bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carl Wilhelm Noses Handexemplar seines Versuchs einiger Beyträge zur Chemie
Authors: Quarg Gunter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn 1778, Lorenz von Crell (1744–1816), professor for chemistry and medicine at the Helmstedt University, founded his Chemisches Journal, the first successful periodical, concerning a distinctive part of the sciences. One of his former students, C. W. Nose (1753–1835), was among the contributors to the inaugurative volume, but he published his article separately, because the edition of the journal was delayed. The authors private copy of this “first article of the first chemical journal” is preserved in the rare book collection of the Chemical Library of the University of Cologne. It is described here, regarding it as an important document of the history of chemical journalism and science.
Die Technisierung der Strahlenforschung und Hochenergiephysik als Durchsetzungsstrategie
Authors: Osietzki Maria 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe technical standard in physics is demostrated as dependent on the different social and mental states of national communities. Their interests are incoporated in their research as well as in their technical equipment. In the case of high energy physics the construction of huge accelerators should maintain the level of financial, organizational and technical standards experienced during the war; but in the meantime the image of high energy physics should represent international cooperation, pure research without the stigma of destruction.
Theoretische und praktische Jurisprudenz. Die Verwissenschaftlichung der Rechtsgelehrsamkeit um 1800
Authors: Schröder Jan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo developments have been of crucial significance to create the today's relation of theoretical (scientific) jurisprudence and the practical pursuit of law:1. The process of forming a jurisprudence basing on scientific methods around 1800. This process is particularly based on the following epistemological changes:(a) The late 18th century gave birth to the idea of a system of science as an unchangeable context of science in abstracto. Therefore the practical application of parts of this system appeared no longer as an independent science. (b) Besides the late 18th century gave birth to the distinction between scientific ability (reason/“Verstand”) and practical ability (judgement/“Urteilskraft”). (c) Finally the late 18th century established criteria of a scientific method — necessity, reasoning, systematics —, which the practical application could not satisfy. Jurisprudence (now: legal science/“Rechtswissenschaft”) absorbed these epistemological changes in the late 18th century and regarded itself as a science. Therefore the legal science dismissed the “applied jurisprudence” that is to say the practical pursuit of law (that had been recognized as a part of legal scholarship in former times). 2. The change in the relation of academic and practical education of lawyers around and after 1800: The practical education was dislodged from the universities and found its place in the practical judicial training after the first state examination (“Referendarzeit”). This “two‐step‐education” was established first in Prussia and since 1879 everywhere in Germany.
Aus Österreich emigrierte Sozialwissenschaftler. Überblick und Stand der Forschung
Authors: Fleck Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe article presents an general view over the enforced migration of Austrian social scientists after 1933. The author argues that the Austrian case is a specific one: first in consequence of the two successive dictatorships, second because of the devastating consequences of the emigration movement for the Austrian scientific community and culture. Only a few of the refugees returned to Austria after 1945. Further could be demonstrated that the Austrian refugees were quickly promoted in the scientific world of their exile countries, by way of comparison — especially in the United States.
Die erste Entlassungswelle von Hochschullehrern deutscher Hochschulen aufgrund des Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums vom 7.4.1933
Authors: Gerstengarbe Sybille 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn 7 April 1933 the statute „Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums”︁ authorized German universities to dismiss staff because of race and/or politics. At the end of 1934 the Ministry of Science, Arts and National Education demanded lists of university teachers, who had to leave the universities as a consequence of the above law. The present lists fully compile the universities in Germany in 1934.
Thomas Kuhn und die Wissenschaftsgeschichte
Authors: Hoyningen‐Huene Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe article discusses Thomas S. Kuhn's impact on the history of science, especially in the United States of America. First, the state of the history of science in the fifties is sketched. Second, Kuhn's particular contribution to the emerging new historiography of science is presented. Third, Kuhn's role in the m‐stitutionalization of the history of science in the USA is considered. Finally, some remarks are made on the relation between Kuhn's historiographic work and his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Types of mean residence times
Authors: Wagner John G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMean residence times (MRTs) have been classified into two main groups, namely system moment MRT [MRT(S,MO] and system matrix MRT [MRT(S,MA]. There are also MRTs of individual compartments [MRT(i)] such as central or plasma compartment, [MRT(P)], and tissue compartments and the MRT of an absorption site, [MRT(A)]. Much of the literature on MRTs does not clearly indicate which MRT is being discussed. MRT(S,MO) has been termed non‐compartmental, but is really based on a structured model. There are really no model‐independent MRTs or steady‐state volumes of distribution. For the classical two‐compartment open model with central compartment input, sampling and elimination MRT(S,MO) = MRT(S,MA) for a given set of microscopic rate constants. When elimination occurs from any but the central compartment then MRT(S,MO) is not equal to MRT(S,MA). For 'first‐pass' drugs it is necessary to have a model where elimination occurs from a compartment different from the central and sampling compartment. Many of the methods of estimating MRTs which have been reported in the literature to date are reviewed and some generalizations are drawn. Some uses of MRTs are indicated. These uses involve both amounts of drug in the body as well as concentrations. The relationship between MRT(S,MO) and MRT(S,MA) for the Rowland two‐compartment open model with peripheral compartment elimination is: MRT(S,MA)‐MRT(S,MO) = l/(k20 + k21). Thus the system matrix MRT is always larger than the system moment MRT for this linear model, which is most useful for ‘first‐pass’ drugs. A general equation for MRT(S,MA) of all three two‐compartment open models with input into either of the compartments is (λ;1 + λ;2_kio)/λ;1λ;2 where i is the compartment (i= 1 or 2) into which input occurs.
Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine and stable isotope labelled analogues: A study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Burm A. G. L. , Van Kleef J. W. , Spierdijk J. , De Boer A. G. , Vermeulen N. P. E. , De Leede L. G. J. , Breimer D. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine and tri‐deuteromethyl‐labelled lidocaine and bupivacaine were investigated in healthy volunteers. The deuterium‐labelled and the unlabelled form of the drug to be investigated were simultaneously infused in 10 min. Plasma concentrations were determined using a combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass fragmentography. Bi‐exponential functions were fitted to the plasma concentration‐time data. The mean distribution and elimination half‐lives were 8.4±5.9 min and 96±26 min for lidocaine, 9.2±7·0 min and 98±27 min for deuterium‐labelled lidocaine, 15.3±9·9 min and 111±32 min for bupivacaine, and 15.2 ± 10.9 min and 109±31 min for deuterium‐labelled bupivacaine, respectively. The mean volumes of the central compartment and mean steady state volumes of distribution were: lidocaine 37±151 and 97±201, deuterium‐labelled lidocaine 39±161 and 98±181, bupivacaine 27±111 and 66±231 and deuterium‐labelled bupivacaine 28±121, and 65±221, respectively. The respective mean plasma clearances were 0.88±0181 min−1, 0.87±0.181 min−1, 0.61±0.151 min−1, and 0.62±0.171 min−1. The results of the study indicate that substitution of a deuterated methyl group does not alter the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine in healthy subjects.
Relative bioavailability of carbocysteine from three dosage forms investigated in healthy volunteers
Authors: Bron J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of a new tablet formulation of carbocysteine relative against two other oral carbocysteine containing dosage forms, viz. a syrup and capsules. Plasma levels and urine concentrations of carbocysteine were monitored, following oral administration of all three dosage forms to healthy human volunteers, by direct derivatization of carbocysteine using dabsylchloride and subsequent high performance liquid chromatography.There was no difference in bioavailability of carbocysteine from these dosage forms as expressed by the respective areas under the plasma concentration‐time curves and total amounts of unchanged carbocysteine excreted in urine.
A general model of metabolite kinetics following intravenous and oral administration of the parent drug
Authors: Weiss Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA model of metabolite pharmacokinetics is developed in terms of residence time distributions and derived non‐compartmental measures. It provides quantitative insight into factors determining the concentration‐time curve of metabolite following intravenous and oral administration of the precursor drug. The AUCs and higher curve moments (mean residence times and relative dispersions) are calculated/ predicted and their dependence on mean absorption time, fraction of first‐pass metabolism and intrinsic disposition residence times of the parent drug and metabolite, respectively, is discussed. An AUC‐based method for the determination of the first‐pass effect is proposed which is not influenced by drug absorption. The approach is valid for linear pharmacokinetic systems exhibiting hepatic and renal elimination of the precursor drug; it is not restricted to specific compartmental models. Limitations of previous concepts of metabolite kinetics are defined. Criteria are presented for the appearance of concave metabolite curves in a semi‐logarithmic scale.
Effect of poisoning by soman (pinacolyl methylphosphono‐fluoridate) on the serum half‐life of the cholinesterase reactivator hi‐6 in mice
Authors: Clement J. G. , Simons K. J. , Briggs C. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of fasting, atropine, and poisoning by an organophosphae anticholinesterase soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) on the pharmacokinetics of the acetylcholinesterase oxime reactivator HI‐6 (CAS Reg. No. 34433‐31‐3; l‐(((4‐(aminocarbonyl) pyridinio)methoxy)methyl)‐2‐(hydroxyimino)methyl) pyridinium di‐chloride) was investigated. Pharmacokinetic parameters (elimination half‐life, volume of distribution, clearance rate) were determined for the following groups: (1) a 20 and 50 mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6; (2) a 50 mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6 after fasting for 18 h (water ad lib); (3) a 50mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6 at 0, 4, and 24h after atropine (17.4mg kg−1, i.p.) and soman (287μg kg−1, s.c); and (4) a 50mg kg−1 dose of HI‐6 at 0 and 4h after soman (100 μg kg−1, s.c). Fasting increased significantly (p<0.05) the elimination of half‐life (t½) and tended to increase the volume of distribution (Vd) and decrease the clearance rate (CL). Following soman (287 μg kg−1) poisoning the UA of HI‐6 increased from 8‐6 min to 21‐6 min and the Vd increased to 0.731 kg−1. At the lower soman dose (100 μg kg−1) no significant effect on HI‐6 pharmacokinetics was found. Atropine (17.4μg kg−1: i.p.) pretreatment increased the t½ and CL while having no effect on the Vd. By 24 h the pharmacokinetic parametes of HI‐6 in the various treatment groups were not significantly different from the control group. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of HI‐6 following soman and atropine are probably the result of haemodynamic changes.
Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone after intravenous, peroral and rectal administration to human subjects
Authors: Parab P. V. , Ritschel W. A. , Coyle D. E. , Gregg R. V. , Denson D. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetic properties of hydromorphone in healthy young male subjects were studied after i. v., peroral, and rectal administration. After i.v. administration the following pharmacokinetic parameters were found: elimination half‐life 2.36 ± 0.5 h, hepatic extraction ratio 0.51, apparent volume of distribution 2.9 ± 1.3 L kg−1 and volume of central compartment 0.23 ± 0.2 L kg−1. The absolute bioavailability after peroral administration was 50.7 ± 29.8 per cent, and that after rectal administration was 33 ± 22 per cent.
Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of terodiline, including a stable isotope technique for improvement of statistical evaluations
Authors: Hallén Bengt , Guilbaud Olivier , Strömberg Signhild , Lindeke Björn 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA bioequivalence study with terodiline (Mictrol®) was performed in 8 healthy volunteers given a 25 mg oral dose of either of two solid dosage forms together with a water solution of the deuterated drug. The solid dosage forms were found to be bioequivalent. Moreover, their pharmacokinetic profiles were the same as for the water solution. The basic pharmacokinetic parameters (means ± SE) of terodiline were calculated to: biological half‐life in serum 60 ± 4 h, maximum serum concentration 79 ± 4 μg 1−1 and the corresponding time 4 ± 1 h, oral serum clearance 75 ± 7 ml min−1, urinary excretion 15.3 ± 1.5 per cent of dose, and renal serum clearance 10.9 ± 2.2 ml min−1.The within‐subject variability (serum‐derived parameters) was about 8 per cent (CV per cent) and the between‐subject variation 2–4 times higher. A single parameter estimate in subjects of a comparative population can be expected to show a 3‐fold variation (95 per cent confidence).The deuterated drug could be used as a covariate to increase the power/precision in the statistical evaluation of the bioequivalence. In that way the 95 per cent confidence interval for the difference between the formulations, as well as the difference that could be detected with 80 per cent power, was reduced 2‐ to 5‐fold. The covariate method was thus in this respect extremely efficient. In bioequivalence studies with drugs where a large number of subjects would be needed using conventional statistical analyses, this method also offers a possibility to considerably reduce the size of the panel, while retaining sufficient power and precision in the estimates.
Bioavailability in human volunteers of three intramuscular formulations of cefonicid: A long‐acting cephalosporin
Authors: Brumfitt W. , Hamilton‐Miller J. M. T. , Grady Deirdre , James I. , Price Colette 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree different intramuscular formulations of cefonicid (a new long acting cephalosporin) have been tested for bioavailability in 12 healthy volunteers, using a triple crossover design. No significant differences were detectable between the bioequivalence of the three formulations in terms of area‐under‐curve and 24‐h urinary excretion. However, one of the formulations (A) was absorbed significantly more rapidly from the site of injection, causing higher serum levels for up to 1.5 h after administration. A significantly greater urinary excretion was also found up to 8 h after admininstration of formulation A. All three formulations were well tolerated, and no side‐effects or significant changes in laboratory tests were observed.
Effect of acute water deprivation on renal function in rats
Authors: Prasad P. , Niazi S. , Jung D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of acute water deprivation for 96 h on renal function was studied in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were estimated using inulin and p‐amino hippuric acid (PAH), respectively, as model compounds. Acute water deprivation caused a significant decrease (44 per cent) in the GFR without altering the ERPF. These results indicate that a proper dosage adjustment may have to be made in the dehydration condition, especially for drugs whose disposition is dependent on GFR.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ergoloid mesylates
Authors: Schran H. F. , McDonald S. , Lehr R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ergoloid mesylates following single administrations of various dose levels (3–9 mg), dosage forms (oral swallow and sublingual tablets, solution) and under different dosing conditions (fasted, with meal) were studied in young healthy volunteers. Male and female subjects showed a similar rate and extent of bioavailable ergoloid after drug treatment. The absorption of ergoloid using either the tablet dosage forms or the drug administered as a solution was rapid, with peak levels of about 60–80 pg ml−1 mg−1 dose achieved after 0.6 to 1.3 h. The elimination half‐life for ergoloid in plasma was 2–5 h. Administration of drug with food had no effect on the extent of absorption (AUC) but lowered the absorption rate. This resulted in a reduction of (by 25 per cent) and delay in (by 1 h) achieving peak levels (Cmax). Increasing the ergoloid dose caused a proportional increase in the AUC, but a smaller than proportional increase for Cmax. The tablet formulations provided similar AUCs as the solution; the objective of the sublingual tablet formulation to provide improved bioavailability over the swallow tablet via circumvention of first‐pass metabolism was therefore not realized. Transient decreases in blood pressure after ergoloid treatment paralleled the plasma level profiles. Higher ergoloid levels were paired with the larger pressure decreases.
Bioavailability of 125I bromelain after oral administration to rats
Authors: White Richard R. , Crawley Francis E. H. , Vellini Massimiliano , Rovati Luigi A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBromelain is a sulphydral protease, derived from the stem and fruit of pineapples. Semi‐purified preparations of bromelain are used in the treatment of inflammation and oedema. There is however no unequivocal proof of the absorption of the enzyme after oral administration. In this study, 125I‐bromelain was administered orally to rats and blood sampled at various times. The total radioactivity, the TCA precipitable 125I‐compounds and the molecular weight profile of 125I‐proteins in the plasma were determined. A maximum level, equivalent to 270 ng ml−1 bromelain was found at 1 h after administration. Approximately 40 per cent of the 125I in plasma could be precipitated by 10 per cent trichloroacetic acid. Electrophoretic analysis showed one major peak of radioactivity in the plasma samples, with a molecular weight of 26‐32000 daltons. This is identical to the main molecular weight fraction in the Bromelain mixture and corresponds to the molecular weight of the purified enzyme. In the 1 h plasma sample this peak contained 0.003 per cent of the administered dose per millilitre.
Placebo‐controlled comparative study of the anxiolytic activity and of the pharmacokinetics of oral and sublingual lorazepam in generalized anxiety
Authors: Spénard J. , Caillé G. , VÉZina M. , Larivière L. , Trudel F. , Ouellette J. , De Montigny C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a randomized crossover study, twelve patients presenting a generalized anxiety disorder received either a 1 mg oral tablet or a 1 mg sublingual tablet of lorazepam three times daily for 7 days. After a 7‐day washout period, each patient received a 7‐day treatment with the other tablet form. Treatments were administered in a double‐blind manner using placebos of both the oral and sublingual tablets. Psychiatric evaluations were carried out before and following each of the three periods. Blood samples were drawn at intervals for 48 h following the last dose of each treatment. The plasma concentrations of lorazepam were measured by gas chromatography using an electron‐capture detector. Both the oral and sublingual lorazepam produced a significant anxiolytic effect; there was no statistically significant difference between the therapeutic effectiveness of the two forms of lorazepam. The main pharmacokinetic parameters for the oral and sublingual tablets were, respectively: elimination half‐life 15.6h and 11.7h; maximal concentration 40.8ngml−1 and 42.2ngml−1; time to reach maximal concentration l.2h and 1.4h; corrected area under the curve 310.6ng hml−1 and 313.6ng hml−1. There was no statistically significant difference between the oral and sublingual tablets for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured.
The potential role of lysosomes in tissue distribution of weak bases
Authors: Macintyre Anna C. , Cutler David J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe potential importance of lysosomes as a site of accumulation of weak bases in tissues is discussed. A simple mathematical treatment predicts the quantitative significance of lysosomal trapping for monoacidic and diacidic weak bases.The features which are characteristics of lysosomal trapping are discussed, particularly in comparison with active transport and intracellular binding mechanisms. These features include: linear accumulation at low concentrations; nonlinearity at higher concentrations; dependence on structural integrity of tissue; energy dependence and competition with other weak bases.Subcellular distribution studies have previously shown that weak bases accumulate extensively in membranes; however, the dependence of accumulation on the structural integrity of tissue suggests that this is not the only significant mechanism of accumulation.The results of a range of studies of tissue distribution of weak bases are discussed to illustrate that these findings are consistent with accumulation in lung and liver being attributable to a combination of lysosomal trapping and accumulation in membranes whereas, in muscle, accumulation in membranes is the predominant mechanism of accumulation. The possible pharmacokinetic significance of lysosomal trapping of weak bases is also discussed.
Is there life after college? A customized assessment and planning model
Authors: Obler Susan S. , Ramer Maureen H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAssessment systems need to be designed for new student populations–‐the “new” majority who no longer fit the traditional profile. In contrast to programs for full‐time students who are recent high school graduates, the model proposed here features a customized planning information sequence tailored to the diversity of toduy's students.