bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineered native pathways for high kaempferol and caffeoylquinate production in potato
Authors: Rommens Caius M. , Richael Craig M. , Yan Hua , Navarre Duroy A. , Ye Jingsong , Krucker Michele , Swords Kathy 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFlavonols and caffeoylquinates represent important groups of phenolic antioxidants with health‐promoting activities. The genetic potential of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to produce high levels of these dietary compounds has not been realized in currently available commodity varieties. In this article, it is demonstrated that tuber‐specific expression of the native and slightly modified MYB transcription factor gene StMtf1M activates the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. Compared with untransformed controls, transgenic tubers contained fourfold increased levels of caffeoylquinates, including chlorogenic acid (CGA) (1.80 mg/g dry weight), whilst also accumulating various flavonols and anthocyanins. Subsequent impairment of anthocyanin biosynthesis through silencing of the flavonoid‐3′,5′‐hydroxylase (F3′5′h) gene resulted in the accumulation of kaempferol‐rut (KAR) to levels that were approximately 100‐fold higher than in controls (0.12 mg/g dry weight). The biochemical changes were associated with increased expression of both the CGA biosynthetic hydroxycinnamoyl‐CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (Hqt) gene and the upstream chorismate mutase (Cm) and prephenate dehydratase (Pdh) genes. Field trials indicated that transgenic lines produced similar tuber yields to the original potato variety Bintje. Processed products of these lines retained most of their phenylpropanoids and were indistinguishable from untransformed controls in texture and taste.
The ILO: An Agency for Globalization?
Authors: Standing Guy 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThe International Labour Organization, set up in 1919 to develop and promote labour standards, is at a crucial point. It has preached that labour is not a commodity and in 1969 received the Nobel Peace Prize. Since then it has run into trouble. This article considers how the ILO has failed to come to terms with the Global Transformation, seeing it as trying to play three roles — a standard‐setter, a technical assistance agency and a knowledge generator — without developing the professional capacity to do so. The big question is whether the ILO could become an effective development agency given the changing character of work and labour in globalizing labour markets and its antiquated governance structure.
The Rise and Rise of Ecofeminism as a Development Fable: A Response to Melissa Leach's ‘Earth Mothers and Other Ecofeminist Fables: How a Strategic Notion Rose and Fell’
Authors: Moore Niamh 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThis contribution offers a response to Melissa Leach's paper ‘Earth Mothers and Other Ecofeminist Fables: How a Strategic Notion Rose and Fell’, published in an earlier issue of Development and Change. Leach's article examined the rise and fall of the figure of ‘woman as natural environmental carer’ in environment and development discourses. Specifically, it appeared concerned with the role of ‘the northern ecofeminist’ in popularizing this figure, and the notion that women have a special relationship with the environment. This response points to the reliance on the figure of the ‘northern ecofeminist’ as a foil to gender and development (GAD) discourses, and situates this anxiety over the figure of ‘woman as natural environmental carer’ in the context of some key feminist debates of the 1990s. Conflicts between GAD scholars and ecofeminists can be understood as one manifestation of tensions over essentialism in feminism. Attending to how conflicts over essentialism have been worked through in feminism could productively inform efforts to think through the nexus of gender, environment and development.
Non‐Market Institutions in Economic Development: The Role of the Third Sector
Authors: Valentinov Vladislav 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTIn an article published in this journal in 2005, Dorward et al. argued that non‐market institutions are particularly effective in addressing market failures in the high‐transaction cost institutional environment which is often characteristic of low‐income countries. This comment develops additional theoretical underpinnings of this argument by exploring differences in the capacity for addressing market failure of for‐profit firms, on the one hand, and third sector organizations representing a major type of non‐market institutions, on the other. It is argued that while for‐profit firms address market failures by facilitating market exchange, third sector organizations do so by replacing exchange with self‐sufficiency. This recourse to self‐sufficiency is reflected in the important role of third sector organizations in economic development in low‐income countries.
Rewards and Costs in Adolescent Other‐sex Friendships: Comparisons to Same‐sex Friendships and Romantic Relationships
Authors: Hand Laura Shaffer , Furman Wyndol 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study used a social exchange framework to examine the features of non‐romantic other‐sex (OS) friendships compared with same‐sex (SS) friendships and romantic relationships. High school seniors (N = 141) completed open‐ended interviews about the benefits and costs of having OS friendships, SS friendships, and romantic relationships in general. As expected, perspective taking, learning about the other sex, and meeting the other sex were seen as rewards of OS friendships more often than for SS friendships and romantic relationships. Confusion about the nature of the relationship was seen as a cost of OS friendships more often than of SS friendships and romantic relationships. Intimacy, support, and companionship were mentioned less often as rewards of OS friendships than romantic relationships. Adolescents also completed questionnaires about their own specific relationships of each type. Their OS friendships were perceived as less supportive than their other two relationships; OS friendships were also seen as having fewer negative interactions than romantic relationships. Our findings expand the application of social exchange theory and lend empirical support to prior speculations about OS friendships and their importance in adolescents' social worlds.
Is the Relationship between Inflation and Its Uncertainty Linear?
Authors: Karanasos Menelaos , Schurer Stefanie 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe use parametric power ARCH models of the conditional variance of inflation to model the relationship between inflation and its uncertainty using monthly data for Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden over a period ranging from 1962 to 2004. For all three countries inflation significantly raises inflation uncertainty as predicted by Friedman. Increased uncertainty affects inflation in all countries but not in the same manner. For Sweden we find a negative impact in accordance with the Holland hypothesis, whereas for Germany and the Netherlands we find the opposite in support of the Cukierman-Meltzer hypothesis. In a sensitivity analysis we show that an arbitrary choice of the heteroscedasticity parameter influences this relationship significantly.
Transatlantic Differences in Labour Markets: Changes in Wage and Non-Employment Structures in the 1980s and the 1990s
Authors: Puhani Patrick A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRising wage inequality in the United States and Britain and rising continental European unemployment have led to a popular view in the economics profession that these two phenomena are related to negative relative demand shocks against the unskilled, combined with flexible wages in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but wage rigidities in continental Europe (‘Krugman hypothesis’). This paper tests this hypothesis based on seven large person-level data sets for the 1980s and the 1990s. I use a more sophisticated categorization of low-skilled workers than previous studies, which exhibits differences between German workers with and without apprenticeship training, particularly in the 1980s. I find evidence for the Krugman hypothesis when Germany is compared with the United States. However, supply changes differ considerably between countries, with Britain experiencing enormous increases in skill supply explaining the relatively constant British skill premium in the 1990s.
Polyphyly of the genus Apalis and a new generic name for the species pulchra and ruwenzorii
Authors: NGUEMBOCK BILLY , FJELDSÅ JON , COULOUX ARNAUD , CRUAUD CORINNE , PASQUET ERIC 
Published: July 2008

The genus Apalis is a member of the African forest warblers clade of the Cisticolidae. In view of its morphological diversity, it was suggested that this genus needs a taxonomic revaluation. For this, we sequenced a nuclear intron (myoglobin intron 2) and two mitochondrial protein‐coding genes (ND2 and ND3). The 2016 bp of sequence data obtained were aligned and subjected to parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. All three genes strongly reject the monophyly of Apalis but support the placing of all apalises within a broader clade of forest cisticolids which also includes Urolais. Within this forest clade, a subclade is defined which includes the genera Urolais, Schistolais and a well‐supported clade comprising three afromontane species, the Black‐collared Apalis Apalis pulchra, the Ruwenzori Apalis Apalis ruwenzorii and the African Tailorbird Artisornis. This subclade is sister to other members of Apalis, including the type species of the genus the Bar‐throated Apalis Apalis thoracica. A new generic name, Oreolais, is suggested for the Black‐collared and Ruwenzori Apalises.
The Impact of Medical Errors on Ninety‐Day Costs and Outcomes: An Examination of Surgical Patients
Authors: Encinosa William E. , Hellinger Fred J. 
Published: July 2008

Objective. To estimate the effect of medical errors on medical expenditures, death, readmissions, and outpatient care within 90 days after surgery.Data Sources. 2001–2002 MarketScan insurance claims for 5.6 million enrollees.Study Design. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) were used to identify 14 PSIs among 161,004 surgeries. We used propensity score matching and multivariate regression analyses to predict expenditures and outcomes attributable to the 14 PSIs.Principal Findings. Excess 90‐day expenditures likely attributable to PSIs ranged from $646 for technical problems (accidental laceration, pneumothorax, etc.) to $28,218 for acute respiratory failure, with up to 20 percent of these costs incurred postdischarge. With a third of all 90‐day deaths occurring postdischarge, the excess death rate associated with PSIs ranged from 0 to 7 percent. The excess 90‐day readmission rate associated with PSIs ranged from 0 to 8 percent. Overall, 11 percent of all deaths, 2 percent of readmissions, and 2 percent of expenditures were likely due to these 14 PSIs.Conclusions. The effects of medical errors continue long after the patient leaves the hospital. Medical error studies that focus only on the inpatient stay can underestimate the impact of patient safety events by up to 20–30 percent.
Forb Species Establishment Increases with Decreased Grass Seeding Density and with Increased Forb Seeding Density in a Northeast Kansas, U.S.A., Experimental Prairie Restoration
Authors: Dickson Timothy L. , Busby William H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Most prairie restorations fail to produce the diversity of species found in unplowed remnants. This lack of restored diversity is hypothesized to be partly due to the inhibition of forb species by high seeding densities of dominant grasses and partly due to the low seeding densities of forbs used in many restorations. We tested this hypothesis by sowing various densities of forb and warm‐season grass seeds into a restoration begun on bare soil. This is the first replicated restoration experiment we are aware of that varies grass seeding densities to examine the effects on forbs. Four years after seeding, we found that higher densities of grass seeds decreased forb cover, biomass, and richness, and higher densities of forb seeds increased forb richness. These results suggest that dominant grasses compete strongly with native forb species and that many forb species thrive when they are spatially separated from dominant grasses. The results also suggest that seed availability limits the establishment of some forbs. Forb diversity can therefore be increased by decreasing grass seeding density, by increasing forb seeding density, or both. However, forb seeds are generally expensive, and increasing forb seeding density across the entire area of a restoration may be prohibitively expensive. We therefore recommend a low seeding density of dominant grasses, and we recommend spatially separating forbs from dominant grasses by adding most forb seeds to areas with little to no dominant grasses and by adding the rest of the forb seeds to areas with a low density of dominant grasses.
Wetland Restoration and Invasive Species: Apple snail (Pomacea insularum) Feeding on Native and Invasive Aquatic Plants
Authors: Burlakova Lyubov E. , Karatayev Alexander Y. , Padilla Dianna K. , Cartwright Leah D. , Hollas David N. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract The apple snail Pomacea insularum is an aquatic invasive gastropod native to South America that has the potential to cause harm to aquatic ecosystems, wetland restoration, and agriculture. To predict the potential impact of this snail on aquatic ecosystems, we tested the feeding rate of P. insularum, under laboratory nonchoice experiments, for 3 species of invasive macrophytes and 13 species of native aquatic plants that are important for wetland restoration and health. High levels of consumption were recorded for four native species (Ceratophyllum demersum, Hymenocallis liriosme, Ruppia maritima, and Sagittaria lancifolia) and three invasive species (Colocasia esculenta, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Eichhornia crassipes). In contrast, less than 10% of the biomass of Spartina alterniflora, Scirpus californicus, Thalia dealbata, and Typha latifolia was consumed by P. insularum over the test period. The palatability of macrophytes was negatively correlated with dry matter content, making our results generalizable to all regions where this invader may be present. Based on our results, wetland restoration in areas invaded by P. insularum should focus on emergent structural species with low palatability. Apple snails should not be considered as agents of biocontrol for invasive plants; although apple snails fed on invasive plants at a high rate, their consumption of many native species was even greater.
Cultural Intelligence and Offshore Outsourcing Success: A Framework of Firm‐Level Intercultural Capability*
Authors: Ang Soon , Inkpen Andrew C. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the importance of firm‐level cultural intelligence in the context of international business ventures such as offshoring. We identify the recent movement toward global delivery models in offshoring ventures as the strategic imperative for offshoring partners to acquire and develop firm‐level cultural intelligence. Drawing on Earley and Ang's (2003) conceptualization of cultural intelligence and the resource based view of the firm, we develop a conceptual framework of firm‐level cultural intelligence. The framework comprises three dimensions of intercultural capabilities of the firm: managerial, competitive, and structural. We propose items to measure these three dimensions and discuss theoretical and managerial implications.
Offshoring and Cross‐Border Interorganizational Relationships: A Justice Model*
Authors: Beugré Constant D. , Acar William 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTIn this article, we develop an interorganizational justice model to explain cross‐border interorganizational relationships. The model contends that cultural distance (construed as the cultural differences between offshoring partners) would influence behavioral uncertainty and the boundary spanners' perceptions of justice. Specifically, the model predicts that high levels of behavioral uncertainty are likely to reduce relational commitment, whereas low levels of behavioral uncertainty are likely to enhance relational commitment. However, boundary spanners' perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice would mitigate the negative impact of behavioral uncertainty on relational commitment. The model also predicts that culturally similar boundary spanners would be more likely to share similar perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice than culturally dissimilar boundary spanners. This model has implications for further theoretical discussion and empirical research as well as management practice. Managers could use the interorganizational justice model to assess shared perceptions of justice among boundary spanners and develop transcultural justice competencies.
Time‐Domain and Morphological Analysis of the P Wave. Part II: Effects of Atrial Pacing on P‐Wave Features
Authors: CENSI FREDERICA , RICCI CHIARA , CALCAGNINI GIOVANNI , TRIVENTI MICHELE , RICCI RENATO P. , SANTINI MASSIMO , GRAMMATICO ANDREA , BARTOLINI PIETRO 
Published: July 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to compare time‐domain and morphological descriptors of paced and spontaneous P wave in patients prone to atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods: Nineteen patients (nine women, aged 72 ± 10 years) affected by paroxysmal AF and implanted with dual‐chamber pacemakers (PM) were studied. Two 5‐minute recordings were performed during spontaneous and paced rhythm. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were acquired using a 32‐lead mapping system. Patients were grouped into two classes: no previous AF and previous AF groups, according to the number of AF episodes in the 6 months before the analysis.
Results and Conclusion:

During atrial pacing P wave appeared prolonged and morphologically more complex with respect to sinus rhythm. We also found that in patients at lower risk for AF, the atrial pacing changes the atrial activation to a greater extent than in patients at higher risk for AF. Finally, all time‐domain and morphological descriptors of the P wave except one succeed in discriminating “no previous AF” and “previous AF” patients in spontaneous rhythm, while no significant differences have been observed during pacing for any parameters.
Acute Sleep Deprivation is Associated with Increased QT Dispersion in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: OZER ORHAN , OZBALA BURCU , SARI IBRAHIM , DAVUTOGLU VEDAT , MADEN EMIN , BALTACI YASEMIN , YAVUZ SEMA , AKSOY MEHMET 
Published: July 2008

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) is known to be associated with worse cardiovascular outcome including mortality. We investigated the association between acute SD and electrocardiographic maximum QT interval (QTmax), QT, and corrected QT dispersion (QTd/cQTd), which are known to be among predictors of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.
Methods: We obtained electrocardiograms of 37 healthy young volunteers (age: 28.45 ± 7.97 years; 11 women) after a night with regular sleep and repeated after a night with sleep debt. We measured minimum QT interval (QTmin), QTmax, QTd, and cQTd in milliseconds.
Results: Average sleep time of the subjects were 7.7 ± 0.8 hours during regular sleep and 1.7 ± 1.6 hours during a night with sleep debt (P < 0.001). Subjects had similar values of QTmin in milliseconds after a night of sleep debt when compared to after regular sleep (347.56 ± 29.75 vs 344.59 ± 20.89; P = 0.51), whereas they had significantly higher values of QTmax, QTd, and cQTd (396.48 ± 30.11 vs 378.10 ± 23.90; P = 0.001, 49.45 ± 9.11 vs 33.51 ± 10.05; P < 0.001 and 54.92 ± 10.42 vs 37.23 ± 10.81; P < 0.001, respectively). In Pearson's correlation analysis, QTmax, QTd, and cQTd were inversely correlated with sleep time (P = 0.012, r =–0.291; P < 0.001, r =–0.625 and P < 0.001, r =–0.616, respectively)
Conclusions: In conclusion, we clearly demonstrated that even one night of SD is associated with significant increase in QTmax, QTd, and cQTd in healthy young adults despite remaining within normal limits. These electrocardiographic changes in acute SD might contribute to development and/or recurrence of arrhythmias. This implication deserves further studies for clarifying the possible linkage between SD and arrhythmias.
Superior Type of Atypical AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia: Incidence, Characteristics, and Effect of Slow Pathway Ablation
Authors: OTOMO KIYOSHI , NAGATA YASUTOSHI , TANIGUCHI HIROSHI , UNO KIKUYA , FUJIWARA HIDEOMI , IESAKA YOSHITO 
Published: July 2008

Background:

Atypical atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardias (AVNRT) usually exhibit the earliest retrograde atrial activation (ERAA) at the right inferoseptum (Rt‐IS) or proximal coronary sinus (PCS). The purpose of this study was to characterize atypical AVNRT with the ERAA at the right superoseptum (Rt‐SS).
Methods:

Seventy‐three atypical AVNRTs induced in 63 cases were classified into the superior type with the ERAA at the Rt‐SS and inferior type with the ERAA at the Rt‐IS or PCS.
Results:

There were nine superior (12%) and 64 inferior types of atypical AVNRT (88%) in seven and 56 cases, respectively. The superior type exhibited a short atrial‐His interval during the tachycardia (166 ± 41 ms), long His‐atrial interval during the tachycardia (H‐At:156 ± 38 ms), and ventricular pacing at the tachycardia cycle length (TCL) (H‐Ap:201 ± 36 ms), and evidence for a lower common pathway, including second‐degree AV block (four tachycardias) and an H‐Ap being longer than the H‐At (nine tachycardias). The TCL was shorter in the superior type than in the inferior type (322 ± 35 vs 404 ± 110 ms; P < 0.02). In the inferior type, all tachycardias were eliminated after the ablation at the Rt‐IS (44 tachycardias) or PCS (20 tachycardias) where an ERAA was recorded. In the superior type, ablation at the Rt‐IS was ineffective; however, ablation at the right midseptum eliminated seven (78%) of the nine tachycardias.
Conclusions:

The tachycardia circuit of the superior type might have deviated to a more superior part of Koch's triangle than that of the inferior type.
Right Pectoral Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: Role of the Proximal (SVC) Coil
Authors: VARMA NIRAJ , EFIMOV IGOR 
Published: July 2008

Introduction:

Increased defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) with right active pectoral implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and/or right proximal coils (SVC) are attributed to poorer vector. However, SVC affects impedance, current flow, and shock waveform phase duration (PD), which exert independent DFT effects.
Objective:

Compare DFTs and shock characteristics in SVC On with SVC Off in right ICDs.
Methods and Results

: DFT+ testing (n = 42, 62% males, 62 ±15 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 26 ± 11%, ischemic cardiomyopathy 65%, amiodarone 26%) revealed >20% incidence of high DFT (>20J) . Dilated cardiomyopathy and amiodarone increased DFT. Individual impedance variability (25–74 Ω) generated a wide PD range (2.6–8.7 ms). Overall, SVC On reduced impedance by 33% (from 54 ± 10 to 35 ± 5Ω, P< 0.0001), and shortened PD (from 5.45 ± 1.20 to 3.67 ± 0.74 ms, P< 0.01). SVC On affected DFTs in 19/42 (45%) patients. SVC On was beneficial in 12/19. PD shortened but current flow remained unaltered. (In these, SVC Off impedance was >45Ω and PD >5 ms.) SVC On was detrimental in 7/19 despite increasing current flow. In these, PD shortened excessively (median 2.9 ms) because impedance was low (31 ± 4Ω). In 3/6 cases with DFTs >20 J in both SVC On and Off, PD optimization reduced DFT. Overall, selection of best SVC configuration or deliberate PD programming yielded DFTs ≤20 J in >90% patients, reducing need for system modification to <7%.
Conclusions

: Right pectoral active ICDs have high DFTs. The SVC coil may be detrimental when pulse waveform excessively shortens. Noninvasive maneuvers, for example, SVC and waveform optimization, may improve DFT.