bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between cocaine‐induced paranoia and compulsive foraging: a preliminary report
Authors: ROSSE RICHARD B. , FAY‐MCCARTHY MAUREEN , COLLINS JOSEPH P. , ALIM TANYA N. , DEUTSCH STEPHEN I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo prominent behavioral syndromes associated with chronic cocaine use that have been described in the literature are cocaine‐induced paranoia (CIP) and cocaine‐induced compulsive foraging (CICF) for cocaine. To help to clarify the relationship between the two cocaine‐induced syndromes, the concordance and sequence of onset of the two cocaine‐induced behaviors over the course of the patients' lifetime use of cocaine and during the course of a binge was examined in 62 crack cocaine‐dependent men. Winy‐four (54.8%) reported experiencing both CIP and CICF. In 18 (29%) of the patients, only one of these cocaine‐induced behavioral syndromes was reported. Ten (16.1%) of the subjects reported neither CIP nor CICF. Patterns of cocaine or other substance use and degrees of tolerance to cocaine were not significantly different between the groups endorsing different patterns of cocaine‐induced behaviors. CIP typically preceded the onset of CICF both over the course of the patients' lifetime use of cocaine and over the course of a binge. The study results suggest varying thresholds for the expression of these behaviors in chronic cocaine‐abusing individuals.
Lifetime DSM‐IV diagnosis of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opiate dependence: six‐month reliability in a multi‐site clinical sample
Authors: LANGENBUCHER JAMES , MORGENSTERN JON , LABOUVIE ERICH , NATHAN PETER E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPsychiatric research increasingly emphasizes the diagnosis of symptoms and syndromes on a longitudinal basis. This study tests the reliability of lifetime DSM‐IV diagnoses of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and opiate dependence. The CIDI‐SAM was administered at intervals not less than six months apart to a multi‐site sample of 201 clinical respondents. The reliability of lifetime diagnosis of the syndromes, of the criteria which constitute the syndromes, and of the ages of onset reported for the criteria and for the dependence syndromes as a whole, were studied and the effects of patient characteristics suspected to degrade reliability were examined. There was generally good agreement, statistically, at both the syndrome and criterion level between the two interviews. Lifetime diagnoses for three of the drugs–alcohol, cannabis and opiates–were made at or near levels of agreement generally considered excellent under less strict testing conditions, and cocaine dependence was only marginally below this level. Most criteria showed good reliability and all delivered about equal results when averaged across the four substances, although a relationship between reliability and centrality of the symptom to the individual drug abuse pattern was found. Age of onset was almost uniformly highly reliable. Most patient characteristics bore no detectable relationship to reliability, although patients with multiple drug use patterns may warrant more careful probing by interviewers. Overall, these data indicate that lifetime symptoms and diagnoses can be queried reliably, although they must be reported with less confidence than current slate diagnoses.
Alcohol dependence criteria in DSM‐III‐R: presence of symptoms according to degree of severity
Authors: ANDREATINI ROBERTO , GALDURÓZ JOSÉ CARLOS FERNANDES , FERRI CLEUSA PINHEIRO , DE SOUZA FORMIGONI MARIA LÚCIA OLIVEIRA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAccording to DSM‐III‐R a positive diagnosis of alcohol dependence requires the presence of at least three of nine symptoms of a core dependence syndrome. In this study the presence of the nine symptoms according to degree of the severity of dependence is examined in 99 patients (mild, n=23; moderate, n = 26; and severe, n = 50). It is shown that although the cut‐off point far a positive diagnosis of dependence is the presence of “any three” out of nine DSM‐III‐R criteria, specific symptoms (“excessive drinking”, “desire or efforts to control drinking”, and “drinking despite major problems”) have a high probability of occurrence across the dependence seventy range (mild, moderate or severe). Conversely, other symptoms appear prominently only in the more were cases (“much time devoted to alcohol”, “important activities given up”, and “drinking to relieve withdrawal”). The results suggest that in the DSM‐III‐R criteria for alcohol dependence name symptoms are mare frequently associated with the diagnosis, white other symptoms are associated with seventy of the alcohol dependence disorder.
Relationships of measures of alcohol consumption with alcohol‐related problems in multiple studies: a research synthesis from the collaborative alcohol‐related longitudinal project
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON , GOLDING JACQUELINE M. , LEINO E. VICTOR , MOTOYOSHI F. MICHELLE , ACER G. CATHERINE R. , FERRER HEIDI P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo measures of alcohol consumption were used to predict groups of alcohol problems in 21 general population studies from 11 countries to determine (a) if quantity of drinking per occasion or frequency of drinking per month constituted significant “risk” for alcohol problems, having controlled for each as well as individual‐level and aggregate‐level variables winch might confound these relationships and (b) if these associations mere homogeneous across studies. A two‐tiered analysis assessed these relationships within each study by modeling age, sex, quantity per occasion and frequency per month as predictors of alcohol problems. Mela‐analysis combined test statistics to determine if they were homogeneous across studies. The meta‐analysis was repealed, blocking for per capita consumption of alcohol (a trait of nations thought to measure drinking norms) and the female rate of suicide (a trail of nations thought to measure societal‐level stress). When only individual‐level variables were controlled (age and sex), both quantity and frequency were risk factors for each drinking problem. However, except in the case of the association of quantity with alcohol treatment, the magnitude of these risks were heterogeneous across studies. When blocking for the societal‐level traits, each had more relevance for some, but not all, of the relationships between consumption and problems. Particularly striking was the welt‐documented finding that per capita consumption of alcohol significantly distinguished the relationships of frequency of drinking and health problems (while the female suicide rate did not) and the previously undocumented finding that the female suicide rate significantly distinguished the relationships of both quantity and frequency with treatment (while the per capita consumption of alcohol did not). These findings suggest that the impact of norms and the impact of societal stress in groups have different but significant consequences for the relationships of consumption to problems.
Parenting behavior of adolescent children of alcoholics
Authors: BENSLEY LILLIAN SOUTHWICK , SPIEKER SUSAN J. , McMAHON ROBERT J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe compared the parenting behavior of children of alcoholics (COAs) and non‐COAs within a sample of adolescent mothers. COAs and their children showed dyadic behaviors that were less problematic than those of their peers on mother‐child teaching interactions at 1 year of age, mother‐child interactions during structured play at pre‐school age and child attachment behavior at pre‐school age. COAs reported feeling relatively more rejection as compared to love from the alcoholic parent, but this was not related to their own parenting scores. Similar to other research, COAs reported more historical life stress, more family disruption and more drug use compared to non‐COAs, but these measures also were not related to parenting scores. These results suggest that, although adolescent mothers are at risk for parenting difficulties compared to adult mothers, adolescent COAs do not necessarily encounter more problems in parenting their own children compared to other adolescent mothers.
Drug‐related behavior change for HIV transmission among American injection drug users
Authors: CELENTANO DAVID D. , MUÑOZ ALVARO , CORN SYLVIA , NELSON KENRAD E. , VLAHOV DAVID 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhile high risk drug‐related behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among injection drug users (IDUs) are asserted to have declined over time in response to the AIDS epidemic, evidence from longitudinal cohorts has been sparse. In a cohort of 810 IDUs (442 seronegatives and 368 seropositives) in Baltimore, we identified drug‐related risk behaviors at four consecutive semi‐annual visits. Using robust methods for repeated measurements and multiple logistic regression, we estimated the probabilities of maintaining and reducing risk behaviors according to HIV serostatus and time in the study. Seropositive participants were more likely to maintain lower risk behaviors, and behavior maintenance increased with time in study for both seronegative and seropositive IDUs. Greater risk reduction (towards non‐use and not sharing injection equipment) was seen among seropositive IDUs, with behavior change occurring soon after enrollment in the study. While behavior changes have been reported, many active IDUs, especially those still at risk for acquiring HIV infection, have not adequately reduced their risk. Continuing prevention programs and efforts in vaccine development are imperative to reduce the risk of HIV infection among IDUs.
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans
Authors: STEELE THOMAS D. , McCANN UNA D. , RICAURTE GEORGE A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract(±)3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”), a ring‐substituted amphetamine derivative first synthesized in 1914, has emerged as a popular recreational drug of abuse over the last decade. Pharmacological studies indicate that MDMA produces a mixture of central stimulant and psychedelic effects, many of which appear to be mediated by brain monoamines, particularly serotonin and dopamine. In addition to its pharmacologic actions, MDMA has been found to possess toxic activity toward brain serotonin neurones. Serotonergic neurotoxicity after MDMA has been demonstrated in a variety of experimental animals (including non‐human primates). In monkeys, the neurotoxic dose of MDMA closely approaches that used by humans. While the possibility that MDMA is also neurotoxic in humans is under investigation, other adverse effects of MDMA in humans have been documented, including various systemic complications and a number of untoward neuropsychiatric sequelae. Notably, many of the adverse neuropsychiatric consequences noted after MDMA involve behavioral domains putatively influenced by brain serotonin (e.g., mood, cognition and anxiety). Given the restricted status of MDMA use, retrospective clinical observations from suspecting clinicians will probably continue to be a primary source of information regarding MDMA's effects in humans. As such, this article is intended to familiarize the reader with the behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of MDMA, with the hope that improved recognition of MDMA‐related syndromes will provide insight into the function of serotonin in the human brain, in health as well as disease.
Social characteristics of urban cafe guests in Norway
Authors: TRÆEN BENTE , ROSSOW INGEBORG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhich factors may influence the number of hours spent per week in cafes, and the amount of alcohol consumed in licensed premises, by urban cafe guests in Norway? In 1991 a comprehensive questionnaire survey was undertaken among 1053 visitors to 41 licensed cafes in Oslo, Norway. The five most important predictors of time spent in cafes were: household situation (β=0.20), occupation (β= 0.18), personal economic resources and sex (both β= 0.15) and age (β= 0.11). These factors were also significant predictors of the number of days during the past 4 weeks the respondents had drunk jour glasses or more of alcohol in cafes. Men, people living with others, people with poor economic resources and people not engaged in paid employment or education were the ones who reported spending the most hours per week and the most episodes of “heavy” drinking in cafes during a 4‐week period. Visiting and drinking in cafes may be a way of structuring everyday life.
Long‐term benzodiazepine users—a mixed bag
Authors: KING MICHAEL B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this article it is argued that long‐term benzodiazepine (BZD) users can be classified into four broad groups, namely medical, daytime, night‐time and polydrug users. Although the groups are not exhaustive or mutually exclusive, such a classification may go some way to clarify our understanding of the complex psychological and sociological phenomena involved in long‐term consumption of BZDs.
Stimulant withdrawal
Authors: LAGO JÉSUS A. , KOSTEN THOMAS R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe current paper is a review of the literature on abstinence symptomatology after stimulant use. The studies performed indicate biological and physical changes during abstinence. One outpatient study suggests a phasic model of stimulant abstinence which is characterized by a ‘crash’, ‘withdrawal’, and ‘extinction’ phase. However, two inpatient studies do not confirm these findings. In contrast, these latter two studies did not find a crash phase and reported a gradual improvement of mood during these 21‐day and 28‐day inpatient stays. Biological measures suggest changes in receptor, endocrinological and neurochemical activity. One study found hyperprolactinemia throughout the 4‐week period, while another study using PET and FDG ([18FJ‐Fluorodeoxyglucose) found increased brain glucose metabolism in the dopamine‐rich areas of the basal ganglia and orbitofrontal cortex. Another study using PET and F18‐Methylspiroperidol found decreased dopamine D2 receptor binding during cocaine withdrawal and also a separate study using PET and F‐18‐Dopa discovered low dopaminergic brain activity. To date, few studies have been performed, and the lack of clear‐cut physical withdrawal symptoms as seen in alcohol, sedative, and opiate withdrawal makes it difficult to demonstrate definitively the presence of withdrawal during stimulant abstinence. Amphetamine withdrawal has been less studied, but empirical data suggest that the symptoms are similar to cocaine withdrawal. Further studies are needed to better delineate the presence of acute versus chronic post‐use symptoms.
Treatment of alcohol problems
Authors: HODGSON RAY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper gives an overview of the variety of approaches that have been used in the treatment of alcohol problems. There is good evidence that approaches directed at improving social and marital relationships, self‐control and stress management are effective. There is at present little to suggest that aversion therapies, confrontational interventions, educational lectures or films and group psychodynamic therapy are effective, nor is there good evidence yet that use of psychotropic medications is effective. However, it may be that therapies that have not proved effective with the broad range of individuals with alcohol problems might prove effective with selected cases. Future research should place more emphasis on determining the kinds of alcohol problems that are likely to respond to different kinds of treatments directed at different kinds of goals and by different kinds of practitioners. The base of treatment should be broadened to include the large numbers of individuals with alcohol problems but who could not be considered as alcohol‐dependent. This would have to involve a wide range of primary care and generic workers and include use of brief interventions.
A comparison of DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 substance use disorders diagnoses in 1922 men and women subjects in the COGA study
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , HESSELBROCK VICTOR , TIPP JAYSON , ANTHENELLI ROBERT , BUCHOLZ KATHLEEN , RADZIMINSKI SHELLEY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA research interview was used to evaluate the relationship relationships between DSM‐IV, DSM‐III‐R and ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders. The sample of 1992 subjects, including both men and women, was composed of subjects and their relatives from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcohoism (COGA) study. With regard to diagnoses of substance dependence, the analyses revealed that the proportions of individuals diagnosed in the three systems were similar, with the highest numbers observed for DSM‐III‐R, the lowest for ICD‐10 and the figures for DSA4‐IV between the two. The kappas for dependence diagnoses ranged from 0.54 to 0.83, with the majority at 0.7 and higher, indicating that the same subjects were being given the same labels in the three systems. However, the criteria for abuse or harmful use resulted in rather disparate proportions labeled across the three systems, with kappas that rarely exceeded 0.10.
Paul‐Maurice Legrain (1860‐1939)
Authors: PRESTWICH PATRICIA E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPaul‐Maurice Legrain was the most prominent, yet least representative, figure in the late nineteenth century French temperance movement. He founded the first popular temperance organization and was France's hading expert in the treatment of alcoholics. Yet Legrain advocated total abstinence from alcohol, a concept that, even among French temperance supporters, was considered foreign and fanatical. Permanently on the margins of the temperance movement, Legrain campaigned for abstinence within the trade union movement and developed the production of fruit juice. He was also instrumental in establishing the first public facility for the treatment of alcoholics. His life‐long efforts to convince the French of the virtues of abstinence may illustrate the dangers of an uncritical acceptance of foreign models, but his openness to these different ideas resulted in unique insights and opportunities.
Pre‐ and post‐admission attrition of homeless, mentally ill chemical abusers referred to residential treatment programs
Authors: NUTTBROCK LARRY H. , NG‐MAK DAISY S. , RAHAV MICHAEL , RIVERA JAMES J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAims.To assess the magnitude and psychopathologic predictors of attrition among homeless, mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) referred to residential treatment programs in New York City.Design.Homeless, MICAs were randomly referred to a therapeutic community (TC) or community residence (CR) and monitored with regard to pre‐ and post‐admission attrition.Settings.Community based treatment facilities modified to treat both substance abuse and major menial illness.Participants.Homeless individuals with a major mental illness (DSM‐IH‐R) and a history of abusing alcohol or other drugs.Measurements.Attrition rates and selected scales of psychopathology.Findings.From an initial pool of 694 treatment candidates, 147 (22%) were rejected for admission at their assigned facility; 247 (36%) failed to show up for treatment; and 212 (31%) dropped out of treatment at some point during the first 12 months. Contrary to expectation, those with severe levels of psychotic ideation, depressive symptoms and hostility were admitted to treatment more frequently and stayed in treatment longer at the TC, a high demand approach, than the CR, a low demand approach.Conclusion.Clinicians should consider the TC as a viable treatment option for MICAs.
Musical preference as an indicator of adolescent drug use
Authors: FORSYTH ALASDAIR J. M. , BARNARD MARINA , McKEGANEY NEIL P. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aims. This paper aims to demonstrate whether a relationship exists between adolescent drug use and identification with styles of music linked to specific youth culture. Design. Survey data were collected by researchers, under exam conditions, from two contrasting samples of Scottish secondary schoolchildren. Setting. Fieldwork was conducted in five comprehensive schools in the city of Dundee in 1994 and five comprehensive schools in the rural area of Perth and Kinross District in 1996. Participants. Questionnaires were administered to two randomly selected mixed ability classes in each of the four compulsory school years (S1 to S4), at each participating school. The eventual sample (n= 1523) was approximately 10% of all children in these school years from the geographical areas surveyed. Measurements. Comparisons were made between life‐time measures of legal and illegal drug use and current favourite style of music. Findings. Although few children in this study had ever taken the drug ecstasy (MDMA),‘fans’ of rave music were more likely to have used drugs than those who preferred other styles of music. This relationship held true across a range of drugs used, across two geographical areas, over time and controlling for age, gender and parental social class. Conclusions. The paper is one of the first to quantify a possible relationship between drug use and music style. On the basis of the evidence presented, a significant relationship was found between identification with rave music and life‐time drug use.
A natural classification of alcoholics by means of statistical grouping methods
Authors: PETERS DRIES 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAims.The results of previous studies using statistical grouping methods for subtyping of alcoholics did not converge to a coherent natural classification, probably among other things as a consequence of improper selection of methods. As an alternative an analytic strategy is formulated and tested. First, a cluster procedure tests a categorical model of the data. If no compact isolated groups are detected non‐metric multi‐dimensional scaling is used to unravel the complex relations in the data by reconstructing a low dimensional spatial solution.Design.Cross‐sectional study.Setting.In and outpatient treatment programs of the Amsterdam health region in The Netherlands.Participants.A consecutive sample of 277 men and women voluntarily seeking treatment for their alcohol problems. No exclusion criteria were applied.Measurements.A sample of 102 symptoms reflecting various aspects of alcoholism measured by structured self‐report questionnaire (93 symptoms) or derived from a semi‐structured interview taken by treatment staff (nine symptoms).Findings.The cluster procedure failed to show a fitting categorical model. Non‐metric multi‐dimensional scaling produced a three‐dimensional spatial solution. The first dimension reflects the alcohol dependence syndrome. The second bipolar dimension reveals a male‐dominated anti‐social alcoholism, and a female‐dominated pattern of isolated home drinking. The third bipolar dimension represents chronic alcoholism, and young quarrelsome people from troubled families.Conclusions.The three‐dimensional solution obtained has a high face validity and incorporates a number of aspects of previous classifications. The results illustrate the strength of the analytic strategy in unravelling complex symptomatology. Limitations of the classification obtained are stressed and directions for subsequent validation research are given.