bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of prehistoric rock paintings from the Sierra de las Cuerdas, Cuenca, Spain
Authors: Hernanz Antonio , Gavira‐Vallejo José M. , Ruiz‐López Juan F. , Edwards Howell G. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn extensive micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of prehistoric paintings found in open air rock shelters at the Sierra de las Cuerdas (Cuenca, Spain) was carried out. In situ optical microscopy, petrological polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) were used as auxiliary techniques. Haematite (α‐Fe2O3) of three granular types was the pigment that was most frequently encountered alone and in admixture with non‐stoichiometric iron oxyhydroxides. A white pigment, but rarely used, results from a combination of white earths (α‐quartz, anatase, muscovite and illite) and calcined bones (apatite); the presence of calcined bones also appears frequently in the red pigmented pictographs. The presence of significant amounts of charcoal underlying the white paint is suggestive of previous sketching on the shelter walls. Accretions of whewellite and weddellite resulting from the activity of fungi or lichens (e.g. Verrucaria nigrescens) are present in the painting panels, and carotenoids from this biological colonization were detected on several pictographs. The crystallization of gypsum and barytes in spallating areas of the painted surfaces is associated with sandstone weathering processes. An unusual deterioration of the art work caused by electric welding splashes resulting from the erection of protective ironwork grilles around the rock art panels was also detected. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced aspects of electromagnetic SERS enhancement factors at a hot spot
Authors: Le Ru E. C. , Meyer M. , Blackie E. , Etchegoin P. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss some advanced theoretical aspects of electromagnetic enhancement factors (EFs) in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We focus in particular on the influence of surface selection rules (SSRs) on SERS EFs at hot spots, and the determination of SERS depolarization ratios. Both aspects could be viewed as secondary (compared to the overall magnitude of the SERS EF), but are nevertheless observable experimentally and crucial for a fundamental understanding of SERS. They also share the property that they cannot be studied within the commonly used |E | 4 approximation to the SERS EFs, and appropriate tools are developed here to make predictions beyond this approximation in the case of a SERS hot spot. In addition, theoretical estimates of different types of (previously defined) EFs are provided, and their origins discussed for the typical example of a SERS substrate dominated by SERS hot spots. Finally, experimental measurements of SERS depolarization ratios are presented to support the theoretical predictions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐dependent Raman and infrared studies of PbSe nanoparticles
Authors: Manciu F. S. , Sahoo Y. , Carreto F. , Prasad P. N. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMicro‐probe Raman and far‐infrared absorption spectroscopies were used to prove the existence of optical phonon modes of PbSe nanoparticles prepared by colloidal chemistry and preliminarily characterized by transmission electron microscopy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that evidence of the surface phonon (SP) mode by Raman spectroscopy has been experimentally observed. The wavenumber of the SP mode is consistent with its prediction by a dielectric continuum model. While for different PbSe nanoparticle sizes the observed SP mode does not show any obvious change in its position, there is a clear shift by approximately 4 cm−1 toward higher wavenumber in the appearance of the LO(Γ) in the Raman spectra from the 3 nm to the 7 nm PbSe nanoparticles. Far‐infrared measurements demonstrate the presence of the transverse optical TO(Γ) and of the coupled phonon modes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acetyl Halide Initiator Screening for the Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization of 2‐Ethyl‐2‐Oxazoline
Authors: Paulus Renzo M. , Becer C. Remzi , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractKinetic investigations on the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline were conducted using acetyl chloride, acetyl bromide, and acetyl iodide as initiators. Various polymerization temperatures ranging from 80 to 220 °C were applied under microwave irradiation. The resulting polymerization mixtures were characterized with GC and GPC for the determination of monomer conversion and molecular weight distribution, respectively. Well defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions ($\overline M _{{\rm n,GPC}}$ = 6 000 Dalton, PDI ≈ 1.10) were obtained with all three initiators.magnified image
A Comparative Study on the Polymerization of α‐Olefins Catalyzed by Salen and Salan Zirconium Complexes
Authors: Strianese Maria , Lamberti Marina , Mazzeo Mina , Pellecchia Claudio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new Salan zirconium complex is synthesized and tested as a precatalyst for the polymerization of ethylene and higher α‐olefins. Its catalytic behavior is compared to that of a previously reported and related Salen zirconium complex. Analysis of the produced polyolefins reveals that the two different catalytic systems produce polymers with the same microstructure: atactic polymers from propene versus highly isotactic polymers from higher α‐olefins. The identification of the end groups indicates a prevailing primary regiochemistry of polyinsertion of the α‐olefins for both Salan and Salen zirconium complexes. These observations strongly suggest the formation of very similar active species in both systems.magnified image
Thermal and Photooxidative Degradation Behaviors of Poly(propylene)/SiO2 Nanocomposites with Various Polymer Morphologies
Authors: Sumino Ken‐Ichi , Taniike Toshiaki , Terano Minoru , George Graeme A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPhoto‐ and thermal stabilities of poly(propylene) (PP)/SiO2 nanocomposites were studied by varying the particle size of the SiO2 nanoparticles. It was found that smaller SiO2 nanoparticles improved the stabilities of the nanocomposites by depressing the size of spherulites. The phenomenon was successfully explained within the infectious spreading model, where the spatial spreading of oxidation was delayed at the interfacial region between the spherulites.magnified image
Estimation of Morphology Characteristics of Porous Poly(propylene) Particles from Degassing Measurements
Authors: Bobak Marek , Gregor Tomas , Bachman Bernd , Kosek Juraj 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe transport of reaction species in polyolefin particles affects both the polymerization and the degassing of the powder in the down‐stream processing. The morphology of particles – that is, the distribution of polymer and pore phases – predetermines their degassing behavior. We utilize gravimetric measurements to obtain the dynamics of degassing and to determine morphology characteristics of porous poly(propylene) particles. We found that Fick's diffusion model is not generally capable of fitting the shape of degassing curves of porous particles. Therefore we propose a particle model including two sizes of compact polymer granules and demonstrate that the degassing can be described by this model and that the model is capable of estimating fractions of large and small compact zones and the size of large compact zones.magnified image
Could stereotype rebound affect aid advertising campaigns?
Authors: Kennedy Sharyn , Hill Stephen 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

The possibility that stereotype rebound may occur for viewers of aid agency appeals was investigated. Stereotype rebound refers to the ironic finding that active efforts to avoid thinking about people in a stereotypical manner can backfire and subsequently lead to increased stereotypical thinking and prejudiced behaviour. In two experiments, participants were instructed to avoid stereotyped thinking about developing world poor and were later asked to respond to a situation involving the same group—in Experiment 1, participants wrote a ‘day in the life’ story about the target group; in Experiment 2, participants seated themselves in preparation for meeting a member of the outgroup. In neither experiment was the typical stereotype rebound effect observed. In Experiment 1, suppressors' stories were found to be no more stereotypical in content than controls. In Experiment 2, suppressors sat closer to the target than controls. The differences between these results and those of experiments utilizing other stereotyped groups are discussed in terms of differences in stereotype content and attitudes to socially sensitive outgroups.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot in low‐risk population: associated anomalies and long‐term outcome
Authors: Canto M. J. , Cano S. , Palau J. , Ojeda F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate associated congenital anomaly risk, need for surgical treatment and long‐term outcome in prenatally diagnosed clubfoot.MethodsA retrospective study of 20 663 pregnant women who underwent routine ultrasound scanning at 18 to 22 weeks of gestation. Clubfoot was considered as complex or isolated if other structural or chromosomal abnormalities were also present or not.ResultsForty‐two cases of congenital clubfoot were diagnosed (incidence: 0.2%), 28 of them (66.6%) were isolated and 14 (33.3%) were complex, of which 3 (7.1%) had an abnormal karyotype and 11 (26.2%) had an associated structural anomaly. The false‐positive rate was 2.3% (1 out of 32 liveborns). Out of the 41 confirmed affected fetuses, the defect was unilateral in 12 (29.3%) and bilateral in 29 (70.7%) cases. Surgery was necessary in 12 of the newborns (38.7%). The presence of a bilateral clubfoot was unrelated to either the presence of associated anomalies (p = 0.40) or to the necessity of surgery (p = 0.48).ConclusionsWe provide outcome data about fetuses prenatally diagnosed for clubfoot. One‐third are complex cases associated with other congenital anomalies. For isolated clubfoot, the risk of requiring surgery is about 40%. The detection of a bilateral defect does not worsen the prognosis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allergic contact dermatitis to topical drugs—epidemiological risk assessment
Authors: de Pádua C. A. Menezes , Schnuch A. , Nink K. , Pfahlberg A. , Uter W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPurposeEstimation of the population‐based relative incidence (RI) of contact sensitization to a set of topical drug allergens (cases/100 000 defined daily doses (DDDs) per year) (1995–2004) and comparison of the RI for drugs with a similar therapeutic scope.MethodsClinical data regarding the frequency of contact sensitization to important topical drug allergens in Germany were obtained from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). This was extrapolated to the general population level using the ‘clinical epidemiology and drug utilization research’ (CE‐DUR) approach. As denominator of exposure, national prescription data (DDDs of topical drug specialties) provided by the WIdO Research Institute (Bonn) were aggregated per substance.ResultsThe probable RIs of contact sensitization to topical ‘skin’ corticosteroids ranged from 0.3 (dexamethasone phosphate disodium salt) to 23.3 (amcinonide) cases/100 000 DDDs per year. Concerning topical aminoglycoside antibiotics, the RI of framycetin sulphate was about threefold higher than that of gentamicin sulphate. Regarding topical ophthalmic use, the RI of kanamycin sulphate was higher compared to gentamicin sulphate. Active principles marketed over‐the‐counter (OTC) had, in general, lower RIs, with the exception of bufexamac, benzocaine, clioquinol and phenylephrine.ConclusionsThe population‐based risk assessment—quantitatively considering exposure in the RI estimation—revealed a ranking of contact sensitization risk to topical drugs which partly differed from the respective frequencies in the clinical patch test population. Some drugs available OTC carry non‐negligible risk, too. The current findings should contribute to differential therapeutic considerations regarding topical drug use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why forgiveness may protect against depression: Hopelessness as an explanatory mechanism
Authors: Toussaint Loren L. , Williams David R. , Musick Marc A. , Everson‐Rose Susan A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study examined associations between multiple dimensions of forgiveness with hopelessness and depression. Further, this study investigated the extent to which hopelessness mediated associations between forgiveness and depression. We used an adapted model and drew on beginning work showing associations between forgiveness, hope/hopelessness and depression. We predicted that forgiveness would be significantly inversely correlated with hopelessness and depression, and that hopelessness would mediate the associations between forgiveness and depression. We controlled for religiousness/spirituality and demographic factors in our analyses, and used data from a nationally representative probability sample of 1 423 adults, ages 18 years and older. Results showed that forgiveness of oneself and others was negatively correlated, and seeking forgiveness was positively correlated with depression. Forgiveness of oneself and others was associated with hopelessness. Mediation analyses revealed that hopelessness partially mediated the associations between forgiveness of oneself and others with depression. The present findings provide support for theoretical and conceptual work connecting forgiveness, hope and mental health, and add to a scant empirical literature on these topics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of oxidized proteins in rat plasma using avidin chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mirzaei Hamid , Baena Beatriz , Barbas Coral , Regnier Fred 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe objective in much of the proteomics literature today is to establish the difference between healthy and disease states at the protein level using blood plasma. A critical component in this endeavor is to establish what is normal. The focus of the work reported here was to do this with oxidized proteins that might relate to oxidative stress and oxidative stress‐related diseases. Oxidative stress is known to increase markedly in cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Since proteins are one of the targets of ROS, generated by oxidative stress, oxidized proteins are excellent biomarker candidates for these diseases. But first it is necessary to identify oxidized proteins that occur in the healthy state. Healthy rat plasma was used in this study as a source for the identification of naturally oxidized proteins. Freshly drawn blood was treated with biotin hydrazide to selectively derivatize carbonyl groups in oxidized proteins. Oxidized proteins thus biotinylated were separated from the other plasma proteins using avidin affinity chromatography. Affinity selected proteins were further fractionated on a C8 RP column and fractions collected. The collected fractions were then tryptic digested and the peptides identified using a combination of LC/MS/MS and database searches. One hundred forty‐six proteins were identified using 700 signature peptides from the tryptic digested chromatographic fractions. The most frequently encountered proteins in the samples were keratins. Brain and liver were among the organs contributing the most oxidized proteins to plasma followed by heart and kidney.
Synthesis and properties of novel Y‐type nonlinear optical polyimides with high thermal stability of second harmonic generation
Authors: Lee Ga‐Young , Jang Han‐Na , Lee Ju‐Yeon 
Published: March 2008

Abstract2,4‐Bis‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenylcarboxyethoxy)‐1‐(2,2‐dicyanovinyl)benzene dianhydride (4) was prepared and reacted with 4,4′‐oxydianiline, 4,4′‐diaminobenzanilide and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)dianiline to yield novel Y‐type polyimides 5‐7 containing 2,4‐dioxybenzylidenemalononitrile groups as nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, which constitute parts of the polymer backbone. The resulting polyimides 5‐7 are soluble in polar solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide and N,N‐dimethylformamide. Polymers 5‐7 showed a thermal stability up to 330 °C in thermogravimetric analysis thermograms with Tg values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry thermograms in the range 179–194 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients (d33) of poled polymer films at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength were around 5.56 × 10−9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibited exceptionally high thermal stability even at 20 °C higher than the glass‐transition temperature there was no SHG decay below 215 °C because of the partial main‐chain character of polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3078–3087, 2008
Fiber structure development in high‐speed melt spinning of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)—On‐line measurement of birefringence
Authors: Hou Kim Kyoung , Hok Cho Hyun , Ito Hiroshi , Kikutani Takeshi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTo investigate the mechanism of fiber structure development for poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) in high‐speed spinning, the PTT fiber was spun with take‐up speeds from 1 to 8 km/min and simultaneously birefringence and diameter in spin‐line were measured by on‐line measurement system. The orientation‐induced crystallization of PTT fiber started to be developed at 3–4 km/min, where an abrupt decrease in diameter and an increase in birefringence appeared. The birefringence increased up to 4 km/min, decreased suddenly, and then increased gradually. The sudden decrease of birefringence at 4–5 km/min might be caused by an increase of crystalline fraction due to the fact that the intrinsic crystalline birefringence of PTT is over 10 times as low as that of PET. In WAXD images, crystalline diffraction emerged faintly at 3 km/min and distinct diffraction arcs were observed at 4–5 km/min and above. The diffraction intensity increased and the tilting angle also increased with take‐up speed. The long period structure observed in SAXS pattern started to emerge at 6 km/min, and its scattering intensity increased with take‐up speed. The long period structure was ∼11–12 nm long. The cold crystallization temperature in DSC thermogram shifted to lower temperature and diminished due to the orientation‐induced crystallization as take‐up speed increased, but the melting temperature hardly increased unlike PBT and PET. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 847–856, 2008
Promotion of the γ‐phase of polyamide 6 in its nanocomposite with phosphate glass
Authors: Rawal A. , Fang X.‐W. , Urman K. , Iverson D. , Otaigbe J. U. , Schmidt‐Rohr K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effect of tin fluorophosphate‐glass (Pglass) nanoparticles on the polyamide‐6 (PA6) matrix in Pglass/PA6 hybrids has been investigated by 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The crystallinity determined by direct‐polarization 13C NMR combined with longitudinal relaxation‐time (T1C) filtering varied between 31 and 44%. T1C‐filtered 13C spectra with cross polarization clearly showed resonances of both the α‐ and γ‐crystalline phases of PA6, typically at ratios near 45:55, while the similarly processed neat polymer contained only the α‐phase. This suggests that the Pglass promotes the growth of the γ‐crystalline phase. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 857–860, 2008
Solvent‐dependent formation of inclusion complexes between methylated cyclodextrins and biodegradable polymers
Authors: Shin Kyung‐Moo , Dong Tungalag , Yazawa Kouji , Im Seung‐Soon , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe inclusion complexes (ICs) of unmodified natural and methylated α‐cyclodextrins (CDs) with biodegradable polymers, polyethylene glycol and poly(ε‐caprolactone), were prepared by two methods, that is, the one using water and the other using chloroform as the solvent for the respective CDs. The ICs obtained were characterized by IR, WAXD, DSC, and 13C CP/MAS NMR. It was found that the possibility and the phenomena of IC formation could be varied with the degree of methyl substitution of CD as well as the type of solvents used. Methylated α‐CDs showed the prominent characteristics of IC formation with polymers in the case where chloroform was used than in the case where water was used as the solvent for CDs, while vice versa in the case of native α‐CD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 879–891, 2008
Recombination as a mechanism for sporadic mutation in the surfactant protein‐C gene
Authors: McBee Amy D. , Wegner Daniel J. , Carlson Christopher S. , Wambach Jennifer A. , Yang Ping , Heins Hillary B. , Saugstad Ola D. , Trusgnich Michelle A. , Watkins‐Torry Julie , Nogee Lawrence M. , Henderson Howard , Cole F. Sessions , Hamvas Aaron 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine haplotype background of common mutations in the genes encoding surfactant proteins B and C (SFTPB and SFTPC) and to assess recombination in SFTPC.Study DesignUsing comprehensive resequencing of SFTPC and SFTPB, we assessed linkage disequilibrium (LD) (D′), and computationally inferred haplotypes. We computed average recombination rates and Bayes factors (BFs) within SFTPC in a population cohort and near SFTPC (±50 kb) in HapMap cohorts. We then biochemically confirmed haplotypes in families with sporadic SFTPC mutations (n = 11) and in individuals with the common SFTPB mutation (121ins2, n = 30).ResultsWe detected strong evidence (weak LD and BFs > 1,400) for an intragenic recombination hot spot in both genes. The 121ins2 SFTPB mutation occurred predominantly (89%) on 2 common haplotypes. In contrast, no consistent haplotypes were associated with mutated SFTPC alleles. Sporadic SFTPC mutations arose on the paternal allele in four of five families; the remaining child had evidence for somatic recombination on the mutated allele.ConclusionsIn contrast to SFTPB, disease alleles at SFTPC do not share a common haplotype background. Most sporadic mutations in SFTPC occurred on the paternal allele, but somatic recombination may be an important mechanism of mutation in SFTPC. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:443–450. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early lung disease in young children with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Brown David E. , Pittman Jessica E. , Leigh Margaret W. , Fordham Lynn , Davis Stephanie D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disease in which ciliary dysfunction leads to chronic lung, sinus, and middle ear disease. PCD is often not diagnosed until late childhood due to its presumed rarity and the technical expertise necessary for diagnosis; as such, little is known about lung disease in young children with PCD. We report on 3 young children with PCD who had evidence of lung disease on infant pulmonary function testing, bronchoscopy, and/or computed tomography (CT) of the chest before 3 years of age. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:514–516. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.