bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of trans‐aconihc acid in forage grasses
Authors: Molloy L. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple paper chromatography method is described for the separation of the organic adds in pasture plants using an eluting solvent of tert‐amyl alcohol‐iso‐amyl alcohol‐90% formic acid‐water (48:32:10:40). the quantitative estimation of one plant metabolite, trans‐aconitic acid, was obtained by eluting the acid from the paper with a mixture of acetic anhydride, pyridine, and 95% ethanol and measuring the absorbence of the resultant complex at 370 nm in a spectrophotometer.Analyses of some typical New Zealand spring forage grasses showed that they could be differentiated into ‘accumulators’ and ‘non‐accumulators’ of trans‐aconitic acid.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in england and wales, 1966–1967: I—Organisation of a total diet study
Authors: Harries J. M. , Jones Christine M. , Tatton J. O'G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe organisation of a total diet sampling scheme is described, including the basis on which it was designed and the manner in which it was carried out. Twenty colleges or institutions, widely distributed in England and Wales, co‐operated in preparing the samples for analysis for pesticide residues. the samples were separated into 7 food groups for analytical purposes.
Mineral element gradients in pears
Authors: Faust M. , Shear C. B. , Brooks H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConcentration gradients for 10 chemical elements in pear fruits (Pyrus communis Linn.) were determined. Contents of P, K, Ca, Mn, Cu and B were high in the skin and core and low in the flesh. Al and Zn were very high in the skin and very low in both the flesh and core. Mineral content also varied between the calyx half and the stem half of the fruit‐K, Ca, Mg, and Mn were higher in the calyx half; P, Fe, Cu, Al and Zn were the same in both halves; and B was higher in the stem half of the fruit. the russet skin contained more Ca, Mn and Al than did smooth skin; quantities of the other elements were the same in both types of skin. Fruit with many stone cells contained less P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and B than did fruit with few stone cells. the difference between the cores accounted for most of the difference. Isolated grit cells were very low in minerals with the exception of Ca.
Prediction of phosphate requirements of Swedish turnips from soil phosphate values
Authors: Reith J. W. S. , Inkson R. H. E. , Williams E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractYields from 199 field experiments, extending over about 15 seasons and covering six soil groups in northeast Scotland, were used to calculate correlation coefficients between the responses of Swedish turnips to 120 1b P2O5/acre and readily soluble phosphate values for the soils, determined by six methods. There were marked effects of soil parent material and drainage on the correlations, which ranged from −0.05 to −0.74. the Morgan and bicarbonate methods were inferior to the NH4F‐HCl, Truog, acetic and lactate methods; the last method was usually the best.By fitting a Mitscherlich equation to the yields the optimum economic phosphate dressings were calculated for four combinations of fertiliser and crop prices. the average profit from these was about 30 shillings/acre greater than from using the mean optimum rate for the soil group or from using a standard rate of 120 1b P2O5. Calculations and adjustments tested so far have shown no convincing benefit from using the soil values to recommend phosphate dressings for individual soils. Neither inclusion of other soil properties nor use of the logarithms of the soil phosphate values in multiple regressions produced any appreciable improvement in response predictions.The main reason for the generally rather poor correlations seems to be variations in site characteristics and agricultural factors, rather than soil chemical and textural properties, coupled with the fact that the optimum rates are not well defined. the present indications are that the main practical usefulness of the soil P values is in monitoring of the phosphate status to guide rotational manuring and ensure that adequate dressings can be given for sensitive crops, rather than in the precise prediction of optimum dressings for individual fields.
Stability of α‐amylase in model brewery mashes
Authors: Young R. A. , Briggs D. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments with model mashes, of partly purified malt α‐amylase added to a grist of ethanol‐extracted pale‐ale malt confirmed that decreasing the concentration of the mash or increasing mash temperature caused an acceleration in the rate of α‐amylase destruction. the experimental mashes were devoid of proteolytic activity and contained high levels of calcium ions. the mash temperature was below that needed to inactivate the enzyme in solution, so that the instability of the enzyme was unexpected. α‐Amylase was estimated by a convenient reducing power method using a reduced starch substrate, and ‘hollow plug’ accelerated ion exchange for the removal of interfering substances.
An investigation into the possible occurrence of peptide‐bound lanthionine in locust muscle
Authors: Stein Janet M. , Clarke Eileen M. W. , Ellinger Gabrielle M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amino acid composition of the protein of the wing muscle of the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) was examined by qualitative and quantitative methods. the possible presence of lanthionine was investigated. Lanthionine could not be detected by two‐dimensional paper chromatography nor by ion‐exchange chromatography operated under three different conditions of temperature and pH. the analysis of hydrolysates prepared after a preliminary oxidation revealed no changes in composition that would arise had lanthionine been present together with other acids.
Role of amino acids in non‐enzymic browning
Authors: Spark A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLoss of nitrogen in the form of freeamino groups during browning of various aqueous sugar‐glycine mixtures has been studied, and the results are reported. It has been found that such loss depends on the type of sugar (pentose, aldohexose, or ketose), and is initially accelerated in the presence of buffering agents. the results also indicate that all the free primary amino nitrogen present during browning of sugarglycine mixtures can be accounted for as glycine. Browning of various saturated and unsaturated aldehydes with glycine has been shown to lead to pigments containing no nitrogen, and the significance of this is discussed in relation to the browning reaction. It is suggested that monoketoseamines are a major intermediate in browning reactions involving loss of amino nitrogen, and an extended reaction‐scheme for the browning of aldose‐amino systems is presented. the significance of the low loss of amino nitrogen in ketose‐glycine systems is discussed in relation to the mechanisms of browning of these systems. Consideration is given to methods used in colour measurement in non‐enzymic browning and to the limitations of colour measurement as an index of the extent of reaction.
Evaluation of groundnut meal protein for poultry
Authors: Daghir N. J. , Ayyash B. , Pellett P. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive samples of Iraqi groundnut meals used by feed manufacturers in Lebanon were subjected to three animal assays and several chemical assays commonly used for evaluating proteins. Orange G binding capacity was highly correlated with crude protein content of the five meals (r=O.98). Available lysine values did not differ, with the exception of one meal which contained considerably less than the others and also less total lysine. There was considerable difference in nitrogen solubility ranging from 18 to 53%. True protein values were highly correlated with crude protein values (r‐0.99). Amido nitrogen ranged between 3.4 and 6.5%. In all meals methionine and lysine were limiting amino acids, these being the first and second limiting respectively. Some also contained limiting threonine, tryptophan and isoleucine; the order of limitation changed when a cereal base was used with groundnut as the major protein source rather than the only source. The protein efficiency ratios (PER) of groundnut meals did not differ significantly, but were all significantly lower than for soyabean meal. Amino acid supplementation of groundnut meals resulted in an improvement in PER but not all meals responded in the same way, which indicates that the poor nutritive value of certain Iraqi groundnut meals is not due to amino acid limitation alone, but also to toxic substances. A modification of Anwar's method of calculating the gross protein value is presented; it gives a higher correlation with the available lysine value than the methods of Anwar or Robertson et al. Statistical analysis of the gain in body weight showed significant differences (P <0.01) between meals studied. Net protein utilisation operative values ranged from 3440% in contrast to soyabean meal which gave a value of 52. Variation in net dietary protein calories % followed the same trend as NPU(op) values.
Importance of wheat lipoxidase in the oxidation of free fatty acids in flour‐water systems
Authors: Morrison W. R. , Maneely E. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat flour was extracted with water, and the aqueous extract and flour residue were used in mixing experiments. The enzyme system (βoxidation?) responsible for the pro rata oxidation of free fatty acids (FFA) was present only in the flour residue, and lipoxidase was present only in the aqueous extract. It was calculated that lipoxidase could account for only a small proportion of the oxygen consumed in oxidations of FFA, and the significance of wheat flour lipoxidase in dough rheology is therefore less than has been hitherto assumed.
Performance of Aphis fabae and Brevicoryne brassicae on plants treated with growth regulators
Authors: Honeyborne C. H. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt was shown that the fecundity of aphids may be altered on plants treated with plant growth stimulators and retardants. There was evidence that the reduced fecundity and smaller size of Aphis fabae on broad beans treated with ethylene bisnitrourethane was related to the reduced nutritional value of the plants to the aphids, levels of soluble nitrogen being reduced. The reduced fecundity of A. fabae on broad beans treated with gibberellic acid may be related to the apparent toxicity of the compound when fed directly to the aphid. CCC (chlormequat chloride) seemed toxic to both A. fabae and Brevicoryne brassicae, and the number of embryos per adult A. fabae reared on CCC‐treated beans was reduced, although this did not reduce fecundity. Apart from any direct action of CCC on the aphids, there is evidence that the substance may reduce the availability of nutrients from the phloem of treated plants to the insects by reducing translocation, and there is further evidence that amino acid content of the sap may be reduced.
Spectra of activity of plant growth retardants against various parasites of one host species
Authors: Smith B. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects are described of foliar applications of the growth retardants, chlormequat (Cycocel), andN‐dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B995), on the major pests and diseases of blackcurrants. These compounds have a wide spectrum of activity; they both reduce the severity of attack by the miteCecidophyopsis ribisand the aphidAphis variansbut they differ in their effects against the pathogenic fungi,Pseudopeziza ribisandSphaerotheca mors‐uvaeand in their effects on the host plants. Some possible ways in which they may increase plant resistance are discussed.
Fertiliser research in scottish nurseries and forests
Authors: Atterson J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of fertilisers, particularly slow‐release nitrogen fertilisers, in forest nurseries is discussed. In forests, trials have shown unforeseen interactions between applied fertilisers and unforeseen effects of different constituents of particular fertilisers. Future requirements of phosphate rock, phosphate‐potash, and urea, the main fertilisers used, are considered.
Nitrogen nutrition of pines on the sands of culbin forest, morayshire
Authors: Miller H. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough conifers usually seem able to obtain sufficient nitrogen for establishment, it was shown that 36 year‐old Corsican pine on infertile sands responded to application of ammonium sulphate at rates greater than 84 kg N/ha by greatly increased height growth and diameter growth. After canopy closure, increasing amounts of nitrogen became immobilised in the litter, so that nitrogen deficiency arose less from increased demand for nitrogen by the tree than from a decrease in the available supplies.
Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain
Authors: Phillips D. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping‐off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle‐cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle‐cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).
Effects of N, P and K and their interactions on yield, tuber blight and quality of potatoes
Authors: Herlihy M. , Carroll P. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMaximum and optimum fertiliser rates based on main effects data from 33 and 43 factorial experiments were calculated and compared with the values obtained by taking interactions into account.High‐nitrogen dressings depressed yield in several instances. Increased phosphorus applications overcame this on some sites, which indicated the probability of it being a physiological effect rather than salt damage. The size distribution of tubers into large, medium and small was influenced most by potassium, which increased the proportion of large tubers while decreasing the other grades. The trends from nitrogen were similar but of lesser magnitude. Phosphorus had no consistent effect.Fertilisers had no influence on organoleptic tests as reflected by taste panel estimates of colour, flavour and texture of boiled potatoes. The level of reducing sugars was influenced most by potassium, which reduced their content. N and K decreased dry matter content, while P had the reverse effect.Phosphorus had a pronounced influence on the distribution of blighted tubers on sites with a higher than normal incidence of blight. On the average of the sites where the effect was significant, its application reduced blighted tubers from 20 to 12%. Although the trend from nitrogen was highly significant, the actual increase in the proportion of diseased tubers was low.The interaction effects found in a combined variance analysis of all sites were categorised. The most prevalent interaction affecting tuber yield was a decreased response to any one element in the absence of the other. In the case of percentage dry matter there was a consistently adverse NK interaction, while on a limited number of sites nitrogen or potassium depressed dry matter content most in the absence of phosphorus.
Occurrence and possible protective function of carbon dioxide in oilseeds
Authors: Sankara Rao D. S. , Achaya K. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe carbon dioxide contents of four oilseeds and their components have been determined using Warburg flasks by treatment with trichloroacetic acid and measurement of the released gas as barium carbonate. All the oilseeds contained carbon dioxide, with high contents in the hulls and kernels of castorseed and in the annular spaces of cottonseed and groundnut (and possibly castor). Isolated castor‐and cotton‐seed oils absorbed large quantities of the gas, but lost most of it in 2–6 h of exposure. Gassed groundnut and safflower oils when subsequently exposed to the atmosphere showed superior storage stability to untreated controls over long periods. Storage of oilseeds and oils under carbon dioxide appears advantageous.
Determination of fumigant residues in cereals and other foodstuffs: A multi‐detection scheme for gas chromatography of solvent extracts
Authors: Heuser S. G. , Scudamore K. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe need for sensitive and comprehensive methods for determination of fumigant residues in foodstuffs is discussed. A multi‐detection scheme for the evaluation of such residues is described, in which gas‐liquid chromatography using three types of detector is used to analyse the contents of processed solvent extracts.Factors which affect the efficiency of recovery of such residues are discussed. These include the reactivity and volatility of residual components, the effect of water in solvent extraction, and the problems of multiphase extraction.The performance and specificity of the chosen system are considered in relation to other possible methods. Results are given showing the recovery of a range of 20 compounds as volatile fumigant residues in cereals and other foodstuffs, with sensitivities generally better than 0.1 ppm. The extension of the analytical scheme to include other compounds is indicated.
Microbiological techniques ‐ some statistical aspects
Authors: Cowhx N. D. , Morisetti M. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe testing of material in order to determine its conformity to a microbiological standard involves two main processes; selection of the samples of material to be tested, and the testing of this material. For the procedure to be reliable, the sampled material must be representative of the whole and the test must give a reliable result. The errors arising from the sampling stage are indicated in this paper, and sampling schemes which have been recommended for this purpose are discussed. The chief test methods (colony and total counts, dilution methods, presence/absence tests, and chemical methods) are then discussed, both from the point of view of their underlying statistical reliability and the assessment of operator errors. Finally it is concluded that the initial sampling stage is the most critical part of any test procedure and where representative samples are difficult to obtain, the enforcement of a code of practice in manufacture is preferable to attempts to control quality by subsequent testing.
Preservation of leaf protein preparations by air drying
Authors: Arkcoll D. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAir‐dried leaf protein has hitherto been dark and gritty, but by drying in two stages, initially to between 20 and 30% moisture, then fine grinding before completion of air drying, a product can be made with as good an appearance and texture as that made by freeze‐drying. The keeping quality and digestibility of this material are also similar to freeze‐dried protein.
Volatile constituents of the black currant, RISES NIGR UM L.: II.—The fresh fruit
Authors: Nursten H. E. , Williams A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA procedure is described for preparing a black‐currant essence from the fresh fruit. Examination by gas‐liquid chromatography and infra‐red spectroscopy has allowed y‐terpinene, ethanol, n‐butanol, n‐hexanol, trans‐hex‐2‐en‐l‐ol, terpinen‐4‐ol, ethyl n‐butyrate, methyl n‐hexanpate, methyl benzoate, and 1,8‐cineole to be definitely identified. A further 14 compounds were tentatively identified.These results are discussed in conjunction with those obtained on a commercial black‐currant distillate and other published work on black currants.
Recovery and stability of phenolase, peroxidase and catalase activity in dried potato tissue
Authors: Weaver Merle L. , Hautala E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on a comparison with the activity of fresh potato enzyme extracts, complete recovery of phenolase, peroxidase and catalase activity was obtained from either freeze‐dried tissue or powder obtained by grinding the tissue with acetone. Phenolase activity was stable for 1 year, peroxidase for 2–4 weeks and catalase for 8 weeks.
Volatile hop constituents: Characterisation of β‐copaene and pentadec‐6‐ene‐2‐one
Authors: Buttery R. G. , Teranishi R. , Mon T. R. , Ling L. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEvidence has been found for the identity of two previously uncharacterised C15 volatile constituents of hops as β‐copaene and pentadec‐6‐ene‐2‐one. Some inconclusive evidence was also found for the identity of another.
Rheological properties of wheat flour doughs I.—Method for determining the large deformation and rupture properties in simple tension
Authors: Tschoegl N. W. , Rinde J. A. , Smith T. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method and an apparatus are described for determining the large deformation and rupture properties of wheat flour doughs in simple tension. Dough rings are submerged in a liquid of matching density to prevent the dough from deforming under its own weight and are stretched at constant rates of extension until rupture occurs. Stress‐strain curves obtained at different temperatures and extension rates on doughs prepared from a medium strength flour and a weak flour are presented, and the effects of rest period, mixing time, and mixing atmosphere on dough properties are discussed.
Content of p‐Hydroxybenzylglucosinolate in seed meals of Sinapis alba as affected by heredity, environment and seed part
Authors: Josefsson E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeed meals of different cultivars and breeding lines of white mustard (Sinapis alba) grown at different localities and in different years were analysed for content of p‐hydroxybenzylglucosinolate. The environmentally determined variation generally amounted to ± 12%. Cultivar differences were not significant in the material available but a much larger variation was found among individual plants. A statistical treatment of parent plant material and corresponding progenies gave a correlation coefficient of + 0·68 and a highly significant t2 value. This indicates that the glucosinolate content of white mustard seed is mainly genetically determined.Analysis of samples from field experiments with fertilisers containing different amounts of sulphate revealed that the glucosinolate content was not influenced by a reduction in the amount of sulphate applied to heavy soils.The content of glucosinolate, while similar in cotyledons and hypocotyls, was, however, much lower in the seed coat.
Modification of wheat gliadin by γ‐rays
Authors: Booth M. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat gliadin has been γ‐irradiated under nitrogen with a dose of 20 Mrad. No significant changes were observed in the amino acid analysis, chymotryptic fingerprints, or elution curves from Sephadex G‐200. Discrete bands had been largely replaced by tailing in the starch‐gel electrophoretic pattern. It is concluded that random bond scission has occurred, chiefly altering the side chains, and to some degree protein fragments have been grafted on to other sites. There is no definite evidence for the formation of macromolecular structures by inter‐protein crosslinks. On average it is likely that of the order of only one or two bonds per molecule were affected.
Phospholipids of marine origin V.—The crab – a comparative study of a marine species (Cyclograpsus punctatus) and a fresh water species (Potamon)
Authors: De Koning A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison has been made between phospholipids extracted from a marine crab and from a fresh water crab.Marine crab (body and viscera) contained a phospholipid fraction which liberated 2‐aminoethylphos‐phonic acid upon hydrolysis, while this substance was absent from the fresh water crab. Marine crab phospholipids had a higher content of phosphatidyl choline (57%), a higher content of phosphatidyl serine (5%) but a lower content of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (22%) than phospholipids from the fresh water crab (respective values: 52, 2 and 27%).Marine crab phospholipids and non‐phosphorylated lipids were richer in C20 plus C22 fatty acids but poorer in C18: 2 acid, than were the corresponding lipids from the fresh water crab.