bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase behavior and extended phase scheme of static cocoa butter investigated with real‐time X‐ray powder diffraction
Authors: van Malssen Kees , van Langevelde Arjen , Peschar René , Schenk Henk 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA complete isothermal phase‐transition scheme of cocoa butter under static conditions is presented, based on time‐resolved X‐ray powder diffraction experiments. In contrast to what is known from literature, not only β V, but also β VI can be obtained directly through transformation from β′. Another remarkable result is that β′ exists as a phase range rather than as two separate phases. Within this β′ phase range no isothermal phase transitions have been observed. More detailed information concerning the observed cocoa butter polymorphs was obtained by determination of melting ranges, using time‐resolved X‐ray powder diffraction. Also standard X‐ray powder diffraction patterns of the γ, the α, and the two β phases and parts of the β′ phase range have been recorded. The observed phase behavior of cocoa butter has been explained based on the concept of individual crystallite phase behavior of cocoa butter
The effects of shear and temperature history on the crystallization of chocolate
Authors: Stapley Andrew G. F. , Tewkesbury Heather , Fryer Peter J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExperiments have been carried out on the tempering of chocolate using a temperature‐controlled shearing rig with a concentric cylinder geometry. This design maximizes uniformity of shear rate during tempering in contrast to most tempering devices where shear is often concentrated in a small part of the chocolate mass. Samples were subsequently cooled in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to monitor how the sample crystallized, and then reheated to gain further information on the melting points of the polymorphs formed. The results can be interpreted using established theories on the crystallization mechanism. It was found that at least two polymorphic forms could be generated. The higher melting form predominated provided the shear rate was high enough, the temper time long enough, the rewarm temperature low enough, and the DSC scan rate slow enough. For parameters affecting the nucleation stage (temper time and shear rate), it was found that the transition was a sharp one, reflecting the notion that seed crystals need to grow past a threshold point in order to be stably formed. Raising the rewarm temperature had the effect of destroying seed nuclei, but this was a more gradual process. The bimodal nature observed of the melting points compared to the more spread‐out behavior of crystallization temperatures reflects the kinetic constraints found in crystallization which are not found on melting.
Conversion of oleic acid to 10‐ketostearic acid by Sphingobacterium sp. strain O22
Authors: Kuo T. M. , Lanser A. C. , Kaneshiro T. , Hou C. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe conversion of oleic acid by a bacterium, tentatively identified as Sphingobacterium thalpophilum strain O22, was investigated. The microorganism was isolated as a stable culture from compost that was enriched with soybean oil outdoors and subsequently with oleic acid in the laboratory. Strain O22 converted oleic acid to products identified as 10‐ketostearic acid (95% of the total conversion product) and 10‐hydroxystearic acid (5%). This is in contrast to S. thalpophilum strain B‐14797, which produces solely 10‐hydroxystearic acid. Maximal conversion was reached in about 36 h after the addition of oleic acid to the fermentation broth. The yield of 10‐ketostearic acid was approximately 75% from 0.26 g of oleic acid in 30 mL fermentation broth at 28°C and 200 rpm for 48 h. This is the first report on the major production of 10‐ketostearic acid by a microorganism in the genus Sphingobacterium.
Enzymatic synthesis of steryl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Hirota Yoshinori , Baba Takashi , Sugihara Akio , Moriyama Shigeru , Tominaga Yoshio , Terai Tadamasa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSteryl esters of long‐chain fatty acids have water‐holding properties, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have various physiological functions. Because steryl ester of PUFA can be expected to have both features, we attempted to synthesize steryl esters of PUFA by enzymatic methods. Among lipases used, Pseudomonas lipase was the most effective for the synthesis of cholesteryl docosahexaenoate. When a mixture of cholesterol/docosahexaenoic acid (3:1, mol/mol), 30% water, and 3000 units/g of lipase was stirred at 40°C for 24 h, the esterification extent attained 89.5%. Under the same reaction conditions, cholesterol, cholestanol, and sitosterol were also esterified efficiently with docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, arachidonic, and γ‐linolenic acids.
Deacidifying rice bran oil by solvent extraction and membrane technology
Authors: Kale V. , Katikaneni S. P. R. , Cheryan M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCrude rice bran oil containing 16.5% free fatty acids (FFA) was deacidified by extracting with methanol. At the optimal ratio of 1.8:1 methanol/oil by weight, the concentration of FFA in the crude rice bran oil was reduced to 3.7%. A second extraction at 1:1 ratio reduced FFA in the oil to 0.33%. The FFA in the methanol extract was recovered by nanofiltration using commercial membranes. The DS‐5 membrane from Osmonics/Desal and the BW‐30 membrane from Dow/Film Tec gave average FFA rejection of 93–96% and an average flux of 41 L/m2·h (LMH) to concentrate the FFA from 4.69% to 20%. The permeate, containing 0.4–0.7% FFA, can be nanofiltered again to recover more FFA with flux of 67–75 LMH. Design estimates indicate a two‐stage membrane system can recover 97.8% of the FFA and can result in a final retentate stream with 20% FFA or more and a permeate stream with negligible FFA (0.13%) that can be recycled for FFA extraction. The capital cost of the membrane plant would be about $48/kg oil processed/h and annual operating cost would be about $15/ton FFA recovered. The process has several advantages in that it does not require alkali for neutralization, no soapstock nor wastewater is produced, and effluent discharges are minimized.
Antioxidant activities of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols in the oxidation of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols
Authors: Lampi Anna‐Maija , Kataja Leena , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Vieno Piironen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAntioxidant properties of 5 to 500 µg/g levels of α‐and γ‐tocopherols, in the oxidation of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols (RO TAG), were studied at 40°C in the dark. Each tocopherol alone and in a mixture was studied for its stability in oxidizing RO TAG. Also the effects of tocopherols on the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products of RO TAG were investigated. Both tocopherols significantly retarded the oxidation of RO TAG. At low levels (≤50 µg/g), α‐tocopherol was more stable and was a more effective antioxidant than γ‐tocopherol. At higher α‐tocopherol levels (>100 µg/g), there was a relative increase in hydroperoxide formation parallel to consumption of α‐tocopherol, which was not found with γ‐tocopherol. Therefore, γ‐tocopherol was a more effective antioxidant than α‐tocopherol at levels above 100 µg/g. As long as there were tocopherols present, the hydroperoxides were quite stable and no volatile aldehydes were formed. In a mixture, α‐tocopherol protected γ‐tocopherol from being oxidized at the addition levels of 5+5 and 10+10 µg/g but no synergism between the tocopherols was found. α‐Tocopherol was less stable in the 500+500 µg/g mixture than when added alone to the RO TAG. No prooxidant activity of either tocopherol or their mixture was found.
Decolorization of meadowfoam estolides using sodium borohydride
Authors: Frykman Hans B. , Isbell Terry A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEstolides are condensed oligomers of fatty acids made by introducing an ester linkage at sites of unsaturation. Estolides made from meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) oil fatty acids have positive effects in personal care formulations and a patent has been applied for. However, estolides prepared by acid catalysis had a color of 12 (Gardner scale) and industrial cooperators desired lower color to increase marketability of meadowfoam estolides. Hydrogen peroxide and hydrogenation did not lower the color of estolide but 1% w/w sodium borohydride at 80°C for 12 h reduced color to 7 on the Gardner scale which was acceptable to the industrial partners for further development. Sodium borohydride decolorization gives a product with good color at a reasonable cost. The sodium borohydride does not have to be used in concentrations higher than 1% w/w and the product loss, which can be several percent with a clay‐based process, is negligible using sodium borohydride.
A comparative analysis of proxies for an optimal leverage ratio
Authors: D'Mello Ranjan , Farhat Joseph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious studies that test the tradeoff theory commonly use one of the following debt ratio measures to proxy for a firm's hypothesized optimal ratio: firm's time‐series mean leverage, moving average leverage based on a firm's historical debt ratios, industry median leverage, and predicted leverage ratio based on cross‐sectional regressions. We find that these alternative proxies yield results that are significantly different from each other. Further, regression results of models that use the optimum target leverage and the conclusions drawn from the findings are sensitive to the model's proxy. Of the proxies that are commonly used in the literature, the moving average debt measure exhibits characteristics that are most consistent with the theoretical optimal leverage ratio.
Molecular and biological characterization ofToxoplasma gondiiisolates from free-range chickens from Guyana, South America, identified several unique and common parasite genotypes
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , APPLEWHAITE L. , SUNDAR N. , VELMURUGAN G. V. , BANDINI L. A. , KWOK O. C. H. , HILL R. , SU C. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe prevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiin free-ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus) is a good indicator of the prevalence ofT. gondiioocysts in the soil because chickens feed from the ground. The prevalence ofT. gondiiin 76 free-range chickens from Guyana, South America was determined. Antibodies toT. gondiiwere assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT), and found in 50 (65·8%) of 76 chickens with titres of 1:5 in four, 1:10 in one, 1:20 in five, 1:40 in seven, 1:80 in six, 1:160 in eight, 1:320 in four, 1:640 or higher in 15. Hearts and brains of 26 chickens with titres of <1:5 were pooled in 5 batches and bioassayed in mice. Hearts and brains of 50 chickens with titres of 1:5 or higher were bioassayed in mice.Toxoplasma gondiiwas isolated by bioassay in mice from 35 chickens with MAT titres of 1:20 or higher. All mice inoculated with tissues of 30 infected chickens remained asymptomatic.Toxoplasma gondiiisolates from 35 chickens were genotyped using 11 PCR-RFLP markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, a new SAG2, and Apico. A total of 9 genotypes were identified, with 5 genotypes (nos 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7) unique to Guyana, 2 genotypes (nos 2 and 3) previously identified in chickens from Brazil, 1 genotype (no. 8) previously identified in chickens from Brazil, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and 1 genotype (no. 9) belonging to the clonal type III lineage that exists globally. Infection with 2 genotypes was found from 1 chicken. This is the first report of genetic characterization ofT. gondiiisolates from any host from Guyana.
Hopes, fears and expectations about the future: what do older people's stories tell us about active ageing?
Authors: CLARKE AMANDA , WARREN LORNA 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT‘Active ageing’ is a key concept in current policy and research on ageing and yet is under-analysed or interpreted largely within an economic framework. This paper explores active ageing in the broader context of older people's lives. Drawing on a series of biographical interviews with 23 people aged 60–96 years, the discussion focuses on the theme of future hopes and concerns. Exhortations for ‘active ageing’ may be challenged by a lifelong unwillingness to look forward or plan ahead. Nevertheless, the findings show that fears for a future of limited resources, decline and dependency can exist alongside not only the desire to live longer but also the positive anticipation of forthcoming events and strong inter-generational relations. ‘Living for now’ and ‘taking a day at a time’ – and by extension the accomplishment of everyday activities rather than the activity-driven goals of earlier years – are common strategies for dealing with the unpredictability of later life. In this respect, even stopping paid work and entering residential care may be actively chosen and empowering even though they are steps towards disengagement and dependency. Similarly, planning for death, such as writing (living) wills and making funeral arrangements, may be positive and proactive responses to beliefs and concerns about dying. ‘Active ageing’ therefore needs to offer choices for life to be lived at all stages whilst recognising that much of the focus for older people is on ordinary needs, deeds and relationships.
United States' international retirement migration: the reasons for retiring to the environs of Lake Chapala, Mexico
Authors: SUNIL T. S. , ROJAS VIVIANA , BRADLEY DON E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMost studies of retirement migration in the United States focus at the national level, and there is comparatively little information about the retirees who cross international borders in their search for new homes. Retirement migrants are unusual in that many select destinations in less-developed countries, contrary to the general pattern of migration from poor to rich countries in search of jobs, higher incomes and a better standard of life. This study has examined the reasons for retirement migration from the United States (US) to the Lake Chapala area of the Mexican state of Jalisco. A non-random sample of 211 US retirees was surveyed using a self-completion, semi-structured questionnaire that included items about the decision to move to Mexico, the quality of life at the destination, cultural adaptation, and aspects of personal identity, financial security and health-care. Four major reasons for migrating to Mexico were identified: financial circumstances, the natural environment, a sense of community and friendship, and a better quality of life. While the migrations contradict much taken-for-granted and popular knowledge about migration patterns around the world, they have important implications for the ways of life, social relationships and welfare of the most recent cohort of older people. More in-depth multidisciplinary studies are needed to increase understanding of this evolving phenomenon.
How equitable is Sweden's changing care-mix? Linking individual and regional characteristics over time
Authors: DAVEY ADAM , SAVLA JYOTI , SUNDSTRÖM GERDT , ZARIT STEVEN H. , MALMBERG BO 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGiven its relative ethnic and socio-economic homogeneity, Sweden is an ideal nation for the study of variations in formal and informal care as a function of gender, disability and advanced age. This paper reports an analysis of the relationships between gender, disability and age and the formal care delivered to more than 1,200 people aged 75 or more years in Sweden in 1994 and 2000. In municipalities that provided above-average home-help hours per recipient, and that had high institutional placement rates, women were relatively less likely to have been receiving informal assistance alone, those with greater disability were more likely to have been receiving all forms of assistance, the oldest-old were less likely to have been receiving either informal or formal help alone, and rates of formal assistance and of no informal care were relatively low. In municipalities with high rates of institutional placement, the oldest-old were relatively more likely to have been receiving both formal and informal assistance. Sweden's system of old-age care appears broadly equitable although the quality of care could not be fully assessed. Although home and community-based service provision (HCBS) has recently decreased, variations in the volume and mix of delivered formal services reflect differences in need.
Housing and care for older people: life in an English purpose-built retirement village
Authors: BERNARD MIRIAM , BARTLAM BERNADETTE , SIM JULIUS , BIGGS SIMON 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRetirement communities are a relatively new long-term accommodation and care option in the United Kingdom. Policy makers and providers endorse the proposition that they are suited for the accommodation of both ‘fit’ and ‘frail’ older people, although comparatively little is known about what it is actually like to live in such communities, about whether they cater adequately for older people with a wide spectrum of needs and abilities, or if they provide acceptable solutions to older people's housing or care needs. This paper addresses these questions by reporting the findings of an independently funded three-year study of a new retirement village, Berryhill, in the north Midlands of England. The paper examines the background to this and similar developments, details how the study was carried out, and then examines what it was like to live at Berryhill. It focuses on the housing and care aspects, and explores the residents' motivations for moving to the village; their views about the accommodation; and their use of and satisfaction with the social and leisure amenities. The health and care needs of residents and the formal and informal supports are also featured. The conclusion discusses whether the village can truly be a ‘home for life’ in the face of increasing frailty, and whether or not these new models of accommodation and care can indeed cater for both ‘fit’ and ‘frail’ older people.
Understanding financial elder abuse in families: the potential of routine activities theory
Authors: SETTERLUND DEBORAH , TILSE CHERYL , WILSON JILL , MCCAWLEY ANNE-LOUISE , ROSENMAN LINDA 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to stimulate theoretical thought about financial elder abuse within families, by exploring the potential of ‘routine activities theory’ for raising our understanding of, and response to, its occurrences. Research into financial elder abuse, defined as the illegal or improper use of a person's finances or property by another person, has tended to emphasise the abusive event and the associated risk factors. ‘Routine activities theory’, in contrast, directs attention more to developing prevention strategies that focus on everyday activities and hence seek to reduce the opportunities for illegal activity. The authors' research programme on the broad topic of money management and older people in Australia has conceptualised financial elder abuse as one possible outcome of the family management of older people's assets. This paper reports an application of routine activities theory to in-depth data of the asset-management practices and experiences of 81 family members who were assisting 86 older people. The paper concludes that the theory contributes to our understanding of how and why financial abuse occurs in families. It makes clear the distorting influence of a sense of entitlement and the preventive importance of both capable guardians, to oversee family-asset management and be alert to mismanagement, and the need for improved financial awareness, skills and probity in the community in connection with this common task of assisting older people to manage their financial assets.
The physiological and metabolic impacts on sheep and cattle of feed and water deprivation before and during transport
Authors: Hogan James P. , Petherick J. Carol , Phillips Clive J. C. 
Published: June 2007

Sheep and cattle are frequently subjected to feed and water deprivation (FWD) for about 12 h before, and then during, transport to reduce digesta load in the gastrointestinal tract. This FWD is marked by weight loss as urine and faeces mainly in the first 24 h but continuing at a reduced rate subsequently. The weight of rumen contents falls although water loss is to some extent masked by saliva inflow. FWD is associated with some stress, particularly when transportation is added. This is indicated by increased levels of plasma cortisol that may be partly responsible for an observed increase in the output of water and N in urine and faeces. Loss of body water induces dehydration that may induce feelings of thirst by effects on the hypothalamus structures through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. There are suggestions that elevated cortisol levels depress angiotensin activity and prevent sensations of thirst in dehydrated animals, but further research in this area is needed. Dehydration coupled with the discharge of Na in urine challenges the maintenance of homeostasis. In FWD, Na excretion in urine is reduced and, with the reduction in digesta load, Na is gradually returned from the digestive tract to the extracellular fluid space. Control of enteropathogenic bacteria by normal rumen microbes is weakened by FWD and resulting infections may threaten animal health and meat safety. Recovery time is required after transport to restore full feed intake and to ensure that adequate glycogen is present in muscle pre-slaughter to maintain meat quality.
Concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide in the plasma predicts outcomes of treatment of children with decompensated heart failure admitted to the Intensive Care unit
Authors: Tan Lin-Hua , Jefferies John L. , Liang Jian-Feng , Denfield Susan W. , Dreyer William J. , Mott Antonio R. , Grenier Michelle A. , Dickerson Heather A. , Price Jack F. , Towbin Jeffrey A. , Ou Ching-Nan , Chang Anthony C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectivesIt is known that levels of brain natriuretic peptide predict outcomes of treatment for adults with decompensated heart failure. We hypothesized that it could predict outcomes in children with this condition.MethodsWe divided retrospectively 82 patients with serial measurements of brain natriuretic peptide into 3 groups: those who survived and did not need readmission within less than 60 days; those who survived but needed readmission within less than 60 days; and those who died in hospital or within less than 60 days. Initial and final levels of the peptide correlated with adverse outcomes.ResultsThe percent change in level of the peptide was minus 78 percent, minus 38 percent, and 138 percent in the readmission-free group, the readmitted, and nonsurviving groups, respectively. Final levels were significantly lower in the readmission-free group than in the readmitted and nonsurviving groups (p equals 0.013 and p is less than 0.00001, respectively) and in the readmitted group than in the nonsurvivors (p equals 0.013). On univariate analysis, the final level, the change in level, and the percentage change in level significantly predicted outcomes (p equals 0.0002, 0.0072 and 0.0005, respectively). On multivariate analysis, only the final level of the peptide significantly predicted outcomes (p equals 0.01).ConclusionsA final level of brain natriuretic peptide of greater than or equal to 760 picograms per millilitre strongly predicted an adverse outcome. Patients with higher final levels may be at higher risk of death and readmission, suggesting that this variable effectively predicts the response to treatment and prognosis in children with heart failure.
A new approach to hypoplastic left heart syndrome with an intact atrial septum
Authors: Barker Claire , Moscuzza Franco , Anderson David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn intact atrial septum places infants with hypoplasia of the left heart into a group with an extremely high rate of mortality. We report a neonate, diagnosed antenatally, who was delivered by Caesarian section in the cardiac theatre, urgently placed onto cardiopulmonary bypass, and who then underwent an atrial septectomy and banding of both pulmonary arteries. After stablilisation, his arterial duct was stented, completing the first stage of hybrid palliation.