bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Xanthine Derivatives on Parasympathetically Innervated Organs
Authors: BRÅHAMMAR N. S. , EMMELIN N. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The fact that the xanthine derivatives lessen the effect of parasympathetic stimuli on smooth muscles seems not to be due to their influence on the parasympathetic end mechanism, since a similar antagonism cannot be elicited on other structures (heart, salivary glands). As the motor effect of histamine on the bladder is diminished by xanthine derivatives one might infer that these substances act on the smooth muscle cells themselves.
Über eine fällungstitrimetrische Mikromethode zur schnellen Bestimmung des Cholcsterins
Authors: THUESEN WILHELM 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es wird ein neues Mikroverfahren beschrieben, nach welchem das Cholesterin durch direkte Titration mit einer bekannten Digitoninlösung bestimmt werden, kann. Damit die Fällungsreaktion nach der stöchiometrischen Gleichung verlaufen soll, muss ein Lösungsmittel verwendet werden, in welchem das Cholesterindigitonid praktisch unlöslich ist. Hochprozentiger Alkohol, der gewöhnlich bei Digitoninfällungen zu Anwendung kommt, erfüllt bekanntlich diese Forderung nicht. Das zu bestimmende Cholesterin, das aus dem Untersuchungsmaterial in geeigneter Weise extrahiert ist, wird daher in Aceton gelöst und ein aliquoter Teil mit einer genau bekannten Lösung von Digitonin in 50 prozentigem Alkohol titriert. Die Fällungsreaktion wird sich hierbei im Lösungsmittelsystem Aceton‐Wasser‐Alkohol abspielen; die Löslichkeit des Digitonids in diesem Gemisch ist sehr gering und wird von der wechselnden Zusammensetzung desselben praktisch nicht beeinflusst.Die Titrationen werden in kleinen Zentrifugengläsern ausgeführt und der Titrationsendpunkt lässt sich in der Wiese bestimmen, dass man von der Masslösung so lange zugibt, bis in der jedesmal durch Zentrifugieren geklärten Flüssigkeit keine Trübung mehr entsteht. Die Bestimmung wird sich am einfachsten gestalten, wenn man zunächst durch eine Vortitration einen Näherungswert für den gesuchten Verbrauch ermittelt. Bei einer zweiten Titration wird von vornherein fast die gesamte zur Fällung erforderhche Menge Masslösung zugesetzt und der Endpunkt schärfer ermittelt. Von der empirischen Masslösung soil 1 ml genau 1.00 mg Cholesterin entsprechen; sie wird auf einen be‐kannten Cholesterinstandard eingestellt. Die mittlere Fehlerbreite beträgt etwa ± 1–2%.Die Cholesterinbestimmung im Blut wird an Hand zweier Analysenbeispiele beschrieben und für die Verseifung und Extraktion des Blutserums wird eine besondere Vorschrift gegeben. Die Methode ist sehr einfach und schnell ausführbar; sie dürfte sich deshalb zu klinischen Untersuchungszwecken gut eignen.
On the Regulation of Circulation during Muscular Work.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS , WIETH‐FEDERSEN G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In a series of experiments the cardiac output, the blood pressure and the pulse rate have been determined during electrically induced—and normal voluntary Work. The results showed that the circulation was increased corresponding to the oxygen consumption independently of the kind of work performed. From these results it is concluded, that the cortical impulses play no part‐in the regulation of the circulation in the steady state of muscular work. This together with other evidence discussed in this paper makes it probable, that the regulation of the circulation during muscular work is governed by reflex impulses from the working muscles.
On the Alleged Relationship between the Erythrocyte Membrane and the Fibrinogen.
Authors: JORPES ERJK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The author calls attention to a previously unrecognized circunistance with regard to the composition of the stroma protein of the erythrocytes and of the fibrinogen, which allows the conclusion to be drawn that the stroma protein, after hemolysis, can not be transformed into fibrinogen. As a matter of fact, the amino acid content of the different blood proteins is quite different, each one having its own specific composition. It is evident, therefore, that there is no direct transformation of stroma protein into fibrinogen when the erythrocytes disintegrate and the ghosts disappear from the blood stream. Furthermore the author, interpreting recent experimental findings of Fåhraeus et al., calls attention to the fact that the amount of fibrinogen produced during the course of a few days through the influence of the hemolyzed blood corpuscles exceeds sixfold the amount of stroma protein liberated through the hemolysis.
Hemolysis by Hypertonic Solutions of Neutral Salts.
Authors: SÖDERSTRÖM. NILS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An investigation on hemolysis by hypertonic solutions of neutral salts has proved that the phenomenon occurs without any regard to the so‐called impermeability of the red cell membrane to cations. With concentrations in which hemolysis is produced, alkali chlorides, at least, penetrate almost in their entirety into the cell interior within a short space of time.In this connection a description is given of a phenomenon not previously reported, which has been termed paradoxical hypotonic hemolysis.Earlier observations concerning the significance of the ion series in the processes of hemolysis discussed in this paper have been confirmed in the main.In a clinical investigation, the erythrocytes were found to posheess normal resistance to hypertonic solutions of NaCl in a number of diseases of interest, among others familial hemolytic jaundice. Divergences from the normal values were only noted in connection with hypochromic anemias of diverse origin, in which the red blood corpuscles shoMed a raised resistance to hypertonid solutions of NaCl.
Untersuchungen über Dextran und sein Ver‐halten bei parentersler Zufuhr. I.
Authors: Von GRÖNWALL ANDERS , INGELMAN BJÖRN 
Published: December 2008

ZusammenfassungFrüher sind verschiedene hochmolekulare Stoffe als therapeu‐tisches Substitut für die normalen Serumproteine vorgeschlagen worden. Eine Substanz, die mit Rücksicht auf ihre Anwendbarkeit als solches noch nicht untersucht worden ist, ist das neutrale Polysaccharid Dextran.Nach einer kurzen Wiedergabe unserer wichtigsten Kenntnisse über das Dextran werden eigene chemische und physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchungen über diesen Stoff mitgeteilt, sowie seine Darstellung aus Zuckerrübensaft, der init Leuconostoc mesenteroides infiziert war, beschrieben. Durch Dialyse und Fallung und wiederholte Umfällung mit Alkohol wird ein reines stickstoffreies Dextran erhalten. Die Analyse dieses Produktes zeigt. dass es einzig aus Glukose aufgebaut ist. Physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchungen ergeben eine sehr hohe Viskosität. in Phosphatpuffer bei pH 6.8 eine sehr langsame elektrophore‐tische Wanderung zur Pluselektrode, sowie eine spezifische Dre‐hung [α]20°D = + 195°. Bei der ddsorptionsanalyse wird nur eine Kohlehydratkomponente beobachtet. Das Dextranmolekül ist nach allem zu urteilen langgestreckt, doch von nicht einheitlicher Molekularlänge. Die Bestimmung der Sedimentationskonstanten, der Diffusionskonstanten und des partiellen spezifischen Volumens zeigt, dass das Molekulargewicht sehr hoch ist, iron der Grössen‐ordnung vide Millionen. Ein exaktes Molekulargewicht kann wegen der uneinheitlichen Molekulargrössen nicht angegeben werden.Das hier vorliegende Dextran ruft keine Präzipitinbildunp hervor.Die Verfasser möchten Herrn Professor Arne Tiselius für alle guten Ratschläge bei der Ausführung dieser Untersuchungen besonders danken. Die Arbeit ist in den Laboratorien der Professo‐ren The Svedberg und Arne Tiselius am Physikalisch‐chemi‐schen Institut in Upsala ausgefuhrt worden. Svenska Socker‐fabriks A.‐B. hat durch finanzielle Hilfe die Durchführung der Arbeitr unterstützt.
Über den Umsatz der Brenztraubensäure, α‐Ketoglutarsäure und Citronensäure bei B‐Avitaminosen.
Authors: SIMOLA Von P. E. 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Im Anschluss an frühere Untersuchungen des Verfassers wer‐den komplettierende Versuche dargestellt, worin unter Anwen‐dung von quantitativen Methoden der Umsatz von Brenztrau‐bensäure, α‐Ketoglutarsaure und Citronensäure bei B‐avita‐minotischen Ratten untersucht wurde. Bei der gleichzeitigen Be‐stimmung von Brenztraubensäure und α‐Ketoglutarsäure im Harn und Blut wurde ein neues Prinzip zu Hilfe genommen.Die Resultate gingen in Bezug auf den Umsatz der α‐Keto‐sauren in gleicher Richtung wie friiher. Von den Faktoren des B‐Vitaminkomplexes verursacht vor allem der Mangel an B1‐Vitamin eine starke Zunahme des α‐Ketosäuregehaltes. Hierbei kommt am ehesten eine Steigerung der Ausscheidung von α‐Ketoglutarsäure in Frage. In der Ausscheidung von Brenztraubensäure konnte keine gróssere Steigerung festgestellt werden.Gleichzeitig tritt im Blut eine Zunahme der Carbonylverbin‐dungen auf. Dies ist zum Teil auf die Zunahme der Brenztrau‐bensäuremenge zurückzuführen. Zum Teil kann auch das Auf‐treten von α‐Ketoglutarsäure und möglicherweise irgendwelcher unbekannten Ketoverbindungen der Grund hierfür sein.Eine deutliche Erhöhung des Gehaltes an Citronensäure im Harn, welche bei Normaltieren haufig mit der experimentell—z. B. durch Verabreichung von Natriumsalz der Brenztrauben‐säure — hervorgerufenen Steigerung der Ausscheidung von α‐Ketoglutarsaure verbunden ist, war bei B‐Vitaminmsngelzustän‐den nicht nachzuweisen. Vielmehr konnten bai Endstadien der Avitaminossn mitunter relativ niedrige Citronensänrewerte fest‐gestellt werden.
The Amino Acid Composition of the Muscle Protein from some Species of Swedish Fish.
Authors: AGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The amino acid composition of the muscle protein from some Swedish fishes, commonly used for food consumption has been investigated. The amino acids determined correspond to more than 90 per cent by weight of the protein. By incorporation of the alanine values obtained by other authors, more than 95 per cent of the amino acid content has been recognized. The nutritional quality of the fish protein must be classified as rather high since all the indespensable amino acids —possibly with the exception of valine — are present in amounts which corresponds to those reported to be present in rabbit‐ and human muscle protein.The writer is indebted to the Swedish Fur Breeders Corporation for their grants which supported the present investigation. He further acknowledges his thanks to Messrs Eklund and Berglund and to Mrs Ågren for their valuable assistance throughout the investigation.
The Exchange of Ions between Cells and Extracellular Fluid
Authors: KROGH AUGUST , LINDBERG ANNA‐LOUISE , SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN BODIL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Methods are described for studying the exchange of ions between the heart muscle of the frog and the bathing fluid along with the muscle contractions and for estimating the ion concentrations within the muscle cells.Analyses of the serum of a few frogs and toads have given values for potassium and calcium which are definitely higher than those used in Ringer solutions, but the differences appear to be of no consequence.Although the kation concentration of the bathing fluid is about 130 mM the total kations of the heart muscle dissolved in the quantity of water present will produce a higher concentration (about 170 mM), and evidence is presented to show that a fraction of the potassium which averages 82 mM in all, is chemically combined, so as to exert no osmotic pressure, and not readily exchangeable with 42K.The calcium concentration is small (3–7 mM) and it seems probable that the calcium is mainly present in chemical combination.A large fraction of the potassium and calcium present in a heart can be removed by repeated treatment with small volumes of sodium solutions, and the quantities thus lost are reabsorbed from normal Ringer, if the washing out has riot been carried too far. The reabsorption of K+ is not accelerated by higher concentrations. When potassium is lost sodium enters the cells and is again driven off daring the reabsorption process.The response of a heart to a potassium free solution is gradual and takes a few minutes to develop, during which the heart becomes show and somewhat irregular. When the solution is replaced by complete Ringer it again takes some minutes for the heartbeat to become normal.The response to changes in calcium concentration is much more abrupt. It is concluded that the action of K+ and Ca++ are mainly located in cell surfaces, that both ions can be to a certain extent replaced from the interior of the cells and that the replacement of Ca is much slower than that of potassium, while calcium from the bathing fluid acts almost at once.On the assumption that the effects of potassium and calcium are due to ions adsorbed or otherwise combined at the cell surfaces an attempt was made to determine the quantities adsorbed in the case of calcium, but these attempts failed.It is concluded that the heart muscle cells have the power of actively transporting potassium ions from the outside into the cells and sodium ions in the opposite direction.
Isolation from Urine of a Volatile Base with Nicotine‐like Action.
Authors: EULER U. S. v. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A physiologically active volatile base has been isolated as pic‐rate from cow's urine.Qualitatively its action resembles that of nicotine on the blood pressure of the cat and rabbit, the motility of the isolated intestine of the rabbit and the respiration on the cat, though it is about 20 times weaker.The action is not abolished by cocain and is partly inhibited by ergotamine.The possible physiological significance of the occurrence in normal urine of a substance with a general synaptotropic action is pointed out.
Method for the Determination of Oxnloacetic Acid in Biologic Systems.
Authors: DARLING SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In the present paper different earlier methods for determination of oxaloacetic acid are mentioned.
A method for the determination of oxaloacetic acid in biologic systems with special consideration of spontaneous decar‐boxylation is described.
The accurary of the method is elucidated by experiments.
The Selection of Food.: III. Calcium.
Authors: WIDMARK E. M. P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Fully‐nourished rats which had received plenty of calcium while growing (skim milk) show a negative chemo‐taxis for food which contains calcium in the form of lactate and citrate.
On the other hand, if the animals are subjected to a period of calcium deprivation the negative chemo‐taxis is transformed into positive. The animals now, for some time, select predominantly the calcium‐rich food.
Citric Acid Content in Meal of Certain Cereals arid Leguminous Plants.: A Contribution to the Question of Exogenous Citric Acid.
Authors: MUNCH‐PETERSEN AGNETE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.As a link in the systematic examination of citric acid balance in the animal organism, the citric acid content is determined in flour from wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize and from various leguminous plants. Citric acid was found in all the flour and seed powder examined, less in the cereals, more in the leguminous plants.Cereals grown in the dark showed a considerable increase in citric acid after some days which, however, decreased with continued growth of the plant. During germination the relatively highest amount of citric acid was found in the shoot.
On the Rôle of the Thyroid in the Methylation of Glycocyamine.
Authors: ASTRUP POUL , STEENSHOLT GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The paper is a report on a reinvestigation of the rôle which the thyroid, according to some workers, is supposed to play in the methylation of glycocyamine. The authors found that the gland has no effect whatever on this process, normal and thyreodectomised rabbits reacting in the same way to glycocyamine injections, and were therefore led to reject the results of Stuber, Russman and Proebsting together with their theory of methylation processes.
Insulin and the Assimilation of Fructose.
Authors: GAMMELTOFT A. , KRUHØFFER P. , LUNDSGAARD E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In experiments with artificially perfused hind‐leg preparations it is shown that insulin has no effect on the assimilation of fructose in the muscular tissue, whereas the assimilation of glucose is promoted to a considerable extent.Even in experiments in which the glucose concentration in the blood is artificially reduced to the lowest possible values, insulin has no effect on the fructose assimilation.The assimilations of glucose and fructose seem to proceed quite independently of each other.
Further Studies on the Conducting Properties of Human Skin to Direct and Alterticzting Current.
Authors: ROSENDAL THOMAS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The resistance of 4.9 cm2 of the stratum corneum to direct current (2 volts), when inorganic salt solution is used as contact electrolyte, is found to be lower at cathodic conduction1 where inorganic anions pass into the stratum corneum than at anodic conduction1 where inorganic cations pass into the corneous layer.A rise in the concentration of the contact electrolyte, or in the valency of the cations — both changes producing an increase in the concentration of the inorganic anions of the contact electrolyte –leads to a further reduction of the resistance at cathodic conduction, while the resistance at anodic conduction is not changed.Measurements of the potential across the stratum corneuni before, during and after conduction of direct current, with anodic and cathodic direction, indicate that the greater resistance to anodic conduction is not due to electrolytic polarization.Determination of the a. c.‐resistance at 200 and 2 000 cycles after anodic and cathodic d. c.‐conduction shows that the difference in resistance to the two directions of current is due to a different conductivity of the stratum corneum. The different conductivity is caused by the fact that the stratum corneum is morp permeable to inorganic anions than to inorganic cations. It is assumed that the reason is that the stratum corneum, like other organic membranes, is positively charged.
Histamine as a Physiological Excitant of Acid Gastric Secretion.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , KAHLSON G. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In cats and dogs acid gastric juice contains histamine in a physiologically active state.
The histamine content of gastric juice is independent of the mode of stimulus employed in exciting the parietal cells, thus being of the same order in juice from the cephalic and gastric phases and in juice obtained by injection of secretopogue drugs.
The histamine concentration of the juice secreted during the cephalic and gastric phases is sufficient to stimulate the parietal cells.
Histamine‐free preparation of “gastrin” cause a liberation of histamine from the fundic mucosa as judged by the occurrence of histamine in the acid juice.
It is suggested that in the humoral mechanism instrumental in exciting the parietal cells in the cephalic as well as in the gastric phase of acid secretion histamine represents the second, final link

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed in part by a grant from the Research Fund “Stiftelsen Therese och Johan Anderssons Minne”.
The Amino Acid Composition of Whole Fish Protein Present in Some Species of Swedish Fish.
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The amino acid composition of the whole fish protein obtained from some Swedish fishes which are commonly added to the ration of foxes was investigated. By incorporation of alanine values obtained by other authors, more than 100 per cent of the amino acid content was recognized. The nutritional value of the whole fish protein must be classified as rather high, as — with exception of isoleucine which was not analyzed — it was found that all indispensable amino acids were present in amounts which correspond to those reported to be present in human and rabbit muscle protein. The application of the colorimetric valine method of Wretlind on protein hydrolysates was thoroughly investigated.
Close Arterial Injection of Adenosine Triphosphate and Inorganic Triphosphate into Frog Muscle
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , FOLKOW BJORN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In the gastrocnemius of the frog close arterial injection of small amounts of adenosine troposphere and inorganic triphosphate evoke tetanus‐like contractions. The mechanical response produced by 40 μg ATP (0.08 × 10–6 mol) or 50–60 μg triphosphate (0.10–0.13 × 10–6 mol) corresponds to that released by 1 μg acetylcholine.
The sensitivity of the preparation to acetylcholine and inorganic triphosphate is greatly increased by previous application of adenosine triphosphate.
Studies on the Liberation of Renin in completely Ischemic Kidneys.
Authors: BING JENS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A review is given of previous investigations into the liberation of renin from totally ischemic kidneys, and it is confirmed that a pressor effect can be obtained on the termination of the temporary total occlusion of the renal vessels in cats.
It is shown that a liberation of pressor substance after total occlusion of the renal vessels can be obtained also in rabbits, and that pressor substance is found also in perfusates of cat and rabbit kidneys incubated in Ringer's solution. In perfusates of rabbit kidneys immediately after extirpation, no, or scarcely any, pressor substance is observed; but after incubation at ca. 2“ C. some pressor substance is found, and after incubation at 37” considerably more, with a tendency to increase in amount according to the duration of the incubation.
It is shown that the content of pressor substance in perfusates of incubated rabbit kidneys is considerably increased (is approximately 5–10 doubled) after pre‐treatment of the kidneys with phenol, toluol, ether or acetone. The pressor substance in these perfusates must be considered to be identical with renin.
On the Anticoagulant Activity of Heparin and Synthetic Polysaccharide Sulfuric Acids.
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , GALSMAR IB 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A method couvenient for the determination of the anticoagulant strength of heparin and synthetic polysaccharide sulfuric acids is described. Ox plasma and a large excess of thrombokinase are used, and the accuracy of the method seems comparable to that of the chicken plasma method. Under such conditions the synthetic substances are more powerful anticoagulants than is heparin.