bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Family Learning Center Charter School: Leadership and Accountability at a Crossroads
Authors: Detert James R. , Detert Natalie R. 
Published: March 2007

The Family Learning Center Charter School case details the start-up and first year of operations of an elementary charter school in a diverse and relatively low-income area of St. Paul, Minnesota. The school's founder, Dr. Wayne Jennings, established the school to test hismodel for Community Learning Centers, designed around nineteen research-based principles. Jennings struggles to implement the model faithfully, dealing with all the other challenges of starting a new charter school, including funding problems, an inexperienced staff, and the lack of an established curriculum. The case is useful for administrators-in-training, administrators already in leadership positions in traditionalpublic schools, and individuals interested in exploring the establishment of a charter school. In particular, it addresses three significant questions. First, what are charter schools? Fundamentally, the case serves to clear up general misconceptions about charter schools and offer a concrete illustration. Second, how should new and innovativeprograms be evaluated? The case provides a format to discuss the standards, means, and length of evaluation of a program's performance. Finally, how should leadership respond as it strives to meet its goals with limited resources? Charter schools provide an exceptional level of autonomy while also demanding an unparallel demonstration of accountability.
Heparanase influences expression and shedding of syndecan-1, and its expression by the bone marrow environment is a bad prognostic factor in multiple myeloma
Authors: Mahtouk Karène , Hose Dirk , Raynaud Pierre , Hundemer Michael , Jourdan Michel , Jourdan Eric , Pantesco Veronique , Baudard Marion , De Vos John , Larroque Marion , Moehler Thomas , Rossi Jean-Francois , Rème Thierry , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Klein Bernard 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, syndecan-1, plays a major role in multiple myeloma (MM) by concentrating heparin-binding growth factors on the surface of MM cells (MMCs). Using Affymetrix microarrays and real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we show that the gene encoding heparanase (HPSE), an enzyme that cleaves HS chains, is expressed by 11 of 19 myeloma cell lines (HMCLs). In HSPEpos HMCLs, syndecan-1 gene expression and production of soluble syndecan-1, unlike expression of membrane syndecan-1, were significantly increased. Knockdown of HPSE by siRNA resulted in a decrease of syndecan-1 gene expression and soluble syndecan-1 production without affecting membrane syndecan-1 expression. Thus, HPSE influences expression and shedding of syndecan-1. Contrary to HMCLs, HPSE is expressed in only 4 of 39 primary MMC samples, whereas it is expressed in 36 of 39 bone marrow (BM) microenvironment samples. In the latter, HPSE is expressed at a median level in polymorphonuclear cells and T cells; it is highly expressed in monocytes and osteoclasts. Affymetrix data were validated at the protein level, both on HMCLs and patient samples. We report for the first time that a gene's expression mainly in the BM environment (ie, HSPE) is associated with a shorter event-free survival of patients with newly diagnosed myeloma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Our study suggests that clinical inhibitors of HPSE could be beneficial for patients with MM.
Construction of Fine Metallic Lattice Framework by Magneto-plating
Authors: Yonemochi Shinichi , Kondo Takuji , Kubo Shiori , Kawasaki Mikio , Nagoya Toshio 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A fine metallic lattice framework was constructed by forming many fine projections on the upper and lower surfaces of a metal mesh by magnetoplating, in order to be used as an air purification material or a supporting material of a catalyst.
Preparation of Silica Microcapsules Containing Octadecane as Temperature-adjusting Powder
Authors: Miao Chunyan , Lü Gang , Yao Youwei , Tang Guoyi , Weng Duan , Qiu Jianhui , Mizuno Mamoru 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Spherical microcapsules of silica-shelled octadecane are prepared in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol in an O/W emulsion. The silica shell forms via hydrolysis and condensation from tetraethyl silicate with acetatic acid as catalyst. The thermogravimetric curves show that the microcapsules have thermal stability superior to that of octadecane. The latent heat and the melting point of microcapsule are 162 J·g−1 and 30 °C, respectively.
New Non-platinum Cathode Based on Chromium for PEFC
Authors: Kim Jin-Hwan , Ishihara Akimitsu , Mitsushima Shigenori , Kamiya Nobuyuki , Ota Ken-ichiro 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Chromium-based electrocatalysts which were prepared using an R.F. sputter with CrC target under Ar or Ar + N2 atmosphere with or without heating a substrate at 1073 K were evaluated as a cathode of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Heating the substrate during the sputtering was found to be very useful to enhance the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It is considered that nitride (CrN) and/or carbonitride (Cr2C0.39N0.61) may have high catalytic activity for the ORR.
Antihypertensive Therapy With Ca2+: Antagonist Verapamil and/or ACE Inhibitor Enalapril in NIDDM Patients
Authors: Ferrier Claudia , Ferrari Paolo , Weidmann Peter , Keller Ulrich , Beretta-Piccoli Carlo , Riesen Walter F 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To assess the efficacy and tolerance of a diuretic-free antihypertensive therapy with a Ca2+ antagonist and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Research Design and Methods
After a 2-wk washout and a 4-wk placebo phase, 47 hypertensive patients with NIDDM randomly received verapamil or enalapril alone and, if blood pressure remained elevated, both agents combined over 30 wk.

Results
Verapamil or enalapril alone normalized blood pressure to &lt; 90 mmHg diastolic in 30 patients; verapamil decreased mean ± SE blood pressure from 159/98 ± 3/1 to 146/87 ± 3/2 mmHg (n = 18, P &lt; 0.001) and enalapril from 166/99 ± 5/2 to 146/86 ± 3/1 mmHg (n = 12, P &lt; 0.001). In 17 patients who were still hypertensive after 10 wk of monotherapy, combination of both drugs decreased blood pressure from 170/104 ± 4/2 to 152/90 ± 4/2 mmHg (P &lt; 0.001). Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum fructosamine, total lipids, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, creatinine, and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio were not significantly modified.

Conclusions
In hypertensive patients with NIDDM, a diuretic-free therapy based on the Ca2+ antagonist verapamil and/or the ACE inhibitor enalapril can effectively decrease blood pressure without adversely affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Effects of Adrenergic Blockade on Serum Potassium Changes in Response to Acute Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Nondiabetic Humans
Authors: Fisher B Miles , Thomson Ian , Hepburn David A , Frier Brian M 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine the possible role of adrenergic mechanisms in mediating the fall in serum potassium concentration after intravenous injection of insulin.

Research Design and Methods
Eighteen nondiabetic male volunteers, divided into three groups of six subjects, comprised the study. Hypoglycemia was induced by a bolus of short-acting insulin (0.15 U∕kg body wt). Six subjects were studied in control conditions, six during α-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine, and six during β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol.

Results
In the control group, there was an immediate fall in serum potassium from 4.0 ± 0.1 to 3.6 ± 0.1 mM at baseline + 15 min. After the onset of acute hypoglycemia, potassium decreased further in the control group, reaching a lowest concentration of 3.3 ± 0.1 mM. In the propranolol group, the late decrease in potassium was inhibited, and there were no further changes in serum potassium. During α-blockade, there was an exaggerated fall to 2.6 ± 0.1 mM at 30 min after the onset of hypoglycemia.

Conclusions
The later fall in serum potassium, which occurs after the onset of hypoglycemia, is probably mediated by stimulation of β-adrenoreceptors, whereas coincidental stimulation of α-adrenoreceptors opposes this fall in potassium and may prevent the development of severe hypokalemia in response to acute hypoglycemia.
Comparison of Subcutaneous Soluble Human Insulin and Insulin Analogues (AspB9, GluB27; AspB10; AspB28) on Meal-Related Plasma Glucose Excursions in Type I Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Kang Steven , Creagh Fionuala M , Peters John R , Brange Jens , Vølund Aage , Owens David R 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To compare postprandial glucose excursions and plasma free insulin-analogue levels after subcutaneous injection of three novel human insulin analogues (AspB10; AspB9, GluB27; and AspB28) with those after injection of soluble human insulin (Actrapid HM U-100).
To compare postprandial glucose excursions and plasma free insulin-analogue levels after subcutaneous injection of three novel human insulin analogues (AspB10; AspB9, GluB27; and AspB28) with those after injection of soluble human insulin (Actrapid HM U-100).

Research Design and Methods
Six male subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes, at least 1 wk apart and after an overnight fast and basal insulin infusion, received 72 nmol (∼ 12 U)s.c. of soluble human insulin 30 min before, or 72 nmol of each of the three analogues immediately before, a standard 500-kcal meal.

Results
Mean basal glucoses were similar on the 4 study days. Compared to human insulin (6.3 ± 0.8 mM), mean ± SE peak incremental glucose rises were similar after analogues AspB10 (5.4 ± 0.8 mM) and AspB9, GluB27 (5.4 ± 0.7 mM) and significantly lower after analogue AspB28 (3.6 ± 1.2 mM, P &lt; 0.02). Relative to soluble human insulin (100% ± SE21), incremental areas under the glucose curve between 0 and 240 min were 79% ± 34 (AspB10, NS), 70% ± 29 (AspB9, GluB27, NS), and 43% ± 23 (AspB28, P &lt; 0.02). Basal plasma free insulin levels were similar on the 4 study days. Plasma free insulin-analogue levels rose rapidly to peak 30 min after injection at 308 ± 44 pM (AspB10); 1231 ± 190 pM (AspB9, GluB27) and 414 ± 42 pM (AspB28) and were significantly higher than corresponding (i.e., 30 min postmeal) plasma free insulin levels of 157 ± 15 pM (P &lt; 0.02 in each case).

Conclusions
Plasma profiles of the insulin analogues were more physiological than that of human insulin after subcutaneous injection. All three analogues given immediately before the meal are at least as effective as soluble human insulin given 30 min earlier. These analogues are promising potential candidates for short-acting insulins of the future.
Costs of Temporary and Permanent Disability Induced by Diabetes
Authors: Olivera Ercilia M , Duhalde Esteban Péerez , Gagliardino Juan Jose 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To evaluate the indirect costs of diabetes and show their relationship to the chronic complications of diabetes.

Research Design and Methods
The cost of temporary and permanent disability for diabetic patients was studied in a group of La Plata University employees and in a second group at the government institutions of the Buenos Aires Province during 3 consecutive yr (1984–1986).

Results
Absences due to temporary disability were similar for the diabetic group without chronic complications and an age-and sex-matched nondiabetic control group. Conversely, diabetic patients with chronic complications had major increases in absences compared with the control subjects. Diabetes mellitus was the third leading cause of permanent disability mainly due to macrovascular and retinal lesions. This disability resulted in an average of 11 yr of work production loss per patient.

Conclusions
These results suggest that diabetic individuals without complications incur few additional costs compared with nondiabetic individuals. However, once complications appear, the indirect costs are very high, suggesting that secondary preventions of the diabetic complications might be an optimal approach for reducing the health-care burden of diabetes.
Retrospective Analysis of Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus in Black Renal Allograft Recipients
Authors: Sumrani Nabil B , Delaney Vera , Daskalakis Paula , Davis Robert , Friedman Eli A , Hong Joon H , Sommer Bruce G 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To study the incidence, outcome, and possible etiopathogenic factors involved in posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in cyclosporine-treated black renal allograft recipients.

Research Design and Methods
One hundred thirty-eight nondiabetic black renal transplant recipients whose grafts survived &gt; 1 yr were studied retrospectively.

Results
Twenty-eight (20.3%) patients developed posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, 46 and 75% were diagnosed by 6- and 12-mo posttransplantation, respectively, and 46% were insulin dependent. Diabetes was more frequently encountered in older recipients and recipients of cadaveric kidneys but was independent of sex, number of transplants, incidence of acute rejection, percentage of body weight gain, steroid or cyclosporine dose, and use of beta-blockers and/or diuretics. Renal function was similar in the diabetic group compared with the control group. Actuarial 5-yr graft survival was 82% in the diabetic cohort compared with 78% in the control group, with chronic rejection accounting for all graft losses within the diabetic group.

Conclusions
Twenty percent of black cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipients developed diabetes mellitus in the posttransplantation period. However, its presence did not appear to influence intermediate-term graft or patient survival.
Dyslipidemias Among Normoglycemic Members of Familial NIDDM Pedigrees
Authors: Schumacher Mary Catherine , Maxwell Teresa M , Wu Lily L , Hunt Steven C , Williams Roger R , Elbein Steven C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia among relatives of NIDDM probands will increase the prevalence of DLPs, we measured insulin levels and examined the frequency of DLPs among NIDDM pedigree members.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed 2-h 75-g OGTTs and measured lipid and insulin levels of 287 family members and 86 spouses from 16 large Utah pedigrees ascertained for ≥ 2 siblings with NIDDM.

RESULTS
One-hour insulin levels were higher among 206 family members with NGT than among 65 NGT spouses (483.3 vs. 361.7 pM, P = 0.05). Among the NGT family members, 32% had cholesterol levels at or above the age- and sex-specific 90th percentile level defined by the LRC studies, 33% had HDL levels ≤ 10th percentile, and 20% had triglyceride levels ≥ 90th percentile. DLP (any of the three abnormalities) was found among 58% of NGT family members, which was significantly higher than the expected 27% (P &lt; 0.00001) and the prevalence among spouses of 45% (P &lt; 0.05). By NCEP criteria for hyperlipidemia, 40% of family members met criteria for diet and/or pharmacological therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Normoglycemic members of NIDDM pedigrees have a high prevalence of DLPs, which approaches the prevalence in patients with NIDDM. Our data suggest that members of NIDDM pedigrees should be screened carefully for lipid abnormalities.
Quality of Life of Pancreatic Transplant Recipients
Authors: Milde Frances K , Hart Laura K , Zehr Pamela S 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To comprehensively assess and compare pancreas/kidney transplant recipients' quality of life.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This quasi-experimental comparative study of 31 successful and 13 failed pancreas transplant recipients collected data from persons who had received pancreas and kidney transplants ≥6 mo prior at a university tertiary care center. Physical and social function, symptoms, mental state, and sense of well-being of the recipients were assessed.

RESULTS
Groups did not differ significantly regarding age, gender, marital status, onset or length of diabetes, comorbidity, type of prior dialysis, current kidney function, length of time since transplant, physical activity, symptom burden, emotional state, feelings of well-being, and present quality of life and health. A significant time by group interaction occurred for quality of life (P = 0.0013) and health (P = 0.0001). The successful group indicated that both quality of life and health were significantly better than in the past, and continued improvement was expected. The unsuccessful group did not have this perception. Members of the failed group were significantly more satisfied with their social support. The unsuccessful group's major concerns related to diabetes, not immunosuppression.

CONCLUSIONS
Recipients of successful pancreas transplants perceived their improvement in health and quality of life to be significantly greater than the unsuccessful recipients.
Dropout and Relapse During Diabetes Care
Authors: Graber Alan L , Davidson Patricia , Brown Anne W , McRae John R , Woolridge Kathleen 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine factors associated with dropout and relapse during chronic diabetes care.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Private practice outpatient treatment-education program for adult diabetes was surveyed. Retrospective analysis was done, involving 422 patients for up to 3 yr.

RESULTS
Of the patients in the study, 12% dropped out after the initial visit, and 33% of the residual cohort dropped out during each subsequent 6-mo period. Factors associated with dropout included distance from home to clinic &gt; 100 miles, lack of insulin treatment, and cigarette smoking. In patients who remained in follow-up, a significant decrease in HbA1C occurred during the first 6 mo, but 40% of the patients relapsed between 6 and 12 mo. Frequency of relapse declined as time passed. Relapse was more frequent in women.

CONCLUSIONS
Dropout from treatment and relapse after temporary improvement account for a substantial amount of uncontrolled diabetes, and overcoming the obstacles of dropout and relapse has potential for significant improvement in diabetes care.
A Multisite Physician's Office Laboratory Evaluation of an Immunological Method for the Measurement of HbA1c
Authors: Guthrie Richard , Hellman Richard , Kilo Charles , Hiar Charles E , Crowley Lawrence E , Childs Belinda , Fisher Robin , Pinson Mary Beth , Suttner Audrey , Vittori Christine 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical performance of a new immunological HbA1c method in physicians' office laboratories.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Three physicians' offices participated in the evaluations. The clinicians routinely use HbA1c test results to monitor their patients' long-term blood glucose control. Precision and interlaboratory variability were assessed using three levels of lyophilized controls. Correlation of the method's results to currently available laboratory methods was made. Comparison of finger-stick (capillary) results to venous EDTA whole blood results was made on 134 patients. Physician and laboratory personnel input was evaluated with regard to the clinical utility of the system.

RESULTS
The CVW and CVB were a maximum of 4.5 and 4.4% for the immunoassay system on three levels of control materials at the three sites. Interlaboratory variability among the control means was found to be 4.9–5.4, 8.0–8.3, and 11.7–12.0% HbA1c. Correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. There was a positive bias by the DCA 2000 compared with the in-house method at site 1. Minimal negative biases were seen by the DCA 2000 with comparative methods used at sites 2 and 3. Median percentage differences with the comparative methods were 12, −1.4, and −5.6%. Comparison of capillary to venous sample results, from the DCA 2000, showed no clinically significant differences. Operator and physician feedback were positive with respect to technical ease in performance of the test and accuracy of results.

CONCLUSIONS
Precision was acceptable and interlaboratory variability was low. The immunological method correlated well with manual ion-exchange and automated HPLC methods. The small sample size and good comparison between capillary and venous sample results make fingerstick sampling acceptable. The method provided immediate test results (within 9 min) to the clinicians.
Effect of High Carbohydrate Intake on Hyperglycemia, Islet Function, and Plasma Lipoproteins in NIDDM
Authors: Garg Abhimanyu , Grundy Scott M , Koffler Michael 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study effects of high carbohydrate intake on hyperglycemia, islet functions, and plasma lipoproteins in patients with NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
An attempt was made to induce hyperglycemia in 10 men with NIDDM by feeding them an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet (65% of energy as simple carbohydrates [31% as glucose] and 20% as fat) for 28 days in a metabolic ward. Response to the high-carbohydrate diet was compared with that of feeding a diet rich in monounsaturated fat (45% of energy as fat [31% as monounsaturated fat] and 38% as carbohydrates) for 28 days in a cross-over manner. Islet functions were assessed by evaluating plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon responses to standard meal tolerance tests on days 0, 14, 21, and 28 of each dietary period. Fasting plasma lipoproteins were determined during the last week of each dietary period.

RESULTS
The high-carbohydrate diet caused significant but modest accentuation of hyperglycemia, particularly in patients with moderately severe diabetes mellitus, whereas no change was observed with the high-monounsaturated fatty-acid diet. Accentuation of hyperglycemia was accompanied by an increase in plasma glucagon levels, but no significant change in insulin and C-peptide responses. In 1 patient, feeding the high-carbohydrate diet for 68 days produced marked hyperglycemia and caused definite suppression of insulin and C-peptide responses along with an increase in glucagon levels. Compared with the high-monounsaturated fat diet, the high-carbohydrate diet also raised plasma triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS
High-carbohydrate diets may cause accentuation of hyperglycemia and a rise in plasma glucagon levels in NIDDM patients. High-carbohydrate diets also adversely affect lipoproteins and therefore may not be desirable in all NIDDM patients.
Insulin-Receptor Activity in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Urbanized South African Black Women
Authors: Panz Vanessa R , Joffe Barry I , Wing Jeffrey R , Raal Frederick J , Seftel Harold C 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To evaluate insulin receptor binding characteristics of urbanized South African black women with normal glucose tolerance and of patients with newly diagnosed untreated non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (N1DDM).

Research Design and Methods
Four groups of 10 subjects each were selected by the following criteria: group A, young (20-39 yr) nonobese (body mass index [BMI] 19.0-24.9 kg/m2) nondiabetic women; group B, middleaged (40–60 yr) nonobese nondiabetic women; group C, middle-aged obese (BMI&gt;30.0 kg/m2) nondiabetic women; and group D, middle-aged obese newly diagnosed but untreated female patients with NIDDM. Insulin binding to monocyte receptors was determined by radioreceptor assay. Fasting plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, C-pep tide, and nones terified fatty acids.

Results
In the four groups studied, maximum specific binding and receptor concentration were highest in group A, with a progressive and significant decrease in values through groups B and C to group D. Significant inverse correlations were obtained between maximum specific binding, 50% inhibition dose, and total receptor concentration on the one hand and glucose, insulin, and NEFA on the other.

Conclusions
Our study of urban South African black women showed decreasing insulin-receptor activity with obesity and glucose intolerance. In patients with NIDDM, hyperglycemia and (β-cell dysfunction were associated with a reduction in receptor concentration. In this regard, our findings in South African blacks are consistent with results of similar studies of NIDDM in other communities.