bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Triggering of Orographic Rainbands by Small-Scale Topography
Authors: Kirshbaum Daniel J. , Bryan George H. , Rotunno Richard , Durran Dale R. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The triggering of convective orographic rainbands by small-scale topographic features is investigated through observations of a banded precipitation event over the Oregon Coastal Range and simulations using a cloud-resolving numerical model. A quasi-idealized simulation of the observed event reproduces the bands in the radar observations, indicating the model’s ability to capture the physics of the band-formation process. Additional idealized simulations reinforce that the bands are triggered by lee waves past small-scale topographic obstacles just upstream of the nominal leading edge of the orographic cloud. Whether a topographic obstacle in this region is able to trigger a strong rainband depends on the phase of its lee wave at cloud entry. Convective growth only occurs downstream of obstacles that give rise to lee-wave-induced displacements that create positive vertical velocity anomalies wc and nearly zero buoyancy anomalies bc as air parcels undergo saturation. This relationship is quantified through a simple analytic condition involving wc, bc, and the static stability N 2m of the cloud mass. Once convection is triggered, horizontal buoyancy gradients in the cross-flow direction generate circulations that align the bands parallel to the flow direction.
Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting on Gallium Nitride Powder
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Teramura Kentaro , Saito Nobuo , Inoue Yasunobu , Domen Kazunari 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Gallium nitride (GaN) powder was studied as a photocatalyst for overall water splitting. The photocatalytic activity of GaN for the reaction was found to be strongly dependent on the crystallinity of the material and the cocatalyst employed. Modification of well-crystallized GaN with Rh2−yCryO3 nanoparticles as a cocatalyst for H2 evolution resulted in the stable stoichiometric decomposition of H2O into H2 and O2 under ultraviolet irradiation (λ &gt; 300 nm) by the band gap transition. RuO2 modification did not bring about appreciable H2 and O2 evolution. Low-crystallinity GaN exhibits negligible activity for overall water splitting, regardless of the kind of cocatalyst applied.
Degradation of Phenol under Visible Light Irradiation Using TiO2 with FeIII and Easy Sedimentation of TiO2 Particles
Authors: Nahar Mst Shamsun , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kagaya Shigehiro , Kuroda Shigeyasu 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The combined photocatalytic system (P25 TiO2 + Fe(ClO4)3) was visible light active, and the phenol degradation rate was higher than the sum of the rates for the separately used single photocatalyst. The reason is discussed based on the catalytic cycle of FeIII/FeII. The suspended TiO2 particles were easily sedimented by neutralizing the suspension.
Photochemistry and Photo-Induced Ultrafast Dynamics at Metal Surfaces
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiyasu 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This account describes excitation mechanisms and ultrafast nuclear dynamics at metal surfaces induced upon photon irradiation. After reviewing possible excitation mechanisms for photochemistry of adsorbates on metal surfaces, we discuss the ultra-violet photochemistry of saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., methane and cyclohexane, on metal surfaces. Although these alkanes in the gas phase do not absorb photons at ≈6 eV, CH bond dissociation takes place upon 6.4-eV photon irradiation on metal surfaces. Hybridization between CH antibonding orbitals of the alkanes and metal bands, forming a new band across the Fermi level, is proposed to be responsible for both the photochemistry and CH vibrational mode softening. Since electronic relaxation at metal surfaces takes place very rapidly, most of excited adsorbates do not proceed to dissociation and/or desorption, but rather they are vibrationally excited. To probe photo-induced nuclear motions in real time, we developed femtosecond (fs) time-resolved second harmonic generation spectroscopy on metal surfaces. This method was used to explore the dynamics of photo-excited coherent vibration at Pt(111) surfaces covered with alkali-metal atoms. Irradiation of fs pump-laser pulses induced coherent vibrational motions of the stretching vibration of alkali atoms with respect to the metal surface and the Rayleigh modes of the Pt surface, which manifest themselves in modulations of second harmonic intensity of probe pulses. We also demonstrated that selective excitation of a phonon mode can be achieved by using tailored light pulse trains.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Mono(di-2-pyridylamine)chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)ruthenium(II) Complexes [RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso-S)2] and [RuCl(Hdpa)(dmso-O)(dmso-S)2](OTf)
Authors: Toyama Mari , Suganoya Ryuji , Tsuduura Daisuke , Nagao Noriharu 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The reaction between trans-[RuCl2(dmso-S)4] (dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide) and di-2-pyridylamine (Hdpa) in EtOH–H2O at ca. 273 K afforded trans(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso-S)2] (1) in moderate to high yield. When dissolved in DMSO, 1 rearranged to the more thermodynamically stable cis(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso-S)2] (2), along with cis(Cl),trans(X)-[RuCl2(Hdpa)(dmso)2] (X = S- or O-bonded dmso). The reaction of 2 with Ag(OTf) afforded cis(Cl,S),trans(O,S)-[RuCl(Hdpa)(dmso-O)(dmso-S)2](OTf) (3·(OTf)) (OTf− = trifluoromethanesulfonate). X-ray crystal structures of 1, 2, and 3·(OTf) revealed that the conformation of the six-membered chelate ring formed by the Hdpa ligand with the Ru ion varies according to interactions among the co-ligands (dmso and Cl−) and the counter-anion (OTf−). For 3·(OTf), the structural parameters, apart from the dmso-O ligand, were essentially comparable to those of 2, except for the axial Cl− ligand; the remaining axial site is occupied by the O-donor of the dmso ligand instead of the S-donor. The solution structures (in DMSO solution) of 1, 2, and 3·(OTf) are discussed on the basis of their 1H NMR spectra. In 3·(OTf), “flapping” of the Hdpa ligand causes the coordination modes (O- and S-bonded) of the two axial dmso ligands to undergo mutual alternation.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Conversion of Three Linkage Isomers of Di-2-pyridyl Ketone in Dichlorobis(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)ruthenium(II) and Chlorobis(dimethyl sulfoxide-S)ruthenium(II) Complexes: [RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,O)(dmso-S)2], [RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,N′)(dmso-S)2], and [RuCl(dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′)(dmso-S)2]
Authors: Toyama Mari , Nakahara Makito , Nagao Noriharu 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The reaction between trans-[RuCl2(dmso-S)4] (dmso = dimethyl sulfoxide) and di-2-pyridyl ketone (dpk) in H2O at room temperature afforded trans(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,O)(dmso-S)2] (1) in high yield, while the reaction between cis(Cl),fac(S)-[RuCl2(dmso-S)3(dmso-O)] and dpk in EtOH–DMSO at reflux afforded cis(Cl),cis(S)-[RuCl2(dpk-κ2N,N′)(dmso-S)2] (2). Reaction of 1 with Ag+ and OH− afforded the one-dimensional Ru–Ag coordination polymer trans(Cl),cis(S)-[AgRuCl2(dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′)(dmso-S)2]n (3), which, as shown by X-ray crystallographic analysis, was in an “arrested” state of chloride ion abstraction. Reaction of 3 in DMSO afforded a mixture of two isomers containing dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′: trans(Cl,O),cis(S)- and cis(Cl,O),cis(S)-[RuCl(dpk-OH-κ3N,O,N′)(dmso-S)2] (4a and 4b, respectively). The trans(Cl,O),cis(S)-isomer 4a was selectively synthesized by reaction of 1 with OH− in H2O, while the cis(Cl,O),cis(S)-isomer 4b was selectively synthesized by reaction of 2 with OH− in H2O. The isomerization reaction between 4a and 4b in DMSO solution was found to be reversible, and 4b was favored over 4a, with K4ab = [4b]/[4a] = 1.5 ± 0.1. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 showed that the geometry of the RuCl2(dmso-S)2 unit caused selective formation of the κ2N,O- and κ2N,N′-coordination modes of the dpk ligand. In 4a, the flexibility of the κ3N,O,N′-coordination mode of the (dpk-OH)− ligand mitigates the steric hindrance caused by the RuCl(dmso-S)2+ unit.
On-Line Electrochemical Redox Derivatization for Enhancement of Separation Selectivity of Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Saitoh Kazunori , Naitoh Shogo , Endo Miho , Washiya Manami , Shibukawa Masami 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An on-line electrochemical redox derivatization technique for enhancement of separation selectivity of HPLC using an electrolytic flow cell is presented. This HPLC system consists of two separation columns and a small electrolytic flow cell placed between them. A redox derivatization reaction proceeds in the electrolytic flow cell so that an analyte compound migrates in its original form in the first column, while it moves in its oxidized or reduced form in the second column. The selective separation of an analyte compound has been achieved, because redox reactions specific for the analyte in the electrochemical derivatization unit can be controlled by alteration of potential applied to the cell. A successful application of this method to the separation and determination of cobalt in a stainless steel is demonstrated.
Why Achiral Rod-like Compound with Ester Group Amplifies Chiral Power in Chiral Mesophase
Authors: Kawauchi Susumu , Choi Suk-Won , Fukuda Kaoru , Kishikawa Keiki , Watanabe Junji , Takezoe Hideo 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In this work, we carried out ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations for phenylbenzoate and N-benzylideneaniline, by which we will interpret unusual phenomenon of compounds 1 and 2.
Dendritic Cells at the Osteo-Immune Interface: Implications for Inflammation-Induced Bone Loss
Authors: Alnaeeli Mawadda , Park Jaekweon , Mahamed Deeqa , Penninger Joseph M , Teng Yen-Tung A 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Within the past decade, the critical roles of T cells and T cell–mediated immunity in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss have been extensively studied, thereby establishing the new paradigm of osteoimmunology. Therefore, dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, responsible for activation of naïve T cells and orchestration of the immune response, became critically situated at the osteo-immune interface. Today, emerging new evidence suggests that DC may be directly involved in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss, by acting as osteoclast (OC) precursors that can further develop into DC-derived OCs (DDOC) under inflammatory conditions. These findings have tremendous implications, because in addition to DC's important roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, a direct contribution by these cells to inflammation-induced bone loss may provide a promising therapeutic target not only for controlling inflammation but also for modulating bone destruction.
Residual Lifetime Risk of Fractures in Women and Men
Authors: Nguyen Nguyen D , Ahlborg Henrik G , Center Jacqueline R , Eisman John A , Nguyen Tuan V 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In a sample of 1358 women and 858 men, ≥60 yr of age who have been followed-up for up to 15 yr, it was estimated that the mortality-adjusted residual lifetime risk of fracture was 44% for women and 25% for men. Among those with BMD T-scores ≤ −2.5, the risks increased to 65% in women and 42% in men.
Introduction: Risk assessment of osteoporotic fracture is shifting from relative risk to an absolute risk approach. Whereas BMD is a primary predictor of fracture risk, there has been no estimate of mortality-adjusted lifetime risk of fracture by BMD level. The aim of the study was to estimate the residual lifetime risk of fracture (RLRF) in elderly men and women.
Materials and Methods: Data from 1358 women and 858 men ≥60 yr of age as of 1989 of white background from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study were analyzed. The participants have been followed for up to 15 yr. During the follow-up period, incidence of low-trauma, nonpathological fractures, confirmed by X-ray and personal interview, were recorded. Incidence of mortality was also recorded. BMD at the femoral neck was measured by DXA (GE-LUNAR) at baseline. Residual lifetime risk of fracture from the age of 60 was estimated by the survival analysis taking into account the competing risk of death.
Results: After adjusting for competing risk of death, the RLRF for women and men from age 60 was 44% (95% CI, 40–48) and 25% (95% CI, 19–31), respectively. For individuals with osteoporosis (BMD T-scores ≤ −2.5), the mortality-adjusted lifetime risk of any fracture was 65% (95% CI, 58–73) for women and 42% (95% CI, 24–71) for men. For the entire cohort, the lifetime risk of hip fracture was 8.5% (95% CI, 6–11%) for women and 4% (95% CI, 1.3–5.4%) for men; risk of symptomatic vertebral fracture was 18% (95% CI, 15–21%) for women and 11% (95% CI, 7–14%) for men.
Conclusions: These estimates provide a means to communicate the absolute risk of fracture to an individual patient and can help promote the identification and targeting of high-risk individuals for intervention.
Pesticide and pathogen: Heat shock protein expression and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in juvenile Chinook salmon in response to multiple stressors
Authors: Eder Kai J. , Köhler Heinz-R. , Werner Ingeborg 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRapid expression of heat shock protein (hsp) families in response to a variety of stressors has been demonstrated in many organisms, including fish. The present 60-d challenge study was designed to compare hsp induction in juvenile Chinook salmon following exposure to individual pesticides, virus, and both stressors combined. Heat shock protein expression patterns over time were monitored and related to the extent of virus infection and mortality. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and recovery in response to applied stressors were measured in brain. High enzyme inhibition levels have been correlated with imminent mortality, and other sublethal physiological effects have been observed in fish concurrent with depressed AChE activity. Mortality was elevated considerably in fish exposed to 0.08 μg/L of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (EV). Mortality due to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was lower in groups previously treated with pesticides; however, these fish died sooner than individuals exposed to virus only. Both pesticides, EV and the organophosphate (OP) chlorpyrifos (CP), as well as virus exposure, induced hsp expression, but highest hsp levels were observed after the combined treatments, suggesting an additive effect between virus and pesticides. Highest virus titers were accompanied by strongest hsp induction, indicating a connection between virus concentration and hsp expression. In conclusion, the measurement of hsp expression appears to be a very sensitive, integrative indicator of stress. Esfenvalerate and IHNV did not affect AChE activity, and exposure to 3.7 μg/L CP led to significantly inhibited AChE for at least 20 d. The time required for complete recovery of AChE activity raises concern about deleterious behavioral effects.
Transfer and efflux of cadmium and silver in marine snails and fish fed pre-exposed mussel prey
Authors: Cheung Ma-Shan , Zhang Li , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Subcellular metal distribution may play an important role in the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of metals in marine food chains. In the present study, we preexposed the green mussel Perna viridis to Ag and Cd and quantified their trophic transfer efficiencies to two predators (whelks [Thais clavigera] and fish [Terapon jarbua]). For the mussels, more Ag was distributed in the metal-rich granule (MRG) fraction following Ag exposure, and more Cd was distributed in the metallothionein-like protein following Cd exposure. In addition, Cd was mainly bound with the proteins having a molecular size of approximately 20 kDa. After being fed with metal-exposed mussels, the assimilation efficiencies of Ag decreased significantly (from 77 to 29–60% in whelks and from 9 to 2% in fish) with an increasing percentage of Ag deposited in the MRG fraction of the prey. In contrast, the assimilation efficiencies of Cd remained comparable (81–85% in whelks and 6–8% in fish), because its partitioning in the soluble fraction of different treatments of the prey was similar. The efflux of Ag and Cd in the two predators was comparable after feeding on preexposed mussel prey. Our results imply that the subcellular distribution of metals in prey may affect the dietary assimilation of metals in predators, but such influence is clearly metal-specific. The present study may lead to a better understanding of metal trophic transfer in different marine food chains.
Using mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) arrays to monitor the effectiveness of remediation at a Superfund site in Charleston, South Carolina, USA
Authors: Roling Jonathan A. , Bain Lisa J. , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge , Key Peter B. , Baldwin William S. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We previously developed a cDNA array for mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), an estuarine minnow, that is targeted for identifying differentially expressed genes from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals, including chromium. A chromium-contaminated Superfund site at Shipyard Creek in Charleston, South Carolina, USA, is undergoing remediation, providing us a unique opportunity to study the utility of arrays for monitoring the effectiveness of site remediation. Mummichogs were captured in Shipyard Creek in Charleston prior to remediation (2000) and after remediation began (2003 and 2005). Simultaneously, mummichogs were collected from a reference site at the Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) in Georgetown, South Carolina, USA. The hepatic gene expression pattern of fish captured at Shipyard Creek in 2000 showed wide differences from the fish captured at NERR in 2000. Interestingly, as remediation progressed the gene expression pattern of mummichogs captured at Shipyard Creek became increasingly similar to those captured at NERR. The arrays acted as multidimensional biomarkers as the number of differentially expressed genes dropped from 22 in 2000 to four in 2003, and the magnitude of differential expression dropped from 3.2-fold in 2000 to no gene demonstrating a difference over 1.5-fold in 2003. Furthermore, the arrays indicated changes in the bioavailability of chromium caused by hydraulic dredging in the summer of 2005. This research is, to our knowledge, the first report using arrays as biomarkers for a weight-of-evidence hazard assessment and demonstrates that arrays can be used as multidimensional biomarkers to monitor site mitigation because the gene expression profile is associated with chromium bioavailability and body burden.
Development of bioassessment-based benchmarks for iron
Authors: Linton Tyler K. , Pacheco Manoel A. W. , McIntyre Dennis O. , Clement William H. , Goodrich-Mahoney John 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Current water-quality criteria for metals typically are derived from toxicity tests with the metal dissolved in clean laboratory water. Estimating the toxicity of iron from such tests, however, is extremely difficult because of the complex solubility and toxicity characteristics of the ferrous and ferric forms of the metal in freshwater. Consequently, a criterion for dissolved iron in freshwater derived from standard laboratory bioassays may not accurately describe the actual bioavailability and toxicity of this metal. A new approach is necessary to adequately protect aquatic life from the direct (toxic) and indirect (physical) negative effects of iron. We present a novel methodology to derive bioassessment-based benchmarks for total iron. This approach involves the use of quantile regression to model the decline in maximum abundance of taxa along a gradient of increasing iron concentrations. The limiting function (e.g., 90th quantile) is used to project the iron concentration associated with a selected reduction in maximum number of organisms (e.g., 20%). The projected declines in abundance of aquatic organisms are interpreted within the larger context of biological responses to increasing levels of stress (i.e., a biological condition gradient). Projections of iron concentration associated with multiple levels of reduction are selected to establish acceptable levels of change in the various tiers of a biological community. The bioassessment-based benchmarks that we establish for total iron (0.21 and 1.74 mg/L) are based on the assumption that if ecological effects–based criteria for total iron are derived and applied, the structure and function of the aquatic community will be protected.
An exploration of the role of mysids in benthic-pelagic coupling and biomagnification using a dynamic bioaccumulation model
Authors: Patwa Zaheerabbas , Christensen Rebecca , Lasenby David C. , Webster Eva , Mackay Donald 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A mass-balance model for the uptake of organic contaminants in the opposum shrimp (Mysis relicta) is developed. The model describes the concentration in the mysid as a function of time as it grows and its lipid content changes over a two-year life span. The model can describe uptake in varying proportions from pelagic and benthic sources. Four mysid scenarios are considered: entirely pelagic, entirely benthic, half-pelagic and half-benthic, and following the observed seasonal behavior patterns. The seasonal-scenario mysid yields results consistent with levels of total polychlorinated biphenyls reported for Lake Ontario (Canada/USA). The relative sediment and water fugacities are shown to play a critical role in determining the contamination level in mysids. Inclusion of mysids in a simple food-web model demonstrates higher concentrations in upper-trophic-level organisms by two effects: introduction of another trophic level in the food web, and increased benthic-pelagic coupling.
Comparison of the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides by semipermeable membrane devices and caged fish (Carassius carassius) in Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Ke Runhui , Xu Yiping , Huang Shengbiao , Wang Zijian , Huckins James N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and by crucian carp (Carassius carassius) was studied in Taihu Lake, a shallow, freshwater lake in China. Crucian carp and SPMDs were deployed side by side for 32 d. The first-order uptake rate constants of individual PAHs and OCPs for the two matrices were calculated and compared to relate the amounts of chemicals accumulated by the matrices to dissolved water concentrations. On a wet-weight basis, total concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp fillets averaged 49.5 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively, after the 32-d exposure, whereas concentrations in whole SPMDs averaged 716.9 and 62.3 ng/g, respectively. The uptake rate constants of PAHs and OCPs by SPMDs averaged seven- and fivefold higher, respectively, than those for crucian carp; however, the patterns of uptake rate constants derived from test chemical concentrations in the crucian carp and SPMDs were similar. Although equilibrium was not reached for some PAHs and OCPs during the 32-d exposure period, a reasonably good correlation between the concentration factors (CFs) and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) values of PAHs and OCPs in SPMDs (r = 0.86, p &lt; 0.001) was observed when potential sorption to dissolved organic carbon was taken into account. Similar efforts to correlate the CFs and KOW values of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp (r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001) were less successful, likely because of PAH metabolism by finfish. Overall, the present results suggest that SPMDs may serve as a surrogate for contaminant monitoring with fish in freshwater lake environments.