bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methanol and Egg Yolk as Cryoprotectants for Atlantic Salmon Spermatozoa
Authors: Jodun Wade A , King Kim , Farrell Pat , Wayman William 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The effects of four extenders on the fertilization rates of eggs fertilized with cryopreserved sperm of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were tested. We used (1) glucose extender (54.04 g glucose/L and 1.7 g KCl/L) with 5% DMSO, (2) glucose extender with 5% DMSO supplemented with 13.3% egg yolk, (3) glucose extender with 10% methanol, and (4) glucose extender with 10% methanol supplemented with 13.3% egg yolk. Fertilization rates, expressed as the percentage of eyed embryos, ranged from 52.7% to 83.5%. Sperm cryopreserved with the glucose extender and 10% methanol supplemented with 13.3% egg yolk yielded significantly higher fertilization rates (83.5%) than did sperm cryopreserved with the other three extenders. Our fertilization rates compare favorably with those observed for eggs from the same year-class fertilized with fresh milt (81.4%) and reared at the White River National Fish Hatchery. The presence of egg yolk in extenders incorporating 10% methanol provided additional protection to salmonid sperm during the freezing and thawing processes and resulted in an increase in survival from 72.9% to 83.5%. However, the cryoprotective effect of egg yolk may be specific to the individual formulation of extenders. In our trials, glucose and 5% DMSO without egg yolk yielded a 66.9% fertilization rate, while glucose and 5% DMSO supplemented with 13.3% egg yolk produced only 52.7% fertilization after cryopreservation.
Detection of the Mitochondrial Apoptosis‐Induced Channel (MAC) and Its Regulation by Bcl‐2 Family Proteins
Authors: Kinnally Kathleen W. , Martinez‐Caballero Sonia , Dejean Laurent M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractApoptosis is a phenomenon fundamental to higher eukaryotes that is integral to such diverse cellular processes as tissue homeostasis, organogenesis, and response to toxins. The release from mitochondria of apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c is a key step during apoptosis of most cells. Cytochrome c release occurs through the MAC (mitochondrial apoptosis‐induced channel), a pore which forms in the mitochondrial outer membrane during early apoptosis and is exquisitely regulated by the Bcl‐2 family of proteins. This unit presents basic and advanced tools for detecting MAC and defining its regulation by Bcl‐2 family proteins and pharmacological agents. Protocols include the use of time‐lapse video‐microscopy to monitor the onset of apoptosis in living cells and patch‐clamp techniques for mitochondria or proteoliposomes containing mitochondrial proteins, which allow direct detection of MAC. These approaches enable an evaluation of the role of MAC and mitochondria in apoptosis of a variety of cell types by many inducers.
Analysis of Ultrasonic Vocalizations Emitted by Infant Rodents
Authors: Branchi Igor , Santucci Daniela , Alleva Enrico 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAltricial rodent pups emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are whistle‐like sounds with frequencies between 30 and 90 kHz. These signals play an important communicative role in mother‐offspring interaction because they elicit in the dam a prompt response as concerning care‐giving behaviors. To investigate neurobehavioral development, the analysis of the number of USVs presents several advantages: (1) USVs are one of the few responses produced by very young rodents that can be quantitatively analyzed and elicited by quantifiable stimuli; (2) USV emission follows a clear ontogenetic profile from birth to the second to third week of life, thus allowing longitudinal analysis during very early post‐natal ontogeny. The reported role played by several receptor agonists and antagonists in modulating the USV rate makes this measure highly informative in investigating the effects of toxicants and, more generally, psychoactive compounds on the development of selected brain systems.
Identifying Small‐Molecule Modulators of Protein‐Protein Interactions
Authors: Horswill Alexander R. , Benkovic Stephen J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis unit outlines methods for identifying cyclic peptides that inhibit protein‐protein interactions. Proteins of interest are cloned into a two‐hybrid system engineered to operate in reverse, allowing the disruption of a protein complex to be coupled to cell growth. Cyclic peptide libraries are generated using an intein‐based plasmid construct, and the cyclized sequence is randomized using a PCR procedure. By transforming plasmid libraries into host cells containing the two‐hybrid fusions, cyclic peptide inhibitors can be identified by growing the cells under the appropriate selective conditions. A detailed procedure for performing the genetic selection and identifying false positives is provided. Methods for building the two‐hybrid protein fusions and optimizing media conditions, as well as an additional protocol for constructing cyclic peptide libraries are also provided.
Benzodiazepine Binding to GABAAReceptors
Authors: Benke Dietmar , Möhler Hanns 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis unit describes ligand binding assays for the characterization of the benzodiazepine (BZ) site of GABAAreceptors in the central nervous system. The Basic Protocol provides a procedure for analyzing benzodiazepine binding to GABAAreceptors from brain. The experimental design of the method is suitable for all commercially available radioligands that interact with the BZ site of central GABAAreceptors. By using the appropriate radioligand in combination with particular displacer compounds, individual (or groups of) GABAAreceptor subtypes can be identified. Preparation of membrane suspensions for this procedure is described in a Support Protocol, and five Alternate Protocols are provided for the identification of diazepam‐sensitive GABAAreceptors, the α1‐subtype of diazepam‐sensitive receptors, the α5 subtype of diazepam‐sensitive receptors, both diazepam‐sensitive and diazepam‐insensitive receptors, and diazepam‐insensitive receptors exclusively. Each protocol contains a brief description of the requirements for radioligand binding to these five types of BZ sites.
Overview of Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Ator Mark A. , Mallamo John P. , Williams Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis overview unit describes the core activities involved in the drug discovery and development process, from target identification ‐ including preclinical biology, medicinal and process chemistry ‐ to pharmacokinetics and metabolism (ADME), and also activities related to the to the drug approval process. The latter include the activities related to the filing of an IND (Investigational New Drug) application and also Phases I – III of clinical trials that form the basis of an NDA (New Drug Application) submission, as well as post‐marketing Phase IV activities as required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European and Japanese counterparts
One‐Dimensional SDS Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractElectrophoresis is used to separate complex mixtures of proteins (e.g., from cells, subcellular fractions, column fractions, or immunoprecipitates), to investigate subunit compositions, and to verify homogeneity of protein samples. It can also serve to purify proteins for use in further applications. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proteins migrate in response to an electrical field through pores in a polyacrylamide gel matrix; pore size decreases with increasing acrylamide concentration. The combination of pore size and protein charge, size, and shape determines the migration rate of the protein. In this unit, the standard Laemmli method is described for discontinuous gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, that is, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Both full‐size and minigel formats are detailed. Several modifications are provided for specific applications. For separation of peptides and small proteins, the standard buffers are replaced with either a Tris‐tricine buffer system or a modified Tris buffer in the absence of urea. Continuous SDS‐PAGE is a simplified method in which the same buffer is used for both the gel and electrode solutions and the stacking gel is omitted. Other protocols cover the preparation and use of ultrathin gels and gradient gels, and the simultaneous preparation of multiple gels.
Infection of CD4+ Primary T Cells and Cell Lines, Generation of Chronically Infected Cell Lines, and Induction of HIV Expression
Authors: Vicenzi Elisa , Poli Guido 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAcute infection of most primary cells and cell lines with HIV depends upon the sequential engagement of CD4 (primary receptor) and a chemokine coreceptor (usually CCR5 or CXCR4) by gp120 Env. Chronically infected cell lines and clones are currently used as sources of virus for infecting other cell types, as “factories” for large‐scale production of virions or viral components, and as model systems for studies of regulation of virus expression. This unit provides detailed protocols for acute in vitro HIV infection of primary T cell blasts, interleukin‐2‐stimulated PBMC, and resting PBMC. The unit also contains information on how to determine the chemokine coreceptor usage of the virus for experimental infections. The use of cell lines as targets of acute infection is also described. Finally, protocols for generating and studying chronically HIV‐infected cell lines are provided.
Calcium Chloride
Authors: Kemp Robert , Keegan Suzanne E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

5.

Environmental Protection

6.

Quality Specifications

7.

Chemical Analysis

8.

Storage and Transportation

9.

Uses

10.

Economic Aspects

11.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Carbides
Authors: Tulhoff Helmut 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Survey1.1.Saltlike Carbides1.2.Metal‐like Carbides1.3.Diamond‐like Carbides1.4.Carbides of Nonmetallic Elements1.5.Crystal Structure1.6.General Production Processes1.7.Uses2.Metal‐like Carbides of Industrial Importance2.1.Tungsten Carbide2.2.Titanium Carbide2.3.Tantalum Carbide2.4.Niobium Carbide2.5.Zirconium Carbide2.6.Hafnium Carbide2.7.Vanadium Carbide2.8.Chromium Carbide2.9.Molybdenum Carbide3.Mixed Carbides3.1.Tungsten ‐ Titanium Carbide3.2.Other Mixed Carbides3.3.Carbonitrides3.4.Mixed Carbonitrides4.Carbides of the Iron Group and Manganese5.Complex Carbides
Carboxylic Acids, Aliphatic
Authors: Riemenschneider Wilhelm 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Natural Sources5.Production5.1.Saturated Monocarboxylic Acids5.1.1.Aldehyde Oxidation5.1.2.Carboxylation of Olefins, Koch Process5.1.3.Oxidation of Alkanes5.1.4.Alkali Fusion of Alcohols5.2.Unsaturated Monocarboxylic Acids6.Environmental Protection7.Quality Specifications and Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Uses10.Specific Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids10.1.Butyric Acids10.2.Valeric Acids10.3.Octanoic Acids10.4.2‐Ethylhexanoic Acid10.5.Nonanoic Acids10.6.Isodecanoic Acid10.7.Pivalic Acid10.8.Versatic Acids and Neo Acids10.9.Propiolic Acid11.Trade Names, Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health13.Derivatives13.1.Acyl Halides13.2.Anhydrides13.3.Lactams13.4.Halogenated Carboxylic Acids
Chromium Compounds
Authors: Anger Gerd , Halstenberg Jost , Hochgeschwender Klaus , Scherhag Christoph , Korallus Ulrich , Knopf Herbert , Schmidt Peter , Ohlinger Manfred 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Chromium Ores2.1.Ore Deposits2.2.Ore Beneficiation3.Production of Sodium Dichromate3.1.Alkaline Roasting3.2.Leaching of the Roast3.3.Acidification3.4.Crystallization4.Chromium Oxides4.1.Chromium(III) Oxide and Chromium Hydroxide4.2.Chromium(IV) Oxide (Chromium Dioxide)4.3.Chromium(VI) Oxide5.Chromium(III) Salts5.1.General Properties5.2.Chromium(III) Sulfates and Chrome Tanning Agents5.3.Other Chromium(III) Salts6.Chromic Acids and Chromates(VI)6.1.Chromic Acids6.2.Alkali Chromates and Dichromates6.3.Other Chromates7.Other Chromium Compounds8.Analysis9.Transportation, Storage, and Handling10.Environmental Protection11.Ecotoxicology12.Nutrition13.Toxicology and Occupational Health14.Economic Aspects
Coal Pyrolysis
Authors: Scaroni Alan W. , Khan M. Rashid , Eser Semih , Radovic Ljubisa R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Thermoplastic Properties of Coal2.1.Experimental Techniques2.2.Experimental Variables2.2.1.Coal Rank and Petrographic Composition2.2.2.Heating Rate2.2.3.Particle Size2.2.4.Pressure2.2.5.Gaseous Atmosphere2.2.6.Preoxidation2.2.7.Additives2.3.Development of Thermoplasticity2.3.1.Softening2.3.2.Swelling2.3.3.Resolidification2.4.Coke Microstructure and Mesophase Formation2.4.1.Microscopic Characterization2.4.2.Carbonaceous Mesophase2.4.3.Modification of Optical Texture and Properties3.Yield and Distribution of Pyrolysis Products3.1.Experimental Methods3.2.Experimental Variables3.2.1.Time and Temperature3.2.2.Heating Rate3.2.3.Pressure3.2.4.Particle Size3.2.5.Coal Rank3.3.Mechanism4.Kinetics5.Hydropyrolysis6.Pyrolysis Processes6.1.Low‐Temperature Pyrolysis Processes6.1.1.Early Processes6.1.2.Contemporary Processes6.2.High‐Temperature Processes (Coke‐Making)6.2.1.Coke Ovens6.2.2.Coke Properties6.2.3.Byproducts6.2.4.Formed‐Coke Processes6.2.5.Environmental Aspects6.3.Contemporary Hydropyrolysis and Pyrolysis Processes
Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Tiebes Dominika , Peters Stefan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Concept of Combinatorial Chemistry3.Methods and Techniques of Combinatorial Synthesis3.1.Synthetic Strategies Towards Combinatorial Libraries3.1.1.Split ‐ Pool Synthesis Towards Combinatorial Libraries3.1.1.1.Techniques using Resin Beads3.1.1.2.Tea‐Bag Method3.1.2.Parallel Synthesis Towards Combinatorial Libraries3.1.2.1.Reaction Apparatus using Resin Beads3.1.2.2.Multipin Technique3.1.2.3.Spatially Addressable Parallel Synthesis on Silica Wafer3.1.3.Reagent Mixture Synthesis Towards Combinatorial Libraries3.2.Synthetic Methodology for Organic Library Construction3.2.1.Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis3.2.1.1.Solid Support, Linker, and Cleavage Strategies3.2.1.2.Reaction Portfolio3.2.2.Synthesis in Solution and Liquid‐Phase Synthesis4.Characterization of Combinatorial Libraries4.1.Analytical Characterization4.2.Hit Identification in Combinatorial Libraries by High‐Throughput Screening4.2.1.Strategies for Libraries of Compound Mixtures4.2.1.1.On‐Bead Screening4.2.1.2.Deconvolution4.2.1.2.1.Iterative Deconvolution4.2.1.2.2.Deconvolution by Positional Scanning4.2.1.2.3.Deconvolution by Orthogonal Libraries4.2.1.3.Encoding4.2.1.4.Multiple Cleavable Linkers4.2.2.Strategies for Libraries of Separate Single Compounds4.2.3.Conclusion5.Automation and Data Processing5.1.Synthesis Automation and Data Processing5.2.Automated Purification6.Library Design and Diversity Assessment6.1.Diversity Assessment for Selection of Building Blocks or Compound6.2.Iterative Optimization Methods7.Economic Aspects and Industrial Case Studies8.Further Developments8.1.Combinatorial Chemistry and Catalysis8.2.Combinatorial Chemistry and Material Science
Lactic Acid
Authors: Chahal Surinder P. , Starr John N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLactic acid is a naturally occurring C3α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid that is a product of anaerobic metabolism of sugars in virtually all living things. It is a colorless to slightly yellow, hydroscopic liquid commercially available in 50 – 90 wt % solutions. Lactic acid is made industrially by fermentation of carbohydrates or synthetically via the hydrolysis of lactonitrile. Production by fermentation has increased over the last decade as it produces the highly enantiopurel‐lactic acid that is needed for food and polymer applications. Historically, foods have been the largest volume application, as lactic acid is a mild‐tasting acidulant and food preservative. The use of lactic acid based polymers has increased significantly since ca. 2002. These polymers have the potential to develop into a million‐tonne industry over the next 20 years. The commercial lactic acid processes use a variety of sugar for raw materials (sucrose from sugar beets and sugar cane, dextrose from corn), depending on price and availability of these sugars near the plant location. There are also a number of purification processes that are used commercially (lactate ester distillation, distillation, liquid – liquid extraction).The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.1.Internal Esterification2.2.2.Esterification2.2.3.Other Reactions3.Production3.1.Lactic Acid Fermentation3.2.Lactic Acid Purification3.3.Synthesis of Lactic Acid3.4.Construction Materials4.Uses4.1.Food Uses4.2.Polymers4.3.Industrial Uses5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Legal Aspects9.Economic Aspects10.Environmental Protection11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Sealing Materials
Authors: Palmer Richard A. , Klosowski Jerome M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definition of Sealing Materials1.2.Performance Characteristics1.3.Specifications and Physical Properties1.3.1.General Considerations1.3.2.Modulus of Elasticity1.3.3.Movement1.3.4.Adhesion1.3.5.UV and Weathering Stability1.3.6.High‐Temperature Stability1.3.7.Low‐Temperature Flexibility1.3.8.Reversion1.3.9.Staining2.Medium‐Performance Sealants2.1.Butyl Sealants2.2.Latex Acrylic Sealants2.3.Solvent‐Release Acrylic Sealants3.Polysulfides3.1.Composition3.2.Properties3.3.Advantages, Markets, and Limitations3.4.Major Suppliers4.Urethanes4.1.Composition4.2.Properties4.3.Advantages, Markets, and Limitations4.4.Major Suppliers5.Silicones5.1.Composition5.2.Properties5.3.Advantages, Markets, and Limitations5.4.Major Suppliers6.Environmental Protection
Silicates
Authors: Lagaly Gerhard , Tufar Werner , Minihan A. , Lovell A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Structural Chemistry of Silicates

1.1.

Structural Classification

1.2.

Oligo‐ and Cyclosilicates

1.3.

Polysilicates

1.4.

Phyllosilicates

1.4.1.

Monophyllosilicates

1.4.2.

Diphyllosilicates

1.4.3.

Alkali Silicates

1.4.4.

Crystalline Silicic Acids

1.4.5.

Clay Minerals

1.4.6.

Intracrystalline Reactions

1.5.

Tectosilicates

2.

Natural Silicates

2.1.

Feldspar

2.1.1.

Structure and Composition

2.1.2.

Characterization of Individual Feldspars

2.1.3.

Production

2.1.4.

Properties

2.1.5.

Mineral Deposits and their Extraction

2.1.6.

Processing and Quality Requirements

2.1.7.

Uses and Economic Aspects

2.2.

Nepheline and Related Compounds

2.3.

Leucite

2.4.

Olivine

2.5.

Andalusite

2.6.

Kyanite

2.7.

Sillimanite

2.8.

Mullite

2.9.

Vermiculite

2.10.

Perlite

2.11.

Pumice

2.12.

Basalt

2.13.

Wollastonite

2.14.

Toxicology

3.

Alkali Silicates

3.1.

Introduction

3.2.

Raw Materials

3.3.

Amorphous Anhydrous Alkali Silicates (Solid or Lump Glasses)

3.4.

Silicate Solutions

3.5.

Hydrated Water‐Soluble Silicates

3.6.

Crystalline Solids

3.7.

Uses and Applications

3.8.

Economic Aspects

3.9.

Storage, Safety, Labelling and Transportation

3.10.

Analysis
Thiols and Organic Sulfides
Authors: Roy Kathrin‐Maria 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Aliphatic Thiols, Sulfides, Disulfides, and Polysulfides1.1.Introduction1.2.Properties of Aliphatic Thiols1.2.1.Physical Properties1.2.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production of Aliphatic Thiols1.3.1.From Alcohols1.3.2.From Alkenes1.3.3.Other Production Methods1.4.Construction Materials, Storage, and Transport1.5.Uses of Aliphatic Thiols1.6.Alkyl Sulfides, Disulfides, and Polysulfides1.6.1.Physical and Chemical Properties1.6.2.Production of Alkyl Sulfides1.6.3.Production of Alkyl Disulfides1.6.4.Production of Alkyl Polysulfides1.6.5.Uses of Alkyl Sulfides, Disulfides, and Polysulfides2.Aromatic Thiols, Sulfides, Disulfides, and Polysulfides2.1.Physical and Chemical Properties2.2.Production of Aromatic Thiols2.2.1.By Reduction2.2.2.By Thiolation2.3.Uses of Aromatic Thiols2.4.Production of Aryl Sulfides, Disulfides, and Polysulfides2.5.Uses of Aryl Sulfides, Disulfides, and Polysulfides3.Heterocyclic Thiols, Sulfides, and Disulfides3.1.Introduction3.2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.3.1.Heterocyclic Thiols by Substitution3.3.2.Heterocyclic Thiols by Cyclization3.3.3.Heterocyclic Sulfides and Disulfides3.4.Uses of Heterocyclic Thiols, Sulfides, and Disulfides3.4.1.Pharmaceuticals3.4.2.Agricultural Chemicals3.4.3.Other Uses4.Toxicology5.Acknowledgement
Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds
Authors: Sibum Heinz , Güther Volker , Roidl Oskar , Habashi Fathi , Wolf Hans Uwe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Mechanical Properties4.Corrosion Behavior5.Occurrence6.Production of Titanium Tetrachloride7.Production of Titanium Sponge7.1.Reduction of Titanium Dioxide7.2.Reduction of Titanium Halides7.3.Thermal Decomposition of Titanium Halides7.4.Electrowinning of Titanium8.Processing and Reuse of Scrap Metal9.Processing of Titanium Sponge10.Production and Processing of Semifinished Products11.Titanium Alloys11.1.α‐, (α + β)‐, and β‐Alloys11.2.Highly Alloyed Titanium12.Uses and Economic Aspects13.Titanium Master Alloys13.1.Ferrotitanium13.1.1.Composition and Uses13.1.2.Production13.1.3.Economic Aspects13.2.Titanium ‐ Aluminum13.3.Other Master Alloys14.Titanium Compounds14.1.Titanium(II) Compounds14.2.Titanium(III) Compounds14.3.Titanium(IV) Compounds14.4.Interstitial Compounds15.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Transuranium Elements
Authors: Koch Lothar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Isotopes of Transuranium Elements2.Properties of Transuranium Elements2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Production4.Applications5.Transuranium Elements as Waste5.1.Radiotoxicity5.2.Partitioning and Transmutation
Wood, Surface Treatment
Authors: Hansemann Wilfried 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Bleaching

3.

Staining

3.1.

Stain Systems

3.2.

Application of Stains

4.

Coating Systems

4.1.

Cellulose Nitrate Lacquers

4.2.

Polyurethane Coatings

4.3.

Unsaturated Polyester Coatings

4.4.

Waterbased Paints

5.

Paint Application

6.

Paint Curing Methods

6.1.

Heat‐Drying Systems

6.2.

Radiation‐Curing Systems

6.2.1.

IR Irradiation

6.2.2.

UV Curing

6.2.3.

Electron‐Beam Curing
Reaction Columns
Authors: Wörz Otto , Mayer Hans‐Horst 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Mathematical Model3.Case Studies3.1.Effect of Feed Tray and Number of Plates3.2.Effect of Equilibrium Constant3.3.Different Relative Volatilities of A and B3.4.Increasing Relative Volatility of D3.5.Declining Relative Volatility of A4.Important Applications5.Summary