bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media and Their Management
Authors: Dubey Siba P. , Larawin Varqa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: The objective of this is to determine the incidence of otogenic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and its management.Study Design: The authors conducted a retrospective study.Methods: The study was conducted at the tertiary referral and teaching hospital. An analysis was made about the clinical and operative findings, surgical techniques and approaches, the overall management and recovery of the patients. The data were then compared with the relevant and available literature.Results: Of the 70 cases, 47 (67%) had a single complication, of which eight (11%) had intracranial and 39 (56%) had extracranial complications. Twenty‐three (33%) had two or more complications. The commonly encountered intracranial complications were otitic meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, and cerebellar abscess, which were seen in 13 (19%), 10 (14%), and 6 (9%) cases, respectively. Among the extracranial complications, mastoid abscess, postauricular fistula, and facial palsy were encountered in 26 (37%), 17 (24%) and 10 (14%) patients, respectively. Surgeries were the main mode of treatment for these conditions. According to severity, we found four different types of the lateral sinus involvement. Three patients with otitic facial palsy failed to regain full facial function despite surgery. A total of nine patients with the diagnosis of otitic meningitis, lateral sinus thrombosis and interhemispheric abscess expired. It constituted the mortality rate of 13% in our study.Conclusion: CSOM complications, despite its reduced incidence, still pose a great challenge in developing countries as the disease present in the advanced stage leading to difficulty in management and consequently higher morbidity and mortality.
Surgical Techniques and Results of Lateral Thoracic Cutaneous, Myocutaneous, and Conjoint Flaps for Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Yuen Anthony Po‐Wing , Ng Raymond Wai‐Man 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground: This paper aims at presentation of our surgical techniques and results of the lateral thoracic (LT) flaps for head and neck reconstructions.Method: There were seven LT cutaneous, seven LT myocutaneous, and two LT conjoint myocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of head and neck mucosal or cutaneous defects.Results: The largest flap size was 22 cm × 13 cm. All donor sites were closed primarily. The highest point of reconstruction was in the nasopharynx internally and zygoma externally. All flaps survived without major complication.Conclusions: The LT flap has the versatility of cutaneous, myocutaneous, and conjoint flaps with pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps to reconstruct large surgical defects. It has a large, reliable surface area, a long pedicle to reach nasopharynx and zygoma, and has less bulky muscle to facilitate tubular reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defect, one‐stage operation, esthetic hidden donor site scar in axillary region, and minimal donor site morbidity. It is an additional reliable pedicle flap in our armamentarium for reconstruction of both cutaneous and mucosal defects in the head and neck region.
Affinity Purification of Interacting Proteins from Cell Lysates: Figure 1.
Authors: Baca Manuel , Zhang Jian-Guo 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTIONIn this protocol, recombinant protein or a chemically synthesized bioactive fragment is immobilized on resin and used as a probe to capture interacting proteins directly from a cell extract. Affinity-purified proteins are fractionated by gel electrophoresis and visualized by Coomassie staining. Proteins that interact specifically are identified by comparing this gel profile to one obtained from cell lysates passed over a control resin lacking the immobilized probe protein. Specific bands are excised from the gel, proteolytically digested in situ, and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to derive primary sequence information and consequently identify the interacting protein.
Imaging Hoechst-Labeled Chromosomes and Fluorescent Proteins during the Cell Cycle
Authors: Haraguchi Tokuko , Hiraoka Yasushi 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTIONFluorescence microscopy provides a powerful tool for imaging molecular components in living cells. Specific molecular components can be efficiently labeled by a combination of three methods: (1) chemical transfection of GFP-fusion constructs, (2) staining of chromosomes with the DNA-specific, fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342, and (3) microinjection of fluorescently conjugated proteins. This procedure provides an example of using all three methods in sequence to label components of living HeLa cells. These methods should be followed in the order presented, but any of them can be omitted when not needed.
Preparation and Microinjection of x-Rhodamine-Labeled Vimentin: Figure 1.
Authors: Kuczmarski Edward R. , Goldman Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTIONIntermediate filaments (IF) are major cytoskeletal systems of vertebrate and many nonvertebrate cells whose expression is cell-type specific and developmentally regulated. This protocol describes the x-rhodamine labeling of one type of IF, vimentin, and a method for microinjection of the labeled vimentin into cultured cells. IF dynamics can then be examined with fluorescence microscopy.
Coffee consumption and the risk of endometrial cancer: Evidence from a case‐control study of female hormone‐related cancers in Japan
Authors: Hirose Kaoru , Niwa Yoshimitsu , Wakai Kenji , Matsuo Keitaro , Nakanishi Toru , Tajima Kazuo 
Published: February 2007

Coffee has become a popular beverage worldwide. Caffeine, a major ingredient of coffee, has been proposed to have a favorable affect on the modulation of circulating estrogen levels and therefore may be of importance in developments on hormone‐related cancers. However, epidemiological evidence is limited and inconsistent. We examined the relationship between intake of coffee and hormone‐related cancer risk among Japanese women using data from the hospital‐based epidemiological research program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC). In total, 2122 breast, 229 endometrial and 166 ovarian cancer cases were included, and 12 425 women, confirmed as free of cancer, were recruited as the control group. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. A statistically significant inverse association between risk of endometrial cancer and coffee consumption was noted in Japanese women, with no clear association evident for breast and ovarian cancer risk. Compared to non‐drinker, the OR of daily drinking of 1–2 cups and 3 or more cups per day for endometrial cancer were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.43–0.94) and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.19–0.87), respectively, and the linear trend was also statistically significant (P < 0.01). However, there was no statistically significant association between caffeine intake and endometrial cancer. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that coffee consumption reduces the risk of endometrial cancer in Japanese subjects. Given the scarcity of studies of coffee intake and endometrial cancer and other hormone‐dependent cancer risk, additional investigations are warranted. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 411–415)
Maternal depression increases infant risk of diarrhoeal illness: a cohort study
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2007

.

Rahman A.,
Bunn J.,
Lovel H. &
Creed F.
(
2007
)

,
92
,
24
–
28
.
Aims  To examine the associations between post‐natal depression in mothers and diarrhoeal illness in their infants in the first year of life in a low‐income country.Methods  Using a prospective cohort design, 265 infants (n = 130 of mothers having a depressive episode according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, at 3 months post‐natal and n = 135 of psychologically well mothers), living in rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan, were followed up for 1 year. Frequency of diarrhoeal episodes was measured fortnightly by health workers using a standard questionnaire.Results  Infants of depressed mothers had significantly more diarrhoeal episodes per year than those of controls (mean 5.5 vs. 4.0; 95% CI 0.9–2.0). The relative risk of having ≥5 diarrhoeal episodes per year in infants of depressed mothers was 2.3 (95% CI 1.6–3.1). The association remained significant after adjustment for other risk factors by multivariate analysis.Conclusions  Maternal depression is associated with infant diarrhoeal morbidity in a low‐income community setting. It is independent of the effects of known factors such as under‐nutrition, socio‐economic status and parental education. Preventive child health programmes targeting mothers must consider their mental health.
Identification of the three‐dimensional gel microstructure from transmission electron micrographs
Authors: NISSLERT RASMUS , KVARNSTRÖM MATS , LORÉN NIKLAS , NYDÉN MAGNUS , RUDEMO MATS 
Published: February 2007

SummaryMass transport in gels depends crucially on local properties of the gel network. We propose a method for identifying the three‐dimensional (3D) gel microstructure from statistical information in transmission electron micrographs. The gel strand network is modelled as a random graph with nodes and edges (branches). The distribution of edge length, the number of edges at nodes and the angles between edges at a node are estimated from transmission electron micrographs by image analysis methods. The 3D network is simulated by Markov chain Monte Carlo, with a probability function based on the statistical information found from the micrographs. The micrographs are projections of stained gel strands in slices, and we derive a formula for estimating the thickness of the stained gel slice based on the total projected gel strand length and the number of times that gel strands enter or exit the slice.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae samples stained with FUN‐1 dye can be stored at −20°C for later observation
Authors: EGGLESTON M. D. , MARSHALL P. A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryFUN‐1, a fluorescent vital dye, has been observed to form cylindrical intravacuolar structures within the vacuoles of metabolically active yeast cells. FUN‐1 staining, which begins as a diffuse pool of fluorescent cytoplasmic stain, uses an unknown endogenous biochemical processing mechanism to compact and form orange‐red cylindrical intravacuolar structures within the cell vacuole. In the clinical setting, FUN‐1 is primarily used for identification of fungal infection. FUN‐1 is utilized in the laboratory to distinguish between metabolically active and dead fungal cells. Although this stain is useful for distinguishing between live and dead fungal dead cells, few studies have utilized this chemical. This lack of use in the scientific community may be due to the requirement that cells are visualized directly after staining. Thus, it would be of interest to be able to stain cells and store them for later use. Our lab examined the longevity of cylindrical intravacuolar structures in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae stained with FUN‐1 and stored at −20°C. We found that cylindrical intravacuolar structures could be reliably observed and imaged utilizing differential interference contrast microscopy and fluorescence microscopy for 21 days. We also observed that cells stained with FUN‐1 would resume propagation on yeast extract, peptone, dextrose (YPD) plates after being frozen at −20°C for 21 days. These modifications to the published procedure for FUN‐1 dye staining should allow for a more prevalent and less time sensitive use of this important biological tool.
Selective targeting of miRNA‐regulated plant development by a viral counter‐silencing protein
Authors: Lewsey Mathew , Robertson Fiona C. , Canto Tomas , Palukaitis Peter , Carr John P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein suppresses RNA silencing and determines viral symptoms. AmongArabidopsis thalianalines expressing 2b proteins from mild (LS and Q CMV) or severe (Fny CMV) strains, only Fny2b‐transgenic plants displayed strong symptom‐like phenotypes in leaves, stems and flowers, together with stunting of main root growth and increased emergence of lateral roots. However, LS and Fny 2b proteins both enhanced lateral root length. Micro (mi)RNA‐mediated cellular mRNA turnover was inhibited in Fny2b‐transgenic plants, but there was no evidence for this in LS2b‐transgenic plants. Both 2b proteins efficiently suppressed small interfering (si)RNA‐mediated RNA silencing, suggesting that 2b proteins can target the siRNA pathway without disrupting miRNA‐regulated RNA turnover. Thus, symptom induction is not an inevitable consequence of RNA silencing suppression. For CMV, strain‐specific differences between the 2b silencing proteins determine whether only one or both small RNA‐guided RNA destruction pathways are disrupted.
Response of zooid size in Cupuladria exfragminis (Bryozoa) to simulated upwelling temperatures
Authors: O'Dea Aaron , Rodríguez Felix , Romero Tania 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigate the effect of the temperature–size rule upon zooids of the tropical American bryozoan Cupuladria exfragminis. Results show that mean zooid length, zooid width and zooid area vary significantly between clonal replicates of C. exfragminis kept under different controlled temperature conditions. Significantly larger zooids are produced during times of lowered water temperature that are comparable with the temperatures that occur during seasonal upwelling along the Pacific coast of Panama where the animal lives in abundance. Interpolation of data suggests that a drop of 1 °C causes a 5% increase in zooid size, and that almost all variation in zooid size in natural populations can be explained by temperature. Results are discussed in context of the potential use of zooid size variation in cupuladriid bryozoans to measure the strength of seasonal upwelling in ancient seas by analysing zooid size changes in fossil colonies. The technique of cloning cupuladriid colonies by fragmentation is also discussed with reference to its benefits in experimental studies where genotypes need to be controlled or replicated.
Mapping QTLs related to salinity tolerance of rice at the young seedling stage
Authors: Lee S. Y. , Ahn J. H. , Cha Y. S. , Yun D. W. , Lee M. C. , Ko J. C. , Lee K. S. , Eun M. Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing a population of recombinant inbred lines of the 164 genotypes derived from a cross between ‘Milyang 23’ (indica) and ‘Gihobyeo’ (japonica) in rice (Oryza sativaL.), salt tolerance was evaluated at a young seedling stage in concentrations of 0.5% and 0.7% NaCl. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to salt tolerance was carried out by interval mapping using Qgene 3.0. Two QTLs (qST1 and qST3) conferring salt tolerance at young seedling stage were mapped on chromosome 1 and 3, respectively, and explained 35.5–36.9% of the total phenotypic variation in 0.5% and 0.7% NaCl. The favourable allele ofqST1was contributed by ‘Gihobyeo’, and that ofqST3by ‘Milyang 23’. The results obtained in 0.5% and 0.7% NaCl for 2 years were similar in flanked markers and phenotypic variation.
Genetics of leaf rust resistance in three Americano landrace‐derived wheat cultivars from Uruguay
Authors: Kolmer J. A. , Oelke L. M. , Liu J. Q. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA genetic analysis of the landrace‐derived wheat accessions Americano 25e, Americano 26n, and Americano 44d, from Uruguay was conducted to identify the leaf rust resistance genes present in these early wheat cultivars. The three cultivars were crossed with the leaf rust susceptible cultivar ‘Thatcher’ and approximately 80 backcross (BC1) F2 families were derived for each cross. The BC1F2 families and selected BC1F4 lines were tested for seedling and adult plant leaf rust resistance with selected isolates of leaf rust, Puccinia triticina. The segregation and infection type data indicated that Americano 25e had seedling resistance genes Lr3, Lr16, an additional unidentified seedling gene, and one adult plant resistance gene that was neither Lr12 nor Lr13, and did not phenotypically resemble Lr34. Americano 26n was postulated to have genes Lr11, Lr12, Lr13, and Lr14a. Americano 44d appeared to have two possibly unique adult plant leaf rust resistance genes.
Production and characterization of intergeneric hybrids between Brassica oleracea and a wild relative Moricandia arvensis
Authors: Bang S. W. , Sugihara K. , Jeung B. H. , Kaneko R. , Satake E. , Kaneko Y. , Matsuzawa Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntergeneric crosses were made between Brassica oleracea and Moricandia arvensis utilizing embryo rescue. Six F1 hybrid plants were generated in the cross‐combination of B. oleracea × M. arvensis from 64 pods by the placenta‐embryo culture technique, whereas three plants were produced in the reciprocal cross from 40 pods by the ovary culture technique. The hybrid plants were ascertained to be amphihaploid with 2n = 23 chromosomes in mitosis and a meiotic chromosome association of (0–3)II + (17–23)I at metaphase I (M I). In the backcross with B. oleracea, some of these hybrids developed sesquidiploid BC1 plants with 2n = 32 chromosomes that predominantly exhibited a meiotic configuration of (9II + 14I) in pollen mother cells. The following backcross of BC2 plants to B. oleracea generated 48 BC3 progeny with somatic chromosomes from 2n = 19 to 2n = 41. The 2n = 19 plants showed a chromosomal association type of (9II + 1I) and a chromosomal distribution type of (91/2 + 91/2) or (9 + 10) at M I and M II, respectively. These facts might suggest that they were monosomic addition lines (MALs) of B. oleracea carrying a single chromosome of M. arvensis that could offer potential for future genetic and breeding research, together with other novel hybrid progeny developed in this intergeneric hybridization.
Virus population extinction via ecological traps
Authors: Dennehy John J. , Friedenberg Nicholas A. , Yang Yul W. , Turner Paul E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPopulations are at risk of extinction when unsuitable or when sink habitat exceeds a threshold frequency in the environment. Sinks that present cues associated with high‐quality habitats, termed ecological traps, have especially detrimental effects on net population growth at metapopulation scales. Ecological traps for viruses arise naturally, or can be engineered, via the expression of viral‐binding sites on cells that preclude viral reproduction. We present a model for virus population growth in a heterogeneous host community, parameterized with data from populations of the RNA bacteriophage Φ6 presented with mixtures of suitable host bacteria and either neutral or trap cells. We demonstrate that viruses can sustain high rates of population growth in the presence of neutral non‐hosts as long as some host cells are present, whereas trap cells dramatically reduce viral fitness. In addition, we demonstrate that the efficacy of traps for viral elimination is frequency dependent in spatially structured environments such that population viability is a nonlinear function of habitat loss in dispersal‐limited virus populations. We conclude that the ecological concepts applied to species conservation in altered landscapes can also contribute to the development of trap cell therapies for infectious human viruses.
A Bigger Piece of a Very Small Pie: Intrahousehold Resource Allocation and Poverty Reduction in Africa
Authors: O'Laughlin Bridget 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFeminist research has convincingly shown that an increase in household income does not necessarily lead to improvement in the well‐being of all members of the household. More questionable is the policy conclusion often drawn from this research for rural Africa: redressing gender imbalance in control of productive resources will significantly reduce poverty. This contribution argues that the evidence and analysis presented by two studies repeatedly cited to show that gender inequality is inefficient are problematic. It is mythical to suggest that tinkering with women's market position by exchanging unequal collective rights to productive resources for individual ones will decisively reduce rural poverty in Africa. That will depend on the restructuring of long‐term and deeply unequal processes of integration in the market, not on a firmer insertion of women within existing patterns of individualization and commodification of productive resources.
Myths To Live By? Female Solidarity and Female Autonomy Reconsidered
Authors: Cornwall Andrea 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFemale autonomy and female solidarity occupy a special place in gender and development thinking. For some feminists, myself included, they represent closely held ideals; as such, they are very difficult to bring into question. This contribution reflects on these ideals in order to raise critical questions about the attachments that gender and development practitioners may have to particular ways of reading ‘gender relations’. It draws on ethnographic fieldwork in Nigeria to explore the lack of fit between received ‘Western’ ideas about gender and the complexity, contingency and multiplicity of relations and identifications among women in this cultural context. It argues that superimposing received notions of gendered power relations on those whom development intervention seeks to assist — in the form of gender myths that have a hold on hearts as well as minds — may offer these women neither succour, nor the means for them to empower themselves.
“We Simply Have to Do that Stuff for our Survival”: Labour, Firm Innovation and Cluster Governance in the Canadian Automotive Parts Industry
Authors: Rutherford Tod D , Holmes John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBased on a case study of the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) union in southern Ontario we argue for a critical reconstruction of both the labour geography and industrial cluster literature. The former stresses the active role of labour in the formation of economic landscapes, but has yet to explore labour's agency in production and how labour institutions shape technological change, firm innovation and industrial policy and strategy. Conversely, much of the industrial cluster and regional innovation systems literature is silent on the role of unions and industrial relations institutions in fostering innovation. We conclude with two main points. First, while some contend that positive union roles in innovation can only stem from partnerships with management and team working, we argue that innovation is more likely to emerge and worker interests are better protected when traditional collective bargaining structures and progressive employment legislation play a central role. Second, positive workplace and cluster level cooperation in the Canadian automotive parts industry are jeopardized by the broader and ongoing macro‐economic restructuring of OEM global production networks due to over‐capacity and intense cost‐cutting pressures reverberating down the supply chain.
MOMENT ESTIMATION IN THE CLASS OF BISEXUAL BRANCHING PROCESSES WITH POPULATION–SIZE DEPENDENT MATING
Authors: González Miguel , Mota Manuel , Ramos Alfonso 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThis paper concerns the estimation of the offspring mean vector, the covariance matrix and the growth rate in the class of bisexual branching processes with population‐size dependent mating. For the proposed estimators, some unconditional moments and some conditioned to non‐extinction are determined and asymptotic properties are established. Confidence intervals are obtained and, as illustration, a simulation example is given.