bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Handling on the Compression Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard Containers
Authors: Singh SP , Crofts B , Burgess G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The ability of a corrugated fiberboard box to protect its contents is related to its compression strength. The corrugated container industry has been manufacturing corrugated fiberboard according to bursting strength and basis weight specifications. These specifications do not accurately reflect the ability of a box to meet performance requirements in the distribution environment. This study investigates the effect of package weight and the handling environment on the reduction in compression strength of corrugated containers. The mean compression strength and corresponding deflection values for three box sizes were evaluated as a function of package weight and drop height after handling. The compression strength decreased as the package weights increased and as the drop heights increased. The mean edge crush, flat crush, and bursting strength values were unchanged as the test conditions became more severe.
Understanding Impact Testing of Pallet Nails and Staples
Authors: Loferski JR , Stern EG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The assembly of wooden pallets, at a rate of more than 500 million units per year by more than 2500 American manufacturers, is mostly accomplished with nails and staples. The performance and useful life of these pallets are significantly influenced by the ability of these fasteners to resist relatively high impact forces during pallet use. Only a single testing device, described in ASTM Standard F 680, is available to provide the information on the impact resistance of these pallet fasteners. The accuracy, precision, and repeatability of the test data as well as the usefulness of this testing device are described by data on two types of pallet nails, obtained by single and multiple operators of this device. Among the conclusions advanced are that the mean test data are representative of the fastener performance characteristics and are repeatable and accurate if the testing device is used properly.
Theory and Practice of Force Measurement
Authors: Doebelin EO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The senior author, A. Bray, has been with the Institute of Metrology “G. Colonetti” in Turin, Italy, for many years, having established the first nucleus of the institute, which is today the Force Measurement Section. His colleagues G. Barbato and R. Levi are associated also with Politecnico di Torino. Reflective of the authors' experience, the major focus of the book is on high accuracy force measurement and calibration in standards laboratories. This relatively narrow focus limits the range of readership to which the book is addressed, but allows a high technical level in the treatment of those topics which are covered. Of the eight chapters, only the fifth, “Force-Measuring Devices,” would be of prime interest to the more general force-measurement community. The entire book, however, is of uniformly high quality and fills an important gap in the measurement literature.
An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints
Authors: Link RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Although the title of this book includes the word “introduction”, the treatment of the subject is extensive and complete. The material goes well beyond the coverage of bolted joint design received in a typical undergraduate machine design course. The easy-to-read text begins with the fundamentals of bolt strength, deformation, and material selection and proceeds to cover the topics of preload, torque, and stretch control. The emphasis is on practical considerations for the efficient design of joints, including cost, ease of assembly, inspection, and disassembly. This second, revised edition has expanded the coverage of corrosion, fatigue, gaskets, and ultrasonic measurement of bolt strain. Also included are discussions of the failure modes and mechanisms of bolted joints. Case histories from industry are presented throughout the text to illustrate key points. Many up-to-date references are presented at the end of each chapter to allow the reader to pursue individual topics further, if desired. The text contains several appendices with useful tables and formulas for quick reference. The author has broad experience in the subject area from many years as a consultant to the power generation and nuclear industry, active participation on society working groups such as ASME and PVRC, as well as the presentation of numerous seminars on the topic. This book would serve as a valuable desk reference for engineers concerned with the design and performance of bolted joints.
Evaluation of Rating Numbers for Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Weathering Steel
Authors: Albrecht P , Lee H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The term weathering steel describes a high-strength low-alloy composition consisting of a carbon steel base to which about 2% of alloying elements is added for corrosion resistance. These additions may consist of elements such as phosphorus, silicon, nickel, chromium, and copper within the limits prescribed in ASTM specifications A 242 and A 588.
Ideally and boldly exposed coupons of weathering steels corrode at low rates in atmospheric exposure tests. Therefore producers have recommended their use in bare, exposed steel structures.
The present study evaluates the atmospheric corrosion resistance of weathering steel specimens that are ideally and boldly exposed by ASTM Specification G 50.
In Situ Ultrasonic Examination of the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) Enriched Uranium Target Assembly
Authors: Bohringer DE , Kupperman DS , Bailey JL , Knox AE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory is one of the nation's largest and most powerful sources of pulsed neutron beams for the study of atomic and molecular structures in solids and liquids. Due to large grains, preferred crystal orientation, and high neutron flux levels, irradiation growth of the enriched uranium target is a major factor in limiting the useful lifetime of the target assembly. Since predicting growth is difficult, in situ ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques are being used to periodically monitor the growth of the target assembly. Several tests have confirmed that irradiation growth of the target can be tracked and measured to an accuracy of 100 μm.
Inherently Conducting Polymers
Authors: Burnell G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The feasibility of electrically conducting polymers was explored theoretically in the 1960's but has been the subject of serious research only over the past decade or so. Dr. Aldissi's book reviews the progress of this research and describes the current state of the art. Various aspects of the subject are covered such as synthesis, properties, and applications, with the author adopting a mainly descriptive style.
Preparing and Delivering Technical Presentations
Authors: Budinski KG 
Published: February 2009

Description
How to achieve a successful presentation with the expected results.
This ASTM manual guides engineers, technologists, scientists and students through the process of preparing and delivering an oral presentation. Gain the respect of your audience by delivering a concise message in an effective manner. You did not make them uneasy or waste their time. You will learn how to develop a presentation strategy, how to assess and accommodate your audience, how to allocate time to various elements of a talk, how to deliver your talk and assess results.
Seven chapters address
Continuous Infusion of Pantoprazole with Octreotide Does Not Improve Management of Variceal Hemorrhage
Authors: Alaniz Cesar , Mohammad Rima A. , Welage Lynda S. 
Published: February 2009

Study Objective. To assess the effect of a prolonged continuous infusion of pantoprazole on patient outcomes when the drug was combined with standard octreotide therapy in patients with variceal hemorrhage.Design. Retrospective cohort studySetting. Large academic hospital.Patients. One hundred thirty adults who received treatment for a documented variceal hemorrhage; 53 patients received standard octreotide therapy plus a prolonged continuous infusion of pantoprazole (continuous‐infusion group) and 77 patients received either octreotide alone, octreotide with a short‐term (< 24 hrs) infusion of pantoprazole, or octreotide with intermittent acid suppression (control group).Measurements and Main Results. The primary outcome measure was the number of units of packed red blood cells transfused during hospitalization. Baseline characteristics between the treatment groups were similar. The duration of therapy for variceal hemorrhage was significantly longer in the continuous‐infusion group than in the control group. Transfusion requirements for packed red blood cells (mean ± SD 6.4 ± 6.5 vs 5.8 ± 6.6 units, p=0.66) and platelets (8.8 ± 15.1 vs 5.1 ± 11.9 units, p=0.13) were similar for the continuous‐infusion group versus the control group. The continuous‐infusion group, however, received significantly more units of fresh‐frozen plasma than the control group (6.1 ± 10.6 vs 2.9 ± 6.2 units, p=0.05). There was no significant difference in mortality rate between groups.Conclusion. Prolonged continuous infusions of pantoprazole with octreotide seemed to offer no additional benefit compared with octreotide plus short‐term infusions of pantoprazole or intermittent acid suppression in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage. Prospective studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of continuously infused proton pump inhibitors in this setting before their use can be advocated.
Experiences from a biomarker study on farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) used for environmental monitoring in a Swedish river
Authors: Hanson Niklas , Larsson Ake 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Biomarkers in fish may serve as a useful tool for evaluating the pollution load in the environment and for early warning signals about new environmental threats. By employing a strategy with fish that are caged or reared in tanks, problems linked to migration and feeding status can be reduced or eliminated. Such a strategy, however, also may introduce other confounding factors linked to, for example, hierarchical behavior or disease outbreaks. In the present study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were reared in plastic tanks at four sites in the Göta älv river system (plus one external reference) in western Sweden during 2006 and 2007. Because of low population density and high water turnover in the area, pollution levels are expected to be low. Therefore, this should be a good test for the sensitivity of the methodology. Several significant differences were found between sites as well as between years, such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile, and concentration of inorganic ions in blood plasma, but it also was seen that factors other than pollution could be contributing to these differences. The condition factor (CF) varied between sites, possibly because of differences in feeding resulting from variations in water turbidity. Furthermore, even the small differences in CF that were found within sites correlated significantly to several of the biomarkers. It was shown that PAHs likely are the most important EROD inducers in Göta älv and that variation over time is greater than variation between sites. Because CF differed between sites despite a standardized feeding ration, starving of the fish during the exposure period should be considered for future studies.
Barriers to Research and Capacity Building at Hispanic-Serving Institutions: The Case of HIV/AIDS Research at the University of Puerto Rico
Authors: Bernal Guillermo , Ortiz-Torres Blanca 
Published: February 2009

Substantive barriers to research, such as cultural, language, and methodological variables, exist in Hispanic-serving institutions. Historical and contextual variables account for the differences between academic settings with research-intensive centers and those with limited infrastructure for competitive research. We provide a case example to serve as a model for developing and strengthening the research infrastructure in Hispanic-serving institutions and for providing the mentorship Latino investigators may need to compete with other investigators in research-intensive centers. We present recommendations to reduce these barriers.
Lessons Learned From a Training Collaboration Between an Ivy League Institution and a Historically Black University
Authors: Flanigan Timothy P. , Payne Nanetta , Simmons Emma , Hyde Jennifer , Sly Kaye , Zlotnick Caron 
Published: February 2009

The Miriam Hospital, Brown Medical School, and Jackson State University developed a joint training program for predoctoral, Black psychology students under the auspices of a training grant funded by the National Institutes of Health. The students in the program at Jackson State University had unlimited access to the clinical research resources and mentoring expertise at Brown Medical School.This innovative program began in 2001 and addresses the need for Black leaders in clinical research and academia who will focus on HIV and other infections that disproportionately affect the Black community. This collaboration has served as a bridge between an Ivy League institution and a historically Black university for training in clinical research to develop successful minority academicians.
On the Outside Looking In: Promoting HIV/AIDS Research Initiated by African American Investigators
Authors: Wyatt Gail E. , Williams John K. , Henderson Tina , Sumner LeKeisha 
Published: February 2009

People of color are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, yet African American HIV/AIDS researchers are in short supply. Complex historical, structural, sociocultural, and personal barriers can prevent African Americans from becoming well-trained biomedical, behavioral, and social HIV/AIDS researchers. Institutional factors that influence the numbers of African Americans conducting HIV/AIDS research include the limitation of early-career decisions and a lack of exposure to research, research socialization, and mentoring. Two individual-level factors that influence the submission of federally funded research proposals are the limited availability of support for culturally congruent HIV research and African Americans’ negative perceptions of their own competence and ability to contribute to society. We discuss progress toward eliminating disparities experienced by African American HIV/AIDS researchers at the individual, academic institution, and sociopolitical levels.
Mentoring Early-Career Scientists for HIV Research Careers
Authors: Kahn James S. , Greenblatt Ruth M. 
Published: February 2009

Mentoring is important for early-career HIV researchers; it is key for work satisfaction, productivity, workforce diversity, and retention of investigators in a variety of research settings. Establishment of multidisciplinary research projects often is accomplished through mentoring.The work of early-career HIV investigators frequently requires networks of collaborators, and networking is regularly facilitated by mentors. A structured mentoring program that avoids unnecessary conflicts or time burdens and connects early-career investigators with senior mentors from different disciplines may stimulate new networking possibilities and lead to effective collaborations among investigators with different skills and perspectives.Effective mentoring by focused mentors will likely contribute to the skills and networks of investigators necessary for the next generation of HIV investigators.
Building Infrastructure for HIV/AIDS and Mental Health Research at Institutions Serving Minorities
Authors: Yanagihara Richard , Chang Linda , Ernst Thomas 
Published: February 2009

The National Institutes of Health and other funding agencies have initiated various programs aimed at enhancing diversity in the workforces for health care delivery and biomedical research. These programs have resulted in improvements in research infrastructure and moderate successes in increasing, retaining, and strengthening the pool of underrepresented minority students and junior faculty at resource-poor institutions serving minorities. We discuss some of the barriers and obstacles confronting such institutions, and the enablers and facilitators that may ameliorate or overcome such barriers. Although our analysis is drawn from lessons learned at an institution serving a largely Asian and Pacific Islander population, analogous situations may be found for other institutions serving minorities.
Mentoring and Research Capacity-Building Experiences: Acculturating to Research From the Perspective of the Trainee
Authors: Zea Maria Cecilia , Belgrave Faye Z. 
Published: February 2009

We participated in the Collaborative HIV Prevention in Minority Communities Program, which was designed to support ethnic minority researchers in improving their HIV-prevention research skills. Here we share our experiences as trainees, as well as the effect this program has had on our research careers. We liken the process of securing funding for our research to that of acculturation: we had to learn a new culture while retaining our own identity and membership in ethnic minority communities. We also discuss the importance of mentorship from the perspective of the trainee and reflect on our learning and skills acquisition process.
Introduction: The Case for Diversity in Research on Mental Health and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Stoff David M. , Forsyth Andrew , Marquez Ernest D. , McClure Shelia 
Published: February 2009

This introductory article provides background and sets the stage for the mentoring programs described in this special supplement. The goal of these programs is to develop scientists from racial/ethnic groups underrepresented in the area of HIV/AIDS research on issues related to mental health. We describe recent epidemiological trends associated with HIV infection in diverse populations, the need for mentoring programs to study disparities, and the ongoing mentoring programs supported by the National Institutes of Health targeting investigators underrepresented in the workforce. We also provide a summary of the content of the articles to follow. We conclude with a comment on future needs and actions.
A Multifaceted Mentoring Model for Minority Researchers to Address HIV Health Disparities
Authors: Rabionet Silvia E. , Santiago Lydia E. , Zorrilla Carmen D. 
Published: February 2009

In an era of significant biomedical advances in the treatment of HIV, health disparities still persist. The participation of minority researchers brings new perspectives to health-disparities research. Mentoring is key to this process. We present the multifaceted mentoring model that evolved in the Puerto Rico Comprehensive Center for the Study of HIV Disparities and the Mentoring Institute for HIV and Mental Health. The model includes (1) multi-institutional collaborations, (2) competency development, and (3) cross-disciplinary teams. These aspects of the model provide guidelines for institutions seeking to formalize mentoring programs while addressing the complexities of health disparities. The competency development component is a powerful tool in assessing and supporting the researchers. Further explorations on the applicability of the model are encouraged.
A Call for Training the Trainers: Focus on Mentoring to Enhance Diversity in Mental Health Research
Authors: Jeste Dilip V. , Twamley Elizabeth W. , Cardenas Veronica , Lebowitz Barry , Reynolds Charles F. 
Published: February 2009

There is a widening disparity between the proportion of ethnic minority Americans in the population and the number of researchers from these minority groups. One major obstacle in this arena relates to a dearth of mentors for such trainees. The present academic settings are not optimal for development and sustenance of research mentors, especially for mentees from underrepresented minority ethnic groups. Mentoring skills can and should be evaluated and enhanced. Universities, medical schools, and funding agencies need to join hands and implement national- and local-level programs to help develop and reward mentors of junior scientists from ethnic minority groups.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Coryneform Bacteria Isolated
from Semen
Authors: Türk Silver , Punab Margus , Mändar Reet 
Published: February 2009

Background:
The susceptibility of coryneform bacteria has been studied mostly in invasive pathogens, less data
are available concerning the mucosal or physiological fluid strains. At the same time they can serve as the source of various
infections, besides the invasive infections also the local ones, for example, coryneforms of male genital tract have
been associated with inflammatory prostatitis.

Material and Methods:
A total of 62 coryneform isolates from human semen were tested for susceptibility to eight antimicrobial
agents using the E test method.

Results:
All strains were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam and only a few were resistant to penicillin G and TMP/SMX
while nearly one third of strains were resistant or intermediate to doxycycline (35%) and norfloxacin (29%), and more
than half to clindamycin (63%), nitrofurantoin (62%) and erythromycin (53%). The strains showing resistance to at least 3
antimicrobials belonged to Corynebacterium group F1, Corynebacterium seminale and Cellulomonas/Microbacterium sp.
A distinct co-occurring macrolide and lincosamine resistance pattern was common.

Conclusion:
Ampicillin-sulbactam, penicillin G and TMP/SMX revealed the highest activity against coryneforms isolated
from semen that were frequently resistant or intermediate to several other antimicrobials. Norfloxacin revealed only moderate
activity against prostatitis-associated Corynebacterium group G.
Lengthening of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle During Passive Shoulder Motions and Stretching Techniques: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study
Authors: Muraki Takayuki , Aoki Mitsuhiro , Izumi Tomoki , Fujii Misaki , Hidaka Egi , Miyamoto Shigenori 
Published: February 2009

Background and PurposeLengthening of the pectoralis minor muscle (PMi) during passive shoulder motions and the effect of stretching techniques for this muscle are unclear. The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate the amount and pattern of the lengthening between passive shoulder motions and (2) to determine which stretching technique effected the greatest change in PMi length.MethodsNine fresh cadaveric transthoracic specimens were used. Lengthening in the lateral and medial fiber group of the PMi was directly measured during 3 passive shoulder motions (flexion, scaption, and external rotation at 90° of abduction) and 3 stretching techniques (scapular retraction at 0° and 30° of flexion and horizontal abduction) for this muscle. The measurement was conducted by using a precise displacement sensor.ResultsAlthough the length of the PMi linearly increased during all shoulder motions, lengthening during flexion and scaption was steeper and significantly larger than that during external rotation at 90 degrees of abduction. For the stretching techniques, scapular retraction at 30 degrees of flexion and horizontal abduction stretched the PMi more than scapular retraction at 0 degrees of flexion. In comparison with lengthening at 150 degrees of flexion, scapular retraction at 30 degrees of flexion significantly stretched the medial fiber group of the muscle.Discussion and ConclusionThe extensive lengthening of the PMi is necessary during shoulder motions, especially flexion and scaption. Scapular retraction at 30 degrees of flexion makes the greatest change in PMi length. This study suggests the importance of the PMi in shoulder motion and provides anatomical and biomechanical evidence that might guide appropriate selection of stretching techniques.