bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Buffer Strips for Improving Damage Tolerance of Composite Laminates
Authors: Poe C.C. , Kennedy John M. 
Published: March 2007

Graphite/epoxy panels with buffer strips were tested in tension to measure their residual strength with crack-like damage. Panels were made with [45/0/-45/90]2 S and [45/0/-45/0]2 S layups. The buffer strips were parallel to the loading direction. They were made by replacing narrow strips of the 0° graphite plies with strips of either 0° S-Glass/epoxy or Kevlar-90/epoxy on either a one-for-one or a two-for-one basis. In a third case, 0° graphite/epoxy was used as the buffer material and thin, perforated Mylar strips were placed between the 0° plies and the cross-plies to weaken the interfaces and thus to isolate the 0° plies. Some panels were made with buffer strips of different width and spacings. The buffer strips arrested the cracks and increased the residual strengths significantly over those of plain laminates without buffer strips. A shear-lag type stress analysis correctly predicted the effects of layup, buffer materi al, buffer strip width and spacing, and the number of plies of buffer material.
A Rapidly Convergent Scheme to Compute Moisture Profiles in Composite Materials under Fluctuating Ambient Conditions
Authors: Weitsman Y. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a highly efficient numerical scheme to compute the moisture distribution in composite materials and adhesive joints under time varying ambient relative humidities and temperatures. The moisture diffusion is assumed to follow Fick's laws. It is shown that by appropriate switching among the various forms of the analytic solutions, all involving infinite series, it is possible to attain extremely high accuracy by means of a small number of terms. An example is provided to illustrate the method.
On a Modeling of the Plastic Response of FRP under Monotonic Loading
Authors: Surrel Y. , Vautrin A. 
Published: March 2007

It is shown that the extensive non-linearity which can be observed in the stress-strain response of CFRP submitted to tensile tests in angle-ply or off-axis configurations cannot be of viscoelastic nature. A simple model is proposed to evaluate the response of a lamina of glass- or carbon- reinforced plastic under tensile loading. This model is based on an exponential decrease of the shear and transverse moduli, with respect to the corresponding total strains. It has been experimentally assessed and successfully applied to fit the mechanical response of various [±θ] nS laminates under tensile testing. This model gives acceptable results up to the failure of those laminates which can be correlated with a quadratic criterion involving shear and normal stresses within the laminae. This model provides a framework to quantitatively study the effects of environmental conditions such as moisture or temperature on the mechanical response of these materials.
On Spiritual Authority
Authors: Welwood John 
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the characteristics of pathology in spiritual groups, and distinguishes how leaders of such groups differ from those of more healthy groups that foster valuable personal and social change. However, external criteria alone are shown to be insufficient for this task. A further criterion is the involvement of the student in a legitimate self-knowledge discipline that sharpens perception and awareness, so that he or she can begin to discern whether the authority of the spiritual teacher is genuine or not. Of special importance in distinguishing genuine from fraudulent spiritual authority is the difference between submission, which is enslaving, and surrender, which can be empowering if it opens the student morefully to the needs of other people and the demands of life as a whole. Just as a goldsmith gets his gold First testing by melting, cutting, and rubbing, Sages accept my teachings after full examination And not just out of devotion to me. Sakyamuni Buddha
The Symbolic Growth Experience
Authors: Frick Willard B. 
Published: March 2007

The Symbolic Growth Experience (SGE) refers to those significant moments in life when we create personal meaning by symbolizing our immediate experience in the interest of heightened awareness and personal growth. As we perceive the symbolic dimensions of our immediate experience, we become creative agents in our own learning and growth. Using the SGE as a paradigm, the present article explores its significance for the development of a humanistic-existential theory of learning with a major emphasis on the creation of meaning. Traditional psychology treats learning as change in behavior. Learning from a perceptual orientation is defined as the discovery of meaning. (Combs, Richards, & Richards, 1976, p. 197) Genuine learning and growth are self-initiated responses to life, expressions of one's voice, experience, desire, preference, feeling. (Moustakas, 1974, p. 81) By significant learning I mean learning which is more than an accumulation of facts. It is learning which makes a difference in the individual's behavior, in the course of action he chooses in the future, in his attitudes and in his personality. It is a pervasive learning which is not just an accretion of knowledge, but which interpenetrates with every portion of his existence. (Rogers, 1961, p. 280)
R.D. Laing Remembered
Authors: Schneider Kirk J. 
Published: March 2007

This article conveys some of my thoughts, feelings, and experiences with R. D. Laing. Although I met him only briefly and did not know him personally, I sympathize greatly with his concerns. Once people believed that the world was flat; however, science has proved that the world is round.... Now in spite of that, one still believes that life is flat and goes from birth to death. However, life is probably round and much superior in extension and capacity to the hemisphere known to us at present. Future generations will probably enlighten us on this so interesting subject; and then science itself might arrive-willy-nilly-at conclusions... relating to the other half of existence. -VINCENT VAN GOGH (quoted in Graetz, 1963, p. 71) We respect the voyager, the explorer, the climber, the space-man. It makes far more sense to me as a valid project-in-deed, as a desperately and urgently required project for our time-to explore the inner space and time of consciousness. -R.D. LAING (1967, p. 127)
The Role of Trauma in Spiritual Development
Authors: Decker Larry R. 
Published: March 2007

Trauma acts to increase spiritual development if that development is defined as an increase in the search for purpose and meaning. That search may or may not also produce an improvement in psychological functioning. The process of trauma-produced spiritual development may be best conceptualized in terms of alchemy. Social reality in general demands observable change to validate the inner discoveries. Drinking wine with you, getting warmer and warmer, I think why not trade in this overcoat made of leaves and dirt. Then I look out the window. For what? Both worlds are here. -Rumi Open Secret*
The Recovery of Will in Persons with AIDS
Authors: Krycka Kevin C. 
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a treatment intervention study teaching Focusing (Gendlin, 1981), a mind-body awareness technique, to four men with AIDS. Philosophical and therapeutic questions regarding the lifeworlds (lebenswelt) of persons with HIV spectrum illness are raised. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis are presented with an emphasis on the phenomenological method suggested by Giorgi (1975) and others. The analysis uses material from the tape recordings of each session addressing the aspects of change reported by each participant. Borrowed from the words of one of the participants, the shift in capacity to listen to oneself over time is called the "recovery of will." This process has three movements, which are characterized by the reduction of judgmental self-beliefs, fresh dialogue with significant processes within the self, and the integration of new knowledge derived from the process of listening and being heard. It is as though he listened, and such listening as his enfolds us in a silence in which at last we begin to hear what we are meant to be. Lao-Tse
Necessary Angels: Music and Healing in Psychotherapy
Authors: Nelson David , Weathers Robert 
Published: March 2007

The increasing dominance of medically oriented metaphors for contemporary psychotherapy has led to a need for alternative images to sustain and enliven the psyche in its movement toward individuation. The authors present musical images both as psychological content and as guides for clinicalprocess, pointing toward a deeper and broader conception ofthe entire psychotherapeutic enterprise. Clinical applications are provided, including examples of creatively employing music in psychotherapy with individual adolescent and adult clients, couples and groups, and culturally diverse populations. When an image [italics added] is realized-fully imagined as a living being other than myself-then it becomes a psychopompos, a guide with a soul... pregnant with significance and intention, a necessary angel [italics added] as it appears here and now and which teaches the hand to represent it, the ear to hear [italics added], and the heart how to respond. (Hillman, 1989, p. 56)
The Chronic Petty Offender: Law Enforcement or Welfare Problem?
Authors: Grygier Tadeusz 
Published: March 2007

This is a summary account of an operational study closely re lated to social action. It is realized that repeated short-term sentences imposed on chronic inadequate offenders are serving no deterrent purpose and that they might even satisfy some social and emotional needs of the repeaters. The purpose of the investi gation carried out in Toronto reformatories was to determine more precisely the nature of these needs, so that more humane and more economical social action could be planned to meet them, possibly outside the penal system. Results of the study challenge the soundness of many general izations derived from clinical and sociological data on the serious offender. The paper discusses implications of the study for social policy with regard to an important, and growing, segment of our criminal and socially inadequate population.
Comparative Levels of Labour Productivity in Dutch and British Manufacturing
Authors: van Ark Bart 
Published: March 2007

‘And coming home, did go on board Sir W. Petty's Experiment—which is a brave roomy vessel—and I hope may do well. So went on shore to a Dutch house to drink some Rum, and there light upon some Dutchmen, with whom we had a good discourse touching Stoveing and making of cables. But to see how despicably they speak of us for our using so many hands more to do anything then they do, they closing a cable with 20 that we use 60 men upon’ (Samuel Pepys' diary for 13 February 1665)This article compares the output per person-hour in 16 branches constituting the total manufacturing sector of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The comparatively poor productivity performance of British industry, as documented in previous studies comparing Britain with Germany and the USA, is confirmed in this new comparison with a much smaller economy in the 1980s. The article examines differences in the industrial composition in the manufacturing sectors of the two countries. Part of the productivity gap is accounted for by the stronger concentration of Dutch manufacturing in capital-intensive industries and in the production of semimanufactured goods. However, a bigger slice of the gap must be attributed to factors such as differences in the pace of introducing new technologies in some of the branches, the quality of the labour force and the utilisation of the capital stock. The article also explores the relation between the average size of manufacturing units and the degree of vertical integration.
The Rise of China as an Economic Power
Authors: Goodhart C. , Xu C. 
Published: March 2007

In the twenty years since the Cultural Revolution, China has maintained fast real growth. This occurred despite China having similar problems to other transitional economies, e.g. loss-making State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), eroding fiscal revenues and inflation, (Section 3).Although China initially adopted the Soviet central planning model, after the 1950s break Chinese planning changed towards a regionally-based system with local planning (Section 2). In contrast to the centrally-based, functionally-specialised (U-form or unitary structure) Soviet model, the Chinese economy is organised on a multi-layer-multi-regional (M-form) basis. This encour aged development of small size township and village enterprises (TVEs), the main engine of Chinese growth.Power and control remained with the Party and the State, but was diffused much more widely, regionally and locally. This allowed initiatives at lower (political) levels to establish institutions, both in agriculture (the ‘household responsibility system’) and industry (TVEs), without state protection. Even among regionally controlled SOEs, ‘tournament rivalry’ between regions, etc., and between SOEs and TVEs provided competition.
Academic Writing: Whose Expectations?
Authors: Allison Desmond , Wu Siew Mei  
Published: March 2007

The importance of 'critical thinking', along with 'creativity' and 'originality', has long been widely proclaimed in educational circles. In Singapore, many recent government pronouncements have also strongly emphasized the importance of creative and critical thinking in relation to curriculum development. Ironically, however, these calls for the enhancement of 'thinking skills' and 'critical enabling skills' may contain unexamined assumptions, often derived from prevailing managerial expectations. Partly for this reason, any language curriculum that seeks to enhance thinking must be ready to place its own assumptions and educational practices under especially careful scrutiny. An important part of a reflective review of a language curriculum is to ascertain the views and expectations of students and teachers themselves. This paper reports on an investigation into teachers' and students' expectations about the academic writing that students undertake in an English Language curriculum at a Singapore university. Following a brief but critical overview of some issues affecting a writing curriculum, the paper develops a grounded description and comparison of student and teacher expectations, drawing upon a combination of questionnaire responses (88 students and 18 teachers) and detailed interviews (14 students and 14 teachers). Our account of this extensive discourse data characterizes some of the main ways in which research and writing tasks, feedback, guidelines and assessment practices are talked about, valued and procedurally implemented by different participants in the undergraduate curriculum. The closing discussion suggests some general implications for the development and evaluation of knowledge and skills in education.
Les Institutions Ecclesiastiques En Civilisations Urbaine Et Industrielle
Authors: Remy Jean 
Published: March 2007

The industrial world is transforming the environment in which ecclesias tical institutions are situated. The aim of this article is to examine some characteristics of the urban environment and to reflect upon their significance when considered in connection with ecclesiastical organisa tion. External developments themselves produce, right from the outset spontaneous redefinitions which merit systematic observation. The fol lowing notes are an attempt to formulate a number of hypotheses which can be used for this purpose. 1) The residential milieu is now far less important as a primary motivating group for the most important social functions. Organizing the establishment of the clergy simply according to residential areas runs the risk of not being able to present a religion which can penetrate social life. 2) The development of mass media within the context of an urban community creates new conditions of social control. The importance of control exercised by direct observation of behaviour is diminishing and this in turn poses problems relating to the role and structure of the ecclesiastical body. 3) The ecclesiastical body is in competition with other cultural influences. Participation in activities initiated by the clergy competes with parti cipation in other social activities. This fact creates a new situation in which people are able to choose whether or not they will follow the initiatives of the clergy. 4) The urban context, where feast days have been replaced by leisure and holidays, where the separation between the sacred and the profane is less obvious than hitherto, has an effect upon the order of priority of sacerdotal activities and on the development of the leadership of the clergy.
Clergy Reaction to Hypothetical Parish Unrest over a Clergyman's Social Activism
Authors: Winter J. Alan 
Published: March 2007

Les données rassemblées dans cette chronique viennent illustrer la thèse selon laquelle, dans une controverse concer nant ses options temporelles, la résistance d'un membre du clergé dépend avant tout de la conception qu'il a des droits et devoirs de sa charge ministérielle, et ensuite seulement de ses vues sur le problème controversé. Plus précisément, lorsque l'on demande à un membre du clergé quelle attitude il conseillerait en pareil cas à un col lègue, il apparaît que le degré de résistance qu'il conseille dé pend : a) de la légitimité qu'il confère au témoignage prophétique en tant que partie intégrante du ministère chrétien ; b) de ce qu'il approuve ou n'approuve pas le fait d'user du pouvoir et du conflit pour atteindre une fin ; par contre, le degré de résistance qu'il conseillerait est relati vement indépendant de la conception qu'il se fait du problème discuté. Il apparaît aussi que la solution qu'il adopte est fonction de la répartition qu'il fait, dans son emploi du temps, entre le tra vail social et le travail administratif, mais ne dépend pas du temps qu'il consacre à la pastorale. En conclusion, il semble qu'une partie du clergé est en me sure de résoudre le conflit qui apparait entre les aspects pro phétique et pastoral du ministère.
The Attitude of Adults towards God
Authors: Van Aerde Mark , Hutsebaut Dirk , Houard Jean 
Published: March 2007

Cette étude a été réalisée au moyen d'une échelle Likert. Un certain nombre de modèles intéressants en émergent. Crainte et miséricorde ne s'accordent plus aussi bien : les sujets qui accordent beaucoup d'importance à l'un en accordent moins à l'autre. Ce même modèle est également présent lors de la confrontation crainte/responsabilité de ses propres mal heurs et révolte/responsabilité. En général, les femmes attri buent un peu plus de points que les hommes. C'est avant tout le groupe professionnel qui influence l'attitude envers Dieu : peu de différences entre cadres su périeurs et employés, pas davantage entre agriculteurs et ouvriers. Par contre, on note des différences remarquables entre ces deux grands groupes. L'âge est également un élément déterminant: à cet égard, le pivot est environ 45 ans. Le groupe le plus âgé recherche davantage un soutien auprès de Dieu et se sent plus dépendant de Lui.
Le bon voisin, le mauvais voisin: ébauche d'une sociologie de 1'6thos de voisinage
Authors: Michel Barbara 
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author sets out to study how inhabitants of a neighbourhood invest part of their social stakes in neighbourly relations and realize a miniaturization of the play of conflict and integration. The neighbourhood scene is the opportunity or the pretext for expressing or trying out value systems in play in social rela tions. The author has not started out by studying these values themselves. She has preferred to come to them at the end of her study. Through concrete study, she has brought out the set of relations which make up a system and which involve general value-forming mechanisms.
A quoi servent les rites séculiers
Authors: Rivière Claude 
Published: March 2007

What purpose do secular rites serve? In a functionalist perspective, too much importance has gene rally been given to the integrating function of political rites, and too exclusive an interest has been shown in those which extol order and which aim to show a national society's cohesion around common reference values expressed through symbols. It could well be that instead of contributing to the integration of the overall community, they reinforce a specific group which is trying to exercise power. Thus some rites appear above all in con flict situations, whether they mime hostility in order to get rid of it through catharsis, or dramatize and therefore exacerbate antago nisms. Just as religious rites tend to justify belief in the sacred and to reinforce related behaviour, political secular rites fulfil with regard to the modern sacred (i.e. that which could not be challen ged in principles, in ideology, and in power), important functions of power legitimation of asserting a hierarchy of roles, values and priorities, and of moral guidance and intensive change which is both playful and mobilizing.
Towards an explanation of the corruption of care
Authors: Wardhaugh Julia , Wilding Paul 
Published: March 2007

The last 20 years have seen a long series of scandals in long-stay hospitals, children's homes, elderly person's homes and other caring institutions. There have been many lengthy enquiries, but there has been no attempt at a generalised exploration of why it is that caring services and institutions 'go wrong'. In this article, we attempt an explanation of what we call the corrup tion of care, We set out eight propositions about systems and patterns of organisation which we see as playing a part in this corruption. Each proposition is illustrated by evidence from researchf(1) on the pindown scandal. The focus of the paper is primarily on explaining the corrup tion of care. We use pindown simply because of the topicality and importance of that issue and because, one of us (JW) had been researching in that area.
How the approach of guiding the hands of the visually impaired child can disturb his opportunity to build up strategies for tactile orientation
Authors: Nielsen Lilli 
Published: March 2007

When a sighted person wants to show an object or an environment to a child or an adult who is visually impaired, the sighted person often uses the approach of guiding the child's or the adult's hands over the surface of the object or from one specific spot in the environment to another. The person who is visually impaired seems to dislike being exposed to this approach. Even the infant who is blind reacts with disappointment or by withdrawing his hands. Is this reaction just an emotional protest or should it rather be seen as the child trying to protect his cognitive abilities?
REFUGEE CAMP CITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST: A CHALLENGE FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
Authors: Al-Qutub Ishaq Y. 
Published: March 2007

The objective of the paper is to project the problem of policy formulation in relation to the urban-type refugee camps. An analysis of refugee camps, demographic features and their relatedness to urban policies is made in the context of the 40-year old problem of Palestinian Arab refugees and the position of states which host nearly one million expatriates. The refugee camps - as temporary cities - are viewed as communities, where the population, institutions, services, the network of social relations and economic-political structures have a transitory status until more a permanent order and normal living patterns are established. In spite of the problems encountered by camp dwellers - such as attacks and Israeli military bombardment and restrictions imposed by host states - nonetheless a high degree of solidarity, team-work and collective spirit is readily demonstrated. Urban policy formulation is treated in the light of future prospects for a settlement of the Palestinian issue.