bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A microsatellite-based consensus linkage map for species of Eucalyptusand a novel set of 230 microsatellite markers for the genus
Authors: Brondani Rosana PV , Williams Emlyn R , Brondani Claudio , Grattapaglia Dario 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Eucalypts are the most widely planted hardwood trees in the world occupying globally more than 18 million hectares as an important source of carbon neutral renewable energy and raw material for pulp, paper and solid wood. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) in Eucalyptus have been localized on pedigree-specific RAPD or AFLP maps seriously limiting the value of such QTL mapping efforts for molecular breeding. The availability of a genus-wide genetic map with transferable microsatellite markers has become a must for the effective advancement of genomic undertakings. This report describes the development of a novel set of 230 EMBRA microsatellites, the construction of the first comprehensive microsatellite-based consensus linkage map for Eucalyptus and the consolidation of existing linkage information for other microsatellites and candidate genes mapped in other species of the genus.

Results
The consensus map covers ~90% of the recombining genome of Eucalyptus, involves 234 mapped EMBRA loci on 11 linkage groups, an observed length of 1,568 cM and a mean distance between markers of 8.4 cM. A compilation of all microsatellite linkage information published in Eucalyptus allowed us to establish the homology among linkage groups between this consensus map and other maps published for E. globulus. Comparative mapping analyses also resulted in the linkage group assignment of other 41 microsatellites derived from other Eucalyptus species as well as candidate genes and QTLs for wood and flowering traits published in the literature. This report significantly increases the availability of microsatellite markers and mapping information for species of Eucalyptus and corroborates the high conservation of microsatellite flanking sequences and locus ordering between species of the genus.

Conclusion
This work represents an important step forward for Eucalyptus comparative genomics, opening stimulating perspectives for evolutionary studies and molecular breeding applications. The generalized use of an increasingly larger set of interspecific transferable markers and consensus mapping information, will allow faster and more detailed investigations of QTL synteny among species, validation of expression-QTL across variable genetic backgrounds and positioning of a growing number of candidate genes co-localized with QTLs, to be tested in association mapping experiments.
Support for immunization registries among parents of vaccinated and unvaccinated school-aged children: a case control study
Authors: Linkins Robert W , Salmon Daniel A , Omer Saad B , Pan William KY , Stokley Shannon , Halsey Neal A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Immunizations have reduced childhood vaccine preventable disease incidence by 98–100%. Continued vaccine preventable disease control depends on high immunization coverage. Immunization registries help ensure high coverage by recording childhood immunizations administered, generating reminders when immunizations are due, calculating immunization coverage and identifying pockets needing immunization services, and improving vaccine safety by reducing over-immunization and providing data for post-licensure vaccine safety studies. Despite substantial resources directed towards registry development in the U.S., only 48% of children were enrolled in a registry in 2004. Parental attitudes likely impact child participation. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of parents of vaccinated and unvaccinated school-aged children regarding: support for immunization registries; laws authorizing registries and mandating provider reporting; opt-in versus opt-out registry participation; and financial worth and responsibility of registry development and implementation.

Methods
A case control study of parents of 815 children exempt from school vaccination requirements and 1630 fully vaccinated children was conducted. Children were recruited from 112 elementary schools in Colorado, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Washington. Surveys administered to the parents, asked about views on registries and perceived utility and safety of vaccines. Parental views were summarized and logistic regression models compared differences between parents of exempt and vaccinated children.

Results
Surveys were completed by 56.1% of respondents. Fewer than 10% of parents were aware of immunization registries in their communities. Among parents aware of registries, exempt children were more likely to be enrolled (65.0%) than vaccinated children (26.5%) (p value = 0.01). A substantial proportion of parents of exempt children support immunization registries, particularly if registries offer choice for participation. Few parents of vaccinated (6.8%) and exempt children (6.7%) were aware of laws authorizing immunization registries. Support for laws authorizing registries and requiring health care providers to report to registries was more common among parents of vaccinated than exempt children. Most parents believed that the government, vaccine companies or insurance companies should pay for registries.

Conclusion
Parental support for registries was relatively high. Parental support for immunization registries may increase with greater parental awareness of the risks of vaccine preventable diseases and utility of vaccination.
The risk of death associated with delayed coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Sobolev Boris G , Levy Adrian R , Kuramoto Lisa , Hayden Robert , Brophy James M , FitzGerald J Mark 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
The detrimental effect of delaying surgical revascularization has been estimated in randomized trials and observational studies. It has been argued that the Kaplan-Meier method used in quantifying the hazard of delayed treatment is not appropriate for summarizing the probability of competing outcomes. Therefore, we sought to improve the estimates of the risk of death associated with delayed surgical treatment of coronary artery disease.

Methods
Population-based prospective study of 8,325 patients registered to undergo first time isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in any of the four tertiary hospitals that provide cardiac care to adult residents of British Columbia, Canada. The cumulative incidence of pre-operative death, the cumulative incidence of surgery, and the probability that a patient, who may die or undergo surgery, dies if not operated by certain times over the 52-week period after the decision for CABG were estimated. The risks were quantified separately in two groups: high-severity at presentation were patients with either persistent unstable angina or stable angina and extensive coronary artery disease, and low-severity at presentation were stable symptomatic patients with limited disease.

Results
The median waiting time for surgery was 10 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 15 weeks) in the high-severity group and 21 weeks (IQR 30 weeks) in the low-severity group. One percent of patients died before surgery: 54 in the high-severity and 26 in the low-severity group. For 58 (72.5%) patients, death was related to CVD (acute coronary syndrome, 33; chronic CVD, 16; other CVD, 4; and sudden deaths, 5). The overall death rate from all causes was 0.61 (95% CI 0.48-0.74) per 1,000 patient-weeks, varying from 0.62 (95% CI 0.45-0.78) in the high-severity group to 0.59 (95% CI 0.37-0.82) in the low-severity group. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidity, the all-cause death rate in the low-severity group was similar to the high-severity group (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.64-1.62). The conditional probability of death was greater in the high-severity group than in the low-severity group both for all-cause mortality (p = 0.002) and cardiovascular deaths (p <0.001).

Conclusion
The probability of death conditional on not having undergone a required CABG increases with time spent on wait lists.
Amount of health care and self-care following a randomized clinical trial comparing flexion-distraction with exercise program for chronic low back pain
Authors: Cambron Jerrilyn A , Gudavalli M Ram , McGregor Marion , Jedlicka James , Keenum Michael , Ghanayem Alexander J , Patwardhan Avinash G , Furner Sylvia E 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundPrevious clinical trials have assessed the percentage of participants who utilized further health care after a period of conservative care for low back pain, however no chiropractic clinical trial has determined the total amount of care during this time and any differences based on assigned treatment group. The objective of this clinical trial follow-up was to assess if there was a difference in the total number of office visits for low back pain over one year after a four week clinical trial of either a form of physical therapy (Exercise Program) or a form of chiropractic care (Flexion Distraction) for chronic low back pain.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial follow up study, 195 participants were followed for one year after a four-week period of either a form of chiropractic care (FD) or a form of physical therapy (EP). Weekly structured telephone interview questions regarded visitation of various health care practitioners and the practice of self-care for low back pain.ResultsParticipants in the physical therapy group demonstrated on average significantly more visits to any health care provider and to a general practitioner during the year after trial care (p < 0.05). No group differences were noted in the number of visits to a chiropractor or physical therapist. Self-care was initiated by nearly every participant in both groups.ConclusionDuring a one-year follow-up, participants previously randomized to physical therapy attended significantly more health care visits than those participants who received chiropractic care.
Risk of acute myocardial infarction with nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis
Authors: Singh Gurkirpal , Wu Olivia , Langhorne Peter , Madhok Rajan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe use of cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The association between the risks of AMI with nonselective NSAIDs is less clear. We reviewed the published evidence and assessed the risk of AMI with nonselective NSAIDs. We performed a meta-analysis of all studies containing data from population databases that compared the risk of AMI in NSAID users with that in non-users or remote NSAID users. The primary outcome was objectively confirmed AMI. Fourteen studies met predefined criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Nonselective NSAIDs as a class was associated with increased AMI risk (relative AMI risk 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.31). Similar findings were found with diclofenac (relative AMI risk 1.38, 95% CI 1.22–1.57) and ibuprofen (relative AMI risk 1.11, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.17). However, this effect was not observed with naproxen (relative AMI risk 0.99, 95% CI 0.88–1.11). In conclusion, based on current evidence, there is a general direction of effect, which suggests that at least some nonselective NSAIDs increase AMI risk. Analysis based on the limited data available for individual NSAIDs, including diclofenac and ibuprofen, supported this finding; however, this was not the case for naproxen. Nonselective NSAIDs are frequently prescribed, and so further investigation into the risk of AMI is warranted because the potential for harm can be substantial.
Mechanical ventilation interacts with endotoxemia to induce extrapulmonary organ dysfunction
Authors: O'Mahony DShane , Liles WConrad , Altemeier William A , Dhanireddy Shireesha , Frevert Charles W , Liggitt Denny , Martin Thomas R , Matute-Bello Gustavo 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a common complication of sepsis in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, but the links between mechanical ventilation and MODS are unclear. Our goal was to determine whether a minimally injurious mechanical ventilation strategy synergizes with low-dose endotoxemia to induce the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in the lungs and in the systemic circulation, resulting in distal organ dysfunction and/or injury.

Methods
We administered intraperitoneal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 μg/g) to C57BL/6 mice, and 14 hours later subjected the mice to 6 hours of mechanical ventilation with tidal volumes of 10 ml/kg (LPS + MV). Comparison groups received ventilation but no LPS (MV), LPS but no ventilation (LPS), or neither LPS nor ventilation (phosphate-buffered saline; PBS).

Results
Myeloperoxidase activity and the concentrations of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and KC were significantly increased in the lungs of mice in the LPS + MV group, in comparison with mice in the PBS group. Interestingly, permeability changes across the alveolar epithelium and histological changes suggestive of lung injury were minimal in mice in the LPS + MV group. However, despite the minimal lung injury, the combination of mechanical ventilation and LPS resulted in chemical and histological evidence of liver and kidney injury, and this was associated with increases in the plasma concentrations of KC, MIP-2, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Conclusion
Non-injurious mechanical ventilation strategies interact with endotoxemia in mice to enhance pro-inflammatory mechanisms in the lungs and promote extra-pulmonary end-organ injury, even in the absence of demonstrable acute lung injury.
Molecular Genetic Studies of Gene Identification for Osteoporosis: A 2004 Update
Authors: Liu Yong-Jun , Shen Hui , Xiao Peng , Xiong Dong-Hai , Li Li-Hua , Recker Robert R , Deng Hong-Wen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis review summarizes comprehensively the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of December 2004. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published review covering the available data up to the end of 2002. Evidence from candidate gene association studies and genome-wide linkage studies in humans, as well as quantitative trait locus mapping animal models are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. An important extension of this update is incorporation of functional genomic studies (including DNA microarrays and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, in light of the rapid advances and the promising prospects of the field. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
Leptin Inhibits Bone Formation Not Only in Rodents, but Also in Sheep
Authors: Pogoda Pia , Egermann Marcus , Schnell Johann C , Priemel Matthias , Schilling Arndt F , Alini Mauro , Schinke Thorsten , Rueger Johannes M , Schneider Erich , Clarke Iain , Amling Michael 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This study examines the effect of long-term ICV administration of leptin in ewes. We found that central application significantly decreased osteoblast activity as measured by serum analysis as well as by histomorphometry, resulting in decreased trabecular bone volume. These data provide additional evidence that bone formation and therefore bone remodeling is at least in part centrally controlled.
Introduction: Genetic studies in mice have identified leptin as a potent inhibitor of bone formation acting through the central nervous system and unraveled the central nature of bone mass control and its disorders. Although these studies have radically enhanced our understanding of skeletal physiology because they have established a hypothalamic regulation of bone remodeling through the sympathetic nervous system, controversy remains about the physiological relevance of these observations because leptin's effect on bone after intracerebroventricular (ICV) application has only been shown in mice. To address whether leptin has a role in regulating bone mass beyond rodents, we treated ewes with long-term ICV application of leptin and analyzed the bone phenotype after a treatment period of 3 months.
Materials and Methods: Three groups of corriedale sheep were compared: (1) control entire (control), (2) ovariectomy (OVX) and ICV application of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and (iii) OVX and ICV application of leptin (leptin). Analysis included histomorphometric characterization of iliac crest, spine and femur by histology and biomechanical testing and measurement of bone turnover parameters in serum and urine.
Results: Central application of leptin decreased bone formation by 70% and mineralizing surface (MS/BS, 39.4 ± 3.3% versus 16.1 ± 2.1%) significantly (p &lt; 0.01). Whereas OVX increased osteoclast indices and urinary cross-lap excretion by two and three times, respectively, serum parameters of osteoblast activity were significantly reduced by ICV application of leptin (p &lt; 0.01). Consequently, ewes treated with leptin were osteopenic (iliac crest BV/TV entire, 22.7 ± 1.3%; CSF, 18.9 ± 2.4%; leptin, 12.4 ± 2.6%), whereas bone torsional failure load reflecting the cortex of the tibia was not yet changed after 3 months of treatment (p &lt; 0.01).
Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that leptin controls bone formation after ICV application, leading to reduction of trabecular bone mass in sheep. Most importantly, however, they show that the central regulation of bone formation is not limited to rodents, but is also found in large animals, providing further evidence that bone remodeling in vertebrates is centrally controlled.
Bone Sialoprotein Enhances Migration of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Through Matrices by Bridging MMP-2 to αvβ3-Integrin
Authors: Karadag Abdullah , Fisher Larry W 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
BMSCs migrate through matrix barriers and differentiate into osteoblasts. BSP enhances osteogenic cell migration through basement membrane and collagen matrices in vitro by localizing MMP-2 on the cell surface through αvβ3-integrin.
Introduction: The specific mechanisms by which bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) leave their primary sites, move through matrices encountered during homing to their site of final differentiation, and remove preexisting matrices in preparation for bone matrix production are not well understood.
Materials and Methods: The enhanced migration of human osteoblast precursor cells through matrix barriers by bone sialoprotein (BSP) was studied by a modified Boyden-chamber assay. The bridging of normally soluble matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) to the cell surface receptor, αvβ3-integrin, by BSP was analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results: BSP enhanced the in vitro passage of BMSCs and pre-osteoblasts through matrix barriers (Matrigel and denatured type I collagen) in a dose-dependent manner. An intact ArgGlyAsp (RGD) was required in the BSP for enhanced migration through the barriers but was not sufficient, as shown by the inactivity of two other SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family members, osteopontin and dentin matrix protein-1. The specificity of the BSP enhancement activity was apparently caused by this molecule's ability to bridge MMP-2 to the cell surfaces.
Conclusions: Pre-osteoblasts and their BMSC precursors may use MMP-2/BSP/integrin complexes to disrupt matrix barriers during migration to their final destinations in vivo.
Quantification of the Roles of Trabecular Microarchitecture and Trabecular Type in Determining the Elastic Modulus of Human Trabecular Bone
Authors: Liu Xiaowei S , Sajda Paul , Saha Punam K , Wehrli Felix W , Guo X Edward 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe roles of microarchitecture and types of trabeculae in determining elastic modulus of trabecular bone have been studied in μCT images of 29 trabecular bone samples by comparing their Young's moduli calculated by finite element analysis (FEA) with different trabecular type‐specific reconstructions. The results suggest that trabecular plates play an essential role in determining elastic properties of trabecular bone.Introduction: Osteoporosis is an age‐related disease characterized by low bone mass and architectural deterioration. Other than bone volume fraction (BV/TV), microarchitecture of bone is also believed to be important in governing mechanical properties of trabecular bone. We quantitatively examined the role of microarchitecture and relative contribution of trabecular types of individual trabecula in determining the elastic property of trabecular bone.Materials and Methods: Twenty‐nine human cadaveric trabecular bone samples were scanned at 21‐μm resolution using a μCT system. Digital topological analysis (DTA) consisting of skeletonization and classification was combined with a trabecular type‐specific reconstruction technique to extract the skeleton and identify topological type of trabeculae of the original trabecular bone image. Four different μCT‐based finite element (FE) models were constructed for each specimen: (1) original full voxel; (2) skeletal voxel; (3) rod‐reconstructed, preserving rod volume and plate skeleton; and (4) plate‐reconstructed, preserving plate volume and rod skeleton. For each model, the elastic moduli were calculated under compression along each of three image‐coordinate axis directions. Plate and rod tissue fractions directly measured from DTA‐based topological classification were correlated with the elastic moduli computed from full voxel model.Results: The elastic moduli of skeleton models were significantly correlated with those of full voxel models along all three coordinate axes (r2 = 0.38−0.53). The rod‐reconstructed model contained 21.3% of original bone mass and restored 1.5% of elastic moduli, whereas the plate‐reconstructed model contained 90.3% of bone mass and restored 53.2% of elastic moduli. Plate tissue fraction showed a significantly positive correlation (r2 = 0.49) with elastic modulus by a power law, whereas rod tissue fraction showed a significantly negative correlation (r2 = 0.42).Conclusions: These results quantitatively show that the microarchitecture alone affects elastic moduli of trabecular bone and trabecular plates make a far greater contribution than rods to the bone's elastic behavior.