bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of age and administration rate on the brain sensitivity to propofol in rats
Authors: Larsson J. E. , Wahlström G. 
Published: January 2009

Background: It is well established that the dose of propofol for induction of anaesthesia is influenced by patient age. This may be explained by differences in pharmacokinetics or pharmaco‐dynamics. To evaluate the effect of age on propofol pharmaco‐dynamics, the brain concentration of propofol at the time of an EEG end‐point was used as a measure of CNS sensitivity.Methods: Ninety‐five rats were assigned to 4 groups. Anaesthesia was induced by continuous propofol infusion at different rates. The dose of propofol and duration of anaesthesia were determined from 23 up to 776 days of age. The rats were killed at 23,287 or 776 days of age at the EEG end‐point and samples of cerebral cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, serum and fat tissue were submitted to HPLC analysis of propofol concentrations.Results: The induction dose of propofol varied with age and administration rate. Young animals needed a higher dose of propofol. Old animals had higher brain concentrations of propofol at the EEG end‐point than young animals. However, propofol concentrations in serum were higher in young animals. The propofol concentration in the brain was influenced by the administration rate.Conclusion: The dose of propofol for induction of anaesthesia in rats is influenced by animal age and administration rate. Young animals need a larger induction dose than old rats, but are more sensitive as measured by the brain concentration of propofol. The larger induction dose in young rats when compared with adults is explained by pharmacokinetic differences rather than by pharmacodynamic changes.
Is development of hyperalgesia, allodynia and myoclonus related to morphine metabolism during long‐term administration?: Six case histories
Authors: Sjøgren P. , Thunedborg L. P. , Christrup L. , Hansen S. H. , Franks J. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Recently, clinical reports have suggested a relationship between the occurrence of hyperalgesia, allodynia and/or myoclonus and treatment with high doses of morphine in humans. Although few clinical descriptions of these phenomena are available, experimental work supports the notion that high doses of morphine may play a pathogenetic role in the observed behavioural syndrome.Methods: Six patients, four with malignant and two with chronic, non‐malignant pain conditions, treated with moderate to high doses of oral, continuous intravenous infusion or intrathecal morphine developed hyperalgesia, allodynia and/or myoclonus. When the side‐effects occurred, blood or CSF samples were taken and analyzed for contents of morphine, morphine‐6‐glucuronide (M‐6‐G) and morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M‐3‐G).Results: When comparing the plasma and CSF concentrations from these patients with data from available literature obtained from patients not suffering from these side‐effects, it was demonstrated that the values deviated in five patients. In all six patients, the side‐effects disappeared after substituting morphine with other opioid agonists or after lowering the daily dose of morphine.Conclusion: These results may indicate that elevated concentrations of M‐3‐G in plasma as well as the plasma and CSF M‐3‐G/M‐6‐G ratios may play a pathogenetic role in the development of hyperalgesia, allodynia and myoclonus.
Epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in triple and quadruple pregnancies
Authors: Behforouz N. , Dounas M. , Benhamou D. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Mechanical and/or hormonal factors may increase the spread of epidural anaesthesia in pregnancy, and hormonal changes are more pronounced in high‐order pregnancies. However, no previous study has evaluated the dose requirements and haemodynamic effects of epidural anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in this latter situation.Methods: The anaesthetic requirements to obtain a T4 upper sensory level were restrospectively compared in triple (n=19) or quadruple (n=2) pregnancies to 31 singleton pregnancies who received epidural anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery using 2% lidocaine with 1/200 000 adrenaline.Results: In high‐order pregnancies, the gestational age at delivery was lower than in singleton pregnancies (34.9±1.9 weeks vs 38.2±1.1 weeks; P=0.0001) whereas maternal body weight (76.5±8.7 kg vs 73.4±14.8 kg; NS) and lidocaine requirements (428±95 mg vs 426±98 mg; NS) were similar. Moreover, although the overall incidence of hypotension was not different (multiple pregnancy; 65% vs 58% in singletons), ephedrine (5.4±5.3 mg vs 10.7±13.8 mg; P<0.05) and additional fluid requirements during onset of the block (4.3±1.7 mL/kg vs 5.3±2.6 mL/kg; P=0.03) were less than in singletons.Conclusion: We found surprisingly similar anaesthetic requirements for epidural anaesthesia in high‐order and singleton pregnancies. Mechanical factors may have played an important role. Moreover, the need for ephedrine and fluids was less in high‐order pregnancies. This could be related to more pronounced physiological changes or to different physician attitudes.
Hydroxyethyl starch impairs in vitro coagulation
Authors: Niemi T. T. , Kuitunen A. H. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Artificial colloids affect haemostasis. Particularly hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions may have detrimental effects on haemostatic mechanisms.Methods: In a crossover study blood was withdrawn from ten volunteers. Ringer's acetate, 6% low molecular weight HES (Mw 120 000/molar substitution ratio 0.7), 10% low molecular weight HES Mw 200 000/0.5) and 6% high molecular weight HES (Mw 400 000/0.7) or 4% albumin was added to venous blood samples to make either 20 vol.% or 50 vol.% concentrations of each of the solutions. Samples were analyzed by thrombelastography (TEG).Results: All HES solutions at 20 vol.% concentration impaired haemostasis as demonstrated by decreased clot formation rate (α‐angle and maximum amplitude (MA)). In contrast, Ringer's acetate and albumin improved coagulability at 20 vol.% concentrations. Coagulation time (r+K) was prolonged at 50 vol.% dilutions of all solutions. The median r+K was greater with HES 400 (P<0.05) and HES 200 (N. S.) than with HES 120.Conclusion: We conclude that HES at 20 and 50 vol.% concentrations has an adverse effect on in vitro measures of coagulation. A 50% dilution with high molecular weight HES seems to impair coagulation more than low molecular weight HES. Ringer's acetate and albumin caused a hypercoagulable state at a concentration of 20 vol.%, but the higher concentration decreased coagulability.
Comparison of topical lignocaine gel and fentanyl for perioperative analgesia in children undergoing cataract surgery
Authors: SINHA RENU , SUBRAMANIAM RAJESHWARI , CHHABRA ANJOLIE , PANDEY RAVINDRA , NANDI BISWAJIT , JYOTI BIKRAM 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackground:  Opioids continue to remain the primary analgesics in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery, and their use may be associated with adverse effects like vomiting and respiratory depression. Topical anesthesia avoids these adverse effects and also complications of regional blocks. We designed this study to verify whether topical anesthesia with lignocaine gel is a feasible alternative to intravenous (IV) fentanyl for pediatric cataract surgery.Methods:  One hundred ASA I and II children aged 3–12 years, scheduled for cataract surgery were included in this study. After induction of anesthesia, children were randomized to Group F (fentanyl), who received 2 mcg·kg−1 IV fentanyl for analgesia and Group G (lignocaine gel), who received 2% lignocaine gel applied over the cornea of the operative eye. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and oxygen in nitrous oxide. All children received intramuscular ketorolac. Intraoperative supplementary analgesia was provided with 0.5 mcg·kg−1 IV fentanyl to manage increases in heart rate or blood pressure of 20% above baseline. In the postoperative period, Aldrete score and objective pain score were assessed. Rescue analgesia was provided with fentanyl in the postanesthesia care unit and syrup ibuprofen in the ward.Results:  Significantly more children in group F (8/48) required intraoperative supplementary fentanyl as compared with group G (1/48) (P = 0.0291). In the PACU, 7/48 children of group G needed fentanyl as compared with 5/48 children in group F. Time to reach Aldrete 10 was significantly longer in group F (P = 0.01).Conclusions:  Topical lignocaine gel is an effective analgesic and may be used as an adjunct to fentanyl during cataract surgery in children.
Use of recombinant factor VIIa for uncontrolled bleeding in neonates after cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: GUZZETTA NINA A. , HUCH SHANE , FERNANDEZ JANET D. , TOSONE STEVEN R. , MILLER BRUCE E. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryBackground:  Increasingly, recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is used adjunctively in nonhemophiliacs to control hemorrhage unresponsive to conventional therapy in a variety of settings including postcardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Studies examining rFVIIa administration to neonates after CPB are limited. The goal of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the clinical outcomes of neonates treated at our institution with rFVIIa for uncontrolled post‐CPB bleeding.Methods:  We retrospectively identified eight neonates undergoing complex congenital cardiac surgery who received rFVIIa, either intraoperatively or postoperatively, for uncontrolled post‐CPB bleeding. Transfusion trends and prothrombin times (PT) were assessed both pre‐ and post‐rFVIIa administration. Chest tube drainage volumes were recorded pre‐ and post‐rFVIIa administration in those neonates receiving rFVIIa postoperatively in the intensive care unit. We documented such adverse events as thrombosis, dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and in‐hospital mortality.Results:  The mean amount of transfused packed red blood cells, platelets and fresh frozen plasma decreased significantly after the administration of rFVIIa. Transfusion of cryoprecipitate trended towards a decrease but did not reach statistical significance. PT values also decreased significantly after the administration of rFVIIa. A high mortality was found in neonates exposed to both rFVIIa and ECMO; however, this was not significantly different from the mortality of neonates exposed to ECMO alone.Conclusions:  Administration of rFVIIa to neonates for the treatment of uncontrolled post‐CPB bleeding significantly reduced transfusion requirements and normalized PT values. Future randomized, controlled trials are needed to evaluate the potential hemostatic benefit and adverse effects of rFVIIa administration to neonates following CPB.
Novel sulfur‐oxidizing streamers thriving in perennial cold saline springs of the Canadian high Arctic
Authors: Niederberger Thomas D. , Perreault Nancy N. , Lawrence John R. , Nadeau Jay L. , Mielke Randall E. , Greer Charles W. , Andersen Dale T. , Whyte Lyle G. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe perennial springs at Gypsum Hill (GH) and Colour Peak (CP), situated at nearly 80°N on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high Arctic, are one of the few known examples of cold springs in thick permafrost on Earth. The springs emanate from deep saline aquifers and discharge cold anoxic brines rich in both sulfide and sulfate. Grey‐coloured microbial streamers form during the winter months in snow‐covered regions of the GH spring run‐off channels (−1.3°C to 6.9°C, ∼7.5% NaCl, 0–20 p.p.m. dissolved sulfide, 1 p.p.m. dissolved oxygen) but disappear during the Arctic summer. Culture‐ and molecular‐based analyses of the 16S rRNA gene (FISH, DGGE and clone libraries) indicated that the streamers were uniquely dominated by chemolithoautotrophic sulfur‐oxidizing Thiomicrospira species. The streamers oxidized both sulfide and thiosulfate and fixed CO2 under in situ conditions and a Thiomicrospira strain isolated from the streamers also actively oxidized sulfide and thiosulfate and fixed CO2 under cold, saline conditions. Overall, the snow‐covered spring channels appear to represent a unique polar saline microhabitat that protects and allows Thiomicrospira streamers to form and flourish via chemolithoautrophic, phototrophic‐independent metabolism in a high Arctic winter environment characterized by air temperatures commonly below −40°C and with an annual average air temperature of −15°C. These results broaden our knowledge of the physical and chemical boundaries that define life on Earth and have astrobiological implications for the possibility of life existing under similar Martian conditions.
Relationship of the iridocorneal angle, as measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy, with post‐operative increases in intraocular pressure post‐phacoemulsification in dogs
Authors: Crumley William , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Radecki Steven V. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective To investigate the relationship of the iridocorneal angle as it appears on ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to increases in IOP post‐phacoemulsification in the canine eye.Animals studied 47 eyes of 28 dogs of various age, sex, and breed.Methods The ciliary process and limbus were used as a reference points to measure the angle opening distance (AOD), which was set by multiplying 0.45 by the distance between the ciliary process and limbus (when measured from the ciliary process). Pressure measurements were taken at five set points: Before, immediately post‐, one day post‐, 1 week post‐, and 1 month post‐phacoemulsification.Results A weak relationship between the AOD and the IOP one day post‐phacoemulsification (Intercept: 2.83, Slope: –1.24,P‐value: 0.0155) was observed. No relationship immediately post‐operative (Intercept: 3.45, Slope: –1.34,P‐value: 0.0651), 1 week post‐phacoemulsification (Intercept: 2.31, Slope: –0.01,P‐value: 0.9829), 1 month post‐phacoemulsification (Intercept: 1.85, Slope: –0.49,P‐value: 0.1533) was observed. The pre‐operative measurements made with UBM were: Distance from limbus to ciliary process (DLCP): (Minimum: 1.152, Maximum: 2.992, Mean: 1.91, SD: 0.468); AOD (Minimum: 0.104, Maximum: 0.764, Mean: 0.40, SD: 0.172).Conclusions The relationship between AOD as measured by UBM pre‐operatively is weakly associated with IOP pressure elevations at day one post‐phacoemulsification. Further study is required prospectively to establish the importance of this relationship. Initial measurements of the canine iridocorneal angle were created, suggesting a method to be used in the future to establish true canine normal measurements.
The Role of the Group in Individual Functioning: School Identification and the Psychological Well‐Being of Staff and Students
Authors: Bizumic Boris , Reynolds Katherine J. , Turner John C. , Bromhead David , Subasic Emina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMany studies have demonstrated that organisations exert a powerful impact on their members, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are not well understood. In the present paper, using social identity and self‐categorisation theories as theoretical frameworks, we explore the role that social identity plays in affecting individual well‐being of staff (N= 113) and students (N= 693) in two Australian high schools. Well‐being includes positive aspects of personal functioning, such as self‐esteem, positive affect, and job involvement, but also negative aspects, such as depression, anxiety, loss of emotional control, aggressive and disruptive behaviour. In line with predictions, social identification was significantly related to, and mediated the relationship between, organisational factors and individual psychological well‐being. This work provides a bridge between social psychological concepts and the clinical and educational domains. It reinforces the need to integrate the role of the social self and social identity processes in understanding the (individual) psychology of the person.
Beyond an Enemy Perception: Unpacking and Engaging the Private Sector
Authors: Knorringa Peter , Helmsing A.H.J. (Bert) 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis article gives three reasons why development scholars concerned with civil society should move beyond an enemy perception of the private sector. First, private entrepreneurs are important social actors in development, possessing a variety of motivations and behaviours which defy monolithic perceptions. Second, entrepreneurs — active and retired — are moving away from passive charity and become active participants in civil society and in international development co‐operation. Third, private sector discourses about development need to be unpacked and critically confronted. Here we examine the case for Corporate Social Responsibility: we conclude that established enemy perceptions block learning about and from the private sector. The private sector should be both welcomed and critically engaged, and that requires established civil society thinkers to re‐examine the accuracy of their perceptions about the behaviour of private sector actors.
CSR and the Limits of Capital
Authors: Newell Peter 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis contribution locates the contemporary debate about corporate social responsibility (CSR) and development within ongoing historical struggles to define the appropriate relationship between business and society. It questions the ‘fetishization’ of regulation as a palliative on the grounds of the assumptions it makes about the nature and capacity of states, markets and civil society alike to deliver effective reform, and the division it presumes between the interests of the state and capital in particular. It identifies CSR as a response to a legitimacy crisis within contemporary neoliberalism in general, one faced by global corporations in particular as its most public face, but one which potentially distracts our attention from the interventions which are necessary to address the twin challenges of alleviating poverty and achieving sustainability. Issues of distribution, mobility and consumption are identified as examples of areas of active neglect in the CSR field that deserve more attention if corporations are to make a greater contribution to poverty alleviation.
BRITISH MANAGERS: A STUDY OF THEIR EDUCATION, TRAINING, MOBILITY AND EARNINGS
Authors: Crockett Geoffrey , Elias Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study uses information from the National Training Survey to investigate the education, qualifications, mobility and earnings of persons with managerial responsibilities. From this analysis, we conclude that there is a need for both private and public organisations to increase the quantity and improve the quality of the training available to their managers and potential managers. More important though is the need to monitor the impact of training programmes and reward managers accordingly.
PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION AND PART‐TIME EMPLOYMENT IN BRITAIN
Authors: Disney R. , Szyszczak E. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper analyses the likely impact of a proposed European Community Directive on part‐time work, on part‐time employment in Britain. The provisions of the Directive, which extends to part‐time employees a number of legal rights currently only available to full‐time employees, are contrasted with the complex and somewhat arbitrary present state of the law in Britain in the area of regulating part‐time work. The impact is examined by testing models which identify the determinants of the supply and demand for part‐time employees. The tests suggest that existing regulations have indeed affected the manner in which part‐time employees are utilised but that there is no evidence that the present partial protective legislation has reduced the level of part‐time employment. Government opposition to the Directive on such grounds may therefore be unfounded.
Annual Review Article 1989
Authors: Beardwell Ian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis Annual Review Article 1989 considers the rising trend in inflation and earnings and indicates that in a wide variety of industries there was a marked upturn in union bargaining activity and industrial conflict. The Review considers some significant changes in employer preferences for particular unions in new or revised bargaining structures, and concludes with an examination of the debate concerning the ‘juridification’ of collective bargaining in the context of a possible return to ‘adversarial’ as opposed to ‘new’ industrial relations.
Have British Workers Been Working Harder in Thatcher's Britain? A Re‐Consideration of the Concept of Effort
Authors: Guest David E. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIncreased intensity of work has been frequently cited as part of the explanation for the productivity gains in British manufacturing industry during the 1980s. One of the main sources for this claim has been the PUL (Percentage Utilization of Labour) index, a measure of throughput at the point of production. Analysis of the underlying rationale for this measure leads to the conclusion that it is not a sound basis on which to assess workers' effort. This article examines the concept of effort in some detail and considers the validity of psychological and psychophysiological measures. Whichever measure is used, the evidence provides little support for the contention that workers' effort has been a significant factor in productivity increases.
The Financial Status and Performance of British Trade Unions, 1950–1988
Authors: Willman Paul 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper analyses the financial status of British trade unions from 1950 to 1988. It documents the long‐term financial decline in union real net worth, despite the maintenance of solvency, which has followed from the shortfall of subscription income over total expenditure. Unions were financially quite stable until the mid‐1960s, when financial decline became serious; despite membership growth from 1967 to 1979, wealth declined and solvency was low. Paradoxically, the period of membership decline since 1980 has seen a partial recovery in financial performance. The factors underlying decline and recovery are analysed and the prospects for the future examined.
Changes in Working Practices in British Manufacturing Industry in the 1980s: A Study of Employee Concessions Made During Wage Negotiations
Authors: Ingram Peter N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe 1980s witnessed a considerable increase in the rate of growth of manufacturing productivity in Britain. This paper attempts to reveal the extent of systematic change at the work‐place which was associated with this improvement. The study focuses on changes in working practices introduced concurrently with negotiations over wage increases; in every year throughout the decade around one third of wage settlements involving trade unions included productivity enhancing change. It is argued that the discipline of competitive pressure and the absence of incomes policy gave rise to the growth in the incidence of wage negotiations which featured a productivity element.
Unions and Investment in British Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Denny Kevin , Nickell Stephen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the impact of unions on the investment rate in British industry. On the basis of an analysis of some 72 industries in the manufacturing sector, we find that, ceteris paribus, firms that recognize manual unions and have an average level of union density invest some 23 per cent less than firms that do not recognize unions. However, once we allow for union effects on wages and productivity, this overall effect is reduced to between 4 and 13 per cent, depending on the degree of competition in the product market.