bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications
Authors: Read J. , van Os J. , Morrison A. P. , Ross C. A. 
Published: October 2005

Objective: To review the research addressing the relationship of childhood trauma to psychosis and schizophrenia, and to discuss the theoretical and clinical implications.Method: Relevant studies and previous review papers were identified via computer literature searches.Results: Symptoms considered indicative of psychosis and schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations, are at least as strongly related to childhood abuse and neglect as many other mental health problems. Recent large‐scale general population studies indicate the relationship is a causal one, with a dose‐effect.Conclusion: Several psychological and biological mechanisms by which childhood trauma increases risk for psychosis merit attention. Integration of these different levels of analysis may stimulate a more genuinely integrated bio‐psycho‐social model of psychosis than currently prevails. Clinical implications include the need for staff training in asking about abuse and the need to offer appropriate psychosocial treatments to patients who have been abused or neglected as children. Prevention issues are also identified.
Early trauma may increase the risk for psychotic experiences by impacting on emotional response and perception of control
Authors: Bak M. , Krabbendam L. , Janssen I. , de Graaf R. , Vollebergh W. , van Os J. 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Exposure to early trauma may increase the risk of dysfunctional responses to anomalous psychotic experiences resulting in psychotic symptom formation.Method:  In a three‐wave longitudinal general population study, 4045 never‐psychotic individuals exposed and non‐exposed to trauma before the age of 16 years, according to baseline interview were interviewed for the onset of psychotic experiences 3 years later (T2). In 36 individuals with incident psychosis at T2, assessments were made, for each psychotic experience, of i) the amount of distress associated with and ii) the degree of coping and subjective control over the experience.Results:  In the 16 observations of an incident psychotic experience, in the absence of distress, the baseline rate of early trauma was low (6%), whereas it was much higher in the 21 observations of an incident psychotic experience with distress [43%; odds ratio = 10.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 96.3; P = 0.046]. Similarly, coping attempts in the context of early trauma was associated with less control (reduction of 2 points on a seven‐point scale, 95% CI: −4.0, −0.07).Conclusion:  Early experience of trauma may create lasting cognitive and affective vulnerabilities to develop clinical symptoms arising out of early, non‐clinical psychotic experiences.
Melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA): an important molecule in melanoma development and progression
Authors: Bosserhoff Anja‐Katrin 
Published: October 2005

SummaryCutaneous malignant melanoma is the leading cause of skin cancer death in industrialized countries. Melanoma development and progression are well defined by clinical and histopathological aspects; however, detailed analysis of molecular changes is still ongoing. The protein MIA, which is strongly expressed in melanoma cells but not in melanocytes, is likely to represent a key molecule regulating melanoma progression. Consistent with this, several in vitro and in vivo model systems indicate a direct involvement of MIA in melanoma migration and invasion, with recent studies suggesting a central role for MIA in early melanoma development by regulating important melanoma‐related pathways and molecules. The latest developments in MIA research are summarized in this review, which describes recently published data related to the MIA protein structure and function, the role of MIA in melanoma development and progression, and the regulation of MIA expression. Furthermore, newly discovered MIA‐homologous genes are discussed.
Pax3 target gene recognition occurs through distinct modes that are differentially affected by disease‐associated mutations
Authors: Corry Gareth N. , Underhill D. Alan 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe paired box protein Pax3 is an essential regulator of muscle and neural crest‐derived cell types, including melanocytes. Within this lineage, Pax3 has been shown to regulate the genes encoding microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (Mitf) and tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (Trp‐1), despite each having dissimilar Pax3 recognition sequences. We have, therefore, examined the structural requirements for Pax3 binding to the MITF and TRP‐1 promoter elements, focusing on the contribution of the paired domain and homeodomain to Pax3 target site recognition. Unexpectedly, although the MITF element is characterized by suboptimal recognition motifs for the paired domain and homeodomain, it sustains a higher level of Pax3 binding than TRP‐1, which contains a canonical paired domain site. The basis for this difference involves a context‐dependent cooperative binding event requiring both the paired domain and homeodomain, while the paired domain alone is sufficient for TRP‐1 recognition. Significantly, the analysis of Waardenburg syndrome mutations reveals marked disparity in their effects on MITF and TRP‐1 binding that further underscores mechanistic differences in their interaction with Pax3. Importantly, these mutations also exert distinct effects on the ability of Pax3 to regulate reporter genes fused to either the MITF or TRP‐1 promoters. Our results, therefore, establish that Pax3 can regulate target genes through alternate modes of DNA recognition that are differentially impacted by disease‐causing mutations, which together have important implications for understanding Pax3‐regulated gene networks.
Multivariate Analysis, Description, and Ecological Interpretation of Weed Vegetation in the Summer Crop Fields of Anhui Province, China
Authors: QIANG Sheng 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Two surveys were conducted to investigate weed vegetation in a 153‐hm2 sampling area of summer crop fields from Anhui Province, China, through visual scoring of the level of weed infestation compared with summer crops on a seven‐class scale. In total, 155 sampling sites were selected in the field based on crops, tillage, rotation systems, geographical regions, and soil types across the province. Data on weed communities and environmental factors were collected and analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and the output was interpreted ecologically. Results showed that the main factors influencing the structure and distribution of weed communities in summer crop fields were the soil submersion period, latitude, and soil type and pH. The CCA indicated a significant relationship between weed dominance and soil submersion duration, latitude, and soil pH. From the result of the PCA and CCA ordination, the 155 sampling sites could be divided into three groups based on geographic and floristic composition, as well as weed abundance. The southern dry land group, which was characterized by a double‐cropping system in the hilly regions of southern and central Anhui Province with a continuous summer crop and an autumn dry land crop, was dominated by Galium aparine Linn. var. tenerum (Gren. et Godr) Robb., Avenafatua L., and Veronicapersica Poir. The northern dry land group, which had the same cropping system as the southern dry land group, was dominated by G. aparine var. tenerum, Galium tricorne Stokes, Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur., and Lithospermum arvense L. in the North Anhui Province, China. These two dry land groups could be combined into one large dry land group, in which the Galium weed vegetation type dominated. The third group was the paddy soil group, which was characterized by a continuous summer crop and double‐ or triple‐cropping systems of rice, and prevailed in the south and central areas of Anhui Province; Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. was the dominant weed in this group. Other main weeds in this group included Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries, Stellaria alsine Grimm, Alopecurus japonicus Steud., and Lapsana apogonoides Maxim. Thus, the weed community distributions in this group were described as the Alopecurus weed vegetation type. The paddy soil group could be divided into two subgroups, one southern and one central paddy soil subgroup. A strategy for integrated weed management is suggested according to the weed distribution pattern. The present study serves as a good example of how a quantitative research method was used to associate a visual estimate of weed infestation with multivariate analyses, such as PCA and CCA, and how this method can be applied to the study of weed vegetation on arable land.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin HAN)
Regulation Mechanisms of Stomatal Oscillation
Authors: YANG Hui‐Min , ZHANG Jian‐Hua , ZHANG Xiao‐Yan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Stomata function as the gates between the plant and the atmospheric environment. Stomatal movement, including stomatal opening and closing, controls CO2 absorption as the raw material for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration. How to reduce water loss and maintain enough CO2 absorption has been an interesting research topic for some time. Simple stomatal opening may elevate CO2 absorption, but, in the meantime, promote the water loss, whereas simple closing of stomatal pores may reduce both water loss and CO2 absorption, resulting in impairment of plant photosynthesis. Both processes are not economical to the plant. As a special rhythmic stomatal movement that usually occurs at smaller stomatal apertures, stomatal oscillation can keep CO2 absorption at a sufficient level and reduce water loss at the same time, suggesting a potential improvement in water use efficiency. Stomatal oscillation is usually found after a sudden change in one environmental factor in relatively constant environments. Many environmental stimuli can induce stomatal oscillation. It appears that, at the physiological level, feedback controls are involved in stomatal oscillation. At the cellular level, possibly two different patterns exist: (i) a quicker responsive pattern; and (ii) a slower response. Both involve water potential changes and water channel regulation, but the mechanisms of regulation of the two patterns are different. Some evidence suggests that the regulation of water channels may play a vital and primary role in stomatal oscillation. The present review summarizes studies on stomatal oscillation and concludes with some discussion regarding the mechanisms of regulation of stomatal oscillation.(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
Isolation of a Tomato Protease that May Be Involved in Proteolysis of 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐Carboxylate Synthase
Authors: LI Jian‐Feng , QU Liang‐Hu , LI Ning 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) synthase is a principal enzyme that catalyses the committed step in phytohormone ethylene biosynthesis. Previous evidence indicates that the hypervariable C‐terminus of ACC synthase is most likely to be processed proteolytically in vivo. However, the protease responsible has not been identified thus far. In the present study, we detected proteolytic activity against ACC synthase (LeACS2) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit extract based on a newly established in vitro assay system. Purification of the protease through DEAE, gel filtration and Mono Q chromatography resulted in considerable enrichment of a 64‐kDa protein species. Subsequent biochemical analysis of the purified tomato protease revealed that the optimal conditions for its proteolytic activity were at pH 8.0 and at 37 °C. In addition, the protease activity was blocked completely by the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10‐phenanthroline. The present study represents the first report on the isolation of an ACC synthase‐processing protease from plant tissues.(Managing editor: Ping HE)
Possible Involvement of Anti‐Oxidant Enzymes in the Cross‐Tolerance of the Germination/Growth of Wheat Seeds to Salinity and Heat Stress
Authors: LEI Yan‐Bao , SONG Song‐Quan , FU Jia‐Rui 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: The germination/growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Zimai 1) seeds and changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), as well as in the content of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), in response to salt and heat stress, as well as cross‐stress, were investigated in the present study. With increasing temperature and decreasing water potential caused by NaCl solution, the germination percentage of seeds and the fresh weight of seedlings decreased markedly, SOD activity increased, activities of APX and CAT decreased distinctly, and the TBARS content increased gradually. Seeds pretreated at 33 °C for different times displayed increased tolerance to subsequent salt stress, enhanced SOD, APX, and CAT activities, and decreased TBARS content. Seeds pretreated at ‐0.8 MPa NaCl for different times displayed increased tolerance to subsequent heat stress and marked increases in SOD, APX, and CAT activities, which were associated with decreased TBARS content. It is considered that the common component in the cross‐tolerance of the germination and growth of wheat seeds to salinity and heat stress is the anti‐oxidant enzyme system.(Managing editor: Ping HE)
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Detected Passively by Difference Reflectance Spectra of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Leaf
Authors: ZHANG Yong‐Jiang , ZHAO Chun‐Jiang , LIU Liang‐Yun , WANG Ji‐Hua , WANG Ren‐Chao 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: The chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) signature emitted from vegetation provides an abundance of information regarding photosynthetics activity and has been used as a powerful tool to obtain physiological information of plant leaves in a non‐invasive manner. CF is difficult to quantify because the CF signal is obscured by reflected light. In the present study, the apparent reflectance spectra of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves were measured under illuminations with and without filtering by three specially designed long‐wave pass edge filters; the cut‐off wavelengths of the three filters were 653.8, 678.2, and 694.1 nm at 50% of maximum transmittance. The CF spectra could be derived as the reflectance difference spectra of the leaves under illuminations with and without the long wave pass edge filters. The ratio of the reflectance difference at 685 and 740 nm (Dif685/Dif740) was linear correlated with the CF parameters (maximal photochemical efficiency Fv/Fm, and the yield of quantum efficiency) measured by the modulated fluorometer. In addition, the ratio reflected the water stress status of the wheat leaf, which was very high when water deficiency was serious. This method provides a new approach for detecting CF and the physiological state of crops.(Managing editor: Ping HE)
Lack of Evidence for 3/4 Scaling of Metabolism in Terrestrial Plants
Authors: LI Hai‐Tao , HAN Xing‐Guo , WU Jian‐Guo 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Scaling, as the translation of information across spatial, temporal, and organizational scales, is essential to predictions and understanding in all sciences and has become a central issue in ecology. A large body of theoretical and empirical evidence concerning allometric scaling in terrestrial individual plants and plant communities has been constructed around the fractal volume‐filling theory of West, Brown, and Enquist (the WBE model). One of the most thought‐provoking findings has been that the metabolic rates of plants, like those of animals, scale with their size as a 3/4 power law. The earliest, single most‐important study cited in support of the application of the WBE model to terrestrial plants claims that whole‐plant resource use in terrestrial plants scales as the 3/4 power of total mass, as predicted by the WBE model. However, in the present study we show that empirical data actually do not support such a claim. More recent studies cited as evidence for 3/4 scaling also suffer from several statistical and data‐related problems. Using a forest biomass dataset including 1 266 plots of 17 main forest types across China, we explored the scaling exponents between tree productivity and tree mass and found no universal value across forest stands. We conclude that there is not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a single constant scaling exponent for the metabolism‐biomass relationship for terrestrial plants.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin HAN)
Frequency-dependent self-induced bias of the basilar membrane and its potential for controlling sensitivity and tuning in the mammalian cochlea
Authors: LePage Eric L. 
Published: October 2005

A displacement-sensitive capacitive probe technique was used in the first turn of guinea pig cochleas to examine whether the motion of the basilar membrane includes a displacement component analogous to the dc receptor potentials of the hair cells. Such a ‘‘dc’’ component apparently exists. At a given location on the basilar membrane, its direction toward scala vestibuli (SV) or scala tympani (ST) varies systematically with frequency of the acoustic stimulus. Furthermore, it appears to consist of two parts: a small asymmetric offset response to each gated tone burst plus a progressive shift of the basilar membrane from its previous position. The mean position shift is cumulative, increasing with successive tone bursts. The amplitude of the immediate offset response, when plotted as a function of frequency, appears to exhibit a trimodal pattern. This displacement offset is toward SV at the characteristic frequency (CF) of the location of the probe, while at frequencies either above or below the CF the offset is relatively larger, and toward ST. The mechanical motion of the basilar membrane therefore appears to contain the basis for lateral suppression. The cumulative mean position shift, however, appears to peak toward ST at the apical end of the traveling wave envelope and appears to be associated with a resonance, not of the basilar membrane motion directly, but coupled to it. The summating potential, measured concurrently at the round window, shows a more broadly tuned peak just above the CF of the position of the probe. This seems to correspond to the peak at the CF of the mechanical bias. As the preparation deteriorates, the best frequency of the vibratory displacement response decreases to about a half-octave below the original CF. There is a corresponding decrease in the frequency of the peaks of the trimodal pattern of the asymmetric responses to tone bursts. The trimodal pattern also broadens.
In previous experiments the basilar membrane has been forced to move in response to a low-frequency biasing tone. The sensitivity to high-frequency stimuli varies in phase with the biasing tone. The amplitudes of slow movement in these earlier experiments and in the present experiments are of the same order of magnitude. This suggests strongly that the cumulative shift toward ST to a high-frequency acoustic stimulus constitutes a substantial controlling bias on the sensitivity of the cochlea in that same high-frequency region. Its effect will be to reduce the slope of neural rate-level functions on the high-frequency side of CF.
Lamb and creeping waves around submerged spherical shells resonantly excited by sound scattering
Authors: Gaunaurd G. C. , Werby M. F. 
Published: October 2005

Acoustic wave scattering by spherical shells in water in the resonance region is studied. The interaction is studied classically and by the resonance scattering theory (RST). The connection between internal resonances and the Lamb waves excited in the shell is analyzed. Conditions are derived that govern the propagation of Lamb waves in a spherical shell when it is fluid-loaded or in vacuo. These general conditions reduce to the usual conditions for Lamb waves in plates, in the large radii limit. The connection is established between the outer scattering problem and the internal vibrational problem that excites the shell resonances, and it is demonstrated that the creeping-wave series that synthesizes the Franz waves around the shell, can be obtained quite simply without the use of the Watson–Sommerfeld Method (WSM).
All that is required is suitable one-term expansions of the denominators of the scattering amplitudes. This eliminates the need for the cumbersome excursions through the complex angular momentum plane ν of the WSM. Calculations are presented for the summed form functions of seven shells of three compositions and thicknesses over quite broad frequency bands. Subtraction of rigid or soft backgrounds permits one to draw many conclusions as to the behavior of the shell response in various spectral regions. The relative phase between the form function and the background is also displayed. This phase is helpful for the identification of actual resonances and for the choice of proper background. It is shown how the poles of the scattering amplitude in the x plane split into two subsets. One set, the Franz set, depends only on shell shape, and is related to the external Franz (creeping) waves in the water. This set does not change with varying shell thickness or composition. The other set, the Lamb set, depends only on material composition, and is related to the Lamb waves in the shell. These poles are displayed in various cases, and it is shown that for thin shells, only one family of Lamb poles (the zeroth-order symmetric family, s0) is dominant, which explains the relatively simple structure of the form function of a thin shell. For thicker shells, many modes interact, and one is forced to go to the usual partial-wave analysis of the RST. A very accurate picture of the scattering process taking place around and inside the shell emerges from this analysis.