bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiochlorine as a tracer in fat deposition
Authors: Sink J. D. , Watkins J. L. , Ziegler J. H. , Kean G. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRadiochlorine38 was evaluated and found to be suitable for use as a tracer in studying the deposition of fat in porcinepanniculus adiposus tissue. Its short half‐life makes its preparation from natural chlorine simple and inexpensive, and also minimizes long‐term contamination problems, and its energetic beta and gamma rays makes its radio‐assay simple and rapid. For swine, the threshhold level for a statistical counting accuracy of 1% was found to be approx 8 ȕ 10蜢2 mc/lb of live wt. The time required for the digestion, absorption, transport and deposition of statistically sufficient detectable radioactive material was 3 1/2 hr. The incorporation of radiochlorine38 into lipid molecules does not appear to alter their normal metabolic pathways.
Effect of substituents in the aromatic nucleus on the biodegradation behavior of alkylaryl sulfonates
Authors: Borstlap C. , Kortland C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTaking the results of methylene blue analysis as a yardstick for biodegradability, substituents in the benzene ring of linear alkylaryl sulfonates (CH3, C2H5, OH) greatly deteriorate the aerobic biodegradation characteristics of these products: adaptation time, amount of hard residue, and, to a lesser extent, rate of biodegradation. Replacement of one long alkyl chain by two short ones of the same total length also retards biodegradation. When the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophene ring, adaptation is improved.
Acetoxylation of methyl oleate with a resin catalyst
Authors: Black L. T. , Beal R. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of methyl oleate with acetic acid in the presence of a reticulated cation exchange resin produces methyl acetoxystearate. Saponification of this compound and subsequent acidification yields hydroxystearic acid. Time, temperature, acetic acid:ester ratio, and resin:ester ratio were examined for their effect on yield of methyl acetoxystearate. A yield of approximately 45% of theory was reached under the best conditions. The cation exchange resin promoted ester inter‐change with the formation of oleic acid, acetoxy‐stearic acid, and methyl acetate. An estolide polymer was formed, probably by ester inter‐change between acetoxylated methyl oleate and oleic acid. Acetoxy esters were separated from unreacted methyl oleate and ester polymers by fractional distillation. Molecular weight and GLC data substantiate the product structure. Several other short‐chain carboxylic acids were reacted with methyl oleate but gave lower yields of acyloxylated product than acetic acid.
A rapid method for the estimation oftrans unsaturation in hydrogenated oils and fats
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Holla K. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGlycerides and methyl esters of fatty acids containingtrans unsaturation both show peaks at 10,38 Ɓ. The absorptivities of the glycerides (a10.38 Ɓ) have a straight line relationship with the concentration of thetrans unsaturation, calculated as methyl elaidate. This relationship has been utilized as a quick method for estimating thetrans unsaturation in hydrogenated fats such as Vanaspati. The infrared spectrum of a given hydrogenated fat is taken in the region of 9‐11 Ɓ, the absorptivity at thetrans‐peak is calculated, and the corresponding methyl elaidate content is read from a graph.
The flavor intensity of some carbonyl compounds important in oxidized fats
Authors: Dixon M. D. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe flavor intensities of several methyl ketones, aldehydes, 2‐enals, andtrans, trans‐2,4‐dienals were evaluated in 1% mineral oil in water emulsions against a series of standard emulsions of 2‐heptanone. There was a linear relation between the logarithm of the concentrations of the carbonyls and the logarithm of the concentration of 2‐heptanone giving an equal flavor intensity. Thresholds calculated from these linear relations were comparable to those reported in the literature. Mixtures of carbonyls similar to those found in oxidized soybean oil were evaluated, and their flavor intensities were similar to those predicted from adding the intensities of the individual carbonyls. The flavor intensity of these carbonyls could account for the flavor intensity of oxidized soybean oil.
The analysis of phospholipids in soy lecithin by HPLC
Authors: Hurst W. Jeffrey , Martin Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the HPLC analysis of major phospholipids in soy lecithin. The method entails dissolving soy lecithin in chloroform prior to analysis. The HPLC determination uses a normal phase column and a mobile phase of acetonitrilemethanol‐H3PO4 with detection at 205 nm. The data presented illustrates that the method is rapid, accurate and precise for the determination of phospholipid in soy lecithin.
Water hardness control by detergent builders
Authors: Nagarajan M. K. , Paine H. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCommercial detergent additives to control water hardness are of three main types, sequestrant, precipitant or ion‐exchange builders. These builders lower the free hardness ion (Ca+2, Mg+2) concentration in a wash system by different mechanisms. An electrometric experimental method was used to evaluate the relative water hardness control performances of different builder‐types under conditions closely simulating those of detergent's end‐use. Experimental data for the following builders are presented: EDTA, NTA, STPP, PAA, CMOS, Na‐Citrate, Na2CO3 and type A zeolite. It is shown that the relative rankings of the various builders in water hardness control differ significantly with differences in use level concentration of the builder (0.005–0.100 gm per 100 ml). The application of the method to the selection of optimum molecular weight range of the newly emerging class of organic polymeric detergent builders like sodium polyacrylates (Na‐PAA) (Mw=2000−220,000) also is discussed.
Preparation of some ethyl higher‐alkyl acetals and their conversion to vinyl ethers
Authors: Dejarlais W. J. , O'Donnell J. L. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnsymmetrical acetals were prepared from stearyl, oleyl, and the mixed alcohols, derived from linseed oil, by the acid‐catalyzed addition of each alcohol to ethyl vinyl ether.Stearyl, oleyl, and linseed‐alkyl vinyl ethers were obtained by cleavage of ethanol from the respective unsymmetrical acetals over alkali‐metal bisulfates, sulfanilic acid, or aniline sulfate‐sulfuric acid. Yields of the higher alkyl vinyl ethers were moderate due to disproportionation and formation of ethyl vinyl ether from the acetals.
Physico‐chemical studies on the composition and stability of copper chelates of 2‐hydroxystearic and 2‐hydroxydocosanoic acids
Authors: Muzaffaruddin M. , Roomi M. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe complex formation of copper (II) with 2‐hydroxystearic and 2‐hydroxydocosanoic acids has been investigated at pH 8.0 in a medium ofm‐xylene‐ethanol (75:25 v/v). The formation of only one complex metal: ligand (1:2) is detected by three independent methods, viz. Job's method of continuous variation, conductometric titration and chemical analysis of the isolated complexes. The logarithm of the formation constants (log K) as calculated by the method of Turner and Anderson are 6.30 and 5.73 and the free energy change of combination are, −8.590 kcal and −7.814 kcal respectively. A chelate structure for both the complexes, in which the ligand molecules act as a bidentate chelating species involving the weakly coordinating hydroxyl group in bond formation has been suggested by analogy with the copper derivatives of amino acids.
Cholesterol turnover in the central nervous system
Authors: Nicholas Harold J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImmature rat brains were examined for a metabolite of cholesterol which could conceivably form in the central nervous system as a result of cholesterol turnover. A basic assumption was made that an acidic product would be formed, preferentially by oxidative degradation of the cholesterol side chain. Chemical fractionation of brain tissue and thin‐layer chromatography of an appropriate acidic fraction indicated the presence of a monohydroxy steroidal acid(s) which remains to be positively identified. Preliminary tracer experiments did not clarify the origin of the unidentified metabolite.
The turnover of the lipid components of myelin
Authors: Smith Marion Edmonds , Eng Lawrence F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rate of loss of radioactivity in the lipid components of rat myelin labeled with acetate‐1‐C14 was determined over a period of one year. Rats were injected with acetate‐1‐C14 at 15舑16 days of age and purified myelin was prepared by differential ultracentrifugation from brain and spinal cord of this group at 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after injection. Total lipid was extracted from the myelin preparations and the lipids were separated into their components by thin‐layer chromatography. Cholesterol, galactolipid, ethanolamine phosphatide, choline phosphatide, inositol phosphatide, serine phosphatide and sphingomyelin specific activities at each age were measured. Three of the myelin lipid components, serine phosphatide, inositol phosphatide, and choline phosphatide decreased in specific activity faster than cerebroside, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and ethanolamine phosphatide. Acetate‐1‐C14 injected into adult animals, though incorporated into myelin to a very small extent, is taken up primarly in the choline phosphatide. These experiments suggests that myelin does not behave as a fixed entity but that certain constituents may be more actively metabolized than others.
Investigation of the biogenetic reaction sequence of cholesterol in rat tissues, through inhibition with AY‐9944
Authors: Fumagalli R. , Niemiro R. , Paoletti R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn inhibitor of ख7‐reductase, AY‐9944 (trans‐1,4‐bis(2‐dichlorobenzylaminomethyl cyclohexane dihydrochloride), was used to investigate the last steps of cholesterol formation in brain and liver of adult and newborn rats. The accumulation of different sterols in the two tissues of the same animals was observed. ख5,7‐Cholestadien‐3ॆ‐ol, ख7,24‐cholestadien‐3ॆ‐ol and ख5,7,24‐cholestatrien‐3ॆ‐ol, which are not present in detectable amounts in control brains, were identified in brains of growing rats treated with AY‐9944. An accumulation of ख5,7‐cholestadien‐3ॆ‐ol only was found in adult rat tissues.These differences in sterol accumulation are discussed in relation with the possible in vivo pathways of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Solidification of unsaturated/saturated fatty acid mixtures and its relationship to chilling sensitivity in plants
Authors: Lyons James M. , Asmundson Craig M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFreezing points of mixtures of palmitic and linoleic, or palmitic and linolenic acids, the predominant fatty acids in plants, decrease slowly as the unsaturated fatty acid is increased to 60 mole %. Beyond this per cent the freezing point is depressed quite markedly by each addition of unsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic and linolenic acids have similar effects on the freezing points of the mixtures until about 82 mole % unsaturated fatty acid. Differences of less than 5% in the amount of unsaturated fatty acid have a marked effect on the freezing point of mixtures at the approximate composition of fatty acid in plant membrane lipids.
Detection of trace fatty acids in fats and oils by urea fractionation and gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Iverson J. L. , Eisner J. , Firestone D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe detection of trace fatty acids (<0.1%) in a fat or oil by gas‐liquid chromatography is possible when the methyl esters are fractionated with urea to provide a number of less complex fractions. Identification and estimation of trace fatty acids is simplified by quantitative removal of other fatty acids having similar gas chromatographic retention times. A detailed knowledge of the order in which inclusion compounds are formed was obtained by fractionating a complex mixture of marine and vegetable fatty acids. In addition, lanolin was fractionated to determine the preferential order in which saturated, branched chain (iso‐, anteiso‐) and hydroxy acids form inclusion compounds. Using urea fractionation and gas chromatography, 52 trace fatty acids were tentatively identified in butter, 30 in lard, and 26 in walnut oil.
High voltage electrical discharge reactions of fats and related compounds
Authors: Borka L. , Privett O. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies are reported on the modification of fats and related compounds by electrical discharge reactions. Several types of fatty compounds were subjected to silent electrical discharge of the ozonizer type of 15,000 volts AC and analyzed by gas‐liquid and thin‐layer chromatography, infrared spectral and elemental analyses.Evidence was obtained for a free radical reaction in accordance with the general theory of discharge reactions.The major products of the reaction were polymers of varying degrees of complexity. Shortchain hydrocarbons were also detected. Hydrogenations via the formation of hydrogen radicals was demonstrated; branching via long‐chain radical interreactions was also indicated. The incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen into polymeric products was demonstrated when the reaction was carried out in the presence of these gases.Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the products formed under various conditions.
Performance evaluation of selected fabric softeners
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Schenach T. A. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome methods and variables of importance in softener evaluation were examined. A subjective, paired‐comparison panel method is recommended for softening measurement, and a dye wicking method seems most reliable for rewettability measurement. Use of these methods shows that softening tends to decrease and rewettability to increase with unsaturation and introduction of ether groups in bridging radicals and with reduction of alkyl chain length, in a word with increasing hydrophilicity of various radicals. Rewet data are particularly sensitive to these effects. For excellent softening, two long chain alkyl groups are apparently required, and these should be at least C16 and more preferably C18 in length.
Neutral oil in linear alkyl benzene sulfonate slurries: Determination and composition
Authors: Kellenbach K. , Emery E. , Blank E. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method of improved accuracy and acceptable precision for the determination of neutral oil in detergent slurries is described. The increase in accuracy results from minimizing loss of highly volatile constituents of the neutral oil.The composition of the neutral oil in linear alkyl benzene slurries has been determined utilizing infrared and mass spectrometry techniques.Highly branched, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons constitute the principal portion of the neutral oil. Traces of aromatic hydrocarbons are also present. The balance of the neutral oil comprises dialkylsulfones together with trace quantities of unidentified sulfur containing components.Analogies are drawn between the composition of neutral oil from linear alkyl benzene sulfonates and branched alkyl benzene sulfonates.
Analysis of surfactants using pyrolysis‐gas chromatography
Authors: Liddicoet T. H. , Smithson L. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA pyrolysis‐gas chromatographic method has been devised for the rapid analysis of surfactants and surfactant mixtures. The method involves pyrolysis of the surfactant in a unit directly attached to a gas chromatograph. The resulting pyrolysis products give characteristic gas chromatographic patterns which are useful for analysis of the original surfactant.This method is useful for the qualitative identification of surfactants either alone, in synthetic mixtures, or in commercial products. In many cases, the technique can also be used for semiquantitative estimation of (1) relative amounts of the individual components in mixtures and (2) structural distribution of the surfactants. The method is amenable to both solid and liquid and both light‐duty and heavy‐duty detergent formulations.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of the positional isomers of methyl nonynoate
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Rakoff Henry 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA mixture of all the positional isomers of methyl nonynoate is poorly resolved by gasliquid chromatography on packed polar (diethylene glycol succinate) and packed nonpolar (Apiezon L) columns. Better resolution is obtained on capillary columns, with the polar liquid phase giving baseline separations between all the isomers except 9:T4 and 9:T5. The nonynoic esters are eluted later than methyl nonanoate on either liquid phase. The isomers with the triple bond near the center of the molecule come off first, and the elution time increases as the triple bond moves toward either end of the chain. Methyl 8‐nonynoate, the only isomer with a terminal triple bond, does not follow this pattern.
Improvements in the rapid refractometric method of determining the oil content of olives
Authors: Kaloyereas Socrates A. , Cruess William V. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new standardization of the rapid refractometric method of determining oil in olives has been devised. A theoretical discussion of all the factors involved and the introduction of the use of the Waring blendor in making the treatment with Halowax oil have also been presented.
Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids in obese mice
Authors: Clandinin M. Thomas , Cheema Sukhinder , Pehowich Dan , Field Catherine J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGenetically obese (ob/ob) mice display a variety of metabolic differences from lean litter mates. In the obese state, fatty acid desaturation‐elongation in brown adipose tissue mitochondria is apparently altered, resulting in differences in membrane fatty acid composition. This change in membrane lipid environment appears to influence GDP binding and there‐fore the activity of the proton conductance pathway associated with regulation of energy expenditure in these animals. In liver, binding of insulin to the nuclear membrane is increased by feeding a high polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) diet fat. Consumption of a high P/S diet decreased mRNA levels for fatty acid synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, malic enzyme, and pyruvate kinase in obese and lean animals. Expression of mRNA for these lipogenic enzymes was higher in obese animals and suggests that obese mice may be resistant to polyunsaturated fatty acid feedback control of gene expression.
Dietary marine lipids suppress continuous expression of interleukin‐1β gene transcription1
Authors: Robinson Dwight R. , Urakaze Masaharu , Huang Riyun , Taki Hirofumi , Sugiyama Eiji , Knoell Christopher T. , Xu LiLian , Yeh Edward T. H. , Auron Philip E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstractn‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids abundant in marine lipids suppress certain inflammatory and immune reactions, and dietary marine lipid supplements have antiinflammatory effects in experimental and human autoimmune disease. Previous work by other investigators demonstrated that dietary marine lipid supplements suppressed production of cytokines from stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cellsex vivo. The present study further documents the ability of n‐3 fatty acids to inhibit cytokine formation, and in part defines the mechanism of the inhibition of production of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) by dietary n‐3 fatty acid. Female BALB/c mice were each fed a fatfree balanced diet to which was added either a refined fish oil (FO) preparation as a source of n‐3 fatty acid, or beef tallow (BT), which consisted primarily of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. After ingesting the experimental diets for periods ranging from 3 to 12 wk, spleen cell preparations were stimulatedex vivo with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), and prolL‐1β mRNA (Il‐1β mRNA) was measured by northern analysis. Levels of IL‐1β mRNA in both LPS‐and PMA‐stimulated cells from BT‐fed mice were elevated to a greater extent than in cells from FO‐fed mice, at most concentrations of LPS and PMA. Stability of LPS‐stimulated mRNA levels after actinomycin D was similar for BT and FO groups, indicating that lower levels of IL‐1 mRNA with FO groups was related to suppressed IL‐1 gene transcription and not due to accelerated transcript degradation. Nuclear run‐on transcription assays revealed a more transient expression of the IL‐1β gene in LPS‐stimulated spleen cells from FO‐fed mice compared to cells from BT‐fed mice. We conclude that dietary marine lipids reduce transient expression of the IL‐1β gene in stimulated splenic monocytic cells. Preliminary results from nuclear run‐on transcription assays indicate that n‐3 fatty acids may not change the initial rate of gene transcription but may promote more rapid shutting down of transcription of this gene after induction than do alternative lipids.
The cardiac antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid
Authors: Kang Jing X. , Leaf Alexander 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEach year in the United States alone some 250,000 persons die within one hour of an acute myocardial infarction. These deaths are largely due to ischemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmias, primarily ventricular fibrillation (VF). Thus a safe, simple means of preventing such arrhythmias has considerable public health benefit potential. We have demonstrated that the intravenous infusion of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oils will prevent ischemia‐induced VF in prepared, nonanesthetized, exercising dogs, confirming earlier feeding studies in rats. We show that this protective effect is due to an action of the free acidic form of the PUFA to alter the electrophysiology of individual cardiac myocyte so that the cells are electrically more stable. The electrophysiologic effects, in turn, result from direct and specific effects of the PUFA to block the fast voltage‐dependent sodium channels. The binding of the free fatty acids is directly to the protein of the sodium channels and results in prolongation of the inactivated state of these channels. Other ion channels are also affected by the PUFA. Two clinical trials with n‐3 PUFA are mentioned which inadvertently support the antiarrhythmic potential of PUFA ingestion.
Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans
Authors: Rambjør Gro S. , W»len Ann I. , Windsor Sheryl L. , Harris William S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or both, were responsible for the triglyceride (TG)‐lowering effects of fish oil. EPA (91% pure) and DHA (83% pure), a fish oil concentrate (FOC; 41% EPA and 23% DHA) and an olive oil (OO) placebo (all ethyl esters) were tested. A total of 49 normolipidemic subjects participated. Each subject was given placebo for 2–3 wk and one of the n‐3 supplements for 3 wk in randomized, blinded trials. The target n‐3 fatty acid (FA) intake was 3 g/day in all studies. Blood samples were drawn twice at the end of each supplementation phase and analyzed for lipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipid FA composition. In all groups, the phospholipid FA composition changed to reflect the n‐3 FA given. On DHA supplementation, EPA levels increased to a small but significant extent, suggesting that some retroconversion may have occurred. EPA supplementation did not raise DHA levels, however, FOC and EPA produced significant decreases in both TG and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (C) levels (P<0.01) and increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (P<0.05). DHA supplementation did not affect cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, or high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, but it did cause a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio. We conclude that EPA appears to be primarily responsible for TG‐lowering (and LDL‐C raising) effects of fish oil.