bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accentuated antibody response to paramyxoviruses in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Kövamees Jan , Sheshberadaran Hooshmand , Chiodi Francesca , Schwartz Stefan , Örvell Claes , Fenyö Eva Maria , Norrby Erling 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from 31 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients, representing different clinical stages of HIV infection, were assayed for antibodies against measles and mumps viruses by various serological tests and compared to 23 healthy controls. Sera from four patients (two primary, one asymptomatic, and one acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) exhibited a pronounced antibody response to measles as detected by haemagglutination inhibition and radioimmuno precipitation assay. The RIPA‐positive sera showed increased reactivity to all the viral components and in particular to the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus (Fig. 1). Three of these positive patients also showed a similar response to mumps virus. One of the control sera also showed an increase in antibody titre in measles serological tests.The measles antibodies were shown not to be anti‐HIV antibodies crossreacting with paramyxoviruses. The reactivity to haemagglutinin was still present when using nonglycosylated measles virus antigen grown in the presence of tunicamycin.Whether the accentuated antibody response is due to polyclonal activation mediated by HIV or to reactivation of the viruses remains to be answered.
Purification and characterization of a strain of coxsackievirus b4 of human origin that induces diabetes in mice
Authors: Chatterjee Nando K. , Nejman Catherine , Gerling Ivan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA diabetogenic strain of coxsackievirus B4 of human origin has been purified to study its biochemistry and diabetogenicity. Tissue culture cells infected with the virus contain two distinct types of particles—virions and membrane‐bound virions (MBV). MBVs are lighter (ρ = 1.29) than virions (ρ = 1.34), and they contain relatively more protein than RNA. Virions contain four capsid proteins, VP1–4, of various molecular weights: VP1, 37,500; VP2, 36,000; VP3, 26,000; and VP4, 5,500. MBVs contain three of these proteins and several additional proteins of molecular weights 45,000 to > 92,500, possibly of host or viral origin. The RNA in each type of particle is a 35s molecule; T1 oligonucleotide fingerprint profiles suggest minor differences in the two RNAs. Hybridization experiments show a great deal of sequence homology between the RNA of the diabetogenic strain and the RNA of prototype CB4, which does not induce overt diabetes. MBVs are 10‐ 70 times less infective than virions, yet they are more pathogenic in mice and induce significantly higher glucose intolerance (hyperglycemia). The hyperglycemic response appears to be lower in mice infected with both types of particles than in mice infected with MBVs alone. Thus, the two subpopulations of virions present in the diabetogenic strain differ biochemically and in their ability to induce diabetes.
Recombinant DNA related to hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency viruses in mononuclear cells of patients with AIDS
Authors: Hirschman Shalom Z. , Zucker Marcia L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSixty‐eight of 73 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were positive when tested for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by the dot blot method. Twenty‐two of the positive DNAs were examined by Southern hybridization and all exhibited a 3.2 kb extrachromosomal DNA fragment that hybridized to HBV DNA. This DNA was isolated from agarose gels and cloned into the EcoRI site of pBR322 DNA. The cloned DNA (pHBI) hybridized to both HBV DNA and HIV cDNA; HBV DNA did not hybridize to HIV cDNA under the same conditions. The results of restriction enzyme analyses indicated that pHBI contains: 1) a large deletion of HBV sequences spanning the 3′ end of the HBV surface antigen gene; 2) a small deletion near the 5′ end of the HBV core antigen gene; and 3) a region of homology to a one kb central section of the HIV pol gene. These data suggest that the 3.2 kb DNA found in the PBMCs is a natural recombinant between HBV and HIV DNAs raising the possibility not only that this DNA plays a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS but also that other viral recombinant DNAs may be pathogenic in human disease.
Analysis of virus and host factors in a study of A/Peking/2/79 (H3N2) cold‐adapted vaccine recombinant in which vaccine‐associated illness occurred in normal volunteers
Authors: Betts Robert F. , Douglas R. Gordon , Maassab Hunien F. , Deborde Dan C. , Clements Mary Lou , Murphy Brian R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLive attenuated cold‐adapted influenza vaccine is undergoing evaluation in man. Several strains have proven to be safe, immunogenic, nontransmissible, and protective against experimental challenge. In this study of A/Peking/2/79(H3N2), with six internal genes from the cold‐adapted (Ca) parent A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2), we encountered at the highest input multiplicity, 28% illness rate among individuals infected with vaccine. Reversion to wild type and excessive viral replication did not occur. Physical characteristics of the vaccine were similar to nonreactogenic vaccine A/Washington/897/80(H3N2). At ten‐ and 100‐fold lower input multiplicities, infection frequency was maintained, but reactions did not occur. We compared the observations in this study with those made in a similar study of A/Scotland/840/74(H3N2), a cold‐adapted vaccine with five genes from the Ca parent in which reactogenicity also was noted. The dose of vaccine virus in relation to tissue culture infectious doses required to infect 50% of susceptibles (HID50) was proportionally lower for both A/Peking/2/79(H3N2) and A/Scotland/80(H3N2). Hence, when the vaccine was undiluted the recipients were inoculated with more than 100 HID50. We concluded that the very high input could be avoided if vaccines were screened beginning at 1/1,000 of maximum titers. Ca vaccines must be safe before they undergo field trials.
Natural antibodies to HIV‐tat epitopes and expression of HIV‐1 genes in vivo
Authors: Krone Willy J. A. , Debouck Christine , Epstein Leon G. , Heutink Peter , Meloen Rob , Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe tat regulatory protein of HIV‐1 was expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli and used as antigen to detect antibodies against HIV‐tat (anti‐tat) in the serum of HIV‐1 infected children and adults. HIV‐1‐infected children showed a higher frequency (55%) of anti‐tat than HIV‐1‐infected adults (36%). Anti‐tat were present in only 15% (3/20) of acutely infected individuals. Forty percent (10/25) of individuals with prolonged HIV‐1 infection but without antigen were anti‐tat positive. Only 13% (3/23) of HIV‐1‐antibody‐positive individuals with prolonged HIV‐1 antigenemia were anti‐tat positive and titers of anti‐tat antibodies declined with time. Pepscan analysis identified the amino terminus of HIV‐tat as the major antibody‐binding site. Antibodies to HIV‐tat occurred as a harbinger of HIV‐1 antigen expression and disappeared thereafter, possibly reflecting the transience of HIV‐tat expression. Because of the low antigenicity of HIV‐tat, antibodies to this regulatory protein are not a reliable marker for either early HIV‐1 infection or subsequent disease progression.
Protection against neonatal rotavirus infection by breast milk antibodies and trypsin inhibitors
Authors: Jayashree S. , Bhan M. K. , Kumar R. , Bhandari N. , Sazawal S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role of breast milk antirotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) and trypsin inhibitors in limiting the acquisition of rotavirus infection during the initial 5 days of life was evaluated among 42 exclusively breast‐fed hospital‐born infants, 22 of whom experienced rotavirus infection. The mean concentrations of antirotavirus IgA (ELISA Units) in the breast milk of mothers of the 22 rotavirus‐infected neonates was 130.4 ± 46.4; the corresponding value in 20 noninfected neonates was 384.3 ± 328.3 (P < 0.001). Similarly, the trypsin inhibitory capacity (μmols/mt/ml) of breast milk in the rotavirus‐infected group was significantly lower (0.109 ± 0.095) than that in the noninfected group (0.376 ± 0.191; P < 0.001). The trypsin inhibitory capacity of milk showed an inverse correlation with infant stool tryptic activity (P < 0.01).Our results indicate that the acquisition of rotavirus infection during the early neonatal period depends on the concentrations of antirotavirus IgA and trypsin inhibitors in human milk and that protection is mediated by high levels of these antiviral factors.
Alteration of infection pattern of duck hepatitis B virus by immunomodulatory drugs
Authors: Fukuda Ryo , Okinaga Satoshi , Akagi Shuji , Hidaka Mitsunobu , Ono Naomi , Fukumoto Shiro , Shimada Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relationship between host immune state and hepatic inflammation and infection pattern of the Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was investigated by experimental transmission of DHBV into 98 Japanese 7‐day‐old ducklings that had been pretreated with immunoregulatory drugs including cyclophosphamide, OK 432, and a steroid hormone.Immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide revealed an extension of the viremic period associated with an absence of inflammatory changes in the liver. Although immunostimulating treatment with OK 432 showed a remarkable accumulation of inflammatory cells in the liver, the viremic period was not shortened. Treatment with a steroid used as a immunosuppressant did not suppress the hepatitis; moreover, it increased viral DNA replication and extended the viremic period. This phenomenon of viral replication seemed to be caused by the direct effects of the steroid.Alteration of DHBV infection by modifying the host immune state is quite similar to that of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in humans. In DHBV infection, the host immune state seemed to have a considerable role in determining the infection pattern and degree of hepatitis activity. DHBV may be a helpful model of HBV for studying host‐viral interaction and the immunological mechanism of viral hepatitis.
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in cell scrapes and formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue of the uterine cervix by filter in situ hybridisation
Authors: Demeter T. , Kulski J. K. , Rakoczy P. , Sterrett G. F. , Pixley E. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFilter in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used to detect the presence of DNA of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 or 16/18 in cell scrapes (CYTOFISH) and formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsies (HISTOFISH) taken from the uterine cervices of 19 women. Paraffin tissue sections collected for HISTOFISH were either digested with pepsin or lysed with alkali/Triton X‐100. The digest or lysate of the tissue sections and cell scrapes were applied to nylon or nitrocellulose membrances for nucleic acid hybridisation using 32P‐labeled HPV‐DNA probes. CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH were compared directly by taking samples for each method from the cervices of the same women.Of 19 women examined by colposcopy, cytology, and histology, eight were assessed as normal and 11 had evidence of a cervical disorder and/or the presence of HPV infection. Whereas no HPV‐DNA was detected in the normal cases, the presence of HPV‐DNAs was detected by both CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH in 11 cases with histological evidence of HPV infection and/or dysplasia. In these HPV positive cases, eight contained HPV 16/18, two HPV 6/11, and one a mixed infection of HPV 6/11/16/18. The high correlation between the results of CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH shows that formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cervical biopsies are suitable specimens for the detection and typing of HPV‐DNA by FISH. Both CYTOFISH and HISTOFISH should facilitate studies on the prevalence and distribution of HPVs and their association with neoplasia.
Immunoassay for serologic diagnosis of influenza type A using recombinant DNA produced nucleoprotein antigen and monoclonal antibody to human IgG
Authors: Harmon Maurice W. , Jones Ian , Shaw Mike , Keitel Wendy , Reimer Charles B. , Halonen Pekka , Kendal Alan P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfluenza type A nucleoprotein (NP) derived from the full length cloned gene expressed in E. coli was evaluated in a solid phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detection of human antibody to influenza. Monoclonal antibody to human IgG was used for detection. Direct and indirect assays were developed and sera were tested in serial and single dilution formats. Preliminary results indicated that recombinantand virion‐derived NP antigens were comparable in binding ability to plastic and binding human antibody. Eighty‐seven paired sera from influenza patients were tested. The most sensitive assay (indirect‐serial dilution) detected 56 (64%) rises and the simplest assay (direct‐single dilution) detected 43 (49%) rises, compared to 36 (41%) for complement fixation. Paired sera from 18 control patients showed no evidence of antibody rises by any of the assays. Forty‐nine paired sera from influenza B infected patients were negative for antibody rises except for one borderline rise by the indirect‐serial dilution assay. These results indicate that the use of recombinant DNA derived nucleoprotein for immunoassay is feasible. The sensitivity of immunoassays using NP adsorbed to the solid phase and monoclonal antibody specific for human IgG to detect bound antibody exceeded that of conventional complement fixation testing for establishing serologic evidence of influenza type A infection.
Suppressor T‐cell activity in chronic hepatitis B‐virus infection: Relationship with the presence of HBV‐DNA in serum
Authors: Iraburu Margarita , Civeira María Pilar , Serrano Manuel , Morte Susana , Castilla Alberto , Prieto Jesús 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSuppressor T‐cell activity and allogeneic T‐cell response to concanavalin A (ConA) were investigated in 46 patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Thirty‐eight patients had chronic active hepatitis, seven of whom were superinfected with Delta virus, and eight were healthy chronic HBV carriers. T‐cell suppressor activity was in the normal range in healthy carriers and in patients negative for serum HBV‐DNA, independent of the e antigen status. In contrast, the group of patients positive for HBV‐DNA exhibited a significant reduction in suppressor activity. Longitudinal studies in patients who cleared serum HBV‐DNA demonstrated that suppressor T‐cell activity became normal thereafter. These results suggest a relationship between suppressor T‐cell function and the stage of viral replication in individuals with chronic HBV infection.
Immunogenicity of a yeast‐recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in high‐risk children
Authors: Rumi M. G. , Romeo R. , Bortolini M. , Gringeri A. , Zanett A. R. , Mannucci P. M. , Colombo M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHorizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from illicit drug users to their contacts, including young children, can be prevented by active immunization against HBV. Yeast‐recombinant hepatitis B vaccines are now available for this purpose, but their potential efficacy in such high‐risk contacts has not yet been evaluated. Therefore we gave 20 mcg of a recombinant yeast‐derived hepatitis B vaccine to 38 children who were at high risk for HBV infection because they had been institutionalized in a community for drug users in which 8.7% of the occupants are carriers. After third dose of vaccine (at 0, 1, and 6 months), all children had anti‐HBs responses with titers of 10 mlU/ml or more, with 81% showing responses greater than 1,000 mlU/ml. At 12 months, the percentage of anti‐HBs‐positive children was 100%, and the percentage of children with anti‐HBs higher than 1,000 mlU/ml was 56%. None of the children developed HBV infection during follow‐up. Hence the recombinant vaccine was immunogenic, with percentages of seroconversion and anti‐HBs titers comparable with those attained in other categories of high‐risk children with plasma‐derived vaccines.
Nosocomial outbreak of infant rotavirus diarrhea due to the appearance of a new serotype 4 strain
Authors: Matteo Angela Di , Sarasini Antonella , Scotta M. Serenella , Parea Maurizio , Licardi Giovanna , Gerna Giuseppe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of acute gastroenteritis, involving 30 infants and young children aged 2 months to 4 years, took place in a pediatric ward of the University Hospital of Pavia, Northern Italy, in the period from November 9 to December 1, 1986. Out of the 14 patients examined, ten were found to shed rotavirus with stools. All strains were characterized for serotype, using a monoclonal antibody‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and for electropherotype, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of genomic RNA. It was shown that a single serotype 4 (subtype 4A) strain spread within the ward from a primary case to seven other patients. The remaining two patients were found to be infected by a serotype 1 strain that was circulating in the same area prior to the outbreak. The clinical symptoms were unusually severe, since significant dehydration was observed in four of the eight serotype 4 rotavirus‐infected children. Previous epidemiological studies had shown that since 1983 serotype 4 strains had not been circulating in Pavia, and the electropherotype of the newly circulating serotype 4 strain was different from those observed in 1981–1983. Thus, the severity of the diarrheal disease appeared to be related to the circulation of both a new serotype and a new electropherotype.
Titration of igg antibodies against varicella zoster virus before bone marrow transplantation is not predictive of future zoster
Authors: Webster A. , Grint P. , Brenner M. K. , Prentice H. G. , Griffiths P. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum antibodies to varicella zoster virus (VZV) were measured in 77 patients about to undergo allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and in 65 of their donors. Ten patients developed zoster within the first 6 months following transplant. There was no significant difference in the mean pretransplant antibody titre between those patients who did or did not subsequently develop zoster. Likewise, the level of antibody to VZV amongst donors had no effect on the subsequent development of zoster. We conclude that the pretransplant level of antibody to VZV is not predictive of subsequent zoster infection, and would not be helpful in identifying patients for trials of antiviral prophylaxis. These results contrast with those previously found for another herpesvirus, herpes simplex (HSV), where antibody level pretransplant is predictive of future HSV recurrence.
Antigenic variation of human RSV strains isolated in Japan
Authors: Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Nagai Kazushige , Suga Kazuhiro , Chiba Yasuo , Chiba Shunzo , Tsugawa Satoshi , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntigenic variations of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strains were analyzed using a collection of nine, seven, two, and one monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), respectively, raised against the fusion protein (F), large glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (NP), and phosphoprotein (P) components of the Long strain of RSV. Competitive binding assay by these MAbs demonstrated eight, four, and two distinct epitopes on F, G, and NP components, respectively. Comparison of prototype Long with ten field strains isolated in Sapporo, Japan, during a 9‐year period from 1980 to 1988 by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP), immunofluorescence (IF), and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test revealed four different patterns of reaction to these MAbs. Thus, prototype Long reacted to all 19 MAbs. Six field strains have shown a different reactivity to one of nine anti‐F and to one of seven anti‐G antibodies (subgroup A). Three of the remaining isolates failed to react with three of nine anti‐F and with all of seven anti‐G antibodies (subgroup B). One strain (58–104) isolated in 1983 was similar to subgroup A except for a lack of reaction with two anti‐G antibodies. All field strains reacted with two anti‐NP and one anti‐P antibodies. The numbers of altered epitopes in subgroup A were 1/8 and 1/4; in subgroup B, 3/8 and 4/4; and in 58–104, 1/8 and 2/4 on the F and G components, respectively. No other variations have been observed among field isolates tested.
Serum IgA antibodies in HSV asymptomatic genital infections
Authors: Guglielmino S. P. P. , Garozzo A. , Pinizzotto M. R. , Furneri P. M. , Corbino N. , Castro A. , Cianci S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCervico‐vaginal swabs and serum samples from 81 women without herpes‐associated clinical symptoms were examined for virus isolation and for the presence of IgA antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV) using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Nineteen of the 81 women were followed up for 2 years. Blood samples and swabs from cutaneous lesions were obtained from another group of 20 women (medical staff) with herpes labialis. By analysing the specific anti‐HSV IgA antibodies, a higher geometric mean titre (GMT) was found in women with positive HSV‐2 isolation (GMT = 380.03), as opposed to the GMT observed in women with negative HSV‐2 (GMT = 63.43) or positive HSV‐1 isolation (GMT = 55.15). Results from the longitudinal study also demonstrated that positive virus isolation always correlated with a marked rise in serum IgA antibody to HSV.
Definition of high‐proficiency serological markers for diagnosis of Varicella‐zoster virus infections by enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Echevarría José M. , de Ory Fernando , León Pilar , Téllez Alicia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe levels of Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV)‐specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies produced in 22 cases of varicella, 22 cases of cutaneous zoster, and 12 cases of acute aseptic meningitis due to VZV in the absence of cutaneous lesions, were measured by indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and compared with those observed in a group of 34 age‐matched controls. The definition of cutoff titres for each serological marker and combinations of them allowed early diagnosis of infection in 82% of varicella patients and 91% of patients with acute aseptic meningitis lacking cutaneous lesions on a single serum sample, the specificity being over 90%. The system was as sensitive as the demonstration of intrathecally produced IgG antibodies for the early diagnosis of the infection in 22 cases of neurological disease due to VZV. A working protocol for the serological diagnosis of VZV infections, using currently available EIA reagents, is described.
Heterophile igm, iga, and ige antibodies in infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Duverlie G. , Driencourt M. , Roussel C. , Orfila J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty infectious mononucleosis (IM) and 150 noninfectious mononucleosis (non‐IM) sera were tested by a hemadsorption immunocapture test (HIT) for the detection of heterophile antibodies of IgM, IgA, and IgE classes. The specificity of Paul‐Bunnell (PB) antibodies was ascertained by a differential absorption test. IgM PB‐antibodies were demonstrated in 100% of IM sera, IgA in 92%, and IgE in 88%. PB antibodies were present only in IM sera; but other heterophile antibodies of IgM (68%), IgA (6.7%), and IgE (9.3%) classes were demonstrated in non‐IM sera. IgA and IgE heterophile antibodies were thus present, especially in IM sera. HIT was found to be more sensitive than Paul‐Bunnell Davidsohn test (PBD test) and suitable for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.