bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IN REPLY TO MR. WELCH, OR THE STATUS AND RELATIONSHIP OF CULTIVAR AND BOTANICAL CATEGORIES OF INFRASPECIFIC RANK
Authors: Spongberg Stephen A. , Shaw Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhen dealing with ornamental woody plants, the term cultivar is most often applied to clones. Under the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, however, cultivar has a much wider conceptual definition and a potentially wide range of application. As a category without rank, cultivars may be selected from within a botanical category at any infraspecific rank, may comprise the entire ranked category, or may cut across botanical categories of the same or different rank. Botanical epithets that have been assigned to garden varieties (cultivars), if correctly proposed as botanical combinations, cannot be repudiated because they were based on cultivars. It is not the function of nomenclature to dictate what can and cannot be recognized in the infraspecific classification of a species. Because the intent of botanical nomenclature and the nomenclature of cultivated plants is not the same, the use of Latin epithets should be restricted to botanical considerations. New cultivars, even if they comprise ranked botanical categories, should be given fancy or vernacular names to point out this difference of intention.
ANALYSES OF DIGITISED LEAF IMAGES OF THE DODONAEA VISCOSA COMPLEX IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: West J. G. , Noble I. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDodonaea cuneata, D. angustissima and D. viscosa form the Dodonaea viscosa complex in Australia. An electronic digitiser was used to trace outlines of leaves of the D. viscosa complex, and the digitised images were stored on computer thus allowing rapid data access and retrieval. Characters usually measured by hand were derived from the stored images, along with a number of characters which are difficult to measure manually (such as area, curvature and indices of symmetry and shape). Multivariate analyses showed the full set of computer derived characters to be better in discriminating between and in clustering the 173 individuals than the hand measurable character set. However, the analysis showed that the differences between the three taxa of this complex are not sufficiently significant to warrant recognition at the species level, thus supporting the conclusions drawn from flower and fruit morphology.The advantages of the digitiser as a technique include fast data collection (1 minute to digitise each leaf), accessible and readily retrievable computer data, the potential for deriving and measuring more complex characters, and the ability to plot the leaf images for visual interpretation.
ORNITHOPUS SATIVUS BROTERO (LEGUMINOSAE) ‐ PROPOSTA DE NOVO NEOTIPO
Authors: da Silva A. R. Pinto 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe neotypification of Ornithopus sativus Brot. (1804) by Mercedes Alsina Aser (1987) is contested. A new neotype is proposed according to Art. 8.1(b).
GERARD AND JAUME: TWO NEGLECTED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF JUSSIAEAN CLASSIFICATION (PARTS ONE AND TWO)
Authors: Williams Roger L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPart I: Louis Gérard (1733–1819); his development of a system of natural classification; the Flora Gallo‐Provincialis (1761) and its fate. Part II: The progress of the idea of natural classification in the later eighteenth century; the cult of sensibility vs. the cult of reason; and the academic politics of the French Revolution. Part III: Jean Henri Jaume Saint‐Hilaire (1772–1845) and his Exposition des families naturelles (1805); the task of popularizing natural classification; and a new role for botany in the democratization of society in the nineteenth century.
TYPE SPECIMEN OF BOUTELOUA RAMOSA SCRIBN. EX VASEY (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Reeder John R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVasey, in his Grasses of the Southwest (13 Oct. 1890), described and illustrated Bouteloua ramosa, crediting the authorship to Scribner. No specimen is cited, but in an account of G. C. Nealley's Texas grass collections published three months earlier (18 July 1890), Vasey lists B. ramosa, along with the note: “Chenate Mountains (Presidio County).” Comments in the literature are somewhat vague regarding the type of B. ramosa, although most authors state that it was a Nealley collection. Nevertheless, a Wilkinson specimen (at US) from Chihuahua, Mexico (not mentioned by Vasey) bears a note in Hitchcock's hand: “Taken as the type of B. ramosa Scribn… . .” It is argued here that the Nealley Chenate Mt. specimen is the type of B. ramosa since it was designated by Vasey as representing that species, even though in a publication which antedates his original description by three months.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE CARDINAL CLIMBER (CONVOLVULACEAE) RECONSIDERED
Authors: Eckenwalder James E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent literature has adopted the combination Ipomoea multifida (Rafin.) Shinn. for the Cardinal Climber, a tetraploid ornamental morning glory. This name actually applies to the sterile diploid hybrids between I. coccinea L. and I. quamoclit L. that were the progenitors of the cultivated species. They cannot be considered conspecific with the latter and the combination I. sloteri (House) van Ooststr. should once again be adopted for the cultivated plant. The synonymy and typification of the two taxa are presented.
NOMENCLATURAL READJUSTMENTS IN MEXICAN JUNIPERUS (CUPRESSACEAE)
Authors: Johnston Marshall C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe specific name Juniperus monticola used in recent revisions is not correct according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The name Juniperus sabinoides is restored for this species. Three forms are retained. One form requires a new name, J. s. forma monticola M. C. Johnst. One requires a new combination, J. s. forma orizabensis (Martínez) M. C. Johnst.
NEW INFORMATION ON FERDINAND J. H. MUELLER'S EARLY TAXONOMIC PAPERS (1854‐1856)
Authors: Seberg Ole 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe alterations made by W. J. Hooker while republishing Ferdinand Mueller's taxonomic papers (1854‐1855) are treated. Mueller's rare preprint, “Definitions of rare or hitherto undescribed Australian plants,” ignored by Australian botanists, from new evidence, predates most journal issues.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF COWANIA SUBINTEGRA KEARNEY, BASIONYM OF PURSHIA SUBINTEGRA (KEARNEY) HENRICKSON (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Schaack Clark 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExamination of the type collections of Purshia subintegra (Kearney) Henrickson, a critical and necessary step, during the study of apparent hybridization between central Arizona Purshia, revealed that a holotype had not been designated by Kearney for the basionym, Cowania subintegra. Additionally, it was found that, though a holotype had not been designated, isotypes had been recognized. Label data of all specimens bearing the isotype designation was found to be discordant with Kearney's protologue in site location and, excepting POM 282632, collection number. The specimen accessioned as ARIZ 93633, one of two Cowania subintegra specimens (Darrow and Benson 10891) at ARIZ, is designated lectotype.
RE‐ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GENUS BENKARA ADANSON (RUBIACEAE): SECOND CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE PLANTS DESCRIBED IN RHEEDE'S “HORTUS MALABARICUS”
Authors: Tirvengadum D. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBenkara Adans., a validly published generic name based on “Benkara” Rheede, taxonomically cast aside for more than 200 years because of its incorrect application to Melastomataceae, is here reinstated having priority and being congeneric with Griffithia Wight and Arn., a segregate genus of Randia Houst. ex L. The genus is lectotypified and illustrated. A new combination is made and complete synonymy of the species is given.
GENERIC BOUNDARIES IN THE SENECIONEAE
Authors: Barkley T. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySince the time of Bentham the traditional view of the Senecioneae has been that of one huge genus (Senecio) plus numerous segregate genera of varying degrees of distinctiveness, plus a few entities of uncertain affinities. Data have accumulated to support the exclusion of some genera from the tribe (e.g. Arnica, Liabum, Munnozia, Schistocarpha, etc.) and to tease botanists about the circumscriptions and affinities of others. Senecio sensu lato incorporates several semi‐distinctive natural assemblages that usually have been treated as sections or subgenera. The naturalness of these assemblages is generally acknowledged, as is the fact that the boundaries separating them are imprecise by whatever suites of characters are used to measure them. In several recent studies many segregate genera have been recognized, often with the circumscriptions derived from selected representative species. It is yet unclear that the recognition of numerous segregate genera provides a better taxonomy than treating the variation patterns as infrageneric taxa. A respectable case can be made for maintaining Senecio as a broad concept, at least until revisionary studies at the species level are carried out and the results subjected to critical analyses.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AS GENERIC MARKERS IN THE ASTEREAE
Authors: Sundberg Scott 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn investigation of the style base, filament collar, endothecium, and carpopodium was conducted in order to evaluate their utility as generic markers in the tribe Astereae. The distribution of character states for these microcharacters does not correspond to generic (or, in some cases, infrageneric) limits as they are recognized by recent authors. Use of the microcharacters considered here for delimiting genera would necessitate widespread realignments of the genera in the tribe and would obscure relationships amongst species groups.
FEATURES OBSERVED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AS GENERIC CRITERIA
Authors: Lane Meredith A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe advantages of greater resolution and depth of field provided by the scanning electron versus the light microscope have led to both a re‐evaluation of the usual microcharacters and discovery of novel ones not easily observed by other means. Comparative studies of SEM‐level characters in taxa of Compositae have shown that they are taxonomically useful, but that they are neither more nor less valuable as a means of generic delimitation than are macro‐ or micromorphological ones. As is true of taxonomic data from any source, it is the consistent occurrence of one or more SEM‐observed features as a part of a suite of correlated characters that provides sufficient information on which to base systematic decisions. Within this context, it is the newly discovered characters that prove most useful: the chance of finding correlated character suites rises with the number of characters observed. However, because the extent of infraspecific variation in these features has not been thoroughly explored, they should be employed with caution and in conjunction with numerous others in making taxonomic decisions at the generic (or any other) rank.
A PROPOS DES TECHNIQUES DE PRÉPARATION DES SPÉCIMENS DE RICCIACEAE (HÉPATIQUES)
Authors: Jovet‐Ast Suzanne 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe techniques proposed in Taxon 32, 4: 616–617 for preparing Riccias for herbarium study seem inadequate. The author says what we must do and what we must not do to keep Riccias in good conditions on account of their biology, of the specific value of some morphological characters and the possible studies at the present time and in the future.
SARRACENIA HYBRIDS RAISED AT GLASNEVIN BOTANIC GARDENS, IRELAND: NOMENCLATURE AND TYPIFICATION
Authors: Nelson E. Charles 
Published: April 2006

SummarySarracenia x moorei Masters is shown to have priority over S. x mooreana Veitch, as the binomial for the hybrid between S. flava L. and S. leucophylla Raf. A neotype for S. x moorei is designated. Previously designated neotypes for S. x mooreana and S. x popei Masters, being in conflict with the ICBN, are superseded and a lectotype is designated for 5. x popei.
ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF GOTTSCHEA NEES EX MONT. 1843 (SCHISTOCHILACEAE, JUNGERMANNIALES)
Authors: Grolle Riclef , Zijlstra Gea 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGottschea Nees ex Mont. 1843 has been published without generic description. It is valid there by indirect reference to Jungermannia sect. Nemorosae [subsect.] Aligerae Reinw. et al. 1824 only. The type of both is J. aligera Nees et Blume (Art. 22.4). Schistochilaster H. Miller 1970 is a nomenclatural synonym and Paraschistochila Schust. 1963 and Tegulifolium Hassel 1973 are taxonomic ones. 18 new combinations are proposed under Gottschea.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON GREWIA MICROCOS L. NOM. ILLEG. (TILIACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMicrocos L. is treated as a subgenus of Grewia L. Grewia microcos L. (1767) is recognized as nom. superfl. illeg., because Linnaeus (1767) cited M. paniculata L. (1753) as an obligate synonym. Due to prior existence of G. tomentosa Juss. (1804), G. paniculata Roxb. ex DC. (1824) has to be considered a ‘nom. nov.‘ for M. tomentosa Smith (1813), although Candolle cited the latter as a direct synonym. In the circumstances, Grewia nervosa (Lour.) comb. nov. based on Fallopia nervosa Lour. (1790), the earliest available synonym, is proposed to replace G. microcos L. (≡ M. paniculata L.).
ON THE IDENTITY OF IRIDAEA PUNICEA POSTELS & RUPRECHT (GIGARTINACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Gabrielson Paul W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn examination of type material of Iridaea punicea Postels & Ruprecht revealed that the specimens belong in Turnerella mertensiana (Postels & Ruprecht) Schmitz. Type material of Iridophycus whidbeyanum Setchell & Gardner, currently considered a synonym of Iridaea punicea, appears to be conspecific with Iridaea sanguinea (Setchell & Gardner) Hollenberg & Abbott. In the northeast Pacific there appears to be only one red, foliose species of Iridaea, I. sanguinea, distributed from Kodiak Island, Alaska (Gulf of Alaska) to south‐central California (San Luis Obispo County).
THE REINSTATEMENT OF HYDROPUNTIA MONTAGNE (GRACILARIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Wynne Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe red algal generic name Hydropuntia Montagne (1842: 7), typified by H. urvillei Mont., is reinstated and circumscribed to include Polycavernosa Chang & Xia (1963: 120) and a number of its species. Up to now Hydropuntia has been regarded as a heterotypic synonym of Gracilaria Greville (1830) nom. cons. but is shown to be the earliest validly published name for those species separated from Gracilaria on the basis of both spermatangial and cystocarpic criteria.
Nomenclatural notes on some Mediterranean algae, I: Phaeophyceae
Authors: Gallardo Tomás 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGallardo, T.: Nomenclatural notes on some Mediterranean algae, I: Phaeophyceae. ‐ Taxon 41: 324–326. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Nineteen new combinations for taxa of Mediterranean algae are validated.
Problems of types with duplicate specimens
Authors: Phillips S. M. , Brummitt R. K. , Molloy B. P. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhillips, S. M., Brummitt, R. K. & Molloy, B. P. J.: Problems of types with duplicate specimens. ‐ Taxon 41: 728‐730. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The definitions of the various categories of types in the Code are somewhat ambiguous, and have been interpreted in conflicting ways by different authors. In particular, problems have arisen where a single type collection cited in the protologue consists of a series of duplicates. When is lectotypification necessary? How should the term ‘syntype’ be interpreted? Amendments to the wording of the Code are suggested with the aim of achieving uniformity of practice.
Regarding gender and number of generic names supposedly ending in ‐anthema
Authors: Tjaden W. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTjaden, W.: Regarding gender and number of generic names supposedly ending in ‐anthema. – Taxon 44: 213‐216. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Generic names apparently ending in ‐anthema, such as Trianthema (Aizoaceae) and Dendranthema (Asteraceae), are neuter plural in Latin and are to be corrected to neuter singular ‐anthemum, thus Trianthemum and Dendranthemum.
The Quito herbarium (QCA): 100,000 important collections from Ecuador
Authors: J⊘rgensen Peter M⊘ller , Ulloa Carmen Ulloa , Pedersen Henrik Borgtoft , Luteyn James L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJ⊘rgensen, P. M., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & Luteyn. J. L.: The Quito herbarium (QCA): 100,000 important collections from Ecuador. ‐ Taxon 41: 51–56. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The herbarium of the Department of Biologial Sciences of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador in Quito (QCA) holds more than 100,000 specimens and is increasing by 11,500 sheets per year, making it the largest in Ecuador and one of the most important collections of Ecuadorean plants in the world. The history and progress of this herbarium during its first 20 years of existence are presented. Information about the development of the collections, herbarium infrastructure, important collections, and the exchange program is also given.
On Aloysia Palau (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Armada Juan , Barra Alfredo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryArmada, J. & Barra, A.: On Aloysia Palau (Verbenaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 88–90. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Aloysia was first published by Palau, not Jussieu nor Persoon as commonly listed. Subsequently L'Héritier published Verbena triphylla for the same species. The correct name for the economically important lemon verbena in Aloysia is A. citrodora Palau, and in Lippia it is L. triphylla (L'Hér.) Kuntze.
Lectotypification of names of taxa described by J. Thore
Authors: Lazare J.‐J. , Charpin A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLazare, J.‐J. & Charpin, A.: Lectotypification of names of taxa described by J. Thore. – Taxon 45: 99‐103. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Original material of Agrostis elegans, Allium ericetorum, Anagallis crassifolia, Avena longifolia, Hibiscus roseus, Ornithopus estipulatus, Potamogeton variifolius, Silene armulata, S. bicolor, S. crassifolia and Sison verticillato‐inundatum was examined and the names lectotypified. No original material was found for three other names validated by Thore.
Recognition of the New World Disporum section Prosartes as Prosartes (Liliaceae) based on the sequence data of the rbcL gene
Authors: Shinwari Zabta Khan , Terauchi Ryohei , Utech Fredrick H. , Kawano Shoichi 
Published: April 2006

SummaryShinwari, Z. K., Terauchi, R., Utech, F. H. & Kawano, S.: Recognition of the New World Disporum section Prosartes as Prosartes (Liliaceae) based on the sequence data of the rbcL gene. – Taxon 43: 353‐366.1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A review of the morphological and karyological data relevant to the problem of the generic distinctness of Disporum and Prosartes is presented. The chloroplast gene encoding rbcL for two species of each Disporum and Prosartes plus one of each Uvularia, Streptopus and Tricyrtis was sequenced. The data clearly separate two genera Prosartes (N. America) and Disporum (E. Asia) that were traditionally combined under the latter name. There is much more divergence between Disporum and Prosartes than between each pair of their component species, and considerably more than between Disporum and Uvularia or between Prosartes and Streptopus. The rbcL sequence data thus support the restoration of the genus Prosartes. A synonymic conspectus of Prosartes is given, and one new combination is proposed.
Notes on the microfaunal complement and pollination mechanisms of Poellnitzia rubriflora (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae): an example of mite‐flower domatia association
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Theron P. D. , Loots G. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmith, G. F., Theron, P. D. & Loots, G. C: Notes on the microfaunal complement and pollination mechanisms of Poellnitzia rubriflora (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) : an example of mite‐flower domatia association. — Taxon 41: 437–450. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.The monotypic Poellnitzia Uitewaal is one of seven genera recognized in the subfamily Alooideae (Asphodelaceae). It is endemic to a small area in the Robertson Karoo, southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. A synthesis of natural history observations, breeding experiments and all available information on, amongst others, inflorescence architecture, flower morphology, floral attractants and rewards and several floral inhabitants and visitors, suggest that a newly described species of mite, Adhaerenseius floralis Loots & Theron, and its phoretor(s) probably fulfil the role of pollination agents. It is also proposed that the connivent flowers of Poellnitzia serve as seasonal “acarodomatia” and that this association is comparable in scope to the widely recognized mite‐leaf domatia associations.
What is a specimen?
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Molloy B. P. J. , Brummitt R. K. , Short P. S. , Breteler F. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMolloy, B. P. J., Brummitt, R. K., Short, P. S. & Breteler, F. J.: What is a specimen? — Taxon 41: 505–507. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.There is some ambiguity in what is meant by the word “specimen” in the International code of botanical nomenclature. Some cases are discussed and the need for amending the Code, as well as adding certain examples, is considered.
Typification of the class name Chlorophyceae
Authors: Christensen Tyge 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChristensen, T.: Typification of the class name Chlorophyceae. – Taxon 43: 245‐246. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The class name Chlorophyceae, with Chlorococcum Menegh. as the type, is proposed as an equivalent of the earlier descriptive name Chlorophyceae Wille.
On the identity of Aloe penduliflora Baker (Liliaceae/Aloaceae)
Authors: Newton Leonard E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNewton, L. E.: On the identity of Aloe penduliflora Baker (Liliaceae/Aloaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 53–60. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A recent suggestion that the poorly known Aloe penduliflora Baker is identical with Aloe confusa Engler is refuted. Living material collected in south‐east Kenya is shown to be a closer match with all that is known of A. penduliflora. An amplified description of A. penduliflora is provided, and A. confusa is reinstated as a separate taxon.
The identity of Dichapetalum beckii and D. prancei, formerly Dichapetalaceae, now Icacinaceae
Authors: Breteler F. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBreteler, F. J.: The identity of Dichapetalum beckii and D. prancei, formerly Dichapetalaceae, now Icacinaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 111–112. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Owing to their peculiar characteristics two species from South America, recently published by Fernández Casas in Dichapetalum, were investigated. Each proved to represent a different species of Icacinaceae: Dichapetalum beckii is a new species in Casimirella Hassler, Dichapetalum prancei is a synonym of Casimirella guaranitica Hassler.
DNA specimens and the International code of botanical nomenclature'
Authors: Reynolds Don R. , Taylor John W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryReynolds, D. R. & Taylor, J. W.: DNA specimens and the ‘International code of botanical nomenclature‘. ‐ Taxon 40: 311–315. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Existing rules of the ‘International code of botanical nomenclature’ apply to the nomenclature of a DNA‐based species concept. DNA can serve as the type element. Two hypothetical examples of validation of fictitious new mycological species are given, one for a mix of DNA and morphological type materials and the other for DNA type material only. It is recommended that herbaria prepare to curate genomic DNA material as types.