bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating Systems
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Defining a population mating strategy has inherent problems. All individuals are of different quality and face unique conditions during reproduction. Thus, the costs and benefits for specific individuals must be considered when examining their mating arrangement. However, general environmental conditions may still favour the development of particular mating patterns. True genetic monogamy is probably rare but can be promoted by certain conditions such as a low probability of finding a mate, mate guarding by either sex, or the necessity of parental care by both the male and the female. The clumping of defendable resources needed by females, or by females themselves, makes it more likely that a few males will mate polygynously, or with several females. In many of these cases, however, it is unclear whether females mate with more than one male. In some cases, females are polyandrous and mate with more than one male. Some of the reasons for females copulating with different partners are discussed in the previous chapter. It is becoming increasingly evident that both males and females may employ many reproductive tactics depending on their age, general anatomy, and immediate environment.
Introduction
Authors: Hazlett Allan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces the problem of nihilism, which arises because nihilism about value seems to mandate total indifference, and Anscombe’s idea that the conceptual connection between desire and goodness is the same as the conceptual connection between belief and truth, which is here understood as the claim that goodness is the accuracy condition for desire, in the same sense that truth is the accuracy condition for belief. This contradicts a presupposition of the Humean theory of practical rationality. The view of desire defended here is compared and contrasted with existing accounts of desire, including the view that desires are practical dispositions, the view that desires are evaluative beliefs, and the view that desires are evaluative perceptions. The relationship between desire and emotion is discussed and the epistemology of desire introduced.
Desiring the Neutral
Authors: Hazlett Allan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe problem of nihilism arises because it seems irrational for someone who believes that nothing is good or bad—a “nihilist about value”—to desire anything. In this chapter, it is argued that it is not irrational to desire something you believe is not good. This is a familiar implication of the Humean view that desire does not admit of irrationality, but it is here defended in a way that is consistent with the anti-Humean view that desire is a species of evaluation that admits of irrationality. The argument appeals to an insight from Brentano: a desire for something that is neither good nor bad is not incorrect, but is rather neither correct nor incorrect.
Previous Conceptions of Theatre
Authors: Bennett Michael Y 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Starting first with a working definition of theatre, this chapters discusses the nature of theatre and how previous scholars, thinkers, theatre critics, and philosophers have categorized and understood this art form. It traces the history of definitions (and categorizations) from Plato and Aristotle to the present day. It examines debates in ontology, epistemology, and aesthetics in the theatre, as well as looks at different models of theatre, such as mimesis, scores and blueprints, types and tokens, and the possible worlds thesis. The chapter also goes through the current debates surrounding mimesis and acting, such as What is theatre? and What is acting?
Frailty on the island of Ireland: evidence from the NICOLA and TILDA studies
Authors: McKelvie Mische-Jasmine , Cruise Sharon , Ward Mark , Romero-Ortuno Roman , Kee Frank , Kenny Rose Anne , O’Reilly Dermot , O’Halloran Aisling M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Aimed to compare the prevalence, characteristics, and associated mortality risk of frailty in Northern Ireland (NI) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI).

Methods
Secondary analysis of the first wave of two nationally representative cohorts, the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing or NICOLA study (N = 8504) and the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing or TILDA study (N = 8504). Frailty was assessed using a harmonized accumulation deficits frailty index (FI) containing 30 items. FI scores classified individuals as non-frail (&lt;0.10), pre-frail (0.10–0.24) and frail (≥0.25). Linkage to respective administrative data sources provided mortality information with a follow-up time of 8 years.

Results
The prevalence of frailty was considerably higher in NI compared with the ROI (29.0% compared with 15.0%), though pre-frailty was slightly lower (35.8% and 37.3%, respectively). Age, female sex, and lower socio-economic status were consistently associated with a higher likelihood of both pre-frailty and frailty. In the pooled analysis, both frailty and pre-frailty were higher in NI (RR = 2.68, 95% CIs 2.45, 2.94 and RR = 1.30, 95% CIs 1.21, 1.40, respectively). Frailty was associated with an increased mortality risk in both cohorts, even after full adjustment for all other characteristics, being marginally higher in TILDA than in NICOLA (HR = 2.43, 95% CIs 2.03, 2.91 vs. HR = 2.31, 95% CIs 1.90, 2.79).

Conclusions
Frailty is a major public health concern for both jurisdictions. Further research and monitoring are required to elucidate why there is a higher prevalence in NI and to identify factors in early life that may be driving these differences.
Temporal trends and educational inequalities in obesity, overweight and underweight in pre-pregnant women and their male partners: a decade (2010–2019) with no progress in Sweden
Authors: Vogt Thomas , Lindkvist Marie , Ivarsson Anneli , Silfverdal Sven-Arne , Vaezghasemi Masoud 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Trends in overweight and obesity among expectant parents can provide useful information about the family environment in which children will grow up and about possible social inequalities that may be passed on to them. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity changed over time in pre-pregnant women and their male partners in northern Sweden, and if there were any educational inequalities.

Methods
This study is based on cross-sectional data from a repeated survey of the population in Västerbotten, Sweden. The study population included 18,568 pregnant women and 18,110 male partners during the period 2010–2019. Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted separately for pregnant women and male partners to assess whether the prevalence of age-adjusted underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity had evolved between 2010 and 2019, and whether trends differed by educational level.

Results
Among women, obesity prevalence increased from 9.4% in 2010 to 11.7% in 2019. Among men, it went from 8.9 to 12.8%. Educational inequalities were sustained across the study period. In 2019, the prevalence of obesity was 7.8 percentage points (pp) (CI = 4.4–11.3) higher among women with low compared to high education. The corresponding figure for men was 6.4 pp (CI = 3.3–9.6).

Conclusions
It is not obvious that the prevalence of obesity among parents-to-be will decrease under current dispositions. Public health policies and practice should therefore be strengthened.
Tongues of Trauma: Narrating through Code-Switching Typhoon Haiyan in Daryll Delgado’s Remains
Authors: Claros Ian Harvey A 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
This article explores the deliberate use of code-switching in Daryll Delgado’s novel Remains (2019), which narrates the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Through this reading, I argue that the alternation of various languages such as Filipino, Waray and English in the novel enhances the development of its characters, setting and narrative structure to access a kind of trauma that resists being signified by one language. I posit that the code-switching within the novel goes beyond the literary genre’s propensity for heteroglossia and instead situates trauma as a moment of convergence and interruption. Moreover, such linguistic motion between languages supplements the gaps of the unspeakable trauma of survivors and witnesses. As an ethic, code-switching’s deployment carefully accesses trauma from the material and intangible debris of the catastrophe. Remains complicates trauma within the work of languages traversing the local and global, and the real and the imagined, in order to disclose wounds exacerbated by both imperial and environmental violence.
What is a Patriot? A Cross-National Study in China and the United States
Authors: Yeung Eddy S F , Wang Mengqiao , Quek Kai 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Patriotism is a pervasive political force. However, not much is known about how people understand what it means to be “patriotic” in the first place. We conduct a cross-country study of mass understandings of patriotism. Through parallel national surveys in two global superpowers—China and the United States—we uncover the substantively different understandings of what it means to be “patriotic” between and within countries, and how the different understandings may map onto different policy preferences. In particular, while the literature draws a distinction between (benign) patriotism and (malign) nationalism, we find that most Chinese respondents—and about a third of American respondents—understand patriotism as nationalism. The nationalistic understanding of patriotism, in turn, corresponds to more hawkish foreign policy preferences. By unpacking folk intuitions about patriotism and mapping them onto existing scholarly debates, we bridge the distance between the academic literature and the mass political behavior it seeks to explain.
Estimating between-country migration in pneumococcal populations
Authors: Belman Sophie , Pesonen Henri , Croucher Nicholas J , Bentley Stephen D , Corander Jukka 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a globally distributed, human obligate opportunistic bacterial pathogen which, although often carried commensally, is also a significant cause of invasive disease. Apart from multi-drug resistant and virulent clones, the rate and direction of pneumococcal dissemination between different countries remains largely unknown. The ability for the pneumococcus to take a foothold in a country depends on existing population configuration, the extent of vaccine implementation, as well as human mobility since it is a human obligate bacterium. To shed light on its international movement, we used extensive genome data from the Global Pneumococcal Sequencing project and estimated migration parameters between multiple countries in Africa. Data on allele frequencies of polymorphisms at housekeeping-like loci for multiple different lineages circulating in the populations of South Africa, Malawi, Kenya, and The Gambia were used to calculate the fixation index (Fst) between countries. We then further used these summaries to fit migration coalescent models with the likelihood-free inference algorithms available in the ELFI software package. Synthetic datawere additionally used to validate the inference approach. Our results demonstrate country-pair specific migration patterns and heterogeneity in the extent of migration between different lineages. Our approach demonstrates that coalescent models can be effectively used for inferring migration rates for bacterial species and lineages provided sufficiently granular population genomics surveillance data. Further, it can demonstrate the connectivity of respiratory disease agents between countries to inform intervention policy in the longer term.
The Marmara Sea basin as a regional depression constrained from ambient noise correlation tomography
Authors: Karabulut Hayrullah 
Published: March 2024

SUMMARY
We computed a 3-D shear wave velocity model of the Marmara Sea region from ambient noise tomography. The correlations of up to 8 yr of vertical-component seismic recordings from 80 broad-band stations provided Rayleigh wave group velocity measurements in the period band 6–21 s at more than 1400 selected virtual source–receiver pairs. Rayleigh wave group velocity maps were used to derive a shear wave velocity model through simulated annealing inversion. The resulting crustal model provides coverage of the Marmara Sea along with its surrounding regional tectonic features. This allows for an investigation of the spatial extents of the Marmara Sea on a scale larger than that of basins.
The low-velocity structures of the Marmara Sea and the Thrace Basins are coeval to a depth of approximately 9 km. The crustal velocities beneath the Marmara Sea basins exhibit a low vertical gradient and smooth horizontal variations. The regional tectonic structures, such as Istranca Massif, Istanbul and Sakarya Zones, display sharp velocity contrasts with the lower velocity crust beneath the Marmara Sea.
The observed low crustal velocities, along with depth variations of the velocity isosurfaces (i.e. 3.4 km s−1) indicate that the Marmara region is a structural depression much deeper and larger than the three basins of the North Marmara Trough. The North Anatolian Fault Zone is unlikely to be the primary factor contributing to the origin of this significant depression, as the basin's development appears to have occurred before the fault propagated into the region.
The ‘consequence of an advertisement’: intermediation in the eighteenth-century credit market
Authors: Clements Diane 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This article examines the changing nature of intermediation in the market for private credit. Intermediaries used the impersonal medium of newspaper advertisements to demonstrate the value of their role and their abilities in a credit market apparently still reliant on personal reputation and standing. They then sought to turn these initial, impersonal, transactional contacts into more personal, profitable relationships. While this use of advertisements suggests a move towards a market in which credit transactions were less personal, the realities of contact in the increasingly fragmented provision of private finance were more complex and social relationships remained important in intermediation.
Lack of ATP2B1 in CD4+ T Cells Causes Colitis
Authors: Javkhlant Amarsanaa , Toyama Kensuke , Abe Yasunori , Spin Joshua M , Mogi Masaki 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
The ATP2B1 gene encodes for a calcium pump, which plays a role in removing Ca2+ from cells and maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Reduction of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in CD4+ T cells is thought to reduce the severity of colitis, while elevation of Ca2+ in CD4+ T cells induces T cell hyperactivity. Our aim was to clarify the role of ATP2B1 in CD4+ T cells and in inflammatory bowel disease development.

Methods
A murine CD4+ T cell–specific knockout (KO) of ATP2B1 was created using a Cre-loxP system. CD4+ T cells were isolated from thymus, spleen, and blood using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. To quantify messenger RNA levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed.

Results
Although the percentages of CD4+ T cells in both KO mouse spleen and blood decreased compared with those of the control samples, both T-bet (a T helper 1 [Th1] activity marker) and GATA3 (a Th2 activity marker) expression levels were further increased in KO mouse blood CD4+ T cells (vs control blood). Diarrhea and colonic wall thickening (with mucosal changes, including crypt distortion) were seen in KO mice but not in control mice. Prior to diarrhea onset, the KO mouse colon length was already noted to be shorter, and the KO mouse stool water and lipid content were higher than that of the control mice. Tumor necrosis factor α and gp91 expressions were increased in KO mouse colon.

Conclusions
Lack of ATP2B1 in CD4+ T cells leads to Th1 and Th2 activation, which contributes to colitis via elevation of tumor necrosis factor α and oxidative stress.
Social reproduction against administrative bordering: Struggles to reproduce legal legibility among temporary student-migrants in Finland
Authors: Maury Olivia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Migrants in a temporary legal status are subject to heterogeneous techniques of bordering accompanied by assumptions of migratory intention and behaviour. This article analyses migrants’ struggles around administrative bordering among non-EU/EEA migrants who hold one-year student residence permits in Finland. I focus on the ongoing labour of reproducing a ‘legally legible self’ as a perspective for approaching the subjective encounters with the border regime. Rather than merely analysing the impacts of the residence permit on social life, the article centres on the efforts of student permit holders to maintain the right to a continued legally regularized stay in Finland, addressed through a social reproduction lens. The argument is that viewing migrants’ efforts of reproducing a legally legible self through the perspective of social reproduction, and thus analysing the labour of attention and care that goes into reproducing one’s legal status, we can acquire a more nuanced understanding of the everyday struggles around administrative bordering. The article contributes first to the theorization of social reproduction beyond the walls of the home, by demonstrating how bordering processes intimately shape migrants’ opportunities for reproducing their lives, and secondly, by emphasizing life-making as a battlefield, the article adds to the research on administrative border struggles.
Beware the recent past: a bias in spectral energy distribution modelling due to bursty star formation
Authors: Haskell P , Das S , Smith D J B , Cochrane R K , Hayward C C , Anglés-Alcázar D 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
We investigate how the recovery of galaxy star formation rates (SFRs) using energy-balance spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting codes depends on their recent star formation histories (SFHs). We use the magphys and prospector codes to fit 6706 synthetic SEDs of simulated massive galaxies at 1 &lt; z &lt; 8 from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project. We identify a previously unknown systematic error in the magphys results due to bursty star formation: the derived SFRs can differ from the truth by as much as 1 dex, at large statistical significance (&gt;5σ), depending on the details of their recent SFH. SFRs inferred using prospector with non-parametric SFHs do not exhibit this trend. We show that using parametric SFHs (pSFHs) causes SFR uncertainties to be underestimated by a factor of up to 5×. Although this undoubtedly contributes to the significance of the systematic, it cannot explain the largest biases in the SFRs of the starbursting galaxies, which could be caused by details of the stochastic prior sampling or the burst implementation in the magphys libraries. We advise against using pSFHs and urge careful consideration of starbursts when SED modelling galaxies where the SFR may have changed significantly over the last ∼100 Myr, such as recently quenched galaxies, or those experiencing a burst. This concern is especially relevant, e.g. when fitting JWST observations of very high redshift galaxies.
Family Mediators and Family Mediation: When Norms Collide
Authors: Bano Samia , Webley Lisa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We consider the nature of family mediation and the role of the family mediator in England and Wales in situations in which the cultural and/or religious tradition(s) of those involved may collide, for example when understandings of the law of England and Wales and of Muslim law may appear to some to point in different directions. We examine issues such as the family mediator’s approach to negotiation facilitation, the role of the law and other norms including cultural and religious norms that are strongly held by one or more of those involved in the negotiation and the presence or absence of the voices of other members of the family within the mediation setting. We consider the ethical dilemmas the family mediator may face in a situation where there is an apparent power or knowledge imbalance and/or where the family mediator may be bound by competing expectations about their role including professional body obligations. Throughout we examine how the ethos of mediation, including its underpinning value of mutualism, and the challenges this can lead to where there is normative disagreement between the parties or substantial power imbalances, are evidenced within Sharia councils’ family mediation practices.
Progress in the relationship between mechanical ventilation parameters and ventilator-related complications during perioperative anesthesia
Authors: Yue Hu , Yong Tao 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Mechanical ventilation, as an important respiratory support, plays an important role in general anesthesia and it is the cornerstone of intraoperative management of surgical patients. Different from spontaneous respiration, intraoperative mechanical ventilation can lead to postoperative lung injury, and its impact on surgical mortality cannot be ignored. Postoperative lung injury increases hospital stay and is related to preoperative conditions, anesthesia time, and intraoperative ventilation settings.

Method
Through reading literature and research reports, the relationship between perioperative input parameters and output parameters related to mechanical ventilation and ventilator-related complications was reviewed, providing reference for the subsequent setting of input parameters of mechanical ventilation and new ventilation strategies.

Results
The parameters of inspiratory pressure rise time and inspiratory time can change the gas distribution, gas flow rate and airway pressure into the lungs, but there are few clinical studies on them. It can be used as a prospective intervention to study the effect of specific protective ventilation strategies on pulmonary complications after perioperative anesthesia.

Conclusion
There are many factors affecting lung function after perioperative mechanical ventilation. Due to the difference of human body, the ventilation parameters suitable for each patient are different, and the deviation of each ventilation parameter can lead to postoperative pulmonary complications. Inspiratory pressure rise time and inspiratory time will be used as the new ventilation strategy.