bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Controlled Salt Decomposition Route to Synthesize Nanoporous Mn2O3 Materials with Tunable Pore Structure and Narrow Pore Distribution
Authors: Yu Chichao , Shi Jianlin , Yan Dongsheng 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A facile and novel method has been developed for synthesizing nanoporous Mn2O3 materials with polyhedron morphology, high surface area, and narrow pore distribution by controlled thermal decomposition of the oxalate salt precursor. This method can be extended to the preparation of other kinds of nanoporous oxides.
Global Warming: Forecasts by Scientists Versus Scientific Forecasts
Authors: Green Kesten C. , Armstrong J. Scott 
Published: November 2007

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Working Group One, a panel of experts established by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, issued its Fourth Assessment Report. The Report included predictions of dramatic increases in average world temperatures over the next 92 years and serious harm resulting from the predicted temperature increases. Using forecasting principles as our guide we asked: Are these forecasts a good basis for developing public policy? Our answer is “no”. To provide forecasts of climate change that are useful for policy-making, one would need to forecast (1) global temperature, (2) the effects of any temperature changes, and (3) the effects of feasible alternative policies. Proper forecasts of all three are necessary for rational policy making. The IPCC WG1 Report was regarded as providing the most credible long-term forecasts of global average temperatures by 31 of the 51 scientists and others involved in forecasting climate change who responded to our survey. We found no references in the 1056-page Report to the primary sources of information on forecasting methods despite the fact these are conveniently available in books, articles, and websites. We audited the forecasting processes described in Chapter 8 of the IPCC's WG1 Report to assess the extent to which they complied with forecasting principles. We found enough information to make judgments on 89 out of a total of 140 forecasting principles. The forecasting procedures that were described violated 72 principles. Many of the violations were, by themselves, critical. The forecasts in the Report were not the outcome of scientific procedures. In effect, they were the opinions of scientists transformed by mathematics and obscured by complex writing. Research on forecasting has shown that experts' predictions are not useful in situations involving uncertainly and complexity. We have been unable to identify any scientific forecasts of global warming. Claims that the Earth will get warmer have no more credence than saying that it will get colder.
From conceptual intention to utterance: A study of impaired language output in a child with developmental dysphasia
Authors: Chiat Shula , Hirson Allen 
Published: November 2007

This is a psycholinguistic case study of a child whose linguistic output is often unintelligible or ungrammatical, and who has been diagnosed as developmental dysphasic. It explores the conceptual intentions expressed in the child's spontaneous utterances, and her linguistic mapping of these intentions. Analysis of the scope and limits of her output reveal:

a variety and complexity of conceptual intentions which exceed her ability to map these intentions linguistically;
constituent structures which are intact from a gross syntactic, semantic, and phonological (prosodic) point of view;
omissions and substitutions which affect syllables within words and words within sentences according to their place within the prosodic structure of the word or sentence, those items which occur pre‐stress being most vulnerable;
lexical substitutions affecting words which are semantically and syntactically contingent on the head they modify.
It is suggested that phonological constraints, which limit the processing of phonological detail within a rhythmic structure, and which may be affected by certain semantic factors, are responsible for the child's impaired output. These conclusions are discussed in relation to current research in the field, raising specific questions for further psycholinguistic investigation into developmental dysphasia.
Paediatric speech and language therapy referral in Singapore: implications for multilingual language disability
Authors: Gupta Anthea Fraser , Chandler Helen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractsSingapore is extremely multilingual, a situation that presents many difficulties for speech and language therapists. A prevalent attitude of tolerance of language use appears to mask language disability in children, and referral rates are low.Singapour est caracterisé par un multilinguisme extrème, qui pose plusieurs types de difficultés aux orthophonistes. Il est possible que l'attitude générale de tolérance envers les langues parlées masque l'existence de troubles linguistiques chez les enfants, ce qui serait en partie la cause d'une taux bas de consultation.Singapur ist eine vielsprachige Stadt, ein Zustand, der für den Sprech‐ und Sprachtherapeuten viele Probleme mit sich bringt. Die vorherrschende Toleranz gegenüber unterschiedlichem Sprachgebrauch scheint Sprachbehinderung in Kindern zu maskieren, und Überweisungen für Therapie sind relativ selten.
Speech pattern audiometry for clinical use
Authors: Hazan V. , Wilson G. , Howells D. , Miller D. , Abberton E. , Fourcin A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSA new PC‐based speech perception testing system (‘speech pattern audiometer’) is described which aims to provide a simple and efficient clinical tool to assess patients' ability to make use of the acoustic speech pattern information which is fundamental to speech perception. The speech pattern audiometer is likely to find its main application in audiology and speech and language therapy clinics with those who are deaf or who have developmental or acquired speech‐perceptual disorders. This system constitutes a module of a complete speech and hearing assessment and teaching/therapy workstation.Un système de tests par logiciel de la perception de la parole (‘Audiomètre des Types de Parole’) est décrit; ce système a pour but de fournir un outil clinique simple et efficace pour mesurer la capacité des patients d'utiliser l'information, provenant des types acoustiques de la parole, qui est fondamentale pour la perception de celle‐ci. Il est probable que l'Audiomètre des Types de Parole trouvera son utilité principale en audiologie et dans les cliniques de thérapie du langage et de la parole, chez ceux qui sont atteints de surdité ou qui souffrent de troubles de perception de la parole qui apparaissent lors de la croissance ou qui sont acquis plus tard. Ce système constitue un module d'une station complet d'évaluation et d'enseignement et thérapie de la parole et de l'audition.Ein neues PC‐System zum Testen der Sprachperzeption (‘speech pattern audiometer’ = ‘Sprachmuster Audiometer’) wird beschrieben, das als einfaches und effizientes Gerät zur Bewertung der Fähigkeit von Patienten, die für die Sprachperzeption grundlegende akustische Information zu verarbeiten, eingesetzt werden soll. Das Sprachmusteraudiometer wird hauptsächlich in audiologischen und logopädischen Zentren bei Patienten mit Gehörsstörungen und mit entwicklungsmä***ßigen oder erworbenen Sprachperzeptionstörungen Anwendung finden. Das System stellt ein Modell für eine ganze Arbeitsstation zur Bewertung und zur Therapie des Sprechens und Hörens sowie zum Einsatz in der Lehre dar.
Electrolaryngography in the assessment and treatment of incomplete mutation (puberphonia) in adults
Authors: Carlson Eva 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSPuberphonia, or incomplete mutation of the adult voice, is a condition which causes the sufferer considerable distress and which carries a powerful social stigma. It can usually be treated successfully by a few sessions of speech therapy. This paper describes how these sessions may be made more effective by using laryngography to provide immediate visual feedback to the speaker in the form of the Lx waveform. Fundamental frequency distributions, measured from conversational and formally read passages, are also presented. These demonstrate the substantial lowering of pitch and reduction of pitch irregularity achieved after voice therapy. It is demonstrated that the perception of normal male voice quality is not only a matter of pitch but also involves a shift towards a longer closed quotient of the male chest register Lx waveform pattern.La puberphonie, ou mue incomplète de la voix adulte, est un état qui cause une détresse considérable à celui qui en souffre, et qui est fortement montré du doigt du point de vue social. Quelques séances d'orthophonie réussissent le plus souvent à en venir à bout. Cet article décrit comment ces séances peuvent e&#x030a;tre rendues plus efficaces gråce à l'emploi de la laryngographie, qui fournit immé‐diatement au locuteur un renseignement visuel en retour sous la forme de la courbe de fréquence Lx. L'on présente aussi des distributions de fréquences fondamentales, mesurées àpartir de passages de conversations et de lecture formelle, qui montrent l'abaissement considérable de la hauteur et la réduction des irrégularités de hauteur obtenus aprés l'orthophonie. L'on démontre que la perception de la qualité normale de la voix masculine n'est pas seulement une question de hauteur, mais qu'elle implique une tendance à un quotient de fermeture plus long du type de courbe Lx du registre normal de la voix masculine.Puberphonie, die unvollständige Mutation der Stimme bei Erwachsenen, ist ein Zustand, der beträchtliches Leiden für die betroffene Person verursacht und ein starkes soziales Stigma mit sich bringt. In der Regel kann sie mit Sprechtherapie in relativ kurzer Zeit erfolgreich behandelt werden. Hier wird beschrieben, wie die Behandlung durch den Einsatz der Laryngographie effektiver gestaltet werden kann, um mit dem Lx‐Signal dem Sprecher unmittelbare visuelle Rückkopplung zu geben. Grundfrequenzverteilungen von freier Unterhaltung und gelesenen Texten werden ebenfalls gezeigt. Diese illustrieren die beträchtliche Senkung des Stimmtons und die Reduktion der Stimmtonunregelmä***ßigkeit nach der Stimmtherapie. Es wird gezeigt, da***β die Perzeption einer normalen männlichen Stimmqualität nicht nur eine Frage der Tonhöhe ist, sondern auch mit einer Änderung zu einer längeren geschlossenen Phase hin zusammenhängt, wie sie beim Brustregister in der Lx Schwingungsform bei Männern üblich ist.
EPG bidimensional data reduction
Authors: Nguyen Noël 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSA new method of electropalatographic (EPG) data reduction is proposed. It uses the so‐called discrete cosine transform for representing an EPG pattern as a weighted sum of elementary ‘pictures’. It is shown that several of these pictures can be considered as being articulatorily relevant. The respective contributions of these pictures to the spatial arrangement of the linguopalatal contacts are given by transform coefficients which are used here as a set of new EPG indices: the scaled sum of contacts index (SSU), the left–right asymmetry index (LRA), the alveolar–palatal index (APA) and the lateral–median index (LME). It is shown that the information extracted from an EPG pattern by means of these indices is maximised. Because of its robustness, this method could be usefully employed in studies on articulatory disorders.On propose ici une nouvelle méthode de réduction des données électropalatographiques (EPG). Elle utilise ce qu'on appelle la transformée cosinus en discrète pour représenter un patron EPG comme une somme d'‘images' élémentaires. Il est démontré que plusieurs de ces images peuvent e&#x030a;tre considérées comme pertinentes du point de vue articulatoire. Les contributions respectives de ces images à l'organisation spatiale des contacts linguo‐palataux sont données par les coefficients de la tranformée, que l'on utilise ici comme un ensemble de nouveaux indices EPG, à savoir: la somme de normalisée contacts (en anglais: SSU), l'indice d'asymétrie gauche–droite (en anglais: LRA), l'indice alvéolo‐palatal (en anglais: APA), et l'indice latéral–médian (en anglais: LME). On montre que l'information extraite d'un patron EPG au moyen de ces indices est maximisée. En raison de sa robustesse, cette méthode pourrait e&#x030a;tre employée de manière fructueuse dans des études sur les troubles articulatoires.Eine neue Methode der Datenreduktion für die Elektropalatographie (EPG) wird vorgeschlagen. Sie verwendet die sogenannte diskrete Cosinus‐Transformation, um EPG‐Muster als gewichtete Summe einfacher ‘Bilder’ zu repräsentieren. Wir zeigen da***β mehrere dieser Bilder als artikulatorisch relevant betrachtet werden können. Den entsprechenden Beitrag der Bilder zum räumlichen Muster der linguopalaten Kontakte ergeben die Transferkoeffizienten, die hier als neue EPG‐Indizes verwendet werden: Das skalierte Kontaktsummenindex (SSV), das Links‐Rechts‐Assymetrieindex (ARA) das Alveolar‐Palatalindex (APA) und das Lateral‐Medianindex (LME). Es wird gezeigt, da***β die aus dem EPG‐Muster abgeleitete Information durch diese Indizes maximiert wird. Aufgrund ihrer Robustheit ist unsere Methode für die Untersuchung artikulatorischer Störungen nützlich.
New developments in EPG3 Software
Authors: Jones W. , Hardcastle W. J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSNew developments in EPG3 software are described including: a three‐dimensional display of the electrodes on the palate in the form of a wire frame representation; a facility for annotating EPG3 files; and a new data management system. Recent methods of EPG data reduction are also described, including numerical indices for representing tongue–palate contact profiles. A new clinical version of the Reading EPG system, EPG4, is introduced.L'on décrit ici les progrès récents en matière de logiciels concernant l'électropalatographie tridimensionnelle; sont décrits tout d'abord une représentation à trois dimensions, au moyen d'un modèle en treillis, des électrodes posées sur le palais; puis une technique qui permet d'annoter les dossiers d'électropalatographie; et un nouveau système de gestion des données. L'on décrit également les méthodes récentes pour réduire les données électropalatographiques, y compris des indices numériques pour représenter les profils de contacts linguo‐palataux. Et l'on presente une nouvelle version clinique du système électropalatographique de Reading, à savoir l'EPG4.Neue Entwicklungen der EPG3‐Software werden beschrieben: Eine dreidimensionale Darstellung der Elektroden am Gaumen in Form einer Drahtgestellrepräsentation; ein System zur Annotation von EPG3‐Dateien; ein neues Datenverwaltungssystem. Neuerer Methoden zur Reduktion von EPG‐Daten werden auch vorgestellt, u.a. numerische Idizierung zur Darstellung von Zungen‐Gaumen‐Kontaktprofilen. Eine neue Klinikversion des Reading'schen Systems, EPG4 wird präsentiert.
Cross‐linguistic study of lateral misarticulation using electropalatography
Authors: Suzuki N. , Wakumoto M. , Michi K. , Dent H. , Gibbon F. , Hardcastle W. J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper reports on some preliminary aspects of a collaborative cross‐linguistic study of normal and disordered Japanese and British English speech. The investigation compares lateralised productions of /s/ which are abnormal in the two languages. EPG and acoustic recordings were made of four Japanese and four British subjects. The EPG patterns were classified according to certain criteria, such as the presence or absence of complete constriction between the tongue and the hard palate, and the area and location of this contact. Findings revealed that lateralised articulations varied between individual speakers, but that Japanese and English productions were broadly similar. Acoustically, misarticulations in both languages were characterised by a lower frequency of peak energy than would be expected in normal productions.L'article rend compte de certains aspects préliminaires d'une collaboration en vue d'une étude comparée des élocutions normale et perturbée en anglais de Grande‐Bretagne et en japonais. La recherche compare les productions latéralisées de /s/ qui sont anormales dans les deux langues. L'on a procédé à des enregistrements électropalatographiques et acoustiques de quatre sujets japonais et quatre britanniques. Les modèles électropalatographiques onr été classés selon des critères tels que la présence ou l'absence de constriction entre la langue et le palais dur, et selon la surface et le lieu de ce contact. Les résultats montrent que les articulations latéralisées ont varié selon les individus, mais que les réalisations japonaises et britanniques étaient en gros semblables. Du point de vue acoustique, les erreurs d'articulation dans les deux langues se caractérisaient par un abaissement de la fréquence de l'énergie maximum par rapport à ce qu'on aurait attendu dans des réalisations normales.Dieser Beitrag berichtet von den ersten Ergebnissen einer kollaborativen intersprachlichen Untersuchung von Sprechstörungen im Japanischen und Englischen. Lateralisierte /s/‐Produktionen, die in beiden Sprachen als abnormal gelten, werden verglichen. Es wurden akustische Aufnahmen und EPG‐Aufzeichnungen von vier japanischen und vier britischen Sprechern gemacht. Die EPG‐Muster wurden nach Kriterien wie das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen eines vollständigen Verschlusses zwischen Zunge und Gaumen sowie Position des Kontakts klassifiert. Es zeigte sich, da***β die lateralisierten Artikulationen von Sprecher zu Sprecher variierten, da***β aber japanische und britische Produktionen insgesamt vergleichbar waren. Akustisch hatten die Fehlartikulationen in beiden Sprachen einen tieferfrequentigen Energiegipfel, als dies bei normaler Produktion zu erwarten wäre.ABSTRACTS
Cover Picture: In‐Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Microtomography Studies of Microstructure and Damage Evolution in Engineering Materials (Adv. Eng. Mater. 11/2007)
Authors: Beckmann F. , Grupp R. , Haibel A. , Huppmann M. , Nöthe M. , Pyzalla A. , Reimers W. , Schreyer A. , Zettler R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe cover shows the study of the bulk material flow within the stir zone of friction stir welded auminium alloys with implated Cu and Ti powders. By applying synchrotron radiation based microtomography the simultaneous marker material displacement (Cu and Ti) can be visualized non‐invasively in 3D. More about the usage of in‐situ synchrotron x‐ray microtomography to study microstructure and damage evolution in engineering materials can be read in the review article by A. Pyzalla et al. on page 939.In materials science X‐ray microtomography has evolved as an increasingly utilized technique for characterizing the 3D microstructure of materials. The fundamentals of X‐ray microtomography experimental methods and the reconstruction and data evaluation processes are briefly described. A review of in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray microtomography studies in literature is given. Examples of recent work include in‐situ microtomography investiagtions of metallic foams, in‐situ studies of the sintering of copper particles, and in‐situ investigations of creep damage evolution in composites. Future perspectives of in‐situ X‐ray microtomography studies in materials science are outlined.
3‐D Integrated All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Notten P. H. L. , Roozeboom F. , Niessen R. A. H. , Baggetto L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPortable society urgently calls for integrated energy supplies. This holds for autonomous devices but even more so for future medical implants. Evidently, rechargeable integrated all‐solid‐state batteries will play a key role in these fields, enabling miniaturization, preventing electrode degradation upon cycling and electrolyte leakage. Planar solid‐state thin film batteries are rapidly emerging but reveal several potential drawbacks, such as a relatively low energy density and the use of highly reactive lithium. Thin film Si‐intercalation electrodes covered with a solid‐state electrolyte are found to combine a high storage capacity of 3500 mAh g–1 with high cycle life, enabling to integrate batteries in Si. Based on the excellent intercalation chemistry of Si, a new 3D‐integrated all‐solid‐state battery concept is proposed. High aspect ratio cavities and features, etched in silicon, will yield large surface area batteries with anticipated energy density of about 5 mWh μm–1 cm–2, i.e. more than 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of integrated capacitors.
A New Solid‐Phase Reaction System Utilizing a Temperature‐ Responsive Catalyst: Oxidative Cyclization with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Hamamoto Hiromi , Suzuki Yachiyo , Takahashi Hideyo , Ikegami Shiro 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA switchable catalyst based on temperature change provides a novel solid‐phase reaction system in water. An increase in catalyst affinity for organic substrates at higher temperature led to efficient activity driving the solid inner‐phase reaction, and loss of affinity at lower temperature allowed easy separation of organic products upon completion of the reaction. Application of this catalyst intelligence to design a novel catalytic system brought about an efficient oxidative cyclization with hydrogen peroxide, a useful method of accessing oxygen heterocycles.
Practical Two‐Step Synthesis of an Enantiopure Aliphatic Terminal (S)‐Epoxide Based on Reduction of Haloalkanones with “Designer Cells”
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Rollmann Claudia , Chamouleau Francoise , Labs Stefanie , May Oliver , Gröger Harald 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA practical biocatalytic method for the synthesis of aliphatic β‐halogenated (S)‐alcohols as epoxide precursors by means of an enantioselective reduction of the corresponding ketones with recombinant whole cells, bearing an alcohol dehydrogenase and a glucose dehydrogenase, was developed. The biotransformations operate at high substrate concentrations of up to 208 g/L, and afford the (S)‐β‐halohydrins with both high conversions of >95 % and enantioselectivities of >99 % ee. Base‐induced cyclization of the β‐halohydrin intermediates gave the desired (S)‐epoxides in high yield and enantiomeric purity (>99 % ee).
Memory Effects in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations of 2‐Cyclohexen‐1‐yl Acetate
Authors: Svensen Nina , Fristrup Peter , Tanner David , Norrby Per‐Ola 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe objective of this work was to characterize the enantiospecificity of the allylic alkylation of enantioenriched 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐yl acetate with the enolate ion of dimethyl malonate catalyzed by unsymmetrical palladium catalysts. The precatalysts employed were (η3‐allyl)PdLCl, where L is a monophosphine ligand [PPh3, PCy3, P(2‐BiPh)Cy2, or P(t‐Bu)3], all of which afforded enantiospecificity to some extent (5–47 %). Quantum mechanical calculations show that, theoretically, the enantiospecificity should be high due to a preference for the “trans to P” transition state in both formation of the η3‐allyl intermediate and nucleophilic attack. However, the observed enantiospecificity is relatively low due to isomerization of the η3‐allyl intermediate and/or dynamic equilibria between the catalytically active (η3‐allyl)PdLCl species and [(η3‐allyl)PdL2]+ or [(η3‐allyl)PdCl]2. It was also observed experimentally that increasing the bulk of the phosphine inhibits formation of the [(η3‐allyl)PdL2]+ complexes, significantly increasing the observed enantiospecificity for some of the ligands.
Ligand‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of Nitrogen Nucleophiles
Authors: Correa Arkaitz , Bolm Carsten 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVersatile, simple and inexpensive ligand‐free, copper‐catalyzed N‐arylations of sulfoximines and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles have been developed affording N‐arylated products in high yields.