bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse
Authors: Van Look Katrien J. W. , Dzyuba Borys , Cliffe Alex , Koldewey Heather J. , Holt William V. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYUniquely among vertebrates, seahorses and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae)incubate their eggs within a male brood pouch. This has contributed to a widespread, but poorly founded belief, that the eggs are fertilised using spermatozoa that are deposited directly into the brood pouch via an internal sperm duct. Anatomical dissections showed, however, not only that direct sperm deposition into the pouch is physically impossible, but that spermatozoa must somehow travel a significant distance (&gt;4 mm) outside the body of the male, to reach and fertilise eggs in the pouch. Observations of courtship and mating behaviour also revealed that the pouch closes immediately after mating, and that sperm transfer must occur within a time window of no more than 6 s. In addition to this, the yellow seahorse produces extraordinarily low quantities of dimorphic spermatozoa, but is nevertheless highly fertile and can produce broods that exceed 100 embryos. The entire fertilisation process in seahorses is therefore uniquely efficient among vertebrates, yet paradoxically involves several steps that would seem to complicate, and even appear to prevent, the interaction of the gametes. Although we are still unable to describe the exact fertilisation mechanism, we speculate that spermatozoa are ejaculated into a mixture of ovarian fluid and eggs, while the male and female are in close contact. Thereafter, this mixture must enter the pouch, whereupon the spermatozoa encounter seawater. These observations also support the view, indirectly inferred in previous publications, that sperm competition in seahorses is not only non-existent but impossible.
Active space of a movement-based signal: response to the Jacky dragon(Amphibolurus muricatus) display is sensitive to distance, but independent of orientation
Authors: Peters Richard A. , Evans Christopher S. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARY
The efficacy of any animal signal is constrained by the range over which it remains above the sensory threshold of potential receivers. The spatial area in which reliable detection occurs defines active space; this is influenced by signal structure, the signalling environment and the sensory characteristics of receivers. Identification of the factors influencing active space has provided valuable insights into signal design, particularly in bioacoustics,in which signal distortion and degradation can be easily quantified. In the present study, we consider whether active space can similarly help to explain the design of a movement-based visual signal. The Jacky dragon(Amphibolurus muricatus) threat display is composed of five distinct motor patterns delivered in an obligatory sequence: tail-flicks, backward and forward foreleg waves, a push-up and a `body-rock'. In contrast to other communication systems, the introductory element is characterized by reduced intensity (average speed) but greater duration than subsequent motor patterns. Furthermore, the tail-flick sweeps a three-dimensional (3D) space around the lizard, whereas the motor patterns that follow are largely restricted to a single plane. Structural properties thus suggest that the active space of the tail-flick might be greater than that of the other motor patterns in the display, which would provide a parsimonious explanation for its use as an alerting component. We tested this prediction in a playback experiment incorporating 3D animations of lizard displays, comparing response probabilities to the factorial combination of three motor patterns, three viewing angles and three distances. Results suggest that the tail-flick does not have a greater active space than other display motor patterns, but that each degrades predictably with distance, thereby providing potential ranging cues. In addition, display components are remarkably robust to variation in receiver orientation, so that efficacy should be maximized in most potential signalling situations. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that duration is the principal determinant of signal efficacy in this system.
Sonochemical Fabrication and Photoluminescence Properties of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon–Tin Oxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Cao Yulin , Cao Jieming , Liu Jinsong , Zheng Mingbo , Shen Kai 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A new ordered mesoporous carbon–tin oxide (OMC–SnO2) nanocomposite has been prepared for the first time by a simple and efficient sonochemical route at room temperature. The resulting SnO2 nanoparticles are about 3 nm in size and highly dispersed on ordered mesoporous carbon. The photoluminescence properties of the OMC–SnO2 composites are also firstly described. This method is proposed as a simple and general method to prepare new functionalized ordered mesoporous carbon materials with other nanoparticles for various applications.
Solid-state 2H NMR Study of Nanocrystal Formation of D2O and Their Dynamic Aspects in ACF Hydrophobic Nanospaces
Authors: Omichi Hiroaki , Ueda Takahiro , Miyakubo Keisuke , Eguchi Taro 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Molecular motion of heavy water confined in activated carbon fiber (ACF) was investigated using solid-state 2H NMR. The 2H NMR spectrum indicated that π-flip motion as well as tetrahedral jump of D2O was active below 190 K, suggesting the formation of nanocrystal of D2O in the ACF nanoslits.
Polyoxometalate-based Colloidal Crystal Thin Film
Authors: Chai Fang , Wang Xiaohong , Tan Rongxin , Cao Fenghua , Zhai Fengying , Xu Linlin , Shao Changlu , Liu Yichun 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
An inverse opal structure three-dimensional array film of polyoxometalates (POMs) was constructed by using polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystals as templates. The thin film has exact inverse opal structure and the POMs remained Keggin stucture.
Novel Electron-transport Material Containing Boron Atom with a High Triplet Excited Energy Level
Authors: Tanaka Daisaku , Takeda Takashi , Chiba Takayuki , Watanabe Soichi , Kido Junji 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Tris-[3-(3-pyridyl)mesityl]borane (3TPYMB) with high triplet excited energy level was synthesized and investigated as an electron-transport material for organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Larger current density and higher luminance were observed for the OLED using 3TPYMB, compared with the OLED with a conventional electron-transport material, tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq3).
Novel Preparation Method of Cross-linked Sulfonated Polyimide Membranes for Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Kido Masayoshi , Hu Zhaoxia , Ogo Takahiro , Suto Yoshiki , Okamoto Ken-ichi , Fang Jianhua 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A facile cross-linking method has been successfully developed for sulfonated polyimide (SPI) membranes. The SPIs with electron-rich phenyl rings in the non-sulfonated diamine moiety were readily cross-linked by immersing the membranes into a solution of phosphorous pentoxide and methanesulfonic acid at 30–80 °C. The resulting SPI membranes cross-linked via sulfonyl groups showed greatly improved water stability compared with the uncross-linked ones, while high proton conductivity was maintained. They have potential for fuel cells at high temperatures above 80 °C.
The Effect of Axial Ligand on the Reactivity of Oxomanganese(V) Corrole
Authors: Liu Hai-Yang , Zhou Hua , Liu Lan-Ying , Ying Xiao , Jiang Huan-Feng , Chang Chi-Kwong 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The effect of axial ligand on the reactivity of oxomanganese(V) 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (tpfc)MnVO had been investigated by kinetic method. It was found the reactivity of (tpfc)MnVO towards styrene could be greatly enhanced by axial coordination interaction. Catalytic experiments indicated that the turnover frequency (TOF) of (tpfc)MnIII-catalyzed epoxidation of styrene with PhIO was increased about 7 times in the presence of imidazole (catalyst/ligand, 1:10). Theoretical calculations showed that axial coordination will lower the binding energy of Mn=O bond in (tpfc)MnVO.
Azaspirovesamicols—Regioselective Synthesis and Crystal Structure Analysis of a Novel Class of Vesamicol Analogues as Potential Ligands for the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter
Authors: Wenzel Barbara , Bats Jan W , Scheunemann Matthias , Steinbach Jörg 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
This report describes the high regioselectivity of nucleophilic epoxide ring-opening reactions which resulted in two of four possible regioisomers of N-benzoyl- (5a and 5b) and N-fluorobenzoylazaspirovesamicol derivatives (6a and 6b), respectively. Based on structural information obtained from X-ray crystal structure analyses of 5a and 5b the mode of epoxide ring-opening is discussed.
A Hydrogen-bonded Supramolecular Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystal Composed of a Tricarboxylic Triphenylene and Monopyridyl Dendrons
Authors: Ishihara Shinsuke , Furuki Yuusuke , Takeoka Shinji 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Tricarboxylic triphenylene (TPC5) and monopyridyl dendron (DenC12) were mixed in 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 molar ratios, and investigation by IR, DSC, and XRD studies proved that TPC5 and DenC12 self-assembled to form a hexagonal columnar liquid crystal with 1:3 molar stoichiometry via complementary hydrogen-bonds.
Multiphoton Ionization Detection of Aromatic Hydrocarbons at 157.6 nm
Authors: Kanno Nozomu , Yabushita Akihiro , Kawasaki Masahiro , Tonokura Kenichi 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Multiphoton ionization at 157.6 nm using F2 laser has been used for the detection of benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene. In all the photoionization spectra, the fragment ion signal intensities were stronger than those of the molecular ions. The detection limits of the compounds are discussed in terms of the multiphoton ionization schemes of the compounds.
Main Chain-type Polyrotaxane with Controlled Ratio of Rotaxanated Units
Authors: Takata Toshikazu , Kohsaka Yasuhiro , Konishi Gen-ichi 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A novel main-chain type polyrotaxane having a rotaxanated crown ether backbone was synthesized by the rotaxanation of poly(crown ether). The rotaxanated ratio of the main chain increased up to ca. 100% with increase of amount of sec-ammonium axle used.
Spin Orientation of Iron Films Produced by Laser Deposition
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , Namiki Kentarou 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Iron films deposited on Al substrates were investigated using Mössbauer spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the nuclear spin orientation of iron films produced by deposition of Fe atoms vaporized by resistive heating was perpendicular to the substrate surface, while that of films produced by laser deposition of Fe was parallel to the substrate surface. The droplets produced by laser deposition have a disk-like shape and perturb the spin orientation of the film.
Research on Innovation: A Review and Agenda forMarketing Science
Authors: Hauser John , Tellis Gerard J. , Griffin Abbie 
Published: January 2007

Innovation is one of the most important issues in business research today. It has been studied in many independent research traditions. Our understanding and study of innovation can benefit from an integrative review of these research traditions. In so doing, we identify 16 topics relevant to marketing science, which we classify under five research fields:Consumer response to innovation, including attempts to measure consumer innovativeness, models of new product growth, and recent ideas on network externalities; Organizations and innovation, which are increasingly important as product development becomes more complex and tools more effective but demanding;. Market entry strategies, which includes recent research on technology revolution, extensive marketing science research on strategies for entry, and issues of portfolio management; Prescriptive techniques for product development processes, which have been transformed through global pressures, increasingly accurate customer input, Web-based communication for dispersed and global product design, and new tools for dealing with complexity over time and across product lines; Defending against market entry and capturing the rewards of innovating, which includes extensive marketing science research on strategies of defense, managing through metrics, and rewards to entrants.For each topic, we summarize key concepts and highlight research challenges. For prescriptive research topics, we also review current thinking and applications. For descriptive topics, we review key findings.
Drowning in data: Satellite oceanography and information overload in the Earth sciences
Authors: CONWAY ERIK M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
In the late 20th century, remote sensing from space offered a means of resolving one of the principal challenges plaguing physical oceanographers, poor spatial sampling. But in fact, remote sensing offered an opposing problem–so much data that the traditional oceanographic institutions were not equipped to cope with it. NASA decided to resolve this problem by having the Jet Propulsion Laboratory construct an oceanographic data center at its Pasadena facility. This represents a new kind of scientific institution, whose purpose is the development, validation, and distribution of scientific data to third-party users. Since 1990, NASA has established several such facilities, each rooted in a subset of the Earth science disciplines and each making its data publicly available via the Internet. In so doing, it reversed a decades-old policy that had given an instrument's science team proprietary privileges. Agency leaders did this to expand scientific demand for NASA's capabilities, thus buttressing the agency's political support; because they believed remote sensing could enable great scientific strides; because they thought open access to data would foster competition and thus produce better scientific results; and because they believed that publicly-funded data should be public. In the process, they created a “market” for oceanographic data far larger than that represented by professional oceanographers.
The invisible businessman: Nuclear physics, patenting practices, and trading activities in the 1930s
Authors: TURCHETTI SIMONE 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
In the 1930s the production of patents for the protection of intellectual rights became central to the research activities of Enrico Fermi and his group, consistently with a research policy emerging within the Italian Fascist Regime. Behind their work was an international network consisting of businessmen, industrialists, and multinationals who helped them patent their method for the production of artificial radioactive elements and to promote its industrial exploitation. The lack of research funding combined with a more aggressive foreign policy of the regime made it impossible for the group to continue these activities in Rome, and in 1938 the promulgation of racial laws forced them to migrate abroad.
Frederic Clements, climatology, and conservation in the 1930s
Authors: MASUTTI CHRISTOPHE 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
The study of climate change has deep roots in the history of North American ecology. At the time of the Wall Street crash and the Depression of the 1930s, America .s Great Plains were struck by the Dust Bowl, a phenomenon of catastrophic soil erosion that resulted from the combined effects of intensive farming practices and a particularly harsh drought. Contemporaneously, the ecologist Frederic Clements proposed a theory of plant succession that itself took the history of the Great Plains as its model, and drew on the notion of climatic cycles. This theory became established as the model for ecological expertise in the politics of conservation adopted by the Roosevelt administration. In this paper, I will show how climatology became inscribed in plant ecology not only for epistemological reasons, but also due to an ideology that promoted the ecologist as an expert in the optimization of resources, in an illustration of the tripartite relationship between ecology, politics, and climate change.
The pathological history of weather and climate modification: Three cycles of promise and hype
Authors: FLEMING JAMES RODGER 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
The checkered history of weather and climate modification exhibits a modicum of promise and an excess of hype. This paper examines two completed historical cycles: the first, dating from 1839, involved western proprietary rainmaking or “pluviculture;” the second, from 1946 to 1978 involved “cloud seeding,” commercial rainmaking, and the attempted weaponization of the clouds. Recently, discussion of weather and climate modification has returned to the science-policy agenda, framed as seemingly inevitable responses to killer storms and global warming. The long history of deceptive and delusional attempts to “control” nature, however, raised serious questions about the rationality of these options.
Modeling reality. Practice, knowledge, and uncertainty in atmospheric transport simulation
Authors: HEYMANN MATTHIAS 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTComputer modeling, a new form of knowledge production implying new theoretical and experimental practices, has since the 1950s become an important tool in scientific investigation. This paper analyzes computer simulation in two cases of atmospheric transport modeling. First, it investigates pioneering efforts by the meteorologist Heinz Fortak in the 1960s to construct Gaussian models of local and regional air pollution transport. Second, it deals with the much more complex simulation efforts by a Norwegian group around Anton Eliassen in the 1970s and 1980s to model long distance transport and transformation of pollutants. In both cases, the simulation of air pollution phenomena implied a set of specific practices. The use of the computer as a tool required drastic simplifications; the collection and preparation of an enormous amount of input data; the adoption of control procedures to validate the models; and the execution of “computer experiments” in sensitivity studies. Because of uncertainty and ignorance, scientists enjoyed a large freedom of choice in the construction of models and simulation runs, and great interpretative flexibility of their outcome. Nevertheless, by relying on tacit expert knowledge and intuition, scientists were ultimately able to approach coherence and stability.
In the public eye: Volcanology and climate change studies in the 20th century
Authors: DÖRRIES MATTHIAS 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThree factors furthered the emergence of the field of volcanism and climate change in the 20th century: trigger events in the form of major volcanic eruptions, which attracted scientific and public attention (Katmai [1912], Agung [1963], Mount St. Helens [1980], El Chichón [1982], Pinatubo [1991]); the availability of long-term global data obtained by instruments including pyrheliometers, sondes, computers, and satellites, which allowed generalizations and theoretical considerations; and major scientific and public debates that assigned an important place to the theme. No one of these factors alone would have been sufficient; the new object of research emerged only from a specific but not necessarily simultaneous combination of arbitrary events in nature, standardized measurements of global reach, and public demand. The latter comprised many aspects, beginning with the debate around the cause of the ice ages, mutating into an environmental discussion of man-made climate change covering a spectrum of apocalyptic scenarios that pointed up the fragility of human existence on earth, including the possible impact of atmospheric H-bomb tests during the 1950s and 1960s, the environmental and human consequences of a nuclear war between the USSR and the United States, and anthropogenic climate change. Existing historical representations of the research field have so far been written exclusively by scientists themselves. This paper critically examines these accounts while placing the research on the field of volcanism and climate change within its larger social and political history.
Low back pain and lumbar angles in Turkish coal miners
Authors: Sarikaya Selda , Özdolap Şenay , Gümüştasş Şenol , Koç Ülkü 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to assess the incidence of low back pain among Turkish coal miners and to investigate the relationship between angles of the lumbar spine and low back pain in coal miners.MethodsFifty underground workers (Group I) and 38 age‐matched surface workers (Group II) were included in the study. All the subjects were asked about low back pain in the past 5 years. The severity of low back pain was evaluated with 10 mm visual analog scale (VAS). Modified oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire (MOSW) was used to measure functional disability. Sacral horizontal angle (SHA), lumbosacral angle (LSA), and lumbar lordosis were measured through Cobb method.ResultsThe prevalance of low back pain was higher in Group I than in Group II (78.0%, 32.4%, respectively, P < 0.001). The mean VAS score was higher in Group I than in Group II (P < 0.05). There was no difference in MOSW scores between the two Groups. The mean SHA was lower in Group I than in Group II (P = 0.02). No statistically significant difference was determined in lumbar angles of underground and surface workers with low back pain (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe results of the study showed that low back pain occurred in 78.0% of Turkish coal miners. Although the nature of the occupation may have influenced coal miners' lumbar spinal curvature, lumbar angles are not a determinant for low back pain in this population. Further extensive studies involving ergonomic measurements are needed to validate our results for Turkish coal mining industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:92–96, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating measurement error in estimates of worker exposure assessed in parallel by personal and biological monitoring
Authors: Symanski Elaine , Greeson Nicole M.H. , Chan Wenyaw 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundWhile studies indicate that the attenuating effects of imperfectly measured exposure can be substantial, they have not had the requisite data to compare methods of assessing exposure for the same individuals monitored over common time periods.MethodsWe examined measurement error in multiple exposure measures collected in parallel on 32 groups of workers. Random‐effects models were applied under both compound symmetric and exponential correlation structures. Estimates of the within‐ and between‐worker variances were used to contrast the attenuation bias in an exposure‐response relationship that would be expected using an individual‐based exposure assessment for different exposure measures on the basis of the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsICC estimates ranged widely, indicative of a great deal of measurement error in some exposure measures while others contained very little. There was generally less attenuation in the biomarker data as compared to measurements obtained by personal sampling and, among biomarkers, for those with longer half‐lives. The interval ICC estimates were oftentimes wide, suggesting a fair amount of imprecision in the point estimates. Ignoring serial correlation tended to over estimate the ICC values.ConclusionsAlthough personal sampling results were typically characterized by more intra‐individual variability than inter‐individual variability when compared to biological measurements, both types of data provided examples of exposure measures fraught with error. Our results also indicated substantial imprecision in the estimates of exposure measurement error, suggesting that greater emphasis needs to be given to studies that collect sufficient data to better characterize the attenuating effects of an error‐prone exposure measure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:112–121, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.