bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Impact
Authors: Mendonca John A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
As the backbone of the digital economy, the Internet is an enabler of faster and cheaper communications that eliminate the boundaries of space and time. E‐commerce exploits this capability by developing new business paradigms and processes that change what organizations produce, how they operate, and how they are structured. The organizational impact of the Internet and e‐commerce includes adoption of new business models; changes in the competitive environment; introduction of new products and product delivery channels; opportunities for new organizational structures; altered customer and supplier relationships; and new ways to work. Leaders and managers are challenged to adapt to the changing environment, to manage the change effectively, and to react responsibly to social and ethical issues raised. Because of the failure of dot‐coms in the early years of E‐commerce, companies in the future will focus more on integrating processes into existing business and gaining financial benefit through better business alignment.
Personalization and Customization Technologies
Authors: Braynov Sviatoslav 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter surveys personalization and customization technologies. It starts with an analysis of user profiling and explains how user profiles can be used to generate personalized products and services. It explains some standard personalization techniques such as rule‐based filtering, collaborative filtering, and content‐based filtering. Web usage mining is also explained and it is shown how data mining can be used to learn customer behavior and to provide personalized content. Several applications such as adaptive Web sites, recommender systems, adaptive Web stores, and intelligent agents are discussed. The chapter concludes by summarizing current trends.
Research on the Internet
Authors: Piper Paul S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Internet was created by researchers and has continued to evolve according to their needs, although competing market forces are dictating alternative evolutions. Subject directories and search engines allow researchers access to relevant content. E‐mail allows researchers to co‐author and edit documents electronically, with limited constraints from time and distance. Electronic discussion groups keep researchers abreast of new developments in their field. Electronic texts have given researchers more timely information delivery, as well as critical interactivity. And libraries have embraced the Internet and have pioneered a number of research developments.Content on the Internet is varied in format and bias, which has shifted the responsibility of critique to the user. The tradeoff is that the Internet makes available to researchers information impossible to obtain elsewhere, material that is accessible without extensive (or any) cost, and material that represents a wider variety of opinion and cultural concern
Secure Electronic Transactions (
SET
)
Authors: Merkow Mark S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
One of the primary risks of conducting business on the Internet is the insecurity of credit card data and the associated fraudulent use of credit card numbers stolen from merchant commerce systems. One of the earliest attempts by the major credit card associations, Visa and Mastercard, was the Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) specification for online payments. From its inception in 1997 to its announced death in 2000, SET had a rich and interesting lifetime despite the general inability of banks, merchants, and consumers to implement the system as it was designed. Although the problems of Internet credit card theft and fraud have not yet disappeared, what the Internet community learned from the experience of trying to implement SET has been priceless. This chapter explores the requirements that brought about SET, its history, its participants, and its complexity. Although SET never truly saw the light of day, it leaves in its wake an environment for secure electronic payments and a shopping and buying landscape improved over the earliest days of Internet E‐commerce.
Software Design and Implementation in the Web Environment
Authors: Offutt Jeff 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn only 4 or 5 years, the World Wide Web changed from a static collection of HTML (hypertext markup language) Web pages to a dynamic engine that powers e‐business, collaborative work, and distribution of information and entertainment. These exciting changes have been fueled by many changes in software technology, the software development process, and how software is deployed. Although the word “heterogeneous” is commonly used to describe Web software, we might easily forget to notice in how many ways it can be applied. In fact, the synonymous term “diverse” is more general and familiar, and may be more appropriate. Web software applications use diverse types of hardware, they include a diverse collection of types of implementation languages (including traditional programs, HTML, interpreted scripts, and databases), they are composed of software written in diverse languages, and they are built by collections of people with diverse sets of skills. Although these changes in how Web applications are built are interesting and fascinating, one of the most unique aspects of Web software applications is in terms of the needs they must satisfy. Web applications have very high requirements for a number of quality attributes. Some of these quality attributes have been important in other (mostly relatively small) segments of the industry, but some of them are relatively new. This chapter discusses some of the technologies and design strategies used to build Web software in the context of how they contribute to satisfying the high‐quality requirements.
Speech and Audio Compression
Authors: Kroon Peter 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Many people enjoy Internet streaming of audio and video, or the ability to make free phone calls using a PC connected to the Internet. Audio compression is one of the fundamental technologies underlying these applications. This technology allows one to digitally represent speech and audio signals in an efficient manner. In this chapter we provide an overview of various speech and audio compression technologies, discuss the principles of their operation, and describe their attributes and limitations. We also explain the use of these technologies in several applications, such as Internet telephony and audio streaming.
Standards and Protocols in Data Communications
Authors: Cook David E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importance of open standards in the development of today's interoperable and global Internet. It provides an introduction to the most important standards bodies and their historical background in the world of data communications. The standard protocols and, in particular, those associated with the Internet are covered in detail. A variety of applications have been spawned specifically for the Internet as it has matured; these vary from the functionality required for good system management to the WWW. This chapter discusses the new and emerging standards associated with e‐ and m‐commerce. Currently the demand for wireless applications is spawning a considerable number of variations on existing protocols and several emerging new ones. These later applications are dependent upon a variety of multimedia approaches to file interchange that have become increasingly popular as Web services.
Supply Chain Management
Authors: Burke Gerard J. , Vakharia Asoo J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Supply chain management (SCM) facilitates delivery of the right products or services to the right place in the right quantity for the right price. It also uncovers dormant synergies or enhances existing synergies among trading partners. This chapter outlines the fundamental strategies, members, and activities of a supply chain, and how information technologies enable better management of the supply chain. Currently, basic challenges in improving supply chain performance are embedded in the adversarial tension of competitive markets. Overcoming inherent distrust and fostering collaboration among decentralized supply chain members is a major challenge faced by today's supply chain managers. The capability to provide visibility of the entire supply chain's status to each supply chain member through SCM software fosters cooperation, and thus information technology can be viewed as a critical enabler of supply chain coordination.
Virtual Reality on the Internet: Collaborative Virtual Reality
Authors: Johnson Andrew , Leigh Jason 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Collaborative virtual reality holds the promise of creating an environment for collaboration that is “better than being there.” Rather than try to replicate the conditions of a face‐to‐face meeting, collaborative virtual reality gives us the opportunity to go beyond what is possible in the real world and to share space not only with our collaborators scattered around the world, but also with the topic of collaboration—a new car design, a simulation of a thunderstorm, the structure of the inner ear. Each collaborator brings his or her past experience to the collaboration, and the virtual environment can tailor itself to give users a representation appropriate for their background. Because the shared virtual world is maintained by a computer, the computer can “remember” all the interactions in that world, providing opportunities for asynchronous as well as synchronous collaboration.
Voiceover Internet Protocol (IP)
Authors: Morris Roy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) and the many changing issues that it faces. VOIP merges the most dynamic and efficiency‐creating technologies of the last several years, namely low‐cost communications transmission, personal computers, and widespread deployment of the Internet. A tutorial on conventional telephony provides a foundation upon which a discussion of VOIP is built. VOIP deployment issues, including competing signaling schemes, internetworking with the public switched telephone network (PSTN), security, and quality are also discussed. Although VOIP is evolving, the fundamental issues will remain the same for a long time to come.
Web Content Management
Authors: Qin Jian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWeb sites have become increasingly important for organizations of all kinds. While a wide variety of content is created, stored, and used by organization members, efficient and effective Web content management is vital to assuring the quality and deployment of Web content. This chapter briefly reviews the history of Web content development and focuses on the content creation and organization processes. Content creation starts the life cycle of Web content. A well‐rounded planning process is necessary to set policies and procedures. Web content authoring and management is an activity‐intensive process in which interactions and collaboration among different groups of people need to be supported by a carefully designed workflow and technology. Metadata and taxonomies are important tools to organize the content for easy access. Finally, issues and trends on content and technical requirements, access control, economic and legal aspects, security, digital rights management, and knowledge‐driven approach in organizing Web content are discussed.
Web Search Fundamentals
Authors: Wisman Raymond 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSearch engines are the new guides to information. The rapid growth of the Web has provided the information fodder for the search engine to become the single most used reference source in many developed countries. What is a search engine? How does a search engine work? How can Web site designers attract search engines? Because search engines are the source of potentially valuable information, these have become important personal, business, and research questions. The chapter offers three perspectives on the Web search engine: the searcher view on using search engines to find information, the search engine view of how search engines work, and the site designer view on how to influence search engines to find a site and the intended information and how to build a searchable Web site.
Windows 2000 Security
Authors: Schultz E. Eugene 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
ReferencesMicrosoft's Windows 2000 (W2K) has become virtually a “fixture” in many computing environments. Despite the availability of many security features in W2K, many security breaches involving W2K systems have occurred over the years. Many systems that are critical to organizations' missions are W2K systems. For these reasons and others, security in W2K systems is a major concern. The concern over W2K security is legitimate despite the fact that W2K security capabilities are in general better than W2K's predecessor, Windows NT (NT). This chapter covers W2K security by first focusing on W2K itself, and then on basic considerations related to W2K security, and then on the many security features built into W2K, and then finally on baseline measures that can elevate W2K security. Securing W2K systems requires considerable effort in not only configuring these systems appropriately after they are installed, but also in maintaining security.
Intramolecular Donor–Acceptor Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s Presenting Octylphenanthrenyl‐Imidazole Moieties Exhibit Enhanced Charge Transfer for Heterojunction Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Chang Yao‐Te , Hsu So‐Lin , Chen Guan‐Yu , Su Ming‐Hsin , Singh Thounaojam Avinash , Diau Eric Wei‐Guang , Wei Kung‐Hwa 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIntramolecular donor–acceptor structures prepared by covalently binding conjugated octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto the side chains of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s exhibit lowered bandgaps and enhanced electron transfer compared to the parent polymer, e.g., conjugation of 90 mol% octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties onto poly(3‐hexylthiophene) chains reduces the optical bandgap from 1.91 to 1.80 eV, and the electron transfer probability is at least twice as high as that of pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene) when blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester. The lowered bandgap and the fast charge transfer both contribute to much higher external quantum efficiencies, thus much higher short‐circuit current densities for copolymers presenting octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties, relative to those of pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s. The short‐circuit current density of a device prepared from a copolymer presenting 90 mol% octylphenanthrenyl‐imidazole moieties is 13.7 mA · cm−2 which is an increase of 65% compared to the 8.3 mA · cm−2 observable for a device containing pure poly(3‐hexylthiophene). The maximum power conversion efficiency of this particular copolymer is 3.45% which suggest that such copolymers are promising polymeric photovoltaic materials.
Stability of Doped Transparent Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
Authors: Jackson Roderick , Domercq Benoit , Jain Rishabh , Kippelen Bernard , Graham Samuel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper evaluates the effectiveness of p‐doping transparent single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) films via chemical treatment with HNO3 and SOCl2. Stability of the improvement in electrical conductivity after doping is investigated for different doping treatments as a function of exposure time to air and as a function of temperature. Doped films were found to have a greater than twofold increase in conductivity with sheet resistance values as low as 105 Ω sq−1 with an optical transmittance of 80% at 550 nm. However, doping enhancements demonstrated limited stability in air and under thermal loading. The application of a thin capping layer of PEDOT/PSS is shown to stabilize the improvements in conductivity, evidenced by sustained lower sheet resistance in both air and under thermal loading.
Relational contracts and adaptation: application to a pork producer contract
Authors: Karantininis Kostas , Graversen Jesper T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this article, we apply a formal theoretical model of adaptation to an empirical setting within specialized pig production. The objective is to allocate decision rights ex ante so that actual decisions taken ex post will optimize the profit accruing to both parties in a contractual or integrative relation. Motivated by the situation in the market for piglets in Denmark, we focus on an analysis of a vertical partnership between a piglet producer and a finisher. By applying a model of adaptation to the particular setting, we provide a solid basis for discussions on both the importance of efficiently allocating decision rights and the usefulness of the partnership as organizational form between specialized pig producers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The diffusion of organic food products: toward a theory of adoption
Authors: Shanahan Christopher J. , Hooker Neal H. , Sporleder Thomas L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study explores drivers influencing food processors' decisions to adopt organic practices and the constraints which may limit the availability of food products using the National Organic Program (NOP) organic seal as a marketing tool. A constrained diffusion model is applied to assess seal qualified adoption across food categories. A second model explores market forces that influence variations in the diffusion process. Results suggest that external factors, including new regulation, impact diffusion rates. Future adoption of organic practices will require enhanced informational and physical access for potential adopters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of competitive advantage for German food processors
Authors: Schiefer Jan , Hartmann Monika 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article aims to explain the variation in firm performance in the German food processing industry. Building on the resource‐based view, both drivers and outcomes of firm performance were defined as relative concepts. Performance was measured as relative return on assets and sales, relative change in sales, and by combining these variables into an integrated performance measure. Data for the analysis was gathered in an online firm survey and analyzed by means of nonparametric correlation and regression analysis. The survey response was very low and the sample may not be a good representation of the population. However, the results indicate that the main drivers for firm advantages lie within technology and production‐related areas. They further suggest that with firm‐specific variables, it is possible to explain as much as two‐thirds of the variation in profitability. [Q130, L250, D240]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do recommendations matter? social networks, trust, and product adoption
Authors: House Lisa A. , House Mark C. , Mullady Joy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSocial network analysis allows researchers to capture the dynamics of social interactions, which may influence the impact of word of mouth advertising. This research seeks to combine a regression analysis of stated willingness to try a new food product with social network analysis. The goal of this article is to determine if variables that represent different aspects of group structure can better explain why some participants choose to adopt new food products while others do not. Our findings indicate that social network variables are a significant influence on a person's willingness to listen to a recommendation from someone else within their social network. Both the subject and the recommender's position in the network are influential. Additionally, the characteristics that impact willingness to listen to the recommendation vary depending on the food product studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hygienic design: Effect of hydrodynamics on the cleanability of a food processing line
Authors: Blel W. , Legentilhomme P. , Legrand J. , Bénézech T. , Gentil‐Lelièvre C. Le 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHydrodynamic effect on the numbers of adhering Bacillus cereus spores before and after cleaning in place of part of a dairy processing line was investigated using nonintrusive flow characterization (local wall shear stresses and velocity profiles measurements). Geometrical changes, like gradual asymmetric pipe contractions and pipe expansions and bends, induce nonhomogeneous distribution of the initial and the residual soiling levels. Moreover, the recirculation zone resulting from the flow detachment after the expansion, allowed to explain the high level of adhered spores downstream of this geometrical change due to the generated shear stresses. The resistance to cleaning processes in the same zones is mainly governed by the adhesion strength of spores induced by the applied flow rate in the contamination step. Welding and gasket areas, located at different positions in the loop, constituted deposit spots for spores and remained difficult to clean despite high‐shear stress forces involved. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Linkage studies in familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification: Separating the wheat from the chaff
Authors: Oliveira J.R.M. , Lemos R.R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIdiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification (IBGC) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by brain calcinosis, heterogeneous motor impairment and behavioral symptoms. The IBGC1 locus was the first region linked to this phenotype in an American family, but another kindred from Spain was also reported as possibly associated with this locus. Our group excluded this locus in additional families together with an independent study of an Australian pedigree with IBGC, but without clinical symptoms. Recently, a large Italian family from a population isolate was excluded from IBGC1. However, there are unusual aspects concerning this Tyrolean family, especially if we consider that almost all the clinically affected subjects manifested symptoms and signs suggestive of a dysmorphic syndrome, associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Curiously, some of the clinical features in this kindred match with the autosomal dominant chromosomal instability syndrome reported in Japan. Previous studies show that the definition of an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is an assumption that might be considered cautiously in familial IBGC, due to the limited clinical penetrance for the brain calcifications and especially when there is no access to all the parents neuroimaging data. Families from an Italian isolate, such as Tyrol, with high inbreeding rates, are more likely to manifest recessive syndromes. Nevertheless, the current debate regarding the nosology of this heterogeneous phenotype demands the establishment of standard diagnostic criteria. The current identification of loci or mutations responsible for FIBGC might help to elucidate this intriguing neuropsychiatric condition. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.