bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In defense of VAN's earthquake predictions
Authors: Uyeda Seiya 
Published: October 2006

Chouliaras and Stavrakakis [1999] (hereafter referred to as CS) claimed that the following statement by Uyeda [1998] is completely false:“On March 5 and 26,1993, strong earthquakes hit Pirgos city, Greece. Despite heavy damage, there was no loss of life because the citizens were prepared due to VAN predictions.”First, I would like to admit that the above cited was an inadvertent overstatement in the sense that the March 5 earthquake, though it caused several houses to collapse, was not heavily damaging. I would like to change the second part of the statement to,“With VAN predictions serious panic due to rumors was calmed down in the former case and lives were saved in the latter, despite the heavy damage.”
GPS‐based mapping system reveals lightning inside storms
Authors: Krehbiel Paul R. , Thomas Ronald J. , Rison William , Hamlin Timothy , Harlin Jeremiah , Davis Michael 
Published: October 2006

Great Plains storms are known for their ability to produce severe weather. They are also prodigious producers of lightning; just how prodigious has been vividly illustrated by observations in central Oklahoma with a new Global Positioning System (GPS)‐based lightning mapping system.The observations are useful not only for studying storm electrification but also provide a valuable indicator of storm structure and intensity.The system maps lightning in three spatial dimensions by measuring the times at which impulsive VHF radiation events arrive at a network of ground‐based measurement stations. Low‐cost GPS receivers provide sufficient timing accuracy to produce high‐quality pictures of the total lightning activity over a large area.
European seafloor observatory offers new possibilities for deep‐sea study
Authors: Favali Paolo , Smriglio Giuseppe , Beranzoli Laura , Braun Thomas , Calcara Massimo , Colore Daniele , Campaci Renato , Coudeville Jean‐Michel , De Santis Angelo , Di Mauro Domenico , Etiope Giuseppe , Frugoni Francesco , Fuda Jean‐Luc , Gamberi Fabiano , Gasparoni Francesco , Gerber Hans , Marani Michael , Marvaldi Jean , Millot Claude , Montuori Caterina , Romeo Giovanni , Palangio Paolo 
Published: October 2006

The Geophysical and Oceanographic Station for Abyssal Research (GEOSTAR), an autonomous seafloor observatory that collects measurements benefiting a number of disciplines during missions up to 1 year long, will begin the second phase of its first mission in 2000. The 6–8 month investigation will take place at a depth of 3400 m in the southern Tyrrhenian basin of the central Mediterranean.GEOSTAR was funded by the European Community (EC) for $2.4 million (U.S. dollars) in 1995 as part of the Marine Science and Technology programme (MAST). The innovative deployment and recovery procedure GEOSTAR uses was derived from the “two‐module” concept successfully applied by NASA in the Apollo and space shuttle missions, where one module performs tasks for the other, including deployment, switching on and off, performing checks, and recovery. The observatory communication system, which takes advantage of satellite telemetry, and the simultaneous acquisition of a set of various measurements with a unique time reference make GEOSTAR the first fundamental element of a multiparameter ocean network.
Electronic atlas of WOCE hydrographic and tracer data now available
Authors: Schlitzer Reiner 
Published: October 2006

During the last decade, as part of the World Climate Research Programme, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) produced a global set of hydrographic, nutrient, and tracer data of unprecedented quality and quantity Large parts of this data set are now publicly available and are being used for general oceanographic research and climate studies. However, widespread use of the combined WOCE data set is hampered; the data reside in many separate data files and the file format is complex.To facilitate the use of the global WOCE data set, all data released by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP) have been compiled into an integrated data set. When used with the Ocean Data View visualization software for Windows, this data set constitutes an “Electronic Atlas of WOCE Data” (eWOCE) that permits graphical display and interactive analysis of the data in many different ways. With extensive interactive controls such as user‐defined plot configuration, zooming, auto‐scaling, color adjustment, and station/sample selection, this electronic atlas complements and surpasses printed atlases that are now in preparation.
Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion
Authors: Leatherman Stephen P. , Zhang Keqi , Douglas Bruce C. 
Published: October 2006

Our research has shown that an important relationship exists between sea level rise and sandy beach erosion. The link is highly multiplicative, with the long‐term shoreline retreat rate averaging about 150 times that of sea level rise. For example, a sustained rise of 10 cm in sea level could result in 15 m of shoreline erosion. Such an amount is more than an order of magnitude greater than would be expected from a simple response to sea level rise through inundation of the shoreline.Sea level is certainly only one of many factors causing long‐term beach change. Shoreline revisions from inlet dynamics and coastal engineering projects are more pronounced in most areas of the US. east coast and tend to mask the effect of a rise in sea level even over extended intervals. The implication is that sea level rise is a secondary but inexorable cause of beach erosion in such areas.
Students participate in mars sample return Rover field tests
Authors: Arvidson Raymond E. , Bowman Judd D. , Dunham Catherine D. , Anderson Robert C. , Backes Paul , Baumgartner Eric , Bell James , Dworetzky Steven C. , Klug Sheri , Peck Nathan , Sherman Diane , Squyres Steven , Tuttle Deana , Waldron Anna M. 
Published: October 2006

The Field Integrated Design and Operations (FIDO) Rover, a prototype vehicle designed to rehearse operations for the Mars Sample Return missions and associated Athena Rover, was put through a suite of field trials in the Silver Lake area of the Mojave Desert in April and October 1999. The trials also provided an opportunity to foster active involvement of students in rover missions using inquiry‐based study An integrated team of more than two dozen high school students and their teachers from Los Angeles, Phoenix, Ithaca, and St. Louis (LAPIS) developed and implemented their own FIDO‐based rover mission that employed long‐distance traverses to explore terrains and make discoveries.LAPIS team members from each city were paired with local science mentors who are part of the Athena Science Team to ensure that the LAPIS activities furthered the overall mission objectives at Silver Lake and to provide expert advice.The students learned to work as a geographically distributed team, developed hypotheses to test, commanded the rover via the Internet to test their hypotheses, analyzed data, and generated their own Web site and archives. Post‐LAPIS assessments demonstrated that the participants gained new communication and information technology skills, an enhanced ability to cut across traditional disciplines to solve problems, and a greater understanding of planetary exploration and discovery Further, for some of the students, LAPIS provided the right set of experiences needed to help them define specific career goals in science, mathematics, and engineering.
Tree‐ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America
Authors: Stahle David W. , Cook Edward R. , Cleaveland Malcolm K. , Therrell Matthew D. , Meko David M. , Grissino‐Mayer Henri D. , Watson Emma , Luckman Brian H. 
Published: October 2006

The two most severe, sustained droughts in the continental United States during the 20th century occurred in the 1930s and 1950s. The 1950s drought was most extreme over the southwest and southern Great Plains, where ecological consequences are still evident on the landscape [Swetnam and Betancourt], 1998].The Dust Bowl,vividly recounted in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, was the nations most severe, sustained,and widespread drought of the past 300 years, according to tree‐ring reconstructions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) across the continental United States [Cook et al., 1999] (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pdsiyear.html.Droughts during the 1750s, 1820s, and 1850s–1860s estimated from tree rings were similar to the 1950s drought in terms of magnitude, persistence, and spatial coverage, but these earlier episodes do not appear to have surpassed the severity or extent of the Dust Bowl drought. However, longer tree‐ring reconstructions of PDSI for the United States and precipitation for northwestern Mexico and western Canada indicate that the “megadrought” of the 16th century far exceeded any drought of the 20th century (Figure 1) [also see Wood‐house and Overpeck, 1998], and is considered to be the most severe prolonged drought over much of North America for at least the last 500 years [Meko et al., 1995].
Answers sought to the enigma of marine nitrogen fixation
Authors: Hood Raleigh R. , Michaels Anthony F. , Capone Douglas G. 
Published: October 2006

Nitrogen fixation is a biologically catalyzed reaction that converts dinitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium (NH4+), which can then be utilized to support autotrophic growth. Early research suggested that N2‐fixation in the open ocean was not a significant source of nitrogen for phytoplankton growthsemi; virtually all of the nitrogen needed for growth was thought to come from the deep ocean through mixing and upwelling. A growing body of evidence now suggests that N2‐fixers may be far more ubiquitous in the open ocean than previously thought and that nitrogen fixation is quantitatively significant in the global nitrogen cycle.This finding is important because primary production supported by N2‐fixation can result in a net export of carbon from the surface waters to the deep ocean and a net draw‐down of atmospheric carbon dioxide and may therefore play a significant role in the global carbon cycle as well. In fact, N2‐fixation may be the only biologically mediated process in the open ocean that drives a significant net export of atmospheric carbon dioxide over greater than annual timescales. In addition, the global balance between N2‐fixation and denitrification determines the degree to which the oceans are nitrogen limited. Thus global warming‐induced changes in N2‐fixation could have significant long‐term effects on oceanic productivity and the global carbon cycle. If this is the case, then we must understand the global controls on N2‐fixation and find ways to represent it in models that are currently being developed to predict future climate.
Contemporary tectonic stress: Advances in research and industry
Authors: Müller Birgit , Sperner Blanka 
Published: October 2006

The need for knowledge about the in situ tectonic stress field in research and economic applications was the topic of a series of two World Stress Map (WSM) Euroconferences. WSM is a global database containing information on contemporary tectonic stress in the Earth's crust, which is derived from six types of stress indicators: earthquake focal mechanisms, well bore breakouts, hydraulic fracturing, overcoring measurements, and young (Quaternary) geological indicators such as faultslip data and volcanic alignments.The database as well as stress maps from different regions of the world are available via the Internet (http://www‐wsm.physik.uni‐karlsruhe.de/).The first WSM Euroconference addressed the commercial application of in situ stress measurements. Improved knowledge of tectonic stress and effective rock strength is important in the design and construction of underground openings. For oil companies in charge of exploration and production, in situ stresses are basic input data for the calculation of actual production rates, petrophysical properties, borehole stability, compaction, subsidence, seismicity, solid control, sand production, geomechanical parameters, hydrocarbon migration, and hydraulic fracturing.The loss of drilling mud or hydrocarbons due to incomplete sealing of the drill holes or unexpected fracturing caused by tectonic stress leads to severe environmental problems and economic losses. In civil engineering and mining, the stability aspect is of equal economic importance, but in addition, the stability of road tunnels and mines is essential to save human life.
Pore pressure studies initiated in area of reservoir‐induced earthquakes in India
Authors: Gupta H. K. , Radhakrishna I. , Chadh R. K. , Kümpel H.‐J. , Grecks G. 
Published: October 2006

An IndoGerman research program is investigating possible in situ pore pressure fluctuations associated with earthquakes at Koyna‐Warna in the State of Maharashtra, India. Koyna‐Warna, which lies roughly halfway between Mumbai and Goa, is ideal for such a study as induced earthquakes have occurred in the region since the impounding of the Koyna Dam Reservoir in 1962. Wells have never before been drilled in a region of intense localized seismicity to study the role of pore pressure in inducing earthquakes.Beginning in 1995, 21 bore wells, 90–250 m deep, were drilled in the Deccan trap basalts of the region near the seismically active area (Figure 1), and continuously operating well level sensors were installed.Well level monitoring is expected to improve our understanding of the role pore fluids play in inducing earthquakes. Reservoir‐induced seismicity (RIS) describes a phenomenon in which initiation or enhancement of seismicity is linked to the impoundment of a reservoir in a region where ambient stresses are close to rock failure.
Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean‐Climate System
Authors: Dean Walter E. 
Published: October 2006

The Cretaceous period (ca. 136–66 Ma) of Earth history offers a significant opportunity to better understand global processes and their variations. Cretaceous marine and terrestrial strata are extremely widespread in outcrop, subcrop, and ocean basins. Much of the Cretaceous period had a globally warm, equable, mostly ice‐free climate that is generally viewed as about as far removed from our current glacial icehouse world as that of any other time in the Phanerozoic. This extreme greenhouse world had polar ocean temperatures of 15 C, which, for contrast, is our current global average.As Al Fischer points out in the foreword of the book, The Cretaceous was the last [greenhouse] period for which accurate global reconstructions of ocean‐continent distribution can be made. The development of calcareous plankton, near the end of Jurassic time, provides a record of oceanic life far better than that available for earlier periods, and one directly comparable to todays planktonic communities.
Optimal Management of Flow in Groundwater Systems
Authors: Yeh William W.‐G. 
Published: October 2006

Groundwater simulation models are physically based mathematical models derived from Darcy's law and the law of conservation of mass. Various established solution techniques utilizing either the finite difference or the finite element method, or a combination of both, are available for solving the governing equation of the model, provided that model parameters and initial and boundary conditions are properly specified. With the advancement of numerical computing and various user‐friendly interface software, groundwater simulation models are now commonly used by groundwater planners to assist in the decision making in a variety of water resources management problems.In simulation,groundwater models are used to predict (1) the hydraulic or water quality response of the aquifer system to a set of pumping and recharge schedules and (2) the probable hydrologic and environmental impacts associated with groundwater development. Because it can only consider a limited number of management alternatives, the simulation approach generally does not identify the optimal pumping/recharge schedules in the context of all the objectives and constraints. A recent advancement in groundwater modeling has been the development of management models that combine optimization and simulation. In contrast to simulation, optimization models identify optimal planning, design,and operational policies for the groundwater system. And because the simulation model is incorporated in a constraint set of the management model, the optimal decisions not only define the optimal pumping/recharge schedules, but also predict the time and spatial variation in the hydraulic head.
Panel recommends disposal options for Galileo spacecraft
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Old spacecraft, those soldiering instruments of space exploration, don't just fade away sometimes. Take a few recent cases. At the conclusion of the NASA Lunar Prospector's mission on July 31, 1999, the craft was programmed for a purposeful death plunge into the surface of the Moon to chance if this controlled crash could stir up any evidence of water there. And when a gyroscope on NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory failed, the space agency on June 4, 2000 cautiously guided the instrument to a controlled reentry and watery landing in the Pacific Ocean away from populated areas, rather than risk it becoming an out‐of‐control satellite.With the NASA Galileo spacecraft's mission through the Jovian system winding down, some scientists are concerned about a different kind of planetary protection. Instead of protecting people, scientists in this case want to ensure that Galileo—which entered orbit around Jupiter in December 1995, and whose mission already has been extended several times—will pose minimal possibility of contaminating any planetary bodies in the Jovian system with living organisms from the Earth. The scientists are mindful of obligations to avoid contamination that are outlined in the United Nations' 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and of evidence suggesting that Jupiter's moon, Europa, may harbor a water ocean beneath its icy surface.
New scales help public, technicians understand space weather
Authors: Poppe Barbara B. 
Published: October 2006

The Space Weather Scales of the US. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration were recently developed by NOAA's Space Environment Center (SEC) to improve understanding of space weather events among technical operators and the general public alike. The scales (see tables) serve as a sort of Richter scale that correlates space weather events with their likely effects on electric power, satellites, and other systems. To many who view space weather as an obscure field, the NOAA Space Weather Scales will convey useful information and perhaps pique new scientific interest.The SEC has forecasted the space environment for more than 35 years, alerting users to existing conditions between the Sun and Earth. Demand for these services has grown as technology susceptible to space weather damage has increased in use. Satellites, for example—which were once rare and only government‐owned—are now numerous, and many are commercially owned. Transmissions to and from those satellites now carry weather information and military surveillance, television and other communications signals, credit card and pager information, navigation data, and cell phone conversations.
The hundred year hunt for the sprite
Authors: Lyons Walter A. , Armstrong Russell A. , Bering E. A. , Williams Earle R. 
Published: October 2006

The scientific community's perception of the middle atmosphere above thunderstorms as “uninteresting” changed completely in the last decade. Today, a host of lightning‐related Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) have been identified, including sprites, blue jets, elves, sprite halos, and trolls. Others may remain to be discovered.Aside from the intrinsic scientific issues arising from this linkage of tropospheric electrical phenomena with that of middle atmosphere, a number of practical questions emerge. What, if any threats might TLEs pose to aerospace operations above 20 km? Do sprites represent a heretofore undocumented source of middle atmospheric Nox? What role might they play in the global electrical circuit, as well as in the energetics of the upper atmosphere [Bering et al., 1998]? Might these phenomena impact satellite‐based global monitoring and surveillance efforts?
Using GPS and gravity to infer ice mass changes in Greenland
Authors: van Dam Tonie , Larson Kristine , Wahr John , Gross Susanna , Francis Olivier 
Published: October 2006

Climate research indicates that global warming is occurring and will probably continue for the next several decades. One consequence of a global warming scenario is a global sea‐level rise due to thermal expansion of the nearsurface ocean water and melting of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and continental glaciers.The lack of appropriate data has made it difficult to determine the relationship and feedback mechanisms between climate, sea level, and ice mass changes. It is even unclear, for example, whether changes in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets over the last century have caused sea level to rise or fall.
EU Project on Development of the Glaciated European Margin
Authors: Evans Dan 
Published: October 2006

A new 3‐year project that began work in March 2000 is the first to study the stratigraphical development of the European glaciated margin by taking a regional approach.The project, Stratigraphical Development of the Glaciated European Margin (STRATAGEM), is studying the relatively shallow mid‐Cenozoic to recent geology of the European Atlantic margin from Ireland to Norway (Figure 1). Seismic techniques are being principally employed, but studies will also be carried out on cores from the Ocean Drilling Project and IMAGES long piston cores. Post‐rift backstripping modeling will be carried out on transects, along the length of the margin and will be calibrated with dated drill information.
Model estimates hurricane wind speed probabilities
Authors: Mumane Richard J. , Barton Chris , Collins Eric , Donnelly Jeffrey , Eisner James , Emanuel Kerry , Ginis Isaac , Howard Susan , Landsea Chris , Liu Kam‐biu , Malmquist David , McKay Megan , Michaels Anthony , Nelson Norm , O Brien James , Scott David , Webb Thompson 
Published: October 2006

In the United States, intense hurricanes (category 3, 4, and 5 on the Saffir/Simpson scale) with winds greater than 50 m s −1 have caused more damage than any other natural disaster [Pielke and Pielke, 1997]. Accurate estimates of wind speed exceedance probabilities (WSEP) due to intense hurricanes are therefore of great interest to (re)insurers, emergency planners, government officials, and populations in vulnerable coastal areas.The historical record of U.S. hurricane landfall is relatively complete only from about 1900, and most model estimates of WSEP are derived from this record. During the 1899–1998 period, only two category‐5 and 16 category‐4 hurricanes made landfall in the United States. The historical record therefore provides only a limited sample of the most intense hurricanes.