bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Excellence in Turbomachinery Computational Fluid Dynamics: A
Hybrid Structured-Unstructured Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes
Solver
Authors: Yang Hong , Nuernberger Dirk , Kersken Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A three-dimensional hybrid structured-unstructured Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver has been developed to simulate flows in complex turbomachinery geometries. It is built by coupling an existing structured computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver with a newly developed unstructured-grid module via a conservative hybrid-grid interfacing algorithm, so that it can get benefits from the both structured and unstructured grids. The unstructured-grid module has been developed with consistent numerical algorithms, data structure, user interface and parallelization to those of the structured one. The numerical features of the hybrid RANS solver are its second-order accurate upwind scheme in space, its SGS implicit formulation of time integration, and its accurate modeling of steady/unsteady boundary conditions for multistage turbomachinery flows. The hybrid-grid interfacing algorithm is essentially an extension of the conservative zonal approach that has been previously applied on the mismatched zonal interface of the structured grids, and it is fully conservative and also second-order accurate. Due to the mismatched grids allowed at the block interface, users would have great flexibility to build the hybrid grids even with different structured and unstructured grid generators. The performance of the hybrid RANS solver is assessed with a variety of validation and application examples, through which the hybrid RANS solver has been demonstrated to be able to cope with the flows in complex turbomachinery geometries and to be promising for the future industrial applications.
Sox6 cell-autonomously stimulates erythroid cell survival, proliferation, and terminal maturation and is thereby an important enhancer of definitive erythropoiesis during mouse development
Authors: Dumitriu Bogdan , Patrick Michael R. , Petschek Jane P. , Cherukuri Srujana , Klingmuller Ursula , Fox Paul L. , Lefebvre Véronique 
Published: April 2006

AbstractErythropoiesis, the essential process of hematopoietic stem cell development into erythrocytes, is controlled by lineage-specific transcription factors that determine cell fate and differentiation and by the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates cell survival and proliferation. Here we identify the Sry-related high-mobility-group (HMG) box transcription factor Sox6 as an important enhancer of definitive erythropoiesis. Sox6 is highly expressed in proerythroblasts and erythroblasts in the fetal liver, neonatal spleen, and bone marrow. Mouse fetuses and pups lacking Sox6 develop erythroid cells slowly and feature misshapen, short-lived erythrocytes. They compensate for anemia by elevating the serum level of erythropoietin and progressively enlarging their erythropoietic tissues. Erythroid-specific inactivation of Sox6 causes the same phenotype, demonstrating cell-autonomous roles for Sox6 in erythroid cells. Sox6 potentiates the ability of erythropoietin signaling to promote proerythroblast survival and has an effect additive to that of erythropoietin in stimulating proerythroblast and erythroblast proliferation. Sox6 also critically facilitates erythroblast and reticulocyte maturation, including hemoglobinization, cell condensation, and enucleation, and ensures erythrocyte cytoskeleton long-term stability. It does not control adult globin and erythrocyte cytoskeleton genes but acts by stabilizing filamentous actin (F-actin) levels. Sox6 thus enhances erythroid cell development at multiple levels and thereby ensures adequate production and quality of red blood cells.
Immunoluminometric Assay for Measurement of the C-Terminal Endothelin-1 Precursor Fragment in Human Plasma
Authors: Papassotiriou Jana , Morgenthaler Nils G , Struck Joachim , Alonso Christine , Bergmann Andreas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, is difficult to measure because of its instability and its binding to receptors and plasma proteins. We report a rapid, robust way to indirectly quantify ET-1 release by measuring the C-terminal ET-1 precursor fragment (CT-proET-1) without an extraction step.Methods: In plasma samples from healthy individuals, patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), and patients with sepsis, we measured CT-proET-1 with a sandwich immunoluminometric assay that uses 2 polyclonal antibodies to amino acids 168–212 of pre-proET-1. We also correlated CT-proET-1 concentrations with bigET-1 measurements.Results: The assay yielded results within 3 h and showed linear dilution with an analytical detection limit of 0.4 pmol/L and an interlaboratory CV &lt;10% for values &gt;10 pmol/L. Ex vivo CT-proET-1 was stable (&lt;10% loss of immunoreactivity) in EDTA-, heparin-, and citrate-plasma for at least 4 h at room temperature, 6 h at 4 °C, and in EDTA-plasma for at least 6 months at −20 °C. CT-proET-1 values followed a gaussian distribution in healthy individuals (mean, 44.3 pmol/L; range, 10.5–77.4 pmol/L) without significant differences between males and females. The correlation coefficient for CT-proET-1 vs age was 0.25 (P &lt;0.0001). CT-proET1 was significantly (P &lt;0.0001) increased in patients with CHF (median, 104 pmol/L; range, 50.8–315 pmol/L) and patients with sepsis (median, 189 pmol/L; range, 34.6–855 pmol/L). The correlation between CT-proET-1 and bigET-1 for 43 samples was 0.80 (P &lt;0.0001).Conclusions: CT-proET-1 measurement is a rapid and easy method for indirectly assessing the release of ET-1 in critically ill patients.
A Prospective, Longitudinal Study of Feeding Skills in a Cohort of Babies with Cleft Conditions
Authors: Reid Julie , Kilpatrick Nicky , Reilly Sheena 
Published: April 2006

Objective: To examine the natural history of feeding skills in babies with clefts and identify risk factors and predictors of poor feeding. Participants: Sixty-two babies with clefts were examined at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 14 months of age. Main Outcome Measures: Feeding ability, oral motor function, and feeding efficiency were assessed. Univariate analyses were used to determine whether oral motor function and sequelae varied according to feeding ability or cleft condition. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for poor feeding. Results: Poor feeding skills were detected in one third of newborns. The prevalence of poor feeding reduced to 19% at 3 months of age and 15% at 14 months of age. Oral motor dysfunction and sequelae (particularly nasal regurgitation) were more commonly observed in babies with poor feeding skills irrespective of comorbidity. The main risk factor for poor feeding was a diagnosis of syndrome or Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). At 2 weeks of age, babies with syndrome or PRS were 15 times more likely to have poor feeding skills than their nonsyndromic counterparts. When syndrome or PRS was controlled for, babies with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate were equally likely to have poor feeding skills. Parental report of feeding efficiency was predictive of poor feeding in young babies. Conclusions: Poor feeding skills are relatively common in newborns with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Treatment for feeding problems may be needed beyond the first year of life, especially for babies born with PRS or a syndrome.
The Arctic and Antarctic Regions and the Law of Nations
Authors: Balch Thomas Willing 
Published: April 2006

The announcement of the discovery of the North Pole raised in several quarters, among others the British and the Canadian Parliaments, the question whether the act of discovery gave to the United States any right of possession over the North Pole.In searching for the answer to this question, it is necessary to ascertain the rules of the Law of Nations that govern analogous cases.
The History of the Department of State: VII
Authors: Hunt Gaillard 
Published: April 2006

Having considered in former numbers of this Journal the sometime and occasional duties of the Department, including among them certain contingent duties which it has never been called upon to perform, we may now advance to a consideration of its habitual functions.The organic act of the Department prescribed that the Secretary of State should keep “ the seal of the United States.” It is the mark of the supreme authority of the United States, and before the government went into operation under the Constitution, was in the custody of the Secretary of Congress, being used to verify all important acts, whether executive or legislative; but the debate on executive departments in the first constitutional congress indicated that Congress did not contemplate keeping the seal any longer, and thought it would necessarily pass to the custody of the Executive. The President did, in fact, take it under his control as soon as he assumed office and before legal provision had been made for it.
The Real Significance of the Declaration of London
Authors: Root Elihu 
Published: April 2006

The principal achievement of the Hague Conference of 1907 was the
Convention for an International Prize Court. That convention provided for a
real and permanent court composed of judges who were to be appointed by the
contracting Powers for terms of six years, were required to be “judges of
known proficiency in questions of international maritime law and of the
highest moral reputation,” and were to be paid a stated compensation from a
fund contributed by all the Powers.
Jurisdiction was conferred upon the court to review on appeal all
judgments of national prize courts. By a subsequent agreement, for the
purpose of avoiding difficulties presented by the constitutions of some of
the signatory Powers, an alternative procedure was authorized under which
the new court might pass upon the question involved in the case of prize
de novo, and notwithstanding any judgment of
the national prize court, instead of passing upon it by way of appeal from
that judgment. Article 7 of the convention provides:
If a question of law to be decided is covered by a treaty in
force between the belligerent captor and a Power which is itself or
whose subject or citizen is a party to the proceedings, the court is
governed by the provisions of the said treaty.
In the absence of such provisions the court shall apply the rule
of international law. If no generally recognized rule exists the
court shall give judgment in accordance with the general principles
of justice and equity.
The Negotiations Between Japan and China in 1915
Authors: North S. N. D. 
Published: April 2006

One of the most far reaching events which may be said to have sprung indirectly from the European War, is the readjustment of the relations between Japan and China. The exact nature of this readjustment is but dimly understood in the United States, and its ultimate effects upon which is commonly called the Far Eastern Question, can be but vaguely foreseen at the present time. But the world will not fail to realize that these effects will be momentous. For this reason it is timely to trace the history of the “Japanese demands” upon China, to study the negotiations that followed and their results as embodied in the new treaties between the two Powers.In attempting an impartial statement regarding this negotiation, it is impossible not to take cognizance of the fact that the demands of Japan for a radical modification of her treaty relations with China, followed within six months after the outbreak of the European War, and at a time when Japan’s ally, Great Britain, was engrossed in that war, and unable to give close attention to Far Eastern matters. Under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed August 12, 1905, as modified July 13, 1911, the two governments are mutually bound to “the preservation of the common interests of all Powers in China by insuring the independence and integrity of the Chinese Empire, and the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations in China.” To what extent, if at all, that agreement may have to be disregarded in the new treaties, is a question certain to be raised when the European War shall have come to an end.
Conference on the Limitation of Armament
Authors: Hughes Charles E. , Lodge Henry Cabot , Underwood Oscar W. , Root Elihu 
Published: April 2006

The undersigned, appointed by the President as Commissioners to represent the Government of the United States at the Conference on Limitation of Armament, have the honor to submit the following report of the Proceedings of the Conference.On July 8, 1921, by direction of the President, the Department of State addressed an informal inquiry to the group of Powers known as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers—that is, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan—to ascertain whether it would be agreeable to them to take part in a conference on the subject of limitation of armament, to be held in Washington at a time to be mutually agreed upon. In making this inquiry, it was stated to be manifest that the question of Umitation of armament had a close relation to Pacific and Far Eastern problems, and the President suggested that the Powers especially interested in these problems should undertake in connection with the Conference the consideration of all matters bearing upon their solution with a view to reaching a common understanding with respect to principles and policies in the Far East.
The Jones Act and the Denunciation of Treaties
Authors: Reeves Jesse S. 
Published: April 2006

Section 34 of the Merchant Marine Act, commonly called the Jones Act, approved by the President, June 5, 1920, is as follows:
In the judgment of Congress, articles or provisions in treaties or conventions to which the United States is a party, which restrict the right of the United States to impose discriminating customs duties on imports entering the United States in foreign vessels and in vessels of the United States, and which also restrict the right of the United States to impose discriminatory tonnage dues on foreign vessels and on vessels of the United States entering the United States should be terminated, and the President is hereby authorized and directed within ninety days after this Act becomes law to give notice to the several governments, respectively, parties to such treaties or conventions, that so much thereof as imposes any such restriction on the United States will terminate on the expiration of such periods as may be required for the giving of such notice by the provisions of such treaties or conventions.
The Destruction of Neutral Property on Enemy Vessels
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: April 2006

In 1785 Prussia ratified a treaty with the United States providing in its twenty-third article 1 that in case of war between the contracting powers:
All merchant and trading vessels employed in exchanging the products of different places, and thereby rendering the necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of human life more fiasy to be obtained, and more general, shall be allowed to pass free and unmolested; and neither of the contracting Powers shall grant or issue any commission to any private armed vessels, empowering them to take or destroy such trading vessels or interrupt such commerce.
The Relations between the United States and Porto Rico
Authors: Capó-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: April 2006

Dowries v. Bidwell. This is really the most important judgment in all the Insular Cases so far as a determination of the present status of Porto Rico is concerned. It is interesting because in it the now famous doctrine of non-incorporation is developed. It will be well, however, to state at the outset that in this case there was no majority opinion of the court and that the decision was reached merely by the concurrence of a majority of the judges in what is styled in the syllabus of the case as the conclusion and judgment of the court.In view of the great diversity of opinion evinced by the judges in this case, as will later appear, it was regarded at the time by very able lawyers and commentators of note as a very doubtful precedent which the court might not feel in the future bound to accept as the settled law of the land. So far, however, it has stood the test of time, and although the recent passage of the so-called Jones-Shafroth Act, extending to Porto Ricans a large measure of self-government and the privilege of American citizenship, seemed to reopen the question of the juridical status of Porto Rico and require the rejection or modification of the doctrines laid down or relied upon in this important decision, its conclusions have been affirmed and ratified and are largely accepted at the present time as a correct expression of the national sense. It is at any rate the only authoritative declaration of the present status of Porto Rico so far made by any competent branch of the government. It is therefore important to examine this decision somewhat at length in order to ascertain and determine the present status of the Island and the particular doctrines upon which that status is supposed to be founded.
Of Missionaries, Fanatics, and Lawyers: Some Thoughts on Investment Disputes in the Americas
Authors: Rogers William D. 
Published: April 2006

Sir Harold Nicholson had it about right. Diplomacy, he said,
is not a system of moral philosophy; it is, as Sir Ernest Satow defined it, “the application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of official relations between the governments of independent States.” The worst kind of diplomatists are missionaries, fanatics and lawyers; the best kind are the reasonable and humane sceptics.Investment disputes have attracted their fair share of missionaries, fanatics, and lawyers in the Western Hemisphere. There may be evidence, though, that some relatively reasonable sceptics are making their voices heard.
The Third United Nation’s Conference on the Law of the Sea: The 1977 New York Session
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. 
Published: April 2006

The sixth session of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea was held in New York from May 23 to July 15, 1977.The Conference confirmed two procedural decisions taken at the close of the fifth sesison—to devote the first two or three weeks of the sixth session to Committee I (deep seabed) problems and to entrust the President and Committee Chairmen with the preparation of an informal composite text of the treaty as a whole later in the session. In the interim between the fifth and sixth sessions, Minister Jens Evensen of Norway, Vice-President of the Conference, who at an earlier stage of the Conference had held lengthy informal meetings on economic zone matters with marked success, arranged for an intersessional meeting in Geneva early in 1977 on the deep seabeds sytem of exploitation, to which all conference participants were invited. Minister Evensen continued these efforts at the Conference itself, reporting to the Chairman of the First Committee.
Treaty of 1989 between Australia and Indonesia concerning the “Timor Gap”—existence of legal dispute between Portugal and Australia—objections to jurisdiction—effect of Court ruling on absent third parties—right to self-determination as right erga omnes —status of East Timor as non-self-governing territory: East Timor (Port. v. Austl.). 1995 ICJ Rep. 90
Authors: Bello Judith Hippler , Bekker Peter H. F. 
Published: April 2006

International Court of Justice, June 30, 1995.Portugal submitted an Application instituting proceedings against the Commonwealth of Australia before the International Court of Justice on February 22, 1991. Both Portugal and Australia had made declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2 of the ICJ Statute. Portugal sought a declaration from the Court that Portugal's status with respect to East Timor and the rights of the people of East Timor to self-determination, territorial integrity and unity, and permanent sovereignty over its wealth and natural resources were opposable to Australia. Portugal also sought a declaration that Australia had incurred international responsibility and had caused damage for which it owed reparation to both the people of East Timor and Portugal. Portugal alleged that Australia had incurred this responsibility mainly by negotiating and concluding—not with Portugal, but with Indonesia—a treaty on December 11, 1989, creating a “Zone of Cooperation” in an area of the undelimited continental shelf between East Timor and northern Australia known as the “Timor Gap.”
Free International Trade and Protection of the Environment: Irreconcilable Conflict?
Authors: Schoenbaum Thomas J. 
Published: April 2006

States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus.Principle 12 Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentThe global multilateral trading system and its centerpiece, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are facing a new challenge from a quite unexpected quarter. The GATT is under attack by some in the environmental community who charge that international free trade blindly fosters the exploitation of natural resources. The GATT is depicted as a sinister charter that allows “big business” a free hand to plunder the bounty of the natural world. In certain environmentalists’ view, “free trade can destroy the environment.” Thus, a segment of the large and influential environmentalist lobby has joined the growing coalition of interests seeking to scuttle what is left of international free trade.
Sienkiewicz's First Translator, Jeremiah Curtin
Authors: Segel H. B. 
Published: April 2006

Let Peary seek his Arctic goal;His countrymen prefer a PoleLess brumal and uncertain;And Roe and Howells the prolixMust bow to Henry Sienkiewicz,Democratized by Curtin.Anonymous, "Columbus Sienkiewicz,"The Outlook, New York,March 12, 1898The subject of Henryk Sienkiewicz and America is hardly exhausted with the acknowledgment of the enormous popularity of Quo Vadis in the United States. Sienkiewicz himself visited America in 1876, in fact traveled extensively through the country and recorded his impressions at some length in his Listy z Ameryki (Letters from America), a large part of which was translated into English and published in 1959. Sienkiewicz's relations with Helena Modrzejewska (Modjeska) and her debut in the American theater at the time of his visit add to the interest of his sojourn in the United States. Another phase of Sienkiewicz's relations with this country embraces the fascinating career of his American translator, Jeremiah Curtin, whose name remains as intimately linked with translations from Polish literature, particularly the works of Sienkiewicz, as Constance Garnett's has been with English renditions of the Russian masters of the nineteenth century.