bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracellular calcium levels in thePlasmodium bergheiookinete
Authors: SIDÉN-KIAMOS I. , LOUIS C. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYOokinetes are the motile and invasive stages ofPlasmodiumparasites in the mosquito host. Here we explore the role of intracellular Ca2+in ookinete survival and motility as well as in the formation of oocystsin vitroin the rodent malaria parasitePlasmodium berghei. Treatment with the Ca2+ionophore A23187 induced death of the parasite, an effect that could be prevented if the ookinetes were co-incubated with insect cells before incubation with the ionophore. Treatment with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA/AM resulted in increased formation of oocystsin vitro. Calcium imaging in the ookinete using fluorescent calcium indicators revealed that the purified ookinetes have an intracellular calcium concentration in the range of 100 nm. Intracellular calcium levels decreased substantially when the ookinetes were incubated with insect cells and their motility was concomitantly increased. Our results suggest a pleiotropic role for intracellular calcium in the ookinete.
Ecological and genetic determinants of multiple infection and aggregation in a microbial host-parasite system
Authors: FELS D. , VIGNON M. , KALTZ O. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYThe number of parasites colonizing a host (termed ‘multiple infection’) is an important determinant of host-parasite interactions. In theory, multiple infection is determined by random mass action in genetically and spatially homogeneous populations of host and parasite. In real populations, deviations from these assumptions may strongly influence levels of multiple infection. We carried out inoculation experiments in microcosms of the freshwater protozoanParamecium caudatumand its bacterial parasiteHolospora undulata. Increasing parasite dose produced higher levels of (multiple) infection; more susceptible host genotypes also were more multiply infected. An overall pattern of parasite aggregation (excess of uninfected individuals and of individuals carrying larger numbers of parasites) indicated deviations from random mass-action transmission. Homogenizing spatial distributions of parasite and host in our microcosms did not affect aggregation, whereas aggregation was more pronounced in old than in new host clones. Thus, variation in susceptibility may arise over time within clonal populations. When sequentially inoculated, already established infections increased the probability of additional infection in generally resistant host clones, but decreased it in more susceptible clones. Hence, the role of multiple infection as a driver of epidemiological or evolutionary processes may vary among populations, depending on their precise genetic composition or infection history.
Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Keski-Rahkonen A. , Hoek H. W. , Linna M. S. , Raevuori A. , Sihvola E. , Bulik C. M. , Rissanen A. , Kaprio J. 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundLittle is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. We report the incidence, prevalence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa using for the first time a nationwide study design.MethodTo assess the incidence and natural course and outcomes of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa among women from the general population, women (n=2881) from the 1975–79 birth cohorts of Finnish twins were screened for lifetime eating disorders using a two-stage procedure consisting of a questionnaire screen and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Clinical recovery was defined as 1-year abstinence from bingeing and purging combined with a body mass index (BMI) ⩾19 kg/m2.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16–20 years, and 150/100000 at 10–24 years. The 5-year clinical recovery rate was 55.0%. Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. After clinical recovery from bulimia nervosa, the mean levels of residual psychological symptoms gradually decreased over time but many women continued to experience significantly more body image problems and psychosomatic symptoms than never-ill women.ConclusionsFew women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.
Impact of early adolescent psychiatric and personality disorder on long-term physical health: a 20-year longitudinal follow-up study
Authors: Chen H. , Cohen P. , Crawford T. N. , Kasen S. , Guan B. , Gorden K. 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundEvidence regarding the long-term separate and combined impact of adolescent psychiatric disorder and personality disorder (PD) on physical health is absent.MethodA total of 736 people randomly selected in childhood were contacted for home or telephone interviews four times over 20 years. DSM Axis I disorders and Axis II PDs were assessed at mean age 13.7 years in 1983 and physical health was assessed in 1985–1986, 1991–1994 and 2001–2004.ResultsComparisons were made between 506 adolescents without Axis I disorder or PD and adolescents with Axis I disorder or PD or both. Adolescents with an Axis I disorder (n=150) had significantly higher odds of pain and physical illness and poorer physical health. Adolescents with a PD (n=149) had higher odds of pain and physical illness and poorer physical health and a more rapid decline in physical health. In addition, the 81 participants with an Axis I disorder without co-morbid PD had poorer physical health, but this effect did not reach statistical significance, whereas the 80 participants with a PD but no Axis I disorder reported significantly more pain and more rapid decline in physical health. However, the 69 participants with co-morbid Axis I disorder and PD had the highest rates of pain and physical illness and the worst physical health.ConclusionsCo-morbid PD accounted for many of the associations of adolescent Axis I disorder with physical health over the ensuing two decades. Co-morbid adolescent Axis I disorder and PD represent a particularly high risk for physical health.
Memory impairment in young women at increased risk of depression: influence of cortisol and 5-HTT genotype
Authors: Mannie Z. N. , Barnes J. , Bristow G. C. , Harmer C. J. , Cowen P. J. 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundMemory deficits are common in depressed patients and may persist after recovery. The aim of the present study was to determine whether memory impairments were present in young women at increased familial risk of depression and whether memory performance was related either to cortisol secretion or to allelic variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT).MethodYoung women (n=35, age range 16–21 years) with no personal history of depression but with a depressed parent (FH+) carried out the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). They also provided samples for the measurement of waking salivary cortisol and for 5-HTT genotyping. An age-matched control group of women (n=31) with no family history of depression were similarly studied.ResultsThe FH+ participants had decreased immediate recall and recognition memory compared to controls. The impairment in recall, but not recognition, correlated negatively with increased cortisol secretion in FH+ subjects. There was no significant effect of 5-HTT allelic status on either memory or waking cortisol secretion.ConclusionsImpairments in declarative memory are present in young women at increased genetic risk of depression and may be partly related to increased cortisol secretion. Further studies are needed to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the memory impairments and whether they predict the development of clinical illness.
Space, scale and Just War: meeting the challenge of humanitarian intervention and trans-national terrorism
Authors: WILLIAMS JOHN 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article contributes to current debates about Just War by analysing an insufficiently recognised problem with the way Just War theorists have responded to the two principal challenges surrounding the ethics of violence in international relations since the end of the Cold War – humanitarian intervention and the ‘global war on terror’. The problem focuses on strongly embedded assumptions that exist in contemporary Just War debates about the nature and meaning of territory. The article argues that Just War needs to engage more systematically with challenges to dominant ‘Westphalian’ framings of territory, space and scale in order to contribute more effectively to important ethical debates about the use of violence in international relations.
An uncertain trumpet: reason, anarchy and Cold War diplomacy in the thought of Raymond Aron
Authors: DAVIS REED 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNear the end of his career, Raymond Aron explained that he had never ceased to ‘think or dream or hope – in the light of the idea of Reason – for a humanized society’, a hope that extended to the conduct of international affairs as well. The purpose of this essay is to examine how Aron’s liberalism manifested itself in his theorising about international relations and in some of his less abstract diplomatic recommendations. In tracing the effects of Aron’s fundamental theoretical commitments on his more concrete policy analyses, we examine how Aron’s liberalism affected his approach to two of the most contentious issues in French foreign policy, namely, the decolonisation of Algeria and the creation of the force de frappe, France’s nuclear weapons programme. We argue that the tensions and contradictions in Aron’s foreign policy prescriptions have their origins in his ambivalence over the source and character of human reason.
A pluralistic approach to global poverty
Authors: KNIGHT CARL 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA large proportion of humankind today lives in avoidable poverty. This article examines whether affluent individuals and governments have moral duties to change this situation. It is maintained that an alternative to the familiar accounts of transdomestic distributive justice and personal ethics put forward by writers such as Peter Singer, John Rawls, and Thomas Pogge is required, since each of these accounts fails to reflect the full range of relevant considerations. A better account would give some weight to overall utility, the condition of the worst off, and individual responsibility. This approach provides robust support to global poverty alleviation.
The making of an international Convention: culture and free trade in a global era
Authors: MOGHADAM VALENTINE M. , ELVEREN DILEK 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn October 2005, UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions. The intense debates around the Convention, the defeat of the US position, and the compromises reached illustrate the shifting nature of global politics and the importance of the ‘culture question’ in global governance, but also confirm a hierarchy in the mandates of intergovernmental organisations. In this article we describe the making of this particular international convention, what we define as the ‘liberal’ versus the ‘culturalist’ positions among UNESCO’s member-state delegations, and the relevance of world polity and world-systems theories with respect to the international order. The article draws on our observations, a close reading of relevant UNESCO documents, and interviews with UNESCO officials and delegates.
The ‘value’ of positive security
Authors: ROE PAUL 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article seeks to revise the concept of Positive Security. Although largely neglected by the existing Security Studies literature, Bill McSweeney’s work otherwise represents a significant contribution in this regard. The author argues, however, that although of great value, McSweeney’s positive security formulation is unduly restrictive in terms of the referent object and to the sectors of security it is applicable to, and cannot unproblematically be equated to ontological security, as McSweeney’s work tends to do. Employing Graham Smith’s notion of a ‘generic’ security conception, and placing positive security more firmly in the peace studies tradition, the author suggests rather that a revised concept be predicated on the defence of ‘just’ values.
The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand
Authors: Bumrungsri Sara , Harbit Andrew , Benzie Charles , Carmouche Kristine , Sridith Kitichate , Racey Paul 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Although the floral traits ofParkiaconform to the bat-pollination syndrome, many visitors other than bats have been observed at their flowers. Some chiropterophilous plants are also pollinated by other animals; the syndrome is therefore best regarded as a hypothesis for which field observations and pollination experiments are required. The present study aimed, for the first time, to determine the breeding system of the economically important canopy trees,Parkia speciosaandP. timoriana, and to identify their pollinators. Pollination experiments carried out in Trang and Songkhla Provinces, in 28 trees ofP. speciosaand fourP. timorianaindicated that they are self incompatible. Open pollination resulted in the highest fruit set (average 60–67% of inflorescences per tree) although this was not significantly different from hand-crossed pollination (48–60%). Insect pollination resulted in fruit set in only 12% ofP. speciosainflorescences. Fruit bats, mainlyEonycteris spelaea, visit flowering plants continuously from dusk till after midnight. Nocturnal and diurnal insects (moths and stingless bees respectively) visit capitula, mostly at the nectar zone. Nectarivorous bats are the most effective pollinator forP. speciosaandP. timoriana. The fact that populations ofE. spelaeaappear to be declining throughout their distribution is therefore a matter of increasing concern.
Spatial patterns and habitat associations of Fagaceae in a hill dipterocarp forest in Ulu Gadut, West Sumatra
Authors: Nishimura Sen , Yoneda Tsuyoshi , Fujii Shinji , Mukhtar Erizal , Kanzaki Mamoru 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Spatial distribution patterns and habitat associations of Fagaceae species in a Fagaceae-codominated hill forest in Sumatra were investigated. Ten Fagaceae species believed to be zoochorous (animal-dispersed seed) and five codominant canopy and emergent anemochorous (wind-dispersed seed) species from Anacardiaceae and Dipterocarpaceae were studied. Five Fagaceae species and all codominant anemochorous species were significantly aggregated while the other five Fagaceae species showed a random distribution pattern. The median distance of small saplings from the nearest reproductively mature tree tended to be shorter for aggregated species than spatially random species. This implied that some Fagaceae species dispersed over longer distances than anemochorous species. Relationships between four habitat variables and distribution of the target species were examined with torus-translation tests. ThreeQuercusand oneLithocarpusspecies showed positive habitat associations. TwoQuercusspecies aggregated at the preferred habitat, but the others were randomly distributed. Thus tree species with specific habitat preference do not only aggregate at the preferred habitat. The three ridge-specialistQuercusspecies showed gradual changes in habitat association, which could reflect avoidance of competition among the species. Most of theLithocarpusspecies showed little correlation with habitat variables. Coexistence of the threeQuercusspecies partly reflected subtle differences in topographical preferences. Distribution of five of the sixLithocarpusspecies was unrelated to topography, so other mechanisms must be sought to account for the maintenance of coexistence in this species-rich genus.
Seed dispersal and predation by Proechimys semispinosus and Sciurus granatensis in gaps and understorey in central Panama
Authors: Carvajal Alejandra , Adler Gregory H. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Seed dispersal and predation by spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus) and red-tailed squirrels (Sciurus granatensis) were studied in five forest gaps and adjacent forest understorey on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, during June and July 2003 and January 2004. Live trapping on grids was used to estimate the abundances of rats in both habitats and was conducted during 10 nights at the beginning of each field season. We captured 70 individual spiny rats (53 in forest gaps and 17 in understorey). To address the removal and dispersal of seeds, semi-permeable wire-mesh exclosures were set at randomly selected stations within the trapping grids. These exclosures allowed the entry of spiny rats, squirrels, and other small rodents but excluded larger granivorous mammals. Seeds were marked with pieces of string that were dusted with fluorescent powder and tracked at night with an ultraviolet light. A total of 304 seeds was removed (159 in forest gaps and 145 in understorey). Spiny rats removed more seeds from gaps, and squirrels removed more seeds from understorey. Both species dispersed more seeds during the rainy season than during the dry season. Squirrels dispersed seeds farther than did spiny rats. Due to their foraging behaviour and association with gaps, spiny rats may disperse seeds from forest understorey into gaps.
Geological differentiation explains diversity and composition of fish communities in upland streams in the southern Amazon of Colombia
Authors: Arbeláez Fernando , Duivenvoorden Joost F. , Maldonado-Ocampo Javier A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Fish biomass, species richness and composition were compared between upland streams draining two contrasting geological units (Pebas and Tsa) in Colombian Amazonia. Because Pebas sediments reportedly show higher levels of base concentrations than Tsa sediments, we expected that the fish communities from the Pebas streams would show highest biomass and species richness, and that the species composition would vary between the two upland systems. Eight forest streams were sampled in four locations, applying four daily sampling events. Tsa soil samples were comparatively sandy, whereas Pebas soil samples tended to be siltier, with higher levels of exchangeable acidity, Ca, Mg and total bases. Conductivity, concentrations of bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na), bicarbonates and temperature showed higher values in Pebas stream-water samples than in Tsa. In total, 7696 fish individuals were captured, belonging to eight orders, 28 families and 122 species. Pebas streams had 1.3 times more species than Tsa streams, and more than twice the total biomass. Species richness and biomass were highly correlated with conductivity and water concentrations of Mg and Na, and biomass alone with dissolved oxygen. Fish species composition differed significantly between the geological units. Species turnover was not related to distance between sampling locations.
Demography and life history of two rattan species, Eremospatha macrocarpa and Laccosperma secundiflorum, in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kouassi Kouadio I. , Barot Sébastien , Gignoux Jacques , Zoro Bi Irié A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Two rattans species were studied in Côte d'Ivoire using a stage-classified matrix model to compare their demography and life histories. Respectively 854 and 1009 genets ofEremospatha macrocarpa(pleonanthic) andLaccosperma secundiflorum(hapaxanthic) were censused every 6 mo over 18 mo. The population growth rates ofE. macrocarpa(λ = 0.979) andL. secundiflorum(λ = 0.959) were not significantly different from 1. This indicates that the populations were close to equilibrium. However, the difference between the stable stage distributions and the observed distributions indicated temporal variation in vital rates. Elasticity analysis showed that growth and fecundity had lower contributions to λ than the survival rates for the two species. A Life Table Response Experiment revealed that the survival of the first juvenile stage (all stems &lt; 6 m in length), fecundity, growth of the second juvenile stage (at least one stem &gt; 6 m in length) and adult (reproductive) survival highly contribute to the differences between the demography of the two species. Reproduction is postponed longer forL. secundiflorumthan forE. macrocarpaand the mean remaining life span for adult genets is shorter forL. secundiflorumthan forE. macrocarpa. Finally, our results suggest the existence of two trade-offs within reproduction which suggest that, although the two species have different demographic features, the λ of their populations are not significantly different from 1.
Historical Threads: Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Textile Designs: The Ghanaian Experience and African Perspectives
Authors: Asmah Josephine 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDefining the relationship between folklore and intellectual property continues to be an ongoing debate. Some challenges in defining this relationship center on the main characteristics of intellectual property, namely, the eligibility criteria and limited protection period that make the current construction of intellectual property incompatible with folklore protection. However, countries like Ghana have been using the intellectual property system as one of its tools to protect folklore. This article focuses on traditional textile design protection in Ghana, establishing the importance and significance of these designs in Ghana's history and culture and why Ghana is determined to protect these designs. After examining Ghana's efforts and the obstacles in its path as it uses the intellectual property law system to protect traditional textile designs, the article argues that there should be regional cooperation and international protection to strengthen individual national efforts.
The Protected Objects Act in New Zealand: Too Little, Too Late?
Authors: Davies Piers , Myburgh Paul 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Protected Objects Amendment Act (POA) was passed by the New Zealand Parliament in 2006, so New Zealand could fulfil its obligations under the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 1970 and the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 1995. This represents a significant delay after the drafting of these two conventions. This article explores why New Zealand has taken so long to give domestic effect to these conventions and examines the manner in which they have been given domestic legal effect in the POA. The article also focuses on issues of Māori cultural property, the practical implementation of the POA, and the cultural heritage climate in New Zealand.
Whose Responsibility? The Waverley System, Past and Present
Authors: Wang Vivian F. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article explores the history and present operation of the Waverley system, the United Kingdom's art export policy established in 1952. A key component of the article is its attempt to illuminate the little-known story surrounding the birth of the system, which has been pieced together using treasury and Board of Trade papers held in the National Archives. The article then examines, both qualitatively and quantitatively, how responsibility for the system has evolved. The main pattern that emerges is the progressive detachment of the treasury: Although it spearheaded the formation of the Waverley system in 1952, today it is much more removed, in terms of administration and attitude, from the system.