bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Statistical Methods for Studying Interactions of Chemical Mixtures
Authors: Kundu Debamita , Kim Sungduk , Ward Mary H. , Albert Paul S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractProperly assessing the effects of environmental chemical exposures on disease risk remains a challenging problem in environmental epidemiology. Various analytic approaches have been proposed, but there are few papers that have compared the performance of different statistical methods on a single dataset. In this paper, we compare different regression-based approaches for estimating interactions between chemical mixture components using data from a case–control study on non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. An analytic challenge is the high percentage of exposures that are below the limit of detection (LOD). Using imputation for LOD, we compare different Bayesian shrinkage prior approaches including an approach that incorporates the hierarchical principle where interactions are only included when main effects exist. Further, we develop an approach where main and interactive effects are represented by a series of distinct latent functions. We also fit the Bayesian kernel machine regression to these data. All of these approaches show little evidence of an interaction among the chemical mixtures when measurements below the LOD were imputed. The imputation approach makes very strong assumptions about the relationship between exposure and disease risk for measurements below the LOD. As an alternative, we show the results of an analysis where we model the exposure relationship with two parameters per mixture component; one characterizing the effect of being below the LOD and the other being a linear effect above the LOD. In this later analysis, we identify numerous strong interactions that were not identified in the analyses with imputation. This case study demonstrated the importance of developing new approaches for mixtures when the proportions of exposure measurements below the LOD are high.
Hydrothermally synthetized WO3 coated stainless steel mesh for oil–water separation purposes
Authors: Nouri Mohammad , Sadeghi Mohammad Taghi , Rashidi AliMorad , Norouzbeigi Reza 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTo separate oil–water mixtures especially in oil field operations, new energy-efficient methods are urgently required. Conventional separation techniques using demulsifiers for separation of oil–water mixtures or even use of membranes usually suffered from high cost and energy consumption, composition dependency of demulsifiers and fouling or inability of a single membrane to separate all types of oil–water mixtures. This research aimed to synthesize tungsten oxide-coated stainless steel mesh using the hydrothermal method, with a focus on evaluating its effectiveness in oil–water separation. The coating procedure was carried out using hydrothermal techniques, with an emphasis on investigating the impact of precursor concentration, pH levels, reaction temperature and duration, on the separation efficiency of the optimal coating solution. The hydrothermally coated stainless steel mesh was created within a polytetrafluoroethylene reaction vessel, submerged in a 150 ml aqueous solution containing 0.0094 mol of sodium tungstate di-hydrate at pH 3.0, achieved through the addition of hydrochloric acid. Additionally, 1 g of oxalic acid, acting as a chelating agent, was introduced. Subsequently, the mesh underwent a 4 h reaction at 220 °C and was subsequently annealed for 30 min in a 350 °C furnace. Remarkably, the resultant mesh exhibited an exceptional water separation flux of 9870 ± 15 L/hr/m2 when exposed to 1:1 v/v oil–water mixtures. This performance significantly outperformed previous filters designed for similar oil–water separation tasks. The mesh efficiently facilitated the passage of water through the oil–water mixture, achieving an efficiency rate exceeding 98 ± 1%. To gauge its wetting behavior, the hydrophilic/underwater oleophobic filter underwent static contact angle measurements. The filter's wetting mechanism was primarily attributed to its hierarchical surface structure, which enhanced surface hydrophilicity and roughness. Analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, and FE-SEM were employed to scrutinize the fabricated filter's composition. These analyses confirmed the successful creation of a nanostructured WO3 coating on both sides of the stainless steel mesh. Moreover, the utilization of commercially available chemicals and straightforward fabrication techniques underscores the promising potential of this approach for large-scale applications.
Large Language Models, Agency, and Why Speech Acts are Beyond Them (For Now) – A Kantian-Cum-Pragmatist Case
Authors: Gubelmann Reto 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis article sets in with the question whether current or foreseeable transformer-based large language models (LLMs), such as the ones powering OpenAI’s ChatGPT, could be language users in a way comparable to humans. It answers the question negatively, presenting the following argument. Apart from niche uses, to use language means to act. But LLMs are unable to act because they lack intentions. This, in turn, is because they are the wrong kind of being: agents with intentions need to be autonomous organisms while LLMs are heteronomous mechanisms. To conclude, the article argues, based on structural aspects of transformer-based LLMs, that these LLMs have taken a first step away from mechanistic artificiality to autonomous self-constitution, which means that these models are (slowly) moving into a direction that someday might result in non-human, but equally non-artificial agents, thus subverting the time-honored Kantian distinction between organism and mechanism.
Die israelische Justizreform im Kontext der Verfassungsentwicklungen im Nahen Osten
Authors: Demmelhuber Thomas , Lintl Peter 
Published: February 2024

ZusammenfassungIn Zeiten politischer Veränderungen wird um Verfassungen besonders gerungen. Der Nahe Osten und Nordafrika bietet hierfür insbesondere seit den politischen Umbrüchen ab 2010 zahlreiche Beispiele. Vorliegender Beitrag zeigt zunächst die Bedeutung von Verfassungen unabhängig des Regimetypus auf und veranschaulicht, wie auch in autokratischen Ordnungen um Verfassungen gestritten wird und sie für unterschiedliche Herrschaftszwecke instrumentalisiert werden. Am Fallbeispiel der israelischen Demokratie und ihrem Ringen um eine Verfassung zeigen wir einerseits, wie das Fehlen einer Verfassung auch zu Legitimationsproblemen der de facto vorliegenden Verfassungsorgane führt. Andererseits untersuchen wir, wie sich das Ringen um die Justizreform in Israel in unterschiedliche Prozesse der Staatenbildung, Verfassungsentwicklung und politischer Umbrüche in der Region des Nahen Ostens einbetten lässt.
Effect of Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease According to the Fatty Liver Index
Authors: Yoo Joonsang , Jeon Jimin , Baik Minyoul , Kim Jinkwon 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the primary preventive effect of statins on CVD according to the level of fatty liver index (FLI), which is a marker of NAFLD.

Methods
We conducted a nested case–control study on the basis of a nationwide health screening cohort in Korea. The participants were divided into tertiles (T1, T2, and T3) according to their FLI score. Cases were defined as individuals who developed CVD (composite of myocardial infarction and stroke). Three controls were matched to each case and multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results
Within a cohort of 206,263 participants without prior CVD, 7044 individuals suffered the primary outcome. For the nested case–control study, we selected these 7044 cases along with their corresponding 20,641 matched controls. Individuals in the T3 tertiles of FLI had a higher risk of CVD than those in the T1 tertile [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.40, P < 0.001]. In sub-analyses based on FLI tertiles, statin therapy was associated with a lower risk of CVD (adjusted OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61–0.85, P < 0.001) in the T3 tertile but not in the T1 and T2 tertiles.

Conclusions
Statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of CVD in individuals with high FLI but not in those with low FLI. Further research is needed to determine the pathophysiologic mechanism between statin and NAFLD.
Temperature fluctuations and ventilation dynamics induced by atmospheric pressure variations in Lamalunga Cave (Apulia, Italy) and their influences on speleothem growth
Authors: Borsato Andrea , Samadelli Marco , Martimucci Vincenzo , Manzi Giorgio 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLamalunga Cave (Altamura, Southern Italy) is renowned for the discovery in 1993 of an excellently preserved Neanderthal skeleton. Given the importance of the findings and the potential use of Lamalunga speleothems for paleoclimate reconstructions, a detailed monitoring program was undertaken to investigate the connections between microclimate parameters and speleothem growth. The cave air temperature is characterized by annual sinusoidal cycles with increasing phase shift and decreasing thermal amplitude from ± 2.1°C to ± 0.04°C as a function of increasing rock overburden, and daily to sub-daily cycles induced by surface air pressure (SAP) variations characterized by strong 24-hour and 12-hour solar harmonic frequencies, with thermal amplitude decreasing from 0.0054°C to 0.0021°C in the deeper parts of the cave. The ventilation regime is mainly controlled by SAP fluctuations. Fast SAP rises can trigger “emptying events” during which most of the cave air is replaced and the CO2 concentration falls towards near-atmospheric values. The steady and gentle ventilation created by SAP fluctuations also influences the growth and morphology of calcite coralloids, with larger popcorn assemblages concentrated in the northern galleries and delicate branching morphologies prevailing along the South Gallery where stable temperature and relative humidity conditions occur. The study is a seminal example of how high-precision measurements of cave air temperature can provide a wealth of information on cave ventilation and thermal regime and provide valuable support for robust paleoclimate reconstruction from speleothems.
Turbulence spreading effects on the ELM size and SOL width
Authors: Li Nami , Xu X.Q. , Diamond P.H. , Wang Y.F. , Lin X. , Yan N. , Xu G.S. 
Published: February 2024

BOUT++ turbulence simulations were performed to investigate the impact of turbulence spreading on the edge localized mode (ELM) size and divertor heat flux width

$({\lambda _q})$

broadening in small ELM regimes. This study is motivated by EAST experiments. BOUT++ linear simulations of a pedestal radial electric field (Er) scan show that the dominant toroidal number mode (n) shifts from high-n to low-n, with a narrow mode spectrum, and the maximum linear growth rate increases as the pedestal Er well deepens. The nonlinear simulations show that as the net E × B pedestal flow increases, the pressure fluctuation level and its inward penetration beyond the top of the pedestal both increase. This leads to a transition from small ELMs to large ELMs. Both inward and outward turbulence spreading are sensitive to the scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma profiles. The inward turbulence spreading increases for the steep SOL profiles, leading to increasing pedestal energy loss in the small ELM regime. The SOL width

$({\lambda _q})$

is significantly broadened progressing from the ELM-free to small ELM regime, due to the onset of strong radial turbulent transport. The extent of the SOL width

$({\lambda _q})$

broadening depends strongly on outward turbulence spreading. The fluctuation energy intensity flux

${\varGamma _\varepsilon }$

at the separatrix can be enhanced by increasing either pedestal Er flow shear or local SOL pressure gradient. The

${\lambda _q}$

is broadened as the fluctuation energy intensity flux

${\varGamma _\varepsilon }$

at the last close flux surface (LCFS) increases. Local SOL E × B flow shear will restrain outward turbulence spreading and the associated heat flux width broadening. Operating in H-mode with small ELMs has the potential to solve two critical problems: reducing the ELM size and broadening the SOL width.
TH-stopping in Philadelphia Puerto Rican English
Authors: Patchell Abigail E. , Berry Grant M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAnalyzing data from the Puerto Rican English in Philadelphia (PREP) corpus, we investigate participation in TH-stopping, a socially stigmatized yet stable variable documented in Philadelphia. While previous studies have been impressionistic and have considered voiced and voiceless tokens to pattern together, this work validates novel, acoustically based stopping indices: mean harmonics-to-noise ratio for voiced tokens and skewness for voiceless tokens. We apply these indices to the corpus data and analyze stopping under a Bayesian framework, and we compare results from a model built from impressionistic coding of a subset of the same data. We find convergent evidence that TH-stopping is a stable variable in the Puerto Rican English data as well. Findings are compared with those of existing studies, noting future directions for research on the variable and underscoring the importance of establishing demographically representative baselines for linguistic research in diverse urban centers.
Taking stock to move forward: Where the field of developmental psychopathology might be heading
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Luyten Patrick , Allison Elizabeth , Campbell Chloe 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn this paper, dedicated to Dante Cicchetti’s contributions and enduring influence, we explore the prospective directions of developmental psychopathology. Our focus centers on key domains where Cicchetti’s significant achievements have continually shaped our evolving thinking about psychological development. These domains include (a) the concepts of equifinality and multifinality, along with the challenges in predicting developmental trajectories, (b) the imperative to integrate wider sociocultural viewpoints into developmental psychopathology frameworks, (c) the interplay of genetic and environmental influences in developmental courses, (d) the significance of mental state language, and (e) the progress, or its absence, in the development of prevention and intervention tactics for children, adolescents, and their caregivers. While many of our forecasts regarding the future of developmental psychopathology may not materialize, we maintain optimistic that the essential ideas presented will influence the research agenda in this field and contribute to its growth over the next fifty years.
Developmental trajectories of adolescent internalizing symptoms and parental responses to distress
Authors: Jones Jason D. , Fraley R. Chris , Stern Jessica A. , Lejuez Carl W. , Cassidy Jude 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Parents’ responses to their children’s negative emotions are a central aspect of emotion socialization that have well-established associations with the development of psychopathology. Yet research is lacking on potential bidirectional associations between parental responses and youth symptoms that may unfold over time. Further, additional research is needed on sociocultural factors that may be related to the trajectories of these constructs. In this study, we examined associations between trajectories of parental responses to negative emotions and adolescent internalizing symptoms and the potential role of youth sex and racial identity. Adolescents and caregivers (N = 256) completed six assessments that spanned adolescent ages 13–18 years. Multivariate growth models revealed that adolescents with higher internalizing symptoms at baseline experienced increasingly non-supportive parental responses over time (punitive and distress responses). By contrast, parental responses did not predict initial levels of or changes in internalizing symptoms. Parents of Black youth reported higher minimization and emotion-focused responses and lower distress responses compared to parents of White youth. We found minimal evidence for sex differences in parental responses. Internalizing symptoms in early adolescence had enduring effects on parental responses to distress, suggesting that adolescents may play an active role in shaping their emotion socialization developmental context.
Dinocephalosaurus orientalis Li, 2003: a remarkable marine archosauromorph from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China
Authors: SPIEKMAN Stephan N.F. , WANG Wei , ZHAO Lijun , RIEPPEL Olivier , FRASER Nicholas C. , LI Chun 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTThe non-archosauriform archosauromorph Dinocephalosaurus orientalis was first described from the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation (late Anisian, Middle Triassic) of Guizhou Province by Li in 2003 on the basis of a complete articulated skull and the first three cervical vertebrae exposed in dorsal to right lateral view. Since then, additional specimens have been discovered in southwestern China. Here, five newly discovered specimens are described for the first time, and redescriptions of the holotype IVPP V13767 and another referred specimen, IVPP V13898, are provided. Together, these permit the description of the complete skeleton of this remarkable long-necked marine reptile. The postcranial skeleton is as much as 6 metres long, and characterised by its long tail and even longer neck. The appendicular skeleton exhibits a high degree of skeletal paedomorphosis recalling that of many sauropterygians, but the skull and neck are completely inconsistent with sauropterygian affinities. The palate does not extend back over the basisphenoid region and lacks any development of the closed condition typical of sauropterygians. The arrangement of cranial elements, including the presence of narial fossae, is very similar to that seen in another long-necked archosauromorph, Tanystropheus hydroides, which at least in part represents a convergence related to an aquatic piscivorous lifestyle. The long and low cervical vertebrae support exceptionally elongate cervical ribs that extend across multiple intervertebral joints and contribute to a ‘stiffening bundle of ribs’ extending along the entire ventral side of the neck, as in many other non-crocopodan archosauromorphs. The functional significance of the extraordinarily elongate neck is hard to discern but it presumably played a key role in feeding, and it is probably analogous to the elongate necks seen in pelagic, long-necked plesiosaurs. Dinocephalosaurus orientalis was almost certainly a fully marine reptile and even gave birth at sea.
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Stratification and Mixing in a Shallow, Tropical Floodplain Lake
Authors: Zhou Wencai , Melack John M. , MacIntyre Sally , Barbosa Pedro M. , Amaral Joao H. F. , Cortés Alicia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFloodplain lakes are widespread and ecologically important throughout tropical river systems, however data are rare that describe how temporal variations in hydrological, meteorological and optical conditions moderate stratification and mixing in these shallow lakes. Using time series measurements of meteorology and water‐column temperatures from 17 several day campaigns spanning two hydrological years in a representative Amazon floodplain lake, we calculated surface energy fluxes and thermal stratification, and applied and evaluated a 3‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model successfully simulated diel cycles in thermal structure characterized by buoyancy frequency, depth of the actively mixing layer, and other terms associated with the surface energy budget. Diurnal heating with strong stratification and nocturnal mixing were common; despite considerable heat loss at night, the strong stratification during the day meant that mixing only infrequently extended to the bottom at night. Simulations indicated that the diurnal thermocline up and downwelled creating lake‐wide differences in near‐surface temperatures and mixing depths. Infrequent full mixing creates conditions conducive to anoxia in these shallow lakes given their warm temperatures.
Spatial Variation in Transit Time Distributions of Groundwater Discharge to a Stream Overlying the Northern High Plains Aquifer, Nebraska, USA
Authors: Humphrey C. Eric , Solomon D. Kip , Gilmore Troy E. , MacNamara Markus R. , Genereux David P. , Mittelstet Aaron R. , Zeyrek Caner , Zlotnik Vitaly A. , Jensen Craig R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGroundwater transit time distributions (TTDs) describe the spectrum of flow‐weighted apparent ages of groundwater from aquifer recharge to discharge. Regional‐scale TTDs in stream baseflow are often estimated from numerical models with limited calibration from groundwater sampling and suggest much younger groundwater discharge than has been observed by discrete age‐dating techniques. We investigate both local and regional‐scale groundwater TTDs in the Upper Middle Loup watershed (5,440 km2) overlying the High Plains Aquifer in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA. We determined flow‐weighted apparent ages of groundwater discharging through the streambed at 88 discrete points along a 99 km groundwater‐dominated stream segment using 3H, noble gases, 14C, and groundwater flux measurements at the point‐scale (<7.6 cm diameter). Points were organized in transects across the stream width (3–10 points per transect) and transects were clustered in five sampling areas (10–610 m in stream length) located at increasing distances along the stream. Groundwater apparent ages ranged from 0 to 8,200 years and the mean groundwater transit time along the 99 km stream is >3,000 years. TTDs from upstream sampling areas were best fit by distributions with a narrow range of apparent ages, but when older groundwater from downstream sampling areas is included, the regional TTD is scale dependent and the distribution is better described by a gamma model (α ≈ 0.4) which accommodates large fractions of millennial‐aged groundwater. Observations indicate: (a) TTDs can exhibit spatial variability within a watershed and (b) watersheds can discharge larger fractions of old groundwater (>1,000 years) than commonly assumed.
Satellite Remote Sensing: A Tool to Support Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Recreational Health Advisories in a California Reservoir
Authors: Lopez Barreto Brittany N. , Hestir Erin L. , Lee Christine M. , Beutel Marc W. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) can harm people, animals, and affect consumptive and recreational use of inland waters. Monitoring cyanoHABs is often limited. However, chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) is a common water quality metric and has been shown to have a relationship with cyanobacteria. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently updated their previous 1999 cyanoHAB guidance values (GVs) to be more practical by basing the GVs on chl‐a concentration rather than cyanobacterial counts. This creates an opportunity for widespread cyanoHAB monitoring based on chl‐a proxies, with satellite remote sensing (SRS) being a potentially powerful tool. We used Sentinel‐2 (S2) and Sentinel‐3 (S3) to map chl‐a and cyanobacteria, respectively, classified chl‐a values according to WHO GVs, and then compared them to cyanotoxin advisories issued by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) at San Luis Reservoir, key infrastructure in California's water system. We found reasonably high rates of total agreement between advisories by DWR and SRS, however rates of agreement varied for S2 based on algorithm. Total agreement was 83% for S3, and 52%–79% for S2. False positive and false negative rates for S3 were 12% and 23%, respectively. S2 had 12%–80% false positive rate and 0%–38% false negative rate, depending on algorithm. Using SRS‐based chl‐a GVs as an early indicator for possible exposure advisories and as a trigger for in situ sampling may be effective to improve public health warnings. Implementing SRS for cyanoHAB monitoring could fill temporal data gaps and provide greater spatial information not available from in situ measurements alone.