bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Entering Adolescence: Continuity, Crisis or Chaos
Authors: Rickards Winston S. 
Published: October 2008

Adolescence has long left the silent zone and is a well studied phenomenon. The child entering this extended developmental stage is confronted by a world of rapid uncertain change, social and cultural upheaval, expanding technology with complex vocational pressures. In his search for identity, he can expect and is expected to go through a period of turmoil, where the boundaries of normality and pathology are notoriously indefinite to health professionals, society and even to the adolescents themselves. The family of the adolescent and society itself, responds to the unfolding development, the sexuality, the drive for independence, the emerging intellectual and vocational potential, the search for trustworthy humans and belongingness with peers, society, and humanity, with responses ranging from healthy empathy to seduction, envy, and undue expectations often of stereotypic proportions. From a controlling apprehension about this emergence, the child can often be viewed with unreal dependence as the new hope for the better world. Entry to puberty and adolescence has deep significance throughout the history of mankind. The modern day child may well approach the task with more anxious expectations, and may well wonder what roles he will have to fulfil, what options will be possible, and what lies ahead. He has been drafted compulsorily—how will he serve? In the biologically intact child, where there has been a nurturing and facilitating environment developmental lines flow in genetic continuity. Physical, intellectual, emotional, and social parameters each show spurts and lags varying in timing and intensity. Earlier delays, deviations and defects may become relevant once more or be relegated to the past by new healthy adaptations. In this period the child is vulnerable from within and without to the manifestation of intensified biological drive, psychological growth and social demand. Family and social responsiveness must be matched by competence and availability of health professionals. Crises—whatever their origin—are a turning point between further continuity or pathological development.—and require the establishing of healthy adaptive inter-relationships with family, peer groups, school and community. This paper will illustrate current crises and clinical disorders which necessarily present to paediatric psychiatric services whose role may be crucial in offering diagnostic and therapeutic intervention for the child and family, ranging from crisis intervention models to extended care for the child and family.
Psychological Problems among University Students in an Area of Rapid Socio-Cultural Change
Authors: Teoh Jin-Inn 
Published: October 2008

The study is a one year epidemiological cum clinical survey of all student psychological problems that arise within the University of Malaya campus. There are 8,000 students and the University curriculum is undergoing a rapid change from the transformation of the medium of instruction from English to the Malay language. Furthermore, a very high proportion of rural Malay youths from socially-deprived rural regions are given government scholarships or grants to enter the University. Coupled with the increasing political pressure by a benevolent Malay government to restructure society so that the more economically backward Malay can compete equally with the business-like Chinese, there is a growing tide of Malay Nationalism—the focus of which stems essentially from the 3,500 Malay under-graduates in the campus. The author ran a regular psychiatric clinic once or twice weekly at the Student Health Service, and the three attending physicians refer him all cases which they suspect of having symptoms or problems which are deemed as psychological, emotional or psychiatric. The students fill a structured form (administered by a research assistant) and each is interviewed by the author for clinical assessment. The results of the study indicate that as high as 90% of all students seen had psychiatric or emotional problems prior to entry into University, most of them developed onset of symptoms during their Form Five or Form Six years. Rural Malay students especially present special problems with very high rates of psychiatric breakdown. Other aspects of the study deal with the family structure of the students, their problems of acculturation into a relatively middle class University structure, their sexual problems, the smoking of cannabis and their projected anger on the University authorities and the government. This is to such an extent that at present the 3,500 Malay students in the University of Malaya campus form the main pressure group opposing the Malaysian Government.
A Sequential Trial Comparing Two Plasma Levels of Nortriptyline
Authors: Burrows Graham , Turecek L. R. , Davies Brian , Mowbray Robert , Scoggins Bruce A. 
Published: October 2008

Pairs of depressed patients were matched for age, sex, and severity of depression, and treated for four weeks with nortriptyline so that plasma levels of below 49 ng/ml and above 140 ng/ml were, obtained. Comparisons of pairs of patients as regards to improvement of depression, using a sequential skew restricted design, suggested that it was unlikely that a significant difference between the two treatment regimes would be detected.
Youth's Fulfilment of Adult Prophecies
Authors: Aldrich C. Knight 
Published: October 2008

The quickness of youth's response to social change makes parents and other adults nervous, and triggers the expectation that a change in youthful manners will lead inevitably to a change in morals. Since this expectation can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, adults can create the problems they seek to avoid if they communicate to their children their expectations of antisocial behaviour. To counterbalance the sanctions of a permissive society, youth needs adult confidence in its capacity to set its own limits. If adults have confidence in youth in a world of change, youth will have confidence in itself.
The Family as an Operating Model for the Adolescent Inpatient Unit: Experiences in a New Zealand Setting
Authors: Muir R. C. , Lewis P. J. E. 
Published: October 2008

An account is given of 3 years' experience with 126 adolescents in a 16 bed in-patient unit. Diagnostic categories, length of stay, screening and assessment techniques, staffing and facilities are described. Particular emphasis is given to a discussion of family process and structure in the assessment and treatment of individual children and in the design and modalities of overall management. The aim of the unit is to become a model of the family for each child or adolescent, a model which, through the medium of group behaviour enables nuclear conflicts to be clarified and related to the roles and functions in the family of origin.
A New Application of Closed Group Psychotherapy in a Public Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Spielman Ron 
Published: October 2008

This paper describes an intensive group psychotherapy treatment program in a public psychiatric hospital to which patients with severe personality disorder are referred. A unique structure within the patient/staff community is described concerning the inter-relationships of the closed psychotherapy groups and the relationships between the groups and staff within the broader therapeutic milieu. The regular arrival and departure of the closed groups serves to activate relevant latent instinctual conflicts which are of significance in personality disorder. The advantages of this approach to treatment of personality disorder are discussed and the results of evaluation of progress of the unit's first eleven closed groups are presented.
Changing Patterns of Psychiatric Hospitalization in past Fifty Years: A Cohort Study
Authors: Krupinski Jerzy , Stoller Alan 
Published: October 2008

Nine cohorts of patients admitted between 1919 and 1962 have been followed up until 1971. Comparison has been made in terms of sex and age specific incidences of selected psychiatric disorders throughout the whole period. The results of treatment have been evaluated in terms of discharge and death rates, length of stay, re-admission rates to psychiatric institutions and total period under hospitalization. These data have been compared with those available since the introduction of the statistical system in Victoria in 1961.
An Evaluation of Evidence on Depressive Classification and Some Alternative Suggestions from Physiology
Authors: Byrne D. G. 
Published: October 2008

The wealth of material on depressive classification provides both researcher and clinician with a sorting task of monumental proportions. Moreover the criticisms which have been fired at studies of depressive classification using symptoms as a data base, also require systematic sorting and elucidation. An attempt has been made to review the major studies of depressive classification in a systematic way, together with the principal criticisms which have been made of them. The survey is not exhaustive but aims at providing a relatively ordered overview of the area. The most critical issue, that of subjectivity of data collection is taken up, and it is suggested that biological measures may form a more objective data base for studies of depressive classification than ratings of symptoms and behaviour.
Moral Behavior, an Invitation to Enquiry
Authors: Fisher Donald 
Published: October 2008

The term Moral Behavior is used to designate that behavior which best promotes the cooperation and peaceful coexistance of human beings. The present and future behavior of Executives and Legislators is to a great extent dependent on the moral behavior of those involved with or controlled by authoritative figures. The subject of Moral Behavior has been written about by many disciplines. However, the subject has not been reviewed on a multidisciplinary basis looking to the possibility of making definite recommendations in areas which might effect positive changes.
A Scale to Measure the Cause of Life Events
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Andrews Gavin 
Published: October 2008

An increase in life event stress has been shown to occur prior to the onset of a number of psychiatric illnesses. This paper describes the construction of a scale to measure the cause of this increased life event experience. One hundred and five normal adults were asked to judge the extent to which any particular event might have occurred by pure chance, by one's own behaviour or by the behaviour of others. These three perceived causative factors are conceptually distinct and together comprehensive. Scalings on these three perceived causative factors for each of 67 life events were derived. The utility of such a scale is discussed.
A Comparative Study of Long-Stay Psychiatric Patients Discharged to Boarding Houses and Satellite Houses
Authors: Flaherty Maree , Flaherty Bruce , Parker Gordon 
Published: October 2008

A comparative psychosocial study of two groups of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged from Callan Park Hospital to boarding houses and satellite houses in the Callan Park Hospital region is reported. It was concluded that the social and vocational functioning of both groups was at a low level but that satellite house residents had more spare money and described a less institutionalized and a more homely environment in satellite houses.
The Significance of Suicide Notes
Authors: Chynoweth Ray 
Published: October 2008

Studying the contents of suicide notes might help to improve the understanding of individual cases whilst offering an opportunity to search for possible preventive guidelines. In a study in an Australian capital city, suicides for one year (1972-73) were investigated including the medical and psychiatric data where possible, and psychosocial circumstances in each case. The total number of suicides in the year was 135. Twenty-seven individuals left suicide notes of which 25 were available for examination. The mood as reflected in the notes was categorised in terms of depression and hopelessness, neutral affect and hostility. The affect was related to age, sex, marital status and method of suicide. The results are presented with examples of each category and are discussed with respect to their contribution to (i) understanding the cause of death, (ii) understanding the intention of the suicide, (iii) assisting the relatives in coping with the suicide, (iv) drawing attention to those factors where earlier intervention may have averted suicide.
Emotional Sequelae of Parents and Sibs following the Drowning or Near-Drowning of a Child
Authors: Nixon James , Pearn John 
Published: October 2008

This study reports the findings from an investigation to evaluate the intra-family dynamics that occurred with 111 cases of childhood drowning and near-drowning in the City of Brisbane in 1971-1975. Personal interviews were obtained with 77 of the families. 24 per cent of parent-dyads separated following the drowning of their child, whereas none of the 54 families of surviving children separated. Accident generated stresses within the studied families tended to persist for years after the incident. Parents volunteered the information that they drank more, experienced sleep disorders and nightmares, and reported significant anxiety states. 19 per cent of parents of drowned children received specialist psychiatric treatment following the drowning. Two cases of surviving children received specialist psychiatric therapy (these were both parents who had inflicted non-accidental injury on their child, and had attempted to drown their child in the bath). In one sense, a child's death is more honourable from society's point of view if the child dies from a chronic medical illness such as leukaemia. In the case of a child's death in the family bath tub or the backyard swimming pool, the extra society sanctions of culpability and accusation further intensified the likelihood of the normal grief process being transformed into a pathological variant.
The Neural Basis of Aggression and its Treatment by Psychosurgery
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Smith J. S. 
Published: October 2008

The limbic system and its connections provide the neural basis for aggressive behaviour. Violent individuals may differ quantitively or qualitively from normal. Many of the latter suffer from epilepsy. In some the epileptiform discharges from the amygdala can only be recorded using depth electrodes. It can be taken that the control of abnormal degrees of violent behaviour is now possible. Should such operations be used? If so who should have them? What precautions need to be taken that such operations are not abused? How can informed consent be obtained? The development of new surgical techniques make these questions pertinent if not urgent.
Computer Analyses of Auditory Evoked Cortical Potentials in Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Stampfer H. G. , Collins D. W. K. , Black J. L. , German G. A. 
Published: October 2008

A veraged cortical evoked potentials from single clicks were recorded from 51 patients and controls. The patient group consisted of 40 subjects with a diagnosis of ‘nuclear’ schizophrenia, and 11 subjects with diagnoses including mania, anxiety neurosis and personality disorder.Changes in auditory evoked cortical responses (AECR's) were most marked in clinically stable, dysphoric, chronic schizophrenics. These subjects showed reproducible, low amplitude, ‘untidy’ responses in which the amplitude of the primary peak was lower than the amplitude of later peaks. Chronic schizophrenics who were rated as being depressed, showed a more ‘normal’ AECR.AECR changes during the memorising of nonsense syllables demonstrated a functional separation between early and later peaks of the AECR. It was postulated that the AECR changes in schizophrenia and during memorising result from pathological patterns of cortical desynchronisation produced by altered mid-brain activity different from that of anxious arousal, and that the clinical ‘steady-state’ of chronic schizophrenia is reflected in the ‘steady-state’ desynchronisation changes in the AECR.
A Model of Violence
Authors: Grant Donald A. 
Published: October 2008

The assessment of the violent individual presents a challenge to psychiatrists. Many theoretical approaches contribute to the understanding of violence, but none are totally adequate for the clinician's purposes. The assessment of violent behaviour can be undertaken using three separate dimensions—“Dehumanisation”, “Acceptance of Violence” and “Rage and its Control”—which together form a framework for the formulation of clinical data. This framework is described and the relevance of theoretical contributions to the three dimensions is discussed. It is suggested that this framework assists in the classification of violent individuals and in the prediction of the potential for future violence.
The Onset of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Beumont P. J. V. , Abraham Suzanne F. , Argall W. J. , George G. C. W. , Glaun Daphne E. 
Published: October 2008

In a retrospective study of case notes a number of experiential and psychological factors were discerned of possible importance to the psychogenesis of anorexia nervosa. These factors included issues of dependence and independence, sexual challenge, concern about obesity, and a variety of other, less specific stresses. Attempts to confirm the findings by means of a prospective study were impeded by difficulties in defining the onset of the illness. While in some patients the occurrence of anorexic type behaviour led immediately to weight loss, in others there was a significant delay between the onset of behavioural change and consequent emaciation.
Suicide Attempts 1973–1977—Urban Hobart. A Further Five Year Follow up Reporting a Decline
Authors: Roller Karl , Slaghuis Walter 
Published: October 2008

In urban Hobart 1968-1972 there was a steep climb in the self-poisoning rates, reaching a peak in 1972. This rise was largely attributed to an increase in self-poisonings by young males and an overall increase by females. During this period psychotropic overdoses commenced. In 1973-1977 self-poisoning and self-injury rates were calculated. Contrary to the previous five year experience rates either declined during 1973 to 1977 or fell from a previous high rate to level off at a lower rate. These changes have particularly affected both sexes under 35 years. The abuse of psychotropic substances continued to soar. A possible explanation of these changes may lie in local factors. The results are contrasted with the most recent literature.
Stroke in Young Age - Study of 50 Cases
Authors: Miah Md Titu , Hoque AKM Aminul , Tarafder Binoy Krishna , Romel Syed Mohammad Ali , Hassan Md Kamrul 
Published: October 2008

Stroke in young age is relatively uncommon but has serious impact on the affected family as well as society. The causes are more diversed and differ as compared to the elderly. Overall prognosis is better than elderly but there is still significant morbidity and mortality. We studied consecutive 50 stroke patients between the age of 15-45 admitted in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. The objective of this study was to evaluate the aetiological pattern, associated risk factors and inpatient outcome. Mean age of the patients was 35.8 Â± 7.39 SD ( years ), female male ratio was 1 : 1.27. Infarction was found in 60% cases. Haemorrhage was in 40% cases. Dyslipidaemia was mostly associated risk factor in both infarction (83.3%) and in haemorrhage (75%). In 74% cases aetiology could not be identified. High prevalence of dyslipidemia as associated risk factor may indicate premature atherosclerosis. Overall in-patient mortality was12% .Mortality in haemorrhagic strokes is higher. Â DOI = 10.3329/jom.v9i1.1419 J MEDICINE 2008; 9 : 10-15
Association Between the Tobacco Cessation Training and Oral Cancer Knowledge Level with Tobacco Use Related Behaviour Among the 4th Year Dental Undergraduates-A Cross Sectional Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Tawfique Hossain , Croucher Ray 
Published: October 2008

Tobacco use is widespread in Bangladesh. Dental Professionals could act on different levels of tobacco control activities. AIM: to explore prevalence and attitudes towards tobacco and identified the association of tobacco use related behaviour with the level of tobacco cessation training and level of knowledge of oral cancer among 4th year dental undergraduates of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This was a self reported cross-sectional questionnaire based survey. Global Health Professional Survey (GHPS) questionnaire and Humphris Oral Cancer Knowledge Scale questionnaire were used in this survey. Fourth year dental undergraduates studying in six dental colleges in Dhaka completed the questionnaire in April and May, 2007. Results: Response rate was 93%. Current prevalence of cigarette and chewing tobacco is 24% and 10% respectively. Male respondents were the predominant user of tobacco and had the less positive attitudes towards tobacco cessation than female. This study also shows that knowledge and training did not have any influence over tobacco related behaviour. Conclusions: In this sample of Bangladeshi dental students, high prevalence of tobacco use but strong positive attitudes towards tobacco cessation was reported. Review of policy and dental curriculum is needed as it is identified that training and oral cancer knowledge did not seem to have impact over tobacco use related behaviour. DOI = 10.3329/jom.v9i1.1423 Â J MEDICINE 2008; 9 : 31-36
Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome among Stroke Patients
Authors: Kabir Ahmedul , Sadeka MM , Ahmed MJ , Kabir E , Kahhar MA 
Published: October 2008

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factor and is strongly associated with CVD. This study had been carried out at Mitford Hospital with a view to get a profile of the stroke patients and to obtain the proportion of the patients having metabolic syndrome. Patients & methods: In the observational study a total of fifty patients of stroke (confirmed by CT Scan) were studied at medical unit of Mitford hospital from December, 2005 to April, 2006. Results: Among the fifty stroke patients, about half (48%) were diagnosed as metabolic syndrome and there was slight female preponderance among them. Majority of the patients (79%) were from middle socio-economic class. Investigations regarding hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia revealed the percentages of these risk factors along with gender distributions among the patients with stroke. Conclusion: Stage two hypertension and diabetes were the major risk factors causing stroke. This study would provide baseline line information for the future researcher in the relevant field. Â DOI = 10.3329/jom.v9i1.1424 J MEDICINE 2008; 9 : 37-41
Artificial Ripening: What We are Eating
Authors: Ur-Rahman Ashraf , Chowdhury Fazle Rabbi , Alam Md Billal 
Published: October 2008

Â In recent times there is much concern about artificial ripening of fruits in many parts of the world including Bangladesh. Large amount of tropical fruits are produced in Bangladesh. Though fruits like mango naturally ripen in trees; some chemicals are used to ripen them artificially which hasten the ripening process. Ripe fruits are not suitable to carry & distribute as they get rotten. So fruit traders pick unripe fruits & use certain methods to increase the shelf life of them. For many years Ethylene had been used as a fruit ripening agent. But nowa- days Calcium carbide is getting popular in this regard as it has a faster ripening property. But inappropriate use of Carbide to ripen fruits is associated with many health hazards. In this topic we have tried to reveal the essentials of this burning issue & looked for solutions. Â Â Â DOI = 10.3329/jom.v9i1.1425 J MEDICINE 2008; 9 : 42-44