bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SLIP CASTING OF ALUMINUM OXIDE*
Authors: Hauth W. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFused alumina, after being subjected to ball milling and acid treatment, may be suspended in water to form a slip. Deflocculation is obtained by the addition of the proper amount and type of either an acid or a base. Both drain and solid castings can be produced successfully from acidic or basic slips. The casting behavior of the slips and the properties of the cast pieces are summarized for variations in pH and specific gravity, the range of pH being 3.00 to 12.50 and the range of specific gravity, 2.60 to 3.00. Although no extensive investigation of the firing behavior was made, sufficient firing was done to indicate that no special techniques are required.
EFFECT OF RINSING ON CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF A CONTAINER GLASS*
Authors: Lyon K. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNew soda‐dolomite lime‐silica glass bottles were rinsed with 0.001 N solutions of several chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates. The bottles were then rinsed with doubly distilled water and subjected to an autoclave test for alkali extraction by water. Of the compounds tested, those of copper caused the greatest reduction in alkali extraction. The effects of concentration and duration of treatment with copper chloride solution were studied.
THE SYSTEM BaO–B2O3*
Authors: Levin Ernest M. , McMurdie Howard F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA phase‐equilibrium diagram of the system BaO–B2O3 has been constructed from data obtained essentially by the quenching method. Four congruently melting compounds were identified: BaO·4B2O3, melting at 879 ± 5°C.; BaO·2B2O3, melting at 900 · 5°C.; BaO·B2O3, melting at 1095 ± 5°C.; and 3BaO·B2O3, melting at 1383 ± 5°C. Some optical properties of these compounds were determined with the petrographic microscope, and X‐ray diffraction data suitable for their identification were obtained. Barium metaborate, BaO·B2O3, showed an inversion occurring between 100° and 400°C. Mixtures containing less than 30% BaO were found to separate, on fusion, into two liquid layers; one layer contained 30% BaO and the other was nearly pure B2O3. A curve showing indices of refraction of the quenched glasses is presented.
CASTING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAYS: II, INFLUENCE OF SLIP PREPARATION METHODS ON PROPERTIÉS OF CAST WARE*
Authors: Russell R. , Mohr W. C. , Rice H. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractData are presented to indicate the influence of slip preparation methods on the dry and fired properties of cast high‐voltage electrical porcelain. The factors investigated include length of mixing period, sequence of electrolyte addition, aging, blunging versus ball milling, micropulverizing of constituents before blunging, filtering and reblunging application of vacuum to slip, and use of heated water. Wet ball milling influenced the properties most markedly, yielding ware with improved dry and fired strengths and lower fired absorption. Further investigation of the wet ball‐milling preparation method indicated that (1) increased dry strength is due primarily to the milling of the clay or' plastic constituents, (2) increased fired strength is obtained by the milling of both plastic and nonplastic constituents, and (3) lower fired absorption is due primarily to the milling of feldspar and flint.
EFFECT OF SODA, POTASH, AND LITHIA ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A TITANIA COVER ENAMEL*
Authors: Cook Ralph L. , Essenpreis James F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of the substitution of small amounts of lithia and variations in the amount and ratio of alkalis on the properties of a titania cover enamel was investigated. The flow characteristics, acid resistance, reflectance, gloss, and color of the enamels were determined. In addition, the recrystallization characteristics of several of the titanis cover enamels were studied. When Li2O was substituted for K2O, reflectance increased, fluidity decreased, and the color shifted toward the yellow‐white with no noticeable effect on gloss or acid resistance. When Li2O was substituted for Na2O, no appreciable improvements were noted in the properties of the enamels. Replacement of 1 part K2O by Li2O resulted in more complete recrystallization.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: IX, INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SHAPE ON PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSIONS*
Authors: Couchanour L. W. , Sorton F. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe flow properties of suspensions containing monodisperse particles of muscovite, kaolinite, halloysite, and orthoclase were measured at various concentrations to determine the influence of particle shape. It was found that the particle shape had a considerable effect in dispersed suspensions, the more isometric particles yielding the lower viscosity. Particle shape made no difference in flocced suspensions.
EVALUATING ADHERENCE OF BLUE SHEET‐IRON GROUND COATS*
Authors: McLauchlin J. L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReflectance measurements are used to evaluate the adherence of blue ground coats on sheet‐iron plates which have been tested by the drop‐hammer impact machine. The values obtained show good correlation with visual estimations of adherence of enamel on steel with and without nickel flashing.
EVALUATION OF SURFACE FINISH OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS BY A REPLICA METHOD*
Authors: Richmond J. C. , Francisco A. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA technique for making ethyl cellulose replicas of enameled and other surfaces is described. Photographic prints of a number of replicas made without the use of negatives are shown, and methods of analyzing the replicas are discussed.The haze of rep1icas was used to evaluate 25 enamels abraded in the standard P.E.I. surface‐abrasion test. Graphs are shown comparing these ratings with those obtained by (1) the standard method, (2) visual estimates of the abrasion as seen on the enameled specimens, and (3) visual estimates of the abrasion as seen in the replicas. The haze‐of‐replica method appears to offer advantages for evaluating the amount of abrasion.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CUBIC AND MONOCLINIC ZIRCONIA BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION*
Authors: Duwez Pol , Odell Francis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe X‐ray diffraction technique presents a simple method for the quantitative analysis of mixtures of polymorphic forms of the same substance. The X‐ray spectrometer provides a rapid means for such work. In the case of zirconia, the relative intensities of the cubic (111) reflection and the monoclinic (111) and (111) reflections are related to the proportions of each form present. Details of the specimen preparation technique, instrument operation, and specific calibration curves are included.
SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF EFFECT OF OXIDE CONSTITUENTS ON VISCOSITY OF SILICATE GLASSES AT ANNEALING TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Poole James P. , Gensamer Maxwell 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperimental low‐temperature viscosity data obtained by the fiber‐elongation method are presented for simple three‐ and four‐component alkali‐alkaline earth‐alumina silicate glasses. In this study, soda, potash, calcia, magnesia, strontia, baria, and alumina were systematically substituted molecularly for silica and each other. A wide range of compositions was studied, including most commercial silicate glasses. Factors, formulas, and charts derived from experimental data are presented that predict the viscosities of soda‐lime‐alumina silicate glasses within about 1%.
LOW‐TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY OF ALKALI SILICATE GLASSES*
Authors: Poole James P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing an improved technique, precision measurements of viscosities in the annealing range of temperature were made on sodium, potassium, and sodium‐potassium silicate glasses containing from 10 to 40 mol % alkali. The viscosities of certain of those glasses that contain both Na2O and K2O reach minima, and the temperature coefficients of viscosity, which are nearly equal for the Na2O and the K2O glasses, become considerably smaller. These conditions may explain the practical advantages of certain glasses containing both Na2O and K2O.
Reaction and Diffusion in Silver‐Arsenic Chalcogenide Glass Systems
Authors: HOLMQUIST GLENN A. , PASK JOSEPH A. 
Published: October 2006

The diffusion of Ag from the metal or Ag2Se in amorphous As2S3 and As2Se3 at 175°C is accompanied by the reduction of As from a valence of 3+ to 2+ or 2+ to 1 + to maintain charge neutrality in the glass. Only Ag+ diffuses at this temperature; all other ions are essentially immobile. An amorphous reaction‐product phase is formed in the diffusion zone with a composition range of 28.6 to 44.4 at % Ag. The lower limit corresponds to all As cations of 2+ valence (equivalent to amorphous Ag2As2S3); the upper limit, the maximum solubility of Ag in these glasses, corresponds to all As cations of 1 + valence (equivalent to amorphous Ag1As2S3). The diffusivity of Ag in these glasses at 175°C for concentrations of 10 to 35 at.% Ag isSulfide 4× 10−14 exp[(+0.23±0.01)(at.% Ag)]cm2/sSelenide 2′ 10−11 exp[(+0.14±0.01)(at.% Ag)]cm2/s
Hydrogen Permeability of Sintered Aluminum Oxide
Authors: ROBERTS RODNEY M. , ELLEMAN THOMAS S. , III HAYNE PALMOUR , VERGHESE KURUVILLA 
Published: October 2006

Hydrogen permeability of high‐density, high‐purity sintered alumina tubes was measures is a function of temperature and pressure using tritium as a tracer. The permeability, ø, at 1200° to 1450°C and hydrogen partial pressure between 2 and 50 kPa is:φ(H atoms cm cm−2 s−1 kPa−0.43) = exp(48.95±0.61)exp[−318.2±18.8 kJ(g·atom)−1 (RT)−1]Diffusion coefficients and solubility values deduced from the permeation experiments are consistent with earlier independent measurements. No accelerated permeation due to micro‐structural defects or changes during the experiments was observed. Comparison of hydrogen permeability of alumina with the values observed for metals shows that alumina may be a suitable coating material for use as a hydrogen permeation barrier.
Photoperiod‐induced apoptosis in the male genital tract epithelia of the golden hamster
Authors: Carballada Rosa , Jara Marco , Esponda Pedro 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to identify some details of the changes induced by a short‐day light regime (8:16 light:dark) on the male genital tract and accessory sex glands of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus. We principally examined the presence of apoptotic cells in the epithelium from different regions of the epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate and coagulating gland. We detected an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells in situ using the TUNEL technique in animals that were maintained for 6, 8 or 12 weeks in a short photoperiod. That those cells were indeed undergoing apoptosis was confirmed by the immunodetection of the active fragment of caspase‐3. The apoptotic indices in the different tissues analysed were low, but were maintained for weeks, suggesting cell loss at a steady rate. We tried to correlate these changes with the testosterone levels in serum as well as with the oxidative stress in the tissue. On the other hand, the increase in size and number of lipofuscin granules indicated the possibility that a parallel increase in oxidative stress occurred in the tissues. The normalization in the number of apoptotic cells and lipofuscin granules in animals treated with testosterone suggests that both phenomena might be related to changes in the hormone levels.
Inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein does not protect spermatogenic cells from damage induced by cryptorchidism
Authors: Widlak Wieslawa , Winiarski Boleslaw , Krawczyk Aleksandra , Vydra Natalia , Malusecka Ewa , Krawczyk Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAccumulation of inducible heat shock proteins (e.g. Hsp70i) during cellular stress confers thermotolerance, reduces the consequences of damage and facilitates cellular recovery, while abrogation of Hsp70i expression renders sensitivity to apoptosis. Testis translocation into abdominal cavity, which results in temperature elevation, does not induce expression of the Hsp70i proteins. Despite constitutive expression of testis‐specific Hsp70 proteins, spermatocytes are very sensitive to damage at elevated temperatures. To test whether Hsp70i protein could protect testes from heat‐induced damage, we have engineered transgenic mice that over‐express this protein selectively in spermatocytes and spermatids. We demonstrate that the testes of cryptorchid transgenic mice, like those of wild‐type mice, exhibit reduced weight and smaller sizes of their seminiferous tubules, disorganization of their germinal epithelium structures, appearance of multinucleated giant cells, and reduced populations of germ cells. The data show that constitutive expression of Hsp70i does not protect the seminiferous epithelium against cryptorchidism‐induced damage.
Education needs for integrated care: a literature review
Authors: Howarth Michelle , Holland Karen , Grant Maria J. 
Published: October 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a systematic review to identify the education needs of the workforce within primary care to promote the effective delivery of integrated health and social care services.Background.  The need for different professionals to work more closely dominates global health policy. The drive to develop a workforce prepared for the future is crucial to the success of integrated services. However, some have argued that nurses are ill‐equipped to meet the challenges of integrated service provision. The ability to work interprofessionally is an important skill which needs to be developed to support integrated working.Methods.  Structured searches were undertaken on organizational websites and the Caredata, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Sociofile databases between December 2002 and April 2004 to identify policy documents and primary research studies. The robustness of identified research studies were appraised using recognized appraisal tools.Findings.  Six themes were identified which indicate essential elements needed for integrated care. The need for effective communication between professional groups within teams and an emphasis on role awareness are central to the success of integrated services. In addition, education about the importance of partnership working and the need for professionals to develop skills in relation to practice development and leadership through professional and personal development is needed to support integrated working.Conclusion.  Education which embeds essential attributes to integrated working is needed to advance nursing practice for interprofessional working. Further research exploring this and its impact on integrated provision is essential to ensure that evidence‐based services are provided. The reinforcement of partnerships between higher education institutions and health and social care organizations should ensure that the workforce is educated to manage continuous change in service delivery. Innovative ways of teaching and learning which promote inter‐professional working need to be explored.
Visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Nepal: A cross‐sectional survey on Leishmania donovani infection and its risk factors
Authors: Schenkel Karl , Rijal Suman , Koirala Siddhartha , Koirala Shekhar , Vanlerberghe Veerle , Van der Stuyft Patrick , Gramiccia Marina , Boelaert Marleen 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjective  To document the frequency of Leishmania donovani infection at community level in a highly endemic region in southeastern Nepal, and to assess socioeconomic and environmental risk factors.Methods  A random cross‐sectional population survey was held in two visceral leishmaniasis (VL) foci in Morang District in April to May 2003, enrolling individuals 2 years or older and residing in the endemic area for at least 12 months. Leishmania infection was defined as a direct agglutination test (DAT) titre equal to or higher than 1:3200. Risk factors were identified by logistic regression.Results  The direct agglutination test was positive in 7.5% (95% CI: 5.1–10.8) and the leishmanin skin test (LST) in 13.2% (95% CI: 9.9–17.2) of the 373 study participants. No case of current kala‐azar was found, but 5.1 % (95% CI: 3.1–7.8) reported having suffered from VL. Independent risk factors for Leishmania infection were proximity of the house to ponds [odds ratio (OR) 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6–8.5], family size (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 1.6–12.6), age 15 years (OR 5.5, 95% CI: 1.2–25.0) and house constructed in mud (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1–7.6). Bednets, not impregnated and in poor condition, were used by 95.2% (95% CI: 92.3–97.0) of the population, but did not show any protective effect.Conclusion  This study shows that there is a serious problem of transmission of VL in this area of Nepal. The risk factors identified are linked with the socioeconomic level and the environment. The population would benefit from a community intervention to improve the environmental and housing conditions in the villages.
The synergistic effect of FC gamma receptor IIa and interleukin‐10 genes on the risk to develop systemic lupus erythematosus in Thai population
Authors: Hirankarn N. , Wongpiyabovorn J. , Hanvivatvong O. , Netsawang J. , Akkasilpa S. , Wongchinsri J. , Hanvivadhanakul P. , Korkit W. , Avihingsanon Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral linkage analyses have consistently shown that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptible genes are located on chromosome 1q21‐44. In this study, two major candidate genes, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa), within these regions were investigated in Thai SLE patients. The genotyping of three single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (promoter area: −1082, −819 and −592) within IL‐10 gene and one polymorphism (change amino acid at position 131) within FcγRIIa gene was determined in 195 SLE patients and 159 ethnically matched controls. The RR/RH genotypes of FcγRIIa were found to be significantly increased in SLE patients compared with healthy controls [OR = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28–3.14, P= 0.001]. Interestingly, the synergistic effect between RR/RH genotypes of FcγRIIa and ACC/ACC haplotype of IL‐10 in susceptibility to SLE was observed (OR = 7.84, 95% CI = 1.60–52.04, P= 0.002). In addition, the FcγRIIa, RR homozygotes was also strongly associated with anticardiolipin antibody production (OR = 6.09, 95% CI = 1.38–30.54, P= 0.006). The result demonstrated that ACC haplotype of IL‐10 gene and FcγRIIa R131 polymorphism can be used as marker for genetic susceptibility and severity to SLE in Thai population, particularly individuals carrying both specific genotypes.
HLA‐A*02010102L: a laborious assignment†
Authors: Perrier P. , Dormoy A. , Andre‐Botte C. , Froelich N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the present report we describe the laborious identification of the A*02010102L allele found in three healthy individuals of a French family who have shown a reduced A2 antigen expression using serological tests since the 1980s. PCR‐SSP typing showed a classical A*0201 allele. Sequencing of exons 2, 3 and 4 confirmed this assignment. Sequencing of the whole gene (promoter, introns and exons 1–8) revealed one single point mutation (T to C) at position ‐101 in the enhancer B element region compared to the A*02010101 allele. This single mutation appears to be related to the reduced expression of the A2 antigen. This allele segregates with the haplotype Cw*12, B44, DR7, DQ2, which is different to the one described earlier.
Study of KIR genes in tuberculosis patients
Authors: Méndez A. , Granda H. , Meenagh A. , Contreras S. , Zavaleta R. , Mendoza M. F. , Izquierdo L. , Sarmiento M. E. , Acosta A. , Middleton D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA total of 97 patients with tuberculosis (TB) and 51 controls from Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, were studied for the presence and absence of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genes. The number of patients with either KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL3 differed significantly compared with the controls. However, only the difference in KIR2DL3 remained significant after correction for the number of factors analysed. We also found KIR2DS2 with its presumed C1 group ligand less prevalent in TB patients than in the control group, but this result lost significance after correction.
Estimation of the species‐specific mutation rates at the DRB1 locus in humans and chimpanzee
Authors: Ohashi J. , Naka I. , Toyoda A. , Takasu M. , Tokunaga K. , Ishida T. , Sakaki Y. , Hohjoh H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo estimate the species‐specific mutation rates at the DRB1 locus in humans and chimpanzee, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of a 37.6‐kb chimpanzee chromosomal segment containing the entire Patr‐DRB1*0701 allele and the flanking nongenic region and we compared it with two corresponding human sequences containing the HLA‐DRB1*070101 allele using the sequence of HLA‐DRB1*04011 as an outgroup. Because the allelic pair of HLA‐DRB1*070101 and Patr‐DRB1*0701 shows the lowest number of substitutions between the two species, it appears that these sequences diverged close to the time of the humans–chimpanzee divergence (6 million years ago). Alignment of the nucleotide sequences for HLA‐DRB1*070101 and Patr‐DRB1*0701 alleles showed that they share a high degree of similarity, suggesting that the studied chromosomal segments with these sequences have not been subjected to recombination since the humans–chimpanzee divergence. Comparison of the flanking 10.6 kb of nongenic sequences revealed an average of 41.5 and 83 single nucleotide substitutions in humans and chimpanzee, respectively. Thus, the species‐specific nucleotide substitution rates in the flanking nongenic region were estimated to be 6.53 × 10−10 and 1.31 × 10−9 per site per year in humans and chimpanzee, respectively. Unexpectedly, the estimated rate in humans was twofold lower than in chimpanzee (P < 10−3, Tajima’s relative rate test) and lower than the average substitution rate in the human genome. Because the nucleotide substitution rate in nongenic regions free from selection is expected to be equal to the mutation rate, the estimated substitution rate should correspond to the species‐specific mutation rate at the DRB1 locus. Our results strongly suggest that the mutation rate at DRB1 locus differs among species.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Trachea in the One‐Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Raji A. R. , Naserpour M. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryHistology of trachea of camel (Camelus dromedarius) was studied using light, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tissue samples taken from the trachea (proximal, middle and distal part) were routinely prepared for histology (LM, EM) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Van Giesson (VG), Alcian blue, Periodic acid schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome (MT), Verhof, PAS–VG and PAS–MT. The trachea of camel consists of 66–75 incomplete cartilaginous rings of hyaline. The lamina epithelium is composed of pseudostratified‐ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblet cells. Submucosal layers were loose connective tissue with many elastic fibres. The mucosal and submucosal layers were 517.2 ± 61.6 μm (n = 20) thick. Submucosal glands were tubuloalveolar with mucous (acidic and neutral) secretions. Trachealis muscle was attached to the inside sheet of tracheal cartilage. Ultrastructural studies showed that surface epithelium is pseudostratified with mucus‐producing goblet cells, ciliated and basal cells, similar to other mammals. The ciliated cells contained many mitochondria, oval nucleus and many big granules. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, viscoelastic layers were observed on the epithelial surface of trachea, and there were highly condensed cilia under this layer.