bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORDINAL AND FAMILIAL DIVERSITY OF CENOZOIC MAMMALS
Authors: Lillegraven Jason A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVarious kinds of data concerning changes in total mammalian ordinal and familial diversity through the Cenozoic are graphed for the world and for each of the continents from which a mammalian fossil record is known. Ordinal and familial diversity increased rapidly through the Paleocene and Eocene to reach respective all‐time highs of 26 orders in the late Eocene and 116 families in the early Oligocene (bats and odontocete plus mys‐ticete whales excluded). The major continents suffered a decline in total ordinal and familial diversity in the latter half of the Oligocene with a secondary rejuvenation in the early Miocene. A remarkable uniformity in total number of orders and families per continent has obtained from the early Oligocene to Recent, and no apparent relationship exists between total diversity and continental size.A series of striking correlations exists between the times of first appearances of many mammalian and angiospermous orders and families. High numbers of first appearances (a kind of index to rates of evolutionary diversification) occurred in both mammals and flowering plants in the late Eocene to early Oligocene and in the earlier half of the Miocene. These specific times of high taxonomic diversification also correlate closely with the times of first appearance of “modern” (present at some time during the Quaternary) families of mammals and extinction of archaic families. Major mammalian faunal “turnovers” occurred in the Late Cretaceous, Eocene through early Oligocene, and early Miocene. Nevertheless, total familial and ordinal diversity of mammals on any given continent at any given time has remained remarkably stable. Some sort of faunal equilibrium is suggested.The dramatic taxonomic changes of the earlier parts of the Oligocene (i. e., high rates of appearance of new mammalian and plant taxa plus high rate of extinction of archaic mammals) correlate well with a general deterioration of the world's climate (lowering of mean annual temperature and decrease of equability) ar that time. Contemporaneous adjustments can be observed between climatic change, rates of evolutionary diversification in plants and mammals, and rates of extinction in mammals.
ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS: The i/j and ulv problem
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn analysis is made of the use of i, j, u, and v respectively as vowels, semivowels and fricative consonants. It is concluded that there are three problems: first, the present paragraph 5 of Article 73 is not being applied and its deletion is proposed; second, the only major problem is the early use of v as a pure vowel and a proposal to correct this is made; third, there is no provision in the Code for choosing between alternative orthographies in an original publication and a proposal is made covering this with reference to the letters i vs. j and u vs. v.
NUMERICAL PHENETIC SAMPLES OF TAXONOMIC CIRCUMSCRIPTIONS IN THE BROMELIACEAE
Authors: Gilmartin Amy Jean 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA new approach for sampling taxonomic circumscriptions by estimating intrataxon variability yielded some noteworthy data. The data are presented for the phenetic distances computed between plant specimens which had been determined in the classical taxonomic manner. The paper complements one to appear in the American Journal of Botany in which summary statistics support the hypothesis that the phenetic distances (phenetic affinities) and their variances can quantify taxonomic circumscriptions by providing estimates of the similarity between various members of the same taxa. The names of the taxa are listed and the phenetic distances between specimens of a large number of taxa at various levels in the family and the respective variances are presented in nine tables.
CHEMICAL AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON ALECTORIA (LICHENES) I
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChemical studies on the type specimens of species of the lichen genus Alectoria Ach. have been used to clarify the nomenclature of several species. The following nomenclatural changes are made: A. capillaris (Ach.) Cromb. (= A. implexa auct. mult., non (Hoffm.) Nyl.; barbatolic acid), A. implexa (Hoffm.) Nyl. (= A. zopfii Asah., A. catharinae Räs.; psoromic acid), A. pseudofuscescens Gyeln. (= A. subtilis Mot., A. norsticta Mot.; norstictic acid). The identity of A. furcellata R. Sant., A. patagonica R. Sant., and A. subsarmentosa Stirt. and the nomenclature of A. nidulifera Norrl. ex Nyl. have also been investigated.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADAPTIVE RADIATION, SPECIATION AND MAJOR EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Authors: Stebbins G. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn animals, adaptive radiation at the level of species is based to a large extent upon adaptations to survival in different climates, as well as to the occupation of different ecological niches in similar communities. In plants, adaptive radiation at the species level, as well as the origin of higher categories, depends to a large extent upon diversification of the methods of reproduction, both pollination and seed dispersal, as well as seed germination and the establishment of seedlings. With respect to the latter, evolutionary success depends to a large extent upon solution of three often conflicting problems: protection of the developing seed, dispersal to a new but similar location; and germination with sufficient seedling vigor to survive competition. In plants, the origin of higher categories is not associated with the appearance of distinctive characters that never serve to distinguish species. Evolutionary progress, here regarded as an increase in the amount and diversity of DNA‐coded information, is based upon the bias in favor of mutations that increase rather than reduce the amount of genetic information already present.
SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS OF MAGNOLIIDAE AND RANUNCULIDAE IN RELATION TO SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Behnke H.‐D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFine structure studies on 46 species from 26 families of Magnoliidae and Ranunculidae enabled a classification of their sieve‐tube plastids into P‐type or S‐type. In accordance with many other dicotyledons, most of the species (31) develop S‐type plastids that accumulate starch. 15 species (all from Magnoliidae) contain P‐type plastids that have protein inclusions (exclusively, or besides starch grains). Among the latter are all investigated species from Annonaceae‐Canellaceae‐Myristicaceae‐Aristolochiaceae. Since earlier phytochemical studies revealed affinities between these families, the formation of P‐type plastids confirms the connection between these families and the position of the Aristolochiaceae in the Magnoliidae.
POLLEN PHYLOGENY IN CLARKIA
Authors: Small E. , Bassett I. J. , Crompton C. W. , Lewis H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pollen of all species ofClarkia(Onagraceae) has been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Fifteen characters were scored and analysed by numerical taxonomic methods. The resulting dendrogram successfully separates several of the natural groups withinClarkia. The limitations of interpreting phylogenetic status of characters despite the availability of a well‐documented phylogeny of the species are discussed.
SECTIONAL NOMENCLATURE IN PAPAVER L.
Authors: Kiger Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclature and typification of the sections of Papaver L. are reviewed and their correct names and synonymies are presented. The following taxa are lectotypified:Sect. Carinatae Fedde, Lectotype species: Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & HuetSect. Oxytona Bernh., Lectotype species: Papaver orientale L.Sect. Macrantha Elkan, nom. superfl., Lectotype species: Papaver orientale L. [Genus] Calomecon Spach, Lectotype species: Calomecon orientale (L.) Spach (: Papaver orientale L.)
PALEOBOTANY, PHYLOGENY, AND A NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Delevoryas T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn response to skeptics who feel that the contribution of paleobotany to phylogeny is minimal, I have presented a number of examples where the fossil plant record has played an important role in demonstrating origins and relationships of various plant groups. Work on Precambrian thallophytes is one area where knowledge of earliest plant forms is taking on a definite form. New finds on the origin and evolution of Devonian land plants are presenting a clearer picture of early vascular plant evolution. Existence of such plants as the Progymnospermopsida has made it possible to understand the steps leading to the origin of gymnosperms. We now have important new knowledge concerning the evolution of the seed habit, as well as subsequent seed plant evolution. These are but a few examples of the contribution of paleobotany to phylogeny. This increasing sophistication in understanding phylogenetic events is indispensible for a system of plant classification that reflects relationships. Such a system of classification, I maintain, is much more meaningful than any other.
THE HERBARIUM AND TYPE SPECIMENS OF THOMAS HENRY KEARNEY, JR. FROM 1890‐1901
Authors: Wentz W. Alan 
Published: April 2006

SummarySpecimens of vascular plants designated as types by Thomas H. Kearney, Jr. during 1890 to 1901 have been inaccessible and considered destroyed since the third decade of the twentieth century. These specimens have been found to be extant in the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, the Ohio State Herbarium, and the United States National Herbarium. The majority of these types are at the Ohio State University which houses T. H. Kearney's original collection of several thousand specimens. The collection is also rich in types which Kearney received from W. W. Ashe, A. W. Chapman, F. V. Coville, A. Gattinger, E. L. Greene, A. A. Heller, F. Lamson‐Scribner, C. Mohr, G. V. Nash, C. L. Pollard, A. Ruth, J. K. Small, and other contemporary botanists. The collection at the Ohio State University probably contains additional types which are as yet unverified. This paper catalogues the known type specimens of T. H. Kearney, Jr.
TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN SPECIES OF OATS, AVENA
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn this contribution Avena sativa L., A. fatua L., A. nuda L. and A. sterilis L. are typified. The first and last retain their current meaning; A. fatua L. is the correct name for A. septentrionalis Malz. and A. nuda L. is the correct name for A. nudibrevis Vavilov.
“EMENDATION” IN ALGAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Komárek Jiří 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe expression emendatio is used in different senses in algal taxonomy. Some examples are analysed. The expression emendatio is used in connection with authors cited after the Latin name in two cases: (i) when completing the diagnosis (“inclusive typo”), or (ii) upon a misinterpretation of nomenclatural types. The citation of both cases is well provided for in other Articles of the Code and the use of the expression emendatio is therefore superfluous. In connection with this proposals are made to change some Recommendations of the Code.
TABEBUIA: THE TORTUOUS HISTORY OF A GENERIC NAME* (BIGNON.)
Authors: Gentry A. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genus Tahehuia (Bignoniaceae) is now accepted, much as by Bentham and Hooker, in a very different sense than originally proposed by de Candolle. This paper traces its changing generic delimitations from artificial ones based on number of calyx lobes to biologically more meaningful ones based on vegetational as well as floral characteristics.
JACQUIN NAMES, SOME NOTES ON THEIR TYPIFICATION
Authors: D'Arcy W. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBeautiful coloured plates illustrate many of the new plant species described by Jacquin just about two centuries ago. For further detail than can be seen in the plates, it is necessary to find “Jacquin types,” actual specimens used at the time by Jacquin. Today there is no single “Jacquin Herbarium” but his specimens are to be found at Vienna, in the Linnaean Herbarium, in the British Museum (N.H.), and some are dispersed in other European herbaria.Many botanists of that day exchanged materials very widely, and it is more likely that one can determine the type than the type locality for a Jacquin species. But in some cases it may be possible to show that Jacquin got his material through an official botanical expedition or through a specific individual.Good samples of N. K. Jacquin's handwriting are to be seen in the sheets of the Linnaean Herbarium which is available on microfiche. Many of the Jacquin sheets in the Natural History Museum in Vienna were relabelled by J. F. Jacquin, the son, in a characteristic left‐hand corner script.
LA IMPORTANCIA DE LOS HERBARIOS NACIONALES DE AMERICA LATINA PARA LAS INVESTIGACIONES BOTANICAS MODERNAS
Authors: Forero Enrique 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNational herbaria have been defined recently on the basis of what is known about herbaria in the northern hemisphere, and strong emphasis is placed on their size. Little or no importance has been given to herbaria located in other parts of the world. Updated information on Latin American National Herbaria is given in this paper, and an outline of their many important functions is included. A new definition of “national herbarium” is proposed to include these and similar institutions around the world.
POLLEN OF ALANGIUM: TOWARD A MORE SATISFACTORY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Eyde Richard H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryResults of Reitsma's detailed investigation of Alangium pollen appear to differ markedly from conclusions obtained with other systematic approaches, but the contradictions largely disappear when allowance is made for the occasional independent origin of similar pollen characters in related taxa. Objections are raised to certain points in Reitsma's treatment of the fossil record.
COMPUTER‐BASED DATA BANKING FOR TAXONOMIC COLLECTIONS
Authors: Hall A. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe criteria for an efficient system for data‐banking are reviewed. The efficiency is seen in the light of the problems of modest computer facilities, reducing the time for data capture, and having the simplest operating procedures that can meet most of the likely demands of the user. A program‐package developed to meet these criteria is described. The data are primarily those associated with specimen labels. Several directory files are used for abbreviated codings to give record compression. A simple system of instructions is used to retrieve records with desired characteristics and from them to give results in a variety of forms, including ordered listings with frequencies and geographical distribution maps. Full checking and editing facilities, with corrective error‐messages, are available for all critical operations. Experience with the system suggests a favourable cost/benefit relationship for work with special collections.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF OXYTROPIS LEUCANTHA (PALLAS) PERS.
Authors: Welsh Stanley L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOxytropis leucantha (Pallas) Pers. is based on Astragalus leucanthus Pallas. An examination of the type of Astragalus leucanthus demonstrates that it belongs to a Siberian phase of Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC., sensu lato.
RELATION OF FLORAS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE TO CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Authors: Schopf James M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAnomalous distribution of the Southern Hemisphere floras has long been recognized, and many explanations have been proposed. The occurrences of plants, modern or fossil, rarely point to a unique mode of distribution. A synthesis of pertinent information drawn from many disciplines (geonomy) is required to determine a most probable explanation. Recent studies of crustal mechanics by geophysicists show that sea‐floor spreading can serve as an adequate mechanism for continental drift and can be important in explaining the distribution of ancient plants of the Southern Hemisphere.The Permian Glossopteris flora of southern continents contrasts strikingly with the Permian flora of the Northern Hemisphere. The identity of the northern flora that was contemporary with the Glossopteris flora was controversial for many years because of the great degree of isolation existing between the two floras. The botanical relationships of the glossopterids are still imperfectly established, particularly with reference to foliage occasionally found in northern areas or in deposits younger than Permian. Fertile structures of glossopterids seem to provide the only reliable basis for determining botanical relationship. The Glossopteris flora is, in general, extremely distinctive and consists taxonomically of a relatively small array of plants which occurs over an exceptionally large area. It represents an ecologic assemblage with both climatic and edaphic implications.A tentative Permian Gondwanaland reconstruction is presented that is somewhat more condensed than other reconstructions; the area thus reconstructed is more likely to have had a reasonably consistent, seasonal temperate climate in keeping with consistent similarities of the Glossopteris flora. According to this interpretation, most of the present area of the Indian Ocean seems to have been occupied by Permian Gondwanaland. The ridges and rises as recently mapped across the Indian Ocean floor are incompatible with foundered continents or isthmian links, but they can be interpreted as reflecting an historical sequence in sea‐floor spreading that can account for the present dispersal of Gondwana continents.
A RESEARCH APPROACH TO THE USE OF VEGETATION FOR THE LOCATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS IN CANADA
Authors: Fortescue J. A. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryProblems involved in the setting up of a systematic approach to the study of the geochemistry of landscapes for biogeochemical prospecting research in Canada have been described. Two aspects of the approach, 1) the establishment of a simple technique for the display of landscape geochemical data for purposes of comparison and 2) the setting up of a series of projects at different levels of detail needed to formalize the collection of information from landscapes for purposes of comparison, have been outlined and discussed by means of examples. Although the research described is at a relatively early stage of development it is believed that it is both feasible and practical to approach biogeochemical prospecting research along the lines described. It should be stressed that the aspects of the approach described here are essential preliminaries to detailed investigations involving comprehensive morphological, chemical and mathematical methods which together would provide basic information on the pattern and processes of the circulation of elements in landscapes including mineral deposits. Intensive investigations of this type are very costly in money, time and resources and would only be justified after very careful selection of sites along the lines described above.
REGISTERS WITH PEDIGREE CHARTS FOR CULTIVARS: THEIR IMPORTANCE, THEIR CONTENTS, AND THEIR PREPARATION BY COMPUTER
Authors: Baum B. R. , Thompson B. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFor a wider range of usefulness to buyers, merchants, breeders, and scientists, registers of cultivars should include the breeding history of each particular cultivar as far back as it can be traced. A cross reference of synonyms and translations of the cultivar names is also valuable.It is extremely laborious to find, select, interpret, record, and organize the pertinent information for such a register; compiling and updating the complete register is particularly tedious. This work can be greatly simplified through the use of an adequate computer system. This paper describes a system which has been developed for use with Oat cultivars (Avena) but which could be directly applicable in other areas as well. The system is completely automated throughout requiring only simple data input in the initial stages. Furthermore, the system is composed of several parts which can be used independently for specific purposes such as producing pedigree charts.A brief discussion concerning the benefits of such a register is also included.
LES SPECIMENS DE LYCOPERDON DE BONORDEN DANS L'HERBIER DE GENEVE
Authors: Demoulin V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe species of Lycoperdon described by Bonorden are discussed and the authentic specimens of Lycoperdon cupricum, L. ericaeum, L. foetidum, L. fuscum, L. laxum and L. muricatum, already studied by Lloyd in G, are designated as neotypes. Most of Bonorden's names are synonyms of Persoonian ones, only L. ericaeum and L. foetidum should be used. It is established for the first time that L. ericaeum is the correct name of the species usually known as L. muscorum Morg.
ALGAE TERRAE NOVAE ‐ A NEW EXSICCATA OF NEWFOUNDLAND BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE
Authors: South G. Robin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlgae Terrae Novae, an exsiccata of benthic marine algae from Newfoundland and Labrador, is distributed by the Phycological Herbarium, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada (NFLD). Five annual Sets have been issued since 1968, with a total of 102 specimens; further Sets will be issued annually in future. The species distributed are listed, together with the main recipients of each Set.
PEPEROMIA POEPPIGII MIQ.: A PURPORTED PIPERACEAE IS A SPECIES OF GEOGENANTHUS (COMMELINACEAE)
Authors: Faden Robert B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPeperomia poeppigii Miq. is found to be the oldest name for the species of Commelinaceae usually called Geogenanthus undatus (C. Koch & Linden) Mildbr. & Strauss. The new combination Geogenanthus poeppigii (Miq.) Faden is made.
NEMATOLOMA VS. NAEMATOLOMA (AGARICALES)
Authors: Farr E. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPreparation of the series of conservation proposals dealing with Hyphotoma (Fr.) Kumm. necessitated confrontation of the Nematoloma‐Naematoloma sequence of publication question. Contrary to the text given in the Index Nominum Genericorum (Farr et al., 1979), it appears that Karsten first published the generic name as “Nematoloma.”
EVIDENCE FOR DIVERGENCE IN LITHOSPERMUM INCISUM LEHM. IN THE WESTERN GREAT PLAINS
Authors: Govoni Dennis N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMeasurements of 38 characters on 760 specimens of L. incisum were subjected to four statistical programs: NUTAL, which gives frequency distributions; GOCOR, which computes Pearson product‐moment correlations; FACTOR, which clusters characters; HYBEX, which gives a numerical value to each specimen. The morphological analysis indicates that the pattern of diversity can be interpreted as an early stage in divergence within this species. This is coupled with geographical and environmental correlation with the morphology of the specimens.
ISONYMS AND PSEUDO‐ISONYMS: IDENTICAL COMBINATIONS WITH THE SAME TYPE
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe same combination may be given independently by different authors three ways. A later homonym is the same combination given to two different types, or, more precisely, when all elements but the final element have the same type. Isonyms exist when two authors give the same combinations to the same type, that is, all elements of two combinations have the same types. Pseudo‐isonyms exist when different authors give the same combination to the same subordinate element but the inclusive (higher rank) elements have different types. Examples of all are given and it is concluded that later isonyms are nomenclatural non‐entities, later homonyms are illegitimate, and later pseudo‐isonyms are not illegitimate under the present Code.
THE NAME OF THE AMERICAN NELUMBO
Authors: Sohmer S. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlthough the binomial Nelumbo pentapetala (Walter) Fernald was published in 1934 as the correct name for the American Nelumbo, it has not been generally accepted. The combination is based on Nymphaea pentapetala Walter, a nomenclaturally legitimate, although inappropriate, name. The rejection of Fernald's combination on the grounds that it was based on a monstrosity does not seem pertinent. The type for the taxon is Walter's description as no trace has been found of the specimen upon which Walter based his name and description.