bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleavage of the N-Linked Oligosaccharide from the Surfaces of
Chlamydia
Species Affects Infectivity in the Mouse Model of Lung Infection
Authors: Campbell Lee Ann , Lee Amy , Kuo Cho-chou 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Previous studies determined that the
Chlamydia
glycan contains a high-mannose oligosaccharide, which is involved in attachment and infectivity of the organism, and that removal of the glycan decreases infectivity in vitro. The present study demonstrates that treatment of the organism with
N
-glycanase decreases or ablates infectivity in vivo.
The classiﬁcation of ﬂag-transitive Steiner 3-designs
Authors: Huber Michael 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We solve the long-standing open problem of classifying all 3-(v, k, 1) designs with a ﬂag-transitive group of automorphisms (cf. [11], p. 147, and [12], p. 273, but presumably dating back to 1965). Our result relies on the classification of the finite 2-transitive permutation groups.
Topological affine planes with affine connections
Authors: Gerlich Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We consider the question whether the system of lines of a two-dimensional topological plane can be described as the system of geodesics of a Riemannian metric or an affine connection. In [4] we have shown that non-classical compact projective planes do not admit Riemannian metrics. Here we use different methods that are suited to two-dimensional planes in general. We apply them to three families of topological affine planes with large collineation groups. It turns out that for the standard models of the skew-parabola planes and the planes over cartesian fields no affine connection, and hence no Riemannian metric exist. However, for the Moulton planes affine connections do exist and we determine all of them. Among them is at least one Riemannian connection. We also give an example where no Riemannian metric exists. Moreover, we derive a characterization of the classical affine plane in the case that ℝ2 acts by vector space translations as a subgroup of the collineation group.
The embedding of (0, 2)-geometries and semipartial geometries in AG(n, q)
Authors: Feyter Nikias De 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A (0, α)-geometry, α ≥ 3, fully embedded in AG(n, q) is always a linear representation[2]. In [4] the (0, 2)-geometries fully embedded in AG(3, q) are classiﬁed up to linear representations. Here we extend this result to full embeddings in AG(n, q). As a corollary we classify the semipartial geometries with α > 1 fully embedded in AG(n, q), but not as a linear representation.
Packing a planar convex body with three homothetical copies and inscribing relatively equilateral triangles
Authors: Lassak Marek 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Let C be a convex body. By C-length of a segment we mean the ratio of the length of this segment to the half of the length of a longest parallel chord of C. We show that every planar convex body C permits an inscribed triangle whose sides are of equal C-length at least 3/2. Equivalently, C can be packed with three equal homothetical copies of ratio at least 3/7 which touch the boundary of C and touch pairwise themselves.
The ﬁniteness property and Łojasiewicz inequality for global semianalytic sets
Authors: Acquistapace F. , Broglia F. , Shiota M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We prove the ﬁniteness property for the class of
global semianalytic sets: we get it as a consequence of a global weak
Łojasiewicz inequality for this class. This weaker result still implies the
usual Hörmander form. Some other consequences are deduced.
The Conflicting International Trade Law Governing Products of Biotechnology: The Case of Biofuels
Authors: Loppacher Laura J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe regulation of the international movements of products created using modern biotechnology has become a very contentious issue. International law, including trade law, is struggling to accommodate these new and novel products with unknown risk factors. The World Trade Organization rules state that there must be acceptable evidence of risk if imports of a product are to be restricted. This is to ensure that safety regulations are not used as an illegitimate barrier to trade to provide protection to domestic producers. However, opponents of the existing WTO structure argue that it does not allow governments to respond adequately to potential but unknown risks and to consumer requests for protection. As a result, a new multilateral environmental agreement was negotiated, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (BSP), to govern trade in products of biotechnology. This Protocol is designed to protect biodiversity, human health and the environment. It allows countries to assume products of biotechnology present a risk to human health and the environment and to put restrictions in place on their production and trade. Opponents of the BSP approach argue that it allows countries to make decisions arbitrarily and not take modern science into account. It is unclear which set of regulations will be used to govern international trade in products of biotechnology. One industry that will be affected by this conflict in international law is the biofuel industry, which has significant potential to utilize biotechnology. The effects of using biotechnology in this developing industry are examined within the context of international trade law.
The German Way of Dealing with “The Tragedy of the Anticommons” – Purpose-Bound Protection for Product Patents on Genetic Information in Germany
Authors: Kunczik Niclas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe phenomenon of “the tragedy of the anticommons”Making decisions in the European Union and transforming them into legal instruments can sometimes become a life-task. Although it took a whole decade to adopt the European Communities “Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions”, the political and legal dispute about ”patents on life” was not settled at all. Some member states – the Netherlands, supported by Italy and Norway – took this issue to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) seeking the annulment of the Directive. The Court dismissed this appeal in 2001. But the discussion about ”patents on life” did not end. Even though it has been a somehow accepted fact that patents on living materials including human DNA are being granted, an even more heated discussion is focusing on the scope of those gene-patents. The question is if it is acceptable to allow the classical scope protection for gene sequences, or if the patent protection should be limited to the specific use disclosed in the patent application (“purpose-bound protection”).
Did Lou inspire guilt, as well?
Authors: Teubert Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
I discuss the late nineteenth century emergence of the expressions guilt and guilt feelings (to denote a complex emotion, and not the established idea of culpability), across several European language-cultures. I nominate a specific spot in time as having prompted one of the earliest appearances in print of the German expression Schuldgefühl and its associated complex reflexive sense (that others – one's community – may hold you culpable for some transgression or impropriety, but you yourself know that any manifested remorse conceals a deeper absence of remorse). This is the occasion on which Nietzsche returned to his friend Paul Rée from a mountain hike with the irresistibly captivating and unchaperoned Lou von Salomé (a “summit experience” precise details of which are unclear.) As Nietzsche well knew, Rée was equally smitten with the delightful Lou: and here Friedrich had taken flagrant advantage (of Rée, ill-fatedly absent from the mountain adventure). In response to Rée's censure, Nietzsche feels in himself a complex reaction: not of remorse, exactly, and not at all of repentance, but Schuldgefühl (feeling of guilt), a new formulation for a newly-identified (or newly-invented) condition. Thereafter I chart what seems to be the spread of the phrase and concept (denoting the emotion) in some representative English literature Victorian fiction, in Freud, Kafka, and current non-literary usage. A final point of orientation is Vronsky's (or is it Tolstoy's?) projection of guilt feelings, avant la lettre, in Anna Karenina.
Zeitgeschichtliches Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache [Contemporary-historical lexicon of present-day German]
Authors: Lehr Andrea 
Published: April 2006

AbstractZeitgeschichtliches Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache.Hrsg. von Georg Stötzel und Thorsten Eitz unter Mitarbeit von Astrid Jährling-Marienfeld, Lea Plate u. a.Hildesheim. Zürich. New York: Georg Olms Verlag 2002.Das Zeitgeschichtliche Wörterbuch hat laut den Worten der Herausgeber „ausgewählte Vokabeln aus dem deutschen gesellschaftlich-politischen Sprachgebrauch seit 1945“ zum Gegenstand. Auf der Buchrückseite werden diese Vokabeln, da es den Herausgebern um Ausdrücke geht, mit denen über gesellschaftlich relevante Themen gestritten wird, die gleichzeitig aber auch selbst Gegenstand von Diskussionen und öffentlich geäußerter Sprachkritik sind, ebenso doppeldeutig wie treffend als Streitwörter bezeichnet. Zentrales Anliegen des vorliegenden Wörterbuches ist, diesen Streit um Worte, der zugleich ein Kampf um Interpretations- und Meinungsführerschaft und damit Motor für stetigen Sprachwandel ist, aufzuzeigen und auf diese Weise herauszustellen, welch große Bedeutung wir der Frage, wie über was geredet wird, bei der Ausgestaltung und Ausdeutung unser Lebenswirklichkeit beimessen.
Inwieweit erlaubt die Europäische Verfassungein europäisches Strafgesetz?
Authors: Walter Tonio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
I. Einleitung
Das Nein der Franzosen und Niederländer zum Vertrag über eine Europäische Verfassung, im Folgenden: Europäische Verfassung, hat diesem Projekteinen Schlag versetzt, von dem noch nicht klar ist, ob er ein Segen waroder ein Fluch; ein Segen, weil er zwingt, die Verfassung noch einmal genauzu betrachten, und Nachbesserungen ermöglicht, oder ein Fluch, wenn erdie weitere Einigung Europas – als Staatenbund oder Bundesstaat – viele,vielleicht entscheidende Jahre verschleppt. Dieser Beitrag unterstellt dieerste Variante und will eine der genaueren Betrachtungen sein. Blicken wirzurück: Am 29. Oktober 2004 hatten sich die Staats- und Regierungschefsder Europäischen Union auf eine Europäische Verfassung geeinigt, die vonden Parlamenten der Mitgliedstaaten ratifiziert werden musste, teils mit,teils ohne Volksentscheid. Geschehen ist dies bereits in Deutschland, Griechenland,Italien, Lettland, Litauen, Malta, Österreich, in der Slowakei, in Slowenien, Spanien, Ungarn und auf Zypern, weitgehend in Belgien (es fehltnoch die Zustimmung des flämischen Regionalparlaments) und Luxemburg(es fehlt noch die zweite Lesung im Parlament), auch das Europäische Parlamenthat schon zugestimmt, und es blockieren diesen Prozess die Referendenin Frankreich vom 29. Mai und in den Niederlanden vom 1. Juni dieses Jahres (obschon einige Länder, etwa Lettland, die Verfassung durchaus erstnach diesen Referenden angenommen haben).
Practical Flow-Simulation Method for a Naturally Fractured Reservoir: A Field Study
Authors: Salem S. E. , Al-Deeb M. , Abdou M. , Linthorst S. , Bahar A. , Kelkar M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper presents the methodology, implementation, and results of the dynamic modeling of a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir, which consists of a fracture swarm system and high matrix permeability. The focus of this paper is on the description of the dynamic single-media model that was used to history match the production. The challenges in properly quantifying the separate effects of matrix and fracture within the framework of a singlemedia model become the major objective of the study. A brief description of the static model (which consists of the development of matrix and fracture models, as well as the method to integrate them) is also presented.Both matrix and fracture systems play an important role in the production mechanism of the reservoir. History matching for 20 years of production was done successfully in a single-media model through an iterative process between static and dynamic models to ensure the consistency between the two models. Different sets of relative permeability curves (for matrix and fracture systems) were generated to properly simulate the fluid movement in the reservoir.The results indicate an excellent history match that is also followed by the success in the blind tests of newly drilled wells. Significant improvement was obtained compared to the previous model in simulating water production that comes from the aquifer to the wells through a complex fracture network. The results were achieved through various sensitivity analyses of fracture conductivity and by fine-tuning relative permeability curves that are based on the eight rock types defined for the reservoir.In conclusion, the single-media model used in this study can successfully simulate the behavior of a naturally fractured reservoir. The model has shown that it can produce excellent results in a very practical way.The methodology described in this paper is suitable for other naturally fractured reservoirs, especially in the Middle East area, where a significant difference between core-derived permeability and well-test-derived permeability exists.
Staatstypus und Verwandtschaftssystem
Authors: Von Werder Peter 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDas Problem der sogenannten klassifikatorischen Verwandtschaft ist, seitdem Lewis H. Morgan 1871 zum ersten Mal auf die vergleichsweise sehr umfänglichen Verwandtschaftssysteme der Naturvölker aufmerksam machte, immer wieder von den Ethnologen der Alten und der Neuen Welt angegangen worden. Vor allem durch die Forschungen von Rivers und Thurnwald und durch die Untersuchungen von Kroeber und Malinowski erwies sich die Beantwortung der Frage nach Entstehung, Bedeutung und Funktion des klassifikatorischen Systems als ungemein schwieriges Problem. Nicht nur eine Fülle von Sonderfragen tauchte infolge der scharfsinnigen Betrachtung einer grossen Anzahl von primitiven Verwandtschaftsordnungen seitens der zuständigen Fachkenner auf, sondern mehrfach wurde auch direkte Kritik an der von Morgan aufgewiesenen und dann besonders von Rivers weiter entwickelten Problemstellung über die Erscheinung des klassifikatorischen Systems überhaupt geübt.
Die Ältesten Beziehungen Zwischen Asien und Afrika Nachgewiesen an den Haustieren
Authors: Hilzheimer Max 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDie Frage, ob die Kultur in Ägypten oder in Asien älter sei und welchen Weg die erste Verbindung zwischen beiden Kulturen genommen hat, ist fast so alt, wie die Beschäftigung mit den Kulturen dieser beiden Völker. Wenn hier von ‘Kultur’ die Rede ist, so ist an Ackerbaukultur zu denken d.h. an die Kultur mit Ackerbau, Viehzucht und Töpferei, jenen drei Elementen, welche noch heute die : Grundlage unserer Kultur bilden. Jene älteren Kulturen, welche als Paläolithikum und Mesolithikum bezeichnet werden, sollen in den folgenden Ausführungen ausser Acht gelassen werden. Von den obengenannten drei Elementen ist bisher vorwiegend oder fast allein das dritte, das der Töpferei, und daneben noch die übrigen Artefakte zur Beantwortung der genannten Frage herangezogen worden. Am wenigsten Beachtung ist den Haustieren hierbei geschenkt worden. Sie sollen nun der Gegenstand der folgenden Untersuchung sein. Wenn auch nicht behauptet werden kann, dass wir zur Zeit mit ihrer Hilfe die Frage restlos lösen können, so können wir doch durch sie vielleicht der Lösung näher geführt werden. Auf welche Weise das geschehen kann, und was uns die Haustierforschung lehrt, soil im Folgenden gezeigt werden.
A Tribal Market in the Spanish Zone of Morocco
Authors: Fogg Walter 
Published: April 2006

As far as I am aware, no complete detailed study has been made before of any tribal market in North-West Africa (Barbary States), and certainly not of any in Morocco.Ubach and Rackow give a few details of the organization and customs at such a market in Tódga (S.E. Morocco), and other workers such as Doutté, Michaux-Bellaire and Salmon, Montagne, Coon, and the anonymous contributors to the official French Government publication Villes et Tribus du Maroc give general descriptions and a few details. Further, Hanoteau and Letourneux, and Schurtz, make some generally applicable statements, while Westermarck gives accurate details of a considerable number of practices at, and beliefs concerning, different markets in different tribes of Morocco. But no previous worker has published a detailed study of any one market.
Social Systems of Africa
Authors: Thurnwald Richard 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe study of the social problems of Africa demands primarily a definite knowledge of the actual state of affairs, of the facts which to-day represent the fundamental conditions determining the direction in which the life of the natives is developing. It is not a question of one single manifestation or another, since whatever we may find anywhere as custom or practice is only part of an entire system, intimately connected also with the intellectual life of the people.
The Use of the Vernacular in Education in Africa
Authors: Schmidt P. W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOur Institute should, from the very beginning of its activities, both in connexion with languages and with the cultures of the African native, bear in mind its ultimate aim, and not be satisfied with the mere introduction of more or less casual individual measures. This should not be interpreted as the pedantry of the German professor, nor should the contention be put forward that British experience goes to prove that such matters must be dealt with as they arise without considering future possibilities too seriously. In my opinion it is, on contrary, typically British to take distant ultimate aims into consideration at an early stage of the proceedings, and to bear them in mind while maintaining flexibility in the intermediate stages and adapting them on a wide scale to present contingencies.
La Renaissance de l'Olivier et la Propriété foncière dans l'Afrique du Nord
Authors: de Lacharrière J. Ladreit 
Published: April 2006

L'Olivier, très vieil arbre. Il en est peu qui puisse s'enorgueillir d'une tradition si ancienne et si humaine: un de ses rameaux dans le bee de la colombe n'annonçait-il pas à Noé la fin de la colère divine?Sur tout le pourtour de la Méditerranée, l'olivier trouve des conditions favorables dans les sols considérés comme les plus arides aussi bien que sur les terres les plus riches. Il est en Syrie, en Anatolie, en Italie, en Provence, en Espagne; Athènes en a fait l'attribut de sa marraine, la sage Pallas; les rives redoutées de l'Afrique septentrionale en sont couvertes comme par contraste, car l'arbre de paix a fructifié au milieu des pires complications de l'histoire, de celles déterminées par le seul goût des rapines qui, pendant des siécles, a poussé les tribus pillardes à dévaster villes et campagnes, les pirates barbaresques à écumer la mer.
The West African Students' Union: A Study in Culture Contact
Authors: Garigue Philip 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis study of a specific instance of culture contact, that provided by the situation of West African students in Britain, is limited to a discussion and analysis of their association in the West African Students' Union. The fact of common geographical origin partly explains the formation of such a Union, for the same reason as United States, Canadian, South African, and other large groups of students living in Britain have become so organized. But this would ignore the situation of colour prejudice facing coloured students in Britain, and also their colonial status in relation to Britain. Because of this determining characteristic of being an association of coloured colonial students, the West African Students' Union has developed, throughout its history, certain features not normally found among students' unions, and which are reminiscent of ‘protest movements’. The analysis which is presented here seeks to determine the reasons why West African students organized themselves into the West African Students' Union from 1926 onwards. It is unfortunately not possible to do more here than touch briefly upon the major changes which took place during that time, but as most of the data here presented have not hitherto been published, enough details have been included to give an idea of the manner in which members of the West African Students' Union responded to the situation of culture contact. The paper is divided into two parts: first, an historical account of the type of ideas held by the members of the Union; and, secondly, a discussion of the reasons why West African students join the Union.
Ibadan Annual Festival
Authors: Parrinder E. G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIbadan is said to be the largest town in tropical Africa and is widely known as a rail and road junction, an air-port, and a large commercial and marketing centre. Ibadan is also a centre for education: it possesses primary, secondary, and training schools of various types, and has been chosen as the site of the new University College. There are about 50 churches in the town, and hundreds of mosques.
Le Marbat: Marché au Bétail de Louga
Authors: Robin J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLouga au Sénégal, à environ 60 km. s.s.e. de Saint-Louis, fut au siècle dernier la capitale d'une sorte de diocèse. Serigne Louga était alors considéré comme le chef religieux de tout le Ndiambour et avait, à ce titre, les honneurs du Moniteur du 25 décembre 1856. Il perdit cependant son autorité religieuse, et Louga du même coup sa notoriété, dans le naufrage de l'empire des Darnels. Louga n'était plus en 1905 qu'une maigre bourgade sans signification, lorsque se produisit un évènement qui allait étendre à tout le Sénégal, et même à la Mauritanie, sa renommée. C'est en effet cette année-là qu'un groupe d'hommes d'affaires entreprenants et astucieux, en tête desquels il faut citer Hamadou Barka, prit l'initiative de fonder le ‘Marbat’.
Comparative Masai Word List: Nilotic-Nilo-Hamitic-Masai-Hamitic-Semitic
Authors: Hohenberger J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe classification of Masai and the Nilo-Hamitic languages with the Hamitic and JL Semitic language groups is a problem which is engaging the attention of linguists at the present time. In 1948 M. A. Bryan and A. N. Tucker, of London, published a short linguistic survey: Distribution of the Nilotic and Nilo-Hamitic Languages of Africa In this survey the generally accepted view was put forward that the Nilo-Hamitic and Nilotic languages, though they have a number of common features, show considerable differences. This theory is attacked by J. H. Greenberg of Columbia University, New York. In his opinion the relationship of the Nilotic and the ‘Great Lakes’ languages is so close that he combines both groups in the ‘Southern Branch’, i.e. one of the seven sub-groups of his ‘Eastern Sudanic’ language family; he rejects the term ‘Nilo-Hamitic’. In Volume III of the Handbook of African Languages, Tucker and Bryan refute the criticism of Greenberg, and put forward arguments to justify the distinction between ‘Nilotic’ and ‘Nilo-Hamitic’ and the retention of the term ‘Hamitic’ in the second title. A quite different approach to the problem in question may be found in the publications of A. Drexel and L. Homburger.