bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Climatic Controls on New England River Flow
Authors: Kingston Daniel G. , McGregor Glenn R. , Hannah David M. , Lawler Damian M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Understanding atmospheric drivers of river flow variability necessitates clear knowledge of the process chain linking climate and hydrology, yet the nature of such linkages remains poorly understood for the New England region of the northeastern United States. This research gap is addressed through a composite analysis of large-scale climatic controls on monthly high and low river flow in New England for 1958–2001, based on 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. Analysis is focused on climate fields at the North Atlantic spatial scale, with particular attention given to the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
High (low) river flow is shown to be characterized by greater (lower) geopotential height throughout the year, and from December to April, higher (lower) temperature. Wind speed is inversely associated with river flow in all months, with wind direction more southerly (northerly) under high (low) flow situations. Relative vorticity differences reveal more cyclonic circulation centered downwind of New England under low river flow conditions (compared to high flow) from December to April. Reversal of river flow associations with temperature and vorticity in May are linked to snowmelt dynamics. Although cursory analysis suggests a positive association between the NAO and New England river flow, closer inspection reveals this to be less straightforward. River flow is more closely linked to the East Coast trough (rather than the Icelandic low and Azores high), while air temperature anomalies resemble the NAO–sea surface temperature rather than NAO–air temperature pattern.
The 25–27 May 2005 Mount Logan Storm. Part I: Observations and Synoptic Overview
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Holdsworth Gerald 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
In late May 2005, three climbers were immobilized at 5400 m on Mount Logan, Canada’s highest mountain, by the high-impact weather associated with an extratropical cyclone over the Gulf of Alaska. Rescue operations were hindered by the high winds, cold temperatures, and heavy snowfall associated with the storm. Ultimately, the climbers were rescued after the weather cleared. Just prior to the storm, two automated weather stations had been deployed on the mountain as part of a research program aimed at interpreting the climate signal contained in summit ice cores. These data provide a unique and hitherto unobtainable record of the high-elevation meteorological conditions associated with an intense extratropical cyclone. In this paper, data from these weather stations along with surface and sounding data from the nearby town of Yakutat, Alaska, satellite imagery, and the NCEP reanalysis are used to characterize the synoptic-scale conditions associated with this storm. Particular emphasis is placed on the water vapor transport associated with this storm.
The authors show that during this event, subtropical moisture was transported northward toward the Mount Logan region. The magnitude of this transport into the Gulf of Alaska was exceeded only 1% of the time during the months of May and June over the period 1948–2005. As a result, the magnitude of the precipitable water field in the Gulf of Alaska region attained values usually found in the Tropics. An atmospheric moisture budget analysis indicates that most of the moisture advected into the Mount Logan region was preexisting water vapor already in the subtropical atmosphere and was not water vapor evaporated from the surface during the evolution of the storm. Implications of this moisture source for understanding of the water isotopic climate signal in the Mount Logan ice cores will be discussed.
The Influence of Precipitation Variability and Partial Irrigation within Grid Cells on a Hydrological Simulation
Authors: Tang Qiuhong , Oki Taikan , Kanae Shinjiro , Hu Heping 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effects of natural and anthropogenic heterogeneity on a hydrological simulation are evaluated using a distributed biosphere hydrological model (DBHM) system. The DBHM embeds a biosphere model into a distributed hydrological scheme, representing both topography and vegetation in a mesoscale hydrological simulation, and the model system includes an irrigation scheme. The authors investigated the effects of two kinds of variability, precipitation variability and the variability of irrigation redistributing runoff, representing natural and anthropogenic heterogeneity, respectively, on hydrological processes. Runoff was underestimated if rainfall was placed spatially uniformly over large grid cells. Accounting for precipitation heterogeneity improved the runoff simulation. However, the negative runoff contribution, namely, the situation that mean annual precipitation is less than evapotranspiration, cannot be simulated by only considering the natural heterogeneity. This constructive model shortcoming can be eliminated by accounting for anthropogenic heterogeneity caused by irrigation water withdrawals. Irrigation leads to increased evapotranspiration and decreased runoff, and surface soil moisture in irrigated areas increases because of irrigation. Simulations performed for the Yellow River basin of China indicated streamflow decreases of 41% due to irrigation effects. The latent heat flux in the peak irrigation season [June–August (JJA)] increased 3.3 W m−2 with a decrease in the ground surface temperature of 0.1 K for the river basin. The maximum simulated increase in the latent heat flux was 43 W m−2, and the ground temperature decrease was 1.6 K in the peak irrigation season.
Impact of Vegetation Feedback on the Response of Precipitation to Antecedent Soil Moisture Anomalies over North America
Authors: Kim Yeonjoo , Wang Guiling 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Previous studies support a positive soil moisture–precipitation feedback over a major fraction of North America; that is, initial soil moisture anomalies lead to precipitation anomalies of the same sign. To investigate how vegetation feedback modifies the sensitivity of precipitation to initial soil moisture conditions over North America, a series of ensemble simulations are carried out using a modified version of the coupled Community Atmosphere Model–Community Land Model (CAM–CLM). The modified CLM includes a predictive vegetation phenology scheme so that the coupled model can represent interactions between soil moisture, vegetation, and precipitation at the seasonal time scale. The focus of this study is on how the impact of vegetation feedback varies with the timing and direction of initial soil moisture anomalies. During summer, wet soil moisture anomalies lead to increase in leaf area index and, consequently, increase in evapotranspiration and surface heating. Such increases tend to favor precipitation. Therefore, under wet summer soil moisture anomalies, the soil moisture–induced precipitation increase is reinforced when predictive phenology is included. That is, the vegetation feedback to precipitation is positive. The response of vegetation to dry soil moisture anomalies in the summer months, however, is not significant due probably to a dry bias in the model, so the resulting vegetation feedback on precipitation is minimal. To soil moisture anomalies in spring, the leaf area index (LAI) response is delayed since LAI is still limited by cold temperature at that time of the year. During the summer following wet spring soil moisture anomalies, vegetation feedback is negative; that is, it tends to suppress the response of precipitation through the depletion of soil moisture by vegetation.
Prevention of graft-versus-host disease by anti–IL-7Rα antibody
Authors: Chung Brile , Dudl Eric P. , Min Dullei , Barsky Lora , Smiley Nancy , Weinberg Kenneth I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to be a serious complication that limits the success of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Using IL-7–deficient murine models, we have previously shown that IL-7 is necessary for the pathogenesis of GVHD. In the present study, we determined whether GVHD could be prevented by antibody-mediated blockade of IL-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) signaling. C57/BL6 (H2Kb) recipient mice were lethally irradiated and underwent cotransplantation with T-cell–depleted (TCD) BM and lymph node (LN) cells from allogeneic BALB/c (H2Kd) donor mice. Following transplantation, the allogeneic BMT recipients were injected weekly with either anti–IL-7Rα antibody (100 μg per mouse per week) or PBS for 4 weeks. Anti–IL-7Rα antibody treatment significantly decreased GVHD-related morbidity and mortality compared with placebo (30% to 80%). IL-7Rα blockade resulted in the reduction of donor CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in the periphery by day 30 after transplantation. Paradoxically, the inhibition of GVHD by anti–IL-7Rα antibody treatment resulted in improved long-term thymic and immune function. Blockade of IL-7R by anti–IL-7Rα antibody resulted in elimination of alloreactive T cells, prevention of GVHD, and improvement of donor T-cell reconstitution.
Hedgehog signaling patterns the outgrowth of unpaired skeletal appendages in zebrafish
Authors: Hadzhiev Yavor , Lele Zsolt , Schindler Simone , Wilson Stephen W , Ahlberg Per , Strähle Uwe , Müller Ferenc 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Little is known about the control of the development of vertebrate unpaired appendages such as the caudal fin, one of the key morphological specializations of fishes. Recent analysis of lamprey and dogshark median fins suggests the co-option of some molecular mechanisms between paired and median in Chondrichthyes. However, the extent to which the molecular mechanisms patterning paired and median fins are shared remains unknown.

Results
Here we provide molecular description of the initial ontogeny of the median fins in zebrafish and present several independent lines of evidence that Sonic hedgehog signaling emanating from the embryonic midline is essential for establishment and outgrowth of the caudal fin primordium. However, gene expression analysis shows that the primordium of the adult caudal fin does not harbor a Sonic hedgehog-expressing domain equivalent to the Shh secreting zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) of paired appendages.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that Hedgehog proteins can regulate skeletal appendage outgrowth independent of a ZPA and demonstrates an unexpected mechanism for mediating Shh signals in a median fin primordium. The median fins evolved before paired fins in early craniates, thus the patterning of the median fins may be an ancestral mechanism that controls the outgrowth of skeletogenic appendages in vertebrates.
Profiling of chicken adipose tissue gene expression by genome array
Authors: Wang Hong-Bao , Li Hui , Wang Qi-Gui , Zhang Xin-Yu , Wang Shou-Zhi , Wang Yu-Xiang , Wang Xiu-Ping 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Excessive accumulation of lipids in the adipose tissue is a major problem in the present-day broiler industry. However, few studies have analyzed the expression of adipose tissue genes that are involved in pathways and mechanisms leading to adiposity in chickens. Gene expression profiling of chicken adipose tissue could provide key information about the ontogenesis of fatness and clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity. In this study, Chicken Genome Arrays were used to construct an adipose tissue gene expression profile of 7-week-old broilers, and to screen adipose tissue genes that are differentially expressed in lean and fat lines divergently selected over eight generations for high and low abdominal fat weight.

Results
The gene expression profiles detected 13,234–16,858 probe sets in chicken adipose tissue at 7 weeks, and genes involved in lipid metabolism and immunity such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), thyroid hormone-responsive protein (Spot14), lipoprotein lipase(LPL), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7(IGFBP7) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), were highly expressed. In contrast, some genes related to lipogenesis, such as leptin receptor, sterol regulatory element binding proteins1 (SREBP1), apolipoprotein B(ApoB) and insulin-like growth factor 2(IGF2), were not detected. Moreover, 230 genes that were differentially expressed between the two lines were screened out; these were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, signal transduction, energy metabolism, tumorigenesis and immunity. Subsequently, real-time RT-PCR was performed to validate fifteen differentially expressed genes screened out by the microarray approach and high consistency was observed between the two methods.

Conclusion
Our results establish the groundwork for further studies of the basic genetic control of growth and development of chicken adipose tissue, and will be beneficial in clarifying the molecular mechanism of obesity in chickens.
Identification and characterisation of the angiotensin converting enzyme-3 (ACE3) gene: a novel mammalian homologue of ACE
Authors: Rella Monika , Elliot Joann L , Revett Timothy J , Lanfear Jerry , Phelan Anne , Jackson Richard M , Turner Anthony J , Hooper Nigel M 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Mammalian angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. Although multiple ACE-like proteins exist in non-mammalian organisms, to date only one other ACE homologue, ACE2, has been identified in mammals.

Results
Here we report the identification and characterisation of the gene encoding a third homologue of ACE, termed ACE3, in several mammalian genomes. The ACE3 gene is located on the same chromosome downstream of the ACE gene. Multiple sequence alignment and molecular modelling have been employed to characterise the predicted ACE3 protein. In mouse, rat, cow and dog, the predicted protein has mutations in some of the critical residues involved in catalysis, including the catalytic Glu in the HEXXH zinc binding motif which is Gln, and ESTs or reverse-transcription PCR indicate that the gene is expressed. In humans, the predicted ACE3 protein has an intact HEXXH motif, but there are other deletions and insertions in the gene and no ESTs have been identified.

Conclusion
In the genomes of several mammalian species there is a gene that encodes a novel, single domain ACE-like protein, ACE3. In mouse, rat, cow and dog ACE3, the catalytic Glu is replaced by Gln in the putative zinc binding motif, indicating that in these species ACE3 would lack catalytic activity as a zinc metalloprotease. In humans, no evidence was found that the ACE3 gene is expressed and the presence of deletions and insertions in the sequence indicate that ACE3 is a pseudogene.
An immunohistochemical study of the localization and developmental expression of ghrelin and its functional receptor in the ovine placenta
Authors: Harrison Joanne L , Adam Clare L , Brown Yvonne A , Wallace Jacqueline M , Aitken Raymond P , Lea Richard G , Miller David W 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone principally produced by the stomach, but also by numerous peripheral tissues including the placenta. Ghrelin acts via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR-1a) to alter food intake, fat utilization, and cellular proliferation, and has been suggested to play a role in the developmental growth of the fetoplacental unit. The placental expression of ghrelin and its role in ruminant species is not known. We tested the hypotheses that ghrelin and its functional receptor, GHSR-1a, are present in tissues of the ovine placenta, and that their expression is linked to the stage of development.

Methods
Antibodies raised against ghrelin and GHSR-1a were used in standard immunohistochemical protocols on placental tissues collected from pregnant ewes (n = 6 per gestational time point) at days 50, 80, 100, 128 and 135 of gestation (term ≈ day 145). Immunostaining for ghrelin and GHSR-1a was quantified using computer-aided image analysis. Image analysis data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, with differences in immunostaining between time-points determined by Fisher's least significant difference.

Results
Positive immunostaining for ghrelin was detected in ovine placentae at all gestational time points, with staining localized to the maternal epithelium, caruncle and trophectoderm. There was a significant effect of gestational age (p < 0.001) on the placental expression of ghrelin, with maximal levels at gestational day 80. GHSR-1a immunostaining was detected in the fetal trophectoderm at all time points. In contrast to the gestational pattern of ghrelin expression, there was no effect of gestational age on placental GHSR-1a immunoexpression.

Conclusion
Ghrelin and GHSR-1a are both present in the ovine placenta, and ghrelin displays a developmentally-related pattern of expression. Therefore, these data strongly suggest that the ghrelin system may have a role in feto-placental development in sheep.
Expansion and differentiation of CD14+CD16− and CD14++CD16+ human monocyte subsets from cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors
Authors: Stec Malgorzata , Weglarczyk Kazimierz , Baran Jaroslaw , Zuba Ewa , Mytar Bozenna , Pryjma Juliusz , Zembala Marek 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo determine whether monocytes can be generated from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors in large numbers, cord blood CD34+ cells were first expanded for 3–10 days in X-VIVO 10 medium supplemented with FCS, stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), and Flt-3 Ligand (Flt-3L), and then differentiated in IMDM medium supplemented with FCS, SCF, Flt-3L, IL-3 and M-CSF for 7–14 days. These two step cultures resulted in up to a 600-fold mean increase of total CD14+ cells. Using this approach, two subpopulations of monocytes were obtained: CD14+CD16− and CD14++CD16+ occurring at 2:1 ratio. 1.25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 added to the differentiation medium altered this ratio by decreasing proportion of CD14++CD16+ monocytes. In comparison to CD14+CD16−, the CD14++CD16+ cells showed different morphology and an enhanced expression of CD11b, CD33, CD40, CD64, CD86, CD163, HLA-DR, and CCR5. Both subpopulations secreted TNF and IL-12p40 but little or no IL-10. CD14++CD16+ monocytes released significantly more IL-12p40, were better stimulators of MLR but showed less S. aureus phagocytosis. These subpopulations are clearly different from those present in the blood and may be novel monocyte subsets that represent different stages in monocyte differentiation with distinct biological function.
Rosiglitazone Decreases Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women
Authors: Berberoglu Zehra , Gursoy Alptekin , Bayraktar Nilufer , Yazici Ayse Canan , Bascil Tutuncu Neslihan , Guvener Demirag Nilgun 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone on bone metabolism and to assess the association between changes in bone turnover parameters and plasma cytokine levels in postmenopausal diabetic women.
Design: This was a 12-wk open-label randomized-controlled trial.
Patients or Other Participants: A total of 56 obese postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed diabetes and 26 nondiabetic healthy controls matched for age and body mass index were included in the study.
Interventions: The subjects were instructed to follow a weight-maintenance diet. Half were randomly assigned to receive rosiglitazone 4 mg/d, and the other half remained on diet alone.
Main Outcome Measures: Before and after the interventions, metabolic bone markers and serum cytokine levels were assessed.
Results: Serum total alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone-specific ALP levels were statistically significantly lower 12 wk after initiation of rosiglitazone treatment. There were no statistically significant changes in osteocalcin levels among the three groups or in deoxypyridinoline levels in the rosiglitazone group. At the end of 12 wk, all patients had statistically significantly decreased IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with baseline. Changes in bone-specific ALP levels showed a moderate negative correlation with the changes in the TNF-α levels after rosiglitazone treatment and after diet in the diabetic control group.
Conclusions: Rosiglitazone use is associated with reduced bone formation at earlier stages in postmenopausal diabetic women. The cytokine-lowering effects of rosiglitazone and lifestyle changes could reverse the early inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone therapy on bone formation. Further studies will clarify the long-term effects of rosiglitazone therapy on bone loss and fracture.
Risk of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients with Celiac Disease
Authors: Elfström Peter , Montgomery Scott M. , Kämpe Olle , Ekbom Anders , Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objectives: Earlier research has suggested a positive association between Addison’s disease (AD) and celiac disease (CD). We have here investigated the risk of AD in individuals with CD from a general population cohort.
Methods: Through the Swedish national registers we identified 14,366 individuals with a diagnosis of CD (1964–2003) and 70,095 reference individuals matched for age, sex, calendar year, and county of residence. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for subsequent AD. Analyses were restricted to individuals with more than 1 yr of follow-up and without AD prior to study entry or within 1 yr after study entry. Conditional logistic regression estimated the odds ratio for CD in individuals with prior AD.
Results: There was a statistically significantly positive association between CD and subsequent AD [HR = 11.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.4–29.6]. This risk increase was seen in both children and adults and did not change with adjustment for diabetes mellitus or socioeconomic status. When we restricted reference individuals to inpatients, the adjusted HR for AD was 4.6 (95% CI = 1.9–11.4). Individuals with prior AD were at increased risk of CD (odds ratio = 8.6; 95% CI = 3.4–21.8).
Conclusions: This study found a highly increased risk of AD in individuals with CD. This relationship was independent of temporal sequence. We therefore recommend that individuals with AD should be screened for CD. We also suggest an increased awareness of AD in individuals with CD.