bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of poly(carbonate‐urethane) consisting of alternating carbonate and urethane moieties
Authors: Ochiai Bungo , Amemiya Haruka , Yamazaki Hiroki , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPoly(carbonate‐urethane) consisting of alternating carbonate and urethane moieties (poly(HC‐MDI)) was prepared by polyaddition of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and a monocarbonate diol bis(3‐hydroxypropyl)carbonate (HC), prepared by hydrolysis of a six‐membered spiroorthocarbonate 1,5,7,11‐tetraoxa‐spiro[5.5]undecane. The polyaddition proceeds without concomitant side reactions including carbonate exchange reaction and affords the desired poly(carbonate‐urethane). The hydrolysis and thermal behaviors of poly(HC‐MDI) were compared with those of the analogous polyurethane carrying no carbonate structure (poly(ND‐MDI)) prepared from MDI and 1,9‐nonanediol (ND). Although the glass transition behaviors are almost identical, poly(HC‐MDI) is less crystalline than poly(ND‐MDI). Poly(HC‐MDI) is more susceptible to hydrolysis than poly(ND‐MDI) probably due to the higher polarity and the lower crystallinity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2802–2808, 2006
Inherently safer technology: An evolutionary approach
Authors: Overton Tim , King George M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAs a long‐time advocate of inherently safer technologies, Dow has a rich history of designing chemical processes that meet intrinsic standards for safety. Inherently safer technologies are not, however, a panacea for safe operations or site security. Inherent safety must be complementary with other risk reduction strategies and is just one resource in our risk management arsenal. Effective use of this and other strategies helps Dow uphold the stringent safety standards set by our company and the chemical industry, and contribute to the industry's reputation as being one of the safest in the world. Dow applies inherently safer technologies whenever possible during the life cycle of a process. Over time, this can result in an evolutionary approach where a process is made inherently safer by a number of incremental changes. This article includes the important lessons learned regarding the application of inherent safety. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Polycrystalline silicon thin‐film solar cells on various substrates
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Xu Ying , Shen Hui 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThin‐film polycrystalline silicon solar cells have been fabricated on various substrates, such as inactive P++mono‐crystalline silicon substrates, p++mono‐Si substrates covered by thermally oxidized SiO2and ceramic substrates by means of a rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition (RTCVD) technique. Zone melting recrystallization (ZMR) was applied in the process in order to enlarge the grain size of the deposited silicon thin film. The deposition conditions were studied. The scanning rate of the ZMR process was investigated. The best conversion efficiency of 15.12% (AM1.5G, 24.5 °C) has been achieved on inactive P++mono‐crystalline silicon substrates without cell surface texture and 10.21% (AM1.5, 24.5 °C) on p++c‐Si substrates covered by thermally oxidized SiO2with the cell area of 1.07 cm2. The polycrystalline silicon thin film was also deposited on Al2O3substrates by a RTCVD process. A simple ZMR process was used without any intermediate layer and cap layers. The maximum grain size of the silicon thin film was about one millimeter in width and a few millimeters in length after ZMR. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gettering in silicon photovoltaics: current state and future perspectives
Authors: Seibt M. , Sattler A. , Rudolf C. , Voß O. , Kveder V. , Schröter W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper summarizes current understanding and predictive simulations of gettering processes predominantly applied in silicon photovoltaics. Special emphasis is put on various processes limiting gettering efficiency and kinetics, i.e. the mobility of interstitially dissolved metal species, the formation of the gettering layer, and the effect of immobile metal species. The latter are substitutional metal species, precipitates, complexes with defects related to non‐metallic impurities, and finally the interaction with extended defects, in particular dislocations. Finally, alternative annealing schemes involving high‐temperature rapid thermal processing are explored by simulations. It is shown that a processing window exists for a two‐step process efficient for the removal of precipitates even under the constraints of a fixed thermal budget for phosphorus diffusion. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Special Issue: The Silicon Age
Authors: Kittler Martin , Yang Deren 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe present issue of physica status solidi (a) contains a collection of articles about different aspects of current silicon research and applications, ranging from basic investigations of mono‐ and polycrystalline silicon materials and nanostructures to technologies for device fabrication in silicon photovoltaics, micro‐ and optoelectronics. Guest Editors are Martin Kittler and Deren Yang, the organizers of a recent Sino–German symposium held in Cottbus, Germany, 19–24 September 2005.The cover picture shows four examples of “The Silicon Age”: the structure of a thin film solar cell on low‐cost SSP (silicon sheet from powder) substrate (upper left image) [1], a high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy image and diffraction pattern of a single‐crystalline Si nanowire (upper right) [2], a carrier lifetime map from an n‐type multicrystalline silicon wafer after gettering by a grain boundary (lower left) [3], and a scanning acoustic microscopy image of a bonded 150 mm diameter wafer pair (upper right) [4].
II–VI compounds – Polish perspective
Authors: Gałązka Robert R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this lecture is to review the main achievements of the investigations of II–VI compounds and point out Polish contributions to this part of solid state physics. Because the Polish physicists were particularly active in the area of narrow gap semiconductors as well as in the area of semimagnetic semiconductors producing several pioneering papers in this field, special attention will be paid to the narrow gap mercury‐based semiconductor alloys and to the II–VI semimagnetic semiconductors, both narrow and wide gap. Some problems connected with material processing, the most influential experimental results as well as theoretical ideas will be presented. Because the history of II–VI compounds lasts for many decades (also in Poland), only selected achievements will be reviewed. The lecture will concentrate mostly on the properties of bulk crystals; low‐dimensional structures and other current and hot problems of II–VI compounds will be only mentioned. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetization dynamics in (Cd,Mn)Te quantum wells
Authors: Goryca M. , Ferrand D. , Kossacki P. , Nawrocki M. , Pacuski W. , Maślana W. , Tatarenko S. , Cibert J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe relaxation of the magnetization change induced by a short pulse of magnetic field in p‐doped (Cd,Mn)Te quantum wells is determined from the giant Zeeman shift of the photoluminescence line. The characteristic times change by three orders of magnitude upon application of a static magnetic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Purcell effect on CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots in pillar microcavities
Authors: André R. , Robin I. C. , Balocchi A. , Carayon S. , Moehl S. , Gérard J. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Purcell effect leads to an enhancement of the spontaneous emission in a given cavity mode for an emitter located in a small volume cavity. This effect is well explained as a consequence of Fermi's golden rule in a particular photonic environment. In this paper we show an enhancement by a factor of up to 3.4 of the spontaneous emission of CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots located in a pillar microcavity. The sample consists of a λ /2‐ZnSe cavity sandwiched between SiO2/TiO2 Bragg mirrors and is etched to provide lateral optical confinement. The present study is based on a comparison between time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements for dots inserted in a pillar cavity or in a bulk ZnSe layer. The photoluminescence decay shortening is quantitatively interpreted by calculating the theoretical maximum Purcell factor expected for different cavity modes in resonance with quantum dots. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct and exchange Coulomb energies in CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots
Authors: Graham T. C. M. , Curran A. , Tang X. , Morrod J. K. , Prior K. A. , Warburton R. J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe have determined the direct and exchange electron–electron and electron–hole Coulomb energies in CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots. The experiments are based on single dot photoluminescence at low temperature. By controlling the charging with a vertical transistor structure and by applying a symmetry‐breaking magnetic field, we show how we can determine all the Coulomb energies. The direct Coulomb energies are responsible for large, ∼20 meV, red‐shifts of the emission on charging. The exchange Coulomb energies lead to a very pronounced fine structure splitting, up to 2.6 meV, for the neutral exciton. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CBE growth of high‐quality ZnO epitaxial layers
Authors: El‐Shaer A. , Bakin A. , Mofor A. C. , Bläsing J. , Krost A. , Stoimenos J. , Pécz B. , Kreye M. , Heuken M. , Waag A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFurther improvements on the recently reported novel approach to zinc oxide Chemical Beam Epitaxy (CBE) are presented. Hydrogen peroxide is employed as a very efficient novel oxidant. ZnO layers with a thickness from 100 nm to 600 nm were grown on c‐sapphire using a MgO buffer. PL‐mapping as well as conductivity mapping shows a good uniformity across the 2 inch ZnO‐on‐sapphire epiwafers. The measured surface roughness for the best layers is as low as 0.26 nm. HRXRD measurements of the obtained ZnO layers show excellent quality of the single crystalline ZnO. The FWHM of the HRXRD (0002) rocking curves measured for the 2 inch ZnO‐on‐sapphire wafers is as low as 27 arcsec with a very high lateral homogeneity across the whole wafer. Plane view HRTEM observations reveal the very good quality of the ZnO films. The results indicate that CBE is a suitable technique to fabricate ZnO of very high structural quality, which can eventually be used as an alternative to bulk ZnO substrates. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Long life operations over 5000 hours of BeZnSeTe/MgZnCdSe visible light emitting diodes on InP substrates
Authors: Nomura Ichirou , Nakai Yuki , Hayami Koichi , Saitoh Takumi , Kishino Katsumi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAging characteristics of BeZnSeTe yellow light emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated on InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated under direct current injections at room temperature. It was shown that the decay speed of the light output during the aging was slower than that of conventional ZnCdSe/MgZnSSe LEDs. A long lifetime more than 5000 h and a half lifetime of 5180 h were obtained at a current density of 130 A/cm2. The half lifetimes of the BeZnSeTe LEDs were about three orders of magnitude greater than that of the ZnCdSe/MgZnSSe LEDs. These results proved high reliability of the BeZnSeTe LED. Investigating the aging characteristics of the applied voltage, the injection current, and the emission spectra showed that the output decay was caused by degradation of the active layer of the LEDs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Picosecond kinetics of magnetization in optically excited (Zn,Mn)Se quantum wells
Authors: Scherbakov A. V. , Akimov A. V. , Yakovlev D. R. , Merkulov I. A. , Bayer M. , Waag A. , Molenkamp L. W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe magnetization kinetics in (Zn,Mn)Se/(Zn,Be)Se quantum wells is studied on a ps‐time scale after pulsed laser excitation. The magnetization induced by an external magnetic field is reduced by up to 30% within about 100 ps due to spin and energy transfer from photocarriers to magnetic Mn ions. A model based on spin‐momentum coupling in the valence band is suggested for explaining this transfer. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strong heavy‐hole–light‐hole mixing in CdZnSe quantum dots
Authors: Moehl S. , Robin I. C. , Léger Y. , André R. , Besombes L. , Kheng K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe optical studies of negative trions in CdSe quantum dots under magnetic field in Voigt geometry reveal large hole g ‐factors, reaching values as high as the value of electron g ‐factors. This observation is attributed to strong mixing of heavy hole and light hole states induced by an in‐plane asymmetric shape of the quantum dots. The large hole g ‐factors are correlated with the intensity differences between the linearly polarised components of the trion quadruplet under magnetic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bioenergetics‐based matrix population modeling enhances life‐cycle toxicity assessment of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to arsenic
Authors: Liao Chung‐Min , Chiang Kuo‐Chih , Tsai Jeng‐Wei 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to integrate a bioenergetics‐based modeling approach into a population stage structure to enhance life‐cycle toxicity assessments of the effects of waterborne arsenic (As) on the population dynamics of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. The proposed mathematical model links a Leslie matrix population model and a universal ontogenetic growth model embedding the population‐level growth rate and stage‐specific modes of toxic action. We present data analyses of key parameters and distributions and discuss the processes of data capture and analysis and the impact of acute/chronic As toxicity responses on population‐level effects. We employed a three‐parameter Hill equation model to describe the relationship between tilapia whole‐body burden and mortality in order to estimate the probability of stage‐specific vital rate of survival. Using the DEBtox theory, we distinguished three modes of toxic action (MOA): direct effects on growth and indirect effects via maintenance and food consumption on inhibition by arsenic of the growth of a tilapia population. The asymptotic population growth rate decreased from λ = 1.0027 for the control group to λ = 0.9935 for tilapia population exposed to 4 μg mL−1 As, indicating a potential risk of population intrinsic growth rates for tilapia exposed to higher levels of waterborne As. Our results estimated that an As concentration of 1.02 μg mL−1 would cause a 50% reduction in the tilapia population. We found that the interplay between external stressors of waterborne As concentration and internally generated modes of action decreasing feeding in the juvenile stage and increasing the maintenance cost in the adult stage had a pronounced influence on the population stage structure of tilapia. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 154–165, 2006.
Life‐history consequences for Daphnia pulex exposed to pharmaceutical carbamazepine
Authors: Lürling M. , Sargant E. , Roessink I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe effects of the antiepileptic, analgesic drug carbamazepine on the growth, morphology, and life‐history characteristics of Daphnia pulex were examined at nominal concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 200 μg L−1. At 1 μg carbamazepine L−1, Daphnia matured and reproduced slightly earlier than did controls, and at a given body length females produced more offspring than did controls or those receiving other treatments. In combination with a relatively high juvenile somatic growth rate and highest total number of progeny produced per female, carbamazepine at 1 μg L−1 seemed to exert a stimulatory effect. The rates of population growth of the 100 and 200 μg L−1 treatment groups was 9% and 32% lower, respectively, than the rates of growth of the controls and the Daphnia receiving treatments of up to 10 μg carbamazepine L−1. At the highest dose, retardation of juvenile somatic growth resulted in delayed maturity and consequently in a lower rate of population growth. Adult somatic growth, spine length, reproductive output, and size of newborns were similar among treatments. Male offspring were only produced in the third broods, with broods that were 8% and 28% male at 1 and 10 μg L−1, respectively. Neck teeth were never observed in Daphnia. Chronic adverse effects of carbamazepine on nontarget Daphnia were detected at 200 μg carbamazepine L−1, but stimulatory effects might occur at environmentally realistic concentrations. However, additional studies of chronic toxicity investigating various combinations of pharmaceuticals and various environmental stresses, such as food condition, temperature, and kairomones, are needed to fully explore potential long‐term adverse effects and to assess the environmental risk of common pharmaceuticals. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 172–180, 2006.
Endocrine‐disrupting compounds: A review of their challenge to sustainable and safe water supply and water reuse
Authors: Falconer Ian R. , Chapman Heather F. , Moore Michael R. , Ranmuthugala Geetha 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe relevance of endocrine‐disrupting compounds as potential contaminants of drinking water is reviewed, particularly in the reuse of wastewater. Growing populations and increasing intensification of land and water use for industry and agriculture have increased the need to reclaim wastewater for reuse, including to supplement the drinking water supply. The variety of anthropogenic chemicals that have been identified as potential endocrine disruptors in the environment and the problems arising from their use as human and livestock pharmaceuticals, as agricultural chemicals and in industry are discussed. The potentially adverse impact of these chemicals on human health and the ecology of the natural environment are reviewed. Data for the removal of estrogenic compounds from wastewater treatment are presented, together with the comparative potencies of estrogenic compounds. The relative exposure to estrogens of women on oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and through food consumption is estimated. A brief overview of some methods available or under development for the assessment of estrogenic activity in environmental samples is provided. The review concludes with a discussion of the directions for further investigation, which include human epidemiology, methodology development, and wastewater monitoring. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 181–191, 2006.
Preliminary Report: Functional MRI of the Brain May Be the Ideal Tool for Evaluating Neuropsychologic and Sleep Complaints of Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Perrier Nancy D. , Coker Laura H. , Rorie Kashemi D. , Burbank Nicole S. , Kirkland Kimberly A. , Passmore Leah V. , Tembreull Terry , Stump David A. , Laurienti Paul J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence, pattern, and severity of sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction has not been well characterized for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). There is no agreement on the mechanism of the development or resolution of such symptoms, and in no previous study has cerebral activity been functionally assessed and change documented following surgical cure of patients with PHPT.MethodsWe undertook a prospective analysis to obtain pilot data on 6 patients with PHPT. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), formal neuropsychologic (NP) tests, and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) measures that included sleep assessments were performed on patients before and after parathyroidectomy. Changes in cortical activation under both conflict and neutral conditions (distracting tasks) were recorded.ResultsFunctional MRI demonstrated postoperative changes in medial prefrontal cortex activity during cognitive processing of conflict and nonconflict tasks. Further postoperative changes were noted in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex with shifts in activations. In addition to the fMRI findings, the patients demonstrated improvements in sleep and social behavior. They tended to experience less fatigue and their processing speed on cognitive tests improved.ConclusionsThese data support the feasibility and willingness of patients with PHPT to undergo fMRI assessment. Preliminary findings reflected a generalized improvement in processing efficiency postoperatively compared with a patient’s preoperative state, and the HRQL measures showed improved sleep. These findings mirror those expected with sleep dysfunction. Longitudinal assessment with advanced brain imaging technology, neuropsychological (NP), and sleep evaluations is warranted to further explore cognitive, sleep, and HRQL improvement after parathyroidectomy.
Psychiatric and hostility factors related to use of anabolic steroids in monozygotic twins
Authors: Pagonis Thomas A. , Angelopoulos Nikiforos V. , Koukoulis George N. , Hadjichristodoulou Christos S. , Toli Paraskevi N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionAnabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are derived by chemical manipulation of the testosterone molecule. The specified category of drugs produces anabolic, androgenic and psycho-active effects including elevated aggressive, hostile, violent and anti social behavior.ObjectiveThe objective of this case report observational study was to evaluate the possible psychological consequences of AS use in the twin user of each pair, compared with the non-user twin.MethodologyWe studied two pairs of male monozygotic twins: one pair 24 years old and the other 31 years old, with absolute genome and phenotype similarity. One of the twins of each pair used AAS while the other did not. Both pairs lived in Hellenic provincial towns and followed a common training and nutrition regime. The psychometric instruments used were the Symptoms Check List-90 (SCL-90) and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The psychometric evaluations took place within a time interval of 6 months.ResultsThe study found high levels of aggressiveness, hostility, anxiety and paranoid ideation in the twins who used AS. The non-user twins showed no deviation from their initial status.ConclusionThe use of AAS induced several important psychiatric changes in monozygotic twins which were not present in the twin who did not use AAS.
Panic disorder during pregnancy and postpartum period
Authors: Bandelow Borwin , Sojka Felicita , Broocks Andreas , Hajak Göran , Bleich Stefan , Rüther Eckart 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground– Earlier studies on the influence of pregnancy and postpartum period on the course of panic disorder have been inconsistent. The present study aims to quantify panic manifestations in these periods in large sample of women.Method– Panic manifestations, including exacerbations and new manifestations of panic disorder, were assessed retrospectively in a sample of 128 women with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, 93 of whom had had 195 pregnancies.Results– Panic manifestations were fewer during pregnancy and more frequent in the postpartum period when compared with the control period. Women who had never been pregnant had significantly more panic manifestations than women with prior pregnancies. Breastfeeding and miscarriages did not have a significant effect. Women with postpartum panic reported more psychosocial stress events during this period.Conclusions– Possible reasons for postpartum panic and the protective effects of pregnancy are discussed, including psychosocial or hormonal factors and other neurobiological changes. Postpartum panic coincides with a sudden drop of hormones after delivery.