bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ischium and hip extensor mechanism in human evolution
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough it is commonly stated that the ischia of the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene hominid fossils are long and ape‐like, new interpretations show this view to be fallacious. An important new theory proposed by Robinson concludes that the gracile form of early hominid was an efficient biped, but the robust form was a less efficient biped and was adapted for tree climbing. Interpretation of the ischium is crucial to this idea. The present study shows that (1) the gracile and robust australopithecine ischia had similar relative lengths and (2) that the hamstring mechanism was probably very similar in the two forms of South African early hominid.
Genetic microdifferentiation in the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Authors: Fix Alan G. , Lie‐Injo Luan Eng 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalocytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent‐offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migration matrix) and settlement histories show that settlements are not strongly isolated. Genetic differences in the study area demonstrate a reasonable correspondence with migration and the history of the settlements. Genetic microdifferentiation among the Semai is due to recurrent founder effect. Genetic convergence also occurs through the addition of migrant groups to established populations leading to new patterns of marriage between donor and recipient groups. The genetic structure of the total Semai population through time thus comprises a mosaic of shifting allele frequencies in a series of semi‐isolated local populations.
Anatomical differences in the femur and tibia between Negroids and Caucasoids and their effects upon locomotion
Authors: Farrally M. R. , Moore W. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNine variables of length, width and circumference of the femur and tibia were measured on post‐cranial remains of 28 Caucasoids and 45 Negroids. The distance from the point of tibial attachment of the patellar ligament to the head of the tibia (PLID) was also determined.It was found that the Negroid has a significantly longer and narrower femur and tibia than the Caucasoid, although PLID did not vary between the two groups. Thus PLID, relative to the length of the tibia, was less in Negroids than Caucasoids.A factor analysis was carried out in order to examine the relation between PLID and the other variables. It appeared that the same three factors governed the ten variables in both races. In Caucasoids, PLID did not load on either the “length” or “width” factors and appeared unique. In Negroids, PLID loaded on Factor III with two width measures, and this factor correlated positively with the “width” factor. It is suggested that in Caucasoids PLID does not relate to length or width dimensions of the leg but in Negroids it is related to width rather than length.
The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Nurse G. T. , Jenkins Trefor 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Griqua of Campbell in the Cape Province of South Africa are reputed to be descended from an amalgam of Khoi (“Hottentots”) with various Caucasoid, Negroid and East Asian elements at the Cape of Good Hope. A stormy history of migration and deprivation has left this small residuum on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. It was hoped that a sero‐genetic study of these people, who proudly preserve their identity, might provide further insights into the genetic constitution of their Khoi forebears. Despite the retention of a language of their own, and social mores distinct from those of other Mixed populations, they have been shown, however, to have received an appreciable inflow of non‐Khoisan genes. This has probably resulted from social factors such as the prestige attaching to Griqua membership and the willingness of the Griqua to assimilate outsiders, combined with the tendency of Campbell Griqua to migrate elsewhere. There are no significant differences between “Griqua” members of the population and those who are not recognized as “Griqua.”
Sequential changes in weight of the skeleton and in length of long limb bones of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Hixon Barbara B. , Deaton Susan S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a collection of 274 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the relative weight of the dry, fat‐free skeleton, expressed as a proportion of total body weight, increases significantly throughout the gestational period to approximately 6% with only random variation after birth.The weight of the fetal skeleton increases exponentially with age. In the postnatal period the skeletal weight increases asymptotically to adulthood, which is considered to be 6.5 years of age. Equations for estimating skeletal weight are presented.Of four subdivisions of the skeleton, the skull contributes the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight in the fetal stage with the proportion decreasing to adulthood. The contributions of the other subdivisions, postcranial axial, superior limb, and inferior limb, are nearly equal in the fetal stage, with that of only the inferior limb increasing to adulthood, when it makes up the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight.Until the last third of the gestational period, the humerus is longer than the femur and the radius longer than the tibia. Thereafter, the inferior limbs grow at a faster rate than the superior limbs, resulting in an intermembral index of approximately 95% by birth and less than 90% by adulthood.
Anthropological studies among Libyans. Erythrocyte genetic factors, serum haptoglobin phenotypes and anthropometry
Authors: Kamel K. , Umar M. , Ibrahim W. , Mansour A. , Gaballah F. , Selim O. , Azim A. , Hamza S. , Sabry F. , Moafy N. , El‐Naggar A. , Hoerman K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthropological studies were done on 1276 Libyans from the Mediterranean cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, and from Sabha southward in The Sahara. The incidences of hemoglobin (Hb)‐S and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency were low in the coastal areas and significantly high in Sabha. Hb‐C occurred sporadically in Tripoli and Sabha, and was absent from Benghazi in the east. One case of Hb‐J Benghazi was noted. There were no significant differences in the ABO blood group and Rh0 (D) type distributions in the three localities. G‐6‐PD gene GdA frequency was significantly high in Sabha. The lowest value of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) gene PGDA frequency and highest value of the gene PGDC were in Sabha. Adenylate kinase (AK) gene AK2 was only detectable in Tripoli. Acid phosphatase (AP) gene Pa frequency in Sabha was more than twice that in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Pc was distinctly lower in Sabha than in the northern cities. Haptoglobin gene Hp1 frequency was almost identical in all areas. Anthropometric measurements revealed overall homogeneity of the three samples, closer similarity in the coastal region to adjacent North African populations, and Negroid influence in the Saharan Libyans. Anthropometry substantiated findings from blood markers.
The functional morphology of the cercopithecoid wrist and inferior radioulnar joints, and their bearing on some problems in the evolution of the Hominoidea
Authors: O'Connor Brian L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cercopithecoid wrist joint differs from the wrist joints of hominoids in several ways. The distal ulna, the distal radius, the pisiform, the triquetrum, the hamate, and the base of the fifth metacarpal are on the one hand remarkably alike among cercopithecoid genera, and on the other remarkably distinct from homologous bones in the Hominoidea.Functionally, the triquetrum and the pisiform, in conjunction with the ulnar styloid process, check the proximal carpal row during ulnar deviation, and are possibly important in stabilizing the wrist during dorsiflexion as well. The head of the ulna almost certainly betokens a range of radioulnar supination in cercopithecoids that is substantially less than is to be found in any of the hominoid genera. The articulation between the hamate bone and the base of the fifth metacarpal allows for considerable dorsiflexion in the Cercopithecoidea; this potential was not evident in any of the hominoids examined.Behaviorally, the cercopithecoid wrist can most profitably be viewed as an adaptation for a quadrupedal life style involving dorsiflexion of the wrist and palmigrade/digitigrade substrate contact. The hominoid wrist joint is not adapted for such a behavioral potential.
Demography and evolution of an urban ethnic community: Polish Hill, Pittsburgh
Authors: Crawford Michael H. , Goldstein Evelyn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPolish Hill is an urban, ethnic enclave of approximately 3000 residents residing in a 25‐block area of Pittsburgh. This paper documents changes in the fertility, morbidity, and mortality patterns in the community from the turn of the century to the present. The demographic reconstruction is based upon baptismal and marriage records, the administration of demographic proformae and population censuses. The high mortality, morbidity, and fertility variance suggest that the immigrant population has experienced a period of high opportunity for selection in the early 1900's and that Crow's index was gradually reduced to its present level.
Cephalometric roentgenography for nonhuman primates utilizing a surgically implanted head positioner
Authors: Van Ness Allan L. , Merrill O. Monte , Hansel James R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCephalometric roentgenography in nonhuman primates requires more precise head positioning than that afforded by commonly used ear rod techniques. A standard cephalometric headholder was therefore modified and a technique was developed to implant an attachment that would permit precise positioning of the head in all three planes of space. This method has been used in 36 animals, and at 35 months postsurgery the implants have remained stable and tissue compatibility is generally excellent. Roentgenograms obtained with this technique offer a high degree of accuracy in documenting growth changes and responses to orthodontic treatment.
Genetic differentiation among Sardinian villages
Authors: Workman P. L. , Lucarelli P. , Agostino R. , Scarabino R. , Scacchi R. , Carapella E. , Palmarino R. , Bottini E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study reports an analysis of genetic differentiation among 14 Sardinian villages located mainly in the center of the island. Chisquare tests show significant genetic heterogeneity among villages, and analyses by F‐ and R‐ statistics indicate an essentially random pattern of differentiation for all alleles. Using the kinship methods of Morton, a matrix, R, with elements rij describing the correlations between the gene frequencies of villages i and j is obtained. Use of Malécot's formula relating the rij to the geographic distances between villages shows a rapid decline of kinship with increasing distance but reveals essentially no relationship for distances over 40 km. Rotation of a two‐dimensional reduction of the kinship matrix to maximum congruence with the geographic distances indicates that about 25% of the genetic distances can be accounted for by the geographic location of the villages. Isolation due in part to cultural factors, genetic drift, and special local or regional patterns of villages associations appear to be involved in the pattern of genetic variation.
Red cell acid phosphatase: Another polymorphism correlated with malaria?
Authors: Palmarino R. , Agostino R. , Gloria F. , Lucarelli P. , Businco L. , Antognoni G. , Maggioni G. , Workman P. L. , Bottini E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of PC allele for acid phosphatase in fourteen Sardinian villages correlates positively with the altitude and negatively with past malarial morbidity and GdMed prevalence.The susceptibility towards hemolytic favism in Sardinian males with G6PD deficiency is dependent on the erythrocyte acid phosphatase and thalassemia phenotypes. Thalassemia trait exerts a protective action only in subjects carrying PA allele for acid phosphatase.The data suggest that the gradient for malaria morbidity directly or indirectly, through interactions with thalassemia and G6PD polymorphisms, mediated by the habit of eating Vecia faba, may have had a significant role in determining the heterogeneous distribution of acid phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia. Besides malaria, other environmental factors related with altitude seem to have been very important in shaping the present pattern of distribution of both acid phosphatase and G6PD polymorphisms in Sardinia.
Do American born Japanese children still grow faster than native Japanese?
Authors: Kano K. , Chung C. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrowth patterns of Japanese schoolchildren in Hawaii, composed of 2,954 boys and 3,213 girls aged between 11 and 17, were compared with those comparable groups of Japanese schoolchildren in Japan based on the data published by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Growth characteristics studied were height, weight, and relative weight index, weight/(height)2. The Hawaii‐Japanese boys were taller at early ages but the difference disappeared by age 16. Native Japanese girls were shorter than Hawaii‐Japanese until age 13, but they overtook the latter by age 14, exceeding them in height after age 15. A similar pattern was found in weights of girls but the Hawaii‐Japanese boys remained consistently heavier by 5.0 to 9.0 kg than native Japanese. The relative weight measure indicated that the Hawaii boys were more “obese” than native Japanese boys for the growth period studied; whereas the same tendency was maintained until age 15 in girls. These observations indicate a marked degree of convergence of the patterns of physical growth of the two populations, whose differences were unmistakably in favor of American born children in earlier studies. It is concluded that the convergence is due largely to the improved environmental conditions in Japan in recent years.
Path analysis of palmar ridge counts
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe methods for path analysis of family resemblance (Rao et al., '74) are employed to test hypotheses concerning the inheritance of a‐b, b‐c and c‐d palmar ridge counts using the correlation data of Pateria ('74). Homogeneity chi‐square tests of the various familial correlations provide no evidence for sex‐linkage of either kind, and also suggest that maternal effects are absent. The path coefficient model employed here involves heritability (additive) and common sibling environment. Variance components show that both heritability and common environment are significant, and account for most of the variation at each of the three ridge count areas; b‐c has the highest heritability, significantly higher than that for a‐b or c‐d.
Fission‐fusion and lineal effect: Aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Authors: Fix Alan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively un‐acculturated, swidden‐farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission‐fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes represented is markedly less than the number of individual migrants (the lineal effect). Fission groups may form new villages or fuse with an established settlement. In either case, the genetic effects of such migration are more pronounced than would be expected on the basis of founder effect or random migration.Despite several conspicuous differences in social organization between the Semai and the South American Indians (e.g., bilateral vs. unilineal descent) whose population structure provided the empirical basis for the fission‐fusion, lineal effect model, the basic similarities are striking. The Semai case thus lends support to the proposition that this pattern may be of some generality in technologically primitive populations.
Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children
Authors: Martorell Reynaldo , Yarbrough Charles , Lechtig Aaron , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Klein Robert E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Guatemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14‐day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth to four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time interval. Because the data here reported were collected over a two year period, a child may have had information for more than one period. In total, 1,343 child periods were investigated. Days ill with diarrheal diseases were found to be significantly associated with reduced growth in length and weight. It was assumed that the average differences in growth by seven years of age between children in the present sample and children from well‐to‐do societies, are mainly a function of environmental differences and consequently, a measure of the extent of growth retardation. By expressing the growth retardation specifically associated with diarrheal diseases as a fraction of the above differences it was then estimated that around 10% of this growth retardation was associated with diarrheal diseases.
The identification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children
Authors: Martorell Reynaldo , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Yarbrough Charles , Guzmán Guillermo , Klein Robert E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra‐observer variance, and short‐term intra‐subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations is described in which the total measurement variance is expressed as a percentage of the appropriate inter‐subject variance. This statistic serves as an index of the relative reproducibility of anthropometric variables.
Determination of cranial capacity in fossil men
Authors: Olivier G. , Tissier H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cranial capacity of a skull of unknown origin can be determined by assuming that the product of the chief dimensions corresponds to a part of the endocranial volume. We start with formulas for present day man and determine their validity for fossil man. The equivalence differs in fossil men according to their taxonomic position. This method is useful even for damaged skulls, with porion and basion missing.
Rethinking human pigmentation
Authors: Brues Alice M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThough pigmentation has been of interest to anthropologists for a long time, its inheritance, and particularly the reasons for the incomplete correlation of skin, hair and eye, is poorly understood. It is suggested that this is largely due to a lack of genetically plausible hypotheses.Taking into account racial and individual variation in pigment traits, and knowledge of pigmentation in other mammals, a minimum set of genetic factors for pigmentation in man is suggested. These include: (1) a set of polygenes affecting skin color only, (2) one locus for depigmentation of the eye, not affecting skin or hair, (3) one pleiotropic gene for reduction of pigment at all sites, and (4) one or more loci with multiple all eles producing blondness or rufosity of the hair in symmetrical patterns over the body.
The evolutionary significance of vitamin D, skin pigment, and ultraviolet light
Authors: Neer Robert M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVitamin D is essential for normal growth, calcium absorption, and skeletal development. Vitamin D deficiency can cause death, immobilization, or pelvic deformities which prevent normal childbirth. In the past these problems were extremely common in North America and Europe, and were only eliminated by adding vitamin D to food. Prior to that, variations in available vitamin D affected health, survival and reproductive efficiency sufficiently to have evolutionary significance.Vitamin D is naturally present in few foods; most comes from the photo‐conversion of 7‐dehydrocholesterol in skin. The limiting factor in this conversion is the availability of ultraviolet light <310 nm. Seasonal and geographic variations in natural ultraviolet radiation cause parallel variations in blood vitamin D levels, intestinal calcium absorption, and clinical vitamin D deficiency. These physiological variations can be abolished by exposure to comparable artificial ultraviolet radiation, or by dietary vitamin D supplements.Ultraviolet radiation < 310 nm is absorbed by skin pigment, but it also increases skin pigmentation. This has led to the hypothesis that skin pigment regulates skin vitamin D production. Little direct evidence exists to test this reasonable hypothesis, but necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing it can be outlined. Until this hypothesis is experimentally tested, it is impossible to evaluate the corollary hypothesis: that racial variations in the efficiency of cutaneous vitamin D production restricted the evolution of dark‐skinned peoples to tropical latitudes and thereby caused the geographic distribution of the races.
Iris pigmentation and photopic visual acuity: A preliminary study
Authors: Short Glenn B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVisual acuity under varying conditions of light stress was tested in four human populations. It was found that the density of iris pigmentation had no significant effect on visual acuity under conditions of bright light. While some acclimatization to local light levels was observed, significant population differences in visual acuity were obtained. A hypothesis is advanced as to the adaptive value of varying densities of pigmentation of the iris based on the known heat absorption properties of melanin granules.
A quantitative and morphological study of the pigmentary system of the chimpanzee with the light and electron microscope
Authors: Post Peter W. , Szabó George , Keeling M. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpanzee was studied by the combined skin‐splitting DOPA, and electron microscopic techniques. It is very similar to man. There are DOPA‐positive epidermal melanocytes in all body regions regardless of the degree of macroscopic skin pigmentation or hirsutism. Furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis; approximately 3,320 ± 350 per square millimeter skin.Chimpanzee melanosomes are long, wide, and fully melanized. In keratinocytes, these organelles are individually dispersed in all body regions, regardless of the degree of skin color, as is true for other mammalian species with large melanosomes.