bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Position Habits Induced by Reward and “Frustration”
Authors: Russell Roger W. , Pretty Robert G. F. 
Published: April 2008

Predictions from Maier's theory of “frustration”-instigated behaviour have been tested in an experimental situation differing significantly from that in which the theory was propounded yet containing the central element of “frustration”—the insoluble problem. A water discrimination unit was employed in which the performance of rats would be observed during attacks on insoluble problems, position problems or symbol problems. Two groups, each containing ten Wistar albino rats, served as subjects. The research design consisted of the following phases: preliminary training, development of position responses, exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 50 per cent, punishment and exposure to a symbol-reward problem with 100 per cent, punishment. The design differed for the two groups only at the phase in which the position responses were established. During this phase one group was exposed to a position-reward problem and the other to an insoluble problem. Position responses were established as frequently under position-“frustration” (position stereotypes) as under position-reward (position habits) conditions. Position stereotypes were more rigid—more resistant to extinction—than position habits under conditions of 50 per cent, punishment. Position stereotypes were as readily extinguished under 100 per cent, punishment as were position habits under 30 per cent, punishment. The first two observations conform to predictions made from Maier's theory. The third does not. That is to say, not all situations containing the basic elements of “frustration” give rise to stereotyped behaviour patterns which are as rigid or “fixated” as Maier's theory would predict. It is a reasonable hypothesis that the characteristics of stereotyped responses established in certain “frustration” situations may be described adequately in terms of conventional learning principles without the necessity of resorting to a distinction between “goal-motivated” and “frustration-instigated” behaviour.
The Influence of Age, Sex, and Specialized Training on the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion
Authors: Fraisse P. , Vautrey P. 
Published: April 2008

With the aim of investigating the perceptual processes responsible for perceptual illusions, we have studied the influence of age, sex and specialized training on two forms of the vertical-horizontal illusion. In Figure A, the vertical is a short distance away from the horizontal; in Figure B, the vertical meets the horizontal segment at its mid-point. Both figures were presented in brief (0.2 second) and long (1.0 second) tachistoscopic exposure, and in unlimited exposure. When time is unlimited. Illusion A increases up to 9–10 years and then remains constant and Illusion B decreases as a function of age and chiefly as a function of the degree of scientific training. The illusions are stronger in tachistoscopic perception than under conditions of umlimited exposure. Both illusions also increase in tachistoscopic perception with age except for science students. Under condition of unlimited time, women have stronger illusions than men. This difference does not occur in tachistoscopic perception. These results may be interpreted in terms of the interaction of three processes: interaction among the elements of a figure (field effects); perceptual activity which makes possible the passing from syncretism or multiplicity to organized perception; and the activity of measuring the elements relatively to each other. This latter activity develops with cultural level and especially with scientific training. It is more effective with men than with women, due, it is suggested, to the spatial factor being higher in men.
Sexual Exhaustion and Recovery in the Male Rat
Authors: Beach Frank A. , Jordan Lisbeth 
Published: April 2008

Twelve male rats were left with receptive females and allowed to copulate and ejaculate until they reached a criterion of “sexual exhaustion” They were then retested after 1, 3, 6 and 15 days of sexual inactivity. Following these observations males were tested once each day or once every other day and allowed to achieve a single ejaculation. In the course of a period of unlimited access to the receptive female males usually need approximately 10 intromissions to produce the initial ejaculation, but successive ejaculations are produced by fewer and fewer intromissions. The time to recover from the effects of an ejaculation increases progressively as exhaustion is approached. Very few animals copulate when tested 24 hours after sexual exhaustion. Considerably more recovery is evident in tests conducted after a 3-day rest, but it is not complete and rats are not capable of achieving as many ejaculations as they tend to achieve after longer periods of inactivity. As measured by ejaculation-frequency, the curve of sexual recovery is negatively accelerated and probably reaches asymptote after 7 to 10 days of rest. Various other measures in addition to ejaculation-frequency support this conclusion. Males allowed to ejaculate once each day or every other day are somewhat less responsive than fully rested animals, but do not show any progressive loss in sexual excitability or capacity. A working hypothesis is proposed to explain most of the findings. It postulates the existence of an Arousal Mechanism which is distinct from a Copulatory Mechanism. The ways in which these hypothetical mechanisms are affected by sexual performance and sexual rest arc discussed.
Functional analysis of JAK3 mutations in transient myeloproliferative disorder and acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia accompanying Down syndrome
Authors: Sato Tomohiko , Toki Tsutomu , Kanezaki Rika , Xu Gang , Terui Kiminori , Kanegane Hirokazu , Miura Masayoshi , Adachi Souichi , Migita Masahiro , Morinaga Shingo , Nakano Takahide , Endo Mikiya , Kojima Seiji , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Mano Hiroyuki , Ito Etsuro 
Published: April 2008

Summary JAK3 mutations have been reported in transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) as well as in acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia of Down syndrome (DS‐AMKL). However, functional consequences of the JAK3 mutations in TMD patients remain undetermined. To further understand how JAK3 mutations are involved in the development and/or progression of leukaemia in Down syndrome, additional TMD patients and the DS‐AMKL cell line MGS were screened for JAK3 mutations, and we examined whether each JAK3 mutation is an activating mutation. JAK3 mutations were not detected in 10 TMD samples that had not previously been studied. Together with our previous report we detected JAK3 mutations in one in 11 TMD patients. Furthermore, this study showed for the first time that a TMD patient‐derived JAK3 mutation (JAK3I87T), as well as two novel JAK3 mutations (JAK3Q501H and JAK3R657Q) identified in an MGS cell line, were activating mutations. Treatment of MGS cells and Ba/F3 cells expressing the JAK3 mutants with JAK3 inhibitors significantly decreased their growth and viability. These results suggest that the JAK3 activating mutation is an early event during leukaemogenesis in Down syndrome, and they provide proof‐of‐principle evidence that JAK3 inhibitors would have therapeutic effects on TMD and DS‐AMKL patients carrying activating JAK3 mutations.
Long‐term administration of IgG2a anti‐NK1.1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates lupus‐like disease in NZB/W mice in spite of an early worsening induced by an IgG2a‐dependent BAFF/BLyS production
Authors: Postól Edilberto , Meyer André , Cardillo Fabíola , De Alencar Raquel , Pessina Daniel , Nihei Jorge , Mariano Mário , Mengel José 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe role of natural killer (NK) T cells in the development of lupus‐like disease in mice is still controversial. We treated NZB/W mice with anti‐NK1.1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and our results revealed that administration of either an irrelevant immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) mAb or an IgG2a anti‐NK1.1 mAb increased the production of anti‐dsDNA antibodies in young NZB/W mice. However, the continuous administration of an anti‐NK1.1 mAb protected aged NZB/W mice from glomerular injury, leading to prolonged survival and stabilization of the proteinuria. Conversely, the administration of the control IgG2a mAb led to an aggravation of the lupus‐like disease. Augmented titres of anti‐dsDNA in NZB/W mice, upon IgG2a administration, correlated with the production of BAFF/BLyS by dendritic, B and T cells. Treatment with an anti‐NK1.1 mAb reduced the levels of interleukin‐16, produced by T cells, in spleen cell culture supernatants from aged NZB/W. Adoptive transfer of NK T cells from aged to young NZB/W accelerated the production of anti‐dsDNA in recipient NZB/W mice, suggesting that NK T cells from aged NZB/W are endowed with a B‐cell helper activity. In vitro studies, using purified NK T cells from aged NZB/W, showed that these cells provided helper B‐cell activity for the production of anti‐dsDNA. We concluded that NK T cells are involved in the progression of lupus‐like disease in mature NZB/W mice and that immunoglobulin of the IgG2a isotype has an enhancing effect on antibody synthesis due to the induction of BAFF/BLyS, and therefore have a deleterious effect in the NZB/W mouse physiology.
An investigation into the use of CAL and the dialogue strategy in a tutorial context
Authors: Beynon A.L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article describes the use of CAL and the dialogue strategy as a basis for tutorial work. The sample (11 = 164) consists of staff, teachers and students in a College of Education. It is an attitudinal study and serves to emphasize the importance in certain subject areas of an open‐ended approach based on an analysis of the knowledge structure inherent in the discipline itself. It emphasizes the need for models using different levels of teaching, as well as different approaches according to individual learning needs. Such models should be pursued regardless of the constraints imposed by the limitations of computer languages currently available. Reference is made to logic programming (PROLOG) and its relevance for this area of work, as well as the authoring language PLOT for tutorial programs.
Children and turtles
Authors: Stewart E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper describes a study of the reactions to Logo and turtles by children at a Devon infant school. The study was aimed at observing the reactions, made by a selected group of 6‐and‐year‐olds, to a version of the programming language Logo and to the turtle. It is aimed to give the reader an insight into the thinking behind the actions made and decisions taken by the children, in order that the value of the turtle as a teaching aid may be judged.
The management of computing resources in schools*
Authors: Esterson Derek 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe paper begins with a review of current uses of microcomputers in secondary, primary and special schools and an examination of present and probable administrative uses of the technology in schools. Without entering into pedagogical arguments (and research is needed to provide ammunition for these), the uses which the author considers feasible are indicated, given the resources available, coming down firmly in favour of group rather than individual work in most circumstances. By way of illustration, details are given of some representative applications of computers in the classroom, and a comprehensive picture may be obtained by following up the references and footnotes. The problems of the management of resources are dealt with under three headings: ‘physical security of the equipment’— safeguards may lead to restricted use; ‘management of the hardware and software’— the resources required are considerable and whole‐school policies are needed under the aegis of senior management; ‘in‐service training’– a continuing programme is needed at a number of levels.
CAL innovation as viewed by purchasers of computer software in secondary schools
Authors: Griffin J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The use of computers in secondary schools has increased over recent years, but there is still a large number of teachers who do not make use of computers in their teaching. There are problems and challenges associated with the implementation of any innovation; the nature of computer technology and the way it has been introduced to schools have resulted in the creation of further, specific questions and difficulties.This paper includes an examination of the issues relating to the introduction of computers through an investigation of teachers who have bought educational computer software and from a study of related literature. These issues have been examined within an attempt to discover patterns in relation to the use of educational software, and to derive strategies which may be used in encouraging wider use of computers in secondary education.
Computer oriented attitudes as a function of risk‐taking among Israeli elementary school teachers
Authors: Offir B. , Katz Y. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract  This study examines the relationship between the level of risk‐taking among Israeli elementary school teachers and their attitude towards the use of computers within the framework of Computer‐Assisted Instruction (CAI). The teachers in the research sample responded to two questionnaires‐risk‐taking questionnaire and attitude towards computers questionnaire. One factor‐risktaking behaviour‐was yielded from the first questionnaire and one factor‐computer related attitude‐was yielded from the second.An analysis of the data obtained in the study indicates that teachers who are high‐level risk‐takers are more positive towards the use of computers in their teaching activities than medium‐level risktakers who in turn have a more positive attitude towards computer use within the framework of CAI than low‐level risk‐takers.
Identification of a localized mucosal immune response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization with a protein‐hapten antigen
Authors: Swan C M , Lindstrom N M , Cain K D 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ability of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (RBT), to produce a localized mucosal immune response was investigated following intraperitoneal (i.p.) or peranal (p.a.) immunization with a protein‐hapten carrier, fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (FITC/KLH). Antibody levels in serum, mucus, tissue culture supernatant from blood and spleen leucocytes, and excised skin, intestine and gill tissues were determined by ELISA. Significantly, elevated antigen‐specific antibodies were elicited in both serum and mucus of fish immunized i.p. Mucosal antibody responses, in general, paralleled serum responses over time. Leucocytes isolated from spleen and blood of i.p. immunized fish at week 10 produced significantly elevated antibody levels against FITC when cultured in vitro. Excised skin, intestine and gill tissues from these fish also exhibited significantly elevated antibody responses indicating localized production in the mucosa from tissue‐specific B cells. A localized mucosal immune response was elicited only after i.p. and not p.a. immunization, suggesting that systemically stimulated B cells migrate to mucosal tissues where they produce antibodies locally.
The epidemiology of childhood eczema: I. A population based study of associations
Authors: Golding Jean , Peters Tim J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Information on whether they thought their child had ever had eczema was obtained from the mothers of 12 555 children in a national cohort of five‐year‐olds born in 1970. This question was part of a multiple battery of questions concerning the medical, social, environmental and behavioural background of the child. These data were linked to the information that had been collected on the cohort at birth, and a profile of characteristics of the children with reported eczema was produced.A large proportion (46/135) of associations were statistically significant at the 1% level. The major associations were with socio‐economic indicators and characteristics of parental health behaviour, with the most advantaged socio‐economic groups and those with more positive health behaviour having increased rates of reported eczema. The patterns of associations form an interesting profile of the backgrounds of children reported to have had eczema. Identification of these factors was necessary before more advanced statistical techniques were employed to investigate which of these variables predominate when they are considered simultaneously, and to generate hypotheses as to which factors may be causally associated with the disorder.
From our own correspondents
Authors: GAFFIN JEAN 
Published: April 2008

Fumes from the spleenA tale is told of a man in Paris during the upheaval in 1848, who saw a friend marching after a crowd toward the barricades. Warning him that these could not be held against the troops, that he had better keep away, and asking why he followed these people, he received the reply, ‘I must follow them. I am their leader.’
Medical conditions present during pregnancy and risk of perinatal death in Jamaica
Authors: Ashley Deanna , Greenwood Rosemary , McCaw‐Binns Affette , Thomas Peter , Golding Jean 
Published: April 2008

Summary. In an attempt to identify causes of perinatal mortality and thence devise preventative strategies on the island of Jamaica, a study was made of the 1847 singleton perinatal deaths occurring over the 12‐month period between 1 September 1986 and 31 August 1987. Complications of the pregnancy were elicited by questioning the mother as well as abstracting data from the antenatal and clinical obstetric records. The deaths were classified using the Wigglesworth categorisation and the three largest groups were chosen for special study: antepartum fetal deaths, deaths of live births from immaturity and deaths from intrapartum asphyxia. The medical features of the pregnancies' were compared with data similarly obtained from 9919 women delivering singletons in the 2 months of September and October 1986 and who survived the first week of life.Unadjusted statistically significant associations were found with maternal syphilis, vaginal infection or discharge, bleeding in the first two trimesters, bleeding in the third trimester, lowest haemoglobin, highest diastolic and first diastolic blood pressures, highest level of proteinuria, diabetes and antenatal eclampsia. Logistic regression taking account of social, environmental and health behaviour variables showed the following significant relationships. Antepartum fetal death was associated with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for syphilis 2.88 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91, 4.32], bleeding in third trimester 3.86 [2.73, 5.44], highest diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001), highest level of proteinuria (P < 0.0001), lowest Hb (P < 0.0001) and antenatal eclamptic fits AOR 4.62 [1.47, 14.50]. Deaths from immaturity were independently associated with bleeding <28 weeks AOR 3.50 [2.39, 5.13], bleeding 28+ weeks AOR 1.93 [1.16, 3.22], highest diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) and highest level of proteinuria (P < 0.0001).Infection featured in deaths associated with intrapartum asphyxia, with syphilis AOR 2.17 [1.44, 3.26] and vaginal infection/discharge (P < 0.01) independently associated; other strong associations were bleeding <28 weeks AOR 2.10 [1.57, 2.81], bleeding 28+ weeks AOR 2.32 [1.62, 3.33], highest diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001), first diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001) and antenatal eclampsia AOR 6.70 [2.63, 17.13].For all perinatal deaths combined, independent features were syphilis AOR 2.06 [1.49, 2.85], vaginal infection/discharge (P < 0.001), bleeding <28 weeks AOR 2.01 [1.60, 2.53], bleeding 28+ weeks AOR 2.65 [2.02, 3.48], highest diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001), first diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001), proteinuria (P < 0.0001) and antenatal eclampsia AOR 4.22 [1.76, 10.14]. The results help identify areas for monitoring and identifying pregnancies at highest risk.
Deaths associated with intrapartum asphyxia in Jamaica
Authors: Escoffery Carlos , Greenwood Rosemary , Ashley Deanna , Coard Kathleen , Keeling Jean , Golding Jean 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The Jamaican Perinatal Mortality Survey compared all 2069 perinatal deaths occurring during the 12 months between 1 September 1986 and 31 August 1987 with 10086 survivors born in the 2 months of September and October 1986. The Wigglesworth classification identified 44% of the deaths as attributable to intrapartum asphyxia (IPA), and this grouping was largely confirmed by post‐mortem examination where it had been carried out. About half of these babies weighed 2500 g + and death should have been largely preventable.Comparison of the 813 IPA singleton deaths with 9919 singleton survivors using logistic regression showed independent associations with maternal employment status, the number of children in the household, maternal height, whether or not the mother was trying to get pregnant, or had ever used an intrauterine contraceptive device. Medical conditions such as syphilis, untreated vaginal infection, bleeding < 28 weeks, bleeding 28+ weeks, highest diastolic and first diastolic blood pressures and eclamptic fits antenatally were all strongly associated. Mothers who commenced antenatal care in the first trimester were at reduced risk as were those who took iron during pregnancy. There were substantial reductions in mortality in areas where better medical facilities were available.To this model, features of previous obstetric history were offered, but the only variables which entered were those relating to prior perinatal deaths and immediately preceding miscarriage and termination.Examination of specific features in the management of labour and delivery is a logical basis for the introduction of changes in practice. Caesarean section is unlikely to be appropriate but it is suggested that more active interventions in terms of use of forceps and/or vacuum extraction may be useful.