bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Sensation and Perception
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Vu Kim‐Phuong L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAll information communicated to humans involved in homeland security systems must enter through the senses and be perceived. Consequently, when considering the reliability of homeland security systems, it is necessary to take into account basic facts and concepts about sensation and perception in order to know what information people will be able to perceive, errors and confusions that are likely to occur, and how displays should be designed to present the information in the best manner at the correct time. This article reviews core concepts of sensation and perception, and discusses their relevance to homeland security systems used at sites, in the field, and at analytical centers.
Training and Learning Development for Homeland Security
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Lazzara Elizabeth H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDue to the inevitable changes that occur throughout society, training is a necessary component Homeland Security. However, training is frequently ineffective and inefficient because it is being implemented incorrectly. In order to maximize the benefits of training and ensure trainees are acquiring expertise, training must be applied appropriately. This article offers insights about the science of training and learning as well as several principles to help researchers and practitioners in designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating training. In addition, this article expands upon the benefits of using simulation‐based training, game‐based training, and on‐the‐job training as potential instructional techniques that can be utilized in Homeland Security.
Farm Level Control of Foreign Animal Disease and Food‐Borne Pathogens
Authors: Miller Gay Y. , Hofacre Charles , Holmstrom Lindsey 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Preventing the introduction of diseases, especially foreign animal diseases (FADs), and diseases that could cause food‐borne illness is critically important. Science‐based rules and regulations established by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) govern activities that could present homeland security risks. This article presents an overview of animal agriculture production in the United States and how that influences farm‐level control of pathogens, preventing and controlling the introduction of FADs by understanding the structure of food‐producing industries and the farm‐level vulnerabilities, and finally, farm‐level control of contemporary critical pathogens. The beef, poultry, and pork‐producing industries are discussed. The beef industry with its extensive nature of production in cow–calf operations is the most vulnerable to agroterrorism. The poultry industry is arguably the industry most protected from an agroterrorist attack. But the poultry and swine industries are still vulnerable, because the structure of these industries and the intensive production practices used has resulted in large numbers of animals located in relatively small geographic areas. So if an FAD outbreak does occur, the potential economic impacts are still very high. Contemporary FADs discussed in detail are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD), and classical swine fever (CSF).
Cyber Security Policy Specification and Management
Authors: Hinrichs Susan K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSecurity policies define the secure and nonsecure states in a system. Historically, organizations have used natural language security policies as a means to guide their security implementation and communicate their security goals to their employees and customers. Formal policies must be developed to enable a policy to automatically drive the operation of enforcing devices either through configuration or direct application to a policy‐aware infrastructure. Ideally, the natural language security policy is at the top of a refinement hierarchy that eventually reaches the security implementation such that each level is derived from the next higher level. In reality there are large gaps in the refinement hierarchy with many organizations only having natural language security policy and the implementation configuration files. This disconnect between natural language policy and implementation configuration means that an organization is often operating outside the bounds of their policy. By running outside of their policy bounds an organization has a higher likelihood of operating in an exploitable insecure state.
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Surface Relief Gratings Fabricated by Simple Soft Lithography
Authors: Na Seok‐In , Kim Seok‐Soon , Jo Jang , Oh Seung‐Hwan , Kim Juhwan , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPolymer‐based photovoltaic cells, with periodic sub‐micrometer structures as an efficient light‐trapping scheme, are investigated to improve the performance of organic solar cells based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)propyl‐1‐phenyl‐(6,6)C61. A soft lithographic approach that uses photoresponsive azo polymer films as masters and poly(dimethylsiloxane) as stamps is used to form surface relief gratings (SRGs) on the active layers. The effect of periodic gratings on solar cell performance is precisely investigated according to various grating conditions such as period, depth, and dimension. The solar cells with 1D and 2D SRGs present improved incident‐photon‐to‐current conversion efficiencies and an overall increase in power conversion efficiencies, primarily resulting from the enhancement of short‐circuit current density, indicating that periodic structures induce further photon absorption in the active film.
High‐Efficiency Deep‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Phenylquinoline/Carbazole‐Based Compounds
Authors: Lee Seung Joon , Park Jin Su , Yoon Kyung‐Jin , Kim Young‐Inn , Jin Sung‐Ho , Kang Sung Kwon , Gal Yeong‐Soon , Kang Sunwoo , Lee Jin Yong , Kang Jae‐Wook , Lee Se‐Hyung , Park Hyung‐Dol , Kim Jang‐Joo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHighly efficient deep‐blue fluorescent materials based on phenylquinoline–carbazole derivatives (PhQ‐CVz, MeO‐PhQ‐CVz, and CN‐PhQ‐CVz) are synthesized for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The materials form high‐quality amorphous thin films by thermal evaporation and the energy levels can be easily adjusted by the introduction of different electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups on carbazoylphenylquinoline. Non‐doped deep‐blue OLEDs that use PhQ‐CVz as the emitter show bright emission (Commission Internationale de L'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates, x = 0.156, y = 0.093) with an external quantum efficiency of 2.45%. Furthermore, the material works as an excellent host material for 4,4′‐bis(9‐ethyl‐3‐carbazovinylene)‐1,1′‐biphenyl dopant to get high‐performance OLEDs with excellent deep‐blue CIE coordinates (x = 0.155, y = 0.157), high power efficiency (5.98 lm W−1), and high external quantum efficiency (5.22%).
Genetically Modifiable Flagella as Templates for Silica Fibers: From Hybrid Nanotubes to 1D Periodic Nanohole Arrays
Authors: Wang Fuke , Li Dong , Mao Chuanbin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBacterial flagellum is a protein nanotube that is helically self‐assembled from thousands of a protein subunit called flagellin. The solvent‐exposed domain of each flagellin on the flagella is genetically modifiable, in that a foreign peptide can be genetically inserted into this domain, leading to the high‐density display of this foreign peptide on the surface of flagella. In this work, wild‐type and genetically engineered flagella (inner diameter of ∼2 nm and outer diameter of ∼14 nm) detached from the surface of Salmonella bacterial cells are used as templates to site‐specifically form silica sheaths on the flagellar surface, resulting in the formation of double‐layered silica/flagella nanotubes. The flagella templates inside the silica/flagella nanotubes can be removed to obtain silica nanotubes by calcining the nanotubes at high temperature (550°C). Further calcination of the silica nanotubes at a higher temperature (800 °C) leads to the formation of a periodic nanohole array along the silica fibers with a center‐to‐center nanohole spacing of ∼79 nm. It is demonstrated that the double‐layered silica‐flagella nanotubes can be used for selective CdTe quantum dot uptake into the inner channels or selective Au nanoparticle coating on the outer wall of the nanotubes due to the different chemistry between inner flagellum core (protein) and outer silica wall of the nanotubes. It is also found that flagella displaying different peptides result in different morphologies of the silica nanotubes. This work suggests that the monodisperse diameter and genetically tunable surface chemistry of the flagella can be exploited for the fabrication of silica nanotubes with uniform diameter and controllable morphologies as well as silica nanofibers decorated with periodic nanohole arrays.
Efficient Phosphorus Catalysts for the Halogen‐Exchange (Halex) Reaction
Authors: Lacour Marie‐Agnès , Zablocka Maria , Duhayon Carine , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Taillefer Marc 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNew families of monomeric to dendritic, and monocationic to multicationic (PNP) compounds have been prepared and tested as catalysts in halogen exchange (Halex) reactions. Some of them allow an increase in the efficiency of these reactions which are performed in some cases under the mildest conditions reported up to now.
Further delineation of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone‐rod dystrophy
Authors: Sousa Sérgio B. , Russell‐Eggitt Isabelle , Hall Christine , Hall Bryan D. , Hennekam Raoul C.M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThere are several entities that combine a skeletal dysplasia with a retinal dystrophy. Recently, another possibly autosomal recessive entity was added to this group characterized by a specific spondylometaphyseal dysplasia and a cone‐rod dystrophy, without other significant impairments. The entity was named SMD‐CRD. We further delineate this disorder by reporting on a 16‐year‐old boy and a pair of twins with this entity. Possible etiologies are discussed. The boy showed low α‐neuraminidase activity levels in fibroblasts, but normal levels in leucocytes. The meaning of this finding remains as yet unknown. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The spectrum of syndromes and manifestations in individuals screened for suspected Marfan syndrome
Authors: Rybczynski Meike , Bernhardt Alexander M.J. , Rehder Uwe , Fuisting Bettina , Meiss Ludwig , Voss Ursula , Habermann Christian , Detter Christian , Robinson Peter N. , Arslan‐Kirchner Mine , Schmidtke Jörg , Mir Thomas S. , Berger Jürgen , Meinertz Thomas , von Kodolitsch Yskert 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (MFS) is based on evaluating a large number of clinical criteria. We have observed that many persons presenting in specialized centers for “Marfan‐like” features do not have MFS, but exhibit a large spectrum of other syndromes. The spectrum of these syndromes and the distribution of “Marfan‐like” features remain to be characterized. Thus, we prospectively evaluated 279 consecutive patients with suspected MFS (144 men and 135 women at a mean age of 34 ± 13 years) for presence of 27 clinical criteria considered characteristic of MFS. The most frequent reasons to refer individuals for suspected MFS were skeletal features (31%), a family history of MFS, or aortic complications (29%), aortic dissection or aneurysm (19%), and eye manifestations (9%). Using established criteria, we confirmed MFS in 138 individuals (group 1) and diagnosed other connective tissue diseases, both with vascular involvement in 30 (group 2) and without vascular involvement in 39 (group 3), and excluded any distinct disease in 72 individuals (group 4). Clinical manifestations of MFS were present in all four patient groups and there was no single clinical criterion that exhibited positive and negative likelihood ratios that were per se sufficient to confirm or rule out MFS. We conclude that “Marfan‐like” features are not exclusively indicative of MFS but also of numerous, alternative inherited diseases with many of them carrying a hitherto poorly defined cardiovascular risk. These alternative diseases require future study to characterize their responses to therapy and long‐term prognosis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel mutation of IL1RAPL1 gene in a nonspecific X‐linked mental retardation (MRX) family
Authors: Nawara Magdalena , Klapecki Jakub , Borg Katarzyna , Jurek Marta , Moreno Sarah , Tryfon Jolanta , Bal Jerzy , Chelly Jamel , Mazurczak Tadeusz 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMental retardation (MR) affects approximately 2% of the population. About 10% of all MR cases result from defects of X‐linked genes. Mutations in most of more than 20 known genes causing nonspecific form of X‐linked MR (MRX) are very rare and may account for less than 0.5–1% of MR. Linkage studies in extended pedigrees followed by mutational analysis of known MRX genes in the linked interval are often the only way to identify a genetic cause of the disorder. We performed linkage analysis in several MRX families, and in one family with four males with MR we mapped the disease to an interval encompassing Xp21.2–22.11 (with a maximum LOD score of 2.71). Subsequent mutation analysis of genes located in this interval allowed us to identify a partial deletion of the IL1RAPL1 gene. Different nonoverlapping deletions involving IL1RAPL1 have been reported previously, suggesting that this region could be deletion‐prone. In this report, we present the results of the molecular analyses and clinical examinations of four affected family members with the deletion in IL1RAPL1. Our data further confirm the importance and usefulness of linkage studies for gene mapping in MRX families and demonstrate that IL1RAPL1 plays an important role in the etiology of MRX. With the development of new methods (aCGH, MLPA), further rearrangements in this gene (including deletions and duplications) might be discovered in the nearest future. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for association between polymorphisms in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene and cannabis dependence
Authors: Agrawal Arpana , Wetherill Leah , Dick Danielle M. , Xuei Xiaoling , Hinrichs Anthony , Hesselbrock Victor , Kramer John , Nurnberger John I. , Schuckit Marc , Bierut Laura J. , Edenberg Howard J. , Foroud Tatiana 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGenomic studies of cannabis use disorders have been limited. The cannabinoid receptor 1 gene (CNR1) on chromosome 6q14‐15 is an excellent candidate gene for cannabis dependence due to the important role of the G‐protein coupled receptor encoded by this gene in the rewarding effects of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol. Previous studies have found equivocal evidence for an association between SNPs in CNR1 and a general vulnerability to substance use disorders. We investigate the association between 9 SNPs spanning CNR1 and cannabis dependence in 1,923 individuals. Two SNPs that were previously associated with cannabis dependence in other studies were also significant with this phenotype in our analyses [rs806368 (P = 0.05) and rs806380 (P = 0.009)]. Haplotype analyses revealed the association to be largely driven by the SNP rs806380. These results suggest a role for the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene in cannabis dependence. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tagging SNP association study of the IL‐1β gene (IL1B) and childhood‐onset mood disorders
Authors: Misener Virginia L. , Gomez Lissette , Wigg Karen G. , King Nicole , Kiss Enikő , Daróczi Gabriella , Kapornai Krisztina , Tamás Zsuzsanna , Mayer László , Gádoros Júlia , Baji Ildikó , Kennedy James L. , Kovacs Maria , Vetró Ágnes , Barr Cathy L. ,   the International Consortium for Childhood‐Onset Mood Disorders
Published: November 2008

AbstractGiven substantial evidence for IL‐1β involvement in the etiology of depression, the IL1B gene is a strong candidate for involvement in susceptibility to depressive disorders. However, association studies investigating this, to date, have been limited to just two polymorphisms (rs1143627[−31T/C] and rs16944[−511C/T]) that constitute only a fraction of the genetic variation that is actually present across this gene in the population. Here, in a family‐based association study of childhood‐onset mood disorders (COMD), characterized by onset of depression before the age of 15, we have used a gene‐wide approach, employing a panel of five tagging SNPs spanning the entire gene. Based on TDT analyses of both individual alleles and haplotypes, in a study sample of 646 families (with 782 affected children), none of the SNPs, including those implicated in transcriptional regulation of the gene, showed evidence for association with COMD. This is the largest and most comprehensive study of IL1B in relation to mood disorders that has been carried out, to date. The results do not support the involvement of IL1B as a major factor in genetic risk for early‐onset mood disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An association study between granulin gene polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease in Finnish population
Authors: Viswanathan Jayashree , Mäkinen Petra , Helisalmi Seppo , Haapasalo Annakaisa , Soininen Hilkka , Hiltunen Mikko 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGranulin protein plays an important role in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. Recently, it was shown that mutations in granulin (GRN) gene cause tau‐negative frontotemporal dementia supporting the idea that granulin is involved in neurodegeneration. Here we have investigated whether genetic variability in the GRN gene influences also the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genotyping of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GRN gene among 512 AD patients and 649 control subjects originating from Finland did not show significant association with AD. However, stratification according to gender revealed a significant male‐specific allele, genotype and haplotype association between AD and GRN SNPs rs4792939, rs850713, and rs5848. These data suggest that genetic variability in the GRN gene may also increase the risk for developing AD in a gender‐specific manner. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The shape of the early hominin proximal femur
Authors: Harmon Elizabeth H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPostcranial skeletal variation among Plio‐Pleistocene hominins has implications for taxonomy and locomotor adaptation. Although sample size constraints make interspecific comparisons difficult, postcranial differences between Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus have been reported (McHenry and Berger: J Hum Evol 35 1998 1–22; Richmond et al.: J Hum Evol 43 [2002] 529–548; Green et al.: J Hum Evol 52 2007 187–200). Additional evidence indicates that the early members of the genus Homo show morphology like recent humans (e.g., Walker and Leakey: The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton. Cambridge: Harvard, 1993). Using a larger fossil sample than previous studies and novel methods, the early hominin proximal femur is newly examined to determine whether new data alter the current view of femoral evolution and inform the issue of interspecific morphological variation among australopiths. Two‐ and three‐dimensional data are collected from large samples of recent humans, Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo and original fossil femora of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and femora of African fossil Homo. The size‐adjusted shape data are analyzed using principal components, thin plate spline analysis, and canonical variate analysis to assess shape variation. The results indicate that femora of fossil Homo are most similar to modern humans but share a low neck‐shaft angle (NSA) with australopiths. Australopiths as a group have ape‐like greater trochanter morphology. A. afarensis differs from P. robustus and A. africanus in attributes of the neck and NSA. However, interspecific femoral variation is low and australopiths are generally morphologically similar. Although the differences are not dramatic, when considered in combination with other postcranial evidence, the adaptive differences among australopiths in craniodental morphology may have parallels in the postcranium. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid dispersion of rutaecarpine improved its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Ding Jin‐Song , Gao Rui , Li Dai , Peng Jun , Ran Li‐Ling , Li Yuan‐Jian 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIt was reported previously that rutaecarpine produced a hypotensive effect in phenol‐induced and 2‐kidney, 1‐clip hypertensive rats. However, the same dose of crude rutaecarpine did not produce significant hypotensive effects when applied to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, a different dose of rutaecarpine solid dispersion was administered intragastrically to SHR. The systolic blood pressure was monitored by the tail‐cuff method with an electro‐sphygmomanometer. The plasma concentration of rutaecarpine, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and the mRNA levels of CGRP in dorsal root ganglion were determined. The results showed that administration of the solid dispersion significantly increased the blood concentration of rutaecarpine, accompanied by significant hypotensive effects in SHR in a dose‐dependent manner. The levels of plasma CGRP were also elevated significantly, concomitantly with the increased mRNA levels in the dorsal root ganglion in a dose‐dependent manner. It was concluded that a change of the dosage from the crude drug to solid dispersion could improve significantly the efficiency of rutaecarpine absorption and increase its plasma concentration. The anti‐hypertensive effect exerted by rutaecarpine solid dispersion in SHR is mediated by CGRP. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method improves robustness and versatility: The benchmark for plant RNA extraction
Authors: White Elizabeth J. , Venter Mauritz , Hiten Nicholas F. , Burger Johan T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA wide range of plant RNA extraction methods are available; however, many of these are limited in their application for a diverse range of plant species. With special emphasis on robustness and versatility, we have improved the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method and isolated high‐quality RNA from 16 different plant species. The major modifications made to the protocol described here were a reduction of sample treatment steps and an increase in β‐mercaptoethanol concentration (to 3%) resulting in a robust, rapid and reproducible plant RNA extraction protocol that can be used for a broad range of plant species and tissue types.
Fungal biodegradation of hard coal by a newly reported isolate, Neosartorya fischeri
Authors: Igbinigie Eric E. , Aktins Simon , van Breugel Yvonne , van Dyke Susan , Davies‐Coleman Michael T. , Rose Peter D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) has been observed to grow sporadically on the surface of coal dumps in the Witbank coal mining area of South Africa. Root zone investigation indicated that a number of fungal species may be actively involved in the biodegradation of hard coal, thus enabling the survival of the plant, through mutualistic interaction, in this extreme environment. In an extensive screening program of over two thousand samples, the Deuteromycete, Neosartorya fischeri, was isolated and identified. The biodegradation of coal by N. fischeri was tested in flask studies and in a perfusion fixed‐bed bioreactor used to simulate the coal dump environment. The performance of N. fischeri was compared to Phanaerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes (Polyporus) versicolor, previously described in coal biodegradation studies. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry of the biodegradation product indicated oxidation of the coal surface and nitration of the condensed aromatic structures of the coal macromolecule as possible reaction mechanisms in N. fischeri coal biodegradation. This is a first report of N. fischeri‐mediated coal biodegradation and, in addition to possible applications in coal biotechnology, the findings may enable development of sustainable technologies in coal mine rehabilitation.