bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal‐catalyzed oxidation in mackerel skin and meat lipids
Authors: Ke P. J. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractKinetic effects of added copper, zinc, and iron compounds have been investigated in the oxidation of lipids in mackerel skin and meat at 60 C using a simple weight gain method. Inorganic Fe(II) and Cu(II) were found to be strong catalysts in mackerel lipid oxidation. The meat lipids were particularly sensitive to oxidation in the presence of Fe(II) and Cu(II) below 5 ppm, and increments above this level did not result in a further increase in catalytic influence. The oxidation of skin lipids increased very rapidly with increased Fe(II) and Cu(II) concentrations of <10 ppm, and slight increases in prooxidative effects were still recorded when additional metals were added. The oxidations catalyzed by hemoglobin and zinc for skin lipids, and hematin for meat lipids, were proportional on a semilogarithmic basis with the increases in the metal catalysts. The slight variations in fatty acids between mackerel skin and meat samples did not seem adequate to explain the rapid oxidation in skin lipids. Thus, we believe that in the skin lipids one or more fat‐solvent‐extractable prooxidants, alone or associated with trace metals, were present and were responsible for the high susceptibility to oxidation found for this lipid.
Free radical addition of thiolacetic acid to esters and amides of unsaturated acids and screening of the products for antimicrobial activity
Authors: Mod R. R. , Harris J. A. , Arthur J. C. , Magne F. C. , Sumrell G. , Novak A. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFree radical addition of thiolacetic acid to terminal and internal double bonds of mono‐and diunsaturated amides, as well as to unsaturated esters, was achieved by irradiation with Cobalt‐60. Screening for antimicrobial activity againstStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus species,Torula species, andCandida albicans indicated that terminal addition products may be more active than internal addition products.
Photooxidation of unsaturated oils: Effects of singlet oxygen quenchers
Authors: Carlsson D. J. , Suprunchuk T. , Wiles D. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe photooxidative deterioration of unsaturated food oils by near UV and visible light was found to be retarded by nickel (II) chelates well known to quench singlet oxygen (1O2). The rates of hydroperoxide formation during light exposure were unaffected by efficient peroxy radical scavengers such as hindered phenols. α‐Tocopherol (vitamin E) underwent a relatively rapid oxidation itself when exposed to1O2 in oil solutions, despite being able to deactivate1O2 quite efficiently. From a comparison of the rates of scavenging by stabilizers and attack on allyl groups,1O2 initiated deterioration is appreciably more difficult to retard than peroxy radical processes.
Computer determination of chemical and physical values of fats and oils from GLC fatty acid composition, acid value, and titer
Authors: Koman V. , Kotuc J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA possibility for determination of 40 theoretically and industrially significant and frequently used values of triglyceride fats and oils with a digital computer is presented. An adequate computer program in the operational FORTRAN language was worked out for this purpose. The only input data are the experimental fatty acid compositions easily and quickly determinable by gas liquid chromatography, titrimetrically determinable acid value, and the titer.
Iodine number determination of milk fat and vegetable fats by refractometry
Authors: Rama Murthy M. K. , Bhat G. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA refractometric method for the estimation of iodine number of milk fat has been suggested. About 0.2 ml of milk fat was iodinated with ca. 10 ml Wijs iodine reagent for 3 min using mercuric acetate as catalyst. The iodinated fat showed a higher refractive index than the original fat. The changes in refractive indices showed a very high correlation with the iodine values of the fats (T=0.9993). The average of the ratios of change in refractive index to iodine number was 50.7×10−5, from which the iodine number of milk fat can be calculated. The method can also be applied to vegetable fats. The ratios of change in refractive index to iodine number for the oils of peanut, rapeseed, soybean, niger, sesame, and sunflower were similar, and the average was 45.2×10−5. The ratio for linseed oil was 38.4×10−5, and for coconut fat it was similar to that of milk fat.
Reaction of hydrogen bromide with diols of long chain α,β‐unsaturated acids
Authors: Ansari A. A. , Osman S. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe reaction oferythro‐ andthreo‐glycols oftrans‐2‐hexadecenoic andtrans‐2‐docosenoic acids with hydrogen bromide in the presence of acetic anhydride has been investigated. In each case,erythro‐2,3‐dihydroxy acid gave a separable mixture of isomericthreo‐2(3)‐bromo‐3(2)‐acetoxy acids. In contrast,threo‐2,3‐dihydroxy acid yielded only one isomericerythro‐2‐bromo‐3‐acetoxy acid. The structures of individual bromo‐acetoxy acids have been established by chemical as well as spectral studies. Stereoselectivity observed in the reaction of hydrogen bromide withthreo‐glycol has been explained on the basis of different conformations of the diastereoisomeric 2,3‐glycols.
Solubility of rapeseed protein in aqueous solutions
Authors: Radwan M. N. , Lu B. C. ‐Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe solubility of the protein of the dehulled and defatted ‘Tower’ variety of rapeseed in aqueous solutions was determined at temperatures of 25, 35, 45, and 55 C in the pH range of 1–13. It was found that the points of minimum solubility occur at pH values of 4.5, 4.8, 7.0, and 7.2, respectively, for the above four temperatures. No color change of the meal was observed at or near the minimum solubility point. The aqueous solutions were prepared at the selected pH values by using either NaOH or H2SO4.
Acetoxyglycerol acetal derivatives of mono‐ and polyformyloctadecanoate esters: Plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Neff W. E. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMethyl and butyl(acetoxyglycerol acetal) esters were prepared from 9(10)‐formyloctadecanoate or its dimethyl acetal. Mixtures of acetoxy mono‐ and diglycerol acetals, plus acetoxy mono‐, di‐, and triglycerol acetals, were prepared respectively from hydroformylated safflower and linseed methyl esters. The glycerol acetals were characterized with respect to physical, thermal, chromatographic, and spectroscopic properties. Acetoxy‐mixed glycerol acetals from safflower and linseed methyl esters were good primary plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), whereas acetoxyglycerol acetals of hydroformylated methyl and butyl oleate were good secondary PVC plasticizers. As primary plasticizers, the poly(acetoxyglycerol acetal) esters showed less migration, better heat stability, and higher tensile strength than the generally used PVC plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate.
Determination of critical micelle concentrations of some surfactants by keto‐enol tautomerism of benzoylacetone
Authors: Shoji N. , Ueno M. , Meguro K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBenzoylacetone, keto‐enol tautomer, was dissolved in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, hexaethyleneglycol dodecyl ether, polyoxyethylene tert‐octyl phenyl ether, and polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, respectively. The effect of surfactants on this keto‐enol equilibrium was examined by measuring the intensity of two spectral bands at ca. 250 nm and 315 nm due to ketonic and enolic form of this compound. The existence of keto‐enol equilibrium of the benzoylacetone was indicated by an isosbestic point among the two bands. The absorbances of the two bands showed hardly any change in the range of surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) but, in the concentration range above the cmc, the absorbance of the enolic form increased and that of the ketonic form decreased abruptly. These changes at cmc were very noticeable in the case of ionic surfactant solution. The concentrations corresponding to abrupt change of the spectra used for the determination of cmc were in fair agreement with data obtained by other methods. However, in the case of nonionic surfactant solutions, the absorbance due to the enolic form increased gradually with increase of the surfactant concentration, and the distinct break point was not observed at cmc.
Protection by different agents against inactivation of lipoxygenase by hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Pérez‐Gilabert Manuela , Veldink Gerrit A. , Vliegenthart Johannes F. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractH2O2 is a potent inactivator of lipoxygenase. In his paper, the ability of different agents [mannitol, oleic, stearic and linoleic acid,n‐butanol, and hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acid (HPOD)] to prevent the inactivation of tomato lipoxygenase by hydrogen peroxide has been studied. The involvement of OH· in the inactivation process is suggested by the ability of mannitol to prevent the loss of activity. This radical would be produced by reaction of H2O2 with the Fe(II) lipoxygenase. The most effective protection was displayed by HPOD, the product of the reaction of lipoxygenase with linoleic acid. This result could be explained by the conversion of the native enzyme into the Fe(III) lipoxygenase in the presence of HPOD; the Fe(III) enzyme is not able to react with H2O2, and no OH· will be produced. The protective effect obtained with oleic and stearic acid could be explained by an occupation of the active center by these inhibitors. The enzyme would not transform them, but their presence would hamper the conversion of H2O2 in OH· and limit the damage in the active center.
Lipid peroxidation in low density lipoproteins from human plasma and egg yolk promotes accumulation of 1‐acyl analogues of platelet‐activating factor‐like lipids
Authors: Tokumura Akira , Toujima Masaoki , Yoshioka Yasuko , Fukuzawa Kenji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is known to be a key event for induction of atherosclerosis. However, there has been little progress in structural elucidation of oxidized lipids, especially oxidatively fragmented phospholipids retaining a glycerol backbone. In this study, we found that LDL derived from egg yolk has no platelet‐activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase activity, and that prolonged incubation of egg yolk LDL with Cu2+ resulted in the formation of various PAF‐like lipids: 1‐acyl type phosphatidylcholines with ansn‐2‐short‐chain dicarboxylate or monocarboxylate group. Only a very small amount of the PAF‐like lipid having ansn‐2‐short‐chain monocarboxylate group was detected by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry in Cu2+‐oxidized LDL from human plasma with high PAF‐acetylhydrolase activity, which has been reported to hydrolyze PAF‐like lipids to lysophosphatidylcholines. Preincubation of plasma LDL with diisopropyl fluorophosphate dose‐dependently inhibited PAF‐acetylhydrolase activity, resulting in accumulation of the PAF‐like lipids when the LDL was oxidized with Cu2+. As well as PAF and lysophosphatidylcholines, several PAF‐like lipids were found to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation into cultured vascular smooth muscle cells derived from rat aorta. The possible formation of PAF‐like lipids by lipid peroxidation in LDL is discussed as well as its possible significance for induction of atherosclerosis.
Reactions of some gossypol‐like pigments with aniline andp‐anisidine
Authors: Pominski Catherine Hall , von der Haar Patricia 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe gossypol‐like pigments, gossypurpurin and diaminogossypol, have been shown to react with aniline to give the same reaction product as does gossypol. These pigments also react withp‐anisidine to give products whose absorption spectra exhibit maxima in the same positions as that of the reaction product of gossypol andp‐anisidine.
Fractionation of linseed phosphatides
Authors: McGuire T. A. , Earle F. R. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryAlcohol‐soluble and alcohol‐insoluble fractions of linseed phosphatides were subjected to countercurrent distribution in the Craig apparatus. The soluble portion, which was shown by analysis to contain essentially all of the choline and very little of the inositol, gave little further fractionation on distribution between hexane and 90% methanol. Distribution of the alcohol‐insoluble phosphatides between hexane and 90% ethanol showed two types of phosphoinositides to be present. Those concentrated in the alcohol phase had a phosphorus:nitrogen:inositol ratio of approximately 2:1:1 whereas those more soluble in hexane had a ratio of approximately 4:4:1.Analysis for “ethanolamine” by the periodate method failed to show as much amino nitrogen as analysis by the Van Slyke method. This difference, considered with the shape of the ethanolamine nitrogen curves, prevents a satisfactory calculation of the amount of cephalin.Sugar occurs also in all fractions, but its mode of combination, if any, was not demonstrated.
Storage of gossypol
Authors: Pominski Catherine Hall , Castillon Leah E. , Von Der Haar Patricia , Brown Lawrence E. , Damare Hilton 
Published: March 2007

SummaryPure gossypol was stored for 18 months at temperatures of 3° and 23–28°C. in the presence or absence of light and air. On the basis of combustion data, absorption spectra, antimony trichloride tests, and melting points of the original and stored samples it can be concluded that gossypol can be stored without deterioration for at least 18 months at temperatures from 3° to 23–28°C. in the absence of light, irrespective of the presence or absence of air.
Effects of plant food potassium salts (citrate, galacturonate or tartrate) on acid–base status and digestive fermentations in rats
Authors: Sabboh Houda , Coxam Véronique , Horcajada Marie-Noëlle , Rémésy Christian , Demigné Christian 
Published: March 2007

Potassium (K) organic anion salts, such as potassium citrate or potassium malate in plant foods, may counteract low-grade metabolic acidosis induced by western diets, but little is known about the effect of other minor plant anions. Effects of K salts (chloride, citrate, galacturonate or tartrate) were thus studied on the mineral balance and digestive fermentations in groups of 6-week-old rats adapted to an acidogenic/5 % inulin diet. In all diet groups, substantial amounts of lactate and succinate were present in the caecum, besides SCFA. SCFA were poorly affected by K salts conditions. The KCl-supplemented diet elicited an accumulation of lactate in the caecum; whereas the lactate caecal pool was low in rats fed the potassium tartrate-supplemented (K TAR) diet. A fraction of tartrate (around 50 %) was recovered in urine of rats fed the K TAR diet. Potassium citrate and potassium galacturonate diets exerted a marked alkalinizing effect on urine pH and promoted a notable citraturia (around 0·5 μmol/24 h). All the K organic anion salts counteracted Ca and Mg hyperexcretion in urine, especially potassium tartrate as to magnesuria. The present findings indicate that K salts of unabsorbed organic anions exert alkalinizing effects when metabolizable in the large intestine, even if K and finally available anions (likely SCFA) are not simultaneously bioavailable. Whether this observation is also relevant for a fraction of SCFA arising from dietary fibre breakdown (which represents the major organic anions absorbed in the digestive tract in man) deserves further investigation.
NATIONAL IQS PREDICT DIFFERENCES IN SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT IN 67 COUNTRIES
Authors: LYNN RICHARD , MEISENBERG GERHARD , MIKK JAAN , WILLIAMS AMANDY 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis paper examines the relationship of the national IQs reported by Lynn & Vanhanen (2002, 2006) to national achievement in mathematics and science among 8th graders in 67 countries. The correlation between the two is 0·92 and is interpreted as establishing the validity of the national IQs. The correlation is so high that national IQs and educational achievement appear to be measures of the same construct. National differences in educational achievement are greater than differences in IQ, suggesting an amplifier effect such that national differences in IQs amplify differences in educational achievement. Controlling for national differences in IQ, slight inverse relationships of educational achievement are observed with political freedom, subjective well-being, income inequality, and GDP. However, public expenditure on education (as % of GDP) was not a significant predictor of differences in educational achievement.
CHILD WORK AND SCHOOLING IN BANGLADESH: THE ROLE OF BIRTH ORDER
Authors: KHANAM RASHEDA , RAHMAN MOHAMMAD MAFIZUR 
Published: March 2007

SummaryUsing data from Bangladesh, this paper examines how the birth order of a child influences parental decisions to place children in one of four activities: ‘study only’, ‘study and work’, ‘neither work nor study’ and ‘work only’. The results of the multinomial logit model show that being a first-born child increases the probability of work as the prime activity, or at least a combination of school and work, rather than schooling only. The results confirm that later-born children are more likely to be in school than their earlier-born counterparts.
THE RELATION OF SON PREFERENCE AND RELIGION TO INDUCED ABORTION: THE CASE OF SOUTH KOREA
Authors: CHUNG WOOJIN 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis paper explores the factors that influence the practice of induced abortion in a very low fertility society, with particular emphasis on son preference and three distinct religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity. Using multivariate logistic regression models fitted by the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method, this paper analysed the data collected by the 2000 Korea National Fertility and Family Health Survey of 6348 married women aged 15–49 years with a total of 1217 pregnancy outcomes. The results showed that the likelihood of induced abortions in women with two or more children, compared with those with one child, was significantly influenced by the sex composition of the previous children: odds ratio (OR)=12·71 (95% CI=5·49, 29·42) for women with only son(s), and OR=3·91 (95% CI=1·67, 9·14) for women with only daughter(s). At parity two, women with two sons were much more likely to have induced abortions than women with two daughters (OR=5·88, 95% CI=2·70, 12·85). Although Buddhist women were not significantly different from Confucian women in induced abortion practice, Christian women were much less likely than Confucian women to have an induced abortion (OR=0·39, 95% CI=0·18, 0·88 for women with only sons and OR=0·44, 95% CI=0·24, 0·81 for women with two children). This suggests that even in this very low fertility society, son preference and religious affiliation are significant predictors of women’s practice of induced abortion.
Race, Sex and Slavery: ‘Forced Labour’ in Central Asia and Afghanistan in the Early 19th Century
Authors: HOPKINS B. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe word ‘slavery’ conjures images of cruelty, racial bigotry and economic exploitation associated with the plantation complex crucial to the Atlantic trading economy from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Yet this was only one manifestation of practices of human bondage. This article examines the practice of ‘slavery’ in a very different context, looking at Central Asia, Afghanistan and the Punjab in the early nineteenth century. Here, bondage was largely a social institution with economic ramifications, in contrast to its Atlantic counterpart. Slavery served a social, and often sexual function in many of these societies, with the majority of slaves being female domestic servants and concubines. Its victims were often religiously, rather than racially defined, although bondage was a cross-confessional phenomenon. The practice continued to be widespread throughout the region into the early twentieth century.
Experimental infections, using a fluorescent marker, of two elasmobranch species by unciliated larvae of Branchotenthes octohamatus (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae): invasion route, host specificity and post-larval development
Authors: GLENNON V. , CHISHOLM L. A. , WHITTINGTON I. D. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYThe infection biology of Branchotenthes octohamatus (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray, Trygonorrhina fasciata (Rhinobatidae), was studied using the fluorescent dye, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE). This is the first use of this technique on a monogenean species with unciliated larvae and the first for any monogenean larva infecting an elasmobranch host. CFSE-labelled post-larvae were recovered from gills of T. fasciata within 30 min of exposure to the host, providing strong evidence that larvae invade host gills directly and do not migrate after initial attachment elsewhere. The rapidity with which larvae settled suggests that the mode of infection may deliver larvae directly to the gills via the host's inhalant respiratory current. The specificity of B. octohamatus was investigated by exposing a sympatric rhinobatid host species, the western shovelnose ray, Aptychotrema vincentiana, to B. octohamatus larvae newly emerged from eggs laid by adult parasites from gills of T. fasciata. Experimental exposure of A. vincentiana to freshly hatched B. octohamatus larvae resulted in a persistent infection, indicating that B. octohamatus may not be strictly host specific. Post-larval development charted on these experimentally infected A. vincentiana specimens was slow. Parasites appeared to be sexually mature at 91 days at 21–25°C. Branchotenthes octohamatus larvae bear only 4 pairs of hooklets on the haptor whereas all other hexabothriid larvae described so far have 5 hooklet pairs. Ontogenetic changes to the haptor revealed that it is probably hooklet pair III that is lost from B. octohamatus prior to larval development.