bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CORROSION OF TANK BLOCKS BY OPAL GLASSES1
Authors: Uhrmann C. J. , Slater S. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe manufacture of opal glass in day tanks has made it necessary to study the corrosion of tank blocks. Opacifiers have to be used in larger quantities than in batches for opal glasses melted in covered pots because of the loss of density due to higher melting temperatures and shorter melting times, and exposure of batch to reactions from the direct flame heat.Experiments have been conducted to ascertain the factors which will allow the use of the lowest amount of opacifiers, the shortest practical melting time with the highest practical melting temperature, and also to minimize the corrosion of the bottom blocks of tanks by application of a cooling system, as well as prevention of separation of batch by practising certain “filling‐in” methods of the batch, and as a final result to reduce block stones in the glass. The experiments have resulted in the successful operation of day tanks for opal glass and in prolonging the life of the tanks, and have made possible the manufacture of thin blown dense opal glasses of almost as good quality from tanks as can be produced in pots.
OBSERVATION ON THE EFFECT OF SILICON CARBIDE IN CLAY BODIES1
Authors: Walton S. F. , Hauman E. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn these studies the distinction is made between silicon carbide in a clay body and clay‐bonded silicon carbide. An increase of strength by replacement of grog particles was noted. Tests were made on various bodies containing as little as 10% Sic by weight and up to 67% by weight. Comparison of clay and grog bodies, clay grog, and SiC bodies, and clay and SiC bodies were carried out under the load‐span test at various temperatures.The resistance of bodies containing SiC to the corrosion effect of various slags, particularly iron oxides with alkalis and alkaline earths, is given. A comparison is made with clay‐grog bodies. The increase of conductivity of bodies containing SiC is apparent. Commercial application of SiC and clay bodies is discussed.
ADVANTAGES AND USE OF A CO2 METER ON A FORCED DOWNDRAFT PERIODIC KILN AS TO TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: McCann D. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNotes on forced downdraft system used on dry‐pressed electrical porcelain fired to cone 12 flat are discussed. The type and general construction of the kiln, heat distribution, fuel used per firing, and the use of the CO2 meter for adjusting the draft for various conditions to get uniformly fired kilns, both as to time of firing and appearance of ware, are given.
SOME RESULTS OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF BORAX IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TANK GLASSES1
Authors: Schurtz D. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn the manufacture of various types of tank glasses, the introduction of a moderate amount of borax is becoming the general practice. Increased furnace production, less checking in fabrication, better finish, and more durable ware are indicative of its use. The introduction of borax and some of the problems connected with it are discussed.
ACTION OF THE DUST FROM THE BATCH ON THE CHECKER BRICK OF GLASS FURNACE REGENERATORS1
Authors: Beliankin D. S. , Besborodov M. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe crusts and glazed slag formations due to the glass batch dust that is carried by the gas current beyond the pots into the regenerators, flues, and burners were examined microscopically by X‐ray and chemical analysis. Crystals of nepheline, car‐ negieite, and mullite are noted. This paper deals with the crusts and glazed surfaces in the regenerating chambers of two different pot furnaces.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FINENESS FRACTIONS OF SLAKED SEMIFLINT CLAY1
Authors: Holmes M. E. , Paul A. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA select sample of Missouri semiflint clay was slaked to its natural size of grain and screened into the following sizes: on 20, 20 to 40, 40 to 60, 60 to 100, and through 100‐mesh.The 100‐mesh fraction is a very dense firing clay, giving a high dry and fired modulus of rupture, and would be effective as a “dope” for a weak clay. The properties of the intermediate finenesses are substantially an average of the properties of all the finenesses. Points of inferiority in the coarse fractions are supplemented by points of superiority in the fine fractions, and vice versa. All fractions are therefore desirable, and further, there are indications that no substantial improvement could be made by screening out any one of the fractions.
THE EFFECTS OF ADDITIONS OF ZINC OXIDE AND CADMIUM OXIDE ON SIMPLE GLASSES1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Ehman R. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe glass consisted of the composition SiO2 58%, PbO 22%, and Na2O 20%. Zinc oxide was introduced in increments of 5% up to a maximum of 20% as a substitute for equivalent parts of Na2O. Similar substitutions were made with cadmium oxide. The following physical properties were studied: thermal expansions, solubilities in hydrochloric acid, indices of refraction, and annealing conduct. Analyses of the glasses were made. The suitability of these glasses as vitreous enamels is discussed. A vacuum electric furnace for melting and fining glass under reduced pressures is described.
A STUDY OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN ENAMELS1
Authors: Cooke R. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study was made of the effects of a number of soluble salts on one type of sheet‐steel enamel. The factors affecting the quantities and nature of the salts normally appearing in the enamel water were observed. The effects of these salts together with those of a number of added salts were noted from the standpoint of set‐up of the enamel, rusting of the iron, and appearance of the fired enamel.
THE USE OF THE LINDEMANN‐DANIELSON CROSS‐BENDING TEST MACHINE1
Authors: Kinzie C. J. , Plunkett J. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of several variables such as enamel type, thickness of coating, fineness of milling, etc., are discussed and results are submitted. A special application of this machine is described in which it has been used in studies on the effect of dry film strength upon tearing in vitreous enamels.
PEBBLE MILL LININGS1
Authors: Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPebble mill linings used in the ceramic industries consist chiefly of flint, quartzite, and porcelain blocks. Rubber linings have had considerable attention recently. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed. Data are given showing relative costs at the Champion Porcelain Company of Belgian flint, “sillimanite” spark plug porcelain, and one‐piece rubber linings. Of the first two, the porcelain showed the lowest cost per year of service. The test of the rubber lining is not complete, but its high initial cost practically eliminates it on that basis. For special purposes the additional cost of the rubber lining might be justified.
A SMALL GAS‐FIRED LABORATORY FURNACE1
Authors: Norton F. H. , Norton C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThere is described a small furnace, particularly suitable for experimental work in ceramics. This furnace is unique in that temperatures sufficiently high for nearly all operations in ceramics can be obtained by the use of a standard Méker burner. The temperature can be brought up rapidly and can be held steadily. The construction of the furnace makes it comparatively simple and inexpensive.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLAZES*
Authors: Hall F. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents some preliminary work on the study of the factors affecting fit of ceramic bodies and glazes. From the experimental work on 118 glazes and glasses, a method is outlined for calculating from the chemical composition of the glaze, approximate values of the tensile strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, and the mean linear coefficient of expansion of the glaze in the temperature range from 25°C to the lower limit of the critical range.
PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE SYSTEM SiO2–ZnO1
Authors: Bunting E. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study of phase equilibria in the condensed system SiO2–ZnO by the quenching method shows the existence of (a) only one compound, Zn2SiO4, the mclting point of which is 1512°C; (b) a region of two immiscible liquid phases in equilibrium with cristobalite at 1695°C, extending from 2 to 35 mol. per cent ZnO; (c) a euiectic between tridymite and Zn2SiO4 at 1432°C and 49.1 mol. per cent ZnO; (d) a eutectic between ZnO and Zn2SiO4 at 1507°C and 77.5 mol. per ceut ZnO. The mclting point of Zno is found to be 1975°± 25°C.An irdium vessel is described which can be used in an induction furnace to obtain constant temperatures up to 2300°C in an oxidizing atmosphere.
RAW AND WHITE GROUND COAT1
Authors: Malinovszky A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe author discusses the possibility of using the mineral lepidolite as a ground coat or enamel. The analyses of several samples of lepidolite are given; their refractoriness and expansion values are also calculated. Being high in Al2O3 and containing no B2O3 precludes the use of lepidolite in any essential quantities. Lithium oxide of which lepidolite contains about 4% does not aid in adhesion of the ground coat to cast iron. The patented ground coats with their various materials and minerals are discussed. The literature is reviewed and examples of good and defective ground coats are named using composition data and microphotographs to illustrate the essentials for good ground coat adherence.
COMMERCIAL FELDSPARS PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES1
Authors: Knight F. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn impartial survey of the various commercial feldspars available is presented to the consumers of that product. Discussions and analyses of many of the commercial feldspars mined in the United States and Canada and analyses of actual shipments are given. The similarities and differences between feldspars of the different sections and the quality and fineness of grinding in connection with the branches of the ceramic industry using feldspar are discussed. Blending of feldspars is also considered.
CLAY SEWERPIPE MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Blessing Robert L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper continues the description3 of the methods employed in a survey of sewerpipe kilns.Data and curves are given to indicate the rates of moisture removal during the normal watersmoking period and at higher temperatures. The information obtained reveals conditions that cause both continuous and non‐continuous losses; it is, therefore, difficult to judge the end of the watersmoking period by loss‐of‐weight methods. The applications of the findings to making heat‐balance determinations and to correct kiln manipulation are considered. The discussion covers also the variation and significance of moisture in ware, a possible explanation of weight loss at temperatures above watersmoking, and the danger of using fast rates in this range.
THE STRENGTH OF GLASS AS AFFECTED BY CASING1
Authors: Bailey James 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTConsiderable regarding the strengthening of glass by surface chilling has been written. Theoretically it has been shown that the modulus of rupture of slabs toughened glass may have a maximum of 3.4 times that of annealed glass. Complicated shapes and large surfaces cannot be satisfactorily treated by this method.Very similar results may be obtained by the method commonly called “casing,” wherein the article consists of three layers, the two outer ones being of glass having a lower coefficient of expansion than the inner layer.After annealing in the usual way the outer layers are left in compression and the central layer is in tension. By combining these initial stresses with those set up during a test to determine the modulus of rupture, a set of equations was derived. These equations were expressed in graph form, one of which gave the relation of case thickness expressed in tenths of the total thickness to the relative strength compared to flawless annealed glass. A number of curves were shown based upon the ratio of maximum internal tension to the maximum tension at the surface. These curves enabled the proper case thickness to be found in order to develop optimum strength for any assumed ratio of maximum internal tension to external tension.Another graph showed the corresponding initial tension and compression due to casing for the conditions outlined above. These curves showed that the case thickness could vary considerably without greatly affecting the strength and also that the initial stresses are smaller than those usually thought necessary.The maximum relative strength as developed by “casing” had a somewhat smaller value than that developed by “toughening.”
AN APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE ANNEALING CONSTANTS OF GLASS1
Authors: Sharp Donald E. , Bailey James , Hyman Irving 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn apparatus is described by means of which annealing data on glass may be rapidly and accurately obtained. Essentially, the apparatus consists of a mechanical means straining the glass, an optical means of measuring the stresses, and a means of heating the sample uniformly while making the measurement. The results are consistent and expressed in definite terms. The specimens for test may be quite small. The apparatus may be used for control purposes in place of measuring softening temperatures.
MANUFACTURE OF THIN PORCELAIN PARTS OF CLOSE DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES1
Authors: Shaw L. I. , Johnson A. G. , Scott W. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method for manufacturing a porcelain washer 0.030 inch thick and 0.495 inch ± 0.003 inch inside diameter is described. Strength sufficient to allow the handling and trimming of the raw parts is secured by using waxes as the temporary binder of the dry ceramic materials, and forming under higher pressure. As the plasticity necessary for forming is obtained with wax, the stresses and resulting deformation incident to the use of clay plasticized with water are eliminated. Lower, more uniform shrinkage with resultant closer dimensional control is thus obtained.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF GROG ON PRESSURE TRANSMISSION IN DRY PRESSING1
Authors: Dodd By C. M. , Holmes M. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study of the dry‐pressing characteristics of several fire brick and building brick clays was made by compressing them, at high and low pressures, into large shapes with a hydraulic press The clays do not effectively transmit the pressure into the interior. The finest grained clays are morc deficient in this respect. The result is a porosity gradient as high as 15% of the interior porosity between center and surface. Such a variation may account, in part, for the defects in dry‐press ware. The addition of fired grog increases the pressure transmission. Some clays require more than 50% grog and some less for maximum pressure transmission and optimum results. Fireclay shapes as much as ten inches in thickness and of substantially uniform physical properties can be formed if the proper amount of grog is used.
THERMAL SHOCK EFFECT ON THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF CLAY BODIES1
Authors: Morgan W. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTest specimens of twenty commercial shale and fireclay bodies, ranging in softening point from cones 7 to 30, were fired in laboratory kilns to cones 04, 2, and 6. Comparisons of transverse strength before and after thermal shock were made, thermal shock h a i h g been produced by eight cycles of heating in a furnace at 1100°F for 15 minutes and cooling over an air blast for an equal length of time.Results indicate that as initial strength increases, per cent reduction in strength increases and strength after thermal shock increases to a maximum and then declines. Curves are fitted to the data and the mathematical relationships are shown.The results of other investigators are discussed.
COMPARISON OF BODIES CONTAINING BLENDED FELDSPARS AND ONE‐MINE FELDSPAR OF SIMILAR COMPOSITION1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Amberg C. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn electrical porcelain body mixture was prepared in several batches, each of which contained a different feldspar. These several bodies were formed by hand pressing, extrusion, and casting. After they had been fired a comparison was made of the volume changes and bulk specific gravities.
MOISTURE EXPANSION OF GLAZES AND OTHER CERAMIC FINISHES1
Authors: Schtjrecht H. G. , Polb G. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTResearch for ascertaining why some glazes are more resistant to “moisture crazing” than others revealed the fact that certain glazes expand, because of the action of water, similarly to some of the ceramic bodies t o which they are applied. Although a control of this type of expansion is very important in fitting glazes to bodies, it has not been previously considered. Its importance should be evident at once when it is considered that a large “moisture expansion” in a glaze or other finish is in many cases an indication that the glaze will not be so liable to craze when the ceramic ware or material on which it is used is exposed to moisture. This follows since the glaze and the body on which it goes and which is ordinarily very susceptible to this kind of expansion will then increase in size simultaneously and more nearly at the same rate. Such conditions lessen the tendency of the body expansion to cause tensile stresses in the glaze.In this investigation specimens of various finishes were subjected to steam at 150 pounds per square inch for an hour because it was known that this treatment of such materials produces effects similar to those caused by long exposure to weather. This artificial weathering treatment caused in lustrous glazes an average expansion of 0.004%, in mat glazes 0.011%, in vitreous slip finishes 0.005%, and in porous slip finishes 0.033%. The moisture expansion of one of the mat glazes was 30% of the average obtained for a ceramic body having an absorption of approximately 12%. This proclivity of ceramic finishes to expand by the absorption of moisture can be controlled in their manufacture.
THE PROPAGATION OF FISSURES IN GLASS AND OTHER BODIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SPLIT‐WAVE FRONT1
Authors: PRESTON F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper pursues the conclusion, reached in earlier papers2 that the details of glass fissures can be explained on the basis that the head of an advancing fissure cndeavors at all times to stay at right angles to the principal tension in its immediate neighborhood. This argument is followed here into some of its more complex manifestations, particularly into the complications of fissure‐form that arise when the fissure‐front splits, giving rise to hackle‐texture and “stries” (“feather‐patterns”) on the one hand and to radiant formation on the other.
STRESSES IN WIRE GLASS DUE TO THE WIRE1
Authors: PRESTON F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSince the polariscopic evidence as to the strains in wire glass caused by the wire is either absent or hard to interpret, this paper was originally a mathematical investigation as to what strains there ought to be, and what they ought to look like in the polariscope. In the present pages, however, the findings are presented first in nonmathematical form, and the mathematical skeleton is secreted in a cupboard or appendix. The findings arc checked with the polariscopic evidence, and a number of interesting points are, it is believed, here presented for the first time.
EFFECTS OF BODY COMPOSITION AND FIRING TREATMENT ON SALT GLAZES1
Authors: Hufsh R. K. , Clemens E. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFive synthetic bodies were made up in which the silica, alumina, ferric oxide, and alkalis were varied. Salts were added to these bodies in various amounts; the bodies were dried and fired under carefully controlled conditions and salt glazed under oxidizing conditions at cones 2, 5, and 7 and under reducing conditions at cone 5. The effects of body composition and glazing temperature on the appearance of the bodies are giveu. Reducing conditions during glazing increased the glaze thickness. The maturity of the glaze is more important than the thickness. Devitrification of the glazes is more important than the presence of impurities. Crystals of hematite, acmite, nephelite, and carnegieite were found in the glazes. Firing treatment has a greater influence on glaze character than chemical composition.
SODIUM SILICATE, A NEW ENAMEL RAW MATERIAL1
Authors: Manson M. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe addition of silica to enamel in the form of a readily fusible silicate, such as sodium silicate, lowers the smelting time and temperature required to bring about complete solution of the silica. Enamels in which all the silica was introduced in the form of quartz, although apparently completely smelted, still contained large quantities of free silica, while enamels of identical analysis in which sodium silicate was the sole source of silica contained, after smelting, no free silica. The presence of this free silica in an enamel affects its workability and acid resistance.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF POLARISCOPES FOR USE IN GLASS FACTORIES1
Authors: Spencer C. D. , Jones Shannon 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the most important considerations in the design and construction of polariscopes for routine factory use as found in the author's experience. A short summary of the various methods of obtaining plane‐polarized light is given in which preference is given to the reflection method for this type of instrument. The use of binocular analyzers, together with the importance of the matching of the field colors due to the tint‐plates, is pointed out.
A LABORATORY EQUIPMENT FOR STIFF‐MUD TESTS, INCLUDING EXHAUSTION OF THE AIR1
Authors: Lovejoy Ellis , CoVan H. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA small auger machine is described for laboratory use in testing stiff‐mud clays with special reference to de‐airing the clays and for investigation of augers, dies, and various devices which affect the flow of stiff‐mud clay.
A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE MOLECULAR FORMULAS OF CERAMIC GLAZES1
Authors: Holscher H. H. , Watts Arthur S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA chart representing average glaze composition, including lead, fritted, Bristol, and porcelain glazes, as plotted against temperature is presented as a means for teaching glaze compositions and for getting a broad view of the constituents of glazes and their variation with temperature. The chart covers the range from cones 015 to 18.
THE HEAT BALANCES OF SOME CERAMIC KILNS*
Authors: Mansur Howard H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe instruments, methods, and procedure for obtaining the data, the method for calculating heat balances, the description of the kilns and ware, and the efficiencies of the kilns, six in number, are given in detail. Two round downdraft kilns, one muffle, one rectangular horizontal draft, one semicontinuous, and one wholly continuous kiln were investigated. A bibliography is appended.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS ELECTROLYTES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE PROPERTIES OF CLAY SLIP AND ON THE LIFE OF PLASTER MOLDS1
Authors: Parmelree C. W. , Harman C. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to indicate the possibility of using organic compounds as casting electrolytes, and to ascertain their effect upon the durability of plaster molds. The data presented point out the fact that ethylamine, piperidine, or tetramethylammoniumhydroxide may be used as casting electrolytes and that they attack molds to a lesser degree than do sodium carbonate and sodium silicate.Some data are presented which compare viscosity with surface tension.
CONSTRUCTION OF REFRIGERATOR LININGS1
Authors: Wolff C. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDuring cooling, compression tests were built up in the enamel coating while the iron itself was under tensile strain. The compression forces from the three sides met at right angles at the corners of the linings and caused chipping Mechanically reënforcing these corners helped little. By notching the flanges, welding in small fillet, and welding an angle strip underneath the flange at the corner, the forces at work were reduced enough to overcome the chipping.