bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arcadian Ass: Sir Philip Sidney and Apuleius
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Apuleian influences in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. Upon his death in 1586, Sidney left behind two versions of Arcadia: the so-called Old Arcadia, a pastoral tragicomedy ‘in five books or acts’ completed in about 1581; and a so-called New Arcadia, a much revised and expanded version in two and a half books which was abandoned in 1584. It is argued that the revision manifests contradictory impulses — an attempt to Heliodoreanize the work, to render it more serious, edifying, and stable, coupled with a centrifugal tendency to explore more dynamic possibilities of narrative and characterization (including those provided by The Golden Ass). The paradox is that the very qualities — the moral and imaginative dynamics — which invest the New Arcadia with such interest, also account for its formal failure. But that failure was as productive as it was inevitable. The Arcadia is one of the earliest examples of comparative criticism of the ancient novels and it serves as a case study of the sorts of tensions and possibilities facing early-modern writers of fiction.
Happiness Quantified
Authors: van Praag Bernard M. S. , Ferrer-i-Carbonell Ada 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book deals with satisfaction analysis, that is, the way humans evaluate many aspects of their situation. It focuses on that which precedes decision taking (i.e., judgements and evaluations, likes and dislikes) on which preference orderings are based. Although written by two economists, the book covers many fields in the social sciences in the broadest sense, including psychology, sociology, and political science, with the aim of promoting discussion between the disciplines. It presents methodologies by which satisfaction can be analysed.
Conclusion
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This Conlusion sums up the discussions in the preceeding chapters and analyses what the book has achieved in its discussions. Ethos played an important role in almost every aspect of the Oxford Movement. Its influence, though normally hidden below the surface, can be detected in a multitude of ways at all times. The present study has suggested that much. However, ethos did have a more universal dimension. The Conclusion considers this.
Validity, Truth‐Preservation, and the Second Incompleteness Theorem
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a survey of possible responses to the Curry paradox, and argues that the one offered by the theory of Chapters 15 through 18 is least disruptive of ordinary reasoning. Based on this discussion, it returns both to the relation between validity and necessary truth preservation, and to issues about the second incompleteness theorem.
Determinateness, Hyper‐Determinateness, and Super‐Determinateness
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter is about whether we can make sense of a notion of hyper-determinacy that will transcend the hierarchy of iterations of the determinacy operators and restore paradox. To investigate this, we need to be more rigorous about how the transfinite iterations of the operator are defined. It turns out that one can in a sense define operators that ‘iterate beyond the allowable hierarchies’, but that they don't lead to new paradoxes because they don't behave like we would expect an iteration of a determinacy operator to behave. This is connected to König's paradox. It is argued that the use of higher order resources would not affect the conclusion.
Understanding Transatlantic Differences in Working HoursTito Boeri
Authors: Boeri Tito 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the reasons behind the major gap in labour productivity between the US and Europe. In Europe, there are both relatively fewer people at work (a lower employment to population ratio) and fewer hours worked per worker than in the US. It is shown that Europeans work less than Americans mainly because there are institutions inducing or actually forcing them to do so. Thus, Europeans can be induced to work more or less by reforming these institutions. An overview of the two parts of this book is presented.
1 Time Use and Work Timing Inside and Outside the Market
Authors: Burda Michael C. , Hamermesh Daniel S. , Weil Philippe 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines data describing the time that people spend in each of the many activities that make up their day. It focuses on data from the late 1980s and early 1990s, and from the early 2000s, for Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the USA. It considers patterns and changes in non-work activities that are classified into several major groups. It then raises questions such as: how do patterns of work activities differ over the week, and over the day, in the EU and USA? Would market work in the EU look the same as in the USA if Europeans had the same patterns of daily and weekly market activity as Americans?
3 Home Production, Setup Costs, and Welfare
Authors: Burda Michael C. , Hamermesh Daniel S. , Weil Philippe 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines how home production is chosen in the household context and explores the welfare implications of home production in the EU and USA. It begins by reviewing and extending the theory of home production. Empirical evidence presented in Chapter 1 showed not only that household work is a significant component of All Work, but also that it varies widely across households and across persons within households. It is shown that there are good theoretical reasons to suspect that the decision to move from no market work to some market work involves the expenditure of time and material resources. This suggests a natural econometric test, namely to see whether the decision to work changes the allocation of time in a smooth fashion or in fact ‘disrupts’ the allocation of time and material resources to other activities. The chapter concludes with some speculation as to what we can say about these EU-US differences in work and time use.
6 The Two French Work‐Sharing Experiments: Employment and Productivity Effects
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines workweek reductions experiments in France. Using the 1982 workweek reduction, it is shown that work-sharing policies, per se, do not work. Put differently, they are not apt to work as long as wage subsidies are not offered to the firms. Their impact of employment and production is then shown using the experience of the experiment conducted at the end of the 1990s. Payroll tax subsidies (as well as other types of subsidies) mitigated the negative effects on employment of this last experiment. In the short run, firms that went to thirty-five hours benefited from the policy, in particular low-productivity firms (because payroll tax subsidies were disproportionately directed to them) to the detriment of firms that stayed at thirty-nine hours. Hence, in the short run, employment was redirected to low-productivity firms adopting the policy. Then, in the medium run, the breath of air coming from the subsidies stopped working and the firms that had moved to thirty-five hours started to fail massively, while the survivors appear to have benefited from these deaths.
‘A Dynamical Form of Mechanical Effect’: Thomson's Thermodynamics
Authors: Morus Iwan Rhys 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
As he settled into his position as Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow, Thomson would spend much of his time over the subsequent years pondering over the problem of heat and the difficulty of reconciling Joule's experimental determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat with Carnot's theory that seemed to demand that there could be no such figure. The eventual result of his ruminations was a series of papers presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1851 and published in their Transactions a few years later on the dynamical theory of heat. In these papers, Thomson outlined the basic principles of the new science of thermodynamics that had emerged from his attempts at making sense of Carnot and Joule's apparently contradictory positions. Over the next few decades, Thomson, Joule, and others would succeed in placing this new thermodynamic science at the very heart of 19th-century physics. To make sense of this achievement, it is important to start by going back to the 1820s and Carnot's essay Reflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu. This chapter begins with a careful look at Carnot's essay and responses to it, followed by an account of Joule's experiments during the first half of the 1840s that led him to the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Thomson and Tait: The Treatise on Natural Philosophy
Authors: Flood Raymond 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Lord Kelvin's collaboration with Peter Guthrie Tait. Probably the most influential legacy of their collaboration on ‘heavy mathematical work’ was the production in 1867 of The Treatise on Natural Philosophy, which became universally known as ‘T&T’. It was Tait's concern to have adequate textbooks for his students to support his lectures that led to the project that resulted in ‘T&T’.
Kelvin, Maxwell, Einstein and the Ether: Who was Right about What?
Authors: Everitt C. W. Francis 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Ether theory (according to the myth) requires that as the Earth moves through space, the measured velocity of light parallel and perpendicular to its motion will vary. Two American physicists, A. A. Michelson and E. W. Morley devised a test of ‘ether drift’. To their and everyone's surprise, it didn't exist. In desperation, two new explorers, G. F. FitzGerald and H. A. Lorentz, separately advanced the weird ad hoc hypothesis that as Michelson's apparatus traversed the ether, it somehow shrank lengthwise by just the right amount to hide the effect. Various physicists devised further experiments to see the shrinkage. All failed. This chapter argues that Kelvin's insight into ether theory was outstanding, far superior to that of any of his famed predecessors, Poisson, Cauchy, MacCullagh, etc., and that most of the criticisms of him by 20th century writers were merely silly.
Disjunctivism, Indistinguishability, and the Nature of Hallucination
Authors: Fish William 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCritics of disjunctivism have argued that the disjunctivist needs to provide a plausible explanation of just how two distinct mental states might be indistinguishable for their subject without simply taking the fact of indistinguishability for granted. This chapter examines the everyday notion of indistinguishability alongside relevant empirical findings. It offers an account of hallucinatory indistinguishability which suggests that the indistinguishability of hallucination from veridical perception is grounded in the similarity of their effects, rather than in any phenomenal similarities between the two states. This analysis is then elaborated to show how it can account for the first-person aspects of hallucinations, to show how it is possible for conceptually unsophisticated creatures — such as animals and infants — to hallucinate, and to show how a subject may suffer from hallucinations whilst being aware that their experiences are non-veridical.
Disjunctive Theories of Perception and Action
Authors: Ruben David‐Hillel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn order to state a disjunctive theory of action, one needs two terms of art: ‘intrinsic event’ and ‘mere event’. One also needs two senses of ‘event’: a wide sense and a narrow sense. In the wide sense, all actions are events by classificatory fiat. In the narrow sense, mere events and intrinsic events are events, but basic actions are events only if they are identical to their intrinsic events. If basic actions were events in the narrow sense, it would not be true by classificatory fiat but by the expenditure of honest philosophical labour. This chapter argues that if a basic physical action occurs, no event in the narrow sense occurs, either one with which the action is identical, or one which the action causes, or one which is a part of the action. A disjunctive theory of action claims that if an item i is an event in the broad sense, either i is a mere event in the narrow sense, or i is an intrinsic event in the narrow sense, or i is an action.
A Disjunctive Conception of Acting for Reasons
Authors: Hornsby Jennifer 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces a disjunctivist conception of acting for reasons by showing that an account of acting for reasons should give a place to knowledge. This disjunctive conception is claimed to have a role analogous to that of the disjunctive conception that John McDowell recommends in thinking about perception; and it is shown that the two conceptions have work to do in combination when they are treated as counterparts. It is also claimed that the disjunctive conception of acting for reasons safeguards the connection between what moves us to act (sometimes called ‘motivating reasons’) and what favours our acting (sometimes called ‘normative reasons’).
Starting Afresh Disjunctively: Perceptual Engagement with the World
Authors: Sedivy Sonia 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt is claimed that a non-objectifying explanatory approach to perception shows how the disjunctive insight works together with conceptualist direct realism to give the best explanation of perception. This emphasizes the role of the disjunctive insight as an integral component within a conceptualist approach that emphasizes non-objectifying explanation. Taking an explanatory approach highlights the sui generis nature of perceptual content: determinate and object and property involving, or genuinely singular, and conceptual. It shows that perception is a mode of engagement because perceptual content is determinate and such content involves its objects and properties, and that disengaged states such as dreams or hallucinations are peripheral and limiting conditions of the central condition. Developing this explanation addresses three principal concerns regarding disjunctive, direct realism. Firstly a new argument from the fact that perceptual content cannot be retained in its original determinate detail shows that the fabric of perceptual consciousness is relational. Secondly to explain how it is that the mind-independent individuals we perceive have the properties that we perceive — even though the scientific picture might be taken as suggesting otherwise — broadly interpretivist and Wittgensteinian resources are deployed and argued to be tenable alongside scientific explanations of sub-personal perceptual processes. Finally, the explanatory approach taken in this chapter also addresses the fundamental worry that disjunctive approaches simply side-step the fundamental sceptical challenge that perceptual experiences might be indistinguishable from veridical experiences.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown David 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This concluding chapter presents the author's final thoughts. It argues that the art, music, architecture, and literature referred to are essentially illustrative of a more fundamental thesis: that both natural and revealed theology are in crisis, and that the only way out is to give proper attention to the cultural embeddedness of both. Religion does not operate in isolation, and so theology and philosophy as it reflects on religion is equally incapable of escaping that wider influence, however much it may pretend otherwise.
‘Leges dare’ and ‘Constituere’: Municipal Charters
Authors: Bispham Edward 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the shape and content of the lex then considers the mechanisms for granting charters. It argues that for the municipia enfranchised after the Social War, their leges were not meant to be seen as an earnest of good behaviour or a token of civilization to come; they were however symbolically important, a public and judicial marker of the political ‘Romanization’ of the community. At the same time, the charter not only displayed Rome's expectations and the aspirations of the municipes, but was a vital means of balancing those aspirations against affective bonds between municipes and municipium, ties of sentiment, tradition, and loyalty.
The Ambivalence of Nature: Poetry for the New Greek State
Authors: Güthenke Constanze 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces the context for evaluating Greek Romantic poetry of the first decade of statehood, especially in the so-called Athenian School. It offers readings of works by Alexandros Rizos Rangavis and Panagiotis Soutsos, whose vision of a new literature betrayed a highly ambivalent attitude towards the repertoire of Romantic images, not least because here are writers ‘on the ground’ in Greece. Their use of some of the philhellenic, Romantic motives, especially those pertaining to folk literature, is complex, but they, too, cannot avoid the necessary split into Greek antiquity and European modernity, which leaves contemporary Greece in a limbo, trying to stake a claim to both sides. Their poetry is presented with reference to little-studied material from prefaces to their first editions.
The ‘in virtue of’ Relation
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn Carnap and Logical Truth, Quine argued that it was always either trivial or absurd to say that a sentence was true in virtue of meaning, and his argument has been revived in recent times by Boghossian. This chapter responds to these arguments by proposing a particular disambiguation of the ‘in virtue of’ expression. It is also argued that it would be a mistake to equate analytic sentences with those that express necessary truths.
Meaning
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe traditional account of the analytic/synthetic distinction is based on a naive folk theory of language. This chapter explains how that folk theory supported a particular version of the analytic/synthetic distinction. It then provides alternatives to the folk picture and argues that we should distinguish four different kinds of meaning: character, content, reference determiner, and referent. This more fine-grained picture allows us to reconstruct analyticity as truth in virtue of reference determiner, which is more easily defended against the old arguments against analyticity. This move also solves the worry about equating analytic sentences with those that express necessary truths, and allows us to account for the status of the contingent analytic and the necessary a posteriori.
The Spectre of “Two Dogmas”
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter responds to the two main arguments of Quine's paper ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’. It argues that Chapter 2's rejection of the language myth makes it easier to understand what is good or plausible in the infamous argument from circularity, but that it ultimately also allows us to reject the conclusion of that argument. Similarly, the argument from confirmation holism is presented and rejected.
Definitions
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDefinitions have often thought to be crucial to the debate over the analytic/synthetic distinction. They have seemed to provide clear examples of synonymy which are well-entrenched in scientific and mathematical practice. This chapter re-examines the properties of definitions in the light of our rejection of the Language Myth. The resulting account allows us both to explain Quine's sometimes puzzling views on definition, and to defend the analytic/synthetic distinction against his doctrine of the transience of definition.
1 Industrial Policy and the Chinese Telecommunications Industry
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter outlines the book's analytical framework, and sets the stage for the empirical work that follows. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical literature on industrial policy in general, and on work specific to China. It puts the theories in a comparative context, and considers the ways nations such as Japan and South Korea used industrial policy with some success. It considers both positive and negative features of government economic intervention. It also argues that a focus on key economic sectors can shed useful empirical light on the how a government can successfully develop important industries such as telecommunications. It outlines the text's thesis that the rapid growth of telephones and the Internet in China may be attributed to successful government industrial policies.
3 Telecommunications Competition in the 1990s and 2000s
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter asks whether companies owned by the state actually effectively compete with each other. A major potential problem with the shielding effect of industrial policy is that state-owned or protected corporations have no reason to strive for greater efficiency, better service, or a larger market share when they are essentially all part of the same family. However, it is shown that giant public Chinese telecommunications service companies like China Telecom, China Unicom, and others actually became fiercely competitive. This chapter examines reasons for this competitive nature and assesses the positive benefits for the Chinese economy and for consumers. It concludes that there was a high degree of competition between Chinese ministries and their state-owned corporations, and that even within the state, sector organizations can generate the kind of dynamic that spurs both price competition and the rapid expansion of services.
6 Telecommunications in Shanghai: A Case Focus on the Municipal Government's Role
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways a key city in China, namely Shanghai, built both its telecommunications infrastructure and operations services. It highlights the policy process at the municipal level and indicates how city officials can work to develop this key sector. The chapter first briefly presents patterns of local government policies to build communications networks. It then focuses on the city of Shanghai to see how the regional government acted to build the industry. It probes for ways officials outside of the central system have contributed to building the sector on a regional basis. In doing so, it includes case study focus on several key companies, including Shanghai Unicom, AT&T, Eastday.com, and several key municipal corporations. It concludes that a scrupulous municipal government, working with a supportive national government and foreign investors that remained under control, could bring about effective economic growth in a key sector such as telecommunications.
Different structuring of partisan politics in America and Europe: the role of parties in the political process
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the different forms of structuring of partisan politics in America and the European nation-states. Regarding the party systems, American politics has been traditionally organized around different types of sectional cleavages. The inter-state features of the compound polity have influenced the politics at the supra-states level. In the European nation-states, sectional cleavages have never imposed themselves as the inspiring principle of party systems' logic. However, in certain European nation-states (such as Spain or Italy), territorial divisions emerged periodically.
American compound democracy and its challenges: the domestic implications of global power
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses challenges to the compound nature of American democracy raised by the global role the country has played since the end of World War II. Topics covered include the justifications and implications of America as a compound democracy, the role of President in the Cold War ear, presidential power in the era of divided government, and the rise and fall of presidential power.