bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Modified Teniotomy Technique for Facilitated Removal of Descending Colon Enteroliths in Horses
Authors: HASSEL DIANA M. , YARBROUGH TOM B. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe a method for facilitating movement of enteroliths obstructing the proximal portion of the descending colon.Study Design—Prospective report. Sample Population—15 horses.Methods—A seromuscular incision through the antimesenteric taenia of the proximal portion of the descending colon was used to facilitate movement of enteroliths.Results—Teniotomy allowed proximal descending colon enteroliths located within the abdomen or close to the abdominal wall to be advanced 4 to 15 cm in an aboral direction so that they could be exteriorized for safe removal.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceTeniotomy is a feasible method for mobilizing enteroliths in the proximal descending colon in locations that cannot otherwise be exteriorized.
Osteochondral Dowel Transplantation for Repair of Focal Defects in the Knee: An Outcome Study Using an Ovine Model
Authors: HURTIG MARK B , NOVAK KELLI , McPHERSON ROGER , McFADDEN SEAN , McGANN LOCKSLEY E. , MULDREW KEN , SCHACHAR NORMAN S. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—A model system was developed to objectively assess the quality of articular cartilage after surgical reconstruction of focal defects in the medial femoral condyle using osteochondral dowel grafts.Study Design—The surgical technique was developed and customized to reproducibly minimize surgical trauma and graft instability in order to improve the survival of the transplanted cartilage and the long‐term integrity of the joint surfaces.Animals or Sample Population—24 adult female Suffolk‐Romanoff crossbred sheep.Methods—Biomechanical creep testing, paravital staining for chondrocyte viability, histological analysis, and gross morphological analysis were performed at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively to compare fresh autografted osteochondral dowels with allografts that had been subject to a freezing protocol known to kill chondrocytes. The latter was used to investigate the time course of cartilage degeneration after injury. These two groups were also compared with normal unoperated control tissue.Results—Biomechanical behavior, chondrocyte survival, and cartilage histology differed significantly between fresh grafts and those that had been frozen. Conclusions—Indentation testing and paravital staining were able to identify degenerative changes earlier than other methods of assessment. The technique developed here reproducibly and reliably transplanted osteochondral dowel grafts while minimizing the confounding effects of surgical trauma and graft instability. Clinical Relevance—The technique provides both a promising surgical technique for the repair of focal defects of the medial femoral condyle and a sensitive model for the future study of cryopreservation strategies for articular cartilage.
In Vivo Evaluation of Intramedullary Interlocking Nail Fixation of Transverse Femoral Osteotomies in Foals
Authors: McCLURE S.R. , ACVS Dipiomate , WATKINS J.P. , ACVS Diplomate , ASHMAN R.B. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate an intramedullary interlocking nail for stabilization of transverse femoral osteotomies in foals.Study Design—A transverse osteotomy and restabilization with an intramedullary interlocking nail was performed on the right femur in three foals and the left femur in three foals. Animals—Six foals weighing 149 to 207 kg.Methods—The femur was destabilized with a transverse middiaphyseal osteotomy and repaired with a 0.5‐in (12.7 mm) interlocking nail. The implanted femurs were radiographed monthly until completion of the study 6 months after surgery. At the completion of the study, all foals were observed for evidence of lameness, gluteal thickness was determined by ultrasonographic measurement, and a necropsy was performed.Results—Healing was satisfactory in all foals. Five of the six had osseous bridging of the osteotomy apparent radiographically by 3 to 4 months. The sixth foal had postoperative infection but was healed radiographically in 5 months. There was a mean decrease in gluteal muscle thickness of 6.6 mm (P= .04) in the operated limb of the five foals that healed without complication. Two foals were lame at the completion of the project; one foal with varus deformities of the contralateral limb was mechanically lame, and another was grade 2/5 lame on the operated limb. On necropsy, there was circumferential enlargement of the diaphysis of all operated limbs with the majority of the callus at the cranial and medial aspects of the cortex. All nails were solid within the medullary cavity.Conclusions—The intramedullary interlocking nail provided adequate stabilization for repair of the transverse osteotomy.Clinical Relevance—Further investigation is warranted before use for stabilization of spontaneously occurring fracture configurations.
Determination of Proximal Femoral Epiphyseal Depth for Repair of Physeal Fractures in Immature Dogs
Authors: LORINSON DRAGAN , MILLIS DARRYL L. , BRIGHT RONALD M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the depth that implants may be safely placed for repair of proximal femoral physeal fractures.Study Design—Relationships were determined between the depth of the proximal femoral epiphysis (PFE) and the contralateral PFE, and the PFE and pubic bone width.Animals or Sample Population—20 immature dog cadavers.Methods—Actual PFE depths were determined at the center of the physeal surface and at four other eccentric points. The contralateral intact PFE depth and the width of the cranial aspect of the pubic bone were measured from radiographs.Results—Mean ratios of actual central PFE depth to radiographically measured (1) contralateral PFE depth and (2) pubic bone width were 1.04:1 and 1.09:1, and ratios of actual eccentric PFE depths were 0.89:1 and 0.93:1. Body weight was not useful in estimating depth of the PFE.Conclusions—For the central epiphysis, pins may safely be placed a distance equal to 75% to 80% of the contralateral intact PFE depth or pubic bone width, measured from a ventrodorsal radiograph, with minimal risk of penetration through the articular surface. Pins placed eccentrically may be safely driven a depth equal to 65% of the radiographically measured contralateral intact PFE depth or pubic bone width.Clinical Relevance—Estimating the safe depth of implant placement into the PFE avoids penetration of the articular surface.
Radiographic, Densitometric, and Biomechanical Effects of Recombinant Canine Somatotropin in an Unstable Ostectomy Gap Model of Bone Healing in Dogs
Authors: MILLIS DARRYL L. , WTLKENS BRENT E. , DANIEL GREGORY B. , HUBNER KARL , MATHEWS ARCHIE , BUONOMO FRANCES C. , PATELL KANAIYALA R. , WEIGEL JOSEPH P. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the effect of recombinant canine somatotropin (STH) on radiographic, densitometric, and biomechanical aspects of bone healing using an unstable ostectomy gap model.Study Design—After an ostectomy of the midshaft radius, bone healing was evaluated over an 8–week period in control dogs (n = 4) and dogs receiving recombinant canine STH (n = 4).Animals or Sample Population—Eight sexually intact female Beagle dogs, 4 to 5 years old. Methods—Bone healing was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative evaluation of serial radiographs every 2 weeks. Terminal dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and three‐point bending biomechanical testing were also performed.Results—Dogs receiving STH had more advanced radiographic healing of ostectomy sites. Bone area, bone mineral content, and bone density were two to five times greater at the ostectomy sites of treated dogs. Ultimate load at failure and stiffness were three and five times greater in dogs receiving STH.Conclusions—Using the ostectomy gap model, recombinant canine STH enhanced the radiographic, densitometric, and biomechanical aspects of bone healing in dogs. Clinical Relevance—Dogs at risk for delayed healing of fractures may benefit from treatment with recombinant canine STH.
Evaluation of a Transpelvic Sling Procedure With and Without Colposuspension for Treatment of Female Dogs With Refractory Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence
Authors: NICKEL RAFAEL F. , WIEGAND URSEL , BROM W.E. VAN DEN 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate a sling procedure using a polyester ribbon passed through the obturator foramen, around the urethra, and fixed outside the pelvis for the treatment of female dogs with refractory urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI).Animals—26 female dogs with USMI that had not improved with medical management. Methods—All dogs underwent a transpelvic sling procedure, and in 13, with a radiographic diagnosis of a pelvic bladder, additional colposuspension was performed. Multichannel urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) and diuresis cystourethrometry (UCM) were performed in all dogs before and in seven dogs 2 to 14 months after surgery. Long‐term results of surgery and medical therapy were determined.Results— 13 dogs (50%), 6 of these without additional colposuspension, were continent after surgery and remained continent during a follow‐up period of 12 to 36 months (mean, 19 months). Seven, three of which had colposuspension, had improved markedly. Four of these dogs became continent with additional medical therapy. Five dogs did not improve, and three of these were eventually euthanatized. In one dog, the sling was removed after 5 days because of persistent stranguria. Surgery and medical therapy together resulted in continence in 17 dogs (65%) during a follow‐up period of 6 to 36 months (mean, 22 months). Postoperative dysuria or stranguria occurred in six dogs, and four of these underwent a colposuspension procedure. Two dogs developed a fistula, 2 and 3 years after surgery. Preoperatively, decreased urethral resistance was suggested by the findings of UPP and UCM in 25 dogs, and an abnormally high compliance was found in 3, detrusor instability in 2, and a low threshold pressure in 1 dog. There was no apparent correlation between these findings and the outcome of surgery. Urethral closure pressures measured after surgery were significantly increased but were still lower than the normal range in all dogs with persistent or recurrent incontinence.Conclusions—A transpelvic sling procedure, with or without additional colposuspension, can be useful in the management of dogs with refractory urinary incontinence. The procedure is not beneficial if it does not increase urethral pressure close to, or within, the normal range.
Acute Gastrointestinal Disease in 27 New World Camelids: Clinical and Surgical Findings
Authors: CEBRA CHRISTOPHER K. , CEBRA MARGARET L. , GARRY FRANKLYN B. , LARSEN R. SCOTT , BAXTER GARY M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe clinical and surgical findings from New World camelids with acute gastrointestinal disease.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animal Population—20 llamas and 7 alpacas.Methods—Camelids were grouped based on surgical lesions. Clinical and surgical findings were compared between groups and between surviving and nonsurviving camelids.Results—Twelve of 27 initial celiotomies and 3 of 4 repeat celiotomies were successful. Death occurred from euthanasia during surgery (nine camelids), peritonitis or sepsis (five), aspiration pneumonia (one), and respiratory distress (one). Survival was lowest after celiotomy for proximal obstruction (3 of 10 camelids), ruptured viscus (0 of 4), and necrotizing enteritis (0 of 2) and highest after celiotomy for distal obstruction (10 of 13) and septic peritonitis without ruptured viscus (2 of 2). Before surgery, camelids with proximal obstruction had significantly lower (P< .05) serum chloride concentrations (median, 97 mEq/L) than those with distal obstruction (median, 109 mEq/L) or ruptured viscus (median, 117 mEq/L). Serum bicarbonate concentration also was highest (median, 34.6 mEq/L) and often greater than 28 mEq/L in camelids with proximal obstruction. Camelids with distal obstruction had significantly lower (P< .05) nucleated cell counts in peritoneal fluid (median, 700 cells/μL) than those with ruptured viscus (median, 20,600 cells/μL) or septic peritonitis (median, 88,300 cells/μL).Conclusions—Camelids with proximal obstruction often had hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Camelids with distal obstruction had less metabolic derangement and tissue compromise and a higher survival rate.Clinical Relevance—Awareness of the characteristics of the various types of acute gastrointestinal disease in camelids will augment veterinarians' ability to diagnose and treat these disorders.
A Modified Technique for Extensive Large Colon Resection and Anastomosis in Horses
Authors: HUGHES FAITH E. , SLONE DONNIE E. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe an alternative technique for large colon resection and anastomosis in horses. Study Design—Retrospective study of clinical patients. Animal Population—37 horses that had ventral midline celiotomies between July 1, 1990, and July 1, 1994. Methods—Large colon resection and anastomosis was performed using a modification of previously described techniques. Modifications include mesocolon ligation with a stapling device and an end‐to‐end apposition of the right ventral and right dorsal colon. Results—Twenty‐one of the 37 horses were discharged from the hospital without complications. Two horses were euthanatized immediately after recovery from anesthesia because of hindlimb fracture. Fourteen horses were euthanatized in the initial postoperative period because of persistent endotoxemia and abdominal pain. Conclusions—The described technique is a safe, reliable method for large colon resection and anastomosis in horses. Clinical Relevance—The described technique is fairly simple to perform and requires less surgical time compared with other techniques.
Effect of Omentectomy on Adhesion Formation in Horses
Authors: KUEBELBECK K. LEANN , SLONE DONNIE E. , MAY KIM A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine if omentectomy would decrease the frequency of postoperative intraabdominal adhesions.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals or Sample Population—44 horses that had either two ventral median celiotomies or a ventral median celiotomy and a necropsy more than 4 days later; 19 of these horses had their omentum removed at the initial surgery.Methods—Data retrieved from the records included location and type of intraabdominal adhesions; location of the surgical lesion; relationship of adhesions to the surgical lesion; surgical procedures; duration of initial surgery; time interval between procedures; age, gender, and breed of the horse; and clinical outcome. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association between categorical explanatory and outcome variables. The effect of potential risk factors on the incidence rate of adhesion formation was estimated using a proportional hazards regression model.Results—Of 25 horses in the nonomentectomy group, 15 (60%) had postoperative adhesions that resulted in the need for a second surgical intervention, whereas of 19 horses that had omentectomy initially, only 4 (21%) had postoperative adhesions that required a second procedure. Rate of adhesion formation was higher in horses that did not have omentectomy initially (incidence ratio rate [IRR], 0.46; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 1.19). At initial surgery, 24 horses had a small intestinal lesion, and 20 horses had a large intestinal lesion. Fifteen horses (63%) with small intestinal lesions subsequently developed adhesions compared with four horses (20%) with an initial large intestinal lesion (P= .006). At the second procedure, small intestine lesions were identified in 32 horses and large intestine lesions in 12 horses (1 horse had both small and large intestine lesions), and 1 horse had a gastric lesion. Adhesions were identified as the cause of colic signs in 19 (61%) horses with small intestinal lesions and in none of the horses with large intestine lesions. The frequency of adhesion development leading to colic associated with only the small intestine at the second surgery or necropsy was significantly greater (P= .001) than the frequency only in the large intestine.Conclusions—Omentectomy reduced the rate of postoperative adhesion formation. Adhesions are more likely to occur after small intestinal surgery and if they do occur likely involve the small intestine.Clinical Relevance—Omentectomy is a safe procedure and should be considered prophylactically for reduction of adhesion formation after abdominal surgery in horses.
Tenoscopic Anatomy of the Equine Carpal Flexor Synovial Sheath
Authors: SOUTHWOOD LOUISE L. , STASHAK TED S. , KAINER ROBERT A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the tenoscopic anatomy of the carpal sheath of the flexor tendons (carpal sheath) viewed from a lateral approach.Study Design—Tenoscopic observation of structures within the carpal sheath subsequently confirmed by dissection.Animals or Sample Population—12 equine cadaveric forelimbs.Methods—The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal for the arthroscope was made approximately 3 cm proximal to the distal radial physis and 2.5 cm caudal to the radius between the tendons of the ulnaris lateralis and lateral digital extensor muscles.Results—A lateral tenoscopic approach was adequate to identify all structures within the carpal sheath. From proximal to distal, structures identified using this approach were the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle, accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle, distal radial physis, tendons of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles, accessory carpal bone, antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints, and vincula of the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle.Conclusions—A lateral tenoscopic approach offered an easy, repeatable entry into the carpal sheath and allowed good observation of all structures within the sheath except for the medial borders of the tendons of the deep and superficial digital flexor muscles.Clinical Relevance—Applications of a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath include diagnostic procedures, lavage and synovial resection for septic tenosynovitis, desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle for flexural deformity or tendinitis, and removal of osteochondromas from the distal radial metaphysis.
Comparison of Plasma Fentanyl Concentrations by Using Three Transdermal Fentanyl Patch Sizes in Dogs
Authors: EGGER CHRISTINE M. , DUKE TANYA , ARCHER JOY , CRIBB PETER H. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare plasma fentanyl concentrations attained after the application of three transdermal fentanyl patch sizes (50, 75, and 100 μg/hour) in dogs.Design—Repeated Latin square controlled study.Animals—Six intact, mixed‐breed adult dogs (2 males, 4 females) weighing 19.9 ± 3.4 kg.Methods—Each dog was randomly assigned to receive each of three treatments: 50 (P50), 75 (P75), or 100 (P100) μg/hour transdermal patches. Patches were left in place for 72 hours. Jugular venous blood was collected at 1,2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after patch application and for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after patch removal. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay technique. After a 96‐hour washout period, each dog was moved to another treatment group and received a different patch size.Results—The following results were obtained (mean ± SD): average plasma fentanyl concentration from 24 to 72 hours, 0.7 ± 0.2 ng/mL (P50), 1.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL (P75), 1.2 ± 0.5 ng/mL (P100); the total area under the concentration versus time curve (0 hours to infinity), 46 ± 12.2 ng/h/mL (P50), 101.2 ± 41.4 ng/h/mL (P75), 80.4 ± 38.3 ng/h/mL (P100); and the apparent elimination half‐life, 3.6 ± 1.2 hours (P50), 3.4 ± 2.7 hours (P75), and 2.5 ± 2.0 hours (P100). There was a high degree of variability in plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved. Plasma fentanyl concentrations declined rapidly after patch removal.Conclusions—The attainment of steady‐state plasma concentrations takes up to 24 hours, and there is a great deal of variability in the final concentrations reached in different individuals. In this study, the 100 μg/hour patches did not provide statistically increased plasma concentrations when compared with the 50 μg/hour patches.Clinical Relevance—Because of the interindividual and intraindividual variation in plasma fentanyl concentrations, patches should be applied 24 hours before the anticipated time that analgesia will be required. Adequacy of analgesia and potentially deleterious side effects, such as sedation and respiratory depression, should be monitored while the patches are in place. Skin reactions may occur, and the patches should be removed if such skin irritation is seen. After the patch is removed, it is expected that analgesia will wane rapidly because of the brief elimination half‐life.
Congenital Interruption of the Portal Vein and Caudal Vena Cava in Dogs: Six Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: HUNT GERALDINE B. , BELLENGER CHRISTOPHER R. , BORG RICHARD , YOUMANS K. RUTH , TISDALL PENELOPE L.C. , MALIK RICHARD 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe six dogs with congenital abnormalities involving the portal vein, caudal vena cava, or both.Animals—Six client‐owned dogs with congenital interruption of the portal vein or the caudal vena cava, or both.Methods—Portal vein and caudal vena cava anatomy was evaluated by contrast radiography and visualization at surgery. Vascular casts or plastinated specimens were obtained in three animals.Results—Portal blood shunted into the caudal vena cava in four dogs and the left hepatic vein in one. Two of these five dogs also had interruption of the caudal vena cava with continuation as azygous vein, as did an additional dog, in which the portal vein was normally formed. Portal vein interruption was present in 5 of 74 (6.8%) dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts evaluated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the study period.Conclusions—Serious malformations of the abdominal veins were present in more than 1 in 20 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts.Clinical Relevance—Veterinarians involved in diagnosis and surgery for portosystemic shunts should be aware of these potential malformations, and portal vein continuity should be evaluated in all dogs before attempting shunt attenuation.