bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broad‐spectrum cross‐resistance in Spodoptera exigua from selection with a marginally toxic Cry protein
Authors: Hernández‐Martínez Patricia , Ferré Juan , Escriche Baltasar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) has developed resistance to a wide range of chemical insecticides. Products based on Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins are used in integrated pest management as an ecologically friendly alternative for pest control. Since there are few B. thuringiensis Cry proteins highly active against S. exigua, it is desirable to apply appropriate resistance management strategies to prevent the evolution of resistance to these proteins.RESULTS: Spodoptera exigua larvae were selected with Cry1Ab, a protein with low activity against this pest. Selected larvae developed > 30‐fold resistance to Cry1Ab in 13 generations, relative to an unselected strain. The estimated realised heritability (h2) for the first five generations of selection was 0.15. Cross‐resistance was also observed to the more active proteins Cry1Ca, Cry1Da and Cry1Fa (>20, 26 and > 8 respectively). The activity of midgut proteases to degrade the ingested toxin was tested, although no differences in activity were found between selected and unselected larvae.CONCLUSION: Spodoptera exigua is able to evolve cross‐resistance to highly active Cry proteins when exposed to a protein with marginal toxicity to this species. It is important to take this into account in areas where S. exigua is a secondary pest and B. thuringiensis Cry1A toxins are used to control other pests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Breeding approaches for crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) management in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Rubiales Diego , Fernández‐Aparicio Monica , Pérez‐de‐Luque Alejandro , Castillejo Mari A , Prats Elena , Sillero Josefina C , Rispail Nicolas , Fondevilla Sara 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pea cultivation is strongly hampered in Mediterranean and Middle East farming systems by the occurrence of Orobanche crenata Forsk. Strategies of control have been developed, but only marginal successes have been achieved. Most control methods are either unfeasible, uneconomical, hard to achieve or result in incomplete protection. The integration of several control measures is the most desirable strategy.RESULTSL: Recent developments in control are presented and re‐evaluated in light of recent developments in crop breeding and molecular genetics. These developments are placed within a framework that is compatible with current agronomic practices.CONCLUSION: The current focus in applied breeding is leveraging biotechnological tools to develop more and better markers to speed up the delivery of improved cultivars to the farmer. To date, however, progress in marker development and delivery of useful markers has been slow. The application of knowledge gained from basic genomic research and genetic engineering will contribute to more rapid pea improvement for resistance against O. crenata and/or the herbicide. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
An alternative and fast method for determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in soybean using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Martins‐Júnior Helio A. , Lebre Daniel T. , Wang Alexandre Y. , Pires Maria A. F. , Bustillos Oscar V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA simple and specific method using reversed‐phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) was investigated, which allowed the determination of residues of glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in soybean samples. An aqueous extraction with liquid‐liquid partition followed by protein precipitation was performed before the LC/MS/MS determination. The quantitation of glyphosate and AMPA was performed in positive and negative ESI mode, respectively, using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with three transitions for each analyte to enhance the specificity of the method and avoid false positives. The methodology reported in this work is capable of detecting residues of glyphosate and AMPA in soybean samples with limits of quantification of 0.30 and 0.34 mg kg−1, respectively. This alternative method has throughput advantages such as simpler sample preparation and faster chromatographic analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coast and year effect on H, O and C stable isotope ratios of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic italian olive oils
Authors: Bontempo L. , Camin F. , Larcher R. , Nicolini G. , Perini M. , Rossmann A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe paper discusses the 2H/1H, 18O/16O and 13C/12C ratios of 196 authentic Italian extra‐virgin olive oils produced in 3 years on the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. The 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios were linearly and positively correlated. The year of production influenced mainly 18O/16O in relation to the amount of rainfall and the atmospheric humidity in the period of oil accumulation in the olives. The 2H/1H ratio significantly distinguished the olive oils produced on the Adriatic coast from those on the Tyrrhenian coast in each year. This coast effect is a consequence of the different sources and isotopic compositions of the rainfall and the different climatic conditions on the two coasts. The paper contributes towards understanding the influence of climatic factors on isotopic variability and towards improving the traceability of the geographical origin of olive oils, using 2H/1H as a more innovative parameter. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring leg length and offset with an imageless navigation system during total hip arthroplasty: is it really accurate?
Authors: Renkawitz Tobias , Schuster Tibor , Herold Thomas , Goessmann Holger , Sendtner Ernst , Grifka Joachim , Kalteis Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundA novel imageless measurement algorithm to assess leg length (LL) and offset (OS) changes during total hip arthroplasty (THA) has been established, the purpose of this study was to describe the process and establish whether or not it is accurate.MethodsTHA was performed on 17 cadaver hip specimens. LL and OS changes were determined intra‐operatively, using an imageless navigation system. Pre‐ and postoperatively, all specimens had a computed tomography scan (CT) and the LL and OS changes were analysed by two blinded investigators.ResultsWith mean differences of less than 1 mm (LL, 0.74; SD, 2.4 mm; OS, 0.89; SD, 1.8 mm) supported by substantial significant correlations [r = 0.83 (LL) and r = 0.92 (OS)] imageless navigation values demonstrated a high accuracy when compared to CT measurements.ConclusionsIntra‐operative LL and OS measures are reliable and accurate when using an imageless calculation algorithm which stores the position of the femoral reference frame in relation to the pelvic coordinate system before and after reconstruction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of computer‐aided 3D surgery and stereolithographic modelling for vector orientation in premaxillary and trans‐sinusoidal maxillary distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Varol Altan , Basa Selçuk 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundMaxillary distraction osteogenesis is a challenging procedure when it is performed with internal submerged distractors due to obligation of setting accurate distraction vectors.MethodsFive patients with severe maxillary retrognathy were planned with Mimics 10.01 CMF and Simplant 10.01 software. Distraction vectors and rods of distractors were arranged in 3D environment and on STL models. All patients were operated under general anaesthesia and complete Le Fort I downfracture was performed.ResultsAll distractions were performed according to orientated vectors. All patients achieved stable occlusion and satisfactory aesthetic outcome at the end of the treatment period.ConclusionPreoperative bending of internal maxillary distractors prevents significant loss of operation time. 3D computer‐aided surgical simulation and model surgery provide accurate orientation of distraction vectors for premaxillary and internal trans‐sinusoidal maxillary distraction. Combination of virtual surgical simulation and stereolithographic models surgery can be validated as an effective method of preoperative planning for complicated maxillofacial surgery cases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized linear models approach to spatial scan statistics for covariate adjustment
Authors: Jung Inkyung 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe spatial scan statistic proposed by Kulldorff (Commun. Statist.—Theory Methods 1997; 26:1481–1496) is one of the most widely used methods for detecting spatial clusters and evaluating their statistical significance. However, it is not fully capable of adjusting for all types of confounding covariates. In this article, a generalized linear models (GLM) approach to construct spatial scan statistics, which is readily in a form for covariate adjustment, is proposed. Using GLM, spatial scan statistics for different probability models can be formulated in a single framework. The test statistic is based on the log‐likelihood ratio test statistic and evaluated using Monte Carlo hypothesis testing. The proposed method is illustrated using Texas female breast cancer data concerning late versus early stage cancer cases with covariates of race/ethnicity and age group. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theoretical study on commodity material flow
Authors: Xu Shoubo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper is consisted of four parts. The first part argues that e‐commerce and e‐commercial affairs are two different concepts. The second part discusses the property of commodity; that is, a commodity is characterized by six important characteristics including material, flow, owner, region, time and information. The third part puts forward a theory on commodity material flows (MFs) in which the concept of ‘six essential commodities for production and living’ is proposed. It is the first time that the movement rules of ‘six essential commodities for production and living’ and ‘input‐production‐circulation‐consumption’ in the social economic development process was proposed. Commodity physical flow, commodity capital flow and commodity information flow are considered as the three different states of commodity MFs, and they must follow the rule of the entire commodity movement. The theory of commodity MF includes commodity physical flow theory, commodity capital flow theory and commodity information flow theory. The core is commodity physical flow theory. The fourth part further discuses three flows, i.e. commodity physical flow, capital flow and information flow, indicating that three flows are contradictory but complementary, suggesting the systems thinking of ‘three flows integration’, ‘three flows combination’ and ‘three flows incorporation’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory of six forces of essential factors of production
Authors: Xu Shoubo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the author proposes a basic theory in technological economics—Theory of Six Forces of Essential Factors of Production (SFEFP) for the first time. This theory includes six principles: (1) the principle of material and value of six forces; (2) the principle of possession and consumption of six forces; (3) the principle of spatial unification of six forces; (4) the principle of common interactions of six forces; (5) the principle of inter‐replacement of six forces and (6) the principle of cooperative development of six forces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tolerance to fast: rational and practical evaluation in children with hypoketonaemia
Authors: Walter J. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryProlonged fasting in children with disorder of fat oxidation or ketone body synthesis can lead not only to hypoglycaemia but also to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. The length of time such patients can be safely fasted is important information for caregivers. Most children with MCAD deficiency when well can tolerate ‘normal’ periods without food, but in more severe disorders such as LCHAD deficiency even these may be associated with acute or chronic damage. Guidelines have been published for safe fasting periods in MCAD but not in other conditions. In the absence of such recommendations, a rational approach must be based on an understanding of the normal physiology of fasting in children of different ages and the pathophysiology associated with the child's particular disorder. Intercurrent infections pose a particular risk and may significantly reduce fasting tolerance.
Algal defenses, population stability, and the risk of herbivore extinctions: a chemostat model and experiment
Authors: van der Stap Irene , Vos Matthijs , Kooi Bob W. , Mulling Bram T. M. , van Donk Ellen , Mooij Wolf M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effects of inducible defenses and constitutive defenses on population dynamics were investigated in a freshwater plankton system with rotifers as predators and different algal strains as prey. We made predictions for these systems using a chemostat predator–prey model and focused on population stability and predator persistence as a function of flow‐through rate. The model exhibits three major types of behavior at a high nutrient concentration: (1) at high dilution rates, only algae exist; (2) at intermediate dilution rates, algae and rotifers show stable coexistence; (3) at low dilution rates, large population fluctuations occur, with low minimum densities entailing a risk of stochastic rotifer extinctions. The size and location of the corresponding areas in parameter space critically depend on the type of algal defense strategy. In an 83‐day high‐nutrient chemostat experiment we changed the dilution rate every 3 weeks, from 0.7 to 0.5 to 0.3 to 0.1 per day. Within this range of dilution rates, rotifers and algae coexisted, and population fluctuations of algae clearly increased as dilution rates decreased. The CV of herbivore densities was highest at the end of the experiment, when the dilution rate was low. On day 80, herbivorous rotifers had become undetectable in all three chemostats with permanently defended algae (where rotifer densities had already been low) and in two out of three chemostats where rotifers had been feeding on algae with inducible defenses (that represented more edible food). We interpret our results in relation to the paradox of enrichment.
The evolution of a tropical rainforest/grassland mosaic in southeastern Brazil since 28,000 14C yr BP based on carbon isotopes and pollen records
Authors: Ruiz Pessenda Luiz Carlos , De Oliveira Paulo Eduardo , Mofatto Milene , de Medeiros Vanda Brito , Francischetti Garcia Ricardo José , Aravena Ramon , Bendassoli José Albertino , Zuniga Leite Acácio , Saad Antonio Roberto , Lincoln Etchebehere Mario 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe lack of paleoecological records from the montane Atlantic Rainforest of coastal Brazil, a hotspot of biological diversity, has been a major obstacle to our understanding of the vegetational changes since the last glacial cycle. We present carbon isotope and pollen records to assess the impact of the glaciation on the native vegetation of the Serra do Mar rainforest in São Paulo, Brazil. From ca. 28,000 to ∼ 22,000 14C yr BP, a subtropical forest with conifer trees is indicative of cool and humid conditions. In agreement carbon isotopic data on soil organic matter suggest the presence of C3 plants and perhaps C4 plants from ∼ 28,000 to ∼ 19,000 14C yr BP. The significant increase in the sedimentation rate and algal spores from ∼ 19,450 to ∼ 19,000 14C yr BP indicates increasing humidity, associated to an erosion process between ∼ 19,000 and ∼ 15,600 14C yr BP. From ∼ 15,600 14C yr BP to present there is a substantial increase in arboreal elements and herbs, indicating more humid and warmer climate. From ∼ 19,000 to ∼ 1000 14C yr BP, δ13C values indicated the predominance of C3 plants. These results are in agreement with studies in speleothems of caves, which suggest humid conditions during the last glacial maximum.
Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents
Authors: Bosy-Westphal Anja , Plachta-Danielzik Sandra , Dörhöfer Ralf-Peter , Müller Manfred J. 
Published: March 2009

Shorter than average adults are at a higher risk for obesity and are also more susceptible to diabetes and CVD, independent of BMI. In contrast, taller children have a higher risk of obesity. We hypothesised that short stature is related to adverse body composition and that the association between stature and obesity differs between generations. In a cross-sectional German database of 213 804 adults and 12 411 children and adolescents, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was compared between percentiles of height. The association between stature and percentage of fat mass (%FM), lean BMI (LBMI; kg/m2) or waist:hip ratio (in children only) was analysed within BMI groups. In adults, the prevalence of BMI >30 kg/m2 gradually increased with decreasing percentile of height whereas in children and adolescents, a positive association between height and weight status was observed. Short-stature women and girls had a 0·8–3·2 % lower %FM than tall subjects (P < 0·05), whereas no trend for %FM was observed in males. When compared with tall subjects, LBMI was 0·2–0·6 kg/m2 lower in short-stature men, as well as obese women (P < 0·05). There was a non-significant trend for a lower LBMI and a higher waist:hip ratio in shorter children. In conclusion, short stature is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adults. Cardiometabolic risk in short stature is not explained by an adverse body composition.
Politics in C Minor: The CDU/CSU between Germany and Europe since the Secular Sixties
Authors: Granieri Ronald J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn 1962, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) faced an uncertain future. The governing party within the Federal Republic of Germany since the state's founding in 1949 (along with its Bavarian partner, the Christian Social Union, known collectively as the CDU/CSU or Union), the CDU had endured a bruising election campaign through the summer of 1961. The combination of a dynamic young Social Democratic challenger, Willy Brandt, and the building of the Berlin Wall had exposed frustration with the leadership style of octogenarian Chancellor and CDU Chair Konrad Adenauer, and cost the Union its absolute majority in the Bundestag. Electoral disappointment was followed by protracted coalition negotiations with the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP), which nearly doubled its vote totals by promising voters a coalition “with the Union but without Adenauer.” The coalition negotiations dragged on well into late autumn and exposed internal divisions. Adenauer, the only chancellor the Federal Republic had ever known, had been forced to agree to retire before 1965 to allow his successor to prepare for the next campaign.
Epeirogenic transgression near a triple junction: the oldest (latest early–middle Cambrian) marine onlap of cratonic New York and Quebec
Authors: LANDING ED , AMATI LISA , FRANZI DAVID A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe discovery of a fossiliferous interval (Altona Formation, new unit) under the Potsdam Formation requires a new geological synthesis of a large part of the northeast Laurentian craton. Potsdam sandstones can no longer be regarded as the oldest sedimentary unit on the middle Proterozoic Grenville orogen in northern New York and adjacent Quebec and Ontario. The thickest Potsdam sections (to 750 m) in the east Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen have been explained by deposition with normal faulting possibly associated with Ediacaran rifting (c. 570 Ma) that led to formation of the Iapetus Ocean. However, sparse trilobite faunas show a terminal early Cambrian–middle middle Cambrian age of the Altona, and indicate much later marine transgression (c. 510 Ma) of the northeast Laurentian craton. Altona deposition was followed by rapid accumulation of lower Potsdam (Ausable Member) sandstone in the middle–late middle Cambrian. The Altona–Ausable succession is probably conformable. The Altona is a lower transgressive systems tract unit deposited on the inner shelf (sandstone, reddish mudstone, and carbonates) followed by aggradation and the deposition of highstand systems tract, current cross-bedded, in part terrestrial(?), feldspathic Ausable sandstone. Unexpectedly late Altona transgression and rapid Ausable deposition may reflect renewed subsidence in the Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen with coeval (terminal early Cambrian) faulting that formed the anoxic Franklin Basin on the Vermont platform. Thus, the oldest cover units on the northeast New York–Quebec craton record late stages in a cooling history near an Ediacaran triple junction defined by the Quebec Reentrant and New York Promontory and the Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen.
Unusual clivus lesion demonstrating extramedullary haematopoiesis: case report
Authors: Kulendra K , Butler C , Grant W , Sandison A , Cho G , Patel M C 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroduction:An unusual clivus mass is reported, following investigation of memory disturbance and headaches in a patient with β thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. This lesion proved to be a site of extramedullary haematopoiesis.Radiological findings:Computed tomography demonstrated a 2 cm mass at the base of the sphenoid. However, magnetic resonance imaging showed little bony expansion, and the differential diagnosis included chordoma, dermoid cyst and fibrodysplasia.Histological findings:Examination of the biopsy showed the presence of bone marrow demonstrating erythroid hyperplasia and small aggregates of B-cell lymphocytes. The features were considered compatible with erythroid hyperplasia associated with haemolytic anaemia.Management:The patient was reassured that she did not have a neoplastic lesion, and was referred back to the haematologists for further management of her sickling β thalassaemia.Conclusions:Extramedullary haematopoiesis occurs outside the reticuloendothelial system in response to haemolytic anaemia. Extramedullary haematopoiesis causing a clivus mass is an unusual ENT presentation. Such haematopoiesis is occasionally seen in the calvarial skull, but this is the first report of this process occurring in the anterior skull base, to our knowledge.
Endoscopic resection of haemangiomas in the sinonasal cavity
Authors: Song C E , Cho J H , Kim S Y , Kim S W , Kim B G , Kang J M 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:Haemangiomas do not develop as commonly in the sinonasal cavity, compared with other head and neck sites. The clinical characteristics of sinonasal cavity haemangiomas and the results for endoscopic resection have been addressed in the literature only briefly. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate these points.Materials and methods:A retrospective chart review was undertaken of 22 patients who had undergone endoscopic excision of sinonasal cavity haemangiomas, in order to define clinical characteristics and tumour control rates.Results and analysis:The most common presenting symptom was epistaxis. The most prevalent site was the inferior turbinate (45.5 per cent), followed by the maxillary sinus (18.2 per cent). No recurrence was observed in any patient.Conclusion:Although past studies have described external approach sinonasal surgery as the mainstay of treatment, our results imply that endoscopic excision of sinonasal haemangiomas yields excellent outcomes in terms of tumour control and safety.