bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residues of clenpirin [2‐(3,4‐dichiorophenylimino)‐l‐n‐butyl pyrrolidine] in the fatty tissues of steers and in butter fat
Authors: Clegg Donald E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of trials in which cattle were either treated dermally or dosed orally with clenpirin [2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenylimino)‐l‐n‐butyl pyrrolidine] was undertaken.Tissue fat from steers and butter fat from milking cattle were sampled and residue levels determined colorimetricaliy.Residues following a single application of clenpirin (9 litres/beast at 0.25% w/v) reached an average maximum of 2.0 mg/kg in body fat and then declined to 0.2 mg/kg after 14 days. Multiple applications (9 litres/beast at 0.25% w/v) resulted in a progressive buildup of residues in body fat to about 30 mg/kg after 4 treatments. When steers were dosed orally with technical clenpirin at 700 mg/beast/day for 15 days the average fat level reached 0.7 mg/kg.In a series of trials with milking cattle a single dermal exposure (0.23‐0.3% w/v aqueous emulsion) yielded residues in butter fat ranging from 1 5.5‐51 1 mg/kg at the first sampling 5 h after treatment. Six days later these had declined to about 0.8 mg/kg.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic method for perfluidone residues in rice grains and husks
Authors: Businelli Mario , Tafuri Francesco , Marucchini Cesare , Scarponi Luciano 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA gas‐liquid chromatographic method using electron‐capture detection is described for the determination of perfluidone residues in rice grains and husks. The procedure consists of extraction, purification on an anion‐exchange resin, methylation and further clean‐up (if necessary) by adsorption on “Florisil”. The recoveries from fortified rice grains and husks were respectively 73.5–98% and 77–104% in the range 0.01–0.50 mg/kg. Sensitivity permits detection of perfluidone at 0.005 mg/kg level.
Antisporulant action of fungicides against Podosphaera leucotricha on apple seedlings
Authors: Sztejnberg Abraham , Byrde Robert J. W. , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of commercial fungicides and dinitrophenolic compounds were tested for their ability to suppress further sporulation of established infections of the apple mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha on seedlings in the greenhouse. Although they did not kill the fungus, two organophosphorus and two benzimidazole‐type compounds gave powerful suppression for at least 18 days. Other fungicides known to control apple mildew in the field had a less marked effect. Sporulation occurred on subsequent untreated growth to the same extent as on control seedlings, except where either of two substituted dinitrophenols had been used.
Effect of certain fasciolicides on malate dehydrogenase activity of Fasciola hepatica: A possible biochemical mode of action of hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide
Authors: Lwin Than , Probert Allan J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of nitroxynil, rafoxanide, diamphenethide, oxyclozanide and hexachlorophene on the malate dehydrogenase activity of homogenates of Fasciola hepatica was investigated. The ratio of oxaloacetate reduction to malate oxidation in homogenates of F. hepatica was 6.2:1. Nitroxynil, rafoxanide and diamphenethide had no inhibitory effect on malate dehydrogenase at 10−3 M. Oxyclozanide at 10−3 M inhibited malate oxidation by 100% and oxaloacetate reduction by 81%, while 10−3 M hexachlorophene inhibited activity in both directions by 100%. The inhibition quotient (K1 of bovine liver/Ki of F. hepatica) was 7.8 for oxyclozanide and 5.4 for hexachlorophene. No inhibition was seen with 2,4‐dinitrophenol at 10−3 M. Rapid death resulted in vitro with 10−4 M oxyclozanide and 10−5 M hexachlorophene. Oxaloacetate reduction was inhibited 61% and malate oxidation 91% with oxyclozanide and 71 and 100% respectively with hexachlorophene. Slow death was also seen at 10−6 M concentration with both products although there was only 30% inhibition of malate dehydrogenase. Both products act as non‐competitive inhibitors of malate dehydrogenase and this inhibition is more marked against the mitochondrial subcellular fraction than the cytoplasmic fraction.
Effect of climatic factors on the potency of ioxynil and bromoxynil
Authors: Savory Brian M. , Hibbitt Christopher J. , Catchpole Anthony H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOutdoor pot experiments, carried out between 1967 and 1971, mainly with Polygonum lapathifolium L. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill., showed that herbicidal potency of ioxynil and bromoxynil salts and esters was affected by climatic conditions, particularly solar radiation and relative humidity. Multiple regression equations were frequently obtained which accounted for 80% or more of the observed variation in effective dose (ED90). By contrast, experiments in growth cabinets suggested that air temperature was the most important climatic variable; the reasons for this disagreement are discussed. It is concluded that climatic factors affect the potency of ioxynil and bromoxynil via their influence on leaf uptake; ester formulations (emulsions) were much less affected than aqueous salt solutions.
Herbicidal activity and selectivity of new 3‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐6‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones
Authors: Schmidt Robert R. , Draber Wilfried , Eue Ludwig , Timmler Helmut 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐Alkyl‐4‐amino‐6‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones are herbicidal compounds which act by inhibition of the electron transport in photosynthesis (Hill reaction). There is some correlation between phytotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition data. An exception is found with sugar beets which are very tolerant towards triazinones with a methyl group in 3‐position and an amino group in 4‐position. The best compound from this series, 4‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one, metamitron, shows very promising properties as a selective herbicide in sugar beet crops.
Inhibition of carbaryl metabolism by nitrogen in three species of cockroach and one species of locust
Authors: Cocks John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe in vivo release of 14CO2 arising from decarbamoylation of [14C]‐carbaryl (1‐naphthyl methyl‐[14C]‐carbamate) injected into male and female Periplaneta americana, Leucophaea maderae, Gromphadorhina portentosa and Schistocerca gregaria was measured up to 50 nmol carbaryl/g body weight. The amount of 14CO2 released was proportional to the dose of [14C]‐carbaryl injected and was similar for both sexes of each species. The KD50 values for carbaryl for each species did not correlate with their ability to decarbamoylate carbaryl. The degradation of carbaryl by this pathway is not therefore the limiting factor in determining the overall toxic effect of carbaryl in the four species studied. Decarbamoylation is inhibited by nitrogen in all four species. In P. americana the inhibition is virtually complete, in L. maderae, G. portentosa and S. gregaria the inhibition is 84%, 74% and 51% respectively. The results suggest the involvement of two enzymes, one of which is oxygen dependent. Decarbamoylation studies in air suggest the involvement of two enzymes with differing KM values. The involvement of aliesterases and mixed function oxidases in the decarbamoylation pathway(s) have not been established so far with this series of experiments.
Difenzoquat, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐diphenylpyrazolium ion, a selective herbicide for the control of wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat and barley
Authors: Winfield Robert J. , Caldicott Jeremy J. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe results of a series of replicated trials and of a series of commercial grower trials conducted in the United Kingdom during 1972 and 1973, established the effectiveness of difenzoquat (1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐diphenylpyrazolium ion) as the methyl sulphate as a selective post‐emergence herbicide for the control of wild oats in wheat and barley. Doses of 0.75 to 1.0 kg cation/ha applied at 200 or 400 litre/ha and at 2.1 or 3.5 kg/cm2 gave good to excellent results when applied at crop growth stages 3 to 5 (Feekes—Large scale) for spring crops and at crop growth stages 4 to 6 for winter crops. In these experiments wild oats over a range of stages from 1st leaf to tillering were well controlled.
Structure‐activity relationships in fungitoxicants related to triforine and chloraniformethan. II. Redistribution on barley and marrow seedlings
Authors: Brown David , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructural factors governing the redistribution of triforine, chloraniformethan and related compounds on barley and marrow leaves have been investigated. Replacing the 3,4‐dichloroanilino or piperazino groups gave compounds which in general underwent acropetal movement, and the degree of redistribution was greatest with the more hydrophilic compounds. Replacing the trichloromethyl by other halogenomethyl groups, or replacing the formyl by other keto groups, gave compounds which were not redistributed. No significant redistribution of any compound in the vapour phase was observed.
Persistence of gamma‐BHC and beta‐BHC in Indian rice soils under flooded conditions
Authors: Siddaramappa Rangappa , Sethunathan Nambrattil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative persistence of [14C]‐gamma‐BHC and [14C]‐beta‐BHC in Indian rice soils under flooded conditions was studied. In alluvial, laterite and pokkali (acid sulphate, saline) soils, rapid degradation of both isomers occurred; in sandy and kari (acid sulphate, saline) soils, both isomers persisted even after 41 days of flooding. The rapid degradation of BHC isomers in the former three soils was related to highly negative redox potentials within 20 days of flooding in contrast to oxidised conditions in sandy and kari soils even after 41 days. During the degradation in the soils, beta‐BHC showed longer lag than gamma‐BHC. Results suggest that the degradation of beta‐BHC commences at a potential lower than that required for gamma‐BHC degradation. Greater decomposition of gamma‐BHC occurred in rice straw‐amended soils than in unamended soils when the insecticide was incorporated to the soils in an aqueous solution. Addition of BHC isomers to the soils in ethanol resulted in comparable rates of rapid decomposition in both rice straw‐amended and unamended soils, since ethanol was as effective as rice straw in lowering the redox potentials of the soils favouring BHC decomposition in unamended soil as well.
Persistence of chlorfenvinphos in soils
Authors: Williams John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe persistence and behaviour of chlorfenvinphos, an organophosphorus insecticide, was studied on different soils. On a peaty soil the insecticide was only very slowly degraded, there being 70% of the applied dose remaining after 21 weeks and 30% after nearly 12 months. On the sandy soils, however, persistence was much shorter; between 3 and 15% of the applied dose remained after a period of 15 weeks. Rates of loss appear to be related to soil moisture conditions; in dry seasons, although the initial rate of loss was high, subsequent rate of breakdown was slower than in wetter seasons. The results are discussed relative to the efficiency of the insecticide for controlling brassica root fly.
Differences in susceptibility of soya bean cultivars to metribuzin
Authors: Hardcastle Willis S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments were established in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Limestone Valley and Mountain areas of Georgia in 1972. Following pre‐emergence field applications of metribuzin at 0.56, 0.84, 1.12 and 1.68 kg a.i./ha, cv. Semmes was generally more susceptible to injury than were cv. Pickett, Bossier or York. The injury, first manifested as a typical chlorotic response of soya beans to triazine herbicides, caused reduced soya bean stands, heights, harvest yields and seed weights.
Techniques for measuring the wetting of leaf surfaces
Authors: Gückel Walter , Synnatschke Gotthard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferent types of plant leaves exhibit a broad spectrum of wetting behaviour because of their different pubescence, wax layer, scales, veins, etc. The wetting tension is used to express the wetting of a leaf with βsf = σf. cos θ (σf = the surface tension of a liquid and θ= the contact angle of a liquid to the surface of a leaf). Three different methods are used for measuring contact angles: the contact angle goniometer method, the meniscus rise method and the Wilhelmy plate method. All three methods are based on completely independent theories and produce absolutely uniform contact angles on smooth paraffin surfaces. Closed cup systems which could be thermostatted were used for making the measurements. Substantial differences in the contact angles become apparent when contact angle measurements on roughened and smooth firm surfaces are compared, as for example contact angles on smooth and roughened paraffin surfaces. If the figures for the contact angles on a smooth surface are 90° or > 90°, they will be bigger on a roughened surface; if they are <90° on a smooth surface, they will be smaller on a roughened surface. These results obtained with paraffin were confirmed by contact angle measurements made on plant leaves. The contact angles, measured on plant leaves with the help of the three different measuring methods, show a high degree of uniformity.
Inactivation of methylmercury dicyandiamide by Penicillium in soil and the relationship to damping‐off of peas
Authors: Munnecke Donald E. , Moore Bernard J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn laboratory experiments autoclaved University of California (UC) soil mix containing 5–20 mg of methylmercury dicyandiamide (MMDD)/g of soil was infested with Penicillium notatum. Bioassays were made at intervals up to 63 days later to detect the fungicide's rate of inactivation. The culture of P. notatum had been adapted to grow in the presence of high MMDD concentrations in an agar medium. Relationships among initial MMDD concentration, presence of P. notatum and incidence of damping‐off of peas caused by Pythium ultimum were determined.
The release of cyanatryn from a controlled‐release formulation into flowing water
Authors: Osgerby John M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe problem of maintaining a sufficient concentration of the herbicide cyanatryn in flowing water for a sufficient time to control aquatic weeds has been solved by using a controlled‐release pellet formulation. The rate of release of the herbicide depends primarily on the rate of diffusion within the clay matrix and is a function of the formulation ingredients and the degree of compaction achieved during manufacture. Release appears to be independent of water velocity but the concentration produced downstream of the application point depends on the volume of water flowing in unit time and the mass of herbicide used.
Contact repellency of sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina wied
Authors: Virgona Christopher , Holan George , Shipp Erik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe contact repellent effect of 24 new chemicals was assessed in a laboratory technique which used treated baits exposed to the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina Wied. The effect of some of the chemicals as antifeedants was also examined. An “Index of Repellency” and an “Index of Antifeedancy” were devised to give a reliable assessment of activity.
Particle size analysis techniques for suspension concentrates
Authors: Kanellopoulos Andreas G. , Wood Richard J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSuspension concentrates are dispersions of sparingly soluble active ingredients in water or in organic solvents and generally contain particles with diameters in the range 0.4–12 μm. Four particle size analysis techniques were tested for their suitability for these formulations. Experimental details which are of particular significance for these formulations and methods of presenting the results are discussed for the different techniques. It was found that: the electron microscope was suitable but time‐consuming when used without counting devices; the optical microscope was reliable only for the coarse samples, i.e. samples with a median of the volume distribution greater than 2 μm; the Coulter counter model TA was quick and reliable; the centrifugal disc photosedimentometer was also quick and reliable but its suitability decreased with increasing particle size.
Synthesis, insecticidal and acaricidal properties of some 5‐alkoxy‐, 5‐alkylthio‐6‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl and 6‐oxo‐5‐phenoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazinyl phosphorus esters. II
Authors: Konečý Václav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of novel 5‐alkoxy‐, 5‐alkylthio‐6‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl and 6‐oxo‐5‐phenoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl phosphorus esters was prepared from the corresponding alkali pyridazin‐4‐olates and their insecticidal and acaricidal activities studied. Many of the compounds, especially the diethyl and dimethyl phosphates and OO‐diethyl and OO‐dimethyl phosphorothioates, showed high insecticidal and acaricidal activity.
Effects of some insect development inhibitors on mosquito larvae
Authors: Busvine James R. , Rongsriyam Yupha , Bruno David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe compounds tested were isopropyl (±)‐(E,E)‐11 ‐methoxy‐3,7,11‐trimethyl‐dodeca‐2,4‐dienoate (ZR 515) and 6,7‐epoxy‐3‐ethyl‐7‐methylnonyl 4‐ethylphenyl ether (R 20458) (two juvenile hormone mimics); 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(αα‐dimethyl‐benzyl)phenol (MON 0585) (which inhibits melanisation during pupation); diflubenzuron and 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐dichlorobenzoyl)urea (PH 60:38) (which affect chitinisation during moulting); and (E)‐oct‐2‐enoic acid and (E)‐non‐2‐enoic acid (all of which are claimed to have “teratogenic” effects on insects). The relative potencies of these chemicals were assessed on eggs, larvae and pupae of several mosquito species. Their characteristic delayed harmful effects are described and related to various stages of metamorphosis.
High pressure liquid chromatography of benzimidazolcs
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Lord K. Alan , Williams Ian H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA laboratory‐assembled high pressure liquid chromatograph with variable wavelength ultraviolet detector is described. The chromatography of the systemic fungicides benomyl, thiabendazole, thiophanate, related fungicides and benzimidazoles (13 compounds in all) is described using reverse phase and adsorption systems. Temperature affects reverse phase systems but not adsorption systems. Use of a variable wavelength detector increases sensitivity and selectivity. High pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) has been applied to measurements of the solubility of benomyl and carbendazim in water and the degradation of benomyl in solution. Use of h.p.l.c. to measure benzimidazole residues awaits the development of methods of avoiding interference by substances extracted from crops and soils.
Determination of permethrin by gas–liquid chromatography with electron capture detection
Authors: Williams Ian H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method was developed for determining permethrin in potatoes. The insecticide was extracted with acetone and hexane, and partitioned into ethyl acetate. The extract was purified on a column containing a mixture of alumina, “Florisil” and silica gel plus a layer of activated charcoal mixed with cellulose. Analysis was by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection. Recovery from fortified potatoes ranged from 78 to 91% at 0.01 mg/kg and 98 to 107% at 1.0 mg/kg. The method appears to be applicable to other crops; a trial run on fortified bean leaves gave 80% recovery at 0.1 mg/kg.
Degradation of S‐2‐Di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate in soil: Phosphorus‐containing products
Authors: Verweij Albert , Boter Henk L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of S‐2‐di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate in humic sand, humic loam and clayey peat has been studied under laboratory conditions. About 90% of the compound disappeared within 2 days and the remainder disappeared more slowly. Ethyl hydrogen methylphosphonate and methylphosphonic acid were identified as the only phosphorus‐containing degradation products.
The toxicity of benomyl and some related 2‐substituted benzimidazoles to the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
Authors: Stringer Austin , Wright Michael A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenzimidazole and its 2‐amino analogue were non‐toxic to Lumbricus terrestris when administered orally. The fungicidal 2‐substituted benzimidazoles (benomyl, carben‐dazim, fuberidazole and thiabendazole) and l‐(benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐butylurea were highly and equally toxic. The equitoxicity of compounds with widely differing substituent groups suggests a common mode of action—the benzimidazole moiety being the active part of the molecule. It is likely that there is a common mode of action for benzimidazole analogues for both fungicidal activity and earthworm toxicity. There was no detectable effect on the cholinesterase levels of earthworms poisoned by benomyl. But it is confirmed that the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of benomyl in vitro is due to formation of butyl isocyanate.
Pyridyl terpenoid ethers with high juvenile hormone activity
Authors: Solli Hauk , Madsen Hans Berg , Hoist Preben L. , Klemmensen Per D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPyridyl terpenoid ethers have outstanding juvenile hormone activity in Tenebrio molitor compared with their phenyl analogues (6,7‐epoxy‐3,7‐dimethyloct‐2‐enyl 6‐ethyl‐3‐pyridyl ether and 7‐ethoxy‐3,7‐dimethyloct‐2‐enyl 6‐ethyl‐3‐pyridyl ether are active at 100 pg/larva). The compounds were also active in Galteria mellonella and Culex pipiens.
Determination of bromide ion content of cereals and other foodstuffs by specific ion electrode
Authors: Banks H. Johnathon , Desmarchelier James M. , Elek Jane A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is presented which determines the bromide ion content of foodstuffs using a bromide specific ion electrode. For low levels of bromide (< 10 mg/kg) or for accurate work, bromide was extracted from the ground commodity with water and then separated from interfering compounds by ion‐exchange chromatography before estimation. Alternatively, bromide ion can be estimated approximately by direct measurement on the aqueous extracts after heating to denature proteins. The method was checked against three standard methods of bromide estimation in foods, using wheat that had been repeatedly fumigated with methyl bromide. The equipment required is inexpensive and can be adapted for field use. The method has been used to determine the bromide and chloride contents that occur naturally in wheat, maize, copra, soya beans and sorghum.
Transformations of 4‐chloro‐o‐toluidine in soil: Generation of coupling products by one‐electron oxidation
Authors: Iwan Jorg , Hoyer Georg‐A. , Rosenberg Douwe , Goller Dieter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour coupling products formed by one‐electron oxidation of 4‐chloro‐o‐toluidine were isolated from soil samples after 90 days of incubation with [14C]chlordimeform (200 mg/kg). The metabolic compounds were identified as 4,4′‐dichloro‐2,2′‐dimethyl‐azobenzene, 4‐chloro‐6‐nitro‐o‐toluidine, N‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)‐2‐methyl‐p‐benzoquin‐one monoimine and 2‐(4‐chloro‐o‐toluidino)‐N‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)‐6‐methyl‐p‐benzo‐quinone monoimine, respectively. Mechanisms of formation and possible significance of these substances as indicators for metabolic pathways to mineralisation of aniline derivatives are discussed. The chlordimeform soil concentrations (70–100 mg/kg) necessary for the formation of the azobenzene and the benzoquinone monoimines are at least 10 times higher than those occurring after actual field application.