bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Event Solution—A New Approach for Fully Integrated Studies Covering Uncertainty Analysis and Risk Assessment
Authors: Elrafie Emad , White Jerry , Awami Fatema 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Saudi Aramco strives to implement new and innovative techniques and approaches to assist in meeting the industry's increasing challenges. One of these is the new study approach, "the Event Solution," which leads to better synergy among different stakeholders and enables faster decisions that fully encompass the complex uncertainties associated with today's gasfield and oilfield developments.
The Event Solution is a short, intensively collaborative event, which compresses major decision cycles, embraces uncertainty, and provides a wider range of alternative solutions. The Event Solution approach has been implemented successfully on 24 major studies worldwide, with the last eight projects conducted on Saudi Aramco megareservoirs.
The concept is simple: Identify the most important study objective, and focus the collective skills and creativity of a team of experts to meet the study objective in a special event that lasts just for 2 months. The team is enabled with the latest hardware and software technologies in a large team room, specially designed for collaboration, where they can work together. A facilitator leads the team to implement the Event Solution process that helps the team to see "the big picture" and understand what matters to the bottom line. The team composition is enriched with representatives from all of the stakeholders (including technical experts, management, facilitators, and sometimes government and joint-venture partner's representatives) so the results can be concluded and implemented immediately, with maximum buy-in.
The Event Solution process includes detailed uncertainty analysis and risk-assessment workflows that have been implemented successfully in many events. The most important deliverable of the Event Solution, however, is that all the stakeholders develop a clear and common understanding of the critical uncertainties, project risk, and the agreed plans to move forward—the decisions. This volume of work, which traditionally requires years, is completed in 2 months on average using the Event Solution process.
This paper presents the elements and processes of this new approach. Critical elements to a successful Event Solution include software, workroom, team members, and a facilitator. Once the elements are in place, the facilitator leads the team through processes that include project preparation, parallel workflows, uncertainty analysis, critical information plans, project risk assessment, and mitigation plans. Note that uncertainty analysis is not a simple byproduct of the study, but an integral component of success.
Total-Property Modeling: Dispelling the Net-to-Gross Myth
Authors: Ringrose Philip S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Reservoir-modeling practice has developed into a complex set of numerical algorithms and recipes for modeling subsurface geology and fluid flow. Within these workflows, a number of myths have sometimes been propagated, especially in relation to (a) methods for handling net-to-gross (N/G), (b) implementation of upscaling methods, and (c) conditioning of reservoir models to well data. This paper discusses different practices in the use and upscaling of reservoir data and models, by comparing two end-member approaches: (1) the N/G method and (2) total-property modeling. Total property modeling, in which all rock elements are represented explicitly, is the generally preferred method. The N/G method involves a simplified representation of reality, which may be an acceptable approximation. Implications for upscaling and conditioning reservoir models to well data are discussed, and recommended practices are suggested.
An Improved Model for the Liquid-Loading Process in Gas Wells
Authors: Van Gool Frank , Currie Peter K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
This paper introduces an improved model for describing the liquid-loading process in gas wells. The model is an extension of the model proposed by Dousi et al. (2006).
The Dousi model handles the downhole inflow and outflow between the well and the reservoir in a simple manner. The new model improves this aspect and makes more-realistic and -detailed assumptions with respect to the production and injection interval. Analysis of the results this new model produces improves the understanding of the processes occurring down-ole. This analysis can also be used to predict future behavior of the well in a more realistic fashion. As in the Dousi model, two typical flow rates could be found, with one at full production with all the fluids produced to the surface and the other one a metastable rate in which produced fluids are being reinjected into the reservoir. Field observations confirm the existence of two possible flow rates in many wells. The difference between the new model and the Dousi model is that changes in flow rates occur more slowly when liquid loading starts, reflecting the more-realistic inflow-performance assumptions.
With this model, liquid-loading processes in the well can be understood better and predicted. This is important for optimization of well performance and for the economic assessment of the well and field.
Simultaneous Acid Diversion and Water Control in Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case History From Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Taq Ali A. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. , Beresky Jimmy K. , Naimi Khalid M. , Sierra Leopoldo , Eoff Larry 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Matrix acidizing and water control are usually addressed as two separate issues. Associative polymers can be used to simultaneously achieve effective acidizing and water control during a single treatment. A polymer-based treatment was applied in an offshore, perforated vertical well with two sets of perforations in a carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia. The acid treatment was needed to restore the productivity of the upper set of perforations and reduce water production from the lower set of perforations.
Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the potential use of associative polymers to control water mobility and act as an acid diverter. Coreflood experiments were conducted on reservoir cores at downhole conditions (temperature of 200°F and pressure of 3,500 psi). Extensive laboratory testing showed that associative polymers had no significant effect on the relative permeability to oil. However, the relative permeability to water was significantly reduced.
This paper presents a case history where an associative polymer was applied during matrix acid treatment of a damaged well. The treatment included two stages of associative polymer solutions and 20 wt% HCl with additives. Post-stimulation treatment production data showed that oil rate increased 11.18-fold, whereas water rate decreased 1.7-fold, resulting in a reduction in the water cut from 75 to 14 vol%.
The production logging tool (PLT) results indicated that the associative polymer was effective in diverting the acid into the oil producing zone. The upper set of perforations was producing most of the fluid, which further confirmed that the associative polymer significantly reduced water production from the lower zone.
Injectivity Decline From Produced-Water Reinjection: New Insights on In-Depth Particle-Deposition Mechanisms
Authors: Rousseau D. , Hadi L. , Nabzar L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Injectivity decline during produced-water reinjection (PWRI) originates not only from filter-cake buildup but also from in-depth deposition of oil droplets or solid particles. Physical modeling of particle-deposition mechanisms in porous media is thus of key interest for optimizing PWRI operations. The present work brings new insights on oil-droplet and solid-particle-deposition mechanisms in porous media.
The experimental conditions were selected such that the ratio between pores and particle sizes is sufficiently large to ensure in-depth propagation. The parameters are the nature of the particles injected and a Peclet number calculated on the size of the collector grains (Peg) that encompasses in a nondimensional form the impact of both the flow rate and the particle size.
The results are analyzed within the framework of the "colloidal approach." For oil droplets and solid particles, the collection efficiency (η) shows a transition from a behavior in which η varies as a power law of Peg, with exponent values −⅔ [(diffusion-limited deposition (DLD)] to −1 [reaction-limited deposition (RLD)] that are typical of the convection/diffusion regime, to a behavior characterized by an increase of η vs. Peg, typical of the hydrodynamic deposition regime. In the case of oil droplets (slightly charged), the transition occurs at a critical Peg value, PegC≈PegCgeom/10, corresponding to a diffusion-layer thickness around the collector grain of the same order of magnitude as the droplet diameter. In the case of electrosterically stabilized solid particles, the transition takes place at PegC≪PegCgeom for small particles and at PegC&gt;PegCgeom for larger particles.
Nanotechnology Applications in Viscoelastic Surfactant Stimulation Fluids
Authors: Huang Tianping , Crews James B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids have been used widely in the oil industry as completion and stimulation fluids. The surfactants arrange structurally to form rod-like micelles that increase VES-fluid viscosity for regular fracturing and fracture-packing fluids. However, high fluid leakoff and low viscosities at elevated temperatures have limited VES fluids to hydraulic fracturing and fracture-packing applications.
This paper will introduce a nanotechnology application for maintaining viscosity at high temperatures and controlling the loss of VES fluid without generating formation damage. The nanoparticles studied are 35-nm inorganic crystals that display unique surface morphology and surface reactivity. These nanometer-scale particles associate with VES micelles through chemisorption and surface-charge attraction to stabilize fluid viscosity at high temperatures and to produce a pseudofilter cake of viscous VES fluid that reduces significantly the rate of fluid loss and improves fluid efficiency. When internal breakers are used to break the VES micelles, the fluid will lose its viscosity dramatically and the pseudofilter cake will then break into brine and nanoparticles. Because the particles are small enough to pass through the pore throat of producing formations, they will be flowed back with the producing fluids, and no damage will be generated. The results of rheology, leakoff, and core-flow tests will be presented for the VES-fluid systems at temperatures 150 and 250°F.
IPO Gas Lift Design With Valve Performance
Authors: Decker Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Although gas lift design has been practiced for many years with the use of the Thornhill Craver (TC) equation (Cook and Dotterweich 1946) to predict the rate of gas passage through a gas-lift-valve port, the equation and charts were never intended for use with live gas lift valves.
It is now possible to obtain tested valve-gas-passage-performance data for any pressure and temperature conditions. To date, a method has not been provided for the use of this information during the design stage.
This paper will show how tested valve-performance data can be used in the design of 1-in. (25.4-mm) injection-pressure-operated (IPO) gas-lift valves.
Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneities on the Steam-Assisted Gravity-Drainage Process
Authors: Chen Q. , Gerritsen M. G. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe success of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been demonstrated by both field and laboratory studies mostly on the basis of homogeneous reservoirs and reservoir models. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of reservoir heterogeneities on SAGD performance is required, however, for wider and more-successful implementation. This work presents a numerical investigation of the effects of reservoir heterogeneities on SAGD using a stochastic model of shale distribution. Two flow regions, the near-well region (NWR) and the above-well region (AWR), are identified to decouple the complex effects of reservoir heterogeneities on the SAGD process. Numerical simulations are conducted with various realizations of shale distribution to compare SAGD performance in terms of the effects of NWR and AWR. Hydraulic fracturing is proposed to enhance steam-chamber development for reservoirs with poor vertical communication, and the feasibility of hydraulic fracturing is discussed in terms of in-situ stress and well orientation. Fracturing both injectors and producers is found to improve steam distribution, oil production rate, and the oil-steam ratio.
Veterinarian-client-patient communication during wellness appointments versus appointments related to a health problem in companion animal practice
Authors: Shaw Jane R. , Adams Cindy L. , Bonnett Brenda N. , Larson Susan , Roter Debra L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare the clinical interview process, content of the medical dialog, and emotional tone of the veterinarian-client-patient interaction during wellness appointments and appointments related to a health problem in companion animal practice.
Design—Cross-sectional descriptive study.
Sample Population—A random sample of 50 companion animal practitioners in southern Ontario and a convenience sample of 300 clients and their pets.
Procedure—For each practitioner, 6 clinical appointments (3 wellness appointments and 3 problem appointments) were videotaped. The Roter interaction analysis system was used to analyze the resulting 300 videotapes.
Results—Wellness appointments were characterized by a broad discussion of topics, with 50% of data-gathering statements and 27% of client education statements related to the pet's lifestyle activities and social interactions. Wellness appointments included twice as much verbal interaction with the pet as did problem appointments, and the emotional atmosphere of wellness appointments was generally relaxed. There were more social talk, laughter, statements of reassurance, and compliments directed toward the client and pet. In contrast, during problem appointments, 90% of the data gathering and client education focused on biomedical topics. Coders rated veterinarians as hurried during 30 of the 150 (20%) problem appointments; they rated clients as anxious during 39 (26%) problem appointments and as emotionally distressed during 21 (14%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that veterinarian-client-patient communication differed between wellness and problem appointments. Owing to the emphasis on biomedical content during problem appointments, veterinarians may neglect lifestyle and social concerns that could impact patient management and outcomes, such as client satisfaction and adherence to veterinarian recommendations.
Agreement between direct and indirect blood pressure measurements obtained from anesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots
Authors: Acierno Mark J. , da Cunha Anderson , Smith Julie , Tully Thomas N. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Serra Verna , Mitchell Mark A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the level of agreement between direct and indirect blood pressure measurements obtained from healthy Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) anesthetized with isoflurane.
Design—Validation study.
Animals—16 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
Procedures—Parrots were anesthetized, and a 26-gauge, 19-mm catheter was placed percutaneously in the superficial ulnar artery for direct measurement of systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures. Indirect blood pressure measurements were obtained with a Doppler ultrasonic flow detector and an oscillometric unit. The Bland-Altman method was used to compare direct and indirect blood pressure values.
Results—There was substantial disagreement between direct systolic arterial blood pressure and indirect blood pressure measurements obtained with the Doppler detector from the wing (bias, 24 mm Hg; limits of agreement, −37 to 85 mm Hg) and from the leg (bias, 14 mm Hg; limits of agreement, −14 to 42 mm Hg). Attempts to obtain indirect blood pressure measurements with the oscillometric unit were unsuccessful.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that there was substantial disagreement between indirect blood pressure measurements obtained with a Doppler ultrasonic flow detector in anesthetized Hispaniolan Amazon parrots and directly measured systolic arterial blood pressure.
Etiologic classification of seizures, signalment, clinical signs, and outcome in cats with seizure disorders: 91 cases (2000–2004)
Authors: Schriefl Simone , Steinberg Tanja A. , Matiasek Kaspar , Ossig Andrea , Fenske Nora , Fischer Andrea 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate associations among etiologic classifications of seizures and signalment, clinical signs, and outcome in cats with various seizure disorders.
Study Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—91 cats evaluated for seizure disorders at a veterinary teaching hospital from 2000 through 2004.
Procedures—Data regarding characteristics of the cats and their seizures were obtained from medical records. Seizures were classified as reactive, symptomatic, or idiopathic. Survival times were displayed as Kaplan-Meier curves, and differences between etiologic classifications were assessed by log-rank test.
Results—Over the 5-year period, the incidence of seizures among all cats evaluated at the hospital was 2.1%. Etiology was classified as reactive in 20 (22%) cats, symptomatic in 45 (50%), idiopathic or presumptive idiopathic in 23 (25%), and cardiac syncope in 3 (3%). Focal seizures with or without secondary generalization were recorded for 47 (52%) cats, and primary generalized seizures with or without status epilepticus were recorded for 44 (48%). Etiology was not associated with seizure type. However, mean age of cats with idiopathic seizures (3.5 years) was significantly lower than that of cats with reactive seizures (8.2 years) or symptomatic seizures (8.1 years). The 1-year survival rate for cats with idiopathic seizures (0.82) was longer than that for cats with reactive (0.50) or symptomatic (0.16) seizures.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Seizure etiology was symptomatic or reactive in most cats. Underlying disease was not associated with seizure type. Cats with idiopathic seizures lived longer than did cats with reactive or symptomatic seizures but were also younger.
Mandibular reconstruction after gunshot trauma in a dog by use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2
Authors: Lewis John R. , Boudrieau Randy J. , Reiter Alexander M. , Seeherman Howard J. , Gilley Robert S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Case Description—A 6-year-old German Shorthaired Pointer was evaluated for possible reconstruction of a mandibular defect resulting from gunshot trauma.
Clinical Findings—A 5-cm defect of the right mandibular body was evident. A segment of the mandibular body was removed 9 weeks earlier because of severe contamination and comminution associated with gunshot trauma. Subsequent right-sided mandibular drift resulted in malocclusion in which the left mandibular canine tooth caused trauma to mucosa of the hard palate medial to the left maxillary canine tooth. The right maxillary canine tooth caused trauma to gingiva lingual to the right mandibular canine tooth.
Treatment and Outcome—The right mandible was stabilized with a 2.0-mm maxillofacial miniplate positioned along the lateral alveolar margin and a 2.4-mm locking mandibular reconstruction plate placed along the ventrolateral mandible. An absorbable compressionresistant matrix containing collagen, hydroxyapatite, and tricalcium phosphate was soaked in recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2; 7.2 mL of a 0.5 mg/mL solution for a dose of 3.6 mg) and placed in the defect. By 4 weeks after surgery, an exuberant callus was evident at the site of the defect. By 7 months after surgery, the callus had remodeled, resulting in normal appearance, normal occlusion, and excellent function of the jaw.
Clinical Relevance—Mandibular defects resulting from gunshot trauma can be treated by removal of contaminated tissue and comminuted bone fragments, followed by staged reconstruction. The combination of rhBMP-2 and compression-resistant matrix was effective in a staged mandibular reconstruction in a dog with a severe traumatic mandibular defect.
Evaluation of risk factors, management, and outcome associated with rectal tears in horses: 99 cases (1985–2006)
Authors: Claes Anthony , Ball Barry A. , Brown James A. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors for rectal tears in horses; assess the effect of initiating cause on tear location, size, and distance from anus; and determine short-term survival rate among horses with various grades of rectal tears.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—99 horses.
Procedures—Medical records for horses with a rectal tear were reviewed, and data including age; sex; breed; cause, location, and size of the tear and its distance from the anus; tear grade; treatment; and outcome (short-term survival [ie, survival to discharge from the hospital] vs nonsurvival) were recorded. Data for age, sex, and breed of horses with rectal tears were compared with data for all horses evaluated at the hospital during the same interval to determine risk factors for rectal tears.
Results—Arabians, American Miniature Horses, mares, and horses > 9 years of age were more likely to develop a rectal tear than other breeds, males, or younger horses. Dystocia had a significant influence on rectal tear size. Location of a rectal tear and its distance from the anus were not associated with cause. Applied treatments for grade 1, 2, and 3 rectal tears were effective, unlike treatments for grade 4 rectal tears. Irrespective of treatment, the overall short-term survival rate among horses with grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 rectal tears was 100%, 100%, 38%, and 2%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Accurate identification of risk factors could help practitioners and owners implement adequate measures to prevent the development of rectal tears in horses.
Successful treatment of head shaking by use of infrared diode laser deflation and coagulation of corpora nigra cysts and behavioral modification in a horse
Authors: Berger Jeannine M. , Bell Stephanie A. , Holmberg Bradford J. , Madigan John E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Case Description—A 15-year-old Saddlebred gelding used for competitive pleasure driving had a 1-year history of head shaking while pulling a cart.
Clinical Findings—The horse had cystic corpora nigra in both eyes and concomitant classic and operant conditioned responses to wearing a bridle with bilateral eye covers (blinkers).
Treatment and Outcome—Deflation and coagulation of the cysts with an infrared diode laser and behavior modification consisting of desensitization and counterconditioning were used to successfully restore performance.
Clinical Relevance—Behavioral changes in horses can result from a combination of physical and psychologic causes. A combination of appropriate medical treatment of physical abnormalities and a behavioral modification plan is necessary to successfully treat behavioral problems in these patients.