bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an insulin zinc suspension for control of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in dogs
Authors: HORN B. , MITTEN RW 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate duration of action of an insulin zinc suspension (Caninsulin, Intervet) in spontaneously occurring cases of canine diabetes mellitus and suitability of its use as a once daily administered insulin for treatment of this disease.DesignEight client‐owned canine diabetics were included in a prospective pilot study. All dogs had been treated with Caninsulin for a minimum of 2 months and were considered on clinical grounds to be adequately stabilised.ProcedureDogs were hospitalised for 24 h and blood collected every 2 h via indwelling venous catheters for blood glucose determination.ResultsOnce daily Caninsulin administration failed to maintain glycaemic control for greater than 13 h in five of eight dogs, but acceptable blood glucose concentrations were maintained for 22 h and greater than 24 h in two others. One dog became distressed during hospitalisation and the blood glucose curve did not show an identifiable response to the insulin.ConclusionMost diabetic dogs may require twice daily administration of Caninsulin for satisfactory glycaemic control, but once daily administration may be adequate in some animals. More comprehensive investigation into duration of activity of Caninsulin is warranted.
Application of ERIC PCR for the comparison of isolates of Haemophilus parasuis
Authors: RAFIEE M. , BARA M. , STEPHENS CP , BLACKALL PJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo validate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus‐PCR (ERIC‐PCR), for the fingerprinting ofHaemophilus parasuisstrains and to use that method to differentiate isolates from apparently related outbreaks of Glässers disease on three pig farms.DesignERIC‐PCR was evaluated by comparing 15 different strains that represented all 15 recognised serovars in the Kielstein‐Rapp‐Gabrielson (KRG) scheme for serotypingH parasuis. Next, ERIC‐PCR was used to examine 14 Australian field isolates ofH parasuis; 12 collected from three farms suffering apparently related outbreaks of Glässers disease and two from two other farms with no known connection.ResultsThe 15 serovar reference strains all gave unique, reproducible ERIC‐PCR fingerprints. The 12 isolates from the three apparently related outbreaks all gave a single fingerprint, which was distinct from any seen in the 15 serovar reference strains and the two other Australian field isolates in the studied farms. The confirmation that all 12 isolates were the same strain allowed the development of a prevention and control program that has prevented the emergence of any further outbreaks of Glässer disease on the three farms.ConclusionERIC‐PCR is a suitable technique for the differentiation of unrelated strains ofH parasuis. The finding that the 12 field isolates ofH parasuisall shared the same fingerprint is strong evidence that there was a common source of infection on all three farms. This study has shown, for the first time, that ERIC‐PCR is a suitable technique for the sub‐typing ofH parasuisand useful for studying the epidemiology of outbreaks of Glässers disease.
Cryptosporidium meleagridisin an Indian ring‐necked parrot (Psittacu la krameri)
Authors: MORGAN UM , XIAO L. , LIMOR J. , GELIS S. , RAIDAL SR , FAYER R. , LAL A. , ELLIOT A. , THOMPSON RCA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To perform a morphological and genetic characterisation of a Cryptosporidium infection in an Indian ring‐necked parrot (Psittacula krameri) and to compare this with C meleagridis from a turkey. Design Tissue and intestinal sections from an Indian ring‐necked parrot were examined microscopically for Cryptosporidium. The organism was also purified from the crop and intestine, the DNAextracted and a portion of the 18S rDNA gene amplified, sequenced and compared with sequence and biological information obtained for C meleagridis from a turkey as well as sequence information for other species of Cryptosporidium. Results Morphological examination of tissue sections from an Indian ring‐necked parrot revealed large numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts attached to the apical border of enterocytes lining the intestinal tract. Purified Cryptosporidium oocysts measured about 5.1 × 4.5 μm, which conformed morphologically to C meleagridis. The sequence obtained from this isolate was identical to sequence information obtained from a C meleagridis isolate from a turkey. Conclusion
Cryptosporidium meleagridis was detected in an Indian ring‐necked parrot using morphological and molecular methods. This is the first time that this species of Cryptosporidium has been reported in a non‐galliform host and extends the known host range of C meleagridis.
DNA fingerprinting of Australian isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis using IS900 RFLP
Authors: COUSINS DV , WILLIAMS SN , HOPE A. , EAMENS GJ 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To evaluate additional restriction enzymes for IS900 RFLPof Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis and examine the genetic diversity among Australian isolates for epidemiological studies of Johne's disease. Design and procedure Seventy‐one isolates of M paratuberculosis from cattle, sheep, goat, alpaca and rhinoceros in six Australian States and the Northern Territory, reference strains and reference DNA from previously characterised strains were tested for genetic variation. Bst EII, Pvu II and Pst I restriction enzymes were used, and four others (Bam HI, Alu I, Xho I and Dra I) were assessed for their ability to detect polymorphisms. Multiple isolates from some animals were tested. Results
Bam HI, was the most effective enzyme for identifying polymorphisms (12 types), followed by Bst EII (11 types). Both Pvu II and Pst I were relatively ineffectual. Fifteen different types were identified, 12 in clinical isolates. Most isolates were cattle (C) strains and fell into the C1 (n = 28) and C3 (n = 32) groupings. All isolates from alpaca were type C1, and bovine isolates were commonly C1 (n = 15) or C3 (n = 28). All of the sheep were infected with sheep (S) strains; no S strains were identified in cattle. Two of six isolates from one animal had single band differences. Conclusion The epidemiological features of M paratuberculosis in Australia are similar to those reported in New Zealand, where cattle and sheep are commonly infected with different strains. However, because of the lack of polymorphism identified within the major groups, it is unlikely that DNA fingerprinting will have a significant role in epidemiological studies of Johne's disease, unless an unusual strain is being studied.
EEG changes in 4‐week‐old lambs in response to castration, tail docking and mulesing
Authors: JONGMAN EC , MORRIS JP , BARNETT JL , HEMSWORTH PH 
Published: March 2008

Objective To interpret changes in EEG in relation to perceived pain of castration, mulesing and docking in lambs. Design Analysis of covariance (randomised block design) to determine the effects of treatment on eight bandwidths of the EEG frequency spectrum. Procedure Ninety‐eight, 3‐ to 4‐week‐old lambs were subjected to one of seven treatments: castration, tail docking, mulesing, ear tagging, sham shearing, formalin injection (to induce lameness) and handling. EEG was recorded for 15 min before treatment, during treatment, and for 15 min after treatment. Results Consistently lower mean power values across all bandwidths of the EEG were found at the time of mulesing and docking than at handling and shearing (P<0.01). Formalin injection resulted in lower power values than handling and shearing (P<0.01). Castration had lower power values than handling and shearing. Similarly, for 15 min after treatment, mulesing and formalin injection had significantly lower power values than handling, shearing, ear tagging and castration (P<0.05). Conclusion The consistent effects associated with mulesing, docking and castration compared to handling, shearing and ear tagging suggest that mulesing at both the time of treatment and during 15 min after treatment results in a response that is similar to that of induced lameness. Docking and castration result in a response at the time of treatment that is similar to induced lameness and mulesing, but during 15 min after treatmentis similar to the non‐noxious control treatments. However, the depressing effects on the mean power values are the reverse of that anticipated from a previously developed pain model, highlighting the need for further research to develop this technology to evaluate pain associated with husbandry procedures.
Improving the predictability of performance by prerace detection of dorsal metacarpal disease in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: GRIFFITHS JB , STEEL CM , SYMONS PJ , YOVICH JV 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of dorsal metacarpal disease in 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred horses by prerace inspection and to evaluate the effectiveness of a dorsal metacarpal disease detection program on the predictability of race performance (finishing in the order predicted by punters) and the distance between the first‐ and last‐placed horse in a field.DesignA retrospective study using client‐owned horses.MethodsA program of prerace detection of dorsal metacarpal disease using digital palpation of the dorsal aspect of the third metacarpal bone of both forelimbs of 2‐year‐old Thoroughbreds racing at Ascot racecourse was instituted by the Western Australian Turf Club in December 1995. Horses that had significant pain reaction to digital palpation were considered to have pain due to dorsal metacarpal disease, withdrawn from that day's race and not permitted to race for 6 weeks. The race records of all 2‐year‐old Thoroughbreds racing at Ascot racecourse from December 1993 until December 1995 were compared with the race results from December 1995 until March 1997, after initiation of the dorsal metacarpal disease detection program.ResultsAfter initiation of the program, horses were racing more predictably over 1100 m (P = 2.09) and 1200 m (P = 3.48). These horses finished closer to the winner over 1100 m (P = 3.39) and over 1200 m (P = 3.13). In 1000 m races, the trend for horses to race more predictably (P = 1.07) and for there to be less distance between first and last (P = 1.72) was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe program of prerace digital palpation for dorsal metacarpal disease was considered to be beneficial in 2‐year‐old Thoroughbreds racing over 1100 m and 1200 m, in that they raced more predictably.
The development and survival of three species of coprophagous insect after feeding on the faeces of sheep treated with controlled‐release formulations of ivermectin or albendazole
Authors: WARDHAUGH KG , HOLTER P , LONGSTAFF B 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the toxicity from residues of controlled‐release formulations of ivermectin and albendazole to insects that feed on sheep faeces. Animals In two consecutive years, groups of sheep were treated with controlled‐release capsules of ivermectin or albendazole. Untreated sheep were used as controls. Procedures Larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima, and adults and larvae of the dung beetles, Onthophagus taurus and Euoniticellus fulvus were fed on faeces collected at intervals after drug treatment. In assays using beetles, treatment effects were assessed by comparing numbers of eggs laid, survival of juveniles and survival of mature and immature adults. Survival at time of pupariation was used in assays on flies. Results and conclusions Faeces from sheep treated with albendazole had no detectable effects on breeding by either flies or beetles. In contrast, faeces voided by sheep treated with controlled‐release capsules of ivermectin (CRI) precluded successful breeding by each of the species tested. No fly larvae and almost no beetle larvae survived in faeces collected up to 39 days after capsule administration. Newly‐emerged O taurus also suffered significant mortality whereas those that survived underwent delayed sexual maturation. Ivermectin residues had no effect on the survival of sexually mature beetles, but reduced the fecundity of O taurus. A model simulating the effects of drug residues on dung beetle populations indicates that CRIs have the potential to cause substantial declines in beetle numbers, particularly if treatment coincides with spring emergence.
Serological survey for Ehrlichia canis in urban dogs from the major population centres of northern Australia
Authors: MASON RJ , LEE JM , CURRAN JM , MOSS A , VAN DER HEIDE B , DANIELS PW 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo detect evidence ofEhrlichia canisinfection of dogs from the major population centres of northern Australia, if present.DesignSerological investigation forE canis.ProcedureThe sera of 316 domestic dogs, collected from the northern Australian population centres of Townsville, Cairns, Darwin, Kununurra and Broome from May 1997 to August 1999, were investigated for evidence of infection withE canis. Samples were tested for antibodies toE canisusing an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. The buffy coats from blood of dogs whose serum reacted in the IFA test were subsequently tested with a nested PCR to detectE canisDNA. When available, blood from these dogs was injected into suckling mice, which were then examined for clinical disease and tested for the presence ofE canisantibodies.ResultsOf the 316 samples tested seven reacted in the IFA test forE canis. None of the dogs from which these samples were obtained exhibited clinical signs of acute or chronic ehrlichiosis. The six positive samples available for testing were negative when tested with the nested PCR. Suckling mice inoculated with blood from three of the dogs whose serum was positive by IFA test showed no signs of clinical disease nor did their give positive reactions in the IFA test.ConclusionsNo evidence ofE canisinfection was confirmed in any of the dogs examined. Northern Australia would appear to remain free of this obligate parasite.
Feline leukaemia virus status of Australian cats with lymphosarcoma
Authors: GABOR LJ , JACKSON ML , TRASK B. , MALIK R. , CANFIELD PJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the FeLV status of sera and tumours from Australian cats with lymphosarcoma in relation to patient characteristics, tumour characteristics (tissue involvement, histological grade and immunophenotype), haematological and biochemical values.DesignProspective study of 107 client‐owned cats with naturally‐occurring lymphosarcoma.ProcedureAn ELISA was used to detect FeLV p27 antigen in serum specimens collected from cats with lymphosarcoma. A PCR was used to detect FeLV DNA in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections containing neoplastic lymphoid cells. The PCR was designed to amplify a highly conserved region of the untranslated long terminal repeat of FeLV provirus.ResultsOnly 2 of 107 cats (2%), for which serum samples were available, were FeLV‐positive on the basis of detectable p27 antigen in serum. In contrast, 25 of 97 tumours (26%) contained FeLV DNA. Of the 86 cats for which both PCR and ELISA data were available, 19(22%) had FeLV provirus in their tumours but no detectable circulating FeLV antigen in serum, while 2 (2%) had FeLV provirus and circulating FeLV antigen. FeLV PCR‐positive/ELISA‐negative cats (19) differed from PCR‐negative/ELISA‐negative cats (65) in having fewer B‐cell tumours (P = 0.06), more non B‐/non T‐cell tumours (P = 0.02) and comprising fewer non‐Siamese/Oriental pure‐bred cats (P = 0.03).ConclusionsThe prevalence of FeLV antigen or provirus was considerably lower in our cohort of cats compared with studies of lymphosarcoma conducted in the Northern hemisphere. This suggests that factors other than FeLV are important in the development of lymphosarcoma in many Australian cats. No firm conclusions could be drawn concerning whether FeLV provirus contributed to the development of lymphosarcoma in PCR‐positive/ELISA‐negative cats.
Pathogenesis studies with Australian bat lyssavirus in grey‐headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus)
Authors: MCCOLL KA , CHAMBERLAIN T , LUNT RA , NEWBERRY KM , MIDDLETON D , WESTBURY HA 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the susceptibility of the grey‐headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) to Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL), and to provide preliminary observations on the patho‐genesis of the disease in flying foxes.ProcedureTen flying foxes were inoculated intramuscularly with ABL, and four with a bat‐associated rabies virus. Inoculated animals were observed daily, and clinical samples collected every 9 to 14 days. Animals with abnormal clinical signs were euthanased, and samples collected for histolog‐ical, serological, virological and immunohistological examinations. At 3 months post inoculation (PI), all survivors were euthanased, and each submitted to a similar examination.ResultsThree ABL‐inoculated flying foxes, and two rabies‐inoculated animals developed abnormal clinical signs between 15 and 24 days PI. All three ABL‐inoculated animals had histological lesions consistent with a lyssavirus infection, and lyssaviral antigen was identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of each. Virus was isolated from the brain of two affected animals. Of the rabies‐inoculated flying foxes, both had histological lesions and viral antigen in the CNS. Virus was recovered from the brain of only one. None of the five affected flying foxes developed anti‐lyssavirus antibodies, but, by 3 months PI, five of the seven ABL‐inoculated survivors, and one of the two rabies virus‐inoculated survivors, had seroconverted. The dynamics of the immune responses were quite variable.ConclusionsThe response of flying foxes to ABL, administered by a peripheral route of inoculation, was similar to that of bats inoculated peripherally with bat‐derived rabies viruses.
Evaluation of d, l‐ethionine as a mechanism for pancreatic islet regeneration in dogs
Authors: GOVENDIR M , CANFIELD PJ , EMSLIE DR , WATSON ADJ , CHURCH DB 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether induction of pancreatic necrosis and islet proliferation by d, l‐ethionine has potential for treating dogs with b ‐cell insufficiency. Design Eighteen mixed breed dogs of both sexes were given d, l‐ethionine at 100 mg/kg three times weekly for 2 weeks; 6 dogs were euthanased at 2, 14 and 28 d after the last dose. Methods Clinical signs during administration and recovery were assessed. Routine biochemical analyses were performed before each ethionine dose and then once weekly. Faecal samples were examined weekly for malassimilated nutrients and blood. Blood coagulation screening tests (OSPT and APTT) were determined on four dogs after ethionine administration. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were conducted before the first and after the last ethionine dose and then fortnightly. All dogs were necropsied and pancreas, liver, kidney and jejunum were examined microscopically. Results During ethionine administration all animals displayed vomiting, inappetence, diarrhoea (often with blood), weight loss and depression. Three dogs were euthanased prematurely due to severe illness, but those allowed to recover were eating and brighter 7 d after cessation of ethio‐nine administration. Serum concentrations of TLI, amylase and lipase increased initially, then decreased, during administration but returned to normal during recovery. Concentrations of ALT, ALP, unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin increased during administration then decreased slowly. Histological examination revealed hepatic lipidosis and necrosis, but no renal or jejunal lesions. In most dogs, faecal examination demonstrated increased undigested starch and muscle, as well as increased digestedand undigested fat, during ethio‐nine administration or early during the recovery period, suggesting transient malassimilation. APTT was unchanged but OSPT was prolonged in all dogs. There was no impairment of insulin secretion or glucose intolerance and C‐peptide concentrations were unaffected. Immediately after ethionine administration there was delayed insulin degradation and by day 43 there was evidence of increased insulin sensitivity Conclusion d, l‐ethionine administration in dogs appeared not to interfere with insulin secretion, but caused clinical signs and laboratory changes indicative of pancreatic exocrine necrosis, severe hepatobiliary disease and transient malas‐similation. Pancreatic and hepatic dysfunction was severe but clinical recovery occurred after ethionine administration ceased. The severe side‐effects observed with d, l‐ethionine should preclude its potential use for treating diabetes mellitus in dogs.
Failure to eradicate ovine footrot associated with Dichelobacter nodosus strain A198 by repeated daily footbathing in zinc sulphate with surfactant
Authors: JELINEK PD , DEPIAZZI LJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the effect of repeated daily foot‐bathing in zinc sulphate on virulent ovine footrot associated with S1, U1 and U5 zymogram types of Dichelobacter nodosus,including the highly virulent S1 strain A198. Design A field trial with experimentally infected sheep. Procedure At week 0, 50 sheep were infected with D nodosus strains A198 (S1), C305 (U1), BC3993 (U5) and BC3995 (U5). At weeks 1 and 47, respectively, 169 and 235 uninfected sheep were added. At week 60, sheep were allocated to control and treatment groups each containing 220 sheep. Every 2 or 4 weeks to week 113, feet were inspected, and lesions were scored and sampled. Treatment sheep were footbathed in 15 to 18% (w/v) zinc sulphate with surfactant for 5 consecutive days (10 min per day) during week 61. During week 110, the footbathing protocol was applied again, this time to all surviving treatment and control sheep. Results BC3993 and A198 were isolated from 57% (162 of 285) and 20% (58 of 285), respectively, of new lesions sampled between weeks 3 and 13, and 21% (57 of 271) and 50% (136 of 271) between weeks 49 and 59. Percentages of new lesions associated with C305 and BC3995 remained constant. During the initial 17 weeks after footbathing at week 61, 90% (75 of 83) and 19% (95 of 490) of lesions in treatment and control sheep, respectively, were score 4 or 5, and 94% (47 of 50) and 38% (33 of 87) of those were associated with A198. Conclusions Repeated daily footbathing did not eradicate virulent ovine footrot because strain A198 produced deep, covert lesions that facilitated the survival of D nodosus.
Dicoumarol toxicity in neonatal calves associated with the feeding of sweet vernal(Anthoxanthum odoratum)hay
Authors: DWYER CJ , DOWNING GM , GABOR LJ 
Published: March 2008

Neonatal calves from a seasonal dairy herd in North Western Tasmania were presented for veterinary care due to mortalities and bleeding from multiple orifices. Necropsy examination revealed free blood throughout the parenchymatous organs, body cavities and connective tissues. There was no history of anticoagulant exposure, however, high quantities of dicoumarol were found in samples from hay fed to recently calved cows.No Australian cases of dicoumarol toxicity in neonatal calves have been previously documented, and dicoumarol toxicity in adult cattle would appear to be less common than in colder farming regions of the Northern Hemisphere.