bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decisions About Transfer From Nursing Home to Emergency Department
Authors: Jablonski Rita A. , Utz Sharon W. , Steeves Richard , Gray D. Patricia 
Published: August 2007

Purpose: To describe how decisions occurred to transfer nursing home (NH) residents to emergency departments (EDs).Design: Three nursing homes (NHs) in Virginia were selected based on geographic and ownership variability. The phenomenon of concern was the decision‐making process culminating in the transfer of NH residents to EDs. Sixteen transfers met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. A minimum of two informants per transfer were interviewed, with a range of 2 to 4 interviews per transfer. All 42 respondents were asked to describe how the transfer decision was reached, to identify who participated in making the decision, and to describe any particular positive or negative aspects of reaching the transfer decision.Method: Data were analyzed with hermeneutic phenomenological methods. Journal writing, audit trails, informal and formal member checks, and expert consultation were used to control bias.Findings: The three main themes identified were Consensus, Conflict, and Cogency. Consensus, or agreement, occurred when all decision participants reported similar interpretations as to the severity and acuity of the presenting problem or had shared interpretations of the best interests of the elder. When decision participants held dissimilar interpretations, conflict occurred. Decision participants used cogency by persuading others, in order to reach consensus.Conclusions: The findings cannot be generalized to long‐term care facilities across the US or to other countries, but they enhance understanding about some of the ways transfer decisions occur and the role of nurses in those transfers, especially when conflict arises.
Improving Participant Comprehension in the Informed Consent Process
Authors: Cohn Elizabeth , Larson Elaine 
Published: August 2007

Purpose: To critically analyze studies published within the past decade about participants' comprehension of informed consent in clinical research and to identify promising intervention strategies.Design:Integrative review of literature.Methods: The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Inclusion criteria included studies (a) published between January 1, 1996 and January 1, 2007, (b) designed as descriptive or interventional studies of comprehension of informed consent for clinical research, (c) conducted in nonpsychiatric adult populations who were either patients or volunteer participants, (d) written in English, and (e) published in peer‐reviewed journals.Findings: Of the 980 studies identified, 319 abstracts were screened, 154 studies were reviewed, and 23 met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies (57%) were descriptive, and 10 (43%) were interventional. Interventions tested included simplified written consent documents, multimedia approaches, and the use of a trained professional (consent educator) to assist in the consent process. Collectively, no single intervention strategy was consistently associated with improved comprehension. Studies also varied in regard to the definition of comprehension and the tools used to measure it.Conclusions: Despite increasing regulatory scrutiny, deficiencies still exist in participant comprehension of the research in which they participate, as well as differences in how comprehension is measured and assessed. No single intervention was identified as consistently successful for improving participant comprehension, and results indicated that any successful consent process should at a minimum include various communication modes and is likely to require one‐to‐one interaction with someone knowledgeable about the study.
Close relation of arterial ICC‐like cells to the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell
Authors: Pucovský Vladimír , Harhun Maksym I. , Povstyan Oleksandr V. , Gordienko Dmitri V. , Moss Ray F. , Bolton Thomas B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis work aimed to establish the lineage of cells similar to the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), the arterial ICC‐like (AIL) cells, which have recently been described in resistance arteries, and to study their location in the artery wall. Segments of guinea‐pig mesenteric arteries and single AIL cells freshly isolated from them were used. Confocal imaging of immunostained cells or segments and electron microscopy of artery segments were used to test for the presence and cellular localization of selected markers, and to localize AIL cells in intact artery segments. AIL cells were negative for PGP9.5, a neural marker, and for von Willebrand factor (vWF), an endothelial cell marker. They were positive for smooth muscle α‐actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM‐MHC), but expressed only a small amount of smoothelin, a marker of contractile smooth muscle cells (SMC), and of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a critical enzyme in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Cell isolation in the presence of latrunculin B, an actin polymerization inhibitor, did not cause the disappearance of AIL cells from cell suspension. The fluorescence of basal lamina protein collagen IV was comparable between the AIL cells and the vascular SMCs and the fluorescence of laminin was higher in AIL cells compared to vascular SMCs. Moreover, cells with thin processes were found in the tunica media of small resistance arteries using transmis‐sion electron microscopy. The results suggest that AIL cells are immature or phenotypically modulated vascular SMCs constitutively present in resistance arteries.
Caveolin and MAP kinase interaction in angiotensin II preconditioning of the myocardium
Authors: Das Manika , Das Samarjit , Das Dipak K 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAngiotensin II (Ang II) has been found to exert preconditioning (PC)–like effect in mammalian hearts. The present investigation reported for the first time a unique mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling in Ang II PC of the heart involving lipid rafts, which generated a survival signal by differentially associating MAP kinases with caveolin. A group of rat hearts was treated with Ang II in the absence or presence of NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin or a cell permeable reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC). Ang II pre‐treatment improved post‐ischaemic ventricular recovery, myocardial infraction and decreased the number of cardiomyocyte apoptosis indicating PC effect of Ang II. Both apocynin and NAC abolished the PC ability of Ang II. In Ang II treated heart, there was a decreased association of p38MAPKβ & extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/ 2 (anti‐death signalling component) with caveolin while there was an increased association of p38MAPKα & Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) (death signalling component) indicating reduced amount of death signal components and increased amount of anti‐death signalling components being available to the Ang II treated heart to generate a survival signal, which was reversed with NAC or apocynin. The survival signal was also demonstrated by increased phosphorylation of serine/threonine‐protein kinase B (AKT) and enhanced induction of expression of Bcl‐2 during Ang II PC and its reversal with NAC & apocynin treated heart.
Transient down‐regulation of beta1 integrin subtypes on kidney carcinoma cells is induced by mechanical contact with endothelial cell membranes
Authors: Jones Jon , Berkhoff Stefan , Weich Eva , Engl Tobias , Wedel Steffen , Relja Borna , Jonas Dietger , A.Blaheta Roman 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAdhesion molecules of the integrin beta1 family are thought to be involved in the malignant progression renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Still, it is not clear how they contribute to this process. Since the hematogenous phase of tumour dissemination is the rate‐limiting step in the metastatic process, we explored beta1 integrin alterations on several RCC cell lines (A498, Caki1, KTC26) before and after contacting vascular endothelium in a tumour‐endothelium (HUVEC) co‐culture assay. Notably, alpha2, alpha3 and alpha5 integrins became down‐regulated immediately after the tumour cells attached to HUVEC, followed by re‐expression shortly thereafter. Integrin down‐regulation on RCC cells was caused by direct contact with endothelial cells, since the isolated endothelial membrane fragments but not the cell culture supernatant contributed to the observed effects. Integrin loss was accompanied by a reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression, FAK activity and diminished binding of tumour cells to matrix proteins. Furthermore, intracellular signalling proteins RCC cells were altered in the presence of HUVEC membrane fragments, in particular 14‐3‐3 epsilon, ERK2, PKCdelta, PKCepsilon and RACK1, which are involved in regulating tumour cell motility. We, therefore, speculate that contact of RCC cells with the vascular endothelium converts integrin‐dependent adhesion to integrin‐independent cell movement. The process of dynamic integrin regulation may be an important part in tumour cell migration strategy, switching the cells from being adhesive to becoming motile and invasive.
Comparison of MY09/11 consensus PCR and type‐specific PCRs in the detection of oncogenic HPV types
Authors: Depuydt C. E. , Boulet G. A. V. , Horvath C. A. J. , Benoy I. H. , Vereecken A. J. , Bogers J. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe causal relationship between persistent infection with high‐risk HPV and cervical cancer has resulted in the development of HPV DNA detection systems. The widely used MY09/11 consensus PCR targets a 450bp conserved sequence in the HPV L1 gene, and can therefore amplify a broad spectrum of HPV types. However, limitations of these consensus primers are evident, particularly in regard to the variability in detection sensitivity among different HPV types. This study compared MY09/11 PCR with type‐specific PCRs in the detection of oncogenic HPV types. The study population comprised 15, 774 patients. Consensus PCR failed to detect 522 (10.9%) HPV infections indicated by type‐specific PCRs. A significant correlation between failure of consensus PCR and HPV type was found. HPV types 51, 68 and 45 were missed most frequently. The clinical relevance of the HPV infections missed by MY09/11 PCR was reflected in the fraction of cases with cytological abnormalities and in follow‐up, showing 104 (25.4%) CIN2+ cases. The MY09/11 false negativity could be the result of poor sensitivity, mismatch of MY09/11 primers or disruption of L1 target by HPV integration or DNA degradation. Furthermore, MY09/11 PCR lacked specificity for oncogenic HPVs. Diagnostic accuracy of the PCR systems, in terms of sensitivity (MY09/11 PCR: 87.9%; type‐specific PCRs: 98.3%) and specificity (MY09/11 PCR: 38.7%; type‐specific PCRs: 76.14%), and predictive values for histologically confirmed CIN2+, suggest that type‐specific PCRs could be used in a clinical setting as a reliable screening tool.
Studies on brain volume, Alzheimer‐related proteins and cytokines in mice with chronic overexpression of IL‐1 receptor antagonist
Authors: Oprica M. , Hjorth E. , Spulber S. , Popescu B. O. , Ankarcrona M. , Winblad B. , Schultzberg M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInflammation is associated with both acute and chronic neurological disorders, including stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1 have several activities in the brain both under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate consequences of the central blockade of IL‐1 transmission in a previously developed transgenic mouse strain with brain‐directed overexpression of human soluble IL‐1 receptor antagonist (Tg hsIL‐1ra). Effects on brain morphology and brain levels of the AD‐related proteins β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1(PS1), as well as the levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were analysed in homozygotic and heterozygotic mice and wild type (WT) controls, of both genders and of young (30–40 days) and adult (13–14 months) age. A marked reduction in brain volume was observed in transgenic mice as determined by volumetry. Western blot analysis showed higher levels of APP, but lower levels of PS1, in adult animals than in young ones. In the cerebellum, heterozygotic (Tg hsIL‐1ra+/−) mice had lower levels of APP and PS1 than WT mice. With one exception, there were no genotypic differences in the levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. The cytokine levels were generally higher in adult than in young mice. In conclusion, the chronic blockade of IL‐1 signalling in the brain was associated with an atrophic phenotype of the brain, and with modified levels of APP and PS1. Brain‐directed overexpression of hsIL‐1ra was not followed by major compensatory changes in the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.
A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF COMBINED MEDICATIONS ON BEHAVIORAL AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL EFFECTS
Authors: SIMPSON G. M. , B. M. , B. CH. , KRAKOV L. , D. M. , KUNZ‐BARTHOLINI ESTHER , D. M. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYUnder double‐blind conditions, increasing amounts of perphenazine, or a perphenazine‐amitriptyline combination, were given to chronic schizophrenic patients already receiving “optimal” therapeutic dosages of perphenazine. Slight behavioral improvement was obtained in both groups, but a significantly smaller amount of extrapyramidal side effects was noted in the group receiving the combination. A double‐blind crossover study was used, which eliminated any order effect. The implications of these findings for therapy are briefly discussed.
Indian vultures: victims of an infectious disease epidemic?
Authors: Cunningham A. A. , Prakash V. , Pain D. , Ghalsasi G. R. , Wells G. A. H. , Kolte G. N. , Nighot P. , Goudar M. S. , Kshirsagar S. , Rahmani A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDuring the 1990s, populations of two species of griffon vulture, the Indian white‐backed Gyps bengalensis and the long‐billed Gyps indicus, declined by more than 90% throughout India. These declines are continuing and are due to abnormally high rates of both nesting failure and adult, juvenile and nestling mortality. Affected birds exhibit signs of illness (neck drooping syndrome) for approximately 30 days prior to death. Epidemiological observations are most consistent with an infectious cause of this morbidity and mortality. To investigate the cause of these declines, 28 vulture carcases, including adults and juveniles of both species, were examined in detail. Significant post‐mortem findings included visceral gout, enteritis, vasculitis and gliosis. Although we have not yet been able to identify the causative agent of the declines, the results of our pathological studies are most consistent with those for an infectious, probably viral, aetiology. We examine hypotheses for the cause of the declines and, based on our epidemiological and pathological findings, we show infectious disease to be the most tenable of these.
A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE ADJUSTMENT OF FEMALE SCOLIOSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Bengtsson G. , Fällström K. , Jansson B. , Nachemson A. 
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐six women with an idiopathic scoliosis of a high degree (average curvature 105°) underwent a psychiatric investigation and a psychological evaluation made from both socio‐psychological and personality‐psychological aspects, the latter being covered by a projective test (Rorschach) and a gestalt‐psychological test (Bénder). A synthesis was made of the different evaluations characterising the patients' experience of disability according to a 4‐grade scale. This variable was then related to important somatic variables.The patients' superficial psychosocial adjustment was obviously very good. Only one woman had an invalid pension and the psychiatric contact of the material only moderately exceeded the figure for other women with the same age‐distribution. However, the personality‐psychological examination gave results indicating that adjustment was not always so good. Two case histories illustrate the discrepancy between a good superficial adjustment and a high‐grade psychological handicap.The patients' lives were marked to a high degree by their deformity. The group was characterised by hypersensitivity and insecurity, with a tendency to dysphoric mood; the level of energy was high. Not unexpectedly, the psychological adjustment deteriorated with an increasing degree of deformity. Poor vital capacity also impaired adjustment.
THE RATING OF CLINICAL ANXIETY
Authors: Lader M. H. , Marks I. M. 
Published: August 2007

Many scales and inventories have been introduced for the rating of anxiety. They can be divided into those aimed at assessing “trait anxiety” (habitual anxiousness), and those designed to rate “state anxiety” (anxiety at that moment). The former are essentially personality inventories and include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire of Cattell and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Clinical rating scales are primarily mood assessment instruments and include simple linear scales, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Lipman Scale, the Psychiatric Outpatient Mood Scales, the Cornell Medical Index and the Morbid Anxiety Inventory. These various scales together with many others are reviewed, their advantages and disadvantages listed and recommendations made for the rating of trait and state anxiety.The importance of distinguishing between scales which establish diagnostic profiles and those which measure changes in the severity of symptoms is emphasized.
PIMOZIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF MONOSYMPTOMATIC HYPOCHONDRIACAL PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Riding J. , Munro A. 
Published: August 2007

An account is given of six cases treated with pimozide. Four of there cases fall into the diagnostic category of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis, a group with a traditionally poor prognosis. Three out of the four have responded favourably to pimozide, while the fourth showed a partial improvement. A fifth case also showed a marked degree of improvement despite a possibility of early cerebral arteriopathy. The one case which showed no improvement was suspected all along of having a personality disorder rather than a psychotic illnes, and this was subsequently confirmed.It is suggested that pimozide: a) may be an effective treatment for monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses whatever their aetiology; and b) may differentiate rapidly between cases of mono‐symptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses and dysmorphophobias due to neurotically determined factors.
MANIC‐DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS AND SEASON OF BIRTH
Authors: Hare E. H. 
Published: August 2007

National series of psychiatric inpatients studied in Scandinavian countries and in England and Wales have all shown that compared with live births in the general population, schizophrenic patients have a significant excess of births in the early months of the year. But there has been disagreement on whether a similar birth distribution holds for manic‐depression. The present paper presents new data on the seasonal distribution of births of patients born in England and Wales between 1921 and 1955. Compared with all live births, manic‐depression was associated with a significant excess of births in the first quarter, and a corresponding deficiency in the third quarter of the year. Neurotic depression showed no such association.Possible reasons for the disagreement among national findings for manic‐depression include difference in the proportion of first ever admissions in the series, differences in age structure, and differences in diagnostic practice and classification. The importance of the age structure of a series is considered in relation to: a) the possible effect of age on the manifestation of a disorder associated with some seasonally related constitutional damage; b) the possibility of secular variation in the severity of a seasonally related noxious factor; and c) the effect of age incidence on distorting the expected seasonal distribution of births in any series of cases.
ATTEMPTED SUICIDE AND SUICIDE IN FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES
Authors: Noreik K. 
Published: August 2007

A total of 2,243 first admissions to Gaustad Hospital between 1938 and 1961 diagnosed as functional psychotics were either followed up to the time of their death within 5 years, or observed over a period of 5 years, and then reexamined. Of these patients, 325 had attempted suicide prior to their admission.The frequency of attempted suicide was equal in both sexes. Men appeared to use more dangerous methods, and to have more serious intentions.The psychosis appears to have been of importance when considering whether, but not how the suicide should be attempted. The greatest risk of attempted suicide was to be found amongst patients with psychoses of a depressive nature.Twenty‐eight of the 2,243 patients in this study committed suicide with in 5 years following their discharge, and a further 20 took their own lives prior to the reexamination.A certain connection can be seen between attempted suicide and psychotic symptoms.
SUICIDE IN FIJI: A TWO‐YEAR SURVEY
Authors: Price J. , Karim I. 
Published: August 2007

This article reviews certified suicide in Fiji during the 2‐year period from 1971–1972. The data show the much higher incidence of suicide in Fiji Indians than in other races, the incidence in Fiji Indian females being particularly high. The findings on a more detailed sample survey of 50% of the certified cases are presented. In the Fiji Indian population, a positive correlation between suicide and rural residence and a negative correlation between suicide and Moslem religion were found.These findings are discussed in relation to the cultural and social characteristics of the population of Fiji.
THERAPEUTIC RESULTS IN BRIEF‐INTERVAL UNILATERAL ECT
Authors: Strömgren L. Sand 
Published: August 2007

The study reported comprised 104 patients with endogenous depression who were given unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The patients were divided into two equally large groups, one receiving two and the other four treatments per week. The latter group was selected openly, while the former had been collected by a double‐blind technique on a previous occasion. The severity of depression was assessed before the first treatment and on the days after the sixth and the last treatment, and at these times memory testing by WMS Forms I and II and EEG were also performed.An analysis is presented of the therapeutic effect obtained, assessed by: (1) the number of treatments applied in the two groups; (2) the reduction in the depression score; and (3) the effect achieved per treatment. In the group with frequent electrostimulation one to two additional treatments were required, the difference being statistically significant. On the other hand, frequent stimulation tended to be more effective in terms of the reduction in the depression score. The effect per treatment was identical in the two groups. Four treatments per week did not result in a higher frequency of complications. A comparison of the five severest depressions in each of the two groups did not reveal any difference in the therapeutic effect of the two methods of treatment.It is concluded that the technique with four treatments per week instead of two offers the advantage that the duration of the treatment period is reduced by 11–12 days. As the study also revealed that the discomforts, including memory impairment, are not increased by frequent stimulation, it is recommended that unilateral ECT is administered with a frequency of four treatments per week.