bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture Strength of Endodontically Treated Teeth with Flared Root Canals and Restored with Different Post Systems
Authors: Maccari Paulo César , Cosme Dúcia caldas , Oshima Hugo Mitsuo , Burnett Luiz Henrique , Shinkai Rosemary Sadami 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  Many post systems are available to clinicians, yet no consensus exists about which one is better in restoring endodontically treated teeth.Purpose:  This study evaluated the fracture strength of teeth with flared canals and restored with two fiber‐reinforced resin systems (glass fiber: FRC Postec [Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein]; quartz fiber: D.T. Light‐Post [Bisco Dental Products, Schaumburg, IL, USA]), and one custom cast base metal (Ni‐Cr) post and core system.Methods:  Thirty anterior teeth had their crowns removed below the cemento‐enamel junction and were endodontically treated. The canals were prepared for post fixation, and the canal walls were flared using a taper diamond bur. The prepared roots were randomly divided into three groups according to the post system. All posts were cemented with an adhesive resin cement. For the fiber‐reinforced resin posts, cores were built up using microhybrid composite. Metallic crowns were luted using zinc phosphate cement. Specimens were loaded at 45 degrees in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. The mode of failure was classified as repairable or nonrepairable.Results:  Teeth restored with cast posts had fracture strength twice that of teeth restored with resin posts. Fiber‐reinforced resin posts failed at a compressive force comparable to clinical conditions, but all failures were repairable.Conclusion:  Fracture strength and mode of failure in anterior teeth with flared canals varied according to the type of post used to support a crown.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEUnder the conditions of this study, cast posts are preferable to restore endodontically treated teeth with flared canals and no ferrule.
A New Angelology: Mapping the Angel through Twentieth‐Century Literature
Authors: Hobson Suzanne 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn ‘Professions for Women’, Virginia Woolf memorably calls on female writers to kill the ‘Angel in the House’. She implies that the angel, traditionally connoting feminine virtue and chastity, has no place in twentieth‐century literature. The literary texts and theoretical debates surveyed in this article suggest rather the opposite. They reveal that instead of being left behind at the end of the nineteenth century by a cultural imaginary which had outgrown religious orthodoxy and Victorian moral codes, the angel was reinvented, in a sense, modernised for the twentieth century. This article looks first at the importance of Walter Benjamin in carving out a politically charged space for this figure in contemporary literary criticism. It then turns to the angels in texts by Djuna Barnes, H.D., Carolyn Forché, Tony Kushner, D. H. Lawrence, Wyndham Lewis, Salman Rushdie and W. G. Sebald among others to show how the angel comes to figure the ‘new’– both the technologically advanced and the unexpectedly ‘avant‐garde’ as regards moral values and sexual propriety.
Women's Patronage‐Seeking as Familial Enterprise: Aemilia Lanyer, Esther Inglis, and Mary Wroth1
Authors: Kemp Theresa D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTaking Aemilia Lanyer, Esther Inglis, and Mary Wroth as its primary examples, this article looks at how early modern women writers in Britain used the literary patronage system to promote not only personal ambitions but familial ones as well.
The C3–C4 propriospinal system in the cat and monkey: a spinal pre‐motoneuronal centre for voluntary motor control
Authors: Alstermark B. , Isa T. , Pettersson L.‐G. , Sasaki S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis review deals with a spinal interneuronal system, denoted the C3–C4 propriospinal system, which is unique in the sense that it so far represents the only spinal interneuronal system for which it has been possible to demonstrate a command mediating role for voluntary movements. The C3–C4 propriospinal neurones govern target reaching and can update the descending cortical command when a fast correction is required of the movement trajectory and also integrate signals generated from the forelimb to control deceleration and termination of reaching.
Growth Inhibition of
Toxoplasma gondii
and
Plasmodium falciparum
by Nanomolar Concentrations of 1-Hydroxy-2-Dodecyl-4(1
H
)Quinolone, a High-Affinity Inhibitor of Alternative (Type II) NADH Dehydrogenases
Authors: Saleh Ahmad , Friesen Johannes , Baumeister Stefan , Gross Uwe , Bohne Wolfgang 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Both apicomplexan parasites
Toxoplasma gondii
and
Plasmodium falciparum
lack type I NADH dehydrogenases (complex I) but instead carry alternative (type II) NADH dehydrogenases, which are absent in mammalian cells and are thus considered promising antimicrobial drug targets. The quinolone-like compound 1-hydroxy-2-dodecyl-4(1
H
)quinolone (HDQ) was recently described as a high-affinity inhibitor of fungal alternative NADH dehydrogenases in enzymatic assays, probably by interfering with the ubiquinol binding site of the enzyme. We describe here that HDQ effectively inhibits the replication rates of
P. falciparum
and
T. gondii
in tissue culture. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of HDQ for
T. gondii
was determined to be 2.4 ± 0.3 nM with a growth assay based on vacuole sizes and 3.7 ± 1.4 nM with a growth assay based on beta-galactosidase activity. Quantification of the
P. falciparum
replication rate using a fluorometric assay revealed an IC
50
of 14.0 ± 1.9 nM. An important feature of the HDQ structure is the length of the alkyl side chain at position 2. Derivatives with alkyl side chains of C
6
, C
8
, C
12
(HDQ), and C
14
all displayed excellent anti-
T. gondii
activity, while a C
5
derivative completely failed to inhibit parasite replication. A combined treatment of
T. gondii
-infected cells with HDQ and the antimalarial agent atovaquone, which blocks the ubiquinol oxidation site of cytochrome
b
in complex III, resulted in synergism, with a calculated fractional inhibitory concentration of 0.16 nM. Interference of the mitochondrial ubiquinone/ubiquinol cycle at two different locations thus appears to be a highly effective strategy for inhibiting parasite replication. HDQ and its derivatives, particularly in combination with atovaquone, represent promising compounds with a high potential for antimalarial and antitoxoplasmal therapy.
Metronidazole plus Rifampin Sterilizes Long-Term Dormant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Iona Elisabetta , Giannoni Federico , Pardini Manuela , Brunori Lara , Orefici Graziella , Fattorini Lanfranco 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Long-term nonreplicating (dormant)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
populations (26-day-old cells) were sterilized by metronidazole plus rifampin, but not by metronidazole or rifampin alone, after 7 and 11 days of exposure to the drugs. Lower or no drug activity was observed against 19- or 12-day-old dormant or 5-day-old actively replicating populations.
An expression signature of syndecan-1 (CD138), E-cadherin and c-met is associated with factors of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in ductal breast carcinoma in situ
Authors: Götte Martin , Kersting Christian , Radke Isabel , Kiesel Ludwig , Wülfing Pia 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan-1 modulates cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. It is a coreceptor for the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-met, and its coexpression with E-cadherin is synchronously regulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In breast cancer, changes in the expression of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and c-met correlate with poor prognosis. In this study we evaluated whether coexpression of these functionally linked prognostic markers constitutes an expression signature in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast that may promote cell proliferation and (lymph)angiogenesis.

Methods
Expression of syndecan-1, E-cadherin and c-met was detected immunohistochemically using a tissue microarray in tumour specimens from 200 DCIS patients. Results were correlated with the expression patterns of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic markers. Coexpression of the three prognostic markers was evaluated in human breast cancer cells by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR.

Results
Coexpression and membrane colocalization of the three markers was confirmed in MCF-7 cells. E-cadherin expression decreased, and c-met expression increased progressively in more aggressive cell lines. Tissue microarray analysis revealed strong positive staining of tumour cells for syndecan-1 in 72%, E-cadherin in 67.8% and c-met in 48.6% of DCIS. E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with c-met and syndecan-1. Expression of c-met and syndecan-1 was significantly more frequent in the subgroup of patients with pure DCIS than in those with DCIS and a coexisting invasive carcinoma. Levels of c-met and syndecan-1 expression were associated with HER2 expression. Expression of c-met significantly correlated with expression of endothelin A and B receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, whereas E-cadherin expression correlated significantly with endothelin A receptor, VEGF-A and VEGF-C staining.

Conclusion
Syndecan-1, E-cadherin and c-met constitute a marker signature associated with angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors in DCIS. This coexpression may reflect a state of parallel activation of different signal transduction pathways, promoting tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Our findings have implications for future therapeutic approaches in terms of a multiple target approach, which may be useful early in breast cancer progression.
Emergency Presentation of Abdominal Hernias: Outcome and Reasons for Delay in Treatment – A Prospective Study
Authors: Davies Mark , Chris Davies , Gareth Morris-Stiff , Ken Shute 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION Emergency hernia surgery is associated with a higher postoperative complication and a less favourable outcome. The aim of this study was to audit emergency presentations of abdominal hernias prospectively in order to identify delays in patient treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective audit was carried out between January and September 2003 of all patients presenting acutely with symptomatic hernias. In total, 55 patients presented, 39 of whom needed surgical intervention. The emergency repairs were compared with a cohort of elective repairs performed in the trust at the same time. RESULTS The median age was 77 years (range, 5–92 years; 35 male, 20 female). The distribution of the hernias, requiring surgery, was inguinal (19), para-umbilical (10), incisional (5) and femoral (5). The overall complication rate was 46.2% and the in-patient stay was 4 days (range, 1–49 days). Six patients required small bowel resection. Conservative management was identified as a key contributing factor in the delay of treatment. There was a significant increase in the in-patient stay, the early complication rate and the small bowel resection rate in the emergency repairs. DISCUSSION Patients with a symptomatic hernia should be offered elective, surgical repair. Non-operative management is inappropriate for the vast majority of cases, especially when many repairs may be performed with local anaesthetic infiltration. Clinicians should be aware of the high morbidity associated with the emergency repair of abdominal hernias in the elderly.
Jet-grouting solution to link a tunnel to a cut-and-cover excavation
Authors: Candeias M. A. S. , Brito J. A. M. , Matos Fernandes M. , Lopes P. G. 
Published: January 2007

The paper presents a solution executed for the connection of a pre-existing metro tunnel made with a tunnel-boring machine to the structure of a station constructed by the cut-and-cover method. The geotechnical conditions of the site were very difficult: 26 m of man-made fill and alluvial soft silty clay and loose sands, with the water level close to the surface. The tunnel was completely covered by these soft soils. The solution consisted mainly in extending the retaining wall of the station beyond the planes of the portals, in order to confine the tunnel in the stretches adjacent to the station, and creating a volume of treated soil by jet grouting limited by the tunnel lining, the stiff layer underlying the alluvial soft ground, the lateral confining walls and the station wall. The paper presents details of the execution and of the performance of the system. Some conclusions are extracted, emphasising the main advantages of the solution. Cet article présente l'exécution d'une solution destinée à connecter un tunnel de métro préexistant creusé au moyen d'un appareil de forage de tunnels à la structure d'une station construite par la méthode de déblai-remblai. Les conditions géotechniques sur le site étaient particulièrement difficiles: 26 m de remblais, de sédiments d'argile silteuse molle et de sables meubles, avec un niveau d'eau proche de la surface. Le tunnel était complètement envahi par ces sols mous. La solution apportée a consisté essentiellement à étendre la paroi de soutènement de la station au-delà des plans des portails, afin de confiner le tunnel dans les extensions adjacentes à la station et à créer un volume de sol, traité par injection par jet, délimité par le revêtement du tunnel, la couche rigide sous-jacente au sol meuble de sédiments, les parois latérales de confinement et le mur de la station. Cet article présente les détails de la mise en oeuvre et les performances du système. Plusieurs conclusions sont avancées, qui soulignent les principaux avantages de la solution apportée.
Use of Primitive Derived Cotton Accessions for Agronomic and Fiber Traits Improvement: Variance Components and Genetic Effects
Authors: McCarty Jack C. , Wu Jixiang , Jenkins Johnie N. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTUpland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is cultivated in warmer climates throughout the world. The genetic base of modern upland cultivars is narrow. As yield and fiber quality traits are improved, the genetic base should be extended by the incorporation of new germplasm into cultivars. In this study, 114 day‐neutral derived primitive accessions were crossed to two cultivars, Stoneville 474 and Sure‐Grow 747 (female parents). In a 2‐yr study, parents and F2 hybrids were evaluated in field plots where agronomic and fiber traits were measured. An extended additive‐dominance genetic model was used, and the data were analyzed on the basis of the mixed model approach. Dominance effects were the primary genetic effects controlling agronomic and fiber traits, while additive effects were small for most of these traits. Consequently, strong heterosis in some F1 and F2 hybrids for most traits would be expected. The genetic resources from the primitive accessions, determined on the basis of cluster analyses, did not show any consistent pattern for collection location or taxonomic classification. Even though dominance effects were the most common for traits measured, results indicate that these day‐neutral derived primitive accessions provide genes with significant additive effects for fiber quality traits, while the additive effects for yield improvement was not significantly decreased. Thus, these derived germplasm accessions can provide favorable gene resources for developing high yielding cultivars or hybrids with improved fiber quality.
The Theatre Of The Thittles
Authors: Clurman Harold 
Published: January 2007

There is a tendency nowadays to downgrade the thirties. The reason for this is that the prevailing mood of the thirties was what used to be called “left of center.” Beginning with the late forties— from the time the phrase about the “iron curtain” became part of the common vocabulary—our “intelligentsia” sounded the retreat. The Roosevelt administration, subjected to sharp criticism not infrequently close to slander, seemed to be in bad odor. “Left of center” might be construed as something worse than liberalism. To be “radical” implied that one might be tainted with some degree of “pink.“A good many of the writers, artists and theatre folk in the thirties were inclined to radicalism. (Had not the Roosevelt administration sponsored the Projects for writers, artists and theatre?) In the early forties the fervor of the thirties was gradually absorbed by the pressures of the war.
Guerrilla Theatre
Authors: Davis R. G. 
Published: January 2007

Art is almost always harmless and beneficent; it does not seek to be anything else but an illusion. Save in the case of a few people who are, one might say, obsessed by art, it never dares to make any attacks on the realm of reality.Freud defines theatre in America, and Che Guevara tells us what to do about it:The guerrilla fighter needs full help from the people of the area…. From the very beginning of the struggle he has the intention of destroying an unjust order and therefore an intention, more or less hidden, to replace the old with something new.This society, our society—America, U.S.A.—is chock-full o'ennui. Distracted by superficial values, and without a sense of humanness, we let machines rule; it is easier to kill from a B-52 than to choke every Viet Cong.
The Teaching of Calculus
Authors: Godfrey C. 
Published: January 2007

Questions Proposed by the Sub-Commission A of the International Commission on Mathematical Teaching, with regard to the position now occupied by the Elements of Differential and Integral Calculus in the programmes of Public and Secondary Schools.Note 1. The object of the Central Committee in formulating these enquiries has been solely that of acquiring information. The Committee does not itself take up any definite standpoint in the matter as to how far the teaching of the subject in the schools is desirable.
The Sequence of Theorems in School Geometry
Authors: Nunn T. P. 
Published: January 2007

The subject of my address has recently been “ventilated” in more than one organ of educational opinion; and it is stated that a committee will shortly be assembled to explore the possibility of an escape from the present chaos to the sweet simplicity of an agreed and authoritative sequence.I know nothing about the constitution of the committee nor about the proposals that are likely to be brought before it; nor had it been announced or foreshadowed when I suggested the subject for discussion to-night. My intention in suggesting that subject was merely to revive and develop further certain proposals brought forward in an address given to the Association at a time when many of its members were engaged in a vastly more serious discussion elsewhere. I venture, however, to hope that the circumstances I have referred to may add materially to the usefulness of our debate.
Graphs of Trigonometrical Expressions
Authors: Hall F. G. 
Published: January 2007

A Study of the questions on this subject set in the recent geometry papers of the London Intermediate Examinations will show that there is considerable danger that what should be the chief aim in the subject may be subordinated to the subsidiary aim of affording practice in evaluating and plotting results.The chief aim should be, I think, a careful study of those important curves in Physics and in Higher Mathematics which best lend themselves to trigonometrical rather than to algebraic treatment. In the actual plotting of these curves much varied practice in the use of tables will, of course, be obtained; but this should be considered of distinctly minor importance.
Tripolar Coordinates
Authors: Bates G. N. 
Published: January 2007

The tripolar coordinates of a point P are defined as the squares of its distances from the angular points of the triangle of reference.The equation of the first degree in x, y, z (x = PA2, etc.) has been considered by E. Lucas (Mathesis, 1889) and by de Poulain (Journal de Mathématiques spéciales, 1889). I am also indebted to Mr. R. F. Davis for a note in accordance with which a portion of this paper has been rewritten.In what follows x, y, z will denote the tripolar coordinates; α, β, γ the trilinear coordinates of a point with respect to a triangle of reference ABC; while ξ and η will denote Cartesian coordinates referred to B as origin and BC as the axis of x.
The Use of Vectors in Practical Mathematics
Authors: Benny L. B. 
Published: January 2007

The uses of vectors are many and varied. The value of the vector notation and of vector methods of calculation is becoming recognised in mechanics and physics, but few teachers use them to any extent in teaching pure mathematics, although they appear to be equally useful in this sphere.I have found vector methods especially useful for students who require a “practical” knowledge; they are well adapted to numerical work, and often provide a welcome change from the drudgery of memorising formulae, and calculating results by substitution of numerical values of the symbols—a dull task, lacking in educational value, which forms such a large part of the work of the technical student. Vector solutions are usually short and simple, and proceed from first principles ; they should thus be preferred on logical grounds.
The Postulate of Parallels
Authors: Hill M. J. M. 
Published: January 2007

There are in the Mathematical Gazette for October 1924, three communications on the above subject.It will make my remarks on these clearer if I refer to the contents of my paper on the Postulate of Parallels in the Gazette for December 1923, and make an addition thereto. In that paper the demonstrations of Euc. I. 27 and 29 are deduced from Wallis’s Postulate of Similarity, viz.: “To every figure there exists a similar figure of arbitrary magnitude” taken as a substitute for Euclid’s Postulate of Parallels. The demonstration of Euc. I. 27 in this manner was first given (I believe) by Professor Nunn in the Gazette of May 1922. He has not, however, published in full his demonstration of Euc. I. 29. He was so kind as to communicate it to me, but I hope he will some day publish it in full. It is entirely different from the demonstration of Euc. I. 29 which I published in the Gazette of December 1923, which involves three successive applications of the Postulate of Similarity and makes use of Euc. I. 27 as proved by Professor Nunn, but does not include the proof of any other proposition.
On a Problem in Mechanics and the Number of its Solutions
Authors: Macaulay F S. 
Published: January 2007

To find the position of equilibrium of a particle which is acted on by forces of given magnitudes directed towards given points.This problem was suggested by Mr. P A. Hillhouse, and arose in the first instance from the consideration of forces acting in a crane. The following note does not offer a solution of the problem, but contains a proof by Mr. A. L. Jones that there is at most one position of equilibrium when the forces are all of one sign, i.e. either all tensions or all thrusts. This is followed by an investigation of the total number of solutions, real and imaginary, for all combinations of thrusts and tensions, when the magnitude only of each force, and not its sign, is given. This number is surprisingly large. It would of course be of more practical interest to find the number of real solutions for each particular combination of thrusts and tensions, but I have only succeeded in doing this when the given points are in a straight line, and in one or two other special cases. The results for these are stated without proof at the end of the note.
On the Theory of the Plane Complex with Simple Geometrical and Kinematical Illustrations
Authors: Genese R. W. 
Published: January 2007

OA,OB = x1, x2, being distances, carrying signs, along an axis, the “Bearing” of B with respect to A (called a vector, or step, or displacement) is given by AB = OB – OA = x2 – x1 in all cases, and is independent of the position of O.If we wish to add two such steps, a construction is necessary, viz. they are placed “ end on ” in either order; and the sum is dependent on the position of O ; if M be the mid-point of AB, the sum = 20M.