bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage-Elicited Osteoclastogenesis in Response to Bacterial Stimulation Requires Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production
Authors: Ukai Takashi , Yumoto Hiromichi , Gibson Frank C. , Genco Caroline Attardo 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and the proinflammatory cytokines are believed to play important roles in osteoclastogenesis. We recently reported that the innate immune recognition receptor, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), is crucial for inflammatory bone loss in response to infection by
Porphyromonas gingivalis
, the primary organism associated with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. However, the contribution of macrophage-expressed TLRs to osteoclastogenesis has not been defined. In this study, we defined a requirement for TLR2 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-elicited osteoclastogenesis in response to exposure to
P. gingivalis.
Culture supernatant (CS) fluids from
P. gingivalis
-stimulated macrophages induced bone marrow macrophage-derived osteoclastogenesis. This activity was dependent on TNF-α and occurred independently of RANKL, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. CS fluids from
P. gingivalis
-stimulated TLR2
−/−
macrophages failed to express TNF-α, and these fluids induced significantly less osteoclast formation compared with that of the wild-type or the TLR4
−/−
macrophages. In addition,
P. gingivalis
exposure induced up-regulation of TLR2 expression on the cell surface of macrophages, which was demonstrated to functionally react to reexposure to
P. gingivalis
, as measured by a further increase in TNF-α production. These results demonstrate that macrophage-dependent TLR2 signaling is crucial for TNF-α-dependent/RANKL-independent osteoclastogenesis in response to
P. gingivalis
infection. Furthermore, the ability of
P. gingivalis
to induce the cell surface expression of TLR2 may contribute to the chronic inflammatory state induced by this pathogen.
Design Charts for 2D Consolidation under Time-Dependent Embankment loading
Authors: Razouki Sabah S. , Al-Zayadi Abbas A. 
Published: November 2007

Design charts for the rate of settlement ofembankments on soft foundations aredeveloped on the basis of 2D consolidation during the construction and post-construction periods. The embankment loading is assumed toincrease linearly with time during construction and to remain constant thereafter.
The clay deposit is considered to consist of ahomogeneous layer of finite thickness and infinite lateral extent having cross-anisotropic permeability.
The hydraulic boundary conditions of permeable top and impermeable bottom are used for the most common case (a drainage blanket at the base of the embankment and a clay deposit with impermeable bottom) of 2D consolidation analysis.
The charts presented take into account the relative layer thickness of the clay layer, embankment geometry, cross-anisotropic permeability and construction period.
The paper reveals that the post-construction settlement becomes insignificant for relatively thick deposit with permeability in the horizontal direction much higher than that in the vertical direction.
Rock mass properties for engineering design
Authors: Pine R.J. , Harrison J.P. 
Published: November 2007

The determination of rock mass properties for engineering design is considered from twoperspectives. These are
in-situ
measurement, including classification-based methods, and the limitations of the classification approach.

Several measurement methods are available which will give useful results, if used appropriately. The choice of different methods will depend on the nature of therock mass. The required accuracy should be considered realistically and, in many cases, high levels of accuracy are not, in fact, necessary. Examples are included, which show how the mass strengths of mine pillars were determined with acceptable accuracy using well known rock mass classification schemes, modified as necessary to accommodate local conditions.
Rock mass classification is a widely used, economical and extremely useful basis for determining properties, but there are dangers in uncritical application. The classification methodology is critically examined, and the use of multivariate statistics applied in a multi-dimensional space is considered to optimize the usefulness of the measured data.
Groundwater circulation patterns and isotope geochemistry in the Chalk of Northern Ireland
Authors: Barnes S. , Parnell J. , Ruffell A.H. , Kalin R.M. 
Published: November 2007

The Cretaceous Chalk or Ulster White Limestone Formation (UWLF) of Northern Ireland predominantly occurs as a fracture flow aquifer that exhibits both deep artesian conditions at subcrop, and shallow karstic behaviour at outcrop. The UWLF is underlain by impermeable Triassic/Jurassic mudstones and overlain by Tertiary basalt lavas. Aconceptual regional groundwater circulation model has been developed using limited hydraulic head information. This has been tested using isotope geochemistry.
Springs draining the outcrop section of the aquifer produce ‘recent’ waters with abundant modern carbon. Stable isotopes and hydrochemistry have demonstrated that surface runoff is the predominant source of recharge to the outcrop region (as opposed to basalt leakage recharge). UWLF spring water chemistry is often similar to that of the potential recharge waters. Deep regional flow in the aquifer can occur by seepage from the outcrop areas, but limited ‘outlet’ potential means that circulation is slow and distinct hydrochemical evolution occurs. Radiocarbon ages for this groundwater have beendetermined at between 10 000 years and 20 000 years.
Isotope geochemistry in the UWLF of Northern Ireland thus provides a powerful method for differentiating groundwaters in terms of their interaction with rock,their circulation route and their age. These have major implications for resource modelling and vulnerability.
Field techniques for the economic and geotechnical evaluation of mining property for opencast mine design, Knob Lake, Quebec
Authors: Nichols Lee 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The experience of the first twelve years of mining operations at Knob Lake, Quebec, has shown that severe ground-water problems exist in the mining area. These conditions are a result of a high water-table, active recharge rates and high permeability values of the geological formations, which in turn have enhanced the instability of artificial slopes. In order to account for these factors in obtaining optimum mine-design criteria, a detailed geotechnical programme combining hydrological, geohydrological, geochemical and soil mechanics investigations with the standard development programme of economic property evaluation is proving to be an efficient framework within which to conduct these investigations. More specifically, the hydrological programme is focused on water-balance studies for selected ground-water basins, while the geohydrology studies encompass water-table and pore-pressure measurements and the construction of flow nets for both ground-water basins and local areas (ore zones). The geochemical programme, now in its initial stages, is being invoked to define ground-water flow by utilizing certain minor and trace elements as natural ground-water tags. Chemical equilibrium of the major elements dissolved in the ground-water, with the minerals in the aquifers and aquicludes, may assist in defining ground-water flow domains or boundary conditions and residence times, in distinguishing between steady and non-steady states and, finally, in proportioning water-well discharges. The soil mechanics investigations are centred on obtaining shear-strength data, studying the distribution of discontinuities and defining slip geometries. An outline of some of these studies and case studies of some slope features are presented.
Small-scale drilling operations for research purposes
Authors: Farmer Noah , Jones John Michael , Murchison Duncan George 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Two easily transportable drills of Canadian design costing £875 have been intensively operated over a nine-month period and have proved valuable for sampling, stratigraphical control and teaching purposes. A comprehensive range of accessories is available and includes recovery taps, rod spears and core fishers as well as a variety of bits and reaming shells. The more powerful drill will take cores of approximately one inch diameter in successions of mixed sediments to depths greater than 250 ft. Penetration rates, even in hard, compact rocks, usually exceed 1 ft/5 min and average drilling rates of 40 ft/8 h shift for coring at all depths can easily be achieved. Core recovery normally lies between 80 and 85 per cent with the main losses in mudstones and fireclays. Superficial deposits have not presented major difficulties and casing to rockhead at 50 ft is quite feasible. One thousand feet of strata have been drilled at a cost of 3$ 9d per ft, exclusive of any charge for labour, which has been provided by teaching and research staff of the Organic Geochemistry Unit of the Department of Geology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Some engineering properties of cement-stabilized Keuper Marl with particular reference to rapid and repeated compression tests
Authors: Dunn Charles Scott , Obi Boniface Chukwukadibia Akabogu 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A review of relevant properties of Keuper Marl indicates that much of the Marl is likely to be suitable for cement stabilization, exceptions being marls which are either too plastic or contain deleterious proportions of sulphates.

The results of static, rapid and repeated compression tests carried out on a 'typical' marl stabilized with cement are reported. The stiffness of the material as measured by the modulus of deformation is shown to be a function of cement content, moulding moisture content, rate of strain and stress history. Repeated load tests showed that when the intensity of stress applied was 65 per cent of the initial compressive strength, fatigue failure was imminent after 10
4
applications of load. Of particular significance was the fact that the modulus of resilient deformation was independent of the number of load cycles applied and sensibly constant over a range of stress intensities. Values of Poisson's ratio were of the low order of 0·04 to 0·20 and increased rapidly as samples approached failure.

The marl containing 10 per cent cement had a 7-day compressive strength of the order of 300 lb/sq in and would therefore fail to comply with the Ministry of Transport's proposed new specifications requiring 400 lb/sq in. It is concluded that although the stabilized marl may not be acceptable for road base construction, it should serve satisfactorily for sub-bases.
Two construction problems previously encountered when stabilizing Keuper Marl, are discussed and suggestions made for overcoming them.
The effect of geological features on the occurrence of gas outburst fractures in the East Midland Coalfield
Authors: Arscott Raymond Lyndon , Hackett Peter 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The phenomenon of gas outbursts from the floor of excavations in the East Midlands Coalfield is examined and their general features are described.
An attempt is made to correlate the distinct grouping of the fractures and their uniform directional tendency with the known geological features of the area. A series of underground investigations allied to laboratory work and surveys of previous literature indicate that the general structural geology of the area controls the occurrence of the fractures.
The mineralogy of tropical weathering illustrated by some west Malaysian soils
Authors: West Graham , Dumbleton Michael John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The mineralogy of the processes leading to the formation of soils by the tropical weathering and leaching of rocks is reviewed, and illustrated by the results of an investigation into the formation, mineralogy and plasticity properties of some soils formed on basalt, granite, shale and sandstone in west Malaysia.
It is shown that hydrolysis followed by differential solution can account for the formation of the samples studied. Kaolinite was always present and generally the dominant clay mineral, although it gave place to gibbsite under severe weathering, and illite was also present in some of the less weathered soils on granite and shale. Quartz was prominent in soils on granite and sedimentary rocks, which are rich in this mineral. Iron oxide generally occurred, usually as goethite in the soils but as hematite in the nodules which were generally present in the soils selected for study, although gibbsite (hydrated aluminium oxide) was the main constituent of the nodules in one case. The observed mineralogical composition and clay content of the soils are consistent with the range of plasticity properties observed. The activity of some soils was reduced by the presence of gibbsite or goethite in the clay-sized fraction.
An approach to the simulation of mining subsidence phenomena in an elastic, layered model
Authors: Rankilor Peter Richard 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The author comments on the background to model-analysis of mining problems, and describes the use of urethane rubber in the construction of a layered model simulating strata over mine workings. The unique properties of this rubber allow models to be constructed with layers of varying moduli, and needing only to be subject to a gravitational loading of 1g to be activated. The properties of the material allow models to be used many times, over long periods, and can be used to observe 'dynamic' development of mining and tectonic features. In the dynamic model described, the development of a full subsidence profile was observed and calculations showed it to be realistic with respect to equations developed by the National Coal Board to describe observed subsidence curves.
Previous experimental work by other researchers using elastic homogeneous models has yielded model 'angles-of-draw' in the region of 45°. In this paper the author describes angles-of-draw below 35° and also the subsidence development profile of the model in relation to those observed for some European mines.
The author concludes by suggesting possible future applications for this type of model work.
Geomorphology and foundation conditions around Grangemouth
Authors: Sissons John Brian 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Study of the geomorphic history of the Grangemouth area, based particularly on borehole data, has revealed a series of relative sea-level changes. Each major change in sea-level resulted in a particular set of drift deposits and, in one instance, in widespread marine planation. Through an understanding of the geomorphic history of the area some 2000 drift borehole records have been correlated and the areal and altitudinal limits of various deposits established. Much of this information can be portrayed on simple maps of value in site investigations and in local and regional planning. It is suggested that many badly planned site investigations involving expensive boring operations could be avoided not only in this area but in the country as a whole if such maps were available. This problem could be dealt with by the establishment in a centre such as the Institute of Geological Sciences of a computer data bank of drift borehole records linked with an advisory service staffed by suitably qualified specialists.
The geological setting of the bridges of the Lower Tay Estuary with particular reference to the fill of the buried channel
Authors: McManus John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Three bridges span the lower Tay estuary at Dundee. Construction techniques and geo-technical exploration differed with each of the bridges. Aspects of scour and channel migration are considered with respect to foundation depth of the early bridges. Buried channels and fill patterns reveal details of late glacial history related to three repeated histories of estuarine sedimentation.
A new technique of vane testing
Authors: Denness Bruce , Green Michael William 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A means of detecting sample disturbance and the anisotropy of undrained strength of clay soils by use of the standard vane is presented. If the sample is appreciably disturbed it is not possible to derive any values for the anisotropy of undrained shear strength from the analysis. The technique permits the determination of this anisotropy using only one vane by considering the elliptical distribution of strength in a plane perpendicular to bedding.

The standard vane, with a length/breadth ratio (
k
) of 3/2, theoretically permits the determination of an average strength within 18 per cent of the true value for real soils depending on the angle of insertion. A vane with
k
= 2/3 is theoretically the least sensitive to anisotropy of strength and would consequently be the best shape for determining an average value in preliminary investigations. For real soils the average strength recorded would be within
2
per cent of the true value no matter what the angle of insertion of this vane.
Author's reply to letter from S. C. A. Holmes
Authors: McDowell P. W. 
Published: November 2007

Mr. Holmes seems to have missed the point of this paper by implying in his letter that the resistivity results were interpreted without reference to the available geological information, but based only upon the preliminary borehole information.
The main reason for the publication of this particular case history was the availability of information from holes drilled both before and after the resistivity survey. This enabled the advantages and limitations of the methods to be assessed for this particular site.
In the introduction a simple geological section based upon three boreholes was drawn to show how such sections are unfortunately drawn up from borehole information, with little reference to available geological information. The author, well aware of the varied lithology of the area, carried out the resistivity survey to prove and possibly define this variability.
The remarks of Mr. Holmes concerning the importance of careful literature study at an early stage of site investigation are, however, heartily endorsed.
The planning of site investigations for highways
Authors: Wakeling Thomas Roy Maylor 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A site investigation covers three stages, a preliminary appreciation of the site, a ground investigation in which borings and laboratory testing are undertaken, and a final stage in which the conclusions of the ground investigation are checked against the actual ground conditions as revealed by the constructional excavations. This paper considers the planning and implementation of the ground investigation under conditions normally prevailing in the British Isles.
Various procedures are described for boring in soils and rocks, for trial excavations, for probing, and for geophysical surveying. Sampling procedures are considered on the basis of the quality of the sample thus obtained. Sample quality ranges between almost fully-undisturbed soil samples as taken by a thin-wall piston sampler, and fully disturbed samples taken from the drill tools.
The choice of procedure for boring and sampling is determined by the technical requirements of the investigation, by the practical problems arising from site conditions and by economy. It is considered that investigations should start using standard equipment and that the more sophisticated and expensive procedures should be employed only when the nature of the geotechnical problem has been determined.
The paper concludes with a discussion of the management and organization of site investigations.
The planning and implementation of a site investigation for a highway in tropical conditions in Fiji
Authors: Lovegrove Geoffrey William , Fookes Peter George 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper outlines the planning and implementation of a site investigation carried out on a limited budget for 110 miles of proposed new highway in Fiji. A comparison is drawn between the cost of investigation of earthworks and general foundation conditions, rock materials, and engineering structures, estimated during the planning stage by allocating funds in the same proportion as the estimated construction cost, and the actual cost of investigation of each. The programming and staffing of the investigation are considered.
Examples are quoted showing how economical results were obtained by the use of geotechnical expertise in tropical soils. Attention is drawn to the method of classifying residual soils in grade zones developed during the investigation according to their geotephnical properties. Problems of laboratory investigations of tropical materials are considered.
The value of large scale tests such as trial embankments as a means of assisting in the preparation of a realistic compaction specification for residual soils, and also as a means of testing construction methods in swamp areas are discussed.
Discussion on W. B. Evans
Authors: Arrowsmith E. J. , Morris A. G. , Bradley L. 
Published: November 2007

E. J. Arrowsmith, A. G. Morris and L. Bradley (North Western Road Construction Unit) described slips and remedial measures in cuttings at three localities on the M62. With major slips occurring either during construction or after completion of excavation, and with the need rapidly to establish stable slopes, detailed investigations could not be undertaken.
Subsequent observations showed that the slopes had certain features in common. The strata consist of alternating beds of sandstone and shale of the Millstone Grit and beds at the base of the Lower Coal Measures. Bedding dips gently into the cuttings at 6° to 20°. Modes of failure appeared to have been similar in all cases and were interpreted as translational slides on low shear strength materials in a geological setting of partially confined aquifers and potentially high seepage forces.
The authors assumed a general form of wedge failure illustrated in Fig. 1, and presented simplified diagrams and geological cross-sections showing the slope profiles and the suggested limits of rock movement behind the face (Figs. 2, 4 & 5.

Piezometers were installed in boreholes in the north batter of Windy Hill Cutting (Fig. 2) and the recordings from them gave some indication of the response of the several perched water tables to the incidence of rainfall (Fig. 3). They were used to check the effectiveness of the drainage measures in depressing the water-levels below critical values. Low strength materials encountered in the cuttings were probably
clay mylonites
and appeared in each case to have been the
Some engineering aspects of rock weathering with field examples from Dartmoor and elsewhere
Authors: Fookes P. G. , Dearman W. R. , Franklin J. A. 
Published: November 2007

Dear Sir,
We would like to draw the attention of readers to four references on the weathering of Dartmoor granite and erosion surfaces in South Devon. We have just found in a South African publication an interesting paper by Duncan & Dunne (1967) which deals largely with residual soils on the Dartmoor granite. Three papers (Orme 1964; Waters 1964; Brunsden 1964) from the book ‘Dartmoor Essays’ are particularly relevant to understanding the geomorphological and weathering history of the Dartmoor region. We apologize to the authors for not having found these references and included them in our own work.