bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Lexicon
Authors: Siloni Tal 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The theta system, which Reinhart (this volume) views as the central part of the systems of concepts, includes (i) lexical entries, which are coded concepts; (ii) derivational operations, which are operations that apply to concepts to derive related entries; (iii) mapping principles, which instruct the computational system (syntax) with regard to the order of merging of arguments. The central part of the systems of concepts is, in fact, the component traditionally labeled (mental) lexicon. Reinhart assumes that the lexicon is an operative component of grammar; the theta system is a theoretical model for the lexical component.
Looking through opacity
Authors: Mielke Jeff , Armstrong Mike , Hume Elizabeth 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

1. Introduction

Comparative Markedness deals with alternations which are problematic for classical Optimality Theory such as counterfeeding opacity. In Sea Dayak, for example, the distribution of nasal and oral vowels is generally predictable: after a nasal consonant, a vowel is typically nasal and after an oral consonant, the vowel is oral. However, an oral vowel also occurs after a nasal consonant just in case the consonant is optionally followed by an oral stop, as in [rambo?] ∼ [ramo?] ‘a kind of flowering plant’. The orality of the postnasal vowel in such cases is thus opaque (Scott 1957, 1964). Representative forms are shown in (1).
Some real and not-so real consequences of comparative markedness
Authors: Yip Moira 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In this stimulating paper McCarthy returns to the fundamental conceptual foundations of OT: the output-orientation of markedness effects. The paper has made me think in a new way about several areas of my recent research on the variable behaviour of laterals (Yip 2003), and my ongoing work on tone. The remarks below summarize some of that thinking.
Comparative markedness and identity effects in reduplication
Authors: Crowhurst Megan 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In “Comparative Markedness” (henceforth CM), McCarthy (this volume) proposes that the markedness family of constraints should be divided into parallel sets of constraints distinguishing ‘old’ and ‘new’ violations. Whether a markedness violation is ‘old’ or ‘new’ is determined by comparing the candidate under evaluation with a ‘fully faithful candidate’ (FFC), defined in reference to a relation of correspondence. (In the case of input-output, or IO correspondence, the FFC is the candidate that is fully faithful to all properties of the input governed by IO faithfulness constraints, and that optimally satisfies markedness constraints that compel no faithfulness violations.) An ‘old’ markedness violation is shared by the candidate under evaluation and the FFC, and thus, is inherited from the input. A ‘new’ markedness violation is not shared with the FFC, and therefore results from a faithfulness violation at the same locus. CM proposes a significant revision of OT doctrine, as the model increases the access of markedness constraints to inputs albeit indirectly, through the FFC. In this first pass through CM, McCarthy shows that a number of knotty problems that have until now resisted straightforward solutions in optimality theory can be analysed employing the new approach.
Potential Phase Unwrapping Errors Associated with SASW Measurements at Soft-Over-Stiff Sites
Authors: Rosenblad Brent L. , Bertel Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Results from simulations of spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) measurements are presented for the common geotechnical condition of soft surficial soils overlying a stiffer half-space. Several recent experimental and numerical studies have demonstrated the dominance of higher-mode surface wave propagation at low frequencies for profile conditions where strong, shallow contrasts in elastic properties exist. This transition to higher-mode propagation has proven problematic for methods utilizing a fundamental-mode forward model in the inversion procedure, resulting in overprediction of the shear wave velocity (VS) profile. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the SASW methodology, which uses an effective-velocity forward model, in dealing with the soft-over-stiff profile condition. Specifically, this study focuses on the phase unwrapping procedure used in the SASW method. Nine VS profiles were simulated in this study, representing different conditions of VS contrast and depth to the stiffer layer. The results show that in some cases the phase unwrapping procedure produces an experimental dispersion curve that is inconsistent with both the fundamental mode and the true effective-velocity dispersion curve for the profile. The resulting VS profile is substantially under-predicted. Experimental results from measurements at a soft-over-stiff site are presented that support the findings from the simulated measurements.
A Novel Approach to Characterize Entrained Air Content in Pervious Concrete
Authors: Kevern J. T. , Wang K. , Schaefer V. R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The current pervious concrete placed in cold climates generally contains air entrainment but, unlike traditional concrete, the evaluation of entrained air is not performed. This paper presents results from a study that characterized the entrained air voids in pervious concrete using a RapidAir system. The RapidAir system is an automatic device that determines the air void properties of hardened concrete according to ASTM C457, “Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete.” Two types of aggregates, i.e., crushed limestone and rounded river gravel (pea gravel), and two types of air entraining agents, i.e., natural and synthetic, were used. The air entrainment dosage rates varied from zero to double the manufacturer’s recommended dosage. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and freeze-thaw durability (ASTM C666A) of the pervious concrete were tested. The results show that use of air entrainment improves workability of pervious concrete, thus reducing the overall porosity and increasing unit weight of the pervious concrete. The strength and freeze-thaw durability also increases with the level of entrained air in pervious concrete.
Analysis of Endotoxin Residues on Cleaned Implant Materials
Authors: Luginbuehl Reto , Fluri Alexandra 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In this study we have investigated the effect of bacteria-containing metal working fluids on the biological residues, which may be found on orthopedic implants. Thus, test coupons and unfinished implants made from commercial pure titanium and titanium aluminum niob were immersed in metal-working fluids containing Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes bacteria. Subsequently, these samples were cleaned by means of a multi-tank industrial cleaning scheme, which is commonly used in the medical device industry. The samples were then analyzed with a rapid screening test for bacteria, a Ps. pseudoalcaligenes, specifically, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for DNA detection and the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate gel clot test for endotoxins. None of the test pieces showed any biological residues after the cleaning process. There is no increased risk regarding biological residues for metallic implants that were in contact with bacteria containing metal-working fluids if the devices are properly cleaned. A higher risk for biological contamination would more likely arise from any processes after the final cleaning, i.e., from handling, environmental factors, or packaging of the materials.
Noradrenergic Modulation of Electrical Coupling in GABAergic Networks of the Hippocampus
Authors: Zsiros Veronika , Maccaferri Gianmaria 
Published: February 2008

Noradrenergic modulation of cortical circuits is involved in information processing, regulation of higher functions, and prevention of epileptic activity. Here, we studied the effects of noradrenaline on the functional connectivity of GABAergic networks of the hippocampus and show that electrical synapses between interneurons are a novel target of noradrenergic modulationin vitro. Application of noradrenaline or of the selective β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol decreased gap junction-based coupling in paired recordings from stratum lacunosum-moleculare interneurons by ∼40%. Similar results were obtained after pharmacological stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase with forskolin. In contrast, the adenylyl cyclase antagonist MDL12330A [cis-N-(2-phenylcyclopentyl)azacyclotridec-1-en-2-amine] or the specific protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 (N-[2-(p-bromocinnamyl-amino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride) enhanced the basal strength of coupling by ∼30%. In addition, PKA-mediated phosphorylation was critical for both isoproterenol- and forskolin-dependent regulation of coupling, because inclusion of the PKA antagonist KT5720 [(9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocine-10-carboxylicacid hexyl ester] in the recording pipettes prevented modulation.Lastly, we studied the effects of β-adrenergic modulation on mixed polysynaptic transmission within the GABAergic network. Isoproterenol depressed propagation of GABAAreceptor-mediated synaptic currents, but did not change significantly direct GABAergic input, indicating that regulation of electrical coupling adds flexibility to the information flow generated by chemical synapses.In conclusion, activation of β-adrenergic receptors in stratum lacunosum-moleculare GABAergic networks reduces electrical synaptic transmission via a cAMP/PKA signaling cascade, and affects the degree of synaptic divergence within the circuit. We propose that this dynamic modulation and interplay between electrical and chemical synaptic transmission in GABAergic networks contributes to the tuning of memory processesin vivo, and prevents hypersynchronous activity.
Effects of Variable Periods of Food Deprivation on the Development of Enteric Septicemia in Channel Catfish
Authors: Wise David J. , Greenway Terry , Li Menghe H. , Camus Alvin C. , Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most significant bacterial disease affecting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Withholding feed during outbreaks of ESC is a widely accepted industry practice used to control losses from the disease. Scientific evidence concerning the validity of the practice is contradictory. Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the survival of channel catfish fingerlings following variable periods of feed deprivation before and after exposure to E. ictaluri in controlled aquarium experiments. In the first study, feed was withheld for varying time periods before bacterial challenge. After bacterial challenge, feed was either withheld or fish were fed daily. The second study utilized fish fed daily or fish deprived of feed 7 d before bacterial challenge. Daily feeding was resumed 4, 48, and 96 h after fish were exposed to E. ictaluri. In both experiments, the prechallenge feed treatments did not affect mortality. In contrast, withholding feed after bacterial challenge reduced mortalities by 52% in experiment 1 and by 45% in experiment 2. The highest mortality was observed when fish were fed immediately after immersion exposure and the lowest when fish were completely denied feed or fed daily starting 96 h after challenge. This reduction in mortality occurred when the concentration of E. ictaluri in aquarium water was negligible. These data suggest that when E. ictaluri is present in the water, feeding fish increases mortality by enhancing oral exposure to the pathogen.
Apigenin inhibits growth and motility but increases gap junctional coupling intensity in rat prostate carcinoma (MAT-LyLu) cell populations
Authors: Czernik Marta , Sroka Jolanta , Madeja Zbigniew , Czyż Jarosław 
Published: February 2008

AbstractApigenin (4′,5,7,-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid abundant in the common fruits, herbs and vegetables constituting the bulk of the human diet. This study was aimed at quantifying the effects of apigenin on the basic cellular traits determining cancer development, i.e. cell proliferation, gap junctional coupling, and motility, using the Dunning rat prostate MAT-LyLu cell model. We demonstrated that apigenin considerably inhibits MAT-LyLu cell proliferation and significantly enhances the intensity of connexin43-mediated gap junctional coupling. This effect correlates with an increased abundance of C×43-positive plaques at the cell-to-cell borders seen in apigenin-treated variants. Moreover, we observed an inhibitory effect of apigenin on the motility of MAT-LyLu cells. The basic parameters characterising MAT-LyLu cell motility, especially the rate of cell displacement, considerably decreased upon apigenin administration. This in vitro data indicates that apigenin may affect cancer development in general, and prostate carcinogenesis in particular, via its influence on cellular activities decisive for both cancer promotion and progression, including cell proliferation, gap junctional coupling and cell motility and invasiveness.
Microcantilever Array Devices
Authors: Haefliger Daniel , Boisen Anja 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA descendant of the atomic force microscope invented in 1986, the microcantilever array device has to date attracted the interest of many researchers. The sensor system relies on nanomechanical transduction schemes enabling extremely sensitive detection of vapors, biomolecules, and microorganisms. Three different operation modes are discussed here: the use of the microarray as (i) a strain gauge, where the analyte induces a change in surface stress upon interaction with the array, (ii) a microbalance measuring minute mass changes in the zeptogram regime, and (iii) a calorimeter, detecting heat absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. Applications of these sensors in the field of process and quality control, biosensing, medical diagnostics, molecular recognition, and proteomics will be discussed.
Practical Aspects of Microfluidic Devices: Moving Fluids and Building Devices
Authors: Weigl Bernhard H. , Bardell Ron L. , Cabrera Catherine 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides insight into practical aspects of microfluidic device design, such as fluid movement, device construction, and feature integration. Several methods of moving fluids into and within microfluidic devices are described, including batch‐flow and continuous‐flow micropumps, electrokinetic pumps, and external positive displacement pumps. Solutions for the problem of interfacing external fluid sources with a microfluidic device are given. Then, various methods for the construction of microfluidic devices are discussed, such as photolithography, soft lithography, and laminate‐based designs. Finally, as a case study, the integration of a microfluidic device for the detection of pathogens is described.
Thin layer extraction—A novel liquid–liquid extraction method
Authors: Lavie Ram 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe overall task of a liquid–liquid extraction process consists of selectively transferring solutes from a donor solution to a recipient solution through a liquid extractant, with the purpose of purifying the donor solution and/or recovering a valuable solute. Thin layer extraction (TLX) is a novel method to carry out this task, using specialized equipment and temporal modes of operation. In TLX, a minute amount of an extractant that is firmly attached as thin layer to a solid substrate is intimately and frequently brought into contact alternately with the donor and recipient solutions. TLX incorporates the complete extraction/stripping scheme into one single device. Following presentation of the underlying concepts, the structural, design, and operational aspects are discussed. TLX is applicable on a wide range of scales and can be easily scaled up to production floor size or down to the microscale. It has inherent operational, safety, and environmental qualities. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Gas transfer and liquid dispersion inside a deep airlift reactor
Authors: Giovannettone J. P. , Gulliver J. S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGas transfer experiments in bubbly flow are conducted inside a deep bubble column/airlift reactor containing air and water with a maximum aerated water height of 23.4 m and diameter of 1.06 m. The effects of geometry and operating conditions on mixing and gas transfer are determined. Fluorescence measurements are used to estimate dispersion coefficients for several operating conditions, while bubble‐water gas transfer measurements are made using dissolved oxygen (DO) probes. A two‐phase convection‐dispersion model is fit to the DO measurements using the liquid film coefficient (kL) as a fitting parameter. Sparger differences had a substantial effect upon kL, and the gas transfer coefficient for the airlift reactor was four times that of the bubble column. Results are characterized using Sherwood, Reynolds, and Bond numbers. A low Reynolds number exponent was found, indicating that kL in a deep column tends toward a constant and is not highly dependent upon air discharge. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Group size and composition influence male and female reproductive success in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
Authors: Van Belle Sarie , Estrada Alejandro 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIt has been argued that grouping patterns might influence the reproductive performance of individuals. Increasing group size results in greater travel costs and competition over depletable food resources, which could lead to reduced individual reproductive success. However, in groups with an increasing number of males, female reproductive success is predicted to augment because larger male groups might better protect immatures from infanticidal attacks. In contrast, male reproductive success is predicted to decrease with number of males in a group because fertilization cannot be shared between males. In this paper, we test these predictions on the Mesoamerican black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) with data on group size and composition for 120 groups from eight populations of black howler monkeys existing in eight protected forests in Mexico and Guatemala. Male and female reproductive success were calculated as a deviation of the observed number of infants (or immatures) from the expected number of infants (or immatures), relative to the number of males and females in a group. Results indicate that both male and female reproductive success decreased with group size. Male reproductive success decreased with an increasing number of males in a group and with increasing proportion of males relative to females in a group. Decreased female reproductive success was associated with increasing number of females in a group, and female reproductive success had a tendency to increase with increasing number of males in a group. These results suggest that in black howler monkeys, living in larger groups might negatively affect the reproductive success of each member. Our findings are similar to those reported for a population of a sister species,Alouatta palliata, living in larger groups. Am. J. Primatol. 70:613–619, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyamide‐enhanced flame retardancy of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin
Authors: Wang Jun‐Sheng , Wang De‐Yi , Liu Yun , Ge Xin‐Guo , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAn attractive intumescent flame retardant epoxy system was prepared from epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), low molecular weight polyamide (cure agent, LWPA), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The cured epoxy resin was served as carbonization agent as well as blowing agent itself in the intumescent flame retardant formulation. Flammability and thermal stability of the cured epoxy resins with different contents of APP and LWPA were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of LOI and UL‐94 indicate that APP can improve the flame retardancy of LWPA‐cured epoxy resins. Only 5 wt % of APP can increase the LOI value of epoxy resins from 19.6 to 27.1, and improve the UL‐94 ratings, reaching V‐0 rating from no rating when the mass ratio of epoxy resin to LWPA is 100/40. It is much interesting that LOI values of flame retardant cured epoxy resins (FR‐CEP) increase with decreasing LWPA. The results of TGA, FTIR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that the process of thermal degradation of FR‐CEP consists of two main stages: the first stage is that a phosphorus rich char is formed on the surface of the material under 500°C, and then a compact char yields over 500°C; the second stage is that the char residue layer can give more effective protection for the materials than the char formed at the first stage do. The flame retardant mechanism also has been discussed according to the results of TGA, FTIR, and XPS for FR‐CEP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal and mechanical properties of blended polyimide and amine‐functionalized poly(orthosiloxane) composites
Authors: Iyer Pallavi , Coleman Maria R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNanocomposite films were prepared through the blending of polyimide (PI) with octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) and an amino‐functionalized analogue, octaaminophenyl silsesquioxane (OAPS), with a solution‐casting method. Although the PI–OPS composites showed visible phase separation at 5 wt %, the PI–OAPS composites were transparent with visible phase separation occurring only at 50 wt % OAPS. The interfacial interactions and homogeneity of the composites were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis. SEM analysis showed a uniform fracture surface for OAPS composites at concentrations up to 20 wt %. Interestingly, OAPS‐rich particles with sizes of less than 1 μm were formed within the PI matrix for the 50 wt % composite. The PI–OAPS composites showed higher glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) than the pure PI. The PI–OPS composites showed a Tg lower than that of the pure PI, and this suggested poor interfacial interactions. The slightly enhanced thermal stability of PI–OAPS composites (up to 20 wt %) was attributed to the inherent thermal stability of OAPS at higher temperatures. There were small increases in the modulus and strength for the composites with respect to the base polymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008