bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limitation of exercise capacity in nucleoside‐treated HIV‐infected patients with hyperlactataemia
Authors: Duong M , Dumas JP , Buisson M , Martha B , Piroth L , Grappin M , Waldner A , Chavanet P , Portier H 
Published: March 2007

BackgroundInhibition of DNA polymerase γ by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular toxicity. Hyperlactataemia, which is a consequence of a shift in the metabolism of pyruvate, is an indicator of nucleoside‐related mitochondrial toxicity.MethodsWe evaluated exercise and oxidative capacities as well as circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise in 24 HIV‐infected patients on NRTIs presenting hyperlactataemia [mean (±standard deviation) fasted lactate=3.5±1.1 mmol/L]; 27 NRTI‐treated patients with normal baseline lactate concentrations were used as controls (mean fasted lactate=1.6±0.3 mmol/L).ResultsIn the patients with hyperlactataemia, the average peak work capacity (1.7±0.6 W/kg) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2) (21±4 mL/kg/min) were significantly lower (P<0.01) than in control subjects (work, 2.1±0.4 W/kg; VO2, 25±4 mL/kg/min). The capacity to increase oxygen extraction during exercise was significantly diminished in the hyperlactataemia group, as shown by a low peak systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference (a‐vO2) difference compared with controls (11±3 vs 14±3 mL/dL; P=0.008), and as indicated by a linear correlation between VO2 and systemic a‐vO2 difference (r2=0.76). During exercise, the increases in cardiac output relative to VO2 (mean Δ cardiac output (Q)/ΔVO2=8±3.6) and ventilation (mean Δ ventilation (VE)/ΔVO2=48.6±13.2) were significantly higher in hyperlactataemia patients compared with controls (mean cardiac output Δ(Q)/ΔVO2=6±2; mean ΔVE/ΔVO2=42±12.7; P=0.03).ConclusionsThe degree of exercise limitation in patients with nucleoside‐related mitochondrial toxicity correlates directly with the severity of impaired muscle oxidative phosphorylation, as indicated by the capacity for muscle oxygen extraction. Exaggerated circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise are direct consequences of the level of impaired muscle oxidative phosphorylation.
Accounting for Genotyping Errors in Tagging SNP Selection
Authors: Liu W. , Yang T. , Zhao W. , Chase G. A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryOne limitation of the existing tagging SNP selection algorithms is that they assume the reported genotypes are error free. However, genotyping errors are often unavoidable in practice. Many tagging SNP selection methods depend heavily on the estimated haplotype frequencies. Recent studies have demonstrated that even slight genotyping errors can lead to serious consequences with regard to haplotype reconstruction and frequency estimation. Here we present a tagging SNP selection method that allows for genotyping errors. Our method is a modification of the pair‐wise r2 tagging SNP selection algorithm proposed by Carlson et al. (2004). We have replaced the standard EM algorithm in Carlson's method with an EM that accounts for genotyping errors, in an attempt to obtain better estimates of the haplotype frequencies and r2 measure. Through simulation studies we compared the performance of our modified algorithm with that of the original algorithm. We found that the number of tags selected by both methods increased with increasing genotyping errors, though our method led to smaller increase. The power of haplotype association tests using the selected tags decreased dramatically with increasing genotyping errors. The power of single marker tests also decreased, but the reduction was not as much as the reduction in power of haplotype tests. When restricting the mean number of tags selected by both methods to be similar to the baseline number, Carlson's method and our method led to similar power for the subsequent haplotype and single marker tests. Our results showed that, by accounting for random genotyping errors, our method can select tagging SNPs more efficiently than Carlson's method. The computer program that implements our modified tagging SNP selection algorithm is available at our web site: http://www.personal.psu.edu/tuy104/.
The plant cell cycle − 15 years on
Authors: Francis Dennis 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe basic components of the plant cell cycle are G1 (postmitotic interphase), S‐phase (DNA synthesis phase), G2 (premitotic interphase) and mitosis/cytokinesis. Proliferating cells are phosphoregulated by cyclin‐dependent protein kinases (CDKs). Plant D‐type cyclins are sensors of the G0 to G1 transition, and are also important for G2/M. At G1/S, the S‐phase transcription factor, ‘E2F’, is released from inhibitory retinoblastoma protein. Negative regulation of G1 events is through KRPs (Kip‐related proteins). Plant S‐phase genes are similar to animal ones, but timing of expression can be different (e.g. CDC6 at the start of S‐phase) and functional evidence is limited. At G2/M, A‐type and the unique B‐type CDKs when bound to A, B and D cyclins, drive cells into division; they are negatively regulated by ICK1/2 and perhaps also by WEE1 kinase. In Arabidopsis, a putative CDC25 lacks a regulatory domain. Mitosis depends on correct temporal activity of CDKs, Aurora kinases and anaphase promotion complex; CDK‐cyclin B activity beyond metaphase is catastrophic. Endoreduplication (re‐replication of DNA in the absence of mitosis) is characterized by E2F expression and down‐regulation of mitotic cyclins. Some cell size data support, whilst others negate, the idea of cell size having an impact on development.

Contents

Summary
261

I.
Introduction
262

II.
Plant CDKs and cyclins
263

III.
G0 → G1 → S – the dawn awakening
263

IV.
S‐phase – life gets replicated
264

V.
G2/M – let's dance
266

VI.
Mitosis – strictly come dancing
268

VII.
Cytokinesis – partitioning life
269

VIII.
M/G1 – party over
270

IX.
Endocycles – a curious life of their own
270

X.
Cell size
270

XI.
Root branching
271

XII.
Conclusions
271

Acknowledgements
273

References
273
Natural host‐plant quality affects immune defence of an insect herbivore
Authors: Klemola Netta , Klemola Tero , Rantala Markus J. , Ruuhola Teija 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined the effect of natural host‐plant quality on immune resistance in the autumnal moth,Epirrita autumnata(Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The division of mountain birches [Betula pubescensssp.czerepanovii(Orlova) Hämet‐ahti (Betulaceae)] into two categories, high‐ and low‐quality food for larvae, was based on previous years’ results on the relative growth rate of the autumnal moth on the trees selected. The strength of the immune defence of autumnal moths was determined by measuring their encapsulation rate to exposure to a foreign antigen and the phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the pupal haemolymph. We found that individuals reared as larvae on naturally low‐quality food had a significantly higher encapsulation rate at the pupal stage than individuals reared on high‐quality food. Females also had a higher encapsulation rate than males. Food quality did not have statistically significant effect on PO activity, nor did this response variable show any differences between the sexes. Using half‐sib analyses, we found significant heritable variation in the encapsulation rate; the heritable variation in PO activity was near to significant, although equally strong. Heritability estimates (h2: 0.19–0.27) for immune defence traits were relatively low and only moderate when compared to other studies with insects. We also found a negative genetic correlation between pupal mass and PO activity, but not between PO activity and encapsulation rate. Our results suggest that the quality of food affects immune defence in the autumnal moth. Thus an intricate tritrophic relationship exists between the folivorous insect, the host tree, and the insect's natural enemies (e.g., pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids). This study demonstrates that natural variation within a food plant species has an effect on the innate immune system of an herbivorous insect.
Semiochemical‐mediated oviposition behavior by female peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa
Authors: Derksen Shannon , Chatterton Monique , Gries Regine , Aurelian Marius , Judd Gary J.R. , Gries Gerhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is an important pest of commercial cultivations of peach trees, Prunus persicae (L.) (Rosaceae). Identification of semiochemicals that mediate host selection by adult S. exitiosa may lead to the development of a new earth‐friendly tactic within integrated programs for control of S. exitiosa. Larvae develop in the phloem of peach trees where their feeding stimulates the production of gum frass, a mixture of tree phloem particles, tree sap (gum), and larval feces (frass). We tested the hypothesis that gum‐frass semiochemicals signal a potential host tree, and induce oviposition by female S. exitiosa. In coupled gas chromatographic‐electroantennographic detection analyses of Porapak Q‐collected gum frass volatiles, 21 compounds elicited responses from male or female S. exitiosa antennae. These compounds included four acids, four hydrocarbons, four ketones, three acetates, two aldehydes, γ‐decalactone, conophthorin, 2‐phenylethanol, and 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine. In dual‐choice laboratory experiments, all groups of compounds, except the acetates, were needed to induce significantly more egg laying by female S. exitiosa on treatment than on unbaited control oviposition sites. By responding to gum frass semiochemicals, female S. exitiosa seem to exploit signals that are complex, detectable, and that reliably indicate a potential host tree for larval development.
Neuroendocrine control of reproductive function in ruminants
Authors: OKAMURA Hiroaki , OHKURA Satoshi 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTGonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key molecule in the control of reproduction in mammals. It is generally thought that the secretion of GnRH into the pituitary portal vessels is governed by two distinct neural mechanisms: the pulsatile and surge mode centers. The former is called the GnRH pulse generator, and this neural substrate plays a role as the master regulator of the reproductive function. An electrophysiological technique for monitoring the neural activity of the GnRH pulse generator has been established in the Shiba goat. The central actions of several neuropeptides have been assessed using this system. Results suggest that several neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin‐octapeptide and melanocortins are involved in the regulation of the GnRH pulse generator activity in the goat. Each input of those neuropeptides likely represents a unique mechanism conveying specific information about changes in the internal and external environments such as olfactory signals, nutrition, stress, and steroidal milieu, to the GnRH pulse generator. Further elucidations of actions of neurotransmitters on the GnRH pulse generator may serve for better understanding of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in the ruminant.
Emergence season of Hypoderma lineatum warbles in southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: KHAN Muhammad Nisar , SAJID Muhammad Sohail , IQBAL Zafar , ANWAR Muhammad 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to observe the seasonal pattern of the life cycle and the warble stage in bovines of Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajan Pur Districts of Southern‐Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted from July 2004 to June 2005. The association was studied between various climatic changes and the fly life cycle. The larvae of warble flies were extracted from the backs of naturally infested animals and identified. The adult fly laid eggs in June, and hatched larvae penetrated the skin and followed intensive internal migration to diaphragm, esophageal wall and subcutaneous connective tissue in the month of July. At the start of August they reached the subcutaneous tissue and emergence began. In both species, the maximum warble emergence was found in mid‐December and the lowest in mid‐March and mid‐August. It was concluded that preventive treatment should be adopted before the month of July to avoid carcass depreciation and decreased leather quality.
The ‘Earlybird’ gets the breastmilk: findings from an evaluation of combined professional and peer support groups to improve breastfeeding duration in the first eight weeks after birth
Authors: Kruske Sue , Schmied Virginia , Cook Margaret 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAustralia has high initiation rates of breastfeeding, but the challenges of establishing and maintaining breastfeeding in the first few months of infant life result in many women changing to artificial formula feeding. This paper reports on the impact of a new strategy to improve breastfeeding duration rates in the first 8 weeks post‐partum. The Earlybird Program (EBP) combines the professional expertise of child and family health (C&FH) nurses with the expertise of the participating mothers to support each other in establishing breastfeeding in the first 8 weeks. This retrospective study compared the breastfeeding patterns of first‐time mothers who attended the EBP, with the breastfeeding patterns of mothers who accessed individual appointments with the nurses in a 12‐month period, and examined the predictors of continued breastfeeding at 8 weeks. The total sample comprised 193 infant records. Women who selected the EBP were more likely to be employed and less likely to be categorized as non‐English speaking background. These women also had more visits to the C&FH service. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with breastfeeding cessation at 8 weeks post‐natal. After adjusting for variables, only exclusive breastfeeding at first visit and attending the EBP were significant predictors of continuing to breastfeed at 8 weeks. Facilitation skills that recognize the expertise of participating women were considered an important aspect of the programme.
Maternal depression and infant growth – a review of recent evidence
Authors: Stewart Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDepressive disorder occurring during pregnancy and the post‐natal period (maternal depression) is common in both developed and developing countries. It can cause functional impairment at a time when the mother is performing tasks vital to her infant’s growth and development. This article reviews recent research investigating whether there is an association between maternal depression and infant growth impairment. A search was made using Medline for articles published in the last 10 years, and the results were scrutinized for relevance and quality. Eight studies from developing countries, and three from the UK, are described. Cohort studies from both India and Pakistan provide evidence that maternal depression is an independent risk factor for poor infant growth. However, studies from other developing countries are limited and conflicting in their findings. The UK‐based research suggests that such an association occurs in mothers/infants living in conditions of socio‐economic deprivation. This review discusses the potential mechanisms by which the relationship between maternal depression and infant growth outcomes may be explained: the effect of infant growth ‘failure’ upon maternal mood; the impact of maternal depression upon health‐seeking behaviours, breastfeeding and mother–child interaction; the relationship between antenatal depression and low infant birthweight; and economic, socio‐cultural and confounding factors that may explain the variation between results from different settings.
Original Research: Prevalence and Evaluation of Sexual Health Problems—HSDD in Europe
Authors: Graziottin Alessandra 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe complex condition of the menopause is experienced by all women going through the physical and emotional changes associated with ovarian sexual hormones loss. It may impact directly on their physical and mental health.AimThe complexity of this condition makes it necessary to accumulate large bodies of data to define the patterns and trends in its evaluable manifestations. To this end, large amounts of data were collected on women from France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, via the Women's International Survey on Health and Sexuality.Main Outcome MeasuresThe key measures within the survey were the Profile of Female of Sexual Function© (PFSF©) and the Personal Distress Scale© (PDS©).ResultsThe survey yielded 2,467 responders aged between 20 and 70, capturing women with surgical and natural menopausal status and those with premenopausal status. In the four EU countries studied, sexual activity decreases by age. An increase in female sexual dysfunction (FSD), particularly loss of sexual desire, is directly correlated with increasing age. However, the distress associated with loss of sexual desire is inversely correlated with age. Cultural and context-dependent factors modulate the percentage of any FSD in the different European countries. This is exemplified in the significant intercountry variation observed in the percentage of low desire in women aged 20–49, with normal ovarian function. However, when women undergo surgical menopause, with concomitant loss of their sexual hormones, the culture-related differences are blunted.ConclusionsThe findings of this survey have implications for the understanding of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), not only the way it should be assessed in clinical practice, but also the most appropriate means for its treatment. Testosterone deficiency is a significant cause of HSDD, and new therapies have been investigated which offer considerable potential to address this hormonal etiology.
Hormonal Changes in Menopause and Implications on Sexual Health
Authors: Schwenkhagen Anneliese 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The menopause is characterized by an array of changes to the female body caused by modulations which occur in the production of estrogens and androgens. The ovaries are important sites of testosterone production in the peri- and postmenopausal women, but the contribution of testosterone pro-hormones from the adrenal glands falls precipitously to the extent where the ovaries cannot correct the deficit. This results in a net decline in circulating testosterone levels.

Aims
This paper gives an overview of this interesting subject area. Researchers have cogitated on the relationship between the physical effects of the menopause and the observed declines in testosterone levels, but it is now much clearer that falling testosterone levels cannot explain all of these changes.

Main Outcome Measures
The cessation of follicular functioning results in a steep decline in the production of estrogens. This modulation is responsible for the physical manifestations of the menopause—hot flushes, sleep disturbances, mood changes, bleeding problems, local urogenital problems, vaginal changes, etc.

Methods
A review of the pertinent literature was conducted to investigate hormonal changes around the menopause. A précis of the salient information is presented here.

Results
Although the most obvious and well-known effects of the menopause are due to the decline of estrogen levels, the effects of falling testosterone levels are subtle, but by no means less significant. Reductions in sexual motivation, sexual arousal, vaginal lubrication, etc. are all associated with plummeting androgen levels.

Conclusions
Today, several options exist for the treatment of the endocrinological changes associated with the menopause. Estrogen deficiency can be corrected with hormone replacement therapy and topical preparations for the genitalia. A new transdermal system for the administration of testosterone shows a great deal of potential for the treatment of androgen deficiency.
Testosterone Treatment for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Kingsberg Sheryl 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The reduced levels of testosterone in postmenopausal women are associated with loss of libido, decreased sexual activity, diminished feelings of physical well-being, and fatigue. A bilateral oophorectomy can lead to decreases in sexual desire in 50% of cases by removing ovarian contribution to the circulating levels of testosterone. Testosterone therapy is an option for the restoration of sexual drive.

Aim
Transdermal testosterone administration may bypass the effects of first pass hepatic metabolism. To this end a series of studies have been carried out using a novel transdermal testosterone system. A review of the results from these studies are presented here.

Main Outcome Measures
A key feature of these studies was the use of validated study instruments to measure sexual function: Sexual Activity Log© (SAL©), Profile of Female Sexual Function© (PFSF©) and Personal Distress Scale©.

Methods
The data from the Phase III studies, known as the Investigation of Natural Testosterone in Menopausal women Also Taking Estrogen in Surgically Menopausal women (INTIMATE SM) 1 and 2 were reviewed and the salient information is presented here.

Results
Both INTIMATE 1 and 2 showed a significant increase in total satisfying sexual activity, via the SAL© in those women receiving testosterone, compared with those women in the placebo group. Total satisfying sexual activity increased by 74% and 51% for INTIMATE 1 and 2, respectively. The PFSF© instrument demonstrated significant improvements in INTIMATE 1 and 2 in all domains of sexual function in testosterone-treated women compared with the placebo patients. In both studies, personal distress decreased in those patients receiving testosterone, compared with the placebo group. The most commonly reported adverse events were application site reactions. Eight-five percent of patients said they would probably or definitely continue treatment.

Conclusions
The transdermal testosterone patch is an effective treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically postmenopausal women receiving concomitant estrogen therapy. The treatment has a favorable safety profile.