bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruizite, a new silicate mineral from Christmas, Arizona
Authors: Williams S. A. , Duggan M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryRuizite is a new mineral found in the mesogene calc-silicate assemblage at the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona. Occurs with kinoite, apophyllite, smectite, and junitoite. Colour is orange inclining to brown with pale streak, H = 5, Sp. Gr. meas. = 2·9. Crystals monoclinic 2/m, elongate on [010]; a = 11·95 Å, b = 6·17, c = 9·03, β = 91° 22½′. Probable space group P21/c with Z = 4 giving Dcalc = 2·997. Strongest lines are 11·951 Å(10), 4·190 (7), 3·116 (6), 5·092 (5), 3·644 (4), 2·951 (4), 2·591 (4), 2·132 (4). Indices are α = 1·663, β = 1·715 ‖ [010], γ = 1·734, 44° to [001] in obtuse β; 2Vα = 60·2°; inclined dispersion p > v strong. Twinned on {100}. Analysis by wet methods gave CaO = 20·57%, Mn2O3 = 23·42, SiO2 = 39·14, H2O = 16·0 leading to or CaMn3+ (SiO3)2(OH). 2H2O.Named for its discoverer, Joe Ana Ruiz of Mammoth, Arizona
The Mayo Belwa meteorite: a new enstatite achondrite fall
Authors: Graham A. L. , Easton A. J. , Hutchison R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMayo Belwa, a highly shocked enstatite achondrite, fell during the evening of 3 August 1974 in the Adamawa District, NE. Nigeria (8° 58' N., 12° 05' E.). The stone weighed 4·85 kg and was deposited in the Geological Survey of Nigeria and loaned for study to the British Museum (Natural History). It is composed principally of enstatite (0·02 FeO%), with some olivine (Fo100), diopside, feldspar (An9 Ab88 Or3), and minor Fe-Ni metal and the sulphides oldhamite, daubréelite, ferroan alabandine, and troilite. The kamacite contains between 0·15% and 1·2% Si and the troilite contains 1·1% Ti. The meteorite possesses vuggy cavities, which contain fluor-amphibole needles projecting from their walls, suggesting the presence at some time of a volatile-rich phase. The titanium-rich troilite, the nearly ironfree enstatite and the Mg/Si ratio are typical of the E-achondrites.
The level of BMP4 signaling is critical for the regulation of distinct T-box gene expression domains and growth along the dorso-ventral axis of the optic cup
Authors: Behesti Hourinaz , Holt James KL , Sowden Jane C 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
Polarised gene expression is thought to lead to the graded distribution of signaling molecules providing a patterning mechanism across the embryonic eye. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is expressed in the dorsal optic vesicle as it transforms into the optic cup. Bmp4 deletions in human and mouse result in failure of eye development, but little attempt has been made to investigate mammalian targets of BMP4 signaling. In chick, retroviral gene overexpression studies indicate that Bmp4 activates the dorsally expressed Tbx5 gene, which represses ventrally expressed cVax. It is not known whether the Tbx5 related genes, Tbx2 and Tbx3, are BMP4 targets in the mammalian retina and whether BMP4 acts at a distance from its site of expression. Although it is established that Drosophila Dpp (homologue of vertebrate Bmp4) acts as a morphogen, there is little evidence that BMP4 gradients are interpreted to create domains of BMP4 target gene expression in the mouse.

Results
Our data show that the level of BMP4 signaling is critical for the regulation of distinct Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx5 and Vax2 gene expression domains along the dorso-ventral axis of the mouse optic cup. BMP4 signaling gradients were manipulated in whole mouse embryo cultures during optic cup development, by implantation of beads soaked in BMP4, or the BMP antagonist Noggin, to provide a local signaling source. Tbx2, Tbx3 and Tbx5, showed a differential response to alterations in the level of BMP4 along the entire dorso-ventral axis of the optic cup, suggesting that BMP4 acts across a distance. Increased levels of BMP4 caused expansion of Tbx2 and Tbx3, but not Tbx5, into the ventral retina and repression of the ventral marker Vax2. Conversely, Noggin abolished Tbx5 expression but only shifted Tbx2 expression dorsally. Increased levels of BMP4 signaling caused decreased proliferation, reduced retinal volume and altered the shape of the optic cup.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest the existence of a dorsal-high, ventral-low BMP4 signaling gradient across which distinct domains of Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx5 and Vax2 transcription factor gene expression are set up. Furthermore we show that the correct level of BMP4 signaling is critical for normal growth of the mammalian embryonic eye.
Experimental studies on drilling of aluminium (AA1050) under dry, minimum quantity of lubricant, and flood-lubricated conditions
Authors: Davim J P , Sreejith P S , Gomes R , Peixoto C 
Published: December 2006

When considering the environmental issues in machining, the fundamental concern is the use of cutting fluids. Industry and research institutions are looking for ways to reduce the use of cutting fluids for ecological and economical reasons. The disposal of used cutting fluid poses problems to the environment. This has forced engineers to come up with modern ways of cooling technologies during machining. This paper reports on the experimental investigations carried out under dry, minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL), and flood(fully)-lubricated conditions during drilling of aluminium (AA1050). The experiments were planned based on orthogonal arrays, made with prefixed cutting parameters ( f and Vc) and different lubricated conditions. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to check the validity of the proposed parameters and also their percentage contributions. The results of the tests show that with a proper selection of the range of cutting parameters, it is possible to obtain performances similar to flood-lubricated conditions by using MQL.
Modelling the cost of railway asset renewal projects using pairwise comparisons
Authors: Ling D J , Roy R , Shehab E , Jaiswal J , Stretch J 
Published: December 2006

This research article presents the development process of a cost-estimating model for railway renewal projects at the early stage of a project life cycle. The model comprises four main stages: creating a project structure that composes the goal, project criteria, and alternatives; collecting the necessary data in the form of pairwise comparisons made by a domain expert; producing alternative weights using a geometric mean; finally, employing an algorithmic method using the produced alternative weights and the known cost of one alternative per criteria. The practical implications of the developed model are its ability to estimate renewal project costs of railway assets when there is a lack of quantitative data and detailed project definition. The process provides a transparent and a structured way of formalizing subjective judgments, which produces a three-point estimate as the resulting output. The model is described and validated using a switch and crossing case study.
Calculation of resistance to motion of a high-speed train using acceleration measurements in irregular coasting conditions
Authors: Kim S-W , Kwon H-B , Kim Y-G , Park T-W 
Published: December 2006

The resistance to motion of the Korean high-speed train has been calculated and evaluated using train speed measurements gathered from coasting tests in the speed range from 30 to 300 km/h under various track conditions. Several test runs of the Korean high-speed train, with consists of seven cars, have been performed on the Seoul-Busan high-speed line since August 2002. A modified method for regression and the normal regression method have been employed to calculate the running resistance of the train to eliminate the error due to the irregular test conditions of slope, train speed, and coasting distance, and the validity and robustness of the calculation methods have been discussed extensively in this paper. The initial estimation of resistance to motion for the Korean high-speed train based on the general resistance to motion equation for the Train à Grande Vittesse train has been compared with the results obtained from the coasting test measurements. In the present study, curve fits of the acceleration data using a second-order polynomial show that the low-speed region error is relatively high, however fixing the constant and low-order coefficients can generate more robust curve-fitting results. The actual resistance to motion of the Korean high-speed train is lower than the estimated value based on the resistance to motion equation for the Korea Train Express train, especially in the high-speed region.
Retracted: Modelling and control of an elastic ship-mounted crane using variable-gain model-based controller
Authors: Al-Sweiti Y , Soeffker D 
Published: December 2006

RETRACTION: “Modelling and control of an elastic ship-mounted crane using variable-gain model-based controller”, Y Al-Sweiti and D Soeffker At the request of the Editor, Professor Homer Rahnejat and the publishers, “Modelling and control of an elastic ship-mounted crane using variable-gain model-based controller”, published in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-Body Dynamics, 2006, vol. 220, 239--255, DOI: l10.1243/1464419JMBD58 has been retracted. This is due to duplicate publication of the same paper in the Journal of Vibration and Control.
Calculation of overloads induced by indexing errors in spur gearboxes using multi-degree-of-freedom dynamical simulation
Authors: Spitas C , Spitas V 
Published: December 2006

Indexing errors are a cause of significant vibration and overloading in gearboxes and require much designer attention, especially in high-speed applications. Furthermore, the continuously varying elastic deflections of the meshing teeth contribute to vibration excitation and tooth profile corrections, which are usually employed to alleviate the ill effects of these errors and further complicate the modelling of the phenomenon. Current gear dynamical simulation models either do not consider indexing errors or do so in a simplified manner. To address this problem, in this article, the exact geometry of tooth meshing is used as a starting point for a comprehensive dynamical modelling of gear systems, seamlessly incorporating the effect of pitch errors, tooth separation, degree-of-freedom coupling, and profile corrections. The resulting model is fundamentally non-linear. A single-stage spur gear reducer is then simulated dynamically using various scenarios of error distributions and profile corrections, and the overload factor is calculated. The results show that there are optimal corrections, which can reduce overload by a factor of nearly 35 per cent; however, with bigger corrections, the benefit diminishes. The sensitivity of different design solutions to manufacturing tolerances is investigated and definitive trends are recognized. Finally, a new design recommendation for profile correction is made on the basis of these findings.
The Amphichronic Program vs. Evolutionary Phonology
Authors: Kiparsky Paul 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Synchronic and historical explanation

Evolutionary Phonology. Evolutionary Phonology seeks to derive typological generalizations from recurrent patterns of language change, themselves assumed to be rooted in perception, production, and acquisition. The goal is to eliminate UG by providing diachronic explanations for the cross-linguistic evidence that has been used to motivate it.
Replies to the comments by Gärtner, Plunze and Zimmermann, Portner, Potts, Reis, and Zaefferer
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
I would like to thank all commentators for commenting on my work in thoughtful contributions to the issues that occupy us all. In thinking about the comments, my ideas about these issues have considerably progressed. It seems to me fitting that I should include these improvements in this volume as well. I outline them in brief form below, sometimes alternating with my more direct responses to the comments.
Evaluation of Open-Formula Grower Diets for Juvenile Walleyes
Authors: Summerfelt Robert C , Clayton Richard D 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Two feeding trials (72 and 91 d) with replicated treatments were conducted to evaluate four experimental open-formula diets for juvenile walleyes Sander vitreus. The four diets were similar in crude protein (45.3–48.5%) and energy (1,149–1,175 J/g) but differed in the type of oil used (menhaden, flaxseed, soy, and commercial microalgae oil [CMP] with a high omega-3 fatty acid content). The fat content of the four diets ranged from 12.9% to 14.4%, compared with 16.8% for a commercially manufactured walleye grower diet (WG). A conditioning diet (10.3% fat) was fed all fish before the start of and during the first feeding trial. Six diets (WG, conditioning, menhaden, flaxseed, soy, and CMP) were fed in the first trial and the four experimental diets in the second feeding trial. Differences in final weight, relative growth, and specific growth rate among the treatments were not significant in either feeding trial. The similarity in growth in view of the differences in diet composition indicates that there is flexibility as to the choice of lipids with which to formulate diets for juvenile walleyes. The type of oil, however, had a major influence on total ingredient cost; soy oil was more economical than menhaden oil, but the formulation with CMP oil was twice as much as that with soy oil and 1.8 times as much as that with menhaden oil. This study validates prior reports that indicate highly specialized diet formulations are not required for juvenile walleyes.
Septic Tank Treatment of the Effluent from a Small-Scale Commercial Recycle Aquaculture System
Authors: Summerfelt Robert C , Penne Christopher R 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The efficiency of a conventional domestic septic tank for primary treatment of the wastewater effluent from a small-scale commercial recycle aquaculture system (RAS) was evaluated. The aquaculture facility had five 39.2-m3 dual-drain culture tanks and a total system volume of 249.9 m3. The mean standing stock of fish during the study was 4,837 kg (25.6 kg/m3) consisting of 9.6% largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, 32.1% walleye Sander vitreus, 17.8% hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis), and 40.5% rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The entire RAS volume was exchanged with makeup water only once every 62 d. Inflow to the septic tank contained 25.3% total nitrogen (TN) and 55.1% total phosphorus (TP) added to the culture system as fish feed. Relative to inflow, outflow from the septic tank reduced biochemical oxygen demand by 5.1%, TN by 59.5%, TP by 35.3%, settleable solids by 92.6%, total dissolved solids by 9.6%, and total suspended solids by 69.8%. Septic tank effluent was discharged to a subsurface drain tile that passed below a row crop field to a pond; the pond did not discharge from the operator's property during the study (i.e., zero discharge). Of the nutrients fed, 9.6% of TN and 34.5% of TP were present in the septic tank effluent. Septic tank sludge was pumped out monthly and dewatered to 14.9% moisture by air-drying. It contained 3.6% TN and 2.6% TP (percent dry weight) and was test-marketed as a soil amendment for greenhouse use.
The Lectin Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin Recognizes Glycan Epitopes on the Surface of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells: A New Tool for Characterizing Pluripotent Cells and Early Differentiation
Authors: Nash Rodney , Neves Lori , Faast Renate , Pierce Michael , Dalton Stephen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCell surface markers are key tools that are frequently used to characterize and separate mixed cell populations. Existing cell surface markers used to define murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) such as stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1), Forssman antigen (FA), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and CD9 are limiting, however, because they do not unambiguously define the pluripotent state and are not reliable indicators of differentiation commitment. To identify glycan cell surface markers that would circumvent this problem, we used a panel of 18 lectins to identify epitopes specifically elevated on the surface of mESCs, which, during differentiation, decrease with kinetics that precede currently used markers such as CD9, SSEA1, FA, and AP. The anticipated outcome of this analysis was to identify glycans that have utility as reliable mESC markers and high-resolution readouts for early differentiation commitment. Here, we show that the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) recognizes α-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) cell surface epitopes on mESCs (CD9high SSEA1high APhigh DBAhigh). These glycan epitopes decline markedly in cells undergoing the first definable step of differentiation, the transition from mESCs to primitive ectoderm (CD9high SSEA1high APhigh DBAlow). Loss of GalNAc epitopes is, therefore, the earliest cell surface change that can be assigned to differentiating cells, and the only cell surface marker known to be tightly associated with the pluripotent state. The lectin DBA is, therefore, a useful tool to characterize mESC cultures by nondestructive approaches, an indicator of differentiation commitment, and a predictor of developmental potency.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Influence of exercise on thermographically determined surface temperatures of thoracic and pelvic limbs in horses
Authors: Simon Erika L. , Gaughan Earl M. , Epp Tammy , Spire Mark 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the amount of time required for surface temperatures of thoracic and pelvic limbs in horses to return to pre-exercise temperatures after high-speed treadmill exercise, as detected via infrared thermographic imaging.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—6 Thoroughbreds.
Procedures—All horses had been trained on and conditioned to use of a high-speed treadmill. Baseline thermographic images were obtained 3 days prior to exercise (baseline). Horses were exercised on a treadmill at a walk for 5 minutes, a slow trot (3 m/s) for 5 minutes, a trot (5 to 6 m/s) for 5 minutes, and a slow gallop (6 to 8 m/s) for 5 minutes, then back to a trot for 3 minutes, a slow trot for 3 minutes, and a walk for 3 minutes prior to stopping. Thermal images were obtained immediately after stopping exercise (0 minutes) and 5, 15, 45, and 60 minutes and 6 hours after stopping exercise. Ambient temperature surrounding each horse was recorded.
Results—In all regions, significant differences in surface temperatures were detected between thermograms obtained before exercise and those obtained immediately after, 5 minutes after, and 15 minutes after exercise was stopped. There were no significant differences in surface temperatures between thermograms obtained before exercise and those obtained ≥ 45 minutes after exercise was stopped.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, images generated via infrared thermography are not influenced by exercise-generated heat ≥ 45 minutes after exercise is stopped.
The Effects of repeated interviewing on children's forensic statements of sexual abuse
Authors: Hershkowitz Irit , Terner Anat 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMultiple interviews with children alleging sexual abuse are not uncommon. Researchers expressed concern that repeated investigations may create and preserve inaccurate details. However, studies indicated that repeated open‐ended interviews are not necessarily harmful and may have advantages. Forensic interviews were conducted with 40 children, alleged victims of sexual abuse, according to the NICHD investigative protocol. The children were re‐interviewed after a short break. The information obtained in the second interview was almost 25% new. The first interview yielded a larger number of details, both central and peripheral, but the proportion of central details was larger in the second interview. The proportion of details repeated in both interviews was surprisingly low, and most of the original information was not included. Older children repeated more information than younger ones. The data suggest that a repeated forensic interview may elicit new information and preserve central details. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Strecker Reaction of Ketoimines Catalyzed by a Novel Chiral Bifunctional N,N′‐Dioxide
Authors: Huang Xiao , Huang Jinglun , Wen Yuehong , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA novel bifunctional N,N′‐dioxide derived from L‐prolinamide was employed to catalyze the enantioselective Strecker reaction of a range of N‐tosyl ketoimines, and an effective additive was used to improve the reactivity (up to 99 % yield) as well as the enantioselectivity (up to 91 % ee). In addition, a rational transition state was proposed to elucidate the origin of chiral induction in which an S‐adduct was produced.
Nitrile Hydratase Activity of a Recombinant Nitrilase
Authors: Fernandes Bruno C. M. , Mateo Cesar , Kiziak Christoph , Chmura Andrzej , Wacker Jan , van Rantwijk Fred , Stolz Andreas , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAppreciable amounts of amide are formed in the course of nitrile hydrolysis in the presence of recombinant nitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC 191, depending on the α‐substituent and the reaction conditions. The ratio of the nitrilase and nitrile hydratase activities of the enzyme is profoundly influenced by the electronic and steric properties of the reactant. In general, amide formation increased when the α‐substituent was electron‐deficient; 2‐chloro‐2‐phenylacetonitrile, for example, afforded 89 % amide. We found, moreover, that (R)‐mandelonitrile was hydrolysed with 11 % of amide formation whereas 55 % amide was formed from the (S)‐enantiomer; a similar effect was found for the O‐acetyl derivatives. A mechanism that accomodates our results is proposed.
Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides Catalyzed by Chromium(III)‐endo,endo‐2,5‐diaminonorbornane‐salen [Cr(III)‐DIANANE‐salen] Complexes. Improved Activity, Low Catalyst Loading
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Ertürk Erkan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of terminal epoxides, using chiral chromium(III)‐salen catalysts based on DIANANE (endo,endo‐2,5‐diaminonorbornane), was studied. A broad substrate scope was found for the chromium(III)‐DIANANE catalysts, and very low loadings (down to 0.05 mol %) were needed to achieve high enantiomeric purities of both the remaining epoxides and the product diols (up to >99 % ee). Besides monosubstituted epoxides, 2‐methyl‐2‐n‐pentyloxirane, which is an example for 2,2‐disubstituted epoxides, could be ring‐opened in an asymmetric fashion with water in the presence of an electronically tuned chromium(III)‐DIANANE complex.