bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardized Human Pedigree Nomenclature: Update and Assessment of the Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Bennett Robin L. , French Kathryn Steinhaus , Resta Robert G. , Doyle Debra Lochner 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn 1995, the Pedigree Standardization Task Force (PSTF) of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) proposed a system of pedigree nomenclature. Recently, the PSTF (now called the Pedigree Standardization Work Group or PSWG) sought evidence that the published symbols met the needs of health professionals, were incorporated into health professional training and were utilized in publications. We searched PubMed and reference lists of select publications, reviewed the Instructions for Authors of several journals, searched the websites of professional societies, sought comment from the membership of the NSGC, and looked at recommendations and training practices of various health professional organizations. Many journals still do not cite specific standards for pedigrees, but those found cited the PSTF nomenclature. We did not find significant objections or alternatives to the 1995 nomenclature. Based on our review, we propose only a few minor stylistic changes to the pedigree symbols. The pedigree nomenclature of the NSGC is the only consistently acknowledged standard for drawing a family health history. We recommend regular and continued review of these pedigree standards to determine if additional symbols are needed to accommodate changes in clinical practice to ensure that the symbols continue to meet the needs of health professionals and researchers as well as adhere to evolving ethical and privacy standards. All health professionals, trainees, and researchers should be made aware of the utility of using a common pedigree nomenclature in clinical practice and publication. This will become particularly important as electronic medical records become more widely utilized.
“We All Know A Democracy When We See One”: (Neo)liberal orthodoxy in the ‘democratisation’ and ‘good governance’ project
Authors: Ayers Alison J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
‘Democratisation’ and ‘good governance’ have come to constitute a fundamental aspect of Western interventions in Latin America, Asia, Africa and the former Eastern bloc, particularly in the post-Cold War period. Despite a vast literature on ‘democratisation,’ there has been a paucity of analysis which interrogates the great-power-defined agendas of democratisation. The naturalism of a particular vision or model of democracy is such that its promotion is rarely questioned or critically interrogated. Yet democracy is an essentially contested concept and universalistic claims around the Western (neo)liberal notion of democracy are being increasingly challenged. The article interrogates therefore the notion(s) of democracy articulated by the dominant social agents associated with the democratisation project, through specific reference to Africa. It contends that an orthodox notion can be identified. The orthodoxy constitutes a (neo)liberal, procedural notion of democracy, a claim substantiated through interrogation of the orthodoxy and the detailing of the extent to which the orthodox notion is informed by (neo)liberal theory and practice. The article concludes that ‘democratisation’ and ‘governance’ interventions are to be understood as a current manifestation of the liberal project.
Contextualizing human security: A ‘deprivation–vulnerability’ approach
Authors: Busumtwi-Sam James 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Devising a more precise operational definition of human security has been elusive, hampering efforts to create an effective global framework. This article develops a framework for operationalizing a development-oriented approach to human security that establishes clear research and policy priorities. The analysis stakes out a middle ground between expansive and narrower human security approaches revealing they are not as polarized as sometimes portrayed, and argues that human security and human development are distinct but complementary; whereas the former is a relative condition and the latter is a longer-term process. The paper proposes a deprivation–vulnerability approach to human security, based on the analysis of threats and vulnerabilities conditioned by deprivations and exclusions, and takes initial steps at developing a human security risk management model that initially prioritizes populations more vulnerable to harm.
The new public autonomy?
Authors: Cohn Daniel 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The Canadian province of British Columbia has been widely recognized as the North American leader in employing Design, Build, Finance Operate public–private partnerships to create new public infrastructure. Canada is one of the most decentralized federations in the world. Provinces exercise considerable autonomy and have powerful revenue raising power at their disposal. Although Canadian local governments are generally seen as substantially inferior to the two senior levels of government, those in British Columbia have in fact managed to achieve quite a bit of autonomy due to non-constitutional factors. Large infrastructure projects, for which municipalities and other local government agencies must look to the province for financial support are among the most controversial of issues within the provincial–local government relationship. The introduction of public–private partnerships represents a classic example of a political entrepreneur changing the rules of the game to favour their desired outcomes. In this case, a government leader determined to pursue an infrastructure program that the province lacked the capital to support and the re-structuring of the state along New Public Management lines. However, even though the rule change favoured the Premier's immediate goals, and allowed him to over-ride much local objection, it can be argued that in the long run neither local governments nor the province have necessarily gained in power by changing the rules of the game. In keeping with the general tenants of the New Public Management, the introduction of public–private partnerships has given precedence to technocratic forms of knowledge, especially those involved with finance and accounting, with the aim of pursuing public goals in the most “economically efficient” manner possible. The flip side is that democratic input is strictly limited to the initial question as to whether or not a project is desirable, not how it can be best achieved or whether, once underway, it still represents a wise move. As a result, if there are any real winners in terms of autonomy, it has been senior public managers at both the provincial and local level and their financial and accounting advisors. These actors have had the range of issues for which they are accountable markedly simplified when it comes to major infrastructure projects, even as the complexity of such projects are increased by the use of public–private partnerships. Evidence is drawn from government documents, news accounts and interviews conducted by the author with senior managers, politicians and appointed board members of local government organizations (a quasi-governmental agency and a regional municipality's transit authority) as well as a provincial ministry, which acts as a control case. By employing three cases within the same province and the same time-frame, many of the contextual factors that can confound a study of this sort have been held constant for the purpose of comparison.
Gambling and corporate social responsibility (CSR): Re-defining industry and state roles on duty of care, host responsibility and risk management
Authors: Hancock Linda , Schellinck Tony , Schrans Tracy 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
During the 1990s, states embraced legalised gambling as a means of supplementing state revenue. But gaming machines (EGMs, pokies, VLTs, Slots) have become increasingly controversial in countries such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand, which experienced unprecedented roll-out of gaming machines in casino and community settings; alongside revenue windfalls for both governments and the gambling industry. Governments have recognised that gambling results in a range of social and economic harms and, similar to tobacco and alcohol, have introduced public policies predicated on harm minimisation. Yet despite these, gaming losses have continued to climb in most jurisdictions, along with concerns about gambling-related harms. The first part of this article discusses an emerging debate in Ontario Canada, that draws parallels between host responsibility in alcohol and gambling venues. In Canada, where government owns and operates the gaming industry, this debate prompts important questions on the role of the state, duty of care and regulation ‘in the public interest’ and on CSR, host responsibility and consumer protection. This prompts the question: Do governments owe a duty of care to gamblers?
The article then discusses three domains of accumulating research evidence to inform questions raised in the Ontario debate: evidence that visible behavioural indicators can be used with high confidence to identify problem gamblers on-site in venues as they gamble; new systems using player tracking and loyalty data that can provide management with high precision identification of problem gamblers and associated risk (for protective interventions); and research on technological design features of new generation gaming products in interaction with players, that shows how EGM machines can be the site for monitoring/protecting players. We then canvass some leading international jurisdictions on gambling policy CSR and consumer protection.
In light of this new research, we ask whether the risk of legal liability poses a tipping point for more interventionist public policy responses by both the state and industry. This includes a proactive role for the state in re-regulating the gambling industry/products; instituting new forms of gaming machine product control/protection; and reinforcing corporate social responsibility (CSR) and host responsibility obligations on gambling providers – beyond self-regulatory codes. We argue the ground is shifting, there is new evidence to inform public policy and government regulation and there are new pressures on gambling providers and regulators to avail themselves of the new technology – or risk litigation.
Gender mainstreaming in Canada and Australia: A comparative analysis
Authors: Hankivsky Olena 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Although gender mainstreaming (GM) has been endorsed officially at the international level since 1995, the efficacy of this strategy is being increasingly questioned. More research is focusing on understanding the progress and impact of various mainstreaming strategies across jurisdictions and in a comparative context. This article contributes to the literature in the GM field by examining the role and experiences of three key sectors in GM advancement and implementation in Canada and Australia: institutional machineries, women's movements and feminist and gender research within academe. Drawing on policy documents, textual materials and interviews with 30 key stakeholders in each country, the investigation illuminates the historic development and current situation of GM. Significantly, the research highlights common challenges and shortcomings of GM in Canada and Australia and in the final analysis, provides suggestions for future mainstreaming strategies.
Why No Religious Politics? The Secularization of Poor Relief and Primary Education in Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Kaspersen Lars Bo , Lindvall Johannes 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn many European democracies, religion was an important political cleavage throughout the twentieth century. But in Denmark and Sweden, religious differences have not been translated into political competition. Instead, class conflict has dominated. This article attempts to explain why. Our argument is that in the first decades of the twentieth century, the issue that mattered most for the politicization of religion elsewhere in Europe – the role of churches in the provision of poor relief and education – was already settled. The main reason was that in the nineteenth century, the secular state had captured the organizational infrastructure that churches used to provide these services.
Toward a Sociology of the State and War: Emil Lederer's Political
Sociology
Authors: Huebner Daniel R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAlthough recognized for innovations in economics and economic sociology, Emil
Lederer’s impressive contributions to political sociology have been
almost completely ignored. Lederer wrote extensively on questions of practical
and theoretical relevance for a sociological analysis of the state and war,
especially in response to and anticipation of the World Wars of the last
century. This article considers the elements of his political-sociological work
in the context of the circumstances under which they developed and concludes
with an attempt to construct an outline of the basic tenets of a sociology of
the state and war derived from Lederer’s writings. This analysis
highlights Lederer’s sensitivity to a dynamic understanding of the
total social configuration and its impact on the individual psyche as central to
explicating the characteristics of particular political-sociological
phenomena.
On Khintchine exponents and Lyapunov exponents of continued fractions
Authors: FAN AI-HUA , LIAO LING-MIN , WANG BAO-WEI , WU JUN 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAssume that x∈[0,1) admits its continued fraction expansion x=[a1(x),a2(x),…]. The Khintchine exponent γ(x) of x is defined by $\gamma (x):=\lim _{n\to \infty }({1}/{n}) \sum _{j=1}^n \log a_j(x)$ when the limit exists. The Khintchine spectrum dim Eξ is studied in detail, where Eξ:={x∈[0,1):γ(x)=ξ}(ξ≥0) and dim denotes the Hausdorff dimension. In particular, we prove the remarkable fact that the Khintchine spectrum dim Eξ, as a function of $\xi \in [0, +\infty )$, is neither concave nor convex. This is a new phenomenon from the usual point of view of multifractal analysis. Fast Khintchine exponents defined by $\gamma ^{\varphi }(x):=\lim _{n\to \infty }({1}/({\varphi (n)}))\sum _{j=1}^n \log a_j(x)$ are also studied, where φ(n) tends to infinity faster than n does. Under some regular conditions on φ, it is proved that the fast Khintchine spectrum dim ({x∈[0,1]:γφ(x)=ξ}) is a constant function. Our method also works for other spectra such as the Lyapunov spectrum and the fast Lyapunov spectrum.
Billiards in polygons and homogeneous foliations on C2
Authors: VALDEZ FERRÁN 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this article we construct a new framework for the study of polygonal billiards. To every polygonal billiard we associate a holomorphic foliation on C2. The dynamics of the billiard ball is linked to the directional flow of the complex vector field defining the associated holomorphic foliation.
Category theorems for stable semigroups
Authors: EISNER TANJA , SERÉNY ANDRÁS 
Published: September 2008

AbstractInspired by the classical category theorems of Halmos and Rohlin for discrete measure-preserving transformations, we prove analogous results in the abstract setting of unitary and isometric C0-semigroups on a separable Hilbert space. More precisely, we show that, for an appropriate topology, the set of all weakly stable unitary groups (isometric semigroups) is of first category, while the set of all almost weakly stable unitary groups (isometric semigroups) is residual.
From phonetics to phonology: The emergence of first words in Italian*
Authors: KEREN-PORTNOY TAMAR , MAJORANO MARINELLA , VIHMAN MARILYN M. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis study assesses the extent of phonetic continuity between babble and words in four Italian children followed longitudinally from 0 ; 9 or 0 ; 10 to 2 ; 0 – two with relatively rapid and two with slower lexical growth. Prelinguistic phonetic characteristics, including both (a) consistent use of specific consonants and (b) age of onset and extent of consonant variegation in babble, are found to predict rate of lexical advance and to relate to the form of the early words. In addition, each child's lexical profile is analyzed to test the hypothesis of non-linearity in phonological development. All of the children show the expected pattern of phonological advance: Relatively accurate first word production is followed by lexical expansion, characterized by a decrease in accuracy and an increase of similarity between word forms. We interpret such a profile as reflecting the emergence of word templates, a first step in phonological organization.
Priming a perspective in Spanish monolingual children: The use of syntactic alternatives
Authors: GÁMEZ PERLA B. , SHIMPI PRIYA M. , WATERFALL HEIDI R. , HUTTENLOCHER JANELLEN 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTWe used a syntactic priming paradigm to show priming effects for active and passive forms in monolingual Spanish-speaking four- and five-year-olds. In a baseline experiment, we examined children's use of thefue-passive form and found it was virtually non-existent in their speech, although they produced important elements of the form. Children used a more frequent Spanish passive form, the subjectless/se-passive. In a priming experiment, we presented children with drawings described using either active orfue-passive sentences. Children then described novel drawings. Priming was induced for active and passive forms; however, children did not produce thefue-passive provided for them. Instead, children used the subjectless/se-passive and what we term the function-passive, which like thefue-passive, emphasize the patient of the action. We argue that children's use of different passive forms suggests they are sensitive to experimenter's input as it relates to scene interpretation and to syntax.
Fillers as signs of distributional learning
Authors: TAELMAN HELENA , DURIEUX GERT , GILLIS STEVEN 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTA longitudinal analysis is presented of the fillers of a Dutch-speaking child between 1 ; 10 and 2 ; 7. Our analysis corroborates familiar regularities reported in the literature: most fillers resemble articles in shape and distribution, and are affected by rhythmic and positional constraints. A novel finding is the impact of the lexical environment: particular function words act as ‘anchor’ words that attract occurrences of schwa fillers after them. The child inserts significantly more schwa fillers in these contexts. The anchor words are among the most frequent words preceding articles in the input, indicating a sharp sensitivity to such distributional regularities. Nasal fillers too are affected by distributional learning, but at the phonological level: the child first uses nasals before [h]-initial nouns, and then generalizes this usage to all [h]-initial words. These observations are related to the growing body of evidence for the impact of distributional learning on early language production.
Sources of sporadic Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children in Sweden, 2004: a case-control study
Authors: BOQVIST S. , PETTERSSON H. , SVENSSON Å. , ANDERSSON Y. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYYoung children account for a large proportion of reported Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Sweden with a high incidence compared with other gastrointestinal infections, such as salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. A case-control study was conducted to investigate selected risk factors for domestic sporadic yersiniosis in children aged 0–6 years in Sweden. In total, 117 cases and 339 controls were included in the study. To minimize exclusion of observations due to missing data a multiple non-parametric imputation technique was used. The following risk factors were identified in the multivariate analysis: eating food prepared from raw pork products (OR 3·0, 95% CI 1·8–5·1) or treated sausage (OR 1·9, 95% CI 1·1–3·3), use of a baby's dummy (OR 1·9, 95% CI 1·1–3·2) and contact with domestic animals (OR 2·0, 95% CI 1·2–3·4). We believe that the importance of Y. enterocolitica infection in children has been neglected and that results from this study can be used to develop preventive recommendations.
Salmonella infections in Antarctic fauna and island populations of wildlife exposed to human activities in coastal areas of Australia
Authors: IVESON J. B. , SHELLAM G. R. , BRADSHAW S. D. , SMITH D. W. , MACKENZIE J. S. , MOFFLIN R. G. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYSalmonella infections in Antarctic wildlife were first reported in 1970 and in a search for evidence linking isolations with exposure to human activities, a comparison was made of serovars reported from marine fauna in the Antarctic region from 1982–2004 with those from marine mammals in the Northern hemisphere. This revealed that 10 (83%) Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from Antarctic penguins and seals were classifiable in high-frequency (HF) quotients for serovars prevalent in humans and domesticated animals. In Australia, 16 (90%) HF serovars were isolated from marine birds and mammals compared with 12 (86%) HF serovars reported from marine mammals in the Northern hemisphere. In Western Australia, HF serovars from marine species were also recorded in humans, livestock, mussels, effluents and island populations of wildlife in urban coastal areas. Low-frequency S. enterica serovars were rarely detected in humans and not detected in seagulls or marine species. The isolation of S. Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4), PT8 and PT23 strains from Adélie penguins and a diversity of HF serovars reported from marine fauna in the Antarctic region and coastal areas of Australia, signal the possibility of transient serovars and endemic Salmonella strains recycling back to humans from southern latitudes in marine foodstuffs and feed ingredients.
The burden of infection with cytomegalovirus in England and Wales: how many women are infected in pregnancy?
Authors: VYSE A. J. , HESKETH L. M. , PEBODY R. G. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYA serological survey was used to investigate the epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in England and Wales. A total of 5237 sera representing the complete age range were used reflecting the general population. The sera were collected in 1991 and 2002, and screened for CMV-specific IgG by ELISA. Antibody prevalence increased with age from ~15% in those aged 1–4 years to ~80% in those aged ⩾65 years with no association with gender or region. Analysing by common birth cohort demonstrated that between 1991 and 2002 incidence was highest in children born 1985–1989 (1·62% per year, 95% CI 0·86–2·35), lower in older children and younger adults born 1950–1984 (0·75% per year, 95% CI 0·29–1·19) with little evidence of infection in older adults born pre-1950 (0% per year, 95% CI 0–0·64). Application to population and live-birth estimates for England and Wales suggested that between 1991 and 2002, 159 996 (95% CI 67922–278277) CMV infections occurred annually with an annual average of 2133 (95% CI 816–3435) infections affecting pregnant females.