bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Receptor Interaction Protein (NRIP) expression assay using human tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry technology confirming nuclear localization
Authors: Han Chih-Ping , Lee Ming-Yung , Tzeng Shu-Ling , Yao Chung-Chin , Wang Po-Hui , Cheng Ya-Wen , Chen Show-Li , Wu Teresa S , Tyan Yeu-Sheng , Kok Lai-Fong 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
A novel human nuclear receptor interaction protein (NRIP) has recently been discovered by Chen SL et al, which may play a role in enhancing the transcriptional activity of steroid nuclear receptors in prostate (LNCaP) and cervical (C33A) cancer cell lines. However, knowledge about the biological functions and clinical implications of NRIP, is still incomplete. Our aim was to determine the distribution of NRIP expression and to delineate the cell types that express NRIP in various malignant tumors and healthy non-pathological tissues. This information will significantly affect the exploration of its physiological roles in healthy and tumor cells.

Methods
By using tissue microarray (TMA) technology and an anti-NRIP monoclonal antibody immunohistochemical (IHC) survey, NRIP expression was examined in 48 types of tumors and in a control group of 48 matched or unmatched healthy non-neoplastic tissues.

Results
Our survey results showed that ten cases were revealed to express the NRIP in six malignancies (esophageal, colon, breast, ovarian, skin, and pancreatic cancers), but not all of these specific tumor types consistently showed positive NRIP expression. Moreover, malignant tumors of the stomach, prostate, liver, lung, kidney, uterine cervix, urinary bladder, lymph node, testis, and tongue revealed no NRIP expression. Among the control group of 48 matched and unmatched non-neoplastic tissues, all of them demonstrated IHC scores less than the cut-off threshold of 3. In addition, ten cores out of thirty-six carcinomatous tissues revealed positive NRIP expression, which indicated that NRIP expression increases significantly in carcinoma tissue cores, comparing to the matched controlled healthy tissues.

Conclusion
This is the first study to use a human TMA and IHC to validate the nuclear localization for this newly identified NRIP expression. In considering the use of NRIP as a potential diagnostic tool for human malignancies survey, it is important to note that NRIP expression carries a sensitivity of only 23%, but has a specificity of 100%. There is also a significant difference in positive NRIP expression between primary carcinomatous tissues and matched controlled healthy tissues. Although further large-scale studies will merit to be conducted to evaluate its role as a potential adjunct for cancer diagnosis, data from this study provides valuable references for the future investigation of the biological functions of NRIP in humans.
Recent thymic origin, differentiation, and turnover of regulatory T cells
Authors: Mabarrack Nicholas H E , Turner Nicole L , Mayrhofer Graham 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRegulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) are essential to maintain self-tolerance. Release of natural Treg from the thymus is believed to commence soon after birth, but it is unclear how many are produced by “conversion” in the periphery, whether numbers are maintained after puberty by general homeostatic mechanisms that regulate lymphocyte numbers, or whether significant numbers are produced by the involuted thymus. To address the origin of Treg in normal adult rats, we focused on recent thymus emigrants (RTE). Approximately 30% of CD4+CD25+forkhead box p3 (Foxp3)+ Treg expressed markers associated with RTE. Following thymectomy, numbers of cells expressing these markers fell by 80% within 30 days. Furthermore, although only ∼5% of CD4+ single-positive thymocytes expressed Foxp3 within 24 h after intrathymic injection of FITC, more than 30% of the labeled CD4+ RTE were Foxp3+, suggesting that some RTE may acquire Foxp3 in the periphery. Thus, some RTE may acquire Foxp3 rapidly after emigration from the thymus. Treg are dividing rapidly with apparent half-lives of ∼18 days and ∼7 days for the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ subsets, respectively. The apparently slower turnover of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells is a result of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ → CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ conversion, with no loss of regulatory function. Taken together, the data suggest that Treg in adults are relatively short-lived and that their numbers are maintained by rapid cell division and continuous replenishment from the thymus.
The Bender-Gestalt Test and Psychoneurotics
Authors: Lindsay John 
Published: August 2008

Since the publication of Bender's (3) “Visual-Motor Gestalt Test and its Clinical Use” many attempts have been undertaken to validate the clinical findings which she outlined in her Monograph.In his “Tentative Guide to the Administration of the Bender-Gestalt Test” Hutt (7) did more than anyone else to put into practice the clinical use of the Bender-Gestalt, but his finding on Psychoneurotics have not been confirmed by empirical studies. However, it is of interest and encouraging to find many of the subsequent empirical studies substantiating most of the original clinical uses outlined by Bender and Hutt.
Second Leucotomies
Authors: Pippard John 
Published: August 2008

Bilateral blind rostral leucotomy has been shown to be an adequate operation for the relief of many tense psychoneurotic and depressive states (McKissock, 1951; Pippard, 1955); the operation gave worthwhile results in about two-thirds of such cases in a series which included many who were unsuitable. This paper is concerned with the results in 27 cases operated on more than once.Four patients had already had standard leucotomies with inadequate relief of symptoms; an open rostral leucotomy in one of these, a young ruminative schizophrenic, made no obvious difference. Another schizophrenic had a rostral G leucotomy to divide fibres in the inferior medial quadrant which might have been missed by the earlier standard operation (Sargant, 1953). Afterwards she no longer needed maintenance E.C.T. to keep her at a good level; reduction in tension which followed this limited incision, and the greater ease with which she could be cared for in hospital certainly suggests that a limited operation on the medial side may well be considered in some cases in which standard leucotomy has failed, and certainly before undertaking anything as drastic as Freeman and Watts' (1950) radical operation.Another patient similarly submitted to a rostral G leucotomy had slowly relapsed after an initially successful standard leucotomy for a chronic tension state. He had, however, been left with a marked intellectual deficit and troublesome urgency of micturition and, if anything, his deficits were increased after the second leucotomy, without any useful relief of symptoms.
Hibicon
Authors: Hoenig J. , Crotty I. M. , Chisholm-Batten W. R. 
Published: August 2008

In spite of the large increase in the number of anticonvulsant drugs in the three decades since the introduction of phenobarbitone, new remedies are constantly being sought. The present state of therapy of the epilepsies remains rather unsatisfactory. Drug therapy, which is still the most widely used form of treatment, is at best a maintenance treatment, i.e. the patient has to continue with it at least for many years to control the attacks. Even then a large number of sufferers continue to have seizures, often as frequently as once a month, which elude treatment. Surgery, which has found a wider application recently, is not radical either in many cases, and has to be followed up by medication over many years. The situation is further complicated by the fact that many anticonvulsant drugs, even when effective, produce unpleasant or dangerous side effects and have to be abandoned. One has also to consider the enormous psychological effects of the disease on the patient. The social stigma which epilepsy confers and the continual threat of an impending fit are often far more disabling than the actual seizures.Lately three favourable clinical reports have appeared in American journals on a new anticonvulsant drug called “Hibicon” (Gotton et al., 1951; Kaplan et al., 1952; Hawkes, 1952). Lederle Laboratories Division, American Cyanamid Company have kindly put a quantity of Hibicon at our disposal for a therapeutic trial in this country. We are reporting our experiences with this drug on a group of forty patients suffering from various types of epilepsy.
A Review of the Psychotic Elderly Resident in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Tewfik G. I. 
Published: August 2008

A geriatric unit containing 200 female and 110 male beds was fully opened at this hospital in March, 1953. There were then resident in hospital 226 females over 70, and 165 males over 65. The aim of this paper is to discuss the mental and physical health of the inmates and assess their medical and nursing requirements. It is hoped that this information will be of value to those intending to open similar units.This hospital is unique in having a catchment area of over 1,000,000 and only 2,000 mental beds. Three hundred of these are taken by mental defectives, and 500 are over 65 years of age. There is a severe bed shortage with resulting delay in admission of elderly patients from the observation wards. The large initial death rate in the month following notification occurs mainly outside this hospital, and many patients are discharged from the observation wards without reaching the hospital. Admissions are restricted to those with severe conduct disorder. Thus the death rate and discharge rate will be lower than hospitals with a more fortunate bed-population ratio.
The Classification of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fish F. J. 
Published: August 2008

This is a summary of the views and findings of Professor Karl Kleist and his co-workers. It is based on a series of papers published by members of the Frankfort-am-Main University Psychiatric Clinic from 1939 to 1951.These papers are the result of follow-up studies carried out on patients who had been admitted to the Frankfort Clinic between 1920 and 1953. These patients had been diagnosed as suffering from one of Kleist's special forms of schizophrenia.
Experimental Studies of the Mental Speed of Schizophrenics
Authors: Broadhurst Anne 
Published: August 2008

In this paper, a further examination is made of the finding that schizophrenics, given a problem-solving task to measure mental speed, showed marked improvements attributable to practice (4).Preliminary investigation suggested the importance of the effects of both practice and drugs on speed of problem solving. The latter is reported elsewhere (4). There appears in the literature to be agreement that marked improvement is shown by schizophrenic patients after practice, but Huston and Shakow (11, 12) for example, give evidence that this improvement is even more marked for schizophrenics than it is for normals while Hunt and Cofer (9) report the contrary. Huston and Shakow also raise the question of whether or not it is possible, by very extended practice, to bring the performance of schizophrenics to the level of perfection reached by normal subjects after practice. Clarification of these points is necessary.
Deaths Associated with Electroplexy
Authors: Barker J. C. , Baker A. A. 
Published: August 2008

A recent court case (16) exposed many of the problems that confront the psychiatrist called upon to perform electroplexy.In particular it revealed that in 1957, nearly 20 years after E.C.T. had first been used for the treatment of mental disorder, no uniform technique had yet been evolved. The medical witnesses were unable to agree on the use of muscle relaxants or mechanical restraint, but were agreed that there were certain risks attendant upon the use of electroplexy, especially the risk of fractures and the risk to life. It was argued that had the plaintiff received a relaxant drug he might not have sustained bilateral acetabular fractures, but might have suffered an even worse disaster, namely death.
A Comparison Between Prochlorperazine and Chlorpromazine in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Robb H. P. 
Published: August 2008

Tranquillizing drugs that have been used in mental deficiency include reserpine, chlorpromazine, promazine, mepazine, hydroxyzine and prochlorperazine.Esen and Durling (1) thought that the tranquillizing drugs in general were a useful preliminary to psychotherapy. However, the response to individual drugs has been variable.
Asymmetry of Cerebral Function
Authors: Gooddy William 
Published: August 2008

It is the custom of our times to explain neurological, and, to some extent, psychiatric disorders by reference to a static or diagrammatic conception of the physiology of the nervous system, linked with the findings of morbid anatomy. But, in the words of Riese (1950), expressed in his Principles of Neurology:“Can the behaviour of a living organism be interpreted as purely mechanical? Though the organism remains submitted to the law of mechanics and physics, and though it is to the benefit of a steady improvement of our factual knowledge to explore the mechanics to the maximum possible, we must recognize that in a living organism mechanics are not left to themselves (which means to chance), but that they are at the service of a directing agency best described as the organism's welfare. The reflex must be conceived as an instrument of this agent. All disorders analysed and described in terms of reflex action are only instrumental ones. Neither the physician's task nor his possibilities extend beyond this limit. The directing forces of the organism will be withheld forever from the physician's acting power, if only for the reason that these forces are just ideas or principles of interpretation, but not perceptible realities.”
The Psychiatric Casualty
Authors: Whiteley J. Stuart , Denison D. M. 
Published: August 2008

The facilities for dealing with the psychiatric patient who presents at the Casualty Department leave much to be desired.The extent and nature of this problem is shown by the following study, in which one Junior Casualty Officer, who received 1,224 patients presenting with a new complaint over a period of three months, recorded the number of cases which he considered to be suffering from a primarily psychiatric condition. This amounted to 82 (6.6 per cent.), and, allowing for the fact that he was one of three Casualty Officers performing identical duties, this means that 984 such patients can be expected in the year. This is double the number of new cases referred to the Psychiatric Out-Patient clinic of this same hospital.
Amitriptyline in Depressive States
Authors: Hordern Anthony , Holt N. F. , Burt C. G. , Gordon W. F. 
Published: August 2008

In recent years the development of effective anti-depressant drugs has led to much controversy and uncertainty regarding the treatment of depressive states. Indications for the primary use of E.C.T. remain obscure, whilst choice of drug seems to be determined by current personal preference rather than by any specific rationale. If reliable prognostic formulations—and so, rational lines of treatment—are to be developed, there is an urgent need for the accumulation of data from controlled trials rather than a continuing spate of “1”.Amitriptyline, a new anti-depressant chemically resembling both imipramine and chlorpromazine has, in a blind controlled study carried out by the authors, been shown to be significantly superior to imipramine in the treatment of female patients between 30 and 70 years of age, hospitalized with primary depressive states (Burt, Gordon, Holt and Hordern, 1962). The findings in the first 74 patients were unexpectedly so much in favour of amitriptyline that to confirm them the trial was extended to include a further 65 patients conforming to the same criteria; but as two died, the total sample consisted of 137 female patients. The size of this sample facilitated (1) an investigation of the phenomenology of depressive states in women and (2) a study of the significance of a number of prognostic variables in relation to the outcome of treatment with amitriptyline and imipramine.
Creativity and its Relationship to Age, Vocabulary and Personality of Schizophrenics
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAs chronic schizophrenia is characterized by a complex and differentiated impairment of intellect, it is of interest to study the various creative-thinking abilities (Guilford, 1959) in chronic schizophrenics. In the present experiment, creativity was defined as the patients' scores on a battery of tests for flexibility, originality and ideational fluency. The patients were also given the Wechsler Bellevue Vocabulary Scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. It was found that while vocabulary and neuroticism are positively correlated with creativity, age and extraversion show the opposite trend. Furthermore, vocabulary is negatively correlated with extraversion and positively correlated with neuroticism. Thus it was clearly demonstrated that the creativity of chronic schizophrenics is not independent of age, verbal ability and the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism. It is suggested that the results were probably affected by institutionalization, duration of illness and the patient's level of drive. Creativity was subsumed under the general problem of evaluating the behaviour and symptoms of psychiatric patients.
Fetishism Occurring in Identical Twins
Authors: Gorman Gerald F. 
Published: August 2008

Fetishism is relatively rare as a primary medical problem. Curran (1) describes only five cases in his series of 4,000 patients seen in private practice.It is defined by Freud (2) as a condition “in which the normal sexual object is replaced by another which, though related to it, is totally unfit for the normal sexual aim”.
The Concordance Between Assessment at Interview of Objective and Subjective Disability
Authors: Crocket Richard , Hassall Christine 
Published: August 2008

How useful to the psychiatrist are subjective complaints by a patient?The question of objective appraisal was reviewed by Harris (1938, 1954) in connection with follow-up studies, initially of in-patients, and latterly of day-patients, at the Maudsley Hospital.
Manic Depressive Psychosis: Some New Aetiological Considerations
Authors: Burch P. R. J. 
Published: August 2008

My purpose in this article is to draw attention to certain statistical features of manic depressive psychosis and to inquire into their possible aetiological significance.I shall show that some of these statistical characteristics are very similar to comparable aspects of diseases that are widely considered to be autoimmune. Although it does not follow than manic depressive psychosis is an auto immune disorder, the parallels and coincidences are perhaps sufficiently striking to warrant further investigation.
Psychiatric Ill Health Following Physical Illness
Authors: Kellner Robert 
Published: August 2008

The association of physical illness and psychiatric illness has been found by Doust (1952), Downes and Simon (1953), Hinkle and Woolf (1957) and others.The present investigation was conducted in a general practice; the aim was to assess whether a physical illness could precipitate psychiatric ill health. The conditions in general practice appeared to be suitable for this investigation because patients can be observed before and after a physical illness.
Inability to Concentrate
Authors: Spear F. G. , Green R. 
Published: August 2008

Introduction“I can't concentrate, doctor” is a common complaint among psychiatric patients. The phrase is usually applied in a general sense to describe a state in which the patient has ceased to read the newspapers or watch the television and can no longer cope adequately with his work. In clinical practice the performance of the “serial sevens” test has been thought to give an indication of impairment of this function, whatever it may be (Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth, 1960). As the symptom is so common, a measure of its severity may be of some value. This paper describes an attempt to develop such a measure and discusses the possible implications of its failure.
The Incidence of Conjugal Neurosyphilis
Authors: Huttox E. L. 
Published: August 2008

As syphilis is a contagious disease it is a matter for surprise that so few investigations have been made into the conjugal histories of patients suffering film general paralysis of the insane.Until quite recent years the figures of O. Fischer (1913) have largely been quoted when the incidence of conjugal neurosyphilis has been brought into question. Among the husbands of 86 female paralytics he found 8 cases of conjugal neurosyphilis. More recent inquiries have been made by Moore, the Solomons and Kemp, and their results have been summarized by Moore (1933).
A Survey of Skin Testing, with Observations on a Suggested Method in Epileptics
Authors: Dewar D. C. 
Published: August 2008

Skin sensitivity had been mentioned and demonstrated in isolated instances over a long period of years before Schloss in 1912 extended and described its usage and established it as a definite means of detecting hypersensitiveness. Since then it has been universally recognized as a most useful adjunct to the study of the aetiological problems of allergy. At first it seemed that a miraculous means had been found of explaining both the cause of and the reason for the recurrence of certain common disorders of obscure aetiology in widely separated organs. It promised to show how totally different symptoms could be attributed to a common agent. The fact that the skin was sensitive but that the only clinical evidence of disease appeared, say, in the lungs gave the impression that all organs of the body must be in a like state of sensitivity. This has since been widely disputed and denied and on this subject Alexander (1936) states that such an assumption, at least from the clinical standpoint, is a fallacy. Man, he believes, may exhibit general hypersensitivity if a sufficiently large dose of protein be experimentally introduced.If, then, hypersensitiveness is localized in certain tissues, it follows that the skin may or may not be sensitive in any given case and at any given time. In other words, because the ingestion of a specific food leads to colic or urticaria, it does not necessarily follow that the skin will give a positive reaction to an extract of that food in all cases or at all times. Indeed, a positive reaction may not occur at any time. This limitation of skin testing is now accepted; but nevertheless, allowing for the fact that only 50-60 per cent. of allergics (and that is not an over-generous estimate) give positive results, it still remains a very valuable diagnostic aid.