bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
sn‐Position determination of phospholipid‐linked fatty acids derived from erythrocytes by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion‐trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Beermann Christopher , Möbius Michael , Winterling Nadine , Schmitt Joachim J. , Boehm Günther 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sn‐position of FA in membrane lipids has an influence on the physiological function of cells, is predictive for diseases, and therefore is useful for diagnostics. The current study compares the compositions of acyl chain substituents in the sn‐1 and sn‐2 positions of the glycerol backbones of phospholipids derived from human erythrocytes by using RP‐HPLC coupled with on‐line electrospray ionization ion trap MS. Preferential loss of the acyl group in the sn‐1 position was used to determine the degree of regiospecific preference exhibited by the phospholipid molecules. The identities of the molecular species and the positions of the acyl substituents were identified using product‐ion spectra of major precursor ions selected from the mass spectra averaged across peaks in the total ion chromatogram. Saturated FA were found to be located mainly in the sn‐1 position of the glycerol backbones of erythrocyte phospholipids, whereas PUFA were found primarily in the sn‐2 position. All measured phospholipids revealed palmitic acid (16∶0) at the sn‐1 position. Linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) and arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) were found to be attached exclusively to the sn‐2 position of the backbone, whereas eicosadienoic (20∶2n−6) and eicosatrienoic acid (20∶3n−9) occurred in both positions of the backbone of PC. Oleic (18∶1n−9), linoleic (18∶2n−6), and octadecatrienoic (18∶3) acids of PE and PS were linked to both positions. Lignoceric acid (24∶1n−9) was found to be strictly localized at the sn‐2 position, whereas nervonic (24∶1n−9) acid of PS was associated with both positions of the backbone. A detailed analysis of the blood cell membrane lipids by MS might be helpful to characterize postprandial kinetics of pharmacological or dietary lipid applications, as well as environmental influences on cell membranes.
Effects of droplet size on the oxidative stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Nakaya Kyoko , Ushio Hideki , Matsukawa Shingo , Shimizu Masataka , Ohshima Toshiaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of droplet size and emulsifiers on oxidative stability of polyunsaturated TAG in oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions with droplet sizes of 0.806±0.0690, 3.28±0.0660, or 10.7±0.106 μm (mean ± SD) were investigated. Hydroperoxide contents in the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 0.831 μm were significantly lower than those in the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 12.8 μm for up to 120 h of oxidation time. Residual oxygen contents in the headspace air of the vials containing an o/w emulsion with a mean droplet size of 0.831 μm were lower compared with those of the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 12.8 μm. Hexanal developed from soybean oil TAG o/w emulsions with smaller droplet size showed significantly lower residual oxygen contents than those of the larger droplet size emulsions. Consequently, oxidative stability of TAG in o/w emulsions could be controlled by the size of oil droplet even though the origins of TAG were different. Spin‐spin relaxation time of protons of acyl residues on TAG in o/w emulsions measured by 1H NMR suggested that motional frequency of some acyl residues was shorter in o/w emulsions with a smaller droplet size. The effect of the wedge associated with hydrophobic acyl residues of emulsifiers was proposed as a possible mechanism to explain differences in oxidative stability between o/w emulsions with different droplet sizes.
Relative retention order of all isomers of cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid FAME from the 6,8‐ to 13,15‐positions using silver ion HPLC with two elution systems
Authors: Delmonte Pierluigi , Kataoka Ai , Corl B. A. , Bauman D. E. , Yurawecz Martin P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCLA, defined as one or more octadecadienoic acids (18∶2) with conjugated double bonds, has been reported to be active in a number of bological systems. GC and silver ion HPLC (Ag+‐HPLC) have been the primary techniques for identifying specific CLA isomers in both foods and biological extracts. Recently, GC relative retention times were reported for all c,c, c/t (c,t and t,c), and t,t CLA FAME from the 6,8‐ to the 13,15‐positions in octadecadienoic acid (18∶2). Presented here is the relative retention order of the same CLA FAME using Ag+‐HPLC with two different elution systems. The first elution system, consisting of 0.1% acetonitrile/0.5% diethyl ether (DE)/hexane, has been used previously to monitor CLA composition in foods. Also presented here is the retention order of CLA FAME using 2% acetic acid/hexane elution solvent, which has advantages of more stable retention volumes and a complementary elution order of CLA FAME isomers. The data are reported using retention volumes (RV) adjusted for toluene, an estimator for dead volume, and relative to c9,t11‐18∶2. Measurement of relative RV in the analysis of 88 samples of cow plasma, milk, and rumen fluids using Ag+‐HPLC is also presented here. The % CV ranged from 1.04 to 1.62 for t,t isomers and from 0 to 0.48 for c/t isomers.
Improved HPLC assay for lipid peroxides in human plasma using the internal standard of hydroperoxide
Authors: Hui Shu‐Ping , Murai Tsuyoshi , Yoshimura Teruki , Chiba Hitoshi , Nagasaka Hironori , Kurosawa Takao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have developed a sensitive reversed‐phase chemiluminescence HPLC approach for simultaneous quantitative and qualitative analyses of hydroperoxides of cholesteryl ester and TC in human plasma. Standard hydroperoxides of cholesteryl ester and TG and a novel internal standard (1‐tetradecanyl 3‐octadecenoyloxy‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oate monohydroperoxide) (I.S.) were chemically synthesized and the standard curves confirmed to be linear throughout the calibration range (1–1000 pmol). Within‐day and between‐day CV were less than 7%, and the recoveries were within the range of 84–93%. With sample size minimized to 0.1 mL of plasma for each run, plasma cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide levels were 189±87 nM (mean±SD) in healthy young (22–25 yr old; n=15, male/female=6∶9) and 210 ±69 nM in healthy elderly (39–60 yr old; n=6, male/female= 3∶3). TG hydroperoxide was not detected in healthy subjects. In patients with advanced liver failure (36–67 yr old; n=4, male/female=2∶2), hydroperoxide levels of plasma cholesteryl ester and TG were 11,903±9,553 nM and 3,318±1,590 nM, respectively, indicating an involvement of lipid oxidation. Sensitive and specific monitoring of plasma lipid peroxides using the present chemiluminescence HPLC approach with the synthesized I.S. may help our understanding of chemical and pathophysiological aspects of lipid peroxidation.
Synthesis and biological activity of new lodoacetamide derivatives on mutants of squalene‐hopene cyclase
Authors: Ceruti Maurizio , Balliano Gianni , Rocco Flavio , Jenhart Alexander , Schulz Georg E. , Castelli Francesco , Milla Paola 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew iodoacetamide derivatives, containing a dodecyl or a squalenyl moiety, were synthesized. The effect of these new thiol‐reacting molecules was studied on two mutants of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius squalene‐hopene cyclase constructed especially for this purpose. In the quintuple mutant, all five cysteine residues of the enzyme are substituted with serine; in the sextuple mutant, this quintuple substitution is accompanied by the substitution of aspartate D376, located at the enzyme's active site, with a cysteine. N‐Dodecyliodoacetamide had little activity toward either mutant, whereas N‐squalenyliodoacetamide showed a stronger effect on the sextuple than on the quintuple mutant, as expected.
The relationship between the structure of monoalkyl branched saturated triacylglycerols and some physical properties
Authors: Svensson Leif , Hansson Ulf , Gronowitz Salo , Klingstedt Tomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree different physical properties, the gel point (“solidification point”), the refractive index and the density, were determined and related to the structure of the branched triacylglycerols. A four‐factor central composite face‐centered design was constructed where the four variables were the length of the main chain, the branching position, the length of the side chain, and the number of branched fatty acyl groups attached to the glycerol backbone. Second‐order models were calculated in which the three physical properties were related to the structure. Four additional branched triacylglycerols were analyzed in order to confirm the validity of each model. Contour plots are shown in order to visualize the prediction equations which were obtained.
On the syntheses of triacylglycerols from branched saturated fatty acids
Authors: Gronowitz Salo , Klingstedt Tomas , Munck Magnus , Glans Jan , Svensson Leif , Hansson Ulf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of triacylglycerols with branched acyl groups were prepared via 1,2‐isopropylidene glycerol for the purpose of studying three different physical properties: gel point, refractive index, and density. The monoacid triacylglycerols were prepared either via the corresponding acids or the acyl chlorides.
Functional class switch recombination may occur ‘in vivo’ in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Martín‐Jiménez Patricia , García‐Sanz Ramón , Sarasquete María E. , Ocio Enrique , Pérez José J. , González Marcos , San Miguel Jesús F. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWaldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) malignant cells have been considered incapable of undergoing class switch recombination (CSR). However, we report a WM patient who developed an IgG M‐component 4 years after diagnosis. When the second monoclonal component appeared, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of pre (Cμ) and postswitch (Cγ) clonotypic isotypes; sequencing of these isotypes demonstrated that both corresponded to the single clone amplified at diagnosis, including the same complementarity‐determining region 3 and somatic mutation pattern. This proves that WM cells can undergo a functional in vivo CSR.
Understanding where we come from: Occupational therapy with urban Indigenous Australians
Authors: Nelson Alison , Allison Heather , Copley Jodie 
Published: November 2006

Background: This article outlines issues of service provision for Indigenous families in Brisbane, Australia. It presents guidelines for the development of a socially and culturally appropriate occupational therapy service for urban Indigenous children.Methods: A mixed methodology was used in two independent components of the research. Part 1 comprised a survey of paediatric occupational therapists in Brisbane. Part 2 consisted of focus groups and interviews with recipients of a newly established occupational therapy service for Indigenous children.Results: Survey findings indicated that very few Indigenous families access mainstream occupational therapy services. Issues and strategies for developing culturally appropriate practice emerged around five main themes. These were the need to develop effective relationships, develop particular personal qualities, understand the background of both the client and the therapist, both gain and give knowledge, and address logistical issues of service delivery.Conclusions: Service providers need to understand the social and cultural context of both their Indigenous clients and themselves. Recommendations for future education and practice are provided.
Proton‐pump inhibitor failure/resistance: Proposed mechanisms and therapeutic algorithm
Authors: Cheung Ting K , Wong Benjamin CY 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) failure has become more prevalent with the increasing use of PPI as the first‐line agent in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The underlying mechanisms are diverse and may overlap. The commonly available investigations are limited in their capacity in identifying the underlying cause for PPI failure. Multichannel intraluminal impedance with 24‐h pH sensors may be useful to identify non‐acid or duodenogastroesophageal reflux in selected cases. The management strategy for PPI failure is largely empirical. Patients who have symptomatic failure on normal dose of PPI shall try double dose PPI. Failing that, empirical treatment with transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation reducers or pain modulators can be tried. Better understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms for PPI failure will help to improve the management of this rising problem.
Stand edge effects on distribution and condition of Diprionid sawflies
Authors: De Somviele Bert , Lyytikäinen‐Saarenmaa Päivi , Niemelä Pekka 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1 We investigated stand edge effects on Diprion pini cocoon condition and distribution after an outbreak of unprecedented magnitude in Finland. We hypothesized that forest fragmentation and the resulting proportional increase in stand edge habitats may have led to the increase in outbreak area: D. pini may profit from edge habitats and so escape its control mechanisms more easily. This hypothesis was based on the observation that no outbreak occurred in neighbouring Russian Karelia, where the proportion of edge habitats between different stand types and/or successional stages is significantly less than in Finland.2 To test the hypothesis, we determined the amount and condition of cocoons in an outbreak area, along transects going from stand centres through edge habitats, towards neighbouring stand centres.3 Both the total number and number of cocoons in different conditions varied significantly between edges and centres. The effects were more pronounced when age difference between neighbouring stands increased.4 Edge habitats did not benefit D. pini. Both the total number and number of hatched cocoons were consistently higher in centre than in edge habitats.5 Defoliation was unrelated to distance from the edge, even on transects where cocoon density and condition was correlated to distance from the edge.6 We conclude that edge habitats have an inhibitive effect on D. pini densities, and therefore our original hypothesis was rejected. The importance of small mammals to D. pini mortality was demonstrated, and we suggest further investigation of this predator–prey relationship because of its potential for limiting outbreak risk and/or damage through silvicultural measures.
Potentiality and the Matter of Composite Substance
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper examines the connection between Aristotle's theory of generated substance and his notion of potentiality in Metaphysics Θ.7. Aristotle insists that the matter of a substance is not what that substance is, against a competing view that was widely held both in his day and now. He coined the term thaten (εκεíνινOν) in order to make this point. The term highlights a systematic correspondence between the metaphysics of matter and of quality: the relationship between a thing and its matter is like the relationship between a quali fied thing and the relevant quality. It is argued that Aristotle's view about the matter of particular substances is connected with his view about ultimate matter. His conception of the matter of particular substances allows him to block an argument, from Plato's Timaeus, that ultimate matter must be something imperceptible and lacking all perceptible qualities. Aristotle uses the term thaten to introduce an alternative conception of ultimate matter on which ultimate matter might well be an ordinary perceptible kind of thing.
Compared virulence of the Belgian isolate of Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the type population of S. scarabaei to white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Ansari Minshad Ali , Ali Farman , Moens Maurice 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema glaseri Belgian
strain and S. scarabaei against different development stages of the European
cockchafer Melolontha melolontha, Hoplia philanthus and Serica brunnea was
compared in the laboratory. The virulence of S. glaseri did not differ among
first, second and third instars of M. melolontha, H. philanthus or S.
brunnea. However, the virulence of S. scarabaei to second and third instars
of M. melolontha was greater than to first instars of this insect species,
but did not differ significantly between second and third instars of H.
philanthus. Our observations, combined with those of previous studies on
other nematode and white grub species, show that nematode virulence against
white grub developmental stages varies with white grub and nematodes
species.
HIV-1 subtype A infection in a community of intravenous drug users in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Saeed , Rai Mohammad A , Khanani Mohammad R , Khan Muhammad N , Ali Syed H 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Data on the subtypes of HIV in a population help in predicting the potential foci of epidemic, tracking the routes of infection and following the patterns of the virus' genetic divergence. Globally, the most prevalent HIV infection is the HIV-1 subtype C. In Asia, predominant subtypes of HIV-1 are B, C, and CRF-01AE. During the last few years, HIV prevalence in Pakistan has taken the form of a concentrated epidemic in at least two high risk groups, namely, Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) and Male Sex Workers (MSWs). Factors that have facilitated the proliferation of HIV infection include transmission through a large number of repatriates and needle-sharing intravenous drug users, unscreened blood transfusions, and sexual illiteracy. The HIV subtypes infecting Pakistani populations have not been explored to date. In this study, we analyzed HIV-1 subtypes from in a high-risk community of IDUs in Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan.

Methods
Samples were collected from 34 IDUs after their informed consent. In addition, the study subjects were administered a questionnaire regarding their sexual behavior and travel history. For HIV analysis, DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed for HIV types and subtypes using subtype-specific primers in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results from this PCR were further confirmed using the Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (HMA).

Results
We found HIV-1 subtype A in all the 34 samples analyzed. A few of the study subjects were found to have a history of travel and stay in the United Arab Emirates. The same subjects also admitted to having contact with commercial sex workers during their stay abroad.

Conclusion
Our study therefore shows clade A HIV-1 to be prevalent among the IDUs in Karachi. As the prevalence of HIV in Pakistan continues to rise, more work needs to be done to track the infection, and to analyze the strains of HIV spreading through the country.
Relationship between immune complex and total hemolytic complement in endolymphatic hydrops
Authors: Gutierrez F. , Moreno P. M. , Sainz M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecently there has been considerable investigation into the relationship of the immune system and immune disorder to Meniere's disease. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody and complement are both present in endolymphatic fluid and it is possible that endolymphatic hydrops is due to immune complex. The authors' results show that patients with endolymphatic hydrops had elevated levels of circulating immune complex (CIC) of IgG (24.80 μg/mL). The levels of functional complement activity (CH50) were significantly lower in patients (249.7 HU) than in controls. Circulating levels of CIC and CH50 were positively correlated. Immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and subpopulation of B lymphocytes were elevated, but there was no alteration in subpopulations of T‐helper, T‐suppressor, and natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood.
Effect of microchannel structure on droplet size during crossflow microchannel emulsification
Authors: Kawakatsu Takahiro , Trägårdh Gun , Kikuchi Yuji , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Komori Hideaki , Yonemoto Toshikuni 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA monodispersed oil‐in‐water emulsion was continuously produced using a crossflow‐type silicon microchannel plate in which a liquid flow path for the continuous phase was made, and on each side of the wall of the path, an array of regular‐sized slits (microchannels) was precisely fabricated on a micrometer scale by photolithography. A flat glass plate was tightly attached to the microchannel plate to cover the top of the microchannels. Regular‐sized oil (triolein) droplets were generated by pressing the oil through the microchannels into a continuous phase of 0.3 wt% aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate. The average size of the oil droplets was regulated within a range of 11.3 to 28.2 μm by changing the microchannel structural features such as the shape of the cross section and outlet, the equivalent diameter, and the length of the terrace, which is a flat area fabricated at the outlet of the microchannels. In every case, the droplet size distribution was narrow, and the geometric standard deviation was 1.03 or less.
Novel hydrolyzable and biodegradable cationic gemini surfactants: Bis(ester‐ammonium) dichloride having a butenylene or a butynylene spacer
Authors: Tatsumi Taiga , Zhang Wanbin , Kida Toshiyuki , Nakatsuji Yohji , Ono Daisuke , Takeda Tokuji , Ikeda Isao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNovel cationic gemini surfactants, bis(ester‐ammonium) dichlorides having a butenylene or a butynylene spacer and an oxycarbonyl group in the lipophilic part, were prepared conveniently and almost quantitatively by the reaction of the corresponding mono(ester‐amine) with a highly reactive allylic‐ or propargylic dichloride. Most of these surfactants showed excellent surface‐active properties and good biodegradability. The effects of the structure of spacer, the position of the oxycarbonyl group in the lipophilic part, the alkylene length between the oxycarbonyl and the ammonio groups, and the acyl chain length of the surfactants on their surface‐active properties were examined.
Different strategies for selective monoacylation of hexoaldoses in acetone
Authors: Arcos Jose A. , Bernabé Manuel , Otero Cristina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperimental protocols for the selective production of 6‐O‐acylhexoaldose emulsifiers from precursor sugars (mannose, glucose, and galactose) and corresponding fatty acids are compared. The protocols employ an immobilized Candida antarctica lipase in a solvent (acetone) which is both easily eliminated and accepted by the European Economic Community for use as an extraction solvent in the manufacture of foods and/or food additives. This comparative study provides guidelines for selection of appropriate conditions for quantitative monoacylation of aldoses in acetone, on the basis of the solubilities of the precursor sugar and the monoester in acetone at different temperatures. Although relatively low temperatures (<40°C) favor precipitation of glucose monoesters, higher temperatures (e.g., 55°C) should be used to increase solubility of mannose and thus selectivity of the reaction leading to the mannose ester. Galactose is transformed with poor selectivity to the desired monoester by these procedures. Factors affecting the viability of these synthetic reactions in acetone are also discussed.