bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of variation in SNAP‐25 and ADHD and relationship to co‐morbid major depressive disorder
Authors: Kim J.W. , Biederman J. , Arbeitman L. , Fagerness J. , Doyle A.E. , Petty C. , Perlis R.H. , Purcell S. , Smoller J.W. , Faraone S.V. , Sklar P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSynaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), a protein involved in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, is a candidate gene for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous investigators have reported association initially with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3746544, rs1051312) and their associated haplotypes. Subsequently, additional SNPs across the region were also reported to be associated with ADHD. We attempted to replicate these observations in a sample of 229 families with ADHD offspring by genotyping 61 SNPs spanning the region containing SNAP‐25. A single SNP (rs3787283) which is in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs3746544 and rs1051312 (D′ = 0.89–0.94) resulted in a nominally significant association (P = 0.002). When we pooled our data with those from prior studies, results were modestly significant for rs3746544 (P = 0.048) and rs6077690 (P = 0.031). As an attempt to determine if specific ADHD‐related phenotypes may be more relevant to SNAP‐25 than the categorical diagnosis, we carried out exploratory subgroup analysis in our ADHD sample according to co‐morbid status. We found the strongest association result in the ADHD patients with co‐morbid major depressive disorder (MDD). Six SNPs were nominally associated with the ADHD and co‐morbid MDD cases (P = 0.012–0.045). Furthermore, a haplotype block located 11 kb 3′ of the gene showed positive evidence for association with this phenotype (global P = 0.013). In conclusion, we report some evidence supporting the association of previously implicated SNPs (rs3746544, rs1051312) of SNAP‐25 to ADHD. We further suggest that co‐morbidity with MDD may enhance detection of the association between SNAP‐25 and ADHD. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment of vocal communication and discrimination between ewes and their lamb in the first two days after parturition
Authors: Sèbe Frédéric , Nowak Raymond , Poindron Pascal , Aubin Thierry 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn sheep, the mother–young relationship is characterized by an exclusive bond that relies on the rapid establishment of mutual recognition. However, the role of acoustic cues has been underestimated and neglected in this early discrimination. Therefore, the aim of the present study was (1) to characterize the vocal behavior of ewes and their lambs during the first 15 days postpartum and (2) to investigate the ability of newborn lambs and their mothers to discriminate each other from alien subjects within the first 48 hr postpartum on the basis of acoustic cues only. Ewes started to vocalize in the last 3 hr preceding parturition, emitting mainly high‐pitched bleats. However, the bleating activity was highest during the first 3 hr following birth, consisting mainly of low‐pitched bleats. Thereafter it decreased sharply until 24 hr postpartum, with most of the activity coming from the mother. In a two‐choice test, ewes discriminated their own from an alien lamb on the basis of acoustic cues only at 24 hr postpartum, while lambs did so for their mother at 48 hr, which in both cases was much earlier than reported so far. We conclude that early vocal recognition between the ewe and her lamb may play an important role for the maintenance of mother–young contact. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 375–386, 2007.
Social influences on formula intake via suckling in 7 to 14‐week‐old‐infants
Authors: Lumeng Julie C. , Patil Namrata , Blass Elliott M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo investigate social influences on human suckling behavior, 25 healthy, full term, 7 to 14‐week‐old infants were each bottle‐fed their own formula twice by their mother and once in each of four experimental conditions: (a) held, provided social interaction; (b) held, without interaction; (c) not held, provided interaction; (d) not held, without interaction. Volume intake (VI), Total Sucks, infant gaze direction, and time elapsed since the last feeding were determined. There were three major findings: (1) social interaction increased VI; (2) VI was linearly related to the time since the last feeding in held infants; (3) Total Sucks and VI were both highly correlated with privation length when infants did not look at the feeder and when fed by the mother. Thus, social influences exert strong immediate impacts on suckling. Accordingly, suckling functions to obtain both nutrition from and social information about the feeder. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 351–361, 2007.
The influence of training views on infants' long‐term memory for simple 3D shapes
Authors: Kraebel Kimberly S. , West Rebecca N. , Gerhardstein Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis investigation explored infants' ability to retrieve a memory for a simple 3D shape from a novel view following a 24‐hr delay. Tests of memory for shape in infancy have typically used extremely short delay intervals between familiarization and test in examining the ability to equate between substantially different views of a 3D object. The current study used longer delays to assess the content of a long‐term memory representation. Infants 3–4 months of age learned to kick to move a mobile displaying a simple 3D shape (brick or cylinder). Results of three experiments show that infants can recognize 3D shapes in a novel viewpoint across a 24‐hr delay, provided that experience with a sufficiently wide range of views is available during training. The results suggest a capacity for the perception of 3D shape that enables access, across long delays, to a memory representation of sufficient detail that discrimination between two simple shapes (i.e., a cylinder and a brick) is possible. The results suggest that this representation is of a sufficiently abstract nature that perception of the 3D form of the object, independent of the changes in specific features accompanying changes in viewpoint, is also possible. This finding suggests that infants, like adults, possess a functional memory system for the distal shape of simple 3D objects, and can transfer training to a novel view using long‐term memory, but that this ability is not as strong as in the mature system. These results have implications for the development of shape perception and for theories of object recognition in general. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 406–420, 2007.
Maximum likelihood criterion based space‐time linear precoding method for eigenmode SNR increasing
Authors: Narieda Shusuke , Yamashita Katsumi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses a method for increasing the eigenmode SNR by using a space‐time linear precoder designed on a maximum likelihood (ML) basis (henceforth called the space‐time linear ML precoder). First, the effect of the length of the precoded signal generated in the ML precoder on the eigenmode SNR is studied. It is shown that the eigenmode SNR can be increased by varying the precoded signal length depending on the condition of the channel. Next, a transceiver configuration for increasing the eigenmode SNR by the space‐time linear ML precoder is presented. In the proposed method, error propagation may be generated due to the transceiver configuration and the BER characteristics may be degraded, even if the eigenmode SNR is increased. In this paper, in order to reduce the effect of the error propagation on the BER characteristics, the relationship between the average length of the error propagation and the precoded signal length in the proposed configuration is presented. It is demonstrated that the effect of error propagation can be minimized by limiting the region of search for the precoded signal length. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(10): 1– 8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20304
Fast rate‐distortion optimized coding mode decision for H.264
Authors: Tanizawa Akiyuki , Koto Shinichiro , Chujoh Takeshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn H.264/MPEG‐4 AVC a wide range of different prediction block forms and prediction signal generation methods are available. By selecting an optimal combination of coding modes from the multiple possible combinations of such modes, improvements in coding efficiency can be achieved. However, when using the rate‐distortion optimized coding mode decision method based on the Lagrange multipliers, at the same time as seeing a significant improvement in coding efficiency, we are faced with the problem that the mode decision procedure becomes extremely demanding computationally. The H.264/MPEG‐4 AVC high profile introduces adaptive block size transformations thereby making the number of combinations of coding mode that can be selected even larger than under the main profile. In this paper we investigate a method for hierarchically and adaptively reducing the number of mode combinations. Specifically we propose a method for quickly deciding the coding mode while limiting the reductions in coding efficiency by the correlation information between two mode decision cost functions in accordance with a quantization parameter. The results of experiments confirm that by using the proposed method, the encoding time excluding the motion search can be reduced by up to 4 times for the main profile and by up to 7 times for the high profile as compared to rate‐distortion optimized coding mode decision. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(9): 41– 55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20342
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of 1,3‐anti‐Diol Monoesters – Efficient Preparation of Enantiomerically Highly Enriched and Unsymmetrically Substituted 1,3‐anti‐Diols
Authors: Jakob Florian , Schneider Christoph 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCandida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) catalyzed the highly enantioselective acetylation of 1,3‐anti‐diol monoesters which have been obtained through a zirconium‐catalyzed aldol‐Tishchenko reaction. The product 1,3‐anti‐diol diesters were formed in yields close to 50 % and >98 % ee. Separation from the unreactive enantiomers and subsequent hydrolysis furnished both enantiomers of unsymmetrically substituted 1,3‐anti‐diols in high optical purities. Alternatively, the kinetic resolution process can be performed on the free 1,3‐anti‐diols even more rapidly with equally good results. A slow acyl migration during the reaction slightly deteriorated the enantiomeric excess of the unreactive enantiomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Design and implementation of a new neural network‐based high speed distance relay
Authors: Sanaye‐Pasand M. , Khorashadi‐Zadeh H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new neural network‐based transmission line distance protection module. The proposed module uses samples of voltage and current signals to learn the hidden relationship existing in the input patterns. Using a power system model, simulation studies are preformed and influence of changing system parameters such as fault resistance and power flow direction is studied. The proposed neural network has also been implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP) board and its behavior is investigated using suitable developed hardware. Details of the implementation and experimental studies are given in the paper. Performance studies results show that the proposed algorithm is able to distinguish various transmission line faults rapidly and correctly. It shows that the proposed network is fast, reliable, and accurate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to find good finite‐length codes: from art towards science
Authors: Amraoui Abdelaziz , Montanari Andrea , Urbanke Ruediger 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe explain how to optimise finite‐length LDPC codes for transmission over the binary erasure channel. Our approach relies on an analytic approximation of the erasure probability. This is in turn based on a finite‐length scaling result to model large scale erasures and a union bound involving minimal stopping sets to take into account small error events. We show that the performance of optimised ensembles as observed in simulations is well described by our approximation. Although we only address the case of transmission over the binary erasure channel, our method should be applicable to a more general setting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On low‐complexity linear‐programming decoding of LDPC codes
Authors: Vontobel Pascal O. , Koetter Ralf 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe consider linear‐programming (LP) decoding of low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes. While one can use any general‐purpose LP solver to solve the LP that appears in the decoding problem, we argue in this paper that the LP at hand is equipped with a lot of structure that can be exploited. Towards this goal, we study the dual LP and show how coordinate‐ascent methods lead to very simple update rules that are tightly connected to the min‐sum algorithm. Moreover, replacing minima in the formula of the dual LP with soft‐minima one obtains update rules that are tightly connected to the sum‐product algorithm. This shows that LP solvers with complexity similar to the min‐sum algorithm and the sum‐product algorithm are feasible. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐ and multicarrier transmission in up‐ and downlink scenarios with intersymbol interference: a comparison
Authors: Fischer Robert F. H. , Stierstorfer Clemens 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUp‐ and downlink transmission over multiple‐input/multiple‐output (MIMO) channels where the trans‐ mission paths exhibit intersymbol interference (ISI) are studied. Equalisation schemes for multipoint‐to‐point scenarios (multiple access problem, uplink) and precoding schemes for point‐to‐multipoint scenarios (broadcast channel (BC), downlink) are investigated. In particular, singlecarrier modulation employing decision‐feedback equalisation (DFE)/precoding, multicarrier (MC) modulation employing BLAST/precoding per carrier and frequency‐division multiplexing (FDM) in disjoint frequency bands are considered. The rate regions, that is the region of admissible rates of the users, for these approaches are given and compared. It is shown, that despite single‐ and multicarrier transmission can achieve the same sum rate, in each case MIMO OFDM offers the largest rate region. The results are illustrated via numerical examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of electronic dispersion compensation for step‐index polymer optical fibre by use of an advanced simulation model
Authors: Breyer Florian , Moerz Matthias , Hanik Norbert , Li Li , Randel Sebastian , Spinnler Bernhard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel system‐level simulation environment is presented for the evaluation of step‐index polymer optical fibre transmission systems. Key element is a new fibre model, which incorporates the three major attributes describing light propagation in SI‐POF: the mode‐dependent attenuation, the modal dispersion and the mode coupling process. Inter‐symbol interference (ISI) due to modal dispersion can be mitigated in the receiver by means of electronic dispersion compensation. In this work, we present the performance of an analog equaliser scheme based on a (sub‐)optimala‐posteriori‐probability (APP) technique, which increases the achievable fibre length for error‐free transmission at 1 Gbit/s from 11 to 53m. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using the wild bootstrap to quantify uncertainty in diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Whitcher Brandon , Tuch David S. , Wisco Jonathan J. , Sorensen A. Gregory , Wang Liqun 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEstimation of noise‐induced variability in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is needed to objectively follow disease progression in therapeutic monitoring and to provide consistent readouts of pathophysiology. The noise variability of nonlinear quantities of the diffusion tensor (e.g., fractional anisotropy, fiber orientation, etc.) have been quantified using the bootstrap, in which the data are resampled from the experimental averages, yet this approach is only applicable to DTI scans that contain multiple averages from the same sampling direction. It has been shown that DTI acquisitions with a modest to large number of directions, in which each direction is only sampled once, outperform the multiple averages approach. These acquisitions resist the traditional (regular) bootstrap analysis though. In contrast to the regular bootstrap, the wild bootstrap method can be applied to such protocols in which there is only one observation per direction. Here, we compare and contrast the wild bootstrap with the regular bootstrap using Monte Carlo numerical simulations for a number of diffusion scenarios. The regular and wild bootstrap methods are applied to human DTI data and empirical distributions are obtained for fractional anisotropy and the diffusion tensor eigensystem. Spatial maps of the estimated variability in the diffusion tensor principal eigenvector are provided. The wild bootstrap method can provide empirical distributions for tensor‐derived quantities, such as fractional anisotropy and principal eigenvector direction, even when the exact distributions are not easily derived. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obesity does not predispose to more aggressive prostate cancer either at biopsy or radical prostatectomy in European men
Authors: Gallina Andrea , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Hutterer Georg C. , Chun Felix K.‐H. , Briganti Alberto , Walz Jochen , Antebi Elie , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Suardi Nazareno , Graefen Markus , Erbersdobler Andreas , Salonia Andrea , Rigatti Patrizio , Huland Hartwig , Montorsi Francesco 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMany investigators suggested that obesity predisposes to adverse prostate cancer characteristics and outcomes. We tested the effect of obesity on the rate of aggressive prostate cancer at either prostate biopsy or radical prostatectomy (RP). Clinical and pathological data were available for 1,814 men. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models addressed the rate of high grade prostate cancer (HGPCa) at either biopsy or final pathology. Clinical stage, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), percentage of free PSA and prostate volume were the base predictors. All models were fitted with and without body mass index (BMI), which quantified obesity. BMI and its reciprocal (InvBMI) were coded as cubic splines to allow nonlinear effects. Predictive accuracy (PA) was quantified with area under curve estimates, which were subjected to 200 bootstrap resamples to reduce overfit bias. Gains in PA related to the inclusion of BMI were compared using the Mantel–Haenszel test. HGPCa at biopsy was detected in 562 (31%) and HGPCa at RP pathology was present in 931 (51.3%) men. In either univariable or multivariable models predicting HGPCa at biopsy, BMI or InvBMI failed to respectively reach statistical significance or add to multivariable PA (BMI gain = 0%, p = 1.0; InvBMI gain = −0.2%, p = 0.9). Conversely, in models predicting HGPCa at RP, BMI and InvBMI represented independent predictors but failed to increase PA (BMI gain = 0.7%, p = 0.6; InvBMI gain = 0.5, p = 0.7%). Obesity does not predispose to moreaggressive prostate cancer at biopsy. Similarly, obesity doesnot change the ability to identify those who may harbor HGPCa at RP. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinases‐1, ‐2, ‐7 and ‐13 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Hilska Marja , Roberts Peter J. , Collan Yrjö U. , Laine Veli Jukka O. , Kössi Jyrki , Hirsimäki Pirkko , Rahkonen Otto , Laato Matti 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStrong expression of many matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been related to poor survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) has been associated with both a beneficial and a poor outcome and there is thus a need to further clarify the significance of MMPs and TIMPs in CRC. The prognostic significance of 4 MMPs and TIMPs in CRC was evaluated. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue arrayed samples of 351 patients with primary colon or rectal cancer of Dukes' stages A‐D were selected for immunohistochemical staining of MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7 and ‐13, and TIMP‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4. High expression of MMP‐2 in the malignant epithelium as well as in the surrounding stroma was associated with reduced survival of colon cancer patients. Strong epithelial and stromal cytoplasmic staining of TIMP‐3 was associated with a longer survival in rectal cancer patients, and here the interobserver variation for evaluating the degree of staining was lower than for epithelial staining. Strong stromal cytoplasmic staining of TIMP‐4 predicted longer survival of rectal cancer patients. Multivariate analysis showed that stromal cytoplasmic TIMP‐3 staining was the only marker of independent prognostic value. MMP‐2 might be a useful prognostic marker in colon cancer, and TIMP‐3 and TIMP‐4 in rectal cancer, but the findings associated with stromal staining should be interpreted with some caution. Different biologic behavior or different genetic development may explain the differences between colon and rectal cancers regarding the expression of MMP‐2, TIMP‐3 and TIMP‐4. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of Smad1 by MT1‐MMP contributes to tumor growth
Authors: Freudenberg Jaclyn A. , Chen Wen‐Tien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMT1‐MMP is a key integral membrane protease, which regulates tumor growth by cleaving extracellular matrix components, activating growth factors and receptors, and consequently, triggering downstream signals. To study what genes or pathways are mediated by endogenous MT1‐MMP during tumor growth in vivo, we stably suppressed endogenous MT1‐MMP in human tumor cells using RNA interference (RNAi). Tumor growth was significantly reduced in tumors derived from MT1‐MMP‐suppressed cells relative to control cells; the effect was rescued in cells engineered to re‐express MT1‐MMP expression. Gene expression profiling of cultured and tumor‐derived cells by DNA microarray and real‐time RT‐PCR revealed that Smad1 expression was upregulated in MT1‐MMP‐expressing cells and rapidly growing tumors; this was confirmed in 4 additional tumor cell lines. Furthermore, tumor growth of MT1‐MMP‐expressing cells was reduced when Smad1 was suppressed by RNAi. We also found that the active form, but not the latent form, of TGF‐β was capable in promoting Smad1 expression and 3D cell proliferation in MT1‐MMP‐suppressed cells. In addition, a dominant‐negative form of the TGF‐β Type II receptor reduced Smad1 expression in MT1‐MMP‐expressing cells. Thus, we propose that MT1‐MMP functions, in part, to promote tumor growth by inducing the expression of Smad1 via TGF‐β signaling. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.