bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunophenotypic identification of possible therapeutic targets in paediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphomas: a children's oncology group report
Authors: Miles Rodney R. , Cairo Mitchell S. , Satwani Prakash , Zwick David L. , Lones Mark A. , Sposto Richard , Abromovitch Minnie , Tripp Sheryl , Angiolillo Anne L. , Roman Elizabeth , Davenport Virginia , Perkins Sherrie L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImmunophenotypic analysis can identify protein epitopes in non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) that may respond to targeted immunotherapies, such as anti‐CD20 and anti‐CD52. Recent studies suggest additional targets may provide therapeutic benefits in NHL. This study evaluated protein expression of CD25, CD52, CD74 and CD80 in paediatric NHL to determine possible targets for immune‐based therapeutic approaches. Patient samples were derived from paediatric NHL clinical trials sponsored by the Children's Cancer Group (CCG, now the Children's Oncology Group, COG) and included Burkitt lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), disseminated T‐ and B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL and B‐LBL) and anaplastic large cell (ALCL). Immunophenotypic studies were performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded diagnostic tissues. CD25 was expressed in 8% of T‐LBL and 75% of ALCL cases, but not in BL, DLBCL, or B‐LBL. CD52 was expressed in 99% of cases of paediatric NHL of all subtypes. CD74 was expressed in 100% of B‐LBL, BL and DLBCL, but was absent in ALCL and T‐LBL. CD80 was expressed in 12% of B‐LBL, 6% of BL and 10% of DLBCL cases studied, but was not detected in T‐cell NHL. These expression patterns suggest that CD25, CD52 and CD74 may represent potential new therapeutic targets in paediatric NHL.
Larval Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes), are highly susceptible to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia and survivors are partially protected after their metamorphosis to juveniles
Authors: Hershberger P K , Gregg J , Pacheco C , Winton J , Richard J , Traxler G 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPacific herring were susceptible to waterborne challenge with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) throughout their early life history stages, with significantly greater cumulative mortalities occurring among VHSV‐exposed groups of 9‐, 44‐, 54‐ and 76‐day‐old larvae than among respective control groups. Similarly, among 89‐day–1‐year‐old and 1+year old post‐metamorphosed juveniles, cumulative mortality was significantly greater in VHSV‐challenged groups than in respective control groups. Larval exposure to VHSV conferred partial protection to the survivors after their metamorphosis to juveniles as shown by significantly less cumulative mortalities among juvenile groups that survived a VHS epidemic as larvae than among groups that were previously naïve to VHSV. Magnitude of the protection, measured as relative per cent survival, was a direct function of larval age at first exposure and was probably a reflection of gradual developmental onset of immunocompetence. These results indicate the potential for easily overlooked VHS epizootics among wild larvae in regions where the virus is endemic and emphasize the importance of early life history stages of marine fish in influencing the ecological disease processes.
Selected pathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes associated with an infection by Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) (Cestoda) plerocercoids in Coregonus lavaretus (L.) (Coregonidae)
Authors: Dezfuli B S , Pironi F , Simoni E , Shinn A P , Giari L 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe pathological changes induced by an infection of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) plerocercoids in powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), from Loch Lomond, Scotland, were assessed using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. In a sample of 26 powan, the occurrence of encysted plerocercoids of D. dendriticum on the outer surface of the stomach was 38.5% (n = 10) with the number of cysts ranging from 4 to 15 and measuring 4.2 ± 1.0 mm × 3.4 ± 0.9 mm (mean ± SD). Histological examination of intestinal samples also revealed plerocercoids (2–21) encapsulated within a proliferation of mesenteric fibrous tissues of the gastric wall and, occasionally, by the gut lamina propria‐submucosa and lamina muscularis. In section, cysts were tri‐layered and were formed from a series of concentric whorls of fibroblast and collagen fibre‐based connective elements. The extent of necrosis within each muscle layer and the serosa of the stomach differed, notably within the latter that was marked by a chronic inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. Within the cyst and around it, a large number of degranulating mast cell/eosinophilic granule cells were seen, in addition to melano‐macrophage centres. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of infected stomach revealed a high density of elements, in close proximity to plerocercoids, staining positive for serotonin, bombesin, substance P and galanin. Uninfected material did not present the same levels of activity. Sections through both infected and uninfected tissue were also tested for elements containing vasoactive intestinal peptide, met‐enkephalin, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase, but these were absent.
Metabolic control of the Escherichia coli universal stress protein response through fructose‐6‐phosphate
Authors: Persson Örjan , Valadi Åsa , Nyström Thomas , Farewell Anne 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe universal stress protein (Usp) superfamily encompasses a conserved group of proteins involved in stress resistance, adaptation to energy deficiency, cell motility and adhesion, and is found in all kingdoms of life. The paradigm usp gene, uspA, of Escherichia coli is transcriptionally activated by a large variety of stresses, and the alarmone ppGpp is required for this activation. Here, we show that the uspA gene is also regulated by an intermediate of the glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathways. Specifically, mutations and conditions resulting in fructose‐6‐phosphate (F‐6‐P) accumulation elicit superinduction of uspA upon carbon starvation, whereas genetic manipulations reducing the pool size of F‐6‐P have the opposite effect. This metabolic control of uspA does not act via ppGpp. Other, but not all, usp genes of the usp superfamily are similarly affected by alterations in F‐6‐P levels. We suggest that alterations in the pool size of phosphorylated sugars of the upper glycolytic pathway may ensure accumulation of required survival proteins preceding the complete depletion of the external carbon source. Indeed, we show that uspA is, in fact, induced before the carbon source is depleted from the medium.
Biochemical characterization of Leishmania major aquaglyceroporin LmAQP1: possible role in volume regulation and osmotaxis
Authors: Figarella Katherine , Uzcategui Nestor L. , Zhou Yao , LeFurgey Ann , Ouellette Marc , Bhattacharjee Hiranmoy , Mukhopadhyay Rita 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe Leishmania major aquaglyceroporin, LmAQP1, is responsible for the transport of trivalent metalloids, arsenite and antimonite. We have earlier shown that downregulation of LmAQP1 provides resistance to trivalent antimony compounds whereas increased expression of LmAQP1 in drug‐resistant parasites can reverse the resistance. In this paper we describe the biochemical characterization of LmAQP1. Expression of LmAQP1 in Xenopus oocytes rendered them permeable to water, glycerol, methylglyoxal, dihydroxyacetone and sugar alcohols. The transport property of LmAQP1 was severely affected when a critical Arg230, located inside the pore of the channel, was altered to either alanine or lysine. Immunofluorescence and immuno‐electron microscopy revealed LmAQP1 to be localized to the flagellum of Leishmania promastigotes and in the flagellar pocket membrane and contractile vacuole/spongiome complex of amastigotes. This is the first report of an aquaglyceroporin being localized to the flagellum of any microbe. Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes expressing LmAQP1 could regulate their volume in response to hypoosmotic stress. Additionally, Leishmania promastigotes overexpressing LmAQP1 were found to migrate faster towards an osmotic gradient. These results taken together suggest that Leishmania LmAQP1 has multiple physiological roles, being involved in solute transport, volume regulation and osmotaxis.
Analysis of a genomic island housing genes for DNA S‐modification system inStreptomyces lividans66 and its counterparts in other distantly related bacteria
Authors: He Xinyi , Ou Hong‐Yu , Yu Qing , Zhou Xiufen , Wu Jun , Liang Jingdan , Zhang Wei , Rajakumar Kumar , Deng Zixin 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe complete sequence (92 770 bp) of a genomic island (GI) named SLG fromStreptomyces lividans66, encoding a novel DNA S‐modification system (dnd), was determined. Its overall G+C content was 67.8%, lower than those of three sequencedStreptomycesgenomes. Among 85 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) in SLG, 22 ORFs showed little homology with previously known proteins. SLG displays a mosaic structure composed of four modules, indicative of multiple recombination events in its formation. Spontaneous excision and circularization of SLG was observed, and the excision rate appeared to be induced at least fivefold by MNNG exposure. Using constructed mini‐islands of SLG, we demonstrated that Slg01, a P4‐like integrase, was sufficient to promote SLG integration, excision and circularization. Eleven counterpartdndclusters, which also mapped to GIs in 10 chromosomes and a plasmid, were found in taxonomically unrelated bacterial species from various geographic niches. Additionally,c.10% of actinomycetes were found to possess adndcluster in a survey involving 74 strains. Comparison ofdndclusters in the 12 bacteria strongly suggests that thesednd‐bearing elements might have evolved from a common ancestor similar to plasmid‐originated chromosome II ofPseudoalteromonas haloplanktisTAC125.
The tyrosine degradation gene hppD is transcriptionally activated by HpdA and repressed by HpdR in Streptomyces coelicolor, while hpdA is negatively autoregulated and repressed by HpdR
Authors: Yang Haihua , Wang Linqi , Xie Zhoujie , Tian Yuqing , Liu Gang , Tan Huarong 
Published: July 2007

Summary Streptomyces coelicolor produces a brown pigment on nutrient‐limited agar medium (Tyr‐PM) using l‐tyrosine as the sole nitrogen and carbon source. The pigment production is associated with the second step of l‐tyrosine catabolism catalysed by 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HppD), which converts 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4HPP) to 2, 5‐dihydroxyphenylacetate (homogentisate) to provide the carbon and energy substrates for the growth of S. coelicolor on Tyr‐PM. An hppD mutant did not produce brown pigment, and its normal growth was impaired on Tyr‐PM. hpdA and hpdR, located close to hppD, were identified as activator and repressor genes for hppD transcription in the presence of tyrosine. hpdA, divergently transcribed from hppD, is negatively autoregulated in the absence of tyrosine, whereas it is repressed by both its own protein and HpdR in the presence of tyrosine. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and footprinting experiments showed that HpdA and HpdR each bind to an overlapping region spanning the promoters of both hppD and hpdA, and that 4HPP, instead of tyrosine, is the specific ligand modulating the binding patterns and footprints of HpdA and HpdR on the hppD–hpdA promoter region. These results suggested that the transcription of hppD is subject to coarse and fine control by a complex regulatory system.
New insights into the altered adhesive and mechanical properties of red blood cells parasitized by Babesia bovis
Authors: Hutchings Claire L. , Li Ang , Fernandez Kate M. , Fletcher Taryn , Jackson Louise A. , Molloy John B. , Jorgensen Wayne K. , Lim Chwee T. , Cooke Brian M. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySequestration of parasite‐infected red blood cells (RBCs) in the microvasculature is an important pathological feature of both bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis and human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Surprisingly, when compared with malaria, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this abnormal circulatory behaviour for RBCs infected with B. bovis have been relatively ignored. Here, we present some novel insights into the adhesive and mechanical changes that occur in B. bovis‐infected bovine RBCs and compare them with the alterations that occur in human RBCs infected with P. falciparum. After infection with B. bovis, bovine RBCs become rigid and adhere to vascular endothelial cells under conditions of physiologically relevant flow. These alterations are accompanied by the appearance of ridge‐like structures on the RBC surface that are analogous, but morphologically and biochemically different, to the knob‐like structures on the surface of human RBCs infected with P. falciparum. Importantly, albeit for a limited number of parasite lines examined here, the extent of these cellular and rheological changes appear to be related to parasite virulence. Future investigations to identify the precise molecular composition of ridges and the proteins that mediate adhesion will provide important insight into the pathogenesis of both babesiosis and malaria.
Factors associated with childhood constipation
Authors: Inan Mustafa , Aydiner Cagatay Y , Tokuc Burcu , Aksu Burhan , Ayvaz Suleyman , Ayhan Sinan , Ceylan Turan , Basaran Umit N 
Published: July 2007

Aim:  To evaluate factors associated with constipation, determine its risk factors and identify common methods of managing constipation among schoolchildren from ages 7–12 in Edirne, Turkey.Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional and descriptive study and 1900 children were stratified by the school population, age and gender. The questionnaire collected information from parents about the prevalence of constipation and associated factors as well. It asked about bowel movements, socio‐demographic data, personal and family stressors, parental concern about constipation, and treatment methods.Results:  The overall prevalence of constipation was 7.2%. It was 7.3% in boys and 7.2% in girls (P > 0.05). The parameters of siblings with health problems, constipation history in family members, abnormal oral habits, and little regular sporting activity were more common in constipated children than in non‐constipated ones (P < 0.05). In the logistic regression analysis, never having used school toilets (OR: 5.9) and having problem to control their bowel after 2 years of age (OR: 3.1) were found to be major risk factors for constipation in schoolchildren ages 7–12 years. Constipated children had a lower consumption rate of fruits and vegetables and a higher consumption rate of milk‐group foods, biscuits and macaroni than non‐constipated children. Parental concern was at 90% and the rate of medical consultation was 23.2% for constipated children.Conclusions:  The risk factors for childhood constipation may be genetic, psychological or organic. Bowel functions may be affected by dietary habits. Parents, health and education professionals should give special attention to childhood constipation.
Child use of dental services and receipt of dental care in New Zealand
Authors: Jamieson Lisa M , Koopu Pauline I 
Published: July 2007

Aim:  To examine dental service use and dental care receipt by a range of factors among Maori, Pacific and New Zealand European or Other children in New Zealand.Methods:  Data were from the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey. Bivariate associations were calculated between three dental service use and dental care receipt measures, and 48 personal characteristics in five domains. Analyses took into account the complex sampling design.Results:  Some 3275 children participated; 37.4% Maori, 32.3% Pacific and 30.3% New Zealand European or Other. Irregular dental attendance was associated with children who were 11–14 years, Pacific, had not always lived in New Zealand, lived in rented accommodation, frequently watched television, consumed breakfast on the way to school, purchased lunch, consumed sugar‐containing products or had food security issues. A higher proportion of children who were aged 11–14 years, Maori, had low household income, lived with 4+ children, regularly watched television, consumed breakfast on the way to school, frequently consumed high‐sugar foods, had food security issues, experienced dental pain at night or had received dental care under a general anaesthetic had received a restoration. Extraction receipt was associated with children who were Pacific, had low household income, had a disability, purchased their lunch, regularly consumed high‐sugar‐containing products, had food security issues, had experienced dental pain at night or received dental care under a general anaesthetic.Conclusions:  Material and behavioural factors all play a role in New Zealand child use of dental services and receipt of dental care.
Trans fatty acids from milk of Brazilian mothers of premature infants
Authors: Tinoco Sandra Manzato Barboza , Sichieri Rosely , Setta Cecília Leal , Moura Anibal Sanchez , Tavares do Carmo Maria das Graças 
Published: July 2007

Aim:  The presence of trans fatty acids (TFA) in human milk may be a concern because of their possible adverse nutritional effects on the infant development. TFA may interfere with the metabolism of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA). Marked variation in TFA of milk appears in different populations. No data have yet been reported in Brazil, particularly as regards the milk of mothers of premature infants. Because of the importance of LC‐PUFA in infant growth and development, we investigated the fatty acids composition of the milk of Brazilian mothers of premature infants.Methods:  We analysed, through gas‐liquid chromatography, the content of fatty acids of 37 milk samples obtained from mothers delivering prematurely. Samples were collected from colostrum and mature milk of exclusive breastfeeding.Results:  All samples contained trans isomers of C18:1 acid with trans isomers of PUFA in lower proportion. The percentage of TFA (mean ± SD) in the colostrum was 2.34 ± 0.75, and 2.19 ± 0.47 in the mature milk. For the LC‐PUFA these values were 0.97 ± 0.34 in the colostrum and 0.66 ± 0.25 in the mature milk. The contents of total essential fatty acids and PUFA n‐6 were inversely correlated with TFA in colostrum and mature milk. We found a positive correlation between levels of arachidonic acid in mature milk and change in the children’s height.Conclusions:  The study showed that the intake of TFA occupies an intermediate position between the values of North America and European countries, reflecting the ongoing transition to industrialised foods in Brazil.
Two outbreaks of Burkholderia cepacia nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Lee Jimmy KF 
Published: July 2007

Background:  An outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia septicaemia occurred in our neonatal unit over a 9‐week period in 2001, affecting 23 babies and two died. A second outbreak lasting 8 days occurred a year later, affecting five babies.Setting:  Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Kuala Terengganu Hospital.Aim:  To review the patient characteristics and the risk factors for septicaemia in the first outbreak.Methods:  Retrospective review of records and in the first outbreak a case–control analysis with 23 matched controls for risk factors for septicaemia.Results:  In the first outbreak, median birthweight was 1670 g (range 860–3760) and median gestational age was 32 weeks (range 27–41). There were 32 episodes of septicaemia, and five and two patients had two and three episodes, respectively. The mortality rate was 6.3% per septicaemic episode. Multiple logistic regression showed the presence of a prior long line was associated with first septicaemic episode (OR 7.07, 95% CI 1.37–36.47 with P = 0.019) but not prior assisted ventilation. The organism was isolated from the water of an oxygen humidifier in the delivery room, three ventilator water traps and one humidifier water trap in the neonatal unit. In the second outbreak, six episodes of septicaemia occurred in five neonates with median birthweight 2060 g and median gestational age 32.5 weeks. The organism was isolated from two ventilator water traps.Conclusion:  These two outbreaks of Burkholderia cepacia subsided with general infection control measures. The sources of these two outbreaks were not identified.
Feasibility of nitric oxide administration by neonatal helmet‐CPAP: a bench study
Authors: TREVISANUTO DANIELE , Doglioni NICOLETTA , MICAGLIO MASSIMO , ZANARDO VINCENZO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground:  Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) may have a role in the treatment of preterm infants with respiratory failure. We evaluated the feasibility of administering NO therapy by a new continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system (neonatal helmet‐CPAP).Methods:  While maintaining a constant total flow of 8, 10, and 12 l·min−1, NO concentrations were progressively increased to 5, 10, 20, and 40 p.p.m. in the neonatal helmet‐CPAP pressure chamber (5 cmH2O). NO, NO2, and O2 concentrations were measured in the pressure chamber and the immediate external environment.Results:  In the chamber, NO2 levels remained low (≤0.8 p.p.m.) at inhaled therapeutic NO concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 40 p.p.m.). The lower O2 concentrations were 95% at 40 p.p.m. NO levels. Leakage of NO and NO2 to the surrounding environment was negligible.Conclusions:  NO administration is safe and feasible using the neonatal helmet‐CPAP system. This method allows the delivery of accurate NO levels and high O2 concentrations avoiding NO2 accumulation. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed.
Corruption, Bribery, and Wait Times in the Public Allocation of Goods in Developing Countries
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A. , Yoo Seung Jick 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhat are the nexuses between corruption, bribery, and wait times in the public allocation of goods in developing countries? This question has received scant attention in the literature. Consequently, we use queuing theory to analyze models in which a good is allocated publicly, first in a non‐preemptive corruption regime and then in a preemptive corruption regime. Specifically, for both regimes, we calculate wait times for citizens who pay bribes and for those who do not. Second, we use these wait times to show that bribery is profitable for citizens with a high opportunity cost of time. Third, we show that high and low opportunity cost of time citizens will have dissimilar preferences as far as the corruption regime is concerned. Finally, we conclude with some across‐citizens and across‐corruption regimes observations about the value of preemption, the benefit from bribery, and a measure of resource misallocation in the economy.