bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges for Higher Education: Teaching the Cognitive Social Bases of Language
Authors: Cloud Steven J. , Muma John R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractProfessionals in higher education are perfectly situated to reshape the field of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders in accordance with many substantive advancements in the cognitive socialization literature. This article provides a four-level model of the cognitive social bases of language, and it includes a discussion of four substantive issues toward improved clinical services. The topics include (a) the modality and core aspects of language; (b) the centrality of intent; (c) the lack of construct validity of language tests; and (d) the heterogeneous nature of clinical populations.
Arteriolar Remodeling Following Ischemic Injury Extends from Capillary to Large Arteriole in the Microcirculation
Authors: Bailey Alexander M. , O'Neill Thomas J. , Morris Cassandra E. , Peirce Shayn M. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: Skeletal muscle vasculature undergoes arteriogenesis to restore tissue perfusion and function following loss of blood flow. This process has been shown to occur in large vessels following ischemia, although recent studies suggest this may occur in the microcirculation as well. We tested the hypothesis that ischemia induces microvascular remodeling in the skeletal muscle microcirculation on the scale of capillary to sub‐35 μm diameter arterioles.Methods: Ligations of a feeding arteriole to the caudal‐half of the spinotrapezius muscle were performed on C57BL/6 mice. At 5 days, microvascular remodeling responses were quantified using intravital and whole‐mount confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize vessels, incorporated leukocytes, and regions of hypoxia.Results: Ischemic tissue underwent localized microvascular remodeling characteristic of arteriogenesis, including pronounced vessel tortuosity. In patent microvessels (diameters 15–35 μm), we observed increases in vascular density (38%), branching (90%) and collateral development (36.5%). The formation of new arterioles (diameters 6–35 μm) increased by 24.3%, while chronic hypoxia was absent from all tissues.Conclusions: Ischemic injury induces arteriogenesis in skeletal muscle microcirculation. Furthermore, this surgical model enables en face analysis of microcirculatory adaptations with single‐cell resolution and can provide investigators with morphometric data on a microscale that is difficult to achieve using other models.
Engineering of halophilic enzymes: Two acidic amino acid residues at the carboxy‐terminal region confer halophilic characteristics to Halomonas and Pseudomonas nucleoside diphosphate kinases
Authors: Tokunaga Hiroko , Arakawa Tsutomu , Tokunaga Masao 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNucleoside diphosphate kinase from Halomonas sp. 593 (HaNDK) exhibits halophilic characteristics. Residues 134 and 135 in the carboxy‐terminal region of HaNDK are Glu–Glu, while those of its homologous counterpart of non‐halophilic Pseudomonas NDK (PaNDK) are Ala–Ala. The double mutation, E134A‐E135A, in HaNDK results in the loss of the halophilic characteristics, and, conversely, the double mutation of A134E‐A135E in PaNDK confers halophilic characters to this enzyme, indicating that the charged state of these two residues that are located in the C‐terminal region plays a critical role in determining halophilic characteristics. The importance of these two residues versus the net negative charges will be discussed in relation to the halophilicity of NDK.
Blood culture isolates and antimicrobial sensitivities from 427 critically ill neonatal foals
Authors: Russell CM , Axon JE , Blishen A , Begg AP 
Published: June 2008

Objective  To assist correct decision‐making about antimicrobial treatment of equine neonates with septicaemia.Design  Retrospective study of microbial blood culture results obtained from foals less than 7 days of age.Methods  Microbial blood culture results from foals less than 7 days of age admitted to an intensive care unit between July 1999 and December 2004 were reviewed. Antimicrobial sensitivity was assessed by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Antimicrobials were defined as an effective first‐line choice antimicrobial if greater than 70% of isolates were susceptible. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was defined as resistance to at least three antimicrobials in different chemical classes or with different mechanisms of resistance.Results  Of the 427 Thoroughbred foals included in the study, a positive blood culture was obtained in 110 foals and 124 microorganisms were isolated. Gram‐positive isolates, predominantly Streptococcus/Enterococcus spp, were obtained in 41% of foals. Gram‐negative isolates were predominantly of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in particular Escherichia coli. The overall antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolates was low. The Gram‐positive organisms had unpredictable sensitivity patterns. MDR was recorded in 32% of isolates. In total, 81% of foals were discharged from hospital and 74.5% of foals with a positive blood culture were discharged.Conclusion  With the increasing prevalence of Gram‐positive microorganisms and their unpredictable sensitivity patterns, blood cultures remain important in the diagnosis and treatment of equine neonatal septicaemia.
Radiometric pooled faecal culture for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in low‐shedder cattle
Authors: Eamens GJ , Walker DM , Porter NS , Fell SA 
Published: June 2008

Objective   To identify the optimum pooling rate for pooled faecal culture (PFC) as a diagnostic tool in bovine Johne's disease control, for detection of cattle shedding low concentrations of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map).Method   Thirteen target animals were selected by delayed growth of Map from initial individual radiometric faecal cultures (first growth index at 5 weeks or later). A procedure based on radiometric culture and IS900 polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis confirmation was then used for PFC.Results   Eight samples (stored for up to 17 months at −80°C) yielded Map on subsequent culture, either from undiluted faeces or those mixed with normal cattle faeces at dilution rates from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. From a regression equation, culture‐positive animals were considered to be shedding relatively low levels of Map (< 6 × 104/g of faeces). Pooling dilutions of more than 1 in 5 reduced PFC sensitivity. A minimum incubation period of 10 weeks at a dilution of 1 in 5 is recommended to detect such infected cattle. This pooling rate in radiometric culture is probably capable of detecting cattle shedding ≤ 5 × 103 Map organisms/g of faeces, representing an estimated inoculum per culture vial of fewer than 20 viable organisms.Conclusion   Map was detected in more than 50% of the stored faecal samples from cattle shedding low concentrations of the organism. A pooling rate of 5 samples per pool is required to reliably detect infected low‐shedder cattle using PFC based on radiometric culture.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Hydroxychavicol for Its Potential Use as an Oral Care Agent
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Khan Inshad Ali , Ali Intzar , Ali Furqan , Kumar Manoj , Kumar Ashwani , Johri Rakesh Kamal , Abdullah Sheikh Tasduq , Bani Sarang , Pandey Anjali , Suri Krishan Avtar , Gupta Bishan Datt , Satti Naresh Kumar , Dutt Prabhu , Qazi Ghulam Nabi 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Hydroxychavicol isolated from the chloroform extraction of aqueous extract of
Piper betle
leaves showed inhibitory activity against oral cavity pathogens. It exhibited an inhibitory effect on all of the oral cavity pathogens tested (MICs of 62.5 to 500 μg/ml) with a minimal bactericidal concentration that was twofold greater than the inhibitory concentration. Hydroxychavicol exhibited concentration-dependent killing of
Streptococcus mutans
ATCC 25175 up to 4× MIC and also prevented the formation of water-insoluble glucan. Interestingly, hydroxychavicol exhibited an extended postantibiotic effect of 6 to 7 h and prevented the emergence of mutants of S.
mutans
ATCC 25175 and
Actinomyces viscosus
ATCC 15987 at 2× MIC. Furthermore, it also inhibited the growth of biofilms generated by
S. mutans
and
A. viscosus
and reduced the preformed biofilms by these bacteria. Increased uptake of propidium iodide by hydroxychavicol-treated cells of
S. mutans
and
A. viscosus
indicated that hydroxychavicol probably works through the disruption of the permeability barrier of microbial membrane structures. Hydroxychavicol also exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This was evident from its concentration-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and significant suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in human neutrophils. Its efficacy against adherent cells of
S. mutans
in water-insoluble glucan in the presence of sucrose suggests that hydroxychavicol would be a useful compound for the development of antibacterial agents against oral pathogens and that it has great potential for use in mouthwash for preventing and treating oral infections.
Rapid Eradication of
Listeria monocytogenes
by Moxifloxacin in a Murine Model of Central Nervous System Listeriosis
Authors: Grayo Solène , Lott-Desroches Marie-Catherine , Dussurget Olivier , Respaud Renaud , Fontanet Arnaud , Join-Lambert Olivier , Singlas Eric , Le Monnier Alban 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Listeriosis is a rare but life-threatening infection. A favorable outcome is greatly aided by early administration of antibiotics with rapid bactericidal activity against
Listeria monocytogenes
. Moxifloxacin, a new-generation fluoroquinolone with extended activity against gram-positive bacteria, has proved its effectiveness in vitro against intracellular reservoirs of bacteria. The efficacies of moxifloxacin and amoxicillin were compared in vivo by survival curve assays and by studying the kinetics of bacterial growth in blood and organs in a murine model of central nervous system (CNS) listeriosis. We combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches to correlate the observed efficacy in vivo with plasma and tissue moxifloxacin concentrations. Death was significantly delayed for animals treated with a single dose of moxifloxacin compared to a single dose of amoxicillin. We observed rapid bacterial clearance from blood and organs of animals treated with moxifloxacin. The decrease in the bacterial counts in blood and brain correlated with plasma and cerebral concentrations of antibiotic. Moxifloxacin peaked in the brain at 1.92 ± 0.32 μg/g 1 hour after intraperitoneal injection. This suggests that moxifloxacin rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier and diffuses into the cerebral parenchyma. Moreover, no resistant strains were selected during in vivo experiments. Our results indicate that moxifloxacin combines useful pharmacokinetic properties and rapid bactericidal activity and that it may be a valuable alternative for the treatment of CNS listeriosis.
Cytokine Expression in the Colonic Mucosa of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals before and during 9 Months of Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Schulbin Hubert , Bode Hagen , Stocker Hartmut , Schmidt Wolfgang , Zippel Thomas , Loddenkemper Christoph , Engelmann Elisabeth , Epple Hans-Jörg , Arastéh Keikawus , Zeitz Martin 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTHigh-level human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and the rapid breakdown of the mucosal immune system are the hallmarks of HIV infection in the gut. Cytokine dysregulation may be related to both phenomena. Using real-time PCR we quantified the colonic mucosal mRNA expression of selected proinflammatory and regulatory (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) and HIV-inhibitory (IL-16, CCL3, and CCL5) cytokines for 10 HIV-infected patients before and during 9 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV RNA and T-cell dynamics were measured in the colonic mucosa and the blood. Seven HIV-negative individuals served as controls. The mucosal mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in control patients and remained elevated during 9 months of HAART despite the decline in blood and mucosal HIV RNA levels and an increase in the level of CD4+T lymphocytes. The mRNA levels of CCL3 and CCL5, both of which were elevated before treatment, returned to nearly normal during therapy. Despite reductions in levels of mucosal HIV RNA and the restoration of mucosal CD4+T lymphocytes, antiretroviral therapy failed to restore the normal colonic immunologic environment.
Chronic Administration of Tenofovir to Rhesus Macaques from Infancy through Adulthood and Pregnancy: Summary of Pharmacokinetics and Biological and Virological Effects
Authors: Van Rompay Koen K. A. , Durand-Gasselin Lucie , Brignolo Laurie L. , Ray Adrian S. , Abel Kristina , Cihlar Tomas , Spinner Abigail , Jerome Christopher , Moore Joseph , Kearney Brian P. , Marthas Marta L. , Reiser Hans , Bischofberger Norbert 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
The reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor tenofovir (TFV) is highly effective in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The current report describes extended safety and efficacy data on 32 animals that received prolonged (≥1- to 13-year) daily subcutaneous TFV regimens. The likelihood of renal toxicity (proximal renal tubular dysfunction [PRTD]) correlated with plasma drug concentrations, which depended on the dosage regimen and age-related changes in drug clearance. Below a threshold area under the concentration-time curve for TFV in plasma of ∼10 μg·h/ml, an exposure severalfold higher than that observed in humans treated orally with 300 mg TFV disoproxil fumarate (TDF), prolonged TFV administration was not associated with PRTD based on urinalysis, serum chemistry analyses, bone mineral density, and clinical observations. At low-dose maintenance regimens, plasma TFV concentrations and intracellular TFV diphosphate concentrations were similar to or slightly higher than those observed in TDF-treated humans. No new toxicities were identified. The available evidence does not suggest teratogenic effects of prolonged low-dose TFV treatment; by the age of 10 years, one macaque, on TFV treatment since birth, had produced three offspring that were healthy by all criteria up to the age of 5 years. Despite the presence of viral variants with a lysine-to-arginine substitution at codon 65 (K65R) of RT in all 28 SIV-infected animals, 6 animals suppressed viremia to undetectable levels for as long as 12 years of TFV monotherapy. In conclusion, these findings illustrate the safety and sustained benefits of prolonged TFV-containing regimens throughout development from infancy to adulthood, including pregnancy.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Clonal Complexes of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates Resistant to Multiple Classes of Antibiotics in Belgium, 1997 to 2004
Authors: Amrine-Madsen Heather , Van Eldere Johan , Mera Robertino M. , Miller Linda A. , Poupard James A. , Thomas Elizabeth S. , Halsey Wendy S. , Becker Julie A. , O'Hara F. Patrick 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

We performed multilocus sequence typing on 203 invasive disease isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
to assess the clonal compositions of isolates from two provinces in Belgium and to determine the relationship between clones and antibiotic nonsusceptibility, particularly nonsusceptibility to two or more classes of antibiotics. The frequency of multiclass nonsusceptibility (MCNS) was higher in the province of West Flanders (38%) than in Limburg (21%). This difference was largely attributable to five clonal complexes (CC156, CC81, CC143, CC193, and CC1848), which contained high proportions of isolates with MCNS (>47%) and which were circulating at higher frequencies in West Flanders. The
S. pneumoniae
population changed over time, as CC156 and CC81 declined in frequency from 1997 to 1999 to 2001 to 2004. Over the same time period, the frequency of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 7 (PCV7) serotypes dropped from 69% to 41%. In contrast, the nonvaccine serotype 19A increased in frequency from 2.1% to 6.6%. None of these changes can be attributed to PCV7 vaccine, as it was not in use in Belgium during the time period studied. There was evidence that MCNS clones flowed from West Flanders to Limburg.
Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 In Vitro Infection by Sulfated Derivatives of
Escherichia coli
K5 Polysaccharide
Authors: Pinna Debora , Oreste Pasqua , Coradin Tiziana , Kajaste-Rudnitski Anna , Ghezzi Silvia , Zoppetti Giorgio , Rotola Antonella , Argnani Rafaela , Poli Guido , Manservigi Roberto , Vicenzi Elisa 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are neurotropic viruses and common human pathogens causing major public health problems such as genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease also correlated with increased transmission and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Therefore, compounds capable of blocking HIV-1, HSV-1, and HSV-2 transmission represent candidate microbicides with a potential added value over that of molecules acting selectively against either infection. We report here that sulfated derivatives of the
Escherichia coli
K5 polysaccharide, structurally highly similar to heparin and previously shown to inhibit HIV-1 entry and replication in vitro, also exert suppressive activities against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. In particular, the N,O-sulfated [K5-N,OS(H)] and O-sulfated epimerized [Epi-K5-OS(H)] forms inhibited the infection of Vero cells by HSV-1 and -2, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
) between 3 ± 0.05 and 48 ± 27 nM, and were not toxic to the cells at concentrations as high as 5 μM. These compounds impaired the early steps of HSV-1 and HSV-2 virion attachment and entry into host cells and reduced the cell-to-cell spread of HSV-2. Since K5-N,OS(H) and Epi-K5-OS(H) also inhibit HIV-1 infection, they may represent valid candidates for development as topical microbicides preventing sexual transmission of HIV-1, HSV-1, and HSV-2.
Powerful Bactericidal Activity of Moxifloxacin in Human Leprosy
Authors: Pardillo Fe Eleanor F. , Burgos Jasmin , Fajardo Tranquilino T. , Cruz Eduardo Dela , Abalos Rodolfo M. , Paredes Rose Maria D. , Andaya Cora Evelyn S. , Gelber Robert H. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

In a clinical trial of moxifloxacin in eight multibacillary leprosy patients, moxifloxacin proved highly effective. In all trial patients, a single 400-mg dose of moxifloxacin resulted in significant killing (
P
≤ 0.006) of
Mycobacterium leprae
, ranging from 82% to 99%, with a mean of 91%. In all instances, no viable bacilli were detected with an additional 3 weeks of daily therapy, this observed rapid bactericidal activity being matched previously only by rifampin. On moxifloxacin therapy, skin lesions cleared exceedingly rapidly with definite improvement observed consistently after eight doses and progressive resolution continuing for the 56 days of the trial. Side effects, toxicities, and laboratory abnormalities were mild, not requiring discontinuation of therapy.
Reduced Biocide Susceptibility in
Candida albicans
Biofilms
Authors: Nett Jeniel E. , Guite Kristie M. , Ringeisen Alex , Holoyda Kathleen A. , Andes David R. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Candida
biofilm formation is common during infection and environmental growth. We tested the impacts of three biocides (ethanol [EtOH], H
2
O
2
, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) on
Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis
, and
C. glabrata
biofilms. Higher concentrations of the biocides were required for efficacy against biofilms than for efficacy against planktonic controls. A combination study with two biocides (EtOH and H
2
O
2
) and fluconazole demonstrated that the combination had enhanced efficacy.
CD46 Contributes to the Severity of Group A Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Lövkvist Lena , Sjölinder Hong , Wehelie Rahma , Aro Helena , Norrby-Teglund Anna , Plant Laura , Jonsson Ann-Beth 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pyogenes(group AStreptococcus) is a human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from uncomplicated superficial infections to severe infections such as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. These bacteria interact with several host cell receptors, one of which is the cell surface complement regulator CD46. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of epithelial cells withS. pyogenesleads to the shedding of CD46 at the same time as the bacteria induce apoptosis and cell death. Soluble CD46 attached to the streptococcal surface, suggesting that bacteria might bind available extracellular CD46 as a strategy to survive and avoid host defenses. The protective role of human CD46 was demonstrated in ex vivo whole-blood assays showing that the growth ofS. pyogeneswas enhanced in blood from mice expressing human CD46. Finally, in vivo experimental infection showed that bacteremia levels, arthritis frequency, and mortality were higher in CD46 transgenic mice than in nontransgenic mice. Taken together, these results argue that bacterial exploitation of human CD46 enhances bacterial survival and represents a novel pathogenic mechanism that contributes to the severity of group A streptococcal disease.
The ScpC Protease of
Streptococcus pyogenes
Affects the Outcome of Sepsis in a Murine Model
Authors: Sjölinder Hong , Lövkvist Lena , Plant Laura , Eriksson Jens , Aro Helena , Jones Allison , Jonsson Ann-Beth 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

The ScpC protease of
Streptococcus pyogenes
degrades interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine that mediates neutrophil transmigration and activation. The ability to degrade IL-8 differs dramatically among clinical isolates of
S. pyogenes
. Bacteria expressing ScpC overcome immune clearance by preventing the recruitment of neutrophils in soft tissue infection of mice. To study the role of ScpC in streptococcal sepsis, we generated an ScpC mutant that did not degrade IL-8 and thus failed to prevent the recruitment of immune cells as well as to cause disease after soft tissue infection. In a murine model of sepsis, challenge with the ScpC mutant resulted in more severe systemic disease with higher bacteremia levels and mortality than did challenge with the wild-type strain. As expected, the blood level of KC, the murine IL-8 homologue, increased in mice infected with the ScpC mutant. However, the elevated KC levels did not influence neutrophil numbers in blood, as it did in soft tissue, indicating that additional factors contributed to neutrophil transmigration in blood. In addition, the absence of ScpC increased tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, and C5a levels in blood, which contributed to disease severity. Thus, the ScpC mutant triggers high neutrophil infiltration but not lethal outcome after soft tissue infection, whereas intravenous infection leads to highly aggressive systemic disease.