bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MORTALITY AMONG PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: Rorsman B. 
Published: August 2007

The mortality of all patients seen at the Department of Psychiatry, the General Hospital in Lund, Sweden during 1962 was studied for the years 1962–1968. The number of deaths was 260. The expected number of deaths in a corresponding sample of the general population was 159. The mortality was significantly increased in both men and women. The ratio between observed and expected mortality was highest in the younger age groups. The overmortality was due mainly to an increased number of suicides, accidents and nervous and circulatory diseases in the men and suicide and cancer in women.The patients who died were compared with a randomized subsample of psychiatric patients sill alive at the end of the observation time. The items chosen for comparison were social and medical factors previously found to be related to mortality. The purpose was to try to recognize high risk groups within the psychiatric population.Divorced persons were more common among those who died than among controls, and more males who died were living along, unemployed or invalid pensioners. Mortality seemed to be independent of type of care in 1962 in terms of hospitalization and out‐patient contact. Differences found in psychiatric services by those who had died and controls before and after 1962 were of low significance. The one outstanding psychiatric diagnosis among those who died was the organic brain syndrome. Alcoholism was more common among men who died accidental deaths compared with controls.More than 50% of the patients who committed suicide had previously attempted suicide. A high proportion of those who died were hospitalized in somatic wards and sent to the psychiatric out‐patient department for psychiatric assessment. Common reasons for referral were recently attempted suicide and pain, often of unknown origin.
PIGMENTATION AND THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Patch I. C.Lodge 
Published: August 2007

Using a Lovibond flexible fibro‐optic tintometer, no differences of skin pigmentation were found between chronic male schizophrenic patients untreated with phenothiazines, and non‐schizophrenics. No differences were found between chronic male schizophrenics receiving phenothiazines and those not so treated. This latter comparison may however be questioned on the grounds that the treatment had consisted not of chlorpromazine alone (which is particularly associated with pigmentation), but of a variety of drugs, including fluphenazine. An ideal, chronically treated group proved impossible to assemble.No support is thus provided for the hypothesis proposed by Greiner & Nicholson linking the supposed chemical basis of schizophrenia with pigmentation.
MORBIDITY AND SOCIAL MOBILITY IN AN UPPER CLASS EDUCATIONAL GROUP
Authors: ØDegárd Ø. 
Published: August 2007

Approximately 18,000 19‐year‐old graduates from the high schools of Norway were followed for 50 years after graduation by means of a national case register of hospitalized psychoses Six hundred and sixty‐eight graduate were found to have been admitted to a psychiatric institution. The admission rate for male graduates was found to be 95.7 % of the expected rate, while for the female sex the percentage was 115.8. In both sexes, the number of manic‐depressive cases was higher than the national average, while schizophrenia was rarer. The number of admissions related to alcohol or drug addiction was much higher in the graduates, and these admissions were concentrated mainly among members of the medical professions.A detailed study was made of 450 male and 218 female graduate patients for whom information was available about the occupation of the father as well as that of the graduate himself. The hospital admission rate was significantly higher in the graduates who had an occupation lower than that of their fathers, and vice versa.Within each social group, the rate of admission was highest in the graduates who had remained in the Same occupation as their fathers: Professional sons of professional fathers had an admission rate of 109 % of the expected rate, while those who had moved to other occupations had a rate of only 87 % of the expected. It would seem that inter‐generational change of occupation is associated with a lowering of psychiatric morbidity.High admission rates were found in groups which can be regarded as relative failures in relation to their level of aspiration (or that of their parents) in going to high school.
PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT IN A DELIMITED POPULATION – WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO OUTPATIENTS
Authors: Kastrup M. , Nakane Y. , Dupont A. , Bille M. 
Published: August 2007

The present investigation analyses the psychiatric service available to and utilized by a population in a geographically delimited area, namely the Randers area with a population of 108,928.During the period 1970–74, the average yearly rate of patients admitted to the three psychiatric institutions covering this area was per 1,000: 7.9 males and 9.1 females. During 1970–71, 1.2 males and 1.8 females per 1,000 were treated as outpatients in a psychiatric clinic affiliated to a psychiatric hospital, and a psychiatric outpatient clinic in a general hospital discharged 4.1 males and 7.7 females per 1,000.It seems probable that despite outpatient treatment the number of admissions increases slightly rather than decreases, and consequently, outpatient treatment cannot replace psychiatric admission.
COMMUNITY CARE AND THE PROGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Cottman S. B. , Mezey A. G. 
Published: August 2007

A group of 41 schizophrenic patients were followed up for a period of up to 81/2 years after their first admission to a general hospital psychiatric unit.During the follow‐up period one third of the patients were not readmitted, and the remainder had between one and eight readmissions. Half of the patients spent less than 5 % of the follow‐up period in hospital. Twenty‐one patients remained in fairly close contact with at least one of the community services. A greater degree of clinical disturbance characterized high users, as compared with low users, of these services. At the end of the follow‐up two patients were in hospital, half of the original cohort was considered clinically recovered and four‐fifths socially recovered.The contribution of the general hospital and of the community services to the improved prognosis for schizophrenia is discussed.
LITHIUM EFFECTS ON DIURNAL RHYTHM OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN MANIC‐MELANCHOLIC DISORDER
Authors: Mellerup E. T. , Lauritsen B. , Dam H. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

The diurnal rhythm of plasma phosphate, calcium, and magnesium was studied in 34 lithium treated patients, in 42 other psychiatric patients, and in 47 healthy persons. Seventeen blood samples were drawn from each person during the 24‐hour period.Lithium was given at 10 p.m. and in the next few hours plasma phosphate decreased compared with the two control groups. In the same period plasma calcium showed a temporary increase, whereas plasma magnesium was increased during the whole 24‐hour period.The lithium treated patients had a reduced urinary calcium excretion during the night, and an increased urinary magnesium excretion during the day, whereas no changes were found in urinary phosphate excretion.
Psychic disorders among pre‐school children in a geographically delimited area of Aarhus county, Denmark
Authors: Kastrup M. 
Published: August 2007

A study was undertaken concerning prevalence of psychic disorders among 175 5‐ to 6‐year‐old, pre‐school children randomly selected from the general population in the municipality of Aarhus and the island Samsø of Aarhus County, Denmark.Deviant behaviour was arbitrarily defined, with a symptom considered aberrant if it occurred in 10% or less of the children studied. Mental health of the children was assessed by (a) the number of deviant symptoms, (b) opinions of the parents and (c) the personal assessment of the author, who interviewed all the families. Thirty‐five probands (20%) showed good adjustment, 113 (65%) were coping well with only minor symptoms, and 27 children (15%) were poorly adjusted.A high prevalence of psychosomatic, behavioural, and emotional symptoms was observed, some of them more frequently among boys than girls. No significant difference was found between urban and rural children. The need for psychiatric help even among supposedly normal, pre‐school children is discussed and emphasized.
An analysis of homicide by young persons in England and Wales
Authors: Walshe‐Brennan K. S. 
Published: August 2007

An analysis of 11 children (one girl, 10 boys) convicted of homicide indicates a maternal over‐dominant relationship in eight of the males studied.The murderers were found to have more cooperative personalities than other children found guilty of non‐capital offences and showed both normal intelligence and personality factors. Despite a history of “blackouts” in several cases, all were found on investigation to be free from both major and minor epilepsy.Difficulty was experienced in determining the presence or absence of parental alcoholism, promiscuity, and criminal convictions. All of the children came from normal homes and apart from minor offences none had been involved previously in serious antisocial behaviour.Future research is indicated on two aspects: (a) Role of the working mother with particular reference to maternal dominance, and (b) The “Cycle of Deprivation” theory.
A follow‐up study of a child psychiatric clientele with special regard to the diagnosis of psychosis
Authors: Dahl V. 
Published: August 2007

A 20‐year follow‐up of a child psychiatric clientele of 322 patients demonstrates that nearly one third have been admitted to psychiatric departments or mental hospitals in adulthood. One tenth belonged to the group with psychoses either as a child or grown‐up.While the incidence of manic‐depressive psychosis did not differ from a normal population of the same sex and age, the child psychiatric clientele is overrepresented by psychotic patients later on diagnosed as schizophrenia. The outcome of infantile psychosis was in half of the cases chronic psychosis; five of 10 psychosis proto‐infantilis patients were diagnosed schizophrenia in adulthood. This result is not in accordance with the modern view that psychosis proto‐infantilis is a special disease with no clinical connection to schizophrenia.The clinical entity of infantile psychosis and borderline psychosis seems to be affirmed by a common clinical and diagnostic course into borderline psychosis or schizoid character disorders.Nine patients with psychosis in adulthood did not belong to the group of psychosis in childhood.
Gonadotropin response to synthetic gonadotropin hormone‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Brambilla F. , Rovere C. , Guastalla A. , Guerrini A. , Riggi F. 
Published: August 2007

GnRH stimulation tests were performed in 15 adult male chronic hebephrenic schizophrenics and 15 oligophrenic controls, matched for age and length of hospitalization.GnRH was given at doses of 50, 100 and 150 gamma to five subjects of each type, and FSH and LH levels in the blood were assayed at 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The tests were performed twice in schizophrenics off therapy and after 10, 20 and 30 days of chlorpromazine therapy (4 mg/kg body weight/day, peros). The controls were not given chlorpromazine and were tested only twice.Schizophrenics showed relative increases in both FSH and LH which were greater than those of the controls, and the response persisted longer. Chlorpromazine had no effect on the test.
Season of birth among siblings of schizophrenics
Authors: McNeil T. , Kaij L. , Rogalska M. Dzierzykray 
Published: August 2007

Many studies have shown schizophrenics to be born with unusual frequency in the period January‐April, and one interpretation of this seasonality of birth is that the parents of schizophrenics have an unusually strong general tendency to conceive offspring who will be born in January‐April. This parental conception habits interpretation may be tested by studying whether the siblings of schizophrenics are also born with increased frequency in January‐ April.The present study investigated the season of birth of 288 full siblings and 44 half‐siblings in 91 families of male schizophrenics. Approximately 5 % of the siblings were known to be schizophrenic; with the schizophrenic siblings excluded from the analyses, the full siblings showed a birth pattern much closer (nonsignificant) to that of the schizophrenics than to that of the general population. Half siblings showed January‐April birth rates at or below the population level. Although the mechanisms responsible for the current results still remain unclear, the study suggests that seasonality of births of schizophrenics may be related to the parents' conception habits as well as to an etiological or triggering effect on the development of schizophenia in the offspring.
The effects of unilateral brief‐interval ECT on memory
Authors: Strömgren L. Sand , Christensen A.‐L. , Fromholt P. 
Published: August 2007

One hundred and three patients treated for endogenous depression with unilateral, non‐dominant ECT, half with two, half with four treatments weekly, were examined to determine the effect of the treatment on memory functions. The first‐mentioned group was studied with double‐blind technique in connection with an earlier study while the latter group was investigated under open conditions. Tests were made before the first treatment, after the sixth treatment, and after the final treatment (the Wechsler Memory Scale Forms I and II) and at the same times, ratings were made of the depressive state.No significant differences were found between the results of the two groups, either with regard to the total results or the sub‐test results in WMS. This was true for changes between the first and the sixth treatment and between the first and the final treatment. On the whole, both groups showed improved results during the course of treatment; a memory reduction to an equal degree in both groups evident before treatment, and thus due to the depression, was eliminated concurrently with the improvement in the depressive condition. With reference to delayed reproduction a comparison made after the sixth treatment showed that the high‐frequency treatment group scored significantly higher than the other group. This can only be ascribed to a better therapeutic effect resulting from accelerated treatment.Likewise these improved therapeutic results in the high‐frequency treatment group must be responsible for the fact that this group does not show poorer test results than the group treated at the customary frequency‐rate in spite of an expected deteriorating effect of accelerated treatment on memory functions and in spite of a larger number of treatments per series in this group.Neither in the higher nor in the lower frequency treatment group were any age‐related variations in memory found.
Classification of the MMPI profiles of two alcoholic groups
Authors: Kristianson P. 
Published: August 2007

Ninety‐two per cent of the MMPI codes of 60 alcoholics in the Link Society and institutional groups of the present study were classified according to a mixed typological‐dimensional model. The study applied reciprocal two‐digit high‐point codes and also five different spiked codes and two different codes which include more than two scales in predominant position. Related codes suggesting different diagnostic descriptions were, however, separated from each other. The present study also used new interpretations of some MMPI scales, detailed descriptions of the other scales and applied some critically examined measurements of certain authors. Of special interest is a detailed interpretation of the 4 (Psychopathic deviate) scale as a measurement of hysterical personality.The above methods gave a more exact identification of the MMPI codes than a previous study of the present author and suggest that it is possible to give a more refined description of different personality disorders in particular but also of other psychopathological and behavioural characteristics of the alcoholic patients in the Link Society and institutional groups. The different typal dimensions measured by the MMPI high‐point codes seem to be of theoretical value but also seem to be useful for a more differentiated and adequate treatment of alcoholics.In further corroborative studies there is a need for more case history descriptions in order to correct for local departures. It is also possible that these descriptions may aid in giving a clearer identification of the codes, including scale 5, not classified in the present study.
Social‐demographic aspects in the attitudes towards mental illness in a Finnish population
Authors: Lehtinen V. , Väisänen E. 
Published: August 2007

Attitudes towards mental illness were studied in a random population of 1,000 subjects from southern and northern Finland using a Likert‐type attitude scale. Correlations between attitudes and social‐demographic variables were studied with one‐way variance analysis and with specific multivariable techniques (AID and MCA).The best correlations were established between educational standard and attitudes, and between age and attitudes: higher education and younger age correlated with positive attitudes. Even social group and attitudes seemed to be distinctly correlated: the higher the social status, the more positive the attitudes. No difference could be demonstrated between residents from southern and northem Finland; rural subjects, however, possessed distinctly more negative attitudes than urban residents.According to the authors the most striking result was the observation that females show somewhat (statistically very significantly) more negative attitudes than males. It could also be established that the attitudes of female subjects varied greatly in various groups of variables.
Comparison of fronto‐frontal and temporo‐parietal unilateral ECT
Authors: D'Elia G. , Frederiksen S.‐O. , Raotma H. , Widepalm K. 
Published: August 2007

An intraindividual double‐blind cross‐over comparison of the anterograde effect on memory of unilateral non‐dominant fronto frontal (FF) and temporo‐parietal (TF) ECT was performed in connection with the second and third treatment of an ECT‐series, the electrode placement being alternated at random. Treatment technique was standardized and seizure duration was measured by means of EEG. Memory functions were tested after treatments by means of four memory tests: the 30 Word‐Pair Test, the 30 Figure Test, the 30 Geometrical Figure Test and the 30 Face Test. Three operationally defined memory variables, immediate memory (IMS, 3 hours after ECT), delayed memory (DMS, 3 hours after IMS), and their difference, forgetting, were scored.No differences were found in the mean time of electrical stimulation, in the amount of methohexital and suxamethonium chloride, and in seizure duration between the two treatment groups. No statistically significant differences in any of the memory tests were found. The FF electrode position did not show any advantage compared with the routine TP electrode placement.
Effects of clomiphene citrate administration on the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal axis of male chronic schizophrenics
Authors: Brambilla F. , Rovere C. , Guastalla A. , Guerrini A. , Riggi F. , Burbati G. 
Published: August 2007

The clomiphene citrate stimulation test was performed in 16 adult male chronic hebephrenic schizophrenics (10 off therapy from 3 months to 1 year and six on therapy with phenothiazines or haloperidol) and in five normal controls, matched for age. Clomiphene citrate was given orally at a daily dose of 150 mg, divided into three doses, for 8 days. FSH, LH and testosterone levels were assayed before the administration of clomiphene citrate and after 4 and 8 days of treatment.Schizophrenics showed normal increase of FSH levels during the clomiphene administration, while LH and testosterone responses were blunted. Phenothiazines or haloperidol had no effect on the test.
Schizophrenia and rheumatic disease
Authors: ÖSTERBERG E. 
Published: August 2007

The coincidental occurrence of schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be low in relation to the prevalence of the two diseases. In the present study, data from the patient statistics prepared by the Swedish Social Welfare Board were examined for the occurrence of rheumatic disease in schizophrenic patients. With the aid of the statistics and of questionnaires, 58 case‐records were collected and studied. Very few cases were found of co‐existing schizophrenia and inflammatory joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis in particular. There were, however, some cases of genuine schizophrenia and definite seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in the same patient. Rheumatoid arthritis is possibly uncommon also in combination with other psychiatric diseases that require hospital care. The ankylosingspondylitis cases were over‐represented in relation to the rheumatoid‐arthritis cases included in the statistics from psychiatric care. Most of the 13 ankylosingspondylitis patients whose case‐records were studied had schizo‐affective psychosis or atypical psychosis.The results of the investigation should be confirmed by epidemiological studies; this may contribute to the understanding of the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis and of schizophrenia.
Biochemical and pharmacological properties of oxazepam
Authors: GARATTINI S. 
Published: August 2007

Oxazepam is the final metabolic product in vitro and in vivo of a large number of pharmacologically active benzodiazepines. Oxazepam shows antimetrazol activity varying in intensity and duration according to the animal species considered.This difference is in part related to different “sensitivity and in part due to different disposition of oxazepam. Particularly relevant is the difference in biliary excretion by various animal species. Oxazepam is currently available as a racemate but two optical isomers can be separated as succinate half esters. The (+) form appears to bc more active than the (‐) form, probably because more oxazepam is released from the (+) than the (‐) isomerin vivo. In vitro studies confirm that the liver hydrolyzes the (+) oxazcpam succinate half ester more than the (‐) form.Other work has aimed at analyzing the effects of oxazepam on brain chemical mediators, with particular reference to the cholinergic system. Finally it is shown that oxazeparn, similarly to other benzodiazepines. increased aggressiveness in male mice during chronic treatment.
Survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi‐urban population in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijesinghe C. P. , Dissanayake S. A. W. , Dassanayake P. V. L. N. 
Published: August 2007

This paper reports a survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semiurban community (population 7,653) in Sri Lanka. The entire population was first screened by social workers using a standardized interview. Probable cases were then examined by psychiatrists. Each psychiatric disorder identified was rated on four different parameters of severity, and only those rating moderate or severe were labelled as cases.The socio‐demographic characteristics of the cases and the population at risk, and the frequency and nature of psychiatric disorders are presented in Tables. The 6‐month period prevalence for all psychiatric disorders was 45.5 per 1,000, with psychoses amounting to 6.9 (males 5.5; females 8.4) per 1,000, and neuroses to 25.2 (males 9.9; females 40.6) per 1,000. The large majority of disorders were chronic and had not received psychiatric treatment. The relevance of these surveys in the provision of psychiatric services in developing countries is discussed.