bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vinyl–carbon nanotubes for composite polymer materials
Authors: Kang Xu , Ma Wei , Zhang Hao‐Li , Xu Zhu‐Guo , Guo Yun , Xiong Yuqing 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report herein a simple method for attaching vinyl groups onto the sidewalls of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the application of vinyl–carbon nanotubes (CNT–CC) in fabricating polymer composites. The synthesis of CNT–CC was monitored with IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The obtained CNT–CC showed good compatibility with the in situ polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and exhibited no tendency for phase separation in the final composite. A transmission electron microscopy study revealed a uniform coating on the CNT–CC tubes, indicating good grafting efficiency of PMMA. The uniform dielectric PMMA coating was responsible for the lower electrical conductivity of the CNT–CC/PMMA composites versus that of the CNTs without vinyl modification. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Combinatorial Design of Simplified High‐Performance Chiral Phase‐Transfer Catalysts for Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Alkyl‐ and α,α‐Dialkyl‐α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Kitamura Masanori , Shirakawa Seiji , Arimura Yuichiro , Wang Xisheng , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA very efficient, chiral phase‐transfer catalyst, (S)‐2 Db, was prepared by taking advantage of the combinatorial approach from the readily available (S)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐dicarboxylic acid. This catalyst exhibited high catalytic performance (0.01–0.1 mol %) in the asymmetric alkylation ofN‐(diphenylmethylene)glycinetert‐butyl ester andN‐(p‐chlorophenylmethylene)alaninetert‐butyl ester relative to other chiral phase‐transfer catalysts in current use. This has created a general and highly practical procedure for the enantioselective synthesis of structurally diverse natural and unnatural α‐alkyl‐α‐amino acids as well as α,α‐dialkyl‐α‐amino acids. A similar simplified catalyst, (S)‐2 Fb, is also applicable to the direct asymmetric aldol reaction between glycine Schiff base and aldehydes with moderatesynselectivity and high enantioselectivity.
Time‐ and media‐dependent secondary carotenoid accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis
Authors: Grewe Claudia , Griehl Carola 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes secondary carotenoids after exposure to environmental stress, a process that is used for the biotechnological production of astaxanthin (Ax). This study reports, for the first time, the medium‐dependent changes in the carotenoid pattern throughout the cultivation process as well as the exact composition of carotenoids and their fatty acid mono‐ and diesters using LC‐MS. Secondary carotenoid formation started immediately upon exposure to nutrient depletion and high light conditions. Ax and its corresponding monoand diesters were detected simultaneously. After 15 days of cultivation, no significant changes were detected in carotenoid composition; however, the ratio between carotenoid mono‐ and diesters still varied. Main carotenoids were identified as Ax linolenate and Ax oleate, but also five adonirubin and one lutein monoester were detected. The influence of three different autotroph media was studied on carotenoid content, which reached a maximum 16.1 mg/g dry weight. The results indicate that media composition has an influence on the ratio of Ax mono‐ to diester but not on the qualitative composition of secondary carotenoids in H. pluvialis. Beside the pathway via echinenone, canthaxanthin and adonirubin the results indicate that Ax biosynthesis takes place via another route: from β‐carotene via β‐cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and adonixanthin.
Biofilm Formation by Microorganisms Isolated from Paper Mill Effluent and its Public Health Implications
Authors: Lal Priyanka , Agarwal Vishnu , Pruthi Parul , Cameotra Swaranjit Singh , Pruthi Vikas 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe microbiological assessment of biofilm formation from paper mill effluent discharged through a pipeline revealed a maximum microbial count for Pseudomonas (5·106 cfu/mL) followed by Staphylococcus (4·106 cfu/mL), Bacillus (8.2·105 cfu/mL), Burkholderia (7.2·105 cfu/mL), Enterobacter (5.3·104 cfu/mL), Acinetobacter (4.1·103 cfu/mL), Alcaligenes (1.2·102 cfu/mL) and Klebsiella (0.8·102 cfu/mL) species. Among these species, the maximum biofilm formation was observed after 24 h of incubation by Pseudomonas sp. using a crystal violet (CV) assay. This isolate was later identified by 16S rRNA amplification to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa PME1. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of P. aeruginosa PME1 in the biofilm showed a reduction in total carbohydrate content (42%) with increased protein (9.0%), hexosamine (3.0%) and uronic acid (1.7%) content as compared to its planktonic form. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that P. aeruginosa PME1 biofilms were 17, 24, 27, 30, and 32 times more resistant to cefotaxime, imipenem, ceftazidime, tazobactam and piperacillin, respectively, than their free flowing counterparts.
Use of the ThinPrep® method in bile duct brushings: Analysis of morphologic parameters associated with malignancy and determination of interobserver reliability
Authors: Waugh Michael S. , Guy Cynthia D. , Maygarden Susan J. , Livasy Chad A. , Jones Claudia K. , Volmar Keith E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecent work suggests the ThinPrep® method can improve diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy in bile duct brushings. However, the proportion of atypical and suspicious diagnoses remains high. The aim of this study was to identify the most useful morphologic features in ThinPrep® bile duct cytology and evaluate interobserver reliability.We evaluated 100 bile duct brushings prepared by ThinPrep®, all with either histology or long term clinical follow‐up (55 malignant, 45 benign). Morphologic features were evaluated by four experienced cytopathologists blind to clinical information and follow‐up diagnoses. These features included cellularity, blood or diathesis, mitoses, inflammation, three‐dimensional groups, discohesive atypical cells, macronucleoli, well‐defined cytoplasmic borders, and nuclear features of malignancy (nuclear membrance irregularity, chromatin clumping). The data were analyzed by intraclass correlation (ICC) and stepwise multiple logistic regression.Reviewers showed unanimous agreement in 29% of cases, one degree of disagreement in 58% of cases, and full disagreement in 13% of cases. Of benign cases, 38% were thought to be diagnostic of malignancy by at least one of the four reviewers. Sensitivity for the morphologic parameters varied from 18 to 67%; the highest sensitivity was for discohesive atypical cells, well‐defined cytoplasmic borders, nuclear features of malignancy, and cellularity (67, 62, 51 and 46%, respectively). Specificity of parameters varied from 16 to 100%; the highest specificity was for mitoses, three‐dimensional groups, nuclear features of malignancy, and macronucleoli (100, 98, 93, and 93%, respectively). Interobserver reliability (ICC) was very good for specimen cellularity (0.72) and nuclear features of malignancy (0.60). In logistic regression analysis, only nuclear features of malignancy and increasing patient age separated benign from malignant.On ThinPrep® bile duct brushings, nuclear features of malignancy are most useful in distinguishing benign from malignant, and interobserver reliability for this parameter is very good. Discohesive atypical cells show moderate sensitivity and specificity, while three dimensional clusters and macronucleoli are specific but not sensitive for malignancy, and are not significant in multivariate logistic regression models. The relatively high proportion of benign cases thought to be diagnostic of malignancy by at least one reviewer argues for a consensus approach to this diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:651–656. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with calcification: Report of a case with rare finding on aspiration smears
Authors: Sharma Shree Gopal , Mathur Sandeep R. , Aron Manju , Iyer V. K. , Arora V. K. , Verma Kusum 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is a distinct variant of renal cell carcinoma. It is important to identify this entity because it has a significantly better prognosis than clear cell (conventional) renal cell carcinoma. We report the case of a 56‐year‐old male who presented with 10 days history of painless hematuria. There was no palpable swelling or systemic symptoms. On radiological examination the possibility of a right renal neoplasm was considered. Ultrasound guided aspiration was done and cytological features of ChRCC were noted. In addition, numerous foci of calcification were seen, which was an unusual cytological feature for ChRCC. The characteristic cytomorphology of ChRCC makes it possible to render a preoperative diagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). We report the case to emphasize the importance and possibility of diagnosing of ChRCC on cytology. In addition, the extensive calcification as seen in our case is an unusual cytological finding not previously reported in cytology smears. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:647–650. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration biopsy cytology of extraabdominal desmoid tumor concurrently occurring in a patient with tumoral calcinosis
Authors: Saleh Husain , Kapadia Rehana 
Published: August 2008

AbstractExtraabdominal fibromatosis or desmoid tumor (DT) is a slow growing locally aggressive soft tissue tumor that can occur anywhere in the body. We report the aspiration biopsy cytology features of a case of DT of the right neck area in a 35‐year‐old man who had a long standing history of tumoral calcinosis. The aspirate was interpreted as “benign spindle cell lesion” and confirmed as DT on histologic examination of the resected mass. We discuss the possible differential diagnoses of other benign or malignant lesions on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and especially discuss the aspiration cytology features of DT compared with those of tumoral calcinosis. We also discuss the value of immunohistochemical markers that help in differentiating DT from other entities. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:624–627. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphoepithelial cysts of the pancreas: Endosonography‐guided fine needle aspiration
Authors: Jian Bo , Kimbrell Hillary Zalaznick , Sepulveda Antonia , Yu Gordon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLymphoepithelial cyst (LEC) of the pancreas is a rare lesion. Here, we report three cases that we encountered during 2007 in our institution, which were evaluated by endosonography (EUS) and fine needle aspiration (FNA). All three patients were male with ages ranging from 47 to 77 years. Each patient had a single, cystic mass of the body/tail of the pancreas that was found incidentally on CT scan. The size of the masses ranged from 3 to 6.5 cm radiologically. For each patient, EUS showed a well‐circumscribed, lobulated mass with smooth contours; the remainder of the pancreas appeared normal without ductal dilation. FNA of all three masses demonstrated predominantly anucleated squamous cells, amorphous keratinous debris, and lymphocytes. Cholesterol crystals were present in one case. One patient underwent surgical resection and the diagnosis of LEC was confirmed histologically. In conclusion, pancreatic LECs are extremely rare, benign cystic lesions. FNA study may help to render a correct diagnosis and reduce unnecessary surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:662–665. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in pleural fluid: Diagnostic pitfall for atypical mesothelial cells
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Dabbs David J. , Kanbour‐Shakir Amal 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) is a subtype of infiltrating lobular carcinoma because of its dyscohesiveness, linear infiltration pattern, and lack of membranous E‐cadherin staining. However, it differs from classic lobular carcinoma because of its high‐grade cytology and more aggressive clinical behavior.In breast fine‐needle aspiration biopsies, PLC can be confused with invasive ductal carcinoma, particularly the apocrine variant. In this report, we illustrate how metastatic PLC in body fluid specimens shows many of the same cytomorphologic changes that occur in reactive/atypical mesothelial cells. Fortunately, the immunohistochemical staining pattern of PLC can help to distinguish it from other possible diagnoses in the differential, such as reactive/atypical mesothelial cells and other metastatic neoplasms. However, the frequent apocrine features seen in this variant of breast carcinoma can cause nonspecific immunohistochemical positivity that may make the interpretation difficult.This is the first report illustrating the cytopathology and immunohistochemical findings of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in body cavity fluid cytology. Our case highlights the important issues and pitfalls to be aware of when making this diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:657–661. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma: A rare pitfall in transthoracic fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , Sidhu Hardeep , Mistry Rajesh , Shet Tanuja 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPrimary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma (PPHL) is extremely rare. At an extranodal location such as the lung this lymphoma is likely to be confused with the more commonly occurring carcinomas at this site.We report the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings of a PPHL in a 36‐year‐old male with a view to discuss the pitfalls and clues to the accurate cytologic diagnosis. This patient presented with a large, heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the anterior segment of right upper lobe without any evidence of nodal involvement.A CT‐guided transthoracic FNAC of this mass revealed large connective tissue fragments with entrapped voluminous cells amidst a polymorphous population of eosinophils, polymorphs, and lymphocytes. The large cells showed abundant often stripped off cytoplasm, an irregular nucleus with nucleolus and were initially diagnosed as non‐small cell carcinoma of the lung. In view of the locally advanced stage, patient received a carboplatin and gemcite‐based chemotherapy with complete response but postchemotherapy patient refused local surgery. Two years later, the patient developed enlarged nodes which were diagnosed as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and a review of prior lung tumor confirmed the diagnosis of PPHL. Hence the rare diagnosis of PPHL should be kept in mind when a cytopathologist observes large cells embedded in collagenous tissue fragments with dominant cell dispersal amidst an inflammatory infiltrate in an aspirate from a primary lung tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:666–669. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retraction halos: Nature's dotting pen in effusion cytology processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain
Authors: Yang Grace C. H. , Papellas Julianna 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEffusion cytology is challenging when solitary adenocarcinoma cells resemble histiocytes or mesothelial cells, and when adenocarcinomas look like histiocytic hyperplasia. It is also challenging to locate rare tumor cells in markedly inflammatory background. Over a period of 9 years, 9,474 cases of body cavity fluids including 3,642 cases of pleural, 1,900 cases of peritoneal and 345 cases of pericardial effusions and 3,587 cases of pelvic washes were processed with Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain. Retraction halos around spherical solitary cells and tissue fragments were observed whenever the background was inflammatory, whereas absent around histiocytes or histiocytic aggregates, and inconspicuous around solitary mesothelial cells. Retraction halos were helpful when the tumor fragments are obscured by marked inflammation, the quantity of tumor fragments is sparse, or the tumor cells resemble histiocytes or mesothelial cells. In short, retraction halos are nature's dotting pen for effusion cytology and are particularly useful in challenging cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:613–617. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions show increased S‐phase fraction compared to corresponding primary tumors
Authors: Kleinberg Lilach , Pradhan Manohar , Tropé Claes G. , Nesland Jahn M. , Davidson Ben , Risberg Björn 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze large‐scale genomic patterns during disease progression from primary tumor to effusion in ovarian carcinoma, and to study the association between DNA ploidy parameters in effusions, proliferation/survival markers, and clinicopathologic characteristics. DNA ploidy status, DNA index (DI), and S‐phase fraction (SPF) were compared in 22 matched primary carcinomas (all prechemotherapy specimens) and effusions (14 prechemotherapy and 8 postchemotherapy specimens) using image analysis. The association between these parameters and previously studied cell survival/proliferation biomarkers, previous administration of chemotherapy, chemotherapy response and survival was analyzed in a larger series of 54 effusions. The majority of specimens were aneuploid irrespective of anatomic site, with no significant differences in DI. SPF was significantly higher in effusions compared to matched primary tumors (P = 0.007 for all 22 pairs, P = 0.011 for 14 matched prechemotherapy specimens). Higher SPF was related to higher Ki‐67 score (P = 0.045), and both SPF and DI were directly associated with higher level of Survivin (P < 0.001 for both). DI and SPF in effusions showed no association with histological grade, FIGO stage, residual disease volume, previous chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy at primary disease, recurrence or survival. Ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions have increased proliferation compared to corresponding primary tumors, as evidence of disease progression. DNA ploidy parameters in cancer cells in effusions are unaltered by chemotherapy and appear to be unrelated to chemotherapy response and to survival, suggesting that large‐scale genomic patterns at this anatomic site are not useful in segregating patients into prognostic groups. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:637–644. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
meta‐Phosphonobenzoic Acid: A Rigid Heterobifunctional Precursor for the Design of Hybrid Materials
Authors: Rueff Jean‐Michel , Caignaert Vincent , Chausson Sophie , Leclaire André , Simon Charles , Perez Olivier , Le Pluart Loïc , Jaffrès Paul‐Alain 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRigid meta‐phosphonobenzoic acid 2 possesses two functional groups (phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid) both having the aptitude to associate with a metallic precursor to form hybrid materials. The hydrothermal reactions of compound 2 with MnCl2·4H2O or Co(NO3)2·6H2O produce, respectively, the isostructural layered materials M(H2O)(PO3C6H4CO2H) (3, M = Mn; 4, M = Co) characterized by the presence of the free carboxylic acid groups in the interlayer space (space group P21/n). The reaction of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O with 2 produces two different materials depending on the pH of the reaction media. At low pH (pH < 4.1), the isostructural material Zn(H2O)(PO3C6H4CO2H) (5) is formed possessing ZnII atoms octahedrally coordinated. At higher pH, generated by the addition of urea in the hydrothermal reaction, Zn3(H2O)2)(PO3C6H4CO2)2 (6) is formed (orthorhombic; space group Pcan). In material 6, the phosphonic acid and the carboxylic acid groups are linked to the inorganic network. One of the two ZnII centres is tetrahedrally coordinated and the other is surrounded by a trigonal bipyramid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
InCl3‐Catalyzed Rapid 1,3‐Alkoxy Migration in Glycal Ethers: Stereoselective Synthesis of Unsaturated α‐O‐Glycosides and an α,α‐(1→1)‐Linked Disaccharide
Authors: Nagaraj Paramathevar , Ramesh Namakkal G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractInCl3 catalyzes a facile stereoselective 1,3‐migration of allylic ethers of glycals to afford 2‐C‐methylene‐ and 2,3‐unsaturated‐α‐O‐glycosides in high yields. The reaction is rapid (10 min), requires only 20 mol‐% of the catalyst, and is compatible with acid‐labile functional groups such as epoxides and acetals. This methodology provides a convenient alternative to the Ferrier rearrangement. A direct synthesis of an α,α‐(1→1)‐linked disaccharide derivative by a domino process is also reported.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Electrochemistry of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes (CNx) with Different Nitrogen Content and Its Application in Simultaneous Determination of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers
Authors: Dong Junping , Qu Xiaomin , Wang Lijun , Zhao Chongjun , Xu Jiaqiang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe bamboo‐shaped nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNx) with different nitrogen content were synthesized using Fe‐containing SBA‐15 molecular sieve as catalyst with thermal decomposition. The CNx nanotubes prepared were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The results suggest that there are a larger amount of defective sites on CNx nanotubes surfaces due to the nitrogen doping and CNx nanotube with higher nitrogen content possesses lower graphitic ordering in the framework. Furthermore the effects of nitrogen content on the electrochemistry of CNx modified electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). CNx modified electrodes exhibit better electrocatalytic activities to the oxidation of hydroquinone. Moreover CNx with lower nitrogen content is in favor of the electron transfer between dihydroxybenzene and electrode surface, while CNx with higher nitrogen content possesses high surface adsorptive ability. CNx modified electrodes can be applied to determine dihydroxybenzene isomers directly and simultaneously by linear sweep voltammetry technique without previous separation.
Biological fixation of fibrous materials to bone using chitin/chitosan as a bone formation accelerator
Authors: Kawai Tomoyuki , Yamada Takeki , Yasukawa Akio , Koyama Yoshihisa , Muneta Takeshi , Takakuda Kazuo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBiological fixation or anchorage of fibrous materials to bone by bone ingrowth into the spaces between fibers is a major concern in developing novel medical implants, including artificial ligaments. Toward this end, we evaluated the efficacy of chitin/chitosan as a bone formation accelerator. Specimens of polyester nonwoven fabric coated with chitin/chitosan were implanted into holes drilled into the distal ends of rat femora. Uncoated fabric specimens were used as controls. At 1 or 2 weeks after implantation, the specimens were retrieved, and the fixation strength was measured by mechanical testing. Histological sections of 2‐week implantation specimens were prepared, and the area of new bone tissue formed in the spaces between the fibers of the fabric was measured. The chitin/chitosan coating significantly increased the fixation strength and the area of bone tissue formed in the spaces between the fibers. The mean fixation strength of chitin/chitosan‐coated fabric specimens was more than twice that of the controls at 2 weeks after implantation. These results demonstrated that the chitin/chitosan coating effectively induced bone formation in the spaces between the fibers and enhanced biological fixation of the fibrous materials to the bone. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009