bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gesamtwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen der Reform eines im Umlageverfahren finanzierten Rentensystems: Beispiel Portugal
Authors: Medeiros Garcia Maria Teresa , Lopes Emídio Graça 
Published: February 2009

AuszugDer vorliegende Artikel analysiert die Auswirkungen verschiedener Arten von Reformoptionen auf die finanzielle Nachhaltigkeit des Rentensystems der sozialen Sicherheit und auf eine Reihe volkswirtschaftlicher Variablen. Das HERPOR‐Modell wird verwendet, um die wahrscheinlichen Folgen von Parameterreformen für das bestehende im Umlageverfahren finanzierte System zu untersuchen, aber auch solche einer Systemreform. Der Beitrag kommt zum Schluss, dass Erstere ausreichen, um die finanzielle Nachhaltigkeit sicherzustellen, obwohl sie von Beschäftigungsförderungsmaßnahmen flankiert werden sollten. Der Artikel kommt auch zum Schluss, dass ein voll vorfinanziertes System wegen der hohen Übergangskosten keine gangbare Option zu sein scheint, wenn politische Entscheidungsträger Rentensysteme der sozialen Sicherheit neu gestalten wollen.
Alleinerziehende Mütter, Workfare und prekäre Beschäftigungsverhältnisse: Zeit für ein kanadisches Grundeinkommen?
Authors: Evans Patricia M. 
Published: February 2009

AuszugDie Zunahme prekärer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse wirft für Konzepte zur Einkommensunterstützung im Rahmen der Sozialfürsorge beträchtliche Probleme auf, wird jedoch von den Politikgestaltern weitgehend vernachlässigt. Auf der Grundlage qualitativer Daten aus einer in der kanadischen Provinz Ontario durchgeführten Studie werden in diesem Beitrag die speziellen Konsequenzen dieser Probleme für alleinerziehende Mütter untersucht, die häufig sowohl atypisch beschäftigt sind als auch zur Zielgruppe von Workfare‐Konzepten zählen. Im Kontext sich wandelnder Arbeitsmärkte werden in diesem Artikel die potenziellen Vorzüge und Grenzen von Grundeinkommen‐Ansätzen für die Existenzsicherung alleinerziehender Mütter untersucht.
Ein Rahmen für den Vergleich des Sozialschutzes in Entwicklungs‐ und Industrieländern: Das Beispiel Kindergeld
Authors: Esser Ingrid , Ferrarini Tommy , Nelson Kenneth , Sjöberg Ola 
Published: February 2009

AuszugDer Artikel umreißt einen konzeptuellen und theoretischen Rahmen für eine verbesserte vergleichende Analyse öffentlich bereitgestellten Sozialschutzes in Entwicklungsländern und stützt sich dabei auf die Forschungstradition der Analyse seit langem bestehender demokratischer Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Ein wichtiges Element des vorgeschlagenen institutionellen Ansatzes ist die Erstellung vergleichbarer qualitativer und quantitativer Sozialschutzindikatoren. Das empirische Beispiel des Kindergeldes zeigt, dass Unterschiede zwischen Industrie‐ und Entwicklungsländern nicht übertrieben werden sollten und dass die Kindergeldleistungen in afrikanischen Ländern südlich der Sahara und in Lateinamerika heute dem Niveau der Zeit zwischen den Weltkriegen (1919‐1938) in den Industrieregionen gleichen.
Cross‐species amplification of primers developed from Plantago major and P. intermedia in two Hawaiian Plantago species from the section Plantago
Authors: WOLFF K. , HOUSTON K. , DUNBAR‐CO S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThirty‐nine primers, developed from the sister species Plantago major and P. intermedia, were tested in two Hawaiian Plantago species from the section Plantago. Eight primers were polymorphic, of which three were published earlier, and five are new ones presented here. Amplification and polymorphism levels appeared to be high in these Hawaiian species. These markers will be valuable for further mating system and evolutionary studies in species from the section Plantago that are closely related to P. major and P. intermedia.
Priorities and paradigms: directions in threatened species recovery
Authors: Briggs Sue V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecovering threatened species is a key challenge for conservation managers, policy makers, and researchers. This article describes a practical framework for assigning priorities for recovery of threatened species according to cost‐effectiveness of recovery strategies for species groups. The framework has the following steps: (1) determine the conservation goal—persistence in the wild of the largest number of threatened species with the funds available; (2) assign threatened species to species recovery groups according to their characteristics and threats—small‐population species that require actions at sites and declining‐population species that require actions across landscapes; (3) identify the recovery strategies and their component actions for the species groups; (4) cost the recovery strategies for the species groups; (5) determine the cost‐effectiveness of the recovery strategies for the species groups—the number of species recovered divided by the cost of the strategies; (6) assign priorities to the recovery strategies according to their cost‐effectiveness; (7) allocate funds to the recovery strategies that maximize the number of threatened species recovered for the funds available; and (8) undertake the funded recovery strategies and actions. The framework is illustrated with an example.
A reserve paradox: introduced heterogeneity may increase regional invasibility
Authors: Kellner Julie B. , Hastings Alan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNo‐take marine protected areas (MPAs) typically lead to population abundances that are much more spatially heterogeneous compared to conventional fisheries management. Higher abundances inside marine reserves may sustain regional populations through spillover of larvae, but this induced spatial heterogeneity can also have undesirable consequences. Displacing fishing effort into a smaller area may offset larval export from MPAs and locally reduce populations within fished areas by intensifying effort per area. Using a novel community perspective, we show that this displacement can increase the local and regional community's susceptibility to invasion by nonindigenous species. This study illustrates the types of multispecies trade‐offs that are inherent to spatially explicit forms of management and highlights the pressing need to transition from single‐species analyses to examining community responses to management schemes across broader biological and spatial scales. Our results demonstrate the potentially negative regional consequences of anthropogenically‐driven spatial heterogeneities in aquatic and terrestrial systems.
Phylogenetic analysis of new Prasinoviruses (Phycodnaviridae) that infect the green unicellular algae Ostreococcus, Bathycoccus and Micromonas
Authors: Bellec Laure , Grimsley Nigel , Moreau Hervé , Desdevises Yves 
Published: February 2009

SummaryViruses play an important role in the regulation of phytoplankton populations. In the Mediterranean Sea, prasinophyte green algae are abundant and widespread, and within this group the genera Bathycoccus, Micromonas and Ostreococcus (Mamiellales) are the most common. Although these organisms constitute a significant part of the marine ecosystem, little is known about the viruses infecting them. We showed that double‐stranded DNA viruses, likely members of the Phycodnaviridae family, can infect and grow in different host laboratory prasinophyte strains. Different pairs of degenerate primers were designed to PCR amplify a region of the conserved viral polymerase gene in order to characterize these viral strains. Twenty‐seven new viral strains from five different host strains were thus analysed. We established phylogenetic trees for the hosts (18S) and their associated viruses (partial polymerase gene) and discuss the taxonomic significance of Phycodnaviridae. Within eukaryotic double‐stranded DNA viruses, we showed that viruses from Bathycoccus, Micromonas and Ostreococcus form a monophyletic group that we refer to as ‘Prasinovirus’.
Ecological fitness of Bacillus subtilis BGS3 regarding production of the surfactin lipopeptide in the rhizosphere
Authors: Nihorimbere Venant , Fickers Patrick , Thonart Philippe , Ongena Marc 
Published: February 2009

SummaryCyclic lipopeptides and particularly surfactins produced by Bacillus species retain antibacterial, antiviral, biofilm‐forming and plant resistance‐inducing activities. In most cases, their role in biological control of plant diseases was evoked on the basis of in vitro assays or by using non‐producing/overproducing mutants but there is a need for more direct evidence of an efficient lipopeptide biosynthesis in the rhizosphere. In this work, we coupled LC‐MS quantification of the lipopeptides secreted by cells colonizing tomato plants with the use of psrfA–lacZ reporter system integrated within the BGS3 chromosome to study the expression of the surfactin operon in planta. Results showed that a higher level of psrfA induction was observed upon the establishment of a stable BGS3 population on roots and surfactins extracted from the rhizosphere were produced in biologically significant quantities. Our results also demonstrate that BGS3 efficiently utilizes the main substrates from plant exudates to produce surfactins. This synthesis is also efficient in cells forming colonies and the production may be favoured in bacteria developing slowly in the rhizosphere. This provides a first understanding of how environmental factors may influence lipopeptide production by beneficial Bacillus strains.
South American native bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) infected by Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia), an emerging pathogen of honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Plischuk Santiago , Martín‐Hernández Raquel , Prieto Lourdes , Lucía Mariano , Botías Cristina , Meana Aránzazu , Abrahamovich Alberto H. , Lange Carlos , Higes Mariano 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAs pollination is a critical process in both human‐managed and natural terrestrial ecosystems, pollinators provide essential services to both nature and humans. Pollination is mainly due to the action of different insects, such as the bumblebee and the honeybee. These important ecological and economic roles have led to widespread concern over the recent decline in pollinator populations that has been detected in many regions of the world. While this decline has been attributed in some cases to changes in the use of agricultural land, the effects of parasites could play a significant role in the reduction of these populations. For the first time, we describe here the presence of Nosema ceranae, an emerging honeybee pathogen, in three species of Argentine native bumblebees. A total of 455 bumblebees belonging to six species of genus Bombus were examined. PCR results showed that three of the species are positive to N. ceranae (Bombus atratus, Bombus morio and Bombus bellicosus). We discuss the appearance of this pathogen in the context of the population decline of this pollinators.
Prevalence of Listeria spp Including Listeria monocytogenes from Apparently Healthy Sheep of Gujarat State, India
Authors: Yadav M. M. , Roy A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA total of 1002 samples comprising blood (n = 248), faecal swabs (n = 248), nasal swabs (n = 248) and deep vaginal swabs (n = 248) collected from the 248 sheep and 10 environmental samples of 10 sheep flocks were examined for the presence of pathogenic Listeria spp. Confirmation of the isolates was based on biochemical tests followed by phenotypic characterization by haemolysis on sheep blood agar, Christie Atkins Munch‐Petersen (CAMP) test phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) assay and phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) assay. The isolates were subjected to genotypic characterization with the help of PCR assay for five virulence‐associated genes, plcA, prfA, hlyA, actA and iap. The L. monocytogenes isolates were further subjected for multiplex‐PCR‐based serotyping. From 1002 samples screened, 16 (1.60%) were found positive for Listeria spp. Of these, seven samples (0.7%) were confirmed as L. monocytogenes and nine (0.9%) as L. innocua. All the seven isolates of L. monocytogenes were haemolytic, CAMP‐positive, PI‐PLC‐positive, hlyA, pclA and prfA‐positive by PCR, while only four isolates turned out to be PC‐PLC‐positive (opaque zone surrounding the growth). All the seven isolates of L. monocytogenes were serotyped as 4b. In conclusion, the PI‐PLC assay and the virulence genes targeted PCR (plcA, prfA and hlyA plcA, prfA and actA genes for L. monocytogenes) hold a promise for rapid and reliable in vitro alternatives to in vivo pathogenicity tests.
Seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Stray and Household Cats in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhou D. H. , Zhou P. , Lun Z. R. , Chen X. G. , Lin R. Q. , Yuan Z. G. , Zhu X. Q. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe prevalence of anti‐Toxoplasma gondiispecific IgG in stray and household cats in Guangzhou, China was determined by ELISA on serum samples from 206 cats (117 strays and 89 households) and the overall infection rate was 25.24%. The infection rate in stray cats (30.77%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in household cats (17.98%). The rate of infection between male and female cats of both groups was not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05), 28.13% versus 32.61% for male and female in stray cats, respectively, and 18% versus 17.95% in household cats. The present investigation demonstrated that the prevalence ofT. gondiiinfection in cats in Guangzhou was high, especially in stray cats, which are probably the main source ofT. gondiiinfection in this area. Integrated control strategies and measures should be implemented to prevent and controlT. gondiiinfection in both stray and household cats, which will have significant implications for the control of human infection withT. gondii.
Determinants of implementation of primary preventive interventions on patient handling in healthcare: a systematic review
Authors: Koppelaar E , Knibbe J J , Miedema H S , Burdorf A 
Published: February 2009

Objective:This systematic review aims (1) to identify barriers and facilitators during implementation of primary preventive interventions on patient handling in healthcare, and (2) to assess their influence on the effectiveness of these interventions.Methods:PubMed and Web of Science were searched from January 1988 to July 2007. Study inclusion criteria included evaluation of a primary preventive intervention on patient handling, quantitative assessment of the effect of the intervention on physical load or musculoskeletal disorders or sick leave, and information on barriers or facilitators in the implementation of the intervention. 19 studies were included, comprising engineering (n = 10), personal (n = 6) and multiple interventions (n = 3). Barriers and facilitators were classified into individual and environmental categories of factors that hampered or enhanced the appropriate implementation of the intervention.Results:16 individual and 45 environmental barriers and facilitators were identified. The most important environmental categories were “convenience and easy accessibility” (56%), “supportive management climate” (18%) and “patient-related factors” (11%). An important individual category was motivation (63%). None of the studies quantified their impact on effectiveness nor on compliance and adherence to the intervention.Conclusion:Various factors may influence the appropriate implementation of primary preventive interventions, but their impact on the effectiveness of the interventions was not evaluated. Since barriers in implementation are often acknowledged as the cause of the ineffectiveness of patient handling devices, there is a clear need to quantify the influence of these barriers on the effectiveness of primary preventive interventions in healthcare.
Genome size and nucleotypic variation inMalusgermplasm
Authors: Korban Schuyler S. , Wannarat Wannasiri , Rayburn Charlotte M. , Tatum Tatiana C. , Rayburn A. Lane 
Published: February 2009

The genus Malus has anywhere between 25 and 33 species along with several subspecies. Malus species as well as clones within the same species have varying ploidy levels, as these are more than likely collected from different trees and (or) from different locations. In recent years, large numbers of Malus germplasm accessions have been collected and maintained at the United States National Germplasm Clonal Repository; however, genome sizes of this material have not yet been determined. In this study, leaf tissues from young grafted trees of 100 Malus species and hybrids growing in a nursery at the University of Illinois were collected and immediately used for extracting nuclei. Leaf tissues from apple and maize line W-22, used as an internal standard, were co-chopped and prepared for flow cytometric analysis. Apple nuclei were stained with propidium iodide, an intercalating dye, and a minimum of 8000 nuclei per sample were analyzed. Mean fluorescence of apple nuclei was then determined. A total of four replications per sample was used. Among 100 Malus accessions analyzed, one tetraploid, three triploid, and 96 diploid genotypes were identified. Significant differences in genome size were identified among the three ploidy types observed and also within diploid genotypes. The 2C mean value for tetraploids was 3.13 pg and ranged from 2.27 to 2.41 pg for triploids, whereas 2C values for diploids ranged between 1.44 and 1.72 pg. In addition, leaf impressions of young, fully expanded leaves were collected from young trees of 10 selected genotypes based on their ploidy and flow cytometric analysis and used to measure the nucleotypic parameter stomatal length. Ten stomata were measured per slide, three slides were analyzed per leaf, and three leaves were analyzed per accession. Overall, mean length of stomata ranged between 19.47 μm (diploid) and 27.6 μm (tetraploid), indicating that stomatal length in a tetraploid Malus genotype was 1.4-fold higher than that of a diploid genotype. A positive correlation between genome size and the nucleotypic parameter stomatal length was observed.
Two distinct major QTL for resistance to fire blight co-localize on linkage group 12 in apple genotypes ‘Evereste’ andMalus floribundaclone 821
Authors: Durel C.-E. , Denancé C. , Brisset M.-N. 
Published: February 2009

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora , is one of the most destructive diseases of apple (Malus ×domestica) worldwide. No major, qualitative gene for resistance to this disease has been identified so far in apple. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed in two F1progenies derived from two controled crosses: one between the susceptible rootstock cultivar ‘MM106’ and the resistant ornamental cultivar ‘Evereste’ and the other one between the moderately susceptible cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ and the wild apple Malus floribunda clone 821, with unknown level of fire blight resistance. Both progenies were inoculated in the greenhouse with the same reference strain of E. amylovora. The length of stem necrosis was scored 7 and 14 days after inoculation. A strong QTL effect was identified in both ‘Evereste’ and M. floribunda 821 at a similar position on the distal region of linkage group 12 of the apple genome. From 50% to 70% of the phenotypic variation was explained by the QTL in ‘Evereste’ progeny according to the scored trait. More than 40% of the phenotypic variation was explained by the M. floribunda QTL in the second progeny. It was shown that ‘Evereste’ and M. floribunda 821 carried distinct QTL alleles at that genomic position. A small additional QTL was identified in ‘Evereste’ on linkage group 15, which explained about 6% of the phenotypic variation. Although it was not possible to confirm whether or not ‘Evereste’ and M. floribunda QTL belonged to the same locus or two distinct closely related loci, these QTL can be valuable targets in marker-assisted selection to obtain fire blight resistant apple cultivars and form a starting point for discovering the function of the genes controlling apple fire blight resistance.
Transformation of isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) microspores: I. The influence of pretreatments and osmotic treatment on the time of DNA synthesis
Authors: Shim Youn-Seb , Pauls K. Peter , Kasha Ken J. 
Published: February 2009

The objective of this study was to determine when DNA synthesis occurred during pretreatments of cultured barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) microspores and during their preparation for particle bombardment. Based on this information, an investigation of the influence of cell cycle stage on the ability to obtain homozygous transgenic plants by particle bombardment will be presented in paper II of this series. It was hypothesized that the introduction of foreign genes at the G1 cell cycle stage in cultured uninucleate microspores would produce homozygous transgenic plants. Experiments were conducted with two different commonly used pretreatments to induce microspore embryogenesis: cold (4 °C) for 21days and cold plus 0.3 mol/L mannitol for 4 days. After pretreatment, the microspores were placed in a higher osmotic medium for 4 h prior to and for 18 h following bombardment. It was confirmed that during the cold plus mannitol pretreatment, there was no apparent change in the cell cycle stage, with the majority of the microspores remaining at the G1 stage. While in the cold for 21 days, the microspores progressed slowly through to G2, with a few progressing further into the mitosis and binucleate stages. Hourly DNA density measurements that were taken during the 4 h osmotic adjustment period following the cold plus mannitol pretreatment indicated that DNA synthesis began during this period at 25 °C, while at 4 °C, there was no apparent change in cell cycle stage or in DNA density. Thus, one might expect to find a higher frequency of homozygous doubled haploids by maintaining the temperature low during the 4 h osmotic adjustment period following the cold plus mannitol pretreatment than following the 21 day cold pretreatment. However, it is also not known what effect the temperatures during the whole high-osmotic treatments will have on the rate and time of incorporation of the transgene.