees simultaneously using clinical operative technique without the need for live animals. Trainees prepared and stained cytology smears as well as evaluated and interpreted specimens in a single, realistic exercise. Such training experience may improve ability of trainees to procure diagnostic‐quality biopsy specimens for cytodiagnosis of lesions from clinic patients.
Cytochemical Staining Characteristics of Lymph Nodes From Normal and Lymphoma‐Affected Dogs
Authors: Raskin Rose E. , Nipper Marlin N. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFrozen sections and imprint smears were used to evaluate the presence and pattern of cytochemical staining reactions in the B‐ and T‐cell regions of lymph nodes from normal dogs and dogs with lymphoma. Staining procedures evaluated included peroxidase (PER), Sudan black B (SBB), naphthol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase (CAE), α‐naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE), acid phosphatase (ACP), and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP). In normal lymph nodes, macrophages and some lymphocytes within the interfollicular (T‐cell) region and medulla stained positive with ACP and NBE. Smaller numbers of macrophages also occurred sporadically within the germinal follicles. Cells positive for PER, SBB, and CAE were scattered infrequently throughout all regions of the normal lymph node, consistent with granulocytes and mast cells. The LAP stained cells were predominantly and prominently located within the mantle zone of secondary follicles and to a much lesser extent within the germinal centers, compatible with B‐cell lymphocytes derived from follicular center cells. Of the 12 dogs with lymphoma, 7 cases (4 immunoblastic, 2 large noncleaved, 1 small noncleaved) stained diffusely positive with LAP; 4 cases (all lymphoblastic) had numerous focally positive lymphocytes using ACP and NBE; and 1 case (immunoblastic) did not stain positive with any of the cytochemical reactions. Cytochemical staining of canine lymph nodes with NBE, ACP, and LAP proved useful in distinguishing between B‐ or T‐cell regions and detecting different cell types of canine lymphoma.