bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of social motives, communication and group size on behaviour in an N‐person multi‐stage mixed‐motive game
Authors: Liebrand Wim B. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments investigated the impact of social motives or individuals' preferences for specific self—other outcome distributions, on behaviour in an n‐person game. Subjects' social motives (altruistic, cooperative, individualistic, competitive) were assessed prior to the decision‐making in either 7‐person games (Experiment 1) or 20‐person games (Experiment 2). A modification of the n‐person game format normally employed is introduced in this research to permit the choices made by players on a given trial to modify the payoff matrix available to self and others on subsequent trials. The game format, a simulated social dilemma, was presented in terms of a conservation of resources problem. In Experiment 1 communication opportunities were manipulated.As predicted, there were consistent differences between the four classes of social motivation in the amount of the resources taken for self competitive subjects took the most, individualistic subjects took less than the competitive ones but more than the average, while cooperative and altruistic subjects took the smallest amount of the resources for themselves. Moreover, competitive subjects expected the others to take fewer resources than they intended to themselves, and altruistic subjects expected the others to take more resources than they intended to themselves. These findings are only partly consistent with existing theories concerning the relationship between behaviour and expected behaviour of others.In addition, when communication was allowed, significantly fewer resources were taken for self Contrary to the predictions based on previous research findings, subjects in the 20‐person groups did not take more resources for self than subjects in the 7‐person groups.
Variability in payoff disbursement in coalition formation experiments
Authors: Rapoport Amnon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResults from 680 plays, gathered in four different 3‐person characteristic function game experiments, are summarized to show that there is considerable inter‐group variability in payoff disbursement in coalition formation experiments that does not decrease with practice. This Variability is inconsistent with models predicting unique payoff vectors, one for each coalition structure. Data from a 3‐person game experiment by Komorita and Kravitz are then employed to test and corroborate a recently proposed model, which predicts a range of payoff vectors in which each point depends on a single parameter interpretable as a standard of fairness.
Actor or victim of aggression: Divergent perspectives—divergent evaluations
Authors: Mummendey Amélie , Linneweber Volker , Löschper Gabi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the general assumption of perspective‐specific dissent between actor and victim in evaluating aggressive interactions. Four experimental designs were established to test the relation of evaluations between (a) actor versus victim when judging a single act, (b) initiator versus reactor when judging action and reaction, and (c) actor as well as recipient when judging own versus other's behaviour. Results of 2 × 2 ANOVAs supported the hypotheses showing a consistently more favourable evaluation of identical actions by actors versus recipients with respect to the dependent variable ‘appropriateness’. For the second dependent variable ‘aggressiveness’ differences were not significant.
The eliciting cue value of aggressive slides reconsidered in a personological perspective: The weapons effect and irritability
Authors: Caprara G. V. , Renzi P. , Amolini P. , D'Imperio G. , Travaglia G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study was conducted, according to a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 design and using the Buss aggression machine paradigm, to investigate the aggression‐eliciting properties of slides of firearms.One hundred and twenty highly irritable and 120 low irritable subjects, equally divided between males and females, were given the opportunity to deliver electric shocks to an experimental confederate after having been randomly assigned to one of the six different conditions resulting from presence versus absence of previous instigation to aggress and from exposure to aggressive slides versus exposure to non‐aggressive slides versus non‐exposure to slides.It was found that aggressive cues, were sufficient per se to increase subsequent aggressive behaviours in observers, whether or not previously instigated to aggress. While sex differences did not seem to play any relevant role, the importance of irritability was stressed, especially where exposure to aggressive slides followed a previous instigation to aggress.
Social‐consensual conceptions concerning the progress of aggressive interactions
Authors: Mummendey Amélie , Löschper Gabi , Linneweber Volker , Bornewasser Manfred 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated social consensual conceptions concerning the appropriateness relation between an initiative aggressive action and the reaction to it. To this end subjects were asked to choose between four configurations of mediatory information between B's initial act and A's reaction (i.e. ‘A's offence at B's behaviour’, ‘inappropriateness of B's behaviour’, ‘A's personal standards’, ‘A's fear of negative consequences’), so as to combine identical initial acts with incompatible reactions (i.e. ‘escalation’, ‘breaking’ of, and ‘compensation’) into meaningful episodes.The statistical procedure used, configural frequency analysis, shows that as compared with the number of theoretically possible configurations, very few were selected by subjects (with a high degree of unanimaty) as being specific to a particular type of reaction.Apparently subjects have definite and uniform conceptions about the appropriateness of incompatible reactions to certain aggressive actions in interpersonal conflicts.
Attribution theories of lay epistemology?
Authors: Effler Manfred 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferent attribution theories differ from each other less by their relation to different epistemic problems than by their taking account of different goals to which causal attributions can be functional. The process of causal attribution is influenced by the goals to which causal attributions are functional. A second criteria for differentiating attributions theories is that they proceed from different information bases.
Contents, logic and motivation in the process of knowledge acquisition: A reply to Effier
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEffler's recent criticisms of the lay‐epistemic model are considered. It is argued that various attributional models indeed address various attributional goals but this is because of (and not instead of) their concern with different attributional problems. Furthermore, while some attributional models deal with causal dimensions rather than with specific causes, and/or attend to the influences of important human needs this does not satisfactorily establish the non‐arbitrary character of goals featured in those models. Finally, while noncommon deducibility constitutes a principle applicable only to a multi‐propositional problem rather than universally, logic, motivation and cognitive contents enter conjunctively into the process of human inference. This view is juxtaposed to the suggestion that they represent disjunctive strategies of inference on which the knower may draw in various circumstances.
Re‐evaluation of decision alternatives dependent upon the reversibility of a decision and the passage of time
Authors: Frey Dieter , Kumpf Martin , Irle Martin , Gniech Gisla 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the present experiment subjects made a decision between two alternatives which was either reversible or irreversible. After the choice, subjects evaluated the attractiveness of both alternatives once more under different time levels. It was found that with increasing time level, re‐evaluation of alternatives increased under irreversible and decreased under reversible conditions. The results are discussed in the framework of dissonance theory.
Children's understanding of motives for deception
Authors: Webley Paul , Burke Margaret 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the problem of why some motives are understood at an earlier age than others. Currently, the accepted explanation for this is that general cognitive level constrains children's reasoning in the social domain. An alternative explanation is that an important process in understanding others is projection. To investigate this young boys and girls from two age groups were presented with cartoon stories depicting situations involving altruistic deception and self‐centred deception. Pairs of matched cartoon stories, each of which came in two versions, differing only in motive type were constructed. As predicted, self‐centred deception was understood earlier than altruistic deception. These results are congruent with the idea that the underlying process in understanding others is projection.
What people think about an unjust event: Toward a better understanding of the phenomenology of experiences of injustice
Authors: Mikula Gerold , Schlamberger Klaus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reports on an initial attempt to improve our knowledge of the cognitive processes which are elicited by the perception of an unjust event. High school students were given a story describing an unfair treatment of a student by his teacher and were asked to place themselves either in the role of the unfairly treated student or in that of a non‐affected fellow‐student. They were then asked to write down all questions and thoughts coming to their minds in the described situation. The reported questions and thoughts were classified into three categories: attributions, action‐oriented thoughts, and assessments and evaluations. Statistical analyses of the frequencies and the temporal sequence of occurrence of these categories of responses revealed that victims of an unjust event reported attributions and action‐related thoughts more frequently and in an earlier position than non‐affected observers. Assessments and evaluations, on the other hand, were more frequently reported by observers than by victims.
Children's ideas about the bank: A new zealand replication
Authors: Ng Sik Hung 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA Hong Kong study by Ng (1983) showed that the development of the understanding of bank interest and profit was essentially similar to that of a Scottish sample reported by Jahoda (1981). It also uncovered two minor stages in addition to Jahoda's six. The present study confirmed the presence of these two stages as well as the others; and, like the Scottish sample, showed a New Zealand ‘lag’ behind Hong Kong.
Cognitive representation of personal stereotypes
Authors: Berninger Virginia Wise , Desoto Clinton 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA production task analogue of the traditional multiple choice trait checklist method was used to investigate stereotypes. Subjects were asked to supply rather than to select the most characteristic attributes of specified social groups. In a departure from tradition, stability of the content of stereotypes was analysed for personal stereotypes held by individuals rather than for social stereotypes shared by a cultural group. In contrast to the widely held belief that social stereotypes are fixed and unchanging, personal stereotypes were found to be only moderately stable over time. Only about two‐fifths of the most characteristic attributes were duplicated in sessions separated by one week, and only about one‐fifth of the most Characteristic attributes were duplicated in sessions separated by one‐month or two‐month intervals. Findings also supported the notion that general attributes, most characteristic attributes, and least characteristic attributes of a social category are not totally redundant and are represented quasi‐independently in memory. Only about half of the most characteristic responses had also occurred on free response protocols and over half of the least characteristic responses tended not to be polar opposites of the most characteristic responses. It was the case, however, that with a production analogue of the multiple‐choice trait checklist, trait‐adjectives were the most frequent class of person information and accounted for between 50 and 60 per cent of the responses. However, eleven other classes of person information also occurred. Empirical results were applied toward a reexamination of the concepts of stereotype (data structure for the most characteristic attributes of a social group) and stereotyping (rigid procedures for processing data structures) and to a conceptual analysis of how stereotypes and social categories are structurally related.
Causes and affects under manipulated arousal and achievement‐related outcomes
Authors: Boski P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA revised version of earlier models by Stephan and Gollwitzer, and Weiner, has been proposed to study the relations between cognitions and emotions in the achievement‐related contexts. Accordingly, factors classified along the arousal—relaxation dimension should modify the intensity of initial emotional response to the outcome, and the degree of egotism/positive evaluation in the pattern of causal attributions. Then, specific affective modalities are seen as joint products of the former cognitive—emotional interaction.A 5 (arousal conditions) × 2 (outcomes) experiment was designed to test the model. 160 male undergraduates from University of Jos in Nigeria served as subjects.Results have showed that the highly aroused subjects suppressed their negative emotions after failure, while the relaxed ones reported lower intensity of success‐related affects. The hypothesis of attributional egotism did not get support from the causal ascription data. The causal dimension of Evaluation was found to be a better predictor for affects than Locus was.
Social interaction, social observation, and cognitive development in young children
Authors: Weinstein Barry D. , Bearison David J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEighty first‐grade childen were pretested on a variety of conservation tasks. Subjects who were either nonconservers or intermediate conservers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: social interaction, social observation, and individual control. Subjects in the social interaction condition worked collaboratively on conservation tasks with a same sex partner. Subjects in the social observation condition individually observed pairs of subjects working together and control subjects worked individually on conservation tasks. The purpose of the social observation condition was to control for the effects of task relevant information that was expressed during dyadic interactions. All subjects were individually post‐tested on conservation tasks that were the same form but different content than the pretest items.Subjects in the social interaction condition had significantly greater cogntive change scores (post‐test less pretest) than subjects in the social observation and control conditions. There were no significant differences between change scores of subjects in the latter two conditions. Also, subjects in the social interaction condition gave significantly more novel explanations for conservation judgments than subjects in the social observation condition. These findings supported a socio‐cognitive conflict model of cognitive development in young children.
Group‐serving attributions across intergroup contexts: Cultural differences in the explanation of sex‐typed behaviours
Authors: Bond Michael H. , Hewstone Miles , Wan Kwok‐Choi , Chiu Chi‐Kwan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research attempted to integrate Tajfel's (1978) social identity theory with self‐presentational concerns by exploring attributions about perceived group differences in behaviour. As such, it dealt with group‐level rather than individual‐level attributions, exploring whether bias in making such verbal attributions varied as a function of the interviewer's group identity and the presence of an ingroup audience. Undergraduate men and women at The Chinese University of Hong Kong rated the appropriateness of ingroup‐favouring and outgroup‐favouring explanations for male‐typed and female‐typed behaviors in a face‐to‐face interview. A group‐serving bias was found for female‐typed behaviours, but only when the same‐sex audience was absent. A conceptual replication of the experiment was run in the United States to examine the possible cultural basis for the Chinese moderation of favouritism in the audience condition. The group‐serving bias was more robust for the American undergraduates, extending across male‐ and female‐typed behaviours and also across audience conditions, It was argued that these cultural differences in attributional bias appear to reflect the strength of the movement for women's liberation and norms surrounding the avoidance of conflict in the United States and Hong Kong.
Individual differences in customer sociability
Authors: Hester Laura , Koger Pamela , McCauley Clark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo studies examined the quality of clerk‐customer interactions. In the first study, customers in a mall were followed from one purchase to another and retest reliability of customer sociability was found to be 0.73. A second study of the same and another mall found a retest reliability of 0.56 for customer sociability and a correlation of 0.57 between sociability of different salespersons serving the same customer. These results indicate that the sociability of salesperson—customer interactions is determined by stable individual differences in customer sociability, and suggest that salespeople do better to echo than to escalate customer sociability.
Direct and indirect influence in the Asch paradigm: Effects of ‘valid’ or ‘denied’ information
Authors: Mugny Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn an experiment using the Asch paradigm, a source whose response was ‘denied’ (source younger than subjects, in an experiment context implying the development of visual acuity) was found to have less direct influence than a ‘validated’ source (older or same age as subjects), tending to specialize in a pattern of influence similar to the so‐called conversion phenomenon (i.e. direct influence only).
Unequal bit error probability in coherent QPSK fiber‐optic systems using phase modulator based transmitters
Authors: Zhao Hongxia , Agrell Erik , Karlsson Magnus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report on the occurrence of unequal bit error probability in a coherent quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) fiber‐optic system. The bit error rates (BER) of two QPSK bits are derived individually based on the developed system model, and they turn out to differ by more than an order of magnitude for a phase modulator based transmitter. The phenomenon, previously unreported, arises because such a transmitter introduces a controlled form of inter‐symbol‐interference (ISI), and the receiver low‐pass filters affect this ISI differently for the two bits. The optimum bandwidth of the receiver low‐pass filter is obtained from the analytic derivation, which is about 0.7 times the symbol rate. We propose two simple system modifications, one in the transmitter and one in the receiver, to compensate for the phenomenon and equalize the two BER's. Those modifications improve the system performance by about 2 dB without adding any extra hardware. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Görtler vortices in Falkner–Skan flows with suction and blowing
Authors: Matsson O. John E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we use nonlinear calculations to study curved boundary‐layer flows with pressure gradients and self‐similar suction or blowing. For an accelerated outer flow, stabilization occurs in the linear region while the saturation amplitude of vortices is larger than for flows with a decelerating outer flow. The combined effects of boundary‐layer suction and a favourable pressure gradient can give a significant stabilization of the flow. Streamwise vortices can be amplified on both concave and convex walls for decelerated Falkner–Skan flow with an overshoot in the velocity profile. The disturbance amplitude is generally lower far downstream compared with profiles without overshoot. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicidality in middle aged and older patients with schizophrenia and depressive symptoms: relationship to functioning and Quality of Life
Authors: Kasckow J. , Montross L. , Golshan S. , Mohamed S. , Patterson T. , Sollanzano E. , Zisook S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundSuicidality is a health concern in patients with schizophrenia. We examined the hypotheses: (1) Middle aged and older patients with schizophrenia, depressive symptoms and suicidality would exhibit worse quality of life and worse everyday functioning, social skills and medication management relative to those without suicidality; (2) higher levels of suicidality would be significantly associated with worse functioning, worse quality of life and older age.MethodsWe examined 146 outpatients with schizophrenia and depression. Patients were at least 40 years old and were diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and had two or more depressive symptoms based on DSM‐IV criteria for major depression. We assessed suicidality with the Intersept Suicide Scale (ISS) and functioning with the UCSD Performance‐based Skills Assessment (UPSA), Social Skills Performance Assessment (SSPA), and Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA). Quality of life was assessed with the Heinrichs Quality of Life Scale (QLS).ResultsThe mean age of patients was 52.4+ 6.9 years. Subjects with suicidality (ISS scores > 0) had lower QLS scores compared to those without suicidality. However, there were no differences in UPSA, SSPA nor MMAA scores between the two groups. In addition, based on Spearman's rho correlational analysis, there were significant associations of QLS scores with ISS scores (r = − 0.236) and with MMAA “total errors” scores (r = 0.174). Logistic regression demonstrated that only QLS scores predicted suicidality.ConclusionThirty‐six percent of our sample had at least mild degrees of suicidality. Lower quality of life appears to be an important predictor of suicidality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religiosity of depressed elderly inpatients
Authors: Payman Vahid , George Kuruvilla , Ryburn Bridget 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of religious practices and beliefs of depressed elderly Australian inpatients and their relationship to physical, social, and cognitive variables known to influence the prognosis of depression in the elderly. To compare the results obtained with those from similar North American studies.Methods and proceduresInpatients with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of major depression were interviewed on admission to the psychogeriatric unit of a Melbourne geriatric centre. Information collected included patient demographics, intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, cognitive function, severity of depression, number of chronic illnesses, physical function, and numbers and quality of social support. Pearson correlation and multivariate analysis using a standard regression model were used to examine relationships between the religious and other variables.ResultsOf the 86 patients who completed the assessment, 25% attended church regularly and 37% prayed, meditated, or read the Bible, at least once a day. Just over half rarely or never engaged in such behaviours. Three out of every eight patients were ‘intrinsically’ religious. Religious patients expressed higher levels of social support and physically disabled patients were more likely to be religious.ConclusionsDepressed elderly Australian inpatients are less religious than their North American counterparts. Nevertheless, religion remains important for a large minority of such individuals. Clinicians need to be aware that such individuals may turn to religion when depressed, especially to cope with the presence of physical disability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.