bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of oral L‐carnitine, L‐lysine administration and exercise on body composition and histological and biochemical parameters in pigeons
Authors: Hullár I. , Fekete S. G. , Mézes M. , Glávits R. , Gáspárdy A. , Fébel H. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to examine whether l‐carnitine and its precursor l‐lysine could have any beneficial effect in racing pigeons, and if so, whether this effect is influenced by the extent of exercise (short‐distance flight: 135 km vs. long‐distance flight: 580 km). Birds were divided into seven groups of animals. Group 1: negative control, no flight, no treatment, Group 2: positive control, placebo treatment before the short‐distance flight, Group 3: 200 mg/day l‐carnitine treatment before the short‐distance flight, Group 4: 400 mg/day l‐lysine treatment before the short‐distance flight, Group 5: positive control, placebo treatment before the long‐distance flight, Group 6: 200 mg/day l‐carnitine treatment before the long‐distance flight, Group 7: 400 mg/day l‐lysine treatment before the long‐distance flight. l‐carnitine, l‐lysine and distilled water (placebo) were orally administered (tube feeding) for 7 days before flight. Just after returning home, blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Pigeons were euthanized using carbon dioxide as an inhalation agent, and the whole body was subjected to proximate analysis. The status at arrival was referred to as a basis for comparison. Sex did not affect the measured parameters. As a result of the l‐carnitine and l‐lysine administrations, the body fat mobilization was higher during the 580 km flight, whereas no changes were noted during the 135 km flight. The main changes in the measured blood parameters were caused by the extent of exercise. This experiment considered the extent of exercise as a factor potentially modulating l‐carnitine supplementation effects. In conclusion, flight distance affected several parameters but the supplements of l‐carnitine and l‐lysine were not effective in the tested situations.
Breastfeeding duration and postpartum psychological adjustment: Role of maternal attachment styles
Authors: Akman İpek , Kuscu M. Kemal , Yurdakul Ziya , Özdemir Nihal , Solakoğlu Mine , Orhon Lale , Karabekiroğlu Aytül , Özek Eren 
Published: May 2008

Aim:  Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in new mothers. The aim of this study is to explore the link between postpartum psychological adjustment and feeding preferences of the mothers.Methods:  Sixty mothers and newborns were enrolled in this prospective, longitudinal study. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and maternal anxiety level was assessed by the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory at 1 month postpartum. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was used for the assessment of maternal social support. The Adult Attachment Scale was used to determine the attachment style of the mother. Infants were examined and evaluated at 1 and 4 months of life.Results:  All mothers started breastfeeding their infants postpartum; 91% and 68.1% continued exclusive breastfeeding at 1 and 4 months, respectively. The first‐month median EPDS score of mothers who breastfeed at the fourth month was statistically significantly lower than those who were not breastfeeding (6 and 12, respectively) (P = 0001). The first‐month median EPDS score of mothers with secure attachment was lower than the median score of mothers with insecure attachment (5 and 9, respectively) (P < 0001). Exclusive breastfeeding rate was not statistically different among mothers with secure and insecure attachment styles. The median state and trait anxiety scores and social support scores of mothers were not different between groups according to breastfeeding status.Conclusions:  This study has shown an association between higher EPDS scores and breastfeeding cessation by 4 months after delivery.
Emergency use of a size 1 laryngeal mask airway in a ventilated neonate with an undiagnosed type IV laryngotracheo‐oesophageal cleft
Authors: RUSSELL PHILIP , CHAMBERS NEIL , DU PLESSIS JEAN , VIJAYASEKERAN SHYAN 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe perioperative management of a neonate with a type IV laryngotracheo‐oesophageal cleft and exomphalos major is described. Following an otherwise uncomplicated exomphalos repair, this baby became increasingly and inexplicably difficult to ventilate through an endotracheal tube. The emergency use of a laryngeal mask airway as a rescue maneuver allowed positive pressure ventilation, and subsequent diagnosis of the airway abnormality. The difficulties in management of the two co‐existing conditions are discussed.
Single injection paravertebral block for renal surgery in children
Authors: BERTA EMIL , SPANHEL JIRI , SMAKAL OLDRICH , SMOLKA VRATISLAV , GABRHELIK TOMAS , LÖNNQVIST PER‐ARNE 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground:  Continuous paravertebral block (PVB) has been successfully used for postoperative analgesia in children. However, data regarding the efficacy of a single injection technique for major renal surgery are still lacking.Methods:  Following the ethics committee approval and parent informed consent, 24 children (median 10.3 months; range: 2.9–26.8) undergoing major renal surgery were included in a prospective observational pilot study. Following a standardized general anesthetic the patients were administered a single injection low thoracic PVB (loss‐of‐resistance technique; 0.5 ml·kg−1 of levobupivacaine 2.5 mg·ml−1 with epinephrine 5 μg·ml−1) at the end of surgery. Postoperative pain was assessed by Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) score at predetermined time points and in case of apparent patients’ discomfort during the first 12 postoperative hours. The duration of postoperative analgesia was defined as the interval between PVB and the first supplemental administration of a rescue opioid analgesic. The incidence of complications and postoperative vomiting (POV) was also recorded.Results:  A successful PVB was achieved in 23/24 patients (95.8%). The median duration of the block was 600 min (range: 180–720 min) with 10 children not requiring any supplemental analgesia during the 12‐h observation period. Vascular puncture was observed in 2/24 children (8.3%) and POV occurred in 4/24 children (16.7%). All complications were considered minor and did not influence recovery.Conclusions:  Single injection PVB provided clinically relevant postoperative analgesia in children undergoing major renal surgery.
Quality improvement: implementation of a pain management policy in a university pediatric hospital
Authors: MEGENS JOHANNA H.A.M. , VAN DER WERFF DÉSIREE B.M. , KNAPE JOHANNES T.A. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground:  Until recently, individual doctors and nurses in our pediatric hospital made decisions about the application of pain relief in patients, resulting in a wide variety of practice. The main task of our pain group was to develop hospital‐wide practice standards for acute pain management to improve care. One of the key points of the pain policy was the introduction of pain assessment tools (COMFORT and Visual Analogue Scale).Methods:  A project team supported by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (CBO) collaborated during 1 year. The pain policy and in particular, the pain assessment tools, were implemented in the postanesthetic care unit (PACU) and surgical ward. The following targets were set: pain assessment will be performed in 95% of cases and the severity of pain will be ‘no or mild pain’ in 95% of cases.Results:  During the study period, 37% of all proposed pain assessments could be retrieved. The maximum retrievement score was 68%. In 80% of patients, at least one pain score was retrieved. The scores were divided as follows: 67% no or mild pain, 11% moderate pain, 1% severe pain. In the PACU, over 80% of pain assessments were retrieved; in six study weeks, the aimed score of 95% was reached; 94% of patients reported no or mild pain at departure.Conclusions:  Implementation of a pain policy in a pediatric hospital is a difficult process. Pain management in the PACU fell just short of the set target performances. In the surgical ward, embedding the importance of pain assessment remains a challenge and a prerequisite for quality of care in pain management.
Niche separation of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria across a tidal freshwater marsh
Authors: Laanbroek Hendrikus J. , Speksnijder Arjen G. C. L. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryLike many functional groups or guilds of microorganisms, the group of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) consists of a number of physiologically different species or lineages. These physiological differences suggest niche differentiation among these bacteria depending on the environmental conditions. Species of AOB might be adapted to different zones in the flooding gradient of a tidal marsh. This issue has been studied by sampling sediments from different sites and depths within a tidal freshwater marsh along the river Scheldt near the village of Appels in Belgium. Samples were taken in February, April, July and October 1998. Communities of AOB in the sediment were analysed on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene by application of polymerase chain reaction in combination with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In addition, moisture content and concentrations of ammonium and nitrate were determined as well as the potential ammonia‐oxidizing activities. Six different DGGE bands belonging to the β‐subclass of the Proteobacteria were observed across the marsh. The community composition of AOB was determined by the elevation in the flooding gradient as well as by the sampling depth. The presence of plants was less important for the community composition of AOB. DGGE bands affiliated with the Nitrosospira lineage were mostly found in the upper part of the marsh and in the deeper layers of the sediment. Two of the three DGGE bands related to the Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage were more broadly distributed over the marsh, but were predominantly found in the upper layers of the sediment. Members of the environmental Nitrosomonas lineage 5 were predominantly detected in the deeper layers in the lower parts of the marsh. Potential driving factors for niche differentiation are discussed.
Functional morphology of the gonoduct of the gastropod Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 (Opisthobranchia: Cephalaspidea): evidence for a monaulic system
Authors: Malaquias Manuel António E. , Reid David G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractReproductive systems are a major source of characters for systematics and phylogenetic inference in the Gastropoda and therefore knowledge of their morphology, homology and function is important. In the cephalaspidean genus Bulla the reproductive system is hermaphroditic and is divided into ovotestis, posterior gonoduct, anterior female glands and copulatory organs. Previous accounts failed to explain fully the organization and function of this complex system. We use a new approach based on fine dissection, gross serial cross‐sections and scanning electron microscopy to study the female glands of the European species Bulla striata. We provide a re‐description of the gonoduct and infer possible pathways of gametes and location of processes. Based on the absence of separate ducts or grooves for ova and spermatozoa, we conclude that Bulla is a monaulic cephalaspidean.
High surgical volume is associated with a lower rate of secondary therapy after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Jeldres Claudio , Suardi Nazareno , Capitanio Umberto , Montorsi Francesco , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Perrotte Paul , Peloquin Francois , Pharand Daniel , Graefen Markus , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVETo assess the relationship between surgical volume (SV), defined as the number of radical prostatectomies (RPs) within a calendar year, and the time to secondary therapy (ST) after RP, as this might represent an important determinant of cancer control.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 7937 men treated with RP by 130 urologists between 1989 and 2000. Radiotherapy or any form of hormonal manipulation represented ST. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses was used to evaluate the time to ST after RP.RESULTSSV was an independent (P = 0.02) predictor of ST‐free survival after RP, and the multivariable rate of ST sharply decreased with increasing SV.CONCLUSIONSThe use of ST is inversely proportional to SV of up to 24 RPs per year. A higher annual SV might be indicative of less restrictive use of RP in high‐risk patients who eventually require combined treatments.
Quantifying fishing effort: a synthesis of current methods and their applications
Authors: McCluskey Shannon M. , Lewison Rebecca L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe need to accurately quantify fishing effort has increased in recent years as fisheries have expanded around the world and many fish stocks and non‐target species are threatened with collapse. Quantification methods vary greatly among fisheries, and to date there has not been a comprehensive review of these methods. Here we review existing approaches to quantify fishing effort in small‐scale, recreational, industrial, and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fisheries. We present the strengths and limitations of existing methods, identifying the most robust methods and the critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to improve our ability to quantify and map fishing effort. Although identifying the ‘best’ method ultimately depends on the intended application of the data, in general, quantification methods that are based on information on gear use and spatial distribution offer the best approaches to representing fishing effort on a broad scale. Integrating fisher’s knowledge and involving fishers in data collection and management decisions may be the most effective way to improve data quality and accessibility.
Is the audit services market competitive following Arthur Andersen's collapse?
Authors: Hamilton Jane , Li Yang , Stokes Donald 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study investigates whether audit markets remain competitive in the wake of Arthur Andersen's demise and merger with Ernst & Young to create the Big Four. We conduct the study estimating audit fee models using Australian audit market data from both 2000 and 2003 to determine whether there is any evidence of cartel pricing either before, or subsequent to, the merger. In both years, we find evidence of a Big N price premium when estimating an audit fee model across all clients, and when we estimate the model separately across large and small client market segments. This evidence is consistent with product differentiation by Big N auditors and competitive markets.
What skills and attributes does an accounting graduate need? Evidence from student perceptions and employer expectations
Authors: Kavanagh Marie H. , Drennan Lyndal 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFor some years there has been much debate between various stakeholders about the need for accounting graduates to develop a broader set of skills to be able to pursue a career in the accounting profession. This study uses mixed methods to examine perceptions and expectations of two major stakeholders: students and employers. Findings indicate that students are becoming aware of employers’ expectations in terms of communication, analytical, professional and teamwork skills. Although employers are still expecting a good understanding of basic accounting skills and strong analytical skills, they are also requiring ‘business awareness’ and knowledge in terms of the ‘real world’. Both students and employers report that many of the ‘essential’ non‐technical and professional skills and attributes are not being developed sufficiently in university accounting programmes.
Non‐audit fees, long‐term auditor–client relationships and earnings management
Authors: Cahan Steven , Emanuel David , Hay David , Wong Norman 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe examine whether auditor independence is affected by the amount spent on non‐audit services. Faster growth in non‐audit fees and longer time periods over which non‐audit services are purchased might reduce the auditor's independence from that client. Our results do not provide any support for a relationship between non‐audit fee growth rates or the length of time of the non‐audit fee relationship with the client and discretionary accruals, our measure of earnings management. We do find some evidence that the interaction of the non‐audit fee time‐period measures and client importance is positive and significantly related to discretionary accruals.
THE FALLACY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROCREATIVE BENEFICENCE
Authors: BENNETT REBECCA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe claim that we have a moral obligation, where a choice can be made, to bring to birth the ‘best’ child possible, has been highly controversial for a number of decades. More recently Savulescu has labelled this claim the Principle of Procreative Beneficence. It has been argued that this Principle is problematic in both its reasoning and its implications, most notably in that it places lower moral value on the disabled. Relentless criticism of this proposed moral obligation, however, has been unable, thus far, to discredit this Principle convincingly and as a result its influence shows no sign of abating. I will argue that while criticisms of the implications and detail of the reasoning behind it are well founded, they are unlikely to produce an argument that will ultimately discredit the obligation that the Principle of Procreative Beneficence represents. I believe that what is needed finally and convincingly to reveal the fallacy of this Principle is a critique of its ultimate theoretical foundation, the notion of impersonal harm. In this paper I argue that while the notion of impersonal harm is intuitively very appealing, its plausibility is based entirely on this intuitive appeal and not on sound moral reasoning. I show that there is another plausible explanation for our intuitive response and I believe that this, in conjunction with the other theoretical criticisms that I and others have levelled at this Principle, shows that the Principle of Procreative Beneficence should be rejected.
From e‐learning space to e‐learning place
Authors: Wahlstedt Ari , Pekkola Samuli , Niemelä Marketta 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this paper, it is argued that e‐learning environments are currently more like ‘buildings’, ie, learning spaces, rather than ‘schools’, ie, places for learning. The concepts originated from architecture and urban design, where they are used both to distinguish static spaces from inhabited places, and more importantly, as design objectives. The transformation from space to place is supported and enabled by social interactions between the (learning) community members. We argue that this distinction between the concepts explains some of the problems with current e‐learning systems and propose issues to consider when designing new systems. By acknowledging the importance and characteristics of a place, designers and researchers can justify the need and support for social interactions in learning space, consequently enabling social community building in e‐learning environments, and most importantly, supporting the development of a user‐friendly and motivating e‐learning place.
Out of class—out of mind? The use of a virtual learning environment to encourage student engagement in out of class activities
Authors: Leese Maggie 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWith increasing student numbers and a diverse student body, it is crucial to consider a range of methods to engage students in learning and teaching activities. This project was used to encourage 1st‐year undergraduate students to engage in out of class activities between taught sessions. The project used a virtual learning environment (VLE) known as Wolverhampton Online Learning Framework (WOLF) to encourage collaborative working within learning sets. The central aim was to investigate the potential to improve communication and mutual support between students and also to encourage students to make links between taught sessions. They were given weekly tasks that needed to be completed within their learning sets and they then posted the work in folders within WOLF by a set time. This allowed for timely feedback from the tutor and it facilitated sharing of resources across the sets. The final element involved students using their new knowledge to peer‐teach the whole group in short presentations at the beginning of the next taught session. Feedback was collected in three ways, including focus groups, module feedback forms and a short questionnaire about the use of the VLE. Overall, the students' feedback was positive and they commented on gaining a number of skills including, using technology, group working and presentations. In addition to this, the overall pass rate for the module was higher and the average student grade had also increased.
Exit Polling in a Cold Climate: The BBC–ITV Experience in Britain in 2005
Authors: Curtice John , Firth David 
Published: May 2008

SummaryConducting an exit poll to forecast the outcome of a national election in terms of both votes and seats is particularly difficult in Britain. No official information is available on how individual polling stations voted in the past, use of single-member plurality means that there is no consistent relationship between votes and seats, electors can choose to vote by post and most of those who vote in person do so late in the day. In addition, around one in every six intended exit poll respondents refuses to participate. Methods that were developed to overcome these problems, and their use in the successful 2005 British Broadcasting Corporation–Independent Television exit poll, are described and evaluated. The methodology included a panel design to allow the estimation of electoral change at local level, coherent multiple-regression modelling of multiparty electoral change to capture systematic patterns of variation, probabilistic prediction of constituency winners to account for uncertainty in projected constituency level shares, collection of information about the voting intentions of postal voters before polling day and access to interviewer guesses on the voting behaviour of refusals. The coverage and accuracy of the exit poll data are critically examined, the effect of key aspects of the statistical modelling of the data is assessed and some general lessons are drawn for the design and analysis of electoral exit polls.