bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome assessment of routine medical practice in handling child urinary tract infections: estimation of renal scar incidence
Authors: Bremberg Sven G , Edström Stella 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTObjective A major aim of the treatment of urinary tract infections in children is to prevent renal scars. We have studied the renal scar incidence in a defined population in order to assess the quality of the medical handling of these infections.Design Retrospective, population‐based study. Records of children with renal scars were identified by means of hospital and health district register.Sample All children under 16 years of age (average number 55 971) residing in a Stockholm county health district in 1990–95.Results The incidence of children with renal scars was 9.3 per 100 000 child–years, with a possible range from 7.5 to 11. The medical handling was close to optimal; e.g. the median time between the debut of symptoms and treatment with antibiotics was 48 hours.Conclusion The incidence of renal scars was as high as in previous studies from the 1960s and 1990s, in spite of improved quality of medical care. The incidence of renal scars in children did not seemed to be related to the quality of medical care as per this regime. This finding calls into question the assumption that further improvement of medical care of urinary tract infections might prevent permanent renal damage. Estimation of renal scar incidence, used as a method for outcome quality assessment, is not recommended until the aetiology of renal scars in children is better understood.
The response to sulpiride in major depression before and after cognitive behavioural therapy: D2 receptor function
Authors: Bell Caroline , Bhika Shamina , Porter Richard , Frampton Chris , Carter Janet , McIntosh Virginia , Jordan Jenny , Joyce Peter 
Published: June 2008

Background:Previous studies have suggested that antidepressant treatment of depression may potentiate dopamine transmission through increased sensitivity of postsynaptic D2 receptors.Method:D2 receptor function was assessed in 24 patients with major depression before and 16 patients after 16 weeks of treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) using a challenge with a selective D2 antagonist, sulpiride. Four hundred milligrams of sulpiride was administered orally on two test days and response was measured by the change in prolactin levels and changes in self-rating scale measures of mood, anxiety and pleasure.Results:The prolactin response to sulpiride (as measured by the maximum prolactin level) was significantly increased after CBT (z = −2.792, p = 0.005). Sulpiride resulted in an improvement on mood ratings on both test days, but after CBT, this effect was significantly diminished as measured by the Profile of Mood States score (t = −2.27, p = 0.038).Conclusions:After 16 weeks of CBT, we detected an enhanced prolactin response to sulpiride, suggesting an increased sensitivity of D2 receptor functioning.
Long‐term biomechanical properties after collagen crosslinking of sclera using glyceraldehyde
Authors: Wollensak Gregor , Iomdina Elena 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  Chemical crosslinking by glyceraldehyde has been shown to increase significantly the biomechanical rigidity of sclera. It might therefore become an option for a sclera‐based treatment of progressive myopia. The present pilot study was designed to test the long‐term biomechanical efficiency of the new crosslinking method.Methods:  Six Chinchilla rabbits were treated with sequential sub‐Tenon’s injections of 0.15 ml 0.5 m glyceraldehyde, which were given in the supero‐nasal quadrant of the right eye (OD) five times over 14 days. The rabbits were killed 4 months and 8 months after crosslinking treatment, respectively. Biomechanical stress–strain measurements of scleral strips from the treatment area were performed and compared to non‐treated contralateral control sclera using a microcomputer‐controlled biomaterial testing device. In addition, the eyes were examined histologically by light microscopy to evaluate possible side‐effects.Results:  Following the crosslinking treatment, the ultimate stress was 10.2 ± 2.3 MPa after 4 months and 8.5 ± 2.2 MPa after 8 months versus 2.4 ± 0.3 MPa in the controls (increases of 325% and 254.17%, respectively); Young’s modulus was 104.6 ± 13.7 MPa after 4 months and 53.2 ± 5.2 MPa after 8 months versus 9.6 ± 1.3 MPa in the controls (increases of 989.6% and 554.17%, respectively); and ultimate strain was 15.8 ± 1.5% after 4 months and 24.1 ± 0.7% after 8 months versus 38.4 ± 4.6% in the controls (decreases of 58.84% and 37.24%, respectively). Histologically, no side‐effects were found.Conclusion:  Our new method of scleral collagen crosslinking proved very efficient in increasing scleral biomechanical strength over a period of up to 8 months. Glyceraldehyde can be applied easily by sequential parabulbar injections. Before clinical application in myopic patients, a study in an animal myopia model is recommended.
A Numerical Study of Wall Shear Stress of Viscous Flows in Curved Atherosclerotic Tubes
Authors: Liu Biyue 
Published: June 2008

Atherosclerosis is a disease of large- and medium-size arteries, which involves complex interactions between the artery wall and the blood flow. Both clinical observations and experimental results showed that the fluid shear stress acting on the artery wall plays a significant role in the physical processes which lead to atherosclerosis [1,2]. Therefore, a sound understanding of the effect of the wall shear stress on atherosclerosis is of practical importance to early detection, prevention and treatment of the disease. A considerable number of studies have been performed to investigate the flow phenomena in human carotid artery bifurcations or curved tubes during the past decades [3–8]. Numerical studies have supported the experimental results on the correlation between blood flow parameters and atherosclerosis [6–8]. The objective of this work is to understand the effect of the wall shear stress on atherosclerosis. The mathematical description of pulsatile blood flows is modeled by applying the time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for Newtonian fluids. The equations of motion and the incompressibility condition are ρut+ρ(u·∇)u=−∇p+μΔu, inΩ, (1)∇·u=0, inΩ (2) where ρ is the density of the fluid, μ is the viscosity of the fluid, u = (u1, u2, u3) is the flow velocity, p is the internal pressure, Ω is a curved tube with wall boundary Γ (see Figure 1). At the inflow boundary, fully developed velocity profiles corresponding to the common carotid velocity pulse waveform are prescribed u2=0,u3=0,u1=U(1+Asin(2πt/tp)), (3) where A is the amplitude of oscillation, tp is the period of oscillation; U is a fully developed velocity profile at the symmetry entrance plane. At the outflow boundary, surface traction force is prescribed as Tijnjni=0, (4)uiti=0 (5) where Tij=−pδij+μ(∂ui/∂xj+∂uj/∂xi) (6) is the stress tensor, n = (n1, n2, n3) is the out normal vector of the outlet boundary. On the wall boundary Γ, we assume that no slipping takes place between the fluid and the wall, no penetration of the fluid through the artery wall occurs: u|r=nHt, (7) where n = (n1, n2, n3) is the out normal vector of the wall boundary Γ. H is the function representing the location of the wall boundary. At initial time t = 0, H is input as shown in Figure 1. During the computation, H is updated by a geometry update condition based on the localized blood flow information. The initial condition is prescribed as u|t=0=u0,p|t=0=p0, where u0, p0 can be obtained by solving a Stokes problem: −μΔu0+∇p0=0,∇·u0=0, with boundary conditions (3)–(7) but zero in the right hand side of (7).
Examining pacing profiles in elite female road cyclists using exposure variation analysis
Authors: Abbiss C R , Straker L , Quod M J , Martin D T , Laursen P B 
Published: June 2008

ObjectiveIn this study, the amplitude and time distribution of power output in a variety of competitive cycling events through the use of a new mathematical analysis was examined: exposure variation analysis (EVA).DesignDescriptive field study.SettingVarious professional road cycling events, including; a 5-day—eight-stage tour race, a 1-day World Cup event and the Australian National Individual Time Trial Championships.Participants9 elite female cyclists (mean (SD), mass = 57.8 (3.4) kg, height = 167.3 (2.8) cm, Vo2peak = 63.2 (5.2) ml kg−1min−1).InterventionsNone.Main outcome measurementsThe variation in power output and the quantification of the total time and acute time spent at various exercise intensities during competitive professional cycling were examined. Predefined levels of exercise intensity that elicited first ventilation threshold, second ventilation threshold and maximal aerobic power were determined from a graded exercise test performed before the events and compared with power output during each event.ResultsEVA exposed that power output during the time trial was highly variable (EVASD= 2.81 (0.33)) but more evenly distributed than the circuit/criterium (4.23 (0.31)) and road race events (4.81 (0.96)).ConclusionEVA may be useful for illustrating variations in the amplitude and time distribution of power output during cycling events. The specific race format influenced not only the overall time spent in various power bands, but also the acute time spent at these exercise intensities.
Essential role of nuclear factor-κB for NADPH oxidase activity in normal and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia leukocytes
Authors: Luengo-Blanco Marcos , Prando Carolina , Bustamante Jacinta , Aragão-Filho Walmir Cutrim , Pereira Paulo Vitor Soeiro , Rehder Jussara , Padden Carolyn , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Newburger Peter E. , Condino-Neto Antonio 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis work investigated the functional role of nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) in respiratory burst activity and in expression of the human phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase genes CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, and NCF2. U937 cells with a stably transfected repressor of NF-κB (IκBα-S32A/S36A) demonstrated significantly lower superoxide release and lower CYBB and NCF1 gene expression compared with control U937 cells. We further tested Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells from patients with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), an inherited disorder of NF-κB function. Superoxide release and CYBB gene expression by EDA-ID cells were significantly decreased compared with healthy cells and similar to cells from patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X910 CGD). NCF1 gene expression in EDA-ID S32I cells was decreased compared with healthy control cells and similar to that in autosomal recessive (A470) CGD cells. Gel shift assays demonstrated loss of recombinant human p50 binding to a NF-κB site 5′ to the CYBB gene in U937 cells treated with NF-κB inhibitors, repressor-transfected U937 cells, and EDA-ID patients' cells. Zymosan phagocytosis was not affected by transfection of U937 cells with the NF-κB repressor. These studies show that NF-κB is necessary for CYBB and NCF1 gene expression and activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in this model system.
Id2 intrinsically regulates lymphoid and erythroid development via interaction with different target proteins
Authors: Ji Ming , Li Huajie , Suh Hyung Chan , Klarmann Kimberly D. , Yokota Yoshifumi , Keller Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractInhibitors of DNA binding (Id) family members are key regulators of cellular differentiation and proliferation. These activities are related to the ability of Id proteins to antagonize E proteins and other transcription factors. As negative regulators of E proteins, Id proteins have been implicated in lymphocyte development. Overexpression of Id1, Id2, or Id3 has similar effects on lymphocyte development. However, which Id protein plays a physiologic role during lymphocyte development is not clear. By analyzing Id2 knock-out mice and retroviral transduced hematopoietic progenitors, we demonstrated that Id2 is an intrinsic negative regulator of B-cell development. Hematopoietic progenitor cells overexpressing Id2 did not reconstitute B-cell development in vivo, which resembled the phenotype of E2A null mice. The B-cell population in bone marrow was significantly expanded in Id2 knock-out mice compared with their wild-type littermates. Knock-down of Id2 by shRNA in hematopoietic progenitor cells promoted B-cell differentiation and induced the expression of B-cell lineage–specific genes. These data identified Id2 as a physiologically relevant regulator of E2A during B lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, we identified a novel Id2 function in erythroid development. Overexpression of Id2 enhanced erythroid development, and decreased level of Id2 impaired normal erythroid development. Id2 regulation of erythroid development is mediated via interacting with transcription factor PU.1 and modulating PU.1 and GATA-1 activities. We conclude that Id2 regulates lymphoid and erythroid development via interaction with different target proteins.
GMDD: a database of GMO detection methods
Authors: Dong Wei , Yang Litao , Shen Kailin , Kim Banghyun , Kleter Gijs A , Marvin Hans JP , Guo Rong , Liang Wanqi , Zhang Dabing 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
Since more than one hundred events of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been developed and approved for commercialization in global area, the GMO analysis methods are essential for the enforcement of GMO labelling regulations. Protein and nucleic acid-based detection techniques have been developed and utilized for GMOs identification and quantification. However, the information for harmonization and standardization of GMO analysis methods at global level is needed.

Results
GMO Detection method Database (GMDD) has collected almost all the previous developed and reported GMOs detection methods, which have been grouped by different strategies (screen-, gene-, construct-, and event-specific), and also provide a user-friendly search service of the detection methods by GMO event name, exogenous gene, or protein information, etc. In this database, users can obtain the sequences of exogenous integration, which will facilitate PCR primers and probes design. Also the information on endogenous genes, certified reference materials, reference molecules, and the validation status of developed methods is included in this database. Furthermore, registered users can also submit new detection methods and sequences to this database, and the newly submitted information will be released soon after being checked.

Conclusion
GMDD contains comprehensive information of GMO detection methods. The database will make the GMOs analysis much easier.
A randomised trial of a 5 week, manual based, self-management programme for hypertension delivered in a cardiac patient club in Shanghai
Authors: Xue Feng , Yao Wen , Lewin Robert J 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
In Shanghai there are 1.2 million people with hypertension, many of whom have difficulty in affording medical treatment. Community based, anti-hypertensive clubs have been created to provide health education but education alone is often ineffective. Lifestyle change programmes have shown some potential for reducing blood pressure but in previous trials have required specialist staff and extensive contact. We have previously demonstrated that self-management programmes delivered by health professionals, such as a nurse who has had short training in self-management techniques can change health behaviour and reduce symptoms. This study was designed to evaluate the benefits of a simple, cognitive-behavioural, self-management programme for hypertension based around a hypertension manual and delivered in the setting of a community anti-hypertensive club in Shanghai.

Method
The method was a pragmatic randomised controlled trial with an intention-to-treat analysis. Adult patients with mild-to-moderate primary hypertension, waiting to join a neighbourhood anti-hypertension club, were randomised to the self-management programme or to an information only control procedure. They attended the group treatment sessions on 4 occasions over 5 weeks for education combined with goal setting for lifestyle change and an introduction to exercise. The main outcome measures were: changes in blood pressure; blood total cholesterol; diet; activity level and health related quality of life 1 month and 4 months after the end of treatment.

Results
A total of 140 adults with mild-to-moderate primary hypertension took part. All of the main outcomes showed beneficial changes. Four months after the end of treatment the mean blood pressure differences between groups were systolic 10.15 mm Hg (P < 0.001, 95% CI 7.25–13.05), and diastolic 8.29 mmHg (P < 0.001, 95% CI 6.71–9.88). Patients in the intervention group also had significantly reduced weight, lowered blood total cholesterol, increased physical activity and improved quality of life.

Conclusion
Patients with mild-to-moderate primary hypertension attending a 5 week, group and manual based, cognitive-behavioural self-management programme, delivered through a voluntary club in Shanghai experienced a significant reduction in blood pressure.

Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN73114566
Detailed analysis of immunologic effects of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-blocking monoclonal antibody tremelimumab in peripheral blood of patients with melanoma
Authors: Comin-Anduix Begoña , Lee Yohan , Jalil Jason , Algazi Alain , de la Rocha Pilar , Camacho Luis H , Bozon Viviana A , Bulanhagui Cecile A , Seja Elisabeth , Villanueva Arturo , Straatsma Bradley R , Gualberto Antonio , Economou James S , Glaspy John A , Gomez-Navarro Jesus , Ribas Antoni 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background
CTLA4-blocking antibodies induce tumor regression in a subset of patients with melanoma. Analysis of immune parameters in peripheral blood may help define how responses are mediated.

Methods
Peripheral blood from HLA-A*0201-positive patients with advanced melanoma receiving tremelimumab (formerly CP-675,206) at 10 mg/kg monthly was repeatedly sampled during the first 4 cycles. Samples were analyzed by 1) tetramer and ELISPOT assays for reactivity to CMV, EBV, MART1, gp100, and tyrosinase; 2) activation HLA-DR and memory CD45RO markers on CD4+/CD8+ cells; and 3) real-time quantitative PCR of mRNA for FoxP3 transcription factor, preferentially expressed by T regulatory cells. The primary endpoint was difference in MART1-specific T cells by tetramer assay. Immunological data were explored for significant trends using clustering analysis.

Results
Three of 12 patients eligible for immune monitoring had tumor regression lasting > 2 years without relapse. There was no significant change in percent of MART1-specific T cells by tetramer assay. Additionally, there was no generalized trend toward postdosing changes in other antigen-specific CD8+ cell populations, FoxP3 transcripts, or overall changes in surface expression of T-cell activation or memory markers. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering based on immune monitoring data segregated patients randomly. However, clustering according to T-cell activation or memory markers separated patients with clinical response and most patients with inflammatory toxicity into a common subgroup.

Conclusion
Administration of CTLA4-blocking antibody tremelimumab to patients with advanced melanoma results in a subset of patients with long-lived tumor responses. T-cell activation and memory markers served as the only readout of the pharmacodynamic effects of this antibody in peripheral blood.

Clinical trial registration number
NCT00086489
A mouse plasma peptide atlas as a resource for disease proteomics
Authors: Zhang Qing , Menon Rajasree , Deutsch Eric W , Pitteri Sharon J , Faca Vitor M , Wang Hong , Newcomb Lisa F , DePinho Ronald A , Bardeesy Nabeel , Dinulescu Daniela , Hung Kenneth E , Kucherlapati Raju , Jacks Tyler , Politi Katerina , Aebersold Ruedi , Omenn Gilbert S , States David J , Hanash Samir M 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe present an in-depth analysis of mouse plasma leading to the development of a publicly available repository composed of 568 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry runs. A total of 13,779 distinct peptides have been identified with high confidence. The corresponding approximately 3,000 proteins are estimated to span a 7 logarithmic range of abundance in plasma. A major finding from this study is the identification of novel isoforms and transcript variants not previously predicted from genome analysis.
Laminin isoforms of lymph nodes and predominant role of α5-laminin(s) in adhesion and migration of blood lymphocytes
Authors: Gorfu Gezahegn , Virtanen Ismo , Hukkanen Mika , Lehto Veli-Pekka , Rousselle Patricia , Kenne Ellinor , Lindbom Lennart , Kramer Randall , Tryggvason Karl , Patarroyo Manuel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDuring extravasation and within lymph nodes (LNs), blood lymphocytes interact with laminins (Lms), major components of vascular basement membranes (BMs) and of reticular fibers (RFs), a fibrillar extracellular matrix. However, the identity and role of these laminin isoform(s) are poorly known. By using confocal microscopy examination of human LNs, we show that BMs of high endothelial venules (HEVs) express laminin α3, α4, α5, β1, β2, and γ1 chains and that the same chains, in addition to α2, are found in RFs. In functional studies with laminin isoforms covering all Lm α chains, α5-laminin (Lm-511) was the most adhesion- and migration-promoting isoform for human blood lymphocytes, followed by α3- (Lm-332) and α4- (Lm-411) laminins, and the lymphocytes used the α6β1 integrin as the primary receptor for the α5-laminin. Moreover, Lm-511 strongly costimulated T cell proliferation, and blood lymphocytes were able to secrete α4- and α5-laminins following stimulation. The LN cell number in laminin α4-deficient mice compared with wild-type did not differ significantly. This study demonstrates a predominant role for α5-laminin(s) in blood lymphocyte biology and identifies LN laminins and their integrin receptors in blood lymphocytes.