bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Instrumented Microindentation Testing Device
Authors: Öberg H , Larsson P-L , Magnius O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental device for microindentation testing has been designed and constructed. The device can be used together with standard testing machines and allows for continuous recording of indentation loads up to approximately 500 N and indentation depths in the range 1 to 100 µm. Special care has been taken in order to minimize the effects of elastic deformations in the experimental setup as well as deformation of the foundation. To check the reliability as well as the accuracy of the experimental device, microindentation tests, using a standard Vickers indenter, were performed on three well-characterized materials and the experimental results compared with earlier experimental and theoretical findings as well as with presently performed three-dimensional finite element calculations.
Method-Specific Precision and Bias Relationships Developed from Data Submitted During USEPA Drinking Water Laboratory Performance Evaluation Studies
Authors: Britton PW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper documents the process used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to estimate the mean and standard deviation of data reported by in-control drinking water laboratories during Water Supply (WS) studies. This process is then applied to the data reported for each specific sample, analyte, and method in ten WS studies, and linear relationships between the mean response and true analyte concentration and between the interlaboratory standard deviation of responses and true analyte concentration are presented. Such relationships can be invaluable as background information for anyone who must conduct an interlaboratory study using the same methods to analyze similar interference-free samples or who must evaluate the analytical quality of such data.
Quantification of Coarse Aggregate Shape and Its Effect on Engineering Properties of Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Chen J-S , Shiah M-S , Chen H-J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper is aimed at quantifying coarse aggregate shape in an efficient manner and relating aggregate characteristics to mix properties. Digital image analysis was used to evaluate aggregate characteristics such as elongation, flatness, and other shape indices. The following particle shapes were selected for this study: cubical, rod, disk, and blade. Data showed that the morphological characteristics of coarse aggregate correlated well with the results of other indirect tests such as the particle index. Cubical particles possessed the best rutting resistance over the other shapes. Flaky and/or elongated aggregate in a mixture resulted in a lower resistance to shear deformation. The morphological characteristics of coarse aggregates found from image analysis were in good agreement with the engineering properties of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. This paper presents a precise method to evaluate the aggregate characteristics in an HMA mix and demonstrates their effects on pavement performance.
Yield Strength in Relation to Cyclic Loading
Authors: Ichinose K , Fukuda K , Gomi K , Taniuchi K , Sano M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The yielding phenomenon under cyclic loading has been investigated for low-carbon steel. Under various loading ratios, the surface state of the specimen was observed with the naked eye, using the Lüders band as an indicator for the yield point elongation. The stress-strain curve was measured simultaneously. The results show that both the surface states and the cyclic stress-strain characteristics vary depending on the load ratio. This makes it questionable to use the yield strength evaluated under monotonic loading to describe the mechanical properties of the specimen material for fatigue tests, though it is a prevailing practice recommended by ASTM. The result of this study also indicates that the Lüders band can be used as a smart sensor to investigate the yield phenomenon.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Damage in 12%Cr Stainless Steel by the Induced Current Focusing Potential Drop Technique
Authors: Yamashita M , Tada S , Sato Y , Shoji T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Steam turbine rotor material is subjected to damage by creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue. It is important to develop nondestructive methods to measure the progress of crack initiation stage damage in materials. In this paper, for 12%Cr stainless steel, detection and evaluation of earlier stages of creep-fatigue damage by the potential drop method are described. Failure tests by fatigue, creep-fatigue, and creep at 600°C were carried out, and specimens intermittently damaged by fatigue, creep-fatigue, and creep at the same temperature were prepared. Morphologies of damage on the surface of damaged specimens were investigated, and quantitative measurements of damage were conducted using the induced current focusing potential drop (ICFPD) method. In creep-fatigue damaged specimens, slip traces were observed at an early damage stage, producing a large number of cracks. Fatigue generated little slip and the number of cracks was smaller. The potential drop data obtained by ICFPD indicate that creep-fatigue damage in 12%Cr stainless steel can be evaluated based on potential drop data obtained by using the ICFPD method.
Evaluation of Powdered Latex Medical Gloves Using ASTM D 6124-00
Authors: Chaput MP , Margolin AB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Natural rubber latex proteins are recognized as a cause of Type I (Immediate Type Hypersensitivity) reaction in some individuals who have been exposed to latex devices. Residual former-release, stripping, and/or donning powders have been found to carry these allergenic proteins into the air during handling and use. Exposure to airborne glove powder contaminated with latex allergens is known to provoke respiratory allergic symptoms in latex-sensitized individuals and may make it difficult for these individuals to continue working in jobs involving such exposure. The Food and Drug Administration has proposed a maximum level of 120 mg of donning powder/particulates per glove on powdered gloves. A survey was conducted to determine current powder levels on commercially available powdered latex patient examination gloves and surgeons' gloves. Ninety-seven samples of powdered latex medical gloves representing 32 different brands produced by foreign and domestic manufacturers for the U.S. market were evaluated for residual powders per glove by ASTM D 6124-00, Standard Test Method for Residual Powder on Medical Gloves. Powder levels ranged from 37 to 260 mg per glove for patient examination gloves and 30 to 513 mg per glove for surgeons' gloves. Of the gloves tested, 55.7% met the new maximum powder guidelines.
Review of Design Experiments Using the Taguchi Approach: 16 Steps to Product and Process Improvement
Authors: Rushforth RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of the book is to help practicing engineers learn to y Taguchi experimental design techniques through the use of ry, step-by-step applications of concepts, and an introduction he Qualitek-4. software. Common manufacturing floor language sed to make the book understandable by technicians, engineers, managers. Equations are reduced in the text to further litate understanding. The book accomplishes this task and is a readable book. The reader, however, should be alert for occasional graphical errors in the text and calculations, which are always obvious.
Fracture Toughness Testing of Polymers Using Small Compact Specimens and Normalization
Authors: Landes JD , Bhambri SK , Lee K 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fracture toughness tests were conducted on a polymeric material used in medical implants. The fracture behavior was ductile so that the toughness was measured using a J-R curve and JIc. The object of the test program was to compare the fracture toughness properties for different material treatments. The focus of this paper is to describe the procedure used to test the materials. Small specimens of the compact geometry are tested. Many parts of the procedure were similar to the standard test method used for metallic materials, but three issues that required a different approach were the focus of this work: the introduction of an initial defect, the testing rate, and the measurement of crack extension. The crack was introduced with a pressed razor blade cut, the loading rate was maintained constant at a rate of 0.06 in./s (0.15 mm/s) and the method of normalization was used to measure crack extension.
The results showed that the razor cut procedure for introducing the initial defect gave comparable toughness results to a specimen that was precracked in fatigue. The loading rate must be maintained over a closer range than the one used for metal testing. Metal testing allows a loading rate range of two orders of magnitude, whereas rate-influenced differences in toughness were observed for these polymer materials over this range. The methods of crack extension measurement used in the standard for metallic materials do not work for polymers. The method of normalization can give comparable results to that of the multiple specimen method used as the basic method for measuring JIc. The procedures studied in this work could form the basis for developing a standard fracture toughness test for polymeric materials.
Fatigue Crack Detection with Estimation of Stress Fields Near a Notch Root of Thin Plate Structures in In-Plane Loading
Authors: Harada T , Noguchi H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA practical method is proposed for in situ fatigue crack detection in actual notched structures. This method is available for the cases where the initiation position and propagation direction of a crack are uncertain and the load direction or the load mode changes. In the present method, the stress fields near a notch root are estimated using the general stress function in a polar coordinate system and the stress values obtained from strain gages around the notch root. The stress fields are characterized by the residual stress due to plastic deformation around a fatigue crack. Not only a propagating crack but also a nonpropagating crack can be detected from the characteristic stress field. Moreover, the detection limitation is subject to the strength of the residual stress field relative to an elastic stress field due to external loads. The fatigue experiment of a notched specimen of steel was carried out. In the present experiment, a 0.33-mm-long crack could be detected in the notch whose root radius was 12.5 mm.
Dynamic Characterization of Instrumented Handle and Palm-Adapter Used for Assessment of Vibration Transmissibility of Gloves
Authors: Dong RG , Rakheja S , Smutz WP , Schopper AW , Caporali SA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A mechanical testing method to assess the vibration isolation effectiveness of gloves has been standardized (ISO 10819). The instrumented handle and a palm-held adapter recommended in the standard are evaluated systematically in order to identify their potential contributions to the overall measurement errors. The results revealed a nonuniform distribution of vibration along the handle surface. The results also revealed the presence of considerable magnitudes of nonaxial source vibration caused by the nonaxial nature of the feed force imparted by the human hand. An alternate design of the handle is realized to achieve a more uniform distribution of vibration. Three alternative methods are proposed to minimize the contributions due to adapter misalignment and the nonaxial source vibration. An error contour method is proposed to predict the influence of the dynamic features of a handle on the measurement of effective vibration. The characterization methods developed in this study may also be applicable to other types of instrumented handles for the study of hand-arm vibration.
Application of the Master Curve Method and the Engineering Lower Bound Toughness Method to Laser Welded Steel
Authors: Heerens J , Hellmann D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The fracture toughness of laser beam welded ferritic steel has been measured in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime using precracked bend specimens. The precracked welded specimens showed a complex fracture behavior, which involves crack path deviation. It was found that the large scatter of the cleavage fracture toughness and its temperature dependence can be characterized by the Master Curve Method (MCM). The results promote the validity of Engineering Lower Bound Method (ELBM) to derive lower bound toughness of laser beam welded steel. To enable a successful application of the Methods, it was necessary to add fracture toughness data censoring to the method, which takes into account the phenomenon of crack path deviation. The application of the censoring criterion requires additional fracture surface investigations, which can be performed easily using a conventional low magnification light microscope.
Application of Acoustic Emission for Measuring Crack Initiation Toughness in Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing
Authors: Tronskar JP , Mannan MA , Lai MO 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAcoustic Emission (AE) has been used to detect onset of ductile tearing in instrumented Charpy impact tests to enable determination of dynamic ductile tearing initiation toughness using a single specimen method. An AE based method was developed whereby a conventional instrumented impact tester is instrumented with a commercial broadband acoustic emission sensor mounted on the anvil. The results obtained using the new AE based method were compared to the results obtained by other researchers using specially developed AE sensors located inside the tup. Tests using both AE and direct measurement of the load-line displacement during the instrumented Charpy testing were conducted simultaneously on a conventional ship grade steel. V-notched and fatigue precracked test pieces were tested in the temperature range +23°C to −80°C.The results obtained with AE monitoring were compared to those obtained using the optical Direct Displacement Interferometric Strip (DDIS) method developed by the authors. Good correlation was found between the initiation fracture toughness determined at 0.2 mm blunting and crack extension, J0.2, by the multispecimen Ductile-Brittle Transition (DBT) method and those derived from single specimens applying AE and the new interferometric method to detect ductile fracture initiation. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) was applied to analyze the AE signals. The results showed that the different phases of AE and fracture modes could be distinguished based on characteristic frequency and time variance.
Mechanical Testing of Baseball Bats
Authors: Smith LV , Axtell JT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Advances in the materials and structure of modern baseball bats have spurred interest in measuring their hitting performance. Many test standards and performance measures have been developed to quantify bat performance. The ability of these tests to simulate a player-swung bat has been largely ignored, however. This study describes the operation of a machine that has been used to measure bat performance and durability. The strain responses of player- and machine-swung bats were compared to determine the ability of laboratory experiments to simulate play conditions. Over much of the range of a full swing, the machine-swung bats experienced considerably higher strain than player-swung bats. During the instant of impact with the ball, however, the response of the player- and machine-swung bats was nearly indistinguishable. The similarity between laboratory tests and a player's swing supports the use of controlled experiments to measure bat performance. The relative response of a bat was shown to depend on the measure used to quantify performance, however. Three measures of bat performance were compared for a series of solid and hollow bats. It was observed that bat-ball efficiency measures may be an unreliable indicator of bat performance in play. Studies have shown that the swing speed depends on the mass properties of the bat and has a large effect on the batted ball speed. Consideration of bat efficiency alone does not fully account for the contribution of a bat-dependent swing speed. It is suggested that bat performance be measured from the batted ball speed in tests using a bat-dependent swing speed.
Erosive Boundary Layers of Ni 200 in Vibratory Cavitation Erosion Tests
Authors: Meged Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The test surface of a specimen for cavitation erosion testing is prepared by several machining operations. These operations induce alterations on the surface and in the material beneath it, thereby forming an affected material zone. The properties of this zone affect the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material. As a consequence the erosive properties are affected too, but are not easily detected on the cumulative erosion-time curves.
The cumulative erosion-time curves of Ni 200 erosion tests were modeled by the Weibull cumulative distribution function. The equivalent Weibull plot consists of two intersecting straight lines, thereby providing a bimodal plot with a decreasing slope. Each line describes a different erosion mode. The first mode, from test onset to the intersection point, describes the erosion process of the specimen's boundary layer. Since this layer is removed by means of the erosion process, it is designated as the erosive boundary layer.
The second mode, from the intersection point onwards, describes the erosion process of the homogeneous material. Analysis of the Weibull plots of Ni 200 erosion tests enables determination of the erosive boundary layer thickness and erosion time; it further facilitates the evaluation of the erosive boundary layer effect on the entire erosion process. The Weibull method enables construction of plots describing the erosion process of an ideal specimen, with an erosive boundary layer of 1 μm thickness. Plots of this kind may be used to characterize Ni 200 and to compare erosion properties of various materials.
Analysis of Stresses in Spur Gears by the Photoelastic Coating Method
Authors: Çelik M , Bilir ÖG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study uses a photoelastic coating method in spur gear stress analysis, and verifications of the results are made with two-dimensional boundary element analysis. The principal advantage of the photoelastic coating method comes from the fact that it is a full-field technique capable of showing the entire stress distribution over the surface of a part and thus highlighting the regions where the stresses are the largest. The general results of experimental work in which spur gears are analyzed, both in test fixtures and in loading conditions at the critical points, are presented in order to measure actual tooth root, tooth fillet, and blank stresses.
Applicability of ModifiedJas a Fracture Parameter for Polycarbonate
Authors: Wert MJ , Saxena A , Ernst HA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe applicability of modified J-integral, JM, as a fracture parameter for plain and impact-modified polycarbonate was examined. Specific issues were:1. Influence of the non-unique tensile stress-strain behavior, which is characteristic of these materials, on the applicability of JM.2. Methods of estimating JM in fracture specimens given the load—load-point deflection diagram.3. Fracture mechanisms that cause ductile and brittle crack growth in this class of materials.Crack growth resistance (JM-R) curves were obtained from compact-type (CT) specimens of multiple sizes and specimens of another geometry (single edge notch [SEN]). The JM-R curves were consistent for crack extensions up to 2.5 mm for CT specimens of various sizes and were independent of geometry for crack initiation and a limited amount of crack growth (1.5 mm). The JM-R curve for toughened polycarbonate showed a considerably higher resistance to ductile tearing than that of the plain polycarbonate. The fracture mechanisms in both types of materials were characterized using a scanning electron microscope.
The Linearity of Clip Gages Used in Fracture Mechanics Tests
Authors: Smith DJ , Gordon JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The measurement of displacement in fracture toughness tests is generally accomplished using clip gages. This paper describes an experimental study to examine the performance of a number of clip gages. It is shown that double cantilever clip gages exhibit a non-linear response. The degree of non-linearity is shown to vary with temperature. In relation to fracture mechanics test methods it is demonstrated that in some instances relaxation of the test standards is required to-encompass the gage performance. Where data can be stored digitally, the non-linear response can be accounted for using a third-order polynomial calibration. An analytical study shows that the non-linearity is inherent for the large displacements often incurred in fracture mechanics tests.
DynamicKMeasurements in Three-Point-Bend Specimens
Authors: Sharpe WN , Shapiro JM 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe displacement across the tip of a crack in a three-point-bend specimen loaded in a drop tower was measured with inplane laser interferometry. The equivalent displacement was measured in a statically loaded specimen; the two measurements were combined to produce a dynamic load-time plot. This result is used to compute the stress intensiy factor, K, under dynamic loading. It is compared with an equivalent plot obtained from foil gages at the quarter-points of the specimen. The K based on near-tip measurements is initially higher than the one based on the far-field loads, but the two records agree after approximately 0.5 ms. This transition time, before which inertial and wave propagation effects are important, is in close agreement with recent predictions by others.
Weathering Effects on Some Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
Authors: Ragab AR , Alawi H , Addassi E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes have been naturally weathered for periods up to two years. Tests on unnotched and notched tensile specimens and full pipe lengths of these weathered pipes reveal effects of outdoor exposure on their strength and fracture behavior.
Large scatter exists among test results. However, some general experimental trends are observed. Both tensile and burst pressure tests of unnotched specimens demonstrate increasing strength with exposure. Testing of sharply notched specimens reflects higher susceptibility to brittle fracture due to weathering. Such experimental evidence may be important when carefully considering brittle fracture modes in designing PVC pipe systems.
The Use of Miniaturized Tests to Predict Flow Properties and Estimate Fracture Toughness in Deformed Steel Plates
Authors: Haggag FM , Server WL , Lucas GE , Odette GR , Sheckherd JW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Prediction of failure in a structure requires knowledge of the mechanical properties of the materials involved. In the case of serious accidents, such as derailments of railroad tank cars carrying hazardous materials, prediction of failure in damaged components is impeded by difficulties in determining the deformed material fracture toughness, the cracks induced by the accident, and the stress state in the damaged region. This paper addresses the problem of determining fracture toughness. Miniaturized shear punch tests on virgin, strained, and deformed steel plates (typical of railroad tank car construction) were conducted over a wide range of test temperatures. These data were compared with tensile properties measurements on identical materials. The use of these data coupled with micromechanical models of fracture allows estimation of the deformed material fracture toughness. Comparisons of the predicted fracture toughness with actual measurements are made.