bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and thermodynamics of the Li/Li+ couple in tetrahydrofuran at low temperatures (195–295 K)
Authors: Paddon Christopher A. , Jones Sarah E. Ward , Bhatti Farrah L. , Donohoe Timothy J. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractKinetic and thermodynamic (formal potential) data relating to the synthetically useful Li/Li+ couple in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent at a range of temperatures (196–295 K) are reported. Formal potentials, $E_{\rm f}^{\rm 0} $ have been measured versus the standard reference electrode, ${\rm Fc}\left( {4\,{\rm mM}} \right)/{\rm Fc}^ + {\rm PF}_6^ - \left( {4\,{\rm mM})} \right)$ in THF. At 295 K the following data have been obtained using a mathematical model to simulate the electro‐deposition (metal deposition and growth kinetics) processes of lithium (Li) on a platinum microelectrode; a $E_{\rm f}^0 $ of −3.48 ± 0.005 V, ${\rm d}E_{\rm f}^0 /{\rm d}T$ = −9.2 (±0.5) × 10−4 V K−1, the standard electrochemical rate constant, k0 = 1 (± 0.1) × 10−4 cm s−1, transfer coefficient, α = 0.57 ± 0.03 and diffusion coefficient, D = 8.7 ± 0.1 × 10−6 cm2 s−1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of unsymmetrical dimesogens containing 4‐heptylazobenzene
Authors: Mallia V. Ajay , Funahashi Masahiro , Tamaoki Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2007

Abstract4‐Heptylazobenzene (HAB) has been covalently attached to cholesterol (Ch) by varying the methylene spacers and to cyanobiphenyl (CB) moiety with an octyl methylene linkage. Enhancement of short‐range translational correlations in the chiral nematic (N*) phase has been observed by the introduction of HAB moiety. HAB–Ch dimesogens exhibit chiral smectic C (SmC*), chiral smectic A (SmA*) and N* phases depending on the methylene spacer length. The dimesogen containing HAB–CB shows a SmA and an N phase. The HAB–Ch dimesogen with octyl methylene spacer shows co‐existence of multiple periodicities in its SmA* as well as in SmC* phases. A dramatic increase of >150 nm in the N* reflected wavelength shift (Δλ) with change in temperature has been observed for the HAB‐Ch dimesogen containing an octyl spacer compared to the similar dimesogen that does not have a heptyl side chain. Ferroelectric switching has been studied for a representative dimesogen containing HAB‐Ch having hexyl spacer in its SmC* phase, the spontaneous polarization value was determined to be 150 nC cm−2 (at 125 °C) by applying a triangular wave field. A reversible photochemical switching between SmA and N phases also has been reported for the dimesogen containing HAB–CB. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antielastase and free radical scavenging activities of compounds from the stems of Cornus kousa
Authors: Sultana Nasim , Lee Nam Ho 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBioassay‐guided investigation of the stems of Cornus kousa led to the isolation of 12 compounds such as four triterpenoids: betulinic acid (1), maslinic acid (2), arjunolic acid (3), 3‐isoarjunolic acid (4), four flavanoids; catechin (5), epi‐catechin (6), 2‐hydroxynaringenin (7), 2‐hydroxynaringenin‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (8), two ellagic acid derivatives; 3,4,3′‐tri‐O‐methylellagic acid (9), 3,4‐di‐O‐methylellagic acid (10), a daucosterol (11) and a sucrose derivative; (3′‐O‐p‐coumaroyl)‐β‐d‐fructofuranosy‐(2?1)‐(6‐O‐p‐coumaroyl)‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside (12). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies as well as by comparison with available data in the literature. The free radical scavenging activity and elastase inhibition activity were investigated for the development of antiaging ingredients as a raw material for use in cosmetics. Among these compounds, compounds 1, 2 and 8 showed significant elastase inhibition activity and IC50 was 10.81 µg/mL, 21.21 µg/mL and 44.63 µg/mL, respectively, on porcine pancreatic elastase, whereas compounds 5, 6, 7 and 8 showed significant free radical scavenging activity and SC50 was 8.37 µg/mL, 9.31 µg/mL, 9.23 µg/mL and 17.45 µg/mL, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoprotective effects of Bergenia ciliata Sternb, extract on gastric ulcer in rats
Authors: Kakub G. , Gulfraz M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBergenia ciliata is used for the treatment of stomach disorders in the folk medicine of some areas of South East Asia. This study was designed to evaluate its gastroprotective effects on ethanol/HCl, indomethacin and pylorus ligation‐induced gastric ulcers in rats. Doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg b/w of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the rhizome were administered 1 h after ulcerogenic treatment. The animals were killed 3 h later, their stomachs removed and the mean area of ulcer lesion was determined. The weight of mucus and gastric acidity were also measured. The aqueous extract decreased the ulcer lesion (p < 0.05) in all models to a greater extent than the methanol extract, but at the higher doses the effect was reduced. In addition, the antiulcer activity appears to be mediated via cytoprotective effects conferred by enhancement of the mucosal barrier, rather than by prevention of gastric acid secretion or the lowering of pH and acidity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of willow herb's (Epilobium angustofolium L.) antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities
Authors: Štajner D. , Popović B. M. , Boža P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the antioxidative properties of root, leaf and stalk of Epilobium angustofolium L. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), quantities of malonyldialdehyde, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reduced glutathione and also the content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, vitamin C and soluble proteins were determined. The results indicate that extracts from all plant organs exhibited antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the leaves. Radical scavenging capacity (RSC), determined by DPPH assay, was highest in the leaves as well as total reducing power determined by FRAP assay. Lipofuscin ‘plant age pigments’ were also determined. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of tyrosine nitration and nitrosylation of angiotensin II and bovine serum albumin with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Soo Jae , Lee Jung Rok , Kim Young Hwan , Park Yoon Shin , Park Sang Ick , Park Hyung Soon , Kim Kwang Pyo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProtein tyrosine nitration is one of the important regulatory mechanisms in various cellular phenomena such as cell adhesion, endo/exo‐cytosis of cellular materials, and signal transduction. In the present study, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) with a linear ion‐trap mass spectrometer was applied for identification of nitrated proteins and localization of the modified tyrosine residues. When angiotensin II(DRVYIHPF) was nitrated in vitro with tetranitromethane (TNM), the mass spectrum showed a shift of +45 Da which corresponded to tyrosine nitration. An additional +29 Da mass shift was also detected by ESI‐MS. This differed from nitrated peptide analysis with matrix‐associated laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS), which showed oxygen neutral loss from the nitrated tyrosine residues upon laser irradiation. Hence the +29 Da mass shift of the nitrated peptide observed by ESI‐MS suggested the introduction of an NO group for nitrosylation of tyrosine residues. To confirm this in vitro nitrosylation on the protein level, bovine serum albumin was in vitro nitrated with TNM and analyzed by ESI‐MS/MS. As expected, +29 as well as +45 Da mass shifts were detected, and the +29 Da mass shift was found to correspond to the modification on tyrosine residues by NO. Although the chemical mechanism by which this occurs in ESI‐MS is not clear, the +29 Da mass shift could be a new potential marker of nitrosylated peptides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring quinolone antibacterial residues in bovine tissues: extraction with hot water and liquid chromatography coupled to a single‐ or triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer
Authors: Bogialli Sara , D'Ascenzo Giuseppe , Di Corcia Antonio , Innocenti Giorgiana , Laganà Aldo , Pacchiarotta Tiziana 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid and sensitive procedure for determining residues of seven quinolone antibacterials in bovine muscle, kidney and liver is presented. The method is based on the matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) technique with hot water as extractant followed by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS) or triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). After dispersing tissue samples on hydrazine sulfate treated sand, target compounds were eluted from the MSPD column by passing through it 4 mL of water heated at 100°C. After pH adjustment and filtration, 200 and 5 µL of the aqueous extracts were respectively injected into the LC/MS and LC/MS/MS instruments. With the former instrument, MS data were acquired in the three‐ion selected ion monitoring mode, while MS/MS data acquisition was performed in the multi‐reaction monitoring mode by selecting two precursor ion to product ion transitions for each target compound. Hot water appeared to be an efficient extracting medium, since absolute recoveries of the analytes were 84–102%. Using norfloxacin (a quinolone not used in veterinary medicine) as surrogate internal standard, the accuracy of the method at three concentration levels equal to 0.5, 1 and 1.5 times the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the european union was 88–109% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) not higher than 7%. The use of LC/MS/MS allowed detection and quantification of the analytes in any tissue considered to be performed at concentrations by far lower than half of their MRLs. Vice versa, the single‐quadrupole MS arrangement, while succeeding in monitoring quinolones in muscle tissue at the 0.5 MRL level, showed to be not sufficiently selective for unambiguous identification of some quinolones in kidney and liver. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low potential for restraint of anadromous salmonid reproduction by beaverCastor fiberin the Numedalslågen River catchment, Norway
Authors: Parker Howard , Rønning Øystein Cock 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter a long absence, beaverCastor fiberare rapidly returning to Europe. Their dam‐building and tree‐felling behaviour may have consequences for salmonSalmo salarand sea troutSalmo truttamanagement. In 2003 we investigated the parallel use of stream sections by beaver, sea trout and salmon and determined the potential hindrance that beaver dam‐building presented for reproducing salmon and sea trout along 65 km of the Numedalslågen River and tributaries, a major Norwegian catchment. We also surveyed landowner attitude to having beaver on salmon and sea trout streams. Most salmon spawned in the river and most sea trout in 51 tributaries. Nine of these tributaries also hosted spawning salmon. 15 (29%) of the 51 tributaries with spawning sea trout and six (67%) of the nine with spawning salmon had intermittently been occupied by beaver. Though beaver preferred to colonize the same sections of stream used for spawning, only 15% of the stream length navigable by salmon and sea trout on the 51 tributaries had actually been used by beaver, and only three colonies were occupied autumn 2003 (1 colony/25.0 km). Five dams were functioning during autumn 2003 on the 51 tributaries (1 dam/14.3 km). These potentially hindered sea trout and salmon from reaching 18% and 3%, respectively of their potential spawning habitat, though all dams were low (≤0.5 m). Though the autumn density of occupied beaver colonies along the river (1 colony/2.5 km) was 10.0 times the density on the 51 tributaries, no dams were built on the river. Thus most salmon reproduction in the catchment was unhindered by beaver. Nine of 14 landowners were unequivocally positive about having beaver together with salmon and sea trout. We conclude that the presence of beaver on similar catchments will likely have only an insignificant negative impact on the reproduction of sea trout and salmon. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral characteristics and correlation of dynamic wind forces on a super‐tall building
Authors: Fu J. Y. , Li Q. S. , Wu J. R. , Ni Z. H. , Xie Z. N. , Gu M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe 88‐storey Jin Mao Building located in Shanghai has a height of 420·5m and is the highest building in mainland China. Dynamic wind force components on the super‐tall building were measured by high‐frequency force balance technique in a boundary layer wind tunnel for the cases of an isolated Jin Mao Building and the existing surrounding condition under suburban and urban boundary layer flow configurations. Spectral characteristics of along‐wind and across‐wind components and, in particular, the cross‐correlation and coherence among various wind loading components are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the effects of upstream terrain conditions and surrounding buildings on the spectra, cross‐correlation and coherence are investigated. The experimental results show that such effects are significant. Finally, an empirical formula for estimation of the across‐wind overturning moment spectrum for the super‐tall building is presented. Comparisons of the spectra determined by the proposed formula and those obtained from wind tunnel tests are made to examine the applicability of the proposed formula. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second outrigger at optimum location on high‐rise shear wall
Authors: Hoenderkamp J. C. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a simple method of analysis for preliminary design of outrigger braced high‐rise shear walls subjected to horizontal loading. The shear wall has outriggers at two levels. One outrigger has a fixed location up the height of the structure, while the second can be placed at an optimum location. This position will cause a maximum reduction in lateral deflection at the top of the building. A single diagram allows for a rapid assessment of the optimum location for the second outrigger. The suggested method of analysis for use in the initial stages of the design of an outrigger structure for a proposed tall building offers a simple and rapid means of locating a second outrigger at an optimum location up the height of the structure, thereby allowing optimum dimensions for the individual structural members. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evaluation of wind‐induced vibration responses to a tapered tall building
Authors: You Ki‐Pyo , Kim Young‐Moon , Ko Nag‐Ho 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mitigation of wind‐induced excitations of tall buildings was investigated. The shape of a building can be aerodynamically modified by changing the taper of the cross‐section. This modification alters the flow pattern around the building, and reduces wind‐induced vibration of tall buildings. A tapered tall building that spreads the vortex‐shedding over a broad range of frequencies more effectively reduces cross‐wind responses. In this paper, to investigate the tapering effect on the reduction of wind‐induced responses of a tapered tall building, a high‐frequency force‐balance test was conducted. Six types of building model of differing taper ratios—2·5%, 5%, 7·5%, 10%, 15%, and a basic building model of square cross‐section—were tested on two typical atmospheric boundary layers representing suburban and urban areas. The effect of wind direction was also considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principal directions under lateral loading in multistorey asymmetric buildings
Authors: Athanatopoulou A. M. , Doudoumis I. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of evaluating the principal directions under lateral loading in multistorey asymmetric buildings with rigid floor diaphragms. To this purpose a rational criterion is suggested and analytical formulae are developed, with the aid of which the principal directions of these buildings can be determined. The proposed principal directions depend on the vertical distribution of the lateral forces applied at the storey levels, while it is assumed that these forces pass through a vertical loading axis. Several numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. Moreover, the examples verify that the principal directions' properties resulting from the proposed procedure are closer to the principal directions' properties of the single‐storey building's concept than those suggested by other researchers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special VM link element for modeling of shear–flexural interaction in frames
Authors: Kazemi M. T. , Erfani S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the special zones of frame elements, which are used for seismic energy dissipation, inelastic interaction among the internal forces needs to be considered more precisely. This paper describes a special element called a VM link element for modeling the shear–flexural interaction in the inelastic zones of beam elements. The element may be used in the any inelastic location of frames subjected to the monotonic or cyclic loadings. The inelastic shear and flexural deformations are considered by using the multi‐surfaces plasticity concept with dissimilar yield surfaces. A new kinematic hardening and new non‐associated flow rules are introduced for definition of the plastic deformations and managing the yield surfaces translations, respectively. The special VM link element is examined for some shear links, and it is shown that the proposed model predictions are in good agreement with existing test results. An eccentrically braced steel frame (EBF), subjected to a strong ground motion, is modeled by using the beam and the proposed VM link elements, and shear–flexural interaction is investigated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sub‐ppm determination of Hg and Cr in water: Cr speciation
Authors: Leyva D. , Estévez J. , Montero A. , Pupo I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA sensitive and alternative analytical procedure for the determination of chromium and mercury content in natural waters by coprecipitation with APDC and determination using an absolute thin layer EDXRF method is described. The use of 109Cd and 238Pu annular radioisotope sources, the influence of the chromium oxidation states and the elemental concentration were studied. At pH 4, 100% recovery was found for mercury. The coprecipitation of Cr(VI) was not quantitative (75%) but constant for the selected concentration range (5–100 µg/l). On the other hand, Cr(III) did not precipitate at the same pH. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 9.0% for mercury (10 µg/l) and 5.0% for chromium (50 µg/l). The detection limits (DLs) for mercury and chromium were 0.4 and 0.6 µg/l when the 238Pu source was employed. Nevertheless, higher DL values were achieved using 109Cd (0.6 and 3.3 µg/l). The proposed method was applied to the analysis of surface water samples. An alternative and simple chromium speciation procedure without chemical separation of Cr species is recommended. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The triglyceride composition ofbutea monosperma seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Basu S. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acid and triglyceride composition ofButea monosperma seed oil have been determined by a combination of the techniques of systematic crystallization at low temperature, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and gas chromatography. The percentages of individual fatty acids are: myristic 0.2, palmitic 19.3, stearic 7.4, arachidic 1.8, behenic 14.0, lignoceric 6.2, oleic 21.8, linoleic 27.8, and linolenic 1.7.B.monosperma seed oil is constituted of SSS 3.8, SSU 3.9, SUS 40.9, USU 0.9, SUU 40.4 and UUU 10.1%. Chief component glycerides are PLL 5.8, PLB 5.2, POL 4.8, POB 4.2, PLP 4.0, PLO 3.8, BLL 3.6, POP 3.3, PLST 3.2, and POO 3.0%.B. monosperma seed oil, on segregation by low temperature crystallization yielded two major fractions, each representing 30% of the total. One of them is richer in the content of SSS and SUS while the other is richer in UUU and SUU. Compositions of these fractions suggest the possibility of utilization of one as an ointment base and the other as a solvent for drugs.
Preparation of carboxylic acids from hydroxy compounds by oxidation with ozone
Authors: Miyazaki Shoji , Suhara Yasuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVarious mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids were obtained with appreciable yields from saturated hydroxy compounds by oxidation in aqueous acetic acid with a mixture of ozone and oxygen followed with oxygen. The starting materials and the mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids obtained were as follows: Primary alcohols RCH2OH → RCOOH; α,ω‐glycols HOCH2(CH2)nCH2OH → HOOC(CH2)nCOOH; secondary alcohols and 12‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid R1CH2CH(OH)CH2R2 → R1COOH + R2CH2COOH + R1CH2COOH + R2COOH; alicyclic alcohols CH2(CH2)nCHOH → HOOC(CH2)nCOOH; 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)7CH(OH)CH(OH) (CH2)7COOH → CH3(CH2)7COOH + HOOC(CH2)7COOH. Small amounts of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids having fewer carbon atoms than those of the carboxylic acids formed as main products were also detected from some of the oxidation products.
Some observations on the behavior of rancid groundnut oil with regard to the thin layer chromatography test for the detection of castor oil
Authors: Wagle N. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRefined groundnut oils were autoxidized to varying degrees as indicated by the peroxide values. Some autoxidized oils gave spots around the same Rf as that attributed to castor oil in the thin layer chromatography test prescribed by ISI. The molybdic acid test was negative.
Summary of the technology for the manufacture of higher alpha‐sulfo fatty acid esters
Authors: Kapur B. L. , Solomon J. M. , Bluestein B. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInterest in α‐sulfonated higher molecular weight (up to C20) fatty esters has increased in recent years in the surfactant industry due to the advent of economical sulfonation processes and methyl esters of fatty acids. In this paper, the authors present a review of the chemistry of the sulfonation of fatty esters and the two‐step mechanism leading to α‐sulfonation. Laboratory and pilot plant scale preparation of long chain fatty acid α‐sulfoesters with vaporized SO3 without the use of solvents are also summarized. Work on the falling film equipment with hydrogenated methyl tallowate with vaporized SO3 is described along with procedures for neutralization and bleaching. Analytical methods for defining the α‐sulfonates are discussed. A larger scale unit to continuously manufacture α‐sulfo fatty esters from long chain fatty acid is described. A review of the commercially available continuous processes for sulfonation of the fatty acid esters with vaporized sulfur‐trioxide have also been included. The properties of the salts of α‐sulfo fatty esters including the hydrolytic stability, aqueous solubility, lime soap dispersing ability, and biological properties have been tabulated. Uses of these surfactant range α‐sulfo esters are included in this discussion.
Crambe processing: Glucosinolate removal by water washing on a continuous filter
Authors: Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C. , Sohns V. E. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryCrambe seed was dehulled and screw pressed to remove approximately two‐thirds of the oil, and then it was hexane‐extracted to remove the rest. The defatted meal was toasted in the presence of moisture to form a crisped meal possessing fast drainage characteristics required for continuous filtration. The crisped meal was slurried with four parts of water, filtered, and washed on a continuous pilot‐plant filter. Water washing removed about one‐fourth of the meal solids, which contained 92–96% of the glucosinolates. Estimated processing costs for water‐washing crambe meal are 22–23 dollars per ton of unwashed defatted meal, in addition to the cost of crushing the seed to oil and meal.