bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface and borehole microseismic monitoring of mining-induced seismicity
Authors: Styles P. , Bishop I. , Toon S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
To determine whether 130 felt earth tremors around Edwinstowe, Nottinghamshire, UK, which also experienced severe surface fissuring, were caused by coal extraction, a surface seismometer array was established around Thoresby Colliery. Over the next year, 785 microseismic events were detected. The spatial and temporal variations in seismicity are clearly associated with the commencement, continuing extraction and closure of faces. Of particular note are events which locate at the surface and appear to be related to the active fissuring. Events occur within days of commencement of production and cease when production finishes, with good correlation between face advance and hypocentral position. Naturally occurring microseismic events have also been detected up to 1 km ahead of active longwall faces in the Midlands using triaxial geophone packages grouted into the seam together with a surface seismometer in the top of the borehole. The quality of these data was very high and guided waves can clearly be seen with the dispersive characteristics associated with seam waves. In one experiment, more than 2000 events were detected in only two days of monitoring even in a relatively noisy surface environment. This paper demonstrates how useful locations can be generated using three-component digital data from only one borehole. The event distributions give a dynamic, three-dimensional image of the developing patterns of fracturing above, below and ahead of the longwall face with important implications for roof control, subsidence prediction and gas migration.
The use of shear wave transmission as a non-destructive tool to assess soft soil stiffness in dredging applications
Authors: McDermott I. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Interest in the behaviour of naturally consolidated soils stems from the relevance of these materials to the dredging industry, and the environmental impact of dredging and the dumping of pollutants at sea above soft cohesive sediment beds. Since these soils are compositionally and behaviourally complex, there is a need to characterize their properties in a non-destructive manner. This paper presents the seismo-acoustic behaviour of a number of these soft soils as studied in the laboratory. It is shown that the changing behaviour of the sediment, as it consolidates, and as the soil structure develops, has a considerable influence on its stiffness characteristics. Shear modulus is determined using shear wave velocity and bulk density measurements which were found to range between zero and 160 kPa during the course of the experiments. Estimation of soil shear stiffness in this manner would be a parameter of interest to the dredging industry in defining navigable depth. In terms of environmental matters, such estimates of marine soil shear stiffness may be of use in quantifying the erodibility of the sea bed; this is of particular significance where sediments are contaminated by pollutants.
Measurement of stiffness of soils using small strain triaxial testing and bender elements
Authors: Gordon M. A. , Clayton C. R. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

With the growing appreciation of the value of measuring very small strain stiffness,
G
max
, by determining shear wave velocities, the authors have installed piezoceramic bender elements into a conventional triaxial cell. Whilst the installation process and high speed data acquisition requirements presented no serious problems, interpretation of bender element data was not as straightforward as was first thought. This paper describes the tests carried out and the
problems encountered. Analytical techniques which remove the subjective nature of shear wave travel time determinations are discussed along with ways to discriminate between near field compressional-wave components and genuine shear waves.
A flexible algorithm for seismic refraction interpretation using program REFRACT
Authors: Leung T. M. , Win M. A , Walker C. S. , Whiteley R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
REFRACT is an interactive seismic refraction interpretation software package, based on the Reciprocal and Intercept Time methods, developed by the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales (Australia). REFRACT operates in graphic and spreadsheet displays on PCs and preserves much of the flexibility of manual methods. The power of REFRACT lies in its treatment of a seismic line as a single data set, combining overlapping segments and handling lateral velocity changes in all layers, and
in its optimization of manual interpretation operations. After entry of first arrival times the T-X data may be checked and edited for shot depth and reciprocal times. Interpretation includes operations such as parallelism testing and layer labelling (Segmentation) on the T-X graph, Phantoming of overlapping segments, minus times Velocity Analysis, automatic Thickness Calculation and edits to the interpreted section. The interpretation stages employ a number of optimization routines that may be
applied with default settings or may be reset and manipulated for close control of the interpretation process over part or all of the T-X data set. The Distance Range is a fundamental concept in REFRACT that controls the application of the Reciprocal and Intercept Time methods for the calculation of time depths, intercept times and harmonic mean velocities. REFRACT provides a new standard for seismic refraction interpretation.
Evaluation of seismic refraction interpretation using first arrival raytracing
Authors: Leung T. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A critical factor in the evaluation of a seismic refraction interpretation is the consistency between the model and the data. This can be achieved through assessing differences between the field first arrival data and the synthetic data calculated from the model. A practical tool to calculate accurate first arrival times is essential to fulfil this task.
Raytracing is a straight forward technique for first arrival time calculation but there are problems such as shadow zones in some algorithms. As a tool for evaluation of refraction interpretation it is important to ensure the minimum traveltime paths are computed. This is not provided in many raytracing algorithms.
The first arrival raytracing software presented here introduces a new standard for minimum traveltime path assurance. The program, which has been developed specifically for testing seismic refraction interpretation, is based on a 2-D earth model with uniform velocity polygons. A complex but typical field example is used to demonstrate the usefulness of the program.
Sources of sand and gravel on the Northern European Continental Shelf
Authors: Harrison D. J. , Laban C. , Leth J. O. , Larsen B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The extraction of marine sand and gravel has taken place in a number of countries around the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and English Channel for several centuries, but large-scale dredging for aggregates only began in earnest in the 1960s. Today, marine sands and gravels have an increasing role to play in maintaining European supplies of concreting aggregates as well as material for beach nourishment and constructional fill. The distribution of sand and gravel resources offshore is uneven. They vary in their thickness, their composition and grading, and their proximity to the shore. Many deposits lie in places that are currently inaccessible to the dredging industry.
This paper outlines the production of marine sand and gravel in northern Europe and describes the distribution, composition and Quaternary origins of the most important marine sand and gravel resources in northern Europe. Examples are given for the UK, the Netherlands and Denmark, and in summary form for France, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Ireland and Germany. Most marine sand and gravel deposits are of fluvial or glacial origin and have been reworked to varying degrees by marine and coastal hydrodynamic processes. They represent a range of former depositional environments, including fluvial channel-fill or terrace deposits, glacial meltwater plain deposits, seabed lag gravels and degraded shingle beach or spit deposits, as well as modern marine tidal sandbanks and sandwave deposits.
Assessment of offshore sand and gravel bodies for dredging
Authors: Selby Ian , Ooms Klaas 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Reliable assessment of offshore sand and gravel resources permits efficient dredging, the maintenance of cargo quality control and the effective mitigation of environmental impacts. Site investigation should be based on the interpretation and correlation of high resolution seismic profiling and CPT/sampling data. A preliminary interpretation of the seismic data reveals the geological setting of the sand bodies and leads to the selection of appropriate sampling methods and the recognition of key sampling positions. Geologically complex sand bodies demand phased data acquisition to delineate geometry, physical properties and compositional variability. The alternative approach, of grid-based sampling using a predetermined sampling density, is costly at best and probably misleading. A three-dimensional model is created from the integration of acquired data and a resource volume calculated. Dredging constraints and overflow losses are applied to the model resulting in the determination of a reserve volume and critical dredging parameters. It is advisable to carry out a wide-ranging testing programme on the recovered samples to ensure compliance with relevant standards or requirements. The potential penalties for superficial site investigation include delay, unpredictable cargo quality and unforeseen environmental problems.
The UK marine sand and gravel dredging industry: an application of Quaternary geology
Authors: Bellamy Andrew G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Marine sands and gravels currently contribute 24% (over 20 million tonnes/year) of the total sand and gravel aggregate consumption of Great Britain. To maintain or increase this contribution into the future, the identification, assessment and licensing of additional sand and gravel resource areas is of fundamental importance. Research into the Quaternary history of the continental shelf surrounding the UK assists in the prediction of sand and gravel resource locations. Similarly, resource assessment is significantly improved through an understanding of the origin and formation of these Quaternary deposits.
Geological considerations also feature strongly in the management of existing dredging licence areas and in the acquisition of future licences from the Crown Estate. Precise resource assessment, coupled with accurate dredger positioning and track recording systems, minimizes the extent of dredged sea bed, thereby limiting environmental impact and improving the consistency of dredged cargoes. Also important is the need to overcome marine aggregate prejudice which arises from the perception by some customers that marine dredged sands and gravels differ markedly from those obtained onshore. Central to this issue is the argument that some of the most substantial marine deposits originated in subaerial environments at similar times and by the same processes as their present-day terrestrial equivalents, having been deposited in Quaternary cold climate fluvial environments.
The CIRIA research project on beach recharge materials
Authors: Arthurton Russel Scott 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A CIRIA report presenting a regional review of the marine resources of sand and gravel around the coasts of England and Wales assesses the capacity of these resources to meet the anticipated demands for these materials by the aggregate industry and for beach recharge over the next 20 years. In an analysis of the demand for the materials required specifically for beach recharge — shingle and sand — the report identifies a shortfall for shingle in five of the twelve defined sub-regions, though there appears to be capacity within adjoining sub-regions to meet the demands. The report indicates a huge capacity at the regional level for satisfying the combined demands of beach recharge and the aggregate industry for sand, although at the sub-regional level some shortfalls have been identified off the coasts of northern England.
Canadian experience with the micro-Deval test for aggregates
Authors: Rogers Chris 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Several aggregate test methods used in evaluating the mechanical strength and predicting the performance of aggregate have been in use since the 1930s. Today there is a need for precise tests that have a demonstrated correlation with field performance. The micro-Deval test has good multi-laboratory precision and is a suitable replacement for the sulphate soundness test for fine aggregate. A micro-Deval test on coarse aggregate is a useful means of predicting performance of aggregate in concrete, bituminous pavement and as granular base.
Assessing the wear characteristics of aggregate exposed at the road surface
Authors: Woodside A. R. , Woodward W. D. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper considers the assessment of highway surfacing aggregate wear using the Aggregate Abrasion Value and micro-Deval test methods. Their historical development is discussed. The influence of test sample preparation and number of chippings assessed is compared. Data for both methods are presented for a range of rock types. Dry, wet and soaked versions of the micro-Deval test are compared. The use of a density correction to modify the micro-Deval test value is proposed. The ability of the Aggregate Abrasion Value and micro-Deval test methods to assess heterogeneous aggregates is assessed.
A statistical study of aggregate testing data with respect to engineering judgement
Authors: Howarth Richard J. , French William J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Aspects of product-testing and measurement uncertainty are addressed with the intention of providing guidelines to enable engineering judgements to be made which are based on valid scientific criteria. Suggestions are made to enable improved estimates of: (1) the critical range when defining measurement uncertainty; (2) the number of tests required to ensure, with a stated probability, that there is a 95% probability that the estimated mean lies within a stated absolute amount of the underlying population mean; (3) confidence intervals for a
single
determination; (4) confidence intervals on observed abundance in point- or grain-counts, including an
exact
upper bound on the proportion of a constituent which could be present (e.g. opal or chert as a contaminant) when no occurrences have been observed; (5) confidence interval on the proportion of sub-standard product present in a source of bulk material, on the basis of routine testing of a continuously delivered product,
J
-charts for the mean and range are also introduced as an aid to quality assurance. These have excellent performance compared to the better-known Shewhart and cusum charts and are well-suited to manual implementation at a ‘shop-floor’ level.
Is cleanup of VOC-contaminated groundwater feasible?
Authors: Mackay D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

VOCs are the organic contaminants most widely detected in public supply wells. Due to the complexity of VOC behaviour in the subsurface and the disappointing performance of many past attempts at site remediation, it appears that for many VOC-contaminated sites complete remediation of the subsurface may be practically infeasible for the foreseeable future. The contaminants do not reside solely in the easily extractable groundwater, but also in less readily treated non-aqueous phase liquid phases, sorbed phases and dissolved phases within relatively lower permeability media. Thus complete remediation is not directed solely at ‘groundwater’,
per se
, but at all locations of subsurface contaminant mass. New technologies under investigation may improve prospects for complete remediation, but the problems yet to be solved are many. Thus there has been a justified shift of attention to approaches to limit the migration of plumes and thereby control the risks they pose. These migration control approaches return the attention solely to groundwater, but specifically at that passing through a selected cross-section of the subsurface. With these and other technologies under development, there may soon be a range of tools available for remediation which will match the range of remediation goals necessitated by the site-specific complexities of VOC contamination.
Biological treatment of crude oil contaminated soil in Russia
Authors: Christofi N. , Ivshina I. B. , Kuyukina M. S. , Philp J. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Oil spillage on land accounts for the majority of hydrocarbon contamination of our planet and bioremediation of these habitats is possible because of the existence of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms
in situ
and in culture collections. A number of physical, chemical and environmental factors affect the degradation of oil in soils including soil pore structure, aeration, toxic oil constituents and nutrient availability. In addition, strongly sorbed hydrophobic constituents, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are difficult to solubilize and make available for degradation. Various remediation techniques were used in field experiments on bioremediation of oil contaminated agricultural soils after an accidental oil-spill which occurred on the territory of the Mezhevskoe oilfield (‘Polaznaoil’ company). Composting systems were utilized to increase oxygen transfer with degradation further enhanced by combination of nutrient additions, bulking with straw and inoculations of
Rhodococcus
-biosurfactant complexes. After a three-month bioremediation the content of chloroform extracts decreased to 2.85–1.60% (from an initial amount of 3.75%). The percentage oil degraded varied from 24.0 to 57.1 depending on the remediation methods used. C0
2
evolution rates (36.1–54.6
µ
g g
-1
day
-1
) indicated the intensity of aerobic oil degradation. It is not clear whether fertilization with NPK, and bulking, increased oil degradation rates in the systems used. Our initial results show that soil remediation progresses more effectively if composting systems are used with increased ventilation, nutrient additions and, particularly, inoculation of
Rhodococcus
-biosurfactant complexes.
A comparison of European state policies on ‘orphan’ sites
Authors: Christie Stella , Teeuw Richard M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Contaminated land is a serious problem in most countries with any industrial history. Contaminated land policy is still being formed, and there is little commonality in approach. Some states have laws, either on statute, or in draft, which deal specifically with contaminated land. Some use other legislation to control this area. Those states with vulnerable water supplies tend to be most concerned, particularly with ‘orphan’ sites. However, responsibility for identification and remediation varies within countries, as well as between states, as does the funding regime. There are few specific remediation standards. The number of sites in need of remediation is also largely unknown. Costs are high, leading to prioritization due to inadequacies in funding. The European Environment Agency could act as a focus for co-ordination and dissemination of knowledge. ‘Orphan’ sites need to be part of national and international policy.
Application of the GLEAMS model to assess groundwater pollution risk caused by animal waste land disposal
Authors: Garnier M. , Leone A. , Uricchio V. , Marini R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In modern intensive animal farming the disposal of a large amount of waste represents a great concern. It is commonly accepted that the utilization of this waste as a fertilizer on agricultural soil has to be preferred to a treatment process that is extremely expensive and involves problems of final sludge disposal. Both solid and liquid animal wastes are an important resource for agriculture because they can substitute for synthetic fertilizers and contribute to the improvement of the soil structure. Land disposal of animal waste, particularly from swine husbandry, if not properly performed, can pollute surface and groundwater, mainly because of the high nitrate and phosphate content.
This paper presents the results of an application of the GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems) model, aimed at assessing the consequences on groundwater of animal waste application on different kinds of soils and agricultural arrangements, which are typical of the Chiana River Valley in central Italy. In this area this matter is of great concern because of the high concentration of swine breeding farms affecting directly a shallow unconfined aquifer.
GLEAMS model simulations were intended to assess the maximum rate of waste that can be applied on different types of soil, without exceeding in the aquifer the nitrate limit determined by law for drinking water. The results confirm that manure, although used according to regulations, in many cases does not allow such a limit to be respected, especially for the most sensitive soils. Some suggestions are given to identify a suitable quantity of animal waste for disposal that is compatible with minimizing the risk to groundwater in the area of concern.
Groundwater vulnerability and the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Bill
Authors: Bishop T. J. , Packman M. J. , Aldous P. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) Bill 1994 authorizes the construction, mainten- ance and operation of a high speed rail link between St Pancras in London and Folkstone in Kent. Furthermore, the Bill makes identical provision for widening works associated with the A2 at Cobham and the M2 in Kent between junctions 1 and 4. The publication of the Bill raised a number of very serious issues affecting the responsibilities of both the Statutory Water Undertakers and those of the Environment Agency (the Agency). Furthermore, the Bill failed to define suitable mitigation measures that would reduce the risk of public groundwater supply contamination, introduced by the construction and operation of the CTRL, to within tolerable limits.
This paper explores how both the Promoters of this major transportation link and the water companies sought protective provisions utilizing the Agency's Groundwater Protection Policy and risk assessment methodologies in order to define the potential for groundwater contamination. This process culminated in the Statutory Water Undertakers presenting evidence at the All Party Parliamentary Select Committee in order to demonstrate the necessity for suitable protective measures. Furthermore, this paper assesses the current status of the Agency's Groundwater Protection Policy in the light of this major test of resolve and the apparent paradox of Statutory Duties for both the Agency and Statutory Water Undertakers with regard to groundwater contamination.