bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blending Alkaline and Polymer Solutions Together into a Single Slug Improves EOR
Authors: Mihcakan I. M. , Van Kirk C. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Polymer augmented alkaline flooding (PAAF) is a relatively new EOR process, and its first version has been defined as injecting an alkaline slug chased by a polymer slug. During the early 1980's the second version of PAAF was introduced, being composed of a single slug of alkaline and polymer blended together, followed by a polymer slug.
A series of corefloods was conducted with alkaline solution, polymer solution, and a blend solution of alkaline and polymer in linear and radial Berea sandstone cores for studying the mechanisms of the second-version PAAF process. Sodium hydroxide was used as the alkaline agent, and the polymer was 30-percent hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. The efficiency of the second-version PAAF was compared with that of both alkaline flooding and polymer flooding alone.
Results showed that the synergistic effect of the second-version PAAF provides better efficiency than either alkaline or polymer alone for enhancing oil recovery. This chemical system of alkaline and polymer blended together yielded more oil recovery with increasing blend slug size.
Also, a phenomenon never before reported was observed. It is a visible residual oil saturation ring next to the region cleaned of oil adjacent to the injection sand face, and it was observed in both linear and radial cores after the application of the second version PAAF process. The size of this oil ring is similar to the size of the blend slug of alkaline and polymer.
The Role of Screening and Laboratory Flow Studies in EOR Process Evaluation
Authors: Goodlett G. O. , Honarpour M. M. , Chung F. T. , Sarathi P. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Numerous steps are involved in evaluating enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods for field application. Technical screening guides are consulted for initial determination of applicability. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of fluid, rock, and rockfluid interactions. Prior to displacement studies, decisions concerning type of core, core size, and experimental apparatus are made considering scaling laws, dispersive effects, duplication of reservoir conditions, and the unique parameters of the particular process being utilized. Experimental flooding techniques and interpretation of subsequent results are discussed for each type of EOR method. These tests are based on those found in the published literature and experience at this laboratory.
EOR methods discussed include polymer, surfactant-polymer, alkaline flooding, thermal, and miscible and immiscible gas displacement. The critical flow study parameters are considered for each method. What can be learned from each type of coreflood experiment is described and limitations are given. Specific techniques used in carrying out each type of coreflood experiment are presented. The coreflooding aspects of emerging EOR technologies, such as microbial methods and emulsion blocking in steamflooding, are examined.
Classic scaling criteria and dispersive constraints indicate core lengths of about 4-ft are necessary to linearly scale reservoir conditions. Composite cores are often constructed from available field material to meet scaling constraints. In immiscible displacements, the introduction of multiple capillary discontinuities significantly alters oil saturation distribution. Berea sandstone and sandpacks, widely used in petroleum research, are found to be more heterogeneous than is commonly believed. To accurately address the problems of laboratory evaluation of individual EOR methods, appropriate laboratory apparatus and techniques should be designed and utilized. Concurrently, a realization of the limitations of the laboratory model is necessary for accurate interpretation of results obtained.
Drilling Engineering and Database Applications on Microcomputers Using Pascal
Authors: Zamora M. , Wilson C. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
FORTRAN and BASIC may not be the microcomputer languages of choice for many engineering applications. We have developed a complete suite of engineering programs using Turbo Pascal and have found the new language provides superior benefits for the user, programmer and software manager. The applications range from user-friendly input screens to complex calculations, from memory-resident utilities to sophisticated database managers, from real-time simulations to artificial intelligence, from high-quality graphics to laboratory data acquisition. In this paper, we describe these developments and show how Turbo Pascal and its extensions can form the core of a very powerful and cost-effective software system.
Reduced Computing Time in Cash Flow Risk Analysis for Microcomputers
Authors: Crout L. E. , Startzman R. A. , Wattenbarger R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A recent development in Monte Carlo methods makes a significant reduction in the number of simulations needed to converge. This development is the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method. This paper shows the results of numerical experiments, conducted on a microcomputer, which examined this computing problem using a cash flow model.
It was found that the computing speed of the LHS method is greatly affected by the design of the random sampling procedure. There appears to be an optimum sampling approach which results in a minimum run time. This run time is a small fraction of the time required for conventional Monte Carlo simulation. We believe this reduced run time allows fairly complex cash flow problems to be simulated on a microcomputer, as well as, reducing the costs of runs on mainframes as well.
What Are We Talking About?
Authors: Thompson Craig 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Dallas, Tex., Oct. 2–5, 1966. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
During the early and mid-30s business managers began to recognize the need for improving the public acceptance of their companies. This, they reasoned, could best be done by speaking out in their own defense.
Reasons that lead to the birth of public relations programs and activities were various. Among them were the gains of trade unions in obtaining greater public sympathy and support; the effects in the market place felt by companies whose labor policies were unpopular; a determined drive to extend Federal authority over corporations; and an increase in the number of persons and institutions owning stocks which made desirable the enlarged flow of information about companies, their policies, plans, and operations.
Early Public Relations practitioners usually were men with experience in writing politics or finance men of maturity and judgement who proved capable of contributing useful and valuable services to all levels of management.
Over the years, a new concept of public relations began to take shape and public relations became a total corporate concern and responsibility. Under this concept, every officer, every employee, every dealer who sells the product is sort of a goodwill ambassador with local managers in every community encouraged to take part in local projects even to the point of running for public office if his talents are in that direction.
Reservoir and Production Engineering Application Programs
Authors: Boone D. M. , Terril T. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the use of Lotus 123 spreadsheet software to design reservoir and production engineering applications that are easy to use and understand. Several of these applications have been created using a series of spreadsheet templates or subroutines that function as building blocks in developing larger petroleum engineering programs. These building blocks are based upon the algorithms available in industry publications that estimate properties of petroleum fluids. The design philosophy was to use algorithms whenever possible and to reduce the amount of input required by the engineer. It is hoped that demostrating this programming techniques, demonstrated in this paper, will lead to the development and exchange of application programs.
Hydrate Predictions on a Microcomputer
Authors: Berge B. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the formulation and basis of the microcomputer program, HYDRATE.BAS, which calculates hydrate formation conditions of natural gases. The program is based on the Carson and Katz method for hydrate predictions. It is designed for pressures in the range 100 to 2000 psia (700 to 14000 kPa), and temperatures between 32 and 80 °F (0 and 26 °C). Comparisons with published experimental data indicate average pressure deviations of +/− 30 psi (200 kPa) and temperature deviations of +/− 2 °F (1 °C). The program is written in BASIC, and will be available for Osborne 1*, IBM PC** and compatibles.
The Use of Microcomputers in Well Test Data Acquisition and Analysis
Authors: Home R. N. , Perrick J. L. , Barua J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The advent of small and portable microcomputers provides interesting new possibilities for the acquisition and analysis of well test data. In particular, there is a considerable saving in time if the data is transferred directly (or remotely using a modem link) to the computer for scaling, filtering and plotting. In addition, since present day microcomputers have considerable processing power, it is possible to perform all of the interpretation using the same portable microcomputer.
The advantages of doing this are several. Computerized analysis using automated techniques can provide good estimates from much shorter test data than is required for standard graphical analysis. Thus it is possible to analyze the test at the same time data is being collected, and to terminate the test when the data are sufficient for interpretation. Examples given in the paper demonstrate that the well test can sometimes be shortened by an order of magnitude in this way. The cost saving could therefore easily pay for the computer itself.
The advents of compact and powerful microcomputers, of computerized data acquisition and control, and of automated interpretation software represent major advances in the field of well test analysis.
The Fragmentation of Brittle Media by Concentrated Loadings
Authors: Simon Ralph 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A study is made of the fragmentation of some brittle media by the loadings of wedge- and cone-shaped tools onto the surfaces of effectively semi-infinite specimens. The ratio of the work done in loading with a particular tool to the mean volume of material broken out, averaged over a number of loadings, is found to be constant over the ranges of experimental conditions investigated, which agrees with a result previously obtained in an investigation of the fundamentals of rock drilling. The value of this ratio, termed the fragmentation strength, varies with the included angle of the wedge or cone in a different manner for brittle media of different porosities. The mechanisms of energy dissipation in concentrated loadings on brittle media are discussed, particularly in regard to the energy requirements for rock drilling.

Introduction
Concentrated loadings are defined as loadings of such localized nature on an essentially plane surface of a specimen of a medium that the patterns of deformation and damage are independent of the linear dimensions or of the geometric shape of the specimen. The deformation of ductile media by concentrated loadings has received considerable attention in view of the importance of indentation testing for measuring hardness, principally of metals. However, little work of this nature has been done with materials that exhibit predominantly brittle behavior under concentrated loadings. Notable exceptions are the studies that have been made of the flow and fracture behavior of glass when loaded with pyramidal and spherical indenters as reviewed by Douglas. Work has also been recently reported on the forces required to push wedges into coal and into mixtures of pitch and sand.
The effects of concentrated loadings on rock were investigated in a study of the fundamentals of rock drilling conducted at Battelle Memorial Institute for Drilling Research, Inc., which is an organization formed by a group of companies engaged in various phases of oil production to investigate novel methods of drilling. The basic action of most mechanical means of drilling into rock consists of indexed and repeated, concentrated loadings on the bottom of the hole. Of primary interest in this previous investigation was the relationship between the volume of rock broken out per impact and the pertinent variables associated with the loadings and with the characteristics of the rock. The conclusions from this study proved to be of value in analyzing and comparing conventional and new methods of rock drilling.
Meeting the Consulting Needs of a Changing Industry
Authors: Hartsock J. H. , Root P. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Recent declines in oil and gas prices have forced consultants to re-examine their mode of doing business. In the future, consultants will strive to reduce the costs of completing any assignment. This can only be accomplished by using the most current technology in the form of computer hardware and software (including interactive graphics and reservoir modeling). Although consultants will be performing tasks similar to those in the past, they will have better technology and be more cost effective. In addition, the reduction in technical staff by all producing companies will result in an increased demand for consultants to do reserve estimates, detailed reservoir studies and training.
Analysis of Oil and Gas Reserve Acquisition Costs in Corporate and Property Purchases
Authors: Horn S. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper will analyze the purchase of domestic U.S. oil and gas reserves in corporate and property acquisitions during the past five years. This topic has occupied the attention of industry, financial press and investing public who have wanted to know the price at which oil properties are selling, and more specifically, the price at which oil has "sold for on Wall Street."
The specific questions to be considered in this paper are: –What has been the "average " price paid for oil and gas reserves over this period of time?–How do the prices paid in corporate acquisitions compare to those for property acquisitions?–Is it cheaper to buy properties in larger transactions than in smaller transactions?–Has there been a premium paid by non-industry or foreign buyers to acquire domestic oil and gas reserves?
In using publicly available information to analyze corporate and property transactions, the traditional rule of thumb of dollars per barrel equivalent ("$/BOE") was considered. In addition, several new measures of value. Percentage of SEC Value and Percentage of Operating Margin – were developed to better analyze the transactions. These new methods were designed to address several of the factors -- different product prices, different reserve lives, the time value of money and differences in operating costs and required capital investments -- which cause difficulties in comparing transactions using traditional rules of thumb.
Improved Coring and Core-Handling Procedures for the Unconsolidated Sands of the Green Canyon Area, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Whitebay L. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development of a full-closure core catcher coring system has greatly improved the chances for successfully sampling the very soft, unconsolidated sands of the Gulf of Mexico. Designed as an alternative to the rubber-sleeve core barrel, the new coring system cuts a larger diameter, 3 1/2-in versus 3-in, and longer, 30-ft versus 20-ft, core. The full-closure core catcher completely seals the bottom of the barrel trapping the unconsolidated sands inside. Core handling is simplified through the use of a rigid PVC liner which encases and supports the loose sand. Freezing the unconsolidated sand in the liner at the rig and keeping it frozen throughout the entire core analysis program preserves the quality of the samples. Whole core X-ray analysis of the material encased in the liner reveals bedding planes, fractures, rock type, and the degree of sample disturbance. Slabbed cores can easily be preserved for ongoing studies by packaging them in a new core preservation system, ProtecCore®.
The Interrelationships of Tubing Strings, Flow Lines, and Compressors Their Effect on Gas Well Deliverability
Authors: Nauck George S. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 41st Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Dallas, Tex., Oct. 2–5, 1966. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
When dealing with a high-volume gas well, the size of the tubing string and flow line can have significant effects on the deliverability of the well. If compression is used to increase the deliverability of the well, the size of the tubing string and flow line can also have significant effects on the amount of compression required.
This discussion deals with the interrelationships of tubing strings, flow lines and compressors as applied to gas well deliverability. The principles and relationships involved are not new nor are they very complicated, but they are important from an economic standpoint. Since the calculations involved are relatively basic, the discussion will be primarily concerned with illustrations of the results.

Introduction
In the operation of a gas field from, which we are obligated to maintain a given total deliverability, we are often faced with the decision of how to maintain deliverability as reservoir pressure declines. In a case where the wells have been previously completed and the gathering system installed, it is necessary to determine whether to install larger tubing in the wells, enlarge or loop existing flowlines, install compressors in the gathering system, or attempt to choose an optimum combination of these methods. There is no cut-and-dried answer to this problem that would apply to every situation and the answer may be determined only after careful evaluation of any specific case.
In some cases it may be known that compression will eventually be required for depletion of a field. This knowledge might lead to the assumption that the best thing to do when additional deliverability is required is to proceed with compression. Installation as required and in the amount necessary to maintain required deliverability. Such an assumption may or may not be legitimate, depending on the specific case in question. To arrive at the answer it is necessary to understand the interrelationships of tubing strings, flow lines and compressors, and their effect on gas well deliverability.
Engineering Salary Trends in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Brown D. C. , Tarrant L. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To understand the changes that occur cyclically in engineering manpower supply/demand trends in the petroleum industry, it is desirable to have an awareness of some of the major activities and factors affecting such trends; of starting Petroleum Engineering salaries relating to that background; of the on-going engineering salary status which developed from these activities; and of the large effect that high starting and on-going salaries do have in attracting and retaining engineers within the petroleum industry. It is important to realize that changes in industry trends can be brought about both by economic and political decisions, in both domestic and international activities.
There is no single entity or group, which by itself sets the climate for engineering manpower trends in all of the parts of the petroleum industry. Rather, it is set by the political and economic decisions of nations affecting the industry, and by the interactions of a very large number of companies and individuals, from the diverse and multiple parts of the industry, in creating demand for engineers of the various types and levels needed by their organizations.
Each organization must continually monitor and find ways to meet its needs for engineers for the present and foreseeable future, as to the various engineering subfunctions which must be filled in drilling, production, reservoir, process, mechanical, electrical, and other engineering activities.
Sondes for Big Hole Logging
Authors: Gianzero S. C. , Konen C. E. , Chemali R. E. , Strickland R. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Offshore drilling costs are affected by the need to drill a borehole for logging purposes, then ream the hole for deeper drilling. The introduction of an entirely new suite of logging tools designed to operate in an 18 inch (or larger) borehole significantly reduces these drilling costs.
The induction and resistivity tools are totally new designs based on mathematical simulations which were verified by experiment. On the other hand, the pad type Big Hole tools are similar to their conventional counterparts except for a redesign of the caliper assemblies.
The induction design measures a signal of 1 mmho from a 24 inch borehole with mud resistivity of 1Ω · m. The depth of investigation of 65 inches is comparable to the ILd but the new design has a reduced shoulder effect. A focused resistivity log specifically designed for large boreholes is also run in combination. For Rm = 0.1Ω · m, Rt ≤ 100Ω · m and borehole diameters between 8 and 20 inches, the error due to borehole effect is less than ± 17%. The nominal bed definition of the focused resistivity log is 2 1/2 feet.
The proposed suite of tools were successfully tested under controlled field conditions. Log examples comparing the conventional and Big Hole tools indicate the improved performance characteristics in big holes.