bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular mass estimation of derivatized compounds: a PFG NMR study
Authors: Crutchfield Christopher A. , Harris Douglas J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPulsed‐field gradient (PFG) 1H and 31P NMR methods were developed to quantitatively estimate the molecular mass of compounds, derivatized with either trichloroacetyl isocyanate (TAI) or 2‐chloro‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane (chlorophospholane). These agents provide selective analysis with high sensitivity for molecules containing alcohol, amine, carboxylic acid, or thiol functional groups. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) or bisphenol A was used as internal diffusion reference. The empirical relationship between relative diffusivity and molecular mass was established for a set of mono‐ and difunctional compounds with molecular masses in the range 32–330 g/mol. The utility of the method was demonstrated by analyzing alcohol, phenol, and carboxylic acid components in lubricating oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics and conformations of PEO chains chemically bonded on silica: comparison between 1H and 2H NMR
Authors: Tajouri T. , Hommel H. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract1H NMR was used to study the motion of monomer units in a layer of poly(ethylene oxide) chains grafted on silica. First, the dependence of the relaxation times on the grafting ratios is discussed qualitatively from a phenomenological point of view. Next, the NMR line narrowing effect by high‐speed rotation is observed in the same samples with different grafting ratios. The magic angle spinning technique permits determination of two correlation times for each grafting ratio: τc characteristic of an environment with a fast motion and τl characteristic of an environment with a slow motion. In addition, the dynamics of these grafted chains are investigated by deuterium NMR (2H NMR), which is sensitive to the anisotropy of molecular motion. The evolution has been studied for two extreme grafting ratios and each time as a function of temperature. The anisotropy is more marked at low temperatures and for a low grafting ratio. The results are consistent with the 1H NMR relaxation times measured as a function of temperature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro development and cell allocation of porcine blastocysts derived by aggregation of in vitro fertilized embryos
Authors: Lee Sang‐Goo , Park Chi‐Hun , Choi Don‐Ho , Kim Hye‐Sun , Ka Hak‐Hyun , Lee Chang‐Kyu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn pigs, the morphology and cell number of in vitro‐produced blastocysts are inferior to those of their in vivo counterparts. The objective of this study was to increase developmental competence and to gain an understanding of cell allocation in blastocysts derived from the aggregation of four‐cell stage porcine embryos produced in vitro. After removal of the zona pellucida, two (2×) and three (3×) four‐cell stage embryos were aggregated by co‐culturing them in aggregation plates. Five days after aggregation, the developmental ability and the number of cells in the aggregated embryos were determined. The percentage of blastocysts was higher (P < 0.05) in both the 2× and 3× aggregated embryos (66.6% and 72.0%, respectively) compared to that of the 1× embryos and the intact controls (43.1% and 36.4%, respectively). The total cell number of blastocysts also increased in aggregated embryos compared to that of intact controls (2.6‐fold for 2× and 3.4‐fold for 3×) (P < 0.05). The cells of two differentially stained embryos were started to mix at 72 hr after aggregation. In vitro‐fertilized porcine aggregates (2×) were developed to blastocyst with a random distribution of cells from each embryo. The mRNA levels for the oct‐4, bcl‐xL and connexin 43 genes were higher (P < 0.05) and bak gene were lower (P < 0.05) in both the 2× and 3× aggregated embryos than the intact controls. Therefore, the aggregation of the four‐cell stage embryos could be used to improve the quality of porcine preimplantation stage embryos produced in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1436–1445, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biaxial test simulations using a packing of polygonal particles
Authors: Peña A. A. , Lizcano A. , Alonso‐Marroquin F. , Herrmann H. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mechanical response of cohesionless granular materials under monotonic loading is studied by performing molecular dynamic simulations. The diversity of shapes of soil grains is modelled by using randomly generated convex polygons as granular particles. Results of the biaxial test obtained for dense and loose media show that samples achieve the same void
ratio at large strains independent of their initial density state. This limit state resembles the so‐called critical state of soil mechanics, except for some stress fluctuations, which remain for large deformations. These fluctuations are studied at the micro‐mechanical level, by following the evolution of the co‐ordination number, force chains and the fraction of the sliding contacts of the sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CAD inspired hierarchical partition of unity constructions for NURBS‐based, meshless design, analysis and optimization
Authors: Rayasam M. , Srinivasan V. , Subbarayan G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper we develop a unified representational paradigm for design and analysis that is inspired by the set theoretic Boolean operations of the constructive solid geometry (CSG) procedure of computer‐aided design (CAD). We develop the notion of a primitive design state (corresponding to a CSG primitive region), which is characterized by a description of the geometrical shape of the primitive and by a description of the material distribution within the primitive. We analogously define a primitive behaviour state that is associated with a primitive design state and that is determined through a global analysis problem. We define a global multi‐level design problem to determine the primitive design states. We define Boolean operations on the fields belonging to primitive design and behaviour spaces and show that the compositions of these fields amount to a hierarchical partition of unity construction. We propose to use non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS) to discretize the geometry, material, and behavioural fields (local approximations) defined on the primitive regions. We show that this leads to recursive partition of unity constructions on the knot spaces (sub‐local approximations) due to the partition of unity property of NURBS basis functions. Since the primitive shapes are parametrically defined using NURBS, the numerical quadrature is carried out on the parametric sub‐regions of the NURBS entities. This eliminates the need for either a background mesh or a pseudo‐mesh for quadrature. The developed methodology is implemented in a symbolic, meshless computational framework written using the java language (jNURBS) and was demonstrated on two classes of problems. The first class is the simultaneous optimal design of shape and multi‐material distributions. The procedure is argued as being a generalization of classical topology optimization to designing objects made of functionally graded materials with pre‐defined geometrical constraints, such as holes or fixed boundary shape. The second class of problems demonstrated in the paper is optimal design to mitigate the effects of cracks. Here, we identify the optimal locations of holes introduced to reduce the stress intensity factor of an edge crack. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of heat transfer coefficient in two‐dimensional transient inverse heat conduction problems using the hybrid inverse scheme
Authors: Chen Han‐Taw , Wu Xin‐Yi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA hybrid scheme of the Laplace transform, finite difference and least‐squares methods in conjunction with a sequential‐in‐time concept, cubic spline and temperature measurements is applied to predict the heat transfer coefficient distribution on a boundary surface in two‐dimensional transient inverse heat conduction problems. In this study, the functional form of the heat transfer coefficient is unknown a priori. The whole spatial domain of the unknown heat transfer coefficient is divided into several analysis sub‐intervals. Later, a series of connected cubic polynomial function in space and a linear function in time can be applied to estimate the unknown surface conditions. Due to the application of the Laplace transform, the unknown heat transfer coefficient can be estimated from a specific time. In order to evidence the accuracy of the present inverse scheme, comparisons among the present estimates, previous results and exact solution are made. The results show that the present inverse scheme not only can reduce the number of the measurement locations but also can increase the accuracy of the estimated results. Good estimation on the heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from the knowledge of the transient temperature recordings even in the case with measurement errors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association of knowledge and perception of medications with compliance and health states among hypertension patients: A prospective study
Authors: Given Charles W. , Given Barbara A. , Simoni Lewis E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purposes of this prospective study were () to describe the associations among patients' knowledge of medications and perceptions of side effects and benefits of medications, () to clarify the independent effects of knowledge and perceptions of side effects upon patients' reports of compliance with medications, and (c) to describe the relationship between compliance and patients' health states as measured by a reduction in diastolic blood pressure. Eighty‐eight diagnosed hypertensive patients were interviewed at the onset of a medication regimen and at the end of 5 months. Audits of medical records were completed for the entire 5‐month period. The results indicated that both knowledge and perceptions of benefits from medications were significantly correlated with patient compliance at the beginning and at the end observations. The partial correlations, however, indicated that knowledge of medications had a greater independent association with compliance at the beginning of the study and that perceptions of benefits from medications had a greater independent association with compliance at the end observation period. Finally, patients who, on the average, complied with their medications more than two‐thirds of the time experienced a clinically significant reduction in their diastolic blood pressure. The results of the study suggest that knowledge may serve to stimulate compliance at the beginning of a treatment regimen, whereas perceptions are more effective stimulants once therapy has begun. These findings are discussed in view of the literature on patient knowledge and their implications for primary care providers.
Contributions of the passionate statistician
Authors: Grier Brown , Grier Margaret 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInformation available about the mathematical and statistical training of Florence Nightingale is presented. The state of development of statistics at the beginning of her research activity is summarized in terms of the techniques available at that time and in terms of the modern statistical tools that had not been invented. A few of her specific contributions to statistical methodology are noted. A series of questions is given in the hope of stimulating further inquiry into Nightingale's quantitive methods and research contributions.
Correlates of success in the baccalaureate education of registered nurses
Authors: Rezler Agnes G. , Moore Janet S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe major purpose of this investigation was to identify correlates of success in a baccalaureate completion program to aid in the selection of registered nurses. The sample included 170 graduates from one baccalaureate program. Their ages ranged from 20 to 51; 79% graduated from a diploma program and 21% from a community college associate degree (AD) program. The predictors of achievement were () age, () diploma versus associate degree background, (c) work experience, (d) six validation examination scores, and (e) two entry grade point averages (GPAs) based on liberal arts and nursing subjects. respectively. The criteria of success were two exit GPAs from the baccalaureate program, based on liberal arts and nursing subjects. Comparison of mean scores and multiple regression analyses were used to relate predictors and criteria. The major conclusions are that () entry liberal arts GPA is the best predictor of achievement in this baccalaureate program, irrespective of how long ago it was obtained; () diploma school graduates perform better than junior college graduates in the classroom as well as in clinical practice; and (c) age is NOT a factor in performance in a baccalaureate completion program.
Recovery from rape and prior life stress
Authors: Burgess Ann Wolbert , Holmstrom Lynda Lytle 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis longitudinal study on rape victims looks at four life stress events and their association with recovery from rape. Data from 88% of the original sample of 92 adult victims 4 to 6 years after rape suggest that life stress before rape may act to hasten or to inhibit the recovery process. Stress is not uniform in its effect. Different types of stress have different effects. Earlier victimization and chronic life stressors such as economic hardship, lack of social support, and pre‐existing biopsychosocial problems tend to delay recovery. In contrast, family grief stress may act as an energizing factor in that coping skills may have been developed through experiencing the grief process and are available to the victim for settlement of rape trauma. Recent life changes have a lack of association with recovery although they may be important in some individual cases.
Perceived situational control of daily activities: A new tool
Authors: Chang Betty L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article reports the development of a tool for the measurement of Situational Control of Daily Activities (SCD) in an institutional setting for the elderly. Specific items for the SCDA were derived from the analysis of field notes from an exploratory study Content validity was established by a panel of judges. Test‐retest reliability for 20 subjects was .96. Intercoder reliability (among the investigator and two independent coders) was 1.0 for the overall category of “self‐” or “other‐” determination for each respondent and .98 for categorization by activity for the respondents. Factor analysis of 79 subjects revealed the presence of two factors in the structure, Factor I, Control of Socializing and Privacy, and Factor II, Control of Physical Care. Further work is needed to refine the items and then the tool should be tested with larger samples.
Disengagement and Reinforcement in the Elderly
Authors: Henthorn Barbara S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMisinterpretation of disengagement theory as the ideal way of aging has led to a laissez‐faire attitude in some settings. The problem is to determine the extent to which disengagement may be related to situational factors, and thus be potentially reversible, rather than the extent to which disengagement may be related to aging per se. In this study, disengagement is conceptualized in behavioral terms as an extinction phenomenon. The relationship between the degree of disengagement exhibited by elderly persons and the self‐reported reinforcement occurring in their lives was explored in a survey of two elderly groups. A disengagement index incorporating role‐set counts, role participation, role importance, and perceived life space was administered to 50 nursing home residents and 50 community registered voters. A Reinforcement Survey Schedule was used to identify positive reinforcers, level of reinforcement, and anticipated reinforcement. A significant correlation (p < .001) was found between disengagement and reinforcement for both groups: the greater the degree of disengagement, the lower the reported reinforcement. The findings indicate that the application of social learning principles may be useful in retarding disengagement and promoting engagement of the elderly, particularly in nursing homes.
Developing Research‐Based Innovation Protocols: Process, Criteria, and Issues
Authors: Haller Karen B. , Reynolds Margaret A. , Horsley Jo Anne 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe criteria and issues involved in a process of transferring research‐based knowledge into innovation protocols for nursing practice are discussed. Three sets of criteria are identified: (a) criteria that pertain to evaluating and integrating studies that constitute a base, (b) criteria that address the issue of how relevant the base is for nursing practice, and (c) criteria related to the potential for evaluation in the clinical setting. The format of the innovation protocol is presented. It is suggested that the protocol may be seen as a form of methodological approximation between research and practice. It is also noted that the process involved in identifying research bases for utilization can serve to identify needs for the conduct of nursing research in the future.
A Factor Analysis of Attitudes of Rural Health Care Consumers Toward Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Zikmund William G. , Miller Stephen J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe attitudes of 205 rural health care consumers toward nurse practitioners were measured. A factor analysis with orthogonal (varimax) rotation was applied to the 15 attitudinal variables. The rotated factors were labeled competency, interpersonal relations, and relative performance.
Effects of orientation information on spouses' anxieties and attitudes toward hospitalization and surgery
Authors: Silva Mary Cipriano 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBased on cognitive dissonance theory, the effects of orientation information on spouses' anxieties and attitudes toward hospitalization and surgery were investigated using an experimental design. It was hypothesized that spouses given orientation information would experience fewer anxieties and show more favorable attitudes toward hospitalization and surgery than those who did not receive orientation information. The Solomon four‐group design was used, and 48 spouses were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental and control groups. The experimental treatment consisted of structured information and a question‐and‐answer session that oriented each spouse to the surgical experience. The control treatment consisted of each spouse visiting with the patient for 20 minutes. Immediately following the treatment, anxiety and attitude were measured by the State Anxiety Inventory, the Spouses' Perception Scale, and the Spouse Questionnaire. The results show that spouses in the experimental group had significantly more positive attitudes toward hospitalization and surgery and reported significantly fewer anxieties on one of two anxiety measures than did spouses in the control group.
Concurrent validity of three self‐report measures of assertiveness
Authors: Walbek Nancy H. , Gordon Verona C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe relative validity of three self‐report measures of assertiveness was assessed by correlating the scores obtained by 88 student nurses with peer and faculty ratings of assertiveness. Self‐reported assertiveness failed to predict frequency of class participation within a subsample of 48 students. Type of instructional setting, however, did exert a significant effect on class participation.
Catheter management programs and postoperative urinary dysfunction
Authors: Oberst Marilyn T. , Graham Dennis , Geller Nancy L. , Stearns Maus W. , Tiernan Eileen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to compare the effectiveness of two approaches to urinary catheter management in controlling postoperative urinary dysfunction in 110 patients following abdominoperineal resection or low anterior bowel resection. Patients, stratified by sex and surgical procedure, were randomly assigned to either straight gravity drainage or a 6‐day progressive catheter clamping program. The bladder training program following abdominoperineal resection reduced significantly the urinary dysfunction rate in women but not in men. Marked differences in dysfunction rates were related to type of surgery, gender, and surgeon. Etiology of postoperative voiding dysfunction in various groups is discussed.
Personal space preferences of hospitalized adults
Authors: Geden Elizabeth A. , Begeman Ann V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe questions addressed in this study were whether hospitalized adults' personal space preferences (PSP) differed between the hospital and home setting and whether these patients assigned different PSP to a nurse, doctor, family member, or stranger. The effects of age and sex of the subjects were also examined. Sixty subjects (30 men and 30 women) meeting selected criteria participated. The figure‐placement technique (Little, 1965; Guardo, 1976) was used to measure PSP. Data were analyzed using a four‐factor ANOVA (age X sex X role X setting) with repeated measures on the last two factors. Main effects were found for setting, F(1,54)=11.54, p < .001, and role, F(3,162)=112.95, p < .0001; no other variables approached statistical significance. The major findings indicated that preferred distances in the hospital were smaller than in the home and that in both settings the family member was placed closest to the “self” silhouette followed by a doctor, nurse, and stranger, respectively.
Group‐Self Identification and Physical Handicap:Implication for Patient Support Groups
Authors: Dixon Jane K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRelationships between attitudes toward self and attitudes toward handicapped persons based on semantic differentials and social distance measures for one nonhandicapped and five handicapped subsamples (N = 142) are presented, Among persons characterized by amputation, spinal cord injury, or stroke, over one third of the variation in evaluation of self was accounted for by evaluation of persons with handicaps like one's own. Among persons characterized by arthritis or emotional disturbance and among the nonhandicapped, evaluation of self was most closely related to evaluation of the average person. These results indicate strong group identification on the part of persons with more visible handicaps and a tendency toward dissociation on the part of those with less visible handicaps. The finding of high levels of identification within three of the five conditions studied suggests that group techniques may be beneficial in dealing with stigma and quality‐of‐life issues; the finding of dissociation among persons with other conditions suggests that such techniques should be employed with caution.
Beckstrand's concept of practice theory: A critique
Authors: Collins Rosemarie J. , Fielder John H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article sets forth objections to Beckstrand's (1978a, 1978b, 1980) claim that the knowledge required for nursing practice is reducible to the knowledge of science, ethics, and logic. Her view overlooks the role of knowledge of individuals and of moral ideals in nursing, neither of which fits her conceptions of science and ethics. We conclude there are questions unique to nursing that a practice theory must address.