bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclophosphamide Facilitates Antitumor Efficacy against Subcutaneous Tumors following Intravenous Delivery of Reovirus
Authors: Qiao Jian , Wang Hongxun , Kottke Timothy , White Christine , Twigger Katie , Diaz Rosa Maria , Thompson Jill , Selby Peter , de Bono Johann , Melcher Alan , Pandha Hardev , Coffey Matt , Vile Richard , Harrington Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether it is possible to achieve truly systemic delivery of oncolytic reovirus, in immunocompetent hosts, using cyclophosphamide to overcome some of the barriers to effective intratumoral delivery and replication of i.v. injected virus.
Experimental Design: I.v. delivery of reovirus was combined with different regimens of i.p. administered cyclophosphamide in C57Bl/6 mice bearing established s.c. B16 tumors. Intratumoral viral replication, tumor size, and survival were measured along with levels of neutralizing antibody (NAb) in the blood. Finally, differential toxicities of the virus/cyclophosphamide regimens were monitored through viral replication in systemic organs, survival, and cardiac damage.
Results: Repeated i.v. injection of reovirus was poorly effective at seeding intratumoral viral replication/oncolysis. However, by combining i.v. virus with cyclophosphamide, viral titers of between 107 and 108 plaque-forming units per milligram were recovered from regressing tumors. Doses of cyclophosphamide that ablated NAb were associated with severe toxicities, characterized by viral replication in systemic organs—toxicities that are mirrored by repeated reovirus injections into B-cell knockout mice. Next, we restructured the dosing of cyclophosphamide and i.v. virus such that a dose of 3 mg cyclophosphamide was administered 24 h before reovirus injection, and this schedule was repeated every 6 days. Using this protocol, high levels of intratumoral viral access and replication (∼107 plaque-forming units per milligram tumor) were maintained along with systemically protective levels of NAb and only very mild, non–life-threatening toxicity.
Conclusion: NAb to oncolytic viruses play a dual role in the context of systemic viral delivery; on one hand, they hinder repeated administration of virus but on the other, they provide an important safety mechanism by which virus released from vigorous intratumoral replication is neutralized before it can disseminate and cause toxicity. These data support the use of cyclophosphamide to modulate, but not ablate, patient NAb, in development of carefully controlled clinical trials of the systemic administration of oncolytic viruses.
Contents of Endometriotic Cysts, Especially the High Concentration of Free Iron, Are a Possible Cause of Carcinogenesis in the Cysts through the Iron-Induced Persistent Oxidative Stress
Authors: Yamaguchi Ken , Mandai Masaki , Toyokuni Shinya , Hamanishi Junzo , Higuchi Toshihiro , Takakura Kenji , Fujii Shingo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Endometriotic cysts are known to transform into ovarian cancers, such as clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas. We hypothesized that an iron-rich environment produced by the repetition of hemorrhage in the endometriotic cysts during the reproductive period may play a crucial role in carcinogenesis in the cysts through the iron-induced persistent oxidative stress.
Experimental Design: Contents of human ovarian cysts, including 21 endometriotic cysts, 4 clear cell carcinomas, and 11 nonendometriotic cysts, were analyzed for the concentrations of free “catalytic” iron, lactose dehydrogenase, potential antioxidant, lipid peroxide, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Iron deposition and 8-OHdG levels were also analyzed histologically. Reactive oxygen species and the mutagenicity of the contents in endometriotic cyst were determined in vitro.
Results: The concentration of free iron in endometriotic cysts (100.9 mmol/L) was significantly higher than that in nonendometriotic cysts (0.075 mmol/L; P &lt; 0.01). The average concentrations of lactose dehydrogenase, potential antioxidant, lipid peroxide, and 8-OHdG were also significantly higher in endometriotic cysts (P &lt; 0.01). There was a correlation between the concentration of free iron and that of 8-OHdG (P &lt; 0.01). Histologically, we could observe iron deposits more abundantly in endometriotic cysts than in nonendometriotic cysts (P &lt; 0.01). The level of 8-OHdG in carcinoma associated with endometriosis was higher than that of carcinoma without endometriosis (P &lt; 0.05). In vitro analyses showed that the contents of endometriotic cyst could produce more reactive oxygen species and could induce gene mutations more frequently than the contents in the other cysts.
Conclusions: Abundant free iron in the contents of endometriotic cysts was strongly associated with greater oxidative stress and frequent DNA mutations. A long-standing history of the RBCs accumulated in the ovarian endometriotic cysts during the reproductive period produces oxidative stress that is a possible cause for the malignant change of the endometriotic cyst.
Phase I Immunotherapeutic Trial with Long Peptides Spanning the E6 and E7 Sequences of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus 16 in End-Stage Cervical Cancer Patients Shows Low Toxicity and Robust Immunogenicity
Authors: Kenter Gemma G. , Welters Marij J.P. , Valentijn A.Rob P.M. , Löwik Margriet J.G. , Berends-van der Meer Dorien M.A. , Vloon Annelies P.G. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Wafelman Amon R. , Oostendorp Jaap , Fleuren Gert Jan , Offringa Rienk , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Melief Cornelis J.M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Purpose: To determine the toxicity, safety, and immunogenicity of a human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 long peptide vaccine administered to end-stage cervical cancer patients.
Experimental Design: Three groups of end-stage cervical cancer patients (in total n = 35) were s.c. vaccinated with HPV16 E6 combined with or separated from HPV16 E7 overlapping long peptides in Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant, four times at 3-week intervals. Group 1 received 300 μg/peptide at a single site and group 2 received 100 μg/peptide of the E6 peptides in one limb and 300 μg/peptide of the E7 peptides in a second limb. Group 3 received separate injections of E6 and E7 peptides, each at a dose of 50 μg/peptide. The primary end point was to determine safety and toxicity of the HPV16 long peptides vaccine. In addition, the vaccine-induced T-cell response was assessed by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot.
Results: No toxicity beyond grade 2 was observed during and after four vaccinations. In a few patients, transient flu-like symptoms were observed. Enzyme-linked immunospot analysis of the vaccine-induced immune response revealed that coinjection of the E6 and E7 peptides resulted in a strong and broad T-cell response dominated by immunity against E6. Injection of the E6 and E7 peptides at two different sites increased the E7 response but did not affect the magnitude of the E6-induced immune response.
Conclusions: The HPV16 E6 and E7 long peptide-based vaccine is well tolerated and capable of inducing a broad IFNγ-associated T-cell response even in end-stage cervical cancer patients.
Comparison of the Life Cycles of the NAO Using Different Definitions
Authors: Jia Xiao Jing , Derome Jacques , Lin Hai 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This study investigates the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on an intraseasonal time scale. The authors investigate the question of how the characteristics of NAO events are influenced by the choice of its definitions using daily NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data spanning 51 boreal winters. Four different NAO indexes are used in this study, including one station/gridpoint–based index and three pattern-based indexes.
It is found that the NAO events obtained using pattern–based indexes are quite similar to each other, while some notable differences are observed when the NAO is defined using the station/gridpoint–based index (NAO1). The characteristics of the pattern-based NAO are found to be more antisymmetric for its two phases, including its time-averaged spatial structures, its lifetime distributions, and time-evolving spatial structures. The NAO1, on the other hand, reveals some asymmetric characteristics between the two phases. Emphasis is placed on comparing the characteristics of the NAO events obtained using the NAO1 index and one of the pattern-based indices, that is, NAO2. The time-averaged spatial structures for the NAO2 expand across more of the polar region than the NAO1. The positive NAO1 shows a wave train signal over the Pacific–North American region during the setup phase, while the negative NAO1 is found to develop more locally over northern Europe and the North Atlantic. The wave activity flux for the NAO2 is primarily in the zonal direction while for the NAO1, on the other hand, it is mostly concentrated over the North Atlantic with a pronounced southward component. The barotropic vorticity equation is used to examine the physical mechanisms that drive the life cycle of the NAO.
Product-Error-Driven Uncertainty Model for Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Estimation with NEXRAD Data
Authors: Ciach Grzegorz J. , Krajewski Witold F. , Villarini Gabriele 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Although it is broadly acknowledged that the radar-rainfall (RR) estimates based on the U.S. national network of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) stations contain a high degree of uncertainty, no methods currently exist to inform users about its quantitative characteristics. The most comprehensive characterization of this uncertainty can be achieved by delivering the products in a probabilistic rather than the traditional deterministic form. The authors are developing a methodology for probabilistic quantitative precipitation estimation (PQPE) based on weather radar data. In this study, they present the central element of this methodology: an empirically based error structure model for the RR products.
The authors apply a product-error-driven (PED) approach to obtain a realistic uncertainty model. It is based on the analyses of six years of data from the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, WSR-88D radar (KTLX) processed with the Precipitation Processing System algorithm of the NEXRAD system. The modeled functional-statistical relationship between RR estimates and corresponding true rainfall consists of two components: a systematic distortion function and a stochastic factor quantifying remaining random errors. The two components are identified using a nonparametric functional estimation apparatus. The true rainfall is approximated with rain gauge data from the Oklahoma Mesonet and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service Micronet networks. The RR uncertainty model presented here accounts for different time scales, synoptic regimes, and distances from the radar. In addition, this study marks the first time in which results on RR error correlation in space and time are presented.
Development of a Land Surface Model Including Evaporation and Adsorption Processes in the Soil for the Land–Air Exchange in Arid Regions
Authors: Katata Genki , Nagai Haruyasu , Ueda Hiromasa , Agam Nurit , Berliner Pedro R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA one-dimensional soil model has been developed to better predict heat and water exchanges in arid and semiarid regions. New schemes to calculate evaporation and adsorption in the soil were incorporated in the model. High performance of the model was confirmed by comparison of predicted surface fluxes, soil temperature, and volumetric soil water content with those measured in the Negev Desert, Israel. Evaporation and adsorption processes in the soil have a large impact on the heat and water exchange between the atmosphere and land surface and are necessary to accurately predict them.Numerical experiments concerning the drying process of soil are performed using the presented model and a commonly used land surface model. The results indicated that, when the dry soil layer (DSL) develops, water vapor flux to the atmosphere is caused by evaporation in the soil rather than evaporation at the ground surface. Moreover, the adsorption process has some impact on the water and heat balance at the ground surface. The upward water vapor flux during the daytime is due to evaporation of soil water in the DSL, which is stored during the night due to adsorption. When the DSL progresses sufficiently, almost the same amounts of water are exchanged between the air and the soil surface by daytime evaporation and nighttime adsorption. In such conditions, latent heat due to evaporation and adsorption in the soil also work to reduce the diurnal variation of surface temperature.
A Statistical Study of the Association of DRCs with Supercells and Tornadoes
Authors: Kennedy Aaron , Straka Jerry M. , Rasmussen Erik N. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A new three-dimensional reflectivity echo in the rear flank of supercells known as the descending reflectivity core (DRC) has been documented in the literature by Rasmussen et al. The DRC is an enhanced region of reflectivity presumed to occur in the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) of a supercell. In the four cases they studied, this feature descended with time from the rear-echo overhang at 3–6 km in height into the supercell appendage. In addition, the DRC often occurred prior to tornadogenesis. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a more thorough analysis of DRCs using a larger sample of storms. The frequency of DRCs is explored within isolated supercells with persistent rear-flank appendages, and in particular at times preceding reported tornado onset in those supercells. Of the 64 supercells included within this study, 59% produced DRCs, with 30% of these DRCs occurring within 10 min prior to 5 min after tornadogenesis. This study included 89 reported tornadoes and 71 DRCs. Statistical analysis of the dataset reveals that while DRCs are sometimes associated with tornadoes, they presently have limited usefulness for tornado nowcasting. Improvements to Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) resolution and further classification of DRCs may help discriminate between tornadic and nontornadic appendages in the future, however.
Welfare, Law and Managerialism
Authors: Dickens Jonathan 
Published: January 2008

• Summary: This article examines the relationships between welfare, law and managerialism as key discourses in social work with children and families. It draws on empirical research into the relationships between local authority social workers, social services managers and lawyers in child care work in England. • Findings: Tensions between social workers and lawyers have, in the past, been seen as symptoms of a wider clash between welfare and law as paradigmatic approaches to the regulation of social life and professional activity. Likewise, the rise of managers and managerialism has widely been portrayed as being in conflict with welfare values. The relationship between law and managerialism, meanwhile, has often been treated as unproblematic — simply two sides of the same coin, the increasing regulation of social work. This study reveals a more complex picture of on-going and unstable overlaps and tensions between the three professional groups and discourses. • Applications : The study points to a more fluid understanding of the relationships between welfare, law and managerialism in social work, one that recognizes the dynamic nature of the inter-discursive and inter-professional relationships. The character of contemporary child care social work is constructed and constrained through these multi-layered interactions.
Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and
its future in DSM-V
Authors: Rosen Gerald M. , Spitzer Robert L. , McHugh Paul R. 
Published: January 2008

SummarySignificant issues challenge the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Yet, applications of the PTSD ‘model’ have been extended to an
increasing array of events and human reactions across diverse cultures.
These issues have implications for clinical practice and for those who
revise criteria in the DSM-V.
Movement and Habitat Selection by Invasive Asian Carps in a Large River
Authors: DeGrandchamp Kelly L. , Garvey James E. , Colombo Robert E. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe evaluated the habitat use and movements of 50 adult bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and 50 silver carp H. molitrix by means of ultrasonic telemetry during spring‐summer 2004 and 2005 to gain insight into the conditions that facilitate their establishment, persistence, and dispersal in the lower Illinois River (river kilometer 0‐130). Movement and habitat use were monitored with stationary receivers and boat‐mounted tracking. The relative availability of four macrohabitat categories (main channel, island side channel, channel border, and connected backwater) was quantified to determine selection; discriminant function analysis was used to evaluate changes in physical characteristics within each category. A flood pulse occurred in spring through early summer of 2004 but not 2005. Movement rates (km/week) of both species were positively correlated with flow but not with temperature. Including data from stationary receivers greatly increased estimates of daily movement. During low summer flow, both species typically selected channel borders and avoided the main channel and backwaters. Both species rarely occupied depths over 4 m, regardless of abiotic conditions. Flood pulses appear to trigger dispersal, while habitat use is only specific during low summer flow. Thus, movement prevention efforts (e.g., dispersal barriers) will require particular vigilance during late‐winter or spring flooding, and controlled removal (e.g., harvest) should be directed toward selected habitats during summer.
The Impact of Tobacco Control Programs on Adult Smoking
Authors: Farrelly Matthew C. , Pechacek Terry F. , Thomas Kristin Y. , Nelson David 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined whether state tobacco control programs are effective in reducing the prevalence of adult smoking. Methods. We used state survey data on smoking from 1985 to 2003 in a quasi-experimental design to examine the association between cumulative state antitobacco program expenditures and changes in adult smoking prevalence, after we controlled for confounding. Results. From 1985 to 2003, national adult smoking prevalence declined from 29.5% to 18.6% (P<.001). Increases in state per capita tobacco control program expenditures were independently associated with declines in prevalence. Program expenditures were more effective in reducing smoking prevalence among adults aged 25 or older than for adults aged 18 to 24 years, whereas cigarette prices had a stronger effect on adults aged 18 to 24 years. If, starting in 1995, all states had funded their tobacco control programs at the minimum or optimal levels recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there would have been 2.2 million to 7.1 million fewer smokers by 2003. Conclusions. State tobacco control program expenditures are independently associated with overall reductions in adult smoking prevalence.
Proximal, Distal, and the Politics of Causation: What’s Level Got to Do With It?
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: January 2008

Causal thinking in public health, and especially in the growing literature on social determinants of health, routinely employs the terminology of proximal (or downstream) and distal (or upstream). I argue that the use of these terms is problematic and adversely affects public health research, practice, and causal accountability. At issue are distortions created by conflating measures of space, time, level, and causal strength. To make this case, I draw on an ecosocial perspective to show how public health got caught in the middle of the problematic proximal–distal divide—surprisingly embraced by both biomedical and social determinist frameworks—and propose replacing the terms proximal and distal with explicit language about levels, pathways, and power.
Microstimulation and architectonics of frontoparietal cortex in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Burish Mark J. , Stepniewska Iwona , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe investigated the organization of frontoparietal cortex in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by using intracortical microstimulation and an architectonic analysis. Primary motor cortex (M1) was identified as an area that evoked visible movements at low levels of electric current and had a full body representation of the contralateral musculature. Primary motor cortex represented the contralateral body from hindlimb to face in a mediolateral sequence, with individual movements such as jaw and wrist represented in multiple nearby locations. Primary motor cortex was coextensive with an agranular area of cortex marked by a distinct layer V of large pyramidal cells that gradually decreased in size toward the rostral portion of the area and was more homogenous in appearance than other New World primates. In addition to M1, stimulation also evoked movements from several other areas of frontoparietal cortex. Caudal to primary motor cortex, area 3a was identified as a thin strip of cortex where movements could be evoked at thresholds similar to those in M1. Rostral to primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex and premotor areas responded to higher stimulation currents and had smaller layer V pyramidal cells. Other areas evoking movements included primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b), two lateral somatosensory areas (areas PV and S2), and a caudal somatosensory area. Our results suggest that frontoparietal cortex in marmosets is organized in a similar fashion to that of other New World primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1151–1168, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 12‐week open‐label pilot study of donepezil for cognitive functioning and instrumental activities of daily living in late‐life bipolar disorder
Authors: Gildengers Ariel G. , Butters Meryl A. , Chisholm Denise , Reynolds Charles F. , Mulsant Benoit H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether donepezil is effective in enhancing cognitive functioning and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in older adults with bipolar disorder.MethodsTwelve elderly patients with bipolar I or II disorder, with evidence of mild cognitive decrements, were administered donepezil 5–10 mg daily for 3 months. Participants had cognitive and functional evaluation pre‐, on‐, and 3‐months post donepezil administration.ResultsThree subjects dropped out of the study. In the remaining nine subjects, no significant effects were observed in cognitive and functional measures. Seven of the nine participants asked to resume the medication after completion of the study because of the perceived beneficial effects.ConclusionsIn this small pilot study of older adults with bipolar disorder, acute treatment with donepezil was not associated with improvements in cognitive and IADL functioning. Given limitations of the study design, placebo effects could not be ruled out in the subjects who asked to resume donepezil. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of body rolling, leg rolling, and rhythmic feet movements in a young adult: A video‐polysomnographic study performed before and after one night of clonazepam
Authors: Merlino Giovanni , Serafini Anna , Dolso Pierluigi , Canesin Roberto , Valente Mariarosaria , Luigi Gigli Gian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe report clinical and polysomnographic data of a young adult affected by several forms of rhythmic movement disorder (RMD), present in the same night, including a new kind of it, known as rhythmic feet movements. The patient was monitored by means of three consecutive video‐polysomnographic recordings, the first two performed to confirm the presence of the sleep disorder and the last one to observe the acute effectiveness of clonazepam on rhythmic movements. We discuss the characteristics of the RMD and the response to the first administration of pharmacological treatment, observed in our patient. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society