bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dorsolateral approach for arthrocentesis of the centrodistal joint in horses
Authors: Just Elisabeth M. , Patan Bianca , Licka Theresia F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To develop a dorsolateral approach to the centrodistal (distal intertarsal) joint in horses and compare its success rate with that of the traditional medial approach in that joint.
Sample Population—25 cadaveric equine hind limbs, ultrasonographic images, and radiographic views of the tarsal region of 5 and 59 healthy horses, respectively, and 22 horses with a clinical indication for centrodistal joint centesis.
Procedures—The dorsolateral approach was established anatomically (3 cadaveric limbs), ultrasonographically (5 horses), and radiographically (59 horses). Centrodistal joint arthrocentesis was performed in 22 cadaveric hind limbs and 22 horses; the number of needle repositionings required for procedure completion via the medial (in vitro) and the dorsolateral approach (in vitro and in vivo) was determined.
Results—For the dorsolateral approach to the centrodistal joint, the injection site was 2 to 3 mm lateral to the long digital extensor tendon and 6 to 8 mm proximal to a line drawn perpendicular to the axis of the third metatarsal bone through the proximal end of the fourth metatarsal bone. The needle was directed plantaromedially (angle of approx 70° from the sagittal plane). The number of needle repositionings required to complete centrodistal joint centesis via the dorsolateral and medial approaches was not significantly different.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In a clinical setting, the dorsolateral approach to the centrodistal joint in horses appears to have some advantages over the traditional medial approach. The success rate of arthrocentesis was similar via either approach, and palpation of the anatomic landmarks was easy.
Time-frequency and complexity analyses for differentiation of physiologic murmurs from heart murmurs caused by aortic stenosis in Boxers
Authors: Höglund Katja , Ahlstrom Christer H. G. , Häggström Jens , Ask Per N. A. , Hult P. H. Peter , Kvart Clarence 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate whether time-frequency and complexity analyses of heart murmurs can be used to differentiate physiologic murmurs from murmurs caused by aortic stenosis (AS) in Boxers.
Animals—27 Boxers with murmurs.
Procedures—Dogs were evaluated via auscultation and echocardiography. Analyses of time-frequency properties (TFPs; ie, maximal murmur frequency and duration of murmur frequency > 200 Hz) and correlation dimension (T2) of murmurs were performed on phonocardiographic sound data. Time-frequency property and T2 analyses of low-intensity murmurs in 16 dogs without AS were performed at 7 weeks and 12 months of age. Additionally, TFP and T2 analyses were performed on data obtained from 11 adult AS-affected dogs with murmurs.
Results—In dogs with low-intensity murmurs, TFP or T2 values at 7 weeks and 12 months did not differ significantly. For differentiation of physiologic murmurs from murmurs caused by mild AS, duration of murmur frequency > 200 Hz was useful and the combination assessment of duration of frequency > 200 Hz and T2 of the murmur had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 82%. Maximal murmur frequency did not differentiate dogs with AS from those without AS.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that assessment of the duration of murmur frequency > 200 Hz can be used to distinguish physiologic heart murmurs from murmurs caused by mild AS in Boxers. Combination of this analysis with T2 analysis may be a useful complementary method for diagnostic assessment of cardiovascular function in dogs.
Cell membrane receptors on bovine mononuclear phagocytes involved in phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Souza Cleverson D. , Evanson Oral A. , Sreevatsan Srinand , Weiss Douglas J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine cell membrane receptors involved in phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) organisms.
Sample Population—Monocytes were obtained from healthy adult Holstein dairy cows that were test negative for MAP infection on the basis of bacteriologic culture of feces and serologic test results.
Procedures—Monocytes or bovine macrophage cell line (BoMac) cells were incubated with MAP organisms for 30, 60, or 120 minutes with or without inhibitors of integrins, CD14, or mannose receptors. Phagocytosis was evaluated by light microscopy or by flow cytometry. CD11a/CD18, CD11b, and CD14 expression on monocytes and BoMac cells was evaluated by use of flow cytometry.
Results—Monocytes and BoMac cells rapidly phagocytized MAP organisms. However, compared with BoMac cells, monocytes had a greater total capacity to phagocytize MAP organisms. Addition of neutralizing anti-integrin antibodies (anti-CD11a/CD18 and anti-CD11b) substantially inhibited phagocytosis by monocytes during the first 60 minutes of incubation with MAP organisms, but were less effective at 120 minutes of incubation. Anti-CD11a/CD18 and anti-CD11b antibodies were less effective in inhibiting phagocytosis by BoMac cells. Addition of inhibitors of CD14 or mannose receptors also inhibited phagocytosis of MAP by monocytes. Addition of a combination of integrin and mannose inhibitors had an additive effect in reducing phagocytosis, but addition of integrin and CD14 inhibitors did not have an additive effect.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Multiple receptors are involved in phagocytosis of MAP organisms. Although CD11/CD18 receptors appear to be the major receptors used by MAP at early time points, mannose receptors and CD14 also contribute substantially to phagocytosis.
Contribution of MX dynamin, oligoadenylate synthetase, and protein kinase R to anti-paramyxovirus activity of type 1 interferons in vitro
Authors: Leroy Michaël P.-P. , Baise Etienne A. , Pire Grégory A. , Desmecht Daniel J.-M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the contribution of MX dynamin, oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) to the antiviral effects of type 1 interferons (IFNs) against bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V) infection of Vero cells.
Sample Population—Vero cell cultures.
Procedures—PI-3V yield was first compared between control and transfected type 1 IFNs– incompetent Vero cells expressing recombinant OAS or MX proteins. Afterwards, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α) was used to scale the degree of PKR activation upon infection of Vero cells by PI-3V.
Results—Overexpression of OAS did not result in significantly decreased viral replication. Phosphorylated eIF2α forms, the hallmark of PKR activation, were not increased in IFNα-primed infected Vero cells. Although human MXA contributed to partial blockade of replication of bovine PI-3V, the antiviral effect was not as strong as that of IFNα.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The powerful anti-Paramyxovirus activity of type 1 IFNs is mediated by noncanonic pathways.
Biochemical and enzymatic characterization of purified covalent complexes of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and haptoglobin released by bovine granulocytes in vitro
Authors: Bannikov Gregory A. , Mattoon John S. , Abrahamsen Eric J. , Premanandan Christopher , Green-Church Kari B. , Marsh Antoinette E. , Lakritz Jeffrey 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To characterize and purify covalent complexes of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and haptoglobin released by bovine granulocytes in vitro.
Sample Population—Blood samples obtained from healthy cows and cows with acute and chronic inflammation to obtain WBCs and sera.
Procedures—WBCs were isolated by differential centrifugation, hypotonic lysis of RBCs, and degranulated by stimulation with phorbol ester (20 ng/mL). Cell-conditioned medium was subjected to affinity and gel chromatography and purified proteins subjected to SDS- PAGE gelatin zymography, western blot analysis, Coomassie blue staining, and peptide mass spectrometry for protein identification. Sera of cows hospitalized for acute and chronic septic conditions and of clinically normal cows were analyzed with similar methods.
Results—Matrix metalloproteinase-9 was released from neutrophils in vitro and migrated to a molecular mass of approximately 220 kd (prodimer), approximately 105 kd (promonomer), and > 220 kd (high–molecular mass complexes). These high–molecular mass complexes were composed of α- and β-haptoglobin and MMP-9 (ratio13:13:1). Complexes of MMP-9 and haptoglobin had biochemical properties of both its protein constituents (ie, enzymatic activity toward gelatin and hemoglobin binding). Complexes of MMP-9 and haptoglobin were also detected in sera of cows with acute inflammation, but not in clinically normal cows or cows with chronic disease.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A fraction of neutrophil MMP-9 is released in complex with haptoglobin. The complex is present in granules and retains biological activity of its components. Detection of the complex in serum may provide an indicator of acute inflammation.
Evaluation of radiotherapy alone or in combination with doxorubicin chemotherapy for the treatment of cats with incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas: 71 cases (1989–1999)
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Endicott Melissa M. , King Glen K. , Harris-King F. Dee 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether the addition of doxorubicin chemotherapy affected the outcome of cats with incompletely excised, nonvisceral soft tissue sarcomas undergoing postoperative radiotherapy.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—71 cats.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for clinically relevant data on cats that underwent postoperative radiotherapy for treatment of incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas with or without concurrent doxorubicin chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was performed on an alternate-day schedule, with a total dose of 58.8 to 63 Gy delivered in 21 fractions. Doxorubicin was administered every 21 days for 3 to 5 cycles. Follow-up information was obtained by means of physical examination or through telephone conversations with refer-ring veterinarians or owners.
Results—Median disease-free interval with concurrent radiotherapy and doxorubicin chemotherapy (15.4 months; range, 2.4 to 44.9 months) was significantly longer than median disease-free interval with radiotherapy alone (5.7 months; range, 1.0 to 50.8 months). However, survival time was not significantly different between groups.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that doxorubicin chemotherapy may play a role in extending the disease-free interval in cats undergoing radiotherapy for treatment of incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas.
Estimated prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States
Authors: McCue Molly E. , Valberg Stephanie J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Objective—To estimate the prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) among Quarter Horses in the United States and evaluate possible relationships between muscle glycogen concentration, turnout time, and exercise level.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—164 overtly healthy Quarter Horses > 2 years old from 5 states.
Procedures—Horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis or any other muscular disease were excluded. Muscle biopsy specimens were examined histologically for evidence of PSSM and were submitted for determination of muscle glycogen concentration. A diagnosis of PSSM was made if amylase-resistant inclusions that stained with periodic acid–Schiff stain were detected.
Results—Prevalences of PSSM on the 2 farms with a history of PSSM were 20% (1/5) and 40.7% (11/27); mean prevalence for the other 4 farms was 6.1% (8/132). Sex was not significantly associated with a diagnosis of PSSM, and age was not significantly different between horses with and without PSSM. Total histologic score, serum creatine kinase ac-tivity, and muscle glycogen concentration were significantly higher in horses with PSSM than in horses without.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the prevalence of PSSM among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States is likely to be between 6% and 12%.
Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate attributable to a frenulum of the epiglottis in a racing Thoroughbred
Authors: Moorman Valerie J. , Marshall John F. , Jann Henry W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Case Description—A 7-year-old sexually intact male Thoroughbred racehorse was evaluated because of exercise intolerance, respiratory tract noise, and coughing when eating.
Clinical Findings—A persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate was identified during endoscopic examination of the upper portions of the respiratory tract. Radiography of the pharyngeal and laryngeal regions revealed a hypoplastic epiglottis that was ventral to, and not in contact with, the soft palate. The horse was anesthetized, and an oral endoscopic examination revealed a subepiglottic frenulum that had resulted in the dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Treatment and Outcome—The frenulum was transected transendoscopically by use of a diode laser. Twenty-four hours following surgery, repeat endoscopic and radiographic examinations revealed that the epiglottis had returned to its correct anatomic position in relation to the soft palate. Four weeks after surgery, endoscopy of the upper portions of the airway revealed recurrence of the dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Clinical Relevance—A subepiglottic frenulum should be considered as a cause of persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses. An endoscopic examination of the oropharyngeal region should be performed in horses prior to undertaking any surgical interventions to treat persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Control of ecosystem state in a shallow, brackish lake: implications for the conservation of stonewort communities
Authors: Barker Tom , Hatton Keith , O'Connor Michael , Connor Les , Bagnell Lee , Moss Brian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The alternative stable states hypothesis for the behaviour of shallow lake communities requires switches to transform clear‐water macrophyte‐dominated communities to turbid algal‐dominated ones. Such switches have rarely been demonstrated experimentally. This study shows the role of rising salinity as such a switch while contributing a solution to the conservation problems of an important nature reserve.
Hickling Broad changed from a clear‐water, charophyte‐dominated lake to a turbid, phytoplankton‐dominated lake in the early 1970s, probably owing to guanotrophication by gulls and to increased salinity from more intensive pumping of the agricultural land that separates its main inflow from the nearby North Sea. Following a decline in nutrient loading as the gull flock moved away, the plants began to return during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1998/99, the water cleared and charophytes, including some very rare species, were abundant.
This was welcome to conservation bodies, but the vigorous growth precluded competitive sailing and there were conflicts with the local sailing club. The plants, however, began an irregular decline in 2000, though nutrient loadings and other conventional chemical drivers have remained steady.
Our hypothesis was that the unstable nature of the plant community was linked to high salinity, and that if salinity were lowered there would be vigorous and reliable growth, enabling annual cutting of plants to allow sailing races. In an experiment using mesocosms, salinities straddling the current values in the Broad led to declines in plant biomass, macrophyte species richness and macrophyte Shannon–Weaver diversity through increased release of phosphorus from the sediments, increased algal turbidity and reduction of zooplankton grazer activity.
Stabilization of the plant community of Hickling Broad would be achieved by a reduction of present salinities by about 20%. This would be possible by use of existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (High Level Environmental Stewardship) arrangements or diversion of some pumped drainage water to the sea. There remain some uncertainties about the future of the area because of rising sea levels.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tetraalkylammonium compounds with different affinities for organic cation transporters on the pharmacokinetics of metformin
Authors: Choi Min‐Koo , Jin Qing‐Ri , Jin Hyo‐Eon , Shim Chang‐Koo , Cho Doo‐Yeoun , Shin Jae‐Gook , Song Im‐Sook 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe study sought to investigate the effects of tetraalkylammonium (TAA), inhibitors of the organic cation transporters (OCTs) with different affinities, on the pharmacokinetics of metformin. The inhibitory potentials of TAAs on the uptake of metformin were evaluated by determining IC50values in MDCK cells over‐expressing OCTs and, to assessin vivodrug interactions, metformin and TAAs were coadministered to rats. Uptake of metformin was facilitated by over‐expression of hOCT1 and hOCT2 and showed saturable processes, indicating that metformin is a substrate of hOCT1 and hOCT2. The IC50values of TAAs for hOCT2 were lower than hOCT1 and decreased with increasing alkyl chain length, indicating that the inhibitory potential of TAAs on metformin uptake was greater in hOCT2 than in hOCT1 and increased with increasing alkyl chain length. The plasma concentration of metformin was elevated by the coadministration of tetrapropylammonium (TPrA) and tetrapentylammonium (TPeA), but not by tetramethylammonium (TMA) or tetraethylammonium (TEA). However, the plasma concentrations of TMA, TEA and TPrA were not changed by the coadministration of metformin. In conclusion,in vivodrug interactions between metformin and TAAs were caused only when metformin was coadministered with TAAs showing higher affinities for OCTs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatially resolved quantification of metal ion concentration in a biofilm‐mediated ion exchanger
Authors: Graf von der Schulenburg D.A. , Holland D.J. , Paterson‐Beedle M. , Macaskie L.E. , Gladden L.F. , Johns M.L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA bioremediation process to remove Co2+from aqueous solution is investigated in this study using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol to rapidly obtain multiple 2D spatially resolved Co2+ion concentration maps. The MRI technique is described in detail and its ability to determine the evolution in both axial and radial concentration profiles demonstrated, from which total column capacity can be determined. The final ion exchange column design allows operation in the ‘plug flow’ regime, hence making use of its full capacity before breakthrough. Conventional techniques for such process optimization are either restricted to the analysis of the exchanger outlet, which provides no information on the spatial heterogeneity of the system, or are invasive and need a variety of sample points to obtain 1D concentration information. To the best of our knowledge, our results represent the first concentration maps describing the bioremediation of metal ion contaminated water. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 821–829. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzymatic enantioselective C–C‐bond formation in microreactors
Authors: Koch K. , van den Berg R.J.F. , Nieuwland P.J. , Wijtmans R. , Schoemaker H.E. , van Hest J.C.M. , Rutjes F.P.J.T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe have demonstrated that multiple crude enzyme lysates containing a hydroxynitrile lyase can be used for the enantioselective synthesis of cyanohydrins from aldehydes in microchannels. Using a microreactor setup, two important parameters were efficiently screened consuming only minute amounts of reagents. More importantly, results from the continuous flow reaction were fully consistent with results obtained from larger batchwise processes in which a stable emulsion was formed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008; 99; 1028–1033. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and prediction of transitional vertebrae on imaging studies: Anatomical significance of paraspinal structures
Authors: Lee Chang Hee , Park Cheol Min , Kim Kyeong Ah , Hong Suk Joo , Seol Hae Young , Kim Baek Hyun , Kim Jung Hyuk 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of our study was to examine the locational distribution of paraspinal structures on MRI and to determine any predictable parameters that may be used for the identification of transitional vertebra (TV). We enrolled 534 patients who underwent MRI of their lumbosacral spine. The locations of the paraspinal structures, such as aortic bifurcation (AB), IVC confluence (IC), right renal artery (RRA), celiac trunk (CT), SMA root (SR), and iliolumbar ligament (ILL), were determined using “cross link” in PACS. We also assessed the morphology of the TV. The MRI showed that the most common site of the paraspinal structures in the normal group was AB at the lower L4, IC at the L4‐5 disc space, RRA at the L1‐2 disc space, CT at the T12‐L1 disc space, SR at the upper L1, and ILL at the L5. The frequency of TV was 23.8% (lumbarization, 9.9%; sacralization, 13.9%). The paraspinal structures of the S1 lumbarization were positioned more toward the caudal location, whereas the paraspinal structures of the L5 sacralization were positioned more toward the cephalic location (P < 0.01). In conclusion, AB, IC, RRA, CT, SR, and ILL are useful landmarks for predicting the presence of TV on MRI. TV is possible when these paraspinal structures are in positions outside of the frequent locations. Clin. Anat. 20:905–914, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Step–pool formation models and associated step spacing
Authors: Curran Joanna C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStep–pool bedforms develop under conditions of high flow rates and high sediment influx and transport rates. Step setting events are capable of mobilizing and rearranging the large step‐forming grain sizes. Thus, observations of the processes of step formation are limited to flume experiments. The results of laboratory experiments involving active transport of widely sorted sediment, including large grains whose deposition readily formed steps, are presented. Over 350 step formations were observed and documented, creating a large data set for detailing and evaluating step formation processes.Existing step‐formation models focus on step development from antidunes, particle clusters, transverse ribs or depositional berms, or from a hydraulic regime that includes cascade flow and hydraulic jumps. These models were developed using field measurements of artificial grade control structures or stable step–pool systems during low flow conditions, or degradational flume experiments where flows elucidated the step–pool bedform in the channel profile but did not create equilibrium transport of the large, step‐forming clasts.This research evaluates the pre‐existing formation models and proposes three new models: the rough bed, exhumation and dune models. The rough bed model was dominant throughout the experiments, followed by the exhumation model and then the dune model. A single model was not responsible for all step formations. The rough bed, exhumation and dune models all influenced step development, and every step sequence was created through a mixture of formation processes. This research generated a large data set, where each step spacing is paired with the corresponding step formation model, making it possible to identify a distinct exclusion zone length for each model. Thus, given knowledge of the step formation model, the minimum distance to the next step downstream can be predicted. From the final spacing of a step sequence, it may be possible to deduce the likely formation mechanisms active during a step resetting event. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.