bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding and analysis of CAOS development in context: the case of China
Authors: Wang Zhelong , Jiang Ming , Gu Hong 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundComputer‐assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS) has great advantages in precise determination of focus, planning an optimal surgical project and assuring the success of operation. In adopting CAOS, China is facing many problems, gaining experience and learning lessons.MethodsA literature review of the current development of CAOS in China and case studies, including adopted CAOS systems, CAOS clinical applications in the orthopaedic field and emerging CAOS research in China was carried out. Experience and lessons gained through adopting CAOS in China are also illustrated and analysed.Results and DiscussionIn the course of investigating the current development of CAOS in China, existing problems were analysed, experience gained and lessons illustrated.ConclusionsBy summarizing the Chinese experience and lessons of adopting CAOS, we not only deliver an in‐depth understanding of present CAOS development and give advice for future CAOS development in China; this also has implications for other developing countries where CAOS development is burgeoning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanotubes Conjugated to Tumor Lysate Protein Enhance the Efficacy of an Antitumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Meng Jie , Meng Jie , Duan Jinhong , Kong Hua , Li Li , Wang Chen , Xie Sishen , Chen Shuchang , Gu Ning , Xu Haiyan , Yang Xian‐Da 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted deep interest in recent years. Antitumor immunotherapy has the potential to improve the prognosis of cancer treatment but the efficacy of current immunotherapy generally needs further improvement. Multi‐walled CNTs conjugated to tumor lysate protein are investigated as to whether they would enhance the efficacy of an immunotherapy employing a tumor‐cell vaccine in a mouse model bearing the H22 liver cancer. The tumor cure rate is found to be markedly improved by CNTs conjugated to tumor lysate protein. The cellular antitumor immune reaction is also enhanced. Moreover, the observed antitumor immune response is relatively specific against the tumor intended for treatment. These findings suggest that CNTs may have a prospective role in the development of new antitumor immunotherapies.
Evaluation of modal incremental dynamic analysis, using input energy intensity and modified bilinear curve
Authors: Zarfam Panam , Mofid Massood 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a technique for the study of nonlinear performance of structures in different levels of earthquakes is developed. In this method, the Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) curves are not achieved from nonlinear dynamic analysis of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDF) structure. However, the procedure of constructing these curves is based on modelling of the entire structure with several single‐degrees‐of‐freedom (SDF) structures and evaluating them through the modal pushover analysis method. An innovative idea for approximating pushover curves that is based on error distribution is introduced in this investigation. Furthermore, the total input energy applied towards the SDF oscillator, which gets converted into MDF structure, is used as intensity measure to impose the different levels of scaled earthquakes.This technique possesses all the advantages of the IDA method in studying the performance of structures in different levels of earthquake. In addition, it benefits from easy usage, high solving speed and less computational CPU time and in attendance with the modified bilinear curves. In this paper, six earthquake records have been applied over four different 4, 8, 12 and 16‐storey structures. The structural responses derived by this method, in the format of multi‐modal incremental curves, containing maximum displacement, drift, hinge rotation and hysteretic energy at the end of the earthquake, have been compared with the IDA method. Comparison of the results is found to have acceptable precision and reveals good agreement between two methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodium Cardanol Sulfonate Surfactant from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid
Authors: Peungjitton Passapan , Sangvanich Polkit , Pornpakakul Surachai , Petsom Amorn , Roengsumran Sophon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSodium cardanol sulfonate surfactant was synthesized from cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid. Surfactant properties of cardanol sulfonate were determined and compared with dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Surface tension values were determined to be 32.25 mN/m for cardanol sulfonate at 20% w/v and 28.00 mN/m for dodecylbenzene sulfonate at 15% w/v. Critical micelle concentrations of dodecylbenzene sulfonate and cardanol sulfonate were found to be 0.435 and 0.372 mol/L, respectively. In comparison with dodecylbenzene sulfonate, the relative detergency of cardanol sulfonate was calculated to be 93.7% compared to dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Results suggest that cardanol sulfonate can be used as alternative anionic surfactant.
Echinococcus granulosus strain differentiation in Iran based on sequence heterogeneity in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene
Authors: Rostami Nejad M. , Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E. , Nochi Z. , Fasihi Harandi M. , Cheraghipour K. , Mowlavi G.R. , Zali M.R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractParasite strain characterization is essential for the establishment of a prevention and control strategy in any endemic area. The aim of this study was to characterize different Echinococcus granulosus isolates from Iran by using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Thirty livers and lungs of cattle, sheep and goats naturally infected with E. granulosus were collected from abattoirs in northern and western Iran between June and October 2007. These samples yielded 18 fertile cysts which we used for the genetic work. We designed and tested two new primer pairs which specifically amplify portions of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of the two strains (G1 and G6) of E. granulosus known to occur in Iran. One primer pair amplified a fragment of 259 base pairs (bp) from only the G1 strain. The second pair amplified a fragment of 676 bp from the G6 strain. The G1 genotype was identified in all fertile cyst samples, in agreement with previous studies in Iran. Ten of our samples and a single reference sample of the G6 strain were sequenced and compared with the G1 and G6 sequences deposited in GenBank.
Sealer's sledge excavated on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands
Authors: Pearson Michael , Stehberg Ruben , Zarankin Andres , Senatore Maria Ximena , Gatica Carolina 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTDetails are provided of a sledge, possibly of late nineteenth/early twentieth century provenance, discovered on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, in 2007.
On moduli of smoothness ofk-monotone functions and applications
Authors: KOPOTUN KIRILL 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLetkbe the set of allk-monotone functions on (−1, 1), i.e., those functionsffor which thekth divided differences [x0,. . .,xk;f] are nonnegative for all choices of (k+1) distinct pointsx0,. . .,xkin (−1, 1). We obtain estimates (which are exact in a certain sense) ofkth Ditzian–Totikq-moduli of smoothness of functions ink∩p(−1, 1), where 1 ≤q<p≤ ∞, and discuss several applications of these estimates.
Investigating learner preparedness for and usage patterns of mobile learning
Authors: Stockwell Glenn 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWhile the use of mobile devices for language learning has sparked the interest of an increasing number of researchers in recent years (e.g., Aizawa & Kiernan, 2003; Thornton & Houser, 2005), our knowledge of learners' preferences for the mobile platform and their usage patterns remains limited. Are learners prepared to use mobile phones for performing language learning activities, or is there still a preference for desktop computer environments? Do learners make attempts to use mobile phones and then opt for a desktop computer instead? When and where do those learners who choose to use mobile phones use them, and why do they choose them? The current study investigated 75 learners of English at a Japanese university who were assigned vocabulary learning activities which they could choose to complete on either a mobile phone or desktop computer. It sought to determine their intentions to use mobile phones for language learning if other options were available, to compare this with their actual usage patterns, and to determine when and why learners used mobile phones. Learner attitudes and preferences were elicited through a post-survey, and usage patterns were determined through analysis of detailed server logs. The results are discussed in terms of the readiness of learners to undertake mobile-based language learning activities, and the issues having an effect on the establishment of the mobile phone as a language learning tool.
Seed germination of six coastal plant species of the Baltic region: effect of salinity and dormancy-breaking treatments
Authors: Necajeva Jevgenija , Ievinsh Gederts 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSeed salinity tolerance and dormancy play important roles in germination behaviour. The effects of NaCl concentration and different dormancy-breaking treatments on germination were determined for six species growing on the coasts of the Baltic Sea or the Gulf of Riga: Juncus balticus, Triglochin maritima, Triglochin palustre, Anthyllis maritima, Linaria vulgaris and Linaria loeselii. Germination percentages were significantly reduced at NaCl concentrations >100 mM. Germination of J. balticus, T. maritima and T. palustre, but not that of A. maritima and L. vulgaris, recovered after seeds were rinsed with distilled water. Seeds of J. balticus were non-dormant; those of A. maritima had physical dormancy; and those of T. palustre, T. maritima, L. loeselii and L. vulgaris had non-deep to intermediate physiological dormancy, which was broken by cold stratification or gibberellic acid. The seeds of plants growing in habitats periodically exposed to sea water (coastal meadows) were characterized by greater salinity tolerance than seeds of plants growing in habitats less exposed to sea water (dunes).
University Camp Increases Student Interest in Science
Authors: White Michael A. , Turner Melissa , Litizzette Larry , Taylor Matthew J. 
Published: August 2008

NASA, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and many other funding agencies are trying to increase student interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers. While rare experimental efforts have shown that factors such as small class size [Finn et al., 2001], community service [Markus et al., 1993], and targeted training [Zohar and Nemet, 2002] may improve student performance, the outcome of many educational activities is unclear or anecdotal [U.S. Department of Education, 2007].With support from the NASA New Investigator Program in Earth Science (NIP), we used a statistical assessment to determine that participation in a summer science camp at Utah State University (USU), consisting of an 8‐week research experience, increased students' interest in science careers and fostered their intention to pursue activities likely to lead to a science career. Our results indicate that science‐based opportunities for high school students have beneficial effects and that broader research on the topic may be justified. In conducting our assessment, we also learned some valuable lessons that although perhaps familiar to science education specialists, may be useful and novel for AGU members interested in similar research.
Understanding Slow Slip, Tremor, and Quakes: Aseismic Slip, Tremor, and Earthquakes Workshop; Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, 25–28 February 2008
Authors: Gomberg Joan , Trehu Anne M. , Roeloffs Evelyn , Dragert Herb 
Published: August 2008

The frequent occurrence and importance of slow slip and tremor have only recently become apparent, owing largely to advances in seismic and geodetic monitoring. At some plate boundaries, slow slip relaxes a significant fraction of accumulated tectonic stress. The radiation of seismic waves as tremor, which often accompanies the geodetically detected slow slip, arises from underlying physical processes that are poorly understood but appear to differ from those governing earthquake‐generated waves.To further understanding of aseismic slip, tremor, and earthquakes, more than 52 participants contributed to a workshop with the goals of improving research coordination, assessing the earthquake hazard implications, and identifying ways to capitalize on the education and outreach opportunities these phenomena present.
Changes in Body Weight and Waist Circumference Affect Incident Hypercholesterolemia During 7 Years of Follow‐up
Authors: Williams Paul T. 
Published: August 2008

Objective: To assess whether changes in total and regional adiposity affect the odds for becoming hypercholesterolemic.Methods and Procedures: Changes in BMI and waist circumference were compared to self‐reported physician‐diagnosed hypercholesterolemia in 24,397 men and 10,023 women followed prospectively in the National Runners' Health Study.Results: Incident hypercholesterolemia were reported by 3,054 men and 519 women during (mean ± s.d.) 7.8 ± 1.8 and 7.5 ± 2.0 years of follow‐up, respectively. Despite being active, men's BMI increased by 1.15 ± 1.71 kg/m2 and women's BMI increased by 0.96 ± 1.89 kg/m2. The odds for developing hypercholesterolemia increased significantly in association with gains in BMI and waist circumferences in both sexes. A gain in BMI ≥2.4 kg/m2 significantly (P < 0.0001) increased the odds for hypercholesterolemia by 94% in men and 129% in women compared to those whose BMI declined (40 and 76%, respectively, adjusted for average of the baseline and follow‐up BMI, P < 0.0001). A gain of ≥6 cm in waist circumference increased men's odds for hypercholesterolemia by 74% (P < 0.0001) and women's odds by 70% (P < 0.0001) relative to those whose circumference declined (odds increased 40% at P < 0.0001 and 49% at P < 0.01, respectively adjusted for average circumference). BMI and waist circumference at the end of follow‐up were significantly associated (P < 0.0001) with the log odds for hypercholesterolemia in both men (e.g., coefficient ± s.e.: 0.115 ± 0.011 per kg/m2) and women (e.g., 0.119 ± 0.019 per kg/m2) when adjusted for baseline values, whereas baseline BMI and circumferences were unrelated to the log odds when adjusted for follow‐up values.Discussion: These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that weight gain acutely increases the risk for hypercholesterolemia.
Energy Expenditure and Adiposity in Nigerian and African‐American Women
Authors: Ebersole Kara E. , Dugas Lara R. , Durazo‐Arvizu Ramon A. , Adeyemo Adebowale A. , Tayo Bamidele O. , Omotade Olayemi O. , Brieger William R. , Schoeller Dale A. , Cooper Richard S. , Luke Amy H. 
Published: August 2008

Objective: Obesity is a prevalent condition in industrialized societies and is increasing around the world. We sought to assess the relative importance of resting energy expenditure (REE) and activity EE (AEE) in two populations with different rates of obesity.Methods and Procedures: Women of African descent between 18 and 59 years of age were recruited from rural Nigeria and from metropolitan Chicago. Total EE (TEE) was measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique and REE by indirect calorimetry; AEE was calculated as the difference between TEE and the sum of REE plus a factor for the thermic effect of food. In the analyses all EE parameters were adjusted for body size using a regression method. Comparisons were made between the groups and associations between EE and adiposity examined.Results: A total of 149 Nigerian and 172 African‐American women completed the protocol. All body size measurements were lower in the Nigerian women. Adjusted TEE and REE were higher in the Nigerian cohort but adjusted AEE did not differ significantly. Adjustment for parity, seasonality, and recent illness did not modify mean AEE or adiposity. In neither cohort was there a meaningful association between measures of AEE and adiposity.Discussion: In these cohorts of women from very different environments, AEE did not differ significantly nor was it associated cross‐sectionally with adiposity. If generalizable, these findings suggest that reduction in AEE may have less of a role in the development of obesity than anticipated. The possibility remains that variation in type and duration of activity plays a role not captured by total AEE.
Maternal Treatment With Oleoyl‐estrone Induces Resistance to Lipid Accrual in Their Descendants
Authors: García‐Peláez Beatriz , Vilà Ruth , Remesar Xavier 
Published: August 2008

Objective: To determine whether treatment of rat dams with oleoyl‐estrone (OE) has an effect on the offspring's long‐term response to diet restriction during lactation.Methods and Procedures: Control, OE‐treated, and diet‐restricted dams were treated up to day 15 of lactation. Changes in food intake and body weight were recorded for dams and their pups. After weaning, pups received a 4‐week standard diet followed by a 4‐week period of high‐fat diet. Lipid, protein, and energy content of pups plus energy intake and efficiency. Serum metabolites (glucose, urea, and cholesterol) and serum hormones (adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and sexual hormones).Results: Neither pups from dams in the OE‐treated nor in the diet‐restricted group showed significant changes in weight, though these two groups ingested 79% of food ingested by controls. At weaning, the pups from OE‐treated rats were smaller than those of the control or diet‐restricted groups. These pups maintained the differences in size and lipid content during the 4‐week standard‐diet period, whereas pups from diet‐restricted dams showed a sharp decrease in their lipid content. During the 4 weeks of high‐fat diet, the male offspring from OE‐treated dams increased the difference in lipid content in relation to the pups from control dams whereas in females the differences decreased. Female offspring from diet‐restricted dams showed the most marked changes in metabolite and hormone levels in relation to controls.Discussion: Treatment of lactating dams with OE programs the metabolic response of their offspring to resist the challenge of a high‐fat diet that would lead to obesity in adulthood.
Freshwater fishes, fisheries, and habitat prospects of Nepal
Authors: Sharma Chhatra M. 
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the status of fish, fisheries, and habitats in Nepal. Being a landlocked country, it has only freshwater habitats covering an area of 745,000 hectares (5% of the total area) that includes rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, reservoirs, and irrigated rice fields. It has a diverse fish species totaling 200 fish species, of which 191 are indigenous and nine exotic. Thirty-four fish species were categorized as threatened (IUCN categories), requiring due attention for the conservation. Legal protection is recommended for ten fish species in the endangered and vulnerable categories. Fish harvests are mainly based on the subsistence fish farming, and from capture fisheries. National fish production in the year 2000/01 was 33,270 metric tons. Lowland areas are most suitable for aquaculture, whereas hill streams have a great attraction for sport fishing. Some destructive fishing methods are in use in capture fishery, e.g., electric fishing, explosives and poisons. In Nepal, some of the major fish habitats are in protected conservation areas, e.g., national parks and World Ramsar Sites. However, proper consideration has not been given for fish habitat management. The national plan includes a fisheries/aquaculture sub sector mainly for supplying animal protein, and for generating self-employment and income of small-scale farmers. The number of people involved in the capture fisheries has increased and included 142,000 men and 223,000 women in the year 2000/01. At the same time, commercial trout farming in the private sector has increased. Long-term perspectives in the fields of aquatic ecology, genetics, biotechnology and ecotoxicology are essential to enhance the fish and fisheries science in the country.
[Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management for the following free supplemental resource: an appendix containing a checklist of freshwater fishes of Nepal.]
On the use of tagging data in statistical multispecies multi-area models of marine populations
Authors: Hannesson Sigurdur , Jakobsdottir Audbjorg , Begley James , Taylor Lorna , Stefansson Gunnar 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Hannesson, S., Jakobsdottir, A., Begley, J., Taylor, L., and Stefansson, G. 2008. On the use of tagging data in statistical multispecies multi-area models of marine populations. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1762–1772. The use of multispecies models of marine stocks along with recognition of the importance of temporal differences in spatial overlap has resulted in migration rates playing an increasingly important role in models of fish stocks. Moreover, traditional estimates of growth based on samples from fishing gear are confounded with the selection pattern, which is exacerbated when multispecies issues are considered. For these and other reasons, there is a need to include explicit tagging data as a component of fisheries models. A statistical multispecies multi-area framework has been extended to predict tag returns and subsequently to incorporate tagging data in likelihood components to be used when estimating migration rates. The information content of such data is not clear a priori, but simulations indicate the point estimates to be quite reasonable. A bootstrap method is proposed, based on bootstrapping entire tagging experiments (rather than individual fish). The resulting bootstrapped uncertainty estimates are generally applicable and are found to be close to the true values in the simulated examples.