bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAEDIATRICS IN A COUNTRY AREA*
Authors: ROSSITER E. J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISOne may divide the practice of Paediatrics into 3 categories — Primary, Secondary, and Specialist. The primary paediatrician receives the majority of his patients directly, without referral from another doctor, whereas the secondary paediatrician receives the majority or all of his patients as referrals for a consultant opinion. The specialist paediatrician working in a sub‐speciality such as paediatric cardiology or diabetes, will receive many of his patients from other paediatricians. It has been the custom in countries following the British system to rely almost entirely on the secondary and specialist paediatricians, although there are notable exceptions. In the United States, the reverse has been the case, and primary paediatricians are an accepted part of medical practice.
THYMIC HYPOPLASIA AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: SCHUMACHER M. J. , DREHER G. H. , SIMONS M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISThe case records of 2 infants in whom thymic hypoplasia was diagnosed at autopsy are described. Gamma globulin levels were normal in both children, one of whom had in addition normal numbers of circulating lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from both infants failed to respond to phytohaemagglutinin and investigation of the one with lymphopenia revealed a deficiency of antibody despite normal levels of immunoglobulin. Measles pneumonitis, confirmed by virus isolation, was the cause of death in one of the children. These cases are presented in support of the hypothesis that immunoglobulin production and cellular immune competence are functionally separable in the human subject.
SELECTIVITY OF PROTEINURIA IN NEPHROTIC CHILDREN*
Authors: GOLLER I. , WILLIAMS A. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISThe type of the glomerular lesion in children with the nephrotic syndrome can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy by estimating the index of selectivity of proteinura. This is performed on casual specimens of urine and serum, and provides the clinician with useful information concerning the type of lesion and the probable response to steroids.
A METHOD OF IN VIVO INVESTIGATION OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM*
Authors: TOMPKINS J. R. , HOBDAY J. D. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISA method of measuring in vivo the degradation of amino acids is described, involving the measurement of 14CO2 liberated from the ingested amino acid. The application of this technique to a child with tyrosinosis, and two control subjects, demonstrated the delay in catabolism of this amino acid.
THE SEX RATIO IN PHENYLKETONURIA AND PERSISTENT HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA
Authors: YU J. S. , O'HALLORAN M. T. , TURNER B. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISThe sex ratio in 76 children with an elevated serum phenylalanine level was studied in relation to their mode of ascertainment. The ratio of the sexes in the whole group was equal, but males outnumbered females 9:4 in classical cases of PKU discovered by means of the Guthrie test. This suggests that a proportion of females with classical PKU is being missed by the Guthrie test when this is performed in the first week of life. Males very markedly outnumber females in the group designated as having persistent hyperphenylalaninaemia.The value of a second follow‐up screening test is emphasised.
HYPOCALCAEMIA IN INFANCY: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: KNUCKEY T. , O'HALLORAN M. T. , YU J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISThe clinical features of 36 infants who presented with hypocalcaemia in the first 2 years of life are reviewed and their subsequent progress studied. Males outnumbered females 28:8.While a low serum calcium level is physiological and common in preterm infants, symptomatic hypocalcaemia is seen much more frequently in bigger babies. Hypocalcaemia in the neonatal period is nearly always a transient phenomenon.Vitamin D deficiency rickets was surprisingly common, occurring in 9 of the 36 infants. Most of these children were from migrant families and this emphasises the particular needs of these people in our community health programmes.Even when convulsions occurred, the hypocalcaemia had remarkably little adverse effect on future intellectual development. The children with rickets, however, often showed other evidence of socio‐environmental deprivation, including poor intellectual performance.
MYCOBACTERIAL LYMPHADENITIS
Authors: LLEWELYN D. M. , DORMAN D. 
Published: March 2008

SYNOPSISIt is probable, though not as yet definitely proven by culture, that the great proportion of cases of mycobacterial lymphadenitis are now due to organisms other than M. tuberculosis. The double Mantoux test will differentiate the two infections. Isolation of these patients with those suffering from tuberculosis is probably unwise as infection with atypical myco‐bacteria confers little resistance to tuberculosis. Chemotherapy is not required and is of little value. Surgical excision of affected lymph nodes is the treatment of choice.
Recommendation from Australian Radiation Laboratory
Authors:   RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY, Klempfner G. 
Published: March 2008

The National Health and Medical Research Council, at its 97th Session (June 1984) modified one of its earlier recommendations relating to the radiological examination of young women. This was made on the recommendation of its Radiation Health Committee and the Council have requested publication of the new recommendation so that all people who prescribe radiological examination should be aware of the Council's recommendation.With the mean age of menarche in Australian girls now being before their 13th birthday, a substantial proportion of a paediatric population will be affected by these recommendations.
ENTEROTOXAEMIA IN GOATS.
Authors: Oxer D. T. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Enterotoxaemia of goats is widespread in some Australian States. A brief description of the disease is given together with recognised methods of treatment. Additional treatment has been suggested. The results of some experimental vaccinations are given. These confirm the necessity for periodical vaccination in order to raise and maintain herd immunity. The problem of sensitisation to sera and vaccines is briefly discussed.
MAJOR CAUSES OF CONDEMNATION OF MEAT
Authors: Fewster G. E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA series of tables have been prepared to illustrate the pattern of carcase condemnations for cattle, sheep, lamb and pigs in various parts of Australia.All the meat that is condemned is not revealed in the normal inspection statistics. The important reasons for condemnations which do not appear or may appear only in part in such returns, are discussed.The need for full‐time veterinary supervision of meat inspection throughout the Commonwealth is stressed.
ECCHYMOSIS IN THE BEEF CARCASE
Authors: Charles D. D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe incidence of ecchymosis in beef carcases in Queensland is discussed together with its importance in the meat industry. Observations indicate that the condition appears in a percentage of animals–particularly ox, when stress factors are applied prior to slaughter, at the time of stunning and until the carcase is bled.These stress factors are discussed and the manner in which they may be obviated is suggested.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HAEMATOLOGY OF THOROUGHBRED AND STANDARDBRED HORSES IN TRAINING AND RACING
Authors: Steel J. D. , Whitlock L. E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. Haematological studies on 100 Thoroughbred and 174 Standardbred horses are reported.2. Significant differences in the blood values of the two breeds are described.3. Criteria for the interpretation of blood counts in racehorses are suggested.4. Possible factors in the etiology of equine polycythaemia and anaemia are discussed.5. It is noted that good racehorses tend to have better blood pictures than moderate performers.
THE INVESTIGATION OF INFERTILITY SYNDROMES IN BEEF HERDS
Authors: Osborne H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe probable extent of infertility in Australian beef herds is discussed and the view expressed that, with a high percentage of properties, an increase in calf branding percentages could be obtained by proper methods of investigation and control.The general environment of beef cattle in the central portion of eastern Australia is outlined in so far as it affects the study of infertility syndromes.The methods used for the examination in infertility syndromes in herd of from 500 to 1,000 breeders are described with particular reference to pregnancy diagnosis and herd sampling.
BREEDING PATTERNS IN COMMERCIAL BEEF HERDS
Authors: Young J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA total of 16,111 cows in 18 beef herds in New South Wales were examined for pregnancy between June 1963 and February 1967. The mean pregnancy level was 86%. The pregnancy level for the lactating cows was 87% and for the non‐lactating cows (excluding heifers) 85%. The pregnancy level for heifers was 84%.The herd pregnancy level ranged from 80% to 98%. Four herds had a significantly higher pregnancy level in the lactating cows, while three herds had a significantly higher pregnancy level in the non‐lactating cows.Positive Br. abortus agglutination titres were recorded from three herds, none of which had been vaccinated with Strain 19. Br. abortus titres were negative in the remaining 15 herds. One of these herds had practised regular weaner vaccination with Strain 19 at 6–10 months of age. In one of the positive herds a typical abortion storm occurred with 33% of the pregnant cows failing to bring a calf to branding. A follow‐up blood test of 65 of the WD cows at calf branding showed 74% with titres 1 in 40 or higher.The mean discrepancy between females pregnant at pregnancy diagnosis and calves branded from these females was 17% for heifers and 3.5% from the older cows. Dystocia was established as the main cause of calf loss in the heifer group.
THE DURATION OF OESTRUS AND THE TIME OF OVULATION IN CATTLE OF THREE BREED TYPES WITH AND WITHOUT SYNCHRONISATION OF OESTRUS WITH A PROGESTOGEN
Authors: DONALDSON Lloyd E. , Little D. A. , HANSEL William 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe duration of oestrus and the interval from onset of oestrus to ovulation has been studied in heifers of Brahman x Shorthorn, Hereford, Shorthorn and mixed dairy breeds following treatment with synthetic progesterone (CAP) and during a subsequent cycle. The animals were under observation for 24 hr a day.No significant differences were observed between breeds in either the length of oestrus or the interval to ovulation; nor could a difference be shown within breeds due to treatment with CAP.The mean duration of oestrus was 13.9 ± 0.5 (SE) hr, and the mean interval from onset of oestrus to ovulation was 26.9 ± 0.6 (SE) hr.
THE USE OF A FORMOLISED ANTIGEN AS A SCREENING TEST FOR LEPTOSPIRAL ANTIBODIES IN HORSES
Authors: Lepherd E. E. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySix hundred and thirty‐two equine serums were examined for the presence of leptospiral antibodies. A positive reaction to one or more antigenic pools of a formolised leptospiral antigen (used in the rapid macroscopic slide agglutination test) was recorded in 41% of cases.One hundred samples were tested with 5 formolised antigen pools and 19 live antigens (by the microscopic agglutination test). Of 20 samples in which the live antigen test suggested leptospiral infection with serotypes known to occur in the region, 17 (85%) were confirmed with the formolised antigens.When the results of both tests were compared, there was agreement in 42 samples (30 positive and 12 negative). Forty‐one samples produced equivocal results and 17 gave doubtful reactions to the formolised antigens, 15 of which were negative to the live antigens.Dilution of the serums 1:1 with normal saline or heat inactivation had no effect in increasing the specificity between the formolised and live antigens. Agreement between operators in the use of the formolised antigen was poor. It is concluded that the formolised antigen has too wide a divergence to be of use for screening horse serums.
SOURCES OF VARIATION IN REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED HERDS OF BEEF CATTLE IN NORTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Lamond D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis paper contains observations of several sources of variation in reproductive performance on 13 herds of beef cattle in north‐eastern Australia. Nearly 15,000 cows were examined, man, on more than one occasion. Variation between herds in pregnancy rate in June or September 1964, was 44 to 75 per cent. Lactating heifers had lower pregnancy rates than lactating cows, which in turn had lower rates than non‐lactating animals. Within classes, cows in poor body condition had lower fertility than those in forward‐store or fat condition. Losses of calves between pregnancy tests and branding ranged from 6 to 40 per cent in a sample of herds. In herds where year‐to‐year data were avail‐able, the majority of cattle had one calf every two years, or two calves every three years. In one herd, cows that calved before February reared more calves than those that calved later.The main conclusion was that improved nutrition of lactating heifers and cows would be expected to increase pregnancy rates substantially.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INCIDENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE IN VICTORIA
Authors: Turner A. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryRandom blood sampling of 8,448 dairy cattle in two Shires of Victoria revealed that 194 (4.5%) serums, from south‐eastern Victoria and 147 (3.6%) serums from northern Victoria were positive to the International tube agglutination test for Br. Abortus. Of these reactions at least 82 (1.9%) and 56 (1.4%) of the serums indicated that these animals were or had been infected with Br. Abortus.The results show that 65% and 73% of the herds in the two areas did not contain Br. Abortus infected cattle. Two factors influenced the incidence of infected animals in herds. First the incidence of infected animals decreased with increasing length of time during which herd re‐placement calves had been vaccinated with Br. Abortus strain 19. Second, the introduction of mature previously calved cows increased the incidence of infected animals.Some discussion is given to the usefulness of the revaccination of animals and the control of brucellosis in Victoria with is possible effect on cattle meat export markets.
STUDIES ON DYSTOCIA AND BIRTH WEIGHT IN ANGUS HEIFERS CALVING AT TWO YEARS OF AGE
Authors: Young J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA trial is described in which groups of Angus heifers mated as yearlings were maintained on two widely differing nutritional levels during the last third of gestation in order to study effects on birth weight of calves and dystocia.The different nutritional levels produced a 5 lb difference in birth weight of calves (P < 0.01).As the calving season advanced the mean calf birth weight increased by 1.4 lb every ten days (P < 0.01).Heifers that suffered dystocia had calves 7 lb heavier and pelves 15.6 sq cm smaller than heifers calving normally (P < 0.01).Following observations on the birth process it was concluded that uncomplicated birth is complicated within two hours following the appearance of the amniotic sac.
HYDATIDOSIS AND CYSTICERCOSIS
Authors: Gemmell M. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe distribution of 12,310 cysts of Taenia ovis in 212 experimentally infected lambs and of 46 cysts in 24 naturally infected 5‐year‐old sheep, has been analysed. It was determined that irrespective of the number of cysticerci in an infected group of animals, about two‐thirds were present in the carcase meat, and the remainder were distributed between the heart, diaphragm and head including the tongue. In lightly infected animals, cysticerci were not necessarily present in any of these sites. In individual animals, the number of cysticerci present in any one or in all three of these sites, did not provide accurate information on the extent of the infection in the carcase meat.
ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Hotson L. K. , Campbell N.J. , Smeal M. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryResistance to thiabendazole has been found in two strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from sheep. These strains occurred in flocks on research properties where the anthelmintic had been used at frequent intervals for experimental purposes for several years. The LD50 values for the resistant strains were approximately 70 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg respectively, compared with an expected value from published reports of less than 10 mg/kg for susceptible strains.Apparent cross‐resistance to the related benzimidazole compound parbendazole was observed at the normal therapeutic dose rate of 20 mg/kg in sheep. Both anthelmintics depressed egg‐production in resistant female worms at normal therapeutic dose‐rates.Both dl‐tetramisole and pyrantel tartrate were effective against one of the benzimidazole‐resistant strains of T. colubriformis, but the efficiency of the latter anthelmintic was less than that normally expected against benzimidazole‐susceptible strains.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Snowdon W. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySerum samples collected from cattle in Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales in 1966 had neutralising antibodies to ephemeral fever virus, although the last major epizootic of ephemeral fever was in 1955‐56. The incidence of antibodies ranged from 1.5% in Western Australia to 29.0% in Queens‐ land, and 57.6% of serums assayed were of low titre (2 to 5). Antibodies were not found in serums collected from cattle in Victoria, South Australia, southern Western Australia or Norfolk Island. After the 1967‐68 epizootic the pro‐porton of cattle with antibody ranged from 3.1% to 47.6% in herds with antibody in Victoria to 81.8% to 91.7% in herds in Queensland, and 58.2% of serums assayed had antibody titres greater than 45. Cattle with low levels of antibody in 1966 had high levels after the 1967‐68 epizootic, although it is not known what pro‐portion showed clinical signs of ephemeral fever during the epizootic.Serum samples collected in 1966, and which contained low levels of antibody, were fractionated by gel filtration and the neutralising activity was confined to the 7S globulin fraction. In one cow experimentally infected with ephemeral fever virus, the neutralising activity at 15 days after inoculation was confined to the 19S globulin fraction, in both the 19S and 7S fractions at 22 days but was almost totally confined to the 7S fraction by day 36.The significance of the results is discussed, and it is suggested that ephemeral fever virus remains enzootic in areas of Australia between major epizootics, but the infecting virus may be of low pathogenicity and immunogenicity for cattle, resulting mainly in subclinical infections.
AN ACANTHOCEPHALAN PARASITE, MEDIORHYNCHUS GALLINARUM, OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL IN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Talbot N. T. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn acanthocephalan parasite, Mediorhynchus gallinarum, is a relatively common parasite of village fowls in Papua and New Guinea. The highest incidence (25%) were recorded from the West Irian border areas during a recent survey of approximately 120 birds. The life cycle is unknown and the parasite is not considered to be of major economic significance even in heavy infections.
A STUDY OF THE ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS OF BULLS EN ABATTOIRS IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bagshaw P. A. , Ladds P. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe accessory sex glands of 521 slaughtered bulls were examined for lesions; normal anatomical observations were also made.The average weights and measurements (length and width) of the seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands of 110 bulls were 34.1 g and 9.1 × 2.5 cm, and 4.6 g and 2.9 × 1.9 cm, respectively. Weights of both glands were correlated to age, but bulbourethral gland weight was more closely correlated to bodyweight than age. The average length and diameter of the ampulla was 11.1 and 1.0 cm, respectively.Seminal vesiculitis and ampullitis were found in 9.0% and 3.8% of bulls respectively. The incidence of both conditions was highest in old bulls. Mesonephric duct anomalies (observed in 1.7% of bulls) and other congenital and inflammatory lesions of the accessory sex glands were also recorded.Macroscopically normal accessory sex glands of 86 bulls were studied histologically and a high percentage of all glands showed inflammatory changes.Attempts to isolate viral agents, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia from accessory sex glands were unsuccessful. Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated from two cases of seminal vesiculitis. IBR‐IPV virus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and Tritrichomonas foetus were frequently isolated from the prepuce of bulls, many of which also had positive serological titres to Leptospira pomona and Leptospira hardjo.No one factor capable of causing bull infertility was consistently identified, and the incidence figures for observed conditions of the accessory sex glands were generally comparable to those found in bull populations elsewhere.
CORYNEBACTERIUM PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS INFECTION OF SHEEP: ROLE OF SKIN LESIONS AND DIPPING FLUIDS
Authors: Nairn M. E. , Robertson J. P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCaseous lymphadenitis (CLA) infection was established experimentally in a total of 30, 2‐tooth merino wethers. In the first experiment a broth culture of the causative organism, Corynebacterum pseudotuberculosis was placed directly on to a freshly shorn area on the right shoulder of 21 sheep after pretreatment with a defatting agent, water or 4 different commercial sheep dips. Within 6–13 days focal skin lesions appeared on 7 sheep and these were followed by abscessation of the right prescapular lymph node. Lung lesions of CLA developed in 6 sheep; 5 of which had skin lesions.In the second experiment C. Pseudotuberculosis broth culture was applied over the right shoulder region of 14 sheep, 24 hours post shearing. The 7 animals had only 1 application of the culture and the remaining 7 had 4 applications on consecutive days. A total of 9 of the 14 sheep developed skin lesions and subsequent CLA in the right prescapular lymph nod but there was no significant difference between the 2 methods of application.As part of the second experiment a broth culture of C. pseudotuberculosis was added to a commercial arsenical sheep dip and 2 hours later sprayed on to the right side of sheep shorn 24 hours or 2 weeks previously. Within 6–13 days all 14 sheep treated in this way developed skin lesions from which C. pseudotuberculiosis was recovered in dense pure growth. Healing time of skin lesions in all affected sheep ranged from 17–72 days post inoculation.A serological test to detect the presence of C. pseudotuberculosis antitoxin was used at regular intervals on all experimental sheep. The earliest positive reaction in an affected sheep was recorded 4 weeks post inoculation. In 23 known affected sheep tested at 35 weeks post inoculation, 10 were positive to the Zaki test. No false positive reactors were recorded.The localisation of focal lung lesions in the interstitial tissue suggests that pulmonary abscessation caused by C. pseudotuberculosis develops via the haematogenous route.
A NEW TYPE OF RE‐ENTRANT CANNULA DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE PIG
Authors: Ivan M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA new type of intestinal re‐entrant cannula for the small intestine of pigs is described. It consisted of an intestinal tube joined to a stem bearing a flange and two perspex plugs (“maintenance plug” and “collection plug”). The cannula was inserted in the intestine through the incision on the antimesenteric side of the intestine and no transection of the intestine was required. No outside connection was present and the cannula extended only 1 to 2cm beyond the body. Cannulae were inserted in the duodenum and ileum of 5 pigs and these functioned satisfactorily for up to 3 months.