bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Platonist Ontologies of Multiples
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A non-Platonist realism about multiple artworks must offer a principled way of selecting from the range of concrete particulars that enter into our artistic practices some element(s) that can plausibly be taken to play the roles ascribed to works in such practices. This chapter considers at length two materialist forms of non-Platonist realism: (1) perdurantism, defended by Caplan and Matheson, where musical works are fusions of those temporal stages that are their performances, and (2) endurantism, as defended by Rohrbaugh, where multiple artworks are enduring essentially historical individuals dependent upon their occurrences. It is argued that each account faces difficulties accounting for some central explananda. Cray and Matheson’s ‘sophisticated idealism’, according to which musical compositions are completed ideas for musical manifestation, is then considered. Unlike traditional idealist theories, the ‘systems’ conception of ideas they employ makes such compositions in principle public and shareable entities. They argue that sophisticated idealism accounts for four definitive features of musical compositions, whereas type theories and materialist theories fail to account for at least one of these features. Some problems for sophisticated idealism are discussed. First, it does not address the issue of variability. Second, it seems crucial to the idealist status of sophisticated idealism that musical compositions exist primarily in the minds of composers and those who mentally entertain an idea with the same content, and are only contingently externalized. But this raises problems concerning compositions whose contents are too complex for an artist to hold entirely in her mind.
Beyond aspectual semantics
Authors: De Wit Astrid , Brisard Frank , Madden-Lombardi Carol , Meeuwis Michael , Patard Adeline 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we provide brief summaries of the different chapters and discuss the main objective of the volume, which is to explore the many ways in which linguistic and cognitive research can move beyond traditional semantic analyses of (grammatical) aspect. What unites most of the contributions is their focus on less typical contexts in which aspectual constructions are used non-temporally (e.g. for affective purposes, to mark the epistemic status of situations, or to shape narrative structures). Others explore aspectual systems in languages that are less well described and/or resort to multidisciplinary methodological approaches that are not canonically used in analyses of aspect. All contributions share the intuition that hitherto more peripheral facets of the study of aspect deserve to take centre stage in future research.
Children in Police Custody
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book shines a light on the hidden experiences of children in police detention in England and Wales. An episode in police custody is the single most common sustained experience of the criminal justice system for children in England and Wales. Yet, child suspects have previously been largely overlooked in criminological research. Drawing on the first comprehensive study in England and Wales to review the police custody process from the perspective of children, the chapters trace the child's journey from arrest, into detention and through to police interview. Adopting a rights-based approach, this work investigates whether the present legal framework provides effective protection for child suspects. Utilizing the detailed insights provided by young participants in the research, and supplemented by the author's fieldwork, this analysis reveals the complex challenges facing children's legal agency in the adversarial setting of the custody block. In so doing, it evaluates the capacity of the available protections to enable children's participation in that setting. A parallel criminological exploration examines the intersecting adversities experienced by child suspects, and the complex power dynamics they navigate in police custody, to arrive at an understanding of the particular harms and impacts of police detention on children and their longer-term impact. The book closes with a call for a retrenchment in the use of police custody for children and a reappraisal of how those who must be detained should be supported to enable their effective participation in the criminal justice process, both in custody and beyond.
The Early Stages
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This first empirical chapter focuses on the earliest stages of police detention—the child’s arrest, their arrival in detention, and the ‘booking-in’ process, in which the child arrestee is presented to the custody officer for their detention to be authorised. The discussion explores young participants’ responses to these early phases of custody—the hostile intensity of their arrest, the shock and anxiety of arriving in detention, and the often alien demands of the booking-in and risk assessment processes. The analysis focuses in particular on child suspect reactions to the custody officer, and vice versa, introducing two key aspects in tension throughout the custody process—the implications of the various adversities experienced by the child and the adversarial nature of the detention experience.
Making Good the Imbalance?
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns from the legal rights enjoyed by all suspects in police custody to the particular rights of children in detention to be treated in an age-appropriate fashion. The chapter focuses on the provision of the appropriate adult (AA). The analysis considers, in particular, the efficacy and coherence of the AA role in securing child friendly treatment, exploring the tensions between welfare and justice, and privacy and lack of privilege, which the AA must navigate. The conflicted position of the custody officer as gateway to the protection, the power dynamics between the AA and other protagonists, and the resource constraints within which both custody teams and AAs operate are also implicated. The conclusion considers how the AA role might be reconceptualized to better meet the needs of the child suspect.
Innovation in Africa
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book aims to contribute to the debate relating to empowering the African continent to play a more meaningful role in the global innovation system. It is written on the premise that technology is key to the development of nations yet is neither freely nor easily accessible. It recognizes the central role of producing or accessing technology to assist Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the African continent to build their technological capabilities. The book seeks to provide a theoretical, policy, and legal framework as well as specific measures to empower the African LDCs to reclaim their space in the global innovation system. Accordingly, it proposes solutions to overcome the challenges currently posed by the inefficiencies in the flow of technologies to LDCS and the fragmentation of the international legal framework that regulates transfer of technology. Notably, the book proposes the maximization of the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement’s provisions related to technology transfer and recommends the adoption of a uniform international legal instrument under the framework of the WTO to be designated as the Agreement on Trade-Related Issues of Technology Transfer and Innovation (TRITTI). The aim of the proposed Agreement will be to regulate flows of technology from producing countries to those in need, especially in Africa. The book also urges African countries to create the enabling environment for technologies to flow into their respective nations and, most importantly, to facilitate the development of technological capabilities to accelerate technological learning, absorption, and adaptation to fit the African context.
Maximizing the Use of the TRIPS Agreement to Promote Technology Transfer and Innovation in Africa
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter suggests that if the existing body of international legal instruments is properly used, technology transfer and innovation can be promoted in developing states. It highlights Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement as one such instrument, but emphasizes that it has received little attention, thus its implementation has been largely ignored, denying LDCs the ability to establish a sound and viable technological base for their development. The chapter provides recommendations to clarify, interpret, and effectively implement the concepts embedded in the provision. It also suggests some institutional arrangements to be established and implementation processes to be streamlined in order to maximize the benefits for the beneficiary LDCs. To achieve that result, this chapter proposes the adoption of guidelines for monitoring of the implementation of Article 66.2, the establishment of the WTO Advisory Centre for Technology Transfer and Innovation (ACTTI), and the full exploitation of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism.
Studying climate change effects in the era of omic sciences
Authors: Fuller Zach , Wellenreuther Maren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Technological advances over recent years have allowed scientists to unravel the “omic” underpinnings of climate change responses in insects. Of these, genomic technologies have been most frequently used to dissect the genes that underlie plastic responses as well as those that facilitate range shifts and adaptation. Recent work has also demonstrated that a significant portion of adaptive variation is captured by structural genomic variants in additions to the commonly studied single base pair differences. Transcriptomic investigations to reveal gene expression pattern changes have uncovered strong responses to a changing climate, with evidence of temperature-induced stress responses in taxonomically diverse species. Epigenomic studies are starting to uncover DNA modifications that regulate gene expression and how they are passed on through the generations. Increasing evidence supports the emerging view that both structural variants and epigenomic variation are important modifiers of important fitness-related phenotypes that facilitate rapid responses to environmental changes. Given the global importance of insects as pest- and disease-carrying species as well as their role in invasions suggest that future studies need to apply a multifaceted approach to understand the mechanisms that prevent or facilitate climate change responses in this group.
Interspecific hybridization in insects in times of climate change
Authors: Sánchez-Guillén Rosa Ana , Arce-Valdés Luis Rodrigo , Ballén-Guapacha Andrea Viviana , Ordaz-Morales Jesús Ernesto , Stand-Pérez Miguel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Climate change can result in species to shift their distributions and thus, increasing current parapatric distributions or entering into secondary contact with phylogenetically related species. Despite widespread evidence of climate-induced range shifts, the short- and long-term consequences of these shifts for species that are parapatric or newly sympatric after evolving in allopatry are not clear. For parapatric species, one possible consequence is the alteration of the established equilibrium of a hybrid zone and for sudden sympatric species is hybridization. Therefore, determining which insect taxa are most likely to hybridize, and the outcomes of that hybridization, will contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary consequences of global warming. This chapter investigates intrinsic factors affecting hybridization in insects, and we review short- and long-term consequences of non-anthropogenic (natural) and climate-induced hybridization with the goal of summarizing the contribution of these studies to our understanding of the outcomes of the climate-induced hybridization. The chapter focuses on five insect orders whose geographic and altitudinal ranges have been particularly responsive to climate change: dipterans, hymenopterans, lepidopterans, odonates and orthopterans.
Effects of climate change on insect distributions and invasions
Authors: Aulus-Giacosa Lucie , Bates Olivia K. , Bonnamour Aymeric , Bujan Jelena , Gippet Jérôme M. W. , Fenn-Moltu Gyda , Klaftenberger Tristan , Bertelsmeier Cleo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Large-scale range shifts towards higher latitudes change have occurred in many (but not all) studied species, yet spatial changes may be more complex. Because insects are small organisms, fine-scale environmental heterogeneity (topography, habitats, land use and microclimate) may be more relevant to understand their response to climate change. In addition, insects differ in their ecophysiology and life-history traits, preventing an overall forecast of insects’ responses to climate change. Species range shifts are often not synchronized, creating new opportunities for interactions (facilitation or competition) within new communities. Moreover, climate change may affect the introduction probability, establishment likelihood and dispersal dynamics of introduced species. A variety of models have been developed to predict future insect distributions, ranging from simple species distribution models to more complex mechanistic models integrating species demography, dispersal and biotic interactions. Combining these predictions with experimental data will improve our understanding of species distributions under climate change.
Impacts of climate change on insect pollinators and consequences for their ecological function
Authors: Burkle Laura A. , Jha Shalene 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
One of the most urgent concerns in global biodiversity conservation is the impact of changing climate on insect pollinator biology and pollination. This chapter reviews the impacts of warmer temperatures, drought, enriched carbon dioxide and extreme weather events on insect pollinators, their plant food resources and potential shifts in their species interactions, including trait, temporal and spatial mismatches, with implications for functional change. We posit that the direct effects of climate change on the physiology, traits, phenology, abundance and distributions of insect pollinators and their plant food resources are far better understood than the indirect effects of climate on plant–pollinator interactions. Further, the functional consequences of climate-induced changes for plant pollination remain understudied, and even less is known about fitness consequences of interaction mismatches for insect pollinators.
Medical Education
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Poulter Daniel , Pemberton Max 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Medical education focused on educating, training, and supervising individuals interested in and working in allopathic medicine carries certain challenges with it. Its development over the past few centuries has raised several issues not only in terms of contents but also processes of teaching and assessment. From the competitive selection of students to enter medical school to going through a series of regular theoretical and practical assessments, experiencing varying quality of apprenticeships and final examination in various subjects followed by 1 or 2 years of internship or hospital practice, there remain a series of steps and challenges which have to be addressed before qualification as a doctor. The aim is not only to produce doctors who are competent in their field but also to protect the public and patients. In this chapter, we highlight challenges and pressures faced by young students who are already at that vulnerable age to develop psychiatric disorders but also make some observations in dealing with pressures both external and internal to ensure a healthy workforce.
India
Authors: Shekhar Avinash , Philip Sharad , Chaturvedi Santosh Kumar , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Considered rigorous and demanding over its 5 and half year course, Medical training in India is completed by roughly 75,000 students yearly. Many studies have shown that medical students in India face a high risk of burnout and related mental health consequences. Comparatively, students being trained in modern medicine have poorer sleep quality than those in traditional medical schools. A nationwide survey noted a high prevalence of burnout symptoms along with increased incidence of mental health conditions and related consultations. The covid pandemic has exacerbated this situation with medical students reporting high levels of stress and anxiety. Student led initiatives and colleges have attempted to alleviate medical students’ distress and burnout. However, there are no systematic interventions. Ensuring medical student wellness requires a multitiered approach at individual, group, institutional, and policy level. This chapter brings forward various suggestions for improving medical student wellness in India.
Nigeria
Authors: Ayinde Olatunde , Gureje Oye 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Nigeria is a low-middle-income country with poor national health indices, large treatment gaps, and a severe scarcity of general and mental health resources. Low morale of the workforce in the education and health sectors and the associated increasing ‘brain drain’ are ongoing threats to medical education in Nigeria. Data from Nigeria, as from other countries, show elevated levels of psychiatric morbidity, substance use, and burnout among medical students. These problems are commonly associated with stressors such as those due to intense academic work as well as difficulties with finances and accommodation. Using the example of one medical school in Nigeria, we demonstrate that although there are several local initiatives directed at mental health promotion and the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, they are often ad hoc and poorly resourced and coordinated. We advocate for political will and leadership to drive the discourse and the process for improving medical students’ mental health and wellbeing in our medical schools, a national student mental health policy with special attention to medical students, and a university-wide mental health strategy. In addition, we recommend that medical school structures, culture, processes, and procedures are oriented towards campus-wide promotion of mental health and wellbeing. We also recommend an office for students’ wellbeing to lead, organize, and coordinate resources for students’ mental wellbeing. Finally mental health support services should be designed to build capacity of staff and students, promote mental wellbeing, as well as prevent and treat emergent mental disorders.
Russia
Authors: Chumakov Egor , Petrova Nataliia , Pchelin Ivan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing research interest in the mental wellbeing of medical students in Russia. Studies in recent years have shown a high burden of minor mental disorders (in particular, neurotic reactions, anxiety, depression), as well as addictive behaviour among medical students in Russia in different regions, which is largely a consequence of high academic workload and increasing stress during studies, but also a consequence of other specific factors. This chapter provides an overview of research on mental disorders and psychological wellbeing among medical students in Russia, as well as the results of our own research. A separate emphasis is placed on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the deterioration of the psychological wellbeing of medical students. An overview of interventions developed in Russia to prevent mental disorders in medical students during training as well as programmes to help those in need is given. Recommendations for further research on the topic are outlined.
Regional Themes
Authors: Molodynski Andrew , Farrell Sarah Marie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws together the data and themes explored in more detail in the preceding chapters for individual countries. We then compare and contrast rates of burnout, substance misuse, and psychiatric symptoms across different countries and regions. The latter part of the chapter stresses the importance of ‘outing’ this issue and building pressure and momentum for change in all countries, as none can say that they have successfully found ways of ‘looking after’ their medical student population. In this chapter, the levels of stress, burnout, mental ill health, and substance misuse in 20 countries across five continents have been laid bare.
The Classical Ḥadīth Tradition and Its Canonization
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief history of the development of the study of ḥadīth, particularly the criteria that were developed in assessing the validity of a supposed Prophetic statement. It relays and interrogates the canonization process and considers how that process also contributed to the marginalization of Aisha’s correctives. The chapter illustrates how the canon is unofficially opened by authorities when faced with difficult or controversial circumstances such as the age of Aisha upon marriage. It then offers an innovative reconceptualization of the ḥadīth canon that encourages a formal acknowledgement of the ways in which the canon is disrupted informally, so as to bring back to the centre Aisha’s correctives, and with that many more other collections of ḥadīth that can be proven to be sound and authentic but were precluded from being canonized.
Aisha the Jurist
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explicates the interconnectivity between the history of the legal and the ḥadīth tradition, and how the latter was born out of the former. It considers how legal schools of thought were formed in certain geographical locations, namely Basra, Kufa, and Medinah, and how they converged around particular authorities from amongst the Companions of Muhammad. The chapter considers then the ramifications of Aisha’s being located in Medinah. The chapter then offers all the traditions of Aisha that fall under the theme of jurisprudence, along with a critical analysis of each. This chapter ends by offering an emergent juristic framework of Aisha based on the analyses provided in this chapter.
Aisha the Ḥadīth Master
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the largest chapter of al-Ijaba: Aisha’s correctives of Abu Hurayra. It illustrates Aisha’s acumen in deciphering the validity of ḥadīth according to her lived experience, logic, and knowledge of the Quran. This chapter also sets forth an argument for extending the criteria of ḥadīth acceptance/rejection of a narrator to the Companions. It also proposes that impugnment needn’t be absolute but on a statement-by-statement basis whereby the narrator’s ability to comment on the subject matter of the statement based on their grasp and understanding of the subject is also considered. Because this chapter looks exclusively at Aisha’s corrective of Abu Hurayra, there is a brief biography of Abu Hurayra presented before translating and critically analysing the chapter dedicated to him in al-Ijaba.