bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde and Toluene Mixtures in Air with a Nitrogen-doped TiO2 Photocatalyst
Authors: Aoki Koyu , Morikawa Takeshi , Ohwaki Takeshi , Taga Yasunori 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation in multiple contaminant system with a nitrogen-doped TiO2 visible-light photocatalyst was investigated. Formaldehyde and toluene were chosen as components of the contaminant. The degradation rate of toluene was depressed by coexisting formaldehyde, while that of formaldehyde was scarcely affected by coexisting toluene. This phenomenon is attributed to preferential adsorption of formaldehyde on the photocatalyst powder.
Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanocomposites Based on Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Zhou Zhengyang , Zhu Shenmin , Zhang Di 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A synthetic method for the preparation of multifunctional nanocomposites with well-defined mesoporosity based on highly ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 was presented. Thermoresponsive PNIPA and magnetic nanoparticles Fe2O3 were inserted into the pore channels of SBA-15 combining nanocasting method with ultrasonic chemistry.
Photophysical Properties of 3-[2-Cyano-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]alanine: A Highly Fluorescent and Environment-sensitive Amino Acid with Small Molecular Size
Authors: Oshima Juro , Tsujimoto Hitomi , Yoshihara Toshitada , Yamada Keiichi , Katakai Ryoichi , Tobita Seiji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new nonnatural amino acid 3-[2-cyano-4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]alanine (CDAPA) is virtually nonfluorescent in water but shows significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity and lifetime when the molecule partitions to nonaqueous environments, suggesting that this molecule is a good candidate as small fluorescent probe for proteins.
Überblick über die Entwicklung der Soziolinguistik in Albanien
Authors: Shkurtaj Gjovalin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractVor wenigen Jahren, genauer gesagt im Studienjahr 1994–1995, wurde für die Studenten der Fachrichtung Sprache und Literaturwissenschaft der Fakultät für Geschichte und Philologie der Universität Tirana neben dem traditionell unterrichteten Fach ‘Dialektologie’ das Fach ‘Soziolinguistik’ eingeführt. Einige Jahre davor wurde eine Einführung in die Soziolinguistik in Form von Spezialkursen an der Universität Tirana angeboten. Die Soziolinguistik ist in Albanien ein neues Studienfeld. 1996 wurde zum ersten Mal das Buch
Variations sociolinguistiques en albanais du Nord — sur la base des données du parler de la ville du Shkodra
Authors: Beci Bahri 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlthough Shkodra, the biggest city of the Northern part of Albania, is regarded as a stronghold of Catholicism, the two other religions of Albania (Islam and the Orthodox Church) are represented there as well. In Venetian sources, Shkodra was described as a Catholic town until 1479, when it was conquered by the Turks. During this period a number of the native Catholics emigrated to Venice, while another, smaller part of them was forcefully converted to Islam. Since then, the population of the city of Shkodra has always been dominated by a higher percentage of Muslims. Currently, 65–70% of the population are Muslims, 25–30% are Catholic, and a smaller percentage consists of Orthodox Christians. These historical events and the corresponding demographic changes have favored the formation of some distinctions in customs, clothing, and speech between the Catholic and Muslim population groups. The aim of this article is to present the linguistic distinctions in the speech of these two population groups, on the phonetic level.
The anatomy of survival in Arbëresh numeral forms
Authors: Hamp Eric P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe numeral primes and combinations form a useful morphophonemic and semanto-syntactic closed corpus drawn from micro-enclaves of Italy, Italo- Albanian (Arbëresh) and neighboring western Romance, with known genetic reconstructed linguistic histories. These subcorpora show instructive feature configurations as correlated with intensity, direction, and linguistic typology within social contact diffusion.
Features of dysfunctional attrition in the Arbresh of Piana degli Albanesi
Authors: Derhemi Eda 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the nature of the attrition of the Arbresh dialect of Piana degli Albanesi. It investigates the state of language use, the state of structural decay, and the linguistic attitude of Arbresh speakers. It concludes that this Arbresh dialect is undergoing a process of “dysfunctional attrition,” which consists of a progressive shrinkage of linguistic domains and functions, a decrease in the number of speakers, and a decline in linguistic competence as the speakers’ age diminishes. Unlike previous views, it maintains that dysfunctional attrition is not necessarily characterized by stigmatization and rejection of the language. The study emphasizes that a positive attitude towards the language is not a guarantee of linguistic survival, and that other aspects of language deterioration and loss must not be neglected in the process of linguistic revitalization.
Some differences between varieties of Albanian with special reference to Kosovo
Authors: Pani Pandeli 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe differences between the varieties of the Albanian language as spoken both within the Albanian state and outside have usually been investigated under dialectological aspects. From this point of view there are two main dialects of Albanian: Gheg and Tosk. The aim of this article is to investigate certain socio-historical differences between the Albanian spoken in Albania and Kosovo. The topics we are concerned with are differences in the vocabulary of the public sphere and politics, technology, and terminology. Notable differences can however be ascertained in the use of words (also such words that belong to the basic vocabulary of Albanian) and idiomatic expressions which are used in Kosovo with a meaning different from that which they have in Albania. There exists also a series of words which are totally unknown in the speech of the other community. Certain calques from Serbo-Croatian will also be discussed. The reader’s attention will also be drawn to some of the peculiarities of Kosovo Albanian syntax, which may have arisen from interferences through contact with Serbo-Croatian.
Who’s “mixing” the languages? Statistical-sociolinguistic analyses of differently developed bilingual practice of Albanian-speaking school pupils in German-speaking Switzerland
Authors: Schader Basil 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe extent to which the many Albanian-speaking children and adolescents in Switzerland apply a bilingual mode differs considerably. As part of a larger project, a quantitative exploratory study seeks to understand whether the frequency of code-switching is determined by demographic, individual, and peer-group-related factors. The fact that no striking relationships between these factors can be observed will be discussed with a view to the specificity of Albanian migration. Furthermore, these results raise questions with regard to the determinants of bilingual practice and the characteristics of “prototypical code-switch-speakers.”
Standard Albanian — linguistic controversy in post-Communist Albania
Authors: Lloshi Xhevat 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe status of Albanian as a national standard has become a matter of serious debate. In 1972 Standard Albanian (SA) was adopted in public communications and in schools. But after the political changes in Albania in 1991–1992 the language question was reopened, calling into question the SA. The roots of the present-day debate are to be found in the dialectal division of Albanian, the historical establishment of a number of written varieties, and the standardization achieved during the years of the Communist regime. This article describes how Standard Albanian was established and the recent developments. For the future it poses the question: Will there be one Albanian national identity, or two Albanian national identities? The answer is that Albanians already have a good standard language, though with many problems, of course, and much work needs to be done for its enrichment and improvement, but Albanians have no need to create a new standard, or to undergo a glosso-ectomy.
The Albanian language: developments in the lexicon under the new social and political order
Authors: Thomaj Jani 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the past decade the Albanian language has undergone a period of significant change in terms of lexical development. These developments are almost entirely attributable to extralinguistic factors. The turbulent transition from a centralized socialist system to a market economy in the 1990s was accompanied by an immediate opening of Albania to the outside world. This upheaval also brought about a social and intellectual liberation, a change in mental outlook, and freedom from the weight of dictatorship and the totalitarian mindset. The transformation from collectivized property to private property and the birth of political and cultural pluralism constituted a novel variable within Albanian society.The pluralism of press and broadcast media and the phenomenal growth in the number of political parties are two important constituents for change in the lexical norm of the Albanian language, both in a positive and negative sense. A predisposition towards direct contact with Western languages and cultures, interpreted as a sign of the “Europeanization” of Albania, led to the proliferation of many foreign words, primarily English, into the lexicon of Albanian, especially in the domains of economics, trade, jurisprudence, information technology, politics, and administration. This study concerns itself with interpretation, classification, and examples of these changes.
The First Congress phenomenon: the case of Albanian
Authors: Memushaj Rami 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn one of his papers devoted to the study of the “First Congress” phenomenon, J. Fishman points out that, in order to define a sound typology, many more such congresses need to be studied. Albanian researchers have had many discussions on the topic of congresses for the standardization of the Albanian language, but the Fishman project has not concluded any study to date of the “First Congress” phenomenon as pertains specifically to the Albanian language. This article studies this phenomenon according to criteria he set out. We use as our basis for analysis, linguistic meetings, conferences, and material extrapolated from Albanian associations over the last two centuries in order to identify which of them fulfill the criteria and thus enable a robust designation as the first congress of the Albanian language.
Computational Wear Prediction of UHMWPE in Knee Replacements
Authors: Zhao D , Gregory Sawyer W , Fregly BJ 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A multibody dynamic contact model predicted the damage sustained by two tibial inserts tested under different conditions on an AMTI knee simulator machine. The model required a wear factor of 7.7 × 10−7 mm3/Nm to match the wear volume measured from the first insert after 0.86 million cycles of simulated gait. The model matched the medial and lateral damage depths measured from the second insert to within 0.3 mm after 5 million cycles of simulated gait and stair (10:1 ratio). Computational models may be valuable for screening new knee implant designs rapidly and performing sensitivity studies of component positioning issues.
Assessing Human Exposure to Perchlorate Using Biomonitoring
Authors: Blount BC , Valentín-Blasini L , Ashley DL 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBecause of health concerns surrounding widespread exposure to perchlorate, we developed a sensitive and selective method for measuring perchlorate in human urine using ion chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. This method was applied to assess perchlorate levels in urine collected from a convenience population (N=27) consuming foods reported to contain perchlorate: milk, dairy products, and green leafy vegetables. Consumption of three or more servings of these foods in the 16 hours before urine sample collection was associated with significantly higher levels of perchlorate in urine (6.13±3.59 μg/g creatinine) compared with study participants consuming one or fewer servings of these foods (3.14±0.85 μg/g creatinine). These data suggest that diet can be an important source of perchlorate exposure and underscore the important role of selective and sensitive biomonitoring methods to assess human exposure to perchlorate from multiple sources in the environment.
Effect of Microstructure on Pit-to-Crack Transition of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Jones K , Hoeppner DW 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The focus of this research was to gain an increased understanding of how microstructure influences pit growth, pit-to-crack transition, and critical crack propagation to fracture. Two thicknesses of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy were etched and subjected to corrosion fatigue in a 3.5% sodium chloride environment. 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is of particular interest to the aging aircraft community, as this alloy has been used extensively on wing and fuselage structures for both military and commercial aircraft in the past. Testing was interrupted at various intervals to obtain information on pit generation, growth, and potential cracking. Results indicated that microstructure has a significant influence on pit-to-crack transition and fatigue crack propagation. Short cracks (&lt;100 μm) in a corrosion fatigue environment were strongly influenced by grain boundaries and crystallographic grain orientation. Constituent particles competed with corrosion pits as critical crack nucleation sites. Post-fracture analysis confirmed the presence of noncritical cracks within the corroded region, related to pitting and constituent particles.
Asymptotic Stress Fields for Thermomechanically Loaded Cracks in FGMs
Authors: Jain N , Chona R , Shukla A 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The problem of a stationary crack in functionally graded materials (FGM), subjected to a combination of thermal and mechanical loading is considered. An asymptotic analysis coupled with Westergaard's stress function approach is used to characterize the stress field around the crack tip. Thermal and mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity) are assumed to vary exponentially. The crack is assumed to be inclined to the direction of the property gradation. The thermal loading is taken to be a uniform heat flow in a direction inclined to the crack. The principal of superposition from linear elasticity is used to solve the problem, whereby the problem is divided into a number of subproblems. The first four terms in the expansion of the stress field are derived to explicitly bring out the influence of nonhomogeneity on the structure of the stress field. It is observed that the presence of heat flow produced no additional singularity and hence the classical inverse square root singularity still prevails around the crack tip. Using these stress field contours of constant maximum shear stress are generated and the effect of thermal loading on the crack-tip stress field is discussed.
Sensitivity Evaluation in Double Wall Radiography of Pipes and Multilayer Plates by Assessment the Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Edalati K. , Rokrok B. , Kermani A. , Seiedi M. , Movafeghi A. , Rastkhah N. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Image quality indicator (IQI) is selected based on the single and/or double wall thickness of pipe with or without considering the radiographic techniques or applied radiation source (x ray or gamma ray), in accordance with the sensitivity requirements of reference codes. Discrepancies in the codes and standards for sensitivity evaluation and IQI selection have been investigated in the present work and some experiments have been performed to measure the gamma ray or x-ray radiographic sensitivity for pipes and plates to compare the results with sensitivity requirements of the standards. Due to the considerable effect of scattering on the sensitivity, Monte Carlo method has also been used to simulate the scattering for gamma ray radiography of pipes and plates. Experiments revealed that 2% sensitivity based on the single wall thickness was attainable for double wall exposure and single wall viewing (DWSI) technique, but it could not be easily obtained for double wall exposure and double wall viewing (DWDI) gamma ray technique. Higher sensitivity was obtained for x-ray radiography and a considerable sensitivity reduction was found for in-service radiography of pipes. Achieved sensitivities were in good agreement with measured effective attenuation coefficients and simulation results which confirmed that scattering was, respectively, higher for DWDI radiography of pipe, radiography of single layer plate, and DWSI radiography of two layer plate with identical penetrated thickness. Therefore, IQI selection was proposed to be based on the single wall thickness of component except for DWDI Gamma ray radiography, which was proposed to be based on the double wall thickness.
Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis? Competing Perspectives on the “Standard Pattern” of West African Rhythm
Authors: AGAWU KOFI 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Polyrhythmic dance compositions from West Africa typically feature an ostinato bell pattern known as a time line. Timbrally distinct, asymmetrical in structure, and aurally prominent, time lines have drawn comment from scholars as keys to understanding African rhythm. This article focuses on the best known and most widely distributed of these, the so-called standard pattern, a seven-stroke figure spanning twelve eighth notes and disposed durationally as &lt;2212221&gt;. Observations about structure (including its internal dynamic, metrical potential, and rotational properties) are juxtaposed with a putative African-cultural understanding (inferred from the firm place of dance in the culture, patterns of verbal discourse, and a broad set of social values) in order to further illuminate the nature of African rhythm, foster dialogue between structural and cultural perspectives, and thereby contribute implicitly to the methodology of cross-cultural analysis.
Normalizing the Abnormal: Disability in Music and Music Theory
Authors: STRAUS JOSEPH N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe emerging interdisciplinary field of disability studies takes as its subject matter the historical, social, and cultural construction of disability. After a brief introduction to disability studies, this article explores the interconnected histories of disability and music as they are manifested in three theoretical approaches to late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Western art music (the musical Formenlehre and the tonal theories of Schoenberg and Schenker) and in three works by Beethoven and Schubert. Around the turn of the nineteenth century in Western Europe, disability began to be understood not as something natural and permanent but rather as a deviation from a normative standard, and thus subject to possible remediation. In the same time and place, art music also underwent a significant shift (reflected in the more recent theoretical traditions that have grown up around it), one that involved an increasing interest in rhetorically marked deviations from diatonic and formal normativity, and the possibility of their narrative recuperation. The article describes ways in which language about music and music itself may be understood both to represent and construct disability. More generally, it suggests that disability should take its place alongside nationality, ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual orientation as a significant category for cultural analysis, including the analysis of music.
Henry Cowell and John Cage: Intersections and Influences, 1933–1941
Authors: MILLER LETA E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article explores, through examination of correspondence and other primary sources, the close interaction between Henry Cowell and John Cage from 1933 to 1941 in the areas of percussion music, dance, world musics, the prepared piano, electronic sounds, micro-macrocosmic forms, sliding tones, and elastic composition. Several works are examined in detail, among them Cowell's Pulse (which anticipated Cage's micro-macrocosmic forms in the Constructions) and Cage's Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (whose electronic slides addressed Cowell's prediction that the “future of music” lay in the perfection of percussion and sliding tones). A previously unavailable recording of Imaginary Landscape No. 1 by Cage's ensemble reveals an unexpected interpretation of the score. Appendices present a chronology of events, a 1937 letter from Cowell to Cage, and a little-known set of Cage's program notes from 1940.
Visual Performance and Ocular System Structure of Kokanee and Sockeye Salmon following Strobe Light Exposure
Authors: Novales Flamarique Iñigo , Hiebert Steve , Sechrist Juddson 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The use of flashing strobe lights to deter salmon from dam intakes and other hazardous underwater structures has become an appealing method for reducing salmon mortalities. However, no research has been carried out to determine how strobe light emission could affect the visual system of salmonid fishes. The present study investigated behavioral and ocular system changes after short-term (1- and 5-min) and long-term (3-h) exposure of kokanee and sockeye salmon (the lacustrine and anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus nerka). The onset of the escape response to an overhead shadow was different between treatments. Fish exposed for 1 or 5 min showed a response within 5 and 25 min of treatment, respectively, whereas the 3-h-exposed sockeye salmon responded a minimum of 64 h postexposure. All the retinas and lenses examined showed the same characteristics regardless of treatment. We conclude from these results that strobe exposure for 1 min or more induces a state of torpor in sockeye salmon, but exposure for no longer than 5 min does not induce permanent damage to the ocular system.
Peroxisome proliferation and antioxidant enzymes in transplanted mussels of four basque estuaries with different levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl pollution
Authors: Orbea Aamia , Cajaraville Miren P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We aimed to determine the effects of changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioavailability on peroxisome proliferation and antioxidant enzymes to assess their potential use as pollution biomarkers. For this, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were sampled in Txatxarramendi and transplanted to Arriluze, Muskiz, and Plentzia (northern Spain), and vice versa. Arriluze was the most heavily polluted site, followed by Plentzia, Txatxarramendi, and Muskiz. Animals transplanted from a polluted station to a cleaner station lost contaminant load in three to six weeks, and when transplanted to a more polluted station, they accumulated PAHs and PCBs accordingly. Peroxisomal acyl-A oxidase (AOX) activity was the highest in animals from Arriluze, and animals transplanted to Arriluze showed increased AOX activity, reaching the levels of native mussels. Mussels from Txatxarramendi showed the lowest peroxisomal volume density (Vvp). Among mussels from Txatxarramendi, only those transplanted to Plentzia showed increased Vvp, whereas animals from Arriluze and Muskiz transplanted to Txatxarramendi after 2 d and six weeks, respectively, had decreased Vvp. Two days after transplant, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower in mussels from Arriluze and Muskiz, respectively, than in those from Txatxarramendi and than in animals transplanted to Txatxarramendi from these stations. In conclusion, transplant experiments with mussels are useful to assess the effects of pollution. Peroxisome proliferation, measured as induction of AOX or increased Vvp, shows great potential as a biomarker of pollution to be included in pollution monitoring programs. In the present work, we have demonstrated that peroxisome proliferation is a reversible phenomenon in mussels.