bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 DNA Packaging Proteins Encoded by U
L
6, U
L
15, U
L
17, U
L
28, and U
L
33 Are Located on the External Surface of the Viral Capsid
Authors: Wills Elizabeth , Scholtes Luella , Baines Joel D. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Studies to localize the herpes simplex virus 1 portal protein encoded by U
L
6, the putative terminase components encoded by U
L
15, U
L
28, and U
L
33, the minor capsid proteins encoded by U
L
17, and the major scaffold protein ICP35 were conducted. ICP35 in B capsids was more resistant to trypsin digestion of intact capsids than pU
L
6, pU
L
15, pU
L
17, pU
L
28, or pU
L
33. ICP35 required sectioning of otherwise intact embedded capsids for immunoreactivity, whereas embedding and/or sectioning decreased the immunoreactivities of pU
L
6, pU
L
17, pU
L
28, and pU
L
33. Epitopes of pU
L
15 were recognized roughly equally well in both sectioned and unsectioned capsids. These data indicate that pU
L
6, pU
L
17, pU
L
28, pU
L
33, and at least some portion of pU
L
15 are located at the external surface of the capsid.
The Cytoplasmic Tail of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein Plays Critical Roles in Cellular Localization of the F Protein and Infectious Progeny Production
Authors: Oomens Antonius G. P. , Bevis Kevin P. , Wertz Gail W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
The importance of the F protein cytoplasmic tail (CT) for replication of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was examined by monitoring the behavior of viruses expressing F proteins with a modified COOH terminus. The F protein mutant viruses were recovered and amplified under conditions where F protein function was complemented by expression of a heterologous viral envelope protein. The effect of the F protein modifications was then examined in the context of a viral infection in standard cell types (Vero and HEp-2). The F protein modifications consisted of a deletion of the predicted CT or a replacement of the CT with the CT of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein. In addition, engineered HRSVs that lacked all homologous glycoprotein genes (SH, G, and F) and expressed instead either the authentic VSV G protein or a VSV G containing the HRSV F protein CT were examined. We found that deletion or replacement of the F protein CT seriously impaired the production of infectious progeny. Cells infected with viruses bearing CT modifications displayed increased F protein surface expression and increased syncytium formation. The distribution of F protein in the plasma membrane of infected cells was altered, resulting in an F protein that was evenly distributed rather than localized predominantly to virus-induced surface filaments. CT deletion or exchange also abrogated interaction of F protein with Triton-insoluble lipid rafts. Addition of the F protein CT to the VSV G protein, expressed as the only viral glycoprotein in an HRSV genome, had the opposite effects: the number of infectious progeny was higher, the surface distribution was changed from relatively even to localized, and the proportion of VSV G protein associated with lipid rafts was higher. Together, these results show that the HRSV F protein CT plays a critical role in F protein cellular localization and production of infectious virus and suggest that the function provided by the CT is independent of the F protein ectodomain and transmembrane domain and is mediated by F protein-lipid raft interaction.
On Striking the Balance of Shareholder Interests During the Consolidation of Shares
Authors: Popondopulo Vladimir , Bushev Andrei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe authors present an analysis of the developments in Russian state policy in finding a balance of interests between majority and minority stockholders in the event of the use of the legal institution of consolidation of shares. They argue that in the contemporary economic and legal environment, the development of corporate governance in Russia will be drawn towards the German model (in the traditional conception thereof) with its orientation to a large degree on the protection of strategic investors.The incentivization of institution and individual investors in the corporate governance of a company may significantly be supported by the Russian state during the next stage of economic development of the RF, as the institutional infrastructure, as well as enforcement practice will be improved. That having been said, in resolving a conflict (including in the promulgation of legal norms) among various groups of shareholders, it goes without saying that the lawful interests of all actors need to be taken into account. On the basis of Russian legislation and case law of the RF Constitutional Court, the authors set forth arguments supporting the conclusion that corporate governance is a tool by which, firstly, provision is made for various interests, and secondly risk of abuse by person having a significant degree of managerial influence is lowered.If, at the end of the day, the public interest dictates the necessity of a redistribution in law of the risks (of possible gain and loss) in favor of one of the actors involved in an economic conflict (for Russia this would be strategic investors), the interests of the "suffering" investors (first and foremost individual investors) must be restored by way of the payment to them of reasonable compensation. The redistribution in legislative acts of risks in favor of one of the parties in a stockholders' dispute must be fair (spravedlivyi). Therefore, a diminution of interests must not only be accompanied by the payment of compensation but must, also, be grounded in the consent of the party that has suffered the diminution of its interests. This line of thinking is illustrated by examples from the case law of the Russian Federation Constitutional Court including the issue of the constitutionality of consolidating shares of stock.
The Legal Nature of Bank Deposits
Authors: Laurinavičius Kęstutis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe author examines the legal nature of rights that a person acquires upon transfer of money to a bank. In particular, a question arises who the owner of money held with a bank is. The author argues that a distinction is to be made between actual banknotes or coins that are transferred and a 'deposit', i.e., personal claim against the bank. The article describes the position of Lithuanian law in relation to the bank deposit and concludes that the main legal features of bank deposit are similar to those of a loan. Upon transfer of banknotes or coins to the bank, the latter normally acquires ownership thereof, and the depositor acquires personal rights against the bank. Although the depositor may also be regarded as the owner of such a claim, the object of such ownership is incorporeal and is not related to the banknotes or coins transferred to the bank.
Aggravation of intestinal inflammation by depletion/deficiency of γδ T cells in different types of IBD animal models
Authors: Kühl Anja A , Pawlowski Nina N , Grollich Katja , Loddenkemper Christoph , Zeitz Martin , Hoffmann Jörg C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe role of γδ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still controversial. Although γδ T cells induce IBD in immunodeficient animals, others suggest a protective role of γδ T cells. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to elucidate the effect of γδ T cell depletion/deficiency on different IBD animal models. Mice depleted of or deficient in γδ T cells were exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in order to induce colitis. In addition, γδ T cells were depleted in mice with terminal ileitis (TNFΔARE) or colitis due to interleukin 2 deficiency (IL-2 ko). Finally, DSS-induced colitis was studied in mice deficient in interferon gamma (IFN-γ ko) upon γδ T cell depletion. Depletion of γδ T cells aggravated DSS-induced colitis and terminal ileitis of TNFΔARE mice. Exacerbated DSS-induced colitis was also found in γδ T cell-deficient mice. IL-2 ko mice showed increased mortality upon early (starting at 4 wk of age) but not late depletion (starting at 8 wk of age). Early γδ T cell depletion or deficiency resulted in increased IFN-γ production by both lamina propria lymphocytes and splenocytes in every model investigated herein. In IFN-γ ko mice, γδ T cell depletion did not affect the development and course of DSS-induced colitis. The protective effect of γδ T cells in IBD was confirmed in various IBD animal models. Particularly, during the early phase of intestinal inflammation, γδ T cells appear to be important. The mechanism seems to involve the control of IFN-γ production and epithelial regeneration.
Measurement of Fibrosis Marker Xylosyltransferase I Activity by HPLC Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kuhn Joachim , Prante Christian , Schön Sylvia , Götting Christian , Kleesiek Knut 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground: Xylosyltransferase I (XT-I), the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan chains in proteoglycans, has increased activity in the blood serum of patients with connective tissue diseases. Therefore, the measurement of serum XT-I activity is useful to monitor disease activity in these patients.Methods: We developed an HPLC electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method to assay XT-I activity in serum by use of a synthetic peptide (Bio–BIK-F) as the XT-I substrate. On the basis of XT-I-mediated transfer of D-xylose from UDP-D-xylose to the synthetic peptide to form Bio-BIK-F-Xyl, we determined XT-I activity in human serum samples.Results: Multiple calibration curves for the analysis of Bio-BIK-F-Xyl exhibited consistent linearity and reproducibility in the range of 0.20–20 mg/L, corresponding to XT-I activity of 1.14–114 mU/L under assay conditions. The mean (SD, range) XT-I activity values in 30 blood donor sera were 18.4 (3.0, 8.7–24.8) mU/L. The limit of detection and lower limit of quantification were 8.5 μg/L (0.05 mU/L) and 163 μg/L Bio-BIK-F-Xyl (0.93 mU/L XT-I activity), respectively. Interassay imprecision (CV) was 5.4%–26.1% in the range of 0.64 to 129 mU/L, and mean recovery was 107% (range, 96%–129%). Method comparison with the radiochemical assay showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.79). The Passing–Bablok regression line was: radiochemical assay = 0.045 LC-MS/MS + 0.061 mU/L, Sy|x = 0.186.Conclusions: This simple and robust LC-MS/MS assay permits the rapid and accurate determination of XT-I activity in human serum.
Quantification of Urinary Oxalate by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Online Weak Anion Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Keevil Brian G , Thornton Susan 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Background: Urinary oxalate is commonly measured with an enzymatic assay that is specific but requires a manual clean-up step to reduce ascorbic acid interference. We developed a urinary oxalate assay that uses liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with anion exchange chromatography and simple sample preparation.
Methods: We added calibrator or urine sample (10 μL) to 10 μL of 13C2 oxalate and 400 μL of water and performed separation on a Waters OASIS WAX column, flow rate 0.6 mL/min, and then elution for 0.3 min with water containing 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate and 1 mL/L formic acid and for 1.0 min with 750 mL/L methanol containing 20 mL/L ammonia. We detected multiple reaction monitoring transitions m/z 88.6 &gt; 60.5 and m/z 90.5 &gt; 61.5 for oxalic acid and 13C2-oxalate, respectively, with a Quattro micro tandem mass spectrometer in electrospray-negative mode.
Results: Oxalate and 13C2-oxalate eluted at 1.2 min. Mean recovery was 95%, limit of detection 3.0 μmol/L, lower limit of quantification 100.0 μmol/L, linearity to 2212 μmol/L, imprecision &lt;6%, and bias &lt;3% at 166, 880, and 1720 μmol/L. Oxalate eluted after the main area of ion suppression. Mean response ratios for urine and aqueous samples, enriched at 200 and 1000 μmol/L, were 3.7% and 5.4%, respectively. No interference was observed from other organic acids. Passing and Bablock regression analysis comparing the Trinity Biotech enzymatic reagent set and LC-MS/MS showed LC-MS/MS = 1.06 (enzymatic assay) −21.2, r = 0.964, n = 110. Bland Altman analysis showed general agreement, with a mean bias of −1.9 μmol/L.
Conclusion: This LC-MS/MS assay is applicable for quantifying urinary oxalate excretion.
Lipocalin-2 Is an Inflammatory Marker Closely Associated with Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Hyperglycemia in Humans
Authors: Wang Yu , Lam Karen S L , Kraegen Edward W , Sweeney Gary , Zhang Jialiang , Tso Annette WK , Chow Wing-Sun , Wat Nelson MS , Xu Jian Yu , Hoo Ruby LC , Xu Aimin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground: Lipocalin-2, a 25-kDa secreted glycoprotein, is a useful biomarker for early detection of various renal injuries. Because lipocalin-2 is abundantly expressed in adipose tissue and liver, we investigated its relevance to obesity-related pathologies.Methods: We used real-time PCR and in-house immunoassays to quantify the mRNA and serum concentrations of lipocalin-2 in C57BL/KsJ db/db obese mice and their age- and sex-matched lean littermates. We analyzed the association between serum lipocalin-2 concentrations and various metabolic and inflammatory variables in 229 persons (121 men and 108 women) recruited from a previous cross-sectional study, and we evaluated the effect of the insulin-sensitizing drug rosiglitazone on serum lipocalin-2 concentrations in 32 diabetic patients (21 men and 11 women).Results: Compared with the lean littermates, lipocalin-2 mRNA expression in adipose tissue and liver and its circulating concentrations were significantly increased in db/db diabetic/obese mice (P &lt;0.001). These changes were normalized after rosiglitazone treatment. In humans, circulating lipocalin-2 concentrations were positively correlated (P &lt;0.005) with adiposity, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and the insulin resistance index, but negatively correlated (P = 0.002) with HDL cholesterol. There was also a strong positive association between lipocalin-2 concentrations and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), independent of age, sex, and adiposity (P = 0.007). Furthermore, rosiglitazone-mediated decreases in lipocalin-2 concentrations correlated significantly with increases in insulin sensitivity (r = 0.527; P = 0.002) and decreases in hs-CRP concentrations (r = 0.509; P = 0.003).Conclusions: Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely related to obesity and its metabolic complications. Measurement of serum lipocalin-2 might be useful for evaluating the outcomes of various clinical interventions for obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
The Synthesis of Pseudo‐Geminal, Pseudo‐Ortho and Ortho Hydroxy‐oxazolinyl[2.2]paracyclophanes for Use as Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Whelligan Daniel K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSynthetic routes to pseudo‐geminal, pseudo‐ortho and ortho hydroxy‐oxazolinyl[2.2]paracyclophanes (and the diastereoisomers of each) for use as N,O ligands in asymmetric catalysis have been devised. The substitution pattern was found to have a strong effect on the rate and enantioselectivity of the formed catalyst in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde.
Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Diphenylphosphinoyl‐Imines Catalyzed by Copper(II) Trifluoromethanesulfonate‐Chiral (2′‐Ethylamino‐[1,1′]binaphthalenyl‐2‐yl)‐thiophosphoramidic Acid O,O′‐Diaryl Ester Ligands
Authors: Shi Min , Lei Zhi‐Yu , Xu Qin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe chiral binaphthylthiophosphoramide L1 prepared from the reaction of O,O‐diphenyl chlorothiophosphate with (R)‐(+)‐N‐ethyl‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine was used as a catalytic chiral ligand in the copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate‐promoted asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to diphenylphosphinoyl‐imines to give the corresponding adducts in 90–98 % ee and good yields under mild conditions.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of trans‐2,3‐Disubstituted 2,3‐Dihydropyran‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: Scettri Arrigo , Acocella Maria R. , Palombi Laura , Scalera Chiara , Villano Rosaria , Massa Antonio 
Published: October 2006

Abstracttrans‐Diastereoselective hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions took place in the presence of SiCl4/activator systems. The reactions of aldehydes with a derivative of Danishefsky’s diene afforded the corresponding pyrones with high yields and diastereoselectivity upon activating SiCl4 with suitable neutral Lewis bases. Aldol intermediates deriving from a Mukaiyama‐type pathway were isolated in many cases. The employment of a chiral activator allowed us to convert Danishefsky’s diene (or its disubstituted derivative) into both aldols and pyrones in good to high enantiomeric excesses.
Partialsynthetische Gitoxigeninglykoside 2. Mitt.: 16‐O‐Isovalerylgitoxin
Authors: Baumgarten G. , Reissbrodt R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDarstellung und Eigenschaften von 16‐O‐Isovalerylgitoxin werden beschrieben. Die Konstitution dieser Verbindung wird dadurch erhärtet, daß die 3‐O‐Acetylverbindung des bei der Säurespaltung erhaltenen Genins sich mit dem 3‐O‐Acetyladigenin aus Adigosid identisch erwies. ‐ Wie Adigosid ist auch das hier beschriebene Isovalerylgitoxigeninderivat in seiner Toxizität stark abgeschwächt.
COPE‐Abbau in Lösung 2. Mitteilung
Authors: Graf E. , Graser M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie diastereomeren 2‐Methyl‐3‐phenyl‐3‐N,N‐dimethylaminopropionsäure‐äthylester werden beim Erhitzen mit H2O2 in i‐Propanol über ihre Aminoxide zu den α‐Methylzimtsäure‐äthylestern und N,N‐Dimethyl‐hydroxylamin abgebaut. Die threo‐Form (2 RS, 3 SR), die stereospezifisch den trans‐Ester liefert, wird dabei etwa viermal schneller abgebaut als die den cis‐Ester liefernde erythro‐Form (2 RS, 3 RS). Der Unterschied ist auf eine sterische Hinderung im Übergangszustand zurückzuführen. Die Aminoxide des 3‐Phenyl‐3‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐propionsäure‐äthylesters und des 3‐Phenyl‐2‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐propionsäure‐äthylesters ergeben trotz der Anwesenheit zweier zum COPE‐Abbau fähiger H‐Atome kein Gemisch von cis‐ und trans‐Olefin. Vielmehr bildet sich ein Übergangszustand aus, der in seiner Anordnung dem sterisch begünstigten Übergangszustand beim Abbau des Aminoxids der threo‐Form entspricht und deshalb stereospezifisch zum trans‐Zimtsäureäthylester führt.
Kernresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchung einiger tertiärer 1‐Thia‐ und 1‐Oxa‐cyclohexanole
Authors: Haller R. , Ebersberg J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBei der Umsetzung von cis‐2,6‐Diphenyl‐1‐thia‐cyclohexanon‐(4) mit Grignard‐Reagenzien wurden jeweils zwei epimere tertiäre Alkohole isoliert. Das trans‐2,6‐Diphenyl‐1‐oxa‐cyclohexanon‐(4) ergibt bei der entsprechenden Umsetzung nur ein Reaktionsprodukt. Die Konfiguration und Konformation der isolierten tertiären Alkohole wird an Hand der 1H‐NMR‐Spektren untersucht.
Die jodometrische Penicillinbestimmung 1. Mitt.: Qualitativer Nachweis einiger Abbauprodukte
Authors: Glombitza K. W. , Pallenbach D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBei der Untersuchung der Abbauprodukte der jodometrischen Bestimmung von Penicillin V‐Kalium konnte zum Teil nach Modifikationen der vom DAB 7 vorgeschriebenen Bestimmungsmethode Penicillaminsäure, Phenoxyessigsäure, Phenoxyessigsäureamid, Glyoxal, Glyoxalcarbonsäure (beide über ihre Bisphenylhydrazone), CO2 und NH3 in größeren Mengen und Ameisensäure in Spuren eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Die Bildung von (N‐Phenoxyacetylformimidoyl)‐formaldehyd konnte wahrscheinlich gemacht werden und die Bildung von Phenoxyacetamidomalonsäure ausgeschlossen werden.
Über eine neue Bildungsweise des Indolizinringsystems
Authors: Kreutzberger A. , Abel D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDas durch Einwirkung von s‐Triazin (I) auf N‐(4‐Nitro‐benzyl)‐α‐picoliniumchlorid (VII) im Primärschritt gebildete Aminomethinylierungsprodukt VIII stabilisiert sich in einer Sekundärreaktion zum Indolizinderivat X. Dieses kann auch in einer Gegensythese aus VII und Orthoameisensäure‐triäthylester erhalten werden. Kondensation zum Indolizinringsystem VI tritt auch unter der Einwirkung von I auf N‐Phenacyl‐α‐picoliniumchlorid (IV) in Pyridin ein. Die Möglichkeit der intermolekularen Stabilisierung von VIII findet sich in der Bildung des Bis[1‐(4‐nitro‐benzyl)‐pyridin‐(2)]‐trimethincyaninchlorids (XIV) realisiert. Die aus I und α‐Picolin‐N‐oxid (XVII) intermediär gebildete Aminomethinverbindung XVIII wird durch das diese Reaktion katalysierende Piperidin als 2‐(Piperidino‐vinyl)‐pyridin‐N‐oxid (XIX) abgefangen.
Selectivity of Sterically Fixed Tryptamine and 5‐Methoxytryptamine Derivatives for Serotonin Receptor Subtypes, I: Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐ and N,N‐Dialkyl‐3‐indolylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐amines
Authors: Rehse Klaus , Zimmermann Hans 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐six title compounds with the ethylamine part of tryptamine or 5‐methoxytryptamine fixed in an anticlinal ecliptic conformation were synthesized for assaying them at the different known serotonin receptors. Several alkylation methods have been improved and adapted for the space consuming norbornane system. The structures were fully elucidated by high‐field NMR spectroscopy. All 1H‐ and 13C‐signals could be assigned by means of 1H‐1H‐ and 13C‐1H‐correlation spectroscopy (COSY).
Mechanismus der selektiven Bildung von 2‐aminosubstituierten 1,4‐Benzodiazepin‐4‐oxiden und 2‐aminomethylsubstituierten Chinazolin‐3‐oxiden aus Chlormethyl‐chinazolin‐N‐oxiden Störungstheoretische Befunde
Authors: Lessel Jürgen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Umsetzung der o‐Amino‐acetophenon‐ und ‐benzophenonoxime 1a‐c mit Chloracetylchlorid zu den 2‐Chlormethyl‐chinazolin‐3‐oxiden 6a‐c wird mit Hilfe der Störungstheorie erklärt. 6a‐c reagieren mit Ammoniak und prim. aliphatischen Aminen unter Ringerweiterung zu den 1,4‐Benzo‐diazepinen 16 und 17, mit aromatischen und mit N‐sek. Aminen entstehen die Chinazolinderivate 10–13; die Konstitution der Heterocyclen wird mit NMR‐spektroskopischen Methoden gesichert. Die selektive Produktbildung kann mit der relativen thermodynamischen Stabilität der jeweiligen 2‐Addukte 14 erklärt werden.
Robert Hooke und die frühe Geschichte der Federwaage
Authors: Jenemann Hans R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA large number of the so‐called electronic balances, for example those using wire strain gauges, are based on the elastic deformation of solid materials, and on the electrical measurement of the resulting changes in length. Such instruments must therefore be grouped into the class of spring balances. The spring balance operates within the limits of proportionality according to the law discovered by and named after Robert Hooke. No precise information about the spring balance can be found so far in the literature about balances: it is assumed that it was invented before 1700, without knowledge of the name of the inventor. As the result of a literature research it is shown that Robert Hooke found experimentally in 1676 with „ut tensio sic vis”︁ not only the physical principles which led to the law of elasticity: he also drew practical conclusions from it, and in the treatise De potentia restitutiva, published 1678, he described the most important types of spring balances. Experiments carried out by him to demonstrate the reduction of gravity with increasing altitude by using such a balance led, however, to a negative result because of its lack of sensitivity. Further developments for more than 100 years were necessary, until the spring balance come into more general application.