bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The therapeutic relationship in secondary mental health care: a conceptual review of measures
Authors: Catty J. , Winfield H. , Clement S. 
Published: September 2007

Objective: The study aimed to determine the conceptual basis of measures of the patient–professional relationship used in routine mental health services research by reviewing their face, content and construct validity.Method: A comprehensive literature search identified measures of the relationship used in mental health services research. The conceptual basis of each identified measure was identified by a review of measures’ authors assessments of face, content and construct validity plus item analysis of the measures themselves.Results: The search identified 15 measures. The seven developed in psychotherapy were likely to be better validated conceptually; most were based on therapeutic alliance models. Measures developed specifically for mental health services were based on a wider range of models including global assessments of the relationship.Conclusion: Most of the better validated measures originate in psychotherapy, but there is limited evidence for their validity in general mental health services. Four measures are recommended.
The role of mental disorder in attacks on European politicians 1990–2004
Authors: James D. V. , Mullen P. E. , Meloy J. R. , Pathé M. T. , Farnham F. R. , Preston L. , Darnley B. 
Published: September 2007

Objective:  The only systematic studies of attacks on public figures come from the USA. These studies de‐emphasize the role of mental illness and suggest threats are of no predictive value. This study re‐examines these questions through a study of attacks on European politicians.Method:  All non‐terrorist attacks on elected politicians in Western Europe between 1990 and 2004 were analysed.Results:  Twenty‐four attacks were identified, including five involving fatalities, and eight serious injuries. Ten attackers were psychotic, four drunk, nine politically motivated and one unclassifiable. Eleven attackers evidenced warning behaviours. The mentally disordered, most of whom gave warnings, were responsible for most of the fatal and seriously injurious attacks.Conclusion:  A greater awareness of the link between delusional fixations on public figures and subsequent attacks could aid prevention. Equally importantly, recognition would encourage earlier intervention in people who, irrespective of whether they eventually attack, have delusional preoccupations which ruin their lives.
Association between routine visits for dental checkup and self‐perceived oral health in an adult population in Rio de Janeiro: the Pró‐Saúde Study
Authors: Afonso‐Souza G. , Nadanovsky P. , Chor D. , Faerstein E. , Werneck G. L. , Lopes C. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract –  Objective:  To investigate the association between routine visits for dental checkup and self‐perceived oral health.Methods:  Cross‐sectional data from a study of university employees in Rio de Janeiro – The Pró‐Saúde Study. Self‐perceived oral health and the reported pattern and frequency of visits to the dentist were obtained through a multidimensional self‐administered questionnaire.Results:  Data were obtained from 3252 participants. When compared with individuals who reported self‐perceived oral health as good (‘very good’, ‘good’ or ‘fair’) individuals who reported self‐perceived oral health as bad (‘bad’ or ‘very bad’) were significantly more likely to be older, male, less educated, poorer; they also reported more frequently to have lost more teeth and not visiting the dentist for routine dental ‘checkup’. Among those who reported visiting for dental checks at least annually, 3% reported bad oral health, as opposed to 15% among those who reported visiting the dentist only when in trouble. Compared with those who reported visiting the dentist at least annually, odds ratio of bad oral health was 3.9 (95% CI, 2.68–5.67) for subjects who reported visiting only when in trouble, 2.6 (95% CI, 1.51–4.62) who reported visiting for dental checks less frequently than once every 2 years, and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.77–2.52) for subjects who reported visiting for dental checks once every 2 years, after controlling for sex, age, education, income and tooth loss.Conclusions:  Not visiting the dentist for a routine dental check increased the chance of reporting one's own oral health as bad. In any case, the habit of visiting for dental ‘checkup, once per year or once every 2 years was associated with nearly all the individuals perceiving his/her oral health positively. However, in order to gather more solid scientific data to guide public polices it is necessary to perform longitudinal studies, especially experiments in different populations focused mainly on the socioeconomic characteristics and dental clinical conditions.
Potential of Pakistani camel for dairy and other uses
Authors: YAQOOB Muhammad , NAWAZ Haq 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTCamels have the potential for milk, meat and draught power and can contribute a handsome share of the production of these commodities. The potential of this wonderful animal has never been realized and it could be harnessed as a prospective milk producing animal. The future of animals that can thrive under harsh environmental conditions, the camel being at the top of the list, is bright. The camel is still a neglected species in Pakistan and has not received the proper attention of researchers and scientists. The population explosion, urbanization and industrialization have expanded agricultural activities to produce more food for the rapid growing human population of the country. Cultivated areas are shrinking, thus reducing the fodder production area for buffalo and cattle. Under these circumstances we have to search for other available sources to enhance milk production. The environmental changes occurring on the earth and the water shortage in the region have also adversely affected the production potential of buffalo, cattle, goats and sheep. Under these changing ecological circumstances, rearing camel is the best option for more milk production and the proper utilization of the vast unused lands of this country. Most studies also have named the camel as an animal of great socioeconomic importance in large tracts of the industrializing world. The camel serves as a cheaper source of power for drawing water from wells, plowing and leveling land, working mini extraction mills (extracting from oil seeds), grinding wheat, corn and other grains and crushing sugarcane and pulling carts for the transportation of goods as well as people.
Allele frequencies of TYR and MC1R in Chinese native cattle
Authors: GAN Hai‐Yun , LI Jian‐Bin , WANG Hong‐Mei , GAO Yun‐Dong , LIU Wen‐Hao , LI Jing‐Peng , ZHONG Ji‐Feng 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to estimate the influence of TYR and MC1R on the color of the cattle hide, the MC1R and TYR in Luxi Yellow, Bohai Black, China Holstein black‐white and China Holstein red‐white cattle (20 animals of each of the four breeds) were sequenced. The comparison of TYR among the four hide color phenotypes revealed no sequence difference. The sequences of the MC1R coding region revealed three alleles (ED, E+ and e), which were previously reported. Furthermore, we found an important single nucleotide polymorphism at 725 position of the MC1R coding region, which may help in cattle breed identification. A polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to investigate the gene frequencies of the four breeds. Most China Holstein black‐white cattle had ED and E+ alleles (ED = 0.12, E+ = 0.80) and no homozygous e/e and most Bohai Black cattle had ED and E+ alleles (ED = 0.52, E+ = 0.47). Therefore it is consistent with the hypothesis that ED and E+ induce black pigment synthesis. On the other hand, most of the China Holstein red‐white cattle and Luxi Yellow cattle had the e allele (e/e = 0.95). Unexpectedly, the E+/e genotype was present in China Holstein red‐white cattle and Luxi Yellow cattle.
Effect of relaxin on the motility, acrosome reaction and utilization of glucose of fresh and frozen‐thawed bovine spermatozoa
Authors: MIAH Abdul G. , SALMA Ummay , TAREQ Kma , KOHSAKA Tetsuya , TSUJII Hirotada 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe study was conducted to investigate the effect of relaxin on motility, acrosome reaction (AR), viability and utilization of glucose in fresh and frozen‐thawed bovine spermatozoa. Both semen samples were washed twice through centrifugation (5 min at 600 g), and preincubated for 1 h at 39°C for swim up. The swim‐up separated spermatozoa were resuspended in a sperm Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate (Sp‐TALP) medium containing 0 (control) and 40 ng/mL porcine relaxin and incubated for 0–6 h. Sperm motility was determined on the basis of movement quality examined by a phase contrast microscope. Sperm viability and AR were evaluated by using the triple staining technique. The incorporation and oxidation of 14C‐glucose was assessed by a liquid scintillation counter. Motility was improved (P < 0.05) in both fresh and frozen‐thawed spermatozoa by the addition of relaxin to the Sp‐TALP medium, whereas relaxin showed no significant effect on viability in either fresh or frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. The percentage of AR increased (P < 0.05) when fresh or frozen‐thawed spermatozoa were incubated with relaxin. In contrast, the incorporation and oxidation of 14C‐glucose increased (P < 0.05) in both kinds of spermatozoa incubated with relaxin. Thus the results demonstrated that the addition of relaxin to the Sp‐TALP medium increased the motility, AR and utilization of glucose in fresh and frozen‐thawed bovine spermatozoa.
Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows
Authors: MIYAZAWA Kenji , SULTANA Halima , HIRATA Teppei , KANDA Shuhei , ITABASHI Hisao 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTSix lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.
Comparative observations of the growth changes of the histochemical properties and collagen architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis muscle from Silky, layer and meat type cockerels
Authors: OSHIMA Ichiro , IWAMOTO Hisao , TABATA Shoji , ONO Yoshitaka , ISHIBASHI Akira , SHIBA Nobuya , MIYACHI Hideyuki , GOTOH Takafumi , NISHIMURA Shotaro 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTGrowth‐related changes in the histochemical property and collagen architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis muscle were compared among Silky, layer and meat cockerels. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were employed to observe the collagen architecture. The total intramuscular collagen was also determined. The muscle consisted of type IIA, IIB and IIC myofibers, of which type IIB occurred at the highest frequency. The diameter of type IIB myofibers in each week was largest in the layer, followed by the meat, and was smallest in the Silky. The total amount of collagen reached 3.38 mg/g in the meat bird, 3.03 mg/g in the layer and 2.71 mg/g in the Silky by 30 weeks of age, respectively. In the perimysium, the collagen bundles increased in size and density of fibrils with growth. At 30 weeks of age the layer had compact collagen platelets while the Silky had loose collagen bundles. In the meat bird, the collagen bundles were moderately compact. The endomysial collagen network had a large mesh size at 1 week and thereafter accumulated many collagen fibrils to form a felt‐like fabric of fibrils at 30 weeks of age. From these results it appears that growth‐related changes in the iliotibialis lateralis muscle are not necessarily causally affected by the different growth rates of chicken breeds.
Food‐based dietary guidelines and nutrition interventions for children at primary healthcare facilities in South Africa
Authors: Hendricks Michael K. , Goeiman Hilary , Dhansay Ali 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExisting dietary recommendations and nutrition counselling provided to mothers/caregivers at primary healthcare (PHC) facilities are reviewed and analysed to be consistent with food‐based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) that are being developed for preschool children. Recommendations provided by the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness and the provincial Paediatric Case Management Guidelines, which are currently implemented at PHC facilities were reviewed. For FBDGs to be consistent with nutrition counselling that is provided to mothers/caregivers at these facilities, various principles need to be promoted. These include among others, exclusive and on‐demand breastfeeding in the HIV‐negative mother; exclusive breastfeeding with abrupt cessation preferably at 6 months or exclusive, safe and adequate formula feeding in the HIV‐infected mother; the introduction of complementary feeds in all infants at 6 months; the provision of energy‐dense and micronutrient‐enriched (particularly, iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin A) complementary feeds; frequent visits to the healthcare facility; and physical activity aimed at encouraging a healthy lifestyle and preventing overweight and obesity in childhood. The FBDGs should be incorporated into nutrition and child health programmes and be reviewed and modified regularly.
Effect of Antipsychotics on Creatine Kinase Activity in Rat Brain
Authors: Assis Lara C. , Scaini Giselli , Di‐Pietro Priscila B. , Castro Adalberto A. , Comim Clarissa M. , Streck Emilio L. , Quevedo João 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs have different clinical and behavioural profiles. It is well described that inhibition of creatine kinase activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, especially in the brain. In this work, we evaluate the effect of haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine or aripiprazole chronic administration on creatine kinase activity in brain of rats. Adult male Wistar rats received daily injections of haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg), clozapine (25 mg/kg), olanzapine (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) or aripiprazole (2, 10 or 20 mg/kg). Our results demonstrate that haloperidol did not affect the enzyme activity in brain of rats. Clozapine inhibited the enzyme activity only in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of rats. Aripiprazole did not affect creatine kinase in hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. The administration of 2.0 mg/kg aripiprazole did not alter creatine kinase activity, but 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg aripiprazole activated the enzyme in striatum and cerebral cortex. Finally, the higher dose of olanzapine (10.0 mg/kg) activated the enzyme in striatum of rats. In hippocampus and cerebral cortex, we could not verify any effect of olanzapine on creatine kinase activity. The inhibitory effect of clozapine and olanzapine on creatine kinase activity in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex suggest that these drugs may impair energy metabolism in these brain areas.
The in vitro Neurotoxic and Myotoxic Effects of the Venom from the Suta Genus (Curl Snakes) of Elapid Snakes
Authors: Kuruppu Sanjaya , Robinson Stephanie , Hodgson Wayne C. , Fry Bryan G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Australia has a tremendous diversity of elapid snakes, including many unique smaller sized species of this venomous snake family. However, little if anything is known about the majority of the venoms of these lesser studied snakes. In the current study, the venoms of Suta suta (curl snake) and Suta punctata (spotted‐curl snake) were examined for in vitro activity using a skeletal muscle preparation (i.e. chick biventer cervicis nerve‐muscle preparation). Both venoms caused concentration‐dependent (3–10 µg/ml) inhibition of nerve‐mediated twitches, and inhibited responses to exogenous acetylcholine and carbachol, indicating the presence of postsynaptic neurotoxins. These effects were prevented by prior addition of CSL Ltd. polyvalent snake antivenom (5 units/ml) but only partially reversed by the addition of antivenom (5 units/ml) at the t90 time‐point (i.e. time at which twitches were inhibited by 90%). Suta punctata venom (10 µg/ml) was also myotoxic as indicated by the inhibition of direct twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve‐muscle preparation. This effect was not reversed by antivenom (5 units/ml). This study highlights the danger of underestimating the potential severe clinical effects posed by these small but highly venomous snakes.
Protection of Arsenic‐Induced Hepatic Disorder by Arjunolic Acid
Authors: Manna Prasenjit , Sinha Mahua , Sil Parames C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Arsenic is one of the ubiquitous environmental pollutants, which affects nearly all organ systems. The present study has been carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective role of arjunolic acid, a triterpenoid saponin, against arsenic‐induced oxidative damages in murine livers. Administration of sodium arsenite at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for 2 days significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S‐transferase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase as well as depleted the level of reduced glutathione and total thiols. In addition, sodium arsenite also increased the activities of serum marker enzymes, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, enhanced DNA fragmentation, protein carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation end‐products and the level of oxidized glutathione. Studies with arjunolic acid show that in vitro it possesses free radical‐scavenging and in vivo antioxidant activities. Treatment with arjunolic acid at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 days prior to arsenic administration prevents the alterations of the activities of all antioxidant indices and levels of the other parameters studied. Histological studies revealed less centrilobular necrosis in the liver treated with arjunolic acid prior to arsenic intoxication compared to the liver treated with the toxin alone. Effects of a known antioxidant, vitamin C, have been included in the study as a positive control. In conclusion, the results suggest that arjunolic acid possesses the ability to attenuate arsenic‐induced oxidative stress in murine liver probably via its antioxidant activity.
Functional Evaluation of THIQ, a Melanocortin 4 Receptor Agonist, in Models of Food Intake and Inflammation
Authors: Muceniece Ruta , Zvejniece Liga , Vilskersts Reinis , Liepinsh Edgars , Baumane Larisa , Kalvinsh Ivars , Wikberg Jarl E. , Dambrova Maija 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  The central melanocortinergic system plays an important role in regulating different aspects of energy homeostasis and the immunomodulatory response. In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo activities of food intake suppression and anti‐inflammatory activity of THIQ, which has been proposed to possess high and selective melanocortin‐4 receptor agonistic activity in vitro. The results showed that THIQ (0.1, 0.3 and 1 nmol/rat, intracerebroventricularly) is less effective in reducing food intake and body weights of rats than the non‐selective melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan II. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements in mice brain tissue showed that THIQ at doses of 0.001 and 0.01 nmol/mouse (intracisternally) increased the concentration of nitric oxide, which is not typical for melanocortin receptor agonists. In an experimental brain inflammation model, THIQ only weakly antagonized lipopolysaccharide‐induced nitric oxide overproduction in brain tissue at a dose of 0.01 nmol/mouse. Our findings provide new insight into the in vivo pharmacological profile of the in vitro selective melanocortin‐4 receptor agonist THIQ and give grounds for caution when interpreting and predicting melanocortin receptor selective agonist activity in vivo.
Na+ and Water Uptake in Relation to the Radial Reflection Coefficient of Root in Arrowleaf Saltbush Under Salt Stress
Authors: Bai Xin‐Fu , Zhu Jian‐Jun , Zhang Ping , Wang Yan‐Hua , Yang Li‐Qun , Zhang Lei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract The response of halophyte arrowleaf saltbush (Atriplex triangularis Willd) plants to a gradient of salt stress were investigated with hydroponically cultured seedlings. Under salt stress, both the Na+ uptake into root xylem and negative pressures in xylem vessels increased with the elevation of salinity (up to 500 mol/m3) in the root environment. However, the increment in negative pressures in root xylem far from matches the decrease in the osmotic potential of the root bathing solutions, even when the osmotic potential of xylem sap is taken into consideration. The total water potential of xylem sap in arrowleaf saltbush roots was close to the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions when the salt stress was low, but a progressively increased gap between the water potential of xylem sap and the osmotic potential of root bathing solutions was observed when the salinity in the root environment was enhanced. The maximum gap was 1.4 MPa at a salinity level of 500 mol/m3 without apparent dehydration of the tested plants. This discrepancy could not be explained with the current theories in plant physiology. The radial reflection coefficient of root in arrowleaf saltbush decreased with the enhanced salt stress was and accompanied by an increase in the Na+ uptake into xylem sap. However, the relative Na+ in xylem exudates based on the corresponding NaCl concentration in the root bathing solutions showed a tendency of decrease. The results showed that the reduction in the radial reflection coefficient of roots in the arrowleaf saltbush did not lead to a mass influx of NaCl into xylem when the radial reflection coefficient of the root was considerably small; and that arrowleaf saltbush could use small xylem pressures to counterbalance the salt stresses, either with the uptake of large amounts of salt, or with the development of xylem pressures dangerously negative. This strategy could be one of the mechanisms behind the high resistance of arrowleaf saltbush plants to salt stress.