bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of progestins on serum hormones, semen production, and agonistic behavior in the gerenuk (Litocranius walleri walleri)
Authors: Penfold Linda M. , Munson Linda , Plotka Ed , Citino Scott B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of progestins to suppress endogenous testosterone production to reduce agonistic behavior and prevent semen production was studied in gerenuk. Five male gerenuk (20 months to 3 years of age), housed as a bachelor group, were treated with 3 monthly injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 2.5–20 mg/kg), followed by a melengestrol acetate implant (MGA; 0.3 g/kg) for 2 months. Blood samples collected monthly were assayed for serum testosterone and cortisol using enzyme‐linked immunoassays. Quantitative behavioral data were collected for 30 min 3/week starting 1 month before treatment. Body weight, testes volume, and semen traits were measured before treatment, after MPA treatment, and after MGA treatment. Results showed lower (P<0.05) mean serum testosterone concentrations after MPA (4.34 pg/ml) and MGA (5.02 pg/ml) treatment compared to pre‐treatment values (65.9 pg/ml) in four of five gerenuk. The remaining sub‐adult gerenuk had low testosterone initially (4.9 pg/ml) that did not decrease further with treatment (1.4 and 7.8 pg/ml for MPA and MGA, respectively). Mean serum cortisol concentrations decreased markedly after treatment with MPA (6.0±3.7 ng/ml) and MGA (0.8±0.3 ng/ml). Cortisol concentrations were regained rapidly post‐treatment (42.8±4.8 ng/ml) and were not significantly different from the pre‐treatment value (60.6±12.6 ng/ml; P>0.05). The mean incidence of combined aggressive/dominant behaviors (horning, sparring, supplanting, threat) was not different before and after treatment. Body weight, total numbers of spermatozoa produced per ejaculate, percent motility, and percent normal spermatozoa declined maximally 8 months after treatment. Mean testes volume decreased (P<0.05) after MGA treatment (10.53 cm3vs. 11.96 cm3 pre‐treatment). Elevated hepatic enzymes and bile acids were seen in three of five animals after progestin treatment and anorexia was noted in two males after MGA implant removal, however two of three males had elevated liver enzymes before progestin treatment began. Results show that reducing serum testosterone concentration does not seem to modify agonistic behavior in bachelor gerenuk groups. Zoo Biol 26:245–257, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solubility of tristearin and hydrogenated cottonseed oil in certain aceto‐ and butyroglycerides
Authors: Ward T. L. , Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTristearin, triolein, 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein, an acetoolein product, and 1,2‐dibutyro‐3‐olein were prepared. Also a commercial, refined, and bleached cottonseed oil was hydrogenated to obtain products having iodine values of 29.3 and 1.1. Solubility measurements were made for the mixtures tristearin‐triolein, tristearin‐1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein, tristearin‐1,2‐dibutyro‐3‐olein, and for hydrogenated cottonseed oils in the aceto‐olein product and cottonseed oil.In mixtures containing from 0.18% to approximately 30% of tristearin the solubility on a weight basis was unaffected by the nature of the oil. On a mole fraction basis the tristearin was most soluble in the triolein and least soluble in the 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein. Hydrogenated cottonseed oil appeared to be about equally soluble, on a weight basis, in the aceto‐olein product and cottonseed oil.
An instrumental method for measuring the degree of reversion and rancidity of edible oils
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe amount of volatile carbonyl compounds diffused from 100 g. of an oil into a stream of nitrogen bubbled through the oil under specified conditions was determined by converting the carbonyl compounds into their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and then measuring the absorption of the wine‐red color of the quinoidal ions at 480 mμ. From the absorbance thus obtained, a carbonyl index was calculated and assigned to the oil.The carbonyl indices of a number of edible oils, such as soybean, cottonseed, and hydrogenated vegetable, were found to correlate with the degree of reversion and rancidity of the oils as determined by organoleptic means. The reproducibility of the carbonyl index determination was 3%. This accuracy corresponded to approximately ±0.1 point in an organoleptic testing panel in which 1 point represented a very unacceptable oil and 10 points a very good oil. The carbonyl index method may also be used as a means of evaluating the flavor stability of edible oils. The carbonyl index gave a good indication of the flavor stability after aging at 60°C. for the less stable and 100°C. for the more stable oils and fats.
Development of buckeye continuous moisture meter for oil‐bearing materials
Authors: Maskey D. F. , Ledbetter D. M. , Craig H. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA continuous recording moisture meter was needed in processing oil‐bearing seed materials. Two successful meters, similar in principle but different in design, have been developed.Theoretical considerations involved in designing such a meter are presented, with circuit diagrams and descriptions of test cells. The work with Arthur D. Little Inc. is reviewed, also the independent development by the Buckeye Cotton Oil Company.Continuous moisture meters are valuable aids in plant operation greatly improving moisture control in soybean meal and saving operator time. Their value is in the plant; they do not have the accuracy of a laboratory instrument.The continuous moisture meters described are presented to the industry for their demonstrated value and superiority over batch‐type meters.
The chemical utilization of fats and oils. III. Ester‐amides of certain aminoalcohols as plasticizers
Authors: Silverstein R. M. , Mosher C. W. , Richards L. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA number of ester‐amides and diester‐amides of aminoalcohols were prepared and evaluated as plasticizers. Screening tests established the necessity of a secondary amine group in the aminoalcohol to impart the desired degree of compatibility with vinyl resins.Optimum plasticizer properties were attained with the C8 and C10 diester‐amides of diethanolamine. The mixture of caprylic and capric acids as obtained from coconut oil was convenient and economical.
Preparation of fat emulsions for intravenous alimentation
Authors: Geyer Robert P. , Olsen F. Russell , Andrus Stephen B. , Waddell William R. , Stare Fredrick J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDescriptions are given of the high pressure homogenization equipment used and of the actual procedure followed in the preparation of fat emulsions suitable for intravenous nutrition. Such emulsions contain 10–15% oil (w/v) dispersed in particles less than one micron in diameter. They are made under nitrogen and subsequently autoclaved to ensure sterility.Procedures are also given for screening each batch of emulsion by means of tests performed on rats, dogs, and rabbits. Emulsions of the type described have found extensive application in the clinic with a low incidence of unfavorable reactions.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. V. Esters from alpha‐sulfonated fatty acids and sodium isethionate
Authors: Weil J. K. , Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDisodium 2–sulfoethyl α‐sulfopalmitate, disodium 2‐sulfoethyl α‐sulfostearate, and disodium 2‐sulfoethyl α‐sulfobehenate were prepared by esterification of the corresponding α‐sulfonated acid with sodium isethionate. Disodium 1‐methyl‐2‐sulfoethyl α‐sulfostearate was made from sodium 2‐hydroxypropanesulfonate. The esters were found to be readily soluble surface‐active agents and detergents, very responsive to building with inorganic phosphates and sulfates.Compared to sodium 2‐sulfoethyl oleate the esters were readily prepared without the necessity of making the acid chloride; they were considerably more resistant to acid or alkaline hydrolysis; they were about equal in their excellent lime soap dispersing power, but inferior in foaming properties, producing a less permanent foam.The esters were easily soluble because of the presence of two sulfo groups and were improved detergents in the presence of inorganic builders. Mixtures of the palmitic and stearic acid derivatives, such as might be obtained from the saturated acids of tallow, containing a total of 20% active ingredient, were effective detergents in hard water.Disodium 1‐methyl‐2‐sulfoethyl α‐sulfostearate, an ester of a secondary alcohol, was even more resistant to alkaline hydrolysis than the esters from sodium isethionate.
Solvent hydrogenation of cottonseed oil
Authors: Albright Lyle F. , Wei Chin‐Hsuan , Woods John M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRefined and bleached cottonseed oil was dissolved in a solvent (hexane, isopropyl alcohol, or di‐isopropyl ether) and was then hydrogenated in a dead‐end hydrogenator. Hydrogenation runs were conducted at temperatures from 115 to 145°C., at hydrogen partial pressures from 44 to 74 p.s.i.a., with catalyst concentrations varying from 0.05 to 0.40% nickel, and at high rates of agitation to climinate mass‐transfer resistances. A series of hydrogenation runs was also made in which no solvent was used.The rates of hydrogenation for the various series of runs were in the same order of magnitude but decreased in the following order: nonsolvent, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, and di‐isopropyl other runs. Selectivity and isomerization were low in all cases and essentially identical for solvent and nonsolvent runs.The rate of hydrogenation increased in all cases with higher catalyst concentrations. For the isopropanol runs, the reaction rate was maximum as a function of temperature at about 135°C. In the case of the other solvents, the rate of hydrogenation increased with increased temperature in the range from 115 to 145°C., but the rate increases of the solvent runs were less than those of the nonsolvent runs.
Outlook for the global economy
Authors: Grimm Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe end of the 1970s also brought to a close a growth phase of the world economy which had lasted more than 20 years and been interrupted only by relatively mild reverses. Although, after a recession of somewhat longer than 2 years, the preconditions have now improved for a return to the path of economic recovery, at least in most industrial countries, there is no cause for an excessive measure of optimism. Due to their high mountains of debt to other nations, a majority of the large newly emerging industrial countries (the so‐called threshold nations) and of the developing countries will be forced to assign first priority to an improvement in their balances of payments over the next few years and will therefore largely fail to act as additional customers for foreign goods. In many industrial countries—again as a result of voluminous indebted‐ness—narrow limits have been placed on an expansive economic policy course. Besides, the markets served by these nations exhibit a high degree of saturation. In such an environment, the best growth prospects are held by those industries which succeed in creating new requirements and demands on their traditional markets. This is one of the principal reasons why innovation will play an even more important part in the future than it has already played in the past. It can be fairly estimated that the consumer goods industries and the service sector will develop more favorably within the span of the next 12–18 months than the capital goods industries. From a geographic viewpoint it can be assumed on the basis of the existing evidence that during this period economic performance will be stronger in the USA and Japan than in Western Europe. Prospects for an economic comeback in Europe are best in Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany and in Italy.
Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in Western Europe
Authors: Richtler H. J. , Knaut J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBasic oleochemicals are produced by splitting and further reactions of oils and fats: fatty acids, glycerine, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols and amines. The last two are included in the list of oleochemical raw materials, primarily because of their importance in the preparations of further derivatives. The wide range of derivatives of oleochemical raw materials such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary ammonium compounds and soaps are summarized. Oleochemicals such as fatty alcohols and glycerine from oils and fats have equivalents on the basis of petrochemicals. Using the customary terminology, petrochemical products are referred to as “synthetics.” The are included in the present discussion because in the application of oleochemical raw materials the origin of the material is often less important than the structure. Oleochemistry can be regarded as a mature branch of chemistry, with many applications for its products, but with few completely new fields. The challenge and the opportunities for oleochemistry today lie in the changing economic and ecological conditions. Availability and price development of oils and fats are discussed with particular reference to European conditions, for these are the prerequisites if oleochemicals are to be competitive and are to improve their chances in the marketplace. The importance and development of the oleochemical raw material fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, glycerine, fatty alcohols and amines are considered on the basis of historical data. In considering future developments of oleochemicals, the capacity, demand and the possible influence of petrochemistry or crude oil is discussed. The highly developed oleochemical raw materials industry is a flexible supplier of medium‐to long‐chain fatty alkyl groups. These facts, together with the well organized supply lines for raw materials and the considerable potential of these renewable raw materials, could provide the necessary conditions for the oleochemical raw materials industry to fulfil its future tasks on a larger scale. This could arise, for example, due to the partial substitution of petrochemical surfactants, if this should become necessary as a result of developments in the price and availability of crude oil, or on grounds of ecological factors.
Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in the United States
Authors: Leonard E. Charles , Kapald S L 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acids, accounting for more than half of oleochemicals discussed, grew at an annual rate of ca. 3% during the 1970s, with no growth since 1979. As competition intensified, the number of companies in the industry declined or owenrship changed. Challenges are covered under five major headings—markets, raw materials, competition, research and profitability. Oleochemical markets are extremely diverse but usually involve surface modification. Fatty acid disposition and real consumer personal income correlate closely. Growth of consumer income in the 1980s will be the most important factor in determining growth of fatty chemicals. Fatty chemicals compete with petroleum‐derived products; and, therefore, price relationship of natural fats versus petroleum will affect market share. Tallow and other natural fats and oils are approximately the same price as 15 years ago, whereas ethylene has about doubled. Interchangeability of natural fats tends to moderate price fluctuations. Competition remains intense with market shares divided among many companies. Neither imports nor exports have played a significant role in the US fatty chemical industry. There are large exports of fatty acid derivatives, particularly to South America. Research will concentrate on energy reduction as oleochemical production is highly energy‐intensive. Enzymatic splitting is a potential commercial process for this purpose. Improved hydrogenation catalysts and development of new specialty oilseeds are additional research objectives. Success of researchers will probably play the biggest role of all in future marketing and economics of fatty chemical companies. The belief is that the fatty chemical industry has had difficulty in consistently maintaining acceptable levels of profitability. To avoid extinction and achieve reasonable rates of return, business strategies must (a) identify, create and exploit growth segments; (b) emphasize product quality and innovative product improvement; and (c) systematically improve production and distribution efficiencies.
Marketing and economics of oleochemicals to the plastics industry
Authors: Reck Richard A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe number of oleochemicals used in the plastics industry are many and varied. Usually the chemicals sold are designed for a specific application that depends on the end use and the economics of production. The percentage of oleochemicals that end up in the finished product is small, usually 0.1–1%, but it is there for a very important physical specification that the chemical imparts to the finished resin. The chemicals and applications are discussed by the structure of the additive and the property it imparts to the finished resin. The marketing of oleochemical to the plastics industry usually requires considerable application and process research to develop specialized molecules that impart the desired properties to the finished resin. Market size and economics numbers refer only to the US markets.
Enzymatic fat hydrolysis and synthesis
Authors: Linfield Warner M. , Barauskas Robert A. , Sivieri Lorraine , Serota Samuel , Stevenson Robert W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hydrolysis of tallow, coconut oil and olive oil, by lipase fromCandida rugosa, was studied. The reaction approximates a firstorder kinetics model. Its rate is unaffected by temperature in the range of 26–46 C. Olive oil is more rapidly hydrolyzed compared to tallow and coconut oil. Hydrolysis is adversely affected by hydrocarbon solvents and a nonionic surfactant. Since amounts of fatty acids produced are almost directly proportional to the logarithms of reaction time and enzyme concentration, this relationship provides a simple means of determining these parameters for a desired extent of hydrolysis. All three substrates can be hydrolyzed, almost quantitatively, within 72 hr. Lipase fromAspergillus niger performs similarly. The lipase fromRhizopus arrhizus gives a slow hydrolysis rate because of its specificity for the acyl groups attached to the α‐hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Esterification of glycerol with fatty acid was studied with the lipase fromC. rugosa andA. niger. All expected five glycerides are formed at an early stage of the reaction. Removal of water and use of excess fatty acid reverse the reaction towards esterification. However, esterification beyond a 70% triglyceride content is slow.
Separation of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Haraldsson G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid mixtures can be separated into one fraction rich in saturated fatty acids and the other rich in unsaturated acids. Since saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point than unsaturated, liquid mixture to be fractionated is cooled to a temperature at which the larger part of the saturated acids crystallize, while the greater part of unsaturated acids remain in liquid form. Different industrial methods to separate the two phases are described. The oldest and simplest method is slowly to cool and crystallize the mixture in shallow pans to form cakes which then are pressed in presses of different design. By applying high pressure, the liquid olein is thus squeezed out from the cake, leaving the stearin fraction behind. A new process to separate the phases is to mix an aqueous solution, containing a wetting agent, with the crystallized fatty acid mixture. The stearin crystals are thus wetted and transferred into the aqueous phase, which then can be separated from the olein phase in a centrifuge. The stearin/aqueous suspension is heated to melt the stearin, which can then be separated in a second centrifuge. Other methods to improve phase separation use organic solvents, among which are methanol, acetone, methyl formate and propane. In the solvent fraction process, the miscella has to be cooled to a lower temperature than in the aforementioned methods, due to the solubility effect of the solvents. The solvents are removed by distillation from the fraction. Typical operation results with different types of raw materials are given. The advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are discussed.
Practical implications of fatty acid topography modification by unsaturation
Authors: Duncan Don P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUnsaturated fatty acids are markedly different from their saturated counterparts in a number of areas that relate only to the physical properties given them by their topography. In systems where free single bond rotation is restricted, such as monolayers or biomembranes, the effectiveness of chain packing and the fluidity of the fatty chain region is critical and here may best be studied. Topography plays a role in many chemical reactions in terms of reaction rate and product stereochemistry, but is less critical here. Topography hindrances to reaction rate often may be overcome by raising the reaction temperature. When stereochemistry is important, however, the topography of the reactants must be considered. In tightly packed crystalline bulk or condensed monolayer states, the conformation assumed by the chain is its most stable one, excluding polymorphism. This conformation usually will approximate the one of greatest stability for the free molecule in a nonrestricting environment. However, because differences in energy between rotational conformers is generally small, departures from the preferred conformation will be abundant in the absence of constraints imposed by neighboring molecules. Therefore, in the absence of a restricting environment, topographical differences will be minimized. The counterpoint to this is that a large percentage of the fatty acids in use are in such restricting environments in biomembranes, soaps, wetting and foaming agents, fabric afteners, etc., or are purified through a process maiing use of differences in chain packing efficiency, crystallization, where their topography is the primary source of their utility.