bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FUNCTIONAL LIPID CHARACTERISTICS OF CHERRY LAUREL SEEDS (LAUROCERASUS OFFICINALIS ROEM.)
Authors: ALASALVAR CESARETTIN , WANASUNDARA UDAYA , ZHONG YING , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT The seeds of two native cherry laurel varieties (namely Kiraz and Findik), grown in the city of Giresun, Turkey, were compared in terms of their lipid content, lipid classes, fatty acids and fat soluble bioactives (tocols and phytosterols). Lipid content of the seeds in Kiraz and Findik varieties were 38.10 and 41.61%, respectively. The proportion of nonpolar and polar lipids ranged from 87.91 to 88.27% and from 11.73 to 12.09%, respectively. Triacylglycerol, and acetone mobile polar lipid and phospholipid, were the only nonpolar and polar lipids detected, respectively. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were found between the two samples among lipid classes. Thirteen, nine and four major fatty acids were detected in crude, neutral and polar lipids, respectively. Among those identified fatty acids, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid (62.42–64.18% in crude oil, 56.60–60.11% in neutral lipid, and 78.23–79.55% in polar lipid) followed by linoleic acid and palmitic acid in all lipid fractions. Eight tocol isoforms (four tocopherols and four tocotrienols) and three common phytosterols were positively identified and quantified; among these, γ‐tocopherol (0.55–0.69 mg/100 g oil) and β‐sitosterol (192.5–222 mg/100 g oil) were predominant in both seed oils. Tocotrienols were detected in trace amounts (<0.01 mg/100 g oil). Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed between Kiraz and Findik varieties among tocopherols and phytosterols. Thus, the present results suggest that both cherry laurel seeds serve as good sources of lipid, monounsaturated fatty acids, and bioactives. Therefore, both cherry seed oils might be considered as functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals.
ENZYMATIC ACIDOLYSIS OF EVENING PRIMROSE OIL WITH DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: SENANAYAKE S.P.J. NAMAL , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of evening primrose oil with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was carried out using Novozym‐435 from Candida antarctica as the biocatalyst. Several parameters, namely the amount of enzyme (X1; 100–200 enzyme activity units), incubation temperature (X2; 30–60C) and reaction time (X3; 18–30 h) were examined as independent variables of face‐centered cube design. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum reaction conditions for DHA incorporation into evening primrose oil were determined and quadratic response surface was drawn from the mathematical model. The results demonstrated that the amount of enzyme, reaction temperature and reaction time significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the incorporation of DHA into evening primrose oil. Optimum reaction conditions for DHA incorporation were 162 units of enzyme at 43C in 27 h. The optimum value predicted by RSM for DHA incorporation was 31.9%. Analysis of variance showed that 95% (R2 = 0.95) of the observed variation was explained by the polynomial model. Close agreement existed between experimental and predicted values. The positional distribution of fatty acids in DHA‐enriched evening primrose indicated that DHA was randomly distributed among the sn‐2 and sn‐1 + sn‐3 positions of the DHA‐enriched evening primrose oil.
ANALYTICAL DEFINITION OF THE QUALITY OF EXTRA‐VIRGIN OLIVE OIL STORED IN POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE BOTTLES
Authors: CECCHI TERESA , DE MARCO CORRADO , PASSAMONTI PAOLO , PUCCIARELLI FILIPPO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT To assess the role of the container material on the quality of olive oil, 16 samples of selected extra‐virgin olive oils (obtained in dark‐green glass bottles as soon as they were produced) were stored in colorless polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and in dark‐green glass bottles for 2 months. For the very first time, room temperature and daylight storage were used to mimic the actual household storage conditions. Results clearly indicate that peroxide value increases rapidly above the threshold value; there was also an increase of free fatty acids and acidity and strong sensory quality loss upon storage in PET bottles. Influences of the technological operation adopted during oil extraction are discussed.
ANTIRADICAL PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE OILS UPON FRYING OF FRENCH FRIES: A PRELIMINARY COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: SULIEMAN ABD EL‐RAHMAN MOHAMED , EL‐MAKHZANGY ATTYA , RAMADAN MOHAMED FAWZY 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Results of physicochemical parameters and antiradical performance of vegetable oils during deep frying acting as an initial indicator for applying antiradical test for monitoring deep frying oils were compared. Refined and deodorized palm olein, sunflower oil and cottonseed oil were evaluated during intermittent frying of French fries on two consecutive days for 16 h with oil replenishing after 8 h. Changes in fatty acid profile were used to evaluate the alteration during frying. In the different systems, linoleic acid decreased while palmitic, stearic and oleic acids increased in the bath oil upon frying. Some physical and chemical measurements were chosen to evaluate the quality of frying media. Data showed that palm olein was stable as a frying medium compared to sunflower and cottonseed oils. This was evidenced in palm olein by the lower peroxide value, iodine value, color index, viscosity, total polar compounds and UV absorbances at 232 and 270 nm. In contrast, radical scavenging activities (RSAs) of the three vegetable oils were recorded during frying, wherein the results showed that palm olein had the highest RSA followed by sunflower and cottonseed oils, respectively. A proportional correlation and positive relationship existed between some physicochemical characteristics of vegetable oils and their RSAs. Thus, antiradical measurement could be used to quantify the oxidative and hydrolytic deteriorations of vegetable oils upon frying.
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID CONTENT OF EDIBLE INSECTS IN THAILAND
Authors: YANG LI‐FENG. , SIRIAMORNPUN SIRITHON , LI DUO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Total lipid content and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of six species of insects (mole cricket, ground cricket, spur‐throated grasshopper, giant water bug, true water beetle and water scavenger beetle) were determined. The total PUFA ranged from 726 mg/100 g in water scavenger beetle to 2883 mg/100 g in ground cricket; 18:2n‐6 was the major PUFA in most insects, except in spur‐throated grasshopper where the predominant PUFA was 18:3n‐3. The C20 PUFA, 20:4n‐6 and 20:5n‐3 were only found in aquicolous species, 149 and 57 mg/100 g in water scavenger beetle, 233 and 92 mg/100 g in true water beetle, and 569 and 264 mg/100 g in giant water bug, respectively. Total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content ranged from 714 mg/100 g in water scavenger beetle to 5889 mg/100 g in giant water bug; total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content ranged from 653 mg/100 g in water scavenger beetle to 5432 mg/100 g in giant water bug. The major MUFA in all insects was 18:1 and predominant SFA was 16:0. Results also showed the ratios of n‐6/n‐3 ranged from 0.3 in spur‐throated grasshopper to 31 in mole cricket. The aquicolous edible insects may be an alternative source of C20 long‐chain PUFA.
COMPOSITION OF SOLVENT‐FRACTIONATED RICE BRAN OIL
Authors: YU FENG , KIM SONG HYUN , KIM NAM‐SUK , LEE JEUNG‐HEE , BAE DONG‐HO , LEE KI‐TEAK 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Rice bran oil was acetone fractionated at low temperature. Two methods, independent fractionation (−8, −14 and −35C) and sequential fractionation (0, −8 and −14C), were compared for the preparation of triacylglycerol (TG) fraction‐enriched unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Among all fractions obtained from both methods, the liquid fraction from independent fractionation at −35C referred to as −35L was the best (89.6%) compared to other procedures used for enrichment of UFAs. However, when weight yield was considered, the largest amount of UFAs was obtained from the liquid fraction at 0C (0L) from sequential fractionation. After sequential fractionation at 0C, 87.5 wt % was recovered in the liquid fraction that contained 71.5% total UFAs. In addition, as the fractionation temperature was lowered, the content (%) of γ‐oryzanol in the liquid fractions was increased gradually. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography showed four regions based on the partition number of TG molecules of the separated peaks.
DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL VALUE IN RANCID OILS: A CRITICAL RECONSIDERATION
Authors: FARHOOSH REZA , MOOSAVI SEYED MOHAMMAD REZA 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Different grades of 1‐butanol and 2‐propanol (2‐PrOH) with and without purification were reevaluated for preparation of blank solutions in a modified method for the determination of carbonyl value (CV) in rancid oils (soybean oil and a frying oil). Only purified 2‐PrOH with an absorbance lower than 0.35 at 420 nm was considered suitable as a solvent. Good correlations existed between the absorbance at 420 nm, and the molar concentration for 2‐decenal and 2,4‐decadienal solutions in 2‐PrOH reacted with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine. The sensitivity of the method in terms of 2‐decenal was higher than that of 2,4‐decadienal. The CVs calculated based on 2,4‐decadienal were higher than those of 2‐decenal, although differences between them were not statistically significant at low levels. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the measurement and the estimated CV content were dependent on the type of standard considered. Triphenylphosphine (TP) exerted a statistically significant effect on the CVs of the soybean oil, unless the peroxide content of the oil sample was very low or much higher than the amount of added TP. The addition of TP to the frying oil was not necessary because the conditions of the CV test did not lead to the production of excess carbonyl compounds caused by the degradation of peroxides.
EFFECTS OF REACTION PARAMETERS ON THE INCORPORATION OF CAPRYLIC ACID INTO SOYBEAN OIL FOR PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS
Authors: TURAN SEMRA , KARABULUT IHSAN , VURAL HALIL 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Structured lipids (SLs) were synthesized by transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) and caprylic acid (CA) with sn‐1,3‐specific lipase (TL IM, Thermomyces lanuginosa) in a batch stirred‐tank reactorwithout the use of solvent. Effects of variation in substrate mole ratio, temperature, enzyme load, reaction time and mixing speeds were investigated. To compare the effects of different parameters on the reaction, the default conditions were chosen as: temperature of 40C, stirring at 300 rpm, no extra water addition, enzyme dosage of 10 wt %, reaction time of 6 h and substrate mole ratio of 1:1 (SBO to CA). Products were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. An increase in substrate mole ratio decreased incorporation of CA into SBO. While the highest CA incorporation (7.84%) occurred at a mole ratio of 1:0.7 (SBO: CA) at default reaction conditions, 1:4 mole ratio gave the lowest value (0.52%). Optimum reaction temperature was 45C. As expected, the higher load of TL IM lipase in the reaction led to a higher incorporation of CA. At an enzyme dosage of 20 wt % in 6 h, the incorporation was 13.01%. A high incorporation of CA (7.19%) was obtained at 300 rpm, while 100 rpm gave the lowest incorporation (5.30%). A sharp increase was obtained for incorporation of CA into SBO during 18‐h reaction. After this point of the reaction, incorporation was very slow. To elevate the extent of acidolysis, reactions were repeated thrice with CA. Repeated reactions caused an increase in CA content of triacylglycerols (TAGs). After the third reaction, the CA content of TAGs reached to 35.38%. The incorporation of CA was slightly reduced from the first use (18.43%) to the fifth use of enzyme (8.19%).
STABILIZATION OF CHOLESTERYL LINOLEATE EMULSION MODEL SYSTEM BY CRACKLINGS HYDROLYSATES
Authors: FLACZYK EWA , RUDZIŃSKA MAGDALENA , KORCZAK JÓZEF , AMAROWICZ RYSZARD 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Acid (CAH) and enzymatic (CEH) hydrolysates were prepared from cracklings. The effect of the addition of both hydrolysates and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the oxidative stability of cholesteryl linoleate in model emulsions was investigated. Emulsions were incubated at 37C for 6 days during which time the peroxide value (PV), the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), the conjugated dienes and the cholesterol oxidation products were determined. The stability properties of antioxidants so tested were represented by an antioxidant efficiency coefficient. CEH possessed a better antioxidant efficacy (AE) than CAH based on PV, content of conjugated dienes, TBARS values and quantities of cholesterol oxides. After 6 days of incubation, the level of oxysterols in samples to which hydrolysates were added was four to five times lower than that of the control sample. The AE of enzymatically and acid‐prepared hydrolysates in a model emulsion was lower than that of BHT. The protection of BHT against cholesterol oxidation was less than that of CEH. The 7‐keto‐C was the dominant oxysterol detected.
1,1‐DI‐(2′,5′‐DIHYDROXY‐4′‐TERT‐BUTYLPHENYL)ETHANE: A NOVEL ANTIOXIDANT
Authors: LI JIAYI , WANG TAO , WU HOU , HO CHI‐TANG , WENG XINCHU 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT A novel antioxidative compound, namely 1,1‐di‐(2′,5′‐dihydroxy‐4′‐tert‐butylphenyl)ethane (DHPE) was synthesized by condensation reaction between tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and acetaldehyde. The antioxidant and free‐radical scavenging activities of this compound were compared to other common antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, TBHQ and propyl gallate by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay and oil stability index experiment, deep‐fat frying and Schaal oven test. DHPE was the most potent antioxidant among all antioxidants tested using 10% emulsion and deep‐fat frying at 180C. It was also a very good antioxidant at room temperature in lard and soybean oil. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that DHPE was a strong free‐radical scavenger.
New method for evaluation of lung lymph flow rate with intact lymphatics in anaesthetized sheep
Authors: Naito T. , Ozawa Y. , Tomoyasu M. , Inagaki M. , Fukue M. , Sakai M. , Yamamoto T. , Ishikawa S. , Onizuka M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAim:  Lung lymph has commonly been studied using a lymph fistula created by tube cannulation into the efferent duct of the caudal mediastinal node in sheep. In this method, the tail region of the caudal mediastinal node is resected and the diaphragm is cauterized to exclude systemic lymph contamination, and cannulation is performed into one of the multiple efferent ducts originating from the caudal mediastinal node. Moreover, the pumping activity of lymphatics might be diminished by cannulation. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the flow rate of lung lymph with maintenance of intact lymphatic networks around the caudal mediastinal node to the thoracic duct in sheep.Methods:  An ultrasound transit‐time flow meter was used to measure lung lymph flow. The thoracic duct was clamped just above the diaphragm and the flow probe was attached to the thoracic duct just after the last junction with an efferent duct from the caudal mediastinal node. The lung lymph flow rate was measured at baseline and under conditions of lung‐oedema formation.Results:  The baseline lung lymph flow rate in our model was three‐ to sixfold greater than values obtained with the cannulation method. With oedema‐formation, the lung lymph flow rate was the same as that measured using cannulation.Conclusion:  The lung lymph flow was unexpectedly large under the conditions of the study, and our data suggest that the drainage effect of lymphatics is significant as a safety factor against pulmonary oedema formation.
QUASISYMMETRIC SEWING IN RIGGED TEICHMÜLLER SPACE
Authors: RADNELL DAVID , SCHIPPERS ERIC 
Published: August 2006

One of the basic geometric objects in conformal field theory (CFT) is the moduli space of Riemann surfaces whose n boundaries are "rigged" with analytic parametrizations. The fundamental operation is the sewing of such surfaces using the parametrizations to identify points. An alternative model is the moduli space of n-punctured Riemann surfaces together with local biholomorphic coordinates at the punctures. We refer to both of these moduli spaces as the "rigged Riemann moduli space".By generalizing to quasisymmetric boundary parametrizations, and defining rigged Teichmüller spaces in both the border and puncture pictures, we prove the following results: (1) The Teichmüller space of a genus-g surface bordered by n closed curves covers the rigged Riemann and rigged Teichmüller moduli spaces of surfaces of the same type, and induces complex manifold structures on them; (2) With this complex structure, the sewing operation is holomorphic; (3) The border and puncture pictures of the rigged moduli and rigged Teichmüller spaces are biholomorphically equivalent.These results are necessary in rigorously defining CFT (in the sense of G. Segal), as well as for the construction of CFT from vertex operator algebras.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Apoptosis in Jurkat Leukemia T Cells Is Regulated by Translocation of Bad to Mitochondria
Authors: Jia Wentao , Hegde Venkatesh L. , Singh Narendra P. , Sisco Daniel , Grant Steven , Nagarkatti Mitzi , Nagarkatti Prakash S. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Plant-derived cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), induce apoptosis in leukemic cells, although the precise mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of THC on the upstream and downstream events that modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) module of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways primarily in human Jurkat leukemia T cells. The data showed that THC down-regulated Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/ERK/RSK pathway leading to translocation of Bad to mitochondria. THC also decreased the phosphorylation of Akt. However, no significant association of Bad translocation with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and protein kinase A signaling pathways was noted when treated cells were examined in relation to phosphorylation status of Bad by Western blot and localization of Bad to mitochondria by confocal analysis. Furthermore, THC treatment decreased the Bad phosphorylation at Ser112 but failed to alter the level of phospho-Bad on site Ser136 that has been reported to be associated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway. Jurkat cells expressing a constitutively active MEK construct were found to be resistant to THC-mediated apoptosis and failed to exhibit decreased phospho-Bad on Ser112 as well as Bad translocation to mitochondria. Finally, use of Bad small interfering RNA reduced the expression of Bad in Jurkat cells leading to increased resistance to THC-mediated apoptosis. Together, these data suggested that Raf-1/MEK/ERK/RSK-mediated Bad translocation played a critical role in THC-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(8):549–62)
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Differentially Modulates CD44 Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Muthukumaran Neelakandan , Miletti-González Karl E. , Ravindranath Abhilash K. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Lorna 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChronic inflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a major inflammatory cytokine, is abundant in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. TNF-α modulates the expression of CD44 in normal T lymphocytes and CD44 is implicated in ovarian carcinogenesis and metastases. However, little is known about the role of TNF-α in CD44 expression of cancer cells. Recent clinical work using TNF-α inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer makes the study of TNF-α interactions with CD44 crucial to determining treatment a success or a failure. We studied the effect of TNF-α on ovarian cancer cells viability, CD44 expression, and in vitro migration/invasion. Our results revealed that TNF-α differentially modulates the expression of CD44 in TNF-α-resistant ovarian cancer cells, affecting their in vitro migration, invasion, and binding to hyaluronic acid. TNF-α up-regulation of CD44 expression was dependent on the activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and this activation was accompanied by an increase in their invasive phenotype. On the contrary, if TNF-α failed to induce JNK phosphorylation, the end result was down-regulation of both CD44 expression and the invasive phenotype. These results were confirmed by the use of JNK inhibitors and a TNF receptor competitive inhibitor. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(8):511–20)
Mitotic Arrest, Apoptosis, and Sensitization to Chemotherapy of Melanomas by Methionine Deprivation Stress
Authors: Kokkinakis Demetrius M. , Brickner Anthony G. , Kirkwood John M. , Liu XiaoYan , Goldwasser Jason E. , Kastrama Anastasiya , Sander Cindy , Bocangel Dora , Chada Sunil 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Methionine deprivation stress (MDS) eliminates mitotic activity in melanoma cells regardless of stage, grade, or TP53 status, whereas it has a negligible effect on normal skin fibroblasts. In most cases, apoptosis accounts for the elimination of up to 90% of tumor cells from the culture within 72 hours after MDS, leaving a scattered population of multinucleated resistant cells. Loss of mitosis in tumor cells is associated with marked reduction of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1 transcription and/or loss of its active form (CDK1-P-Thr161), which is coincident with up-regulation of CDKN1A, CDKN1B, and CDKN1C (p21, p27, and p57). Expression of the proapoptotic LITAF, IFNGR, EREG, TNFSF/TNFRSF10 and TNFRSF12, FAS, and RNASEL is primarily up-regulated/induced in cells destined to undergo apoptosis. Loss of Aurora kinase B and BIRC5, which are required for histone H3 phosphorylation, is associated with the accumulation of surviving multinucleated cells. Nevertheless, noncycling survivors of MDS are sensitized to temozolomide, carmustin, and cisplatin to a much greater extent than normal skin fibroblasts possibly because of the suppression of MGMT/TOP1/POLB, MGMT/RAD52/RAD54, and cMET/RADD52, respectively. Sensitivity to these and additional genotoxic agents and radiation may also be acquired due to loss of cMET/OGG1, reduced glutathione reductase levels, and a G2-phase block that is a crucial step in the damage response associated with enhancement of drug toxicity. Although the genes controlling mitotic arrest and/or apoptosis in response to low extracellular methionine levels are unknown, it is likely that such control is exerted via the induction/up-regulation of tumor suppressors/growth inhibitor genes, such as TGFB, PTEN, GAS1, EGR3, BTG3, MDA7, and the proteoglycans (LUM, BGN, and DCN), as well as the down-regulation/loss of function of prosurvival genes, such as NFκB, MYC, and ERBB2. Although MDS targets several common genes in tumors, mutational variability among melanomas may decide which metabolic and signal transduction pathways will be activated or shutdown. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(8):575–89)