bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic imprinting and the expression of affect in Angelman syndrome: what's in the smile?
Authors: Oliver Chris , Horsler Kate , Berg Katy , Bellamy Gail , Dick Katie , Griffiths Emily 
Published: February 2007

Background:  Kinship theory (or the genomic conflict hypothesis) proposes that the phenotypic effects of genomic imprinting arise from conflict between paternally and maternally inherited alleles. A prediction arising for social behaviour from this theory is that imbalance in this conflict resulting from a deletion of a maternally imprinted gene, as in Angelman syndrome (AS), will result in a behavioural phenotype that should evidence behaviours that increase access to maternally provided social resources (adult contact).Method:  Observation of the social behaviour of children with AS (n = 13), caused by a deletion at 15q11‐q13, and a matched comparison group (n = 10) was undertaken for four hours in a socially competitive setting and the effect of adult attention on child behaviours and the effect of child smiling on adult behaviours evaluated using group comparisons and observational lag sequential analyses.Results:  The AS group smiled more than the comparison group in all settings, which had different levels of adult attention, and more when the level of adult attention was high. Smiling by children with AS evoked higher levels of adult attention, eye contact and smiling both than by chance and in comparison to other children and this effect was sustained for 30 s to 50 s. Smiling by children with AS was frequently preceded by child initiated contact toward the adult.Discussion:  The results are consistent with a kinship theory explanation of the function of heightened levels of sociability and smiling in Angelman syndrome and provide support for an emotion signalling interpretation of the mechanism by which smiling accesses social resources. Further research on other behaviours characteristic of Angelman and Prader‐Willi syndromes warrant examination from this perspective.
Black bears in Southeast Alaska: the fate of two ancient lineages in the face of contemporary movement
Authors: Peacock E. , Peacock M. M. , Titus K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiodiversity across a landscape is a product of both historical events and ongoing contemporary forces. The past and present factors that influence black bear Ursus americanus diversity on the Alexander Archipelago and mainland of Southeast Alaska were investigated by assessing nuclear genetic variation. The natural fragmentation of the region, the high vagility of black bears and their possible recent post‐Pleistocene colonization to Southeast Alaska allowed us to discern between past and present forces characterizing diversity. Two known black bear lineages, estimated previously with mitochondrial DNA to have diverged 1.8 million years ago, remained evident in data from more rapidly evolving nuclear genetic markers. Two nuclear genetic clusters geographically correspond to the lineages, suggesting that contemporary movement since colonization (likely beginning 18 000 cybp) has not been sufficient to eliminate genetic differences between the highly divergent lineages. Concomitantly, the clearest pattern of genetic diversity is related to contemporary geographic patterns; contemporary geography differs from geography immediately after deglaciation due to sea‐level change. Narrow saltwater straits, expansive ice fields, narrow beach fringes and saltwater inland bays separate genetically distinct groupings of black bears.
Space use in a multi‐male group of the group‐living lizard
Authors: Effenberger E. , Mouton P. le F. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the space use of individuals in a multi‐male group of the armadillo lizard Cordylus cataphractus. Specific focus was on the adult males and females of the group, because, ultimately, the manner in which adult males and females utilize space determines the mating system. A two‐dimensional (2D) grid pattern was delineated at the crevice of a free‐living, multi‐male group to facilitate the recording of the positions of individuals during observations. All marked individuals (n=55) that were visible were scanned through a telescope, and their respective positions were recorded at 30‐min intervals over several days during the breeding season. Arcview 3.2 Geographical Information Software was used to create a computerized replicate of the 2D grid pattern at the crevice and to depict graphically the recorded positions for each individual using a minimum convex polygon procedure. From the polygons generated by this procedure, it was clear that the space use of adult males overlapped greatly with the space use of adult females, but that there was no overlap in space‐use among adult males. Space use overlapped greatly among subadults and juveniles and also among these size classes and adult males and females. Adult male C. cataphractus are territorial, defending specific sites at the crevice. The territory of each male in the group incorporated at least one female. The space use of several females overlapped with the space use of two or more males. Males were observed to mate with one or more females, and one female was observed to mate with two different males on more than one occasion. Cordylus cataphractus males display typical territorial polygyny whereas females may be promiscuous.
Mortality parameters of the wolf in Italy: does the wolf keep himself from the door?
Authors: Lovari S. , Sforzi A. , Scala C. , Fico R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInformation on population parameters is rarely collected from carcasses. This method can be particularly useful – with limitations – when protected species are involved (e.g. the grey wolf Canis lupus in Italy). Local data on population structure, reproduction, survivorship and causes of mortality are necessary to build reliable conservation models to assess the state of a population and to predict its evolution. On the other hand, ‘best guesses’ or data from ecologically different areas have often been used to build population viability analysis and other conservation‐oriented models. A sample of 154 wolf carcasses was found, collected and analysed from 1991 to 2001 in central‐eastern Italy, the historic core of the wolf distribution range. Collision with a vehicle was the main cause of death in both sexes; however, road kills may be biased with a greater detectability, and we treated our data accordingly. Road kills were concentrated on the younger (≤4 years old) age classes, whereas fully adult wolves died mainly because of poaching, intraspecific strife and pathologies. Cubs and subadults (≤2 years old) showed a mortality peak in November/December, at the beginning of the dispersal period, whereas adults died mainly in January/February (mating season). The population structure of our sample of wolf carcasses appeared to be well balanced, although perinatal and cub mortality was underestimated. The sex ratio was 1:1 in the younger age classes and 1:0.7 in the older age classes. Only 20.7% of females, 2–6 years old, showed signs of reproduction; placental scar and embryo number varied from one to seven (mean, 4.4) per individual. Survivorship theoretical curves indicated a fair survival of cubs and subadults, but a steep decline as wolves approached maximum life span (9 years old). Our data and other published data on food habits and genetic features of the wolf in central‐eastern Italy suggest that, despite ongoing heavy human‐induced losses, this predator has fully recovered in the last 30 years from the brink of extinction.
Distribution of badger latrines in a high‐density population: habitat selection and implications for the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to cattle
Authors: Delahay R. J. , Ward A. I. , Walker N. , Long B. , Cheeseman C. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEurasian badgers Meles meles habitually deposit droppings and other scent marks at latrines, which may be associated with territorial defence, and communicate information related to group and individual identity and status, and food resources. Understanding patterns of latrine distribution contributes to our understanding of badger social behaviour, and may be relevant to managing the risks of transmission of bovine tuberculosis from badgers to cattle. We investigated the distribution of badger latrines relative to habitat composition in a high‐density badger population occupying a 7 km2 area of diverse landscape in south‐west England. Results indicated that the frequency and density of badger latrines varied according to land use, with woodland and linear landscape features (particularly hedges and stone walls) being positively selected. The number of latrines decreased significantly with distance from linear features. Grassland was negatively selected given its availability, but contained the highest number of latrines. The tendency for latrines to be associated with particular habitat types covaried spatially across the study area. We present a habitat selection probability function, based on the output of our analyses, to allow comparison of observed versus expected latrine counts per habitat type at different sites. Habitat manipulation on farmland may offer opportunities to manage exposure of cattle to badger latrines. However, our analyses indicate that other factors (perhaps demographic or environmental) may also exert a substantial local influence on latrine location.
Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences
Authors: Jeger Mike J. , Pautasso Marco , Holdenrieder Ottmar , Shaw Mike W. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryNetworks are ubiquitous in natural, technological and social systems. They are of increasing relevance for improved understanding and control of infectious diseases of plants, animals and humans, given the interconnectedness of today's world. Recent modelling work on disease development in complex networks shows: the relative rapidity of pathogen spread in scale‐free compared with random networks, unless there is high local clustering; the theoretical absence of an epidemic threshold in scale‐free networks of infinite size, which implies that diseases with low infection rates can spread in them, but the emergence of a threshold when realistic features are added to networks (e.g. finite size, household structure or deactivation of links); and the influence on epidemic dynamics of asymmetrical interactions. Models suggest that control of pathogens spreading in scale‐free networks should focus on highly connected individuals rather than on mass random immunization. A growing number of empirical applications of network theory in human medicine and animal disease ecology confirm the potential of the approach, and suggest that network thinking could also benefit plant epidemiology and forest pathology, particularly in human‐modified pathosystems linked by commercial transport of plant and disease propagules. Potential consequences for the study and management of plant and tree diseases are discussed.
Community–Led Social Venture Creation
Authors: Haugh Helen 
Published: February 2007

The addition of new enterprises to the economy has long been considered essential to economic growth. The process of venture creation in the private sector has been heavily researched and frequently modeled, although few models explain the process of nonprofit enterprise creation. Nonprofit social ventures pursue economic, social, or environmental aims, generating at least part of their income from trading. They fill market gaps between private enterprise and public sector provision, and, increasingly, policy makers consider them to be valuable agents in social, economic, and environmental regeneration and renewal. This article presents findings from a qualitative study of the inception of five community–led nonprofit social ventures, producing a model of the stages of venture creation: (1) opportunity identification, (2) idea articulation, (3) idea ownership, (4) stakeholder mobilization, (5) opportunity exploitation, and (6) stakeholder reflection. A formal support network and a tailor–made support network are also part of the model, contributing resources to the new venture and assisting progression through the stages. The model highlights the resource acquisition and network creation that precede formal venture creation. In the nonprofit sector, these activities are undertaken by volunteers who do not have a controlling interest in the new venture. For practitioners, the model identifies critical stages in the process of community–led social venture creation and two areas where assistance is most needed: pre–venture business support and postcreating effective networks.
Impedance and Temperature Monitoring Improve the Safety of Closed‐Loop Irrigated‐Tip Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: THIAGALINGAM ARAVINDA , D'AVILA ANDRE , McPHERSON CHRISTINA , MALCHANO ZACHARY , RUSKIN JEREMY , REDDY VIVEK Y. 
Published: February 2007

Introduction: Irrigated‐tip catheter ablation allows larger ablation lesions to be created, but also decreases catheter temperature monitoring accuracy. It is unclear which parameters should be monitored to optimize efficacy and safety during irrigated‐tip ablation. Methods and Results: Freshly excised hearts from eight male pigs were perfused and superfused using oxygenated swine blood in an ex vivo model. Ablations were performed for 1 minute using one of five different ablation protocols: (1) Temperature Control (42°C 40 W), (2) Fixed Power 20 W, (3) Fixed Power 30 W, (4) Impedance Control (target 10 Ω impedance drop), and (5) Impedance Control (target 20 Ω drop). All ablations were performed with a perpendicular orientation of the catheter to the endocardial surface. Ablation lesions depth was significantly lower in the temperature control group (5.0 ± 1.7 mm) compared with the fixed power ablation groups (6.5 ± 1.0 mm for Power 20 W, 6.6 ± 1.2 mm for Power 30 W). Impedance‐controlled ablation created lesions intermediate in depth between fixed power and temperature controlled (6.0 ± 1.6 for Impedance 10 Ω and 6.2 ± 1.4 mm for Impedance 20 Ω groups). There was a significantly greater incidence of pops and thrombus formation in the Power 20 W (9/14), Power 30 W (10/14), and Impedance 20 Ω (10/16) groups than the Temperature Control (1/16) and Impedance control 10 Ω (2/16) groups. Conclusion: Temperature control improved the safety profile during irrigated‐tip ablation in comparison with fixed‐power ablations, but resulted in significantly smaller lesions. Impedance‐controlled ablation lesions (target 10 Ω drop) created lesions of comparable size to fixed‐power ablations with a significantly better safety profile.
Some medieval Yemenite numismatic problems – observations on some recently sold coins
Authors: SMITH G. REX 
Published: February 2007

The article addresses some of the problems arising from the publication of a recent numismatic catalogue including coins from all parts of the Islamic world. The problems concern in particular the coins of the medieval Yemen and the article comprises a critique of those coins listed under the Arabian peninsula and the Yemen.Catalogue nos. 101 and 104 are dealt with in some detail since they are erroneously ascribed to mints in Mecca and Minā, respectively. The former is struck in the name of a Zaydī imam, the latter is Rasulid and labelled as having been struck “for a special occasion”. The intriguing question of the mysterious Ayyubid prince, al‐'Ādil Abū Bakr, arises too (nos. 125 etc.), although no definitive answer can yet be suggested. Much more information is now available on the striking of coins in Tha'bāt during Rasulid times. A number of other points bearing on the numismatics, the history, and the geography of the medieval Yemen are discussed in the article.
Dilmun revisited*
Authors: MACADAM HENRY INNES 
Published: February 2007

(For T. R. S. Broughton on his 90th birthday)In 1983 an important international conference on Bahrain was held, and a wide array of topics ranging from prehistory to World War II were presented by scholars from all over the world. Three years later a volume entitled Bahrain through the Ages: the Archaeology was published containing papers about the archaeology and pre‐Islamic history of Bahrain. The present contribution is a review of that publication, giving a synthesis of the conference proceedings.
Treatment of oral submucous fibrosis by collagenase: effects on oral opening and eating function
Authors: Lin H‐J , Lin J‐C 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  Patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) suffer from the limitation of the oral opening. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method to improve the opening of the oral cavity and determine its effect on the incidence of developing oral carcinoma.Methods:  We first induced an OSF‐like lesion in rabbits which histopathologically resembles OSF in betel nut chewers and evaluated the effects of exogenous collagenase on these lesions. We then applied the collagenase treatment regimen to patients with OSF.Results:  Endogenous collagenase activities in normal oral mucosa of patients exhibited 3‐ to 5‐fold higher levels than that of OSF tissues. The collagenase treatment not only resulted in a significant improvement of oral opening, but patients also experienced a striking reduction in hypersensitivity to spices, sour, cold, and heat which helped restore eating function. Sub‐mucosal fibrous proliferation, persistently good vascularization, and a mild increase in thickness of the sub‐mucosal fibrous tissues were noticed 10 months after collagenase treatment. Within the 2‐year follow‐up period none of the treated patients developed an oral squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion:  A reduced content of functional collagenase observed in OSF mucosa of patients might be one mechanism responsible for collagen accumulation. Intervention of OSF by collagenase treatment at the early stage may reduce the incidence of developing oral carcinoma.
How low do we go? Is duration of a ‘high’ integral to the definition of bipolar disorder?
Authors: Tully Lucy , Parker Gordon 
Published: February 2007

Objective:There has been considerable debate about the diagnostic rules for bipolar II disorder, particularly the 4-day duration criteria for hypomanic episodes. This study examined whether highs lasting minutes or hours differed from longer highs in terms of clinical features and symptom severity. It also examined whether duration of highs predicted bipolar disorder being diagnosed.Method:A total of 518 subjects with significant episodes of depression and ‘highs’ completed a web-based self-report questionnaire. Those who reported their longest highs lasting minutes or hours were compared with those who reported longer durations of highs on a range of clinical variables and measures of symptom severity.Results:Subjects whose highs lasted minutes or hours reported clinical features and severity of symptoms similar to those whose highs lasted 3–7 days. However, the odds of being diagnosed with bipolar disorder for those with highs lasting 3–7 days were almost three times higher than for those whose highs lasted minutes or hours.Conclusion:The 4-day DSM-IV minimum-duration criteria for hypomania may lead to failure to diagnose subjects with brief highs who have true bipolar disorder and thus should be reconsidered.
Conduct of Multisite Clinical Studies by Professional Organizations
Authors: Vessey Judith A. , Broome Marion E. , Carlson Karen 
Published: February 2007

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Professional organizations are embracing collaborative multisite research and research utilization projects. This report describes the strategies undertaken and lessons learned from SPN's first multisite study.CONCLUSIONS. Infrastructure concerns (e.g., vision, communication, dissemination of results, resources, and human rights protections) and methodological issues specific to multisite research must be addressed to ensure a successful study.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Multisite studies are an effective mechanism for more rapidly advancing nursing theory and evidence‐based nursing practice.
X-ray pulsar radiation from polar caps heated by back-flow bombardment
Authors: Gil J. , Melikidze G. , Zhang B. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We consider the problem of the thermal X-ray radiation from the hot polar caps of radio pulsars that show evidence of E×B subpulse drift in radio band. In our recent Paper I, using the partially screened gap (PSG) model of inner acceleration region we derived a simple relationship between the drift rate of subpulses observed in a radio-band and the thermal X-ray luminosity from polar caps heated by the back-flow particle bombardment. This relationship can be tested for pulsars in which the so-called carousel rotation time P4, reflecting the E×B plasma drift, and the thermal X-ray luminosity Lx from the hot polar cap are known. To test the model we used only two available pulsars: PSRs B0943+10 and B1133+16. They both satisfied the model prediction, although due to low photon statistics the thermal component could not be firmly identified from the X-ray data. Nevertheless, these pulsars were at least consistent with PSG pulsar model.
In this Letter we consider two more pulsars: PSRs B0656+14 and B0628−28, the data for which have recently become available. In PSR B0656+14 the thermal radiation from the hot polar cap was clearly detected, and PSR B0628−28 also seems to have such a component.
In all cases for which both P4 and Lx are presently known, the PSG pulsar model seems to be fully confirmed. Other available models of inner acceleration region fail to explain the observed relationship between radio and X-ray data. The pure vacuum gap model predicts too high Lx and too low P4, while the space charge limited model predicts too low Lx and the origin of the subpulse drift has no natural explanation.
Reduction of the gravitational lens equation to a one-dimensional non-linear form for the tilted Plummer model family
Authors: Frutos-Alfaro Francisco 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The gravitational lens equation for the tilted Plummer family of models can be reduced to a one-dimensional non-linear equation. For certain values of the slope of the radial profile it can be reduced to a polynomial form. Both forms are advantageous to find the roots, i.e. the images for a given model. The critical curve equations can also be reduced to a non-linear or polynomial form, and therefore it is useful to find the caustics. This lens model family has ample use in gravitational lens theory, and can produce up to five images.
The discovery of the first luminous z ∼ 6 quasar in the UKIDSS Large Area Survey
Authors: Venemans B. P. , McMahon R. G. , Warren S. J. , Gonzalez-Solares E. A. , Hewett P. C. , Mortlock D. J. , Dye S. , Sharp R. G. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We present the initial results from our search for high-redshift, z≳ 6, quasars using near-infrared (near-IR) data from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Large Area Survey. Our analysis of 106 deg2 of sky from Data Release 1 has resulted in the discovery of ULAS J020332.38+001229.2, a luminous (JAB= 20.0, JVega= 19.1, M1450=−26.2) quasar at z= 5.86. Following candidate selection from the combined IR and optical catalogue data and stacking of multiple epoch Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data, we have obtained optical spectroscopy for the only two z≳ 6 quasar candidates. The Very Large Telescope FORS2 spectrum of ULAS J020332.38+001229.2 shows broad Lyα+ N v 1240 emission at ∼8350 Å and an abrupt continuum break due to absorption by the Lyα forest. The quasar is not present in the SDSS DR5 catalogue and the continuum spectral index of α=−1.4 (Fν∝να) is redder than a composite of SDSS quasars at similar redshifts (α=−0.5). The discovery of one z∼ 6 quasar in ∼100 deg2 in a complete sample within our selection criteria down to a median depth of YAB= 20.4 (7σ) is consistent with existing SDSS results. We describe our survey methodology, including the use of optical data from the SDSS and the highly effective procedures developed to isolate the very small surface density of high-probability quasar candidates.