bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solubilization of polystyrene into monoterpenes
Authors: Hattori Kazuyuki , Naito Satofumi , Yamauchi Kenji , Nakatani Hisayuki , Yoshida Takashi , Saito Shingo , Aoyama Masakazu , Miyakoshi Tetsuo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe ability of certain monoterpenes from the essential oils of Abies sachalinensis and Eucalyptus species to dissolve polystyrene (PS) was studied. These two essential oils themselves were also examined. The aim of this study is to recycle PS without a melting process and without using petroleum‐derived solvents. The relationship between chemical structure of the terpenes and their dissolving power for PS is investigated through the solubility parameter and apparent activation energy for dissolution. α‐Terpinene and its positional isomers on a CC bond have high solvent powers for PS, whereas bicyclic terpenes are inferior in this regard even though they have similar solubility parameters to that of α‐terpinene. It is suggested that the bulky and/or hydrophilic structures in the solvent molecule prevent the dissolution of PS. Simple steam distillation of solutions of PS in the terpenes gave recovery of more than 97% of the PS and terpenes. The present solvent systems cause little degradation to PS and are promising for the recycling of PS using sustainable solvents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:35–39, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20115
Adaptive geometry and process optimization for injection molding using the kriging surrogate model trained by numerical simulation
Authors: Gao Yuehua , Turng Lih‐Sheng , Wang Xicheng 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn adaptive optimization method based on the kriging surrogate model has been developed to intelligently determine the optimal geometric dimensions and processing parameters for minimizing warpage in injection‐molded components. The kriging surrogate model is a statistics‐based interpolated technique that provides the approximate functional relationship between warpage and factors that influence warpage. In this study, it is used to be first trained by—and later replaced—the full‐fledged, time‐consuming numerical simulation in the optimization process. Based on this surrogate model, an adaptive iteration scheme that takes into account the predicted uncertainty is performed to improve the accuracy of the surrogate model while finding the optimum solution. The optimization process starts with a small number of initial training sample points and then adds additional key points during iterations by evaluating the correlations among the candidate points. As an example of validation and application, optimization of geometric dimensions and processing parameters for a box‐shape part with different and stepwise wall thicknesses has been performed. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed optimization method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:1–16, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20116
Effect of processing conditions on the characteristics of nanostructured composites of poly(1‐naphthylamine)
Authors: Riaz Ufana , Ahmad Sharif , Aziz Ahmad Syed , Ashraf S. M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe efficient utilization of inherently conducting polymers in nanotechnological applications faces challenges in processing them into highly ordered structures that yield novel properties. This paper reports a comparative study on the nanocomposites of poly(1‐naphthylamine) (PNA), having a fused aromatic ring, and its conductive nanocomposites with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The composites were prepared by two different methods: (a) dispersion of PNA in PVA and (b) in situ polymerization of PNA in PVC. These nanocomposites were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, TEM, stress, strain, and conductivity measurements. The variation in the nanostructured morphology of PNA particles in PVA as well as PVC matrix in the two cases resulted from the pronounced interaction of PNA with PVA through hydrogen bond, forming a homogeneous matrix that facilitates the formation of a self‐assembled network of PNA nanoparticles. In case of PNA/PVC composite, a discrete, agglomerate‐free distribution of PNA particles was obtained. The results revealed that an appropriate choice of synthesis conditions offers a possibility to improve not only the processability but also the pattern of distribution as well as the stability of PNA particles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:40–46, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20117
Calorimetric, electrophoretic, and microscopic characterization of polymer–drug complexes
Authors: Gallardo V. , Ruiz M. A. , López‐Viota M. , Morales M. E. , López‐Viota J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe preparation of polymer–drug complexes is one of the techniques used to obtain modified release formulations for use in different pharmaceutical forms. In this study, we prepared complexes with four commercially available latexes of different characteristics and two photoprotectors to determine the calorimetric, electrophoretic, and microphotographic characteristics of the complexes. The findings shed light on the interactions between the different polymers and drugs and on the differences between complexes as a result of differences in particle size. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 27:47–55, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20119
Alpha male chimpanzee grooming patterns: implications for dominance “style”
Authors: Foster M.W. , Gilby I.C. , Murray C.M. , Johnson A. , Wroblewski E.E. , Pusey A.E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn social primates, individuals use various tactics to compete for dominance rank. Grooming, displays and contact aggression are common components of a male chimpanzee's dominance repertoire. The optimal combination of these behaviors is likely to differ among males with individuals exhibiting a dominance “style” that reflects their tendency to use cooperative and/or agonistic dominance tactics. Here, we examine the grooming behavior of three alpha male chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We found that (1) these males differed significantly in their tendency to groom with other males; (2) each male's grooming patterns remained consistent before, during and after his tenure as alpha, and (3) the three males tended to groom with high‐ middle‐ and low‐ranking partners equally. We suggest that body mass may be one possible determinant of differences in grooming behavior. The largest male exhibited the lowest overall grooming rates, whereas the smallest male spent the most time grooming others. This is probably because large males are more effective at physically intimidating subordinates. To achieve alpha status, a small male may need to compensate for reduced size by investing more time and energy in grooming, thereby ensuring coalitionary support from others. Rates of contact aggression and charging displays conformed to this prediction, suggesting that each male exhibited a different dominance “style.” Am. J. Primatol. 71:136–144, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contact calls of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): influence of age of caller on antiphonal calling and other vocal responses
Authors: Chen H.‐C. , Kaplan G. , Rogers L.J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMarmosets, as do many other primates, live in forest environments, are group living and constantly at risk of predation. Retaining contact with one another is therefore a matter of survival. We ask here whether their contact calls (phee and twitter vocalizations) are in some way ordered acoustically by sex or age and whether the calls of older marmosets elicit different responses than those of younger marmosets. In our study, marmosets (2–14 years) were visually isolated from conspecifics and the vocal responses to each isolated caller by other marmosets in the colony were recorded. Vocal responses to phee calls largely consisted of phee calls and, less commonly, twitter calls. No differences between the responses to calls by males and females were apparent. However, we found a strong positive and significant correlation between the caller's age and the percentage of its phee calls receiving a phee response, and a significant negative correlation between the caller's age and the percentage of its phee calls receiving a twitter response. The older the marmoset, the more antiphonal calling occurred. Two‐syllable phee calls were emitted more often by older marmosets (10–14 years) than by younger ones (2–6 years). Hence, we have found age‐dependent differences in phee‐call production and a consistent change in the response received across the adult life‐span. This age‐dependent effect was independent of kinship relations. This is the first evidence that marmosets distinguish age by vocal parameters alone and make social decisions based on age. Am. J. Primatol. 71:165–170, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experimental study of the inclusion of technology in higher education
Authors: Bustos Andreu Hernando , Nussbaum Miguel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article presents an experimental study of the inclusion of technology in a higher education teaching context that aims at transforming the educational process by making it both more effective and more attractive to students. Portable Pocket PC devices are used to set up and run collaborative work activities in the classroom under the technologically assisted supervision of the professor. The results lead to various findings regarding the technology inclusion process, such as the importance of the underlying educational model and the instruments that provide the technology, and allow us to draw certain conclusions relating to the educational process, in particular that the continued use of ICTs leads to improvements in student performance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 100–107, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20188
Using multiple choice questions as a pedagogic model for face‐to‐face CSCL
Authors: Valdivia Ricardo , Nussbaum Miguel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article describes a collaborative activity based on a pedagogical model which conceptualizes collaboration as a continuous process. Students learn via discussion, negotiation and construction of responses to Collaborative Multiple Choice Questions (CMCQ). Results from the use of CMCQs as an educational instrument in Computer Science are presented and analyzed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 89–99, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20196
The extent and nature of family alcohol and drug use: findings from the belfast youth development study
Authors: Percy Andrew , Thornton Maeve , McCrystal Patrick 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUsing data from an ongoing longitudinal study of adolescent drug use, this study examines the proportion of teenagers living with parents who are problem alcohol or drug users. Around two per cent of parents report high levels of problem drinking and one per cent report problem drug use. If a broader definition of hazardous drinking is used, the proportion of teenagers exposed increases to over 15 per cent. When substance use is examined at a family level (taking account of alcohol and drug use amongst dependent children in addition to that of parents), the proportion of families experiencing some form of substance use is considerable. These findings add further support to the call for increased recognition of the needs of dependent children within adult treatment services when working with parents. Likewise, the reduction of harm to children as a result of parental substance use should be an increasingly important priority for family support services. This is likely to be achieved through the closer integration of addiction and family services. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Production of Amyloid β Peptide from a Photo‐Triggered, Water‐Soluble Precursor “Click Peptide“
Authors: Taniguchi Atsuhiko , Skwarczynski Mariusz , Sohma Youhei , Okada Takuma , Ikeda Keisuke , Prakash Halan , Mukai Hidehito , Hayashi Yoshio , Kimura Tooru , Hirota Shun , Matsuzaki Katsumi , Kiso Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn biological experiments, poor solubility and uncontrolled assembly of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) 1–42 pose significant obstacles to establish an experiment system that clarifies the function of Aβ1–42 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, as an experimental tool to overcome these problems, we developed a water‐soluble photo‐“click peptide” with a coumarin‐derived photocleavable protective group that is based on an O‐acyl isopeptide method. The click peptide had nearly 100‐fold higher water solubility than Aβ1–42 and did not self‐assemble, as the isomerized structure in its peptide backbone drastically changed the conformation that was derived from Aβ1–42. Moreover, the click peptide afforded Aβ1–42 quickly under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C) by photoirradiation followed by an O–N intramolecular acyl migration. Because the in situ production of intact Aβ1–42 from the click peptide could improve the difficulties in handling Aβ1–42 caused by its poor solubility and highly aggregative nature, this click peptide strategy would provide a reliable experiment system for investigating the pathological function of Aβ1–42 in AD.
Family history of cancer predicts Papanicolaou screening behavior for African American and white women
Authors: Williams Karen Patricia , Reiter Paul , Mabiso Athur , Maurer Joel , Paskett Electra 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Understanding women's motivations for getting Papanicolaou (Pap) screening has the potential to impact cancer disparities. This study examined whether having a family history of cancer was a predictor for Pap screening.METHODS:By using the National Health Interview Survey 2000 Cancer Control and Family modules, we identified a subsample (n=15,509) of African American (n=2774) and white women (n=12,735) unaffected by cancer, with and without a family history of cancer. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models.RESULTS:African American and white women with a positive family history of cancer were 42% (P < .0001) more likely to have had a recent Papanicolaou (Pap) test than their counterparts without a family history of cancer. Among African American women, those with a positive family history of cancer were 53% more likely to have had a recent Pap test, whereas among white women those with a positive family history of cancer were 41% more likely to have received a Pap test. African American women with a family history of cancer were more likely to have had a recent Pap test than white women with or without a family history of cancer.CONCLUSIONS:This study presents a unique perspective on Pap screening behavior. Having an immediate family member with any cancer statistically predicted having a recent Pap test for both African American and white women. Because these results demonstrated that regardless of the cancer type, having an immediate affected family member is a motivator for cervical cancer screening behavior, healthcare providers managing cancer treatment patients have a teachable opportunity that extends beyond the patient. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Activity of cladribine combined with cyclophosphamide in frontline therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p13.1/TP53 deletion
Authors: Robak Tadeusz , Blonski Jerzy Z. , Wawrzyniak Ewa , Gora‐Tybor Joanna , Palacz Aleksandra , Dmoszynska Anna , Konopka Lech , Warzocha Krzysztof , Jamroziak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUD:The 17p13.1 deletion that causes loss of the p53‐encoding TP53 gene is the most powerful predictor of a poor response to conventional therapy and shortened survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The results of this study have demonstrated that the cladribine and cyclophosphamide regimen may improve treatment results in this poor‐risk patient population.METHODS:In this study, the authors retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and toxicity of 2‐CdA with cyclophosphamide combination (the CC regimen) in 20 patients with previously untreated B‐cell CLL who had 17p13.1 deletion reported to the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG) registry. The CC regimen consisted of 2‐CdA at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 250 mg/m2 given intravenously for 3 consecutive days. The CC cycles were repeated at 28‐day intervals for up to 6 cycles.RESULTS:Overall, 16 of 20 patients (80%) responded to CC therapy, including 10 patients (50%) who obtained a complete response and 6 patients (30%) who obtained a partial response. The median progression‐free survival reached 23 months (95% confidence interval, 5‐41 months). The overall survival probability at 2 years was 52.5% (95% confidence interval, 26%‐79%). Treatment toxicity generally was acceptable. Infections were the most common grade 3/4 complications and occurred in 6 patients (30%).CONCLUSIONS:In this retrospective analysis, the results demonstrated that the CC regimen produced a relatively high response rate in patients with previously untreated CLL who had 17p13.1/TP53 deletion, although the response duration and survival were not satisfactory. It is possible that a combination of the CC regimen with p53‐independent agents may improve treatment results in this poor‐risk patient population. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of models to predict clinical failure after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Eggener Scott E. , Vickers Andrew J. , Serio Angel M. , Donovan Michael J. , Khan Faisal M. , Bayer‐Zubek Valentina , Verbel David , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos , Reuter Victor E. , Bianco Fernando J. , Scardino Peter T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Models are available to accurately predict biochemical disease recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Because not all patients experiencing BCR will progress to metastatic disease, it is appealing to determine postoperatively which patients are likely to manifest systemic disease.METHODS:The study cohort consisted of 881 patients undergoing RP between 1985 and 2003. Clinical failure (CF) was defined as metastases, a rising prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) in a castrate state, or death from prostate cancer. The cohort was randomized into training and validation sets. The accuracy of 4 models to predict clinical outcome within 5 years of RP were compared: ‘postoperative BCR nomogram’ and ‘Cox regression CF model’ based on standard clinical and pathologic parameters, and 2 CF ‘systems pathology’ models that integrate clinical and pathologic parameters with quantitative histomorphometric and immunofluorescent biomarker features (‘systems pathology Models 1 and 2’).RESULTS:When applied to the validation set, the concordance index for the postoperative BCR nomogram was 0.85, for the Cox regression CF model 0.84, for systems pathology Model 1 0.81, and for systems pathology Model 2 0.85.CONCLUSIONS:Models predicting either BCR or CF after RP exhibit similarly high levels of accuracy because standard clinical and pathologic variables appear to be the primary determinants of both outcomes. It is possible that introducing current or novel biomarkers found to be uniquely associated with disease progression may further enhance the accuracy of the systems pathology‐based platform. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Differential mRNA expression patterns of the synaptotagmin gene family in the rodent brain
Authors: Mittelsteadt Tobias , Seifert Gerald , Alvárez‐Barón Elena , Steinhäuser Christian , Becker Albert J. , Schoch Susanne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSynaptotagmins are a large family of membrane‐trafficking proteins. They are evolutionarily conserved and have 15 members in rodents and humans. Synaptotagmins‐1, ‐2, and ‐9, are known to have an essential role as calcium sensors for fast synaptic release. Synaptotagmin‐7 is a major calcium sensor for the exocytosis of large secretory vesicles in endocrine cells. The functional roles of most synaptotagmin isoforms remain unknown. Here we examined whether synaptotagmins are expressed in the rodent brain in distinct patterns and whether individual neurons and astrocytes coexpress multiple synaptotagmin isoforms. We performed a systematic analysis of expression using radioactive in situ hybridization and quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) as well as multiplex RT‐PCR on a single‐cell level. Our results demonstrate that most synaptotagmins are expressed in the rodent brain in highly distinctive expression patterns, and that individual neurons express variable subsets of different synaptotagmins. We also show that Syt‐11 is the major isoform expressed in astrocytes. This study therefore supports the hypothesis that the functional properties of individual neurons and astrocytes are conferred by the specific subset of synaptotagmins expressed in a cell. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:514–528, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Fast” plasma membrane calcium pump PMCA2a concentrates in GABAergic terminals in the adult rat brain
Authors: Burette Alain C. , Strehler Emanuel E. , Weinberg Richard J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPases (PMCA) represent the major high‐affinity Ca2+ extrusion system in the brain. PMCAs comprise four isoforms and over 20 splice variants. Their different functional properties may permit different PMCA splice variants to accommodate different kinds of local [Ca2+] transients, but for a specific PMCA to play a unique role in local Ca2+ handling it must be targeted to the appropriate subcellular compartment. We used immunohistochemistry to study the spatial distribution of PMCA2a—one of the two major carboxyl‐terminal splice variants of PMCA2—in the adult rat brain, testing whether this isoform, with especially high basal activity, is targeted to specific subcellular compartments. In striking contrast to the widespread distribution of PMCA2 as a whole, we found that PMCA2a is largely restricted to parvalbumin‐positive inhibitory presynaptic terminals throughout the brain. The only major exception to this targeting pattern was in the cerebellar cortex, where PMCA2a also concentrates postsynaptically, in the spines of Purkinje cells. We propose that the fast Ca2+ activation kinetics and high Vmax of PMCA2a make this pump especially suited for rapid clearance of presynaptic Ca2+ in fast‐spiking inhibitory nerve terminals, which face severe transient calcium loads. J. Comp. Neurol. 512:500–513, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.