bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved methods for the measurement of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in fresh water and their application to chalk streams
Authors: BAKER C. D. , BARTLETT P. D. , FARR I. S. , WILLIAMS G. I. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe development and use of an improved automatic system for the accurate measurement of dissolved organic carbon (D.O.C.) in fresh waters is described. The method, which covers the range 0‐25 mgl−1 D.O.C., is based on the oxidation of organic carbon to carbon dioxide by U.V. radiation. The carbon dioxide produced is measured by a non dispersive infra‐red gas analyser (I.R.G.A.). The I.R.G.A. is also used in the semi‐automatic measurement of particulate organic carbon (P.O.C.) by a combustion method which allows very low concentrations to be measured using samples of 200 ml or less.Results of surveys of two river systems indicate that D.O.C. concentrations of less than 2.0 mg l−1 are typical in unpolluted chalk streams. D.O.C. concentrations of streams draining acid heathland were found to be significantly higher (3‐5.5 mg l−1).D.O.C. concentration was found to increase rapidly during a spate, in a river draining areas of mixed underlying geology. The throughput of D.O.C. during the twenty‐five to fifty spates which occur annually in the river could amount to 20‐30% of the annual flux of D.O.C.P.O.C. concentration in chalk spring waters (0.03–0.04 mg l−1) were found to be higher than expected from preliminary estimates using membrane filtration techniques.The relevance of the measurement of D.O.C. and P.O.C. flux to estimates of the energy budgets of stream ecosystems is discussed and published methods for the automatic measurement of D.O.C. are reviewed.
The ecology of populations of dace, Leudscus leuciscus (L.), from two tributaries of the River Wye, Herefordshire, England
Authors: HELAWELL J. M. 
Published: May 2006

SummarySamples of dace were taken from the Afon Llynfi and the River Lugg each month for 13 consecutive months. Male dace grew faster than females and rates were comparable with those described for several other populations. Variations in year‐class strengths were observed and these differed between the populations although 1959 was strongly represented in both. The sex ratio varied throughout life and disturbances in the expected ratio were attributed to the attainment of sexual maturity at the end of the fourth year of life (3+). Observation of the seasonal gonad cycles indicated that spawning occurred in March or April. Fecundity was estimated at about forty eggs per gram of total weight.A seasonal cycle of feeding activity was established with highest food consumption during summer. There was evidence of a fast during the spawning period. No correlation between temperature and feeding activity could be established. Dace were omnivorous, but aquatic insects and algae were the main components of the diet. Seasonal variations generally followed availability. The importance of aerial insects declined with age. Many differences in feeding habits were detected between the populations.
RURAL SUBSISTENCE, MIGRATION, AND URBANIZATION: THE PRODUCTION, DESTRUCTION, AND REPRODUCTION OF CHEAP LABOUR IN THE WORLD MARKET ECONOMY*
Authors: Stuckey Barbara , Fay Margaret A. 
Published: May 2006

Nicholas Forsyte, cocking his rectangular eyebrows, wore a smile. He had succeeded during the day in bringing to fruition a scheme for the employment of a tribe from Upper India in the gold‐mines of Ceylon. A pet plan, carried at last in the teeth of great difficulties — he was justly pleased. It would double the output of his mines, and, as he had often forcibly argued, all experience tended to show that a man must die; and whether he dies of a miserable old age in his own country or prematurely of damp in the bottom of a foreign mine, was surely of little consequence, provided that by a change in his mode of life he benefited the British Empire.John Galsworthy, A Man of Property, 1906
SCARCITY AND AGRICULTURAL LAND RENT IN LIGHT OF THE CAPITAL CONTROVERSY: THREE VIEWS*
Authors: BARNES TREVOR J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis paper examines the different theories of agricultural land rent proposed by the neoclassical, Marxist, and neo‐Ricardian schools of economic thought. In so doing the paper undertakes two tasks: first, to explore the different definitions of scarcity that emerge from each school; and secondly to check the consistency between the view of scarcity and the analytical theory of rent that each school proposes. It is concluded that for each of the schools there is an inconsistency between their respective view of scarcity and the corresponding theory of rent, although the reasons for that inconsistency vary. It is further argued that although this inconsistency cannot be resolved for the case of neoclassical economics, there is some prospect of resolution for Marxist and neo‐Ricardian theories.
FLEXIBLE SPECIALISATION AND SMALL FIRMS IN ITALY: MYTHS AND REALITIES
Authors: AMIN ASH 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsThis paper offers a critical evaluation of the ‘Flexible Specialisation’ model which asserts that a new and dominant model of industrial organisation based upon craft principles is emerging, or can be nurtured in places where it does not yet exist. Drawing upon recent evidence from Italy, the country whose economic resurgence around small firms has become a cornerstone for the flexible specialisation thesis, the paper argues that there is little cause for the thesis's optimism for small flexible firms and their emancipatory role for the working class.
IN OTHER WOR(L)DS: FRAGMENTED AND INTEGRATED OBSERVATIONS ON GENDERED LANGUAGES, GENDERED SPACES AND LOCAL TRANSFORMATION
Authors: PRED ALLAN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe build up of individual and collective linguistic repertoires is inseparable from situated practices and power relations. Place‐to‐place variations in gendered consciousness, the consciousness of gender, and female subordination cannot be pried apart from place‐to‐place variations in the language out of which gender is constituted and to which gendered practices and unequal gender relations contribute. In the course of local transformation, whereby local traditions and practices are eased out or crushed by exogenous powers, women as well as men are apt to become involved in the contestation of meanings and other forms of linguistic struggle.
“LOCAL” DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN EUROPE: TOWARDS A NEW MYTHOLOGY
Authors: HADJIMICHALIS COSTIS , PAPAMICHOS NICOS 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsFrom the mid‐1970s onwards, many southern European regions experienced a pattern of decentralized development and growth. This pattern has been largely explained by theories of “local” or “endogenous” development which became the new catch‐phrases during a period of great financial difficulties. Despite logical improvements and the use of some radical rhetoric, local development approaches based on rationalization of existing cases (especially in Third Italian regions) suffer both in their theory and practice from the same inherent limitations of two decades ago. The paper argues for an alternative interpretation of local development characteristics in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece, discussing the political implications of proposed policies.
SOCIAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS UNDER FORDISM AND FLEXIBLE ACCUMULATION
Authors: OBERHAUSER ANN M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCurrent debate surrounding Fordism and flexible accumulation centers on explaining their transition and the implications for capital and labor. This article disagrees with the argument that technology and capital competition are the basis for transition and focuses instead on the labor process. Using a case study of the French automobile industry since the Second World War, the analysis examines the transition in production and the link between spatial organization and the labor process. Contradictions in the current phase of capitalist production are apparent in the divergent trends towards international dispersal and regional integration of automobile production, and the deepening social divisions of labor.
STATE, CLASS AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRASILIAN STEEL INDUSTRY
Authors: FOOT S.P.H. , WEBBER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the forces underlying the development and form of the Brasilian steel industry since the 1930s. Foreign direct investment has been limited by Brasilian nationalist policies and by higher costs of steel production, but large scale, integrated plants could not be built by private capital due to insufficient resources. Thus the Brasilian steel industry combines large scale state owned plants (financed by foreign capital) and smaller scale privately owned plants. The operations of the plants are coordinated to reduce market uncertainty, permit the steel sector to advocate its own expansion plans, and delimit the spheres of public and private capital while excluding foreign commodity and productive capital. Even so, in the 1980s the steel industry in Brasil has faced a crisis of declining local demand, prompting a rapid expansion of exports.
RURAL AND REGIONAL RESTRUCTURING OF APARTHEID: IDEOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND THE COMPETITION FOR SPACE
Authors: PICKLES JOHN , WEINER DANIEL 
Published: May 2006

If we are serious about socialist reconstruction, we have to pay as much attention to the countryside as we do the industrial centres, and in this respect I am afraid we are not even at the beginning of the beginning.(Rosa Luxemburg 1986: 233)
SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS FOR ANTI‐ESSENTIALISM
Authors: Peet Richard 
Published: May 2006

A so‐called “going beyond” Marxism will be at worst only a return to pre‐Marxism; at best, only the rediscovery of a thought already contained in the philosophy which one believes he has gone beyond. As for “revisionism,” this is either a truism or an absurdity. There is no need to readapt a living philosophy to the course of the world; it adapts itself by means of thousands of new efforts, thousands of particular pursuits, for the philosophy is one with the movement of society.—J.‐P. Sartre, Search for a Method (1968: 7)
COLLECTIVE CONSUMPTION AND URBAN SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CASE OF TWO COLORED SUBURBS IN THE JOHANNESBURG REGION
Authors: Lupton Malcolm 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSIn South Africa, the provision of collective consumption and urban racial segregation have always been closely connected. This article examines changes in apartheid urban policy with specific reference to two predominantly working‐class colored suburbs on the periphery of Johannesburg: Eldorado Park, begun in the mid‐1960s during a period of relative growth and stability, is largely an expression of socialized housing produced by an interventionist state and construction of this suburb, despite its racially exclusive character, appears to fit all too well within the theory which sees collective consumption in terms of the reproduction of labor power. However the apartheid regime, confronted by a deepening economic and political crisis, later withdrew from the provision of collective consumption, and appears to be abandoning its racist urban policies and ideology. Thus construction of Ennerdale, beginning in the mid‐1970s occurred within a context of privatization and austerity. Analysis of the apparent “deracialized” and market‐oriented provision of urban goods and services in Ennerdale reveals, at a local level, contradictions of South African crisis policies.
FEMININITY, PLACE AND COMMODITIES: A RETAIL CASE STUDY
Authors: Dowling Robyn 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSRecent accounts of the significance of consumption and commodities in the constitution of femininity have stressed the fluidity of consumption practices and the indeterminacy of their meaning for the oppression of women. The role of place in the construction of femininity has not been considered in these accounts, and as such uni‐dimensional portraits of the consumption‐femininity nexus have prevailed. In this article I offer an alternative place‐based account of the construction of femininity through consumption, demonstrating the constitution of gendered relations of consumption in place. In so doing, some of the contradictions in the consumption‐femininity nexus are highlighted. Using a case study of one facet of consumption ‐ retailing ‐ I demonstrate the importance of place and context in the construction of femininity through consumption, in three substantive ways. First, the selling of commodities by retail institutions entails the creation of place. Second, the construction of femininity ‐ shopping as an important component of domestic labor and shopping as feminine, is part of this creation of place. Third, this environment and the process of shopping influence the meaning of commodities and associated constructions of femininity.
POSTMODERNIST THOUGHT IN GEOGRAPHY: A REALIST VIEW
Authors: Sayer Andrew 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThe paper develops a critique of some ideas that have emerged in geographers' interpretations of postmodernist thought. The intention is not to criticize them for diverging from the views of leading postmodernist authors but simply as ideas in themselves, regardless of their origins. Three main problems are discussed: firstly, a flip from foundationalism or naive objectivism to new versions of idealism and relativism; secondly, a flip from grand narratives or totalizing discourses to local knowledges; and thirdly, a flip from ethnocentrism or androcentrism to “cultural relativism writ small” in which authors grant a privileged status to the knowledge, values and judgements of others. It is argued that each of these “pomo‐flips” is unsatisfactory, and that critical realism offers an alternative way of resolving the problems. This involves different concepts of truth and of the role of philosophy from those often assumed in the postmodernist literature on space and society.
MASCULINISM, THE USE OF DUALISTIC EPISTEMOLOGIES AND THIRD SPACES*
Authors: Pile Steve 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSFirst, this paper establishes a ground from which to question not only the relationship between power and knowledge in the construction of geographical knowledge, but also the gendering of this relationship. From this starting position, second, it is argued that dualisms permit the gendering of particular binary opposites. The argument is not that certain dualistic categories ‐ such as Reason and Emotion or Time and Space ‐ are inherently wrong or to deny that western societies are organized through them, at least in part. Instead, dualisms are shown ‐ at particular times and in particular places ‐ to mark and help police supposedly fixed, natural divisions between the powerful and the disempowered (as in the masculine versus the feminine). In assuming away dualistic economies of meaning, the danger is that this helps to maintain the reproduction of the power‐ridden values which dualisms help to sustain. Indeed, it is because dualist architectures are not as fixed, stable or natural as they are meant to be (i.e., precisely because they need to be policed) that it is possible to refuse them. Finally, this paper describes one alternative episte‐mology which draws on the notion of a third space. The idea of third spaces uses a spatial metaphor to suggest an alternative radical geography which mobilizes place, politics and hybrid identities. One such third space is illustrated by an empirical example.
FROM VIOLENCE TO RECONSTRUCTION: THE MAKING, DISINTEGRATION AND REMAKING OF AN APARTHEID CITY
Authors: Hindson Doug , Byerley Mark , Morris Mike 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis article analyzes the relationship between violence and the racial city. It examines Durban's construction and disintegration in the context of unsuccessful apartheid reform, and traces corresponding distinct but overlapping stages of violence. Internecine violence of the latter 1980s constituted a racially displaced confrontation over political control and resources of the society transformed into internecine conflict within black residential areas, especially the urban peripheries. The violence was rooted in spatial and material differentiation reinforced by township and shantytown power structures, which clandestine state intervention accentuated. The article concludes by analyzing the new spatial and racial city forms, suggesting alternative urban reconstruction paths to redress the deeper causes of violence.
ROBERT BRENNER IN THE TUNNEL OF TIME*
Authors: Blaut J. M. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSRobert Brenner is a follower of one tradition in Marxism that is as diffusionist, as Eurocentric, as any conservative position. Within one of the most egalitarian of all socio‐political doctrines, this is a tradition that believes in the historical superiority of Europeans over non‐Europeans. Eurocentric Marxists are not racist, nor even prejudiced, but most of them believe that Europe is the fountainhead of civilization, the permanent source of innovative social change.
RUSSIAN MINERS BOW TO THE ANGEL OF HISTORY
Authors: Burawoy Michael , Krotov Pavel 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis paper follows the struggles of Russian coal miners who first challenged the Soviet regime in 1989 and helped precipitate its downfall in 1991. In the Arctic city of Vorkuta, the movement's most militant and radical center, the dreams of workers have again, as in 1917, become bonds of their affliction. In response to invading market forces, the city strike committee has turned from support of the new regime to renewed opposition, the independent trade union movement increasingly throws its weight behind the once reviled mine management, and the mines themselves have rallied around the conglomerate, long a symbol of arbitrary power.
ON BEING NOT EVEN ANYWHERE NEAR ‘THE PROJECT’: WAYS OF PUTTING OURSELVES IN THE PICTURE
Authors: Chouinard Vera , Grant Ali 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis paper challenges current constructions of “the project” in radical geography by examining the phenomenon of “missing sisters.” We discuss the social construction of lesbians and disabled women as invisible “others” and how this is manifest in Geography. We argue that disabled women and lesbians have had their experiences and lives marginalized; both in the geographic literature and through practices of exclusion. We call for a reconstructed radical geography which includes lesbians and disabled women, on their own revolutionary terms, in the production of knowledge and in political practice. Such an inclusionary project will enrich our understanding of geographic processes and strengthen our efforts to build political strategies of resistance to contemporary forms of oppression and marginalization.
TRANSPORT AND POPULAR STRUGGLES IN SOUTH AFRICA*
Authors: Khosa Meshack M. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThe separation of place of residence from place of work under capitalism has been aggravated in South Africa by various apartheid policies which forced African people to the fringes of urban areas. Provision of transport was crucial to the establishment of segregated townships, and four decades of protests against fare increases and conditions demonstrate the importance of this service to African working people. These protests achieved only limited success, but commuters were able to challenge the state and transport companies. Although a national transport policy forum set up in 1992 ushered in a new era of inclusion, it has already become another site of contestation.
LOS ANGELES AFTER THE STORM: THE DIALECTIC OF ORDINARY DISASTER
Authors: Davis Mike 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis article weighs recent scientific evidence that the urbanization of Southern California has taken place during one of the most unusual episodes of climatic and seismic benignity in the last 3500 years. Official disaster and resource planning, moreover, has been based on record‐keeping shorter than the temporal wavelengths of the most important landscape processes. Indeed, the “biblical” flood, fire, and earthquake disasters of the last three years may only be a prelude to seismic and climatic events of far greater magnitude. What will be the future of the Los Angeles area if Congress refuses to continue federal disaster subsidies?
IMAGINING SAFE URBAN SPACE: THE CONTRIBUTION OF DETECTIVE FICTION TO RADICAL GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Schmid David 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSRadical geographers often discuss how contemporary urban space is becoming increasingly violent and dangerous. They pay much less attention to the question of how to make this space safe. In contrast, detective fiction focuses precisely on how to take danger out of the city. It therefore provides radical geographers with imaginative models of how different levels of space are linked through forms of violence. Detective fiction challenges accounts of the urban spatialization of power that over‐simplify relations between city inhabitants as a clash between “oppressor” and “oppressed.” By suggesting how a subject can simultaneously oppress through and be oppressed by volence, detective fiction shows the contradictory multiplicity of people's spatial identifications.
INDONESIA'SMEDAN MERDEKA: NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT*
Authors: Macdonald Gerald M. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSIndonesia, among the world's most culturally diverse countries, has long grappled with the issues of national unity. This paper explores the meanings of Medan Merdeka [Independence Square] in central Jakarta, Indonesia ‐ a particular site in which symbols for the abstract ideals of political unity and national identity were constructed in an urban space honoring the struggle for national independence. These symbols, however, also expose the struggle to define “Indonesianness” within the international geopolitical milieu of the post‐independence years. As such they offer a glimpse into competing interpretations of identity and the real world struggle to impose meaning on the built environment.
CONTESTED BOUNDARIES: STATE POLICIES, FOREST CLASSIFICATIONS, AND DEFORESTATION IN THE GARHWAL HIMALAYAS
Authors: Rangan Haripriya 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSProminent environmental scholars and activists in India have posited that environmental crises in the Indian Himalayas result primarily from adopting forestry practices that override local communities and argue that the region can be sustained only when the state allows local communities to practice indigenous forest management. This paper challenges those critiques: focusing on the Garhwal Himalayas, it shows that forestry practices involve contestation and negotiation between the state and local communities and argues that environmental scholars fail to recognize how particular classes have shaped forest use and management practices and played a central role in determining environmental sustainability for local communities.
WHOSE WOODS ARE THESE? COUNTER‐MAPPING FOREST TERRITORIES IN KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Authors: Peluso Nancy Lee 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis paper examines the politics of land and forest rights in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Forest mapping by government forestry planners allocates rights of resource use and land access according to forest types and economic objectives, only rarely recognizing indigenous occupancy rights or forest territories customarily claimed or managed by local people. As maps and official plans based on them ignore, and in some cases criminalize, traditional rights to forest, forest products, and forest land for temporary conversion to swidden agriculture, indigenous activists are using sketch maps to re‐claim territories ‐ a process that requires re‐defining many traditional forest rights. The paper considers the political implications of mapping and the implications of a focus on land use rather than forest use.