bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The estimation of peroxides in fats and oils by the ferric thiocyanate method
Authors: Chapman R. A. , Mackay K. 
Published: July 2007

ConclusionsAll modifiactions of the ferric thiocyanate method investigated were affected by atmospheric oxygen. However, the interference in the Hills and Thiel (7) method and the Bolland (3) procedure was not as great as in the Lips, Chapman, and McFarlane (5) method. The results of Lea (8) were confirmed in respect to the lower values obtained when the atmosphere was rigorously excluded. Minimal results by the ferric thiocyanate procedure were possible only when carefully purified nitrogen was employed, and all possible precautions to prevent contact with air were observed. No other satisfactory method for offsetting this interference was found.When the ferric thiocyanate procedures are conducted in the presence of air, the results, while high, are proportional to the iodimetric values. The former method, however, is much more sensitive than iodimetric procedures. Therefore under conditions where only comparative results are desired, such as in the assessment of the activity of antioxidants or in accelerated tests to predict the stability of a fat or oil, the ferric thiocyanate method should prove of considerable value. The Hills and Thiel (7) method was found to be the most satisfactory of those investigated since the use of benzene‐methanol as a solvent permits the use of larger samples and the reagents are considerably more stable than in other methods.
Nonedible seed oils as insect repellent
Authors: Khan M. W. Y. , Ahmad F. , Ahmad I. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPetroleum ether extracts of seeds at 10–1% concentration were tested for insecticidal activity against stored grain insects,Tribolium castaneum Herbst., in the laboratory. About 50 oils were tested, of which ten showed repellent, antifeedant property up to 1% concen‐tration.
Determination of trace metal content in corn oil by atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Ooms B. , Van Pee W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAtomic absorption spectrophotometry is used for the determination of Cu, Fe, K, Na, Ni and Zn in industrial refined corn oil. The results of five different analytical techniques are compared. Fair agreement is obtained between the char‐ashing method and the dilution procedure. Char ashing is a sensitive and useful technique, if handled correctly. Dilution, coupled to carbon‐rod atomization, is a reliable method. To eliminate errors, due to sample loss, a proper injection technique is required. Extraction methods suffer from incomplete recoveries, owing to deficient break up of the organometallic com‐pounds in oil
Chemical reactions involved in the deep‐ fat frying of foods: IX. Identification of the volatile decomposition products of triolein
Authors: May William A. , Peterson Robert J. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe acidic and nonacidic volatile decomposition products (VDP) pro‐duced by pure triolein maintained at 185 C with periodic injection of steam were collected, fractionated and identified. A total of 93 compounds were positively or tentatively identified. A number of the compounds found were identified for the first time in fats or oil VDP. Among these newly identified compounds are: unsaturated acids, keto‐substituted unsaturated acids, ω‐enals, unsaturated esters and an unsaturated γ‐lactone.
Detection of pig and buffalo body fat in cow and buffalo ghees by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Lambelet P. , Ganguli N. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAdding small amounts of pig or buffalo body fat to cow or buffalo ghee results in the appearance of an extra peak located at high temperature in the melting and crystallization curves as determined by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. Ghee adulterations with these animal fats at levels down to 5% are clearly seen in the crystallization diagrams. Quantitative measurements can be obtained by this method in the case of adulterations with buffalo body fat. On the other hand, this method does not detect vegetable oils such as coconut oil, and gives similar results for cottonseed‐fed buffalo ghee and ghee adulterated with animal body fats.
Continuous acidulation of soapstock and recovery of acid oil
Authors: Mag T. K. , Green D. H. , Kwong A. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRequirements for water pollution abatement have created a need for much better recovery of fatty material from soapstock acidulation processes. The present methods of recovery lack reliability, or are relatively capital intensive, or both. A new, continuous system con‐sisting of equipment for acidulating the soapstock, decanting the bulk of acid oil from acid water, and treating the acid water in a coalescer for further separation of emulsified acid oil is described. The emphasis is on operating results from a pilot process using a variety of soapstocks. Fat concentrations below 150 ppm in acid water can be achieved reliably. The process is relatively compact, and simple to operate.
Crystallization characteristics of hydrogenated canola oil as affected by addition of palm oil
Authors: Yap Peck Hong , deMan J. M. , deMan L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAddition of palm oil at levels of 5, 10 and 15% to selectively and nonselectively hydrogenated canola oil increased the time of isothermal crystallization at 20°C and delayed the appearance of the isothermal crystallization peak as determined by DSC. The degree of supercooling was also increased. Addition of palm oil to canola oil before selective or nonselective hydrogenation decreased the time of the appearance of the isothermal crystallization peak. Rates of crystallization were determined in selectively hydrogenated canola palm oil mixtures which followed first order kinetics.
Lipopeptidic surfactants: I. Neutral N‐lauroyl‐I‐arginine dipeptides from pure amino acids
Authors: Infante M. R. , Molinero J. , Bosch P. , Juláa M. R. , Erra P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeutral Nα‐lauroyl‐dipeptides such as Nα‐lauroyl arginylglycine and Nα‐lauroyl‐arginylphenylalanine as methyl ester (cationic surfactants) and free acid (amphoteric surfactants) derivatives have been prepared by synthetic methods. Fundamental surfactant properties and antimicrobial activity have been evaluated.The properties of these compounds have been compared to the properties of the monomer derivatives Nα‐lauroyl‐arginine methyl ester (cationic) and Nα‐lauroyl‐arginine (amphoteric). These new molecules are very soluble in water, good surfactants, and exhibit a good antimicrobial activity, independently of their ionic character.
Phospholipids of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)
Authors: Goh S. H. , Khor H. T. , Gee P. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMesocarp oil ofElaeis guineensis provides 1000~2000 ppm of phospholipids. Thin layer chromatography revealed that the major components are phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Minor components are phosphatidic acid (PA), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and traces of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) are detectable. An artifact from enzymatic transphosphatidylation in methanolic solvents was isolated and characterized as phosphatidylmethanol (PM). Phospholipids are only present at low levels (20~80 ppm) in commercial crude palm oil and they usually account for a minor part of the total elemental phosphorus of the oil. It is desirable to have low levels of phospholipids in the oil to obtain better oxidative stability and bleaching properties.
Peptidoglutaminase deamidation of proteins and protein hydrolysates for improved food use
Authors: Hamada J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe limited deamidating ability of peptidoglutaminase (PGase) toward intact food proteins (0‐ 6% deamidation) can be significantly enhanced by prior protein hydrolysis and altering protein conformation by such means as moist heat. PGase deamidation increases protein solubility and improves emulsifying and other physical properties under mildly acidic conditions. A batch reactor method was developed for the large‐ scale PGase deamidation of food proteins. Michaelis‐ Menten kinetics for industrial reactions (mixed zero‐ and first‐ order) were used for predicting the behavior of the reactor and for calculating enzyme dosage required to completely deamidate a given quantity of protein. Using such a reactor in the deamidation of food proteins or protein hydrolysates can lead to new food proteins with superior functional properties from less functional starting materials.
Optimization of nonionic/anionic surfactant blends for enhanced oily soil removal
Authors: Raney Kirk H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPreviously reported results for alcohol ethoxylate surfactants have shown that optimum removal of both nonpolar and sebum‐ like liquid soils from polyester/cotton fabric occurs at the phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the surfactant‐ water‐ soil system. A similar correlation between phase inversion and optimum detergency has been identified for detergent systems containing mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxysulfates. Experimental techniques other than direct detergency studies are described which allow determination of the optimum nonionic/ anionic surfactant ratio for removal of a particular soil at a specified temperature. In addition, implications of these results for development of temperature‐ insensitive detergent formulations containing alcohol ethoxylates are discussed.
Hydrogenation of canola oil as affected by chlorophyll
Authors: Abraham V. , de Man J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChlorophyll was added to refined and bleached canola oil before hydrogenation, and the effects on hydrogena‐tion rate, fatty acid composition and the percentagetrans isomers were determined. The hydrogenation rate was greatly slowed down by chlorophyll under selective (200 C and 48 kPa) and nonselective conditions (165 C and 303 kPa). Higher levels of chlorophyll reduced the reaction rate more than the lower levels under both conditions. Dropping points were slightly higher for the nonselectively hydrogenated samples than for the selectively hydrogenated ones. Addition of 1 mg/kg or more chlorophyll decreased the solid fat content under nonselective conditions. Addition of chlorophyll reduced thetrans isomer content under nonselective conditions. Nonselective conditions also resulted in a greater decrease of 18:3 and faster production of 18:0 than selective conditions at all levels of chlorophyll addition.
Number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils by hplc using pentafluorobenzyl esters
Authors: Netting A. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple, one‐pot procedure for the saponification of fats and oils and the subsequent esterification of the resulting fatty acid salts with pentafluorobenzyl bromide is presented. A normal phase high pressure liquid Chromatographic procedure for the separation of these pentafluorobenzyl esters, primarily on the degree of unsaturation, is also given. Chromatographic detection of the esters can be carried out conveniently at 254 nm, and the procedure should therefore find application in the routine determination of the number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils.
Trace elements in edible fats. VIII. Soybean oil 舠demetalization舡 with cation exchange resins
Authors: Vioque A. , Albi M. A. , Ma del Villagran Pilar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of different solvents, degree of dilution, type of resin, and temperature were studied to determine the optimum conditions for 舠demetalization舡 of soybean oils with cation exchange resins. Prooxidant metals in crude soybean oils in acetone orn‐hexane solutions can be effectively removed when passed through columns of a strong cation exchange resin.
A study of methods for evaluation of the stability of fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , Weiss T. J. , van Giessen B. , Taylor J. R. , Ahern J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe data from several laboratory tests [Active Oxygen Method (AOM), modified ASTM bomb, modified ASTM bomb with catalyst added to the fat, a manometric method and an accelerated oven test] were compared with data from a storage test at 85F evaluated organoleptically at selected intervals. Tests were carried out on lard, hydrogenated vegetable oil and tallow, with and without added monoglyceride, and with and without selected antioxidants. A comparison of the data from the laboratory tests with that from the storage tests indicated: 1) that the different types of fats behave differently, 2) the laboratory tests cannot be used as an index of shelf stability except for a given type of formulation of fat for which the relationship between the laboratory test and the shelf stability is known, 3) the modified ASTM bomb method is the most reliable for estimating shelf life, and 4) the modified ASTM bomb method with catalyst is not as precise as the bomb method, but may be used for control purposes where some accuracy may be sacrificed in the interest of shorter time.
Preparation of fatty acid esters of polyol glucosides
Authors: Feuge R. O. , White J. L. , Brown Mona 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStarch is readily converted into glucosides by heating with a polyol, such as propylene glycol or glycerol, for a short time at 125 C in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The product resulting from the reaction of 3 or more moles of polyol per anhydroglucose unit consists mostly of polyol monoglucosides, which are quite resistant to degradation under alkaline interesterification conditions. Attempts to interesterify the glucosides under the usual conditions employed with fats and oils (methyl esters, 0.1% sodium hydroxide, and temperatures up to 200 C) produced no glucoside esters. However, interesterification proceeded readily at temperatures between 160 and 200 C when 5 to 10% soaps and hydrophilic esters (mixtures containing mono‐ and diglycerides or an ester of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether) were employed. Under pressures low enough to rapidly distill off the freed polyol or alcohol, most reactions could be completed in less than an hour. Good yields of glucoside esters were obtained with starch, glycerol, and fat when the required operations were conducted in sequence in one vessel without intermediate purifications.
Biological effects due to changes in fats during heating
Authors: Alexander J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn deep‐fat frying the fat is used over and over again, and moisture and air are mixed into the hot oil. Substantial quantities of the heated fat are absorbed into the fried foods. Many reports from experimental observations with animals fed these fats have shown biological effects ranging from a slight depression in growth, all the way to very poor growth, diminished feed efficiency, increased liver size, fatty necrosis of the liver, and various other organ lesions. Obviously, certain fat constituents may be changed by frying conditions, and the adverse biological effects are relative. We are at the stage in studying these heated fats where selected techniques including biochemical parameters, histopathological evaluations, and tissue culture in monolayers can be good indicators of some of the specific effects on biological tissues. Isolated fractions from heated fat samples, which contained concentrations of cyclic monomer and dimer derivatives, were used in animal studies. Incorporation of the above materials into rat diets produced distended flatulent stomachs and intestines, gastric ulcers, and multiple focal hemorrhages. Histological evaluation of heart, liver, and kidney tissue sections indicated extensive cellular damage. Livers and kidneys exhibited the most severe lesions. Neonatal heart cells established as monolayers on glass cover slips were exposed to fractions from heated or fresh fats. Cellular damage including pyknosis, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and mitotic aberrations were observed. Uptake of14C‐labeled fatty acid by the triglyceride fraction of the cells was increased with heated fats.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXI. Amphoteric derivatives of fatty amides of aminoethylethanolamine1
Authors: Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAmides and 2‐alkyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐imidazolines were converted into various types of sulfated or sulfonated amphoteric lime soap dispersants. The alkylimidazolines could be readily hydrolyzed to give amidoamines. The cyclized amphoteric surfactants were generally superior in detergency and lime soap dispersing ability to analogous surfactants derived from amidoamines. Some of the cyclized surfactants, when formulated with soap and silicate builder, washed about as well under the test conditions as a control containing 50% sodium tripolyphosphate.
Permanganate oxidation of oleic acid using emulsion technology
Authors: Garti Imissim , Avni Eitan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFree oleic acid is emulsified in water and oxidized using potassium permanganate, to azelaic and pelargonic acids together with dihydroxy‐, ketohydroxy‐and diketo‐stearic acids at neutral pH. The yield and the products distribution are controlled by: the type of emulsifier and its concentration; the oleic acid concentration in the emulsion; and the oleic acid‐oxidant ratio.
Farm‐scale recovery and filtration characteristics of sunflower oil for use in diesel engines
Authors: Backer L. F. , Jacobsen L. , Olson J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe “Hander,” new Type 52 oil expeller was evaluated to determine its performance in expressing sunflower oil for use in diesel engines. Strain gauges were mounted on the barrel of the expeller and were used to give a relative indication of barrel pressure. Relative barrel pressure was then used as the independent variable in determining performance. Filterability of four commercial sunflower oils and blends of these oils with No. 2 diesel fuel were determined at various temperatures and pressures. Oil extraction efficiency ranged from ca. 56% to 84% at low and high relative barrel pressures, respectively. The greatest oil extraction rate was 12.3 kg/hr at a feed rate of 40 kg/hr with an extraction efficiency of ca. 80%. Dewaxed sunflower oils and blends filtered much better than nondewaxed oils and their blends. Increasing temperature, pressure and percentage of diesel fuel in the blends increased filterability of dewaxed sunflower oil.
Effects of processing and chemical characteristics of plant oils on performance of an indirect‐injection diesel engine
Authors: Engler C. R. , Johnson L. A. , Lepori W. A. , Yarbrough C. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEngine performance curves were obtained for crude, degummed, and degummed‐dewaxed sunflower oils and for crude, degummed, and alkali refined cottonseed oils using a single‐cylinder, precombustion chamber design diesel engine. Crude oils gave very poor performance and are considered unsuitable for use as alternative diesel fuels. Performance curves for processed sunflower and cotton‐seed oils were slightly better than for diesel fuel, but increased carbon deposits and lubricating oil fouling were noted. Although processed oils may be acceptable fuels for short‐term use, they are not recommended as alternative diesel fuels at this time.
Analysis of detergent mixtures containing amine oxides
Authors: Lew H. Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLong chain alkyldimethylamine oxides in detergent mixtures have not only been difficult to determine but also interfere with anionic active analysis by the usual quaternary titration with methylene blue indicator. Titration methods have been devised for the quantitative analysis of amine oxides and anionic actives in the presence of each other and low molecular wt sulfon‐ates. A gas Chromatographic method has also been developed for determining molecular distribution in alkyldimethylamine oxide mixtures. Analytical data are presented for a series of alkyldimethylamine oxides of different mol wt and for several experimental detergent formulations. The titration method is rapid and amenable to both solid and liquid detergent formulations.
Use of rubber columns for the chromatographie separation of triglycerides and other non‐polar compounds
Authors: Trowbridge J. R. , Herrick A. B. , Bauman R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome applications of rubber powder as a sta‐tionary phase in the Chromatographie separation of relatively nonpolar compounds are described. Evidence of a substantial degree of separation of triglyceride components in coconut oil and linseed oil is obtained using a mixture of methanol and acetone as the mobile phase. Separations of trilaurin from mono and dilaurin, of methyl esters of coconut oil fatty acids and of compo‐nents in Oil of Petitgrain are also accomplished.
Red blood cell lipids and the plasma membrane
Authors: Cornwell David G. , Heikkila Richard E. , Bar Robert S. , Biagi Gian Luigi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe red‐blood cell occupies a unique position both in the historical development of membrane theory and current experimentation on membrane properties. The cell is readily accessible and has been studied in many animal species and disease conditions. Differences in composition, structure, and properties have been described, and a num‐ber of highly specific cell types are now available for investigation.Several techniques are used to study the mem‐brane of the intact cell. The membrane surface may be labeled in specific areas by the selective exchange of lipids such as cholesterol. Exchange studies provide information about lipid‐lipid and lipid‐protein interactions in the intact structure‐Membrane lipids are hydrolyzed by phospho‐lipases, and enzymatic activity is modified by the action of penetrating hemolytic agents. Perme‐ability is readily measured by hemolysis and correlated with chemical structure, partition coefficient, and biological activity of different metabolites and drugs. The red cells of Vitamin B‐deficient animals are particularly susceptible to hyperoxia. Hemolysis in these cells is correlated with alterations in membrane structure through the formation of lipid peroxides.Gorter and Grendel first used monolayers pre‐pared from red‐cell lipids to show that sufficient lipid was present in the membrane to form a bimolecular layer. Lipids extracts from the red cells of different animal species and disease states have been used in recent monolayer studies. The surface properties of these lipids and their purified neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions yield ad‐ditional information about lipid‐lipid interactions which may exist in the membrane. Enzyme hy‐drolysis and penetration studies indicate that lipids in monolayers and membranes have similar properties.