bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Synoptic Systems on the Variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Löptien Ulrike , Ruprecht Eberhard 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) represents the dominant mode of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic region. In the present study, the role of the synoptic systems (cyclones and anticyclones) in generating the NAO pattern is investigated. To study the intermonthly variations of the NAO, NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are used, and for the interdecadal variations the results of a 300-yr control integration under present-day conditions of the coupled model ECHAM4/OPYC3 are analyzed. A filtering method is developed for the sea level pressure anomalies. Application of this method to each grid point yields the low-frequency variability in the sea level pressure field that is due to the synoptic systems. The low-frequency variability of the filtered and the original data are in high agreement. This indicates that the low-frequency pressure variability, and with it the variability of the NAO, is essentially caused by the distribution of the synoptic systems. The idea that the distribution of the synoptic systems is the cause of the variation of the NAO is confirmed by high correlation between the latitudinal position of the polar front over the North Atlantic and the NAO index. Since most of the low-frequency variability in sea level pressure can be explained through the distribution of the synoptic systems, the NAO seems to be a reflection of the distribution of the synoptic systems, rather than the source for variations in the cyclone tracks.
Evaluations of Global Wave Prediction at the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center*
Authors: Rogers W. Erick , Wittmann Paul A. , Wang David W. C. , Clancy R. Michael , Hsu Y. Larry 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
It is a major challenge to determine whether bias in operational global wave predictions is predominately due to the wave model itself (internal error) or due to errors in wind forcing (an external error). Another challenge is to characterize bias attributable to errors in wave model physics (e.g., input, dissipation, and nonlinear transfer). In this study, hindcasts and an evaluation methodology are constructed to address these challenges. The bias of the wave predictions is evaluated with consideration of the bias of four different wind forcing fields [two of which are supplemented with the NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) measurements]. It is found that the accuracy of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center’s operational global wind forcing has improved to the point where it is unlikely to be the primary source of error in the center’s global wave model (WAVEWATCH-III). The hindcast comparisons are specifically designed to minimize systematic errors from numerics and resolution. From these hindcasts, insight into the physics-related bias in the global wave model is possible: comparison to in situ wave data suggests an overall positive bias at northeast Pacific locations and an overall negative bias at northwest Atlantic locations. Comparison of frequency bands indicates a tendency by the model physics to overpredict energy at higher frequencies and underpredict energy at lower frequencies.
Alternatives to the Chi-Square Test for Evaluating Rank Histograms from Ensemble Forecasts
Authors: Elmore Kimberly L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Rank histograms are a commonly used tool for evaluating an ensemble forecasting system’s performance. Because the sample size is finite, the rank histogram is subject to statistical fluctuations, so a goodness-of-fit (GOF) test is employed to determine if the rank histogram is uniform to within some statistical certainty. Most often, the χ2 test is used to test whether the rank histogram is indistinguishable from a discrete uniform distribution. However, the χ2 test is insensitive to order and so suffers from troubling deficiencies that may render it unsuitable for rank histogram evaluation. As shown by examples in this paper, more powerful tests, suitable for small sample sizes, and very sensitive to the particular deficiencies that appear in rank histograms are available from the order-dependent Cramér–von Mises family of statistics, in particular, the Watson and Anderson–Darling statistics.
Chronic alcohol consumption in mice increases the proportion of peripheral memory T cells by homeostatic proliferation
Authors: Zhang Hui , Meadows Gary G 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study examined the mechanism underlying the increase of peripheral memory phenotype T cells that occurs during chronic alcohol consumption in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were given 20% (w/v) alcohol in the drinking water for 2 weeks to 6 months. Chronic alcohol consumption significantly induced peripheral T cell lymphopenia; up-regulated expression of CD44 on T cells and increased the percentage of CD4+CD44int/hi and CD8+CD44int/hi Ly6C+ T cells; up-regulated the expression of CD43 on CD8+ T cells; increased the percentage of interferon-γ-producing T cells; decreased the percentage of CD8+CD28+ T cells; and down-regulated the expression of CD28 on CD4+ T cells. Expression of CD25 and CD69 on peripheral CD8+ T cells was not affected and inconsistently expressed on CD4+ T cells. Neither cell type showed altered expression of CD137 or CD153. Alcohol withdrawal did not abrogate the increase in CD8+Ly6C+ cells induced by alcohol consumption. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine incorporation experiments demonstrated that chronic alcohol consumption decreases naïve T cells that are presumed to have emigrated from the thymus and increases proliferation of memory T cells, but accelerates peripheral T cell turnover. Together these results indicate that chronic alcohol consumption results in T cell lymphopenia, which in turn induces T cell homeostatic proliferation that increases the proportion of peripheral memory T cells relative to naïve T cells.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are the major DC subset innately producing cytokines in human lymph nodes
Authors: Cox Karina , North Margaret , Burke Michael , Singhal Hemant , Renton Sophie , Aqel Nayef , Islam Sabita , Knight Stella C 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) constitute a distinct subset of DC found in human peripheral lymph nodes (LN), but little is known about their function. Cell suspensions were prepared from tumor draining LN (n=20) and control LN (n=11) of women undergoing surgical resection for primary breast cancer and elective surgery for benign conditions, respectively. Using four-color flow cytometry, human leukocyte antigen-DR+ DC subsets were identified phenotypically. The proportions and numbers of cells innately producing interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were also measured from intracellular accumulation of cytokine after blocking with monensin. All flow cytometry data were collected without compensation and were compensated off-line using the Winlist algorithm (Verity software). This package also provided the subtraction program to calculate percentage positive cells and intensity of staining. PDC (CD11c–, CD123+) expressed more cytokines than did myeloid DC (CD11c+) or CD1a+ putative “migratory” DC (P&lt;0.001). LN PDC from patients with a good prognosis (px; n=11) demonstrated a relative increase in IL-12 and IFN-γ expression (median IL-10:IL-12 ratio=0.78 and median IL-4:IFN-γ ratio=0.7), and PDC from LN draining poor px cancer (n=9) showed a relative increase in IL-10 and IL-4 expression (median IL-10:IL-12 ratio=1.31 and median IL-4:IFN-γ ratio=2.6). The difference in IL-4:IFN-γ expression between good and poor px cancer groups was significant (P&lt;0.05). Thus, PDC innately producing cytokines were identified in cell suspensions from human LN, and the character of PDC cytokine secretion may differ between two breast cancer prognostic groups. We speculate that a shift towards PDC IL-10 and IL-4 expression could promote tumor tolerance in LN draining poor px breast cancer.
Association between stalking victimisation and psychiatric morbidity in a random community sample
Authors: Purcell Rosemary , Pathé Michele , Mullen Paul E. 
Published: October 2005

BackgroundNo studies have assessed psychopathology among victims of stalking who have not sought specialist help.AimsTo examine the associations between stalking victimisation and psychiatric morbidity in a representative community sample.MethodA random community sample (n = 1844) completed surveys examining the experience of harassment and current mental health. The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28) and the Impact of Event Scale were used to assess symptomatology in those reporting brief harassment (n = 196) or protracted stalking (n = 236) and a matched control group reporting no harassment (n = 432)ResultsRates of caseness on the GHQ–28 were higher among stalking victims (36.4%) than among controls (19.3%) and victims of brief harassment (21.9%). Psychiatric morbidity did not differ according to the recency of victimisation, with 34.1% of victims meeting caseness criteria 1 year after stalking had ended.ConclusionsIn a significant minority of victims, stalking victimisation is associated with psychiatric morbidity that may persist long after it has ceased. Recognition of the immediate and long-term impacts of stalking is necessary to assist victims and help alleviate distress and long-term disability.
Structural Aspects of 1,2-Dioxetanes Active toward Intramolecular Charge-Transfer-Induced Chemiluminescent Decomposition
Authors: Matsumoto Masakatsu , Watanabe Nobuko 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Simple 1,2-dioxetanes decompose thermally to produce mainly triplet-excited carbonyl fragments, whereas 1,2-dioxetanes bearing an aromatic electron donor display intramolecular charge-transfer-induced decomposition with accompanying effective emission of light. This type of 1,2-dioxetanes has been extensively studied with a view to understanding the mechanisms of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence and applying them to modern biochemical and biomedical analyses. In this account, recent developments of dioxetane-based chemiluminescent substrates are described from the viewpoint of relationships between the structure of dioxetanes and the properties of chemiluminescence, namely, chemiluminescent efficiency, singlet-chemiexcitation efficiency, color, and the rate of chemiluminescent decomposition.
Conducting and Magnetic Properties of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) Salts Containing Paramagnetic Irons: Liquids [EMI][MIIICl4] (M = Fe and Fe0.5Ga0.5) and Solid [EMI]2[FeIICl4]
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Otsuka Akihiro , Saito Gunzi , Natsume Seiichi , Nishibori Eiji , Takata Masaki , Sakata Makoto , Takahashi Masahide , Yoko Toshinobu 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
An EMI-based room-temperature (RT) ionic liquid containing d5 trivalent iron(III) ions [EMI][FeIIICl4] was fully investigated, where EMI is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium. The viscosity of the salt is 14 cP at 30 °C, and its ionic conductivity is as high as 1.8 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 20 °C. The high conductivity and fluidity can be attributed to the reduced interionic Coulomb attractions owing to the nephelauxetic effect. Magnetic susceptibility shows the Curie–Weiss behavior arising from S = 5/2 high-spin electronic state on iron(III) ions in both liquid and solid states, leading to the conductive–paramagnetic bifunctional RT ionic liquid. The solidified salt passes through an antiferromagnetic transition at 4.2 K. Diamagnetic [EMI][GaIIICl4] and paramagnetic [EMI][FeIIICl4]0.5[GaIIICl4]0.5 are also RT ionic liquids and show similar conductivities (1.8–2.0 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 20 °C) and viscosities (12–13 cP at 30 °C). These results indicate that the influence of paramagnetic iron(III) ions upon the ionic conductivity and viscosity is negligible in the present system. A 2:1 EMI salt containing d6 divalent iron(II) ions [EMI]2[FeIICl4] melts at 86 °C. Its crystal structure determined by a synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction measurement is analogous to those of the reported [EMI]2[CoIICl4] and [EMI]2[NiIICl4] with expanded lattice.
Theoretical Study on Acylacetanilide Azomethine Dyes: A Relationship between Electronic Absorption Properties and Molecular Structures
Authors: Ichijima Seiji , Kobayashi Hidetoshi 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The relationship between visual absorption properties and molecular structures was investigated for a series of yellow azomethine dyes derived from 4-diethylamino-2-methylaniline and 2-acyl-2′-chloroacetanilides, in which the acyl groups are 1-indolinylcarbonyl (IA), 1-methylcyclopropylcarbonyl (CA), acetyl, benzoyl, and pivaloyl (PA). DFT calculations predicted major conformational isomers attributed to deviations from the planarity of the p-aminophenyl–azomethine fragment. Observed wavelengths were well reproduced by TD-DFT calculations at global minimum geometries, whereas the intensities correlate with the Boltzmann-weighted oscillator strengths. The observed intensities varied by 1.5 times from minimum to maximum without significant shifts in the peak wavelengths, demonstrating the largest absorption of IA and the distinct increase of absorption by changing the acyl group from open- (PA) to closed-ring (CA). The different acyl groups nearly perpendicular to the azomethine fragment in global minima alter frontier orbital energies, while leaving HOMO–LUMO energy gaps almost unchanged. The acyl groups, which are twisted largely in local minima, exert mesomeric effects to lower the LUMO energies. The planarity of the p-aminophenyl–azomethine fragment affects HOMO–LUMO overlapping, but hardly changes HOMO and LUMO energies. These electronic and steric effects rationalize the absorption intensities and peak wavelengths observed for the dyes and also the sharp-cut curves of spectra in the long-wavelength sides for IA and CA.
Insights into the Biological Redox Chemistry of 2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-Monophosphate by Electrochemical Techniques
Authors: Goyal Rajendra N , Dhawan Aikta 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of 2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate at a pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) was studied in the pH range 2.65–10.03 and was found to proceed in a single well-defined oxidation peak, Ia, over the entire pH range. The cyclic voltammetric behavior indicated the pH dependence of the oxidation pathway. The kinetic studies of the UV-absorbing intermediate generated during electrooxidation were followed spectrophotometrically, and decay occurred in a pseudo first-order reaction having k values in the range (0.595–0.986) × 10−3 s−1 over the entire pH range studied. Coulometric studies indicated that the process of the oxidative pathway involved n values as 5.0 ± 0.5 in the acidic range (pH 3.37) and 4.0 ± 0.5 at physiological pH 7.22. The products of electrooxidation were characterized by GC-MS and on the basis of electrochemical, spectrochemical, and product analysis; a plausible redox mechanism is suggested.
Comparative Study on the Distributions of Precious Metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au) in Industrial Waste Incineration Ashes as Determined by Tellurium Coprecipitation and ICP-MS
Authors: Fujimori Eiji , Minamoto Kazuaki , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The multielement determination of precious metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au) in industrial waste incineration ashes was examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with external calibration. Precious metals in the incineration ash samples were preconcentrated by Te coprecipitation after sample decomposition by acid digestion. By using the present Te coprecipitation method, precious metals could be recovered almost quantitatively, while the elements causing polyatomic interferences in the determination of precious metals by ICP-MS were more than 96% removed. The analytical detection limits of precious metals were 0.05, 0.004, 0.03, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 ng g−1 for Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au, respectively, when 0.3 g of ash sample was used for analysis. It was found that the concentration levels of precious metals in coal fly ash and city waste incineration ash certified reference materials were at the ng g−1 levels, which were at the same levels as those in the continental crust. On the other hand, the concentrations of precious metals in industrial waste incineration ashes were in the range from ng g−1 to μg g−1, which were a few to several-hundreds of times higher than those in coal fly ash and city waste incineration ash reference materials.
Fractional Distributions of Trace Metals in Surface Water of Lake Biwa as Studied by Ultrafiltration and ICP-MS
Authors: Zhu Yanbei , Hattori Ryota , Rahmi Dwinna , Okuda Satoshi , Itoh Akihide , Fujimori Eiji , Umemura Tomonari , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The distributions of 33 trace metals in the total dissolved fraction (TDF), small molecular weight fraction (SMWF; &lt;10000 Da), and large molecular weight fraction (LMWF; &gt;10000 Da) of surface water from two sampling stations (No. 1 and No. 2) in Lake Biwa (Japan) were investigated. In the experiment, the concentrations of trace metals in TDF and SMWF were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a laboratory-made chelating resin-packed minicolumn for the preconcentration of trace metals. The concentrations of trace metals in LMWF were calculated by subtracting those in SMWF from those in TDF. The comparison between the distributions of trace metals in each fraction collected from the sampling stations No. 1 and No. 2 was made, and the enrichment factors of trace metals in LMWF were estimated. As a result, it was found that soluble biogenic large molecule–metal complexes and hydrogenic particulates were predominantly distributed in LMWF of surface water from Lake Biwa. Furthermore, positive anomalies of Ce and Gd were observed in the shale-normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns.
Silylation and Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Al(HSO4)3
Authors: Shirini Farhad , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Abedini Masoumeh 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Trimethylsilylation and tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols are efficiently catalyzed by Al(HSO4)3. All reactions were performed under mild and completely heterogeneous conditions in good-to-high yields.
UV-Irradiated Formation of Diradicals of Diphenylbutadiyne and Some of Its p,p′-Disubstituted Derivatives
Authors: Beristain Miriam F , Fomine Sergei , Muñoz Eduardo , Salcedo Roberto , Ogawa Takeshi 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
It was found for the first time that aromatic diacetylenes give strong ESR signals of stable carbon radical species in solution or in the solid state upon irradiation of UV light. The numbers of radicals reached to the order of 1020 radicals per mole of diacetylene, and the solution became red colored due to the formation of oligomers by their recombination. The radical species were stable almost indefinitely under an inert atmosphere. The unusual stability of these radicals is attributed to a resonance effect of aromatic rings linked to the butadiyne. Very slow quenching in the dark seems to be due to the recombination between them. Theoretical calculations indicated that monomeric diradicals on 1- and 4-carbons with the sp configuration, are formed, which combine to form dimeric or higher species detected by ESR spectroscopy.
Introduction of Amino Groups into the Dibenzo-TTF π-System: Enhanced Electron-Donating Ability and Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Morita Yasushi , Miyazaki Eigo , Fukui Kozo , Maki Suguru , Nakasuji Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A new dibenzo-TTF (DBTTF) derivative directly connected with amino groups has been designed and synthesized as a stable molecule in air with enhanced electron-donating ability compared with that of DBTTF. A crystal structure analysis of its TCNQ complex has shown that intermolecular hydrogen bondings are formed between the two amino groups and CH3CN molecules contained as a crystal solvent. Despite the alternated stacking structure, the TCNQ complex exhibited relatively high electrical conductivity (σrt = 0.12 S cm−1) and low activation energy (Ea = 106 meV).
Synthesis of New Pentathiepin and Dithiatriselenepin Fused to Ferrocene via Dithiametallacycles
Authors: Muraoka Hiroki , Ogawa Satoshi , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Kawai Yasushi , Sato Ryu 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
2,2-Dimethylferroceno[1,2-d][1,3,2]dithiastannole, a synthetic equivalent of unstable 1,2-ferrocenedithiol, was synthesized from N,N-dimethylsulfanoylferrocene by lithiation at the vicinal position, sulfurization, reduction, and protection with dichlorodimethylstannane. The dithiastannole, which has inherent low stability in organic solvents at ambient temperature, converted into diferroceno[1,2-c:1″,2″-g][1,2,5,6]tetrathiocin via 2,2-dimethyldiferroceno[1,2-d;1,2-h][1,3,6,7,2]tetrathiastannonin. The molecular structure of the tetrathiocin was determined by NMR, IR, mass spectra, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. 2,2-Bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ferroceno[1,2-d][1,3,2]dithiatitanole was synthesized from the tetrathiocin by the reduction and protection with bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride in moderate yield. In contrast to the dithiastannole, the dithiatitanole was thermally stable up to 300 °C in the solid-state. Transformations into ferroceno[1,2-f][1,2,3,4,5]pentathiepin and -[1,5,2,3,4]dithiatriselenepin were successfully carried out, namely by the reactions of the dithiatitanole with some electrophiles containing sulfur or selenium atom(s). The molecular structure of the ferrocenopentathiepin was determined by NMR, IR, mass spectra, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structure of the ferrocenodithiatriselenepin was determined by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, mass spectra, and elemental analysis, and supported by the 77Se NMR spectrum and theoretical calculations.
Tetramethylated Resorcin[4]arene-Based Molecular Capsules Incorporating a Tetraethylammonium Ion through Cation–π Interactions
Authors: Aoki Katsuyuki , Nagae Toshiki , Yamaguchi Sumio , Fujisawa Ikuhide 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Tetramethylated resorcin[4]arene self-assembles to form molecular capsules incorporating a tetraethylammonium ion within the cavity through cation–π interactions. Two “head-to-head” arranged substructures are staggered with each other so as to participate in methyl–hydroxy van der Waals interactions between pairing substructures. The tetraethylammonium ion is oriented in a vertical or horizontal fashion.
Fullerodendron-assisted Dispersion of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes via Noncovalent Functionalization
Authors: Takaguchi Yutaka , Tamura Mitsuhiro , Sako Yuuki , Yanagimoto Yasushi , Tsuboi Sadao , Uchida Tetsuya , Shimamura Kaoru , Kimura Shin-ichi , Wakahara Takatsugu , Maeda Yutaka , Akasaka Takeshi 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were well dispersed in both water and organic solvent by the use of fullerodendron as a dispersant. A C60 moiety at the focal point of dendron plays a crucial role in the dispersing process, because dendron having an anthracene unit at the focal point can not disperse SWNTs in THF. The dispersions of SWNTs were characterized by UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, HRTEM, and AFM.
Location of Vanadium(IV) in VAPO-5 as Studied by Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Nagarajan Vijayasarathi , Rings Daniel , Moschkowitz Lutz , Hartmann Martin , Pöppl Andreas 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Vanadium(IV) framework substitution in aluminophosphate molecular sieves has been explored by electron spin resonance (ESR) and hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy. In both as-synthesized and hydrated materials V(IV) exists as VO2+ species that coordinates to two framework oxygen atoms and presumably three water molecules in a distorted octahedral geometry.