bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Oil Recovery by Pattern Gas Injection Using Horizontal Wells in a Tight Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Dello L. , Miyake S. , Kawaguchi K. , Kimoto M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation on the combined use of horizontal wells and gas injection in a tight reservoir. The application of geo-statistics and compositional reservoir simulation are demonstrated in the evaluation to model heterogeneity and understand fluid behaviour.
Normally, gas injection performance in a low-relief reservoir is poor due to adverse gravity segregation. Furthermore, gas injection performance tends to worsen if permeability improves toward the top of the reservoir.
The combined use of horizontal wells and gas injection under various configurations was evaluated to optimise oil recovery in the tight part of a major reservoir in a giant oil field offshore Abu Dhabi. This part of the reservoir is characterised by very low permeability (&lt;5 millidarcy average) with the best permeability in the upper portion.
The evaluation concludes that the use of horizontal wells in a line drive pattern together with gas injection should greatly improve oil recovery in this tight reservoir. The improvement is attributed to the combined effect of linear flow and a large pressure gradient between the injector and producer due to the low permeability, drastically reducing the effect of gas over-ride due to gravity. Hence, as permeability increases, gas injection is predicted to be less effective. The results from the evaluation were used to optimise a pilot gas injection project.
The effect of permeability heterogeneity at the scale modelled is not likely to be detrimental to gas injection. This is because the reservoir is predominantly of low permeability, even though, statistically, high permeability does exist. The geo-statistical modelling suggests that the likelihood of high permeability continuity is low and therefore is not likely to channel gas to producers. More important in the predicted performance of the geostatistical models is the method of up-scaling and permeability averaging. Misleading conclusions may result if the averaging process does not correctly account for the predominant flow regime.
Installation of GRE Pipeline in Bunduq Offshore Field
Authors: Tsutsumishita K. 
Published: December 2007

Installation of GRE Pipeline in Bunduq Offshore Field.

Abstract
Production losses of up to 100,000 STB per year were created by the need for testing at an offshore wellhead platform with multiple wells. This led the operator to take a course of action to reduce these losses.
Todays paper covers investigation of the alternatives considered. The selection and installation of a Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) test flow line as the solution to the problem.

Introduction
A remote multi well platform, located in an Abu Dhabi Offshore Field and having a 270 meter ion flow line to a Central Collector Platform had no test facilities. Consequently when one well was to be tested the other wells had to be shut down leading to significant losses in production.
As future plans are for additional wells on the Wellhead Platform, production losses would increase with an increase in flow testing requirements.
A number of options were assessed. Installing a separate GRE flow line was considered the most viable both economically and technically.

Options Considered

1. Installation of a Multiphase Flow Meter
This option appeared to be the most economical. However, at the time of evaluation the equipment was unproven and not considered to be sufficiently accurate (10%). Extensive piping modifications would have been required to install a test header facility as well as a data link to the main complex.

2. Use of Barge Mounted Test Facilities
This option was considered and rejected as a viable alternative. The system is too dependent on weather conditions and was not considered to be cost effective in the long term.

3. Installation of a Test Separator on the Wellhead Platform.
The installation of a test separator on the Wellhead Platform was found to be the highest cost option, as major modifications would be required.
P. 118
Cyclic Borehole Effects in Deviated Wells
Authors: Bellay Gene , Al-Waheed Hilal , Audah Thabet 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Highly deviated wellbores sometimes suffer from a cyclic variation in borehole size. Even though the caliper oscillations may be relatively small, a salty mud can combine with the periodic hole size variation to produce wireline data that has been severely compromised. Interestingly, it may be the deepest reading tool (resistivity) which suffers the largest degradation
A straight-forward solution, calibrated to specific wellbore conditions, has been developed which facilitates a much more representative formation evaluation.
The Modern Techniques Of Creative Problem Solving
Authors: Khoorl Ahmed , Ahmed Aftab 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
This paper briefly discuses techniques available to modern managers for solving organizational problems and stresses the need to adopt a wholistic approach while doing so.
The paper also highlights the "4 key dimensions of organisation" i.e. organisational process, design, culture and politics and emphasises that any rational and viable solution has to consider all the key dimensions.
Finally, the revolutionary complementrist approach of "triple loop learning" versus the currently practiced "single loop learning" is examined.

2. BACKGROUND
In order to appreciate why organisational problems have grown in complexity one has to go as far back as the second Industrial Revolution. In those days enterprises were family or individual owned. In the early years of the second industrial revolution, very few rules and regulations were in place and enforced by the government, if any at all. Therefore, the industrialists amassed tremendous wealth and power.
The early industrialists could do whatever they wanted within their enterprises. They treated their employees as replaceable machine parts that could easily be discarded once they no longer functioned satisfactorily. Work required little skill while unskilled and uneducated workers were plentiful. They had relatively low levels of aspirations and virtually no social security other than that provided by their families. Therefore, they were willing to work under extremely undesirable conditions to avoid economic destitution.
By the end of World War I things started to change. There were a number of reasons for this transformation, among them: increased education of the work force, increased skills required of the work force as mechanisation increased, increased regulation of working conditions by the government and the "intrusion" of unions into such areas as work conditions, job security and compensation.
Perhaps the most important reason for the transition was the fact that many enterprises could not realize their growth potential even if all the profit they generated was plowed back into them because additional capital required for growth was hard to come by. Consequently, owners either had to constrain their enterprises' growth and retain complete control over them or to go public, thereby relinquishing some ownership and control while generating the required capital.
The survival rate of those enterprises that sought growth rather than control was much higher than those that didn't.
Because of continuing advances in mechanisation, the skills required of workers continued to increase. Workers with the required skills were not as plentiful as those without them. P. 684
The Importance Of Strategic Management For The Long Term Success Of Organizations
Authors: Khoori Ahmed , Ahmed Aftab 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
Every business organization has a strategy, whether formal, informal or unstructured, since all organisation's are heading somewhere. However, only successful organizations know where they are heading and how they are going to get there.
There is an old saying, "if you don't know where you are going all roads will take you there". Simply said, you will not know what route to follow unless you know your destination. Similarly, in the business world you will not achieve your objectives unless you know what they are. In todays competitive environment the concept and the process of the strategic management is becoming essential for survival and as such is being widely used by both profit and non-profit organizations of all sizes and magnitude.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight major aspects of strategic management and its importance for the long-term success of an organization in a competitive and ever changing business environment. Furthermore, the application of a strategic management process in ADCO's Budget & Contracts Department will be briefly discussed.

2. THE EVOLUTION OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
The concept of strategic management has been around for a long time and originated from the Greek word STRATEGO meaning to be a general.
Effective Greek generals needed to lead an army, win battles, vanquish the enemy, win and hold territories, protect a city from invasion and treat the people nicely as to gain their support and be less resistive to their presence.
Each of the above objectives required a different deployment of resources. In this context an army's strategy could be defined as the actual pattern of actions taken in response to the enemy.
The Greeks also knew that strategy was more than fighting battles. Effective generals had to determine the right lines of supply, decide when to fight and manage the army's relationship with citizen's, politicians and diplomats, therefore they had to plan and act.
In many respects, business strategy is like military strategy and what military strategists have learned over the centuries can benefit business strategists today. Both business and military organizations try to use their own strengths to exploit competitors' weaknesses. Military conflict and business competition are so similar that many strategic management techniques apply equally to both.
Strategy may be defined as the direction and scope of an organization over the long term and can be viewed from two perspectives:What an organization intends to do - the concern here is to engineer a program for defining and achieving an organization's objectives and implementing its mission.what an organization eventually does - the concern here is with the pattern of the organization's response to its environment, over time.
P. 694
Phase Behaviour of Fluids in Multiple Contact Processes with CO2, N2 and their Mixture
Authors: Abrishami Y. , Hatamian H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The thermodynamic behaviour of hydrocarbon fluids in multiple contact processes with nonhydrocarbon gases (N2, CO2 and their mixtures) has been studied experimentally. A gas condensate PVT cell has been used to simulate the process of multiple contact gas injection in the vicinity of an injection well. Measured quantities at each contact include volumes and compositions of gas and liquid phases at cell conditions of pressure and temperature and the number of moles of each component in the discharged gas. Attention has mainly been given to gas condensates, although the results are equally applicable to oil fluids. The tested fluids are well defined mixtures of paraffinic hydrocarbons and the injectant gases were pure CO2, N2 and their mixtures. Dynamic miscibility was achieved by CO2 injection, while the process with N2 injection was of the immiscible evaporating type, vaporizing light, intermediate and fractions of heavy hydrocarbons. Lean mixtures of CO2 in N2 (5-15% by mole), similar to those in flue gases, had the same evaporation behaviour as the N2, but caused liquid phase swelling effect due to the CO2 solution.
Deploying and Recovering Long and Heavy BHAs in Live High Angle Wells
Authors: Engel Steve , Sehnal Zdenek 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Until recently, the length of BHAs run into live wells has been limited by surface lubrication length. A tool string deployment system (TDS) has been developed over the past two years and now has a proven record. The case study presented involves running 140m of 3 3/8" guns along a horizontal well. The guns were conveyed on 2" coiled tubing with a cable installed.
These large assemblies require careful engineering and programming to enable coiled tubing to deploy them in highly deviated wells. The paper discusses techniques that have been employed to reduce the drag of the BHA and coil. A clearer understanding of modeling and job planning is evolving and the paper addresses the pitfalls of working coiled tubing to the material limits.
Real-Time Treatment Optimization
Authors: Acock A. M. , Sanders A. H. , Fry L. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents recent case studies where down-hole pressure and temperature sensors, run on coiled tubing, provided real-time measurement of matrix acid treatments in the Gulf of Mexico. The information obtained during these jobs allowed on-site design and execution changes to the treatment. Four case studies are presented to demonstrate how the sensor information was used to optimize the treatment of each well.
New Thru-Tubing Sand Control Technology Returns Oil Wells To Productivity
Authors: Holder G. M. , Hadeed J. E. , Crow W. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two coiled tubing conveyed concentric gravel packs were performed to repair screen damage of existing open hole gravel packs. Both completions were initially drilled and underreamed to 1!" with a polymerized calcium carbonate drill-in fluid and gravel packed using water pack techniques. Case histories are presented with pre/post production data for this remedial operation which utilized recent technological developments of the circulating gravel pack packer and sand screen. A risk sharing alliance was employed to meet the needs of the operator while providing incentive to the service sector for the first operation of its type in Trinidad.
Cumulative production gain of 500 BOPD from both wells was obtained at a cost savings of approximately $1.8 MMUSD when compared to conventional rig repair options. The payout time for each well was approximately 4 months. These two operations were major achievements in coiled tubing sand control technology for the following reasons:Well E-ll: Longest circulating gravel pack assembly (480’) installed to date.Well E-19: Most sand placed through the gravel pack packer (12,800 lb.).Clarified xanthan gum was used for the first time in this type of operation as a carrying agent due to its shear thinning properties to reduce friction pressure under circulating conditions and provide gravel suspension when static.
Economic Benefits of Advanced CT Life Monitoring
Authors: Brown P. , Pursell J. , Emerick S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The past few years have seen several important developments in the related areas of coiled tubing (CT) fatigue prediction and life monitoring [1-8]. These include:A move away from the Running Feet method, particularly for complex and high risk applications, in favor of theoretical or statistical fatigue models.Calculating and maintaining fatigue records for shorter tubing increments, down from typically 500 feet when depth and pressure data are logged manually, to as small as 5 feet through use of built-for-purpose tracking software and databases.Accounting for factors affecting the working life other than fatigue, such as diameter growth, ovality, welds, surface damage and corrosion.Use of data acquisition systems, providing more frequent and accurate data plus the option of real-time fatigue calculations (especially valuable for CT drilling).
The purpose of any CT life monitoring method is presumed to be to maximize the working life of the pipe while minimizing tubing failures in the field. All of the above developments contribute towards that goal. However, the problem is usually more complicated than this suggests because the criteria vary with the circumstances. Consider two quite different scenarios.
The Feasibility of Using an Electric Downhole Motor to Drill with Coiled Tubing
Authors: Newman K. R. , Stone L. R. , Wolhart S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A study has been performed to determine the technical and economic feasibility of using an electric drilling motor to drill open hole with coiled tubing. An historical review of electric motor drilling was performed, a conceptual design was developed and a market analysis was performed. This paper summarizes the findings from this study. For more details on this study see reference 1.
Improving the Reliability and Efficiency of Coiled Tubing Operations
Authors: Bigio D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will discuss how a simple to operate, personal computer (PC) based data monitoring and recording system can improve the reliability of Coiled Tubing (CT) operations by providing onsite information of real-time key operational parameters like tubing life, tubing forces, operating limits and design versus actual data. It will also describe how the efficiency can be improved by simplifying the repetitive tasks of connecting the data sensors, configuring the system, storing the CT life information with the string itself and generating a customizable report during or after the job.
Frictional Pressure Loss during Turbulent Flow in Coiled Tubing
Authors: McCann R. C. , Islas C. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Full scale flow experiments were conducted using coiled tubing without a weld bead having 1.75", 2.00", and 2.375" outer diameters on a 98" diameter reel. Experimental results for water agree well with values calculated using previously published formulas. A formula derived by the authors for non-Newtonian fluids gives pressure losses that are in excellent agreement with experimental data for the six fluids considered.
Analysis of Coiled Tubing Welding Techniques
Authors: Newman K. R. , Brown P. A. , Van Arnam W. D. , Wolhart S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As the use of coiled tubing (CT) in workover services, drilling services, coiled completions and coiled pipeline increases, the need for improved field welding techniques increases. This paper summarizes the results of a weld analysis research project in which failed welds were analyzed, welding procedures were reviewed and alternative welding techniques were considered.
Coiled Tubing Drilling Case History
Authors: Mix K. , Bell G. , Evans S. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This case history outlines a recent North Sea Coiled Tubing Drilling Project (CTD). The Project consisted of 2 main phases – Onshore Testing and Offshore Operations.
The objective of the Project was to drill a 1000 ft sidetrack from an existing water injection well via a window cut in 7 inch casing. If the operation were to be unsuccessful, the well would be returned to its original configuration.
The existing perforations were successfully abandoned using a gel plug and a cement abandonment plug. A separate cement kick off plug was spotted above the cement abandonment plug. A pilot hole was drilled in the kick off plug and a window cut in the casing. Eighty feet of formation was then drilled.
Following a bottom hole assembly change access to the window was lost. Subsequent attempts to re-enter the window were unsuccessful. The drilling bottom hole assembly continued past the window into the original wellbore. Attempts were made to re-cement to allow a new window to be cut. These operations were unsuccessful.
The Project was terminated after 52 days on location. All cement was underreamed from the well, the perforations treated with an acid wash and the well successfully returned to injection.
High Penetration Rates and Extended Bit Life through Revolutionary Hydraulic and Mechanical Design in PDC Drill Bit Development
Authors: Taylor M. R. , Murdock A. D. , Evans S. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PDC drill bit developments have been made to achieve higher penetration rates and longer life, involving a compromise between open, light set, bits for speed and heavy set ones for durability. Developments are described which provided the benefits of both in a revolutionary hydraulic and mechanical design.
The hydraulic design causes mud to flow first towards the bit centre and then outwards. It was extensively flow tested using high speed photography to ensure that bit balling was prevented. It includes features to address bit whirl which were demonstrated in full scale laboratory testing to reduce the bit’s vibration level.
The mechanical design maximises open face volume, known to benefit penetration rate, by using very high blades. However, the heights attainable can be limited by the bit body’s mechanical strength. Steel was chosen to maximise blade strength and was coated with a newly developed hardfacing to improve erosion resistance. A programme of fatigue testing assured adequate strength.
Low-Cost Short-Radius Re-Entry Horizontal Drilling Program Revitalizes Aging Northern Michigan Niagaran Oil Fields
Authors: Lanier G. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper highlights recent experience gained while developing a low-cost drilling program in Northern Michigan’s Niagaran reef trend based upon modern short-radius, horizontal drilling technology to re-enter existing wellbores. Since the program’s beginning in September 1994, it has evolved significantly and cost performance has steadily improved from over $600M to less than $350M per well. Greater than three-fold production increases and as high as ten-fold reductions in GOR (gas-oil ratio) along with decreased water production have been observed upon completion.
Key to the program’s success has been a team approach to well planning involving the combined efforts of a multi-disciplined engineering staff, production and drilling operations, and quality service company support. In order to lower costs and maximize the pool of potential re-entry candidates, the program’s focus has been to emphasize a simplified well design relying primarily on production test data and minimal evaluation logging. A discussion of specific remedial, drilling, and completion procedures is summarized with overall program performance measures and evaluation data results from a three-well evaluation program completed in 1994 and a 20-well program completed in 1995.
Results of a 1995 Hydraulic Fracturing Survey and a Comparison of 1995 and 1990 Industry Practices
Authors: Carter Ronald H. , Holditch Stephen A. , Wolhart Stephen L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a hydraulic fracturing survey conducted in 1995 on behalf of the Gas Research Institute (GRI). The purpose of the survey was to determine the types of formations that are normally fracture treated; gather data on the fracture treatments that are normally pumped; determine the level of data collection being conducted in the field; determine the level of data analysis being conducted in the office and the field; solicit opinions on the level of technology required to obtain an accurate analysis for fracture treatments; solicit opinions of the limitations of current technology; determine what costs operators could justify to analyze fracture treatment data and obtain ideas on new areas of research. Data gathered in the survey included respondents’ company size (major, large/small independent, service company or consultant), geographical area of operation, well depths and permeabilities, fracture treatment size, proppant type and volume, level of detail in data gathering, fracture treatment design and real-time analysis. The 1995 data were compared to a similar survey conducted in 1990 by GRI to determine technology trends.