bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality traits and self‐injurious behaviour in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Ahrén‐Moonga Jennie , Holmgren Sven , von Knorring Lars , af Klinteberg Britt 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe interest in different aspects of personality and the neuropsychological basis for behaviour in eating disorder patients has increased over the last decade. The present study aims at exploring personality traits, self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) and suicide attempts in a group of severely ill eating disorder patients. Patients with eating disorders (N = 38) and age‐matched controls (N = 67) were examined concerning self‐reported personality traits by means of the Karolinska scales of personality (KSP). Psychosocial history and SIB was collected from medical records. Depression was rated by means of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results indicated significantly higher anxiety‐related and detachment traits in both anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients and higher hostility in BN patients than controls. No specific personality traits could be defined as typical for self‐injurious or suicidal behaviour. The AN group was lower than the BN group on scales measuring impulsivity, guilt and anxiety. Furthermore, presence of SIB and suicide attempts was more frequent among the BN patients. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Increased expression of the γ‐secretase components presenilin‐1 and nicastrin in activated astrocytes and microglia following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Nadler Yasmine , Alexandrovich Alexander , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Hartmann Tobias , Rao Kosagi S. Jagannatha , Shohami Esther , Stein Reuven 
Published: January 2008

Abstractγ‐Secretase is an aspartyl protease composed of four proteins: presenilin (PS), nicastrin (Nct), APH1, and PEN2. These proteins assemble into a membrane complex that cleaves a variety of substrates within the transmembrane domain. The γ‐secretase cleavage products play an important role in various biological processes such as embryonic development and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major role of γ‐secretase in brain pathology has been linked to AD and to the production of the amyloid β‐peptide. However, little is known about the possible role of γ‐secretase following acute brain insult. Here we examined by immunostaining the expression patterns of two γ‐secretase components, PS1 and Nct, in three paradigms of brain insult in mice: closed head injury, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS, and brain stabbing. Our results show that in naïve and sham‐injured brains expression of PS1 and Nct is restricted mainly to neurons. However, following insult, the expression of both proteins is also observed in nonneuronal cells, consisting of activated astrocytes and microglia. Furthermore, the proteins are coexpressed within the same astrocytes and microglia, implying that these cells exhibit an enhanced γ‐secretase activity following brain damage. In view of the important role played by astrocytes and microglia in brain disorders, our findings suggest that γ‐secretase may participate in brain damage and repair processes by regulating astrocyte and microglia activation and/or function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytes produce interferon‐alpha and CXCL10, but not IL‐6 or CXCL8, in aicardi‐Goutières syndrome
Authors: Van Heteren Jane T. , Rozenberg Flore , Aronica Eleonora , Troost Dirk , Lebon Pierre , Kuijpers Taco W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAicardi‐Goutières syndrome (AGS) presents as a severe autosomal recessively inherited neurological brain disease. Clinical and neurological manifestations closely resemble those of congenital viral infection and are generally attributed to a perturbation of innate immunity including a long lasting lymphocytosis and production of interferon‐alpha (IFNα) in the central nervous system. To clarify the innate immune response evoked in these diseases, we used a 30‐mer multiplexed luminex system to measure multiple cytokines and growth factors in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with AGS and viral meningitis or encephalitis, and febrile controls in whom infection could not be substantiated. In addition to the previously described IFNα, both AGS and viral diseases were characterized by expression of CXCL10 and CCL2. In contrast to AGS, viral infection resulted in high levels of IL‐6 and CXCL8 in the CNS. Postmortem immunohistochemical staining of brain sections showed that in both AGS and viral CNS infection, astrocytes were responsible for the production of cytokines and not the infiltrating leukocytes. In summary, our data indicate that astrocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for the production of IFNα and CXCL10 in AGS. Whereas IFNα is assumed to be involved in the neurodegeneration, calcifications and seizures in AGS, CXCL10 may act as the chemoattractant responsible for the influx of activated lymphocytes into the brain. The lack of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and CXCL8 in AGS suggest that the neuroinflammatory reaction in this disease is distinct from viral disease. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibronectin/integrin system is involved in P2X4receptor upregulation in the spinal cord and neuropathic pain after nerve injury
Authors: Tsuda Makoto , Toyomitsu Emika , Komatsu Takayuki , Masuda Takahiro , Kunifusa Emiko , Nasu‐Tada Kaoru , Koizumi Schuichi , Yamamoto Kimiko , Ando Joji , Inoue Kazuhide 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe have previously shown that activation of the ATP‐gated ion channel subtype P2X4receptors (P2X4Rs) in the spinal cord, the expression of which is upregulated in microglia after nerve injury, is necessary for producing neuropathic pain. The upregulation of P2X4Rs in microglia is, therefore, a key process in neuropathic pain, but the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we find a fibronectin/integrin‐dependent mechanism in the upregulation of P2X4Rs. Microglia cultured on dishes coated with fibronectin, an extracellular matrix molecule, expressed a higher level of P2X4R protein when compared with those cultured on control dishes. The increase was suppressed by echistatin, a peptide that selectively blocks β1and β3‐containing integrins, and with a function‐blocking antibody of β1integrin. Inin vivostudies, the upregulation of P2X4Rs in the spinal cord after spinal nerve injury was significantly suppressed by intrathecal administration of echistatin. Tactile allodynia in response to nerve injury and intrathecal administration of ATP‐ and fibronectin‐stimulated microglia was inhibited by echistatin. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of fibronectin in normal rats increased the level of P2X4R protein in the spinal cord and produced tactile allodynia. Moreover, the fibronectin‐induced allodynia was not observed in mice lacking P2X4R. Taken together with the results of our previous study showing an increase in the spinal fibronectin level after nerve injury, the present results suggest that the fibronectin/integrin system participates in the upregulation of P2X4R expression after nerve injury and subsequent neuropathic pain. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postsynaptic dopamine D3 receptor modulation of evoked IPSCs via GABAA receptor endocytosis in rat hippocampus
Authors: Swant Jarod , Stramiello Michael , Wagner John J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDopamine is known to be an important modulator of learning and memory processes, but its mechanisms of action at the cellular level are diverse and are not fully characterized. In the hippocampus, pharmacologically isolated monosynaptic IPSCs were measured using the whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recording technique. Both electrically evoked and spontaneous miniature GABAA receptor currents were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in slices obtained from mature rats in the presence of the D3‐selective agonist PD128907. The activation of D3 receptors inhibited synaptic GABAergic input without affecting presynaptic function or passive membrane properties. Inhibition of IPSCs evoked from stratum radiatum occurred via regulation of dynamin‐dependent trafficking of the GABAA receptor, as inclusion of dynamin inhibitory peptide (50 μM) in the recording solution prevented the inhibitory effects of PD128907 (1 μM). This effect of D3 receptor activation could be prevented by intracellular application of either an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKI, 20 μM) or an activator of protein kinase A (8‐OH‐cAMP, 50 μM). Neither synchronous IPSCs evoked from the stratum oriens nor asynchronous miniature IPSCs recorded from the stratum radiatum were affected by D3 agonist. The induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) of the extracellular field response in both the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens demonstrated that only potentiation in the stratum radiatum was significantly enhanced by PD128907 (1 μM). Our results suggest that the activation of D3 receptors can modulate GABAA receptor endocytosis in the hippocampus in a lamina specific manner, and thereby alter the efficacy of GABAergic transmission in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region through a postsynaptic mechanism of action. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isotopic variation in the lake water balance at the Yamdruk‐tso basin, southern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tian Lide , Liu Zhongfang , Gong Tongliang , Yin Changliang , Yu Wusheng , Yao Tandong 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe use of stable isotopes is a practical tool in the study of the lake water budget. This is an one way to study the hydrological cycle in the large numbers of inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, in which the isotope record of the sediment is believed to reflect the climatic and environmental changes. The monitoring of stable isotopes of the precipitation, river and lake waters during 2004 in the inland Yamdruk‐tso basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, reveals the lake water δ18O is over 10‰ higher than the local precipitation. This high difference indicates strong isotope enrichment due to lake water evaporation. The simulation results based on the isotope technique show that the present lake water δ18O level corresponds to an average relative humidity of around 54–58% during evaporation, which is very close to the instrumental observation. The simulation results also show that the inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau have a strong adjustability to the isotope shift of input water δ18O. On average, the isotope component in the inland lake water is to a large extent controlled by the local relative humidity, and can also be impacted by a shift of the local precipitation isotope component. This is probably responsible for the large consistence in the isotope component in the extensive inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls on the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Kuparuk River, arctic Alaska
Authors: McNamara James P. , Kane Douglas L. , Hobbie John E. , Kling George W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the Kuparuk River in arctic Alaska were characterized in a 3‐year study using routine samples near the mouth of the river at the Arctic Ocean, synoptic whole‐river surveys, and temporally intense sampling during storms in three headwater basins. The Lower Kuparuk River has low nitrate concentrations (mean [NO3]‐N] = 17 µg l−1 ± 1·6 SE) and dissolved inorganic N (DIN, mean [N] = 31 µg l−1 ± 1·2 SE) compared with rivers in more temperate environments. Organic forms constituted on average 90% of the N exported to the Arctic Ocean, and high ratios of dissolved organic N (DON) to total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations (mean 0·92) likely result from waterlogged soils formed by reduced infiltration due to permafrost and low hydrologic gradients. Annual export of TDN, DON, and particulate N averaged 52 kg km−2, 48 kg km−2, and 4·1 kg km−2 respectively. During snowmelt, the high volume of runoff typically results in the highest nutrient loads of the year, although high discharge during summer storms can result in substantial nutrient loading over short periods of time. Differences in seasonal flow regime (snowmelt versus rain) and storm‐driven variation in discharge appear to be more important for determining nutrient concentrations than is the spatial variation in processes along the transect from headwaters towards the ocean. Both the temporal variation in nitrate:DIN ratios of headwater streams and the spatial variation in nitrate:DIN between larger sub‐basins and smaller headwater catchments is likely controlled by shifts in nitrification and soil anoxia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal changes in radiation and evaporation implied from the diurnal distribution of rainfall in the Lower Mekong
Authors: Tsujimoto Kumiko , Masumoto Takao , Mitsuno Toru 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSolar radiation is an important input to many empirical equations for estimating evaporation, which in turn plays an important role in the hydrologic cycle in the Lower Mekong River Basin due to the high evaporation potential of the tropical monsoon climate. Few proper meteorological data exist for the Lower Mekong River Basin, however, and the region's meteorological conditions, including seasonal variation in radiation and evaporation, have not been clarified. In this study, ground‐based hourly hydrometeorological data were collected at three observation stations located in different land‐use types (urban district, paddy area, and lake) in the Lower Mekong River Basin. These data were analysed to investigate the seasonal variation in radiation and evaporation related to the diurnal distribution of rainfall. Contrary to common expectations, our results showed that rainy and dry seasons had nearly the same amount of solar radiation in the Lower Mekong River Basin because (1) rainy seasons had a relatively larger amount of extraterrestrial radiation; (2) no rain fell on nearly half of the days during rainy seasons; and (3) the amount of solar radiation on rainy days reached 88% of that on non‐rainy days. The third factor was attributed to the high frequency of evening rainfall. Furthermore, this rainfall–radiation relationship meant that rainy seasons had a large amount of net radiation due to the low reduction ratio of solar radiation and an increase in long‐wave incoming radiation. Accordingly, rainy seasons had a high evaporation potential. Moreover, for the rain‐fed rice paddies that prevail in this region, sufficient radiation during the rainy season would be a great advantage for rice growing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annual streamflow modelling with asymmetric distribution function
Authors: Sarlak Nermin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractClassical autoregressive models (AR) have been used for forecasting streamflow data in spite of restrictive assumptions, such as the normality assumption for innovations. The main reason for making this assumption is the difficulties faced in finding model parameters for non‐normal distribution functions. However, the modified maximum likelihood (MML) procedure used for estimating autoregressive model parameters assumes a non‐normally distributed residual series. The aim in this study is to compare the performance of the AR(1) model with asymmetric innovations with that of the classical autoregressive model for hydrological annual data. The models considered are applied to annual streamflow data obtained from two streamflow gauging stations in Kızılırmak Basin, Turkey. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian dynamic modelling for nonstationary hydroclimatic time series forecasting along with uncertainty quantification
Authors: Kumar D. Nagesh , Maity Rajib 
Published: January 2008

AbstractForecasting of hydrologic time series, with the quantification of uncertainty, is an important tool for adaptive water resources management. Nonstationarity, caused by climate forcing and other factors, such as change in physical properties of catchment (urbanization, vegetation change, etc.), makes the forecasting task too difficult to model by traditional Box–Jenkins approaches. In this paper, the potential of the Bayesian dynamic modelling approach is investigated through an application to forecast a nonstationary hydroclimatic time series using relevant climate index information. The target is the time series of the volume of Devil's Lake, located in North Dakota, USA, for which it was proved difficult to forecast and quantify the associated uncertainty by traditional methods. Two different Bayesian dynamic modelling approaches are discussed, namely, a constant model and a dynamic regression model (DRM). The constant model uses the information of past observed values of the same time series, whereas the DRM utilizes the information from a causal time series as an exogenous input. Noting that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index appears to co‐vary with the time series of Devil's Lake annual volume, its use as an exogenous predictor is explored in the case study. The results of both the Bayesian dynamic models are compared with those from the traditional Box–Jenkins time series modelling approach. Although, in this particular case study, it is observed that the DRM performs marginally better than traditional models, the major strength of Bayesian dynamic models lies in the quantification of prediction uncertainty, which is of great value in hydrology, particularly under the recent climate change scenario. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of Nash's IUH parameters using stochastic search algorithms
Authors: Mohan S. , Vijayalakshmi D. P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn rainfall–runoff studies, it is often necessary to change the duration of a given unit hydrograph. Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) is an ideal method that eliminates the hydrograph duration. This paper presents the results of the application of search algorithms, namely a genetic algorithm and hill climbing, to develop the IUH that minimizes the error between the observed and generated hydrographs. Also the performance of these methods has been compared with that of the classical method used for estimation of IUH, namely the method of moments. The genetic algorithm is a popular search procedure for function optimization that applies the mechanics of natural genetics and natural selection to explore a given search space. Hill climbing is an optimization technique that belongs to the family of local search and algorithms can be used to solve problems that have many solutions, with some solutions better than others. The results obtained from both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing algorithm for estimation of Nash's IUH parameters were compared with the results obtained by the method of moments for storms from two river basins that are located in different climatic regions. It was found that both the genetic algorithm and hill climbing provided improved and consistent results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental study of water table recharge by seepage losses from a ditch with intermittent flow
Authors: Dagès C. , Voltz M. , Lacas J. G. , Huttel O. , Negro S. , Louchart X. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFarmed catchments in the Mediterranean area often exhibit dense networks of ditches which are also preferential zones of water table recharge, and thereby of groundwater contamination. This study presents an experimental analysis of seepage losses and related groundwater recharge patterns during a typical Mediterranean runoff event at the scale of a ditch located above a shallow water table. The objectives were (i) to evaluate the patterns of water table recharge by seepage in a ditch, (ii) to study the main flow processes occurring during recharge, and (iii) to estimate solute propagation in case of contaminated flow in the ditch.The field observation indicated three major points. Firstly, they showed that seepage losses during a runoff event in a ditch can rapidly lead to a significant recharge of a shallow water table. Secondly, the recharge induces a groundwater mound much larger than the event plume. The infiltrated water and the accompanying solutes remained in the vicinity of the ditch. The patterns of groundwater recharge and contamination appeared very different. Lastly, both unsaturated and saturated‐piston flow processes were observed which suggests that a variably‐saturated flow modelling approach ought to be used to simulate the ditch‐water shallow table interaction. Finally, the study indicates that the patterns of water table recharge and contamination in Mediterranean catchments with dense ditches network vary largely in space and time, and will require dense monitoring networks to estimate the evolution of the average contamination levels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial patterns of simulated transpiration response to climate variability in a snow dominated mountain ecosystem
Authors: Christensen Lindsey , Tague Christina L. , Baron Jill S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTranspiration is an important component of soil water storage and stream‐flow and is linked with ecosystem productivity, species distribution, and ecosystem health. In mountain environments, complex topography creates heterogeneity in key controls on transpiration as well as logistical challenges for collecting representative measurements. In these settings, ecosystem models can be used to account for variation in space and time of the dominant controls on transpiration and provide estimates of transpiration patterns and their sensitivity to climate variability and change. The Regional Hydro‐Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) model was used to assess elevational differences in sensitivity of transpiration rates to the spatiotemporal variability of climate variables across the Upper Merced River watershed, Yosemite Valley, California, USA. At the basin scale, predicted annual transpiration was lowest in driest and wettest years, and greatest in moderate precipitation years (R2 = 0·32 and 0·29, based on polynomial regression of maximum snow depth and annual precipitation, respectively). At finer spatial scales, responsiveness of transpiration rates to climate differed along an elevational gradient. Low elevations (1200–1800 m) showed little interannual variation in transpiration due to topographically controlled high soil moistures along the river corridor. Annual conifer stand transpiration at intermediate elevations (1800–2150 m) responded more strongly to precipitation, resulting in a unimodal relationship between transpiration and precipitation where highest transpiration occurred during moderate precipitation levels, regardless of annual air temperatures. Higher elevations (2150–2600 m) maintained this trend, but air temperature sensitivities were greater. At these elevations, snowfall provides enough moisture for growth, and increased temperatures influenced transpiration. Transpiration at the highest elevations (2600–4000 m) showed strong sensitivity to air temperature, little sensitivity to precipitation. Model results suggest elevational differences in vegetation water use and sensitivity to climate were significant and will likely play a key role in controlling responses and vulnerability of Sierra Nevada ecosystems to climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.