bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of genotype and texture on zein content in endosperm of maize grains
Authors: Landry J. , Delhaye S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of genotypes and texture on the content of proteins in maize grains was examined by assessing absolute amounts of six protein fractions in the whole endosperms of four wild‐type lines with high protein content and four quality protein maize (QPM) varieties and for hand‐dissected hard and soft endosperm regions from eight other lines. As previously reported for six wild‐type lines and their opaque‐2(o2) versions, zeins were predominant for all genetic backgrounds and all types of endosperms. From these data and others the amounts of zeins and true proteins (crude proteins free of non‐protein nitrogen) in developing and mature endosperms of wild‐type lines were correlated. The data points for zeins from hard endosperms lay between the regression line and the upper limit of confidence area. Those for zeins from soft endosperms were located at the lower part of confidence area and on a level with the points corresponding to the most immature endosperms. Furthermore, some data points for zeins from o2 and QPM samples lay near the lower limit while the others were outside the confidence area. This suggested an initial zein accumulation dependent on the genotype at a low relative rate, followed by an accumulation at higher rate. The conditions used for isolating and quantitating zeins are discussed.
Clinical implications of C‐reactive protein as a predictor of vascular risk
Authors: Katrinchak Carolyn , Fritz Kathryn 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPurpose: To describe the role of C‐reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and its role in risk reduction and disease prevention for the primary care provider.Data sources: Extensive review of scientific literature on CRP and CHD.Conclusions: Despite the scientific knowledge we have gained about prevention, risk factors, detection, and treatment, there are still high rates of CHD and acute coronary syndromes in the United States. With greater understanding of the role of inflammation in atherothrombotic disease, much attention has been given to monitoring CRP as a marker of risk for CHD. Guidelines for the use of CRP in clinical practice have been developed by the American Heart Association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, there is little specific guidance on how primary care providers should apply pharmaceutical strategies to reduce elevated levels of CRP.Implications for practice: There is increasing evidence that CRP is an independent risk factor for CHD, can be a valuable tool in assessing at‐risk populations, and provide additional information for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, which can assist the nurse practitioner target patients who may need lifestyle modifications that traditional screening tests may not identify.
Fibromyalgia—Management of a misunderstood disorder
Authors: Peterson Erin L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this article is to review (a) what is currently known about the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia (FM), (b) how to identify patients who are susceptible to this disorder, and (c) the recommended pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options.Data sources:Data sources include reviews and original research from scholarly journals and Internet sites.Conclusions:There are approximately 6 million individuals in the United States diagnosed with FM, making it the third most prevalent rheumatologic disorder in this country. Failure to identify a specific causal mechanism for FM has resulted in a shift in the focus of research from etiology to treatment (Baumstark & Buckelew, 2002). Based on the literature, the most successful interventions for reduction of chronic symptoms in the FM patient is a combination of education, psychological assistance, and exercise, along with medications. It is essential that nurse practitioners (NPs) understand the issues and concerns of patients afflicted with this complex disorder. Although the organic etiology of FM syndrome remains unclear, the goals of treatment are to control pain and improve adjustment, well‐being, and daily functioning of these patients to the maximum extent possible.Implications for practice:NPs are in a unique position to help identify patients who may be suffering from FM or those diagnosed with FM reporting inadequate relief of symptoms. The incomplete understanding of the biological underpinnings, as well as the multiple symptoms that characterize FM syndrome, make it a challenging disorder to diagnose and treat. It takes time and patience to care for FM patients, and there are no “quick fixes.” Diagnosis is made by a combination of patient history, physical examination, laboratory evaluations, and exclusion of other causes of symptoms confused with FM. Understanding the symptomology and recommended treatments will allow NPs to give appropriate care that may include making referrals for multidisciplinary treatment of these complex patients.
Lay beliefs about hypertension: An interpretive synthesis of the qualitative research
Authors: Schlomann Pam , Schmitke Joan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this interpretive synthesis was to explore lay beliefs about high blood pressure and its treatment in order to develop a foundation for better partnering with clients.Data sources:Meta‐interpretation was used to analyze 11 qualitative research studies published in the United States between 2000 and 2005.Conclusions:Professional and lay beliefs about hypertension are not congruent. Historical factors, lack of congruence between belief systems, and poor relationships with providers lead many clients, especially African Americans, to distrust providers and impede the effectiveness of treatment plans. The most problematic discrepancies were related to beliefs about (a) the presence of symptoms, (b) the need to take medications for the rest of life, and (c) race‐specific treatment plans. The interactions between nurse practitioners and hypertensive clients have not been explored.Implications for practice:Professional–client interactions based on partnership models, with specific consideration for the above‐stated discrepancies in beliefs, are necessary to improve hypertension control.
Sexual Attitudes and Risk‐Taking Behaviors of High School Students in Turkey*
Authors: Aras Sahbal , Semin Semih , Gunay Turkan , Orcin Esmahan , Ozan Sema 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  The risk of sexually transmitted diseases is high but opportunities of sexual education for adolescents are limited in Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual attitudes and behaviors and to determine the predictors of sexual initiation among adolescents.Methods:  A questionnaire designed by the researchers was administered to 861 senior year high school students in their classrooms.Results:  The rates of masturbation and sexual intercourse and the median partner numbers among males were higher than females. The rates of having negative feelings after the first sex among females were higher than males. The rates of having sexual intercourse and the mean age at first sexual intercourse among males were similar to developed countries. However, the use of a condom at first intercourse was low. Lower academic performance and grade repetition experience among males and cigarette smoking among both gender groups were related to having sexual intercourse.Conclusions:  This is one of the first studies about sexual risk–taking behaviors among high school students in Turkey. Differences found between gender groups regarding attitudes and behaviors reflect the social structure in Turkey. These findings may be helpful in producing effective solutions for improving education and preventive health care.
The Strength of School Wellness Policies: One State’s Experience
Authors: Metos Julie , Nanney Marilyn S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  This study examines the results of federal legislation on the content and quality of policies written in 2005‐2006 by Utah school districts (n = 30).Methods:  Policies were gathered by phone call requests to school districts or obtained on district Web pages. Content was compared to requirements outlined in the Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act (CNRA) of 2004 and recommendations made by a state coalition of health and education agencies. The strength of the language was assessed (mandate vs recommendation), and characteristics of school districts that adopted strong policies were identified.Results:  The majority of Utah school districts (78%) complied with the federal guidelines, and a variety of state recommended nutrition and physical activity policy statements were included. The strength of the language used in the policies revealed that districts were more likely to mandate items already required by other entities or well established in the district. School districts with high participation in free‐ and reduced‐price programs had significantly more mandatory policies (mean = 9.2) versus low (mean = 7.1) and medium enrollment (mean = 4.7). Urban school districts were more likely to indicate mandatory competitive food policies than rural and suburban (mean = 2.3 vs 0.93, 0.83). There were no differences in policy language between school districts based on race or size.Conclusions:  Compliance with the CNRA may be a positive step toward improving the school nutrition and physical activity environment, but it does not ensure a comprehensive or powerful policy. Schools and community partners must continue to work together to strengthen wellness policies and programs.
Assessment of Cross-Reactivity between
Mycobacterium bovis
and
M. kansasii
ESAT-6 and CFP-10 at the T-Cell Epitope Level
Authors: Vordermeier H. Martin , Brown Jemma , Cockle Paul J. , Franken Willeke P. J. , Arend Sandra M. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Jahans Keith , Hewinson R. Glyn 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Cross-reactivity between
Mycobacterium kansasii
ESAT-6 and CFP-10 homologues and their
M. bovis
counterparts can confound the interpretation of immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis.
M. kansasii
is a nontuberculous mycobacterial species cultured from skin test-positive cattle in Great Britain. Using peptides derived from
M. bovis
and
M. kansasii
ESAT-6 and CFP-10 regions that differ between these species, we investigated the species specificity and cross-reactivity at the level of individual bovine T-cell epitopes. Our results demonstrated that all peptides tested are fully cross-reactive, with the exception of one ESAT-6-derived peptide that harbored an
M. bovis
-specific epitope(s) when it was recognized in the context of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DQ but that was cross-reactive with its
M. kansasii
homologues when it was restricted by BoLA-DR. This observation further highlights that prediction of species specificity by comparing sequence identity/homology alone is not sufficient and that individuals with diverse major histocompatibility complex constellations need to be tested to characterize the cross-reactivity or species specificity of peptide-based reagents.
USA300 Genotype Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
as a Cause of Surgical Site Infections
Authors: Patel Mukesh , Kumar Ritu A. , Stamm Alan M. , Hoesley Craig J. , Moser Stephen A. , Waites Ken B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Community-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) strains are increasingly recovered from nosocomial settings. We conducted a retrospective study of surgical site infections (SSI) during 2004 and 2005 to determine the prevalence of CA-MRSA; 57% of MRSA strains tested belonged to the USA300 genotype. CA-MRSA has become a prominent cause of SSI at our institution.
Sequential Linezolid-Resistant
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Isolates with G2576T Mutation
Authors: Hong Tao , Li Xiangyang , Wang Jie , Sloan Cynthia , Cicogna Cristina 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We report on an analysis of sequential isolates of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
from cultures of blood obtained from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia while the patient was receiving linezolid treatment. All 12 isolates had a linezolid MIC of 32 μg/ml. A 420-bp domain V region of the 23S rRNA gene from all isolates was amplified, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. A G2576T mutation was identified in all isolates. It was estimated that 67% of the 23S rRNA genes carried this mutation. This is the first report of the failure of linezolid treatment for
Staphylococcus epidermidis
bacteremia associated with a G2576T mutation in an immunocompromised patient.
The Interaction of APOBEC3G with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Inhibits tRNA
3
Lys
Annealing to Viral RNA
Authors: Guo Fei , Cen Shan , Niu Meijuan , Yang Yiliang , Gorelick Robert J. , Kleiman Lawrence 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) containing human APOBEC3G (hA3G) has a reduced ability to produce viral DNA in newly infected cells. At least part of this hA3G-facilitated inhibition is due to a cytidine deamination-independent reduction in the ability to initiate reverse transcription. HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NCp7) is required both for the incorporation of hA3G into virions and for the annealing between viral RNA and tRNA
3
Lys
, the primer tRNA for reverse transcription. Herein we present evidence that the interaction of hA3G with nucleocapsid is required for the inhibition of reverse transcription initiation. A tRNA
3
Lys
priming complex was produced in vitro by the NCp7-facilitated annealing of tRNA
3
Lys
to synthetic viral RNA in the absence or presence of hA3G. The effect of hA3G on the annealing of tRNA
3
Lys
to viral RNA and the ability of tRNA
3
Lys
to initiate reverse transcription was measured. Our results show the following. (i) Electrophoretic band shift and primer binding site assays show that hA3G reduces the annealing of tRNA
3
Lys
44 and 60%, respectively, but does not disrupt the annealed complex once formed. (ii) hA3G inhibits tRNA
3
Lys
priming 70 to 80%. (iii) Inhibition of tRNA
3
Lys
priming by hA3G requires an interaction between hA3G and NCp7 during annealing. Thus, annealing of tRNA
3
Lys
is insensitive to hA3G inhibition when facilitated by a zinc finger mutant of NCp7 unable to interact with hA3G. NCp7-independent annealing of DNA to viral RNA also is insensitive to hA3G inhibition. These results indicate that hA3G does not sterically block tRNA
3
Lys
annealing by binding to viral RNA. Annealing and priming are not affected by another RNA binding protein, QKI-6.
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Enters Cells by Two Different Pathways, and Infection Requires the Activation of the Cellular Kinase ROCK1
Authors: Frampton Arthur R. , Stolz Donna B. , Uchida Hiroaki , Goins William F. , Cohen Justus B. , Glorioso Joseph C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a member of the
Alphaherpesviridae
, displays a broad host range in vitro, allowing for detailed study of the mechanisms of productive infection, including attachment and entry, in various cell culture systems. Previously, we showed that EHV-1 infects Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells even though these cells do not express a known alphaherpesvirus entry receptor. In this report, we show by electron microscopy and an infectious recovery assay that entry into CHO-K1 cells occurs via an endocytic or phagocytic mechanism, while entry into equine dermal (ED) or rabbit kidney (RK13) cells occurs by direct fusion at the cell surface. In both cases (endocytic/phagocytic or direct fusion), entry leads to productive infection. Using drugs that inhibit clathrin-dependent or caveola-dependent endocytosis, we showed that EHV-1 entry into CHO-K1 cells does not require clathrin or caveolae. We also show that EHV-1 infection requires the activation of cell signaling molecules. In particular, we demonstrate that activation of the serine/threonine Rho kinase ROCK1 is critical for infection. Inhibition of this kinase by drugs or overexpression of a negative regulator of ROCK1 significantly blocked EHV-1 infection. These results show that EHV-1 can enter disparate cell types by at least two distinct mechanisms and that productive infection is dependent upon the activation of ROCK1.
Incorporation of High Levels of Chimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins into Virus-Like Particles
Authors: Wang Bao-Zhong , Liu Weimin , Kang Sang-Moo , Alam Munir , Huang Chunzi , Ye Ling , Sun Yuliang , Li Yingying , Kothe Denise L. , Pushko Peter , Dokland Terje , Haynes Barton F. , Smith Gale , Hahn Beatrice H. , Compans Richard W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env) protein is incorporated into HIV virions or virus-like particles (VLPs) at very low levels compared to the glycoproteins of most other enveloped viruses. To test factors that influence HIV Env particle incorporation, we generated a series of chimeric gene constructs in which the coding sequences for the signal peptide (SP), transmembrane (TM), and cytoplasmic tail (CT) domains of HIV-1 Env were replaced with those of other viral or cellular proteins individually or in combination. All constructs tested were derived from HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Con-S ΔCFI gp145, which itself was found to be incorporated into VLPs much more efficiently than full-length Con-S Env. Substitution of the SP from the honeybee protein mellitin resulted in threefold-higher chimeric HIV-1 Env expression levels on insect cell surfaces and an increase of Env incorporation into VLPs. Substitution of the HIV TM-CT with sequences derived from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) envelope glycoprotein, influenza virus hemagglutinin, or baculovirus (BV) gp64, but not from Lassa fever virus glycoprotein, was found to enhance Env incorporation into VLPs. The highest level of Env incorporation into VLPs was observed in chimeric constructs containing the MMTV and BV gp64 TM-CT domains in which the Gag/Env molar ratios were estimated to be 4:1 and 5:1, respectively, compared to a 56:1 ratio for full-length Con-S gp160. Electron microscopy revealed that VLPs with chimeric HIV Env were similar to HIV-1 virions in morphology and size and contained a prominent layer of Env spikes on their surfaces. HIV Env specific monoclonal antibody binding results showed that chimeric Env-containing VLPs retained conserved epitopes and underwent conformational changes upon CD4 binding.
The Structure of a Putative Scaffolding Protein of Immature Poxvirus Particles as Determined by Electron Microscopy Suggests Similarity with Capsid Proteins of Large Icosahedral DNA Viruses
Authors: Hyun Jae-Kyung , Coulibaly Fasséli , Turner Adrian P. , Baker Edward N. , Mercer Andrew A. , Mitra Alok K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Orf virus, the prototype parapoxvirus, is responsible for contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats. The central region of the viral genome codes for proteins highly conserved among vertebrate poxviruses and which are frequently essential for viral proliferation. Analysis of the recently published genome sequence of orf virus revealed that among such essential proteins, the protein orfv075 is an orthologue of D13, the rifampin resistance gene product critical for vaccinia virus morphogenesis. Previous studies showed that D13, arranged as “spicules,” is necessary for the formation of vaccinia virus immature virions, a mandatory intermediate in viral maturation. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of recombinant orfv075 at ∼25-Å resolution by electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals. orfv075 organizes as trimers with a tripod-like main body and a propeller-like smaller domain. The molecular envelope of orfv075 shows unexpectedly good agreement to that of a distant homologue, VP54, the major capsid protein of
Paramecium bursaria Chlorella
virus type 1. Our structural analysis suggests that orfv075 belongs in the double-barreled capsid protein family found in many double-stranded DNA icosahedral viruses and supports the hypothesis that the nonicosahedral poxviruses and the large icosahedral DNA viruses are evolutionarily related.
Commitment to Apoptosis in CD4
+
T Lymphocytes Productively Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Initiated by Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization, Itself Induced by the Isolated Expression of the Viral Protein Nef
Authors: Laforge Mireille , Petit Frederic , Estaquier Jérôme , Senik Anna 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Primary CD4
+
T lymphocytes, supporting in vitro human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, are destined to die by apoptosis. We explored the initial molecular events that act upstream from mitochondrial dysfunction in CD4
+
T lymphocytes exposed to the HIV-1
LAI
strain. We tracked by immunofluorescence the cells expressing the p24 viral antigen and used Percoll density gradients to isolate a nonapoptotic CD4
+
T-cell subset with a high inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) but no outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) rupture. In most p24
+
(but not bystander p24
−
) cells of this subset, the lysosomes were undergoing limited membrane permeabilization, allowing the lysosomal efflux of cathepsins (Cat) to the cytosol. This was also induced by HIV-1 isolates from infected patients. Using pepstatin A to inhibit Cat-D enzymatic activity and Cat-D small interfering RNA to silence the
Cat-D
gene, we demonstrate that once released into the cytosol, Cat-D induces the conformational change of Bax and its insertion into the OMM. Inhibition of Cat-D activity/expression also conferred a transient survival advantage upon productively HIV-1-infected cells, indicating that Cat-D is an early death factor. The transfection of activated CD4
+
T lymphocytes with a Nef expression vector rapidly induced the permeabilization of lysosomes and the release of Cat-D, with these two events preceding OMM rupture. These results reveal a previously undocumented mechanism in which Nef acts as an internal cytopathic factor and strongly suggest that this viral protein may behave similarly in the context of productive HIV-1 infection in CD4
+
T lymphocytes.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Derivative with 7% Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Genetic Content Is Able To Establish Infections in Pig-Tailed Macaques
Authors: Igarashi Tatsuhiko , Iyengar Ranjini , Byrum Russel A. , Buckler-White Alicia , Dewar Robin L. , Buckler Charles E. , Lane H. Clifford , Kamada Kazuya , Adachi Akio , Martin Malcolm A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) derivative (HIVNL-DT5R) containing sequences encoding a 7-amino-acid segment of CA and the entirevifgene from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was previously shown to establish spreading infections in cultured macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To assess its replicative and disease-inducing properties in vivo, HIVNL-DT5Rwas inoculated into pig-tailed macaques. HIVNL-DT5Rgenerated plasma viremia in all five of the monkeys and elicited humoral responses against all of the HIV-1 structural proteins but did not cause CD4+T-lymphocyte depletion or clinical disease. Additional adaptation will be required to optimize infectivity in vivo.