bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of equine neutrophils and analysis of functional characteristics by chemiluminescence and bactericidal assays
Authors: Jacobsen K. , Gintz T. , Reed S. M. , Newbry Jerry , Bayly W. M. , Perryman Lance E. , Leid R. Wes 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Equine neutrophils (pmn) were isolated to > 99% purity by isopyknic sedimentation on coated colloidal silica particles. A cell recovery of 84.7 ± 4.0%, with a viability of > 99%, was observed with this method. The isolated pmn were compared with mixed population of equine peripheral leukocytes with respect to functional integrity by chemiluminescence and bactericidal assays. There was no significant difference (P < 0.01) observed in either assay between the isolated equine pmn and the mixed-cell populations. The methods used in both the isolation, as well as the functional characterization of the equine pmn, were rapid and highly reproducible and should readily find use in clinical and research laboratories. It is now feasible to rapidly assess equine pmn integrity in those cases which warrant this type of study. This is the first direct comparison of the chemiluminescence assay with the microbicidal assay, using equine pmn.
Reaction of normal equine eyes to radio-frequency current-induced hyperthermia
Authors: Neumann Sylvia M. , Kainer Robert A. , Severin Glenn A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In the main study, hyperthermia was induced by radio-frequency current to obtain a single, central, corneal lesion in the right eye and 2 separate limbal lesions in the left eye of 13 light horses and 8 ponies. Intracorneal and intralimbal temperature profiles for the procedure were obtained in a separate study from the eyes of a horse and a pony treated in the same manner.
After treatment of the principal eyes and 6 sham-treated eyes, clinical observations were conducted for up to 6 months, using indirect ophthalmoscopy, biomicroscopy, and fluorescein staining. Immediately after hyperthermic treatment of the eyes, dense opaque imprints of the electrodes of the localized current field device were present. Ulcerative keratitis persisted variably from day 2 through day 6 after treatment; anterior uveitis was present from day 2 through day 7. A mucopurulent discharge occurred infrequently, and conjunctival hyperemia was variable. Depigmentation resulted from hyperthermic treatment at pigmented limbal sites. Small scars persisted at 1 central site and 6 limbal sites where the electrodes were positioned vertically. Vision was not compromised in any of the horses permitted to live beyond a week.
Microscopically, denudation and subsequent repair of the corneal epithelium correlated with the presence and then the absence of fluorescein staining. Stromal inflammation, edema, disorganization of collagenous fibers, and temporary disruption of corneal endothelium contributed to transitory corneal opacity. Time required for repair of corneal tissues varied, but all layers were integral 8 days after exposure to hyperthermia. Later changes included choroidal hydrops, vascular damage in conjunctival vessels, stromal neovascularization, and corneal fibroplasia.
Ultrastructure of the articular cartilage and synovium in the early stages of degenerative joint disease in canine hip joints
Authors: Greisen Helen A. , Summers Brian A. , Lust George 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A combined light and electron microscopic study recorded the developing degenerative changes in the hip joints of dogs with spontaneous joint disease. Synovium from joints with normal articular cartilage contained 33% type A and 64% type B cells. The 1st evidence of articular cartilage degeneration was loss of the surface amorphous layer and disruption of collagen fibrils. In the face of the earliest focal cartilage defects, the number of type A cells decreased (P < 0.01) and remained low. Necrotic synoviocytes and synoviocytes of uncertain type increased as articular cartilage lesions progressed. The earliest pathologic changes in the synovium and the articular cartilage surface were evident only on ultrastructural examination.
Intravenous glucose tolerance test in cats: Influenced by acetylpromazine, ketamine, morphine, thiopental, and xylazine
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , Hembrough Frederick B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Influences of chemical restraining agents of iv glucose tolerance test were studied in 3 cats. An iv injection of 0.5 g of glucose/kg produced hyperglycemia which was apparent at 15 minutes after the injection was done and disappeared at 45 minutes. All of the following drugs studied influenced the iv glucose tolerance test (0.5 g of glucose/kg): thiopental sodium (16 mg/kg, iv), ketamine (11 and 33 mg/kg, im), acetylpromazine (2.2 mg/kg, im), xylazine (2.2 mg/kg, im), and morphine (0.1 mg/kg, im). The results indicate that in cats glucose tolerance tests probably should be performed without chemical restraint. Data derived from tests where chemical restraint was used should be interpreted carefully, since the restraint drug, per se, may interfere with the test.
Pulmonary effects of intravenous histamine in the conscious pony: Dose-response relationships and reproducibility
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Slocombe R. F. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In standing sedated ponies, we measured dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) and pulmonary resistance (RL) during iv infusion of various doses of histamine; this was done in a given pony 3 times at 1-week intervals between experiments. Histamine doses causing a decrease in Cdyn of 50% and 75% and an increase in RL of 300% and 600% (ED50Cdyn, ED75Cdyn, ED300RL and ED600RL, respectively) were interpolated from the histamine dose-response curves. We also measured respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, functional residual capacity, arterial oxygen tension, arterial carbon dioxide tension, arterial pH, and mean systemic blood pressure before and after infusion of histamine sufficient to cause a decrease in Cdyn of at least 75% and at least a 600% increase in RL- Histamine decreased arterial oxygen tension and functional residual capacity, but did not alter arterial carbon dioxide tension, pH, respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and mean arterial blood pressure. There was at least a 6-fold variability in ED50Cdyn, ED75Cdyn, ED300RL, and ED600RL between ponies, but these values were very reproducible for each individual. The ED50Cdyn, ED75Cdyn, ED300RL, and ED600RL all decreased with increasing age.
Antagonism of xylazine sedation by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in cattle
Authors: Kitzman Joseph V. , Booth Nicholas H. , Hatch Roger C. , Wallner Barbara 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four crossbred steers (4 groups of 6 steers each) were injected im with a standard dosage range of xylazine hydrochloride (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg of body weight). When the steers were maximally sedated, group I (control group) were given isotonic saline solution (1 ml, iv), group II were given 4-aminopyridine (4-ap, 0.3 mg/kg) iv, group III were given yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg) iv, and group IV were given 4-ap (0.3 mg/kg) plus yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 mg/kg) iv.
The 4-ap decreased mean standing time (mst; time until animal could stand unaided) from 94.3 minutes (control) to 13.4 minutes. Yohimbine decreased mst to 27 minutes. The combination of 4-ap + yohimbine decreased mst to 7.4 minutes. Mean total recovery time (mtrt; time from xylazine injection until normal behavior, including eating and drinking) was not significantly (P = > 0.05) decreased from control values by any of the antagonists tested.
The combination of 4-ap + yohimbine decreased mst in animals given a 3× overdose of xylazine (0.6 mg/kg) from 124 minutes (control) to 30.3 min. The mtrt was not significantly (P > 0.05) decreased from control values. Two animals given a 5× overdose of xylazine (1 mg/kg) and then given 4-ap + yohimbine had a mst of 32.5 minutes and a mtrt of 3.7 hours.
The combination of 4-ap + yohimbine produced marked antagonism of xylazine sedation in cattle. The combination of antagonists may prove to be useful for the arousal of animals sedated with xylazine alone or with a combination of sedatives including xylazine.
Recovery of pulmonary alveolar macrophages from nonanesthetized calves
Authors: Corstvet Richard E. , Rummage John A. , Homer John T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A bronchopulmonary lavage technique is described for the recovery of pulmonary alveolar macrophages from nonanesthetized calves. The recovered fluid was shown to have between 106 and 107 macrophages for each 60 ml of volume infused. Of these, more than 95% were viable cells. Radiographically, it was shown that the site of recovery was a 4-mm airway.
New biological effect of edema disease principle Escherichia coli—neurotoxin) and its use as an in vitro assay for this toxin
Authors: Dobrescu Lucia 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Edema disease principle (edp) extracted from porcine Escherichia coli strains was shown to be cytotoxic for Vero cells. This biological effect was thermolabile and specifically neutralized by anti-edp serum. The edp did not cross-neutralize with antiheat-labile enterotoxin or anti-Vero toxin sera. Parallel studies conducted in mice indicated that the same entity may be responsible for the in vivo and in vitro effects. The results of these experiments provide an effective basis for the first in vitro edp serologic test.
Thermographic evaluation of corticosteroid efficacy in amphotericin B-induced arthritis in ponies
Authors: Bowman K. F. , Purohit R. C. , Ganjam V. K. , Pechman R. D. , Vaughan J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thermographic evaluation of corticosteroid efficacy in amphotericin B-induced intercarpal and tibiotarsal arthritis was done in 12 ponies. Arthritis was induced in 8 joints by intra-articular injection of 10 mg of amphotericin B. Eight joints each were treated with intra-articular injection of 100 mg of methylprednisolone acetate before or after arthritis induction. AU joints were evaluated by physical examination, thermography, acid phosphatase activity in synovial fluid, radiography, and necropsy.
Intra-articular corticosteroid therapy, either before or after arthritis induction, was effective in alleviating the clinical signs of lameness in comparison with the clinical signs of nontreated arthritis. It was difficult to distinguish increased thermal patterns between corticosteroid-treated and nontreated joints on days 1 and 2 after arthritis induction; therefore, it was important to correlate the physical findings and distribution of increased heat patterns. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the return to normal thermographic patterns between any treated intercarpal joints; corticosteroid therapy did not decrease the healing time of intercarpal arthritis. In contrast, corticosteroid therapy, before or after arthritis induction in the tibiotarsal joint, significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the time for return to normal thermographic patterns. This apparent difference between the intercarpal and tibiotarsal joints was not explained.
Acid phosphatase activity was highest and persisted longest in the synovial fluid of nontreated induced arthritis.
Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis was found in 3 of 8 nontreated cases of induced arthritis. Production of osteoarthritic changes by induced synovial inflammation supports previous evidence that chronic arthritis without articular fracture may cause degenerative joint disease in the equine species.
Thermography was useful in detecting inflammation in the absence of clinical signs and aided the evaluation of the healing processes in amphotericin B-induced arthritis.
Congestive cardiomyopathy induced in ducklings fed graded amounts of furazolidone
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Newly hatched male White Pekin ducklings (n = 119) were allotted to 7 groups of 17 each and fed furazolidone (fz) at dose levels of 0. 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 mg/kg of feed for 4 weeks. The frequency and severity of clinical signs of fz toxicosis, including growth retardation, ascites, and mortality, were dose related. At necropsy, the affected ducklings had ascites, hydropericardium, and biventricular dilatation. The frequencies of cardiomyopathy, ascites, and mortality, respectively, for the several dose levels of drug were as follows: 0, 100, and 250 mg of fz/kg of feed—0%, 0%, 0%; for the 500 mg/kg level—35%, 12%, 0%; for the 750 mg/kg level—53%. 18%; for the 1,000 mg/level—79%, 57%, 57%; and for the 1,250 mg/kg level-33%, 20%, 73%. Ducklings with fz-induced congestive cardiomyopathy had decreased left ventricular free wall and ventricular septal thickness, increased left ventricular chamber diameter, increased left ventricular dilatation score, decreased absolute heart weight, and increased relative heart weight. Cardiac histopathologic changes were minimal; some ducklings had myocytolysis. Liver and lungs were congested. Furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in ducklings offers a model for studies of congestive cardiomyopathy in a species that is free from the hereditary cardiomyopathy (“round heart disease”) seen in turkeys.
Use of modified live feline panleukopenia virus vaccine to immunize dogs against canine parvovirus
Authors: Pollock Roy V. H. , Carmichael Leland E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Modified live feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) vaccine protected dogs against canine parvovirus (cpv) infection. However, unlike the long-lived (≥ 20-month) immunity engendered by cpv infection, the response of dogs to living fplv was variable. Doses of fplv (snow leopard strain) in excess of 105.7 tcid50 were necessary for uniform immunization; smaller inocula resulted in decreased success rates.
The duration of immunity, as measured by the persistence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, was related to the magnitude of the initial response to vaccination; dogs with vigorous initial responses resisted oronasal cpv challenge exposure 6 months after vaccination, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies persisted in such dogs for > 1 year.
Limited replication of fplv in dogs was demonstrated, but unlike cpv, the feline virus did not spread to contact dogs or cats. Adverse reactions were not associated with living fplv vaccination, and fplv did not interfere with simultaneous response to attenuated canine distemper virus.
Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and its effect on adrenal gland function in the dog
Authors: Toutain Pierre L. , Alvinerie Michel , Ruckebusch Yves 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone (dxm) was studied in a group of 5 dogs given dxm alcohol or dxm 21-isonicotinate (as a solution) iv or im (1 mg/kg of body weight) and dxm 21-isonicotinate (as a suspension) im (0.1 or 1 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations were determined, using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. After iv administration, the half time of elimination was similar (120 to 140 minutes) for both formulations. In addition, all other pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different, indicating that dxm 21-isonicotinate renders dxm almost totally available. After im administration, absorption was rapid for both solutions with a peak plasma concentration at 30 to 40 minutes. Bioavailability was approximately 100% for dxm alcohol, but limited (40%) for dxm 21-isonicotinate. After im administration of dxm 21-isonicotinate (as a suspension) at 2 dosage rates (0.1 or 1 mg/kg), dxm was not detected in the plasma, suggesting a long phase of absorption. Plasma hydrocortisone (cortisol) values were similar after im and iv administrations of dxm alcohol and dxm 21-isonicotinate (as a solution); after a short increase lasting 15 minutes, plasma hydrocortisone values decreased and returned to base line after a delay of 24 to 48 hours. After im administration of dxm 21-isonicotinate as a suspension, plasma hydrocortisone values decreased for up to 10 days after the low dosage rate (0.1 mg/kg) and 1 month after the higher dosage rate (1 mg/kg).
Molecular epizootiologic studies of equine herpesvirus-1 infections by restriction endonuclease fingerprinting of viral DNA
Authors: Allen G. P. , Yeargan M. R. , Turtinen L. W. , Bryans J. T. , McCollum W. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The DNA from 297 field isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) were analyzed by digestion with 5 restriction endonucleases (BamHI, EcoRI, BglII, SalI, and SstI). Two markedly different DNA cleavage patterns, designated subtypes 1 and 2 were found among the ehv-1 isolates. The majority of 25 respiratory tract isolates possessed subtype 2 DNA fingerprint patterns, and all but 1 of the 272 fetal isolates exhibited the subtype 1 fingerprint type. More subtle genomic heterogeneity could be demonstrated within each major subtype of ehv-1 on the basis of loss or gain of 1 or more cleavage sites for the 5 restriction endonucleases used. A minimum of 16 different DNA fingerprints occurred among subtype 1 isolates of ehv-1, while subtype 2 isolates could be further subdivided into 13 different cleavage patterns. Fetal isolates were encountered which possessed DNA fingerprints identical to those of 2 modified live-virus vaccine strains used for vaccination of the aborting mares. Two subtype 1 strains of ehv-1 (1P and 1B) accounted for 90% of the total number of nonvaccine abortion isolates examined. Using as a basis for comparison only those DNA differences resulting from a loss or gain of restriction enzyme cleavage sites, virus isolates recovered from the same epizootic of abortion or respiratory tract disease nearly always possessed identical DNA fingerprint patterns. Minor variations were observed in the electrophoretic mobility of certain fragments from epidemiologically related ehv-1 isolates, as well as from clonal isolates derived from plaque-purified virus stocks. In contrast to the genetic heterogeneity exhibited by subtype 2 isolates, the majority of epizootiologically unrelated subtype 1 isolates of ehv-1 could not be differentiated from one another on the basis of the DNA fingerprints generated by digestion with the 5 restriction endonucleases used. The data indicate the existence of little genetic heterogeneity among ehv-1 subtype 1 isolates and that this ehv-1 subtype may not exist as the large number of cocirculating, genetically distinct strains commonly found for other herpesviruses.
Sodium retention and cortisol (hydrocortisone) suppression caused by dexamethasone and triamcinolone in equids
Authors: Slone D. E. , Purohit R. C. , Ganjam V. K. , Lowe J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three ponies and 1 horse were bilaterally adrenalectomized (badx). The initial hypoadrenal episode after badx was reversed with 20 mg of dexamethasone (dxm) im (n = 2) or 20 mg of triamcinolone (tmc) im (n = 2). Nine hypoadrenal crises were reversed with 20 mg of dxm given im (n = 4) or 20 mg of tmc given im (n = 5). Sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion were documented based on changes in serum electrolytes and urinary excretion.
Eight intact adult horses were randomly assigned to 2 groups to study the effects of a single im injection of dxm (0.044 mg/kg of body weight) or tmc (0.044 mg/kg). Cortisol (hydrocortisone) suppression was found to be maximal (nondetectable amounts of cortisol) by 12 hours in both groups. Cortisol was again detectable in the dxm group at 24 hours after injection and was at pretreatment values at 168 hours. Cortisol was not detectable in the tmc group for 192 hours and did not reach pretreatment values until 336 hours.
The duration of the gluconeogenic effect was compared with the duration of cortisol suppression exerted by dxm and tmc in these intact animals. Assuming that the decrease in plasma glucose coincides with the decrease in glucocorticoid activity of the respective steroid, a relative hypoadrenocortical state was found in the animals treated with dxm between the 2nd and 7th day after treatment, whereas this state occurred between the 6th and 14th day after treatment with tmc.
Serum proteins in healthy Basenjis and Basenjis with chronic diarrhea
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Barta Ota , Waltman Celeste , Hubbert Nancy L. , Pourciau Susan S. , Liu Wendy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A serologic survey was conducted to characterize the electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins in healthy Basenji dogs (n = 137) and Basenjis with chronic diarrhea (n = 32). Serum protein electrophoresis values for Basenjis were similar to previously reported values from dogs of other breeds. Dogs with histologically confirmed lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in total protein, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio. α2-Globulin and γ-globulin values were significantly increased in old dogs (9 years of age or older) with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis. Although not statistically significant, γ-globulin values were generally increased in Basenjis with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis when compared with the values in age-matched clinically healthy Basenjis.
Cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol tartrate in dogs
Authors: Trim Cynthia M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of butorphanol given (iv) at dose levels of 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg were evaluated in conscious dogs, n = 5 for each dose. Mild sedation occurred, though it was greater in dogs given the larger dose. Two dogs in each group panted, but PaCO2 was not significantly changed. Small, but significant, decreases in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and PaO2 occurred (P < 0.05). Base excess developed a negative trend. The pcv and total protein decreased slightly in dogs given the smaller dose, but were unchanged with the larger dose. Plasma glucose remained within acceptable limits.
Characterization of the hemolysin produced by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Nakai Toyotsugu , Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Production and characterization of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae hemolysin were investigated by using 5 serotype 2 strains. The hemolysin was produced in chicken meat-infusion broth medium both in stationary and in shaking cultures. In stationary culture, hemolytic activity against horse rbc reached max-imum at postincubation day 5 (at the late stage of stationary phase), and the activity was maintained at the same level for 2 days thereafter. The hemolytic activity of shaking culture reached a maximum at postincubation hour 9 (at the early stage of logarithmic-growth phase), gradually decreased, and disappeared at postincubation day 2. The hemolysin was shown to be an extracellular product of the bacterial cells.
The rbc of horses, rabbits, and sheep were highly susceptible to the hemolysin, and those of pigs and guinea pigs were less susceptible, whereas rbc of 60-day-old chicks were not susceptible. The hemolysin was not inactivated by autoclaving at 121 C for 2 hours, and by treatments with formalin, trypsin, or pronase. The presence of calcium or magnesium ions did not change the activity, whereas iodoacetic acid significantly reduced the activity.