bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the Neogene foreland basin deposits of Nepal
Authors: Ojha T. P. , Butler R. F. , DeCelles P. G. , Quade J. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThe early Miocene Dumri Formation and middle Miocene–Pliocene Siwalik Group were deposited in the Himalayan foreland basin in response to uplift and erosion in the Himalayan fold‐thrust belt. We report magnetostratigraphic data from four sections of these rocks in Nepal. Three of these sections are in the Siwalik Group in the hanging wall of the Main Frontal thrust, and one section is from the Dumri Formation in the hanging wall of the Main Boundary thrust (MBT). Thermal demagnetization experiments demonstrate that laminated siltstones yield palaeomagnetic data useful for tectonic and magnetostratigraphic studies whereas other lithofacies yield data of questionable reliability. Magnetostratigraphic data have been acquired from 297 sites within a 4200‐m‐thick section of Siwalik deposits at Surai Khola. The observed sequence of polarity zones correlates with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) from chron C5Ar.1n to chron C2r.2n, spanning the time frameca. 12.5–2.0 Ma. At Muksar Khola (eastern Nepal), 111 palaeomagnetic sites from a 2600‐m‐thick section of the Siwalik Group define a polarity zonation that correlates with the GPTS from chron C4Ar.2n to chron C2Br.1r, indicating an age range ofca. 10.0–3.5 Ma. At Tinau Khola, 121 sites from a 1824‐m‐thick section of the Siwalik Group are correlated to chrons C5An.1n through C4r.1n, equivalent to the time spanca. 11.8–8.1 Ma. At Swat Khola, 68 sites within a 1200‐m‐thick section of lower Miocene Dumri Formation are correlated with chrons C6n through C5Bn.2n, covering the time spanca. 19.9–15.1 Ma. Together with previous results from Khutia Khola and Bakiya Khola, these data provide the first magnetostratigraphic correlation along nearly the entire NW–SE length of Nepal. The correlation demonstrates that major lithostratigraphic boundaries in the Siwalik Group are highly diachronous, with roughly 2 Myr of variability. In turn, this suggests that the major sedimentological changes commonly inferred to reflect strengthening of the Asian monsoon are not isochronous. Sediment accumulation curves exhibit a 30–50% increase in accumulation rate in four of the five sections of the Siwalik Group, but the timing of this increase ranges systematically from ∼11.1 Ma in western Nepal to ∼5.3 Ma in eastern Nepal. If this increase in sediment accumulation rate is interpreted as a result of more rapid subsidence owing to thrust loading in the Himalaya, then the diachroneity of this increase suggests lateral propagation of a major thrust system, perhaps the MBT, at a rate ofca. 103 mm year−1across the length of Nepal.
Sensitization to inhalant allergens between 4 and 8 years of age is a dynamic process: results from the BAMSE birth cohort
Authors: Asarnoj A. , Östblom E. , Kull I. , Lilja G. , Pershagen G. , Hedlin G. , Van Hage M. , Wickman M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackground
There is limited knowledge of the development of IgE‐antibody levels over time in childhood, with respect to persistency and co‐sensitization to specific inhalant allergens.Methods
Data from 2033 children participating in the BAMSE birth cohort was used. Background factors and clinical parameters were obtained and IgE antibody (ab) levels to eight common airborne allergens were measured (0.35 kUA/L) when the children were 4 and 8 years of age.Results
Between 4 and 8 years the proportion of children sensitized to any of the inhalant allergens tested increased from 15% to 25%. At 4 years IgE‐ab to birch and cat dominated, whereas at the age of 8, there was a considerable increase in the proportion of sensitization to timothy and dog. Except for mites and moulds, IgE‐ab levels to all aeroallergens increased significantly between 4 and 8 years among those already sensitized at 4. Transient sensitization to inhalant allergen was uncommon. Furthermore, sensitization to birch pollen at 4 years increased the risk for becoming sensitized to timothy, cat and dog later in life. Such an association was not observed among those sensitized primarily to animal dander.Conclusions
There is a prominent process of sensitization at pre‐school age to inhalant allergens, and in Northern Europe sensitization to birch pollen early in life seems to be important for this process. Such a process has a probable impact on the development of allergic disease in the growing child.
Chronic aspiration shifts the immune response from Th1 to Th2 in a murine model of asthma
Authors: Barbas A. S. , Downing T. E. , Balsara K. R. , Tan H. E. , Rubinstein G. J. , Holzknecht Z. E. , Collins B. H. , Parker W. , Davis R. D. , Lin S. S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground  Chronic aspiration associated with gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is thought to play a substantial role in the development of asthma, the incidence of which is dramatically increasing in industrially developed countries. The majority of data examining the association between aspiration and asthma has been obtained from epidemiological studies, which show that between 50 and 90% of individuals with asthma experience some element of GERD. This study describes the effect of chronic aspiration on a model of experimentally induced airway hypersensitivity in Balb/c mice.Materials and methods  Four experimental groups were utilized: Aspiration/Asthma, Sham/Asthma, Aspiration/Sham and Sham/Sham. Mice were sensitized with aerosolized 1% ovalbumin on days 1 to 10 (sensitization phase), followed by repeated exposure on days 31 to 40 (challenge phase). Aspiration events occurred on days 1, 8,15, 22, 29, 36, 43 and 50. Animals were sacrificed on days 56 and 57.Results  Chronic aspiration of 10 µL of murine gastric fluid per week for eight weeks produced an injury pattern distinct from that of acute aspiration, with lung injury characterized by hyperplasia, neutrophil infiltration of the bronchioles and relative parenchymal sparing. Aspiration during induction of ovalbumin‐induced airway hypersensitivity was associated with a trend toward decreased production of antiovalbumin IgG, antiovalbumin IgE, and total IgE. Further, aspiration induced a substantial and significant increase in antiovalbumin IgG1/IgG2a ratios, consistent with a shift toward a predominantly Th2 response.Conclusion  These findings indicate that chronic aspiration has a profound effect on the nature of the immune response to aerosolized allergens in a model of experimentally induced airway hypersensitivity.
Parental diabetes in Taiwanese diabetic women with and without previous gestational diabetes
Authors: Tseng C. H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground   Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is reported to be associated with maternal but not paternal diabetes. This study examined the relative contribution of maternal and paternal diabetes among type 2 diabetic women with and without a GDM history.Materials and methods   A total of 48 502 type 2 diabetic women from a national sample were interviewed by telephone. Among them, 510 reported a GDM history. Parental diabetes was compared between patients with and without a GDM history considering the confounding effects of age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, duration of diabetes and insulin use.Results   Patients with a GDM history were younger in age, had younger age of onset, longer duration of diabetes, slightly lower body mass index, higher prevalence of insulin use and lower prevalence of hypertension, but smoking rates were similar. The percentages of parental diabetes of nil, mother only, father only and both father and mother for those without a GDM history were 76·2, 15·2, 5·8 and 2·8%, respectively; and were 47·8, 26·8, 17·5 and 7·9%, respectively, for those with a GDM history (P < 0·001). The adjusted odds ratios for patients with versus without a GDM history for parental diabetes of nil, mother only, father only, and both father and mother were 1·000, 1·210 (0·948–1·544), 1·783 (1·341–2·371) and 2·094 (1·440–3·045), respectively.Conclusions   Although maternal diabetes is more commonly seen, the disproportionately higher paternal diabetes in patients with a GDM history suggests an important role for paternal diabetes on the development of GDM into type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Interannual and seasonal changes in the soil exchange rates of monoterpenes and other VOCs in a Mediterranean shrubland
Authors: Asensio D. , Peñuelas J. , Prieto P. , Estiarte M. , Filella I. , Llusià J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryInformation about soil VOC inventories and exchange rates in different soils is very scarce. Seasonality of soil VOC exchange rates is also largely unknown, despite the increasing interest in some soil volatile compounds, such as monoterpenes, because of their important role in soil ecology. We aimed to explore and quantify soil VOC exchange rates in a Mediterranean shrubland and their seasonality. Measurements of soil VOC exchange were taken using GC‐MS and PTR‐MS techniques, together with soil temperature, soil moisture and soil CO2 efflux measurements, during two annual campaigns with contrasting precipitation. Methanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, acetone, C3 and C4 carbonyls (such as methyl ethyl ketone), α‐pinene and limonene, showed the highest emission rates. Maximum soil monoterpene emission rates were very low (0.003 nmol m−2 s−1) compared with foliar monoterpene emission rates. The emission rates of the other VOCs were also low (maximum 0.8 nmol m−2 s−1) except for methanol (1.2 nmol m−2 s−1). Maximum soil uptake rates for some VOCs, such as methanol and acetonitrile (ranging from −0.1 to −0.5 nmol m−2 s−1) were, however, comparable with foliar uptake rates. Further studies are needed to corroborate these results and the possible importance of the soil VOC sink in regional chemistry‐climate models. Long‐term severe drought increased soil monoterpene emission rates in this Mediterranean shrubland. The increases seem to be linked to changes in the soil’s physical properties induced by low soil moisture. Unlike monoterpenes, other soil VOC emission rates decreased when soil moisture was low. The results suggest a seasonal control of soil temperature on the emission rates of monoterpenes and other VOCs. The emission rates increase with soil temperature. Positive correlations between the VOC exchange rates and the soil CO2 fluxes suggest that phenology of roots and microorganisms also controls seasonal changes in soil VOCs in this Mediterranean shrubland.
Pathways for algal recolonization in seasonally‐flowing streams
Authors: ROBSON BELINDA J. , MATTHEWS TY G. , LIND PETER R. , THOMAS NIGEL A. 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. In semi‐arid climates, seasonally‐flowing streams provide most of the water required for human use, but knowledge of how water extraction affects ecological processes is limited. Predicted alterations in stream flows associated with the impacts of climate change further emphasize the need to understand these processes. Benthic algae are an important base for stream food webs, but we have little knowledge of how algae survive dry periods or respond to altered flow regimes.2. We sampled 19 streams within the Grampians National Park, south‐eastern Australia and included four components: a survey of different drought refuges (e.g. permanent pools, dry biofilm on stones and dry leaf packs) and associated algal taxa; a survey of algal regrowth on stones after flows recommenced to determine which refuges contributed to regrowth; reciprocal transplant experiments to determine the relative importance of algal drift and regrowth from dry biofilm in recolonization; direct measurement of algal drift to determine taxonomic composition in relation to benthic assemblage composition.3. Algae showed little specificity for drought refuges but did depend on them; no species were found that were not present in at least one of the perennial pool, dry biofilm or leaf pack refuges. Perennial pools were most closely correlated with the composition of algal assemblages once flows resumed, but the loss or gain of perennial pools that might arise from stream regulation is unlikely to affect the composition of algal regrowth. However, regulated streams were associated with strong increases in algal density in dry biofilm, including increased densities of Cyanobacteria.4. A model for algal recolonization in seasonally‐flowing streams identified three pathways for algal recolonization (drift‐dependent, dry biofilm‐dependent and contributions from both), depending on whether streams are diatom‐dominated or dominated by filamentous algae. The model predicted the effects of changes to stream flow regimes on benthic algal recolonization and provides a basis for hypotheses testable in streams elsewhere.
Variation in the trophic basis of production and energy flow associated with emergence of larval salamander assemblages from forest ponds
Authors: REGESTER KURT J. , WHILES MATT R. , LIPS KAREN R. 
Published: July 2008

Summary1. Larval amphibians are a dominant consumer in many freshwater systems, yet limited data on energy transfers between aquatic food resources and larvae and between metamorphosed larvae and adjacent habitats preclude an accurate assessment of their roles as links between aquatic and terrestrial food webs.2. During 2003–04, we derived prey‐specific assimilation efficiencies, analysed stomach contents, and intensively sampled ambystomatid salamander assemblages in four ponds to quantify the trophic basis of larval production. Using estimates of the contribution of each prey taxon to larval production, we constructed quantitative food webs and assessed variation in pathways of energy flow associated with emergences.3. Overall, metamorphosed salamanders exported 3–8% of total prey production, required to account for total salamander production, to adjacent forest. Aquatic insects, zooplankton and amphibian prey were most important to energy flow associated with emergence; amounts of larval production attributed to each of these prey types shifted during development and varied among salamander taxa.4. The majority of variation in the trophic basis of production among species was attributed to copepods (Cyclopidae) and three families of aquatic insects (Chironomidae, Chaoboridae and Culicidae). Dominant prey types contributing to the production of metamorphosed salamanders varied among ponds, representing different pathways for energy transfers between aquatic resources and forest habitats. These findings further our understanding of the ecological roles of amphibians and thus the consequences of amphibian declines and extinctions.
PAX‐5 is invariably expressed in B‐cell lymphomas without plasma cell differentiation
Authors: Dong H Y , Browne P , Liu Z , Gangi M 
Published: July 2008

Aims:  The B‐cell‐specific transcription factor PAX‐5 is physiologically expressed in normal B cells and silenced in plasma cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether PAX‐5 expression is universal among B‐cell malignancies.Methods and results:  A wide spectrum of B‐cell malignancies were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for PAX‐5 expression. The study was especially focused on cases lacking CD20, such as precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (preB‐ALL), CD20− B‐cell lymphomas, classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CHL) and B‐cell lymphomas with significant plasmacytic differentiation. Strong PAX‐5 expression was identified, without exception, in all cases of CD20+ B‐lymphoproliferative disorders. It was also invariably detected in 31/31 cases of preB‐ALL, 14/14 cases of CD20− diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma without plasmacytic differentiation and 26/26 CD20− B‐cell lymphoma status post rituximab treatment. The vast majority of CHLs had unequivocal PAX‐5 expression of varying intensity (80/86). However, variants of B‐cell malignancies with characteristic plasmacytic differentiation exhibited no detectable PAX‐5 expression (0/17).Conclusions:  PAX‐5 is the most sensitive and reliable immunohistochemical marker for B‐cell malignancies. Lack of PAX‐5 expression correlates with the presence of marked plasma cell differentiation.
Is sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the splenic red pulp identical to inflammatory pseudotumour? Report of 16 cases
Authors: Diebold J , Le Tourneau A , Marmey B , Prevot S , Müller‐Hermelink H K , Sevestre H , Molina T , Billotet C , Gaulard P , Knopf J‐F , Bendjaballah S , Mangnan‐Marai A , Brière J , Fabiani B , Audouin J 
Published: July 2008

Aims:  To report 16 cases of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the splenic red pulp.Methods and results:  Patients were selected in two phases. An initial group of seven patients was diagnosed with SANT based on the presence of angiomatoid nodules. Sheets of inflammatory fibrosis were found in three patients, resembling inflammatory pseudotumour (IPT); nine further cases of IPT were reviewed. Angiomatoid nodules were detected, leading to the diagnosis of SANT in all cases. The splenic mass (10–150 mm in diameter) was polycyclic, composed of multiple small nodules of loose connective tissue comprising myofibroblasts and a dense network of capillaries as well as some remnants of sinuses. Collagenous fibrosis surrounded them. Bands or large sheets of fibrosis, infiltrated by various inflammatory cells, particularly polytypic plasmacytes, resembling IPT, were present in 10 cases.Conclusions:  SANT of the red pulp is a distinct benign pseudotumorous lesion of the spleen characterized by the presence of angiomatoid nodules. We observed such angiomatoid nodules in all our cases of splenic IPT, which were not follicular dendritic cell or myofibroblastic tumours. We therefore recommend careful examination for angiomatoid nodules in all suspected cases of splenic IPT.
Malignant lesions in the ventral prostate of alloxan‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Ribeiro Daniele Lisboa , Marques Silvio Fernando Guideti , Alberti Sandra , Spadella César Tadeu , Manzato Antônio José , Taboga Sebastião Roberto , Dizeyi Nishtman , Abrahamsson Per‐Anders , Góes Rejane Maira 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the changes caused by chronic diabetes in the rat ventral prostate and to establish a correlation between diabetes and the development of prostatic lesions. Male rats received alloxan (42 mg/kg b.w.) to induce diabetes. Ninety days after diabetes diagnosis, animals were sacrificed and the ventral prostate was removed and prepared for general and immunohistochemical analyses. The total area showing different types of lesions was estimated. Diabetes led to a decrease in the body and prostatic weights, as well as in testosterone levels. The prostate morphology and stereology showed high variation in the diabetic group. Some animals had light changes; the great majority had an intense epithelial atrophy; and other rats showed premalignant and malignant lesions in the prostate. Such epithelial atrophy was, in some samples, combined with chronic inflammation, similar to proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). The diabetic group also presented high incidence of prostatitis, adenocarcinoma and prostatic intra‐epithelial neoplasia (PIN). Samples with adenocarcinoma had poorly differentiated acini with high levels of cellular proliferation and nuclear atypia. These lesions exhibited an invasive feature showing Bcl‐2‐positive cells and interruptions in the basement membrane. An association of PIA, PIN and adenocarcinoma was detected in one sample. Reduced androgen levels have a synergic effect to insulin dysfunction promoting negative effects in the rat prostate. Diabetic individuals had a high incidence of prostatitis, and this inflammation could stimulate the incidence of other forms of prostatic pathology.
Effects of early postnatal hyperglycaemia on renal cortex maturity, endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nephron deficit in mice
Authors: Cunha Ana Rosa , Aguila Marcia Barbosa , Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda Carlos Alberto 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe influence of hyperglycaemia on nephrogenesis on Swiss mice pups treated with streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was studied after birth, at 7 and 21 days. Kidneys were prepared for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and stereology. In 7‐day‐old pups, both immature and mature glomeruli were evaluated separately. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunostaining were performed and quantified. At age 7 days, the immature‐to‐mature glomeruli ratio (IMGR) was significantly higher in the STZ group than in the control group. There was no difference in the number of glomeruli between the STZ and control groups; however, the number of glomeruli increased by more than 20% in the control group until 21 days of age, but not in the STZ group. STZ pups showed numerous PCNA‐positive nuclei mainly in tubular cells, but not control pups. At 21 days, eNOS expression in the outer layer of glomerular endothelial nuclei was strong in control pups, but weaker in STZ pups. Treatment with STZ during the early neonatal period disturbs the normal nephrogenesis occurring at this stage of the rodent’s life and causes retardation in renal cortical maturity, as indicated by the increase in both PCNA expression and IMGR, and reduction in eNOS expression.
Solving cryptogenic histories using host and parasite molecular genetics: the resolution of Littorina littorea's North American origin
Authors: BLAKESLEE APRIL M. H. , BYERS JAMES E. , LESSER MICHAEL P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEven after decades of investigation using multiple sources of evidence, the natural histories of some species remain unclear (i.e. cryptogenic). A key example is Littorina littorea, the most abundant intertidal snail in northeastern North America. Native to Europe, the snail's ecological history in North America has been debated for over 100 years with no definitive resolution. To resolve its cryptogenic status, we used molecular genetics from a novel combination of the snail and a highly associated trematode parasite, Cryptocotyle lingua. Based on mitochondrial sequences of 370 L. littorea and 196 C. lingua individuals, our results demonstrate a significant reduction in genetic diversity in North America vs. Europe, North American haplotypes nested within European haplotypes, and mean divergence estimates of ~500 years ago from Europe for both host and parasite — thus supporting a recent introduction of both host and parasite to North America from Europe. Our study therefore resolves not only a specific cryptogenic history, but it also demonstrates the success of our approach generally and could be used in resolving difficult invasion histories worldwide.