bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous Tramadol Infiltration at the Wound Site Versus Intravenous Administration after Pyelolithotomy
Authors: Khajavi Mohammad Reza , Mojaver Aghili Seyed Babak , Moharari Reza Shariat , Najafi Atabak , Mohtaram Robab , Khashayar Patricia , Mojtahedzade Mojtaba 
Published: March 2009

Background:Recently, the peripheral anesthetic effect of tramadol has been the theme of many studies. The postoperative analgesic effects of subcutaneous wound infiltration with tramadol have not been extensively studied and compared with those of intravenous administration.Objective:To compare the therapeutic effects and complications of intravenous versus local wound infiltration of using tramadol following pyelolithotomy.Methods:This double-blind study was carried out on 60 patients (age 18–60 y) of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–II who were awaiting pyelolithotomy in Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran, during 2006 and 2007. They were randomly assigned to receive intravenous or subcutaneous wound infiltration with tramadol. Vital signs, the intensity of pain (visual analog scale), and the level of consciousness (Ramsey Sedation Scale [RSS]), as well as the frequency of nausea and vomiting were recorded during 30 minutes to 1 hour after the patient entered the recovery room. Vital signs were also recorded every hour until 6 hours postoperatively and then on the day after the patient was transferred to the ward.Results:The RSS was lower in patients who had received subcutaneous infiltration of tramadol (p < 0.001). A significant difference was noted in the severity of pain between the groups; it was higher in the group that received intravenous tramadol. The average time for the first meperidine requirement was 45.2 ±8.4 min (mean ± SD) in the subcutaneous group and 21.6 ± 12.4 min in the intravenous group. Total meperidine consumption was lower in patients who had received subcutaneous wound infiltration with tramadol compared with those who had received intravenous tramadol (p < 0.001). Nausea and vomiting were more frequent during the first hour of recovery; the complication, however, was less frequent in the subcutaneous group.Conclusions:Subcutaneous wound infiltration with tramadol reduces postoperative opioid consumption and produces less nausea and vomiting than does intravenous administration.
Adherence: Comparison of Methods to Assess Medication Adherence and Classify Nonadherence
Authors: Hansen Richard A , Kim Mimi M , Song Liping , Tu Wanzhu , Wu Jingwei , Murray Michael D 
Published: March 2009

Background: Medication adherence is suboptimal, and clinicians and researchers struggle with identifying nonadherent patients. Various measures of medication adherence exist, but there is controversy regarding which measures provide acceptable data and how nonadherence should be defined. Objective: To assess agreement among patient self-report, pharmacy refill, and electronic adherence measures and compare the sensitivity and specificity of different cut-points for defining nonadherence. Methods: Data were analyzed from 2 similarly designed randomized controlled trials that assessed a pharmacist's intervention to improve medication adherence among patients with hypertension or heart failure. For each participant, adherence was measured by patient self-report, prescription refill records, and electronic lids on medication containers. Agreement among measures was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient rho. Correlation coefficients were compared by patient characteristics using Fisher's Z transformation, The sensitivity and specificity of different cut-points for defining nonadherence were calculated. Results: Median adherence was 84% for self-report, 86% for electronic, and 91% for prescription refill adherence measurement. Refill and electronic adherence demonstrated the best agreement among measures (rho = 0.48). Age, depression, and other comorbid conditions influenced agreement among measures. Measures were generally in agreement, regardless of how nonadherence was defined. A cut-point of 80% illustrated a fair balance between sensitivity and specificity for all measures. Conclusions: All measures provided similar estimates of overall adherence, although refill and electronic measures were in highest agreement. In selection of a measure, practitioners should consider population and disease characteristics, since measurement agreement could be influenced by these and other factors. The commonly used, clinically based cut-point of 80% had a reasonable balance between sensitivity and specificity in studies of adherence in patients with heart failure or hypertension.
Characterization of a Graphite/Epoxy Composite Under In-Plane Shear Fatigue Loading
Authors: Shokrieh MM , Eilers OP , Lessard LB 
Published: March 2009

To examine the in-plane shear behavior of graphite/epoxy material in fatigue, the three-rail shear test specimen, normally used for static testing, is modified by inserting notches on the edge of the specimen. The performance of the notched specimen shows great improvement in both static and fatigue loading conditions. Therefore, by using the notched specimen, a more reliable experimental data base can be obtained.
The main objective of this research is to fully characterize a graphite/epoxy composite under in-plane shear fatigue loading by using the modified notched specimen. To fully characterize the material under in-plane shear, both static and fatigue tests are performed. Fatigue life, residual strength, and residual stiffness of AS4/3501-6 are measured. Experimental results from both static and fatigue loading show a very clear mode of failure under in-plane shear in the gage area of test specimens. To measure the fatigue life, a cyclic load is applied to the specimen and tests are continued until catastrophic failure is achieved. To measure the residual strength and residual stiffness, the fatigue loading is stopped after a fixed number of cycles (for example, 100, 1000, and so forth) and the residual properties are measured by applying a static load and destroying the specimen. Nonlinear stress-strain behavior of the material under static loading conditions is observed and the effect of fatigue loading on the nonlinearity is studied and discussed. To study the effects of mean stress on the fatigue behavior of the material, fatigue tests are performed under different stress ratios (k = σmin/σmax). The fatigue life, residual strength, and residual stiffness of the material are presented in normalized forms that can be used to predict the fatigue behavior of the composite material, under arbitrary state of stress and stress ratio, based on the presented experimental data base. Thus, the behavior of AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy composite under in-plane shear fatigue loading is fully characterized.
An Argument for the Chicken Embryo as a Model for the Developmental Toxicological Effects of the Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Phahs)
Authors: Henshel DS 
Published: March 2009

The choice of an animal model is ultimately crucial to toxicological testing. If one does not use the appropriate model for the chemical and endpoint being studied, then the test results may not really provide the appropriate toxicological information. There are three basic types of animal models: sentinel models, screening models, and mechanistic models, Each of these models has specific needs and requirements, some of which overlap, some of which are distinctly different. Therefore, some animal models are more appropriate for evaluating the effects of some chemicals than are other animal models. This article will present the argument that the chicken embryo is especially appropriate as an animal model for studying the mechanism of the developmental toxicological effects of the polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs).The PHAHs are a group of toxicologically related compounds including, in part, the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. The chicken (Gallus gallus) embryo is relatively sensitive to the toxicological effects of the PHAHs being approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the mature bird. The chicken embryo has been used to demonstrate general toxicological effects (i.e. the LD50), immunotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Many of these effects, or analogous effects, have also been observed in mammals and fish. Thus, most animals appear to respond to the PHAHs with a similar toxicological profile, indicating that many of the biomarkers used for the PHAHs are valid across a number of species, including the chicken. Furthermore, the chicken embryo is relatively inexpensive to use for toxicity testing. In addition, all effects detected are due to direct effects on the embryo and are not complicated by maternal interactions. In short, for sensitivity, ease of use, cost and applicability of results to other animals, the chicken embryo is an excellent animal model for evaluation of the mechanism underlying the developmental toxicological effects of the PHAHs.
Perceiving What Package Designs Express: A Multisensory Exploratory Study Using Creative Writing Measurement Techniques
Authors: Durgee JF , O'Connor GC 
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this research is to assess consumers' ability to correctly interpret messages that designers incorporate into new package designs. Packages today are designed to communicate many different messages—status, femininity, environmentally conscious, security (tamper-proof), etc. The goal of this project was to explore how consumers perceive and interpret these messages, and how consumers' interpretations of designers' messages relate to liking the package.
Results suggest that in cases where consumers correctly interpret designer messages: 1. Messages are clear and unambiguous. 2. Messages deal more with positive image associations than practical or functional benefits. 3. Designers and receivers might be communicating on subconscious levels. 4. Designs that communicate well are liked more than designs which communicate poorly.
High-Temperature Internal Friction and Intergranular Fracture in Ni-Cr Alloys
Authors: Cao B , Benoit W , Schaller R 
Published: March 2009

Internal friction measurements have been performed on various compositions of polycrystalline alloys (Ni-8.6, 20 and 31.4 at.%Cr) and single crystals (Ni-20 and 33.6 at.%Cr), as well as in industrial alloys of Ni-22 at.%Cr containing respectively 0, 20, 66, and 180 at. ppm cerium.
The high-temperature internal friction spectra obtained in these alloys are characterized by the presence of two relaxation peaks (P1 and P2) and a large thermal hysteresis between the curves measured during heating and cooling. The P1 peak appears at about 950 K both in polycrystalline specimens and in single crystals. The P2 peak, appearing at about 1100 K, and the large thermal hysteresis occur only in the polycrystalline specimens. It is shown that the origin of P1 peak lies in the interior of the grains and that the P2 peak and the hysteresis are due to the grain boundaries. The PI peak could be interpreted as a Zener peak due to local stress-induced ordering. The P2 peak is certainly due to grain boundary sliding, more precisely to grain boundary dislocation motion. These dislocations interact with chromium carbide precipitates located in the grain boundary. The hysteresis is then interpreted as due to the dissolution during heating and the reprecipitation upon cooling of these discrete carbides in the grain boundaries.
The three anelastic phenomena, the P1 and P2 peaks and the hysteresis, appear in the same temperature range where intergranular embrittlement was observed during tension tests. This embrittlement, as well as the P2 peak, is associated with grain boundary sliding and is enhanced by carbide dissolution. On the contrary, pinning of the grain boundaries by carbides leads to the disappearance of P2, and plastic deformation is then intragranular. It is shown that cerium additions stabilize the carbides at the grain boundaries. The penetration of oxygen along the grain boundaries, on the contrary, destabilizes the carbide precipitates and enhances grain boundary sliding.
Snoek Relaxation in Fe-Cr Alloys (O to 100%Cr)
Authors: Golovin IS , Blanter MS , Mourisco A , Schaller R 
Published: March 2009

Internal friction (IF) spectra of α-Fe-FexCry-Cr ferritic alloys have been investigated with the help of forced and free decayed pendula in the frequency range 0.01 to 10 Hz. he Snoek-type relaxation has been found in all the investigated ternary alloys, iron-chromiumcarbon (Fe-Cr-C), starting with pure iron and finishing with pure chromium. The temperature of the Snoek peak (Tmax) in α-Fe is found to be 315 K (1 Hz), the activation energy deduced from the “T-f' shift is 78 kJ/mol, and the Tmax in Cr is 433 K with an activation energy 107 kj/mol. The Snoek-type peaks in Fe-Cr alloys are much wider than those in pure Fe and Cr. This is connected with the redistribution of atoms between octavoids with different numbers of Fe and Cr atoms in neighboring sites around octavoids and therefore different relaxation times. The “temperature location versus chromium content” curve passes through a maximum in the vicinity of 35 wt.%Cr, where Tmax is 573 ÷ 578 K,f = 1.2 Hz, and the activation energy is about 140 kJ/mol.
The new approach, based on interaction of carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-substitutional C-s) atoms, is suggested for the explanation of the influence of composition on Snoek-peak location. The long-range strain-induced interactions supplemented by the “chemical” interaction in the two nearest atomic shells around a fixed substitutional atom have been used for the modeling of C-s interaction. It is suggested that the interatomic interaction affects IF by changing the carbon atom arrangement (the short-range order was simulated by the Monte Carlo method) and the energy of C atoms in octahedral interstices, that is, the activation energy of IF. The carbon atoms contribution to IF has been calculated by the Debye equation with the use of energies of C-C and C-s interaction. The Tmax shift due to the iron alloying by Cr is much stronger than that due to chromium alloying by Fe and is explained from the point of view of the above-mentioned interactions.
Probabilistic Technique Related to Amplitude-Dependent Damping Under Combined Stresses
Authors: Cupschalk SG 
Published: March 2009

The pioneering efforts of Koehler and of Granato and Lücke established, theoretically, the role of dislocations with respect to damping in metals and, in the latter case, provided a mechanism for amplitude-dependent damping. The original Granato and Lücke model, based on the bowing of dislocation segments and their eventual unpinning from solvent atoms situated along their lengths, was assumed to result solely from the applied stress. This approach has subsequently been extended to include thermal contributions to unpinning.
This study is concerned with refinements to the original treatment. Although dislocation bowing, etc., on slip planes was assumed to occur under the action of the resolved shear stress, no attempt was made to calculate that stress as a function of differing grain orientations in polycrystalline materials or of crystal structure. In the present case, the maximum shear stress cumulative probability, that is, the fraction of all possible slip plane orientations on which the shear stress exceeds some arbitrary value, is first determined from a 3-D Mohr's circle analysis. It is valid for all crystal structures and for all states of stress in randomly oriented polycrystalline materials. The resolved shear stress distribution function, which depends specifically on crystal structure, is next derived from the above cumulative probability. These functions are then introduced into the original Granato and Lücke treatment for the cases of simple tension and shear. The procedure outlined above may readily be generalized to include the effect of preferred orientation.
Barriers to Injury Prevention in Youth Football
Authors: Glassman R 
Published: March 2009

The National Youth Sports Safety Foundation (NYSSF), formerly the National Youth Sports Foundation for the Prevention of Athletic Injuries, a nonprofit, 501 (C) (3) educational research organization dedicated to reducing the number and severity of injuries youth sustain in sports activities, has been involved in injury prevention efforts in youth football since 1989. During that time the Foundation has traveled an eye-opening journey encountering many different barriers to injury prevention at all levels. These barriers include: (1) misinformation, (2) attitude, (3) dissemination of information, (4) lack of coaching education, and (5) surveillance.
Many injuries can be prevented through educational programs but there has to be a perceived need for these programs. There should be effective dissemination, follow-up, and evaluation systems in place.
The Football Coach and Football Safety
Authors: Borkowski RP 
Published: March 2009

The game of football and especially those that play it, have benefitted from the extensive improvements that lower the potential for injuries. Equipment, facilities, and the general body of sports medicine knowledge have all helped to lower the chances of minor and major injuries.
The most important factor for safety in American football, however, has been and continues to be the attitude and skill of the coach.
This paper addresses those attitudes and skills that a coach must possess to offer a worthwhile and safe experience to those in his charge. This paper addresses the human factor in football safety. It further offers a list of situations to avoid within the football atmosphere that are based on this author's personal litigation experience. This paper makes several proposals to improve the safety quotient in football.
Perspectives on Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Authors: Koerner RM 
Published: March 2009

This overview paper addresses a number of topics and issues pertaining to geosynthetic clay liners, or as they are usually referenced, GCLs. GCLs are factory manufactured products consisting of a layer of bentonite contained between two geotextiles by using adhesives, stitch bonding or needle punching, or by adhesively bonding the bentonite to a geomembrane. A number of commercially available products are available on a worldwide basis. The various products are reviewed along with some of the basic elements of their manufacturing process. The primary areas of acceptance and utilization are also presented.
Relevant physical, hydraulic, mechanical and endurance properties and their associated test methods are presented from the perspective of manufacturing quality control (MQC) tests versus design oriented (or performance) tests. Research and development testing is also addressed as contrasted to MQC and design testing. Lastly, current activity and recommendations are suggested for these relatively new and unique barrier materials.
It is hoped that the paper sets the proper tone for subsequent papers in this symposium which will add to the growing body ofV information and knowledge. Indeed, GCL's (acting individually or as composite materials) are changing the very essence of liquid barriers and their associated containment systems.
Testing within the Continuum of Multiple Lubrication and Failure Mechanisms
Authors: Wedeven LD , Totten GE , Bishop RJ 
Published: March 2009

The inherent difficulty of bench testing for the tribological performance of hydraulic fluids is the interaction of multiple lubrication and failure mechanisms. The engineer judges the performance limits in descriptive terms relating to what the load bearing surfaces have experienced. The lubrication and failure pathway that leads to the final surface condition is at the mercy of what lubrication and failure mechanisms have been invoked. Lubrication mechanisms, such as hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, and boundary can be isolated with specialized testing, along with failure mechanisms, such as those described in general terms of wear, scuffing, and pitting. The interaction and competitive nature of these mechanisms, which exist in hardware, makes bench testing a nightmare.
A rational approach using a highly flexible and computerized test machine, WAM3, is described. The approach demonstrates how performance attributes of fluids and materials can be evaluated as they are made to travel through multiple lubrication and failure pathways. The testing protocol is terminated when the test specimen's surface reaches the same failure condition the engineer uses to judge performance limits of component hardware. Testing pathways are demonstrated that lead to wear, scuffing and micro-pitting. Along the testing pathway, viscous film-forming attributes and chemical boundary lubrication attributes of the fluid are characterized. Tests conducted with a range of fluid types, including two hydraulic fluids, demonstrate a wide range of traction, viscous film-forming and boundary film attributes. The continuum approach, which maps out performance in terms of hardware relevant criteria, provides a means to determine the impact of development strategies based on fluid and material technologies.
Pump Testing Strategies and Associated Tribological Considerations-Vane Pump Testing Methods ASTM D 2882, IP281, and DIN 51389
Authors: Reichel J 
Published: March 2009

Various test methods have been developed to determine the performance limits of various classes of hydraulic fluids. Lubrication capacity depends on various fundamental fluid parameters including viscosity and anti-wear properties. Critical elements of hydraulic pump and motor lubrication, which is characterized by sliding line-contact wear, will be discussed here. In vane pumps, the pressure loaded tips of the vanes are under Hertz-type load in contact with the surface of the cam ring, and rotate at a high speed creating a sliding line-contact. Due to this sliding line contact, the vane pump is the best-suited instrument for determination of the anti-wear performance of hydraulic fluids within acceptable time and at reasonable expense.
Alternatively, hydraulic pump and motor testing may require greater energy, 150 kW or more over a period of more than 1000 hours significantly increasing the cost of testing. Furthermore, tests on smaller versions of one type of pump or motor do not necessarily correlate with larger units of similar design. Therefore, it would be desirable to develop a laboratory test that: utilizes a rig with standard wear parts, provides a selective method for identifying various forms of lubricant failure, and that permits tests correlation with a wide variety of hydraulic pumps and motors used in the industry today.