bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The CAP Superfamily: Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-Related 1 Proteins—Roles in Reproduction, Cancer, and Immune Defense
Authors: Gibbs Gerard M. , Roelants Kim , O'Bryan Moira K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily members are found in a remarkable range of organisms spanning each of the animal kingdoms. Within humans and mice, there are 31 and 33 individual family members, respectively, and although many are poorly characterized, the majority show a notable expression bias to the reproductive tract and immune tissues or are deregulated in cancers. CAP superfamily proteins are most often secreted and have an extracellular endocrine or paracrine function and are involved in processes including the regulation of extracellular matrix and branching morphogenesis, potentially as either proteases or protease inhibitors; in ion channel regulation in fertility; as tumor suppressor or prooncogenic genes in tissues including the prostate; and in cell-cell adhesion during fertilization. This review describes mammalian CAP superfamily gene expression profiles, phylogenetic relationships, protein structural properties, and biological functions, and it draws into focus their potential role in health and disease. The nine subfamilies of the mammalian CAP superfamily include: the human glioma pathogenesis-related 1 (GLIPR1), Golgi associated pathogenesis related-1 (GAPR1) proteins, peptidase inhibitor 15 (PI15), peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), CRISP LCCL domain containing 1 (CRISPLD1), CRISP LCCL domain containing 2 (CRISPLD2), mannose receptor like and the R3H domain containing like proteins. We conclude that overall protein structural conservation within the CAP superfamily results in fundamentally similar functions for the CAP domain in all members, yet the diversity outside of this core region dramatically alters target specificity and, therefore, the biological consequences.
Src Family Kinases Accelerate Prolactin Receptor Internalization, Modulating Trafficking and Signaling in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Piazza Timothy M. , Lu Juu-Chin , Carver Kristopher C. , Schuler Linda A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Despite the growing body of evidence supporting prolactin (PRL) actions in human breast cancer, little is known regarding PRL regulation of its own receptor in these cells. Ligand-initiated endocytosis is a key process in the regulation of receptor availability and signaling cascades that may lead to oncogenic actions. Although exposure to exogenous PRL accelerates degradation of the long isoform of the PRL receptor (lPRLR), neither the signals initiated by PRL that lead to lPRLR internalization and subsequent down-regulation, nor the relationship to downstream pathways are understood in breast cancer cells. In this study, we showed that PRL-induced down-regulation of the lPRLR was reduced by inhibition of src family kinases (SFKs), but not Janus kinase 2, in MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of SFKs also resulted in accumulation of a PRL-induced PRLR fragment containing the extracellular domain, which appeared to be generated from newly synthesized PRLR. lPRLR was constitutively associated with SFKs in lipid rafts. PRL-induced SFK activation led to recruitment of the guanosine triphosphatase, dynamin-2, to an internalization complex, resulting in endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of dynamin-2 blocked PRL-induced down-regulation of lPRLR, confirming that internalization is essential for this process. Endocytosis also was required for optimal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, but not for Janus kinase 2 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, indicating that internalization selectively modulates signaling cascades. Together, these data indicate that SFKs are key mediators of ligand-initiated lPRLR internalization, down-regulation, and signal transduction in breast cancer cells, and underscore the importance of target cell context in receptor trafficking and signal transduction.
β-Selective Glycosidation of a 5-Thioglucosamine Derivative
Authors: Yuasa Hideya , Tsuruta Osamu , Izumi Takuhiro , Takahara Terunao , Izumi Masayuki , Hashimoto Hironobu 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The first β-selective chemical 5-thioglycosylation of a secondary alcohol was attained with the 2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-5-thioglucose derivative. Requirements of the carbonyl functional groups at C2 to exert anchimeric assistance are discussed on the basis of the results with various functional groups.
Preparation, Structure, and Diels–Alder Reaction of Phenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonate)(3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl)-λ3-iodane
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Takeda Youhei , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Phenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonate)(3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl)-λ3-iodane was prepared from tributyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropynyl)stannane and PhI(CN)OTf. The molecular structure was disclosed by X-ray diffraction analysis to form T-shape geometry with the hypervalent iodine atom as the central point. The iodonium salt underwent smoothly the Diels–Alder reaction with 1,3-dienes, furans, and pyrrole to give trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclohexadienes in good to high yields, respectively, in contrast to the corresponding nonfluorinated counterpart.
The Consistent Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Groër Chris , Golden Bruce , Wasil Edward 
Published: December 2008

In the small package shipping industry (as in other industries), companies try to differentiate themselves by providing high levels of customer service. This can be accomplished in several ways, including online tracking of packages, ensuring on-time delivery, and offering residential pickups. Some companies want their drivers to develop relationships with customers on a route and have the same drivers visit the same customers at roughly the same time on each day that the customers need service. These service requirements, together with traditional constraints on vehicle capacity and route length, define a variant of the classical capacitated vehicle routing problem, which we call the consistent VRP (ConVRP). In this paper, we formulate the problem as a mixed-integer program and develop an algorithm to solve the ConVRP that is based on the record-to-record travel algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm to the optimal mixed-integer program solutions for a set of small problems and then apply our algorithm to five simulated data sets with 1,000 customers and a real-world data set with more than 3,700 customers. We provide a technique for generating ConVRP benchmark problems from vehicle routing problem instances given in the literature and provide our solutions to these instances. The solutions produced by our algorithm on all problems do a very good job of meeting customer service objectives with routes that have a low total travel time. In the paper “The Consistent Vehicle Routing Problem,” published in Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, ePub ahead of print December 4, 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.1080.0243, the authors have amended the original text published online to correct an oversight in conveying the real-world problem studied in this article.
The End of History Museums: What's Plan B?
Authors: Carson Cary 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Are historic sites and house museums destined to go the way of Oldsmobiles and floppy disks? Visitation has trended downwards for thirty years. Theories abound, but no one really knows why. To launch a discussion of the problem in the pages of The Public Historian, Cary Carson cautions against the pessimistic view that the past is simply passé. Instead he offers a “Plan B” that takes account of the new way that learners today organize information to make history meaningful.
Biphasic Induction of Pdx1 in Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Mimic Development of Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Bernardo Andreia S. , Cho Candy H.-H. , Mason Sharon , Docherty Hilary M. , Pedersen Roger A. , Vallier Ludovic , Docherty Kevin 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a possible source of islet tissue for the treatment of diabetes. Achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of how the transcription factor cascade initiated by the homeodomain transcription factor Pdx1 culminates in pancreatic β-cell development. Here we describe a genetic approach that enables fine control of Pdx1 transcriptional activity during endoderm differentiation of mouse and human ES cell. By activating an exogenous Pdx1VP16 protein in populations of cells enriched in definitive endoderm we show a distinct lineage-dependent requirement for this transcription factor's activity. Mimicking the natural biphasic pattern of Pdx1 expression was necessary to induce an endocrine pancreas-like cell phenotype, in which 30% of the cells were β-cell-like. Cell markers consistent with the different β-cell differentiation stages appeared in a sequential order following the natural pattern of pancreatic development. Furthermore, in mouse ES-derived cultures the differentiated β-like cells secreted C-peptide (insulin) in response to KCl and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, suggesting that following a natural path of development in vitro represents the best approach to generate functional pancreatic cells. Together these results reveal for the first time a significant effect of the timed expression of Pdx1 on the non-β-cells in the developing endocrine pancreas. Collectively, we show that this method of in vitro differentiation provides a template for inducing and studying ES cell differentiation into insulin-secreting cells.
Environmental risk assessment for the galenical formulation of solid medicinal products at roche basle, switzerland
Authors: Hoerger Corinne C , Dörr Benno , Schlienger Claude , Straub Jürg O 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
An environmental risk assessment for losses to wastewater from galenical manufacturing of solid medicinal products at F. Hoffmann-La Roche in Basle, Switzerland, was performed based on an annual total materials balance. This balance resulted in a loss factor of 0.2% relative to the sum of all starting materials, which was later confirmed as valid by analysis for 1 specific active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The initial risk assessment for all 25 different APIs formulated resulted in no evident risk for the wastewater treatment plant, based on biodegradation no-effect data. However, based on acute ecotoxicity data, potential risk to the local receiving water, the River Rhine, was identified from 1 single API, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX). A refinement of the risk assessment for SMX, based on chronic ecotoxicity data, or the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC), and documented sewage works degradability, or the predicted environmental concentration (PEC), led to a significant decrease of the initial PEC/PNEC ratio to well below 1. In view of this refinement, the final conclusion is that the galenical production investigated poses no significant risk to the environment.
School-Based Screening to Identify At-Risk Students Not Already Known to School Professionals: The Columbia Suicide Screen
Authors: Scott Michelle A. , Wilcox Holly C. , Schonfeld Irvin Sam , Davies Mark , Hicks Roger C. , Turner J. Blake , Shaffer David 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine the degree of overlap between students identified through school-based suicide screening and those thought to be at risk by school administrative and clinical professionals. Methods. Students from 7 high schools in the New York metropolitan area completed the Columbia Suicide Screen; 489 of the 1729 students screened had positive results. The clinical status of 641 students (73% of those who had screened positive and 23% of those who had screened negative) was assessed with modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. School professionals nominated by their principal and unaware of students' screening and diagnostic status were asked to indicate whether they were concerned about the emotional well-being of each participating student. Results. Approximately 34% of students with significant mental health problems were identified only through screening, 13.0% were identified only by school professionals, 34.9% were identified both through screening and by school professionals, and 18.3% were identified neither through screening nor by school professionals. The corresponding percentages among students without mental health problems were 9.1%, 24.0%, 5.5%, and 61.3%. Conclusions. School-based screening can identify suicidal and emotionally troubled students not recognized by school professionals.
Influences of Physical and Social Neighborhood Environments on Children's Physical Activity and Obesity
Authors: Franzini Luisa , Elliott Marc N. , Cuccaro Paula , Schuster Mark , Gilliland M. Janice , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Franklin Frank , Tortolero Susan R. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated the association between physical and social neighborhood environments and fifth-grade students’ physical activity and obesity. Methods. We collected data on 650 children and their primary caregivers during phase 1 of Healthy Passages, a multisite, community-based, cross-sectional study of health risk behaviors and health outcomes in children. We conducted independent systematic neighborhood observations to measure neighborhood physical characteristics, and we analyzed survey data on social processes. We modeled children's physical activity and obesity status with structural equation models that included latent variables for the physical and social environments. Results. After we controlled for children's sociodemographic factors, we found that a favorable social environment was positively associated with several measures of physical activity and that physical activity was negatively associated with obesity in these children. Physical environment was not significantly associated with physical activity. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that neighborhood social factors as well as the physical environment should be considered in the development of health policy and interventions to reduce childhood obesity.
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Increased Use of Contraceptives Among HIV-Positive Women During Expanding Access to Antiretroviral Therapy in Mbarara, Uganda
Authors: Andia Irene , Kaida Angela , Maier Marissa , Guzman David , Emenyonu Nneka , Pepper Larry , Bangsberg David R. , Hogg Robert S. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated whether the prevalence of contraceptive use among women who are HIV positive varied according to use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Mbarara, Uganda. Methods. We used data from a cross-sectional survey of 484 women who were HIV positive (18–50 years) and were attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic, 45% of whom were receiving HAART. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HAART use and contraceptive use. Data were collected between November 2005 and June 2006. Results. Overall, 45% of the women were sexually active in the previous 3 months. Of these, 85% reported using contraceptive methods, with 84% reporting use of barrier contraceptive methods. Women receiving HAART were more than twice as likely to use contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 6.49) and more than 3 times as likely to use barrier contraceptive methods (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI = 1.54, 8.55) than were women not receiving HAART. Conclusions. Our findings support the need for increased attention to better integration of reproductive health and HIV and AIDS services for women who are HIV positive.
The Effectiveness of Child Restraint Systems for Children Aged 3 Years or Younger During Motor Vehicle Collisions: 1996 to 2005
Authors: Rice Thomas M. , Anderson Craig L. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We estimated the effectiveness of child restraints in preventing death during motor vehicle collisions among children 3 years or younger. Methods. We conducted a matched cohort study using Fatality Analysis Reporting System data from 1996 to 2005. We estimated death risk ratios using conditional Poisson regression, bootstrapping, multiple imputation, and a sensitivity analysis of misclassification bias. We examined possible effect modification by selected factors. Results. The estimated death risk ratios comparing child safety seats with no restraint were 0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21, 0.34) for infants, 0.24 (95% CI = 0.19, 0.30) for children aged 1 year, 0.40 (95% CI = 0.32, 0.51) for those aged 2 years, and 0.41 (95% CI = 0.33, 0.52) for those aged 3 years. Estimated safety seat effectiveness was greater during rollover collisions, in rural environments, and in light trucks. We estimated seat belts to be as effective as safety seats in preventing death for children aged 2 and 3 years. Conclusions. Child safety seats are highly effective in reducing the risk of death during severe traffic collisions and generally outperform seat belts. Parents should be encouraged to use child safety seats in favor of seat belts.
Changes in Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Western Australian Adults from 1995 to 2004
Authors: Pollard Christina , Miller Margaret , Woodman Richard John , Meng Rosie , Binns Colin 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We monitored changes in self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable consumption in Western Australia prior to and after a healthful-eating campaign. Methods. We obtained telephone survey data from 2854 adults in Perth from Nutrition Monitoring Surveys conducted in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004. The “Go for 2&5” fruit and vegetable campaign was implemented from 2002 to 2005. Results. We observed changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable intake. In 2004, respondents were more likely than in 1995 to report 2 servings of fruit (odds ratio [OR] = 3.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.85, 4.70) and 5 servings of vegetables (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 3.49, 5.80) per day as optimal. Despite this, vegetable consumption in 2004 was less than in 1995 (rate ratio = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.82, 0.96; P = .003). Perceived adequacy of vegetable (59.3%) or fruit (34.5%) intake and insufficient time for vegetable preparation (14.3%) were the main barriers. Conclusions. Knowledge of the recommended fruit and vegetable intake increased following the Go for 2&5 campaign. Perceptions of the adequacy of current intake and time scarcity should be considered when designing nutrition interventions.
Best-Practice Physical Activity Programs for Older Adults: Findings From the National Impact Study
Authors: Hughes Susan L. , Seymour Rachel B. , Campbell Richard T. , Whitelaw Nancy , Bazzarre Terry 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We assessed the impact of existing best-practice physical activity programs for older adults on physical activity participation and health-related outcomes. Methods. We used a multisite, randomized trial with 544 older adults (mean age 66 years) and measures at baseline, 5, and 10 months to test the impact of a multiple-component physical activity program compared with results for a control group that did not participate in such a program. Results. For adults who participated in a multiple-component physical activity program, we found statistically significant benefits at 5 and 10 months with regard to self-efficacy for exercise adherence over time (P < .001), adherence in the face of barriers (P = .01), increased upper- and lower-body strength (P = .02, P = .01), and exercise participation (P = .01). Conclusions. Best-practice community-based physical activity programs can measurably improve aspects of functioning that are risk factors for disability among older adults. US public policy should encourage these inexpensive health promotion programs.
Black–White Differences in Hysterectomy Prevalence: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Bower Julie K. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Sternfeld Barbara , Lewis Cora E. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the cross-sectional association between race and hysterectomy prevalence in a population-based cohort of US women and investigated participant characteristics associated with racial differences. Methods. The cohort consisted of 1863 Black and White women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study from 2000 to 2002 (years 15 and 16 after baseline). We used logistic regression to examine unadjusted and multivariable adjusted odds ratios. Results. Black women demonstrated greater odds of hysterectomy compared with White women (odds ratio [OR] = 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.52, 4.90). Adjustment for age, educational attainment, perceived barriers to accessing medical care, body mass index, polycystic ovarian syndrome, tubal ligation, depressive symptoms, age at menarche, and geographic location minimally altered the association (OR = 3.70; 95% CI = 2.44, 5.61). In a subset of the study population, those with directly imaged fibroids, the association was minimally attenuated (OR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.23, 5.40). Conclusions. In both unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models, Black women, compared with White women, had increased odds of hysterectomy that persisted despite adjustment for participant characteristics. The increased odds are possibly related to decisions to undergo hysterectomy.
Use of Density-Equalizing Cartograms to Visualize Trends and Disparities in State-Specific Prevalence of Obesity: 1996–2006
Authors: Houle Brian , Holt James , Gillespie Cathleen , Freedman David S. , Reyes Michele 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We used cartograms to visually communicate the state-specific prevalence of obesity and its association with socioeconomic variables over time to benefit and inform decisions by national health policymakers who address geographic and social inequities in health. Methods. We generated density-equalizing maps, known as cartograms (in which geographic regions are sized in proportion to some variable), that illustrate indicators of population and educational attainment. We also provide an innovative presentation of the obesity choropleth map (which presents values for areas by shading). Results. The maps depict the absolute burden of obesity, the inverse association between obesity and education, and geographic patterns in the prevalence of obesity over time. Conclusions. The prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to increase. These cartograms can help stakeholders interpret surveillance data and their relation to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics to inform decisions.