bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periimplant Bone in Immediately Loaded Titanium Implants: Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation in Human. A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Degidi Marco , Scarano Antonio , Lezzi Giovanna , Piattelli Adriano 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: In recent years, several investigations have demonstrated, in clinical and histologic studies, the practicality of the use of immediate loading in implant dentistry. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze the periimplant responses to immediately loaded implants retrieved from two patients after a 6‐month loading period. Materials and Methods: Three immediately loaded implants (two hydroxyapatite [HA] coated, one with a sandblasted surface) were retrieved from two patients after a 6‐month loading period. The implants were treated to obtain thin ground sections. Results: Bone was present at the interface with all three implants. Bone‐implant contact percentage was 80.6% 4.7. Bone was present also in the thread concavities found at a distance from preexisting bone and in those concavities that were at the interface with the supracrestal tissues or with wide marrow spaces. No gaps or fibrous tissues were present at the interface. No inflammatory infiltrate was present at the interface. The mean of the sulcus depth in all three implants was 0.9 ± 0.1 mm, the length of the junctional epithelium was 0.9 ± 0.05 mm, and the length of connective tissue contact was 1.1 ± 0.05 mm. Conclusions: Our results show that immediate loading of dental implants did not impede the formation of mineralized tissue at the interface, and it can probably be a viable alternative in implant dentistry.
Implant Treatment in Combination with Lateral Augmentation of the Alveolar Process: A 3‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Hellem Solve , Åstrand Per , Stenström Birgitta , Engquist Bo , Bengtsson Martin , Dahlgren Simon 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: In patients in whom the height of the alveolar process is adequate but the crest is too narrow to host an implant, lateral augmentation is required. Such augmentations have mostly been performed using autogenous bone blocks secured to the buccal surface. An alternative to autogenous bone may be bovine hydroxyapatite (Bio‐Oss, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) or other bone substitutes. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of dental implants inserted after lateral augmentation of too narrow alveolar processes with a combination of bovine hydroxyapatite (Bio‐Oss) and autogenous bone. Methods: Thirty patients (14 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 41.6 years fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐nine augmentation sites with a total of 74 implants could be followed for 3 years. Results: Three implants were lost; these were lost before loading (at the abutment operation). The survival rate was 95.9%. The mean marginal bone loss during the 3‐year observation period was 0.3 ± 0.2 mm. Conclusions: A 50/50 combination of Bio‐Oss and autogenous bone chips stabilized with Tisseel (Baxter AG/Duo Quick AG, Vienna, Austria) was useful for lateral augmentation of the alveolar crest. Lateral grafts with Bio‐Oss, autogenous bone, and Tisseel made it possible to achieve good implant stability and high implant survival results. The bone level changes adjacent to the implants were the same as in nongrafted cases.
Early Function of Splinted Implants in Maxillas and Posterior Mandibles, Using Brånemark System® Tiunite™ Implants: An 18‐Month Prospective Clinical Multicenter Study
Authors: Bogaerde Leonardo Vanden , Pedretti Giorgio , Dellacasa Paolo , Mozzati Marco , Rangert Bo , Wendelhag Inger 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Immediate or early loading of implants placed in maxillas and posterior mandibles has been a concern as bone density is often low in these areas, making it difficult to establish good initial implant stability. By adapting implant design and insertion protocols, however, high initial implant stability may be achieved in these regions. Further, a modified implant surface texture has been proved to help in maintaining stability during the initial healing period. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical performance of oxidized titanium implants (TiUnite™, Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) when used for early function in the maxilla and in the posterior mandible, locations where the bone density often is low. A further aim was to evaluate the marginal bone level at oxidized implants and compare it with that of machined‐surface implants used in a previous study. Materials and Methods: Thirty‐one patients were consecutively included in the study, and 37 edentulous areas in maxillas and posterior mandibles were treated. Bruxism and uncontrolled periodontal disease were exclusion criteria. Temporary prostheses were generally placed within 9 days but not after 16 days from implant placement. A previous study applying the same study design and clinical protocol but using machined‐surface implants was used for comparisons. Results: Of the 111 implants installed, 1 failed, giving an overall survival rate of 99.1% after 18 months. The prosthesis survival was 100%. The marginal bone resorption was 0.8 mm (standard deviation ISD], 1.0), as opposed to 1.6 mm (SD, 1.3) in the previous study with machined‐surface implants, but was not statistically significantly different (p= .10). Conclusion: The present clinical protocol (aiming at high primary stability) and the use of oxidized titanium implants for early functional loading in the maxilla and the posterior mandible resulted in a high implant survival rate and a favorable marginal bone level during a follow‐up of 18 months. The difference in marginal bone resorption between the oxidized implants in the present study and the machined implants from a previous investigation with the same study design was not statistically significant.
In Situ Effect of 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Microhardness of Human Enamel: Function of Time
Authors: ARAUJO EDSON M. , BARATIERI LUIZ N. , VIEIRA LUIZ CLÓVIS C. , RITTER ANDRÉ V. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of two home bleaching regimens (1 h/day versus 7 h/day for a total of 21 days) on the microhardness of superficial enamel treated with 10% carbamide peroxide gel. Materials and Methods: Rectangular enamel specimens (2.5 × 2.5 × 1 mm) were obtained from human third molars and mounted on the palatal aspect of removable orthodontic retainers. Nine enamel specimens were mounted in each of 10 retainers, used by 10 volunteers during the active phase of the study. Modified 0.089 cm thick bleaching trays were fabricated for each participant. Each bleaching tray fit a participant's arch and the retainer containing the enamel specimens. Enamel specimens were treated with a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel (Nite White® Excel 2Z, Discus Dental, Culver City, CA, USA) for either 1 h/day (n= 30) or 7 h/day (n= 30), both for 21 days. Three enamel specimens in each retainer were never treated and served as controls. The retainers were worn by the participants whether or not they underwent bleaching. This simulated the natural action of the saliva/oral fluids on the enamel specimens. Enamel specimens were subjected to pre‐ and post‐treatment microhardness measurements. Post‐treatment Knoop hardness numbers were compared with baseline values and analyzed statistically. Results: Bleaching treatment resulted in a nonsignificant reduction in microhardness values when compared with values of the control nontreated specimens (1.7% and 2.5% reduction in hardness for 1 h/day and 7 h/day, respectively). There was no difference in microhardness between the different treatment regimens. Conclusion: Home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for up to 7 h/day for 21 days does not significantly affect enamel microhardness.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEBleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for 1 h/day or 7 h/day for a total of 21 days is safe for human enamel.
Diagnostic and Technical Approach to Esthetic Rehabilitations
Authors: ROMEO GIUSEPPE , BRESCIANO MARIO 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe success of an esthetic rehabilitation depends on the understanding of the patient's needs and on effective communication among the entire dental team. The involvement of the dental technician since the beginning of the treatment plan is one of the keys for success. This article describes a systematic approach to oral rehabilitations involving esthetic areas. Technical suggestions for the construction of the diagnostic wax‐up, the provisional, and the final ceramic restorations are illustrated in a logical sequence.
Use of Yellow Plastic Food Wrap to Retard Composite Resin Polymerization
Authors: HAGGE MARK S. , DI LORENZO SCOTT C. , LINDEMUTH JAMES S. , LATTA MARK A. , SMITH JAMES W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Dental chair lights can rapidly polymerize light‐reactive composites beyond the point of workability, preventing adequate time for the shaping and sculpting of large direct composite restorations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether yellow plastic food wrap placed over a dental chair light would perceptibly retard the polymerization rate of a light‐cured composite (Esthet‐X™, shade A1, Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, DE, USA). Materials and Methods: Zero, one, and two thicknesses of yellow plastic food wrap (Reynolds Metals Company, Richmond, VA, USA) were, in turn, used in the following scenarios: (1) placed in a spectrophotometer and compared for percentage transmission of 470 nm light; (2) placed over a curing unit light wand and compared for milliwatts of output on a radiometer; (3) placed over a dental chair light positioned 64 cm from 0.22 mm thick composite specimens, with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry readings made every 40 seconds to measure degree of composite polymerization; (4) placed over a dental chair light positioned 64 cm from a direct veneer preparation (clinical simulation), which was then restored by four experienced clinicians who reported working times. Results: Results for the scenarios were as follows: (1) zero sheets 100%, one sheet 34%, two sheets 6%; (2) zero sheets 580 mW, one sheet 190 mW, two sheets 20 mW; (3) percent conversion at 80 seconds–zero sheets 8%, one sheet 0.65%, two sheets 0.76%; percent conversion at 120 seconds–zero sheets 19.11%, one sheet 12.22%, two sheets 0.42%; (4) mean working times–zero sheets 34 seconds, one sheet 72 seconds, two sheets 155 seconds. Conclusions: Yellow plastic food wrap placed over a dental chair light markedly extended the working time of a light‐cured composite in each of four assessments performed. Two sheets of plastic wrap were more than twice as effective as one sheet.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe suggested filtering technique with yellow plastic wrap placed over a dental chair light is a highly effective, expedient, and inexpensive method for increasing the working time of light‐cured composites.
Selection Defines Design
Authors: TERRY DOUGLAS A. , GELLER WILLI 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe era of “extension for prevention” used restorative materials and cavity preparation designs in an attempt to arrest the caries process. In the new era of “prevention to eliminate extension,” many of the old limitations are no longer applicable because of advances in research and technology. The advances in restorative materials and adhesive technology require the use of an adhesive design concept when considering restorative material selection, preparation designs, and adhesive protocol and placement procedures and techniques. This adhesive design concept has been instrumental in the paradigm shift from the principles of extension for prevention to an ultraconservative principle of prevention to eliminate extension. From the early onset of the disease to initial placement of the restoration, this modern philosophy has three clinical objectives: prevention, preservation, and conservation. The clinician should strive to preserve the maximum integrity of the natural dentition by preventing the placement of the initial restoration, preserving and conserving tooth structure during the preparation of restoration, and conserving the tooth and restoration by increasing the longevity of the restoration between replacements. This article describes an incremental layering technique that uses a conservative restorative adhesive design concept (adhesive preparation design and protocol) for preparing, restoring, and finishing a Class IV restoration, and it demonstrates how the selection of a small‐particle hybrid composite influences the preparation design.
RESIN BOND TO DENTAL CERAMICS, PART I: REVIEW AND SILICA‐BASED CERAMICS
Authors: Blatz Markus B. , Richter Courtney , Chiche Gerard J. , Swift Edward J. 
Published: October 2006

Silica‐based ceramics (eg, feldspathic, glass, and leucite‐reinforced feldspathic ceramics) are preferred materials for conservative, highly esthetic indirect restorations such as laminate veneers, ceramic inlays and onlays, and full‐coverage crowns because of their optical properties, biocompatibility, and longevity. Adhesive cementation of ceramics to the supporting tooth using resin cements has been identified as the main determinant for the excellent clinical success of bonded silica‐based ceramic restorations. The first article discussed in this Critical Appraisal reviews the current evidence for the need of adhesive technologies to support ceramics. Even though review articles typically are not addressed in this section, its thoroughness and clear conclusions make this article an important contribution to the field of esthetic and restorative dentistry.Controlled clinical trials are ideal to evaluate the success of certain materials or therapeutic interventions. However, laboratory studies are necessary to compare large varieties of materials and influencing parameters and to identify superior materials and bonding techniques prior to their clinical application. Numerous in vitro studies have evaluated the ceramic‐composite resin interface. The in vitro studies reviewed in this section indicate that acid‐etching and silane application are ideal methods to achieve strong and durable resin bonds to silica‐based ceramics. The selected articles indicate interesting trends in testing methods and interpretation of results. Earlier studies favor shear bond strength testing methods and emphasize the importance of surface microstructure and mechanical interlocking. However, some recent studies prefer modified tensile bond strength methods, and find silane application, and therefore chemical interaction, to be the main contributor to reliable resin‐ceramic bonds. Unfortunately, direct comparisons between different studies are difficult owing to the variations in methods and materials and the lack of standard protocols.
Lymphatic mapping and lymphatic endothelial cell isolation in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: TAKEDA Akihiko , ISEKI Hiroyoshi , OTANI Yoshihide , TAKEUCHI Hideki , ICHIOKA Shigeru , KAWAI Yoshiko , SHINOZUKA Nozomi , KOYAMA Isamu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground:  Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has already been established as a common procedure with malignant lymphoma and breast cancer. In colorectal cancer, however, the application of the SLN theory remains uncommon and its clinical significance is also unclear. In addition, the characteristics of the lymphatic vessels that connect SLNs or the lymphatic endothelial cells have been unclear. Our purpose is to determine the feasibility and accuracy of SLN mapping by intraoperative subserosal dye injection and to develop a novel method for the isolation of anatomically defined lymphatic endothelial cells.Methods:  SLN biopsy by the subserous dye injection method (patent blue) was conducted in 36 patients with colorectal cancer for which curative resection was possible (stage 0: two cases, stage I: 18 cases, stage II: four cases, stage III: 12 cases), with additional systematic lymph node dissection. Endothelial cells were isolated from lymphatic vessels identified at the time of the SLN biopsy by the collagenase II perfusion method, and we tried to transfer them into a culture system with an endothelial cell‐specific medium.Results:  SLNs could be identified in 34 cases, providing a 94.4% detection rate. The total number of resected lymph nodes was 705 and 72 of those nodes were confirmed as SLNs (10.2%). Ten metastasis‐positive nodes were found in SLNs (13.9%), and the mean number of identified SLNs per case was 2.0. No complications or toxicity associated with the dye injection were observed. In addition, cells isolated from the lymphatic vessels removed formed some colonies and the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell‐specific VEGFR‐3 was observed.Conclusion:  SLNs mapping using subserosal dye injection is a feasible technique that would make the range of lymph node dissection appropriate for colorectal cancer, which is applicable to cases with advanced cancer. This new method was established to isolate lymphatic endothelial cells from resected lymphatic vessels and to culture them, which may contribute to further study of the molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis.
EFFECTS OF COOKING METHODS ON SENSORY QUALITIES AND CAROTENOID RETENTION IN SELECTED VEGETABLES1
Authors: NUNN MONIQUE D. , GIRAUD DAVID W. , PARKHURST ANNE M. , HAMOUZ FAYRENE L. , DRISKELL JUDY A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT The effects of induction boiling, conventional boiling and microwave steaming on the sensory qualities and carotenoid retention of broccoli, carrots, green beans and sweet potatoes were investigated. Significantly higher cooking yields were obtained for vegetables that were induction and conventionally boiled. No differences in the retentions of alpha‐carotene (α‐carotene), beta‐carotene (β‐carotene) and lutein/zeaxanthin were observed for vegetables by the cooking method, with the exception of β‐carotene retention in broccoli and sweet potatoes where retentions were higher for those that were induction boiled (90.3 and 86.1%, respectively) than those that were microwave steamed (62.2 and 66.4%, respectively). A trained panel judged the color scores of three vegetables by the cooking method as similar. The mean flavor scores (1 = extremely bland; 9 = extremely intense) for three vegetables that were conventional (4.7–5.4) and induction (5.3–5.5) boiled were lower than those that were microwave steamed (5.9–7.0). The mean texture scores (1 = extremely mushy/tender; 9 = extremely firm/tough) for all induction‐boiled (5.0–6.0) vegetables were higher than those that were conventionally boiled (3.4–5.2) and lower than those that were microwave steamed (5.1–6.6).
Progress in Paleoclimate Modeling*
Authors: Cane Mark A. , Braconnot Pascale , Clement Amy , Gildor Hezi , Joussaume Sylvie , Kageyama Masa , Khodri Myriam , Paillard Didier , Tett Simon , Zorita Eduardo 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper briefly surveys areas of paleoclimate modeling notable for recent progress. New ideas, including hypotheses giving a pivotal role to sea ice, have revitalized the low-order models used to simulate the time evolution of glacial cycles through the Pleistocene, a prohibitive length of time for comprehensive general circulation models (GCMs). In a recent breakthrough, however, GCMs have succeeded in simulating the onset of glaciations. This occurs at times (most recently, 115 kyr b.p.) when high northern latitudes are cold enough to maintain a snow cover and tropical latitudes are warm, enhancing the moisture source. More generally, the improvement in models has allowed simulations of key periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene that compare more favorably and in more detail with paleoproxy data. These models now simulate ENSO cycles, and some of them have been shown to reproduce the reduction of ENSO activity observed in the early to middle Holocene. Modeling studies have demonstrated that the reduction is a response to the altered orbital configuration at that time. An urgent challenge for paleoclimate modeling is to explain and to simulate the abrupt changes observed during glacial epochs (i.e., Dansgaard–Oescher cycles, Heinrich events, and the Younger Dryas). Efforts have begun to simulate the last millennium. Over this time the forcing due to orbital variations is less important than the radiance changes due to volcanic eruptions and variations in solar output. Simulations of these natural variations test the models relied on for future climate change projections. They provide better estimates of the internal and naturally forced variability at centennial time scales, elucidating how unusual the recent global temperature trends are.
Climatological Extremes of Simulated Annual Mean Rainfall
Authors: Hunt B. G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Mark 2 global coupled climatic model has been used to generate a 10 000-yr simulation of “present” climate. The resultant dataset has been used to investigate a number of aspects of extremes associated with annual mean rainfall. Multimillennial time series of normalized rainfall amounts for selected points are used to highlight secular variability, spatial variations, and the differences between pluvial and drought conditions. Global distributions are also presented for selected rainfall characteristics, including the frequency of occurrence of specified rainfall anomalies with annual durations, the frequency of occurrence of 5-yr sequences of specified rainfall anomalies, and the maximum and minimum normalized rainfall amounts attained in the simulation. Such features cannot be obtained from observations because of their limited duration. A case study is also made of a megadrought over the southwestern United States, together with an analysis of the associated causal mechanisms. Given the exclusion of all external forcing from the model, it is concluded that the extreme annual mean rainfall extremes presented in the paper are attributable to stochastic events.
Mycophenolate mofetil and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Doria A , Iaccarino L , Arienti S , Rampudda ME , Canova MG , Rondinone R , Todesco S 
Published: October 2006

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive agent which provides protection against acute transplant rejection, in patients who undergo kidney, heart and liver transplantation. Recently MMF has been used in various autoimmune conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE, MMF has been more extensively used in the treatment of proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis (GLN) and following the success in this field, it has also been used to control extra-renal manifestations. However, in the majority of cases MMF was administered to patients with refractory SLE manifestations and, therefore, no definite conclusion could be drawn from these experiences. In this paper, after a brief description of the mechanisms of action, the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of MMF which are relevant in SLE, and after a short discussion on the utility of performing therapeutic dose monitoring of mycphenolic acid, the experiences with the use of this drug in the different SLE manifestations were summarized and some personal data in patients with GLN were reported. Finally, the hypothetical use of MMF as a preventive strategy against the occurrence of severe manifestations in patients with mild SLE has been put forward and discussed.