bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Transfection of Adult Eastern Oysters Crassostrea virginica
Authors: Buchanan John T. , Cheng Ta Chi , Peyre Jerome F. La , Cooper Richard K. , Tiersch Terrence R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica provides a commercially valuable industry along the eastern and Gulf coasts of the United States. Recently this industry has been damaged by disease problems, creating an interest in the use of gene transfer (transfection) to improve disease resistance. We transfected adult oysters with two genes, red‐shifted green fluorescent protein (rsGFP), commonly used as a reporter gene, and the lytic peptide cecropin B (cepB), known to have antimicrobial properties. Oysters were transfected by injecting DNA mixed with SuperFect™ reagent (Qiagen Inc.) into the adductor muscle sinus. Oysters were assigned to three groups of 15: the first was injected with rsGFP complexed with transfecting reagent: the second was injected with cepB complexed with transfectlng reagent; and the third was injected with saline (control group). Hemolymph was collected at 4 and 10 d after injection. DNA was extracted for analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and hemocytes were examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy for detection of green fluorescence due to rsGFP expression. The rsGFP gene was detected by PCR in hemocytes from 14 of 15 oysters at day 4, and in 15 of 15 oysters at day 10. The cepB gene was detected by PCR in 12 of 15 oysters at day 4 and in 14 of 15 oysters at day 10. No oysters from the control group were positive for either gene at days 4 or 10. Green fluorescence was detected by flow cytometry at significantly higher levels (P < 0.05) in oysters injected with rsGFP than in other oysters at day 4, but not at day 10. This report indicates the ability to introduce DNA into adult eastern oysters with subsequent gene expression. Future work will involve developing these techniques for enhanced disease resistance in oysters.
Effect of Low Salinity on Growth and Survival of Postlarvae and Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Laramore Susan , Laramore C. Rolland , Scarpa John 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of low salinity on survival and growth of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was examined in the laboratory due to the interest of raising shrimp inland at low salinities. In three separate experiments, individual L. vannamei postlarvae (∼ 0.1 g) were cultured at salinities of either 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 ppt (N= 5 or 10/treatment) for 18 to 40 d at 30 C in individual 360‐mL containers. In each experiment controls of 0 and 30 ppt were run. There was no postlarval survival at salinities < 2 ppt. Survival was significantly different (P < 0.01) at 2 ppt (20%) compared to 30 ppt (80%). Growth was also significantly different (P < 0.01) at 2 and 3 ppt compared to 30 ppt (416%, 475%, and 670%, respectively). A fourth experiment compared juveniles (∼ 8 g) and postlarvae (∼ 0.05 and 0.35 g). Shrimp were cultured at salinities of 0, 2, 4, and 30 ppt for 40 d at 25 C, in individual 360‐mL and 6‐L containers (N= 7/treatment). There was no postlarval survival at < 2 ppt. Postlarval survival at 4 ppt (86%) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from 30 ppt (100%). Juveniles exhibited better survival at lower salinities (100% at 2 ppt) than 0.05 and 0.35 g postlarvae (29% and 14% respectively, at 2 ppt). The effects of salinity on growth varied with sizdage. Final growth of 0.05 g postlarvae at 2 ppt (693%) was significantly less (P < 0.01) than at 4 ppt (1085%) and 30 ppt (1064%). Growth of 0.35 g postlarvae was significantly less (P < 0.01) for 4 ppt (175%) than for 30 ppt (264%). There was no growth data for juveniles (8 g). It appears from these experiments that the culture of L. vannamei poses risks when performed in salinities less than 2 ppt.
Comparisons of RNA/DNA Ratios, Growth, and Metabolism in Different Populations of Juvenile Turbot Scophthalmus maximus Reared at Four Temperatures
Authors: Imsland Albert K. , Foss Atle , Sveinsbø Bjørn , Jonassen Thor M. , Stefansson Sigurd O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe compared RNA/DNA ratios, growth and routine oxygen consumption in populations of juvenile turbot from Norway, Scotland, and France reared at low (10 C), medium (14 C, 18 C) and high (22 C) temperatures. The relationships between growth and RNA/DNA ratios differed between temperatures, although they were always positive. Growth and RNA/DNA of the Norwegian fish were higher than those of the other populations especially at the two highest temperatures (18 C and 22 Q. Minor differences were found between the Scottish and French populations. Fish from the Norwegian population displayed the lowest oxygen consumption at these temperatures (146 and 270, 182 and 310, 192 and 328 mg O2/kg per d, for 18 and 22 C, and Norwegian, French, and Scottish populations, respectively). Growth differences did not conform to a simple thermal adaptation model, but might represent an example of countergradient variation in growth. The findings have implications for turbot culture, particularly in selection focusing on growth performance.
Performance of Juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Fed Diets Containing Meals from Fish Wastes, Deboned Fish Wastes, or Skin‐and‐Bone By‐Product as the Protein Ingredient
Authors: Rathbone Cindra K. , Babbitt Jerry K. , Dong Faye M. , Hardy Ronald W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe suitability of meals derived from fish processing wastes as the protein fraction in practical diets for hatchery‐reared coho salmon was investigated. The study compared the performance of coho salmon fed diets containing three products: a skin‐and‐bone meal (SB), a deboned meal (DM), and a whole‐fish meal (WM) made directly from the fish wastes. A commercial trout diet (CO) was fed to a fourth treatment group. Diets were fed at 3% of body weight per day to juvenile coho salmon for 12 wk. Survival (> 94%) was not significantly different among treatment groups. Average fish weight, feed conversion ratio, whole body proximate and mineral composition, and protein and phosphorus retention were compared. There were no significant differences after 12 wk of feeding in fish weight between WM, DM, and CO, but SB had significantly lower weight and whole body lipid, and significantly higher ash. Compared to WM, DM had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio and higher retention of protein and phosphorus, but these indices were not significantly different from CO. It is concluded that DM is a potentially superior protein ingredient compared to WM, while specific characteristics of SB will limit its use as a protein source in feeds for salmonids. However, SB may prove to be a suitable mineral supplement when added at a low level. Utilization of fish processing wastes in salmonid diets could be a commercially viable alternative to direct disposal of processing wastes.
Size Economies of a Pacific Threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis Hatchery in Hawaii
Authors: Kam Lotus E. , Leung PingSun , Ostrowski Anthony C. , Molnar Augustin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA spreadsheet model has been developed to determine the viable scale for a commercial Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis hatchery in Hawaii. The production scheme is modeled after current practices performed at the Oceanic Institute in Waimanalo, Hawaii. For a hatchery enterprise producing 1.2 million fry per year, the cost associated with raising one 40‐d‐old 1.00‐g fry is estimated at 22.01ø. The largest variable costs are in labor and supplies, which comprise 49% and 9% of the total production cost. The combined annualized fixed cost for development and equipment is approximately 12% of total production cost. At a sale price of 25ø per fry, the 20‐yr internal rate of return (IRR) is 30.63%. In comparison to the 22.01ø unit cost for 1.2 million fry production, analyses of smaller enterprises producing 900,000 and 600,000 fry per year reflected significant size diseconomies with unit costs of 27.41ø and 38.82ø, respectively. Demand to support a large scale Pacific threadfin commercial hatchery is uncertain. Since smaller scale commercial hatcheries may not be economically feasible, facilities may seek to outsource live feed production modules or pursue multiproduct and multiphase approaches to production. An analysis of the production period length, for example, indicates that the cost for producing a day‐25 0.05‐g fry is 17.25ø before tax and suggests the financial implications of transferring the responsibility of the nursery stage to grow‐out farmers. Evaluation of the benefits gained from changes in nursery length, however, must also consider changes in facility requirements, mortality, and shipping costs associated with transit, and the growout performance of and market demand for different size fry. Sensitivity analyses also indicate the potential cost savings associated with the elimination of rotifer, microalgae, and enriched artemia production. Managerial decisions, however, must also consider the quality and associated production efficiencies of substitutes.
Nutritional Properties of the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Fed the Freshwater Microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: King Joan M. , Liang Xiaoming , Rusch Kelly A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examined the effects of storage time on the fatty acid composition of freshwater Selenastrum capricornutum algal paste under 4 C refrigeration, the fatty acid composition of rotifers fed the fresh and stored algal paste, and the toxicological properties of the algal paste. Microalgae were produced in a hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HIS‐TAR), harvested as a paste, refrigerated and analyzed every 2 wk. Fresh Selenastrum capricornutum paste had almost three times greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids. Over 50% of the unsaturated fatty acids were made up of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids. Total unsaturated, n‐3 group and n‐6 group fatty acids decreased (P 0.05) during storage, including the nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22: 6n3). Rotifers fed 2– and 4‐wk‐old algal paste had a significantly lower (P 0.05) total unsaturated fatty acid percentage and significantly greater (P 0.05) total saturated fatty acids than those fed fresh algae. There were no significant changes in the n‐6 group fatty acid level in the 4‐wk‐old paste feeding study or for the n‐3 or n‐6 groups in the 2‐wk‐old paste feeding study as compared to fresh algae. The levels of the three nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3) did not differ between rotifers fed fresh and stored algae. Stored algae did not present toxicity to rotifers and Daphnia at the normal feeding concentration. These results indicated that the use of refrigerated freshwater algal paste for production of rotifers results in live feed with adequate nutritional properties for marine larviculture. This could eliminate the costs associated with production of marine algae, which could be replaced with freshwater algae, and may provide an alternative to cryopreservation.
Comparison of Various Animal Protein Sources for Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Body Composition of Juvenile Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Li Menghe H. , Manning Bruce B. , Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA laboratory study was conducted to compare different animal protein sources in diets containing 32% protein for channel catfish Ictalurus punrtatus. The experimental diets were practical‐type diets and formulated to meet or exceed all known nutrient requirements for channel catfish. Twenty juvenile channel catfish (initial weight: 6.4 g/fish) were stocked into each of 25 110‐L flow‐through aquaria (five aquaria/treatment). Fish were fed twice daily to approximate satiation for 9 wk. Fish in each aquarium were counted and weighed collectively every 3 wk. No significant differences were observed in feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, survival, percentages visceral fat and fillet yield, or proximate composition of fillets among channel catfish fed diets containing either 5% menhaden fish meal, meat and bone/blood meal, catfish by‐product meal, poultry by‐product meal, or hydrolyzed feather meal with supplemental lysine. The data indicate that these animal protein sources can be used interchangeably in diets for channel catfish without affecting fish growth, feed efficiency, or body composition.
Pharmacokinetics of Dietary 13C‐labeled Icosapentaenoic Acid in Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Tago Akio , Teshima Shin‐Ichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) the pharmacokinetics of dietary icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the plasma using 13C‐labeled EPA ([13C]EPA); 2) the bioavailability of [13C]EPA with different chemical forms; and 3) an effective plasma EPA level for normal growth of the Japanese flounder Parachthys olivaceus. [13C]EPA was biosynthesized using the Chlorella Nannochloropsis oculate, and 1‐myristoyl 2‐[13C]icosapentaenoyl phasphatidyl‐choline ([13C]EPA‐PC) and [13C]EPA ethyl ester ([13C]EPA‐EE) were chemically synthesized from [13C]EPA. Free [13C]EPA ([13C]EPA‐FREE) dissolved in 0.5% tragacanth gum‐polye‐thyleneglycol (3:1, V/V) was administered to the Japanese flounder at dosages of 2.8, 5.6, and 16.8 mg/kg by a single oral administration. [13C]EPA‐PC (44.8 mg/kg) and [13C]EPA‐EE (18.3 mg/kg), equimolar to 3.0 mg [13C]EPA‐FREE (16.8 mg/kg), were administered to the fish in a similar manner. In [13C]EPA‐FREE dosed fish, the kinetics of the mean plasma [13C]EPA were linear with respect to dose. [13C]EPA‐FREE and [13C]EPA‐PC were more efecient in maintaining high plasma EPA levels than [13C]EPA‐EE in the Japanese flounder. [13C]EPA was distributed in plasma, blood cell, eyeball containing the orbital fat, liver, stomach, intestine, skin, brain, heart and muscle in three [13C]EPA derivatives studies. The effective plasma EPA level for normal growth of the Japanese flounder is estimated to be 307 to 937 μg/mL for EPA‐FREE administration, and from 286 to 815 μg/mL 6.3 to 38 mg/mL for the EPA‐PC administration.
Temporal Growth Patterns of Farmed Juvenile Southern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau) Fed Moist Pellets
Authors: Glencross Brett D. , Clarke Steven M. , Buchanan Jeffery G. , Carter Chris G. , van Barneveld Robert J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe growth, condition, and feed utilization patterns of juvenile southern bluefin tuna (SBT) fed moist‐pellets were examined over a 19‐wk period from March to July 1999. The SBT had significant weight gain over the course of the study, increasing on average from about 27 to 34 kg (dependent on size class). No significant weight gain by the SBT occurred in the first 5 wk of the study. Following this initial period of slow growth, the rate of weight gain increased, ranging between 40 to 90 g/d. Weight gain peaked after 11 wk, with no further gain occurring after this time point. Weight gain was strongly related to average daily feed intake (AFI) which was predominantly influenced by water temperature. Weight gain was minimal following the decrease of water temperatures below 15 C, consistent with a decrease in feed intake from peak values at the beginning of the study to basal levels by week 13. Basal feeding levels were maintained for the remainder of the study through to week 19. Although water temperature and AFI were strongly related, other time related effects also appeared to be signillcant. A relationship between condition index and feed intake was also identified. Condition index of the SBT increased from about 19 kg/m3 to 22 kg/m3 over the 19‐wk period. Similar to the patterns observed in growth, there was also an initial delay in increases of condition index. The results from this study support that the majority of weight gain by juvenile SBT occurs during the early part of the production season and that this is most likely influenced indirectly through responses to water temperature. The results of this study also suggest that there is little value in conducting growth trials beyond the point where water temperatures decrease below 15 C. Although there was minimal weight gain or improvement in condition beyond the 11‐wk time point, these parameters would need to be considered in conjunction with flesh quality characteristics to identify optimum harvesting regimes.
Effects of Egg Size Differences on Juvenile Weight between and within Lots in Rainbow TroutOncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Blanc J. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEffects of egg size on weight and growth of juvenile rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykisswere investigated within and between lots, using a genetic variant with “golden” phenotype as a marker. Analysis of between‐lots variation corroborated earlier findings that egg weight influence on the juvenile body weight disappears after a few months of life. In contrast, within‐lot effects of egg size were greater and persisted over a longer time. Egg size did not affect subsequent survival or specific growth of the juvenile trout. The genetic marker caused some detrimental pleiotropic effects on eyed egg yield and juvenile body weight, but not on juvenile survival or specific growth.
A Survey of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Penaeid Shrimp from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Chávez‐Sánchez María Cristina , Hernández‐Martínez Margarita , Abad‐Rosales Selene , Fajer‐Ávila Emma , Montoya‐Rodríguez Leobardo , ÁLvarez‐Torres Porfirio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA histopathological survey of wild and cultured shrimp from the Gulf of Mexico was carried out to determine the prevalence and severity of infectious diseases and parasites, affecting four species of penaeid shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, F. duorarum, and L. vannamei). Around 60 shrimp were obtained from each of 10 sampling stations during different months in 1999 and 2000. One station was a shrimp culture farm from Tamaulipas State, and nine were wild stations from Tamaulipas (five), Veracruz (one), and Campeche (three) States. Thirty shrimp from each station were used for histological analysis. The remaining shrimp were frozen and kept at −20 C to carry out PCR techniques to determine the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Some in situ hybridization analyses were applied to ascertain cases of WSS viral disease. Fresh analysis was carried out in shrimp from only one station for parasite identification. The histopathological survey performed on 688 shrimp showed no evidence of viral diseases. Two shrimp from one station were histologically diagnosed as having presumptive WSSV. Tissues from the same shrimp were processed for in situ hybridization and another 20 samples from the same station were processed to run PCR techniques. In each case, the results were negative. The same PCR procedure was applied to the rest of the frozen samples and none of them showed the presence of the WSSV. No important bacterial infections were observed in any of the wild or cultured shrimp analyzed. Fresh analysis demonstrated the presence of the cestode Prochristianella hispida and the gregarines Cephalolobus penaeus and Nematopsis penaeus. Histological analysis showed that the abundance of P. hispida varied from 7 to 90%, and G1 to G4 grades of severity were observed, with G1 being the most common. Gregarines were commonly observed in the histological slides, with a prevalence varying from 3 to 56% and G1 severity in most cases. Haplosporidan infection was observed in one sample of F. duorarum, which is the first report of this parasite in this host. Two invasive epibionts, the filamentous bacteria Leucothrix sp. and the ciliate Ascophrys sp., were found in four sampled stations. The study showed that in ten stations sampled from 1999 to 2000 in the Gulf of Mexico, shrimp populations had no serious infectious diseases.
Comparison of the Reproductive Performance of Similarly‐Sized Wild and Captive Farfantepenaeus paulensis
Authors: Peixoto Silvio , Wasielesky Wilson , D'Incao Fernando , Cavalli Ronaldo O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe reproduction of wild‐caught Farfantepenaeus paulensis in captivity has been successfully achieved since 1983. However, year‐round supply of wild broodstock is costly and unpredictable. This study compares the reproductive performance of animals of similar size (females from 32–33 g and males from 19–21 g) but from different sources: estuary‐caught juveniles reared indoors for 9 mo and wild‐caught adults from shallow coastal waters. Groups of 20 males and 30 unilaterally eyestalk‐ablated females were maintained for 60 d in four maturation tanks under controlled environmental conditions. A higher number of eggs per spawning event (78,414 ± 34,491) and total egg production (4,469,600) were observed for the wild females. Nevertheless, captive females produced a higher number of nauplii (1,788,259) due to their higher percentage of fertilized spawns. Therefore, within the size range of this study, the reproductive performance of estuary‐caught F. paulensis juveniles over‐wintered indoors was found to be equivalent to that of wild‐caught females from shallow coastal waters.
The Use of Dairy Protocols for Sperm Cryopreservation of Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus
Authors: Paul Lang R. , Riley Kenneth L. , Chandler John E. , Tiersch Terrence R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe commercial‐scale production of fish by use of artificial (induced) spawning would require reliable, large‐volume sources of sperm. Cryopreservation can be used to preserve and store sperm within commercial and research germplasm repositories, but is limited in its application to aquaculture. Straw volume and cooling chamber size restrict the quantity of sperm that can be frozen, and straws must be filled by hand. In contrast, the dairy industry has refined methods for freezing of bull sperm, including automation of straw filling and the use of large cooling chambers. These methods could be used for commercial‐scale cryopreservation of fish sperm, although application would require testing. To supply sperm in large volumes, bags originally developed for swine semen could be cooled using dairy protocols and used as a container for fish sperm. The current study documented the use of commercial‐scale dairy cryopreservation techniques for the production of hybrids of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (female) by blue catfish Ictalurus furcarus. Four cryoprotectants (methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide, and glycerol) were initially evaluated for use with blue catfish sperm. During May 2000 and March to April 2001, suspensions of blue catfish sperm were cryopreserved with 10% methanol in 0.5‐mL French straws and in commercial swine semen bags (Cochette* bags, IMV International. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA). Cryopreservation took place at a dairy breeding cooperative, using technology employed for bull semen. Sperm motility before freezing was 26 ± 18% during Year 1 (2000) and 62 ± 30% during 2001. Sperm were thawed at 40 C and used to fertilize the eggs of channel catfish (yielding hybrids). Motility after thawing for sperm frozen in 0.5‐mL straws was 11 ± 10% during 2000 and 50 ± 24% during 2001. Motility after thawing was 41 ± 17% for sperm frozen in swine semen bags in 5‐mL aliquots and 43 ± 10% for sperm frozen in 10‐mL aliquots. Neurulation of eggs fertilized with thawed sperm from straws was 83 ± 13% during 2000 and 54 ± 27% during 2001. Neurulation was 57 ± 24% using sperm frozen in swine semen bags in 5‐mL aliquots and 55 ± 10% using sperm frozen in 10‐mL aliquots. There was no correlation between sperm motility before freezing (in 0.5‐mL straws) and after thawing during 2000 (r= 0.52) or during 2001 (r= 0.49). In addition, there was no correlation between initial motility and neurulation of channel catfish eggs fertilized using thawed sperm during 2000 (r= 0.14) or during 2001 (r= 0.29). Sperm of blue catfish can thus be cryopreserved at a commercial scale using dairy protocols and can be made available for the production of hybrid catfish when viable eggs are available.