bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership
Practices in Canadian Government
Authors: Martin Geoff 
Published: March 2006

Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership
Practices in Canadian Government, Luc Bernier, Keith Brownsey and
Michael Howlett, eds., Toronto: University of Toronto Press, for The
Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 2005, pp. xiii, 282.Executive Styles in Canada is a welcome addition to the
literature on Canadian political leadership and provincial politics,
essentially raising the question of the power of the premier, central
agencies, and executive council in each of the Canadian provinces. To this
end the editors have organized the book in 13 chapters. The book begins
with a survey of the whole debate over “court government”
raised by Donald Savoie, and the development model of Canadian cabinets
advanced by Stefan Dupré and Christopher Dunn. The second chapter
is given over to Savoie to make his case with respect to the federal
government. His argument, by now familiar, is that by the 1990s the real
power in the federal government is in the hands of the “prime
minister and a small group of carefully selected courtiers” (17).
Executive dominance of the legislature in the Westminster model has given
way to even greater centralization. Power flows not from ministers, but
from the prime minister. While Savoie does not address the seeming anomaly
of the Paul Martin minority government of 2004–05, in which the
House of Commons and even the opposition parties suddenly became relevant
again, one gets the sense that he would argue that this is a temporary
development rather than a more durable departure from the direction of the
last 30 years.
Aboriginal Conditions: Research as a Foundation for Public
Policy
Authors: Wilton Shauna 
Published: March 2006

Aboriginal Conditions: Research as a Foundation for Public
Policy, Jerry P. White, Paul S. Maxim and Dan Beavon, eds.,
Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003, pp. 285.The situation of Aboriginal people in Canada deserves close attention
from academic researchers and policy makers. While it is important to
explore the larger questions of self-government, sovereignty, and land
claims, it is also necessary to conduct research based on the current
reality of Aboriginals in order to develop relevant and effective
strategies. This collected volume of essays brings together researchers
and policy makers in an attempt to provide an empirical foundation for
building better policy and better communities for Aboriginal peoples in
Canada. The research itself is structured around two central questions:
What is the situation? How has it developed? The effort to answer these
questions provides a substantial basis for future development and
initiatives.
The Government Taketh Away: The Politics of Pain in the United
States and Canada.
Authors: Abelson Donald 
Published: March 2006

The Government Taketh Away: The Politics of Pain in the United
States and Canada., Leslie A. Pal and R. Kent Weaver, eds.,
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003, pp. xii, 340.Compiling edited collections is notoriously difficult because editors
and contributors frequently work from a different script. The result is
that instead of producing a coherent volume which addresses a particular
theme, readers are often left with a collection of scholarly papers that
share little in common. What may have started as a project with a single
goal and focus can quickly disintegrate into a patchwork quilt. This major
problem has been avoided in Leslie Pal and Kent Weaver's edited book,
The Government Taketh Away: The Politics of Pain in the United States
and Canada, a sophisticated and richly detailed analysis of how
decision-makers in the two countries attempt to introduce policies that
may adversely affect the economic, social and political interests of
various groups while trying to minimize political fallout. As the title of
this book suggests, the editors are not concerned about why policy makers
reward certain sectors and groups in society. After all, common sense
dictates that politicians need votes and attempt to acquire them by
appealing to the broadest segment of the population. In this book, the
focus is on how policy makers, when faced with potential opposition from
different groups, make strategic decisions that result in the imposition
of losses. Although the editors do not offer a concrete definition of
loss, examples include policy decisions that result in the de-indexation
of old age pensions, the closure of military bases and the retraction of
tax benefits. This book is not an indictment of government—the
editors acknowledge that in democracies politicians must often make
difficult choices that will help some and hurt others. Rather, it is a
thorough exploration of how decision makers make these decisions and how
various groups and sectors react.
The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and Administration
Authors: Howlett Michael 
Published: March 2006

The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and
Administration, Patricia W. Ingraham and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., eds.,
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004, pp. 238.What is “governance”? Despite a huge literature, a major
journal, and numerous teaching programmes and courses ostensibly dealing
with the subject, it is a concept that still inspires much confusion. Many
students of political science, among others, see the term as being simply
a synonym of “governing,” used to describe what governments
actually “do,” or as just a new name for the traditional
subject matter of established fields such as public administration and
public management, offering little in the way of value-added to those more
traditional terms and academic fields. Others, of course, argue that
“governance” represents a fundamental new way of
“governing,” specifically a much less top-down and
hierarchical form than is traditionally associated with studies of public
administration, and hence a subject worthy of additional attention and the
coinage of neologisms.
The Age of Commodity: Water Privatization in Southern Africa
Authors: Spronk Susan 
Published: March 2006

The Age of Commodity: Water Privatization in Southern Africa,
David A. McDonald and Greg Ruiters, eds., London and Sterling, VA:
Earthscan Press, 2005, pp. xv, 303.This collection of essays is a cutting-edge study of neoliberal public
service reform in Southern Africa. While most studies of water
privatization, such as Karen Bakker's An Uncooperative Commodity:
Privatizing Water in England and Wales (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2004) and Vandana Shiva's Water Wars (Cambridge:
South End Press, 2002), have concentrated on the transfer of ownership and
control from the state to private corporations, privatization is more
broadly defined to include the transfer of ownership and/or
decision-making responsibility to NGOs and community organizations. The
editors rightly emphasize, moreover, that privatization is not the only
disturbing trend in public service reform. Corporatization—the
creation of publicly owned and operated companies that run like private
businesses—threatens to entrench the discriminatory aspects of
infrastructure distribution that characterized colonialism and apartheid
in the region in the previous era.
Jacob Burckhardt's Social and Political Thought
Authors: Hinde John R. 
Published: March 2006

Jacob Burckhardt's Social and Political Thought, Richard
Sigurdson, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, xii, pp. 279.Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) has long been recognized as one of
the most important historians of the nineteenth century. His principal
works, The Age of Constantine the Great (1852) and The
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), and his posthumous
Greek Cultural History (1902) and Reflections on History
(1905), remain in print and continue to be read and studied with profit
today. Indeed, the questions raised in his study of the Italian
Renaissance still define how historians interpret this field of
history.
Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade,
Environment and Social Governance
Authors: Crawford Mark 
Published: March 2006

Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade,
Environment and Social Governance, John J. Kirton and Michael
Trebilcock, eds., Global Environmental Governance Series; Aldergate:
Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2004, pp. xviii, 372.This book sheds considerable light on the new forms of “soft
law” governance (voluntary standards and informal institutions) that
are emerging out of the confluence of rationally calculated interests,
intersubjectively shared norms, and entrenched structures of power in the
global economy. It benefits greatly from the analytical framework and
meticulous exposition provided by the editors, John Kirton and Michael
Trebilcock, whose introductory chapter repays close reading. The remaining
chapters of the book are grouped in four sections.
The Dissemination of International Liberal Norms: The Case of the ECHR and the UK
Authors: Stiles Kendall W. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract.The dominant theory of international liberal norm-dissemination argues that states will tend to move from rejection of international norms to internationalization through gradual, predictable stages. The presumption is that the mass public consistently presses the state (in partnership with international norm carriers) for greater liberalization. This theory is shown to have serious weaknesses when applied to mature democracies. A study of the UK's response to adverse rulings from the European Court of Human Rights indicates that policy elites respond differently depending on the norm, the security context and public opinion. Further, the public does not consistently advocate liberalization, but sometimes the reverse.Résumé.Une théorie principale sur la propagation des normes libérales internationales avance que les États ne passent que graduellement du rejet des normes internationales à leur adoption, en passant par plusieurs étapes prévisibles. Elles présument que le grand public (en conjonction avec les créateurs des normes internationales) exerce des pressions continuelles sur les États pour plus de libertés civiques. En fait, cette théorie n'explique pas l'évolution des attitudes vis-à-vis les libertés civiques dans les démocraties avancées. Une étude du Royaume-Uni, par exemple, démontre que, lorsque la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme dénonce une violation de la Convention, les élites politiques réagissent différemment en fonction de la norme en cause, des questions de sécurité et de l'opinion publique. En outre, le public n'est pas toujours en faveur de la libéralisation, au contraire.
Percutaneous endoscopic, radiological and surgical gastrostomy tubes: a comparison study in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Rustom I K , Jebreel A , Tayyab M , England R J A , Stafford N D 
Published: March 2006

A gastrostomy feeding tube has become the most acceptable method for long-term feeding support in patients with head and neck cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the complications of percutaneous endoscopically inserted gastrostomy (PEG) tubes, radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) tubes and surgically inserted gastrostomy (open/laparoscopic) (SUR) tubes in head and neck cancer patients and also to compare the mortality rates of these patients.Seventy-eight head and neck cancer patients underwent gastrostomy tube insertion (40 PEG, 28 RIG and 10 SUR) during the period February 2002 to February 2005. There were no significant demographic differences between the three groups. Thirty-six patients (46 per cent) developed complications, 32 minor and four major. All three groups were similar in their rate of minor complications, with the dislodgement and blockage rate being lowest in the PEG group (p > 0.05). The mortality rate was 4 per cent within 30 days of gastrostomy tube insertion. There were no deaths in the PEG group, two deaths in the RIG group and one in the SUR group. The PEG tube was considered superior to the RIG and SUR gastrostomy tubes, had fewer complications and was safer. Thus, PEG tube insertion is our first choice for head and neck cancer patients.
Routine nasopharyngeal biopsy in adults presenting with isolated serous otitis media: is it justified?
Authors: Glynn F , Keogh I J , Ali T Abou , Timon C I , Donnelly M 
Published: March 2006

Nasopharyngeal malignancy accounts for less than 2 per cent of all head and neck cancers. Serous otitis media (SOM) causing deafness is a recognized indicator of nasopharyngeal obstruction and the possibility of a nasopharyngeal malignancy must be considered in all adults. Examination under anaesthesia (EUA) and biopsy of the nasopharynx is routinely undertaken in many centres to rule out nasopharyngeal malignancy in adults with SOM. The purpose of this 10-year retrospective study was to evaluate the case records of all adult cases of SOM, including their presentation, clinical findings, management and nasopharyngeal biopsy results.Eighty-five patients were included in the study. Fifty-nine presented with unilateral SOM and 26 with bilateral SOM. The primary presenting complaint in all cases was hearing loss. A nasopharyngeal mass was documented in 55 patients (69 per cent). Four nasopharyngeal masses were noted to have irregular or exophytic mucosa on flexible nasendoscopy. All patients underwent a EUA of the ears and a nasopharyngeal biopsy. The four patients with suspicious-looking masses were all found to have malignancies (two squamous cell carcinomas, one B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and one adenocarcinoma). Three of these patients presented with unilateral SOM and one with bilateral SOM. All other patients with masses were found to have benign lymphoid hyperplasia. In total, 4.7 per cent of the adults with conductive hearing loss secondary to SOM were found to have a malignancy on nasopharyngeal biopsy.We would advocate a high index of suspicion of a nasopharyngeal tumour in adults presenting with SOM. If a mass is found in the nasopharynx then it should be biopsied. If no mass is found then it is not necessary to biopsy; however, close follow up, with repeat fibre-optic nasendoscopy, is advised.
Managing problems with tracheoesophageal puncture for alaryngeal voice rehabilitation
Authors: Albirmawy O A , Elsheikh M N , Saafan M E , Elsheikh E 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: The tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) technique and the insertion of its associated voice prostheses may give rise to adverse events. We present our experience with this technique, paying special attention to the incidence and management of these adverse events.Study design: A retrospective clinical analysis was undertaken.Methods: Seventy-five laryngectomized patients underwent TEP for voice restoration. They were divided into two groups: group one, 43 patients with secondary TEP; and group two, 32 patients with primary TEP. Patient medical records were reviewed for data on the incidence, management and outcome of adverse events encountered during patients' follow up.Results: Problems that arose in the patients were itemized as either early or late. The same patient could develop one or more problems in either group. The management of these problems, concerning the creation and maintenance of the TEP and associated prostheses, was noted. In group one, results were initially favourable in 91 per cent of patients and still positive in 81.4 per cent after three years. In group two, early results were favourable in all patients, and only two patients asked for late elective closure of the TEP (with a success rate of 93.7 per cent).Conclusions: Via an intensive and multidisciplinary approach to problems, most of the inevitable adverse events could be solved adequately, minimizing the discomfort of patients who had undergone laryngectomy and indwelling voice prosthesis insertion.
Does the slow compression technique of hyperbaric oxygen therapy decrease the incidence of middle-ear barotrauma?
Authors: Vahidova D , Sen P , Papesch M , Zein-Sanchez M P , Mueller P H J 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To note the incidence of middle-ear barotrauma following standard and slow compression during hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The standards used were: (1) less than 40 per cent of the cohort should develop barotraumas, and (2) the incidence of barotrauma following the slow technique should be less than that caused by the standard technique.Design: Prospective clinical audit.Material and methods: Forty-two consecutive patients who received either standard compression or slow compression HBOT were included. Pre- and post-treatment otoscopy (graded according to a modified Teed's scale), tympanometry, audiometry and subjective ear complaints were compared between the groups and also compared with the set standard.Results: Significantly less middle-ear barotrauma was noted when using the slow compression technique compared with the standard compression technique (p < 0.05). The incidence of barotrauma when using standard compression failed to meet the set standard of less than 40 per cent.Conclusion: The slow compression method of HBOT proved to be both safe and superior to the standard compression technique.
Relationship between the affected ear in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and habitual head-lying side during bedrest
Authors: Çakir B Ö , Ercan İ , Çakir Z A , Civelek Ş , Turgut S 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To assess the association between the habitual head position during bedrest and the affected ear in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).Study design: Prospective trial of patients with active BPPV of the posterior semicircular canal, confirmed on physical examination.Methods: Seventy-five patients were asked to explain the head position and lying side they were accustomed to before falling asleep in bed.Results: Fifty patients (67 per cent) habitually adopted a lateral head position during bedrest. The ear affected by BPPV was found to be consistent with the head-lying side during bedrest in 43 cases (86 per cent) (29 cases for the right ear and 14 cases for the left ear).Conclusion: Habitual lateral head-positioning during bedrest can be a major factor leading to the development of BPPV in the ipsilateral ear.
Protective effect of edaravone in inner-ear barotrauma in guinea pigs
Authors: Masuda Y , Tanabe T , Murata Y , Kitahara S 
Published: March 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effect of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on inner-ear barotrauma (IEB) in guinea pigs, based on a hypothesis implicating free radicals in the development of IEB.Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty-five guinea pigs were divided into a control group and a pretreatment group. After auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, the pretreatment group received 9.0 mg/kg intraperitoneal edaravone. Animals were exposed to pressure loading and then to further ABR testing.Results: The incidence of IEB was 62.7 per cent in the control group and 42.9 per cent in the pretreatment group (p < 0.01). The distributions of threshold elevation in the control group were 37.3 per cent (for 10 dB or less), 21.3 per cent (for 20–30 dB), 18.0 per cent (for 40–60 dB) and 23.4 per cent (for 70 dB or more), and those in the pretreatment group were 57.1 per cent, 19.1 per cent, 14.3 per cent and 9.5 per cent, for the same respective decibel levels (p < 0.01).Conclusions: These results suggest that protective treatment with edaravone can significantly reduce both the incidence of IEB and the severity of the resultant ABR threshold elevation.
Sonic memory material as ‘pathetic trigger’
Authors: VOEGELIN SALOMÉ 
Published: March 2006

Memory, according to Henri Bergson, is gleaned from the present and realises the present perception from its sensory-motor elements through movements towards that which it perceives.The purpose of this article is to propose and debate the deliberate use of such ‘present memory’ in the sonic artwork. The suggestion is that sonic memory material – sounds that are plundered from old recordings – can be collaged into complex sonic works to produce, not a nostalgic experience in the sense of a recognition of the past, but a current production of sonic material in a continually present perception. Such a production strategy employs the affective quality of memory to ‘trigger’ a sensorial engagement in the sense of a ‘pathetic’ engagement understood as an emotional and sentimental involvement with the work. The understanding is that such an emotional engagement involves the listener centrally in the production of the artwork and challenges modernist (visual) art discourses, which evaluate the work from a distance.
Chikreng Rebellion: Coup and Its Aftermath in Democratic Kampuchea
Authors: Slocomb Margaret 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe history of the regime of Democratic Kampuchea (DK) which ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 in the name of social revolution made on behalf of Cambodia's poor peasants has been researched and documented according to many sources. When the leaders of the counter-revolutionary Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, spearheaded by a massive force of the People's Army of Vietnam, took back the capital, Phnom Penh, on 7 January 1979, they captured official documents, particularly the forced confessions of thousands of political prisoners, which threw light on the nature of the regime and its catastrophic course after victory in April 1975. Other contemporary sources included monitored radio broadcasts of the regime, the dossiers of Khmer Rouge defectors to Thailand compiled by the US State Department, and the rich vein of information provided to western scholars of Cambodian history by refugees in the Thai camps and in other countries which received them after 1979.
Up-regulation of the clusterin gene after proteotoxic stress: implication of HSF1–HSF2 heterocomplexes
Authors: Loison Fabien , Debure Laure , Nizard Philippe , le Goff Pascale , Michel Denis , le Dréan Yves 
Published: March 2006

Clusterin is a secreted protein chaperone up-regulated in several pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study shows that accumulation of aberrant proteins, caused by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or the incorporation of the amino acid analogue AZC (L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid), increased both clusterin protein and mRNA levels in the human glial cell line U-251 MG. Consistently, MG132 treatment was capable of stimulating a 1.3 kb clusterin gene promoter. Promoter deletion and mutation studies revealed a critical MG132-responsive region between −218 and −106 bp, which contains a particular heat-shock element, named CLE for ‘clusterin element’. Gel mobility-shift assays demonstrated that MG132 and AZC treatments induced the formation of a protein complex that bound to CLE. As shown by supershift and chromatin-immunoprecipitation experiments, CLE is bound by HSF1 (heat-shock factor 1) and HSF2 upon proteasome inhibition. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation assays indicated that these two transcription factors interact. Gel-filtration analyses revealed that the HSF1–HSF2 heterocomplexes bound to CLE after proteasome inhibition have the same apparent mass as HSF1 homotrimers after heat shock, suggesting that HSF1 and HSF2 could heterotrimerize. Therefore these studies indicate that the clusterin is a good candidate to be part of a cellular defence mechanism against neurodegenerative diseases associated with misfolded protein accumulation or decrease in proteasome activity.