bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of Proto-Greek inflectional morphology
Authors: Ringe Don 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the changes in inflectional morphology that took place in the development of Greek down to (approximately) the point at which the dialects began to diverge. Tense and aspect stems, mood suffixes, the augment, verb endings, nonfinite forms, and the accent patterns of Greek verbs are each discussed in detail. The development of the nominal system is organized somewhat differently. The case system and the accent-and-ablaut patterns, both of which were simplified in Greek, are treated first. Stem types of nouns and adjectives are then discussed one by one, with detailed lists of inherited members of stem classes. Inflectional endings are treated separately, as are pronouns and numerals.
The Attic-Ionic dialects
Authors: Ringe Don 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Attic-Ionic occupies a distinctive place among Ancient Greek dialect groups. It is both the best-attested group (by far) and the group that most obviously constitutes a clade in a reasonably strict sense of the term. This chapter discusses the origin and diversification of the Attic-Ionic dialect group, as well as distinctive changes that spread through the group after it was well diversified. The relative chronology of changes affecting the Attic dialect is discussed in detail, with references to earlier work, since our extensive attestation of Attic makes that relative chronology exceptionally easy to recover (thus providing a natural laboratory for studies of linguistic relative chronology in the distant past). Most of the chapter discusses phonological changes, but the (few) shared morphological changes are also treated, notably the origin and spread of secondary 3pl. -σαν.
Widely shared later innovations
Authors: Ringe Don 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses innovations which cut across older, well-established dialect groupings and which therefore must have spread across existing dialect boundaries. Sound changes discussed include the second compensatory lengthening and other changes to ns-clusters; the loss of the digamma and its consequences; contractions of vowels in hiatus and the system of long mid vowels; outcomes of Proto-Greek affricates; and psilosis. Among morphological changes the most important are the development of 3pl. imperatives, the development of subjunctives and optatives, and extensive changes to perfect stems. None of these changes is characteristic of a single dialect group. All, however, gave rise to salient differences between dialects, and none is confined to a single dialect.
Implementation of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotyping to guide antidepressant use in a large rural health system
Authors: Petry Natasha J , Van Heukelom Joel , Schultz April J , Jacobsen Kristen , Baye Jordan F , Mills Sarah , Figueroa Debbie M , Massmann Amanda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Purpose
We describe the implementation and ongoing maintenance of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 focused pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing to guide antidepressant and antianxiety medication prescriptions in a large rural, nonprofit health system.

Summary
Depression and anxiety are common psychiatric conditions. Sanford Health implemented PGx testing for metabolism of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes 2C19 and 2D6 in 2014 to inform prescribing for multiple medications, including antidepressant and antianxiety therapies. As guidelines, genotype to phenotype translation, panel offerings, and other resources are updated, we adapt our approach. We make educational and informational materials available to providers and patients. Pharmacogenomic clinical pharmacists review PGx results with discrete values and provide guidance documentation in the electronic medical record. A robust clinical decision support system is in place to provide interruptive alerts, noninterruptive alerts, and genomic indicators. A referral-based interdisciplinary clinic is also available to provide in-depth education to patients regarding PGx results and implications. Additionally, partnering with our health plan has expanded access to PGx testing for patients with anxiety or depression.

Conclusion
The implementation and maintenance of Sanford Health’s PGx program to guide antidepressant and antianxiety medication use continues to evolve and requires a multipronged approach relying on both human and informatics-based resources.
Epigenome-augmented eQTL-hotspots reveal genome-wide transcriptional programs in 36 human tissues
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Chen Qinwei , Guo Jintao , Zhou Ying , You Zhiyu , Ren Jun , Zeng Yuanyuan , Yang Jing , Huang Jialiang , Li Qiyuan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are used to inform the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells. However, the specificity of genome-wide eQTL identification is limited by stringent control for false discoveries. Here, we described a method based on the non-homogeneous Poisson process to identify 125 489 regions with highly frequent, multiple eQTL associations, or ‘eQTL-hotspots’, from the public database of 59 human tissues or cell types. We stratified the eQTL-hotspots into two classes with their distinct sequence and epigenomic characteristics. Based on these classifications, we developed a machine-learning model, E-SpotFinder, for augmented discovery of tissue- or cell-type-specific eQTL-hotspots. We applied this model to 36 tissues or cell types. Using augmented eQTL-hotspots, we recovered 655 402 eSNPs and reconstructed a comprehensive regulatory network of 2 725 380 cis-interactions among eQTL-hotspots. We further identified 52 012 modules representing transcriptional programs with unique functional backgrounds. In summary, our study provided a framework of epigenome-augmented eQTL analysis and thereby constructed comprehensive genome-wide networks of cis-regulations across diverse human tissues or cell types.
Citizen silence: Missed opportunities in citizen science
Authors: Hall Damon M , Avellaneda-Lopez Pedro M , Ficklin Darren L , Knouft Jason H , Lowry Christopher 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Citizen science is personal. Participation is contingent on the citizens’ connection to a topic or to interpersonal relationships meaningful to them. But from the peer-reviewed literature, scientists appear to have an acquisitive data-centered relationship with citizens. This has spurred ethical and pragmatic criticisms of extractive relationships with citizen scientists. We suggest five practical steps to shift citizen-science research from extractive to relational, reorienting the research process and providing reciprocal benefits to researchers and citizen scientists. By virtue of their interests and experience within their local environments, citizen scientists have expertise that, if engaged, can improve research methods and product design decisions. To boost the value of scientific outputs to society and participants, citizen-science research teams should rethink how they engage and value volunteers.
Oesophageal fluoroscopy in adults—when and why?
Authors: Scharitzer Martina , Pokieser Peter , Ekberg Olle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oesophageal fluoroscopy is a radiological procedure that uses dynamic recording of the swallowing process to evaluate morphology and function simultaneously, a characteristic not found in other clinical tests. It enables a comprehensive evaluation of the entire upper gastrointestinal tract, from the oropharynx to oesophagogastric bolus transport. The number of fluoroscopies of the oesophagus and the oropharynx has increased in recent decades, while the overall use of gastrointestinal fluoroscopic examinations has declined. Radiologists performing fluoroscopies need a good understanding of the appropriate clinical questions and the methodological advantages and limitations to adjust the examination to the patient’s symptoms and clinical situation. This review provides an overview of the indications for oesophageal fluoroscopy and the various pathologies it can identify, ranging from motility disorders to structural abnormalities and assessment in the pre- and postoperative care. The strengths and weaknesses of this modality and its future role within different clinical scenarios in the adult population are discussed. We conclude that oesophageal fluoroscopy remains a valuable tool in diagnostic radiology for the evaluation of oesophageal disorders.
Is it too early to recommend local treatment in oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a plea for equipoise
Authors: Ahmad Irfan , Chufal Kundan Singh , Miller Alexis Andrew , Bajpai Ram , Umesh Preetha , Dawer Aashita , Tandon Sarthak , Gandhidasan Senthilkumar , Dua Bharat , Bhatia Kratika , Gairola Munish 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (OMD NSCLC) has been proposed to bridge the spectrum between non-metastatic and widely metastatic states and is perceived as an opportunity for potential cure if removed. Twelve clinical trials on local treatment have been reported, yet none are conclusive. These trials informed the development of a joint clinical practice guideline by the American & European Societies for Radiation Oncology, which endorses local treatment for OMD NSCLC. However, the heterogeneity between prognostic factors within these trials likely influenced outcomes and can only support guidance at this time. Caution against an uncritical acceptance of the guideline is discussed, as strong recommendations are offered based on expert opinion and inconclusive evidence. The guideline is also examined by a patient’s caregiver, who emphasizes that uncertain evidence impedes shared decision making.
Ultrasonography-based staging of inflammatory granulomatous mastitis and estimation of steroid response
Authors: Alper Fatih , Abbasguliyev Hasan , Yalcin Ahmet , Cankaya Bahar Yilmaz , Ozmen Sevilay , Akçay Müfide Nuran , Aydin Fahri , Yeşilyurt Mustafa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study is to present novel diagnostic ultrasonography (USG)-based classification of inflammatory granulomatous mastitis (IGM) and to assess and compare dosage responses of locoregional steroid therapy.

Methods
From January 2017 through March 2023, total of 230 biopsy-proven IGM patients were reclassified (grades I, II, and III) according to USG-based morphological features. The injection applications were grouped in Group1 (40 mg/mL between years 2017 and 2019) versus Group2 (80 mg/mL between years 2019 and 2023), and effectiveness was analysed for each grade in between groups.

Results
The mean age was 31 years old (range: 19-60) with median follow-up period of 7 months. The most common clinical presentation was breast mass accompanying draining skin sinuses of the affected skin and hypoechogenic mass with tubular extensions was the most prevalent feature on USG examination. As per USG-based features, 79 (34.3%) patients were redefined as grade I, 64 (27.8%) as grade II, and 87 (37.8%) as grade III. All patients underwent locoregional steroid injection only. The average number of treatments in the first group was 6 (±3 SD) with an effective dose of 40 mg/mL in the first group, and 4 (±2 SD) with an effective dose of 80 mg/mL in the second group. The generalized linear mixed model was used to investigate effects between groups (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
High-dose steroid treatment was effective in burnout lesions (grades II and III), and it was found to be statistically significant in lowering number of treatments irrespective of grade.

Advances in knowledge
This novel classification could be a convenient tool in terms of common language between radiologists and clinicians. In addition, our study is a pioneer in comparing steroid dosage with no relapse in IGM patients.
Working on a dream: bringing up the level of interface spectroscopy to the bulk level
Authors: Tahara Tahei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Liquid interfaces are unique environments in which a variety of fundamental phenomena occur. Therefore, it is important to obtain a molecular-level understanding of liquid interfaces for both basic science and industrial applications. However, it is not an easy task to investigate molecules in the interface region that only has nanometer thicknesses. Second-order nonlinear spectroscopy, or even-order nonlinear spectroscopy more generally, is intrinsically interface-selective because the relevant nonlinear signal is generated only in the region in which the inversion symmetry is broken under the dipole approximation. In the past 2 decades, we have been developing and applying new interface nonlinear spectroscopic methods, aiming to bring up the level of knowledge on interfacial molecules to that on molecules in solution. During this attempt, we developed electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, heterodyne-detected electronic sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, and heterodyne-detected vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, as well as fourth-order Raman spectroscopy. We also extended the methods to femtosecond time-resolved measurements. Using these methods, we are now able to study the structure and dynamics at liquid interfaces, in particular exposed interfaces such as air/liquid interfaces, at a similar level to the study for solution. I overview our interface research while describing thoughts we had at each turning point.
Co-trimerization of benzonitriles with guanidine hydrochloride: synthesis of 2-bromo-4,6-diaryl-1,3,5-triazine derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing groups
Authors: Chitose Youhei , Tamura Yuika , Tsuchiya Youichi , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In recent decades, various types of aryl-substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives have been applied in many research fields, including biomedical chemistry, non-linear optics, and organic electronics. However, the substituent scope for 4,6-diaryl-1,3,5-triazines (DAr-TRZs) remains limited. Here, we present our work on the synthesis of 2-amino- and 2-bromo-DAr-TRZ derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing groups on the aryl rings. Our synthetic methods successfully provided trifluoromethyl-, nitrile-, and nitro-substituted DAr-TRZs. These will expand the structural diversity of conventional triazine-based functional materials.
Decision analysis in cardiac surgery: a scoping review and methodological primer
Authors: Vervoort Dominique , Lee Grace S , Lia Hillary , Afzal Abdul Muqtader , Tam Derrick Y , Ouzounian Maral , Takkenberg Johanna J M , Wijeysundera Harindra C , Fremes Stephen E 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for evidence generation in medicine but are limited by their real-world generalizability, resource needs, shorter follow-up durations and inability to be conducted for all clinical questions. Decision analysis (DA) models may simulate trials and observational studies by using existing data and evidence- and expert-informed assumptions and extend analyses over longer time horizons, different study populations and specific scenarios, helping to translate population outcomes to patient-specific clinical and economic outcomes. Here, we present a scoping review and methodological primer on DA for cardiac surgery research.

METHODS
A scoping review was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases for cardiac surgery DA studies published until December 2021. Articles were summarized descriptively to quantify trends and ascertain methodological consistency.

RESULTS
A total of 184 articles were identified, among which Markov models (N = 92, 50.0%) were the most commonly used models. The most common outcomes were costs (N = 107, 58.2%), quality-adjusted life-years (N = 96, 52.2%) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (N = 89, 48.4%). Most (N = 165, 89.7%) articles applied sensitivity analyses, most frequently in the form of deterministic sensitivity analyses (N = 128, 69.6%). Reporting of guidelines to inform the model development and/or reporting was present in 22.3% of articles.

CONCLUSION
DA methods are increasing but remain limited and highly variable in cardiac surgery. A methodological primer is presented and may provide researchers with the foundation to start with or improve DA, as well as provide readers and reviewers with the fundamental concepts to review DA studies.
Contextual factors influencing the equitable implementation of precision medicine in routine cancer care in Belgium
Authors: Schmitt Tugce , Delnord Marie , Cauët Emilie , Van Valckenborgh Els , Van den Bulcke Marc 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Precision medicine represents a paradigm shift in health systems, moving from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more individualized form of care, spanning multiple scientific disciplines including drug discovery, genomics, and health communication. This study aims to explore the contextual factors influencing the equitable implementation of precision medicine in Belgium for incorporating precision medicine into routine cancer care within the Belgian health system.

Methods
As part of a foresight study, our approach evaluates critical factors affecting the implementation of precision oncology. The study scrutinizes contextual, i.e. demographic, economic, societal, technological, environmental, and political/policy-related (DESTEP) factors, identified through a comprehensive literature review and validated by a multidisciplinary group at the Belgian Cancer Center, Sciensano. An expert survey further assesses the importance and likelihood of these factors, illuminating potential barriers and facilitators to implementation.

Results
Based on the expert survey, five key elements (rising cancer rates, dedicated healthcare reimbursement budgets, increasing healthcare expenditures, advanced information technology solutions for data transfer, and demand for high-quality data) are expected to influence the equitable implementation of precision medicine in routine cancer care in Belgium in the future.

Conclusions
This work contributes to the knowledge base on precision medicine in Belgium and public health foresight, exploring the implementation challenges and suggesting solutions with an emphasis on the importance of comparative analyses of health systems, evaluation of health technology assessment methods, and the exploration of ethical issues in data privacy and equity.
The prevalence of alcohol-related deaths in autopsies performed in Lithuania between 2017 and 2020: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Miščikienė Laura , Štelemėkas Mindaugas , Petkevičienė Janina , Rehm Jürgen , Lange Shannon , Trišauskė Justina 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Consumption of alcohol is a risk factor for non-communicable and infectious diseases, mental health problems, and can lead injuries and violence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol-involved deaths among decedents who died of external causes and underwent autopsy in Lithuania.

Methods
Study includes age persons of any age (from 0 to 110 years) who died and were autopsied in Lithuania from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020. Data were obtained from the Lithuanian State Register of Deaths and Their Causes.

Results
Among external causes of death, the presence of alcohol was detected in 55.0% of cases. Male decedents had a significantly higher number of positive BAC level recorded, at 46.6%, compared with female decedents (32.1%; P &lt; 0.001). The highest incidence of deaths where the alcohol was detected in the deceased’s blood was found when the decedent was listed as being in the victims of assault group (71.5%, 95% CI 65.4–77.2). However, the highest median BAC score was found for those in the accidents group (59.7%, 95% CI: 58.2–61.2, BAC 2.42 ‰, IQR 1.86).

Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that alcohol use may be a contributing factor in a wide range of fatal incidents, including accidents, injuries, and cases of violent intent. Inequalities between males and females were identified, with a higher proportion of males with alcohol detected in blood at the time of death.
Effects of blooming and fruit thinning on the yield, fruit quality, and leaf photosynthesis of peach cultivar ‘Xiahui 5’ in China
Authors: Zhang Binbin , Chen Hong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Guo Shaolei , Wang Xiaojun , Sun Meng , Yu Mingliang , Ma Ruijuan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study investigated the effects of different thinning treatments on yield, fruit quality, and leaf photosynthesis of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch).

Materials and Methods
The suitable thinning period and loading capacity of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach were explored in production and a theoretical basis for efficient and high-yield cultivation of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach was provided, including blossom-thinning+fruit-thinning at 20 d after full bloom (DAFB)+fruit thinning at 40 DAFB, blossom-thinning+fruit-thinning at 40 DAFB, fruit-thinning at 20 DAFB+fruit-thinning at 40 DAFB, and fruit-thinning at 40 DAFB, with neither blossom-thinning nor fruit-thinning as control. The yield, fruit quality, and leaf photosynthesis were detected. The thinning treatments were carried out between April and May 2012 in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China. The intensity of thinning with spacing was approximately 20 cm between fruits.

Results
Thinning fruit twice (20 DAFB+40 DAFB) saved labour (260.4 h/ha) and improved the weight (186.45 g) of individual fruit, the yield (980.55 kg/ha), and the internal and external fruit quality (red saturation, the ratio between red and yellow saturation), as well as enhancing the water-use efficiency (8.19 mmol/mol) and apparent CO2-use efficiency (140.58 mmol/mol) values of leaves. The effect of thinning fruit twice was better than blossom thinning+fruit thinning, or fruit thinning only once.

Conclusions
Collectively, thinning blossoms and fruit is a blossom- and fruit-management method suitable for peach production areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. In addition, thinning fruit twice (20 DAFB+40 DAFB) during the young fruit period and before entering the core-hardening period is suitable for achieving a reasonable load of ‘Xiahui 5’ peach. Flower thinning was not the recommended strategy for ‘Xiahui 5’ peach in terms of a reasonable load.
Differential Item Functioning Along the Old Age Continuum: Contrasting Chronological Age With Contextual Variables in the Assessment of Gains and Losses Across Advanced Old Age
Authors: Kaspar Roman , Diehl Manfred , Wahl Hans-Werner 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The fourth age is considered a life stage with a high likelihood of age-related losses. However, very old age extends over decades, and little is known about how transitions that may happen during this age period (e.g., developing support needs or adopting caregiving roles) or lack thereof might change perceptions of age-related gains or losses. Many subjective age scales assume implicitly that they work across advanced old age, but data to support this assumption are scarce. This study reports findings on (1) diverging, age-specific understandings of age-related change and (2) whether very old adults’ functional health, received social support, and caregiving roles, rather than chronological age, account for such differences.

Methods
Data came from the nationally representative survey “Old Age in Germany D80+” conducted in 2020/2021, comprising 10,578 individuals aged 80–106 years.

Results
At equivalent levels of perceived gains and losses, adults in the early fourth age reported more “freedom in daily life,” less “dependency on others,” and fewer “needs to reduce activities,” whereas adults in the late fourth age reported more “appreciation of others.” Chronological age, as such, was not the primary source of this response shift. Rather, functional health, social support, and caregiving responsibilities accounted for the differences in how older adults interpreted and reported specific age-related gains and losses.

Discussion
Findings underscore that across the multiple decades of the fourth age, interpretations of aging experiences vary and depend on a person’s own late-life health and functioning and on that of significant others.