bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HOMOGENIZING RATE OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Tiede R. L. , Tooley F. V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDensity‐spread determinations were made on a series of melts of a soda‐lime‐silica glass prepared at temperatures ranging from 1232° to 1454°C. for a four‐hour period in the absence of furnace refractory and under conditions of minimum convection mixing. A sharp drop in density spread in the range 1232° to 1288°C., a minimum at about 1325°C., and a slowly increasing density spread at temperatures above 1325°C. were observed.The portion of glass responsible for the major part of the density spread was found to be concentrated in the top half of the glass at both 1232° and 1454°C. At the higher temperature, the improvement in the homogeneity of the bottom layer was more marked than that observed in the top layer as compared with the results obtained on the lower‐temperature melt. The density spread of the glass in the bottom layer in the case of the high‐temperature melt was in the range of that observed for commercial soda‐lime‐silica glass of good quality.A possible explanation for the observed increase in density spread at higher temperatures (above 1325°) is offered on the basis of more rapid initial segregation during melting at higher temperature as inferred from the density‐spread data and from chemical analyses of the glass from the top and bottom portions of melts made at 1232° and 1454°C.Loss in weight of the glass due to volatilization was determined at 1232° and at 1454°C. and was found to amount to less than 0.01% for a four‐hour melting period at both temperatures.Moderate mixing, achieved by repeated cracking and remelting of the glass and by melting in a rotating tilted crucible, had a marked effect in lowering the density spread.The data afforded by these experiments lend further emphasis to the view that convection currents in commercial tank operation are highly significant in improving the homogeneity of a soda‐lime‐silica glass.
STUDY OF GLAZE PENETRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON GLAZE FIT: I‐III*
Authors: Thomas Everett , Tuttle Milton A. , Miller Esther 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method for determining glaze penetration was developed and the effect of glaze penetration on glaze fit studied. The effects of twenty‐four fluxes on penetration of a base glaze into semivitreous, hotel china, terra cotta, cordierite, pyrophyllite, wall tile, and steatite bodies were determined. The result shows that glaze penetration affects glaze fit and that penetration varies greatly, depending on glaze composition and the character of the body.
USE OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE METHOD IN DETERMINING IRON CONTENT OF PICKLE ACIDS*
Authors: Porst Edward G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe metallic iron content of sulfuric acid pickle solutions has for many years been determined by the potassium permanganate method. Developments in the field of indicators have made possible the use of potassium dichromate. A description of the method and a discussion of results are given.
MOLYBDENUM IN ENAMELS: III, TYPICAL MOLYBDENUM ENAMELS*
Authors: Kautz Karl 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCompositions and characteristics of various types of enamels using the most successful mill additions in Parts I and II are reported. The enamels used in this paper are (1) clear enamels (regular) for ground or colored coats, (2) clear enamels (acid resisting) for colored coats, (3) high lead clear enamels maturing below 1000°F., (4) raw or partially fritted enamels for ground or colored coats, and (5) white antimony enamels for direct application to the metal base. Reported for the first time are some white enamels containing molybdenum in the frit, which adhere to sheet steel without additions of molybdenum compounds to the mill.
SOME CLAY‐WATER PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN CLAY MINERALS*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Cuthbert F. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractComputed values are given for the thickness of the water film adsorbed on the surfaces of the various clay minerals when clays composed of such minerals develop specific plastic characteristics. Based on such values, the following concept of clay‐water relationships is presented: The dominant factor determining the plastic properties of clays is the rigidity of the water held on the surfaces of the clay minerals, and the point of beginning of the transition of completely rigid water to liquid water is marked by great changes in such properties. Each type of clay mineral seems to have a characteristic ability to stabilize water, and the exchangeable ions also exert an influence. The reaction between water and kaolinite or halloysite may require considerable time so that there is frequently a time lag after mixing clays composed of such minerals before the plastic properties are fully developed.Application of the foregoing concept in the fields of geology, ceramics, and soil mechanics are suggested.
RELATION OF METAL THICKNESS, ENAMEL THICKNESS, AND BOTTOM RADIUS TO IMPACT RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELED UTENSILS*
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThree series of standard two‐quart pudding pans of different metal thicknesses, coated with one, two, and three coats, respectively, of enamel were tested for impact resistance, using the Enameled Utensil Manufacturers' Council standard impact test. The impact resistance of the pans was increased with increase (1) in metal thickness of the pans, (2) of the enamel thickness, and (3) in the size of the bottom radius. The size of the chip formed on impact also increased with increase in enamel thickness.The literature dealing with the fracture of glass and enamels is reviewed, and the factors influencing spontaneous chipping and chipping caused by bending and impact are discussed.
SPLITTING OF SOFT‐MUD BRICK*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , McMahon J. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of the cause and methods of preventing the splitting of Hudson River soft‐mud brick. The splitting occurred in the kiln and paralleled the 8‐ by 4‐in face of the brick and was found to be associated with black coring. Tests made on various portions of the brick showed that the black portions were more vitreous and had lower thermal expansions than the outer, more oxidized portions. On cooling, the stresses resulting from the difference in thermal expansion were such as to tend to split the brick Modification of brick mixes and method of setting are recommended to overcome black coring.
ABRASION OF GLASS AS RELATED TO COMPOSITION *
Authors: Scholes† S. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe abradability of glass of different compositions was estimated by grinding on a steel plate with powdered quartz as an abrasive, determining the weight removed from the ends of glass'rods, reducing this to volume, and comparing with the volume removed from used silica rods by the same treatment. Silica (SiO2) and B2O2 are constituents contributing to resistance to abrasion, while soda, lime, and especially lead oxide produce high abradability. Abradabilities are expressed in numbers referred to silica glass as unity.
MICROSTRENGTH OF GLASS *
Authors: Powel H. E. , Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is shown experimentally that if a minute area of a large piece of glass is tested for tensile strength, the stress supported is comparable with that of fine glass fibers and is some fifty or one hundred times the “strength” of the large piece tested in any of the ordinary ways. The experiment consists in pressing a small steel ball upon the glass surface, and so stressing, in tension, a minute annular zone around the circle of contact.
CONTINUOUS TANK FOR HAND‐BLOWN GLASS *
Authors: Schwalbe F. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe quality of glass obtainable from a continuous glassmelting furnace is dependent on raw materials, fuels, furnace design and operation, and skill in the art of gathering and manipulating molten glass. Of these requirements, the content of the present paper is limited to information on furnace design and construction and its effect on the ultimate quality of the glass that can be produced when proper fuels, raw materials, and labor are employed.
CONE 015 RELIEF ENAMELS FOR DECORATING VITREOUS CHINA *
Authors: Voorhies John H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRelief enamels must remain in relief and not flow down during maturing fire. They must also have adequate acid and abrasion resistance; they should not craze and they should accommodate as wide a color range as possible. The relief enamel developed in this study satisfies these various qualifications.
MINERALS AND MINERAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CLAY MINERALS *
Authors: Ross Clarence S. 
Published: June 2006

The invitation to be the Edward Orton, Jr., Fellow Lecturer of the American Ceramic Society for 1945 is a very great honor and a privilege which one interested in the mineralogy of clays must heartily appreciate. Dr. Orton was a geologist as well as a founder of this Society, and no doubt in issuing this invitation you had in mind the maintenance of this historic relationship. Those of us who follow him cannot add to that relationship, but I hope that I can help to foster it. Perhaps not all geologists know of this common ground between ceramics and geology as you do, and no doubt you would have me remind my geologic colleagues of this and of the mutual contributions which its maintenance entails.Another common bond of interest is that ceramists have made use of mineralogic and petrographic techniques to an extent not matched in any other applied science. In particular, they have utilized the petrographic microscope, and ceramists and mineralogists alike have found in X rays a wonderful new method of research. Clays, the subject of this lecture, should provide a common meeting ground and one which no doubt would win the hearty approval of Dr. Orton.
EFFECT OF GROUND COATS ON REFLECTANCE OF COVER ENAMELS *
Authors: Stufft and P. C. , Spencer‐Strong G. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe problem of color variation in white cover‐coat enamels has received considerable attention, but variations in color due to base coat have had little or no consideration. An attempt was made to determine the effect of the base coat by comparing color variations in opaque and superopaque enamels applied over blue, white, gray, red, yellow, and green base coats in weights ranging from 10 to 120 gm. per sq. ft.The resultant finishes were compared visually and with the aid of the Hunter multipurpose reflectometer. Over the entire range studied, the base coat was found to have a marked effect on the color characteristics of the finish coat. This is true particularly in the lower ranges of application including normal production application weights. Base coats that decreased the reflectance of the cover coat in the blue field, were found to give higher apparent opacity than those which maintained a relatively high blue reflectance.
BENEFICATION OF SOUTH CAROLINA SILLIMANITE SCHISTS *
Authors: Rampacek Carl , Clemmons B. H. , Clemmer J. Bruce 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLaboratory batch and pilot‐plant tests have demonstrated that the South Carolina sillimanite schists are amenable to beneficiation by recognized mineral‐dressing methods. Flotation tests on a number of small samples indicate that the schists containing prismatic sillimanite respond more readily to treatment than those containing fibrous sillimanite.Batch testing of the small samples was supplemented by continuous trial runs in the laboratory pilot plant on a schist from the Pelzer, South Carolina, area. The schist, containing 17% prismatic sillimanite, was ground to 20‐mesh and concentrated by a combination of tabling and flotation supplemented by magnetic separation of the concentrates. In an average test, 82% of the sillimanite was recovered in concentrates which contained 99% sillimanite and 1.04% total ferric oxide.The concentrates were tested at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines, Norris, Tennessee, for refractory properties. Standard‐size brick made from the concentrates met A.S.T.M. and the more severe Navy reheat‐test specifications for super‐duty refractories.Summary of Testing of Sillimanite ConcentratesThe beneficiated South Carolina concentrate was tested at the Electrotechnical Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines at Norris, Tennessee. Standard‐size brick that were power pressed and then fired five hours at 1600°C. showed only a slight volume change, thus meeting the A.S.T.M. and the more severe Navy reheat specifications for superduty refractories. All types of commercial as well as experimental refractories have been tested at the Electrotechnical Laboratory. Brick made from South Carolina sillimanite had the highest load resistance of any alumina‐silica refractories tested except electric‐furnace cast corundum‐mullite block.After firing, the brick were mottled brown in color. Acid leaching of the concentrates removes some of the iron compounds on the surfaces of the grains and improves the color. Brick made from acid‐leached sillimanite may be of value in glasshouse refractories.
CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS *
Authors: Cook Ralph L. , Andrews Andrew I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe resistance of representative porcelain enamel surfaces to the chemical attack of different concentrations of various solutions was investigated in considerable detail. Cylindrical cup‐shaped samples were coated with (1) a ground coat, (2) a white fluoride cover enamel, (3) a white antimony cover enamel, (4) a white zirconium cover enamel, (5) an acid‐resistant white cover enamel, (6) a sign blue cover enamel, (7) a blue zirconium enamel, and (8) a chemical acidproof blue cover enamel. The loss in weight of these enamel surfaces, after exposure to chemical attack, was determined at definite time intervals. The solutions studied consisted of different concentrations of the inorganic acids, alkalis, several organic acids, as well as selected salt solutions at both room and boiling temperatures.Numerous curves are presented showing the comparative chemical durability of the various porcelain enamel surfaces in which the cumulative loss in weight is plotted against time. Several photomicrographs show the nature and type of chemical attack on the different surfaces.The porcelain enamel surfaces showed considerable variation in their resistance to the chemical attack of the various solutions. All of the porcelain enamels were, in general, resistant to attack at room temperature by the alkali and salt solutions. The acid‐resistant and acidproof enamels were resistant to the action of both inorganic and organic acids at room and at boiling temperatures; a wide variance, however, was shown in the comparative acid resistance of the non‐acid‐resisting enamel to the attack of either organic acids or inorganic acids at room temperature. AU porcelain enamels showed equally low resistance to boiling alkali solutions, but some of the enamel surfaces were attacked markedly by the boiling salt solutions.
USE OF WOOD ASH IN A LOW‐FIRE MAT GLAZE *
Authors: Thurn Haldon L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe development of a low‐fire mat glaze for studio use is described in which part of the fluxes and silica and alumina are supplied by the use of wood ash. The materials required are simple and readily obtained and the glaze is easy to apply. One firing is eliminated by its application to the green ware, and the firing range is from cones 04 to 02.SummaryIn the glaze described, wood ash supplies a part of the silica and alumina çontent along with certain fluxes of which calcium is the more important.In the alumina‐type mats, wood ash produces a texture similar to that of the stoneware glaze which was the source of inspiration.The glaze can be applied by brushing, pouring, or spraying on the green ware or on bisque‐fire ware; brushing on the unfired ware is preferable. An over‐thick application destroys the beauty of the glaze.The glaze does not crawl and it is self‐healing when drying cracks appear; no cracks, however, have appeared when the glaze has been used on green ware. Handsome colors can be produced with the use of very little coloring oxide.
FLOW LINES IN A CONTINUOUS MELTING GLASS FURNACE AS DETERMINED BY COBALT OXIDE AND PICTURED ON COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS *
Authors: Lenz Vernon W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe results of a study of glass flow in a direct‐fired, continuous melting tank can be used to establish control testing schedules and tank dimensional relationships. Three primary convection spirals are indicated. Normal convection currents produce good mixing. The methods used in making the study are explained. The use of a coloring agent and color photographs as a means of recording the results are presented as a new technique for studies of this type.
TESTING OF CHROME‐MAGNESITE BRICK FOR RESISTANCE TO IRON OXIDE BURSTING *
Authors: Zerfoss S. , Davis H. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe probable mechanism of the iron oxide bursting of chrome‐magnesite brick is discussed. An attempt was made to duplicate this effect in the laboratory. Results indicate that the bursting can be simulated in a laboratory experiment providing the atmosphere of the furnace is such that the penetrating iron oxide liquid is rich in magnetite. A test is proposed for characterizing the bursting resistance of various brick.
X‐RAY DIFFRACTION DATA FOR COMPOUNDS IN THE SYSTEM CaO‐MgO‐SiO2*
Authors: Clark C. Burton 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction data by the powder method for compounds in the system CaO–MgO–SiO2 are widely scattered in the literature. In certain instances, there is need of revision of the earlier data because of improvement in equipment and technique. X‐ray patterns have therefore been made, and the data are here presented covering nineteen of the compounds in the system CaO–MgO–SiO2. These represent all the known compounds which are stable, and several which are metastable, at room temperature.
RESISTANCE OF PLATE GLASS TO ALKALINE SOLUTIONS *
Authors: Tarnopol M. S. , Junge A. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe resistance of polished plate glass to sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and sodium pyrophosphate was studied at various concentrations and temperatures. Test results showed (1) that the hydroxides are less corrosive than many alkaline salts; (2) that temperature has a marked effect on the rate of corrosion; (3) that increasing the solution above 10% does not alter the rate of attack appreciably; and (4) that the amount of stain on glass cannot be used as a measure of the amount of attack.
COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF TiO2 AND PbO ON LIGHT ABSORPTION OF SOME COLORED GLASSES *
Authors: Colbert William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeries of glasses have been melted with TiO2 or PbO as major constituents. To each member of the series, equal amounts of one of the following coloring ions have been added: Fe, Cu, U, Ce, and Mn. Complete spectrophotometric curves in the visible region have been obtained for the glasses. The color imparted by the ions to the glass is correlated with the position of the ion taken in the glass structure and conclusions are drawn showing that TiO2 and PbO additions to glasses make it easier for the coloring ions to take part in the glass network.
COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF TiO2 AND PbO ON REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASSES *
Authors: Colbert William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDensities and refractive indices were measured on two parallel series of glasses, one containing TiO2 and the other PbO. It was found that for equal mol per cent additions of TiO2 and PbO the glasses have quite similar refractive indices. From the data given, the molecular refractivities were calculated, and a marked similarity was found in the effects produced by TiO2 and PbO.
USE OF SODA FELDSPAR IN WHITEWARE BODIES *
Authors: Loomis George A. , Blackburn A. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA comparative study is presented of a soda feldspar produced by a flotation process and of two potash feldspars when tested alone and made up in semivitreous and vitreous bodies. The investigation was divided into two parts, (1) a laboratory study and (2) plant trials on semivitreous dinnerware and on vitreous sanitary porcelain.From the results of the investigation, it was concluded that (1) it should be possible to substitute soda feldspar for North Carolina potash feldspar in semivitreous bodies containing not more than 12% feldspar, on an equal basis, with no significant change in properties except possibly crazing resistance; where crazing occurs, a slight modification of the regular glaze to give it a lower thermal expansion should correct the trouble; the formula of one modified glaze for this purpose is suggested; and (2) the substitution of soda feldspar for potash feldspar in sanitary porcelain and other similar vitreous whiteware bodies will doubtless require a reduction in amount in order to duplicate the vitrification and other properties of the potash‐feldspar body in use; a modification of the regular glaze to fit the soda‐feldspar body will probably be required; and the castability and control of casting slips should not be affected by the use of soda feldspar in place of potash feldspar.
SILICONES: NEW SILICA‐BASED PLASTICS OF INTEREST TO THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY *
Authors: Bass Shailer L. , Hyde J. F. , McGregor R. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSilicones derive many of their most useful properties from the inorganic nature of the silicon‐to‐oxygen links which they possess in common with glass and mineral silicates. They derive plasticity, solubility, and water repellency from the organic radicals attached to their basic structures. The chemical nature of silicon in combination with oxygen permits the development of a variety of silicone compounds in various physical forms ranging from fluids through gels and resins to elastic materials. Because of their ease of application, their general heat stability, and chemical inertness, they are natural complements to ceramic bodies in many applications. They are already proving their usefulness with these materials in the production of new types of electrical insulation, in the surface treatment of glass and ceramic products, and as auxiliary dielectrics for use with ceramic insulating forms.
EFFECT OF COMPOUNDS OF SULFUR ON REHEAT VOLUME CHANGE OF FIRE‐CLAY AND HIGH‐ALUMINA REFRACTORIES
Authors: Lesar A. R. , Krinbill C. A. , Keller W. D. , Bradle R. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA process is described for controlling the reheat volume of fire‐clay and high‐alumina refractory products. The volume change of a fire‐clay or high‐alumina refractory body fired at a normal firing temperature can be regulated for use in service at a higher temperature by the addition of a definite quantity of a water‐soluble compound of sulfur. Compounds of sulfur that are insoluble in water are not effective for this process. The process is relatively inexpensive and can be applied to any standard refractory manufacturing procedure.
COMPARISON OF REPEATED REHEAT TESTS OF VARIOUS GRADES OF FIREBRICK WITH SERVICE RESULTS
Authors: Tredennick W. T. , Kelly J. F. , Burt R. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRepresentative brands of Navy‐approved class A brick (60% alumina), class B brick (superduty), and special firebrick (in a price group above the 60% alumina brick) were installed in a naval boiler operating continuously at the Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory. The permanent volume change of the various brands, subjected to repeated reheat tests at 2912°F., is compared with their service life.