bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Not to Do the Cognitive Science of Religion Today
Authors: Geertz Armin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article is a critical examination of Dennett's book Breaking the Spell. The main argument is that there are good and effective ways of doing the cognitive science of religion and there are poor and ineffective ways of doing it. Dennett's book is poorly done on a number of fronts: it is exceedingly hostile and rhetorical, thus missing the public audience he wishes to persuade, it is arrogant towards and shows clear ignorance of the professional study of religion, and it poorly represents serious cognitive science of religion. Furthermore, Dennett ignores the vast amount of literature on the very subjects that worry him the most, namely, fundamentalism, terror, violence, bigotry, deception, oppression, rape, child abuse, and false beliefs—all of which are not necessarily related to religion, on which he is silent. He also leaves untouched the literature on a number of subjects highly relevant to his evolutionary scenario, such as the evolution of consciousness, theories of memory, the role of narrative, the development of persons and selves, embodied cognition, extended mind, etc.
Meme Infection or Religious Niche Construction? An Adaptationist Alternative to The Cultural Maladaptationist Hypothesis
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper develops an alternative to Dennett's meme-theoretic explanation for religious commitment. First I build an argument in defense of Dennett's position, drawing on a cultural evolution literature that he mentions but does not develop (Dennett 2006). Then I describe data that even this enhanced account leaves poorly explained. Next I draw on commitment signaling theory to produce an account that explains these puzzling data. I show how religious culture provides a pervasive example of human epistemic niche construction. An adaptationist analysis of religious culture exposes how the propagation of costly misunderstandings massively reduce the cognitive burdens of Machiavellian social complexity.
Bridging the Brentano Gorge: An Introduction to Daniel Dennett's Breaking the Spell
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this introduction to a special MTSR issue dedicated to Breaking the Spell, I outline the broad philosophical contours of Daniel Dennett's career and its relevance for scholars of religion. By focusing attention on how Dennett's understanding of cognition is informed by a Darwinian principle of naturally selected "design," my goal is to explain why many academics in the field had high hopes for his account of religious cognition's natural origins.
Full of Sound and Fury: The Media Response to Dennett
Authors: Koch Gretchen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWhat has motivated the general hostility towards Dennett's most recent book? Which criticisms should we accept as valid? This paper examines some of the most vociferous attacks on Breaking the Spell which appeared in newspapers and online blogs soon after it was published. More specifically, it considers the question of whether a defense of atheism ought to be coupled with advocacy for the naturalistic (i.e., scientific) study of religion. Further, it addresses the meaning of the oft-made claim that evolution "equals" atheism, and whether the notion constitutes a political red herring.
Evolution, Politics and the Spell of Language: A Critical Analysis of Daniel Dennett's Breaking the Spell
Authors: Vaněk David 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe author attempts to analyze Daniel Dennett's Breaking the Spell as a discourse, challenging its clean-cut division into descriptive and evaluative parts, proposed by Dennett himself. Rather than focusing on the details of Dennett's contribution to the theory of religion, he identifies several apparently inconspicuous concepts distributed throughout the text which form a web of relations functioning as a narration hidden below its surface. What thus transpires is a story of tension between description and evaluation, science and politics, materialism and spirituality as well as other concepts whose uncontrolled dialectics seems to have deprived Daniel Dennett of his otherwise indisputable mastery over his texts.
Climatic Influences on Midwest Drought during the Twentieth Century
Authors: White Warren B. , Gershunov Alexander , Annis Jeffrey 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The Dustbowl Era drought in the 1930s was the principal Midwest drought of the twentieth century, occurring primarily in late spring–summer [April–August (AMJJA)] when &gt;70% of annual rainfall normally occurred. Another major Midwest drought occurred in the 1950s but primarily in fall–early winter [September–December (SOND)] when normal rainfall was ∼1/2 as much. Optimized canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is applied to forecast AMJJA and SOND Midwest rainfall variability in cross-validated fashion from antecedent DJF and JJA sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the surrounding oceans. These CCA models simulate (i.e., hindcast, not forecast) the Dustbowl Era drought of the 1930s and four of seven secondary AMJJA droughts (≥3-yr duration) during the twentieth century, and the principal Midwest drought of the 1950s and one of three secondary SOND droughts. Diagnosing the model canonical correlations finds the superposition of tropical Pacific cool phases of the quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) and interdecadal oscillation (IDO) responsible for secondary droughts in AMJJA when ENSO was weak and finds the eastern equatorial Pacific cool phase of the ENSO responsible for secondary droughts during SOND when ENSO was strong. These explain why secondary droughts in AMJJA occurred more often (nearly every decade) and were of longer duration than secondary droughts in SOND when decadal drought tendencies were usually interrupted by ENSO. These diagnostics also find the AMJJA Dustbowl Era drought in the 1930s and the principal SOND drought in the 1950s driven primarily by different phases (i.e., in quadrature) of the pentadecadal signal in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO).
Climate Anomalies Induced by the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations: Glacial Maximum and Present-Day Perspectives
Authors: Justino F. , Peltier W. R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Based on multicentury coupled climate simulations of both modern and glacial maximum conditions, this study focuses on the impact of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on the earth’s surface climate. Intercomparison of the results obtained in numerical experiments for both climate epochs demonstrates that highly significant changes of surface climate are predicted to have occurred depending upon the phase of the AO and AAO. These climate anomalies differ substantially between the modern and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) states and exhibit a strong seasonal cycle under the latter conditions. Additional investigation has revealed that an intensification of the subtropical gyres in the North Atlantic and North Pacific that are induced during the positive phase of the AO plays a key role in the development of positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in midlatitudes. In the Southern Hemisphere, similarly significant and systematic climate shifts are shown to occur due to variations of the Antarctic Oscillation that are highlighted by a warming over the Antarctic Peninsula and midlatitudes during the positive phase of the AAO. Finally, the authors find that the temporal variability of the AO and of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is significantly anticorrelated, with this coupling being independent of the season under present-day conditions. Under LGM conditions, however, due to the intensified vigor of the atmospheric circulation, the coupling is found to be stronger during boreal winter.
Transient Atmospheric Response to Interactive SST Anomalies
Authors: Ferreira David , Frankignoul Claude 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The transient atmospheric response to interactive SST anomalies in the midlatitudes is investigated using a three-layer QG model coupled in perpetual winter conditions to a slab oceanic mixed layer in the North Atlantic. The SST anomalies are diagnosed from a coupled run and prescribed as initial conditions, but are free to evolve. The initial evolution of the atmospheric response is similar to that obtained with a prescribed SST anomaly, starting as a quasi-linear baroclinic and then quickly evolving into a growing equivalent barotropic one. Because of the heat flux damping, the SST anomaly amplitude slowly decreases, albeit with little change in pattern. Correspondingly, the atmospheric response only increases until it reaches a maximum amplitude after about 1–3.5 months, depending on the SST anomaly considered. The response is similar to that at equilibrium in the fixed SST case, but it is 1.5–2 times smaller, and then slowly decays away.
Relations between Northward Ocean and Atmosphere Energy Transports in a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Vellinga Michael , Wu Peili 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) is used to analyze the relation between northward energy transports in the ocean and atmosphere at centennial time scales. In a transient water-hosing experiment, where suppressing the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) causes a reduction in northward ocean heat transport of up to 0.75 PW (i.e., 75%), the atmosphere compensates by increasing its northward transport of moist static energy. This compensation is very efficient at low latitudes and near complete at the equator throughout the experiment, but is incomplete farther north across the northern midlatitude storm tracks. The change in atmosphere energy transport enables the model to find a new global-mean radiative equilibrium after 240 yr.
In a perturbed physics ensemble of HadCM3 it was found that time-averaged meridional energy transports in ocean and atmosphere can act opposingly. Where model formulation causes an unbalanced mean climate state, for example, an excessive top-of-the-atmosphere radiative surplus at low latitudes, the atmosphere increases its poleward energy transport to disperse this excess. MOC and ocean poleward heat transport tend to be reduced in such model versions, and this offsets the increased poleward atmospheric transport of the low-latitude energy surplus. Model versions that are close to net radiative equilibrium also have ocean heat transport and MOC close to observed values.
Global Trends and Variability in Soil Moisture and Drought Characteristics, 1950–2000, from Observation-Driven Simulations of the Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle
Authors: Sheffield Justin , Wood Eric F. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Global and regional trends in drought for 1950–2000 are analyzed using a soil moisture–based drought index over global terrestrial areas, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. The soil moisture fields are derived from a simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle driven by a hybrid reanalysis–observation forcing dataset. Drought is described in terms of various statistics that summarize drought duration, intensity, and severity. There is an overall small wetting trend in global soil moisture, forced by increasing precipitation, which is weighted by positive soil moisture trends over the Western Hemisphere and especially in North America. Regional variation is nevertheless apparent, and significant drying over West Africa, as driven by decreasing Sahel precipitation, stands out. Elsewhere, Europe appears to have not experienced significant changes in soil moisture, a trait shared by Southeast and southern Asia. Trends in drought duration, intensity, and severity are predominantly decreasing, but statistically significant changes are limited in areal extent, of the order of 1.0%–7.0% globally, depending on the variable and drought threshold, and are generally less than 10% of continental areas. Concurrent changes in drought spatial extent are evident, with a global decreasing trend of between −0.021% and −0.035% yr−1. Regionally, drought spatial extent over Africa has increased and is dominated by large increases over West Africa. Northern and East Asia show positive trends, and central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau show decreasing trends. In South Asia all trends are insignificant. Drought extent over Australia has decreased. Over the Americas, trends are uniformly negative and mostly significant.
Within the long-term trends there are considerable interannual and decadal variations in soil moisture and drought characteristics for most regions, which impact the robustness of the trends. Analysis of detrended and smoothed soil moisture time series reveals that the leading modes of variability are associated with sea surface temperatures, primarily in the equatorial Pacific and secondarily in the North Atlantic. Despite the overall wetting trend there is a switch since the 1970s to a drying trend, globally and in many regions, especially in high northern latitudes. This is shown to be caused, in part, by concurrent increasing temperatures. Although drought is driven primarily by variability in precipitation, projected continuation of temperature increases during the twenty-first century indicate the potential for enhanced drought occurrence.
Effects of Twenty-First-Century Climate Change on the Amazon Rain Forest
Authors: Cook Kerry H. , Vizy Edward K. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A regional atmospheric model with 60-km resolution is asynchronously coupled with a potential vegetation model to study the implications of twenty-first-century climate change for the tropical and subtropical climate and vegetation of South America. The coupled model produces an accurate simulation of the present day climate and vegetation. Future climate is simulated by increasing atmospheric CO2 levels to 757 ppmv and imposing lateral and surface boundary conditions derived from a GCM simulation for 2081–2100 from the Canadian Climate Center GCM.
The coupled regional model simulation projects a 70% reduction in the extent of the Amazon rain forest by the end of the twenty-first century and a large eastward expansion of the caatinga vegetation that is prominent in the Nordeste region of Brazil today. These changes in vegetation are related to reductions in annual mean rainfall and a modification of the seasonal cycle that are associated with a weakening of tropical circulation systems.
Measurements of Boundary Layer Profiles with In Situ Sensors and Doppler Lidar
Authors: Frehlich Rod , Meillier Yannick , Jensen Michael L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA new in situ measurement system and lidar processing algorithms were developed for improved measurements of boundary layer profiles. The first comparisons of simultaneous Doppler lidar–derived profiles of the key turbulence statistics of the two orthogonal horizontal velocity components (longitudinal and transverse) are presented. The instrument requirements for accurate observations of stably stratified turbulence were determined. A region of stably stratified low turbulence with constant gradients of temperature and velocity was observed above the nocturnal boundary layer using high-rate sensors. The important turbulence parameters were estimated, and turbulence spectra were consistent with new theoretical descriptions of stratified turbulence. The impact of removing the larger-scale velocity features in Doppler lidar estimates of turbulent velocity variance and length scales was investigated. The Doppler lidar–derived estimates of energy dissipation rate ε were found to be insensitive to spatial filtering of the large-scale atmospheric processes. The in situ and lidar-derived profiles were compared for the stable boundary layer in a suburban environment.
Four-Dimensional Variational Data Analysis of Water Vapor Raman Lidar Data and Their Impact on Mesoscale Forecasts
Authors: Grzeschik Matthias , Bauer Hans-Stefan , Wulfmeyer Volker , Engelbart Dirk , Wandinger Ulla , Mattis Ina , Althausen Dietrich , Engelmann Ronny , Tesche Matthias , Riede Andrea 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The impact of water vapor observations on mesoscale initial fields provided by a triangle of Raman lidar systems covering an area of about 200 km × 200 km is investigated. A test case during the Lindenberg Campaign for Assessment of Humidity and Cloud Profiling Systems and its Impact on High-Resolution Modeling (LAUNCH-2005) was chosen. Evaluation of initial water vapor fields derived from ECMWF analysis revealed that in the model the highly variable vertical structure of water vapor profiles was not recovered and vertical gradients were smoothed out. Using a 3-h data assimilation window and a resolution of 10–30 min, continuous water vapor data from these observations were assimilated in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) by means of a four-dimensional variational data analysis (4DVAR). A strong correction of the vertical structure and the absolute values of the initial water vapor field of the order of 1 g kg−1 was found. This occurred mainly upstream of the lidar systems within an area, which was comparable with the domain covered by the lidar systems. The correction of the water vapor field was validated using independent global positioning system (GPS) sensors. Much better agreement to GPS zenith wet delay was achieved with the initial water vapor field after 4DVAR. The impact region was transported with the mean wind and was still visible after 4 h of free forecast time.
Triploidy: 109 Prenatal Diagnoses
Authors: Witters Ingrid , Fryns Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2008

Triploidy is a common finding both in early spontaneous miscarriages and in the fetal period, presenting in 1–2% of pregnancies. It may be the result of diandry (an extra paternal haploid set) or digyny (an extra maternal haploid set). Diandry predominates in cases of triploidy without embryos after nine weeks or in the second trimester with fetuses of relatively normal size and with placental findings of partial hydatidiform mole. Digyny predominates in early miscarriages before nine weeks with embryos or in the second trimester with fetuses with a marked asymmetrical intrauterine growth retardation and a small placenta. We reviewed 109 prenatal diagnoses of triploidy in a ten-year period. In the group with the first trimester diagnosis <14 weeks ( n=62), an interesting finding is the high percentage of recurrent miscarriage as an indication for chromosomal analysis ( n=26/62; 42%). In the second and third trimesters <14 weeks ( n=47), 29 cases had ultrasound characteristics of digynic triploidy with an asymmetrical fetal growth retardation with oligohydramnios of which three pregnancies continued above 20 weeks with abnormal Doppler waveforms and velocities. Thirteen cases had ultrasound characteristics of diandric triploidy with only mild growth retarded or normal grown fetuses with a thickened placenta. Other indications for chromosomal analysis were maternal age ( n=1) and a positive maternal serum triple test screening without ultrasound specifications ( n=4). Early prenatal recognition of triploid pregnancies, certainly those with placental findings of partial hydatidiform mole, is important since these mothers are at risk of preeclampsia and persistent trophoblastic disease.
Runx1 is involved in primitive erythropoiesis in the mouse
Authors: Yokomizo Tomomasa , Hasegawa Kazuteru , Ishitobi Hiroyuki , Osato Motomi , Ema Masatsugu , Ito Yoshiaki , Yamamoto Masayuki , Takahashi Satoru 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTargeted disruption of the Runx1/ AML1 gene in mice has demonstrated that it is required for the emergence of definitive hematopoietic cells but that it is not essential for the formation of primitive erythrocytes. These findings led to the conclusion that Runx1 is a stage-specific transcription factor acting only during definitive hematopoiesis. However, the zebrafish and Xenopus homologs of Runx1 have been shown to play roles in primitive hematopoiesis, suggesting that mouse Runx1 might also be involved in the development of primitive lineages. In this study, we show that primitive erythrocytes in Runx1−/− mice display abnormal morphology and reduced expression of Ter119, Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF, KLF1), and GATA-1. These results suggest that mouse Runx1 plays a role in the development of both primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells.
The impact of JAK2 and MPL mutations on diagnosis and prognosis of splanchnic vein thrombosis: a report on 241 cases
Authors: Kiladjian Jean-Jacques , Cervantes Francisco , Leebeek Franck W. G. , Marzac Christophe , Cassinat Bruno , Chevret Sylvie , Cazals-Hatem Dominique , Plessier Aurélie , Garcia-Pagan Juan-Carlos , Murad Sarwa Darwish , Raffa Sebastian , Janssen Harry L. A. , Gardin Claude , Cereja Sophie , Tonetti Carole , Giraudier Stéphane , Condat Bertrand , Casadevall Nicole , Fenaux Pierre , Valla Dominique C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs) represent the commonest cause of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT), including Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT), but their diagnosis is hampered by changes secondary to portal hypertension, while their influence in the outcome of SVT remains unclear. We assessed the diagnostic and prognostic value of JAK2 and MPL515 mutations in 241 SVT patients (104 BCS, 137 PVT). JAK2V617F was found in 45% of BCS and 34% of PVT, while JAK2 exon 12 and MPL515 mutations were not detected. JAK2V617F was found in 96.5% of patients with bone marrow (BM) changes specific for MPD and endogenous erythoid colonies, but also in 58% of those with only one feature and in 7% of those with neither feature. Stratifying MPD diagnosis first on JAK2V617F detection would have avoided BM investigations in 40% of the patients. In BCS, presence of MPD carried significantly poorer baseline prognostic features, required hepatic decompression procedures earlier, but had no impact on 5-year survival. Our results suggest that JAK2V617F testing should replace BM investigations as initial test for MPD in patients with SVT. Underlying MPD is associated with severe forms of BCS, but current therapy appears to offset deleterious effects of MPD on the medium-term outcome.