bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A critical evaluation of the evidence on a causal relationship betweenHelicobacter pyloriand otitis media with effusion
Authors: Sudhoff H , Rajagopal S , Baguley D M , Ebmeyer J , Schmelzer A , Schreiber S , Moffat D A 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:There is growing interest in the presence ofHelicobacter pyloriin the upper aerodigestive tract, and in the middle ear in patients with otitis media with effusion. Some studies have reported detectingH pyloriin the middle ear, although reports to the contrary exist. In this study, we critically evaluate the evidence for the theory thatH pyloriin the middle ear plays a role in otitis media with effusion.Material:We undertook a systematic review of all available studies investigating the presence ofH pyloriin the middle ear of patients with otitis media with effusion. The current literature was critically analysed using the key words and phrases ‘Helicobacter pylori’ ‘otitis media with effusion’, ‘serous otitis media’, ‘glue ear’ and ‘middle ear’. Six original research papers were identified, studying a total of 203 patients and 27 controls; two of these papers were randomised, controlled studies and four were prospective, cohort studies.Results:At present, there is poor evidence for the existence ofH pylori-associated otitis media with effusion.Conclusions:Further research in the field is needed in order to delineate the presence ofH pyloriand its role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion.
Ketamine in the management of generalised cephalic tetanus
Authors: Obanor O , Osazuwa H O , Amadasun J E O 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground:Tetanus is a fatal infection caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin released by the vegetative spores of Clostridium tetani. The high mortality rate is related to frequent tetanic fits with laryngeal spasm and airway obstruction. Numerous anticonvulsants are in use, with varying efficacy in controlling fits. This case report highlights the use of ketamine as adjunctive therapy in the management of tetanus.Case report:A 20-year-old woman was admitted with a history of recurrent left ear pain, with bloody, purulent discharge, following a self-inflicted injury. She developed tetanic spasms 24 hours after admission. She had received no immunisations. A tracheostomy was established to relieve airway obstruction, and ketamine was added to the medication when breakthrough seizures were refractory to diazepam.Conclusion:Ketamine is of proven safety as an anaesthetic agent, especially in cases in which an anaesthetist is not readily available. Its effectiveness in this case, in combination with diazepam, warrants further evaluation.
Is there still a role for cardiac autopsy in 2007?
Authors: Aiello Vera Demarchi , Debich-Spicer Diane , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractConcerns have emerged in recent years with regard to the role to be played by the pathologist in reaching a final diagnosis. When considering the field of the congenitally malformed heart, it is true that the richness of detail now provided by imaging techniques is truly amazing. Alongside these developments, there has also been a significant decline in the number of autopsies performed in tertiary medial centres around the World. In this review, we consider some of the factors that have contributed to this decrease in autopsies, and review the reasons why strong steps should be taken to reverse this trend.When considering the reasons for the decline in autopsies, there can be little doubt that the scandal devolving on inappropriate retention of organs, which came to light in the United Kingdom, but which had reverberations throughout the World, contributed in no small way to the reticence of families to grant appropriate permission to conduct a post-mortem examination. It is sincerely hoped that the changes in practise that followed these revelations will stop, and indeed reverse, this unfortunate decline. The inappropriate retention of organs came into the public domain in an attempt to emphasise the value of the autopsy in clinical practise, research, and education. All of these good reasons for performing the autopsy remain.From the stance of education, we emphasise the importance of retaining existing archives, which have long since proved their value. From the stance of improving clinical practise, we reiterate that the attitude of the morphologist, working side-by-side with the clinician or surgeon, has always been fundamental in expanding this aspect of knowledge. We recognise, nonetheless, that performance of the autopsy still carries financial considerations. In this respect, when considering the congenitally malformed heart, we stress the option of having the pathologist working in harness with an experienced cardiac morphologist, or alternatively with a properly trained pathologist’s assistant. In terms of training, we show how, with the advantage of a few simple rules, it becomes an easy matter to describe and analyse the congenitally malformed heart. Thereafter, having reviewed means of increasing the number of autopsies, and discussing new techniques, we complete our review with a detailed account of the fetal, perinatal, and paediatric autopsy in the patients with a congenitally malformed heart, taking particular account of the role to be played by the properly trained pathologist’s assistant.
Mental health service delivery in Ontario, Canada: how do policy legacies shape prospects for reform?
Authors: MULVALE GILLIAN , ABELSON JULIA , GOERING PAULA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLike many jurisdictions, mental health policy-making in Ontario, Canada, has a long history of frustrated attempts to move from a hospital and physician-based tradition to a coordinated system with greater emphasis on community-based mental health care. This study examines policy legacies associated with the introduction of psychiatric hospitals in the 1850s and of public health insurance (medicare) in the 1960s in Ontario; and their effect on subsequent mental health reform initiatives using a qualitative case study approach. Following Pierson (1993) we capture the resource/incentive and interpretive effects of prior policies on three groups of actors: government elites, interests, and mass publics. Data are drawn from academic and policy literature, and key informant interviews. The findings suggest that psychiatric hospital policy produced important policy legacies which were reinforced by the establishment of Canadian medicare. These legacies explain the traditional difficulty in achieving mental health reform, but are less helpful in explaining recent promising developments that support community-based care. Current reform of the Ontario health system presents an opportunity to overcome several of these legacies. Analysis of policy legacies in other countries which had an asylum tradition may help to explain the similarities and differences in their subsequent paths of mental health reform.
GPR119, a novel G protein‐coupled receptor target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Overton H A , Fyfe M C T , Reynet C 
Published: November 2007

GPR119 is a G protein‐coupled receptor expressed predominantly in the pancreas (β‐cells) and gastrointestinal tract (enteroendocrine cells) in humans. De‐orphanization of GPR119 has revealed two classes of possible endogenous ligands, viz., phospholipids and fatty acid amides. Of these, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is one of the most active ligands tested so far. This fatty acid ethanolamide is of particular interest because of its known effects of reducing food intake and body weight gain when administered to rodents. Agonists at the GPR119 receptor cause an increase in intracellular cAMP levels via Gαs coupling to adenylate cyclase. In vitro studies have indicated a role for GPR119 in the modulation of insulin release by pancreatic β‐cells and of GLP‐1 secretion by gut enteroendocrine cells. The effects of GPR119 agonists in animal models of diabetes and obesity are reviewed, and the potential value of such compounds in future therapies for these conditions is discussed.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S76–S81; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707529; published online 26 November 2007
Effects of KP‐496, a novel dual antagonist at the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and the thromboxane A2 receptor, on airway obstruction in guinea pigs
Authors: Ishimura M , Suda M , Morizumi K , Kataoka S , Maeda T , Kurokawa S , Hiyama Y 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:KP‐496 is a novel dual antagonist for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor (TP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological profile of inhaled KP‐496 and its effects on airway obstruction.Experimental approach:Antagonist activities of inhaled KP‐496 were investigated using bronchoconstriction induced in guinea pigs by LTD4 or U46619, a stable TXA2 mimetic. Guinea pigs sensitized with injections of ovalbumin were used to assess the effects of inhaled KP‐496 on bronchoconstriction induced by antigen (i.v.). Another set of guinea pigs were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin by inhalation and the effects of inhaled KP‐496 on immediate and late airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness were investigated.Key results:KP‐496 significantly inhibited LTD4‐ and U46619‐induced bronchoconstriction in a dose‐dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of KP‐496 (1%) were comparable to those of montelukast (a CysLT1 antagonist, p.o., 0.3 mg kg−1) or seratrodast (a TP antagonist, p.o., 3 mg kg−1). KP‐496 (1%) and oral co‐administration of montelukast (10 mg kg−1) and seratrodast (20 mg kg−1) significantly inhibited antigen‐induced bronchoconstriction, whereas administration of montelukast or seratrodast separately did not inhibit antigen‐induced bronchoconstriction. KP‐496 exhibited dose‐dependent and significant inhibitory effects on the immediate and late airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness following antigen challenge.Conclusions and implications:KP‐496 exerts effects in guinea pigs which could be beneficial in asthma. These effects of KP‐496 were greater than those of a CysLT1 antagonist or a TP antagonist, in preventing antigen‐induced airway obstruction. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 669–675; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707602; published online 26 November 2007
Oxidative stress does not influence carotenoid mobilization and plumage pigmentation
Authors: Isaksson Caroline , Andersson Staffan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOxidative stress has been suggested to create a link between ‘good genes’ and carotenoid coloration via an allocation conflict between external pigmentation and internal antioxidant functions. However, although carotenoid displays have been extensively investigated, there are no experimental tests of the antioxidant efficiency of carotenoidsin vivo.We induced oxidative stress in a small passerine (the great tit,Parus major) under both carotenoid deprivation and supplementation, and investigated the effect on carotenoid mobilization (i.e. plasma) and allocation (i.e. deposition in feather incorporation and liver storage). We found no effects of the stressor on either mobilization or allocation of carotenoids. These results reject the previously suggested superior role of carotenoid's function as antioxidantin vivowith important implications for signal content and honesty.
Nurses and Internet health information: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Gilmour Jean A. , Scott Susan D. , Huntington Nicholas 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTitle.  Nurses and Internet health information: a questionnaire survey Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to identify the extent of postgraduate nursing students’ information literacy skills in relation to electronic media and health information and barriers to accessing this information.Background.  The Internet is a key source of information for a significant group of patients. However, there is evidence of quality issues with some Internet health information sites. Nurses need to be aware of the range and quality of online health information so as to assist patients and families to locate and evaluate relevant and current information.Method.  A questionnaire designed to collect quantitative and qualitative data was posted to a convenience sample of all students enrolled in a postgraduate nursing programme in December 2005. The response rate was 55·1% or 123 responses.Results.  Most respondents had Internet access at home and work and believed that access to online health information resources had improved their practice. However, some had difficulties in accessing computers at work and insufficient time to search for online health information. Concern was expressed about the quality of online information, but the majority of respondents did not assess patient use. Frequent users of online resources were more likely to assess patient use.Conclusion.  The development of nursing competencies in accessing and using online resources is a key precursor to supporting patients and families’ use of the medium. Access to Internet resources at work, along with training and time for searching, is necessary for the development of skills enabling effective use of information technology.
A resource‐based perspective on retention strategies for nurse epidemiologists
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Tien , Ya‐Ti Hsu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTitle.  A resource‐based perspective on retention strategies for nurse epidemiologists Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to evaluate the intent of epidemiologists to remain in their chosen career and identify the variables that contributed to or predicted their intent to stay.Background.  Recently, emerging new infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome or bird flu, have placed significant occupational and psychological stress on epidemiologists, especially in South‐East Asia, resulting in a high intent to change their career. In the light of possible staff shortages, retention strategies for epidemiologists have gained importance.Methods.  A self‐administered questionnaire survey and stratified sampling were used to collect data from 351 epidemiologists including nurse epidemiologists in Taiwan in 2005; response rate was 70·6%. Correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to examine relationships among occupational stress, psychological stress, human resources and intent to stay in their career.Results.  Occupational stress, psychological stress and human resources had an impact on epidemiologists’ intent to stay in their career. Results show that the relationship between occupational stress (operation and personal safety hazard) and intent to stay could be influenced by organizational capital, and the relationship between emotional distress and intent to stay could be influenced by a broad spectrum of human resources (organizational, social and human capital).Conclusion.  The severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic raised worldwide attention and challenged epidemiologists’ intent to stay. Results indicate that human resources play an important role in this issue. Managers should enhance human resources in organizations as much as possible to attenuate epidemiologists’ stress, which may, in turn, strengthen their intent to stay.
The trade‐off between vegetative and generative reproduction among angiosperms influences regional hydrochorous propagule pressure
Authors: Boedeltje Ger , Ozinga Wim A. , Prinzing Andreas 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTAim Local communities are subject to spatiotemporal contingencies of landscape processes; community assembly is thus often considered to be unpredictable and idiosyncratic. However, evolved trade‐offs of species’ life histories may set distinct constraints on the assembly of species communities. In plants, the recruitment and invasion success of species into communities depend primarily on the number of propagules available and on their generative or vegetative character. Life‐history trade‐offs prevent individual plants from producing large numbers of both generative and vegetative propagules, but it is not clear whether this constrains their availability at the landscape scale. We thus tested whether: (1) the observed relationship between generative and vegetative propagules deviates from the null expectation stating that species contributing the bulk of generative propagules to the propagule rain should also contribute the bulk of vegetative propagules; and (2) whether vegetative and generative propagule pressures are negatively correlated once species abundance in the regional pool is accounted for.Location A large riparian landscape in the Netherlands.Methods Analyses were based on an extensive trapping of floating propagules (214,049 propagules of 47 species), and a rough proxy of species abundance across the entire pool. We used both species and phylogenetically independent contrasts as data points, and accounted for variation in size of generative propagules.Results Both hypotheses were confirmed. Numbers of generative and vegetative propagules trapped per species were significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.33;t45 = −2.61,P = 0.006) and thus strongly deviated from the null expectation. This was confirmed by analyses accounting for variation in species abundance across the species pool, and in the size of generative propagules.Main conclusions The results indicate that plant recruitment and community assembly across streams may be influenced by the way individual plants allocate their resources between competing life‐history functions. Life‐history evolution across angiosperms might thus have constrained the present‐day assembly of local communities.
What do measures of ‘oral health‐related quality of life’ measure?
Authors: Locker David , Allen Finbarr 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe terms ‘health‐related quality of life’ and ‘quality of life’ are now in common use to describe the outcomes of oral health conditions and therapy for those conditions. In addition, there has been a proliferation of measures designed to quantify those outcomes. These measures, which were initially designated as socio‐dental indicators or subjective oral health indicators are now more usually referred to as measures of oral health‐related quality of life (OH‐QoL). This is based on the assumption that the functional and psychosocial impacts they document must, of necessity, affect the quality of life. While this assumption has been subject to critical scrutiny in medicine, this is not the case with dentistry. Consequently, exactly what is being measured by indexes of OH‐QoL is somewhat unclear. Based on the debate between Gill and Feinstein and Guyatt and Cook, we outline a number of criteria by means of which the construct addressed by measures of OH‐QoL may be assessed. These are concerned with how the measures were developed and validated. These criteria are then used to appraise five of the many measures that have been developed over the past 20 years – the GOHAI, OHIP, OIDP, COHQoL and OH‐QoL. The main conclusion is that while all document the frequency of the functional and psychosocial impacts that emanate from oral disorders they do not unequivocally establish the meaning and significance of those impacts. Consequently, the claim that oral disorders affect the quality of life has yet to be clearly demonstrated. Verifying this claim requires further qualitative studies of the outcomes of oral disorders as perceived by patients and persons, and the concurrent use of measures that more explicitly address the issue of quality of life.
Electrochemical Performance of Coated Titanium Anodes in Concentrated Chromium VI Solutions
Authors: Ntunka Mbuyu G. , Bryson Anthony B. , Cukrowski Ignacy 
Published: November 2007

The performance of IrO2/Ta2O5 coated titanium anodes in concentrated chromium VI solutions were evaluated by accelerated life tests, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. Experimental results show that the anodes had a service life of up to 1059 hours under a current density of 1.2 Acm-2, which is four times the normal	operating level. Chronoamperometrical tests performed at selected intervals during the accelerated life tests show that the electroactivity of the coating slowly decreases at the beginning, maintains a roughly stable condition for an intermediate period and then falls of sharply at the end. Additional analyses by SEM and EDS before and after accelerated	life tests suggest that deactivation of the coating takes place by chemical/electrochemical corrosion followed by passivation of the titanium substrate.
The Higher Mobility Fabrication and Study for SiGe Nanowire
Authors: Chang K. M. , Kuo Jiun M. , Chao Wen Chuan , Liang Chia Jung , Chan Jing Min , Wu Wen Fa 
Published: November 2007

The thin-film-transistor (TFT) was utilized to confirm that oxidation enhanced the SiGe drive current. It shows the incensement of current by the condition of higher temperature and longer oxidation time. The study above employed to the SiGe nanowire. The SiGe nanowire was fabricated by spacer technique and oxidized at different temperatures and times. All the SiGe films with different Ge concentrations were deposited on SiO2 by cold-wall ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor	deposition (UHVCVD). We utilize scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the silicon germanium nanowire's size. In addition, from I-V measurement, it also shows that the current is improved for SiGe nanowire after oxidation.
ARSST Experiments to Evaluate Solvent Compatibility with Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP{trade mark, serif})
Authors: Burelbach James P. 
Published: November 2007

The ARSST (Advanced Reactive System Screening Tool) is a	simple adiabatic calorimeter that is widely used to screen for	energetic materials and to quickly develop data for safe process design. The instrument is well suited for long-term stability studies, to characterize runaway reactions, and to evaluate material compatibility.	Recently the ARSST has proved useful for characterizing material compatibility between Lithium compounds and various	solvents or binders. This paper presents test data to illustrate the application using standard grade Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP{trade mark, serif}) and various solvents (GBL, NMP,	and Xylenes).
The Structure of Molten Lithium Carbonate Calculated by DFT and MD Simulations
Authors: Ohata Hideaki , Takeuchi Ken , Ui Koichi , Koura Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2007

The structures having the minimum interaction energy of the Li2CO3 monomer, dimer, trimer and tetramer were derived using the density functional theory (DFT).	These structures were optimized. The structures of the monomer and the dimer agreed with the ab initio molecular orbital calculation results at a Hartree - Fock level. The structures of the trimer and the tetramer model were C3h and C2 symmetry, respectively. Then we carried out the harmonic frequency analysis of these geometries. The tetramer model showed the best agreement among these	results with the Raman spectrum of the liquid state. On the other hand, we calculated the total structure factor S(Q) of the trimer and tetramer geometries	considered from the DFT calculation to examine the local structure of molten Li2CO3. The calculation result corresponding to the tetramer model reproduced satisfactorily the position and the height of the S(Q) peaks.
Hydrogenation of [60]Fullerene and [70]Fullerene Using Diethylenetriamine
Authors: Briggs Jonathan , Miller Glen P. 
Published: November 2007

Both [60]fullerene and [70]fullerene are hydrogenated in	excellent yield using diethylenetriamine (DET) at elevated temperatures. Conventional heating promotes hydrogenation but reaction times can be dramatically reduced using a microwave reactor. In contrast to the DET hydrogenation of [60]fullerene which leads to C3v symmetric C60H18 in a highly regioselective reaction, the corresponding reaction with [70]fullenene leads to a complex mixture of products with 26-30 hydrogen atoms per	[70]fullerene.