bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canetti's Counter-image of Society
Authors: Arnason Johann P. 
Published: March 2007

It could be conceivable that society is not an organism, that it has no structure, that it functions only temporarily or seemingly. The most obvious analogies are not the best. The Human Province, p.245 True, he [man] wants to “preserve” himself, but he also simultaneously wants other things which are inseparable from this. Crowds and Power, p. 293 The planning nature of man is a very late addition that violates his essential, his transforming nature. The Secret Heart of the Clock, p. 119 Man, regarding himself as the measure of all things, is almost unknown. His progress in self-knowledge is minimal, every new theory obscures more of him than it illuminates. The Conscience of Words, p. 111
Toward the Uniform Reporting of Police Use of Force: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Pate Anthony M. , Fridell Lorie A. 
Published: March 2007

The legitimate use of force is a distinguislhing characteristic of policing. Nevertheless, relatively little research lhas been conducted conceming thle extent to which such force is used by law enforcement officers. Even less has been done to create uniform methods of reporting the use of force across jurisdictions. Thle status of the collection of data about the use of force is quite similar to that of the collection of crime data in the United States before 1930. In the first effort to detennine the extent to which police departments are systematically collecting data about the use of force by their officers, the authors of the present article collected information from law enforcement agencies regarding their policies pertaining to thie reporting of force by officers. More than 1,100 sheriffs departments, county police departments, municipal police departments, and state law enforcement agencies indicated whetlher officers were required to report incidents involving each of 18 types of force. This article reports these results and, in addition, provides comparisons across agency type and agency size for both sheriff's agencies and municipal police departments. These results are discussed in the context of the need for and feasibility of establishing a national use-of-force reporting system.
Gauging the Intensity of Criminal Sanctions: Developing the Criminal Punishment Severity Scale (CPSS)
Authors: Schiff Mara F. 
Published: March 2007

Retributive theorists have claimed that restorative and other justice models are inadequate because they do not sufficiently consider proportionality either between crimes and punishments or between different types of penalties themselves. The retributive model, however, has been unable to adequately relate the severity of criminal harms to the gravity of criminal punishments, i.e., to establish cardinal proportionality. As a result, judges and other key criminal justice decision makers have had no means by which to assess the relative punitiveness of incarcerative and nonincarcerative sanctions, either to one another or to the seriousness of the harm that was inflicted on the victim. This article suggests that comparing the severity of disparate penalties on a single, multidimensional scale is both possible and desirable. It assumes that virtually any sentencing system, irrespective of its underlying philosophy and the degree to which severity is important, requires some means by which to characterize penalty severity to ensure the imposition of just sanctions. The article first lays a conceptual foundation for gauging penalty severity and then translates these concepts into a practical scale that can be applied at sentencing. The model is then applied to a variety of punishment options in New York City, and finally the policy implications and limitations of the model are discussed.
Reading Activities of Black Adult Education Students
Authors: Kling Martin , Tivenan Bonnie 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the reading activities of 26 adult Black high school equivalency students. The data were obtained through a questionnaire focusing on the subjects' previous day's activities. The procedures replicated those employed in the Educational Testing Ser vice's Study on Reading Activities of American Adults. The four questions asked about Black adult education students' reading activities were: What are the reading activities? How important is the reading? What are the reading difficulties? What other reading difficulties do students encounter? In addition to school related reading, the subjects engaged in reading an average of 82 minutes per day. Utilitarian activities, the Bible, and church related reading rated as more important than recreational reading. The newspaper, the Bible, and various types of forms and applications were fre quently noted as difficult.
Comparative Study of Adult Education Practitioners and Professors On Future Knowledge and Skills Needed By Adult Educators
Authors: Daniel Richard , Rose Harold 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to compare practitioners' opinions concerning knowledge and skills needed by future adult educators with those of professors. The sample population of practitioners was 78 NUCEA members who were deans or directors of continuing education. Practitioners, through two rounds of questionnaires, priority ranked thirty knowledge and thirty- seven skill statements identified and priority ranked by professors of adult education in an earlier Delphi Study. Kendall Tau Coefficients computed for both knowledge and skill statement rankings between the two samples indicated that professors and practitioners tended to agree more on skill statement relative ranking than on knowledge statement relative ranking. It was concluded, from examination of means and rank order, that differences, as well as convergence, of opinion exist between the two study populations regarding the sampled knowledge and skill areas needed by future adult educators.
Responses of the Circadian System in the Aplysia Eye to Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
Authors: Yeung S.J. , Eskin A. 
Published: March 2007

Protein synthesis seems to be a general requirement for circadian timing. Defining the time period when inhibition of protein synthesis changes the phase of the biological clock may help identify proteins that are involved in the molecular mechanism of circadian timing. Rothman and Strumwasser (1976), Jacklet (1977), and Lotshaw and Jacklet (1986) gen erated phase response curves (PRCs) for relatively long pulses (6 hr) of anisomycin and puromycin administered to Aplysia eyes. Using somewhat different conditions, we generated a 4-hr anisomycin PRC from Aplysia eyes and found that our anisomycin PRC was similar to that previously described by Lotshaw and Jacklet (1986). We studied recovery of protein synthesis after 1-hr and 6-hr anisomycin treatments and found recovery to be very slow; from 8 to 12 hr appeared to be required for full recovery after anisomycin. Slow recovery occurred when eyes were treated either in buffered artificial seawater or in enriched culture media. Because of the slow recovery after anisomycin, it is difficult to infer accurately from the anisomycin PRC when protein synthesis is important. To identify an inhibitor whose effect reverses quickly, we studied recovery from inhibi tion of protein synthesis after emetine, L-O-methylthreonine, and cycloheximide. Both eme tine and L- O-methylthreonine seemed to reverse no faster than anisomycin, but cycloheximide reversed faster than all the other inhibitors. Cycloheximide (10 mM, 1 hr) produced 89% inhibition of [3H] leucine incorporation, and within 3 hr after removal of cycloheximide, the recovery was 85%. A PRC was obtained using 1-hr treatments of cycloheximide (10 mM). Cycloheximide did not significantly phase-shift from circadian time (CT) 8 to CT 20, and cycloheximide delayed (by about 1 hr or less) the circadian rhythm from CT 20 to CT 8. The cycloheximide PRC was not due to different kinetics of recovery at different phases, as evidenced by similar recovery times when recovery from inhibition by cycloheximide was measured at two phases (a phase when cycloheximide produced no phase shift and a phase when cycloheximide delayed the rhythm).
The Amplitude of Circadian Oscillations: Temperature Dependence, Latitudinal Clines, and the Photoperiodic Time Measurement
Authors: Pittendrigh Colin S. , Kyner Walter T. , Takamura Tsuguhiko 
Published: March 2007

This paper develops several propositions concerning the lability of the amplitude of Drosophila circadian pacemakers. The first is that the amplitude of the pacemaker's motion, unlike its period, is markedly temperature-dependent. The second is that latitudinal variation in pacemaker amplitude (higher in the north) is responsible for two very different sets of observations on Drosophila circadian systems at successively higher latitudes. One of these is a cline in D. auraria's phase-shifting response to light, which steadily weakens in a succession of more northerly strains. The other, concerning D. littoralis in the very far north, is a cline in the rate at which eclosion activity becomes arrhythmic (the circadian rhythm damps out) in constant darkness; damping is faster in the north. The third proposition concerns a plausible selection pressure for the cline in pacemaker amplitude that we propose underlies the two directly observed clines. Two points are emphasized: (1) The amplitude of the pacemaker's daily oscillation declines as the duration of the entraining light pulse (photoperiod) is increased; and (2) the duration of the daily photoperiods throughout the breeding season is steadily increased as one moves toward the poles. Selection for conservation of pacemaker amplitude (during the breeding season) would produce the latitudinal cline we propose. The fourth, and final proposition is that since the amplitude of the pacemaker's daily motion responds systematically to change in photoperiod, amplitude is clearly one way—and a temperature-dependent way—in which insect circadian systems may sense seasonal change. These propositions concerning the temperature and latitude dependence of pacemaker amplitude may be relevant to a wider array of circadian pacemakers than Drosophila.
The Cbr Advisory Board Comments on: Restructuring Issues, Compensation's New Strategic Role, and Maiket Risks of Stock Icentive Plans
Authors: Bennett Linda 
Published: March 2007

At its annual meeting on September 19, the Compensation & Benefits Review Advisory Board discussed a number of timely issues that relate to the current economic boom and the technological forces that are reshaping the way we work. The session opened with a presentation on compensation concerns in corporate restructurings, including mergers, acquisitions, sales, spinoffs, and IPOS. The board also discussed how compensation and benefits specialists' roles have changed dramatically, especially in the past decade. Strategic analysis is assuming an ever greater importance at the expense of traditional compensation and benefits transactional and calculating duties, which are more and more often outsourced. Board members also raised the issue of what might happen to their incentive plans and 401(k) plans if the stock market should experience severe losses and stay flat. Discussion focussed on how to build provisions into pay and benefit plans to moderate some of the worse effects of a major market stumble.
Reactivation of Cultural Mediational1 Practices
Authors: Hundeide Karsten 
Published: March 2007

This article is a theoretical statement on the significance of human meaning both in a context of adaptation to extreme situations, cultural change and to early intervention into caregiver-child relationships, and child rearing practices. In the first part of this article, I argue that human beings need a conceptual framework of meaning into which they can project their life so that it makes sense. These life-theories or -narratives are crucial for psychological adaptation and survival under difficult life conditions—something that makes suffering meaningful and worth enduring, a moral framework. This applies also to condi tion of cultural change, when the link towards established meaning resources are destroyed or inhibited—when there is loss of meaning-a situation of demoralisation may be the conse quence. In the second part of this article, I argue against the widespread tendency in psychology to detach psychological skills from content and meaning, as exemplified in the widespread tendency to develop cognitive intervention programmes directed towards children and their caregivers detached from a framework and context of cultural and social meaning. This argument is pursued further by requesting a new strategy of intervention where reactivation of relevant cultural practices may be the issue, not intervention in the sense of enforcing/ instructing universal skills, which are very often camouflaged as Western cultural practices that are taken for granted. In the last part of the article, I go more explicitly through some facilitative procedures and examples of how Feuerstein and Klein's criteria of mediation can be used, not in an instruc tive and imposive way, but to facilitate traditional cultural ways of communicating and relating between caregiver and child. Finally I go through different cultural modes of mediation that are more in line with the communicative practices which are common in traditional societies of the majority world
Managing Brains
Authors: Albach Horst 
Published: March 2007

Classical economic theory distinguished between two factors of production: capital and labour. Alfred Marshall added a third factor: management. Gary Becker, in distinguishing between unskilled and specialized labour, emphasized the importance of investment in special human capital. Dieter Sadowski showed that investment in general human capital increases the ability to move but reduces the willingness of the employee to move. In the 'New Economy' the willingness of the employees to move has increased significantly. On the other hand, the firms have become interested in flexibility: Project management requires combining different skills in individual projects and assigning different individuals to ever-changing projects. These individuals may be found inside or outside the firm. In this sense we talk about the virtual firm. In the article, a generalized assignment problem is developed to capture the process of managing special skills of individuals for changing projects in a virtual company.
“Social Production Functions, Deficits, and Social Revolutions”
Authors: Brough Wayne T. , Elliott V. L. 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum section is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
The Comedy of the Commons
Authors: MESTERTON-GIBBONS MICHAEL 
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Victimless Crimes and the "Culture Wars" of the 1990s
Authors: Dombrink John 
Published: March 2007

This article examines the religious, political, and economic shaping of the "cultural wars" involving victimless crimes in the United States in the 1990s. The articles identifies the genesis of the interest by American sociolegal scholars in the reform of the criminal law in the area of vice in the 1960s, and the nature of their practical and philosophical opposition to government interference in certain private acts. The article then compares the evolution of government policy and public opinion toward each of the particular victimless crimes, describing how each has evolved along a different track. It examines the connections between each of the victimless crimes in contemporary America, as well as the debates surrounding appropriate government policy on each of them. The article examines the cultural importance of attitudes toward the activities contained in these victimless crimes, and the reasons why criminal laws have been brought to bear against them, as well as the reasons and movements to remove the criminal law to reflect and to shape public opinion.
Outcomes of Group Cognitive Behavioral Training in the Treatment of Panic Disorder And Agoraphobia
Authors: Schweitzer Pamela B. , Nesse Randolph M. , Fantone Rosalind F. , Curtis George C. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Several investigators have demonstrated the efficacy of group cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia. However, no information on nurse-facilitated, short-term, outpatient cognitive behavioral treatment training programs was found in the literature. OBJECTIVES: This study examined differences in the severity of symptoms before and after participation in a 6-week training program for clients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. This article describes the cognitive behavioral techniques used in the Comprehensive Anxiety Management Program. DESIGN: Forty consecutive treatment-seeking subjects completed the Symptom Check List-90-Revised and the Weekly Ratings Scale before and afler participation in the training program. Dependent variables included intensity of panic symptoms, phobic avoidance, generalized anxiety, and depression. RESULTS : Significant differences between baseline and endpoint means scores of the group participants were found. No significant differences in progress were noted between subjects who were taking medication and those who were not, nor did a concurrent diagnosis of depression or another anxiety disorder contribute to differ ent outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that brief, nurse-facilitated group training in cog nitive behavioral treatment can significantly reduce symptoms of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Further research is needed to determine which components of the train ing program were primarily responsible for the observed outcomes. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995], 1, 83-91)
Campaigns, skirmishes and battles: anti-nuclear movements in the USA, France and West Germany
Authors: Rucht Dieter 
Published: March 2007

Rucht, D., 1990. Campaigns, skirmishes and battles: anti-nuclear movements in the USA, France and West Germany. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 193-222. Probably never before in history has the introduction of a new technology induced such widespread and tenacious opposition as nuclear power. This pa per offers a comparative analysis of the struggles over nuclear power in the western democracies of the USA, France and West Germany during the past two decades. It describes the courses, strategies, organizations, action reper toires and outcomes of these struggles. It pays particular attention to an in terpretive concept which focuses on political opportunity structures, and ar gues that this concept, in its present form, is too simplistic to adequately explain the diversity of oppositional movement actors, strategies and action reper toires. Suggestions are offered for developing a more complex analytical concept.
Heat-Transport and Solar Transmission Through Windows with Low-Emitting Coatings
Authors: Karlsson B. , Karlsson T. , Ribbing C.-G. 
Published: March 2007

The thermal performance of a double glazed window with a low emitting coating is studied. Three types ot coatings are considered: single noble metal- films ; noble metal-based triple-layers ZnS/M/ZnS; and sprayed SnO2-films. The quantities calculated are the total heat-flow, the U1-value, and the pane- temperatures. Calculations are made both tor night-time and for daytime with varying solar radiation-intensity. Different semi-empirical expressions tor the convective transter give essentially the same results. Particular attention is given to the net effect of absorption in the coating. It is found that with the coating on the inner pane, about 70 percent of the absorbed solar energy is effectively transferred as heat into the room. In an overall comparison with strong insolation considered, the SnO2-films show the best properties even if the triple-layers have higher solar transmission.
Predicting Field Thermal Performance of a Modified Resol Foam from Laboratory Data
Authors: Bomberg Mark 
Published: March 2007

With safety testing of new blowing agents being near completion and new types of thermal insulating foams entering the market, predicting the long- term thermal performance of these foams becomes important. In this respect, the ex perience gained under a 1987-1988 project on CFC blown, modified resol foams may prove invaluable as predictions derived four years ago can now be compared with data obtained on material exposed on experimental roofs This comparison indicates that the prediction of long-term thermal performance based on the initial thermal resistance determined on full thickness specimens com bined with the effect of aging determined on thin layers agreed with results obtained on the foam aged under field conditions
A Comparative Test Method to Determine Thermal Resistance under Field Conditions
Authors: Bomberg M.T. , Muzychka Y.S. , Stevens D.G. , Kumaran M.K. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the development and application of a test method to determine thermal resistance of a material under transient conditions. The method consists of testing two material slabs placed in contact with one another, one of them being a reference material with known dependence of thermal conductivity and heat capacity on temperature and the other being a test specimen whose thermal proper ties are to be determined. Thermocouples are placed on each surface of the standard and reference materials to measure temperatures during a transient heat transport process. These tempera tures are used as the boundary conditions in a series of calculations. First, the heat flux across the contact surface between the reference and the test specimen is calculated using a numerical algorithm to solve the heat transfer equation through the reference material. Then, imposing the requirement of heat flux continuity at the contact surface, corresponding values of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the test specimen are calculated with an iterative technique. These calculations, done as a function of time, result in a set of thermal properties of the test specimen for the range of boundary conditions imposed during the transient process. This method can be used under transient conditions of either laboratory or field testing. Of particular interest is its application to examine effects of aging (effect of time) and weathering (effect of time and environmental conditions) on thermally in sulating foams. For instance, in this research, the reference and tested specimens are placed in an exposure box representing a conventional roofing assembly and the change in the thermal properties of the test specimens is determined.