bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative electron microscopical analysis of leukocyte infiltration in oral ulcers of Behcet's syndrome
Authors: MÜLLER W. , LEHNER T. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
A stereological electron microscopical technique was applied to biopsies of oral ulcers from patients with Behçet's syndrome in order to carry out a quantitative analysis of the cellular infiltrate. The results have confirmed the light microscopical qualitative findings of a large number of lymphocytes (67%) but have established that a relatively large proportion of the leukocytes (14%) belong to the monocytc-macrophage series. The virtual absence of plasma cells during the early stages of ulceration and the presence of a large number of lymphocytes and monocytes argue in favour of a type IV cell-mediated immune reaction. As the lesion progresses a type III reaction develops and this might be associated with immune complexes found in the serum of patients with Behcet's syndrome.
Solar urticaria: treatment with PUVA and mediator inhibitors
Authors: PARRISH J.A. , JAENICKE K.F. , MORISON W.L. , MOMTAZ K. , SHEA C. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYSeveral therapeutic regimes for solar urticaria were evaluated. A short course of PUVA therapy produced a marked increase in the minimal dose of radiation required to produce urticaria in the six patients treated. This objective evidence of improvement was supported by the patients' reports of greatly increased tolerance to sun-exposure. Chlorpheniramine, an antihistamine, produced a slight increase in the minimal dose of radiation necessary to produce urticaria but its effectiveness was limited by side-effects. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, produced no beneficial effect.
The hereditary palmoplantar keratoses: an updated review and classification
Authors: LUCKER G.P.H. , VAN DE KERKHOF P.C.M. , STEIJLEN P.M. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYThe palmoplantar keratoses (PPKs) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders of keratinization, which can be subdivided into hereditary and acquired forms. Many authors have attempted to classify the hereditary forms,1–5 and most classifications have been based on the morphology, distribution, associated symptoms and mode of inheritance. Subsequently, many new forms have been recognized, and what were previously considered to be distinct types have been shown to be variants of a single type, both of which limit the usefulness of previous classifications. Hence, we propose a new, updated classification, which enables accurate diagnosis of these disorders.
Anticardiolipin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: their relation to rheumatoid nodules and cutaneous vascular manifestations
Authors: WOLF P. , GRETLER J. , AGLAS F. , AUER-GRUMBACH P. , RAINER F. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
One hundred and seventy-three consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined for the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), and for the clinical relevance and the relation of these antibodies to skin manifestations. Abnormally elevated IgG- and/or IgM-ACA levels were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of 55 (32%) patients. There was no statistical evidence of an association between ACA and a history of thrombosis in these patients. However, ACA were statistically significantly linked to the presence of rheumatoid nodules, which were found in 36 (21%) patients. In three patients, ACA were associated with vascular manifestations, including livedo reticularis, thrombophlebitis, and leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Our findings suggest that, although a subset of ACA may be linked to cutaneous vascular conditions, the major fraction of ACA in rheumatoid arthritis may have a different specificity than in other diseases, in which ACA are often linked to thrombotic events.
Point mutations in the N-ras oncogene in malignant melanoma and congenital naevi
Authors: CARR J. , MACKIE R.M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary
DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-processed samples from 100 melanocytic lesions (39 malignant melanomas, 18 cases of dysplastic naevi, and 43 congenital naevi) was extracted, and the sequences around codons 12/13 and 61 of the N-ras oncogene were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified product was then analysed both by dot-blotting and by direct sequencing for point mutations. By the dot-blotting technique, mutations were seen in 18 of 100 lesions. These were in one of five distant metastases (20%), in one of three nodal metastases (33%), in four of 31 (13%) primary melanomas, in none of 18 dysplastic naevi, and in 12 of 43 (28%) congenital naevi, all at codon 61. On direct sequencing, nine of 18 mutations were confirmed, in two of 31 (6%) primary tumours, one distant metastasis, and six of 43 (14%) congenital naevi.
Of the 23 superficial spreading melanomas examined, eight were on sun-exposed skin. A superficial spreading melanoma, in which the N-ras mutation at codon 61 was confirmed, was on non-exposed skin, and an unconfirmed mutation was from an exposed site. One of three nodular melanomas with a confirmed mutation was on a light-exposed site, and the other two nodular melanomas were from non-exposed areas. All four lentigo maligna melanomas were from exposed sites, and one of these had an unconfirmed mutation. The only acral lentiginous melanoma, which had no mutation, was from a sun-exposed area. Ten of the 43 congenital or early onset naevi were on sun-exposed sites; six unconfirmed and five confirmed mutations were from lesions on non-sun-exposed sites (5/33; 15%), and one confirmed mutation was from a lesion on a sun-exposed area (1/10; 10%).
Our results do not, therefore, support the hypothesis that N-ras mutations are specifically associated with primary melanomas arising on continually sun-exposed skin. The overall pattern suggests that N-ras mutations in isolation in melanocytic lesions are not frequent. This is the first report of N-ras mutations in congenital/early onset melanocytic naevi, and shows a relatively high incidence in comparison with that observed in melanomas in this study.
Characterization and analysis of skin wealing by computerized non-linear regression
Authors: SHARPE G.R. , SHUSTER S. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWeal formation in human skin may be induced by histamine, histamine releasers and other inflammatory mediators. Weals occur spontaneously in chronic urticaria, and in response to frictional pressure in dermographic urticaria. We present an improved method for the analysis of wealing in human skin by the use of non-linear regression. The method has the advantage of speed, and by the use of non-linear regression permits the full characterization of the response curves. The time course of histamine-induced wealing is a double exponential function corresponding to the separate components of weal appearance and disappearance. Dermographic wealing corresponds to an increasing exponential function with increasing pressure. The method of computerized nonlinear regression is a considerable advance on previous methods for the analysis of urticarial wealing, the effect of vasoactive agents, and their therapeutic action.
Erythema gyratum repens. A case studied with immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy and immunohistochemistry
Authors: CAUX F. , LEBBE C. , THOMINE E. , BENYAHIA B. , FLAGEUL B. , JOLY P. , RYBOJAD M. , MOREL P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary
We report a patient with erythema gyratum repens (EGR), in whom a bronchial carcinoma was found. Direct immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of immunoglobulins at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) in the skin, and in the lung tumour. Direct immunoelectron microscopy showed that the immune deposits were localized just beneath the lamina densa. Indirect immuno- fluorescence revealed circulating anti-BMZ antibodies. Immunohistochemical staining, using anti- transforming growth factor-β, anti-epidermal growth factor receptor, antivimentin and anti-α-actin, was found to be more intense in the lesional skin and the lung tumour than in normal tissues. Possible mechanisms in the pathogenesis of EGR are discussed.
Severe case of pemphigoid gestationis with unusual target antigen
Authors: KIRTSCHIG G. , COLLIER P.M. , EMMERSON R.W. , WOJNAROWSKA F. 
Published: July 2006

Summary
We report a severe case of pemphigoid gestationis (PG) with an unusual target antigen. The patient developed a severe itchy macular rash on the abdomen during her fifth pregnancy, at 38 weeks' gestation. The disease persisted for 8 months post-partum, and could only be controlled with high doses of systemic corticosteroids and dapsone. The diagnosis of PG was confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. A linear band of IgG and C3 was detected at the epidermal aspect of salt-split skin. Immunoblotting studies revealed circulating IgG antibodies binding to a single 200-kDa protein in epidermal extracts. Immunofluorescence studies using trypsinized human keratino- cytes demonstrated uniform staining around the cell peripheries, suggesting that the target antigen was not associated with hemidesmosomes. These findings differ from the usual immunological features seen in PG, and suggest further heterogeneity of the antigens involved in PG.
Photoallergic contact dermatitis to oxybenzone
Authors: COLLINS P. , FERGUSON J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary
A 21-year-old woman developed an erythematous papulovesicular eruption of photo-exposed sites, following the use of an oxybenzone-containing sunscreen. Patch testing, photopatch testing, phototesting, and histology produced findings strongly suggestive of oxybenzone photoallergy. Photopatch testing with a monochromator source showed abnormal UVA responses, with evidence of immediate urticaria, and delayed-onset dermatitis.
Sun-barrier use is associated with a risk of the development of contact or photocontact allergic reactions. The benzophenones are frequently used in high-protection factor sun-barrier preparations, and appear to have a particular ability to induce such responses.
A new method for the estimation of total dissolved salts in saturation extracts of soils from electrical conductivity
Authors: SIMON M. , CABEZAS O. , GARCIA I. , MARTINEZ P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe have determined electrical conductivity (Ee) and total dissolved salts (S) in saturation extracts from 39 soil samples from the Baza basin (Province of Granada, south‐east Spain). Ee ranged from 2.8 to 110dS m−3, and S from 2 to 444 8 dm−3.The relationship between S and Ee was not linear. When the saturation extracts were diluted with progressively larger quantities of distilled water and their electrical conductivity calculated (Eec) with the equation

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where Ed and Ew are the conductivity of the diluted extract and the distilled water and f is the dilution factor, the relationship between S and Eec tended to become linear.The highest linear correlation coefficient relating S (mg dm−3) and Eec (dS m−1) was reached when Eec, values were calculated for dilutions with a conductivity (Ed) between 0.1 and 0.3 dS m−1 (E*ec). The regression equation was S= 490 E*ec with r2= 0.999. This relationship can be used in all saturation extracts, regardless of the concentration and type of ions present.
Therapeutic Use of Antimelanoma Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: HELLSTRÖM INGEGERD , HELLSTRÖM KARL ERIK 
Published: July 2006

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to tumor‐associated antigens are attracting much attention for tumor therapy. Melanomas belong to the tumors most studied in this respect, and several melanoma‐associated antigens have been studied in great detail. These include the melanoma‐associated glycoprotein p97, the melanoma‐associated proteoglycan, and glycolipid antigens. Although none of the antigens is absolutely specific for tumor, the degree of relative specificity appears to be sufficient to use several of the melanoma antigens as therapeutic “targets”.Antimelanoma MAb can be applied therapeutically in several ways. The most straightforward approach is use of MAb without further modification. MAb which kill melanoma cells in the presence of human serum as the source of complement or mediate antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity with human natural killer (NK) cells or macrophages as effectors are logical choices for this. Some cases of partial or even complete regression of metastatic melanoma have been observed in patients treated with such MAb. Combinations of such MAb with interleukin 2 (IL‐2) or other immunological response modifiers are of great interest.Alternatively, one may use antimelanoma MAb (or fragments prepared from MAb) as carriers of antitumor agents, including radioactive isotopes, toxins, or chemotherapeutic drugs. Although it is premature to make any conclusions about the efficacy of such conjugates, we are optimistic that it will be feasible by using the right combination of MAb and antitumor agent to achieve therapeutic benefit.Another approach is to develop therapeutic “vaccines” for active immunization, once an antigen characterized by using a MAb has proven to have a relatively high level of tumor selectively. Anti‐idiotypic antibodies and live recombinant viruses inducing tumor antigen expression in infected cells provide alternative strategies to this approach.
Assembled structures of nanocrystals in polymer/calcium carbonate thin‐film composites formed by the cooperation of chitosan and poly(aspartate)
Authors: Sugawara Ayae , Oichi Akira , Suzuki Hiroko , Shigesato Yuzo , Kogure Toshihiro , Kato Takashi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAssembled structures of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanocrystals have been examined for polymer/CaCO3 thin‐film composites synthesized through a self‐organization process inspired by biomineralization. For the crystallization of CaCO3, a thin‐film matrix of chitosan has been used as a polymeric substrate. When the matrix is immersed into a supersaturated aqueous solution of CaCO3 containing 1.4 × 10−3 wt % poly(aspartate) (PAsp), thin‐film crystals of CaCO3 are formed spontaneously. Three kinds of disklike films have been observed under a polarizing optical microscope. Electron diffraction analyses of each film have revealed that one is aragonite, displaying radial orientation of the c axes, and the others are vaterite, exhibiting different orientations. Detailed observation by scanning electron microscopy has clarified that these films are assemblies of crystalline particles 10–20 nm in size. The thin‐film composites have been obtained over a PAsp concentration range of 4.4 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−2 wt %. Vaterite formation becomes dominant when the concentration of PAsp is increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5153–5160, 2006
Self‐assembled graphitic nanotubes from an amphiphilic hexabenzocoronene bearing thiol functionalities: Redox‐mediated polymerization and depolymerization
Authors: Motoyanagi Jin , Fukushima Takanori , Kosaka Atsuko , Ishii Noriyuki , Aida Takuzo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA hexabenzocoronene derivative consisting of lipophilic dodecyl side chains and thioacetyl‐appended hydrophilic oxyethylene chains was newly synthesized. The self‐assembly of this hexabenzocoronene amphiphile in tetrahydrofuran gave a nanotubular object, for which the thioacetyl functionalities were located on the inner and outer surfaces. The removal of the acetyl group under alkaline conditions, followed by autoxidation, allowed the conversion of the noncovalent architecture into a covalently stabilized form via disulfide linkages. The resulting surface‐polymerized nanotubes were completely insoluble in common organic solvents. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the tubular morphology mostly remained after the oxidative polymerization. Disulfide oligomers involved in the polymerized nanotubes were transformed into a thiol monomer upon reduction with dithiothreitol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5120‐5127, 2006
WATER UPTAKE BY PURE CLAYS AND SOIL CRUMBS*
Authors: DETTMANN MARGARET G. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWetting experiments on pure clays are described that lead to the conclusions that entrapped air is neither a necessary nor an important factor in slaking of dry soils, and that slaking is always associated with rapid intercrystalline swelling of the clay. If swelling is suppressed, or takes place slowly—as from a vapour phase— slaking does not occur, and it is suggested that slow swelling gives time for readjustment of the internal geometry of the clay, so producing some dislocation but no disruption. In N NaCl, a Na‐montmorillonite swells to about twice its dry thickness, and in an atmosphere of 98 per cent. relative humidity it gains about one‐third of its weight. Both these figures are in agreement with the usual estimate of surface area of 800 m.2/g. Under the same conditions a Na‐illite (from Willalooka) swells by about a third of its dry thickness, and gains about a quarter of its dry weight.Studies on rates of uptake of water vapour indicate that montmorillonite has taken up less than a quarter of its equilibrium water content at 98 per cent. relative humidity within 10 min., whereas illite has taken up one‐third of its water in the same time, the clays then being stable against subsequent flooding.In the field it is probable that water vapour diffuses ahead of a liquid wetting front, and the protective effect of the resultant slower pre‐swelling of the clay prevents the slaking action of rain from affecting more than a thin surface layer of soil.
THE ISOMORPHOUS REPLACEMENT OF IRON BY ALUMINIUM IN SOIL GOETHITES
Authors: NORRISH K. , TAYLOR R. M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIt was possible to obtain relatively pure goethites (> 2 μ) from a range of soils by dissolving the clay minerals in boiling NaOH. The goethites were analysed chemically and studied by X‐ray diffraction. All goethites contained aluminium, the amount ranging from 15 to 30 mol. per cent. AlOOH. The (III) spacing decreased steadily with increasing aluminium content. A study of different particle sizes from one soil showed that the aluminium content increased with decreasing particle size, and the (III) spacing showed a corresponding decrease. Extraction of soil goethite by free‐iron removal agents, such as dithionite, brought into solution that aluminium contained in the goethites. The ease with which the goethite was dissolved by such treatments was inversely related to the amount of aluminium in the goethite, and led to the surprising situation in one soil where the coarser goethite was more easily extracted than the fine goethite. Measurements of the (III) spacings of many other soil goethites showed that almost invariably the unit cell dimensions were lower than those of pure goethite, indicating aluminium to be a very common replacement for iron in soil goethites. The degree of substitution of aluminium for iron probably depends on the weathering conditions in the soil. The aluminium probably restricts the size to which the goethite crystals can grow; it may, by its influence on particle size and by changing the composition of the goethite, alter the colour of goethite; it could modify the phosphate‐fixing power and other chemical properties of soil goethites.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHATE
Authors: HANCE R. J. , ANDERSON G. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOrganic phosphate values for thirty‐four Scottish surface soils were obtained by an ignition method, by two standard extraction methods, and by a modified extraction procedure designed to decrease hydrolysis of acid labile phosphate esters.The extraction method of Saunders and Williams tended to be superior to that of Mehta et al. with acid soils, and inferior with calcareous soils, although in many cases the values obtained are similar. A modification of the Mehta method, involving extraction of the soil with alkali before as well as after acid treatment, caused less hydrolysis than the standard method with acid soils, and gave the highest average values for the soils as a whole. Attempts to increase the efficiency of the standard extraction procedures by varying the nature of the acid pre‐treatments were unsuccessful.Ignition values are usually greater than the highest extraction values, but in more than half the soils the differences are small and unimportant. Because there is no direct evidence to show that ignition gives results which are erroneously high, and since the ignition procedure is rapid and easy to perform, it is considered to be the most useful for the general analysis of Scottish soils.
CLAY MINERAL STUDIES OF SOME EGYPTIAN DESERT AND NILE ALLUVIAL SOILS
Authors: ELGABALY M. M. , KHADR M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryEgyptian desert soils are generally of coarser texture than Nile alluvium with only slight depositional changes within the same profile. Total N is lower in desert soils than in alluvial soils under similar climatic conditions. On the basis of clay mineral analysis the soils fall into four groups, having (1) kaolinite (Ganah and Kharga), (2) montmorillonite (Beris, Boulaq, Nile alluvium), (3) hydrous mica (Kharga), (4) attapulgite (desert road), as the dominant mineral.The very slight difference in clay mineral composition between the soil and subsoil or parent material indicates that clay minerals in these soils are derived mainly from a pre‐existing sediment.The mechanical analysis and mineralogical study of the heavy mineral fraction showed that the soils of Kharga oasis are either water‐laid sediments (Boulaq and Beris) or wind‐modified (Ganah and Kharga).Whether or not the qualitative similarity of the clay minerals of the soils from mid and southern Kharga with those of the Nile alluvium indicates a genetical relationship cannot be definitely ascertained from this study.
PRODUCTS OF THE ALKALINE NITROBENZENE OXIDATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Authors: MORRISON R. I. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryFurther studies have been made of the alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of soil organic matter and certain fractions thereof, as well as of some plant materials, on the lines of a previous investigation. By using dichloromethane in place of diethyl ether as an extractant the recovery of aromatic aldehydes, especially syringaldehyde, has been greatly improved. Methods have been developed for the identification and determination of the related acids: syringic, vanillic, p‐hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, and p‐coumaric acids. Some minor aromatic products of the oxidation have also been identified. Application of the improved methods to samples of soils and peats has, in many instances, resulted in an increased proportion of the total carbon accounted for as aromatic products. The results are, however, only about 20 per cent higher than those previously obtained, and the outcome of the investigation has been to confirm and extend the results previously obtained. Whereas the proportion of carbon in the organic matter of peats which can be recovered as aromatic products is commonly about 5 per cent, in aerobic soils it remains low, generally less than 1 per cent, and it seems likely that this represents only a small fraction of the total aromatic material present in such soils.
PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN IN RELATION TO SOIL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: ARNAUD R. J. ST. , WHITESIDE E. P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMechanical analyses as well as quartz distribution data for four soils, ranging from chernozemic Black to podzolic Grey Wooded, indicate that a redistribution in particle size has occurred in the solum horizons relative to the parent materials. This is attributed to the physical breakdown, in large part the result of frost action, of the larger rock fragments and minerals. While mechanical disintegration is greatest in the surface horizons, it is least pronounced in the Orthic Black profile and reaches a maximum in the Ae horizon of the Grey Wooded soil. Periodic moisture saturation in layers underlain by slowly permeable textural B horizons is suggested as favouring breakdown by frost action. Implications of such breakdown relative to studies of soil genesis are discussed.