bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continued Developments in Easily Carburizable High Speed Steel Alloys
Authors: Hetzner DW 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A technical update on how bearing fatigue life in high speed steels (HSS) is enhanced by modifying the carbide distributions and morphologies is presented. A brief review of the laser glazing process as applied to bearings (U.S. Patents 5,861,067 and 5.879,480) will be presented. For wrought M50 steel, this processing resulted in an increase in bearing L10 % fatigue life of approximately 10×. The microstructural enhancements created by this processing will be illustrated. How the knowledge gained from the laser glazing process led to the development of the easily carburizable high speed steel alloys (U.S. Patent 6.702,981) will be discussed. Developments made for these alloys since the last bearing steel symposium in 2001 will be presented. The most notable achievement in the development process is a 20× increase in bearing L10 % fatigue life for the easily carburizable version of M50 as compared to standard M50 HSS. Other data pertinent to these alloys will be presented.
Characterization of Wear and Surface Reaction Layer Formation on Aerospace Bearing Steel M50 and a Nitrogen-alloyed Stainless Steel
Authors: Peissl S , Leitner H , Ebner R , Hutter H , Krecar D , Rabitsch R 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The formation of reaction layers on surfaces in mechanical contact is strongly affected by the tribological loading conditions, the materials used, the lubricant and the service temperature. An appropriate balance between reactivity of material and lubricant in tribological systems decreases wear and friction and increases the durability. The goal of this paper is to compare the reaction layer formation on a standard aerospace bearing steel AMS 6491 (M50) with that on a high strength stainless steel grade AMS 5898 exhibiting a nominal chemical compositions of 0.82C-4.1Cr-1V-4.2Mo (wt. %) and 0.3C-0.4N-15.2Cr-1Mo (wt. %), respectively. As lubricant jet engine oil Mobil Jet II has been used. Rolling contact fatigue (contact pressure: 6 GPa) and ball-on-disk tests (contact pressure: 1.6 GPa, sliding speed 10 cm/s) at room temperature and at 150°C were employed to study the effect of extreme loading conditions and temperature dependence of the reaction layer formation. The contact areas were inspected by means of optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in order to determine type, thickness, homogeneity, and distribution of the reaction layers in the contact zone. The main result of the study is that the reaction layer formation is significantly less on the stainless steel grade compared with M50. SIMS depth profiles were determined in order to explain the differences in the wear characteristics of the two materials. The reaction layers are mainly built up of PXOY molecules, which might be phosphates resulting from the tricresyl phosphate (TCP) lubricant additive. The role of the chemical reaction of the steel and TCP regarding the layer formation will be discussed.
Uncertainty in Reference Values for the Charpy V-notch Verification Program
Authors: Splett JD , Wang CM 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
We present a method for computing the combined standard uncertainty for reference values used in the Charpy machine verification program administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The technique is compliant with the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and models the between-machine bias using a Type B distribution. We demonstrate the method using actual data from the Charpy machine verification program.
Extrasynaptic GABAAReceptors of Thalamocortical Neurons: A Molecular Target for Hypnotics
Authors: Belelli Delia , Peden Dianne R. , Rosahl Thomas W. , Wafford Keith A. , Lambert Jeremy J. 
Published: December 2005

Among hypnotic agents that enhance GABAAreceptor function, etomidate is unusual because it is selective for β2/β3compared with β1subunit-containing GABAAreceptors. Mice incorporating an etomidate-insensitive β2subunit (β2N265S) revealed that β2subunit-containing receptors mediate the enhancement of slow-wave activity (SWA) by etomidate, are required for the sedative, and contribute to the hypnotic actions of this anesthetic. Although the anatomical location of the β2-containing receptors that mediate these actions is unknown, the thalamus is implicated.We have characterized GABAAreceptor-mediated neurotransmission in thalamic nucleus reticularis (nRT) and ventrobasalis complex (VB) neurons of wild-type, β–/–2, and β2N265Smice. VB but not nRT neurons exhibit a large GABA-mediated tonic conductance that contributes ∼80% of the total GABAAreceptor-mediated transmission. Consequently, although etomidate enhances inhibition in both neuronal types, the effect of this anesthetic on the tonic conductance of VB neurons is dominant. The GABA-enhancing actions of etomidate in VB but not nRT neurons are greatly suppressed by the β2N265Smutation. The hypnotic THIP (Gaboxadol) induces SWA and at low, clinically relevant concentrations (30 nmto 3 μm) increases the tonic conductance of VB neurons, with no effect on VB or nRT miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) or on the holding current of nRT neurons. Zolpidem, which has no effect on SWA, prolongs VB mIPSCs but is ineffective on the phasic and tonic conductance of nRT and VB neurons, respectively. Collectively, these findings suggest that enhancement of extrasynaptic inhibition in the thalamus may contribute to the distinct sleep EEG profiles of etomidate and THIP compared with zolpidem.
The Grid-Idea and Its Evolution (Die Grididee und ihre Evolution)
Authors: Laszewski Gregor von 
Published: December 2005

Summary
In this paper we review the essence of the Grid-Idea. Specifically, we explore the changing definition of the Grid and follow its evolution over the past decade. This evolution is motivated by the gradual expansion of management issues that must be addressed to make production Grids a reality and to meet user requirements for increased functionality. Additionally, we focus on the evolutionary path of the Globus Toolkit taken to address the increasing needs of the community. We also discuss the evolutionary inclusion of commodity technologies as illustrated by the Java Commodity Grid Project.
Towards an Architecture for the Mobile Grid (Architektur für ein Mobiles Grid)
Authors: Wesner Stefan 
Published: December 2005

Summary
Mobility is becoming a central aspect of everyday life and must not be ignored by the ongoing efforts in defining the Next Generation Grid architectures. Currently existing network agnostic Grid middleware solutions are duplicating functionality available from lower layers and cannot benefit from a richer set of additional information available such as the user or device context. In this article we will motivate why an integration of the infrastructure services built for supporting mobile users can be beneficial for the realization of a Next Generation Grid. Starting from a definition of the term Mobile Grid it is shown how new kind of adaptive applications can be realized and how the major obstacles for the wide take up of Grid solutions can be addressed. In particular how grid solutions can benefit from user authentication models, cross-organizational accounting, auditing and billing are covered. Beside the opportunities of this integration several new challenges in particular related to workflows and the management of Service Level Agreements will be outlined. This so called Cross-Layer Cooperation is seen as one of the major differences to other Next Generation Grids based on the Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) [10] approach. In the next section considerations related to deployment of Mobile Grids and why the approach outlined in the OGSA architecture to model grids as the composition of individual services is not adequate for this are presented.
PRIME – Ein europäisches Projekt für nutzerbestimmtes Identitätsmanagement (PRIME – A European Project for Privacy-Enhancing Identity Management)
Authors: Hansen Marit , Borcea-Pfitzmann Katrin , Pfitzmann Andreas 
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung
Neue Konzepte für datenschutzförderndes Identitätsmanagement stehen im Mittelpunkt des Projekts „PRIME – Privacy and Identity Management for Europe“. Das Projekt hat am 1. März 2004 begonnen und läuft gefördert im 6. EU-Rahmenprogramm für vier Jahre. Ziel ist, Lösungen zu erforschen und zu entwickeln, die es Menschen ermöglichen, die Kontrolle über ihre Privatsphäre im Cyberspace in die eigene Hand zu nehmen. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Schwerpunkte der Forschung in PRIME.
Formal fundierte Modellierung von Geschäftsprozessen (Formally Founded Business Process Modeling)
Authors: Thurner Veronika 
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung
Geschäftsprozesse haben sich heute als Mittel der Anforderungserfassung für betriebliche Informationssysteme etabliert. Die Dissertation führt Beschreibungstechniken für Geschäftsprozesse ein, die sowohl anschaulich als auch formal fundiert sind, und ergänzen diese um präzise Kriterien für die Wohlgeformtheit von Geschäftsprozessmodellen. Darüber hinaus werden Transformationsregeln definiert, welche die systematische und kontrollierte Veränderung von Geschäftsprozessmodellen ermöglichen und dabei sowohl die syntaktische als auch die semantische Korrektheit des modifizierten Modells erhalten. Die Arbeit schafft die Grundlagen für ein Modellierungswerkzeug, das neben der rein zeichnerischen Hilfestellung auch eine umfassende automatische Konsistenzsicherung der erstellten Modelle ermöglicht.
Oberflächencharakterisierung durch morphologische Filterung (Surface Characterization by Morphological Filtering)
Authors: Puente León Fernando , Beyerer Jürgen 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Morphologische Filter sind nichtlineare Methoden, die von der Übertragung mengentheoretischer Verfahren auf die Bildanalyse stammen. Im Zusammenhang mit Oberflächen liefern sie eine geeignete Beschreibung ihrer Abtastung sowohl durch mechanische Tastnadeln als auch durch andere Verfahren wie Rastersondenmikroskopie. Der Artikel veranschaulicht die Grundlagen morphologischer Filter, diskutiert ihre Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen linearen Filtern und befasst sich schwerpunktmäßig mit ihrer Anwendung auf die Oberflächencharakterisierung. Das Problem der Wiedergewinnung des wahren 3D-Profils wird angesprochen, und die Bedingungen, die erfüllt sein müssen, um einen Informationsverlust zu vermeiden, werden diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden neue formorientierte Methoden vorgestellt, mittels derer man Form, Welligkeit und Rauheit auf Basis der Profildaten errechnen kann.
Verbessertes Phasen-Differenz-Verfahren zur Frequenzmessung gestörter Signale bei kurzer Messzeit (Improved Phase-Difference Method for the Frequency Estimation of Noisy Signals in Short Measurement Time)
Authors: Bonfig Karl-Walter , Liu Zhongdong , Himmel Jörg 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das Phasen-Differenz-Verfahren zur Frequenzmessung der durch Rauschen gestörten Signale vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass Frequenzausreißer bei Anwendungen dieses Verfahrens entstehen, auch wenn das Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis ausreichend groß ist. Die Ursachen der Frequenzausreißer werden analysiert. Zur Korrektur wird ein Lösungsansatz vorgeschlagen. Im Vergleich mit anderen Verfahren kann das verbesserte Phasen-Differenz-Verfahren die Frequenz der durch Rauschen gestörten Signale mit größerer Genauigkeit und vertretbarem Rechenaufwand berechnen.
Verfahren zur Mastitidendiagnose mit Wechselstrommethoden (Procedures to Mastitis Diagnosis with Alternating Current Methods)
Authors: Hassan Anwar , Guth Ulrich , Bernhardt Gerd 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Die Zellzahl ist ein wichtiges Gesundheits- und Qualitätskriterium der Milch. Daher laufen weltweit Forschungen, die somatischen Zellen im Vorgemelk zu bestimmen. Da Wechselstrommethoden gut geeignet sind, über komplexe Systeme Informationen zu erhalten, und in der Literatur dazu nur wenige Untersuchungen vorliegen, wurde in dieser Arbeit der Zusammenhang zwischen der Zahl der somatischen Zellen und den impedimetrischen Eigenschaften der Rohmilch systematisch untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Milchproben in neuartigen Messzellen mit Wechselstrom in einem weiten Frequenzspektrum vermessen und Relationen zwischen den erhaltenen komplexen elektrischen Größen sowie den komplexen Widerstandsgrößen und den Inhaltsstoffen der Milch wie Laktose und Zellzahl vor allem mit statistischen Methoden hergestellt. Die Messungen wurden mit denen verglichen, die mit Hilfe des anerkannten Standardverfahrens (Fossomatic) erhalten wurden, mit dem die fluoreszierenden Zellen nach Anfärbung ihrer DNA gezählt werden.
Band‐Edge Photoluminescence Recovery from Zinc‐Blende CdSe Nanocrystals Synthesized at Room Temperature
Authors: Li R. , Lee J. , Kang D. , Luo Z. , Aindow M. , Papadimitrakopoulos F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractLow‐cost, large‐scale production of highly photoluminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is desirable for a variety of applications. In this paper we report the realization of highly photoluminescent zinc‐blende CdSe nanocrystals from room‐temperature water‐phase synthesis, followed by low‐temperature (80 ± 5 °C) chemical etching in a solution of 3‐amino‐1‐propanol/H2O (v/v = 10/1). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data indicate that these CdSe NCs exhibit a cubic, zinc‐blende crystal structure. After etching, these CdSe nanocrystals show strong band‐edge photoluminescence (with quantum efficiency as high as 50 %) and lack of deep‐trap emissions. A high‐resolution TEM investigation suggests that this etching not only removes surface irregularities, but also attacks grain boundaries. Moreover, the size distribution reduces upon progressive etching to allow photoluminescence full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) values as low as 30 nm.
Hydrolysis of olive oil using lipase bonded to modified carbon membrane
Authors: Sachan S. , Sachdeva S. , Pugazhenthi G. , Kumar Anil 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA noninterpenetrating supported carbon membrane was prepared using a resole‐type phenol‐formaldehyde resin as precursor. Amine groups were created on the carbon membrane through nitration using NOx and used to immobilize lipase enzyme by reacting with glutaraldehyde. To maintain high enzyme activity, surface carboxylic groups were modified and the immobilized enzyme on the membrane thus obtained was active even after 3 months of usage. The performance of the biphasic membrane reactor is studied in terms of amount of free fatty acid produced per unit time based on the volume of aqueous phase and the effect of operating variables (pH of aqueous phase solution, solvent used for olive oil, olive oil concentration, and aqueous phase circulation rate) were evaluated. Experiments show that the activity of lipase increases 1.42‐fold upon immobilization. The maximum reaction rate was 3.6‐fold higher, and the base case rate was 1.4‐fold higher than the values reported in the literature for a similar enzyme membrane reactor but with a different membrane. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Trisomy 16p: A longitudinal profile and photo essay
Authors: Sommer Annemarie , Pastore Matthew , Wenger Gail 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAs more cases of complete or partial trisomy 16p are described, a clinical picture of these patients is emerging. A specific phenotype appears to be most consistent if the band 16p13.1–16p13.3 is present in triplicate. The hallmarks of this syndrome are microcephaly, a specific facial appearance with round facies, micrognathia, and small protruding auricles, and psychomotor as well as growth retardation. We report on a patient with partial trisomy 16p due to a maternally‐inherited balanced translocation between chromosomes 2q and 16p and describe the change in phenotype over 21 years, as well as the level of development achieved. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional, social, and evolutionary perspectives on treponemal infection in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Hutchinson Dale L. , Richman Rebecca 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe origin and geographic distribution of syphilis, a form of treponemal infection, have long been regarded as among the most important medical riddles of prehistoric and historic disease evolution. In this study, we expand on previous discussions of the origin, evolution, and relationship of treponemal infections as they occur in the prehistoric southeastern United States. Individuals from 25 skeletal series (n = 2,410 individuals) were examined for cranial and dental lesions characteristic of treponemal infection. They lived between the Archaic period (8000–1000 BC) and protohistoric period (AD 1500–1600), and in physiographic zones from the coast to the mountains of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Radial cranial scars were found for 47 individuals, but none of the four cases of dental lesions could be attributed to congenital syphilis. Differences in frequency of cranial lesions by region were minimal, with the least number of cases found for the mountains, but the frequency of positive cases tended to increase through time. It is suggested that increasing population density and changing behaviors, rather than novel strains of the treponemal pathogen, are responsible for the chronological increase in the frequency of positive cases. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological identification of syphilis in pre‐Columbian England
Authors: von Hunnius Tanya E. , Roberts Charlotte A. , Boylston Anthea , Saunders Shelley R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMicroscopic analyses served to complement the macroscopic identification of venereal syphilis in two of four pre‐Columbian skeletons from the site Hull Magistrates Court in England. Diagnosis was based on parameters presented by Schultz ([1994] Origin of Syphilis in Europe, Toulon: Centre Archaeologique du Var, p. 63–67; [2001] Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 44:106–147; [2003] Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Remains, New York: Academic Press, p. 73–109), which characterized venereal syphilis at a histological level. Observation of the microarchitecture of these samples allowed a more comprehensive approach to identification of the disease (processes). In most samples, Polsters and Grenzstreifen (or remnants of such structures) could be identified, suggesting the presence of a chronic, inflammatory disease such as venereal syphilis. Sinous lacunae were also observed in all histological samples, pointing to lytic activity (osteitis). The combination of both proliferative and destructive processes is pathognomonic for syphilis, and histological analyses provided a more accurate diagnosis of this infectious disease in these four individuals. As a result, the histological evidence suggests that venereal syphilis was present in England prior to 1492. This secondary form of evidence supports the macroscopic identification of the disease, and shows the power of a multimethodological approach to paleopathological diagnoses. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional Liquid‐Crystalline Assemblies: Self‐Organized Soft Materials
Authors: Kato Takashi , Mizoshita Norihiro , Kishimoto Kenji 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the 21st century, soft materials will become more important as functional materials because of their dynamic nature. Although soft materials are not as highly durable as hard materials, such as metals, ceramics, and engineering plastics, they can respond well to stimuli and the environment. The introduction of order into soft materials induces new dynamic functions. Liquid crystals are ordered soft materials consisting of self‐organized molecules and can potentially be used as new functional materials for electron, ion, or molecular transporting, sensory, catalytic, optical, and bio‐active materials. For this functionalization, unconventional materials design is required. Herein, we describe new approaches to the functionalization of liquid crystals and show how the design of liquid crystals formed by supramolecular assembly and nano‐segregation leads to the formation of a variety of new self‐organized functional materials.
Investigation of adsorption–desorption dynamism of bovine serum albumin on crosslinked N,N′‐diethylaminoethyl dextran microbeads: Solution phase
Authors: Can Hatice Kaplan , Güner Ali 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNew hydrogel microspheres based on crosslinked dextran containing N,N′‐diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups with different chemical structures have been used in adsorption–desorption studies. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is frequently used in biophysical and biochemical studies. BSA has a well‐known primary structure that has been associated with binding of many different categories of small molecules. Both adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of BSA on crosslinked DEAE dextran have been determined experimentally. These were only slightly dependent on the initial concentration of BSA but were considerably affected by the pH of the medium. The results fitted the Freundlich–Langmuir isotherm model for pH 6.9. The adsorption capacity factor and the adsorption equilibrium constant were obtained and mathematical modeling of adsorption, adsorption rate constants, and maximum adsorption were determined. Swelling kinetics of crosslinked DEAE dextran and optimum ionic strength, pH, and mass of hydrogel were also investigated. Desorption studies were finally determined under optimum medium conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Magnetic properties of polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate)/metal hybrids
Authors: Wang Yanmei , Zhu Ruping , He Weidong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHybrids, which were composed of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate) (PSt‐b‐PHEMA) and nickel, cobalt, or a nickel–cobalt alloy, were characterized with infrared absorption spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that a redshift happened after the PSt‐b‐PHEMA/metal‐ion complexes were reduced by KBH4. The PSt‐b‐PHEMA/nickel–cobalt alloy hybrids had the biggest redshift [difference of the UV‐vis absorption wavelength between (PSt‐b‐PHEMA)/metal ion complex and (PSt‐b‐PHEMA)/metal hybrids (Δλm = 19.9 nm)]. In comparison with the PSt‐b‐PHEMA/nickel hybrids (Δλm = 3.5 nm) and PSt‐b‐PHEMA/cobalt hybrids (Δλm = 9.0 nm). The magnetic properties of PSt‐b‐PHEMA/metal were studied with vibrating sample magnetometry. The results of magnetic hysteresis loop studies showed that the obtained PSt‐b‐PHEMA/metal hybrids could be categorized as ferromagnetic materials. The results showed that the magnetic susceptibility decreased with increasing temperature in the range of 150–400 K and increased with increasing temperature above 400 K. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006