bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture, technology and policy in the informal sector: attention to endogenous development
Authors: Fyle C. Magbaily 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn the development debate relating to Third World countries the concept of ‘accelerated growth’ dominated the initial arguments. Thus it was stated in one report that ‘the acceleration of the rate of economic growth of the developing countries and the rapid improvement in their social structures through the eradication of mass poverty and of inequality of income require inter alia a large-scale transfer from the vast pool of technology accumulated mainly in the developed countries’ (UNCTAD, 1972: 1).
‘Fishers of Men’: religion and political economy among colonized Tabwa
Authors: Roberts Allen F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn the late nineteenth century, Catholic missionaries among Tabwa southwest of Lake Tanganyika (now Zaire) sought to create a cohesive community of African Christians. The priests prohibited communal practice of Tabwa religion in the vicinity of their churches (established at points of densest population) and appropriated important means of food production like river-fishing grounds, for their own exploitation or to reward those loyal to them. As they enhanced their own economic and political influence, they contributed to Tabwa anomie, rather than community.
Risk, environmental variability and drought-induced impoverishment: the pastoral economy of central Niger
Authors: Starr Martha A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphSince the early 1970s the heavy impact of recurrent drought has given rise to the sense that Sahelian pastoralism is in decline. This is usually attributed to increasing aridity, environmental degradation and the destructive effects of colonial policies on traditional mechanisms to spread risk and promote recovery from drought. These factors clearly contribute to the pastoral sector's apparently increasing difficulties in contending with environmental hardship and variability. However, analysts' strong emphasis on forces exogenous to the sector has created a seriously distorted view of a system in uniform decline. In fact, when changes within the pastoral sector are examined, it becomes clear that the movement of people away from full-time transhumant livestock raising since the 1970s reflects not the decline of pastoralism per se but rather the slipping-out by a stratum of producers for whom the risks associated with this activity were simply too great relative to possible returns. Understanding that drought-induced impoverishment has its roots in differential ability to bear risks linked to environmental variability is especially important in formulating sound policies to ensure present and former pastoralists' continued access to income-generating activities, whether in full-time livestock raising or in other areas.
From village autonomy to modern village administration among the Kulere of central Nigeria
Authors: Frank Barbara 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn studies of change in indigenous political organisations under the impact of colonial administration, the precolonial situation in Africa is often depicted as essentially static. Anthropologists tend to project a relatively ‘uninfluenced’ state of affairs from the early colonial period into the past. Change seems to occur under European influence. This picture is the result less of the conviction of the authors that conditions were static than of a lack of information on precolonial development. This is especially true for ‘acephalous’ societies; centralised societies often possess detailed traditions concerning their institutional history. In the following case, of the political development of a village in the Nigerian Middle Belt, it has been possible to record precolonial changes of organisation in an acephalous society.
‘This is actually a good interpretation of modern civilisation’: popular theatre and the social imaginary in Ghana, 1946–66
Authors: Cole Catherine M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWest African popular theatre has been the subject of a growing body of scholarship. Yet what has not yet been adquately accounted for in this literature is historical change, both within particular theatre traditions and in their relation to society at large. This article begins to address the gap by focusing on the Ghanaian concert party in the volatile years from the end of World War II through the early years of independence. During this period the Ghanaian concert party underwent profound transformations in form, content, and its modes of production and consumption. Through their geographic mobility and widespread popularity, concert parties participated first-hand in the transformation of public consciousness. Just as the popular press played a central role in the formation of European nationalism, so popular travelling theatre performed a pivotal role among a largely non-literate population during Ghana's transition from colonialism to modern nation state. This article interprets the generic conventions through which the concert party convened and constituted its new public. By deploying an eclectic range of formal techniques to dramatise everyday realities, concert parties became a primary integrative mechanism through which audiences negotiated a tumultuous historical epoch.
Species pool: the concept, its determination and significance for community restoration
Authors: Zobel Martin , van der Maarel Eddy , Dupré Cecilia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The concept of species pool is reviewed. It is suggested to maintain the terms regional pool and local pool but replace actual pool by community pool. The regional and local pool are considered as selections from the regional and local flora based on ecological similarity. It is also suggested to include in the community pool a selection of species present only as diaspores in the diaspore bank (including diaspores from the seed rain), the selection being based on the same ecological criteria.Four approaches to determine the species pool are discussed: ecological, functional and phytosociological similarity, and an experimental approach. The phytosociological approach appears to be promising. The species pool is elaborated as a fuzzy set in the sense that each species of a community or a local or regional flora is a member of any community, local or regional species pool with different degrees of membership. This membership is defined as a probability of a species to become part of the community pool of a target community which is a function of the ecological (environmen‐tal/functional/phytosociological) similarity of the species with the target community; the shortness of the distance of its nearest populations, the frequency/abundance, the dispersal capacity, the actual presence of dispersal mechanisms, the germinability of newly arrived diaspores, and the longevity of seeds (viability) in the diaspore bank.The information on species pools is needed for designing experiments where the number of species in a community is to be manipulated, for instance in restoration management.
Generic saturation
Authors: Friedman Sy D. 
Published: April 2006

Assuming that ORD is ω + ω-Erdös we show that if a class forcing amenable to L (an L-forcing) has a generic then it has one definable in a set-generic extension of L[O#]. In fact we may choose such a generic to be periodic in the sense that it preserve the indiscernibility of a final segment of a periodic subclass of the Silver indiscernibles, and therefore to be almost codable in the sense that it is definable from a real which is generic for an L-forcing (and which belongs to a set-generic extension of L[0#]). This result is best possible in the sense that for any countable ordinal α there is an L-forcing which has generics but none periodic of period ≤ α. However, we do not know if an assumption beyond ZFC+“O# exists” is actually necessary for these results.Let P denote a class forcing definable over an amenable ground model 〈L, A〉 and assume that O# exists.Definition. P is relevant if P has a generic definable in L[0#]. P is almost relevant if P has a generic definable in a set-generic extension of L[0#].Remark. The reverse Easton product of Cohen forcings 2<κ, κ regular is relevant. So are the Easton product and the full product, provided κ is restricted to the successor cardinals. See Chapter 3, Section Two of Friedman [3]. Of course any set-forcing (in L) is almost relevant.Definition. κ is α-Erdös if whenever C is CUB in κ and f: [C]<ω → κ is regressive (i.e., f(a) < min(a)) then f has a homogeneous set of ordertype α.
The Box Elder Mound in La Salle County, Illinois
Authors: Griffin James B. 
Published: April 2006

Excavations carried on in 1931 under the University of Illinois archaeological program were directed by A. R. Kelly. One of the small mounds explored during the spring of that year was excavated by W. V. Kinietz. It was called the Box Elder Mound and was located near the town of Science, in Starved Rock State Park near Utica, La Salle County, Illinois.During the summer of 1935 I was permitted by the late F. C. Baker, then Curator of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Illinois, to study and describe this material. The vessels to be described below are a part of the collections of the University of Illinois.
Maya Epigraphy: Methods of Interpretation
Authors: Weitzel R. B. 
Published: April 2006

There are different methods of interpreting Maya time counts. The Tun-Ahau method means that the Ahau element of an inscription refers to the tun; the Katun-Ahau method means that the Ahau element of an inscription refers to the katun.The Initial Series inscription at Chichen Itza has been interpreted by a Tun Ahau method.
The Typological Concept
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: April 2006

This paper is an attempt to clarify the meaning of the terms “type” and “variation” when applied to archaeological materials. Although they are used constantly in speech and literature in almost every conceivable context, it must be admitted that archaeology has no generally accepted, impersonal methods of establishing the scope and application of these terms. Kluckhohn has recently written:Our techniques of observing and recording are admittedly still susceptible of improvement, but they seem much further advanced than our development of symbols (verbal and otherwise) by which we could communicate to each other (without loss or inflation of content) the signs and symptoms we observe. In archaeology, for example, methods of classifying pottery wares on the basis of highly technical and rather precisely defined operations have been elaborated. But I am aware of but a single paper (by a Russian!) where there has been even a tentative and fumbling consideration of the implications of the typological method. Such archaeologists as Vaillant, Strong, Setzler, Gladwin, and Paul Martin are (but only very recently) evidencing searchings of their theoretical consciences, and this is a happy omen. Meanwhile typologies are proliferated without apparent concern as to what the concepts involved are likely to mean when reduced to concrete human behaviors ….
An Ossuary near Piscataway Creek with A Report on the Skeletal Remains
Authors: Ferguson Alice L. L. , Stewart T. D. 
Published: April 2006

The ossuary described in this paper is believed to be at or near the site of Piscataway Fort. Piscataway Fort is of historic interest for it was there, in 1634, that Calvert obtained permission from the “Emperor of the Piscataways” to begin the actual settlement of Maryland.It is thought that until 1623 the principal town of the Piscataways was at Moyaone on the Potomac just below the mouth of Piscataway Creek. In 1623 Governor Wyatt of Virginia burned Moyaone and the principal site of the tribe was probably moved to Piscataway on the south bank of Piscataway Creek two or three miles east of Moyaone. We know that Piscataway Fort was an important place in 1634 and it continued to be the headquarters of the Piscataways, the most important Indians on the Maryland side of the Potomac, until 1680.
Agriculture and the Theocratic State in Lowland Southeastern Mexico
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractShifting cultivation, which is the technique commonly followed by tropical agriculturists, while wasteful of land use in requiring a long fallowing period, will support variable population densities depending upon crops grown, farming tools used, and soil fertility. Twenty persons per square kilometer is accepted as the density for the region around the Preclassic La Venta site which was begun about 800 B.C. and abandoned about 400 B.C. The occupation area of the La Venta culture group is believed to lie between the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá rivers and amounts to about 900 square kilometers, thus yielding a population figure of about 18,000, of which 3600 are family heads. The total man-days of labor required to build the La Venta site is estimated to be 1,100,000, and the four major rebuildings of the site features are suggested as having been done at completion of 52 and 104 year calendar rounds.
Curved Single-Piece Fishhooks of Shell and Bone in California
Authors: Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

Notwithstanding the numerous published works which have specifically or incidentally treated with the curved fishhooks of California, there is available at present no single source which draws together the accessible information and cites the relevant bibliography. The present article seeks to remedy this situation and seems justified on the grounds of making available the California data to local workers and to those who are further interested in the near identity of some of the California types with those of the Chilean coast in South America, on the one hand, and with those of the Oceanian area, on the other. Within North America the distribution of single-piece curved bone fishhooks is spotty, and a theoretical problem of historical community of these various occurrences also awaits analysis.Curved hooks of shell and/or bone occur in California in archaeological sites on the Santa Barbara Channel islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz), on the islands farther south and more distant from the mainland shore (San Nicolas, San Clemente, San Miguel), and on the coast from Point Concepcion to Santa Ana.
A Copper Trade Object from the Headwaters Lakes Aspect in Manitoba
Authors: Vickers Chris , Bird Ralph D. 
Published: April 2006

The spread of the Headwaters Lakes Aspect in a northwesterly direction through Manitoba, has been the subject of previous comment by the senior author. The manifestations of the aspect in this area, have a marked resemblance to the Black Duck Focus, and have been defined as the Manitoba Focus.The factual data upon which this conclusion is based are derived from three controlled excavations in Manitoba. Hecker and Hlady excavated the Lockport site, north of the city of Winnipeg, in August, 1947. Hecker reports the presence of sherds that show a “close relationship” to the Black Duck Focus. During 1947 and 1948 the junior author conducted excavations on the Scott site near Brandon, Manitoba. This site is located on the S.W. Sec. 35, T. 10, R. 20, W. 1, and has yielded a good collection of Manitoba Focus sherds, with an associated artifact complex that closely corresponds to that outlined by Wilford for the Headwaters Lakes Aspect.
Crystal River, Revisited, Revisited, Revisited
Authors: Smith Hale G. 
Published: April 2006

In February of this year, James B. Griffin, Hale G. Smith, Raymond S. Price, A. T. Ewell, MacNeil Withers, and Ralph Barbour made a surface collection of the entire Crystal River complex and dug a five foot test (B) upon the occupational area designated by Moore (1903, , Fig. 16) as B.Test B was made 140 feet from the north corner of the large shell temple mound A, at approximately the same place marked B by Moore (ibid.). It was found that the depth of this deposit was forty-eight inches. The test was taken down in the following levels: 1 through 8, and 10 were four inch levels, while 9 and 11 were six inch levels. The sherds collected from mound A and test B were similar in many respects.
Ancient Settlements in the Main River Valley, Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Okladnikov A. P. , Nekrasov I. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA newly discovered late Neolithic culture of riverine hunters and fishermen becomes the third major culture known in the Chukchi-Koryak region of Northeast Asia. The arctic maritime hunters ancestral to the Eskimo have long been known, and recently evidence for an inland group of hunters in the northern reindeer and fish areas has been encountered. The Neolithic hunters and fishers lived in temporary, probably winter camps of semisubterranean houses near the game-rich mouths of tributaries on the well-drained gravel floodplains of the river valleys of the Anadyr-Penzhina lowlands. Collections from Vakernaia 1 and 2 in the Main River valley are described. Chipped stone artifacts with pressure retouch include some obsidian knives, and trapezoidal and semilunar knives made on pebble flakes. There are grinder picks, polished slate knives of ulo type, and adzes including a form comparable to the splitting adz of the Chugach sequence in southern Alaska. Picks or mattocks were made of walrus tusk and antler. The bulk of the collection consists of pottery. Hemispherical vessels of great size variation are plain, textile-impressed, and stamped. Although house type, the walrus tusk, and the ulo knives suggest some connection with the Bering Sea hunting cultures, the basic traits appear to be of more local origin.
Problems of Urban Archaeology
Authors: Powell B. Bruce 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA brief review of the rise of interest in historic sites preservation and of the use of archaeological techniques in this field, is followed by a discussion of the recent phenomenon of urban renewal as it applies to an increasing necessity for archaeological work in urban areas. Experience gained in the archaeological program at Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, provides the basis for a discussion of some of the specific problems encountered in urban sites: excavation costs, problems of public relations, the necessity for special equipment and specialized artisans, and the archeologists' training.
Cerrillos, an Early Paracas Site in ICA, Peru
Authors: Wallace Dwight T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations at Site PV62-63 (Cerrillos) uncovered a refuse accumulation several meters deep with two major stratigraphic units, the earlier termed the Cerrillos phase, the later termed the Isla phase. Cerrillos ceramics are of a style new to the Ica sequence and the earliest known in the valley; they represent an early development in the Paracas style, but also share various specific traits with Chavinoid ceramic styles in other areas. Ceramics of the Isla phase represent a local development out of Cerrillos but with many of the Chavinoid traits lacking. The Isla ceramic style had been previously recognized as the earliest known Paracas phase, although no refuse excavations had been made. Isla refuse is associated with a series of superimposed adobe structures, representing terraced habitations arranged in a complex apartment-house-like dwelling unit. The refuse of both stratigraphic units indicates very heavy dependence on agricultural produce, beans and a primitive type of maize being the staples. Various other artifact types were recovered, the Cerrillos textiles also showing similarities with early techniques in other areas.
Thomas Morley and the First Music for the English Burial Service
Authors: Uhler John E. 
Published: April 2006

First to compose music for the burial service in English was Thomas Morley (1557-1603). The verbal text that he followed was that of the second Book of Common Prayer, pubhshed in 1559, one year after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I. The splendor of this piece of literature exalted Morley's genius to an equally magnificent piece of music.About a century and a half afterward, his manuscript came to the hands of Doctor Maurice Greene (c. 1695-1755). In 1718 Greene became organist of St. Paul's, a position that Morley once occupied. In 1727 he was elected to the Chapel Royal, of which Morley had been a member. Three years later he was made Doctor of Music at Cambridge; Morley had been Bachelor of Music at Oxford.
A Petrarchan Sonnet Imitated by Diego Dávalos y Figueroa
Authors: Fucilla Joseph G. 
Published: April 2006

In Vol. 1, p . 73, of his Manuscritos Peruanos en las Bibliotecas Extrangeras (Lima, Peru, 193 5) Rubén Vargas Ugarte takes the following sonnet from MS 373 (Fonds espagnol) of the Paris Bibliothèque Nationale:Pensando que ocupava fuerça y arteAmor, o hermosíssima señora,en no sufrir desorden como agoraque sufre a mi vajeza desearte;desarmado de aviso osé mirarte,mas el cruel que nunca se está un oraluego desde tus ojos donde él mora mepassó el coraçón de parte a parte.No sé qué premio espera ni qué gloriapor haberme vencido en tal estado,no sé qué palma sigue tal victoria.Suene el gran caso digno de memoria,hecho fuerte de su reyno a un desarmado;vencio el Amor, vien sonora es su victoria.
Elizabeth I as a Latin Poet: An Epigram on Paul Melissus
Authors: Phillips James E. 
Published: April 2006

In praising the poetic talent of Queen Elizabeth the author of The Arte of English Poesie (1589) exclaims that sheeasily surmounteth all the rest that have writte before her time or since, for sence, sweetnesse and subtillitie, be it in Ode, Elegie, Epigram, or any other kinde of poeme Heroick or Lyricke, wherein it shall please her Maiestie to employ her penne, …Few examples of her work survive to provide a basis for measuring the relative amounts of critical judgment and expected flattery in this praise. To these few one more can now perhaps be added. It is a Latin epigram attributed to the Queen that was printed by Paul Melissus, the German humanist, poet, and musician, at the end of a collection of his own Latin poems entitled P. Melissi Mele sive Odae … Epigrammata, published at Nuremberg in 1580. So far as I can determine, modern scholars have not been aware of this poem or of the circumstances that make highly plausible its authenticity as the work of Elizabeth.
Culture Contact on the Fringe of Civilization
Authors: A. T.  , Culwick G. M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIt is natural that the urgent need for systematic study of culture contact should first and most forcibly be felt with regard to areas where the process of ‘civilization’ or modernization is already comparatively far advanced, whether it be in the form of detribalization in urban and industrial districts or of the adaptation of the tribal system among an important and powerful people like the Baganda. In the first place, those areas present the most pressing practical problems and exhibit the most acute symptoms of social, economic, and political strain. In the second place, as a corollary of their accessibility to exotic influences, they are the areas most easily accessible to observers trained and untrained, and their troubles often force themselves on the attention of the civilized world. They have, however, certain disadvantages from the point of view of the student of culture contact, in that, as Miss Mair has shown, the opportunity to study the stages in their development has gone for ever. By careful investigation a useful and reliable, if incomplete, picture can be drawn of the working of the social order just before the torrent of modern civilization broke in upon it, and the comparison between past and present which such a reconstruction makes possible provides us with knowledge which is both necessary for the explanation of existing phenomena and also of the greatest practical value. But just as one cannot tell by looking at the finished product whether a pot has been fashioned from the lump or by the coil method, so, in the absence of proper observation at the time, we cannot reconstruct a picture of the intermediate stages in the creation of the present situation, or ever know the details of the processes whereby native society adjusted itself to some innovations and was dislocated by others.