bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical activation in alexithymia as a response to emotional
stimuli
Authors: Karlsson Hasse , Näätänen Petri , Stenman Hanna 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundAlexithymia has been shown to be related to many psychiatric and somatic
illnesses. Aberrant emotion processing in the brain may underlie several
psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the neurobiological
underpinnings of alexithymia.AimsTo determine the way in which the brain processes emotion in
alexithymia.MethodThe participants were 10 healthy women with alexithymia and 11 healthy
women without this condition, recruited into the study on the basis of
their scores on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Four films were
projected on a video screen to induce each of three emotional conditions
(neutral, amusement, sadness). The brain areas activated during emotional
stimuli in the alexithymia group were compared with those activated in
the non-alexithymia group. Scans of the distribution of
[15O]H2O were acquired using a positron emission
tomography (PET) scanner operated in three-dimensional mode.ResultsIn response to emotional stimuli participants with alexithymia activated
more parts of their sensory and motor cortices and insula, especially on
the left side, and less of their anterior cingulate, compared with the
control group.ConclusionsWomen with alexithymia seem to over-activate their ‘bodily’ brain
regions, implying a different mode of emotion processing. This may be
related to their tendency to experience physical symptoms.
Neural correlates of reward in autism
Authors: Schmitz Nicole , Rubia Katya , van Amelsvoort Therese , Daly Eileen , Smith Anna , Murphy Declan G. M. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundLack of social interaction, which is characteristically seen in people with autistic-spectrum disorder, may be caused by malfunctioning of the frontostriatal reward systems. However, no reportedin vivobrain imaging studies have investigated reward mechanisms in autistic-spectrum disorder.AimsTo investigate functional brain activation during reward feedback in people with autistic-spectrum disorder and control individuals.MethodWe used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural substrates of monetary reward in individuals with autistic-spectrum disorder and matched controls.ResultsWhen rewarded, individuals with autism compared with control individuals showed significantly greater brain activation in the left anterior cingulate gyrus. In addition, activation of this region was negatively correlated with social interaction as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Interview.ConclusionsIn people with autistic-spectrum disorder, achieving reward is associated with significant differences in the activation of areas known to be responsible for attention and arousal, and this may partially underpin some deficits in social behaviour.
Projected Cost-effectiveness of New Vaccines for Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Ortega-Sanchez Ismael R. , Lee Grace M. , Jacobs R. Jake , Prosser Lisa A. , Molinari Noelle-Angelique , Zhang Xinzhi , Baine William B. , McCauley Mary M. , Miller Ted ,   for the Working Group on Leading Economic Issues for New Vaccine for Adolescents
Published: January 2008

BACKGROUND. Economic assessments that guide policy making on immunizations are becoming increasingly important in light of new and anticipated vaccines for adolescents. However, important considerations that limit the utility of these assessments, such as the diversity of approaches used, are often overlooked and should be better understood.OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to examine economic studies of adolescent vaccines and compare cost-effectiveness outcomes among studies on a particular vaccine, across adolescent vaccines, and between new adolescent vaccines versus vaccines that are recommended for young children.METHODS. A systematic review of economic studies on immunizations for adolescents was conducted. Studies were identified by searching the Medline, Embase, and EconLit databases. Each study was reviewed for appropriateness of model design, baseline setup, sensitivity analyses, and input variables (ie, epidemiologic, clinical, cost, and quality-of-life impact). For comparison, the cost-effectiveness outcomes reported in key studies on vaccines for younger children were selected.RESULTS. Vaccines for healthy adolescents were consistently found to be more costly than the health care or societal cost savings they produced and, in general, were less cost-effective than vaccines for younger children. Among the new vaccines, pertussis and human papillomavirus vaccines were more cost-effective than meningococcal vaccines. Including herd-immunity benefits in studies significantly improved the cost-effectiveness estimates for new vaccines. Differences in measurements or assumptions limited further comparisons.CONCLUSION. Although using the new adolescent vaccines is unlikely to be cost-saving, vaccination programs will result in sizable health benefits.
Intertidal Habitat Use, Population Characteristics, Movement, and Exploitation of Striped Bass in the Inner Bay of Fundy, Canada
Authors: Rulifson Roger A. , McKenna Sean A. , Dadswell Michael J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractStriped bass Morone saxatilis were sampled from intertidal weirs in Minas Basin and Cobequid Bay, Bay of Fundy, to determine tidal behavior, population characteristics, movements, and exploitation. During 1985 and 1986, 1,864 striped bass ranging from 69 to more than 600 mm in fork length were captured in three commercial weirs from May to December along the north shore of Minas Basin and Cobequid Bay. Catches were lowest during early summer and highest in late summer and fall. Catches were greatest when low tide occurred from dusk to midnight (1800‐2400 hours), a second peak being observed when low tide occurred from dawn to late morning. Largest weir catches at a clear‐water site (Minas Basin) were associated with spring tides (0.5‐0.9 m above mean low water [MLW]), but at turbid water sites (Cobequid Bay) the best catches were during neap tides (1.0‐1.7 m above MLW). The largest striped bass were captured from June to August (280‐610 mm), but age‐0 (69‐94‐mm) and age‐1 (141‐240‐mm) fish dominated the catches in September and October. A total of 1,431 striped bass were marked: 1,163 in 1985 and 268 in 1986. The recapture rate was 21.3% for fish released in 1985 and 8.9% for those released in 1986; 55.8% were recreational recaptures, and 44.2% came from commercial fisheries. The mean day of recapture from all sources (recreational and commercial) in marine waters of the Bay of Fundy was September 3, but for striped bass recaptured in local, freshwater overwintering sites it was May 21. The average distance moved for striped bass recaptured in Minas Basin and local watersheds was 55 km, and for long‐distance movement it was 780 km. Tags were returned from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Virginia. All tag returns from outside Minas Basin were from fish larger than 390 mm at time of release. The fastest travel time was 17.8 km/d by a fish recaptured in Rhode Island 45 d after release. Our findings demonstrate that the striped bass frequenting Minas Basin and Cobequid Bay each summer consist of a portion that overwinters in freshwater around the Bay of Fundy and a portion that migrates southward along the eastern coast of the United States.
Geochemical Signatures in Otoliths Record Natal Origins of American Shad
Authors: Walther Benjamin D. , Thorrold Simon R. , Olney John E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPopulation connectivity is a critical component in the life history dynamics of anadromous fishes and in the persistence of local populations. We used geochemical signatures in the otoliths of American shadAlosa sapidissimato determine natal origins and estimate rates of straying among river‐specific populations along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Stable isotope (δ13C, δ18O and87Sr:86Sr) and elemental (Mg: Ca, Mn: Ca, Sr: Ca and Ba: Ca) signatures in otoliths of juvenile American shad from rivers from Georgia to New Hampshire varied significantly, allowing for an average of 91% cross‐validated accuracy when classifying individual fish to their natal rivers. We also found significant interannual variability in the geochemical signatures from several rivers, due largely to differences in δ18O values among years. We then used the ground‐truthed geochemical signatures in the otoliths of juvenile American shad to identify the natal origins of spawning adults in the York River system in Virginia. Approximately 6% of the spawning adults collected in the York River were strays from other rivers. Of the remaining fish, 79% were spawned in the Mattaponi River and 21% in the Pamunkey River. The combined results of this and other recent studies suggest that although most American shad spawning in the York River were homing to their natal river, there was much less fidelity to individual tributaries. Small‐scale straying could allow fish spawned in the Mattaponi River to subsidize spawning in the Pamunkey River, which has experienced persistent recruitment failure.
Gender Differences in Smoking and Cessation Behaviors Among Young Adults After Implementation of Local Comprehensive Tobacco Control
Authors: Ellis Jennifer A. , Perl Sarah B. , Davis Karen , Vichinsky Laura 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We sought to study gender differences in young adult smoking declines and enrollment in populationwide cessation services. Methods. The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene implemented populationwide cessation programs to distribute free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); demographic data were collected from enrollees. Smoking prevalence was assessed using data from the Community Health Survey, an annual population-based survey. Results. Between 2002 and 2005, smoking among young adults in NYC declined from 23.8% to 18.8%, which was explained entirely by a 41.8% decline among young adult women (23.2% to 13.5); prevalence remained at 24% among young adult men. More young adult women enrolled in cessation services than did men, although once enrolled, the likelihood of using NRT was high among both groups. Conclusions. Among young adults, women have been responsive to comprehensive tobacco control, but men require more-intensive strategies. Population-wide NRT distribution can be effective with young adults overall; however, additional resources need to be devoted to identifying successful outreach strategies for young adult men.
Treat or Treatment: A Qualitative Study Analyzing Patients’ Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Bishop Felicity L. , Yardley Lucy , Lewith George T. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We analyzed how patients use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and examined how patients’ perspectives relate to existing, expert-led taxonomies. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with 46 people who used CAM in southern England, then performed a qualitative thematic analysis of the interviews. Results. CAM appeared to be used in 4 different ways: as treats, and as alternative, complementary, or conventional treatments. Treats were portrayed as personal luxuries, not directed at an identified health need. Systematic differences in the context, anticipated benefits, and implications for financial justification were revealed when nonmedical therapies were viewed and used as alternative, complementary, or conventional treatments. Specific CAM practices were viewed and used in different ways by different participants. Conclusions. Some participants used CAM practices as a personal luxury, not as a health care technology. This is incongruent with existing expert-led taxonomies. Physicians and researchers need to be aware that patients’ views of what constitutes CAM can differ radically from their own. They should choose their terminology carefully to initiate meaningful dialogue with their patients and research participants.
Out of Place: Mediating Health and Social Care in Ontario's Long-Term Care Sector
Authors: Daly Tamara 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThe paper discusses two reforms in Ontario's long-term care. The first is the commercialization of home care as a result of the implementation of a “managed competition” delivery model. The second is the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care's privileging of “health care” over “social care” through changes to which types of home care and home support services receive public funding. It addresses the effects of these reforms on the state–non-profit relationship, and the shifting balance between public funding of health and social care. At a program level, and with few exceptions, homemaking services have been cut from home care, and home support services are more medicalized. With these changes, growing numbers of people no longer eligible to receive publicly funded home care services look for other alternatives: they draw available resources from home support, they draw on family and friend networks, they hire privately and pay out of pocket, they leave home and enter an institution, or they do without.
An Isolationist Politician in an Internationalist Era: Senator Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota and the United Nations, 1945–1946
Authors: Lemelin Bernard 
Published: January 2008

Abstract: On 28 July 1945, Republican Henrik Shipstead of Minnesota was one of only two members of the US Senate to vote against the United Nations Charter. The politician objected to the famous document that had emerged from the San Francisco conference on several grounds. It must be noted, in addition, that he was spokesman for a state that still counted, during the Truman era, its contingent of individuals and organizations receptive to the isolationist creed. However, isolationism no longer appeared as a dominant force in post-war Minnesota politics: the internationalist sentiment, as elsewhere in the Middle West, was clearly on the rise in this quickly growing industrialized and urbanized North Star state. Consequently, Shipstead, who always took pride in his opposition to American adherence to the United Nations, had virtually no chance of winning the 1946 Republican primary election.
The Triumph of Death: National Security and Imperial Erasures in Don DeLillo's Underworld
Authors: Noon David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract: Writing against the dominant tendencies of popular historical memory in the 1990s, Don DeLillo's Underworld depicts the civic and ecological catastrophes left in the wake of the cold war. In particular, DeLillo surveys the wreckage of the American public sphere in ways that are both comic and distressing. Yet Underworld's critique remains partial. Although Underworld highlights the complicity of the national security state in the erosion of national community, he is nevertheless unable to fully imagine the consequences of the cold war for other communities, especially Native American communities in the nuclear West, who were most severely trampled by it.
The Addressed and the Redressed: Helen Hunt Jackson's Protest Essay and the US Protest Novel Tradition
Authors: Norman Brian 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:If the American protest essay is available to writers who engage in political advocacy, what is its relationship to the much more famous protest novel tradition? Writings in the protest mode, even those by established novelists, are often considered non-literary on the grounds that they are too polemical, ephemeral, or earnestly partisan. This article examines the case of Helen Hunt Jackson, whose protest novel Ramona (1884) was a wild commercial success and spawned a myth of New California that persists to the present day. But the novel has its origins in A Century of Dishonor (1881), a dense protest essay published three years prior, in which Jackson seeks justice in a direct appeal to the US Congress on behalf of American Indians. Jackson's overlooked essay version of Ramona provides an instructive case study of how protest essays may better perform the political work often attempted—but not always achieved—in the protest novel. Whereas literary studies often dismisses protest essays as non-literary, merely political, or journalistic, or in some way positions them as subsidiary, my project places such work at the centre of a literary tradition deeply concerned with the fulfilment of the nation's promises to be inclusive.
From Stalin to Putin, An Insider's View
Authors: Power Jonathan 
Published: January 2008

Georgi Arbatov, the eminent grise of the Soviet foreign policy apparatus, was waiting for me at the bus stop an hour out of Moscow. A little bowed at 84, he grabbed me by one arm and leaned on his homemade walking stick cut from a nearby birch and led me to a small, shabby block of flats, paint peeling in the entrance, a year's dust and leaves on the staircase. Like his mentor, Yuri Andropov, the former KGB chief and later head of the Soviet Union, Arbatov has always shunned many of the perks of the apparatchiks, content with a modest flat in the city and this dacha in the countryside.
We talked as we did 30 years ago, at great length, over vodka, coffee, cucumber, and beetroot. The advisor to every Soviet president from Leonid Brezhnev to Mikhail Gorbachev remains as lucid as he was when he told me in November, 1978, that if the West pursued its relationship of growing closer to China on “an anti Soviet basis,” turning China “into some sort of military ally to the West… then there is no place for détente…. What sense would it make for us to agree to reduce armaments in Europe if armaments are simply to be channeled by the West to the Eastern front?”.
The full-page interview—which ran first in the International Herald Tribune and later in many other papers—caused an enormous stir. It was the first time a senior Soviet official had talked at length to a Western journalist on the record, without notes, and answered every question put to him in an easy, conversational manner. Edward Crankshaw, the distinguished Sovietologist, writing in the London Observer, described it as “the most interesting thing to come out of official Moscow since the fall of Khrushchev fourteen years ago.” It was the cover story in The Economist.
This time, if less threatening, he seemed just as preoccupied with the way Western-Russian relations were headed. “We have not yet returned to the Cold War. But we can get into one,” he said quietly. “The danger looms over us. Two years ago it was impossible to think of this. Now it is possible.”
We began our talk with Stalin. Like Arbatov, I am convinced the inbuilt hostility of much of the Western foreign policy elite towards the Soviet Union and later russia has its foundations in a false reading of Moscow's post–World War II territorial ambitions. To understand today's deteriorating relationship we have no choice but to begin there.
Bacterial response to the exposure of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields
Authors: Cellini Luigina , Grande Rossella , Di Campli Emanuela , Di Bartolomeo Soraya , Di Giulio Mara , Robuffo Iole , Trubiani Oriana , Mariggiò Maria A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo investigate the ability of prokaryotic microorganisms to activate strategies in adapting themselves to the environmental stress induced by exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMF), cultures of Escherichia coli ATCC 700926 exposed at 50 Hz EMF (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mT), and the respective sham‐exposed controls were studied for: the total and culturable counts, the viability status, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, the morphological analysis, the genotypical and transcriptional profile. Exposed samples and controls displayed similar total and culturable counts, whereas an increased cell viability was observed in exposed samples re‐incubated for 24 h outside of the solenoid compared to the corresponding controls. An exposure to 50 Hz EMF of 20–120 min produced a significant change of E. coli morphotype with a presence of coccoid cells also aggregated in clusters after re‐incubation of 24 h outside of the solenoid. Atypical lengthened bacterial forms were also observed suggesting a probable alteration during cell division. No changes among DNA fingerprintings and some differences in RNA‐AFLP analysis were observed for each 50 Hz EMF intensities evaluated. Our results indicate that an exposure to 50 Hz EMF acts as a stressing factor on bacteria which can represent a suitable model to investigate acute and chronic effects related to ELF‐EMF exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 29:302–311, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structurally Characterized Coinage‐Metal–Ethylene Complexes
Authors: Dias H. V. Rasika , Wu Jiang 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDespite the interest in them, easily isolable and thermally stable CuI, AgI, and AuIcomplexes of ethylene are stilllimited and get increasingly sparse as one descends the group 11 triad towards gold. Recently, there have been some notable developments in this field, including the isolation of gold–ethylene complexes and coinage‐metal adducts with more than one ethylene molecule on a metal center. This article focuses on the chemistry of coinage‐metal–ethylene adducts that have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Thus far, bidentate and tridentate donors based on nitrogen appear to be the ligands of choice forstabilizing species with an M–C2H4(M = CuI, AgI, and AuI) moiety. Weakly donating ligands and anions are also commonly used, as they do not interfere with and displace the ethylene from the metal center. The ethylene13C NMR chemical shift provides useful information about the nature of the metal–ethylene interaction. In some adducts (especially those with relatively weak M–C2H4interactions), the change in the C=C bond length upon coordination to the metal site is difficult to discern because it falls within the errors associated with the crystallographically determined C=C bond length value. IR and Raman C=C stretching data would be useful but, probably due to the very weak nature of the IR band and the lack of convenient access to the Raman instruments, are often not reported. In this microreview, results from some computational and gas‐phase spectroscopic studies are also provided for comparison.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ethyl 5,5‐Dimethoxy‐3‐oxopentanoate and its Application for the Synthesis of a Statin Precursor
Authors: Korostylev Andrei , Andrushko Vasyl , Andrushko Natalia , Tararov Vitali I. , König Gerd , Börner Armin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe highly enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl 5,5‐dimethoxy‐3‐oxopentanoate (3) to ethyl 3‐hydroxy‐5,5‐dimethoxypentanoate (4) – a key intermediate in the synthesis of pharmacologically important statin drugs – has been investigated. The stereochemistry of the catalytic hydrogenation of the β‐keto ester in the presence of a number of homogeneous chiral RhI and RuII complexes with phosphane ligands has been studied. The highest enantioselectivity for the homogeneous hydrogenation of 3 (up to 98.7 % ee) was achieved through an optimized version of Genêt's procedure with a Ru[(R)‐BINAP]Cl2 pre‐catalyst (substrate/catalyst ratio up to 20 000:1, 50 bar H2, 50 °C, in MeOH). The transformation of alcohol R‐(4) into ylide R‐(6) as an important precursor of the chiral side chain of rosuvastatin is also illustrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)