bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petroleum Contamination of Ground Water in Marylanda
Authors: Matis John R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPetroleum contamination of ground water is a widespread problem that plagues many areas. Historical data collected in Maryland indicates that most counties in the State record cases of this contamination problem annually. Cases in the “hard‐rock areas” west of the Fall Zone have the highest frequency of occurrence, in contrast to the Coastal Plain geologic province to the east. In both areas, the problems have been very localized. It is difficult to handle petroleum contamination cases, and the legal implications are very complex. A disturbing factor is that many petroleum fuels do not deteriorate in the ground‐water system. Further, the identification of specific petroleum products in ground water is generally not possible with present techniques. An investigation of a particular complaint can often be split into a preliminary phase and a detailed site investigation phase. Once a source of contamination is located, it must be stopped or removed. Since it is virtually impossible to remove the contaminant from the ground water, legal and regulatory problems continue on for months or years after an original complaint.
Ground‐Water Pollution and Sanitary Landfills—A Critical Reviewa
Authors: Zanoni A. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe principal studies concerned with the ground‐water pollution potential from sanitary landfills and dump grounds have been conducted in California, South Dakota, Illinois and England. These studies have all demonstrated that leachates are highly pollutional in characteristics, but once they pass into the surrounding soil regime, the attenuation mechanisms of dilution, adsorption and microbial degradation tend to reduce the impact of this loading on the underground‐water supply.A survey of practice in twenty‐one States in the United States regarding ground‐water pollution from landfill operation showed that not much new research was underway; there was much variation in the code and laws dealing with ground‐water pollution; and suggested distances from landfill to water wells varied from 50 to 1000 feet.Finally, based on the literature findings plus the result of the State survey, a set of recommendations are offered to minimize ground‐water pollution problems stemming from landfill operations.
Nitrate in Ground Water of the Fresno‐Clovis Metropolitan Area, Californiaa
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNatural concentrations of nitrate are quite low in most ground waters in the eastern part of the San Joaquin Valley. High nitrate contents are related to sewage effluent percolation ponds, septic tank disposal systems, industrial waste‐waters, and agricultural fertilizers. Hydrologic factors are closely related to the occurrence of nitrate. Transmissibility of the aquifer, hardpan development in the soil, canal recharge, and cobble zones in the subsurface are the primary factors of importance. Nitrate is stratified in the aquifer beneath unsewered metropolitan areas and highest contents occur in the upper 50 or 60 feet. Water quality hydrographs were used to show long‐ and short‐term trends in nitrate. Chloride and nitrate hydrographs, trilinear diagrams, the distribution of other constituents, and hydrologic data were used to effectively delineate sources of nitrate in areas where numerous potential sources were present. Conclusions from ground‐water data agree well with previous studies in other areas beneath unsewered tracts and near sewage treatment plants in which attention was focused primarily on the soil or the unsaturated zone.
The Use, Abuse and Recovery of a Glacial Aquifera
Authors: Burt Edward M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe inter‐relationships between an industrial plant and a shallow sand aquifer of glacial origin are described. These relationships include industrial and potable water supplies, industrial and human waste water disposal systems, the hydraulics of the pollution of the ground‐water aquifer and the types of corrective actions taken to re‐establish the wise use of the ground‐water resource. Also reviewed are the ground‐water movement‐quality relationship, well designs, method of drilling, well redevelopment and ground‐water recharge.
A Systems Approach to Management of the Hanford Ground‐Water Basina
Authors: Cearlock D. B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMathematical models for simulating ground water and radionuclide movement as a function of time and space are being developed. In addition to the models, a man‐machine interactive computer system is under development for use in model applications. In total, the research and development program will produce a management and engineering tool for use in analysis, decisions and policy formulations relative to management of ground‐water systems.The system is separated into sequential or parallel components that can be modeled independently of each other. This results in maximum capability to simulate all combinations of situations that may be encountered and in ease of modifying or refining the models independently without having to reformulate the entire system. The system is composed of three major categories of models: (1) data models; (2) hydraulic models; and (3) water quality (transport) models. Data models calculate input characteristics required for operation of the hydraulic and water quality models from a minimum of field measurements. The Transmissivity Iterative Routine for calculating transmissivity distributions and the Sorption Transmissivity Routine for calculating sorption coefficient distributions are two types of data models. The hydraulic models predict the flow of ground water in saturated and un‐saturated soils. The Partially‐Saturated Transient Model, which describes unsaturated, transient flow, and the Variable Thickness Transient Model, which describes saturated, transient flow, are included in this category. The water quality models predict the movement of the waste through the subsurface soils. The Macro‐ion Transport Model, which describes macro‐ion movement, and the Micro‐ion Transport Model, which describes micro‐ion movement, are included in this category. The assumptions used in developing the system of models, justification of these assumptions, the interrelationship of each of the models, and the intended application of the entire system are presented.The man‐machine interactive computer system provides an efficient means for the engineer to interact in the problem solving functions using the previously discussed models. The system allows the engineer to rapidly scan a large number of alternatives and use his experience in rapidly converging on a solution. The components of the computer system and their functions are described. Examples showing how the computer system is being used with models that have been developed are presented.
Some Aspects of Approximating Aquifer Discharge
Authors: Gundlach David L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAquifers may serve as storage reservoirs, as treatment mediums, as discharge conduits, or in some combination of the various uses. If an aquifer serves as a conduit, the Darcy equation gives an accurate and simple solution for discharge provided the conduit is uniform; if nonuniform, the accuracy may be very poor unless special care is taken.Differential equations based on Darcy's equation and the equation of continuity give the steady‐flow discharge rate for confined aquifers in which the cross‐sectional area and permeability vary from point to point. For the general case the derived discharge expression is theoretically exact, whereas, for specific cases an approximate form can be used depending on the boundary conditions. Integration of the approximate form for a given aquifer length yields simplified solutions for discharge where the variation in cross‐sectional area and/or permeability with distance in the direction of flow can be described by some mathematical expression.
Design and Operation of Land Treatment Systems for Minimum Contamination of Ground Watera
Authors: Bouwer Herman 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLow‐rate or irrigation‐type systems for land application of sewage effluent or similar wastewater are often used in humid areas because they have a small impact on the underlying ground water. In arid areas, low‐rate systems cannot be used to produce renovated water for ground‐water recharge, because the renovated water will have a much higher salt content than the effluent. Renovated water of relatively low salt content can only be produced with high‐rate systems. Such systems, which require permeable soil, can also be used in humid areas to reduce the land requirements. To minimize the impact of high‐rate systems on ground‐water quality, the system should be managed to remove as much of the pollutants (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as possible from the wastewater as it seeps through the soil, and to restrict the spread of renovated wastewater in the ground‐water basin. Nitrogen removal can be maximized by stimulating denitrification in the soil. Certain soils can store large quantities of phosphate. The spread of renovated water in the ground water can be controlled by intercepting the flow of renovated water with wells or drains for reuse or discharge into surface water. Techniques for predicting the underground flow system are presented.
Protracted Recharge of Treated Sewage into Sand Part I—Quality Changes in Vertical Transport Through the Sand
Authors: Aulenbach Donald B. , Glavin Thomas P. , Romero Rojas Jairo A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWhen the Lake George sewage treatment plant was put into operation in 1939, it was described as a “complete treatment” plant. This was because the treated effluent is discharged onto natural delta sand seepage beds which are “at least 25 feet deep.”Studies were made to determine the removal efficiency in the sand beds of coliforms, BOD, chlorides, and the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.It was found that when beds were dosed, they were no longer saturated with water at 15 feet. Ten feet of sand were found to remove coliforms by 99% and BOD by 96%. However, nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides remained in significant concentrations after filtration through 10 feet of sand. Phosphate removal in an infrequently used sand bed was greater than in a continuously used bed.
Subsurface Sewage Disposal and Contamination of Ground Water in East Portland, Oregona
Authors: Quan E. L. , Sweet H. R. , Illian Joseph R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTOver the past 30 years East Portland and central Multnomah County have metamorphosed from a rural‐suburban to a locally urban community. Services, including community water and sewer have been extended to most of the area. However, a 30‐square‐mile (80 km2) area within central Multnomah County remains unsewered today. This area reportedly disposes of 8 to 10 mgd (34,400 m3/day to 38,000 m3/day) sewage via subsurface systems, i. e. cesspools, seepage beds, and drainfields. These methods of waste disposal have resulted in the degradation of the ground‐water resource within the study area.Most of the developed area is located on a relatively level terrace made up of Pleistocene fluviolacustrine sediments. Partially cemented gravels of the Pliocene Troutdale Formation underlie the terrace deposits. Both of these units are generally excellent aquifers where saturated. The depth to water in the unsewered area ranges from about 100‐200 feet (30 to 60 m) in the southern terraced area to less than 10 feet (3 m) in much of the northern area underlain by younger, floodplain, terraces adjacent to the Columbia River.Central Multnomah County is situated within a regional ground‐water discharge zone. It receives ground‐water recharge from the Cascade Mountains to the east and intermediate recharge from the Cascade foothills and other isolated hills bordering and within the study area. The major surface drains receiving ground water from the regional and intermediate flow systems are the Willamette, Clackamas, and Columbia Rivers.The fluviolacustrine terraces constitute a local recharge zone. The primary ground‐water recharge source is infiltrating precipitation as evidenced by the paucity of natural surface drainage, although the area receives in excess of 40 inches (100 cm) of precipitation per year. However, due to development and its attendant reduction in area for infiltration, e.g. paving and building, there has been a decrease in natural recharge. The estimated 8 to 10 mgd (34,400 m3/day to 38,000 m3/day) of domestic waste which is disposed of via the subsurface is thus introduced as supplemental local recharge.Infiltrating precipitation and sewage effluent migrates downwards through the water table. The depth to which the local recharge can penetrate the water table is limited by its hydraulic potential and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the substrata. Therefore, the NO3‐N contaminated recharge is effectively buoyed up and migrates laterally along the upper portion of the water table to its eventual surface drain, Columbia Slough South Arm.Water samples from wells developing water in adjacent or upgradient sewered areas and/or from deeper aquifers within the unsewered area generally have NO3‐N concentrations of less than 1 mg/1. Shallower wells and springs within the unsewered area and South Arm Slough, downgradient grom the unsewered area, had NO3‐N concentrations ranging from 4.7 to 11.86 mg/1, with a mean value of 7.74 mg/1 in July 1974.
Transpiration Drying of Sanitary Landfillsa
Authors: Molz Fred J. , Van Fleet S. R. , Browning V. D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments are described which test the feasibility of diminishing the leachate production of sanitary landfills by using the roots of transpiring plants to dry the refuse and surrounding soil. Full‐scale models of landfill cores were constructed and filled with typical municipal refuse in the early spring of 1973. Selected plant species such as slash pine, thorny elaeagnus, bristly locust, black locust, and two grasses were used to vegetate two landfill models, while a third was denied vegetation and used as a control. Intermediate term results have been positive from several viewpoints. The various species of selected plants have thrived, even though gas sampling indicated that the lower two‐thirds of the landfill models quickly became anaerobic. Roots proliferated rapidly through the top 2 1/2 feet (76.2 cm.) of cover soil and first refuse layer. Following December 1973, all three lysimeters began producing leachate. However, the volume of leachate produced differed considerably depending on whether the particular lysimeter was vegetated or fallow. To date, the unvegetated control has produced 17.53 inches (44.53 cm.) while the two vegetated models have produced 8.59 inches (21.82 cm.) and 2.49 inches (6.32 cm.) respectively. The lysimeter producing the minimum leachate volume was vegetated with pine and thorny elaeagnus. The unvegetated bin produced the most dilute leachate. If one uses the chemical oxygen demand, the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and the total solids as indices representative of the potency of leachate, then the leachate from the lysimeter containing pine and thorny elaeagnus was 1.97 times more concentrated than that from the fallow lysimeter. Thus one realizes a net improvement factor of 3.57 due to the presence of plants.
Ground‐Water Quality Modelinga
Authors: Gelhar Lynn W. , Wilson John L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA generalized lumped parameter ground‐water model is developed based on simultaneous water and solute balances for a phreatic aquifer. The basis for the lumped parameter approach is established by comparison with theoretical analyses of water and solute dynamics in a distributed aquifer model. The basic behavior of the model is characterized by two response times, one associated with the hydraulics and the other with the solute.The model is applied to simulate the impact of highway deicing salts on ground‐water quality in eastern Massachusetts. The results, obtained by digital computer simulation, are found to be in reasonable agreement with observed trends over a 15‐year period. The effects of various highway deicing alternatives are simulated and the dependence on the aquifer parameters is demonstrated.The application of this basin‐wide modeling technique to the case of highway deicing salts demonstrates that this procedure can provide a reasonable basis for long‐term evaluation of ground‐water pollution. With adequate data on the inputs and aquifer parameters for a given locality, this general technique can be used to guide regulatory procedures and land use decisions which can be applied at the local, regional or State level to protect ground‐water resources.
Bacteriological Criteria for Ground‐Water Qualitya
Authors: Allen Martin J. , Geldreich Edwin E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough more than 60 million individuals rely upon the absence of microbial pathogens in their marginally‐treated or untreated ground‐water supplies, an analysis of reported waterborne disease outbreaks for the period 1946‐1970 shows that contaminated ground‐water supplies were responsible for over 50 percent of the outbreaks. Completed ground‐water studies indicate: (1) coliforms and fecal coliforms are present in a significant percentage of improperly located or inadequately protected private supplies, and (2) the apparent absence of coliforms due to the insensitivity of currently available bacteriological methods does not preclude pathogen occurrences. Excessive bacterial populations, normally not encountered in finished water, can suppress coliform detection. For this reason, it is essential that improved bacterial detection methods be developed and other criteria for untreated ground water be explored by comprehensive field investigations and laboratory analysis of ground‐water supplies for a variety of bacterial parameters.
Investigation and Rehabilitation of a Brine‐Contaminated Aquifera
Authors: Fryberger John S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFaulty disposal of oil field brine through an “evaporation” pit and later through a faulty disposal well resulted in the contamination of one square mile of an alluvial aquifer in southwestern Arkansas. The physical parameters of the contamination are defined, and some of the chemical changes that occur as the brine moves through the aquifer are explained.In addition, alternate methods of aquifer rehabilitation are explored, and the costs of rehabilitation are compared with potential benefits. It is concluded that rehabilitation is not now economically justified.
Ground‐Water Quality Beneath Solid‐Waste Disposal Sites at Anchorage, Alaskaa
Authors: Zenone Chester , Donaldson D. E. , Grunwaldt J. J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTStudies at three solid‐waste disposal sites in the Anchorage area suggest that differences in local geohydrologic conditions influence ground‐water quality. A leachate was detected in ground water within and beneath two sites where the water table is very near land surface and refuse is deposited either at or below the water table in some parts of the filled areas. No leachate was detected in ground water beneath a third site where waste disposal is well above the local water table.
Monitoring Regional Effects of High Pressure Injection of Industrial Waste Water in a Limestone Aquifera
Authors: Faulkner Glen L. , Pascale Charles A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMore than 10 billion gallons (38 × 106 m3) of acid industrial liquid waste has been injected in about 11 years under high pressure into a saline‐water‐filled part of a limestone aquifer of low transmissivity between 1,400 and 1,700 feet (430 and 520 m) below land surface near Pensacola, Florida. A similar waste disposal system is planned for the same zone at a site about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to the east. The injection zone is the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer. The lower limestone is overlain by a confining layer of plastic clay about 220 feet (67 m) thick at the active injection site and underlain by another confining layer of shale and clay. The upper confining layer is overlain by the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer.The active injection system consists of two injection wells about a quarter of a mile (0.4 km) apart and three monitor wells. Two of the monitor wells (deep monitors) are used to observe hydraulic and geochemical effects of waste injection in the injection zone at locations about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) north of the center of the injection site. The third well (shallow monitor), used to observe any effects in the upper limestone, is about 100 feet (30 m) from one of the injection wells. Since 1972 the injection zone has also been monitored at a test well at the planned new injection site. Three more monitor wells in the injection zone were activated in early 1974 at sites 17 miles (27 km) northeast, 22 miles (35 km) east and 33 miles (53 km) northeast of the injection site. The six deep monitors provide a system for evaluating the regional effects of injecting wastes. No change in pressure or water quality due to injection was, by mid‐1974, evident in the upper limestone at the injection site, but static pressures in the lower limestone at the site had increased 8 fold since injection began in 1963. Chemical analyses indicated probable arrival of the diluted waste at the south monitor well in 1973. By mid‐1974 waste evidently had not reached the north monitor well.Calculations indicate that by mid‐1974 pressure effects from waste injection extended radially more than 40 miles (64 km) from the injection site. By mid‐1974 pressure effects of injection were evident from water‐level measurements made at the five deep monitor wells nearest the active injection site. No effects were recognized at the well 33 miles (53 km) away. Less than 20 miles (32 km) northeast of the active injection site, the lower limestone contains fresh water. Changes in the pressure regime due to injection indicate a tendency for northeastward movement of the fresh‐water/salt‐water interface in the lower limestone.
Survey of Ground‐Water Protection Methods for Illinois Landfills
Authors: Clark Thomas P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe City of Champaign, Illinois, began controlled landfilling of its municipal refuse as early as 1904. Since that time, the disposal of solid wastes by sanitary landfilling has developed from a desirable concept, seldom utilized, to a science, carefully implemented and regulated. Illinois is typical of an area of humid continental climate whose citizens and industries depend heavily on ground‐water supplies developed from both nearsurface and bedrock aquifers. Seasonal water‐table fluctuations may be large in some parts of the State, but ground water is seldom far below the surface. Special problems are often encountered in design of protective systems and development of monitoring programs for solid waste disposal sites in this area to safeguard valuable ground‐water resources. Critical decisions, often involving considerable time and expense to the disposal site operator, must frequently be made by regulatory agencies responsible for licensing and surveillance of solid waste disposal sites in such a hydrogeologic environment. These problems have been compounded by the fact that State regulatory agencies have only recently realized the importance of hiring hydrogeologists, soil scientists, chemists and engineers to effectively implement and enforce their environmental control programs relating to solid waste disposal.This paper summarizes the experience in Illinois of development of a rational program for protection of the State's ground and surface water from the indiscriminant disposal of solid wastes. Classes of solid waste sites recognized in the State and their position in terms of the hydro‐geologic environment are presented. Means of controlling landfill leachate, either by natural renovation in subsurface materials or by engineered collection and treatment are discussed. Examples are presented which illustrate the in‐field implementation of protective systems and monitoring devices for ground water in Illinois, which should be generally applicable to other areas of the country of similar geology and climate.