bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DNase of Gammaherpesviruses Impairs Recognition by Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells through an Additional Host Shutoff Function
Authors: Zuo Jianmin , Thomas Wendy , van Leeuwen Daphne , Middeldorp Jaap M. , Wiertz Emmanuel J. H. J. , Ressing Maaike E. , Rowe Martin 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe DNase/alkaline exonuclease (AE) genes are well conserved in all herpesvirus families, but recent studies have shown that the AE proteins of gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exhibit an additional function which shuts down host protein synthesis. One correlate of this additional shutoff function is that levels of cell surface HLA molecules are downregulated, raising the possibility that shutoff/AE genes of gammaherpesviruses might contribute to viral immune evasion. In this study, we show that both BGLF5 (EBV) and SOX (KSHV) shutoff/AE proteins do indeed impair the ability of virus-specific CD8+T-cell clones to recognize endogenous antigen via HLA class I. Random mutagenesis of theBGLF5gene enabled us to genetically separate the shutoff and AE functions and to demonstrate that the shutoff function was the critical factor determining whether BGLF5 mutants can impair T-cell recognition. These data provide further evidence that EBV has multiple mechanisms to modulate HLA class I-restricted T-cell responses, thus enabling the virus to replicate and persist in the immune-competent host.
Functional Genetic Analysis of Rhesus Cytomegalovirus: Rh01 Is an Epithelial Cell Tropism Factor
Authors: Lilja Anders E. , Chang W. L. William , Barry Peter A. , Becerra S. Patricia , Shenk Thomas E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) is an emerging model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis that facilitates experimental CMV infection of a natural primate host closely related to humans. We have generated a library of RhCMV mutants with lesions in genes whose HCMV orthologues have been characterized as nonessential for replication in human fibroblasts, and we characterized their replication in rhesus fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The RhCMV mutants grew well in fibroblasts, as predicted by earlier studies with HCMV. However, mutations in four genes caused replication defects in rhesus retinal pigment epithelial cells: Rh01 (an HCMV TRL1 orthologue), Rh159 (HCMV UL148), Rh160 (HCMV UL132), and Rh203 (HCMV US22). Growth of the Rh01-deficient mutant was examined in detail. After entry into epithelial cells, the mutant expressed representative viral proteins, accumulated viral DNA, and generated infectious virus, but it failed to spread efficiently. We conclude that Rh01 is a cell tropism determinant that has the potential to dramatically affect virus spread and pathogenesis.
CLIMBER'S FINGER
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshihito , Ikuta Yoshikazu 
Published: December 2007

Introduction: Climbers sometimes support their body with one finger hooked on a rocky ledge. This peculiar manoeuvre may cause a characteristic injury of the flexor tendon sheath, named "climber's finger". Symptoms: (1) A sharp pain when grasping, and a sudden "snap" sound and snapping phenomenon in the concerned fingers and (2) a tender palpable mass proximal to the PIP joint. Mechanism of occurrence: When a finger forms a hook, the highest stress point of the flexor tendon sheath is between the first cruciform pulley and the second annular pulley. When the full body weight is held mainly with the weak first cruciform pulley, it sometimes ruptures. Therapy: Conservative therapy to prevent bowstringing was applied for eight cases. Six patients recovered after three months; the other two cases underwent operations. Conclusion: If conservative therapy is found to be ineffective after three months, suturing of the tendon sheath should be indicated for climber's finger.
The preservation of the Neogene Brassington Formation of the southern Pennines and its bearing on the evolution of Upland Britain
Authors: WALSH PETER THOMAS , BOULTER MICHAEL CHARLES , IJTABA MOHAMMED , URBANI DAVID MARTIN 
Published: December 2007

The Brassington Formation of the southern Pennines comprises a succession of sands, gravels and clays, the youngest beds of which contain Lower Pliocene fossil plants. These strata are generally considered to have foundered into the Carboniferous Limestone through solution subsidence mechanisms. The subsidencc cavities also contain detached marginal blocks of shale, which locally contain Namurian goniatites.

Examination of the shale blocks from a number of widely separated localities has revealed that all contain Namurian spore assemblages, datable in some cases as
E
2
(Arnsbergian) age. The contact between the shale blocks and oldest sands of the Brassington Formation is unconformable and, characteristically, the latter are seen to rest on zones of lilac-stained weathered shale, representing a pre-subsidence land surface.

Evidence is presented which indicates that the Brassington Formation strata are conformable and that the succession represents a single cycle of sedimentation. Because of this conformable relationship it is inferred that this land surface is also of Lower Pliocenc (or Upper Miocene) age.
A tacheometric survey of a well-exposed solution subsidence complex at the Bees Nest Pit, Brassington, has enabled structure contour maps to be made of key horizons in the succession. Laboratory tests have been conducted which have attempted to duplicate this structure and so indicate the probable subsidence mcchanisms. Results suggest that subsidence was gradual, with block-by-block removal of the host limestone, and took place in deep, steep-sided pipe-like forms.
The depth of subsidence, and hence the elevation of the land surface prior to the deposition of the Brassington Formation, has been determined by estimating the thickness of limestone and Namurian shale which, as suggested by previous research work in the southern Pennines, was once present over the sites of the present subsidence masses. Subsidence can be shown to be of the order of 150–250 m, which implies that the Lower Pliocene land surface of the southern Pennines lay at about 450m O.D.

Based on the evidence of the contemporary sea level, the presence of the Lower Pleistocene deposits of s
e
England, and the sub-Neogene surface of the southern Pennines, a graph has been constructed which suggests broadly that Upland Britain has undergone a regular uplift since the main Alpine episode at a rate of about 1 metre in 15,250 years. In this light, the possible age of other well known planation surfaces is discussed.
Initiation and growth of the East Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: DREWRY DAVID JOHN 
Published: December 2007

There appears to be little support for an initiation of continental glacierization in the Palaeogene. The palaeobiological evidence indicates warm–temperate climates in the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilkes Land coast of East Antarctica. Glacial marine sediments from JOIDES Leg 28, oxygen-isotope analyses from Leg 29, global sea level changes and palaeontological investigations favour the development of full-bodied ice sheets from local, longer lived icefields and glaciers only in the late Cenozoic (after the lower Miocene) with a possible maximum about 5 m.y. BP.
Recent geophysical exploration has enabled a model for the evolution of the East Antarctic ice sheet to be developed. The Transantarctic Mountains, the north-eastern sector of the Gamburtsev Mountains and other, smaller subglacial mountain massifs within continental East Antarctica provided growth centres for the ice sheet. Extensive glacial erosion took place within these highland areas at this time. Many glacial valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains were subsequently utilized by outlet glaciers of the ice sheet.
Tectonic implications of the growth model indicate that the Transantarctic Mountains were probably 1500–2000 m lower at the commencement of glaciation, and that the initial vertical movements of the Victoria Orogeny began in the Eocene in response to the crustal separation of the Australian and Antarctic lithospheric plates.
Diagenetic sequence in ancient sandstones deposited under desert climatic conditions
Authors: Kessler L. G. 
Published: December 2007

Examples from the Ordovician of Western Canada and the Permian beneath the North Sea indicate that ancient desert sandstones of aeolian dune and wadi origin go through a definite early diagenetic history. This paragenesis consists of various combinations of early cementation (gypsum for some dunes, calcite for wadis), infiltration and deposition by clay-rich surface waters, and dissolution of unstable clasts (usually ferro-magnesian grains) by ground-water. Subsurface water chemistry changes induced by these early diagenetic events lead to alteration of infiltrated clay to haematite, accretion of feldspar and quartz overgrowths, and formation of authigenic clays. Late diagenetic events resulting from deep burial and tectonism may destroy original clasts and early diagenetic features, replacing them with authigenic feldspar, quartz and/or clay and calcite, anhydrite or other cements.
The early post-depositional features discussed are diagnostic of desert climatic conditions during deposition and early diagenesis. Preservation of these features precludes later severe deep burial diagenesis.
Observations on diagenesis in North Sea reservoir sandstones
Authors: Sellwood B. W. , Parker A. 
Published: December 2007

Pressure solution

If there were a grain-boundary solution phenomenon due solely to pressure it would be a function of depth of burial and have important consequences for the prediction of porosity reduction trends in hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, many of the interpenetrant grain contacts that have been illustrated by speakers at this meeting and termed 'pressure solution' require additional explanation. From our own work on both outcrop and core materials we have been unable to find any convincing correlation between burial depth and 'pressure solution'—for a variety of facies. Furthermore, Hancock (1978) does not claim to have seen pressure-solution phenomena although his sediments were recovered from a greater depth than any others described at this meeting.
We suspect that the nature of the pore fluids flushing through the sediment is very important, particularly where grain-boundary reactions have been catalysed by surfactant coatings such as clays and micas. Reservoir sandstones did not become 'closed systems' until hydrocarbon emplacement was completed. Before this occurred pore-fluid evolution was probably continuous.

Fibrous illite

In our own studies on offshore core material from probable Old Red Sandstone in the Buchan Field, we have found fibrous outgrowths on clays and micas (Pl 1, fig. 1) in fractures. In this case, therefore, the fibres post-dated fracture development.
We are not convinced that the fibres are simple illites (as has been proposed by several speakers) for the following reasons:

1. Using non-dispersive X-ray analysis it may be possible to show that the fibres are composed mainly of K
2
O,
Interpretation of the gravity field of the Lac Fournier & Romaine River anorthosite massifs, eastern Grenville Province: significance to the origin of anorthosite
Authors: Kearey P. , Thomas M. D. 
Published: December 2007

A large positive gravity anomaly (amplitude >600 g.u.) coincides with the E part of the Lac Fournier Massif, an anorthosite complex in the Quebec part of the eastern Grenville Province. A more mafic phase of anorthosite than found elsewhere in the complex is present in the anomalous region, and density sampling indicates that the anomaly is probably caused by a large subsurface body of gabbro. The residual gravity anomaly indicates that the body’s anomalous mass is at least 2.6 × 10
15
kg, corresponding to a minimum gabbro volume of 1.0 × 10
4
km
3
. Negative residual anomalies flanking the positive appear to be caused by bodies of relatively low density anorthosite.

The preferred three-dimensional interpretation of the causative body of the positive anomaly is of an uppermost flat inverted cone extending to a depth of
c
. 5 km with two roots extending to
c
. 12 km. A model with outward sloping contacts can also simulate the observed anomalies, but is considered unlikely on petrogenetic grounds and by comparison with other basic intrusions whose geometry is known. Bodies of anorthosite flank the inferred gabbro body and extend to depths of
c
. 5 km.

The gabbro represents the lowest level of a differentiated magma body initially emplaced by forcible intrusion. During differentiation mafic minerals sank in the magma chamber while plagioclase feldspar separated at a higher level, perhaps by flotation. The present flanking locations of anorthosite may have been accomplished by buoyant ascent and lateral spreading.
The interpreted gabbroic body would have significant gravitational effects even at great depth. This places constraints on the origin of anorthosites in the western Grenville Province as no such positive gravity anomalies have been observed over these complexes.
Volcanic rocks beneath the Semail Ophiolite nappe in the northern Oman mountains and their significance in the Mesozoic evolution of Tethys
Authors: Searle M. P. , Lippard S. J. , Smewing J. D. , Rex D. C. 
Published: December 2007

Volcanic rocks, locally up to 700 m thick, occur within a complex imbricate zone beneath the Upper Cretaceous Semail Ophiolite nappe in the northern Oman mountains. Although the rocks were considerably disrupted during late Cretaceous thrusting and nappe emplacement, intact sequences occur and show that there is a lower unit of alkaline lavas and pyroclastics, including ankaramites, alkali basalts and trachytes, and an upper one of predominantly tholeiitic pillow lavas. The latter contain interbedded cherts and limestones and well as large blocks of Permian and Triassic ‘exotic’ limestones. In places the volcanics are intruded by minor intrusives of alkaline peridotite and gabbro.
Geochemical studies, particularly of the ‘immobile’ elements, show that the lower volcanics and the intrusives are strongly alkaline with high Ti, P, Zr and Nb contents and steep LREE enriched rare earth patterns. They are typical ‘within-plate’ alkaline magmas characteristic of continental rift zones and some ocean islands. Within the tholeiitic basalt lava pile two types are recognized: a predominant relatively trace element enriched ‘transitional’ type which probably formed in a within-plate oceanic setting, and a ‘depleted’ type with the geochemical characteristics of some island arc tholeiites.
K-Ar ages of biotite separates from the alkaline lavas give Triassic ages (230-200 Ma) while one of the alkali periodotite sills gives an Upper Cretaceous age (92 Ma). The bulk of the tholeiites are late Triassic as they are interbedded with or enclose the Upper Triassic ‘exotics’. The Triassic volcanics are interpreted as having formed during continental rifting and then as marginal ocean islands during the early stages of ocean basin development. However, preliminary radiolarian ages from interbedded cherts in the uppermost lavas are Cretaceous. The presence of these island-arc type tholeiites is taken as evidence that subduction off the Oman continental margin began prior to ophiolite emplacement in the late Cretaceous.
Magma accumulation in the ascending mantle
Authors: Maaløe S. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY: The most important factors which control the accumulation of primary magma in the mantle are:
(1) The degree of partial melting required for permeability, which is suggested as10–20%.
(2) The creep properties of the partially molten mantle, the type of creep probably being Nabarro-Herring creep.
(3) The type of flow of the ascending mantle material; the flow may be parallel or divergent dependent on the depth.
(4) The depth of extension of the feeder dykes depending on the tensional stress distribution with depth and the rheological properties of the mantle. It is shown that the partially molten mantle becomes stratified into layers of magma and residuum, the layers of residuum being one or several metres thick. The stratified mantle constitutes the primary source of magma. A dispersed source system is formed in ascending convection currents, while a large magma chamber is formed in ascending plumes.
The small diffusion rates imply that the melting is of a fractional type rather than batch melting.
The evolution of the Hercynides of central SW England
Authors: Isaac K. P. , Turner P. J. , Stewart I. J. 
Published: December 2007

Towards the end of Lower Carboniferous times, sedimentation, accompanied by widespread igneous activity, proceeded in a tectonically active, unstable and constricted basinal zone. Viséan flysch and olistostromic sequences were generated in front of an advancing deformation front which caused erosion of submarine rises and heralded the beginning of the Hercynian orogeny in this region.
Between Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor, Upper Devonian basin and rise facies sediments were thrust northwards over both Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous northern equivalents which were themselves incorporated onto the allochthon. The tectonic deformation history began in the late Viséan and early Namurian with the gravity sliding (Dl) of the bulk of the Lower Carboniferous northwards to form the Greystone Nappe. Subsequently the main thrusting event (D2) from late Lower Namurian times onwards led to the successive overthrusting and emplacement of the Heathfield, Petherwin and Tredorn Nappes. Towards the end of the Namurian and in the Westphalian the intrusion of the granite batholith caused the fold belt to tighten, which resulted in the formation of numerous low angle normal faults (D3) offsetting earlier thrusts to the N. Overall the regime is one of very thin-skinned thrust and nappe tectonics with the allochthon probably not exceeding 1 km in thickness.
Composition and origin of garnet from the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group of Trinity Peninsula
Authors: Hamer R. D. , Moyes A. B. 
Published: December 2007

Garnet is widely found as a minor constituent in rocks of the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group (APVG) of Trinity Peninsula. It occurs as conspicuous megacrysts, or in xenoliths within volcanic rocks of andesitic-rhyolitic composition and as detrital grains in the associated terrestrial sediments. It is also found as an accessory mineral in many plutonic rocks from the E coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Evidence is presented to show that the garnet can be divided petrographically and chemically into two main groups: Type A: almandine-rich primary igneous garnet, and Type B: less almandine- and more pyrope-rich garnet as xenocrysts or included in xenoliths within the volcanic rocks.
Comparison with published experimental data on garnet occurrence in acidic igneous rocks suggests that high almandine-low spessartine garnet in volcanic rocks is a remnant phase of high pressure crystallization from magma at pressures of >7 kbar. Garnet with a higher pyrope content is regarded as xenocrystal in origin, having been derived from garnet-bearing country rocks at depth, either as accidental inclusions or through direct partial melting (restite) of the lower crust, and implies that a considerable thickness (>25 km) of crustal material was in existence before the generation of the Mesozoic magmatic arc. The origin of these calc-alkaline magmas may therefore be due, at least in part, to partial melting of pre-existing sialic crustal material.
Zabargad (St. John’s) Island: an uplifted fragment of sub-Red Sea lithosphere
Authors: Bonatti E. , Clocchiatti R. , Colantoni P. , Gelmini R. , Marinelli G. , Ottonello G. , Santacroce R. , Taviani M. , Abdel-Meguid A. A. , Assaf H. S. , El Tahir M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Zabargad is a small island located in the Red Sea about 50 km W of its axis, between 23º and 24ºN. The island is not volcanic but probably represents an uplifted block of upper mantle and crustal rocks, and yields information on the nature of the underlying lithosphere.
Peridotites are the main rock type, consisting of exceptionally fresh spinel lherzolites, which equilibrated last at a depth >30 km in the mantle. Other ultramafic facies, some representing rocks which mixed with a basaltic melt fraction, and some which underwent metasomatic exchange at depth, are also present. The peridotite bodies are in tectonic contact with a metamorphic formation consisting of gneissic and amphibolitic rocks similar to those outcropping in the Pan African metamorphic basement of eastern Egypt, Peridotites and metamorphic rocks are both crossed by several generations of basaltic dykes. The sedimentary Zabargad Formation, of probable Cretaceous or Palaeocene age, consists of alternations of silicified limestones, sandstones, black shales and phosphoritic lenses, and is overlain by evaporites, probably of Miocene age, and by reef limestone units, one probably of early Pleistocene age, the other probably deposited during the last interglacial. Various formations are affected by localized metasomatic mineralizations (recrystallized large, gem-quality olivine, cancrinite, scapolite. garnierite). The uplift of upper mantle ultramafic bodies with fragments of crust, which created the island, might have occurred in connection with the early stages of development of the rift which preceded the formation of the Red Sea. An alternative explanation, that the Zabargad peridotites are remnants of a Pan-African Palaeozoic ophiolitic complex, is possible but less likely.
The thrust and shear zones of the Moine thrust zone and the NW Scottish Caledonides
Authors: Coward M. P. 
Published: December 2007

The Caledonian thrust belts of NW Scotland exhibit many features typical of foreland fold-and-thrust belts. The major structures propagated westwards towards the foreland, the thin carapace of Cambro-Ordovician sediments being accreted in imbricate and duplex zones beneath the major thrust sheets. On a broad scale, the rules of thrust geometry are obeyed but many local anomalies are found, particularly in the Assynt region.
In Assynt, several large fault-bounded gravity-spreading structures, surge zones, have been identified. Extensional faults have been traced into strike-slip and then contractional faults. There are zones of extensional and contractional imbricate faults and extensional and contractional ductile flow. Similar structures have been found along the length of the Moine thrust belt, suggesting that gravity spreading was an important mechanism during the later stages of movement.
Within the main Caledonian fold belt there are several major tectonic slides, which are recognized by a local increase in intensity of deformation. The majority are NW-verging and were originally gently dipping. In the Highlands SE of the Great Glen there are early major SE-verging recumbent folds associated with considerable crustal thickening reflected in high pressure (~12kbar) metamorphism. Many of the major slides may have formed by spreading away from this thickened crust. The Caledonian deformation and metamorphism occurred later in the Moines and Moine thrust zone than in the Dalradian and Grampian Moines to the SE of the Great Glen. This may reflect different levels of deformation; alternatively, it may argue for a large strike-slip displacement on the Great Glen fault, juxtaposing crustal blocks which had experienced different ages of Caledonian deformation and metamorphism.
The late movement on the Moine thrust involved spreading from an area of thickened Caledonian crust formed either by the stair-step trajectory of the basal thrust to the Moines and, or, by thickening due to intrusion of large masses of late Caledonian granites