bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olive oil mill waste water as a replacement for fresh water in the manufacture of fired clay bricks
Authors: Mekki Houda , Anderson Michael , Amar Emna , Skerratt Glynn R , BenZina Mourad 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the introduction of olive mill wastewater (OMW) to replace fresh water normally used in clay brick manufacture. OMW is recognised as the major agro‐food industry pollutant in the Mediterranean/North African olive‐growing region. The research involved adding OMW to laboratory‐produced clay bricks following the same making procedure used at a collaborating Tunisian brick factory. The samples containing OMW were found to be comparable in forming/extrusion performance to a control product that used fresh water. If introduced at the factory scale, this innovation would allow a substantial volume of OMW to be recycled, saving on the fresh water currently used in the brick‐forming process. During the subsequent brick drying operation, most of the OMW (∼98% water) would be released as vapour. Once in the kiln, the remaining solids in the bricks (calorific value 21–23 MJ kg−1) would liberate additional heat, reducing the gross energy from fossil fuel currently required during firing. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The analysis of solvation in ionic liquids and organic solvents using the Abraham linear free energy relationship
Authors: Acree, Jr William E , Abraham Michael H 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe contentions made in an earlier paper [J Chem Technol Biotechnol 80: 133–137 (2005)] that the coefficients of the Abraham solvation equation do not provide meaningful information on the molecular properties of ionic liquid solvents is refuted. The objections noted in the earlier paper disappear when the solvation equation model is correctly applied to the experimental data. It is further shown that the coefficients of the Abraham solvation equations can be used to characterize ionic liquids and can be used to select solvents for the solubility of gaseous solutes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of soil fauna on soil structural attributes under a limed and untreated upland grassland
Authors: Davidson D. A. , Grieve I. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA Natural Environment Research Council research programme in the United Kingdom on biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil provided the opportunity to assess the extent to which soil fauna influence soils in a cool temperate grassland environment. There is much current debate about the sustainable use and degradation of such soils. Over a two‐year period limed and control plots were investigated, the aim of liming being to perturb the ecosystem and alter soil biodiversity. Soils were studied for micromorphology and water‐stable aggregation. Results demonstrate that the soils were dominated by excremental material from a limited range of species and that the size distribution of water‐stable aggregates was similar to that of the major excremental forms. Despite the presence of a wide range of species in the experimental plots, the importance of a limited range of species is highlighted through the dominance of soil aggregates formed as a result of excretion by enchytraeids and earthworms. It is concluded that the studied soil ecosystem is highly resistant to change and that only a few species have key or strong ecological functions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reference point approach to coalition games
Authors: P. Wierzbicki Andrzej 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOne of the basic concepts of the theory of coalition games is the core of the game, together with its various extensions. However, the core is usually a set, a subset of Pareto set. Therefore, all problems of vector optimization and multiple criteria decision support arise when selecting points within a core. One of interactive decision support approaches is the use of reference points and the maximization of corresponding achievement functions. The paper proposes some ways of defining and using reference points that result in equitable allocations. One way of defining such reference points is to use known solutions of coalition games, such as Shapley value or Banzhaf value. Another way of defining such reference points might be an extension of Raiffa–Kalai–Smorodinski solution to coalition games, proposed in the paper. The properties of resulting equitable allocations in the core of the game are examined. The possibility of empty core and allocations in an extended core is also examined and the concept of maximal robustness point is introduced; this point might also be used as a reference point. Possible applications of this extension of the theory of coalition games concern business negotiations. An illustrative example of negotiating a cooperative merger of three or four high‐tech firms is given.The basic conclusion from the analysis and the examples presented in the paper is that axiomatic solutions of coalition games, e.g. Shapley and Banzhaf values, should be considered as reference points for vector optimization and multicriteria decision support rather than as normative solutions. Moreover, beside these axiomatic solutions there are several other possible definitions of reference points, such as the Raiffa solution or the maximal robustness point, that might be preferred by negotiators when solving practical coalition games. This has been confirmed by simulated gaming exercises performed by students under a strong motivation to treat simulated game seriously. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐attribute value theory as a framework for conflict resolution in river rehabilitation
Authors: Hostmann Markus , Bernauer Thomas , Mosler Hans‐Joachim , Reichert Peter , Truffer Bernhard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDecision making in environmental projects is usually complex because of heterogeneous stakeholder interests, multiple objectives, long planning and implementation processes, and uncertain outcomes. Conflicting stakeholder interests in particular are often an important impediment to the realization and success of projects. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are potentially useful for facilitating conflict resolution among stakeholder groups. However, some studies that have applied MCDA methods indicate that users are often skeptical about the value of MCDA methods and prefer the freedom of unaided decision making. We examine whether and how multi‐attribute value theory (MAVT), a particular kind of MCDA, facilitates conflict resolution in environmental projects. Therefore, the MAVT method is applied to a specific river rehabilitation project in Switzerland (Thur River). The main questions are: (1) Can the MAVT method predict the final preferences of stakeholders and therefore anticipate conflicts at an early stage? (2) Do stakeholders reconsider and change their preferences after using the MAVT method? (3) If they do, does this result in more consensus‐oriented decisions? We find that the principal advantage of the method in our case was not the prediction of stakeholders' final preferences, but rather the methods' ability to facilitate more consensus‐oriented decisions. The paper discusses possible reasons for this finding and concludes with recommendations for future applications of the MAVT method in environmental decision making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DTI‐based assessment of ischemia‐reperfusion in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Heemskerk Anneriet M. , Drost Maarten R. , van Bochove Glenda S. , van Oosterhout Matthijs F.M. , Nicolay Klaas , Strijkers Gustav J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is frequently applied to characterize the microscopic geometrical properties of tissue. To establish whether and how diffusion MRI responds to transient ischemia of skeletal muscle, we studied the effects of ischemia and reperfusion using DTI and T2‐weighted MRI before and during ischemia and up to 24 hr after reperfusion. Ischemia was induced by 50 min of hindlimb occlusion with or without dorsal flexor stimulation. During ischemia the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) tended to decrease (up to 15%), whereas the fractional anisotropy (FA) and T2 showed a varied response depending on the protocol and muscle type. During reperfusion the ADC and T2 initially increased and subsequently renormalized for the occlusion protocol. For the occlusion plus stimulation (OS) protocol, the FA was decreased by 13% and the ADC and T2 were increased by 20% and 57%, respectively, after 24 hr in the stimulated muscle complex. In the latter tissue the three DTI eigenvalues gradually increased upon reperfusion. The smallest eigenvalue (λ3) showed the largest relative increase. Changes in DTI indices in the reperfusion phases followed a similar time course as the changes in T2. The changes in MR indices after 24 hr correlated with the tissue damage quantified with histology. The highest correlation was observed for λ3 (R2 = 0.81). This study shows that DTI can be used to assess ischemia‐induced damage to skeletal muscle. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
iDQC MRI weighted by longitudinal relaxation in the rotating frame
Authors: Zheng Bingwen , Chen Zhong , Kennedy Scott D. , Zhong Jianhui 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA long‐duration, low‐power, off‐resonance spin‐locking pulse was incorporated into the COSY revamped by asymmetric z gradient‐echo detection (CRAZED) pulse sequence in order to evaluate the effects of intermolecular double‐quantum longitudinal relaxation in the tilted rotating frame (T). This modified CRAZED sequence was followed by a standard fast spin‐echo imaging sequence to form images with T‐weighted contrast. Imaging experiments were performed on an agarose‐gel phantom and mouse‐tail tissue at 600 MHz. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of imaging applications based on T as a novel contrast mechanism, and showed that iDQC off‐resonance longitudinal relaxation in the rotating frame T is sensitive to the tilt angle θ and the effective spin‐locking field ωe. Imaging based on T has reduced RF power deposition compared to on‐resonance spin‐locking, which is advantageous for human applications. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear membrane proteins are present within rimmed vacuoles in inclusion‐body myositis
Authors: Greenberg Steven A. , Pinkus Jack L. , Amato Anthony A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe rimmed vacuoles within muscle in inclusion‐body myositis (IBM) are structures of uncertain origin. Two hypotheses have been proposed for their formation: that they develop as a consequence of abnormal lysosomal function or in association with the breakdown of myonuclei. We tested the latter hypothesis by studying muscle samples from 14 patients with IBM and 18 controls using immunohistochemistry for nuclear membrane proteins, examining semithin sections, and performing electron microscopy. We found that in IBM muscle vacuoles were immunoreactive for the inner nuclear membrane proteins emerin and lamin A/C. Myonuclei with fragmented or focally absent nuclear membranes were present in immunohistochemical and electron microscopy studies. The association of nuclear membrane proteins with rimmed vacuoles confirms the hypotheses that rimmed vacuoles in IBM form in association with myonuclear pathology and that IBM differs from other inflammatory myopathies in that abnormalities of myonuclei are more prominent. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Sequential and contingent prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Wald Nicholas J , Rudnicka Alicja R , Bestwick Jonathan P 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the Integrated test in three policies for prenatal Down syndrome screening: Integrated screening for all women, sequential screening (first‐trimester tests allowing early completion of screening for high‐risk pregnancies), and Contingent screening (early completion of screening for high‐ and low‐risk pregnancies).Design and MethodsEstimation of detection rates (DRs) and false‐positive rates (FPRs) using Monte Carlo simulation and cost effectiveness for each method.Setting and PopulationDown syndrome affected and unaffected pregnancies studied in the Serum Urine and Ultrasound Screening Study (SURUSS).Results and Main OutcomesIntegrated screening has the best screening performance. The performance of the other two policies approached that of Integrated screening as the first‐trimester test FPR decreased. If the first‐trimester FPR is set to 0.5% (risk ≥ 1 in 30) with an overall DR of 90%, sequential and contingent screening yield overall FPRs of 2.25% and 2.42%, respectively, and 66% of the affected pregnancies are detected by the first‐trimester test. The Integrated test on all women yields an FPR of 2.15%. With sequential screening, 99.5% of women would proceed to an Integrated test, or 30% with contingent screening if those with first‐trimester test risks of ≤1 in 2000 are classified screen‐negative and receive no further testing. About 20% of affected pregnancies identified in the first trimester using sequential or contingent screening would have unnecessary terminations (they would miscarry before the early second trimester). Contingent screening is the most cost‐effective if there is no alphafetoprotein screening for neural tube defects, otherwise Integrated screening is more cost‐effective.ConclusionsIntegrated screening for all women is the simplest, most effective, and the safest policy. Contingent screening is the most complex with the lowest screening performance. Making an earlier diagnosis with sequential and contingent screening has adverse consequences that are sufficient to discourage their use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal cytogenetic assessment and inv(2)(p11.2q13)
Authors: Hysert Meaghan , Bruyère Hélène , Côté Gilbert B. , Dawson Angelika J. , Dolling Jo‐Anna , Fetni Raouf , Hrynchak Monica , Lavoie Josée , McGowan‐Jordan Jean , Tihy Frédérique , Duncan Alessandra M. V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo present a series of prenatally detected cases of recurrent pericentric inversions with euchromatic breakpoints and to review the literature to determine whether parental karyotyping is required for genetic counselling.MethodsCases of recurrent pericentric inversions with euchromatic breakpoints were collected from Canadian Cytogenetic Laboratories. Cases included inversions for chromosome 1(p13q21), chromosome 2(p11.2q13), chromosome 5(p13q13) and chromosome 10(p11.2q21.2).ResultsThe incidence of de novo inv(2)(p11.2q13) was low, with one case among 91 inversions. There were no cases of de novo inv(10) (p11.2q21.2) among 17 reported and one case of de novo inv(5)(p13q13) among 21 reported.ConclusionOur study, and data from the literature, suggests that most cases of inv(2)(p11.2q13) have been stably inherited, that de novo cases of inv(2) are rare and that both inherited and de novo forms are without phenotypic or developmental consequences. We suggest that parental karyotyping for cases of inv(2) is not useful in counselling as it may generate unnecessary parental anxiety over a chromosomal finding that is likely innocuous. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanomechanics of single‐walled carbon nanotubes as composite reinforcement*
Authors: Xiao Jia‐Run , Gillespie John W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn analytical nanomechanics model is developed for predicting the elastic self‐consistent properties of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as composite reinforcement. The molecular structural mechanics is employed to determine the in‐plane stiffness and strength of continuous nanotubes in the axial direction of the tube. The effect of tube diameter of the SWCNT on the in‐plane stiffness and strength is presented and discussed. The nonlinear stress–strain relationships for defect‐free nanotubes have been predicted, which gives an engineering approximation on the ultimate strength and strain to failure of nanotubes. Elastic properties of nanotube composites are further predicted based on a composite micro‐mechanics model, using the obtained mechanical properties of nanotubes, volume fraction, and typical polymer matrix properties. Results on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites show that the Young's moduli and strengths of carbon nanotube composites are sensitive to both fiber volume fraction and the tube diameter. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1051–1059, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Housing costs and the geography of family migration outcomes
Authors: Withers Suzanne Davies , Clark William A. V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper takes a geographical approach towards assessing the ‘returns’ to family migration by addressing explicitly the impacts of differences in the cost of housing between the place of origin and place of destination for family migrants. While numerous studies have examined differences in labour‐force participation and wages subsequent to migration, particularly on the part of wives, few studies have considered the local housing and labour market contexts of these events. This study examines the adjusted earnings outcomes resulting from migration for husbands, wives and families in the United States in the context of local housing costs. Our findings challenge the assumption of simple economic gains and instead indicate that who gains and who loses from family migration is quite complex. The geographical context of family migration is critical in determining gains and losses, and is interrelated with moves in and out of the labour market on the part of wives. Our research indicates that wives who leave the labour market after a move are very likely to have moved to a more affordable housing market. Conversely, wives are found to enter the labour market when the move is to a more expensive housing market. For this group, wives' earnings considerably mitigate the impact on overall family earnings. This paper provides an important contribution to understanding family migration by positioning the analysis of migration outcomes within the context of labour markets and local housing market costs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defect energy states in high‐K gate oxides
Authors: Xiong K. , Robertson J. , Clark S. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe electrical energy levels of the different charge states of the oxygen vacancy and the oxygen interstitial in HfO2 are calculated, using density functional methods which do not need a band gap correction. Lattice distortions around the defect sites produce substantial shifts in the energy levels. The energy levels are aligned to those of the Si channel. In HfO2, the oxygen vacancy gives an energy level in the Si gap or just above the gap, depending on its charge state. The O vacancy is identified as the main electrically active defect and trap. The oxygen interstitial gives levels just above the oxide valence band, and the neutral interstitial also gives a level near the Si conduction band. The defect wavefunctions are given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and energy of the partial dislocation cores in GaAs
Authors: Beckman S. P. , Chrzan D. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA methodology for investigating isolated α and β partial dislocations in III–V semiconductors is presented. Using this method the 30° and 90°, α and β partial dislocations in GaAs are investigated. The structures of the proposed core reconstructions are investigated. For the 90° partials, two reconstructions have been proposed. The relative energies of the two reconstructions are investigated in addition to the structural investigation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles studies of the electronic structure of cyclopentene on Si(001): density functional theory and GW calculations
Authors: Quek Su Ying , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Hybertsen Mark S. , Kaxiras Efthimios , Louie Steven G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe electronic structure and ground‐state geometry of cyclopentene monolayers on Si(001) are studied using ab initio pseudopotential density‐functional theory (DFT). Quasiparticle excitation spectra are calculated within the GW approximation. Both cis and trans cyclopentene monolayers are considered. In both geometries, a strong electronic coupling between the monolayer and Si substrate is found; substantial inter‐molecular interactions are present, as indicated by broadening in molecular levels that are decoupled from the substrate. It is argued that the cis structure is kinetically favored, and we evaluate self‐energy corrections to the eigenstates of this configuration near the band edges within the GW approximation. The calculated self‐energy corrections are large, exceeding those of bulk Si, and increase the energy gap between occupied and unoccupied frontier adsorbate states by 1.3 eV. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial multiferroic hexagonal manganite thin films grown on ZnO
Authors: Posadas A. , Yau J.‐B. , Ahn C. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThin films of the hexagonal manganites YMnO3 and YbMnO3 were grown epitaxially on ZnO single crystal substrates. The films exhibit both ferroelectricity and frustrated magnetic ordering, consistent with the multiferroic properties of the materials. In addition, YbMnO3 shows antiferromagnetic Yb ion ordering at low temperatures. Based on strain and bonding considerations at the film‐substrate interface, it is expected that both YMnO3 and YbMnO3 would grow with an in‐plane epitaxial relationship of [11$ \bar 2 $0]//[10$ \bar 1 $0]ZnO. X‐ray diffraction off‐axis phi scans confirm the expected epitaxial relationship. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of Co1–xFexS2
Authors: Umemoto Koichiro , Wentzcovitch Renata M. , Wang Lan , Leighton Chris 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe present a detailed DFT‐based electronic structure calculation of Co1–x Fex S2, a model ferromagnetic system with tunable spin polarization, P . It is shown that the position of the Fermi level and the spin polarization can be controlled by x, the Fe concentration. We predict that for x = 0 the system has predominantly minority carriers corresponding to P = –75%. Upon doping to x = 0.25, the system becomes half‐metallic with majority carriers, i.e., P = 100%. The high spin polarization in a wide range of x has been essentially confirmed experimentally. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Confinement effects in the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals
Authors: Tiago Murilo L. , Chelikowsky James R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe discuss the implications of electromagnetic confinement in the optical properties of nanocrystals. The test case is silicon nanocrystals containing up to 71 silicon atoms, although the main conclusions are valid for generic semiconductor nanocrystals. The energy‐resolved electric susceptibility is shown to be dominated by a plasmon resonance, having little resemblance with the dielectric function of the constituent material. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)