bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatological Description of Seasonal Variations in Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Inversion Layers over the Indochina Peninsula
Authors: Nodzu Masato I. , Ogino Shin-Ya , Tachibana Yoshihiro , Yamanaka Manabu D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In this study operational rawinsonde data are used to investigate climatological features of seasonal variations in static stability in order to understand the behavior of temperature inversion layers, that is, extremely stable layers in the lower troposphere over the Indochina Peninsula region, at the southeastern edge of the Asian continent. Static stability was evaluated from the vertical gradient in potential temperature (Δθ/Δz).
Stable (Δθ/Δz &gt; 10 K km−1) and unstable (Δθ/Δz &lt; 1 K km−1) layers frequently appear over the Indochina Peninsula region during boreal winter. Temporal and vertical variations in stability during the boreal winter can be categorized into three characteristic types, type I: the mean height of stable layers increases from 2 to 5 km from the dry to the rainy season over inland areas of the Indochina Peninsula and southern China; type II: similar to type I, with the additional occurrence of stable layers at a height of ∼1 km, mainly over coastal areas of the Indochina Peninsula; and type III: stable layers at a height of ∼2 km, mainly over the Malay Peninsula. We did not find any significant seasonal change in the vertical distribution of stable layers over the Malay Peninsula.
Drought in Late Spring of South China in Recent Decades
Authors: Xin Xiaoge , Yu Rucong , Zhou Tianjun , Wang Bin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Late spring (21 April–20 May) precipitation to the south of the Yangtze River in China along the East Asian front is a salient feature of the global climate. The present analysis reveals that during 1958–2000 South China (26°–31°N, 110°–122°E) has undergone a significant decrease in late spring precipitation since the late 1970s. The sudden reduction of the precipitation concurs with a notable cooling in the upper troposphere over the central China (30°–40°N, 95°–125°E). The upper-level cooling is associated with an anomalous meridional cell with descending motions in the latitudes 26°–35°N and low-level northerly winds over southeastern China (22°–30°N, 110°–125°E), causing deficient rainfall over South China.
The late spring cooling in the upper troposphere over the central China is found to strongly link to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the preceding winter. During winters with a positive NAO index, the upper-tropospheric cooling occurs first to the north of the Tibetan Plateau in early–middle spring, then propagates southeastward to central China in late spring. It is suggested that the interdecadal change of the winter NAO is the root cause for the late spring drought over South China in recent decades.
Multicomponent Molecular Conductors with Supramolecular Assemblies Prepared from Neutral Iodine-Bearing pBIB (p-Bis(iodoethynyl)benzene) and Derivatives
Authors: Kosaka Yosuke , M. Yamamoto Hiroshi , Nakao Akiko , Kato Reizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Organic conductors containing supramolecular assemblies have been obtained from the galvanostatic oxidation of donor molecules with iodine-bearing neutral molecules and halide anions. For the obtained single crystals, X-ray crystal structure analyses along with electrical and magnetic measurements were carried out. (ET)3Br(2,5-BIEP) (ET = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene; 2,5-BIEP = 2,5-bis(iodoethynyl)pyridine) is isostructural with the prototype compound (ET)3Br(pBIB) (pBIB = p-bis(iodoethynyl)benzene), whereas (MT)4X(DFBIB) (MT = bis(methylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene; DFBIB = 1,4-difluoro-2,5-bis(iodoethynyl)benzene; X = Br and Cl) and (HMTSF)4Cl3(pBIB)3(PhCl)x (HMTSF = hexamethylenetetraselenafulvalene) differ considerably from (ET)3Br(pBIB) in structure and, consequently, physical properties. The (MT)4X(DFBIB) system exhibits a novel two-dimensional donor packing, and represents the first example of the charge ordering in molecular conductors containing supramolecular assemblies based on the halogen bond. (HMTSF)4Cl3(pBIB)3(PhCl)x is characterized by isolated one-dimensional donor columns.
Project Selection and Macroeconomic Objectives: A Methodology Applied to Peruvian Irrigation Projects
Authors: McGaughey Stephen E. , Thorbecke Erik 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA method of obtaining investment priorities is formulated and applied to 11 Peruvian irrigation projects. The principal feature of the analysis is a ranking function which incorporates national economic objectives with appropriate weights. Project priorities are derived from each economic objective using the applicable investment criteria. The ranking function is used to combine the priorities into a ranking by explicitly accounting for numerical weights on the objectives. The function appears to be a general device which can include as many objectives as there are suitable investment criteria.
Effects of Supply Variations on Costs and Profits of Slaughter Plants
Authors: Daellenbach Lawrence A. , Fletcher Lehman B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPreferences of the firm for stable or varying flows of raw products are considered. A decision model involving rate and hours of plant operation is developed to measure the, impact of supply variations on plant costs and profits. Situations in which the firm can and cannot predict raw material receipts with certainty are simulated. Varying supplies were found to raise costs of slaughter, but plants with stable supplies lose profits as long as product and input prices vary. Therefore individual firms, especially those that can forecast with a high degree of success, are unlikely to prefer stable to varying supplies.
The Political Economy of Rural Development in Latin America: An Interpretation
Authors: de Janvry Alain 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe theory of unequal exchange between center and periphery is extended to provide an interpretation of rural underdevelopment in Latin America. It serves to explain both the causality of agricultural stagnation under dominance of the latifundio and the economic functionality of the subsistence sector where rural poverty is concentrated. The contradictions of the subsistence sector as a purveyor of cheap labor to the commercial sector of the economy imply population growth and ecological destruction that reinforce rural misery. This theory provides a framework to analyze the political economy of rural development programs. Land reform and small farmer rural development projects are discussed in this context.
Quadratic Programming for Least‐Cost Feed Formulations under Probabilistic Protein Constraints
Authors: Chen Joyce T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper shows how a stochastic programming model for least‐cost feed formulations under a probabilistic protein constraint and other linear restrictions can be solved by using an iterative quadratic programming technique. As the least‐cost plan for a given probability level must be E‐σ efficient, the result thus obtained is optimal.
Interest Rate Determination in Underdeveloped Rural Areas
Authors: Bottomley Anthony 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInterest rates for rural and unorganized money markets in third world societies have not been extensively studied. This paper uses a comprehensive review of agricultural credit literature to explore the relationships between the costs of extending credit, amounts loaned, and the borrower's ability to absorb further capital. High costs in administering small loans and resistance to repay suggest the convenience of linkages between lending agencies and marketing boards for the crops upon which loans are made. Village moneylenders‐cum‐traders may be able to operate more efficiently than public agencies, particularly when trained staff are in short supply.
Harmonic Analysis of Seasonal Data: Some Important Properties
Authors: Doran H. E. , Quilkey J. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe harmonic model has important properties which enable OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) to be used to estimate efficiently a stable seasonal pattern. These properties are considered, and a procedure is suggested to facilitate a trade‐off between simplicity and precision in the specification of the model. Two empirical examples illustrating this procedure are presented.
Prices and Demands for Input Characteristics
Authors: Ladd George W. , Martin Marvin B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrice of an input equals the sum of the money values of the input's characteristics to the purchaser; money value of each of an input's characteristics equals the input's yield of the characteristic multiplied by the money value of one unit of the characteristic. Demand for an input is affected by the input's characteristics. The themes are derived from a neoclassical firm model, in which the arguments of the firm's production function are quantities of input characteristics used, and from duals of linear programming blending problems. These themes are used to evaluate corn grades.
Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Consumption of Selected Food Nutrients in the United States
Authors: Adrian John , Daniel Raymond 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe impacts of socioeconomic characteristics of the household and its constituents on consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin A, calcium, iron, thiamine, and vitamin C were estimated. Data from 6,950 households located in the contiguous states were utilized to specify consumption relationships. Socioeconomic factors considered were: income, degree of urbanization, race, educational attainment of the homemaker, stage of the household in the family life cycle, family size, meal adjustment, and employment status of the homemaker. Income had a positive impact on the consumption of all nutrients except carbohydrate. However, nutrient consumption responsiveness to income was relatively small.
Compensating the “Human Costs” of Increased Productivity of Fluid Milk Drivers
Authors: Sleight Lynn G. , Gruebele James W. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract“Productivity bargaining” provides a mechanism for sharing mutual benefits of increased productivity between management and labor. Minneapolis milk driver contract provisions limit wholesale route size, thus limiting driver productivity. Using severance pay as an example of “human cost” compensation, calculations demonstrate potential bargainable gains from increasing productivity through larger routes.
Estimation of Irrigation Response from Time‐Series Data on Nonirrigated Crops
Authors: Parvin D. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInnovations in equipment have created interest in irrigation in the humid areas of the United States. However, decisions on the economic feasibility of irrigation are hindered because information on irrigation response is not available. A technique is presented (with empirical application) which approximates irrigation response from time‐series nonirrigated data.
An Econometric Analysis of the Demand for Textile Fibers
Authors: Lewis Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDynamic demand equations for seven textile fibers were estimated (1920–1966) and simulated (1967–1970). Fiber demand has been price inelastic, helping to explain observed instability in fiber prices, where competitively, determined and the interest in price‐support schemes. Significant (and dominant in cotton's case) substitution relationships existed between synthetic and other fibers.
Competitive Demand Structures under Risk in Agricultural Linear Programming Models
Authors: Hazell P. B. R. , Scandizzo P. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA method is presented for solving agricultural sector models under risk to obtain perfectly competitive levels of outputs and prices in all product markets when producers behave according to an E, V decision criterion. The nature of market equilibrium behavior is considerably more complicated under risk than in a deterministic setting. This presents difficulties in designing models which will always provide meaningful economic answers. These difficulties are overcome by stipulating conditions under which the proposed model is applicable. The resultant model is a quadratic programming problem, and linearization techniques are suggested which enable solutions to be obtained through conventional linear programming computer codes.
Transfer of Development Rights: An Analysis of a New Land Use Policy Tool
Authors: Barrows Richard L. , Prenguber Bruce A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe issues in establishing and administering a transfer of development rights program are discussed, and an hypothetical program is empirically analyzed. In the case study, administrative assignment of development rights and definition of development unit significantly affected the distribution of program costs. Full compensation to restricted landowners would have required widely fluctuating development right prices. Initial cost burdens varied with type of development as well as within development categories. Timing of development right supply and demand may create problems in the market. Although the TDR concept is promising, many practical difficulties remain.
The Economic Impact of Controlling Nonpoint Pollution in Hardwood Forestland
Authors: Miller W. L. , Everett H. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis research examines the economic impact of controlling sediment loss through changing forest management practices, harvest methods, and rates of harvest. A comparison is made between the income foregone to forestry firms and the regional loss of income as alternative measures of the cost of pollution control. Both measures indicate substantial losses result from controlling nonpoint pollution and suggest present projections of this cost underestimate true social losses.
Disaggregation of Input‐Output Models into Product Lines as an Economic Development Policy Tool
Authors: Simpson James R. , Adams John W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA method of determining output and income multipliers for product lines by disaggregating sectors of either the transactions or technical coefficients matrix in existing input‐output studies is presented. The study focuses on beef exports from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The analysis indicates that canned and cooked/frozen beef, while generally considered low quality or inferior products are, in terms of economic impacts on the economy, actually “high quality” products. An application of the analysis to planning in Uruguay is presented. Direct and indirect effects from different export product mixes are estimated and projections made to 1985.
Prices and Incomes in Linear Programming Models
Authors: Duloy John H. , Norton Roger D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA procedure is developed for representing competitive and noncompetitive market structures in linear programming models. Arbitrarily close approximations to nonlinear forms—in both the objective function and constraint set—can be made without much loss of the computational efficiency of the simplex algorithm. The noncompetitive market structure may be used for measuring income at endogenous prices in a competitive model and may serve as a constraint on that measure of income to represent certain classes of economic policies. Product substitution effects in demand can be approximated by a linear program. The demand structure can be transformed to take account of any shift in demand which can be represented by a rotation of the demand function.
Resource Allocation and Risk: A Case Study of Smallholder Agriculture in Kenya
Authors: Wolgin Jerome M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model of economic behavior under conditions of uncertainty demonstrates that the traditional tests of economic efficiency in agriculture are generally misspecified. A data set from Kenya is used in testing a risk‐aversion model; the results permit the following conclusions. Risk plays an important role in farmer decision making; farmers are efficient in their allocation of resources; and lack of credit availability is a major bottleneck in obtaining increased agricultural productivity for the regions studied in Kenya.
Measurement of the Economic Efficiency of Central‐Fabrication‐versus Carcass‐Meat‐Handling Systems
Authors: O'Connor C. W. , Hammonds T. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRelative economic efficiency is measured for a selected sample of retail meat departments using the UOP (unit output price) profit model developed by Lau and Yotopoulos. The analysis suggests that central fabrication is currently more efficient for some, but not all, independent retail meat departments. The analysis also suggests that the relatively new UOP profit model is superior to the more traditional Farrell linear programming technique for evaluating relative efficiency.
Impact of Farm Size on the Bidding Potential for Agricultural Land
Authors: Harris Duane G. , Nehring Richard F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA theoretical model is constructed to determine the maximum bid price that would be made for an acre of land by a decisionmaker with a given set of characteristics, capabilities, and expectations. The variables included that have an impact on the maximum bid price are net income, income variability, wealth, degree of risk aversion, marginal income tax rate, rate of pure time preference, and expected rate of growth in land income and prices. A numerical illustration of the model, developed for cash‐grain farmers in Iowa, demonstrates the relative importance of the variables in determining bid‐price differentials among farm‐size classes.
A Note on the Stability of Firm Size Distribution Functions for Western Cattle Ranches
Authors: Ching C. T. K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNegative exponential functions adequately describe the size distribution of western cattle ranches. Further, these functions were found to be sufficiently stable over time to be used in projecting future size distributions of firms. As such, these exponential functions provide an attractive alternative to Markov type projections.
Price Alignment and Movements of Class I Milk between Markets
Authors: Blakley Leo V. , Kloth Donald W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIncentives to transfer milk from one surplus market to another exist under current price alignment. Lower location differentials reduce these incentives. Milk shipments not needed for fluid consumption increase total costs with net benefits accruing primarily to the transportation industry and to some producer groups at the expense of others.
The Exchange Rate and U. S. Agriculture
Authors: Schuh G. Edward 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrevious analyses of trade and development problems of U. S. agriculture have neglected the role of exchange rate policy. An attempt is made to understand the role of the exchange rate on these problems in a non‐parametric fashion by means of a model of induced technical change. It is argued that the overvaluation of the dollar and the policy measures to combat it aggravated the adjustment problems of U. S. agriculture, especially during the 1950's, and resulted in shifting an important share of the benefits of technical change to the consumer. Moreover the recent devaluation of the dollar constitutes an important structural change for U. S. agriculture.
Decision Making: The Role of Education
Authors: Huffman Wallace E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn a dynamic environment with imperfect information, education contributes to production as an “allocative effect,” arising from enhanced ability to acquire and process information efficiently, as well as a “worker effect.” This study focuses on a single dimension of allocative ability: adjustment of Midwestern U. S. farmers to the changing optimum quantity of nitrogen fertilizer in corn production. Results support the hypothesis that rate of adjustment can be explained by economic variables; the rate is positively related to education of farmers, availability of information (agricultural extension), and scale incentive to be informed (acres of corn). Also, education and extension are substitute sources of allocative efficiency.
Credit Card Purchasing and Static Consumer Behavior Theory
Authors: Sporleder Thomas L. , Wilson Robert R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article treats the theoretical consequences of consumer credit card use. A delayed repayment model provides consumer optimization and indifference conditions between cash and credit card transactions. Under realistic interest and opportunity cost rates, consumers can rationally let a balance revolve about 39 percent of the time and maintain indifference over time.
State‐Financed Property Tax Relief
Authors: White Fred C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs a result of widespread dissatisfaction with rising property tax burdens, state governments are being called on increasingly to provide property tax relief. Numerous tax reform proposals are being considered by the various states. The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical framework for evaluating the potential impacts of alternative approaches to property tax relief. Applicability of the fiscal model is demonstrated using three alternative tax relief proposals—increased state funding of elementary and secondary education, revenue transfers for a general reduction in property taxes, and a circuit breaker to ease excessive property tax burdens.
The Price and Profit Performance of Leading Food Chains
Authors: Marion Bruce W. , Mueller Willard F. , Cotterill Ronald W. , Geithman Frederick E. , Schmelzer John R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe net profits and grocery prices of large food chains were found to be positively and significantly related to market concentration and a chain's relative market share. The results refute the notion that higher profits for dominant firms in concentrated markets are due to efficiency and lower costs. Increased profits in noncompetitively structured markets accounted for about one‐third of the increase in prices. Higher retailer costs in noncompetitive markets appear to stem from inefficiencies and cost increasing forms of competition.
Farm‐Level Fertilizer Demand for Mexican Wheat Varieties in the Indian Punjab
Authors: Sidhu Surjit S. , Baanante Carlos A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA restricted profit function is used to estimate jointly the profit and factor demand functions from farm‐level, cross‐sectional data for Mexican wheat varieties in the Indian Punjab. The main focus is analysis of fertilizer demand. The results indicate that output price is a more powerful policy instrument than fertilizer price to influence fertilizer use, output supply, and returns to fixed farm resources, that producers attain allocative efficiency, that education of the farm people contributes significantly to agricultural production, and that profit function is a suitable concept for empirical analysis and interpretation.
Commodity Price Forecasting with Large‐Scale Econometric Models and the Futures Market
Authors: Just Richard E. , Rausser Gordon C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper compares the accuracy of major commercial price forecasts for corn, wheat, soybeans, soybean oil, soybean meal, cotton, live cattle, and hogs. The price‐forecasting information in futures prices is evaluated by comparison. The results among commercial forecasters are mixed, but futures prices perform relatively better on average although not universally so. These results have important implications for operational risk management.
Farmers' Credit Risks and Liquidity Management
Authors: Barry Peter J. , Baker C. B. , Sanint Luis R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCredit risks are unanticipated variations in costs and availability of credit that arise from forces in financial markets or from lenders' responses to risks in agricultural markets and farmers' creditworthiness. An extension of mean‐variance portfolio theory shows how credit risks combine with other financial and business risks to determine total risk. Empirical evidence from lender surveys about risks shows that farmers' credit is positively correlated with changes in farm income, although the correlation is stronger for capital credit than for operating credit, and that variability in fund availability from rural banks has contributed to high credit risks.