bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact on and use of an inner-city London Infectious Diseases Department by international migrants: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Cooke Graham , Hargreaves Sally , Natkunarajah Jana , Sandhu Gurjinder , Dhasmana Devesh , Eliahoo Joseph , Holmes Alison , Friedland Jon S 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The UK has witnessed a considerable increase in immigration in the past decade. Migrant may face barriers to accessing appropriate health care on arrival and the current focus on screening certain migrants for tuberculosis on arrival is considered inadequate. We assessed the implications for an inner-city London Infectious Diseases Department in a high migrant area.

Methods
We administered an anonymous 20-point questionnaire survey to all admitted patients during a 6 week period. Questions related to sociodemographic characteristics and clinical presentation. Analysis was by migration status (UK born vs overseas born).

Results
111 of 133 patients completed the survey (response rate 83.4%). 58 (52.2%) were born in the UK; 53 (47.7%) of the cohort were overseas born. Overseas-born were over-represented in comparison to Census data for this survey site (47.7% vs 33.6%; proportional difference 0.142 [95% CI 0.049–0.235]; p = 0.002): overseas born reported 33 different countries of birth, most (73.6%) of whom arrived in the UK pre-1975 and self-reported their nationality as British. A smaller number (26.4%) were new migrants to the UK (≤10 years), mostly refugees/asylum seekers. Overseas-born patients presented with a broad range and more severe spectrum of infections, differing from the UK-born population, resulting in two deaths in this group only. Presentation with a primary infection was associated with refugee/asylum status (n = 8; OR 6.35 [95% CI 1.28–31.50]; p = 0.023), being a new migrant (12; 10.62 [2.24–50.23]; p = 0.003), and being overseas born (31; 3.69 [1.67–8.18]; p = 0.001). Not having registered with a primary-care physician was associated with being overseas born, being a refugee/asylum seeker, being a new migrant, not having English as a first language, and being in the UK for ≤5 years. No significant differences were found between groups in terms of duration of illness prior to presentation or duration of hospitalisation (mean 11.74 days [SD 12.69]).

Conclusion
Migrants presented with a range of more severe infections, which suggests they face barriers to accessing appropriate health care and screening both on arrival and once settled through primary care services. A more organised and holistic approach to migrant health care is required.
The functional architecture of the shark's dorsal-octavolateral nucleus:an in vitro study
Authors: Rotem Naama , Sestieri Emanuel , Cohen Dana , Paulin Mike , Meiri Hanoch , Yarom Yosef 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY
Learning to predict the component in the sensory information resulting from the organism's own activity enables it to respond appropriately to unexpected stimuli. For example, the elasmobranch dorsal octavolateral nucleus (DON) can apparently extract the unexpected component (i.e. generated by nearby organisms) from the incoming electrosensory signals. Here we introduce a novel and unique experimental approach that combines the advantages of in vitro preparations with the integrity of in vivo conditions. In such an experimental system one can study, under control conditions, the cellular and network mechanisms that underlie cancellation of expected sensory inputs.
Using extracellular and intracellular recordings we compared the dynamics and spatiotemporal organization of the electrosensory afferent nerve and parallel fiber inputs to the DON. The afferent nerve has a low threshold and high conduction velocity; a stimulus that recruits a small number of fibers is sufficient to activate the principal neurons. The excitatory postsynaptic potential in the principal cells evoked by afferent nerve fibers has fast kinetics that efficiently reach the threshold for action potential. In contrast, the parallel fibers have low conduction velocity, high threshold and extensive convergence on the principal neurons of the DON. The excitatory postsynaptic response has slow kinetics that provides a wide time window for integration of inputs.
The highly efficient connection between the afferent nerve and the principal neurons in the DON indicates that filtration occurring in the DON cannot be mediated simply by summation of the parallel fibers' signals with the afferent sensory signals. Hence we propose that the filtering may be mediated via secondary neurons that adjust the principal neurons'sensitivity to afferent inputs.
Flight stabilization control of a hovering model insect
Authors: Sun Mao , Wang Ji Kang 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe longitudinal stabilization control of a hovering model insect was studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics to compute the stability and control derivatives, and the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis and modal decomposition, for solving the equations of motion (morphological and certain kinematical data of hoverflies were used for the model insect).The model insect has the same three natural modes of motion as those reported recently for a hovering bumblebee: one unstable oscillatory mode, one stable fast subsidence mode and one stable slow subsidence mode. Controllability analysis shows that although unstable, the flight is controllable. For stable hovering, the unstable oscillatory mode needs to be stabilized and the slow subsidence mode needs stability augmentation. The former can be accomplished by feeding back pitch attitude, pitch rate and horizontal velocity to produce \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\delta}{\bar{{\phi}}}\) \end{document} orδα 2; the latter by feeding back vertical velocity to produce δΦ or δα1 (δΦ, \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\delta}{\bar{{\phi}}}\) \end{document}, δα1and δα2 denote control inputs: δΦ and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\delta}{\bar{{\phi}}}\) \end{document} represent changes in stroke amplitude and mean stroke angle, respectively; δα1represents an equal change whilst δα2 a differential change in the geometrical angles of attack of the downstroke and upstroke).
Skeletal strain patterns and growth in the emu hindlimb during ontogeny
Authors: Main Russell P. , Biewener Andrew A. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYMost studies examining changes in mechanical performance in animals across size have typically focused on inter-specific comparisons across large size ranges. Scale effects, however, can also have important consequences in vertebrates as they increase in size and mass during ontogeny. The goal of this study was to examine how growth and development in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) hindlimb skeleton reflects the demands placed upon it by ontogenetic changes in locomotor mechanics and body mass. Bone strain patterns in the femur and tibiotarsus (TBT) were related to ontogenetic changes in limb kinematics, ground reaction forces, and ontogenetic scaling patterns of the cross-sectional bone geometry, curvature and mineral ash content over a 4.4-fold increase in leg length and 65-fold increase in mass. Although the distribution of principal and axial strains remained similar in both bones over the ontogenetic size range examined, principal strains on the cranial femur and caudal femur and TBT increased significantly during growth. The ontogenetic increase in principal strains in these bones was likely caused by isometry or only slight positive allometry in bone cross-sectional geometry during growth, while relative limb loading remained similar. The growth-related increase in bone strain magnitude was likely mitigated by increased bone mineralization and decreased curvature. Throughout most of ontogeny, shear strains dominated loading in both bones. This was reflected in the nearly circular cross-sectional geometry of the femur and TBT, suggesting selection for resistance to high torsional loads, as opposed to the more eccentric cross-sectional geometries often associated with the bending common to tetrapods with parasagittal limb orientations, for which in vivobone strains have typically been measured to date.
Mechanics of a `simple' ear: tympanal vibrations in noctuid moths
Authors: Windmill J. F. C. , Fullard J. H. , Robert D. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYAnatomically, the ears of moths are considered to be among the simplest ears found in animals. Microscanning laser vibrometry was used to examine the surface vibrations of the entire tympanal region of the ears of the noctuid moths Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua pronuba, Xestia c-nigrum and Xestia triangulum. During stimulation with ultrasound at intensities known to activate receptor neurones, the tympanum vibrates with maximum deflection amplitudes at the location where the receptor cells attach. In the reportedly heterogeneous tympana of noctuid moths, this attachment site is an opaque zone that is surrounded by a transparent, thinner cuticular region. In response to sound pressure, this region moves relatively little compared with the opaque zone. Thus, the deflections of the moth tympanic membrane are not those of a simple circular drum. The acoustic sensitivity of the ear of N. pronuba, as measured on the attachment site, is 100±14 nm Pa–1 (N=10), corresponding to tympanal motion of a mere 200 pm at sound pressure levels near the neural threshold.
In ovotemperature manipulation influences embryonic motility and growth of limb tissues in the chick (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Hammond Christina L. , Simbi Biggy H. , Stickland Neil C. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe chick embryo, developing in the egg, is an ideal system in which to investigate the effects of incubation environment on the development of the embryo. We show that raising the temperature of the eggs by just one degree,from 37.5°C to 38.5°C, during embryonic days (ED) 4–7 causes profound changes in development. We demonstrate that embryonic movement is significantly increased in the chicks raised at 38.5°C both during the period in which they are at the higher temperature but also 4 days after their return to the control temperature. Concomitant with this increase in embryonic activity, the embryos raised at higher temperature grow to significantly heavier weights and exhibit significantly longer leg bones (tibia and tarsus)than the controls from ED12 onwards, although mineralization occurs normally. Additionally, the number of leg myonuclei is increased from ED12 in the embryos raised at the higher temperature. This is likely to promote greater leg muscle growth later in development, which may provide postural stability to the chicks posthatch. These changes are similar to those seen when drugs are injected to increase embryonic activity. We therefore believe that the increased embryonic activity provides a mechanism that can explain the increased growth of leg muscle and bone seen when the eggs are incubated for 3 days at higher temperature.
An Overview of the History and Economic Geology of the Natural Cement Industry at Rosendale, Ulster County, New York
Authors: Werner Dietrich , Burmeister Kurtis C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The Rosendale region of southeastern New York State is widely recognized as the source of the highest quality natural cement in North America. The North American natural cement industry was founded in 1819 by Canvass White in central New York, but soon shifted to Rosendale where it flourished for over 150 years. By the end of the 19th century, the superior quality of Rosendale cement was known worldwide and was actively used in the construction of some of America’s most enduring landmarks. Rosendale natural cement’s reputation stems from the unique composition of the clay-rich layers of dolostone in the Upper Silurian Rondout Formation from which it is manufactured. Miners utilized room-and-pillar techniques to extract this dolostone from strongly deformed strata in the Rosendale region, creating unique bedrock exposures in mines that are something of an engineering marvel. The exposures resulting from these mining activities have long attracted the attention of geologists for research and education. Production of natural cement transformed extracted dolostone into barrels of cement through a labor-intensive process involving calcination in kilns, cracking, and grinding. Barrels of cement produced were quickly shipped at competitive prices via the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which directly connected the Rosendale natural cement region to major shipping avenues.
Irradiation Hardening and Microstructure Evolution of Ion-irradiated ODS Ferritic Steels
Authors: Yutani Kentaro , Kasada Ryuta , Kishimoto Hirotatsu , Kimura Akihiko 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Irradiation hardening and microstructural change of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels were investigated by using the ion-irradiation technique. The material used for the present study was K3 (16C-2W-0.3Ti-4.6Al-0.4Y2O3) ODS ferritic steel for the application to Generation IV concept advanced reactors and fusion reactors. 6.4 MeV Fe3+ ions were used to irradiate to the K3 ODS steel by using a 1.7 MeV tandem accelerator. The irradiation temperatures were 300°C and 500°C. The nominal displacement damage rate and total displacement damage were 1×10−3 dpa/s and up to 10 dpa at about 600-nm depth from the irradiated surface, respectively. Nano-indentation hardness was evaluated with a Berkovich indenter. After the ion-irradiation at 300°C up to 1 dpa, the normalized nano-indentation hardness (hardness after irradiation/hardness before irradiation) of the K3 ODS steel reached about 1.28 and the value showed no change up to 10 dpa. On the other hand, the ion-irradiation at 500°C up to 10 dpa showed no significant irradiation hardening. TEM observation revealed that dense and fine dislocation loops were formed in the ion-irradiated steels at 300°C, which were probably enough to explain the irradiation hardening.
Postpartum care of the perineum
Authors: Fitzpatrick Myra , O'Herlihy Colm 
Published: July 2007

Key content

Vaginal birth is traumatic to the pelvic floor and perineum.
Faecal incontinence, perineal pain, urinary incontinence and dyspareunia can all be long‐term effects of such damage.
Recognition and management of perineal trauma postpartum is vital.
Women rarely volunteer information regarding faecal incontinence and dyspareunia.
A dedicated pelvic floor clinic may be the most appropriate setting in which to care for women who are affected.

Learning objectives

To learn about the guidelines in place for the repair of perineal trauma following delivery.
To recognise that anal sphincter damage may require follow‐up and appropriate investigation.
To learn that direct questioning of women about dyspareunia and faecal incontinence is necessary to elicit information.

Ethical issues

Is it the responsibility of women to present with their problems or should nursing and medical staff look for them?
Financial constraints inappropriately limit the provision of small, highly focused clinics.

Please cite this article as: Fitzpatrick M, O'Herlihy C, Postpartum care of the perineum. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:164–170.
Planned vaginal breech delivery: should this be the mode of choice?
Authors: van Iddekinge Basil 
Published: July 2007

Key content

The risks of serious early perinatal morbidity and mortality are three times higher for planned vaginal breech delivery than for elective caesarean section.
Because morbidity and mortality are relatively low, a large number of caesarean sections needs to be performed to avoid a single adverse event.
External cephalic version appears to be a safe procedure that can halve the number of breech presentations but the procedure is not risk‐free.
Four guidelines or directives are outlined but need to be adapted to the setting in which they are applied.
Planned vaginal breech delivery is an acceptable choice to offer, provided strict protocols are followed.

Learning objectives

To gain an awareness of the risk factors and benefits of external cephalic version.
To gain an awareness of the short and long‐term risk factors and benefits to the mother and child of planned vaginal breech delivery compared with elective caesarean section.
To be able to manage breech presentation at term in different clinical and in differently resourced settings.

Ethical issues

Can planned vaginal breech delivery be justified?
How can expertise in vaginal breech delivery be learned or taught if a policy of elective caesarean section is implemented?
How can we obtain genuine informed consent when there are so many areas of uncertainty for degree of risk and benefit?

Please cite this article as: van Iddekinge B. Planned vaginal breech delivery: should this be the mode of choice? The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:171–176.
Health technology assessment in obstetrics and gynaecology. Part 2: application in practice
Authors: Abedin Parveen , Daniels Jane , Khan Khalid S 
Published: July 2007

Key content

The process of health technology assessment (HTA) is demonstrated using two examples: a systematic review and a clinical trial.
The HTA of anti‐D prophylaxis for Rh‐negative pregnant women was undertaken to inform a decision on whether to introduce this intervention universally.
Using statistical methods to pool the results, it was calculated that the number needed to treat with antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis to avoid one case of sensitisation was 278.
The EVALUATE trial was designed to investigate differences in complication rates between laparoscopic and abdominal hysterectomy and between laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomy.
The laparoscopic procedure has a higher mean cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY), but it scores significantly higher on all the quality of life questionnaires. Ultimately, it will be the willingness of the National Health Service to pay the extra cost per additional QALY that will decide whether it is adopted into routine practice.

Learning objectives

To understand, through examples, the practical application of the process of HTA in everyday clinical practice.
To appreciate the incorporation of clinical and economic evaluations into assessment of effectiveness.
To understand the quality criteria for assessing primary studies in a systematic review.

Ethical issues

It is no longer sufficient to consider only the clinical effectiveness of a technology. HTA should include an economic evaluation to determine value for money.
Systematic reviews provide evidence of effectiveness, although implementation of a technology will depend on its relative importance to policy decision makers.
Researchers need to be transparent in any shortcomings in the design or conduct of their trials and reviews.

Please cite this article as: Abedin P, Daniels J, Khan KS. Health technology assessment in obstetrics and gynaecology. Part 2: application in practice. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:181–187.
Hemogenic Endothelial Progenitor Cells Isolated from Human Umbilical Cord Blood
Authors: Wu Xiao , Lensch M. William , Wylie-Sears Jill , Daley George Q. , Bischoff Joyce 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Hemogenic endothelium has been identified in embryonic dorsal aorta and in tissues generated from mouse embryonic stem cells, but to date there is no evidence for such bipotential cells in postnatal tissues or blood. Here we identify a cell population from human umbilical cord blood that gives rise to both endothelial cells and hematopoietic progenitors in vitro. Cord blood CD34+/CD133+ cells plated at high density in an endothelial basal medium formed an endothelial monolayer and a nonadherent cell population after 14–21 days. AML-1, a factor required for definitive hematopoiesis, was detected at low levels in adherent cells and at high levels in nonadherent cells. Nonadherent cells coexpressed the endothelial marker vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and the hematopoietic marker CD45, whereas adherent cells were composed primarily of VE-cadherin+/CD45− cells and a smaller fraction of VE-cadherin+/CD45+ cells. Both nonadherent and adherent cells produced hematopoietic colonies in methylcellulose, with the adherent cells yielding more colony-forming units (CFU)-GEMM compared with the nonadherent cells. To determine whether the adherent endothelial cells were producing hematopoietic progenitors, single cells from the adherent population were expanded in 96-well dishes for 14 days. The clonal populations expressed VE-cadherin, and a subset expressed AML-1, ε-globin, and γ-globin. Three of 17 clonal cell populations gave rise to early CFU-GEMM hematopoietic progenitors and burst-forming unit-erythroid progenitors. These results provide evidence for hemogenic endothelial cells in human umbilical cord blood.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activates Side Population Cells in Kidney and Partially Reverses Chronic Renal Injury
Authors: Imai Naohiko , Hishikawa Keiichi , Marumo Takeshi , Hirahashi Junichi , Inowa Toshihiko , Matsuzaki Yumi , Okano Hideyuki , Kitamura Tadaichi , Salant David , Fujita Toshiro 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is expressed in the adult kidney and reverses chronic renal injury when given exogenously. Here, we report that a histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), attenuates chronic renal injury, in part, by augmenting the expression of BMP-7 in kidney side population (SP) cells. We induced accelerated nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) in C57BL/6 mice and treated them with TSA for 3 weeks. Compared with vehicle-treated NTN mice, treatment with TSA prevented the progression of proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and loss of kidney SP cells. Basal gene expression of renoprotective factors such as BMP-7, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor was significantly higher in kidney SP cells as compared with non-SP cells. Treatment with TSA significantly upregulated the expression of BMP-7 in SP cells but not in non-SP cells. Moreover, initiation of treatment with TSA after 3 weeks of NTN (for 3 weeks, until 6 weeks) partially but significantly reversed renal dysfunction. Our results indicate an important role of SP cells in the kidney as one of the possible generator cells of BMP-7 and TSA as a stimulator of the cells in reversing chronic renal disease.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.