bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional Predictive Equation to Classify Visceral Obesity in Clinical Practice
Authors: Garaulet Marta , Hernández‐Morante Juan J. , Tébar Francisco J. , Zamora Salvador , Canteras Manuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Visceral obesity assessment is not easy, and although computed tomography (CT) is an accurate tool, this technique is expensive and sometimes not suitable in clinical practice. We developed a new two‐dimensional elliptical anthropometric equation to classify visceral obesity and evaluated the validity and the reliability of the new equation compared with CT.Research Methods and Procedures: We collected anthropometric and CT data from overweight/obese subjects (n = 61, BMI = 32.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2). A validation group of 32 subjects was also selected. An equation for the assessment of visceral obesity was developed using multiple regression analysis. Once validated, the equation was compared with previous models. Tests for accuracy included mean differences, analysis of diagnostic, R2, Snedecor's F‐test, and Bland‐Altman plot.Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that the sagittal and coronal diameters and the triceps skinfold were significant contributors to the model. The final equation was: visceral area (VA)/subcutaneous area (SA)predicted = 0.868 + 0.064 × sagittal diameter −0.036 × coronal diameter −0.022 × triceps skinfold. Patients with visceral‐subcutaneous area ratio (VA/SA) >0.42 were classified as having visceral obesity. The predictive equation was valid, showing a significant association with VA/SA assessed by CT (VA/SACT; r = 0.68; p < 0.0001). Paired Student's t test showed no significant differences with VA/SACT (p = 0.541). The reliability was high [F(24/60) = 2.12; p = 0.01].Discussion: The new two‐dimensional and elliptical predictive equation is valid to assess visceral obesity and is more precise than previous models.
Genetic Effects on Obesity Assessed by Bivariate Genome Scan: The Mexican‐American Coronary Artery Disease Study
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Quiñones Manuel J. , Wang Dai , Bulnes‐Enriquez Isabel , Jimenez Xochitl , De, La Rosa Roxana , Aurea George L. , Taylor Kent D. , Hsueh Willa A. , Rotter Jerome I. , Yang Huiying 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify the genetic determinants of obesity using univariate and bivariate models in a genome scan.Research Methods and Procedures: We evaluated the genetic and environmental effects and performed a genome‐wide linkage analysis of obesity‐related traits in 478 subjects from 105 Mexican‐American nuclear families ascertained through a proband with documented coronary artery disease. The available obesity traits include BMI, body surface area (BSA), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and trunk fat mass as percentage of body weight. Heritability estimates and multipoint linkage analysis were performed using a variance components procedure implemented in SOLAR software.Results: The heritability estimates were 0.62 for BMI, 0.73 for BSA, 0.40 for WHR, and 0.38 for trunk fat mass as percentage of body weight. Using a bivariate genetic model, we observed significant genetic correlations between BMI and other obesity‐related traits (all p < 0.01). Evidence for univariate linkage was observed at 252 to approximately 267 cM on chromosome 2 for three obesity‐related traits (except for WHR) and at 163 to approximately 167 cM on chromosome 5 for BMI and BSA, with the maximum logarithm of the odds ratio score of 3.12 (empirical p value, 0.002) for BSA on chromosome 2. Use of the bivariate linkage model yielded an additional peak (logarithm of the odds ratio = 3.25, empirical p value, 0.002) at 25 cM on chromosome 7 for the pair of BMI and BSA.Discussion: The evidence for linkage on chromosomes 2q36‐37 and 5q36 is supported both by univariate and bivariate analysis, and an additional linkage peak at 7p15 was identified by the bivariate model. This suggests that use of the bivariate model provides additional information to identify linkage of genes responsible for obesity‐related traits.
The Importance of Catch‐up Growth after Early Malnutrition for the Programming of Obesity in Male Rat
Authors: Bieswal Florence , Ahn Marie‐Thérèse , Reusens Brigitte , Holvoet Paul , Raes Martine , Rees William D. , Remacle Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate whether catch‐up growth after maternal malnutrition would favor the development of obesity in adulthood.Research Methods and Procedures: Pregnant rats were submitted to protein or calorie restriction during the course of gestation. During lactation, pups were protein‐restricted, normally fed, or overfed [reduced litter size, control (C) diet]. At weaning, rats were transferred to chow or to a hypercaloric diet (HCD) known to induce obesity. Body weight, food intake, blood parameters, glucose tolerance, adipocyte cellularity, and adipose factors contributing to cardiovascular disease development were measured.Results: Protein and calorie restriction during gestation led to growth retardation at birth. If malnutrition was prolonged throughout lactation, adult body weight was permanently reduced. However, growth‐retarded offspring overfed during the suckling period underwent a rapid catch‐up growth and became heavier than the normally fed Cs. Offspring of calorie‐restricted rats gained more weight than those of dams fed protein‐restricted diet. Feeding an HCD postnatally amplified the effect of calorie restriction, and offspring that underwent catch‐up growth became more obese than Cs. The HCD was associated with hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and adipocyte hypertrophy. The magnitude of effects varied depending on the type and the timing of early malnutrition. The expression of genes encoding factors implicated in cardiovascular disease was also modulated differently by early malnutrition and adult obesity.Discussion: Catch‐up growth immediately after early malnutrition should be a key point for the programming of obesity.
Mesenteric Adipose Tissue‐Derived Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 Plays a Crucial Role in Adipose Tissue Macrophage Migration and Activation in Obese Mice
Authors: Yu Rina , Kim Chu‐Sook , Kwon Byung‐Se , Kawada Teruo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether chemokines, which play a pivotal role in monocyte/macrophage trafficking, modulate macrophage infiltration into and activation in the adipose tissues.Research Methods and Procedures: Various types of adipose tissue were isolated from different fat depots (e.g., mesenteric, epididymal, renal, and subcutaneous adipose tissues) from obese mice fed a high‐fat diet and from non‐obese controls fed a standard diet. The isolated tissues were cultured for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The level of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) expression and the amount of protein released were measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Chemotaxis assay was performed to measure the degree of macrophage migration. Macrophage activation was estimated by measuring the concentrations of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor α.Results: The level of MCP‐1 mRNA expression, protein content, and the amount of protein released significantly increased in the adipose tissues from the obese mice compared with those from the non‐obese mice. The mesenteric adipose tissue produced the highest levels of MCP‐1 protein among the four different fat depots. Mesenteric adipose tissue‐conditioned medium induced the highest degree of macrophage migration and strongly induced macrophages to produce proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor α. The neutralization of MCP‐1 in the adipose tissue‐conditioned medium significantly inhibited the migration and activation of macrophages.Discussion: Our findings suggest that MCP‐1 plays a crucial role in adipose tissue inflammatory response by activating and inducing the infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissues. MCP‐1 may be closely associated with visceral obesity‐related complications and, thus, may be a useful therapeutic target for modulating visceral obesity‐related diseases.
Peripheral Mechanisms of Sibutramine Involving Proximal Gastric Motility in Dogs
Authors: Xu Junying , Chen Jiande D.Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Sibutramine, a serotonin‐norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, has been used for treating obesity. However, its possible mechanisms involving gastric motility have not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sibutramine on gastric accommodation and antral motility.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was performed in seven dogs with a stomach cannula and composed of two separate experiments: antral contractions and gastric tone. Each experiment included two sessions on 2 separate days in a randomized order: a control session and a treatment session with sibutramine (5 mg/kg per os) administrated 2 hours before the study.Results: Sibutramine significantly increased fasting gastric tone; the gastric volume in the fasting state at baseline was 103.8 ± 12.3 mL and significantly decreased to 35.3 ± 16.0 mL with sibutramine (p = 0.0075). Sibutramine also impaired gastric accommodation. The average postprandial gastric volume was 472.1 ± 16.7 mL in the control session and reduced to 302.2 ± 53.6 mL with sibutramine (p = 0.013). The average postprandial increase in gastric volume during the 60‐minute postprandial period with sibutramine was significantly lower than the corresponding values in the control session: 266.8 ± 46.1 vs. 393.9 ± 15.3 mL (p = 0.03). Sibutramine had no effects on postprandial antral contractions.Discussion: Sibutramine increases gastric tone and impairs gastric accommodation to an orally ingested meal. The inhibitory effect of sibutramine on gastric accommodation may partially explain the reduced food intake with sibutramine in patients with obesity.
Eating in the Absence of Hunger: A Genetic Marker for Childhood Obesity in Prepubertal Boys?
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Stallings Virginia A. , Kerns Julia , Storey Megan , Stunkard Albert J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) may be a behavioral trait through which obesity‐promoting genes promote positive energy balance. The primary aim of this study was to compare children born at high vs. low risk for obesity with respect to EAH at 5 years of age.Research Methods and Procedures: This was an observational investigation of families enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Infant Growth Study. Five‐year‐old children born at high (N = 28) or low (N = 25) risk for obesity on the basis of maternal prepregnancy body weight were evaluated at a hospital‐based laboratory. Children consumed 11 snack foods ad libitum after consuming an ad libitum dinner and reporting fullness. Parents reported on snack foods at home and their own eating styles. Nutritive sucking at 3 months of age was evaluated by computerized apparatus.Results: EAH in high‐risk boys (mean ± standard error = 326 ± 66 kJ] was more than twice that of low‐risk boys (mean ± standard error = 151 ± 39 kJ), p = 0.03. Among girls, there was a trend for EAH to be associated with increased parental limitations on daughter snack food consumption at home (p = 0.06). EAH was unrelated to 3‐month sucking behavior.Discussion: Genes that promote childhood obesity may partially exert their influence through EAH, an effect that was limited to boys born at risk for obesity. The unique influences of genes and home environment on this trait should be disaggregated in subsequent studies.
Prospective Associations between Sedentary Lifestyle and BMI in Midlife
Authors: Mortensen Laust H. , Siegler Ilene C. , Barefoot John C. , Grønbæk Morten , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A strong positive cross‐sectional relationship between BMI and a sedentary lifestyle has been consistently observed in numerous studies. However, it has been questioned whether high BMI is a determinant or a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle.Research Methods and Procedures: Using data from four follow‐ups of the University of North Carolina Alumni Heart Study, we examined the prospective associations between BMI and sedentary lifestyle in a cohort of 4595 middle‐aged men and women who had responded to questionnaires at the ages of 41 (standard deviation 2.3), 44 (2.3), 46 (2.0), and 54 (2.0).Results: BMI was consistently related to increased risk of becoming sedentary in both men and women. The odds ratios of becoming sedentary as predicted by BMI were 1.04 (95% confidence limits, 1.00, 1.07) per 1 kg/m2 from ages 41 to 44, 1.10 (1.07, 1.14) from ages 44 to 46, and 1.12 (1.08, 1.17) from ages 46 to 54. Controlling for concurrent changes in BMI marginally attenuated the effects. Sedentary lifestyle did not predict changes in BMI, except when concurrent changes in physical activity were taken into account (p < 0.001). The findings were not confounded by preceding changes in BMI or physical activity, age, smoking habits, or sex.Discussion: Our findings suggest that a high BMI is a determinant of a sedentary lifestyle but did not provide unambiguous evidence for an effect of sedentary lifestyle on weight gain.
Effects of Resistant Starch, A Non‐digestible Fermentable Fiber, on Reducing Body Fat
Authors: Keenan Michael J. , Zhou Jun , McCutcheon Kathleen L. , Raggio Anne M. , Bateman H. Gale , Todd Emily , Jones Christina K. , Tulley Richard T. , Melton Sheri , Martin Roy J. , Hegsted Maren 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effects of energy dilution with non‐fermentable and fermentable fibers on abdominal fat and gut peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 expressions, three rat studies were conducted to: determine the effects of energy dilution with a non‐fermentable fiber, compare similar fiber levels of fermentable and non‐fermentable fibers, and compare similar metabolizable energy dilutions with fermentable and non‐fermentable fibers.Research Methods and Procedures: In Study 1, rats were fed one of three diets with different metabolizable energy densities. In Study 2, rats were fed diets with similar fiber levels using high amylose‐resistant cornstarch (RS) or methylcellulose. In Study 3, rats were fed diets with a similar dilution of metabolizable energy using cellulose or RS. Measurements included food intake, body weight, abdominal fat, plasma PYY and GLP‐1, gastrointestinal tract weights, and gene transcription of PYY and proglucagon.Results: Energy dilution resulted in decreased abdominal fat in all studies. In Study 2, rats fed fermentable RS had increased cecal weights and plasma PYY and GLP‐1, and increased gene transcription of PYY and proglucagon. In Study 3, RS‐fed rats had increased short‐chain fatty acids in cecal contents, plasma PYY (GLP‐1 not measured), and gene transcription for PYY and proglucagon.Discussion: Inclusion of RS in the diet may affect energy balance through its effect as a fiber or a stimulator of PYY and GLP‐1 expression. Increasing gut hormone signaling with a bioactive functional food such as RS may be an effective natural approach to the treatment of obesity.
Physiological Evidence for the Involvement of Peptide YY in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis in Humans
Authors: Guo Yan , Ma Lijun , Enriori Pablo J. , Koska Juraj , Franks Paul W. , Brookshire Thomas , Cowley Michael A. , Salbe Arline D. , DelParigi Angelo , Tataranni P. Antonio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore the potential role of the endogenous peptide YY (PYY) in the long‐term regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis.Research Methods and Procedures: Fasting and postprandial plasma PYY concentrations were measured after an overnight fast and 30 to 180 minutes after a standardized meal in 29 (21 men/8 women) non‐diabetic subjects, 16 of whom had a follow‐up visit 10.8 ± 1.4 months later. Ratings of hunger and satiety were collected using visual analog scales. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) (15‐hour RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed using a respiratory chamber.Results: Fasting PYY concentrations were negatively correlated with various markers of adiposity and negatively associated with 15‐hour RMR (r = −0.46, p = 0.01). Postprandial changes in PYY (area under the curve) were positively associated with postprandial changes in ratings of satiety (r = 0.47, p = 0.01). The maximal PYY concentrations achieved after the meal (peak PYY) were negatively associated with 24‐hour RQ (r = −0.41, p = 0.03). Prospectively, the peak PYY concentrations were negatively associated with changes in body weight (r = −0.58, p = 0.01).Discussion: Our data indicate that the endogenous PYY may be involved in the long‐term regulation of body weight. It seems that this long‐term effect was not exclusively driven by the modulation of food intake but also by the control of energy expenditure and lipid metabolism.
Long‐Term Effects of Obesity on Employment and Work Limitations Among U.S. Adults, 1986 to 1999
Authors: Tunceli Kaan , Li Kemeng , Williams L. Keoki 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the relationships between BMI and workforce participation and the presence of work limitations in a U.S. working‐age population.Research Methods and Procedures: We used data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationwide prospective cohort, to estimate the effect of obesity in 1986 on employment and work limitations in 1999. Individuals were classified into the following weight categories: underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30), and obese (BMI ≥ 30). Using multivariable probit models, we estimated the relationships between obesity and both employment and work disability. All analyses were stratified by sex.Results: After adjusting for baseline sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, exercise, and self‐reported health, obesity was associated with reduced employment at follow‐up [men: marginal effect (ME) −4.8 percentage points (pp); p < 0.05; women: ME −5.8 pp; p < 0.10]. Among employed women, being either overweight or obese was associated with an increase in self‐reported work limitations when compared with normal‐weight individuals (overweight: ME +3.9 pp; p < 0.01; obese: ME +12.6 pp; p < 0.01). Among men, the relationship between obesity and work limitations was not statistically significant.Discussion: Obesity appears to result in future productivity losses through reduced workforce participation and increased work limitations. These findings have important implications in the U.S., which is currently experiencing a rise in the prevalence of obesity.
Racial Differences in Correlates of Misreporting of Energy Intake in Adolescent Females
Authors: Kimm Sue Y.S. , Glynn Nancy W. , Obarzanek Eva , Aston Christopher E. , Daniels Stephen R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the extent of misreporting of energy intake (EI) and its anthropometric, demographic, and psychosocial correlates in a bi‐racial cohort of young women.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study of 60 black and 60 white young women, 18 to 21 years old, enrolled in a longitudinal study. Total energy expenditure was assessed using doubly labeled water. Self‐reported EI was obtained from 3‐day food records. BMI was computed from height and weight. Fat mass was assessed by DXA. Multivariate analyses examined racial differences on the extent of misreporting and its effect on other potential correlates of misreporting. Race‐specific step‐wise linear regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of BMI, parental education, and drive for thinness on misreporting of EI.Results: More white women tended to under‐report EI than black women (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.07). In black women, under‐reporting was significantly (p = 0.01) associated with drive for thinness score but was only marginally (p = 0.1) associated with BMI. Each point increase in drive for thinness score was associated with under‐reporting by 40 kcal/d. In white women, under‐reporting was significantly (p = 0.03) associated with higher parental education by 440 kcal/d and also only marginally (p = 0.09) with BMI.Discussion: This tendency for under‐reporting of EI limits the use of self‐reported EI in studying energy balance in free‐living subjects. Most black and almost all white women in their late teens significantly under‐reported their EI, whereas under‐reporting was not as evident among lean young black women.
The Effects of Increasing Serum Calcitriol on Energy and Fat Metabolism and Gene Expression
Authors: Boon Niels , Hul Gabby B. J. , Sicard Audrey , Kole Eveline , Van, Den Berg Elisa R. , Viguerie Nathalie , Langin Dominique , Saris Wim H. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Evidence from a number of investigations indicates that calcium intake could be inversely related to body weight through alterations in the 1,25‐OH2‐D3 metabolism. The objective of this study was to test whether energy and substrate metabolism and adipose tissue enzyme mRNA expression can be altered by changes in serum 1,25‐OH2‐D3 through oral cholecalciferol supplementation in non‐obese human subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: An intervention study was used with a treatment period of 7 days. During this intervention, energy expenditure (EE) and substrate metabolism were measured using indirect calorimetry at t = 0, 1, 3, and 7 days, and blood samples were obtained at t = −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days. Fat biopsies were obtained at t = 0 and 7 days for determination of expression of genes involved in lipolytic and lipogenic pathways. Subjects from the general community were studied in an ambulatory setting at a university hospital. Ten healthy young men (age, 28 ± 3 years; BMI, 25.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2) were recruited by local announcement, and all completed the study. All subjects received 2000 IU cholecalciferol/d for 7 days, and they were instructed to consume a low‐cholecalciferol, low‐calcium diet. EE, fat oxidation, and adipose tissue enzyme mRNA were the main outcome measures.Results: Despite a significant increase in serum 1,25‐OH2‐D3 concentration at t = 5 and 7 days, no significant differences in substrate and energy metabolism nor mRNA concentrations of different lipid metabolism‐related proteins were observed.Discussion: Seven‐day supplementation with 2000 IU cholecalciferol/d together with a decrease in dietary calcium intake does not affect EE or substrate metabolism nor gene expression of proteins related to fat metabolism, despite a significant increase in serum 1,25‐OH2‐D3 concentration.