bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revealing the burden of maternal mortality: a probabilistic model for determining pregnancy-related causes of death from verbal autopsies
Authors: Fottrell Edward , Byass Peter , Ouedraogo Thomas W , Tamini Cecile , Gbangou Adjima , Sombié Issiaka , Högberg Ulf , Witten Karen H , Bhattacharya Sohinee , Desta Teklay , Deganus Sylvia , Tornui Janet , Fitzmaurice Ann E , Meda Nicolas , Graham Wendy J 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Substantial reductions in maternal mortality are called for in Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG-5), thus assuming that maternal mortality is measurable. A key difficulty is attributing causes of death for the many women who die unaided in developing countries. Verbal autopsy (VA) can elicit circumstances of death, but data need to be interpreted reliably and consistently to serve as global indicators. Recent developments in probabilistic modelling of VA interpretation are adapted and assessed here for the specific circumstances of pregnancy-related death.

Methods
A preliminary version of the InterVA-M probabilistic VA interpretation model was developed and refined with adult female VA data from several sources, and then assessed against 258 additional VA interviews from Burkina Faso. Likely causes of death produced by the model were compared with causes previously determined by local physicians. Distinction was made between free-text and closed-question data in the VA interviews, to assess the added value of free-text material on the model's output.

Results
Following rationalisation between the model and physician interpretations, cause-specific mortality fractions were broadly similar. Case-by-case agreement between the model and any of the reviewing physicians reached approximately 60%, rising to approximately 80% when cases with a discrepancy were reviewed by an additional physician. Cardiovascular disease and malaria showed the largest differences between the methods, and the attribution of infections related to pregnancy also varied. The model estimated 30% of deaths to be pregnancy-related, of which half were due to direct causes. Data derived from free-text made no appreciable difference.

Conclusion
InterVA-M represents a potentially valuable new tool for measuring maternal mortality in an efficient, consistent and standardised way. Further development, refinement and validation are planned. It could become a routine tool in research and service settings where levels and changes in pregnancy-related deaths need to be measured, for example in assessing progress towards MDG-5.
Introduction of the Thin Prep Imaging System™ (TIS): experience in a high volume academic practice
Authors: Chivukula Mamatha , Saad Reda S , Elishaev Esther , White Susan , Mauser Nancy , Dabbs David J 
Published: February 2007

Objective
Since the introduction of the liquid-based ThinPrep testing in 1996, most cytology laboratories across the country have adopted the liquid-based cytology (LBC) for Pap test screening. Subsequent to wide-spread adoption of the ThinPrep Pap test, the ThinPrep Imaging System (TIS) Cytyc Corp, Marlborough, MA was introduced to improve the accuracy and efficiency of screening interpretation. We report our initial experience with the TIS at Magee Women's Hospital. We introduced the TIS in December 2004.

Methods
The imager assisted Pap test results over the first 12 months (December 2004 to December 2005) of implementation were reviewed and analyzed. Our implementation protocol included each cytotechnologist manually prescreening 200 negative slides to gain experience with the imager slides and serve as a quality check for the TIS. We re-screened 3400 slides (200 slides each for 17 cytotechnologists) manually which were initially determined to be negative using the TIS. 104,457 Pap tests were imaged on the TIS. 95,899 manually screened Pap tests, 12 months prior to the introduction of the TIS (December 2003–November 2004) are taken as the historic control group for our study.

Results
The mean ASC-US rate employing the automated imager was 8.70% [9088/104,457]. The mean LSIL detection rate was 4.22% [4409/104,457]. The imager did not miss any detectible high-grade lesions during these months, with a HSIL (+) detection rate of 0.68% in comparison to 0.60% by manual screening confirmed by follow-up biopsies. The difference is statistically significant with a p value of 0.022. The definition of false negative rate for purposes of this study is calculated as the number of false negative cases identified out of number of negatives re-screened. The TIS false negative rate was estimated at 0.012% [4/3400].

Conclusion
The overall performance of the TIS in our lab appears to be highly satisfactory in terms of improving sensitivity in screening cervical precursor lesions. The increased accuracy of detection of HSIL indicates a positive impact of the TIS in our laboratory.
MESOMARK™: A Potential Test for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Beyer Heather L , Geschwindt Ryan D , Glover Curtis L , Tran Ly , Hellstrom Ingegerd , Hellstrom Karl-Erik , Miller M Craig , Verch Thorsten , Allard W Jeffrey , Pass Harvey I , Sardesai Niranjan Y 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background: Soluble mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP)have been reported to be potential biomarkers for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). We report analytical and preliminary clinical studies of MESOMARK™, a quantitative assay for SMRP.
Methods: The MESOMARK assay is a 2-step immunoenzymatic assay in an ELISA format with a 6-point calibration curve (0–32 nmol/L). We assessed analytical imprecision, analyte stability, and analytical interferences. We measured SMRP by this assay in 409 apparently healthy individuals (reference interval study), 177 patients with nonmalignant conditions, and 500 cancer patients, including 88 with MPM.
Results: The limit of detection was 0.16 nmol/L. At 2–19 nmol/L, intraassay imprecision (CV) was 1.1%–5.3%, and total imprecision was 4.0%–11.0%. The mean dilution recovery for 5 samples was 109% (range, 99%–113%). No interference was seen from added bilirubin (200 mg/L), hemoglobin (500 mg/L), triglycerides (30 g/L), chemotherapeutic agents, or other tested substances. Recombinant mesothelin was stable in serum upon freeze/thaw at −70 °C and upon storage for at least 7 days at 2–8 °C. The 99th percentile of the reference group was 1.5 nmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2–1.6 nmol/L; n = 409], and mean SMRP was significantly higher in sera from patients with MPM (7.5 nmol/L; 95% CI, 2.8–12.1 nmol/L; n = 88). SMRP was increased in 52% and 5% of MPM patients and asbestos-exposed individuals, respectively. Concentrations in other nonmalignant and malignant conditions were similar to those in healthy controls.
Conclusions: The MESOMARK assay is analytically robust and may be useful for the detection and management of mesothelioma.
Identification of Quantitative Trait loci and Environmental Interactions for Accumulation and Remobilization of Water-Soluble Carbohydrates in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Stems
Authors: Yang De-Long , Jing Rui-Lian , Chang Xiao-Ping , Li Wei 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Genetic analyses of nine traits associated with stem water-soluble carbohydrate (SWSC) accumulation and remobilization at grain-filling period under drought stress (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions were undertaken using doubled haploid lines (DHLs) derived from two Chinese common wheat cultivars. Some significantly and very significantly positive correlation was observed among nine traits associated with SWSC. Higher phenotypic values for most traits were detected under DS. Broad sense heritabilities ($\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(h_{\mathrm{B}}^{2}\) \end{document}$) of the traits showed wide fluctuations between two water treatments. A total of 48 additive and 62 pairs of epistatic QTL for nine traits were identified as distributing on all 21 chromosomes. A majority of QTL involved significant additive and epistatic effects with interactions of QTL and environments (QEIs). Two additive and two pairs of epistatic loci involved only QEIs without corresponding significant additive or epistatic effects. The contributions of the additive QEIs were two- to fourfolds higher than those of their corresponding additive QTL. Most of the additive QEIs for traits associated with SWSC interacted with DS. In addition, some QTL for the grain-filling efficiencies and thousand-grain weight were colocated in the same or adjacent chromosome intervals with QTL for accumulation and remobilization efficiency of SWSC before 14 days after flowering.
Evolutionary Strata on the X Chromosomes of the Dioecious Plant Silene latifolia: Evidence From New Sex-Linked Genes
Authors: Bergero Roberta , Forrest Alan , Kamau Esther , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Despite its recent evolutionary origin, the sex chromosome system of the plant Silene latifolia shows signs of progressive suppression of recombination having created evolutionary strata of different X–Y divergence on sex chromosomes. However, even after 8 years of effort, this result is based on analyses of five sex-linked gene sequences, and the maximum divergence (and thus the age of this plant's sex chromosome system) has remained uncertain. More genes are therefore needed. Here, by segregation analysis of intron size variants (ISVS) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we identify three new Y-linked genes, one being duplicated on the Y chromosome, and test for evolutionary strata. All the new genes have homologs on the X and Y chromosomes. Synonymous divergence estimated between the X and Y homolog pairs is within the range of those already reported. Genetic mapping of the new X-linked loci shows that the map is the same in all three families that have been studied so far and that X–Y divergence increases with genetic distance from the pseudoautosomal region. We can now conclude that the divergence value is saturated, confirming the cessation of X–Y recombination in the evolution of the sex chromosomes at ∼10–20 MYA.
Clove Oil Used at Lower Concentrations is Less Effective than MS-222 at Reducing Cortisol Stress Responses in Anesthetized Rainbow Trout
Authors: Sink Todd D. , Strange Richard J. , Sawyers R. Eric 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Anesthetics are widely used for surgical, field sampling, and experimental procedures in fisheries sciences. Given the high cost and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) mandatory withdrawal time of the only FDA-approved fisheries anesthetic, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil has emerged as an alternative anesthetic that is generally regarded as safe. However, studies regarding the effectiveness of clove oil in retarding the stress response of fish are contradictory. This study evaluated the effectiveness of MS-222 (60 mg/L), clove oil (30 mg/L) emulsified in ethanol, and clove oil (30 mg/L) mechanically emulsified in water in reducing the stress response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during a 15-min confinement. Clove oil emulsified in ethanol (mean, 56.3 ng cortisol/mL) was not as effective in reducing the cortisol response as MS-222 (mean, 33.4 ng/mL). Furthermore, clove oil emulsified in ethanol and clove oil mechanically emulsified in water (means, 49.0 and 56.2 ng/mL, respectively) produced a greater cortisol response in undisturbed fish. Our results suggest that clove oil is less effective than MS-222 in reducing cortisol responses in rainbow trout subjected to handling and confinement. Our results also indicate that clove oil can induce stress and possibly lead to greater release mortality of field-handled fish.
Influence of Party Size and Trip Length on Angler Catch Rates on Oneida Lake, New York
Authors: VanDeValk Anthony J. , Jackson James R. , Krueger Scott D. , Brooking Thomas E. , Rudstam Lars G. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Angler catch rates have been used to compare angler success in sport fisheries among years or systems, to assess relative fish abundance, and to evaluate management efforts. Understanding the factors that influence angler catch rates is critical for the proper interpretation and application of these data. Information for 10,998 angler trips was collected through an angler diary program conducted during 1994–1998 and direct-contact roving creel surveys conducted during 1997 and 2002–2004 to examine the influences of angler party size and trip length on the catch rates for walleye Sander vitreus, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, and yellow perch Perca flavescens at Oneida Lake, New York. Party size and trip length were correlated; therefore, we constructed separate models combining data for year, party size, and trip length to examine the relationship between these factors and the angler catch rate. In both the diary program and the creel survey, the angler catch rates for all species decreased significantly as the party size increased. For diary program data only, trip length also was negatively related to the angler catch rate, but party size typically accounted for more of the variation in angler catch rates than did trip length. Our results indicate that when party size or trip length varies among systems or years, failure to account for these factors may hinder the ability to accurately measure and compare angler catch rates. In addition, angler catch rates calculated with data from roving interviews (incomplete trips) may be biased because of party size. Catch data should be collected from each angler individually for parties consisting of more than one angler.
Yeats: 1865–1965
Authors: Witt Marion 
Published: February 2007

This yeats Centennial Year will witness the publication of widespread comment and encomium, “as though,” in Yeats's own words, “it were firmly established that the dead delight in anniversaries.” Now, as his first century joins its circle, Yeats is securely one of the “passionate dead,” who are, in his version of Ben Jonson's line, “So rammed with life they can but grow in life with being.” “Under Ben Bulben,” the elegiac poem which ends with Yeats's epitaph, written only a few months before he died in 1939, says of grave diggersThey but thrust their buried menBack in the human mind again.When the grave diggers had thrust Yeats back in the human mind, T. S. Eliot in a memorial lecture in 1940 called him “the greatest poet of our time—certainly the greatest in this language, and so far as I am able to judge, in any language.” Few have contradicted this evaluation. The mass of biography, criticism, exegesis in the years since Yeats died has grown so enormously that his poetry has at times seemed to face the fate he thought the human imagination had suffered in the nineteenth century, that of being “laid in a great tomb of criticism.” In his Centennial Year scholars might most profitably concern themselves not with the mounting tomb of criticism but rather with the texts of Yeats's works and the tools for study which the quarter century since his death has produced.
X.—The Most Fundamental Differentia of Poetry and Prose
Authors: Scott Fred Newton 
Published: February 2007

It is my purpose in this paper to consider the relations of the two great types of literary expression, poetry and prose, and, if possible, to determine the most vital, fundamental, and essential trait which discriminates one type from the other, more particularly in the primitive stages of their development.In this investigation certain postulates regarding the nature of literature and of art will be of service in clearing the ground. I shall make four such assumptions, as follows:First, the difference between these two literary types is a fundamental, not a superficial difference. In the words of Professor Earle, “the distinction between poetry and prose is one which is seated in the nature of things…. it is a profound and essential organic distinction.”
Romance Etymologies
Authors: Rice Carl C. 
Published: February 2007

French fléchir < Old French fleschir < fleschier, “to bend,” < *flexicare < flexus < flectere, “to bend.”French fléchir, O. F. fleschir, fleskir has been derived by Förster, Zeitschrift f. rom. Phil., III, p. 262, from a Latin *fleskire < *fiescus < flexus. The assumption of the shift of ks to sk is defended by an appeal to alaskir from laxus, seemingly showing the same metathesis. This phonetic step, which must be assigned to a Latin period, is in both instances certainly unjustifiable, although it has been admitted by excellent authorities. In the Dictionnaire général we find French lâcher derived from a type *lascare < laxare. Here the assumption of metathesis seems to go back to Diez, Etymologisehes Wb., pp. 188 f., who cites as analoga Campanian fisquer for fixer and lusque for luxe; but these forms clearly represent popular deformations of learned words and are accordingly irrelevant.
On the Date and Composition of Guillaume De Lorris' Roman de la Rose
Authors: Warren F. M. 
Published: February 2007

Our positive knowledge concerning the date and authorship of the first part of the Roman de la Rose is wholly derived from the lines in which Jean de Meun refers to his predecessor, Guillaume de Lorris:Vés-ci Guillaume de Lorris,Cui Jalousie, sa contraire,Fait tant d'angoisse et de mal traire,Qu'il est en péril de morir. Michel's Edition, 11291-94.Ci se reposera Guillaume,Le cui tombel soit plains de baume. 11326, 11327.Car quant Guillaumes cesseraJehans le continueraApres sa mort, que ge ne mente,Ans trespassés plus de quarante. 11352-55.
Chaucer's Medea and The Date of The Legend of Good Women
Authors: Kittredge G. L. 
Published: February 2007

In the Man of Law's introduction, we are told that anybody who wishes to refer to Chaucer's “Seintes Legende of Cupyde” may see there, among other things,“The crueltee of thee, queen Medea,Thy litel children hanging by the hals.“Now the Legend of Good Women contains nothing that corresponds precisely with these lines. The discrepancy is not startling, but it is sufficient to stimulate conjecture. Professor Lounsbury, in 1892, suggested as a possibility that “when Chaucer wrote the prologue to the Man of Law's Tale he had not written the account of Medea which has come down to us [in the Legend]; and that when it was written it came to be something different from what he had purposed to make it originally.” In a recent article in these Publications Professor Root has attempted to bring evidence in support of Mr. Lounsbury's suggestion.
Vers Libre
Authors: Dondo Mathurin M. 
Published: February 2007

According to whether we count, in verse, all syllables, regardless of accent, or only the accented syllables, we recognize in the modern languages two systems of versification, the foot system and the syllabic system. In each of the following verses of Boileau, for example, we may enumerate twelve syllables, or find four feet thus graphically illustrated:En vain | contre le Cid | un mini | stre se ligue,Tout Paris | pour Chimè | ne a les yeux | de Rodrigue.
XIV.—The Real Tragedy of Keats
Authors: Elliott G. R. 
Published: February 2007

“But the crownOf all my life was utmost quietude” (Endymion, III).Keats' central instinct was for high poetic repose: for the quietude that comes, not from avoiding life, but from surmounting it. The goal, however, was so far beyond his reach that he could not have attained it, I think, even if he had lived a full lifetime. His early death (February 23, 1821) is bound to lose, as the centuries revolve upon that day, much of its tragic color; but at the same time the deeper tragedy of his spirit can appear more distinctly. This deeper tragedy has been considerably dimmed in the atmosphere of uniqueness with which the poet has been invested by the rising admiration of a hundred years. The other chief poets of the past century are now seen more or less clearly in their true boundaries; Keats' limits have been kept uniquely vague. His poetic potentiality and his ruining fate have been so continually balanced against each other, with insensible additions now on one side of the scale and now on the other, that both have come to appear much weightier than they really were. In particular it has been assumed with extraordinary unanimity that Keats' physical disintegration, beginning eighteen months before his death, stopped his progress just as he was approaching a much higher level of poetic achievement.
Kartaune, Kartauwe
Authors: Kurrelmeyer W. 
Published: February 2007

German lexicographers are practically unanimous in deriving Kartaune, together with its variant Kartauwe, from an Italian word quartana, interpreted to mean either ‘a gun of the fourth magnitude’ or one ‘which shoots a ball of 25 pounds.‘ Kluge, for example, says:Kartaune, Kartane F. ‘kleine dicke Kanone’ (bei Henisch 1616 cartuna) aus ital. quartana, neulat. quartâna; diese Bezeichnung, sowie deren ältere nhd. Übersetzung Viertelsbüchse meint eine Kanone, “welche 25 Pfund schoss im Vergleich zu dem grössten 100 Pfund schiessenden Belagerungsgeschütz.”
VIII. The Influence of Milton's Divorce Tracts on Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem
Authors: Larson Martin A. 
Published: February 2007

That the discussion of the problem of divorce in The Beaux' Stratagem, is unique in Restoration Drama, both in its tone and in the arguments employed, has long been recognized by students of Farquhar. Strauss finds in the play a growing thoughtfulness regarding manners and institutions, and a perceptible alteration of moral tone. He is inclined to question, however, whether we are to conclude from the single instance presented, that Farquhar actually meant to countenance divorce by mutual consent. William Archer, in a considerable discussion of the divorce phenomenon, is inclined to treat the matter more seriously. He finds in the comedy Farquhar's firm belief that a breach of the marriage vow is by no means the only immorality possible in the marital relationship. “The scenes are,” he says, “in fact, a plea for what Farquhar regarded, rightly or wrongly, as a more rational law of divorce … He admitted a moral standard, and subjected social conventions, not to mere cynical persiflage, but to the criticism of reason.”To Professor Ward the divorce motive is equally puzzling. “Some of the incidents are dubious, including one at the close—a separation by mutual consent, which throws a glaring light on the view taken by the author and his age on the sanctity of the marriage tie.”
The Priority of the Goncourts' Discovery of Japanese Art
Authors: Schwartz William Leonard 
Published: February 2007

Mm. edmond et Jules de Goncourt ont inventé trois choses, ils le disent du moins: le naturalisme, la vogue du XVIIIe siècle, et le japonisme. Pour nous en tenir à la littérature, ils se flattent un peu; cependant Germinie Lacerteux est de 1865, et suivait Renée Mauperin, qui est de 1864.With these words Professor Lanson began the section of his Histoire de la littérature française devoted to the Goncourt brothers. It would be permissible in a manual intended for the man in the street to halt at this point in order to discuss the Goncourt claims to have founded Naturalism without investigating the vogue of the eighteenth century and of things Japanese in literature. Here, however, it is proposed to go a little farther, to investigate first the Goncourt claims to be the first French artists to appreciate the work of the Japanese, and secondly to call attention to a kind of literary “Japonisme,” concerning which Professor Lanson is silent.