bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics, Historical Linguistics and Language Variation
Authors: McMahon April , McMahon Robert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHistorical linguists have always been interested in grouping varieties and languages together into subgroups and families. However, their methodologies for doing so, and for representing the results, have until relatively recently been limited to the Comparative Method and the family tree. Criteria for family membership have rarely been formalized, while tree diagrams run the risk of factoring out important relationships reflecting language contact. Over the past 20 years, quantitative methods for comparing language data and programs for generating many trees and selecting the best, as well as alternative representations like networks, have become available. These are often borrowed from other disciplines like population biology, and offer scope for comparison with data from other domains, including genetics, archaeology and anthropology. This article reviews current and developing methodologies and debates in this emerging interdisciplinary field.
Corpus Linguistics in the UK: Resources for Sociolinguistic Research
Authors: Anderson Wendy 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSociolinguistics has always relied on authentic data, and is increasingly finding value in the methods and textual resources developed by corpus linguists. This article begins by surveying current activity in corpus linguistics in the UK in terms of publications, conferences and networks, and then outlines the range of research currently ongoing, with a particular focus on corpus resources that are readily available and likely to be of use to sociolinguists. This includes general corpora, specialized corpora, and corpora of regional or historical varieties, as well as tools and initiatives for standardization and data‐sharing, which aim to allow users to exploit corpora as fully as possible. The focus is largely on corpora of English, but corpora of other languages are also considered. The discussion treats corpora from the point of view of their availability and the provision of accompanying metadata, both issues central to effective sociolinguistic enquiry.
Managing Diversity? ‘Community Cohesion’ and Its Limits in Neoliberal Urban Policy
Authors: MacLeavy Julie 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe concept of ‘community cohesion’ has played a defining role in the institution of a new policy agenda for regenerating urban areas in many liberal welfare states. Its particular interpretation supports the installation of urban programmes that are based not on the improvement of the built environment, but rather investment in the social and cultural composition of cities. In particular, the economic and civic participation of individuals living within deprived urban areas is positioned as a key means of redressing situations of inequality and disadvantage. This article reviews the concept of ‘community cohesion’, its use in urban policy in the UK, and the recent literature on this subject. Through an indicative discussion of the New Deal for Communities programme, it explores the potential implications of ‘community cohesion’ for disadvantaged policy subjects and considers especially its provisions for ethnic minority groups: a constellation of community in which individuals are understood to experience a ‘double disadvantage’ as a result of their disproportionate concentration in deprived urban areas, and their subjection to the consequences of racial discrimination (as well as language and cultural barriers).
Confirmation of the existence of two distinct genetic groups of infectious bursal disease virus in Australia
Authors: IGNJATOVIC J , SAPATS S 
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) prevalent at major commercial sites throughout Australia and to compare the nucleic acid sequences of local strains of IBDV with those of characterised overseas strains.Design Samples of bursae were collected from 20 broiler farms that belonged to different poultry companies in New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld), Victoria (Vic), Western (WA) and South Australia (SA).Method Bursae were collected from broilers between 24 and 35 days of age. Bursal tissue was homogenised and tested for the presence of IBDV antigen using four monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) which detect antigenic variation in IBDV strains. The nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable region (HVR) within the VP2 gene of IBDVs was determined and the deduced amino acid sequences compared with three vaccine strains and six previously characterised Australian IBDV strains. The deduced amino acid sequences were also compared with the published amino acid sequences of overseas strains. The phylogenetic relationships between Australian strains and overseas strains were then determined.Results IBDV was detected in birds from 14 out of 20 farms sampled. Typing with four Mabs showed that all viruses from Vic (6) and SA (10) were antigenic variants, whereas all viruses from NSW (29), Qld (4) and WA (5) were classical‐like strains. Nucleotide sequencing of one sample from each of the 14 farms on which IBDV was detected confirmed results obtained with Mabs. The amino acid sequences of all Australian viruses differed from the amino acid sequences of foreign IBDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Australian IBDV viruses belonged to two distinct genetic groups. Very virulent (vv) IBDV strains belonged to a third genetic group, and overseas classical and variant strains belonged to a fourth genetic group.Conclusions The results confirmed previous findings that there are two groups of IBDV strains circulating in commercial broilers in Australia. The majority are classical‐like strains that are antigenically and genetically similar to vaccine strains 002/73 and V877. These classical strains were prevalent in broilers in three states, NSW, Qld and WA. The second group of strains are antigenic variants that were only found in broilers in two states, Vic and SA. All Australian IBDVs characterised to date are genetically distinct and can be differentiated from all other overseas strains. This enables identification of incursion of any exotic strain into Australian poultry, be it classical, US variant or vvIBDV strains.
Genotyping cattle for inherited congenital myoclonus and maple syrup urine disease
Authors: HEALY PJ , DENNIS JA , WINDSOR PA , PIERCE KD , SCHOFIELD PR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop a routine procedure for establishing the inherited congenital myoclonus (ICM) genotype of cattle and to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of heterozygotes for ICM and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) in Australian Poll Herefords.Design A mismatch amplification procedure was developed to genotype for ICM. The ICM and MSUD genotypes of subjects from a'neuraxial oedema' experimental breeding herd were investigated. Tail hair roots were used as a source of target DNA to determine the ICM and MSUD genotypes of 455 Poll Hereford bulls.Results An AccI mismatch procedure was found to be suitable to genotype cattle for the ICM alleles using tail hair roots as the source of DNA. Based on the prevalence of heterozy‐gotes among saleyard and sale bulls in the early 1990s, and contemporary slaughter bulls, the frequencies of the alleles responsible for ICM and MSUD were estimated to be between 0.01 and 0.02.Conclusion This survey demonstrates that the mutations responsible for ICM and MSUD are present in the Australian Poll Hereford population. PCR tests could be used to advantage in differential diagnosis of neurological disease in newly born calves and in selection of Poll Hereford seed stock.
The estimated prevalence of Johne's disease infected sheep flocks in Australia
Authors: SERGEANT ESG , BALDOCK FC 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the likely geographical distribution and flock‐prevalence of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) in Australia.Design A cross‐sectional study design was used.Procedure The results of abattoir surveillance for OJD carried out during 2000 were analysed to estimate the prevalence of infected flocks in three regions of New South Wales and in other States. A Bayesian approach was used to adjust apparent prevalence estimates for the assumed flock‐sensitivity and flock‐specificity of abattoir surveillance, and to allow for uncertainty about the true values of these measures.Results The 95% probability limits for flock‐prevalence at 31 December 2000 were 0.04%– 1.5%, 8%– 15% and 29%– 39% for low, moderate and high prevalence regions of New South Wales respectively. The other States generally had an upper 97.5% probability limit of about 1% or less. Based on these estimates about 6 to 10% of flocks in New South Wales and 2.4 to 4.4% of flocks Australia‐wide are likely to be infected.Conclusion This study suggests that OJD has a highly clustered distribution in Australia, and provides estimates of the prevalence of infected flocks by State or region. Based on this analysis there were probably between 2000 and 3700 infected flocks in Australia at 31 December 2000, with more than 80% of these in a relatively small geographic area of central and southern New South Wales. Some States, such as Queensland and Western Australia, may have a prevalence equal or close to 0%, however the technique used was unable to demonstrate the absence of infection in these States with the intensity of surveillance undertaken to date.
Brain damage in pigs produced by impact with a nonpenetrating captive bolt pistol
Authors: FINNIE JW , MANAVIS J , SUMMERSIDES GE , BLUMBERGS PC 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effect of impact with a nonpene‐trating captive bolt pistol in pigs by studying the resulting traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to compare the pathological changes with those found previously in the brains of sheep using a similar experimental paradigm. Procedure The unrestrained heads of six, anaesthetised, 7‐ to 8‐week‐old, Large White pigs were impacted in the temporal region with a nonpenetrating captive bolt pistol. Four hours postimpact, brains were perfusion‐fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Coronal sections from six levels along the brain were cut and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically for amyloid precursor protein, a sensitive marker of axonal injury (AI) in the brain after trauma. Results TBI in pigs was characterised only by very mild AI, whereas AI in sheep after captive bolt impact to the same head region was much more severe and widely distributed and often associated with vascular damage such as contusions, subarachnoid and intraparenchymal haemorrhage. Conclusions TBI in pigs was much less severe than in sheep after non‐penetrating mechanical impact of similar magnitude, confirming the importance of interspecies differences in determining an appropriate physical method of euthanasia.
RELATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINIC AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS TO PERITONITIS IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Authors: Dogan Sevel , Ekiz Serpil , Yucel Lamia , Ozturk Savas , Kazancioglu Rumeyza 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe relation of various demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters of peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis and other infections was evaluated. The age, gender, peritoneal dialysis (PD) period, educational status, peritonitis, exit site score, serum albumin, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and triglyceride levels at the beginning and the last visit were recorded. Mean age of 32 patients was 45.1 years; PD period was 13.1 months. Albumin level was inversely proportional to the frequency of peritonitis. Patients with peritonitis had albumin levels that were lower at the last visit, and were independent of the CRP values at the start of PD and during follow‐up. Significant correlation was detected between females and exit site scores. There was significant correlation between educational status and peritonitis. Albumin level at first visit was a factor that reduced the likelihood of peritonitis, and low levels obtained during follow‐up constituted a risk for peritonitis. It was also shown that peritonitis risk tended to decrease inversely with education level.
HAEMODIALYSIS FOR CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF TWO YEARS
Authors: Sousa Clemente Neves , Gama Madalena , Andrade Melanie , Faria M. Sameiro , Pereira Eloi 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLess than 10% of children under 2 years old with end‐stage renal failure in Europe and in the United States of America are treated with haemodialysis. For small children, peritoneal dialysis is often the preferred treatment. Haemodialysis is chosen for a very small number of children, and is only used in some selected centres because of its highly complex technique, the difficulties related to vascular access, and the need to have a skilled and experienced nursing and medical team. With the technological development of recent years, the quality of dialysis treatment offered to paediatric patients has improved considerably and haemodialysis is presently considered to be a safe and efficient treatment for acute or chronic paediatric renal impairment. However, because a successful renal transplant continues to be linked to a better quality of life for children with terminal chronic renal impairment, dialysis ought to be regarded as a temporary treatment method, while waiting for a renal transplant.
NEW WAYS TO APPROACH THE RECRUITMENT CRISIS IN RENAL NURSING IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Chow Josephine , Lau Bengy , Gibb Christopher 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAs a strategy to counter the current crisis in staff recruitment and retention in dialysis nursing, a new model of care was designed to introduce Enrolled Nurses (EN) into what was previously almost exclusively a Registered Nurse (RN) workforce. The programme comprises training in medication administration conducted at the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) centre, training in dialysis procedures in the haemodialysis unit and clinical placement in the renal ward. Successful participants were recognised as Endorsed Enrolled Nurses, able to undertake extended roles in renal nursing care. A descriptive study was conducted. Nurses reported a high level of comfort, frequency, preparedness, confidence, competence and control. An audit of patient adverse events was also undertaken. Findings indicated no significant difference in patient admission rates, infection rates, and medication or procedure errors. In this article, the authors describe the design, implementation and evaluation of an educational programme for EN practicing in specialised haemodialysis services.
Initialization of Fractional-Order Operators and Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Lorenzo Carl F. , Hartley Tom T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
It has been known that the initialization of fractional operators requires time-varying functions, a complicating factor. This paper simplifies the process of initialization of fractional differential equations by deriving Laplace transforms for the initialized fractional integral and derivative that generalize those for the integer-order operators. The new transforms unify the initialization of systems of fractional and ordinary differential equations. The paper provides background on past work in the area and determines the Laplace transforms for the initialized fractional integral and fractional derivatives of any (real) order. An application provides insight and demonstrates the theory.
Identifying a Transfer Function From a Frequency
Response
Authors: Valério Duarte , Ortigueira Manuel Duarte , Sá da Costa José 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In this paper, the classic Levy identification method is reviewed and reformulated using a complex representation. This new formulation addresses the well known bias of the classic method at low frequencies. The formulation is generic, coping with both integer order and fractional order transfer functions. A new algorithm based on a stacked matrix and its pseudoinverse is proposed to accommodate the data over a wide range of frequencies. Several simulation results are presented, together with a real system identification. This system is the Archimedes Wave Swing, a prototype of a device to convert the energy of sea waves into electricity.
Inhibitory Effect of PRO 2000, a Candidate Microbicide, on Dendritic Cell-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transfer
Authors: Teleshova Natalia , Chang Theresa , Profy Albert , Klotman Mary E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTWithout an effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, topical microbicide development has become a priority. The sulfonated polyanion PRO 2000, a candidate topical microbicide now in phase II/III clinical trials, blocks HIV infection of cervical tissue in vitro. Dendritic cells (DC) are among the first cell types to contact HIV in the genital tract and facilitate the spread of the virus. Thus, interfering with virus-DC interactions is a desirable characteristic of topical microbicides as long as that does not interfere with the normal function of DC. PRO 2000 present during capture of the replication-defective HIVJRFLreporter virus or replication-competent HIVBaLby monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) inhibited subsequent HIV transfer to target cells. Continuous exposure to PRO 2000 during MDDC-target cell coculture effectively inhibited HIV infection of target cells. PRO 2000 inhibited HIV capture by MDDC. In addition, the compound blocked R5 and X4 HIV envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion. Interestingly, simultaneous exposure to PRO 2000 and lipopolysaccharide attenuated the cytokine production in response to stimulation, suggesting that the compound altered DC function. While efficient blocking of MDDC-mediated virus transfer and infection in the highly permissive MDDC-T-cell environment reinforces the potential value of PRO 2000 as a topical microbicide against HIV, the impact of PRO 2000 on immune cell functions warrants careful evaluation.
Synergy of a Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS4A Antagonist in Combination with HCV Protease and Polymerase Inhibitors
Authors: Wyles David L. , Kaihara Kelly A. , Schooley Robert T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
Rapid emergence of resistance to monotherapy with virus-specific inhibitors necessitates combination therapy. ACH-806 is a hepatitis C virus NS4A inhibitor with a novel mechanism of action and resistance pathway. This compound was synergistic with NS3 protease inhibitors and NS5B nucleoside and nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors.
Macrophages Are Mediators of Gastritis in Acute
Helicobacter pylori
Infection in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Kaparakis Maria , Walduck Anna K. , Price Jason D. , Pedersen John S. , van Rooijen Nico , Pearse Martin J. , Wijburg Odilia L. C. , Strugnell Richard A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori is
the etiological agent of human chronic gastritis, a condition seen as a precursor to the development of gastrointestinal ulcers or gastric cancer. This study utilized the murine model of chronic
H. pylori
infection to characterize the role of macrophages in the induction of specific immune responses and gastritis and in the control of the bacterial burden following
H. pylori
infection and vaccination. Drug-loaded liposomes were injected intravenously to deplete macrophages from C57BL/6 mice, and effective removal of CD11b
+
cells from the spleens and stomachs of mice was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Transient elimination of macrophages from C57BL/6 mice during the early period of infection reduced the gastric pathology induced by
H. pylori
SS1 but did not affect the bacterial load in the stomach. These data suggest that macrophages are important to the severity of gastric inflammation during
H. pylori
infection.
TheStaphyloccous aureusEap Protein Activates Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Scriba Thomas J. , Sierro Sophie , Brown Eric L. , Phillips Rodney E. , Sewell Andrew K. , Massey Ruth C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe extracellular adhesion protein (Eap) secreted by the major human pathogenStaphylococcus aureusis known to have several effects on human immunity. We have recently added to knowledge of these roles by demonstrating that Eap enhances interactions between major histocompatibility complex molecules and human leukocytes. Several studies have indicated that Eap can induce cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To date, there has been no rigorous attempt to identify the breadth of cytokines produced by Eap stimulation or to identify the cell subsets that respond. Here, we demonstrate that Eap induces the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by CD14+leukocytes (monocytes and macrophages) within direct ex vivo PBMC populations (note that granulocytes are also CD14+but are largely depleted from PBMC preparations). Anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) antibodies inhibited this induction and implicated a role for this known Eap binding protein in cellular activation. IL-6 and TNF-α secretion by murine cells exposed to Eap was also observed. The activation of CD14+cells by Eap suggests that it could play a significant role in both septic shock and fever, two of the major pathological features ofS. aureusinfections.
Consular Affairs in the EU: Visa Policy as a Catalyst for Integration?
Authors: Fernández Ana Mar 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn recent years there has been increasing interest in the literature regarding the changes that European integration has meant for the external administration of the member states. This article seeks to contribute to this study through analysis of an area that has received little attention until now: the Europeanization of consular affairs in the field of visa issuance. The article analyses the common visa policy and discusses its consequences for member states' management of overseas consular affairs. The main conclusion reached is that this policy has been a catalyst for change in the working of consular services, which have become part of networks of intergovernmental cooperation and have been progressively informed by Community norms and procedures. However, it would be premature to say that this process of change is paving the way for the emergence of a European consular administrative sphere. For the moment, the integrated management of consular affairs in the field of visas continues to be a mainly state-controlled process.
Twenty-five–year follow-up among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Mody Rajen , Li Suwen , Dover Douglas C. , Sallan Stephen , Leisenring Wendy , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Yasui Yutaka , Robison Leslie L. , Neglia Joseph P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for late effects of cancer therapy. Five-year ALL survivors (< 21 years at diagnosis; n = 5760 eligible, 4151 participants), diagnosed from 1970 to 1986 were compared with the general population and a sibling cohort (n = 3899). Cumulative mortality of 5760 5-year survivors was 13% at 25 years from diagnosis. Recurrent ALL (n = 483) and second neoplasms (SNs; n = 89) were the major causes of death. Among 185 survivors, 199 SNs occurred, 53% in the CNS. Survivors reported more multiple chronic medical conditions (CMCs; odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 2.4-3.2) and severe or life-threatening CMCs (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.0-4.5) than siblings. Cumulative incidence of severe CMCs, including death, 25 years from diagnosis was 21.3% (95% CI, 18.2-24.4; 23.3% [95% CI, 19.4-27.2] and 13.4% [95% CI, 8.4-18.4] for irradiated and nonirradiated survivors, respectively). Survivors reported more adverse general and mental health, functional impairment, and activity limitations compared with siblings (P < .001). Rates of marriage, college graduation, employment, and health insurance were all lower compared with sibling controls (P < .001). Long-term survivors of childhood ALL exhibit excess mortality and morbidity. Survivors who received radiation therapy as part of their treatment or had a leukemia relapse are at greatest risk for adverse outcomes.