bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Concomitantly Administered Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Atazanavir Administered Twice Daily
Authors: Acosta Edward P. , Kendall Michelle A. , Gerber John G. , Alston-Smith Beverly , Koletar Susan L. , Zolopa Andrew R. , Agarwala Sangeeta , Child Michael , Bertz Richard , Hosey Lara , Haas David W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The potent induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A isoforms by rifampin complicates therapy for coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. We performed an open-label, single-arm study to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic interactions of the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir coadministered with rifampin. Ten healthy HIV-negative subjects completed pharmacokinetic sampling at steady state while receiving 300 mg atazanavir every 12 h without rifampin (period 1), 300 mg atazanavir every 12 h with 600 mg rifampin every 24 h (period 2), and 400 mg atazanavir every 12 h with 600 mg rifampin every 24 h (period 3). During period 1, the mean concentration of drug in serum at 12 h (
C
12 h
) was 811 ng/ml (range, 363 to 2,484 ng/ml) for atazanavir, similar to historic seronegative data for once-daily treatment with 300 mg atazanavir boosted with 100 mg ritonavir. During periods 2 and 3, the mean
C
12 h
values for atazanavir were 44 ng/ml (range, <25 to187 ng/ml) and 113 ng/ml (range, 39 to 260 ng/ml), respectively, well below historic seronegative data for once-daily treatment with 400 mg atazanavir without ritonavir. Although safe and generally well tolerated, 300 mg or 400 mg atazanavir administered every 12 h did not maintain adequate plasma exposure when coadministered with rifampin.
Expression and Characterization of an Iron-Regulated Hemin-Binding Protein, HbpA, fromLeptospira interrogansSerovar Lai
Authors: Asuthkar Swapna , Velineni Sridhar , Stadlmann Johannes , Altmann Friedrich , Sritharan Manjula 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn an earlier study, based on the ferric enterobactin receptor FepA ofEscherichia coli, we identified and modeled a TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor protein (LB191) from the genome ofLeptospira interrogansserovar Lai. Based on in silico analysis, we hypothesized that this protein was an iron-dependent hemin-binding protein. In this study, we provide experimental evidence to prove that this protein, termed HbpA (hemin-bindingprotein A), is indeed an iron-regulated hemin-binding protein. We cloned and expressed the full-length 81-kDa recombinant rHbpA protein and a truncated 55-kDa protein fromL. interrogansserovar Lai, both of which bind hemin-agarose. Assay of hemin-associated peroxidase activity and spectrofluorimetric analysis provided confirmatory evidence of hemin binding by HbpA. Immunofluorescence studies by confocal microscopy and the microscopic agglutination test demonstrated the surface localization and the iron-regulated expression of HbpA inL. interrogans. Southern blot analysis confirmed our earlier observation that thehbpAgene was present only in some of the pathogenic serovars and was absent inLeptospira biflexa. Hemin-agarose affinity studies showed another hemin-binding protein with a molecular mass of approximately 44 kDa, whose expression was independent of iron levels. This protein was seen in several serovars, including nonpathogenicL. biflexa. Sequence analysis and immunoreactivity with specific antibodies showed this protein to be LipL41.
Diametrically Contractive Multivalued Mappings
Authors: Dhompongsa S , Yingtaweesittikul H 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDiametrically contractive mappings on a complete metric space are introduced by V. I. Istratescu. We extend and generalize this idea to multivalued mappings. An easy example shows that our fixed point theorem is more applicable than a former one obtained by H. K. Xu. A convergence theorem of Picard iteratives is also provided for multivalued mappings on hyperconvex spaces, thereby extending a Proinov's result.
Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Differentiation, Proliferation, and Apoptosis
Authors: Chou Fu-Sheng , Wang Pei-Shan , Kulp Samuel , Pinzone Joseph J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Thiazolidinediones induce adipocyte differentiation and thereby limit proliferative potential; hence, early investigations focused on their ability to modulate cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Several lines of evidence indicate significant thiazolidinedione-mediated antitumor activity. An emerging view is that some antitumor effects are totally or partially peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) dependent, whereas others are PPARγ independent. The aim of this review is to examine the current evidence about the molecular mechanisms by which thiazolidinediones augment cellular differentiation, inhibit cellular proliferation, and induce apoptosis. We first address the role of thiazolidinediones and/or PPARγ on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as it affects cellular differentiation and then discuss other pathways that are also involved in differentiation as well as proliferation and apoptosis. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(6):523–30)
Coculture with Prostate Cancer Cells Alters Endoglin Expression and Attenuates Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Reactive Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: O'Connor John C. , Farach-Carson Mary C. , Schneider Charles J. , Carson Daniel D. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A dynamic interplay between prostate cancer cells and reactive bone stroma modulates growth of metastases within bone. We used microarray analysis to screen for changes in gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells cocultured with prostate cancer cells and found reduced expression of endoglin, a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as an auxiliary coreceptor for members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of cytokines. The downstream TGF-β/bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway including Smad1 and Smad2/3 also was attenuated, as was Smad-dependent gene transcription. Smad1/5/8-dependent inhibitor of DNA binding 1 expression and Smad2/3-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor I expression both were decreased and were accompanied by decreased cell proliferation. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of endoglin in HS-5 cells verified that the effects on signaling were a direct result of the attenuation of endoglin. These data illustrate that endoglin acts as a positive regulator of both activin receptor–like kinase 1–induced Smad1/5/8 activation and activin receptor–like kinase 5–induced Smad2/3 activation in bone marrow stromal cells. In addition, the data illustrate that one early event of metastasis upon the arrival of prostate cancer cells into the bone stroma is attenuated endoglin expression in the stromal cells, which subsequently alters Smad signaling and cell proliferation. We hypothesize that coculture of bone marrow stromal cells with prostate cancer cells alters TGF-β signaling in the stromal cells, ultimately facilitating growth of the cancer cells in the bone compartment. Collectively, these studies suggest that prostate cancer cells modulate TGF-β responsiveness of bone marrow stroma as one means of facilitating their own growth in bone. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(6):585–603)
β1,4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase III Enhances Malignant Phenotypes of Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Huang John , Liang Jin-Tung , Huang Hsiu-Chin , Shen Tang-Long , Chen Hsiao-Yu , Lin Neng-Yu , Che Mei-Ieng , Lin Wei-Chou , Huang Min-Chuan 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The enzyme β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase III (β4GalNAc-T3) exhibits in vitro activity of synthesizing N,N′-diacetyllactosediamine, GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAc. Here, we investigate the expression of β4GalNAc-T3 in primary colon tumors and the effects of its overexpression on HCT116 colon cancer cells. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that the expression of β4GalNAc-T3 was up-regulated in 72.5% (n = 40) of primary colon tumors compared with their normal counterparts. β4GalNAc-T3 overexpression resulted in enhanced cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, migration, anchorage-independent cell growth, and invasion of colon cancer cells. Moreover, β4GalNAc-T3 overexpression increased tumor growth and metastasis and decreased survival of tumor-bearing nude mice. β4GalNAc-T3 overexpression showed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin Y118 as well as increased extracellular signal–regulated kinase phosphorylation. These results suggest that up-regulation of β4GalNAc-T3 may play a critical role in promoting tumor malignancy and that integrin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways could be involved in the underlying mechanism. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(6):543–52)
Dreadful/Delightful Killing: The Contested Nature of Duck Hunting
Authors: McLeod Carmen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHunting ducks with a firearm has become increasingly contested in industrialized and urbanized contemporary societies. In southern New Zealand, an area that maintains strong connections to rural life ways, duck shooting is still a very popular activity. However, even duck shooters living in this region are increasingly finding that they must justify an activity their grandparents practiced without compunction. This paper considers ethical discourses associated with the killing of ducks, particularly the ways in which people who shoot ducks construct the act of killing as an activity that can be ethically justified. As this paper will show, duck hunters assert that they have a more realistic and appropriate view of nature and animal life cycles than the average antihunter who might criticize them. New Zealand duck hunters also embed their hunting activities within a discourse of wetland conservation, arguing that they do far more to preserve and develop wetlands than do non-hunters. This paper concludes that duck hunters' understandings of nature are intrinsic to the ethical discourses that underpin duck hunting activities in New Zealand.
People and Their Pets: A Relational Perspective on Interpersonal Complementarity and Attachment in Companion Animal Owners
Authors: Bauer Amy , Woodward Lucinda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe current study evaluated the interpersonal circumplex as a theoretical model of companion animal personality and companion animal attachment. To this end, the study surveyed 266 companion animal guardians (owners)—89 reporting their most recent pet a cat and 177 reporting their most recent pet a dog—to assess the relationships between interpersonal complementarity and companion animal attachment. The study used MANOVA to evaluate differences in interpersonal traits for cats, dogs, and people who self-identified that cats or dogs were their ideal pets. Results indicated that cats—and people who identified cats as their ideal pet—were more hostile in their orientation than were dogs or people who preferred dogs. In hierarchical regression-analysis, the study also confirmed the positive relationship between interpersonal complementarity and companion-animal attachment.
The Welfare-based Defense of Zoos
Authors: Zamir Tzachi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA "welfare-based defense" of a practice involving nonhuman animals presents the examined practice as promoting the animal's own interests. Such justifications surface in relation to various interactions between human and nonhuman animals. Sometimes such arguments appear persuasive. Sometimes they form self-serving rationalizations. This paper attempts to clarify and specify the distinction between plausible and dubious applications of such arguments. It then examines (and rejects) a detailed welfare-based defense of zoos.
Who Went to Thomas More's Lectures on St Augustine's De Civitate Dei?
Authors: Baker-Smith Dominic 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1501 omas More, newly qualified as a barrister, delivered a series of lectures on St Augustine's De Civitate Dei to a select audience in the London church of St Lawrence Jewry. To Erasmus, looking back some years later, what was striking was the contrast between the youthful speaker and the established clergy, lawyers, and higher civil servants who came to hear him. In fact the lectures can be seen as the fulfilment of a native tradition of lay piety, that of the "medled" or mixed life which combined spiritual culture with civic responsibility. In More's case it provided a fertile ground for the reception of humanist ideals.
Mechanisms of Northern Tropical Atlantic Variability and Response to CO2 Doubling
Authors: Breugem Wim-Paul , Hazeleger Wilco , Haarsma Reindert J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A model study has been made of the mechanisms of the meridional mode in the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) and the response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2. The numerical model consists of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to a passive mixed layer model for the ocean. Results from two simulations are shown: a control run with present-day atmospheric CO2 and a run with a doubled CO2 concentration. The results from the control run show that the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) feedback is confined to the deep NTA. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of the meridional mode is phase locked with the seasonal cycle of the climatological intertropical convergence zone (CITCZ). The WES feedback is positive in boreal winter and spring when the CITCZ is located close to the equator but negative in summer and fall when the CITCZ shifts toward the north of the deep NTA. Similarly, the damping of the SST anomalies in the deep NTA by moisture-induced evaporation anomalies is much stronger in summer and fall than in winter and spring, related to a change in anomalous moisture transport. The results from the double-CO2 run show a substantial northward shift of the CITCZ in boreal winter and spring but little change in summer and fall. The change in the CITCZ can be explained by strong warming at the high northern latitudes in combination with a seasonally dependent WES feedback with accompanying changes in moisture transport in the deep NTA. The latter indicates that the change in the CITCZ is subject to phase locking with the seasonal cycle of the CITCZ itself. The meridional mode in the double-CO2 run weakens by 10%–20%. This originates from the weakening of the positive WES feedback in the deep NTA, which in turn is attributed to the northward shift of the CITCZ; because in the double-CO2 run the CITCZ stays south of the deep NTA for a shorter time period, the positive WES feedback in the deep NTA acts less long, and damping by moisture-induced evaporation anomalies starts earlier than in the control run.
Adjustment of the Remote Tropical Climate to El Niño Conditions
Authors: Lintner Benjamin R. , Chiang John C. H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The adjustment of the tropical climate outside the Pacific (the “remote Tropics”) to the abrupt onset of El Niño conditions is examined in a tropical atmosphere model that assumes simplified vertical structure and quasi-equilibrium (QE) convective closure. The El Niño signal is rapidly (∼1 week) communicated to the remote Tropics via an eastward-propagating Kelvin-like wave that induces both anomalous subsidence and tropospheric warming. Widespread reductions in convective precipitation occur in conjunction with the spreading of the temperature and subsidence anomalies. The remote rainfall suppression peaks roughly 5–15 days after the initiation of El Niño conditions, after which the anomalous remote rainfall field recovers to a state characterized by a smaller remote areal mean rainfall deficit and the appearance of localized positive rainfall anomalies. The initial remote precipitation reduction after El Niño onset is tied to both tropospheric warming (i.e., stabilization of the troposphere to deep convection) and the suppression of remote humidity levels; recovery of the initial deficits occurs as feedbacks modulate the subsequent evolution of humidity anomalies in the tropospheric column. Apart from the short-term response, there is a longer-term adjustment of the remote climate related to the thermal inertia of the underlying surface: surface thermal disequilibrium, which is related to the depth of the ocean mixed layer, maintains larger precipitation deficits than would be expected for equilibrated conditions. This result supports a previous prediction by one of the authors for a significant disequilibrium mechanism in the precipitation teleconnection to El Niño resulting from the local vertical coupling of the troposphere to the surface through moist convection.
Estimating Shortwave Radiative Forcing and Response in Climate Models
Authors: Taylor K. E. , Crucifix M. , Braconnot P. , Hewitt C. D. , Doutriaux C. , Broccoli A. J. , Mitchell J. F. B. , Webb M. J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Feedback analysis in climate models commonly involves decomposing any change in the system’s energy balance into radiative forcing terms due to prescribed changes, and response terms due to the radiative effects of changes in model variables such as temperature, water vapor, clouds, sea ice, and snow. The established “partial radiative perturbation” (PRP) method allows an accurate separation of these terms, but requires processing large volumes of model output with an offline version of the model’s radiation code. Here, we propose an “approximate PRP” (APRP) method for the shortwave that provides an accurate estimate of the radiative perturbation, but derived from a quite modest amount of monthly mean model output.
The APRP method is based on a simplified shortwave radiative model of the atmosphere, where surface absorption and atmospheric scattering and absorption are represented by means of three parameters that are diagnosed for overcast and clear-sky portions of each model grid cell. The accuracy of the method is gauged relative to full PRP calculations in two experiments: one in which carbon dioxide concentration is doubled and another in which conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are simulated. The approximate PRP method yields a shortwave cloud feedback accurate in the global mean to within 7%. Forcings and feedbacks due to surface albedo and noncloud atmospheric constituents are also well approximated with errors of order 5%–10%. Comparison of two different model simulations of the LGM shows that the regional and global differences in their ice sheet albedo forcing fields are clearly captured by the APRP method. Hence this method is an efficient and satisfactory tool for studying and intercomparing shortwave forcing and feedbacks in climate models.
A Hemispheric Mechanism for the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Dima Mihai , Lohmann Gerrit 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The physical processes associated with the ∼70-yr period climate mode, known as the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), are examined. Based on analyses of observational data, a deterministic mechanism relying on atmosphere–ocean–sea ice interactions is proposed for the AMO. Variations in the thermohaline circulation are reflected as uniform sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic. These anomalies are associated with a hemispheric wavenumber-1 sea level pressure (SLP) structure in the atmosphere that is amplified through atmosphere–ocean interactions in the North Pacific. The SLP pattern and its associated wind field affect the sea ice export through Fram Strait, the freshwater balance in the northern North Atlantic, and consequently the strength of the large-scale ocean circulation. It generates sea surface temperature anomalies with opposite signs in the North Atlantic and completes a negative feedback. The authors find that the time scale of the cycle is associated with the thermohaline circulation adjustment to freshwater forcing, the SST response to it, the oceanic adjustment in the North Pacific, and the sea ice response to the wind forcing. Finally, it is argued that the Great Salinity Anomaly in the late 1960s and 1970s is part of AMO.
Observed Changes in the Lifetime and Amplitude of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Associated with Interannual ENSO Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Pohl Benjamin , Matthews Adrian J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is analyzed using the reanalysis zonal wind– and satellite outgoing longwave radiation–based indices of Wheeler and Hendon for the 1974–2005 period. The average lifetime of the MJO events varies with season (36 days for events whose central date occurs in December, and 48 days for events in September). The lifetime of the MJO in the equinoctial seasons (March–May and October–December) is also dependent on the state of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During October–December it is only 32 days under El Niño conditions, increasing to 48 days under La Niña conditions, with similar values in northern spring. This difference is due to faster eastward propagation of the MJO convective anomalies through the Maritime Continent and western Pacific during El Niño, consistent with theoretical arguments concerning equatorial wave speeds.
The analysis is extended back to 1950 by using an alternative definition of the MJO based on just the zonal wind component of the Wheeler and Hendon indices. A rupture in the amplitude of the MJO is found in 1975, which is at the same time as the well-known rupture in the ENSO time series that has been associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation. The mean amplitude of the MJO is 16% larger in the postrupture (1976–2005) compared to the prerupture (1950–75) period. Before the 1975 rupture, the amplitude of the MJO is maximum (minimum) under El Niño (La Niña) conditions during northern winter, and minimum (maximum) under El Niño (La Niña) conditions during northern summer. After the rupture, this relationship disappears. When the MJO–ENSO relationship is analyzed using all-year-round data, or a shorter dataset (as in some previous studies), no relationship is found.
Finescale Vertical Structure and Evolution of a Preconvective Dryline on 19 June 2002
Authors: Sipprell Benjamin D. , Geerts Bart 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
High-resolution airborne cloud radar data and other International H2O Project datasets are used to describe the vertical structure of an unusual prefrontal dryline. This dryline, observed in northwestern Kansas on 19 June 2002, first progressed eastward and tilted toward the west, and later became more stationary and reversed its tilt, toward the moist side. The convective boundary layer (CBL) depth difference also reversed: only in the later phase did the dry-side CBL become deeper than on the moist side. Echo and single/dual-Doppler velocity data in a vertical transect across the dryline suggest a solenoidal circulation dynamically consistent with the observed horizontal buoyancy gradient. Both this gradient and the solenoidal circulation reversed in the later phase. Simultaneously, confluence toward the dryline increased, resulting in an increasing moisture gradient as well as a deepening CBL in the dryline convergence zone. It is speculated that the baroclinically generated horizontal vorticity contributed to this CBL deepening, as the sign of this vorticity was opposite to that of the low-level wind shear on the opposite side of the dryline in both phases. Deep-convective initiation appears to have resulted from this local CBL deepening, leading to a total elimination of convective inhibition near the dryline.