bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of genetic background on acoustic startle response in fragile X knockout mice
Authors: ERRIJGERS VANESSA , FRANSEN ERIK , D'HOOGE RUDI , DE DEYN PETER P. , FRANK KOOY R. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryTo study the effect of genetic background on theFmr1knockout mutation in mice, we compared the acoustic startle response (ASR) of male fragile X knockout mice bred in three different genetic backgrounds, including C57BL/6J (C57BL/6J×129P2/OlaHsd) F1 and F2 intercross. ASR is used as a behavioural tool to assess the neuronal basis of behavioural plasticity. For each background studied, fragile X knockouts clearly differed in ASR from their control littermates. C57BL/6J knockouts showed an increase in ASR in response to the lowest stimulus of 90 dB and a decrease in ASR in response to the highest stimulus of 110 dB when compared with control mice, whereas knockouts of the F1 generation showed significantly lower ASRs for all the three stimulus intensities used when compared with control littermates. These data demonstrate that the expression of the fragile X phenotype in ASR of fragile X knockout mice may be influenced by the presence of 129 genes in the genetic background and that modifier genes may influence the fragile X phenotype. Surprisingly, and in contrast with knockouts of the F1 generation that showed a decreased ASR, knockouts of the F2 generation showed a significantly increased ASR compared with their control littermates. This is especially remarkable as both F1 and F2 mice consist of 50% of the genetic material from each of the parental strains C57BL/6J and 129P2/OlaHsd strain. Thus, the different distribution of the genetic background seems to be responsible for the difference in ASR between F1 and F2. This opposite ASR in the F1 and F2 generations is unique in behavioural studies and has, to our knowledge, not been previously reported.
Extreme value theory in analysis of differential expression in microarrays where either only up- or down-regulated genes are relevant or expected
Authors: IVANEK RENATA , GRÖHN YRJÖ T. , WELLS MARTIN T. , RAENGPRADUB SARITA , KAZMIERCZAK MARK J. , WIEDMANN MARTIN 
Published: October 2008

SummaryWe propose an empirical Bayes method based on the extreme value theory (EVT) (BE) for the analysis of data from spotted microarrays where the interest of the investigator (e.g. to identify up-regulated gene markers of a disease) or the design of the experiment (e.g. in certain ‘wild-type versus mutant’ experiments) limits identification of differentially expressed genes to those regulated in a single direction (either up or down). In such experiments, unlike in genome-wide microarrays, analysis is restricted to the tail of the distribution (extremes) of all the genes in the genome. The EVT provides a platform to account for this extreme behaviour, and is therefore a natural candidate for inference about differential expression. We compared the performance of the developed BE method with two other empirical Bayes methods on two real ‘wild-type versus mutant’ datasets where a single direction of regulation was expected due to experimental design, and in a simulation study. The BE method appears to have a better fit to the real data. In the analysis of simulated data, the BE method showed better accuracy and precision while being robust to different characteristics of microarray experiments. The BE method, therefore, seems promising and useful for inference about differential expression in microarrays where either only up- or down-regulated genes are relevant or expected.
At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: FARUQUI MUNIS D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNizam-ul-Mulk (d. 1748) was a Mughal nobleman who founded the post-Mughal successor state of Hyderabad. Engaging the Nizam's long and varied career, this essay re-evaluates the Nizam's decision to abandon the Mughal imperial system. In so doing, it highlights the ways in which the Nizam's story contrasts with that of founders of other post-Mughal successor states. This essay also seeks to explore Hyderabad's early history, the unique challenges faced by the new state, and the inventive ways in which it sought to overcome them. Ultimately, this essay aims to broaden and complicate our understanding of India's political history in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth century.
The Political Economy of Opium Smuggling in Early Nineteenth Century India: Leakage or Resistance?
Authors: MARKOVITS CLAUDE 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article looks at the political economy of opium smuggling in India in the first decades of the nineteenth century, in particular in relation to Sindh, one of the last independent polities in the subcontinent. After a description of the smuggling of ‘Malwa’ opium (grown in the princely states of Central India) into China—in defiance of the monopoly of the East India Company over ‘Bengal’ or ‘Patna’ opium, grown in Bihar—it considers the role of Indian merchants and capitalists in its emergence and development, and critiques the argument put forward in a recent book by Amar Farooqi that it represented both a form of ‘subversion’ and that it contributed decisively to capital accumulation in Western India. This article concludes by analysing the role of the opium trade in integrating Sindh into the British imperial trading system, arguing that it was more effective in boosting Empire than in nurturing indigenous capitalism in India.
Chinese Revenue Farms and Borders in Southeast Asia
Authors: TROCKI CARL A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines the role of Chinese revenue farmers in defining the borders of the various colonial territories and the states of Southeast Asia during the nineteenth century. Their significance has largely been neglected in writing on the formation of state boundaries. Nicholas Tarling notes, ‘Between the late eighteenth and the early twentieth almost all southeast Asia was divided into colonies or protectorates held by the Western powers, and new boundaries were drawn with the object of avoiding conflict among them’ (Tarling, 2001:44). This paper argues that Chinese revenue farmers were of considerable significance in giving substance to the formalistic pronouncements of remote diplomats and statesmen.
Associations between infectious mononucleosis and cancer: record-linkage studies
Authors: GOLDACRE M. J. , WOTTON C. J. , YEATES D. G. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYInfection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) followed by infectious mononucleosis (IM) is now considered to be a risk factor for Hodgkin's disease (HD). It is less clear whether EBV infection and IM are associated with an increased risk of cancer generally. We used a longstanding record-linkage dataset in Oxford (years 1963–1998), and a more recent record-linkage dataset covering England (1999–2005), to compare rate ratios for cancer between people admitted to hospital for IM and a reference cohort. In the Oxford cohort, there was an increased risk of subsequent HD [rate ratio (RR) 6·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·4–12·5] but not of other cancers combined (RR 0·85, 95% CI 0·57–1·23). In the England cohort, there were increased risks of HD (RR 3·2, 95% CI 1·2–7·0), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR 5·6, 95% CI 2·9–9·8), and oropharyngeal cancer (RR 5·4, 95% CI 1·1–16·2), but no significant overall risk of cancer when lymphomas were excluded (RR 1·01, 95% CI 0·71–1·41). We confirm an association between IM and lymphoma; but the risk, if any, of cancer more generally is likely to be small.
Outbreak of meningococcal disease in and around New Delhi, India, 2005–2006: a report from a tertiary care hospital
Authors: NAIR D. , DAWAR R. , DEB M. , CAPOOR M. R. , SINGAL S. , UPADHAYAY D. J. , AGGARWAL P. , DAS B. , SAMANTARAY J. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe first of several cases of meningococcal meningitis was reported in April 2005, in New Delhi, India. Subsequent to this the Government declared an outbreak, which persisted for two periods, from April–July 2005 and January–March 2006. The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) recommended using WHO criteria for diagnosis of disease. During the outbreak 380 clinically suspected cases were investigated. Of 55 cases diagnosed as confirmed/probable the mortality rate was 14·6%. Meningitis was reported in 60% of cases and meningococcaemia in 40%. Microscopy of petechial rash was positive in 87·5%, CSF Gram stain positive in 68·3%, and latex agglutination test of CSF positive in 64·9% of samples.Neisseria meningitidis(serogroup A) was isolated from 37·7% of cases, 57·7% from CSF. Blood culture was positive in 10·4% of cases. CrgA polymerase chain reaction forN.meningitidisconfirmed the isolates. All isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, azithromycin and rifampicin, with increasing resistance to ceftriaxone. Penicillin resistance was encountered in 15·4% of strains. Resistance to quinolones was very high at 100% for levofloxacin, 84·6% for ofloxacin and 65·4% for ciprofloxacin. All patients with penicillin-resistant organisms (4) or intermediate sensitivity (4) succumbed to the disease. These patients also had a higher minimum inhibitory concentration to ceftriaxone.
Ovine-associated Q fever
Authors: WEBSTER D. , HAASE D. , MARRIE T. J. , CAMPBELL N. , PETTIPAS J. , DAVIDSON R. , HATCHETTE T. F. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn Atlantic Canada, the traditional risk factor for acquisition of Q fever infection has been exposure to infected parturient cats or newborn kittens. In this study we describe the first case of Q fever in Nova Scotia acquired as a result of direct exposure to sheep. A serosurvey of the associated flock was undertaken using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) testing for antibodies to phase I and phase IICoxiella burnetiiantigens. This serosurvey revealed that 23 of 46 sheep (50%) were seropositive for the phase II antibody. Four of these sheep had titres of 1:64 including three nursing ewes, one of which had delivered two lambs that died shortly after delivery. Only one ewe had phase I antibodies but had the study's highest phase II antibody titre (1:128). Molecular studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) failed to detectC. burnetiiDNA in any of the milk specimens.
The incidence of pneumonia using data from a computerized general practice database
Authors: MYLES P. R. , McKEEVER T. M. , POGSON Z. , SMITH C. J. P. , HUBBARD R. B. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYDespite being widely recognized as a significant public health problem there are surprisingly few contemporary data available on the incidence of pneumonia in the UK. We conducted a general population-based cohort study to determine the incidence of pneumonia in general practice in the United Kingdom. Data were obtained from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) – a computerized, longitudinal, general practice database. Recorded diagnoses of pneumonia between 1991 and 2003 were used to calculate the incidence of pneumonia stratified by year, sex, age group and deprivation score. The overall incidence of pneumonia was 233/100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 231–235] and this rate was stable between 1991 and 2003. The incidence of pneumonia was slightly lower in females compared to males [age-adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·88, 95% CI 0·86–0·89]. Pneumonia was most common in children aged <4 years and adults aged >65 years. There was an increased incidence of pneumonia with higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage such that people living in the most deprived areas of the United Kingdom were 28% more likely to get pneumonia than those in the least deprived areas (age- and gender-adjusted IRR 1·28, 95% CI 1·24–1·32). In conclusion, pneumonia is an important public health problem and the incidence of pneumonia is higher in people at the extremes of age, men and people living in socially deprived areas.
Aligning the top-level of SNOMED-CT with Basic Formal Ontology
Authors: Hogan William 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEffective translational research requires automated analysis of large datasets collected by multiple researchers working at multiple locations. Reliable, machine interpretation of-—and reasoning with—-large datasets assembled at different times and places by different researchers requires standard representations of data. These representations are controlled, structured vocabularies also known as ontologies. By far, the most successful ontology is the Gene Ontology (GO), used by bioinformatics researchers to annotate genomics data. However, to address the phenotype side of translational research will require annotation of electronic medical record data and clinical research data with a clinical-phenotype ontology analogous to GO. One leading candidate for this ontology is SNOMED-CT (SNCT). However, GO and SNCT are incompatible representations. GO is based on an upper level ontology called Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). In this work, we aligned the upper level of SNCT with BFO to enhance its suitability for translational research. Most (14/19 or 74%) of the top-level concepts of SNCT can be fitted into the framework of BFO, but only after significant reorganization. An important concept that does not align is Clinical Finding, which is intended to comprehend diseases and signs and symptoms of disease. However, a finding of disease (epistemology) is not the same thing as a disease (ontology). This discrepancy between SNCT and BFO is important to consider further. Another key result is that children of the top-level concepts do not necessarily follow their parents into BFO, and thus one must align each SNCT concept independently. Future work is to align the next level of SNCT (345 concepts) with BFO.
Ethical Considerations for Clinical Research Collaborations
Authors: Jones Sherri M. , Figueroa Christina M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The definition of clinical research adopted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) includes three areas, 1. patient-oriented research, 2. epidemiologic and behavioral studies, and 3. outcomes and health services research (DHHS, 2003). Extensive research training is not a core component of many clinical-degree programs, and clinicians may not have the requisite knowledge and skills to initiate a research program independently. However, clinicians and the clinical sites where they practice can play an integral part in collaborative research. This review discusses five areas for clinical supervisors to consider prior to initiating a research project, which include formal approvals, determining which aspects of the study to be involved in, subject recruitment and informed consent, data collection and storage, and dissemination of results. These are not the only areas that might be considered; however, mutual agreement on these issues before the project begins will facilitate successful collaboration and foster responsible conduct of research. The ethical conduct of research is paramount for the scientific base of our professions. Additionally, the information and guidelines presented are intended to facilitate discussion and offer resources for further study.
Multidisciplinary Evidence to Treat Bilingual Individuals with Aphasia
Authors: Centeno José G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The steady increase in linguistic and cultural diversity in the country, including the number of bilingual speakers, has been predicted to continue. Minorities are expected to be the majority by 2042. Strokes, the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in the U.S., are quite prevalent in racial and ethnic minorities, so population estimates underscore the imperative need to develop valid clinical procedures to serve the predicted increase in linguistically and culturally diverse bilingual adults with aphasia in post-stroke rehabilitation. Bilingualism is a complex phenomenon that interconnects culture, cognition, and language; thus, as aphasia is a social phenomenon, treatment of bilingual aphasic persons would benefit from conceptual frameworks that exploit the culture-cognition-language interaction in ways that maximize both linguistic and communicative improvement leading to social re-adaptation. This paper discusses a multidisciplinary evidence-based approach to develop ecologically-valid treatment strategies for bilingual aphasic individuals. Content aims to spark practitioners' interest to explore conceptually broad intervention strategies beyond strictly linguistic domains that would facilitate linguistic gains, communicative interactions, and social functioning. This paper largely emphasizes Spanish-English individuals in the United States. Practitioners, however, are advised to adapt the proposed principles to the unique backgrounds of other bilingual aphasic clients.
Concurrent Validity of a Parent Survey Measuring Communication Skills of Spanish Speaking Preschoolers with and without Delayed Language
Authors: Guiberson Mark 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Purpose: The primary objective of the current study was to examine the concurrent validity of a pilot version the Inventario-III (Pilot INV-III) involving parents of Spanish speaking preschoolers with and without delayed language (DL).
Method: Fifteen parents of 3 year old children participated. Twelve children were typically developing (TD), while three had DL. All of the children attended Head Start programs. Parents completed two surveys, the Pilot INV-III and the Spanish Ages and Stages Questionnaire (Spanish ASQ) shortly after their child's third birthday.
Results: The results indicated that the scores from the Spanish ASQ and the Pilot INV-III were significantly correlated, suggesting that these tools seem to be measuring comparable language skills. Furthermore, the DL group's scores on the Pilot INV-III subscales were much lower than the TD group. These results suggest that the Pilot INV-III may be useful clinically for screening purposes when the only area of concern is communication development.
Conclusions: Limitations and implications for practice and research are presented.
A Clinical Hypothesis for Intermittent Unintelligibility in Two English Language Learners
Authors: Rhein Deborah 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Purpose: This article reports an unusual speech pattern produced by two English Language Learners (ELLs), who developed intermittent unintelligibility shortly after placement in English-only academic settings.
Method: In order to determine if this speech pattern had been observed by other speech-language pathologists (SLPs), 123 school-based speech language pathologists (SLPs) were surveyed as to their experience with the pattern in both monolingual English-speaking and bilingual (languages unspecified) students aged 3-21 years.
Results: The majority (76%) of SLPs reported having observed the pattern in school-age monolingual and bilingual children.
Conclusions: A theoretical framework to explain the sudden development of intermittent unintelligibility in the two children in the case study as well as other children who produce the speech pattern as reported by the survey respondents is presented. Different clinical implications are suggested for different clinical populations and areas in need of further study are also discussed.
Early Language Delay and Risk for Language Impairment
Authors: Ellis Erica M. , Thal Donna J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractClinicians are often faced with the difficult task of deciding whether a late talker shows normal variability or has a clinically significant language disorder. This article provides an overview of research investigating identification, characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of late talkers. Clinical implications for speech-language pathologists in the identification and treatment of children who are late talkers are discussed.
The Application of Relaxation Training Approaches to Patients With Neurogenic Disorders and Their Caregivers
Authors: Murray Laura L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Purpose:
Because relaxation therapy remains a popular complementary and alternative medicine approach, this review paper was written to (a) introduce speech-language clinicians to relaxation therapy procedures, (b) summarize research regarding outcomes associated with relaxation therapy in healthy and patient populations, including those with neurogenic cognitive and communicative disorders, and (c) identify future research needs and clinical applications regarding the use of relaxation therapy within speech-language management protocols.

Method:
A review of the literature pertaining to relaxation therapy among healthy adults, individuals with non-neurogenic disorders, and individuals with neurogenic cognitive-communicative disorders was conducted and critically summarized.

Results and Conclusions:
Preliminary data suggest that relaxation therapy, when applied alone or in concert with conventional speech-language therapy protocols, may be used to address a variety of neurogenic cognitive and communicative problems ranging from dysarthria in Parkinson's disease to high-level cognitive deficits in traumatic brain injury. Further research is needed, however, given the paucity of studies involving individuals with neurogenic cognitive or communicative disorders and that much of the extant literature regarding relaxation therapy has lacked the methodological rigor necessary to evoke confidence in the reported findings. Suggestions regarding how to broaden the scope of research regarding relaxation training are provided.
Benefits of Physical Fitness Training in Healthy Aging and Neurogenic Patient Populations
Authors: Lorenzen Bonnie , Murray Laura L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Purpose:
In recent years, research has identified a positive connection between physical fitness and exercise, and cognitive performance in healthy aging (e.g., Colcombe & Kramer, 2003) as well as a number of patient populations (e.g., Mostert & Kesselring, 2002). To increase awareness of the benefits of exercise on cognitive and communicative health, this paper reviews the literature pertaining to the cognitive effects of exercise in healthy individuals, as well as preliminary findings regarding the role of exercise in disordered populations including those with stroke, dementia, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. It presents a treatment program combining low-intensity fitness training with speech-language therapy that was developed for an individual with traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and poor physical fitness.

Method:
A review of the literature was conducted to summarize and synthesize previously published research in the area of exercise and cognition in healthy and patient populations.

Results and Conclusions:
There is a growing understanding of the relationship between exercise and cognition in both healthy and aging patient populations. Research with various patient populations reveals positive outcomes and suggests the need to further this line of research in individuals with neurogenic cognitive-communicative disorders.