bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicalite Membrane for Separation of Acetic Acid / Water Mixture
Authors: Sano Tsuneji , Ejiri Shigeyuki , Hasegawa Masaru , Kawakami Yusuke , Enomoto Naoki , Tamai Yoshinori , Yanagishita Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The polycrystalline silicalite membrane was prepared on a porous sintered stainless steel support and its pervaporation performance was investigated using an acetic acid / water mixture as a feed. The silicalite membrane selectively permeates acetic acid in the concentration of the feed acetic acid in the region of 5 to 40 vol%.
The Boron Trifluoride Catalyzed Aldol Reaction of Methyl 2-(Trimethylsiloxy)acrylate with Aldehydes in the Presence of Alcohols
Authors: Watanabe Mikio , Kobayashi Hideki , Yoneda Yukihiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The boron trifluoride etherate catalyzed aldol reaction of methyl 2-(trimethylsiloxy)acrylate with aldehydes proceeded smoothly in the presence of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol to give corresponding γ-alkoxy-α-ketoesters.
Solvent Effect on Enantioselective Hydrogenation of (E)-α-Phenylcinnamic Acid with Cinchonidine-Modified Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Nitta Yuriko , Kobiro Kazuya 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The use of a solvent with larger dielectric constant results in higher enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of (E)-α-phenylcinnamic acid with a cinchonidine-modified Pd catalyst. The reaction in N,N-dimethylformamide containing 10vol% of water with a 5wt% Pd/TiO2 catalyst leads to an optical yield of 53% of S-(+)-2,3-diphenylpropionic acid.
Chlorotrimethylsilane-Acetonitrile System as a New Promoter for Carbonyl Allylation by Diallyldibutyltin
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Fujibayashi Tatsuya , Shibata Ikuya , Baba Akio , Matsuda Haruo , Sonoda Noboru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Chlorotrimethylsilane combined with acetonitrile has characteristically promoted allylation of carbonyl compounds by diallyldibutyltin to produce a variety of homoallyl silyl ether in good yields, while the addition of HMPA or LiCl disturbed the allylation.
Fulgenolides. Thermally Irreversible Photochromic Lactones with Large Quantum Yields of Photoreactions
Authors: Yokoyama Yasushi , Serizawa Tohru , Suzuki Satoshi , Yokoyama Yayoi , Kurita Yukio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Three new photochromic lactones closely related to an indolylfulgide were synthesized. While the lactones with the carbonyl group adjacent to the isopropylidene group have large quantum yields of photoreactions, the isomer with the carbonyl adjacent to the indolylethylidene group showed poor photochromic properties. The absorption maxima of the colored forms of the lactones are shorter than that of the indolylfulgide.
Isolation of an Endogenous Elicitor Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide from Potato
Authors: Monden Tsutomu , Toida Tetsuya , Nakamura Hideshi , Sato Norio , Murai Akio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
On treatment with hydrogen peroxide, potato tubers released an endogenous elicitor for phytoalexin production. The homogenous active substance, purified by gel filtration and anion exchange column chromatographies, is an acidic polysaccharide with MW 9,200. This constitutes the first isolation of a self-induced endogenous elicitor.
An Asymmetric Synthesis of Fully Functionalized B Ring System of Taxol
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Uoto Kouichi , Mori Nobuaki , Kosugi Tomomi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Optically active 7-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-4,8-dibenzyloxy-6,6-dimethyl-5-p-methoxybenzyloxy-2-cycloocten-1-one (1) was synthesized from 3,7-dibenzyloxy-4,8-di-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-5,5-dimethyl-6-p-methoxybenzyloxy-2-octanone (2) by way of intramolecular Reformatsky-type reaction using SmI2.
Crystalline-State trans-cis Photoisomerization of (trans-2-Butenyl)-bis(dimethylglyoximato)(pyridine)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yamada Taro , Uekusa Hidehiro , Ohashi Yuji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The crystal of (trans-2-butenyl)bis(dimethylglyoximato)(pyridine)cobalt(III), 1, gradually changed its unit cell dimensions on exposure to a high flux xenon lamp. After about 2 hours exposure the change became significantly small. The lengths of a and c axes in the orthorhombic unit cell increased and decreased by 0.25 and 0.39 Å, respectively. The crystal structures before and after the irradiation clearly indicated that only the trans-2-butenyl group was transformed to the cis-isomer, the other part of the molecule being unaltered.
An Upper Limit for the Probability of Nuclear Excitation by Electron Transition in 235U
Authors: Shinohara Atsushi , Saito Tadashi , Taniguchi Kazuo , Otozai Kiyoteru , Ikeda Shigero , Baba Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We have attempted to observe nuclear excitation by electron transition (NEET) in 235U with Mo K X-ray irradiation and off-line radioactivity measurement. Nuclear excitation of the 13-keV level was measured through the isomer radioactivity. An upper limit for the NEET probability was obtained as P &lt; 9 × 10−10.
A Preparation of β-Oxoester Enolate Equivalents from SmI2 and α-Bromoalkanoates
Authors: Utimoto Kiitiro , Matsui Toshiki , Takai Tsutomu , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A treatment of ethyl bromoacetate with two molar equivalent of samarium diiodide at −50 °C for 15 min in THF produces a β-oxoester enolate equivalent; the reagent reacts with ketones or aldehydes to give δ-hydroxy-β-oxoesters in excellent yields.
Fluorocyclization of Unsaturated Aldehydes to Five- or Six-membered Cyclic Fluoroalcohols
Authors: Hayashi Eiji , Hara Shoji , Shirato Hiroyasu , Hatakeyama Tsuyoshi , Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Yoneda Norihiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of HF-Et3N complexes, the stereoselective cyclization of 5- and 6-alkenals takes place to give five- and six-membered cyclic fluoroalcohols, respectively.
Vertically Linked Ruthenium(II) Porphyrin Oligomers
Authors: Kimura Akira , Funatsu Kenji , Imamura Taira , Kido Hiroaki , Sasaki Yoichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A novel porphyrin trimer linked vertically, Ru(OEP)(H2PyP3P)2 1, was synthesized and characterized. The trimer showed intriguing MLCT bands. The preparation of a series of three porphyrin oligomers, Ru(OEP)(CO)(H2PyP3P) 2, Ru(OEP)(CO)(ZnPyP3P) 3 , and [Ru(OEP)(CO)]2(trans-H2Py2P2P) 4 were also reported.
Morphology Control of Lithium Deposited in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Kanamura Kiyoshi , Shiraishi Soshi , Takehara Zen-ichiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
An artificial control of the morphology of lithium deposited in nonaqueous media was successfully accomplished by using the surface modification of the as-received lithium metal foil with HF treatment, to suppress the dendrite formation of lithium during the electrochemical deposition.
Selective Isomerization of cis-Stilbene by Non-Resonant Two-Photon Excitation
Authors: Miyazawa Takashi , Koshihara Shin-ya , Segawa Yusaburo , Kira Mitsuo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Non-resonant two-photon excitation induced dramatical change in the photoreaction pathways of stilbenes. Typically, irradiation of cis-stilbene with 532 nm laser pulses caused only isomerization to trans-stilbene in hexane at room temperature; the cyclization to dihydrophenanthrene was completely suppressed.
Preparation of Microparticle Palladium Incorporating Poly[N-(5-hydroxypentyl) pyrrole] Film-Coated Electrode
Authors: Takano Nobuhiro , Nakabayashi Masahito , Takeno Noboru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The preparation of the palladium microparticles incorporated poly [N-(5-hydroxypentyl) pyrrole] film-coated electrode is described. This electrode exhibited catalytic activity with regard to the hydrogenation of acetylene compound.
Artificial Siderophores as a Model for Ferrichrome. Control of the Δ- or Λ-Configuration of Iron(III) Complexes of Tripodal Hydroxamates by Linking to the C- or N-Terminus of the Same l-Alanyl-l-alanyl-β-(N-hydroxy)alanine Unit
Authors: Akiyama Masayasu , Hara Yukihiro , Gunji Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
New l-alanyl-l-alanyl-β-(N-hydroxy)alanine-based tripodal hydroxamic acids have been prepared. They form stable chiral complexes with iron(III). The chirality of these complexes can be controlled by a tripodal molecule that links to the C-terminus or N-terminus of the same N-hydroxy peptide unit to give the Λ-cis or Δ-cis configuration about the metal ion, respectively.
Synthesis of the A- and B-Ring System of Hemibrevetoxin-B
Authors: Feng Fei , Murai Akio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The A- and B-ring system of hemibrevetoxin-B, which has been isolated from the red tide organism, Gymnodinium breve, has been synthesized in an optically pure form starting from δ-valerolactone.
Stereoselective Addition Reaction of Organolithium Reagents to Chiral Imines Derived from erythro-2-Amino-1,2-diphenylethanol
Authors: Hashimoto Yukihiko , Takaoki Kazuo , Sudo Atsushi , Ogasawara Tsuneo , Saigo Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The chiral imines prepared from an artificial chiral auxiliary, erythro-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol, and various aldehydes, reacted with organolithium reagents to give the corresponding chiral amines with excellent diastereofacial selectivity.
Reactions of 1-Substituted-polyfluoro-1-propenyl p-Toluenesulfonates with Bifunctional Nitrogen Nucleophiles. A New Expedient Access to Monofluorinated Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Ohtsuki Tetsuya , Ishihara Takashi , Yamanaka Hiroki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
1-Substituted-2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl p-toluenesulfonates, readily available by the alkylation or arylation of 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-tosyloxy-1-propenyllithium or -zinc reagent, reacted smoothly with amidine or hydrazine derivatives at 70 °C for 1 h to give the corresponding 5-fluoropyrimidine or 4-fluoropyrazole compounds, respectively, in moderate to excellent yields.
Palladium-Catalyzed Acetic Acid Synthesis from Methane and Carbon Monoxide or Dioxide
Authors: Kurioka Masanobu , Nakata Kazuyuki , Jintoku Tetsuro , Taniguchi Yuki , Takaki Ken , Fujiwara Yuzo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Pd(OAc)2/Cu(OAc)2/O2/CF3COOH system has been found to catalyze the direct conversion of methane to acetic acid in the presence of CO. The reaction of methane with CO2 also gave acetic acid in high yields.
Tetracyanoethylene-induced Chlorinative Cleavage of Permethylated Oligogermanes with Polyhalomethanes
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Hata Rieko , Hodota Chikako , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Kako Masahiro , Nakadaira Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), Ge-Ge bonds of oligogermanes (Me(Me2Ge)nMe, n = 2-5) were cleaved with CCl4 to yield the corresponding chlorogermanes. A mechanism involving an oligogermane radical cation is proposed for the Ge-Ge cleavage.
Transesterification Catalyzed by Lanthanoid Tri-2-propoxides
Authors: Okano Tamon , Miyamoto Keiichi , Kiji Jitsuo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The transesterification of esters with alcohols was efficiently catalyzed by Ln(OPri)3. The catalytic activity of Ln(OPri)3 decreased in the following order; La &gt; Nd &gt; Gd &gt; Yb, and was much higher than those of Al(OPri)3 and Ti(OPri)4.
Facile Procedure for Acetalization Using Diols, Alkoxysilane and a Catalytic Amount of Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Kurihara Masaaki , Miyata Naoki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of sec- or tert-alkoxysilane and a catalytic amount of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), carbonyl compounds react with various diols to give acetals in high yields.
A Three-Dimensional Warp-and-Woof Structure Interwoven by a Couple of Two-Dimensional Network Layers in the Crystal Structure of [trans-Cd(NH3)2{Ag(CN)2}2]n
Authors: Soma Takayoshi , Iwamoto Toshitake 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Two sets of the two-dimensional [Cd-(NC-Ag-CN-Cd1⁄4)4]n network layers arrayed vertically to each other interpenetrate through every mesh without any direct chemical bonds to build up the three-dimensionally interwoven supramolecular structure of the title complex.
A New Base-Labile Anchoring Group for Polymer-Supported Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Wang Yali , Zhang Hong , Voelter Wolfgang 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A new base-labile 9-hydroxymethylfluorene-2-succinic acid-based anchoring group, coupled to amino-ethylated polyethylene glycol, opens a new approach for polymer-supported syntheses of oligosaccharides using phenyl 1-thioglycopyranoside sulfoxides as highly efficient glycosyl donors.
Electrochemical Acylation of Some Cyclic Olefins by Using Aluminium Anode
Authors: Vukicevic Rastko , Konstantinovic Stanimir , Joksovic Ljubinka , Ponticelli Gustavo , Mihailovic Mihailo Lj 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The electrochemical acylation of cyclohexene, cycloheptene and their 1-methyl derivatives produces alkyl-cycloalkenyl ketones in good yields. The unsubstituted cycloalkenes give α,β-unsaturated ketones, whereas the 1-substituted derivatives yield mixtures of α,β- and β,γ-unsaturated ketones in which the latter products are predominant.
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Measurements of Ion-Association Adsorption of Water-Soluble Porphyrins at Liquid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Watarai Hitoshi , Saitoh Yoriko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Ion-association adsorption of water-soluble, surface-inactive anionic and cationic porphyrins with the oppositely charged surfactants was observed at toluene/water interface by means of a total internal reflection fluorometry. Water-soluble zinc(II)-porphyrin was also adsorved at the liquid/liquid interface with a hydrophobic zinc(II)-1,10-phenanthroline complex ion.
Hydrazinium Salts as Novel Thermally Latent Brönsted Acid-Inducing Initiators
Authors: Lee Sang-Bong , Park Young-Suk , Lee Kyu-Wan , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
1,2-Substituted-1,1-dimethylhydrazinium hexafluoroantimonates and their derivatives, R2(Me)2N+NHC(O)R1 SbF6−(2) served as thermally latent cationic initiators in the bulk polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether. Their initiation temperatures were controlled at 40-140 °C by chemical modification on R1 and R2 of 2. Active species of 2 were suggested to be proton.
Cleavage of Tin-Carbon Bonds of Organosilylstannane and Organodistannane in Photo-Induced Electron Transfer Reactions and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kyushin Soichiro , Otani Shinju , Nakadaira Yasuhiro , Ohashi Mamoru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Photoalkylation of tetracyanobenzene and benzil with (n-Bu)3SnSiMe3 or (n-Bu)3SnSn(n-Bu)3 proceeds via electron transfer. In these reactions, the Sn–C bond of (n-Bu)3SnSiMe3 and (n-Bu)3SnSn(n-Bu)3 is cleaved in preference to the Sn–Si and Sn–Sn bonds. Similar cleavage of the Sn–C bond is also observed in mass spectra of these group 14 organometallic compounds.
Dynamics of Polysilane Chain in Dilute Solution as Studied by Spin Labeling
Authors: Sanji Takanobu , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Sakurai Hideki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The rotational relaxation times and the rotational energy barriers of spin-labeled poly(phenylmethyl)silane were estimated in four different dilute solvents by the line shape analysis of the ESR signals.
Polysilane Dendrimer. Synthesis and Characterization of [2,2-(Me3Si)2Si3Me5]3SiMe
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Kimata Yoshinori , Satoh Shin , Kuriyama Akira 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The entitled compound was synthesized by using a step-growth polymerization technique and its molecular structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. This dendrimer showed a distinct UV absorption maximum at 264 nm and exhibited two very feeble fluorescence maxima at 320 nm and 400 nm.
Photochemical Synthesis of Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-enes
Authors: Katayama Sadamu , Yamauchi Masashige 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-enes (norcarenes) were obtained in good yield by photolysis of 3-methylthiomethyl or 3-(2-ethoxycarbonyl)vinylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones in benzene upon high pressure Hg lamp irradiation.
Long-Range Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Supramolecular Species in Fluid Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Nakamura Asao , Imai Takashi , Okutsu Satoshi , Oda Yuji , Ueno Akihiko , Toda Fujio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Excitation energy of a metal-to-ligand charge-transferred triplet state of a rhenium complex was transferred over a distance of 10 Å to 2-anthracenecarboxylate trapped in the hydrophobic cavity of the cyclodextrin unit which was linked covalently to one of the ligands of the complex.
First X-Ray Structural Determination of Fullerene [2+2] Cycloadduct
Authors: Ishida Takayuki , Shinozuka Koji , Nogami Takashi , Sasaki Shigeru , Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
X-Ray crystallographic analysis of a 1:1 adduct of C60 and 4,5-dimethoxybenzyne exhibited a benzocyclobutene structure given by [2+2] cycloaddition reaction at a 6,6-ring junction. A fullerene C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond length is 1.645(8) Å. Relatively short intermolecular C···C, C···O, and C···S distances were found, where sulfur atoms belong to CS2 molecules enclosed.
Electrochemical Os-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins with Sharpless’ Ligand
Authors: Torii Sigeru , Liu Ping , Tanaka Hideo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins using Sharpless’ ligand in the presence of potassium osmate [K2OsO2(OH)4] has been attained by recycling use of a catalytic amount of potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] in electrolysis media. The prominent advantage of the electrooxidation method is that minimum use of reoxidizing agent as well as K2OsO2(OH)4 may cause to improve enantioselectivities in comparison with the case of stoichiometric oxidant systems.
Asymmetric Oxidation of Sulfides with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by β-Oxo Aldiminato Manganese(III) Complexes
Authors: Imagawa Kiyomi , Nagata Takushi , Yamada Tohru , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Enantioselective aerobic oxidation of sulfides with combined use of molecular oxygen and pivalaldehyde afforded the optically active sulfoxides using β-oxo aldiminato manganese(III) complex catalysts. For example, 2-chlorophenyl methyl sulfide afforded optically active sulfoxide in 72% enantiomeric excess.
Synthesis of a New Chiral Auxiliary, (1R,2R,3R,6R)-3,6-Dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine
Authors: Kuroki Takashi , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
(1R,2R,3R,6R)-3,6-Dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine which was expected to serve as an effective chiral auxiliary, was synthesized from (R)-(+)-3-methylcyclohexanone enantio-specifically in a straightforward manner.
Synthesis of Mn-Salen Catalyst Bearing (1R,2R,3R,6R)-3,6-Dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine as an Ethylenediamine Part and Its Application to Asymmetric Epoxidation
Authors: Kuroki Takashi , Hamada Tetsuya , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The new Mn-salen catalysts bearing (1R,2R,3R,6R)-3,6-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine as an ethylenediamine part was found to show higher asymmetric induction in the epoxidation of conjugated cis-olefins than the Mn-salen catalyst bearing optically active cyclohexanediamine as an ethylenediamine part. This result supports our proposal that olefins approach metal-oxo bond along nitrogen-manganese bond axis in salen-catalyzed epoxidation.
Zn Mediated Chemoselective Allylation of Keto Esters with Allylic Halides in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Ahonen Matthias , Sjöholm Rainer 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Zn mediated reactions of allyl, crotyl and cinnamyl halides with β- and γ-keto esters in THF–NH4Cl(aq) give — by completely selective keto allylation and with good yields — β- and γ-hydroxy esters, respectively. The γ-hydroxy esters were easily and quantitatively converted to γ-allyl substituted γ-butyrolactones in a one-pot reaction.
Remarkable Molecular Recognition of Dansyl-modified Cyclodextrin Dimer
Authors: Nakamura Michiei , Ikeda Tsukasa , Nakamura Asao , Ikeda Hiroshi , Ueno Akihiko , Toda Fujio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Dansyl-modified β-cyclodextrin dimer changes fluorescence intensity depending on the molecular species in aqueous solution and exhibits remarkable molecular recognition for steroidal compounds.
Reaction of Zirconocene Ethylene Complex with Diynes. Formation of Bridged Zirconacyclopentenes
Authors: Takahashi Tamotsu , Kasai Kayoko , Xi Zhenfeng , Denisov Victor 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Reactions of diynes RCC-X-CCR with zirconocene ethylene complex Cp2Zr(CH2=CH2) were investigated. When X was C6H4 or C4H2S, bridged zirconacyclopentenes were selectively formed. They were easily converted into bridged cyclopentenone derivatives. In the case of (CH2)n groups as X, the reaction products were strongly dependent on the R group.
An Autocatalytic Constant Sensitivity Detection System for Catalysts and Infectors
Authors: Ishihara Masahito , Endo Masatoshi , Igarashi Shukuro , Yotsuyanagi Takao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Mathematical model calculation shows that the shape of the reactant concentration-time curves of autocatalytic reaction system at their inflection time is similar to each other even for different initial concentrations of catalysts. It should be of great value as a theoretically infinite sensitivity detection system for catalysts or its infectors. This model has been demonstrated by the use of oxidative destruction of cobalt complexes of 2,4-(2-pyridylazo)benzenediolate and phthalocyaninetetrasulfonate with peroxomonosulfate in aqueous phosphate buffer solution (pH 7) at 25 °C.
Structure and Stereodynamics of N-9-Triptycyl-O-phenylhydroxylamine, an Unusual Product by the Reaction of 9-Nitrosotriptycene and Phenyllithium
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Kuwahara Kyoko , Inoue Katsuya 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Reaction of 9-nitrosotriptycene with phenyllithium gave N-9-triptycyl-O-phenylhydroxylamine (TpNHOPh). The free energy barrier to rotation about the Tp-N bond is 10.9 kcal mol−1 and that to the N-O topomerization is higher than this.
Ring Opening Alkylation of Tetrahydrofuran with Some Heterosubstituted Organolithium Reagents by the Aid of Boron Trifluoride Etherate
Authors: Imai Toshiro , Muramoto Tomoki , Tsuji Takashi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Organolithium reagents stabilized by halogeno, thio, silyl, vinyl and/or phenyl substituent(s) can cleave THF effectively under the influence of boron trifluoride etherate at lower temperatures. The softness of these carbanionic reagents seems to be important for the successful reaction.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Hydrocarbons with High Current Density in a CO2-Methanol Medium
Authors: Saeki Tomonori , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Kimura Naokazu , Omata Koji , Fujishima Akira 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We reported that CO and methyl formate were the major products in the electrochemical reduction of highly concentrated CO2 in a CO2-methanol medium when tetrabutylammonium salts were used as supporting salts. Here we report that CO2 is reduced efficiently to hydrocarbons when tetraethylammonium perchlorate is used as the salt. CO2 reduction proceeds with a current efficiency of 89.7% at 1 A·cm−2, indicating sufficient mass-transfer of CO2 even at such a high current density.
Multielement Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Rock Sample by Liquid Chromatography / Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hamanaka Tadashi , Itoh Akihide , Itoh Shinya , Sawatari Hideyuki , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Rare earth elements in geological standard rock sample JG-1 (granodiolite) issued from the Geological Survey of Japan have been determined by a combined system of liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.