bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Red Natural Dyes Used in Historical Objects by HPLC‐DAD‐MS
Authors: Karapanagiotis Ioannis , Chryssoulakis Yannis 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV‐Vis Diode Array Detection (DAD) and electrospray mass spectrometric (ESI‐MS) method was utilized for the identification of coloring components of madder, Armenian and Mexican cochineal, lac dye, brazilwood, safflower and dragon blood – probably the most important red natural dyestuffs found in objects of the cultural heritage. UVVis detection limits in the range of 0.2‐0.6 ng for carminic acid, alizarin and purpurin were achieved using a gradient elution of H2O‐0.01%TFA and CH3CN‐0.01%TFA. ESI mass spectrometer was also used, as a supportive detection method to the standard DAD, for further analysis of the tested materials, with the ability to analyze dyestuffs as small as one milligram. The presence of madder was revealed in two historical (Hellenistic and Roman period) samples, found in the Mediterranean area, by identifying purpurin in both of them. Munjistin was also identified in one of the samples (Hellenistic period) while alizarin was not detected, raising questions regarding the exact madder type, utilized in the historical samples.
Electrokinetic potential of kaolinite clay in the presence of polystyrene sulfonate
Authors: Sadek Olfat M. , Mekhemer Wafaa K. , Assaad Faiz F. , Mostafa Bassem A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe determination of the electrokinetic potential of clay is very important in many applications. Therefore, this work was aimed at studying the effect of poly(4‐ sodium styrene sulfonate) on the electrokinetic potential and the sedimentation behavior of kaolinite clays at different pH values and/or in the presence of sodium or calcium chlorides. At pH values lower than the point of zero charge (PZC) of the kaolinite clay, the zeta potential of Na‐ or Ca‐kaolinite in CaCl2 solutions was higher than that in NaCl solutions at the same concentration. Above the PZC, the zeta potential of Na‐ or Ca‐kaolinite in NaCl solution was higher than that in CaCl2 at the same electrolyte concentration. These results reflect the ability of calcium cations to compress the double layer of the kaolinite clay better than sodium cations. Also, below the PZC and at low concentrations of poly(4‐sodium styrene sulfonate), the zeta potential of the kaolinite clay suspensions had low value, while the sediment volumes had higher values. On the other hand, above the PZC at increasing polymer concentrations, the zeta potentials increased but the sediment volumes had lower values compared to those produced below the PZC. The data showed the zeta potential of Na‐kaolinite suspensions are higher than Ca‐kaolinite, producing lower sediment volumes of Na‐kaolinite compared to Ca‐kaolinite at the same concentrations of polymer and/or pHs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1705–1711, 2006
Partitioning of anionic/nonionic polysaccharides in a segregative system of anionic polyelectrolyte mixtures in aqueous solution: Effects of polymer charge density and ionic strength of solution
Authors: Hellebust S. , Blokhus A. M. , Nilsson S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe partitioning of three polysaccharides, Dextran sulfate (DxS), λ‐Carrageenan (CAR), and Dextran (Dx), and its dependence on polymer charge density and ionic strength have been investigated in the segregative mixture of poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) and sodium polyacrylate‐acrylamide copolymers, NaP(AA/AM), of variable charge density, in aqueous solutions. It is shown that the solubility of all the three may be zero or finite in one or both phases, but the preferred phase is determined by the charge density on the copolymer. When charge densities are equal on the phase forming polymers, the saccharides CAR and Dx favor the phase rich in PSS, but they have greater affinity for the polymer of lower charge density when the charge densities on phase polymers are unequal. The partitioning behavior of DxS is the opposite of the other two polysachharides with respect to which phase it has the greatest affinity for. The values of the partitioning coefficients show that the system may be potentially useful for the purification of polysaccharides and other macromolecules, if appropriate conditions are selected. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1728–1734, 2006
Shear strength of wood to wood adhesive based on palm kernel oil
Authors: Badri Khairiah Haji , Ujar Ahmad Helmi , Othman Zulkefly , Hani Sahaldin Fadhlina 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA polyurethane adhesive system was prepared by reacting a resin consisting of palm kernel oil‐based polyester and dimethyl cyclohexanediamine with an aliphatic adduct based on 2,4‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Brushing technique was used for applying the adhesive (of thickness 0.05–0.10 mm) onto the wood substrate. Shear strength test for substrates that have been exposed to moisture and various degrees of heat was carried out. Collected data indicated that the adhesive exposed to heat at 70°C has the highest shear strength. At this point, the shear force was at the maximum of 2562 N with strength of 2.65 MPa. However, at higher testing temperature, there is a decrease in the shear force and strength of the adhesive. The presence of moisture, however, does not affect much on the shear strength. The morphological observations via optical microscope were made to explain the relationship of heat and moisture with the shear strength of the adhesive. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1759–1764, 2006
Molecular determinants of the face map development in the trigeminal brainstem
Authors: Erzurumlu Reha S. , Chen Zhou‐Feng , Jacquin Mark F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe perception of external sensory information by the brain requires highly ordered synaptic connectivity between peripheral sensory neurons and their targets in the central nervous system. Since the discovery of the whisker‐related barrel patterns in the mouse cortex, the trigeminal system has become a favorite model for study of how its connectivity and somatotopic maps are established during development. The trigeminal brainstem nuclei are the first CNS regions where whisker‐specific neural patterns are set up by the trigeminal afferents that innervate the whiskers. In particular, barrelette patterns in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve provide the template for similar patterns in the face representation areas of the thalamus and subsequently in the primary somatosensory cortex. Here, we describe and review studies of neurotrophins, multiple axon guidance molecules, transcription factors, and glutamate receptors during early development of trigeminal connections between the whiskers and the brainstem that lead to emergence of patterned face maps. Studies from our laboratories and others' showed that developing trigeminal ganglion cells and their axons depend on a variety of molecular signals that cooperatively direct them to proper peripheral and central targets and sculpt their synaptic terminal fields into patterns that replicate the organization of the whiskers on the muzzle. Similar mechanisms may also be used by trigeminothalamic and thalamocortical projections in establishing patterned neural modules upstream from the trigeminal brainstem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomized clinical trial comparing surgery with conservative treatment for uncomplicated varicose veins
Authors: Michaels J A , Brazier J E , Campbell W B , MacIntyre J B , Palfreyman S J , Ratcliffe J 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background
Surgical treatment of medically uncomplicated varicose veins is common, but its clinical effectiveness remains uncertain.

Methods
A randomized clinical trial was carried out at two large acute National Health Service hospitals in different parts of the UK (Sheffield and Exeter). Some 246 patients were recruited from 536 consecutive referrals to vascular outpatient clinics with uncomplicated varicose veins suitable for surgical treatment. Conservative management, consisting of lifestyle advice, was compared with surgical treatment (flush ligation of sites of reflux, stripping of the long saphenous vein and multiple phlebectomies, as appropriate). Changes in health status were measured using the Short Form (SF) 6D and EuroQol (EQ) 5D, quality of life instruments based on SF-36 and EuroQol, complications of treatment, symptomatic measures, anatomical extent of varicose veins and patient satisfaction.

Results
In the first 2 years after treatment there was a significant quality of life benefit for surgery of 0·083 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·005 to 0·16) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) based on the SF-6D score and 0·13 (95 per cent c.i. 0·016 to 0·25) based on the EQ-5D score. Significant benefits were also seen in symptomatic and anatomical measures.

Conclusion
Surgical treatment provides symptomatic relief and significant improvements in quality of life in patients referred to secondary care with uncomplicated varicose veins.
Disclosing interest expense in financial statements of firms that self‐construct assets: the effect on financial analysis of real estate investment trusts
Authors: Oppenheimer Pete H. , Hansz J. Andrew 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStatement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 34 requires firms that develop or self‐construct their own assets to capitalize related interest payments. As a result, the reported interest expense of self‐constructing firms may be understated, and earnings per share overstated. This study compares key profitability ratios between Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) that actively self‐construct properties with REITs that do not. It was found that self‐constructing REITs will report significantly favourable profitability ratios as compared with REITs that invest in fully developed properties. Because many REITs do self‐construct, explicit capitalized interest expense disclosure are recommended so that financial analysts can make appropriate comparisons. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Methodology for the Synthesis of Fluorinated exo‐Glycals and Their Time‐Dependent Inhibition of UDP‐Galactopyranose Mutase
Authors: Caravano Audrey , Dohi Hirofumi , Sinaÿ Pierre , Vincent Stéphane P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFluorinated carbohydrates constitute a very important class of mechanistic probes for glycosyl‐processing enzymes. In this study, we describe the first synthesis of fluorinated and phosphonylated exo‐glycals and their corresponding nucleotide sugars in the galactofuranose series. The synthetic protocol that we have developed is a Selectfluor‐mediated fluorination/elimination sequence on phosphonylated exo‐glycals, and it offers a new entry into fluorinated carbohydrate chemistry. The challenging E/Z stereochemical assignment of the resulting tetrasubstituted alkenes, which bear an alkoxy, an alkyl, a fluoro, and a phosphonyl group, has been achieved through NMR experiments. The corresponding (E)‐ and (Z)‐nucleotide fluorosugars have been prepared and tested as inhibitors of UDP‐galactopyranose mutase (UGM). UGM is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of uridine diphosphate(UDP)‐galactopyranose into UDP‐galactofuranose, a key step of the biosynthesis of important mycobacterial cell‐wall glycoconjugates. The two diastereomeric molecules were found to display time‐dependent inactivation of UGM, as expected from preliminary results using non‐fluorinated exo‐glycal nucleotides. The inhibitory properties of the two fluorinated molecules led us to suggest that the inactivation mechanism proceeds through two‐electron processes, despite the presence of the flavin cofactor within the UGM catalytic site.
Enzyme‐Free Amperometric Sensing of Glucose by Using Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Jena Bikash Kumar , Raj C. Retna 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA nonenzymatic electrochemical method is described for the detection of glucose by using gold (Au) nanoparticles self‐assembled on a three‐dimensional (3D) silicate network obtained by using sol–gel processes. The nanosized Au particles have been self‐assembled on the thiol tail groups of the silicate network and enlarged by hydroxylamine. The Au nanoparticles efficiently catalyze the oxidation of glucose at less‐positive potential (0.16 V) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 9.2) in the absence of any enzymes or redox mediators. The Au nanoparticle‐modified transducer (MPTS‐nAuE) was successfully used for the amperometric sensing of glucose and it showed excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 50 nM. The common interfering agent ascorbate (AA) does not interfere with the detection of glucose. The MPTS‐nAuE transducer showed individual voltammetric responses for glucose and AA. This transducer responded linearly to glucose in the range of 0–8 mM and the sensitivity of the transducer was found to be 0.179 nA cm−2 nM−1. Excellent reproducibility, and long‐term storage and operational stability was observed for this transducer.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Theoretical Studies of (p‐R‐Phenyl)‐, (p‐R‐Phenylethynyl)‐, and (E)‐[2‐(p‐R‐Phenyl)ethenyl]dimesitylboranes and Related Compounds
Authors: Yuan Zheng , Entwistle Christopher D. , Collings Jonathan C. , Albesa‐Jové David , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Taylor Nicholas J. , Kaiser Hanns Martin , Kaufmann Dieter E. , Poon Suk‐Yue , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Jardin Christophe , Fathallah Sofiane , Boucekkine Abdou , Halet Jean‐François , Marder Todd B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe (p‐R‐phenyl)dimesitylboranes (R=Me2N, MeO, MeS, Br, I), (p‐R‐phenylethynyl)dimesitylboranes (R=Me2N, MeO, MeS, H), (E)‐[2‐(p‐R‐phenyl)ethenyl]dimesitylboranes (R=Me2N, H2N, MeO, MeS, H, CN, NO2), (E)‐[2‐(2‐thienyl)ethenyl]dimesitylborane, and (E)‐[2‐(o‐carboranyl)ethenyl]dimesitylborane have been prepared through the reaction of the appropriate p‐R‐phenyl‐ and p‐R‐phenylethynyllithium reagents with dimesitylboron fluoride and by hydroboration of the appropriate p‐R‐phenylacetylene, 2‐ethynylthiophene, and o‐ethynylcarborane with dimesitylborane. Their UV/Vis absorption and emission spectra have been recorded in a range of solvents with the fluorescence maxima of the donor‐substituted compounds in particular exhibiting large bathochromic shifts in highly polar solvents, indicative of charge transfer leading to large dipole moments in the excited state. The molecular structures of the (p‐R‐phenyl)dimesitylboranes (R=Me2N, MeO, MeS, Br, I), the (E)‐[2‐(p‐R‐phenyl)ethenyl]dimesitylboranes (R=Me2N, H2N MeO, MeS, H), (p‐R‐phenylethynyl)dimesitylborane (R=Me2N), and (E)‐[2‐(2‐thienyl)ethenyl]dimesitylborane, which have been determined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements, offer evidence of increased conjugation in the ground state with increased donor strength of the R substituent. Their first‐ and second‐order molecular hyperpolarizabilities have been obtained from EFISH and THG measurements, the first‐order hyperpolarizabilities being largest for the strongest R‐substituent donors. AM1 calculations have been performed on these compounds, showing reasonable agreement with the experimentally obtained bond lengths and hyperpolarizabilities, as well as on several related hypothetical compounds containing multiple CC bonds, most of which are proposed to have even larger hyperpolarizabilities.
The Synthesis and Characterization of all Diastereomers of a Linear Symmetrically Fused Tris‐Tröger's Base Analogue: New Chiral Cleft Compounds
Authors: Artacho Josep , Nilsson Patrik , Bergquist Karl‐Erik , Wendt Ola F. , Wärnmark Kenneth 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of all diastereomers of a linear symmetrically fused tris‐Tröger's base analogue are described. The diastereomers are unambiguously assigned as syn–anti 1 a, anti–anti 1 b, and syn–syn 1 c isomers, by using X‐ray diffraction analysis and NMR spectroscopy. For the first time, the anti–anti and the syn–syn diastereomers of a linear symmetrically fused tris‐Tröger's base analogue have been synthesized. Molecules 1 a and 1 c are new cleft compounds and analysis of compound 1 a in the solid state shows inclusion of one molecule of CH2Cl2 in the larger aromatic cleft, whereas in isomer 1 c disordered solvent molecules are trapped in the extended aromatic cleft. Furthermore, in the solid state, isomer 1 c forms infinite open channels along one of the crystallographic axes and perpendicular to this axis there are infinitely extending “wedged‐ravines”. Importantly, each of the diastereomers 1 a–c is resistant to inversion at the stereogenic nitrogen atoms under strongly and weakly acidic conditions in the range from room temperature (RT) to 95 °C. This observed configurational stability at the stereogenic nitrogens of 1 a–c is unique for analogues of Tröger's base in general to date. Finally, the ratio of cleft compounds 1 a and 1 c significantly increased relative to cavity compound 1 b when ammonium chloride was used as an additive in the Tröger's base condensation to 1 a–c suggesting a templating effect of the ammonium ion.
Comparative Analysis of the Surface Interaction Properties of the Binding Sites of CDK2, CDK4, and ERK2
Authors: Kelly Matthew D. , Mancera Ricardo L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRecently developed hydrogen‐bonding and hydrophobic analysis algorithms were used to investigate the interaction properties of the ATP binding sites of CDK2, CDK4, and ERK2. We were able to prioritise those hydrogen‐bonding groups that are observed to bind the native ATP ligand, as well as to identify other important groups found to bind inhibitors of these enzymes. However, as the hydrogen‐bonding groups in the ATP binding sites of these enzymes are fairly well‐conserved, we have confirmed that inhibitor selectivity may be predominantly due to differences in either the hydrophobic or steric properties of their binding sites. In particular, the hydrophobic properties of regions outside the specificity surface were observed to provide a rationale for the differences in specificity between various inhibitors to these enzymes. Our method was thus able to identify variations in hydrophobicity. The greater hydrophobicity of certain regions of CDK4 over analogous regions in CDK2 was detectable; likewise, it was possible to distinguish variations in hydrophobicity for regions of CDK2 against those in ERK2, despite the fact that these regions are largely composed of similar residue types.
Unexpected long‐term survival after low‐dose palliative radiotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Mac Manus Michael P. , Matthews Jane P. , Wada Morikatsu , Wirth Andrew , Worotniuk Valentina , Ball David L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDMany experienced oncologists have encountered patients with proven nonsmall cell lung cancer (NCLC) who received modest doses of palliative radiotherapy (RT) and who unexpectedly survived for > 5 years; some were apparently cured. We used a very large prospective database to estimate the frequency of this phenomenon and to look for correlative prognostic factors.METHODSPatients with histologically or cytologically proven NSCLC, treated with palliative RT to a dose of ≤ 36 Gy, were identified from a prospective database containing details of 3035 new patients registered from 1984–1990.RESULTSAn estimated 1.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.7–1.6%) of 2337 palliative RT patients survived for 5 or more years after commencement of RT, including 18 patients who survived progression‐free for 5 years. Estimated median survival was 4.6 months. Five‐year survivors had significantly better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status at presentation than non‐5‐year survivors (P = 0.024) and were less likely to have distant metastases (P = 0.020). RT dose did not appear to be a significant prognostic factor. Patients who survived 5 years without progression had an estimated 78% probability of remaining free from progression in the next 5years.CONCLUSIONSApproximately 1% of patients with proven NSCLC survived for > 5 years after palliative RT, and many of these patients appeared to have been cured by a treatment usually considered to be without curative potential. Because of the potential for long‐term survival, doses to late‐reacting normal tissues should be kept within tolerance when prescribing palliative RT in NSCLC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Volatile composition of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. rhizome from central and southern India
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Syamsundar K. V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe rhizome essential oils of Curcuma angustifolia from Central and Southern India were subjected to GC/MS analysis, which resulted in the identification of 81 and 78 constituents, accounting for more than 95 and 99% of the oil contents, respectively. The major constituents in the rhizome oil from Central India were xanthorrhizol isomer (12.7%), methyl eugenol (10.5%), palmitic acid (5.2%) and camphor (4.2%), while the rhizomes oil from Travancore (Southern India) had germacrone (12.8%), camphor (12.3%), isoborneol (8.7%), curdione (8.4%) and 1,8‐cineole (4.8%) as major constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Down regulation of 3p genes, LTF, SLC38A3 and DRR1, upon growth of human chromosome 3–mouse fibrosarcoma hybrids in severe combined immunodeficiency mice
Authors: Kholodnyuk Irina D. , Kozireva Svetlana , Kost‐Alimova Maria , Kashuba Vladimir , Klein George , Imreh Stefan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have applied a functional test for tumour antagonizing genes based on human chromosome 3 (chr3)–mouse fibrosarcoma A9 MCHs that were studied in vitro and after growth as tumours in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Previously, we reported that 9 out of the 36 SCID‐tumours maintained the transferred chr3 (“chr3+” tumours), but lost the expression of the known human TSG fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) in contrast to 14 other 3p‐genes examined. Here we report the results of the duplex RT‐PCR analysis of 9 “chr3+” tumours and 3 parental MCHs. We have examined the expression of 34 human 3p‐genes from known cancer‐related regions of instability, including 13 genes from CER1 defined by us previously at 3p21.33–p21.31 and 10 genes from the LUCA region at 3p21.31. We have found that in addition to FHIT, expression of the LTF gene from CER1 at 3p21.33‐p21.31 was lost in all 9 tumours analyzed. The transcript of the solute carrier family 38 member 3 gene (SLC38A3) gene from LUCA region at 3p21.31 was not found in 8 and was greatly reduced in 1 out of these 9 tumours. Expression of the down‐regulated in renal cell carcinoma gene (DRR1) gene at 3p14.2 was lost in 7 and down regulated in 2 “chr3+” tumours. In the SCID‐tumour derived cell lines treatment with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine restored the mRNA expression of LTF, indicating the integrity of DNA sequences. Notably that transcription of the LTF and 2 flanking genes, LRRC2 and TMEM7, as well as transcription of the SLC38A3 gene, were also impaired in all 5 RCC cell lines analyzed. Our data indicate these genes as putative tumour suppressor genes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.