bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS AND CORTICOSTEROIDS ON THE PITUITARY-GONADAL SYSTEM OF MALE RATS
Authors: ZOR U. , AILABOUNI H. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The mechanism by which combined treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and a corticosteroid reduces the weight of the accessory sex glands in intact rats by about one half has been studied. Phenelzine sulphate in combination with hydrocortisone acetate given for 30 days to ovariectomized rats reduced the pituitary stores of luteinizing hormone (LH) by 33%. Similar reductions in somatotrophic hormone, corticotrophin and thyroid-stimulating hormone content were found after comparable treatment, whereas luteotrophic hormone increased.
The increase of weight of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland produced by human chorionic gonadotrophin could be partly antagonized by the simultaneous administration of mebanazine and dexamethasone, but the action of testosterone on these glands in castrated animals was not inhibited. Interference with the production and effectiveness of LH is therefore the most likely mode of action by which these drugs effect the reduction of the weight of the accessory sex glands.
BIOASSAY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN RATS BY DETERMINATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM, URINARY 32P EXCRETION AND SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: TREACHER R. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Methods for assay of parathyroid hormone based on an increase in serum calcium concentration, urinary 32P excretion and serum alkaline phosphatase elevation in parathyroidectomized rats have been compared and modifications introduced to improve sensitivity, precision, speed and ease of manipulation.
Both the serum calcium and urinary 32P assay gave good precision (mean λ = 0·23 and 0·29, respectively) but by the serum calcium method less than 10 USP units of parathyroid hormone could not be detected, whereas the phosphaturic assay detects as little as 0·5 USP unit.
Both assays are simple to perform and each requires only 2 days to complete. They can be combined in a single design using the same animals.
Assays based on serum alkaline phosphatase levels in parathyroidectomized rats were not successful since it was impossible to produce a significant alteration in serum alkaline phosphatase by the administration of parathyroid hormone.
HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN NORMAL HUMAN PLACENTA FROM SIX WEEKS TO FORTY-TWO WEEKS OF GESTATION
Authors: HART D. McK. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Fifty-two normal human placentae from the 6th to the 42nd week of pregnancy were surveyed for 3α-, 3β-, 6β-, 11α-, 11β-, 12α-, 16α-, 16β-, 17α-, 17β-, 20β-, 21- and 24-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities.
Strong NAD-linked 3β-, 16β-, and 17β-HSD activities and moderate NADP-linked 3β-, 16β- and 17β-HSD activities were found in the villous trophoblast at all ages. Weak 3α- and weak or trace 6β- and 11β-HSD activities were found in the trophoblast of some placentae using NAD as cofactor, with no obvious age distribution. Moderate 17β-HSD activity, NAD-linked only, was found in the villous stroma and vasculature.
EFFECTS OF HYDROCORTISONE AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE ACTIVITY OF MAMMALIAN EPIDERMAL MELANOCYTES
Authors: SNELL R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of hydrocortisone acetate and adrenalectomy on the melanocytes and melanin in the skin of the anterior abdominal wall has been studied in pure black and pure red male guinea-pigs. The hormone was injected subcutaneously in doses of 1·6, 5 and 12·5 mg./day for 1 month into intact guinea-pigs and in doses of 2·5 mg./day into adrenalectomized guinea-pigs.
Biopsy specimens of skin were taken before and after the hormone treatment and were processed with the Dopa reagent; both skin sheets and vertical sections were examined. In the adrenalectomized animals a further specimen of skin was taken some time after the cessation of the hormone treatment.
Hydrocortisone and adrenalectomy produced no effect on the activity of the melanocytes. A statistical analysis of the melanocyte counts showed no change.
EFFECTS OF THE ANDROGEN ANTAGONIST CYPROTERONE ACETATE ON THE TESTICULAR STRUCTURE, SPERMATOGENESIS AND ACCESSORY SEXUAL GLANDS OF TESTOSTERONE-TREATED ADULT HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: NEUMANN F. , von BERSWORDT-WALLRABE R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The antagonistic action of 1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-Δ4,6-pregnadiene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-acetate (cyproterone acetate) to testosterone propionate (TP) on the testes and accessory glands was investigated in hypophysectomized adult male rats. Treatment of the animals began on the day of hypophysectomy and was continued for 21 days.
Daily subcutaneous injections of 0·3 or 1·5 mg. TP/100 g. body weight almost completely inhibited testicular atrophy and involution of the germinal epithelium.
Simultaneous administration of 0·3 mg. oestradiol/100 g. body weight did not influence the effect of testosterone propionate.
Cyproterone acetate inhibited the effect of testosterone propionate. The extent of inhibition was dose dependent. The antagonism to testosterone was manifested by reduction of testicular weight and by the inhibition of spermiogenesis. The latest stages of spermiogenesis were primarily influenced.
Intratesticular cyproterone acetate together with subcutaneous administration of TP caused similar effects in the testes to those of subcutaneous administration. However, regression of the germinal epithelium in the injected testis seemed to be more pronounced than in the contralateral testis.
The effects of TP on the accessory sex glands (prostate, seminal vesicles) were inhibited by simultaneous administration of cyproterone acetate. It is concluded that cyproterone acetate competitively inhibits the action of testosterone propionate on the target organs.
IODINATED CONSTITUENTS OF PLASMA OF NORMAL SUBJECTS AND OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: SHALOM E. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for the fractionation and estimation of iodine-containing constituents in the plasma, by means of preferential precipitation and elution. The plasma of 11 normal subjects and 22 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis was analysed. Two significant findings emerged, namely, the presence of iodinated tyrosines and a decrease in the level of plasma inorganic iodide in thyrotoxicosis. The factors determining the concentration of plasma inorganic iodide are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF UREA ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GONADOTROPHINS OF PLACENTAL, ENDOMETRIAL AND URINARY ORIGIN
Authors: VISUTAKUL PACHARA , BELL E. T. , LORAINE J. A. , FISHER R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) were incubated with varying concentrations of urea at different temperatures for different times.
The luteinizing hormone (LH) activity of HCG was progressively destroyed with increasing concentrations of urea. The degree of inactivation was greater at higher temperatures but the time of incubation did not affect the results.
The follicle-stimulating activity of PMSG was reduced at high urea concentrations; the time of incubation was without effect.
Under the experimental conditions used the LH activity of HMG was generally destroyed to a greater extent than its follicle-stimulating hormone activity.
OVARIAN HORMONES AND GROOMING BEHAVIOUR IN THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: MICHAEL R. P. , HERBERT J. , WELEGALLA J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Grooming behaviour was studied quantitatively by observing pairs of oppositely sexed, adult rhesus monkeys during regular hourly test sessions over 2 yr.; at all other times the animals were caged singly. Rhythmic fluctuations in both male and female grooming occurred in relation to the menstrual cycle; the grooming times of males reached a maximum near mid-cycle, at which time the females' grooming was at a minimum. In some pairs, there were additional changes in the grooming times immediately before menstruation in the same direction as those near mid-cycle. Bilateral ovariectomy of the female of the pair abolished all rhythmic variations and reduced the grooming of the males. Subcutaneous injections of oestradiol into the ovariectomized female restored the grooming of males to the levels seen near mid-cycle. The subsequent addition of progesterone partially, but always consistently, antagonized the effects of oestradiol. Analysis of the hormone-induced alterations in grooming behaviour indicates a primary influence on the effectiveness of the grooming invitations of females, the proportion accepted by males increasing with oestradiol administration. These findings indicate that endocrine factors play a role in regulating grooming activity which constitutes an important aspect of the social behaviour of primates.
THE RELEASE OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONE BY SOUND
Authors: OGLE C. W. , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thunderclaps, recorded and replayed, and a sound frequency of 150 cyc./sec. at 98–100 decibels increased the urinary excretion of Na+ and K+ of normal but not of neurohypophysectomized rats; 150 cyc./sec. also increased urine flow. The urinary changes induced by a sound frequency of 150 cyc./sec. closely resembled those caused by the s.c. injection of 4 m-u. oxytocin.
Adrenaline hydrochloride, 0·5–10 μg./100 g. body weight, given s.c., caused antidiuresis, and reduced urinary Na+ and K+; 40 μg. adrenaline increased urine flow, and Na+ and K+ excretion. The Na:K ratio in the urine rose as the dose of adrenaline was increased.
The effect of 5 μg. adrenaline/100 g. given s.c. to rats with denervated kidneys was much the same as that of 40 μg./100 g. in unoperated rats.
Five μg. adrenaline, given subcutaneously, completely antagonized the urinary changes induced by 4 m-u. oxytocin in normal, and adrenalectomized rats, and in animals with denervated kidneys or treated with propylthiouracil. However, the oxytocin-induced kaliuresis in neurohypophysectomized rats was not antagonized.
Vasopressin, 0·2–3·0 m-u. s.c., caused antidiuresis without changes in urinary Na+ and K+ excretion; 6·0 m-u. delayed water excretion markedly and increased urinary Na+ and K+ output.
The urinary changes induced by replayed thunder were attributable to the release of oxytocin together with a lesser amount of vasopressin. By contrast a sound frequency of 150 cyc./sec. probably released oxytocin alone.
THE ROLE OF PLASMA FREE FATTY ACIDS IN THE ELEVATION OF PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS PRODUCED BY ADRENALINE
Authors: BARRETT A. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline, corticotrophin (ACTH), cortisol and corticosterone on the levels of blood lipids have been studied in dogs and rats. Blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and corticosteroids were determined 4 hr. after injection. Plasma cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides were determined 24 hr. after the last of three daily treatments. In some experiments an oral glucose load was given at the same time as the hormones. In dogs plasma FFA were increased by adrenaline and noradrenaline, decreased by ACTH plus glucose and not affected by ACTH alone. Gradual rises in the lipoprotein levels of dogs were produced by any of the hormones given and followed acute rises in corticosteroid concentration regardless of the acute changes in plasma FFA. In rats plasma FFA were increased by adrenaline and ACTH, decreased by glucose and not affected by ACTH plus glucose. It was not possible to produce rises in lipoprotein by administering adrenaline or ACTH to rats. Exogenous corticosteroids produced increases in the cholesterol and phospholipid levels. The effects of corticosterone were potentiated by oral glucose but cortisol produced a full effect without extra glucose. The FFA responses to subcutaneous adrenaline in rats were reduced by adrenalectomy, but the increases in plasma FFA produced by intravenous infusion of adrenaline or ACTH were similar in adrenalectomized and intact rats. It was concluded that changes in lipoproteins are not causally related to increased mobilization of FFA but are dependent on increased adrenocortical hormone secretion in the presence of excess carbohydrate.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS AND LACTOGENESIS IN FEMINIZED MALE RATS
Authors: NEUMANN F. , ELGER W. , von BERSWORDT-WALLRABE R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male rats which had been prenatally under the influence of the androgenantagonist cyproterone acetate (1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-Δ4,6-pregnadiene-17α-ol-3,20-dione-17α-acetate) developed nipples, teat ducts, a complete gland cistern, main milk ducts, and mammary glands. As shown by histological criteria, lactogenesis was induced in these feminized rats with adequate hormone therapy after orchidectomy when adult. The mammae contained secretion and were indistinguishable from those of nulliparous female controls under identical hormone treatment. Since male rats have no teats, it was concluded that normally the anlagen for the mammary adnexa are prevented by foetal androgens from undergoing complete female organogenesis.
It seems that in male rat foetuses cyproterone acetate prevents endogenous testosterone from producing the incomplete organogenesis with athelia and without adnexa that normally occurs in the male mamma.
THE EFFECT OF COPPER AND FLUORIDE ON THE BONE OF MICE TREATED WITH PARATHYROID HORMONE
Authors: HAVIVI E. , GUGGENHEIM K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Young mice were injected with 12 units of parathyroid hormone/10 g. body weight, and ash, calcium, phosphorus and uptake of radioactive calcium in their femurs were determined. Administration of the hormone resulted in a decrease of bone ash, calcium and phosphorus, and increased incorporation of radioactive calcium. These results point to the possibility that calcium turnover in bone may be increased after treatment with parathyroid hormone and that bone destruction is more intensive than formation.
Supplementation of the diet with 10–40 mg. copper or 10–50 mg. fluorine/kg. diet counteracted the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone. The highest doses of copper and fluorine used abolished the effect of the hormone completely.
The possible mechanisms of action of these elements are discussed.
ONTOGENY OF THE HYPOPHYSIAL GROWTH-PROMOTING ACTIVITY IN THE CHICK
Authors: ENEMAR A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The appearance of the growth-promoting activity in the cephalic lobe and the caudal lobe of the pars distalis in the chick embryo was investigated by tests on tadpoles. Activity was first found in the caudal lobe of the chick embryo after incubation for 15 days. No growth-promoting activity could be demonstrated in the cephalic lobe, which, on the contrary, had a significant inhibiting effect on the weight gain of tadpoles when obtained before the 15th day of incubation. The appearance of growth-promoting activity in the caudal lobe coincides with the appearance of the so-called A1-cells in this lobe.
CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN THE PITUITARY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL DURING AN OVULATORY CYCLE
Authors: HEALD P. J. , FURNIVAL B. E. , ROOKLEDGE K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The quantities of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary glands of the domestic fowl have been measured during an ovulatory cycle using the method of ovarian ascorbic acid depletion. Extracts of avian anterior pituitary were qualitatively similar to a standard preparation of HCG in this test and the activity was destroyed by treatment with urea.
During the ovulatory cycle the levels of LH in the pituitary underwent two major changes, being high at the point of ovulation, falling and remaining low for 6 hr. after ovulation and then rising to a second peak 8 hr. before the next ovulation. The levels decreased rapidly and remained low until at least 2 hr. before ovulation. It is suggested that the variations in pituitary LH content are the result of suppression of release by ovarian hormones produced by the maturing follicles.
INTRASPLENIC IMPLANTS OF OESTRADIOL AND UTERINE GROWTH IN INFANTILE AND PUBERTAL RATS
Authors: DONOVAN B. T. , O'KEEFFE MARY C. , O'KEEFFE HELEN T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The capacity of the liver of the infantile female rat to inactivate oestradiol has been tested by comparison of the effect on the weight of the uterus of β-oestradiol implanted into the spleen or kidney of spayed litter-mate females. Sham-operated, spayed and initial controls were also used. The operations were carried out at daily intervals between 21 and 55 days of age and the animals were killed 5 days later.
As shown by low uterine weights β-oestradiol carried to the liver from the spleen was inactivated at all ages studied.
This result differs from that obtained in previous work employing autotransplants of ovarian tissue to the spleen or kidney and it is suggested that the metabolism of oestradiol differs from that of the hormones secreted by ovary of the prepubertal rat. The spectrum of steroids released before puberty may not be the same as that produced after sexual maturation.
THE EFFECT OF NORETHANDROLONE (NILEVAR) ON SERUM PROTEINS IN THE FEMALE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: REED MAY 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of norethandrolone, (Nilevar, 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone) an anabolic steroid, on the pattern of serum proteins in the adult female guinea-pig was examined. After separation of the serum proteins by starch gel electrophoresis and estimation by transmission densitometry it was found that daily subcutaneous injections of the steroid for 3 weeks led to a decrease in β-globulin. The steroid had little effect on the total serum proteins, albumin or total globulins. Estimation of the rate of turnover of 131I-labelled serum proteins showed no difference between a group of guinea-pigs treated with norethandrolone and their controls treated with the oil vehicle only.
THE ACTION OF OXYTOCIN AND SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES ON THE ISOLATED MAMMARY-GLAND MYOEPITHELIUM OF THE LACTATING RAT; EFFECT OF SOME IONS
Authors: POLÁČEK I. , KREJČÍ I. , RUDINGER J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The contractile response of mammary-gland strips from lactating rats to oxytocin varied with the concentration of calcium ions in the organ bath; calcium could be partially substituted by strontium but not by magnesium. High concentrations of potassium did not substantially affect the response to oxytocin. In these and several other respects the mammary gland myoepithelium resembles uterine smooth muscle, notwithstanding the differences in morphology and embryonal origin.
The effects of 12 synthetic analogues of oxytocin modified in sequence positions 1, 2, and 3 of the peptide chain on the rat mammary-gland strip were examined. None of the analogues showed a higher potency than oxytocin. However, the mammary-gland strip was less sensitive to the structural changes represented in this series of analogues than the rat uterus in vitro. The action of some of the analogues on the mammary-gland strip differs from that of oxytocin in the time-course of the response.
THE UPTAKE AND LOCALIZATION OF [6,7-3H]OESTRADIOL-17β IN TISSUES OF MALE SYRIAN HAMSTERS
Authors: STEGGLES A. W. , KING R. J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake, metabolism and intracellular localization of [6,7-3H]oestradiol-17β in male hamster kidneys and liver have been studied. Three doses of [6,7-3H]oestradiol were injected, and tissues were removed 30 min. and 4 hr. later. The tissue radioactivity was separated into 'free', 'glucosiduronide', 'sulphate' and 'polar' fractions. Most of the radioactivity was associated with the 'polar' fraction. Oestrone and oestradiol were identified in liver and kidney. Cell fractionation showed that most of the radioactivity was in the 'soluble' fraction. Neither the amount of [6,7-3H]oestradiol injected nor the time after injection at which the tissues were taken affected the metabolites or their intracellular location.
GONADOTROPHIN-INHIBITING PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN-ACETONE EXTRACTS OF HUMAN URINE
Authors: HIPKIN L. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pooled urine from various groups of human subjects was extracted by the kaolin-acetone procedure of Albert (A procedure) and that of Loraine & Brown (L-B procedure). Two to three times as much solid was obtained with the L-B procedure. When the biological activity of the extracts was compared by the mouse uterine weight assay, they had similar potencies when the assay was conducted with small doses of extract. When larger doses of extract were used the A extract was 2·25 times as active as the L-B extract. Extracts obtained by both procedures contained gonadotrophin inhibiting material, but the L-B extract was 3·5 times more active in this respect. It was concluded that this was the reason for the apparent difference in response to the extracts at the higher dosage.
Gel filtration studies indicated that NaOH elution from kaolin and precipitation with 5 vol. acetone (as used in the L-B procedure), extracted more gonadotrophin-inhibiting material. Since this material was without gonadotrophic activity, NH4OH elution with 2 vol. acetone precipitation (as used in the A procedure) is preferable for urine extraction before gonadotrophin assays.
NEURAL FACTORS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RAT
Authors: EDWARDSON J. A. , EAYRS J. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The role of the peripheral innervation of mammary tissue in the maintenance of lactation has been investigated by the procedure of selective thelectomy combined with denervation of the posterior thoracic nipples.
When suckling is restricted to a single pair of nipples bilateral transection of the three adjacent nerves supplying a nipple arrests lactation completely; partial denervation is associated with a reduced level of lactational performance which is directly related to the concentration of the residual innervation.
Increase in litter size is associated with an overall increase in milk-yield up to a limit beyond which the addition of further young to the litter is without effect.
It is inferred that there is a quantitative relationship between the neural stimulus of suckling and the endocrine response of the hypothalamopituitary system.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND CORTICOTROPHIN ON THE RENAL SENSITIVITY TO ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Authors: BAUMAN J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and solute-free water reabsorption (TcH2O) were measured in anaesthetized intact and hypophysectomized rats and in hypophysectomized rats treated with corticotrophin (ACTH). GFR and RPF were measured by [14C]inulin and [3H]p-aminohippuric acid clearances. In agreement with previous reports, these two functions were found to be reduced by hypophysectomy. Infusion of vasopressin increased TcH2O in the intact rat but failed to produce a significant change in the hypophysectomized rat. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with ACTH restored the effects of vasopressin on TcH2O. ACTH also increased the RPF of hypophysectomized rats to normal values, but only partially restored GFR.
THE ACTION OF AN ANTI-ANDROGENIC STEROID, 17α-METHYL-B-NORTESTOSTERONE, ON SEBUM SECRETION IN RATS TREATED WITH TESTOSTERONE
Authors: EBLING F. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An anti-androgenic steroid, 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone was shown to reduce sebum production in spayed female rats treated simultaneously with testosterone. The sebum production was assessed by measuring the increase in the amount of ether-extractable hair fat over a period of 8 days immediately after washing the rats. Testosterone increased the secretion of sebum mainly by stimulating mitosis in the sebaceous glands and it was shown that the anti-androgenic steroid acted at this site, i.e. by suppressing mitosis. These effects were in contrast to the action of oestradiol which also depressed sebaceous activity, but appeared to do so by interfering with synthesis in the sebaceous cells.