bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expression of murine eutaneous late phase reaction requires both IgE antibodies and CD4 T eells
Authors: SAWADA K. , NAGAI H. , BASAKI Y. , YAMAYA H. , IKIZAWA K. , WATANABE M. , KOJIMA M. , MATSUURA N. , KINIWA M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Exposure of atopic patients to a specific allergen evokes an immediate response which is followed, in many cases, by a late phase reaction (LPR) some hours later. Here we have examined the immunological mechanisms required for the expression of cutaneous LPR in mice.Methods BALB/c mice were immunized by i.p. injection of ovalbumin (OVA) and alum actively or by i.v. injection of anti‐OVA IgE monoclonal antibody (mAb) passively. After challenge by intradermal injection of OVA into ears, the changes in ear thickness, the number of eosinophils, and the levels of IL4 and IFN‐γ protein at the site of antigen challenge were examined.Results Actively immunized mice developed a biphasic response at the site of OVA injection, while mice passively immunized with IgE anti‐OVA mAb displayed a strong early response but no LPR. Cell transfer experiments using BALB/c nu/nu mice revealed that both OVA‐specific IgE mAb and OVA‐primed CD4 T cells were required to evoke LPR. Moreover, LPR was associated with increased levels of IL‐4 production concomitant with reduced IFN‐γ production and was abolished by pretreatment with anti‐IL‐4 neutralizing mAb.Conclusion It is suggested that murine cutaneous LPR against OVA is a type 2 inflammatory response in which both IgH antibodies and CD4 T cells play an obligatory role.
Oral cow milk challenge abolishes antigen‐specific interferon‐γ production in the peripheral blood of children with atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy
Authors: SÜTAS Y. , HURME M. , ISOLAURI E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground A major feature of atopic dermatitis (AD) is the propensity to generate IgE to environmental antigens. Despite extensive information on IgE dysregulation in AD, the nature of immune responses to ingested allergens is poorly characterized.Objective To determine the clinical and immunological responses to food in AD patients.Methods To characterize the type and timing of clinical reactions to oral cow milk, 83 AD patients aged 2 to 60 months were subjected to double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). IFN‐γ and IL‐4 production by their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was determined before and after DBPCFC.Results Of 50 patients positive to DBPCFC, 46% manifested exanthematous‐type immediate‐onset reactions and 54% eczematous‐type late‐onset reactions. In either group, the production of lL‐4 and IFN‐γ by Concanavalin A‐stimulated FBMC was comparable before and after DBPCFC. For immediate‐reacting patients, the median IFN‐γ production by milk‐stimulated PBMC was 11.5 (4.2–17.2) pg/mL as against 2.3 (0.2–5.7) pg/mL by unstimulated PBMC, P = 0.0008 before DBPCFC, and 4.6 (2.8–10.3) pg/mL vs 4.2 (1.7–9.0) pg/mL, P = 0.40, correspondingly after DBPCFC.Conclusion Before DBPCFC, immediate‐reacting but not late‐reacting patients were found to be capable of allergen‐specific IFN‐γ production in vitro, indicating the heterogeneity in AD patients. After DBPCFC, the IFN‐γ generation abolished, indicating the effect of oral allergen exposure on IFN‐γ‐producing responses of AD patients.
Mite allergy is associated with a specific profile of IgG epitopes recognized on antigen p1 of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus
Authors: DUCHATEAU J. , MICHILS A. , MICHEL O. , BARAS L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Immune response lo inhaled antigens differs in allergic patients and healthy individuals, mostly in the quality of T cell help provided (i.e. Th2 or Th l dominant subset). However, while different in many functional aspects, both groups of T cells shared the capacity to support the synthesis of antigen‐specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies detected in different amounts in the serutn of atopic and healthy individuals.Objective The present study investigates whether these IgG responses display similar or different epitopic dominance in the mite sensitization model.Methods Antibody specilicity was evaluated by comparing the IgG binding to native Der p1 (nDer p1) and its products of pepsin hydrolysis (dDer p1) in 56 mite‐allergic patients and 148 healthy individuals, including 24 mite‐sensitized individuals in a solid enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody specificity was also studied in competitive ELISA using streptavidin biotin technology.Results Mite‐allergic sera showed a higher degree of binding to nDer p1 than to dDer p1, whereas control sera and mite‐sensitized sera bound at a similar level to the two forms of the antigen. Allergic sera and control sera, including mite‐sensitized sera, showed distinct capacities to prevent the binding to nDer p1 of pooled IgG from each group as well as murine monoclonal antibodies specific to Der p1.Conclusion The IgG response to Der p1 of mitc‐allergic patients differs from that of healthy controls and mite‐sensitized subjects, not only in its increased titres but also in its consistant pattern of modified specificity, displaying a marked preference lor conformational epitopes. Cross‐competition experiments confirm the clinically associated, restricted specificity, allowing almost complete discrimination between groups, particularly between mite‐sensitized and mite‐allergic subjects, which is currently impossible with routinely available assays.
Effect of surfactant inhalation on allergic bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs
Authors: KURASHIMA K. , FUJIMURA M. , TSUJIURA M. , MATSUDA T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground In the small airway, surfactant reduces surface tension, prevents liquid filling of bronchioles, thereby maintaining patency in the small airways. Recent reports demonstrated that surfactant dysfunction develops in experimental asthma in immunized guinea pigs. However, there are few reports concerning surfactant and lung function in an experimental asthma model.Objective To examine whether inhaled surfactant improves lung mechanics in antigen‐induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.Method We developed a passively immunized guinea pig model for allergic bronchoconstriction induced by antigen inhalation. Using this model, we investigated the effect of inhaled exogenous surfactant, surfactant TA. on the airway opening pressure (Pao) after antigen challenge.Results Aerosol antigen challenge produced a gradual and long‐lasting increase in Pao. Twenty minutes after antigen challenge, aerosolized surfactant TA, 20 mg/ml. was inhaled for 90 s, and it significantly reduced the Pao by 32.8% in 12 min, while a 10.2% reduction was observed in a control group in the same period. When surfactant TA was administered by 90‐s inhalation before antigen challenge, it inhibited the Pao increase in a dose‐dependent manner: mean inhibitory rates of Pao were 33.6% in surfactant TA 10 mg/ml and 61.9% in surfactant TA 20 mg/mI, respectively.Conclusion Inhaled surfactant showed preventive and recovery effects on antigeninduced bronchoconstriction in an immunized guinea pig model.
The natural history of Apis‐specific IgG and IgG4 in beekeepers
Authors: GARCÍA‐ROBAINA J. C. , DE LA TORRE‐MORÍN F. , VAZQUEZ‐MONCHOLI C. , FIERRO J. , BONNET‐MORENO C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Most published studies on changes of specific IgG or its subclasses as a response to stimuli by allergens have been performed on patients under immunotherapy. There are few reports analysing the response to immunoglobulins in patients exposed to allergens in their natural habitats.Objective The aim of this work was to discover the natural history of Apis specific IgG (IgG‐ap) and IgG4 (IgG4‐ap) levels in beekeepers from the Canary Islands.Methods We studied 242 beekeepers (Bks). We used a questionnaire and measured total IgE and seric Apis specific IgE (IgE‐ap), IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap against Apis mellifera venom.Results All Bks had IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap. IgE‐ap was positive in 160 Bks (65.6 %), but only 92 (37.6 %) Bks were considered sensitized. IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap showed significant correlation (r = 0,84); IgE did not correlate with IgG‐ap or IgG4‐ap. There was no seasonal variation in IgG‐ap or IgG4‐ap. The group of sensitized Bks had significantly lower IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap levels (P < 0.05). The groups with longer beekeeping activity showed significantly higher levels of IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap (P < 0.001). Bks with locals reactions had significantly higher IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap than Bks who reported systemic reactions (P < 0.05).Conclusion Our study showed that IgG‐ap and IgG4‐ap appear to increase in Bks, either according to their beekeeping experience or in subjects with local reactions after bee stings.
Topical azelastine has a 12‐hour duration of action as assessed by histamine challenge‐induced exudation of α2‐macroglobulin into human nasal airways
Authors: GREIFF L. , ANDERSSON M. , SVENSSON C. , PERSSON C. G. A 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Oral anti‐histamine drugs are widely used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Recently, anti‐histamines have become available also for topical treatmentObjective The present study, involving healthy subjects, examined the effect of topical azelastine on iuminal entry of α2‐macroglobulin and symptoms evoked by repeat histamine challenges during 24 h. The effect was cotnpared to a clinical dose of the oral anti‐histamine cetirizine and to placebo treatments.Methods Placebo and azelastine (0.254 mg per nasal cavity) were delivered as two consecutive actuations per nasal cavity using a nasal spray device. Oral placebo and cetirizine (10mg) were given as single doses in a placebo‐controlled (double‐dummy), double‐blind, and cross‐over design. Histamine‐challenges were given 1 h before treatment, and 1, 6. 9, 12. and 24 h after each treatment. The nasal mucosal surface was lavaged after each challenge. The lavage‐fiuid levels of α2‐macroglobulin were determined to assess mucosal exudation of bulk plasma, and nasal symptoms were scored.Results Histamine (40–400 μg/mL) produced dose‐dependent exudation and symptoms. Compared between each treatment and placebo, azelastine and cetirizine reduced the 40 and/or 400μg/mL histamine‐induced mucosal exudation of plasma from 1–12 h after treatment. In addition, cetirizine reduced the 40μg/mL histamine‐induced mucosal exudation of plasma 24 h after treatment. Differences between the two treatments were not evident regarding nasal symptoms.Conclusion Histamine challenge‐induced mucosal exudation of plasma appears to be a useful method for studies of the duration of action of antihistamines. We conclude that topical azelastine is suited for b.i.d. therapy and that neither the exudative process nor watery secretion may impede the efficacy or the duration of action of tbis nasal drug.
Expression of adhesion molecules on mononuclear cells from individuals with stable atopic asthma
Authors: TOMITA K. , TANIGAWA T. , YAJIMA H. , SANO H. , FUKUTANI K. , HITSUDA Y. , MATSUMOTO Y. , SASAKI T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryActivated mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) (MNCs) circulate in peripheral blood and accumulate in the airways of individuals with steady‐state asthma. The expression of adhesion molecules on MNCs of 10 patients with steady‐state atopic asthma and 10 non‐atopic control subjects was measured by flow cytometry. The mean fluorescence intensity of CD23 (P= 0.0003), CDl la (P= 0.034), and very late antigen‐4 (VLA‐4) (P= 0.016) was increased on lymphocytes of asthmatic patients relative to those of controls. Although the expression of CD16 (P= 0.002) and CD23 (P= 0.002). which are associated with differentiation into macrophages, was increased on monocytes of patients relative to those of controls, monocyte expression of VLA‐4 (P= 0.006) and sialyl Lewis X (P= 0.005) was reduced. The concentration of interleukin‐4 (lL‐4) in serum was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in normal subjects (P= 0.023), and a significant correlation was apparent between the serum concentration of lL‐4 and the expression of VLA‐4 on lymphocytes (p= 0.71, P= 0.03) or on monocytes (p=−0.72, P= 0.03) in asthmatic patients. Results suggest that lL‐4 may contribute to the priming of adhesion molecule expression on lymphocytes even in steady‐state conditions in individuals with chronic allergic inflammation.
Allergenic crossreactivity between Lepidoglyphus destructor and Blomia tropicalis
Authors: JOHANSSON E. , SCHMIDT M. , JOHANSSON S. G. O. , MACHADO L. , OLSSON S. , VAN HAGE‐HAMSTEN M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground In general, the non‐pyroglyphid mites Lepidoglyphus destructor and Blomia tropicalis show a different geographical distribution. Allergic sensitization to both species have been demonstrated in several investigations. However, whether this reflects crossreactivity or dual sensitization is so far not known.Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the allergenicity and allergenic crossreactivity of L destructor and B. tropicalis using sera from Sweden and Brazil.Objective Allergens in extracts of L. destructor and B. tropicalis were identified with SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting and the crossreactivity was studied by an immunoblot inhibition method. In addition to mite extracts, a recombinant major allergen of L destructor, Lep d 2, was used.Results The extract prepared from L. destructor contained 21 IgE‐binding components when using the Swedish or the Brazilian sera. A 15 kDa allergen was recognized by 85% of the Swedish sera and 78% of the Brazilian. The B. tropicalis extract exposed 23 IgE‐binding components when the Brazilian sera were used and 19 when the Swedish sera were used. A total of 83% of the Brazilian sera and 80% of the Swedish sera identified a 14.5 kDa allergen. The IgE response of the Swedish serum pool to 10 B. tropicalis allergens was inhibited by L. destructor extract. Likewise, the response of the Brazilian serum pool to four different L. destructor allergens was inhibited by B. tropicalis extract. The recombinant Lep d 2 allergen inhibited 33% of the IgE binding of the Swedish serum pool to the 14.5 kDa allergen in the B. tropicalis extract.Conclusion crossreactivity with several proteins from L. destructor and B. tropicalis was demonstrated. The results suggest that a B. tropicalis 14.5 kDa allergen is antigenically crossreactive with recombinant L. destructor allergen Lep d 2.
Management of children with potential anaphylactic reactions in the community: a training package and proposal for good practice
Authors: VICKERS D. W. , MAYNARD L. , EWAN P. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
The increase in potentially dangerous food allergic reactions (e.g. to peanuts and nuts) in children had lead to an increase in the prescription of adrenaline, including adrenaline for self‐ or parent‐injection. This raises problems in the management of these children in schools. Our experience in response to this is described.Objective
To develop a training package to ensure that each child can continue at school but receive optimum emergency treatment in a safe environment. To provide education, training and support to school staff, and to support parents.Methods and Results
This paper describes a model of good practice in the support of children with potentially fatal anaphylactic reactions. The following points are emphasized. Children with a history of anaphylactic reactions should be expertly assessed prior to the prescription of adrenaline injection. A written treatment plan is essential. Parents need expert support in managing the child. Schools need training and support. Children should lead a normal life, and not be stigmatized or labelled by their problem. Close liaison between primary care, acute services, community services and education services are essential for the successful management of this problem. Data from a questionnare showed the training package was of benefit, with considerable reduction in anxiety in school staff and parents.Conclusion
A broad training package is essential: training in administration of adrenaline is only one aspect, and emphasis is placed on education, recognition of allergic reactions and prevention. The presence of children in school needing access to adrenaline is no longer perceived as a problem in our area. We recommend other health authorities provide a similar service.
The in vitro and in vivo effect of corticosteroides on basophi releasabihty in patients with mild and severe bronchial asthma
Authors: KIVITY S. , ONN A. , AGAMI O. , FIREMAN E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
While inhalation of corticosteroids (CST) is considered very effective in most asthmatic patients, some require a high dose of orul prcdnisonc to control the disease. Basophils, which participate in inflammation, are responsive to cortiseosteroids by suppressing histamine release.Objectives
We investigated the in vivo (oral prednisone) and in vitro (dexamethasone, DEX) effect on basophil histamine release in mild and steroid‐dependent asthmatics.Methods
Histamine release from basophils to anti‐IgE and anti‐IgE + IL3 was evaluated following live days of prednisone given 20 mg twice daily in eight subjects with mild disease and 2 h following their daily prednisone ingestion in eight subjects with severe disease, as well as after in vitro DEX was added to the cells.Results
Histamine release from basophils was seen following anti‐ IgE as well as anti‐IgE + IL‐3. The same amount of release was seen in the mild and severe asthmatics. In vivo prednisone suppressed histamine release to both stimuli and DEX added to the suppression in the mild asthmatics. In the severe ones. DEX showed no inhibitory effect on histamine release.Conclusion
Oral and in‐vitro CST suppressed histamine release from basophils of mild but not severe CST‐dependent asthmatics. Suppression of basophil releasability can be a reflection of asthma severity.
Increased specificity of diagnostic tests with recombinant major bee venom allergen phospholipase A2
Authors: MÜLLER U. , FRICKER M. , WYMANN D. , BLASER K. , CRAMERI R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
In diagnosis of type I allergy recombinant allergens have potential advantages over conventional allergenic extracts, both regarding specificity and reproducibility.Objectives
We therefore decided to study honey bee venom (BV) and its major allergen phospholipase A2 (PLA) in native and recombinant form for diagnosis of bee sting allergy.Method
We investigated 85 patients with a history of a recent systemic allergic bee sting reaction and positive intracutaneous skin test to BV, and 21 controls with no history of allergic bee sting reaction and negative skin test to BV. Intracutaneous skin tests and determination of specific IgE by ImmunoCAPR to BV, native PLA (nPLA) and recomhinant PLA (rPLA) were done in all patients and controls.Results
In skin testing 84 (99%) of the 85 patients reacted to nPLA and 81 (95%) to rPLA, while none of the 21 controls was positive with nPLA or rPLA. Specific serum IgE to BV could be detected in 82 of the patients (96%), to nPLA in 73 (86%) and to rPLA in 66 (78%). Four (19%) of the controls had a positive CAP to BV, one (4.8%) to nPLA and none to rPLA. Analysis of discordant results in CAP showed, that most patients with specific IgE to BV, but not to nPLA and rPLA, had positive skin tests to both PLA preparations and low levels of BV specific IgE. Patients with specific IgE to nPLA but not to rPLA were usually sensitized to minor allergens of BV which contaminated the commercial nPLA.Conclusions
PLA is the major allergen in BV. While diagnostic tests with BV are more sensitive, the specificity of tests with PLA, especially rPLA is clearly increased as compared with BV.
Crossreactivity and T‐cell epitope specificity of Bet v 1‐specific T cells suggest the involvement of multiple isoallergens in sensitization to birch pollen
Authors: SPARHOLT S. H. , LARSEN J. N. , IPSEN H. , SCHOU C. , VAN NEERVEN R. J. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Allergen‐specific T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathophysiology of atopic disease. Detailed studies of their epitope‐specificity and crossreactivity are required for the development of novel approaches for specific immunotherapy.Objectives
The aim of the study was to characterize the fine specificity of Bet v 1‐specific T cells from allergic donors.Methods
Polyclonal T‐cell lines (TCL) and T‐cell clones (TCC), specific for Bet v 1, the major birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen allergen, were isolated from the peripheral blood of three birch‐allergic patients. Their epitope‐specificity was studied using overlapping synthetic peptides, and crossreactivity with other tree pollen allergens of the Fagales order was evaluated. In addition, the Bet v 1‐specific TCC were studied for their phenotype and cytokine production.Results
All isolated Bet v 1‐specific TCC (19/21 CD4+, 2/21 CD8+) reacted with affinity purified Bet v 1, but showed different reactivities with recombinant Bet v 1 (rBet v 1), and with group 1 allergens from other Fagales species. Epitope mapping of rBet v 1‐reactive TCC with synthetic peptides of Bet v 1 showed the presence of four T‐cell epitopes. Polyclonal T‐cell lines reacted with 13 different peptides, and displayed even broader crossreactivity with group 1 pollen allergens from other Fagales members.Conclusion
This study demonstrates that apart from T‐cell epitopes of rBet v 1, many other crossreactive or Bet v 1 isoallergen‐specific epitopes exist. This indicates that isoallergenic variation plays an important role in the induction of Bet v 1‐specific and crossreactive T‐cell responsiveness to allergens.
Determinants of house dust mite allergen in homes in Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: WICKENS K. , SIEBERS R. , ELLIS I. , LEWIS S. , SAWYER G. , TOHILL S. , STONE L. , KENT R. , KENNEDY J. , SLATER T. , CROTHALL A. , TRETHOWEN H. , PEARCE N. , FITZHARRIS P. , CRANE J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryObjectives
To measure levels of the major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen (Der p 1) in homes in Wellington, New Zealand, and to examine factors which affect these levels.Methods
As part of a study of risk factors for asthma among 474 8–10‐year‐old children, standard procedures were used to collect reservoir dust and to measure Der p 1 levels on the living room floor and child's bedroom floor and bedding. Der p 1 levels were analysed both as geometric mean μg/g of fine dust and as μg/m2. Questionnaires collected information about factors which might influence these levels, and an average relative humidity in the bed and on the bedroom floor was also measured.Results
Similar geometric mean levels of Der p 1 were found at each floor site – 25.5μg/g (95% CI: 22.8–28.5) in the living room and 26.4 μg/g (95% CI: 23.7–29.3) on the child's bedroom floor. The geometric mean level of Der p 1 in the child's bed was 46.6 μg/g (95% CI: 42.3–51.3). After controlling for possible confounders, geometric mean living room and bedroom floor Der p 1 levels were significantly higher in households with older carpet than households with no carpets or newer carpets, and higher in the autumn. Households with three or more children had higher levels of Der p 1 than households with fewer children. Bedding levels were significantly higher in beds with kapok or inner sprung mattresses, or wool underlays and at relative humidities above the mean (51%).Conclusion
The very high levels of house dust mite allergen (Der p 1) found in Wellington are likely to be due to a variety of life‐style and climatic factors. However, the type and age of floor covering appears to be the single most important factor.