bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BLACK HOLE HORIZON AS A DYNAMICAL SYSTEM
Authors: 't HOOFT GERARD 
Published: October 2006

Interactions between outgoing Hawking particles and ingoing matter are determined by gravitational forces and Standard Model interactions. In particular, the gravitational interactions are responsible for the unitarity of the scattering against the horizon, as dictated by the holographic principle, but the Standard Model interactions also contribute, and understanding their effects is an important first step towards a complete understanding of the horizon's dynamics. The relation between in- and outgoing states is described in terms of an operator algebra. In this contribution, in which earlier results are rederived and elaborated upon, we first describe the algebra induced on the horizon by U(1) vector fields and scalar fields, including the case of an Englert–Brout–Higgs mechanism, and a more careful consideration of the transverse vector field components. We demonstrate that, unlike classical black holes, the quantized black hole has on its horizon an imprint of its (recent) past history, i.e., quantum hair. The relation between in- and outgoing states depends on this imprint. As a first step towards the inclusion of non-Abelian interactions, we then compute the effects of magnetic monopoles both in the in-states and in the out-states. They completely modify, and indeed simplify, our algebra.
Humor Comprehension and Appreciation: An fMRI Study
Authors: Bartolo Angela , Benuzzi Francesca , Nocetti Luca , Baraldi Patrizia , Nichelli Paolo 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Humor is a unique ability in human beings. Suls [A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons. In P. E. Goldstein & J. H. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humour. Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues. New York: Academic Press, 1972, pp. 81–100] proposed a two-stage model of humor: detection and resolution of incongruity. Incongruity is generated when a prediction is not confirmed in the final part of a story. To comprehend humor, it is necessary to revisit the story, transforming an incongruous situation into a funny, congruous one. Patient and neuroimaging studies carried out until now lead to different outcomes. In particular, patient studies found that right brain-lesion patients have difficulties in humor comprehension, whereas neuroimaging studies suggested a major involvement of the left hemisphere in both humor detection and comprehension. To prevent activation of the left hemisphere due to language processing, we devised a nonverbal task comprising cartoon pairs. Our findings demonstrate activation of both the left and the right hemispheres when comparing funny versus nonfunny cartoons. In particular, we found activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47), the left superior temporal gyrus (BA 38), the left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21), and the left cerebellum. These areas were also activated in a nonverbal task exploring attribution of intention [Brunet, E., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Bayle, M. C., & Decety, J. A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task. Neuroimage, 11, 157–166, 2000]. We hypothesize that the resolution of incongruity might occur through a process of intention attribution. We also asked subjects to rate the funniness of each cartoon pair. A parametric analysis showed that the left amygdala was activated in relation to subjective amusement. We hypothesize that the amygdala plays a key role in giving humor an emotional dimension.
Event-related Potential Signatures of Relational Memory
Authors: Hannula Deborah E. , Federmeier Kara D. , Cohen Neal J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Various lines of evidence suggest that memory for the relations among arbitrarily paired items acquired prior to testing can influence early processing of a probe stimulus. The event-related potential experiment reported here was designed to explore how early in time memory for a previously established face-scene relationship begins to influence processing of faces, under sequential presentation conditions in which a preview of the scene can promote expectancies about the to-be-presented face. Prior to the current work, the earliest component documented to be sensitive to memory for the relations among arbitrarily paired items was the late positive complex (LPC), but here relational memory effects were evident as early as 270–350 msec after face onset. The latency of these relational memory effects suggests that they may be the precursor to similar effects observed in eye movement behavior. As expected, LPC amplitude was also affected by memory for face-scene relationships, and N400 amplitude reflected some combination of memory for items and memory for the relations among items.
Neuroanatomic Organization of Sound Memory in Humans
Authors: Kraut Michael A. , Pitcock Jeffery A. , Calhoun Vince , Li Juan , Freeman Thomas , Hart John 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The neural interface between sensory perception and memory is a central issue in neuroscience, particularly initial memory organization following perceptual analyses. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify anatomic regions extracting initial auditory semantic memory information related to environmental sounds. Two distinct anatomic foci were detected in the right superior temporal gyrus when subjects identified sounds representing either animals or threatening items. Threatening animal stimuli elicited signal changes in both foci, suggesting a distributed neural representation. Our results demonstrate both category- and feature-specific responses to nonverbal sounds in early stages of extracting semantic memory information from these sounds. This organization allows for these category-feature detection nodes to extract early, semantic memory information for efficient processing of transient sound stimuli. Neural regions selective for threatening sounds are similar to those of nonhuman primates, demonstrating semantic memory organization for basic biological/survival primitives are present across species.
Why You Think Milan is Larger than Modena: Neural Correlates of the Recognition Heuristic
Authors: Volz Kirsten G. , Schooler Lael J. , Schubotz Ricarda I. , Raab Markus , Gigerenzer Gerd , von Cramon D. Yves 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
When ranking two alternatives by some criteria and only one of the alternatives is recognized, participants overwhelmingly adopt the strategy, termed the recognition heuristic (RH), of choosing the recognized alternative. Understanding the neural correlates underlying decisions that follow the RH could help determine whether people make judgments about the RH's applicability or simply choose the recognized alternative. We measured brain activity by using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants indicated which of two cities they thought was larger (Experiment 1) or which city they recognized (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, increased activation was observed within the anterior frontomedian cortex (aFMC), precuneus, and retrosplenial cortex when participants followed the RH compared to when they did not. Experiment 2 revealed that RH decisional processes cannot be reduced to recognition memory processes. As the aFMC has previously been associated with self-referential judgments, we conclude that RH decisional processes involve an assessment about the applicability of the RH.
25 years of safe handling of cytotoxics (antineoplastics) in Israel
Authors: Cass Yaakov , Setton Isaac 
Published: October 2006

Introduction. Israel is a small country, about the size of Wales, located in the eastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea. The Israel Ministry of Health has responsibility for health matters in Israel. All health matters fall under their jurisdiction. Hospital and clinical pharmacy in Israel. There are about 50 hospitals in Israel with between 300 and 1200 beds including 12 specialist tertiary care centres (6 have facilities to perform bone marrow transplantations). The total number of hospital beds is around 30 000. Safe handling of cytotoxics in Israel. Israel’s growing population (rising from half a million in 1948 to about 7 million in 2005) has been matched with an equally rapid rise in the use of cytotoxic drugs. The ministry issued guidelines to standardize and harmonize the level of pharmaceutical oncology services in Israel, and improve the professional level of cytotoxic pharmacy services and acknowledged the need to recognize clinical oncology pharmacy as a speciality. Discussion. Over the last 25 years, safe handling of cytotoxics has moved forward in Israel in a manner comparable to that seen in the best of the developed “western” countries.
Early CD30 signaling is critical for adoptively transferred CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Zeiser Robert , Nguyen Vu H. , Hou Jing-Zhou , Beilhack Andreas , Zambricki Elizabeth , Buess Martin , Contag Christopher H. , Negrin Robert S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMurine CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) reduce acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). However, surface molecules critical for suppression are unclear. Deficiency of CD30 (CD30−/−) leads to impaired thymic negative selection and augmented T-cell autoreactivity. Therefore, we investigated the role of CD30 signaling in Treg-cell function during aGvHD. Treg cells derived from CD30−/− animals were significantly less effective in preventing aGvHD lethality. Early blockade of the CD30/CD153 pathway with a neutralizing anti-CD153 mAb reduced Treg-mediated protection from proinflammatory cytokine accumulation and donor-type T-cell apoptosis. In vivo bioluminescence imaging demonstrated intact homing but reduced expansion of luciferase-expressing Treg cells when CD153 was blocked during the early phase after adoptive transfer. CD30 surface expression on Treg cells increased with alloantigen exposure, and CD153 expression on recipient-type dendritic cells increased in the presence of a proinflammatory environment. These data demonstrate that early CD30 signaling is critical for Treg-mediated aGvHD protection after major MHC-mismatch bone marrow transplantation.
Signaling Complexes Associated with the Type I Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor: Colocalization of Extracellularly Regulated Kinase 2 and GnRH Receptor within Membrane Rafts
Authors: Bliss Stuart P. , Navratil Amy M. , Breed Matthew , Skinner Donal C. , Clay Colin M. , Roberson Mark S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOur previous work demonstrated that the type I GnRH receptor (GnRHR) resides exclusively and constitutively within membrane rafts in αT3-1 gonadotropes and that this association was necessary for the ability of the receptor to couple to the ERK signaling pathway. Gαq, c-raf, and calmodulin have also been shown to reside in this compartment, implicating a raft-associated multiprotein signaling complex as a functional link between the GnRHR and ERK signaling. In the studies reported here, we used subcellular fractionation and coimmunoprecipitation to analyze the behavior of ERKs with respect to this putative signaling platform. ERK 2 associated partially and constitutively with low-density membranes both in αT3-1 cells and in whole mouse pituitary. Cholesterol depletion of αT3-1 cells reversibly blocked the association of both the GnRHR and ERKs with low-density membranes and uncoupled the ability of GnRH to activate ERK. Analysis of the kinetics of recovery of ERK inducibility after cholesterol normalization supported the conclusion that reestablishment of the association of the GnRHR and ERKs with the membrane raft compartment was not sufficient for reconstitution of signaling activity. In αT3-1 cells, the GnRHR and ERK2 coimmunoprecipitated from low-density membrane fractions prepared either in the presence or absence of detergent. The GnRHR also partitioned into low-density, detergent-resistant membrane fractions in mouse pituitary and coimmunoprecipitated with ERK2 from these fractions. Collectively, these data support a model in which coupling of the GnRHR to the ERK pathway in gonadotropes involves the assembly of a multiprotein signaling complex in association with specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane.
Transient vocal paralysis following strangulation injury
Authors: Peppard Sean B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBlunt trauma to the larynx, as a source of vocal paralysis, has become an important consideration for the laryngologist. Direct neurologic injury from strangulation by hand is explored with presentation of 4 patients. Three of these had unilateral paralysis; the fourth had bilateral paralysis on two separate occasions of strangulation. All patients recovered in 4 to 20 days. Correlation is made with other acute nerve compression syndromes, and the pathophysiology discussed in light of experimental evidence. Awareness and recognition of this problem in evaluation and treatment of strangulation assault injuries is stressed.
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx: Case report and literature review
Authors: Haerr Robert W. , Turalba Cornelius I. C. , El‐Mahdi Anas M. , Brown Kimberly L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report the 11th well‐documented case of laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma and only the second of laryngeal alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The optimum treatment of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma has not yet been defined, but it appears that the ideal should consist of an aggressive multimodality approach. This includes surgical extirpation if it can be done without major morbidity, postoperative radiotherapy with a margin around known and suspected disease, and multiagent chemotherapy. Unlike most sarcomas, rhabdomyosarcoma (especially alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma) spreads by way of the lymphatic system as well as the blood stream. Inclusion of the draining lymphatics in the radiation field must be given strong consideration.
Promontory stimulation following labyrinthectomy: Implications for cochlear implantation
Authors: Kartush Jack M. , Linstrom Christopher J. , Graham Malcolm D. , Kulick Kathleen C. , Bouchard Kenneth R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTranstympanic electric promontory stimulation is a psy‐choacoustic test used to assess residual acoustic neurons in profound sensorineural hearing loss. The test was performed in six patients who had previously undergone trans‐mastoid (N = 5) or transcanal‐oval window (N = 1) labyrinthectomy as a means of determining the feasibility of future cochlear implantation. Four patients had unilateral Meniere's disease, one had labyrinthitis, and one had delayed onset vertigo. All patients perceived a definite auditory sensation in the labyrinthectomized ear during stimulation. The results of threshold, dynamic range, and difference limen testing were similar to those obtained during preoperative stimulation of cochlear implant candidates (N = 12) who subsequently became successful users. There was no evidence of response degradations as the time, following labyrinthectomy increased. The results of this study suggest the possibility of successful cochlear implantation following labyrinthectomy. Supporting histologic data are reviewed.
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Evaluation, Surgery, And Follow‐Up Of 250 Patients
Authors: Levine Howard L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough much has been written about the surgical technique of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, little has appeared about its long‐term results. Two hundred fifty patients underwent endoscopic nasal office evaluations and subsequent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (42 unilateral + 208 bilateral = 458 procedures) for nasal polypo‐sis and chronic sinusitis from January 1986 to June 1988. Immediate postoperative data indicated that 8.3% developed minor complications and 0.7% developed major complications. Two hundred twenty‐one patients were available for long‐term follow‐up at 12 to 42 months (mean = 17 months) with success rates of 89.7% for relief of sinonasal polyposis and 80.2% for relief of chronic sinusitis.
Localization of the carotid artery within the tonsillar fossa by doppler flow mapping
Authors: Hendrix Robert A. , Bacon Charles K. , Hoffer Michael E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInjury to the internal carotid artery during procedures performed in the tonsillar fossa can be catastrophic. Ton‐sillectomy or uvulopalatopharyngoplasty was performed on 32 patients at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania or the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the course of the internal carotid artery in the postsurgical tonsillar fossa was mapped. The results indicate that, in the majority of patients, the internal carotid artery is located between 20% and 60% of the total width across the tonsillar fossa, as measured from the posterior pillar.Appreciation of the surgical anatomy of the tonsillar fossa with respect to the internal carotid artery should contribute to improved intraoperative judgment and further limit the risk of vascular injury during oropharyngeal procedures.
Radiation therapy for paragangliomas of the temporal bone
Authors: Boyle Jay O. , Shimm David S. , Coulthard Stanley W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTreatment of paragangliomas of the temporal bone (glo‐mus jugulare and glomus tympanicum tumors) is controversial, with both surgery and radiation therapy having their advocates. This paper discusses the experience at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in treating 10 cases of this uncommon tumor between 1971 and 1988. Seven of 10 cases were initially treated using irradiation and achieved complete tumor control for a mean of 67 months (range = 23‐107 months). Two patients, one treated surgically and the other by embolization, had recurrences and were salvaged by radiation, and neither has recurred. The final patient is disease‐free 9 months after embolization and surgery. There have been no serious sequelae of treatment. We conclude that moderate‐dose irradiation can safely control most temporal bone paragangliomas.
The location of the maxillary Os and its importance to the endoscopic sinus surgeon
Authors: May Mark , Sobol Steven M. , Korzec Kenneth 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs functional endoscopic sinus surgery continues to gain popularity and support, the necessity for a clear and accurate understanding of the anatomy of the ostiomeatal complex becomes essential. To clarify this anatomy, serial cadaver dissections were performed and the anatomy of the ostiomeatal complex was detailed in three dimensions, with an emphasis on precise localization of the internal os of the maxillary sinus as it relates to the orbit, natural antronasal anal, and ethmoid infundibulum.Measurements of the position of the internal os relative to the position of the anterior and posterior walls of the maxillary sinus and the position of the orbit were taken. The dimensions and configuration of the antronasal canal and its relationship to the infundibulum were also detailed. These measurements and relationships must be understood for an endoscopic sinus surgeon to locate the natural ostia without injuring the orbit.
The role of the facial nerve latency test in the prognosis of Bell's Palsy
Authors: Skevas Antonios Th. , Danielides Vasilios G. , Assimakopoulos Dimitrios A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEighty patients with idiopathic facial nerve palsy were evaluated by the facial nerve latency test. Depending on the latency time, the patients were classified into the following four groups: group A patients had normal latency times (3.25 msec); group B patients had slightly extended latency times (4 to 7 msec) and a mean of 5.6 msec; group C patients had extended latency times (10 to 14 msec) and a mean of 10.2 msec; and group D patients displayed complete disappearance of evoked compound muscle action potential (no responses).Under the same therapeutic regimen, it was determined that, when the latency time was normal or close to normal, the functional recovery of the nerve was complete or almost complete, and the recovery time was short. When the latency time was extended or there was no response, the functional recovery of the nerve was either incomplete or absent.
Clinical classification and staging for primary malignancies of the maxillary antrum
Authors: Zamora Rene L. , Harvey Joseph E. , Sessions Donald G. , Spector J. Gershon , Spitznagel Edward L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study of 51 patients with primary malignant maxillary sinus neoplasms was conducted. None of the patients had neck nodes and/or metastases, and each had 5‐year follow‐up. The tumors were staged according to the 1983 and 1988 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for maxillary sinus cancers. There were 13 early stage (T1, T2) and 38 advanced (T3, T4) tumors in both systems. Cox regression analyses of survival curves showed increasingly worse prognoses for advanced tumors in both T‐staging systems. Further analyses showed a significant difference in survival between T3 and T4 in the 1988, but not in the 1983 system. There were no significant differences in survival according to treatment modality or histological type of malignancy. We conclude that the 1988 system prognosticates successfully for T‐stage (1 to 4) and demonstrates significant improvement in detecting T3 versus T4 differences compared to the 1983 system. The 1988 system applies equally for epidermoid cancer and other malignancies of the antrum.
Three‐dimensional high‐resolution volume rendering (HRVR) of computed tomography data: Applications to otolaryngology—head and neck surgery
Authors: Davis Richard E. , Pillsbury Harold C. , Levoy Marc , Rosenman Julyan G. , Fuchs Henry , Pizer Stephen M. , Skinner Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConventional computed tomographic display formats are not optimal for demonstrating three‐dimensional anatomic relationships. In otolaryngology—head and neck surgery these critical relationships are often highly complex, and their complete understanding is essential to a successful surgical outcome. A new computer‐generated image display format, high‐resolution volume rendering (HRVR), facilitates the understanding of these critical anatomic relationships by transforming conventional imaging data into clinically relevant 3‐D images. Unlike many other 3‐D reconstruction algorithms, HRVR suffers minimal data loss in the conversion process, which in turn provides for superior image resolution. This better allows the application of 3‐D technology to small or complicated anatomic structures such as those frequently encountered in otolaryngology—head and neck surgery. Advances in computer‐controlled manipulations that further enhance the evaluation of desired pathologic features have been achieved. This pilot study contains representative clinical cases chosen to illustrate the potential utility of HRVR in otolaryngology—head and neck surgery. The authors believe HRVR images will enhance the surgeon's understanding of the 3‐D anatomic relationships that exist between critical pathologic features and surrounding vital structures.