bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF NATURAL GAS AND OF HYDROGEN UPON VARIOUS REFRACTORIES*
Authors: RUPRECHT BERTRAM C. , PIERCE R. H H. , HARVEY FRED A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTNatural gas was passed through an electric‐tube furnace where it was partially cracked and then through a second furnace containing the sample of a refractory. The refractories tested were fireclay brick of various types and fired in various manners and brick made of magnesite, high alumina material, and silica. The action on the refractory was similar to that of carbon monoxide. Carbon was deposited in some of the refractory bodies within a critical temperature range. Some of the fireclay bodies were almost completely disintegrated by the growth of the carbon deposits, although others were scarcely affected. Hydrogen gas had no disintegrating action at any temperature studied.
THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDES ON THE PROPERTIES OF WHITE SHEET‐IRON ENAMELS*
Authors: ANDREWS A. I. , HOWE E. E. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThis investigation deals primarily with determinations of the thermal expansion and fusion properties of white sheet‐iron cover enamels. A comparison of the results of the factor method of calculating the thermal expansions and those obtained experimentally shows considerable disagreement.
VISCOSITY AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MOLTEN GLASSES*
Authors: BABCOCK C. L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTUsing a new type of concentric cylinder viscosimeter, the viscosity, 7, and electrical resistivity, κ of some commercial glasses and the glasses of the soda‐silicate system have been investigated in the region of 700 to 1400 °C corresponding from 3 to 102 poises and from 0.3 to 103ohms. The results in the viscous region show proportionality between log η and log κ in the region investigated. In the two glasses investigated at lower temperatures, it can be seen that the same constants do not hold thronghout the whole region. These results are discussed considering the kinetic picture of liquids (see summary).
THE ADJUSTMENT OF ENAMELS TO SHEET STEEL*
Authors: Dietzel A. , Meures K. , King R. M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe authors present data on their tests on the expansion coefficient of enamels to sheet steel and give results on their tests for cover enamels, upper and lower ground coats, and sheet steel. They find that the expansion coefficient, 0° to softening temperature, of the fired ground coat is only a little less in the region of the steel surface than the steel itself, and that it decreases within the ground coat toward the cover coat in order to approach the lower coefficient of the ground coat. They state that all previous measurements of the coefficients of sheet‐steel ground coats are not efficient. This study is being continued.
SMALL CAST THORIUM OXIDE CRUCIBLES*
Authors: Richardson H. K. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTCrucibles were made from thorium oxide by casting from a slip made according to ceramic practice. The presence of cryolite in the slip insured its successful use. These were fired to 1885°C in a gas furnace of special construction. The addition of zirconium oxide makes a crucible easier to manufacture. The finished crucibles were successfully used in vacuum‐induction furnaces to melt pure metals to 2300°C. No contamination of the metals resulted.Expansion curves indicate a peculiar action of the crucibles made with zirconium oxide in the 700 to 900° region. The mean coefficient of expansion of fused thoria is found to be 93 × from 0 to 600°C.These crucibles are found to be (a) fairly resistant to chemical reagents, but not enough so for chemical work and (b) resistant to wetting of molten metals of high melting point.
THE SYSTEM Na2O‐B2O, III
Authors: Cole Sandford S. , Taylor Nelson W. , Scholes S. R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe sodium borates with the molecular ratio of Na2O to B2O3 of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 have been crystallized. Optical properties, melting points, and X‐ray diffraction data are reported.
COMPARISON OF USED SILICA BRICK FROM INSULATED AND UNINSULATED BASIC OPEN‐HEARTH ROOFS*
Authors: Harvey Fred A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTSamples of silica brick from the roofs of two basic open‐hearth furnaces, one of which had been insulated and the other uninsulated, after a full campaign were compared chemically and petrographically. The uninsulated brick was divided into nine distinct color zones, while the insulated brick showed but three. The three zones of the insulated brick were nearly identical zone for zone with the three inner zones of the uninsulated brick. The zone of weakness which normally occurs in open‐hearth roof brick from uninsulated furnaces did not occur in the brick from the insulated roof. Chemical and petrographic analyses are given.
REACTION‐EXPANSION MEASUREMENTS ON CHROMITE AND ALLIED SPINELS*
Authors: Chesters J. H. , Parmelee C. W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe rate of formation of spinel in mixtures of magnesia with alumina or chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was greatly increased by the addition of 2% of boric acid. When the three oxides were heated together in the molecular ratio (2MgO + A12O3+ Cr2O3), reaction‐expansion set in at a temperature much below that observed with the binary mixtures. The product appeared to be a mixture of green magnesium chromite with a pink colored spinel whose lattice edge was greater than that of magnesium aluminate but smaller than that of the chromite.Test pieces made from unfired Cuban chromite began to shrink at 1300°C, and gave a final shrinkage of 2.2% after two hours at 1500°C. Microscopic examination showed that the serpentine had changed to a glass. The compensation of firing shrinkage by the addition of 20% of coarse Austrian magnesite or 10% of fine electrically fused magnesia was found to be due to the formation of a doubly refracting mineral resembling forsterite. With a 20% alumina addition, a firing expansion of 0.8% was obtained.
STRENGTH AND YOUNG'S MODULUS OF SOME GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS FOR SHEET IRON*
Authors: Harrison W. N. , Shelton S. M. , Wadleigh W. H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTEleven enamel compositions of the sheet‐iron ground‐coat type were studied. For nine compositions, flint and feldspar were substituted one for the other, and boric and sodium oxides one for the other. For the remaining two, a given combination of flint and feldspar and a given combination of boric and sodium oxides were substituted one for the other. Tests were made for Young's modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and modulus of rupture. The shape of the stress‐strain curve, the effect of the duration of the stress period on apparent strength, and the strength distribution in specimens of the respective enamels were investigated. The changes in modulus of rupture were not large, but this property varied systematically with the composition, as did the scatter in the modulus of rupture and also the extensibility.
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS AND APPLICATION THEREOF IN VITREOUS ENAMELS*
Authors: Kinzie C. J. , Plunkett J. A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA study was made of the effect of titanium oxide, alumina, zirconia, silica, tin oxide, and antimony oxide on the thermal dilatation, melting point, and fusion flow properties of a simple enamel glass.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF ALUMINUM OXIDE FROM THE BETA TO THE ALPHA FORM*
Authors: Gallup John 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTUntil recently it had not been known that beta alumina could be converted directly to the alpha form without going through the molten state. This paper is the report on an investigation which shows that beta alumina changes rapidly to the alpha form at temperatures as low as 1300°C when heated in a vacuum. It was also found that the temperature at which rapid conversion starts rises successively in atmospheres of hydrogen, air, and argon. Petrographic identifications were checked by density determinations.
NOTE ON THE INFLUENCE OF ZIRCONIA ON THE ELASTICITY OF SOME SODA‐LIME GLASSES*
Authors: Horak William , Sharp Donald E. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTMeasurements of the moduli of elasticity and of rigidity were made on four soda‐lime glasses containing ZrO2. Both moduli are lowered by the substitution of ZrO2 for CaO
COLOR STABILITY IN ENAMELS*
Authors: Baldwin William J. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA series of frits in which the ratio of boric oxide to sodium oxide was varied was milled with various color oxides and the stability of the color was noted at different temperatures. It was found that a frit having a boric‐oxide content in excess of the sodium‐oxide content was preferable. Colors such as reds and mahoganies were found to be more stable in these frits and the general workability of the enamel was better, There was no trouble from these enamels settling as was the case with frits of a high sodium‐oxide and low boric‐oxide content.The presence of lime was found to be essential in maintaining color stability in the frits tested and had a marked influence on the viscosity of the enamel.
THE EFFECT OF THE SOLID‐LIQUID RATIO ON GRINDING A CERAMIC NONPLASTIC*
Authors: Schwartzwalder Karl , Herold Paul G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA ceramic nonplastic (specific gravity 3.01) was wet‐ground with solid‐liquid ratios of 2.7 to 1 and 1 to 15 for various lengths of time. Grain‐size distribution and surface area, as measured by the Wagner turbidimeter method, were compared. The material ground with the least water gave a lower percentage retained on a 325‐mesh screen, fewer particles between 10 and 60 microns, and more between 0 and 10 microns.
COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTHS OF SHEET‐IRON GROUND‐COAT ENAMEL GLASSES*
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Coffeen W. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe fiber method developed by Schwalbe, Badger, and Silverman for comparing the tensile strengths of glasses was used to compare the tensile strengths of sheet‐iron ground‐coat enamel glasses whose feldspar, borax, and quartz contents varied within workable limits. For purposes of comparison, this method uses that value of the unit stress at failure which exists in a fiber whose fractured surface shows a smooth portion constituting 1% of the total cross‐section. For the enamels tested, these values of tensile strength ranged from 30.0 to 32.7 kg. per sq. mm. (42,000 to 46,000 lb. per sq. in.). An increase in quartz or feldspar tended to raise the tensile strength slightly, while an increase in borax tended to lower it slightly, although the total variation was small. From these data, it was concluded that insofar as the enamel strength was concerned mechanical failures of the enamel, such as chipping, fishscaling, or crazing, could not be aided by variations of the feldspar, borax, and quartz contents of sheet‐iron ground‐coat enamel glasses within workable limits.
USE OF NEPHELINE SYENITE IN SANITARY PORCELAIN*
Authors: Koenig C. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBy introducing nepheline syenite in sanitary porcelain in reduced amounts to replace potash feldspar, a longer vitrification range is afforded which results in less warpage.Ware fluxed with nepheline syenite has a steel‐like ring, the pitch being higher than the regular ware. An electrical machine for producing pure tones was used to classify the various pitches. An oscillograph was used to determine decrement or tone decay. Nepheline syenite, ground to near pottery‐grade fineness, was air‐separated into coarse, medium, and fine divisions. When used in a porcelain body, the fine division afforded a longer vitrification range, lower warpage, and increased mechanical strength. The sound properties of these bodies are classified. Photomicrographs of body structures are included.
USE OF LITHIUM CARBONATE IN RAW ALKALINE GLAZES*
Authors: Richardson Florence Wood 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe results of using lithium carbonate to replace the more soluble alkalis and their frits in glazes fired between cones 07 and 05 are discussed. Owing to its unusual fluxing properties, the use of from 9 to 12% lithium carbonate permits a marked increase in the amounts of alumina, calcium, and silica which may be used, resulting in a more stable glaze, with sufficient alkalinity to produce vivid copper blues and other typically alkaline colors.
RELATION OF THE COMPOSITION TO THE PROPERTIES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Grim Ralph E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMost clays are composed essentially of minute particles of one or more of the clay minerals of which the kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite groups are most important. The clay minerals occur in flake‐shaped particles, possess base‐exchange capacity, and exist in or are reducible to extremely small grain sizes on working with water. Different clay minerals possess these properties in varying degrees.The clay mineral component is the chief factor determining the properties of a clay. In general, plasticity and bond strength caused by the clay minerals decrease in the following order: montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite. In many clays, the plasticity and bond strength mainly result from the presence of the montmorillonite minerals or some members of the illite group, although these constituents may compose only minor amounts of the clay. The influence of the clay minerals on other properties is considered.The green properties of clays are also related to the character of the exchangeable bases carried by the clay minerals. The fundamental reasons for the differences in properties resulting from different mineral constituents and various exchangeable bases are considered. The properties of clays are related further to the effective size‐grade distribution developed in actual use which frequently differs from the size‐grade obtained by mechanical analyses.
X‐RAY STUDY OF BORIC OXIDE‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J. , Robinson C. S. , Warren B. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns have been made of four samples of boric oxide‐silica glass (15, 30, 45, and 60% SiO2) and of Pyrex‐brand chemical resistant glass. Radial distribution curves for the 5 samples were obtained by the usual Fourier analysis method. The results lead to a picture of boric oxide‐silica glass in which each silicon is tetra‐hedrally surrounded by 4 oxygens, each boron is triangularly surrounded by 3 oxygens, and each oxygen is bonded between 2 cations. In Pyrex‐brand chemical resistant glass, part of the borons are probably in tetrahedral coordination. The softening of silica glass by the addition of boric oxide results from replacing in the random network fourfold coordinated silicon by threefold coordinated boron. The low expansion coefficient of vitreous silica, contrasted with the higher expansion of crystalline silica, is explained by the impossibility of cooperative maneuvers in the random network of glassy silica.
BERYLLIUM OXIDE: I*
Authors: White H. E. , Shremp R. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis interesting and unusual material forms few mineralogical combinations, although many binary and some ternary diagrams have been plotted. The apparent stable crystalline formation at relatively low temperature has been confirmed by specific‐gravity determinations on the oxide fired at different temperatures and on the electrically fused oxide, both by the writers and others. The thermal expansion of the electrically fused beryllium oxide and of bars of the oxide fired at lower temperatures is also very close. The electrical conductivity is higher than that for magnesia and alumina. The thermal conductivity appears to be greater than that of alumina and zircon. The hardness is 9.
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNFIRED CLAY BODIES*
Authors: EVERHART J. O. , RUSSELL R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of storage conditions on the unfired properties of seven representative ceramic bodies is reported. These bodies were dried thoroughly and stored in desiccators, open air, and damp rooms for various periods of time. The effect of this treatment on volume, weight, and transverse and compressive strengths was observed. One surface clay showed complete loss of strength after a few hours of exposure in the open air. Other bodies showed less change, but all were affected to some degree. Bodies with low organic content may be restored approximately to their original condition by redrying; those high in organic content can not be restored.
STRESSES IN PORCELAIN GLAZES*
Authors: Johnson A. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe stresses developed by five glazes in the field of cone 9 porcelain glazes were determined by the tuning fork method of Blakely. A reaction between the body and glaze at the interface causes a development of stress above the softening point of the glaze. The mat glaze studied showed no crazing even though it was extremely high in tension, whereas a semimat and clear glaze, lower in tension, showed craze marks.
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE VISCOSITIES OF SODA‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors: Lillie H. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA careful study of the viscosities of glasses composed of silica and between 22 and 40% soda shows that viscosity‐composition isotherms are smooth curves. The sharp minima at about 34% Na2O (and possibly at about 26% Na2O) observed by Preston1 are found to be entirely absent. Neither time nor shearing stress has any effect upon observed viscosities in the region investigated as long as temperature constancy has been established. A study of deviations, i.e., of individual points from the smooth isotherms, shows that these are all within the expected limits of experimental error.
REACTIONS OF SLAG WITH REFRACTORIES II, REFRACTORY COATINGS PRODUCED WITH METALLIC ALUMINUM*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHard refractory coatings with good adherence were produced on fire brick by spraying a slip composed of clay and aluminum powder on the samples and firing. Similar coatings were produced by spraying molten aluminum on fire brick. The hardness probably is produced by heat developed from aluminothermic reactions between the aluminum and clay, and the strong adherence is caused by similar reactions between the aluminum and fireclay brick. These reactions were found to start between 750° to 930°C, and the heat generated may raise the temperature of the coating up to 1500°C in five minutes. The coatings increased the resistance of fireclay refractories to attack from basic slags but caused acid slags to corrode them more than where no coatings were employed.
THERMAL DISSOCIATION OF DIASPORE CLAY*
Authors: Herold Paul G. , Dodd C. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDiaspora clay, under conditions of equilibrium, forms corundum and gamma alumina at 400°C. The gamma alumina gradually changes to corundum at higher temperatures, part of which combines with free silica to form mullite at about 1150°. Between 400° and 750°, there is a gradual increase in the size of the corundum unit cell as determined by X‐ray crystal analysis, which, upon continued heating at higher temperatures, gradually reduces to the true dimensions of corundum.
SUPPRESSION OF RADIATIONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES BY MEANS OF CERAMIC COATINGS*
Authors: Bennett D. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method was developed for measuring the emissivities of ceramic coatings and ceramic‐coating materials with respect to oxidized stainless steel. The emissivities in the visible‐red and near‐infrared spectral regions were studied over a temperature range of 800° to 1600°F. The numerous materials investigated were found to cover an emissivity range from more than 100% to less than 10%. Lepidolite was the highest emitter, Uverite the lowest. Transmission of radiant energy decreased with coat thickness according to established laws. The transmission of radiant energy through coat‐bonding glasses could be greatly influenced by composition. Every material has a characteristic tendency to emit radiations at a given temperature. High‐temperature ceramic paints were found to be effective radiation suppressors and thermal insulators.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BUTTON TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF FRIT FLUIDITY*
Authors: MARBAKER Edward E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn investigation has been conducted on the factors involved in making the so‐called button test for frit fluidity in a small Hoskins electric furnace, in order to attain a high degree of reproducibility. Among the important factors are (1) the particle size and shape of the frit, (2) the kind and amount of binder, (3) the maintenance of constant dimensions and weight of the pellet, (4) the position of the test plate in the furnace, and (5) the time of heating in the horizontal position. An improved procedure is suggested for carrying out the test.
WATER CONTENT AND INFRARED TRANSMISSION OF SIMPLE GLASSES*
Authors: Harrison Anna J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSince glasses, which are high in silica or boric oxide content, have high absorption in the region of 2.7 to 3.0 microns, a study of the transmission characteristics of several simple glasses has been made.Measurements of a variety of commercially available samples (5 mm. thick) of fused silica showed absorption in the 2.70‐micron band to vary from strong to essentially absent. Measurements of a number of samples (1 mm.) of fused boric oxide showed the 2.85 band to be variable and to be absent in some samples. The samples which did not show a minimum were prepared by bubbling the melt with boron trichloride to remove water and by casting between two pieces of platinum foil. The foil was removed in an anhydrous atmosphere at the time of measurement. Similar measurements on fused sodium tetraborate samples (1 mm.) showed the minimum at 2.95 microns to be variable but not completely removed. Bubbling was carried out with dry air in this case since boron trichloride reacts with sodium tetraborate.The above bands are attributed to the OH vibrational absorption introduced by the water content of the glass. It is suggested that the exact position of the band might be an indication of the strength of bonding with the principal components of the glass.
QUANTITATIVE SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF POWDERED CERAMIC MATERIALS*
Authors: Zander J. M. , Terry J. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA description is given of a rapid quantitative spectrographs method of analysis applicable to the quality control of milled minerals and powdered industrial chemicals. The method of sample preparation and complete spectrographic procedure is outlined for several specific materials. The effect of variable factors and the accuracy of the method is discussed.
EXAMINATION OF POLISHED SPECIMENS OF REFRACTORIES BY REFLECTED LIGHT*
Authors: Raymond Hensler J. , Zerfoss Samuel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA discussion is presented of the preparation of the sample specimen and the polishing, etching, and identification of phases when the technique is applied to basic and silica refractories. This method shows the relationship of high‐iron slag to tridymite and cristobalite in the silica brick and it aids in the explanation of the bursting of chrome‐magnesite brick by iron oxide.
REACTIONS OCCURRING IN DECORATION OF VITRIFIED CHINAWARE USING UNDERGLAZE DECALCOMANIA METHOD*
Authors: Flannigan A. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStudies were made on the causes of defects in underglaze decalcomania transfer on vitreous hotel chinaware. The best hardening‐on firing schedule to eliminate frizzling was as follows: (1) Heat as rapidly as ware will permit to 600°F., (2) at 600° to 800°F., heat at rate not exceeding 40° to 50°F. per hour, and (3) above 800 °F., heat as rapidly as ware will permit. The hardening‐on fire can be eliminated by reducing the coating of varnish through control of the viscosity of the varnish in the range of 4.0 to 6.0 (Mac‐Michael viscosimeter with No. 30 B & S wire, with cup rotating at 19 r.p.m.). The best results on the tackiness period were obtained in a room at 74 °F. dry bulb and 73% relative humidity.