bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a strongly sheared, nearly homogeneous turbulent shear flow
Authors: Leslie D. C. 
Published: April 2006

Harris, Graham & Corrsin (1977) have measured the properties of the quasi-homo-geneous turbulence field induced by a large mean shear, and in analysing their measurements they neglect the diagonal components of the mean-field contribution to the pressure–strain correlation. Their measurements are re-analysed using the recommendations of Gibson & Launder (1978) for modelling this correlation, the imbalance between production and dissipation being allowed for by the algebraic modelling technique of Rodi (1976): the experimental data give strong support to Rodi's basic assumption.The data suggest that the only substantial defect in the Gibson–Launder model is its failure to predict the anisotropy measured in the 23 plane normal to the mean flow. The longitudinal predictions are good, and those for the shear (12) component are much improved when measured values of the anisotropy are substituted into the calculation. This analysis does not suggest any clear need for a nonlinear representation of the pressure–strain correlation. However, the most general linear representation of the mean-field term is even more complex than the analysis of Launder, Reece & Rodi (1975) would suggest: their model is disproved by an example.Attempts to deduce the dissipation directly from the experiments, rather than by energy balance, are not very successful.
Wave reflexion from beaches
Authors: Mahony J. J. , Pritchard W. G. 
Published: April 2006

The usual way of posing the problem for the reflexion of wave trains from beaches seems inevitably to imply perfect reflexion. Energy considerations show that wave absorption must be associated with the degradation of mechanical energy either through wave breaking or viscous effects. Some experiments reported here showed substantial wave absorption in the absence of any breaking.We describe some theoretical and experimental work aimed at assessing the role played by friction at the bottom in determining the reflexion coefficient of a beach. The results suggest that, if the parameter (νω3)½½gα2 is not too small, bottom friction can be a significant factor in the absorption process for waves on beaches. Here ν represents the kinematic viscosity (or perhaps an ‘eddy’ viscosity) of the fluid, ω is the frequency of the motions, α is the slope of the beach and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Retrospective Study of 156 Atrial Septal Defects in Dogs and Cats (2001–2005)
Authors: Chetboul V. , Charles V. , Nicolle A. , Sampedrano C. Carlos , Gouni V. , Pouchelon J.‐L. , Tissier R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAtrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease (CHD) in humans, but considered relatively rare in veterinary medicine. However, modern echocardiographic and Doppler techniques currently offer a good view of the morphology of the interatrial septum, thus facilitating earlier detection of ASD in awake animals. In this context, we carried out a retrospective study of cases of recently diagnosed ASD in dogs and cats at the Cardiology Unit of Alfort (2001–2005) using echocardiography combined with colour Doppler mode. ASD was diagnosed in 156 animals and represented 37.7% of all canine and feline CHDs (n = 414). ASD was the most common CHD after mitral dysplasia in both species. Boxer and Domestic shorthair were the most common canine and feline breeds affected. Most defects (98.7%) were secundum‐type ASD, without clinical signs in 73.7% of cases. The most common clinical signs included systolic murmur heard over the left heart base (20.2%), exercise intolerance (7.0%), syncope (5.3%), dyspnoea (2.6%) and cough (2.6%). Animals that presented a systolic heart murmur over the left base had a significantly larger ASD than others (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the incidence of ASD is higher than previously assumed. ASD should be suspected, for example, in instances of left basal systolic heart murmur, although its clinical and haemodynamic consequences are usually minor.
Limited Pathogenicity of Usutu Virus for the Domestic Goose (Anser anser f. domestica) Following Experimental Inoculation
Authors: Chvala S. , Bakonyi T. , Hackl R. , Hess M. , Nowotny N. , Weissenböck H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUsutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito‐borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, which has been associated with avian mortality in Austria since 2001. The affected birds are predominantly Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula). In the present study, the pathogenicity of USUV for domestic geese (Anser anser f. domestica) was investigated. Eleven 2‐week‐old geese were inoculated intramuscularly with 5 × 104 50% tissue culture infectious dose of USUV strain Vienna‐2001 blackbird. No clinical signs were seen during the observation period. Four inoculated and one in‐contact geese died without preceding clinical signs. Two of the deaths could be attributed to bacterial septicaemia and strangulation, respectively. The cause of death of two experimental and one in‐contact animals remained unclear, but lack of evidence for viral lesions and viral antigen in their tissues argued against association with the USUV infection. Although in organs of the majority of inoculated geese (9/11) USUV was detected by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry for USUV antigen was negative in all tissues of all geese. Evidence of plasma viraemia or viral excretion was found in one goose only. Seroconversion was detected in three inoculated geese 10 days post‐inoculation. Geese placed in contact with inoculated geese and control animals did not exhibit USUV in their internal organs or plasma and lacked USUV‐specific antibodies. This experiment shows that USUV is able to replicate in geese, but does not induce clinical disease, is unlikely to induce mortality, and only infrequently leads to viraemia or virus shedding.
Prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions in superior vena cava syndrome
Authors: RICE Todd W. , RODRIGUEZ R. Michael , BARNETTE Randal , LIGHT Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

Objective and background: The prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions occurring in adults with the superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to characterize these pleural effusions.Methods: Charts of patients diagnosed with SVC syndrome at a tertiary care referral centre were reviewed. Radiographs were evaluated for the presence and size of pleural effusions, presence and location of masses and mediastinal width. If a pleural effusion was present, the patient's chart and a pre‐existing database on pleural effusions were searched to determine whether the effusion was sampled and the results of any laboratory investigations on the fluid.Results: The SVC syndrome occurred in 78 patients. Malignancy was the aetiology in 60% of the cases and bronchogenic carcinoma was the most common malignancy. An intravascular device was the aetiology in the majority of benign cases. Pleural effusion was found in 70% of patients with a malignant aetiology and 58% of those with a benign cause (P = 0.345). The mean size of the effusions was larger in malignant cases (P = 0.012). Of the 44 effusions 22 were sampled (17 in malignancy and five with benign processes); none was transudates, 20 (91%) were exudative (four of these were chylous) and the remaining two were reported as exudates but did not have pleural chemistries documented.Conclusions: More than half of patients with SVC syndrome have pleural effusions, regardless of the aetiology. However, the effusions are larger when associated with malignancy. The majority of these effusions are exudative and occasionally chylous. None was transudates.
Four cases of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule and a review of other cases in Japan
Authors: KOBASHI Yoshihiro , FUKUDA Minoru , YOSHIDA Kouichiro , MIYASHITA Naoyuki , NIKI Yoshihito , OKA Mikio 
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To evaluate clinical findings of patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule in Japan caused by pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease.Methods:  The authors investigated the clinical features of 12 patients diagnosed as having pulmonary MAC disease who had presented with a solitary pulmonary nodule.Results:  The causative microorganisms were M. avium in seven patients, Mycobacterium intracellulare in two and MAC in three. The diagnostic methods were bronchoscopic biopsy or percutaneous lung biopsy in three patients and surgical operations in the remaining nine. Eleven patients had a complete surgical resection of the nodule and antituberculous drugs were administered to eight. On X‐ray, there was an absence of calcification, satellite lesions, cavities, or bronchoectasis that are often thought to be characteristic of pulmonary mycobacterial disease. Differentiation from lung cancer was thought necessary in five patients. There was no microbiological or radiological relapse in those who underwent complete surgical resection.Conclusions:  Because treatment is often poorly effective for patients with pulmonary non‐tuberculous mycobacterial disease, it is important to identify the causative microorganisms by performing a culture examination of resected lung tissue especially if there is a solitary pulmonary nodule.
Photographic Essays
Authors: Fraser Clare , Liew Simon , Fitzsimmons Ross , Arnold Jennifer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHerein, a case of a 66‐year‐old man who developed corneal blood staining secondary to hyphaema after trabeculectomy is reported. No significant increase in intraocular pressure was recorded. The corneal staining spontaneously cleared from the periphery and resolved fully over the following 2 years.
I Remember You: Independence and the Binomial Model
Authors: Levine Douglas W. , Rockhill Beverly 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe focus on the problem of ignoring statistical independence. A binomial experiment is used to determine whether judges could match, based on looks alone, dogs to their owners. The experimental design introduces dependencies such that the probability of a given judge correctly matching a dog and an owner changes from trial to trial. We show how this dependence alters the probability of a successful match of dog to owner, and thus alters the expected number of successful matches and the variance of this expected quantity. Finally, we show that a false assumption of independence that results in incorrect probability calculations changes the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (i.e. the Type I error).
How a Dummy Replaces a Student's Test and Gets an F (Or, How Regression Substitutes for t tests and ANOVA)
Authors: Eisenhauer Joseph G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUsing dummy variables, this note offers a convenient illustration to demonstrate that regression can replace both the one‐factor analysis of variance and the two‐population t test with independent random samples. The exercise also helps to develop students’ intuition regarding regression coefficients.
The assessment of enriched apoplastic extracts using proteomic approaches
Authors: HASLAM R P , DOWNIE A L , RAVETON M , GALLARDO K , JOB D , PALLETT K E , JOHN P , PARRY M A J , COLEMAN J O D 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn plant tissues the extracellular environment or apoplast, incorporating the cell wall, is a highly dynamic compartment with a role in many important plant processes including defence, development, signalling and assimilate partitioning. Soluble apoplast proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa were separated by two‐dimensional electrophoresis. The molecular weights and isoelectric points for the dominant proteins were established prior to excision, sequencing and identification by matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI ‐ TOF MS). From the selected spots, 23 proteins from O. sativa and 25 proteins from A. thaliana were sequenced, of which nine identifications were made in O. sativa (39%) and 14 in A. thaliana (56%). This analysis revealed that: (i) patterns of proteins revealed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis were different for each species indicating that speciation could occur at the level of the apoplast, (ii) of the proteins characterised many belonged to diverse families reflecting the multiple functions of the apoplast and (iii), a large number of the apoplast proteins could not be identified indicating that the majority of extracellular proteins are yet to be assigned. The principal proteins identified in the aqueous matrix of the apoplast were involved in defence, i.e. germin‐like proteins or glucanases, and cell expansion, i.e. β‐D‐glucan glucohydrolases. This study has demonstrated that proteomic analysis can be used to resolve the apoplastic protein complement and to identify adaptive changes induced by environmental effectors.
Soaking seeds of Lens culinaris with 28‐homobrassinolide increased nitrate reductase activity and grain yield in the field in India
Authors: HAYAT S , AHMAD A 
Published: April 2006

SummarySurface‐sterilised seeds of Lens culinaris cv. Pusa‐6 were soaked in 0 M, 10−6 M, 10−8 M or 10−10 M aqueous solutions of 28‐homobrassinolide (HBR) for 4 h, 8 h or 12 h and planted in the field in a sandy loam soil. Plants were sampled 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Soaking with HBR decreased root length and nodule number per plant but increased nitrate reductase activity (E.C.1.6.6.1). Soaking with HBR also increased grain yield at the final harvest 140 DAS. The greatest increase was obtained with an HBR concentration of 10−8 M.
Low autochtonous urban malaria in Antananarivo (Madagascar)
Authors: Rabarijaona Léon Paul , Ariey Frédéric , Matra Robert , Cot Sylvie , Raharimalala Andrianavalona Lucie , Ranaivo Louise Henriette , Le Bras Jacques , Robert Vincent , Randrianarivelojosia Milijaona 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
The study of urban malaria is an area undergoing rapid expansion, after many years of neglect. The problem of over-diagnosis of malaria, especially in low transmission settings including urban areas, is also receiving deserved attention. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of malaria among febrile outpatients seen in private and public primary care facilities of Antananarivo. The second aim was to determine, among the diagnosed malaria cases, the contribution of autochthonous urban malaria.

Methods
Two cross-sectional surveys in 43 health centres in Antananarivo in February 2003 (rainy season) and in July 2003 (dry season) were conducted. Consenting clinically suspected malaria patients with fever or history of fever in the past 48 hours were included. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were used to diagnose malaria. Basic information was collected from patients to try to identify the origin of the infection: autochthonous or introduced.

Results
In February, among 771 patients, 15 (1.9%) positive cases were detected. Three malaria parasites were implicated: Plasmodium. falciparum (n = 12), Plasmodium vivax (n = 2) and Plasmodium. ovale (n = 1). Only two cases, both P. falciparum, were likely to have been autochthonous (0.26%). In July, among 739 blood smears examined, 11 (1.5%) were positive: P. falciparum (n = 9) and P. vivax (n = 2). Three cases of P. falciparum malaria were considered to be of local origin (0.4%).

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that malaria cases among febrile episodes are low in Antananarivo and autochthonous malaria cases exist but are rare.
Diencephalic Syndrome due to Hypothalamic Tumor: A Model of the Relationship between Weight and Puberty Onset
Authors: Brauner Raja , Trivin Christine , Zerah Michel , Souberbielle Jean-Claude , Doz François , Kalifa Chantal , Sainte-Rose Christian 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Context: Changes in body weight, statural growth rate, and puberty may be the presenting symptoms of hypothalamic-pituitary tumors.
Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the tumor and its treatment and the weight, growth rate, and onset of puberty, using the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation as model.
Patients: Eleven patients seen before 1 yr of age, except one aged 9 yr, for diencephalic syndrome of emaciation due to hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma, were treated by surgical resection (n = 9), cranial irradiation (n = 7), and/or chemotherapy (n = 10).
Results: At diagnosis, growth rate was normal, despite the emaciation, and there was no hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency, except in the oldest patient. After tumor treatment, all had GH and thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiencies, but only three, who underwent major surgical resection, also had ACTH deficiency and diabetes insipidus. Eight became obese, and all but the oldest had transient precocious puberty. Plasma leptin concentrations were very low at diagnosis, increased after tumor treatment, and decreased transiently in one boy when the testosterone increased. The plasma soluble leptin receptor concentrations changed in the opposite direction, leading to an increase in the free leptin index, including in the three patients whose tumor was reduced without surgery. The body mass index was correlated positively with plasma leptin (rho = 0.73, P = 0.0004) and free leptin index (rho = 0.63, P &lt; 0.004) and negatively with ghrelin (rho = −0.49, P &lt; 0.03) concentrations.
Conclusions: The obesity that occurs after treatment of hypothalamic tumors is not due to dysregulation of leptin secretion because it and plasma soluble leptin receptor remain regulated by factors like testosterone. This study also shows the influence of weight, possibly via leptin secretion, on the transient hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal activation that occurs during the first year of life.
Formation of Strained Cyclic Azapolysila Compounds via N-(Azidosilyl)germanimines and Stannanimines
Authors: Ohtaki Toshiyuki , Ando Wataru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The reaction of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]germylene (1) with 1,1-diazidosilanes gave siladihydrotetrazole derivative and cyclodisilazane. The structure of the latter has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The similar reaction of 1 or bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]stannylene with 1,3-diazidohexamethyltrisilane furnished azatrisilacyclobutanes in quantitative yield respectively.
Palladium-catalyzed Chemoselective Reaction of Allylic Carbonate with Nucleoside Bases and Its Application for the Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides. (−)- and (+)-Carbovirs
Authors: Nokami Junzo , Matsuura Hiroyuki , Nakasima Köichi , Shibata Satoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Palladium(0)-catalyzed reaction of 2-cyclopenten-1-yl methyl carbonate derivatives with nucleoside bases gave carbocyclic nucleosides chemo- and regioselectively under the neutral reaction conditions. The reaction was effectively used for the synthesis of (−)- and (+)-carbovir and its analogues.
An Efficient Procedure for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Phosphopeptides by the Fmoc Strategy
Authors: Wakamiya Tateaki , Saruta Kunio , Yasuoka Jun-ichi , Kusumoto Shoichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The Fmoc-mode solid-phase method was successfully applied to establish a practical procedure for the synthesis of phosphopeptides. Both Fmoc-phosphoserine with free phosphoric moiety and its monobenzyl phosphate derivative were examined as one of starting materials for the synthesis of peptides. The employment of the latter gave better result in respects of the yield and purity of the product than that obtained with the former.
Electrical Conduction of Black Foam Films Formed by Lysophospholipids
Authors: Yamanaka Teruko , Tano Takanori , Tozaki Ken-ichi , Hayashi Hideko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The lateral film conductivity along the polar head-groups and the core thickness of film have been measured on the black foam films formed from aqueous solution of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-lauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine without and with different concentration of NaCl and CaCl2. It is found that conductivity of each film depends on the core thickness and the type and the concentration of added electrolyte.
Enhancement of Electroluminescence at Porous Silicon/Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Ogasawara Kako , Momma Toshiyuki , Osaka Tetsuya 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An Electroluminescence (EL) of porous silicon in the electrolyte of Na2SO4 + S2O82− at the cathodic bias was greatly enhanced as much as 30 times by adding C2H5OH. The dependence of EL spectra on cathodic bias potential was also detected similarly to as that without C2H5OH. The enhancement mechanism of EL was discussed considering with the current density dependence during EL emission in the electrolyte with and without C2H5OH.
Dimethyl 2-{3,3-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl}malonate. Synthesis and Base-Catalyzed C–C Bond Cleavage Reaction
Authors: Kitano Kenji , Katagiri Nobuya , Kaneko Chikara 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The reaction of cyclopentadiene with 1,1,3,3-tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)propene gives an endo and exo mixture of dimethyl 2-{3,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl}malonate, which by base-mediated retro-Michael reaction gives stereoselectively the cis-isomer of dimethyl 2-{4-[2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl}malonate.
ESR Study and Surface Reaction of Laser-Ablated Polymer Films
Authors: Niino Hiroyuki , Imura Tatsuya , Ohana Tsuguyori , Nagai Chiaki , Yabe Akira 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The formation of radicals on the surface of poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films after KrF excimer laser ablation was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement and by surface immobilization reaction with an acrylic acid ester and a styrene derivative at a cryogenic temperature. The ESR spectrum of ablated PEN film in a sealed quartz tube shows a broad singlet-like peak.
Oxidation of Phenols and Hydroquinones by Dioxygen Catalyzed by Mixed Addenda Heteropolyoxometalate on Active Carbon (NPV6Mo6/C)
Authors: Fujibayashi Shinya , Nakayama Kouichi , Nishiyama Yutaka , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Vanadomolybdophosphate supported on active carbon, NPV6Mo6/C, catalyzed the oxidation and coupling reaction of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol by dioxygen to give trimethyl-p-benzoquinone and 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′,3,3′,5,5′-hexamethylbiphenyl, respectively, depending on the solvent used. Hydroquinones and benzyl alcohol were selectively dehydrogenated by the present system, giving the corresponding p-benzoquinones and benzaldehyde, respectively, in good yields.
Structural Characterization and Ion Conductive Behavior of Li–La–Si Oxide System
Authors: Sato Mineo , Kono Yasuhisa , Uematsu Kazuyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The crystal structure and the electrical conductivity of the previously reported “LiLaSiO4” were examined. The Rietveld analysis indicated an apatite structure as a possible structure for the bulk of this system. The electrical conductivity together with the chemical formula deduced from the bulk structure strongly suggested that the grain boundaries participate in the great deal of the lithium ion conduction.
Palladium-Catalyzed Ternary Coupling Reaction of Aryl Halide, Phenyltributyltin, and Norbornadiene. Catalyst Tailoring
Authors: Oda Hiroshi , Ito Ken , Kosugi Masanori , Migita Toshihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The use of diphenyl(o-tolyl)phosphine as a ligand on palladium and tetraethylammonium chloride as an additive drastically increased the yield of the product, 5,6-diarylnorbornene for palladium-catalyzed ternary coupling reaction of aryl bromide, phenyltributyltin, and norbornadiene.