bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal expression of proteoglycans in Ullrich's disease with collagen VI deficiency
Authors: Higashi Keiko , Higuchi Itsuro , Niiyama Takahito , Uchida Yuichi , Shiraishi Tadafumi , Hashiguchi Akihiro , Saito Akiko , Horikiri Takashi , Suehara Masahito , Arimura Kimiyoshi , Osame Mitsuhiro 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPatients with Ullrich's disease have generalized muscle weakness, multiple contractures of the proximal joints, and hyperextensibility of the distal joints. Recently we found a marked reduction of fibronectin receptors in the skin and cultured fibroblasts of two patients with Ullrich's disease with collagen VI deficiency, and speculated that an abnormality of cell adhesion may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, we investigated the expression of proteoglycans and adhesion molecules in Ullrich's disease and other muscle diseases. We found a reduction of NG2 proteoglycan in the membrane of skeletal muscle but not in the skin in Ullrich's disease. By contrast, we found the upregulation of tenascin C in the extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle in Ullrich's disease. Our findings suggest that abnormal expression of proteoglycans and adhesion molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of the dystrophic muscle changes in Ullrich's disease. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Pulmonary predictors of survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Use in clinical trial design
Authors: Schmidt Eric P. , Drachman Daniel B. , Wiener Charles M. , Clawson Lora , Kimball Richard , Lechtzin Noah 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe rapidity of progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to death or respiratory failure impacts patients, clinicians, and clinical investigators. This study compared the abilities of various pulmonary function tests to predict tracheostomy‐free survival. We evaluated 95 ALS patients by determining upright and supine forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and transdiaphragmatic sniff pressures (Pdi‐sniff). Tracheostomy‐free survival time was measured from the date of spirometry. Supine FVC, upright FVC, MIP, MEP, and Pdi‐sniff were significantly associated with tracheostomy‐free survival after controlling for nonpulmonary factors, whereas PaCO2 was not. A normal supine FVC, MIP, or MEP was highly predictive for one‐year survival. These tests are well suited to predict survival for trial enrollment and patient counseling. Supine FVC's simplicity of use and availability to ALS investigators makes it a particularly attractive predictor of one‐year survival in ALS. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Differential response of heat shock proteins to hindlimb unloading and reloading in the soleus
Authors: Lawler John M. , Song Wook , Kwak Hyo‐Bum 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHindlimb unloading (HU) results in oxidative stress, skeletal muscle atrophy, and increased damage upon reloading. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) protect against oxidative stress. However, it is unknown whether HSPs are depressed with long‐term unloading (28 days) or reloading. We tested the hypotheses that long‐term HU would depress Hsp70 and Hsp25 pathways, whereas reloading would allow recovery in the soleus. Adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups: controls; HU for 28 days; and HU + 7 days of reloading (HU‐R). Soleus mass decreased with HU, and did not recover to control values with reloading. Hsp70 decreased with HU (−78.5%) and did not recover with HU‐R (−81.4%). Upstream heat shock factor‐1 was depressed with HU and HU‐R. Hsp25 was reduced with HU, but recovered with reloading. Downstream of Hsp25, NADP‐specific isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase decreased with unloading, but only NADP‐specific isocitrate dehydrogenase recovered with HU‐R. Lipid peroxidation increased in both HU and HU‐R. These data indicate that prolonged unloading and subsequent reloading results in complex, differential regulation of Hsp70 and Hsp25 pathways in the rat soleus muscle. Thus dysregulation and uncoupling of the Hsp70 and Hsp25 pathways may lead not only to muscle atrophy with prolonged unloading, but also impaired recovery of muscle mass during early reloading. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Analysis of macamides in samples of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) by HPLC‐UV‐MS/MS
Authors: McCollom Megan M. , Villinski Jacquelyn R. , McPhail Kerry L. , Craker Lyle E. , Gafner Stefan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe macamides are a distinct class of secondary metabolites that have so far been found only in Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Maca). Using HPLC‐UV‐MS/MS, the main macamides have been identiﬁed as n‐benzylhexadecanamide, n‐benzyl‐(9Z)‐octadecenamide, n‐benzyl‐(9Z, 12Z)‐octadecadienamide, n‐benzyl‐(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)‐octadecatrienamide and n‐benzyloctadecanamide. The identities of n‐benzyl‐(9Z)‐octadecenamide and n‐benzyl‐(9Z, 12Z)‐octadecadienamide were conﬁrmed by comparison of chromatographic and spectral properties with synthetic analogues. Total macamides have been quantiﬁed by HPLC‐UV in plant material from different vendors using n‐benzylhexadecanamide as an external standard. The amount of macamides in the dried plant material ranged from 0.0016 to 0.0123%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The LEGO toolbox: Supramolecular building blocks by nitroxide‐mediated controlled radical polymerization
Authors: Lohmeijer Bas G. G. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA terpyridine‐functionalized alkoxyamine unimolecular initiator was used for the nitroxide‐mediated controlled living radical polymerization ofn‐butylacrylate,N,N‐dimethylacrylamide, 4‐vinylpyridine, 2‐vinylpyridine, and isoprene. For the former three monomers, the kinetics were studied. All polymerizations resulted in well‐defined polymers having a single terpyridine ligand at the chain end and narrow polydispersity indices. The obtained polymers are valuable building blocks for metallo‐supramolecular polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6331–6344, 2005
Aromatic homo‐ and copolyesters from naturally occurring monosaccharides: PET and PEI analogs derived from L‐arabinitol and xylitol
Authors: Zamora Francisca , Hakkou Khalid , Alla Abdelilah , Espartero José L. , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián , Galbis Juan A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of new aromatic homo‐ and copolyesters based on l‐arabinitol and xylitol are described. These polymers were obtained by polycondensation reaction of the 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐methyl‐l‐arabinitol or 2,3,4‐tri‐O‐methyl‐xylitol, or their mixtures with ethylene glycol, with terephthaloyl chloride or isophthaloyl chloride in o‐dichlorobenzene or in the melt phase from the corresponding methyl phthalates. All the polymers were characterized by GPC, IR, and NMR. Their Mw values ranged between 11,500 and 46,500, with polydispersities from 1.5 to 2.3. They were found to be soluble in chloroform, but insoluble in water. In contrast with the homopolymers completely made with EG, they showed a significant hygroscopicity. DSC and TGA studies showed that the melting temperature of polyethylene terephthalate is depressed by the presence of pentitol units, whereas the thermal stability is kept above 350 °C. Only copolyesters containing 10% or less of pentitol units showed melting and produced X‐ray diffraction patterns characteristic of crystalline material. d‐Arabinitol‐based homopolyesters appeared to be more crystalline than those derived from xylitol and also presented a higher thermal stability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6394–6410, 2005
Synthesis of water‐soluble cationic polymers with star‐like structure based on cyclodextrin core via ATRP
Authors: Li Jianshu , Xiao Huining , Kim Young Shin , Lowe Tao Lu 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA range of novel cationic star‐like polymers (Star‐P(MeDMA)s) were synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by core‐first method, using a β‐cyclodextrin initiator with 21 initiation sites (21Br‐β‐CD). Methyl chloride‐quaternized 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (MeDMA) was polymerized in an aqueous medium using 21Br‐β‐CD, Cu(I)Br, and 2,2′‐dipyridyl as an initiator, catalyst, and ligand, respectively. The effects of polymerization temperature and monomer/initiator ratios on the degree and kinetics of polymerization were investigated. The molecular weights, hydrodynamic sizes, and charge densities of the quaternized polymers were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and colloidal titration, respectively. The results demonstrated that the moderate aqueous solubility of the 21Br‐β‐CD initiator had significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the obtained star polymers. The polymerization of 500/1/2/5 ([M]0/[I]0/[Cu(I)0/[L]0]) at 90 °C for 6 h was found to be the best condition to synthesize the proposed cationic star polymer with well‐defined structures in aqueous medium. The nonlinear relationship between the apparent charge density and the particle size of the cationic star polymers was further revealed by GPC and DLS measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6345–6354, 2005
Synthesis of poly(styrene‐block‐tert‐butyl acrylate) star polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization and micellization of their hydrolyzed polymers
Authors: Abraham Sinoj , Ha Chang‐Sik , Kim Il 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA series of poly(styrene‐block‐tert‐butyl acrylate) heteroatom star block copolymers having various block lengths were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using an “as synthesized” cynurate modified trifunctional initiator. The structure of the star polymers was confirmed by the characterization of the individual arms resulting from hydrolysis. Amphiphilic poly(styrene‐block‐acrylic acid) star copolymers were further synthesized by hydrolyzing PtBA blocks using anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid. The characterization data are reported from analyses using gel permeation chromatography, infrared, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The stable micelle solution was prepared by dialyzing the solution of these polymers in N,N‐dimethylformamide against deionized water. The temperature‐induced associating behavior of these amphiphilic star polymers were studied using dynamic laser light scattering spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic diameter of both micelles and unassociated chains were obtained in the same solution using light scattering cumulant's calculation method. The homogeneity and the size distribution of the micelle population in the solution were determined using centrifuge/sedimentation particle size distribution analyzer. Field emission scanning electron microscope was used to visualize the size of the micelles formed and the micellar aggregates. The influence of the temperature on the viscosity of the micelle solution was studied using an Ubbelohde viscometer. Thermodynamics of micellization of these block copolymers were also investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6367–6378, 2005
Dendrimer‐star polymer and block copolymer prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with dendritic chain transfer agent
Authors: Hong Chun‐Yan , You Ye‐Zi , Liu Jun , Pan Cai‐Yuan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, dendritic polyester with 16 dithiobenzoate terminal groups, was prepared and used in the RAFT polymerization of styrene (St) to produce star polystyrene (PSt) with a dendrimer core. It was found that this polymerization was of living characters, the molecular weight of the dendrimer‐star polymers could be controlled and the polydispersities were narrow. The dendrimer‐star block copolymers of St and methyl acrylate (MA) were also prepared by the successive RAFT polymerization using the dendrimer‐star PSt as macro chain transfer agent. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6379–6393, 2005
Influence of niobium impurity on spin density in metallic iron
Authors: Błachowski A. , Ruebenbauer K. , Żukrowski J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRandom alloys of Nb in α‐Fe with the Nb concentration up to about 5 at.% were investigated by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature vs. Nb concentration. A solid solution saturates at about 2.3 at.% of Nb. Non‐stoichiometric Fe2Nb phase rich in Fe precipitates at higher Nb concentrations leaving α‐Fe phase with about 1.6 at.% of Nb. The spin density of the iron atom is influenced in the α phase by the Nb atoms residing as nearest neighbours or second nearest neighbours. More distant impurities have no effect on the hyperfine parameters of Fe. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low frequency conductivity study of gallium‐substituted magnesium–copper spinel ferrite
Authors: Kaiser M. , Ata‐Allah S. S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMixed ferrites with the chemical formula Mg0.5Cu0.5GaxFe2–xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were prepared by a ceramic route. X‐ray diffraction results confirmed the presence of single‐phase spinel structure for these samples. Electrical properties of these ferrites at various compositions were investigated from room temperature up to 550 K in the frequency range 102–105 Hz. The obtained results revealed semiconductor behavior at high frequency and metallic behavior at low frequency in these materials. All studied compositions exhibit a transition with a change in the slope of the conductivity versus temperature curve. The obtained transition temperature TC is found to decrease linearly with increasing Ga concentration. As Ga substitutes Fe in these compounds the activation energy for electrical conduction in the ferrimagnetic region (Ef) has a small variation with frequency. In contrast, the activation energy in the paramagnetic region (Ep) shows undefined behavior reflecting the nature of this disordered state. The relation of the universal exponent s with temperature gives evidence for the presence of the large overlap polaron (LOP) hopping conduction mechanism in these compounds. The obtained results are explained in the light of the cation–anion–cation and cation–cation interactions present over the octahedral B‐sites in the spinel structure. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum phase transition in a spin‐½ XX chain with three‐spin and uniform long‐range interactions
Authors: Lou Ping 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA spin‐½ XX chain with three‐spin and uniform long‐range interactions among the z components of the spins is constructed. Based upon the model, using the Jordan–Wigner transformation, the thermodynamic quantities and spin transports of the system are evaluated exactly. The phase diagram together with the key parameters characterizing quantum phase transitions is presented. It is noted that, similarly to classical first‐order phase transitions, there are also the metastable states “supercooled” and “superheated” in the first‐order quantum phase transitions. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cell Distribution Profiles in Three‐Dimensional Scaffolds with Inverted‐Colloidal‐Crystal Geometry: Modeling and Experimental Investigations
Authors: Shanbhag Sachin , Wang Shaopeng , Kotov Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLimited ingrowth of stromal cells is observed when a three‐dimensionally ordered scaffold possessing inverted‐colloidal‐crystal geometry is used to culture adherent cells. In this work, a computational model explaining, as well as predicting, experimental cell distributions is developed. It incorporates a modified Contois cell‐growth model that includes the effects of nutrient saturation, competitive product inhibition, and cell‐contact inhibition to describe the scaffold–cell system. Our results agree with the hypothesis that the rapid growth of cells on the surface of the scaffold depletes the nutrient supply to the core, resulting in the preferential growth on the exterior of the scaffold. When the cells are cultured in a scaffold subjected to a uniform velocity field, they penetrate to a greater extent into the scaffold core. Alternative seeding and culture strategies are suggested and evaluated.
Physicochemical Evaluation of the Hot‐Injection Method, a Synthesis Route for Monodisperse Nanocrystals
Authors: de Mello Donegá Celso , Liljeroth Peter , Vanmaekelbergh Daniel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe quintessence of the hot‐injection method, a synthesis route for monodisperse, highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, is reviewed. The separate stages of nucleation and growth of the nanocrystals are discussed in the framework of classical nucleation theory and an equilibrium model proposed by Debye. We also review the numerous adaptations of the original synthesis that currently provide colloidal nanocrystals with well‐defined, size‐dependent optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. The availability of these remarkable materials is one of the most promising developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Paleoenvironmental records of water level and climatic changes from the middle to late holocene at a Lake Erie coastal wetland, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Finkelstein Sarah A. , Davis Anthony M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPollen and diatom assemblages, and peat stratigraphies, from a coastal wetland on the northern shore of Lake Erie were used to analyze water level and climatic changes since the middle Holocene and their effects on wetland plant communities. Peat deposition began 4700 cal yr B.P. during the Nipissing II transgression, which was driven by isostatic rebound. At that time, a diatom-rich wild rice marsh existed at the site. Water level dropped at the end of the Nipissing rise at least 2 m within 200 yr, leading to the development of shallower-water plant communities and an environment too dry for most diatoms to persist. The sharp decline in water level was probably driven primarily by outlet incision, but climate likely played some role. The paleoecological records provide evidence for post-Nipissing century-scale transgressions occurring around 2300, 1160, 700 and 450 cal yr B.P. The chronology for these transgressions correlates with other studies from the region and implies climatic forcing. Peat inception in shallow sloughs across part of the study area around 700 cal yr B.P. coincides with the Little Ice Age. These records, considered alongside others from the region, suggest that the Little Ice Age may have resulted in a wetter climate across the eastern Great Lakes region.
Possible Association of the Human KCNE1 (minK) Gene and QT Interval in Healthy Subjects: Evidence from Association and Linkage Analyses in Israeli Families
Authors: Friedlander Y. , Vatta M. , Sotoodehnia N. , Sinnreich R. , Li H. , Manor O. , Towbin J. A. , Siscovick D. S. , Kark J. D. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryQT interval prolongation is associated with increased risk of sudden and non‐sudden cardiac death. Potassium channel gene variants are associated with inherited long QT syndromes. Using linkage and association analyses, we investigated whether variants in the potassium channel subunit KCNE1 are associated with QTc intervals in an unselected population sample of 80 kindreds living in kibbutz settlements in Israel. Variance‐component linkage analysis revealed weak evidence of linkage of KCNE1 polymorphisms with QTc intervals. Family‐based association analysis showed a significant association between the G38S polymorphism and QTc interval. Further quantitative trait association analysis demonstrated a significant residual heritability component (h2= 0.33), and that the effect of the G38S variant allele is modified by gender. Estimated maximum likelihood parameters from these models indicated that male gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, fibrinogen and BMI were positively associated with QTc interval; level of education and cigarette smoking showed an inverse association. Both erythrocyte membrane n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids showed a significant inverse association with QTc interval. While more than 15.8% of QTc variability was contributed by covariates, another 4.7% was explained by dietary factors, the G38S polymorphism explained 2.2%, and approximately 36% was explained by polygenes. An in silico analysis showed also that the novel V80 SNP, another KCNE1 synonymous variant, abolishes the recognition for a splicing enhancer, which may lead to an increased effect of the G38S mutation.These results demonstrate that, in addition to polygenic background, dietary factors and other covariables, the KCNE1 G38S variant is involved in determining QTc levels in this population‐based sample of families.
Diversity and Divergence Among the Tribal Populations of India
Authors: Watkins W.S. , Prasad B. V. R. , Naidu J. M. , Rao B. B. , Bhanu B. A. , Ramachandran B. , Das P. K. , Gai P. B. , Reddy P. C. , Reddy P. G. , Sethuraman M. , Bamshad M. J. , Jorde L. B. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryTribal populations of the Indian subcontinent have been of longstanding interest to anthropologists and human geneticists. To investigate the relationship of Indian tribes to Indian castes and continental populations, we analyzed 45 unlinked autosomal STR loci in 9 tribal groups, 8 castes, and 18 populations from Africa, Europe and East Asia. South Indian tribal populations demonstrate low within‐population heterozygosity (range: 0.54 – 0.69), while tribal populations sampled further north and east have higher heterozygosity (range: 0.69 – 0.74). Genetic distance estimates show that tribal Indians are more closely related to caste Indians than to other major groups. Between‐tribe differentiation is high and exceeds that for eight sub‐Saharan African populations (4.8% vs. 3.7%). Telugu‐speaking populations are less differentiated than non‐Telugu speakers (FST: 0.029 vs. 0.079), but geographic distance was not predictive of genetic affinity between tribes. South Indian tribes show significant population structure, and individuals can be clustered statistically into groups that correspond with their tribal affiliation. These results are consistent with high levels of genetic drift and isolation in Indian tribal populations, particularly those of South India, and they imply that these populations may be potential candidates for linkage disequilibrium and association mapping.