bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPTIMIZING PCR CONDITIONS FOR HLA CLASS II SSO TYPING
Authors: Ivinson A. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has made the technique of sequence‐specific oligoncucleotide (SSO) typing fast, accurate and very sensitive. These combined techniques are an ideal tool for analysing the complex patterns of polymorphism seen throughout the HLA complex. The success of the technique relies heavily on accurate and specific amplification of the DNA under study. This paper considers the principles behind the PCR amplification technique and discusses the factors which lead to optimal amplification. Primer design is discussed and a variety of sources of target DNA considered. Precautions designed to prevent contamination are discussed. Reaction components are considered both in isolation and as part of the complete reaction. Finally, a complete PCR protocol is suggested. The paper is illustrated with examples of HLA class II amplification.
HLA‐DR/Dw MATCHING BY PCR FINGERPRINTING: THE ORIGIN OF PCR FINGERPRINTS AND FURTHER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Wood N.A.P. , Clay T.M. , Bidwell J.L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting, a new method for the rapid matching of HLA‐Dr/Dw allotypes, involves the visual comparison of polymorphic HLA‐DRB gene second exon PCR products, resolved in non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gels (Bidwell & Hui, 1990). We show here that the satellite DNA bands within PCR fingerprints originate by heteroduplex formation between heterologous DNAs co‐amplified by a common PCR primer set. We also present two further applications of the technique which permit discrimination between unrelated HLA‐DR/Dw allotypes with similar PCR fingerprints.
A POTENTIAL WEAK ALLELIC DIFFERENCE IN MALE‐SPECIFIC ANTIGEN BETWEEN TWO INBRED STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Dresser D. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDifferences were detected between male‐specific antigen(s) from BALB/c and C57BL/10 mice. Reciprocal crosses between these strains were analysed by means of a popliteal lymph node assay enumerating cells secreting IgM and IgG in a T‐dependent bystander B‐cell response. The responses, while being indirect, weak and variable, suggested that there are differences in ‘immunogenicity’ coded by Y‐linked (male‐specific) genes. This conclusion was strengthened by the results of experiments carried out in Y‐backcross mice, where spleen cells from male C57BL mice with a BALB/c‐Y (B10.C‐YC) stimulated low popliteal lymph node responses in female littermates in comparison with C57BL mice with their own Y‐chromosome. In contradistinction, male spleen cells from a BALB/c with a C57B1/10‐Y chromosome (C.B10‐YB), injected into a hind footpad of a female littermate, induced a relatively higher popliteal lymph node response.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TO HLA‐C LOCUS TYPING
Authors: Sakkas L. I. , Vaughan R. W. , Panayi G. S. , Welsh K. I. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPolymerase chain reaction/oligonucleotide typing was used to identify HLA‐Cw*0601 (Cw6) in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The assignment of HLA‐Cw*0601 was established by the concordant presence of codons for alanine (position 73), lysine (position 80) and tryptophan (position 97). The frequencies of all three codons were increased in the patient groups.
HLA DPB1 ALLELES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Sage D.A. , Evans P.R. , Cawley M.I.D. , Smith J.L. , Howell W.M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYHLA‐DPB1 genotypic and phenotypic frequencies were investigated in a series of 35 adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 42 controls. No significant associations between DPB1 alleles and susceptibility to RA were demonstrated, although some non‐significant differences in DPB1*0301 and 0401 allele frequencies between patients and controls were observed.
EXPRESSION OF A MHC NON‐CLASSICAL CLASS I GENE, 04, IS SIMILAR TO A CLASSICAL CLASS I GENE, Dp
Authors: Badley J.E. , Frelinger J.A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWe have investigated the effects of the cell cycle on expression of Q4 mRNA. Q4, the gene encoding the Qb‐1 antigen, is transcribed in a wide variety of tissues, unlike many other non‐classical class I genes. We have compared the pattern of Q4 transcription in the cell cycle to classical class I, β‐2‐microglobulin and actin. We found that the pattern of Q4 RNA levels resembles that of the classical class I genes, consistent with the similarity of the 5′sequences of Q4 and K/D. Thus, Q4 mRNA accumulates during the cell cycle along with the total RNA, but does not show specific transcriptional enhancement. This is consistent with a function for Q4 similar to the classical K/D gene products.
NON‐RADIOACTIVE OLIGOTYPING FOR HLA‐DR1‐DRw10 USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, DIGOXIGENIN‐LABELLED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION
Authors: Nevinny‐Stickel C. , Hinzpeter M. , Andreas A. , Albert E.D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWe describe a rapid non‐radioactive DNA typing of the serological types DR1‐DRw10 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified DNA and 15 sequence‐specific oligonucleotides (SSO) which are labelled enzymatically at their 3’end with one digoxigenin (DIG). The hybridized SSOs were detected using anti‐DIG alkaline phosphatase and Fab fragments and visualization was obtained with the chemilumine‐scent substate 3‐(2‘‐spiroadamantan)‐4‐(3′‐phosphoryloxy)‐phenyl‐1,2‐dioxetan (AMPPD). The results were identical with those of the previously used 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐phosphate (BCIP)/4‐nitrobluetetrazolium chloride (NBT) system. The use of AMPPD is more rapid and allows the repeated rehybridization of the membrane‐bound DNA.
EXPRESSION OF RABBIT Ig ALLOTYPES IN LITTERS OF MOTHERS IMMUNIZED AGAINST A PATERNAL ALLOTYPE
Authors: Meier D. , Kelus A. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSera of successive littermates of mothers producing anti‐allotype antibodies (Ab) were analysed for altered a locus or b locus allotype expression. We measured the allotype concentration in sera of 66 individuals (17 litters) of seven mothers producing anti‐al Ab, and 63 individuals (15 litters) of seven mothers producing anti‐b4 Ab, in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We confirmed that the ability to induce allotype suppression in utero increases with the number of antigen boosts applied to the mother, even though the Ab titre in the maternal serum may be decreased. All individuals of a litter expressed the allotype in about equal concentration. This contrasts the results we obtained when newborn rabbits were injected with anti‐allotype antiserum. Injection of the same amount of anti‐allotype antiserum into nine offspring of two mothers caused allotype suppression in only five individuals, showing no effect in the others. No suppression was observed when IgG‐depleted antiserum was injected into newborn rabbits. As expected, maternal antibodies to a paternal allotype do not affect the Mendelian distribution of the progeny phenotypes.
IMBALANCE OF MHC CLASS I EXPRESSION IN 3LL TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Benihoud Karim , Lecerf Jean‐Michel , BoBé Pierre , Kiger Nicole 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCell lines and a clone established from the C57BL/6 (H‐2b) Lewis lung (3LL) tumour were previously characterized with respect to tumour growth and metastatic spread in vivo, and to the expression of a 3LL tumour‐specific antigen (3LL TA) using a monoclonal antibody raised in syngeneic mice immunized with 3LL cells. No correlation was observed between the presence of 3LL TA and the prevention of metastatic spread which suggests that the immune recognition of this tumour antigen requires the presence of a self H‐2 molecule absent from these tumour cells. Indeed, radioimmunoassay (RIA) and cytofluorometric analysis using specific monoclonal antibodies have shown that the H‐2Kb molecule was not expressed at the cell surface of all 3LL cell lines and clones, while the H‐2Db molecule was present at normal levels. This defect, which was not the consequence of a lack Of (32m expression, was accompanied by an absence or a marked reduction of the H‐2K mRNA level (which has been reversed in the M4 cell line by in vitro gamma interferon treatment), while the H‐2D class I gene was normally transcribed. Another defective transcription was also observed for a gene in the Tla region (gene 37). This low‘37’phenotype was corrected by in vitro treatment of the M4 cell line with gamma interferon, which indicates that this class I gene of the Qa/Tla region has an interferon response sequence in the promoter.
H‐2 INFLUENCE ON THE PRODUCTION OF REAL BUT NOT OF APPARENT H‐2‐SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES INDUCED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF SYNGENEIC CLASS I HEAVY CHAINS WITH BOVINE β2‐MICROGLOBULIN
Authors: Rocca A. , Samaan A. , Michel C. , Besluau D. , Degos L. , Pla M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYImmunogenic properties of class I molecules resulting from the association of mouse class I heavy chains with a xenogeneic β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m) were investigated by studying the antibody response of mice of injections to syngeneic Con A lymphoblasts, induced in conditions allowing the replacement of endogenous β2‐m by exogenously added bovine (β2‐m provided by fetal calf serum (FCS‐Con A blasts). Lymphocyto‐toxic antibodies were regularly produced and according to their specificities they could be divided into two types: antibodies whose reactivity was (1) dependent on and (2) independent of the presence of bovine β2‐m on target cells. Although both types displayed an H‐2 dependent polymorphic reaction pattern, only antibodies recognizing class I molecules without bovine β2‐m can be considered as real H‐2‐specific antibodies. The others are only apparent H‐2‐specific antibodies: their polymorphic reaction pattern is dependent both on the presence of bovine β2‐m on the surface of target cells and on their H‐2 haplotype. A comparison of the antibody response of mice with various H‐2 haplotypes to injections of syngeneic FCS‐Con A blasts showed no significant difference in the induction of bovine β2‐m‐dependent antibodies (apparent H‐2‐specific) among the mice from all strains tested (H‐2b, H‐2p, H‐2q, and H‐2S). Unexpectedly, for most strains more than 60% of the immunized mice produced also β2‐m‐independent antibodies (real H‐2‐specific), with the exception of H‐2q mice, in which only 30% of sera were positive. The real H‐2‐specific antibody response is of two types: some mice (H‐2P and H‐2S) produced antibodies only reactive with allogeneic target cells whereas others (H‐2b and H‐2q) produced in addition antibodies that were reactive with syngeneic cells. Thus H‐2 appears to play an important role in the induction and specificity of the lymphocytotoxic H‐2‐specific antibodies induced upon immunization with cells expressing syngeneic class I heavy chains associated with bovine β2‐m.
AN ADDITIONAL FAMILY OF VH SEQUENCES IN THE CHANNEL CATFISH
Authors: War G. W. , Middleton D. L. , Miller N. W. , Clem L. W. , Wilson M. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA heavy chain variable region cDNA sequence of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) prototypical for a new VH family (approximately 20 or more members) is presented. The nucleotide and inferred amino acid sequences differ by 32–52% and 41–68%, respectively, from those for the already described catfish VH families.
HETEROGENEOUS EXPRESSION OF BLOOD GROUP A‐DETERMINANT IN A HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER CELL LINE DERIVED FROM A BLOOD GROUP A INDIVIDUAL
Authors: Kominato Y. , Fujikura T. , Takizawa H. , Hayashi K. , Fujimaki M. , Kishi K. , Suzuki T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe human gastric cancer cell line MKN 45 was derived from the tumour of a blood group A individual, and was known to express large quantities of blood group A‐antigen. Using immunofluorescence we found the MKN 45 cells, donated from the Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank, consisted of A‐antigen positive cells (18%) and A‐antigen negative cells (82%). After limiting dilution, wild type and mutant cells were cloned with regard to the expression of a cell surface A‐antigen. ELISA was used to detect A‐antigen in the cell extract of the wild type cells, but none was evident in those of the mutant cells. However, blood group A‐gene‐specified transferase activity of the mutant cells was comparable to that of the wild type cells.
IN UTERO SUPPRESSION OF K2 ISOTYPE IN HOMOZYGOUS BAS/BAS RABBITS THROUGH EMBRYO TRANSFER
Authors: Meier D. , Kelus A. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAllotypes of rabbit Ig provide a useful tool for the study of quantitative expression of alternative allelic forms. In the rabbit, maternal Ig is transmitted to the foetus and protects the immunologically immature newborn during several of the first weeks of life. Induced maternal antibodies directed towards a paternally inherited allotype of the offspring can influence the expression of that allotype drastically. Normal Ig level in heterozygous allotype suppressed animals is provided by increased expression of the alternative allele. On the other hand, allotype suppression in homozygous animals leads to increased expression of non‐allelic alternative gene products. We quantitatively analysed the expression of bas, a marker on the k2 light chain isotype of the mutant strain Basilea, in homozygous bas/bas rabbits which had been fostered in utero of b4/b6 mothers producing anti‐bas. All of the offspring studied expressed the k2 isotype at a very low level at two months of age, and, in some individuals, bas was hardly expressed after 6 to 12 months. A suppressed rabbit, which was immunized to produce auto‐antibodies against bas, continued to do so for at least 2.5 years. The long duration of homozygous bas suppression contrasts with homozygous suppression of other allotypes (CLk1 and VHa) which generally lasts for a much shorter period.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND HLA‐DP GENES CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO JUVENILE DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Authors: Mazzola G. , Berrino M. , Bersanti M. , D'Alfonso S. , Cappello N. , Bottaro A. , Curtoni E. S. , Fusco P. , Vallati M. , Bundino S. , Barbera C. , Amoroso A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYHLA‐DQ genes and gluten diet are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH), as well as Coeliac Disease (CD). However other genetic factors are probably relevant, since about 10% of the patients with DH and CD lack the DQA1*0501/B1*0201 heterodimer while the majority of individuals presenting this genotype and also being exposed to gluten diets did not suffer from these diseases. To evaluate the role of other genes, 36 Northern Italian children with DH were analysed for DNA polymorphisms at HLA‐DP and immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain loci. DPA1*0201 and DPB1*1301 frequencies were higher in patients than in controls (Pc= 0.0357 and Pc= 0.0273). With respect to immunoglobulin heavy chain restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), the 4.6kb Sad RFLP at the switch α2 gene was more frequent in patients (0.13) than in controls (0.019; Pc= 0.036). Moreover, rare alleles or duplications in the switch regions occurred more frequently in the patients than in the controls. These results support the hypothesis of a multifactorial inheritance of DH, the HLA and Ig constant heavy chain genes being some of the loci contributing to the susceptibility. In accordance with previous CD studies, these data also confirm that DP subregion is probably involved in the pathogenesis of DH.
DETAILED MAPPING OF THE Rfv‐1 GENE THAT INFLUENCES SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY FROM FRIEND RETROVIRUS‐INDUCED LEUKAEMIA
Authors: Miyazawa M. , Nishio J. , Wehrly K. , Jay G. , Melvold R. W. , Chesebro B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYUsing H‐2 recombinant and mutant mice, the Rfv‐1 gene influencing spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus (FV)‐induced leukaemia was mapped in the D locus. Two D b alleles were required for full recovery, and a single Dd transgene did not convey increased susceptibility to FV in the presence of homozygous Db/b genotype. The results suggest that an increase in the expression of Db may lead to more effective stimulation of FV‐specific CTL.
A LIKELIHOOD APPROACH TO HLA SEROLOGY
Authors: Clayton J. F. , Lonjou C. , Bourret P. , Cambon‐Thomsen A. , Ohayon E. , Hors J. , Albert E. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA likelihood approach to HLA serology has been developed in which the aim is not to define a recognition set for a serum but to describe the serum's ability to react with each and every antigen in the test cells, this ability being quantified in terms of the probability of a positive reaction. For a given set of probabilities, one for each antigen, it is possible to derive the probability of the observed set of reactions (the likelihood of the set of probabilities). The maximum possible value of the likelihood for any possible combination of the probability set can then be sought, but this requires a maximization of likelihood with respect to 60–100 independent parameters. Theoretical considerations of the shape of the likelihood surface prove that, in this particular case, this is a feasible proposition.This approach allows the recognition of three groups of antigens: those for which there is considerable evidence of a specificity, those for which there is either no specificity or a very weak specificity, and those for which there is insufficient evidence on which to base a conclusion. The existence of a specificity can be tested using a log likelihood ratio as a statistic, but the usual assumption of a χ2 distribution of this statistic cannot automatically be made in this situation. Therefore, the distribution is estimated by simulation.A serologist using this approach would receive considerably more information as to the serum's reaction patterns and valid statistics for the existence, or not, of a specificity.
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX LOCATED COMPLEMENT C4 AND STEROID 21‐HYDROXYLASE GENE REARRANGEMENTS IN COUPLES WITH RECURRENT SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS
Authors: Laitinen T. , Lokki M.‐L. , Partanen J. , Tulppala M. , Ylikorkala O. , Koskimies S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMajor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class III located complement C4 and steroid 21‐hydroxylase (21OH) genes, which form various deletion and duplication units, were studied by Taq I Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) in 58 Finnish couples who suffered recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). The gene rearrangements found in the RSA couples did not differ from those in the controls.
STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEMENT C3 AND THE STABILITY OF C3 DERIVED PHAGOCYTIC LIGANDS C3b/iC3b IN SJL/J AND BALB/c MICE
Authors: Lynch D.M. , Kay P.H. , Papadimitriou J.M. , Grounds M. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFemale SJL/J mice are more susceptible to development of experimental autoimmune myositis than most other mouse strains. Since complement has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory muscle disease in humans, quantitative and qualitative studies of complement C3 were undertaken in SJL/J and BALB/c mice to determine whether complement may influence disease susceptibility in SJL/J mice. In accordance with previous studies, mature male and female BALB/c mice were shown to have similar serum C3 concentrations. However, differences were found between mature male and female SJL/J mice. Male SJL/J mice have significantly higher serum C3 concentrations than SJL/J females and both sexes of BALB/c mice suggesting that serum C3 concentration may be variably influenced by sex in some mouse strains. Qualitatively, SJL/J mice were shown to have a different allotypic form of C3 (C3F) compared to the common electrophoretically slow form (C3S) found in BALB/c mice and most other mouse strains. Furthermore, studies on the decay rate of C3 revealed that C3b/iC3b fragments are converted to C3c/d at a faster rate in sera from female SJL/J mice compared to female BALB/c mice. Because removal and solubility of immune complexes is influenced by complement C3, it is possible that the more rapid decay of the phagocytic ligands C3b/iC3b may account for the increased susceptibility to development of autoimmune disease in female SJL/J mice.
HLA CLASS I NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES, 1992
Authors: Zemmour J. , Parham P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe HLA Class I sequences included in this compilation are taken from publications listed in the papers: Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1991 (Bodmer et al., 1992), Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1990 (Bodmer et al., 1991) and factors of the HLA system, 1989 (Bodmer et al., 1990). Due to the increased number of sequences we have only included sequences for exons 2, 3, and 4 in this compilation. Where discrepancies have arisen between reported sequences, the original authors have been contacted where possible, and necessary amendments to published sequences have been incorporated into this alignment. Future sequencing may identify errors in this list and we would welcome any evidence that helps to maintain the accuracy of this compilation. In the sequence alignments, identity between nucleotides is indicated by a hyphen (‐). An unavailable sequence is indicated by a period (.). Gaps in the sequence are inserted to maintain the alignment between different alleles showing variation in amino acid number.
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF HUMAN PLASMINOGEN (PLG) IN A CHINESE POPULATION
Authors: YIPING H. , QING G. , MEIYUN W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe distribution of phenotypes and gene frequencies of the plasminogen were studied in 203 blood donors of the Han population, Chengdu, China using isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation. The results were as follows: PLGA=92.12%, PLGAM5=4.39%, PLGAB=1.97%, PLGAB2=0.98%. Their gene frequencies were: PLG*A=0.9606, PLG*M5=0.0246, PLG*B=0.0099, PLG*B2=0.0049. This study implied that PLG*M5 might be the specific genetic marker of the Mongoloids.
T CELL REPERTOIRE SELECTION BY MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOUR VIRUSES
Authors: Simpson E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMouse mammary tumour viruses (Mtv) are B‐type retroviruses. These can be exogenous, transmitted via maternal milk, or endogenous, as proviral integrations into the mouse genome, transmitted vertically in a Mendelian fashion. A number of different sites of integration of endogenous Mtvs have been reported in various inbred mouse strains. An open reading frame (ORF), within the long terminal repeat (LTR) of Mtv, encodes a type 2 integral membrane glycoprotein. The ORF products are expressed in association with MHC class II molecules at the cell surface and have an affinity for certain T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ chains such that CD4+8+ TCR+ double positive thymocytes expressing these Vβ chains undergo programmed cell death in mice carrying the appropriate endogenous or exogenous Mtvs. This constitutes a measurable part of negative repertoire selection of the T cell repertoire. Some positive selection of the T cell repertoire also appears to be TCR Vβ‐specific, although the involvement of polymorphic ligands other than MHC molecules is not apparent. This minireview summarizes the published work on the TCR Vβ specificity and chromosomal localization of the various mouse mammary tumour proviral integrations leading to negative selection, and discusses the nature of TCR Vβ‐specific positive selection.