bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf growth and turgor in growing cells of maize (Zea mays L.) respond to evaporative demand under moderate irrigation but not in water‐saturated soil
Authors: BOUCHABKÉ OUMAYA , TARDIEU FRANÇOIS , SIMONNEAU THIERRY 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTTo test whether the inhibition of leaf expansion by high evaporative demand is a result of hydraulic processes, we have followed both leaf elongation rate (LER) and cell turgor in leaves of maize plants either normally watered or in water‐saturated soil in which hydraulic resistance at the soil–root interface was abolished. Cell turgor was measured in situ with a pressure probe in the elongating zone of the first and sixth leaves, and LERs of the same leaves were measured continuously with transducers or by following displacements of marks along the growing leaves. Both variables displayed spatial variations along the leaf and positively correlated within the elongating zone. Values peaked at mid‐distance of this zone, where the response of turgor to evaporative demand was further dissected. High evaporative demand decreased both LER and turgor for at least 5 h, with dose‐effect linear relations. This was observed in five genotypes with appreciable differences in turgor maintenance among genotypes. In contrast, the depressing effects of evaporative demand on both turgor and LER disappeared when the soil was saturated, thereby opposing a negligible resistance to water flow at the soil–root interface. These results suggest that the response of LER to evaporative demand has a hydraulic origin, enhanced by the resistance to water flux at the soil–root interface. They also suggest that turgor is not completely maintained under high evaporative demand, and may therefore contribute to the reductions in LER observed in non‐saturated soils.
Effects of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence
Authors: Rubio Gabriel , López‐Muñoz Francisco , Alamo Cecilio 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Bipolar disorder is significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. Anticonvulsant drugs are used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and they have also been used to treat alcohol dependence. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate tolerance and safety of lamotrigine in a dual‐diagnosis population presenting bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence. Open‐label lamotrigine was examined in 28 outpatients with DSM‐IV bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence. Lamotrigine was added to existing medication regimens.Method:  Lamotrigine was started at a dose of 25 mg/day and titrated to a maximum dose of 300 mg/day. Subjects received a baseline evaluation which included a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) and weekly assessments for 12 weeks with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Severity of Alcohol Dependence Scale (SADS), a Visual Analogue Scale for Craving severity (VASC), and alcohol consumption. The concentration of carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT) was used as an indirect measure of alcohol consumption. The sample consisted of 18 men and 10 women diagnosed with alcohol dependence and bipolar disorder I (n = 21) or bipolar disorder II (n = 7), with a mean age of 36.5 ± 7.7 years.Results:  Significant improvement was observed in HAM‐D, YMRS, and BPRS scores (p < 0.01). Craving and CDT also significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Lamotrigine was well tolerated with no dropout subjects due to adverse events.Conclusion:  Lamotrigine is safe and well tolerated in this sample and associated with improvement in mood, alcohol craving and alcohol consumption. A placebo‐controlled study would be of interest.
Aripiprazole use in a pregnant schizoaffective woman
Authors: Mendhekar DN , Sunder Keerthy R , Andrade Chittaranjan 
Published: May 2006

Background:  There are few or no clinical data on the safety of aripiprazole during pregnancy and lactation.Case report:  A 27‐year‐old schizoaffective woman conceived while receiving aripiprazole 15 mg/day. The drug was withdrawn during the eighth week of gestation. She relapsed at week 20, and resumed treatment with the drug at a dose of 10 mg/day. She responded well, and the drug was continued through the rest of the pregnancy. The pregnancy was uneventful, but unexplained fetal tachycardia necessitated a cesarean section at full term. The newborn infant was normal in all regards and developed normally during a 6‐month follow up. The infant required to be bottle‐fed because of a failure of lactation.Conclusion:  In this case, exposure to aripiprazole during different trimesters of pregnancy was not associated with intrauterine death, morphological teratogenicity, impaired fetal growth, neonatal toxicity, or neurobehavioral teratogenicity. Maternal health was not adversely affected during pregnancy. However, lactation failure occurred after delivery.
Electroconvulsive therapy: an effective therapy of medication‐resistant bipolar disorder
Authors: Sienaert Pascal , Peuskens Joseph 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  We report our experience with a medication‐refractory patient with bipolar I disorder, who remained clinically stable under continuation electroconvulsive therapy (C‐ECT). We found ECT to be effective in providing functionality for a patient when various medications had failed.Methods and results:  A 53‐year‐old woman with a 31‐year history of recurrent manic and depressive episodes poorly responsive to medications warranted an ECT trial. Remission was achieved after 12 treatments and C‐ECT at weekly intervals was used as maintenance therapy. C‐ECT was continued for 37 months and 85 treatments, and discontinued when anesthetic difficulties precluded further treatment. Three months after the last ECT, she was readmitted in a severe manic relapse. Restarting ECT caused rapid remission. There are no signs of cognitive deterioration during C‐ECT.Conclusion:  Long‐term C‐ECT is an effective and safe prophylactic treatment in individual treatment‐resistant patients with bipolar disorder.
An evolutionary analysis of the relationship between spite and altruism
Authors: Lehmann L. , Bargum K. , Reuter M. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We investigate the selective pressures on a social trait when evolution occurs in a population of constant size. We show that any social trait that is spiteful simultaneously qualifies as altruistic. In other words, any trait that reduces the fitness of less related individuals necessarily increases that of related ones. Our analysis demonstrates that the distinction between ‘Hamiltonian spite’ and ‘Wilsonian spite’ is not justified on the basis of fitness effects. We illustrate this general result with an explicit model for the evolution of a social act that reduces the recipient's survival (‘harming trait’). This model shows that the evolution of harming is favoured if local demes are of small size and migration is low (philopatry). Further, deme size and migration rate determine whether harming evolves as a selfish strategy by increasing the fitness of the actor, or as a spiteful/altruistic strategy through its positive effect on the fitness of close kin.
Parallel evolution of larval morphology and habitat in the snail-killing fly genus Tetanocera
Authors: Chapman E. G. , Foote B. A. , Malukiewicz J. , Hoeh W. R. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In this study, we sequenced one nuclear and three mitochondrial DNA loci to construct a robust estimate of phylogeny for all available species of Tetanocera. Character optimizations suggested that aquatic habitat was the ancestral condition for Tetanocera larvae, and that there were at least three parallel transitions to terrestrial habitat, with one reversal. Maximum likelihood analyses of character state transformations showed significant correlations between habitat transitions and changes in four larval morphological characteristics (cuticular pigmentation and three characters associated with the posterior spiracular disc). We provide evidence that phylogenetic niche conservatism has been responsible for the maintenance of aquatic-associated larval morphological character states, and that concerted convergence and/or gene linkage was responsible for parallel morphological changes that were derived in conjunction with habitat transitions. These habitat–morphology associations were consistent with the action of natural selection in facilitating the morphological changes that occurred during parallel aquatic to terrestrial habitat transitions in Tetanocera.
Excess dietary cystine intensifies the adverse effect of a methionine deficiency in the cat
Authors: Strieker M. J. , Werner A. , Morris J. G. , Rogers Q. R. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryFoot pad dermatitis has been observed in turkeys, puppies and kittens fed diets deficient in methionine. Excess cystine aggravated the lesions and decreased body weight gain in puppies and turkeys. The objective of this study was to determine whether methionine deficiency induced perioral and foot pad lesions in kittens and whether excess cystine exacerbated the lesions. Eighteen kittens were divided into three groups and offered one of three diets: diet 1, low‐methionine, low‐cystine (LMLC; 1.6 g methionine and 1.6 g cystine/kg diet); diet 2, low‐methionine, high‐cystine (HMHC; 1.6 methionine and 15 g cystine/kg diet); diet 3, high‐methionine, high‐cystine (HMHC; 15 g methionine and 15 g cystine/kg diet). Kittens in the LMLC group lost body weight, whereas those in the LMHC group maintained their body weight and those in the HMHC group gained weight. Plasma methionine concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the HMHC group than for the LMLC and LMHC groups. Plasma cyst(e)ine (sum of cysteine and cystine) concentrations were different (p < 0.001) among all the three groups. Two kittens given the LMLC diet developed mild perioral lesions. All kittens receiving the LMHC diet developed foot pad lesions and severe perioral lesions. Histopathological changes observed in perioral biopsy specimens were similar to those described in protein deficiency. In conclusion, the results showed that a diet severely deficient in methionine causes perioral lesions in kittens, and that addition of excess cystine to the diet aggravates the perioral lesions and also causes foot pad lesions.
The social and economic consequences of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus across the lifecourse: a systematic review
Authors: Milton B. , Holland P. , Whitehead M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground  The incidence of childhood‐onset (Type 1) diabetes is high, and increasing, particularly among the very young. The aim of this review was to determine the longer‐term social consequences of having diabetes as a child and to determine whether adverse consequences are more severe for disadvantaged children.Methods  Results from published and unpublished studies were synthesized narratively to examine the impact of diabetes on education, employment and income in adulthood. The question of whether the impact differed for different social groups was also examined.Results  Case‐control studies found that children with diabetes missed more school than healthy children. Most studies of attainment found no differences between children with diabetes and non‐diabetic control subjects or the local population, although poor metabolic control, early‐onset, longer illness duration and serious hypoglycaemic events were associated with underachievement. People with childhood‐onset diabetes may experience disadvantage in employment, and have a lower income in adulthood, although diabetic complications appear to be the most important determinant of social consequences in later life.Conclusions  Many children with diabetes—especially late‐onset—perform equally well at school despite increased rates of absence, but it is not yet clear whether specific subgroups are at greater risk of educational underperformance. People with childhood‐onset diabetes, however, do appear to experience some disadvantage in adult employment. Qualitative research and cohort studies are needed to fill key gaps in the existing evidence base. Future research must also examine the impact of diabetes‐related risk factors on socio‐economic consequences.
Psycho‐educational interventions for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Murphy H. R. , Rayman G. , Skinner T. C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground  A systematic review of the literature in 2000 revealed numerous methodological shortcomings in education research, but in recent years progress has been made in the quantity and quality of psycho‐educational intervention studies.Summary of contents  This review focuses on diabetes education programmes developed for children, young people and their families in the past 5 years. A comprehensive review of the literature identified 27 articles describing the evaluation of 24 psycho‐educational interventions. Data summary tables compare the key features of these, and comparisons are made between individual, group and family‐based interventions. Effect sizes are calculated for nine of the randomized studies. Three research questions are posed: firstly has the recent literature addressed the problems highlighted in the previous review; secondly is there sufficient evidence to recommend adaptation of a particular programme; and, finally, what do we still need to do?Conclusions  Progress in the quality and quantity of educational research has not resulted in improved effectiveness of interventions. There is still insufficient evidence to recommend adaptation of a particular educational programme and no programme that has been proven effective in randomized studies for those with poor glycaemic control. To develop a range of effective educational interventions, further research involving larger sample sizes with multicentre collaboration is required.
The persistence of depression score
Authors: Spijker J. , De Graaf R. , Ormel J. , Nolen W. A. , Grobbee D. E. , Burger H. 
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To construct a score that allows prediction of major depressive episode (MDE) persistence in individuals with MDE using determinants of persistence identified in previous research.Method:  Data were derived from 250 subjects from the general population with new MDE according to DSM‐III‐R. These subjects were recruited from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Determinants for persistence were transformed into a practical risk score using proportional hazards models and bootstrapping techniques.Results:  The risk of MDE persistence after 12 months was 23%. The score comprised measures of physical illness, social support, depression severity and recurrency, and duration of previous episodes. With increasing categories of these measures, the predicted risks increased from 7 to 40%.Conclusion:  We constructed the Persistence of Depression Score (PDS) showing reasonable performance. The PDS could be of importance in clinical practice to support treatment decisions.
Recombinant Adenoviral Vectors Can Induce Expression of p73 via the E4-orf6/7 Protein
Authors: Shapiro Gary S. , Van Peursem Crystal , Ornelles David A. , Schaack Jerome , DeGregori James 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
Despite the utility of recombinant adenoviral vectors in basic research, their therapeutic promise remains unfulfilled. Most engineered adenoviral vectors use a heterologous promoter to transcribe a foreign gene. We show that adenoviruses containing the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter induce the expression of the proapoptotic cellular protein TAp73 via the cyclin-dependent kinase-retinoblastoma protein-E2F pathway in murine embryonic fibroblasts. Cells transduced with these vectors also expressed high levels of the adenoviral E4-orf6/7 and E2A proteins. By contrast, adenoviruses containing the ubiquitin C promoter failed to elicit these effects. E4-orf6/7 is necessary and sufficient for increased TAp73 expression, as shown by using retrovirus-mediated E4-orf6/7 expression and adenovirus with the E4-orf6/7 gene deleted. Activation of TAp73 likely occurs via E4-orf6/7-induced dimerization of E2F and subsequent binding to the inverted E2F-responsive elements within the TAp73 promoter. In addition, adenoviral vectors containing the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, but not the ubiquitin C promoter, cooperated with chemotherapeutic agents to decrease cellularity in vitro. In contrast to murine embryonic fibroblasts, adenoviruses containing the ubiquitin C promoter, but not the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, induced both E4-orf6/7 and TAp73 in human foreskin fibroblasts, emphasizing the importance of cellular context for promoter-dependent effects. Because TAp73 is important for the efficacy of chemotherapy, adenoviruses that increase TAp73 expression may enhance cancer therapies by promoting apoptosis. However, such adenoviruses may impair the long-term survival of transduced cells during gene replacement therapies. Our findings reveal previously unknown effects of foreign promoters in recombinant adenoviral vectors and suggest means to improve the utility of engineered adenoviruses by better controlling their impact on viral and cellular gene expression.
Sequence Requirements for Localization of Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp28 to the Virus Assembly Compartment and for Assembly of Infectious Virus
Authors: Seo Jun-Young , Britt William J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
The human cytomegalovirus UL99 open reading frame encodes a 190-amino-acid (aa) tegument protein, pp28, that is myristoylated and phosphorylated. pp28 is essential for assembly of infectious virus, and nonenveloped virions accumulate in the cytoplasm of cells infected with recombinant viruses with a UL99 deletion. pp28 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) in transfected cells, while in infected cells, it is localized together with other virion proteins in a juxtanuclear compartment termed the assembly compartment (AC). We investigated the sequence requirements for pp28 trafficking to the AC and assembly of infectious virus. Our studies indicated that the first 30 to 35 aa were required for localization of pp28 to the ERGIC in transfected cells. Mutant forms of pp28 containing only the first 35 aa localized with other virion structural proteins to cytoplasmic compartments early in infection, but localization to the AC at late times required a minimum of 50 aa. In agreement with previous reports, we demonstrated that the deletion of a cluster of acidic amino acids (aa 44 to 59) prevented wild-type trafficking of pp28 and recovery of infectious virus. A recombinant virus expressing only the first 50 aa was replication competent, and this mutant, pp28, localized to the AC in cells infected with this virus. These findings argued that localization of pp28 to the AC was essential for assembly of infectious virus and raised the possibility that amino acids in the amino terminus of pp28 have additional roles in the envelopment and assembly of the virion other than simply localizing pp28 to the AC.
Role of the Herpes Simplex Virus Helicase-Primase Complex during Adeno-Associated Virus DNA Replication
Authors: Slanina Heiko , Weger Stefan , Stow Nigel D. , Kuhrs Annette , Heilbronn Regine 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
A subset of DNA replication proteins of herpes simplex virus (HSV) comprising the single-strand DNA-binding protein, ICP8 (UL29), and the helicase-primase complex (UL5, UL8, and UL52 proteins) has previously been shown to be sufficient for the replication of adeno-associated virus (AAV). We recently demonstrated complex formation between ICP8, AAV Rep78, and the single-stranded DNA AAV genome, both in vitro and in the nuclear HSV replication domains of coinfected cells. In this study the functional role(s) of HSV helicase and primase during AAV DNA replication were analyzed. To differentiate between their necessity as structural components of the HSV replication complex or as active enzymes, point mutations within the helicase and primase catalytic domains were analyzed. In two complementary approaches the remaining HSV helper functions were either provided by infection with HSV mutants or by plasmid transfection. We show here that upon cotransfection of the minimal four HSV proteins (i.e., the four proteins constituting the minimal requirements for basal AAV replication), UL52 primase catalytic activity was not required for AAV DNA replication. In contrast, UL5 helicase activity was necessary for fully efficient replication. Confocal microscopy confirmed that all mutants retained the ability to support formation of ICP8-positive nuclear replication foci, to which AAV Rep78 colocalized in a manner strictly dependent on the presence of AAV single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The data indicate that recruitment of AAV Rep78 and ssDNA to nuclear replication sites by the four HSV helper proteins is maintained in the absence of catalytic primase or helicase activities and suggest an involvement of the HSV UL5 helicase activity during AAV DNA replication.
Master equation for dysnatremia or intractable abracadabra
Authors: Ring Troels 
Published: May 2006

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: The presence of negatively charged, impermeant proteins in the plasma space alters the distribution of diffusible ions in the plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) compartments to preserve electroneutrality. We have derived a new mathematical model to define the quantitative interrelationship between the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, the osmolality of body fluid compartments, and the plasma water Na+ concentration ([Na+]pw) and validated the model using empirical data from the literature. The new model can account for the alterations in all ionic concentrations (Na+ and non-Na+ ions) between the plasma and ISF due to Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. In addition to the effect of Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium on Na+ distribution between plasma and ISF, our model predicts that the altered distribution of osmotically active non-Na+ ions will also have a modulating effect on the [Na+]pw by affecting the distribution of H2O between the plasma and ISF. The new physiological insights provided by this model can for the first time provide a basis for understanding quantitatively how changes in the plasma protein concentration modulate the [Na+]pw. Moreover, this model defines all known physiological factors that may modulate the [Na+]pw and is especially helpful in conceptually understanding the pathophysiological basis of the dysnatremias.
Epidemiology of cancer pain and factors influencing poor pain control
Authors: Davis Mellar P. , Walsh Declan 
Published: May 2006

Pain is one of the most commonly experienced and feared symptoms of advanced cancer. Most cancer patients experience pain, usually of moderate to severe intensity, and most also have a number of distinct pains. The most common type of pain is related to bone metastases. Neuropathic pain occurs in one-third of patients, alone, or as a mix of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. The failure to manage pain properly is due to several factors. In developing countries, it is likely to be related to geography and limited resources. Legal restrictions also present barriers. In developed countries, failure to manage pain properly is usually related to a “disease” rather than a “symptom” model of care, which minimizes symptom management. Other factors include lack of physician education and failure to follow existing guidelines. Patients fear addiction, drug tolerance, and side effects. Despite adequate resources, pain is still undertreated.