bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of Obstetric and Pediatric Health Care Providers Toward Resuscitation of Infants Who Are Born at the Margins of Viability
Authors: Lavin Justin P. , Kantak Anand , Ohlinger Judy , Kaempf Joseph W. , Tomlinson Mark , Campbell Betty , Fofah Ona , Edwards William , Allbright Kathy , Hagen Erik , Suresh Gautham , Schriefer Janice 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes of a variety of health care providers toward the recommendations that should be made to parents regarding the resuscitation of infants who are born at the margins of viability.METHODS. A written questionnaire was distributed to the medical and nursing staff at 4 tertiary perinatal centers. For each of 5 weekly gestational age intervals from 22 weeks to 26 weeks, 6 days, the health care providers were asked to describe on a scale from 1 to 5 whether they would strongly discourage through strongly encourage resuscitation. They also were queried regarding their comfort with counseling regarding these issues. The attitudes of various groups of providers were compared across weekly intervals.RESULTS. A total of 204 physicians and 539 nurses completed the survey. The majority would strongly discourage, either discourage or strongly discourage, be neutral or recommend, recommend or strongly recommend, and strongly recommend resuscitation during the 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th weeks of gestation, respectively. Obstetric caregivers were slightly less likely than pediatric caregivers to strongly discourage resuscitation from 22 weeks to 22 weeks, 6 days and 23 weeks to 23 weeks, 6 days. There were no significant differences in the recommendations of obstetricians and pediatricians. Pediatric nurses were more likely to strongly recommend resuscitation from 26 weeks to 26 weeks, 6 days and more likely either to discourage or to strongly discourage resuscitation from 23 weeks to 23 weeks, 6 days and to strongly discourage resuscitation from the 22 weeks to 22 weeks, 6 days than their obstetric counterparts. Obstetric nurses were slightly less likely than obstetricians to strongly recommend resuscitation at 26 weeks to 26 weeks, 6 days and less likely to strongly discourage resuscitation from 22 weeks to 22 weeks, 6 days.CONCLUSIONS. The caregivers' recommendations seem to be based logically on the current literature regarding survival and morbidity that is experienced by infants who are born at the threshold of viability. Although there are minor differences, there was a relatively consistent approach among professional groups.
Standardizing Nasal Cannula Oxygen Administration in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Jackson Jodi K. , Ford Susannah P. , Meinert Kerri A. , Leick-Rude Mary Kay , Anderson Betsi , Sheehan Michael B. , Haney Barbara M. , Leeks Sherri R. , Simon Stephen D. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. A multicycle, quality improvement method was used to standardize nasal cannula O2 administration and weaning in the NICU.METHODS. A 2-armed nasal cannula standardized order form (nasal cannula for stable O2 arm and nasal cannula for stable flow arm) was developed after review of the literature, surveying of the practice of NICU physicians and nurse practitioners, and development of consensus among these providers. Outcomes were measured by tracking the distribution of protocol arm chosen, days on O2, weeks on nasal cannula, and disposition of infants who were supported by nasal cannula. Data were collected in an SPSS statistical data set.RESULTS. Of the 90 infants evaluated, 12 were supported on the stable O2 arm and 53 on the stable flow arm for their entire nasal cannula course. Twenty-five infants switched between arms of support. Patients who were on the stable flow arm of the standard order set for their entire nasal cannula course experienced fewer O2 days but more days on nasal cannula. A subpopulation of infants were supported on nasal cannula flow 0.5 to 1.0 L, with fraction of inspired O2 of 21%. When data from the first 10 weeks of observation were compared with that of the second 10 weeks, the rate of discharge on O2 had decreased from 13 (30%) of 44 to 3 (7%) of 39.CONCLUSIONS. The multiple steps of literature review, practice surveys, and consensus-building resulted in enthusiastic reception of the nasal cannula standardized order form. The 2-armed nasal cannula protocol forced caregivers to consider which method of support was most beneficial for each infant who was on nasal cannula and allowed a subpopulation of NICU patients to be supported with a lower fraction of inspired O2 than previously used in the NICU.
Outcome at 6 Months After Admission for Pediatric Intensive Care: A Report of a National Study of Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Samantha , Rantell Khadija , Stevens Katherine , Colwell Brigitte , Ratcliffe Jane R. , Holland Philip , Rowan Kathy , Parry Gareth J. ,   on behalf of the United Kingdom Pediatric Intensive Care Outcome Study Group
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to measure, by using the Health Utilities Index, the health status of children 6 months after admission to PICUs in the United Kingdom.
METHODS. All PICUs in the United Kingdom were invited to participate. Children who were ≥6 months of age at admission and were discharged alive from participating units during a 1-year period were eligible for this study. Children with completed consent forms who had survived to 6 months after admission received the Health Utilities Index questionnaire.
RESULTS. Admission data on 7214 admissions to 22 units were collected between March 2001 and February 2002. Of those patients, 6786 survived to unit discharge, and consent for follow-up contact was obtained for 2642. At 6 months after admission, the mortality rate was estimated at 11.1% and 2034 children were still alive and contactable. Of those children, Health Utilities Index questionnaires were returned by 1455. No impairment was indicated for 767, 951, 940, 919, 962, and 939 children with respect to the Health Utilities Index sensation, cognition, emotion, pain, mobility, and self-care attributes, respectively. The mean ± SE Health Utilities Index utility score was 0.73 ± 0.01, with 397 children (27.3%) in full health.
CONCLUSIONS. Death after pediatric intensive care in the United Kingdom is uncommon, making assessment of health status important. At 6 months after admission, there is significant morbidity. To assess the impact of strategies to improve or to optimize care on longer-term outcomes, standardized collection of data on preexisting comorbidities and illness severity is required.
The Potential Impact of Poison Control Centers on Rural Hospitalization Rates for Poisoning
Authors: Zaloshnja Eduard , Miller Ted , Jones Paul , Litovitz Toby , Coben Jeffrey , Steiner Claudia , Sheppard Monique 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. This study tested the hypothesis that underutilization of poison control centers is associated with increased rates of hospitalizations attributable to poisonings in rural areas.
METHODS. To measure the potential impact of poison control centers on hospitalization rates in rural areas among people who visit emergency departments because of poisoning, we estimated the reduction in hospitalization rates associated with increased rates of calls to centers. We used the 2003 State Inpatient Database and State Emergency Department Database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to calculate the numbers of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for each county in the 12 states analyzed. We used Toxic Exposure Surveillance System data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers to calculate the number of human exposure calls per capita according to county.
RESULTS. In rural counties, a 1% higher poison control center human poison exposure call rate was associated with a 0.19% lower hospitalization rate among people who visited emergency departments because of poisoning. If the observed association is causative, then 43.3 calls would prevent 1 hospital admission, yielding $7321 in net cost savings and a return on investment of 5.9:1 (from the health care system perspective).
CONCLUSIONS. Our results establish the existence of the hypothesized association between rural poison control center utilization rates and hospitalization rates among emergency department-treated poisoning patients.
Patient- and Family-Centered Care and the Role of the Emergency Physician Providing Care to a Child in the Emergency Department
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics,   Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine,   American College of Emergency Physicians,   Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee
Published: November 2006

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed June 2009, October 2019.
Patient- and family-centered care is an approach to health care that recognizes the role of the family in providing medical care; encourages collaboration between the patient, family, and health care professionals; and honors individual and family strengths, cultures, traditions, and expertise. Although there are many opportunities for providing patient- and family-centered care in the emergency department, there are also challenges to doing so. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Emergency Physicians support promoting patient dignity, comfort, and autonomy; recognizing the patient and family as key decision-makers in the patient's medical care; recognizing the patient's experience and perspective in a culturally sensitive manner; acknowledging the interdependence of child and parent as well as the pediatric patient's evolving independence; encouraging family-member presence; providing information to the family during interventions; encouraging collaboration with other health care professionals; acknowledging the importance of the patient's medical home; and encouraging institutional policies for patient- and family-centered care.
Angler Opinion of Potential Bluegill Regulations on Illinois Lakes: Effects of Angler Demographics and Bluegill Population Size Structure
Authors: Edison Timothy W. , Wahl David H. , Diana Matthew J. , Philipp David P. , Austen Douglas J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus are an important sport as well as food fish, but harvest regulations do not currently exist on most lakes throughout the United States. A self-administered survey was used to provide insight into angler attitude toward potential new bluegill harvest regulations (including catch-and-release-only fishing, no-fishing zones, daily bag limits, and minimum size limits) designed to increase the number of bluegills 150 mm or larger. Angler surveys were conducted at six lakes in Illinois, three of which contained bluegill populations that were categorized as stunted (few fish greater than 150 mm) and three as quality (fish greater than 180 mm were abundant). Anglers showed greatest support for catch-and-release fishing (during the spawning season), a 6-in minimum size limit, and use of a daily bag limit of 10. Anglers showed a less positive response to 7- and 8-in minimum size limits, a 25-fish daily bag limit, catch-and-release fishing for the entire year, and no-fishing zones (one-fourth of the lake) during the spawning season. Proposed regulations receiving negative responses were no-fishing zones (one-half of the lake) for either the entire year or just during spawning season. Angler willingness to support regulations was affected by bluegill size structure as there was greater acceptance on stunted than on quality lakes. Importance of catching fish, distance driven to a lake, and size of hometown all influenced support for regulations. Less-experienced anglers showed greater support for regulations than more highly experienced anglers. Anglers fishing for food and sport showed less support for regulations than anglers fishing for sport alone. No differences existed in the opinion of anglers based on the species of fish they were targeting. Information on support for various regulations and identification of different angler groups will aid management decisions for bluegill populations and help guide education efforts.
Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M. , Switzer Galen , Hyman Kelly , Crowley-Matoka Megan , Fine Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

We provide a framework for health services–related researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to guide future health disparities research in areas ranging from detecting differences in health and health care to understanding the determinants that underlie disparities to ultimately designing interventions that reduce and eliminate these disparities. To do this, we identified potential selection biases and definitions of vulnerable groups when detecting disparities. The key factors to understanding disparities were multilevel determinants of health disparities, including individual beliefs and preferences, effective patient–provider communication; and the organizational culture of the health care system. We encourage interventions that yield generalizable data on their effectiveness and that promote further engagement of communities, providers, and policymakers to ultimately enhance the application and the impact of health disparities research.
Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life
Authors: Wiseman-Orr M. Lesley , Scott E. Marian , Reid Jacqueline , Nolan Andrea M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To validate the use of a novel questionnaire as an instrument for measurement of chronic pain in dogs through its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL).
Animals—108 dogs with chronic degenerative joint disease and 26 healthy dogs.
Procedures—Questionnaire responses were subjected to factor analysis (FA) and questionnaire scores to discriminant analysis to evaluate construct validity. Questionnaire scores were used to explore the potential of this instrument for minimizing respondent bias and for evaluative purposes.
Results—FA results revealed a sensible factor structure accounting for 65% of the variance in data, with factors identifiable as domains of HRQL in dogs affected by chronic pain. Further evidence for construct validity was provided when questionnaire scores were used to discriminate, on the basis of 218 questionnaires, between dogs with clinician-awarded pain scores of 0 and dogs with pain scores ≥ 1 (88% discrimination, with 95% of no-pain group dogs and 87% of some-pain group dogs correctly categorized). Use of the questionnaire provided minimized respondent bias.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Validation of the questionnaire as an instrument for discriminative and evaluative measurements of orthopedic chronic pain through its impact on HRQL in dogs was provided. Use of the questionnaire, with further testing and refinement, may support improved clinical decision making, facilitate development of evidence-based therapeutic options for chronic diseases, and help veterinarians and owners define humane end points in dogs.
Impact for Human Medicine—Information gained here may provide improved measurements of clinical change in animal studies that use dogs with naturally occurring chronic pain to evaluate novel human treatment protocols.
Epidemiologic cutoff values for antimicrobial agents against Aeromonas salmonicida isolates determined by frequency distributions of minimal inhibitory concentration and diameter of zone of inhibition data
Authors: Miller Ron A. , Reimschuessel Renate 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To develop epidemiologic cutoff values by use of frequency distributions for susceptibility to 4 antimicrobial agents when tested against a representative population of a major aquaculture pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida.
Sample Population—217 typical and atypical A salmonicida isolates obtained from 20 states and 12 countries.
Procedures—Species identification of A salmonicida isolates was confirmed by detection of specific nucleotide sequences by use of a PCR assay. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and diameter of the zone of inhibition for oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, oxolinic acid, and florfenicol were determined for each isolate in accordance with standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods that have been approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for bacterial isolates from aquatic animals. Susceptibility data were tabulated in a scattergram and analyzed by use of error rate bounding.
Results—Susceptibility tests for oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, and oxolinic acid revealed 2 distinct populations of bacteria. Isolates tested against florfenicol clustered into a single population. Oxolinic acid susceptibility data revealed higher MICs in the non–United States A salmonicida isolates. Slow-growing (atypical) A salmonicida isolates were generally more susceptible than typical isolates for all antimicrobials, except oxolinic acid.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of frequency distributions of susceptibility results to develop epidemiologic cutoff values appears to be applicable to aquatic isolates. Frequency distributions of susceptibility results for A salmonicida revealed clear divisions between isolate susceptibilities. This type of data, considered in conjunction with pharmacokinetic and efficacy data, may be useful for developing clinical breakpoints for use in aquaculture.
Expression of neural markers on bone marrow–derived canine mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Kamishina Hiroaki , Deng Jie , Oji Takashi , Cheeseman Jennifer A. , Clemmons Roger M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate cell surface markers of bone marrow–derived canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by use of flow cytometric analysis and determine whether canine MSCs express proteins specific to neuronal and glial cells.
Sample Population—Bone marrow aspirates collected from iliac crests of 5 cadavers of young adult dogs.
Procedures—Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate cell surface markers and homogeneity of third-passage MSCs. Neural differentiation of canine MSCs was induced by use of dibutyryl cAMP and methyl-isobutylxanthine. Expressions of neuronal (β III-tubulin) and glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and myelin basic protein) proteins were evaluated by use of immunocytochemical and western blot analyses before and after neural differentiation.
Results—Third-passage canine MSCs appeared morphologically homogeneous and shared phenotypic characteristics with human and rodent MSCs. Immunocytochemical and western blot analyses revealed that canine MSCs constitutively expressed β III-tubulin and GFAP. After induction of neural differentiation, increased expression of GFAP was found in all samples, whereas such change was inconsistent in β III-tubulin expression. Myelin basic protein remained undetectable on canine MSCs for these culture conditions.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells yielded an apparently homogeneous population of MSCs after expansion in culture. Expanded canine MSCs constitutively expressed neuron or astrocyte specific proteins. Furthermore, increases of intracellular cAMP concentrations induced increased expression of GFAP on canine MSCs, which suggests that these cells may have the capacity to respond to external signals. Canine MSCs may hold therapeutic potential for treatment of dogs with neurologic disorders.
Reducing side product by enhancing mass‐transfer rate
Authors: Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Xu J. H. , Gong X. C. , Luo G. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFast mass transfer rate and short reaction time are required to reduce side product of the premixing reaction, in the SNIA Viscosa process, as a liquid‐liquid competitive consecutive system. In order to obtain high selectivity, a microstructure device, named a membrane dispersion mini‐reactor, was designed and tested at several operation conditions. The mass transfer rate of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CCA) was significantly increased by membrane dispersion in this mini‐reactor compared with a traditional batch reactor and a membrane free one, just with a residence time less than 80 ms. The results showed that the nominal yield of side product was lower than 10% in the reaction products and about 5% lower than the traditional stirring method. Additionally, a theoretical model was developed to eliminate the mass transfer flux in this mini‐reactor, and the calculation results fit well with the experimental data. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Shape‐Persistent Aromatic Amide Oligomers: New Tools for Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Li Zhan‐Ting , Hou Jun‐Li , Li Chuang , Yi Hui‐Ping 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWith an increasing number of folding and helical structures available, chemists have begun to pay greater attention to the functions of this family of structurally unique oligomers. Hydrogen‐bonding‐mediated aromatic oligoamide foldamers have the features of good structural predictability, synthetic facility, and structural modification, which make them very promising as scaffolds or platforms for supramolecular chemistry. Recent advances in the applications of this class of shape‐persistent oligomers in the promoted synthesis of macrocycles, design of new nonring receptors, supramolecular self‐assembly, molecular encapsulation, and reaction acceleration, are highlighted in this Focus Review.
Comparison between micellar liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of hydrophobic basic drugs in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Torres‐Cartas S. , Martín‐Biosca Y. , Sagrado S. , Villanueva‐Camañas R. M. , Medina‐Hernández M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe determination of highly hydrophobic basic compounds by means of conventional reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic methods has several drawbacks. Owing to the characteristics of micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), these techniques could be advantageous alternatives to reversed‐phase chromatographic methods for the determination of these kinds of compounds. The objective of this study was to develop and compare MLC and CE methods for the determination of antipsychotic basic drugs (amitryptiline, haloperidol, perphenazine and thioridazine) in pharmaceutical preparations. The chromatographic determination of the analytes was performed on a Kromasil C18 analytical column; the mobile phase was 0.04 m cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), at pH 3, containing 5% 1‐butanol, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The CE separation was performed in a fused‐silica capillary with a 50 mm tris‐(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane buffer, pH 7, at an applied voltage of 20 kV, using barbital as internal stardard. The proposed methods are suitable for a reliable quantitation of these compounds in the commercial tablets and drops in terms of accuracy and precision and require a very simple pre‐treatment of the samples. By comparing the performance characteristics and experimental details of the MLC and CE methods we conclude that CE seems to be slightly better than MLC in the determination of highly hydrophobic compounds in pharmaceuticals in terms of resolution and economy, taking into account that the limits of detection are not a handicap in pharmaceutical samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.