bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encephalitozoon helleminfection as the cause of a unilateral chronic keratoconjunctivitis in an umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba)
Authors: Phalen David N. , Logan Kathleen S. , Snowden Karen F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba) was presented with a keratoconjunctivitis of 9 months’ duration that was refractory to antibacterial and antifungal treatments. Microsporidian‐type spores were observed in calcofluor M2R‐stained cytological preparations of debrided corneal epithelium. Hematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections of a conjunctival biopsy also showed a small number of intracellular parasites. Microsporidial DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in DNA extracted from the remaining biopsy material. Sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene identified the microsporidium asEncephalitozoon hellem. The cockatoo was treated with oral albendazole for 3 months with resolution of the signs, and then again for 4 months when the signs returned. Since then, the bird has remained healthy for 2 years. This is the second report of a microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a bird, and the first report of anE. helleminfection in a cockatoo. Ophthalmologists should considerE. hellemas a possible cause of a keratoconjunctivitis in parrots that is refractory to treatment with traditional antimicrobials.
Ocular effects of topical 0.03% bimatoprost solution in normotensive feline eyes
Authors: Regnier Alain , Lemagne Capucine , Ponchet Alice , Cazalot Guillaume , Con Cordet Didier , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of topically applied bimatoprost, an ocular hypotensive lipid, on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size (PS) in healthy cats.Animal studied Nine European Shorthair cats free from clinically relevant ocular abnormalities were used in the study.Procedures Pretreatment baseline measurements of IOP and PS were obtained bilaterally at 8 am, 2 pm, and 8 pm for five consecutive days (days 1 to 5). Then the cats received one drop twice daily (10 am and 6 pm) of bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03% (Lumigan™, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA USA), in one randomly selected eye and one drop of artificial tears in the fellow eye (control eye) for 5 days (days 6 to 10). Values for IOP and PS were obtained under the same conditions as in the pretreatment phase. The potential for ocular irritation following bimatoprost application was also evaluated.Results During the pretreatment period, the mean IOP and mean PS were not significantly different between the eyes subsequently treated with bimatoprost and those subsequently determined as controls. During the treatment period, the mean IOP in bimatoprost‐treated eyes was not significantly lower than in control eyes (14.2 ± 2.3 vs. 14.5 ± 2.8 mmHg). Mean IOP in control eyes was not significantly changed at any time during the study period. A marked reduction of PS was seen in all bimatoprost‐treated eyes, but no other clinically relevant side effects were observed.Conclusion Twice daily topical applications of bimatoprost produced miosis but had no significant effect on IOP in healthy cats.
Idiopathic sclerosing orbital pseudotumor in seven cats
Authors: Billson F. Mark , Miller‐Michau Tammy , Mould John R. B. , Davidson Michael G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective To review the clinical presentation and histopathologic findings on a series of cats with orbital fibrotic disease and compare the data to that of humans with sclerosing orbital pseudotumor.Animals A retrospective study was undertaken, which identified tissue samples from seven cats between 1997 and 2002 with a history of orbital mass effect and pathology characterized by fibrous tissue proliferation.Procedure Information was obtained from medical records for affected cats, including age, sex, clinical signs, management, and outcome, with histopathology re‐examined.Results Six of seven cats presented with unilateral orbital involvement that progressed to bilateral orbital disease despite treatment. Onset was insidious, evolving over weeks to months and was associated with fixation of orbital structures. Owners of six of the cats opted for euthanasia because of disease progression and pain. Histopathology of affected orbital tissue included extensive fibrosis with encapsulation of normal tissues without characteristics of neoplasia.Conclusions Clinical findings and histopathology of globes and orbital tissues in cats bore many similarities to idiopathic sclerosing orbital pseudotumor in humans. In cats, the prognosis for the globe appears to be poor but an elucidation of the pathogenesis and earlier diagnosis coupled with more aggressive treatment modalities as indicated in humans may be beneficial.
Effect of age, gender, weight, and time of day on tear production in normal dogs
Authors: Hartley Claudia , Williams David L. , Adams Vicki J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective To investigate the effects of age, weight, gender, and of time of day on tear production in normal dogs.Animals studied One hundred ophthalmoscopically and systemically unremarkable dogs.Procedure Schirmer tear tests (STT) were performed every 2 h during the day on one randomly chosen eye of each of 100 dogs.Results There was a statistically significant effect of time of day and age on the STT measurement. The mean STT decreased by 0.4 mm for every 1 year that age increased (P = 0.007). Mean STT values taken at 10:00 am were 0.7 mm lower than values taken at 4:00 pm (P = 0.04).Conclusions Tear production decreases with age in the normal dog. In this population of dogs the largest difference was between the 10:00 am and the 4:00 pm STT measurements, but this still only amounted to 0.7 mm. This value is unlikely to be of clinical significance in the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).
Surgical management of a malacic corneal ulcer in a greater one‐horned Asian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) using a free island tarsoconjunctival graft
Authors: Esson Douglas W. , Wellehan James F. X. , Lafortune Maud , Valverde Alex , Citino Scott B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA greater one‐horned Asian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) presented for presumed ocular trauma to the left eye, with secondary bacterial infection, resulting in severe and progressive corneal ulceration. Following a poor response to medical therapy, the animal was anesthetized for further examination, and a bulbar conjunctival pedicle graft performed. This graft failed by 48‐h postsurgery as a result of self‐trauma. The animal was re‐anesthetized, and a free island tarsoconjunctival graft performed. This second procedure was successful, resulting in globe preservation, cosmesis, and functional vision in the affected eye.
On‐line adaptive algorithm with glucose prediction capacity for subcutaneous closed loop control of glucose: evaluation under fasting conditions in patients with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Schaller H. C. , Schaupp L. , Bodenlenz M. , Wilinska M. E. , Chassin L. J. , Wach P. , Vering T. , Hovorka R. , Pieber T. R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAims  To evaluate an algorithm with glucose prediction capacity and continuous adaptation of patient parameters—a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm—to control blood glucose concentration during fasting conditions in patients with Type 1 diabetes. In the subcutaneous (sc) route within a closed loop system.Methods  Paired experiments were performed in six patients. Over 8 h the MPC algorithm was used to control glucose with s.c. insulin administration and two different glucose monitoring protocols: first, the algorithm was provided with intravenous (i.v.) glucose values for insulin dosage calculation directly (i.v.–s.c. route). Then, in the second experiment, i.v. glucose values were fed to the MPC with a delay of 30 min to simulate s.c. glucose measurements (‘s.c.’–s.c. route). In both experiments plasma glucose, insulin dosage, and serum insulin levels were analysed.Results  Glucose concentration was brought from hyper‐ to normoglycaemia and kept in the physiological range (6–7 mmol/l) with both routes in all subjects. Mean glucose concentration reached the threshold of 7 mmol/l approximately 2 (i.v.–s.c. route) and 3 (‘s.c.’–s.c. route) hours after the start of glucose control with the MPC. During the last 2 h of automated glucose control, mean glucose concentration was 6.3 ± 0.2 mmol/l and 6.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l for i.v.–s.c. and ‘s.c.’–s.c. route, respectively. Glucose concentration, insulin doses, and serum insulin levels did not differ significantly between routes (P > 0.05).Conclusions  The MPC algorithm is suitable for glucose control during fasting within an extracorporeal artificial β‐cell in the subcutaneous route Type 1 diabetic patients.
Cross‐sectional correlates of fasting hyperinsulinaemia in post‐menopausal women of different ethnic origin
Authors: Pradhan A. D. , Manson J. E. , Hendrix S. L. , Johnson K. C. , Wagenknecht L. E. , Haan M. N. , Weidner G. , LaCroix A. Z. , Cook N. R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAims  In a large ethnically diverse nationwide sample of post‐menopausal women we explored the relationship between fasting insulin levels, ethnicity, and a wide range of anthropometric, socio‐economic, and lifestyle factors.Methods  Subjects were post‐menopausal women aged 50–79 years without diagnosed diabetes mellitus comprising a subsample (n = 3500) of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trial and Observational Study. In a cross‐sectional survey at baseline, we analysed the association between ethnicity and fasting insulin using analysis of covariance procedures and identified independent correlates of hyperinsulinaemia, defined by the 75th percentile cut point for each ethnic group.Results  Fasting insulin levels were higher among African‐American and Hispanic women than among non‐Hispanic White or Asian women. These differences persisted after adjustment for age, educational attainment, total and central body obesity, adult weight change, family history of diabetes, smoking status, alcohol consumption, use of menopausal hormone therapy and physical activity. Higher levels of body mass index, waist–hip ratio, adult weight gain, and lower levels of total and moderate or strenuous recreational activity were independent correlates of fasting hyperinsulinaemia. Habitual walking was also inversely associated with fasting insulin.Conclusions  In this cross‐sectional analysis, fasting insulin levels were higher among African‐American and Hispanic post‐menopausal women as compared with non‐Hispanic White and Asian women. In addition, obesity, adult weight gain, and low levels of moderate or strenuous physical activity were independently associated with hyperinsulinaemia.
Who Are the Shareholders in Australia and What Are Their Ethical Opinions? An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Hanson Dallas , Tranter Bruce 
Published: January 2006

Analysis of the 2003 Australian Survey of Social Attitudes verifies claims that Australia is a share‐owning democracy. We show that higher income earners are most likely to own shares and to own shares in a large number of companies, and that the 45–54 and 54–56 year age groups are the peak for ownership. We also investigate ethical issues relating to share‐ownership by examining scenarios under which owners would sell their shares.Ethical concern is highest on the issue of child labour. Yet there is surprisingly little concern amongst shareowners over racial discrimination, which was less likely to lead to the sales of shares than investment in genetically modified crops or foods, paying large bonuses to executives or the production of military weapons. Women are more likely than men to adopt an “ethical” stance on share ownership across all scenarios, although high income earners are less likely to sell shares in the face of racial discrimination or the production of military weapons by their companies.Postmaterialists are just as likely as materialists to own shares, but much more likely to sell them for ethical reasons, while those on the “left” of politics appear to be more ethical than the “right”. Finally, owning shares in several companies reduces the likelihood of ethical behaviour, with those owning shares in six or more companies least likely to sell for any ethical reason.
Public Expenditure in the UK: How Measures Matter
Authors: Soroka Stuart N. , Wlezien Christopher , McLean Iain 
Published: January 2006

SummaryStudying spending over time requires reliable data. It is not clear that such data exist in the UK, however. The two published sources of functional spending numbers—the Office for National Statistics's ‘blue book’ and Her Majesty's Treasury's Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses (PESA)—rely on estimates of past spending, using a link year method, rather than recalculating actual spending figures when functional definitions change. We assess the various measures of spending in the UK. Specifically, we do two things. First, we present a new, third, set of spending numbers applying temporally consistent functional definitions to PESA microdata. Second, we compare the three measures. Our analyses indicate that the Office for National Statistics and PESA data differ quite markedly, especially for certain functions, i.e. in some cases the two measures imply completely different histories. The differences between the original PESA data and our new measures are less pronounced on average, though significant differences are evident, especially year by year.
Using Data Augmentation to Correct for Non-Ignorable Non-Response When Surrogate Data are Available: An Application to the Distribution of Hourly Pay
Authors: Durrant Gabriele B. , Skinner Chris 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper develops a data augmentation method to estimate the distribution function of a variable, which is partially observed, under a non-ignorable missing data mechanism, and where surrogate data are available. An application to the estimation of hourly pay distributions using UK Labour Force Survey data provides the main motivation. In addition to considering a standard parametric data augmentation method, we consider the use of hot deck imputation methods as part of the data augmentation procedure to improve the robustness of the method. The method proposed is compared with standard methods that are based on an ignorable missing data mechanism, both in a simulation study and in the Labour Force Survey application. The focus is on reducing bias in point estimation, but variance estimation using multiple imputation is also considered briefly.
Health-Related Non-Response in the British Household Panel Survey and European Community Household Panel: Using Inverse-Probability-Weighted Estimators in Non-Linear Models
Authors: Jones Andrew M. , Koolman Xander , Rice Nigel 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper considers health-related non-response in the first 11 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and the full eight waves of the European Community Household Panel and explores its consequences for dynamic models of the association between socioeconomic status and self-assessed health. We describe the pattern of health-related non-response that is revealed by the British Household Panel Survey and European Community Household Panel data. We both test and correct for non-response in empirical models of the effect of socioeconomic status on self-assessed health. Descriptive evidence shows that there is health-related non-response in the data, with those in very poor initial health more likely to drop out, and variable addition tests provide evidence of non-response bias in the panel data models of self-reported health. Nevertheless a comparison of estimates—based on the balanced sample, the unbalanced sample and corrected for non-response by using inverse probability weights—shows that, on the whole, there are not substantive differences in the average partial effects of the variables of interest. The main differences are between unweighted and one form of inverse-probability-weighted estimates for the average partial effects of income and education in those countries that have fewer than eight waves of data. Similar findings have been reported concerning the limited influence of non-response bias in models of various labour market outcomes; we discuss possible explanations for our results.
Linkage Bias in Estimating the Association Between Childhood Exposures and Propensity to Become a Mother: An Example of Simple Sensitivity Analyses
Authors: Nitsch D. , DeStavola B. L. , Morton S. M. B. , Leon D. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecord linkage is a powerful tool to obtain individual follow-up information that is held in routinely collected databases. However, this method is potentially limited not only by the quality of the original data but also by the temporal and geographic coverage of the routine data. Migration in particular is a factor that might introduce systematic bias even in analyses of data covering relatively large geographical areas. We describe a linkage application where emigration bias might be an issue and use the sensitivity analysis approach that has been described by Molenberghs and co-workers and Kenward and co-workers to assess the extent of this bias.
Modelling Non-Response in the National Child Development Study
Authors: Hawkes Denise , Plewis Ian 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere is widespread concern that the cumulative effects of the non-response that is bound to affect any long-running longitudinal study will lead to mistaken inferences about change. We focus on the National Child Development Study and show how non-response has accumulated over time. We distinguish between attrition and wave non-response and show how these two kinds of non-response can be related to a set of explanatory variables. We model the discrete time hazard of non-response and also fit a set of multinomial logistic regressions to the probabilities of different kinds of non-response at a particular sweep. We find that the best predictors of non-response at any sweep are generally variables that are measured at the previous sweep but, although non-response is systematic, much of the variation in it remains unexplained by our models. We consider the implications of our results for both design and analysis.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Hawaiian flycatcher, the elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis)
Authors: BURGESS SARAH L. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from two clades of an endemic Hawaiian flycatcher, the elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis). Seven dinucleotide repeats and one trinucleotide repeat were cloned from Kauai elepaio; five dinucleotide repeats were cloned from Oahu elepaio. Polymorphism was assessed in a sample of Oahu elepaio (n = 22) revealing two to 16 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.14 to 0.91. However, linkage analysis exposed highly significant linkage disequilibrium between two of the most polymorphic loci. Twelve loci are therefore expected to be useful for investigations of population structure.
What's Globalization Got to Do with It? Economic Interdependence and the Future of European Welfare States
Authors: Hay Colin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe appeal to globalization as a non-negotiable external economic constraint plays an increasingly significant role in the linked politics of expectation suppression and welfare reform in contemporary Europe. Yet, although it threatens to become something of a self- fulfilling prophecy, the thesis that globalization entails welfare retrenchment and convergence is empirically suspect. In this paper it is argued that there is little evidence of convergence amongst European social models and that, although common trajectories can be identified, these have tended to be implemented more or less enthusiastically and at different paces to produce, to date, divergent outcomes. Second, I suggest that it is difficult to see globalization as the principal agent determining the path on which European social models are embarked since the empirical evidence points if anything to de-globalization rather than globalization. The implications of this for the future of the welfare state in Europe and for the USA as a model welfare state regime are explored.
The Modern State and its Adversaries
Authors: Thompson Helen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe modern state would be a crisis if consent to long-established sites of authoritative rule were breaking down, previously capable states were unable to command coercive power, and if the demands of international and supra-national institutions had enforceable claims against historically sovereign states. There is no general crisis of the modern state. The states of most developed countries are secure as sites of authoritative rule, and the military power commanded by the American state is unprecedented. However, the external sovereignty of many poor and small states is diminishing. The cause is not ‘globalization’ but the policies of the world's dominant state.
Consociational Theory, Northern Ireland's Conflict, and its Agreement. Part 1: What Consociationalists Can Learn from Northern Ireland
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the first of two articles the authors show what consociational theory may learn from the case of Northern Ireland, namely, the importance of external agencies in making and implementing consociational settlements, the relations between consociational and self-determination settlements, the ‘complexity’ of internal settlements, the merits of STV (PR) in electoral arrangements, innovations in using proportional representation decision rules to allocate ministerial portfolios, and conceptual modifications. A second article addresses what anti-consociationalists may learn from the same case.
Euroscepticism and History Education in Britain
Authors: Daddow Oliver J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article examines the role played by national history in generating and sustaining the popularity of British Eurosceptic arguments. The core argument advanced is that the modernist approach to history prevalent among British historians and the society in which they work has to be considered the key reason for Euroscepticism retaining such a popular appeal in Britain. The overly reverential attitude to recent martial history on the part of the British, and an almost total neglect of the peacetime dimensions of modern European history since 1945, both serve to exaggerate the tendency in the country to fall back on glib images of Britain as a great power with a ‘special relationship’ across the Atlantic and Europe as a hostile ‘other’ to be confronted rather than engaged with constructively.
Consensus and Parliamentary Opposition: The Case of Spain
Authors: Mújica Alejandro , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIt is well known that in developed democracies the opposition tends to cooperate with the government. Spain is no exception: around 70 per cent of all ‘organic laws’ (constitutionally significant bills that require a parliamentary majority to be passed) are approved with the support of the main opposition party. We try to explain the variation in the level of consensus in the first seven legislative terms of the current Spanish democracy. We show that there are three key variables: the balance of power between government and opposition, the nature of the institutional actor that first proposes the bill, and the ideological significance of the bill.