bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using wavelet analysis to detect changes in water temperature regimes at multiple scales: effects of multi‐purpose dams in the Willamette River basin
Authors: Steel E. Ashley , Lange Ian A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMaintaining the natural complexity of water temperature regimes is a key to maintaining diverse biological communities. Insect communities, food webs, and fish respond to the magnitude and duration of water temperature fluctuations. Disruption of these natural patterns has the potential to alter physiological processes, behavioural adaptations, and community structure and dynamics. We analysed multiple >300‐day time series of water temperature from the Willamette River basin, Oregon, to assess the impact of large multi‐purpose dams on water temperature variability at temporal scales ranging from 1 to 32 days, short temporal scales that are commonly ignored. We applied wavelet analysis to quantify the variability of water temperature at multiple temporal scales simultaneously. We compared water temperature regimes above and below dams and before and after dam construction. The advantages of wavelet analysis are the ability to examine all temporal scales simultaneously and independently as well as the ability to preserve the temporal context of the wavelet coefficients. We were able to detect significant (p < 0.0001) reductions in water temperature variability, defined as the variability of the wavelet coefficients, as a result of dams at the 1‐, 2‐, 4‐, and 8‐day scales. There were no significant differences in water temperature variability between managed and natural flows at the 16‐ and 32‐day scale (p = 0.80). In addition to the well‐documented effects of dams on seasonal patterns in water temperature or on water temperature extremes, our results demonstrate that dams have significantly muted the small temporal scale variance in water temperature patterns to which many organisms may have been adapted. Conserving or restoring natural temperature patterns in rivers will require attention to these small‐scale complexities. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical etching of hot‐pressed p‐type polycrystalline SiC surfaces by HF/K2S2O8 solutions
Authors: Bourenane K. , Keffous A. , Nezzal G. , Boukezzata A. , Naama S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this work, an experimental study on the etching of p‐type hot‐pressed silicon carbide (SiC) was carried out in HF/K2S2O8 solutions. The SiC wafers used in this work were p‐type polycrystalline materials, supplied by Goodfellow, with an acceptor concentration of 2.31 × 1012 cm−3. The SiC substrate was a hot‐pressed material, the latter realized from a mixture of 1 part of SiO2 with 3 parts of C (carbon) ‘1SiO2 + 3C’ heated in an oven at 2500 °C. In order to facilitate the chemical etching of the SiC substrate, a thin aluminium film was deposited on the SiC substrate. The morphology of the etched surface was examined with varying K2S2O8 concentration. The surfaces of the etched samples were analysed using secondary ions mass spectrometry (SIMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and photoluminescence (PL). The surface morphology of the samples etched in HF/K2S2O8 is shown to depend on the solution composition. The investigation of the effect of the HF/K2S2O8 solution on SiC samples shows that as K2S2O8 concentration increases, the chemical etching reveals defects with random geometry. Finally, chemical etching of p‐type SiC induces a decrease in the PL intensity, which indicates clearly the defects on the polycrystalline SiC surface. In addition, the result is very interesting, as to date no chemical etching solution at low temperature (<100 °C) has been developed for SiC. Finally, we have proposed a dissolution mechanism of SiC in 2HF/1K2S2O8 solutions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does immune function influence population fluctuations and level of parasitism in the cyclic geometrid moth?
Authors: Klemola Tero , Klemola Netta , Andersson Tommi , Ruohomäki Kai 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPopulations of the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata, exhibit cycles with high amplitudes in northernmost Europe, culminating in devastating outbreak densities at favourable sites. Parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids has been hypothesised to operate with a delayed density dependence capable of producing the observed dynamics. It has also been hypothesised that insects in crowded conditions invest greatly in their immunity as a counter‐measure to increased risk of parasitism and pathogen infections. Furthermore, inducible plant defences consequent to grazing by herbivorous insects may be linked to the performance of parasitoids and pathogens through increased immunocompetence of the herbivore feeding on the foliage, in which the defence induction has taken place. At ten sampling sites, we quantified larval abundance, outbreak status and percentage larval parasitism during an extended peak phase of a population cycle. These population level covariates, together with an individual pupal mass, were used to explain differences in the immune defence, measured as an encapsulation reaction to artificial antigen. We also conducted a field study for an investigation of the susceptibility of autumnal moth pupae to naturally occurring pupal parasitoids. We did not find obvious differences between the encapsulation rate of autumnal moths originating from the sites with different past and current larval densities and risks for parasitism. The best ranked statistical models included pupal mass and outbreak status as explanatory variables, although both showed only slight effects on the encapsulation rate. The host resistance test revealed positive relationships between the encapsulation rate, body size and percentage parasitism of the exposed pupae, indicating that pupal parasitoids chose, and/or survived better, in large host individuals irrespective of their encapsulation ability. Thus, our results do not provide support for the hypothesis that variation in the immune function drives or modulates population cycles of autumnal moths.
Teaching Pediatric Hand Surgery in Vietnam
Authors: Chung Kevin C. , Kotsis Sandra V. 
Published: February 2007

Background International volunteering missions are becoming an important focus of plastic surgeons in the United States. The purpose of this paper is to describe the teaching of pediatric hand surgery in Vietnam to share the lessons learned from this project. Methods Two medical education trips were conducted to the no. 1 Children's Hospital in Ho Chi Minh city (Saigon) to teach pediatric hand and burn reconstructive surgery to the surgeons and therapists. This is the main referral children's hospital for the country, and pediatric hand surgery expertise is not available. Results Structured education programs were conducted over two trips to introduce congenital hand surgery and burn reconstructive procedures using flap techniques. The education programs included lectures and surgical demonstrations of selected procedures. Their proficiency was verified by supervised conduct of these operations. Conclusions A well-conceived medical education program can introduce complex surgical discipline to a country. Through two trips, the surgeons at this referral center will have the capability to take care of many children requiring reconstructive hand surgery.
One‐pot synthesis of fatty acid epoxides from triacylglycerols using enzymes present in oat seeds
Authors: Piazza George J. , Foglia Thomas A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn our previous work we used ground oat (Avena sativa) seeds as an inexpensive source of enzymes for the modification of FA or their chemical derivatives. We have extended this work by observing the products derived from an intact fat and three vegetable oils through the concerted action of oat seed enzymes. A modified reversed‐phase HPLC protocol was devised that allowed the quantification of FFA, epoxy FA, and acylglycerols without derivatization. It was found that the addition of the surfactant deoxycholate or calcium chloride was needed to observe best hydrolysis of TAG to FA. Without an added oxidant, lipase action produced up to 80% by weight of FA at pH 7–9 with small amounts of DAG and MAG. When the oxidant t‐butyl hydroperoxide was added in the presence of deoxycholate, the FA were partially converted to epoxide derivatives (up to 35% by weight). When calcium chloride replaced deoxycholate, only 4% by weight of the product was epoxide derivatives. The highest levels of FA epoxides were generated at pH7, and up to 15% by weight of the product at this pH was epoxymonostearin (monoepoxyoctadecanoylglycerol). The optimal molar amount of t‐butyl hydroperoxide to add with deoxycholate for high epoxide formation was 1.4 to 2.8 times the amount of fatty esters in soybean oil. In no instance were oxidized DAG or TAG detected, demonstrating that a highly specific enzymatic process was responsible for epoxide formation. The epoxide products may be used to produce polyols with high viscosity for grease preparations.
Phase distributions of alcohol, glycerol, and catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil
Authors: Zhou Weiyang , Boocock D. G. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo‐phase base‐catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils is the most common method for making biodiesel. The reaction starts as separate oil and alcohol phases. At the end of the reaction, the mixture, if allowed to settle, consists of an upper ester‐rich layer and a lower glycerol‐rich layer. The compositions of these layers from the methanolysis and ethanolysis of soybean oil were measured. Synthetic mixtures and actual reaction mixtures were used either to represent or generate steadystate reaction mixtures resulting from the initial condition of 6∶1 alcohol/oil molar ratio and catalyst concentration (1.0 wt% sodium methoxide or 1.26 wt% sodium ethoxide). At 23°C, for methanolysis, 42.0% of the alcohol, 2.3% of the glycerol, and 5.9% of the catalyst were in the ester‐rich phase at steady state. In ethanolysis, 75.4% of the ethanol, 19.3% of the glycerol, and 7.5% of the catalyst were in the ester‐rich phase. The volume of the glycerol‐rich phase decreased from methanolysis to ethanolysis to propanolysis; butanolysis remained monophasic throughout. The results explain some of the general kinetic behavior observed in transesterifications and provide useful information for alcohol recovery and product purification.
Comparison of two palladium catalysts on different supports during hydrogenation
Authors: Cizmeci Melih , Musavi Anar , Tekin Aziz , Kayahan Muammer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was hydrogenated using two different palladium‐based catalysts, 5% palladium on carbon (Pd/C) and 10% palladium on alumina (Pd/A), at various ratios in a 4‐L reactor under constant conditions (165°C, 2 bar H2, and 500 rpm stirring rate). Reaction rate, trans isomer formation, selectivity ratios, and melting behaviors of the samples were monitored. Activity of Pd/C was about 10 times higher than that of Pd/A, and the reaction rate showed a strong dependency on the support material. Increases in the concentrations of both Pd catalysts did not have considerable effect on trans formation, which is slightly dependent on support material. Oleate selectivity (S21) for all runs varied between 2.48 and 30.34, and type of support material did not have an effect on selectivity. Melting behaviors of the samples were mainly dependent on reaction rates.
Trans-septate species of Acanthothecis and Fissurina from India
Authors: MAKHIJA Urmila , ADAWADKAR Bharati 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:Eighteen species in the lichen genera Acanthothecis Clem. and Fissurina Fée (Graphidaceae) with colourless, trans-septate ascospores are recorded from India. Eight new species, namely Acanthothecis collateralis, Fissurina capsulata, F. coarctata, F. karnatakensis, F. khasiana, F. longiramea, F. taeniocarpoides and F. verrucosa, and a new variety, F. dumastioides var. salazinica, are described. Fissurina saxicola ad int., clearly distinguished from the other species is recorded, but is not formally described as new to science as the material is scanty. Acanthothecis consocians, F. globulifica, F. insidiosa and F. rugosa are reported for the first time from India. A key for the trans-septate species of Acanthothecis and Fissurina in India is provided.
Phylloblastia inexpectata (Verrucariaceae), a new species of foliicolous lichen from Western Europe and Madeira
Authors: SÉRUSIAUX Emmanuël , COPPINS Brian J. , LÚCKING Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:Phylloblastia inexpectata Sérus., Coppins & Lücking is a newly described foliicolous lichen, known from England, Scotland, Southern Italy and Madeira. It is distinguished from similar and related species by the absence of isidia and the smaller size of its ascospores. Phylloblastia pocsii is reported from Papua New Guinea for the first time.
A multipurpose tool to evaluate the nutritional quality of individual foods: Nutrimap®
Authors: Labouze E , Goffi C , Moulay L , Azaïs-Braesco V 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground/objectivesWith obesity and nutrition-related diseases rising, public health authorities have recently insisted nutritional quality be included when advertising and labelling food. The concept of nutritional quality is, however, difficult to define. In this paper we present an innovative, science-based nutrient profiling system, Nutrimap®, which quantifies nutritional assets and weaknesses of foods.MethodsThe position of a food is defined according to its nutritional composition, food category, the consumer's nutritional needs, consumption data and major public health objectives for nutrition. Amounts of each of 15 relevant nutrients (in 100 kcal) are scored according to their ability to ‘rebalance’ or ‘unbalance’ the supply in the whole diet, compared with current recommendations and intakes. These scores are weighted differently in different food categories according to the measured relevance of the category to a nutrient's supply. Positive (assets) and negative (weaknesses) scores are totalled separately.ResultsNutrimap®provides an overall estimate of the nutritional quality of same-category foods, enabling easy comparisons as exemplified for cereals and fruit/vegetables. Results are consistent with major nutritional recommendations and match classifications provided by other systems. Simulations for breakfasts show that Nutrimap®can help design meals of controlled nutritional value.ConclusionsCombining objective scientific bases with pragmatic concerns, Nutrimap®appears to be effective in comparing food items. Decision-makers can set their own limits within the Nutrimap®-defined assets and weaknesses of foods and reach categorisations consistent with their objectives – from regulatory purposes to consumer information or support for designing meals (catering) or new products (food industry).
Who's keeping the code? Compliance with the international code for the marketing of breast-milk substitutes in Greater Glasgow
Authors: McInnes Rhona J , Wright Charlotte , Haq Shogufta , McGranachan Margaret 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate compliance with the World Health Organization's International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in primary care, after the introduction of strict local infant feeding guidelines.DesignAn audit form was sent to all community-based health professionals with an infant feeding remit. Walking tours were conducted in a random sample of community care facilities.SettingGreater Glasgow Primary Care Division.Subjects(1) Primary-care staff with an infant feeding remit; (2) community health-care facilities.Main outcome measuresContact with manufacturers of breast-milk substitutes (BMS) and BMS company personnel, free samples or incentives, and advertising of BMS.ResultsContact with company personnel was minimal, usually unsolicited and was mainly to provide product information. Free samples of BMS or feeding equipment were rare but childcare or parenting literature was more prevalent. Staff voiced concerns about the lack of relevant information for bottle-feeding mothers and the need to support the mother's feeding choice. One-third of facilities were still displaying materials non-compliant with the Code, with the most common materials being weight conversion charts and posters.ConclusionsContact between personnel from primary care and BMS companies was minimal and generally unsolicited. The presence of materials from BMS companies in health-care premises was more common. Due to the high level of bottle-feeding in Glasgow, primary-care staff stated a need for information about BMS.
Associations of psychosocial factors with fruit and vegetable intake
among African-Americans
Authors: Watters Joanne L , Satia Jessie A , Galanko Joseph A 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations of various psychosocial factors with fruit and
vegetable intake in African-American adults.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of a population-based sample of 658
African-Americans, aged 18–70 years, in North Carolina.
Information was collected on diet-related psychosocial (predisposing,
reinforcing and enabling) factors based on the PRECEDE (Predisposing,
Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and
Evaluation) planning framework; demographic, lifestyle and behavioural
characteristics, and fruit and vegetable intake.ResultsThe mean participant age was 43.9 years (standard deviation 11.6), 57% were
female and 76% were overweight/obese. Participants expressed healthy beliefs
regarding many of, but not all, the psychosocial factors. For example,
although half of the respondents believed it is important to eat a diet high
in fruits/vegetables, only 26% knew that ≥ 5 daily
servings are recommended. The strongest associations of the psychosocial
factors with fruit/vegetable intake were for predisposing factors (e.g.
belief in the importance of a high fruit/vegetable diet and knowledge of
fruit/vegetable recommendations) and one reinforcing factor (social
support), with differences between the healthiest and least healthy
responses of 0.5–1.0 servings per day. There was evidence of
effect modification by gender in associations between psychosocial factors
and fruit/vegetable consumption (e.g. self-efficacy was only significant in
women), with higher intakes and generally healthier responses to the
psychosocial variables in women than men.ConclusionsInterventions to increase fruit/vegetable intake in African-Americans may be
more effective if they focus primarily on predisposing factors, such as
knowledge, self-efficacy and attitudes, but not to the exclusion of
reinforcing and enabling factors. The psychosocial factors that are targeted
may also need to be somewhat different for African-American men and
women.
Continuous-index hidden Markov modelling of array CGH copy number data
Authors: Stjernqvist Susann , Rydén Tobias , Sköld Martin , Staaf Johan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMotivation: In recent years, a range of techniques for analysis and segmentation of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) data have been proposed. For array designs in which clones are of unequal lengths, are unevenly spaced or overlap, the discrete-index view typically adopted by such methods may be questionable or improved.Results: We describe a continuous-index hidden Markov model for aCGH data as well as a Monte Carlo EM algorithm to estimate its parameters. It is shown that for a dataset from the BT-474 cell line analysed on 32K BAC tiling microarrays, this model yields considerably better model fit in terms of lag-1 residual autocorrelations compared to a discrete-index HMM, and it is also shown how to use the model for e.g. estimation of change points on the base-pair scale and for estimation of conditional state probabilities across the genome. In addition, the model is applied to the Glioblastoma Multiforme data used in the comparative study by Lai et al. (Lai,W.R. et al. (2005) Comparative analysis of algorithms for identifying amplifications and deletions in array CGH data. Bioinformatics, 21, 3763–3370.) giving result similar to theirs but with certain features highlighted in the continuous-index setting.Contact: susann.stjernqvist@matstat.lu.seSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A novel immunodeficiency characterized by the exclusive presence of transitional B cells unresponsive to CpG
Authors: Plebani Alessandro , Lougaris Vassilios , Soresina Annarosa , Meini Antonella , Zunino Federica , Losi Claretta Gioia , Gatta Roberta , Cattaneo Gemma , Nespoli Luigi , Marinoni Maddalena , Capolunghi Federica , Vivarelli Marina , Quinti Isabella , Carsetti Rita 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to describe a novel form of primary immune disorder characterized by circulating B cells with the exclusive transitional phenotype which fail to respond to CpG stimulation. The 12‐year‐old male patient suffered from recurrent bacterial infections since infancy. The immunological studies were based on extensive B cell immunophenotyping, humoral in vivo response to different vaccine antigens, and in vitro proliferation and immunoglobulin production after CpG stimulation. Sequence analysis for potentially candidate genes such as IRF8, MyD88, TLR9, T‐bet were performed. The patient's serum immunoglobulin levels and the specific antibody response to tetanus toxoid were normal, whereas that to polysaccharide antigens was severely impaired. Flow cytometric analysis showed that almost all patient's peripheral B cells had the transitional phenotype (CD24bright CD38bright CD27neg). Furthermore, the patient's B cells did not proliferate and failed to secrete immunoglobulins after in vitro CpG stimulation. Sequence analysis for TLR9, MyD88, IRF8 and T‐bet showed no mutations. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a novel primary immunodeficiency mimicking the clinical phenotype of common variable immunodeficiency, with a peculiar immunological phenotype characterized by normal immunoglobulin serum levels, circulating B cells with the exclusive transitional phenotype unable to respond to CpG stimulation. This defines a novel form of primary immunodeficiency mimicking common variable immunodeficiency in the presence of normal immunoglobulin serum levels.