bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Conditioning of Textile Fibers
Authors: Susich G. 
Published: March 2008

Mechanical conditioning denotes the alterations which remain temporarily or permanently in textile fibers after they have been deformed. These alterations are the result of changes in the structure of textile fibers. The altered tensile properties, including tensile recovery behavior, of mechanically conditioned fibers were investigated. Cotton, Fortisan, Ethocel, acetate, silk, viscose, Dacron polyester fiber, Orlon acrylic fiber, Vicara, Vinyon NORU, casein, Nylon Type 300, Saran, human hair, and wool were tested either as single fibers, as multifilaments, or as staple yarns. Mechanical conditioning was performed mostly by repeated extensions (cycling) to 80% of the extensibility. The response of fibers to this procedure varies widely. If a fiber is susceptible to mechanical conditioning due to its visco-elastic behavior, its morphology (length, cross section) and stress-strain properties are altered considerably. The new extensibility and the work of rupture decrease, and the elastic recovery increases. The initial modulus and the breaking tenacity can remain unchanged; they can increase or they can decrease. The yield point can become more or less pronounced, or it can increase or decrease; even new yield points can appear after mechanical conditioning. In connection with mechanical conditioning, the following topics were investigated : ( 1) altera tions occurring spontaneously or produced by heat and swelling after mechanical conditioning of cellulose acetate; (2) structural changes of cellulose fibers due to stretching (stress hardening and fatigue) ; (3) cold-drawing of a Dacron monofilament; and (4) behavior of a cotton thread after repeated extensions to different strain levels.
Relationship Between Various Parameters of a Load-Elongation Curve
Authors: Lindberg Joel 
Published: March 2008

This paper involves a statistical analysis of the relationship between various parameters on load-elongation curves for wool fibers in order to find low-variance single-fiber mechanical prop erties. No consideration is given the functional significance of these properties. The Hookean slope and the force at 20% elongation in the wet state were found to be inde pendent of each other for one particular sample of fiber. The area under the curve up to 20% elongation was found to be dependent upon both the Hookean slope and the force at 20% elonga tion, and it is therefore unnecessary to determine this area if the latter two parameters are known.
Polymerization of beta-Propiolactone in Wool
Authors: Rose W. Gordon , Lundgren Harold P. 
Published: March 2008

The reaction of propiolactone with wool has been studied with the purpose of increasing the rate of reaction within the fiber, while still retaining the enhanced felting qualities of the modi fied wool. It was found that the presence of water in low concentration, added either to the wool or to the propiolactone in carbon tetrachloride, greatly accelerated this reaction. Excess water reduced the reaction, presumably because of lactone hydrolysis. Addition of water to the system also accelerated the reaction when ethyl, n-amyl, oleyl, or dodecyl alcohol was used as solvent, but not when methyl alcohol was thus employed. Significantly, the maximum rate of modification in a mixture of water and amyl, oleyl, or dodecyl alcohol was 30% greater than the maximum with water and carbon tetrachloride. Propiolactone reacts slowly with wool in methyl or ethyl alcohol in the absence of water, but with the higher alcohols, as with carbon tetrachloride, little or no reaction occurs unless water or methyl alcohol is present. The influence of water and the lower alcohols in promoting interaction of propiolactone within the fiber appears to be the result primarily of swelling of the fiber structure to permit pene tration by the propiolactone. In the presence of water the higher alcohols, amyl and dodecyl, can penetrate to cause further swelling and increase in the rate of modification within the fiber.
The Relative Responsiveness of Certain Properties of Cotton Fiber to Microbial Action
Authors: Marsh P.B. , Bollenbacher K. , Butler M.L. , Merola G.V. 
Published: March 2008

In continuation of an inquiry into the effect of microbial action and weathering on cotton fiber, experiments have been carried out to determine the relative responsiveness of certain fiber properties to the growth of fungi. Raw cotton fiber and unbleached cotton fabric were inocu lated and incubated for varying periods up to 28 days in a water-vapor-saturated atmosphere with each of three common fungi under pure-culture conditions, and various properties of the fiber and fabric were measured subsequently. In general, the aqueous-extract pH and the reducing- substance content of the incubated samples changed quickly and substantially, the former in creasing and the latter decreasing. Degree of swelling in 18% NaOH and Congo red values changed little during the first few days of incubation, but later increased progressively. Strength, as measured on fiber by the use of a Pressley breaker equipped with 1-mm.-gap jaws or on fabric by the 3-in. ravelled-strip method on a Scott tester, showed little or no decrease. Length, determined by the Suter-Webb sorter method, decreased moderately with one of the fungi, but little if at all with the other two. Wax content decreased, but only moderately. Cladosporium-incubated fiber became measurably and visibly darker. Absorption of the direct dye Chlorantine Fast Green by fiber incubated with Cladosporium and mercerized before dyeing increased markedly with increasing periods of incubation. Incubation at 95% R.H. greatly slowed down the rate of change in pH and reducing-sub stance content as compared with results obtained in a saturated atmosphere and prevented change in the alkali-swelling response.
Studies on the Soluble Proteins of the Silk Gland of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Mercer E.H. 
Published: March 2008

The precursors of silk fibroin were extracted in sodium bicarbonate solution from the silk gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and studied by ultracentrifugation. Three components ( s ∼ 1.8, 1.5, and 1) were found, but there was insufficient evidence to show whether these were three different proteins, aggregates, or configurational variants. In solutions containing urea, only one component was detected. On standing, the viscosity increased and a fibrous gel formed. During this change the sedi mentation velocities decreased and the polydispersity increased. The mechanism of this change is discussed. The gland extract initially gave a silk I type x-ray pattern and after aging a silk II pattern. The other constituents of the fiber—sericin, pigments, and waxes—were also present in the gland. In the storage vessel the sericin surrounded the fibroin.
Improvement of Luster of Cotton
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Howorth Ruth M. , Rutherford Marjorie B. , Streicher Pauline 
Published: March 2008

The flattened, twisted-ribbon shape of the natural cotton fiber is unique among textile fibers, and leads to characteristic differences in the reflection of light from cotton, in comparison with that from more rounded fibers. With natural cotton, there are a large number of small planes set at every possible angle, so that light is not merely scattered, but also is in part reflected in a regular mirror-like way at every angle. However, small planes which are set at the more glancing angles reflect a larger proportion of the light which falls on them, in a manner described quantitatively by Fresnel's law. This explains the shift of the peak of reflection to angles higher than the mirror angle for the general surface, a shift which is greater for cotton than for most other fibers. If corrections based on Fresnel's law are applied, the peak of corrected reflectance is found to be at the mirror angle for cotton. The relations between luster and the balance between regular reflection and scattering are also shown in the higher luster of sheer fabrics and the decreased luster caused by increased scattering from deeper layers. Another demonstration of the favorable effect of decreased scattering on luster is shown by the increased luster of dark colors, where absorption prevents scattering and leaves the field dominated by surface reflection. In fabrics, there is scattering by the crossways system of yarns. If the Fresnel corrections are applied, the effect of the crossways yarns can be largely removed, and the effect of weaving crimp made clearer. Weaving crimp produces secondary or shifted peaks of reflection close to and on each side of the main peak, which correspond to the yarn rising up, going over the cross-yarn, and dipping down again.
Improvement of Luster of Cotton
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Howorth Ruth M. , Rutherford Marjorie B. , Streicher Pauline 
Published: March 2008

The basic features of staple yarn structure which can vary in cotton yarns include those which depend on fiber factors such as fiber fineness, maturity, and staple length. Then there are mechanical processing factors, such as rate of carding, combing, and singeing, which affect fiber arrangement in or on the surface of the yarn. Finally, there are whole-yarn factors, such as twist, plying, and yarn fineness, which affect luster. These are discussed in three sections, which are presented together because of the use of experimental material which compares more than one type of factor at the same time. The results show that the three main means of improving luster by yarn structure factors are: ( 1) lowering of twist; ( 2) use of optimum plying twist, as shown by Adderley and Oxley ; ( 3) singeing to remove free surface fibers. Two additional structure factors, which, however, will not usually produce as great an effect on luster at the same cost, are: ( 4) using finer yarns; ( 5) combing.
A New Method for Differentiation of Skin and Core of a Rayon Filament
Authors: Berry W. Rhett 
Published: March 2008

A new and rapid technique for staining the skin of a rayon filament and hence for determining the skin area is described. The technique requires the combined use of two dyes, Solophenyl Fast Blue Green BL. (Geigy) and Aniline Gentian Violet. It is known that the Solophenyl Blue Green dye will only stain the core of a viscose filament. Upon the addition of Gentian Violet, the blue-green dye will be removed from the core and the skin will be stained a violet color. For the test to be successful, it is necessary that the core of the filament be stained first with the blue-green dye before the violet is added to stain the skin. This technique is found to be less time consuming than the Victoria Blue technique for selective skin dyeing as described by Morehead and Sisson [2] or the selective staining of the skin described by P. H. Hermans [1]. It is probable that only physical absorption of the dyes by the skin and core is involved.
The Detection of Modification in Animal Fibers
Authors: Burte Harris M. 
Published: March 2008

The tensile recovery of animal fibers in water has been measured in a manner similar to that previously described [1] for animal fibers at 65% R.H. The tensile recovery measured in water was much less sensitive for detecting chemical modification than the tensile recovery at 65% R.H. Even after very severe chemical modification, water-soaked animal fibers showed almost perfect tensile recovery.
Polymerization of Acrylics
Authors: Ham George E. 
Published: March 2008

The significant fiber properties of the acrylics, such as high tenacity, solvent-resistance, heat- resistance, and spinnability from solution, are correlated with chemical structure. Observations on second-order transition temperature, theoretical melting point, heat of fusion, entropy of fusion, and cohesive energy density are made. The effect of molecular weight on general fiber properties is considered. The copolymerization of acrylonitrile with other monomers is treated in some detail, with emphasis on reactivity ratios in copolymerization and relationship to monomer structure. The effect of copolymerization on fiber properties is also discussed. Free radical, carbonium, and carbanionic catalysis in acrylonitrile polymerization are compared with regard to polymerization method and copolymer formation. The role of azo and per sulfate catalysts in aqueous polymerization is discussed. Aqueous, nonaqueous, mass, solution, and solvent-nonsolvent polymerizations of acrylonitrile are treated. Dyeability of acrylonitrile compositions with acid dyes is correlated with basic comonomer structure. The copolymerization characteristics of acrylonitrile with certain basic monomers are discussed with respect to influence of basicity, catalysis, and structure. Alternative means of producing basic acrylic compositions are treated. Aminated methyl vinyl ketone copolymers, allyl glycidyl ether copolymers, and methallyl chloroacetate copolymers are discussed: Some observations are made on future trends in the study of acrylonitrile polymerization. Hydrophilic acrylic compositions and plasticization for spinning purposes are considered.
Distribution of Cystine in the Cortex of Wool
Authors: Mercer E.H. , Golden R.L. , Jeffries E.B. 
Published: March 2008

The paracortex (more stable fraction) of the wool fiber, as isolated by enzymatic digestion of partially supercontracted fibers, contains considerably more cystine than the orthocortex (less stable fraction). This preponderance of cystine on one side of the fiber has also been demon strated by means of a histochemical method involving the deposition of metallic sulfides. Experiments have been carried out which indicate that the ( A + B)—or more reactive- fraction of the cystine reported by other investigators occurs predominantly on the orthocortical side of the fiber.
The Chemical Reactivity of Ethylamine-Treated Cotton as Indicated by Acetylation
Authors: Loeb Leopold , Segal Leon 
Published: March 2008

The chemical reactivity of cotton "decrystallized" by treatment with anhydrous ethylamine has been compared with that of the untreated cotton and with mercerized cotton. The degree of acetylation achieved under comparable conditions has been taken as the criterion of reactivity. It was found that the full reactivity of the amine-treated cotton as well as that of the mercerized cotton could be maintained only if drying was avoided after treatment. When maintained wet with nonaqueous solvent the reactivity of the amine-treated cotton was found to be of the same order as that of mercerized cotton which had been maintained water-wet after mercerization. Data are given which indicate that the rate of acetylation and degree of substitution obtained with an amine-treated cotton increase strongly as a function of presoak time in glacial acetic acid.
Part I: Purified Cotton
Authors: Daul George C. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2008

β-Propiolactone was reacted with purified cotton in the presence of organic solvents. The reaction was found to be affected by time, temperature, and concentration of reagents. Weight gains of upwards of 60% were obtained. In all reactions of purified cotton with β-propiolactone in organic solvents, etherification oc curs, apparently followed by polyesterification of the attached groups by additional lactone. At tempts to direct the reaction towards either etherification or esterification by means of acid and base catalysis were not successful. Increases in the extent of reaction were obtained by "activation" of purified cotton with acetic acid prior to the treatments with β-propiolactone.
Abrasion Resistance of Multifilament and Staple Yarns Tested on Modified Walker Abrader
Authors: Abrams Edward , Whitten H. Paul 
Published: March 2008

Nine multifilament yarns and 18 staple yarns were tested on a modified Walker Abrader using the same low tension for all yarns. To correct all filament yarns to the same fineness (100 den.), multiple strands of filament viscose 100/40 were tested, and a correction factor was obtained. In the same manner, multiple strands of Kuralon 80/2 were tested to obtain a correction factor for staple yarns. The Walker Abrader results for staple yarns were also corrected to 100 den. After the results had been corrected, acetate filament yarn was found to have the lowest abrasion resistance and nylon filament yarn the highest abrasion resistance among the filament yarns. In the staple yarns, acetate 20/1 had the lowest abrasion resistance, and Dacron 60/2 (worsted) had the highest abrasion resistance. Comparing staple and filament yarns, acetate staple 20/1 had the lowest abrasion resistance, and nylon 100/40/2.5 filament had the highest abrasion resistance. In general, the abrasion resistance of filament yarns was greater than the abrasion resistance of staple yarns.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties
Authors: Leitgeb Donald J. , Wakeham Helmut 
Published: March 2008

The increased use of drying and cleaning equipment at cotton gins has occasioned complaints from spinners that the "quality" characteristics of cottons are being lowered due to "over drying" of the seed cotton prior to ginning. The present study was undertaken to clarify the effects of overdrying on the processing characteristics of cotton and to determine any changes in fiber properties relating thereto. Three 2-bale lots of cotton were prepared from a homogeneous batch of hand-picked seed cotton by drying in three parts before ginning. The first part was passed through the driers with unheated air. For the second part the air in the first drying tower was heated to 450°F ; the air in the second tower was unheated. For the third part the air in both drying towers was heated to temperatures between 170° and 290°F. Both heated cottons were dried to 3.8% moisture in the lint, well below the recommended minimum of 5%. The cottons were evaluated by means of a small preliminary spinning trial and a full-scale processing trial. Samples taken during the trials were studied to determine the properties of the fibers and the fiber assemblies. The greatest processing difference between the cottons was in the spinning end-breakage rates, which increased as much as 21.4% due to excessive drying for the high-temperature-dried sample. The yarns showed a decrease in strength, evenness, and yarn-appearance grade for the heated cottons, with similar results for roving samples. Raw-cotton samples exhibited only minor differences in fiber properties when examined by conventional methods. Alkali- centrifuge values indicated significant fiber surface damage with heating; and there was evidence to indicate a greater crystallinity for the heated cottons. Tests for the fiber number-length distributions showed that both before and especially after processing through roving the excessively dried cottons consisted of more short and fewer long fibers than the control cotton. It is believed that the presence of many short fibers is the main cause of processing difficulties and reduced yarn quality.
The Preparation of Partially Cyanoethylated Cotton with Acrylonitrile
Authors: Daul George C. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2008

The preparation of partially cyanoethylated cotton with acrylonitrile in the presence of sodium hydroxide is described, including effects of changes in time, temperature, and concentration of reagents. Products with retention of the fibrous form have been ob tained with degrees of substitution up to 2.7 cyanoethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit. Hydrolysis of the cyanoethyl group occurs readily under alkaline conditions and re sults in both cleavage and conversion to the carboxyethyl group. Maximum conversion in the latter case was 29%.
Amino Acid Composition of Normal Wools, Wool Fractions, Mohair, Feather, and Feather Fractions
Authors: Ward W.H. , Binkley C.H. , Snell N.S. 
Published: March 2008

Amino acid analyses of normal wools of several breeds and geographical origins are presented as evidence of the normal variation of composition. Some samples were from lots used for detailed comparative studies of fiber properties and processing behavior. A mohair sample was found to be similar to wool in composition. White Leghorn chicken feather keratin differed from wool in yielding larger amounts of serine and proline. Feather had characteristically smaller amounts of cystine and glutamic acid. Heterogeneity of wool and feather keratins was shown by differences in amino acid composition of fractions prepared by treatment with acid, by mechanical separation, or by partial solubilization in aqueous alcohol. Feather differs from wool in having readily separable fractions differing greatly in content of histidine, lysine, and methionine. These fractions also differ appreciably in their content of several other amino acids.
Stress-Strain Relationships in Yarns Subjected to Rapid Impact Loading
Authors: Stone Walter K. , Schiefer Herbert F. , Fox George 
Published: March 2008

Equipment is described for elongating yarns by longitudinal impact at velocities rang ing from 10 to 100 m/sec. The rate of straining at impact varies from about 100,000 to 500,000% per min. A procedure is discussed for obtaining load-elongation curves for loading and for unloading of the specimen and for loading to rupture in a time interval of only a few milliseconds. The results of a typical loading and unloading test are presented.
Some Chemically Modified Celluloses and Their Resistance to Fungal Degradation
Authors: Thomas Robert 
Published: March 2008

Cellulose has been chemically modified by partial oxidation with periodic acid followed by coupling with various carbonyl reagents. The modified celluloses have been tested for their resistance to fungal degradation, and some have been shown to inhibit growth at relatively low degrees of substitution (D.S.). The most effective substituent tested was phenylhydrazine, which confers complete resistance to the growth of Memnonliella echinata at a D.S. of 0.37%. Some aspects of the inhibitory mechanism and the suitability of the method as a fungus-proofing procedure are discussed.
Service Fading of Disperse Dyestuffs by Chemical Agents Other than the Oxides of Nitrogen
Authors: Salvin Victor S. , Walker Ruth A. 
Published: March 2008

An extensive trial of acetate drapery fabrics dyed with new "gas-fast" blues has shown that active agents in the atmosphere, in addition to the oxides of nitrogen, can cause fading in service. This fading is oxidative in nature. It has been reproduced by an accelerated laboratory test in which fabrics have been exposed to concentrations of ozone somewhat higher than those ordinarily found in the atmosphere. This type of fading has been designated as "O-fading." All of the disperse blue dyes and some of the reds and yellows have been found to be subject to O-fading. However, the major problem is with the blues. Anthraquinone blues are bleached by O-fading without the reddening associated with gas fading. The O-fading can be inhibited by antioxidants such as the gas-fading inhibitor diphenyl ethylene diamine and the nongas-fading inhibitor p-octyl phenol. For optimum re sistance to both forms of atmospheric fading, acetate fabrics dyed with disperse blues, including gas-fast blues, should be processed with inhibitors. Laboratory tests have shown that O-fading takes place on Dacron1 as well as on acetate and Arnel.2 With Arnel and Dacron, a marked increase in resistance to O-fading is obtained on heat treatment. The penetration of the dye into the fiber is a factor in O-fading behavior, as evidenced by the increase in resistance to O-fading of Dacron fabrics dyed with carrier and by the effect of heat treatment. Optimum resistance to atmospheric fading of Arnel is obtained by the use of inhibitor plus heat treatment.