bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Galactic warp as seen from 2MASS survey
Authors: Robin A.C. , Reylé C. , Marshall D.J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe 2MASS survey is used to trace the shape of the external Galaxy where an asymmetric warp is detected. We use the Besançon Galaxy model to quantify the parameters of the stellar warp in the outer part of the Galaxy. The shape of the stellar warp is then compared with previous results and with similar structures in gas and dust. We find new constraints on the stellar warp, which is shown to be not symmetrical on both sides of the Galaxy, similar to observations of H I. The positive longitude side is found to be easily modeled with a normal warp but with a slope significantly smaller than the slope seen in the H I warp. At negative longitudes, the warp presents peculiarities which are not well reproduced by any model, even with a 3‐Fourier mode warp. Finally, comparing with the warp seen in the dust, it seems to follow a slope intermediate between the gas and the stars. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamical evolution of the mass function and radial profile of the Globular Cluster systems of the Milky Way and M87
Authors: Shin J. , Kim S.S. , Takahashi K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEvolution of the mass function (MF) and radial distribution (RD) of the globular cluster (GC) systems of the Milky Way and M87 are calculated using an advanced and realistic Fokker‐Planck (FP) model that considers dynamical friction, disk/bulge shocks, and eccentric cluster orbits. We perform hundreds of FP calculations with different initial cluster conditions, and then search a wide parameter space for the best‐fit initial GC MF and RD that evolves into the observed present‐day GC MF and RD. By allowing both MF and RD of the initial GC system to vary, we find that in case of the Milky Way, our best‐fit models have a higher peak mass for a log‐normal initial MF and a higher cutoff mass for a powerlaw initial MF than previous estimates. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Hydra I cluster
Authors: Ventimiglia G. , Arnaboldi M. , Gerhard O. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUsing the Multislit Imaging Spectroscopy (MSIS) technique at the FORS2 spectrograph on VLT‐UT1, we have identified 60 Intracluster Planetary Nebula (ICPN) candidates associated with the Intracluster Light (ICL) in the central region of the Hydra I cluster. Hydra I is a medium compact, relatively near (∼50 Mpc), rich cluster in the southern hemisphere. Here we describe the criteria used to select emission sources and present the evidence for these PN candidates to be associated with the ICL in the Hydra I cluster. We also show, using the luminosity‐specific planetary nebulae number, the α parameter, that the expected number of PNs associated with the stellar population of the central cD galaxy NGC 3311 in the cluster is close to the number of PNs detected. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evolution of compact binary population in dense stellar systems: A Boltzmann approach
Authors: Banerjee S. , Ghosh P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe introduce a Boltzmann scheme for studying the evolution of compact‐binary populations in globular clusters, wherein dynamical formation processes like tidal capture and exchange encounters, and destruction processes like dissociation are incorporated, as well the binary‐hardening processes. Our approach is in two steps – we first study in a continuous limit, introducing the inherent stochasticity of the dynamical processes in the next step, using a stochastic version of the Boltzmann equation. We show that the continuous limit is indeed an excellent representation of the average of many “realizations” of the stochastic calculations. We focus on the evolution of the number of X‐ray binaries NXB in globular clusters, and also their orbital period distribution. In particular, we study the dependence of NXB on two globular cluster parameters, characterizing the star‐star and star‐binary encounter rates, which we call Verbunt parameters. We show that our computed theoretical trends in NXB with the Verbunt parameters are in good agreement with the recent observations of Galactic globular‐cluster X‐ray binaries. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High resolution in z ‐direction: The simulation of disc‐bulge‐halo galaxies using the particle‐mesh code SUPERBOX
Authors: Bien R. , Just A. , Berczik P. , Berentzen I. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSUPERBOX is known as a very efficient particle‐mesh code with highly‐resolving sub‐grids. Nevertheless, the height of a typical galactic disc is small compared to the size of the whole system. Consequently, the numerical resolution in z direction, i. e. vertically with respect to the plane of the disc, remains poor. Here, we present a new version of SUPERBOX that allows for a considerably higher resolution along z. The improved code is applied to investigate disc heating by the in‐fall of a galaxy satellite. We describe the improvement and communicate our results. As an important application we discuss the disruption of a dwarf galaxy within a disc‐bulge‐halo galaxy that consists of some 106 particles. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
What do dynamical cluster masses really tell us about dynamics?
Authors: de Grijs R. , Kouwenhoven M.B.N. , Goodwin S.P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe diagnostic age versus mass‐to‐light ratio diagram is often used in attempts to constrain the shape of the stellar initial mass function, and the stability and the potential longevity of extragalactic young to intermediate‐age massive star clusters. Here, we explore the pitfalls associated with this approach and its potential for use with Galactic open clusters. We conclude that for an open cluster to survive for any significant fraction of a Hubble time (in the absence of substantial external perturbations), it is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to be located close to the predicted photometric evolutionary sequences for ‘normal’ simple stellar populations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Galactic and stellar dynamics in the era of high resolution surveys
Authors: Boily C.M. , Combes F. , Hensler G. , Spurzem R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe conference Galactic and Stellar Dynamics in the Era of High Resolution Surveys took place at the European Doctoral College(EDC) in Strasbourg from 2008 March 16 to 20. The event was co‐sponsored by the Astronomische Gesellschaft (AG) and the Société Française d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique (SF2A), a joint venture aiming to set a new trend of regular thematic meetings in specific areas of research. This special issue of the Astronomische Nachrichten is a compilation of the papers presented at the meeting. We give an outline of the meeting together with a short history of the relations of the two societies. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complexity as a guide to understanding decision bias: A contribution to the favorite‐longshot bias debate
Authors: Sung Ming‐Chien , Johnson Johnnie Eric Victor , Dror Itiel E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the origins of a widespread decision bias in betting markets, the favorite‐longshot bias (FLB); in particular, whether it is caused by cognitive errors on the part of bettors or by the pricing policies of bookmakers. The methodology is based on previous literature, which has suggested that: (i) races, as decision tasks for bettors, can be distinguished by their degree of complexity and their attractiveness to those with access to privileged information (insiders), (ii) cognitive errors increase as complexity increases, and (iii) bookmakers set odds in a manner to protect themselves from insiders. The degree of FLB was examined in races of varying complexity and attractiveness to insiders using a dataset of 8545 races drawn from the parallel bookmaker and pari‐mutuel markets operating in the UK in 2004. The results, interpreted in the light of the cognitive error and complexity literature, suggest that neither bettors' nor bookmakers' cognitive errors are the main cause of the bias. Rather, bettors' preferences for risk and the deliberate pricing policies of bookmakers play key roles in influencing the bias in markets where bookmakers and pari‐mutuel operators coexist. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis(amido)cyclodiphosph(III)azane Complexes of Yttrium and the Lanthanides
Authors: Rastätter Marcus , Muterle Roberto B. , Roesky Peter W. , Thiele Sven K.‐H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe first cyclodiphosph(III)azane complexes of the rare‐earth elements have been synthesized. Reactions of the lithium salt cis‐[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2{Li(thf)}2] with anhydrous yttrium trichloride or the heavier lanthanide trichlorides resulted in the corresponding cyclodiphosph(III)azane complexes [Li(thf)4][{(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2}LnCl2] (Ln=Y (1 a), Ho (1 b), Er (1 c)). The single‐crystal X‐ray structures showed that compounds 1 a–c consisted of ion pairs composed of a [Li(thf)4]+ cation and a C2v symmetric [{(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2}LnCl2]− anion. By treating cis‐[(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2{Li(thf)}2] with anhydrous SmCl3 in THF, the trimetallic complex [{(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2}SmCl3Li2(thf)4] (2) was obtained. The influence of the ionic radii of the lanthanides can be seen in the single‐crystal X‐ray structure of compound 2, which forms a six‐membered Cl‐Li‐Cl‐Li‐Cl‐Sm metallacycle. The ring adopts a boat conformation in which one chlorine atom and the samarium atom are displaced from the Cl2Li2 least‐square plane. Heating of the metalate complexes in toluene resulted in the extrusion of lithium chloride and the formation of the neutral dimeric metal chloride complexes of the composition [(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2LnCl(thf)]2 (Ln=Y (3 a), La (3 b) Nd (3 c), Sm (3 d)). Furthermore, treating 1 a with KNPh2 resulted in a lithium metalate complex of the composition [Li(thf)4][{(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2}Y(NPh2)2] (4). The coordination mode of the {(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2}2− ligand in 4 is different to that observed in 1 a–c, 2, and 3 a–d; instead of a symmetric η2 coordination of the ligand, a heterocubane‐type structure is observed in the solid state. The complex [(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2NdCl(thf)] (3 c) was used as a Ziegler–Natta catalyst for the polymerization of 1,3‐butadiene to poly‐cis‐1,4‐butadiene. The observed activities of the Ziegler–Natta catalyst strongly depended upon the nature of the cocatalyst; in some case very high turnover rates and a cis selectivity of 93–94 % were observed.
Crystallization Force—A Density Functional Theory Concept for Revealing Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Packing in Organic Crystals
Authors: Li Tonglei , Ayers Paul W. , Liu Shubin , Swadley Matthew J. , Aubrey‐Medendorp Clare 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOrganic molecules are prone to polymorphic formation in the solid state due to the rich diversity of functional groups that results in comparable intermolecular interactions, which can be greatly affected by the selection of solvent and other crystallization conditions. Intermolecular interactions are typically weak forces, such as van der Waals and stronger short‐range ones including hydrogen bonding, that are believed to determine the packing of organic molecules during the crystal‐growth process. A different packing of the same molecules leads to the formation of a new crystal structure. To disclose the underlying causes that drive the molecule to have various packing motifs in the solid state, an electronic concept or function within the framework of conceptual density functional theory has been developed, namely, crystallization force. The concept aims to describe the local change in electronic structure as a result of the self‐assembly process of crystallization and may likely quantify the locality of intermolecular interactions that directs the molecular packing in a crystal. To assess the applicability of the concept, 5‐methyl‐2‐[(2‐nitrophenyl)amino]‐3‐thiophenecarbonitrile, so‐called ROY, which is known to have the largest number of solved polymorphs, has been examined. Electronic calculations were conducted on the seven available crystal structures as well as on the single molecule. The electronic structures were analyzed and crystallization force values were obtained. The results indicate that the crystallization forces are able to reveal intermolecular interactions in the crystals, in particular, the close contacts that are formed between molecules. Strong correlations exist between the total crystallization force and lattice energy of a crystal structure, further suggesting the underlying connection between the crystallization force and molecular packing.
Nano‐Conjugate Fluorescence Probe for the Discrimination of Phosphate and Pyrophosphate
Authors: Kim Ik‐Bum , Han Man H. , Phillips Ronnie L. , Samanta Bappaditya , Rotello Vincent M. , Zhang Z. John , Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe describe a pyrophosphate (PPi) probe that is based on a fluorescent dicarboxylate‐substituted poly(para‐phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) and 10 nm cobalt–iron spinel nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous media. The spinel NPs efficiently quench the fluorescence of the PPE at a concentration of 20–30 pmol. Addition of phosphate anions to the PPE–NP construct displaces the quenched PPE to give rise to a fluorescent response; we found that PPi and phosphate (Pi) have significantly different binding affinities for the self‐assembled materials. We can discern >40 nM PPi in the presence of 0.1 mM Pi at pH 7, which suggests that these assemblies may be useful in bio‐analytical applications. This displacement assay was used to effectively determine the ability of pyrophosphatase to hydrolyze PPi to Pi.
Self‐Assembly of Two‐Component Gels: Stoichiometric Control and Component Selection
Authors: Hirst Andrew R. , Miravet Juan F. , Escuder Beatriu , Noirez Laurence , Castelletto Valeria , Hamley Ian W. , Smith David K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTwo‐component systems capable of self‐assembling into soft gel‐phase materials are of considerable interest due to their tunability and versatility. This paper investigates two‐component gels based on a combination of a L‐lysine‐based dendron and a rigid diamine spacer (1,4‐diaminobenzene or 1,4‐diaminocyclohexane). The networked gelator was investigated using thermal measurements, circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) giving insight into the macroscopic properties, nanostructure and molecular‐scale organisation. Surprisingly, all of these techniques confirmed that irrespective of the molar ratio of the components employed, the “solid‐like” gel network always consisted of a 1:1 mixture of dendron/diamine. Additionally, the gel network was able to tolerate a significant excess of diamine in the “liquid‐like” phase before being disrupted. In the light of this observation, we investigated the ability of the gel network structure to evolve from mixtures of different aromatic diamines present in excess. We found that these two‐component gels assembled in a component‐selective manner, with the dendron preferentially recognising 1,4‐diaminobenzene (>70 %), when similar competitor diamines (1,2‐ and 1,3‐diaminobenzene) are present. Furthermore, NMR relaxation measurements demonstrated that the gel based on 1,4‐diaminobenzene was better able to form a selective ternary complex with pyrene than the gel based on 1,4‐diaminocyclohexane, indicative of controlled and selective π–π interactions within a three‐component assembly. As such, the results in this paper demonstrate how component selection processes in two‐component gel systems can control hierarchical self‐assembly.
Environmentally Friendly γ‐MnO2 Hexagon‐Based Nanoarchitectures: Structural Understanding and Their Energy‐Saving Applications
Authors: Wu Changzheng , Xie Wei , Zhang Miao , Bai Liangfei , Yang Jinlong , Xie Yi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough about 200,000 metric tons of γ‐MnO2 are used annually worldwide for industrial applications, the γ‐MnO2 structure is still known to possess a highly ambiguous crystal lattice. To better understand the γ‐MnO2 atomic structure, hexagon‐based nanoarchitectures were successfully synthesized and used to elucidate its internal structure for the present work. The structural analysis results, obtained from the hexagon‐based nanoarchitectures, clearly show the coexistence of akhtenskite (ε‐MnO2), pyrolusite (β‐MnO2), and ramsdellite in the so‐called γ‐MnO2 phase and verified the heterogeneous phase assembly of the γ‐MnO2 state, which violates the well‐known “De Wolff” model and derivative models, but partially accords with Heuer's results. Furthermore, heterogeneous γ‐MnO2 assembly was found to be a metastable structure under hydrothermal conditions, and the individual components of the heterogeneous γ‐MnO2 system have structural similarities and a high lattice matches with pyrolusite (β‐MnO2). The as‐obtained γ‐MnO2 nanoarchitectures are nontoxic and environmentally friendly, and the application of such nanoarchitectures as support matrices successfully mitigates the common problems for phase‐change materials of inorganic salts, such as phase separation and supercooling‐effects, thereby showing prospect in energy‐saving applications in future “smart‐house” systems.
Anatomical projections of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus in the albino rat (rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Kelly Jack B. , van Adel Brian A. , Ito Makoto 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe ascending projections to the lateral lemniscal nuclei and the inferior colliculus were investigated in the albino rat by using Fluoro‐Gold, either alone or in combination with other retrograde tract tracers. Injections were made into the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL), or the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL). The ICC receives both ipsilateral and contralateral projections from the DNLL and the lateral superior olive, major ipsilateral projections from the INLL, VNLL, medial superior olive, and superior paraolivary nucleus, and major contralateral projections from both dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus. The DNLL receives a similar pattern of projections from the auditory lower brainstem nuclei. The INLL, in contrast, receives its major projections from the ipsilateral VNLL, lateral superior olive, medial superior olive, superior paraolivary nucleus, and medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, but does not receive a heavy projection from the contralateral lateral superior olive. It receives a major contralateral projection from the ventral cochlear nucleus, but a much lighter projection from the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus. The VNLL receives projections from the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus, but does not receive projections from the medial or lateral superior olives, the superior paraolivary nucleus, or the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Thus, the three primary subdivisions of the rat's lateral lemniscus can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their distinctive projection patterns. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:573–593, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple Phases of Liquid Water
Authors: Brovchenko Ivan , Oleinikova Alla 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe history of the study of the anomalies of liquid water, from the 17th century up to the present, is reviewed and the current view on the origin of these anomalies is summarized. The hypothesis of the multiple liquid–liquid transitions of water in the supercooled region is consistent with the available experimental and simulation data and provides physical explanation of water behavior in a wide thermodynamic range. The general character of the liquid–liquid transitions of fluids is discussed and the remaining questions are formulated.
“New Methods of Statistical Economics,” revisited: Short versus long tails and Gaussian versus power‐law distributions
Authors: Mandelbrot Benoit B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe standard “Brownian” model of competitive markets asserts that the increments of price (or of its logarithm) are statistically independent and Gaussian, implying that price itself is a continuous function of time. This model arose in 1900, at an immediately high level of perfection, in the work of L. Bachelier. In many fields of science it became a classic. But for financial prices it is sharply—even overwhelmingly—contradicted by conspicuous and strong symptoms of non‐independence, nonGaussianity, and discontinuity. Since 1963, the author has been tackling those symptoms one by one: first, by incorporating strongly non‐Gaussian marginal distributions (1963), then by incorporating strong long‐term dependence (1965), and finally by combining those two features by introducing the new notion of multifractality (1968 and since). The goal of this article is modest: largely borrowing from the author's previous articles and books, much of it collects and adapts a few brief “teasers” or “appetizers” meant to promote and assist the future development of a framework for a realistic description of actual financial fluctuations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Crystallization field study for the formation of single phase sodium clinoptilolite: Batch composition, seed and temperature effects
Authors: Güvenir Ö. , Kalıpçılar H. , Çulfaz A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough clinoptilolite is the most abundant zeolite mineral in nature, its synthesis under laboratory conditions has been difficult. A partial crystallization field study was done for the synthesis of clinoptilolite based on a nominal batch composition of 2.1Na2O:Al2O3:10Si2O:110H2O to delineate the limits of composition and temperature within which sodium clinoptilolite can be produced as a single phase in high yields. Effects of temperature, SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio in the batch composition, and the use of different raw materials in batch preparation were studied. The need for the use of seed crystals for reproducible synthesis of clinoptilolite was established. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the atmosphere on the growth of LiYF4 single crystal fibers by the micro‐pulling‐down method
Authors: Maier D. , Bertram R. , Klimm D. , Fornari R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMicro‐pulling‐down growth of LiYF4 single crystal fibers have been performed under different gas atmospheres using stoichiometric LiYF4 single crystal pieces from prior Czochralski experiments as starting material. Completely transparent and phase pure LiYF4 single crystal fibers could be obtained after evacuation of the recipient to 2×10‐6 mbar and subsequent filling with pure (99.995%) CF4 gas. Using a gas mixture of 5% CF4 in Argon or pure 5N Argon leads to the formation of micro crystallites of oxofluorides on the surface. Evacuating only to 3 × 10‐3 mbar leads, independently of atmosphere, to completely white fibers that are heavily contaminated with oxofluorides. DSC measurements of the completely transparent fiber grown under pure CF4 atmosphere reveal congruent melting behavior. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)