bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naturwissenschaftliche und zoologische Forschungen in Afrika während der deutschen Kolonialbewegung bis 1914
Authors: Hoppe Brigitte 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper states that since 1884 German naturalists and scientific expeditions intensified the exploration of the natural history of the African colonies of Germany. During the relatively short period of thirty years they have collected a lot of natural objects, of descriptions and pictures of animals in the landscape as well as of the living conditions in the natural environment. But we can find also several forerunners of the early nineteenth century. Therefore the paper is comparing the scientific results of earlier expeditions with the yield of the natural history travels during the colonial period, in order to state the development and change of the aim of the natural history researches at Africa. Several types of sources were consulted, mainly individual travel descriptions, reports of expeditions in special periodicals like Deutsches Kolonialblatt, Amtsblatt für die Schutzgebiete, Mittheilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, etc., and furthermore publications of the scientific results. Especially the results of zoology and natural history, which were neglected by historians of science, will be analysed by representative examples. The emergence of scientific research in German African colonies with regard to qualitative and quantitative aspects and their change by the impact of the German colonial movement from 1884 to 1914 will be discussed.
Sprachschichten der Alchemie
Authors: Schütt Hans‐Werner 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe language of alchemy may be devided into five layers. — Within the first layer the alchemists explicitly and undisguisedly conveyed chemical informations. But they described chemical substances and chemical operations in a way which reminds us of sociological or psychological descriptions and the treatment of complex personalities. — Within the second layer the alchemists also gave chemical informations albeit encoded in much the same way as craftmen's guilds encoded their knowledge to fend off competition from outsiders. — Within the third layer the alchemists refer to verbal associations and to myths from their cultural environment so that their texts can only be properly understood within a certain cultural context. As the language of this layer was often handed down to later generations of alchemists who were not acquainted with the specific cultural context it tended to cause confusions and misunderstandings. — Within the fourth layer the alchemists deliberately used an arcane language for within this layer they tried to convey the paradoxa of alchemy. — Within the fifth layer alchemy is treated as a literary tradition in which all classical texts contain the truth but no text does it in a fully comprehensible way. — These last two layers show that au fond alchemy is not a process of riddle solving but a quest for cosmic secrets. This gives us a demarcation criterion to distinguish alchemy from genuine natural sciences.
Zum Aufenthalt Max von Pettenkofers 1865 in Sachsen
Authors: Klimpel Volker 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe short visit of the famous German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer (1818‐1901) in Saxonia is described. Some days in november and december 1865, Pettenkofer was in the course of the cholera epidemic in Altenburg, Crimmitschau, Werdau, Glauchau and Zwickau, but not in Dresden and Leipzig. We receive a picture from the situation of hygiene and infectology in the time before the bacteriologist (and antagonist of Pettenkofer) Robert Koch (1834‐1910) discovered the cholera bacillus. Pettenkofer met some very important physicians of this country and discussed the origin and spreading of the cholera disease. Pettenkofer himself has published a paper about the saxonia tour, which expressed the ideas of natural sciences in the second half of nineteen century.
Vernunft und Sprache — oder die Schwierigkeit, Kant auf Italienisch sprechen zu lassen
Authors: Frigo Gian Franco 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe can reach the exactness and univocity the scientific thougth aims at only by mastering the polysemy historically present in language. This appears even more difficult when we move from one polysemic system to another, as in translations into other languages. Thus, in Italy in the early XIXth century, the first attempts to translate Immanuel Kant's Critique of pure reason met great difficulties in understanding his new terms and led to misunderstanding and therefore rejecting his new philosophy.
Ulisse Aldrovandi: Vollendung des Aristoteles in plinianischer Manier
Authors: Bäumer‐Schleinkofer Änne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe primary goal of Ulisse Aldrovandi was to surpass his immediate predecessor Conrad Gesner, despite the fact that he never mentioned it expressis verbis. In a Plinian manner he attempted to complete Aristotle's comprehensive description of the animals. Since he always made a great effort to evaluate all existing works, and to determine their degree of truth by conducting his own studies of nature, his descriptions turn out to be more comprehensive and critical than those of his predecessors. Furthermore he based his studies on a system and also incorporated anatomy again. With his studies of nature and anatomical dissections he has expanded the knowledge of scientific facts within the domain of zoology. Especially in the realm of entomology, Aldrovandi has accomplished pioneer work, and can hence be regarded as the founding father of this special field. Besides Gesner's significant work about the animal kingdom, Aldrovandi's even more comprehensive encyclopedia can be considered an important step towards the modern natural sciences.
Die subjektive Objektivität der mittelalterlichen Medizin
Authors: Riha Ortrun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe problem of ‘reality’ and ‘realism’ is rarely discussed in medieval medical texts, although medieval medicine is based on objectivity. There are three reasons why medieval physicians were so sure about their image of human nature: the convincing model of humoral pathology, the undoubted truth of tradition, and the suggestive similarities between worldly things and their presumed divine purpose. Thus, individual cases were only examples of the common theory of medicine and were by no means able to change it.
Comparison of insect kinin analogs with cis‐peptide bond motif 4‐aminopyroglutamate identifies optimal stereochemistry for diuretic activity
Authors: Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Williams Howard J. , Coast Geoffrey M. , Scott A. Ian , Zabrocki Janusz , Nachman Ronald J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe insect kinins are present in a wide variety of insects and function as potent diuretic peptides, though they are subject to rapid degradation by internal peptidases. Insect kinin analogs incorporating stereochemical variants of (2S,4S)‐4‐aminopyroglutamate (APy), a cis‐peptide bond motif, demonstrate significant activity in a cricket diuretic assay. Insect kinin analogs containing (2R,4R)‐APy, (2S,4R)‐APy and (2S,4S)‐APy are essentially equipotent on an insect diuretic assay, with EC50 values of about 10−7M, whereas the (2R,4S)‐APy analog is at least 10‐fold more potent (EC50 = 7 × 10−9M). Conformational studies in aqueous solution indicate that the (2R,4S)‐APy analog is considerably more flexible than the other three variants, which may explain its greater potency. The work identifies the optimal stereochemistry for the APy scaffold with which to design biostable, peptidomimetic analogs with the potential to disrupt critical insect kinin‐regulated processes in insects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88:1–7, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com.
Evaluation of thermophilic anaerobic digestion processes for full‐scale Class A biosolids disinfection at hyperion treatment plant
Authors: Iranpour R. , Cox H.H.J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper describes 5 phases of full‐scale testing at the City of Los Angeles Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) for producing Class A biosolids (U.S. EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule) by thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Phases I and II were tests with a two‐stage continuous‐batch process in a thermophilic battery of six digesters and a designated post‐digestion train that was isolated from mesophilic operations. These tests demonstrated that digester outflow biosolids met the Class A limits for fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp. However, fecal coliform densities sharply increased during post‐digestion. The recurrence was possibly related to a combination of a large drop of the biosolids temperature after the dewatering centrifuges and contamination of thermophilically digested biosolids from mesophilic operations. Phase III was conducted after insulation and electrical heat‐tracing of the post‐digestion train to maintain a biosolids temperature throughout post‐digestion at about the same level as in the digester outflow. Biosolids monitoring at the last points of plant control (silos at Truck Loading Facility and farm for land application) indicated that fecal coliform recurrence was prevented. After completing the conversion of HTP to thermophilic operation, certification tests of Phases IV and V demonstrated Class A compliance of a two‐stage continuous‐batch process under Alternatives 1 and 3 of the Part 503 Biosolids Rule, respectively. HTP received the permit for Class A (indeed exceptional quality) biosolids land application in Kern County, California, in December 2002 under Alternative 3. Since 2003, HTP has consistently complied with the federal and local standards for Class A biosolids, indicating that Class A limits can be met under conditions less stringent than defined by the Alternative 1 time‐temperature requirement for batch treatment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97:19–39. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance–pH monitoring to select patients with persistent gastro-oesophageal reflux for laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication
Authors: Mainie I , Tutuian R , Agrawal A , Adams D , Castell D O 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundCombined multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH) monitoring detects gastro-oesophageal reflux and identifies acid and non-acid reflux events. It can be used in patients with persistent symptoms on proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. The aim of this study was to assess laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication as a treatment for patients with persistent symptoms associated with reflux despite acid suppression documented by MII-pH monitoring.MethodA prospectively maintained database identified patients with persistent symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease despite PPI therapy who had undergone MII-pH monitoring and this was cross-referenced with patients who had undergone fundoplication at this institution. Follow-up after fundoplication was by periodic telephone interview and review of clinical records.ResultsOf 200 evaluated patients, 19 (14 female; mean age 40 (range 0.7–78) years) underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Before surgery, 18 of 19 patients had a positive symptom index (at least half of symptoms associated with reflux) and one, a negative symptom index. After a mean follow-up of 14 (range 7–25) months, 16 of 17 (94 per cent) patients with a positive symptom index were asymptomatic or markedly improved (one patient was lost to follow-up). Persistent symptoms occurred in the patient with a negative symptom index, and one patient had recurrent symptoms after 9 months.ConclusionPatients with a positive symptom index resistant to PPIs with non-acid or acid reflux demonstrated by MII-pH monitoring can be treated successfully by laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
Surgical strategies for gastric cancer with synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Gretschel S , Siegel R , Estévez-Schwarz L , Hünerbein M , Schneider U , Schlag P M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Gastric cancer frequently spreads to the peritoneal cavity. Whether laparoscopy is useful in planning therapy remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of laparoscopy and to develop a therapeutic algorithm.

Methods
Six hundred and sixty consecutive patients with gastric cancer were included in this prospective observational study. The sensitivity of abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and laparoscopy for detecting peritoneal carcinomatosis was compared. The lesions were biopsied and classified as P1, P2 or P3 according to the recommendations of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer. Prognosis was determined according to the stage of peritoneal carcinomatosis and therapeutic procedure adopted.

Results
One hundred and ten (16·7 per cent) of 660 patients presented with synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis. The sensitivity for detecting peritoneal carcinomatosis was 85 per cent for laparoscopy compared with 19 per cent for ultrasonography and 28 per cent for CT. Patients with P3 disease did not benefit from additional surgery compared with chemotherapy alone. Those with P1 carcinomatosis had improved survival rates after complete resection followed by chemotherapy.

Conclusion
Laparoscopy improves the detection and classification of peritoneal carcinomatosis, and offers patients with gastric cancer a more individualized and effective therapy.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Photoluminescent Properties of Three Novel Cadmium(II) Compounds Constructed from 5‐Sulfoisophthalic Acid (H3SIP)
Authors: Liu Qing‐Yan , Wang Yu‐Ling , Xu Li 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHydrothermal reactions of Cd(NO3)2 and NaH2SIP (5‐sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt) at pH = 2 and 7 produce [Cd2(μ2‐OH2)2(HSIP)2(H2O)6] (1) and [Cd5(μ2‐OH)2(μ3‐OH)2(SIP)2(H2O)5]n (2), respectively. A similar hydrothermal reaction in the presence of dpp [1,3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane] yields {[Cd3(SIP)2(dpp)6]·4(H2O)}n (3). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that compound 1 has a discrete dinuclear structure with the [Cd2(μ2‐OH2)2] unit. Polymer 2 features an inorganic layer, which has centrosymmetric 12‐ and 24‐membered rings composed of chair‐shaped [Cd4(μ3‐OH)2] units and Cd(μ2‐OH)2(CO2) units, and is interconnected by SIP into a 3D framework. Complex 3 contains a 1D ladder‐like [Cd4(SIP)4]n unit with four cadmium atoms co‐planar, which is interconnected by dpp into a 2D nanosized layered structure. In the solid state, compounds 1 and 3 exhibit blue‐violet photoluminescence with maxima at 436 and 409 nm upon excitation at 342 and 350 nm, respectively. However, compound 2 shows photoluminescence with the maximum at 306 nm upon excitation at 270 nm.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
DNA Biosensor Concepts Based on a Change in the DNA Persistence Length upon Hybridization
Authors: Mearns Freya J. , Wong Elicia L. S. , Short Ken , Hibbert D. Brynn , Gooding J. Justin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHybridization‐induced physical changes of DNA are exploited in the development of DNA switchable surfaces for electrochemical biosensing purposes. Two types of biosensing concepts are explored, both based on the same basic switchable surface. The interface is designed so that the end‐tethered DNA is able to switch from a flexible state to a rigid one upon hybridization. The first biosensing concept described is a label‐free system that uses air oxidation of the interface, followed by the change in accessibility of the surface upon hybridization to detect complementary target DNA. The second is a ferrocene‐labeled system exploiting the change in DNA flexibility alone. Atomic force microscopy studies of the DNA switching surface are described.
Testing of Bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans and Electron Transport Mediators Composition for Application in Biofuel Cell
Authors: Reshetilov Anatoly , Alferov Sergey , Tomashevskaya Ludmila , Ponamoreva Ol'ga 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe dependence of EMF, current and voltage at a fixed load, and the fuel cell inner resistance on anolyte composition has been studied using microbial fuel cell (MFC) model. Strain Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. industrius VKM B‐1280 was a biocatalyst; glucose was used as a fuel. The following anolyte compositions were considered: (1) water‐soluble mediator 2,6‐dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) in combination with suspension and immobilized bacteria and (2) hydrophobic mediators ferrocene and 1,1′‐dimethylferrocene in combination with immobilized bacteria. It was shown that DCPIP in combination with immobilized bacteria versus the cell suspension increases the generated EMF for 36%, current for 25%, power for 56%, and inner resistance for 14%. Ferrocene seems to be more preferable as compared with 1,1′‐dimethylferrocene. Ferrocene gives higher values of the generated EMF (for 8%) and current (for 47%), as well as decreases the inner resistance of MFC for 38%. The proposed system can be used for rapid qualitative and quantitative assessment of the “fuel‐cell‐mediator‐electrode” interaction under charge transfer and is used in the search of effective anolyte compositions.
DNA microelectrophoresis using double focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Bayer Johannes , Rädler Joachim O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDouble focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (dfFCS) was used to determine electrophoretic mobilities of short double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA)‐fragments (75 base pairs (bp) ‐1019 bp) in microfluidic channels. The electrokinetic flow profile across a microchannel was measured with 1 µm spatial resolution and separated in electroosmotic and electrophoretic contributions. Experiments show that the free solution mobility is independent of DNA length. The diffusion constant is additionally determined by FCS and follows a length dependent rod‐diffusion model. We interpret the electrophoretic mobilities using a modified Nernst Einstein relation, which additionally takes Manning condensation and counterion induced hydrodynamic retardation forces into account. In 3% w/v polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐network (Mr 3 ·105 Dalton) the electrophoretic velocities become size‐dependent with a power‐law exponent be‐tween 0.28 and 0.31. Mixtures of dsDNA‐fragments exhibit distinguishable peaks in the dfFCS cross‐correlation function. The potential of dfFCS for realtime micro‐analysis in terms of speed and spatial resolution is discussed.
Marginal role of impaired aldehyde metabolism in m‐xylene vapour‐induced biochemical effects in the rat
Authors: Elovaara E. , Pfäffli P. , Savolainen H. , Vainio H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRats were exposed to 300 ppm m‐xylene vapour for 1 or 2 weeks, 6 h daily, 5 days a week. One group was simultaneously given disulfiram in the drinking water (53 μmol kg−1, daily). The disulfiram treatment inhibited propionaldehyde dehydrogenase; such inhibition did not occur when m‐methylbenzaldehyde (i.e., the aldehyde of m‐xylene metabolism) was used as the substrate. Gastric gavage with higher drug doses (0.5 g kg−1, administered one or three times) confirmed this finding. Intermittent inhalation exposure to m‐xylene for 2 weeks lowered the non‐protein sulphhydryl group content in liver and increased the activities of microsomal NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase, 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase and UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase in liver. Concomitantly, the oxidation of m‐xylene in vitro was also enhanced. Combined exposure to the solvent and the drug somewhat inhibited the increases in the hepatic drug metabolism and in the rate of microsomal xylene oxidation in vitro which m‐xylene had induced, whereas the renal drug metabolism remained almost unaffected. Despite the changes in the monooxygenase, the solvent burden in the perirenal fat remained comparable. The significance of impaired aldehyde metabolism in m‐xylene toxicity could not be confirmed in male Wistar rats at the above exposure levels.
Toxic substances in the food of animals: Some recent findings of australian poisonous plant investigations
Authors: Seawright A. A. , Hrdlicka J. , Lee J. A. , Ogunsan E. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome of the more interesting and significant recent Australian studies of plant toxins are those dealing with furanosesquiterpenoid essential oils, irritant diterpene esters, thiaminase I, trihydroxyindolizidine, carboxyatractyloside and oxalates. Furanosesquiterpenes, found mainly in Myoporum spp., require activation by microsomal mixed‐function oxygenases in order to produce injury in the tissues in which they accumulate. One such compound isolated from M. deserti, deisopropylngaione, causes necrotizing lesions in the liver, kidney and lung. The native pteridophyte Marsilea drummondii contains thiaminase I at such a high level of activity that it can cause clinical thiamine deficiency in adult sheep which graze it at times of the year when it is growing profusely. Potent diterpene esters (which have been found to be potent cocarcinogens in mice) are to be found in thymelaeaceous plants such as Pimelea spp. One such compound, simplexin, also causes marked contraction of vascular smooth muscle, giving rise to the cardiopulmonary and hepatic circulatory disorder in cattle, known as St. George Disease. Carboxyatractyloside has recently been found to be the toxin in Xanthium spp. The compound is a hypoglycaemic agent, an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and causes acute liver necrosis. Swainsona spp. contain the a‐mannosidase inhibitor trihydroxyindolizidine. Consumption of the plants by animals results in the typical lysosomal storage disease a‐mannosidosis. Oxalate or acid oxalate ions in plants normally cause toxicity per se in grazing animals, but when present in low levels in various native and introduced grasses eaten by horses, they can produce negative calcium balance and secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism within several months.
Heavy metals in Tasmanian shellfish. 2 — The influence of heavy metal ratios on the accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in rats fed contaminated oysters
Authors: Thrower Stephen J. , Olley June 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe contamination of estuaries in Tasmania by ore processing plants and wolfram mines, and subsequent closure of oyster harvesting leases provided oysters, contaminated with different ratios of heavy metals, for the study of metal interactions. The high atomic ratios of zinc to cadmium (˜ 1200–1400:1) found at certain times in oysters in the Derwent estuary appeared to suppress food intake, growth and feed conversion in rats fed diets containing cadmium in excess of 15 μg g−1 (dry weight). Little cadmium was deposited in the usual target organs, the liver and kidney. Models for prediction of cadmium deposition in these organs based on the zinc and cadmium contents of the diet are discussed. From these models it can be seen that little cadmium would be deposited in target organs from ingestion of shellfish containing levels of metals permitted by health regulations, but the ratios of metals found in shellfish in the Derwent estuary may lead to the instability of metallothioneins in animals consuming the shellfish.