bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System for enumerating and separating bovine lymphocytes, using coordinated En and Ea markers: Evaluation of lymph node lymphocytes
Authors: Hurley David John , Mastro Andrea M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A procedure was developed for enumeration and separation of bovine lymph node T-lymphocyte sub-populations. An evaluation was made of T-lymphocyte rosetting with sheep erythrocytes treated with aminoethylisothiouronium bromide and neuraminidase (Ea and En) in RPMI and L-15 media. The effect of holding the lymphocytes in culture over a period of 7 days on the En and Ea markers was established. The optimal period of incubation at 0 C for isolation of the rosetting populations with respect to initial rosette formation, enrichment of the rosetting population in the recovered cells, viability after incubation, and recovery of the cells after the separation was determined. An estimate of the overlap of the Ea and En populations also was made from the separation data. We found that approximately 32% of the lymph node lymphocytes marked with En and Ea rosettes, 11% with only En, and 27% with only Ea.
Changes in penetrability of bovine papillary duct to endotoxin after milking
Authors: Schultze W. Donald , Bright Susan C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relative penetrability of bovine papillary ducts was assayed using frequency of inflammatory response to implantation of Escherichia coli endotoxin at a depth of 3 mm. Penetrability immediately after machine milking, compared with penetrability after delays of 10 to 480 minutes, indicated a decrease in frequency of penetrability to a minimum at 2 hours after milking, a decrease of about 75%. Four and 8 hours after milking, frequency of penetrability increased to about 55% of that measured immediately after milking.
Experimental infection of lambs with ovine adenovirus isolate RTS-151: Lesions
Authors: Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Young lambs, inoculated with ovine adenovirus isolate RTS-151, were killed sequentially (to postinoculation day 21), and their morphologic lesions were studied. Lesions were found only in the respiratory tract and were most severe in the terminal airways. Many cells of the respiratory epithelium had severe cytomegaly and karyomegaly with intranuclear inclusions. Desquamation of affected cells was accompanied by hyperplasia of airway and alveolar epithelium and by accumulation of necrotic cellular debris and neutrophils in terminal airways and alveoli. Virus replicated in the nucleus of enlarged epithelial cells in the airways, but not in alveolar epithelium. Intranuclear inclusions representing viral replication progressed from clumps of finely granular material without virions to a granular material with virions and finally to a dense inclusion with numerous virions.
Serologic diagnosis of infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia in dogs using an indirect fluorescent antibody test
Authors: French Tracy W. , Harvey John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used for detection of serum antibodies to the platelet-specific rickettsial organism that is the causative agent of infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia (ict) in dogs. The test converted from negative to positive in 7 of 7 experimentally inoculated dogs. One of 2 attempts to recover the rickettsial agent of ict from naturally occurring seropositive dogs, by blood inoculation of experimental dogs, was successful. Seemingly, the test did not detect antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, nor did a similar test, using E canis antigen slides, detect antibodies to the rickettsial agent of ict. The rickettsial agent of ict has been classified tentatively as E platys.
When applied to sera from a group of healthy random-source dogs, the test revealed a relatively low (5%) occurrence of positive reactions. A higher occurrence of positive reactions (35%) was noticed in sera from a group of thrombocytopenic dogs from the University of Florida. A majority of these positive sera were also positive for antibodies to E canis. The highest occurrence of positive reactions was found (> 50%) in E canis-positive sera from dogs at the University of Florida, as well as from dogs from 9 other states.
Effects of propranolol on thyroid function in the dog
Authors: Center S. A. , Mitchell J. , Nachreiner R. F. , Concannon P. W. , Reimers T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of propranolol on thyroid function was evaluated in 6 mature euthyroid Beagles. Propranolol was administered orally in doses of 20 mg given 3 times daily for 2 weeks and then increased to 40 mg given 3 times daily for an additional 2 weeks. Six age- and sex-matched, euthyroid Beagles served as controls. Serum base-line concentrations of tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured before propranolol administration and at weekly intervals thereafter. Thyroid response to 5 IU of aqueous thyroid stimulating hormone administered iv was monitored before propranolol administration and at the 2- and 4-week treatment intervals. The T4, T3, and rT3 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay.
There were no significant differences in base-line or postthyroid stimulating hormone serum concentrations of T4, T3, or rT3 in any individual or between the treatment or control groups at any treatment interval (P > 0.05). Seemingly, the therapeutic use of propranolol in euthyroid dogs should not alter thyroid hormone metabolism.
Validation of radioimmunoassays to measure prostaglandins F2α and E2 in canine endometrium and plasma
Authors: Olson P. N. , Bowen R. A. , Behrendt M. D. , Olson J. D. , Nett T. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Equilibrium, double-antibody radioimmunoassay (ria) procedures were validated to measure concentrations of prostaglandin (pg) F2α and E2 in canine plasma and endometrium. The procedure for measuring pgf2α or pge2 used [125I]pgf2α or [3H]pge2, respectively, as radiolabeled antigens. Specificity was demonstrated by determining the relative potency of selected pg. Relative potencies were calculated by dividing the mass of pgf2α or pge2 producing 50% inhibition of maximum bound tubes (Bo) by the quantity of test pg producing 50% inhibition in the same assay. Only pgf1α and pge1 had relative potencies of > 1.0% in the pgf2α and pge2 ria, respectively. To assess the accuracy of the 2 assay systems, known amounts of authentic hormone were added to plasma, tissue, or 0.05M phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 0.1% gelatin (gel-pbss). When increasing amounts of pgf2α or pge2 were added to plasma, tissue, or gel-pbss, concentrations of pg assayed from extracted or extracted plus chromatographed samples were similar. Additionally, pgf1α or pge1 was not detected in canine plasma or tissue; therefore, extraction was the only purification needed before analysis of pgf2α or pge2.
The intra-assay precision of 10 assay replicates for a low (70% Bo) and high (27% Bo) sample was 16.0% and 6.7% (coefficient of variation), respectively, for the pgf2α assay. The intra-assay precision of 3 assay replicates for a low (80% Bo) and high (32% Bo) sample was 7.6% and 4.4%, respectively, for the pge2 assay. Sensitivities of the pgf2α and pge2 assays were 52 and 4 pg/tube, respectively. Plasma and tissue samples containing varying pgf2α and pge2 concentrations were assayed at different volumes to determine the ability to measure pg from different parts of the standard curve (ie, determine parallelism). Concentrations of pg assayed in 200-, 100-, or 50-μl aliquote were not different (P > 0.05).
These ria should enable quantitation of pgf2α and pge2 in canine plasma and endometrium to determine whether pgf2α or pge2 are important physiologic regulators of luteal function in the nonpregnant and/or pregnant bitch.
Response of great horned owls given the optical isomers of ketamine
Authors: Redig Patrick T. , Larson Alice A. , Duke Gary E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relative anesthetic effects of the 2 purified isomers and the racemic mixture of ketamine were compared in 6 great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), a species in which racemic ketamine is poorly tolerated. Other investigators have reported that the l(−) form is only a 3rd as potent as the d(+) form with respect to analgesic action in mammals. Accordingly, the racemic and the – forms were given at 2 × and 3 ×, respectively, the dose of the + form in an attempt to achieve a potentially equivalent state of anesthesia. At these dose levels, there was no difference observed in the average duration of anesthesia with the 3 ketamine preparations. The - isomer yielded a poorer anesthetic response characterized by inadequate muscle relaxation, cardiac arrhythmias, and marked excitatory behavior during recovery. With the dosages used, the + form and the racemate were comparable in degree of muscle relaxation produced. The + form yielded smoother inductions and less cardiac arrhythmia than did the racemate.
Cervical vertebral interbody fusion in the horse: A comparative study of bovine xenografts and autografts supported by stainless steel baskets
Authors: DeBowes R.M. , Grant B. D. , Bagby G. W. , Gallina A. M. , Sande R. D. , Ratzlaff M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modified form of the Cloward technique for anterior cervical fusion in human beings was used in the application of different grafts for evaluation of their effectiveness in stabilizing equine cervical vertebrae. Results of bovine xenograft implants in 8 horses were compared with results of stainless steel baskets (ssb) packed with cancellous autogenous bone in 8 horses. Graft material was incorporated in all cases. Evidence of graft rejection was not present. Both forms of implants decreased the mobility of the intervertebral space in which they were implanted. A fibrous connective tissue union was prevalent after xenograft implantation. Osseous union was prevalent after implantation of the ssb. Reduction in range of motion was greatest at those sites with the ssb.
Hematologic and coagulation abnormalities in acute bovine sarcocystosis
Authors: Frelier P. F. , Lewis R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves inoculated with Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts developed severe anemia 4 weeks later. The anemic crisis was paralleled by a hyperbilirubinemia, with up to 88% of the increased total bilirubin attributed to indirect reacting bilirubin. The anemia was characterized as normocytic and normochromic. In a few instances, according to Coombs's tests (antiglobulin test) and erytrocyte eluates from infected calves, immunoglobulin G was associated with the rbc membrane. In the histopathologic examinations of tissues from calves dying during the anemic crisis, there was deposition of iron in the splenic red pulp. The hematologic studies supported the claim that the anemia in acute bovine sarcocystosis is an extravascular hemolytic event, probably with an immunologic basis.
In the coagulation studies, consumption coagulopathy consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation was seen to occur during acute sarcocystosis. At 4 weeks after inoculations were done, there were prolongations of activated partial thromboplastin and 1-stage prothrombin times and decreased functional fibrinogen concentration, and thrombocytopenia, although increase of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products were not demonstrable. These findings indicate that endothelial parasitism by schizonts of S cruzi may cause endothelial damage, resulting in coagulation abnormalities that include disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Monoclonal antibody-purified antigen for the immunodiagnosis of trichinosis
Authors: Gamble H. R. , Graham C. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies generated from spleen cells of Balb/cJ mice infected with Trichinella spiralis reacted with antigenic determinants present in some other common swine parasites, especially Trichuris suis. An antigenic determinant unique to T spiralis was recognized by one immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody (7C2C5); this determinant was found on larval T spiralis proteins with molecular weights of 53,000, 49,000, and 45,000. These proteins were components of in vitro-derived worm excretory-secretory products. Immunoperoxidase staining techniques and reactions of the monoclonal antibody with living parasites indicated that the source of the antigen was the stichocyte. Two of the proteins (53,000 and 49,000 molecular weight) possessing this determinant were isolated by monoclonal antibody-affinity chromatography, using hybridoma 7C2C5. When used in a serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the affinity-isolated antigen was able to completely eliminate false-positive reactions with serum from healthy swine and to detect all pigs infected with T spiralis.
Heterogeneity of contagious ecthyma virus isolates
Authors: Buddle Bryce M. , Dellers Robert W. , Schurig Gerhardt G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Results of cross-neutralization tests of 4 isolates of contagious ecthyma (ce) virus and their antisera indicated that the isolates were neutralized to various degrees by the ce virus antisera. Cross-reactions among isolates were unilateral, but not bilateral, and therefore grouping of ce virus isolates by neutralization tests was not possible to obtain.
Structural analysis of polypeptides from 11 isolates of ce virus by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the profiles obtained were similar to one another, except for differences observed in the molecular weight region of 37,000 to 44,000. On the basis of these differences, the isolates could be classified into 4 groups. The polypeptides which varied among the different isolates were shown to be in the surface component of the virion and appeared to be components of the surface tubules. Unilateral cross-reactions detected in cross-neutralization tests were found to correlate with the 37,000 to 44,000 dalton polypeptide grouping of the isolates.
Isolation and functional analysis of normal canine blood monocytes and resident alveolar macrophages
Authors: Shaw S. E. , Anderson Ν. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The percentage of mononuclear phagocytes bearing the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G, the percentage of cells phagocytic for Candida albicans and latex particles, and the phagocytic index for blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages from healthy dogs are reported. Blood monocytes were concentrated by density-gradient centrifugation, whereas alveolar macrophages were obtained in high yield by bronchoalveolar lavage. Adherent populations of those cells were used for functional assays after repeated washing to remove nonadherent cells. A greater percentage of adherent alveolar macrophages than adherent blood monocytes showed evidence of the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G. Similarly, adherent alveolar macrophages showed significantly greater phagocytic ability, as measured by percent phagocytic cells and phagocytic index, using C albicans and latex particles, than did adherent canine blood monocytes.
Xylazine causes transient dose-related hyperglycemia and increased urine volumes in mares
Authors: Thurmon J. C. , Steffey E. P. , Zinkl J. G. , Woliner M. , Howland D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Xylazine given iv at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg to mares caused a significant (P < 0.05) dose-related increase in serum glucose concentration and urine volume. Serum glucose concentrations as much as 150 mg/dl were recorded in mares after they were given the largest xylazine dose. The greatest urine volume, similar to changes in peak glucose concentration, always occurred during the first hour after dosing with xylazine and averaged 1.82, 3.93, and 5.68 ml/kg/hour after the 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-mg/kg doses, respectively, were given. Urine osmolality and specific gravity were significantly (P < 0.05) inversely related to urine volume. Although serum glucose concentrations were significantly increased above those measured after iv injection of saline solution, significant glucosuria was not detected.
Infestation potential of Psoroptes ovis (Hering) from cattle injected with ivermectin
Authors: Wright Fred C. , Guillot Frank S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle scabies mites, Psoroptes ovis (Hering), surviving on cattle injected subcutaneously with ivermectin were capable of infesting to unprotected cattle 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after injection. All recipient cattle exposed to mites from vehicle-injected cattle developed reproductive colonies in 5 weeks. All recipient cattle exposed to mites from ivermectin-injected cattle at 3 and 5 days after injection developed reproductive colonies in 5 weeks. By 8 weeks, 3 of 4 and 2 of 4 recipient cattle exposed to mites from ivermectin-injected cattle 7 and 9 days after injection, respectively, developed reproductive colonies. To prevent the spread of mites, injected cattle should be isolated from uninfested cattle for longer than 9 days.
Lymphocyte reactivity to Ostertagia ostertagi L3 antigen in type I ostertagiasis
Authors: Klesius Phillip H. , Washburn S. Michelle , Ciordia Honorico , Haynes Thomas B. , Snider Theron G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To better understand the immune response of calves infected with Ostertagia ostertagi, studies were conducted to examine cell-mediated immune responses to L3 antigen and phytohemagglutinin (pha) by lymphocyte reactivity assay. The L3 antigen was prepared by freeze-thawing and sonication of exsheathed O ostertagi L3. Antigen preparations contained 40 to 60 µg of protein/ml and no detectable endotoxin.
Cell-mediated immune responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined in 3 groups of 12 calves each: (i) calves given consecutive multiple dose inoculations with L3; (ii) calves naturally infected by pasture exposure to L3; and (iii) noninfected controls. Consecutive multiple-dose-inoculated calves showed marked increases in stimulation indices (si) to L3 antigen over the si of naturally inoculated calves (56.5 and 25.8, respectively). Negative si were obtained in calves of the noninoculated control group (−1.0). No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in response to pha was obtained between lymphocytes from calves inoculated with O ostertagi and lymphocytes obtained from noninoculated control calves. There was significant (P ≤ 0.01) agreement between positive si and evidence of patent infection (development of type I ostertagiasis).
Specificity of lymphocyte reactivity was determined, using lymphocytes from 4 O ostertagi- and 2 Cooperia punctata-infected calves after challenge inoculation. Positive si to L3 antigen were obtained, using lymphocytes from either O ostertagi- or C punctata-infected calves, indicating that there may be a lack of genus specificity for O ostertagi L3 antigen in lymphocyte reactivity assay.
Kinetic studies of lymphocyte reactivity to L3 antigen and pha showed that responses were briefly suppressed to both of these stimuli in prepatent calves. It was concluded that transient nonspecific suppression of cell-mediated immune responses occurs during prepatent periods of type I ostertagiasis. This immunosuppression phenomenon may have a role in the pathogenesis of O ostertagi and in development of immunity to ostertagiasis.
Tonsillar changes in pigs given pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus
Authors: Narita Minoru , Inui Sumio , Shimizu Yukio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
All of the eight 5-day-old pigs orally given pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus developed tonsillitis. The initial changes occurred in the subepithelial area between the lymphoid nodule and the crypt epithelium, showing a characteristic pattern of necrosis. The necrosis became more severe and gained access into the lymphoid nodule and crypt epithelium. Coincident with the histopathologic changes, numerous specific immunofluorescences were detected, first in the nucleus and in some parts of the cytoplasm of cells distributed in the subepithelial area. The fluorescence subsequently spread into adjacent lymphoid nodules and crypt epithelial cells. Ultrastructurally, many enveloped virus particles were detected in the center of the necrosis. Thereafter, the crypt epithelial cells also underwent degeneration, and a small number of virus particles were detected in the nucleus of the degenerating epithelial cells. In the more advanced stage, the enveloped virus particles were discharged into the crypt lumen.
Relationship of iron administration to susceptibility of newborn pigs to enterotoxic colibacillosis
Authors: Kadis Solomon , Udeze Frank A. , Polanco José , Dreesen David W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine whether supplemental iron (Fe) administration to newborn pigs reared in concrete pens not only prevents anemia, but renders the pigs more susceptible to Escherichia coli-induced diarrheal disease, pigs were given a large or a small dose of Fe im or orally before or after challenge exposure with E coli. The controls were challenge-exposed pigs not given Fe and pigs not challenge exposed (Fe-treated and nontreated groups).
Although the mortality of the pigs challenge exposed with E coli and administered a large oral dose of Fe shortly after birth was greater than that of the challenge-exposed pigs given no Fe, differences in mortality were not noted between any of the groups tested when the Fe was injected im. The Fe-treated survivors had severe diarrhea (oral Fe administration) or mild diarrhea (im Fe administration) for longer periods than did the nontreated survivors. All challenge-exposed pigs treated with a large dose of Fe gained less weight than the nontreated pigs during the diarrheal period and for several days thereafter. Beyond this time period, the weight gain of the Fe-treated pigs was substantially greater than that of their nontreated littermates; the weight gain of the pigs given a small dose of Fe was intermediate.
Hemoglobin and hematocrit values of the pigs shortly after birth and weekly thereafter revealed that within 2 weeks, both sets of values from the pigs treated with a large dose of Fe were within acceptable laboratory limits and substantially greater than the values obtained for the nontreated pigs, which were severely anemic.
Clinical and laboratory characterization of Basenjis with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Ochoa Ricardo , Barta Marketa , Barta Ota , McClure Jill , Waltman Celeste 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven adult Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (ipsid) were studied. Two items of history related to the digestive tract were characteristic: (i) chronic intractable diarrhea in most dogs, and (ii) progressive emaciation. Anorexia was intermittent in only a few dogs. In addition, skin lesions of various degrees of severity were observed, including alopecia of pinnae and ventrum, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis of pinnae, and necrosis and ulcerations of margins of pinnae. The cause of the skin lesions was not determined; however, hypothyroidism did not appear to contribute to the skin changes.
Standard hematologic and serum chemical values were not consistently abnormal. However, a poorly regenerative anemia, mild neutrophilia, and increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were generally observed in severely affected dogs. The Pelger-Huet anomaly was identified in dog 3.
Maldigestion and malabsorption as determined by the N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid and d-xylose test was documented to varying degrees in dogs with ipsid. Maldigestion was correlated with functional pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Severe malabsorption was documented in only 3 dogs.
Serum gastrin values were evaluated in these dogs because of a prior observation of parietal cell hyperplasia and gastric ulceration. Hypergastrinemia was documented in 3 dogs. Additional studies will be necessary to determine whether an acid hypersecretory state contributes to the pathogenesis of ipsid in Basenjis.