bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeological investigation of a fault in clay
Authors: Sen M. A. , Abbott M. A. W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Measurements of groundwater head and hydraulic conductivity have been made around a fault in the Oxford Clay in order to examine the effect of a fault on the hydraulic properties of a clay and on groundwater flow. Pulse tests performed in the clays gave values of hydraulic conductivity ranging from 5 × 10
-12
to 2 × 10
-8
ms
-1
. Although showing some overlap with the unfaulted clays, the hydraulic conductivity in the fault zone appears to be enhanced with respect to the adjacent unfaulted clays by up to one or two orders of magnitude. The groundwater heads in the mudrocks/clays are high compared with those in the underlying aquifers and appear to be relics from the period before major groundwater abstraction. Some outline numerical modelling suggested that both changes in fault geometry and varying fault properties could be invoked to explain adequately the measured head profiles using the traditional assumptions of Darcian flow. However, it is recognized that coupled flow processes may be of great significance in clay formations; in particular, the measured heads may result from hydraulic effects coupled with chemical and mechanical potentials.
The Channel Tunnel: geotechnical monitoring to breakthrough
Authors: Warren C. D. , Varley P. M. 
Published: November 2007

The Channel Tunnel Project is one of the largest ground engineering projects currently being undertaken in the world. The scheme is being designed and built by Transmanche Link (TML), a consortium of British and French contractors for the client Eurotunnel (ET) and will provide a complete transportation system linking the UK with Continental Europe.
The rail link will be provided by two tunnels with their portals located at Castle Hill, north of Folkestone (UK) and Beussingue Farm, near Sangatte in France. Each tunnel is approximately 50 km long, of which 38 km is located under the seabed between Shakespeare Cliff and Sangatte (Fig. 1).
The system comprises two 7.6 m diameter running tunnels, 30 m apart, with a 4.8 m diameter service tunnel located centrally between them. For operational and safety reasons all three tunnels are connected by 3.3 m diameter transverse cross passages located at intervals of 375 m throughout the drive. In addition, 2 m diameter piston relief ducts pass between the running tunnels every 250 m. These will allow dissipation of the air pressure pulse in front of the train and thereby reduce aerodynamic drag.
At two points along the tunnel length i.e. km 27 and 45 approximately, there are large underground crossover chambers. These will allow trains to transfer between the running tunnels, for example whilst maintenance is being carried out in a particular section of tunnel.
The construction of the tunnels, crossover caverns, pumping stations and all ancillary works, involves the excavation, lining and ventilation
Lithological controls of mudrock durability
Authors: Dick J. C. , Shakoor A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The effect of lithology on slake durability of 51 mudrock samples was investigated with the objective of developing a comprehensive durability classification. Grain size distribution, clay mineralogy, void ratio, micro-fracture frequency, Atterberg limits and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize lithology, whereas second cycle slake durability index was used to measure durability. The mudrock samples were classified into five distinct lithologies that included 10 claystones, 18 mudstones, 12 shales, 5 siltstones and 6 argillites. In addition to clay content and presence of laminations, Atterberg limits were used to differentiate between these lithological classes.
The second cycle slake durability index was correlated with the lithological characteristics of each mudrock lithotype. The results indicate an exceptionally strong relation (r = -0.98) between the percentage of expanding clay minerals and slake durability index for claystones. Mudstones exhibit a strong relation (r = -0.94) between the ‘micro-fracture frequency index’ and slake durability index. A strong relation (r = -0.98) between void ratio and slake durability index is indicated for shales. These results underscore the importance of distinguishing mudrock lithology in durability investigations.
Natural mineral waters: a Scottish perspective
Authors: Robins N. S. , Ferry J. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Natural mineral waters are weakly to moderately mineralized untreated groundwaters of which 18 of the 37 recognized in the UK are Scottish. Aquifers in Scotland are small and have local, relatively shallow groundwater flow paths. Travel times from recharge areas to these sources may be only a few days or weeks for upland sources and years or tens of years for lowland sources. The catchments of some sources are protected by controlled land use, others by the principle of good neighbours. The hydrogeological criteria for the recognition of natural mineral waters are discussed.
Selecting appropriate numbers of increments for bulk samples of aggregates
Authors: Pike D. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The British Standard for testing aggregates, BS 812:1989, requires at least ten scoopfuls of sand to be taken from any stockpile to obtain a representative bulk sample. This does not necessarily provide a representative sample, however, as the number of increments should be related to the variability of the batch being sampled. This paper describes trials in which increments were taken from stockpiles of sand and subjected to two tests: determination of fines content by washing and sieving and assessment by methylene blue titration of harmfulness of fines. It was found that the minimum number of increments required to provide a representative sample could be as low as two or as high as seventeen. The approach could be extended to other combinations of aggregate grades, test methods and specification limits.
A new approach to studying complete rock engineering problems
Authors: Hudson J. A. , Harrison J. P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
With the increasing sophistication of our interpretative techniques, numerical analysis and rock characterization schemes, it is becoming more important to base rock engineering design and the associated site investigation, construction and monitoring procedures on a coherent structural understanding of the complete rock engineering problem. This includes not only the primary mechanisms and parameters, but also the interactions between them. This paper outlines a novel approach to listing and presenting the rock mechanics and rock engineering parameters so that all the interactive or coupled mechanisms and terms can be identified. At its lowest level, this provides a useful checklist for a project; at higher levels, it can provide the logic behind the entire design procedures.
The material strength of sandstones of the Sherwood Sandstone Group of north Staffordshire with reference to microfabric
Authors: Yates P. G. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Sherwood Sandstone exhibits a wide and uncertain range of engineering behaviour. Laboratory test results are presented and show that the material may range from sand to moderately weak rock. Microfabric analysis suggests that depositional and diagenetic processes have as much an influence on this variability as does weathering. A means of estimating the material shear strength of the weakest zones of Sherwood Sandstone is proposed.
Limestone to dolomite to dedolomite conversion and its effect on rock strength: a case study
Authors: Williams D. M. , McNamara K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A series of cores from Carboniferous rocks in Co. Donegal, Ireland, revealed the presence of limestones, dolomites and dedolomites beneath the Cliff Dam. The conversion of limestone to dolomite probably occurred early in the rock's history, assisted by the presence of evaporite minerals such as gypsum. The conversion of dolomite to dedolomite was probably a later event related to fault-assisted ingress of meteoric waters during uplift of the rock mass. The compressive strength of the limestone is considerably affected by both processes. In this case, the conversion of limestone to dolomite resulted in an approximately 20 0ecrease in compressive strength whilst the limestone to dolomite to dedolomite conversion resulted in a 75 0ecrease. Thin-section study may be necessary in such cases to distinguish dedolomites from their associated country rocks.
A semi-analytical model for borehole catchments and time-of-travel zones which incorporates recharge and aquifer boundaries
Authors: Lerner David N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A new computer model to predict catchments and time-of-travel zones to boreholes is described. It takes account of spatially varying recharge which is not included in the most commonly used analytical solution. The model can also accommodate four arrangements of aquifer boundaries, two of which represent strip aquifers while the other two are rectangular. The bases of the model are new analytical solutions for the velocity components due to both recharge and pumping from boreholes. Boreholes in rectangular aquifers are modelled by the method of images. Examples show that taking account of recharge and boundaries gives significantly different results for catchment sizes and shapes from the analytical solution commonly used. The size of time-of-travel zones can be significantly smaller when recharge is taken into account. The main uses of the model will be in reconnaissance and sensitivity studies.
Level-determined groundwater sampling from open boreholes
Authors: Bishop Philip K. , Gosk Edmund , Burston Mark W. , Lerner David N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
An important aspect of any detailed groundwater quality investigation is determining the vertical distribution of pollutants. This may best be achieved by using permanent sampling systems installed in dedicated boreholes. However, the availability of open boreholes in the UK, coupled with the relative expense of installing dedicated systems, has increased the value of methods for obtaining level-determined samples from such boreholes. This paper presents a qualitative appraisal of three such methods, based on the use of portable pumps and packers, frequently combined with flow logging. The methods were tested in four open boreholes penetrating a multi-layered aquifer. In the most successful applications, vertical profiles of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent concentrations were defined which were thought to be representative of those in the aquifer.
The hydrogeological use of thin sections: inexpensive estimates of groundwater flow and transport parameters
Authors: Younger P. L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The techniques of petrological microscopy are seldom applied to hydrogeological problems although they allow the direct measurement of grain size, pore size and porosity, from which it is possible to estimate hydraulic conductivity, specific yield and solute retardation factors; information clearly valuable where direct measurement of these parameters is impossible. Further comparison of microscopically determined values with direct measurements provides a physical basis for the development of accurate conceptual models of the micro-scale processes which control groundwater flow and solute transport. During the development of a catchment—scale model of the hydrological effects of land use change, petrological microscopy was successfully used as a means of extending the database. In particular, hydraulic conductivities estimated from thin section observations showed a clear positive correlation with permeameter-derived hydraulic conductivities for the same samples.
High-resolution shallow seismology: history, principles and problems
Authors: King R. F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
High-resolution reflection surveys have been used in watercovered areas for some time, but only during the last decade has serious attention been paid to the development of survey techniques to give comparable results on land. These techniques are now becoming well established. This paper gives an outline of the principles of reflection seismology and of the particular problems that arise when the method is applied to depths of 200 m and less.
Better than drilling? Some shallow seismic reflection case histories
Authors: Hill Ian A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Seismic surveys have been conducted at several sites within the UK with widely differing geological lithologies and structures. The equipment and field techniques are briefly reviewed. The case histories for selected sites are presented showing both the benefits and problems of the seismic survey and the geological interpretations. Lithologies surveyed include mudstone/sandstone sequences, lignite, gypsum beds and evaporites. As all these sites have either been drilled or excavated since the survey period, it is possible to compare the actual geology with the seismic interpretation. In most cases the seismic surveys have added to the previously assumed geological model and subsequent data have confirmed the seismic interpretations. On the basis of the data reported here it can be concluded that shallow reflection seismics (SRS) gives a combination of resolution and penetration not possible with other geophysical methods.
Examples of the application of shallow reflection surveys in The Netherlands
Authors: Meekes J. A. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Several case studies show the impact of acquisition parameters on the quality of the data in high-resolution seismic reflection experiments aimed at imaging unconsolidated sediments in The Netherlands. Buried sources and hydrophones yield the best quality data. Seismic sections of good quality and high resolution were obtained from which information on the seismostratigraphy and on the lateral changes can be derived.
Use of computers in the engineering geology of the urban renewal of London's docklands
Authors: Howland A. F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

A systematic collation of geotechnical information has given engineering geology an important role in the renewal of London's docklands. It has provided a ready source of information to other parties and allowed an improvement in the understanding of the regional engineering geology of the area. A microcomputer database, termed GEODASY, was devised specifically to store the data. This allowed for a projected 10 000 boreholes and holds both stratigraphic as well as field and laboratory test data. The data can be retrieved in a variety of formats. The basic output is a tabulated format which collates and unifies the presentation of the data. Other graphical output produces scaled plans or long sections while preprocessing by the system during enquiry gives
X-Y
plots allowing a high level of interpretation of the data. The approach could be similarly used wherever there is a strongly defined area of interest.
Treatment of expansive soils for reducing swell potential and increasing strength
Authors: Stamatopoulos A. C. , Christodoulias J. C. , Giannaros H. Ch. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The area 60 km northwest of Athens is underlain by swelling soils, mostly of the 'terra-rossa' type. Laboratory tests were performed in order to examine the effectiveness of various methods in alleviating the adverse results of seasonal swelling-shrinking especially in connection with roads and foundations of buildings. It was found that the order of effectiveness of additives was (i) 4% cement and 2% lime, (ii) 6% lime, (iii) about 6% cement, (iv) 6% polymer (polybutadiene) and (v) lime in the free water. It was also found that swelling can be reduced substantially by simple mechanical stabilization, i.e. surcharge and/or dissociation and recompaction.
Prediction of permeability of fissured tills
Authors: Hossain Delwar 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Fissures of varying sizes, orientations and surface coatings present in Scottish lodgement tills influence their mass permeability and consolidation rates, inducing three-dimensional anisotropy in these properties. Satisfactory laboratory measurements require the costly testing of large specimens. This paper calculates the contribution of a discontinuous fissure to the flow through a fissured region by use of the finite element method and presents a method of prediction of mass permeability and its three-dimensional anisotropy by empirical computer-aided models based on the observed properties of the fissures and of the intact blocks. The results of such predictions have been found to compare satisfactorily with those from actual tests on relatively large undisturbed till samples of various orientations from three sites in West Central Scotland. Such a method is expected to reduce sampling and testing requirements for the above properties of fissured tills and possibly other similar soils.
Permeability of fracture zones in a Precambrian granite
Authors: Banks D. , Solbjørg M. L. , Rohr-Torp E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Prior to the excavation of a 4 km subsea tunnel in the Precambrian Iddefjord Granite of southeast Norway, major fracture zones were located by use of aerial photographs and seismic techniques. When encountered during tunnel construction the majority were found to be of low transmissivity and to be filled with secondary clay minerals. Water inflows to the tunnel tended to occur through lesser, simpler fractures not detected by the preliminary investigations. This finding is supported by experiences from other tunnels and implies that the identification of major fracture zones by geophysical and remote sensing techniques may not always be a satisfactory method of locating groundwater resources in hard rock aquifers.
Tuen Mun New Town, Hong Kong
Authors: Hadley David 
Published: November 2007

Tuen Mun is one of a series of large new towns being developed in Hong Kong's New Territories as part of the Government's strategy of decentralization from the highly congested urban areas of Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. It is located in and around Castle Peak Bay in the west of the Territory, about 30 km from Kowloon.
In order to obtain the necessary land to accommodate the town and much of its infrastructure, an extensive reclamation was required in Castle Peak Bay. Additional land was provided by raising fiat low-lying areas and by excavating large terraces into the surrounding mountains and hills. These operations have resulted in more than 1200 ha of new land being formed for the town. More than 30 million cubic metres of dredged and land-won material were used during the reclamation work.
The solid geology of the Tuen Mun area is dominated by Mesozoic volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks, mainly comprising andesitic lavas and tufts and fine-medium grained granites. The valley is also underlain in part by Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. A mantle of weathered material typically overlies the bedrock in most of the area. Superficial deposits occur onshore and offshore and comprise alluvial and marine sequences together with debris flow deposits, which are common in valleys and also as large fans in downslope areas. Debris flow deposits can also occur offshore beneath the recent marine sediments.
Numerous land and marine ground investigations have been carried out throughout the development area over a number of years
A note on seepage from retaining wall weepholes
Authors: Au S. W. C. , Pang K. K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper reports an investigation into the source of seepage from weepholes of a retaining wall. The findings explain the reasons for the lack of pattern commonly encountered in seepage from retaining wall weepholes. They also provide an insight into the mode of underground water flow in typical Hong Kong ground conditions.
Use of AASHTO classification to evaluate soils for road construction in Jamaica, West Indies
Authors: Maharaj Russell J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The engineering properties of selected soil samples from Upper St Andrew, Jamaica and their suitability as sub-grades and sub-bases for road construction are presented. A few soil samples are potentially good for sub-bases (17 out of 42), namely the highly granular, non-plastic to low plasticity soils developed over highly fractured, slightly weathered igneous lithologies, coarse clastics or limestones. Clay-rich soils are unsuitable as sources of sub-grades. These were either bauxitic clays or clays within Alluvial Terrace and Alluvial Deposits, developed over mudrocks or highly altered igneous lithologies. Coarse granular soils with low plastic fines, developed over moderately weathered igneous lithologies or interbedded mudrocks and coarse clastics rated fair to poor as sub-grades but may be suitable if adequately drained and compacted and additional thicknesses of base courses added.
A suggested method for the classification of rock mass weathering by a ratings system
Authors: Price D. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The author expresses the doubts that many have with regard to the efficacy of the present methods of describing rock mass weathering. As an alternative to these methods the author recommends the use of a ratings system which classifies weathering in terms of engineering significance. The author also recognizes that all ratings systems which are successful have been developed over the years as a consequence of the experience of many users, but proposes, as a starting point for further discussion, a ratings system developed during engineering geological fieldwork in Spain.
Engineering geology of North Lantau, Hong Kong
Authors: Franks C. A. M. , Woods N. W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Results of an engineering geology study of the northern part of Lantau Island in the west of Hong Kong are described. Over the next few years this area will be subject to major changes as a result of the planned new international airport at Chek Lap Kok. As a consequence of the airport, high-speed road and rail links are also planned along the coast of North Lantau, together with two new towns, industrial developments and a major port development at the eastern end. The study identified specific engineering geological problems and hazards with major safety or economic implications for the planned developments.
The western end of the island is mostly rugged mountainous terrain with elevations rising to more than 900 m above sea level. Towards the east, the topography is more subdued, although hillslopes are generally still steep.
The solid geology of the area is dominated by volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks of Mesozoic age, including volcanic tuffs and lava, granites and quartzphyric and feldsparphyric rhyolite dykes. These have weathered and a mantle of saprolite and residual soil covers much of the terrain. The onshore superficial soils include colluvium and alluvium whilst offshore, thick deposits of Holocene marine muds and Pleistocene alluvium overlie the weathered bedrock.
The main geological and geotechnical constraints to development on land in the North Lantau area are: the possible adverse effect of relict joints on the stability of cut slopes, potential stability problems on natural slopes due to steep, colluvium covered slopes, boulder fields and the possible remobilization of colluvium within drainage courses during rainstorms. Difficulties may also be encountered with piled foundations due to the presence of large boulders in deposits of alluvium and colluvium. Offshore, the presence of thick deposits of compressible marine mud represents the main difficulty for the planned reclamations along the coastline.