bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calf muscle perfusion at peak exercise in peripheral arterial disease: Measurement by first‐pass contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Isbell David C. , Epstein Frederick H. , Zhong Xiaodong , DiMaria Joseph M. , Berr Stuart S. , Meyer Craig H. , Rogers Walter J. , Harthun Nancy L. , Hagspiel Klaus D. , Weltman Arthur , Kramer Christopher M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPurposeTo develop a contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) technique to measure skeletal muscle perfusion in peripheral arterial disease (PAD).Materials and MethodsA total of 11 patients (age = 61 ± 11 years) with mild to moderate symptomatic PAD (ankle‐brachial index [ABI] = 0.75 ± 0.08) and 22 normals were studied using an MR‐compatible ergometer. PAD and normalmax (Nlmax; N = 11) exercised to exhaustion. Nllow (N = 11) exercised to the same workload achieved by PAD. At peak exercise, 0.1 mm/kg of gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) was infused at 3–4 cm3/second followed by a saline flush at the same rate. A dual‐contrast gradient echo (GRE) sequence enabled simultaneous acquisition of muscle perfusion and arterial input function (AIF). The perfusion index (PI) was defined as the slope of the time‐intensity curve (TIC) in muscle divided by the arterial TIC slope.ResultsMedian workload was 120 Joules in PAD, 210 Joules in Nllow, and 698 Joules in Nlmax (P < 0.001 vs. Nllow and PAD). Median PI was 0.29 in PAD (25th and 75th percentiles [%] = 0.20, 0.40), 0.48 in Nllow (25th, 75th % = 0.36, 0.62; P < 0.02 vs. PAD), and 0.69 in Nlmax (25th, 75th % = 0.5, 0.77; P < 0.001 vs. PAD). Area under the ROCcurve for PI differentiating patients from Nlmax was 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77–0.99).ConclusionPeak‐exercise measurement of lower limb perfusion with dual‐contrast, first‐pass MR distinguishes PAD from normals. This method may be useful in the study of novel therapies for PAD. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Finite‐difference time‐domain simulation of dispersive features smaller than the grid spacing
Authors: Pernice W. H. P. , Payne F. P. , Gallagher D. F. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel approach for the interpolation of dispersive materials for use in the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method is presented. The method allows for the simulation of geometrical structures that cannot be aligned to the discretized grid. Materials overlapping multiple cells are described by averaging flux densities in the cells concerned. This method provides an efficient way to simulate structures that are smaller than the minimum grid size. A formulation for an absorbing boundary condition using the uniform perfectly matched layer approach is given for the complex dispersive material model. The approach is validated by analysing reflection from metal sheets extending into multiple grid cells and two‐dimensional photonic crystals. Excellent agreement between analytical calculations and FDTD simulations is obtained for the simulation of real metal structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CoCal‐2 – A simple toolbox to prove authenticity of milk chocolate
Authors: Buchgraber Manuela , Androni Simona 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCoCal‐2 offers an important measure to assess compliance with labelling provisions of milk chocolate as laid down in Directive 2000/36/EC. By performing a single triacylglycerol analysis using gas liquid chromatography several useful pieces of information can be determined, i. e., (i) the milk fat content of the chocolate sample, (ii) the contribution of triacylglycerols originating from milk fat, (iii) the presence/absence of cocoa butter equivalents, and (iv) the amount of vegetable fat present in milk chocolate.
Specialty chemicals from vegetable oils: achievements within the Greenchem research program
Authors: Törnvall Ulrika , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIndustrial biotechnology offers promising tools for transforming renewable resources into useful products. The research program Greenchem was started in 2003 with the goal to demonstrate that environmentally benign specialty chemicals can be produced from renewables using biocatalysis. This article provides a summary of the enzymatic processes on oleochemicals successfully established so far within the program, including production of wax esters, fatty epoxides, and biosurfactants. The environmental performance of these products is also discussed and compared to the corresponding fossil oil based products, from a life cycle perspective. A general observation has been that biocatalytic reactions are more selective and energy‐efficient than the corresponding chemical processes; however, continued efforts are required for developing biocatalyst preparations with good operational stability in order to make biocatalysis an economically attractive option for the chemical industry. Furthermore, the choice of the raw material is of utmost importance in achieving the desired environmental advantages over the fossil based resources.
Measurement of fatty acids in whole soybeans with near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Hurburgh Charles R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractImprovement of nutritional and/or functional properties of soybean oil by modification of soy fatty acid composition is one of the objectives of plant breeders. A major element of breeding is rapid identification and tracking of traits in seed samples. This discussion summarizes the progression of whole‐soybean fatty acid calibration developments at Iowa State University. Emphasis was placed on linolenic acid (18:3) and total saturates (16:0 + 18:0). Normal soybeans have 12–20% (of the oil) saturated fats; modified low saturate soybeans have 6–8% saturated fats. Normal soybeans have 6–12% linolenic acid; modified low linolenic soybeans have 1–3% linolenic acid. Infratec 122x/1241 and Bruins OmegaG NIRS units were calibrated to measure fatty acid levels as a percentage of total oil content, in whole soybeans. The first Infratec calibrations (in 1998) did not remain accurate as soybean genetics changed. Iterations of the calibration process yielded calibrations for total saturates and linolenic acid with standard errors of prediction (on 2005 crop samples not included in the calibration pool) of 1.0% percentage points and 0.8% points, respectively. These were sufficient to classify modified versus normal concentrations of the two fatty acids. The NIRS units could not determine the specific percentages within the classes of modified and normal soybeans.
Schrödinger equations of higher order
Authors: Ascanelli Alessia , Cicognani Massimo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe are interested in finding the sharp regularity with respect to the time variable of the coefficients of a Schrödinger type operator in order to have a well‐posed Cauchy Problem in H∞. We consider both the cases of the first derivative that breaks down at a point t0 and of Log‐Lipschitz coefficients. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Cauchy problem for quasilinear SG‐hyperbolic systems
Authors: Cappiello Marco , Zanghirati Luisa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe study the Cauchy problem for a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems with coefficients depending on (t, x) ∈ [0, T ] × ℝn and presenting a linear growth for |x | → ∞. We prove well‐posedness in the Schwartz space 𝒮 (ℝn ). The result is obtained by deriving an energy estimate for the solution of the linearized problem in some weighted Sobolev spaces and applying a fixed point argument. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some remarks on the Picard curves over a finite field
Authors: Takizawa Yoh 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper we study the Newton polygon of the L ‐polynomial L (t) associate to the Picard curvesy3 = x4 – 1, y3 = x4 – x defined over a finite field 𝔽p . In the former case we get a complete classification. In the latter case we obtained a partial result.As a consequence of our result we obtain a criterion to find a supersingular Picard curves for the above two cases. Our main results are stated in Theorems 3.1 and 4.1. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bodies of constant width in arbitrary dimension
Authors: Lachand‐Robert† Thomas , Oudet Édouard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe give a number of characterizations of bodies of constant width in arbitrary dimension. As an application, we describe a way to construct a body of constant width in dimension n, one of its (n – 1)‐dimensional projection being given. We give a number of examples, like a four‐dimensional body of constant width whose 3D‐projection is the classical Meissner's body. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extending symbolic brands using their personality: Examining antecedents and implications towards brand image fit and brand dilution
Authors: Lau Kong Cheen , Phau Ian 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis research provides a framework to achieve two objectives. First, it helps us to understand the implications of congruency of information, motivation, and perceived prestige orientation as antecedents to brand personality fit. Second, it examines the mediating role of brand image fit between brand personality fit and dilution of brand affect. The above is explained by using elaboration theory, conceptual coherence theory, and goal‐derived categorization theory. The results of the implication of elaboration theory on brand personality fit were mixed. While congruency of personality dimensions between parent and extension brands has bearings towards brand personality fit, the motivation of processing information did not. In contrast to brand image fit, this study showed that the prestige orientation of a brand did not influence brand personality fit. The subsequent mediation analysis demonstrated that brand personality fit is positively related to brand image fit, but neither of these two variables has any influence on dilution of brand affect. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of optimal time of day on persuasion processes in older adults
Authors: Yoon Carolyn , Lee Michelle P. , Danziger Shai 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPast research demonstrates that the majority of older adults (60 years and older) perform resource‐demanding tasks better in the morning than in the afternoon or evening. The authors ask whether this time‐of‐day effect also impacts persuasion processes performed under relatively high involvement. The data show that the attitudes of older adults are more strongly affected by an easy‐to‐process criterion, picturerelatedness, at their non‐optimal time of day (afternoon) and by a more‐difficult‐to‐process criterion, argument strength, at their optimal time of day (morning). In contrast, the attitudes of younger adults are affected primarily by argument strength at both their optimal (afternoon) and non‐optimal (morning) times of day. Process‐level evidence that accords with these results is provided. The results accentuate the need for matching marketing communications to the processing styles and abilities of older adults. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversibly Switchable Double‐Responsive Block Copolymer Brushes
Authors: Wang Xi , Xiao Xing , Wang Xiaohong , Zhou Jianjun , Li Lin , Xu Jun , Guo Baohua 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPoly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PHEMA‐b‐PNIPAM) was prepared by controlled surface‐initiated ATRP from silicon substrates, and the resulting block copolymers were successfully converted into the corresponding PSEMA‐b‐PNIPAM by esterification of the hydroxy groups on the PHEMA block using excess of succinic anhydride. The PSEMA‐b‐PNIPAM block copolymer brushes respond to both temperature and pH stimuli. The double‐responsive behavior of the block copolymer brushes in solution was investigated by height imaging and force–distance measurements of AFM. The results clearly show the responsive behavior of the smart block copolymer brushes.magnified image
Emulsion‐Induced Ordered Microporous Films Based on Micelles of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Makino Masataka , Uchida Satoshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWell‐defined PEO‐b‐PMMA was prepared, initiated by macroinitiator PEO‐Br, by means of ATRP, where esterification of the terminal hydroxyl group of PEO with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide yielded a macroinitiator PEO‐Br. Highly ordered microporous films (hexagonal pattern) were constructed by emulsion micelles of such amphiphilic diblock copolymer formed from a solution with CHCl3/H2O/THF = 100:5:10 (v/v). We also constructed the microporous films using diblock copolymer by the current water‐assisted method.magnified image
Isothermal Crystallization of Isotactic Poly(propylene) Studied by Superfast Calorimetry
Authors: Silvestre Clara , Cimmino Sossio , Duraccio Donatella , Schick Christoph 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe isothermal crystallization behavior and the structure and morphology of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) and iPP/hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin (HR) 90/10 blend were analyzed. To cover the entire temperature range, isothermal crystallizations were studied using superfast calorimetry at a high cooling rate in the range 0 to 110 °C, and by conventional DSC at a low cooling rate in the range 120 to 140 °C. Structural and morphological changes due to the different thermal treatments were also analyzed. The complete crystallization curve ranging from Tg to Tm showed bimodal crystallization behaviors for both iPP and iPP/HR 90/10 blend. This result is explained by taking into consideration the polymorph properties of iPP. It is in fact assumed that the curve from Tg to 60 °C referred mainly to the crystallization kinetics of the iPP mesomorphic form by homogeneous nucleation, whereas the curve from 60 °C to Tm mainly represented the crystallization kinetic curve for the monoclinic α form by heterogeneous nucleation. This hypothesis is confirmed by the analysis of the structures obtained using wide angle X‐ray experiments. Moreover, the addition of HR to iPP causes a drastic reduction in the crystallization rate of iPP in both regions due to the diluent effect of the miscible resin.magnified image
Additional Retardation in RAFT Polymerization: Detection of Terminated Intermediate Radicals
Authors: Bathfield Maël , D'Agosto Franck , Spitz Roger , Ladavière Catherine , Charreyre Marie‐Thérèse , Delair Thierry 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N‐acryloylmorpholine (NAM) is performed using three dithioesters (DT) as chain transfer agents (CTA) that incorporate a morpholine (morpholine‐DT), a biotin (biotin‐DT), or a sugar (sugar‐DT) moiety in the R group. PolyNAM chains of controlled characteristics are synthesized. An unexpected behavior is observed with morpholine‐DT, described as an ‘additional retardation’, which is especially visible when low molar masses are targeted ($\overline M _{\rm n} $ < 5 000 g · mol−1). In that particular case, further investigations using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry show the presence of terminated intermediate radicals (IRs), which corroborates the assumption based on a specific protection of IR according to the nature of the α‐chain‐end.magnified image
A Novel Benzoxazole‐Containing Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Copolymer as a Multifunctional Sensing Material
Authors: Yang Chang‐Chung , Tian Yanqing , Chen Ching‐Yi , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe report a novel multifunctional material, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) containing 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HPBO), for sensing pH, zinc ion concentration, or temperature. By titration with zinc ions, a clear blue‐shifted emission with a high quantum efficiency was detected since the zinc complex prevented the nonradiative decay pathways of the HPBO moiety. The fluorescence characteristics of the copolymer were similar at various acidic or neutral conditions. However, a large blue shift on the emission maximum was exhibited under the basic condition, due to the disruption of the ESIPT process by the phenolate anion. The LCST affected the fluorescence properties significantly at the basic condition because the incompatibility between the PNIPAAm chain and phenolated HPBO moieties resulted in aggregation formation. The present study demonstrates that the new benzoxazole‐containing PINPAAm copolymer could be potentially used as multifunctional sensing material.magnified image
Ethylene–Norbornene Copolymerization by Carbon Nanotube‐Supported Metallocene Catalysis: Generation of High‐Performance Polyolefinic Nanocomposites
Authors: Bredeau Stéphane , Boggioni Laura , Bertini Fabio , Tritto Incoronata , Monteverde Fabien , Alexandre Michaël , Dubois Philippe 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHomogeneous surface coating of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes is achieved for the first time by in situ copolymerization of ethylene (E) and 2‐norbornene (N) as catalyzed directly from the nanotube surface previously treated by a highly active metallocene‐based complex, i.e., rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MMAO‐3A. The copolymerization reaction allows for the destructuration of the native nanotube bundles, which upon further melt blending with an ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (27 wt.‐% vinyl acetate) matrix, leads to high‐performance polyolefinic nanocomposites. The microstructural analysis of the surface‐coating copolymer was carried out by 13C NMR spectroscopy and allowed determination of the actual N content incorporated along the chains. Depending on the experimental conditions used (e.g., E pressure, solvent, feed N concentration) the relative quantity of E–N copolymer can be tuned, as well as the N content in the formed copolymers and accordingly their glass transition temperature.magnified image
Polypyrrole Nanospheres with Magnetic and Cell‐Targeting Capabilities
Authors: Wuang Shy Chyi , Neoh Koon Gee , Kang En‐Tang , Pack Daniel W. , Leckband Deborah E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe preparation of polypyrrole/Fe3O4 nanospheres by a facile mini‐emulsion polymerization method is investigated using poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), and hyaluronic acid as surfactants. Hyaluronic acid is deemed the most suitable surfactant since it results in well‐dispersed nanospheres of 80–100 nm, and offers the advantages of biocompatibility, cell adhesive property, and the availability of functional groups for attachment of other molecules. These polypyrrole/Fe3O4 nanospheres are magnetic and can be further functionalized with a cancer antibody, herceptin. Our results show that this combination of hyaluronic acid and herceptin results in high specific uptake of the nanospheres by cancer cells.magnified image
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Crosslinked Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites Comprising Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes, and Buckminsterfullerene
Authors: Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N. , Varma Rajender S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe report a facile method to accomplish the crosslinking reaction of PVA with SWNTs, MWNTs, and C‐60 using MW irradiation. Nanocomposites of PVA crosslinked with SWNT, MWNT and C‐60 were prepared expeditiously by reacting the respective carbon nanotubes with 3 wt.‐% PVA under MW irradiation, maintaining a temperature of 100 °C, representing a radical improvement over literature methods to prepare such crosslinked PVA composites. This general preparative procedure is versatile and provides a simple route to manufacture useful SWNT, MWNT and C‐60 nanocomposites.magnified image
Simultaneous Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brush Formation by Combining Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Polymerization and Living Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Wang Ying , Brittain William J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA simple approach for one‐pot, one‐step binary mixed homopolymer brush synthesis was devised by combining nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization of styrene and living cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline. Surface characterization techniques such as ATR‐FTIR, ellipsometry, XPS, and contact angle measurements were performed in this research. The mixed homopolymer brush exhibited reversible surface property changes when subjected to different solvents.
Effects of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone on the regulation of cabindin‐D9k in the uterus, placenta, and fetal membrane of rats related to blood calcium level during late gestation
Authors: Hong Eui‐Ju , Choi Kyung‐Chul , Hyun Sang‐Hwan , Jeung Eui‐Bae 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCalbindin‐D9k (CaBP‐9k) gene is expressed in the uterus of pregnant rats, which is regulated by steroid hormones during estrous cycle or gestation. We hypothesized that there is a positive correlation between altered CaBP‐9k expression and change in one or more of the hormones to provide a clue to the mechanism responsible for the altered calcium levels in the uterus, placenta, and fetal membrane during late gestation. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of the hormones including estradiol (E2), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the regulation of CaBP‐9k in these tissues. There was an increase in the level of CaBP‐9k in the uterus, placenta, and extra‐embryonic membrane at late gestation, as blood calcium level increased. The protein level of CaBP‐9k remained lower in the uterus at two‐thirds of pregnancy, and then it rebounded abruptly during late pregnancy. During late gestation, E2 is postulated to be a dominant factor in the regulation of uterine CaBP‐9k gene expression. Furthermore, we assumed that there is a positive correlation between altered expression of CaBP‐9k and blood calcium level during pregnancy. The present study demonstrated the regulation of CaBP‐9k mRNA in the uterus, placenta, and fetal membrane of rats, implying a role for CaBP‐9k gene in the control of blood calcium in placenta and the calcium passing from maternal blood to fetal circulation. Taken together, these results suggest that major alterations in calcium metabolism caused by maternal thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX), are sufficient to affect the changes in reproductive tissues during late pregnancy. In addition, an increase of blood calcium level is one of the most significant factors in the regulation of CaBP‐9k at the transcriptional and/or translational levels in the reproductive tissues during late pregnancy. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 1188–1197, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrodiagnostic studies of the facial nerve in peripheral facial palsy and hemifacial spasm
Authors: Valls‐Solé Josep 
Published: April 2007

AbstractElectrodiagnostic (EDX) assessment is one of the most important aspects in the evaluation of the two most common disorders of the facial nerve: facial palsy and hemifacial spasm. Facial palsy is usually an acute disorder that resolves in a few weeks but, in a number of cases, leads to a postparalytic facial syndrome featuring muscle synkinesis, myokymia, and involuntary mass contractions of muscles on the affected side. Hemifacial spasm is usually a chronic disorder characterized by paroxysms of involuntary, clonic, and synchronous twitching of all facial muscles on the affected side. EDX studies provide information on lesion location and severity, pathophysiology underlying the two disorders, and differential diagnosis between syndromes presenting with abnormal facial muscle activity. This monograph is intended to describe the most relevant EDX findings in the two disorders and the most appropriate timing for the examinations in order to provide useful information for prognosis and therapeutic decision‐making. Muscle Nerve, 2007