bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of an observer on eating behavior: The induction of “sensible” eating1
Authors: Herman C. Peter , Polivy Janet , Silver Roxane 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to investigate the extent of caloric compensation to differential preloading among normally restrained and unrestrained female subjects. Subjects' eating was either explicitly observed or unobserved by the experimenter. Unrestrained eaters compensated appropriately for the preload, whether or not they were observed. Restrained eaters failed to compensate when unobserved, but compensated strongly when observed. A subsequent unobserved eating task revealed that restrained eaters failed to compensate for prior consumption when the observer was withdrawn. Implications for research and therapy are discussed.
Personality correlates of attitudes toward the role and status of women in Ireland1
Authors: Fine‐Davis Margret 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the possible relationships between personality and related social‐psychological characteristics, on the one hand, and attitudes toward sex‐roles and issues relevant to the status of women, on the other. The sample consisted of 420 male and female Dublin adults aged 18 to 65, who were randomly selected within stratification categories. Factor analytically derived measures of personality and related social‐psychological characteristics were developed as well as similarly derived measures of attitudes toward the role and status of women. Composite scores on these two sets of factors were intercorrelated for the total sample and for males and females separately. The correlational analyses revealed that traditional sex‐role attitudes and less favorable attitudes to equal pay, contraception, and maternal employment were significantly correlated with measures of religiosity. Traditional attitudes and opposition to social change in the area of sex‐role behavior were also found to be positively correlated with less trust in people, feelings of self‐deprecation and powerlessness, and a need for order and predictability. Analysis of variance and path analysis were used to explore the possible mediating role played by demographic characteristics, such as age and socioeconomic status, in these relationships.
Effects of purpose on the organization and recall of information in person perception1
Authors: Jeffery Katharine M. , Mischel Walter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe first study investigated how the purpose for which information about a person is to be used affects the way a perceiver organizes the information. Subjects were asked to categorize and label episodes which described the behavior of a fictional person “Jill” in 64 different situations, and to summarize what each category meant to them. Half of the episodes were easily categorized according to the traits that Jill manifested, half according to features of the situations. One group (personality impression) expected later to describe Jill's personality, a second group (prediction) expected to make predictions about Jill's behavior, and a third group (recall) expected to be tested on their recall of the episodes. The results indicated that subjects in the behavior prediction group categorized the episodes primarily in terms of the personality characteristics Jill portrayed, just as the personality impression group did. In contrast, only the categories formed by the recall group paralleled the built‐in structure of the episodes, i.e., they were as often based on features of the situation as on Jill's personality characteristics. A second study showed that the categorization strategies of the recall subjects actually did produce higher recall than those of the personality impression and behavior prediction subjects. The results were interpreted as suggesting that when making behavioral predictions, just as when forming impressions, the layman, like the traditional trait psychologist, prefers to organize information in terms of personality constructs rather than in a way that facilitates retrieval of everything that happened in specific situations. The cognitive costs as well as the gains produced by this strategy merit further scrutiny.
Toward an interactional psychology: Models from achievement motivation research1
Authors: Nygård Roald 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMotivated by calls from interactional psychology for theories and studies involving both personality and situation variables, two achievement motivation theories of personality‐by‐situation interaction illustrated by data are presented. It is shown how a pure personological or situational approach can lead us astray, how differences in behavior from situation to situation or over time can be predicted from personality and situation variables incorporated in achievement motivation theory, and how achievement motivation research bears on issues of interactional psychology like situation analysis, the consistency issue, situations as activators of motivational forces, and stored/situational information in the mediating process. The mechanistic/dynamic interaction distinction is discussed, and it is asserted that there is not necessarily a contradiction between these conceptualizations.
Type A behavior, academic aspirations, and academic success1
Authors: Ovcharchyn Christine A. , Johnson Homer H. , Petzel Thomas P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the link between the Type A coronary‐prone behavior pattern and attainment of success in an academic setting. First semester college freshmen were administered 3 sets of questionnaires during the course of the fall semester that were designed to assess academic activities, outside responsibilities, and importance of academic success. Indices of actual academic performance were obtained from university records. The hypotheses that Type A students (1) would be involved in more activities, (2) place greater importance on academic success, and (3) actually achieve higher performance levels than Type B students, were confirmed. In addition, the results found that compared to Type B, the Type A students perceived more parental pressure, came from higher SES families, and were more clear as to what was expected of them. Implications for further research are discussed.
The family relationships of humor‐oriented adolescents1
Authors: Prasinos Steven , Tittler Bennett I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt was hypothesized that humor‐oriented people emerge from a pattern of distance in family relationships. Using Moos's (1974) Family Environment Scale (FES) and Kuethe's (1962) figure‐placement technique, the family experience of 88 Boy Scouts was assessed. Through a peer nomination technique nonhumor‐oriented, middle, and humor‐oriented groups were formed. As predicted, the humor‐oriented group exhibited lower cohesion scores (p <.01) and greater conflict scores (p <.10) on the FES and greater distance from father in the figure placement (p <.05). A subgroup of humor‐oriented boys receiving high ratings for funniness displayed similar though somewhat more general patterns of family distance. Humor orientation was modestly associated with popularity but not with age, birth order, or number of siblings. A family‐distance model of humor orientation was proposed which views humor as an attempt to relate from a distance. This framework appears to be consistent with a variety of earlier findings pertaining to the psychology of humor.
Situation and person‐centered approaches to promoting leadership behavior in low performance self‐esteem women
Authors: Stake Jayne E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn each of 84 mixed‐sex dyads, a low performance self‐esteem woman was appointed to the role of leader in the dyad's decision‐making task. Situation and person‐centered approaches to promoting the woman's leadership behavior were tested by providing information regarding the women's task‐relevant competence to one, both, or neither dyad member prior to the day of the task. Decision outcome scores and ratings of audio tapes served as measures of dyadic influence. When women were given the leadership information beforehand, they were more leaderlike and their partners were more acquiescent; informing men beforehand had little effect on the interaction, especially when the women had not been informed. Subjects' postdiscussion self‐ratings, partner ratings, and perceived partner ratings suggested subtle forms of male defensiveness and more obvious forms of female discomfort with the leader role.
Children's use of defense mechanisms in reaction to displeasure caused by others
Authors: Cramer Phebe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo groups of children (mean ages = 7–0 and 10–1) were presented with eight video vignettes depicting unpleasant child‐related situations. The child's defensive reaction was evaluated by means of an open‐ended free response and by choice of one of four response alternatives: turning against the object, turning against the self, projection, and reversal. Sex‐ and age‐related differences were predicted, and found in the younger age group: Boys chose turning against the object more often than did girls, who chose reversal more often than did boys.
Toward a further understanding of the intuitive personologist: Some preliminary evidence for the dialectical quality of subjective personality impressions
Authors: Lamiell James T. , Foss Mark A. , Trierweiler Steven J. , Leffel G. Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDespite significant advances over the past three decades in our understanding of the implicit personality theorist, some important questions remain, particularly as regards the nature of the underlying reasoning process by which subjectively meaningful personality impressions are formulated and expressed. The present article seeks to address this issue, with particular attention being given to the distinction between demonstrative and dialectical reasoning. Preliminary empirical evidence is offered to suggest that, at least under certain conditions, lay persons formulate and express subjective personality impressions on the basis of a reasoning process that is essentially dialectical in nature. Some major implications of this point of view for the study of the intuitive personologist are discussed. The limitations of the evidence presented, and the need for further research are also noted.
Theoretical vs. actuarial analyses of personality ratings, and other rudimentary distinctions
Authors: Lamiell James T. , Trierweiler Steven J. , Foss Mark A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn their respective attempts to identify the “critical flaws” in Lamiell, Foss, Trierweiler, and Leffel's research on the role of dialectical reasoning in intuitive personology, both Conger and Woody (1983; see preceding articles) err by obscuring a crucial distinction between judgments, which are mental phenomena, and ratings, which are behavioral phenomena. By elaborating this distinction in the present article, we explain, among other things, the following: (1) Contrary to Woody's claim, Lamiell et al.'s formal representation of dialectical reasoning via interactive measurement is neither equivalent to nor reducible to Anderson's weighted averaging model of impression formation. (2) Contrary to Conger's claim, Lamiell et al.'s formal representations of demonstrative reasoning in terms of the normal‐curve equivalents of z‐scores did not bias their results against the normative or ipsative models, and in fact presented those models more favorably and in a manner more consistent with the extant empirical literature on rating behavior than does the alternative Conger proposes. (3) The profile dissimilarity analyses reported by Lamiell et al. were entirely adequate for their purposes. It is concluded that Lamiell et al.'s findings stand as billed: preliminary evidence for the dialectical quality of subjective personality impressions.
The adjective generation technique: Consistency of self‐description in psychiatric patients
Authors: Schroeder David J. , Pendleton Mark G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere has been considerable controversy about whether human behavior is consistent across situations and time. Using the adjective generation technique (AGT), Allen and Potkay (1973, 1977a) found that subjects' self‐favorability was quite variable and concluded that this did not support Bem and Allen's (1974) position that the consistency would be greater if idiographic assessment techniques were utilized. Bem (1977) criticized this conclusion, making the points that the AGT is not idiographic and that the favorability value of each day should be considered as a single item in a larger test rather than be considered independently. The present study was designed to address both the consistency of behavior across time and also the controversy regarding the AGT. Eleven psychiatric inpatients completed the AGT for 30 consecutive days. The results indicated that while AGT values are highly variable on a day‐to‐day basis, these values are quite consistent when averaged across even short periods of time. These results are very similar to those reported by Epstein (1979).
Children's reports of the sources of self‐knowledge
Authors: Schoeneman Thomas J. , Tabor Lila E. , Nash David L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNursery schoolers and first‐ and third‐graders participated in an interview which assessed recall, comprehension, and perceived importance of three sources of self‐knowledge: social feedback, self‐observation, and social comparison. For recall measures, these sources were embedded in stories about a child making a self‐discovery. Recall of all three sources improved with grade level, and feedback was the best remembered self‐validational process. Comprehension was defined as the ability to identify the sources as depicted in line drawings, and it, too, increased with grade level. All three sources were well understood by older children, but preschoolers had difficulty with the concept of social comparison. Ratings of importance, also assessed using line drawings, were independent of grade level. When selecting their own “very best” source of self‐knowledge, children cited self‐observation most frequently. A supplementary sample of preschoolers nominated the best source of self‐knowledge for other children rather than for themselves; under these instructions, feedback from others emerged as the preferred source.
The perception of nonemergency helping situations: Costs, rewards, and the altruistic personality
Authors: Kerber Kenneth W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIndividual differences in the perception of nonemergency helping situations were examined using descriptions of five situations in which a person asked for assistance. Four versions of each situation were created so as to differ in the costs (low vs. high) and rewards (low vs. high) associated with helping. One hundred and thirty‐two undergraduates indicated the amount of help they would be willing to provide in each situation and rated the perceived rewards and costs of providing help. Subjects also completed the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale and a measure of altruism taken from the Omnibus Personality Inventory. Controlling for individual differences in approval motivation, willingness to help in the five nonemergency situations was negatively related to the costs for helping and was positively related to the rewards for helping and to personality differences in altruism. In addition, highly altruistic persons viewed the identical situations as more rewarding and less costly than persons low in altruism. Individual differences in willingness to help may reflect variations in situation perception. In this case, the altruistic person would be an individual who consistently evaluates helping situations more favorably in terms of the potential rewards and costs of providing help.
The consistency of presented personality: Additional evidence from aggregation
Authors: Woodruffe Charles 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study investigated people's variability across situations by getting ratings of 66 subjects on 14 bipolar dimensions from at least eight interactants, chosen for their diversity. The intercorrelation of single ratings yielded a mean coefficient of .221. The correlation of single ratings with the aggregate of the other ratings for a dimension resulted in a mean coefficient of .388. The correlation of two sets of aggregated ratings gave a mean coefficient of .550, or .710 with application of the Spearman‐Brown correction. Finally, computation of Cronbach's alpha gave a mean coefficient of .735. The results provide a further demonstration of the coherence that can be revealed by aggregation. Correlations of aggregated ratings on each of the 14 dimensions with extraversion ranged up to .668, and correlations with neuroticism ranged up to .410. The study suggests that there is a dispositionality in the characteristics people display, and that the emphasis on variability (e.g., Mischel, 1968; Mischel & Peake, 1982) should be tempered.
Stress, externality, and depression
Authors: Ganellen Ronald J. , Blaney Paul H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious research has found mixed support for the possibility that locus of control moderates the effects of life stress on depression. Two methodological choices may have influenced previous findings: the use of a unidimensional rather than a multidimensional locus of control scale, and reliance on linear statistical methods using median splits. We attempted to correct these choices by using the Levenson IPC scale (1974) and multiple regression analyses in a female undergraduate population (N= 158). The results supported use of a multidimensional scale, since Stress, Internality, and Powerful Others were Found to have main effects on depression whereas Chance interacted with life stress. The question of whether locus of control refers to responsibility for causing an event, i.e., self‐blame, or belief in control over future events, i.e., coping behavior, was discussed.
Cognitive styles as predictors of artistic styles
Authors: Loomis Mary , Saltz Eli 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt was hypothesized that differences in artistic styles would be associated with differences in cognitive styles. Cognitive styles were defined in terms of Jung's theory of psychological types and assessed by the Singer‐Loomis Inventory of Personality (SLIP). Artistic styles were determined by a cluster analysis of the description profiles of eight well known twentieth‐century artists. The artistic styles of the forty‐five artist‐subjects were established by matching their descriptions of their artistic styles to the descriptions of the art of the artist‐exemplars. Predictions of figurative and nonfigurative sort from extraverted and introverted cognitive styles were significant. Also significant were predictions of rationally arranged art when the cognitive style was rational and spontaneous, or unpredictably arranged art when the cognitive style was irrational.
The questions lay interviewers ask
Authors: Trope Yaacov , Bassok Miriam , Alon Eve 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to determine the kinds of questions people formulate for testing a hypothesis about another's personality. One group of subjects tested the hypothesis that the interviewee was an extrovert; another group tested the hypothesis that the interviewee was an introvert. Still another group was not provided with a hypothesis; instead, this group was asked to discriminate between an extroverted and an introverted interviewee. All subjects were free to formulate any kind of questions they wished. Analysis of the content of the questions performed by independent judges revealed that the great majority of the questions formulated by all of the groups either presented a choice between extroverted and introverted features or were open‐ended. The percentage of questions about features that were consistent with the hypothesis was not significantly greater than the percentage of questions about features that were inconsistent with the hypothesis. Furthermore, in all of the groups there were virtually no biased questions–questions that already assume that the hypothesis is true. Finally, the questions asked by subjects who entertained either the extrovert hypothesis or the introvert hypothesis were as diagnostic (as rated by independent judges) as were the questions asked by subjects whose task was to discriminate between extroverts and introverts. The results were shown to be consistent with the diagnosing strategy but not with the confirmatory strategy of information‐gathering.
Looking, laughing, and smiling in dyads as a function of intimacy motivation and reciprocity
Authors: McAdams Dan P. , Jackson R. Jeffrey , Kirshnit Carol 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEighty college students (40 females and 40 males) were administered the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and interviewed in either a one‐way (interviewer asks questions) or reciprocal (interviewer asks questions and discloses information about him‐ or herself) condition by a same‐sex interviewer. The TATs were scored for intimacy motivation. In this 2 (Female vs. Male) × 2 (High vs. Low Intimacy Motive) × 2 (Reciprocal vs. One‐Way Condition) experiment, intimacy motivation was positively associated with greater levels of laughter, smiling, and eye contact for the entire sample, as hypothesized. Furthermore, women showed significantly higher scores than men on laughter, smiling, and eye contact. Contrary to a second hypothesis, high intimacy motivation combined with reciprocal condition did not yield the highest levels of laughter, smiling, and eye contact. The results extend the construct validation literature for intimacy motivation into the domain of nonverbal behaviors considered to be indicative of positive interpersonal regard in cordial human interactions.
The relation of trait self‐esteem and positive inequity to productivity
Authors: Brockner Joel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study explored the relation of trait self‐esteem and positive inequity to productivity Subjects worked on proofreading task, and received hourly (rather than piece‐rate) compensation that was either greater than (positive inequity condition) or equal to (equity condition) the amount that they deserved The results showed that individuals of high and medium self‐esteem were more productive (i e, completed more of the task) in the positive inequity condition than in the equity condition Low self‐esteem participants however, were actually less productive (i e, completed less of the task) in the positive inequity than in the equity condition Theoretical implications are discussed
Confidence and aspirations: Self‐esteem and self‐concepts as predictors of students' life goals
Authors: Zuckerman Diana M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractResearch was conducted to assess sex differences in college students' self‐esteem and self‐concepts, and the extent to which students' self‐perceptions predict their life goals Questionnaires that included the Rosenberg Scale, Texas Social Behavior Inventory, self‐concepts, life goals, and demographic and family backgrounds were completed by 804 women from seven colleges and 127 men from two colleges Men and women did not differ significantly in their self‐esteem and interpersonal self‐confidence, but the men rated themselves higher on math/science ability, leadership/public speaking ability, and coping/self‐sufficiency Women's global self‐esteem scores and interpersonal self‐confidence did not predict their life goals, but women's greater self‐confidence in masculine spheres predicted higher educational goals and their ranking of future careers as a more important priority in their lives Men's interpersonal self‐confidence predicted their ranking time for future spouses as a high priority and time for themselves as a lower priority Men's global self‐esteem and leadership/public speaking ability self‐concept predicted preferences for full‐time career involvement when their future children are very young Different demographic variables also predicted men's and women's goals Implications of these sex differences and predictive relationships are discussed