bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grazing impact and phenology of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and the bryozoans Plumatella emarginata and Fredericella sultana under experimental warming
Authors: VOHMANN ANDREAS , MUTZ MICHAEL , ARNDT HARTMUT , WEITERE MARKUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary1. Both the clearance rates (CR) and abundances of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and the bryozoans Plumatella emarginata and Fredericella sultana were investigated from autumn to spring under different temperature regimes. The experiments were performed in bypass channels of the River Rhine (Cologne, Germany) in which temperature could be manipulated.2. The impact of temperature increase on CRs depends upon the grazer: E. muelleri showed a clear increase in CRs with increasing temperature whereas P. emarginata was not significantly affected by experimental warming.3. Distinct differences in food preference were found for the sponge (which is an efficient grazer of bacteria and small algae) and for the bryozoan P. emarginata (which feeds primarily on large algae, and with no significant grazing on bacteria).4. In contrast to their temperature‐related patterns in CR, respiration of both P. emarginata and E. muelleri increased with temperature between 19 and 32 °C, suggesting that the risk of experiencing energy deficiency at high temperatures due to increased metabolic rates is particularly high for the bryozoan.5. A temperature elevation of 3 °C above the natural Rhine temperature resulted in a delay in the disappearance of active tissue and formation of resting stages for E. muelleri in autumn. This delay ranged from 8 (beginning of gemmulation) to 22 days (termination of gemmulation). In contrast, there was no distinct effect of warming on the disappearance of active zooids of the two bryozoan species in autumn. However, warming can positively affect the maintenance of active zooids during winter in F. sultana. In spring, the appearance of active zooids of P. emarginata was clearly stimulated by temperature elevations, whereas the hatching of both F. sultana and E. muelleri was hardly affected by warming.6. The study demonstrated different patterns in the thermal ecology of the two freshwater bryozoans and the sponge in comparison to other filter feeders, particularly mussels. Such patterns need to be considered when predicting the impact of temperature on pelagic‐benthic coupling in aquatic habitats.
The role of light for fish–zooplankton–phytoplankton interactions during winter in shallow lakes – a climate change perspective
Authors: BRAMM METTE ELISABETH , LASSEN MAJBRITT KJELDAHL , LIBORIUSSEN LONE , RICHARDSON KATHERINE , VENTURA MARC , JEPPESEN ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary1. Variations in the light regime can affect the availability and quality of food for zooplankton grazers as well as their exposure to fish predation. In northern lakes light is particularly low in winter and, with increasing warming, the northern limit of some present‐day plankton communities may move further north and the plankton will thus receive less winter light.2. We followed the changes in the biomass and community structure of zooplankton and phytoplankton in a clear and a turbid shallow lake during winter (November–March) in enclosures both with and without fish and with four different light treatments (100%, 55%, 7% and <1% of incoming light).3. In both lakes total zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll‐a were influenced by light availability and the presence of fish. Presence of fish irrespective of the light level led to low crustacean biomass, high rotifer biomass and changes in the life history of copepods. The strength of the fish effect on zooplankton biomass diminished with declining light and the effect of light was strongest in the presence of fish.4. When fish were present, reduced light led to a shift from rotifers to calanoid copepods in the clear lake and from rotifers to cyclopoid copepods in the turbid lake. Light affected the phytoplankton biomass and, to a lesser extent, the phytoplankton community composition and size. However, the fish effect on phytoplankton was overall weak.5. Our results from typical Danish shallow eutrophic lakes suggest that major changes in winter light conditions are needed in order to have a significant effect on the plankton community. The change in light occurring when such plankton communities move northwards in response to global warming will mostly be of modest importance for this lake type, at least for the rest of this century in an IPCC A2 scenario, while stronger effects may be observed in deep lakes.
The demography of coarse wood in north temperate lakes
Authors: MARBURG ANNA E. , BASSAK SARAH B. , KRATZ TIMOTHY K. , TURNER MONICA G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary1. Exchange of material across habitat boundaries is a key process in riparian zones. The movement of coarse wood from lakeshore forests to the littoral zone, where it provides habitat for aquatic organisms, is not well understood. In 2003, we resampled coarse wood within the littoral zone of four lakes in Northern Wisconsin (U.S.A.), that had originally been surveyed in 1996, to quantify the spatial arrangement of littoral coarse wood and estimate input, loss and movement rates.2. All four lakes had a clumped pattern of littoral coarse wood, and the locations of clusters were similar in both census years. Littoral coarse wood was more abundant than expected on moderate to steep slopes, on southern shorelines, and in areas with sparse residential development.3. All four lakes had a net accumulation of coarse wood; rates of wood input ranged from 0.5 to 1.9 logs km−1 year−1, i.e. there was more wood in 2003 than 1996. Movement rates of tagged logs varied 14‐fold among lakes, with a maximum in one lake of 42% of logs recovered in 2003 more than 20 m from their 1996 location. Median distance moved ranged from 22 to 323 m among the four lakes.4. Areas of persistently high wood density may be keystone habitats whose presence enables the persistence of populations of certain aquatic organisms. Conservation of locations with high wood density may be important to maintain target densities of coarse wood of lakes with human development.
Low‐frequency symmetric waves in fluid‐filled boreholes and pipes with radial layering
Authors: Sidorov A. , Bakulin A. , Kashtan B. , Ziatdinov S. , Alexandrov D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTMany tasks in geophysics and acoustics require estimation of mode velocities in cylindrically layered media. For example, acoustic logging or monitoring in open and cased boreholes need to account for radial inhomogeneity caused by layers inside the borehole (sand screen, gravel pack, casing) as well as layers outside (cement, altered and unaltered formation layers). For these purposes it is convenient to study a general model of cylindrically layered media with inner fluid layer and free surface on the outside. Unbounded surrounding media can be described as a limiting case of this general model when thickness of the outer layer is infinite. At low frequencies such composite media support two symmetric modes called Stoneley (tube) and plate (extensional) wave. Simple expressions are obtained for these two mode velocities valid at zero frequency. They are written in a general form using elements of a propagator matrix describing axisymmetric waves in the entire layered composite. This allows one to apply the same formalism and compute velocities for n‐layered composites as well as anisotropic pipes. It is demonstrated that the model of periodical cylindrical layers is equivalent to a homogeneous radially transversely isotropic media when the number of periods increases to infinity, whereas their thickness goes to zero. Numerical examples confirm good validity of obtained expressions and suggest that even small number of periods may already be well described by equivalent homogeneous anisotropic media.
CD28 and inducible costimulator (ICOS) signalling can sustain CD154 expression on activated T cells
Authors: Kaminski Denise A. , Lee Byung O. , Eaton Sheri M. , Haynes Laura , Randall Troy D. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe biological outcome of receptor‐mediated signalling often depends on the duration of engagement. Because CD40 signalling is controlled by the regulated expression of its ligand, CD154, the mechanisms that regulate CD154 expression probably determine the strength and duration of CD40 signalling. Here, we demonstrate that CD154 expression on the surface of mouse CD4 T cells can be separated into an early phase, occurring between 0 and 24 hr after T‐cell activation, and a later extended phase, occurring after 24 hr. The early phase of CD154 expression did not require costimulation and was probably influenced by the strength of T‐cell receptor (TCR) signalling alone. However, later CD154 expression was highly dependent on costimulation through either CD28 or inducible costimulator (ICOS). Although CD28 signalling interleukin (IL)‐2 secretion, ICOS not, suggesting that costimulation enhance CD154 expression independently of IL‐2 production. In fact, anti‐CD28 treatment could still induce late‐phase CD154 on anti‐CD3‐stimulated CD4 T cells expressing a mutated form of CD28 that not lead to the induction of IL‐2. However, this CD154 induction was somewhat weaker than that of wild‐type CD28‐expressing cells, suggesting that direct signalling and IL‐2‐mediated signalling co‐operatively responsible for the levels of CD154 induced by CD28. Finally, we show that the second phase of CD154 expression negatively regulated B‐cell terminal differentiation and antibody secretion. These results demonstrate that TCR signalling and costimulation each regulate different phases of CD154 expression and control the biological outcome of CD40 signalling on B cells.
Transcriptional signatures in response to wheat germ agglutinin and starvation in Drosophila melanogaster larval midgut
Authors: Li H.‐M. , Sun L. , Mittapalli O. , Muir W. M. , Xie J. , Wu J. , Schemerhorn B. J. , Sun W. , Pittendrigh B. R. , Murdock L. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOne function of plant lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin is to serve as defences against herbivorous insects. The midgut is one critical site affected by dietary lectins. We observed marked cellular, structural and gene expression changes in the midguts of Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae that were fed wheat germ agglutinin. Some of these changes were similar to those observed in the midguts of starved D. melanogaster. Dietary wheat germ agglutinin caused shortening, branching, swelling, distortion and in some cases disintegration of the midgut microvilli. Starvation was accompanied primarily by shortening of the microvilli. Microarray analyses revealed that dietary wheat germ agglutinin evoked differential expression of 61 transcripts; seven of these were also differentially expressed in starved D. melanogaster. The differentially transcribed gene clusters in wheat germ agglutinin‐fed larvae were associated with (1) cytoskeleton organization; (2) digestive enzymes; (3) detoxification reactions; and (4) energy metabolism. Four possible transcription factor binding motifs were associated with the differentially expressed genes. One of these exhibited substantial similarity to MyoD, a transcription factor binding motif associated with cellular structures in mammals. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that wheat germ agglutinin caused a starvation‐like effect and structural changes of midgut cells of D. melanogaster third‐instar larvae.
Comparison of a dietary survey and the duplicate plate method for determining dietary fluoride ingested by young children: a pilot study
Authors: MARTINEZ‐MIER E. ANGELES , KELLY SUE A. , ECKERT GEORGE J. , JACKSON RICHARD D. 
Published: December 2008

Background.  Investigators have attempted to establish the diet's contribution to the total body burden of fluoride in response to a reported trend towards an increase in fluoride intake.Aim.  The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of two methods to collect dietary data for fluoride intake assessment.Design.  Assessments were made in 12 children using the duplicate plate and dietary diary methods following a randomized cross‐over design. Foods and beverages were analysed for fluoride, and total fluoride intake per day was calculated. Results from each method were compared.Results.  Mean beverage fluoride intake was estimated at 316 ± 120 and 422 ± 195 µg/day utilizing the diary and duplicate plate methods, respectively. Mean food fluoride intake was estimated at 188 ± 48 µg/day using the diary, whereas it was 130 ± 41 µg using the duplicate plate method. Total fluoride intake was 504 ± 138 and 552 ± 192 µg/day utilizing the diary and duplicate methods. Large variations in daily fluoride intake from both beverages and food were observed between and within children.Conclusions.  Both methods had inherent shortcomings and sources of error. The duplicate method was more labour intensive and costly; however, the diary method required a large number of assumptions. A combination of both methods seems to be most suitable to obtain reliable data.
Host genetic architecture in single and multiple infections
Authors: WEGNER K. M. , BERENOS C. , SCHMID‐HEMPEL P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHosts are often target to multiple simultaneous infections by genetically diverse parasite strains. The interaction among these strains and the interaction of each strain with the host was shown to have profound effects on the evolution of parasite traits. Host factors like genetic architecture of resistance have so far been largely neglected. To see whether genetic architecture differs between different kinds of infections we used joint scaling analysis to compare the genetic components of resistance in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum exposed to single and multiple strains of the microsporidian Nosema whitei. Our results indicate that additive, dominance and epistatic components were more important in single infections whereas maternal components play a decisive role in multiple infections. In detail, parameter estimates of additive, dominance and epistatic components correlated positively between single and multiple infections, whereas maternal components correlated negatively. These findings may suggest that specificity of host–parasite interactions are mediated by genetic and especially epistatic components whereas maternal effects constitute a more general form of resistance.
Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Quality of Cryopreserved Boar Semen in Different Breeds
Authors: Kaeoket K , Sang‐urai P , Thamniyom A , Chanapiwat P , Techakumphu M 
Published: December 2008

ContentsDuring the cryopreservation process, the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the sperm plasma membrane decreases significantly because of lipid peroxidation, which may contribute to sperm loss quality (i.e. fertility) of frozen–thawed semen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of DHA (fish oil) in freezing extender II on frozen–thawed semen quality. Semen from 20 boars of proven motility and morphology, were used in this study. Boar semen was split into four groups, in which the lactose–egg yolk (LEY) extender used to resuspend the centrifuged sperm pellet was supplemented with various levels of fish oil to reach DHA level of 1X (group I, control, no added fish oil), 6X (group II), 12X (group III) and 18X (group IV). Semen solutions were frozen by using a controlled rate freezer. After cryopreservation, frozen semen was thawed and evaluated for progressive motility, viability by using SYBR‐14/Ethidiumhomodimer‐1 (EthD‐1) staining and acrosome integrity by using FITC‐PNA/EthD‐1 staining. There was a significantly higher (p < 0.001) percentage of progressive motility, viability and acrosome integrity in DHA (fish oil) supplemented groups than control group. Generally, there seemed to be a dose‐dependent effect of DHA, with the highest percentage of progressive motility, viability and acrosome integrity in group‐III. In conclusion, supplementation of the LEY extender with DHA by adding fish oil was effective for freezing boar semen as it resulted in higher post‐thaw plasma membrane integrity and progressive motility.
Efficacy of a Treatment with hCG 4 days After AI to Reduce Pregnancy Losses in Lactating Dairy Cows After Synchronized Ovulation
Authors: Fischer‐Tenhagen C , Thiele G , Heuwieser W , Tenhagen B‐A 
Published: December 2008

ContentThe objective of the study was to investigate whether a treatment with hCG 4 days after AI could reduce pregnancy losses in lactating dairy cows. Cows of a dairy herd presented to the veterinarian in a fixed reproductive management protocol were treated with an Ovsynch protocol if no corpus luteum (CL) could be palpated per rectum (Group OV). Cows with a CL received cloprostenol (0.15 mg). After 2 days, these cows were treated with buserelin (0.01 mg) and received timed AI 16–20 h later (Group PG). In both treatment protocols, cows were assigned to two groups to receive 2500 IU of hCG i.v. 4 days after AI or to serve as untreated controls (Groups OV‐hCG, OV‐Control, PG‐hCG and PG‐Control). Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out 27 days after AI via ultrasonography and 39 days after AI by rectal palpation. Pregnancy losses were defined as cows being pregnant on day 27 but not pregnant on day 39 after AI. Pregnancy rate (PR) by day 27 did not differ among the four groups (35.4, 35.0, 37.0 and 38.0% for Groups OV‐hCG, OV‐Control, PG‐hCG and PG‐Control, respectively). Pregnancy losses between day 27 and day 39 after AI were smaller in hCG treated animals in summer but not in autumn and spring. Pregnancy rate by day 39 after AI was higher in PG than in OV groups, but independent of hCG‐treatment. In conclusion, treatment with hCG 4 days after AI did not significantly increase PR on 39 days after AI. A positive effect of hCG on pregnancy losses during the summer months warrants further investigation.
Ovarian Follicular Dynamics: A Review with Emphasis on the Bovine Species. Part I: Folliculogenesis and Pre‐antral Follicle Development
Authors: Aerts JMJ , Bols PEJ 
Published: December 2008

ContentsRecent scientific research into pre‐antral follicular dynamics has resulted in the discovery of a wide range of hormones and local factors that influence primordial follicle activation and contribute to follicular development. The putative role of several of these mediators in the follicle growth process has been elucidated by genetic and molecular investigations. Crucial questions, such as the mechanism for primordial follicle initiation and the interplay between oocyte and granulosa cells in this process, remain however unresolved. This review article commences with a description of the embryogenesis of the ovary and follicles. Next, the different stages in the development from primordial to pre‐antral follicle are discussed. Thereafter, a short overview of the various in vitro models for the study of follicular dynamics is presented. Finally, an in‐depth discussion of pre‐antral follicle development engages in the current hypotheses regarding primordial follicle activation, and the role of gonadotrophins and angiogenesis.
AN AuTOPSY CASE OF IMPETIGO HERPETIFORMIS HEBRA
Authors: Fukuda Yoshiro , Yoshizawa Hisayoshi , Shimada Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA 24 years old male case who died of suicide in a peak of Impetigo herpetiformis was reported. Initially he developed skin eruptions at the age of 6 years. During the last twenty‐three months, skin eruptions relapsed sixteen times. Intensive therapy of adreno‐cortical hormone, sex hormone and antibiotics were given. Pathological findings of endocrine and genital organs were considered to be caused by the intensive hormone therapy, No etiological finding was found in internal organs pathologically. Staphylococci aureus and epidermis were found only once in blood, twice in the pustules. However, secondary infection could not be ruled out. This case indicated that I.h. was a disease of only skin.
MOTOR NEURON DISEASE REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: Isida Yoiti , Kawai Sadao , Nagasima Isamu , Sato Kazuo , Niibe Hideo , Takeda Fumikazu 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTwo autopsy cases of moter neuron disease, progressive spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, were presented. In both cases, the process was essentially degenerative with selective or predominant involvement of motor neuron system. Topographical studies, however, revealed unusual concomitants, involvement of the upper neuron in the former case and of extra pyramidal motor nuclei in the latter. No factors of etiological significance was demonstrated.
THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPaTHY IN PaTIENTS WITH MALIGNANT TUMOR
Authors: Komori Ryo 
Published: December 2008

Summary1. Three cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with malignancies, leukemia in one case and gastric carcinoma in two cases are reported.2. Using the fluorescent antibody method, it is concluded that the thrombi of arterioles and capillaries in these cases are composed of platelets and fibrin (or fibrinogen).3. The pathogenic mechanism of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with malignancies is discussed.
A CASE OF DIPROSOPUS
Authors: Arai Tsuneto , Masaki Shin , Nikaido Masakazu 
Published: December 2008

SummaryDiprosopus monauchenos tetrophthalmus triotus monoris, which is a rare malformation, was reported. This diprosopus was delivered from a 38 years old primipara and was accompanied by acrania, encephalomeningocele, duplication of spinal column and rachischisis.
Electron Microscopic Study on Normal Rat Peritoneal Mesothelium and its Changes in Absorption of Particulate Iron Dextran Complex
Authors: Fukata Hiroji 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFine structures of peritoneal mesothelium of normal rat omentum and its changes in absorption of iron dextran complex were studied by means of electron microscope. Peritoneal mesothelium resembles endothelial sheet of blood‐ and lymph‐vessels without specific pores, and also has abundant pinocytic vesicles throughout the cytoplasm. In the mesothelium of both normal and experimental cases, there are no free openings comparable to “Stomata or Stigmata”, on the existence of which many observers have discussed from the findings in photo‐ microscopic studies. Iron dextran particles injected intraperitoneally seem to be able to pass through the cytoplasm of the cell and can enter the interstitial space by “Transmembranation (Tanaka) or Diffusion” as well as “Pinocytosis”.A part of them are gathered within membrane closed round vesicles (Segresomes, Tanaka) by a phagocyte‐like action of the mesothelial cells.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ACHD MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Sugiyama Taketoshi 
Published: December 2008

SummarySome new methods for demonstration and differentiation of acid mucopolysaccharides were described.

Cationic surfactive resin‐azo dye method could be used for all kinds of acid mucopolysaccharide demonstration.
Neutral red method was found to differentiate sulfated and non‐sulfated groups on one section.
Two principles to identify keratosulfate in mesenchymal tissues were studied;

Hyaluronidase‐methylation‐saponification method can differentiate keratosulfate B which are both sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase.
Sugar reactions: Molisch reaction, carbazol‐sulfuric acid reaction, etc. can demonstrate the presence of galactose‐containing keratosulfate in the frozen sections.

By using these together with well established methods a differential table was made.The author is deeply grateful to Dr. SHIDA and Dr. KUSHIDA of the General Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Kyoto, Kowa Co., Kaken Yakukako Co., and Hodogaya Chemical Industry Co. for the supply of several kinds of samples.