bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensions Between Materials and Environmental Quality
Authors: Carpenter Richard A. 
Published: October 2006

The tensions between availability of materials and quality of the environment will increase with economic growth and the appreciation of environmental values. These tensions can be relieved to an extent by internalizing the costs of environmental protection so that they are reflected in the price of materials. Economic incentives and disincentives, such as effluent fees, are receiving renewed attention (5, pp. 49-51). In addition, government regulation to protect the environment will, perhaps arbitrarily, affect the availability and use of materials. The report,
Man, Materials, and Environment
(5, p. 25), concluded that:

A national materials policy should be based upon the principle that calculations of benefits and costs associated with the extraction, transport, processing, use, and disposal of materials should take full account of the value of common property resources and of any change in the value of common properties resulting from the impact of materials on the environment; and should support the principle that those responsible for impairment of the environment should bear the costs of damage or repair. These principles should become a commonplace element of property rights, legislation, and administrative practice at all levels of government. The difficulty of measuring benefits and costs should not delay adoption of these principles but suggests the need for continuous observation and experimentation.
Environmental protection regulations will result in: (i) increased costs for many materials; (ii) disruptive changes in use of materials, due to environmental characteristics and revised cost effectiveness calculations; (iii) restrictions on the siting of processing and manufacturing installations; (iv) preemption of access and surface rights to some mineral bearing lands, particularly those that are federally controlled; (v) diversion of capital from new production facilities; and (vi) frustrating delays in decisions, such as those affecting leasing and plant siting.
In return for these generally undesirable disruptions in the continued development and supply of materials, society will obtain: (i) improved quality of air and water; (ii) long-term protection of the natural ecosystems of which man is a part; (iii) more efficient allocation of natural resources on the basis of more accurate and complete accounting of costs; (iv) improved human health through decreased contamination of the environment with toxic substances; and (v) conservation of materials through a closing of the production, use, and disposal cycle.
Ingenuity and a more complete understanding of the parts and interactions of the energy, materials, and environment system can do much to reduce the tensions in these conflicts and bring about equitable trade-offs among societal goals.
Hypermetabolism of Fat in V1a Vasopressin Receptor Knockout Mice
Authors: Hiroyama Masami , Aoyagi Toshinori , Fujiwara Yoko , Birumachi Junichi , Shigematsu Yosuke , Kiwaki Kohji , Tasaki Ryuji , Endo Fumio , Tanoue Akito 
Published: October 2006

Abstract[Arg8]Vasopressin (AVP) has an antilipolytic action on adipocytes, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. Here, we examined the involvement of the V1a receptor in the antilipolytic effect of AVP using V1a receptor-deficient (V1aR−/−) mice. The levels of blood glycerol were increased in V1aR−/− mice. The levels of ketone bodies, such as acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid, the products of the lipid metabolism, were increased in V1aR−/− mice under a fasting condition. Triacylglyceride and free fatty acid levels in blood were decreased in V1aR−/− mice. Furthermore, measurements with tandem mass spectrometry determined that carnitine and acylcarnitines in serum, the products of β-oxidation, were increased in V1aR−/− mice. Most acylcarnitines were increased in V1aR−/− mice, especially in the case of 2-carbon (C2), C10:1, C10, C14:1, C16, C18:1, and hydroxy-18:1-carbon (OH-C18:1)-acylcarnitines under feeding rather than under fasting conditions. The analysis of tissue C2-acylcarnitine level showed that β-oxidation was promoted in muscle under the feeding condition and in liver under the fasting condition. An in vitro assay using brown adipocytes showed that the cells of V1aR−/− mice were more sensitive to isoproterenol for lipolysis. These results suggest that the lipid metabolism is enhanced in V1aR−/− mice. The cAMP level was enhanced in V1aR−/− mice in response to isoproterenol. The phosphorylation of Akt by insulin stimulation was reduced in V1aR−/− mice. These results suggest that insulin signaling is suppressed in V1aR−/− mice. In addition, the total bile acid, taurine, and cholesterol levels in blood were increased, and an enlargement of the cholecyst was observed in V1aR−/− mice. These results indicated that the production of bile acid was enhanced by the increased level of cholesterol and taurine. Therefore, these results indicated that AVP could modulate the lipid metabolism by the antilipolytic action and the synthesis of bile acid via the V1a receptor.
Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration inC. elegansunder dietary restriction
Authors: Szewczyk Nathaniel J. , Udranszky Ingrid A. , Kozak Elena , Sunga June , Kim Stuart K. , Jacobson Lewis A. , Conley Catharine A. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYStudies of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans have almost exclusively utilized growth on a bacterial diet. Such culturing presents a challenge to automation of experimentation and introduces bacterial metabolism as a secondary concern in drug and environmental toxicology studies. Axenic cultivation of C. elegans can avoid these problems, yet past work suggests that axenic growth is unhealthy for C. elegans. Here we employ a chemically defined liquid medium to culture C. elegans and find development slows, fecundity declines, lifespan increases, lipid and protein stores decrease, and gene expression changes relative to that on a bacterial diet. These changes do not appear to be random pathologies associated with malnutrition, as there are no developmental delays associated with starvation, such as L1 or dauer diapause. Additionally, development and reproductive period are fixed percentages of lifespan regardless of diet,suggesting that these alterations are adaptive. We propose that C. elegans can exist as a healthy animal with at least two distinct adult life histories. One life history maximizes the intrinsic rate of population increase, the other maximizes the efficiency of exploitation of the carrying capacity of the environment. Microarray analysis reveals increased transcript levels of daf-16 and downstream targets and past experiments demonstrate that DAF-16 (FOXO) acting on downstream targets can influence all of the phenotypes we see altered in maintenance medium. Thus, life history alteration in response to diet may be modulated by DAF-16. Our observations introduce a powerful system for automation of experimentation on healthy C. elegans and for systematic analysis of the profound impact of diet on animal physiology.
Surgical salvage for stomal recurrence: A multi‐institutional experience
Authors: Gluckman Jack L. , Hamaker Ronald C. , Schuller David E. , Weissler Mark C. , Charles Glenwood A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecurrence of squamous cell cancer following total laryngectomy constitutes an extremely difficult therapeutic problem. Satisfactory management is elusive and frustrating to the head and neck oncologist. Various recommended therapeutic regimens include symptomatic treatment, palliation with chemotherapy and radiation, and aggressive surgical salvage. While surgery offers the only realistic chance at cure, this procedure is fraught with significant morbidity and a poor success rate.In an attempt to clarify the role of surgical salvage in these patients, experience with 57 patients with stomal recurrence presenting to three head and neck surgical groups will be presented. Forty‐one of these patients subsequently underwent definitive surgery. The overall 2‐year survival for operated patients was 16% with a 24% determinate survival. Further analysis revealed a 45% 5‐year survival with type 1 and 2 lesions and 9% survival with types 3 and 4. Recommendations regarding indications for surgery are made based on this experience.
Regiospecific Synthesis of 4‐Deoxy‐D‐threo‐hex‐3‐enopyranosides by Simultaneous Activation–Elimination of the Talopyranoside Axial 4‐OH with the NaH/Im2SO2 System: Manifestation of the Stereoelectronic Effect
Authors: Attolino Emanuele , Catelani Giorgio , D’Andrea Felicia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new and high‐yielding method for the regioselective preparation of 4‐deoxy‐ and 2,4‐dideoxy‐2‐acetamido‐β‐D‐threo‐hex‐3‐enopyranosides has been developed. The process involves a simultaneous activation–elimination of the OH‐4 group of β‐D‐talopyranosides and 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐talopyranosides, mediated by the NaH/N,N′‐sulfuryldiimidazole system at –30 °C. The same reaction applied on the analogous β‐D‐galactopyranosides takes place without any regioselectivity, affording mixtures of hex‐3‐ and hex‐4‐enopyranosides. In the case of the methyl 2,3,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐α‐D‐talo‐ and α‐D‐galactopyranosides, the corresponding 4‐O‐imidazylates can be isolated by quenching the reactions at –30 °C. Upon warming these crude products to room temperature, the α‐talo‐4‐O‐imidazylate gives the corresponding hex‐3‐eno derivative in very high yield, but its α‐galacto analogue gives the hex‐4‐enopyranoside enol ether in poor yield. The different regiochemical outcome between the talo and the galacto series has been attributed to the stereoelectronic effect exerted, exclusively in talo‐configured compounds, by the axially disposed C‐2 electronegative substituent, which selectively accelerates the breaking of the antiperiplanar C(3)–H bond. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Laser structuring for back junction silicon solar cells
Authors: Engelhart Peter , Harder Nils‐Peter , Grischke Rainer , Merkle Agnes , Meyer Rüdiger , Brendel Rolf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate mask‐free fabrication of a 22·0%‐efficient crystalline Si solar cell by applying laser ablation of Si and by laser ablation of protective coatings. The bulk absorber material is a p‐type float zone silicon wafer and the designated cell area is 4 cm2. While the processing time of our laboratory‐type of laser system is far too slow for industrial processing, we estimate on the basis of our experiments that laser processing of 12·5 × 12·5 cm2‐sized solar cells in just a few seconds is feasible with commercially available equipment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of flat and curved carbon cluster
Authors: Hölzl C. , Kuzmany H. , Hulman M. , Wu J. , Müllen K. , Boroviak‐Palen E. , Kalenczuk R. J. , Kukovecz A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHexa‐peri hexabenzocarbonate (HBC) are small cluster of a graphene plane with various side groups for stabilization. Due to theire ate geometry they are ideal candidates to study surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Very thin films HBC were vaopur deposited to different SERS‐active Ag‐surfaces. The enhancement of the Raman signal was studied with the goal to develop an Ag‐surface of optimum enhancement, for multiple use and very simple sample preparation. For the current surface the observed enhancement is up to 106. For SWNT filled with Ag‐particles the SERS effect could also be shown – but enhancement was only a factor 10. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐step adaptivity in variational integrators with application to contact problems
Authors: Modin K. , Führer C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVariable time‐step methods, with general step‐size control objectives, are developed within the framework of variational integrators. This is accomplished by introducing discrete transformations similar to Poincarés time transformation. While gaining from adaptive time‐steps, the resulting integrators preserve the structural advantages of variational integrators, i.e. they are symplectic and momentum preserving. As an application, the methods are utilized for dynamic multibody systems governed by contact force laws. A suitable scaling function defining the step‐size control objective is derived.
High‐resolution optical coherence tomography as a non‐destructive monitoring tool for the engineering of skin equivalents
Authors: Spöler F. , Först M. , Marquardt Y. , Hoeller D. , Kurz H. , Merk H. , Abuzahra F. 
Published: October 2006

Background: Three dimensional skin equivalents are widely used in dermatopharmacological and toxicological studies and as autologous transplants in wound healing. In pharmacology, there is tremendous need for monitoring the response of engineered skin equivalents to external treatment. Transplantation of skin equivalents for wound healing requires careful verification of their quality prior to transplantation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non‐contact, non‐destructive imaging technique for living tissues offering the potential to fulfill these needs. This work presents an analysis of OCT for high‐resolution monitoring of skin equivalents at different stages during the culture process.Methods: We developed a high‐resolution OCT imaging setup based on a commercially available OCT system. A broadband femtosecond laser light source replaces the original superluminescence diode. Tomograms of living skin equivalents were recorded with an axial resolution of 3 μm and correlated with histology and immunofluorescence images. Comparison with standard low‐resolution OCT is presented to emphasize the advantages of high‐resolution OCT for this application.Results: OCT is particularly able to distinguish between different layers of skin equivalents including stratum corneum, epidermal and dermal layer as well as the basement membrane zone. The high‐resolution OCT scans correlate closely with two key benchmarks, histology and immunofluorescence imaging.Conclusions: This study clearly demonstrates the benefits of high‐resolution OCT for identifying living tissue structure and morphology. Compared with the current gold standard histology, OCT offers non‐destructive tissue imaging, enabling high‐resolution evaluation of living tissue morphology and structure as it evolves.
FREE NUCLEOTIDES IN NERVE CELLS EXTRACTION
Authors: Brattgård S. ‐O. , Løvtrup‐Rein H. , Moss M. L. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYSeveral means for inhibiting degradation of free ribonucleotides in brain tissue have been investigated, along with extraction agents that minimize subsequent breakdown. The conditions selected are suitable for isolation of single nerve cells without appreciable loss in triphosphate levels, and thus, provide means for turnover studies at the cellular level by isotope incorporation in the free nucleotides.
ENZYMIC CONVERSION OF URIDINE NUCLEOTIDE TO CYTIDINE NUCLEOTIDE BY RAT BRAIN
Authors: Dawson D. M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—After in vivo administration of [14C]uridine monophosphate to rats, radioactivity appears in cytidine nucleotides at comparable rates in the brain and the liver.An in vitro assay, on the soluble fraction of rat brain showed that the enzyme required for amination of uridine nucleotide to cytidine nucleotide occurs in the brain.
CHOLINERGIC NERVE ENDINGS IN OCTOPUS BRAIN
Authors: Florey E. , Winesdorfer J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Optic lobes of the brains of Octopus dofleini werehomogenized hasaline–sucrose medium and subjected to differential and density gradient centrifugation. The fractions and subfractions thus obtained were analysed for acetylcholine (ACh) (bioassay) and protein content and were subjected to electronmicroscopy. Bound ACh was associated with particulate fractions, and a large portion of it could be recovered in subfractions that contained predominantly nerve endings.Expressed in terms of amount of ACh per mg protein, the ACh content of the nerve ending fractions was nearly 100 times greater than that of corresponding fractions previously obtained by others from mammalian brain. Calculations show that this was the minimal amount of ACh to be expected if the isolated nerve endings were predominantly cholinergic. Octopus brain tissue is in therefore very promising for future studies on ACh metabolism and compartmentation cholinergic nerve endings.
INFLUENCE OF AGE IN THE INCORPORATION OF [14C]GLYCINE INTO ISOLATED RAT NERVE SEGMENTS IN VITRO
Authors: Matheson D. F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) Sciatic nerves of young rats have been shown to incorporate [14C]glycine in vitro into the protein fraction at a higher rate than nerves from adult rats under the same conditions.(2) Whilst there is little change in the DNA content of the sciatic nerve of rats with age, there is a is noticeable decline in the RNA content with age.(3) There a linear relationship between the specific activity of the protein fraction and the RNA content of the sciatic nerve under in vitro conditions.(4) There is a decline in the specific activity of the protein fraction with age when expressed against DNA.(5) A linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the specific activity and the length of the femur.
CEREBRAL AMINO ACIDS AND LIPIDS IN DRUG‐INDUCED STATUS EPILEPTICUS*
Authors: Whisler K. E. , Tews J. K. , Stone W. E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Dogs were given repeated doses of pentylenetetrazol to maintain a condition of status epilepticus for periods of 30–40 min. Analyses of cerebral tissue frozen in situ showed significant increases in alanine, arginine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine, and valine. Decreases occurred in the glutamic and aspartic acid levels. Other measured amino compounds were unchanged. Ammonia was increased, but not more than occurs in seizures of brief duration. A large decrease was noted in the ganglioside fraction, and a decrease also in a fraction containing the lecithins and sphingomyelins. The cephalin, cerebroside–sulphatide, and cholesterol fractions were not affected.Similar repetitive seizures induced by bemegride and continuing for shorter periods (5–9 min) brought about less extensive changes. Glutamic acid was increased, in contrast to the pentylenetetrazol effect, and the apparent decrease in aspartic acid was not statistically significant. Increases were noted in alanine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, lysine, and ammonia. The ganglioside and lecithin‐sphingomyelin fractions were decreased.
THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE ON THE CONCENTRATIONS OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IN BRAIN
Authors: McKean C. M. , Boggs D. E. , Peterson N. A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—High circulating levels of phenylalanine caused depletions of threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine in immature and adult rat brains. The branched‐chain amino acids were most affected. Their reductions ranged between 38–64 per cent of control values when phenylalanine was administered either parenterally or in the diet. The pattern of cerebral amino acid depletions found in phenylalanine‐injected infant rats was similar to that of the adults. Phenylalanine loading caused depletions in serum amino acid levels in adult rats, but in infant rats the serum levels were either unchanged or somewhat elevated.Tyrosine, when administered to adult rats either parenterally or via the diet, caused cerebral depletions in essential amino acids, but the depletions were not as striking as with phenylalanine.In both the infant and adult rat, brain‐blood ratios of most of the essential amino acids were significantly reduced by phenylalanine loading.
HISTOCHEMISTRY OF RAT BRAIN STEM MONOAMINE OXIDASE DURING MATURATION
Authors: Robinson N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in the nuclei and tracts of the medulla and pons of the rat from birth to 90 days is reported.Prominent MAO activity was present in the locus coeruleus and nucleus ambiguus at birth. At 5 days a weak reaction localized mainly within the neuropil and glia cells was detected in several other nuclei. By 10 days all nuclei were identified with MAO activity varying from weak to intense, the activity showing further increases at 15 and 20 days. Staining in nerve fibres was negligible at 5 days but increased rapidly to 15 days in some tracts when the characteristic beading pattern was distinct. At 30 days differentiation in intensity of MAO activity between the nuclei diminished and no increase was apparent after 55 days.The results are compared with the distribution of brain stem acetylcholinesterase during maturation and also with regions specific in catecholamine or serotonin content in the adult rat brain stem.This and an earlier study on the cerebrum suggest that MAO is another component of the brain that falls into the caudal‐rostral concept of biochemical maturation and that it fits into a group of enzymes exhibiting a similar pattern of increase in activity during development.
HYDRAZINOPROPIONIC ACID: A NEW INHIBITOR OF AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE AND GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASEI
Authors: van Gelder N. M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— This paper deals with the synthesis of 3‐pyrazolidone and the biochemical action of hydrazinopropionic acid. The latter compound is formed upon alkaline hydrolysis of 3‐pyrazolidone.Hydrazinopropionic acid was found in vitro to be a very potent inhibitor of bacterial aminobutyrate transaminase as well as of aminobutyrate transaminase and glutamate decarboxylase from mouse brain. This inhibition was shown to occur despite the presence of high concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate in the incubation media.Injections of 20 mg hydrazinopropionic acid/kg into mice resulted in complete inhibition of aminobutyrate transaminase in brain and approximately 20 per cent inactivation of glutamate decarboxylase. This inhibition could not be prevented or antagonized by administration of pyridoxine to the animals. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate to homogenates of brain from animals treated with hydrazinopropionic acid also failed to reactivate the enzymes.The tentative conclusion reached from these results is that hydrazinopropionic acid has inhibitory action because of its close similarity to GABA with respect to molecular size, structural configuration and molecular charge distribution. This can be demonstrated by comparing a Dreiding model of hydrazinopropionic acid with that representing GABA.
THE EFFECT OF SLOW WAVE SLEEP AND REM SLEEP ON REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN CATS*
Authors: Revich M. , Isaacs G. , Evarts E. , Kety S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by means of an autoradiographic technique in unanaesthetized, unrestrained cats during wakefulness, slow wave sleep (S‐SW), and rapid eye movement sleep (S‐REM). The electrocorticogram, electro‐oculogram, and electromyogram from the posterior neck muscles were continuously recorded. All operative procedures were completed at least four days prior to the experiment. Arterial blood samples were obtained immediately prior to the regional cerebral blood flow determination and analysed for PCO2, PO2, pH, and haematocrit. There were no significant differences in these parameters among the three groups.During S‐REM there was a significant increase in flow in all twenty‐five regions measured which varied from 62 per cent in the cerebellar white matter and sensory‐motor cortex to 173 per cent in the cochlear nuclei. During S‐SW a significant increase in flow occurred in only ten of the twenty‐five regions, and these changes were smaller in magnitude, varying from 26 per cent in the association cortex to 68 per cent in the superior olive. It is postulated that local changes in cerebral metabolism account for the regional cerebral blood flow changes demonstrated.