bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of heap leaching process in a bed of porous and spherical ore particles
Authors: Sheikhzadeh G.A. , Mehrabian M.A. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply the numerical methods to study the heap leaching process in a bed of porous and spherical ore particles. This study is performed in two stages: first, modeling the leaching process of a soluble mineral from a spherical and porous ore particle to obtain the distribution of mineral concentrations, leaching solvent concentration and dissolved mineral in the particles (the particle model), and second, modeling the heap leaching of the mineral from a porous bed consisting of spherical and porous ore particles to obtain the distribution of mineral concentrations, leaching solvent concentration and dissolved mineral in the bed (the bed model).Design/methodology/approachThe governing equations are derived for the particle model, and then converted into non‐dimensional form using reference quantities. The non‐dimensional equations are discretised on a uniform spherical grid fitted to the particle using finite difference method. The resulting algebraic equations are solved using Tri‐Diagonal Matrix Algorithm, and the governing equations are derived for the bed model, and then converted into non‐dimensional form using reference quantities. The non‐dimensional equations are discretised explicitly on a one‐dimensional and uniform grid fitted to the bed. The unknown quantities are evaluated using the corresponding values at the previous time interval.FindingsThe results obtained from numerical modeling show that, when the particle has a low diffusion resistance or a high chemical resistance, the reaction takes place slowly and homogeneously throughout the ore particle. On the other hand, when the bed has a low convection resistance, the reaction takes place homogeneously throughout the bed. As the convection resistance increases, the non‐homogeneous (local) behavior predominates. It is also noticed that, when the chemical reaction resistance is high, the reaction takes place homogeneously throughout the bed.Research limitations/implicationsThe dynamic diffusion and movement of solution in the ore particles and ore bed are not modeled and volumetric ratio of solution in the particles and the bed and also vertical velocity of solution in the bed are assumed to be fixed constants.Practical implicationsThis study shows that the reaction takes place homogeneously throughout the bed when the convection resistance is low, the diffusion resistance is high, the concentration resistance is low, and the chemical reaction resistance is high.Originality/valueHomogeneous reaction conditions being suitable for heap leaching operations are identified. Thus, it is recommended to approach the above conditions when preparing ore heaps and designing the relevant operation.
Language and ethnicity in international management
Authors: Lauring Jakob 
Published: August 2007

PurposeManaging people in a multinational corporation most often means, communicating across cultural as well as linguistic boundaries. Through the study of Danish expatriates in Saudi Arabia this paper sets out to investigate the use of language as related to ethnicity and group formation.Design/methodology/approachInvestigating the use of language in international settings, an ethnographic fieldwork methodology relying on longitudinal participant observations and semi‐structured interviews is applied.FindingsThe relation between language usage and ethnicity is discussed with regard to cross‐cultural management. Based on a case of Danish expatriates, language can be identified as linked to social strategies of inclusion and exclusion.Practical implicationsThe analysis indicates that language use should be conceived as a dynamic process linked to social strategies facilitating categorization of groups in the struggle for resources and recognition. It is recommended that the character of language as linked to social strategies is taken into account in international business. Ignoring the important role of language in multinational corporations may lead to loss of resources and hindrances to organizational and managerial development due to the lack of communication and knowledge sharing.Originality/valueBy applying a process‐oriented theoretical perspective combined with an iterative data collection, new insights into the social dynamics of language use in multinational corporations are provided.
Inter‐organizational learning across levels: an object‐oriented approach
Authors: Toiviainen Hanna 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the research methodology of analyzing learning in inter‐organizational networks based on an object‐oriented approach.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws from the cultural‐historical activity theory (CHAT), specifically from the concepts of the object of activity, developmental contradiction, and expansive learning. An intermediate concept, the “learning event,” is elaborated to study in a longitudinal way collaboration in a small‐firm network.FindingsLearning in inter‐organizational networks is best captured by analyzing historically the expansive object‐creation at multiple levels of activity. Learning takes place in a dialectical movement across the levels of collaboration and across the objects and outcomes created. Transitions across the levels are critical for learning apparently enhanced by a network's innovative capacity to create intermediate levels. This vertical dimension of collaboration alongside the horizontal dimension may enrich the CHAT approach.Research limitations/implicationsThe model of learning across levels is a generalization to be applied to analyses of learning in networks. The levels are historically emergent and are to be contextually explored case by case.Practical implicationsNetwork partners are encouraged to analyze and utilize the learning potential of network activity where models are needed as pedagogic and developmental tools.Originality/valueThe paper introduces a novel way of conceiving the levels of learning, and strengthens the focus on the object of activity accompanied by contradictions and tensions energizing collaboration and learning, which are often omitted in inter‐organizational studies.
Analysing third generation activity systems: labour‐power, subject position and personal transformation
Authors: Daniels Harry , Warmington Paul 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe how Engeström's “third generation” activity theory, with its emphasis on developing conceptual tools to understand dialogues, multiple perspectives and networks of interacting activity systems, has informed research into professional learning in multiagency service settings in England.Design/methodology/approachResearchers worked intensively with multi‐professional teams in five English local authorities. Through the use of developmental research work (DWR) methodologies, they sought to understand and facilitate the expansive learning that takes place in and for multiagency work.FindingsProvisional analysis of data has emphasised the need to understand activity systems in terms of contradictions, which may be developed through reference to the notion of labour‐power; subject positioning and identity within activities; emotional experiencing in processes of personal transformation. The general working hypothesis of learning itself requires expansion to include notions of experiencing and identity formation within an account that includes systematic and coherent analysis of the wider social structuring of society.Practical implicationsThe paper describes the beginnings of a refinement of DWR methodology, workshop methods and activity theory derived analyses of data generated through DWR.Originality/valueThe analysis offered represents an advance beyond second generation activity theory, which was concerned with single activity systems. The conceptual strands (upon labour‐power related contradictions, subject positioning, emotional experiencing) have been under‐developed in activity theory. This project exemplifies the complexities of the “dual motive” of object‐oriented activity systems.
Organizational culture and intellectual capital: a new model
Authors: Sánchez‐Cañizares Sandra M. , Ángel Ayuso Muñoz Miguel , López‐Guzmán Tomás 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the connection between the concepts of organizational culture and intellectual capital to enable the proposal of a model to measure intellectual capital. This model highlights culture as an essential component of intellectual capital.Design/methodology/approachThe study begins with an analysis of the connection between the concepts of organizational culture and intellectual capital. It then examines the principal models that are used to measure intellectual capital, focusing on their structure and the location of culture. The importance of this capital for organizations is emphasized.FindingsThe paper proposes a new model to measure intellectual capital. This model considers culture as the central nucleus around which the remaining integrated capitals configure. The importance of cultural capital is seen within organizations at two levels: the national culture; and the culture of the organization. These are essential features, and give internal logic to the proposed model.Originality/valueThe models of measurement of intellectual capital lack an internal logic which would synchronize the elements with the variables employed when characterizing intellectual capital as a body. There is a tendency to consider each of the elements or capitals mentioned as independent, without a nexus existing to connect them. This paper centres on the search for the stated internal logic and for the consideration of culture as a key element in this. This gives a new focus to the role that is played by the configuration of intellectual capital in each enterprise.
Which IC components explain national IC stocks?
Authors: Luis Hervas‐Oliver José , Dalmau‐Porta Juan Ignacio 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe paper seeks to provide a consistent theoretical framework to measure national intellectual capital (IC) and also empirical evidence on the core factors which explain countries' IC stocks.Design/methodology/approachA multidisciplinary theoretical framework is provided to underpin research on regional/national IC. Empirical evidence through multivariate methodology is used in order to design a method to extract the national IC drivers which can explain countries' IC stocks in OECD countries in the years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005.FindingsTheoretical bases of IC are presented to contribute to expanding territorial IC fundamentals and a regional/national IC model is developed. Results show that technological capability and the governmental policy oriented to business are both key factors in mapping the position of the nation in the IC ranking and both are mainly responsible for the levels of countries' IC.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was limited to OECD countries.Practical implicationsThe paper is a very useful source of information for policymakers. The paper also opens a necessary debate on the critical areas that need to be reinforced in order to develop regional and national knowledge and national IC platforms. The IC index offered thus explains the key areas in need of improvement in order to upgrade the national IC.Originality/valueTo date, no study has identified the critical IC areas, but rankings have been drawn up with no conclusions at all. This exploratory study adds new empirical evidence to fill this gap in the research.
Does intellectual capital disclosure reduce an IPO's cost of capital?
Authors: Singh Inderpal , Mitchell Van der Zahn J.‐L.W. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe pivotal aim is to examine the association between underpricing and intellectual capital (IC) disclosures amongst Singapore initial public offerings (IPOs). A secondary aim is to elaborate on the research by Bukh into IC disclosures by Danish IPOs.Design/methodology/approachUsing a theoretical framework based on the notions of ex ante uncertainty and information asymmetry, the study examines empirically 334 Singapore IPO prospectuses between 1997 and 2004.FindingsContrary to theoretical predictions and much of the prior financial disclosure/underpricing research, we find a positive association between underpricing and the extent of IC disclosure. Additional sub‐sample analysis shows that the positive association holds across the market's broader industry base, but is strongest amongst IPOs that are heavily reliant on IC resources.Research limitations/implicationsThe research studies Singapore IPOs only, within a specific timeframe (1997‐2004), and concentrates on a single disclosure mechanism (though the one considered most significant to an IPO).Practical implicationsEmpirical analysis suggests issuers may not use IC disclosures effectively to reduce their cost of capital. Rather, they use IC disclosures as a strategic tool to complement underpricing. Further, findings suggest policymakers may need to introduce minimal uniform IC disclosure requirements to prevent a speculative IPO market from developing as the significance of IC increases.Originality/valueStudy is the first to provide empirical evidence of the association between IC disclosures and underpricing. Further, it is one of the very first to examine the consequences of IC disclosures and thereby provide a new path for future IC disclosure research.
The Heathen are Wrong
Authors: Dean J. J. 
Published: August 2007

‘I was there when France fell; and I have written this book to mourn her.’ Many English-speaking people were there when France fell, and many have written books, to mourn the collapse of her army, or the dissolution of her political machine, or the capture of Paris, or the surrender of her navy. But the France mourned here, with this pall of many colours and many patterns, is not the agony of events that announced her painful death, but the reality of France, dying beneath the suffering of the last fatal illness : France as men of the French way of thinking loved and understood her. This reality is not widely, or at any rate not fully, understood in England and America; it is not understood what has died, nor what is the loss caused by that death, nor the true nature of the disease from within and the enemy from without which combined to bring about this disaster. These are the three leading strains of Mr. Bagger’s ‘Impersonal Autobiography,’ which he calls ‘an account of the End of Our Time in terms of one man’s life,’ likening himself to a scribe hurrying away from the sack of Cnossus, that most modern and urban of ancient cultural centres, to tell the Egyptians ‘to look to their fences and defences.’ For Mr. Bagger escaped with difficulty to New York, and there they said to him, what they had aid in France : ‘It cannot happen here.’This is neither a historical treatise, nor a philosophical essay, nor humorous reminiscence, nor a traveller’s diary, nor an epicure’s observations—it is all of these things, and much more. It is much more, because all these kinds of writing are woven together in a lively and powerful narrative, which gaily carries the reader, now along one strand, now another, though it always winds in greater or lesser circles around the background of France.
By What Authority?
Authors: Farrell Ambrose 
Published: August 2007

In May 1939 the Lower House of the Convocation of Canterbury humbly requested His Grace the President (in conjunction with the President of the Convocation of York) to appoint a Commission to consider the whole question of the revision and codification of the Canon Law. Later on in the summer of 1939 the Commission was appointed under the title “Canon Law Commission” by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr Lang) in conjunction with the Archbishop of York (Dr Temple) with the following terms of reference:A—To consider and report on the questions:(1) What is the present status of Canon Law in England (a) as regards canons in force before the Reformation; (b) as regards canons made and promulgated since the Reformation; and (2) What method should be followed to determine which canons are to be regarded as obsolete and to provide the Church with a body of canons certainly operative and apart from which none would be operative or reasonably regarded as operative.B—To prepare, if after such consideration this seems expedient, a revised body of canons based on the conclusions reached under A above, for submission to Convocation.‘In order to make its conclusions intelligible to the ordinary reader the Commission has written much of its report in the form of a short history of Canon Law, dealing with its origins and the part which it has played in the life of the Church of England. The report is divided into seven chapters. Chapter I deals with the place of law in the Christian Church.
Confrontation Between Hinduism and Christ
Authors: Panikkar Raymond 
Published: August 2007

The problem of Christ and world religions is both significant and urgent. It is significant because the very universality of Christ is at stake in the current dialogue among the great religions of the world. The problem is urgent, because, now that the old solutions no longer hold, we must find a new answer to the problem. The whole Church is everywhere on the move and so is seeking out new paths; and in this particular case what she is looking for is a response that is free at once of the exclusiveness that has sometimes unhappily characterized the end of syncretism. We have now, I believe, reached a turning point in the history of Christianity: even Vatican II has already considered other religions as paths to salvation.In the first part of this paper I wish to speak of three aspects of the confrontation of Christ by Hinduism, and in the second part I shall try to conclude the discussion by showing what a confrontation of Hinduism by Christ might suggest.My first section could be entitled: ‘‘The Misunderstanding’, for we cannot deny that there is a fundamental misunderstanding in the dialogue between Christianity and Hinduism. All the historical exceptions only prove the rule of what the Abbé Monchánin called ‘the great misunderstanding’. I should like to begin by quoting a proverb known in many languages which asks: ‘What is the first requirement if you want to teach Gopal Sanskrit?’ A rationally minded person would immediately answer: the first requirement is that you know Sanskrit.
The Documents of the Papal Commission on Birth Control
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: August 2007

In the present crisis over Humanae Vitae, Catholic opinion may be roughly divided into three groups: those who believe that the Pope’s pronouncement ought to be treated as definitive; those who already agreed with or have come to accept the Pope’s decision, but deplore the process of disciplinary enforcement of it on the clergy now under way in some countries, including this one; and those who think that the decision was wrong and must be reversed. Presumably, however, there are few Catholics who would deny that the fact that the Pope chose to take this stance, and to promulgate his decision in so weighty a manner, ought to be weighed carefully by anyone concerned to have a true opinion on the matter. It is therefore of great importance to come to understand what may have led the Pope to his decision; and this can best be done by enquiring into the cogency of the three documents submitted to him by the Papal Commission.The first of these documents, generally known as the ‘majority report’, presents arguments of a general moral and theological nature in favour of the view that the use of contraceptives is not in all cases morally impermissible. The second, the ‘minority report’, offers arguments to show that it would be impossible for the Church to reverse her traditional position and adopt that of the majority report. The third document, without advancing any position of its own on the substantive question, attempts to controvert the arguments of the minority report and show that it would be in principle possible for the Church to change the official line on contraception.
The Primacy of Peter: Theology and Ideology—I
Authors: Ernst Cornelius 
Published: August 2007

IIt is now clear enough that the disturbance in the Catholic world caused by the publication of Humanae Vitae was a symptom of much deeper stirrings in the Church than a difference of opinion about contraceptive methods of family limitation. We have to recognize that a profound shift of Catholic consciousness had already begun to take place, and that the publication of Paul VI’s encyclical served to precipitate this new consciousness and to make its protest against the old articulate.The visible structure of the older Catholic consciousness is easily described: within the period between Pius IX and Pius XII, Catholics recognized their distinctive identity, especially in England, in terms of an explicit awareness of the Pope, Mary, eucharistic devotions as well as Mass, Friday abstinence and the unlawfulness of ‘unnatural’ methods of birth control. It is instructive to recall that the Pope who confirmed his predecessor’s withdrawal of the discussion of contraception from Vatican II and who could not accept the recommendations of his theological commission is also the Pope who insisted on giving Mary the title of Mater Ecclesiae in his allocution of 21st November, 1964, at the close of the third period of Vatican II, although the title was after consideration excluded from the chapter on Mary in the constitution Lumen Gentium on the Church; thus Paul VI continued the tradition of Pius IX and Pius XII in associating Pope and Mary in a special relationship to the Church. Paul VI is also the Pope of the encyclical Mysterium Fidei on the Eucharist.
A Runaway World Revisited
Authors: John Eric 
Published: August 2007

To review Dr Leach’s Reith Lectures, A Runaway World, is not a straightforward task. It is not possible to take up the many points on which they invite comment or provoke disagreement without first defining one’s position towards the blanket disapproval with which they were greeted when originally delivered, and noting the implications of this opposition. The lectures were meaty and intentionally provocative: contrary to their author I think they make better reading than listening simply because there is too much to take in by the ear alone: which makes it all the sadder that so much comment was lavished on them as radio talks and so little in their printed form. Reith Lectures have, of course, proved controversial in the past but none has provoked quite the response these did, and this must, at least in part, be explained by timing and the topic.The whole conception of the Reith Lectures assumes a hierarchical public opinion with a narrow apex definable largely in terms of who knows who but predominantly drawn from certain professions and the public service and the so-called quality newspapers, transmitting downwards through the universities, the colleges of education to eventually the secondary modern schools, the right opinions and the tolerated areas of disagreement. Quite suddenly in the last three years this hierarchical structure has started to break up and voices quite outside the old establishment, more strident, much less informed, but sometimes more passionately concerned have started to make themselves heard and been shown to carry weight.