bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacognitions about alcohol use in problem drinkers
Authors: Spada Marcantonio M. , Wells Adrian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this study 10 patients with problem drinking behaviour were assessed using a semi‐structured interview to investigate (a) whether they held positive and/or negative metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use, (b) whether alcohol use was perceived to have an impact on negative emotions, (c) whether alcohol was used as a coping strategy, and if so what its main goal was, (d) how individuals knew whether they had achieved their goal and what signalled the cessation of using and (e) how alcohol use impacted on self‐consciousness. All patients endorsed positive metacognitive beliefs and six endorsed negative metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use. Positive metacognitive beliefs concerned the usefulness of alcohol as an emotional, cognitive and image self‐regulation tool. Negative metacognitive beliefs concerned uncontrollability and harm. Seven patients indicated that during a drinking episode negative emotions subsided. Nine out of ten patients stated that alcohol was used as a coping strategy and that its main goal was to reduce negative emotions and/or improve mood. However, nine out of ten patients also reported that they did not know how to determine whether they had achieved their goals. Instead the signal for stopping use came from being sick and/or blacking out. All patients reported that alcohol use helped to reduce self‐consciousness. The results support a metacognitive conceptualization in which problem drinking is supported by disruptions of metacognitive monitoring and control. The conceptual implications for understanding problem drinking from a metacognitive perspective are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal patterns of expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins on different subsets of peripheral blood cells: A frame of reference for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Hernández‐Campo Pilar María , Almeida Julia , Sánchez María Luz , Malvezzi Mariester , Orfao Alberto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackground:Evaluation of the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored membrane proteins (GPI‐AP) is currently used for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In this study, we analyzed the amount of expression of a wide variety of GPI‐AP in different subsets of hematopoietic cells present in normal peripheral blood (PB), to establish their normal patterns of expression and provide a frame of reference for the definition of the best combination of GPI‐AP and PB cell subsets to be applied in the diagnosis and monitoring of PNH.Results:Our results show variable patterns of expression of different GPI‐AP in distinct subsets of normal PB cells. Combined use of CD55 and CD59 represented the most useful dual‐marker combination; however, its utility remained suboptimal for several subsets of leukocytes and for platelets.Conclusions:For some cell subsets such as the neutrophils additional useful markers could be selected from a relatively broad panel (CD16/CD24/CD55/CD59/CD66b/CD157), whereas for other cell subsets the number of useful antigens was either restricted (monocytes: CD14/CD55/CD157; B cells: CD24/CD48/CD52/CD55; CD4+ T cells: CD48/CD52/CD55; eosinophils: CD55/CD59; CD8+ T cells: CD48/CD55) or limited to a single marker (CD48 on CD56low NK cells, CD55 on BDCA3− dendritic cells and CD56high NK cells, and CD59 for red cells), from all antigens analyzed. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
High‐availability server platform for IP communication services
Authors: Kimura Nobuhiro , Yamada Akira , Seshake Hikaru , Nishizono Toshihiro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe propose a high‐availability server platform for communication software. When the server had a hardware failure, the system must be exchanged for the recovery, but when it had a software failure, the service downtime can be greatly reduced by recovering while initializing only the processes involved. The effectiveness of the platform was verified by applying it to three types of real life systems. In concrete terms, compared to before applying it, the service downtime was halved when initializing all of the processes. Also, by dividing the servers into domains and having redundancy in the processes, the downtime was further reduced 40% (total over 70% reduction). We also verified that if an Individual process failed, it could be recovered by restarting only that process and the other processes could continue service. The aforementioned recovery process can be executed by describing a Restart definition in a simple format without modifying the application programs. If a failed process is detected, it analyzes the Restart definition, selects the required restart phase, and executes it. By categorizing the features of the processes constituting communication software, we defined four types of restart phase: Individual restart, Group restart, All AP restart, and All restart. We also implemented state transitions that shift to higher phase restart, when the failure recovery was unsuccessful. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(6): 41–50, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecja.20237
Forwarding performance improvement of a mobile IP home agent
Authors: Kubo Takeshi , Yokota Hidetoshi , Idoue Akira 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn Mobile IP networks, the home agent manages the destination information of all mobile terminals. It receives as proxy the packets destined for the mobile terminal and transfers them to the new location of the terminal. When the number of terminals in the network is increased, the home agent must manage a large amount of information, which increases the retrieval processing load in packet transfer. It is possible that a packet may be lost by an overloaded home agent. This paper proposes a method of eliminating the retrieval processing of the home agent in packet transfer by utilizing ARP, and of reducing the load of the whole packet transfer process. It is shown experimentally that even if sufficient mobile terminal entries to completely fill the location information list for 200,000 entries are registered, the home agent can transfer all packets without any packet loss in Fast Ethernet. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(6): 32–40, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20249
Control of fault current limiter by series‐connected voltage sag compensator
Authors: Polmai Sompob , Ise Toshifumi , Yamada Masato 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a control scheme of fault current limiter by series voltage injection. The current limiter proposed in this study is based on the use of a SMES‐based series‐connected voltage sag compensator, which has been previously studied by the authors, for controlling fault current caused by short circuit on the load side. An algorithm for fast discriminating between power system voltage sag and load‐side short circuit is proposed for the equipment to correctly function either for voltage sag compensation or for fault current limiting purpose. Furthermore, a new control strategy based on output voltage phase control of the series compensator is proposed for current limiting with good waveform characteristics and low active power absorption. Experimental results demonstrated the validity of the proposed strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(2): 64–72, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20128
Statistical analysis of lightning performance of distribution lines based on observation in fields
Authors: Hirai Takao , Okabe Shigemitsu , Takinami Tsutomu , Chindo Takuji 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBecause of the lower insulation level than for transmission lines, in this study on lightning protection design of distribution lines, not only direct lightning strokes but also induced voltages caused by nearby strokes must be taken into account. Thus, it is necessary to grasp the frequency of occurrence of lightning phenomena around distribution lines. For this aim, lightning phenomena on TEPCO's distribution lines in use were continuously observed for 6 years (1996 to 2001). Through this observation, new interesting statistical data that can be a useful basis for rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines were obtained. Two hundred and four lightning strokes were observed through the six‐year period. Probability of occurrence of a direct stroke was 22% (45 direct strokes were obtained). The fact that in 47% of direct strokes the electric outage did not occur is very interesting. Moreover, the value of surge discharge current of the arrester in the case of nearby stroke is the basis for conventional theory of grounding system. Therefore, statistical analysis of ZnO discharging current in the case of nearby strokes was carried out. As a result, in the case of nearby strokes, 5% value of cumulative frequency of discharging current is 0.5 kA. This value is half the conventional data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(2): 8–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20180
Ring Closure of Alkoxycarbonyl(tetracarbonyl)pyruvoyliron Complexes into Metallalactones Induced by Nucleophilic Attack of Carbanions
Authors: Cabon Patrice , Rumin René , Salaün Jean‐Yves , des Abbayes Hervé , Triki Smail 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe reaction of carbanions with the pyruvoyl‐substituted iron complex [(CO)4Fe(CO2CH3){C(O)C(O)CH3}] (1) affords the anionic trifunctionalized metallalactones [(CO)3Fe{C(O)C(CH3)(CRR′R″)OC4(O)(Fe–C4)}(CO2CH3)]– (3), whose formation results from the addition of the nucleophile to the β carbonyl of the pyruvoyl moiety, followed by attack of the oxygen of this β carbonyl on a terminal carbonyl ligand. These anionic lactones react, at low temperature, with HCl to give rise to the neutral lactones [(CO)4Fe{C(O)C(CH3)(CRR′R″)OC4(O)(Fe–C4)}] (2), which were previously obtained by addition of NuH nucleophiles to 1. Complex 3(3), whose lactonic ring formation has been performed using the diethyl malonate anion (R = R′ = CO2C2H5; R″ = H), and the dimethyl‐substituted neutral lactone 2(1) (R = R′ = R″ = H) have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The First End‐On Bonded Superoxo Complexes of Ga and In: The Oxygen‐Rich Compounds GaO4 and InO4
Authors: Gaertner Benjamin , Köhn Andreas , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report the first sighting and characterization of the oxygen‐rich molecules GaO4 and InO4, being the products of a three‐step process taking place in an Ar matrix. This process includes (i) reaction of Ga or In atoms (M) with one dioxygen molecule to give the cyclic superoxo complex MO2, (ii) photoisomerization into linear OMO by the action of UV light, and (iii) reaction of linear OMO with an additional O2 molcule. The molecules can be described as end‐on bonded superoxo complexes OMO(O2). On the basis of the observed isotopic data the O–Ga–O angle can be estimated to be ca. 165°. In addition to the experimental studies, quantum chemical calculations were performed to achieve a more complete characterization of these interesting new and unusual molecules, representing the first ever found examples of end‐on bonded superoxo complexes of Ga and In. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Phosphorus‐Containing Dendrons: Synthesis, Reactivity, Properties, and Use as Building Blocks for Various Dendritic Architectures (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5/2006)
Authors: Caminade Anne‐Marie , Maraval Alexandrine , Majoral Jean‐Pierre 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a dendron and two types of dendritic molecules built from dendrons. The shape of these nanometric molecules resembles that of macroscopic entities; the shape of dendrons is similar to that of trees, bis‐dendrons can be compared to Janus, the god with two faces, and the multidendritic species shown on the left has the shape of a tropical fish. Details of this chemistry are described in the Microreview by A.‐M. Caminade, A. Maraval, and J.‐P. Majoral on p. 887 ff.
Content of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐fried and pan‐fried potatoes
Authors: Boskou George , Salta Fotini N. , Chiou Antonia , Troullidou Elena , Andrikopoulos Nikolaos K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTrans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal is a by‐product of frying oil that is also transferred to fried food. This aldehyde has been found and quantified both in frying oils and fumes generated during frying. Furthermore, it has been reported that 2,4‐decadienal has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects and promotes LDL oxidation. In the present work trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected directly in fried potatoes (french‐fries). Moreover, the influence of frying conditions (deep‐frying, pan‐frying), the oil type (olive oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil and a vegetable shortening) and the degree of thermal deterioration (eight successive frying sessions without replenishment) on the production of 2,4‐decadienal in oil and potatoes was studied. The isolation of the aldehyde was performed by methanol extraction, while the identification and quantification was performed by RP‐HPLC. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal produced during successive pan‐frying demonstrated a peak at the third and fourth frying session. The highest concentration of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected in potatoes fried in sunflower oil, and the lowest in olive oil. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in fried potatoes decreased during successive deep‐frying at the seventh frying session or remained stable, except for cottonseed oil. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in fried potatoes was considered to be dependent on the oil used, on the frying process and, to a lesser extent, on the oil deterioration. In all cases tested, the highest concentration of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected during deep‐frying. The unsaturation degree of the frying oil was considered to promote the formation of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal. Considering the quantity of 2,4‐decadienal found in french‐fries and in the respective frying medium, direct quantification of 2,4‐decadienal is required in order to make an estimation of intake from french‐fries.
A Flexible Approach to Different Families of Bidentate P,P Ligands as Highly Efficient Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Berens Ulrich , Englert Ulli , Geyser Stefan , Runsink Jan , Salzer Albrecht 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA novel and versatile approach has led to the synthesis of various classes of mono‐ and bidentate phospholane and phosphinite ligands based on a benzothiophene scaffold. The ligand functions in the bidentate ligands can be introduced independently and consecutively. A bis‐phospolane ligand as well as its rhodium complex have been characterized by crystal‐structure determinations. The bis‐phospholane ligands were tested in the catalysed asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives, enamides and itaconates and gave ee values of up to 98.7 %. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The 5‐Methylisocytosine β‐D‐Ribopyranosyl (4′ → 2′)‐Oligonucleotide
Authors: Bats Jan W. , Miculka Christian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the context of Eschenmoser's work on pyranosyl‐RNA (‘p‐RNA’), we investigated the synthesis and base‐pairing properties of the 5‐methylisocytidine derivative. The previously determined clear‐cut restrictions of base‐pairing modes of p‐RNA had led to the expectation that a 5‐methylisocytosine β‐D‐ribopyranosyl (= D‐pr(MeisoC)) based (4′ → 2′)‐oligonucleotide would pair inter alia with D‐pr(isoG) and L‐pr(G) based oligonucleotides (D‐pr and L‐pr = pyranose form of D‐ and L‐ribose, resp.). Remarkably, we could not observe pairing with the D‐pr(isoG) oligonucleotide but only with the L‐pr(G) oligonucleotide. Our interpretation concludes that this – at first hand surprising – observation is caused by a change in the nucleosidic torsion angle specific for isoC.
Enaminone‐Based Synthesis of Dipodazine Derivatives
Authors: Wagger Jernej , Bevk David , Meden Anton , Svete Jurij , Stanovnik Branko 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of racemic dipodazine analogues 9 were prepared in 22–80% yield from (3Z,6RS)‐3‐[(dimethylamino)methylidene]‐6‐methyl‐1‐(phenylmethyl)piperazine‐2,5‐dione (7) (Scheme 1), which was prepared in four steps from (RS)‐alanine methyl ester hydrochloride. The preparation of nonracemic 7 from (S)‐alanine methyl ester hydrochloride failed, since the introduction of the enamino functionality at position 3 of the precursor 6 was accompanied by almost complete racemization.
Formal Synthesis of Vallesamidine
Authors: Ho Tse‐Lok , Chen Chun‐Kuei 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA novel route to the racemic selenide (1RS,12bRS)‐1‐ethyl‐2,3,6,7,12,12b‐hexahydro‐1‐[2‐(phenylseleno)ethyl]indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizin‐4(1H)‐one (13b), a key intermediate in the total synthesis of vallesamidine (1), was elaborated. Compound 3a, obtained by Pictet–Spengler reaction of tryptamine and cyclohept‐4‐enyl‐1‐carbaldehyde (2c), was oxidized with KMnO4 to the diacid 4, which was subsequently converted into the isomeric tetracyclic lactams 5a,b. After proper protection maneuvers, Barton decarboxylation of 10a,b, trapping with PhSe2Ph, and Boc removal afforded 13b.
Pseudoguaianolides from the Flowers of Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Das Biswanath , Mahender Gurram , Rao Yerra Koteswara , Ramesh Chimmani , Venkateswarlu Katta , Ravikumar Krishnan , Geethangili Madamanchi , Tzeng Yew‐Min 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo new pseudoguaianolide‐type sesquiterpene lactones, named deacetyltetraneurin A (3) and hysterone E (4), were isolated from flowers of the plant Parthenium hysterophorus L., along with the seven known compounds parthenin (1), coronopilin, tetraneurin A, 8‐β‐hydroxycoronopilin, scopoletin, hysterone D, and conchasin A (2). The structures of all the compounds were deduced by means of elemental analysis and extensive spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) studies, and confirmed for 3 and 4 by X‐ray crystallographic analysis.
Synthesis and Properties of 2‐Phenylbenzoxazole‐Based Luminophores for in situ Photopolymerized Liquid‐Crystal Films
Authors: Giménez Raquel , Oriol Luis , Piñol Milagros , Serrano José Luis , Viñuales Ana I. , Fisher Thomas , Stumpe Joachim 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a series of blue‐emitting 2‐phenylbenzoxazoles (PBOs) substituted at either the 5‐ or 6‐position of the benzoxazole ring and the para‐position of the phenyl substituent. The thermal and optical properties of the materials can be rationalized in terms of the position of the substituent at the benzoxazole moiety and the electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating character of the substituents. From the results, we conclude that the combination of an electron‐donating substituent at the benzoxazole fragment and an electron‐withdrawing one at the phenyl fragment has a more marked effect on the electronic properties of the aromatic PBO core than other possibilities. This particular combination gives luminophores that are suitable for optical applications on the basis of their high emission efficiency and photostability. In view of that, oriented films were prepared by in situ polymerization of a mixture of a liquid crystalline direactive matrix containing 5% (w/w) of the luminophore. The films exhibit linearly polarized emission.
Feedback trading
Authors: Daníelsson Jón , Love Ryan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOrder flow has been found to carry information to the market. When assessing how informative order flow is, the VAR methodology is typically employed, using impulse response functions. However, in such analyses, the direction of causality runs explicitly from order flow to asset return. If data are sampled at anything other than at the highest frequencies then any feedback trading may well appear contemporaneous; trading in period t depends on the asset return in that interval. The implications of contemporaneous feedback trading are examined in the spot USD/EUR currency market and we find that when data are sampled at the 1 and 5 minute frequencies, such trading strategies cause the price impact of order flow to be significantly larger than when feedback trading is ruled out. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro lessons from microstructure
Authors: Osler Carol L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEmpirical research on the microeconomics of currency markets, an area known sometimes as ‘currency market microstructure,’ has taken off in the past decade. This paper extracts from this research four lessons for modelling short‐run exchange‐rate dynamics. First, currency flows are a key determinant of exchange rates, and models should have these flows fully in focus. The appropriate equilibrium condition may be flow‐currency supply equals flow‐currency demand. Second, the flows of first‐order relevance include those of ‘financial’ traders, who use currencies essentially as a store of value, and ‘commercial’ traders, who use currencies as a medium of exchange. Financial flows and commercial flows should be negatively related to each other, meaning that financial demand tends to be met by commercial supply. Also, financial flows should be positively related to exchange rates. Third, financial traders are motivated by profits, rather than consumption, and behave as if risk averse. Fourth, commercial traders are motivated by exchange‐rate levels and rationally choose not to speculate. The workhorse models of international macroeconomics do not fit most of these lessons, and these important lacunae in their microfoundations may help explain their limited empirical success. The paper sketches an optimizing model of currency flows that is consistent with the lessons and has an encouraging empirical record. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energetics of osmoregulation: II. water flux and osmoregulatory work in the euryhaline fish, Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Kidder George W. , Petersen Christopher W. , Preston Robert L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTeleost fish experience passive osmotic water influx in fresh water (FW) and water outflux in salt water, which is normally compensated by water flow driven by active ion transport mechanisms. Euryhaline fish may also minimize osmotic energy demand by “behavioral osmoregulation”, seeking a medium isotonic with their body fluids. Our goal was to evaluate the energy requirement for osmoregulation by the euryhaline fish Fundulus heteroclitus, to determine whether it is of sufficient magnitude to favor behavioral osmoregulation. We have developed a method of weighing small fish repetitively for long periods without apparent damage, which was used to assess changes in water content following changes in external salinity. We found that cold (4°C) inhibits osmoregulatory active transport mechanisms in fish acclimated to warmer temperatures, leading to a net passive water flux which is reversed by rewarming the fish. A sudden change of salinity at room temperature triggers a transient change in water content and the initial slope can be used to measure the minimum passive flux at that temperature. With some reasonable assumptions as to the stoichiometry of the ion transport and ATP‐generating processes, we can calculate the amount of respiration required for ion transport and compare it to the oxygen uptake measured previously (Kidder et al., 2005) under the same conditions. We conclude that osmoregulation in sea water requires from 6% to 10% of the total energy budget in sea water, with smaller percentages in FW, and that this fraction is probably sufficient to be a significant selective driving force favoring behavioral osmoregulation under some circumstances. J. Exp. Zool. 305A:318–327, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.