bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference and Truth
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe most difficult challenge to a mentalist semantics is the intuition that language refers to objects and events ‘in the world’. A direct connection between a language in the mind and objects in the world is severely problematic. It is argued that the proper formulation of reference is as a relation between linguistic expressions and the world as conceptualized by the language user. Such a formulation aligns with standard views in perceptual psychology, and permits a far richer ontology of entities for language. Some of the standard philosophical objections to this view are answered; at the same time, some of the standard puzzles of reference are shown to dissolve.
Radical Construction Grammar
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book presents a profound critique of syntactic theory and syntactic argumentation. Recent syntactic theories are essentially formal models for the representation of grammatical knowledge. These theories posit complex syntactic structures in the analysis of sentences, consisting of atomic primitive syntactic categories and relations. The result of this approach to syntax has been an endless cycle of new and revised theories of syntactic representation. The book argues that these types of syntactic theories are incompatible with the grammatical variation found within and across languages. The extent of grammatical variation demonstrates that no scheme of atomic primitive syntactic categories and relations can form the basis of an empirically adequate syntactic theory. This book defends three theses: (i) constructions are the primitive units of syntactic representation, and grammatical categories are derivative; (ii) the only syntactic structures are the relations between a construction and the elements that make it up (that is, there is no need to posit syntactic relations); and (iii) constructions are language-specific. Constructions are complex units pairing form and meaning. Grammatical categories within and across languages are mapped onto a universal conceptual space, following the semantic map model in typology. The structure of conceptual space constrains how meaning is encoded in linguistic form, and reflects the structure of the human mind.
Syntactic Argumentation and Radical Construction Grammar
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The fundamental question of syntactic theory is: what is the nature of a speaker’s grammatical knowledge? But an equally fundamental question is hardly discussed: is there a general method to demonstrate the existence of the syntactic categories and elements that are the basic units of syntactic theory? The standard method is distributional analysis, the employment of different constructions as arguments (tests) for an analysis. But distributional analysis shows that one cannot establish universal basic syntactic categories and relations, because of mismatches among the tests within and across languages. So theorists engage in methodological opportunism, using different tests in different languages and ignoring conflicting results across tests in the same language. But this is empirically invalid. This chapter argues that we must abandon the belief that atomic categories and relations are the primitives of syntactic theory. Instead, constructions are the primitives of syntactic theory — a radical version of construction grammar.
The Coordination—Subordination Continuum
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The distinction between coordination and subordination is claimed to be a structural universal. However, the structural criteria used to distinguish coordination from subordination do not match up across languages. This chapter proposes a functional analysis of complex sentence structure in terms of the Gestalt distinction between figure and ground. Coordination and complements constitute a complex figure (following Wierzbicka), while adverbial clauses and relative clauses constitute a figure-ground structure (following Talmy and Reinhart). Coordination and complementation are linked by grammaticalization, via serial verb constructions, and adverbial clauses and relative clauses are also linked by grammaticalization. Comparative and conditional relations are ambivalent, and expressed crosslinguistically by either complex figure or figure-ground constructions. A conceptual space is presented to account for Cristofaro’s implicational hierarchies for different types of semantic relations between situations and their encoding as balanced (asserted, and more coordinate-like) and deranked (nonasserted, less coordinate-like) complex sentence constructions.
Harmonic Morphisms Between Riemannian Manifolds
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHarmonic morphisms are maps which preserve Laplace's equation. More explicitly, a map between Riemannian manifolds is called a harmonic morphism if its composition with any locally defined harmonic function on the codomain is a harmonic function on the domain; it thus ‘pulls back’ germs of harmonic functions to germs of harmonic functions. Harmonic morphisms can be characterized as harmonic maps satisfying a condition dual to weak conformality called ‘horizontal weak conformality’ or ‘semiconformality’. Examples include harmonic functions, conformal mappings in the plane, holomorphic mappings with values in a Riemann surface, and certain submersions arising from Killing fields and geodesic fields. The study of harmonic morphisms involves many different branches of mathematics: the book includes discussion on aspects of the theory of foliations, polynomials induced by Clifford systems and orthogonal multiplications, twistor and mini-twistor spaces, and Hermitian structures. Relations with topology are discussed, including Seifert fibre spaces and circle actions, also relations with isoparametric functions and the Beltrami fields equation of hydrodynamics.
Riemannian manifolds and conformality
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces fundamental concepts from Riemannian geometry, including the Laplacian and harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold. The next two sections discuss weak conformality and the dual notion of horizontal weak conformality (or ‘semiconformality’) needed for the description of harmonic morphisms in Chapter 4. The fibres of a horizontally conformal submersion form a conformal foliation, which are studied in the final section.
Mini-twistor theory on three-dimensional space forms
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses harmonic morphisms from 3-manifolds to surfaces, especially those of constant curvature. First, the local behaviour is considered, showing that the foliation given by its fibres is a smooth conformal foliation by geodesics, even at critical points. This leads to a local factorization of a harmonic morphism as a submersion followed by a weakly conformal map of surfaces and a local normal form. The mini-twistor spaces of geodesics in the three complete simply connected space-forms are described: that these are complex surfaces leading to Weierstrass-type representations of submersive harmonic morphisms on domains of these spaces. This, together with a stronger version of the factorization theorem, determines all harmonic morphisms on such domains leading to classifications of the harmonic morphisms from these spaces to a surface. Finally, the constructions are generalized to give a class of harmonic morphisms from higher-dimensional space forms.
Island foxes
Authors: Roemer Gary W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe island fox (Urocyon littoralis) is endemic to the California Channel Islands, a continental archipelago located off the coast of the southwestern United States. A descendent of the mainland gray fox (U. cinereo argenteus), it is hypothesized that island foxes first colonized the three northern Channel Islands (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel) by chance. Native Americans then transported foxes from these islands to three southern Channel Islands (Santa Catalina, San Clemente, and San Nicolas). Each island's fox population is currently recognized as a distinct subspecies, and both the hypothesized colonization scheme and the current taxonomic classification are supported by morphological and genetic evidence. This chapter discusses the evolution, ecology, and conservation of the island fox.
Red foxes
Authors: Baker Philip J. , Harris Stephen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the most widely distributed extant canid species, and is present in a broad range of habitats ranging from arctic tundra to deserts to city suburbs. Throughout its range, its general social system encompasses a territorial breeding pair accompanied by up to eight subordinate individuals. However, there is substantial plasticity in social organization, principally through variation in territory size, group size, and group structure. This chapter reviews work undertaken in a long-term study in Bristol, England, investigating the mechanisms and benefits of group formation in a population of urban red foxes.
Raccoon dogs
Authors: Kauhala Kaarina , Saeki Midori 
Published: September 2007

AbstractJapanese raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) have been isolated from populations (e.g., N. p. ussuriensis) on mainland Asia for about 12,000 years. Since the environment and climate of Japan differ greatly from that on mainland Asia, different selection pressures have affected the two populations. This chapter compares several features of Finnish (N. p. ussuriensis, originally from SE Russia) and Japanese raccoon dogs to evaluate the progress of the Japanese raccoon dog towards speciation. It reviews the chromosome number, skull and tooth morphology, body size and weight, the ability to hibernate, reproduction, home ranges, habitat use, and diet of Japanese and Finnish raccoon dogs.
Patagonian foxes
Authors: Novaro Andrés J. , Funes Martín C. , Jiménez Jaime E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe culpeo (Pseudalopex culpaeus) and the South American grey fox or chilla (P. griseus) are closely related canids that live in western and southern South America. This chapter examines patterns of prey selection by culpeos and chillas in areas where the two species are sympatric and: (1) where sheep were abundant and the main wild prey, lagomorphs, had different densities; (2) where both canids were protected and sheep density was low. These comparisons are used to evaluate the competitive relationships between the culpeo and chilla and the factors that determine predation on livestock. The comparisons are based on two studies that reported data on culpeo and chilla food habits and a broad array of prey availability, and on unpublished information from one of these studies.
Coyotes
Authors: Gese Eric M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe coyote population at Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming, has not been subject to human persecution for several decades allowing for direct observation of their behaviour, interactions among pack members, and how they deal with changes in their environment. From January 1991 to June 1993, data from over 2500 hours of direct observation were collected on members of five resident packs, five transient individuals, and eight dispersing animals, in the Lamar River Valley of YNP. This chapter synthesizes the findings of this study.
Grey wolves—Isle Royale
Authors: Vucetich John A. , Peterson Rolf O. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe wolves (Canis lupus) of Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior (North America), have been studied with their primary prey, the moose (Alces alces), continuously and intensively since 1959. This environment is unique because on Isle Royale for a number of reasons: humans do not exploit wolves or moose, wolves are the only predator of moose, moose comprise an overwhelming majority of wolf prey, and the annual exchange of wolves and moose with the mainland is negligible. This chapter presents a chronology of research for this wolf-moose system, general characteristics of the wolf population, and reviews some insights learned from studying the ecology of these wolves.
Grey wolves—Yellowstone
Authors: Phillips Michael K. , Bangs Edward E. , Mech L. David , Kelly Brian T. , Fazio Buddy B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAbout 150 years ago, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) was distributed throughout the contiguous United States, except for in southeastern US from central Texas to the Atlantic coast, where the red wolf (Canis rufus) occurred. Conflict with agricultural interests resulted in government-supported eradication campaigns beginning in colonial Massachusetts in 1630. Over the next 300 years, the campaigns were extended throughout the US resulting in the near extermination of both species. In recent decades, efforts to recover the red and grey wolf were carried out. This chapter summarizes extermination and recovery efforts for both species in the contiguous US.
African wild dogs
Authors: Creel Scott , Mills Michael G. L. , McNutt J. Weldon 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAfrican wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) always have low population densities when compared to sympatric large carnivores. Most populations are small, and only a handful exceeds 500. Three of the largest remaining wild dog populations are found in Kruger National Park (South Africa), the Selous Game Reserve (Tanzania), and Northern Botswana. With a total of 1,900-2,500 individuals, these areas protect about one-third of the African wild dogs alive today, and the future of wild dog conservation rests in large part on these ecosystems. This chapter identifies the demographic variables that have a strong impact on growth and aims to determine conservation priorities and evaluate management actions.
Existence and uniqueness
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a wide class of mathematical problems which originates from the application of Maxwell’s differential equations to electromagnetic systems. Static, stationary, and transient problems are investigated for dielectrics or conductors with instantaneous response or with memory, subject to various boundary conditions. The main concern is to establish existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solution. This objective is realized by applying different mathematical techniques both to adhere to the features of the model and to offer a profitable set of approaches.
Wave propagation
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates some aspects of wave propagation with a major focus on the effects of linear constitutive properties (functions or functionals). A detailed analysis of time-harmonic waves in uniform materials is given and classical topics on plane waves are re-visited, such as waves in magneto-hydrodynamics or in anisotropic dielectrics. Propagation and reflection-transmission are examined for dissipative materials, where the wave vector is complex valued. The propagation of plane wavefronts (singular surfaces) is also developed for materials with memory.
M/G/1-TYPE MARKOV CHAINS
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the theoretical analysis of M/G/1-type Markov chains. Conditions for the ergodicity are given in terms of the drift. The reduction to solving a nonlinear matrix equation is shown and the role played by canonical factorizations in this regard is pointed out. The Ramaswami formula for the computation of the stationary distribution is revisited in terms of canonical factorizations.
MICROSCOPIC DERIVATION OF THE TDGL EQUATION
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents the basic aspects of the microscopic description of fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The notion of fluctuation propagator as the vertex part of the electron: electron interaction in the Cooper channel, diagrammatic representation of fluctuation corrections, the method of their averaging over impurities, are introduced. The developed method of Matsubara temperature Green's functions applied to a description of the fluctuations allows the determination of the values of the phenomenological parameters of the GL theory. It also allows the determination of the treatment of fluctuation effects quantitatively, even far from the transition point, and for strong magnetic fields taking into account the contributions of dynamical and short wavelength fluctuations, as well as the quantum effects eluding from the phenomenological consideration.
FLUCTUATIONS NEAR SUPERCONDUCTOR-INSULATOR TRANSITION
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the quantum phase transition using the example of superconductor-insulator transition. For the 3D case, a version of the Ginzburg-Landau formalism is formulated from both normal and anomalous diffusion. The description of such transition in the case of 2D superconductors is very specific and strongly differs from the 3D case. The ideas of boson and fermion mechanisms of the Tc suppression in 2D cases are presented, and their predictions are compared with the experimental conditions.
PHYSICAL BACKGROUND
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to a review on the underlying physical theory. Besides the basic notions of reference configurations, kinematics, constitutive equations, and balance laws, this part includes mention of the general pressure-density temperature state equation, in particular which arises in low energy nuclear physics and astrophysics. In particular, some examples of non-monotone pressure-density constitutive laws are presented.
A PRIORI ESTIMATES
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A priori estimates play a decisive role in the analysis of any nonlinear problem. They determine the class of functions, where the solutions are looked for. A priori estimates resulting from the basic physical principles — conservation (or balance) of mass, momentum, and energy — are discussed. The role of the presence of viscosity and heat conductivity is crucial here.
VARIATIONAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The concept of a variational solution to the full Navier-Stokes-Fourier system is introduced in this chapter. Each equation of the complete system, that means, the equation of continuity, the momentum equation, and the energy equation, is treated separately. The basic facts of the theory of renormalized solutions of the continuity equation are reviewed. Moreover, the renormalized solutions of the thermal energy are introduced as a suitable tool to deal with possible concentrations of temperature.
Numerical Methods for Image Registration
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis text provides an introduction to the theoretical, practical, and numerical aspects of image registration, with special emphasis on medical imaging. Given a so-called reference and template image, the goal of image registration is to find a reasonable transformation such that the transformed template is similar to the reference image. Image registration is utilized whenever information obtained from different viewpoints times and sensors needs to be combined or compared, and unwanted distortion needs to be eliminated. The book provides a systematic introduction to image registration and discusses the basic mathematical principles, including aspects from approximations theory, image processing, numerics, optimization, partial differential equations, and statistics, with a strong focus on numerical methods. A unified variational approach is introduced and enables a separation into data-related issues like image feature or image intensity-based similarity measures, and problem inherent regularization like elastic or diffusion registration. This general framework is further used for the explanation and classification of established methods as well as the design of new schemes and building blocks including landmark-, thin-plate-spline, mutual information, elastic, fluid, demon, diffusion, and curvature registration.
PRINCIPAL AXES-BASED REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter follows the idea of registering image features, but the registration is now based on features which can be deduced from the images automatically. To this end, an image is considered as a density function or a mass distribution. From this distribution, so-called principal axes are derived and stochastic interpretations for this approach are presented. A Gaussian estimator is related to the so-called Kullback-Leibler distance of image densities. This interpretation allows a generalization to t-distributions that lead to more robust moment estimators like Cauchy densities. The different approaches are discussed and compared. How image moments change under transformation is explained. The principal axis transformation is derived and discussed. Performance and ambiguity is demonstrated using a variety of intuitive examples.
SUMMARY OF PARAMETRIC IMAGE REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the techniques discussed so far in this book. The techniques are all based on the minimization of a certain distance measure, and the distance measure is based on image features or directly on image intensities. Image features can be user supplied (e.g., landmarks) or may be deduced automatically from the image intensities (e.g., principal axes). Typical examples of intensity-based distance measures are the sum of squared differences, correlation or mutual information. For all proposed techniques, the transformation is parametric, i.e., it can be expanded in terms of some parameters and basis functions. The desired transformation is a minimizer of the distance measure in the space spanned by the basis functions. The minimizer can be obtained from algebraic equations or by applying appropriate optimization tools.
NON-PARAMETRIC IMAGE REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces non-parametric registrations. The idea behind this type of registration is to come up with an appropriate measure both for the similarity as well as for the likelihood of a non-parametric transformation. It sets up a general framework for the consideration of different registration techniques, which is based on a variational formulation of the registration problem; the numerical schemes to be considered are based on the Euler-Lagrange equations which characterize a minimizer.
FLUID REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the fluid registration scheme of Christensen and relates this to the elastic registration. Though the fluid approach is more related to a flow approach rather than to an optimization approach, the analogy becomes visible using iterative Tychonov regularization. The chapter summarizes basic conservation laws like conservation of mass and conservation of linear momentum. Assuming a Stokes fluid, the underlying partial differential equation for the fluid registration is derived. It is shown that these equations can be solved numerically, and a fluid registration algorithm is presented together with various comments and remarks concerning implementation details. Various examples and a discussion of the fluid registration are given.
THE OVERLAP IN GLASSY SYSTEMS
Authors: Parisi Giorgio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers many of the various definitions of the overlap and of its probability distribution that have been introduced in the literature, starting from the original papers of Edwards and Anderson, together with some of the most recent results on the probability distribution of the local overlap in spin glasses. These quantities are related to the fluctuation-dissipation relations both in their local and in their global versions.