bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preface to “Dynamic Young's Modulus Measurements in Metallic Materials: Results of an Interlaboratory Testing Program”
Authors: Papadakis EP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A round-robin study usually attempts to have several laboratories measure identical materials by the methods used in each laboratory. Similarly, the methods usually are expected to produce comparable absolute errors if used properly. Round-robins then have the facility to detect gross errors in one operation vis-à-vis the mean and standard deviation of the remainder of the set.
Effects of the Average Increment ΔC on the Scatter in da/dN Data and Mean Life Cycles in HY-80 Steel Plate
Authors: Betancourt TK , Matthews JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper analyzes the effects of the data averaging increment (ΔC) on the prediction of mean life cycles in 25-mm. (1-in.)-thick HY-80 steel plate using CT test specimens. The analysis shows that the crack propagation in this steel plate is not uniform; the crack rate randomly oscillates along the crack at variable amplitude. The frequency of crack rate variation was found to have the characteristics of a normal distribution curve and was therefore characterized by mean and variance. The mean crack behavior, including mean crack propagation rates and mean life cycles, was determined for crack propagation data obtained at different ΔC and statistically compared. It was found that the same raw a and N data averaged over different ΔC yielded significantly different mean crack rates and mean life cycles.
The 95% confidence limits that were assigned to the mean life cycles (N ± 1.96 √σ/n) were also different and affected by ΔC. This becomes extremely important in engineering design when trying to determine the expected confidence in a life prediction or a safe inspection interval. To use the scatter in da/dN data to generate the design confidence limit, it is essential that the same ΔC be used in the numerical integration that was used to generate the data.
Characterization of Fracture Behavior in Small Punch Test by Combined Recrystallization-Etch Method and Rigid Plastic Analysis
Authors: Mao X , Shoji T , Takahashi H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation is to understand the deformation process of the small punch test and to use it to characterize the fracture properties of materials. By comparisons between recrystallization-etch results and perfect-rigid plastic analysis, the deformation process of the small punch test has been clearly divided into three regions. Equivalent fracture strain under biaxial stress state has been obtained from 10 by 10 by 0.5 mm thin sheet samples using both a recrystallization-etch technique and a semi-analytical method to characterize the fracture property of the material. The results of biaxial equivalent fracture strain can be related almost linearly to fracture toughness (JIc) for elastic-plastic behavior.
Life Expectancy for Fossil Steam Turbine Casings after 1000 000 Hours
Authors: Coulon PA , Saisse H , Thauvin G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Today with the rapid development of nuclear electricity generation on a large scale, there arises the problem of maintaining fossil fuel generating stations that have been in operation for some 100 000 h or more. Operators usually hope to prolong the service life of units where safety margins permit, with objectives attaining beyond 150 000 h. This is an extremely ambitious program that is thwarted by the very nature of the work demanded from this type of thermal generating station: namely fulfillment of the needs of daily and seasonal peak periods, which increase the number of severe thermal operating transients.
This paper examines the question of metallurgical studies carried out by Alsthom-Atlantique on stator steel castings with a view to estimating their expectation of life potential. This work constitutes the second part of a study entitled “Quenching, Tempering, and Aging of Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium Cast Steels” in the Journal of Evaluation and Testing, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1981.
A Summary of Fracture Mechanics Concepts
Authors: Irwin GR , de Wit R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe basic concepts of fracture mechanics are presented in a logical sequence. Each concept is given in a concise definition-like paragraph. The concepts of toughness, process zone, crack, and linear-elastic fracture mechanics are first introduced. The crack-tip characterizations, that is, stress-intensity factor, crack extension force, J integral, and crack-tip opening displacement are then discussed. The constraints in plane stress, plane strain, and three dimensions are pointed out. Various methods of evaluating the crack-tip characterizations are explained. The concept of fracture toughness is presented in relation to resistance curves, dynamics, constraints, and fast-stable crack growth. Some practical empirical fracture toughness relations are given. Then slow-stable crack growth is discussed, that is, stress corrosion cracking, fatigue cracking, corrosion fatigue, and viscous (creep) cracking. The summary concludes with the concept of fracture control plans.
Determination of Stress Relaxation by Damping Measurements
Authors: Weissmann GF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The conventional determination of the stress relaxation properties of metals and their alloys is tedious and time-consuming. The method of predicting stress relaxation in metal strips subjected to uniform bending is based on the work per cycle required to maintain a constant strain energy level for the specimen. The change of the work per cycle with time or the number of cycles has been considered. The data obtained by damping measurements agree very well with a limited number of static stress relaxation measurements. The proposed method of predicting stress relaxation by damping measurements is simple and fast and should be particularly useful for data recorded at or close to room temperature.
Structural Integrity in Aircraft
Authors: Hardrath HF 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe paper reviews briefly the current design philosophies for achieving long, efficient, and reliable service in aircraft structures. The strengths and weaknesses of these design philosophies and their demonstrated records of success are discussed. The state of the art has not been developed to the point where designing can be done without major test inspection and maintenance programs.A broad program of research is proposed through which a viable computerized design scheme will be provided during the next decade. The program will organize and correlate existing knowledge on fatigue and fracture behavior, identify gaps in this knowledge, and guide specific research to upgrade design capabilities. An early application of the scheme leads to an objective choice of materials to provide maximum reliability between inspections. An analytical tool has been developed that assesses the resistance of a structural configuration to fatigue and static crack propagation.
Direct Nondestructive Prediction of Engineering Properties
Authors: Zurbrick JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Quantitative nondestructive evaluation provides the means for directly predicting engineering properties of materials on individual components. Through proper problem definitions, the working concept of material ↔ energy interaction, and multifunctional/multivariable relationships, a complex material system can now be characterized in terms of both bulk and constituent properties as they actually exist in the finished product. In fiber-reinforced composite materials, properties such as in-plane tension/compression elastic modulus, at any polar angle, or in the thickness direction; shear modulus; poisson's ratio; density; volume fractions of fiber, matrix and porosity; and fiber elastic modulus may be pinpointed. In adhesively bonded joints, where failure mode is brittle fracture at or near the interface, bond adhesive strength may be predicted from nondestructive measurements of substrate surface free energy, contact angle, and bondline thickness, when the reference liquid surface free energy, effective strain, and stress-strain integral are known.
The Membrane Effect in Triaxial Testing of Granular Soils
Authors: Frydman S , Zeitlen JG , Alpan I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The volume change measurements of granular soils in triaxial testing are generally affected by penetration of the membrane enclosing the soil into the voids between the particles. The major factor influencing this penetration has been shown to be the particle size of the soil being tested. On the basis of the results of previous investigations and the present study, a relationship has been found between the membrane penetration and particle size. This relationship may be used to estimate the membrane effect for any granular soil.
Room Temperature Creep Behavior of Superplastic Zn-22Al under Bending and Plane Conditions
Authors: Mulvania LE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Machine covers and other structural components made of superplastic Zn-22Al can easily and economically be formed by techniques commonly used in the polymeric field. This alloy, however, has a tendency to creep under sustained loads at room temperature. The primary objective of this program was to characterize the behavior of superplastic Zn-22Al under stress conditions experienced by fabricated structures so designers can predict the total strain or deflection over the life of a machine. Creep tests were conducted with simple supported beams and with fixed edge plates. Creep behavior under these bending and biaxial stress conditions was studied and related to the more comprehensive uniaxial tensile creep studies with Zn-22Al. It was concluded that the uniaxial tensile data is conservative when those creep rates are used for the maximum principal stresses in simple or plane bending applications. Included in the report are creep curves for bending of beams and plates, stress calculations and the consideration of several plastic flow theories for creep under combined stresses.
A DirectJ-RCurve Analysis of Fracture Toughness Tests
Authors: Herrera R , Landes JD 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA method is proposed to evaluate fracture toughness in a J-R curve format directly from load displacement records without the need for automatic crack length measurement devices. This method uses the calibration curve in which the flow properties of a material for a stationary crack provide the relationships between load, displacement, and crack length. Crack growth is then evaluated by comparing load and displacement pairs for the growing crack case with this stationary crack curve. This is similar to the approach in which a common “key curve” was used to determine crack length; however, in this case, individual calibration curves are developed for each specimen. The calibration curve is described by separate elastic and plastic components of displacement. The relationship between load and elastic displacement is described by a compliance function and between load and plastic displacement by a power term with constant coefficient and exponent. Three methods are suggested for evaluating the power term exponent and coefficient. The first assumes that the exponent coming from a fit of the true-stress true-strain tensile test results can be used, the second determines all information directly from the test record, and a third does the same but uses a plastic zone adjustment.The method is applied to a set of results from an A508 steel in which the J-R curve had previously been determined using the elastic compliance method of crack length measurement. These tests were conducted on compact specimens with a range of sizes varying by a factor of 20 (10T to 1/2T). The method is also applied to a 4340 steel and stainless steel weld metal. The results show that second approach works best. Although further evaluation of the method is needed, it showed promise as a replacement for automatic crack length measurement techniques in the evaluation of J-R curves.
Changes in AISC Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolt Use
Authors:   American Iron and Steel Institute
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Significant changes in the erection of structural steel for buildings and bridges, especially in steel-to-steel connections, are resulting from major revisions to AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts. The changes are altering decades-long practices in using these high-strength steel bolts. This article covers the key changes in installation, tensioning, tension calibrating devices and methods, inspections, storage and handling, painting, burr removal, and other factors. This note is of concern to all who use steel bolts or erect structural steel.
Fatigue Threshold Regime of a Low Alloy Ferritic Steel under Closure-Free Testing Conditions: Part I—Compliance Variations in the Threshold Regime
Authors: Vaidya WV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Compliance variations in the threshold regime of a high strength ferritic steel tested under closure-free conditions at room temperature and in air are reported. In contrast to the Paris regime, and irrespective of whether the data during load shedding, at threshold, or after post-threshold load increase are considered. it is found that compliance varies inconsistently in the threshold regime. Therefore a 1:1 correlation between the averaged optical crack length and that inferred from compliance was not observed. Possible reasons of this discrepancy are discussed, and the crack front lag inferred is explained in terms of the constraint.
Introduction to Symposium on the Use and Performance of Staples in the Human Body
Authors: Harvey JP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
[The Symposium on the Use and Performance of staples in the Human Body, held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on 8 May 1991, was sponsored by ASTM Committee F-4 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices. Three papers presented at the symposium are presented in this issue of Journal of Testing and Evaluation.—Editor]
Charpy Absorbed Energy and JIc as Measures of Cryogenic Fracture Toughness
Authors: Hwang IS , Morra MM , Ballinger RG , Nakajima H , Shimamoto S , Tobler RL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we present experimental comparisons between the critical energy line integral (JIc) and Charpy absorbed energy (Cv) at 4 and 77 K for materials ranging from fully austenitic steels to ferritic steels. At 4 K the correlation between JIc and Cv is weak, indicating that Cv is a poor indicator of static fracture roughness at this temperature. At 77 K, a good correlation exists between JIc and Cv. A good correlation is also observed between JIc at 77 K and Cv at 4 K. The results are explained by the large temperature rise during the Charpy rest. Further evidence of the temperature rise is the marginal change in Cv between 4 and 77 K and the disparity in fracture modes between Charpy and fracture mechanics specimens. For c stainless steels, Cv changed little from 4 to 77 K whereas JIc increased significantly. For ferritic steels, Cv increased in proportion to JIc from 4 to 77 K. Especially in steels with low nickel contents, fracture surfaces of Charpy specimens revealed higher ductility than those of fracture mechanics test specimens. The results qualitatively support the predicted temperature rises to 130 and 150 K for crack initiation during Charpy tests at 4 and 77 K, respectively. Due to a wide variation in roughness response to temperature rise, the Cv-based regulatory criteria developed for one group of alloys will have no validity when applied to another group. Therefore the Charpy test near absolute zero should not be regarded as a measure of the static fracture resistance. Alternative simplified methods of cryogenic fracture toughness are suggested.
Magnetic Particle Testing of Turbine Blades Mounted on the Turbine Rotor Shaft
Authors: Imbert C , Rampersad K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Turbines constitute some of the most critical elements in such things as aircraft engines and power generating plants where breakdowns can be catastrophic. Preventive maintenance is therefore vital in such situations. Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) plays a significant role in such maintenance programmes. Turbine blade failure can occur without warning and with disastrous results. Such failures are, for the most part, caused by cracks or less frequently, by inclusions. Such defects are readily detected by NDE techniques such as magnetic particle inspection (MPI) if they are on or near the surface and accessible, which is the case in turbine blades.
This paper outlines the general technique of MPI of turbine blades mounted on the turbine rotor shaft with specific reference to the placement of the magectizing coils. Of the two practical techniques, the method of placing a preformed coil over a number of blades in one row is preferred to the method of wrapping the coil around the rotor shaft across an entire row of blades.
Podometrics: A New Methodology for Foot Typing
Authors: Rossi WA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Podometrics is an original and innovative system to establish cartographical and geometrical parameters for the human foot: a methodology for “mapping” the foot to determine foot types by anthropometrical classification. A methodology has long been evasive because of the challenging complexities of the foot with its unique shapes, components and many converging contours and angles. Foot typing efforts to date have not been particularly productive or effective because the emphasis has been mostly on external features rather than on both internal and external features; and also because the main focus has been on numerical measurement data rather than geometrical design. Further, foot typing has often included both structural and functional features, which sometimes tend to be conflicting and confusing by intermixing structural and functional types.
Podometrics has numerous potential practical applications in various fields. For example, in orthopaedics and podiatry in establishing foot norms in the diagnosis and therapies of foot disorders; in the shoe industry for the design of shoe lasts and footwear, and enabling the development of a uniform system of shoe sizes for better shoe fit and more efficient biomechanics within the shoe; in physical anthropology for developing an anthropometric system for genetic or racial foot typing; in criminology for detection of body type via foot type obtained from footprints.
Characterization of Early and Modern Wire for an Italian Harpsichord
Authors: Underwood JH , Burr W , Kapusta AA , Rickard CA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The characterization of early and modern harpsichord wire is described, part of the musical restoration of a 1610 Italian harpsichord. Three sizes of brass wire believed to the original strings of the harpsichord and one type of steel wire also found with the instrument were characterized using a variety of metallographic tests. Three similar sizes of modern brass wire used in the restoration of the instrument were also characterized and compared with the early wire. Microhardness and microstructure were evaluated using optical microscopy, and the overall and surface appearances and chemical constituents of the wires were determined using scanning electron microscopy. Microhardness results were used to obtain estimates of tensile strength of the wires. Various aspects of the results were discussed in relation to three time periods of the instrument: the early 1600s when it was crafted, the late 1800s when it may have been fraudulently repressented as a mid-1500s instrument, and its corrent use as a restored instrument.
Testing the Superplastic Flow Characteristics of Advanced Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Goforth RE , Srinivasan MN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Special test equipment is required in order to determine the superplastic flow characteristics of advanced aluminum alloys such as the low-density aluminum-lithium alloys and the high-temperature intermetallics (processed by rapid solidification, mechanically alloying, powder metallurgy techniques). The superplastic flow characteristics under optimum conditions of strain race and temperature are necessary as input data to the computer process model weed to predict optimum pressure-time cycles for the SPF process. Most published tensile flow stress data for superplastic deformation was developed under constant crosshead speeds and at atmospheric pressure. In order to establish accurate flow characteristics, testing must be conducted: (1) at a closely controlled temperature, (2) at a controlled constant true strain rate, and (3) under hydrostatic pressure (to prevent cavitation). This paper discusses the design and development of a test system with these capabilities and also highlights typical results for three aluminum-lithium alloys.
The ASCOR Test: A Simple Automated Method for Stress Corrosion Testing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Schra L , Groep FF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Alternate immersion stress corrosion testing according to ASTM G 44, Practice for Alternate Immersion Stress Corrosion Testing in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution, has proves to be representative for alumimum alloys in natural environments resembling the actual eavironmental conditions for aircraft. A simple automated stress corrosion testing method called the ASCOR (automated stress corrosion ring) test was developed to test aluminum alloys according to ASTM G 44 and using direct stressing as in ASTM G 49. Recommended Practice for Preparation and Use of Direct Tension Stress Corrosion Test Specimens. The method involves testing cylindrical or pin-loaded flat tension test specimens in a loading sing provided with strain gages to measure the load. Initiation of a stress corrosion crack (SCC) results in a small load decrease. During the test the load is measured periodically and stored in a data acquisition system controlled by a personal computer. A specific load decrease is used as the criterion for SCC initiation. The main advantages of the method are that a large number of specimens can be tested simultaneously in a climate chamber and that SCC initiation lives can be determined according to a clearly defined criterion without time consuming and subjective inspections, and without disturbing the test procedure.
Use of a Proposed Test Procedure for Quantifying the Triboelectric Charging Propensity of Packaging Films
Authors: Hall CW , Singh SP , Burgess G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This investigation used a proposed test procedure to quantify the triboelectric charging tendencies of conductive, dissipative and insulative packaging films in rolling contact with cylinders made of quartz, brass, and Teflon®. The intent was to simulate the potential build up of static charge on electronic products packaged in these materials during handling or transportation Charging was accomplished by rolling the cylinders down a presenbed length of incline covered with these films.
The research found that there was no significant difference between the various film material classifications in their ability to limit triboelectric charging. There was however a significant difference between cylinder materials with Teflon acquiring the highest negative charge on all film materials. Cylinder weight was also found to be important as the heavier brass cylinder attained more charge on some film materials than a hollow brass cylinder the same size A greater angle of incline in general produced a greater charge on the cylinders for all film materials.