bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supercritical fluid extraction to determine the oil content in copra and extracted meal
Authors: Asis Celestino , Baroy Ruther , Bendijo Socorro , Hansen Steven L. , Nacion Vivien , Tolimao Jimmy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSupercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used as a primary method to determine the oil content of copra and its meal. Determination of the oil content of copra takes 9 h, and for meal 6 h are necessary with Soxhlet extraction, whereas SFE determined oil contents in about 10 min. The extremely high oil content of copra makes grinding difficult, as the sample becomes very gummy and it is difficult to remove the entire sample from the grinder. Adding diatomaceous earth to the sample before grinding eliminated the difficulties of cleaning the grinder and also enabled very fast SFE extractions. The variances for Soxhlet and SFE were not significantly different from each other (P>0.10) in both copra and meal oil contents. The 95% confidence interval around the mean differences (SFE‐Soxhlet) was (−0.35, 0.90) and (0.08, 0.26) and for copra and meal, respectively. Although the SFE meal oil content (9.81%) was significantly higher than the Soxhlet meal oil content (9.64%), the size of the average difference (0.17%) was relatively small. This small difference was considered acceptable owing to the ability to use SFE in real‐time process control. Therefore, SFE can be used to determine the oil content in copra and its meal in less than 10 min.
Improvement of biodiesel production based on the application of ultrasound: Monitoring of the procedure by FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Siatis N. G. , Kimbaris A. C. , Pappas C. S. , Tarantilis P. A. , Polissiou M. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel application of ultrasounds is presented for the improvement of the efficiency of the production of FAME (or biodiesel) from materials not used so far for this purpose, such as seed cakes. The novelty of this work is the introduction of in situ derivatization assisted by ultrasounds (ultrasonically assisted extraction transesterification) for biodiesel production. Thus, the TG contained in solid material are extracted and immediately transesterified in a methanolic solution of 1 M NaOH in an ultrasonic field. The total yield of FAME from seeds that contain TG is greatly increased in most instances. In the seeds use in this work yields were increased from 46 to 85.5% for cotton, 67.2 to 93% for sunflower, and 43.2 to 83.5% for sesame. An FTIR methodology was developed to determine the percentage of FAME in the n‐hexane layer of the reaction and thus, to monitor the reaction process. Overall advantages of the proposed methodology include the elimination of saponification, low reaction time, milder reaction conditions, and higher FAME yields.
Kinetics and quantitative structure‐activity relationships for pseudomonas sp. Lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of both monoesters and diesters of ethylene glycol
Authors: Chiou Shyh‐Ying , Cheng Yu‐Ru , Lu Chun‐Ping , Lin Yan‐Fu , Lin Long‐Yau , Lin Gialih 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe goal of this work is to study kinetics and quantitative structure‐activity relationships for steady states of Pseudomonas sp. lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of both diesters and monoesters of ethylene glycol. Based on the steady‐state kinetics of the enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the diesters of ethylene glycol, the diesters and the monoesters react simultaneously as soon as monoester has started to build up in the reaction medium. In other words, the apparent Km values of the diesters are the Km values of the diesters (KmA) plus the Km values of the monoesters (KmB), and all Vmax values are about the same. Moreover, the pH‐stat titration curve of the enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the diesters of ethylene glycol is initially hyperbolic, then there is a sharp falloff in the hydrolysis rate. The abrupt stoppage of the reaction (relaxation stage) may be due to the existence of two phases in the reaction medium, that is, the product (ethylene glycol) and the substrates (the diesters of ethylene glycol) are not miscible. Furthermore, quantitative structure‐activity relationships for varied acyl groups of mono‐and diesters of ethylene glycol are studied. The fact that both pKmA and pKmB values are linearly correlated with the hydrophobicity constant (π) but not with the electronic substituent constants (σ*) indicates that the affinity of these substrates for the enzyme depends only on the hydrophobicity of substrates.
Concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid by selective esterification using lipases
Authors: Fajardo A. Ramírez , Cerdán L. Esteban , Medina A. Robles , Martínez M. M. Muñío , Peña E. Hita , Grima E. Molina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to increase the content of EPA in FFA extracts from a commercial oil (43.1% EPA) and from Phaeodactylum tricornutum oil, a single‐cell oil, by selective enzymatic esterification. Initially, the FFA extract was esterified with lauryl alcohol using nine lipases. All the lipases concentrated EPA in the unesterified FFA fraction. The criterion used to choose the best lipase was maximization of the dimensionless effectiveness factor (FAE). This factor grouped the concentration factor (ratio between the EPA concentrations in the FFA fractions before and after esterification) with EPA recovery in the final FFA fraction. Experiments were carried out to correlate FAE and the degree of esterification (ED, percentage of initial FA converted to lauryl esters). Lipase AK from Pseudomonas fluorescens was the most effective for concentrating EPA. Studies, of the optimal temperature, substrate molar ratio, solvent/substrate ratio, and treatment intensity (product of the lipase mass and the reaction time) were also carried out using the lipase. The maximum FAE was obtained when the ED was 60%: EPA concentration was 72%, and recovery was 73%. Finally, this lipase was used to concentrate EPA from a FFA extract from P. tricornutum (23% EPA). The content of EPA in the unesterified FFA fraction increased to 71% at 78% ED (recovery of EPA, 75.5%). Comparison of the results of obtained with the two FFA extracts seemed to indicate that the selectivity of Lipase AK for EPA depended on the content of EPA, with higher contents of EPA in the initial FFA mixture reducing the selectivity for EPA.
Analytical characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil from different agro‐ecological zones of Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Latif Sajid , Ashraf Muhammad 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCold‐pressed oil content of Cannabis sativa (hemp) seeds from three different agro‐ecological zones of Pakistan ranged from 26.90 to 31.50%. Protein, fiber, ash, and moisture content were found to be 23.00–26.50, 17.00–20.52, 5.00–7.60, and 5.60–8.50%, respectively. Results of some other physical and chemical parameters of the oil were as follows: iodine value, 154.00–165.00; refractive index (40°C), 1.4698–1.4750; density (24°C), 0.9180–0.9270 mg ml−1; saponification value, 184.00–190.00; unsaponifiable matter, 0.70–1.25%; and color (1‐in cell), 0.50–0.80 R+27.00–32.00 Y. The induction period (Rancimat, 20 L h−1, 120°C) of the nondegummed and degummed oils ranged from 1.35 to 1.72 h and from 1.20 to 1.49 h, respectively. Specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm were 3.50–4.18 and 0.95–1.43, respectively. The hemp oils investigated were found to contain high levels of linoleic acid, 56.50–60.50%, followed by α‐linolenic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, and γ‐linolenic acids: 16.85–20.00, 10.17–14.03, 5.75–8.27, 2.19–2.79, and 0.63–1.65%, respectively. Tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) in the nondegummed oils were found to be 54.02–60.40, 600.00–745.00, 35.00–45.60, respectively, and were reduced to 29.90–50.00, 590.00–640.00, and 30.40–39.50 mg kg−1, respectively, after degumming. The results of the present analytical study, compared with those found in the typical literature on hempseed oils, showed C. sativa indigenous to Pakistan to be a potentially valuable nonconventional oilseed crop of comparable quality.
Tocopherol distribution and molecular species of triacylglycerols in soybean embryonic axes
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Tomiyama Yuka , Kanrei Saki , Mizushina Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybean embryonic axes were separated from other tissues, i.e., the cotyledons and seed coat. The molecular species and FA distribution of TAG isolated from total lipids in the embryonic axes were analyzed by a combination of argentation‐TLC and GC, and were investigated in relation to their tocopherol distribution, which was determined by HPLC. The dominant components were γ‐tocopherols, with much smaller amounts of α‐, β‐, and δ‐tocopherols. A modified argentation‐TLC procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total TAG, provided 16 different groups of TAG, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total acyl‐chain length of FA groups. With a few exceptions, the major TAG components were S2D (6.8–10.3%), SMD (6.9–11.2%), SD2 (7.2–9.8%), SMT (3.2–7.4%), SDT (11.5–19.5%), D3 (3.5–8.3%), MDT (4.5–7.7%), D2T (11.1–20.6%), and DT2 (8.2–15.7%) (where S denotes saturated FA, M denotes monoenes, D denotes dienes, and T denotes trienes). These results indicate that there were significant differences (P<0.05) not only in tocopherol distribution but also in the molecular species of TAG among the four cultivars. Therefore, these tissues should be made available as raw materials for soybean‐germ oil or soy milk, based on the differences in the distributions of tocopherol homologs and the molecular species of TAG within the embryonic axes.
Microstructure and fractal analysis of fat crystal networks
Authors: Tang Dongming , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the study of the morphology and physical properties of fat crystal networks. Various microscopical and rheological methods can be used to quantify the microstructure of fats, with the ultimate aim of relating structure to mechanical response. Even though a variety of physical models have been proposed to explain the relationship between the mechanical properties of fats and their microstructure, the fractal scaling model most closely describes the experimentally observed behavior. Mass fractal dimensions determined by microscopy and rheology can be used successfully to quantify the microstructure of fats since fractal dimension values are sensitive to the combined effects of crystal size, morphology, and the spatial distribution of mass within the fat crystal network. Methods used to determine the fractal dimension of a fat crystal network such as box counting, particle counting. Fourier transform, light scattering and oil migration are explained in detail here. The relationship between fractal dimensions determined by microscopy and rheology are discussed in light of the fact that different measures of the fractal dimension describe different microstructural features in a fat crystal network.
The regiospecific position of 18∶1 cis and trans monoenoic fatty acids in milk fat triacylglycerols
Authors: Kallio Heikki , Korkiasaari Kati , Sjövall Olli , Suomela Jukka‐Pekka , Linderborg Kaisa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTAG of butterfat were fractionated according to the type and degree of unsaturation into six fractions by silver‐ion HPLC. The fractions containing TAG with either cis‐or trans‐monoenoic FA were collected and fractionated further by reversed‐phase HPLC to obtain fractions containing cis TAG of ACN:DB (acyl carbon number:double bonds) 48∶1, 50∶1, and 52∶1 as well as trans 48∶1, 50∶1, and 52∶1. The FA compositions of these fractions were elucidated by GC. The MW distribution of each fraction was determined by ammonia negative‐ion CI‐MS. Each of the [M‐H]− parent ions was fractionated further by collision‐induced dissociation with argon, which gave information on the location of cis‐and trans‐FA between the primary and secondary positions of TAG. The results suggest that the sn‐positions of the monoenoic cis‐and trans‐FA depend on the two other FA present in the molecule. With 14∶0 FA in the TAG molecule, the 18∶1 FA in the sn‐2 position are mostly present as cis‐isomers. When there is no 14∶0 in the TAG molecule, the trans‐18∶1 isomers seem to be more common in the sn‐2 position. Also when other long‐chain FA are present, the trans‐isomers are more likely to be located in the secondary (sn‐2) position.
Comparison of bio‐ and autocatalytic esterification of oils using mono‐ and diglycerides
Authors: De B. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate enzymatic and autocatalytic esterification of FFA in rice bran oil (RBO), palm oil (PO), and palm kernel oil (PKO), using MG and DG as esterifying agents. The reactions were carried out at low pressure (4–6 mm Hg) either in the absence of any added catalyst at high temperature (210–230°C) or in the presence of Mucor miehei lipase at low temperature (60°C). The reactions were carried out using different concentrations of MG, and the optimal FFA/MG ratio and time were 2∶1 (molar) and 6 h, respectively, in both auto‐ and enzyme‐catalyzed processes. With DG as the esterifying agent in the autocatalytic process, the optimal temperature was 220°C, and the optimal FFA/DG ratio was 1∶1.25. For both MG and DG, the enzymatic process was more effective in reducing FFA and produced more favorable levels of unsaponifiable matter and color in the final product. The PV of the final products were also lower (1.8–2.9 mequiv/kg) by using the enzymatic process. To produce edible‐grade oil, a single deodorization step would be required after enzymatic esterification; whereas, alkali refining, bleaching, and deodorization would be required after autocatalytic treatment.
Formation, structure, and rheological properties of ricinelaidic acid‐vegetable oil organogels
Authors: Wright Amanda J. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVegetable oil‐based organogels were formed using ricinelaidic acid (12‐hydroxy‐9‐trans‐octadecenoic acid, REA). Gelation kinetics, gel structure, and stability were studied. Gelation occurred with as little as 0.5% (w/w) REA, depending on temperature and oil composition. Phase diagrams were constructed using canola, sesame, and DAG oils. Lower gelation tendencies were correlated with the presence of potential hydrogen‐bonding moieties in the oils. REA concentration had a significant influence on gelation kinetics and gel rheology. At 5°C, the 0.5% canola oil gel behaved like a weak, viscoelastic network composed of entangled strands. Between 1.0 and 5.0% REA, solid‐like, viscoelastic gels were formed. The 24‐hour G′LVR (storage modulus in the linear viscoelastic region) was highly dependent on concentration and less so on temperature. Values for gelation time indicated a change in behavior below 2% REA and above 20°C. Polarized light microscopy revealed that the gels were formed through the interactions of long, thin, and birefringent fibers. Structural analysis using X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) indicated the presence of repeating REA dimers and increasing order with concentration and gel storage time. Increases in gel opacity, birefringence, XRD scattering, and fiber clustering were observed during storage.
Antioxidant activity of rapeseed phenolics and their interactions with tocopherols during lipid oxidation
Authors: Thiyam U. , Stöckmann H. , Schwarz K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercial rapeseed press cakes are rich sources of phenolic compounds, namely, sinapic acid derivatives, which can be extracted as free sinapic acid and its bound forms (such as sinapine, the choline ester of sinapic acid). Fractionated rapeseed extracts rich in sinapic acid and sinapine were compared for their capacity to inhibit the formation of lipid oxidation products. Oxidation at 40°C was monitored by the formation of hydroperoxides (indicating primary oxidation products) and propanal (secondary oxidation products). The 70% methanolic extract of rapeseed meal, added as an equivalent of 500 μmol/kg oil (based on sinapic acid equivalent for sinapic acid‐rich extracts or sinapine equivalent for sinapinerich extracts) showed good antioxidative activity compared with the addition of 500 μmol/kg oil sinapic acid. Apart from this, the interaction between a mixture of α‐/γ‐tocopherol and sinapic acid was investigated using response surface methodology for the experimental design. The experiments indicated that the addition of sinapic acid (concentration dependent) caused inhibition of peroxide formation, complementing further lower endogenous tocopherol concentration in oils.
Application of raman spectroscopy to monitor and quantify ethyl esters in soybean oil transesterification
Authors: Ghesti Grace F. , de Macedo Julio L. , Braga Valdeilson S. , de Souza Antonio T. C. P. , Parente Vicente C. I. , Figuerêdo Esdras S. , Resck Inês S. , Dias José A. , Dias Sílvia C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiodiesel (FA esters) has become very attractive as an alternative diesel fuel owing to its environmental benefits. Transesterification is the most usual and important method to make biodiesel from vegetable oils. This article investigates the potential for using Raman spectroscopy to monitor and quantify the transesterification of soybean oil to yield ethyl esters. The differences observed in the Raman spectra of soybean oil after transesterification were a peak at 2932 cm−1 (), the displacement of the vC=O band from 1748 to 1739 cm−1, and the bands at 861 (vR‐C=O and vC‐C) and 372 cm−1 (δCO‐O‐C). Uni‐ and multivariate analysis methods were used to build several analytical curves and then applied in known samples, treated as unknowns, to test their ability to predict concentrations. The best results were achieved by Raman/PLS calibration models (where PLS=partial least squares regression) using an internal normalization standard (v=C‐H band). The correlation coefficient (R2) values so obtained were 0.9985 for calibration and 0.9977 for validation. Univariate regression analysis between biodiesel concentration and the increasing intensity of band or vC=O displacement showed R2 values of 0.9983 and 0.9742, respectively. Although spectroscopic methods are less sensitive than chromatographic ones, the data obtained by spectroscopy can be correlated with other techniques, allowing biodiesel yield and quality to be quickly assessed.
Enzymatic preparation of enantiomerically pure sn‐2,3‐diacylglycerols: A stereoselective ethanolysis approach
Authors: Piyatheerawong Weera , Yamane Tsuneo , Nakano Hideo , Iwasaki Yugo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStereoselective ethanolysis of monoacid TAG by immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was studied for preparation of optically pure sn‐2,3‐DAG. Trioctanoylglycerol (TO) was used as a model substrate. The enantiomeric purity of the product, sn‐2,3‐dioctanoylglycerol (sn‐2,3‐DO), was very high (percent enantiomeric excess >99%) when an excess of ethanol was used. The result indicated that RML was highly stereoselective toward the sn‐1 position of TO under conditions of excess ethanol. The stereoselectivity of RML depended on the amount of ethanol. The larger the amount of ethanol was, the higher the stereoselectivity became. After optimizing the parameters such as reactant molar ratio, water content, and temperature, (ethanol/TO molar ratio =31∶1 and water content =7.5 wt% of the reactants at 25°C), optically pure sn‐2,3‐DO was obtained at 61.1 mol% in the glyceride fraction in 20 min. The above conditions were further applied for ethanolysis of monoacid TAG with different acyl groups such as tridecanoylglycerol (C10∶0), tridodecanoylglycerol (C12∶0), tritetradecanoylglycerol (C14∶0) and trioctadecenoylglycerol [triolein, (C18∶1)]. The yields and enantiomeric purities of 1,2(2,3)‐DAG were dramatically reduced when TAG with FA longer than decanoic acid were used.
Partial separation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from FAMEs mixtures by adsorption on silver nitrate‐impregnated silica gel
Authors: Ghebreyessus Kesete Y. , Schiltz Holly , Angelici Robert J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMixtures of FAMEs derived from soybean and canola oils were fractionated by contacting their hexane solutions with AgNO3/SiO2 adsorbents. Methyl linolenate (18∶3) adsorbed most strongly, followed by methyl linoleate (18∶2), on the AgNO3/SiO2. Conditions of the extractions (AgNO3 loading, amount of adsorbent, methyl soyate/hexane solution concentration, use of successive extractions, and methods of adsorbent regeneration) were varied. Under optimal conditions, the 7.0% of 18∶3 in methyl soyate could be reduced to 0.1%. The described process is a simple method for separating a FAMEs mixture into a fraction that is depleted in polyunsaturated FAMEs and one that is enriched.
Adherence of Irish general practitioners to European guidelines for acute low back pain: A prospective pilot study
Authors: Fullen Brona M. , Maher Thomas , Bury Gerard , Tynan Aodan , Daly Leslie E. , Hurley Deirdre A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere are no national low back pain (LBP) clinical guidelines in Ireland, and neither the level of adherence of General Practitioners (GPs) to the European guidelines, nor the cost of LBP to the patient and the state, have been investigated.A prospective pilot study was conducted on 54 consenting patients (18M, 36F: mean age (SD): 40.5 (14.3) years) with a new episode of acute LBP (<3 months) attending one of nine participating GPs. Baseline demographic, LBP classification [i.e. simple back ache (SBA), nerve root pain (NRP), serious spinal pathology (SSP)] and primary care management data were recorded over a three month period. Adherence and costs were estimated based on: medication prescription, referral for investigations, treatment or consultations, and wage replacement costs (time signed off work).For both SBA and NRP, medication prescriptions were consistent with European guideline recommendations, but not for referral for further treatment (39% of SBA patients were referred on first visit), secondary care (54% of NRP patients were referred on first visit), or discontinuation of work (50% NRP patients on first GP visit). The average total cost (direct and wage replacement) for a single episode of LBP over 12 weeks was €20,531 (20,300–20,762). Direct costs accounted for 43% [€8874.36, (€8643.37–€9105.37)] and wage replacement costs 57% (€11,657).In conclusion, management of acute LBP in a cohort of GPs in Ireland was not consistent with European clinical guideline recommendations, and warrants higher levels of postgraduate education among GPs, as well as restructuring of primary care services, which should improve patient outcome and reduce costs.
Olanzapine as Maintenance Therapy in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder
Authors: Tohen Mauricio , Yen Lin Daniel 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTEffective treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence of mood episodes in patients with bipolar disorder are essential to reduce the high mortality associated with this condition, and to improve long-term outcomes. While lithium is considered to be effective as a first line maintenance treatment, additional treatment options would provide clinicians with tools to address the needs of individual patients. The efficacy of olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder has been demonstrated in several randomized controlled double-blind clinical trials, both as monotherapy and in combination with other agents. The data reviewed herein suggest a more robust efficacy of treatment with olanzapine in the prevention of relapse into manic episodes than into depressive episodes. The adverse events observed most frequently in patients treated with olanzapine relative to comparators were related to somnolence (somnolence, fatigue, or hypersomnia) and weight gain (weight gain, or increased appetite). Moreover, a larger proportion of olanzapine-treated patients than comparator-treated patients experienced clinically important weight gain.