bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confronting the Pitfalls of Current Environmental History: An Argument for an Organisational Approach
Authors: Uekoetter Frank 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The essay outlines and criticises three prominent features of current environmental history writing: the idea of history as negative progress, the rhetoric of 'on the one hand' - 'on the other hand', and the use of the term 'capitalism'. It is argued that these notions impede rather than help historical analysis and should be abandoned in favour of more differentiated concepts. As an alternative, the essay proposes focusing on the process of organising responses to perceived environmental problems. This process is subdivided into six stages, with special obstacles and problems to be solved at each of them. The 'organisational approach' offers a useful analytic tool for understanding the rationale behind the seemingly irrational, and allows analysis of the degree in which societies were able to control and regulate their environmental impact. After discussing the advantages of this approach over current ways of writing environmental history, the essay concludes with a brief reflection on how an organisational approach would allow historians to contribute to contemporary environmental discussions in a more productive way.
The Climate of Tübingen A.D. 1596-1605, on the basis of Martin Crusius' Diarium
Authors: Telelis Ioannis G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Martinus Crusius (1526-1607), one of the 16th century's German humanists, kept personal notes in diary form for the period 1596-1605. This academic professor has provided us in his
Diarium
(Diary) with a systematic collection of daily records of various personal, historic and literary notes. But he was also interested in recording the day-to-day weather, extreme weather events and other environmental phenomena, such as phenological events, vine-harvest dates etc. Over 3,000 descriptive daily records of weather and other environmental phenomena have been derived from the
Diarium
. Assessment of the data is attempted considering various historic and philological parameters relevant to the author, his time, his work and the Diary he kept. Data on snow and snow-cover are discussed in this paper. Crusius' terminology on snow is approached, and the numbers of days with snowfall and snow-cover for the period 1597-1605 in Tübingen (Germany) are compared with averages of the 20th century relevant meteorological data.
How Terms Shape Forests: 'Niederwald', 'Mittelwald' and 'Hochwald', and their Interaction with Forest Development in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland
Authors: Bürgi Matthias 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Changes in forests are influenced by, and themselves influence, such local conditions as soil, climate and exposure, and also the demands put on the forests by society. Forestry has played a crucial role, since the 19th century at least, in the way these demands are fulfilled through the use and management of forests. This paper describes a regional case study of the history of forestry practices in the north-eastern part of the central plateau of Switzerland during the 19th century, based on an analysis of official documents connected with forestry. The analysis examines, in particular, how the creation of new terms such as 'Niederwald' (i.e., simple coppice forest) and 'Mittelwald' (coppice-with-standards forests) influenced the way in which forestry officials classified forests, which, in turn, influenced how forestry was planned and implemented. During the 19th century, community authorities increasingly took to transforming coppice forests into high forests. This trend was critically observed by forestry officials, who themselves conducted similar transformations in the cantonal forests directly managed by them. According to a classification of stand descriptions which used definite criteria for the different forest types, most of the decline of coppice-with-standards forests occurred after the middle of the 20th century. This development is discussed with respect to changing demands for the different sorts of timber produced in the different forest types.
Environment and Social History: Kalahandi, 1800-1950
Authors: Pati Biswamoy 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the social history of Kalahandi in western Orissa over the 1800-1950 period, in an attempt to explore the roots of the famine which haunts the region even today. It delineates the pre-colonial origins of the crisis, and the way Kalahandi's colonisation reinforced the problems.
Changes in Landscape or in Interpretation? Reflections Based on the Environmental and Socio-economic History of a Village in NE Botswana
Authors: Dahlberg Annika C. , Blaikie Piers M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
In semi-arid Africa, environmental change continues to be debated, focusing particularly on the status and significance of land degradation and on local versus scientific knowledge claims. This paper suggests an approach for using different types of data sources, and for bringing together understandings of ecosystem dynamics and of people's interaction with the environment, and thereby achieving 'closure' in a highly contested terrain. The environmental and socio-economic history of a village in north-eastern Botswana is investigated using oral histories of villagers, aerial photographs (1964 and 1988), and official records. At first, descriptions of the environment appear confusing and contradictory, and at odds with official records. Rainfall is the focal point around which most explanations of environmental change turn. Here scientists find no long-term change, while villagers perceive a decline. Overstocking has been a main concern for policymakers throughout this century, while villagers do not see this as a problem. These, and ensuing contradictory perceptions, are partly resolved by identifying the main components linking the wider society to the local and to the environment, and by seeking a shared meaning between local and official versions, as well as between different local versions, of environmental change. We found, instead of contradiction, a striking convergence between, on the one hand, recent scientific understanding of the unpredictability and complexity of semi-arid dynamics and, on the other hand, the description and explanation of change offered by villagers themselves.
Anti-Erosion Policies in the Mountain Areas of Lesotho: the South African Connection
Authors: Driver Thackwray 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Commercial agriculture in the dry interior of South Africa is heavily reliant upon irrigation water from the Orange River. Most of this vital water does not fall as rain on South African soil but as rain and snow in the mountains of Lesotho. At various times over the past century fears have been expressed over the impact of soil erosion in the mountain areas of Lesotho on South African water resources. These fears have, on occasion, been translated into political pressure on Lesotho to implement anti-erosion policies such as grazing control in the mountain areas. This paper concentrates on the first period of anti-erosion policies in the mountain areas of Lesotho in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and examines the importance of South African pressures to the adoption of these policies. During this period the issue of soil erosion became an important element in the debate about the transfer of the High Commission Territories (Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana) to South African control and an issue that caused a great deal of concern amongst Lesotho's colonial officials. The subsequent development of an apartheid ideology changed the nature of South African demands in relation to the transfer of the High Commission Territories, and the issue of soil erosion rapidly dropped from the political agenda. The rise and fall of soil erosion as an issue of concern in this period had more to do with internal South African politics than it did with the reality of environmental conditions in the mountain areas of Lesotho.
Were Health Resorts Bad for your Health? Coastal Pollution Control Policy in England, 1945-76
Authors: Hassan John 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A case study of beach pollution illustrates economic and political influences that have shaped environmental policy in Britain. The need to provide irrefutable evidence that there was a risk to public health, before tangible steps were taken to control pollution, was a characteristic feature of official policy. The consequent deterioration of the holiday industry's prime asset - the marine environment - is traced from the early nineteenth century. The postwar period is selected for detailed study. The paper will explore why, despite the growth of opposition to the pumping of raw sewage into the sea, this traditional method of waste disposal continued to be relied upon until the recent past.
Gastrointestinal Agents
Authors: Jacoby Henry I. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The primary aim in antiulcer therapy is either prevention of acid secretion from the gastric parietal cells or neutralization of the acid before it comes into contact with the ulcerated areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Long established therapy of duodenal ulcers, included diet, antacids, and anticholinergics. Of these, only antacids have been shown conclusively to be effective. The antacids can produce healing, but only when given in large and frequent doses. Antacids include aluminum hydroxide gel, precipitated calcium carbonate, magnesia and alumina suspension, magnesium oxide, magnesium trisilicate, magaldrate, and sodium bicarbonate.

The therapy for duodenal ulcers changed drastically upon the introduction of cimetidine (an H
2
blocker) in the United States in 1977. Omeprazole is a potent antisecretory agent and is used only for acute therapy of ulcerative disease and esophagitis.

Drugs acting by mechanisms not related to inhibition of gastric acid secretion have been introduced into therapy in the United States. Use of sucralfate and misoprostil therapy also has been changed by the acceptance that
Helicobacter pylori
, an organism able to withstand the acid media of the stomach, is associated with gastritis and ulcerative disease.

Laxatives facilitate the passage and elimination of feces. Laxatives have traditionally been classified as bulking agents: contact, stimulant; saline, osmotic; and emollients, lubricant.
Commonly used antidiarrheals work by one of two mechanisms: effects on net intestinal secretion, or a decrease in intestinal propulsive motility.

Antiemetics may act at a variety of physiological locations, eg, blockade of dopamine and effects at the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular apparatus, or serotonin (5‐HT
3
) receptors. Gastric prokinetics are a new class of agent that can augment gastric emptying.
Dipole Antennas
Authors: Furse Cynthia M. , Gandhi Om P. , Lazzi Gianluca 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDipole antennas and their associated arrays are among the most common antennas used for communication systems and measurement of electric and magnetic fields. This article describes the basic nature of these antennas and some of their applications. Variations such as biconical and bow‐tie antennas, slot dipoles, folded dipoles, sleeve dipoles, and shunt‐fed dipoles are also described.
Spreadsheet Programs
Authors: Leon Linda A. , Przasnyski Zbigniew H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
At one end of the spectrum a spreadsheet can be viewed as a large and powerful calculator. However, modern spreadsheets provide a sophisticated modeling environment with an interface that can be productively used by an end‐user novice and an operations research/management scientist (OR/MS) expert alike. Users of spreadsheets can broadly be classified into two categories, those that use spreadsheets in a “static” fashion typically for all kinds of business data processing such as financial statements, inventory tracking, sales management, and budgeting applications to more complex decision support applications, including optimization, forecasting, simulation, and strategic planning. The wide range of applications and base of end users has made spreadsheets a universal modeling platform. By developing an application in the spreadsheet environment, the model can be circulated among a wide range of users without having to worry about specialized software packages and learning curves. Although the different spreadsheet packages and versions are not identical, they are compatible enough that they can support the basic function of each other's models and thereby not hurt the widespread use of a developed model. The examples used throughout this article have all been modeled with Excel 2003.

Brief Historical Overview

Spreadsheet Packages and Users

Spreadsheet Features

Limitations of Spreadsheets and Special Considerations

Profiles of Typical Users

DSS
Tools and Applications

Future Developments
Electrostatic Discharge
Authors: Ashton Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article will discuss electrostatic discharge with an emphasis on its effect on modern integrated circuits. Topics covered include why ESD is a concern in the electronics industry, precautions that are taken in the design and manufacture of electronics because of ESD, how circuits are tested for their ability to survive an ESD event, elements of how integrated circuit protection circuits are designed, and discussion of the failure mechanisms involved in ESD events. ESD is a subcategory of a wider class of failures in integrated circuits caused by electrical stress outside of the intended range of operation known as electrical overstress (EOS).IntroductionESDConcerns in Modern ElectronicsFailure ModesDealing WithESDMeasurement ofESDRobustnessESDProtectionESDTrends
Database Models
Authors: Urban Susan D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA database model is a tool for describing the data that are to be stored in a database, providing an abstract, conceptual layer that protects the users and developers of database applications from the need to be concerned with low‐level implementation details. Many different database models have been developed over the years, ranging from database‐dependent models that are associated with specific types of database management systems to database‐independent models that provide conceptual modeling front‐ends for database application development. This article provides an overview of the basic concepts associated with conceptual, relational, and object‐based database models. Conceptual modeling techniques are presented using the entity‐relationship model and the semantic extensions of the enhanced entity‐relationship model. The relational data model is presented as one of the most widely used models associated with a specific type of database management system. Techniques for mapping from conceptual models to the relational model are also presented. Throughout the article, the role of database semantics and semantic integrity constraints is emphasized. The article ends with an overview of the object‐oriented data model and the object‐relational data model, with a discussion of new directions for data modeling in advanced applications.Fundamental Data Modeling ConceptsDevelopment of Database ModelsConceptual Data ModelingThe Relational Data ModelObject‐Based ModelsSummary
Token Ring Local Area Networks
Authors: Strole Norman C. , Bux Werner , Love Robert D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe token ring access protocol evolved through a series of university and corporate research projects, followed by several international standards activities beginning in the 1970s and continuing for two decades into the 1990s. The token access protocol with a ring topology was the basis for both the IEEE 802.5 Token Ring and the ANSI X3T9.5 FDDI standards in the 1980s. This article focuses on the IEEE 802.5 protocol and operation with some comparisons with FDDI in specific areas. Several factors that distinguish token ring operation from other LAN protocols, such as fault detection, fault isolation, priority access protocol, and ring performance are discussed in depth.IntroductionBrief History of Ring NetworksToken Ring TechnologyToken Ring Access Protocol, Monitoring, and RecoveryMulti‐Ring NetworksDedicated (“Switched”) Token RingsFddi Token ProtocolLan EvolutionConclusion
Management of Documentation Projects
Authors: Hackos JoAnn T. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Management of Documentation Projects

Phase 1. Information Planning—Identifying The Users' Information Needs

Phase 2. Content Specification—Presenting the Details of the Design

Phase 3: Implementation—Turning Design into an Information Product

Phase 4. Production—Ensuring Accurate, Complete Information for the User

Phase 5. Evaluation—Reviewing the Project Successes and Failures
Controlling the phase separation of gas–liquid flows at horizontal T‐junctions
Authors: Baker G. , Clark W. W. , Azzopardi B. J. , Wilson J. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe phase split that occurs naturally at T‐junctions has been further enhanced to provide a viable partial gas–liquid separator. Previous experimental investigations have mainly considered only single junctions but here the performance of a separator system consisting of two T‐junctions in series is reported. The addition of control valves on the exit pipes extends previous fundamental studies and incorporates the concept of control and flexibility. A simple active control strategy is proposed on the basis of two control valves, one associated with an automatic level control, the other optimizing liquid residence time, leading to the development of a conceptual T‐separator. Experiments were performed in the stratified and slug flow patterns using air and kerosene at ambient temperatures. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
A new heat balance for flow boiling
Authors: Collado Francisco J. , Monné Carlos , Pascau Antonio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecently, one of the authors suggested calculating void fraction, an essential element in thermal‐hydraulics, working with the “thermodynamic” quality instead of the usual “flow” quality. However, the standard heat balance is currently stated as a function of the “flow” quality. Therefore, we should search a new energy balance between the mixture enthalpy, based on “thermodynamic” quality, and the absorbed heat. This work presents the results of such analysis based on accurate measurements of the axial profile of the cross‐sectional average void fraction in the region of boiling with subcooling for water at medium and high pressures taken by Moscow Power Institute (MPI) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). As main results, we find that, under uniform heat flux, the mixture enthalpy suffers an abrupt reduction of its slope upon passing saturation point, and a new slip ratio could balance heat with such mixture enthalpy. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in the young in Japan: A study by the Osaka Lymphoma Study Group
Authors: Yamauchi Amane , Fujita Shigeki , Ikeda Junichiro , Nakamichi Itsuko , Fukuhara Shiro , Hino Masayuki , Kanakura Yuzuru , Ogawa Hiroyasu , Sugiyama Haruo , Kanamaru Akihisa , Aozasa Katsuyuki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractClinicopathological and immunophenotypical characteristics in 24 patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) under 30 years of age in Osaka, Japan were examined, and the results compared to those of DLBCL patients aged over 40 years in Osaka and of young DLBCL patients in Western countries. The level of LDH and IPI score at initial diagnosis were significantly lower in young than older patients. The sex ratio (M:F) and age range (median) in the young and older groups were 1.18 and 11–30 (24.8) years and 1.59 and 42–87 (62.4) years, respectively. Extranodal presentation was higher in the young group (83.3% versus 60.0%, P < 0.05). Based on immunophenotyping with anti‐CD10, bcl‐6, and MUM1 antibodies, the cases were categorized as germinal center B‐cell (GCB) (CD10+ or CD10–, bcl‐6+, MUM1+) or non‐GCB phenotype. The frequency of GCB type was significantly lower in the young group than older group (25% vs. 54%, P < 0.05), and much lower than that reported for young patients in Western countries. In situ hybridization revealed one of the young patients to be positive for Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). In the older group, none of 31 cases showed EBV positivity. Three year event‐free and overall survival rates of young patients were better than those of the older patients, although not significantly different. DLBCL in the young in Japan is characterized by a much lower frequency of the GCB phenotype compared to that in Western countries. Am. J. Hematol. 82:893–897, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hygrische Materialmodellierung und ihre Abhängigkeit vom Prozess und der Prozessdynamik
Authors: Scheffler Gregor , Plagge Rudolf , Häupl Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMit der zunehmenden Anwendung der bauphysikalischen Bauteilsimulation in Forschung und Baupraxis steigen auch die Qualitätsanforderungen an dieses Werkzeug. Das hygrothermische Verhalten von Konstruktionen unter definierten äußeren Einflüssen soll, bei einem vertretbaren Kosten‐ und Zeitaufwand, nicht nur schnell, sondern auch genau und zuverlässig vorhersagbar sein. Einen großen Einfluss auf die Simulationsergebnisse haben dabei die verwendeten Materialfunktionen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zunächst ein Materialmodell vorgestellt, mit dem die Verknüpfung aus thermodynamischen Grundlagen abgeleiteter Funktionen mit einfachen, in der Ingenieurpraxis bekannten Kennwerten sowie der Struktur des Baustoffes hergestellt wird. Das Modell besitzt dadurch die Vorteile der einfachen Handhabung bei gleichzeitiger Erweiterbarkeit auf andere Problemstellungen, da es bzgl. der Modellierung von Transportvorgängen keinen prinzipiell einschränkenden Voraussetzungen unterliegt. Es ist für die wissenschaftliche Weiterentwicklung offen und beispielsweise hinsichtlich der Modellierung des Salztransportes und von Salzkristallisationsprozessen erweiterbar. Im zweiten Teil des Artikels werden Ergebnisse aus Feuchteprofilmessungen mit Simulationsrechnungen auf der Basis des vorgestellten Modells verglichen. Die Grundlage dieser Untersuchungen bilden die Daten dynamischer Ad‐ und Desorptionsmessungen. Es wurden Feuchtegehalt und Feuchtepotenzial simultan in verschiedenen Positionen über der Zeit erfasst. Die Rohdaten der Experimente bestehen dabei aus Tripeln von Wassergehalt, Relativer Luftfeuchte und Temperatur, jeweils an verschiedenen Probekörperpositionen über der Zeit. Der anschließende Vergleich zwischen gemessenen und berechneten Daten zeigt deutlich die Einflüsse der Hysterese der Feuchtespeicherung sowie der Prozessdynamik. Daraus lassen sich Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der verwendeten Materialmodellierung aufzeigen, was im Anschluss diskutiert wird.