bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etude toxicologique chez I'animal de différents échantillons de lanoline anhydre, de lanoline modifiée et de dérivés de lanoline
Authors: GUILLOT J.P. , GIAUFFRET J.Y. , MARTINI M.C. , GONNET J. F. , SOULÉ G. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisDes tests ont été conduits pour l'évaluation toxicologique de différents éantillons de lanoline anhydre, de dérivés directs de la lanoline, d'acides de lanoline et dérivés, d'alcools de lanoline et dérivés et d'un substitutif de la lanoline. Les échantillons testés étaient des produits du commerce en provenance de différents fournisseurs. Les essais de tolérances oculaire et cutanée ont éte effectués sur le lapin selon les methodes officielles françaises mais avec quelques compléments ou modifications. Cette étude a été complétée, pour un certain nombre de produits, par une évaluation du pouvoir sensibilisant par applications topiques chez le cobaye selon une méthode inspirée de celle de Magnusson et Kligmann. Les résultats montrent que tous les échantillons de lanoline anhydre ont été bien tolérés aux niveaux oculaire et cutané et que les tests prophétiques de sensibilisation se sont révélés négatifs, y compris dans le cas d'un produit ayant trois années de stockage. Parmi les dérives, un échantillon d'alcools de lanoline polyoxyéthylénés (16 m. O.E) sur les deux testés s'est révélé très nettement toxique à l'état pur. La tolérance des autres dérivés a été variable selon le type et la provenance des substances. Le substitutif de lanoline étudié n'a provoqué aucune anomalie pathologique tant au niveau oculaire que cutané.SummaryOn 26 July 1976, the European Directive relating to cosmetics products added lanolin to the list of substances which cannot be used in these products beyond previously fixed restrictions and conditions (annexe III) with the obligation that labelling bears the wording ‘contains lanolin'. The French legislation laid down the term ‘Important’ with the above condition, thus drawing attention to the presence of one of the most used substances in the cosmetic industry. Without making an account of the comments which have led to that decision, it is admitted that some dermatologists have noticed for 20 years allergic reactions on few persons, after using ointments containing lanolin or lanolin derivatives. Two facts have been noted after a thorough survey of the observed cases: these reactions occurred first with persons suffering from leg ulcers or chronic eczema, and were caused by the free fatty alcohols fraction. On the other hand, literature does not mention any case of allergic reaction on a healthy skin, whether it is human or animal. As we are aware of the importance of the problem and as we have carried out a routine examination of local tolerance. of the main raw materials, already used in cosmetics, for 3 years (1–4), we considered it was of primary importance to study the results obtained from various samples of anhydrous lanolin and its derivatives. The ocular and cutaneous tolerance tests have been made on the rabbit following.
Physicochemical interactions in processing
Authors: GLADDEN G. P. , FINNERTY P. B. , ALEXANDER D. J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe manufacturing of toiletries is a complex procedure and many process routes are possible for a given formulation. In the past, considerable attention has been given to the design of manufacturing equipment but there has been relatively little appreciation of the influence of physicochemical interactions during processing. These interactions are likely to be particularly important during the manufacture of dispersions such as emulsions and pastes where phase and interfacial behaviour or particle interactions can be affected by the introduction of electrolytes or surface active species. For emulsions consisting of cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride/long chain alcohol/water, the final rheological behaviour is governed by the formation of a ‘frozen’ lamellar structure in the continuous phase. The phase changes occurring during processing can significantly affect the degree of structure obtained. With powder dispersions, the rheology is affected by the introduction of surface active species due to deflocculation of the particles. Even in complex product systems such as toothpastes, these changes due to powder/detergent interactions are still apparent. Les interactions physico‐chimiques dans les processus de fabrication
Hydrophilic properties of aromatics
Authors: BONADEO IGINO , LODI VERA , GHIDINI D. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe study of the behaviour of perfume ingredients in emulsions involves several technological problems.Recently, the scientific and practical validity of the parameter known as ‘hydrophilic value’ Kd (according to Bonadeo) was recognised; it relates to the behaviour of fatty materials in emulsions. The purpose of this research was to verify the reliability of the above parameter as applied to perfume ingredients.From the experimental results it is possible to establish a mathematical relationship between Kd and the ‘required emulsification value’ (HLBr) of the aromatics used in perfuming cosmetics and toiletries. From the Kd value it is possible to calculate the critical limit of the water phase (CLWP) concerning the single ingredients of a perfume compound.These parameters are particularly important in predicting the optimal behaviour of perfumes in the chemical‐physical balance of emulsions, with which are connected the principal parameters of the chemical and olfactive stability.Thus, in practice, it has been demonstrated that the perfumed substances behave as, and can be considered as, other fatty bodies forming the fatty phase of emulsions. Hydrophilie des huiles essentielles
A new model for the assay of comedolytic activity
Authors: BONNE CLAUDE , ZEZIOLA FRANCE , SECCHI JEAN , SAURAT JEAN‐HICLAIRE 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisAn experimental model using the ‘Rhino’ hairless mouse has been developed for screening comedolytic agents.The skin of this animal presents a high density of spontaneous comedos which appear in histological slices as cystic formations with a large diameter (D) and an open narrow neck (d). The ratio d/D expresses the ‘comedo profile'. Statistical evaluation of this value by standardized measurement allows the quantification of comedolytic activity of pharmacological agents. Un nouveau modèle pour la mesure de l'activité comédolytique
Studies on isolated corneocytes
Authors: MARKS R. , NICHOLLS S. , KING C.S. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe function of the stratum corneum is dependent on the functions of its constituent parts. This paper focusses on corneocyte dimensions and the implications of change in dimension for function. A technique in which it is possible to obtain a value for corneocyte thickness is described. The changes in corneocyte dimensions with age and site and after topical applications are documented.Techniques which measure the rate of desquamation are also described. The rate of passive corneocyte loss has been estimated by counting the numbers of corneocytes shed into chambers fixed to the skin surface. In addition the corneocyte loss after a standardized rotational stimulus to the skin surface has been measured. Scanning and transmission electron microscope examination of corneocytes obtained by a scrub procedure is also described. A preliminary report on an immunological approach to the study of the biochemistry of corneocytes and stratum corneum is also included. Etude de cornéocytes isolés
Occurrence of mercury‐resistant Pseudomonas in emulsion formulations preserved with phenylmercuric acetate
Authors: DIXON H. , DOLAN C. S. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe occurence of mercury‐resistant pseudomonads in a seemingly well‐preserved toiletry formulation is reported.Microorganisms identified as presumptive Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been isolated from a water‐in‐oil emulsion despite the inclusion of 0.007%phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) as preservative and also from an emulsion containing 0.002% PMA. Pseudomonads were capable of surviving in these emulsions for up to 3 and 12 months respectively. Culture studies confirmed that the isolates were initially resistant to maximum levels of PMA permitted in shampoos and hair creams according to EEC regulations. Microbial resistance of this nature emphasises the importance of strict attention to plant hygiene and good manufacturing practice. Présence de pseudomonas résistants au mercure dans les émulsions dont le conservateur est l'acétate de phényl mercure
Aspects of skin permeability
Authors: DYER A. , HAYES G. G. , WILSON J. G. , CATTERALL R. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe self‐diffusion of salicylic acid has been monitored radiochemically through pigskins (whole and dermal) and human skins (whole, dermal and epidermal).The effects of pH, temperature and changing dimethyl formamide (DMF) concentration on the penetration of salicylic acid through the various skin membranes have been evaluated.Conclusions have been drawn as to the mechanisms operating and some comparisons to zeolite/polystyrene membranes have been made. Quelques aspects de la perméabilite cutanée
Women's use of cosmetics: psychosocial correlates and consequences
Authors: CASH THOMAS F. , CASH DIANE WALKER 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisFew systematic studies have examined individual differences in women's use of facial make‐up or the possible psychosocial effects of such use. In the present investigation, the researchers developed several measures of the amount and the situational and temporal patterning of cosmetics use. Among forty‐two female college students, differential use was associated with a number of selected personality variables‐public self‐consciousness, public body‐consciousness, social anxiety, and various body‐image factors. Through the imagery‐induction of cosmetics use and non‐use conditions, cosmetics users’ self‐evaluative responses were studied. In a variety of imagined situations, subjects reported being more self‐confident and sociable when wearing as opposed to not wearing their customary cosmetics. Findings were discussed in the context of the role of cosmetics in self‐image enhancement and social impression management. Aspects psycho‐sociaux de l'utilisation des produits cosmétiques par les femmes
Quantification of the skin's topography by skin profilometry
Authors: COOK THOMAS H. , CRAFT TRELIA J. , BRUNELLE ROCCO L. , NORRIS FRANK , GRIFFIN WILLIAM A. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA method of skin profilometry is presented. The data generated using this method are used to (a) uncover sources of variation in skin profilometry, (b) provide information regarding the choice of roughness parameters best suited for characterizing the skin's topography, and (c) determine if skin profilometry is a valuable tool for quantitatively assessing changes in the skin's surface pattern.The data show the roughness parameter values to be dependent on the orientation of the tracings with regard to the major grooves and ridges present in the surface patterns. Large variabilities of roughness parameter values obtained for multiple scans within small areas of replicas are indicative of the nonhomogeneity of the skin's surface. The number of peaks, mean peak size, mean depth of roughness, depth of smoothness, and residual profile length appear to be the most utile roughness parameters for quantifying changes in the skin's topography. The ability of skin profilometry to detect subtle changes in the skin's surface pattern due to hydration indicates the method is a sensitive means of quantifying the skin's topography. Quantification de la topographie de la pedu par la profilométrie de la pedu
Consensus‐Performance Research: Theoretical and Empirical Extensions*
Authors: Dess Gregory G. , Priem Richard L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTResearch on the consensus‐performance relationship has typically used correlational data to examine the simple, bivariate relationship between top management team consensus and firm performance. the results of this research are equivocal. Recent theoretical work, however, suggests a number of ‘third variables’ that may provide additional insight into the consensus‐performance relationship through the ‘process of elaboration’. This paper presents theoretical models, based on recent theory building, that may be appropriate for incorporating these additional variables in future research.
DEVELOPING A LAY MODEL OF MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS: A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Cammock Peter , Nilakant V. , Dakin Stephen 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study uses repertory grid interviews and a follow‐up questionnaire study to develop a ‘lay’ theory of managerial effectiveness in a large New Zealand public sector organization. the lay theory is presented as a model with seventeen scales and two factors descriptive of effective and ineffective managers in the organization. the two factors indicate that effective and ineffective managers in the department are differentiated in terms of their conceptual, and interpersonal abilities. the effectiveness model shows strong similarity to models of effective management which have emerged in research outside New Zealand. This similarity is of particular interest given the context‐specific nature of the study. the paper outlines the method used in the study, describes the key findings and discusses their implications for our understanding of managerial effectiveness.
RISK AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES IN VENTURE CAPITAL MARKETS
Authors: Fiet James O. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis research compares risk avoidance strategies employed by business angels and venture capital firm investors. It finds that differences in their approaches to evaluating risk lead them to hold predictably different views of the dangers of market and agency risk. the former tend to rely upon the entrepreneur to protect them from losses due to market risk. Consequently, they are more concerned with agency risk than market risk. the latter are more concerned with market risk because they have learned to protect themselves contractually from agency risk using boilerplate contractual terms and conditions. A likely result of their different approaches to avoiding risk is a segmentation of venture capital markets, which has important implications for both entrepreneurs and future research.
The Effectiveness of Housing Management
Authors: Clapham David 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis article examines the performance of different kinds of landlords in providing housing management services to their tenants by reviewing a number of recent studies on housing management effectiveness. In particular the performance of mass‐landlords (councils and larger housing associations) is contrasted with that of small‐scale, locally‐based, resident controlled landlords such as co‐operatives or community‐based housing associations. Although the evidence is not conclusive, it points to worse performance by large landlords. The paper then assesses the relevance of this evidence to current housing policies and argues that they are unlikely to lead to more effective housing management which is often held by the Government to be one of their major objectives.
Generalism v Specialism in Human Services Management
Authors: Schmidt Hillel 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper focusses upon strategies of adaptation to changing environments adopted by human service organizations. It analyses the influence of the task environment and of the organization's ideology upon the choice of strategies in general, and upon the issue of generalism versus specialism in particular, with respect to two particular human service organizations in Israel — Youth Aliyah and Community Service Organizations. The principal conclusion reached is that specialism is more suitable than generalism for attaining a fit between the organization and its task environment under conditions of rapidly changing, fine‐grained environments.
Older peoples' experiences of Community Care
Authors: Barrett David 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis exploration of the position of “poor older people”within the context of Community Care, analyses the evidence and identifies discriminatory features that affect their lives. There follows an examination of poverty and the Government's management of the changes in Social Security legislation around pensions and benefits, with special reference to the position of women and carers. Are “economically fragile”older people members of the newly emerging underclass? The consequent inequalities are further explored via the position of carers and retired women in relation to the Benefits System; both groups seem to miss the much heralded effects of the trickle‐down economic ideology. In the era of Citizen's Charters, so called choices for economically fragile service users appear to be little more than Hobson's Choice.
An Adaptive Empirical Bayesian Thresholding Procedure for Analysing Microarray Experiments with Replication
Authors: Walls Rebecca E. , Barber Stuart , Kent John T. , Gilthorpe Mark S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA typical microarray experiment attempts to ascertain which genes display differential expression in different samples. We model the data by using a two-component mixture model and develop an empirical Bayesian thresholding procedure, which was originally introduced for thresholding wavelet coefficients, as an alternative to the existing methods for determining differential expression across thousands of genes. The method is built on sound theoretical properties and has easy computer implementation in the R statistical package. Furthermore, we consider improvements to the standard empirical Bayesian procedure when replication is present, to increase the robustness and reliability of the method. We provide an introduction to microarrays for those who are unfamilar with the field and the proposed procedure is demonstrated with applications to two-channel complementary DNA microarray experiments.
Correlating Point-Referenced Radon and Areal Uranium Data Arising from a Common Spatial Process
Authors: Smith Brian J. , Cowles Mary Kathryn 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBecause exposure to radon gas in buildings is a likely risk factor for lung cancer, estimation of residential radon levels is an important public health endeavour. Radon originates from uranium, and therefore data on the geographical distribution of uranium in the Earth's surface may inform about radon levels. We fit a Bayesian geostatistical model that appropriately combines data on uranium with measurements of indoor home radon in the state of Iowa, thereby obtaining more accurate and precise estimation of the geographic distribution of average residential radon levels than would be possible by using radon data alone.
A Candidate-Set-Free Algorithm for Generating D-Optimal Split-Plot Designs
Authors: Jones Bradley , Goos Peter 
Published: May 2007

Summary
We introduce a new method for generating optimal split-plot designs. These designs are optimal in the sense that they are efficient for estimating the fixed effects of the statistical model that is appropriate given the split-plot design structure. One advantage of the method is that it does not require the prior specification of a candidate set. This makes the production of split-plot designs computationally feasible in situations where the candidate set is too large to be tractable. The method allows for flexible choice of the sample size and supports inclusion of both continuous and categorical factors. The model can be any linear regression model and may include arbitrary polynomial terms in the continuous factors and interaction terms of any order. We demonstrate the usefulness of this flexibility with a 100-run polypropylene experiment involving 11 factors where we found a design that is substantially more efficient than designs that are produced by using other approaches.
The European Employment Strategy: Towards More and Better Jobs?*
Authors: RAVEAUD GILLES 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe European Employment Strategy (EES) is the employment policy of the European Union. According to its 2000 orientations, the EES was to promote ‘more and better jobs’. In fact, the EES has not lived up to this promise. First, the EES has not been able to put the quality of jobs firmly on its agenda. On the contrary, the EES argues in favour of more flexible jobs. Second, the EES criticizes countries such as Sweden and Denmark for their high levels of taxes and unemployment benefits, despite the results these countries achieve in terms of employment. The orientations of the EES can be understood as deriving from mainstream economics; it is argued that they go against the European social model.
Normative Power Europe: A Credible Utopia?*
Authors: SCHEIPERS SIBYLLE , SICURELLI DANIELA 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies on the international identity of the EU have stressed the normative feature of European foreign policy. At the same time, scholars have pointed out that the inconsistency between the EU's rhetoric and behaviour and the lack of reflexivity undermines its credibility. How does reflexivity affect collective identity? To what extent does the EU's utopian rhetoric affect its credibility as a normative power? In order to address these questions, we investigate the self‐representation of the EU as an international actor, the extent to which this self‐representation provides a basis for reflexivity and, finally, the impact of the EU's identity narratives on its credibility. We focus on the normative power of the EU in the institutionalization of the International Criminal Court and in the elaboration and ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
Interleukin 6 Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Gene Polymorphism in Centenarians
Authors: Capurso C. , Solfrizzi V. , D'Introno A. , Colacicco A. M. , Capurso S. A. , Semeraro C. , Capurso A. , Panza F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryRecent population‐based studies identified the magnitude of interleukin 6 (IL6) serum levels as a marker for functional disability, and a predictor of disability and mortality among the elderly. We investigated whether there was evidence in Southern Italy of an association between the IL6 gene variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism and extreme longevity, and tested for the possible interaction of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles with the IL6 VNTR alleles. Four alleles coding for variants of four different lengths have been identified: allele A [760 base pairs (bp)], allele B (680 bp), allele C (640 bp), and allele D (610 bp). IL6 VNTR and APOE allele and genotype frequencies were studied in a total of 61 centenarians and 94 middle‐aged subjects from Southern Italy. The IL6 VNTR allele B was overrepresented in the younger control group compared with centenarians (odds ratio: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.35–0.88, Bonferroni p‐value < 0.05). No interactions between IL6 VNTR alleles and APOE alleles on the odds ratios to reach extreme longevity were evaluated for the smallest number of subjects in centenarians and younger controls. Our findings suggested that the presence of the IL6 VNTR allele B could be detrimental for reaching extreme longevity.