bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield of white clover and its fixation of nitrogen as influenced by nutritional and soil factors under controlled environment conditions
Authors: Whitehead David C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhite clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca) was grown in 21 UK soils. Yield and N concentration in the herbage (leaf + petiole) were determined at six successive harvests and were related to the supplies of major nutrient elements (as indicated by analysis of the herbage) and to various soil properties. The amount of N2 fixed was estimated by subtraction of the soil N supply from the total amount in the clover.The results suggest that critical concentrations (i.e. concentrations just less than those required for maximum growth) of K, Ca and S in the leaf + petiole after 4 weeks regrowth were approximately 1.4%, 1.3% and <0.16% respectively. The relationship between herbage yield and concentration of N suggests a critical concentration in leaf + petiole of about 3.5% N; lower values probably reflect sub‐optimum rates of N2 fixation and higher values, a restriction of clover growth per se. A reduction in herbage yield attributable to deficiency of K and/or Ca appeared to occur on some soils at harvests 5 and 6, but for any one soil, yield changed little between harvests 2 and 4 inclusive. Differences in herbage yield and in the amount of N2 fixed over this period were, therefore, examined in relation to various soil properties. Significant positive correlations were obtained between herbage yield and contents of clay, organic matter, water content at 100 cm tension and cation exchange capacity. The amount of N2 fixed was less closely correlated than was herbage yield with these soil properties.
Vacuolar (Storage) Proteins of Cocoa Seeds and their Degradation during Germination and Fermentation
Authors: Biehl Böle , Wewetzer Christa , Passern Detlef 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInvestigations of proteolysis during anaerobic cocoa seed incubation have been extended by disc and SDS‐gel electrophoretic protein analysis. Two protein bands (2.6 × 104 and 4.4 × 104 Dalton) were found to be vacuolar storage proteins, which accumulated during seed ripening (90 to 160 days after pollination) and which were specifically utilised during germination. Although the storage proteins are poorly soluble at pH 3.5–4.5, proteolysis during incubation of acetone dry powders is highest in this pH range. All proteins are digested at 50°C, pH 4.5. During seed incubation at 50°C, pH 4.5, however, the storage proteins are degraded preferentially although the cells are dead at 50°C. This degradation is increased by preincubation at 40°C instead of 50°C. The results are discussed in the light of structural peculiarities in the seed tissue and the possible role of specific endopeptidases and peptides in the formation of flavour precursors during fermentation.
Components of nutritional interest in carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua)
Authors: Calixto Fulgancio S. , Cañellas Jaime 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDetermination of the tannins, pectins, hemicellulose, cellulose, nitrogen, mineral elements, total and reducing sugars and fat contents was carried out on carob pods from Mallorca, Spain. The results are compared with data from the literature. A survey of papers on the composition and practical applications of carob pods is included.
Content of (+)‐catechin and proanthocyanidins in barley and malt grain
Authors: McMurrough Ian , Loughrey Malcolm J. , Hennigan Gerard P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcetone:water (3:1) extracts of milled barley grains contained simple monomeric, dimeric and trimeric flavanols in addition to higher molecular weight flavanoid tannins. Whereas (+)‐catechin and the simple individual oligomeric proanthocyanidins were readily separated by h.p.l.c. and t.l.c. fine resolution of the tanning components was not accomplished. Adsorption chromatography on Sephadex LH‐20 permitted group separation and measurement of tanning components which were characterised as polymers of (+)‐catechin and (+)‐gallocatechin. Using h.p.l.c. little change in the contents of simple flavanols was detected during the malting of barley, neither were there substantial differences in flavanol contents between five different varieties of barley. The tannins appeared to be formed in the grain prior to harvesting, possibly by oxidation of simple flavanols, and were not artefacts of post‐extraction treatments.
The effect of harvest date on the domd, crude protein, SMCO and SCN− contents of the lamina, petiole and stem of fodder kale
Authors: Bradshaw John E. , Borzucki Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMaris Kestrel kale sown on 4 June 1980 was harvested on 14 occasions between 5 August 1980 and 18 March 1981 and the plants were divided into leaf lamina, petiole and stem. Samples were freeze‐dried, milled and analysed for digestible organic matter (DOMD), crude protein (CP), S‐methyl cysteine sulphoxide (SMCO, the haemolytic factor) and thiocyanate ion (SCN−, a goitrogen) contents. DOMD contents were low at the first harvest due to low organic matter contents and at the last harvest due to low digestibilities. Between these harvests average lamina, petiole and stem contents were 769, 842 and 840 g kg−1 DM respectively. CP contents declined from 5 August to 17 September when average lamina, petiole and stem contents were 206, 96 and 121 g kg−1 DM respectively. From 5 August to 14 October average lamina, petiole and stem SMCO contents were 5.44, 6.64 and 10.56 g kg−1 DM, respectively, compared with 9.04, 7.39 and 9.40 g kg−1 DM, respectively, from 11 November to 24 February. SCN‐ contents fluctuated up to 15 December and then remained constant at a slightly lower level. Average lamina, petiole and stem contents were 0.29, 0.15 and 0.08 g kg−1 DM respectively. Whole plant contents were calculated taking account of the relative dry matter yields of lamina, petiole and stem.
Determination of purine alkaloids and trigonelline in instant coffee and other beverages using high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Trugo Luiz C. , MacRae Robert , Dick James 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple, rapid high performance liquid chromatography method is reported for the simultaneous analysis of trigonelline and caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine) in coffee, and theobromine (3,7‐dimethylxanthine) and caffeine in samples of cocoa, drinking chocolate, tea and cola. Chromatography was carried out on Spherisorb‐ODS columns with gradient elution. The eluate was monitored at 272 nm with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer and quantification was achieved with external standards. Results for different brands of instant coffees, one decaffeinated coffee, and for samples of cocoa, drinking chocolate, tea and cola are reported.
Comparison of black tea aromas of orthodox and CTC tea and of black teas made from different varieties
Authors: Takeo Tadakazu , Mahanta Pradip Kumar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVolatile compounds obtained from orthodox black tea and CTC tea were analysed by a g.c.‐m.s. method. A difference in the contents of cis‐3‐hexenol, linalool, linalool oxides, methylsalcylate and geraniol was found between the two types of tea. It was thought that the difference in the contents of volatile compounds might be produced by the individual manufacturing processes. A typical difference in the contents of linalool and geraniol was observed in volatile oils of black teas made from cultivars of v. assamica and hybrids of assamica and sinensis. The difference in the volatile compounds in black teas may be related to the genetic variation.
Reduction of carcass yield in transported pigs
Authors: Warriss Paul D. , Dudley Chris P. , Brown Steven N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPigs (53‐70 kg) in a non‐fasted state were either not transported or subjected to a journey lasting for 1 h or 6 h prior to slaughter. Pigs given the short transport lost 0.6% and pigs given the long transport 2.3% of their initial live weight. After lairage for 1 h with access to water, all pigs were killed 8 h after their last feed. Compared with pigs not transported before slaughter, killing out percentage was slightly, but not significantly, lowered in the short transport group and significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the long transport group. The loss in carcass weight of the latter group amounted to 2.1% of the carcass weight of the untransported control pigs. Overall, killing out percentage and liver weight expressed as a percentage of liveweight were negatively correlated with the percentage loss of live weight in transport (P<0.02). The carcass weight loss on chilling was not influenced by treatment. Measurements of adrenal ascorbic acid suggested that most of the stress of transport occurred during the loading and first hour of the journey. Transported pigs drank more water in lairage, particularly those transported for 6 h which also had a higher total protein concentration in their plasma (P<0.05). Plasma creatine phosphokinase activity was not influenced by transport. It is suggested that enforced deprivation of water is an important contributing factor to the weight loss of pigs during transport but that physical activity is not.
Phosmet residues in milk following treatment of dairy cows for warble‐fly
Authors: O'Keeffe Michael , Eades Joseph F. , Strickland Kenneth L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPersistence of the organophosphorus pesticide, phosmet, in the milk of 10 dairy cows was determined following treatment of the animals for warble‐fly. The mean phosmet concentration in the milk was at a peak level (0.04 mg kg−1) 12 h after treatment. The extent of phosmet elimination in milk was related to the milk yield for each cow.
Comparative effects of post‐mortem storage and low‐calcium‐requiring neutral proteinase on bovine and rabbit myofibrillar proteins
Authors: Ouali Ahmed , Obled Alain , Cottin Patrick , Merdaci Nadia , Ducastaing André , Valin Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of post‐mortem storage and of a low‐calcium‐requiring neutral proteinase on the myofibrils of beef Longissimus dorsi and Rectus abdominis muscles and rabbit Longissimus dorsi muscle were studied by measuring the Mg‐Ca‐enhanced myofibrillar ATPase activity and the changes in banding patterns on electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. During ageing, the changes in the ATPase activity and myofibrillar proteins were qualitatively different between rabbit and bovine muscles, whilst differences in intensity were only observed between the two bovine muscles. The most prevalent component appearing upon conditioning had a mol. wt of 27 000 in rabbit muscle and of 30 000 in bovine muscles. In both species, the incubation of myofibrils with the low‐calcium‐requiring neutral proteinase mimicked the post‐mortem changes. This would suggest that this enzyme has a qualitatively different effect on rabbit and bovine myofibrils.
Some interpretations of colour changes in young red wines during their conservation
Authors: Ribéreau‐Gayon Pascal , Pontallier Paul , Glories Yves 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring the maturation phase of red wines, extending from the end of vinification until bottling, the presence of oxygen provokes the chemical transformation of pigments, essential for ageing. Storage conditions (oak wood barrels or large tanks) should include a dissolution of oxygen of about 40 mg litre−1 during 1 year. Under winery or cellar conditions of storage, the autoxidation of ethanol, in the presence of phenolic compounds, produces traces of acetaldehyde. Simultaneously, this acetaldehyde provokes a copolymerisation of anthocyanins and tannins; in the condensed form, the anthocyanins are more coloured than in the free form. Hence aeration provokes an increase in colour, even though concentration of anthocyanins decreases as determined by chemical analysis. As condensation reaches a certain level, the large molecules precipitate and colour decreases. The same oxidation produces an increase in the level of tannin condensation and consequently a decrease in astringency, favourable from the point of view of quality. As a whole, the rate of these condensation reactions is reduced by an excess of SO2.
Dietary Intake of Fluoride in the United Kingdom and Fluoride Content of Some Foodstuffs
Authors: Walters Charles B. , Sherlock John C. , Evans William H. , Read John I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing samples from the Total Diet Study, the average dietary intake per person of fluoride in the United Kingdom is estimated to be 1.82 mg day−1. Beverages account for 71% of the total dietary intake and tea contributes most to the intake from the beverages group. Above‐average consumption of tea, as recorded in Great Britain, could result in fluoride intakes as high as 8.9 mg day−1. It is estimated that tap water containing 1 mg litre−1 of fluoride could increase normal dietary intakes by 54%. Individual foods have been analysed and the results show that tea infusions and foods containing skin or bone have higher fluoride concentrations than other foods. Concentrations as high as 44 mg kg−1 were found in the tail meat of krill, and a sample of mechanically deboned meat contained 2.8 mg kg−1 fluoride. Samples of flour, bread, vegetables, meat and fish products and infant foods generally contained less than 1 mg kg−1 of fluoride. Soft drinks from an area with a fluoridated water supply had a higher fluoride concentration than samples taken from an area with unfluoridated water.
The glucosinolate content of the leaf and stem of fodder kale (Brassica oleracea L.), rape (Brassica napus L.) and radicole (Raphanobrassica)
Authors: Bradshaw John E. , Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger , McNaughton Ian H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe glucosinolate content of three fodder kales, one fodder rape, one semi‐artificial rape and one radicole were determined. The major glucosinolates (mmol kg−1 dry matter) were: in kale leaf, glucobrassicin (3.21) and sinigrin (3.12); in kale stem, sinigrin (5.82); in rape leaf, gluconapin (3.14) and progoitrin (13.99); in rape stem, gluconapin (3.29) and progoitrin (20.18); in semi‐artificial rape leaf, gluconapin (25.64) and progoitrin (9.00); in semi‐artificial rape stem, gluconapin (35.33) and progoitrin (12.08); in radicole leaf, progoitrin (4.74) and glucobrassicin (3.28); and in radicole stem, gluconapin (3.26) and progoitrin (5.53). The implications for plant breeding are discussed.
Effect of pectic enzymes on cloud stability and soluble limonin concentration in stored orange juice
Authors: Chandler Bruce V. , Robertson Gordon L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAttempts to use pectic enzymes to stabilise the cloud and reduce the limonin content simultaneously in citrus juices were unsuccessful but led to several significant findings. Acid‐catalysed reactions and residual effects of inactivated enzymes were shown to play a more important role in cloud stability than had been generally recognised. The maintenance of resuspended cloud, sometimes used as a measure of cloud stability during storage, was not always related to the actual retention of cloud; and although it was directly related to water‐soluble pectin content, cloud retention was not. Factors controlling the solubility of limonin in orange juice appeared more complicated than previously thought and varied in their relative contribution from juice to juice. Other chemical reactions were involved besides the conversion of a non‐bitter precursor to limonin, and the changes induced by endogenous pectic enzymes in unpasteurized juice had a more important effect on limonin solubility than the changes following the addition of fungal pectic enzymes to pasteurised juice. Finally, the separation of micro‐crystalline limonin complicated limonin analysis of stored juices.
Effects of hydrogen peroxide and of sulphite and humidity on the amino acid composition and digestibility of fish protein
Authors: Raksakulthai Nongnuch , Aksnes Anders , Njaa Leif R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCooked saithe fillets were minced and treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for varying times. The amino acid composition of the protein was not affected except that methionine was oxidised to methionine sulphoxide. Apparent protein digestibility as determined with rats was slightly decreased at the highest hydrogen peroxide level. This effect was not predicted by a rapid enzyme test.Sodium sulphite added to freeze‐dried saithe flesh which was kept at three different humidities, had little effect on the amino acid composition. The rationale for this part of the experiments was that auto‐oxidating sulphite may oxidise methionine. In this case the sulphite seemed to protect methionine.
Relationship between N concentration of grain and grain yield in recent winter‐wheat experiments in England and Belgium, some with large yields
Authors: Benzian Blanche , Darby Richard J. , Lane Peter , Widdowson Frank V. , Verstraeten Louis M. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEight winter‐wheat experiments conducted by Rothamsted on clay soils in 1980 and 1981 formed part of an inter‐institute collaborative programme on yield variation. The tests included no N and four amounts of fertiliser N up to 200 kg ha−1, with and without spray treatments to control pests and diseases. Large grain yields—in excess of 10 t ha−1—were often obtained, mainly where losses had been limited by sprays. In Belgium, 10 experiments during the same seasons were on a wider range of soils and had spray treatments applied to all plots. Yields exceeding 10 t ha−1 were obtained at one site. Graphs showing the inter‐relationship between grain‐N %, grain yield and N uptake are used to compare the recent results with those from a 20‐year study of similar data from 124 earlier Rothamsted experiments. The envelope curve delineating the range of yield and grain‐N % values from these older experiments enfolded most of the more recent data points, except those deriving from the largest yields which were associated almost entirely with grain‐N % values below the minimum recommended for British breadwheat. The largest grain‐N uptakes were 180–190 kg ha−1 and 170–180 kg ha−1 in the recent Rothamsted and Belgian experiments respectively, compared with 160‐170 kg in the older experiments. The linear or near‐linear relationship between grain‐N % and amounts of fertiliser N, established in the 20‐year study, was again observed in the recent Rothamsted and Belgian experiments, with about 38 kg of added N needed to increase grain‐N concentrations by 0.1%.
Losses of pectic substances during cooking and the effect of water hardness
Authors: Johnston Donald E. , Kelly Denise , Dorrian Pauline P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDifferences in the extent of loss of pectic substances from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after boiling, steaming and pressure cooking were investigated. Losses were found to be significantly greater (P< 0.001) after boiling than after pressure cooking or steaming. The pectic substance content (g 100 g−1 dry matter) of potatoes (cv. Pentland Crown) was 2.98 for raw peeled tubers, 0.97 after boiling for 35 min, 1.22 after steaming for 35 min and 1.24 after pressure cooking at 103.4 kPa (15 psi) for 15 min. The roles of cooking time, cooking temperature and heat transfer medium are discussed. The effects of calcium sulphate (at levels typical of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ water supplies) in the cooking water on losses of pectic substances from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and swede (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica Peterm.) after boiling and pressure cooking were also investigated. Water hardness did not influence losses during pressure cooking but samples boiled in hard water had decreased losses of pectic substances compared to those boiled in soft water. The increase in retention of pectic substances due to hard water was about 8 % for potatoes (cv. Pentland Dell), about 33 % for sliced carrots (cv. Berlicum, approved maintenance Perfecta) and about 23% for diced swedes (cv. Acme). The interaction of water hardness with cooking method was significant for potato (P< 0.05) and swede (P<0.001) and approaching significance (P=0.055) for carrot.
Enzymic determination of glucose in foodstuffs
Authors: Valentová Olga , Marek Miroslav , Albrechtová Ivana , Albrecht Jaroslav , Káš Jan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDetermination of D‐glucose in foodstuffs was performed either with free glucose oxidase or with glucose oxidase bound to a glycidylmethacrylate polymer. Glucose oxidase immobilised on a nylon net was used for preparation of an enzyme electrode specific for glucose. Results of analyses obtained by the enzymic methods were compared with the determination of glucose by a common Steinhoff method and ion exchange chromatography.
The study of Clitoria Ternatea L. hay as a forage alternative in tropical countries. Evolution of the chemical composition at four different growth stages
Authors: Barro Carmen , Ribeiro Abelardo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe nutrients and the total carotenoids of samples of Clitoria rernatea L. hay harvested at four different stages of growth were analysed. Yields were also estimated. The results were: protein (N × 6.25), 23–19%; crude fibre, 29–38%; ether extract, 4.4–3.4%; Ash, 9–7%; neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 42–54%; acid detergent fibre (ADF), 38–47%; permanganate lignin, 14–16%; cellulose, 21–29%. Moreover, after being stored for 6 months, the samples have a carotenoids content of 587–400 mg kg−1. All data refer to DM content. First year results reveal that the forage plant can give high annual yields of hay, (18–29 t ha−1) with good palatability, readily accepted by cattle. In certain warm areas with low rainfall it could replace lucerne (alfalfa) Medicago sativa L.
Nitrous oxide emissions from two sites in Southern England during winter 1981/1982
Authors: Armstrong Andrew S. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNitrous oxide fluxes from soil surfaces were measured during winter 1981/82 on two fallow sites, a loamy sand and a clay loam, that had been watered to field capacity and fertilised at the rate of 200 kg N ha−1 on the 5 October 1981. Highest fluxes were obtained in the sampling period immediately after fertiliser application. They were in the range 3.5–20 g N2ON ha−1 day−1 on the loamy sand, and declined rapidly from a peak of almost 165 g N2ON ha−1 day−1 on the day following fertiliser application on the clay loam. The temperature during this period was in the range 6.5 to 14°C. As soil temperature declined during the sampling periods in December (−2 to 3°C) and February (4.5 to 6.5°C) and nitrate was leached in the subsoil, N2O evolution became very low (<1 g N2ON ha−1 day−1). Rainfall over the whole sampling period from early October to mid‐February was 282 mm. On both sites there was a very high degree of variability within the sites at any sampling time.