bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local structure of interstitial Zn in β‐Zn4Sb3
Authors: Toberer E. S. , Sasaki K. A. , Chisholm C. R. I. , Haile S. M. , Goddard W. A. , Snyder G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe low thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric material β‐Zn4Sb3 has been linked to disorder arising from multiple interstitial Zn sites. Here we investigate the energetics and local distortions associated with these interstitial sites via DFT calculations. Our results show the β‐Zn4Sb3 structure is able to distort into many inequivalent geometries of similar energies, suggesting a topology rich with transport pathways through energetically accessible metastable states. The occurrence of such a shallow energy landscape may explain the recently discovered liquid‐like diffusivity of Zn in β‐Zn4Sb3 – comparable to that found in superionic conductors. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Examining the collision‐induced decomposition spectra of ammoniated triglycerides. III. The linoleate and arachidonate series
Authors: Gakwaya Robert , Li Xingwen , Wong Yin Ling , Chivukula Swathilekha , Collins Elizabeth J. , Evans Jason J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA series of positionally pure triglycerides (TAGs) of the form LXL, YLY, AXA, and YAY was synthesized and analyzed by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. L and A represent the linoleate and arachidate moieties, respectively, and X and Y represent large arrays of fatty acid moieties of various chain lengths, degree of unsaturations, double‐bond positions, and cis/trans configurations. The abundances of the collision‐induced decomposition (CID) products of ammoniated TAGs were examined as a function of these parameters. The major CID products, the diglyceride (DAG) product ions and the MH+ ions, are plotted as functions of chain length for the saturated and monounsaturated series of X and Y. The following trends are observed in the data. TAGs with higher degrees of unsaturation tend to show greater relative abundances of MH+ in the CID spectra of their ammoniated precursor ions. The position of the fatty acid constituents along the glycerol backbone also seems to influence the abundances of the MH+ ion in the CID spectra of the ammoniated precursor ions. A fatty acid constituent with double bonds along the fatty acid chain positioned close to the carbonyl promotes the formation of the DAG product ion that corresponds to its loss upon CID of the ammoniated precursor ion. Linoleic acid substituents also seem to promote the formation of DAG product ions, but to a lesser extent. Data for the YAY TAGs are used to predict the abundances of the product ions in the CID spectra of ammoniated YAX TAGs. These data are discussed in context of a broader project to develop and validate software algorithims to support a platform for comprehensive analysis of complex mixtures of TAGs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial Splenectomy for Benign Splenic Cysts with the Aid of a Lin Clamp: Technical Note
Authors: Wu Shih‐Chung , Wang Chih‐Chi , Yong Chee‐Chien 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundSpleen‐preserving procedures deserve every effort by surgeons to reduce the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. Partial splenectomy at hospitals with restricted sources remains technically demanding. We describe our method of partial splenectomy for benign splenic cysts with the aid of a Lin clamp.Patients and MethodsSince April 2003 to August 2004, we have performed partial splenectomy with the aid of a Lin clamp on 5 suitable patients with symptomatic cysts. Detailed patient characteristics, operative variables, and outcomes were collected. Following surgery, they were regularly followed up every 6 months.ResultsAll five partial splenectomies were successfully executed without any complications. The mean operating time was 75 minutes, and a mean operative blood loss of 68 ml could be achieved. With a mean follow‐up of 34.4 months, no cyst recurrences were detected to date. Postoperative laboratory data, imaging studies, and clinical situations proved that the preserved splenic parenchyma maintained adequate function.ConclusionsPartial splenectomy with the aid of a Lin clamp for benign splenic cysts is a practical method with the advantages of easy application, rapid parenchymal dissection, secure hemostasis, and cost‐effectiveness. With encouraging preliminary results, further application of this method to bleeding eccentric parenchymal injuries of the spleen may be warranted.
Efficacy and Safety of Seprafilm for Preventing Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Zeng Qiqiang , Yu Zhengping , You Jie , Zhang Qiyu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundThere is no clear consensus on the efficacy and safety of hyaluronate‐carboxymethylcellulose membrane (Seprafilm) for preventing postoperative abdominal adhesion. This study is a meta‐analysis of the available evidence.MethodsA search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library identified eight studies that met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. Estimates of effectiveness were performed using fixed‐ and random‐effects models. The effect was calculated as an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the statistical software Review Manager Version 4.2. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsOutcomes of 4203 patients were studied. The incidence of grade 0 adhesions among Seprafilm‐treated patients was statistically significantly more than that observed among control group patients (OR 95%CI, 3.74–20.34; p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade 1 adhesions between Seprafilm and control groups (OR 95%CI, 0.58–2.71; p = 0.56). The severity of grade 2 and grade 3 adhesions among Seprafilm‐treated patients was significantly less than that observed among control group patients (OR 95%CI, 0.22–0.93; p = 0.03; OR 95%CI, 0.09–0.63; p < 0.01, respectively). The incidence of intestinal obstruction after abdominal surgery was not different between Seprafilm and control groups (OR 95%CI, 0.78–1.23; p = 0.84). Using Seprafilm significantly increased the incidence of abdominal abscesses (OR 95%CI, 1.06–2.54; p = 0.03) and anastomotic leaks (OR 95%CI, 1.18–3.50; p = 0.01).ConclusionsOur systematic review and meta‐analysis showed that Seprafilm could decrease abdominal adhesions after general surgery, which may benefit patients, but could not reduce postoperative intestinal obstruction. At the same time, Seprafilm did increase abdominal abscesses and anastomotic leaks.
HighP–T Nano-Mechanics of Polycrystalline Nickel
Authors: Zhao Yusheng , Shen TD , Zhang Jianzhong 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
We have conducted highP–T synchrotron X-ray and time-of-flight neutron diffraction experiments as well as indentation measurements to study equation of state, constitutive properties, and hardness of nanocrystalline and bulk nickel. Our lattice volume–pressure data present a clear evidence of elastic softening in nanocrystalline Ni as compared with the bulk nickel. We show that the enhanced overall compressibility of nanocrystalline Ni is a consequence of the higher compressibility of the surface shell of Ni nanocrystals, which supports the results of molecular dynamics simulation and a generalized model of a nanocrystal with expanded surface layer. The analytical methods we developed based on the peak-profile of diffraction data allow us to identify “micro/local” yield due to high stress concentration at the grain-to-grain contacts and “macro/bulk” yield due to deviatoric stress over the entire sample. The graphic approach of our strain/stress analyses can also reveal the corresponding yield strength, grain crushing/growth, work hardening/softening, and thermal relaxation under highP–T conditions, as well as the intrinsic residual/surface strains in the polycrystalline bulks. From micro-indentation measurements, we found that a low-temperature annealing (T < 0.4 Tm) hardens nanocrystalline Ni, leading to an inverse Hall–Petch relationship. We explain this abnormal Hall–Petch effect in terms of impurity segregation to the grain boundaries of the nanocrystalline Ni.
Letrozole as primary therapy for endometrial hyperplasia in young women
Authors: Li Hongzhen , Chen Xinna , Qiao Jie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo study letrozole as a primary therapeutic agent for endometrial hyperplasia with or without atypia in young women.MethodsFive premenopausal women presenting for infertility were diagnosed as having endometrial hyperplasia. A second biopsy was performed after they were treated for 3 months with 2.5 mg of letrozole per day. Serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were measured each month.ResultsCurettage of the endometrium at the end of treatment revealed no evidence of endometrial hyperplasia or atypia in any of the patients. Low serum levels of estradiol were found in all patients.ConclusionThis case series indicates that aromatase inhibitors deserve attention for the conservative treatment of endometrial hyperplasia. However, more studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of this agent.
Achieving transparency in implementing abortion laws
Authors: Cook R.J. , Erdman J.N. , Dickens B.M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNational and international courts and tribunals are increasingly ruling that although states may aim to deter unlawful abortion by criminal penalties, they bear a parallel duty to inform physicians and patients of when abortion is lawful. The fear is that women are unjustly denied safe medical procedures to which they are legally entitled, because without such information physicians are deterred from involvement. With particular attention to the European Court of Human Rights, the UN Human Rights Committee, the Constitutional Court of Colombia, the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal, and the US Supreme Court, decisions are explained that show the responsibility of states to make rights to legal abortion transparent. Litigants are persuading judges to apply rights to reproductive health and human rights to require states’ explanations of when abortion is lawful, and governments are increasingly inspired to publicize regulations or guidelines on when abortion will attract neither police nor prosecutors’ scrutiny.
Proteomics Technologies and Challenges
Authors: Cho William C.S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Proteomics is the study of proteins and their interactions in a cell. With the completion of the Human Genome Project, the emphasis is shifting to the protein compliment of the human organism. Because proteome reflects more accurately on the dynamic state of a cell, tissue, or organism, much is expected from proteomics to yield better disease markers for diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The advent of proteomics technologies for global detection and quantitation of proteins creates new opportunities and challenges for those seeking to gain greater understanding of diseases. High-throughput proteomics technologies combining with advanced bioinformatics are extensively used to identify molecular signatures of diseases based on protein pathways and signaling cascades. Mass spectrometry plays a vital role in proteomics and has become an indispensable tool for molecular and cellular biology. While the potential is great, many challenges and issues remain to be solved, such as mining low abundant proteins and integration of proteomics with genomics and metabolomics data. Nevertheless, proteomics is the foundation for constructing and extracting useful knowledge to biomedical research. In this review, a snapshot of contemporary issues in proteomics technologies is discussed.
Integration of Known Transcription Factor Binding Site Information and Gene Expression Data to Advance from Co-Expression to Co-Regulation
Authors: Clements Maarten , van Someren Eugene P. , Knijnenburg Theo A. , Reinders Marcel J.T. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The common approach to find co-regulated genes is to cluster genes based on gene expression. However, due to the limited information present in any dataset, genes in the same cluster might be co-expressed but not necessarily co-regulated. In this paper, we propose to integrate known transcription factor binding site information and gene expression data into a single clustering scheme. This scheme will find clusters of co-regulated genes that are not only expressed similarly under the measured conditions, but also share a regulatory structure that may explain their common regulation. We demonstrate the utility of this approach on a microarray dataset of yeast grown under different nutrient and oxygen limitations. Our integrated clustering method not only unravels many regulatory modules that are consistent with current biological knowledge, but also provides a more profound understanding of the underlying process. The added value of our approach, compared with the clustering solely based on gene expression, is its ability to uncover clusters of genes that are involved in more specific biological processes and are evidently regulated by a set of transcription factors.
Adaptive Evolution of Cry Genes in Bacillus Thuringiensis: Implications for Their Specificity Determination
Authors: Wu Jin-Yu , Zhao Fang-Qing , Bai Jie , Deng Gang , Qin Song , Bao Qi-Yu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The cry gene family, produced during the late exponential phase of growth in Bacillus thuringiensis, is a large, still-growing family of homologous genes, in which each gene encodes a protein with strong specific activity against only one or a few insect species. Extensive studies are mostly focusing on the structural and functional relationships of Cry proteins, and have revealed several residues or domains that are important for the target recognition and receptor attachment. In this study, we have employed a maximum likelihood method to detect evidence of adaptive evolution in Cry proteins, and have identified 24 positively selected residues, which are all located in Domain II or III. Combined with known data from mutagenesis studies, the majority of these residues, at the molecular level, contribute much to the insect specificity determination. We postulate that the potential pressures driving the diversification of Cry proteins may be in an attempt to adapt for the “arm race” between δ-endotoxins and the targeted insects, or to enlarge their target spectra, hence result in the functional divergence. The sites identified to be under positive selection would provide targets for further structural and functional analyses on Cry proteins.
Dynamic Proteome Changes of Shigella Flexneri 2a During Transition from Exponential Growth to Stationary Phase
Authors: Zhu Li , Liu Xian-Kai , Zhao Ge , Zhi Yi-Dan , Bu Xin , Ying Tian-Yi , Feng Er-Ling , Wang Jie , Zhang Xue-Min , Huang Pei-Tang , Wang Heng-Liang 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Shigella flexneri is an infectious pathogen that causes dysentery to human, which remains a serious threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. In this study, the global protein expression patterns of S. flexneri during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase in vitro were analyzed by using 2-D PAGE combined with MALDI-TOF MS. In a time-course experiment with five time points, the relative abundance of 49 protein spots varied significantly. Interestingly, a putative outer membrane protein YciD (OmpW) was almost not detected in the exponential growth phase but became one of the most abundant proteins in the whole stationary-phase proteome. Some proteins regulated by the global regulator FNR were also significantly induced (such as AnsB, AspA, FrdAB, and KatG) or repressed (such as AceEF, OmpX, SodA, and SucAB) during the growth phase transition. These proteins may be the key effectors of the bacterial cell cycle or play important roles in the cellular maintenance and stress responses. Our expression profile data provide valuable information for the study of bacterial physiology and form the basis for future proteomic analyses of this pathogen.
FragAnchor: A Large-Scale Predictor of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors in Eukaryote Protein Sequences by Qualitative Scoring
Authors: Poisson Guylaine , Chauve Cedric , Chen Xin , Bergeron Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a common but complex C-terminal post-translational modification of extracellular proteins in eukaryotes. Here we investigate the problem of correctly annotating GPI-anchored proteins for the growing number of sequences in public databases. We developed a computational system, called FragAnchor, based on the tandem use of a neural network (NN) and a hidden Markov model (HMM). Firstly, NN selects potential GPI-anchored proteins in a dataset, then HMM parses these potential GPI signals and refines the prediction by qualitative scoring. FragAnchor correctly predicted 91% of all the GPI-anchored proteins annotated in the Swiss-Prot database. In a large-scale analysis of 29 eukaryote proteomes, FragAnchor predicted that the percentage of highly probable GPI-anchored proteins is between 0.21% and 2.01%. The distinctive feature of FragAnchor, compared with other systems, is that it targets only the C-terminus of a protein, making it less sensitive to the background noise found in databases and possible incomplete protein sequences. Moreover, FragAnchor can be used to predict GPI-anchored proteins in all eukaryotes. Finally, by using qualitative scoring, the predictions combine both sensitivity and information content. The predictor is publicly available at http://navet.ics.hawaii.edu/~fraganchor/NNHMM/NNHMM.html.
In search of the ‘true prospect’: making and knowing the Giant's Causeway as a field site in the seventeenth century
Authors: KENNEDY ALASDAIR 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of the Giant's Causeway in the north of Ireland has attracted much attention over five centuries. This essay recounts the formative years between 1688 and 1708 of the Giant's Causeway as a field site and ‘philosophical landscape’ in the light of recent research on the historical geographies of scientific knowledge. This research has provided new perspectives on field science, emphasizing the spatial character of the field and its discursive formation in different spaces. A view of the field as a self-contained unit in which science is practised is rendered problematic. Instead, it is seen as part of a network of intersecting locales within which scientists and science circulate. This essay draws upon this work, exploring and mapping the spaces and techniques used by late seventeenth-century natural philosophers in London and Dublin to generate observational and conceptual knowledge of the Giant's Causeway. In doing so, the paper contributes to an understanding of the spaces of natural philosophy in the seventeenth century, of the knowledge networks within which the virtuosi operated and of the earth science field site.
“In the Public Interest”: Forced Evictions, Land Rights and Human Development in Africa
Authors: Ocheje Paul D 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the phenomenon of forced evictions in Africa and the implications for land rights and human development. It argues that the “public interest“ justification often proffered for forced evictions by African governments is a myth. The article proposes three alternative explanations for forced evictions: (a) antiquated and inappropriate planning laws of colonial origin; (b) corruption; and (c) failure of development and land reforms. The escalating urban and rural land crises in Africa, the article argues, violate human rights with grave implications for human development and regional security. The article concludes by proposing a new policy direction based on participatory and more inclusive principles.
Tenure Security: Wishful Policy Thinking or Reality? A Case from Peri-Urban Ghana
Authors: Ubink Janine M 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMany areas in Africa facing land shortage and competition witness increasingly restricted and insecure access to land for the poor majority. Mounting evidence of reduced tenure security shows that customary systems are often unable to evolve equitably. In contrast with this crisis in customary land administration, current international land policy is witnessing renewed interest in customary tenure systems. Ghana's current land policy resonates with this international trend. This article focuses on peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana, to acquire an insight into struggles and negotiations over customary land tenure in a rapidly urbanizing area. It then tries to explain why policymakers, in Ghana and in general, do not yet seem to have reflected the crisis in customary land management in their policies. The article concludes with some recommendations as to how policymakers could respond.
Evolving concepts of laryngeal paralysis
Authors: Woodson G 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAccepted concepts of the pathophysiology and treatment of laryngeal paralysis have changed over the years. It has long been observed that symptoms of laryngeal paralysis vary greatly, both between patients and over time. There have been various theories to explain these differences. This article reviews how these ideas have changed over time as research has produced new information. Currently, the most popular view is that the laryngeal nerve regenerates after injury, albeit incompletely and inconsistently, and that variations in symptoms and laryngeal posture can be accounted for by muscle activity.
Accessory nerve: anatomy and surgical identification
Authors: Lloyd S 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe XIth cranial nerve or accessory nerve provides the motor supply to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. It is frequently encountered during neck surgery, and as such is at risk of iatrogenic injury, resulting in the ‘shoulder syndrome’. Historically, the nerve was sacrificed on oncological grounds during radical neck dissection. However, the basis for sacrifice is unfounded in the majority of cases, and accessory nerve sparing selective neck dissection has equal oncological efficacy. The path of the nerve in the neck is very variable, and there is not a wholly reliable landmark for its identification. However, there are a number of methods described in the literature to guide the surgeon in its identification. This paper provides a systematic review of all the methods available for identification of the accessory nerve, and comments on the reliability of each. In doing so, the detailed anatomy of the accessory nerve is also described.
Frontal mucocele caused by an ectopic maxillary tooth
Authors: Buchanan M A , Prince S E , Prinsley P R 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective:To present a previously unreported cause of frontal mucocele.Case report:A patient presented with a frontal mucocele and maxillary sinusitis. Computed tomography revealed an ectopic maxillary tooth as the cause of her signs and symptoms. Removal of the tooth by a Caldwell–Luc procedure facilitated resolution of the mucocele. Conventional treatment of mucoceles by endoscopic sinus surgery, and other rhinological sequelae of ectopic teeth, are considered.Conclusion:This is the first documented case of an ectopic tooth causing a frontal mucocele, and demonstrates how effectively the patient's symptoms resolved on removal of the tooth.