bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acrosyringeal concentration of necrotic keratinocytes in erythema multiforme: a clue to drug etiology
Authors: Zohdi‐Mofid Mona , Horn Thomas D. 
Published: April 2006

Erythema multiforme (EM) is caused by various insults, frequently an infectious agent or a drug. It is current practice that histologic identification of the precipitating factor is not possible. We have observed a pattern of acrosyringeal concentration of keratinocyte necrosis in certain cases of EM and retrospectively studied 29 consecutive cases of EM to establish clinico‐pathologic correlation for this finding.Acrosyringeal concentration was observed in 10 of 29 specimens, all 10 clinically drug related (Group 1). Nineteen specimens lacked this pattern (Group 2) of which 3 cases were clinically drug related (sensitivity= 0.8, specificity= 1.0). Eosinophils were present in the dermal infiltrate of 6 specimens from Group 1 and 2 specimens from Group 2 (p=0.025).Acrosyringeal concentration of keratinocyte necrosis in EM occurs in drug‐related cases and is more likely to be accompanied by a dermal inflammatory infiltrate containing eosinophils. Drug concentration in sweat may explain this pattern with subsequent toxic and immunologic mechanisms leading to the fully evolved lesion.
Idiotypic Networks and Other Preconceived Ideas
Authors: Jerne N. K. , Cocteau Jean 
Published: April 2006

“Mirrors would be well‐advised to think twice before reflecting images.”The progress of science consists partly of replacing preconceived ideas by better ones, and partly of collecting experimental data relevant to these ideas. The latter exercise facilitates the former. The more fundamental the ideas are, the more rewarding is their replacement.In the present paper I shall reconsider some basic questions related to the function of idiotypic networks in the immune system.
Exonic MHC‐DRB Polymorphisms and Intronic Simple Repeat Sequenees: Janus’Faces of DNA Sequence Evolution
Authors: SCHWAIGER FRANZ‐WERNER , EPPLEN JöRG T. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe evolution of highly polymorphic gene loci is following routes that cannot be extrapolated from the existing knowledge of single copy genes. In addition, interpreting the evolution of the most polymorphic loci in vertebrates requires a plethora of data from different taxa. We evaluate here the rules for the evolution of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC‐)DRB genes recently established in humans and other primates on the basis of sequences from several artiodactyl species. MHC genes encode essential molecules for self/altered‐self/non‐self discrimination in the interaction of the organism with its environment. The necessity to effectively present various different antigens to immunocompetent cells causes positive selection pressure on the variability of these genes in the population. Artiodactyls represent the third mammalian order in which this phenomenon was evidenced independently. A further incentive to investigate also the surroundings of MHC‐DRB loci was the presence of a particular repetitive sequence stretch in the vicinity of the polymorphic exon ‐ in addition to the evolutionarily old alleles, ancient polymorphisms and the mechanisms for their generation and/or maintenance. Besides their utility for indirect gene diagnosis (MHC‐DRB typing), the closely linked stretches of simple repetitive DNA in the neighborhood of the highly polymorphic MHC‐DRB genes are also interesting remains of the evolutionary history. Evolutionary developmenl is different in genetically inert intron‐ic DNA compared to the exonic counterparts, despite their close vicinity. The persistence of these simple repeats over nearly 100 million years in one location preserving the same basic motif structure is startling. Indirect evidence is weighed that biological meaning should be considered for these elements. The combined analysis of the polymorphic DRB genes and the (highly variable but persistent) simple repeat stretches deepen our understanding of the complexities within a unique genomic compartment encoding essential molecules for self/non‐self dif‐ferentiation in the interaction of the organism with its environment.
The role of antibody in recovery from alphavirus encephalitis
Authors: Griffin Diane , Levine Beth , Tyor William , Ubol Sukathida , Desprès Philippe 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlphaviruses infect neurons in the brain and spinal cord and cause acute encephalomyelitis in a variety of mammals. The outcome of infection is determined by whether the neurons survive infection and this, in turn, is determined by the virulence of the virus and the age of the host at the time of infection. We have been studying Sindbis virus (SV) infection i of mice as a model system for alphavirus‐induced encephalomyelitis. Investigation of intracerebral infection of weanling mice with two different strains of SV bas allowed us to analyze the role of the immune response in protection from fatal disease virulent NSV strain) and in CLEARANCE of virus from the nervous system during non‐fatal disease (less virulent SV AR339 strain). Neutralizing and non‐neutralizing antibodies to the El and E2 surface glycoproteins can protect mice from fatal NSV infection when given before or after infection, while T cells are not protective, The mechanism of antibody‐mediated protection is not known, but it is likely that more than one mechanism Is involved and that different mechanisms are involved in pre‐infection and post‐infection treatment protection. Clearance of infectious virus from the nervous system of mice during recovery from non‐fatal disease is accomplished by antibodies to the E2 glycoprotein. The process does not involve damage to the infected neurons and is independent of complement and mononuclear cells. Bivalent antibody is required and binds to the surface of the infected cell. Initially, release of virus by budding from the cell surface is prevented and, subsequently, intracellular virus replication is inhibited possibly through antiviral mechanisms induced in co‐operation with interferon. This non lytic mechanism for control of virus infection results in the prolonged presence of viral RNA in tissue and the need for prolonged intrathecal synthesis of antiviral antibody by B cells within the central nervous system.
The essential self: a commentary on Silverstein and Rose “On the mystique of the immunological self”
Authors: Langman Rodney E. , Cohn Melvin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHistorical precedent supports an argument that a variety of factors, including the physical and chemical nature of the antigen, dose, timing, mode of access to the immune system, etc., combine to make a self‐nonself discrimination. This argument requires that specificity be ignored and the myriad of parameters that affect the class and magnitude of the response be dealt with — what might be called the immunogenicity‐tolerogenicity discrimination. Just as there can be no immune response if there are no specific receptors available, so the presence of immune receptors does not guarantee that an immune response will occur, and factors that contribute to the regulation of the magnitude and class of the immune response cannot be used to determine if a receptor is anti‐self or anti‐nonself.
T‐cell receptors in ectothermic vertebrates
Authors: Charlemagne Jacques , Fellah Julien S. , Guerra Arnaud De , Kerfourn Fabienne , Partula Sylvie 
Published: April 2006

Summary: The structure and expression of genes encoding molecules homologous to mammalian T‐cell receptors (TCR) have been recently studied in ectothermic vertebrate species representative of chondrychthians, teleosts, and amphibians. The overall TCR chain structure is well conserved in phylogeny: TCRβ‐ and TCRα‐like chains were detected in all the species analyzed; TCRγ‐ and TCRS‐like chains were also present in a chondrychthian species. The diversity potential of the variable (V) and joining (J) segments is rather large and, as in mammals, conserved diversity (D) segment are associated to the TCRβ and TCR5 chains. An important level of junctional diversity occurred at the V‐(D)‐J junctions, with the potential addition of N‐ and P‐nucleotides.Thus, the conservation of the structure and of the potential of diversity of TCR molecules have been under a permanent selective pressure during vertebrate evolution. The structure of MHC class I and class II molecules was also well conserved in jawed vertebrates. TCR and MFJC molecules are strongly functionally linked and play a determinant role in the initiation and the regulation of the specific immune responses; thus, it is not surprising that their structures have been reciprocally frozen during evolution.
The effect of collagenase‐inhibitor complexes on collagenolytic activity of normal and inflamed gingival tissue
Authors: Robertson P. H. , Grupe H. E. , Taylor R. E. , Shyu K. W. , Fullmer H. M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The effect of serum inhibitors on determinations of collagenolytic activity in culture fluids of healthy (G.I.=0) and mildly inflamed (G.I.=1) gingival tissue was studied. Gingival biopsies obtained at the beginning of the experimental gingivitis period (G.I.=0) and after approximately three weeks of no oral hygiene (G.I.=1) were subjected to tissue culture procedures previously utilized for the determination of collagenolytic activity. Inhibition of collagenase activity was evaluated by denaturing scrum inhibitors retained in culture fluid with sodium thiocyanate or by adding culture fluid from normal and inflamed tissues to a partially purified collagenase preparation.A decrease in collagenolytic activity was consistently demonstrable in untreated culture fluids of gingival tissue manifesting G.I.=1 as compared lo those exhibiting G.I.=0. When enzyme containing culture fluids were treated with NaSCN. however, no essential difference was detected. While culture fluids from healthy gingiva showed no inhibition of partially purified collagenase, culture fluids from tissues manifesting mild inflammation inhibited enzyme activity by approximately 60 %.A number of cell types associated with the periodontium have the ability to produce a specific collagenase. The results of this investigation suggest, however, that in vitro determinations of collagenolytic activity in culture fluids of normal and inflamed tissues may be influenced by specific scrum inhibitors.
Microradiographic study of human temporomandibular disks obtained at autopsy
Authors: Carlsson Gunnar E. , Hassleu Ove , ÖBerg Torsten 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Ninety‐six temporomandibular joint disks obtained at autopsy from subjects aged 1 day to 93 years of age and divided into three groups according to dental status were examined micro‐radiographically for calcification.The central part of the disks showed no calcifications in individuals less than 30 years old, and only a few in persons above 30 years with a good denial status, while the occurrence was much greater in patients who had lost many or all of their teeth. In the peripheral part of the disk there were occasional calcifications already in children, and in elderly individuals the calcifications were more common, but the frequency did not appear to vary with the number of residual natural teeth or with the degree of arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint.
Proteins of the periodontium. Biochemical studies on the collagen and noncollagenous proteins of human gingivae
Authors: Ballard John B. , Butler William T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Insoluble collagen was prepared from gingivae of full term, stillborn infants (SI) and from that of patients exhibiting gingival hyperplasia that was secondary to diphenylhydantoin therapy (DPH). During the preparations only 4 % of the collagen from DPH was extracted and 17 % from SI gingivae was solubilized, by neutral salt and dilute acid extractants. Subsequent amino acid analysis indicated the presence of a relatively large quantity of the noncollagenous protein(s) in the DPH collagen preparation. After collagen samples were converted to soluble cyanogen bromide (CNBr) pep‐tides, the noncollagenous protein(s) proved to be insoluble in the dilute citrate buffer routinely used for initial chromotographic separation of the CNBr peptides. This fraction, whether from DPH or SI gingivae, had essentially the same composition. The noncollagenous protein fraction comprised about 7 and 20 %, respectively, of the dry weights of the SI and DPH insoluble collagen preparations.CNBr peptides from gingival collagen have been purified and shown to be identical with those reported for human skin collagen. Thus, the collagen of gingivae is principally of the type with the chain structure [αl(I)]2α2. Preliminary data strongly suggest the presence in gingivae of a lower level of collagen of the [al (III)]s type.
A histological study of tooth allografts transplanted to untreated and immunologically prepared mice
Authors: Atkinson M. E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Ten‐day‐old mouse teeth were grafted subcutaneously into adults of an unrelated strain which were either untreated or had rejected a skin graft from the same strain as the tooth donors. First set allografts degenerated rapidly after grafting and were only sparsely repopulated subsequently. No cell‐mediated Immune response was observed. In contrast, second set allografts were heavily infiltrated with mononuclear leukocytes which persisted throughout the study, although the coronal pulp was never involved. It was suggested that first set allografts did not suffer a cell‐mediated response because rapid degeneration of the cellular components removed the immunogenic target tissue before the host response could be effected.
Histopathologic Evaluation of three Ultraviolet‐Activated Composite Resins on Monkey pulps
Authors: Heys R. J. , Heys D. R. , Cox C. F. , Avery J. K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The pulpal responses of three ultraviolet‐activated composite resins, Nuva‐Fil®, Experimental UV #1® and Experimental UV #2®, were tested on adult monkey teeth using silicate and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) as positive and negative controls. All materials were placed in Class V cavity preparations in Rhesus monkey teeth using approximately 48 anterior and 63 posterior teeth of both the maxillary and mandibular arches. A total of 111 teeth were utilized and all materials were evaluated at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks. Following left ventricular perfusion, the teeth were prepared for microscopic evaluation using routine histological procedures. The 3‐day pulpal response of all the ultraviolet‐activated composites was slight with some disruption and vacuolization in the odontoblastic layer and a slight inflammatory response. At 5 weeks there was a reduction of the inflammatory response and the formation of reparative dentin was noted for all ultraviolet composites. The 8‐week pulp response was slight, characterized by a minimal inflammatory response adjacent to the zone of reparative dentin. Generally, ZOE produced the mildest response while silicate produced the most severe response at the three time intervals.
Effects of Bicarbonate on Remineralization of Enamel
Authors: Feagin F. F. , Thiradilok S. , Aponte‐Merced L. , Bradley E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Enamel surfaces were demineralized in acetic acid and remineralized in solutions that contained 1.5 nM calcium, 1.0 nM phosphate, and 0.0, 5, 15, and 25 mM NaHCO3, and 0.00 or 5.0 mM NaF at pH 7.0. NaF in CO2‐free solutions increased the rates of calcium and phosphate uptake during remineralization. Bicarbonate in NaF‐free solutions caused small increases of calcium and phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate with NaF in solutions synergistically increased calcium uptake, but did not affect phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate reduced fluoride uptake by about 50 % during remineralization, and increased the Ca/P ratios of deposited minerals from about 1 (dicalcium phosphate) to approach and exceed the ratios of apatites.
Odontogenic Myxoma — Clinical Concept and Morphological Studies*
Authors: Gundlach Karsten K. H. , Schulz Andreas 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Our experience with the odontogenic myxoma of the mandible is presented. Although it is a benign, slow growing neoplasm, it is locally aggressive. Patients rarely complain of any symptoms produced by this tumor. Morphological studies included enzyme histochemistry, as well as light and electron microscopy. Two major types of tumor cells were identified. One resembled a mature fibroblast, while the other had the morphological and functional criteria of a so‐called myxoblast. We would recommend therapy comprising wide resection and consecutive primary osteoplasty.
Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium I
Authors: Engström C. , Linde A. , Magnusson B. C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Different rat diets, deficient in calcium and/or vitamin D, were tested for varying experimental periods to obtain changes in serum calcium values, body weight gain and odontoblast‐predentine morphology. One diet, R 25, used during a 14‐day period, was found to induce lowered serum calcium values and an increased predentin width in incisor teeth. Rats fed this diet demonstrated an increase in alkaline phosphatase and ATP‐splitting enzyme activity in dentinogenically active incisor odontoblasts. No other metabolic changes in these cells were demonstrated by the histochemical methods employed.
Granular Cell Ameloblastoma: Electron Microscopic Observations
Authors: Tandler Bernard , Rossi Edward P. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.A case of granular cell ameloblastoma was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the lesion resembled simple ameloblastoma, but differed from the latter in that it contained many cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic granules were identified as lysosomes. These organelles were particularly abundant in cells situated in the center of islands and clusters of neoplastic cells. Since no cytoplasmic components could be identified in any of these lysosomes, it was concluded that they are not engaged in autophagy or in remodeling of the neoplastic cells.
Ocular manifestations of Behçet's disease
Authors: Benezra David , Nussenblatt Robert 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The manifestations, possible etiological factors and therapeutical modalities of ocular Behçet are outlined. The major ocular findings involve both the anterior and posterior uvea. The vasculitis retinae, the periphlebitis and the pipe stem sheathing along with the recurrent vitreous hemorrhages lead to the visual impairment. Exacerbation and remission of the ocular inflammatory processes are characteristic. However, the impairment of visual function occurring after each attack is generally irreversible. The effectiveness of the present modalities of treatment is uncertain. Chlorambucil ® in doses of 6–8 mg daily appears to have an outstanding beneficial effect. However, carefully monitored control studies are lacking and should be conducted before any unequivocal conclusions can be reached.It appears to us that the etiology‐pathology of Behçet's disease might be a sequence of events triggered by an interaction between a virus and specific receptors on the host cell membrane (HLA determined?). This initial interaction is followed by a malregulation of the host immune mechanism leading to autoimmune phenomena which are characteristics of the disease.
Tumorous conditions of the fibula, supraorbital area and mandible
Authors: Weir J. C. , Amonett M. R. , Krolls S. O. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Our patient's initial biopsy of the right fibula was diagnosed as Ewing's sarcoma and surgical amputation was suggested as the treatment of choice. After he refused, he was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient refused to continue this type of therapy after a 6 weeks' regimen.The supraorbital swelling occurred 3 years later and the biopsy of it also revealed Ewing's sarcoma, as did the mandibular specimen.The patient, again, refused any further treatment.
Nuclear area and Feulgen DNA content of normal buccal mucosal smears
Authors: Cowpe J. G. , Longmore R. B. 
Published: April 2006

Malignant cells usually have an abnormal DNA content demonstrable by cytophotometry of Feulgen stained tissue. The diagnostic reliability of the technique is reduced because some malignant cells have a normal Feulgen DNA content. If Feulgen DNA content can be combined with measurements of additional cytological characteristics known to vary in malignancy, reliable diagnostic criteria may be forthcoming. In this study, Feulgen DNA content and nuclear area were estimated in 50 squames from the buccal mucosa in each of 14 young adults. Nuclear Feulgen DNA content was determined using an M85 microdensitometer and nuclear area was measured using a Reichert MOP image analyser.In each specimen, Feulgen DNA content was consistent with a nonreplicating cell population. Although nuclear area varied in each specimen, the variation in mean nuclear area among the sample of 14 was not statistically significant. It is concluded that nuclear area provides an accurate baseline against which future measurements on abnormal tissue can be compared.
An investigation into the origin and nature of ‘amyloid’ in a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour
Authors: Franklin C. D. , Martin M. V. , Clark A. , Smith C. J. , Hindles M. O. 
Published: April 2006

Fresh and fixed tissue from a resection specimen of a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT) was prepared for histological, histochemical, immunological and biochemical investigation in order to study the nature of the amyloid‐like material. The fixed tissue gave positive reactions with Congo‐red, Thioflavin T and the dimelhylamino benzene (DMAB)‐method for tryptophan. The diazotization‐coupling (DC) method for tyrosine was negative.The major protein purified from the unfixed tissue by sequential gel filtration had a molecular weight of 9,800. The amino acid analysis of this protein had similarities with tuft enamel protein, immune amyloid and the variable light chain component (VK).From the data obtained in this study, it is not possible to determine the precise nature of the amyloid‐like material in this CEOT. However, the results do support the concept that ‘amyloid’ should be considered as a term describing a broad group of related proteins.
Correlative clinico‐pathological evaluation of oral premalignancy
Authors: Fischman Stuart L. , Ulmansky Mario , Sela Jona , Bab Itai , Gazit Dan 
Published: April 2006

In 1972, the World Health Organization's “Meeting of Investigators on the Histological Definitions in Precancerous Lesions” defined a precancerous lesion as a “morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counter part” (Pindborg 1980).There are two generally accepted precancerous lesions in the oral cavity, leukoplakia and erythroplakia (Pindborg 1980). Leukoplakia is currently defined as “a white patch or plaque that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease” (WHO 1978). This definition has no histological connotation and is used in a strictly clinical sense (Pindborg 1980, Banoczy 1977). Erythroplakia is defined as a “bright red velvety plaque which cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as being due to any other condition” (Pindborg 1980).
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma: report of a case
Authors: Urban Scott D. , Keith David A. , Goodman Max 
Published: April 2006

Urban SD, Keith DA. Goodman M: Hyalinizmg clear cell carcinoma: report of a case.Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (Hccc) is a recently described low‐grade malignant neoplasm of minor salivary glands. Of the thirteen reported patients with this neoplasm, the majority have occurred in the oral cavity of elderly women. We report another case and add further supporting evidence that hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma is a distinct pathological entity.