bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The International Reference Preparation of Calcitonin, Human, for Bioassay: Assessment of material and definition of the International Unit
Authors: Das Rose E. Gaines , Zanelli Joan M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
An international reference material is required for bioassays of preparations of synthetic human calcitonin for administration to man and for use in immunoassays.
A preparation of synthetic human calcitonin in ampoules coded 70/234 (previously widely used as the MRC Research Standard) has been examined in an international collaborative study involving 7 laboratories in 6 countries. The results of 34 in vivo bioassays with two other preparations of synthetic human calcitonin showed that this preparation was suitable to serve as a standard.
With the agreement of the participants in the collaborative study, the batch of ampoules, code 70/234, was established in 1978 by the World Health Organization as the International Reference Preparation of Calcitonin, Human, for Bioassay. The International Unit of human calcitonin was defined as the activity contained in one ampoule of this preparation, thus maintaining continuity of the unit of the research standard.
Ethanol inhibition of insulin secretion by perifused rat islets
Authors: Singh Sant P. , Patel D. G. , Snyder Ann K. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In vivo and in vitro effects of ethanol on the kinetics of insulin secretion in response to glucose and tolbutamide were studied in perifused rat islets. Phases I and II insulin response to 16.7 mm glucose was decreased 46% and 48%, respectively, in islets of rats given ethanol intragastrically 1 g/kg 1 h prior to sacrifice. Mean blood ethanol levels at the time of animal sacrifice were 19.4 mmol/l. The magnitude of insulin suppression was not significantly enhanced with higher ethanol doses, 2 or 3 g/kg, although mean blood ethanol levels increased to 25.9 and 60.3 mmol/l, respectively. Similarly, significant inhibition of both phases of insulin response to glucose occurred when ethanol 1 or 3 g/kg was given intraperitoneally instead of orally. Ethanol had no effect on insulin secretion when given orally 4 h instead of 1 h prior to islet isolation.
Ethanol, 65 mmol/l, added directly to rat islets perifusate simultaneously with 16.7 m m glucose decreased both phases I and II insulin response nearly half; whereas addition of 21.7 instead of 65 mmol/l ethanol had no effect. Pre-treatment of islets with 21.7 or 65 mmol/l ethanol during 30 min basal islets perifusion period had no effect on subsequent insulin response to 16.7 mm glucose. Insulin response to 10 mm tolbutamide was decreased nearly 81% by the simultaneous presence of 65 mmol/l ethanol in islets perifusate.
Properties of partially purified thymidine kinase in adrenal tissue of hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma of patients with Cushing's syndrome.
Authors: Nawata Hajime , Kato Ken-ichi , Ibayashi Hiroshi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Thymidine kinase (TK) was partially purified from adrenal tissues with adrenocortical hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma from patients with Cushing's syndrome and from normal adrenal glands. Adrenocortical carcinoma, adenoma, hyperplasia and nodule and hyperplastic portion of adenomatous hyperplasia contained higher concentration of TK than normal adrenal gland. By DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, adrenocortical carcinoma gave two peaks (Peak I and Peak II) of TK, while in other adrenal tissues the second peak (Peak II) was only slightly detected or hardly detected. TK in all these tissues was identical with respect to pH optimum, metal requirement and inhibition by dTTP. dCTP inhibited TK activities of normal adrenal gland and the hyperplastic portion of adenomatous hyperplasia by 55%, respectively, but hardly affected the activity of the nodule of adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma, hyperplasia and carcinoma. TK from hyperplastic portion of adenomatous hyperplasia showed the intermediate heat stability between the heat-stable enzyme from normal adrenal gland and the heat-labile enzyme from adrenocortical carcinoma, adenoma, hyperplasia and the nodule of adenomatous hyperplasia. The apparent Km for thymidine from adenocortical carcinoma (Peak I and Peak II) was 5.0 and 11.1; adenoma, 4.8; hyperplasia, 5.5; adenomatous hyperplasia (nodule, 5.0 and hyperplastic portion, 19.8) and normal adrenal gland, 25.0 μm.
These observations indicated that TK with different catalytic properties existed in various human adrenal tissues. They also demonstrated that TK isolated from the nodule of adrenocortical adenomatous hyperplasia had similar properties as adrenocortical adenoma, while TK from the hyperplastic portion had the intermediate catalytic properties between normal adrenal gland and adrenocortical hyperplasia.
Studies on changes in the concentration of serum adrenal androgens in pubertal twins
Authors: Akamine Yasuo , Kato Ken-ichi , Ibayashi Hiroshi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the correlation of the level of serum adrenal androgens with clinical signs of puberty and to assess the participation of genetic factors in the onset and progression of puberty. Serum concentrations of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids (11-deoxy-17-KS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (4-A-dione) were measured in 74 monozygotic and 24 dizygotic twin pairs during the years of puberty. The mean serum concentrations of the adrenal androgens increased significantly with the advancement of bone age. A comparison of the adrenal androgen concentrations at a bone age of 15 years revealed the trend of earlier progression of puberty in girls than in boys. Serum 11-deoxy-17-KS and DHEA levels correlated fairly well with the stages of pubic and axillary hair growth in both sexes. No correlation of adrenal androgen levels with pituitary gonadotrophins or prolactin was observed in either sex during puberty. These results strongly suggest the importance of the specific action of adrenal androgens on the onset and progression of puberty, and further suggest that the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is not involved primarily in the maturation of the adrenal cortex during puberty.
From the viewpoint of twin zygosity, intra-pair differences of serum adrenal androgen levels were compared between monozygotic and dizygotic pairs of twins. Serum 11-deoxy-17-KS and 4-A-dione levels in monozygotic pairs of twins showed a significantly higher intrapair similarity than in dizygotic pairs of twins. These findings suggest that during puberty the maturation of the adrenal cortex is regulated by genetic factors.
Thyroid-pituitary function in eight anencephalic infants
Authors: Grasso S. , Filetti S. , Mazzone D. , Pezzino V. , Vigo R. , Vigneri R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The function of the thyroid pituitary axis was investigated in 8 anencephalic infants with no hypothalamus.
Thyrotrophin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3,′5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) were measured in the cord blood in 5 cases and during the first 4 h of life in 3 cases, TSH response to synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) (200 μg iv) was carried out in two cases and thyroid hormone response to bovine TSH (5 IU iv) was evaluated in 3 cases.
The following results were obtained:
1) The pituitary gland was found in all infants and the thyroid was normal both grossly and by microscopic sections.
2) TSH levels at birth were normal but there was no spontaneous post-delivery surge.
3) T4 and T3 values at delivery were within normal range, but no T3 increase was present after birth. rT3 levels at birth were higher than normal in 3 cases.
4) Administration of TRH caused a marked and rapid TSH release.
5) Thyroid hormone response to TSH was normal.
The present findings suggest that in the anencephalic foetus both pituitary TSH-secreting cells and the thyroid gland do develop despite the absence of the hypothalamus and are able to function if adequately stimulated.
The effect of glucagon and prostaglandin E1 on cyclic AMP levels in liver of heat exposed hamsters
Authors: Aharon Miriam , Graziani Yosef , Chayoth Reuben 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Cyclic AMP levels in liver slices of hamsters exposed to 35°C for 21 days and controls maintained at 22°C was found to be similar in basal conditions. Glucagon (10 μg/ml) caused 3.5 times elevation of cyclic AMP levels in control hamsters and 9 times elevation in 35°C exposed hamsters, thus a difference of 150% of the nucleotide concentration was found between the two experimental groups. When 10−2m theophylline was added, the cyclic AMP levels were 80% higher in 35°C exposed hamsters both in the presence and absence of 10 μg/ml glucagon.
The difference between controls and heat exposed animals was found to be the same when various concentrations of both glucagon or prostaglandin E1 were added to the liver slices.
Adenylate cyclase activity was similar in both experimental groups, while low Km phosphodiesterase was significantly less active in the liver of 35°C exposed animals when compared to the controls.
Cushing's syndrome due to unilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia: a new pathophysiological entity?
Authors: Josse Robert G. , Bear Robert , Kovacs Kalman , Higgins H. Patrick 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A case is presented of a 43-year-old Caucasian female with Cushing's syndrome, malignant hypertension and renal insufficiency. Plasma cortisol values were elevated (19.5 μg/100 ml at 0800 h and 18.5 μg/100 ml at 2200 h) with loss of diurnal variation and failure of suppression with low and high dose dexamethasone. 17-ketogenic steroid excretion remained unchanged after metyrapone administration. Adrenal vein plasma cortisol values showed prominent left-sided gradient. Gross, histologic and electron-microscopic examination of the left adrenal gland revealed changes of nodular adrenal hyperplasia. The presence of a suppressed right adrenal gland was confirmed post-operatively by a five day ACTH infusion. This case may represent a previously unreported variant of Cushing's syndrome due to unilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia.
Ontogeny of somatostatin in the human gastro-intestinal tract, endocrine pancreas and hypothalamus
Authors: Chayvialle J. A. , Paulin C. , Dubois P. M. , Descos F. , Dubois M. P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The appearance, time and distribution of somatostatin in the pancreas, gastro-intestinal tract and hypothalamus were studied comparatively in human foetuses aged 6–32 weeks, by immuno-cytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Somatostatin was detected by both methods in all segments including the colon. The first cells were observed, and somatostatin was present in measurable amounts at 8 weeks in pancreas, duodenum and intestine, while the peptide was detected at 12 weeks in antrum and colon, at 14 weeks in fundus, and at 16 weeks in hypothalamus. Subsequently, the largest cell population was located in the pancreas, where peptide concentration and age were positively correlated (P < 0.01, r = 64). From 15 to 21 weeks of age, the mean somatostatin concentration in pancreas (12.4 ± 1.84 ng/mg) was clearly higher than in hypothalamus (0.05 ± 0.02 ng/mg) or in any segment of the gut, where values ranged from 0.36 ± 0.06 (fundus) to 4.74 ± 0.83 ng/mg (duodenum). The early appearance time of somatostatin, and its specific distribution with preferential location in the pancreas, suggest that the peptide may play a major role for the development of the foetal digestive tract, and that it may be involved in the regulation of other endocrine secretions, especially in the pancreas.
Plasma LH levels following electrochemical stimulation of the deafferented medial basal hypothalamus
Authors: Carrillo A. J. , Hagino N. , Setalo G. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
We have investigated the capability of a completely deafferented medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) pituitary complex to support LH release following electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of the arcuate-median eminence (ARC-ME) region. In adult female rats the MBH was completely deafferented (CD) on the morning of pro-oestrus (08.00-10.00 h of day 0). In the first experiment the animals were divided into 5 groups depending on the day of ECS (14.00–16.00 h) and oestradiol benzoate (Oe) treatment (08.00–10.00 h): group No. 1) ECS on day 0; 2) no ECS; 3) ECS on day 1; 4) Oe on day 0 and ECS on day 1; 5) Oe on day 4 and ECS on day 5. Blood samples were collected from the external jugular vein under ether anaesthesia for LH determinations just before and 1 and 2 h after ECS. ECS on day 0 resulted in a significant (P<0.01) rise in plasma LH at 1 and 2 h, while the rats subjected to CD, but not ECS failed to show any changes in plasma LH levels. ECS on days I and 5 (groups 3 and 5) failed to alter plasma LH levels, however, ECS on day 1 in Oe treated rats produced a significant (P < 0.01) elevation in plasma LH that was comparable to that of day 0. In a second experiment Oe was injected on days 1–5 and ECS of the ARC-ME was done bilaterally. ECS on day 5 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) rise in plasma LH levels in rats with a completely deafferented MBH. In animals with an incomplete deafferentation ECS resulted in a much greater (P < 0.005) rise in plasma LH at l and 2 h. Since LH was released several days after complete hypothalamic deafferentation, these data suggest that LRH secreting cells may be present within the MBH of the rat. In a third experiment injection of LRH (400 ng) on days 0, 1 and 5 with Oe on days 0, 4 or 1–5 resulted in a significant (P < 0.001) rise of plasma LH at 30 and 60 min in all groups. Rats injected on day 0 showed the greatest elevation at 60 min in all groups. Saline injected rats did not show any changes in plasma LH levels.
The influence of raphe nucleus lesions on fertility in the female rat
Authors: Waloch W. , Szreniawski Z. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
By lesioning brain raphe nuclei, the effect of decreasing the activity of the serotoninergic (5-HT) system on the fertility of the female rat was investigated. The females were mated on the 10th day after lesioning. On both the 15th and 21st day of pregnancy the numbers of live and resorbed foetuses and the weights of placentas in the lesioned groups did nor differ statistically as compared with the control group. Interestingly, the lesioned group showed an increase in the number of ovulating cells on the one hand, and decrease in the number of implantations on the other. The data obtained strongly suggest that midbrain serotoninergic cell groups (B7, B8) inhibit ovulation and are not associated with initiation of labour in the female rat.
Effects of propranolol and atenolol on plasma and urinary cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in hyperthyroid patients
Authors: Nilsson Ove R. , Andersson Rolf G. G. , Karlberg Bengt E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Supine and upright plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) were studied in 26hyperthyr oid patients before and during treatment for 3–6 days and one month with a non-selective (propranolol, n = 13) or a selective β-l-adrenergic antagonist (atenolol, n = 13). Before treatment supine and upright plasma concentrations of cAMP were elevated compared to healthy controls and compared to a re-investigation in the euthyroid state. Propranolol and atenolol both reduced supine and upright plasma cAMP and the reduction persisted during one month of treatment. In five untreated hyperthyroid patients no changes in plasma cAMP were observed between two different investigations. Turning to an upright posture was associated with an increase in plasma cAMP levels in 22 out of the 31 hyperthyroid patients (P < 0.05), while all 11 patients re-examined in the euthyroid state showed a rise in plasma cAMP in the upright position (P < 0.001). The 24 h urinary excretion of cAMP was unaltered during treatment with β-adrenergic antagonists.
The data support earlier findings of stimulation of adrenergic receptor activity by thyroid hormone excess. In hyperthyroidism β-adrenergic antagonists decrease but do not normalize the activity of the adenylate cyclase system. This reducing effect may be of importance for the alleviation of hyperthyroid symptoms and signs during treatment with β-adrenergic antagonists.
Clofibrate and a related compound suppress TSH secretion in primary hypothyroidism
Authors: Kobayashi Isao , Shimomura Yohnosuke , Maruta Sakae , Ohshima Kihachi , Mori Masatomo , Kamio Nobuyuki , Fukuda Hitoshi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A single oral dose of the hypolipidaemic agent ethyl-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate, 750 mg) produced a significant reduction on the high basal serum TSH level in patients with primary hypothyroidism. There was no consistent change in serum levels of thyroxine-iodine (T4-I), triiodothyronine (T3) and per cent free T4 (%FT4) during the study. On the other hand, clofibrate failed to produce discernible changes in the basal and TRH-induced TSH secretion in euthyroid subjects. Similar results were also obtained with the centrally active drug meclofenoxate hydrochloride (MH, 750 mg, drip infusion), similar in structure to clofibrate. These findings suggest that clofibrate and MH inhibit TSH secretion in patients with primary hypothyroidism, possibly by a direct action at the hypothalamic or pituitary level.
Intrafollicular re-cycling of organic iodine in the hypophysectomized rat as observed by a long-term kinetic study
Authors: Bastiani Paul , Simon Claude , Penel Claude 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A long-term kinetic study was started 8 days after hypophysectomy in rats previously adapted to receive 5 μg iodide daily, and maintained on the same diet after surgery. At each time, the renewed fraction for thyroglobulin (Tg) and lysosomes in the gland, and hormones in the plasma was calculated by the method of isotopic equlibrium.
All the pools studied are renewed very slowly, but with different kinetics. Between time zero and the 25th day of the experiment, the renewed fraction in plasma hormones always exceeds that of Tg. Thus, in hypophysectomized rats, Tg pool is composed of at least two compartments with different turn-over rates. Tg molecules of both compartments are endocytosed, but that of the faster compartment participate in secretion in a preferential way.
Peeling of the data for the 60-day period of experiment confirms these results. In addition, peeling demonstrates a 15-day delay in the turn-over of the second compartment. Such a delay was not found in the turn-over of this compartment in lysosomes. Thus, we may again postulate, in hypophysectomized rats, a recycling of iodine in organic form from the lysosomes back to the luminal colloid, as previously proposed for control rats.
Pancreatic glucagon response to glucose in hyperlipoproteinaemia with and without abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Ratzmann K. P. , Schulz B. , Witt Sabine , Ziegler M. , Heinke P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The pancreatic glucagon (IRG) and insulin (IRI) secretion patterns were studied in 19 normal weight healthy male subjects without a family history of diabetes, and in 24 male patients with endogenous hyperlipoproteinaemia, by means of a 2 h-glucose infusion (12 mg/kg/min) primed by an initial injection of 0.33 g/kg. The hyperlipoproteinaemic group consisted of 8 non-obese subjects with normal carbohydrate tolerance (group A), 8 non-obese (group B) and 8 obese (group C) subjects with maturity onset type diabetes mellitus controlled diet alone.
Group B was characterized by a lack of IRI-response to glucose whereas a hyperinsulinaemia was found both in group A and C. The fasting IRG levels increased from controls (29.7 ± 2.3 pmol/1) to group A (36.7 ± 6.5 pmol/l; n.s.), group B 47.3 ± 8.8 pmol/l; P < 0.05) and group C (57.7 ± 8.2 pmol/l; P < 0.01). In group A the IRG concentration pattern was comparable with that of the controls. On the contrary, in groups B and C the IRG levels remained significantly higher inspite of the excessive hyperglycaemia achieved by the glucose infusion, suggesting a reduced suppressibility of the alpha cell function to glucose. In addition, the latter groups were characterized by a lack of an IRG rebound after termination of the glucose infusion. No correlation was found between hyperglycaemia and the degree of IRG rebound in all groups so far studied. A diminished molar IRI-IRG-ratio was found in group B whereas an increase ratio was recorded in groups A and C during glucose infusion. There were no correlation between IRG secretion and relative body weight, carbohydrate tolerance or IRI-response to glucose.
Our findings suggest a normal alpha cell response to glucose in hyperlipoproteinaemia without obesity and carbohydrate intolerance. The abnormal alpha cell function in non-obese and obese hyperlipoproteinaemics with maturity onset type diabetes mellitus is a feature characteristic of diabetes than of hyperlipoproteinaemia.
The effect of weight gain on gonadotrophins and prolactin in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Isaacs A. J. , Leslie R. D. G. , Gomez J. , Bayliss Richard 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Serum levels of gonadotrophins and prolactin and their response to luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone - releasing hormone (LRH) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) were measured in 14 females with anorexia nervosa when at low body weight and again in 6 cases during, and 12 cases after weight gain. Mean serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were low initially and whereas FSH increased significantly with weight gain, LH levels remained subnormal in most patients. LH responses to LRH were grossly impaired or absent in patients whose weight was below 75% of the ideal, but increased dramatically above this weight overshadowing the more modest increase in FSH response. In three patients, however, impaired LH responses persisted as ideal weight was approached. Basal prolactin levels were well within the normal range in all patients. During weight gain there was no change in basal levels but the prolactin level 20 min after TRH was significantly increased.
Serum myoglobin in thyroid disease
Authors: Karlsson F. A. , Dahlberg P. A. , Venge P. , Roxin L. E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Serum myoglobin levels were measured longitudinally in patients undergoing therapy because of various thyroid disorders. Elevated myoglobin values - 72.6 (58.7–89.7) μg/l (mean ± sem) were found in a group of hypothyroid subjects. The degree of myoglobin increase seemed related to the severity of hypothyroidism. When rendered euthyroid the myoglobin levels of these patients were normalized − 41.0 (37.3–45.1) μg/l. In patients with hyperthyroidism, due to Graves' disease or subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain), only minor changes of myoglobin values within the reference range of healthy subjects, were measured. This suggests that mechanisms not affecting myoglobin release are responsible for the muscular weakness of thyrotoxic patients.
Immunochemical properties of trypsin fragments of human thyroglobulin
Authors: Dominici R. , Salabé G. B. , Diodato A. , Sorcini M. , di Iorio M. G. , Carta S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Purified human thyroglobulin (Tg) was enzymatically digested with trypsin. After completion of digestion, the tryptic digest was fractionated by gel filtration on a Biogel A 1.5 m column. Further separation and isolation of the major peak C was carried out on a Sephadex G-75 column. Nine fractions were separated and antigenic properties evaluated by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay using a rabbit antiserum to 19S Tg and three different antisera from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. The Tg fragments react with both hetero- and auto-antisera. The highest antigenic activity was found on larger fragments, but a fairly good activity was also observed on fragments (C6, C7) with lower molecular weight.
Antigenic determinants of Tg differ in individual sera suggesting that different sets of determinants elicit the autoimmune process.