bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Erwinia carotovora in the Alyth Burn in eastern Scotland and the sources of the bacterium
Authors: Perombelon M. C. M. , Hyman L. J. 
Published: March 2008

Contamination of the Alyth Burn by Erwinia carotovora was monitored monthly over 2 years at nine sites spread over a distance of ca 20 km. The bacterium was detected only once in the upper reaches of the river where it flows in uninhabited moorland but frequency of detection and contamination level tended to increase progressively as the river flowed through the middle reaches mostly in grassland to the lower reaches in arable land where the bacterium was almost always present. Erwinia populations rose from < 102 cells/1 before May to frequently > 103 but < 104 cells/l thereafter at sites in the arable land zone. A similar pattern was found in the grassland zone except that erwinia numbers were lower. Erwinia numbers at one site in the arable land zone were positively and negatively correlated with the river water temperature and flow rate respectively when there was a 1 month lag between the environmental data and the population recorded. More than 80% of isolates tested were E. carotovora subsp. carotovora.Water from field drains in arable fields, especially those recently planted with potatoes, was frequently contaminated by E.c. carotovora, with numbers and a temporal pattern similar to those of the Alyth Burn. Drainage water from non‐arable fields was rarely contaminated. Infected and rotting potatoes deposited in rivers temporarily contaminated the water. Survival of E. carotovora in dilute phosphate buffer was greater at pH 5˙7 than at pH 7˙7 and they survived for at least 10 d in river water.
A selective medium for detecting yeasts capable of spoiling wine
Authors: Thomas D. Susan , Ackerman Judith C. 
Published: March 2008

By careful manipulation of nutrients, pH, and ethanol concentration, a medium has been developed which permits the growth of yeasts capable of spoiling table wines yet restricts growth of other contaminants. The selectivity of the broth was evaluated using yeasts which were known to spoil, or not spoil, a variety of table wines. All of the yeasts tested that were capable of spoiling wine grew in the broth within 72 h. Over 77% of the non‐spoilers failed to grow in the broth during the 3 d incubation.A test, using this broth, has been introduced into several wine‐bottling plants in the UK, and is proving to be a useful predictor of yeast spoilage. A pre‐enrichment medium has been formulated which ensures that stressed cells are also detected. Automation of the test, by exploiting a robotic arm and suitable photometry, is discussed. If desired, a quicker detection of wine‐spoiling yeasts can be achieved by using the medium in conjunction with rapid methods such as ATP‐assay.
Antimicrobial activity of clove oil dispersed in a concentrated sugar solution
Authors: Briozzo Jorge , Núncez Lidia , Chirife Jorge , Herszage León , D'aquino Miguel 
Published: March 2008

Essential oil of clove, dispersed (0.4%v/v) in a concentrated sugar solution, had a marked germicidal effect against various bacteria and Candida albicans. Staphyloccus aureus (five strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli inoculated at a level of 107 cfu/ml, and C. albicans (inoculum 4.0×105 cfu/ml) were killed (< 99.999%) after 2–7 min in a laboratory broth supplemented with 63% (v/w) of sugar, and containing 0.4% (v/w) of essential oil of clove. Added organic matter (i.e. human or bovine serum) did not impair its antimicrobial activity.Sugar was not necessary for the antimicrobial activity of clove oil, but the concentrated sugar solution provided a good vehicle for obtaining an oil dispersion that is relatively stable for certain practical applications.
Comparison of quantitative and qualitative methods of detecting hydrogen peroxide produced by human vaginal strains of lactobacilli
Authors: Fontaine E.A. , Taylor‐Robinson D. 
Published: March 2008

A quantitative method was developed for the measurement of micromolar quantities of H2O2 produced in Rogosa broth and peptonized milk broth by vaginal strains of lactobacilli isolated from women. The production of substantial amounts reproducibly was dependent on the growth of the organisms in acid media (pH ≤6.0) under anaerobic or micro‐aerophilic conditions with continuous agitation. The addition to the media of the enzyme inhibitor, 3‐amino‐l,2,4‐triazole, with or without catalase sometimes induced the production of H2O2 especially in non‐agitated cultures. However, other agents such as concanavalin and o‐dianisidine had no enhancing effect, and catalase or peroxidase alone completely inhibited H2O2 production.The H2O2 produced in the acid media was stable for more than a month at 5°C but not in media at pH ≥ 7.0. Of five strains of lactobacilli tested by the quantitative method and by a chromogenic qualitative method (Rogosa‐catalase or ‐peroxidase agar), three consistently produced H2O2 measurable by the former method, but none did so after growth of the organisms on Rogosa‐catalase/peroxidase agar which suggested that the qualitative method was unreliable. The fact that H2O2 was produced in substantial quantities by some strains and not at all by others enabled H2O2‐producers and non‐producers to be distinguished easily.
Yeast contaminants of micropropagated plant cultures
Authors: Leifert C. , Waites W.M. , Nicholas J.R. , KEETLEY Julia W. W. 
Published: March 2008

Leifert, C., Waites, W.M., Nicholas, J.R. & Keetley, J.W. 1990. Yeast contaminants of micropropagated plant cultures. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 471–476.Of 36 yeast strains isolated from contaminated plant cultures 78% were Candida, 20%Rhodotorula and 2% were Cryptococcus species. Strains of Candida guilliermon‐dii represented 45% of all yeasts isolated. Yeasts grew rapidly on plant growth media with a pH of between 2.5 and 6.0 and decreased the medium pH to values of between 2.0 and 3.0. Candida yeasts growing on plant medium for 28 d metabolized about 75% of the sucrose and produced fermentation products such as ethanol and acetic acid. In contrast, Rhodotorula did not produce ethanol or acetic acid and only metabolized about 20% of the sucrose. Possible sources of contamination are discussed.
Heat resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4: the influence of storage temperatures before heating
Authors: Humphrey T.J. 
Published: March 2008

Humphrey, T.J. 1990. Heat resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4: the influence of storage temperatures before heating. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69 493–497.Storage of cultures of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 at either 4° or 8°C before heating significantly increased heat sensitivity. The differences between fresh and stored cultures, which became apparent after 4–7 h, were more pronounced with cultures stored at the lower temperature and in those heated at 60° rather than 55°C. Incubation of the stored cultures in either egg or Lemco broth for 30 min at 37°C prior to heating enabled the organisms to recover heat resistance.
Centroid search optimization of cultural conditions affecting the production of extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973
Authors: Myhara R.M. , Skura B. 
Published: March 2008

Myhara, R.M. & Skura, B. 1990. Centroid search optimization of cultural conditions affecting the production of extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 530–538.The production of extracellular proteinase by Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973 grown in a defined citrate medium, containing glutamine as the sole nitrogen source, was determined under varying cultural conditions. Simultaneous evaluation of cultural conditions using a ‘centroid search’ optimization technique showed that the optimum cultural conditions for proteinase production by Ps. fragi were: incubation temperature, 12.5°C; incubation time, 38 h; initial pH, 6.8; organic nitrogen concentration, 314 mmol nitrogen/1 (glutamine); a gas mixture containing 16.4% oxygen flowing over the medium (7.42 ppm dissolved oxygen). Oxygen was the major factor influencing proteinase production by Ps. fragi. The results may have applications in the storage of fluid milk. Centroid search optimization was shown to be suitable for microbiological experiments.
Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides
Authors: Collier P.J. , Ramsey A. , Waigh R.D. , Douglas K.T. , Austin P. , Gilbert P. 
Published: March 2008

Collier, P.J., Ramsey, A., Waigh, R.D., Douglas, K.T., Austin, P. & Gilbert, P. 1990. Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 578–584.Chemical reactions between the isothiazolone biocides, N‐methylisothiazol‐3‐one (MIT), benzisothiazol‐3‐one (BIT) and 5‐chloro‐N‐methylisothiazol‐3‐one (CMIT) with cysteine have been investigated by u.v. and NMR spectroscopy. At physiological pH all three agents interacted oxidatively with thiols to form disulphides. Further interaction with thiols caused the release of cystine and formation of a reduced, ring‐opened form of the biocide (mercaptoacrylamide). In an analogous fashion to the initial reaction the mercaptoacrylamide reacted with another molecule of biocide to give biocide dimers. NMR spectral studies indicated that for CMIT the mercaptoacrylamide form is capable of tautomerization to a highly reactive thio‐acyl chloride. Formation of mercaptoacrylamide was in all cases highly pH‐dependent. Alcohol dehydrogenase was insensitive to all three agents but was highly sensitive to CMIT when co‐administered with dithiothreitol. Capacity to form a thioacyl chloride from the mercaptoacrylamide is suggested to account for much of this enhanced activity. Stopped‐flow spectroscopic studies showed rates of reaction with glutathione (GSH) to directly parallel antimicrobial activity. Additionally, CMIT was able to react directly with both ionization states of GSH (pH 7–10) whilst BIT and MIT appeared only to interact when the glutamyl‐nitrogen of GSH was charged (pH 8.5).
Growth and extracellular enzyme production by strains of Bacillus species isolated from fermenting African locust bean, iru
Authors: Aderibigbe Esther Y. , Odunfa S.A. 
Published: March 2008

Adeiubigbe, E.Y. & Odunfa, S.A. 1990. Growth and extracellular enzyme production by strains of Bacillus species isolated from fermenting African locust bean, iru. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 662–671.Seven strains of Bacillus subtilis group, isolated from fermented African locust bean (iru), were screened for proteolytic activity. Three strains (BS2, BL2 and BP2), which were found to be highly proteolytic, were compared on the basis of growth and extracellular enzyme production in media with and without locust bean. AH had their optimum pH for growth between 7.0 and 9.0.The three strains produced varied amounts of amylase, polygalacturonase, galac‐lanase and sucrase. The amounts of amylase and polygalacturonases produced by strain BS2 were significantly higher (at α= 0.5) than those of strains BL2 and BP2. None of the strains produced pectinmethylesterase in nutrient broth with or without African locust bean. Although the three strains were lipolytic on tributyrin agar plates, only trace amounts of lipase were detected titrimetrically in broth medium containing African locust bean. The three strains produced varying levels of sucrase and galactanases. Phytase activity was not detected in the broth culture of strain BS2. The presence of African locust bean in culture medium generally enhanced the production of extracellular enzymes significantly (at α= 0.05) in the three strains.
Sequential release of antigens from chloroform‐treated Staphylococcus epidermidis: application towards a possible vaccine
Authors: Ahmad A. , Clarke S. , Buchan A. , Skinner G.R.B. 
Published: March 2008

Ahmad, A., Clarke, S., Buchan, A. & Skinner, G.R.B. 1990. Sequential release of antigens from chloroform‐treated Staphylococcus epidermidis: application towards a possible vaccine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 676–685.This study describes the properties of two potential Staphylococcus epidermidis vaccines prepared by chloroform treatment of bacteria and release of antigen from these chloroform‐treated organisms. Both vaccines were antigenic on testing with homologous hyperimmune serum and induced immune reactivity in immunized rabbits. There was protective efficacy in mice against intraperitoneal challenge by Staph, epidermidis.
The cutaneous microbiology of haired and hairless mice
Authors: Harnby D. , Gowland G. , Holland K.T. , Kearney J.N. 
Published: March 2008

Harnby, D., Gowland, G., Holland, K.T. & Kearney, J.N. 1990. The cutaneous microbiology of haired and hairless mice. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 686–691.The cutaneous microflora of the mid‐dorsal area of hairless and haired mice was studied by processing skin biopsies. In both C3H and CBA hairless genotype animals the prevalence of colonization and the bacterial density were significantly greater than in the haired animals. The dominant bacteria were staphylococci and aerobic coryneforms. No propionibacteria were isolated. Temporal studies with C3H mice showed that from 0 to 9 days after birth the cutaneous microflora reduced and from then on the haired genotype animals maintained a low cutaneous microflora, whilst hairless genotype animals gradually lost hair from head to tail and the microflora density increased. Reciprocal skin grafting between haired and hairless animals showed that the donor skin acquired the microflora characteristics of the recipient animal after 15 d post‐grafting even though the donor skin remained morphologically true to genotype.
Growth of Bacteraides fragilis group in agar and broth media
Authors: Brook I. 
Published: March 2008

Brook, I. 1990. Growth of Bacteroides fragilis group in agar and broth media. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 697–700.The rate of bacterial growth of four .Bacteroides fragilis group organisms was determined in agar and broth media. Exponential bacterial growth occurred in agar media within 4 to 8 h, while such growth was delayed in broth media and occurred within 12–24 h after inoculation. This phenomenon may explain why antimicrobials which manifest an ‘inoculum effect’ may show increased resistance to antimicrobials when tested in agar media.
Stability of solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture: strain differences
Authors: Woolley R.C. , Morris J.G. 
Published: March 2008

Woolley, R.C. & Morris, J.G. 1990. Stability of solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in continuous culture: strain differences. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 718–728.Several strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum, including strains ATCC 824 and DSM 1731, continue to produce solvents during prolonged periods of chemostat culture. In such cultures, dominance is established by asporogenous mutant(s) that retain the ability to produce solvents. Strain NCIB 8052 (which is not identical with ATCC 824) behaved differently in that its chemostat cultures invariably became acidogenic due to ultimate selection of asporogenous mutant(s) unable to produce solvents, incapable of synthesizing granulose, and demonstrating enhanced sensitivity to environmental stresses of various types. These mutants spontaneously reverted, at a low but measurable frequency, to the parental phenotype, indicating thai their multiple loss of capacities was the pleiotropic consequence of a lesion in some global regulatory gene. Their resemblance to previously described cls mutants of strain P262 and the possible nature of the affected regulatory gene are discussed. A simple tetrazolium blue plate assay procedure is described which allows visual discrimination between solvent‐producing and non‐solventogenic colonies of Cl. ocetobutylicum.
Evaluation of rapid methods for differentiation of Bifidobacterium species
Authors: Roy D. , Ward P. 
Published: March 2008

Roy, D. & Ward, P. 1990. Evaluation of rapid methods for differentiation of Bifidobacterium species. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 739–749.The fermentation patterns of 20 Bifidobacterium strains were determined by two methods: a carbohydrate utilization test, based on the production of acid from a given range of sugars in modified MRS broth (micromethod), and a gas chromato‐graphic (GC) analysis of fermented modified MRS broth. The micromethod provides a qualitative fermentation pattern whereas the GC method gives a quantitative evaluation of carbohydrate utilization. The micromethod and GC analysis can be applied for the differentiation of Bifidobacterium strains used in fermented milks.
Sterols and diacylglycerophosphocholines in the lipids of the hydrocarbon‐utilizing prokaryote Rhodococcus rhodochrous
Authors: Sorkhoh N.A. , Ghannoum M.A. , Ibrahim A.S. , Stretton R.J. , Radwan S.S. 
Published: March 2008

Sorkhoh, N.A., Ghannoum, M.A., Ibrahim, A.S., Stretton, R.J. & Radwan, S.S. 1990. Sterols and diacylglycerophosphocholines in the lipids of the hydrocarbon‐utilizing prokaryote Rhodococcus rhodochrous. Journal of Applied Bacteriology69, 856–863.Two strains of Rhodococcus rhodochrous were grown in an inorganic medium containing either glucose or dodecane as sole sources of carbon and their total lipids were extracted and analysed. Dodecane‐grown cells contained more total lipids than glucose‐grown cells. Lipid classes that increased in dodecane‐grown cells were sterols, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerophosphocholines and an unknown glyco‐lipid. Sterols and diacylglycerophosphocholines were unequivocally identified in this species. The major acyl moieties in total lipids from glucose‐grown cells were palmitic and octadecanoic acids, in addition to small amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids and traces of tuberculostearic acid. The latter was confined to diacyl‐glycerophosphoglycerols and the unknown glycolipid. In addition to these acids, dodecane‐grown cells contained relatively large proportions of lauric and myristic acids in their total lipids, which were esterified mainly in diacylglycerophosphocholines and the unknown glycolipid.
Effect of fermentation on crude protein and fat contents of crushed grains of maize and sorghum
Authors: Abasiekong S.F. 
Published: March 2008

Cereal grains are conventional energy sources in livestock and poultry rations, while the requisite protein is often supplied by richer sources. Possibilities for the production of crude protein by growing micro‐organism on crushed cereal grains was investigated with the aim of obtaining protein‐enriched grains for providing both energy and protein in farm animal diets.Samples of white maize and sorghum were crushed, wetted with distilled water and fermented by Fibrobacter succinogenes, Lactobacillus brevis and a mixed culture of both micro‐organisms. Crude protein and either extract values increased with increasing fermentation period. Peak values of both fat and protein were obtained in the fourth week for all fermentations. Highest values of protein were 30·1 and 24·2% respectively for heat‐treated sorghum and maize which were both fermented by F. succinogenes. Highest values of fat were 13·1 and 10·6% for maize and sorghum respectively and were obtained from fermentation of heat‐treated grains using Lact. brevis. Heat treatment of grains encouraged microbial protein production.
Lactose metabolism and lactase gene sequence homologies amongst lactobacilli
Authors: Collins M.A. , Thompson J.K. 
Published: March 2008

A number of strains of Lactobacillus spp., including the thermophilic and mesophilic dairy species, were screened for the presence of β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) and phospho‐β‐galactosidase (pbg) enzyme activities. The majority of lactose fermenting strains exhibited β‐gal rather than pbg enzyme activity with the highest levels in the thermophilic dairy species.Correlation between these enzymes and the presence of specific genetic determinants was sought using probes for β‐gal and pbg genes from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei strain 64H. Southern transfer and filter hybridization showed that the β‐gal probe shared homology with one strain of Lact. casei ssp. casei only. Sequences homologous to the pbg gene were detected only in plasmid DNA from the same strain of Lact. casei ssp. casei and with plasmid DNA from an apparently unrelated strain of Lactobacillus which exhibited no pbg activity. Two other strains of Lact. casei ssp. casei appeared to show homology between their chromosomal DNA and the pbg gene probe. No other homologies were detected. Therefore, although lactase activity could be detected in many strains of Lactobacillus spp., the genetic determinants involved did not share extensive homology.
Enterococcal and streptococcal species isolated from faeces of calves, young cattle and dairy cows
Authors: Devriese L.A. , Laurier L. , Herdt P. De , Haesebrouck F. 
Published: March 2008

Faeces from non‐ruminating calves were found to contain several species of enterococci: Enterococcus avium, Ent. cecorum, Ent. durans, Ent. faecalis, Ent. faecium and Ent. hirae. Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequent. Few of these animals carried streptococci.Streptococcus bovis largely predominated in ruminating calves, young cattle and dairy cows. Other streptococci as well as enterococci were infrequent in dairy cows, but a variety of other streptococci and enterococci were found in the faeces of young ruminating animals.
Comparison of fermentation reactions in different regions of the human colon
Authors: Macfarlane G.T. , Gibson G.R. , Cummings J.H. 
Published: March 2008

Colonic contents were obtained from two human sudden‐death victims within 3 h of death. One of the subjects (1) was methanogenic, the other (2) was a non‐CH, producer. Measurements of bacterial fermentation products showed that in both individuals short‐chain fatty acids, lactate and ethanol concentrations were highest in the caecum and ascending colon. In contrast, products of protein fermentation, such as ammonia, branched chain fatty acids and phenolic compounds, progressively increased from the right to the left colon, as did the pH of gut contents. In Subject 1, cell population densities of methanogenic bacteria (MB) increased distally through the gut and methanogenic activity was lower in the right (0.78–1–18 μmol CH4 produced/h/g dry wt contents) than in the left colon (1.34 μmol CH4 produced/h/g dry wt contents). Methane production rates did not correlate with MB numbers.Sulphate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) were not found and dissimilatory sulphate reduction was not detected in any region of the colon. Methanogenic bacteria did not occur in subject 2, but high numbers of SRB were present throughout the gut (ca 109/g dry wt contents). Sulphate reduction rates were maximal in the ascending and transverse colons (0.24 and 0.22 μmol 35SO2–4 reduced/h/g dry wt contents, respectively). Short‐chain fatty acid production by caecal contents was up to eight‐fold higher than contents from the sigmoid/rectum. These findings demonstrate significant differences in fermentation reactions in different regions of the large gut.