bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detritivory and the stoichiometry of nutrient cycling by a dominant fish species in lakes of varying productivity
Authors: A. Higgins Karen , J. Vanni Michael , J. González Maria 
Published: March 2006

Little is known about the stoichiometry of nutrient cycling by detritivores. Therefore, we explored stoichiometric relationships in an omnivorous/detritivorous fish (gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum) in three lakes that differed in productivity. Gizzard shad can feed on plankton and sediment detritus, but in all three lakes adult gizzard shad derived >98% of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and >90% of nitrogen (N) from sediment detritus, and the remainder from zooplankton.Gizzard shad selectively consumed detritus with higher C, N and P concentrations than ambient lake sediments. Selective detritivory (i.e. the nutrient content of consumed detritus divided by the nutrient content of ambient detritus) was most pronounced in the lake with the lowest detrital nutrient concentrations. N and P cycling rates per fish were also consistently higher in this lake, in agreement with the prediction of stoichiometry theory that excretion rates should increase with food nutrient content. Among‐lake differences in nutrient cycling rates were unrelated to inter‐lake variation in fish body nutrient contents, which was minimal. The N:P ratio excreted was near Redfield (∼14:1) in all three lakes.Stoichiometric analyses showed that the C:N and C:P ratios of sediment detritus were much higher (∼2.8×) than ratios of gizzard shad bodies, revealing substantial N and P imbalances between consumers and their food source. Gizzard shad alleviate N imbalance by selectively feeding on high N detritus (low C:N, high N:P), and apparently alleviate P imbalance by excreting nutrients at a higher N:P than that of their food or their bodies. Thus, this detritivore apparently regulates nutrient acquisition and allocation via both pre‐absorption processes (selective feeding) and post‐absorptive processes (differential N and P excretion).
Eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in oesophageal mucosa from adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis: a retrospective and comparative study on pathological biopsy
Authors: Mueller S , Aigner T , Neureiter D , Stolte M 
Published: March 2006

Aim:To examine eosinophil infiltration and degranulation in 50 oesophageal biopsy specimens from 30 patients (21 men, 9 women; mean 39 years) with eosinophilic oesophagitis, by haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry.Methods:Immunohistochemistry was carried out using a monoclonal antibody for human eosinophilic major basic protein (MBP). Eosinophils were counted in three high power fields (×40) and degranulation, as quantified by extracellular MBP immunostaining, was scored on a scale of 1–4. Morphological changes (basal cell hyperplasia, elongation of papillae and dilatation of intercellular spaces) were scored on a 1–4 scale on sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin.Results:Numbers of intraepithelial eosinophils were significantly higher with MBP immunostaining than with haematoxylin and eosin staining (mean 109.6v80.6; p<0.001), whereas numbers of eosinophils were considerably correlated (r = 0.794). Eosinophil degranulation was higher in the distal oesophagus. Additionally, basic morphological changes were markedly associated with eosinophil infiltration. Extracellular deposition of eosinophil-MBP and eosinophil infiltration in subepithelial connective tissue, present in the biopsy specimens, were detected by immunohistochemistry.Conclusion:Numbers of eosinophils and degranulation are underestimated by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry detected up to two times more eosinophils than routine haematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, eosinophil-MBP immunoreactivity in extracellular regions indicates the release of toxic eosinophil granule proteins and gives further evidence for a causative role of eosinophils with regard to structural changes in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Immunohistochemistry may serve as a useful diagnostic tool to support the morphological differential diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
Furosemide reverses multidrug resistance status in bladder cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Speers A G , Lwaleed B A , Featherstone J M , Sallis B J , Cooper A J 
Published: March 2006

Background:Multidrug resistance (MDR) has a potentially serious influence on cancer treatment and should be taken into consideration in the design and application of therapeutic regimens. It is mediated through the activity of cellular pumps.Aim:To investigate whether furosemide, itself a pump-blocker, reverses MDR in an in vitro model.Materials and methods:An MDR bladder cancer cell line (MGH-u 1R) and its parental (drug sensitive) clone were exposed to epirubicin and furosemide, with the concentration of one drug fixed and that of the other serially diluted in a 96-well plate format. Both drugs formed the variable component in separate experiments. After a 1-h exposure, the cells were washed and replenished with fresh medium. To examine the toxicity of epirubicin and furosemide separately and in combination, monotetrazolium-based assays were carried out. Intracellular epirubicin distribution was assessed by confocal microscopy as a second index of resistance status after in vitro exposure.Results:MGH-u 1R cells incubated with furosemide showed distribution of drug similar to that in the parental cells (MGH-u 1 sensitive). Controls (without furosemide) continued to show a resistant pattern of fluorescence. In cytotoxicity assays furosemide appeared substantially non-toxic. Resistant cells in the toxicity titration experiments showed increased resistance to levels of furosemide over 500 μg/ml. Parental cells were made only marginally more sensitive against increased background toxicity.Conclusion:Furosemide is effective in reversing MDR status in bladder cancer cell lines in vitro. It may also have an increment of intrinsic cytotoxicity, but only at higher concentrations. We propose a potential for further investigation of furosemide as an adjunct to chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer.
THE PRICE OF ANARCHY FOR RESTRICTED PARALLEL LINKS
Authors: GAIRING MARTIN , LÜCKING THOMAS , MAVRONICOLAS MARIOS , MONIEN BURKHARD 
Published: March 2006

In the model of restricted parallel links, n users must be routed on m parallel links under the restriction that the link for each user be chosen from a certain set of allowed links for the user. In a (pure) Nash equilibrium, no user may improve its own Individual Cost (latency) by unilaterally switching to another link from its set of allowed links. The Price of Anarchy is a widely adopted measure of the worst-case loss (relative to optimum) in system performance (maximum latency) incurred in a Nash equilibrium. In this work, we present a comprehensive collection of bounds on Price of Anarchy for the model of restricted parallel links and for the special case of pure Nash equilibria. Specifically, we prove: • For the case of identical users and identical links, the Price of Anarchy is [Formula: see text]. • For the case of identical users, the Price of Anarchy is [Formula: see text]. • For the case of identical links, the Price of Anarchy is [Formula: see text], which is asymptotically tight. • For the most general case of arbitrary users and related links, the Price of Anarchy is at least m – 1 and less than m. The shown bounds reveal the dependence of the Price of Anarchy on n and m for all possible assumptions on users and links.
THE ROLLING BELTS INJURIES IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Tükenmez Mehmet , Tezeren Gunduz , Perçýn Sıtkı , Demirel Hüseyin 
Published: March 2006

Rolling belt injuries are commonly seen in the summer when the tractors and water pumps work in agricultural fields. These machines' rolling belts may attract children and entrap their hands. The injuries frequently affect soft tissues and bone of volar side of their hands. Amputations may be seen. In the present study, 45 patients with rolling belt injuries were retrospectively analysed. It was observed that 133 fingers of 42 patients and three hands (Zone III) of three patients were surgically treated. The treatment included primary closure of the lacerations, tendon/nerve repair, fixation of fractures, grafting, and local or cross-arm or groin flaps. Stump closure procedures were performed in 21 fingers with total amputations or non-viable tissues. The injuries in most of the cases were localised at Zones I and II. We performed revascularisation procedures in five fingers. Only one of them stayed alive (20%). Our results revealed that 13 cases were good, 21 were fair and 11 were poor to according to Gorsche and Wood criteria. These injuries cause the burns and defects on digital arteries-veins as well as flexor tendons. Frequently, phalanx fractures and finger amputations may occur. Also, the skin defects are common. The treatment of rolling belt injuries is difficult, quite expensive, and the outcomes are not always satisfactory.
CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF HAMATE FRACTURES
Authors: Hirano Kenichi , Inoue Goro 
Published: March 2006

Twenty-nine patients with hamate fractures were treated. The two main types of hamate fractures are hook fractures (type 1) and body fractures (type 2). We sub-divided type 2 fractures according to the fracture line into coronal, type 2a and transverse, type 2b. There were 15 type 1, 11 type 2a and three type 2b fractures. For type 1, nine were treated with excision, one with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and five with cast immobilisation, in which two resulted in non-union followed by excision. For type 2, five type 2a cases were treated with ORIF and the others with closed reduction and pinning. Most of the patients had satisfactory results at the seventh month follow-up. However, those with associated neurovascular and musculotendinous injuries were likely to have unfavourable results. On the basis of study findings, it appears that functional results are influenced mainly by the associated soft tissue damage.
MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND OPTIMAL SITE OF PLACEMENT OF A THREADED BONE SCREW ASSESSED ON THE BASIS OF THE SCREW BREAKAGE FOR NON-UNION OF THE SCAPHOID: A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY
Authors: Takase Katsumi , Yamamoto Kengo 
Published: March 2006

We have performed the surgical procedure on the patients with the fracture of the scaphoid using mini-acutrak screws (ACUMED, Inc.). A 25-year-old man was injured in a fall. Surgical treatment for non-union of the scaphoid using a mini-acutrak screw was performed. However, this screw was broken, despite the absence of any obvious trauma mechanism. A structural examination was performed with a metal microscope and a hardness test was performed. A hardness evaluation was conducted on this broken screw and similar screws. Cannulated screws having diameters of 2.7 and 3.5 mm were also evaluated in the strength test as controls for comparison. The breakage of screw occurred due to fatigue. The screw provides the strength equivalent to that of a 3.5 mm cannulated screw but the bending strength of the head end portion in which the breakage occurred was assumed to be the strength of about one-third that of the intermediate portion.
Regulation of Class II β-Tubulin Expression by Tumor Suppressor p53 Protein in Mouse Melanoma Cells in Response toVincaAlkaloid
Authors: Arai Katsuhiko , Matsumoto Yoshifumi , Nagashima Yuko , Yagasaki Kazumi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe continuous exposure of antimicrotubule drugs to tumors often results in the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells with altered expression of several β-tubulin isotypes. We found that Vinca alkaloid enhanced expression of class II β-tubulin isotype (mTUBB2) in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells via alteration of the tumor suppressor p53 protein. Vincristine treatment stimulated an increase in mTUBB2 mRNA expression and promoted accumulation of this isotype around the nuclei. Transient transfection assays employing a reporter construct, together with site-directed mutagenesis studies, suggested that the p53-binding site found in the first intron was a critical region for mTUBB2 expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and associated antibody supershift experiments showed that vincristine promoted release of p53 protein from the binding site. In addition, exogenous induction of TAp63γ (p51A), a homologue of p53, canceled the effect of vincristine on mTUBB2 expression. These results suggest that p53 protein may function as a suppressor of mTUBB2 expression and vincristine-mediated inhibition of p53 binding results in enhanced mTUBB2 expression. This phenomenon could be related with the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells induced by Vinca alkaloid and may participate in determining the fate of these cells. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(4):247–55)
Gene Promoter Hypermethylation in Mouse Lung Tumors
Authors: Vuillemenot Brian R. , Hutt Julie A. , Belinsky Steven A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The mouse is a good model for evaluating the efficacy of chemopreventive agents for lung cancer. Gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation is a critical component for the development and progression of lung cancer and an emerging target for preventive intervention by demethylating agents. Genes methylated in mouse lung tumors could serve as biomarkers to evaluate the effectiveness of demethylating agents for preventing lung cancer and causing gene reexpression in vivo. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a panel of genes inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in human lung cancer for silencing by this epigenetic mechanism in murine lung tumors induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), cigarette smoke, or arising spontaneously. Cadherin-13, estrogen receptor-α, progesterone receptor, and runt-related transcription factor-3 were frequently methylated in mouse lung tumor-derived cell lines, whereas cadherin-1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 were not. Methylation within these four genes was associated with lack of expression that could be restored after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and with methylation within the CpG island of each gene. Methylation-specific PCR revealed that methylation of these four genes occurred at prevalences of 24% to 69% in primary lung tumors arising spontaneously or induced by exposure to cigarette smoke or NNK. Estrogen receptor-α methylation was more frequent in spontaneously occurring lung cancer than cigarette smoke–induced or NNK-induced lung cancer, whereas runt-related transcription factor-3 showed the opposite relationship. Thus, genes can be targeted for inactivation by methylation, depending on exposure history. This study indicates that methylation events frequently observed in human lung cancer are recapitulated in the mouse model and identifies four potential biomarkers for assessing intervention approaches for reversing epigenetically mediated gene silencing. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(4):267–73)
Inflammation, a Key Event in Cancer Development
Authors: Lu Haitian , Ouyang Weiming , Huang Chuanshu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSeveral recent studies have identified nuclear factor-κB as a key modulator in driving inflammation to cancers. Besides this transcription factor, essential in regulating inflammation and cancer development, an inflammatory microenvironment inhabiting various inflammatory cells and a network of signaling molecules are also indispensable for the malignant progression of transformed cells, which is attributed to the mutagenic predisposition of persistent infection-fighting agents at sites of chronic inflammation. As a subverted host response to inflammation-induced tumors, the inflammatory cells and regulators may facilitate angiogenesis and promote the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Thus far, research regarding inflammation-associated cancer development has focused on cytokines and chemokines as well as their downstream targets in linking inflammation and cancer. Moreover, other proteins with extensive roles in inflammation and cancer, such as signal transducers and activators of transcription, Nrf2, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, are also proposed to be promising targets for future studies. The elucidation of their specific effects and interactions will accelerate the development of novel therapeutic interventions against cancer development triggered by inflammation. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(4):221–33)
Leaving Children Behind: How "Texas-Style" Accountability Fails Latino Youth
Authors: Maxcy Brendan D. 
Published: March 2006

Background: Leaving Children Behind: How “Texas-Style” Accountability Fails Latino Youth, edited by Angela Valenzuela, presents federal-, state-, district-, and school-level research on the effects of performance accountability systems featuring high-stakes testing on Latina/Latino students. Drawing on empirical work from studies in Texas and California, the authors argue forcefully that the state policy systems purported to eliminate longstanding inequities in educational services provided poor and minority students are instead creating perverse incentives that exacerbate the achievement gap for language minority students and others. Purpose: In this book review and policy commentary, the reviewer examines the evidence provided in various chapters, offering an array of perspectives on the policy, politics, and effects on practice of what the authors term “Texas-style accountability.” Analysis and Findings: Reconsidering the portrayal of this type of system as a Texas phenomenon foisted on the nation through the No Child Left Behind legislation, performance accountability is situated in a broader public-sector reform movement, termed New Public Management (NPM) by Hood (1991). Conclusions: The reviewer suggests that Leaving Children Behind is important reading for practicing administrators, those who prepare them, and those who make and research educational policy.
The Influence of School Social Composition on Teachers’ Collective Efficacy Beliefs
Authors: Goddard Roger D. , Skrla Linda 
Published: March 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine how school social composition is related to perceived collective efficacy. Several hypotheses tested in this research were derived from social cognitive theory and based on the extant literature. Participants: Data were drawn from 1,981 teachers in 41 K-8 schools in a diverse urban school district in the southwestern United States. Findings: The results of two-level hierarchical linear models indicated that a school’s past academic achievement, rate of special program placement for gifted children, and faculty ethnic composition explained 46% of the variation among schools in perceived collective efficacy. The article also reports a much smaller but statistically significant relationship between collective efficacy beliefs and teacher race and experience. Teachers of color and those with more than 10 years experience reported slightly higher levels of perceived collective efficacy. Conclusions: The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Birth Order and Managerial Achievement: Another Look
Authors: Popp Gary E. , Davis Herbert J. 
Published: March 2006

A study was conducted to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in the probability of successful managerial achievement in the petro-chemical manufacturing industry between only-born, early-born and later-born managers. Respondents included 440 male managers. Of the subjects, 181 were classified as first-line managers, 156 as middle managers, and 103 were in top management. Only-born top managers were found to be significantly over-represented when compared to other ordinal positions. Only-born first-line managers were under-represented. Only-born middle managers at all levels of management were found to be as statistically expected. No predicted birth-order effects were found in any family ordinal position other than only-borns. The findings suggested that the only born has a proportionally better chance of reaching top management in the petro-chemical manufacturing industry than any other birth order. The results also seem to indicate that while many similarities appear to exist in only a first born, significant differences also seem to be present.
Human Resource Accounting: Why The Delay?
Authors: Powell James Donald , Sciullo Henry A. , Mattson Gertrude 
Published: March 2006

Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is a concept which held the promise of being a valuable tool for management and accounting. Yet for all its potential, the implementation of HRA on a broad scale seems to have been slow in coming. It is the purpose of this paper to examine some conceptual aspects of HRA and to summarize some of the experiences of companies implementing it with the purpose of arriving at some tentative conclusions about the factors that might have caused the delay in implementation. Among the questions discussed are: 1. Was HRA a weak concept? Discussed here are the myriad advantages that HRA's proponents claim for it. 2. Are the technical implementation problems insurmountable? 3. What costs should be considered in capitalizing humans? Related questions involve accumulation of costs, choice of amortization method, and disposition of unamortized costs. 4. What has been the experience of companies such as American Telephone and Telegraph and the R. G. Barry Corporation who have implemented HRA? 5. Has implementation of HRA been slowed by an "intramural" struggle between behavioral theorists and financial specialists? The paper concludes with some recommendations for hastening the widespread use of HRA. Among these are: more cautious implementation of HRA systems, use of HRA for internal purposes, and a general toning down of the rhetoric about HRA's promise from its proponents.
A Doctoral Field in Business Strategy-Policy
Authors: Greenwood W. T. 
Published: March 2006

No less than twenty doctoral programs in Business Strategy-Policy are needed immediately to meet the academic market needs of the coming decade, created by the recent AACSB requirement of the "core" course at both the undergraduate and MBA levels. The objectives of the course have been universally defined and confirmed by the Gordon and Howell and the Pierson reports, and by the AACSB. Recent studies of the field have identified four major trends: emphasis on strategy as well as policy formulation and administration, fusion of strategy-policy with business-society and business environmental problems, comparative analysis of business firms with their economic-industrial environments, and the inclusion and emphasis of the role and functions of the board of directors. Professional education for business defined by the AACSB has for the past twenty years focused on the practitioner application of the administrative process to business problems (Business Administration), thereby suggesting at least a 50-50% point of departure in a curriculum emphasis on theory and practice. This point of departure is applied to a suggested doctoral program content in bibliographical essay form including the following: I. Policy Environment (A) Social, Political-Legal and Ethical Philosophy, II. Policy Environment (B) Economic Growth and Industry Competition, III. Business Strategy and Policy Theory and Practice, and IV. General Management Decision-Making Systems and Methodologies.
The Ethics of Social Responsiblity: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Mears Peter , Smith Jerald 
Published: March 2006

An instrument was designed to measure the ethical aspect of social responsibility. It was administered to 359 respondents, factor analyzed to ascertain major dimensions and then subjected to discriminant analysis. Four dimensions emerged in the factor analysis but only two were found to be useful in predicting a respondent's work experience. This is taken to indicate that although differences do exist, there is an underlying dimension on some of the ethical issues. It is suggested that researchers attempting to develop a workable definition of social responsibility take this ethical dimension into consideration.