bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Silicon Carbide-based Nanoporous Materials by Replica Technique
Authors: Shiraishi Soshi , Kikuchi Akihiro , Sugimoto Masaki , Yoshikawa Masahito 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We tried to prepare silicon carbide-based nanoporous materials using the replica method. The polycarbosilane (PCS) as the SiC precursor filled the mesopores of mesoporous silica as the template, and then calcination and subsequent removal of the silica matrix led to the mesoporous product with a BET specific surface area of 780 m2 g−1. The product had the SiC≈1.9O≈0.9 composition and very low crystallinity, indicating a good resistivity to oxidative conditions.
Self-assembled All-inorganic Chiral Polyoxovanadate: Spontaneous Resolution of Nitrate-incorporated Octadecavanadate
Authors: Koyama Yuki , Hayashi Yoshihito , Isobe Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A chiral octadecavanadate has been isolated and optically resolved into enantiomers by spontaneous resolution. From the partial oxidation reaction of a reduced decavanadate [V10O26]4− with nitric acid, a chiral octadecavanadate encapsulating a nitrate template was formed. A nitrate anion was incorporated at the center of the spherical polyoxovanadate cage. The structure may be regarded as a double helical V8 ribbon between two square pyramidal VVIO5 units, consisting of half-pitch helix with ca. 11.0 Å diameter and a half pitch length of 8 Å.
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of [MnII(rac-pnH)(H2O)CrIII(CN)6]·H2O and Its Dehydrated Form
Authors: Yoshida Yusuke , Inoue Katsuya , Kurmoo Mohamedally 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An irreversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation is observed upon dehydration of [MnII(rac-pnH)(H2O)CrIII(CN)6]·H2O. The virgin, dehydrated, and rehydrated phases are ferrimagnets with Curie temperature of 36, 70, and 36 K, respectively.
The impact of a peer counselling scheme to address bullying in an all‐girl London secondary school: A short‐term longitudinal study
Authors: Houlston Catherine , Smith Peter K. 
Published: April 2008

Background A variety of peer support schemes are now widely used in schools, notably to reduce bullying. However, there has been little systematic investigation of the impact and effectiveness of these approaches.Aims To assess the impact of a peer counselling scheme on peer counsellors and the school community.Sample The research was conducted in a North London all‐girls state secondary school. Data were collected from all lower school classes (years 7, 8, and 9) and some staff members, in addition to year 10 peer counsellors and an age equivalent comparison group.Method A detailed 1‐year longitudinal study combined qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment.Results Peer counsellors benefited from their involvement through an acquisition of transferable communication and interpersonal skills, and, compared to age‐matched control pupils, had increased social self‐esteem. There were no reductions in self‐reported bullying and victimization, but in general pupils believed that there was less bullying in school and that the school was doing more about bullying, with year 7 students showing the most positive changes.Conclusions Peer‐counselling schemes can improve self‐esteem of peer supporters, and also impact positively on perceptions of bullying in the school; but impact on actual experiences of bullying is less clear, and there may be problems with the acceptance and use of such programmes by older students.
Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study
Authors: Adams Jean , Nettle Daniel 
Published: April 2008

Objectives. Time perspective describes how individuals conceptualize and value future events, and may be related to health behaviours. Research to date has focused on addictive behaviours, used a variety of different measures of time perspective, and not explored the role of personality. This work aimed to: explore the relationships between: five previously used measures of time perspective; time perspective and the broad domains of the five‐factor model of personality; and time perspective and smoking, body mass, and physical activity after controlling for socio‐demographics and personality.Design. Cross‐sectional self‐report data were collected using a web based survey.Methods. Participants (N=423) were recruited via local community internet message boards in US urban areas. The survey collected information on: delay discount rate, the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS), the future scale of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), subjective probability of living to age 75, and time period for financial planning, the five‐factor personality inventory, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity.Results. After controlling for socio‐demographics, most markers of time perspective were significantly correlated with each other, but the strength of correlations was rarely strong. Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Openness were associated with some markers of time perspective. After controlling for socio‐demographic and personality domains, only CFCS score was associated with smoking status and BMI.Conclusions. There is some overlap between previously used markers of time perspective and the five‐factor personality domains but this is neither strong nor consistent. Smoking and BMI, but not physical activity, are associated with CFCS, but not other measures of time perspective.
Prevention of Trabecular Bone Loss Induced by Estrogen Deficiency by a Selective p38α Inhibitor
Authors: Caverzasio Joseph , Higgins Linda , Ammann Patrick 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Increased bone remodeling with estrogen deficiency is mediated by the production of cytokines such as TNFα and interleukin (IL)−1. Recent data have indicated that the p38 pathway mediates cytokines effects on enhanced bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of a selective p38α inhibitor, SD-282, on the prevention of bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency in an adult ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Results indicate that oral administration of SD-282 for 8 wk dose-dependently blunted the increase in the bone resorption marker DPD/Cr induced by OVX in adult rats. Associated with this effect, SD-282 did not reduce but significantly enhanced by 2-fold the rise in the bone formation marker serum osteocalcin observed in OVX animals. In addition, SD-282 completely blocked vertebral bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency. Furthermore, a partial preventive effect was observed in long bones with reduction of trabecular bone loss and enhancement of cross-sectional area of the diaphysis. Prevention of trabecular bone loss and increased in cortical bone area were associated with improvement of biomechanical resistances. In conclusion, chronic administration of a selective p38α inhibitor effectively prevented trabecular bone loss and alteration of bone microarchitecture induced by estrogen deficiency. Prevention of bone loss was associated with inhibition of bone resorption with uncoupled changes in bone formation. These data strongly suggest that the p38 pathway is important for regulation of bone resorption induced by estrogen deficiency, and selective inhibitors of this pathway have potential for prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Joint Effects of Antibody to Heat Shock Protein 60, Hypertension, and Diabetes on Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , He Mei-An , Cheng Longxian , Zhou Li , Zeng Hesong , Wang Jing , Wang Feng , Chen Ying , Hu Frank B , Wu Tangchun 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Several studies have suggested an association between antibody to human heat shock protein 60 (anti-Hsp60) and coronary atherosclerosis, but the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between anti-Hsp60 and coronary heart disease (CHD) and to determine whether anti-Hsp60, hypertension, and diabetes have joint effects on CHD risk.
Methods: We measured the concentrations of anti-Hsp60 in 1003 CHD patients and 1003 age- and sex-matched control subjects without CHD events.
Results: Concentrations of anti-Hsp60 were significantly higher in CHD patients than in controls. Increasing concentrations of anti-Hsp60 were significantly associated with higher risk of CHD (P for trend &lt;0.0001) and with increasing severity of CHD as assessed by number of diseased vessels detected with angiography [odds ratio (OR) 3.67, 95% CI 1.56–8.64, P = 0.003] after multivariate adjustment for traditional CHD risk factors. There were strong joint effects of high concentrations of anti-Hsp60 and hypertension (OR 5.17, 95% CI 3.95–6.75, P &lt; 0.0001) and diabetes (OR 6.49, 95% CI 4.52–9.33, P &lt; 0.0001) on CHD risk; simultaneous occurrence of high anti-Hsp60 concentrations, hypertension, and diabetes conferred a dramatically higher risk of CHD (OR 20.99, 95% CI 12.50–35.24, P &lt; 0.0001) in multivariate analyses.
Conclusions: Anti-Hsp60 is independently associated with CHD risk, and a combination of high anti-Hsp60, hypertension, and diabetes is particularly detrimental for CHD risk.
Pediatric Head and Neck Injuries in Snow Sports: Evaluating the Influence of Helmets
Authors: Scher Irving , Richards Darrin , Carhart Michael , Thomas Reed , Hurlen Natalie , Lam Tack 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission reported in 1999 that head injuries represent approximately 14 % of all skiing and snowboarding injuries. Cadman and Macnab showed that children were twice as likely as other age groups to sustain injuries to the head, face, and neck. While helmets have been shown to reduce the overall number of head injuries for the pediatric population, some members of the skiing and medical communities have indicated that pediatric helmets may increase the likelihood of neck injuries. We conducted a two-part experimental study to examine the potential effects of pediatric helmets during severe collisions. In the first part of the study, we measured the speeds of 154 children on beginner and intermediate ski slopes. Across all locations at a resort, the average speed of the children was 18.7 kph (11.6 mph). In the second part of the study, we used an instrumented Hybrid-III 10-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) to determine the head accelerations, neck loads, and chest deflection associated with two impact conditions: (1) inertial neck loading created during torso impacts into a rigid barrier and, (2) direct head contact and neck loading during skier-to-pole and skier-to-skier impacts. For these tests, the ATD was accelerated to the average observed speed of pediatric skiers and snowboarders. The data show that the use of a helmet did not increase the likelihood of severe neck injury during the inertial neck loading condition. The results of the direct head contact tests showed that compressive loads on the neck were reduced with helmet use, but always exceeded injury thresholds with or without a helmet. As expected, helmet use did reduce substantially the likelihood of severe brain injury in the skier-to-pole (by 47 %) and skier-to-skier (by 69 %) impacts by decreasing the linear accelerations, angular accelerations, and head injury criterion.
The Influence of Residual Stress on the Design of Aircraft Primary Structure
Authors: Ball Dale L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAggressive performance and weight objectives are driving aircraft manufacturers toward the use of advanced materials and structural concepts that may have inherent, process induced residual stresses in localized, but critical areas. Certification of these structures will require that the influence of these residual stresses be properly accounted for during design. One example of this circumstance is the unitization of lugs and fittings with primary spars and bulkheads. This is being done in order to reduce part count, which, in turn, reduces the necessity for large numbers of fasteners and the associated hole preparation/mating requirements. Such unitization can be achieved through the use of large forgings, which experience has shown may have significant residual stresses in localized areas, even after final machining. For man-rated flight vehicles, primary structural elements are typically designed based on damage tolerance concepts. This requires that fatigue crack growth analysis and testing be used for certification of the structure. Thus, for advanced design concepts based on unitized structure, the influence of residual stress on fatigue crack growth must be addressed. A substantial body of work has been developed over the past three decades by numerous researchers in the field of fracture mechanics with regard to residual stress. In what has become the standard approach to the problem, the residual stress field is used to estimate a residual stress intensity factor (SIF) using weight function or Green’s function techniques. The residual SIF is superimposed with the applied SIF due to service loading and the total is then used in an otherwise unmodified, LEFM-based fatigue crack growth analysis. In this paper, we describe current research directed toward the formal inclusion of residual stress effects in the design of aircraft primary structure. This effort has three focus areas. The first is the extraction of confounding residual stress effects during the characterization of the fundamental fatigue crack growth rate behavior of a critical aluminum alloy. The second is the quantification, both by analysis and experiment, of the location, spatial magnitude, and stress magnitude of the residual stress fields in a candidate forged/machined part. The third is the development of improved fatigue crack growth analysis methods that selectively account for the presence of residual stresses. Each of the three focus areas provides a critical ingredient to a proposed design analysis method in which components are analyzed using intrinsic (residual stress free) material data, with residual stresses then explicitly introduced only in those areas where they are known to exist. The discussion includes the results of a trade study on a wing spar showing potential optimization, both in terms of weight savings in over-designed areas, and service life/damage tolerance enhancement in under-designed areas.
A Novel Isolation Technique of Progenitor Cells in Human Corneal Epithelium Using Non-Tissue Culture Dishes
Authors: Yokoo Seiichi , Yamagami Satoru , Shimada Takashi , Usui Tomohiko , Sato Taka-aki , Amano Shiro , Araie Makoto , Hamuro Junji 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The existence of adult stem cells or progenitor cells in the human corneal epithelium (i.e., self-renewing squamous cells) has long been suggested, but these cells have not yet been isolated. Here we describe a novel isolation technique using non-tissue culture dishes to enrich progenitor cells, which are able to reconstitute a three-dimensional human corneal epithelial equivalent from single cells in serum-, feeder-, and bovine pituitary extract-free medium. These cells showed original tissue-committed differentiation, a high proliferative capacity, and limited self-renewal. Laminin-5 was measured by mass spectrometric analysis. Pretreatment of cells with anti-laminin-5 antibody demonstrated that laminin-5 was important in allowing corneal epithelial progenitor cells to adhere to non-tissue culture dishes. Hydrophilic tubes (used for cell collection throughout this study) are essential for efficient isolation of adherent corneal epithelial progenitor cells expressing laminin-5. These findings indicate that our new technique using non-tissue culture dishes allows the isolation of progenitor cells from human corneal limbal epithelium and that laminin-5 has a critical role in the adhesion of these cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
monEAU: a platform for water quality monitoring networks
Authors: Rieger L. , Vanrolleghem P. A. 
Published: April 2008

Continuous monitoring of water quality creates huge amounts of data and therefore requires new concepts to guarantee high data quality and to prevent data graveyards. Monitoring stations commonly used in practice today suffer from insufficient flexibility and a lack of standardization. That is, although a lot of monitoring tasks are comparable and should lead to robust and powerful platforms, most monitoring stations are case specific developments.
In this paper the underlying ideas of a new generation of monitoring networks is described. First a problem analysis of monitoring stations typically seen in current river monitoring practice is outlined, then the monEAU vision on monitoring networks will be discussed together with an overview of a planned system set-up with innovative data evaluation concept.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Segregation in Powder Injection Molding
Authors: Ilinca F. , Hétu J.-F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The ability to predict segregation of the solid phase in processes such as powder injection molding and injection molding of semi-solid materials is of special interest since such phenomenon affects the final properties and characteristics of the molded parts. In powder injection molding, for example, defects appear very often in the debinding and sintering stages but are caused by filling problems and determined by a non-uniform distribution of the solid particles within the molded part. In this paper we propose a 3D numerical solution algorithm for the simulation of particle migration in dense suspensions. The particle migration is modeled using the diffusion flux model and integrated into the NRC's 3D injection molding software. The solution algorithm is validated by solving flow problems for which experimental and numerical data are available: circular Couette flow, piston driven flow and sudden contraction-expansion flow. Since it is observed that the piston movement in the sleeve can induce particle migration even before the material enters the cavity, an ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) formulation is also developed to include the piston movement in molding simulations. The ALE formulation is first compared with an Eulerian solution for the case of the piston driven flow problem. Then, the approach is applied to injection molding problems and the segregation inside the molded parts is studied.
Microclimatic buffering by logging residues and forest edges reduces clear‐cutting impacts on forest bryophytes
Authors: Dynesius Mats , Åström Marcus , Nilsson Christer 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.Question:The practice of extracting logging residues after clear‐cutting for bioenergy purposes is spreading. Logging residues constitute a shelter in clear‐cut areas and therefore concerns have been expressed that their removal could make the ground and its vegetation more exposed to extreme microclimatic conditions. We asked whether logging residues and forest edges can protect ground‐dwelling forest bryophytes from fatal microclimate events following clear‐cutting.Location:Boreal forests of central Sweden.Methods:Using transplants of eight forest floor bryophyte species we experimentally analysed the sheltering effect (less solar radiation and less wind) of logging residues and forest edges in seven clear‐cut areas. Transplants were placed in two contrasting positions in each area; near a north‐facing forest edge and in the centre of the clear‐cut area. In each position, half of the transplants were covered by a layer of spruce branches and the other half was left uncovered. We estimated proportion of apparently living shoots (apparent vitality) and measured radial growth of transplants during one growing season.Results:Position in the clear‐cut area, but not cover of spruce branches, clearly influenced radial growth. Vitality scores were higher among transplants covered with branches and the lowest apparent vitality was observed in uncovered transplants in the middle of clear‐cut areas. The change in area of apparently living shoots during the course of the experiment (growth minus mortality) was unaffected by branch cover close to the edge but positively affected in the centre of the clear‐cut area. In general, the effect of branch cover on bryophytes was higher in the centre of clear‐cut areas. Here, climatic measurements showed that branch cover buffers during periods of extreme microclimates.Conclusions:Extraction of logging residues after clear‐felling may reduce the survival of some ground‐dwelling forest organisms. The additional sheltering provided by branches was unimportant close to forest edges. We suggest smaller clear‐cut areas, green‐tree retention and other ways to make logged areas shadier and less windy to mitigate the reduced shelter caused by harvest of logging residues.
Experimental investigation of liquid distribution over structured packing
Authors: Alekseenko S. V. , Markovich D. M. , Evseev A. R. , Bobylev A. V. , Tarasov B. V. , Karsten V. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe thickness of a liquid film on the structured packing inside a distillation column was measured at the region of counter‐current flow of gas and liquid by fiber‐optic sensors. The local distribution of liquid inside a typical geometrical cell formed by the corrugated Koch 1Y sheets was examined in this study. It is shown that, in the vicinity of the sheet contact points inside the cell, the liquid film thickness is maximal, and peculiar meniscuses are formed where liquid flow redistribution over the corrugation surface occurs. A counter gas flow decreases pulsations of the liquid film thickness by a factor of 1.5–2 on the rib and lateral surfaces of corrugation. Experimental data on the effect of operation parameters on the local distribution of liquid in the cell and the pressure drop in the column are presented. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Synthesis of methyl acrylate graft copolymers by the combination of a polynorbornene containing pendant vinylbenzene groups by using coordination and reverse atom transfer polymerization
Authors: Ma Rui , Song Zhongying , Hou Yubang , Feng Juan , Xing Bin , Bao Feng 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCopolymerization of norbornene and 1,4‐divinylbenzene was successfully performed using a β‐ketoamine chelate nickel complex–methylaluminoxane, yielding random copolymer of norbornene and 1,4‐divinylbenzene containing a few pendant styrene groups. With the initiation of copper dichloride and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile, the pendant styrene groups were quantitatively polymerized with methyl acrylates, which allowed the successful synthesis of polynorbornene‐based graft copolymers by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization mechanism. The analyses of the product by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography gave the verification of ‘true’ copolymer. The thermal property of the graft copolymer was controlled by varying the monomer feed ratio. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.