bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy and Cranial Closing Wedge Osteotomy of the Tibia for the Treatment of Cranial Cruciate Ligament‐Deficient Stifles with Excessive Tibial Plateau Angle
Authors: TALAAT MIRIAM B. , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. 
Published: December 2006

Objective— To describe a surgical technique, and outcome, for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle joints with excessive tibial plateau angle (TPA) by combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge osteotomy (TPLO/CCWO).Study Design— Retrospective clinical study.Animals— Fifteen client‐owned dogs (18 stifle joints).Methods— Medical records of dogs that had TPLO/CCWO were reviewed. Pre‐ and postoperative TPA, CCWO technique, method of fixation and complications were recorded. In‐hospital re‐evaluation of limb function and length of time to radiographic healing was reviewed. Long‐term outcome was assessed by owner telephone interview.Results— Mean pre‐ and postoperative TPA was 42° and 8°, respectively. The Slocum biradial saw was used to create the CCWO in 4 stifle joints (mean postoperative TPA, 16°) and a sagittal saw was used in 14 stifle joints (mean postoperative TPA, 5°). Postoperative surgical complications were documented in 77.8% of cases; including patellar tendon thickening (61.1%), and implant loosening or breakage (27.8%), seroma formation (11.1%), and local irritation (11.1%). A second surgical procedure was performed in one‐third of cases primarily to retrieve implants. Mean time to documented radiographic healing was 18 weeks. Final in‐hospital re‐evaluation of limb function (mean, 23 weeks postoperatively) was recorded as no lameness in 73.3% and mild lameness in 26.7%. All interviewed owners were satisfied with outcome and 90.9% reported marked improvement or a return to preinjury status.Conclusions— Long‐term clinical outcome of TPLO/CCWO was very good in dogs with excessive TPA, with high owner satisfaction. Longer healing times and a higher complication rate were observed compared with TPLO alone.Clinical Relevance— TPLO/CCWO of the tibia in stifle joints with excessive TPA allows for full correction of the TPA to 5° without eliminating buttress support of the tibial tuberosity.
Introduction to the special issue on the role of nonfarm income in poverty reduction: evidence from Asia and East Africa
Authors: Otsuka Keijiro , Yamano Takashi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this special issue, we present seven studies that collectively attempt to investigate the role of non‐farm income in long‐term and short‐term poverty reduction in Asia and Africa. The first four studies out of the seven use long‐term panel data over two decades in the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, and India. These studies show drastic increases in non‐farm income shares and corresponding declines in poverty levels over time, especially in the Philippines and Thailand. Education levels of household members and returns to education also increased significantly in these countries. The remaining three studies use cross‐sectional and short‐term panel data from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. These African studies show high proportions of poor households and low shares of non‐farm income that are somewhat comparable to the situation in the 1980s described in the Asian studies. Without the Green Revolution that provided stable farm income and potential financial resources to invest in children' education in Asia, it is not clear if African farm households can follow the Asian examples.
Heart disease prevention in women: Promoting exercise
Authors: Perry Cindy K , Bennett Jill A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurpose: To reinforce the importance of exercise in reducing heart disease in women and to describe motivational interviewing (MI), an effective and efficient approach to promoting exercise with women in a brief office visit with a nurse practitioner (NP).Data sources: Information was obtained from a literature review. Two brief examples from clinical practice are presented.Conclusions: Although exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease in women, most women do not exercise enough to achieve a risk reduction. Although health promotion is a key goal of the NP, it can be difficult to incorporate in a busy practice. When time is limited, brief MI interactions can be effective in less than 10 min, and the results surpass those of the traditional advice to exercise.Implications for practice: MI is an effective approach to exercise counseling that the NP can quickly learn and successfully conduct within the confines of a brief office visit.
Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Bovine Papillomavirus E1 Helicase Downregulates Viral DNA Replication in S Phase
Authors: Hsu Chiung-Yueh , Mechali Francisca , Bonne-Andrea Catherine 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
The papillomavirus E1 protein is essential for the initiation of viral replication. We previously showed that the bovine papillomavirus E1 protein is unstable and becomes resistant to ubiquitin-mediated degradation when tightly bound to cyclin E-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) before the start of DNA synthesis. However, neither the protection nor the targeted degradation of E1 appears to depend on its phosphorylation by Cdk. Here, we report that Cdk phosphorylation of E1 is also not a prerequisite for the initiation of viral DNA replication either in vitro or in vivo. Nevertheless, we found that phosphorylation of one Cdk site, Ser283, abrogates E1 replicative activity only in a cellular context. We show that this site-specific phosphorylation of E1 drives its export from the nucleus and promotes its continuous nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In addition, we find that E1 shuttling occurs in S phase, when cyclin A-Cdk2 is activated. E1 interacts with the active cyclin A-Cdk2 complex and is phosphorylated on Ser283 by this kinase. These data suggest that the phosphorylation of E1 on Ser283 is a negative regulatory event that is involved in preventing the amplification of viral DNA during S phase. This finding reveals a novel facet of E1 regulation that could account for the variations of the viral replication capacity during different cell cycle phases, as well as in different stages of the viral cycle.
Identification of Linear Heparin-Binding Peptides Derived from Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Glycoprotein That Inhibit Infectivity
Authors: Crim Roberta L. , Audet Susette A. , Feldman Steven A. , Mostowski Howard S. , Beeler Judy A. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

It has been shown previously that the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-F) interacts with cellular heparan sulfate. Synthetic overlapping peptides derived from the F-protein sequence of RSV subtype A (strain A2) were tested for their ability to bind heparin using heparin-agarose affinity chromatography (HAAC). This evaluation identified 15 peptides representing eight linear heparin-binding domains (HBDs) located within F
1
and F
2
and spanning the protease cleavage activation site. All peptides bound to Vero and A549 cells, and binding was inhibited by soluble heparins and diminished by either enzymatic treatment to remove cell surface glycosaminoglycans or by treatment with sodium chlorate to decrease cellular sulfation. RSV-F HBD peptides were less likely to bind to glycosaminoglycan-deficient CHO-745 cells than parental CHO-K1 cells that express these molecules. Three RSV-F HBD peptides (F16, F26, and F55) inhibited virus infectivity; two of these peptides (F16 and F55) inhibited binding of virus to Vero cells, while the third (F26) did not. These studies provided evidence that two of the linear HBDs mapped by peptides F16 and F55 may mediate one of the first steps in the attachment of virus to cells while the third, F26, inhibited infectivity at a postattachment step, suggesting that interactions with cell surface glycosaminoglycans may play a role in infectivity of some RSV strains.
Viral Hijacking of Mitochondrial Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase
Authors: Kaminska Monika , Shalak Vyacheslav , Francin Mathilde , Mirande Marc 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe primer for reverse transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome is tRNA3Lys. During assembly of HIV-1 particles, tRNA3Lys is taken up from the host cell along with lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS), the tRNA binding protein that specifically aminoacylates the different tRNALysisoacceptors. In humans, the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial species of LysRS are encoded by a single gene by means of alternative splicing. Here, we show that polyclonal antibodies directed to the full-length cytoplasmic enzyme equally recognized the two enzyme species. We raised antibodies against synthetic peptides that allowed discrimination between the two enzymes and found that mitochondrial LysRS is the only cellular source of LysRS detected in the virions. These results open new routes for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the specific packaging of tRNA3Lys into viral particles.
Inhibitory Effect of Gamma Interferon on BK Virus Gene Expression and Replication
Authors: Abend Johanna R. , Low Jonathan A. , Imperiale Michael J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTBK virus (BKV) is widely accepted to be the causative agent of polyomavirus nephropathy. In immunocompromised individuals, especially kidney transplant recipients, BKV can replicate in kidney epithelial cells, causing loss of renal function and eventual destruction of the graft. Advances in immunosuppressive therapies may be partially responsible for the increasing incidence of polyomavirus nephropathy among transplant recipients by more effectively eliminating components of the immune system, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing lymphocytes, that keep BKV infections at a subclinical level. In this study, we investigated the role of IFN-γ in regulating lytic infection by BKV. Treatment with IFN-γ inhibited the expression of the viral early protein large tumor antigen (TAg) and the late protein VP1 in a dose-dependent manner. We detected 1.6- and 12-fold reductions in TAg transcripts at 48 and 96 h postinfection, respectively, with 250 U/ml IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ-mediated inhibition occurs at the level of transcription. Furthermore, IFN-γ inhibited the level of viral progeny production as much as 50-fold at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.5 and 80-fold at an MOI of 0.1. The inhibitory effects of IFN-γ were similar for three different strains of BKV examined. These results indicate an important role for IFN-γ in regulating BKV lytic infection.
Comparison of the Influenza Virus-Specific Effector and Memory B-Cell Responses to Immunization of Children and Adults with Live Attenuated or Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccines
Authors: Sasaki Sanae , Jaimes Maria C. , Holmes Tyson H. , Dekker Cornelia L. , Mahmood Kutubuddin , Kemble George W. , Arvin Ann M. , Greenberg Harry B. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTCellular immune responses to influenza virus infection and influenza virus vaccination have not been rigorously characterized. We quantified the effector and memory B-cell responses in children and adults after administration of either live attenuated (LAIV) or inactivated (TIV) influenza virus vaccines and compared these to antibody responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at days 0, 7 to 12, and 27 to 42 after immunization of younger children (6 months to 4 years old), older children (5 to 9 years old), and adults. Influenza virus-specific effector immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and stimulated memory B cells were detected using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Circulating influenza virus-specific IgG and IgA ASC were detected 7 to 12 days after TIV and after LAIV immunization. Seventy-nine percent or more of adults and older children had demonstrable IgG ASC responses, while IgA ASC responses were detected in 29 to 53% of the subjects. The IgG ASC response rate to LAIV immunization in adults was significantly higher than the response rate measured by standard serum antibody assays (26.3% and 15.8% by neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assays, respectively). IgG ASC and serum antibody responses were relatively low in the younger children compared to older children and adults. TIV, but not LAIV, significantly increased the percentage of circulating influenza virus-specific memory B cells detected at 27 to 42 days after immunization in children and adults. In conclusion, although both influenza vaccines are effective, we found significant differences in the B-cell and antibody responses elicited after LAIV or TIV immunization in adults and older children and between young children and older age groups.
Characterization of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen physico-chemical properties: aspects of double trimer stability
Authors: Naryzhny Stanislav N. , DeSouza Leroi V. , Siu K.W. Michael , Lee Hoyun 
Published: December 2006

Its toroidal structure allows the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to wrap around and move along the DNA fiber, thereby dramatically increasing the processivity of DNA polymerization. PCNA is also involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of other biological functions, including epigenetic inheritance. We have recently reported that mammalian PCNA forms a double trimer complex, which may be critically important in coordinating DNA replication and other cellular functions. To gain a better understanding of the stability of PCNA complexes, we characterized the physico-chemical properties of the PCNA structure by in vivo and in vitro approaches. The data obtained by gel filtration and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis of native PCNA molecules confirm our previous observations, obtained using formaldehyde crosslinking, in which PCNA exists in the cell as a double trimer. We have also found that optimal pH (pH 6.5–7.5) is critical for the stability of the PCNA structure. The presence or absence of ATP, dithiothreitol, and Mg2+does not affect the stability of the PCNA trimer or double trimer. However, 0.02% SDS can effectively inhibit PCNA double trimer, but not single trimer, formation. Interestingly, glycerol and ammonium sulfate significantly destabilize both PCNA trimer and double trimer structures.
A SPACE EFFICIENT BIT-PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR THE MULTIPLE STRING MATCHING PROBLEM
Authors: CANTONE DOMENICO , FARO SIMONE 
Published: December 2006

Finite (nondeterministic) automata are very useful building blocks in the field of string matching. This is particularly true in the case of multiple pattern matching, where the use of factor-based automata can reduce substantially the number of computational steps when the patterns have large common factors. Direct simulation of nondeterministic automata can be performed very efficiently using the bit-parallelism technique, though this is not necessarily true for factor-based automata. In this paper we present an algorithm for the multiple string matching problem, based on the bit-parallel simulation of nondeterministic factor-based automata which satisfy a particular ordering condition. We also show how to enforce such condition by suitably modifying a minimal initial automaton, through equivalence preserving transformations. The resulting automaton turns out to be smaller than the corresponding maximal automata used by existing bit-parallel algorithms, as they do not take any advantage of common factors in patterns.
The Malignant Potential of Freshly Developed Colorectal Polyps According to Age
Authors: Yamaji Yutaka , Mitsushima Toru , Yoshida Haruhiko , Watabe Hirotsugu , Okamoto Makoto , Wada Ryoichi , Ikuma Hitoshi , Kawabe Takao , Omata Masao 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Background: Although malignant colorectal neoplasms are found more frequently in older population, polyps found at one-time colonoscopy may be a mixture of lesions that developed at various earlier ages. Newly developed adenomas found at the follow-up colonoscopies will reflect the exact relation between malignant potential and the age of development of colorectal polyps.
Methods: The results of 44,065 follow-up colonoscopies on 11,912 subjects were analyzed. The proportion of invasive cancer or high-grade dysplasia among all neoplasms, “proportion of malignancy,” was evaluated in relation to age groups (young: &lt;50 years old; middle: 50-59 years old; and old: ≥60 years old).
Results: At the follow-up colonoscopies, a total of 8,271 newly developed neoplasms were found, of which 41 (0.50%) lesions were malignant. The proportion of malignancy was 0.35%, 0.31%, and 1.07% in the young, middle, and old age groups, respectively (Ptrend = 0.002). This trend remained significant when stratified by the size of polyps. The proportion of malignancy was higher on the left-side colon than on the right-side colon, except in the old age group, where it was similar on either side. The proportion of malignancy at the follow-ups was not associated with the lesions found at the initial colonoscopies.
Conclusions: The development of malignant lesions in small sizes increased on the colon or rectum at older ages. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12):2418–21)
Prolonged Prevention of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin by Regular Sunscreen Use
Authors: van der Pols Jolieke C. , Williams Gail M. , Pandeya Nirmala , Logan Valerie , Green Adèle C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Half of all cancers in the United States are skin cancers. We have previously shown in a 4.5-year randomized controlled trial in an Australian community that squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) but not basal cell carcinomas (BCC) can be prevented by regular sunscreen application to the head, neck, hands, and forearms. Since cessation of the trial, we have followed participants for a further 8 years to evaluate possible latency of preventive effect on BCCs and SCCs. After prolonged follow-up, BCC tumor rates tended to decrease but not significantly in people formerly randomized to daily sunscreen use compared with those not applying sunscreen daily. By contrast, corresponding SCC tumor rates were significantly decreased by almost 40% during the entire follow-up period (rate ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.99). Regular application of sunscreen has prolonged preventive effects on SCC but with no clear benefit in reducing BCC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12):2546–8)
Family History of Cancer and the Risk of Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Negri Eva , Foschi Roberto , Talamini Renato , Montella Maurizio , Ramazzotti Valerio , Dal Maso Luigino , Bosetti Cristina , Franceschi Silvia , Zucchetto Antonella , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Only scant information is available on the association between family history of kidney cancer and risk of renal cell cancer (RCC), particularly as concerns the variation of the risk according to sex, age, and type of relative or the association of family history of other cancers with RCC. We thus investigated the issue using data from a large multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy between 1992 and 2004 on 767 patients (494 men and 273 women) under age 80 years, with incident, histologically confirmed RCC, and 1,534 controls under age 80 years, admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, nonneoplastic conditions and frequency matched 2:1 to cases by center, sex, and age. Conditional logistic regression models, conditioned on center, sex, and age and adjusted for year of interview, smoking, body mass index, and number of brothers and sisters were used to estimate odds ratios (OR). Eighteen RCC and 8 controls reported a family history of kidney cancer in one first-degree relative [OR, 5.2; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.2-12.2]. No significant heterogeneity emerged according to sex or age of the proband or of the affected relative, or smoking habits, body mass index, and history of hypertension of the proband. Although not significant, the OR was higher when the affected relative was a sibling (OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.8-27.7) rather than a parent or child (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.5-12.9), as suggested from previous studies. The OR of RCC was also significantly elevated for a family history of prostate cancer (OR, 1.9), leukemias (OR, 2.2), or any cancer (OR, 1.5). (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12):2441–4)
The Importance of Cytologic Intrarater and Interrater Reproducibility: the Case of Ductal Lavage
Authors: Visvanathan Kala , Santor Deborah , Ali Syed Z. , Hong In Soon , Davidson Nancy E. , Helzlsouer Kathy J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The reproducibility of a test result is a critical component of its clinical utility. Little information is available concerning the intrarater reproducibility of cytologic assessments. This study evaluated the reproducibility of cytologic interpretation of epithelial cells obtained from ductal lavage (DL), a minimally invasive method used to obtain sample cells from breast tissue. Two cytospin slides were made for each duct sampled. Slides with &lt;10 cells were considered inadequate to make a diagnosis; the remaining slides were classified into mildly atypical, markedly atypical, and malignant cells. Each pair of slides were classified by the more serious diagnosis. DL samples from 100 ducts were independently blind-reviewed by two experienced cytopathologists. All abnormal slides and a random sample of normal slides and slides identified as inadequate for diagnosis (n = 43) were re-reviewed. The κ for intrarater agreement was 0.59 ± 0.10 for cytopathologist 1 and 0.33 ± 0.08 for cytopathologist 2. The κ for interrater agreement of slides from 100 ducts was 0.46 ± 0.07. The interrater agreement of the slides that were re-reviewed was κ = 0.27 ± 0.09. Fair to moderate intrarater and interrater agreement of DL cytology was observed. Low intrarater and interrater cytologic consistency may compromise the interpretation of clinical studies of DL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12):2553–6)
Legal Stability and Claims of Change: The International Court's Treatment of Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello
Authors: Orakhelashvili Alexander 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe post-Cold War era has witnessed a number of international conflicts and attendant claims that the law related to the use of force and armed conflicts has experienced significant changes in consequence of those events and processes. This has been argued extensively in terms of the conflicts of Iraq, Yugoslavia, or Afghanistan. The proof of legal change is, however, difficult to establish as it is subject to a high standard of proof and at the same time legal changes can damage the consistency and credibility of the system. As the International Court's consistent jurisprudence demonstrates, the argument of alleged legal changes in the legal regime governing armed conflicts is not based on consistent reasoning. This is explained by example in the Court's treatment of a number of fields, such as consent to the use of force, proof of the facts of the use of force, the law of self-defence and the law of belligerent occupation. The Court's consistent jurisprudence not only undermines the argument of legal change but also demonstrates that the legal position in this field maintains its separate existence in relation to power and politics. The strict application of legal norms is an inevitable requirement for a transparent legal system.