bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chanter Field, Block 15/17, UK North Sea
Authors: Schmitt H. R. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Chanter Field is located 11 krn southeast of the Piper Alpha platform location in Block 15/17. The field was discovered by the 15/17–13 well, which tested 37.8° API crude from Galley sandstone turbidites and 52.1& API gas-condensate from the shallow marine sands of the Piper Formation. The Galley sandstone reservoir is overpressured, whereas the Piper sandstone reservoir is normally pressured. The bulk of the field occupies the culmination of a structural terrace on the downthrown side of the main E-W fault forming the northern margin of the Witch Ground Graben in this area. It has dip closure to the east, south and west and fault closure to the north. The 'main block' gas-water contact of 13 080 ft TVSS in the Piper sandstone and the oil-water contact of 12 240 ft TVSS in the Galley sandstone were deduced from wireline pressure measurements and have not been encountered in wells. Estimated proved reserves of 4.6 MMBBL of crude oil and condensate liquids and 20.8 BCF of gas will be produced through a cluster of wells tied back to the Piper Field by a subsea pipeline.
The Highlander Field, Block 14/20b, UK North Sea
Authors: WHITEHEAD M. , PINNOCK S. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Highlander Field, discovered in 1976, is a small oil accumulation located 7½ miles northwest of the Tartan Platform and 114 miles northeast of Aberdeen in UK Block 14/20b. The Field lies on the NW-SE-trending Claymore-Highlander Ridge which forms the southern margin of the Witch Ground Graben. Upper Jurassic sandstones of the shallow marine Piper Formation and deeper marine turbidites (the 'Hot Lens Equivalent') within the Kimmeridge Clay Formation form the principal reservoirs. An additional important reservoir occurs within Lower Cretaceous turbidite sandstone and a small crestal accumulation occurs in Carboniferous deltaic sandstone. The structure is a tilted NW-SE-trending fault block downthrown to the northeast. The sandstone reservoirs all dip to the south and southwest and become thin due to onlap or truncation to the north. The Field has a combined structural-stratigraphic trap configuration. Seal is provided by Upper Jurassic siltstone and Lower Cretaceous calcareous clay stone. The accumulations have been sourced from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in adjacent basins. Eight wells delineate the structure and production is currently 30 000 BOPD. Ultimate recoverable reserves are 70 million barrels of crude oil. Development has been achieved utilizing an innovative remote subsea system, connected to the Tartan Platform 7½ miles to the southeast.
The Ivanhoe and Rob Roy Fields, Blocks 15/21a-b, UK North Sea
Authors: Parker R. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Ivanhoe and Rob Roy Fields are located in the Outer Moray Firth Basin, seventy nautical miles off the northeast coast of Scotland. The Ivanhoe Field was discovered in 1975, and the Rob Roy Field in 1984. The reserves in both fields occur in tilted fault block traps of Upper Jurassic, Piper Sandstone Formation. Estimated total recoverable reserves amount to 100 MMBBL and 62 BCF. The fields are separated by a water corridor approximately 1 km wide. Both fields contain two reservoir sandstone units, an upper and lower, locally termed the Supra Piper Sandstone and Main Piper Sandstone respectively. The reservoirs in both fields exhibit excellent rock' properties with porosities up to 28% and permeabilities of several Darcies.
Each field is developed via a subsea manifold surrounded by a cluster of production and injection wells, of which two were pre-drilled on Ivanhoe and six pre-drilled on Rob Roy. This allowed rapid achievement of the 60 000 BOPD plateau oil production rate soon after commissioning of facilities in July 1989. The two subsea manifolds are tied into a single subsea production manifold which connects with a Floating Production Facility. Crude oil is exported to the Claymore A Platform and gas to the Tartan A Platform.
The Hewett Field, Blocks 48/28-29-30, 52/4a-5a, UK North Sea
Authors: Cooke-Yarborough P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Hewett Field complex, discovered in 1966, is located in the southwestern part of the Southern North Sea Basin. Gas is currently being produced from four reservoirs: Upper and Lower Bunter sandstones in the Triassic and Rotliegendes sandstones and Zechstein dolomites in the Permian.
The Thames, Yare and Bure Fields, Block 49/28, UK North Sea
Authors: Werngren Oonagh C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Thames, Yare and Bure Fields, discovered in 1973, 1969 and 1983 respectively, are located in the UK sector of the Southern Gas Basin. The reservoir is made up predominantly of aeolian dune sandstones of the Rotliegendes Leman Sandstone Formation. The fields lie on the upthrown side of NW-SE-trending fault blocks in the central part of Block 49/28. The Thames complex came on production in October 1986 and is estimated to have a field life of 10 years. Current estimates put gas in place for the three fields at approximately 350 BCF, with recoverable reserves of 240 BCF.
The Viking Complex Field, Blocks 49/12a, 49/16, 49/17, UK North Sea
Authors: Morgan C. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Viking complex consists of several separate gas accumulations within Blocks 49/12a, 49/16 and 49/17 of the southern North Sea. The entire field is located on the northeast flank of the Sole Pit Basin, approximately 140 km off the Lincolnshire coast. North Viking was discovered in March 1969; South Viking was discovered in December 1968. Conoco (UK) Ltd operates the Viking complex on behalf of BP. North and South Viking consist of two parallel elongated faulted anticlines trending NW-SE. The gas-producing structures are largely fault controlled. The reservoir comprises Rotliegendes Group sands of Early Permian age. The gas-bearing Rotliegendes consists of stacked aeolian and fluvial sands with a gross thickness range of 430-720 ft (131-222 m, thickest on South Viking). Porosities range from 7-25% and the average permeability range is 0.1 md to over 1000 md in the producing zones. The total Viking gas-in-place is almost 3.2 TCF, with recoverable reserves estimated at 2.83 TCF. North Viking came onstream in October 1972 and is developed by a five-platform complex. South Viking came onstream in August 1973 and is developed by a three-platform complex into which are linked five unmanned satellite platforms. The average daily production in March 1989 was 196 MMSCFD, peaking to 311 MMSCFD with seasonal demand. Gas is piped to the Conoco/BP terminal at Theddlethorpe in Lincolnshire.
Introduction
Authors: Le Bas M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Science advances by taking new and unexpected turnings, pioneers opening up pathways which later workers follow and explore. This book takes the reader along several such geological paths that have followed from observations and theories first printed in
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London
(since 1971, the
Journal of the Geological Society
). Following the paths, one sees the history of geological thought during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

To achieve this desired structure for the book, leading geologists were invited to present their personal views on significant topics that had been brought to the fore in earlier contributions to the
Journal
, to evaluate the evidence presented and to give their view of how these seminal papers affected our present understanding of geological processes, and further to hazard where future paths of investigation may lie.

Bringing these together under one cover serves two purposes: first to celebrate 150 years of continuous publication of papers by the Geological Society of London: second, it makes a British review of the current 'battle lines' across many fields of geological research. Not only will the serious research investigator discover the several turning points which have governed the paths of his study, but the general reader also will discover the delights, the fortunes and machinations taken by many leading British geologists. Others will use the chapters to answer the question: 'Does historical contingency govern the paths of geological exploration, as it has been said to govern the evolution of living creatures?'
most of
Historical origins of the Geological Society's
Journal
Authors: Rudwick Martin J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Geological Society's
Transactions
, its earliest periodical (from 1811), published the full texts of a few selected papers, with fine illustrations, but generally long after they had been read at one of the meetings. Conversely, the
Proceedings
(from 1826) recorded all the papers soon after they had been delivered, but only in abstract and without illustrations. The launching of the
Quarterly Journal
(1845) was an attempt to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of the earlier periodicals. After a shaky start, it proved highly successful through the rest of the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth, and was the direct forerunner of today's
Journal
.
Uniformitarianism today: plate tectonics is the key to the past
Authors: Windley Brian F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

James Hutton published the first two volumes of
The Theory of the Earth
in 1795 and the third volume was published posthumously by the Geological Society in 1899. Charles Lyell in his four addresses (1836, 1837, 1850, 1851) to the Society put the uniformitarian paradigm of Hutton (the present is the key to the past) into the perspective of his era. Uniformitarianism today can be expressed in the view that plate tectonics is the key to the past. This paper summarizes key data and ideas which confirm that the plate tectonic paradigm can be applied convincingly back to the beginning of the geological record. In spite of the fact that heat production was greater in the early Precambrian than now, tectonophysical and geochemical processes that produced oceanic and continental rocks since the early Archaean have not been fundamentally different from those that operate today.
The development of Early Palaeozoic global stratigraphy
Authors: McKerrow W. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The major steps in the development of Early Palaeozoic stratigraphy are examined, with special emphasis on early
Journal
papers by Murchison and Sedgwick, and on their conception of systems and series, which permitted long-distance correlation. Unlike other periods, the Ordovician and Silurian were originally split into series; most stages have only been defined in the past 60 years. From 1880, Lapworth’s graptolite zones have allowed much greater chronological precision. More recently, other methods have been developed for recognizing small time divisions, including studies in gradational evolution. A significant new advance is the correlation (by biostratigraphy) of short-lived physical events such as magnetic reversals and sea-level and climatic changes.
Charles Lapworth and the biostratigraphic paradigm
Authors: Fortey Richard A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Lapworth’s paper on ‘The Moffat Series’ (1878) provided a model for deciphering the ‘interminable greywackes’ of the Southern Uplands, and one which lasted for a century. The same paper established graptolites in a dominant position in Lower Palaeozoic biostratigraphy. The changes in the biostratigraphic paradigm are discussed with reference to Lapworth’s contribution; issues implicit in his 1878 paper are still contentious. Graptolites have exemplified the conflict that can arise between the use of fossils as stratigraphic ciphers, on the one hand, or as complex organisms to be interpreted biologically on the other. They have been subjected to the vicissitudes of stratigraphic fashion. It is shown that Lapworth’s biostratigraphy has been enduring in contrast to his structural or palaeogeographic interpretations. However, the subsequent separation of litho- and chrono- from biostratigraphy, while conceptually necessary, has encouraged an idealistic pursuit of the perfect stratigraphic section for the purpose of defining stratigraphic boundaries. This has not always been constructive, not least because such boundaries often coincide with events which militate against the preservation of ideal sections. But Lapworth’s close integration of biostratigraphic range with observations on lithology, ‘barren beds’ and fossil preservation may have a new lease of life in the context of event stratigraphy.
Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy in the British Isles
Authors: Riley N. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Vaughan’s (1905) zonation of the Carboniferous Limestone in the Bristol district was a pioneer biostratigraphical study, which because of its meticulous execution can be reinterpreted in a modern context. The replacement of his scheme with a chronostratigraphical one by George
et al.
(1976) had a similar revolutionary affect on British Dinantian stratigraphy. However, it is now time to revise the British Dinantian stages so that they more closely correspond to biostratigraphical events. Dinantian biostratigraphy still requires considerable refinement, but it has now achieved a diversity of techniques and resolution far beyond that which was available at the time of these earlier proposals. It is the most pragmatic and closest approximation to widespread chronostratigraphical correlation available. This paper discusses these and related issues and presents a review and correlation of current biozonations.
Time from fossils: S. S. Buckman and Jurassic high-resolution geochronology
Authors: Callomon J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Chronostratigraphical classification of rocks can be approached from two directions. The first is a ‘top-down’ process of subdivision of the geological column in a hierarchy of successively finer units. These units are therefore
defined
by their boundaries, which are time-planes, and form complete continuous series or scales. They are chosen to be widely
recognizable
, and hence correlatable, by means, in the Phanerozoic, of their contained guide-fossils,
i.e.
by their characteristic biozones. This was the approach of d’Orbigny and Oppel in the Jurassic, leading to a
standard chronostratigraphy
down to Subzonal level notably espoused by Arkell and widely adopted today. The second approach is one of ‘bottom-upwards’ integration: the assembly into time-ordered sequences of the most minutely distinguishable local faunal horizons—distinguishable in the sense of evolutionary change—which may or may not subsequently be found to have more widespread value for time-correlations and biochronology. This was the method introduced by Buckman a hundred years ago to describe the ammonite biostratigraphy of the Inferior Oolite of Dorset, in response to the need for the finest attainable time-resolution in phylogenetic palaeontology. The time-equivalents of such faunal horizons were termed
hemerae
.

Polyhemeral chronostratigraphy went into abeyance with Buckman’s death in 1929, but its equivalent, in terms of the faunal horizons themselves, has been revived. A faunal horizon is defined as a stratigraphical entity within which no further biochronological subdivision can be made, so that the bed or beds embodying that horizon must, on the evidence of the fossils alone, be regarded as internally isochronous. A succession of faunal horizons becomes the record of well-spaced instants: the record is presumed
a priori
to be full of gaps of unknown duration waiting to be filled by new discoveries. The measure of chronostratigraphical finesse is the average time-interval between the moments represented by the faunal horizons, δ̅
t̅
, the
secular resolution
. The relative ability of groups of guide-fossils to resolve time-intervals
δt
in rocks of age
t
is their
secular resolving-power, R = t/δt
.

The current state of Jurassic chronostratigraphy is reviewed. The guide-fossils of choice are the ammonites, whose secular resolving-power exceeds that of any other group and which can give time-resolutions of 150000 years in rocks of age 150 million years (it > 1000). These figures are compared with those attainable elsewhere in the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic. Resolution-analysis of the Jurassic shows that, at the level of resolution of ammonite faunal horizons, the geological record is highly incomplete, nowhere more so than in the Inferior Oolite. As Buckman concluded, the more complete the fossil record of a system becomes, the more incomplete turns out to be its lithochronology. This has important consequences in sedimentology, and in sequence stratigraphy.
Vertebrate fissure faunas with special reference to Bristol Channel Mesozoic faunas
Authors: Savage Robert J. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, tectonically activated joint fissures and karstic cave systems have acted as reservoirs for terrestrial vertebrate remains. They yield concentrations of microfaunal elements rarely if ever preserved in other situations. In the 1850s, Charles Moore realized their potential and exploited them to discover the earliest known mammals in late Triassic fissure infillings in the Carboniferous Limestone of Somerset. The history of that discovery and its associated problems of interpretation are recorded. His work greatly influenced succeeding generations of palaeontologists and, as techniques developed, fossil fissure discoveries have made a major impact on our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
Hydrothermal orefields and ore fluids
Authors: Rankin A. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The development of Hydrothermal Theories of Ore Genesis during the past 150 years owes much to the pioneering work of two eminent British geologists, H. C. Sorby and K. C. Dunham, who published benchmark papers in the
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
on the classic mining districts of Cornwall and the English Pennines. Sorby’s paper of 1858 laid the foundation for fluid inclusion studies. Despite considerable scepticism or indifference that has lasted well into the twentieth century, fluid inclusions are now widely regarded as the best way of establishing the nature and composition of ancient mineral-forming fluids. Dunham’s paper of 1934 provides a classic account of mineral zonation away from a focus of mineralization in the North Pennine orefield. By analogy with the Cornish deposits this focus was considered to be the result of ascending mineralizing fluids from a hidden granite at depth. Although subsequent drilling confirmed the existence of granite (the Weardale granite) directly beneath the North Pennine Orefield it was older than the Carboniferous Limestone which hosts the mineralization and therefore cannot be its direct source.

With the ‘coming of age’ of fluid inclusion techniques in the 1960s, widespread and systematic studies were carried out on samples from the Cornubian and Pennine orefields and other classic mining districts of the world over the succeeding three decades. These, together with stable isotope studies, established that hydrothermal, ore-forming fluids cover a wide temperature range (50° to >500°C) and compositional range (0 to >60 wt % dissolved salts), and are of diverse origin. The composite and protracted nature of hydrothermal events in Cornwall, and indeed in areas of the world where mineralization is spatially associated with granites, is now evident. Most authors agree that, whilst components of the early mineralization may be due to metalliferous fluids directly evolved from cooling granite bodies, much of the later base-metal mineralization is due to thermal convection and pulsation of meteoric fluids and basinal brines within the intrusion and surrounding country rocks.
The basinal brine expulsion theory is generally favoured for carbonate-hosted, epigenetic, base metal deposits of the Mississippi valley type. The nature, geological setting and fluid inclusion characteristics place the Pennine ores clearly in this broad class. However, most recent work suggests that the mineral zonation patterns in the northern part and temperature differences between the northern and southern part are still best explained by the hydrogeological and geochemical influence of granite at depth.
Charles Davis Hollister, 1936-1999 A personal scientific appreciation of the father of 'contourites'
Authors: McCave I. N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The untimely death of Charley Hollister in a climbing accident robbed the contourite community of the principal originator and proponent of the concept of deep-ocean current-controlled sedimentation. He possessed boundless enthusiasm, a strong belief that science should be and was fun, a wonderful ability to get disparate groups of people to work together and a fine capacity to see connections between varied strands of data. The latter ability in particular allowed him as a graduate student at Lamont Geological Observatory in the 1960s to put together physical oceanography from Georg Wust, early seismic profiler results from the Ewings, deep-sea photographs, stratigraphic and sedimentological data from cores with his supervisor Bruce Heezen, and develop the notion of sedimentation controlled by deep geostrophic flows.
Charley was born into a landed Californian family whose fortunes were founded on cattle ranching. Eschewing the role of sedate conformity and leadership normally reserved for elder sons, his boyhood was, by his own account (thoroughly confirmed by his family), happily irresponsible. His schooling was chequered and his undergraduate academic performance at Oregon State University undistinguished. However, although his best developed abilities were as a marksman and mountaineer, late in the day the spark of what he really wanted to do struck. Doc Ewing, director of Lamont was persuaded that Charley's enthusiasm once channelled, could lead to a successful career as a marine geologist and admitted him to the graduate programme in 1960.
In the late 1950s ideas about the deep circulation developed rapidly with Wust's (1955) recalculation