bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cardinal Rules of Gravel Packing To Avoid Formation Damage
Authors: Winchester P. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Troll field, offshore Norway, was known to be sand prone, and one of the basic planning parameters of the field development was the deliverability of gravel packed oil and gas wells. It was considered imperative that high rate production with minimum drawdown should be demonstrated to confirm the viability of the project.
Earlier attempts to achieve these objectives, especially in gas wells, were unsuccessful although methods and procedures normally acceptable to the industry were employed. Consequently a set of cardinal rules was derived for the drilling and completion phases so as to engineer the placement of a near perfect gravel pack.
This was achieved, first by more than doubling the productivity of the previous best oil test, then by achieving a 124 MMscf/D (3.55 × 106m3/d) test through an external gravel pack, followed by a 120 MMscf/D (3.44 × 106m3/d) test through an internal gravel pack.
Quantitative Interpretation of the Surface Dynamometer Card
Authors: Mantecon J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The surface dynamometer card has been used routinely for many years as an aid in analyzing the performance of sucker rod pumping equipment. This is an essential step toward increasing profits by improving system design and rectification of pumping problems. The present paper compiles a series of practical tools and procedures concerning quantitative interpretation of the surface dynamometer card. Preparation and use of a data sheet and a calculation form is covered, emphasizing the amount of information made available to the foreman and members of the production team. The form is the output of a microcomputer based program, designed to quantitatively interpret surface dynamometer cards, and has been used successfully to diagnose the control pumping problems and related operating costs, and to enhance the learning process for trainee personnel as well as graduate and undergraduate students. The program is one of the tools discussed in the paper and will be available on SPE EXCHANGE DISKS for potential users.
The methodology presented results in better retention of the information, more accurate records, and more effective liaison between field production teams in areas geographically far removed from computerized offices and supervising engineers.
Multiphase Metering for Production Pipeline Flows
Authors: llic V. , Thorn R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews multiphase flow meter development for application in the oil industry against basic theoretical concepts involved in the flow measurements.
Several metering concepts for the mass flow rate measurement of oil/water/gas mixtures in oil pipelines have been proposed. Determination of components' volumetric fraction is an integral and essential part of such a meter and reported methods of its measurement are also reviewed here.
Although a number of multiphase flow concepts have been patented and a number of prototype models built, no extensive field trials of a multiphase flow meter have been reported.
Pilot Development of Tight Limestone Reservoir in the Khafji Field
Authors: Yokoyama Y. , Arima E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with a pilot project for the development of a relatively low-transmissibility, tight area of a limestone reservoir in the Khafji Field. In the project, the productivities of two wells, K-A and K-B, were enhanced by acid-fracturing and horizontal drilling. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effectiveness of the above two methods and to seek the possibility of developing the tight zone.
In K-A, where the acid-fracturing was applied, a laboratory core test as well as intensive field tests such as a step rate injection test, pump in/flow back test and mini-fracturing test1 were performed. Bottom hole pressure measurements and production loggings during such field tests were important in detemining accurate fracturing parameters for effective acid-fracturing design. K-B was initially completed as a vertical well with the productivity enhancement by foam-acid fracturing, and was later converted to a horizontal completion well -- two horizontal holes were drilled by side-tracking from the existing casing.
This paper principally reviews the various well stimulation techniques applied in these two wells such as limited entry, mini-frac optimization, foam acid and gelled acid fracturing and a newly applied horizontal completion technique. The horizontal completion was evaluated in terms of completion technique, stimulation for the horizontal holes and well testing. The two field applications in the project indicated prospective steps for future development of the tight zone.
Advanced Technology for Laboratory Measurements of Drilling Fluid Friction Coefficient
Authors: Quigley M. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Proper evaluation of drilling fluid (mud) friction coefficient (CF) depends on more than good test equipment. Detailed planning, statistical test design, and proper experimental technique are crucial to advanced technology for laboratory measurements of mud CF. Numerous factors affect these measurements. Technology which can rapidly screen selected factors, anticipates natural variation in measurements, effectively minimizes bias, and insures that responses tu test parameters are precisely measured is described. Moreover, a method for statistical data analysis which clearly and concisely summarizes the important features of experimental data is presented.
Specialized test equipment for accurately measuring mud CF between simulated tool joints and wellbore materials is described. Effects of tool joint type and surface condition, wellbore sample, and operating conditions are included. Twenty-eight mud lubricants were evaluated in two mud types weighing 9–16 Ibm/gal (1078–1917 kg/m3) using this advanced technology. Results of these tests are summarized.
Ground Water in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico
Authors: Hills John M. , Reed Ed. L. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 42nd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Oct. 1–4, 1967. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Introduction
The area covered by this report, as shown on the map (Fig 1), extends from Latitude 30 deg. to 35 deg. north and from Longitude 101 deg. to 104 deg. west. This embraces the portion of western Texas lying between Colorado City on the east and the town of Pecos on the west and from Plainview on the north to Sanderson near the Rio Grande on the south. It also covers southeastern New Mexico east of the Pecos River and south of the town of Portales and comprises some 45,500 square miles, or an area slightly less than the State of Louisiana.
As might be expected from its position in the subtropical barometric high belt, the climate in this vast region ranges from semi-arid on the eastern edge to arid on the west and south. The map (Fig. 1) shows that precipitation ranges from 20 inches per year in the northeastern portion to less than 10 inches on the southwestern edge.
The surface elevation rises from 1700 feet at the extreme southeastern corner to 5000 feet at the northwest edge. Geographically, the region changes from rough brush covered mesas in the eastern and southeastern parts through steppes, whose native growth is short grass, to the sparsely vegetated Chihuahuan desert on the south and west borders.
As might be expected from the rainfall and elevation, the region is strongly deficient in water supply for the native vegetation, as shown in Fig. 2. This deficiency ranges from one and one-half million gallons per square mile in the southwest, to one-half million gallons per square mile in the east. If this map were based on the needs of agricultural crops useful to man, the deficiency would become even more marked.
Because of light rainfall the runoff from the area is negligible (Fig. 3). In spite of the fact that the Sacramento and Davis Mountains, which rise 7000 feet to 12,000 feet west of the region receive considerably greater quantities of rain. there is not any important runoff. Although in some districts the moisture supports dense stands of timber, the underlying rocks are either porous lavas or cavernous limestones.
Improvement of Azimuth Accuracy by Use of Iterative Total Field Calibration Technique and Compensation for System Environment Effects
Authors: Estes R. , Walters P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The accuracy of directional well survey measurements transmitted by downhole tools can be improved by a number of techniques, a major factor being the ability to identify and correct constituent errors in calibrating the individual sensors used to calculate the directional parameters of a wellbore.
The Total Field Calibration method is an iterative technique which enables both the analysis and correction of these constituent errors, and which is applicable to any three-axis orientation module that measures one of the earth's natural field vectors. These may include the gravitational, magnetic or rotational fields.
Based on the known total field intensity at the location of calibration, the technique converges upon the set of values for bias, scale factor, and misalignment corrections which will minimize the residual error in the calculated total field.
This calibration program has the advantages of insensitivity to operator positioning error, accuracy limited only by that of the data acquisition equipment, and applicability to multiple types of devices. It also gives an indication of residual errors such as nonlinearity and hysteresis, in addition to the typical bias, scale factor, and angular misalignment.
By applying the technique at various temperatures to derive polynomial corrections which are then applied to the digitized outputs, a thermally modeled system can be realized. This results in a sensor module which has been calibrated as a complete system to remove errors caused either internally or in combination with environmental effects.
Use of the Total Field Calibration method on an MWD tool with triaxial accelerometers and magnetometers results in improved performance, as illustrated by data obtained both in surface tests and in actual downhole operation.
Effects of Mechanical Anisotropy on Core Strain Measurements for In-Situ Stress Determination
Authors: Ramos G. G. , Rathmell J. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
On-site strain measurements were made on low permeability, low porosity sandstone core samples with the objective of predicting the azimuth of maximum in-situ stress. The on-site strain tests on two wells gave two orthogonal and inconclusive azimuths. Thus laboratory strain, sonic velocity, and macro- and micro-fracture mapping were used to resolve the inconsistency. The major axes of compressibility and velocity anisotropy closely coincide with the strike of visible coring-induced fractures. The inferred orientation of the maximum horizontal in-situ stress is in the azimuth range of 75° ± 45°. Thin-section microscopy revealed a major set of preferentially aligned microfractures and a second but minor set of microfractures orthogonal to the major set. The major set of uninvaded, inter-granular microfractures, presumably a result of strain-relief, is perpendicular to the azimuths of maximum compressibility and minimum sonic velocity.
Constraining Description of Randomly Heterogeneous Reservoirs to Pressure Test Data: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Alabert F. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Stochastic simulation techniques are increasingly used to model reservoir heterogeneity. However, the value of such techniques depends largely on their ability to provide models of reservoir properties that are conditioned to all available information. In particular, pressure test data impose constraints on the permeability distribution around the corresponding wells. More precisely, the permeability derived from the analysis of a pressure curve is viewed as a permeability average in the vicinity of the well. A Monte-Carlo methodology is proposed in this study to characterize such averaging. Several permeability fields corresponding to various distribution models are generated using geostatistical simulation techniques. A pumping test is numerically simulated in each of these laterally non-uniform reservoirs, then analyzed automatically with a type-curve fitting algorithm to estimate the apparent permeability around the well. For each permeability distribution model considered, this analysis allows defining the volume of averaging as well as the type of permeability averaging to be applied within such volume. The volume of averaging is found approximately independent of the underlying permeability distribution model and smaller than that given by traditional definitions of radius-of-drainage. Within such volume and for practical test durations, the averaging relating small scale permeabilities to well test permeabilities largely depends on the statistical characteristics of the permeability field and may significantly differ from the traditional geometric mean. This averaging is particularly sensitive to the intensity and spatial connectivity of permeability variations. The averaging formula quantified by such study can be used for conditioning stochastic permeability fields to pressure test information. Selective sampling schemes based upon simulated annealing can be applied within the geostatistical simulation algorithm to force the generated permeability fields to locally match any particular average imposed by well test data.
The Capability of Pulsed Neutron Capture Logging To Determine Oil and Gas Saturations
Authors: van den Berg F. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The capability of current pulsed neutron capture logging technology for determining oil and gas saturations has been investigated. The currently advancing technology provides more accurate saturation determination, leading to better reservoir management and hence more economic production than hitherto.
Experiments have been carried out at our laboratory test facility with various commercially available logging tools. This has increased our understanding of the physical processes in pulsed neutron capture, such as the diffusion of thermal neutrons. The derived log value depends strongly on the way these effects are taken into account in the processing. Examples are shown of the results of various processing techniques. The comparison between different tools has led to recommendations for field applications.
In addition to the experimental work, the basic tool response (the pulsed neutron decay) has been numerically simulated. With a Monte Carlo simulator, the detector count rates were modelled for several combinations of formation and borehole contents. In addition, the influence of porosity on the tool response has been investigated. In this way, the conclusions from the experimental results were extended.
The details of a number of pulsed neutron capture tools were studied. As a result of these studies, a reprocessing technique was developed for one of these tools to simulate the log that would have been obtained by its predecessor. This enables time-lapse comparisons of the logs from the new generation of tools with previously obtained logs.
The Application of Carbon/Oxygen Logging Technology to the Ivishak Sandstone, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Dupree J. H. , Cunningham A. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since the onset of Prudhoe Bay Unit (PBU) development the PBU working interest owners have been pursuing a method of identifying water influx and waterflood breakthrough in the cased hole environment. The traditional pulsed neutron tool (PNL) has proven to be inadequate due to low formation and injected water salinities. A new model of applying Carbon/Oxygen logging technology in the Ivishak Sandstone has yielded promising results. Carbon/Oxygen logs, also commonly known as induced gamma ray spectral logs, measure Carbon/Oxygen elemental ratios that can provide a salinity independent method of monitoring water influx and waterflood breakthrough at Prudhoe Bay. The procedure developed and evaluated utilizes station measurements (20 - 30 min) of the elemental Carbon/Oxygen ratio (C/O) in the formation of interest. In general high Carbon/Oxygen ratios indicate oil bearing formations, low C/O ratios are indicative of water bearing formations. Measured C/O ratios are calibrated well by well in zones of known bulk volume oil. This calibration is then used to predict bulk volume oil in zones of interest, thus increasing the accuracy of interpreted/predicted oil saturations from C/O measurements. This method successfully identified water swept and oil bearing intervals in wells 16-20, H-17, M-18, N-15, N-16 and R-22. Except in difficult borehole conditions, the dynamic range from C/Ooil to C/Owater and C/O water-swept oil appears to be sufficient for water monitoring purposes provided porosity remains above 20%. However, the tool remains strongly influenced by the borehole environment as indicated in well H-5. At the present time, accurate/interpretable data has only been collected and studied in brine-filled boreholes.
Use of Pulsed Neutron Logging Techniques To Prove Protection of Underground Sources of Drinking Water
Authors: Ierubino J. V. , Ginest N. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An unprecedented technique has been utilized to satisfy surface cementing requirements for injection wells in the Springfield North Unit (Posey Co., IN). A pulsed neutron logging technique was implemented to prove that underground sources of drinking water (USDW) are isolated with current completion practices. Recently this technique was granted interim approval as an alternative for satisfying the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) surface cementing requirements for all injection wells.
Condensate Recovery By Cycling At Declining Pressure
Authors: Havlena Z.G. , Griffith J.D. , Pot R. , Kiel O.G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The practice of reservoir pressure maintenance by gas cycling has been adopted in many retrograde (wet) gas reservoirs to prevent condensation and ensuing loss of hydrocarbon liquids.
An investigation of the factors involved in condensate recovery by gas cycling was made for this paper. The principle factors are (1) the sweep patterns developed by the cycled gas and the resulting wet gas recovery and (2) the revaporization of the liquid condensate within the reservoir upon contact by dry injected gas.
Professionalism: The Principles and Varying Practices
Authors: Campbell J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order for work to be truly professional all of the following criteria must be satisfied: the person(s) doing it are qualified by both training and experience; the output is compatible with accepted technology; professional engineering ethical standards were followed; and, the results represent a sound conclusion based on all known information relating to the work.
The first paper in this series (1) discussed the basic principles and perspectives involved in the professional process. This second one addresses in more detail the effect of cultural, political, and organizational limitations that impact on professional practice.
Case Histories of Fiber Glass Tubing In Oil Field Service
Authors: Meyer Jerry W. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 42nd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Oct. 1–4, 1967. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Fiber glass tubing has been tested and proven under actual oil field conditions for a number of years. case histories are presented showing the wide applications of fiber glass tubing in the production of oil. Numerous examples-injection wells, disposal wells, submergible installations, pumping wells, etc. are given where the tubing has been in operation for seven years or more under very corrosive environments.

Introduction
As secondary recovery operations account for a larger share of a company's production, the company, in turn, is confronted with a major problem-corrosion. Although corrosion is an old oil field problem, it is becoming a much bigger one in terms of lost dollars and, in some fields, means a higher economic limit. Corrosion is not limited to secondary recovery operations, it is found in salt water disposal systems, producing wells, flow lines, and water supply wells. Various coatings and inhibitors have been used to protect steel tubing with varying degrees of success.
Fiber glass epoxy tubing, which is completely resistant to oil field corrosion, has been on the market for a number of years. The acceptance of fiber glass tubing by the oil industry has been very good. Operators are using the tubing to replace steel in almost every type of oil field application.

TUBING DESIGN
Fiber glass tubing is composed of 73 to 75 weight percent glass roving and 25 to 27 weight percent epoxy resin.
The Effects of Waterflooding on Reservoir Properties and Producing Operations: Applications for Geochemical Modeling
Authors: Hager R. C. , Hermance W. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Detailed analysis of core samples from San Andres Formation dolomites and scale samples from production wells in two Permian Basin reservoirs document the effects waterflooding has had on the Permian (Guadalupian) Age reservoirs. Anhydrite dissolution adjacent to an injection well and the precipitation of sulfate scale in producing wells and equipment are shown to be unequivocally attributable to waterflooding. Geochemical modeling has been used to determine water/water and rock/water compatibilities so that proper water handling techniques could be implemented to improve operational efficiencies and reduce the potential for reservoir and equipment damage caused by dissolution and/or precipitation of minerals.