bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of fenvalerate and permethrin residues on cattle hair following variable application rates of impregnated ear tags
Authors: Mwangala Felix S. , Sarna Leonard P. , Galloway Terry D. , Webster G. R. Barrie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFenvalerate and permethrin residues on hair of groups of cattle that received either two tags per adult animal or one tag for every other adult animal were determined using gas chromatography over a three‐month period in 1987 and 1988. Cattle with two tags had consistently higher residues than cattle with one tag. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in the first month for residues on the head and in the first two weeks for residues from the body in 1987. Residues on cattle with one tag and without a tag in the same herd were similar (P > 0.05) on each sampling day on all regions. Residues on the hair from the head of cattle with two tags were greater than on the body and rump (P < 0.05) during the first 28 days. Residues found on hair on days 14 and 84 following tag application declined by 80–86% on the head, 73–78% on the body, and 36–86% on the rump. Isomeric compositions of fenvalerate (range 51–61% SR, RS: 39–49% SS, RR) and permethrin (range 61–67% trans: 33–39% cis) were consistent during the study. Rainfall reduced residues on hair.
The current status of insecticide resistance in Musca domestica in England and Wales and the implications for housefly control in intensive animal units
Authors: Chapman Paul A. , Learmount Jane , Morris Alan W. , McGreevy Paul B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFollowing the 1984–85 housefly (Musca domestica L.) resistance survey, a similar survey was carried out between January 1990 and April 1992 in order to monitor changes in UK housefly resistance. Samples of fly populations were collected from 35 farms throughout England and Wales. Dose‐response data were obtained by topical application and feeding test methods. For both methods the knockdown (KD) after 48 h was used for all the dose‐response comparisons. The ranges of resistance factors for the topical application method were for methomyl, 1·6–20·0 at KD50 and 4·5–34·4 at KD95; for azamethiphos, 2·5–58·5 at KD50 and 5·0–2604 at KD95; for pyrethrins+piperonyl butoxide, 1·2–9·6 at KD50 and 1·6–14·7 at KD95; and for permethrin, 2·2–118·8 at KD50 and 4·3–200·0 at KD95. The ranges of the resistance factors for the feeding tests were for methomyl, 1·2–56·1 at KD50 and 3·1–80·0 at KD95, and for azamethiphos, 3·9–125·0 at KD50 and 4·4–380·0 at KD95. The means of resistance factors for all of the insecticides showed increases over those obtained in a previous survey carried out in 1984–85. The significance of the results for housefly control in intensive animal units in the UK is discussed.
Selective complexometric determination of glyphosate and related compounds
Authors: Répási János 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA complexometric method has been developed for the selective determination of glyphosate and related compounds. The method is based upon the different pH‐dependence of tridentate and tetradentate ligand‐metal complex stabilities. Glyphosate, the tridentate ligand forms a stable copper complex at pH ≥ 8 only, whereas N‐carboxymethyl‐N‐phosphonomethylglycine and N,N‐bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine, the tetradentate ligands, form sufficiently stable bismuth complexes even at low pH. The method, therefore, consists of aliquot titrations in basic and acidic media, using metal ion titrant solutions.The first aliquot containing N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine plus N‐carboxymethyl‐N‐phosphonomethylglycine or N,N,‐bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine is titrated with bismuth volumetric solution at pH 1.8–2–5 in the presence of methylthymol blue indicator. Quantities of the tetradentate ligands can be calculated from the bismuth consumption. The second aliquot is titrated with copper volumetric solution at pH 8–10, in the presence of murexide indicator. The content of glyphosate can be calculated from the difference between the copper and bismuth consumptions. Efficacy of the method is verified by analyses of standard mixtures and industrial samples.
Synergism between EBI fungicides and a pyrethroid insecticide in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Pilling Edward D. , Jepson Paul C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synergistic effect of a range of ergosterol‐biosynthesis‐inhibiting (EBI) fungicides and a pyrethroid insecticide was studied in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Various EBI fungicides were combined separately with the pyrethroid lambda‐cyhalothrin at ratios derived from their recommended application rates to represent tank‐mixing in the field. The mixture was then applied topically to the thorax of honeybees, and mortality assessed 24 h post‐treatment. All the fungicides tested increased the toxicity of lambda‐cyhalothrin to honeybees. The fungicide propiconazole was found to have the strongest synergistic effect, decreasing the LD50 of lambda‐cyalothrin from 68.0 ng bee−1 to 4.2 ng, thus having a synergistic ratio of 16.2. Hazard ratios were calculated for lambda‐cyhalothrin and fungicide mixtures using a recommended application rate of 7.5 g a.i. ha−1. The hazard ratio for lambda‐cyhalothrin alone was 110, but when mixed with fungicide synergists, the hazard ratio ranged from 366 with flutriafol to 1786 with propiconazole. A blank formulation of a fungicide (without the active ingredient prochloraz) had little effect on the toxicity of lambda‐cyhalothrin, indicating that it is primarily the fungicide active ingredient that is responsible for the synergistic effect. The results are discussed in terms of the potential hazard posed by pesticide synergism to honeybees in the field.
Uptake and metabolism of [14C]aspartate in barley leaves infected with powdery mildew
Authors: Jackson Samantha A. L. , Baldwin Brian C. , Walters Dale R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfection of barley with powdery mildew altered the uptake and metabolism of [14C]aspartate in first leaves. Uptake was greater in infected leaves 2 h after feeding, but was reduced thereafter. Aspartate was more rapidly metabolised in infected leaves than in controls, probably to homoserine and threonine. The fungus took up aspartate, homoserine and threonine from the plant, but these were apparently not further metabolised over the experimental period. This suggests that barley can metabolise aspartate, probably forming homoserine. threonine and lysine, while such metabolism does not occur in the powdery mildew fungus. This would confirm the presence of the diaminopimelic acid pathway for lysine biosynthesis in barley and its absence from Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei Marchal.
The determination of glyphosate in soils with moderate to high clay content
Authors: Spann Kelvin P. , Hargreaves Phillip A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved method for the quantitative analysis of the herbicide glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in soils containing moderate to high clay content is described. Critical evaluations of previously published methods have indicated that recoveries of glyphosate from soils with high clay content are often low. Where acceptable recovery estimates have been reported, these methods also report increased interferences and rarely include soils with clay content exceeding 30%.The proposed method was developed and characterized using six soils of different clay content (25–87% clay), with other physical and chemical properties as described. Recoveries of glyphosate from the soils were determined after duplicate extractions with 0.1 M potassium hydroxide. Clean‐up of soil extract solutions was by cation‐exchange column chromatography. Subsequent quantitation was by HPLC with post‐column oxidation, followed by derivatization using OPA‐MERC with fluorometric detection. No interferences were detected.Recovery estimates for each fortified sample were determined over a concentration range (0.56–11.25 mg glyphosate kg −1 ) with all recoveries being greater than 80%. Detection limit for glyphosate in soil was 0.04 mg kg −1, and instrument response was linear for solutions up to 50.0μg glyphosate ml −1. Reproducibility relative confidence interval, for a single sample analysis, was determined as.
Influence of oil droplet size on the toxicity of bifenthrin on cotton to tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens)
Authors: Womac Alvin R. , Mulrooney Joseph E. , Scott William P. , Williford Julius R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSprays of bifenthrin and paraffinic oil mixtures were applied to cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to investigate droplet size effects on the mortality of Heliothis virescens (F.). An air‐assisted nozzle applied mixtures at 9.4 litre ha −1 spray rate with volume median diameters (VMD) of 96 and 337 μm, as verified with a Malvern laser diffraction analyzer. An hour after spraying, susceptible 3rd‐instars walked for 2‐min through wet droplets of spray mixtures applied at bifenthrin rates of 22, 45, 67, 90. and 112 g a.i. ha −1. Mortality was assessed at 21, 26, 45, 50, 74, and 117h after exposure. Final mean mortality was affected (P =0.01) by bifenthrin rate and droplet size. Bifenthrin applied in 337 μm VMD droplets caused 75.8% mortality, whereas 96‐μm VMD droplets resulted in a mortality of 67.9%. Also, the 337 μm VMD droplets killed larvae in 13% less time than the 96μm VMD droplets, based on analysis (P =0.01) using the mean elapsed time till death as the dependent factor.
Biochemical and physiological targets for miticides
Authors: Dekeyser Mark A. , Downer Roger G. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biorational design of new miticides requires an understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of mites. This review considers the interaction and impact of existing miticides with the cuticle, nervous system, growth and development, metabolism, feeding and behaviour and assesses the potential of these as possible targets for miticide development. Considering the sites of action of some of the major miticides, GABAergic and octopaminergic transmission, and oxidative phosphorylation are attractive targets for further miticide development.
Interconversion of stereoisomers of endosulfan on chickpea crop under field conditions
Authors: Mukherjee Irani , Gopal Madhuban 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pure individual stereoisomers of endosulfan, alpha‐endosulfan and beta‐endosulfan, were applied as emulsifiable concentrates to chickpea crop at the rate of 175 g a.i. ha −1 and 50 g a.i. ha −1, respectively. The dissipation rate of these isomers revealed that alpha‐endosulfan interconverted to beta‐endosulfan in minor quantities, while it was converted into endosulfan sulfate on chickpea leaves in significant amounts. On application, beta‐endosulfan was converted to endosulfan sulfate and alpha‐endosulfan in relatively smaller amounts. The study indicates that the beta stereoisomer of endosulfan is more persistent because it is resistant to interconversion and metabolic change.
Synthesis and herbicidal activity of isoxazole‐substituted 1‐aminoethylphosphonates and 1‐hydroxyethylphosphonates
Authors: Wielkopolski Witold , Śmieszek Robert , Witek Stanislaw , Dabrowski Andrzej , Wieczorek Piotr , Lejczak Barbara , Kafarski Pawel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIsoxazole‐substituted 1‐aminoethyl‐ and 1‐hydroxyethyiphosphonates were synthesized by a multi‐step procedure and were screened for herbicidal activity against Lepidium sativum L. and Cucumis sativus L. All the synthesized compounds exhibited notable herbicidal activity.
Monitoring of resistance of insecticides in house fly (Musca domestica) populations in hungary
Authors: Pap László , Farkas Róbert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of 24 house fly (Musca domestica L.) populations were collected from animal farms in Hungary in 1990 and kept in the laboratory to determine their susceptibility to different types of insecticide: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactone and insect growth regulators.The adulticides were tested with topical bioassay in all 24 populations, the larvicides were studied with treated larval medium in 16 populations. The data were expressed as LD50 and LC50 values (ng fly −1 and mg kg −1 larval medium respectively).The percentages of populations which had resistance ratios > 10 at LD50 or LC50 were: 63% to DDT, 50% to methoxychlor, 13% to lindane, 83% to malathion, 63% to trichlorfon, 4% to propetamphos, 96% to dioxacarb, 46% to propoxur, 4% to methomyl, 13% to pyrethrum, 96% to bioresmethrin, 63% to permethrin, 58% to cypermethrin, 79% to SK‐80, 79% to deltamethrin, 38% to invermectin, 0% to diflubenzuron, 0% to cyromazine.Correlation analysis showed a high degree of positive correlation among the adulticides except for ivermectin, bioresmethrin and SK‐80. No cross‐resistance was found between the larvicides and the conventional adulticides.Differences of insecticide resistance levels among the populations surveyed were studied by principal component and factor analysis. A fairly good relationship between resistance status and control practices used on farms was revealed. The populations originating from those farms where the application of adulticides had been frequent or regular and where high resistance was shown to most chemicals could be separated from the others.
The role of metabolic enzymes in insecticide‐resistant colorado potato beetles
Authors: Wierenga Joel M. , Hollingworth Robert M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral metabolic enzymes were assayed in susceptible and insecticide‐resistant (R‐mfo and R‐AchE) strains of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). We compared the activities of esterases, glutathione transferases and mixed function oxidases, and measured in‐vivo metabolism of carbofuran to determine the contributions of metabolic factors to the observed resistance. There were no substantial differences between strains in α‐ or β‐naphthylacetate hydrolysis, or in glutathione transferase activity. Compared to the susceptible strain, the R‐mfo strain showed 4‐fold higher activity in both ethoxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase, and pentoxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase activity. The R‐AChE strain had a 1.5‐fold higher level of ethoxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase activity. Correspondingly, the in‐vivo metabolism of carbofuran was highest in the R‐mfo strain, and the R‐AChE strain was slightly higher than the susceptible strain. These results are discussed in relation to other resistance mechanisms which we have examined in these strains.
Enantioselectivity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase‐inhibiting herbicides
Authors: Nandihalli Ujjana B. , Duke Mary V. , Ashmore John W. , Musco Vincent A. , Clark Robert D. , Duke Stephen O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) was inhibited stereoselectively by three pairs of enantiomers belonging to diphenyl ether (DPE) and pyrazole phenyl ether (PPE) herbicide classes. The (R) enantiomers were 10‐ to 44‐fold more active than the (S) enantiomers as inhibitors of Protox from barley etioplasts. Similarly, the (R) enantiomers caused green barley tissue to accumulate greater amounts of porphyrins and caused greater tissue damage than the (S) enantiomers. The (R) enantiomers competed more successfully with [ 14 C]acifluorfen than the (S) enantiomers for the binding sites on Protox. In the PPE class, the in‐vitro and in‐vivo activity differences were wider in the isopropyl pairs than in the n‐propyl pairs. The DPE enantiomers were tested on ten dicotyledonous and six monocotyledonous weed species and ten crops for weed control and crop safety. In general, neither enantiomer had pre‐emergence activity on monocotyledons, but the (R) enantiomer provided some monocotyledonous weed control when applied post‐emergence. On dicotyledons, the (R) enantiomer provided excellent pre‐emergence control, whereas the (S) enantiomer was inactive. The (R) enantiomer caused no injury to corn, cotton, peanuts, rice, sorghum, or soybeans applied pre‐emergence, but it severely injured crops when applied post‐emergence. There was a positive correlation between the activities of the compounds at the molecular, cellular and whole plant levels. The only molecular property differences found to account for differences in activity between members of chiral pairs were steric parameters.
Transformation rates of ortho‐substituted thiophene and benzene carboxylic esters: Application to thifensulfuron‐methyl and metsulfuron‐methyl herbicides
Authors: Bastide Jean , Badon Robert , Cambon Jean‐Pierre , Vega Danielle 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate constants for soil degradation and alkaline hydrolysis of two herbicides, metsulfuron‐methyl and thifensulfuron‐methyl, have been determined. In order to explain the difference in behaviour of the two compounds, the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of some ortho‐substituted methyl benzoates and methyl 3‐substituted thiophene‐2‐carboxylates were studied. The data are consistent with a difference in polar and steric effects of the substituents in benzene and thiophene derivatives.
Evaluation of oil formulations of deltamethrin for use on cotton targets for tsetse fly control
Authors: Hussain Manzoor , Han Liang‐Feng , Rathor M. Nasir 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA range of formulations of deltamethrin were prepared, some containing an ultraviolet (UV) absorber compound or a combination of the UV absorber and an oil, and applied to blue cotton tsetse fly target samples which were then exposed to the effect of simulated sunlight and water in the laboratory. The residue of insecticide remaining on the targets and the activity of the latter against tsetse flies was determined. Formulations containing the UV absorber and coconut oil or silicone oil remained the most effective against tsetse flies.A coconut oil formulation of the insecticide was selected for field evaluation in comparison with a commercial deltamethrin formulation, Glossinex 200′ S.C., which contains 10% UV absorber. Target samples treated with these formulations were exposed to natural tsetse fly habitat in Ghana for a period of five months and evaluated for deltamethrin residues and activity against four species of tsetse fly. After five months, 4–13 times more deltamethrin remained on the targets treated with the coconut oil formulation than on those treated with ‘Glossinex’, and consequently the former were more active against tsetse flies than the latter. Target samples sequentially dipped in the coconut oil formulation resulted in uniform insecticide concentration on the targets, whereas those dipped in ‘Glossinex’ contained gradually decreasing deltamethrin concentrations.
Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in cell‐free extracts of Botrytis cinerea by prochloraz and prochloraz analogues
Authors: Kapteyn Johan C. , Milling Richard J. , Simpson Donald J. , De Waard Maarten A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sensitivity of cytochrome‐P450‐dependent sterol 14α‐demethylase (P45014DM) to prochloraz and several prochloraz analogues was studied in a cell‐free assay of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. The EC50 values (concentrations which inhibited radial growth of B. cinerea by 50%) of the compounds tested ranged from 3.3 × 10 −8 to 1.7 × 10 −5 M. The IV50 values (concentrations which inhibited cell‐free C4‐demethyl sterol synthesis by 50%) in cell‐free assays of B. cinerea ranged from 2.6 × 10 −9 to 4.4 × 10 −7 M. Ranking compounds in terms of their relative inhibitory potencies showed quite similar trends to the order of fungitoxicity, but the IC50 values did not quantitatively reflect the differences in toxicity. Therefore, the differential inhibition of cell‐free P45014DM activity by these compounds cannot fully account for their differences in activity towards B. cinerea. Additional mechanisms must be involved.The compounds tested were generally more potent in the B. cinerea assay than in similar assays developed for Penicillium italicum Wehmer and, in particular, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen. This correlated with the relatively higher activity of most test compounds to B. cinerea. Results suggest that the cell‐free assay of B. cinerea is more useful to evaluate candidate fungicides as inhibitors of sterol 14α‐demethyiase activity than similar assays from model organisms.The present study confirms that the affinity of prochloraz analogues for P45014DM depends on the nature of the N‐1 substituent of the imidazole and the azole ring. It was also found that addition of an amino group at C‐2 of the imidazole moiety of prochloraz gave a compound (6) which inhibited 4, 4‐demethyl sterol biosynthesis in B. cinerea at a different site from the P45014DM. This was confirmed by the observation that laboratory‐generated triadimenol‐resistant isolates of B. cinerea showed reduced sensitivity to triadimenol and prochloraz, but not to compound 6.
Behaviour of the insecticides ethoprophos and carbofuran during soil—water transport
Authors: Dowling Kathryn C. , Costella Ronald G. , Lemley Ann T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe movement of the organophosphate nematicide‐insecticide ethoprophos (ethoprop; O‐ethyl S,S‐dipropyl phosphorodithioate) and the carbamate insecticide‐nematicide carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethylbenzofuran‐7‐yI methylcarbamate) was studied under steady‐state flow in small‐scale laboratory soil columns. Miscible displacement column experiments, mass balance calculations, and batch incubation studies furnished information on insecticide sorption and degradation processes that occur during transport through soil. Miscible displacement studies demonstrated that ethoprophos degradation could be described as first‐order and that both insecticides exhibited non‐equilibrium sorption. Both batch and miscible displacement results showed ethoprophos to be more strongly sorbed by soil than carbofuran. Measured equilibrium sorption coefficients were 1.29 cm3 g−1 for ethoprophos and 0.29 cm3 g−1 for carbofuran on a Riverhead soil (0.011 organic carbon fraction); 035 cm3 g−1 for carbofuran on Valois soil (0.016 organic carbon fraction); and 2.38 cm3 g−1 for ethoprophos on Rhinebeck soil (0.031 organic carbon fraction). Two solutions to the convection‐dispersion equation, one that incorporated equilibrium sorption and another (bicontinuum model) that included a non‐equilibrium sorption term, allowed quantitative evaluation of transport processes. The bicontinuum model used in conjunction with experimental batch and mass balance techniques provided estimates of insecticide sorption and degradation parameters.
Cuticular penetration of 2,4‐D as affected by interaction between a diethylene glycol monooleate surfactant and apple leaf cuticles
Authors: Tan Siyuan , Crabtree Garvin D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImpacts of pH and sorption‐desorption of ‘Pegosperse’ 100‐O (PEG. 100‐O; diethylene glycol monooleate, containing 15% diester) surfactant by apple (Malus pumila M.) leaf cuticles on surfactant‐enhanced cuticular penetration of 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were studied. Glass cylinders were affixed to enzymatically isolated adaxial apple leaf cuticles after the cuticle segments had been soaked in 10 ml liter−1 PEG 100‐O solution and washed for 20 and 120 min, respectively. Quantities of [14C]2,4‐D in the glass‐cuticle chambers passing through the cuticles at pH values from 1 to 6 5 were determined. PEG 100‐O significantly increased cuticular penetration of dissociated 2,4‐D at pH 4–5; the surfactant had no effect on penetration of undissociated 2,4‐D at pH 10. Surfactant‐enhanced penetration of 2,4‐D occurred only when the surfactant was in the cuticles, while the process of surfactant sorption‐desorption alone had no effect on penetration. These results support a ‘hydrophilic channel’ hypothesis, i.e. that surfactants may create hydrophilic channels or increase the area of the channels in the cuticle and, consequently, enhance the passing of polar molecules like dissociated 2,4‐D through the cuticle.