bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid of mares during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Puppione Donald L. , MacDonald Melinda H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To measure apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) from healthy mares and to determine
whether CSF concentrations of apolipoproteins
change during pregnancy and lactation.

Animals—5 healthy pregnant mares.

Procedure—2 sets of CSF samples were obtained;
initial samples were obtained 10 to 30 days before
parturition (mean, 18 days; median, 17 days), and second
samples were obtained 19 to 26 days after parturition
(mean, 23 days; median, 23 days).
Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from the lumbosacral
subarachnoid space of standing horses by
use of routine collection techniques. Cerebrospinal
fluid cholesterol concentrations were measured by
use of a sensitive enzymatic assay. Ultracentrifugal
fractions of CSF lipoproteins were characterized by
determining the distribution of apolipoproteins, using
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results—Analyses of isolated ultracentrifugal fractions
by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed
2 apolipoproteins, with the expected molecular
weights for apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-I.
No significant differences were observed between
pre- and postpartum values in mares. The concentration
of cholesterol in CSF fluid of mares was comparable
to values reported in other mammals.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Apolipoprotein
E in CSF of horses is a major apolipoprotein
associated with high-density lipoproteins, which is
similar to findings in other mammals. Additional characterization
of the role of apolipoproteins in mammalian
CSF may provide critical insight into various
degenerative neurologic disease processes. (Am J
Vet Res 2002;63:886–889)
Assessment of plasma carnitine concentrations in relation to ceroid lipofuscinosis in Tibetan Terriers
Authors: Katz Martin L. , Sanders Deja A. , Sanders Douglas N. , Hansen Elizabeth A. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether the late onset form of inherited ceroid lipofuscinosis (CL) in Tibetan Terriers is accompanied by low plasma carnitine concentrations prior to the appearance of clinical signs.Animals—129 healthy Tibetan Terriers, 12 Tibetan Terriers with CL, and 95 healthy purebred dogs of other breeds.Procedure—After withholding food, blood samples were collected from all dogs into tubes containing EDTA. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma-free carnitine and acyl-carnitines concentrations.Results—Neither the mean plasma total carnitine concentration nor the mean fraction of carnitine in the free form differed significantly between Tibetan Terriers with CL and healthy Tibetan Terriers. Among Tibetan Terriers and the general dog population, plasma carnitine concentration increased with age. Castrated males had an overall increase in plasma carnitine concentrations and variability, compared with sexually intact males. By comparison, plasma carnitine concentrations were not significantly different between spayed and sexually intact females. The mean plasma carnitine concentration in the Tibetan Terriers was approximately 22% higher than in the general population of healthy dogs of other breeds.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Contrary to what is seen in early onset CL in English Setters and in humans with some forms of CL, plasma carnitine concentrations are not decreased in the late-onset disorder in Tibetan Terriers. Our large-scale study establishes reference range values for plasma carnitine concentrations in dogs as functions of age and sex that will be useful in evaluating potential carnitine deficiencies in other disorders in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:890–895)
In vitro characterization of the inhibitory effects of ketoconazole on metabolic activities of cytochrome P-450 in canine hepatic microsomes
Authors: Kuroha Masanori , Kuze Yoji , Shimoda Minoru , Kokue Eiichi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the inhibitory potency of ketoconazole (KTZ) on the metabolic activities of isozymes of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) in dogs.Animals—4 healthy 1-year-old male Beagles.Procedure—Hepatic microsomes were harvested from 4 dogs after euthanasia. To investigate the effects of KTZ on CYP metabolic activities, 7- ethoxyresorufin, tolbutamide, bufuralol, and midazolam hydrochloride were used as specific substrates for CYP1A1/2, CYP2C21, CYP2D15, and CYP3A12, respectively. The concentrations of metabolites formed by CYP were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, except for the resorufin concentrations that were measured by a fluorometric method. The reaction velocity-substrate concentration data were analyzed to obtain kinetic variables, including maximum reaction velocity, Michaelis-Menten constant, and inhibitory constant (Ki).Results—KTZ competitively inhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation; it noncompetitively inhibited tolbutamide methylhydroxylation. Bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation was inhibited slightly by KTZ. The mean Ki values of KTZ were 10.6 ± 6.0, 17.0 ± 2.5, and 0.180 ± 0.131 µMfor 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, tolbutamide methylhydroxylation, and midazolam 4-hydroxylation, respectively.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, KTZ at a therapeutic dose may change the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A12 substrates as a result of inhibition of their biotransformation. Furthermore, no influence of KTZ on the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A1/2, CYP2C21, and CYP2D15 substrates are likely. In clinical practice, adverse drug effects may develop when KTZ is administered concomitantly with a drug that is primarily metabolized by CYP3A12. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:900–905)
Effects of cyclophotocoagulation with a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser on corneal sensitivity, intraocular pressure, aqueous tear production, and corneal nerve morphology in eyes of dogs
Authors: Weigt Anne Kelley , Herring Ian P. , Marfurt Carl F. , Pickett J. Phillip , Duncan Robert B. , Ward Daniel L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of cyclophotocoagulation via administration of 100 J with a neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser on corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous tear production, and corneal nerve morphology in eyes of dogs.Animals—15 dogs.Procedure—Noncontact Nd:YAG laser was transsclerally applied (10 applications; 25 W for 0.1 seconds for each application to each of 4 quadrants) to the ciliary body of the left eye of 15 dogs; the right eye was the control eye. Corneal integrity, CTT, tear production as measured by the Schirmer tear test (STT), and IOP were evaluated for 14 days following laser treatment. On day 14, dogs were euthanatized, eyes harvested, and corneas stained with gold chloride. Major nerve bundles were analyzed by use of a drawing tube attached to a light microscope, and maximum diameters were measured by use of image analysis software.Results—All laser-treated eyes had significantly higher CTT values, compared with control eyes. Six of 15 laser-treated eyes developed ulcerative keratitis. On most days, IOP was significantly lower in laser-treated eyes in both morning and evening. Laser-treated eyes had a significant decrease of approximately 1 nerve bundle/corneal quadrant. Values for STT or nerve bundle diameters did not differ significantly.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Administration of 100 J with a Nd:YAG laser effectively reduced IOP while increasing CTT and caused a significant decrease in number, but not diameter, of major corneal nerve bundles. Nerve damage and corneal hypoesthesia are etiologic factors in ulcerative keratitis following Nd:YAG cyclophotocoagulation. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:906–915)
Evaluation of plasma carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen concentration in horses
Authors: Carstanjen Bianca , Hoyle Nicholas R. , Gabriel Annick , Hars Olaf , Sandersen Charlotte , Amory Hélène , Remy Benoit 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate a human assay for quantification of carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), assess the influence of age on plasma CTX-I concentration, investigate the relationship between plasma CTX-I and serum osteocalcin concentrations, and determine whether concentrations of plasma CTX-I or serum osteocalcin fluctuate in circadian manner in horses.Horses—75 clinically normal horses.Procedure—Cross-reactivity between equine serum CTX-I and CTX-I antibodies in an automated electrochemiluminescent sandwich antibody assay (ECLIA) was evaluated via a specificity test (ie, dilution test) and recovery calculation. Serum osteocalcin concentration was measured with an equine-specific osteocalcin radioimmunoassay. To analyze diurnal variations in plasma CTX-I and serum osteocalcin concentrations, blood samples were obtained hourly during a 24-hour period.Results—Results of the dilution test indicated good correlation (r> 0.99) between expected serum CTX-I concentrations and measured serum CTX-I concentrations. The calculated CTX-I recovery was 97.6% to 109.9%. Plasma CTX-I and serum osteocalcin concentrations were correlated. Plasma CTX-I concentration was inversely correlated with age of the horse. No significant circadian variations in plasma CTX-I and serum osteocalcin concentrations were detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the fully automated CTX-I ECLIA can be used for evaluation of plasma and serum samples from horses and may be a useful tool to monitor bone metabolism changes. Horses in this study did not have notable diurnal fluctuations in serum osteocalcin and plasma CTX-I concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:104–109)
Effects of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate on the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from baby pigs
Authors: Chen Po-Wen , Ho Shu-Peng , Shyu Ching-Ling , Mao Frank C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate (bLf-lysate) alone or in combination with other antimicrobials against antimicrobial-resistantEscherichia colistrains isolated from baby pigs.Sample Population—3 clinical strains ofE coliwere isolated from baby pigs with severe diarrhea and designated as strains 9061, 9062, and 9065.Procedure—The broth microdilution checkerboard and fractional inhibitory (or bactericidal) concentration index were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect elicited by bLf-lysate in combination with kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, cefamandole, penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, or rifampicin against the 3 strains ofE coli.Results—The 3 strains ofE coliwere susceptible to gentamicin and rifampicin but highly resistant to most of the other antimicrobials tested, except for strain 9061 that was also susceptible to cephalothin but intermediately inhibited by kanamycin and cefamandole. Synergistic growth-inhibitory activity was observed between bLf-lysate and gentamicin against 1 strain ofE coli(strain 9062); synergistic bactericidal activity was found between bLf-lysate and rifampicin against all 3 strains ofE coli. Moreover, partial synergy was observed between bLf-lysate and kanamycin, gentamicin, cephalothin, or cefamandole against the strains ofE coli, but this partial synergistic activity was mostly seen against only 1 of the strains. Little interaction between bLf-lysate and tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G, or erythromycin was observed against the clinical strains ofE coli.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A combination of bLf-lysate and certain antimicrobials may prove clinically effective against antimicrobial-resistant strains ofE coli. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:131–137)
Kinetic analysis of demethylation of 13C-aminopyrine in healthy dogs
Authors: Moeller E. Michael , Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. , Tetrick Mark , Burr John 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe the kinetics of demethylation of13C-aminopyrine in healthy dogs for use in determining the most appropriate time for collection of blood samples for a13C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test for evaluation of hepatic function.Animals—9 healthy dogs.Procedures—A 2-mL baseline blood sample was collected into an evacuated heparinized tube, and13Caminopyrine was administered to each dog (2 mg/kg, IV). Additional 2-mL blood samples were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes after13C-aminopyrine administration. The CO2was extracted from blood samples by addition of a strong acid, and the percentage dose of13CO2(PCD) in the extracted gas was determined by fractional mass spectrometry.Results—No dogs had gross evidence of adverse effects, and all had an increase in PCD after IV administration of13C-aminopyrine. The PCD had the least variability among 5 variables used to evaluate hepatic demethylating capacity. Peak PCD was detected at 30 minutes in 1 dog, 45 minutes in 5 dogs, 60 minutes in 2 dogs, and 75 minutes in 1 dog. The mean PCD for the 9 dogs peaked at 45 minutes after13C-aminopyrine administration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—PCD appears to be the preferable variable for evaluation of hepatic demethylating capacity. Intravenous administration of13C-aminopyrine leads to a consistent increase in PCD. Mean PCD peaked 45 minutes after administration, suggesting that blood sample collection 45 minutes after13C-aminopyrine administration may be appropriate for use in estimating hepatic demethylating capacity. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:159–162)
Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after once-daily aerosol administration to horses for seven days
Authors: McKenzie III Harold C. , Murray Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess gentamicin concentrations in serum and bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) of horses during a 24-hour period after once-daily aerosol administration of gentamicin (GAER) for 7 days and the pattern and degree of bronchial tree inflammation associated with repeated GAER.Animals—13 healthy adult horses (9 geldings and 4 mares).Procedure—The treatment group comprised 8 horses, and 5 horses were untreated control animals. Gentamicin (20 mL of gentamicin [50 mg/mL]) was administered via aerosol once daily for 7 days. Samples of serum and BLF were obtained from all horses before GAERand 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 hours after the final day of GAER. Gentamicin concentrations were determined for all samples from treated horses, and cytologic examinations were performed on all BLF samples.Results—Peak median BLF gentamicin concentration detected at 0.5 hours was 2.50 µg/mL. Median serum gentamicin concentration was < 0.50 µg/mL at all time points. Significant differences were not observed in total nucleated cell counts or differential cell counts in BLF between groups at any time point. Neutrophil count in BLF for all horses was increased over baseline at 4 and 24 hours.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We did not detect evidence of gentamicin accumulation or respiratory inflammation after once-daily GAERfor 7 days. This protocol appears unlikely to result in local or systemic toxicosis. Repeated daily GAERto horses appears to be a safe procedure and may have clinical use in the treatment of horses with bacterial infections of the airways. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:173–178)
Effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure, eye position, and blood pressure in eucapnic and hypocapnic isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: McMurphy Rose M. , Davidson Harriet J. , Hodgson David S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure (IOP), eye position, and arterial blood pressure in eucapnic and hypocapnic dogs anesthetized with isoflurane.Animals—16 dogs.Procedure—Ventilation during anesthesia was controlled to maintain PaCO2at 38 to 44 mm Hg in group-I dogs (n = 8) and 26 to 32 mm Hg in group-II dogs (8). Baseline measurements for IOP, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Responses to peroneal nerve stimulation were monitored by use of a force-displacement transducer. Atracurium (0.2 mg/kg) was administered IV and measurements were repeated at 1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes and at 5-minute intervals thereafter for 60 minutes.Results—Atracurium did not affect IOP, HR, or CVP. Group II had higher CVP than group I, but IOP was not different. There was no immediate effect of atracurium on arterial blood pressure. Arterial blood pressure increased gradually over time in both groups. Thirty seconds after administration of atracurium, the eye rotated from a ventromedial position to a central position and remained centrally positioned until 100% recovery of a train-of-four twitch response. The time to 100% recovery was 53.1 ± 5.3 minutes for group I and 46.3 ± 9.2 minutes for group II.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Atracurium did not affect IOP or arterial blood pressure in isoflurane- anesthetized dogs. Hyperventilation did not affect IOP or the duration of effect of atracurium. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:179–182)
Evaluation of an electrolyte analyzer for measurement of ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations in blood, plasma, and serum of dogs
Authors: Unterer Stefan , Lutz Hans , Gerber Bernhard , Glaus Tony M. , Hässig Michael , Reusch Claudia E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate an electrolyte analyzer for measurement of ionized calcium (Cai) and magnesium (Mgi) concentrations in blood, plasma, and serum; investigate the effect of various factors on measured values; and establish reference ranges for Caiand Mgiin dogs.Animals—30 healthy adult dogs of various breeds.Procedure—Precision in a measurement series, day-to-day precision, and linearity were used to evaluate the analyzer. The effects of exposure of serum samples to air, type of specimen (blood, plasma, or serum), and storage temperature on sample stability were assessed. Reference ranges were established with anaerobically handled serum.Results—The coefficient of variation for precision in a measurement series was ≤ 1.5% for both electrolytes at various concentrations. The Caiand Mgiconcentrations were significantly lower in aerobically handled serum samples, compared with anaerobically handled samples. The Caiand Mgiconcentrations differed significantly among blood, plasma, and serum samples. In anaerobically handled serum, Caiwas stable for 24 hours at 22°C, 48 hours at 4°C, and 11 weeks at –20°C; Mgi was stable for 8 hours at 22°C, < 24 hours at 4°C, and < 1 week at –20°C. In anaerobically handled serum, reference ranges were 1.20 to 1.35 mmol/L for Caiand 0.42 to 0.58 mmol/L for Mgi.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The electrolyte analyzer was suitable for determination of Caiand Mgiconcentrations in dogs. Accurate results were obtained in anaerobically handled serum samples analyzed within 8 hours and kept at 22°C. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:183–187)
Determination of passive mechanical properties of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscle-ligament-tendon complexes in the forelimbs of horses
Authors: Swanstrom Michael D. , Stover Susan M. , Hubbard Mont , Hawkins David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the relative contributions of the muscles, tendons, and accessory ligaments to the passive force-length properties of the superficial (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) myotendinous complexes.Sample Population—8 cadaveric forelimbs from 6 adult Thoroughbreds.Procedure—In vitro, limb configurations during slack position and myotendinous lengths during subsequent axial loading of forelimbs were recorded before and after transection of accessory ligaments. Expressions were derived to describe the forcelength behavior of each muscle, tendon, and accessory ligament-tendon unit; linear stiffness was computed for these components. The elastic modulus was established for the SDF and DDF tendons.Results—Linear stiffness was 2.80 ± 0.38 kN/cm for the SDF muscle, 3.47 ± 0.66 kN/cm for the DDF muscle, 2.73 ± 0.18 kN/cm for the SDF tendon, 3.22 ± 0.20 kN/cm for the DDF tendon, 6.46 ± 0.85 kN/cm for the SDF accessory ligament, 1.93 ± 0.11 kN/cm for the SDF accessory ligament-tendon unit, and 2.47 ± 0.11 kN/cm for the DDF accessory ligament-tendon unit. The elastic modulus for the SDF and DDF tendons was 920 ± 77 and 843 ± 56 MPa, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Both the muscle-tendon and ligament-tendon portions of SDF and DDF myotendinous complexes had important roles in supporting the forelimb of horses. Although muscle tension can be enhanced by elbow joint flexion and active contraction, the accessory ligaments transmitted more force to the distal tendons than did the muscles under the conditions tested. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:188–197)
Isolation, characterization, and expression of feline stromelysin-1 in naturally developing tumors in cats
Authors: Sorensen Kara C. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Siegel Arthur M. , Mardis Paul 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To detect, isolate, and characterize feline stromelysin-1 (ie, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-3) in naturally developing tumors in cats.Sample Population—31 tissue samples obtained from primary tumors and 6 samples of normal tissues from cats.Procedure—Biopsy specimens were obtained from primary tumors. Primers were designed on the basis of known sequences. The sequence of stromelysin- 1 was cloned and analyzed. An additional primer set was used as a screening tool. Samples were assayed in duplicate or triplicate, when possible. Data obtained were analyzed for differences in expression of stromelysin-1 with regard to overall survival among cats of various sex, age, and disease status.Results—A 1,181-bp cDNA nucleotide sequence was amplified. The open reading frame encoded 393 amino acids. This amino acid sequence shared 70% to 85% sequence homology with sequences of other species. In addition, samples were screened for stromelysin-1. Of the 31 tumor samples tested, 16 (51.6%) had positive results for expression of stromelysin-1. Total RNA expression was detected in a diverse group of tumor types. Prognostic factors associated with a shorter duration of survival included evidence of metastasis and metastasis associated with expression of stromelysin-1.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Feline stromelysin-1 contains all the conserved regions typically found in members of the MMP family. Activity of stromelysin-1 has been implicated in a wide number of physiologic and pathologic processes. Identification of this gene may lead to the development of useful reagents to assist with diagnosis and management of neoplastic diseases in cats. (Am J Vet Res2004; 65:213–219)