bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate of Renewal of Ribo‐ and Desoxyribo Nucleic Acids
Authors: HAMMARSTEN E. , HEVESY. G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Labelled sodium phosphate is administered to rats and after the lapse of 2 hours the specific activity of the ribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus and that of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus determined.In the liver the specific activity of the ribo‐nucleic acid P is found to be 33 times larger than the specific activity of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid P. In the course of 2 hours about 0.1 and 3.3 per cent respectively of these compounds were found to be renewed.In the intestine and in the spleen in which the specific activity of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid is found to be about 20 times larger than the corresponding value in the liver, the specific activity of the ribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus is only 2 to 3 times larger than the corresponding value of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus.The ribo‐and the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus extracted from the total rat have a very similar specific activity to the corresponding phosphorus extracted from the intestine. In the total rat the difference in the rate of renewal of the two types of nucleic acid is not very pronounced. In a rat weighing 200 g approximately about 2 mg desoxyribo‐phosphorus and 3 mg ribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus are turned over in the course of 2 hours.
The Effect of Piperidine and Allied Substances on Mammalian Skeletal Muscle
Authors: ÖHNELL RICHARD F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Piperidine in doses of 50 μg or more produces a short tetanus in the tibialis anterior of the cat, when applied ad modum BROWN (1938), i. e., “close arterial injection”.
The effect of subsequent maximal single twitches is either a transient potentiation or else inhibition (the latter sometimes reversible).
The myogram of piperidine has a slower rise and fall than the corresponding acetylcholine curve.
Denervated muscle is highly sensitive to piperidine. It causes contraction and, in larger doses, contracture.
Injection of Locke's solution, plasma, or some other physiological solution may sometimes produce a short tetanus (“Injection effect”).
Nicotine and coniine give contraction and subsequent inhibition of indirectly induced contractions.
Spartein and arecoline give slight or no contraction, but distinct inhibition of indirectly induced contractions.
Effect of Minute Amounts of Barium on Cardiac Muscle
Authors: DEUTSCH ADAM , LUNDIN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Barium salts in minute amounts initiate automatic activity in the cardiac muscle, the threshold concentration being 0.3 · 10‐7 mol/ml. The automatic activity is preceded by a definite improvement in excitability. This effect is specific to Ba; Ca and Mg are inactive and for Sr, the threshold concentration is approximately fifty times higher than for Ba.
Adenosine triphosphate has no effect on cardiac muscle in concentrations of 1.8–3.6 · 10‐6 mol/ml.
Creatine phosphate in concentrations of 3.6–7.2 · 10‐6 mol/ml causes a decrease in the mechanical response of c. 50 per cent.
Inorganic triphosphate, pyrophosphate and metaphosphate in concentrations of 3.6–7.2 · 10‐6 mol/ml cause a considerable reversible fall in contraction tension of cardiac muscle. Orthophosphate produces a slight decrease in the strength of contraction.
Barium chloride in a concentration of 10‐7 mol/ml counteracts the effect of acetylcholine on the frogs ventricle in the Straub heart preparation.
A Simple Apparatus for Simultaneous Measurement of the Standard Metabolism and the Respiratory Quotient in Small Laboratory Animals, Supplemented with Investigations on Normal and Hypophysectomised Rats
Authors: CHRISTENSEN BØRGE GOTFRED 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A description of a simple apparatus for simultaneous measurement of standard metabolism and the respiratory quotient are given. The work is supplemented with investigations on normal and hypophysectomized rats.The values obtained were in good accord with earlier investigations, even though it has not been possible to demonstrate the rather considerable rise in the RQ after hypophysectomy which has been described by other authors.
The Determination of Melting Points in Human Fats
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN KNUT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The “melting point” of fats generally means the upper limit of the temperature range through which the melting of the fat takes place, or, when determined according to empirical methods, a point very near this.When the melting point of human fats were determined according to the common methods the results were not reproducible.Therefore the melting process was investigated by following the changes during the melting process in some samples of human fat. It was found that the difficulties in the determinations on human fats were due to the characteristic that even several degrees below the real clear point only a very small fraction of solids is present. A fat as e. g. coconut oil has 3 per cent solids at 0.3° C beiow the upper limit of the melting range. In a human fat the solid fraction of 3 per cent was present at 6° C below the upper limit of the melting range. This means that the viscosity of this fat is low, even at a considerable distance below the “clear point”. Therefore the empirical “constants” which are characterized by a certain low viscosity of the sample, viz. the softening point, the slipping point etc. are found far from the clear point and varying much with small variations in the external conditions.When a sample of human fat to be used for melting point determination solidifies at 0° C heterogeneous crystals separate, which can produce large errors in the observed melting point. To avoid this the sample must be rapidly cooled down to an extremely low temperature (–70° C). In this way the fat solidifies as a microcrystalline mass which makes possible a relatively exact observation of the clear point. It was, by comparing with the dilatometric method, demonstrated that the clear point determined according to the author's procedure is really identical with the thermodynamically fixed upper limit of the melting range.The tendency of the fats to form unstable modifications with low melting points is discussed. Further it is demonstrated that srom a thermodynamical point of view the melting point and the folidifying point are identical.
Melting Points of Human Fats as Related to their Location in the Body
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN KNUT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Melting point in human fats varied between 41° C and 0.5°C. The largest variations in the individual person was about 30° C.The melting point of visceral fat was 30° C–35° C. In the more peripheric parts the melting points were lower. At the foot melting points of from 0° C–10° C were often found, in 11 out of 15 persons the melting point was below 10° C.Measurements of the temperatures at men's feet show that low temperatures often occur. Since HENRIQUES experimentally demonstrated the connection between temperature and the melting point in subcutaneous fat, it can be supposed that the temperature at men's feet influence the melting point of the fat.One single person was examined in whom the results were widely different from the others. He was a sea stoker, exposed to high temperatures in his daily work, and all the melting points observed in this man were extremely high.
The Effect of Hemorrhage and Shock on the Calibre of the Abdominal Vena Cava
Authors: SILFVERSKIÖLD B. P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A severe loss of blood produces a great reduction in the width of the abdominal vena cava.Likewise shock caused by squeezing the intestines is followed by a great diminution in the calibre of the abdominal cava.In both cases the width reduction was produced by an active constriction.The constriction was evidently not caused by a carotid sinus reflex.
The Volume Variations of the Large Central Blood Vessels
Authors: HOLMGREN BENGT , SILFVERSKIÖLD B. P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The volume variations of the big central vessels (vena cava and aorta) and the heart were studied in animal experiments employing a roentgen method.This central vascular area showed considerable width variations after severe hemorrhage and ether intoxication. The vena cava reactions could not be explained as being of an entirely passive nature.There are reasons for ascribing a real blood depot function to the heart and the big vessels.
Further Observations on Dietary Gizzard Ulcer in Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The development of dietary gizzard ulcers in chicks is decreased by the omission of cod liver oil from the diet or by the incorporation of methyl arachidomate or methyl esters of the highly unsaturated fatty acids from phosphatides of beef adrenals in the diet. Incorporation of methyl esters from the highly unsaturated fatty acids from a fish oil such as Menhaden oil increases the tendency to ulceration.
Pain Conduction in the Phrenic Nerve
Authors: GERNANDT B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The application of noxious stimuli to the diaphragm (pinching, heat above 40° C, hypertonic NaCl‐solutions and acetic acid) produces in the phrenic nerve of the cat δ‐potentials whilst in the dog both δ‐ and C‐potentials appear.Each inspiration produces a volley of rapidly conducted impulses in the phrenic nerve. These impulses are obviously produced by α‐ and β‐fibres. Large spikes are not produced by a noxious stimulus such as acetic acid applied on the abdominal surface of the diaphragm. It is thus concluded that pain is transmitted in the phrenic nerve of the animals investigated by δ‐ and C‐ fibres only.Pacinian corpuscles have not been observed in the pericardium or in the pleura of the cat or the dog. The action potential records from the peripheral end of the phrenic nerve have not revealed the appearance of any spikes which could be regarded as arising from such corpuscles.
The Effect of Excitation on Nerve Permeability
Authors: EULER H. V. , EULER U. S. V. , HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of stimulation on the amounts of phosphate, sodium, potassium and bromide taken up by the sciatic nerve of the cat was investigated with the aid of radioactive isotopes as indicators. Stimulation was effected by condensor shocks at a rate of 50 per see. giving maximal motor reactions.In each case investigated, including the curarized animal, the stimulated nerve was found to take up more labelled ions than the resting nerve, the mean ratio of the uptakes being 1.55 ± 0.10.
The Regulation of Respiration during Muscular Work
Authors: EULER U. S. V. , LILJESTRAND G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Moderate muscular work, induced by electrical stimulation of the hind‐legs in cats or dogs, gives rise to an increase in ventilation, which is not affected by section of the spinal cord or by extirpation of the sympathetic chains. Therefore, the effect on ventilation is not due to a reflex stimulation from the working muscles, as supposed by some investigators.Elimination of the sinus and aortic mechanisms did not prevent the increase in ventilation during work, though it became some‐what diminished. It is concluded that the main effect on ventilation during muscular work is due to influences acting through the blood flow on the respiratory centre.
The Regulation of the Blood Pressure with Special Reference to Muscular Work
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LILJESTRAND G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of various gas mixtures and of muscular work has been studied on the blood pressure of cats and dogs in chloralose anaesthesia and in rabbits under urethane.A gradual increase of the carbon dioxide content of inspired oxygen caused relatively slight changes in the blood pressure of the cat. After elimination of the sinus and aortic mechanisms a primary fall and a secondary rise of considerable magnitude ensued, the former due to peripheral vasodilatation and the latter due to central stimulation. Similar though less pronounced changes were sometimes observed also before the denervation.The rise in blood pressure by chemoreflex action of oxygen want was increased after elimination of the baroreceptor mechanism by means of ergotamine. Denervation of the reflexogenic areas reversed the effect of oxygen lack in the cat.Moderate muscular work, induced by electrical stimulation of the hind legs, caused little change in the blood pressure apart from an initial transitory fall. The same result was obtained after section of the spinal cord. In animals deprived of their sinus and aortic reflexes the blood pressure was greatly lowered during muscular work. A rise above the resting level was sometimes observed after the termination of work. This rise was accentuated or could be provoked by inhalation of gas mixtures rich in carbon dioxide and pcor in oxygen. It was eften considerable, when the sinus and depressor mechanisms had been eliminated.It is concluded that the blood pressure during muscular work is maintained at an adequate level chiefly by the mediation of the baroreceptor reflex mechanism. In addition the blood pressure may be influenced by central actions secondary to carbon dioxide accumulation or deficient oxygen supply or both.
Observations on the Pulmonary Arterial Blood Pressure in the Cat
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LILJESTRAND G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The pulmonary arterial blood pressure was recorded in anaesthetized cats by means of a special cannula, according to MELLIN's technique. In most experiments the thorax was closed and the animal was breathing spontaneously.The pulmonary arterial pressure in 9 experiments averaged 23 cm water, or approximately 17 mm Hg, at an average systemic pressure of 132 mm Hg. The average ratio thus was about 1: 8, with the limits 1: 5 and 1: 14.Pressure variations of 1–2 cm blood synchronous with the breathing were regularly recorded. In one case, slow large waves of 1–2 minutes duration and about 5 cm amplitude were observed.Even great variations in the systemic blood pressure, elicited from the pressoregulating reflex mechanisms, were hardly accompanied by variations in the pulmonary arterial pressure.During muscular work a moderate rise in pulmonary blood pressure generally occurred, greater when air was breathed than when oxygen alone was administered.Clamping the pulmonary artery to one lung did not cause any change in systemic pressure (confirming LICHTHEIM and TIGERSTEDT) but caused a moderate rise in pulmonary arterial pressure.Breathing of pure oxygen lowered the pulmonary arterial pressure and oxygen‐lack raised it. Carbon dioxide 6.5–20.5 per cent in oxygen raised the pressure sligthly, but constantly. These effects were not influenced by vagotomy.The effect of injections of adrenaline, nor‐adrenaline, acetylcholine and histamine and of stimulation of pulmonary nerves were studied in some cases.The experiments seem to warrant the conclusion, that the regulation of the pulmonary blood flow is mainly mediated by a local action of the blood and alveolar gases leading to an adequate distribution of the blood through the various parts of the lungs according to the effeciency of aeration.
The Hydrodynamics of Semi‐Permeable Tubes with Reference to the Glomerular Function of the Kidney
Authors: BRUN CLAUS , KNUDSEN E. O. E. , PETERSEN CHR. STEEN , RAASCHOU FLEMMING 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In some experiments on the renal function in the horizontal and erect postures the authors observed certain changes in the inulin clearance (glomerular filtration) and the diodrast clearance (renal blood flow) which, compared with the changes occurring in the erect posture in the pressure and composition of the blood (colloid osmotic pressure, cell volume and viscosity), necessitated penetrating into the problems of glomerular hydrodynamics.
The hydraulic problem is the following: What laws govern the laminar flow of colloidal solutions in semi‐permeable tubes?
Formulae are deduced for flow, filtration, hydraulic and colloid osmotic pressure in a semi‐permeable tube perfused by a colloidal solution.
The validity of the formulae for water and plasma is proved by model experiments.
The formulae are employed for calculating the results of a concrete experiment made to determine the renal function in the passive erect posture. From these calculations the authors plot the course of the hydraulic and colloid osmotic pressures in a glomerular capillary for horizontal and erect postures.

The course of these curves shows that a contraction of vas efferens must take place in order that the observed simultaneous changes in the inulin and diodrast clearances and in the composition and pressure of the blood may occur.
On the Influence of Muscular Work on the Citric Acid Content of Human Bloodserum
Authors: AGRELL INGA‐GRETA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By THUNBERG'S enzymatic method the citrate content of serum has been determined on human blood from the cubital veins of healthy subjects. The blood samples have been drawn, an A‐sample before rising, a B‐sample after the subject having performed a certain muscular work and a C‐sample following a 1–2 hour's rest (bed‐site) after the B‐sample. 19 series have been carried out in all. For the 19 A‐samples the minimum‐value, mean‐value and maximum‐value were 23, 28, and 33 γ citric acid per ml. serum. The corresponding values for the B‐ and C‐samples were 24, 32, 41 and 24, 31, 36. The Ci‐value is increased through muscular work. Using the Ci‐value of serum for diagnosis one has to take the blood‐sample before rising. As upper limit for healthy subjects one can fix 30 γ Ci. Of 19 values only 3 are a little higher. When the bloodsamples are taken after the beginning of the day's work as on an out‐patient's department of a hospital the Ci‐values are more variable, and have to be estimated with reservation.
The Mode of Entrance of Sodium into the Aqueous Humour.1
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The rate of accumulation of radio‐active sodium in the aqueous humour of the rabbit is not appreciably influenced by the blood pressure reduction caused by occlusion of the common carotid artery. If sodium had entered the aqueous by ultrafiltration, a material reduction of the rate of entrance would have occurred. Consequently sodium does not enter the aqueous by ultrafiltration but mainly by secretion.
On the Function of the Pineal body.
Authors: BORELL ULF , ÖRSTRÖM ÅKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The phosphorus turnover of the pineal has been studied with the aid of radioactive phosphorus in rats of different ages and compared with the turnovers of the adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, tuber cinereum and cerebellum. The activities in these organs with exception of cerebellum are lowest during the first 10 weeks of the life of an animal. In the fertile age the activity remains at a constant high level and with exception of the neurohypophysis increases somewhat during senility. The activity of the cerebellum remains unchanged.2. Of the 42 organs and parts of the brain investigated, the phosphate metabolism decreased only in the ovaries after epiphysectomy to a statistically probable extent. Considerable increases in the turnover were also observed in the adenohypophyss, neurohypophysis and tuber cinereum in females.3. After castration an increased phosphorus turnover was obtained in the pineal body and the adenohypophysis. This increase was most pronounced in females.4. It appears to follow from these results that the pineal exerts an influence, directly or indirectly, especially upon the ovaries. There appear to be reciprocal effects of a similar nature between the ovary and the epiphysis as between the adenohypophysis and the ovaries.We wish to express our thanks to Professor Manne Siegbahn for his kindness in placing radioactive phosphorus at our disposal.
The Relative Importance of Ultrafiltration and Secretion in the Formation of Aqueous Humour as revealed by the Influence of Arterial Blood Pressure on the Osmotic Pressure of the Aqueous.
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Sodium has been shown to enter the aqueous predominantly or wholly by secretion. Therefore, if the aqueous were a mixture of a secretion and any considerable amount of ultrafiltrate, the osmotic pressures of these two components would have to be markedly different. A blood pressure reduction which changes the amount of ultrafiltrate in the aqueous would consequently change the osmotic pressure of the aqueous.The osmotic pressure difference between the aqueous humours of both eyes was measured in rabbits after the blood pressure of one eye had been kept at 30 mm Hg below the normal level for 1.5—2 hours. No significant difference in osmotic pressure was detected. Therefore, the amount of ultrafiltrate in the aqueous cannot be considerable.This investigation has been made possible by a grant from the Lennander Foundation of the University of Uppsala. Miss G. Thelin AND Mr. A. Rüütli have given most valuable assistance
A Specific Micro‐method for Colorimetric Determination of Methanol in Blood.
Authors: AGNER KJELL , BELFRAGE KARL ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. A method for colorimetric determination for methanol has been described.2. The rate of elimination of methanol in blood has been determined. At a methanol concentration of more than about 1 % the rate of elimination was about 0.0017 %per min. and at lower concentrations the value was about 0.0006 % per mm.3. It has not been possible to demonstrate formaldehyde in blood in cases of methanol intoxication.4. The simultaneous occurrence of ethanol prevents the elimination of methanol.
The Action of Atropine, Homatropine, Eserine and Prostigmine on the Osmotic Pressure of the Aqueous Humour.
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The influence of atropine, homatropine, eserine and prostigmine on the osmotic pressure of the aqueous humour has been studied in rabbits.In previously untreated eyes eserine caused an osmotic pressure reduction equivalent to 0.74 ± 0.31 mM NaCl. In eyes habituated to eserine and prostigmine, no influence on the osmotic pressure was detected.Atropine and homatropine caused a reduction in osmotic pressure equivalent to 0.24 ± 0.12 mM NaCl.The decreases in osmotic pressure can probably be attributed to an increased permeability of the blood‐aqueous barrier.
A Quantitative Determination of the Content of Contractive Substances in Human Sperm and their Significance for the Motility and Vitality of the Spermatozoa.
Authors: ASPLUND JAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The total content of contractive substance in human sperm was determined from 155 specimens of sperm by titration on rabbit intestine in vitro, with prostaglandin as the standard. The content varied greatly in different specimens, but contractive substance was met with in all of them.2. In certain specimens the factor which is active on rabbit intestine consists – apart from prostaglandin and choline – of at least one other substance, which leads to a very rapid increase in tonus and is indifferent to atropine.3. There is no correlation between the total content of contractive substance and the motility and life of the spermatozoa.
Experiments on the Influence of Electric Current Upon Growing Nerve Cell Processes in Vitro.
Authors: INGVAR DAVID 
Published: December 2008

Summary.With a new technique experiments are made to verify S. Ing‐var'S statement (1920) that electric currents can direct the nerve cell processes in vitro. Current intensities of 10‐6–10‐3 A were used. No influence could be traced.