bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diminished hypothalamic bdnf expression and impaired VMH function are associated with reduced SF‐1 gene dosage
Authors: Tran Phu V. , Akana Susan F. , Malkovska Irena , Dallman Mary F. , Parada Luis F. , Ingraham Holly A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the central nervous system, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF‐1) is required for terminal differentiation of neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Given the importance of this brain region in regulating physiological homeostasis including energy balance, we asked how sf‐1 gene dosage affects VMH function. Despite an apparent normal VMH cytoarchitecture, sf‐1 heterozygous (+/−) mice exhibited diet‐induced obesity when they were group housed with hyperphagia and impaired sympathetic activity. On the basis of previous findings suggesting brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) as an SF‐1 target gene, we assessed the colocalization of SF‐1 and BDNF expressing neurons, as well as expression of the four exon‐specific bdnf promoter transcripts in the VMH. Indeed, a subset of neurons located primarily in the ventrolateral VMH coexpress SF‐1 and BDNF, and in contrast to other brain regions, bdnf I, II, and IV but not III are found. Consistent with these findings, cellular assays showed that SF‐1 is able to activate exon I and IV promoters. More important, levels of bdnf I and IV in the VMH were reduced in heterozygous mice similar to levels observed in fasted wild‐type mice. Collectively, we propose that a reduction in the sf‐1 gene dosage directly affects BDNF levels in the VMH and disrupts normal hypothalamic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:637–648, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential c‐Fos immunoreactivity in arousal‐promoting cell groups following systemic administration of caffeine in rats
Authors: Deurveilher Samüel , Lo Henry , Murphy Jeremy A. , Burns Joan , Semba Kazue 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDespite the widespread use of caffeine, the neuronal mechanisms underlying its stimulatory effects are not completely understood. By using c‐Fos immunohistochemistry as a marker of neuronal activation, we recently showed that stimulant doses of caffeine activate arousal‐promoting hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons. In the present study, we investigated whether other key neurons of the arousal system are also activated by caffeine, via dual immunostaining for c‐Fos and transmitter markers. Rats were administered three doses of caffeine or saline vehicle during the light phase. Caffeine at 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p., increased motor activities, including locomotion, compared with after saline or a higher dose, 75 mg/kg. The three doses of caffeine induced distinct dose‐related patterns of c‐Fos immunoreactivity in several arousal‐promoting areas, including orexin neurons and adjacent neurons containing neither orexin nor melanin‐concentrating hormone; tuberomammillary histaminergic neurons; locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons; noncholinergic basal forebrain neurons that do not contain parvalbumin; and nondopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. At any dose used, caffeine induced little or no c‐Fos expression in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum; dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, central gray, and substantia nigra pars compacta; and serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Saline controls exhibited only few c‐Fos‐positive cells in most of the cell groups examined. These results indicate that motor‐stimulatory doses of caffeine induce a remarkably restricted pattern of c‐Fos expression in the arousal‐promoting system and suggest that this specific neuronal activation may be involved in the behavioral arousal by caffeine. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:667–689, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐range interneurons within the medial pulvinar nucleus of macaque monkeys
Authors: Imura Kosuke , Rockland Kathleen S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLike other thalamic nuclei, the primate pulvinar is considered not to have long‐range intrinsic connections, either excitatory or inhibitory. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in the medial pulvinar, however, reveal retrogradely filled neurons up to 2.0 mm from the injection edge. Serial section reconstruction (n = 18) confirmed that retrogradely filled neurons projected to the injection site and showed that they had additional long‐range collaterals within the posterior pulvinar. Arrays of small, beaded terminations occurred in multiple foci along the collaterals. Terminal arrays were up to 1.0 mm in length; foci were separated by about 0.7 mm. Somata were large (average area = 220 μm2), and dendritic arbors were radiate and also large (about 1.0 mm in diameter), but without either the appendages of classical interneurons or the hairlike spines characteristic of radiate pulvinocortical projection neurons. Double labeling for BDA and parvalbumin (PV) or BDA and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) indicated that these large neurons were positive for both PV and GABA. Double labeling for PV and GABA, or PV and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) revealed a small number of similarly large neurons in the posterior pulvinar that were positive for both substances. Thus, we propose that these neurons are a novel class of inhibitory interneuron, longer range than the classic thalamic local circuit interneurons. Future questions include how these neurons relate to other inhibitory systems and specific postsynaptic populations and whether they are located preferentially within the posterior pulvinar, possibly related to the multimodal character of this thalamic region. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:649–666, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experiments of the improvement in the performance of a disk CCMHD generator
Authors: Murakami Tomoyuki , Okuno Yoshihiro , Yamasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe present experiment has aimed at the improvement in the performance of a shock‐tube‐driven disk CCMHD generator. For that purpose, an experimental setup was arranged as follows: (1) An inlet swirl was introduced. (2) The area ratio of the disk generator was small. (3) A cesium‐seeded helium gas was used as a working medium. Not only these factors but also the production of a homogeneous plasma contributed to outstanding performance characterized by an isentropic efficiency of 63% and an enthalpy extraction ratio of 30.8% at a stagnation temperature of 2250 K and stagnation pressure of 0.14 MPa. Furthermore, a maximum electrical power output of 1.23 MW and a maximum power density of 297 MW/m3 were obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(2): 24–31, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20024
Magnetic properties of Pr‐Fe‐Co‐V‐W‐Si‐B system exchange spring magnets
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroshi , Nakanishi Takashi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe melt‐spun ribbons of Pr‐Fe‐Co‐V‐W‐Si‐B system alloys were prepared by single roller rapid‐quenching method. The effects of composition, surface velocity, and heat treatment on the magnetic properties were investigated. The P9sFe71Co8V0.5W0.5Si0.5B10.5 alloy ribbons prepared at a surface velocity of 12.5 m/s were crystallized by heat treatment, and the optimum heat‐treatment condition was found to be at 575°C for 3 min, for which the magnetic properties were (BH)max = 136.1 kJ/m3, Jr = 0.93 T, HcJ = 652.2 kA/m, and HcB = 528.3 kA/m. The temperature coefficients of Jr and HcJ for the ribbons crystallized from melt‐spun ribbons of Pr9Fe71Co8V0.5W0.5Si0.5B10.5 alloy were α(Jr)ave = −0.057%/°C and α(HcJ) = −0.450%/°C. The value of (B)max for the compression molding Pr9Fe71Co8V0.5W0.5Si0.5B10.5 isotropic bonded magnet prepared by using the ribbons annealed at 575°C for 3 min is 80.0 kJ/m3, and the density is 6.24 Mg/m3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 10–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20211 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conditions of atmospheric electricity variation during seismic wave propagation
Authors: Okubo Kan , Yamamoto Keisuke , Takayama Masakazu , Takeuchi Nobunao 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study reports the observation of co‐seismic electromagnetic phenomena, including earth potential difference (EPD) variation and atmospheric electricity (AE) variation, at three observation sites in Akita Prefecture. During the strong earthquake of 2 December, we observed clear signals of EPD and AE variation at all three sites. However, the amplitudes of both observed signals at those three sites differ greatly, but have almost equal quake intensity at each site. The AE signal's amplitude increases along with the increase in amplitude of the EPD signal at every site. A model describing the appearance of both variation signals is proposed to explain the observed data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 1–9, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20230 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new MPPT control for photovoltaic panels by instantaneous maximum power point tracking
Authors: Tokushima Daiki , Uchida Masato , Kanbei Satoshi , Ishikawa Hiroki , Naitoh Haruo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a new maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic (PV) panels. The control can be categorized into the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method. It utilizes instantaneous voltage ripples at PV panel output terminals caused by the switching of a chopper connected to the panel in order to identify the direction for the maximum power point (MPP). The tracking for the MPP is achieved by a feedback control of the average terminal voltage of the panel. Appropriate use of the instantaneous and the average values of the PV voltage for the separate purposes enables both the quick transient response and the good convergence with almost no ripples simultaneously. The tracking capability is verified experimentally with a 2.8‐W PV panel under a controlled experimental setup. A numerical comparison with a conventional P&O confirms that the proposed control extracts much more power from the PV panel. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 73–80, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20255 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thresholding algorithm for local and parallel processing
Authors: Iwakata Satoshi , Ajioka Yoshiaki , Hagiwara Masafumi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a thresholding algorithm. This algorithm works under a severe constraint: each pixel in a processed image must be derived from only information of its neighboring pixels. This constraint is very important for a low‐cost device such as a mobile camera, because it makes it possible to process each pixel in parallel. The proposed algorithm deals with gray‐scale images, and determines the threshold based on edge information. The proposed algorithm is represented by local and parallel image processing and has been tested using 104 scenery images. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can binarize images. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(2): 50–56, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20267
High‐efficiency UV LEDs using quaternary InAlGaN
Authors: Hirayama Hideki , Kyono Takashi , Akita Katsushi , Nakamura Takao , Ishibashi Koji 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHigh‐efficiency ultraviolet (UV) light sources are very attractive for application to the medical field, white lighting, high‐density memories, and so on. We have demonstrated that 300‐ to 370‐nm UV emission is considerably enhanced by the introduction of several percent of In into AlGaN due to an In‐segregation effect. We fabricated 310‐nm‐band UV LEDs with quaternary InAlGaN emitting layers on a sapphire substrate and obtained submilliwatt output power. We also fabricated 350‐nm‐band InAlGaN‐based quantum‐well LEDs on GaN substrates in order to eliminate the effects of threading dislocations. The maximum UV output power obtained was as high as 7.4 mW under room‐temperature CW operation. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) was 1.1% with an injection current of 50 mA, which is the highest EQE ever obtained for 350‐nm‐band UV LEDs with top‐emission geometry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 43–51, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20287 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of sparkover voltage and time lag characteristics in CF3I–N2 and CF3I– air gas mixtures by using steep‐front square voltage
Authors: Toyota Hiroyuki , Matsuoka Shigeyasu , Hidaka Kunihiko 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA square pulse voltage is useful for studying electrical discharge physics or very fast transient overvoltage issues. This paper describes sparkover voltages and time lag (V– t) characteristics of CF3I gas, which has very low environmental effects and high dielectric strength, and its mixtures with nitrogen gas or air in a very short time range below a microsecond. They are measured by using a steep‐front square voltage with a rise time of 16 ns and a peak value of 200 kV. Pure CF3I gas has 20% higher dielectric strength than SF6 gas. The V– t characteristics of CF3I–N2 or CF3I– air gas mixtures, which contain 60% CF3I gas, are equivalent to those of pure SF6 gas at the same total pressure. A quantitative evaluation of V– t characteristics by the equal‐area criterion is also performed. The equal‐area parameter which is obtained by applying a voltage high enough to make the formative time lag dominant should be chosen. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(2): 1–7, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20325
A method for mixed integer programming problems by particle swarm optimization
Authors: Kitayama Satoshi , Yasuda Keiichiro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractParticle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for mixed integer programming problems is proposed. PSO is mainly a method to find a global or quasi‐minimum for a nonlinear and nonconvex optimization problem, and there have been few studies into optimization problems with discrete decision variables. In this paper, we present the treatment of discrete variables. To treat discrete decision variables as a penalty function, it is possible to treat all decision variables as a continuous decision variable. As a result, the penalty parameter for the penalty function is needed. In this paper, we also present how to determine the penalty parameter for the penalty function. Through mathematical and structural optimization problems, we examine the validity of PSO for the mixed decision variables. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(2): 40–49, 2006; Published onlinein Wiley InterScience www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20337
A study on visibility estimation of web‐safe colors using paired comparison and discriminant analysis
Authors: Saito Daisuke , Saito Keiichi , Notomi Kazuhiro , Saito Masao 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the visibility ordering of several web‐safe colors, particularly in relation to age. The rapid dissemination of the World Wide Web has increased the importance of web page visibility research. The combination of foreground and background colors is an important factor in providing sufficient visibility, and the rating of color combination visibility should be considered when developing accessible websites. In this study, the visibility of several web‐safe color combinations was examined using psychological methodology, that is, paired comparison. Visual stimuli were 18 chromatic and 3 achromatic web‐safe colors. Twenty‐eight subjects ranging in age from 21 to 75 were recruited, and all had normal color sensation. Subjects looked at two different colored characters simultaneously on a white background and were instructed to identify which they could see more clearly. To examine the relationship between psychological rankings of the color combinations and visual sensations, each color combination was first scored with regard to visibility by Thurstone's paired comparison technique. Second, visual sensation was deduced by applying Weber‐Fechner's law to the luminance of the foreground colors. The results indicated that the luminance of a foreground color influenced visibility of web‐safe colors; however, luminance alone was not sufficient to make a visibility rating. Chromaticity and chroma saturation are also necessary in the rating of chromatic web‐safe color visibility. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(2): 32–39, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20400
A calculation method of the total efficiency of wind generators
Authors: Inoue Akira , Takahashi Rion , Murata Toshiaki , Tamura Junji , Kimura Mamoru , Futami Moto‐O , Ide Kazumasa 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe spread of wind energy converters is progressing in recent years and its capacity is becoming larger and larger. In order to capture more energy from the wind, it is important to analyze loss characteristics of wind generators for the operating speed which is determined dependent on the wind speed. This paper presents a method to evaluate various losses in a wind generator as a function of wind speed, which is based on steady‐state analysis and thus the calculations can be performed quickly. By using the proposed method, wind turbine power, generator output, various losses, and the total energy efficiency are calculated for three types of wind speed data which are represented by a Weibull function. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 52–62, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20426 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimum energy path search for a manipulator in consideration of all nonlinear characteristics by GA and its experiments
Authors: Izumi Teruyuki , Yokose Yoshio , Tamai Ryuichi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe dissipated energy even of a manipulator must be decreased in order to improve the environment of the earth. This paper describes an optimal path which minimizes the dissipated energy in PTP motions of a vertically articulated manipulator. The dynamic equation of the manipulator is nonlinear due to centrifugal, Coriolis, gravity, and Coulomb friction forces. Moreover the driving system of the joints is also nonlinear in that the generating torque is expressed by a third‐degree polynomial with respect to current. Therefore, an optimal path cannot be obtained by solving a two‐point boundary‐value problem analytically. In this paper an optimal path is searched for by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) in cases in which all kinds of nonlinear characteristics of the manipulator, including the driving system, are taken into consideration. The obtained optimal velocity functions are applied to a vertically articulated manipulator with two direct‐drive motors. The dissipated energy is measured by integrating the input power to the motors. Experimental results agree with the simulation values only when all kinds of nonlinearity are taken into consideration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(3): 26–34, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20437 Copyright © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions for the Functionalization of BODIPY Dyes with Fluorescence Spanning the Visible Spectrum
Authors: Rohand Taoufik , Qin Wenwu , Boens Noël , Dehaen Wim 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe BODIPY fluorophore can easily be functionalized at the 3‐ (and 5‐)position(s) with one or two aryl, ethenylaryl and ethynylaryl moieties by palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions of the 3,5‐dichloroBODIPY derivative using the Stille, Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira reactions. The fluorescence excitation and emission spectral maxima of the novel BODIPY derivatives range from green to near‐infrared. The new class of ethynylaryl‐substituted BODIPY dyes are extremely bright fluorescent compounds.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Currency barrier option pricing with mean reversion
Authors: Hui C. H. , Lo C. F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article develops a barrier option pricing model in which the exchange rate follows a mean‐reverting lognormal process. The corresponding closed‐form solutions for the barrier options with time‐dependent barriers are derived. The numerical results show that barrier option values and the corresponding hedge parameters under the proposed model are different from those based on the Black‐Scholes model. For an up‐and‐out call, the mean‐reverting process keeps the exchange rate in a small range around the mean level. When the mean level is below the barrier but above the strike price, the risk of the call to be knocked out is reduced and its option value is enhanced compared with the value under the Black‐Scholes model. The parameters of the mean‐reverting lognormal process therefore have a material impact on the valuation of currency barrier options and their hedge parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:939–958, 2006
Improved estimation of portfolio value‐at‐risk under copula models with mixed marginals
Authors: Miller Douglas J. , Liu Wei‐Han 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPortfolio value‐at‐risk (PVAR) is widely used in practice, but recent criticisms have focused on risks arising from biased PVAR estimates due to model specification errors and other problems. The PVAR estimation method proposed in this article combines generalized Pareto distribution tails with the empirical density function to model the marginal distributions for each asset in the portfolio, and a copula model is used to form a joint distribution from the fitted marginals. The copula–mixed distribution (CMX) approach converges in probability to the true marginal return distribution but is based on weaker assumptions that may be appropriate for the returns data found in practice. CMX is used to estimate the joint distribution of log returns for the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE) index and the associated futures contracts on SGX and TAIFEX. The PVAR estimates for various hedge portfolios are computed from the fitted CMX model, and backtesting diagnostics indicate that CMX outperforms the alternative PVAR estimators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:997–1018, 2006
Spot‐futures spread, time‐varying correlation, and hedging with currency futures
Authors: Lien Donald , Yang Li 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article investigates the effects of the spot‐futures spread on the return and risk structure in currency markets. With the use of a bivariate dynamic conditional correlation GARCH framework, evidence is found of asymmetric effects of positive and negative spreads on the return and the risk structure of spot and futures markets. The implications of the asymmetric effects on futures hedging are examined, and the performance of hedging strategies generated from a model incorporating asymmetric effects is compared with several alternative models. The in‐sample comparison results indicate that the asymmetric effect model provides the best hedging strategy for all currency markets examined, except for the Canadian dollar. Out‐of‐sample comparisons suggest that the asymmetric effect model provides the best strategy for the Australian dollar, the British pound, the deutsche mark, and the Swiss franc markets, and the symmetric effect model provides a better strategy than the asymmetric effect model in the Canadian dollar and the Japanese yen. The worst performance is given by the naïve hedging strategy for both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample comparisons in all currency markets examined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 26:1019–1038, 2006