bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐patient related variables affecting levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in urine biospecimens
Authors: Kirk M. J. , Hayward R. M. , Sproull M. , Scott T. , Smith S. , Cooley‐Zgela T. , Crouse N. S. , Citrin D. E. , Camphausen K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic protein proposed to be an important biomarker for the prediction of tumour growth and disease progression. Recent studies suggest that VEGF measurements in biospecimens, including urine, may have predictive value across a range of cancers. However, the reproducibility and reliability of urinary VEGF measurements have not been determined. We collected urine samples from patients receiving radiation treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and examined the effects of five variables on measured VEGF levels using an ELISA assay. To quantify the factors affecting the precision of the assay, two variables were examined: the variation between ELISA kits with different lot numbers and the variation between different technicians. Three variables were tested for their effects on measured VEGF concentration: the time the specimen spent at room temperature prior to assay, the addition of protease inhibitors prior to specimen storage and the alteration of urinary pH. This study found that VEGF levels were consistent across three different ELISA kit lot numbers. However, significant variation was observed between results obtained by different technicians. VEGF concentrations were dependent on time at room temperature before measurement, with higher values observed 3–7 hrs after removal from the freezer. No significant difference was observed in VEGF levels with the addition of protease inhibitors, and alteration of urinary pH did not significantly affect VEGF measurements. In conclusion, this determination of the conditions necessary to reliably measure urinary VEGF levels will be useful for future studies related to protein biomarkers and disease progression.
Inhibition of the activity of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase reduces heart ischaemia/reperfusion injury via suppressing JNK‐mediated AIF translocation
Authors: Song Zhao‐Feng , Ji Xiao‐Ping , Li Xiao‐Xing , Wang Sheng‐Jun , Wang Shu‐Hua , Yun‐Zhang  
Published: August 2008

AbstractPoly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of heart ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms of PARP‐mediated heart I/R injury in vivo are still not thoroughly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effect of PARP inhibition on heart I/R injury and try to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Studies were performed with I/R rats' hearts in vivo. Ischaemia followed by reperfusion caused a significant increase in Poly (ADP‐ribose) (PAR), c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) activity. Administration of 3,4‐dihydro‐5‐[4‐(1‐piperidinyl)butoxy]‐1(2H)‐isoquinolinone (DPQ), an inhibitor of PARP, decreased myocardial infarction size from 61.11±7.46%[0] to 38.83±5.67% (P<0.05) and cells apoptosis from 35±5.3% to 20±4.1% (P<0.05) and simultaneously improved the cardiac function. Western blot analysis showed that administration of DPQ reduced the activation of JNK and attenuated mitochondrial‐nuclear translocation of AIF. Additionally, administration of SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK, attenuated mitochondrial‐nuclear translocation of AIF. The results of the present study demonstrated that the inhibition of PARP was able to reduce heart I/R injury in vivo. Our results also suggested that JNK may be downstream of PARP activation and be required for PARP‐mediated AIF translocation. Inhibition of the activity of PARP may reduce heart I/R injury via suppressing AIF translocation mediated by JNK.
Cholinesterase‐Inhibiting and Genotoxic Effects of Acute Carbofuran Intoxication in Man: A Case Report
Authors: Zeljezic Davor , Vrdoljak Ana Lucic , Kopjar Nevenka , Radic Bozica , Milkovic Kraus Sanja 
Published: August 2008

Abstract: Carbofuran belongs to the group of N‐methylcarbamate insecticides used for the control of soil‐dwelling and foliar‐feeding insects in various crops; its consumption totals approximately 20,000 tonnes per year. Although the neurological effects on human beings have been well documented, little is known on its impact on the genome. A 38‐year‐old, healthy male worker employed in a carbofuran production facility accidentally inhaled the dust of the active ingredient carbofuran. Thirty minutes later, he experienced weakness, fatigue, perspiration, breathing difficulties, cephalalgia, disorientation, abdominal pain and vomiting. Blood samples were taken to measure cholinesterase activity, and to perform the alkaline comet assay and micronucleus assay combined with pancentromeric probes. Analyses were repeated 72 hr after intoxication and compared with the results obtained from regular monitoring conducted 10 days prior to the accident. Cholinesterase activity showed the highest correlation with the number of apoptotic cells, comet assay tail length, and number of long‐tailed nuclei, suggesting that these are the genomic end‐points primarily affected by carbofuran intake. Only a weak correlation was detected for the total number of micronuclei, centromere‐containing micronuclei and nuclear buds. Since those end‐points increased significantly 72 hr after the accident, they could be considered as late biomarkers of the effects of carbofuran intoxication. The results of this report suggest that, in the interests of higher standards in risk assessment and health hazard protection, periodical medical examination of carbamate‐exposed populations should include genotoxicity testing in addition to the assessment of cholinesterase activity.
Sedative‐Hypnotic Medication Exposures and Poisonings in Izmir, Turkey*
Authors: Oray Nese Colak , Hocaoglu Nil , Oray Deniz , Demir Omer , Atilla Ridvan , Tuncok Yesim 
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to analyse intoxications concerning sedative‐hypnotic medication patients admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine in Dokuz Eylul University Hospital (EMDEU) between 1993 and 2005. Demographics of the patients, characteristics of sedative‐hypnotic exposures, performed treatment attempts and outcome of the poisoned patients were recorded on standard data forms that were later entered into a computerized database programme. Related to the sedative‐hypnotic exposures, 686 poisoning cases were admitted to the EMDEU. Mean age was 10.8 ± 6.5 years among the paediatric age group (<17 years old, 169, 24.6%) and 30.3 ± 12.8 years among the adult group (>17 years old, 509, 74.2%). The most common sedative‐hypnotic agents were benzodiazepines (286, 35.8%), alprazolam accounted for 41.6% of them (119). Most of the patients admitted to EMDEU were asymptomatic (61.7%). Observation alone was recommended in 53.9% of EMDEU cases. Although prescription of benzodiazepines is restricted, benzodiazepine was the most common cause of sedative‐hypnotic medication exposures. As only a minority of patients (3%) had clinically serious signs and symptoms, most of the overdoses might be under toxic levels or the decontamination methods might be efficient. In this study, the clinical outcome of the patients is relatively better than previous results described in literature.
Antinociceptive and Adverse Effects of µ‐ and κ‐Opioid Receptor Agonists: A Comparison of Morphine and U50488‐H
Authors: Gallantine Elizabeth L. , Meert Theo F. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract: Although µ‐opioids such as morphine are undoubtedly effective in the treatment of acute and postoperative pain, κ‐opioids are of interest for the modulation of visceral pain. In the present study, we compared a κ‐opioid agonist (U50488‐H; 0.63–40 mg/kg) with a µ‐opioid agonist (morphine; 0.63–40 mg/kg) in different pain models (tail withdrawal, writhing, formalin and plantar test) to represent acute, peritoneovisceral and inflammatory pain states in rats. The effects of the respective receptor agonists on gastrointestinal motility, muscle rigidity and abuse liability were also studied in appropriate animal models (charcoal, castor oil, rotarod and drug discrimination learning). Morphine was highly efficacious in all the nociceptive models employed, but also elicited a potent inhibition of gastric motility, caused severe muscle rigidity and locomotor disturbances and displayed a potential for abuse liability at the higher doses tested (≥10 mg/kg morphine). In contrast, U50488‐H was inactive in the tail withdrawal test, but was more effective in visceral and inflammatory pain settings. Although U50488‐H did not elicit any gastrointestinal inhibition, a loss of muscle tone following administration of the compound led to detrimental effects on rotarod performance. The findings presented here indicate that κ‐opioids possess antinociceptive efficacy in visceral and inflammatory pain settings, but their administration can lead to a loss of muscle tone. In contrast, µ‐opioids are highly active as analgesics against a range of nociceptive stimuli, but also concomitantly elicit strongly adverse effects.
Influence of Mirtazapine on the Hypotensive Activity of Enalapril and Propranolol in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Andrzejczak Dariusz , Kocon Katarzyna , Zięba Remigiusz 
Published: August 2008

Abstract: Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant. The influence of the drug on the cardiovascular system has not been definitely determined. Therefore, we made an attempt to evaluate the influence of chronic administration of mirtazapine on the hypotensive action of a single administered dose of propranolol and enalapril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The animals were divided into eight experimental groups. Mirtazapine (5 and 10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 14 days. Twenty‐four hours after the last administration of the drug, the rats received a single intraperitoneal dose of hypotensive drugs (propranolol 5 mg/kg or enalapril 10 mg/kg) or 1% solution of methylcellulose. Mirtazapine administered chronically did not affect the hypotensive effect of a single dose of propranolol or enalapril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It seems that mirtazapine could be a useful drug in patients with depression accompanied by hypertension.
Shifting Common Spaces of Plant Genetic Resources in the International Regulation of Property
Authors: Roa‐Rodríguez Carolina , Van Dooren Thom 
Published: August 2008

The appellative “common heritage of mankind” is often used as a description of the property domain that governed plant genetic resources (PGR) at an international level up until the end of the twentieth century. However, the concept is rarely elaborated on. In this article we explore the origins of common property in PGR and the shifting content and shape of the genetic commons over the past several decades.Using the theoretical framework of diverse common property regimes developed by Peter Drahos, we chart the way in which the emergence and interaction of various international regulatory regimes related to PGR reshape common property spaces, rights and obligations.We argue that these international agreements do not regulate a single property domain in isolation, but rather modify the content and boundaries of the complex set of property domains that apply to PGR: private, state, common and public. More than a theoretical conundrum, we show that any realistic appraisal of the implementation of the international regulatory regimes in relation to PGR must acknowledge the conflicting and complex dynamics of these interrelated property domains, as well as the way in which they are being put into place on the ground.
An introduction to magma dynamics
Authors: Zellmer Georg F. , Annen Catherine 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA variety of methods have been employed to decipher magmatic systems, including geophysical, petrological, textural and geochemical approaches, and these elucidate a large variety of characteristics of different plumbing systems and magmatic differentiation processes. A common theme to the papers presented in this book is the observation of transport of small volume magma batches with a relatively high frequency, as opposed to less frequent transport of larger magma volumes that would require storage in large crustal reservoirs for long periods of time. The implications of this observation are discussed in the context of a possible tectonic control on crustal magma dynamics.
Long-term geochemical variability of the Late Cretaceous Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, central Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Gray Walt , Glazner Allen F. , Coleman Drew S. , Bartley John M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis study investigates the internal anatomy and petrogenesis of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (TIS), which comprises metaluminous, high-potassium, calc-alkaline granitoids typical of the Sierra Nevada batholith. Although the TIS has often been cited as an example of a large magma chamber that cooled and fractionated from the margins inward, its geochemistry is inconsistent with closed-system fractionation. Most major elements are highly correlated with SiO2, but the scattered nature of trace elements and variations of initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios indicate that fractional crystallization is not the predominant process responsible for its chemical evolution. Isotopic data suggest mixing between melts of mantle-like rocks and a granitic melt similar in composition to the highest-silica TIS unit. Monte Carlo models of magma mixing confirm that such processes can reproduce the observed variations in major elements, trace elements and isotopic ratios. Thermobarometry suggests emplacement at depths near 6 km and crystallization temperatures ranging from 660 to 750 °C. Feldspars, hornblende, biotite and magnetite exhibit evidence of extensive low-temperature subsolidus exsolution. The TIS as a whole trends toward more evolved isotopic compositions and younger U–Pb zircon ages passing inward. This pattern indicates a general increase in the proportion of felsic, crustally derived melt in the mixing process, which may have resulted from net accumulation of heat added to the lower crust by intrusion of mantle-derived mafic magma. However, the bulk geochemical and isotopic compositions of the equigranular Half Dome Granodiorite, the porphyritic Half Dome Granodiorite and the Cathedral Peak Granodiorite overlap one another and the contacts between them are commonly gradational. We interpret these map units to represent a single petrological continuum rather than distinct intrusive phases. The textural differences that define the units probably reflect thermal evolution of the system rather than distinct intrusive events.
Construction, solidification and internal differentiation of a large felsic arc pluton: Cathedral Peak granodiorite, Sierra Nevada Batholith
Authors: Burgess S. D. , Miller J. S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The Tuolumne Batholith (TB), Sierra Nevada Batholith (USA), is an archetypal large, zoned arc intrusion (
c
. 1200 km
2
). Previous work proposed that compositional zonation observed in the TB was produced
in-situ
by inward differentiation of a large magma chamber and/or large-scale, intrachamber magma mixing. Recent geochronology shows that the TB was intruded over 8–9 Ma, making single pulse fractionation or mixing in a magma chamber of TB dimensions unlikely. We examine processes responsible for compositional variation in the Cathedral Peak Granodiorite, which is the largest mapped unit of the TB. New field, geochemical and geochronological work along a roughly contact-perpendicular 5 km transect indicates: (1) magmatic foliation is steeply-dipping (>60°); (2) field evidence for repeated separation of crystals from melt and local magma mixing is observed; (3) U–Pb zircon ages at opposing ends of the transect are indistinguishable within error (
c
. 87.5 Ma); (4) bulk composition varies only modestly but trace elements show variable degrees of scatter; (5) εNd(t) and
87
Sr/
86
Sr(i) have small variation compared with that in the whole TB. Geochemical and isotopic data are compatible with fractionation of major silicates and accessory minerals. However, the geochemical spatial variation, minor isotopic variation and field evidence suggest that fractionation was highly disorganized and also involved mixing with new input magma and remobilization of crystal mush as the pluton solidified. Our observations are consistent with the construction of a large and dynamic magma system within the last
c
. 1 Ma of TB growth.
Snake River Plain – Yellowstone silicic volcanism: implications for magma genesis and magma fluxes
Authors: Leeman William P. , Annen Catherine , Dufek Josef 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The origin of large-volume, high-temperature silicic volcanism associated with onset of the Snake River Plain – Yellowstone (SRPY) hotspot track is addressed based on evolution of the well-characterized Miocene Bruneau–Jarbidge (BJ) eruptive centre. Although O–Sr–Pb isotopic and bulk compositions of BJ rhyolites exhibit strong crustal affinity, including strong
18
O-depletion, Nd isotopic data preclude wholesale melting of ancient basement rocks and implicate involvement of a juvenile component – possibly derived from contemporaneous basaltic magmas. Several lines of evidence, including limits on
18
O-depletion of the rhyolite source rocks due to influx of meteoric/hydrothermal fluids, constrain rhyolite generation to depths shallower than mid-upper crust (<20 km depth). For crustal melting driven by basaltic intrusions, sustenance of temperatures exceeding 900 °C at such depths over the life of the BJ eruptive centre requires incremental intrusion of approximately 16 km of basalt into the crust. This minimum basaltic flux (
c
. 4 mm year
−1
) is about one-tenth that at Kilauea. Nevertheless, emplacement of such volumes of magma in the crust creates a serious room problem, requiring that the crust must undergo significant extensional deformation – seemingly exceeding present estimates of extensional strain for the SRPY province.
Uniform processes of melt differentiation in the central Izu Bonin volcanic arc (NW Pacific)
Authors: Straub Susanne M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

The intra-oceanic Izu Bonin arc (NW Pacific) has produced a bimodal spectrum of melts with maxima in the basaltic andesitic (
c
. 53–54 wt% SiO
2
) and rhyolitic range (
c
. 70–72 wt% SiO
2
) since arc inception
c
. 48–49 million years ago. Composition of phenocrysts and accessory minerals from 21 contemporaneous fallout tephras from ODP Site 782A confirm the bimodality and uniformity of the erupted melts. The basaltic andesite melts equilibrated with calcic plagioclase (
c
. An
70–95
), high-Mg# clino- and orthopyroxene and low-Ti titanomagnetite. Dacitic and rhyolitic melts crystallized sodic plagioclase (
c
. An
40–60
), low-Mg# clino- and orthopyroxene, apatite, Ti-rich titanomagnetite in addition to occasional ilmenite and amphibole. The Izu melts are inferred to crystallize at oxygen fugacities between
c
. 0 to +2.5 log
10
units relative to FMQ, at temperatures between
c
. 775° and 1100 °C and at pressures between
c
. 300 and
c
. 1100 MPa, corresponding to
c
. 5–35 km lithospheric depth. The compositional uniformity of the tephra layers, which are spaced on average 230 ± 380 ka apart, suggest uniform processes of differentiation since at least
c
. 42 Ma ago. The tephra record shows no indication of periodic or progressive crustal growth that might correlate with the alternate periods of arc formation, arc rifting or backarc spreading, or would suggest an increasingly efficient ‘crustal filter’ with time. The tephra data tentatively conform to a model where crust grows steadily through intrusions of mafic and evolved melt body batches whereby buoyancy controls the level of solidification. While the tephra compositions demonstrate the uniformity of the processes of melt formation and differentiation through time, the data do not permit the differentiation processes themselves to be constrained. These may comprise fractional crystallization, crustal fusion, fusion of non-peridotitic sub-crustal lithologies, or any combination of these processes.
Some first-order observations on magma transfer from mantle wedge to upper crust at volcanic arcs
Authors: Zellmer Georg F. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The viscosity of lavas erupted at volcanic arcs varies over orders of magnitude. A comparison of the relative abundance of viscous lava dome eruptions indicates that the average viscosity of arc lavas also varies considerably between arcs. It is shown that, for continental or transitional arcs with little within-arc crustal deformation and without underlying slab windows or tears, average lava viscosity is anticorrelated with average surface heat flux. The latter may be influenced by crustal thickness and crustal magma throughput. To constrain the relative contributions of these parameters, variations of average lava viscosity with average crustal thickness and plate convergence rate are assessed. While crustal thickness appears to have little effect on average lava viscosity, a good anticorrelation exists between average lava viscosity and plate convergence rate, with the exception of two arcs that show significant intra-arc crustal deformation. If plate convergence rate is a good proxy of the rate of melt generation within the mantle wedge, these first-order observations indicate that, where the rate of mantle melting is high, crustal magma throughput is rapid and efficient, resulting in low-viscosity melts migrating through a hot overriding crust; in contrast, where the rate of mantle melting is low, crustal magma transfer is slow and inefficient, resulting in high-viscosity melts that may frequently stall within a cool overriding crust prior to eruption. Uranium series geochemical evidence from dome lavas is presented and lends support to this interpretation. Finally, some explanations are offered for the observed average viscosity variations of arcs with underlying slab windows or tears and/or significant intra-arc crustal deformation.
A rigorous tool for evaluating the importance of viscous dissipation in sill formation: it's in the tip
Authors: Bunger Andrew P. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Crustal magma transport is typically described using a complex, non-linear model associated with fluid-driven fracturing, and therefore fundamentally sound modelling forms the basis for interpretation of magmatic intrusions. One of the most basic considerations is that magma-driven sills can be broadly categorized based on the energy dissipation mechanism that is predominant during intrusion growth. In cases where either viscous flow or overcoming fracture toughness strongly dominates fracture behaviour, it is typical to speak of viscosity-dominated or toughness-dominated regimes, each of which defines a class of fracture propagation with significant implications for modelling. This paper presents a straightforward and geometry-independent means for local determination of the expected propagation regime based on an experimentally verified mathematical analysis of the multi-scale, coupled mechanics that govern the near-tip region. The propagation regime is then related directly to the ratio between a characteristic length associated with the near-tip physics compared with the size of the fracture/sill. Sill growth is shown to be expected in or near the viscosity-dominated regime and hence modelling generally must take into account the complexity of the near-tip region rather than relying solely on the tip behaviour implied by linear elastic fracture, although toughness-dominated mafic intrusions can also be anticipated if fracture toughness increases sufficiently rapidly with the intrusion size.