bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Model for Injectivity Decline Prediction During PWRI
Authors: Paiva R. , Bedrikovetsky P. , Furtado C. , Siqueira A. G. , de Souza A. L. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Injectivity decline is a chronicle disaster during produced water re-injection (PWRI); the phenomenon has been widely reported in the literature for North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Campos Basin fields. The damage happens due to solid and liquid particles in the re-injected water. The injectivity decline prediction is important for planning and design of PWRI, of injected water treatment and of well stimulation procedures. The reliable prediction should be based on mathematical modelling using well injectivity index history and laboratory data.
The mathematical models for deep bed filtration of particles and for external filter cake formation have been developed and adjusted to coreflood and well data by numerous authors (Sharma, Khatib, Wennberg et. al.). Here we add modelling of external cake erosion during well closing by the growing cake and filling the well by the erosion particles and develop a comprehensive model.
The comprehensive model predicts very peculiar injectivity index (II) curve: initial II increase due to displacement of oil by less viscous water, slow II decline due to deep bed filtration, fast II decrease during external filter cake formation, II stabilization due to cake erosion during the rat hole filling by the eroded particles and further II decrease during well column filling by erosion products.
The model is implemented in Excel; the software SPINSimulates and Predicts the INjectivity.
We present in details the history matching for three injectors (field X, Campos Basin, Brazil), showing good agreement between modelling and well data. The obtained values of injectivity damage parameters lay in the same rage intervals as those calculated from laboratory corefloods.
Address of Guillermo Rodriguez-Eraso, President of Lagoven, S.A. to the Second Joint Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Rodriguez-Eraso Guillermo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is an honor and a pleasure to be here today and be able to address for the second year in a row the distinguished audience gathered for the occasion of the Joint Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Venezuela and the United States have a long history of fruitful commercial relations which have been important to both of our countries, and seem destined to become increasingly so. Even with a successful program of energy conservation and diversification, the United States will likely continue to have to rely on large quantities of imported oil. In this respect the volumetric size, geographical proximity and traditional reliability of Venezuela's oil reserves suggest that it will remain an important oil export supplier for many decades to come.
Until a few years ago, we were the United States’ principal foreign oil supplier. Although Saudi Arabia now ranks first, Venezuelan oil fills an important share of your oil requirements. In 1980, direct exports to the United States averaged nearly 500,000 barrels of oil per day, more than half of which were refined products. When Venezuelan crude oil that is refined in the Caribbean and then shipped to the United States is included, about half of Venezuela's 1.8 million barrels per day of exports comes to this country.
Economics of in Situ Combustion - The Bellevue Field Bossier Parish, Louisiana
Authors: Pusch William H. , Garvey John M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The ever-changing economic status of the world's oil supply has changed the industry's outlook on future petroleum reserves to the point that new incentives have arisen to explore new recovery techniques that once were far too uneconomical to conduct. Ten years ago, Cities Service Company pioneered an Enhanced Oil Recovery Project to maximize production from a shallow viscous oil reservoir in which primary and secondary recovery techniques had produced only 10% of the original oil in place. Therman recovery, which is the EOR process used by Cities Service in the Bellevue Field, has long been recognized as an effective means of increasing the recovery of high viscosity crude. However, enhanced recovery techniques are plagued with the problems of low recovery and high operating costs. This paper is directed toward discussing some of those costs.
The Influence of Pore Coordination on Petrophysical Parameters
Authors: Yuan Herbert H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Using simple models of pore systems in conjunction with percolation theory concepts, relationships between the residual oil saturation at very low flooding rates and three petrophysical parameters, the porosity, the formation resistivity factor and Archie's lithologic exponent are found. Experimental data using air/liquid countercurrent imbibition along with routine petrophysical measurements on a set of clean, well-sorted sandstones and various carbonates confirm these relationships. Empirically, the best correlation for the residual oil saturation is with the porosity, although the formation resistivity factor also provides a good correlation.
Use of Chemical Salt Precipitation Inhibitors to Maintain Supersaturated Salt Muds for Drilling Salt Formations
Authors: Earl S. L. , Nahm J. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Five commercial salt inhibitors were laboratory tested in NaCl solutions to evaluate their effectiveness in maintaining salt (NaCl) saturations over the temperature ranges encountered from the bottom of the hole to the surface when drilling through salt formations. The effect of salt inhibitors was also studied in NaCl solutions with high Ca++ and Mg++ contamination. Three of the inhibitors were found to be effective in maintaining a supersaturation condition while two were not. Effectiveness was shown to be significantly reduced in the presence of high hardness.
The test results were successfully applied to a drilling program in the Williston Basin to eliminate salt zone washouts with the use of a supersaturated salt mud. Comparison of caliper logs and cement bond logs from previously drilled wells to those of the test wells shows significant reduction in hole enlargement through the salts and improvement in the quality of the cement bond.
Adsorption of Water-Soluble Polymers on High Surface Area Clays
Authors: Ahmed H. , Glass J. E. , McCarthy G. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The adsorption of water-soluble polymers, predominately of the polysaccharide type, on attapulgite, bentonite and berea sand/bentonite (15 wt,%) agglomerated substrates and on deflocculated bentonite suspensions has been conducted. In the agglomerated substrate studies the molecular weight of derivatied polysaccharides was an important factor; the lower the molecular weight the greater the adsorption. Molecular weight was not important in adsorption on deflocculated bentonite substrates.
In the adsorption of underivatized, non-ionic polysaccharides, chain rigidity influenced by the positional bonding between repeating pyranosyl units was important. The greater the rigidity of the chain, the higher the adsorption, which occurred on the exterior of the bentonite particles. Ether linkages either in a totally synthetic polymer (PEO) or appendaged to a polysaccharide to facilitate aqueous solubility promote penetration of the bentonite interlayer sites and increase interplanar spacings. Despite high adsorption values, poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) exhibits the greatest regularity along the clay axis. Polysaccharides (PS) with a critical molar substitution of ether linkages adsorb less than PEO but significantly increase the interplanar spacing. The difference in behavior between PEO and PS ethers is presumably due to the inability of ether linkages appendaged to a PS chain to assume, or bring the PS chain into, an interfacially flat configuration in the matrix.
Several interesting observations on the adsorption of anionic W-SPs from high salinity solutions have been made and indicate the need for additional studies.
The Effects of Capillary Pressure on Immiscible Displacements in Stratified Porous Media
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshio , Lake Larry W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reservoir mixing that occurs during a fluid displacement in a heterogeneous permeable medium could be an important factor in many secondary oil recovery processes. In a stratified medium, mixing may occur longitudinally or in the transverse direction from adjacent layers. One of the greatest causes of mixing in immiscible displacements, capillary imbibition, is described in this paper.
To aid in interpretation and scaling of capillary imbibition effects, three dimensionless numbers and two dimensionless functions are introduced. These are a dimensionless time, a transverse capillary number, a longitudinal capillary number, a heterogeneity function and the Leverett j-function. Through computer simulation these quantities were verified to be accurate measures of capillary mixing in a stratified medium. A pseudo-function approach is also presented by which the vertical mixing phenomenon in a stratified medium may be described in a lower dimension simulation.
Although a stratified model is the simplest form of reservoir heterogeneity, the approach used and results obtained in this study should provide a basis for analyzing fluid displacement in more complicated reservoirs.
A Theoretical Analysis of Viscous Crossflow
Authors: Zapata Vito J. , Lake Larry W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A theory predicting fluid flow in a stratified reservoir considering the affects of viscous crossflow is presented. The development of equations accounts only for crossflow due to pressure gradients formed by the displacing (injected) and displaced (initial) fluids having unequal mobilities; all other forces initiating flow (vertical or horizontal) are considered negligible. The primary simplifying assumption requires the transfer of material between two or more layers to be instantaneous; the assumption is usually referred to as vertical equilibrium (VE). In theory, the equations describing flow are applicable to an arbitrary number of layers, arbitrary initial and injection conditions, arbitrary phase properties affecting flow, and encompasses fractional flow theory applied to water-oil displacements as well as enhanced oil recovery processes. At present the development is restricted to two phases and two components in the injected phase with no partitioning of material between phases.
An Analytical Pattern-Flood Model
Authors: Hagoort J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new pattern-flood model has been developed for the calculation of flooding efficiencies of plane and pseudo-plane floods. Plane and pseudo-plane floods are flooding processes in plane reservoirs that can be described mathematically by two-dimensional flow equations.
The model is an extension and generalisation of the ‘stream tube-model’. It assumes the flow and saturation distribution in the areal plane to be given by a known simple fluid-fluid displacement in which displacing and displaced fluid are separated by a sharp interface. The mobility ratio of this sharp-interface pattern flood may have any value, and thus need not be unity as in the case of the stream tube models.
It is shown that under this assumption plane and pseudo-plane floods can be described mathematically by one-dimensional equations similar to the equations for linear floods. For the solution the following is required: i. the sweep-efficiency of the sharp-interface pattern flood and ii. a fractional flow function, which depends on (pseudo) relative permeabilities and fluid viscosities.
As an illustration, we have calculated flooding efficiencies in a five-spot for the folowing cases: (i) a unit-mobility-ratio waterflood in a stratified reservoir, (ii) a unit-mobility-ratio waterflood in a stratified reservoir with a hydraulically fractured injection or production well, and (iii) a tertiary flood in a homogeneous reservoir.
Operating Experiences With Centrifugal Compressors for High Pressure Gas Injection in the Arun Field
Authors: Kendrick William B. , Berlim Wimin 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Arun Gas Field in Indonesia, has been in operation since May, 1977. This paper discusses gas compression and other facilities required to produce one of the largest gas-condensate fields in the world. The unusually high flowing temperatures and pressures associated with the large gas volumes required for the project called for special considerations in the application of centrifugal compression for the gas cycling phase of the project. The gas stream from the separation station provides the volume required to maintain design capacity at the PT Arun LNG Facilities located nearby. The remainder of the gas stream is diverted for re-injection into the Arun Reservoir. The compression facilities consist of three separate power trains operating in parallel. Each train is made up of four stages of centrifugal compression driven by a gas fired turbine site rated at 28,000 BHP. Current injection rate is approximately 300 MMSCF/Day at a surface pressure of approximately 7100 psia. With several years of operating experience now history, this paper also describes several design modifications required early in the project and discusses the causes and solutions to several operating problems. Operating and performance data is provided to illustrate characteristics of the equipment utilized.
A New Method for Sand Control and Well Stimulation in Unconsolidated Dirty Sands
Authors: Aslesen Kerby S. , Short Charles John , Terwilliger P. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new completion technique has been developed which allows unlimited drawdown and improves productivity in wells completed in unconsolidated formations containing shales and clays. Historically, producing oil and gas from such reservoirs has been limited by rate-dependent sand production and fines migration which resulted in near wellbore formation plugging. This technique eliminates the problems of sand production and fines migration by artificially consolidating a volume of reservoir sand near the wellbore. The consolidation is resistant to high temperature, chemical attack, and degradation resulting from high velocity fluid flow. Additionally, porosity and permeability in the consolidated volume of reservoir sand are improved as a result of irreversible dehydration of clays.
Evaluating Fissured Formation Geometry from Well Test Data: a Field Example
Authors: Gringarten Alain C. , Burgess Trevor M. , Viturat Didier , Pelissier Jean , Aubry Michel 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper illustrates, using a field example, how well test data can be used to evaluate matrix block size and fissure volume in fissured reservoirs. The method is based on type-curve analysis with a recently published type-curve for double porosity reservoirs, and is applied to two tests on the same well, performed at a few years interval, with reservoir pressure above and below the bubble point, respectively. Detailed analysis of the two tests is presented, that yields consistent values for fissuration parameters, ω and λ, although pressure behavior during the tests is very different. Interpretation results were used as inputs to a numerical reservoir simulator, which was then calibrated against actual performance history to yield the size of the matrix blocks. The result was in excellent agreement with that obtained from λ, and with available geological, information.
Fracture Detection by Circumferential Propagation of Acoustic Energy
Authors: Setser Gordon G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An acoustic logging tool that propagates waves circumferentially around the borehole wall is described. This tool, The Circumferential Acoustic Device (CAD), shows excellent promise for the detection of vertically-inclined fractures, for the measurement of shear wave velocity, and for the resolution of thinly interbedded zones. The CAD is a four-arm pad tool. Appended to one pair of opposite arms are cylindrical PZT transducers that act as transmitters. Similarly, the other pair of arms have transducers appended that act as receivers. Acoustic energy travels circumferentially between transmitter and receiver as compressional mud waves and as refractively-coupled formation waves. The formation waves are identified as p-, s-, and pseudo-Rayleigh (pR) waves. Absorbing material is used to preferentially attenuate the mud waves and thereby enhance the formation wave content of the received acoustic wavetrain.
We have used the CAD to log open-hole wells in the Williston Basin. The zones logged are primarily tight limestone, have no mudcake, and have a p-wave velocity of around 18,000 ft/sec. The CAD is found to delineate fractured from non-fractured zones through the attenuation of the pR-waves. These results are verified by comparing CAD well-logs to core.
The CAD is potentially useful for making s and pR-wave velocity measurements, and for sorting out the elastic moduli of strata describable as transversely isotropic. In a transversely isotropic medium the sand pR-wave velocities as measured from CAD logs depend on the C55 elastic constant. Thus the CAD gives unique elasticity information since the more conventional acoustic tools would measure s-wave velocities that depend on C44.
An Offshore Storage And Loading System
Authors: Floyd Claude William 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An offshore loading system needs platform production storage to be efficient. Without storage a platform can only load a tanker at its producing rate, and production must cease when no tanker is connected.
Storage in a concrete platform requires a carefully-designed ballast-water system to maintain a proper pressure balance. The ballast system is designed to handle production into storage and tanker loading from storage simultaneously or separately.
Since the ability of a tanker to moor and load is weather-dependent, storage is necessary for production to continue when seastates exceed mooring limits.
The single-point-mooring buoy must be designed for maximum safety and maximum capability of accepting tankers in heavy seas.
The mooring and loading of tankers presents an unusual challenge to seamanship. The tankers themselves have non-standard design features to improve loading efficiency in the North Sea.
Results from Using the CSAMT Geophysical Technique to Map Oil Recovery Processes
Authors: Bartel L. C. , Wayland J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Use of electromagnetic geophysical prospecting techniques to map EOR processes depends upon electrical resistivity changes of the affected region. Sandia is evaluating the use of the controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) electromagnetic geophysical prospecting technique to map steamflood and fireflood EOR processes. Results are presented of the CSAMT technique mapping of a steamflood, tar sand oil recovery experiment (depth, 500 ft) and of the mapping of a fireflood heavy oil recovery experiment (depth, 360 ft). In both experiments, contours of constant apparent resistivity for measurements taken several months apart show the movement and asymmetry of both processes. The CSAMT shows promise as a technique to map EOR processes.
Drilling with New-Generation Positive Displacement Motors
Authors: Herbert Pat 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Successful penetxation of harder formations at greater drilling depths will play an important role in the continued exploration program of our nation to meet energy needs of the future. As drilling costs continue to rise, more efficient drilling methods must be developed and implemented if economies are to be realized.
Recent advancements in drilling technology, coupled with significant engineering improvements, have spawned a new generation of positive displacement downhole mud motors designed for long interval straight hole drilling with natural or man-made diamond bits or with conventional three-cone rock bits. Field results of the past 24 months have demonstrated that these motors are now cost-competitive with rotary drilling methods. The advantages of increased penetration, deviation control and reduced casing wear contribute to a lower cost per foot of hole drilled compared to rotary techniques.
To be successful, these new-generation motors must be used effectively and efficiently so that maximum tool life can be realized.
Geopressure-Geothermal Testing of Five "Dry Holes" During 1980 and 1981
Authors: Klauzinski Richard Z. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the testing of five hot, geo-pressured aquifers in different geologic environments in Texas and Louisiana by Eaton Operating Company for the U.S. Department of Energy.
The results were encouraging. Natural gas-to-brine content ranged from 33.0 to 55.0 SCF/bbl. Gas production rates ranged from 93 to 600 MCFD. Sustained water production rates ranged from 1,950 to 15,000 BWPD. Bottom-hole temperatures ranged from 260 to 327°F. Reservoir pressures ranged from 6,627 psia to 13,203 psia. A test near Beaumont resulted in discovery of oil and gas.
The Possible Impact of the Geopressure Resource on Conventional Oil and Gas Exploration
Authors: Quitzau Robert , Bassiouni Zaki 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gulf Coast Geopressured aquifers are thought to contain large amounts of dissolved gas. Although the total amount of geopressured water may be considerable, this resource is still considered marginal because of the low solubility of gas in water.
A calculation technique was developed to evaluate the economic potential of a geopressured aquifer for numerous conditions that could allow the exploitation of this unconventional gas resource. This technique allows for the consideration of both wells drilled with the sole intent of producing the geopressured resource and unsuccessful conventional hydrocarbon wells completed in geopressured intervals. The calculation technique allows also for the consideration of different water disposal methods and different taxation schemes.
The net present value of a prospect is used as the parameter to measure economic potential. Net present, value is calculated as a function of gas price. Monte Carlo simulation is used to account for the uncertainty of the many parameters necessary to calculate net present value.
The calculation technique was applied to a typical Gulf Coast geopressured aquifer. From this application it is apparent that for certain likely conditions the conversion of an unsuccessful conventional hydrocarbon well into a geopressured brine well is economically feasible provided that any associated environmental and legal problems are overcome.