bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of zeranol on growth and fattening in beef calves before weaning
Authors: GREATHEAD K. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFour‐month‐old beef calves were implanted with 36 mg zeranol, and their growth compared with untreated calves. Treated steer and heifer calves gained 10 kg more bodyweight to weaning at 7.5 months of age. The trial was conducted at 2 research centres and calves at both centres showed significant responses for the first 45 days (P < 0.001) after treatment but during the following 30 days only calves at one centre showed a continued response (P < 0.05). No differences in growth rate occurred between treated and untreated calves over the final 30 days before weaning at either centre.The backfat measurement of untreated animals increased more than that of the implanted animals (P < 0.05) at one centre but not at the other.
Biochemical and functional properties of a leucocidin produced by several strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum
Authors: EMERY D. L. , DUFTY J. H. , CLARK B. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA soluble exotoxin (a leucocidin) which was lethal to peripheral blood leucocytes from cattle, sheep, rabbits and man (in order of decreasing sensitivity) was elaborated by a variety of isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum when the majority of organisms were present as filaments in liquid culture. Maximum production of the leucocidin was achieved by concentrations of bacteria equivalent to between 4 times 10' and 4 times 10B short cells per ml of culture above which no further increase in titre was observed. The ability of different batches of medium to support production of leucocidin was reflected in their capacity to enable F. necrophorum to grow to this range of concentration. Prolonged culture of the organism, resulting in a decline to below 6 in the pH of the medium was associated with a depression in the titre of leucocidin, presumably due to Its inactiviation under these conditions.The leucocidin was stable at 4°C for at least 30 days, to extremes of pH (4 to 9) for 1 h at room temperature, and showed maximum activity in assays conducted at 37°c at pH 7 to 8. The exotoxin was inactivated by heating at 56°C for 30 min and possessed a molecular weight around 250,000 to 300,000 as determined by gel filtration and membrane partition chromatography.
The treatment and eradication of sheep lice and ked with cyhalothrin—a new synthetic pyrethroid
Authors: RUNDLE J. C. , FORSYTH B. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA new synthetic pyrethroid, cyhalothrin, has been evaluated as both a sheep dip and a jetting fluid for the control of body lice (Damalinia ovis), face lice (Linognathus ovillus), foot lice (Linognathus pedalis) and the sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus). A dip wash concentration of 1.25 ppm cyhalothrin eradicated D. ovis from sheep. A jetting fluid at a concentration of 20 ppm also eradicated D. ovis. In the field cyhalothrin was evaluated at 20 ppm as a dip wash and at 50 ppm as a jetting fluid. These field trials confirmed the ability of cyhalothrin to eradicate D. ovis from short and long‐woolled sheep. The sucking lice, L. ovillus and L. pedalis, were also found to be very susceptible to cyhalothrin at a dip wash concentration of 20 ppm, but it was necessary to treat the predilection sites infested by these parasites twice within a 3‐week period to achieve their eradication. Sheep ked (M. ovinus) were eradicated from an infected flock of sheep after plunge dipping in cyhalothrin at 20 ppm.
A survey of slaughter procedures used in chicken processing plants
Authors: GRIFFITHS G. L. , PURCELL D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYInformation was collected on the slaughter procedures used in 12 processing plants in Australia. The processing line speed varied from 25 to 125 birds/minute; the voltage in the electrified waterbath varied from 55 to 165 V; the duration of stunning was 2.0 to 7.5 seconds and the time allowed for exsanguination was 45 to 180 seconds. As a result of the variables, some birds were dead on leaving the stunner and prior to exsanguination, while it was probable that others were not dead before entering the scald tank.
Copper supplementation of sheep
Authors: JUDSON G. J. , TRENGOVE C. L. , LANGMAN M. W. , VANDERGRAAFF R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of 6 methods of copper supplementation on copper status was examined in Merino sheep at pasture. Plasma copper concentrations were not affected by any of the treatments. Liver copper concentrations in sheep given an oral dose of 3 g of oxidised copper wire particles were significantly greater than those of untreated sheep for the duration of the experiment of 80 weeks. Subcutaneous injections of 18 mg of copper as diethylamino cupro‐oxyquinoline sulphonate produced small, transient increases in liver copper. Single oral doses of 150 mg of copper as copper sulphate or 30 mg of copper as copper oxychloride produced little or no detectable increase in liver copper. Liver copper concentrations of untreated sheep were lowest in winter, apparently associated with increased damage to the abomasum, as indicated by raised plasma pepsinogen activities.
The clinico‐pathology of a malignant catarrhal fever syndrome in the Indonesian swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: HOFFMANN D. , SOERIPTO S. , SOBIRONINGSIH S. , CAMPBELL R. S. F. , CLARKE B. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBetween September 1979 and May 1982, 50 of 177 swamp buffaloes became sick and died S3 to 719 days (mean 271) after being transferred to a research facility and housed in quarters adjacent to where sheep and goats were kept. The major clinical signs were anorexia, fever, conjunctivitis, scleral hyperaemia, ocular discharge, hyperaemia of skin, enlargement of lymph nodes and depression. Postmortem and histopathological lesions were observed in most of the tissues and organs of the body. A vasculitis with adventitial mononuclear cell infiltration and lymphoreticular reactions suggested a relationship to malignant catarrhal fever. The occurrence of serofibrinous epicarditis and myocarditis, which was seen in buffaloes in all cases, has not been a common finding in ruminants with malignant catarrhal fever.
A urease‐ELISA for the detection of mycoplasma infections in poultry
Authors: PATTEN B. E. , HIGGINS P. A. , WHITHEAR K. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn ELISA utilising a urease‐antibody conjugate specific to chicken IgG was examined as an alternative to the serum agglutination and the haemagglutination inhibition tests in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae infections in poultry. Use of a urease conjugate allowed the serum reactions to be appraised without the need for expensive photometric equipment. Non‐specific binding of conjugate to antigen was eliminated by treatment of antigen coated microplates with 10% foetal calf serum in phosphate buffered saline. Some chicken serums produced non‐specific reactions. These reactions were reduced without any loss of test sensitivity by making the initial 1:5 dilution of chicken serum in whole sheep serum rather than diluting buffer. Tests on serums from experimentally infected chickens showed that the urease ELISA was specific, and was as sensitive as the serum agglutination test but more sensitive than the haemagglutination inhibition test.
An epidemiological study of trichostrongylidiasis in dairy cattle grazing irrigated pastures
Authors: OVEREND D. , VEALE P. I. , COPLAND J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTrichostrongylid burdens in 1 to 2‐year‐old dairy heifers were estimated after they grazed with a dairy herd for up to 12 months. Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia oncophora represented 79.5, 12.7 and 7.8% respectively of all trichostrongylids recovered. The largest burden was 97,000 trichostrongyles with less than 20,000 being the typical burden. Clinical disease was not observed. The strain of O. ostertagi present was capable of inhibition and was not necessarily controlled by anthelmintics. Availability of infective larvae increased with the onset of spring when “modified tracer” calves accumulated up to 30,000 trichostrongyles over intervals of one month. From July to September each year, up to 80% of the Ostertagia burden in these animals were inhibited larvae. Faecal strongyloid egg counts fell from less than an average of 60 eggs per gram to 10 eggs per gram when the heifers were one and 2 years old, respectively. Mature cows continually passed few eggs in their faeces.
A survey of hairy shaker disease (border disease, hypomyelinogenesis congenita) in sheep
Authors: LIM C.‐F. , CARNEGIE P. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA survey by mail in 1979 of 995 sheep farmers in Victoria enquiring as to the occurrence of hairy shaker disease (HSO) in lambs on their farms resulted in a 48% response. A total of 17 farms reported the presence of HSD. One hundred and eleven ewes produced lambs with HSD representing a small proportion only of the ewes (0.8%) on these farms and an even smaller percentage of the total ewes (0.03%) in the survey. Abortions were not prevalent on the majority of farms reporting HSO. There was no evidence that HSD was more common in any particular area in Victoria. As was anticipated mucosal disease virus/bovine virus diarrhoea (MDV) antibody was often present in serums from affected sheep.It was concluded that at present, the hairy shaker form of border disease did not appear to be an economically important problem in Victoria.
Electromyographic study of the cat's diaphragm during oesophageal distension
Authors: AZIZ H. A. , REX M. A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In 10 cats, under acute experimental conditions, the effects of distension of the oesophagus on diaphragmatic activity were studied. Bipolar recording electrodes were implanted in the diaphragmatic dome muscular fibres and crura muscular fibres. Electrodes similar to those in the diaphragm were inserted in the oesophageal muscular wall above the hiatus and in the rectus abdominis muscle.Changes in the intrathoracic pressure and blood pressure were recorded by catheters placed in the pleural cavity and carotid artery respectively.Distension of the lower part of the thoracic oesophagus (at the level between the heart and the hiatus, 5 to 7 cm from the hiatus) by inflating a balloon with 10 to 15 ml of air produced a partial or total inhibition of the inspiratory electrical activity of the inner hiatal muscular fibres, while the inspiratory electrical activity of the dome muscular fibres was generally unchanged. This inhibition was increasingly pronounced as the distension volume increased and as the balloon was positioned nearer to the hiatus.During the distension period, only electrocardiographic potentials were recorded on the oesophageal muscular wall and rectus abdominis muscle traces and no significant changes were observed from intrathoracic pressure or blood pressure channels.Distension by means of a balloon either inflated with up to 5 ml of air when placed 5 to 7 cm cranial to the hiatus or inflated with 15 ml of air when localised in the cervical oesophagus and intrahiatally produced no effect.All areas of the diaphragm were silent during expiration.
Toxicity in utility pigeons caused by the coccidiostat dinitolmide
Authors: REECE R. L. , HOOPER P. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Utility pigeons on 3 farms were affected by a severe neurological disturbance manifested by fine tremors, rolling gait and incoordination. Affected birds had necrosis of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The birds from the 3 farms had been fed a pelleted diet obtained from a single mix of feed prepared by a stockfeed manufacturer. When feed obtained from the farms was given to utility pigeons under controlled conditions at the laboratory, they suffered the same clinical signs and lesions as seen in birds from the farms. Cross‐bred cockerels were not affected when given this feed from day‐old to 6 weeks of age. Samples of the feed contained 185 to 226 ppm of the coccidiostat dinitolmide. Utility pigeons given a prepared diet containing a similar level (234 ppm) of dinitolmide developed an identical condition after 3 to 4 weeks feeding. Laying hens were not affected by this feed. Dimetridazole, which was also present in some of the original feed samples, did not exacerbate the condition when Included in the diet at a rate of 233 ppm.Production of squabs from the affected farms was dramatically reduced, arid many of the breeder birds had to be culled because of the long‐standing neurological disease.
An unusual incidence of neurological disease affecting horses during a drought
Authors: ROBERTSON‐SMITH R. G. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , FRIEND S. C. E. , BADCOE L. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The clinical, pathological and epidemiological factors were investigated in 12 horses presenting with severe neurological signs. Although the cases involved differing central (n=1), spinal cord (n=4) and peripheral nerve (n=7) deficits in a number of instances, there were similar pathological findings.The possibility of a unifying aetiological factor, such as a toxicosis, is discussed because of the pathological similarities and as the cases appeared during an unusually long dry period.
The eradication of Damalinia ovis by spraying insecticide onto the tip of the wool
Authors: WILKINSON F. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The eradication of lice from Merino sheep with wool up to 65 mm long was achieved by spraying insecticide onto the tip of wool over the sides and back. The insecticides used were cyhalothrin and diazinon in small volumes and at high concentration. When infested sheep were sprayed with 100 ml of cyhalothrin 1,500 ppm or diazinon 36,000 ppm, no live lice were seen 23 days after treatment. When treated sheep were challenged with live lice 100 days after treatment an infestation did not establish. Cyhalothrin at a lower concentration of 1,000 ppm gave excellent control but at 500 ppm only fair control was obtained. Diazinon at 24,000 ppm gave probable eradication and at 12,000 ppm excellent control.If a practical method of applying the insecticide to the tip of wool can be developed, then this technique should provide an effective means of eradicating lice in sheep with long wool. This would greatly assist the sheep industry in controlling and eradicating sheep lice.
An outbreak of lead poisoning in dogs
Authors: HAMIR A. N. , SULLIVAN N. D. , HANDSON P. D. , BARR S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An outbreak of lead toxicosis in working dogs on a sheep farm is described. The affected dogs exhibited neurological signs which appeared to be initiated by straineous physical activity. Radiological examination and estimation of urinary delta aminolevolonic acid (U‐ALA) was not found to be useful for clinical diagnosis but blood lead estimation was helpful in detecting and confirming dogs that were exposed to lead.Gross pathological lesions were absent in a lead poisoned dog. However, histopathological lesions were seen in brain and bone. Acid‐fast lead inclusion were not detected in liver and kidney epithelial cells but were present in osteoclasts.
Differences between breeds of sheep in their responses to Bacteroides nodosus vaccines
Authors: STEWART D. J. , EMERY D. L. , CLARK B. L. , PETERSON J. E. , IYER H. , JARRETT R. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn a field experiment on irrigated pasture, sheep of several breeds were vaccinated twice, subcutaneously, in the upper neck, with Bacteroides nodosus vaccine containing either depiliated cells (DC vaccine), or whole, piliated cells (WC vaccine) and the responses were measured over the following 14 weeks. DC vaccine was as effective as WC vaccine in protecting against the development of foot‐rot under conditions of moderate challenge, although the WC vaccine induced significantly higher pilus agglutinating antibody titres. Foot‐rot developed in significantly more vaccinated Merinos (Peppin and Saxon strains) than in Romney Marsh, Dorset Horn or Border Leicester breeds. Agglutinating antibody titres after WC vaccination were significantly lower in the Peppin Merino than in the other sheep for the first 6 weeks, while after DC vaccination the titres remained elevated longer in the Border Leicester and Saxon Merino and were significantly higher from 6 weeks onwards. Reactions at the inoculation sites were generally larger in the British breeds than in the Merinos and among the former the reactions were largest, most numerous and most frequently discharged their contents in the Dorset Horn. Bodyweight gains in all vaccinated sheep were initially reduced, compared with controls, but the differences were no longer significant after the eighth week.
Suspected monensin toxicosis in feedlot cattle
Authors: GEOR R.J. , ROBINSON W.F. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySuspected monensin toxicosis was seen in feedlot cattle aged 6 to 9 months. Twenty cattle died following inclusion of monensin in the feed at 400g/tonne, which was 13 times the recommended level. The deaths occurred over 2 weeks. Clinical signs were inappetance, respiratory distress and sudden death. Post‐mortem features were those of right‐sided heart failure and included dependent subcutaneous oedema, ascites, hydrothorax, and periancinar hepatocyte congestion and necrosis. However, in contrast to previous reports no myocardial necrosis was found, but focal skeletal muscle necrosis was observed. Additional findings were marked pulmonary oedema accompanied by fibrin and erythrocyte exudation into alveoli and interlobular lymphatics. From these findings it appears that monensin, as well as affecting both cardiac and skeletal muscle, has a primary effect on lung vasculature.
An evaluation of a biphasic medium for the isolation of Brucella abortus from bovine tissues
Authors: CORNER L. A. , ALTON G. G. , IYER H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The isolation of virulent Brucells abortus from specimens taken from cattle was studied using culture in biphasic medium in which solid and liquid media were contained in the same flask and on solid medium in Petri plates. A total of 8638 specimens from 441 cattle, reactors to one or more of several serological tests or to an allergic test, were used. The specimens consisted of lymph nodes, udder, spleen, uterine caruncles, cotyledons, foetal tissues, foetal stomach contents and mammary secretions. Following maceration each specimen was inoculated into 2 flasks of biphasic medium one with 1 ml (Flask A) and the other with 2 ml (Flask B), and on to solid medium in one Petri plate.The biphasic medium and solid medium were shown to have equal ability to support the growth of B. abortus. The increased rate of detection in the biphasic medium was due to the increased volume of the inoculum used.Brucella were isolated from 1151 specimens. By direct plating on the solid medium 685 specimens were positive whereas Flask A positive for 961 specimens and Flask B for 1031 specimens. The success of the biphasic medium can be judged by the increase in the number of infected animals detected. Of the 150 infected cattle, both techniques identified 126 animals in common, 4 were identified only by the plate technique and 20 only by the biphasic technique. Culture on both solid medium and in biphasic medium is recommended for optimum results.
The use of progesterone administered intravaginally and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin given by injection in controlled breeding programs in beef and dairy cattle
Authors: MUNRO R. K. , MOORE N. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Five experiments involving 1,244 cows and heifers were carried out to investigate the factors which might influence the calving performance to fixed‐time artificial insemination following intravaginal administration of progesterone (PRID) and intramuscular injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Factors examined were duration of PRID treatment, time of treatment after calving, time and dose PMSG and lactational status. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 were carried out on milked Friesian cows, experiment 4 on Friesian heifers and experiment 5 on suckled and dry Herefords.All cows were inseminated once with frozen/thawed semen 54 to 58 h or 46 to 50 h after completion of PRID treatment.Overall there was a progressive increase in calving rates with an increase in the duration of treatment from 12 to 14 to 16 days but there was little or no effect of time after calving (4 v 7 weeks) at which treatment was commenced. The poorer calving performance of cows treated for 12 to 14 days was associated with relatively high peripheral levels of plasma progesterone at the time of the PRID removal, suggesting the presence at the end of treatment of residual secretory luteal tissue.There was an effect on calving performance of PMSG given at the time of PRID removal but its effect varied according to the duration of PRID treatment. After 12 days treatments (experiments 1 and 5) PMSG had little effect, whereas after 14 days treatments, 0, 500 and 750 IU PMSG gave calving rates of 2770, 40% and 46% in experiment 2 and 5%, 24% and 38% in experiment 5. In cows treated for 16 days 0, 500 and 750 IU PMSG gave calving rates of 40%, 31% and 17% in experiment 2 and 24%, 35% and 27% in experiment 5. Experiment 3 showed an effect of time of PMSG injection. Cows were treated with PRIDS for 14 or 16 days and 22% and 39% calved following the injection of 500 IU PMSG at the time of, or 24 h before PRID removal.In experiment 5, 17% and 96%, respectively, of suckled and dry Herefords showed ovarian activity at the start of treatment, but ovarian status had no effect upon calving performance. However in Friesians lactational status appeared to have a major effect. In experiment 4, 75% of Friesian heifers treated with PRIDS for 14 days and given 500 IU PMSG calved whereas calving rates of milked Friesians (experiments 1, 2 and 3) rarely exceeded 40% but were not significantly different from the calving rates of untreated cows (experiment 3). The results of the experiments described in this paper indicate the treatment most likely to be successful in widespread use would be a 14 day PRID insertion with PMSG (500 IU for heifers and 750 IU for cows) injected 24 h before PRID removal.
Pathology of acute experimental Actinobacillus seminis mastitis in ewes
Authors: ALSENOSY A.M. , DENNIS S. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Sequential pathological changes were studied for 9 days after inoculating Actinobacillus seminis in the mammary gland of sheep.The inoculated mammary glands became enlarged (2 to 4 times normal), turgid or consolidated and contained creamy or greenish‐yellow viscid contents. A. seminis was isolated from all inoculated udders at necropsy. Microscopically, the reaction in the udder to A. seminis may be divided into 4 overlapping phases; acute purulent, subacute purulent, necrotising, and proliferative. It was concluded that A. serninis was pathogenic for the ovine mammary gland, the clinical and pathological findings were nonspecific, and that A. seminis could survive within ovine mammary tissue for a least 9 days after inoculation.