bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Equivalent Drawdown Time in Well Testing
Authors: Swift S. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The concept of equivalent drawdown time was described by Ram Agarwal in 1980. In reality it has been in common use in well test analysis since at least 1950. However, in 1988, application of the concept is still not widely understood. The purpose of the present paper is to encourage its application by clarifying its role in well test analysis.
Petroleum Education in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Von Gonten W. D. , Calhoun J. C. , Hongfan Chen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petroleum education in China is, like petroleum production itself, a development of relatively recent years. In 1949, when the annual crude oil output was 120,000 tons and workers in petroleum numbered 8,000, no petroleum schools or colleges existed. In 1987, when the production reached 134 million tons with a work force of 1.2 million, there were seven petroleum institutions of higher learning. This paper will outline the petroleum education system as it exists today and present some observations on the issues that it faces.
The first formal petroleum education program was a petroleum engineering department in Tsing Hua University. In 1953, this department became the nucleus of the The Peking Petroleum Institute, the loyalties to which are still felt today in the entire petroleum education system of China. The Peking Petroleum Institute evolved, in 1969, into the East China Petroleum Institute.
There are now seven higher educational institutions devoted to petroleum education in China. Of these, Fushun Petroleum Institute is under the administration of the China Petrochemical Corporation and Xinjiang Petroleum Institute is under the administration of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The other five institutes are under the administration of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry (M0PI). These are East China Petroleum Institute, which is the oldest, largest and most comprehensive, Daqing Petroleum Institute, Jianhang Petroleum Institute, Southwest Petroleum Institute, and Xian Petroleum Institute, which is the newest and smallest. M0PI has given top priority to assessing the quality and future of its petroleum education. In addition to its own continuing internal analysis, the M0PI, in 1986, invited a team of petroleum educators from Texas A&M University to review the petroleum education program and to make recommendations for its future. This paper is based on some of the observations resulting from that review.
Design Aspects in Reflection Seismology Aiming at Rock Properties Detection
Authors: Bilgeri D. , Carlini A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The geological complexity of many hydrocarbon traps and the related seismic anomalies often give rise to serious difficulties in inferring geological characteristics from seismic signals.
Optimum seismic processing sequence can be carefully designed only after an accurate analysis of the available seismic and geological data in order to single out the geophysical problems to be solved in the particular exploration site.
Stratigraphic processing architecture requires the use of the residual propagating wavelet in order to transform the reflectivity section into a profile of calibrated seismic logs which represent a quantitative datum bearing structural and stratigraphic information.
Seismic logs obtained from surface seismics integrated with borehole data and correlated to studies of reservoir-rocks allow to detect the reservoir internal structure in terms of geometries and lateral variations of petrophysical properties.
Combining seismic-petrophysical profiles with the depositional model enables to move within possible solution ranges, through sensitivity analyses and confidence limits of the observational data, towards the unique and most proved solution of the sedimentary features of the investigated layers.
This methodology was tested with a pilot project in an oil bearing pre-Miocene limestone of a field in Central Italy. Thickness and porosity variations were determined from absolute seismic logs obtained from land seismic data recorded during different years (77–84) and processed optimizing: signal amplitude and phase, field and residual statics, wave velocity propagation.
The resulting distribution of reservoir heterogeneity will technically and economically affect the techniques related to enhanced oil recovery.
Production Forecasting Methods for Horizontal Wells
Authors: Joshi S. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes production forecasting methods for horizontal wells. The forecasting methods are based on analytical solutions and correlations of numerical model results. Methods are suggested for single phase flow, solution gas drive, naturally fractured, and bottom water drive reservoirs. These forecasting methods could be used for an initial evaluation of horizontal well drilling prospects.
A horizontal well can be looked upon as a controlled infinite-conductivity vertical fracture of limited height. Therefore, this paper compares horizontal well productivity with finite and infinite-conductivity, and uniform-flux fractures. A choice between horizontal wells and stimulated vertical wells should be determined by considering local fracturing experience and local costs for stimulation treatments and horizontal drilling.
Recovery of Viscous Oil Under High Pressure by CO2 Displacement: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Chung F. T. H. , Jones R. A. , Burchfield T. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Laboratory coreflooding experiments were performed to investigate the technical feasibility of the use of the CO2 flooding process under immiscible conditions for the recovery of viscous oil. A stock-tank oil of 22° API gravity was recombined with solution gas at a gas-oil ratio (GOR) of 48 scf/bbl. The CO2 flooding tests were conducted in a consolidated Berea sandstone core under simulated reservoir conditions. The viscosity of the recombined oil at reservoir temperature (152° F) and pressure (2,500 psig) was 50 cp. Experimental results show that the oil viscosity was reduced to 8 cp, and the oil volume was swelled to 1.2 times the original volume after saturation with CO2 at the testing condition.
Oil recovery from a 2-in.-diameter and 2-ft-long core by CO2 flooding for the testing oil was unusually high even under Immiscible conditions. The ultimate oil recovery from a secondary CO2 flood is as much as 60 % of the original oil in place (OOIP), which is higher than the average oil recovery from a secondary waterflood, 44 % OOIP. After waterflood, a continuous injection of 1.5 PV of CO2 recovered an additional 33 % OOIP. The CO2 utilization factor was 11.7 Mscf/bbl of additional oil recovered. The CO2-alternate-brine injection method significantly delayed the breakthrough of gas and provided a slightly higher oil recovery and more efficient CO2 utilization than the continuous CO2 injection method. Overall, the ultimate residual-oil-saturation (Sor) was reduced to 18% PV by all of the above CO2 injection methods.
The Role of Subsea Systems as an Integral Part of Occidental’s North Sea Development Strategy
Authors: Azancot M. , Ward R. , Gibson S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper provides an overview of subsea satellite developments in Occidental’s North Sea Operations. The logic and cost effectiveness of utilizing three subsea satellites to one platform are discussed. The overall impact on recoverable reserves and related extension of economic field life are quantified and additional potential developments are described.
Occidental’s increasing commitment to subsea development is discussed. A field history is presented from the first subsea installation in 1980 to the present. The installations have grown in complexity, keeping pace with the latest technology with optimum reserve recovery as the ultimate objective.
Development of the most recent field addition, Scapa, is discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the installation and well completion procedures with emphasis on continued improvements that have been implemented.
Occidental’s North Sea experience is put in the context of international operations and it is the authors’ belief that the subsea systems described can be a major contributory factor in increasing the number of worldwide offshore developments.
Metocean Measurement Program for the Pearl River Basin Block 29/04 in the South China Sea
Authors: Sharma J. N. , Bole J. B. , Tryggestad S. , Bian Jiaxi 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Amoco recently deployed a Metocean buoy, a directional waverider buoy, four Aandera current meters on a mooring and two upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers in the Pearl River Basin Block 29/04 in the South China Sea· This paper describes objectives of the measurement program, planning of instrumentation, deployment, and recovery operations, and oceanography features being investigated.
Measuring instruments were installed in August 1987 and good data were collected successfully during several typhoons. Samples of wind, waves, and current data are presented. Of particular interest are the current velocity profiles resulting from large scale oceanic circulation, a local eddy feature, monsoons, and typhoons. The data will be used to determine operational and extreme environmental loading criteria for offshore planning and design.
Selection of Paraffin Control Products and Applications
Authors: Thomas D. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Paraffin related problems in the oilfield continue to plague efficient production operations. Solutions to these problems vary with the cause of the problem, its location, severity, and economics. This paper presents the philosophy and methodology for investigating and recommending solutions to paraffin related field problems based on laboratory testing and its relationship to these field problems. Arriving at a solution to paraffin problems in the oilfield involves a systematic approach that evaluates laboratory test results and matches them to field needs. An important aspect of thi s approach includes combining information from the field, the correct mix of laboratory tests, and interpretation of the test results.
The Impact of New Tax Reforms on the Oil and Gas Industry: A Financial Analysis Approach
Authors: Yu J. P. , Yu T. C. , Neidermeyer A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 has made significant changes in the tax laws that affect U.S. industry. The new act lowers tax rates and makes major changes that will affect the ability of taxpayers to shelter income. Generally, profitable companies that for years have used various tax incentives to reduce their liabilities may incur higher taxes under the new act; however, the lower tax rate may reduce the overall tax liability. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of these tax changes on the oil and gas industry. A financial analysis approach is applied to the oil and gas industry in the Appalachian area.
This study also discusses the changes which directly and indirectly affect the oil and gas industry. Intangible drilling costs (IDC) treatment, excess IDC, percentage depletion, recapture on dispositions and depreciation are the oil and gas industry specific changes. The passive loas limitations, alternative minimum tax (AMT), and the capital recovery and investment tax credit affect the industry in general. How these non-industry specific changes impact on the oil and gas industry is also discussed. In addition, a cash flow approach is used to compare the financial situation of the oil and gas companies under the new and old law.
The cash flow analyses are done using Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets. The analyses are performed for both a small independent company that produces less than 1000 barrels of oil equivalent per day and an integrated company that is involved in upstream operations of refining and distribution. Under the new tax law, the independent company benefits because of a significant reduction in the tax rate and relatively few changes in the tax rules. However, the integrated company incurs a higher tax liability and AMT payment since the New Tax Reform Act eliminates tax shelters. The capital-intensive oil and gas industry will be less competitive than previously in attracting investment capital. Additional conclusions and recommendations are made to help the industry optimize overall tax costs.
Use of Microcomputer Graphics To Teach Waterflooding Concepts
Authors: Whitman D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of microcomputers (and in particular their graphical capabilities) in classroom situations has been found to be a very effective teaching tool. With the main goal in mind to add visual content to the teaching of waterflooding concepts, three programs, using the graphical capabilities of the microcomputer, are developed to aid in this teaching. The first is a graphical demonstration of the layered Stiles’ model, the second is the linear Buckley-Leverett model which accounts for the effect of displacement efficiency, and the third is a Higgins and Leighton streamtube model which adds areal sweep effects.
Each program shows the results of the calculations involved in each model both with color graphics and a display of certain parameters. Each program also generates an output file and allows the user to generate a number of graphs of the results. Since the programs are written for a microcomputer, they are easily demonstrated in class and are available for student use outside of the classroom.
Scheduled Automation of Laboratory Displacement Experiments From a Computer Workstation
Authors: Nelson H. C. , Alameda G. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a computer automation system which can control laboratory displacement experiments from a dedicated computer workstation. The dedicated computer is tied into a distributed network that supports remote access via asynchronous telephone communication. Thus, indirect control of displacement experiments can be extended to other workstations on the network or to a remote computer equipped with a telephone modem.
The automation system uses a computer to schedule and monitor displacement operations. Scheduled operations include data capture, pump control, valve switching, produced fluid sample collection, and analysis of produced gas by gas chromatography. The system provides continuous, real time screen data display and graphics data processing for immediate analysis of experimental results. The system also detects and responds to exceptional run conditions such as pressure set point violations or instrument hardware failures.
The displacement experiments are typically permeability measurements, slim tube measurements, or scaled core floods which may take weeks to complete. The computer automation system makes it possible to run displacement experiments continuously and safely over extended time periods with minimal operator intervention and no loss of data.
Reservoir Engineering Utilization of Microcomputers in a Technology Development Environment
Authors: Good P. A. , Rogers W. L. , Baxley P. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Microcomputers have assumed a pivotal support role in carrying out reservoir engineering research at Shell Development Company. Four specific application areas that have benefited from microcomputers are: Laboratory experimental control, data collection, first pass data manipulation and analysis, and graphical presentation of results using microcomputers have increased laboratory throughput while improving the quality of data obtained and the ease of understanding the implications of experimental results.Microcomputers are used extensively as smart terminals for coordinating access to the VAX, IBM, and CRAY computers used in carrying out simulation work.Over the past ten years, a comprehensive package of reservoir simulation workstation software has been developed on VAX minicomputers connected to dedicated graphics computers. With the advent of the 68000 based Amiga and 80286 and 80386 based PC "compatibles," it has become possible to emulate the necessary functionality of these dedicated workstations with an acceptable response time. This puts the power of a VAX 8800 based graphics workstation at each engineer's desk.Preparation of visual aids required for presentation of complex research results is facilitated by the powerful graphics programs available for DOS based microcomputers.
With ever more powerful microcomputers and peripherals becoming available at prices making it practical to put a high performance microcomputer system at each engineer's desk, we must continually review how to best integrate usage of the micro, mini, and mainframe computers available in our work environment.
Adaptive Local Grid Refinement
Authors: Ewing R. E. , Lazarov R. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the multidimensional numerical simulation of certain multiphase fluid flow processes, many phenomena are sufficiently localized and transient that self-adaptive local grid refinement techniques are necessary to resolve the local physical behavior. For large-scale simulation problems, efficiency is the key to the choice of specific adaptive strategies. Several different types of grid refinement methods will be discussed and briefly compared. The differences in accuracy of the local finite difference stars, complexity of the data structure, and efficiency of the solution techniques will be explained. Concepts for incorporating these methods in existing large-scale simulators will be presented.
Many man-years have been invested in developing large-scale numerical simulators which do an excellent job of resolving most of the larger length-scale phenomena in our production processes. Although adaptive local refinement methods are crucial for many applications, most techniques which have been developed to date either cannot be incorporated in our codes or are so computationally complex that they destroy the efficiency of existing simulators. Recently new preconditioning techniques have been developed which allow grid refinement methods to be used efficiently in existing codes without disrupting the basic solution process. These techniques are also highly amenable to vectorization and parallelization of the algorithms. They are also a first step in allowing complex well models to be incorporated into large field-scale codes and applications.
Development and Application of Downhole Diagnostic Technology for Pumping Wells
Authors: Zhenying Lou , Yuandi Wang , Oing Zhu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of sucker rod is described by wave equation with viscous damping in dowmhole diagnostic technique for sucker rod pumping wells. Based on the polished rod load and its displacement measured on the surface, the load and displacement of the sucker rod string at an arbitrary depth in the wellbore can be calculated and the dynagraph card at that depth can also be drawn up. Thus the working condition of pumping system could be analysed accurately.
The mathematical method and main functions of the downhole diagnostic technique are discussed in this paper. The method of torque calculation and parameter optimization required by field practices are also expounded. Finally the application of this set of techniques in Henan oilfield has been demonstrated also.
Geological Charateristics Of A Low Permeable Sandstone Reservoir And Its Stimulation In Xiangxi Formation Of Bajiaochang Gas Field
Authors: Shaochun Zou , Xianyu Xia , Yuchua Li 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The gas reservoirs of the upper Triassic Xiangxi group in the Sichuan basin are typically tight, low-permeable Sandstones. The gas comes from the coal seams of the same group. The Bajiaochang gasfleld is one of the large gasfields originated from coal in the Sichuan basin.
The authigemic clay minerals such as illite and chlorite form the inner coating in the pore space of the reservoirs, which not only leads to the extreme low permeability of the gas reservoir, but also is the main cause damaging the reservoir. The productivity of the gas well is low, very hard to get it into commercial production.
The reservoirs are very sensitive to water and acid, so general acidizing does not restore and improve their permeability.
The fracturing experiments with sand as proppant have been carried out in recent years, demonstrating that the reservoir can easily be fractured and proppantpacked, and hence should be stimulated. To treat this kind of low-permeable reservoir with both preventing damage and fracturing treatment should get economical benefit.
A Method For Evaluating Shale Stability And Its Application In The Field
Authors: Rutang Wang , Tianyun Jiang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Muddy shale is a name given to those compacted clay deposits. Deposits become sedimentary rocks through the courses of compaction, dehydration, recrystallization and ion exchange. Being affected by the buried depth, geological age, temperature and ion circumstances etc. during its compaction and dehydration, clay minerals will change their pattern. Usually, shallow formations are younger, liable to swell and disperse. Deeper formations are relatively dense and hard, and is poorly swelling and dispersive. According to the complicated borehole problems which occured during drilling operation, shale is divided into sloughing shale, collapsing shale, mud creation shale, swelling shale and plastic shale. Moreover, gas bearing shale and abnormally high-pressured shale are also the important factors responsible for the complexity of the borehole problems.
Reduction Of Surfactant Retention With Polyphosphates In Surfactant Flooding Process
Authors: Chengzhi Yang , Bazin B. , Labrid T. , Yanli Liu 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reduetion of surfactant retention by using polyphosphates as chelating agent in micellar flooding is discussed in this paper.
Laboratory flooding tests have been performed in simulated sandpacks which consisted of kaolinte and quartz, with petroleum sulfonate TRS 10 - 80 dissolved in brines with different sodium (or calcium) concentrations. Micellar slug flooding with or without polyphosphate preflush was compared. Other experiments concerning the influences of polyphosphates on surfactant solubility in calcium brines,the exchangeable cations on clay surface, etc. were also performed.
The main conclusions are: 1)in a calcium brine environment, the loss of surfactant can be reduced significantly by the addition of polyphosphates to both preflush and micellar slug,but in a sodium brine environment, its effectiveness is somewhat poor; and 2) polyphosphates improve the surfactant solubility in calcium brine and enhance the exchange of cations between solid and liquid. These behaviors can be explained by the chelation of polyphosphate with calcium and its effect on the surface potential of clay particles. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that polyphosphates are potential additives in surfactant flooding.
Composite Characteristics of Complex Salt Formation and Its Drilling Technology
Authors: Genminc Li 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the distribution and characteristics of the complex salt formation and its drilling technology in north area of Duns Pu Depression in Zhonsyuan oilfield. The author summarizes the drilling experiences of complex salt formation since 1976, considers the drilling technology of complex salt formation in Zhongyuan oilfield has been developed through three stages. Since entering into the third development stage in 1987, mud technology and drilling engineering for salt formation is becoming perfect, penetration rate is increased and sticking problem is eliminated.