bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Kinetic Limitations of Electron Injection in the Dye Solar Cell via Coadsorption and FRET
Authors: Siegers Conrad , Würfel Uli , Zistler Markus , Gores Heiner , Hohl‐Ebinger Jochen , Hinsch Andreas , Haag Rainer 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new, extremely simple concept for the use of energy transfer as a means to the enhancement of light absorption and current generation in the dye solar cell (DSC) is presented. This model study is based upon a carboxy‐functionalized 4‐aminonaphthalimide dye (carboxy‐fluorol) as donor, and (NBu4)2[Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] (N719) as acceptor chromophores. A set of three different devices is assembled containing either exclusively carboxy‐fluorol or N719, or a mixture of both. This set of transparent devices is characterized via IV‐measurements under AM1.5G and monochromatic illumination and their light‐harvesting and external quantum efficiencies (LHE and EQE, respectively) are determined as well. It is shown that the device containing only the donor chromophore has a marginal power conversion efficiency, thus indicating that carboxy‐fluorol is a poor sensitizer for the DSC. Cyclovoltametric measurements show that the poor sensitization ability arises from the kinetic inhibition of electron injection into the TiO2 conduction band. Comparing the spectral properties of the DSCs assembled presently, however, demonstrates that light absorbed by carboxy‐fluorol is almost quantitatively contributing to the photocurrent if N719 is present as an additional sensitizer. In this case, N719 acts as a catalyst for the sensitization of TiO2 by carboxy‐fluorol in addition to being a photosensitizer. Evaluation of the maximum output power under blue illumination shows that the introduction of an energy‐donor moiety via coadsorption, leads to a significant increase in the monochromatic maximum output power. This result demonstrates that energy transfer between coadsorbed chromophores could be useful for the generation of current in dye‐sensitized solar cells.
General Zinc‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Alex Karolin , Tillack Annegret , Schwarz Nicolle , Beller Matthias 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCatalytic hydroaminations are one of the most sustainable CN bond‐forming processes as a result of 100 % atom economy and the availability of substrates. Here, it is shown that the intermolecular hydroamination of terminal alkynes with anilines proceeds smoothly in the presence of catalytic amounts of zinc triflate, an easily available and inexpensive zinc salt. Amination and subsequent reduction with NaBH3CN gives a variety of secondary and tertiary amines in up to 99 % yield and with over 99 % Markovnikov regioselectivity. Moreover, difficult functional groups such as nitro and cyano substituents are tolerated by the homogeneous catalyst.
Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children
Authors: Santucci Aimee K. , Silk Jennifer S. , Shaw Daniel S. , Gentzler Amy , Fox Nathan A. , Kovacs Maria 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe examined indices of vagal tone and two dimensions of temperament as predictors of emotion regulation (ER) strategies among children (n = 54, ages 4–7) of mothers with a history of depression and control mothers. Children's (adaptive and maladaptive) ER strategies were observed during a delay of gratification (frustration) task in one protocol. In a separate and independent protocol, vagal tone was assessed during rest (baseline), during emotional challenge (reactivity) and post‐challenge (recovery) and mothers rated their children's temperament (effortful control, negative affectivity). Lower vagal recovery and higher negative affectivity were associated with maladaptive ER responses to frustration. However, vagal tone and temperament were not associated with adaptive ER responses and maternal depression status did not affect the results. Overall, the findings are consistent with models of vagal tone and temperament as markers of individual differences in ER. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 205–216, 2008.
The genotoxic effect of potassium metabisulfite using chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange, micronucleus tests in human lymphocytes and chromosome aberration test in bone marrow cells of rats
Authors: Yavuz‐Kocaman Ayse , Rencuzogullari Eyyup , Ila Hasan Basri , Topaktas Mehmet 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPotassium metabisulfite (PMB) is used as an antimicrobial substance in many kinds of foods. In the present study, the effects of PMB on chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronucleus (MN) formation in human lymphocytes and as well as its effect on CAs in bone marrow cells of rats were investigated. The human lymphocytes were treated with 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml of PMB for 24 and 48 hr. PMB was also intraperitoneally (ip) injected to the rats as a single dose of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for 12 and 24 hr before sacrifice. PMB induced abnormalities such as structural and numerical (total) CAs, SCEs, and MN formations in a dose dependent manner in the lymphocytes of the 24‐ and 48‐hr treatment periods. In addition, PMB showed a cytotoxic effect by decreasing the replication index (RI), mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) in a dose dependent manner in human lymphocytes. The compound induced CA as well and decreased the MI in bone marrow cells of rats. It might be concluded that PMB had a high genotoxic and cytotoxic risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic gorges in fluvial landscapes
Authors: Ouimet W. B. , Whipple K. X. , Crosby B. T. , Johnson J. P. , Schildgen T. F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEpigenetic gorges form when channels that have been laterally displaced during episodes of river blockage or aggradation incise down into bedrock spurs or side‐walls of the former valley rather than excavating unconsolidated fills and reinhabiting the buried paleovalley. Valley‐filling events that promote epigenetic gorges can be localized, such as a landslide dam or an alluvial/debris flow fan deposit at a tributary junction, or widespread, such as fluvial aggradation in response to climate change or fluctuating base‐level. The formation of epigenetic gorges depends upon the competition between the resistance to transport, strength and roughness of valley‐filling sediments and a river's ability to sculpt and incise bedrock. The former affects the location and lateral mobility of a channel incising into valley‐filling deposits; the latter determines rates of bedrock incision should the path of the incising channel intersect with bedrock that is not the paleovalley bottom. Epigenetic gorge incision, by definition, post‐dates the incision that originally cut the valley. Strath terraces and sculpted bedrock walls that form in relation to epigenetic gorges should not be used to directly infer river incision induced by tectonic activity or climate variability. Rather, they are indicative of the variability of short‐term bedrock river incision and autogenic dynamics of actively incising fluvial landscapes. The rate of bedrock incision associated with an epigenetic gorge can be very high (>1 cm/yr), typically orders of magnitude higher than both short‐ and long‐term landscape denudation rates. In the context of bedrock river incision and landscape evolution, epigenetic gorges force rivers to incise more bedrock, slowing long‐term incision and delaying the adjustment of rivers to regional tectonic and climatic forcing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of discharge destination for 234 patients admitted to a combined geriatric medicine/old age psychiatry unit
Authors: Astell Arlene J. , Clark Stella A. , Hartley Nicholas T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the factors that predicted discharge destinations of all patients admitted to a combined geriatric medicine/old age psychiatry unit over a 4‐year period.MethodData regarding discharge destinations, active medical problems and demographics of 234 patients admitted to the unit were analysed using non‐parametric bivariate correlation and logistic regression analysis.ResultsIndependence for activities of daily living (ADL) was the key predictor of discharge destination. In combination with the number of active medical problems and dementia severity, independence for activities of daily living (ADL) defined three distinct groups: patients discharged home, patients discharged to a nursing home and patients who died in hospital.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that although the key precipitants of admission to joint geriatric medicine/old age psychiatric care are behavioural and psychiatric, these factors are intercurrent, can be successfully treated in an appropriate environment, and do not play a major role in determining discharge outcome. These findings confirm the broad spectrum of need among older patients admitted to acute medical care identified in previous research and support the case for specialised joint provision to address their physical and mental health needs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental expression and differential cellular localization of obscurin and obscurin‐associated kinase in cardiac muscle cells
Authors: Borisov Andrei B. , Raeker Maide Ö. , Russell Mark W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe article to which this erratum refers, J Cell Biochem 2007: 10.1002/jcb.21551, was originally published online in Wiley InterScience 27 Nov 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biofiltration of toluene in the absence and the presence of ethyl acetate under continuous and intermittent loading
Authors: Álvarez‐Hornos F Javier , Gabaldón Carmen , Martínez‐Soria Vicente , Marzal Paula , Penya‐roja Josep‐Manuel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Two peat biofilters were used for the removal of toluene from air for one year. One biofilter was fed with pure toluene and the other received 1:1 (by weight) ethyl acetate:toluene mixture.RESULTS: The biofilters were operated under continuous loading: the toluene inlet load (IL) at which 80% removal occurred was 116 g m−3 h−1 at 57 s gas residence time. Maximum elimination capacity of 360 g m−3 h−1 was obtained at an IL of 745 g m−3 h−1. The elimination of toluene was inhibited by the presence of ethyl acetate. Intermittent loading, with pollutants supplied for 16 h/day, 5 days/week, did not significantly affect the removal efficiency (RE). Biomass was fully activated in 2 h after night closures, but 6 h were required to recover RE after weekend closures. Live cell density remained relatively constant over the operational period, while the dead cell fraction increased. Finally, a 15 day starvation period was applied and operation then re‐started. Performance was restored with similar re‐acclimatization period to that after weekend closures, and a reduction in dead cell fraction was observed.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the capacity of the system to handle intermittent loading conditions that are common in industrial practices, including long‐term starvation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Transalkylation of diisopropylbenzene with benzene over SAPO‐5 catalyst: a kinetic study
Authors: Kondamudi Kishore , Upadhyayula Sreedevi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The objective of this work was to improve the selective yield of cumene by transalkylating the (diisopropylbenzene) DIPB formed in benzene alkylation with propene and select the optimum process conditions for this transalkylation over SAPO‐5 catalyst.RESULTS: Higher benzene/DIPB mole ratios and higher space velocities were found to give better cumene selectivity. An apparent activation energy value of 130.2 kJ mol−1 was obtained for the reaction with SAPO‐5 as the catalyst.CONCLUSION: SAPO‐5 shows promise when loaded with a small quantity of platinum (0.005% w/w) in the transalkylation of commercial DIPB (cumene column bottoms) with benzene. The kinetic investigations help in selecting optimum process operating conditions for maximizing the cumene yields in transalkylation of commercial DIPB over SAPO‐5. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Zeolite synthesis from paper sludge ash with addition of diatomite
Authors: Wajima Takaaki , Shimizu Tomoe , Ikegami Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of zeolites from paper sludge ash (PSA) with added diatomite to remove both NH4+ and PO43− for water purification. The PSA had low Si and significant Ca contents. Four types of diatomite: white (T‐W) and brown (T‐B) from deposits of marine origin in Takanosu, and white (S‐W) and gray (S‐G) from lacustrine deposits in Shonai, were added to NaOH solution to increase the Si content and thereby synthesize zeolites with high cation exchange capacity (CEC).RESULTS: The order of the amounts of Si extracted from the diatomite to the alkali solution was S‐W > T‐W = T‐B > S‐G, which correlates with the amorphous SiO2 content of diatomite. The original ash without addition of diatomite yielded hydroxysodalite with CEC of about 1.0 mmol g−1. For all samples, the addition of diatomite to the solution yielded zeolite‐P with a higher CEC, but the addition of excess Si inhibited the synthesis of zeolite‐P, and the CEC of the product was low. A product with high CEC including zeolite‐P was obtained in a solution with around 500 mmol L−1 of Si concentration, and had the ability to remove both NH4+ and PO43−.CONCLUSION: Diatomite has the potential for used as an additive for the synthesis of high CEC zeolite from PSA. The product with zeolite‐P exhibited relatively high CEC, capacity for NH4+ uptake, and the ability to remove PO43− by precipitation, which is preferable for water purification applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of Cavitational reactors for cell disruption for recovery of intracellular enzymes
Authors: Gogate Parag R. , Pandit Aniruddha B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCavitational reactors are a novel and promising form of multiphase reactors, based on the principle of release of a large amount of energy owing to the violent collapse of cavities. This paper presents an overview of cavitational reactors in the specific area of cell disruption for the recovery of intracellular enzymes, in terms of the basic aspects, different reactor configurations including recommendations for optimum operating parameters and review of earlier literature reports. It has been observed that under optimized conditions, cavitational reactors can reduce the energy requirement for the release of intracellular enzymes by an order of magnitude compared with conventional cell disruption techniques used on an industrial scale. However, problems associated with efficient scale‐up and operation at conditions required for industrial scale, hamper the successful utilization of cavitational reactors at this time. Some recommendations have been made for the future work required to realize the dream of harnessing the spectacular effects of cavitation phenomena. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
From large analogical instruments to small digital black boxes: 40 years of progress in mass spectrometry and its role in proteomics. Part I 1965–1984
Authors: Gelpí Emilio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAs the title implies, the author undertakes a personal retrospective on the developments that since 1965 have shaped MS and taken it from a position of simply playing a role in protein chemistry to becoming an indispensable tool in proteomics, all in the past 40‐year span. The article reviews the MS timeline of events, stopping at various time points where MS made significant contributions to protein chemistry or where the development of new instrumentation for MS represented a major advance for peptide and protein work. Major highlights in the field and their significance for peptide and protein characterization are covered, starting from the pioneering work carried out in the 1960s on peptide derivative formation and sequencing with instrumentation proper of that time, to later work done with triple, quad, and four‐sector instruments, and on to the more recent work on the characterization of the proteome with ion traps, time‐of‐flight (TOF) instruments, and new ionization and tagging techniques. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of areal interpolation methods for spatial analysis of SPI and EDI drought indices
Authors: Akhtari Rouhangiz , Morid Saeed , Mahdian Mohammad Hossain , Smakhtin Vladimir 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDrought monitoring is an essential component of drought risk management. Drought indices—functions of precipitation showing the severity of dryness during a particular time period—are often used for monitoring purposes. These indices may only be calculated originally at a limited number of sites where observations on climate variables are available. However, what is required for monitoring is to estimate the spatial distribution of drought severity over larger areas in the form of maps. In this article, several geostatistical methods including kriging, co‐kriging and thin plate smoothing splines with and without secondary variables, as well as Thiessen polygons and weighted moving average were assessed for the derivation of maps of drought indices. The techniques are evaluated using 1‐month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Effective Drought Index (EDI) at 43 climatic stations in the Tehran province of Iran. The results indicate that although kriging is the most accurate method, weighted moving average provides a reasonable accuracy combined with the simplicity and speed of the procedure, and thus, can be recommended for operational drought monitoring system in the region. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
CP/MAS spectroscopy in the determination of the tautomeric forms of gossypol, its Schiff bases and hydrazones in the solid state
Authors: Przybylski Piotr , Schilf Wojciech , Kamienski Bohdan , Brzezinski Bogumil , Bartl Franz 
Published: March 2008

AbstractNew Schiff bases and new hydrazones were synthesized and studied by 13C and 15N CP/MAS spectroscopy and by 1H1H COSY, 1H13C HMBC, 1H13C HSQC, 1H15N HMQC and 1H15N HSQC correlations. The CP/MAS investigation of gossypol has demonstrated that in the solid state it exists exclusively in the aldehyde‐aldehyde tautomeric form. In contrast, CP/MAS studies of hydrazones and Schiff bases reveal that these compounds occur in the solid state in the N‐imine–N‐imine and enamine–enamine tautomeric forms, respectively. It is shown that the 13C resonances of C‐6, C‐7 and C‐11 carbon atoms are suitable for distinguishing between the tautomeric forms of aza‐derivatives of gossypol in the solid state. Furthermore, we have proved that the 15N CP/MAS spectra can be used to identify these tautomeric forms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of some physical organic chemistry models to the study of oil spills residues in Patagonian soils
Authors: Nudelman N. Sbarbati , Ríos Stella M. , Katusich Ofelia 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe present study focuses on the application of some physical organic chemistry (POC) models for a better understanding of the interactions between oil spills and soil. By studying the sorption behavior of pure compounds, it was possible to examine the application of the multilayer model to the prediction of crude oil isotherms. The difference between the predicted and experimental oil isotherms was only 13%, which indicates the reliability of the model. The distribution coefficients, Kd, of soil samples containing oil residuals of different ages, were also determined using methanol as a co‐solvent. Desorption experiments showed that they are a function of the polarity of the liquid phases; the Kds, calculated by applying a model derived from the solvophobic theory, increase with increasing age. On the other hand, the natural attenuation of oil spills was studied by using GC and 1H NMR techniques. Signals for four types of aliphatic and for the aromatic protons were clearly assigned; signals for alcohol (OH) and carboxylic (COOH) protons were also observed; compounds exhibiting these polar groups are usually not detected in the GC–FID conventional analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA) of Kd, and the parameters determined by GC and NMR, showed that the first and second PC, accounted for more than 95 and 81% of variance, for NMR and GC parameters, respectively. The detailed results suggest that the 1H NMR data would be more useful than GCs to evaluate the environmental transformations that oil spills undergo in Patagonian soils. Nevertheless, direct extrapolation of the present results to other environments is not possible because the changes depend strongly on the original chemical composition of the crude oil and the variable exposure conditions along the time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mathematically related singularity and the maximum size of protein domains
Authors: Szilágyi András 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn a paper titled “A topologically related singularity suggests a maximum preferred size for protein domains” (Zbilut et al., Proteins 2007;66:621–629), Zbilut et al. claim to have found a singularity in certain geometrical properties of protein structures, and suggest that this singularity may limit the maximum size of protein domains. They find further support for the singularity in their analysis of G‐factors calculated by the PROCHECK program. Here, we show that the claimed singularity is a mathematical artifact with no physical meaning, and we reanalyze the G‐factors to show that Zbilut et al.'s results are due to a single outlier in the data. Thus, the existence of an actual singularity in the topological properties of proteins is not supported by the findings of Zbilut et al. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of electronic structure and physicochemical properties of antiparasitic nifurtimox analogues: A theoretical study
Authors: Soriano‐Correa Catalina , Raya A. , Esquivel Rodolfo O. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAmerican trypanosomiasis, also known as Chagas' disease, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). It is well known that trypanosomes, and particularly T. cruzi, are highly sensitive towards oxidative stress, i.e., to compounds than are able to produce free radicals. Generally, nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazol are most effective in the acute phase of the disease; therefore, nitroheterocycles constitute good models to design other nitrocompounds with specific biological characteristics. Thus, we have performed an ab initio study at the Hartree‐Fock and Density Functional Theory levels of theory of several NFX analogues recently synthesized, to characterize them by obtaining their electronic, structural, and physicochemical properties, which might be linked to the observed antichagasic activity. The antitrypanosomal activity scale previously reported for the NFX analogues studied in this work is in good agreement with our theoretical results, from which we can conclude that the activity seems to be related to the reactivity along with the acidity observed for the most active molecules. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008