bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phonology of German /R/
Authors: Hall Tracy Alan 
Published: October 2008

The German uvular /R/ probably shows more surface variation than any other segment in the language. (1) illustrates that /R/ has a vocalic allophone [A], which can surface either as a glide or a vowel, a sonorant consonant allophone, which is pronounced as a uvular trill or approximant, and two obstruent allophones:In the present study I focus on the rules producing the consonantal allophones of /R/ in both Standard German and in certain dialects of the Lower Rhineland (henceforth LRG).
Final Lowering in Kipare
Authors: Herman Rebecca 
Published: October 2008

In many languages, fundamental frequency shows a marked decrease utterance-finally or phrase-finally. Ladefoged (1982) generalises that ‘in nearly all languages the completion of a grammatical unit such as a normal sentence is signaled by a falling pitch’. Bolinger (1978) also writes that ‘the most widely diffused intonational phenomenon seems to be the tendency to “go down at the end”’. These sorts of abrupt decreases which affect only the end of the utterance (known as FINAL LOWERING) are distinct from gradual decreases in fundamental frequency over the course of the entire utterance (known as DECLINATION). Bolinger (1978) notes the same distinction, characterising it as the difference between ‘a rapid downward motion at the very end, usually if not always associated with a terminal accent’ and ‘downward drift from a high beginning’. Final lowering as distinct from declination is documented in Japanese by Poser (1984) and by Pierrehumbert & Beckman (1988); in English by Liberman & Pierrehumbert (1984); in Dutch by Gussenhoven & Rietveld (1988); in Danish by Thorsen (1985); in Yoruba by Connell & Ladd (1990) and by Laniran (1992); and in Kikuyu by Clements & Ford (1981) (although not all authors use the exact terminology presented here).Analyses of final lowering range from attributing final lowering to changes in tonal categories (discussed below in §4) to attributing final lowering to compression of the pitch range in the last section of the sentence (discussed below in §5.1). Tone languages provide an interesting testing ground for analyses of final lowering. Careful experimental study, controlling for the position of a tone from the beginning and from the end of a sentence, is one way to begin to sort out the effects of various factors such as declination and final lowering on fundamental frequency.
On a Form of Coordinate Percolation
Authors: MOSEMAN ELIZABETH R. , WINKLER PETER 
Published: October 2008

Let ai,bi, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . be drawn uniformly and independently from the unit interval, and let t be a fixed real number. Let a site (i, j) ∈ $\N^2$ be open if ai + bj ≤ t, and closed otherwise. We obtain a simple, exact expression for the probability Θ(t) that there is an infinite path (oriented or not) of open sites, containing the origin. Θ(t) is continuous and has continuous first derivative except at the critical point (t=1), near which it has critical exponent (3 − $\sqrt{5}$)/2.
Less beloved. Roman archaeology, slavery and the failure to compare
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: October 2008

AbstractModern and ancient historians have long been willing to engage in the comparative analysis of ancient and modern slave-owning societies, yet archaeologists of both the Greek and Roman worlds have been far less willing to do the same. To the extent that they study slavery at all, they do so almost entirely within Graeco-Roman spatial and temporal confines. Taking Roman slavery as its starting point, this contribution attempts to remove some of the hurdles that archaeologists have placed in the way of a comparative analysis of slavery, and offers some suggestions for new ways forward.
The politics of an archaeology of global captivity
Authors: Mullins Paul R. 
Published: October 2008

In 1922 Carter Woodson lay a brief but nevertheless sweeping foundation for a history of captivity that reached into the earliest recesses of the classical world. Invoking the classical paragons of democracy, Woodson argued (1922, 15) that slavery
was once the normal condition of the majority of the inhabitants of the world. In many countries slaves outnumbered freemen three to one. Greece and Rome, the most civilized of the ancient nations in which the so-called democracy of that day had its best opportunity, were not exceptions to this rule.
Woodson rhetorically turned to Greece and Rome to illuminate the contradictions of American democracy and underscore the profound inequality that has existed within democratic states from their very creation, painting captivity as a nearly timeless institution.
Ambiguity and contradiction in the archaeology of slavery
Authors: Hall Martin 
Published: October 2008

Jane Webster has made an eloquent and compelling case for writing slavery – and other forms of unfree labour – back into the historiography of the Roman world. Her argument weaves together questions of the nature of evidence, the principles of comparative study and the politics of disciplinary practice. My own concern has been with the archaeology of European colonialism and the postcolony in South Africa, several oceans and more than a millennium away from the Roman world (Hall 1992; 1999; 2000). Webster bridges this divide through a direct question: ‘it would be interesting to know whether Hall himself would feel that the “fact of slavery” . . . might generate recognizably similar material statements among other slave-owning peoples in other periods, including ancient ones’ (p. 112). This is to respond to this question, and to tease out some of the provocative implications in Webster's sense of the possibilities inherent in a wider archaeological frame of enquiry.
Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands
Authors: Wentink Karsten 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an important role in TRB cosmology.
Coinage at Lattara. Using archaeological context to understand ancient coins
Authors: Luley Benjamin P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Celtic-speaking town of Lattara (modern Lattes) in Iron Age southern Gaul was an important centre of sustained colonial interaction with Etruscans, Massalian Greeks and Romans from the sixth century B.C. One of the important consequences of these encounters was the introduction of coinage. Through an examination of the archaeological context of coins, I investigate how the use and value of money changed at Lattara after the Roman conquest. Drawing upon several anthropological discussions of money in colonial settings, particularly Jean and John Commaroff's (2006) notion of ‘commensuration’, I suggest that the incorporation of coinage into transaction systems at Lattara was related to its expedience as a standardized form of value, which facilitated exchange between the inhabitants of the town and foreign merchants.
Nosocomial Infection After Septic Shock Among Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Landelle Caroline , Lepape Alain , Français Adrien , Tognet Eve , Thizy Hélène , Voirin Nicolas , Timsit Jean François , Monneret Guillaume , Vanhems Philippe 
Published: October 2008

Objectives.To measure the incidence of nosocomial infection (NI) among patients with septic shock according to the place of septic shock acquisition and to evaluate the increase in the risk of pulmonary infection associated with septic shock.Design.Prospective cohort study.Setting.TWO intensive care units (ICUs) of a French university hospital.Patients and Methods.The study included a total of 209 septic shock patients during the period December 1, 2001 through April 30, 2005. The place of septic shock acquisition for 108 patients was the community; for 87, the hospital; and for 14, the ICU. To evaluate the impact of septic shock on the development of pulmonary infection, a competitive and adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) model was applied to nontrauma ICU patients.Results.Among the 209 study patients, 48 (23%) experienced 66 NIs after septic shock. There was no significant difference in the NI attack rates according to place of acquisition: for the community acquisition group, 24 cases per 100 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 16-32); for the hospital acquisition group, 20 cases per 100 patients (95% CI, 11-28); and for the ICU acquisition group, 36 cases per 100 patients (95% CI, 11-61) (P = .3). For nontrauma ICU patients, the presence of community-acquired septic shock was found to be independently associated with a higher incidence of pulmonary infection, compared with the absence of septic shock (aHR, 2.12 [95% CI, 1.08-4.16]; P = .03).Conclusions.The risk of NI did not differ by the place of septic shock acquisition. The risk of pulmonary infection was higher for ICU patients with community-acquired septic shock who were admitted for underlying nontrauma disease. Studies are needed to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms that facilitate pulmonary infection in this population, taking into account exposure to invasive devices and immunosuppression after the initial phase of septic shock.
Efficacy of Pre-harvest Fungicide Applications and Cold Storage for Postharvest Control of Botrytis Fruit Rot (Gray Mold) on Red Raspberry
Authors: Ellis M. A. , Madden L. V. , Wright S. R. , Wilson L. L. 
Published: October 2008

Applications of the fungicides Elevate 50WG and Switch 62.5WG to red raspberry prior to harvest were evaluated for post-harvest control of fruit rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea. Fungicides were applied three times during bloom only, three times pre-harvest (post-bloom) only, or six times full season (bloom through harvest), and symptomless fruit (at harvest) were incubated for 8 days in either cold storage (4°C) or at room temperature (23°C). Without fungicide, between 6 and 29% of the fruit had rot symptoms after 2 days of storage at room temperature over the 2 years of testing; after 8 days, 74 and 85% of the fruit had symptoms at room temperature. Zero and 12% of fruit had symptoms with 2 days of cold storage when plants were not treated with fungicide, and rot incidence increased to 9 and 60% at 8 days of cold storage over the 2 years. All fungicide treatments significantly reduced post-harvest fruit rot compared to the control (six water sprays). Applications of fungicide only at bloom generally had higher fruit rot incidence than found for the pre-harvest and full season fungicide programs. Results indicate that pre-harvest (post-bloom) fungicide sprays are beneficial for control of post-harvest Botrytis fruit rot, especially when coupled with cold-temperature storage. Accepted for publication 8 August 2008. Published 15 October 2008.
Transcriptomic and Reverse Genetic Analysesof Branched-Chain Fatty Acid and Acyl Sugar Production inSolanum pennelliiandNicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Slocombe Stephen P. , Schauvinhold Ines , McQuinn Ryan P. , Besser Katrin , Welsby Nicholas A. , Harper Andrea , Aziz Naveed , Li Yi , Larson Tony R. , Giovannoni James , Dixon Richard A. , Broun Pierre 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAcyl sugars containing branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are exuded by glandular trichomes of many species in Solanaceae, having an important defensive role against insects. From isotope-feeding studies, two modes of BCFA elongation have been proposed: (1) fatty acid synthase-mediated two-carbon elongation in the high acyl sugar-producing tomato species Solanum pennellii and Datura metel; and (2) α-keto acid elongation-mediated one-carbon increments in several tobacco (Nicotiana) species and a Petunia species. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying BCFAs and acyl sugar production in trichomes, we have taken a comparative genomic approach to identify critical enzymatic steps followed by gene silencing and metabolite analysis in S. pennellii and Nicotiana benthamiana. Our study verified the existence of distinct mechanisms of acyl sugar synthesis in Solanaceae. From microarray analyses, genes associated with α-keto acid elongation were found to be among the most strongly expressed in N. benthamiana trichomes only, supporting this model in tobacco species. Genes encoding components of the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase complex were expressed at particularly high levels in trichomes of both species, and we show using virus-induced gene silencing that they are required for BCFA production in both cases and for acyl sugar synthesis in N. benthamiana. Functional analysis by down-regulation of specific KAS I genes and cerulenin inhibition indicated the involvement of the fatty acid synthase complex in BCFA production in S. pennellii. In summary, our study highlights both conserved and divergent mechanisms in the production of important defense compounds in Solanaceae and defines potential targets for engineering acyl sugar production in plants for improved pest tolerance.
EVOLUTIONARY CHARACTER ANALYSIS: TRACING CHARACTER CHANGE ON A CLADOGRAM
Authors: Mickevich M. F. , Weller S. J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— There has been little formal discussion concerning character analysis in cladistics, even though characters and their character state trees are central to phylogenetic analyses. We refer to this field as Evolutionary Character Analysis. This paper defines the components of evolutionary character analysis: character state trees, transmodal characters, cladogram characters, attribute and character phylogenies; and the use of these components in phylogenetic inference and evolutionary studies.Character state trees and their effect on cladogram construction are discussed. A new method for numerically coding complex character state trees is described that further reduces the number of variables required to describe them. This method, ordinal coding, reduces the size of data matrices, and facilitates retrieval of state codes. This paper advocates the use of both biological evidence and evidence internal to the cladogram itself to construct character state trees (CSTs). We discuss general models of character evolution (morphocline analysis, Fitch minimum mutation model, etc.) and their role in forming CSTs. Character state trees formed with theories of character evolution are referred to as transmodal characters. These transmodal characters are contrasted with cladogram characters (Mickevich, 1982), and the place of each in a phylogenetic analysis is discussed. The method for determining cladogram characters is detailed with more complicated examples than found in previous publications. We advocate testing transmodal characters by comparing them with the resultant cladogram characters. This comparison involves transformation series analysis (TSA; Mickevich, 1982) which is viewed as an extension of reciprocal illumination. The TSA procedure and its place in hypothesis testing are reviewed.Tracing the evolution of characters interests both systematists and non‐systematists alike. When character state trees (transmodal characters) are optimized on pre‐existing phylogenies, character phylogenies and attribute phylogenies result. Attributes are defined as a feature that may or may not be homologous (i.e., ecological categories, plant hosts, etc.). We provide two illustrations of this approach, one involving the evolution of the anuran ear and another involving the coevolution of the butterfly Heliconius and its hostplants.Finally, the components of phylogenetic character analysis can be used to test more general evolutionary theories such as the biogenetic law and vicariance biogeography.
Radiology of the normal canine thorax*
Authors: DOUGLAS S. W. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe interpretation of chest radiographs is dependent on good radiographic technique and on a knowledge of the normal radiological appearance of the component structures of the thoracic cavity (rib cage, pleural cavity, lungs, bronchial tree and mediastinum); these aspects are described.Résumé. L'interprétation d'une radiographie thoracique dépend du perfectionnement de la technique radiographique et de la connaissance des aspects norrnaux radiologiques des formations complexes de la cavité thoracique (cage thoracique, cavité pleurale, poumons, arbre bronchique et médiastin); on décrit ces divers aspects.Zusammenfassung. Die Interpretierung von Röntgenaufnahmen des Brustraums hängt von guten radiographischen Methoden und der Kenntnis der normalen radiologischen Erscheinung der den Brustraum erfüllenden Strukturen ab (Rippen, Pleuralraurn, Lungen, Bronchien und Mediastinum); diese Aspekte werden beschrieben.
Murein Hydrolase Activity in the Surface Layer of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
ATCC 4356
Authors: Prado Acosta Mariano , Palomino María Mercedes , Allievi Mariana C. , Rivas Carmen Sanchez , Ruzal Sandra M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

We describe a new enzymatic functionality for the surface layer (S-layer) of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
ATCC 4356, namely, an endopeptidase activity against the cell wall of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Newport, assayed via zymograms and identified by Western blotting. Based on amino acid sequence comparisons, the hydrolase activity was predicted to be located at the C terminus. Subsequent cloning and expression of the C-terminal domain in
Bacillus subtilis
resulted in the functional verification of the enzymatic activity.
Influence of High Pressure on the Dimerization of ToxR, a Protein Involved in Bacterial Signal Transduction
Authors: Linke Kai , Periasamy Nagarajan , Ehrmann Matthias , Winter Roland , Vogel Rudi F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is suggested to influence the structure and function of membranes and/or integrated proteins. We demonstrate for the first time HHP-induced dimer dissociation of membrane proteins in vivo with
Vibrio cholerae
ToxR variants in
Escherichia coli
reporter strains carrying
ctx
::
lacZ
fusions. Dimerization ceased at 20 to 50 MPa depending on the nature of the transmembrane segments rather than on changes in the ToxR lipid bilayer environment.
Moraxella catarrhalis
M35 Is a General Porin That Is Important for Growth under Nutrient-Limiting Conditions and in the Nasopharynges of Mice
Authors: Easton Donna M. , Maier Elke , Benz Roland , Foxwell A. Ruth , Cripps Allan W. , Kyd Jennelle M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Moraxella catarrhalis
is a gram-negative respiratory pathogen that is an important causative agent for otitis media and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We have previously predicted the outer membrane protein M35 to be a general porin, and in the current study, we have investigated the function of M35 and its importance for survival of
M. catarrhalis
in vivo. Lipid bilayer experiments reveal that refolded M35 functions as a channel that is typical of gram-negative bacterial porins. M35 forms wide and water-filled channels with a single-channel conductance of about 1.25 nS in 1 M KCl solution and has only a small selectivity for cations over anions. When the in vitro growth characteristics of two M35 deletion mutant strains of
M. catarrhalis
were compared to the wild-type parent isolates, the growth of the mutant strains was inhibited only under nutrient-poor conditions. This growth defect could be eliminated by additional glutamic acid, but not additional aspartic acid, glycine, sucrose, or glucose. The mutant strains compensated for the lack of M35 by enhancing their uptake of glutamic acid, and this enhanced rate of glutamic acid uptake was attributed to the compensatory upregulation of a protein of approximately 40 kDa. M35 was also found to be essential for nasal colonization of mice, demonstrating that its presence is essential for survival of
M. catarrhalis
in vivo. These results suggest that M35 is a general porin that is necessary for the uptake of important energy sources by
M. catarrhalis
and that it is likely that M35 is an essential functional protein for in vivo colonization.
Hierarchical Regulation of Photosynthesis Gene Expression by the Oxygen-Responsive PrrBA and AppA-PpsR Systems of
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Gomelsky Larissa , Moskvin Oleg V. , Stenzel Rachel A. , Jones Denise F. , Donohue Timothy J. , Gomelsky Mark 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

In the facultatively phototrophic proteobacterium
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
, formation of the photosynthetic apparatus is oxygen dependent. When oxygen tension decreases, the response regulator PrrA of the global two-component PrrBA system is believed to directly activate transcription of the
puf
,
puh
, and
puc
operons, encoding structural proteins of the photosynthetic complexes, and to indirectly upregulate the photopigment biosynthesis genes
bch
and
crt
. Decreased oxygen also results in inactivation of the photosynthesis-specific repressor PpsR, bringing about derepression of the
puc
,
bch
, and
crt
operons. We uncovered a hierarchical relationship between these two regulatory systems, earlier thought to function independently. We also more accurately assessed the spectrum of gene targets of the PrrBA system. First, expression of the
appA
gene, encoding the PpsR antirepressor, is PrrA dependent, which establishes one level of hierarchical dominance of the PrrBA system over AppA-PpsR. Second, restoration of the
appA
transcript to the wild-type level is insufficient for rescuing phototrophic growth impairment of the
prrA
mutant, whereas inactivation of
ppsR
is sufficient. This suggests that in addition to controlling
appA
transcription, PrrA affects the activity of the AppA-PpsR system via an as yet unidentified mechanism(s). Third, PrrA directly activates several
bch
and
crt
genes, traditionally considered to be the PpsR targets. Therefore, in
R. sphaeroides
, the global PrrBA system regulates photosynthesis gene expression (i) by rigorous control over the photosynthesis-specific AppA-PpsR regulatory system and (ii) by extensive direct transcription activation of genes encoding structural proteins of photosynthetic complexes as well as genes encoding photopigment biosynthesis enzymes.