bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guanosine 5′‐O‐Thiotriphosphate and Sodium Fluoride Activate Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Rat Cortical Membranes by Distinct Mechanisms
Authors: Li Peter P. , Sibony David , Warsh Jerry J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:NaF and guanosine 5′‐O‐thiotriphosphate [GTP(S)] stimulated the accumulation of [3H]inositol monophosphate ([3H]lnsP) in rat brain cortical membranes, with half‐maximal stimulation at 2 mM and 1 μM, respectively. Calcium also increased basal [3H]lnsP formation over a range of concentrations from 10‐7 to 10‐4M. The stimulatory effect of GTP(S) (30 μM) on [3H]InsP production was insensitive to Ca2+, whereas NaF‐evoked [3H]InsP formation was dependent on Ca2+ concentrations. Guanosine 5′‐O‐thiodiphosphate significantly attenuated GTP(S)‐ but not NaF‐stimulated [3H]InsP production. Coincubation of GTP(S) (30 μM) and submaximal concentrations of NaF (1 or 3 mM) stimulated [3H]InsP formation to a degree that was nearly additive with that produced by either drug alone. However, the resultant accumulation of [3H]InsP in the presence of maximally effective concentrations of GTP(S) and NaF was not different from that produced by NaF alone. Incubation of cortical membranes with GTP(S) and NaF for 1 min stimulated the accumulation of [3H]inositol bisphosphate (InsP2) but not [3H]InsP. [3H]InsP2 production elicited by GTP(S) was markedly enhanced by the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol. In contrast, NaF‐stimulated [3H]InsP2 formation was not potentiated by carbachol. Our findings of different characteristics of GTP(S) and fluoride activation of polyphosphoinositide (PPI) hydrolysis suggest that separate regulatory mechanisms are involved in these two modes of stimulation in brain membranes. Activation of PPI hydrolysis by fluoride may be mediated by a direct stimulation of PPI phosphodiesterase or by activating a putative guanine nucleotide regulatory protein at a location distinct from the GTP‐binding site.
Maintenance of the Blood Level of Penicillin After Intramuscular Injection
Authors: Parkins William M. , Wiley Marjorie , Chandy Jacob , Zintel Harold A. 
Published: October 2006

Blood concentrations of penicillin were maintained at measurable levels for as long as seven or eight hours following single intramuscular injections of penicillin in the dog and in patients by means of vehicles containing 6 per cent. to 20 per cent. ossein gelatin and a long-acting vasoconstrictor drug.
Intramuscular administration of penicillin can thus be carried on with three instead of eight injections per day with less variation in the extremes of penicillin blood levels.
A Colorimetric Method for the Micro-Determination of 2,2, Bis(P-Chlorophenyl) 1,1,1 Trichlorethane (DDT)
Authors: Stiff Henry A. , Castillo Julio C. 
Published: October 2006

A colorimetric method for the micro-determination of 2,2 bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1 trichlorethane (DDT) is presented. The test is based on the discovery that when DDT is heated in an anhydrous pyridine solution containing xanthydrol and solid potassium hydroxide a red color develops, which under proper conditions is proportional to the amount of DDT present.
The reaction is sensitive to as little as 10 gammas of DDT. It will detect small differences in concentration within the range of 10 to 200 gammas. The test is relatively simple and can be run in a comparatively short time.
Oral Administration of Penicillin in Corn Oil and Lanolin
Authors: Perlstein D. , Kluener R. G. , Liebmann A. J. , Dorrell I. 
Published: October 2006

Oral administration of penicillin suspended in equal parts of corn oil and lanolin extends the maintenance of the penicillin level in the system (as determined by urine bio-assay). Measurable quantities were found 24 to 42 hours after ingestion.
Recovery of the penicillin is about five times higher than under administration in saline solution.
We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the various members of our staff who volunteered as subjects for these experiments.
Origin of the Tetrapod Limb
Authors: Gunter Gordon 
Published: October 2006

The paired fins of fishes were first used as props and supports for resting on the bottom; these were later used in a clumsy, walking manner, and this behavior perforce began first in the water, because the weak props could not support the animals without the water bouyancy; increased perfection of the mechanics of walking took place in the shallows; which was a refuge from the chief predators; the land was also attractive as a haven and as a source of food; the first vertebrate invaders of land probably had fins, and these became legs by enlargement of the fin base and loss of fin rays; these original limbs and girdles were weak and probably underwent a considerable period of evolution in swampy country; later they were perfected by further selection when it became necessary for early amphibians to move across dry land because of a failing local water supply.
This syllogism conforms to the known behavior and capabilities of fishes and amphibians and to the general facts of zoology and paleontology. It suggests that common, continuous activities and stresses—escape from enemies and food getting—led to the origin of the tetrapod limb. This obviates the necessity for explaining how discontinuous and somewhat catastrophic events, such as the drying up of water bodies, could have led to the origin of limbs, which at the very outset had to be fairly strong.
The general theory stated here is fairly clearly implied by Berry, who said, "Those fishy pioneers with air-bladders—and paired fins—which, after ages of using their fins for pushing and paddling themselves over mud flats, gradually ventured onto drier and drier ground—where they avoided the competition for food—and the dangers of swarming hordes of ganoid pirates of the waters, were the ancestors of the amphibians."
On Being Sane in Insane Places
Authors: Rosenhan D. L. 
Published: October 2006

It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment—the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self-labeling—seem undoubtedly countertherapeutic.
I do not, even now, understand this problem well enough to perceive solutions. But two matters seem to have some promise. The first concerns the proliferation of community mental health facilities, of crisis intervention centers, of the human potential movement, and of behavior therapies that, for all of their own problems, tend to avoid psychiatric labels, to focus on specific problems and behaviors, and to retain the individual in a relatively non-pejorative environment. Clearly, to the extent that we refrain from sending the distressed to insane places, our impressions of them are less likely to be distorted. (The risk of distorted perceptions, it seems to me, is always present, since we are much more sensitive to an individual's behaviors and verbalizations than we are to the subtle contextual stimuli that often promote them. At issue here is a matter of magnitude. And, as I have shown, the magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.)

The second matter that might prove promising speaks to the need to increase the sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the
Catch 22
position of psychiatric patients. Simply reading materials in this area will be of help to some such workers and researchers. For others, directly experiencing the impact of psychiatric hospitalization will be of enormous use. Clearly, further research into the social psychology of such total institutions will both facilitate treatment and deepen understanding.

I and the other pseudopatients in the psychiatric setting had distinctly negative reactions. We do not pretend to describe the subjective experiences of true patients. Theirs may be different from ours, particularly with the passage of time and the necessary process of adaptation to one's environment. But we can and do speak to the relatively more objective indices of treatment within the hospital. It could be a mistake, and a very unfortunate one, to consider that what happened to us derived from malice or stupidity on the part of the staff. Quite the contrary, our overwhelming impression of them was of people who really cared, who were committed and who were uncommonly intelligent. Where they failed, as they sometimes did painfully, it would be more accurate to attribute those failures to the environment in which they, too, found themselves than to personal callousness. Their perceptions and behavior were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated by a malicious disposition. In a more benign environment, one that was less attached to global diagnosis, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective.
Clean Fuels from Coal Gasification
Authors: Squires Arthur M. 
Published: October 2006

The quickest way to establish a visible new margin against energy demand is the historic producer serving small industry and gasifying Pennsylvania anthracite. In 2 years many producers could be in operation.
The quickest way to obtain significant supplies of "new" gas or oil is to retrofit existing electricity and industrial boilers for power or industrial gas. Important results could be achieved in 6 years.
Table 3 identifies development activities deserving high priority to speed the capture of gas and oil now burned in boilers, and to speed realization of the advantages of combined-cycle equipment running on coal.
Obviously, these activities are not enough. Many exciting and worthwhile concepts at various stages of development can furnish improved techniques for converting coal to pipeline gas and liquid fuels for the long run. Reviews of these concepts are available. I have neglected them in this article not to deny their importance but to stress the earlier opportunities from technology that is ready now, or nearly ready.
The oil and gas industries might well consider the historical progression from Wells Fargo to Western Union to American Telephone and Telegraph to Radio Corporation of America. These industries will miss the boat if they regard themselves simply as purveyors of their historical fuels and not as purveyors of clean energy. The gas industry especially will be in trouble if it lets its major industrial customers, such as steel and electricity, provide their own supplies of power and industrial gas.
Energy, Manpower, and the Highway Trust Fund
Authors: Bezdek Roger , Hannon Bruce 
Published: October 2006

If energy conservation were a goal of a federal budget policy maker, such conservation could be achieved by reinvesting the highway trust fund in any of several other alternative federal programs (except criminal justice), especially in railroad and mass transit construction and national health insurance. Total employment would increase in each alternative program examined. For example, if construction monies were shifted from highways to railroads, the energy required for construction would be reduced by about 62 percent and employment would increase by 3.2 percent.
By comparing the dollar, energy, and employment requirements of a highway transportation system with such requirements for a railroad transportation system, we obtained detailed information from which we concluded the following:
1) Passenger transport by railroad was much less dollar and energy demanding and required more labor than car transport in 1963. If the dollar savings had been respent in an average way by consumers, the net impact would have been to reduce the energy savings and further increase employment. A similar conclusion was reached in a study of bus substitution for automobiles in urban areas. If the marginal substitution effects would have held over the whole range of change, and the dollar savings had been spent on the construction of railways, then about 3.0 billion gallons of gasoline could have been saved annually and 1.2 million new jobs created.
2) Freight transport by railroad was less expensive, in terms of dollar, energy, and labor requirements, than was truck transportation in 1963. If, under a national shift to rail freight, the dollar savings had been absorbed as personal consumption expenditures, a net increase of labor and energy would have ensued. If the dollar savings had been absorbed as a tax and respent on railroad and mass transit construction, about 0.3 billion more gallons of gasoline (energy equivalent) would have been consumed annually and 1.2 million jobs created, under a complete shift to rail.
Had there been a full shift from intercity car and truck transportation to transportation by railroad with dollar savings spent on railway construction, 2.7 billion gallons of gasoline (energy equivalent) could have been saved and 2.4 million new jobs could have been created in 1963.
Technology Utilization: Incentives and Solar Energy
Authors: Ezra Arthur A. 
Published: October 2006

If the federal government is not going to be the major market for the application of federally funded R & D results, then the responsibility for bringing about technology utilization cannot be borne alone by the federal agency funding the R & D. That this problem is now being recognized is shown by the number of bills that were introduced in Congress in 1974, culminating in the Solar Heating and Cooling Act of 1974.
An examination of the incentives for technology utilization in the conceptual framework of TDS reveals the following:
1) Incentives must be applied to each component of the TDS.
2) Different components in the TDS require different incentives.
3) Although information exists concerning a wide variety of incentives that are currently being used by various federal agencies to stimulate technology utilization, most of this information is in the form of raw data compiled by the respective agencies and a substantial effort will be required to collect, compile, and evaluate them.
4) All the components of a TDS must be activated if technology utilization is to occur on a self-sustaining basis. This makes experimental verification of a particular incentive on a particular component difficult.
5) A federal agency concerned with technology utilization can and should assume the responsibility for identifying all the components of the required TDS, devising incentives for each component and testing them to ensure their effectiveness. Where a TDS does not exist, the federal agency may have to assume the responsibility of creating one. The scope of this effort in many cases may transcend the present authority of the agency, and congressional action may be required to remedy this shortcoming.
Management of Famine Relief
Authors: Mayer Jean 
Published: October 2006

We have, over the course of time, made discoveries in compassion as well as discoveries in technology. Many problems that had been judged insoluble in the past are no longer tolerable. For many centuries, starvation was inevitable, largely because means of information and means of transportation were not at hand; the fact that there usually was more food available somewhere else on the same or another continent was irrelevant. There was no way of hearing of the famine, bringing the food where it was needed, or distributing it. We now have the knowledge to install early warning systems based on economic and on medical surveillance. Such data as weather reports, crop forecasts, food reserves and retail prices, height-to-weight ratios, skin fold thicknesses, and height-to-arm circumference ratios in children can warn us in advance of impending famine. We also now have the means to transport the food to the area of threatening or actual mass starvation. Therefore, we have obligations that did not exist in past generations. We are now also in a much smaller world from which some of our contemporaries have stepped out to look at the spaceship on which we are all traveling. The worldwide civil rights revolution of the 1960's has brought about greater realization that all human beings are born equal and must be preserved and helped. All this means not only that we must organize to prevent famines on a worldwide basis, but also that we must use the most modern technology to do so. The fact that famine often occurs in remote areas is no reason why we cannot use computers and other modern technology. The very need for programming computers, with the planned coding and feeding of data that it entails, not only forces preparedness but also obliges planners to examine responses to various contingencies. National and international training courses for policymakers and managers of famine relief should follow.
Even if mankind brings its resources and its population into balance, a sound organization of famine relief preparation will still be needed to cope with local contingencies. Rapid agricultural advancement, development of innovative food sources, and, above all, control of population growth are necessary if famine is not to stalk all of mankind in the future.
Central Crime Computer Project Draws Mixed Reviews
Authors: Shapley Deborah 
Published: October 2006

After committing a crime in Ohio, an offender from California, for example, may flee to Florida, having profitably disposed of his stolen goods in still another State. With all the marvels of modern transportation, all this can and does occur while the police pore over the fresh traces at the crime scene.
To solve crime in the space-age tempo of today's society demands that law enforcement officers have available immediately the facts of crime whenever or wherever they are likely to confront suspected elements of it.
Microcomputers and Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Fink William L. 
Published: October 2006

The programs discussed above show how microcomputers have added to the arsenal of systematic biologists. This is a rapidly developing field, and there are no doubt major changes on the horizon. Swofford is working on a new version of PAUP that will have some of the interactive features of MacClade (and will not require a math coprocessor) and there are efforts under way to make PAUP available on Macintosh. PHYLIP has undergone a steady evolution since its release, and Felsenstein has plans to continue that policy. A microcomputer descendant of the large mainframe program PHYSYS, authored by James S. Farris, is supposed to be forthcoming before the end of the year.
Just as this review was being completed, J. Rohlf and R. Sokal of the State University of New York at Stony Brook unveiled a beta-test microcomputer version of their phenetic program package, NT-SYS. Inasmuch as it was not in release form and does not include algorithms specifically designed to do phylogenetic analysis, it has not been included here (although some phenetic techniques, such as UPGMA, produce results similar to parsimony trees under certain assumptions).
Checking the Pulse of PitCon '88
Authors: Barnes Deborah M. 
Published: October 2006

At PitCon '88—otherwise known as the Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy—exhibited instruments capitalized on improvements in existing technology rather than novel concepts or design. This year's models feature increasing automation, particularly for aspects of sample presentation. The 1988 generation of so-called hyphenated systems emphasize a combination of techniques within the same work station—gas chromatography to detect and separate organic contaminants combined with mass spectrometry to identify them, for example. And in keeping with strict environmental standards, many companies are stressing the ability of their latest instruments to detect levels of environmental pollutants in the parts per billion, rather than parts per million, range.
PitCon '88 lured more than 25,000 participants to New Orleans for the week of 22 to 26 February. Approximately 830 companies displayed their wares at 2400 booths, and it took two separate facilities to house them. Specialized symposia on advances in spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrochemical techniques increased in number as did the number of individual talks and posters. And new this year were three general interest symposia—identifying antiques by spectrochemical techniques, cholesterol, and drug testing in the workplace.
Competitive Surfing Injuries
Authors: Nathanson Andrew , Bird Shark , Dao Leland , Tam-Sing Kelly 
Published: October 2006

Background Surfing is a sport that has been growing rapidly in popularity, yet little is known about surfing injuries. Purpose To calculate an accurate injury rate for competitive surfing and to describe the relative frequency, mechanisms, and risk factors for acute surfing injuries. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods This prospective study of acute competitive surfing injuries was carried out at 32 professional and amateur surfing contests worldwide between 1999 and 2005. All acute injuries sustained during competition were recorded by on-site medical personnel. The wave size, type of seafloor, and number of surfing heats were also recorded for each day. The total number of injuries was divided by the total number of athlete exposures to determine injury rates. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for injury. Results There were 116 injuries documented, 89 of which occurred during competition. There were 15 675 athlete exposures, yielding an injury rate of 5.7 per 1000 athlete exposures, or 13 per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. There were 6.6 significant injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. Risk of injury was 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.9) times greater when surfing in waves overhead or bigger relative to smaller waves and 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.2) times greater when surfing over a rock or reef bottom relative to a sandy bottom. Conclusion There were 13 acute surfing injuries per 1000 hours of competitive surfing. The risk of injury was more than doubled when surfing in large waves or over a hard seafloor.
Relapsing polychondritis — REPORT OF TEN CASES
Authors: Damiani Joseph M. , Levine Howard L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRelapsing polychondritis is a rare disease of unknown etiology. There are approximately 211 reported cases in the world literature. This is a report of ten cases from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.McAdam's diagnostic criteria for R.P. were reviewed and modified. For diagnosis, all patients had to have 1. at least three or more diagnostic criteria, histologic confirmation not necessary; 2. one or more of McAdam's signs with positive histologic confirmation; or 3. chondritis in two or more separate anatomic locations with response to steroids and/or Dapsone.Chondritis of the auricles (9/10 patients) and arthropathy (8/10 patients) are the most common presenting signs. Chondritis was also seen in the nose (6/10) and the upper respiratory tract involving the larynx and trachea (4/10). Cochlear and vestibular damage and ocular inflammation were each seen in 5/10 patients.Patients were treated with steroids and/or Dapsone. Both drugs were reliable in abating episodes of activity and in decreasing recurrences. These results further support Dapsone as an alternate form of treatment for RP.
An unusual foreign body of the tongue masquerading as malignancy
Authors: Shugar Martin A. , Kelly James H. , Glinski Edward J. , Strome Marshall 
Published: October 2006

AbstractForeign bodies within the tongue are a rare finding. The history is often not helpful as it is usually remote. Presented is a case of an unusual foreign body in the tongue which masqueraded as a malignancy. The differential diagnosis of an asymptomatic tongue swelling or tongue pain should include foreign body.