bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the human cytochromes P450 catalysing the rate‐limiting pathways of gliclazide elimination
Authors: Elliot David J. , Suharjono  , Lewis Benjamin C. , Gillam Elizabeth M. J. , Birkett Donald J. , Gross Annette S. , Miners John O. 
Published: May 2007

What is already known about this subject• Gliclazide is a widely used oral hypoglycaemic agent.• The major metabolites of gliclazide formedin vivohave been identified.• However, the cytochrome P450 enzymes catalysing the rate‐limiting pathways of gliclazide elimination are unknown.What this study adds• CYP2C9 is the major enzyme involved in the various hydroxylation pathways of gliclazide, although a contribution of CYP2C19 to tolymethylhydroxylation, the major metabolic route, cannot be discounted.• Factors known to influence CYP2C9 activity will provide the main source of variability in gliclazide pharmacokinetics.AimsTo identify the human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes responsible for the formation of the 6β‐hydroxy (6β‐OHGz), 7β‐hydroxy (7β‐OHGz) and hydroxymethyl (MeOH‐Gz) metabolites of gliclizide (Gz).Methods6β‐OHGz, 7β‐OHGz and MeOH‐Gz formation by human liver microsomes and a panel of recombinant human P450s was measured using a high‐performance liquid chromatography procedure, and the kinetics of metabolite formation was determined for each pathway. Effects of prototypic CYP enzyme selective inhibitors were characterized for each of the microsomal metabolic pathways.ResultsMicrosomes from six human livers converted Gz to its 6β‐OHGz, 7β‐OHGz, and MeOH‐Gz metabolites, with respective mean (± SD)Kmvalues of 461 ± 139, 404 ± 143 and 334 ± 75 µmand meanVmaxvalues of 130 ± 55, 82 ± 31 and 268 ± 115 pmol min−1 mg−1, respectively.Vmax/Kmratios for the microsomal reactions parallelled relative metabolite formationin vivo. Sulfaphenazole inhibited microsomal 6β‐OHGz, 7β‐OHGz and MeOH‐Gz formation by 87, 83 and 64%, respectively, whereas S‐mephenytoin caused significant inhibition (48%) of only MeOH‐Gz formation. Recombinant CYP2C9, CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 catalysed all hydroxylation pathways, whereas CYP2C8 formed only 6β‐OHGz and 7β‐OHGz.ConclusionTaken together, the results indicate that CYP2C9 is the major contributor to Gz metabolic clearance, although CYP2C19 may also be involved in MeOH‐Gz formation (the major metabolic pathway). Factors known to influence CYP2C9 activity will provide the main source of variability in Gz pharmacokinetics.
A study of enamel matrix proteins on differentiation of porcine bone marrow stromal cells into cementoblasts
Authors: Song A. M. , Shu R. , Xie Y. F. , Song Z. C. , Li H. Y. , Liu X. F. , Zhang X. L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract.  Objective: To further explore the role of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) in periodontal regeneration, we have used porcine bone marrow‐derived stromal cells (BMSCs) to observe whether the EMPs could have an effect on their differentiation into cementoblasts. Materials and methods: In this study, EMPs were extracted from porcine tooth germs by the use of acetic acid. BMSCs obtained from porcine iliac marrow aspiration were inoculated onto the surface of autologous root slices treated with or without EMPs. Following 7‐day co‐culture, all the BMSC‐seeded root slices, with their respective non‐cell‐inoculated control specimens, were pocketed with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and were transplanted subcutaneously into 11 nude mice. The animals were sacrificed after 3 and 8 weeks, and the new specimens were processed for haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Histological analysis demonstrated new cellular cementum‐like tissue formed along EMP‐treated root slices. Conclusion: Our work has indicated for the first time, differentiation of BMSCs into cementoblasts using an EMP‐based protocol.
Soil and human health: an epidemiological review
Authors: Hough R. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTwo different approaches have been used to study relationships between soil and human health: aggregate‐ and individual‐level. Aggregate‐level is the primary approach used in the geosciences and broadly relates spatial soil characteristics to geographic incidence of disease. However, this may not be appropriate for a wide range of exposures and disease outcomes. For example, many diseases with long latency periods are associated with early life or cumulative exposure to the causative agent, rather than an individual’s current geographical location. Public health scientists and epidemiologists often refer to aggregate‐level studies as being ‘hypothesis forming’, and consider individual‐level approaches as the ‘gold standard’ for investigating causes of human health outcomes. This paper investigates the appropriateness of individual‐level study for disease outcomes associated with soil by reviewing the weight of evidence from individual‐level studies that have included exposure to soil as a risk‐factor for disease. The majority of these studies are very specific, inspired by explicit case reports and medical records. The review showed that exposure to soil was implicated mainly in the spread of enteric parasites, but also in the incidence of certain cancers, bacterial infections, and mycoses. There was little evidence for specific soil contaminants as causative agents of disease at an individual level but there was also little evidence contrary to this. Further individual‐level studies into soil:human health scenarios are required in order to derive more appropriate dose‐effect relationships for regulatory science and risk assessment.
Mannose‐binding lectin without the aid of its associated serine proteases alters lipopolysaccharide‐mediated cytokine/chemokine secretion from human endothelial cells
Authors: Kang Hee Jung , Lee Sun‐Mi , Lee Hyeon‐Hwa , Kim Ji Yeon , Lee Byung‐Chul , Yum Jung‐Sun , Moon Hong Mo , Lee Bok Luel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCoupling between certain pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and corresponding pattern recognition receptors of endothelial cells is important for the mediation of vascular inflammatory responses. Mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) recognizes certain carbohydrate structures of microbes and subsequently activates the complement system as well as facilitates the phagocytosis of targets. We investigated whether MBL can intervene in the interaction between bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endothelial cells to modulate subsequent inflammatory responses. In response to LPS, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) produced various cytokines/chemokines. Addition of the purified human MBL/MBL‐associated serine proteases (MASP) complex or recombinant human MBL enhanced LPS‐mediated cytokine/chemokine secretion by HUVEC, including interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), IL‐6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in a dose‐dependent manner. This enhancing effect was ameliorated by the addition of anti‐MBL antibody or mannan. Among the cytokines/chemokines we analysed, IL‐6 showed the greatest increase of secretion in the presence of native MBL/MASP complex or recombinant MBL. MBL, regardless of its association with MASP, alters LPS‐mediated cytokine/chemokine secretion of HUVEC. Besides the well‐known functions of MBL, to activate the lectin–complement pathway and to facilitate clearance of targets, alteration of cytokine/chemokine secretion may provide an additional role for MBL in modulating vascular inflammation.
Severely hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism
Authors: PAVLIČ ALENKA , LUKINMAA PIRJO‐LIISA , NIEMINEN PEKKA , KIUKKONEN ANU , ALALUUSUA SATU 
Published: May 2007

Background.  The prominent dental feature of a boy was severely hypoplastic enamel in both primary and permanent teeth.Case Report.  Many permanent teeth were already infected while emerging in the oral cavity. Panoramic radiograph showed enlarged and elongated pulp chambers (taurodontism) in the permanent first molars. The clinical and radiological diagnosis was either hypomaturation‐hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism (AIHHT) or tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome (TDO). Histological examination of the upper right permanent first molar revealed thin lamellar or somewhat thicker amorphous enamel on approximal surface only with no rods or incremental lines visible. Histologically, the Witkop type AIG designated ‘enamel agenesis’ cannot be excluded. The medical and dental history of the family members, as well as the boy's medical examination, was noncontributing. He had thick, blond, curly hair. The bone structure of the jaws and skull was normal. For genetic analysis, DLX3 gene was sequenced but no mutation was found.Conclusions.  Since the gene defect of TDO has been localized only in the DLX3 gene, the more probable diagnosis was AI.
A retrospective study of paediatric oral lesions from Thailand
Authors: DHANUTHAI KITTIPONG , BANRAI MARUT , LIMPANAPUTTAJAK SOMYOT 
Published: May 2007

Aim.  To survey the paediatric oral lesions in Thailand.Design.  Biopsy records over a 15‐year period (1990–2004) were retrieved from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. Paediatric cases with an age of 16 years or younger were selected. The age of the patients was divided into three groups according to the dentition period. The lesions were classified into three categories: inflammatory/reactive lesions, cystic lesions, and tumour/tumour‐like lesions.Results.  From a total of 8314 oral biopsies, 1251 cases (15.05%) were in the paediatric population. The greatest number of lesions fell into the cystic category, followed closely by the inflammatory/reactive category and tumour/tumour‐like category, respectively. The top ten most frequently encountered lesions in the present study were dentigerous cyst, mucocele, pyogenic granuloma, ameloblastoma, radicular cyst, odontoma, odontogenic keratocyst, irritation fibroma (focal fibrous hyperplasia), fibrous dysplasia, and osteomyelitis. The majority of lesions were found in the mixed dentition period (49.24%). There was no statistical difference in the occurrence between genders in this study.Conclusions.  The present study shows an almost similar trend to previous studies except in the ranking among and within categories. These differences may be attributable to the nature of the population studied and because Chulalongkorn University is a major referral centre.
Dental caries in 0‐ to 5‐year‐old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors
Authors: FERREIRA SIMONE HELENA , BÉRIA JORGE U. , KRAMER PAULO FLORIANI , FELDENS ELIANE GERSON , FELDENS CARLOS ALBERTO 
Published: May 2007

Objective.  This cross‐sectional study investigated the prevalence and severity of dental caries and their association with demographic and socio‐economic variables in Brazilian preschoolers.Methods.  The study population comprised 1487 0‐ to 5‐year‐old children attending government nurseries in Canoas, southern Brazil. Questionnaires regarding information related to the independent variables (age, gender, maternal level of education, and family income) were completed by the parents. Clinical examinations were carried out by five trained examiners and results were expressed using the deft index (World Health Organization criteria), including white spots. The outcomes considered in this study were caries occurrence (deft > 0) and caries severity (deft).Results.  Forty per cent of the children (589/1487) presented dental caries [mean deft (SD): 1.53 (2.75)]. Deft increased with age (P < 0.001) and was significantly higher in children from mothers with low educational level (P = 0.001) and low family income (P = 0.001). The greatest increase in caries prevalence and severity occurred between age groups of 1 and 2 years. Logistic regression demonstrated higher odds of dental caries with mother's completing < 4 years education, after adjusting for confounding.Conclusion.  These findings indicate the need for preventive programmes, which should begin in the first year of life, with special attention given to families with mothers presenting low education levels.
Randomized controlled trial of the intraligamental use of a local anaesthetic (lignocaine 2%) versus controls in paediatric tooth extraction
Authors: SAMMONS HELEN M. , UNSWORTH VANESSA , GRAY CLAUDIA , CHOONARA IMTI , CHERRILL JANINE , QUIRKE WILLIAM 
Published: May 2007

Background.  Children still experience pain upon waking following dental extraction under general anaesthesia. Local anaesthetic has been shown to reduce this pain, but needs to be administered via a method that causes minimum injury or distress to the child.Aim.  This study aims to evaluate the use of intraligamental injection of local anaesthetic, under general anaesthesia prior to the extraction of the tooth, for postoperative pain control in children aged 2–5 years.Design.  A randomized, single‐blind, controlled trial of intraligamental lignocaine (2% lignocaine solution with adrenaline (epinephrine) 1 : 80 000) for primary teeth extraction under general anaesthesia was performed. Pain was scored by the investigators at 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐min time points in the first hour using the Toddler‐Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale.Results.  Eighty‐six children were recruited in the study: 42 randomized in the lignocaine treatment group and 44 in the control group. There was no significant difference (P = 0.42, Mann–Whitney U‐test) in the cumulative four time point median pain score over the first hour. In the lignocaine treatment group, this was 3 (interquantile range (IQR) 0–7.5) and in the control group this was 3 (IQR: 0–10). At the 5‐min time point after the child returned from recovery, the pain score in the lignocaine group (0 IQR 0–1) was statistically lower than that in the control group (0 IQR 0–5) (P = 0.023). There was no difference in the 15‐, 30‐, or 60‐min time points.Conclusions.  Intraligamental lignocaine used for dental extraction under general anaesthesia in young children initially causes less pain after recovery, but this difference is not sustained over the first hour after dental extraction.
Family structure is associated with oral pain in 12‐year‐old Greek schoolchildren
Authors: PAU ALLAN , BAXEVANOS KONSTANTINOS GEORGIOS , CROUCHER RAY 
Published: May 2007

Objective.  To determine the prevalence, associated correlates and impact of oral pain in 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Stayroypoli, Greece.Design and method.  Cross‐sectional survey of all schoolchildren attending the last year of government primary schools using self‐administered questionnaires. Approval was granted by the Greek Ministry of Education and Religion. Cooperation was obtained from the schools. Children whose parents did not refuse their participation were invited to complete a questionnaire. Oral pain prevalence was estimated and association with sociodemographic/economic factors tested. Associations between pain experience and impact on daily activities were examined.Results.  Of the 296 children registered, 225 (76.0%) were present on the days data were collected. Usable questionnaires were completed by 187 children (83.1%). Oral pain in the previous 4 weeks, reported by 70 (37.4%), was more likely to affect children living with one parent/other people (OR 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2–7.4, P = 0.013) and those who brushed less than twice a day (OR 2.8, 1.5–5.2, P = 0.001). Impact on daily activities was reported by 64 children (91.4%). The most commonly stated impacts were eating (40.0%), cleaning teeth (25.7%) and sleeping (18.6%).Conclusions.  Oral pain prevalence was high in 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Stayroypoli, is associated with family structure, and impacts substantially on daily activities.
Short‐term efficacy of physical therapy compared to splint therapy in treatment of arthrogenous TMD
Authors: ISMAIL F. , DEMLING A. , HEßLING K. , FINK M. , STIESCH‐SCHOLZ M. 
Published: May 2007

Summary  A prospective randomized study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of physical therapy in addition to splint therapy on treatment outcome in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) with respect to objective and subjective parameters.Twenty‐six patients suffering from an arthrogenic TMD and exhibiting a painfully restricted jaw opening were randomized in two groups. Thirteen patients were treated solely with Michigan splint (group I), 13 patients received supplementary physical therapy (group II). Before treatment a clinical examination and electronic recording of jaw movements were performed and subjective pain level was evaluated by visual analogue scales. After 3 months of therapy maintenance of improvement was evaluated. Within treatment groups comparison of data before and after treatment was analysed using Wilcoxon test. Groups were compared by Mann–Withney‐U test. A P‐value < 0.05 was considered significant.Compared with the baseline, in both groups mandibular movement capacity increased significantly after treatment, whereas subjective pain decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Active jaw opening increased from 28.6 ± 5.8 to 35.9 ± 4.8 mm in group I and from 30.1 ± 5.4 to 40.8 ± 4.1 mm in group II. After therapy the difference of active jaw opening between groups was significant (P < 0.05). Physical therapy also gave a supplementary improvement of protrusive mandibular movement capacity during electronic registration and subjective pain level. For none of these parameters this difference between groups was significant.Physical therapy seems to have a positive effect on treatment outcome of patients with TMD.
Modulatory Effect of Killed Propionibacterium acnes and Its Purified Soluble Polysaccharide on Peritoneal Exudate Cells from C57Bl/6 Mice: Major NKT Cell Recruitment and Increased Cytotoxicity
Authors: Ananias R. Z. , Rodrigues E. G. , Braga E. G. , Squaiella C. C. , Mussalem J. S. , Longhini A. L. F. , Travassos L. R. , Longo‐Maugéri I. M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Propionibacterium acnes has been described as a potent adjuvant to immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Presently, we analysed the modulation of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) by heat‐killed P. acnes or its purified soluble polysaccharide (PS), both injected intraperitoneally in C57Bl/6 mice, aiming at their recruitment and cytotoxicity. Both treatments induced an increase in macrophages, immature dendritic cells, B1a lymphocytes and NK1.1+ CD3+ cells. The bacterium caused a remarkable increase in a NK1.1+ CD3+ CD4− CD8− cells subpopulation, whereas the PS component seemed responsible for the recruitment of mainly macrophage cells. To assess P. acnes and PS adjuvant effect on PEC cytotoxicity we evaluated their in vitro effect on murine B16F10 melanoma cells. The effector cells from the heat‐killed bacteria and PS‐treated groups lysed melanoma cells in co‐cultures with PEC. Mice genetically deficient in IFN‐γ, when stimulated with P. acnes or PS, had reduced PEC cytotoxicity, and the cytotoxic effect was completely abrogated in PEC from iNOS−/− mice. The tumoricidal activity of PEC from P. acnes‐treated mice was mediated by macrophages and NKT cells stimulated with IL‐12. In PS‐treated mice the cytotoxicity was mediated mainly by macrophages. Moreover, both treatments increased IL‐4 and IFN‐γ production by NKT cells. In conclusion, we show that P. acnes act mainly by recruiting and activating NKT double‐negative cells in PEC, which were shown to be tumoricidal in vitro when induced by IL‐12. Macrophages induced by both P. acnes and PS have their antitumour effect dependent on NO production.
Intra‐shoreface erosion in response to rapid sea‐level fall: depositional record of a tectonically uplifted strand plain, Pacific coast of Japan
Authors: TAMURA TORU , NANAYAMA FUTOSHI , SAITO YOSHIKI , MURAKAMI FUMITOSHI , NAKASHIMA REI , WATANABE KAZUAKI 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study documents lowering of the surf zone (i.e. the upper shoreface) leading to intra‐shoreface erosion, following two rapid relative sea‐level falls along a tectonically uplifted coast during the Holocene, and the characteristics of the resultant prograding shoreface deposits. These findings are based on high‐resolution analysis and radiocarbon dating of three new drill cores obtained from the Kujukuri strand plain, Pacific coast of eastern Japan, combined with previously published borehole data and information on modern shoreline profile adjustments. A shallowing‐upward sandy succession composed of lower and upper shoreface facies, foreshore and backshore facies was recognized in the drill cores. Two rapid falls in relative sea‐level at 2·3 to 2·6 and 1·8 to 2·0 ka are recorded by downstepping of the base of the foreshore facies, and farther seawards by the lowering of an erosional boundary between the upper and lower shoreface facies. Superimposed bed profiles of an adjacent modern beach define an envelope, the base of which reflects shore‐normal migration of longshore bars and troughs. The base of the envelope represents an erosional surface that divides the surface mobile layer above from preserved deposits beneath. The surface is concave upwards and steeper than the mean beach profile, and exhibits a flat platform approximately at the lower limit of the upper shoreface equating to the storm surf zone. The seaward transition of this surface, rather than the mean equilibrium profile, controls the metre‐scale to decimetre‐scale internal structure of the Kujukuri shoreface deposits. Depositional models for sea‐level fall based on an exponential equilibrium profile do not adequately account for the presence and migration of longshore bars and troughs.
Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing
Authors: HANSEN P K , RASMUSSEN I A , HOLST N , ANDREASEN C 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWe investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha−1 for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha−1 at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.