bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular matrix molecules and synaptic plasticity: immunomapping of intracellular and secreted Reelin in the adult rat brain
Authors: Ramos‐Moreno Tania , Galazo Maria J. , Porrero Cesar , Martínez‐Cerdeño Verónica , Clascá Francisco 
Published: January 2006

AbstractReelin, a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is secreted by several neuron populations in the developing and adult rodent brain. Secreted Reelin triggers a complex signaling pathway by binding lipoprotein and integrin membrane receptors in target cells. Reelin signaling regulates migration and dendritic growth in developing neurons, while it can modulate synaptic plasticity in adult neurons. To identify which adult neural circuits can be modulated by Reelin‐mediated signaling, we systematically mapped the distribution of Reelin in adult rat brain using sensitive immunolabeling techniques. Results show that the distribution of intracellular and secreted Reelin is both very widespread and specific. Some interneuron and projection neuron populations in the cerebral cortex contain Reelin. Numerous striatal neurons are weakly immunoreactive for Reelin and these cells are preferentially located in striosomes. Some thalamic nuclei contain Reelin‐immunoreactive cells. Double‐immunolabeling for GABA and Reelin reveals that the Reelin‐immunoreactive cells in the visual thalamus are the intrinsic thalamic interneurons. High local concentrations of extracellular Reelin selectively outline several dendrite spine‐rich neuropils. Together with previous mRNA data, our observations suggest abundant axoplasmic transport and secretion in pathways such as the retino‐collicular tract, the entorhino‐hippocampal (‘perforant’) path, the lateral olfactory tract or the parallel fiber system of the cerebellum. A preferential secretion of Reelin in these neuropils is consistent with reports of rapid, activity‐induced structural changes in adult brain circuits.
ATF3 expression in L4 dorsal root ganglion neurons after L5 spinal nerve transection
Authors: Shortland Peter J. , Baytug Beki , Krzyzanowska Agnieszka , McMahon Stephen B. , Priestley John V. , Averill Sharon 
Published: January 2006

AbstractActivating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a widely used marker of damaged primary sensory neurons that is induced in essentially all dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by spinal nerve axotomy. Whether such injuries induce its expression in neurons of adjacent DRGs remains unknown. Following L5 spinal nerve ligation, experimental but not sham‐operated rats develop thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. In the L4 DRG, 11–12% of neurons were ATF3 positive by 1 day post‐surgery, and numbers remain unchanged at 2 weeks. Importantly, sham exposure of the L5 spinal nerve produced a nearly identical number of ATF3‐positive neurons in the L4 DRG and also a substantial increase in the L5 DRG, with a similar time‐course to experimental animals. There was no correlation between behaviour and magnitude of ATF3 expression. Co‐localization studies with the DRG injury markers galanin, neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) showed that approximately 75, 50 and 25%, respectively, of L4 ATF3‐positive neurons co‐expressed these markers after L5 transection or sham surgery. Additionally, increases in galanin and NOS were seen in ATF3‐negative neurons in L4. Our results strongly suggest that the surgical exposure of spinal nerves induces ATF3 in the L4–5 DRG, irrespective of whether the L5 nerve is subsequently cut. This probably reflects minor damage to the neurons or their axons but nevertheless is sufficient to induce phenotypic plasticity. Caution is therefore warranted when interpreting the phenotypic plasticity of DRG neurons in adjacent ganglia in the absence of positive evidence that they are not damaged.
Localization and function of pre‐ and postsynaptic kainate receptors in the rat globus pallidus
Authors: Jin Xiao‐Tao , Paré Jean‐Francois , Raju Dinesh V. , Smith Yoland 
Published: January 2006

AbstractKainate receptors (KARs) are widely expressed the basal ganglia. In this study, we used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and whole‐cell recording techniques to examine the localization and function of KARs in the rat globus pallidus (GP). Dendrites were the most common immunoreactive elements, while terminals forming symmetric or asymmetric synapses and unmyelinated axons comprised most of the presynaptic labeling. To determine whether synaptically released glutamate activates KARs, we recorded excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the GP following single‐pulse stimulation of the internal capsule. 4‐(8‐Methyl‐9H‐1,3‐dioxolo[4,5 h]{2,3}benzodiazepine‐5‐yl)‐benzenamine hydrochloride (GYKI 52466, 100 µm), an α‐amino‐3‐hydroxyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, reduced but did not completely block evoked EPSCs. The remaining EPSC component was mediated through activation of KARs because it was abolished by 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2, 3‐dione (CNQX), an AMPA/KAR antagonist. The rise time (10–90%) and decay time constant (τ) for those EPSCs were longer than those of AMPA‐mediated EPSCs recorded before GYKI 52466 application. KAR activation inhibited EPSCs. This inhibition was associated with a significant increase in paired‐pulse facilitation ratio, suggesting a presynaptic action of KAR. KAR inhibition of EPSCs was blocked by the G‐protein inhibitor, N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM), or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C. Our results demonstrate that KAR activation has dual effects on glutamatergic transmission in the rat GP: (1) it mediates small‐amplitude EPSCs; and (2) it reduces glutamatergic synaptic transmission through a presynaptic G‐protein coupled, PKC‐dependent, metabotropic mechanism. These findings provide evidence for the multifarious functions of KARs in regulating synaptic transmission, and open up the possibility for the development of pharmacotherapies to reduce the hyperactive subthalamofugal projection in Parkinson's disease.
Depression of retinogeniculate synaptic transmission by presynaptic D2‐like dopamine receptors in rat lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Govindaiah G. , Cox Charles L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractExtraretinal projections onto neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) play an important role in modifying sensory information as it is relayed from the visual thalamus to neocortex. The dLGN receives dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area; however, the role of dopamine in synaptic transmission in dLGN has not been explored. In the present study, whole cell recordings were obtained to examine the actions of dopamine on glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Dopamine (2–100 µm) strongly suppressed excitatory synaptic transmission in dLGN relay neurons that was evoked by optic tract stimulation and mediated by both N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate and non‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate glutamate receptors. In contrast, dopamine did not alter inhibitory synaptic transmission arising from either dLGN interneurons or thalamic reticular nucleus neurons. The suppressive action of dopamine on excitatory synaptic transmission was mimicked by the D2‐like dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine (2–25 µm) but not by the D1‐like receptor agonist SKF38393 (10–25 µm). In addition, the dopamine‐mediated suppression was antagonized by the D2‐like receptor antagonist sulpiride (10–20 µm) but not by the D1‐like receptor antagonist SCH23390 (5–25 µm). The dopamine‐mediated decrease in evoked excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude was accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of paired‐pulse depression. Furthermore, dopamine also reduced the frequency but not the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. Taken together, these data suggest that dopamine may act presynaptically to regulate the release of glutamate at the retinogeniculate synapse and modify transmission of visual information in the dLGN.
Slow oscillatory activity of rat globus pallidus neurons in vitro
Authors: Hashimoto Kenji , Kita Hitoshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe neurons in the external segment of the pallidum in the primate develop a characteristic firing pattern consisting of alternately occurring long, 2–20 s, strongly active phases and long completely silent phases when the subthalamo‐pallidal excitatory inputs are blocked. The induction of the activity might be a factor in the development of dyskinesias after the loss of subthalamic output. In this study, we used globus pallidus (GPe) slice preparations obtained from juvenile rats to examined the conditions that support the alternatively occurring long depolarized and hyperpolarized phases which we refer to as the slow oscillation (SO). SO was not induced by the blockade of glutamatergic inputs but was induced by treatments that depolarized dendrites and, at the same time, hyperpolarized the somata with current injections. The treatments included elevation of extracellular K+, application of K‐current blockers and the lowering of extracellular Ca2+. Application of TTX or intracellular BAPTA injection blocked the SO, while the SO could be maintained in hyperpolarization‐activated inward current blockers, organic Ca‐current blockers and up to 200 µm CdCl2. These results suggest that Na currents play a major role in the generation of SO in vitro. It can be speculated that Na currents are involved in the development of active phases observed in the GPe after blockade of the glutamatergic inputs in vivo and that the unique property of GPe neurons in maintaining strong activity after the elimination of the glutamatergic driving force contributes to the development of motor disorders such as dyskinesia.
A prospective, 96‐week study of the impact of Trizivir®, Combivir®/nelfinavir, and lamivudine/stavudine/nelfinavir on lipids, metabolic parameters and efficacy in antiretroviral‐naive patients: effect of sex and ethnicity
Authors: Kumar PN , Rodriguez‐French A , Thompson MA , Tashima KT , Averitt D , Wannamaker PG , Williams VC , Shaefer MS , Pakes GE , Pappa KA ,   on behalf of the ESS40002 study team
Published: January 2006

ObjectivesTo compare the lipid and metabolic effects, efficacy, and safety of twice‐daily regimens of Trizivir® (abacavir 300 mg/lamivudine 150 mg/zidovudine 300 mg triple nucleoside tablet; TZV), Combivir® (lamivudine 150 mg/zidovudine 300 mg combination tablet; COM)+nelfinavir (NFV), and stavudine (d4 T)+lamivudine (3TC)+NFV.Study designAn international, phase 4, open‐label, parallel‐group, 34‐centre study was conducted in 254 non‐diabetic, antiretroviral‐naive, HIV‐infected out‐patients with an HIV‐1 RNA level of >1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and ≤200 000 copies/mL and a CD4 cell count of >50 cells/μL.MethodsPatients were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 to TZV twice daily (n=85), COM/NFV 1250 mg twice daily (n=88), or d4T 40 mg+3TC 150 mg+NFV 1250 mg twice daily (n=81) for 96 weeks. Treatments were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with regard to changes from baseline in fasting lipids in the total population and in sex and ethnic subgroups. The proportions of patients achieving HIV‐1 RNA <50 and <400 copies/mL were compared using a 95% confidence interval (CI) on the difference between proportions.ResultsThe study population was diverse (50% female, 40% black and 37% Hispanic). Mean baseline low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was 99 mg/dL, HIV‐1 RNA was 4.43 log10 copies/mL and CD4 cell count was 355 cells/μL. At week 96, fasting LDL cholesterol changed minimally in the TZV group [least square mean (LSM) change from baseline, −8 mg/dL], but increased with d4T/3TC/NFV and COM/NFV (+29 and +19 mg/dL, respectively; P<0.001 versus TZV). Week 96 LDL‐cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the TZV group than in the other two treatment groups in women and men and lower than in the d4T/3TC/NFV group in Hispanic and black patients. In black patients, the week‐96 LSM change from baseline in LDL cholesterol was significantly less with TZV than with d4T/3TC/NFV (+1 vs+39 mg/dL; P=0.003). Total cholesterol>200 mg/dL occurred in a smaller proportion of patients receiving TZV (30%) compared with COM/NFV (50%) or d4T/3TC/NFV (60%; P=0.005 vs TZV). High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol did not change markedly with any treatment. Although triglycerides increased, they changed least in women and Hispanic patients receiving TZV. Virological and CD4 responses to the treatments were similar in the total population and in the subgroups. Diarrhoea was reported more often in the NFV arms and nausea in the ZDV arms.ConclusionsOver 96 weeks, TZV twice daily has significantly less effect on LDL cholesterol than COM/NFV or d4T/3TC/NFV twice daily, especially in women and black patients, and is associated with similar virological and CD4 responses.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci for Diaprepes root weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus L.)
Authors: ERNST J. A. , ASCUNCE M. S. , CLARK A. M. , NIGG H. N. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) is an insect pest of the US agriculture that originated from the Caribbean islands. Larvae are of economic importance in both nursery and commercial citrus plantings due to root feeding. Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from a (CA)n‐enriched genomic library of Diaprepes root weevil. Three to eight alleles were observed for each locus during screening of 17 to 25 individuals. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.182 to 0.864 and 0.587 to 0.835, respectively. These markers will be useful to characterize the genetic variability and track the migration patterns of populations of D. abbreviatus (L.).
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in two tropical butterflies, Drupadia theda and Arhopala epimuta (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Authors: FAUVELOT CÉCILE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLittle is known about the effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation‐induced fires on the genetic diversity of tropical rainforest species. Here, I report on the isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite loci, five loci each, for two lycaenid butterfly species in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, namely Drupadia theda and Arhopala epimuta, which will be used to specifically study the impact of disturbance on genetic diversity. Microsatellite enrichment was carried out using streptavidin‐coated magnetic beads. Positive colonies were identified with the three‐primer polymerase chain reaction (PIMA). Cross‐species amplifications conducted both within and between genera were successful in 16 out of 20 tests.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Psidium guajava L.
Authors: RISTERUCCI A. M. , DUVAL M. F. , ROHDE W. , BILLOTTE N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA (GA)n and (GT)n microsatellite‐enriched library was constructed and 23 nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were characterized in the guava species (Psidium guajava L.). All SSR loci were found to be polymorphic after screening for diversity in different cultivars, and across‐taxa amplification tests showed the potential transferability of most SSR markers in three other Psidium species. First to be published for P. guajava, this new SSR resource will be a powerful tool for genetic studies of guava, including cultivars identification and linkage mapping, as well as potentially for interspecific genetic studies within the genus Psidium.
Isolation of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the streak‐necked flycatcher Mionectes striaticollis
Authors: BARDELEBEN CAROLYNE , GRAY MELISSA M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have isolated 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the streak‐necked flycatcher Mionectes striaticollis from genomic libraries enriched for either (AACC)n, (AAGG)n or (AAAG)n repetitive elements. The number of alleles ranged from four to 14 per locus with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.38 to 1.00. These markers will be useful for analysis of questions concerning population genetic structure and models of speciation.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in a marine food fish species, golden trevally Gnathanodon specious
Authors: FENG F. , LO L. C. , LIN G. , ZHU Z. Y. , YUE G. H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe first set of six polymorphic microsatellites was isolated from a partial genomic DNA library of an important marine food fish Gnathanodon specious, and was characterized in 28 unrelated individuals. The allele number ranged from three to 12 with an average of seven/locus; average expected heterozygosity was 0.57 ranging from 0.10 to 0.87, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.11 to 0.96 (average: 0.57). All six markers conform to Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibria. These markers will be useful for accessing genetic population structure of wild populations and for selective breeding program in fish farms.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from mother‐of‐millions, Bryophyllum delagoense (Crassulaceae), and its hybrid with Bryophyllum daigremontianum, ‘Houghton's hybrid’
Authors: HANNAN‐JONES M. A. , LOWE A. J. , SCOTT K. D. , GRAHAM G. C. , PLAYFORD J. P. , ZALUCKI M. P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNine microsatellite loci were developed, and are transferable, across the Madagascan succulents Bryophyllum daigremontianum, Bryophyllum delagoense (mother‐of‐millions) and their horticultural hybrid (Houghton's), from enriched libraries of the later two species. For B. delagoense, a tetraploid, three to 13 alleles per locus were found for native Madagascan (HO = 0.4–1.0), and one to nine in invasive Australian (HO = 0.0–1.0) samples. In addition for 91 Australian samples, only five multilocus genotypes were found (95% of individuals were of two genotypes), suggesting extensive clonality in its introduced range. These loci will be used to examine genetic diversity, hybrid origin and mating system in natural and introduced populations.
Development and cross‐amplification of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in the deep‐sea hydrothermal vent polychaete Branchipolynoe seepensis
Authors: DAGUIN CLAIRE , JOLLIVET DIDIER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe hydrothermal vent polychaete Branchipolynoe seepensis lives commensally inside the mantel cavity of the bivalves Bathymodiolus azoricus and Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis that form dense mussel beds around hydrothermal vents on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. In order to study its dispersal capabilities and the way individuals develop and reproduce, nine microsatellite polymorphic markers were developed. Polymorphism was tested from three well‐separated populations ranging from 14°N to 35°N along the ridge and showed significant levels of genetic differentiation. Cross‐amplification tests in other polynoid species revealed that most loci could also be useful to study closely related species from both Atlantic and Pacific sites.
Ten microsatellite loci for the small red‐eyed damselfly Erythromma viridulum (Charpentier)
Authors: KEAT SIMON , THOMPSON DAVID J. , KEMP STEPHEN J. , WATTS PHILLIP C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe small red‐eyed damselfly, Erythromma viridulum (Charpentier), is the first recorded example of a migrant damselfly establishing colonies in the British Isles. To examine the population genetic structure of E. viridulum, a partial genomic library enriched for CA microsatellite loci was constructed. Of the 42 loci tested, 19 amplified spurious bands and 13 were monomorphic, leaving 10 polymorphic loci that resolved distinct alleles within the expected size range. The number of alleles ranged between two (LIST14‐021, LIST14‐40) and eight (LIST14‐002). Observed and expected heterozygosities varied between 0.000–0.698 and 0.045–0.688, respectively.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the solitary hunting wasp Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Vespidae: Eumeninae) and their cross utility in other species of Ancistrocerus
Authors: BUSHROW ERIC S. , COWAN DAVID P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have developed seven microsatellite primers for the solitary wasp Ancistrocerus adiabatus. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 14. The markers were developed to study population structure, inbreeding and sex determination of A. adiabatus. For each locus, we genotyped 30 female wasps collected from Southwest Michigan. The observed heterozygosity ranges from 0.067 to 0.933. We have also determined that primers for these microsatellite loci amplify in three other species in the genus: Ancistrocerus antilope, Ancistrocerus catskill, and Ancistrocerus campesterus.
Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci in the giant scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis)
Authors: AN H. S. , PARK J. Y. , LEE Y. G. , LEE D. S. , LEE C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTen novel microsatellite loci were isolated from giant scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis, and the polymorphisms were examined to estimate genetic variability. The genetic variabilities varied depending on the locus. The number of alleles ranged from two to 17, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.17 to 0.99 and 0.33 to 0.90, respectively. Six loci showed significant Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium. The high variabilities revealed in this study suggest that microsatellites should prove useful for various genetic investigations.
Successful retrieval of mRNA from hair follicles stored at room temperature: implications for studying gene expression in wild mammals
Authors: BRADLEY BRENDA J. , PASTORINI JENNIFER , MUNDY NICHOLAS I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe evaluated some products and protocols designed for reliable RNA extraction from minute tissue samples and safe tissue storage at room temperature without RNA degradation. Success of RNA retrieval was compared for varying amounts of tissue (3, 5, 10 hair follicles), stored at different temperatures (room temperature, −20 °C) for variable durations (1, 3, 6, 12 weeks). We also compared two RNA isolation kits specialized for small samples. RNA was successfully retrieved from as few as 3 hairs stored at room temperature for up to 6 weeks, suggesting the potential for gene expression analyses on minimally invasive samples from natural populations.
Characterization of 29 polymorphic artiodactyl microsatellite markers for the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus)
Authors: MAINGUY JULIEN , LLEWELLYN AMY S. , WORLEY KIRSTY , CÔTÉ STEEVE D. , COLTMAN DAVID W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe report the results of a cross‐species amplification test of 156 bovine, ovine and cervid microsatellite markers in a wild population of mountain goats,Oreamnos americanus, inhabiting Caw Ridge, Alberta, Canada. Twenty‐nine markers were found to be low to moderately polymorphic with between two to nine alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.14 to 0.85 for a sample of 215 mountain goats. This set of markers will be used in parentage analyses to construct the pedigree of the long‐term studied population and to investigate the effects of individual genetic variability on life‐history traits.
Microsatellites for eastern Australian Banksia species
Authors: USHER A. V. , AYRE D. J. , WHELAN R. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe developed eight primer pairs for Banksia microsatellite markers (five using DNA from Banksia oblongifolia and three from Banksia robur) in order to study the processes of speciation within hybridizing B. oblongifolia, B. robur and Banksia paludosa complex. We genotyped four populations of B. oblongifolia and B. robur, and three of B. paludosa. Numbers of alleles ranged from 1 to 13 across the three species and observed average heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.833. At least four loci completely discriminated B. robur from B. oblongifolia and three discriminated B. paludosa from B. oblongifolia. Seven of these primers amplified DNA from at least two of three other local species.