bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus-induced embryopathology: mouse submandibular salivary gland epithelial-mesenchymal ontogeny as a model
Authors: Melnick Michael , Mocarski Edward S , Abichaker George , Huang Jing , Jaskoll Tina 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
Human studies suggest, and mouse models clearly demonstrate, that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is dysmorphic to early organ and tissue development. CMV has a particular tropism for embryonic salivary gland and other head mesenchyme. CMV has evolved to co-opt cell signaling networks so to optimize replication and survival, to the detriment of infected tissues. It has been postulated that mesenchymal infection is the critical step in disrupting organogenesis. If so, organogenesis dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions would be particularly vulnerable. In this study, we chose to model the vulnerability by investigating the cell and molecular pathogenesis of CMV infected mouse embryonic submandibular salivary glands (SMGs).

Results
We infected E15 SMG explants with mouse CMV (mCMV). Active infection for up to 12 days in vitro results in a remarkable cell and molecular pathology characterized by atypical ductal epithelial hyperplasia, apparent epitheliomesenchymal transformation, oncocytic-like stromal metaplasia, β-catenin nuclear localization, and upregulation of Nfkb2, Relb, Il6, Stat3, and Cox2. Rescue with an antiviral nucleoside analogue indicates that mCMV replication is necessary to initiate and maintain SMG dysmorphogenesis.

Conclusion
mCMV infection of embryonic mouse explants results in dysplasia, metaplasia, and, possibly, anaplasia. The molecular pathogenesis appears to center around the activation of canonical and, perhaps more importantly, noncanonical NFκB. Further, COX-2 and IL-6 are important downstream effectors of embryopathology. At the cellular level, there appears to be a consequential interplay between the transformed SMG cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, resulting in the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. From these studies, a tentative framework has emerged within which additional studies may be planned and performed.
Identification of genes regulated by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and involved in apoptosis via microarray analysis
Authors: Huang Moli , Wang Yihua , Sun Daochun , Zhu Hongxia , Yin Yanbing , Zhang Wei , Yang Shangbin , Quan Lanping , Bai Jinfeng , Wang Shengqi , Chen Quan , Li Songgang , Xu Ningzhi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Wnt/β-catenin pathway has critical roles in development and oncogenesis. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the downstream signaling cascade of this pathway, little is known regarding Wnt/β-catenin pathway modification of the cellular apoptosis.

Methods
To identify potential genes regulated by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and involved in apoptosis, we used a stably integrated, inducible RNA interference (RNAi) vector to specific inhibit the expression and the transcriptional activity of β-catenin in HeLa cells. Meanwhile, we designed an oligonucleotide microarray covering 1384 apoptosis-related genes. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, a series of differential expression of genes was identified and further confirmed by RT-PCR.

Results
Stably integrated inducible RNAi vector could effectively suppress β-catenin expression and the transcriptional activity of β-catenin/TCF. Meanwhile, depletion of β-catenin in this manner made the cells more sensitive to apoptosis. 130 genes involved in some important cell-apoptotic pathways, such as PTEN-PI3K-AKT pathway, NF-κB pathway and p53 pathway, showed significant alteration in their expression level after the knockdown of β-catenin.

Conclusion
Coupling RNAi knockdown with microarray and RT-PCR analyses proves to be a versatile strategy for identifying genes regulated by Wnt/β-catenin pathway and for a better understanding the role of this pathway in apoptosis. Some of the identified β-catenin/TCF directed or indirected target genes may represent excellent targets to limit tumor growth.
Fibrillar beta-amyloid peptide Aβ1–40 activates microglial proliferation via stimulating TNF-α release and H2O2 derived from NADPH oxidase: a cell culture study
Authors: Jekabsone Aiste , Mander Palwinder K , Tickler Anna , Sharpe Martyn , Brown Guy C 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of neuritic plaques, containing activated microglia and β-amyloid peptides (Aβ). Fibrillar Aβ can activate microglia, resulting in production of toxic and inflammatory mediators like hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and cytokines. We have recently found that microglial proliferation is regulated by hydrogen peroxide derived from NADPH oxidase. Thus, in this study, we investigated whether Aβ can stimulate microglial proliferation and cytokine production via activation of NADPH oxidase to produce hydrogen peroxide.MethodsPrimary mixed glial cultures were prepared from the cerebral cortices of 7-day-old Wistar rats. At confluency, microglial cells were isolated by tapping, replated, and treated either with or without Aβ. Hydrogen peroxide production by cells was measured with Amplex Red and peroxidase. Microglial proliferation was assessed under a microscope 0, 24 and 48 hours after plating. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the culture medium were assessed by ELISA.ResultsWe found that 1 μM fibrillar (but not soluble) Aβ1–40peptide induced microglial proliferation and caused release of hydrogen peroxide, TNF-α and IL-1β from microglial cells. Proliferation was prevented by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (10 μM), by the hydrogen peroxide-degrading enzyme catalase (60 U/ml), and by its mimetics EUK-8 and EUK-134 (20 μM); as well as by an antibody against TNF-α and by a soluble TNF receptor inhibitor. Production of TNF-α and IL-1β, measured after 24 hours of Aβ treatment, was also prevented by apocynin, catalase and EUKs, but the early release (measured after 1 hour of Aβ treatment) of TNF-α was insensitive to apocynin or catalase.ConclusionThese results indicate that Aβ1–40-induced microglial proliferation is mediated both by microglial release of TNF-α and production of hydrogen peroxide from NADPH oxidase. This suggests that TNF-α and NADPH oxidase, and its products, are potential targets to prevent Aβ-induced inflammatory neurodegeneration.
The effect of hip abduction on the EMG activity of vastus medialis obliquus, vastus lateralis longus and vastus lateralis obliquus in healthy subjects
Authors: Bevilaqua-Grossi Débora , Monteiro-Pedro Vanessa , de Vasconcelos Rodrigo Antunes , Arakaki Juliano Coelho , Bérzin Fausto 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Study design
Controlled laboratory study.

Objectives
The purposes of this paper were to investigate (d) whether vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), vastus lateralis longus (VLL) and vastus lateralis obliquus (VLO) EMG activity can be influenced by hip abduction performed by healthy subjects.

Background
Some clinicians contraindicate hip abduction for patellofemoral patients (with) based on the premise that hip abduction could facilitate the VLL muscle activation leading to a VLL and VMO imbalance

Methods and measures
Twenty-one clinically healthy subjects were involved in the study, 10 women and 11 men (aged X = 23.3 ± 2.9). The EMG signals were collected using a computerized EMG VIKING II, with 8 channels and three pairs of surface electrodes. EMG activity was obtained from MVIC knee extension at 90° of flexion in a seated position and MVIC hip abduction at 0° and 30° with patients in side-lying position with the knee in full extension. The data were normalized in the MVIC knee extension at 50° of flexion in a seated position, and were submitted to ANOVA test with subsequent application of the Bonferroni multiple comparisons analysis test. The level of significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05.

Results
The VLO muscle demonstrated a similar pattern to the VMO muscle showing higher EMG activity in MVIC knee extension at 90° of flexion compared with MVIC hip abduction at 0° and 30° of abduction for male (p < 0.0007) and MVIC hip abduction at 0° of abduction for female subjects (p < 0.02196). There were no statistically significant differences in the VLL EMG activity among the three sets of exercises tested.

Conclusion
The results showed that no selective EMG activation was observed when comparison was made between the VMO, VLL and VLO muscles while performing MVIC hip abduction at 0° and 30° of abduction and MVIC knee extension at 90° of flexion in both male and female subjects. Our findings demonstrate that hip abduction do not facilitated VLL and VLO activity in relation to the VMO, however, this study included only healthy subjects performing maximum voluntary isometric contraction contractions, therefore much remains to be discovered by future research
Altered gene expression in asymptomatic SHIV-infected rhesus macaques (Macacca mulatta)
Authors: Carroll Erica E , Hammamieh Rasha , Chakraborty Nabarun , Phillips Aaron T , Miller Stacy-Ann M , Jett Marti 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSimian-Human immunodeficiency virus is a chimeric virus which, in rhesus macaques (Macacca mulatta) closely imitates immunodeficiency virus infection in human (HIV). A relatively new way to study pathogenesis of viral infection is to study alterations in host gene expression induced by the virus. SHIV infection with certain strains does not result in clinical signs. We hypothesized that alterations in gene expression relating to the immune system would be present in SHIV-infected animals despite the lack of clinical signs. Splenic tissue from four adult male Indian-origin Rhesus monkeys serologically positive for non-pathogenic SHIV 89.6 was processed by cDNA microarray analysis. Results were compared with the corresponding outcome using splenic tissues from four unexposed adult male Rhesus monkeys. Subsequent gene analysis confirmed statistically significant variations between control and infected samples. Interestingly, SHIV-infected monkeys exhibited altered expression in genes related to apoptosis, signal transduction, T and B lymphocyte activation and importantly, to immune regulation. Although infected animals appeared asymptomatic, our study demonstrated that SHIV-infected monkeys cannot reliably be used in studies of other infectious agents as their baseline gene expression differs from that of normal Rhesus monkeys. The gene expression differences in SHIV-infected animals relative to uninfected animals offer additional clues to the pathogenesis of altered immune function in response to secondary infection.
The potential for radiation sensitizers and possible strategy for use
Authors: Whitmore G. F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe search for radiation sensitizers for use in radiotherapy is based on the assumption that proper use of these compounds will provide a differential sensitization of tumor and normal tissue. Based on the evidence that hypoxic cells exist within human tumors but not within normal cell populations, there is reason to believe that specific sensitizers of hypoxic cells might provide useful therapeutic benefit. This paper discusses the possible advantages of such sensitizers, over reliance on the phenomenon of reoxygenation, and describes very briefly the current status of hypoxic cell sensitizers. Finally a proposal is made concerning the way in which such sensitizers might be tested for their efficacy in human radiotherapy.
An epidemiological study of laryngeal cancer in japan (1960‐1969)
Authors: Iwamoto H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis report presents the findings of an epidemiological study of laryngeal cancer in Japan, based on 6,360 cases treated and registered during the 10‐year period from 1960 through 1969.The number of the patients increased 1.5 times from 1960 to 1969. Geographically the absolute number of recorded cases was proportional to the population density; in other words, it was larger in heavily urbanized areas and smaller in rural regions.An anatomical classification revealed that the incidence of supraglottic and glottic cancer was about equal (3,121 and 3,176 cases), and subglottic cancer was only 1 percent of the total.Histologically, 98.6 percent were of the squamous cell carcinoma and 1.4 percent were of the basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, etc.As to the age and sex distribution, the majority of the patients were 50 to 70 years old, and those in their 60′s were most numerous. The ratio between men and women was 9.6 to 1.56.1 percent of the patients surveyed were found to have a blood relation with a history of cancer and 31 percent were engaged in occupations where they used their voices frequently.Smoking habits were found in 96 percent of the patients surveyed and as many as 52 percent came under the category of heavy smokers. Cigarette smoking might be regarded as a significant factor in laryngeal cancer, while alcohol consumption was not as significant a causal factor as smoking.The living environment had no explicit relationship to laryngeal cancer in the above‐mentioned period of years.
The sequential septo‐rhinoplasty
Authors: Smithdeal Charles D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn septo‐rhinoplastic surgery it is helpful to follow a logical series of stages for correcting abnormalities of various anatomic components of the nose. A suggested order of staging of the typical nasal plastic operation is presented. By following a logical sequence of surgical stages, the least correctible components are modified first, and each successive stage of the procedure is related to the result obtained in the previous stage.Technical considerations are presented in each stage suggested, and the analysis and correction of intranasal abnormalities to restore normal nasal function is emphasized. Specific preoperative problems and the results of suggested methods of correction are presented.
Speech in Children with an Isolated Cleft Palate: A Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Persson Christina , Lohmander Anette , Elander Anna 
Published: September 2006

Objective To describe articulation and speech symptoms related to velopharyngeal impairment in children born with an isolated cleft palate. Design Blind assessment of speech at 3, 5, 7, and 10 years of age was performed. Two subgroups were formed based on the results at age 5 years, the no-VPI group and the VPI group, and they were compared with controls. Setting A university hospital. Patients Twenty-six children born with isolated cleft palate. Seventeen children served as controls. Interventions Soft palate closure at 7 months and hard palate closure at a mean age of 3 years and 11 months if the cleft extended into the hard palate. Main Outcome Measures Perceptual assessments of four variables related to velopharyngeal function and of articulation errors were performed at all ages. Phonetic transcriptions of target speech sounds were obtained at 5, 7, and 10 years and nasalance scores were obtained at age 10 years. Results The no-VPI group continued to have no or minor difficulties. The VPI group improved but continued to have moderate velopharyngeal impairment. Both groups differed significantly from the controls at age 10 years. Persistent velopharyngeal impairment, as well as glottal misarticulation, were mostly found in children with the cleft as a part of a syndrome or together with multiple malformations. Conclusion Small changes in velopharyngeal impairment were found across ages. Improvement seemed to be related to surgical intervention, and persistent problems seemed to be related to the presence of additional multiple malformations or syndromes.
Effect of Nasal Decongestion on Nasalance Measures
Authors: Pegoraro-Krook Maria Inês , Dutka-Souza Jeniffer C. R. , Williams William N. , Teles Magalhães Lídia C. , Rossetto Patrícia Cortez , Riski John E. 
Published: September 2006

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nasal decongestant on nasalance scores for a group of 100 individuals. Participants Forty-one subjects with hypernasality and 59 subjects without hypernasality underwent nasometric assessment at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil. Design Nasalance scores were obtained for each subject before the application of a nasal decongestant and again 10 minutes after subjects received a topical nasal decongestant applied into both nostrils. Results The nasalance scores obtained after the application of the nasal decongestant were significantly higher than those obtained before the decongestant. Conclusions Nasal decongestion had a small but statistically significant effect on nasalance scores, suggesting that in some individuals, nasal congestion should be a variable of concern when using the Nasometer. Both nasal congestion (i.e., due to nasal rhinitis) and the effects of nasal decongestant sprays may influence Nasometer test results. Interpretation of nasalance scores, therefore, should be done carefully. Furthermore, nasometry, with and without nasal decongestant, can be a valuable clinical tool for screening anterior nasal obstruction, helping to isolate obstruction due to nasal congestion from structural obstruction in the nasal cavities.
Dual Segmental Distraction Osteogenesis of the Midface in a Patient with Apert Syndrome
Authors: Takashima Mariko , Kitai Noriyuki , Murakami Shumei , Takagi Satoshi , Hosokawa Ko , Kreiborg Sven , Takada Kenji 
Published: September 2006

Objective To present orthodontic treatment combined with dual segmental distraction osteogenesis in a patient with Apert syndrome. Patient A 15-year-old boy exhibited severe midfacial hypoplasia with retruded and hypoplastic maxilla and anterior open bite. The patient was treated with a rigid external distraction II system for distraction osteogenesis, a preadjusted edgewise appliance, and a modified maxillary protraction headgear. The concave profile with midfacial hypoplasia was improved. A tight occlusal relationship between maxillary and mandibular teeth was achieved. Postoperative treatment results have been stable for 1 year.
The Effect of Cranio-Maxillofacial Osteotomies and Distraction Osteogenesis on Speech and Velopharyngeal Status: A Critical Review
Authors: Chanchareonsook Nattharee , Samman Nabil , Whitehill Tara L. 
Published: September 2006

Objectives To review the impact of maxillary advancement by orthognathic surgery and distraction osteogenesis on speech and velopharyngeal status based on the literature of the past 30+ years, to review the methods employed in previous studies to explain discrepancies in results, and to make recommendations for future studies. Method Thirty-nine published articles on the effect of cranio-maxillofacial osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis on speech and velopharyngeal status were identified and were systematically analyzed. A total of 747 cases of cleft and noncleft patients were selected, including craniofacial deformities and syndromes mainly involving maxillary hypoplasia. Results Findings varied. Many studies found that surgery had no impact on speech and velopharyngeal status. Some reported worsening only in patients with preexisting velopharyngeal impairment or those with borderline velopharyngeal function before surgery. There was no clear difference in outcome between distraction and conventional osteotomy, although there have been few systematic comparisons. There was great variation among reviewed studies in the number of subjects, speech sample, number and type of listeners, speech outcome measures, and timing of postoperative assessment. Few studies employed reliability measures. Conclusion None of the 39 reviewed studies compared conventional osteotomy and distraction by including both groups in a single study. Randomized controlled trials with adequate number of subjects and follow-up duration are needed.
Schizophrenia is not associated with the functional candidate gene ERBB3: Results from a case‐control study
Authors: Kanazawa Tetsufumi , Glatt Stephen J. , Tsutsumi Atsushi , Kikuyama Hiroki , Koh Jun , Yoneda Hiroshi , Tsuang Ming T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIncreasing evidence has supported the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental component in the etiology of schizophrenia. Recently, several independent microarray gene expression studies have revealed downregulated expression of myelin‐related genes in the postmortem brains of schizophrenia patients. Complete myelination of the cortex has been observed to occur in late adolescence and early adulthood, which is typically the age of onset of schizophrenia. ERBB3 is a gene which has not only been found to be downregulated in schizophrenia simultaneously in three microarray studies, but also is a strong candidate because of its potential role in neurodevelopment as a receptor of NRG1. Therefore, we performed association analysis of seven nonsynonymous SNPs in this gene. Two SNPs in ERBB3 (rs773123 and rs2271188) were polymorphic in our samples, neither of which showed significant evidence of association with the illness (P = 0.639 and 0.561, respectively). Because replication across such studies is notoriously difficult, the microarray evidence implicating ERBB3 still strongly supports some role of this gene in schizophrenia. However, our failure to find genetic association suggests that the differential expression of ERBB3 in schizophrenia may be environmentally driven, or involve cis‐ or trans‐acting genetic factors beyond the boundaries of the gene itself. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple system atrophy is distinguished from idiopathic Parkinson's disease by the arginine growth hormone stimulation test
Authors: Pellecchia Maria Teresa , Longo Katia , Pivonello Rosario , Lucetti Claudio , Marchese Roberta , Spampani Annalisa , Manfredi Michela , Epifanio Antonio , Sensi Mariachiara , Scaravilli Tomaso , Bracco Fulvio , Eleopra Roberto , Morgante Letterio , Donati Edoardo , Marconi Roberto , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Bonuccelli Ubaldo , Zappia Mario , Colao Annamaria , Barone Paolo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveMultiple system atrophy (MSA) may be difficult to distinguish from idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of the arginine growth hormone (GH) stimulation test in distinguishing between MSA and PD in large populations of patients.MethodsWe measured the GH response to arginine in 69 MSA (43 MSAp [parkinsonism as the main motor feature] and 26 MSAc [cerebellar features predominated]) patients, 35 PD patients, and 90 healthy control subjects. We used receiver‐operating curve analysis to establish the arginine cutoff value that best differentiated between MSA and PD.ResultsThe GH response to arginine was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in MSA than in either PD patients or control subjects. At a cutoff level of 4μg/L, arginine distinguished MSAp from PD with a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and MSAc from PD with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 91%. The arginine test had a positive predictive value for MSA of 95%. The GH response to arginine was not affected by disease duration or severity, MSA motor subtype, pyramidal signs, response to dopaminergic therapy, or magnetic resonance imaging findings.InterpretationThe GH response to arginine differentiates MSA from PD with a high diagnostic accuracy. The results suggest an impairment of cholinergic central systems modulating GH release in MSA. Ann Neurol 2006