bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Diamond Catherine , Taylor Thomas H. , Aboumrad Tabatha , Anton‐Culver Hoda 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors sought to determine whether the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) coincided with changes in the epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐related non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).METHODSCancer registry data from 1988–2000 were linked with AIDS registry data from 1981 to July 2003 for San Diego County to identify 537 AIDS‐NHL patients. By using the total number of patients with AIDS who were alive as of July 1 annually as the AIDS population denominator, the average annual incidence of NHL was estimated among patients with AIDS for the pre‐HAART period (1988–1995) and post‐HAART period (1996–2000). The chi‐square test was used to compare proportions, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare survival between the pre‐HAART and post‐HAART periods.RESULTSThe incidence of NHL decreased from 29.6 per 1000 person‐years pre‐HAART to 6.5 per 1000 person‐years post‐HAART. The proportion of patients who had NHL of central nervous system (CNS) origin decreased from 28% pre‐HAART to 17% post‐HAART. Among patients with systemic NHL, 54% received chemotherapy pre‐HAART, and 72% received chemotherapy post‐HAART. The percentage of intermediate‐grade NHL increased from 33% pre‐HAART to 49% post‐HAART, and the percentage of high‐grade NHL decreased from 38% to 19%, respectively. A diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection preceding the NHL diagnosis and Stage IV NHL were associated with worse survival, whereas a diagnosis of NHL in the post‐HAART period and chemotherapy were associated with better survival. The median survival was 4 months pre‐HAART and 9 months post‐HAART.CONCLUSIONSSince the introduction of HAART, there has been a decrease in the incidence of systemic and CNS NHL among patients with AIDS. Among patients with systemic, AIDS‐related NHL, there has been decreased high‐grade histology, increased use of chemotherapy, and improved survival. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Systemic application of CpG‐rich DNA suppresses adaptive T cell immunity via induction of IDO
Authors: Wingender Gerhard , Garbi Natalio , Schumak Beatrix , Jüngerkes Frank , Endl Elmar , von Bubnoff Dagmar , Steitz Julia , Striegler Jörg , Moldenhauer Gerd , Tüting Thomas , Heit Antje , Huster Katharina M. , Takikawa Osamu , Akira Shizuo , Busch Dirk H. , Wagner Hermann , Hämmerling Günter J. , Knolle Percy A. , Limmer Andreas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCpG‐rich oligonucleotides (CpG‐ODN) bind to Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) and are used as powerful adjuvants for vaccination. Here we report that CpG‐ODN not only act as immune stimulatory agents but can also induce strong immune suppression depending on the anatomical location of application. In agreement with the adjuvant effect, subcutaneous application of antigen plus CpG‐ODN resulted in antigen‐specific T cell activation in local lymph nodes. In contrast, systemic application of CpG‐ODN resulted in suppression of T cell expansion and CTL activity in the spleen. The suppressive effect was mediated by indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) as indicated by the observation that CpG‐ODN induced IDO in the spleen and that T cell suppression could be abrogated by 1‐methyl‐tryptophan (1‐MT), an inhibitor of IDO. No expression of IDO was observed in lymph nodes after injection of CpG‐ODN, explaining why suppression was restricted to the spleen. Studies with a set of knockout mice demonstrated that the CpG‐ODN‐induced immune suppression is dependent on TLR9 stimulation and independent of type I and type II interferons. The present study shows that for the use of CpG‐ODN as an adjuvant in vaccines, the route of application is crucial and needs to be considered. In addition, the results indicate that down‐modulation of immune responses by CpG‐ODN may be possible in certain pathological conditions.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200535667
Feeding enrichment by self‐operated food boxes for white‐fronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus albifrons) in the Masoala exhibit of the Zurich Zoo
Authors: Sommerfeld Ralf , Bauert Martin , Hillmann Edna , Stauffacher Markus 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the new Masoala exhibit of the Zurich Zoo four self‐operated food boxes were installed to encourage arboreal behavior and higher activity levels, and to increase the attractiveness to visitors of a group of three white‐fronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus albifrons) and one Alaotran gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis). Data obtained by direct observations with and without food boxes present were compared. In addition, visitors were surveyed to investigate attractiveness of the lemurs. Overall activity and locomotor behavior increased due to food box presentation. Furthermore, the visitor survey documented that the lemurs were spotted more often in trees when the food boxes were present. Because behavior patterns of the subjects approached natural levels with food boxes, the presentation of self‐operated food boxes seems a valuable tool to improve the captive environment of lemurs. Zoo Biol 0:1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic formulation for heterogeneous scalar conservation laws
Authors: Dalibard Anne-Laure 
Published: December 2005

This article is concerned with the study of entropy solutions of the scalar conservation law

\partial _{t}u + \mathrm{div}_{x}A(x,u) = 0

. The main novelty of our work lies in the fact that the flux

A

is allowed to depend on the space variable

x

. We introduce a kinetic formulation for this equation, proven to be equivalent to the usual entropy inequalities. We check the existence and uniqueness of weak

L^{1}

solutions of the scalar law.

Résumé

On étudie ici les solutions entropiques de lois de conservation scalaires hétérogènes

\partial _{t}u + \mathrm{div}_{x}A(x,u) = 0

. L'apport principal de notre étude vient de la forme plus générale du flux

A

, qui dépend explicitement de la variable d'espace

x

. On commence par introduire une formulation cinétique de la loi de conservation, dont on montre qu'elle est équivalente aux inégalités entropiques habituelles. On vérifie ensuite l'existence et l'unicité de solutions faibles

L^{1}

de la loi de conservation.
An inverse problem in the economic theory of demand
Authors: Ekeland Ivar , Djitté Ngalla 
Published: December 2005

Given an exchange economy consisting of

k

consumers, there is an associated collective demand function, which is the sum of the individual demand functions. It maps the price system

p

to a goods bundle

x(p)

. Conversely, given a map

p\rightarrow x(p)

, it is natural to ask whether it is the collective demand function of a market economy. We answer that question in the case when

k

is less than the number of goods

n

. The proof relies on finding convex solutions to a strongly nonlinear system of partial differential equations.

Résumé

La fonction de demande agrégée d'une société composée de

k

individus résulte de la sommation de

k

fonctions de demandes individuelles. Elle fait correspondre à un système de prix

p

, un vecteur de biens

x(p)

. Inversement, étant donnée une fonction

p\rightarrow x(p)

, est-elle une fonction de demande agrégée ? Nous apporterons une réponse à cette question dans le cas où il y a moins de consommateurs que de biens.
MLP accumulation and remodelling in the infarcted rat heart
Authors: Wilding James R. , Lygate Craig A. , Davies Kay E. , Neubauer Stefan , Clarke Kieran 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMutation of cytoskeletal protein genes results in abnormal protein function and causes cardiomyopathy. We hypothesised that cardiac levels of cytoskeletal proteins, such as dystrophin, desmin and muscle LIM protein (MLP), would be altered during remodelling caused by myocardial infarction (MI). We measured left‐ventricular morphology, function and cytoskeletal protein levels 10 weeks after coronary artery ligation or sham operation in male Wistar rats. Two‐dimensional echocardiography revealed significant impairment of systolic function and decreased ejection fraction in infarcted hearts compared with sham (47±5% versus 73±4%), commensurate with the development of heart failure. Western blotting was used to measure levels of β‐myosin heavy chain (β‐MyHC), a marker of hypertrophy, and levels of dystrophin, desmin, MLP, β‐tubulin, utrophin and syncoilin, using GAPDH for normalization. Relative to shams, β‐MyHC and MLP levels were increased 1.9‐fold and 1.7‐fold, respectively, in infarcted rat hearts, whereas the levels of other cytoskeletal proteins were unchanged. Both MLP and desmin protein levels correlated negatively with ejection fraction, with the strongest relation between MLP and ejection fraction (r=−0.95, n=13, p<0.0001). This work suggests that MLP may play an important compensatory role in cardiac remodelling following MI.
Colocalization of serotonin and substance P in the postnatal rat trigeminal motor nucleus and its surroundings
Authors: Nakamura Masaaki , Yasuda Kouichi , Hasumi‐Nakayama Yoko , Sugiura Maki , Tomita Ikuo , Mori Ryota , Tanaka Susumu , Furusawa Kiyofumi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTrigeminal motoneurons are involved in a variety of oral motor activities, including mastication and breathing, which must be adapted to postnatal environmental change. Serotonin has both an excitatory and an inhibitory effect on trigeminal motor function, whereas substance P has mainly an excitatory effect. In the present study, we measured the density of serotonin‐ and substance P‐immunoreactive nerve terminals in the trigeminal motor nucleus and the area 300 μm surrounding it in rats from embryonic day 19 to postnatal day 70. The density of these terminals gradually increased from embryonic day 19 to postnatal day 7 and decreased thereafter. The density was greatest in the ventromedial subnucleus of the trigeminal motor nucleus at embryonic day 19 and postnatal day 0 and in the area 300 μm surrounding trigeminal motor nucleus at postnatal day 4 and older. Two‐color fluorescence immunohistochemistry was used to identify nerve processes immunoreactive for both substance P and serotonin. Approximately, 90% of serotonergic terminals also contained substance P at all ages examined, which suggests that the physiological function of terminals in which these neurotransmitters are colocalized is similar throughout development.
Application of Bovine Pituitary Extract and Polyglycolide/Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) Scaffold to the Cultivation of Bovine Knee Chondrocytes
Authors: Kuo Yung‐Chih , Chung Chiu‐Yen 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn vitro cultivation of primary bovine knee chondrocytes (BKCs), using bovine pituitary extract (BPE) and porous scaffolds composed of polyglycolide (PGA) and 85/15 poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), was investigated. Here, BPE was prepared from fresh bovine pituitaries, and cylindrical PGA/PLGA scaffolds with various chemical compositions were fabricated by solvent merging/particulate leaching method. Experimental results showed that in microcarrier systems, the rate of BKC growth on PGA surfaces is faster than that on PLGA surfaces, and the decrease in the medium pH value of BKCs‐adsorbed PGA particles is faster than that of BKCs‐adsorbed PLGA particles. After 28‐day construct cultivation, the BKC amount and the content of glycosaminoglycans and collagen per construct increased with BPE protein concentration. For a constant BPE protein concentration, a higher PGA percentage in scaffold leads to a better biological environment for the growth of BKCs and the synthesis of extracellar matrices.
Quantitative FRET imaging of leptin receptor oligomerization kinetics in single cells
Authors: Biener Eva , Charlier Madia , Ramanujan V. Krishnan , Daniel Nathalie , Eisenberg Avital , Bjørbaek Christian , Herman Brian , Gertler Arieh , Djiane Jean 
Published: December 2005

Background Information. Leptin, an adipocyte‐secreted hormone, signals through activation of its membrane‐embedded receptor (LEPR). To study the leptin‐induced events occurring in short (LEPRa) and long (LEPRb) LEPRs in the cell membrane, by FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) methodology, the respective receptors, tagged at their C‐terminal with CFP (cyan fluorescent protein) or YFP (yellow fluorescent protein), were prepared.Results. The constructs encoding mLEPRa (mouse LEPRa)–YFP and mLEPRa—CFP, mLEPRb—YFP and mLEPRb—CFP were tested for biological activity in transiently transfected CHO cells (Chinese‐hamster ovary cells) and HEK‐293T cells (human embryonic kidney 293 T cells) for activation of STAT3 (signal transduction and activators of transcription 3)‐mediated LUC (luciferase) activity and binding of radiolabelled leptin. All four constructs were biologically active and were as potent as their untagged counterparts. The localization pattern of the fused protein appeared to be confined almost entirely to the cell membrane. The leptin‐dependent interaction between various types of receptors in fixed cells were studied by measuring FRET, using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and acceptor photobleaching methods.Conclusions. Both methods yielded similar results, indicating that (1) leptin receptors expressed in the cell membrane exist mostly as preformed LEPRa/LEPRa or LEPRb/LEPRb homo‐oligomers but not as LEPRb/LEPRa hetero‐oligomers; (2) the appearance of transient leptin‐induced FRET in cells transfected with LEPRb/LEPRb reflects both a conformational change that leads to closer interaction in the cytosolic part and a higher FRET signal, as well as de novo homo‐oligomerization; (3) in LEPRa/LEPRa, exposure to leptin does not lead to any increase in FRET signalling as the proximity of CFP and YFP fluorophores in space already gives maximal FRET efficiency of the preoligomerized receptors.
Effects of temperature and humidity on the development of eggs of Toxocara canis under laboratory conditions
Authors: Gamboa M.I. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe influence of temperature and humidity on the survival and development of Toxocara canis eggs in an in vitro model system was investigated. Two soil samples were inoculated with T. canis eggs and maintained at 3% and 50% humidity and temperatures of 19–24°C. Nine soil samples were inoculated with T. canis eggs of which three samples were kept at 4°C with humidities at 3%, 15%, and 30%; three were maintained at 21°C and three more were incubated at 34°C, and at the same three humidity levels. Samples were monitored every 7 days for a total of 2 months, for the presence and development of eggs. With increasing temperature, the number of eggs undergoing development increased (P<0.01); the number of deformed eggs decreased, the number of infective eggs increased (P<0.01), and egg maturation was accelerated. A decrease in the survival of infective eggs occurred at 34°C. An increase in humidity produced a rise in the number of developed eggs at all three temperatures (P<0.01). This study suggests that elevated temperatures accelerated the development as well as the degradation of eggs of T. canis, whereas the range in humidity was directly correlated with egg development.
Helminths of the exotic lizardHemidactylus mabouiafrom a rock outcrop area in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Anjos L.A. , Rocha C.F.D. , Vrcibradic D. , Vicente J.J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe helminth fauna of 291Hemidactylus mabouia(Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) from a rock outcrop area in the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, was studied. Five species were recovered, namely one unidentified species of centrorhynchid acanthocephalan (present only as cystacanths) and the nematodesParapharyngodon sceleratus,P.largitor(Oxyuroidea: Pharingodonidae),Physalopterasp. (Spiruroidea: Physalopteridae) and one indeterminate species of Acuariidae (Acuaroidea), with the latter two forms present only as larvae. Infection rates tended to increase with host size, but appeared to be unaffected by season.Hemidactylus mabouiashared most of its helminth fauna with two other sympatric lizard hosts,Mabuya frenataandTropidurus itambere. The helminth assemblage of theH.mabouiapopulation appears to have been entirely acquired by this exotic gecko from the local helminth species pool, rather than possessing any species from the parasite faunas of the original African populations.
Storage and incubation of Echinostoma revolutum eggs recovered from wild Branta canadensis, and their infectivity to Lymnaea tomentosa snails
Authors: Davis N.E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEchinostoma revolutum eggs recovered from naturally infected wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were cold stored (4–6°C) for up to 72 weeks. Successful hatching followed incubation for from 6 to 8 days at an optimum temperature of between 25 and 30°C. A partial life cycle from adult worm to metacercarial encystment in Lymnaea tomentosa snails was completed in the laboratory. Snails were infected both by free miracidia and by ingestment of unhatched embryonated eggs. Infection was equally successful in environmental temperature ranges from 10 to 25°C, and at challenge levels of 2, 5 or 10 embryonated eggs per snail. Exposure to 10 eggs was lethal. Ingestion by snails of embryonated eggs with successful infection at 10°C suggests that embryonated eggs may be used to infect wild snails when the environmental water temperature has reached 10°C.
Helminth fauna of the yellow-legged gullLarus cachinnansin Galicia, north-west Spain
Authors: Sanmartín M.L. , Cordeiro J.A. , Álvarez M.F. , Leiro J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThirty-six helminth species were found in 324 gulls examined during June 1994 to February 1996 from different localities of Galicia: 25 trematodes (Brachylaimasp.,Brachylecithum microtesticulatum,Cardiocephaloides longicollis,Cryptocotyle lingua,Cryptocotyle concavum,Diplostomum spathaceum,Echinostephilla virgula,Galactosomum phalacrocoracis,Gigantobilharzia acotylea,Gymnophallus deliciosus,Gynaecotyla longiintestinata,Himasthla elongata,Himasthla quissetensis,Knipowitschiatrema nicolai,Levinseniella(Levinseniella)propinqua,Maritrema gratiosum,Maritrema linguilla,Microphallus primas,Microphallus similis,Ornithobilharzia canaliculata,Parorchis acanthus,Phagicola minuta,Psilostomum brevicolle,Renicolasp. andStephanoprora denticulata), four cestodes (Alcataenia micracantha,Microsomacanthus ductilis,Tetrabothrius(Oriana)erostrisandWardium cirrosa), six nematodes (Anisakis simplex,Contracaecum rudolphii,Cosmocephalus obvelatus),Eucoleus contortus,Paracuaria aduncaandTetrameres(Tetrameres)skrjabini) and one acanthocephalan (Arhythmorhynchus longicollis).Tetrabothrius erostriswas the most prevalent species (79.6%), followed byC. obvelatus(47.8%),C. lingua(37.4%),G deliciosus(30.9%),G. longiintestinata(22.8%),P. adunca(21.9%),B. microtesticulatum(17.6%),E. contortus(14.5%) andM. similis(9.3%).Microphallus similiswas the dominant species, with a Berger-Parker index (BP) of 0.32, followed byT. erostris(BP=0.10). All species presented an aggregated dispersion exceptG. acotyleaandG. phalacrocoracis, which showed a random dispersion. Species that seem to have the greatest predilection for specific sites along the intestine are:C. longicollisandA. micracantha(first third),Brachylaimasp.,M. similisandG. longiintestinata(last third) andA. longicollis(second half). Eight species are known to be pathogenic to commercially important fish or molluscan species and several are pathogenic to humans.
Development of a taxonomy of performance for national sport organizations
Authors: Bayle Emmanuel , Madella Alberto 
Published: December 2005

The measurement of performance of a voluntary organization challenges man‐agement theorists and practitioners. What are the effectiveness and efficiency criteria to evaluate performance of these organizations? To overcome the limi‐tations of current methods of performance measurement, we propose a new performance measurement technique in a taxonomic perspective that associ‐ates qualitative and quantitative indicators thanks to a contractual approach. This approach establishes a typology of 6 performance profiles of 40 NSO. Statistical correlations between performance dimensions are also analyzed. Statistical analysis shows that dimensions of performance are significantly correlated. Economic and financial performance is correlated more with pro‐motional performance than with the number of members.
Dietary Habits and Fluid Intake of a Group of Elite Spanish Basketball Players: A Need for Professional Advice?
Authors: Schröder Helmut , Navarro Estanis , Mora Jorge , Seco Jesus , Torregrosa Jose Maria , Tramullas Antonio 
Published: December 2005

The aim of the present study was to analyse dietary habits and fluid intake of professional basketball players with consideration of dietary guidelines and sport nutrition recommendations. A dietary habit questionnaire including a 24 h recall was recorded by 55 elite basketball players of the first Spanish Basketball League. Energy consumption among these athletes was high 17.7 ±0.9 MJ · day–1 in comparison to other elite team sport athletes. Furthermore intakes of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids mineral and most vitamins exceed the current Daily Recommended Intakes (DRI's) for these macronutrients whereas, intakes of carbohydrate and vitamin E failed to meet the guidelines. Daily fluid intake was 3126 ±1226ml. Water was the preferred beverage (1688±1032 ml), followed by milk (445 ±521 ml), commercial sport drinks (377 ±520 ml), carbonated beverages (307 ±492 ml), juices (150 ±208 ml), beer (67 ±189 ml), non‐alcoholic (beer 49 ±158 ml) and wine (43 ±218 ml). Sixty‐six percent of the participants reported to consume particular foods before competition and 10% stated to do this after competition. On average athletes consumed 646 ±352 ml · h–1 and 882 ±486 ml of liquids during training and competition session, respectively. Furthermore, 44 % of the participants recorded not to drink before getting thirsty and 3 athletes stated never to drink during training and 2 did so during competition. Results of the present study underline the need for professional advice from sport nutritionists for elite basketball players.
Functional Diversification of the Two C-Class MADS Box GenesOSMADS3andOSMADS58inOryza sativa
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahiro , Lee Dong Yeon , Miyao Akio , Hirochika Hikohiko , An Gynheung , Hirano Hiro-Yuki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe C-class MADS box gene AGAMOUS (AG) plays crucial roles in Arabidopsis thaliana development by regulating the organ identity of stamens and carpels, the repression of A-class genes, and floral meristem determinacy. To examine the conservation and diversification of C-class gene function in monocots, we analyzed two C-class genes in rice (Oryza sativa), OSMADS3 and OSMADS58, which may have arisen by gene duplication before divergence of rice and maize (Zea mays). A knockout line of OSMADS3, in which the gene is disrupted by T-DNA insertion, shows homeotic transformation of stamens into lodicules and ectopic development of lodicules in the second whorl near the palea where lodicules do not form in the wild type but carpels develop almost normally. By contrast, RNA-silenced lines of OSMADS58 develop astonishing flowers that reiterate a set of floral organs, including lodicules, stamens, and carpel-like organs, suggesting that determinacy of the floral meristem is severely affected. These results suggest that the two C-class genes have been partially subfunctionalized during rice evolution (i.e., the functions regulated by AG have been partially partitioned into two paralogous genes, OSMADS3 and OSMADS58, which were produced by a recent gene duplication event in plant evolution).