bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare and Narrative
Authors: Meek Richard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article explores recent critical work on Shakespeare and narrative. This is a particularly apt time for a reconsideration of this topic, not least because of current debates in Shakespeare studies regarding his status as a ‘literary’ dramatist, and a resurgence of critical interest in rhetorical and aesthetic concerns. The article argues that one can discern an ‘anti‐narrative prejudice’ among several twentieth‐century critics, particularly those who argue that Shakespeare's plays are more fully realised on the stage than on the page. Since the 1990s, however, critics have been more positive about Shakespeare's handling of narrative, and in recent years several commentators have noted his interest in ekphrasis– a term that refers to the verbal representation of visual representation, and, more broadly, to vivid narrative description that has the capacity to make us see. Far from being a kind of necessary evil, the narrative passages in Shakespeare's plays are part of a wider interest in rhetoric and the arts of language, and the ability of words to describe, depict and create pictorial effects.
New allele name of some HLA‐DRB1*1401: HLA‐DRB1*1454
Authors: Yang K. L. , Chen M. J. , Lee S. K. , Lin C. C. , Tsai M. J. , Chiu H. M. , Jiang S. , Chao Y. C. , Chen S. P. , Lin S. , Shyr M. H. , Lin P. Y. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe primary function of MHC polymorphism is considered as the foundation of self‐defense mechanism of the host in surveillance against countless diverse invading pathogens. However, this biological function can also elicit undesirable immunological responses that jeopardize transplantations when compatibility between donors and recipients is unfavourable.
Identification of a novel HLA‐A allele, A*1131, in a Taiwanese
Authors: Chen M. J. , Chu C. C. , Shyr M. H. , Lin P. Y. , Yang K. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryHere we report the identification and sequence analysis of a new HLA‐A11* variant, A*1131 allele, found in a Taiwanese volunteer bone marrow donor. The novel A*11 variant is identical to A*1125 in exon 2 but differs from A*1125 in exon 3 by one nucleotide substitution at position 527 causing an amino acid change at codon 152 E→V (GAG→GTG). In comparison with HLA‐A*110101, allele A*1131 has three nucleotide differences in exon 3: 527 C→T, 538 C→T and 539 A→T leading to two amino acid variations at residues 152 A→V and 156 Q→L.
Autoimmune thyroid diseases: genetic susceptibility of thyroid‐specific genes and thyroid autoantigens contributions
Authors: Hadj‐Kacem H. , Rebuffat S. , Mnif‐Féki M. , Belguith‐Maalej S. , Ayadi H. , Péraldi‐Roux S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAutoimmune thyroid diseases are common polygenic multifactorial disorders with the environment contributing importantly to the emergence of the disease phenotype. Some of the disease manifestations, such as severe thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy, pretibial myxedema and thyroid antigen/antibody immune complex nephritis are unusual to rare. The spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases includes: Graves’ disease (GD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis unrelated to pregnancy and thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy. This spectrum present contrasts in terms of thyroid function, disease duration and spread to other anatomic location. The genetic basis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is complex and likely to be due to genes of both large and small effects. In GD the autoimmune process results in the production of thyroid‐stimulating antibodies and lead to hyperthyroidism, whereas in HT the end result is destruction of thyroid cells and hypothyroidism. Recent studies in the field of autoimmune thyroid diseases have largely focused on (i) the genes involved in immune response and/or thyroid physiology with could influence susceptibility to disease, (ii) the delineation of B‐cell autoepitopes recognized by the main autoantigens, thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and TSH receptor, to improve our understanding of how these molecules are seen by the immune system and (iii) the regulatory network controlling the synthesis of thyroid hormones and its dysfunction in AITD. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the relation existing between some susceptibility genes, autoantigens and dysfunction of thyroid function during AITD.
Multiple shoot formation, somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from seed‐derived shoot apical meristems in ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis)
Authors: Ishigaki Genki , Gondo Takahiro , Suenaga Kazuhiro , Akashi Ryo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have established a plant regeneration system via multiple shoot formation, or somatic embryogenesis from seed‐derived shoot apical meristems of ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis). Shoot apices as initial explants were isolated from aseptically germinated seedlings, and cultured in vitro. The most effective treatments for multiple shoots and embryogenic calli formation were 0.5 mg L−1 2,4‐dichlorophnoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) plus 2.0 mg L−1 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 4.0 mg L−1 2,4‐D plus 0.2 mg L−1 BAP, respectively. Plant regeneration from multiple shoot‐clumps was achieved by culturing on solid MS medium containing 1.0 mg L−1 BAP or 2.0 mg L−1 kinetin plus 2.0 mg L−1 gibberellic acid. Somatic embryos regenerated plantlets on a MS medium without plant hormones. Regenerated shoots were germinated precociously on MS medium containing 0.01 or 0.1 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid and 2.0 mg L−1 BAP. All regenerants were successfully grown up to maturity. The plant regeneration via multiple‐shoot clumps and embryogenic calli formation can be used as an alternative regenerable target tissue for genetic transformation using particle bombardment of ruzigrass.
Social Categorization and StereotypingIn vivo: The VUCA Challenge
Authors: Bodenhausen Galen V. , Peery Destiny 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA substantial literature has examined the nature of social categorization, a fundamental process having important implications for a wide variety of social phenomena. The great majority of this research has focused on the role of particular, clearly identified social categories (e.g. race, nationality, etc.) while ignoring or holding constant other identity dimensions. This approach has afforded considerable leverage for understanding how salient social identities influence perception, judgment, and behavior. However, it leaves unaddressed many questions about how particular social identities become salient and how (and whether) identities might be inferred when category membership is ambiguous or unknown. Everyday social perception often occurs under conditions of volatility (dynamic contexts), uncertainty (missing information), complexity (multiple bases for categorization), and ambiguity (unclear meaning of available cues). As a consequence, research must address how these factors might qualify basic processes of social categorization. Available evidence is reviewed, and directions for future research are discussed.
Microsatellite loci for Euglossa annectans (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and their variability in other orchid bees
Authors: PAXTON ROBERT J. , ZOBEL MARION U. , STEINER JOSEFINA , ZILLIKENS ANNE 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOrchid or euglossine bees are conspicuous Hymenoptera of the Neotropics, where they pollinate numerous plants, including orchids. Allozyme‐based analyses have suggested that their populations suffer from inbreeding, as evidenced by so‐called diploid male production. We have developed nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for the widespread Euglossa annectans, with observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.143 to 0.952 and between 2 and 9 alleles per species. These loci will be useful for analysis of relatedness, population genetic structure and diploid male production in this and related species.
Microbiologic Diagnosis of Prosthetic Shoulder Infection by Use of Implant Sonication
Authors: Piper Kerryl E. , Jacobson Melissa J. , Cofield Robert H. , Sperling John W. , Sanchez-Sotelo Joaquin , Osmon Douglas R. , McDowell Andrew , Patrick Sheila , Steckelberg James M. , Mandrekar Jayawant N. , Fernandez Sampedro Marta , Patel Robin 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

We recently described a sonication technique for the diagnosis of prosthetic knee and hip infections. We compared periprosthetic tissue culture to implant sonication followed by sonicate fluid culture for the diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder infection. One hundred thirty-six patients undergoing arthroplasty revision or resection were studied; 33 had definite prosthetic shoulder infections and 2 had probable prosthetic shoulder infections. Sonicate fluid culture was more sensitive than periprosthetic tissue culture for the detection of definite prosthetic shoulder infection (66.7 and 54.5%, respectively;
P
= 0.046). The specificities were similar (98.0% and 95.1%, respectively;
P
= 0.26).
Propionibacterium acnes
was the commonest species detected among culture-positive definite prosthetic shoulder infection cases by periprosthetic tissue culture (38.9%) and sonicate fluid culture (40.9%). All subjects from whom
P. acnes
was isolated from sonicate fluid were male. We conclude that sonicate fluid culture is useful for the diagnosis of prosthetic shoulder infection.
Multiplex PCR Testing Detection of Higher-than-Expected Rates of CervicalMycoplasma,Ureaplasma, andTrichomonasand Viral Agent Infections in Sexually Active Australian Women
Authors: McIver Christopher J. , Rismanto Nikolas , Smith Catherine , Naing Zin Wai , Rayner Ben , Lusk M. Josephine , Konecny Pamela , White Peter A. , Rawlinson William D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTKnowing the prevalence of potential etiologic agents of nongonococcal and nonchlamydial cervicitis is important for improving the efficacy of empirical treatments for this commonly encountered condition. We describe four multiplex PCRs (mPCRs), designated VDL05, VDL06, VDL07, and VDL09, which facilitate the detection of a wide range of agents either known to be or putatively associated with cervicitis, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), enterovirus (EV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (VDL05);Ureaplasma parvum,Ureaplasma urealyticum,Mycoplasma genitalium, andMycoplasma hominis(VDL06);Chlamydia trachomatis,Trichomonas vaginalis,Treponema pallidum, and group B streptococci (VDL07); and adenovirus species A to E (VDL09). The mPCRs were used to test 233 cervical swabs from 175 women attending a sexual-health clinic in Sydney, Australia, during 2006 and 2007. The agents detected alone or in combination in all cervical swabs (percentage of total swabs) included CMV (6.0), EV (2.1), EBV (2.6), VZV (4.7), HSV-1 (2.6), HSV-2 (0.8), HSV-2 and VZV (0.4),U. parvum(57.0),U. urealyticum(6.1),M. genitalium(1.3),M. hominis(13.7),C. trachomatis(0.4),T. vaginalis(3.4), and group B streptococci (0.4). Adenovirus species A to E andT. pallidumwere not detected. These assays are adaptable for routine diagnostic laboratories and provide an opportunity to measure the true prevalence of microorganisms potentially associated with cervicitis and other genital infections.
Diversity of Spirochetes in Endodontic Infections
Authors: Sakamoto Mitsuo , Siqueira José F. , Rôças Isabela N. , Benno Yoshimi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The diversity of spirochetes in primary endodontic infections of teeth with chronic apical periodontitis or acute apical abscesses was investigated using 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. The prevalences of three common cultivable oral
Treponema
species were also determined using species-specific nested PCR. All detected spirochetes belonged to the genus
Treponema
. Overall, 28 different taxa were identified from the 431 clones sequenced: 9 cultivable and validly named species, 1 cultivable as-yet-uncharacterized strain, and 18 as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes, 17 of which were novel. The large majority of clones (94%) were from cultivable named species. The numbers of
Treponema
species/phylotypes per selected positive sample ranged from 2 to 12. Species-specific nested PCR detected
T. denticola
,
T. socranskii
, and
T. maltophilum
in 59 (66%), 33 (37%), and 26 (29%) of the 90 cases of primary endodontic infections, respectively. Clone library analysis revealed diverse
Treponema
species/phylotypes as part of the microbiota associated with asymptomatic and symptomatic (abscess) endodontic infections. Although several as-yet-uncultivated
Treponema
phylotypes were disclosed, including novel taxa, cultivable named species were more abundant and frequently detected.
Identification of
Legionella
Species by Use of an Oligonucleotide Array
Authors: Su Hsun-Pi , Tung Seng-Kai , Tseng Lei-Ron , Tsai Wen-Cherng , Chung Tung-Ching , Chang Tsung Chain 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The genus
Legionella
contains a diverse group of motile, asaccharolytic, nutritionally fastidious gram-negative rods.
Legionella pneumophila
is the most important human pathogen, followed by
L. micdadei, L. longbeachae, L. dumoffii
, and other rare species. Accurate identification of
Legionella
spp. other than
L. pneumophila
is difficult because of biochemical inertness and phenotypic identity of different species. The feasibility of using an oligonucleotide array for identification of 18 species of
Legionella
was evaluated in this study. The method consisted of PCR amplification of the macrophage infectivity potentiator
mip
gene, followed by hybridization of the digoxigenin-labeled PCR products to a panel of 30 oligonucleotide probes (16- to 24-mers) immobilized on a nylon membrane. A collection of 144 target strains (strains we aimed to identify) and 50 nontarget strains (44 species) were analyzed by the array. Both test sensitivity (144/144 strains) and specificity (50/50 strains) of the array were 100%. The whole procedure for identification of
Legionella
species by the array can be finished within a working day, starting from isolated colonies. It was concluded that species identification of clinically relevant
Legionella
spp. by the array method is very reliable and can be used as an accurate alternative to conventional or other molecular methods for identification of
Legionella
spp.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BAINITIC MICROSTRUCUTRES IN LOW CARBON HSLA STEELS
Authors: KANG JU SEOK , PARK CHAN GYUNG 
Published: March 2009

The austenite phase of low carbon steels can be transformed to various bainitic microstructures such as granular bainite, acicular ferrite and bainitic ferrite during continuous cooling process. In the present study site-specific transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens were prepared by using focused ion beam (FIB) to identify the bainitic microstructure in low carbon high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels clearly. Granular bainite was composed of fine subgrains and 2nd phase constituents like M/A or pearlite located at grain and/or subgrain boundaries. Acicular ferrite was identified as an aggregate of randomly orientated needle-shaped grains. The high angle relations among acicular ferrite grains were thought to be caused by intra-granular nucleation, which could be occur under the high cooling rate condition. Bainitic ferrite revealed uniform and parallel lath structure within the packet. In some case, however, the parallel lathes showed high angle relations due to packet overlapping during grow of bainitic ferrite, resulting in high toughness properties in bainitic ferrite based steels.
Epidemiology of Analgesic Overdose in England and Wales
Authors: Meredith T.J. , Vale J.A. 
Published: March 2009

1 The number of deaths from acute poisoning in England and Wales has remained constant at approximately 4000 per annum for the last 10 years despite major changes in the agents responsible. Deaths due to carbon monoxide and barbiturate and non-barbiturate hypnotics have fallen, while those due to psychotropic and analgesic drugs have risen. 2 The number of hospital admissions in England and Wales due to analgesics taken in overdose has risen from 15 940 in 1968 to 24 930 in 1980, with aspirin and paracetamol being the preparations most commonly ingested. Currently, the mortality from salicylate intoxication is falling while that due to paracetamol is rising. In 1980, the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys recorded 790 deaths from analgesic poisoning, of which 181 were due to salicylates and 152 to paracetamol alone. A further 269 deaths were attributed to paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene, and an additional 132 deaths were thought to be due to paracetamol in combination with other drugs. 3 An important factor in the changing mortality from salicylate and paracetamol poisoning is the trend observed in the sales and usage of these agents. Since 1979, the number of analgesic tablets containing aspirin sold in the UK (except Northern Ireland), excluding hospital use, has fallen by 326 x 106, while sales of those containing paracetamol have increased by 395 × 106 tablets.
Measurement of Dextropropoxyphene and Nordextropropoxyphene in Biological Fluids
Authors: Flanagan R.J. , Ramsey J.D. , Jane I. 
Published: March 2009

1 Detection, identification and measurement of dextropropoxyphene and its principal plasma metabolite, nordextropropoxyphene, can be important in the diagnosis of acute poisoning.2 A combination of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of solvent or solid-phase extracts of urine or gastric contents usually serves to detect these and many other compounds, and an homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT-DAU) is also available for dextropropoxyphene.3 Measurement of dextropropoxyphene by GLC is complicated by the instability of this compound under certain conditions. However, a relatively polar stationary phase such as Carbowax 20M together with nitrogen-selective detection can give adequate sensitivity and selectivity for the measurement of the plasma concentrations attained after overdosage.4 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has not been widely applied in the assay of dextropropoxyphene and nordextropropoxyphene since these compounds have no pronounced ultraviolet absorption or fluorescence spectra. However, electrochemical oxidation detection can be used with a silica column/non-aqueous ionic eluent system. This gives good selectivity and sensitivity, and can facilitate the measurement of both compounds in plasma specimens after single oral dosage.
Deaths from Paracetamol and Dextropropoxyphene (Distalgesic) Poisoning in England and Wales in 1979
Authors: Vale J.A. , Buckley B.M. , Meredith T.J. 
Published: March 2009

1 Paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene were implicated on clinical and analytical grounds in 237 poison deaths in England and Wales in 1979. In addition to paracetamol, dextropropoxyphene and ethanol, other agents were detected in 61 of these cases (26%). 2 Analytical evidence suggests that very substantial overdoses of paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene were ingested in the majority of cases; their mean plasma concentrations in those ingesting no other agents were 252 and 8.64 mg/l respectively. 3 Significant quantities of ethanol were ingested in 133 of 237 cases (56%). The mean ethanol concentration in those in whom quantitative estimations of paracetamol, dextropropoxyphene and ethanol were undertaken and who had not ingested other drugs, was 1588 mg/l. 4 There was no analytical support for the diagnosis of paracetamol and dextropropoxyphene poisoning in 74 of 305 cases (24%) of H.M. Coroners' returns to the Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys for the period 1 January-31 December 1979. In addition, dextropropoxyphene was detected analytically in six cases classified as being due to paracetamol alone.
Dextropropoxyphene Deaths: Coroner's Report
Authors: Whittington R.M. 
Published: March 2009

1 Dextropropoxyphene has been increasingly prescribed as an analgesic in the UK, chiefly in the form of Distalgesic (dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride 32.5 mg and paracetamol 325 mg per tablet). After reports of sudden deaths from the misuse of this combination, prescribing is declining. 2 Distalgesic remains the most common cause of fatal drug overdose in the West Midlands, UK. The 1983 Birmingham inquests are compared with those from the year 1976 to 1979. 3 In comparison with other drug fatalities, death characteristically occurs rapidly, as little as 1 h after ingestion and usually before hospital treatment can be initiated. 4 Toxicity is increased by alcohol which is also extensively abused. 5 The fatal dose may be as small as 15 tablets or possibly less. 6 Many victims are young and some never intended to take their life. 7 Convulsions and respiratory failure precede death. The elderly and respiratory cripples may be more vulnerable to accidental death. 8 Evidence suggests a liability to dependence or even addiction with dextropropoxyphene.
Analgesic Efficacy of Dextropropoxyphene and Dextropropoxyphene-containing Combinations: a Review
Authors: Beaver W.T. 
Published: March 2009

Twenty years ago, as part of a review of the clinical pharmacology of mild analgesics (Beaver, 1965, 1966), I evaluated reports of those analgesic trials of dextropropoxyphene that appeared to satisfy the minimum methodologic requirements for a controlled clinical trial of analgesic efficacy. On reviewing reports of studies that have been published since then, I find little need to modify my evaluation of the efficacy of dextropropoxyphene that appeared in 1966, at least in respect to the effect of single oral doses:In summary, dextropropoxyphene (hydrochloride) is a mild oral analgesic which has proven superior to placebo in doses of 65 mg or more but which is of questionable efficacy in doses lower than 65 mg. The drug is definitely less potent than codeine: the best available estimates of the relative potency of the two drugs indicating that dextropropoxyphene is approximately 1/2-2/3 as potent. Likewise, dextropropoxyphene in 32-65 mg doses is certainly no more, and possibly less, effective than the usually used doses of aspirin or A.P.C. (aspirin/phenacetin/caffeine).In the interim, the efficacy of dextropropoxyphene has been the subject of a number of other critical reviews (Miller et al., 1970; Miller, 1977), commentaries (Kiplinger & Nickander, 1971; Lasagna, 1976), and even congressional hearings (Beaver, 1979; Moertel, 1979). More importantly, new controlled clinical trials involving dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride or napsylate have been reported, and some of these use more sophisticated design and analysis than those available in 1966. I will therefore discuss the results of those newer studies of apparently suitable scientific design that meet at least the minimum criteria for a valid clinical assay of analgesic activity (Beaver, 1965; Houde et al., 1965,1966; Wallenstein & Houde, 1975; Beaver, 1983), and I will comment on only a few of the studies included in my previous review (Beaver, 1966).
Efficacy: UK Experience
Authors: Sturrock R.D. 
Published: March 2009

1 The UK experience of Distalgesic efficacy is examined, and 18 trials have been reviewed, of which only five were controlled and only three contained a placebo.2 Three trials are examined in detail and the problems of trial methodology discussed.3 The assessment of analgesic effect in chronic painful conditions presents considerable problems. Despite the fact that Distalgesic appears to be a useful analgesic in the clinical situation, long-term controlled studies of its effectiveness in chronic pain are still awaited.