bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The component acids and glycerides of neat's foot oil
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Shrivastava R. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe component acids of a specimen of neat's foot oil consisted of myristic 0·7, palmitic 16·9, stearic 2·7, arachidic 0·1, tetra‐decenoic 1·2, hexadecenoic 9·4, oleic 64·4, octadecadienoic 2·3, octadccatrienoic 0·7, and unsaturated C20‐22 acids 1·6% (wt.). The component glycerides, studied after partial separation by low‐temperature crystallization from acetone, were found to include, inter alia, about 35% palmitodiolein, 23% of hexadecenodiolein, 8% of polyethenoid‐diolein, 7% of olcopalmitostearin and probably not much more than 10% of triolein, with minor amounts of other mixed glycerides. The presence of fairly substantial proportions of hexadecenoic acid in neat's foot oil had not been previously noted. The specific utility of the oil as a lubricant cannot, as at one time supposed, be connected with a high content of triolein. The present work suggests the possibility that hexadecenodiolein, which forms nearly one‐quarter of the oil, and perhaps also the di‐oleoglycerides in which the third acyl group is a polyethenoid member of the C15, C20 (or C22) series, may contribute specifically to its lubricant properties.
The preparation of methylpyridines by catalytic methods
Authors: Cullinane N. M. , Chard S. J. , Meatyard R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe action of methyl alcohol on pyridine in the vapour phase in contact with alumina or aluminium silicates gives methylpyridines, including the commercially valuable β‐picoline. The separation of this base from the other homologues of similar boiling‐point can be effected by taking advantage of the fact that it does not condense with m‐nitrobenzaldehyde to form a stilbazole. Small yields only of β‐picoline are obtained by heating (a) ammonia and (b) urea with glycerol in the presence of the same catalysts.
A new method of photographic evaluation in spectrographic analysis
Authors: Argyle A. , Price W. John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple nomographical method of evaluation of minor constituents is given which, provided that the density values all fall on the straight line portion of the H & D curve of the emulsion used, is independent of gamma variation. When the nomograph is drawn, not only docs it correct for changes in gamma across one plate, but also from plate to plate of any type, thus obviating the need for repeated standardization.
South African fish products. Part XXIX. The composition of the liver oil of the soupfin shark (galeorhinus canis, rond.)
Authors: Karnovskv M. L. , Lategan A. W. , Rapson W. S. , Schwartz H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the soupfin shark the iodine value of the liver oil of the mature fish tends to increase with increase in the oil content of the liver. Determination of the component fatty acids of a composite sample of liver oil from females in fat condition and another from thin (gravid) females showed that this effect is due to the greater degree of unsaturation of the C16, C18, C20 and C22 acids in the fat fish. The component fatty acids of a composite sample of foetus liver oil were also examined. It is suggested that there may be a transference of highly unsaturated C18, C20 and C22 acids from the female to the foetus during gestation. The unsaponifiable fractions of five soupfin shark liver oils were quantitatively examined. In the mature fish, vitamin A, α‐glyceryl ethers and sterols are major components of the unsaponifiable fraction, whereas in the foetus, sterols predominate. Evidence for the presence of fatty alcohols in the unsaponifiable fraction of the liver oils from both the foetus and the mature fish is presented.
The composition of seed fats of west Indian citrus fruits
Authors: Dunn H. C. , Hilditch T. P. , Riley J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty oils which form about 40% of the dried seeds of West Indian grape fruits, oranges and limes have been studied with respect to their component acids and glycerides. The mixed fatty acids of each seed oil arc broadly similar in their content of 23‐25% of palmitic, 5‐10% of stearic, nearly 40% of Unoleic and about 20‐25% of oleic acid, with in addition a few per cent of linolenic acid. Apart from the last‐named acid, there is considerable resemblance between the component acids of the Citrus seed oils and those of cottonseed oil. This resemblance extends also to the constituent mixed glycerides of the oils. The Citrus seed oils are of good quality in the raw condition and are readily refined and deodorized to give oils of high edible quality. The latter, in view of the presence of some linolenic glycerides, would be expected to be more prone to oxidative rancidity than cottonseed oil, but by partial hydrogenation the Citrus seed oils yield soft solid fats which when refined and deodorized could form excellent lard substitutes. The quantities of Citrus seeds available technically, however, may not be sufficiently large to permit the oils to be of practical interest to the edible fat industry.
Studies in selective extraction and adsorption. I. Selective solvents for ethylene chlorohydrin
Authors: Weizmann Ch. , Bergmann E. , Chandley E. F. , Steiner H. , Sulzbacher M. , Zimkin E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe isolation of pure water‐free ethylene chlorohydrin from its approximately 8% aqueous solution can be achieved by extraction with selective solvents. A systematic study of various groups of organic compounds shows that aldehydes, ketones, and esters represent the most suitable solvents. In each group, a definite maximum of efficiency exists. The preparation of a number of solvents is described.
The estimation of impurities in tetryl (2:4:6‐trinitrophenylmethyl‐ nitramine)
Authors: Brownlie I. A. , Cumming W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA colorimetric method for the quantitative estimation of 2:3:4: 6‐tetranitrophenylmethylnitramine, in presence of 2 :4 : 6‐trinitrophenylmethylnitraminej/has been devised, and its accuracy has been estimated using as the standard a spectrographic method of estimation. These methods are as accurate as, and more rapid than, existing methods of estimation. The spectrographic method is particularly valuable in detecting the presence of impurities in 2:4: 6‐trinitrophenylmethylnitramine.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part III. Examination of the water‐soluble acids
Authors: Belcher R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe water‐soluble acids obtained by the oxidation of the Melton‐field vitrain at a copper anode, have been subjected to a detailed examination with the object of isolating recognizable products. Chromatographic methods of separation proved unsuccessful. The two fractions obtained after separation into soluble and insoluble ammonium salts were converted to the methyl esters and distilled in vacuo. Oxalic acid, mellitic acid, hemimellitic acid and iso‐phthalic acid were isolated, but only oxalic acid was obtained in appreciable amounts. The bulk of the water‐soluble acids thus remain uncharacterized. Decarboxylation, however, yielded benzo‐phenone, diphenyl and benzene which arc typical products from the decarboxylation of benzene carboxylic acids. In general, these acids appear to be similar in nature to the acids obtained by alkaline permanganate oxidation of coal, the greater portion of which has never been characterized.
The thermal decomposition of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, nitroglycerin, ethylenediamine dinitrate and ammonium nitrate
Authors: Robertson A. J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe decomposition of nitroglycerin and ammonium nitrate follows the unimolecular equation. That of pentaerythritol tetranitrate shows slight autocatalysis and ethylenediamine dinitrate shows considerable autocatalysis. Normal Arrhenius expressions for the decomposition rate were obtained for the two nitrates, but the frequency factor for the two nitric esters is extremely large. With pentaerythritol tetranitrate a significant diminution of the frequency factor in dilute solution was ascribed to reaction chains having a short length dependent on temperature. Analyses of the gaseous products were made including the use of a flow method with pentaerythritol tetranitrate.
Production of a metallurgical coke from the resin of wallaba wood (eperua sp.)
Authors: Farmer R. H. , Campbell W. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe wood of the wallaba tree (Eperua sp.) of British Guiana contains a high proportion of an alcohol‐soluble resin of a phenolic type. It is shown that this resin can be converted by controlled destructive distillation into a metallurgical coke of high purity and good physical properties. The volatile products of the distillation include a complex mixture of phenols which has useful fungicidal properties, and a combustible gas.
On the determination of traces of organic bases in benzol and the like
Authors: Wiison H. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of traces of basic nitrogen in hydrocarbons and the like by titration with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid in the complete absence of water. Enough glacial acetic acid is added to the sample to keep perchlorates of bases in solution, and methyl violet is used as indicator.
The reduction of antimony solutions with metallic nickel
Authors: Holness H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConditions have been established for the most efficient use of nickel in the reduction of hydrochloric acid solutions of antimony. The variation of this reduction with time, temperature, acid concentration, amount of nickel and concentration of antimony has been studied. Using 5·0 g. of fine nickel powder, solutions containing up to 1·5 g. of antimony in 100 ml. of dilute HCl (1 ‐‐‐ 3) were reduced in 20 minutes, provided the solution was undisturbed and was heated on a water bath. Experiments using sheet nickel in place of powder are described and a suggestion offered for some of the phenomena observed.
A reflectance method for determining the “ink absorbency” of paper
Authors: Bowles R. F. , Sllcox Aileen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Vandercook hand proofing press, the PATRA printing shell and a reflectometer have been used together with an ink of fixed composition to measure the ink absorbency of any paper as a function of the surface reflectance of a film of ink printed on the paper. The absorbency characteristics of the paper are referred to the constants: initial penctration, rate of absorption, and residual reflectance.
The kinetics of package life. IV. Diffusivity
Authors: Oswin C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA criterion is derived empirically from tabular solutions of the Diffusion Law to show whether the rate of change of the moisture content of a wrapped hygroscopic commodity, stored in an atmosphere with which it is not in equilibrium, is controlled predominantly by the resistance of the superficial wrapper to the passage of water or by the bulk impedance of the commodity. Measurements on some typical small packets indicate that a surface resistance is the predominant factor, even with unwrapped commodities.
On the extinction‐coefficient: particle size relationship for fine mineral powders
Authors: Rose H. E. , French C. C. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this work a short account is given of researches into the measurement of the size characteristics of mineral powders by photo‐extinction methods which have led to an experimentally derived curve relating the extinction coefficient for a suspension to the size of particle of the material in suspension, for the size range 0‐50 microns. While it is not claimed that the validity of this curve is rigidly established, it is believed that it is considerably more reliable than any previously suggested and to have an accuracy sufficient for many industrial purposes.
Gas drying by calcium chloride solutions: The mechanism of transfer
Authors: Thurston E. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperiments have been carried out in a small laboratory packed tower and in a wetted wall column to determine the respective contributions of the gas and liquid films to the transfer of water vapour from moist air into strong solutions of calcium chloride. Comparative tests were also made on the absorption of ammonia from air‐ammonia mixtures into dilute sulphuric acid in the wetted wall column. The experimental results have shown that in normal conditions gas drying by calcium chloride solutions may be regarded as a case of predominantly gas film limitation. This information may be used in the design of gas or air drying towers using strong calcium chloride solution as desiccant.
A study of some chemical reactions employed in photometric analysis
Authors: Davis H. C. , Bacon A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes an investigation into a number of the chemical reactions employed in photometric analysis for the determination of silicon, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, titanium, copper, iron and molybdenum. The influence of a large number of variables has been studied in order to establish the optimum solution conditions for the development of stable and reproducible colours irrespective of the class of material in which the clement to be determined may occur.
Fluorination of organic compounds with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. PART III. Uncatalysed fluorinations
Authors: Brown J. H. , Whalley W. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCarbon tetrachloride, as‐tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane and hexachloropropylene have been fluorinated by heating with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
The large scale development of the aerated retting process in great britain
Authors: Gibson M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAerated retting tanks erected by the Ministry of SupplyAt the time of development all flax mills were administered by the Ministry of Supply. As from April 1, 1946, responsibility for the Raw Materials Department and Controls other than in the field of engineering was transferred from the Ministry of Supply to the Board of Trade.
at H.M. Norfolk Flax Establishment and at other flax mills and their method of operation arc described. Practical difficulties of aeration and temperature control are discussed.
A method of selecting foam inhibitors
Authors: Robinson J. V. , Woods W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost foam inhibitors arc insoluble. A criterion is described for selecting foam inhibitors {from insoluble liquids3which form emulsions with the liquid to be defoamed. By determining the surface tensions of the liquid to be defoamed and of the additive saturated with that liquid and the interfacial tension between them, a rupture coefficient may be calculated. A high positive rupture coefficient is characteristic of a liquid with a high foam inhibiting ability for the specified foaming liquid. “A negative rupture coefficient is characteristic of liquids which will not reduce foaming. Fifty‐four experimental cases are cited, for three foaming systems, to which the principle has been applied with high correlation. A mechanism of defoaming is described. Bubble coalescence rather than bubble rupture at the top of the foam is emphasized. It is shown that a spread film of a foam inhibitor on the surface of the foaming liquid may actually stabilize bubbles at the surface, although promoting rapid coalescence.
Some metallic compounds of unsaturated fatty acids: Their preparation and properties with special reference to the influence of the acidic group in autoxidation processes
Authors: Skellon J. M. , Spence J. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe experimental preparation of certain less common, pure metallic compounds of selected unsaturated fatty acids is described. The metal content of these compounds has been determined, and the probability that certain of these derivatives may be physical complexes, rather than true chemical compounds, is discussed. The general properties of the derivatives arc described, particularly their catalytic influence in autoxidation of unsaturated mono‐ethenoid acids. The influence of the nature and configuration of the acid radical in each autoxidation is discussed.
A new method for determination of small amounts of molybdenum in plants
Authors: Piper C. S. , Beckwith R. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMolybdenum forms a green precipitate with dithiol (4‐methyl‐1: 2‐dimercaptobenzene) in acid solutions and this precipitate is soluble in amyl acetate, giving an intensely coloured solution. This reaction is the basis for an extractive method for the determination of small amounts of molybdenum, of the order of 0.2 to 25 μg., occurring in plant materials. The sample is digested with nitric, sulphuric and perchloric acids, and copper extracted with dithizone and determined as usual, if so desired. The digest is then acidified and molybdenum, along with certain other metals, extracted by means of cupferron and chloroform. After the destruction of cupferron the molybdenum‐dithiol complex is precipitated, extracted into amyl acetate and its absorption determined in a photoelectric colorimeter. The method is accurate and extremely sensitive. Since it enables the determination of both copper and molybdenum in the same digest, it represents an economy of time and reagents when both determinations are required.
The pyrethrin contents of undried flowers, chrysanthemum cinera‐riaefolium, determined by extraction with petrol ether
Authors: Edwards M. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described of quantitatively extracting the pyrethrins from undried pyrethrum flowers, using petrol ether only as solvent. The flowers are ground in a rod mill with the solvent and then extracted in three stages. Samples of the same flowers are dried by natural and by the most favourable artificial means, and a third sample in a commercial drier. The total pyrethrins in the undried and the dried flowers are compared on a moisture‐free basis. The same procedure is applied to three strains of Kenya‐grown flowers.
Aluminium and fruit juices
Authors: Gilroy P. E. , Champion F. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe interaction of fruit juices and aluminium has been investigated to provide a basis for the development of the uses of aluminium in the industry. It has been found that pure aluminium and Al‐Mn and Al‐Mg alloys are eminently suitable for the transport and storage of apple and blackcurrant juices. They are also suitable for citrus juices if the sulphur dioxide preservative is suitably controlled.
The temperature sensitivity of the system plasticizer‐polymer
Authors: Jones H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGenerally, in this paper, there are reviewed some of the factors influencing the properties of plastics, and additional evidence is provided through data on the rebound resilience; temperature relationships, for the current ideas on the plasticizer‐polymer interaction. Probably through the inferiority of mechanical tests compared with those of an electrical nature (Wurstlin, loc. cit.), the data are not so precise as to be quantitative but at least are of such a nature as to give further suport to the general theory of plasticizer viscosity and especially the relationship between the temperature dependence of plasticizer viscosity and that of plasticized compounds.
The insoluble matter of coal tar. IV. Coal tar resins
Authors: Green S. J. , Mukherji S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe So‐called coal tar resins are defined and their preparation from vertical retort tar and pitch is described. The resins are divided into resinols, resinoic acids, resinenes, and resinamines, about 99% consisting of resinenes. The importance of dxygen in these compounds is discussed. Further fractionation of resinencs by precipitation and chromatography and the analyses of the fractions are reported. It appears that the resinols react during the distillation of tar to give higher molccular wegiht resinous compounds.
The activation of alumina
Authors: Taylor R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn investigation has been made of the physical transformations with occur when γ aluminium trihydrate (gibbsite) is dehydrated by heat treatment, and the effect such transformations have on the adsorption activity and porosity of the material. Dehydration proceeds according to the scheme: trihydrate → monohydrate → alumina, no dihydrate being formed. Between 225° and 500° positions of equilibrium are established between the monohydrate and alumina and the adsorption activity is directly related to the degree of conversion to γ alumina. At 500° and higher temperatures, the material is converted wholly to γ alumina. This, unlike the tri‐ and monohydrates cannot be completely defined as it is a transitional product in a heat‐controlled solid reaction, its state being at first highly disordered but rearranging to an orderly state as the reaction proceeds. The adsorption activity of the material is directly related to the state of disorder. The particle size distribution of the material is unaffected by the heat treatment which it receives, hence the porosity of the final product can be controlled by selection of the starting material. Aluminas covering a wide range of activities can be prepared by simple heat treatment of the hydrate.
Inflammability limits of ammonia, nitrous oxide and air
Authors: Jones Elwyn , Kerr James C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith a view to exploring the possibility of eliminating the explosion hazard in the manufacture of sodium azide, the limits of inflammability were de ermined in the upward, horizontal and downward directions for all mixtures of ammonia, nitrous oxide and air at normal Temperature and pressure in 2 in, diameter rubes. The range of inflammability was found to be greatest in mixtures containing no air, being 2·6‐71·9% of ammonia for upward propagation, 5·1‐71·6% for horizontal propagation and 6·8‐71·0% for downward propagation. Addition of air caused contraction of the inflammable range at both ends roughly in proportion to the amount of air added. The limits for mixtures of ammonia and nitrous oxide were also determined (a) in 3 in, diameter tubes to indicate the general effect of cross‐sectional area and (b) at 150° and 250° to show the effect of temperature. An increase in either the tube diameter or the temperature produced a slight widening of the limits. Mixtures of ammonia, nitrous oxide and air appeared to obey Le Chatelier's limit rule except for some discrepancy affecting lower limit mixtures. Other evidence confirmed the abnormal behaviour of nitrous oxide containing small amounts of ammonia. AS these mixtures were liable to explode violently, although apparently below the limit for normal flame propagation, their anomalous behaviour is attributed to the exothermic decomposition of nitrous oxide, probably catalysed by the presence of small amounts of ammonia. This reaction appeared to propagate by a mechanism more akin to detonation than deflagration.