bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersions of Surface‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Water‐Soluble and Water‐Insoluble Polymers
Authors: Vaisman L. , Marom G. , Wagner H. D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMicroscale aggregate formation, resulting from high intrinsic filler attractions, is one of the major issues in nanocomposite preparation and processing. Herein, the dispersive effects achieved by a wide range of surface‐active agents, as well as surface oxidation and functionalization, are investigated. The aim of our research is to form a uniform, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) distribution in water‐soluble (poly(ethylene glycol)) and water‐insoluble (polypropylene) polymers. In order to understand the surface‐charge‐related stability of the treated nanotubes solutions, zeta‐potential measurements are applied. Quantification of the state of the MWNT dispersion is derived from particle‐size analysis, while visual characterization is based on optical and electron microscopy. To estimate the nucleating ability of the surface‐modified carbon nanotubes, the temperature of crystallization and the degree of crystallinity are calculated from differential scanning thermograms. Finally, we suggest general guidelines to produce uniform MWNT dispersions using a dispersive agent and/or surface treatment in water‐soluble and water‐insoluble polymers.
Luminescent Core/Shell Nanoparticles with a Rhabdophane LnPO4‐xH2O Structure: Stabilization of Ce3+‐Doped Compositions
Authors: Buissette V. , Moreau M. , Gacoin T. , Boilot J.‐P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe core/shell strategy has been successfully developed for rhabdophane lanthanide phosphate aqueous colloids. The growth of a LaPO4‐xH2O shell around Ce,Tb‐doped core nanoparticles increases their stability against oxidation. A bright green luminescence is thus preserved in sol–gel films whose fabrication requires silica coating and thermal treatment of the core/shell nanoparticles.
Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles in a Rod‐Like Fashion Using Proteins as Templates
Authors: Bhattacharya R. , Patra C. R. , Wang S. , Lu L. , Yaszemski M. J. , Mukhopadhyay D. , Mukherjee P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAn area of considerable current interest is the development of a practical approach for assembling inorganic nanoparticles into well‐defined arrays because such a technique would offer immense opportunities leading to applications in microimaging, optoelectronics, therapeutics, etc. This paper illustrates a new, simple one‐step process in which proteins act as templates to assemble gold nanoparticles in a shape‐selective fashion. We show, for the first time, that antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor 165 isoform, 2C3, and epidermal growth factor receptor can act as templates when present in solution during the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. These proteins direct the assembly of the gold nanoparticles into rod‐like shapes when cooled to –20 °C followed by thawing at room temperature. Immunoglobulin G and bovine serum albumin can also direct the assembly process in a similar fashion; however, small molecules, such as poly(L‐lysine) and lysine, cannot. The formation of a self‐assembled structure in the form of a continuous rod, or the assembly of discrete nanoparticles in a rod‐like fashion, can be tailored by controlling the ratio of the precursor gold salt, HAuCl4, to the antibody/protein used as the template. The nanoconjugates are characterized using UV‐vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The nano‐bioconjugates obtained via this process may find wide application in areas ranging from optoelectronics and biosensors to therapeutics in neoplastic disorders.
Layer‐by‐Layer Fabrication and Characterization of Gold‐Nanoparticle/Myoglobin Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Qi Z. , Honma I. , Ichihara M. , Zhou H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMultilayer thin films of ∼ 7 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (GNPs) linked with horse heart myoglobin (Mb) are fabricated, for the first time, by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly on glass slides, and silicon and plastic substrates. The GNP/Mb nanocomposite films show sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption bands that are used to follow the LbL growth of the film and to determine the kinetics of GNP adsorption on the Mb‐modified surface. The GNP/Mb nanocomposite films are characterized using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, polarized UV‐vis spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The GNPs in the multilayer films are spatially separated from one another, and interparticle interactions remain in the film, making it optically anisotropic. The GNP/Mb nanocomposite films are stable in air at temperatures up to 100 °C, and can withstand successive immersions in strongly acidic and basic solutions. The SPR absorption band of the GNP/Mb nanocomposite film in air exhibits a red‐shift in the wavelength maximum and an increase in the maximum absorbance relative to that in water. This result, which is in contrast to that observed with a GNP monolayer on an aminosilane‐functionalized substrate, suggests the shrinkage in air and swelling in water of Mb molecules embedded in the nanocomposite film.
Sharp Infrared Emission from Single‐Crystalline Indium Nitride Nanobelts Prepared Using Guided‐Stream Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Hu M. S. , Wang W. M. , Chen T. T. , Hong L. S. , Chen C. W. , Chen C. C. , Chen Y. F. , Chen K. H. , Chen L. C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSingle‐crystalline InN nanobelts have been synthesized using Au as the catalyst by a guided‐stream thermal chemical vapor deposition technique. The resultant InN nanobelts typically have widths ranging from 20 to 200 nm, a width to thickness ratio of 2–10, and lengths of up to several tens of micrometers. Structural analysis shows that these InN nanobelts have a wurtzite structure and exhibit a rectangular cross section with self‐selective facets, i.e., the nanobelts are enclosed only by ± (001) and ± (11?0) planes with [110] being the exclusive growth direction along their long axis. This facet selectivity can be understood by the differences in the surface energies of the different facets. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of InN nanobelts show a sharp infrared emission peak at 0.76 eV with a full width at half maximum of 14 meV, narrower than the values reported for InN epilayers. The integrated PL intensity is found to increase linearly with the excitation power, which suggests that the observed PL can be attributed to direct band‐to‐band emission.
Learning from Diatoms: Nature's Tools for the Production of Nanostructured Silica
Authors: Sumper M. , Brunner E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDiatoms are eukaryotic, unicellular algae that are ubiquitously present in almost any water habitat on earth. Diatoms dominate phytoplankton populations and algal blooms in the oceans. They are responsible for about 25 % of the world's net primary production. Apart from this ecological significance, diatoms are mainly known for the intricate geometries and spectacular patterns of their silica‐based cell walls. These patterns are species specific. They are precisely reproduced in each generation documenting a genetic control of this biomineralization process. Biogenesis of the diatom cell wall is considered to be a paradigm for the controlled production of nanostructured silica. Biochemical studies demonstrated that diatom biosilica is a composite material containing zwitterionic proteins (silaffins) and long‐chain polyamines in addition to silica. Functional studies indicate a crucial role of these organic components in guiding silica precipitation as well as in the formation of species‐specific nanopatterns. These activities can be explained by molecular self‐assembly and phase‐separation processes. Moreover, diatom cell walls also exhibit very exciting properties from the physical point of view: they are extremely stable and they may act as photonic crystals.
Electronic Characterization of Organic Thin Films by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Authors: Palermo V. , Palma M. , Samorì P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis review highlights the potential of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) beyond imaging to simultaneously study structural and electronic properties of functional surfaces and interfaces. This is of paramount importance since it is well established that a solid surface possesses different properties than the bulk material. The versatility of the technique allows one to carry out investigations in a non‐invasive way for different environmental conditions and sample types with resolutions of a few nanometers and some millivolts. KPFM can be used to acquire a wide knowledge of the overall electronic and electrical behavior of a sample surface. Moreover, by KPFM it is possible to study complex electronic phenomena in supramolecular engineered systems and devices. The combination of such a methodology with external stimuli, e.g., light irradiation, opens new doors to the exploration of processes occurring in nature or in artificial complex architectures. Therefore, KPFM is an extremely powerful technique that permits the unraveling of electronic (dynamic) properties of materials, enabling the optimization of the design and performance of new devices based on organic‐semiconductor nanoarchitectures.
Modeling for batch phenol biodegradation with immobilized Alcaligenes faecalis
Authors: Jia Xiaoqiang , Wen Jianping , Jiang Yan , Bai Jing , Cheng Xianrui , Zheng Ying 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIntrinsic cell growth and phenol biodegradation kinetics of Alcaligenes faecalis were studied in shaking flasks. Batch phenol biodegradation experiments were carried out in a 7.5 L fermentor with immobilized Alcaligenes faecalis in polyurethane foams. A double‐layer reaction‐diffusion model was developed to describe the dynamic behaviors of batch phenol biodegradation processes. Phenol degradation (within the cell‐immobilized polyurethane foams as well as in the main liquid phase) and cell growth (within the cell‐immobilized polyurethane foams only) at different initial phenol concentrations were simulated and analyzed in terms of both biodegradation time and layer radius course. The good agreement between the model simulations and the experimental measurements for phenol degradation in the main liquid phase validates the proposed double‐layer reaction‐diffusion model. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Anwendung von Übergangsmetallkomplexen zum Bleichen von Textilien und Holzpulpe
Authors: Hage Ronald , Lienke Achim 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAus wirtschaftlicher Sicht gehört das Bleichen von Textilien und Papier zu den wichtigsten Oxidationsprozessen. Das Entfernen unerwünschter Chromophore, sei es in Flecken auf Textilien oder bei Ligninrückständen in Holzpulpe, verbraucht mehr als 60 % der weltweiten Produktion an Wasserstoffperoxid. Die bestehenden Technologien stoßen jedoch an Grenzen: Bei Raumtemperatur hat Wasserstoffperoxid nur eine geringe Bleichwirkung auf Flecken und wird zudem nur ineffizient genutzt. Die hohe Dosierung und die hohe Temperatur, die daher für eine gute Fleckbleiche erforderlich sind, schränken den Gebrauch von Wasserstoffperoxid ein. Bei der Papierherstellung entstehen beim Gebrauch chlorbasierter Bleichmittel chlorierte Abfallprodukte, die nur sehr schwer biologisch abbaubar sind. Wasserstoffperoxid wiederum erfordert höhere Temperaturen, längere Reaktionszeiten und ist zudem teurer. Hier bieten Übergangsmetallkomplexe eine Alternative. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die Hauptklassen bekannter Bleichkatalysatoren und ihre möglichen Wirkungsweisen.
The mechanism of air/oxygen/helium atmospheric plasma action on PVA
Authors: Cai Zaisheng , Qiu Yiping 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe effect of the air/oxygen/helium atmospheric plasma treatment on desizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on cotton fabric was discussed as compared with the conventional H2O2 desizing. The possible change mechanism of PVA during atmospheric plasma exposure was induced through a combination of weight loss of PVA after plasma, PVA dissolving rate in water at room temperature, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Low‐κ nanocomposite films based on polyimides with grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Chen Yiwang , Chen Lie , Nie Huarong , Kang E. T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNanocomposites of polyimides (PI) with covalently grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (R7R′Si8O12 or POSS) units were prepared by thermally‐initiated free‐radical graft polymerization of methacrylcyclopentyl‐POSS (MA‐POSS) with the ozone‐pretreated poly[N,N′‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetra‐carboxylic amic acid] (PAA), followed by thermal imidization. The chemical composition and structure of the PI with grafted methacrylcyclopentyl‐POSS side chains (PI‐g‐PMA‐POSS copolymers) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The POSS molecules in each grafted PMA side chain of the amorphous PI films retained the nanoporous crystalline structure, and formed an aggregate of crystallites. The PI‐g‐PMA‐POSS nanocomposite films had both lower and tunable dielectric constants, in comparison with that of the pristine PI films. Dielectric constants (κ's) of about 3.0–2.2 were obtained. The present approach offers a convenient way for preparing low‐κ materials based on existing PI's. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Photo‐oxidation of polymers: Validation of oxygen uptake and relationship with extent of hydroperoxidation
Authors: Fraïsse F. , Kumar A. , Commereuc S. , Verney V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this piece of work we focused our attention on the peroxidation step and alongside considered hydroperoxides as probes for the overall oxidative process. This technique of oxygen uptake actually monitors the amount of oxygen consumed during polymer degradation. Our present work aimed to investigate this technique to evaluate the oxygen uptake during in situ photoirradiation, under controlled atmosphere. Our experimental results clearly elucidate that the oxygen consumption data accounts for a very early stage of aging during the photo‐oxidation of polymers and provides us with an accurate and sensitive diagnosis about the formation of hydroperoxides. A straight‐line relationship was exhibited under our experimental conditions while observing a relation between oxygen pressure drop and hydroperoxide content in the polymer. This correlation was dependent upon the nature of polymer and of course on the aging conditions (temperature, irradiation, oxidative atmosphere). The impact of environmental atmosphere on aging was particularly kept in mind. To conclude, we emphasized that oxygen uptake is a promisingly powerful tool to identify the impact of the overall environmental parameters on the polymer photoaging. An important implication was on the understanding of atmospheric factors (including pollutants such as O3, NOx, etc.), which is usually given minor importance, on the degradation of polymer upon outdoor weathering. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Water vapor permeability of poly(lactide)s: Effects of molecular characteristics and crystallinity
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Okino Rumiko , Daimon Hiroyuki , Fujie Koichi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAmorphous‐made poly(L‐lactide) [i.e., poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA)], poly(L‐lactide‐co‐D‐lactide)[P(LLA‐DLA)](77/23), and P(LLA‐DLA)(50/50) films and PLLA films with different crystallinity (Xc) values were prepared, and the effects of molecular weight, D‐lactide unit content (tacticity and optical purity), and crystallinity of poly(lactide) [i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA)] on the water vapor permeability was investigated. The changes in number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of PLLA films in the range of 9 × 104–5 × 105 g mol−1 and D‐lactide unit content of PLA films in the range of 0–50% have insignificant effects on their water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). In contrast, the WVTR of PLLA films decreased monotonically with increasing Xc from 0 to 20%, while leveled off for Xc exceeding 30%. This is probably due to the higher resistance of “restricted” amorphous regions to water vapor permeation compared with that of the “free” amorphous regions. The free and restricted amorphous regions are major amorphous components of PLLA films for Xc ranges of 0–20% and exceeding 30%, respectively, resulting in the aforementioned dependence of WVTR on Xc. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Morphology development and crystallization behavior of a poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate blend
Authors: Lee Jong Kwan , Im Jeong Eun , Park Jong Hwan , Won Hong Youn , Lee Kwang Hee 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe morphology development and crystallization behavior of an extruded poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate blend were studied with optical microscopy, light scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). During annealing at 280°C, liquid–liquid phase separation via spinodal decomposition proceeded in a melt‐extruded specimen. After the formation of the domain structure, the blend slowly underwent phase homogenization by transesterification between the two polymers. The specimen, annealed for various times (ts's) at 280°C, was subjected to a temperature drop to 180°C for the isothermal crystallization, and then the effects of liquid‐phase changes on crystallization were investigated. The crystal growth rate decreased with ts. The slow crystallization with a large ts value was associated with the composition change of the separated phases and the change of the sequence distribution in the polymer chains during annealing. The influence of ts on the endothermic behavior of the samples was examined. As ts increased, the recrystallization rate was retarded during the DSC scan, displaying multiendothermic behavior. The DSC data also suggested that the increased level of transesterification would give rise to a higher number of species being rejected from the primary crystals, leading to enhanced secondary crystallization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
NHPP models for categorized software defects
Authors: Liu Zhaohui , Ravishanker Nalini , Ray Bonnie K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe develop NHPP models to characterize categorized event data, with application to modelling the discovery process for categorized software defects. Conditioning on the total number of defects, multivariate models are proposed for modelling the defects by type. A latent vector autoregressive structure is used to characterize dependencies among the different types. We show how Bayesian inference can be achieved via MCMC procedures, with a posterior prediction‐basedL‐measure used for model selection. The results are illustrated for defects of different types found during the System Test phase of a large operating system software development project. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Überwachung von historischen Massivbauwerken
Authors: Santa Ulrich , Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEine baubegleitende oder langfristige Überwachung von historischen Bauwerken dient der Bemühung, Einwirkungen und Veränderungen an der bestehenden Bausubstanz frühzeitig zu erkennen, um etwaige Schädigungen zu verhindern und den Bestand zu sichern. Mit dem dargelegten Instrumentierungskonzept für Schloß Tirol in Südtirol wurde versucht, einige aussagekräftige Größen zu identifizieren und zu erfassen, um dieser Aufgabe mit den vorhandenen Mitteln bestmöglich gerecht zu werden. Zudem soll auch ein Abriß der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse aus den gewonnenen Meßdaten diskutiert werden.
Zerstörende Belastungsversuche an einer vorgespannten Segmentbrücke
Authors: Eichinger Eva M. , Kollegger Johann , Köberl Bernd , Vill Markus 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIm folgenden Beitrag werden Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung von zerstörenden Belastungsversuchen an einer vorgespannten Segmentbrücke in Wien beschrieben. Die Brücke aus dem Jahr 1975 hat eine Stützweite von 44 m und besteht aus insgesamt 18 Segmenten, die mit Epoxidharz verklebt wurden. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, durch Belastungsversuche am Tragwerk und eine Analyse der verwendeten Baustoffe, Aussagen über die Tragfähigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit von vorgespannten Segmentbrücken zu erhalten. Zusätzlich wurde durch gezieltes Durchtrennen einzelner Spannglieder der Einfluß von Schäden am Spannstahl auf das Last‐ und Verformungsverhalten der Konstruktion untersucht. Insgesamt wurden zehn Versuche durchgeführt. Die Öffnungsbreiten der Segmentfugen, die Verformungen des Tragwerks und die Dehnung im Spannstahl wurden kontinuierlich gemessen und ausgewertet. Ebenso wurden der Zustand und die Belastbarkeit der Segmentfugen und die Baustoffeigenschaften der verwendeten Materialien – Beton, Bewehrungsstahl, Spannstahl und Epoxidharz – untersucht.
On‐Line Überwachung der Wiener Reichsbrücke
Authors: Geier Roman , Deix Stefan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDie Gewährleistung der Zuverlässigkeit (Tragfähigkeit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Dauerhaftigkeit) und Verkehrssicherheit von Ingenieurbauwerken ist eine wesentliche Aufgabe im Bauwesen, um Tragwerke auch bei steigenden Verkehrslasten mit hoher Sicherheit möglichst lange nutzen zu können. Für die Überwachung und Prüfung von Bauwerken und im Besonderen für Brücken, existieren zahlreiche Normen und Richtlinien. Weiters wurden in der Vergangenheit verschiedene Überwachungstechnologien entwickelt. Ziel dieser Methoden war es, Veränderungen über die Zeit bzw. Schäden durch objektive Meßverfahren zum ehest möglichen Zeitpunkt festzustellen (Früherkennung), bevor ein größerer Schaden oder ein Versagen des Bauwerks eintrat. Erfolge wurden bei der Durchführung von in‐situ Messungen des Bauwerksverhaltens in Kombination mit FE‐Simulationen und Modellanpassungen (Computational‐Model‐Updating = CMU) erzielt, die als Grundlage für die Bauwerksüberwachung und Bewertung des aktuellen Erhaltungszustandes herangezogen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll auf Entwicklung, Betrieb sowie Erfahrungen aus der Überwachung der Wiener Reichsbrücke eingegangen werden, in der eines der modernsten Brückenüberwachungssysteme in Europa installiert wurde.
Structural Phase Transitions in A2‐xSrxNiWO6 (A: Ca or Ba, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2) Double Perovskites.
Authors: Zhou Qingdi , Kennedy Brendan J. , Howard Christopher J. , Elcombe Margaret M. , Studer Andrew J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Study of Semiconducting Alloys Ag1‐xCuxCd2GaS4 and AgCd2Ga1‐xInxS4.
Authors: Olekseyuk I. D. , Parasyuk O. V. , Husak O. A. , Piskach L. V. , Volkov S. V. , Pekhnyo V. I. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Cryptomelane‐Type Manganese Dioxide Nanomaterials Produced by a Novel Solvent‐Free Method.
Authors: Ding Yun‐shuang , Shen Xiong‐fei , Sithambaram Shanthakumar , Gomez Sinue , Kumar Ranjit , Crisostomo Vincent Mark B. , Suib Steven L. , Aindow Mark 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Thiolysis of Prochiral Cyclic Dicarboxylic Anhydrides Utilizing a Bifunctional Chiral Sulfonamide.
Authors: Honjo Takashi , Sano Shigeki , Shiro Motoo , Nagao Yoshimitsu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Michael Addition—Elimination of Ylides to α,β‐Unsaturated Imines. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Vinylcyclopropanecarbaldehydes and Vinylcyclopropylaziridines.
Authors: Zheng Jun‐Cheng , Liao Wei‐Wei , Tang Yong , Sun Xiu‐Li , Dai Li‐Xin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Complex‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Linear Codimerization of 2‐Norbornenes with Acrylic Compounds.
Authors: Ura Yasuyuki , Tsujita Hiroshi , Wada Kenji , Kondo Teruyuki , Mitsudo Take‐aki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.