bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in an immunocompetent pregnant woman
Authors: Song Joon Young , Park Cheong Won , Kee Sae Yoon , Choi Won Seok , Kang Eun Young , Sohn Jang Wook , Kim Woo Joo , Kim Min Ja , Cheong Hee Jin 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) occurs mainly in immunocompromised hosts, which is associated with abnormal cellular immunity.

Case presentation
A 26-year-old pregnant woman presented with fever and general weakness. Miliary lung nodules were noted on chest X-ray. Under the impression of miliary tuberculosis, anti-tuberculosis medication was administered. However, the patient was not improved. Further work-up demonstrated MAC in the sputum and placenta. The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin-based combination regimen.

Conclusion
This appears to be the first case of disseminated MAC in an otherwise healthy pregnant woman. Clinicians should be alert for the diagnosis of MAC infection in diverse clinical conditions.
Consumer satisfaction with primary care provider choice and associated trust
Authors: Chu-Weininger Ming Ying L , Balkrishnan Rajesh 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Background
Development of managed care, characterized by limited provider choice, is believed to undermine trust. Provider choice has been identified as strongly associated with physician trust. Stakeholders in a competitive healthcare market have competing agendas related to choice. The purpose of this study is to analyze variables associated with consumer's satisfaction that they have enough choice when selecting their primary care provider (PCP), and to analyze the importance of these variables on provider trust.

Methods
A 1999 randomized national cross-sectional telephone survey conducted of United States residential households, who had a telephone, had seen a medical professional at least twice in the past two years, and aged ≥ 20 years was selected for secondary data analyses. Among 1,117 households interviewed, 564 were selected as the final sample. Subjects responded to a core set of questions related to provider trust, and a subset of questions related to trust in the insurer. A previously developed conceptual framework was adopted. Linear and logistic regressions were performed based on this framework.

Results
Results affirmed 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' was significantly (p < .001) associated with provider trust. 'PCP's care being extremely effective' was strongly associated with 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' and 'provider trust'. Having sought a second opinion(s) was associated with lower trust. 'Spoke to the PCP outside the medical office,' 'satisfaction with the insurer' and 'insurer charges less if PCP within network' were all variables associated with 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' (all p < .05).

Conclusion
This study confirmed the association of 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' with provider trust. Results affirmed 'enough PCP choice' was a strong predictor of provider trust. 'Second opinion on PCP' may indicate distrust in the provider. Data such as 'trust in providers in general' and 'the role of provider performance information' in choice, though import in PCP choice, were not available for analysis and should be explored in future studies. Results have implications for rethinking the relationships among consumer choice, consumer behaviors in making trade-offs in PCP choice, and the role of healthcare experiences in 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' or 'provider trust.'
Apoptosis induced in HIV-1-exposed, resting CD4+ T cells subsequent to signaling through homing receptors is Fas/Fas ligand-mediated
Authors: Ji Jiaxiang , Chen Jenny J-Y , Braciale Vivian L , Cloyd Miles W 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hallmark of HIV-1 disease is the gradual disappearance of CD4+ T cells from the blood. The mechanism of this depletion, however, is still unclear. Evidence suggests that lymphocytes die in lymph nodes, not in blood, and that uninfected bystander cells are the predominant cells dying. Our and others’ previous studies showed that the lymph node homing receptor, CD62 ligand (CD62L), and Fas are up-regulated on resting CD4+ T cells after HIV-1 binding and that these cells home to lymph nodes at an enhanced rate. uring the homing process, signals are induced through various homing receptors, which in turn, induced many of the cells to undergo apoptosis after they entered the lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to determine how the homing process induces apoptosis in HIV-1-exposed, resting CD4+ T cells. We found that signaling through CD62L up-regulated FasL. This resulted in apoptosis of only HIV-1-presignaled, resting CD4+ T cells, not normal CD4+ T cells. This homing receptor-induced apoptosis could be blocked by anti-FasL antibodies or soluble Fas, demonstrating that the Fas-FasL interaction caused the apoptotic event.
Leu505 of Nox2 is crucial for optimal p67phox-dependent activation of the flavocytochromeb558 during phagocytic NADPH oxidase assembly
Authors: Li Xing Jun , Fieschi Franck , Paclet Marie-Hélène , Grunwald Didier , Campion Yannick , Gaudin Philippe , Morel Françoise , Stasia Marie-José 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe role of Leu505 of Nox2 on the NADPH oxidase activation process was investigated. An X-CGD PLB-985 cell line expressing the Leu505Arg Nox2 mutant was obtained, exactly mimicking the phenotype of a previously published X91+-CGD case. In a reconstituted cell-free system (CFS), NADPH oxidase and iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) reductase activities were partially maintained concomitantly with a partial cytosolic factors translocation to the plasma membrane. This suggests that assembly and electron transfer from NADPH occurred partially in the Leu505Arg Nox2 mutant. Moreover, in a simplified CFS using purified mutant cytochrome b558 and recombinant p67phox, p47phox, and Rac1proteins, we found that the Km for NADPH and for NADH was about three times higher than those of purified WT cytochrome b558, indicating that the Leu505Arg mutation induces a slight decrease of the affinity for NADPH and NADH. In addition, oxidase activity can be extended by increasing the amount of p67phox in the simplified CFS assay. However, the maximal reconstituted oxidase activity using WT purified cytochrome b558 could not be reached using mutant cytochrome b558. In a three-dimensional model of the C-terminal tail of Nox2, Leu505 appears to have a strategic position just at the entry of the NADPH binding site and at the end of the α-helical loop (residues 484–504), a potential cytosolic factor binding region. The Leu505Arg mutation seems to affect the oxidase complex activation process through alteration of cytosolic factors binding and more particularly the p67phox interaction with cytochrome b558, thus affecting NADPH access to its binding site.
The Bacterial Weaponry
Authors: SANSONETTI PHILIPPE J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:
Shigella, a Gram‐negative bacterial species of the family Enterobacteriaceae, causes bacillary dysentery in humans, an acute rectocolitis that reflects the capacity of the microorganism to disrupt, invade, and cause the inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium. Here, the pathogenesis of Shigella infection is analyzed in the context of the disruption of the homeostatic balance that protects the gut against inflammation in the presence of its commensal flora. Thus a unified view by which enteroinvasive pathogens allow identification of key signalling molecules and pathways involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation, thereby providing keys to understand inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Induced Velopharyngeal Fatigue Effects in Speakers with Repaired Palatal Clefts
Authors: Moon Jerald B. , Kuehn David P. , Chan Grace , Zhao Lili 
Published: October 2006

Objective: To address whether speakers with cleft palate exhibit velopharyngeal mechanism fatigue and are more susceptible to muscle fatigue than are speakers without cleft palate. Methods: Six adults with repaired palatal clefts and mild-moderate hypernasality served as subjects. Velopharyngeal closure force and levator veli palatini muscle activity were recorded. Subjects were asked to repeat /si/ 100 times while an external load consisting of air pressure (0, 5, 15, 25, 35 cm H2O) was applied via a mask to the nasal side of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Fatigue was defined as a reduction in velopharyngeal closure force across the series of /si/ productions, as evidenced by a negatively sloped regression line fit to the closure force data. Results: Absolute levels of velopharyngeal closure force were much lower than those observed previously in speakers without palatal clefts. All subjects showed evidence of fatigue. Furthermore, all subjects demonstrated exhaustion, where they were unable to close the velopharyngeal port against the nasal pressure load. This occurred at pressure load levels lower than those successfully completed by speakers without cleft palate. Conclusions: In speakers with a repaired palatal cleft, the velopharyngeal closure muscles may not possess the same strength and/or endurance as in normal speakers. Alternatively, muscles may possess adequate strength, but not be positioned optimally within the velopharynx following cleft palate repair or may be forced to move velopharyngeal structures that are stiffer as a result of surgical scarring.
Phase‐Modulated Hierarchical Surface Structures by Interfering Laser Beams
Authors: Daniel C. , Dahotre N. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA high‐energy laser interference direct modulation technique is proposed to develop surfaces for energy‐efficient performance based on microstructure and physical parameter control. By producing the surface features or particles at the nano to micron scale in an orderly and/or parallel manner with a lateral long‐range order, the surfaces can be configured for highly improved surface response for a host of properties, including wear and friction. Laser interference direct modulation can lead to an optimized composite of metallurgical (localized alloyed or composite regions) and topographic textures. The technique is rapid prototyping, low cost and one‐step method that can be well‐integrated into existing production lines without the need for any special atmosphere. It is usable for complex geometries of the components and the surface can be modulated for nano‐micro scale features on large areas. The present paper describes the principle behind the laser interference technique configured for surface modulation and provides the definitions of surface structures (features) evolved. Some examples of laser‐based surface modulation of materials systems are presented.
Cover Picture: Two‐Dimensional Rectangular and Three‐Dimensional Rhombic Grids Created by Self‐Organization of Random Nanoextrusions (Adv. Eng. Mater. 10/2006)
Authors: Gordienko Y. G. , Gontareva R. G. , Schreiber J. S. , Zasimchuk E. E. , Zasimchuk I. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNanoextrusions on single crystalline Al and Al‐Mg plates under constrained cyclic tension evolve to regular 2D surface rectangular grids and 3D porous rhombic grids. The cover shows AFM images of the plates along with their 3D reconstructions and associated digital Fourier transforms. More about this type of self‐organization can be found in the paper by Y. G. Gordienko et al. on page 957.
Utility of multiple chemical techniques in archaeological residential mobility studies: Case studies from Tiwanaku‐ and Chiribaya‐affiliated sites in the Andes
Authors: Knudson Kelly J. , Price T. Douglas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the south central Andes, archaeologists have long debated the extent of Tiwanaku colonization during the Middle Horizon (AD 500–1000). We tested the hypotheses regarding the nature of Tiwanaku influence using strontium isotope, trace element concentration, and oxygen isotope data from archaeological human tooth enamel and bone from Tiwanaku‐ and Chiribaya‐affiliated sites in the south central Andes. Strontium isotope analysis of 25 individuals buried at the Tiwanaku‐affiliated Moquegua Valley site of Chen Chen demonstrates that it was likely a Tiwanaku colony. In contrast, no immigrants from the Lake Titicaca Basin were present in 27 individuals analyzed from the San Pedro de Atacama cemeteries of Coyo Oriental, Coyo‐3, and Solcor‐3; it is likely that these sites represent economic and religious alliances, but not colonies. However, strontium isotope analysis alone cannot distinguish movement between the Tiwanaku‐ and Chiribaya‐affiliated sites in the Moquegua and Ilo Valleys of southern Peru. Analyzing oxygen isotope and trace element concentration data and comparing it with strontium isotope data from the same individuals provides a more detailed picture of residential mobility in the Tiwanaku and Chiribaya polities. In addition to monitoring diagenetic contamination, trace element concentration data identified movement during adulthood for certain individuals. However, these data could not distinguish movement between the Moquegua and Ilo Valleys. While oxygen isotope data could clearly distinguish the high‐altitude sites from others, more data is needed to characterize the local oxygen isotope ratios of these regions. These data demonstrate the potential for archaeological reconstruction of residential mobility through multiple lines of evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New procedure to calculate the Hansen solubility parameters of polymers
Authors: Gharagheizi Farhad 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe simplest experimental method to determine the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) for a polymer is to evaluate whether or not it dissolves in selected solvents. Those solvents dissolving the polymer will have HSPs closer to those of the polymer than those that do not. A computer program or graphical method can then be used to find the HSP for the polymer. In this work, an improved method for calculating the HSP of polymers, based on the Nelder–Mead optimization algorithm, is presented. The results of this program fit the data very well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 31–36, 2007
Photopolymerization of a novel tetraoxaspiroundecane and silicon‐containing oxiranes
Authors: Chappelow Cecil C. , Pinzino Charles S. , Chen Shin‐Shi , Jeang Li , Eick J. David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNew multifunctional silorane‐based systems were investigated, with respect to their photoreactivity, as potential matrix resins for low‐shrinkage/stress dental composites. The objective of this investigation was to synthesize and evaluate the reactivity of a silicon‐analogue oxaspirocyclic monomer with silorane‐based matrix resin systems during visible‐light polymerization. The experimental formulations contained (1) a silicon‐containing 1,5,7,11‐tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (TOSU–IV), (2) a phenylmethylsilane containing two cyclohexyloxiranyl groups, (3) a cyclotetrasiloxane containing four cyclohexyloxiranyl groups, and (4) a photocationic initiator system. Three main aspects were studied: (1) the photoreactivity of the tetraoxaspiroundecane (TOSU)/silorane reactant mixtures with differential scanning photocalorimetry, (2) oxirane ring‐opening reactions of siloranes during binary photopolymerization with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and (3) oxaspirocyclic ring‐opening reactions of the TOSU reactant during homophotopolymerization and binary photopolymerization with FTIR and NMR. A diallyl ether precursor of TOSU–IV was also included in selected studies. The main findings were as follows: (1) a feasible route for the successful synthesis of a silicon analogue (TOSU–IV) was developed; (2) TOSU–IV was compatible and photoreactive, making possible the reduction of polymerization stress in silorane‐based matrix resins; and (3) spectroscopic evidence for both oxirane and oxaspirocyclic ring opening during the visible‐light photopolymerization of the test formulations was found. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 336–344, 2007
Fluorinated polyphosphazene polyelectrolytes
Authors: Andrianov Alexander K. , Marin Alexander , Peterson Paul , Chen Jianping 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyphosphazene polyelectrolytes containing various amounts of hydrophobic fluorinated moieties and ionic carboxylic acid groups were synthesized. Polymer compositions and molecular weights were characterized by NMR and gel permeation chromatography. Interestingly, poly[(carboxylatophenoxy)(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] containing 60 mol % fluorinated groups was found to be soluble in aqueous solutions. The behavior of fluorinated polyelectrolytes in reactions of ionic complexation with multivalent and monovalent salts was studied in aqueous solutions and ethanol–water mixtures. Such reactions led to the formation of ionotropic hydrogels under mild conditions and, thus, are of importance to the development of microencapsulation processes and controlled release formulations. All of the synthesized polymers underwent phase separation in the presence of multivalent ionic crosslinkers, such as spermine and calcium chloride. This included a water‐soluble polyelectrolyte containing 40 mol % ionic groups and hydrophobic polymer with only 3 mol % carboxylic acid groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 53–58, 2007
Glycidyl methacrylate as a new host material for laser dyes
Authors: Al‐Shamiri Hamdan. A. S. , Azzouz I. M. , Shafik M. Salah , Badr Y. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article reports on the laser action of pyrromethene 597 and pyrromethene 567 doped in the novel solid polymeric matrix glycidyl methacrylate. Mirrorless lasing was observed when samples with diameters of 10 mm and lengths of 20 mm, with different dyes concentrations, were transversely pumped at 532 nm. The influence of the dye concentration on the laser measurements included the peak wavelengths, output energies, conversion efficiencies, and laser gains. Relatively high lasing efficiencies (up to ∼ 60%) were obtained from these new polymeric materials with very good photostability, where a decrease of only 65% in the initial laser output energy was observed after pumping by 60,000 shots of 15 mJ at 10 Hz. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 59–63, 2007
Grafting of poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) and linoleic acid onto chitosan
Authors: Arslan Hülya , Hazer Baki , Yoon Sung C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoly(3‐hydroxy octanoate) (PHO), poly(3‐hydroxy butyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and linoleic acid were grafted onto chitosan via condensation reactions between carboxylic acids and amine groups. Unreacted PHAs and linoleic acid were eliminated via chloroform extraction and for elimination of unreacted chitosan were used 2 wt % of HOAc solution. The pure chitosan graft copolymers were isolated and then characterized by FTIR, 13C‐NMR (in solid state), DSC, and TGA. Microbial polyester percentage grafted onto chitosan backbone was varying from 7 to 52 wt % as a function of molecular weight of PHAs, namely as a function of steric effect. Solubility tests were also performed. Graft copolymers were soluble, partially soluble or insoluble in 2 wt % of HOAc depending on the amount of free primary amine groups on chitosan backbone or degree of grafting percent. Thermal analysis of PHO‐g‐Chitosan graft copolymers indicated that the plastizer effect of PHO by means that they showed melting transitions Tms at 80, 100, and 113°C or a broad Tms between 60.5–124.5°C and 75–125°C while pure chitosan showed a sharp Tm at 123°C. In comparison of the solubility and thermal properties of graft copolymers, linoleic acid derivatives of chitosan were used. Thus, the grafting of poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoate) and linoleic acid onto chitosan decrease the thermal stability of chitosan backbone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:81–89, 2007
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of polyaspartic acid and its effect on calcium carbonate precipitate
Authors: Huang Jun‐li , Zhang Yu‐ling , Cheng Zhi‐hui , Tao Hu‐chun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWithout organic solvent or catalyst, polyaspartic acid (PASP) was synthesized from maleic anhydride (MA) and ammonia (AN) under microwave irradiation. The influences of the molar ratio of maleic anhydride to ammonia and the microwave output power and irradiation time on product yield were investigated. Also, the function of microwave in the process was simply addressed. The results showed that when the molar ratio of MA/AN was 1.2, the output power was 900 W, the irradiation time was 3.5 min, and the product yield was highest and its inhibition performance on calcium carbonate was as good as the polymer synthesized by conventional pyrocondensation polymerization. The main function of microwave was its heat effect. Characterization of the product was carried out by IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectra and the results showed that the product was PASP. The microwave‐assisted synthesis process of PASP has many advantages, including quicker reaction rate, high purity, lower cost, and little pollution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:358–364, 2007
Effect of sequence distribution on short‐range ordering in poly(ether sulfone) copolymers
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Ming , Gao Zhong‐Min , Jiang Zhen‐Hua 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree kinds of poly(ether sulfone) copolymer samples, R50, B50, and A50, showing marked differences in tensile behavior because of different sequence distributions were investigated by radial distribution function (RDF) methods. The RDF patterns were not virtually identical and showed that the short‐range order (0–14 Å) in the samples had been essentially affected by the sequence distribution. Most of the intramolecular distances in the copolymer were successfully resolved in the RDF pattern. However, there were only suggestions of broad peaks at r = 5.5 Å and r = 11 Å, attributable to intermolecular ordering, which indicated that little intermolecular ordering had occurred in either sample. The appearance of two peaks at about 5 Å periodic suggested the existence of more or less parallel chain segments in the copolymers. Therefore, substantial structural differences between the three copolymers were shown. The structural information revealed by these RDF results was in agreement with the tensile property changes caused by the sequence distribution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 534–537, 2007
Low pressure plasma‐based approaches to fluorocarbon polymer surface modification
Authors: Nitschke M. , König U. , Lappan U. , Minko S. , Simon F. , Zschoche S. , Werner C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA survey and comparison of several low pressure plasma‐based approaches to fluorocarbon polymer surface modification is reported including “simple” plasma treatment, “grafting to” and “grafting from” plasma activated surfaces, plasma immobilization of predeposited molecules and the adsorption of charged macromolecules on plasma activated surfaces. Examples of each method are discussed in detail based on results from surface analytical experiments using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, and electrokinetic measurements. All reported examples refer to one and the same experimental setup. This makes the different approaches comparable and helps to exploit a wide range of plasma‐based techniques for a particular goal and a given apparatus. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 100–109, 2007