bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Agricultural History in Malawi: Perspectives on Policy-Choice Explanations
Authors: Green Erik 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:Development research is often associated with issues of policy. Researchers aim to increase our contextual and theoretical knowledge to enhance the creation of “good” development policies. One way of doing this is to identify and learn from harmful policies of the past. The objective of this article is to examine such policy-choice explanations by looking at the dominant understandings of the modern history of agriculture in Malawi. These perspectives share the view that the high level of rural poverty is, to a great extent, an outcome of the agricultural policies implemented by the colonial and postcolonial governments. Of crucial importance are the mechanisms whereby the state actively tried to transfer resources from the smallholder sector to the state or to the estate sector. This had a negative impact on the production capacity of the smallholder sector. This article notes that the focus on policies alone is not a sufficient approach to understand the dynamics and limitations of the smallholder sector. The article also points to some methodological weaknesses with policy-choice explanations that are relevant for development research in general.
Stress History Effects on Consolidation and Permeability Behavior of Fine-Grained Soils
Authors: Prakash K. , Sridharan A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Practical situations wherein the soil is subjected to static stress reversals are many, and in this context, understanding the engineering behavior of soil in the field subjected to such static stress reversals gains importance. The present paper deals with the study of the effect of static cyclic loading on compressibility and permeability behavior of fine-grained soils of different clay mineralogical composition, both in the undisturbed and remolded states. The static stress reversals enable the soils to reach a “near equilibrium state” in terms of volume change, whether the soil is initially in the undisturbed state or in the remolded state. The stress history of a soil has been shown to have definite influence on the coefficient of consolidation and permeability of fine-grained soils. Soil clay mineralogy has been observed to control the nature of variation of the behavior of soils subjected to static stress reversals.
Overview of Planning and Scheduling for Enterprise-wide Optimization of Process Industries (Übersicht über Planungs- und Feinplanungssysteme für die unternehmensweite Optimierung in der verfahrenstechnischen Industrie
Authors: Grossmann Ignacio , Erdirik-Dogan Muge , Karuppiah Ramkumar 
Published: March 2008

Enterprise-wide optimization (EWO) is a new emerging area that lies at the interface of chemical engineering and operations research, and has become a major goal in the process industries due to the increasing pressures for remaining competitive in the global marketplace. EWO involves optimizing the operations of supply, production and distribution activities of a company to reduce costs and inventories. A major focus in EWO is the production optimization, which often requires the use of nonlinear process models. Major operational items include production planning, scheduliOverview of Planning and Scheduling for Enterprise-wide Optimization of Process Industriesng, real-time optimization and control. This paper provides an overview of major challenges in the development of deterministic and stochastic linear/nonlinear optimization models and algorithms for the optimization of entire supply chains that are involved in EWO problems. We specifically review two major challenges: (a) modeling of planning and scheduling, (b) multiscale optimization. We consider two major applications in batch scheduling and crude oil scheduling. We conclude with a brief discussion on future directions.
Unternehmensweite Optimierung (Enterprise-wide optimization, EWO) ist ein neues Gebiet an der Schnittstelle zwischen chemischer Verfahrenstechnik und Operations Research. Wegen steigender Wettbewerbsanforderungen auf den globalen Märkten hat es sich zu einem bedeutenden Ziel in der Prozessindustrie entwickelt. EWO umfasst die Optimierung des Betriebs von Versorgungs-, Herstellungs- und Verteilungsaktivitäten von Unternehmen mit dem Ziel der Verringerung von Kosten und Lagerbeständen. Ein wichtiger Bereich von EWO ist die Optimierung der Herstellung, wozu häufig nichtlineare Prozessmodelle erforderlich sind. Produktionsplanung und -feinplanung, Echtzeitoptimierung und Regelung gehören zu den wichtige operativen Aufgaben. Dieser Beitrag liefert eine Übersicht über die wesentlichen Herausforderungen in der Entwicklung von deterministischen sowie linearen/nichtlinearen stochastischen Optimierungsmodellen und Algorithmen zur Optimierung der gesamten Versorgungskette (supply chain), die Teil der EWO-Problemstellung sind. Insbesondere werden zwei wesentliche Herausforderungen besprochen: (a) Die Modellierung von Planungs- und Feinplanungsaufgaben, und (b) die Optimierung auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen (multiscale optimization). Dazu werden zwei Anwendungen der Feinplanung im Bereich Chargenprozesse sowie Mineralölverarbeitung vorgestellt. Eine kurze Diskussion und ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Arbeiten beschließen den Beitrag.
Gingival Primary Extranodal Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma as the First Manifestation of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Navarro Cláudia M. , Shibli Jamil A. , Ferrari Roberto B. , d'Avila Susana , Sposto Maria R. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative malignancies that may be associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). NHL can disseminate to extranodal sites; however, its dissemination to the jaws and mouth is not common. This report presents and discusses two unusual cases of gingival primary extranodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (PE‐NHL) as the first manifestation of AIDS.Methods: Two males presented with asymptomatic gingival swelling. They were examined clinically. Biopsies of the gingival tissue were evaluated using routine histologic techniques and immunohistochemistry. The patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Results: The clinicopathological evaluation and the serological HIV examination of the patients led us to the final diagnosis of gingival PE‐NHL as the first manifestation of AIDS. Both patients were referred to an oncologist and to an infectious disease specialist and were given antineoplastic chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Only one patient presented a favorable clinical evolution.Conclusion: The present case reports have important clinical implications; the two unusual presentations of gingival PE‐NHL contribute to information about the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressing gingival swelling.
Tannerella forsythia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Subgingival Bacterial Samples From Parous Women
Authors: Persson G. Rutger , Hitti Jane , Paul Katie , Hirschi Regula , Weibel Marianne , Rothen Marilynn , Persson Rigmor E. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Information on the subgingival microbiota in parous women is limited. The present study assessed 74 bacterial species at periodontal sites.Methods: Subgingival bacterial plaque was collected from women ≥6 months after delivery. Bacteria were assessed by the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization method. Gingivitis was defined as ≥20% of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), and periodontitis was defined as radiographic evidence of bone loss and probing depths ≥5.0 mm.Results: A total of 197 women (mean age: 29.4 ± 6.8 years; range: 18 to 46 years) were included in the study. Gingivitis was identified in 82 of 138 subjects without evidence of periodontitis (59.4%). Periodontitis was found in 59 women (32%). Higher bacterial levels in subjects with gingivitis compared to those without evidence of gingivitis were observed for Actinomyces neuii, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Corynebacterium pseudogenitalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella bivia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P <0.001 for each). Higher bacterial levels in subjects with periodontitis compared to those without periodontitis (BOP not accounted for) were found for 32 of 79 species (P <0.001) including Lactobacillus iners, Haemophilus influenzae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Prevotella bivia, P. aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Binary univariate logistic regression analysis identified that P. aeruginosa (P <0.001) and T. forsythia (P <0.05) were independently predictive of periodontal status. The odds ratio of having P. aeruginosa at levels ≥1 × 105 in the sample and periodontitis was 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.6 to 5.9; P <0.001).Conclusion: In addition to P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, a diverse microbiota, including P. aeruginosa, P. endodontalis, P. bivia, and S. aureus, can be found in subgingival plaque samples from women of child‐bearing age with periodontitis.
Locally Delivered Doxycycline as an Adjunct to Mechanical Debridement at Retreatment of Periodontal Pockets
Authors: Tomasi Cristiano , Koutouzis Theofilos , Wennström Jan L. 
Published: March 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate if adjunctive, locally delivered controlled‐release doxycycline might improve the outcome of reinstrumentation of pathologic pockets persisting after initial periodontal therapy.Methods: Subjects with chronic periodontitis underwent initial treatment including full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement and oral hygiene instructions. At the 3‐month reexamination, 32 subjects with remaining pathologic sites were assigned randomly to one of two retreatment protocols: ultrasonic instrumentation alone (control) or ultrasonic instrumentation plus application of an 8.8% doxycycline gel (test). Clinical examinations of plaque, probing depth (PD), relative attachment level (RAL), and bleeding on probing were performed before retreatment (baseline) and after 3 and 9 months. Primary efficacy variables were the percentage of closed pockets, i.e., PD ≤4 mm, and changes in PD and RAL.Results: Baseline examination revealed no significant difference in mean PD between treatment groups. The mean PD reduction at 3 months was 0.9 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6 to 1.2) in the control group and 1.0 mm (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.3) in the test group (P >0.05). At 9 months, both treatment groups showed a mean PD reduction of 1.1 mm. The mean RAL gain was 0.6 mm at 3 months and ∼0.8 at 9 months for both groups. The probability of pocket closure was not improved by the adjunctive antibiotic therapy. Only factors at the tooth site level (plaque presence, furcation involvement, and presence of an intrabony defect) were identified by multilevel analysis as significant for the treatment outcome.Conclusion: Locally delivered doxycycline failed to improve the healing outcome of reinstrumentation of periodontal pockets showing a poor initial response to pocket/root debridement.
The Frequency and Immunodominance of Islet-Specific CD8+ T-cell Responses Change after Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Martinuzzi Emanuela , Novelli Giulia , Scotto Matthieu , Blancou Philippe , Bach Jean-Marie , Chaillous Lucy , Bruno Graziella , Chatenoud Lucienne , van Endert Peter , Mallone Roberto 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—Islet-reactive CD8+ T-cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. The predominant T-cell specificities change over time, but whether similar shifts also occur after clinical diagnosis and insulin treatment in type 1 diabetic patients is unknown.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We took advantage of a recently validated islet-specific CD8+ T-cell γ-interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ISL8Spot) assay to follow responses against preproinsulin (PPI), GAD, insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) epitopes in 15 HLA-A2+ adult type 1 diabetic patients close to diagnosis and at a second time point 7–16 months later.RESULTS—CD8+ T-cell reactivities were less frequent at follow-up, as 28.6% of responses tested positive at type 1 diabetes diagnosis vs. 13.2% after a median of 11 months (P = 0.003). While GAD and IA-2 autoantibody (aAb) titers were unchanged in 75% of cases, the fraction of patients responding to PPI and/or GAD epitopes by ISL8Spot decreased from 60–67 to 20% (P &lt; 0.02). The previously subdominant IA-2206–214 and IGRP265–273 peptides were newly targeted, thus becoming the immunodominant epitopes.CONCLUSIONS—Shifts both in frequency and in immunodominance of CD8+ T-cell responses occur more rapidly than do changes in aAb titers. These different kinetics may suggest complementary clinical applications for T-cell and aAb measurements.
Cognitive Function in Children and Subsequent Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Olsson Gunilla M. , Hulting Anna-Lena , Montgomery Scott M. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To assess whether a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes by age 42 years is associated with prior cognitive deficits in childhood.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Logistic regression estimated type 2 diabetes risk among 9,113 members of the 1958 British birth cohort of the National Child Development Study (NCDS). Associations with type 2 diabetes were estimated for general ability and reading comprehension assessments at age 11 years, modeled using SD units. Adjustment was for markers of early-life exposures, social and material family characteristics, sex, and disability, with further adjustment for BMI at age 7 years.
RESULTS—Adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes (n = 69) are 0.67 (0.51–0.87) for general ability and 0.58 (0.44–0.77) for reading comprehension. Neither additional adjustment for BMI, nor limiting the definition of type 2 diabetes to onset after age 33 years altered the associations substantially.
CONCLUSIONS—Impaired cognitive function may precede clinical onset of type 2 diabetes.
Plasma Glucose Regulation and Mortality in Pima Indians
Authors: Kim Nan Hee , Pavkov Meda E. , Looker Helen C. , Nelson Robert G. , Bennett Peter H. , Hanson Robert L. , Curtis Jeffrey M. , Sievers Maurice L. , Knowler William C. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are associated with increased risk of mortality and prevalent ischemic heart disease (IHD) and to analyze if the increased risk of death is dependent on subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 2,993 Pima Indians aged ≥35 years were included. Prevalent IHD, defined by major ischemic electrocardiogram changes, was evaluated according to the following glucose/diabetes categories: normal glucose regulation (NGR), IFG and/or IGT, and diabetic groups by duration. During a median follow-up of 10.4 years, 780 subjects died from natural causes and 156 of these died from IHD. Mortality was analyzed according to the same glucose/diabetes categories at baseline and then as time-dependent variables.
RESULTS—Only subjects with diabetes ≥15 years of duration have a higher prevalence of IHD (odds ratio 1.9 [95% CI 1.4–2.5]) relative to NGR. In baseline and time-dependent models, age- and sex-adjusted death rates from natural causes and from IHD were similar among the nondiabetic groups. Among diabetic subjects, natural mortality was higher in those with ≥15 years diabetes duration (death rate ratio [DRR] relative to NGR = 2.6 [95% CI 2.1–3.3]). IHD mortality was higher in subjects with long diabetes duration (DRR for diabetes 10–15 years = 3.8 [1.5–9.5]; DRR for diabetes ≥15 years = 8.6 [3.8–19.4]) in the time-dependent model.
CONCLUSIONS—Natural and IHD mortality are not increased in Pima Indians with IFG and/or IGT. Only after the onset of diabetes do the rates of these events increase relative to NGR.
Ab initio calculations of electronic and optical properties in O-doped LiF crystal
Authors: Guo Meili , Zhang Xiaodong , Gu Hongen , Wang Na 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
We present a first-principle study of electronic and optical properties in pure LiF and O-doped LiF crystals. The pure LiF crystal exhibits a wide band gap while the O-doped LiF crystal shows the less band gap due to the contribution of O 2p. Some optical constants, such as dielectric functions, reflectivity and the refractive index, have been performed. The calculated reflectivity and refractive index from the pure LiF crystal agree with the experimental and recently calculated results in the low-energy range. Meanwhile, the optical properties have also been predicted from the O-doped LiF crystal. The absorption band in 200 nm has been observed, which is relatively close to the experimental result.
Finite-element simulation of ultrasound brain surgery: effects of frequency, focal pressure, and scanning path in bone-heating reduction
Authors: Behnia Sohrab , Jafari Amin , Ghalichi Farzan , Bonabi Ashkan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In this paper, the finite-element method (FEM) simulation of ultrasound brain surgery is presented. The overheating problem of the post-target bone, which is one of the limiting factors for a successful ultrasound brain surgery, is considered. In order to decrease bone heating, precise choices of frequency, focal pressure, and scanning path are needed. The effect of variations in the mentioned scanning parameters is studied by means of the FEM. The resulting pressure and temperature distributions of a transdural ultrasound brain surgery are simulated by employing the FEM for solving the Helmholtz and bioheat equations in the context of a two-dimensional MRI-based brain model. Our results show that for a suitable value of the frequency, an increase in focal pressure leads to a decrease in the required duration of the treatment and is associated with less heating of the surrounding normal tissue. In addition, it is shown that at a threshold focal pressure, the target temperature reaches toxic levels whereas the temperature rise in the bone is minimal. Wave reflections from sinus cavities, which result in constructive interference with the incoming waves, are one of the reasons for overheating of the bone and can be avoided by choosing a suitable scanning path.
Two‐way coupled large‐eddy simulations of the gas‐solid flow in cyclone separators
Authors: Derksen J. J. , van den Akker H. E. A. , Sundaresan S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3‐D), time‐dependent Eulerian‐Lagrangian simulations of the turbulent gas‐solid flow in cyclone separators have been performed. The gas flow is simulated with the lattice‐Boltzmann method. It solves the filtered Navier‐Stokes equations, where the Smagorinsky subgrid‐scale model has been used to represent the effect of the filtered scales. Through this large‐eddy representation of the gas flow, solid particles with different sizes are tracked. By viewing the individual particles (of which there are some 107inside the cyclone at any moment in time) as clusters of particles (parcels), the effect of particle‐to‐gas coupling on the gas‐flow and particle behavior at modest mass‐loadings (up to 0.2 kg dust per kg air) is studied. The numerical approach is able to capture the effect of mass loading on the swirl intensity as reported in the experimental literature. The performance of a Stairmand high‐efficiency cyclone under various loading conditions is systematically studied. The presence of solid particles causes the cyclone to lose swirl intensity. Furthermore, the turbulence of the gas flow gets strongly damped. These two effects have significant consequences for the performance of the cyclone. The pressure drop monotonically decreases with mass loading. The collection efficiency responds in a more complicated manner to the mass loading, with mostly increased cut sizes, and increased overall efficiencies. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Sexuality, intimacy and subjectivity in social psychoanalytic thought of the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Wake Naoko 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHomosexuality has been one of the most contested issues in the history of social psychoanalysis. To better understand the issue's medical and social significance, we need a micro‐historical analysis illuminating doctor‐patient interactions in changing historical contexts. This paper sheds light on the clinical practice of the well‐known founder of interpersonal theory, Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949), with a focus on four patients: two from the 1920s and two from the 1930s. During these decades, many psychiatrists, including neo‐Freudians like Sullivan, considered homosexuality a mental illness. But Sullivan himself was a gay man, and he attempted to create efficacious therapeutic relationships amid a generally homophobic medicine. This comported with his effort to create professional coalitions with social psychologists and sociologists. In both clinical and non‐clinical settings, he tried to find solutions to individual problems by redefining a limiting socio‐cultural environment of therapy. Ambitious as this plan was, his patients' response to his approach varied from cautious cooperation to apparent rejection, as his actions became more immersed in the ambiguous realm of sexual subjectivity. In examining this change, I raise the question of what constituted ethically sound, professionally acceptable behaviours and efficacious therapeutic relationships, particularly in the historical context of the emerging collaboration between psychoanalysis and social psychology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychoanalysis and social psychology: historical connections and contemporary applications
Authors: Parker Ian , Hook Derek 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis special issue brings together contributions that draw attention to the historical connections between psychoanalysis and social psychology and that highlight the role that psychoanalytic ideas still have for social psychological practice. It draws attention to the long‐standing relationship psychoanalysis has had with social psychology, one that is obscured in most undergraduate textbooks. When the contribution of psychoanalysis to the development of social psychology is noted, it is often but as a curiosity, yet, many of the classical studies in social psychology that were concerned with the application of knowledge in the real world were profoundly influenced by psychoanalysis, and many of the founding figures in the discipline drew upon psychoanalytic ideas. This special issue focuses on how psychoanalysis influenced social psychology and what the consequences are for present‐day developments. This introduction sets the basis for the task our contributors address; focusing on the way historical resources can be brought to life and drawing out some implications for the way present‐day practice can be elaborated. The task of each contributor will be to help us remember this past relationship so that something new can be done with psychoanalysis in social psychology now. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptomatic significant patent foramen ovale: Giving patent foramen ovale management back to the cardiologist
Authors: Rigatelli Gianluca , Cardaioli Paolo , Chinaglia Mauro 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPercutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is still a much debated issue. Although many questions remain open, patients are finding out about PFO management and are beginning to ask for the most rapid and complete solution to their potential problems in spite of the warnings from the medical profession about off‐label indications for transcatheter closure. As a result, asymptomatic patients with PFO are coming into medical offices to be assured about stroke risk or treated for any degree of migraine. The cardiologist should be the preferred interlocutor in asymptomatic significant PFO: he is competent in assessing the associated anatomical and functional risk factors, and he is the only specialist who can evaluate on the basis of the anatomo‐functional picture the potential risk of paradoxical embolism and discuss with patients eventual off‐label indications to closure. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.