bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent engineering applied to lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis of triolein
Authors: Rendón X. , López‐Munguía A. , Castillo E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolvent engineering was applied to lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis of triolein for the selective synthesis of monoolein and diolein. The effect of different binary mixtures of n‐hexane and 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol (2M2B) on the selective production of mono‐ or diacylglyceride was established. Conditions for high selectivity toward monoolein synthesis were enhanced from 10.6 mol% in pure n‐hexane to 64 mol% in 2M2B. On the contrary, the highest production of diolein, corresponding to 62 mol%, was achieved in n‐hexane. Concerning triolein conversion, the best results were obtained in 100% 2M2B, with a conversion of 75%. The effect of the n‐hexane/2M2B ratio on diolein regioisomer production during triolein glycerolysis was also evaluated. Two different profiles of diolein regioisomers were observed as a function of solvent composition: Although the production of the 1,2‐diolein isomer was favored as the proportion of 2M2B in n‐hexane was increased, the 1,3‐isomer was preferentially synthesized in reactions where n‐hexane was the predominant solvent. When 100% n‐hexane was used as a solvent, 1,3‐diolein comprised 72 mol% of the total diolein population (58 mM). On the contrary, when the reaction was carried out in 100% 2M2B, the total concentration of diolein was lower (21 mM) but the 1,2‐diolein regioisomer was preferentially formed (89%). These results were explained as a consequence of the different extents of hydrolysis‐synthesis reactions involved in the glycerolysis process, which are strongly dependent on solvent mixtures and water concentration. Finally, some advantages of the use of binary mixtures of solvents compared with other strategies applied to glycerolysis reactions are discussed.
Lipolytic activity of California‐laurel (Umbellularia californica) seeds
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Cichowicz David J. , Dierov Jamil Kh. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipid content of dormant mature seeds of the California‐laurel (Umbellularia califonnica) was 74% (mass basis) and decreased upon germination, reaching 43% 5 wk after germination. Dormant seeds contained only barely detectable lipase activity. Lipase activity rose upon germination, peaking 2 to 3 wk after the onset of visible germination. The combined addition of three detergents, 3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propane‐sulfonate (1 mM), taurocholic acid (1 mM), and Tween‐20 (0.05%, vol/vol) during homogenization increased the lipolytic activity of total seedling homogenates by about 60%. Following centrifugation of homogenates from seedlings of various ages, ca. 80% of the recovered lipolytic activity was located in the fat‐free supernatant, with the remainder in the floating fat pad. The crude seed lipase did not show hydrolytic specificity for glycerol esters of lauric acid (the predominant fatty acid of the seed triglycerol): comparable lipolytic activities were seen toward olive oil, trilaurin, tripalmitin, and tristearin. Maximal lipolytic activity occurred at pH 8.5. This activity was stable over the pH range 6 to 9, and unstable at >40°C in a fashion that suggested the presence of multiple enzymes with different substrate specificities. Two lipolytic species, one of which showed some selectivity toward lauric acid esters, were partially separated from one another by ion‐exchange chromatography.
Application of two heating methods in physical refining of high‐FA olive and sunflower oils
Authors: Bada Gancedo J. C. , Prieto González M. M. , Xiberta Bernat J. , Graciani Constante E. , León Camacho M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo classes of vegetable oils, olive and sunflower, were processed by physical refining in a pilot plant with a capacity of up to 30 L by means of discontinuous deodorization, and distillates were recovered by condensing and freezing using steam and nitrogen as stripping gases. Two heating systems were evaluated in the deodorizer. In the first, the deodorizer oil and the distilled gases were heated so as to maintain the same temperature in both. In the second, only the oil was heated, resulting in a difference in temperature between the oil and the distilled gases. In addition, two different oil temperatures were evaluated for each stripping gas. By means of the first heating system, the deacidification time for both oils was reduced and the efficiency of the process was notably improved. On the other hand, the higher temperature had a negative influence over both parameters. For both heating systems the sterol contents did not suffer significant variations. Substantial variations in trans FA were not observed, and the composition of FA remained stable except for linoleic acid, which decreased, although more slowly than when the temperature was not maintained, as a result of the rapid formation of its trans FA.
Characterization and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of walnut oil
Authors: Oliveira Rui , Fátima Rodrigues M. , Gabriela Bernardo‐Gil M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWalnut (Juglans regia L.) oil was extracted with compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) in the temperature range of 308 to 321 K and in the pressure range of 18 to 23.4 MPa. The influence of particle size was also studied at a superficial velocity of 0.068 cm/s, within a tubular extractor of 0.2 L capacity (cross‐sectional area of 16.4 cm2). FFA, sterol, TAG, and tocopherol compositions were not different from those of oil obtained with n‐hexane. The main FA was linoleic acid (56.5%), followed by oleic acid (21.2%) and linolenic acid (13.2%). The main TAG was LLL (linoleic, linoleic, linoleic) (24.4%), followed by OLL (oleic, linoleic, linoleic) (19.6%) and LLLn (linoleic, linoleic, linolenic) (18.4%). The main component of sterols was β‐sitosterol (85.16%), followed by campesterol (5.06%). The amount of cholesterol was low (0.31 and 0.16% for oils extracted by n‐hexane and supercritical fluid extraction, respectively. The CO2‐extracted oil presented a larger amount of tocopherols (405.7 μg/g oil) when compared with 303.2 μg/g oil obtained with n‐hexane. Oxidative stability determined by PV and the Rancimat method revealed that walnut oil was readily oxidized. Oil extracted by supercritical CO2 was clearer than that extracted by n‐hexane, showing some refining. A central composite, nonfactorial design was used to optimize the extraction conditions using the software Statistica, Version 5. The best results were found at 22 MPa, 308 K, and particle diameter (Dp) −0.1 mm.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of flaxseed
Authors: Bozan B. , Temelli F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtraction of flaxseed oil was performed with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). To investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the solubility of oil and oil yield, three isobaric (21, 35, and 55 MPa) and two isothermal (50 and 70°C) extraction conditions were selected. Although the maximal solubility of flaxseed oil, 11.3 mg oil/g CO2, was obtained at 70°C/55 MPa, the oil yield obtained after 3 h of extraction at this condition was only 25% (g oil/g seed×100), which represented 66% of the total available oil of the flaxseed. Lipid composition and FFA and tocol (tocopherol and tocotrienol) contents of the oils obtained by both SC‐CO2 and petroleum ether extraction were determined. The α‐linolenic acid content of the SC‐CO2‐extracted oil was higher than that obtained by solvent extraction.
Determination of squalene in olive oil using fractional crystallization for sample preparation
Authors: Nenadis Nikolaos , Tsimidou Maria 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple, rapid method for the determination of squalene in virgin olive oil was developed using RP‐HPLC with detection at 208 nm. Fractional crystallization from methanol/acetone (7∶3, vol/vol) was applied to obtain squalene in the liquid fraction of the oil prior to HPLC. Elution of squalene was then carried out isocratically with acetone/acetonitrile (40∶60 vol/vol) within 11 min. The detection limit was 23 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification 79 mg/kg. The precision of the crystallization procedure (CV%=3.76, n=7) and the mean recovery (92.5 and 81.5% for the 7,000 and 700 mg/kg levels of addition, respectively) were satisfactory. The method is easily applicable to fulfill future needs for nutrition labeling.
Synthesis of geranyl acetate by esterification with lipase entrapped in hybrid sol‐gel formed within nonwoven fabric
Authors: Chen Jyh‐Ping , Lin Wei‐Shin , Chang Min‐Far 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCandida cylindracea lipase was entrapped in organic‐inorganic hybrid sol‐gel polymers made from tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and alkyltrimethoxysilanes. By forming the gels within the pores of a nonwoven polyester fabric, a novel immobilized biocatalyst in sheet configuration based on sol‐gel en‐trapment of the enzyme was obtained. Lipases immobilized in sol‐gel matrices efficiently catalyzed the direct esterification reaction of geraniol and acetic acid in anhydrous hexane to produce geranyl acetate. The optimal formulation of the sol‐gel solution for enzyme immobilization was at a 20∶1 molar ratio of water to total silane; a 4∶1 molar ratio of propyltrimethoxysilane to TMOS; hydrolysis time at 30 min; and enzyme loading of 200 mg lipase/g gel. Under these conditions, protein immobilization efficiency was 91%, and the specific activity of the immobilized enzyme was 2.6 times that of the free enzyme. Excellent thermal stability was found for the immobilized enzyme in dry form or in hexane solution in the presence of acetic acid, in which case severe inactivation of free enzyme was observed. The immobilized enzyme retained its activity after heating at 70°C for 2 h, whereas the free enzyme lost 80% of its activity.
Specific heats of cottonseed and its co‐products
Authors: Wan Peter J. , Zarins Zigrida M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMost of the annual crop of cotton is harvested and stored for the entire crushing season until the new crop year begins. It is desirable to have specific heat data of agricultural materials so the engineer can manage the heat transfer problem associated with each crop during storage. Thermal properties of agricultural products, such as cottonseed and its oil mill co‐products, are not commonly available. Partially because these materials are bulky and lack uniformity, their thermal properties are difficult to assess precisely. The highly sensitive and large‐sample volume differential scanning calorimeter has made the precise determination of specific heat of agricultural material possible. This report describes a procedure used to obtain the specific heat of white cottonseed and its co‐products as a function of temperature. The materials tested included cotton fiber, whole cottonseed, linters, hulls, meats, and meal. Specific heat values of these materials ranged from 0.32 to 0.6 cal/g/°C at 30°C and 0.42 to 0.72 cal/g/°C at 90°C. When these materials were dried, the values converged to 0.24 to 0.33 cal/g°C at 30°C.
Phospholipid class and FA compositions of modified soybeans processed with two extraction methods
Authors: Wu Yingzi , Wang Tong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybean lecithin is used as an emulsifier in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The proportion of individual phospholipids (PL) and their FA composition may affect the functional properties of lecithin. In this research, lecithins recovered from four modified soybeans and one commodity soybean, which were processed by extrusion‐expelling and conventional solvent extraction, were analyzed for proportion of PL class and FA composition. HPLC with an ELSD analysis demonstrated that the percentage of PC in extrusion‐expelled lecithin was higher than in solvent‐extracted lecithin, whereas the PE content was lower. GC analysis showed that FA compositions of the PL varied with soybean type. The oil extraction method did not significantly affect FA composition. Critical micelle concentration tested with a tensiometer showed differences among the lecithins.
Protein enrichment of defatted salicornia meal by air classification
Authors: Wu Y. Victor , Abbott Thomas P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSalicornia bigelovii Torr. is a leafless, annual salt‐marsh plant. Previous investigators reported that the seed contained 26 to 33% oil, 30 to 33% protein, 5 to 7% fiber, and 5 to 7% ash. Hexane‐defatted salicornia meal was ground in a pin mill and separated by air classification into various fractions by particle size. The fine fractions were enriched in protein. The degree of protein enrichment and yield of fine fractions depended on the intensity of grinding. More intense grinding resulted in a higher yield of fine fractions with a smaller increase in protein content compared with less intensive grinding. The amino acid composition and proximate composition of the air‐classified fractions are compared with the starting material.
Volatile by‐products during heat polymerization of soybean oil
Authors: Erhan Sevim Z. , Sheng Quan , Hwang Hong‐Sik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatile by‐products during heat polymerization of soybean oil at 330°C were analyzed using GC‐MS and NMR. Color and viscosity changes were monitored for the heat‐polymerized soybean oil and the by‐products. About 90% (w/w) of the by‐products were decanoic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids and cis‐9‐tricosene. The by‐products also contained small amounts of 3‐eicosene, 9,17‐octadecadienal, and cyclotetracosene. The weight percentage of decanoic acid increased with reaction time, whereas those of other components showed no trends.
Microscale recovery of total lipids from fish tissue by accelerated solvent extraction
Authors: Dodds Eric D. , McCoy Mark R. , Geldenhuys Adeline , Rea Lorrie D. , Kennish John M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of techniques are available for the extraction of lipids from a variety of tissues; however, conventional methods are characteristically labor intensive, typically involve large volumes of toxic solvents, and usually require at least 1 g of tissue. With the availability of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technology, the opportunity exists to modify classical lipid extraction techniques such that automated high‐pressure, high‐temperature extractions may be performed with the use of far smaller volumes of costly and harmsul solvents. Moreover, the high extraction efficiency attainable by ASE suggests that significantly less tissue would be required than is routinely used. This paper describes the adaptation of previously developed lipid extraction solvent systems for use with ASE toward the purpose of extracting total lipids from 100 mg of fish tissue. The efficacy of three solvent systems for lipid extraction from representative fish tissues, including a standard reference material, was explored using gravimetry and FA analysis by GC. A TG was used as a surrogate to monitor overall method performance. The findings herein demonstrate that microscale ASE represents an effective and efficient alternative to traditional lipid extraction techniques based on quantity and composition of extracted lipid, surrogate recovery, and precision.
Epoxide yield determination of oils and fatty acid methyl esters using 1H NMR
Authors: Aerts Hans A. J. , Jacobs Pierre A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProduct mixtures of epoxidized fatty compounds can be analyzed by using 1H NMR. Conversion of double bonds and selectivities to different products can easily be calculated. Moreover, if diunsaturated substrates are used in epoxidation reactions, yields to mono‐ and diepoxidized products can be determined. The effectiveness of this method is proven by comparing some NMR results with those found by GC analysis.
Frying oil and fat quality measured by chemical, physical, and test kit analyses
Authors: Sanibal E. A. A. , Mancini‐Filho J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe performance of soybean oil (SBO) and a partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) was monitored by chemical, physical, and test kit analyses during 50 h of deep‐frying of potatoes in SBO and 50 h of deep‐frying of potatoes in PHSBO. The oxidative stability of SBO and PHSBO was measured by the iodine value, color index, FFA content, total polar compounds, and FA analysis of deep‐frying SBO and PHSBO. SBO, with higher levels of unsaturated FA, had the faster rate of formation of geometric and positional isomers of unsaturated FA as measured by GC with standards. PHSBO performance under deep‐frying conditions was significantly better than SBO with respect to iodine value, color index, and total polar compounds. The results from analyses using test kits had a good correlation with analytical parameters.
Synthesis of a fatty tetrahydroxyamide using peroxygenase from oat seeds
Authors: Piazza George J. , Foglia Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrior work has shown that oat (Avena sativa) seeds are a rich source of lipase and peroxygenase. Partial epoxidation of the isobutyl amide derivative of α‐linolenic acid with peroxygenase gave N‐i‐butyl‐9, 10–15, 16‐diepoxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenamide, a diepoxide product in which the epoxides reside only at the formerly external double bond positions. No amide hydrolysis occurred during the epoxidation procedure. Hydrolysis of the diepoxide gave N‐i‐butyl‐9, 10,15,16‐tetrahydroxy‐12 (Z)‐octadecenamide, a polyol derivative with relatively high polarity, potentially useful in developing new materials from fats and oils.
Impact of sample preparation on the determination of crude fat content in corn
Authors: Luthria Devanand L. , Noel Kirk , Vinjamoori Dutt 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSample preparation is an important step in any analysis as it directly affects the assay results. The effect of sample preparation on the extraction of crude fat from 10 corn samples with varying fat content was studied. Samples were ground on seven different grinders, namely, the Mega‐grinder, Knifetec, Cyclotec, Cemotec, Mikro‐mill, UDY, and Brinkmann‐Retsch mill. The crude fat was extracted from ground samples using Soxtec and/or Butt‐tube extraction procedures and was determined gravimetrically after evaporation of the extraction solvent. The lowest amount of crude fat was extracted from samples ground on a Cemotec grinder. However, similar yields of crude fat were obtained with the other six sample preparation mills by using the proper screen size and grinding conditions. We observed an increase of 0.3% in the grand mean of crude fat extracted from samples ground on a Cyclotec grinder fitted with a 1.0‐mm screen as compared with a 2.0‐mm screen. Modifying the grinding time from 5 to 10 s/cycle and increasing the number of cycles from 2 to 3 resulted an increase of 0.4% in the grand mean of crude fat extracted from 10 corn samples. No significant differences were observed in crude fat content when samples were ground with a Monsanto‐built Mega‐grinder, located at two different sites. The efficiency of crude fat extracted from ground samples was found to increase with the decrease in particle size.
Quantitative trait loci for β‐conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) fractions of soybean storage protein
Authors: Panthee D. R. , Kwanyuen P. , Sams C. E. , West D. R. , Saxton A. M. , Pantalone V. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlycinin (11S) and β‐conglycinin (7S) are important seed storage proteins in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A major limitation of soybean seed storage proteins is their low levels of the sulfur‐containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, which are important nutritional components of protein mea. Glycinin contains significantly more S‐containing amino acids than does β‐conglycinin. Thus, detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) that govern 11S may provide marker‐assisted selection (MAS) opportunities to improve soybean total S‐containing amino acids. The objective of this study was to detect and map QTL governing 7S and 11S fractions of soybean seed storage proteins. To achieve this objective, 101 F6‐derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed from a cross of N87‐984‐16 ×TN93‐99 were used. Storage proteins were extracted from all RIL and separated in 10–20% linear gradient polyacrylamide gels. Dried gels were scanned for individual subunits of storage protein with a densitometer equipped with a He−Ne laser light source. Data were converted to concentration for each subunit component and analyzed using SAS software. A significant (P<0.05) difference among genotypes was found for glycinin and β‐conglycinin. A total of 94 polymorphic simple sequence repeat molecular genetic markers were used in screening all RIL. Three QTL for glycinin (Satt461, Satt292, and Satt156) were distributed on linkage group (LG) D2, I, and L, respectively, whereas two QTL for conglycinin (Satt461 and Satt249) were distributed on LG D2 and J. Phenotypic variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 9.5 to 22%. These QTL may provide useful MAS opportunities for improvement of nutritional quality in soybean.
Fatty acids and oil content in white lupin seed as affected by production practices
Authors: Bhardwaj Harbans L. , Hamama Anwar A. , van Santen Edzard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCharacteristics of the seed oil of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), a potential alternative winter crop in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States, are not well established. Replicated experiments were conducted during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons with a determinate and an indeterminate cultivar to characterize oil and FA in lupin seed in relation to production practices. The experiments were planted in early October, late October, and mid‐November using row spacings of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m at each planting time. Seeds from the planting date of early October had significantly (P<0.05) higher oil content than the later plantings (late October and mid‐November). A closer row spacing (0.3 m) also had significantly (P<0.05) higher oil content than the wider row spacing (0.9 m). Planting data effects on FA content were significant for some FA, but row spacing did not affect FA contents. Oil content in the seed varied from 7.2 to 8.2% (w/w). The oil from white lupin seed contained FA in the order of 18∶1>18∶2> 18∶3>16∶0>20∶1>22∶1>22∶0>18∶0>24∶0>20∶0. The saturated FA/unsaturated FA ratio in lupin oil was 0.14. White lupin seed contained higher contents of oil and FA than literature values for seed of navy, kidney, and pinto beans.
Tocopherol oil concentration in field‐grown sunflower is accounted for by oil weight per seed
Authors: Nolasco S. M. , Aguirrezábal L. A. N. , Crapiste G. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat‐containing foods and perform important biological activities. Significant variations (389 to 1873 μg g oil−1) in the total tocopherol concentration of sunflower seed oil have been reported. The main objectives of this work were to determine the influence of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation on tocopherol concentration during seed filling and to establish and validate relationships between tocopherol concentration in oil and other quality variables of the seed. Seven sunflower hybrids were grown under good water and nutritional conditions in two similar experiments carried out in two contrasting environments. Treatments were applied to modify the amount of radiation intercepted per plant during seed filling in order to obtain a range in oil yield per plant and its components. Greater per plant intercepted radiation decreased the tocopherol concentration in oil. Tocopherol concentration decreased when oil weight per seed increased. Tocopherol concentration stabilized for oil weight per seed higher than 23 mg oil seed−1. This exponential relationship accounted for 73% of the variability in tocopherol concentration (507 to 1203 μg g oil−1) despite differences in hull type, locations, hybrids, and radiation treatments. The proposed relationship acceptably predicted independent results. Crop management techniques could lead to seeds with greater concentrations of tocopherols.