bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbinate hypertrophy in habitual snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Findings of acoustic rhinometry
Authors: Lenders Heinrich , Schaefer Juergen , Pirsig Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractForty‐five habitual snorers (mean respiratory disturbance index = 6) and 22 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (mean respiratory disturbance index = 36) were examined by polysom‐nography, radiocephalometry, rhinomanometry, na‐sopharyngeal videoendoscopy, and acoustic rhinometry. In 97% of these patients, hypertrophy of the inferior nasal turbinates was found by acoustic rhinometry, while increased nasal resistance of various degrees was measured in 93% of all patients by active anterior rhinomanometry.Acoustic rhinometry demonstrated that the most resistive segment was located in the anterior parts of the nasal cavity and was built up by two compartments: the region of the isthmus nasi and the region of the head of the inferior turbinate. In our snoring patients, the cross‐sectional areas at the head of the inferior turbinate were always smaller than the cross‐sectional areas in the isthmus nasi, which in normal controls presented the minimal cross‐sectional values of the whole nasal cavity. While rhinomanometry can only measure the amount of nasal resistance, acoustic rhinometry can clearly determine the exact size and location of the different stenoses in the nasal cavity that contribute to the increased nasal resistance.
Inhalation of foreign bodies in chinese children: A review of 400 cases
Authors: Mu Liancai , He Ping , Sun Deqiang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective review of 400 Chinese children who had inhaled foreign bodies was undertaken. There has been a yearly increase in the total number of cases of airway foreign bodies removed in our hospital. Fifty‐eight percent of the children presenting were from the countryside; 42% were townspeople. Approximately 90% of the patients were under 3 years of age, with the peak incidence of foreign body inhalation occurring between 1 and 2 years of age (57.8%). The male‐female ratio was about 1.2:1. About 95% of the removed foreign bodies were organic in origin. The majority of the foreign bodies were found most often in the right bronchial tree (46%). A positive history of foreign body inhalation was obtained in 98% of the cases. Twenty‐eight percent of the children presented at the hospital within 24 hours, 71% within 1 week, and 29% more than 1 week after inhaling the foreign body.The most common presenting symptoms of lar‐yngotracheal foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and hoarseness; those of bronchial foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, decreased air entry, and rhonchi. More than two‐thirds of the children with laryngotracheal foreign bodies had normal x‐ray findings. The most common fluoroscopic findings in those children with bronchial foreign bodies were mediastinal shift (36.8%), obstructive emphysema (35.7%), and normal findings (35%). A total of 348 (87%) bronchial foreign bodies were removed by rigid bronchoscopy (81%), rod‐lens bronchoscopy (5%), and spontaneous expulsion (1%); 52 (13%) laryn‐geal and tracheal foreign bodies were removed by direct laryngoscopy (12%) and tracheotomy (1%). A single endoscopic procedure successfully removed 92.5% of 400 foreign bodies detected in the airways. One child died during bronchoscopy, for a mortality rate of 0.25%.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma: DNA as a prognostic indicator
Authors: Franzén Gunnar , Klausen Olav G. , Grenko Ronald T. , Carstensen John , Nordenskjöld Bo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective study was performed on 20 patients with adenoid cystic carcinomas of major salivary glands to see if DNA. patterns correlated with their prognoses.Fourteen tumors were found to be DNA. diploid; 6 were DNA aneuploid. Histologically, all DNA‐aneu‐ploid tumors had solid components, compared with only 5 of the DNA‐diploid tumors. All of the DNA‐aneuploid tumors recurred, in contrast to only 2 of the DNA‐diploid tumors; the difference was highly significant (P<0.001). All of the patients with no recurrences had DNA‐diploid tumors.In our study, DNA measurements of adenoid cystic carcinomas gave statistically significant information about prognosis and correlated to histological grading. We propose that evaluation of DNA content may be performed before planning the treatment of adenoid cystic carcinomas.
Comparison of topical fibrin glue, fibrinogen, and thrombin in preventing seroma formation in a rat model
Authors: Lindsey William H. , Becker Daniel G. , Cantrell Robert W. , Morgan Raymond F. , Hoare Jennifer R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFibrin glue has been shown to decrease seroma formation in animal models. To further delineate this mechanism, the efficacy of fibrin glue was compared to topical fibrinogen and thrombin in preventing postoperative seromas.A model consistently producing seromas was developed by bilateral neck dissection, lymphadenectomy, and submandibular sialoadenectomy in the Sprague‐Dawley rat. Groups of 20 rats underwent this procedure and were blindly treated with either fibrin glue, fibrinogen, thrombin, or saline control. Necropsy on postoperative day 5 revealed a statistically significant (chi‐squared) decrease in seroma incidence using fibrin glue (0%) and fibrinogen (15%), while thrombin (95%) and saline (100%) were ineffective in preventing seromas.The use of fibrin glue and fibrinogen in this role merits further investigation.
Congenital aural cholesteatoma: Results of surgery in 60 cases
Authors: Doyle Karen Jo , Luxford William M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrom 1978 to 1993, 59 patients (60 ears) with congenital middle ear cholesteatoma were treated at the House Ear Clinic. The median patient age at presentation was 5 years, and the period of postoperative follow‐up was 4.8 years. An intact canal wall was maintained in 58 of 60 cases and a closed middle ear space in all cases. In 12 operations, lateral graft tympanoplasty eradicated the cholesteatoma in one stage; 32 patients required a second‐stage surgery to rule out recurrence, and the remaining 16 cases required three or more operations to eradicate disease and reconstruct the hearing mechanism.Thirty‐five (63%) of 56 patients had a postoperative air‐conduction threshold pure‐tone average (PTA) within 10 dB of the best bone‐conduction PTA; 91% were within 20 dB. Average speech reception threshold improved from 32 dB hearing level (HL) preoperatively to 20 dB HL postoperatively.
Terminology of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and of polymers containing ions (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Hess M. , Jones R. G. , Kahovec J. , Kitayama T. , Kratochvíl P. , Kubisa P. , Mormann W. , Stepto R. F. T. , Tabak D. , Vohlídal J. , Wilks E. S. 
Published: October 2006

This document defines the terms most commonly encountered in the field of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and polymers containing ions. The scope of the document has been limited to organic polymers. Inorganic materials, such as certain phosphates, silicates, etc., which also may be considered ionic polymers, are excluded from the present document. The terms selected are those that are widely used in the field of polymers containing ionizable or ionic groups and polymers containing ions. Only those terms that could be defined without ambiguity are considered. The terms are listed in alphabetical order, and cross-references to definitions given in other documents are provided.
Erythropoietic Response to Two Epoetin alfa Regimens in Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Darveau Martin , Notebaert Éric , Denault André Y. , Williamson David R. , Albert Martin , Bélisle Sylvain , Lachaine Jean 
Published: October 2006

Study Objective. To compare the erythropoietic responses and tolerability of two recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) regimens.Design. Prospective, open‐label, multicenter study.Setting. Three multidisciplinary intensive care units in Québec, Canada.Patients. Sixty critically ill patients.Intervention. The first 30 patients received EPO 40,000 U/week (group A); the next 30 received 40,000 U twice/week (group B).Measurements and Main Results. Percent change from baseline in reticulocyte count and hemoglobin concentration were evaluated in both groups on study days 7 and 14. The numbers of adverse events were also compared between the two groups. No statistically significant differences were found in the results between the two groups.Conclusion. Although the study had limitations, it suggested that EPO 40,000 U twice/week did not increase or sustain stimulation of the erythropoietic response compared with EPO 40,000 U/week in critically ill patients.
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-polyvinyl chloride blends doped with sulfamic acid in aqueous tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Ameen Sadia , Ali Vazid , Zulfequar M. , Mazharul Haq M. , Husain Mushahid 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The temperature dependence of direct current (dc) conductivity was studied for various samples of polyaniline-polyvinylchloride (PANI-PVC) blended films. Polyaniline was doped with different concentrations of sulfamic acid in aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the blended films were prepared by varying the amount of doped PANI relative to a fixed amount of PVC. The dc conductivity of PANI-PVC blended films was measured to determine the effect of sulfamic acid (dopant) in the temperature range (300–400K). The mechanism of conduction is explained by a two-phase model. In order to evaluate the effect of the dopant, conductivity-derived parameters such as the pre-exponential factor (σ
o) and the activation energy (ΔE) were calculated. The structural changes of polyaniline-PVC blended films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy that explores information about the suitability of the dopant in the chemical doping process.
Recent Advances in New Hard High‐Pressure Nitrides
Authors: Zerr A. , Riedel R. , Sekine T. , Lowther J. E. , Ching W. Y. , Tanaka I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSince the discovery of spinel nitrides in 1999, there has been a lot of effort in basic science to further develop advanced nitrides and electronic nitrides. The aim and scope of the research in this field is to synthesize novel nitrides for structural and functional applications. Silicon‐based spinel nitrides combine ultrahigh hardness with high thermal stability against decomposition in different environments, suggesting potential applications as cutting tools. These materials are also expected to show interesting optoelectronic properties, which may lead to applications in light‐emitting diodes. The synthesis of spinel silicon and germanium nitrides at ultrahigh pressures and temperatures, as well as the successful synthesis of tin nitride at ambient pressure, has created an enormous impact on both the basic science and technological development of advanced nitrides. Moreover, the discovery of novel phases of transition metal nitrides, such as Zr3N4 and Hf3N4 with a Th3P4 structure, as well as the recently reported nitrides of Pt and Mo, demonstrates the scientific potential of high‐pressure synthesis techniques in the field of materials science. Here, the state of the art in the field of novel hard materials based on nitrides synthesized reproducibly under high pressure is reviewed.
Modified CMC. V. Synthesis and super‐swelling behavior of hydrolyzed CMC‐g‐PAN hydrogel
Authors: Pourjavadi A. , Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J. , Ghasempoori S. N. , Hossienzadeh H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) was grafted onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) sodium salt backbones by using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. The graft copolymer, CMC‐g‐PAN, was hydrolyzed by NaOH solution to yield hydrogel, H‐CMC‐g‐PAN. The nitrile groups of CMC‐g‐PAN were completely converted to a mixture of hydrophilic carboxamide and carboxylate groups during alkaline hydrolysis, followed by in situ crosslinking of the grafted PAN chains. The structure of the products was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The synthetic parameters affecting the swelling capacity of the hydrogel (i.e., CMC‐g‐PAN add‐on value, the hydrolysis time and temperature, and concentration of NaOH) were systematically optimized to achieve maximum swelling. Absorbency was also measured in various salt solutions. The H‐CMC‐g‐PAN product was recognized to be a smart hydrogel with superswelling properties. Several swelling changes of the hydrogel were observed in lieu of pH variations in a wide range (1–13). Also, the pH reversibility and on–off switching behavior make the hydrogel a good candidate for controlled delivery of bioactive agents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 877–883, 2007
Interpolymer‐specific interactions and miscibility in poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid)/poly(styrene‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) blends
Authors: Hadj‐Hamou Assia Siham , Djadoun Said 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe miscibility or complexation of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) containing 27 mol % of acrylic acid (SAA‐27) and poly(styrene‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) containing 17 or 32 mol % of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (SAD‐17, SAD‐32) or poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) were investigated by different techniques. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that a single glass‐transition temperature was observed for all the mixtures prepared from tetrahydrofuran (THF) or butan‐2‐one. This is an evidence of their miscibility or complexation over the entire composition range. As the content of the basic constituent increases as within SAA‐27/SAD‐32 and SAA‐27/PDMA, higher number of specific interpolymer interactins occurred and led to the formation of interpolymer complexes in butan‐2‐one. The qualitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study carried out for SAA‐27/SAD‐17 blends revealed that hydrogen bonding occurred between the hydroxyl groups of SAA‐27 and the carbonyl amide of SAD‐17. Quantitative analysis carried out in the 160–210°C temperature range for the SAA‐27 copolymer and its blends of different ratios using the Painter–Coleman association model led to the estimation of the equilibrium constants K2, KA and the enthalpies of hydrogen bond formation. These blends are miscible even at 180°C as confirmed from the negative values of the total free energy of mixing ΔGM over the entire blend composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1011–1024, 2007
A method of dissecting the pelvic floor to allow anatomical validation of images of the soft tissues
Authors: Shulver H. , Bartram C. I. , Hudson C. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method of intact postmortem removal of the pelvic floor for imaging correlation studies, with minimal access disfigurement, is described. This consists of subcutaneous removal of both ischiopubic rami with division of the obturator membrane cranial to the origin of the levator ani muscles. The anatomical relationships of soft tissue surrounding the distal birth canal are thus preserved. The report discusses the need for, constraints on, and limitations of such studies in the unique problems of determining the dynamic anatomical configuration of the soft tissues of the pelvic floor. It illustrates the clinical relevance of initial studies, and reviews the background contributions of members of the group. Clin. Anat. 20:322–325, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiographic measurements of normal elbows: Clinical relevance to olecranon fractures
Authors: Wadia Farokh , Kamineni Srinath , Dhotare Satish , Amis A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study aims to calculate a clinically relevant and intra‐operatively accessible measure of olecranon length that could be reliably applied by the operating surgeon to optimise fixation of comminuted olecranon fractures. One hundred normal adult antero‐posterior and lateral radiographs of the elbow were studied with respect to the proximal olecranon height (OH), trochlear notch width (TW) on lateral views, and trans‐epicondylar distance (TED) and trochlear width distance (TWD) on AP views. Three mean ratios were then derived: TWD/TW, TED/TW and OH/TW. The average OH was 26.2 mm (range 21–29), TW was 24.7 mm (range 21–32), TED was 58.7 mm (range 49–74), and the TWD was 27.0 mm (range 22–32). The average ratio of TWD: TW was 1.08 (SD = 0.08), that of TED: TW was 2.38 (SD = 0.18) and OH/TW was 1.06 (SD = 0.08). Comminuted fractures of the olecranon are a surgical challenge since it is often impossible to gauge the correct length to achieve in reconstruction of the olecranon process. Our data can be easily applied to the clinical situation, by taking intra‐operative radiographs, and calculating the ratios as demonstrated above. These will guide the surgeon to obtain a more reliable length of the olecranon intra‐operatively. Clin. Anat. 20:407–410, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Copper(I)–Tetrahydrosalen‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Henry Reaction and Its Extension to the Synthesis of (S)‐Norphenylephrine
Authors: Xiong Yan , Wang Fei , Huang Xiao , Wen Yuehong , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new chiral hydrogenated salen catalyst has been developed for the asymmetric Henry reaction which produces the expected products in moderate to high yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96 % ee). A variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic, enal, and aliphatic aldehydes were found to be suitable substrates in the presence of hydrogenated salen 1 f (10 mol %), (CuOTf)2⋅C7H8 (5 mol %), and 4 Å molecular sieves. This process is air‐tolerant and easily manipulated with readily available reagents, and has been successfully extended to the synthesis of (S)‐norphenylephrine in 67 % overall yield, starting from commercially available m‐hydroxybenzaldehyde. Based on experimental investigations and MM+ calculations, a possible catalytic cycle including a transition state (8 or A) has been proposed to explain the origin of reactivity and asymmetric inductivity.
Nanomolar Inhibition of Type II Dehydroquinase Based on the Enolate Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Toscano Miguel D. , Payne Richard J. , Chiba Akira , Kerbarh Olivier , Abell Chris 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe describe the rational design of a novel, highly potent inhibitor of type II dehydroquinase, the dicarboxylate 6. The incorporation of a carboxylate at the 3‐position mimics the putative enolate intermediate in the reaction mechanism, and allows a potential electrostatic binding interaction with the arginine on the active site flap. This results in a 1000‐fold increase in potency, making the dicarboxylate 6 the most potent inhibitor of type II dehydroquinase reported to date, with a high ligand efficiency of −0.68 kcal mol−1 per nonhydrogen atom. The systematic dissection of 6 in compounds 7–12, all of which show a drop in potency, confirm the synergistic importance of the two carboxylates, the C3 and C4 hydroxyl groups, and the anhydroquinate ring structure for the potency of 6.
Distribution of MT1 melatonin receptor immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Colocalization of MT1 with vasopressin, oxytocin, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone
Authors: Wu Ying‐Hui , Zhou Jiang‐Ning , Balesar Rawien , Unmehopa Unga , Bao Aimin , Jockers Ralf , Van Heerikhuize Joop , Swaab Dick F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMelatonin is implicated in numerous physiological processes, including circadian rhythms, stress, and reproduction, many of which are mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary. The physiological actions of melatonin are mainly mediated by melatonin receptors. We here describe the distribution of the melatonin receptor MT1 in the human hypothalamus and pituitary by immunocytochemistry. MT1 immunoreactivity showed a widespread pattern in the hypothalamus. In addition to the area of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a number of novel sites, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), sexually dimorphic nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the nucleus basalis of Meynert, infundibular nucleus, ventromedial and dorsomedial nucleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, mamillary body, and paraventricular thalamic nucleus were observed to have neuronal MT1 receptor expression. No staining was observed in the nucleus tuberalis lateralis and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The MT1 receptor was colocalized with some vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the SCN, colocalized with some parvocellular and magnocellular AVP and oxytocine (OXT) neurons in the PVN and SON, and colocalized with some parvocellular corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN. In the pituitary, strong MT1 expression was observed in the pars tuberalis, while a weak staining was found in the posterior and anterior pituitary. These findings provide a neurobiological basis for the participation of melatonin in the regulation of various hypothalamic and pituitary functions. The colocalization of MT1 and CRH suggests that melatonin might directly modulate the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis in the PVN, which may have implications for stress conditions such as depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:897–910, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde analyses of spinothalamic projections in the macaque monkey: Input to posterolateral thalamus
Authors: Craig A.D. (Bud) , Zhang En‐Tan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe distribution of retrogradely labeled spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was analyzed in macaque monkeys following variously sized, physiologically guided pressure or iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) in order to determine whether different STT termination sites receive input selectively from different sets of STT cells. This report focuses on posterolateral thalamus, where prior anterograde tracing observations identified the posterior part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMpo) as the major projection target of lamina I STT neurons. Large injections in posterolateral thalamus labeled predominantly STT cells in lamina I throughout the spinal cord. In cases with medium‐sized or small injections centered in VMpo, almost all labeled STT cells (∼90%) were lamina I neurons. Small injections revealed a posteroanterior (foot to hand) somatotopographic organization consistent with that observed in prior anterograde tracing work; injections in posterior VMpo labeled primarily lumbosacral lamina I cells, whereas injections placed more anteriorly in VMpo labeled primarily cervical lamina I cells. These findings support the concept that VMpo is a primate lamina I spinothalamocortical relay nucleus important for pain, temperature, itch, muscle ache, sensual touch, and other interoceptive feelings from the body, and they provide strong evidence for the general hypothesis that the STT consists of several functionally and anatomically differentiable components. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:953–964, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.