bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversibly Light‐Switchable Wettability of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Surfaces With Dual Micro‐/Nanoscale Roughness
Authors: Caputo Gianvito , Cortese Barbara , Nobile Concetta , Salerno Marco , Cingolani Roberto , Gigli Giuseppe , Cozzoli Pantaleo Davide , Athanassiou Athanassia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHere, an approach to realize “smart” solid substrates that can convert their wetting behavior between extreme states under selective light irradiation conditions is described. Hybrid organic/inorganic surfaces are engineered by exploiting photolithographically tailored SU‐8 polymer patterns as templates for accommodating closely packed arrays of colloidal anatase TiO2 nanorods, which are able to respond to UV light by reversibly changing their surface chemistry. The TiO2‐covered SU‐8 substrates are characterized by a dual micro‐/nanoscale roughness, arising from the overlapping of surfactant‐capped inorganic nanorods onto micrometer‐sized polymer pillars. Such combined architectural and chemical surface design enables the achievement of UV‐driven reversible transitions from a highly hydrophobic to a highly hydrophilic condition, with excursions in water contact angle values larger than 100°. The influence of the geometric and compositional parameters of the hybrid surfaces on their wettability behavior is examined and discussed within the frame of the available theoretical models.
The Role of Sulfur in the Synthesis of Novel Carbon Morphologies: From Covalent Y‐Junctions to Sea‐Urchin‐Like Structures
Authors: Romo‐Herrera Jose´ M. , Cullen David A. , Cruz‐Silva Eduardo , Ramírez Daniel , Sumpter Bobby G. , Meunier V. , Terrones Humberto , Smith David J. , Terrones Mauricio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA detailed characterization, using high resolution electron microscopy/microanalysis (SEM, TEM, HRTEM, and EDX), reveals tubular carbon nanostructures exhibiting complex and fascinating morphologies. The materials were obtained by sulfur‐assisted chemical vapor deposition. It is demonstrated that S not only acts on the catalyst, but also can be detected in the carbon lattice of the nanostructures. The experimental data presented here confirms the critical role of S, which is responsible for inducing curvature and therefore influencing the final carbon nanostructure morphology. In particular, different types of covalent Y‐junctions of CNTs and even sea urchin‐like nanostructures were produced and their experimental conditions are listed and discussed.
Interactions between zoo‐housed great apes and local wildlife
Authors: Ross S.R. , Holmes A.N. , Lonsdorf E.V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough there are published reports of wild chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans hunting and consuming vertebrate prey, data pertaining to captive apes remain sparse. In this survey‐based study, we evaluate the prevalence and nature of interactions between captive great apes and various indigenous wildlife species that range into their enclosures in North America. Our hypotheses were threefold: (a) facilities housing chimpanzees will report the most frequent and most aggressive interactions with local wildlife; (b) facilities housing orangutans and bonobos will report intermediate frequencies of these interactions with low levels of aggression and killing; and (c) facilities housing gorillas will report the lowest frequency of interactions and no reports of killing local wildlife. Chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrated the most aggressive behavior toward wildlife, which matched our predictions for chimpanzees, but not bonobos. This fits well with expectations for chimpanzees based on their natural history of hunting and consuming prey in wild settings, and also supports new field data on bonobos. Captive gorillas and orangutans were reported to be much less likely to chase, catch and kill wildlife than chimpanzees and bonobos. Gorillas were the least likely to engage in aggressive interactions with local wildlife, matching our predictions based on natural history. However unlike wild gorillas, captive gorillas were reported to kill (and in one case, eat) local wildlife. These results suggest that some behavioral patterns seen in captive groups of apes may be useful for modeling corresponding activities in the wild that may not be as easily observed and quantified. Furthermore, the data highlight the potential for disease transmission in some captive settings, and we outline the associated implications for ape health and safety. Am. J. Primatol. 71:458–465, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Universal nuclear domains of somatic and germ cells: some lessons from oocyte interchromatin granule cluster and Cajal body structure and molecular composition
Authors: Bogolyubov Dmitry , Stepanova Irina , Parfenov Vladimir 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt is now clear that two prominent nuclear domains, interchromatin granule clusters (IGCs) and Cajal bodies (CBs), contribute to the highly ordered organization of the extrachromosomal space of the cell nucleus. These functional domains represent structurally stable but highly dynamic nuclear organelles enriched in factors that are required for different nuclear activities, especially RNA biogenesis. IGCs are considered to be the main sites for storage, assembly, and/or recycling of the essential spliceosome components. CBs are involved in the biogenesis of several classes of small RNPs as well as the modification of newly assembled small nuclear RNA. We have summarized data on the molecular composition, structure, and functional roles of IGCs and CBs in the nuclei of mammalian somatic cells and oocytes of some animals with a special focus on insects. We have focused on similarities and differences between the IGCs and CBs of oocytes and the well‐studied CBs and IGCs of cultured mammalian somatic cells. We have shown the heterogeneous character of oocyte IGCs and CBs, both in structure and molecular content. We have also demonstrated the unique capacity of oocytes to form close structural interactions between IGC and CB components. We proposed to consider these joint structures as integrated entities, sharing the features of both IGCs and CBs.
The chick embryo: hatching a model for contemporary biomedical research
Authors: Rashidi Hassan , Sottile Virginie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnimal models play a crucial role in fundamental and medical research. Progress in the fields of drug discovery, regenerative medicine and cancer research among others are heavily dependent on in vivo models to validate in vitro observations, and develop new therapeutic approaches. However, conventional rodent and large animal experiments face ethical, practical and technical issues that limit their usage. The chick embryo represents an accessible and economical in vivo model, which has long been used in developmental biology, gene expression analysis and loss/gain of function experiments. It is also an established model for tissue/cell transplantation, and because of its lack of immune system in early development, the chick embryo is increasingly recognised as a model of choice for mammalian biology with new applications for stem cell and cancer research. Here, we review novel applications of the chick embryo model, and discuss future developments of this in vivo model for biomedical research.
Precipitation of porcine insulin with carbon dioxide
Authors: Tashima Alexandre Keiji , Ottens Marcel , Van der Wielen Luuk A.M. , Cintra Dennys E. , Pauli José R. , Filho Pedro de Alcântara Pessôa , Miranda Everson Alves 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRecent works have pointed to the use of volatile electrolytes such as carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in aqueous solutions as a promising alternative to the precipitating agents conventionally used for protein recovery in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work we investigated experimental and theoretical aspects of the precipitation of porcine insulin, a biomolecule of pharmaceutical interest, using CO2 as an acid‐precipitating agent. The solubility of porcine insulin in NaHCO3 solutions in pressurized CO2 was determined as a function of temperature and pressure, with a minimum being observed close to the protein isoelectric point. A thermodynamic model was developed and successfully utilized to correlate the experimental data. Insulin was considered a polyelectrolyte in the model and its self‐association reactions were also taken into account. The biological activity of insulin was maintained after precipitation with CO2, although some activity can be lost if foam is formed in the depressurization step. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 909–919. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antithrombotic therapies in cerebrovascular disease: What should we use as secondary prevention in patients with carotid artery disease?
Authors: Beckman Joshua A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe optimal strategy for primary and secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients with carotid artery disease has been well studied in recent years. Currently, aspirin is generally prescribed for the primary prevention of stroke despite a number of trial results on effectiveness proving inconclusive. However, many agents have been investigated for the secondary prevention of carotid artery disease, including antiplatelet agents such as aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine, and clopidogrel. Although large randomized controlled trials have been reported, the optimal antiplatelet agent or combination of antiplatelet agents has yet to be clearly defined. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals Linked to Exchange‐Coupled Metal Dimers – Studies Using X‐ray Crystallography, Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements, EPR Spectroscopy, and DFT Calculations
Authors: Jung Martin , Sharma Ajay , Hinderberger Dariush , Braun Sebastian , Schatzschneider Ulrich , Rentschler Eva 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo study long‐range magnetic interactions between exchange‐coupled metal centers and a radical moiety coordinated through a peripheral group, three new homodimetallic complexes with MnII, CoII, and ZnII bridged by a nitronyl nitroxide (NIT) substituted benzoate ligand with the structure [(NIT‐C6H4‐COO)M2(LR)](ClO4)2 {M = MnII, CoII, and ZnII; NIT = nitronyl nitroxide and LR = N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(2‐benzimidazolylalkyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐diaminopropane} have been prepared and studied by X‐ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility measurements, EPR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. For comparison, related complexes with MnII and CoII bridged by a diamagnetic nitrobenzoate ligand were investigated by using the same methods. In all complexes, the metal centers have a trigonal‐bipyramidal N3O2 coordination sphere, with the exception of the MnII‐nitrobenzoate, where one of the two manganese centers is in a distorted octahedral environment due to the presence of an additional coordinated acetonitrile molecule. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on powdered samples revealed a dominant antiferromagnetic interaction between the metal ions. For the nitrobenzoate compounds, values of JMn–Mn = –5.8 cm–1 and JCo–Co = –12.0 cm–1 are found. Replacement of the bridging ligand by a NIT‐substituted benzoate group leads to very similar antiferromagnetic metal–metal interactions with JMn–Mn = –7.2 cm–1 and JCo–Co = –12.0 cm–1. A metal–radical interaction could not be observed. CW‐X‐band EPR measurements at low temperature show the anisotropic NIT signal. This confirms that the radical behaves like an isolated spin center and has no influence on the metal–metal interaction. These experimental data could be confirmed by DFT calculations at the UB3LYP level.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Intended and unintended consequences of internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced: The case of benevolent discrimination
Authors: Fehr Jennifer , Sassenberg Kai 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInternal motivation to behave nonprejudiced reduces prejudice. The present research looks at the impact of internal motivation in a special case of prejudiced behavior, namely benevolent discrimination. It was hypothesized that internal motivation does not reduce, but rather increases benevolent discrimination as long as individuals are not aware of its negative consequences. This is because of the positive intention required to show benevolent discrimination. Once the negative consequences have been made salient, internal motivation will facilitate self‐criticism of one's own benevolently discriminating behavior, which will be reflected in a more critical reappraisal of previous benevolently discriminating behavior. The predictions were supported in three studies. Study 1 analyzed the impact of internal motivation on benevolent discrimination. Study 2 and 3 analyzed the effect of internal motivation on the critical reappraisal of one's own benevolently discriminating behavior. The implications for the regulation of benevolent discrimination in the broader context of social discrimination are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutagenicity of an aged gasworks soil during bioslurry treatment
Authors: Lemieux Christine L. , Lynes Krista D. , White Paul A. , Lundstedt Staffan , Öberg Lars , Lambert Iain B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study investigated changes in the mutagenic activity of organic fractions from soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pilot‐scale bioslurry remediation. Slurry samples were previously analyzed for changes in PAH and polycyclic aromatic compound content, and this study examined the correspondence between the chemical and toxicological metrics. Nonpolar neutral and semipolar aromatic fractions of samples obtained on days 0, 3, 7, 24, and 29 of treatment were assayed for mutagenicity using the Salmonella mutation assay. Most samples elicited a significant positive response on Salmonella strains TA98, YG1041, and YG1042 with and without S9 metabolic activation; however, TA100 failed to detect mutagenicity in any sample. Changes in the mutagenic activity of the fractions across treatment time and metabolic activation conditions suggests a pattern of formation and transformation of mutagenic compounds that may include a wide range of PAH derivatives such as aromatic amines, oxygenated PAHs, and S‐heterocyclic compounds. The prior chemical analyses documented the formation of oxygenated PAHs during the treatment (e.g., 4‐oxapyrene‐5‐one), and the mutagenicity analyses showed high corresponding activity in the semipolar fraction with and without metabolic activation. However, it could not be verified that these specific compounds were the underlying cause of the observed changes in mutagenic activity. The results highlight the need for concurrent chemical and toxicological profiling of contaminated sites undergoing remediation to ensure elimination of priority contaminants as well as a reduction in toxicological hazard. Moreover, the results imply that remediation efficacy and utility be evaluated using both chemical and toxicological metrics. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling point patterns with the Ivanoff–Merzbach renewal process
Authors: Davies Katherine F. , Braun W. John 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper demonstrates how to apply the Ivanoff–Merzbach renewal process (Ivanoff and Merzbach, 2006; Ivanoff, 2008) to the modelling of environmental and other forms of point process data. The model is explored via simulation, focusing on two special cases. Maximum likelihood estimation of model parameters is described and demonstrated for these cases. The methods are applied to a point pattern related to human settlement patterns and to a point pattern describing the locations of a species of pine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congestion management in a zonal market by a neural network approach
Authors: Berizzi Alberto , Delfanti Maurizio , Merlo Marco , Pasquadibisceglie Marco Savino 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWith the introduction of the Power Exchange, one of the most critical issues to be faced by a Transmission System Operator (TSO) is to take into account the transmission constraints in a simplified market model. The zonal approach represents a suitable solution, since its mechanism can be easily understood by all the operators; on the other side, it requires to establish a priori the relevant transmission constraints. However, in a meshed network, this solution results in some problems in the management of the system, mainly because the Transmission Capability (TTC) value is deeply influenced by both demand and generation patterns. In order to face this problem, coupling the clearing process with an on‐line TTC evaluation tool would represent the best solution, allowing the full exploitation of the transmission facilities. Since all the methods already proposed in the technical literature are not suitable for on‐line applications due to their huge computation time, a new approach is proposed. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to estimate the TTC in real time: once the proposed model has been trained, it is adopted for a real time update of the TTC between two market areas, with respect to the actual market results, in order to increase the market efficiency and to reduce the associated congestion costs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Galerkin domain decomposition procedures for parabolic equations on rectangular domain
Authors: Ma Keying , Sun Tongjun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGalerkin domain decomposition procedures for parabolic equations with three cases of boundary conditions on rectangular domain are discussed. These procedures are non‐iterative and non‐overlapping ones. They rely on implicit Galerkin method in the sub‐domains and integral mean method on the inter‐domain boundaries to present explicit flux calculation. Thus, the parallelism can be achieved by the use of these procedures. Two kinds of approximating schemes are presented. Because of the explicit nature of the flux calculation, a less severe time‐step constraint is derived to preserve stability. To bound L2‐norm error estimates, new elliptic projections are established and analyzed. Numerical experiments are provided to confirm theoretical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involved field radiotherapy for limited stage Hodgkin lymphoma: balancing treatment efficacy against long‐term toxicities
Authors: Goda Jayant S. , Tsang Richard W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLimited stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) refers to patients with stage IA or IIA disease in the absence of any bulky mass or unfavourable prognostic factors. In this group, the long‐term disease control with treatment can be expected in more than 90%, and management has now been directed to make strategies to reduce late morbidities related to therapy. With the advent of very effective chemotherapy, the role of radiation therapy has evolved from a first line single modality treatment, to an adjuvant therapy following brief cycles of chemotherapy. Optimal radiation volume and dose parameters have been refined in the combined modality setting. Furthermore, with the progress in diagnostic functional imaging and advances in radiotherapy, it is possible to accurately deliver low to moderate doses of radiation to defined regions resulting in durable control of disease. This review will evaluate the literature that shapes the current standard of care in limited stage Hodgkin lymphoma with special emphasis on the use of limited field radiotherapy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platelet leukocyte gel facilitates bone substitute growth and autologous bone growth in a goat model
Authors: Everts Peter A. M. , Delawi Diyar , Mahoney Christine Brown , van Erp Albert , Overdevest Eddy P. , van Zundert André , Knape Johannes T. A. , Dhert Wouter J. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate multiple conditions on the formation of bone growth in a goat model. We prepared from a unit of whole blood, platelet‐leukocyte gel (PLG) to stimulate bone formation, based on the release of platelet growth factors. Two 3‐compartment cages containing autologous bone, calcium phosphate, and trabecular metal were implanted onto goat spinal transverse processes. One cage was treated with PLG, prepared according to a standardized protocol. An untreated cage served as a control. To monitor bone formation overtime, fluorochrome markers were administered at 2, 3, and 5 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 9 weeks after implantation. Bone growth in these 3‐compartments cages was examined by histology and histomorphometry of nondecalcified sections using traditional light and epifluorescent microscopy. Compared to the control samples, bone growth in the PLG‐treated autologous bone and calcium phosphate samples was significantly more. Fairly little bone growth was seen in PLG treated or untreated trabecular metal scaffolds. The results obtained from this goat model suggest a potential role for the application of autologous PLG during surgeries in which autologous bone grafts or calcium phosphate scaffolds are used. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Incorporation of collagen in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) for a bifunctional film with high bio‐ and electrochemical activity
Authors: Xiao Yinghong , Li Chang Ming , Wang Shenqi , Shi Jingsheng , Ooi Chiu Ping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractElectrochemical polymerization can be used to directly synthesize conducting polymers while incorporating different functional molecules such as proteins for specific applications. There is a need to systematically study the effects of synthetic conditions for a polymer/protein composite on its nanostructure, chem/physical properties, and bioactivities. In this study, collagen, a cell‐adhesion protein, was impregnated in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via galvanostatic electropolymerization, and demonstrated binding with the PEDOT backbone and excellent stability. The polymer polymerized at lower current densities shows good electroactivity. Oxidation level of PEDOT was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The results show that simple inorganic anions are more readily to be doped into the polymer than the bulky collagen molecules. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation reveals that the PEDOT/collagen system has a surface morphology different from those previously studied, exhibiting a network structure with nano‐silks interlacing. Optical microscopy examination shows that rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells are preferentially seeded on PEDOT/collagen other than PEDOT/LiClO4, indicating that collagen is highly bioactive for cell adhesion. Further study shows that synthesis with a lower current density favors the incorporation of collagen and thus increases the cell attachment to the PEDOT/collagen matrix. This study renders a simple approach to tailor a bifunctional film with high bio‐ and electrochemical activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Religion and institutions: Federalism and the management of conflicts over Sharia in Nigeria
Authors: Suberu Rotimi T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractConflicts over the status of Sharia Islamic law have dominated constitutional politics and ethno‐religious relations in the Nigerian federation for decades. The adoption of stringent Sharia codes by 12 Muslim majority states in northern Nigeria, beginning with Zamfara in 1999, was particularly contentious, provoking broad concerns about the viability and survival of Nigeria's innovatively structured multi‐ethnic federal system. But Sharia implementation and extension in Nigeria have followed a largely benign trajectory. The Nigerian federation's judicious combination of centrist and autonomy mechanisms has been remarkably effective in managing religious conflict and cauterising potentially disintegrative centrifugal challenges to national stability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.