bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Limits of the Whistleblower's Contribution to Administrative Responsibility
Authors: Jos Philip H. 
Published: March 2007

Insofar as they can trigger existing accountability mechanisms that otherwise might not have uncovered or pursued administrative wrongdoing, whistleblowers can promote a more responsible public service. It would be both unwise and unfair, however, to rely on whistleblowers as a primary means by which to shore up a flawed system of bureaucratic accountability. The costs to the whistleblower and to the organization are substantial, and whistleblowing may reinforce one of the most significant shortcomings of existing mechanisms of accountability: the preoccupation with uncovering past misdeeds and the inability to promote the kind of ethical sensitivity and reflection necessary to reduce the incidence of organizational wrongdoing. When whistleblowers trigger external review, demands for accountability are as likely to promote rigidity and rationalization as they are to promote greater sensitivity to future ethical issues. These limitations on whistleblowing, and on after-the-fact review of administrative decision making more generally, should not be used to disparage accountability in favor of "high road" strategies like professional education. Instead, they demonstrate the importance of developing alternative means of accountability that do more than assign blame for the worst abuses of the public trust. Designing accountability mechanisms that require before-the-fact review of administrative decision making offers the possibility of ensuring compliance with external standards in a way that supports the critical reflection and ethical sensitivity that are vital to a responsible public service.
Comparative Tone-Colour Responses of College Music Majors with Absolute Pitch and Good Relative Pitch
Authors: Block Lenore 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that college music majors possessing absolute pitch will be more consistent in their tone-colour responses over a period of time than college music majors possessing good relative pitch. Data were gathered for 22 college music majors, 10 possessors of absolute pitch and 12 who possess good relative pitch. The students were administered an individual test on five consecutive weeks. Each test consisted of recordings of the 12 tones within an octave performed on a pipe organ, using the flute stop. The tones of each week's test were in a different random order. After each note was sounded, the student selected a colour from a colour wheel placed in front of him. Consistency of response, from week to week, was measured and evaluated. A comparison of the two groups' mean variability across the five trials for each of the 12 tones revealed a statistically significant difference (p < *001) between the two groups' mean response for each of the 12 pitches. In all cases, the mean response of the perfect pitch subjects was significantly more consistent than that of the relative pitch subjects.
Precautionary Uncertainty
Authors: Levidow Les 
Published: March 2007

Through the precautionary principle, governments acknowledge the limits of science as a basis for policy, while seeking to clarify scientific uncertainty. This tension is exemplified by the European risk regulation of genetically modified (GM) crops. The risk debate has been translated into various precautionary approaches, each with its own cognitive framing of the relevant uncertainties. Early safety claims took for granted intensive agricultural models; normative judgements served to downplay uncertainties which were not readily reducible, thus justifying commercial approval of products. In the late 1990s public protest strengthened broader accounts of uncertainty, for example through more stringent environmental norms and more complex causal pathways of potential harm. Fact-finding methods were debated as a value-laden choice for how best to generate more relevant knowledge. As risk-assessment research challenged assumptions in safety claims, critics cited the results as evidence of greater uncertainty. Invoking the precautionary principle, regulatory procedures delayed or restricted commercial use of GM crops. They not only increased the burden of evidence for safety, but also stimulated and requested knowledge about more complex uncertainties. Criteria for relevant evidence were implicitly linked with different framing visions for agriculture. Such value conflicts made scientific uncertainty more important - rather than vice versa. When risk research methods were challenged, fact/value boundaries were blurred, thus increasing `uncertainty' - rather than vice versa. In these ways, the risk controversy was constituted by divergent accounts of the relevant scientific uncertainty. Uncertainty was constitutive, not merely contextual. In general, then, precaution offers a means to justify uncertainty - not simply vice versa.
The Subjective Computer: A Study in the Psychology of Personal Computation
Authors: Turkle Sherry 
Published: March 2007

When people talk about the growing ubiquity of the computer presence they tend to fall back on two images: the computer as tool and the computer as toy; objective instrumentality and engrossing play. This paper examines another dimension to the impact of the computer on individuals: a subjective dimension. What people do with computers weaves itself into the way they see the world. People use a discourse about computers for thinking and talking about other things, about politics, religion, education, and about themselves and other people. The subjective dimension of the computer presence is not merely a matter of discourse, of using the computer intellectually as a metaphor or model. There is another, and more emotionally charged aspect which does not engage ideas about computers as much as the immediate quality of an individual's experience when working with them. Working with computers can be a way of 'working through' powerful feelings. This essay develops this idea by using as a case study a group of computer users for whom issues related to control are particularly salient. For a first generation of computer hobbyists, controlling the computer which they experience as a safe and completely knowable microworld is a way to deal with frustrations and aspirations, both personal and political, that have nothing to do with the computer per se. The work reported in this paper was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (under grant number MCS 77-27860) and the Laboratory of Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The views and conclusions contained in this paper are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the National Science Foundation or the United States Government. Some of the material in this paper was contained in a communication to the 1980 meetings of the International Federation of Information Processors in Tokyo, Japan. I wish to thank the participants in that meeting for very valuable, critical discussions.
Jumping Frames: Reflexivity and Recursion in the Sociology of Science
Authors: Doran Chris 
Published: March 2007

Recent work in the sociology of science has been characterized by a lively debate between the `reflexive' and the `strong' programmes. Mulkay's most noteworthy contribution to this debate is an attempt to show the recursive loops that `strong' programmers get into, because they fail to pay enough attention to the reflexive nature of their `scientific' accounts. He also `jumps frame' and utilizes the format of a play to display his results, so as to make it quite apparent that he is aware of the constructed nature of his own `scientific' account. This paper aims to point out similar problems with the `reflexive' programme's agenda. Its `mini-play' attempts to show the recursive loops that `reflexive' programmers get into because they, too, have failed to pay enough attention to the subtly coercive nature of their scientific accounts. Like Mulkay, I conclude by realizing the necessity for `jumping frames'. However, I do not look to drama for help, but rather to modes of analysis which seek critically to analyze the more general social scientific framework.
Comments on Turnbull's `Push for a Malaria Vaccine'
Authors: Daly John A. 
Published: March 2007

David Turnbull's article on malaria is challenged on a number of grounds. It is based on too narrow an example, too dependent on a North-South confrontational framework, and epistemologically flawed by its over-identification with the currently-dominant paradigm for malariology. An alternative approach based on analysis of the succession of antimalarial programmes is offered. Turnbull's thesis is applauded, however. Understanding of political and social forces is necessary to assure that the poor will benefit from improved malaria technology.
Turning a Practice into a Science: Reconceptualizing Postwar Medical Practice
Authors: Berg Marc 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, many editorials in leading North American medical journals have argued that medical practice is seriously flawed. Often, decision-support techniques are mentioned as a potential solution to this problem. I argue that these recent calls embody a specific reconceptualization of medical practice and its problems. Within the postwar medical literature, divergent discourses on the virtues and troubles of postwar medical practice can be found. Through a focus on medical editorials, I demonstrate the existence of several different notions of the `scientific nature' of medical action. Comparing the more recent of these images to those dominating earlier medical journals, one main shift is apparent. While, earlier, medical action was often described as an artful application of scientific knowledge, only mildly tainted by external, social problems, recent conceptualizations often locate both the scientific nature of medicine and the causes of its problems in the physician's brain. Even within this new discourse, however, scientific rationality does not always speak with the same voice, as reflected in the existence of different decision-support techniques. I argue that these different techniques, which are presented as solutions to the flaws of medical practice, lay at the root of the development of the cognitivist image(s) in the first place.
Industrial Research in Hungary: A Victim of Structural Change
Authors: Mosoni-Fried Judith 
Published: March 2007

In Hungary, industrial R&D capacity decreased by about 70% between 1989 and 1993. This is closely related to declines of 20% in GDP and almost 30% in industrial production. Substantial structural and ownership changes were experienced. The newly-established private firms are mainly small enterprises. As yet, they are uninterested in, and incapable of, technological development. The earlier strong and large network of industrial R&D institutes seems to have disappeared. The organizations concerned have been transformed into small- and medium-sized corporations, or have been wound up by the State Assets Management Company. Their original function has been considerably modified. There are now only a few customers (including the government) who visit them to apply for new technologies or products. An awkward structural change is going on in this transitional period. Industrial R&D institutes have already been effectively eliminated, at the start.
A Subject in Search of Meaning: Frailty and Dignity in Very Old Age
Authors: Blanchard F. , Duarte F. , Munsch F. 
Published: March 2007

An ageing population and increased life expectancy are a characteristic of the Western world. Nevertheless, as Roger Fontaine writes, “although we should be glad about this fact, it should also be stressed that old age reveals profound discrepancies between individuals. In fact, we should not speak of ‘old age’ but ‘old ages’. Specialists make a distinction between normal old age, successful old age, and pathological old age.”Catherine Guchet points out that, at the end of the twentieth century, two images of old age coexist, utilitarian in conception: that of ‘flamboyant’ old age and that of ‘dependent’ old age. The latter is associated with a loss of autonomy and dignity, especially for subjects affected by senile dementia, described as ‘unconscious’. We shall focus on these more problematic forms of old age.
Caetano Veloso or the Taste for Hybrid Language
Authors: Witkowski Ariane 
Published: March 2007

Like many sociocultural phenomena in Brazil, popular music, as everyone knows, is the result of a meeting of influences. It could almost be said that it is born a cross-breed, given the half-European, half-African origins of its best-known first genres, lundu, choro and maxixe. As a result of its history it comes under the sign of the Cannibalism, the metaphor invented by modernist writers in the 1920s to refer to the ‘ritual devouring’ by which Brazil assimilated foreign values and made them its own.Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil readily used the concept of Cannibalism at the end of the 1960s, when they founded Tropicalismo, which claimed a mixture of genres, styles and arts as its basis, and married international pop music and Brazilian traditions, electric guitars and berimbau. Tropicalismo as such only lasted for a few months, but the ideas which it promoted profoundly marked contemporary Brazilian culture. Caetano Veloso returned to the history of this movement in Verdade Tropical, an autobiographical work in which he reveals his thoughts on a number of subjects close to his heart: music, the cinema, masters/teachers, friends, family, love, sexuality freedom, prison, exile, books, language, etc. For this author, composer, performer, actor, director, poet and prose writer, inveterate and voracious reader and incorrigible chatterbox, anything to do with human beings is fair game. For Caetano loves words, and loves to talk about words. As early as the acknowledgements page he praises Unamuno, the author, according to him, of comments which are “the most moving that a foreigner has ever written about the Portuguese language”. And in a chapter entitled ‘Língua’ he mentions not only the songs he has written in English and his interest in the Anglo-Saxon language, but also his attachment to Romance languages in general and Portuguese in particular.
Are there Democratic Values?
Authors: de Lara Philippe 
Published: March 2007

My article has the title ‘Are there democratic values?’ In one sense the question is ironic: there are democratic values. And new ones appear every day. Nevertheless the question has a literal sense if you consider certain aspects of the regime or mode of existence of values in contemporary thought.The idea that values are no longer what they used to be is not new: the classical line of argument on this question underlines the contrast between, on the one hand, the philosophy of the Ancients, for whom evaluation referred to a normative nature, to ideals, criteria of perfection, embedded in the order of things and, on the other, the philosophy of the Moderns, for whom we are the ones who make the decisions (we are the ones who do the evaluating). Objectivism of values on the one hand, humanist subjectivism on the other. I would like to leave aside this problem and the difficulties which it raises (notably: who is Ancient and who is Modern?), and try to approach in another way whether there is a specifically contemporary mode of being for values.
Cosmic Science and Wisdom in Classic Philosophy
Authors: Bayet Jean 
Published: March 2007

Can our present-day anxieties be stated in terms of the ancient world ? Can this be done without risking the accusation of self-deception or pedantry? That is the question.Hellenism in en vogue; there is satisfaction in defining in ever more exact terms a new aspect, long underestimated, of Greek grandeur. A certain ‘modernism’ cannot be denied to Greek thought: a tendency that existed then as it does now. Two millennia and more have trimmed down what was pretensions: tricks and scandals of innovation become less important ; the essence of contributions becomes apparent, distilled by the labour of preceding centuries. It remains sure that the Greeks faced new human circumstances with the vigour of youth and with intelligence, and launched themselves freely upon the path of world discovery. This is truly modem: modern for us as it was for the Greeks of the third century B.C. A comparison between such experiences may be worth while.
Freedom and Authority
Authors: Drzymalla Georg 
Published: March 2007

Man can be ‘good and evil’ in his actions, reasonable and unreasonable— not to say, insane: this is his liberty. Hence his responsibility, which is born of this liberty. There can be no liberty without responsibility.The question: is Man rational in his actions? cannot be answered by a simple ‘yes’: that some of his actions are rational is proved by the very fact of our existence; that not all of these actions are rational is proved by our present situation. On the other hand, if we do not perish, this is no proof of Man's rationality. Nor is it proved by the evolution of all creation, which undoubtedly moves from low to high. But it is not difficult to see that of all living beings Man alone is capable of acting rationally. Where Man's reason does not reach, there rules the law of selection. This latter prevails, likewise, wherever Man acts irrationally. Out of a senseless ‘urge to be’-as Schopenhauer calls it-that being asserts himself who enjoys some kind of primacy, who is superior in no matter what sphere-whether by his force, velocity, protective colouring, or any other way, it does not matter, except in the individual case.
Analysis of Intellectual Performance
Authors: Cardinet Jean 
Published: March 2007

Everyone knows of the existence of intelligence tests. This is, in fact, the only aspect of applied psychology that is familiar to the general public. However, not so many people know that these tests have been the object of protracted studies and are integrated into a highly mathematized conceptual system. Our intention is to give a summary outline of this area of research which attempts to analyze man's performance, particularly in the area of the intellect.The normal process of thought is to go from the concrete to the abstract. Therefore it seems natural to base this outline on an actual example of research carried out in the domain of intelligence and motor co-ordination tests and to use these as a point of departure for more general principles. In the first place, the material used—the actual tests—has a history that is in itself revealing. Second, the method of analysis employed is also deserving of study because it implies a certain number of postulates that must be understood in order to interpret the results it makes possible. Let us familiarize ourselves, then, with a typical factor analysis like the one made at the University of Neuchâtel in 1956.
On Negrohood: Psychology of the African Negro
Authors: Senghor Léopold Sédar 
Published: March 2007

How surprised the psychologists of the French army were when they discovered that Senegalese conscripts were more sensitive to the vicissitudes of the climate, and even to extreme heat, than the soldiers of “metropolitan” France; that they reacted to the least changes in the weather, and even to such barely discernible events as minute inflections of the voice. These warriors who had passed for brutes—these heroes—turned out to have the sensitivity of women. It is often said, and not without reason, that the Negro is a man of Nature. The African negro, whether peasant, fisherman, hunter or herdsman, lives outdoors, both off the earth and with it, on intimate terms with trees and animals and all the elements, and to the rhythm of seasons and days. He keeps his senses open, ready to receive any impulse, and even the very waves of nature, without a screen (which is not to say without relays or transformers) between subject and object. He does, of course, reflect; but what comes first is form and color, sound and rhythm, smell and touch.Hail to the royal Kaicedrat! Hail to those who have invented nothing, To those who have explored nothing, To those who have subdued nothing, But abandoned themselves to the grip of the essence of every thing, Ignorant of the surface, but gripped by the movement of every thing, Not caring to subdue, but to play the game of the world.
The Political Background of the Religious View of Man in Ancient Greece
Authors: Crahay Roland 
Published: March 2007

The history of religion has long and with some justification been under the tutelage of the positivists who have been content to line up witnesses, to catalogue rites and to compile an index of divine epithets—all this with great patience. But it is now being taken away from them, for it seems that it can no longer be confined to description; it must also make an effort to understand.The subject is therefore evolving along several lines. Sometimes “the religious” is treated as a separate category and subjected to a kind of morphological analysis; sometimes it is viewed in the perspective of other social sciences like psychology and sociology. Each of these points of view is justified by itself to the extent that it agrees with the facts of the matter. But it also exposes the student of religion to the dangers of systematic exclusiveness and excessive generalization.
The Evolution of Grammatical Categories
Authors: Kuryłowicz Jerzy 
Published: March 2007

If from the etymological point of view the term category denotes a class of objects sharing a common feature, under linguistic category we generally understand a class of linguistic units (chiefly words) sharing a common meaning or syntactical function, expressed by a common external (phonetic) form. Thus the words room-s, table-s, pencil-s, match-es, glass-es… are representative of the category of the plural number; (be) describe-d, contrive-d, share-d, found-ed, assert-ed… represent the category of the past tense. Forms like men, children, etc., on the one hand, (he) rode, went, etc., on the other, are also members of the category of the plural or past, respectively, in spite of the lack of the characteristic feature -(e)s or -(e)d, since functionally (i.e. as regards meaning) they lean upon the pattern of the productive -s and -d forms, thus:
the semantic difference between man and men (child and children) is the same as that between e.g. room and room-s, rendered by the sign -s versus zero;the semantic difference between rides and rode (goes and went) is the same as that between describe-s and describe-d, rendered by the sign -d as against -s.
On the Concept of Freedom
Authors: Horkheimer Max 
Published: March 2007

Discussion of the concept of freedom in the history of philosophy differs radically from the actual historical struggles in which freedom was the goal. At least at first sight.The theories of the philosophers appear to apply primarily to freedom of the will, to freedom in the metaphysical sense. According to St. Augustine, the church father whose concept of will is essentially the basis of Lutheran teaching, man, whose nature has been corrupted by the Fall, is by himself incapable of doing true good. All hangs upon divine grace. Man is powerless even to accomplish so-called good works. And inasmuch as grace is granted only to very few, faith alone can save one from despair. Faith is not based on logic or even reason; Luther often said that the beast reason should be displanted. The strength to act must come through faith. In everyday life men are capable of acting according to their resolves; their capability is expressed fully in their profession, in their private and economic existence, but it cannot gain them salvation. In practical life men are to some extent free, for here the state and economic order govern. One may serve the state and try to improve it. But this has nothing to do with eternal salvation. Temporal power may require obedience on earth, but it provides no passport to heaven.