bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cues Used in Searching for Food By Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus)
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSixteen red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were given an opportunity on each of four consecutive days to search for food items partly hidden in a wooden "food maze". The birds were divided equally into four groups. Each group on Days 1 and 2 of the experiment hunted for one of two baits placed on one of two separate rows of holes in the food maze (either sunflower seed bits in the lower row or seeds in the upper row or mealworm halves in the lower row or mealworms in the upper row). On the second day of the experiment the birds' foraging efficiency had usually improved with the redwings requiring less time to find ten baits. This improvement was linked to the adoption of a long distance scanning strategy which replaced the birds' initial tendency to inspect each hole at close range. On the third day of the experiment the birds were offered the same food item as on Days 1 and 2 but this time equally distributed in the upper and lower rows instead of entirely in one or the other. The redwings' previous experience affected their searching pattern. Birds that had been hunting and finding food only in the upper row continued to concentrate their efforts there. Birds that had been offered food in the lower row of holes initially took several baits there before switching to the upper row baits. On the fourth day of the experiment birds were offered two baits instead of just one. Again previous experience biased the searching behavior of the birds. Redwings that had on earlier days been hunting solely for mealworms usually removed many larvae before finding their first sunflower seed bit. Birds that had been searching for seeds quickly took several before switching to mealworms. It appears likely that redwings are sensitive to both locational and visual cues associated with prey and learn to use them while foraging. These results were discussed in the context of L. TINBERGENS search image hypothesis.
Rearing Infant Rhesus Together
Authors: Chamove A.S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo analyze the antecedent conditions of the together-together syndrome, 6 subjects were reared in pairs, 6 in pairs separated on alternate weeks, 6 in pairs which changed in composition weekly, 6 in a group of 6, and 6 in individual cages. When tested in groups of 6 during the first year of life and with infants, juveniles, and adults during the second year of life, it was found that (a) self-play and social play increased and self-cling and aggression decreased as an increasing function of the number of rearing partners; (b) social cling was greatest in subjects reared constantly with the same animals, and was independent of the amount of play exhibited by a group.
Variation and Stereotypy in the Displays of Anolis Aeneus (Sauria: Iguanidae)
Authors: Stamps Judy A. , Barlow George W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The reactions of a territorial male lizard (Anolis aeneus) to an intruder were filmed and analyzed. Five displays were given to the intruder: Fanbob, Multibob, Jerkbob, Gorged-throat and Fan. Fanbob consists of the species-specific signature bob and dewlap extension and is the normal display given as a challenge to intruders. Multibob, another bob pattern, occurs when a degree of anxiety is present. It closely resembles the Courtship Bob, so the male is in effect giving an appeasement display while courting a female. Jerkbob is used as an introductory display preceding Fanbob during territorial advertisement. Gorged-throat is a threat display, and Fan may be used instead of Fanbob when inhibitory factors prevent Fanbob from being expressed. Fanbob was analyzed to test whether it fulfills the criteria of the Fixed Action Pattern. The cadence of the signature bob was individual-specific and stereotyped, but other components of Fanbob varied greatly. Among these were presence and absence of introductory movements (related to intruder distance), degree of sideflattening and degree of dewlap extension (related to resident aggressiveness), and height of head during the display. Height and dewlap extension, while necessary and integral components of Fanbob, varied independently, and were correlated with different sets of stimulus and response variables. Fanbob was thus shown to fit none of the criteria of a fixed action pattern.
The Effects of Other Fish On the Reproductive Behavior of the Male Cyprinodon Variegatus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae)
Authors: Itzkowitz Murray 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of both inter- and intraspecific intruders on the reproductive behavior of Cyprinodon variegatus. Field observations suggested that the highly aggressive male Cyprinodon prefer to chase their own species, then Fundulus heteroclitus, followed by Lucania parva and Gambusia affinis last. In a series of laboratory experiments, in which dominant males were given various combinations of uni-specific and hetero-specific groups to chase, strong evidence was produced for the chase preferences predicted from field observations. The effects of intruders on the spawning behavior of the male were also recorded. In the field the female entered the male's territory, spawned an average of four times and then left. A female spent approximately 20 seconds in the male's territory. While other fish did interrupt spawning, only neighboring territorial males actually interfered physically. This interference occurred if the spawning pair ventured too close to the border (approximately seven cm). In the laboratory conspecific intruders significantly reduced both the number of spawns and the total duration of contacting (i.e., a side-by-side position of the pair, occurring just before spawning). These intruders also increased the probability of long spawning intervals following other long intervals. At the same time, intruders caused the pair to produce relatively more short intervals. Thus, when other Cyprinodon males were present, the pair had a tendency to perform a clustering of spawns which was separated by several long intervals. This resembled the field situation in which a female entered, spawned several times and quickly left. This study suggests that the effects of other interacting fish should be considered when analyzing reproductive behavior. The observation of laboratory fish in isolated pairs may produce misleading results as to the evolution and/or maintenance of behavior.
Juvenile Play of the Common Seal Phoca Vit Ulina Vit Ulina With Comparative Notes On the Grey Seal Halichoerus Grypus
Authors: Wilson Susan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractJuveniles of the common seal, Phoca vitulina, have two kinds of aquatic play : (1) Dyadic play, in which muzzle-to-body and body contact between two animals is combined with exuberant somersaulting movements. The somersaulting behaviour is usually preceded by a contact phase with very little movement. A play bout may end with a period of sustained, almost static contact. (2) Group play, which resembles the normal social haul-out activities, but each activity is repeated several times in a playful manner. Although several animals may be leaping and splashing simultaneously, each animal temporarily orients his play towards one other, whom it may contact briefly. All play by juveniles of the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, is preceded by each animal of the dyad giving a stereotyped invitation signal, which must be repeated continually by both animals throughout play : each animal in turn lays its head over its partner's back. For the initial phase of play which takes place on the beach, the two animals lie beside one another, each lunging gently at the other's head, in between head-over-back signals. Adolescents may occasionally rear up and lunge at each other in a manner similar to the fighting of adult males. After playing on the beach, the pair may enter the water, where their play is similar to the dyadic play of the common seal. The aquatic somersaulting over one another by two animals in continuous body contact seems to be a pattern not found in these two species in other functional contexts. Common seal group play serves to (i) integrate the individuals into a unified group, and (ii) acquaint individuals. Although grey seals apparently do not have group play, behaviour which is probably functionally analogous was observed, in which the seals became acquainted over a 3-week period in early autumn before any play occurred.
On the Nature of Mother-Infant Interactions in the Guinea-Pig (Cavia Porcellus)
Authors: Fullerton Clare , Berryman Julia C. , Porter Richard H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Two studies concerning the specificity of social interactions between mother and infant guinea-pigs were reported. The first study consisted of a series of time-sampling observations of the social behaviour of 2 litters of young guinea-pigs and their mothers housed in a single cage. In a second series of observations, 2 cohabitant litters were separated from their mothers for a few hours each day and their social interactions noted when they were subsequently individually reintroduced to the 2 lactating females. Although the infants suckled significantly more often from their biological mother in each study, and were more often observed to be near or in contact with their mother as opposed to the other female, there were frequent social interactions between infants and the other female (including suckling). When reintroduced to the 2 adult females, the offspring were indiscriminate in their initial approaches towards the latter and likewise showed no preference for mother vs other female in their following responses. The adult females approached their own offspring more often than the other infants when they were initially placed into the cage. No significant differences were found between subsequent approaches towards, or avoidance of, own vs other offspring, however. It was concluded that a reciprocal loose bond of attachment exists between infant and mother guinea-pig - with the mother being able to recognize her offspring at a distance, while the infant apparently requires proximal cues for identification of its mother. An attempt was made to relate the nature of this bond to the highly precocial state in which guinea-pigs are born and their relative independence of maternal care-taking.
Interaction Between Early Experience and Depth Avoidance in Young Eider Ducks (Somateria Mollissima L.)
Authors: Nyström Mats , Hansson S.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpeed estimations of eider broods descending into the sea for the first time revealed no hesitation between ground and depth at the shoreline. In a laboratory experiment, however, dark-reared young (N = 10) exhibited strong resistance when pushed from the shallow towards the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus. The same young hesitated in crossing from shallow to deep when lured by playbacks of the female's grock-call. In contrast, differential reactions to depth were absent during free swimming in a water-filled visual cliff. In another experiment, young exposed to a deep texture (N = 21) for 2 to 24 hours revealed significantly more deep choices than a matched group of shallow-exposed (N = 20) and a group of unexposed young (N = 7). Although choice preferences were in line with the type and quantity of early experience, it is concluded that there also exists a predisposition to learn or be acquainted with a near texture faster than a distant one. The problem posed by the conflicting tendencies in nature of remaining proximate to the female versus descending into depth is discussed in relation to the age and predation of the young.
The Dance of the Laysan Albatross, Diomedea Immutabilis
Authors: Meseth Earl H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behavior of the Laysan Albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, was studied on Midway Island for a total of 11 months on three separate occasions. The courtship dance and agonistic behavior were of particular interest. The Laysan performs many individual postures in its dance but most often these are grouped into four posture sets: Eh-Eh Bow-Stare and Whinny-Head Flick-Rapid Bill Clapper, Air Snap-Bill Under Wing-Sky Snap, Stare-Sky Call, and Head Shake and Whine-Stare-Head Flick-Rapid Bill Clapper. Simultaneous displays of Bill Touch and Bow-Clapper separate individual posture and posture set performances throughout a dance. A dance consists of a beginning, a core, and a usually abrupt ending. Tempo is set by the male in the beginning. A general alternating pattern of Air Snap-Bill Under Wing-Sky Snap and Stare-Sky Call is shown by individual birds such that the Air Snap-Bill Under Wing-Sky Snap of one bird is performed simultaneously with the Stare-Sky Call of the other. Head Shake and Whine-Stare-Head Flick-Rapid Bill Clapper disrupts this pattern which may be restored by modification of display performance by one of the dancers. Only non-breeding birds and pairs breeding for the first time dance. An associative period follows dancing, which is similar to that seen after reunion of the breeding pairs before the egg is laid, and prior to nest exchange. Association in unpaired birds is the first definite indication of the establishment of a bond between them. Males actively defend an area termed the home base, established in earlier visits to the colony. Males solicit passing females from it. Territorial directives change to the nest site after its establishment by the female. Pairs return to the same home base throughout the duration of their bond. Two birds in close proximity on one particular spot necessitates a mechanism negating or reducing aggressive tendencies. Among other functions, it is hypothesized that the dance, and the associative period following, effectively reduce the threshold for attack so that the bond may be continued. The behavior of Laysan Albatrosses in their tenacity for particular sites suggest that, in addition to particular individuals, a bond is made to geographical spots. Association of lowered aggression, indicated by successful dancing and the associative period, with a site may serve to bring the female to the site and perpetuate the bond.
The Behaviour of Males of the Solitary Bee Osmia r uFa (Megachilidae) Searching for Females
Authors: Raw Anthony 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. Most O. rufa males make general searches for females near nests and flowers. 2. A few males spend most of their time in the nesting area and defend individual resting places from other males. 3. Males detect females more readily the closer the latter are to nests, but they pounce on other males and insects of similar size as well. 4. Males can mate several times, but females mate only once. 5. The behaviour of O. rufa males searching for females is regarded as intermediate between the general searching of some megachilid species and the territoriality of others.
Predatory Behaviour of Young Turquoise-Browed Motmots, Eumomota Superciliosa
Authors: Smiths Susan M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNine young hand-reared motmots were tested for their responses to still and moving models of prey. The birds were given two series of cylindrical models. Series A bore various combinations of 4 cues: ink eye, pin eye, neck and motion. The birds responded significantly to every one, but motion was by far the most highly directing cue tested. Series B bore various colours and patterns, both as solidly coloured models and as present only on one third (either middle or end). The results from the solidly coloured models show (a) the birds were not inhibited by any plain colour tested; (b) they tended to ignore a camouflaged model; and (c) they showed strong aversion to a pattern that resembled a coral snake. The results of the coloured section models indicate that motmots are attracted to the dissimilar section only when it is one of the ends. This attraction to the different end, plus the highly directed response to motion, are probably sufficient to enable motmots to take small vertebrates such as lizards quickly and efficiently.
Agonistic Behavior in the Male Northern Elephant Seal
Authors: Sandegren Finn E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAt least 10 behavioral elements were involved in aggressive behavior. The frequency of nine of these among five males was determined. High ranking males were involved in more aggressive interactions than those of low rank, but overt fights were very rare. At least six elements of submissive behavior were observed among males and the frequency of these were determined. Submissive display among males (involving female mimicking behavior) effectively inhibited most overt aggression. Erection and maximal size of the proboscis always coincided with dominance and aggression while a small retracted proboscis coincided with the display of subdominance defence and submission. By the shape of the proboscis and no other criteria alone can the mood of the male be read at any moment. It is suggested that the proboscis has evolved mainly as an agonistic display organ. Adult males recognize each other vocally. It is suggested that the criterium for individual recognition is the structure of the pulse and not the number of pulses they emit in the most characteristic of the four distinct vocalizations that were recorded among males (VO 2). The high ranking males were active 11,5% of the day while the low ranking were significantly less active (6,4%).
An Experimental Analysis of the Function of Red-Winged Blackbird Song
Authors: Smith Douglas G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe social role of the male red-winged blackbirds' Ageliaus phoenicetts, advertising song was examined. Territorial male red-wings were captured on their territories and subjected to bilateral sectioning of the hypoglossal nerves where they descend along the trachea. This surgery resulted in males which delivered species atypical songs at the times when they attempted to sing the normal advertising song. A group of control males were captured and treated in the same way as the surgically treated males except the hypoglossal nerves were not sectioned. The following results were obtained: 1) Vocalization altered males were successful in maintaining territories for the remainder of the breeding season. 2) Vocalization altered males were able to mate with females and raise young successfully. 3) Five vocalization altered males returned to the same marsh the following breeding season, one year after the operation and successfully established and maintained territories. It was concluded that the ability to deliver species typical song was not necessary for the establishment and maintenance of a breeding territory under the environmental conditions encountered during these experiments.
Sex Differences in Behavior in a Group of Captive Juvenile Talapoin Monkeys (Miopithecus Talapoin)
Authors: Wolfheim Jaclyn H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPrevious laboratory studies have indicated that adult talapoin monkeys show sex differences in behavior which contrast with those observed in most other species of Cercopithecinae. The present study examines sex differences in a group of seven captive juvenile talapoins. Juvenile males were more active, less affiliative, more assertive, and more playful than females. They initiated and participated in all major types of social play, were avoided, and were alone more often than females. Juvenile females were more evasive, less playful, more affiliative, and showed more pronounced preferences for partners of their own sex than did males. Females avoided more often than males and avoided males more often than females. They groomed, were in proximity, and in contact more often than males, and performed these behaviors more frequently with females than with males. These characteristics have also been demonstrated in other juvenile monkeys. They occur in species with high degrees of adult morphological dimorphism where they are in accord with adult behavioral differences. They are also found in squirrel monkeys with low dimorphism and adult differences similar to those in talapoins, and in human beings. Thus they are not necessarily predictive of adult behavioral sexual dimorphism.
Play and Socio-Sexual Behaviour in a Captive Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Group
Authors: Savage E.S. , Malick Chris 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Play and socio-sexual behaviors were studied in a captive chimpanzee group composed of three mothers and their offspring. 2. Mother-other infant relationships were more extensive and varied than those reported among wild chimpanzees. These relationships did not affect the motherinf ant bond. 3. Socio-sexual behaviors were regularly directed toward infants by all group members, including other infants. It is suggested that infant socio-sexuality should be viewed not only as a developmental phenomenon, but as an important factor in group interaction patterns. 4. Group play centered around the oldest male infant and two mothers played more with other infants than with their own infants. 5. Patterns of interaction among group members were shown to be heavily dependent on age-sex status. 6. Young infants initially tried to behave toward one another much as they behaved toward their own mothers. The way in which this tendency produced entirely new behavior patterns is discussed.
Changes in the Relationships of Captive Rhesus Monkeys On Giving Birth
Authors: Hinde R.A. , Powell Proctor Linda 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI) Relationships between captive adult female rhesus monkeys were assessed for 6 weeks before and 20 weeks after birth in terms of proximity, approaches and leavings, grooming and agonistic interactions. 2) Before the births, the mothers-to-be spent more time with (and more time grooming with) related than with unrelated individuals. Responsibility for proximity with unrelated adult females to whom the mother was dominant lay primarily with the mother, but where the other female was subordinate it might lie with either party. Mothers-to-be tended to groom adult females dominant to themselves more than they were groomed by them, and vice versa. 3) Differences between the times that mothers-to-be spent near members of different age/sex/rank classes could not be accounted for in terms of generalizations describing preferences of the mothers for members of those classes nor relative preferences of them for her. 4) After the births, members of all age/sex/rank classes tended to be near (and to groom) mothers more when the infants were on the mothers than when they were off but near her, and to be near the mother more when the infants were off but near than when the infants were off and distant from the mother. Proximity between mother and others tended to become more independent of the position of the baby as it developed. 5) Differences between age/sex/rank classes in time spent near the mother after birth were generally similar to those found before birth. The index for the mother's role in maintaining proximity was predominantly negative. 6) All age/sex/rank categories tended to be near the mother less after the birth than before, especially when the infant was off its mother. The differences disappeared with time. Adult males tended to groom the mother less, and adult females to groom her more, than before birth. 7) Changes in proximity between mother and other from before to after birth can be understood in terms of an increase in the attraction of others to mother and a decrease in mothers' affinity for others.