bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of small molecules using high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometers – a different approach for analysis of biological samples
Authors: Zhang Nanyan Rena , Yu Sean , Tiller Philip , Yeh Suzie , Mahan Elizabeth , Emary William Bart 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe quantitative capabilities of a linear ion trap high‐resolution mass spectrometer (LTQ‐Orbitrap™) were investigated using full scan mode bracketing the m/z range of the ions of interest and utilizing a mass resolution (mass/FWHM) of 15000. Extracted ion chromatograms using a mass window of ±5–10 mmu centering on the theoretical m/z of each analyte were generated and used for quantitation. The quantitative performance of the LTQ‐Orbitrap™ was compared with that of a triple quadrupole (API 4000) operating using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) detection. Comparable assay precision, accuracy, linearity and sensitivity were observed for both approaches. The concentrations of actual study samples from 15 Merck drug candidates reported by the two methods were statistically equivalent. Unlike SRM being a tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS)‐based detection method, a high resolution mass spectrometer operated in full scan does not need MS/MS optimization. This approach not only provides quantitative results for compounds of interest, but also will afford data on other analytes present in the sample. An example of the identification of a major circulating metabolite for a preclinical development study is demonstrated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the natural flow regime: models for assessing hydrological alteration in streams
Authors: Carlisle Daren M. , Falcone James , Wolock David M. , Meador Michael R. , Norris Richard H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the extent to which natural streamflow characteristics have been altered is an important consideration for ecological assessments of streams. Assessing hydrologic condition requires that we quantify the attributes of the flow regime that would be expected in the absence of anthropogenic modifications. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether selected streamflow characteristics could be predicted at regional and national scales using geospatial data. Long‐term, gaged river basins distributed throughout the contiguous US that had streamflow characteristics representing least disturbed or near pristine conditions were identified. Thirteen metrics of the magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and rate of change of streamflow were calculated using a 20–50 year period of record for each site. We used random forests (RF), a robust statistical modelling approach, to develop models that predicted the value for each streamflow metric using natural watershed characteristics. We compared the performance (i.e. bias and precision) of national‐ and regional‐scale predictive models to that of models based on landscape classifications, including major river basins, ecoregions and hydrologic landscape regions (HLR). For all hydrologic metrics, landscape stratification models produced estimates that were less biased and more precise than a null model that accounted for no natural variability. Predictive models at the national and regional scale performed equally well, and substantially improved predictions of all hydrologic metrics relative to landscape stratification models. Prediction error rates ranged from 15 to 40%, but were ≤25% for most metrics. We selected three gaged, non‐reference sites to illustrate how predictive models could be used to assess hydrologic condition. These examples show how the models accurately estimate pre‐disturbance conditions and are sensitive to changes in streamflow variability associated with long‐term land‐use change. We also demonstrate how the models can be applied to predict expected natural flow characteristics at ungaged sites. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex Microstructured 3D Surfaces Using Chitosan Biopolymer
Authors: Fernandez Javier G. , Mills Christopher A. , Samitier Josep 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA technique for producing micrometer‐scale structures over large, nonplanar chitosan surfaces is described. The technique makes use of the rheological characteristics (deformability) of the chitosan to create freestanding, three‐dimensional scaffolds with controlled shapes, incorporating defined microtopography. The results of an investigation into the technical limits of molding different combinations of shapes and microtopographies are presented, highlighting the versatility of the technique when used irrespectively with inorganic or delicate organic moulds. The final, replicated scaffolds presented here are patterned with arrays of one‐micrometer‐tall microstructures over large areas. Structural integrity is characterized by the measurement of structural degradation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured on a tubular scaffold show that early cell growth is conditioned by the microtopography and indicate possible uses for the structures in biomedical applications. For those applications requiring improved chemical and mechanical resistance, the structures can be replicated in poly(dimethyl siloxane).
Systematic Surface Engineering of Magnetic Nanoworms for In vivo Tumor Targeting
Authors: Park Ji‐Ho , von Maltzahn Geoffrey , Zhang Lianglin , Derfus Austin M. , Simberg Dmitri , Harris Todd J. , Ruoslahti Erkki , Bhatia Sangeeta N. , Sailor Michael J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the design of nanoparticles that can target disease tissue in vivo, parameters such as targeting ligand density, type of target receptor, and nanoparticle shape can play an important role in determining the extent of accumulation. Herein, a systematic study of these parameters for the targeting of mouse xenograft tumors is performed using superparamagnetic iron oxide as a model nanoparticle system. The type of targeting peptide (recognizing cell surface versus extracellular matrix), the surface coverage of the peptide, its attachment chemistry, and the shape of the nanomaterial [elongated (nanoworm, NW) versus spherical (nanosphere, NS)] are varied. Nanoparticle circulation times and in vivo tumor‐targeting efficiencies are quantified in two xenograft models of human tumors (MDA‐MB‐435 human carcinoma and HT1080 human fibrosarcoma). It is found that the in vivo tumor‐targeting ability of the NW is superior to that of the NS, that the smaller, neutral CREKA targeting group is more effective than the larger, positively charged F3 molecule, that a maximum in tumor‐targeting efficiency and blood half‐life is observed with ≈60 CREKA peptides per NW for either the HT1080 or the MDA‐MB‐435 tumor types, and that incorporation of a 5‐kDa polyethylene glycol linker improves targeting to both tumor types relative to a short linker. It is concluded that the blood half‐life of a targeting molecule–nanomaterial ensemble is a key consideration when selecting the appropriate ligand and nanoparticle chemistry for tumor targeting.
Zur Frage der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Kopfbolzendübeln
Authors: Hanswille Gerhard , Porsch Markus 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDas derzeitig in den nationalen und europäischen Regelwerken verankerte Bemessungskonzept zum Nachweis von Kopfbolzendübeln in ermüdungsbeanspruchten Verbundkonstruktionen basiert auf der Annahme, dass die Schubtragfähigkeit hoch zyklisch belasteter Kopfbolzendübel bis zum Zeitpunkt ihres rechnerischen Ermüdungsversagens nahezu vollständig erhalten bleibt und bei Einhaltung der Bemessungsregeln der Einfluss aus einer möglichen Vorschädigung auf das Verhalten unter Gebrauchslasten vernachlässigt werden darf. Diese Annahme spiegelt nicht das tatsächliche Verhalten ermüdungsbeanspruchter Kopfbolzendübel wider. Es wird über die Ergebnisse des Projektes C8 des Sonderforschungsbereiches SFB 398 der DFG berichtet. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher experimenteller Untersuchungen werden Schädigungsmodelle zur Beurteilung des Einflusses hochzyklischer Vorbelastungen auf das lokale Tragverhalten von Kopfbolzendübeln entwickelt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen werden die Auswirkungen der lokalen Schädigung an Kopfbolzendübeln auf das globale Tragverhalten ermüdungsbeanspruchter Verbundkonstruktionen untersucht.
Pain as a stressor: Effects of prior nociceptive stimulation on escape responding of rats to thermal stimulation
Authors: Vierck Charles J. , Green Megan , Yezierski Robert P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn our previous studies, psychological stress was shown to enhance operant escape responding of male and female rats. The stressors that produced hyperalgesia were physical restraint and social defeat. Nociceptive input also elicits stress reactions, generating the prediction that pain would facilitate pain under certain circumstances. For example, the usual method of evaluating stress in laboratory animals is to test for effects after termination of the stressor. Accordingly, operant escape performance of male and female rats was evaluated during two successive trials involving nociceptive thermal stimulation. The intent was to determine whether nociceptive sensitivity differed on first trials and during pain‐induced stress on second trials. Compared to a first trial of 44.5 °C stimulation, escape responding increased during a second trial of 44.5 °C stimulation (preceded by an escape trial of 10 °C). Similarly, escape from cold (10 °C) was enhanced when preceded by escapable 44.5 °C stimulation. Thus, prior nociceptive stimulation enhanced escape from aversive thermal stimulation. Facilitation of pain by a preceding pain experience is consistent with stress‐induced hyperalgesia and contrasts with other models of pain inhibition by concurrent nociceptive stimulation.
The three worlds of European civil society—What role for civil society for what kind of Europe?
Authors: Kohler-Koch Beate 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The article argues that it is difficult to agree on the political role and the democratic credentials of civil society in the EU not just because the concept of civil society is ambiguous but also because civil society is linked to different images of the nature of the European polity. An analytical model is developed that categorises three distinct conceptions of the Union and spells out the different roles civil society may take in each of them to render the EU more democratic. The empirical analysis exposes the implicit conceptions which inspired the Commission to involve civil society in EU governance and investigates how these conceptions changed with the formalisation of EU–society relations. The article concludes that no coherent normative theoretical concept gained ground and, consequently, civil society is assigned contradictory roles which do not add up but depreciate the democratic state of the Union.
Speaking the gendered body: The performative construction of commercial femininities and masculinities via body-part vocabulary
Authors: MOTSCHENBACHER HEIKO 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis study illustrates how body-part vocabulary can contribute to linguistic gender construction. As a starting point, gendering mechanisms pertinent to body-part terms are delineated. On a theoretical plane, the study is indebted to poststructuralism and the notion of performativity in identity construction. Gender performativity via body-part vocabulary is explored by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing material from a corpus of 2,000 advertisements from the two magazines,CosmopolitanandMen’s Health, yielding evidence on how two specific commercial versions of femininity and masculinity are discursively constructed. The findings are highly stereotypical and therefore bear witness to body-part lexemes as traces of dominant gender discourses whose gender indexicality can be strategically exploited. The concluding discussion advances a theorization of linguistic identity construction in line with performativity, which departs from more traditional variationist approaches that see identity as a pre-discursive fact. (Language and gender, body, advertising discourse, body-part vocabulary, poststructuralism, performativity)
Streptococcus agalactiaepulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns cross capsular types
Authors: PILLAI P. , SRINIVASAN U. , ZHANG L. , BORCHARDT S. M. , DEBUSSCHER J. , MARRS C. F. , FOXMAN B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYStreptococcus agalactiaeis a genetically diverse organism; when typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple types appear within a single serotype. We tested whetherS. agalactiaePFGE types correspond to a specific serotype within individuals, and different individuals from the same geographic area. A total of 872S. agalactiaeisolates from 152 healthy individuals were classified by PFGE and capsular serotype. Serotype V was the most homogeneous (Simpson's diversity index 0·54); and types III, II and Ib were mostly heterogeneous (Simpson's diversity index ⩾0·90). Within an individual, isolates with the same PFGE patterns had identical capsular types, but across individuals the same PFGE types sometimes occurred in different serotypes. Capsular type alone is insufficient to define epidemiological relatedness. Although PFGE types appear to be a valid surrogate for capsular typing of isolates from the same individual, it is not a valid surrogate for serotype in isolates from different individuals.
Effectiveness of short-term, enhanced, infection control support in improving compliance with infection control guidelines and practice in nursing homes: a cluster randomized trial
Authors: GOPAL RAO G. , JEANES A. , RUSSELL H. , WILSON D. , ATERE-ROBERTS E. , O'SULLIVAN D. , DONALDSON N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn this prospective cluster randomized controlled trial we evaluated the impact of short-term provision of enhanced infection control support on infection control practice in nursing homes in South London. Twelve nursing homes were recruited, six each in intervention (300 residents) and control (265 residents) groups. Baseline observations of hand hygiene facilities, environmental cleanliness and safe disposal of clinical waste showed poor compliance in both groups. Post-intervention observations showed improvement in both groups. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the compliance for hand hygiene facilities (P=0·69); environmental cleanliness (P=0·43) and safe disposal of clinical waste (P=0·96). In both groups, greatest improvement was in compliance with safe disposal of clinical waste and the least improvement was in hand hygiene facilities. Since infection control practice improved in intervention and control groups, we could not demonstrate that provision of short-term, enhanced, infection control support in nursing homes had a significant impact in infection control practice.
Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum
Authors: Greenberg Mark T. , Kusche Carol A. , Cook Elizabeth T. , Quamma Julie P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effectiveness of the PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) curriculum the emotional development of school-aged children. PATHS, a school-based preventive intervention model was designed to improve children's ability to discuss and understand emotions and emotion concepts. The intervention field trial included 30 classrooms in a randomized design and involved the assessment of 286 children from grades 2 and 3. Approximately 30% of the children were in self-contained special needs classrooms, with the remainder in regular education. Teachers were trained in the intervention model and provided PATHS lessons during most of the one school year. Results indicated that the intervention was effective for both low- and high-risk (special needs) children in improving their range of vocabulary and fluency in discussing emotional experiences, their efficacy beliefs regarding the management of emotions, and their developmental understanding of some aspects of emotions. In some instances, greater improvement was shown in children with higher teacher ratings of psychopathology. Discussion focused on the nature of change school-based prevention trials.
Apprehending attitudes and actions: Separable abilities in early development?
Authors: Hobson R. Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, I explore whether there might be two separable components to person-perception and interpersonal engagement in infancy: the ability to apprehend other people's attitudes on the one hand, and the ability to perceive actions on the other. In support of this approach, I summarize some evidence from recent study of autistic adolescents' judgments of attitudes and actions manifest in moving point-light displays of people. I highlight the far-reaching cognitive as well associal-developmental implications of early interpersonal-affective engagement. I conclude by speculating that certain abnormalities that would stem from autistic individuals' impaired ability to perceive and engage with people's attitudes may be somewhat mitigated by their relative ability to perceive the actions of others.
An integrative approach to the study of social competence in adolescence
Authors: Lenhart Lisa A. , Rabiner David L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFew studies have examined social competence in adolescents utilizing multiple sources of data, or have examined the role of the internal representation of others in terms of social problem-solving skills and social competence. The purpose of this study was to examine how constructs within social-cognitive (i.e., the problem-solving skill involving perspective integration) and object relations theory (i.e., internal representation of others) are related to adolescents' social adjustment assessed via self-report, teacher ratings, and behavioral observations. Results indicated that adolescents (N= 56) with more advanced problem-solving skills reported fewer behavioral/emotional problems, were rated as less aggressive by teachers, and were rated as more competent in behavioral interactions. Furthermore, adolescents' problem-solving skills appeared to mediate the relationship between the representation of others and behavioral ratings of competence. These results suggest that a broader understanding of social competence in adolescence can be attained by including information on the internal representation of others, which is consistent with the approach that involves integrating concepts from different theoretical viewpoints (i.e., social cognitive and object relations).
The role of child maltreatment in early deviations in cognitive and affective processing abilities and later peer relationship problems
Authors: Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante , Aber J. Lawrence 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDespite considerable research demonstrating the adverse consequences of child maltreatment, including a heightened risk for adaptational failures and psychopathology, longitudinal evaluations of processes contributing to negative outcomes have been limited. Problems in peer relations constitute a critical developmental risk for future maladaptation among maltreated children, transferring relationship disturbance from the family to new interpersonal contexts. The linkages of a history of child maltreatment to early deviations in cognitive/affective processes, which subsequently lead to difficulties in peer relations were examined. Specifically, in a sample of 46 maltreated and 43 nonmaltreated low-income children, laboratory assessments of affect understanding and cognitive control functioning were conducted, followed by later peer and teacher assessments of peer relations in the school setting. Maltreated children were shown to evidence early deviations in their understanding of negative affect as well as immaturity in their cognitive controls. Maltreated children also were shown to have lower social effectiveness and higher levels of undercontrolled and aggressive behavior in the school setting. Physically abused children were found to be more rejected by their peers. Cognitive control functioning partially mediated the effect of maltreatment on later social effectiveness. Negative affect understanding mediated both the relation of maltreatment on later dysregulated behavior in the peer setting and the effect of physical abuse on later rejection by peers. The results are discussed in terms of their support for organizational/transactional theory and the implications they have for prevention and intervention.
The impact of friends' deviant behavior on early onset of delinquency: Longitudinal data from 6 to 13 years of age
Authors: Tremblay Richard E. , Mâsse Louise C. , Vitaro Frank , Dobkin Patricia L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSociological theories suggest that association with deviant friends is a necessary step on the path to early onset of delinquent behavior, while personality theories imply that deviant behavior will be stable from childhood to adulthood. These two rival hypotheses were tested with boys (N= 758) recruited from 53 schools in low socioeconomic areas of Montreal. Disruptive behavior in kindergarten was assessed by teachers; aggression and likability at ages 10, 11, and 12 years were rated by classroom peers; delinquent behaviors at ages 11, 12, and 13 years were reported by subjects. Best friend dyads were created by having boys independently identify each other as one of four best friends. Three independent samples were created to replicate findings at different ages (10–11 years, 11–12 years, and 12–13 years). Results of LISREL analyses from the three samples indicated that the main path toward early onset of both overt and covert delinquency was from kindergarten disruptive behavior to aggression between ages 10 to 12 years, and to delinquency from ages 11 to 13 years. Best friends' behavioral characteristics were associated with the subjects' own behavioral characteristics between ages of 10 and 12 years, but did not explain the level of self-reported delinquency the following year, when the subjects' own behavioral characteristics had been taken into account. Because friends tend to share the same behavioral characteristics, they are more likely to foster continuity in behavior than change. We suggest that the influence of significant peers other than best friends be investigated and that a categorical approach be used to try to identify subgroups of boys who may be highly responsive to peers' influence.
The Waterloo Longitudinal Project: Predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence
Authors: Rubin Kenneth H. , Chen Xinyin , McDougall Patricia , Bowker Anne , McKinnon Joanne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe examined childhood social withdrawal and aggression as predictive of adolescent maladaption, comparing and contrasting social and emotional outcomes associated with aggression and social withdrawal. We also focused on childhood social competence as a predictor of adolescent adaptation. The sample comprised 60 children for whom a complete data set was available at both ages 7 and 14 years. The predictors were aggregated measures of social withdrawal, aggression, and social competence derived from three sources—behavioral observations, peer assessments, and teacher ratings. The outcomes focused primarily on markers of internalizing and externalizing problems. The results indicated that childhood social withdrawal uniquely and significantly contributed to the prediction of adolescent loneliness, felt insecurity, and negative self-regard. Aggression predicted adolescent delinquent activity; social competence predicted felt security in the peer group and substance use in adolescence.