bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incident Physical Disability in People with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease: The Role of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Brach Jennifer S. , Solomon Cam , Naydeck Barbara L. , Sutton‐Tyrrell Kim , Enright Paul L. , Jenny Nancy Swords , Chaves Paulo M. , Newman Anne B. ,   for the Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk of incident physical disability and the decline in gait speed over a 6‐year follow‐up associated with a low ankle‐arm index (AAI) in older adults.DESIGN: Observational cohort study.SETTING: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Sacramento County, California; Washington County, Maryland; and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand seven hundred five older adults, 58% women and 17.6% black, participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study.MEASUREMENTS: AAI was measured in 1992/93 (baseline). Self‐reported mobility, activity of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) disability and gait speed were recorded at baseline and at 1‐year intervals over 6 years of follow‐up. Mobility disability was defined as any difficulty walking half a mile and ADL and IADL disability was defined as any difficulty with 11 specific ADL and IADL tasks. Individuals with mobility, ADL, or IADL disability at baseline were excluded from the respective incident disability analyses.RESULTS: Lower baseline AAI values were associated with increased risk of mobility disability and ADL/IADL disability. Clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, and interim CVD events partially explained these associations for mobility disability and clinical CVD and diabetes mellitus partially explained these associations for ADL and IADL disability. Individuals with an AAI less than 0.9 had on average a mean decrease in gait speed of 0.02 m/s per year, or a decline of 0.12 m/s over the 6‐year follow‐up. Prevalent CVD partly explained this decrease but interim CVD events did not further attenuate it.CONCLUSION: Low AAI serves as marker of future disability risk. Reduction of disability risk in patients with a low AAI should consider cardiovascular comorbidity and the prevention of additional disabling CVD events.
Underreaction to Dividend Reductions and Omissions?
Authors: LIU YI , SZEWCZYK SAMUEL H. , ZANTOUT ZAHER 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTUsing a sample of 2,337 cash dividend reduction or omission announcements over the 1927 to 1999 period, this study reports significant negative post‐announcement long‐term abnormal returns, which last 1 year only. However, this long‐term abnormal performance is driven by the post‐earnings‐announcement drift. After controlling for the earnings performance and the skewness of buy‐and‐hold abnormal returns, there is no compelling evidence of a post‐dividend‐reduction or post‐dividend‐omission price drift.
A pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after oral and intramuscular dosing of enrofloxacin in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Klein Hilton , Hasselschwert Dana , Handt Larry , Kastello Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEnrofloxacin is used for treating Shigellosis in non‐human primates; however, there are no reports describing its pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacokinetic data in intended target species (rhesus) help to determine the proper dose regimen. Blood levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin’s active metabolite), were determined after either intramuscular or oral dosing of enrofloxacin for 7 days in a cross‐over study. Levels of both antibiotics were determined by solid phase extraction followed by reversed‐phase chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results indicate enrofloxacin half‐life after intramuscular dosing is estimated to be 2.4 hours. Enrofloxacin given either intramuscular or p.o. rapidly achieves satisfactory therapeutic blood levels of enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin in rhesus monkeys. Results from these pharmacokinetic study parallel values published for other animal species. Our results show use of enrofloxacin is effective in managingShigellainfections in rhesus monkeys based upon achieving these blood drug levels.
Accuracy of Linear Measurement Provided by Cone Beam Computed Tomography to Assess Bone Quantity in the Posterior Maxilla: A Human Cadaver Study
Authors: Veyre‐Goulet Sophie , Fortin Thomas , Thierry Anthony 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of this study was to assess, for implant placement in the posterior maxilla, the accuracy of linear measurements provided by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) using an image intensifier tube and television (TV) chain as an X‐ray detector despite a loss of contrast resolution. The NewTom® 9000 (Quantitative Radiology, Verona, Italy) was used to explore the posterior maxilla.Materials and Methods: Fourteen measurements were taken in three dry maxillaries. On every anatomical site, three fiducial markers were placed on the bony crest to define a plane. Dry maxillaries were submitted to CBCT imaging examination. The maxillaries were then sawn according to the previously defined planes, and bone height and width were assessed using a caliper. The same measurements were taken on images.Results: Clinical analysis demonstrated no difference between real measurements and image measurements.Conclusions: Although cadaver bone density may not correspond to the density of vital bone, this in vitro study indicates that CBCT images provided by technique using image intensifier tube and TV chain as an X‐ray detector are reliable to define the bone volume of the posterior maxilla for the purpose of planning the implant axis.
Rotational Path Removable Partial Denture (RPD): Conservative Esthetic Treatment Option for the Edentulous Mandibular Anterior Region: A Case Report
Authors: SUH JENNIFER S. , BILLY EDWARD J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIt can be esthetically and financially daunting for patients to lose teeth in an anterior region of the mouth. For these patients, traditional treatment options presented in the past have included fixed partial denture, implants, and conventional removable partial denture (RPD). For patients faced with financial, anatomical, and/or esthetic limitations, the edentulous region can be restored successfully with a rotational path RPD. Rotational path RPD designs have often been overlooked by the dental profession due to its complex concepts involving the prosthetic design and sensitive laboratory techniques. With better understanding of the concepts and design, the dental clinician can deliver the highest esthetic outcome in compromised areas in which other treatment options may often face limitations. This paper reviews the method used to esthetically design and plan a posterior‐anterior rotational path RPD in an edentulous mandibular anterior region for a patient missing the mandibular incisors.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEDue to inadequate understanding of the mechanics of rotational path RPDs, many clinicians have not adapted the application of this advantageous prosthesis. When correctly designed and fabricated, the rotational path RPD provides improved esthetics, cleanliness, and retention for patients who may not be suitable candidates for implants or fixed partial dentures in tooth‐supported edentulous regions.
Direct Dentin Bonding Technique Sensitivity When Using Air/Suction Drying Steps
Authors: MAGNE PASCAL , MAHALLATI RAMIN , BAZOS PANAGHIOTIS , SO WOONG‐SEUP 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTStatement of Problem:  Moisture control before and after application of the primer/adhesive components of etch‐and‐rinse dentin bonding agents is usually achieved using a stream of air delivered by an air syringe. Suction drying with a suction tip is a common alternative for moisture control, but data about the use of suction drying instead of the air syringe is scarce or nonexistent.Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to compare the dentin microtensile bond strength (MTBS) using either the air syringe or the suction tip to control the amount of moisture.Materials and Methods:  Fifteen freshly extracted human molars were divided randomly into three groups of five. A three‐step etch‐and‐rinse dentin bonding agent (OptiBond FL) was used. Group 1 was the control group and utilized air drying alone (with an air syringe) during the placement of the dentin adhesive on the ground‐flat occlusal dentin surface. Group 2 also used air drying alone, but teeth were prepared with a standardized MOD cavity. Group 3 utilized suction drying alone in the standardized MOD cavity. All teeth were restored with 1.5‐mm‐thick horizontal increments of composite resin (Filtek Z100). Specimens were stored in water for 24 hours, then prepared for a nontrimming MTBS test. Bond strength data were analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test at p < 0.05. Specimens were also evaluated for mode of fracture and interface characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.Results:  The mean MTBSs were not statistically different from one another (p = 0.54) at 54.0 MPa (air‐drying, flat dentin), 53.4 MPa (air‐drying, MOD), and 49.2 MPa (suction drying, MOD). Microscopic evaluation of failure modes indicated that most failures were interfacial. Failed interfaces, when analyzed under SEM, appeared typically mixed with areas of failed adhesive resin and areas of cohesively failed dentin.Conclusions:  There are no differences in MTBS to human dentin using either the air syringe or the suction tip to control the amount of moisture. The conventional three‐step dentin bonding agent used in the present study not only proved insensitive to the moisture‐control method but also to the effect of increased polymerization shrinkage stress (ground‐flat versus MOD preparation).CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEAlthough the effect of common errors on the performance of total‐etch adhesives has been investigated, data about the use of suction drying instead of an air syringe is scarce or nonexistent. The present study demonstrated that both the air syringe and the suction tip can be used to control moisture when using etch‐and‐rinse dentin bonding agents. The conventional three‐step dentin bonding agent tested, OptiBond FL, demonstrated low technique sensitivity.
Calcium chloride enhances the antioxidative system of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) under flooding stress
Authors: Lin K.H. , Chiou Y.K. , Hwang S.Y. , Chen L.F.O. , Lo H.F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree sweet potato varieties, Taoyuan 2, Simon 1 and Sushu 18, were pretreated with four levels of CaCl2 (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha−1) weekly for 50 days from planting before being subjected to non‐flooding (control) and flooding conditions. The experiment used a randomised complete block design with a split‐split plot arrangement of treatments. Young, fully expanded leaves from each plant were clipped for measuring enzyme activities and antioxidant contents. The three genotypes exhibited unique abilities and specificities through the antioxidative systems in response to flooding stress. The level of activity of the antioxidative system in sweet potato leaves was related to CaCl2 pretreatment during flooding. The ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, reduced ascorbate, total ascorbate, reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde contents of the three sweet potato varieties under flooding stress significantly increased because of pretreatment with 60 and 120 kg ha−1 of CaCl2. Moreover, pretreatment with 60 and 120 kg ha−1 CaCl2 enhanced the flooding tolerance of all three sweet potato varieties and mitigated the effects of flooding stress. However, pretreatment with 180 kg ha−1 CaCl2 markedly decreased some enzyme activities and antioxidant contents under a flooded condition. Calcium most likely played a role in the antioxidative system in the leaves of these three sweet potato varieties under flooding stress, as an optimum amount strengthened their oxidative systems.
Differential Responses of the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes to Thermal Stresses between Two Invasive Eupatorium Species in China
Authors: Lu Ping , Sang Wei‐Guo , Ma Ke‐Ping 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The effect of thermal stress on the antioxidant system was investigated in two invasive plants, Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. and E. odoratum L. The former is sensitive to high temperature, whereas the latter is sensitive to low temperature. Our aim was to explore the relationship between the response of antioxidant enzymes and temperature in the two invasive weeds with different distribution patterns in China. Plants were transferred from glasshouse to growth chambers at a constant 25 °C for 1 week to acclimatize to the environment. For the heat treatments, temperature was increased stepwise to 30, 35, 38 and finally to 42 °C. For the cold treatments, temperature was decreased stepwise to 20, 15, 10 and finally to 5 °C. Plants were kept in the growth chambers for 24 h at each temperature step. In E. adenophorum, the coordinated increase of the activities of antioxidant enzymes was effective in protecting the plant from the accumulation of active oxygen species (AOS) at low temperature, but the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) were not accompanied by the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) during the heat treatments. As a result, the level of lipid peroxidation in E. adenophorum was higher under heat stress than under cold stress. In E. odoratum, however, the lesser degree of membrane damage, as indicated by low monodehydroascorbate content, and the coordinated increase of the oxygen. Detoxifying enzymes were observed in heat‐treated plants, but the antioxidant enzymes were unable to operate in cold stress. This indicates that the plants have a higher capacity for scavenging oxygen radicals in heat stress than in cold stress. The different responses of antioxidant enzymes may be one of the possible mechanisms of the differences in temperature sensitivities of the two plant species.
Genetic Diversity in ex‐situ Conserved Lens culinaris for Botanical Descriptors, Biochemical and Molecular Markers and Identification of Landraces from Indigenous Genetic Resources of Pakistan
Authors: Sultana Tayyaba , Ghafoor Abdul 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Lentil, one of the oldest legumes was investigated for diversity based on botanical descriptors, total seed proteins, isozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. About one fourth of accessions were heterogeneous for botanical descriptors and a seed protein profile. The germplasm collected from the province of Baluchistan revealed the prevalence of indigenous landraces as high diversity was observed for all of the techniques. Diversity explored through various techniques revealed validity irrespective of the sample size or geographic pattern, RAPD being the best choice for investigating both inter‐ and intra‐accession variation in lentil. Although all of the techniques were able to resolve genetic diversity in lentil, isozymes and seed proteins gave low levels of genetic diversity, suggesting that more investigation into isozymes of specific proteins is required. RAPD is the best option for determining inter‐ and intra‐accession variation, and will be required to extend germplasms and primers to continue the study of botanical descriptors.
Cell‐wall Invertases from Rice are Differentially Expressed in Caryopsis during the Grain Filling Stage
Authors: Wang Yong‐Qin , Wei Xiao‐Li , Xu Hong‐Lin , Chai Cheng‐Lin , Meng Kun , Zhai Hong‐Li , Sun Ai‐Jun , Peng Yong‐Gang , Wu Bin , Xiao Gui‐Fang , Zhu Zhen 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Cell‐wall invertase plays an important role in sucrose partitioning between source and sink organs in higher plants. To investigate the role of cell‐wall invertases for seed development in rice (Oryza sativa L.), cDNAs of three putative cell‐wall invertase genes OsCIN1, OsCIN2 and OsCIN3 were isolated. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed different expression patterns of the three genes in various rice tissues/organs. In developing caryopses, they exhibited similar temporal expression patterns, expressed highly at the early and middle grain filling stages and gradually declined to low levels afterward. However, the spatial expression patterns of them were very different, with OsCIN1 primarily expressed in the caryopsis coat, OsCIN2 in embryo and endosperm, and OsCIN3 in embryo. Further RNA in situ hybridization analysis revealed that a strong signal of OsCIN2 mRNA was detected in the vascular parenchyma surrounding the xylem of the chalazal vein and the aleurone layer, whereas OsCIN3 transcript was strongly detected in the vascular parenchyma surrounding the phloem of the chalazal vein, cross‐cells, the aleurone layer and the nucellar tissue. These data indicate that the three cell‐wall invertase genes play complementary/synergetic roles in assimilate unloading during the grain filling stage. In addition, the cell type‐specific expression patterns of OsCIN3 in source leaf blades and anthers were also investigated, and its corresponding physiological roles were discussed.
PPF1 May Suppress Plant Senescence via Activating TFL1 in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants
Authors: Wang Da‐Yong , Li Qing , Cui Ke‐Ming , Zhu Yu‐Xian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Senescence, a sequence of biochemical and physiological events, constitutes the final stage of development in higher plants and is modulated by a variety of environmental factors and internal factors. PPF1 possesses an important biological function in plant development by controlling the Ca2+ storage capacity within chloroplasts. Here we show that the expression of PPF1 might play a pivotal role in negatively regulating plant senescence as revealed by the regulation of overexpression and suppression of PPF1 on plant development. Moreover, TFL1, a key regulator in the floral repression pathway, was screened out as one of the downstream targets for PPF1 in the senescence‐signaling pathway. Investigation of the senescence‐related phenotypes in PPF1(−) tfl1‐1 and PPF1(+) tfl1‐1 double mutants confirmed and further highlighted the relation of PPF1 with TFL1 in transgenic plants. The activation of TFL1 expression by PPF1 defines an important pathway possibly essential for the negative regulation of plant senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis.
Discrimination of Repetitive Sequences Polymorphism in Secale cereale by Genomic In Situ Hybridization‐Banding
Authors: Zhou Jian‐Ping , Yang Zu‐Jun , Li Guang‐Rong , Liu Cheng , Ren Zheng‐Long 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Genomic in situ hybridization banding (GISH‐banding), a technique slightly modified from conventional GISH, was used to probe the Chinese native rye (Secale cereale L.) DNA, and enabled us to visualize the individual rye chromosomes and create a universal reference karyotype of the S. cereale chromosome 1R to 7R. The GISH‐banding approach used in the present study was able to discriminate S. cereale chromosomes or segments in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) background, including the Triticale, wheat‐rye addition and translocation lines. Moreover, the GISH‐banding pattern of S. cereale subsp. Afghanicum chromosomes was consistent with that of Chinese native rye cv. Jingzhou rye; whereas the GISH‐banding pattern of Secale vavilovii was different from that of S. cereale, indicating that GISH‐banding can be used to study evolutionary polymorphism in species or subspecies of Secale. In addition, the production and application of GISH‐banding to the study of adenine‐thymine‐riched heterochromatin is discussed.
THERMAL HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOROOSH AND NOWROOZ FIELDS, PERSIAN GULF, BASED ON APATITE FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS AND VITRINITE REFLECTANCE DATA
Authors: Bashari A. 
Published: April 2008

The thermal history of the sedimentary successions at the Soroosh‐17, Soroosh‐02 and Nowrooz‐16 wells in the northern Persian Gulf have been studied using apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data. These data were used to identify and quantify episodes of heating and cooling which have affected the sections penetrated by these wells. This information was synthesised to provide a thermal history framework for the wells, within which the history of hydrocarbon generation, as well as regional structural development, can be understood. Preliminary hydrocarbon generation histories are presented for the Soroosh and Nowrooz oilfields and nearby areas.Modelling of hydrocarbon generation histories based on the AFTA‐ and VR‐derived thermal histories, assuming a dominant Type III kerogen for possible Albian Kazhdumi Formation source rocks and a dominant Type II kerogen for possible Neocomian Fahliyan (Lower Ratawi) Formation source rock, suggest that local sourcing of oil from the Kazhdumi Formation is unlikely. The most likely source rock for oil in the Burgan Formation reservoir at Soroosh‐17 and Nowrooz‐16 is interpreted to be the Fahliyan Formation based on the available data. On the other hand, speculative modelling of the Hendijan‐I well down‐dip from the Nowrooz field does allow some oil to be generated from the Kazhdumi sequence at that location, and this might be available for migration to the Nowrooz field.
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF OIL LOSSES DURING MIGRATION, PART II: MEASUREMENT OF THE RESIDUAL OIL SATURATION IN MIGRATION PATHWAYS
Authors: Luo X. R. , Yan J. Z. , Zhou B. , Hou P. , Wang W. , Vasseur G. 
Published: April 2008

Recent experimental observations have demonstrated that losses of oil in a secondary migration pathway depend largely on the characteristics of the pathway itself. Accurate assessments of the residual saturation are required to quantify losses during migration. In the present paper, the authors report on experimental procedures designed to evaluate the oil saturation at various stages of the migration/invasion process. The experiments made use of both apparatuses filled with an artificial medium composed of glass beads, and cores composed of reservoir sandstones from oilfields in NE China. The saturation of residual oil in the pathways was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.Experiment results show that mobile oil continues to migrate in a porous medium when the supply of oil has been stopped, but that the migration pathway shrinks and may become disconnected into isolated segments. Once active migration ceases, the residual oil saturation varies significantly from location to location within a pathway, and the average residual oil saturation falls to 30∼60%, depending on grain size and composition. A porous medium composed of large grains commonly contains large pores and pore throats and thus may correlate with low residual oil saturations.