bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Validity of the Five‐Minute Speech Sample as an Index of Expressed Emotion in Parents of Eating Disorder Patients
Authors: van Furth Eric F. , van Strien Din C. , van Son Maarten J. M. , van Engeland Herman 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This article examines the concurrent validity of the Five‐Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) as an index of Expressed Emotion in a Dutch sample of 84 parents of adolescents suffering from anorexia or bulimia nervosa. The Camberwell Family Interview (CFI), the criterion measure of EE, and the FMSS were conducted on the same day.The levels of Expressed Emotion in these families were low when compared with the EE ratings from the schizophrenia studies. The FMSS and CFI‐EE ratings showed a limited degree of overlap. Whether the limited association between the two methods is due to the low levels of criticism in our sample, to cultural differences and/or to differences in the psychopathology under study remains unclear.
Psychological Testing on Schoolchildren Before and After Pollution of Drinking Water in North Cornwall
Authors: McMillan T. M. , Dunnt G. , Colwill S. J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The tap water supply in Camel ford, North Cornwall and environs was contaminated by aluminum and other metals in 1988. Richmond tests were routinely given before and after the pollution and here scores are compared between 39 children from schools in the contaminated area and 64 children from Cornish schools outside the polluted area.The study was retrospective and it was not possible to determine whether or how much polluted water individuals had consumed No differences were found between groups either before or after the pollution accident nor was there any evidence for any sub‐group of the polluted group which had been affectedThe limits of conclusions which can be drawn from data available are discussed.
Primary Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: A Critical Review. Part II
Authors: MacMillan Harriet L. , MacMillan James H. , Offord David R. , Griffith Lauren , MacMillan Angus 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper (Part II) and the previous paper (Part I) provide an overview of the primary prevention of child maltreatment. Part II focuses on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at the primary prevention of child sexual abuse. It includes prospective controlled trials published between January 1979 and May 1993. These studies were systematically identified and the quality of each trial was determined using criteria which assessed methodological rigor. Interventions aimed at the prevention of sexual abuse were classified into eight main categories based on the method of intervention. All programs had education as the primary focus. There is evidence that educational programs can improve safety skills and knowledge of children about sexual abuse but no study has produced data that education actually reduces the occurrence of sexual abuse.
Can Autistic Children Distinguish Lies from Jokes? A Second Look at Second‐order Belief Attribution
Authors: Leekam Susan R. , Prior Margot 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrevious studies show that autistic children fail tests of second‐order belief attribution. They also fail tests of lying and deception. The present study used Leekam's (1988) joke‐lie distinction task to test (a) understanding of second‐order mental states (intention and belief) and (b) the ability to judge these acts as lies or jokes. Seventeen normal and 16 autistic children took part. Eight of the autistic children had previously passed a test of first‐order false belief. Results showed that six autistic subjects (37.5%), all of whom are false belief “passers”, gave consistently correct answers to second‐order mental state questions. Neither normal nor autistic children found second‐order intention easier than second‐order belief. However, normal children found the ability to judge another person's mental state easier than labelling whether the person was lying or joking, supporting previous evidence. In contrast, there was no difference in these two judgements for autistic children. Overall these results qualify previous evidence by showing that autistic children can use second‐order reasoning and can distinguish lies from jokes. Observational data on these children, however, suggest that their competence on the comprehension of these hypothetical situations was not matched by an ability to use lying and joking in real life. Methodological, language and diagnostic factors are discussed as providing possible explanations for the results.
Psychiatric Disorder in Deaf and Hearing Impaired Children and Young People: A Prevalence Study
Authors: Hindley Peter A. , Hill Peter D. , McGuigan Sean , Kitson Nick 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPsychiatric screening questionnaires for deaf children and adolescents were piloted in a group of 62 children, aged 11‐16 years, attending a residential school. The questionnaires, Parent's Checklist (PCL) and Teacher's Checklist (TCL) were then used to screen a group of 93 children attending one Deaf School and three Hearing Impaired Units (HIU). Psychiatric assessments were conducted with a highly structured diagnostic interview, the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS). The interview with signing deaf children was conducted with a sign language interpreter. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the whole group was 50.3%, 42.4% in the group attending the Deaf School and 60.9% for the group attending the HIUs. An aetiological model of psychiatric disorder in this group is proposed.
Behaviour Problems and Pre‐school Intellectual Attainment: The Associations of Hyperactivity and Conduct problems
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S. , Lamparelli Michael , Stevenson Jim , Thompson Margaret , Henry Ann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe relationship between behaviour problems and intelligence was examined in a sample of 106 three‐year‐old boys and girls selected for the presence of either conduct problems or hyperactivity. Parents' reports of hyperactivity, but not conduct problems, were negatively related to IQ, scores for both boys and girls. There was a significant sex difference in the association between conduct problems and IQ. For girls IQ was positively correlated with conduct problems. The implications of the results for existing models of the relationship between behavioural deviance and cognitive functioning in childhood is discussed.
Research Note: The Test‐Re test Stability of the Five Minute Speech Sample in Parents of Disadvantaged, Minority Children
Authors: McGuire Jacqueline Barnes , Earls Felton 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe test‐retest stability of the Five Minute Speech Sample, a brief measure of Expressed Emotion (EE), was established in a community sample of predominantly low income, ethnic minority families with children aged from 3 to 14 years. Significant stability was established when Borderline responses were included in the scoring. There was some interchange between High‐EE and Borderline‐EE, but none of the time one Low‐EE respondent gave a second speech sample that included a higher level of EE. Both English and Spanish speaking subjects had stable scores.
Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Pennington Bruce F. , Ozonoff Sally 
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we consider the domain of executive functions (EFs) and their possible role in developmental psychopathologies. We first consider general theoretical and measurement issues involved in studying EFs and then review studies of EFs in four developmental psychopathologies: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), autism, and Tourette syndrome (TS).Our review reveals that EF deficits are consistently found in both ADHD and autism but not in CD (without ADHD) or in TS. Moreover, both the severity and profile of EF deficits appears to differ across ADHD and autism. Molar EF deficits are more severe in the latter than the former. In the few studies of more specific EF tasks, there are impairments in motor inhibition in ADHD but not in autism, whereas there are impairments in verbal working memory in autism but not ADHD. We close with a discussion of implications for future research.
Achieving change through mutual development: supported online learning and the evolving roles of health and information professionals
Authors: Bury Rachel , Martin Lindsey , Roberts Sue 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIntroduction:   Major changes in health care, within an information‐ and technology‐rich age, are impacting significantly on health professionals and upon their education and training. Health information professionals—in both the National Health Service (NHS) and higher education (HE) contexts—are consequently developing their roles, skills and partnerships to meet the needs of flexible education and training. This article explores one facet of this—supported online learning and its impact on role development.Methodology:   A case study approach was taken, aiming to explore how academics, health information professionals and learning technologists are developing supported online learning to explicitly address the e‐literacy and information needs of health students within the context of NHS frameworks for education. This was contextualized by a literature review.Results:   The case study explores and discusses three dynamics—(i) The use of supported online learning tools by future health‐care professionals throughout their professional training to ensure they have the appropriate e‐literacy skills; (ii) the use of supported online learning by current health professionals to enable them to adapt to the changing environment; (iii) the development of the health information professional, and particularly their role within multi‐disciplinary teams working with learning technologists and health professionals, to enable them to design and deliver supported online learning.Conclusions:   The authors argue that, in this specific case study, health information professionals are key to the development of supported online learning. They are working successfully in collaboration and their roles are evolving to encompass learning and teaching activities in a wider context. There are consequently several lessons to be drawn in relation to professional education and role development.
Health check for Latvia: opportunities for information professionals in a new democracy
Authors: Smith Inese A. , Pozņaka Velta 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground:  This paper outlines developments in medical information in Latvia since independence from the former USSR in 1991, and analyses the health information gap faced by professionals.Objectives:  To explore international initiatives and co‐operation in health information provision in Latvia; to describe the activities of Latvian medical librarians at national, regional and international level; to look at health information provision by specialist information centres; and to discuss the role of librarians in health information provision in public libraries.Methods:  An extensive search was made of databases and medical library and health information centre staff were interviewed; a questionnaire survey of librarians was carried out.Results:  International initiatives and co‐operation by medical librarians have extended their services at national, regional and international level. Health information portals exist, with online contacts and links to smaller health centres and organizations, but rarely employ qualified librarians or information professionals. Ninety‐three per cent of public librarians had provided health information, with 79% using the Internet. The most popular sources of health information were magazines, books, local pharmacies and the Internet, but mostly for healthy lifestyle, not medical problems.Conclusions:  E‐health and medical informatics are high government priorities. Medical librarians are actively involved in these initiatives.
Large‐scale generation of highly enriched neural stem‐cell‐derived oligodendroglial cultures: maturation‐dependent differences in insulin‐like growth factor‐mediated signal transduction
Authors: Broughton Sarah K. , Chen Hanqin , Riddle Art , Kuhn Scott E. , Nagalla Srinivasa , Roberts Charles T. , Back Stephen A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMultipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) are competent for commitment to the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage both in vitro and in vivo. We exploited this property to develop a rat neurospheres (NS)/oligospheres (OS)‐based culture system to generate large numbers of highly enriched late OL progenitors (preOLs) and mature OLs (MatOLs). CNS neuroblastoma cell line B104‐derived conditioned medium promoted the generation of nearly pure populations of preOLs from dissociated OS. The subsequent culture of preOLs with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and 3,3′,5′‐triiodo‐l‐thyronine (T3) generated nearly pure populations of MatOLs. OL lineage specificity was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, quantitative RT‐PCR and gene expression profiling, which demonstrated large differences between preOLs and MatOLs. The insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) are potent neuro‐protective agents required for OL survival. We used this system to systematically define maturation‐dependent changes in IGF signaling during the course of OL differentiation. The IGF‐I and insulin receptors, insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) and IRS‐2, protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt and Janus kinase (JNK) were expressed at higher levels in NS and preOLs compared with OS and MatOLs. Erk expression increased markedly from NS to OS, decreased only partially upon commitment to preOLs, and, in MatOLs, returned to a low level similar to NS. IGF activation of the generally proliferative Erk pathway was gradually acquired during NSC differentiation, whereas IGF activation of the generally pro‐survival, anti‐apoptotic PI3K/PKB pathway was consistently robust at each developmental stage.
Overexpression of midkine contributes to anti‐apoptotic effects in human meningiomas
Authors: Tong Ying , Mentlein Rolf , Buhl Ralf , Hugo Heinz‐Hermann , Krause Jörg , Mehdorn H. Maximilian , Held‐Feindt Janka 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMeningiomas are the second most common intracranial tumours. Most meningiomas grow slowly; however, atypical and anaplastic meningiomas show an aggressive biological behaviour. Overexpression of growth factors is considered to be a cause of carcinogenesis. Midkine and pleiotrophin are heparin‐binding growth factors that promote growth, survival, migration and differentiation of various target cells. Both molecules are highly expressed during human embryogenesis but are rarely seen in the adult. We show that in relation to normal dura and arachnoid tissues, midkine was overexpressed in meningiomas on the mRNA and protein level, whereas pleiotrophin was not. Thereby, not only the intact but also the truncated form of midkine could be observed. The expression of midkine receptors was variable in different samples. Midkine stimulation of cultured meningioma cells induced phosphorylation of Akt, whereas no increase in phosphorylation of p42/44 MAPK or p38 MAPK could be detected. Midkine did not influence the proliferation of meningioma cells in vitro, but it did protect meningioma cells from camptothecin‐mediated apoptotic cell death through reduction in the amounts of active caspase‐3. These findings provide evidence for the overexpression of midkine in meningiomas which contributes to protection from cell death in these second most common intracranial tumours.
Modulation of electrically evoked serotonin release in cultured rat raphe neurons
Authors: Birthelmer Anja , Ehret Andreas , Riegert Céline , Rothmaier Anna Katharina , Leemhuis Jost , Jackisch Rolf 
Published: December 2006

AbstractElectrically evoked release of serotonin (5‐HT) and its modulation via 5‐HT autoreceptors and α2‐heteroreceptors was studied in primary cell cultures prepared from the embryonic (ED 15) rat mesencephalic brain region comprising the raphe nuclei. Cultures were grown for up to 3 weeks on circular glass coverslips. They developed a dense network of non‐neuronal and neuronal cells, some of which were positive for tryptophan hydroxylase. To measure 5‐HT release, the cultures were pre‐incubated with [3H]5‐HT (in the presence of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor oxaprotiline [1 μmol/L]), superfused with modified Krebs–Henseleit medium containing 6‐nitroqipazine [1 μmol/L] and electrically stimulated using two conditions. Condition A: 360 pulses, 3 Hz, 0.5 ms, 90 mA, or condition B: 4 pulses 100 Hz, 0.5 ms, 90 mA (a condition which diminishes interactions with endogenously released transmitters during ongoing stimulation). After only 1 week in culture, the electrically evoked overflow of [3H] was Ca2+ dependent and tetrodotoxin sensitive, suggesting an action‐potential‐induced exocytotic release of 5‐HT. Using stimulation condition A in cultures grown for 2 weeks, both basal and evoked 5‐HT release were strongly enhanced by methiotepine (1 μmol/L) but unaffected by the 5‐HT1B autoreceptor agonist CP‐93, 129 (1 μmol/L) and the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist UK‐14, 304 (1 μmol/L). Conversely, using stimulation condition B, not only CP‐93, 129 (IC50 8.1 ± 1.4 nmol/L) and UK‐14, 304 (IC50 14.9 ± 1.6 nmol/L) had inhibitory effects on cells grown for 2 weeks, but also the 5‐HT1A agonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin. In conclusion, we describe for the first time electrically evoked release of 5‐HT from primary cultures of fetal raphe cells and its modulation via 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT1A auto‐ and α2‐heteroreceptors. Such cultured raphe cells may represent a suitable model to study expression and development of presynaptic receptors on serotonergic neurons in‐vitro.
Enhanced proliferation of astrocytes from β2‐adrenergic receptor knockout mice is influenced by the IGF system
Authors: Chesik Daniel , Glazenburg Lisa , De Keyser Jacques , Wilczak Nadine 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the IGF system in neonatal astrocytes derived from mice with a targeted disruption of the beta‐2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR). β2AR knockout astrocytes demonstrated higher proliferation rates and increased expression of the astrogliotic marker GFAP, as compared with wild‐type cells. β2AR deletion also regulated molecules of the IGF system. Although IGF‐1 levels remained unaltered, IGF‐2 and type 1 IGF receptor expression was increased in β2AR knockout cells. Furthermore, conditioned medium from knockout astrocytes contained lower levels of IGF binding protein‐2 and ‐4. Our data suggest a deficit of β2AR on astrocytes, as previously reported in multiple sclerosis, may have implications on proliferative status of astrocytes, a feature that might be attributed to regulation of IGF mitogenic actions.
Characterization of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)
Authors: HUANG CHUAN‐CHIN , LIN RONG‐CHIEN , LI SHOU‐HSIEN , LEE LING‐LING 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNine tetrarepeat microsatellite loci for Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) were characterized. By using 35 individuals of unknown relationship collected from Taiwan, we evaluated the polymorphism of these loci. The number of alleles for each locus ranged from five to 12 (mean = 8.78 alleles) and the observed heterozygosity from 0.429 to 0.962 (mean = 0.688) and all loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectation.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the sardine Sardina pilchardus (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)
Authors: GONZALEZ E. G. , ZARDOYA R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe sardine Sardina pilchardus Walbaum, 1792 is a small pelagic fish species that sustains an economically important fishery in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Eight perfect microsatellite loci of sardine were characterized from a partial genomic library enriched for CA repeat sequences. All loci revealed high levels of polymorphism, with the number of alleles per locus ranging between 22 and 45, and an average observed heterozygosity of 0.772. The newly described loci can be employed to determine population genetic structure of the sardine, and may aid in fishery management of this species.
Theγ‐Aminobutyric Acid‐B Receptor Agonist Baclofen Attenuates Responding for Ethanol in Ethanol‐Dependent Rats
Authors: Walker Brendan M. , Koob George F. 
Published: December 2006

Background:γ‐Aminobutyric acid‐B (GABAB) receptor agonists have been shown to suppress operant self‐administration of ethanol in nondependent rats. However, little work has focused on the effects of GABABreceptor agonists on self‐administration of ethanol in dependent animals.Methods:In the present experiment, the GABABreceptor agonist baclofen was tested for the ability to modulate both fixed‐ (FR) and progressive‐ratio (PR) responding for ethanol in rats while nondependent and subsequently after ethanol dependence induction. Following the acquisition and stabilization of baseline operant ethanol self‐administration and after dependence induction, baclofen [0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)] was tested on FR‐1 responding for ethanol. The ability of baclofen (2.0 mg/kg) to affect responding under a PR schedule of reinforcement was also evaluated. Dependence was induced in the animals by subjecting them to a 1‐month intermittent vapor‐exposure period in which animals were exposed to ethanol vapor for 14 h/d. Following the 1‐month period, the vapor‐exposed animals resumed FR‐1 and PR baclofen drug testing (doses as described above) in the operant chambers at a time point corresponding to the animals being 6 hours into withdrawal (i.e., 6 hours after the ethanol vapor had been discontinued for that day).Results:Baclofen (0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, IP) dose‐dependently decreased ethanol self‐administration in both nondependent and dependent rats on a FR schedule of reinforcement. However, the dose of baclofen that significantly reduced responding for ethanol was shifted to the left in the ethanol vapor‐exposed animals, indicating an increased sensitivity to baclofen in animals that were chronically exposed to ethanol. When tested using a PR schedule of reinforcement, there was a significant increase in the breakpoint for the vapor‐exposed animals (i.e., the animals were willing to work more in a dependent state). Baclofen (2.0 mg/kg, IP) suppressed intake for both nondependent and dependent animals.Conclusions:Ethanol dependence produced increased self‐administration of ethanol as reflected in increased ethanol intake and increased responding on a PR schedule of reinforcement. As baclofen suppressed ethanol self‐administration and showed evidence of increased potency in dependent animals, the present experiment suggests that the GABABreceptor could be a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of chronic alcoholism.