bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allometric Scaling Law Questions the Traditional Mechanical Model for Axillary Lymph Node Involvement in Breast Cancer
Authors: Demicheli Romano , Biganzoli Elia , Boracchi Patrizia , Greco Marco , Hrushesky William J.M. , Retsky Michael W. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose To find a quantitative relationship between tumor size and frequency of axillary lymph node involvement. Patients and Methods The frequency of axillary node involvement versus primary tumor volume was analyzed in 10 selected series of patients incorporating a total of 57,244 women with resectable breast cancer. The average number of events per unit volume resulting in tumor spread to axillary lymph nodes before tumor surgical removal Θ(V)/V, was estimated under simple probabilistic assumptions. Results The allometric scaling law Θ(V)/V = 0.0586V−0.7457 was estimated on the data, fitting the proportion of lymph node involvement on tumor volume V (in microliters). The estimate 0.7457 (95% CI, 0.7200 to 0.7713) suggests that the true scaling exponent, under the assumed model, may be the fractional value, which characterizes scaling relationships for a wide variety of biologic variables at both the whole organism level and organ level. Conclusion Results suggest that the phenomenon should be related to some internal structural trait of the tumor. The vascular network seems to be the best candidate. This result does not support a mere mechanical model of lymphatic tumor spread. A more complex biology-based model of lymphohematogenous spread is suggested, in which the axillary nodes draining the lymph from the primary tumor may become activated by factors produced by both tumor cells and tumor stroma, thus favoring cell-selective homing of otherwise circulating tumor cells. The success of fractal features related to the internal architecture brings additional support to the consideration of primary breast cancer as an organ-like structure.
Association of Specific Symptoms and Metabolic Risks with Serum Testosterone in Older Men
Authors: Zitzmann Michael , Faber Stephanie , Nieschlag Eberhard 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Context: Although attention and concern about health disorders in aging men have been growing, the structure of psychological and somatic complaints of actual patients, not population-based cohorts, has not been elucidated in relation to sex hormone patterns and metabolism.
Objective: The objective of the study was investigation of factors influencing complaint structures in aging male patients.
Design: This was a cross-sectional cohort study.
Setting: The study was conducted in an andrological outpatient department.
Patients: Subjects included 434 consecutive male patients aged 50–86 yr.
Main Outcome Measures: The following hypotheses were measured: 1) psychosomatic complaints and metabolic factors in aging male patients are related to sex hormone levels in a symptom-specific manner, and 2) patients form subcohorts.
Results: A clear-cut threshold for late-onset hypogonadism was not found; rather, prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms and metabolic risk factors accumulated with decreasing androgen levels. For example, androgen-induced prevalence of loss of libido or vigor increased below testosterone concentrations of 15 nmol/liter (P &lt; 0.001), whereas depression and diabetes mellitus type 2 (also in nonobese men) were significantly more present in men with testosterone concentrations below 10 nmol/liter (P &lt; 0.001). Erectile dysfunction was identified as a composite pathology of metabolic risk factors, smoking, and depressivity, whereas only testosterone concentrations below 8 nmol/liter contributed to that symptom (P = 0.003). Cluster analysis revealed aging men to present within three independent groups characterized by psychosomatic complaints, metabolic disorders, and sexual health problems. These subgroups of patients exhibit distinct features in terms of androgen levels, age, and body mass index.
Conclusions: There is no evidence that a uniform structure of testosterone concentrations and complaints exists within the cohort of elderly male patients. Rather, in aging male patients, psychosomatic complaints and metabolic risk relate to testosterone in a symptom-specific manner.
Serum Insulin-Like Factor 3 Levels during Puberty in Healthy Boys and Boys with Klinefelter Syndrome
Authors: Wikström Anne M. , Bay Katrine , Hero Matti , Andersson Anna-Maria , Dunkel Leo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Context: Levels of the Leydig cell-specific hormone insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) are incompletely characterized in boys during pubertal development.
Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize changes in INSL3 levels during spontaneous puberty in healthy boys, boys with aromatase inhibitor-induced hypergonadotropic hyperandrogenism, and boys with Leydig cell dysfunction.
Design: This was a prospective clinical study.
Setting: The study was conducted at a university hospital pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic.
Patients: Patients included 30 healthy boys with idiopathic short stature (ISS) aged 9.0–14.5 yr and 14 boys with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) aged 10–13.9 yr.
Intervention: In ISS boys, intervention included aromatase inhibitor letrozole or placebo for 24 months.
Main Outcome Measures: Serum INSL3 levels in relation to bone age, Tanner pubertal stages, and LH and testosterone levels were measured.
Results: Onset of puberty was associated with a significant increase in INSL3 levels from 0.06 ± 0.01 ng/ml at Tanner G1 to 0.32 ± 0.16 ng/ml at G2 (P &lt; 0.0001). Adult INSL3 levels (≥0.55 ng/ml) were attained at bone age 13–14 yr. ISS boys with letrozole-induced hypergonadotropic hyperandrogenism had, after 12 months of therapy, higher INSL3 levels than did placebo treated (0.85 ± 0.54 vs. 0.26 ± 0.17 ng/ml, P &lt; 0.01). In KS boys during spontaneous puberty, after an initial increase similar to that in healthy boys, INSL3 concentrations leveled off despite hyperstimulation by LH. Positive correlations occurred between serum INSL3 and LH and between INSL3 and testosterone levels in all three groups (P &lt; 0.0001).
Conclusions: In boys, the Leydig cell-specific hormone INSL3 may serve as a new marker for onset and progression of puberty. Pubertal increase in INSL3 levels seems to depend on LH. In KS subjects, INSL3 concentrations indicate Leydig cell dysfunction from midpuberty onward.
SHBG Gene Promoter Polymorphisms in Men Are Associated with Serum Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Androgen and Androgen Metabolite Levels, and Hip Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Eriksson A. L. , Lorentzon M. , Mellström D. , Vandenput L. , Swanson C. , Andersson N. , Hammond G. L. , Jakobsson J. , Rane A. , Orwoll E. S. , Ljunggren Ö. , Johnell O. , Labrie F. , Windahl S. H. , Ohlsson C. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Context: SHBG regulates free sex steroid levels, which in turn regulate skeletal homeostasis. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors largely account for interindividual variation in SHBG levels. Glucuronidated androgen metabolites have been proposed as markers of androgenic activity.
Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the SHBG gene promoter [(TAAAA)n microsatellite and rs1799941 single-nucleotide polymorphism] are associated with serum levels of SHBG, sex steroids, or bone mineral density (BMD) in men.
Design and Study Subjects: We conducted a population-based study of two cohorts of Swedish men: elderly men (MrOS Sweden; n ≅ 3000; average age, 75.4 yr) and young adult men (GOOD study; n = 1068; average age, 18.9 yr).
Main Outcome Measures: We measured serum levels of SHBG, testosterone, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronides, androsterone glucuronide, and BMD determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
Results: In both cohorts, (TAAAA)n and rs1799941 genotypes were associated with serum levels of SHBG (P &lt; 0.001), dihydrotestosterone (P &lt; 0.05), and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol glucuronides (P &lt; 0.05). In the elderly men, they were also associated with testosterone and BMD at all hip bone sites. The genotype associated with high levels of SHBG was also associated with high BMD. Interestingly, male mice overexpressing human SHBG had increased cortical bone mineral content in the femur, suggesting that elevated SHBG levels may cause increased bone mass.
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that polymorphisms in the SHBG promoter predict serum levels of SHBG, androgens, and glucuronidated androgen metabolites, and hip BMD in men.
Influence of Body Fat Content and Distribution on Variation in Metabolic Risk
Authors: Vega Gloria Lena , Adams-Huet Beverley , Peshock Ron , Willett DuWayne , Shah Brijen , Grundy Scott M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectives: Several reports indicate that the body fat compartments, especially ip fat, predict metabolic risk better than total body fat. The objective of the study was to determine whether this can be confirmed and generalized throughout the population.Participants: A representative sample of 1934 Black and White women and men of the Dallas Heart Study participated in the study.Design: We measured the fat in total body, trunk, and lower body with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and in abdominal compartments (sc, ip, and retroperitoneal) with magnetic resonance imaging. Other measurements included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin (including homeostasis model), and C-reactive protein.Results: In all groups, total body fat correlated positively with key metabolic risk factors, i.e. homeostasis model, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratios, C-reactive protein, and blood pressure; however, it explained less than one third of the variability of all the risk factors. After adjustment for total body fat, truncal fat conferred additional positive correlation with risk factors. Furthermore, with multivariable regression analysis, ip fat conferred independent correlation with plasma lipids beyond a combination of other compartments including truncal fat. Still, except for insulin levels, all combinations including ip fat still explained less than one third of the variability in risk-factor levels. Conversely, lower body fat correlated negatively with risk factors; i.e. lower body fat appeared to offer some protection against risk factors.Conclusions: Body fat distribution has some influence on risk factors beyond total body fat content. Both waist circumference and BMI significantly predicted risk factors after adjustment for total body fat, and for clinical purposes, most of the predictive power for men was contained in waist circumference, whereas for women, BMI and waist circumference were similarly predictive. Finally, even though the correlations between combined body fat parameters and risk factors explained only a portion of the variation in the latter, the average number of categorical metabolic risk factors increased progressively with increasing obesity. Hence, obesity seemingly has more clinical impact than revealed in these correlative studies.
Endocrine Dysfunction in Patients with Fabry Disease
Authors: Faggiano A. , Pisani A. , Milone F. , Gaccione M. , Filippella M. , Santoro A. , Vallone G. , Tortora F. , Sabbatini M. , Spinelli L. , Lombardi G. , Cianciaruso B. , Colao A. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Background: Fabry disease (FD) is a genetic disorder caused by lysosomal α-galactosidase-A deficiency and is characterized by the systemic accumulation of globotriaosylceramide. All endocrine glands are susceptible to globotriaosylceramide accumulation because of their high vascularization and low cellular proliferation rate. Nevertheless, this endocrine system has never been investigated in detail.
Objective: We aimed to investigate the function and morphology of the endocrine glands in FD.
Patients: The thyroid, gonadal, adrenal, and GH/IGF-I axes were evaluated in 18 FD patients (nine females and nine males, aged 21–64 yr) and 18 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects.
Study design: We conducted an observational, analytical, open, prospective study.
Interventions: Ten of the 18 patients received enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human α-galactosidase-A (agalsidase β) at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight every 2 wk.
Results: FD patients had higher baseline TSH levels than controls (P &lt; 0.01). Three subjects were diagnosed with an early stage of subclinical primary hypothyroidism associated with negative antithyroid antibodies. A history of menses abnormalities, miscarriage, or assisted delivery was found in 89% of FD women. Asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, or both were found in all FD men through seminal fluid analysis. FD patients had significantly higher circulating ACTH and lower cortisol levels than controls (P &lt; 0.05). In patients under ERT, a suboptimal cortisol response to the 250-μg ACTH test was found in 10%, and the ACTH-stimulated cortisol peak was significantly correlated to the health status profile (P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusion: A variety of latent endocrine dysfunctions, including life-threatening conditions, occur in patients with FD. Endocrine dysfunctions are also present in patients already receiving ERT and are in part related to their persistent poor quality of life. An endocrine work-up should be recommended in all FD patients. Adequate monitoring and hormonal therapy, when required, have to be performed in cases of subclinical endocrine dysfunction to avoid life-threatening events.
Regioselective Synthesis of Lipophilic Dithiocarbamate Derivatives of Cellulose to Prepare a Novel Solvent Extraction Reagent for Selective Extraction of PGM Ions and Cu(II)
Authors: Dhakal Rabindra Prasad , Inoue Katsutoshi , Ohto Keisuke , Baba Yoshinari 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Regenerated cellulose from cellulose triacetate was regioselectively converted into its lipophilic amino and dithiocarbamate derivatives to prepare novel solvent extraction reagents with series of substitutions and deoxy substitution reaction. The 6-deoxydithiocarbamate-2,3-didecyl cellulose prepared in this work significantly demonstrated the high lipophilicity coupled with high selectivity for PGM ions and also to the Cu(II) over Ni(II) and Zn(II) in liquid–liquid extraction.
Disproportionation Reaction of Seven-coordinate [ReVO(tpen)]3+ into [ReIVO(tpen)]2+ and [ReVII(O)3(tpenH-κ3N,N″,N′″)]2+ where tpen is N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
Authors: Tabeya Toshihiro , Abe Masaaki , Sasaki Yoichi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
UV–vis and 1H NMR spectra provide unambiguous evidences for the disproportionation reactions of [ReVO(tpen)]3+ to give [ReIVO(tpen)]2+ and [ReVII(O)3(tpenH-κ3N,N″,N′″)]2+ (tpen = N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) in 2:1 ratio with the important participation of water molecules.
Non-galvanic Hydrogen Production Using High Steam Pressure Gradients
Authors: Song Sun-Ju , Wachsman Eric D 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Equilibrium defect concentrations calculated by numerical modeling based on a point defect model showed that protons and electrons were predominant defects under reducing and high pH2O conditions. Hydrogen permeation flux for 1 mm SrCe0.95Y0.05O3−d membranes was derived on the basis of chemical diffusion theory as functions of pO2 and pH2O. Hydrogen permeation flux keeps increasing with increasing water vapor pressure gradient with a reference to 10−6 atm of pH2O.
Efficient Formation of Homo and Hetero Metal Clusters by Triangular Trisaloph Ligand as a Partial Template
Authors: Nabeshima Tatsuya , Miyazaki Hayato , Iwasaki Atsushi , Akine Shigehisa , Saiki Toshiyuki , Ikeda Chusaku , Sato Soichi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Homo metal cluster containing seven Zn atoms was efficiently synthesized in high yield via a template effect of a trisaloph ligand and characterized by NMR, MS, X-ray crystallography, etc. The homo cluster can be converted quantitatively to Zn3·La hetero metal cluster.
Promoting Effect of Pd Addition to Ni0.2Mg0.8Al2O4 in Oxidative Steam Reforming of Methane
Authors: Nurunnabi Mohammad , Mukainakano Yuya , Kado Shigeru , Kunimori Kimio , Tomishige Keiichi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Addition of Pd to Ni0.2Mg0.8Al2O4 promoted oxidative steam reforming of methane, and it gave high activity under high partial pressure of steam and low W/F, where Ni0.2Mg0.8Al2O4 showed very low activity. The Ni0.2Mg0.8Al2O4 requires the H2 reduction pretreatment; however, Pd/Ni0.2Mg0.8Al2O4 can be activated automatically by the reactant gases of oxidative reforming of methane.
Paroxetine Use During Pregnancy: Is it Safe?
Authors: Thormahlen Genine M 
Published: August 2006

Objective: To evaluate the literature assessing the neonatal risks of antepartum paroxetine use. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1966–August 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–August 2006) searches were performed. Key search terms included paroxetine, SSRI, pregnancy, malformations, neonate, and fetus. Data Synthesis: Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are associated with neonatal withdrawal symptoms such as respiratory distress, irritability, lethargy, and tremors. In a cohort study, 30% of infants exposed to SSRIs had poor neonatal adaptation, compared with 9% of controls (p = 0.018). Some reports indicate that paroxetine is more commonly associated with neonatal withdrawal than other SSRIs. Recently, paroxetine was associated with a 1.82-fold (95% CI 1.17 to 2.82) increased risk of congenital malformations compared with other antidepressants. Other SSRIs were also associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations; however, the results were not statistically significant. Literature supporting these findings includes case reports and case–control or cohort studies. The Food and Drug Administration recommendations regarding paroxetine use during pregnancy have been added to the labeling information. Conclusions: Paroxetine may cause adverse outcomes in the neonate when used during pregnancy and should be discontinued in women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. The risks and benefits of other antidepressant use should be analyzed on an individual basis.
Alteration of Smectite in a System Including Alanine at High Pressure and Temperature
Authors: Hashizume Hideo , Yamada Hirohisa , Nakazawa Hiromoto 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTransformation of montmorillonite was experimentally investigated using a model system of montmorillonite-alanine at 100 MPa and up to 500°C. Sodium-montmorillonite changed to a mixed layer mineral of sodium- and ammoniumn-montmorillonites (Na/NH4-Mnt) in the temperature range from 150 to 400°C. Ammonium ions were the decomposition product of alanine above 150°C. The Na/NH4-Mnt transformed to regularly and randomly interstratified minerals of NH4-montmorillonite and NH4-mica (o. NH4-Mnt/NH4-Mic and d. NH4-Mnt/NH4-Mic) at 400°C. These mixed layered minerals transformed to ammonium-mica at 500°C. Ammonium-analcime appeared and coexisted with the smectites at temperatures over 200°C, and with albite for those over 400°C.In comparison with the results of previous experiments in which there was no organic component, the present results revealed that (1) some uncommon mineral phases appeared by replacement of sodium ions in montmorillonite with ammonium ions, i.e., NH4-Mic, o. and d. NH4-Mnts, o. and d. NH4-Mnt/NH4-Mics, and (2) ammonium-analcime appeared. The mineral assemblages and alteration sequences correspond better with those observed in the natural system than those known from experimental results in aluminosilicate-water system.
Morphology of Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Mumpton Frederick A. , Ormsby W. Clayton 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the nearly 2000 occurrences of zeolites in sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin about 15 zeolite minerals have been identified. The mode of occurrence of six of these, clinoptilolite, erionite, chabazite, phillipsite, analcime, and mordenite, is described, and their morphology is illustrated with scanning electron micrographs.
Organomineral Derivatives Obtained by Reacting Organochlorosilanes with the Surface of Silicates in Organic Solvents
Authors: Ruiz-Hitzky E. , Fripiat J. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStable organomineral derivatives are formed by reaction of organochlorosilanes with certain phyllosilicates. Organosiloxyl functions are grafted on silanol groups present at external mineral surfaces.Water molecules adsorbed on external mineral surfaces may cause hydrolysis of the reactant organosilicon products, with liberation of HCl. This, in turn, may react with the silicate: octahedral cations are extracted from the lattice and fresh Si-OH groups, capable of further grafting, are formed on the mineral surface.On the other hand, when difunctional reagents such as methylvinyldichlorosilane are used and if the ratio of adsorbed water to added reactive is adequate, then polymeric species with polysiloxane chains are grafted on the mineral.Because of its high content of silanol groups, sepiolite forms organomineral compounds having a relatively high organic matter content. With chrysotile, the amount of organic matter grafted to the silicate, is considerably smaller, but it increases appreciably if water is added to the reacting products. This is attributed to hydrolysis of the organic reactant and subsequent destruction of external “brucitic” layers by acid attack.
Chrome Chlorite (Kotschubeite) from the Nuggihalli Schist Belt
Authors: Damodaran K. T. , Somasekar B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChrome chlorite associated with the chromite deposits of the Nuggihalli schist belt has been investigated by detailed mineralogical, chemical, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and i.r. spectral analyses. Following the nomenclature of Lapham (1958) it is inferred that the chromium of the chrome chlorite is in the tetrahedral position and therefore the mineral is kotschubeite and not kaemmererite as suggested by earlier workers.
Structural Analysis of Sepiolite by Selected Area Electron Diffraction—Relations with Physico-Chemical Properties
Authors: Rautureau M. , Tchoubar C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe electron structural analysis of a Madagascar sepiolite (Ampandrandava) was carried out by selected area electron diffraction obtained from monocristals. Fourier projections, derived from the experimental intensity of Okl, hOl and hkO reflections, show that the Mg2+ cations on the edges of the sheets are distributed between two sites. Correlatively the water molecules bound to these Mg2+ occupy two distinct positions. These principal structural differences with the Brauner and Preisinger model explain details of the i.r. spectra during the desorption of water or the adsorption of polar molecules. The differences between the two models can be considered as a consequence of treating the mineral in vacuum.
A Mössbauer and I.R. Spectroscopic Study of the Structure of Nontronite
Authors: Goodman B. A. , Russell J. D. , Fraser A. R. , Woodhams F. W. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMössbauer and i.r. spectra of a series of nontronites show that Fe3+ and Al3+ are distributed between tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The Mössbauer results have reaffirmed the occupation by Fe3+ of octahedral sites at which these ions are coordinated to pairs of OH groups in both cis and trans configurations. The distribution of Fe3+ between these two sites varies considerably but in all of the nontronites some Fe3+ occurs in the trans site in contrast to the all cis occupancy of the centro-symmetric structure proposed by Mering and Oberlin (1967). In one of the nontronites the distribution of Fe3+ between these two sites approaches that in the ideal non-centrosymmetric structure proposed for montmorillonite.