bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of prefix hijacking and interception in the internet
Authors: Ballani Hitesh , Francis Paul , Zhang Xinyang 
Published: September 2007

There have been many incidents of prefix hijacking in the Internet. The hijacking AS can blackhole the hijacked traffic. Alternatively, it can transparently intercept the hijacked traffic by forwarding it onto the owner. This paper presents a study of such prefix hijacking and interception with the following contributions: (1). We present a methodology for prefix interception, (2). We estimate the fraction of traffic to any prefix that can be hijacked and intercepted in the Internet today, (3). The interception methodology is implemented and used to intercept real traffic to our prefix, (4). We conduct a detailed study to detect ongoing prefix interception.
We find that: Our hijacking estimates are in line with the impact of past hijacking incidents and show that ASes higher up in the routing hierarchy can hijack a significant amount of traffic to any prefix, including popular prefixes. A less apparent result is that the same holds for prefix interception too. Further, our implementation shows that intercepting traffic to a prefix in the Internet is almost as simple as hijacking it. Finally, while we fail to detect ongoing prefix interception, the detection exercise highlights some of the challenges posed by the prefix interception problem.
A new Simplified Method of Selective Exposure of Hepatic Pedicles for Controlled Hepatectomies
Authors: Galperin E. I. , Karagiulian S. R. 
Published: September 2007

Our experience of 90 hepatectomies (HE) and examinations of 64 cadaver livers resulted in the elaboration
of a simplified technique for the exposure of hepatic pedicles (HP) and the rapid selective ligation
without significant normothermal ischemia of the retained parts of the liver. The method comprises 4
consecutive steps: 1) a superficial T‐shaped incision of Glisson′s capsule at the site of HP projection
on the liver′s inferior surface, 2) introduction of the surgeon′s forefinger into the liver parenchyma,
controlled by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament, the fingertip finding a tubular structure well distinguished
by its smooth elastic surface from the friable parenchyma and bending the finger to hook
the pedicle, 3) drawing the hooked pedicle downwards through the slit in the capsule and temporarily
clamping it, while releasing the hepatoduodenal ligament so as to restore blood supply to the retained
parts of the liver, 4) checking for correct ligature position on the HP before its final ligation by matching
the actual ischemic area with the intended line of resection and moving the clamp proximally or distally
along the exposed pedicle for the release or clamping of lateral branches as necessary. Whereupon
resection can be performed by any of the known methods.This method has been used in 8 major HE, allowing to reduce intraoperative blood loss from
2200±247 ml to 1000±225 ml and reducing general liver ischemia from 10 minutes and more to 2–3
minutes.
Dietary and Other Risk Factors in The Aetiology of Cholelithiasis:A Case Control Study
Authors: Linos A. D. , Daras V. , Linos D. A. , Kekis V. , Tsoukas M. M. , Golematis V. 
Published: September 2007

We studied the effect of dietary factors and a variety of other risk factors on the development of
cholelithiasis through a case control study.The study involved 96 cases and 118 age and sex matched controls. All cases and controls were
interviewed with regard to a variety of risk factors and frequency of consumption of over 100 food
items. Analysis was done both by chi square and a multiple logistic regression model. From all the
dietry factors the only ones that showed a positive statistically signficantly (p<0.05) association was
consumption of animal fat as expressed by eating all visible fat on the meat and using butter on the
table. Interestingly high consumption of olive oil had a negative (protective) association with the
disease. A negative association was also found with smoking and holding a job demanding hard
labor.
Obstructive Jaundice in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Hollands M. J. , Little J. M. 
Published: September 2007

Significant obstructive jaundice in chronic pancreatitis is generally considered to be rare. Eleven of 57
consecutive patients with proven chronic pancreatitis have developed significant obstructive jaundice of
more than transient duration. Eight presented as jaundice complicating known pancreatitis and three as
jaundice of unknown cause.Life table analysis showed a steady rise in the risk of developing jaundice up to the end of 10 years from
the onset of chronic pancreatitis. Jaundice was found to occur in the presence of more “destructive”
disease, and jaundiced patients had a higher incidence of pancreatic calcification, diabetes and
malabsorption at the time of presentation with jaundice.Obstructive jaundice caused by chronic pancreatitis was found to carry a good prognosis for jaundice,
for pain and for life. Only one of the 11 patients died in hospital.It is important to distinguish chronic pancreatitis from cancer in these patients. Pre‐operative and intraoperative
cytology have been helpful. Stent insertion is not an appropriate method of treatment for these
patients because of the benign nature of the disease and the possibility of exacerbating the pancreatitis. It is
important to be aware of another form of “malignant masquerade” causing obstructive jaundice.
Cholesterol Microlithiasis: Bacteriology, Gallbladder Bile and Stone Composition
Authors: Sarli Leopoldo , Gafa′ Matteo , Longinotti Ernesto , Carreras Fabio , Pietra Nicola , Peracchia Anacleto , Dotti Claudio , Cavalier Simonetta 
Published: September 2007

It is not known whether microcalculi possess structural differences compared with larger stones or
whether they represent simply an earlier stage in stone disease.We carried out a controlled study on 10 patients affected by gallbladder cholesterol microlithiasis (CM).
In all patients, samples from all parts of the stones were studied by X‐ray diffraction and by infrared
spectrophotometry. Bile analysis was carried out to determine cholesterol, phospholipid and total bile
acid content. The cholesterol saturation indices (C.S.I.) were calculated. In all samples, bacterial bile
culture was carried out. The results were compared with those of 10 patients who had undergone
cholecystectomy for large cholesterol stones, and for 10 patients who had undergone abdominal surgery
but without biliary pathology. Patients in these latter groups were matched with the first according to sex
and age.Microcalculi proved to be layered (nucleus and external layer) in only 2 cases and larger stones in 9;
cholesterol was seen to be the principal crystalline component in all cases. Traces of bilirubin were found
in 7 CM and in the nuclei of 5 larger stones.These results show that the structural composition of microcalculi is similar to that of the nucleus of
larger stones. No substantial differences exist, however, between the two groups of patients regarding the
other parameters taken into consideration.
Isolated Gallbladder Rupture Due to Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Schachter P. , Czerniak A. , Shemesh E. , Avigad I. , Lotan G. , Wolfstein I. 
Published: September 2007

Traumatic injury to the extrahepatic biliary system is rare and usually diagnosed at laparotomy when it is
associated with other visceral injuries. Isolated gallbladder rupture due to blunt abdominal trauma is even
rarer. The clinical presentation of gallbladder injury is variable, resulting in a delay in diagnosis and
treatment. Awareness to the possibilty of trauma to the extrahepatic biliary system enables early surgical
intervention and eliminates the high morbidity associated with delated diagnosis.A 5 year old child with isolated gallbladder rupture caused by blunt abdominal trauma is presented.
Heterotopic Auxiliary Liver Transplantation with Portal Flow
Authors: Lorente Laureano , Arias Jaime , Aller Maria Angeles , Ispizua José Ignacio , Rodriguez José , Durán Hipólito 
Published: September 2007

One of the causes of auxiliary liver transplantation failure is the inter‐liver competition between the host
liver and the graft for the hepatotrophic factors of the portal blood. We have developed an experimental
model of heterotopic partial (30%) liver isotransplant using Wistar rats so as to study this competition.Splenoportography and dissection demonstrate the existence of collateral circulation. The collaterals
at 90 days post‐transplant (PT) consisted of veins from the portal vein to the host liver (PR),
paraesophageal veins (PE) and splenorenal veins (SR). At 60 days P.T., PR and SR veins but not PE
ones appeared, and at 30 days P.T., there were only PR veins. Graft atrophy at 90 days P.T. was
associated with a severe degree of bile duct proliferation.The gradual development of portal hypertension causes porto‐systemic collateral circulation and the
graft loses the portal hepatotrophic factors. The late development of the portal hypertension and the
biliary proliferation could be caused by the hepatic arterial ischemia in this experimental model. Thus,
as has been described in the orthotopic liver tansplantation, the heterotopic one might require a double
vascularization, both portal and arterial.
Percutaneous Management of PyogenicHepatic Abscesses
Authors: Andersson Roland , Forsberg Lillemor , Hederstrom Esbjörn , Hochbergs Peter , Bengmark Stig 
Published: September 2007

Twelve patients (9 men, 3 women) with a mean age of 65 (54–78) years, with pyogenic hepatic abscesses
were managed by percutaneous drainage between 1979 and 1987. Biliary origin was most common (4
patients), followed by hepatic abscesses as a late postoperative complication (seen in 3 patients) and
hepatic abscesses occurring in association with acute appendicitis (2 patients). The origin was unknown
in 3 patients. Diagnosis was reached by computed tomography or ultrasonography with a diagnostic
delay of in mean 11 days. Seventeen abscesses were found among the 12 patients. The median abscess
size (maximal diameter) was 7 (1–12) cm. Nine patients were treated with percutaneous drainage with
an indwelling catheter within the abscess cavity for up to 3 weeks, while 3 patients were managed with
percutaneous puncture and aspiration alone. The most commonly isolated organism from the drained
hepatic abscess was E.coli. The course following percutaneous treatment was uneventful, without
mortality and recurrence of the hepatic abscess during follow‐up. One patient required surgical drainage
of an additional hepatic abscess.Percutaneous drainage of hepatic abscesses, independent of origin, thus seems as a safe and reliable
method, which should be considered as the treatment of choice if facilities and knowledge of
percutaneous management are provided.
Pancreatic Resection for Carcinoma ofthe Pancreas and the PeriampullaryRegion. A Twenty‐Year Experience
Authors: Kairaluoma M. I. , Ståhlberg M. , Kiviniemi H. 
Published: September 2007

410 patients were treated for pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma in 1968–1987 of whom 89 (21.5%)
underwent resection. Hospital mortality decreased from 33% in 1968–1972 to 0% in 1983–1987, but the
morbidity rate remained unchanged. The trends were similar in patients ≥ 70 and < 70 years of age. The
pylorus‐saving technique did not increase mortality, morbidity, operative blood loss or the incidence of
delayed gastric emptying, but it did reduce the operative time by one hour (p< 0.01). The real 5 year survival
for periampullary cancer was 52%, but none of the patients with pancreatic carcinoma survived for 5
years.It is concluded that age as such is not a limiting factor for pancreatic resection. Resection can be
performed with acceptable mortality and survival rates even in patients over 70 years of age if enough
attention is paid to careful patient selection and proper preparation. The long‐term prognosis is nevertheless
related to tumour histology. The recent decline in operative mortality is mostly due to the resections
being performed by the same group of surgeons. The best biopsy, and also palliation, is radical removal of
the suspicious mass, provided that this can be performed with minimal risk.
Segmental Liver Transplantation From Living Donors Report of the Technique and Preliminary Results in Dogs
Authors: Cherqui Daniel , Emond Jean C. , Pietrabissa Andrea , Michel Mireille , Roncella Manuela , Brown Silas B. , Whitington Peter F. , Broelsch Christoph E. 
Published: September 2007

A technique of orthotopic liver transplantation using a segmental graft from living donors was
developed in the dog. Male mongrel dogs weighing 25–30 kg were used as donors and 10–15 kg as
recipients. The donor operation consists of harvesting the left lobe of the liver (left medial and left
lateral segments) with the left branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, and the left
hepatic vein. The grafts are perfused in situ through the left portal branch to prevent warm ischemia.
The recipient operation consists of two phases: 1total hepatectomy with preservation of the inferior
vena cava using total vascular exclusion of the liver and veno‐venous bypass, 2implantation of the graft
in the orthotopic position with anastomosis of the left hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava and portal,
arterial and biliary reconstruction. Preliminary experiments consisted of four autologous left lobe
transplants and nine non survival allogenic left lobe transplants. Ten survival experiments were
conducted. There were no intraoperative deaths in the donors and none required transfusions. One
donor died of sepsis, but all the other donor dogs survived without complication. Among the 10 grafts
harvested, one was not used because of insufficient bile duct and artery. Two recipients died
intraoperatively of air embolus and cardiac arrest at the time of reperfusion. Three dogs survived, two
for 24 hours and one for 48 hours. They were awake and alert a few hours after surgery, but eventually
died of pulmonary edema in 2 cases and of an unknown reason in the other. Four dogs died 2–12 hours
postoperatively as a result of hemorrhage for the graft′s transected surface. An outflow block after
reperfusion was deemed to be the cause of hemorrhage in these cases. On histologic examination of the
grafts, there were no signs of ischemic necrosis or preservation damage.This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of living hepatic allograft donation. It shows that it is
possible, in the dog, to safely harvest non ischemic segmental grafts with adequate pedicles without
altering the vascularization and the biliary drainage of the remaining liver. We propose that this
technique is applicable to human anatomy.
Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Hospital Based Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Sedlack Jeffrey D. , Nauta Russell J. 
Published: September 2007

From 1968‐1985 a series of thirty‐seven patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma was collected from the tumor registry of the Fairfax County Hospital, in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area. These patients were found to have a mean age at diagnosis of sixty‐two (males) to sixty‐six (females). Thirty per cent of patients were previously cirrhotic and nineteen per cent had a history of viral hepatitis. There were no patients with documented birth control pill or steroid use. The most common presenting symptoms were anorexia and right upper quadrant pain. Liver‐spleen scan was the most commonly used diagnostic study, but by the 1980′s CT scanning was usually diagnostic. Both alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamyloxalotransferase were reliably elevated in twenty‐six of twenty‐eight and twenty‐one of twenty‐four patients respectively. Forty‐eight per cent of patients with tumor histology reprted had multicentric tumors, thirty‐eight per cent had nodular tumors, and fourteen per cent had diffuse disease.Survival was as dismal in this as in other studies with a mean of seventy‐nine days. No significant difference was noted between cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic patients. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy did not significantly impact upon survival.Finally, a cohort analysis was done and a possibly significant peak in incidence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma was seen in men born from about 1911 through 1920. The authors noted that these males were in the group of draft eligible persons for World War II and questioned a link between veteran status and later development of HCC.
The Role of CEA and Liver Function Tests in the Detection of Hepatic Metastases From Colo‐Rectal Cancer
Authors: Bonfanti G. , Bombelli Luigia , Bozzetti F. , Doci R. , Gennari L. , Koukouras D. 
Published: September 2007

Carcinoembryonic antigen and some liver function tests (alkaline phosphatase, gamma‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase, lactic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase) were evaluated in patients with primary colorectal cancer in order to define their role in the pre‐operative detection of liver metastases.The records of 278 consecutive patients admitted to the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan between January 1982 and December 1983 who were suffering from primary invasive colo‐rectal cancer and who underwent laparotomy were retrospectively analyzed.At laparotomy, liver metastases were found in 38 pts (13.7%). Considering single tests, CEA was the most sensitive (71%); no single test was found to be reliably predictive, when the result was abnormal. On the contrary, the normal value of each test was associated with a good prediction.When we considered all the five tests together in the single patient their predictive value, when abnormal, proved to be quite good only if four or five results were abnormal. On the other hand, liver metastases in the presence of all normal tests were found only in two patients, so giving a negative predictive value of about 97%.So we conclude that, in the lack of an infallable imaging technique for liver evaluation, in the presence of all normal tests any other investigation on the liver could be avoided. However, when liver tests are pathologic, some other imaging technique should be performed in order to supply the surgeon with information about the extent and the spread of the metastases.
Preeminence of Lesser Splanchnic BloodFlow in Selected Patients WithGeneralized Portal Hypertension
Authors: Witte Charles L. , Witte Marlys H. , Pond Gerald D. 
Published: September 2007

Although restricted transhepatic portal flow is necessary for development of generalized portal
hypertension (GPH), increased splanchnic arterial inflow also contributes to GPH and its clinical
sequelae. In this context, we describe 7 male and 6 female patients (mean age 48 years) in whom the
lesser splanchnic (gastrosplenic) system played a key role in the signs and symptoms of GPH. These 13
patients (9 with hepatic cirrhosis, 3 with primary myeloproliferative disorder, and 1 with extrahepatic
portal block) shared common features of massive splenomegaly, huge splenofundic gastric varices, often
with a prominent natural shunt to the left renal vein. Total or near total splenectomy alone or combined
where appropriate with coronary vein ligation was effective in controlling varix hemorrhage (10
patients), ascites (3), or complications of an enlarged spleen‐anorexia and abdominal pain (3),
hemolytic anemia (1) and profound thrombocytopenia with severe epistaxis (1). Intraoperative jejunal
portal venography was crucial in operative management in order to establish definitively the presence or
absence of coronary venous collaterals, and when present, to verify their operative ligation.These distinctive patients illustrate: 1) GPH is a heterogeneous syndrome of divergent splanchnic
circulatory patterns, a feature which should be taken into account in selecting operative treatment; 2)
one well‐defined subgroup displays prominent hyperdynamic lesser splanchnic and specifically, splenic
blood flow as a major contributor to clinical complications; and 3) within this subgroup, splenectomy
combined with documented absence or surgical interruption of coronary venous collaterals as corroborated
by intraoperative portography is effective alternative treatment.
Gallstone Decalcification and Dissolution Using Chenodeoxycholate and Citrate
Authors: Sali Avni , Vitetta Luis 
Published: September 2007

Gallstone dissolution may be possible only in selected patients. Patients with calcified or large gallstones are not suitable for dissolution. Citrate is normally present in bile and an oral citrate load can increase biliary citrate.A combination of chenodeoxycholic acid (C.D.C.A.) and citrate has been shown to dissolve calcified cholesterol gallstones in vitro. Patients with calcified or large gallstones were treated with a combination of C.D.C.A. and citrate. Partial decalcification was achieved in seven out of twenty patients with calcified stones (35%) and complete decalcification in four patients (20%). One of the patients with large stones had complete dissolution.Five patients who were suitable for C.D.C.A. treatment but did not respond were also treated with C.D.C.A. and citrate. One of the patients in this latter group had complete dissolution. Oral citrate can decalcify some calcified gallstones.
Euro‐Collins Solution Versus Uw‐Solution for Long‐Term Liver Preservation in the Isolated Rat‐Liver Perfusion Model
Authors: Toom René Den , De Jong Marion , Krenning Eric P. , Hoek Hans J. Van Der , Kate Fiebo J. W. Ten , Hennemann Georg , Terpstra Onno T. 
Published: September 2007

To compare UW‐solution (UW) and Euro‐Collins (EC) for long‐term liver preservation we investigated
the morphology and metabolic capacity of rat liver after 18 and 42‐hours cold‐storage in either UW or
EC.After harvesting the rat liver was transferred to a perfusion chamber where it was perfused for 10 min
with UW or EC at 4°C. Thereafter livers were stored at 4°C in UW or EC for 18 hours (both groups
n = 6) or for 42 hours (both groups n = 8). After 18‐hr or 42‐hr cold‐storage a 2‐hr warm perfusion
(37°C) was started with Krebs‐Ringer solution with carbogen to which 125Iodine‐triiodothyronine
(T3)
was added. Control livers (n = 8) were immediately perfused with Krebs‐Ringer without cold‐storage.
The following parameters were assessed: ASAT‐levels in the perfusate, T3‐metabolites in the bile and
the perfusate, the perfusion pressure, the volume of bile secreted and light‐microscopical morphology at
the end of the warm perfusion period.After cold storage in UW‐solution the ASAT‐levels in the perfusate were lower than after storage in
EC as well as the perfusion pressures. These livers demonstrated a better T3‐metabolism and secreted
more bile than EC‐stored livers. Histological examination showed more tissue damage in the EC‐stored
livers than in the UW stored livers.We conclude that cold‐storage of rat liver in UW‐solution resulted in a better morphology and
metabolic capacity as compared with EC‐solution.