bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social‐environmental certification: Sustainable development and competitiveness in the mineral industry of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Rodrigues da Silva Enríquez Maria Amélia , Drummond José 
Published: April 2007

Abstract This article examines the relationship between increased metal mining and sustainable development in the eastern section of the Amazonian state of Pará in Brazil. Since the early 1980s, mining has grown rapidly in Pará and local mining operations have become global leaders in the production of iron, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, gold, copper and — in the near future — nickel. To stay in tune with global standards, these companies have committed themselves to the principles of sustainability and have obtained certification for both social and environmental aspects of their activities. The article looks into whether such certification is linked to sustainable development of the relatively poor regions where these companies operate. The main findings are that: (1) there is a visible association between certification and improved performance by the companies, but not with the development of nearby areas; and (2) social‐environmental certification processes place more emphasis on ecological variables than on social ones.
Possibilities and options for the Clean Development Mechanism and the Green Investment Scheme in Central and Eastern Europe: Macedonian and Romanian perspectives
Authors: Khovanskaia Maria , Ivanyi Zsuzsanna 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is a rapidly changing and developing region which is making the transition to a market based economy. Along with economic reforms, the countries of the region are engaged in substantial environmental reforms, including climate change mitigation activities. Mitigation of, and adaptation to, the consequences of climate change are costly processes. It is therefore of great importance that the national and international mechanisms addressing these problems use methods both environmentally sound and economically efficient. Through two case studies that address the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Green Investment Scheme (GIS) in Romania, this paper explores challenges, related tasks and main problems in the establishment of mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol in Central and Eastern Europe.
Social features of energy production and use in Brazil: Goals for a sustainable energy future
Authors: Da Costa Márcio Macedo , Cohen Claude , Schaeffer Roberto 
Published: April 2007

Abstract This paper focuses on the social features of ene rgy production and use in Brazil and discusses the role of the energy policy goals of accessibility, affordability and acceptability in defining a sustainable energy future for the country. The major findings are that social inequalities in Brazil regarding energy use continue to be substantial and important. This can be explained by the fact that, although recent decades have seen significant improvements in energy accessibility all over the country, much more needs to be done to provide affordable, and socially acceptable modern energy carriers to all socio‐economic groups in all regions.
Can China control the side effects of motor vehicle growth?
Authors: Walsh Michael P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Motor vehicle growth in China is the fastest in the world. This is placing great strain on the urban environment and causing a rapid increase in oil imports and motor vehicle carbon dioxide emissions. To deal with the environmental and health effects of air pollution, China has adopted a strong motor vehicle pollution control programme and imposed limits on fuel consumption of new light duty vehicles. The article will review these problems and programmes. Special focus will be given to the need to reduce sulphur levels in both gasoline and diesel fuel.
Onychomycosis in a Premature Infant Caused by Candida parapsilosis
Authors: Koklu Esad , Gunes Tamer , Kurtoglu Selim , Gokoglu Sonay , Koklu Selmin 
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  We report onychomycosis caused by Candida parapsilosis in a 35‐day‐old premature infant. To our knowledge, this represents the youngest instance of an isolated lesion of the nail plate without involvement of glabrous skin, caused by C. parapsilosis in this age group to be reported in the literature.
Neutropenia in Patients Treated With Thienopyridines and High‐Dose Oral Prednisone after Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: RIBICHINI FLAVIO , FERRERO VALERIA , FEOLA MAURO , ROGNONI ANDREA , BRUNELLESCHI SANDRA , VACCA GIOVANNI , VASSANELLI CORRADO 
Published: April 2007

Background:
Oral treatment with prednisone has demonstrated efficacy in reducing restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). However, administration of steroids at high dose may raise concerns in terms of applicability and tolerability. Monitoring the occurrence of possible side‐effects is therefore mandatory.
Methods:
Secondary effects of oral prednisone in this setting is analyzed. The “expected” secondary effects of the steroid treatment are described, together with the “unexpected” occurrence of likely drug‐induced neutropenia observed in patients prescribed prednisone and thienopyridines simultaneously after PCI.
Results:
Two‐hundred and twenty patients were monitored for the occurrence of side‐effects of the prednisone therapy. Twenty‐eight patients (14%) had side‐effects likely related to the prednisone treatment: gastric pain (4%), increment of arterial pressure needing upgrading of antihypertensive treatment (4%), edema (1.8%), and concomitant infections (1.4%). In three patients (1.4%), agranulocytosis was detected at the time of the routine blood cell count scheduled 4 weeks after PCI in otherwise asymptomatic patients. Neutropenia subsided completely after withdrawal of prednisone and thienopyridine in all cases and the blood cell formula normalized within 3 weeks.
Conclusions:
Side‐effects of oral prednisone given after PCI to reduce restenosis occur in less than 15% of patients. Complaints are mild and reversible and can be easily managed with adjunctive diuretic and antacid drugs. The occurrence of agranulocytosis after prednisone had never been reported before, but was observed in 1.4% of our patients receiving simultaneously a thienopyridine. To explain such an unusual event we propose the hypothesis of a possible metabolic interaction between prednisone and thienopyridines.
Built from Living Stones: Hispanic Catholic Parishes Without Boundaries
or Buildings
Authors: Davis Kenneth G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
“Hispanic” is a term from the United States (USA) census bureau later
adopted by the United States Catholic Council of Bishops (USCCB) that refers
to USA residents who trace part of their ancestry to Spanish-speakers.
Usually they also have ancestors from among either American indigenous
communities or Africans imported as slaves, or both. For the purpose of this
article, it presumes that whatever their level of acculturation to USA
society, their preferred language of worship is still Spanish.
A new way of being Catholic is necessarily forged by those Hispanics.
They are not assimilating into the USA church as did former immigrants from
Europe, but they are also unable to simply reproduce the Catholicism of
their twenty plus countries of origin.
New church structures must therefore address this novel phenomenon,
especially in areas where those immigrants are recent or geographically
dispersed.
Rather than only continuing the mostly futile attempt to integrate
immigrants into existing parishes, local ordinaries should consider other
options including parishes without boundaries or buildings. Such personal
parishes constituted of a community of small communities are not only
possible under current Church law and doctrine, but often best fulfills the
intent of those same documents.
Experimental and Analytical Study of the Pressure Drop Across a Double-Outlet Vortex Chamber
Authors: Jawarneh Ali M. , Sakaris P. , Vatistas Georgios H. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
This paper presents experimental and analytical results concerning the pressure drop and the core size in vortex chambers. The new formulation is based on the conservation of mass and energy integral equations and takes into account the presence of two outlet ports. The diminishing vortex strength is introduced through the vortex decay factor. The influence of vortex chamber geometry, such as diameter ratio, aspect ratio, and Reynolds number, on the flow field have been examined and compared with the present experimental data. It is shown that the presence of the swirl velocity component makes the pressure drop across a vortex chamber significantly different than the familiar unidirectional pipe flow. When the chamber length is increased, the vortex diminishes under the action of friction, producing a weaker centrifugal force which leads to a further pressure drop. It is revealed that by increasing the Reynolds number, the cores expand resulting into a larger pressure coefficient. For a double-outlet chamber where the flow is divided into two streams, the last parameter is found to be less than that of a single-outlet.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow Around a Rotating Circular Cylinder
Authors: Hwang Jong-Yeon , Yang Kyung-Soo , Bremhorst Klaus 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Turbulent flow around a rotating circular cylinder has numerous applications including wall shear stress and mass-transfer measurement related to the corrosion studies. It is also of interest in the context of flow over convex surfaces where standard turbulence models perform poorly. The main purpose of this paper is to elucidate the basic turbulence mechanism around a rotating cylinder at low Reynolds numbers to provide a better understanding of flow fundamentals. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been performed in a reference frame rotating at constant angular velocity with the cylinder. The governing equations are discretized by using a finite-volume method. As for fully developed channel, pipe, and boundary layer flows, a laminar sublayer, buffer layer, and logarithmic outer region were observed. The level of mean velocity is lower in the buffer and outer regions but the logarithmic region still has a slope equal to the inverse of the von Karman constant. Instantaneous flow visualization revealed that the turbulence length scale typically decreases as the Reynolds number increases. Wavelet analysis provided some insight into the dependence of structural characteristics on wave number. The budget of the turbulent kinetic energy was computed and found to be similar to that in plane channel flow as well as in pipe and zero pressure gradient boundary layer flows. Coriolis effects show as an equivalent production for the azimuthal and radial velocity fluctuations leading to their ratio being lowered relative to similar nonrotating boundary layer flows.
Subcentimeter Pulmonary Nodules Detected in Patients with Sarcoma
Authors: Ginsberg Michelle S. , Panicek David M. 
Published: April 2007

Background. Subcentimeter pulmonary nodules are being detected
with increasing frequency in patients with sarcoma due to the greater use of chest CT,
the advent of helical (spiral) CT scanning and multidetector scanners, and the attendant
decrease in image section thickness.Assessing the clinical significance of these pulmonary
nodules is of particular importance in sarcoma patients, due to the frequent occurrence of
pulmonary metastasis from sarcomas.Purpose. This article reviews the technical advances that have contributed
to the increased detection of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules, statistics about subcentimeter
pulmonary nodules and options for evaluating such nodules.Erratum to “Subcentimeter Pulmonary Nodules Detected in Patients with Sarcoma”dx.doi.org/10.1080/13577140020008110
Modeling and Scaling Coupled Energy, Water, and Carbon Fluxes Based on Remote Sensing: An Application to Canada’s Landmass
Authors: Chen Baozhang , Chen Jing M. , Mo Gang , Yuen Chiu-Wai , Margolis Hank , Higuchi Kaz , Chan Douglas 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Land surface models (LSMs) need to be coupled with atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) to adequately simulate the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial surfaces. The heterogeneity of the land surface and its interaction with temporally and spatially varying meteorological conditions result in nonlinear effects on fluxes of energy, water, and carbon, making it challenging to scale these fluxes accurately. The issue of up-scaling remains one of the critical unsolved problems in the parameterization of subgrid-scale fluxes in coupled LSM and GCM models.
A new distributed LSM, the Ecosystem–Atmosphere Simulation Scheme (EASS) was developed and coupled with the atmospheric Global Environmental Multiscale model (GEM) to simulate energy, water, and carbon fluxes over Canada’s landmass through the use of remote sensing and ancillary data. Two approaches (lumped case and distributed case) for handling subgrid heterogeneity were used to evaluate the effect of land-cover heterogeneity on regional flux simulations based on remote sensing. Online runs for a week in August 2003 provided an opportunity to investigate model performance and spatial scaling issues.
Comparisons of simulated results with available tower observations (five sites) across an east–west transect over Canada’s southern forest regions indicate that the model is reasonably successful in capturing both the spatial and temporal variations in carbon and energy fluxes, although there were still some biases in estimates of latent and sensible heat fluxes between the simulations and the tower observations. Moreover, the latent and sensible heat fluxes were found to be better modeled in the coupled EASS–GEM system than in the uncoupled GEM. There are marked spatial variations in simulated fluxes over Canada’s landmass. These patterns of spatial variation closely follow vegetation-cover types as well as leaf area index, both of which are highly correlated with the underlying soil types, soil moisture conditions, and soil carbon pools. The surface fluxes modeled by the two up-scaling approaches (lumped and distributed cases) differ by 5%–15% on average and by up to 15%–25% in highly heterogeneous regions. This suggests that different ways of treating subgrid land surface heterogeneities could lead to noticeable biases in model output.
Electrothermal Arthroscopic Shoulder Capsulorrhaphy
Authors: Hawkins Richard J. , Krishnan Sumant G. , Karas Spero G. , Noonan Thomas J. , Horan Marilee P. 
Published: April 2007

Background Few studies have documented the outcomes of thermal capsulorrhaphy for shoulder instability. Purpose To examine prospective evaluate outcomes of the first 100 patients with glenohumeral instability treated with thermal capsulorrhaphy. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Between 1997 and 1999, 85 of 100 patients treated with thermal capsulorrhaphy for glenohumeral instability were available for review at 2-year minimum follow-up (average, 4 years). Fifty-one patients suffered from anterior instability; 24 had an associated Bankart lesion. Ten patients demonstrated posterior instability; 1 had an associated reverse Bankart lesion. Seventeen patients had multidirectional instability; 8 had an associated Bankart lesion. Seven patients demonstrated anterior and posterior instability without an inferior component; 2 had an associated Bankart lesion. Failures were defined as shoulders requiring revision stabilization (14) or with recurrent instability (18), recalcitrant pain (3), or stiffness (2). Results Forty-eight of 85 procedures were successful, and 37 of 85 failed. For patients with anterior instability plus a Bankart lesion, 7 of 24 (26%) had failed results. For those with anterior instability without a Bankart lesion, 10 of 27 (33%) had failed results. The failure rates for posterior, multidirectional instability, and anteroposterior were 60% (6/10), 59% (10/17), and 57% (4/7), respectively. Of the 48 successes, mean preoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved from 71 to 96 postoperatively, and patient satisfaction was 9.1 on a 10-point scale. Conclusion Because of the high failure rates, we now augment thermal capsulorrhaphy with capsular plication and/or rotator interval closure in cases of posterior and multidirectional instability and have lengthened the initial immobilization period to improve outcomes. Failure rates for thermal capsulorrhaphy, even with labral repairs, are high especially for shoulders with multidirectional instability and posterior instability. When procedures were successful, however, patients were very satisfied with significant improvements in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores.
Effect of chronic fluorosis on lipid peroxidation and histology of lung tissues in first and second generation rats
Authors: Oncu Meral , Gulle Kanat , Karaoz Erdal , Gultekin Fatih , Karaoz Sureyya , Karakoyun Inanc , Mumcu Ethem 
Published: April 2007

This experiment was designed to investigate the lipid peroxidation and histological effects of chronic fluorosis on first and second generation rat lung tissues. Sixteen, virgin, female Wistar rats were mated with eight males (2:1) for approximately 12 h to obtain first-generation rats. Pregnant rats were divided into two experimental groups (control and fluoride supplemented). The pregnant rats in the fluoride-supplemented group were exposed to 30 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in commercial drinking water containing 0.07 mg/L NaF throughout the gestation and lactation periods. After the lactation period, young animals (first generation; F1) were exposed to the same amount of NaF in drinking water for four months. At the end of the four-month experimental period, nine randomly-chosen male rats (F1) were sacrificed and lung tissues were removed for histopathological and enzymatic lipid peroxidation examination. The second generation rats were obtained from the remaining rats by the same method. They were also treated similarly. At the end of the four-month experimental period, nine randomly-chosen male rats (F2) were sacrificed, and the lungs were removed for histological and lipid peroxidation examination. The rats in the control groups underwent the same procedure without NaF supplementation. It was found that the plasma fluoride and the lung TBARS levels of fluoride supplemented F1 and F2 rats were higher than controls. There were marked histological changes in the lung tissues of fluoride supplemented F1 and F2 rats, as follows: in F1 rats; loss of alveolar architecture, emphysematous areas, descuamation of alveolar epithelium and alveolar congestion were observed. There were thickened interalveolar septae and congestion of alveolar septal vessels. Intraparenchymal thick-walled vessels were also observed. There were markedly perivascular and intraparenchymal focal mononuclear cell infiltrations. In F2 rats, in addition to these changes, there were lipid cell hyperplasia and increased connective tissue mass in the parenchymal areas. It is concluded that chronic fluorosis causes a marked destruction in lung tissues of F1 and F2 rats by causing lipid peroxidation. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2006; 22: 375-380.
Assessing disease progression using a composite endpoint
Authors: Weng Kee Wong  , Furst Daniel E. , Clements Philip J. , Streisand Jim B. 
Published: April 2007

Scleroderma patients usually have serious medical events in several organ systems and it is desirable to have a composite index that accounts for disease activity in these organ systems. We show how one may use a composite `time to event' analysis for evaluating such patients and more generally for patients suffering from a chronic disease. The composite `time to event' analysis requires a composite endpoint with a Kaplan—Meier type analysis. As an illustration, we use data from a clinical trial for scleroderma patients and present sensitivity analysis where one or more of the organ involvement definition criteria are modified. In addition, we propose desirability functions to monitor patients' disease improvement when the outcomes are all continuous. This method offers several possible advantages over existing methods for measuring patients' improvement.
Lentiviral vectors containing an enhancer-less ubiquitously acting chromatin opening element (UCOE) provide highly reproducible and stable transgene expression in hematopoietic cells
Authors: Zhang Fang , Thornhill Susannah I. , Howe Steven J. , Ulaganathan Meera , Schambach Axel , Sinclair Joanna , Kinnon Christine , Gaspar H. Bobby , Antoniou Michael , Thrasher Adrian J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUbiquitously acting chromatin opening elements (UCOEs) consist of methylation-free CpG islands encompassing dual divergently transcribed promoters of housekeeping genes that have been shown to confer resistance to transcriptional silencing and to produce consistent and stable transgene expression in tissue culture systems. To develop improved strategies for hematopoietic cell gene therapy, we have assessed the potential of the novel human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE (A2UCOE) within the context of a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector. Unlike viral promoters, the enhancer-less A2UCOE gave rise to populations of cells that expressed a reporter transgene at a highly reproducible level. The efficiency of expression per vector genome was also markedly increased in vivo compared with vectors incorporating either spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters, suggesting a relative resistance to silencing. Furthermore, an A2UCOE-IL2RG vector fully restored the IL-2 signaling pathway within IL2RG-deficient human cells in vitro and successfully rescued the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) phenotype in a mouse model of this disease. These data indicate that the A2UCOE displays highly reliable transcriptional activity within a lentiviral vector, largely overcoming insertion-site position effects and giving rise to therapeutically relevant levels of gene expression. These properties are achieved in the absence of classic enhancer activity and therefore may confer a high safety profile.
Multiple prethymic defects underlie age-related loss of T progenitor competence
Authors: Zediak Valerie P. , Maillard Ivan , Bhandoola Avinash 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAging in mice and humans is characterized by declining T-lymphocyte production in the thymus, yet it is unclear whether aging impacts the T-lineage potential of hematopoietic progenitors. Although alterations in the lymphoid progenitor content of aged mouse bone marrow (BM) have been described, irradiation-reconstitution experiments have failed to reveal defects in T-lineage potential of BM hematopoietic progenitors or purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from aged mice. Here, we assessed T-progenitor potential in unmanipulated recipient mice without conditioning irradiation. T-progenitor potential was reduced in aged BM compared with young BM, and this reduction was apparent at the earliest stages of intrathymic differentiation. Further, enriched populations of aged HSCs or multipotent progenitors (MPPs) gave rise to fewer T-lineage cells than their young counterparts. Whereas the T-precursor frequency within the MPP pool was unchanged, there was a 4-fold decline in T-precursor frequency within the HSC pool. In addition, among the T-competent HSC clones, there were fewer highly proliferative clones in the aged HSC pool than in the young HSC pool. These results identify T-compromised aged HSCs and define the nature and cellular sites of prethymic, age-related defects in T-lineage differentiation potential.