bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A brief history of olfaction and olfactometry
Authors: Philpott C M , Bennett A , Murty G E 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe sense of smell has been a cause for speculation and fascination over the centuries. An appreciation of odours has been deeply rooted in many cultures, including ancient civilisations such as the Egyptians. The level of understanding of the anatomy and physiology of olfaction which our ancestors had was slight, and much remains to be discovered. This paper explores the progression of knowledge over the years to the present day. Particular emphasis is placed on odour classification and olfactometry, and on the techniques whereby great scientific minds have sought to quantify that human sense which is arguably least quantifiable. A review of some of the current methods of olfactometry is included within this remit.
Decibel levels during extracorporeal lithotripsy for salivary stones
Authors: Fritsch M H 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurpose:To determine the decibel sound pressure levels generated during extracorporeal lithotripsy for salivary stones, and if such lithotriptor noise levels have the potential for acoustic trauma.Patients and materials:Minilith SL-1 salivary gland lithotriptor, sound level meter; five patient survey.Methods:Decibel measurements were conducted on the lithotripter-generated sounds, using a sound level meter at specific distances from the active element. In addition, a patient survey was conducted as a cross-reference, to enable comparison of predicted results with actual human perception of sound levels.Results:Sound levels ranged between 68 and 80 dB during treatment sessions, for both the lithotriptor operator and the patient.Conclusion:During routine use, no acoustic trauma is incurred by either the lithotriptor operator or the patient.
Unilateral hearing loss as primary symptom of craniopharyngioma in a six-year-old girl
Authors: Hofman R , Rosingh H J 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective:We report a rare case of otological presentation of craniopharyngioma.Method:Case report and review of world literature concerning presentations of craniopharyngioma.Results:A six-year-old girl was referred to our department with unilateral hearing loss. This appeared to be a complete sensorineural hearing loss. Otoacoustic emissions were reproducible on both sides. Magnetic resonance scanning revealed a massive, cystic craniopharyngioma exerting pressure on the patient's ventricular system and brainstem and also invading the internal acoustic canal. The mass was resected via a craniotomy. The patient's hearing loss completely recovered, and she experienced no neurological or endocrinological side effects of the treatment. Craniopharyngioma have a prevalence of 0.13–2:100 000.Conclusion:Craniopharyngioma is a rare disease. First presentation with otological symptoms is extremely rare. Otoacoustic emissions can differentiate between cochlear and retrocochlear causes of sensorineural hearing loss.
Does hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women have any effect upon nasal physiology?
Authors: Wild D C , Philpott C M , Wolstenholme C R , Murty G E 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:Previous studies have suggested that the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and the oral contraceptive pill have an effect upon nasal physiology.Objectives:This study aimed to assess the effects upon nasal physiology of female hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. This has not been previously studied.Methods:Twenty post-menopausal women (age range 36 to 70 years; mean age 57.0 years) underwent measurements of the nasal airway, including anterior rhinoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow rate, acoustic rhinometry, anterior rhinomanometry, mucociliary clearance time and rhinitis quality of life questionnaire. Measurements of nasal patency were recorded prior to commencing hormone replacement therapy and at a time point 77–195 days (mean 101.9 days) following commencement.Results:There was no statistical difference found for any of the variables, using the paired t-test (p > 0.05 for all).Conclusions:Female hormone replacement therapy has no discernable effect upon nasal physiology and should not be considered a cause of rhinitic symptoms.
Tension pneumo-orbit treated by endoscopic, endonasal decompression: case report and literature review
Authors: Al-Shammari L , Majithia A , Adams A , Chatrath P 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective:We present a 38-year-old man with a tension pneumo-orbit following medial orbital wall fracture, managed with endoscopic decompression.Method:A case report and a review of the world literature concerning the aetiology, clinical features and management of medial orbital wall fractures are presented.Results:Our patient presented with a post-traumatic tension pneumo-orbit exacerbated by air travel and nose-blowing. Computed tomography revealed a fracture of the ethmoid bone, and intra-orbital emphysema causing proptosis. Management with endoscopic, endonasal surgery produced excellent results, with decompression achieved and immediate and sustained improvement in visual acuity.Conclusion:A search of the world literature revealed no documented cases of tension pneumo-orbit as a complication of medial orbital wall fracture. Endoscopic sinus surgery is currently used in the management of nasal and sinus diseases and their orbital complications. We discuss this extended indication of endoscopic surgery, and its advantages over other surgical approaches.
Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection in hypertrophic skin surrounding the percutaneous titanium implant of a bone-anchored hearing aid
Authors: Van Rijswijk J B , Mylanus E A M 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective:We present a patient with persistent hypertrophic skin surrounding the percutaneous implant of a bone-anchored hearing aid system, successfully treated with intralesional applied corticosteroids.Method:Case report and review of the world literature concerning bone-anchored hearing aid implantation and intralesional applied corticosteroids for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.Results:Eight weeks after revision surgery to reduce surplus skin and subcutaneous scar tissue overgrowing the abutment, skin and subcutaneous scar tissue overgrowth reoccurred. As an alternative to yet another surgical procedure, the hypertrophic skin was treated with intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Three weeks after the treatment, a satisfying result was seen, and no subsequent relapse was observed.Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first, photographically well documented case report of a patient with persistent hypertrophic skin surrounding a percutaneous bone-anchored hearing aid implant, successfully treated with intralesional applied corticosteroids.
Of mice and men: asymmetric interactions betweenBordetellapathogen species
Authors: RESTIF O. , WOLFE D. N. , GOEBEL E. M. , BJORNSTAD O. N. , HARVILL E. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn a recent experiment, we found that mice previously infected withBordetella pertussiswere not protected against a later infection withBordetella parapertussis, while primary infection withB. parapertussisconferred cross-protection. This challenges the common assumption made in most mathematical models for pathogenic strain dynamics that cross-immunity between strains is symmetric. Here we investigate the potential consequences of this pattern on the circulation of the two pathogens in human populations. To match the empirical dominance ofB. pertussis, we made the additional assumption thatB. parapertussispays a cost in terms of reduced fitness. We begin by exploring the range of parameter values that allow the coexistence of the two pathogens, with or without vaccination. We then track the dynamics of the system following the introduction of anti-pertussis vaccination. Our results suggest that (1) in order forB. pertussisto be more prevalent thanB. parapertussis, the former must have a strong competitive advantage, possibly in the form of higher infectivity, and (2) because of asymmetric cross-immunity, the introduction of anti-pertussis vaccination should have little effect on the absolute prevalence ofB. parapertussis. We discuss the evidence supporting these predictions, and the potential relevance of this model for other pathogens.
Sex differences in healthy life expectancy from self-perceived assessments of health in the City of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: CAMARGOS MIRELA CASTRO SANTOS , MACHADO CARLA JORGE , RODRIGUES ROBERTO NASCIMENTO 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTWhether life is spent in good health or disability has a critical influence on the use of health-care services. It is also known that average healthy life expectancy differs by sex. This paper reports estimations of healthy and unhealthy life expectancy in old age using self-reported health assessments for the City of São Paulo, Brazil in 2000–01. The data derived from the Health, Well-being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean Project (SABE), and from population censuses and mortality statistics. Sullivan's estimation method was used. It combines the age-specific schedule of the current probabilities of death with the prevalence of self-perceived ‘poor’ and ‘good’ health. The paper also reports multivariate analyses of the factors associated with variations by age group and sex in self-perceived health. The findings revealed that, at all ages, women live longer than men and for more years in a healthy state. Among men, those aged 60, 65 and 70 years were expected to live a higher percentage of their remaining life than women in a healthy state, but among those aged 75, 80 and 85 years, the opposite held. Among women, the percentage of remaining years that were unhealthy did not increase as age increased, which differs from previous findings. The multivariate analyses showed that with increasing age, for women the number of chronic diseases decreased but dependency increased, and for men the opposite held. This finding indicated that the percentage of life spent in poor self-perceived health more accurately predicts mortality in men than women.
Giving help in return: family reciprocity by older Singaporeans
Authors: VERBRUGGE LOIS M. , CHAN ANGELIQUE 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTReciprocity is a powerful principle in social ties. The ethos of family reciprocity is especially strong in Asian societies. We study contemporaneous family exchanges, hypothesising that the more current help older Singaporeans receive from family, the more they give in return. Cross-sectional analyses were undertaken of data from two national Singapore surveys conducted in 1995 and 1999. The help received by older people is measured by income and cash support, payment of household expenses by others, having a companion for away-from-home activities, and having a principal carer. The help given by older people is measured by baby-sitting, doing household chores, giving financial help to children, and advising on family matters. Multivariate models are used to examine the factors that affect an older person's ability and willingness to give help. The results show that the more financial support Singapore seniors received from kin, the more baby-sitting and chores they provided. In their swiftly modernising society, Singapore seniors are maintaining family reciprocity by giving time in return for money. We discuss how during the coming decades, reciprocity in Southeast and East Asian societies may shift from instrumental to more affective behaviours.
Perceptions of negative stereotypes of older people in magazine advertisements: comparing the perceptions of older adults and college students
Authors: ROBINSON TOM , GUSTAFSON BOB , POPOVICH MARK 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTNegative stereotypes not only affect how older people feel about themselves, but also how younger people feel about old age and their prospect of growing old. The research reported in this paper has examined the negative and potentially harmful stereotypes of older people portrayed in magazine advertisements in the United States, as perceived by groups of older and young people.Q-methodology sorts of 40 advertisements with negative images of older people, along with personal interviews, were used to probe older people's and college student's feelings and attitudes about the images. The subjects were placed in four categories: ‘moralists’, ‘objectors’, ‘ageing moralists’ and ‘resentfuls’. Regardless of whether stereotypes were used, the older people liked the advertisements that showed them as being clever, vibrant and having a sense of humour. Neither the older people nor the students liked advertisements that ridiculed or poked fun at older people, or presented them as being out of touch with reality and unattractive. Both groups rated the stereotypes dealing with the real problems associated with ageing as inoffensive. The comparison of the two age groups showed a strong consensus about which images were acceptable and which offensive.
Third Mac Lane cohomology
Authors: BAUES HANS–JOACHIM , JIBLADZE MAMUKA , PIRASHVILI TEIMURAZ 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMacLane cohomology is an algebraic version of the topological Hochschild cohomology. Based on the computation of the third author (see Appendix) we obtain an interpretation of the third Mac Lane cohomology of rings using certain kind of crossed extensions of rings in the quadratic world. Actually we obtain two such interpretations corresponding to the two monoidal structures on the category of square groups.
In-homogenous self-similar measures and their Fourier transforms
Authors: OLSEN L. , SNIGIREVA N. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLetSj: ℝd→ ℝdforj= 1, . . .,Nbe contracting similarities. Also, let (p1,. . .,pN,p) be a probability vector and let ν be a probability measure on ℝdwith compact support. We show that there exists a unique probability measure μ such thatThe measure μ is called an in-homogenous self-similar measure. In this paper we study the asymptotic behaviour of the Fourier transforms of in-homogenous self-similar measures. Finally, we present a number of applications of our results. In particular, non-linear self-similar measures introduced and investigated by Glickenstein and Strichartz are special cases of in-homogenous self-similar measures, and as an application of our main results we obtain simple proofs of generalizations of Glickenstein and Strichartz's results on the asymptotic behaviour of the Fourier transforms of non-linear self-similar measures.
Periodic cohomology and subgroups with bounded Bredon cohomological dimension
Authors: HYUN JO JANG , NUCINKIS BRITA E. A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMislin and Talelli showed that a torsion-free group in$\HF$with periodic cohomology after some steps has finite cohomological dimension. In this note we look at similar questions for groups with torsion by considering Bredon cohomology. In particular we show that every elementary amenable group acting freely and properly on some$\R^n$×Smadmits a finite dimensional model for$\E$G.
5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine suppresses human renal carcinoma cell growth in a xenograft model via up‐regulation of the connexin 32 gene
Authors: Hagiwara H , Sato H , Ohde Y , Takano Y , Seki T , Ariga T , Hokaiwado N , Asamoto M , Shirai T , Nagashima Y , Yano T 
Published: February 2008

Background and purpose:The connexin (Cx) 32 gene, a member of the gap junction gene family, acts as a tumour suppressor gene in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and is down‐regulated by the hypermethylation of CpG islands in a promoter region of the Cx gene. The current study investigated whether the restoration of Cx32 silenced by hypermethylation in RCC by a DNA demethylating agent could be an effective treatment against RCC.Experimental approach:Using nude mice bearing Caki‐1 cells (a human metastatic RCC cell line), the effects of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐CdR), a DNA demethylase inhibitor, on Cx32 mRNA expression and tumour growth were examined by RT‐PCR, and by measuring tumour weight and volume. Cx32 expression in Caki‐1 tumours was inhibited by Cx32 short interfering (si) RNA, and the effect of siRNA on 5‐aza‐CdR‐dependent suppression of tumour growth in nude mice was evaluated.Key results:5‐aza‐CdR treatment inhibited the growth of Caki‐1 cells in nude mice by 70% and increased 7‐fold the level of Cx32 mRNA. The intratumour injection of Cx32 siRNA almost totally inhibited the expression of Cx32 mRNA and significantly reduced the suppression of tumour growth in 5‐aza‐CdR‐treated nude mice.Conclusions and implications:5‐aza‐CdR suppressed the growth of Caki‐1 tumours in a xenograft model, by restoring Cx32 expression. This finding suggests that treatment with 5‐aza‐CdR could be a new effective therapy against human metastatic RCC and that Cx32 could be a potential target for the treatment of RCC.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1373–1381; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.17; published online 11 February 2008
Gabapentin evoked changes in functional activity in nociceptive regions in the brain of the anaesthetized rat: an fMRI study
Authors: Governo R J M , Morris P G , Marsden C A , Chapman V 
Published: February 2008

Background and purpose: Gabapentin (GBP; 1‐(aminomethyl)cyclohexane acetic acid) is used clinically in the treatment of pain. Nevertheless, the sites and mechanisms of action of GBP are poorly defined. Herein, the effects of GBP on brain activation have been studied.Experimental approach: Changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) haemodynamic signal following intravenous infusion of GBP (equivalent to 30 mg kg−1 p.o., followed by 100 mg kg−1 p.o.), compared to saline control, were studied in isofluorane anaesthetized rats (n=8 per group). Effects of GBP on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were also recorded.Results: Random effect analysis revealed that the lower dose of GBP produced significant (P<0.001) increases in BOLD signal intensity in several brain regions, including the thalamus and periaqueductal grey (PAG), compared to basal. This dose of GBP also produced significant (P<0.001) decreases in BOLD signal intensity in the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex. Increasing the dose of GBP (100 mg kg−1) produced significantly greater changes in BOLD signal intensity in several brain regions including the thalamus and PAG. MAP was not significantly altered by GBP, compared to saline.Conclusions and implications: GBP had marked positive and negative effects on BOLD signal intensity in a number of brain regions in naïve rats. The activation of key areas involved in nociceptive processing indicate a supraspinal site of action of GBP and this may contribute to its well‐described analgesic effects in animal models of pain and clinical studies.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1558–1567; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.27; published online 11 February 2008
Contractile properties of the pig bladder mucosa in response to neurokinin A: a role for myofibroblasts?
Authors: Sadananda P , Chess‐Williams R , Burcher E 
Published: February 2008

Background and purpose:The bladder urothelium is now known to have active properties. Our aim was to investigate the contractile properties of the urinary mucosa in response to the tachykinin neurokinin A (NKA) and carbachol.Experimental approach:Discrete concentration–response curves for carbachol and NKA were obtained in matched strips of porcine detrusor, mucosa and intact bladder, suspended in organ baths. The effects of inhibitors and tachykinin receptor antagonists were studied on NKA‐mediated contractions in mucosal strips. Intact sections of bladder and experimental strips were processed for histology and immunohistochemistry.Key results:All types of strips contracted to both carbachol and NKA. Mucosal responses to NKA (pD2 7.2) were higher than those in intact strips and were inhibited by the NK2 receptor antagonist SR48968 (pKB 9.85) but not the NK1 receptor antagonist SR140333, tetrodotoxin or indomethacin. Immunostaining for smooth muscle actin and vimentin occurred under the urothelium and on blood vessels. Desmin immunostaining and histological studies showed only sparse smooth muscle to be present in the mucosal strips. Removal of smooth muscle remnants from mucosal strips did not alter the responses to NKA.Conclusions and implications:This study has shown both functional and histological evidence for contractile properties of the mucosa, distinct from the detrusor. Mucosal contractions to NKA appear to be directly mediated via NK2 receptors. The main cell type mediating mucosal contractions is suggested to be suburothelial myofibroblasts. Mucosal contractions may be important in vivo for matching the luminal surface area to bladder volume.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1465–1473; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.29; published online 11 February 2008
cAMP: fuel for extracellular adenosine formation?
Authors: Gödecke A 
Published: February 2008

It is well known that cAMP, an important intracellular second messenger, is released from many cells upon adenylate cyclase stimulation. Cell surface bound phosphodiesterase together with ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase may convert the extracellular cAMP to adenosine, which may stimulate in a paracrine and/or autocrine manner cells expressing P1 receptors. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Chiavegattiet al. demonstrate the existence of an extracellular cAMP‐adenosine cascade in skeletal muscle cells which suggests a link between adrenergic stimulation of contraction, elevated cAMP formation and release and exercise hyperaemia.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1087–1089; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.7; published online 11 February 2008
First phylogeny of predatory flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Syrphinae) using mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes: conflict and congruence with the current tribal classification
Authors: Mengual Ximo , Ståhls Gunilla , Rojo Santos 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe family Syrphidae (Diptera) is traditionally divided into three subfamilies. The aim of this study was to address the monophyly of the tribes within the subfamily Syrphinae (virtually all with predaceous habits), as well as the phylogenetic placement of particular genera using molecular characters. Sequence data from the mitochondrial protein‐coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA gene of 98 Syrphinae taxa were analyzed using optimization alignment to explore phylogenetic relationships among included taxa. Volucella pellucens was used as outgroup, and representatives of the tribe Pipizini (Eristalinae), with similar larval feeding mode, were also included. Congruence of our results with current tribal classification of Syrphinae is discussed. Our results include the tribe Toxomerini resolved as monophyletic but placed in a clade with genera Ocyptamus and Eosalpingogaster. Some genera traditionally placed into Syrphini were resolved outside of this tribe, as the sister groups to other tribes or genera. The tribe Bacchini was resolved into several different clades. We recovered Paragini as a monophyletic group, and sister group of the genus Allobaccha. The present results highlight the need of a reclassification of Syrphinae.© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.