bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical arthrodesis of distal tarsal joints in 17 horses clinically affected with osteoarthritis
Authors: ADKINS AR , YOVICH JV , STEEL CM 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the outcome of 17 horses that underwent surgical arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints for treatment of lameness due to osteoarthritis.Design Retrospective clinical study using client‐owned animals.Procedure Horses with hindlimb lameness were diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints following relief of lameness after intra‐articular anaesthesia or intra‐articular corticosteroid injection. Surgery to stimulate ankylosis was performed on 27 hocks by placing 3 diverging 3.2 mm drill holes approximately 3 cm through the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints from the medial aspect of the limb. The results of surgery were assessed by postoperative examinations, telephone communication with clients and analysis of race results.Results In 71% of horses, surgery was considered to be successful as determined by clinical examination or telephone communication with clients: six of these horses had unilateral surgery and six had bilateral surgery. This represented 85% (6/7) of horses undergoing unilateral surgery and 60% (6/10) of horses having bilateral surgery. All (8/8) racing Standardbreds and 67% (4/6) of racing Thoroughbreds were considered a success. The average time between surgery and a return to racing was 9.5 months.Conclusions The surgical technique used here can provide resolution of lameness from osteoarthritis of distal tarsal joints with a success rate similar to other reported surgical arthrodesis techniques that are more invasive and have a greater morbidity.
Eisenmenger's complex in a Holstein‐Friesian cow
Authors: GAVAGHAN BJ , KITTLESON MD , DECOCK HEV 
Published: March 2008

A 4.5‐year‐old, Holstein‐Friesian cow presented with a 1‐month history of severe exercise intolerance. Rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography revealed a large mass in the left retroperitoneum. The heart rate was 70 to 80/min. Premature ventricular complexes and ventricular bigeminy were present on an electrocardiogram. Erythrocytosis was present and blood gas analysis revealed marked hypoxaemia. An echocardiogram demonstrated a large ventricular septal defect, a partially dextroposed aorta, and concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricular free wall. Colour flow Doppler echocardiography and a contrast echocardiographic study demonstrated a right‐to‐left shunt through the ventricular septal defect. Eisenmenger's complex was diagnosed.The patient was euthanased. Necropsy confirmed the gross cardiac lesions indentified by echocardiography and an abscess in the apex of the left ventricle. Severe pulmonary arterial lesions were present, consistent with a marked increased in pulmonary vascular resistance.Actinomyces pyogeneswas cultured from abscesses of the retroperi‐toneum and the ventricular apex.
Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in amitraz cattle dip fluid
Authors: EAMENS GJ , SPENCE SA , TURNER MJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the survival time of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis i n amitraz‐based cattle dip fluid derived from an active dip site in northern New South Wales.Procedure Following inoculation of triplicate 5 L containers with faeces (0.5 g/L) from a clinical case of bovine paratuberculosis, samples collected up to 8 weeks after inoculation were examined by conventional and radiometric culture. M a paratuberculosis colonies were enumerated on solid media.Results and conclusions M a paratuberculosis survived in amitraz cattle dip fluid for up to 2 weeks, but not 3 weeks. Where 1% of solids in dip fluid is derived from a clinical case of paratuberculosis, dip fluid may contain viable M a paratuberculosis for at least 2 weeks. These findings have implications for the management of cattle dip sites.
Effect of gender on ownership and income in veterinary practice
Authors: HEATH TJ , NIETHE GE 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the effect of gender on ownership and income in veterinary practice in Australia.Methods Questionnaire completed by private veterinary practitioners, and analysed using the SAS System for Windows 7.0.Results More than three‐quarters (78%) of male but 36% of female private practitioners were partial or sole owners of practices. The median annual income for all male practitioners working more than 40 hours/week was $70K, but that for females was $43K. These disparities existed in both city and country practices, and in the case of income it increased with increasing time in the workforce. Male practice owners also reported higher incomes than female owners.Conclusions Female veterinary practitioners are less likely to own practices, and more likely to earn low incomes than males. These differentials do not appear to be due to location, hours worked or years since graduation or, in the case of income, to whether they are owners or employees. The evidence points to a lower interest by women than men in the business aspects of veterinary practice.
Animal models of traumatic brain injury: a review
Authors: FINNIE JW 
Published: March 2008

Objective To review the main types of animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), their desirable characteristics and limitations, the major structural changes in the brain modelled, and special features of paediatric TBI modelling.Conclusion Animal models have contributed substantially to our understanding of the mechanisms of TBI in humans, but many aspects of closed head injury remain to be elucidated and effective neuroprotective agents are few. Many of the advances in the pathogenesis of human TBI also have application in veterinary medicine and there is ample opportunity for veterinarians to contribute to the selection, development and characterisation of potential animal models of neurotrauma and other disorders and ensure that animal welfare standards are maintained.
Characterisation of a novel Mannheimia sp from Australian feedlot cattle
Authors: BLACKALL PJ , ANGEN Ø , FEGAN N , BLACKALL LL , MUTTERS R , BISGAARD M 
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise eight isolates of a Gram‐negative organism obtained from the upper respiratory tract of cattle showing evidence of mild upper respiratory tract disease. Design The isolates were compared with the five recognised species within the genus Mannheimia ‐ M haemolytica, M glucosida, M granulomatis, M ruminalis and M varigena‐ using a range of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Results Phenotypic characterisation indicated that the isolates belonged to the trehalose‐negative [Pasteurella] haemolytica complex. This complex has recently been reorganised into five species within the new genus Mannheimia. Ribotyping performed using Hin dIII and a computerised analysis system indicated that the eight Australian isolates formed a distinct cluster that was related to, but different from, the five recognised species of Mannheimia. The 16S rRNA sequence of one isolate (BNO311) was determined and a phylogenetic analysis performed. Isolate BNO311 was distinct from the five named Mannheimia spp but did join a larger cluster consisting of rRNA cluster IV (M varigena) and the unnamed rRNA cluster V of Mannheimia. DNA:DNA hybridisation between isolate BNO311 and M haemolytica NCTC 9380T, M granulomatis P411 and Actinobacillus ligniersii NCTC 4189T all suggested similarities of approximately 30%. Conclusions These phenotypic and genotypic characterisation studies suggest that the eight Australian isolates represent a new species of Mannheimia. Until further characterisation studies are performed, we are unwilling to propose a name for this taxon, preferring to refer to this possible new species as Bisgaard taxon 39 of cluster V of Mannheimia.
Integrating practical, regulatory and ethical strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare
Authors: MELLOR DJ , STAFFORD KJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To provide an integrated view of relationships between assessment of animal welfare. societal expectations regarding animal welfare standards, the need for regulation, and two ethical strategies for promoting animal welfare, emphasising farm animals.Approach Ideas in relevant papers and key insights were outlined and illustrated, where appropriate, by New Zealand experience with different facets of the welfare management of farm animals.Conclusions An animal's welfare is good when its nutritional, environmental, health, behavioural and mental needs are met. Compromise may occur in one or more of these areas and is assessed by scientifically‐informed best judgement using parameters validated by directed research and objective analysis in clinical and practical settings. There is a wide range of perceptions of what constitutes good and bad welfare in society, so that animal welfare standards cannot be left to individual preferences to determine. Rather, the promotion of animal welfare is seen as requiring central regulation, but managed in a way that allows for adjustments based on new scientific knowledge of animals' needs and changing societal perceptions of what is acceptable and unacceptable treatment of animals. Concepts of ‘minimal welfare’, representing the threshold of cruelty, and ‘acceptable welfare’, representing higher, more acceptable standards than those that merely avoid cruelty, are outlined. They are relevant to economic analyses, which deal with determinants of animal welfare standards based on financial costs and the desire of the public to feel broadly comfortable about the treatment of the animals that are used to serve their needs.5 Ethical strategies for promoting animal welfare can be divided broadly into the ‘gold standard’ approach and the ‘incremental improvement’ approach. The first defines the ideal that is to be required in a particular situation and will accept nothing less than that ideal, whereas the second aims to improve welfare in a step‐wise fashion by setting a series of achievable goals, seeing each small advance as worthwhile progress towards the same ideal. ‘Incremental improvement’ is preferred. This also has application in veterinary practice where the professional commitment to maintain good welfare standards may at times conflict with financial constraints experienced by clients.
Use of clomipramine in treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder, separation anxiety and noise phobia in dogs: a preliminary, clinical study
Authors: SEKSEL K , LINDEMAN MJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a treatment protocol for obsessive‐compulsive disorder, separation anxiety and noise phobia in dogs.DesignA study was undertaken to assess clinical responses in 24 dogs diagnosed with one or more of three behavioural disorders stated above to a treatment regimen that included clomipramine and behaviour modification.ProcedureA detailed behavioural and clinical history was obtained for each dog. Obsessive‐compulsive disorder was diagnosed in nine cases: primary presenting complaints were tail‐chasing, shadow‐chasing, circling and chewing; one case was diagnosed with concurrent separation anxiety. Separation anxiety was diagnosed in 14 cases: presenting complaints included destruction, vocalisation and escaping in the absence of the owner; four cases also exhibited noise phobia. The study also included one dog diagnosed with noise phobia only and another with inappropriate fear responses.Clomipramine was administered orally twice daily. The starting dose was 1 to 2 mg/kg bodyweight. The dose was increased incrementally to a maximum of 4 mg/kg if needed. A behaviour modification program was designed and the owner instructed on its implementation. Dogs continued medication for at least 1 month after clinical signs disappeared or were acceptably reduced, then withdrawal of medication was attempted by decreasing drug dosage at weekly intervals while behaviour modification continued.ResultsThe presenting clinical sign was largely improved or disappeared in 16 dogs, 5 demonstrated slight to moderate improvement and the behaviour was unchanged in 3. Clomipramine withdrawal was attempted in nine cases: this was successful in five.ConclusionClomipramine was effective and well‐tolerated in controlling signs of obsessive‐compulsive disorder and/or separation anxiety and/or noise phobia in 16 of 24 assessable cases, when used in combination with behaviour modification, and improvement in clinical signs was noted in 5 others.
Bovine nasal eosinophilic granuloma with blood eosinophilia caused by Nocardia species
Authors: SHIBAHARA T , MITARAI Y , ISHIKAWA Y , SATO M , KADOTA K 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe a case of nocardial nasal granuloma in a Holstein heifer. Clinical features The heifer showed laboured respiration and occasional coughing with granulomatous excrescences on the bilateral nasal mucosa, and a marked leucocytosis with eosinophilia. Necropsy Severe granulomatous inflammation with eosinophils, epithelioid cells, giant cells and Nocardia s p obstructed both nasal passages completely. Conclusion This lesion resulted from chronic infection with Nocardia s p and is distinct from other forms of bovine nasal granuloma, also called atopic rhinitis or chronic granular rhinitis, which we propose should be classified as bovine allergic granular rhinitis. The most appropriate name for the present disease is bovine nasal eosinophilic granuloma.
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D concentration in the plasma of Solanum glaucophyllum intoxicated rabbits
Authors: DALLORSO ME , GIL S. , PAWLAK E. , LEMA F. , MÁRQUEZ A. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To test Solanum glaucophyllum calcinotic effects in adult New Zealand White rabbits in relation to cumulative dose and active principle concentration in plasma.Design An intoxication assay with controls.Procedure Rabbits were orally dosed with aqueous extracts of dry leaves of S glaucophyllum for 5, 7 or 9 days. During the experiment, body weight, calcaemia and phosphataemia were measured; retinal blood vessel calibre was observed by ophthalmoscopic examination of the ocular fundus. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D plasma concentration was determined at the end of the experimental periods. Soft tissue calcium concentration and the presence of calcinotic lesions were studied after euthanasia.Results Toxic effects were evident in S glaucophyllum treated groups (loss of body weight, elevation of soft tissue calcium concentration, and presence of calcinotic lesions). Plasma 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D concentrations were negatively correlated with final body weight(r = ‐0.97; P = 0.001), and positively correlated with renal calcium concentration (r = 0.74; P = 0.02). There was also a significant regression of plasma 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D concentration on the cumulative dose of S glaucophyllum(R2= 0.87; P £ 0.001).Conclusions The procedure described here offers a sensitive and practical experimental model for the study of the pathogenesis of enteque seco.
A neurological locomotor disorder in sheep grazing Stachys arvensis
Authors: PHILBEY AW , HAWKER AM , EVERS JV 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the clinical signs and pathology of a neurological locomotor disorder in sheep associated with ingestion of Stachys arvensis.Design Field observations and laboratory examinations.Procedure Clinical and pathological examinations were performed on sheep with suspected S arvensis intoxication.Field observations Merino sheep in a flock on the southwestern slopes of New South Wales developed a neurological disorder after grazing S arvensis. Affected animals had pelvic limb paresis and a proprioceptive deficit. When forced to exercise they stumbled and collapsed. Recovery following removal from the plant was slow. Many deaths were associated with the outbreak.Results Affected sheep developed a mild degenerative myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Deficiencies of vitamins A and E were also observed in the affected flock.Conclusion Grazing S arvensis is sometimes associated with a neurological locomotor disorder in sheep.
Effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles for Haemonchus contortus control in sheep
Authors: KNOX MR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the efficacy of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) for the control of H contortus infections in grazing sheep.Procedure In experiment 1, 40 worm‐free Merino hoggets (11 to 12 months of age) were divided into four equal groups and allocated to separate 0.8 ha pasture plots. Two groups then received 2.5 g COWP whereas the other two groups were untreated. From 1 week after COWP treatment all lambs received a weekly infection of 2000 H contortus larvae. At week 8, six sheep from the untreated group were then allocated to two groups and treated with either 2.5 or 5.0 g of COWP to establish therapeutic efficacy of treatment. Experiment 2 followed a similar protocol but was conducted with 40 worm‐free Merino lambs (3 to 4 months of age) and no assessment of therapeutic efficacy was made.Results In experiment 1 no significant difference in faecal worm egg counts was observed between treatments and faecal worm egg counts remained less than 3000 epg in all animals. Total worm counts were reduced by 37% by COWP treatment (P = 0.055). Both 2.5 g and 5.0 g doses of COWP at 8 weeks of infection reduced faecal worm egg counts by > 85% with the higher dose giving an earlier response to treatment. In experiment 2, faecal worm egg counts at 4 and 6 weeks were reduced by more than 90% in the COWP treated lambs and worm numbers were 54% lower after 6 weeks when all remaining untreated lambs had to be treated for haemonchosis. Mean faecal worm egg counts in the COWP lambs remained below 3500 epg and clinical disease did not develop in the majority of lambs before the end of the experiment at 10 weeks.Conclusion Treatment with COWPs appears to have the potential to reduce establishment and worm fecundity of Haemonchus spp for an extended period and may offer livestock producers a supplementary means of reducing larval contamination of pasture particularly in areas where anthelmintic resistance is a problem and copper supplementation is likely to be beneficial.
Molecular characterisation of Victorian Newcastle disease virus isolates from 1976 to 1999
Authors: PEROULIS‐KOURTIS I , O'RILEY K , GRIX D , CONDRON RJ , AINSWORTH C 
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained in Victoria from 1976 to 1999 and identify the diversity of F0 cleavage signal. Design RT‐PCR using viral RNA extracted from positive NDV allantoic fluid was performed to amplify a segment of the NDV F and HN genes. Molecular characterisation of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences within the F0 cleavage site was undertaken. Results All isolates contained 'avirulent' F0 cleavage signal sequence of varied amino acid composition. Conclusions Molecular characterisation of past and present NDV F0 cleavage signal sequences will provide valuable epidemiological information and assist in understanding the genetic origins and relationships of outbreaks.
The epidemiology of subfertility in non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales: description of population and incidence
Authors: MOSS N , LEAN IJ , REID SWJ , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe biographic, reproductive, production and disease characteristics of 965 Holstein cows from 10 non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales, and to describe the incidence of subfertility, that is, conception requiring > 2 inseminations, in this population. Design A retrospective epidemiologic study. Methods Computer records were used to determine biographic, reproductive, production and disease characteristics in all lactations that commenced between 1 July 1995 and 30 June 1996 and resulted in conception during that lactation. Differences in these characteristics among herds and between primiparous and multiparous cows were examined. The lactational incidence of subfertility for lactations commencing during the study period was determined. Results Ten herds with appropriate records and management structures entered the study. Herd size ranged from 86 to 203 lactating cows. Nutritional and reproductive management of these herds was typical of smaller pasture‐based herds within the study region. Records from 1320 cows were available, of which 965 were considered suitable for descriptive analysis. Monthly variations in number of cows calving were noted, with number of lactations commenced by primiparous and multiparous cows peaking in January and October, respectively. Significant (P < 0.001) inter‐herd differences for all reproductive, disease and milk production outcomes were detected for both the entire population and within primiparous and multi‐parous subgroups.Of 1041 cows submitted for insemination, 76 failed to conceive. The lactational incidence rate (LIR) of subfertility in all lactations was 21.1% (95% CI19–24%). and among all cows conceiving was 22.8% (95% CI20–25%). The LIR of subfertility in primipara was 24.1% (95% CI19–28%) and varied widely between herds (10%‐40%). The LIR of subfertility in multipara was 22.2% (95% CI20–25%) and also varied widely between herds (7%‐46%). Conclusion Parity and herd of origin should be considered in any further analyses of these data.
The epidemiology of subfertility in non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales: preliminary investigation of risk factors
Authors: MOSS N , LEAN IJ , REID SWJ , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate relationships between biographic, reproductive, production and disease traits and subfertility among 965 Holstein cows from 10 non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales. Design A retrospective case‐control study Methods Biographical, disease and reproductive data were collated from computerised records for cows with lactations that commenced between 1 July 1995 and 30 June 1996 and univariable and bivariable associations with subfertility were determined. Results Records from 965 cows that conceived were considered for risk factor analyses. Associations between subfertility and a number of risk factors (P < 0.3) were detected. Significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for subfertility in multiparous cows included herd of origin and, after controlling for the effect of herd, subfertility in the previous lactation, greater than 62 days dry, parity greater than five, interval between calving and first recorded heat, metritis and cystic ovarian disease. Herd of origin and, after controlling for herd effects, dystocia, metritis and percentage of milk fat plus protein at the time of first service were significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for subfertility in primiparous cows. The direction and magnitude of these associations are presented. Conclusion Subfertility has a similar rate of occurrence in the herds examined to that reported overseas. Although herd of origin has a substantial effect on individual risk of subfer‐tility, cow‐level risk factors for subfertility are likely to exist. Exposures differ between primiparous and multiparous cows.