bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TOXICITY OF MYOPORUM TETRANDRUM (BOOBIALLA) AND MYOPORACEOUS FURANOID ESSENTIAL OILS FOR RUMINANTS
Authors: Allen J. G. , Seawright A. A. , Hrdlicka Jana 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Boobialla (Myoporum tetrandrum) leaf contains from 0.25 to 0.5% wet weight of furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils of which the main component is dehydrongaione. The plant was toxic when dosed to calves at equivalent dose rates of oils of from 50 to 134 mg/kg, causing mainly extensive haemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis; and to sheep at equivalent dose rates of oil of from 55 to 66 mg/kg, causing either centrilobular or periportal liver lesions with or without acute pulmonary oedema. An essential oil mixture of similar composition derived from Myoporum deserti produced similar syndromes. In addition, treatment of calves with phenobarbitone or Melaleuca linariifolia essential oils prior to dosing with the Myoporum oils caused periportal hepatic necrosis rather than the centrilobular lesion which occurred usually in this species.The liver lesions found in the experimental calves and sheep respectively, were thus similar to those reported in suspected field cases of Boobialla poisoning in cattle and goats in Western Australia. The liver injury that may be expected in intoxication of livestock by myoporaceous plants containing this type of essential oils can thus be either periportal, midzonal or centrilobular necrosis, depending, probably, on the nutritional regime of the animal immediately prior to consumption of the toxic plant.
THE PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSPIRAL TITRES IN CATTLE AND PIGS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Elder Jean K. , Ward Wendy H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies.There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. harjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.
PRIMARY, SEVERE, COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE OF ARABIAN FOALS
Authors: Studdert M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Set in a context of immunodeficiency diseases in general this paper provides a brief, illustrated review of a primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency (PSCID) disease of Arabian foals. Affected foals are clinically normal at birth but beginning at about 10 days of age they develop a range of clinical signs particularly bronchopneumonia and diarrhoea with which adenoviruses are peculiarly associated. Despite intensive therapy foals invariably die by about 3 months of age. Affected foals are profoundly lymp***hopaenic (<1000 lymphocytes per mm3). There is thymic and lymph node hypoplasia and all lymphoid tissues are profoundly depleted of both T and B lymphocytes. The depletion of both T and B lymphocytes suggests that the primary defect is at the level of bone marrow stem cells which are the precursor cells for both lymphocyte populations.PSCID of Arabian foals is inherited as a simple, autosomal, recessive gene. Some 2 to 3% of all such foals may be born with PSCID, this frequency corresponds to a gene frequency of about 30% in parents. The syndrome is, therefore, an important cause of economic wastage. It also represents the only occurrence of the syndrome in an animal species other than man and as such has considerable comparative interest.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL RESTRICTION ON HEREFORD HEIFERS IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Kroker G.A. , Cummins L. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of attempting to control dystocia in Hereford heifers by restricting nutrition during late pregnancy. Nutritional level was controlled by varying feedlot rations in experiment 1 and by varying pasture availability in experiment 2.In neither experiment was the incidence of dystocia or stillbirths significantly affected by level of nutrition during late pregnancy. Calf birthweight was reduced and dam pelvic growth was retarded when the feed intake of heifers was restricted prior to calving.Clear evidence of the dangers associated with allowing heifers to lose too much weight in late pregnancy was provided by these experiments. The loss of around 0.5kg/day during the last trimester of pregnancy was associated with weak labour, increased dystocia rates, increased perinatal mortality, reduced calf growth rate, prolonged post partum anoestrus and a reduced pregnancy rate (not all statistically significant differences). These effects were not evident in heifers which were maintaining or gaining weight at a moderate rate during late pregnancy.On the basis of this work it is suggested that heifers should be fed to allow modest rates of bodyweight gain (0–0.5kg/day) during late pregnancy.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 3. Seasonal Variation in Arterial Populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the Prevalence of some Helminths
Authors: English A. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The anterior mesenteric arteries of 138 horses slaughtered in southern Queensland were examined for the presence of S. vulgaris larvae. Seasonal differences were noted in the size of arterial populations of this parasite, with higher mean monthly numbers of worms per horse occurring in winter. There was an equally high incidence of severe verminous arteritis during the winter months of June, July and August, compared to arteries examined during the warmer months, when there were smaller numbers of larvae. It was concluded that more infective larvae were available on pasture during the warmer months, with subsequently large arterial populations some 3 to 4 months later. The parasite was encountered in 121 arteries (88%).The prevalence of adult helminths in the caeca of the same group of horses was S. vulgaris 88%; S. equinus 70%; S. edentatus 18%; Triodontophorus spp. 23%; A. perfoliata 62%. The overall prevalence of S. vulgaris was 93%, when the results of arterial and caecal observations were combined.
THE TOXICITY OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALS FOR CATTLE
Authors: Rogers R. J. , Giboson J. , Reichmann K. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An investigation into the toxicity of Cassia occidentalis seeds was undertaken to confirm the toxicity of this species and to more fully characterise the pathology of the condition. Hammermilled seeds were given to calves by stomach tube. Five calves died and 3 were killed in an advanced stage of intoxication 6 to 9 days after the last dose. Clinical signs observed included diarrhoea, anorexia, reluctance to move, stumbling swaying gait, recumbency, tachycardia and dyspnoea in the terminal stages. Red‐brown urine was present in most calves from the fourth day. Terminally, there was a neutrophilia and greatly elevated serum GOT and CPK levels.Autopsy revealed pale skeletal muscles of the upper pelvic limb and a characteristic red stippling giving a banded appearance in some affected muscles. Marked pulmonary oedema was present and the myocardium had a streaky mottled brown appearance. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed severe myodegeneration of skeletal muscles, myocardiopathy and focal hepatic necrosis.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Claxton P. D. , Eamens G. J. , Mylrea P. J. 
Published: March 2008

Lesions of suspected bovine tuberculosis were examined by culture, histopathology and auramine‐O (AO) stained smears and the findings correlated with field aspects of the disease.Of 642 lesions considered to be tuberculous, 62.0% yielded M. bovis and 4.5% other mycobacteria (OM). M. bovis and OM were recovered also from 0.6% and 3.6% respectively of 165 cattle which gave tuberculin reactions but had no visible lesions at slaughter.Of 262 lesions in which a histopathological diagnosis other than tuberculosis was made, 1.5% and 3.0% yielded M. bovis and OM respectively.All OM isolates tested belonged to the Mycobacterium‐avium‐intracellulare‐scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex with a predominance of serotype 2.A good relationship was found between the recovery of mycobacteria and histopathology but examination of smears revealed 22.0% apparent false negatives. Apparent false negative culture results were also reported for 35.8% of lesions positive on histopathology and smear examination.The majority of herds yielding M. bovis contained reactors to the tuberculin test and many of these had lesions of tuberculosis. In contrast, herds yielding OM seldom contained reactors to the tuberculin test and rarely reactors with tuberculous lesions. The thoracic cavity was the main site of lesions from infections by M. bovis and OM.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DISPOSAL OF MANURE FROM BEEF CATTLE
Authors: SMELTZER T. , THOMAS R. , LAWS L. , COLLINS GAIL 
Published: March 2008

Manure, collected from cattle housed in yards, was spread on experimental plots at the rate of 120 tonnes per hectare per annum. The manure was applied to 2 plots at 6‐monthly intervals while a further 2 plots received monthly applications. Samples of manure,Comparison of the bacterial counts from samples from the test plots to those of the control plots showed that no change occurred in the levels of coliforms or faecal coliforms over the 3 years of manure application. One hundred and fifty‐seven isolations of salmonella were made from the soil and water samples, but only 51 could be attributed to the manure. No difference was observed in the effects of different application frequencies.soil, run‐off and ground waters were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, faecal coliforms and for the presence of salmonellae.
A DEGRADING PROTEINASE TEST TO DISTINGUISH BENIGN AND VIRULENT OVINE ISOLATES OF BACTEROIDES NODOSUS
Authors: Depiazzi L.J. , Richards R.B. 
Published: March 2008

Bacteroides nodosus was recovered from naturally occurring cases of virulent ovine footrot (VFR) and benign footrot (BFR) using an artificial culture medium which incorporated trypticase, arginine, serine and 5% agar.A degrading proteinase (DP) test was developed which measured the proteinase activity of broth cultures of B. nodosus for a period of time after organism death to assess the stability of the enzyme. The spectrophotometric measurement of the release of dye from a hide powder—azure conjugate by the action of proteinase provided an objective analysis of enzyme activity.The DP test differentiated VFR and BFR isolates and promises to be a useful laboratory method for the diagnosis of benign and virulent footrot in sheep.
DISTRIBUTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DIROFILARIASIS AND TOXOCARIASIS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Welch J. S. , Dobson C. , Freeman C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs continues to increase in the temperate east coast zone of Australia (and is extending further south into New South Wales and Victoria). However, the infection rate has not changed in the tropics over the past 10 years where it would appear that a maximum infection rate of 90% occurs in a given Australian dog population. Twelve percent of Brisbane dogs had occult dirofilariasis and it is suggested that the proportion of occult infections was probably higher in the tropics. Dogs of all breeds appear equally susceptible to D. immitis with infection being more common in older male dogs. The level of microfilaraemia was, occasionally, proportional to the number of heartwprms per dog. Toxocara canis was present in about 75% of dogs from all areas studied except in Central Australia where the level of infection was much lower.Immunodiagnosis of D. immitis and T. canis with high specificity and sensitivity was achieved by cyanogen bromide indirect fluorescent antibody and cell‐mediated immunity tests using parasite antigens purified by affinity chromatography. These tests enabled occult dirofilariasis to be differentiated from unrelated canine cardiac and pulmonary failure. Such immunodiagnosis can aid in the early diagnosis of dirofilariasis particularly in situations where no circulating microfilariae can be detected.The prevalence of serum antibody in man to purified Dirofilaria and Toxocara antigens was proportional to the incidence of respective canine infections at each location.
NITROSCANATE* A NEW BROAD SPECTRUM ANTHELMINTIC AGAINST NEMATODES AND CESTODES OF DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Boray J. C. , Strong M. B. , Allison J. R. , von Orelli M. , Sarasin G. , Gfeller W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The efficiency of the broad spectrum anthelmintic nitroscanate against tapeworm and nematode infections of dogs was tested in artificially or naturally infected dogs. The safety of the compound was also evaluated in acute, subacute and chronic toxicity tests.At the recommended single dose rate of 50 mg/kg given to the dogs with food, nitroscanate was 98% efficient against Taenia hydatigena, T. ovis and T. pisiformis. The drug was highly efficient against Echinococcus granulosus only at the dose rate of 200 mg/kg given twice but total elimination of worms was not achieved. Natural infections of Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma spp and Uncinaria stenocephala were totally eliminated from all dogs at the dose rate of 25 mg/kg or higher.Nitroscanate was 97% efficient against adult Toxocara canis at a single dose of 50 mg/kg. When the dose was repeated 24 hours later total elimination of both mature worms and immature worms in puppies aged 2 weeks was achieved. The repeated dose of 100 mg/kg removed 98% of early immature worms from puppies aged 3 days. The drug was 100% efficient against adult Toxascaris leonina at a single dose of 50 mg/kg and 90.5% efficiency was achieved against early 4th stage larvae by two doses of 50 mg/kg. Nitroscanate was not efficient against Trichuris vulpis.The drug was efficient for the removal of Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme from cats.Nitroscanate caused no serious symptoms of toxicity at dose rates up to 10,000 mg/kg in single or repeated doses in young or older adult dogs. The drug was safely given to dogs during pregnancy, to young puppies and to cats. The regular use of nitroscanate as a broad spectrum anthelmintic for the prevention and control of parasitic infections of dogs is discussed.
THE LONGEVITY OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA METACERCARIAE ENCYSTED ON HERBAGE
Authors: Meek A.H. , Morrist R.S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An experiment was described in which guinea pigs were used as tracer animals in an attempt to assess the longevity of Fasciola hepatic metacercariae on pasture at Werribee, Victoria. The metacercariae had been encysted on both an irrigated and non‐irrigated area at various times during 1976.It was determined that, under the conditions of the experiment, metacercariae can survive and remain viable for up to 10 weeks during the winter. It was also determined that longevity during the summer was greatly reduced, and was of the order of only 1 week. The significance of these findings, with respect to the epidemiology of the disease, was discussed.
SEROLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN STRAINS OFERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAEISOLATED FROM PIGS, SHEEP, TURKEYS AND MAN
Authors: Cross G. M. J. , Claxton P. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:154 strains ofErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaefrom pigs, sheep, turkeys and man were serotyped by using the double diffusion gel precipitation test. Ten of the 18 serotypes were detected in 151 of the strains. Three strains failed to react with any of the type specific antisera. It was found that serotype 1a shared an antigen(s) with serotype 1b, and that serotype 6 shared an antigen(s) with serotype 14. Serotype 2a and 2b were difficult to distinguish.Since serotypes 1 and 2 were isolated from cases of septicaemia in pigs, and since serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 7 were isolated from cases of arthritis, it was suggested that factors other than serotype were important in causing the various forms of swine erysipelas. The fact that the distribution of serotypes 1a, 1b and 2b between septicaemic and arthritic pigs was similar supported the conclusion that arthritis was consequent to bacteraemia.Serotypes 1a, 1b, 2b, 5, 12 and 15 were isolated from cases of arthritis in sheep, and serotypes 1a and 5 from cases of erysipelas in turkeys.Serotype 2b was isolated from a human specimen.
THE CONTROL OF HYDATID DISEASE IN TASMANIA
Authors: McConnell J. D. , Green R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The program for reduction of human incidence of hydatid disease in Tasmania is described. The program has been in progress since 1965. It is based on intensive education, directed particularly at owners of infested dogs.Results up to 30th June, 1978, are presented. Prevalence in dogs has been reduced from 12.66% to 0.22%. Prevalence in young sheep has fallen from about 15% to 0.05%, and in aged sheep from over 50% to 3.4%. The incidence in man has fallen, although the extent of the fall is difficult to quantify because of the small number of human cases. It is suggested that new infestations of man may have ceased by about 1970.The implications of the Tasmanian program for other Australian states are briefly discussed.
PROSTAGLANDIN F2α FOR OESTRUS SYNCHRONISATION OR ABORTION IN POLWARTH EWES
Authors: Reid R. N. D. , Crothers I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Each of 411 Polwarth ewes was given prostaglandin (125 μg cloprostenol) by injection on 2 occasions 10 days apart. Ewes were not mated at either prostaglandin induced oestrus, but field mated at the first natural oestrus thereafter. As a result 97.1% mated in a 12 day period (82% in 4 days).From a selected group of 270 ewes, presumed to have been pregnant (by non‐return to service), 90 were given prostaglandin (125 μg cloprostenol) as an abortifacient, at 22–23 days post service, the remaining 180 acting as lambing controls.Pregnancy was finally determined by ultrasonic fetometer at 106–107 days post mating. A 100% accuracy was achieved being confirmed by lambing observations. Most (98.9%) of the control, as expected, proved to be pregnant and subsequently lambed. By contrast only 33 (36.7%) of the prostaglandin treated ewes were pregnant. Thus, although prostaglandin aborted 63.3% of pregnant ewes, its efficacy was much less than might have been expected.The authors then discuss the efficacy of prostaglandin as an abortifacient at various stages of gestation.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN QUEENSLAND CATTLE HERDS WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Rogers R. J. , Donald B. A. , Schultz K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 1,791 tissues submitted from 1975 to 1978 for histological examination for tuberculosis, 78.5% were classified as tuberculosis, 8.1% as club‐forming granulomas, 3.3% as hydatid cysts, 3.4% as other granulomas and 2.4% as squamous cell carcinomas. Cultural examination of 2,682 tissues for mycobacteria yielded Mycobacterium bovis from 42.88%, other mycobacteria from 7.64% and 0.89%Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi. Of 1,478 tissues on which both examinations were performed, culture and histology results were in agreement on 94.1%. M. bovis was isolated on one or more occasions from 564 herds with the highest herd prevalence being recorded in western areas of the state.Culture of 1,024 tissues from no visible lesion (NVL) reactors yielded 0.59%M. bovis, 15.04% other mycobacteria and 0.19%R. equi. Of 120 isolates of other mycobacteria from tissues of NVL reactors, 39 were Runyon Group III (20 M. avium complex) and 61 Runyon Group IV. Approximately half of the herds from which NVL tissues were collected were confirmed M. bovis infected properties.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN A YOUNG PONY
Authors: Roberts M. C. , Kelly W. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A 19‐month‐old pony gelding was presented with chronic renal failure, after deteriorating progressively during the preceding 3 months. There was pronounced azotaemia, hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia, but plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were normal.At autopsy both kidneys were small and nodular and were characterised by collapsed segments of cortex and medulla interspersed with areas of pale tissue. The latter showed glomerular immaturity associated with a range of degenerative processes involving the glomeruli and tubules.The condition bore many similarities to that of renal cortical dysplasia in other species.
SPRAY VACCINATION OF CHICKENS USING INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS
Authors: Clarke J. K. , Robertson G. M. , Purcell D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Day‐old chickens were vaccinated with the SA2 strain of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine using a coarse spray and 14‐day‐old chickens were vaccinated using a coarse or a fine (Turbair Vaccinair 240) spray. The Conjunctiva was the most common site of infection in all cases but this almost invariably led to involvement of the nasolacrimal ducts. Other sites in the nasal cavity were affected less frequently. The clinical consequences of infection in day‐old chickens were too severe for field use but the mortality (0 to 1.4% in different experiments) in 14‐day‐old chickens may be acceptable in some circumstances although about 9% developed infection of the trachea.It is concluded that a less pathogenic vaccine is needed if spray vaccination with ILT is to be recommended as a routine procedure particularly for day‐old chickens.
EXPERIMENTAL POISONING OF HORSES AND CATTLE WITH SWAINSONA CANESCENS VAR HORNIANA
Authors: Locke K. B. , McEwan D. R. , Hamdorf I. J. 
Published: March 2008

Horses and cattle fed swainsona (Swainsona canescens var horniana) over a period of 8 to 10 weeks lost condition and became incoordinated and hypersensitive. Histotogical examination of tissues from affected animals revealed the characteristic changes of widespread cellular vacuolation and axonal spheroids in the CNS.Cattle withdrawn from the toxic plant after being fed for varying periods up to 8 weeks returned to normal.Serum α‐mannosidase activity declined significantly in cattle during the test period, whereas in horses the activity rose. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels increased significantly in cattle but not in horses.The similarity of the clinical signs of disease in horses was noted to those seen in Indigofera linnaei poisoning (Birdsville disease). Differential diagnosis can be made by botanical observations and by an increased frequency of vacuolated lymphocytes in the blood in swainsona poisoning.
EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIMEN ON GASTRIC ULCERATION OF THE PARS OESOPHAGEA OF INTENSIVELY RAISED PIGS
Authors: Blackshaw J. K. , Cameron R. D. A. , Kelly W. R. 
Published: March 2008

Three groups of pigs (total 23 pigs) were fed ad libitum from weaning until market weight and these were compared with three groups of pigs (total 26 pigs) fed ad libitum until 12 weeks of age, and then fed on a restricted regimen (twice per day) until marketed.There was a significant difference in degree of ulceration between the two feeding regimens; those pigs fed ad libitum had the most severe gastric ulcers.The pigs fed ad libitum, had significantly less agonistic interactions per minute than did the restricted fed pigs. Growth rates of the pigs from weaning to market weight did not differ significantly in the two regimens, although the average pig on ad libitum feeding consumed 182.9 kg, and the restricted fed pigs ate 148.2 kg per pig.