bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF MARKET FLUCTUATIONS ON THE SRI LANKAN TOURIST INDUSTRY: RESILIENCE AND CHANGE, 1981–1991
Authors: O'HARE GREGORY , BARRETT HAZEL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTDespite the rapid rise of tourism as a major international commercial activity and the marked increase in the numbers of tourists visiting the Third World over the last several decades, the pace of publication of academic papers examining the growth and development of the industry in various tropical locations has remained relatively moderate. This article attempts to redress some of this deficiency and to fill a gap in the geographical literature of Third World tourism. An investigation of market fluctuation within the Sri Lankan tourist industry over the last decade, in particular that of the rapid reduction in tourist arrivals during the period of political instability between 1982 and 1989, and the impressive recovery of the tourist market since 1989, is examined. The progress of Sri Lanka's tourist experience over time is assessed in the light of R.W. Butler's (1980) evolutionary model of tourist development. While the early expansionist development of the Sri Lankan tourist industry between the mid‐1960s and early 1980s fits Butler's model fairly closely, the market response of ‘bust and boom’ since 1983 diverges substantially from his theoretical ideas. The case study also demonstrates that tourism need not exercise a wholly negative influence on an economy; but under the right circumstances can be of benefit to Third World countries. An outline is also given of the methods by which Sri Lanka has attempted to keep in check the negative aspects of tourism in order to ensure that tourism is a positive and successful development strategy. In looking to the future, the tourist industry in Sri Lanka appears to have the potential for continued growth and development provided political conditions in the country remain stable. The industry promises to be an important aspect of Sri Lanka's development strategy, if the negative aspects of tourism can be controlled.
RESTRUCTURING PRODUCTION IN THE WEST EUROPEAN STEEL INDUSTRY
Authors: HUDSON RAY 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIndustrial restructuring is a necessary element in the process of capital accumulation. Restructuring denotes decisive qualitative changes rather than just quantitative changes in the organization of production. In this paper the recent (broadly post‐1974) restructuring of the West European steel industry is examined via consideration of the interplay between processes of change conceptualized as occurring at two levels of analysis: sectoral change on the one hand and the strategies of capital, labour and states on the other.
ACCESSIBILITY AND LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN CATALONIA
Authors: WESSELS COEN , BECK JAN MANSVELT 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTCastilianization of Catalonia is often thought to be most intensive in the most accessible and central areas. With the help of Geographical Information Systems and characteristics of the road and railway networks, centrality scores for urban municipalities and municipalities near the city of Barcelona have been calculated. The analysis of language characteristics does not show any significant relationship of accessibility on the one hand and the distribution of language characteristics on the other. Instead, Catalonia's linguistic geography is strongly linked with massive in‐migration of Castilian‐speaking minorities. This conclusion may even be valid in a retrospective sense.
TELEMATICS IN LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF MANCHESTER
Authors: GIBBS DAVID , LEACH BRIAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article examines the implications of the convergence of information technology (IT) and telecommunications into ‘telematics’ for local economies. Despite the crucial importance of such technologies for local economic development, there is increasing evidence that engagement with such technologies is uneven, both between areas and within areas. Peripheral and underdeveloped areas may lose out to the core areas and certain communities and types of firm may be disadvantaged. Several local economic development agencies and authorities have identified telematics development as a key area for strategic intervention. This article investigates the issues involved in such strategies and provides details from a Manchester‐based project ‐the Manchester Host computer network.
CHANGES IN THE GEOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF WESTERN AID1966–1990
Authors: HOLDAR SVEN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn the early 1960s, the United States dominated aid‐giving to Latin America; the US, the European states and Japan all disbursed aid to the Asian nations; and the European states provided most of the aid to Africa. Since then, three major changes have occurred in the Western aid regime. First, the international coordination of the Western aid programs has increased. Second, the US role as the dominant aid donor has come to an end. Instead, it is the countries of the European Community and Japan that dominate Western aid‐giving today. Third, a framework for coordination of the aid programs within the EC has emerged. Although these changes fundamentally have altered the geographic distribution of aid from the 1960s, they do not conclusively point to a development toward a tripolar panregional division among the Western donors.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF U.S. URBAN LABOR MARKETS: ASIAN IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN NEW YORK AND LOS ANGELES
Authors: ETTLINGER NANCY , KWON SANGCHEOL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis article develops a disaggregate and comparative approach to discern the role of immigrants in urban economies. We disaggregate Asians into four dominant subgroups, and we disaggregate gross industrial employment categories into an industrial‐occupational matrix. Using a relative measure of employment, we compare industrial‐occupational niches for each Asian group in two similar urban contexts, Los Angeles and New York. Empirical findings indicate that neither the supply‐side nor demand‐driven perspectives on immigrants' role in urban economies sufficiently explains the complex patterns we identified. Our results suggest that the neoclassical vision of immigrants ‐ filling particular niches for which they “fit”, by virtue of qualifications or corporate need ‐ overlooks the possibility that immigrants may work to create their own niche or competitive advantage through managing or manipulating the system. This possibility must be explored through interviews. We suggest that interview procedures be preceded by the type of analysis conducted here, so that specific, targeted questions can be developed for the field.
RESHAPING US FOREIGN AID POLICY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
Authors: NIJMAN JAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe end of the Cold War and accompanying changes in the global geopolitical order created a vastly different context for US foreign aid. Since American aid was mostly given for geopolitical reasons, foreign aid required a new rationale. These changes in the global environment coincided with waning domestic support for foreign aid and a new tendency to ‘put America first’, as well as mounting criticism of the institutions dealing with US aid and the legislative framework. A clear response to these new demands first materialized in 1994 with the introduction of important new legislation, and the revocation of the Foreign Aid Act of 1961. In writing, the new legislation attempts to honor demands from various constituencies. These include calls for more business oriented aid, for environmentally responsible aid, for a return to true development aid, and for aid that helps promote new security interests of the United States. In practice, there are some notable shifts in aid flows. The most important are those from former strategic allies in the Cold War to the former communist states in East Europe. One of the conclusions is that, despite continued disagreement among constituencies in the United States, geopolitical motives still prevail in US foreign aid policy: it is only the regional contexts that change.
FOREIGN AID AND EASTERN EUROPE IN THE ‘NEW WORLD ORDER’
Authors: MICHALAK WIESLAW 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTAid to eastern Europe is designed specifically for macro‐economic stabilization and projects in infrastructure, nuclear weapons and nuclear waste disposal, improvement of the environment, training, transfer of technology and acquisition of know‐how related to the functioning of democratic institutions, market economies and administrative systems. Most of these aid programmes are conditional upon adoption of far reaching economic and political reforms. Unfortunately, the donor countries lack coherent strategy and political will to devote substantial resources to the goal of stabilization of eastern Europe. Western aid is often considered in eastern Europe as overly cautious and overdue. Ethnic conflicts, the depth of economic decline and the sheer size of this region contribute to the confusion and shortsightedness of aid policies. Western aid is unlikely to make any significant impact on the process of reforms and stabilization of eastern Europe if it is to continue unmodified.
THE CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF COUNCIL HOUSE SALES IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1978–1990
Authors: HOGGART KEITH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSince 1980, when public housing tenants in England and Wales were given the right to buy their homes, sales activity has been strongest in Conservative councils and weakest in Labour ones. In recent years, however, this pattern has changed, with Conservative councils recording the lowest sales levels. It is suggested that this owes much to the boom and bust character of local housing markets in the late 1980s, along with growing fears over unemployment. Using a statistical model to control for underlying influences on purchases, this article examines sales rates for every year from 1977/78–1989/90 for all 333 district councils in England and Wales.
IMPACTS OF ACQUISITIONS AND NEW PLANTS ON THE EMPLOYMENT IN US AFFILIA TES OF FOREIGN MANUFA CTURING FIRMS
Authors: PIGOZZI BRUCE Wm. , BAGCHI‐SEN SHARMISTHA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUsing the polynomially distributed lags model we differentiate, through time, the aggregate impacts of the two major modes of Foreign Direct Investment upon employment within the foreign manufacturing sector in the US. Our results indicate that the impact of FDI is not uniform; it is specific to entry mode. The acquisition of domestic firms by foreign interests appears to have little aggregate positive impact upon employment, while new plants, constructed by foreign concerns, have positive employment impacts on the foreign manufacturing sector in the United States.
SKILL FORMATION AND JAPANESE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: PATCHELL JERRY , HAYTER ROGER 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article focuses on an important research gap in recent literature on the geography of labour market segmentation, namely internal skill formation within firms and how that skill formation is affected by inter‐firm relationships within a production system and among production systems. We address this research gap by drawing on Japanese perspectives and by integrating two approaches to flexibility – that defined in terms of the imperatives of labour market segmentation, and that defined by the imperatives of industrial organization and production. In particular we integrate Asanuma's concept of the relation specific skill, developed within the context of inter‐firm relations, and Koike and Inoki's concept of enterprise specific skills, developed in the context of the role of job training in skill formation. These concepts are illustrated with reference to the Japanese robot industry which has been developed according to a strategy of flexible specialization.
INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION: EVALUATION OF ANDEAN PACT COUNTRIES
Authors: MIKUS WERNER 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article shows an example of applied industrial geography and policy. Based on statistical data and interviews obtained in South America, the potential of joint ventures as a contribution to more technical, financial and operational interactions in North‐South relations and tendencies towards outward orientation in industrialization are described. The assessment of interviews shows several details of possible joint ventures regarding size, production, manpower, technical equipment and transfer of new enterprises. Joint ventures are an important contribution to economic development, especially to export diversification. EU and Andean Pact institutions now support increased industrial cooperation with various incentives, while at the same time non‐European countries are realizing more projects in Latin America.
SALES OF BUSINESS SERVICES FROM A EUROPEAN CITY
Authors: TOWNSEND ALAN , MACDONALD RACHEL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTheoretical and empirical attention to competition between European cities must lay emphasis on the growth of business services. Does it arise from externalisation of work from industry, or from sales to the rest of the service sector locally, nationally or internationally? In a policy survey of 39 ‘business service’ firms for the Scottish City of Edinburgh it was found, despite the prominence of its financial institutions and a few outstanding examples of international sales, that 80% of activity was undertaken for the Scottish market, 24% for private households and only about 10% for the manufacturing sector. It should be policy to maximise export activity of the sector, with the help of continued development of education and training in the City of Edinburgh.
LIVING ON THE EDGE: CHILDREN AS ‘OUTSIDERS’
Authors: MATTHEWS HUGH 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTCultural geography draws attention to the position of ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’ groups in society, each with their own ‘ways of seeing’. This article focuses on a significant outsider group, who have seldom been acknowledged in contemporary geographical studies, older children. Despite a burgeoning body of research which highlights the singular environmental needs of older children, most large‐scale environments are designed to reflect only adult values and usages. The visions of environmental planners and landscape architects implicitly reflect the dominant perceptions of a society, such that groups already on the edge become further marginalised by policy making. Older children are seemingly invisible on the landscape. At best they are provided with some kind of token space, commonly a playground, but otherwise they are required to fit into the alien environments of the adult world. This article evaluates the outcomes of conventional environmental planning, reports on a survey of 9–11 year old children's ways of seeing' familiar outdoor places and argues for an action plan which recognises children as full and active members of society.
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, LOCAL ECONOMIES AND REGULATION THEORY
Authors: GIBBS DAVID , TANNER KEITH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article examines the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) upon local economic development policies. While ICT policies have been a fast growing area of interest for local policy makers, there has been little attempt to discover the merits, or otherwise, of such policies. In part this can be traced back to the use of either an ‘information economy’ approach or a simplistic post‐Fordist analysis as the theoretical justification for such policies. In this article we explore the use of a regulation theory approach to examine the limits to such policies.
TRADITIONAL‐STYLE FARMING AND VALUES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALTA
Authors: SHORT DAVID 
Published: March 2008

AbstractContemporary ‘sea‐changes’ in rural policy, particularly in Europe, are promoting a search for diversification and ‘relocalization’ of farming goals, values and systems away from the globalizing model of capitalist industrial productivism. Part of this quest has centred on an insight that some rural areas have ‘lagged behind’ in an uneven modernization process. There, persistence of more traditional styles of farming appears to offer prospects for revival of more ‘ecological’, less environmentally threatening, forms of production. This article presents the findings of a survey of Maltese farm‐based opinion on prospects for development in this new policy setting. It takes rural Malta as a locality exhibiting ‘lagging’ characteristics which recur in other peripheral areas of the Mediterranean realm. The case‐study evidence is used to suggest that defining a strategy which meets the shifting ambitions of policy makers while finding a consensus among highly differentiated local farmers may prove hard, particularly in the very ‘marginal’ settings which appear to have evaded full modernization.
FOREIGN RESIDENTS, HOUSING MARKET AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: THARUN ELKE 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn order to examine the relationship between the housing market and integration of foreign residents and their families in Frankfurt am Main, it is necessary to look at its socioeconomic structure. The article begins with a brief summary of the spatial and socioeconomic situation of Frankfurt and the foreign residents of the city. Next, the characteristics of urban development and the existing housing stock, publicly financed low‐income housing, and integration strategies are discussed in order to determine how effective the City has been in its attempts to integrate the foreign resident population. It becomes apparent that foreigners are increasingly disadvantaged where urban development is concerned, whenever they have to look for accommodation in those sectors of the housing market which are regulated by theprivate economy.In thepublic sector, there is a structural under‐supply due to the discrepancy between accommodation size and household size of foreigners on the one hand, and a regulation of the proportion of foreigners, as regards a ‘socially compatible’ composition, and the total share of population groups of the city, on the other hand. Finally, the importance of reforming the German nationality law in relation to the integration of foreigners is discussed.
DETERMINANTS OF STATE INVESTMENT IN CHINA, 1953–1990
Authors: MA LAURENCE J.C. , WEI YEHUA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGeneralizations of regional development in socialist countries based on detailed case studies of important elements of production in different countries are needed. This study focuses on one important force that affects China's regional development: state investment in basic construction. With the exception of the Third Front period (1965‐71), the more developed eastern region always enjoyed a greater proportion of state investment than the central and western regions. Three major factors affected the temporal patterns of regional distribution of state investment in China: the ideological concern for spatial equality, defense considerations arising from perceived international threats, and die practical needs of die national economy. These factors exerted different influence on die investment patterns at different times. Whereas spatial equality and economic pragmatism were major concerns during the First Five‐Year Plan (1953‐57), national defense greatly affected the spatial patterns of state investment during the Third Front period, and these factors brought considerable state investment to die inland regions. Since die 1978 reforms, die concern for economic efficiency, not spatial equality in development or national security, has favored die coastal region.
AFRICAN URBANIZATION: DEPENDENT LINKAGES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
Authors: STEWART DONA J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe colonial experience drastically altered the indigenous urban system in Africa, replacing it with a European‐driven urban system designed to facilitate the extraction of resources. The urban system, and the nature of ties with the colonial power, allowed African integration into the world economy only in a dependent fashion. These dependent ties were deepened as the world economy became more globalized in the post‐colonial period. The continent rapidly urbanized, with much of the population concentrating in primate cities. This urbanization was not accompanied by economic growth, as a result Africa will soon become a continent of large cities ‐ with urban populations they cannot physically and economically support. Africa's relationship with die world economy is unlikely to improve, deeply in debt and unattractive to investors, the 1990s will see the continent largely excluded from the world economy except in its colonial role as primary products supplier.
ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKING: INDUSTRIAL ESTATES IN GHANA
Authors: MCDADE BARBARA E. , MALECKI EDWARD J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article looks at networking activities among entrepreneurs of small‐scale enterprises in an industrial district in Ghana. The purpose of the study is to identify the type of inter‐firm interaction that takes place, and to determine the effect it has on die productive capabilities of die firms and die industrialization process. The study is set in the context of research on industrial districts and inter‐firm networks which have been associated with technological change and competitive success for firms in advanced economies. While some believe that were may be little about industrial districts in places such as Third Italy or Silicon Valley which can be transferred to developing countries, die fact remains that small firms everywhere are more similar than different. Therefore, an understanding of die process of networking in Ghana may provide insights on die nature of these activities and their effectiveness in contributing to enterprise growth and die thickening of die industrial base in developing economies.
THE EFFECTS OF REGIONALISATION ON TRADE FLOWS
Authors: POON JESSIE P. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTRecent research on international trade has highlighted the role of geography in influencing trade patterns. This article seeks to contextualise spatially the traditional gravity model used widely to examine patterns of international trade. It shows that since global trade is increasingly organised around regions, variations in regionalisation or geographical bias affect the levels of bilateral trade. When such biases are not taken into account, then estimation of the gravity trade model fails to discriminate between the relative spatial structures of trading regimes. The above argument is examined in the context of Asia‐Pacific and Europe which are observed to have relatively different forms of regionalisation tendencies.
RESORTING TO KOREAN TOURISM IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: WAITT GORDON 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSince the late 1980s, tourism has become Australia's most important source of export earnings, surpassing traditional commodities of wool, wheat and meat. Globally, Australia's tourist sector is growing at a rate exceeding all other OECD nations. Arrivals were up 16% when the years 1992 and 1993 are compared. Maintaining this growth requires diversifying the source of tourists. This article explores the growth in the tourist trade to Australia from the Republic of Korea (henceforth Korea). From 1991 to 1993, Korea was one of Australia's most rapidly growing source of inbound tourists. The article examines the growth in tourist flows between Korea and Australia in terms of ‘functional space’ which emphasises the concepts of generation, linkage and attraction between home and destination countries. It is argued that the demand for overseas travel in Korea is a response to the complex interplay of reduced explicit government legislation controlling overseas travel and increasing personal wealth. Marketing is essential to encourage Koreans to visit Australia since it is a marginal location in terms of Koreans' actual holiday destinations. Transforming potential to actual travel is dependent upon the marketing strategies pursued by the Australian Tourist Commission, travel agents, and airline companies.