bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer screening – prevalence of disease in women who only respond after an invitation reminder
Authors: Hofvind Solveig 
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme, including 1,390,310 screening examinations, showed an attendance rate of 71.7% in response to one invitation letter (ordinary attendees) and a further 4.5% increase only after an additional reminder (reminded attendees). Our aim was to examine the prevalence of breast cancer in ordinary and reminded attendees, the frequency of positive mammograms, and the positive predictive value in the two groups. The prevalence of breast cancer in ordinary attendees was 5.6 per 1000 screens compared with 6.3 per 1000 screens in reminded attendees ( p<0.001). The frequencies of positive mammograms were 3.5% and 4.0% ( p<0.001), and the positive predictive values were 15.9% and 15.2% ( p=0.387), respectively, in ordinary and reminded attendees. The risk of breast cancer is higher in women who respond only after a reminder letter, indicating that the value of sending a reminder should be assessed in the light of these results, as well as by the increase in the attendance rate.
Viral Infections
Authors: Harwood Catherine A. , Sterling Jane C. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Viruses can cause disease in the skin or mucosa by direct infection or, via a systemic infection, produce secondary skin abnormalities. The chapter reviews the viruses associated with skin lesions, outlining the pathophysiology, the clinical features, diagnostic methods and the approaches to treatment. Primary skin infection following direct contact occurs with poxviruses, some herpesviruses and papillomaviruses leading to visible features which may be readily diagnostic. Less specific skin changes are seen with systemic infections, when infection is often via mucosae or inoculation, for example with parvovirus, measles or coronavirus and for these infections, diagnosis will usually involve body fluid analysis.
Leprosy
Authors: Lockwood Diana N. J. , Walker Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by infection of the skin and nerves with
Mycobacterium leprae
and
M. lepromatosis
and about 220 000 new cases are diagnosed annually, 60% in India. The patient’s host immune response to the mycobacterium determines clinical presentation and the occurrence of immune‐mediated reactions and neuritis. Skin lesions range from anaesthetic macules to nodules. Diagnosis is clinically based on the type of skin lesions, peripheral nerve thickening and presence of mycobacteria in the skin. A skin biopsy is often useful in diagnosing leprosy. Nerve damage causes sensorimotor damage affecting the hands, feet and eyes. The infection is readily treatable with a combination of antibiotics (rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine) but the associated nerve damage and inflammation is difficult to switch off and patients may need repeated courses of steroid treatment. Leprosy patients are still stigmatised and this needs combatting at all levels; most patients are not infectious.
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Authors: Conrad Curdin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Pityriasis rubra pilaris represents a group of rare inflammatory skin disorders of unknown aetiopathology sharing common clinical and histopathological features. The disease is characterised by the appearance of hyperkeratotic follicular papules, which tend to coalesce to diffuse pink or red plaques, and a yellowish palmoplantar keratoderma. It may progress to erythroderma with characteristic distinct areas of uninvolved skin, the so‐called ‘islands of sparing’. Based on its age of onset, clinical presentation and prognosis, pityriasis rubra pilaris has been classified into distinct subtypes.
Xanthomas and Abnormalities of Lipid Metabolism and Storage
Authors: Flynn Paul D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Xanthomas are frequently a sign of hypercholesterolaemia or other dyslipidaemias. Investigating and treating the underlying lipid disorders reduces the risk of their systemic complications: principally atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and acute pancreatitis. This chapter describes the different xanthomas, the molecular basis of the associated dyslipidaemias and the expanding array of hypolipidaemic drugs.
Dermatoses of the External Ear
Authors: Kennedy Cameron , Sharma Ashish 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The external ear comprises the pinna (auricle), the external auditory canal and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane. Numerous disorders can affect the ear, from childhood to old age. Ear malformations can arise as developmental abnormalities. Traumatic conditions include contusion, haematoma, split earlobes, pseudocyst, keloid and chondrodermatitis. Infections, including viral, bacterial and fungal, may manifest as acute or chronic otitis externa. Ear signs can be a manifestation of an underlying systemic disorder, such as autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Common cancers affecting the ear include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, the latter carrying a risk of direct and metastatic spread.
Cutaneous Photosensitivity Diseases
Authors: Ibbotson Sally 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The photodermatoses are a diverse group of conditions in which abnormal responses to light exposure are the hallmark. Photodiagnostic investigations through a specialist unit may be essential to ensure accurate diagnosis and management, and this chapter explores the nature of the photodermatoses and the photodiagnostic techniques that can be applied. Management approaches include early diagnosis, prevention and disease suppression, and awareness of the significant adverse impact on well‐being and psychological health that can occur with photosensitivity. Photoprotection is a mainstay approach for the photodermatoses but is often not sufficient alone for disease control. Desensitisation through natural hardening or light‐based therapies may be feasible, although systemic immunosuppressants and immunomodulators may be required. Awareness of the possibility of vitamin D deficiency is also necessary. This chapter will cover these approaches in detail.
Cutaneous Lymphomas
Authors: Whittaker Sean J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Advances in the biology of lymphoid cells have greatly improved the classification and understanding of the pathogenesis of primary cutaneous lymphomas. Classification is based on clinical, pathological, immunopathological, molecular and cytogenetic findings and recognises that the site of origin of extranodal lymphomas and tumour morphology determines clinical behaviour, which in turn has a critical influence on prognosis and therapeutic approach. Mycosis fungoides and its variants are the most common primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma subset, but other subsets with clearly identifiable clinicopathological features and varying prognoses have also been described. A critical observation has been the realisation that lymphomas with a similar pathology arising in different organs have different prognoses and distinct pathogenesis: nodal CD30+ anaplastic large‐cell lymphomas are usually anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive but ALK‐negative variants are associated with a poor prognosis, whereas primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large‐cell lymphomas are invariably ALK negative and have a good prognosis. The majority of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas also have an excellent prognosis, and primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphomas are pathogenetically distinct from nodal follicular lymphomas. Furthermore, it is appreciated that cutaneous and systemic T‐cell lymphomas are usually derived from specific tissue‐resident T‐cell subsets.
Error detection using a multi‐channel hybrid network with a low‐resolution detector in patient‐specific quality assurance
Authors: Yan Bing , Shi Jun , Xue Xudong , Peng Hu , Wu Aidong , Wang Xiao , Ma Chi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to develop a hybrid multi‐channel network to detect multileaf collimator (MLC) positional errors using dose difference (DD) maps and gamma maps generated from low‐resolution detectors in patient‐specific quality assurance (QA) for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT).MethodsA total of 68 plans with 358 beams of IMRT were included in this study. The MLC leaf positions of all control points in the original IMRT plans were modified to simulate four types of errors: shift error, opening error, closing error, and random error. These modified plans were imported into the treatment planning system (TPS) to calculate the predicted dose, while the PTW seven29 phantom was utilized to obtain the measured dose distributions. Based on the measured and predicted dose, DD maps and gamma maps, both with and without errors, were generated, resulting in a dataset with 3222 samples. The network's performance was evaluated using various metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1‐score, ROC curves, and normalized confusion matrix. Besides, other baseline methods, such as single‐channel hybrid network, ResNet‐18, and Swin‐Transformer, were also evaluated as a comparison.ResultsThe experimental results showed that the multi‐channel hybrid network outperformed other methods, demonstrating higher average precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1‐scores, with values of 0.87, 0.89, 0.85, 0.97, and 0.85, respectively. The multi‐channel hybrid network also achieved higher AUC values in the random errors (0.964) and the error‐free (0.946) categories. Although the average accuracy of the multi‐channel hybrid network was only marginally better than that of ResNet‐18 and Swin Transformer, it significantly outperformed them regarding precision in the error‐free category.ConclusionThe proposed multi‐channel hybrid network exhibits a high level of accuracy in identifying MLC errors using low‐resolution detectors. The method offers an effective and reliable solution for promoting quality and safety of IMRT QA.
Exploring the neurological features of individuals with germline PTEN variants: A multicenter study
Authors: Dhawan Andrew , Baitamouni Sarah , Liu Darren , Busch Robyn , Klaas Patricia , Frazier Thomas W. , Srivastava Siddharth , Parikh Sumit , Hsich Gary E. , Friedman Neil R. , Ritter David M. , Hardan Antonio Y. , Martinez‐Agosto Julian A. , Sahin Mustafa , Eng Charis 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectivePTEN, a known tumor suppressor gene, is a mediator of neurodevelopment. Individuals with germline pathogenic variants in the PTEN gene, molecularly defined as PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), experience a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric challenges during childhood, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the frequency and nature of seizures and the utilization of allied health services have not been described.MethodsYoung patients with PHTS and sibling controls were recruited across five centers in the United States and followed every 6–12 months for a mean of 2.1 years. In addition to the history obtained from caregivers, neurodevelopmental evaluations and structured dysmorphology examinations were conducted, and brain MRI findings, received therapies, and epilepsy characteristics were reported.ResultsOne hundred and seven patients with PHTS (median age 8.7 years; range 3–21 years) and 38 controls were enrolled. ASD and epilepsy were frequent among patients with PHTS (51% and 15%, respectively), with generalized epilepsy strongly associated with ASD. Patients with epilepsy often required two antiseizure medications. Neuroimaging revealed prominent perivascular spaces and decreased peritrigonal myelination in individuals with PHTS‐ASD. Allied therapy use was frequent and involved physical, occupational, speech, and social skills therapies, with 89% of all patients with PHTS, regardless of ASD diagnosis, utilizing at least one service.InterpretationThis prospective, longitudinal study highlights the wide neurological spectrum seen in young individuals with PHTS. ASD is common in PHTS, comorbid with epilepsy, and allied health services are used universally. Our findings inform care discussions with families about neurological outcomes in PHTS.
Aptamers: Promising Reagents in Biomedicine Application
Authors: Zhou Hongxin , Li Yuhuan , Wu Weizhong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractNucleic acid aptamers, often termed “chemical antibodies,” are short, single‐stranded DNA or RNA molecules, which are selected by SELEX. In addition to their high specificity and affinity comparable to traditional antibodies, aptamers have numerous unique advantages such as wider identification of targets, none or low batch‐to‐batch variations, versatile chemical modifications, rapid mass production, and lack of immunogenicity. These characteristics make aptamers a promising recognition probe for scientific research or even clinical application. Aptamer‐functionalized nanomaterials are now emerged as a promising drug delivery system for various diseases with decreased side‐effects and improved efficacy. In this review, the technological strategies for generating high‐affinity and biostable aptamers are introduced. Moreover, the development of aptamers for their application in biomedicine including aptamer‐based biosensors, aptamer–drug conjugates and aptamer functionalized nanomaterials is comprehensively summarized.
Enhancement of Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Tm3Fe5O12(111) Epitaxial Films via Synergistic Stoichiometry and Strain Engineering
Authors: Liang Zhengguo , Lu Jingdi , Yang Shuo , Fang Zheng , Yan Yifei , Wang Qing , Li Peng , Fan Minghui , Wang Lingfei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEstablishing a reliable control of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is challenging but essential for the full utilization of rare‐earth iron garnets in spintronic devices. In this study, a feasible approach to enhance the PMA of ferrimagnetic thulium iron garnet (TmIG) films is presented. This approach involves precise adjustments in cation stoichiometry and epitaxial strain state. By fine‐tuning the pre‐ablation process and oxygen partial pressure during pulsed laser deposition, a series of high‐quality TmIG films can grow with variable cation stoichiometry, i.e., the Tm/Fe molar ratio. The finding reveals that cation stoichiometry plays a crucial role in determining the magnetic properties of the TmIG films. Particularly, the stoichiometric TmIG film has the strongest PMA due to the maximized magnetostriction coefficient. Combining this stoichiometry optimization and strain engineering, an unprecedented PMA strength of ≈30 kJ m−3 for TmIG is achieved. This achievement demonstrates a simple and effective method for harnessing the magnetic properties of rare‐earth iron garnet films, paving the way for their advanced applications in next‐generation spintronic devices.
Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Aerogels
Authors: Feng Jiaojiao , Zhuang Zetong , Zhou Yiqing , Li Chun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) aerogel has attracted much attention in bioelectronics, electromagnetic shielding, and energy‐related systems due to its biocompatibility, intrinsic electronic conductivity, and favorable processability. However, fabrication of highly conductive and low‐density PEDOT:PSS aerogels is still challenging. In this work, highly conductive PEDOT:PSS aerogels are produced via ice‐templated pre‐assembly followed by a specially designed thawing process in H2SO4 solution. Upon optimization of heat and mass transfer during the thawing process, along with the unique ice template effect, the microstructure and thin walls of PEDOT:PSS frozen samples are well preserved. Importantly, the porous structure and thin walls facilitate diffusion of H2SO4 into polymer matrix, inducing phase separation of PEDOT:PSS, thus increasing PEDOT crystallinity and partially removing of PSS component. As a result, the as‐prepared pristine PEDOT:PSS aerogels exhibit a high electrical conductivity of 1200 ± 231 S m−1 along the freezing direction at a low density of 15.3 ± 1.5 mg cm−3, enhanced mechanical properties, and a competitive electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of 25 115 dB cm2 g−1. Moreover, the compressed aerogels show good performances as active materials in symmetrical supercapacitors with thickness‐independent capacitance (maximum 2.1 F cm−2 at 1.0 mA cm−2) and in current collector‐free micro‐supercapacitors processed by laser carving.
Innovative Conversion Strategy for Wastewater with One‐Pot Uranium Extraction and Valuable Chemical Production by a Smart COF Photocatalyst
Authors: Guo Liecheng , Yang Yuting , Gong Lele , Zhang Qingyun , Liao Yuxin , Hua Rong , Yu Zhiwu , Luo Feng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEnvironmental protection and resource reclamation make the extraction of uranium from uranium‐containing wastewater be a key role in the nuclear chemistry and industry. Although previous studies have revealed several effective methods and materials for such use, however, few studies are concerned about the wastewater discharge issues. In fact, the direct discharge of treated wastewater into the environment is still not a green way. Here, an innovative conversion approach is shown, which can simultaneously achieve the uranium extraction and conversion of wastewater to valuable chemical. This concept is implemented by an azobenzene‐pendent covalent organic framework, showing smart trans‐to‐cis photoresponsive properties in both space and electronic structure and consequently, largely enhanced extraction and conversion efficiency under UV irradiation, relative to visible light irradiation. In real wastewater, the material is found to give selective and 100% uranium extraction and H2O2 generation (1872.3 µmol g−1 h−1). The mechanism is due to a unique photocatalysis coupling between the uranium reduction reaction (URR), aiming at uranium recovery or removal, and the water oxidation reaction (WOR), targeting the conversion of wastewater into a valuable chemical of H2O2.
Dual Alloying Enables High Thermoelectric Performance in AgSbTe2by Manipulating Carrier Transport Behavior
Authors: Zhang Kaiqi , Liu Shuang , Wang Xincan , Wu Shuai , Xiong Qihong , Wang Xue , Chen Junqi , Wang Guiwen , Zhang Bin , Fu Huixia , Han Guang , Wang Guoyu , Lu Xu , Zhou Yun , Zhou Xiaoyuan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAgSbTe2exhibits superior thermoelectric performance in the mid‐temperature region, but its electrical properties are strongly affected by intrinsic defects and secondary phases. Distinctively, the high mobility electrons still play an important role as minority carriers in p‐type AgSbTe2even below the bipolarization temperature and decrease the Seebeck coefficient. Here, the Al and Se dual alloying can effectively increase the hole concentration by reducing the cation vacancy formation energy and simultaneously reduce the electron concentration by suppressing the n‐type Ag2Te secondary phase are demonstrated, which results in the shift of carrier transport from two‐type to one‐type as confirmed by Hall measurement. Consequently, through adjusting the ratio of hole and electron conductivity, the average power factor of alloyed sample is enhanced by 70%. Combined with further reduced lattice thermal conductivity resulting from high‐density stacking faults and superstructures, a maximumzTof 1.90 and an averagezTof 1.42 are obtained in the temperature range of 323 to 623 K in the (AgSbTe2)0.98(AgAlSe2)0.02sample. Finally, based on the finite element analysis modeling results, both single‐leg and double‐leg thermoelectric devices are fabricated, which show high conversion efficiency of 11.2% and 5.2%, respectively.
Gradient‐Strained Van Der Waals Heterojunctions for High‐Efficient Photodetectors
Authors: Zeng Haoran , Yu Huihui , Liu Baishan , Lu Shucao , Wei Xiaofu , Gao Li , Hong Mengyu , Zhang Xiankun , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yue 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMaximizing light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency is a crucial challenge for the practical applications of 2D material photodetectors. However, due to the lack of stable and precise electronic structure control methods for 2D materials, the driving force of photogenerated carriers is insufficient that severely hinders the efficiency of separation and transport. Herein, a gradient‐modulated, stable and precise strain applied strategy for 2D materials is designed and constructed, which results in a significant improvement in the detect efficiency of ZnO/WSe2/graphene van der Waals heterojunction photodetectors. Different from the overall strain of all‐component materials in typical photodetectors, biaxial tensile strain is applied to WSe2 that can be precisely modulated by controlling the height of ZnO nanorods, while the strain is nearly unaffected to ZnO. As the strain modulation increases from 1.3% to 4.0%, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the heterojunction increases from 11.4% to 35.3%, representing a threefold increase. Furthermore, with increasing strain, the EQE can reach higher levels. Moreover, the strain‐enhanced conversion efficiency mechanism is elucidated that results from the synergistic effect of the strain‐induced WSe2 exciton convergence and the strain‐increased ZnO/WSe2 interface barrier, which enhances the carrier interface separation efficiency.
Atomic Scale Structure of Self‐Assembled Lipidated Peptide Nanomaterials
Authors: Williams‐Noonan Billy J. , Kulkarni Ketav , Todorova Nevena , Franceschi Matteo , Wilde Christopher , Borgo Mark P. Del , Serpell Louise C. , Aguilar Marie‐Isabel , Yarovsky Irene 
Published: March 2024

Abstractβ‐Peptides have great potential as novel biomaterials and therapeutic agents, due to their unique ability to self‐assemble into low dimensional nanostructures, and their resistance to enzymatic degradation in vivo. However, the self‐assembly mechanisms of β‐peptides, which possess increased flexibility due to the extra backbone methylene groups present within the constituent β‐amino acids, are not well understood due to inherent difficulties of observing their bottom‐up growth pathway experimentally. A computational approach is presented for the bottom‐up modelling of the self‐assembled lipidated β3‐peptides, from monomers, to oligomers, to supramolecular low‐dimensional nanostructures, in all‐atom detail. The approach is applied to elucidate the self‐assembly mechanisms of recently discovered, distinct structural morphologies of low dimensional nanomaterials, assembled from lipidated β3‐peptide monomers. The resultant structures of the nanobelts and the twisted fibrils are stable throughout subsequent unrestrained all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations, and these assemblies display good agreement with the structural features obtained from X‐ray fiber diffraction and atomic force microscopy data. This is the first reported, fully‐atomistic model of a lipidated β3‐peptide‐based nanomaterial, and the computational approach developed here, in combination with experimental fiber diffraction analysis and atomic force microscopy, will be useful in elucidating the atomic scale structure of self‐assembled peptide‐based and other supramolecular nanomaterials.