bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SIMULATION OF THE UREA CYCLE: CORRELATION OF EFFECTS DUE TO INBORN ERRORS IN THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYMES WITH CLINICAL‐BIOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Kuchel PW , Roberts DV , Nichol LW 
Published: November 2007

SummarySteady‐state rate equations are written on the basis of information obtained from the literature describing the kinetics of the four enzyme‐catalysed reactions comprising the urea cycle. These equations are formulated into a set which also accounts for fluxes of input and output compounds external to the cycle. Numerical integration of this set of equations is performed employing parameters selected to approximate those pertaining to the operation of the urea cycle in normal liver. The result is a pattern of intermediate metabolite concentrations, which forms a basis for the comparison of patterns reflecting the effects of inborn errors of metabolism. The latter are calculated by varying specified kinetic parameters in the numerical integration. Each of the observed clinical syndromes, Hyperarginemia Types I and II, Hyperarginemia, Citrullinemia and Argininosuccinicaciduria, is discussed.
ERYTHROCYTE AUTOANTIBODIES INDUCED IN MICE IMMUNIZED WITH RAT ANTIGENS
Authors: Keast D , Calagero C 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAntibody reacting against syngeneic mouse erythrocytes could not be elicited (by rat erythrocytes) in athymie nude mice. Rat antigen preparations from heart, muscle, testes, brain erythrocyte ghosts and foetal material failed to elicit detectable autoantibody reactivity against mouse erythrocytes, even though all these preparations (other than brain and foetal) induced a reduction in half life of syngeneic murine erythrocytes in vivo. We suggest that an unstable rat erythrocyte antigen is responsible for the induction of the autoimmune reactions, which in turn depend on T‐cells for their generation.
THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY IN GUINEA PIGS ON THE LYMPHOCYTE CONTENT OF CENTRAL LYMPH
Authors: Adams DB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe number of lymphocytes discharged from the mesenteric lymphatic duct was measured over several days of continuous lymph drainage in adult guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth or as young adults. The reduced output of lymphocytes during the first few days of lymph drainage from neonatally thymectomised guinea pigs indicated that removal of the thymus at birth produced a deficiency in the mobilizable lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy led to a decrease in the moblizable lymphocyte pool which did not become apparent until 35 days after removal of the thymus. This indicated that the production of lymphocytes by the thymus is important in the guinea pig for maintaining adequate numbers of recirculating lymphocytes during adult life.The concentration of lymphocytes was reduced in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs which had been thymectomised at birth. In female guinea pigs this lymphopenia was accompanied by an increase in the number of lymphocytes hearing Kurloff bodies. The concentration of lymphocytes in bone marrow was not significantly altered following neonatal thymectomy.
REQUIREMENTS FOR STIMULATION OF T CELL RESPONSES AGAINST VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS: NATURE OF ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS CAPABLE OF STIMULATING CYTOTOXIC T CELLS IN A SECONDARY RESPONSE IN VITRO
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe nature of infected stimulator cells in the in vitro secondary cytotoxic T cell response to ectromelia infection was investigated. It was found that macrophages were better stimulator cells than spleen cells. B cells (Ig‐positive cells) were superior to T cells (Ig‐negative cells) both on a relative proportion and on a cell‐to‐cell basis. Concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated lymphocytes were also effective stimulator cells but appeared to be slightly inferior to spleen cells. Spleen cells depleted of la‐positive cells were markedly inferior to normal spleen cells as stimulators. It was also found that primary and secondary cytotoxic T cells were largely Ia‐negative.These findings are discussed in relation to the likely events during T cell responses to infection in vivo.
THE EFFECT IN VIVO OF PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS OF IMMUNE AND NORMAL MICE ON THE INFECTIVITY OF THE THIRD STAGE LARVAE OF NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS
Authors: Chaicumpa V , Jenkin CR , Fischer H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryData presented show that in vivo peritoneal exudate cells of mice immune to infection with Nematospiroides dubius are capable of damaging the infective third stage larvae of this parasite. Experiments utilising chambers closed with membranes of different pore size and implanted in the peritoneal cavity indicated that damage requires intimate contact between the cells and larvae. Examination of the cells in contact with the larvae revealed that these cells were predominantly macrophages. The fact that peritoneal exudate cells of normal mice are unable to damage the third stage larvae even in the presence of serum from immune animals, although binding to the larvae, suggest that cells of immune mice have been “activated”.
SOME REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RESPONSE OF SEPARATED T‐CELL SUB‐POPULATIONS TO THE MITOGENS PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND CONCANAVALIN A
Authors: Shortman Ken , Ryden Aina , Dunkley Margaret , von Boehmer Harald 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe proliferative response of various separated populations of mouse spleen and thymus lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was not a direct function of the level of responsive T cells, but was governed by other regulatory effects. These included a stimulation by adherent macrophages, an inhibition by a separate population of adherent cells and an adherent cell independent restriction of proliferation at high cell concentration. In contrast, the proliferate response Concanavalin A (Con A) was more closely related to the level of responsive T cells. All density and electrophoretically isolated sub‐sets of splenic T cells appeared capable of a proliferative response to PHA and Con A, although under some conditions the PHA responsiveness of certain fractions was suppressed. In the thymus, the minor low θ sub‐population appeared capable of response to both mitogens, and accounted for all the activity of the unfractioned thymus cells. No response to either mitogen could be obtained from the major, high θ thymocyte population.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF PORCINE PITUITARY LARGE GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Livesey JH , Rubinstein D , Beck JC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryExtracts of porcine pituitaries can be separated into two fractious, each containing immunoreactive growth hormone, (GH) by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. The void volume peak contained 0·2–0·5% (large GH) and the remainder fluted at Kd = 0·6 (small GH). 50–60% of the immunoreactive large CH was absorbed on to a large excess of anti‐GH coupled to Sepharose 2B during an 18 hour incubation at 4°. Over 80% of the absorbed immunoreactivity eluted with neutral 6 M NaSCN at 4°. The pituitary extracts also contained RNA which was absorbed and eluted along with the large GH. Upon rechro‐matography on Sephadex G‐200 the eluate contained small GH, suggesting that large GH was dissociated to small GH. The RNA ran in the void volume. RNA was also non‐specifically absorbed when Sepharose coupled with bovine serum gamma globulin was substituted for anti‐GH Sepharose. However, interference by RNA could be avoided if large GH was converted to small GH using 6 M NaSCN and rechromatographed before immunoabsorption. Contamination by prolactin was found.Following a 2 hour incubation of porcine pituitary slices with (3H) leucine, the specific activity of large GH was 10–100 times that of small GH. It is concluded, firstly, that pituitary large GH is not small GH covalently bound to RNA, and, secondly, that pituitary large GH represents a different metabolic pool from pituitary small GH. This may be newly synthesized small GH, not yet incorporated into granules, making it susceptible to non‐specific binding to RNA or other proteins.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LARVAL CESTODES IN MICE:
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Handman Emanuela 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAfter intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP‐Ficoll), mice infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestodes corti, contain at least 20x fewer antibody‐secreting cells (PFC) in their spleens (or spleens plus lymph nodes) than uninfected mice. By contrast, intravenous injection of antigen leads to normal PFC responses. Results of studios on the fate of labelled syngeneic erythrocytes and foreign proteins surest that i.p. injected materials are retained in the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Sequestration of antigen, and its subsequent local destruction, presumably accounts for the markedly suppressed systemic immune responses induced by i.p. injected antigens in M. corti‐infected mice.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF SULFADIMETHOXINE IN CATS
Authors: Baggot J Desmond 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPharmacokinetic parameters which describe, distribution and elimination of sulfadimethoxine were determined in cats. Following intravenous administration of a single dose (55 inn/kg), disposition of the drug was described in terms of the hiexponential expression: Cp = Ae−αt + Be−βt. Based on total (free and bound) sulfonamide levels in the plasma, pseudo‐distribution equilibrium was slowly attained and the half‐time of elimination (half‐life) was 10·16 h ± 2·50 (S.D. n = 6). Body clearance, which is the sum of all clearance processes, was 18·8 ± 4·6 ml kg−1 h−1. Plasma protein binding, measured by equilibrium dialysis at sulfonamide concentration of 50 μg/ml, was extensive (87.5% ± 6·3. n = 10). Computer‐generated curves for an animal representative of the group, based on individual rate constants associated with the two‐compartment open model, showed that 12% and 5% of the dose were present in the central and peripheral compartments, respectively, 24 h after administering the drug. A satisfactory dosage regimen might consist of a priming dose (55 mg/kg) and maintenance dosage (27·5 mg/kg at 24 h dosage intervals). Predicted plasma sulfadimethoxine concentrations would oscillate between 125 and 25 μg/ml during the steady state. Influence of bacterial disease and febrile states on predicted levels remains to be verified experimentally.
LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID INHIBITION OF SODIUM PLUS POTASSIUM‐ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM RAT HEART
Authors: Miller Hugh M , Woodhouse Stanley P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLong chain fatty acids were found to inhibit (Na + +K+)– ATPase prepared from rat heart. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were more inhibitory than saturated fatty acids with myristic acid being the most inhibitory saturated fatty acid tested and linoleic the most inhibitory unsaturated fatty acid.As an example of fatty acid modification of the enzyme, inhibition of (Na++K+)–ATPase by oleate was examined. When compared to ouabain, inhibition of (Na + +K+)– ATPase by oleate was found to be similar in that both were dependent on K+ concentration, but, in contrast to the almost instantaneous inhibition by ouabain, oleate inhibition was a slow process requiring over 20 min incubation at 37° to produce maximum inhibition. Inhibition of rat heart (Na ++ K +) –ATPase by oleate was found to be readily reversible by washout. In the presence of albumin an oleate/albumin molar ratio greater than 7·5 was required for inhibition to occur.The activity of rat heart (Na ++K+)‐ATPase had a temperature optimum above 40° and a discontinuous Arrhenius' plot with a transition temperature of 25°. In the presence of oleate, however, the enzyme's optimum temperature decreased to below 40°, the activation energy of the reaction at temperatures below 25° was lowered from 24.7 kcal/mol to 12.6 kcal/mol and tire enzyme had a linear Arrhenius' plot.The possibility of in vivo inhibition of cardiac (Na ++K+)– ATPase under conditions of elevated fatty acids is discussed.
BLOOD HYPERVISCOSITY IN CRYOGLOBULINEMIA: TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY AND CORRELATION WITH REDUCED SKIN BLOOD FLOW
Authors: McGrath Michael A , Penny Ronald 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCryoglobulins cause an increase in plasma viscosity and this has been attributed to increased protein‐protein interaction. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the interaction between red cells and these proteins by measuring the viscosity of whole blood from 21 patients with cryoglobulin‐aemia not only at high (73 sec‐1) and low (0·18 sec‐1) shear rates, but also at different temperatures. At 35° blood hyperviscosity was found in 62% of the patients at the high shear rate, and in 76% of patients at the low shear rate. Cooling of the blood to 25° caused an increase in the blood viscosity which was particularly marked at the low shear rate. The plasma viscosity was significantly increased at both temperatures. The hand blood flow was measured at 32°, 27° and 20° in 12 patients to assess the degree of impairment of the peripheral circulation. The flows were significantly reduced at each temperature and there was an increase in the sensitivity of the How through this region to local cooling. These findings indicate that in the presence of a cryoglobulin there is an increased viscous resistance, particularly at low flow rates. The temperature and shear rate characteristics of the blood viscosity suggest that cryoglobulins markedly potentiate red cell aggregation. This explains, at least in part, the high incidence of skin and vascular complications in patients with cryoglobulinaemia and the characteristic localization of these features to exposed peripheral tissues.
RODENT ZOONOSES IN NORTH QUEENSLAND
Authors: Glazebrook JS , Campbell RSF , Hutchinson GW , Stallman ND 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study of potentially zoonotic infections was carried out on 351 rodents trapped in north‐eastern Queensland. Their ecosystems included towns, agricultural and livestock areas, woodland and rainforest. Nine serotypes of salmonellae were obtained from asymptomatic carriers in predominantly settled locations. Two strains of Ps. pseudomallei occurred in rainforest near Innisfail and one on a cattle property adjacent to Townsville. Ps. aeruginosa caused bronchopneumonia in one animal from Townsville harbour. Infection by leptospirae of six serogroups and seven serovars were identified by serological or cultural examinations. Enzootic foci occurred on the Mount Spec rainforest where celledoni and australis were being excreted by rats adjacent to the Paluma dam system. In addition to the scrub typhus locations at Rocky Creek, Atherton Tableland and Bullocky Creek, near Ingham, which were confirmed, a new focus of infection by R. tsutsugamushi was identified at El Arish near Tully. Water rats (H. chrysogaster) at Townsville harbour constituted a reservoir of toxoplasmosis. In addition to the known human pathogenic helminths H. nana and H. diminuta. localized foci of hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) were found. Histological evidence of cytomegalic disease of the salivary‐ glands or kidneys was a common finding.
INTESTINAL TRANSPORT OF MONOSACCHARIDE AFTER BILIARY DIVERSION IN THE RAT
Authors: Burke Valerie , Malajczuk Anne , Gracey M , Speed TP , Thornett ML 
Published: November 2007

SummarySugar absorption is increased in rats with a bile fistula but approaches normal values with the addition of bile salt. It has therefore been suggested that bile salts have a physiological role in decreasing intestinal absorption of monosaccharides.In experiments using rats, jejunal and ileal uptake of arbutin, a glucose analogue was increased 5 days after creating a bile fistula but normal by the 10th day after operation. Bile fistula rats ate only about one third of the intake of normal rats in the first 5 days after operation. Control animals led the same amount as the bile fistula group showed a similar increase in jejunal and ileal arbutin uptake. In both groups, on the 5th post‐operative day, addition of taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake towards normal. In normal rats, taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake in the ileum but not the jejunum. These results suggest that increased monosaccharide uptake in bile fistula rats is related to semi‐starvation and is not a specific effect of bile salts.
CHROMOSOME DAMAGE AND DNA REPAIR INDUCED IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS BY UV AND CHOLESTEROL OXIDE
Authors: Parsons PG , Goss Patricia 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn human fibroblasts, cholesterol oxide inclined a similar degree of chromosome damage (8.6% of metaphases) and DNA repair synthesis (8‐10% of cells with tightly‐labelled nuclei) as low doses of ultraviolet light (UV), but did not produce single‐strand DNA breaks or DNA damage detectable by Inhibition of thymidine incorporation. Chromosome aberrations were detected up to 8 weeks after treatment with cholesterol oxide and UV. Combined treatments bad almost additive elicits on the frequency of chromosome aberrations lint not on repair synthesis. Multiple daily doses of IV did not cause more aberrations than a single dose. Attempts to transform two fibroblast strains from normal donors and three derived From melanoma patients using single and combined treatments of UV, cholesterol oxide and hyperthermia (40°) were unsuccessful.
SENSITIZATION OF GUT‐ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE DURING ORAL IMMUNISATION
Authors: Clancy Robert , Pucci Alessandra 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe time course of appearance of sensitised lymphocytes was studied in rabbits fed 0·1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antigen reactive cells (ARC) were detected in Peyer's patches at 1 week, prior to both the appearance of primed cells in the spleen and the detection of circulating anti‐BSA antibody. Systemic immunisation with 2 mg BSA induced sensitised cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches. No evidence of an early appearance of sensitised cells in the mucosal cell population was found. These data support the postulates that the initial lymphocyte sensitisation to ingested soluble antigen occurs in Peyer's patches, that this lymphoid tissue provides a significant contribution to systemic immunity following oral and parenteral immunisation, and that the mucosal lymphocyte population is not involved in the early phase of sensitisation to ingested antigen.
FUSION AND HYBRIDIZATION OF MARSUPIAL AND EUTHERIAN CELLS. ACTIVITY OF HETEROKARYONS.
Authors: Marshall Graves JA , Hope RM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMarsupial and eutherian nuclei in heterokaryons wore shown to synthesize DNA and RNA, apparently at control levels, and heterokaryons were found to contain marsupial hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The two types of nucleus in heterokaryons were also able to undergo synchronous chromosome condensation. Our results provide no evidence for suppression of nucleic acid synthesis, gene expression or mitosis in marsupial x eutherian heterokaryons.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ORBIVIRUSES TO LOW pH AND TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Authors: Gorman BM 
Published: November 2007

SummarySix orbiviruses, Corriparta, Wallal, Eubenangee, D'Aguilar, Warrego and Mitchell River, were inactivated within 30 min in solutions of pH less than 6. All but Wallal virus resisted treatment with ether at 1° for 22 h but only Corriparta virus resisted treatment with chloroform at 1° for 22 h. The genomes of the orbiviruses, including Corriparta virus, after electrophoresis in acrylamide gels separated into basically similar patterns which ware distinct from the pattern of reovirus RNA.
GLUCOSE‐BINDING MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Authors: Billington T , Nayudu PRV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTo identify glucose‐binding proteins amongst the polypeptides of the mouse duodenal brush border membrane, throe types of experiments are reported. The first involved the introduction of labelled glucose and its analogue phlorizin into the lumen of separate groups of ligatured duodenal segments. Several proteins were shown to have bound both labelled species in situ by liquid scintillation counting of slices from polyacrylamide gels on which solubilised membrane protein had been electrophoretically separated. The second type of experiment was designed to determine the competitive nature of the binding of both labelled and cold phlorizin to proteins which had already bound glucose. Only three bands could competitively bind phlorizin. Finally, gels on which solubilised protein from in situ glucose‐binding experiments had been run were placed in solutions containing labelled phlorizin. The binding of phlorizin to proteins in the same three bands as above suggested a confirmation of the conclusion that there were three membrane protein types which appeared to be involved in phlorizin‐sensitive glucose‐binding.
IN VITRO GROWTH OF OVINE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Jun MH , Johnson RH , Maguire DJ , Pratt MS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCultured by fragment explantation following a selective trypsinisation procedure, 22/31 (71%) specimens of ovine squamous cell carcinoma yielded pure strains of epithelial cells which do date have passaged vigorously to the 29th level of passage. In contrast to the diploid nature of epithelial cell strains derived from foetal sheep skin, the cell strains derived from skin tumors were highly aneuploid.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY FIBRE ON THE APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF MAJOR FOOD COMPONENTS AND ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN MEN
Authors: Farrell DJ , Girle Lorraine , Arthur Joan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMeasurements were made on 14 mule subjects to determine effects of dietary fibre on the apparent digestibility of dietary components and on blood lipids. For 23 days all subjects were on a low fibre regimen, followed by 24 days when 12 subjects were on a high fibre regimen. Additional fibre was largely in the form of wheat bran (12 g/day).Faecal dry matter determined over 4 days increased from 116 g to 200 g when subjects were on the high fibre diet. There was a significant decrease in apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, protein and minerals, but not of fat. when subjects changed to the high fibre regimen. Plasma cholesterol had increased significantly by the end of the low fibre regimen but had declined significantly by the end of the high fibre regimen. There was a significant fall in plasma triglycerides at the end of the low fibre regimen, and this level was maintained until the end of the experiment.During the course of digestion 80% and 55% of the neutral detergent fibre in the diet disappeared from the low and high fibre diet, respectively. Hemicellulose was completely digested on the low fibre regimen; this was attributed largely to increased transit time of digesta.Calcium and iron digestibilities were not significantly different on either regimen, although there was much variation among individuals, particularly in iron digestibility. The two control subjects that remained on the low fibre regimen throughout showed no change in digestibility of the majority of dietary components, but variation in blood lipid and faecal iron concentrations were such that no conclusion could be drawn from these data.
THE EFFECTS OF METHYSERGIDE ON THE CONSTRICTOR RESPONSE TO SEROTONIN ON THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RABBIT EAR ARTERY
Authors: Carroll Peter R , Nasveld Peter E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOn the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery methysergide 10‐9 mol.l‐1 only potentiated the constrictor response to serotonin while at a concentration of 2·5 × 10‐8 mol.l‐1 it only blocked the response. At an intermediate concentration (2·5 × 10‐9)‐1 mol.l‐1) it produced initial potentiation followed by subsequent blockade. In contrast, at all three concentrations it only potentiated the constrictor response to noradrenaline. The results thus show that methysergide can exert a dual effect on the constrictor response to serotonin with the actual effect produced being dependent not only on the concentration of methysergide used but also on the period of time the artery is exposed to methysergide.