bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stage‐specific responses to ecosystem alteration in an eruptive herbivorous insect
Authors: MOREAU GAÉTAN , EVELEIGH ELDON S. , LUCAROTTI CHRISTOPHER J. , QUIRING DAN T. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe stage‐specific responses of eruptive populations to ecosystem alterations have received little attention, despite the relevance of the issue for conservation biology and pest management. This study examined the hypothesis that forest thinning treatments affect the outbreak cycles ofNeodiprion abietis, a sawfly defoliator.The densities of eggs, early instar larvae, late‐instar larvae, cocoons and adults ofN. abietiswere monitored during an outbreak in a thinned and an adjacent untreated stand at each of three sites in western Newfoundland, Canada.The amplitude of population fluctuations was greater in thinned than in adjacent untreated stands at certain points in the increasing or peaking stages ofN. abietisoutbreaks for all life stages sampled. However, the timing and magnitude of differences in fluctuations attributed to thinning varied among the life stages ofN. abietis.The largest difference between stand types occurred in the generation preceding peak egg density, when adult densities were three times higher in thinned than untreated stands. Conversely, only moderate differences in egg density between stand types were observed in the following generation. Combined with the observation that the modes of population fluctuations occurred earlier in thinned stands, this suggests that adult dispersal resulted in a redistribution of eggs between thinned and untreated stands.Synthesis and applications. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that silvicultural practices involving a reduction in forest stand density may alter the outbreak cycles of an eruptive population, potentially increasing the severity of outbreaks in treated, as well as in adjacent untreated, stands. Hence, this study emphasizes the need to consider proactively the potential impact of silvicultural practices on species such asN. abietis, which are most abundant in low‐density stands. This field study also demonstrates that the response to ecosystem alteration of an outbreak population can vary with the different life stages of the studied organism, indicating that the detection of the impact of ecosystem alterations on a population can depend on the life stage sampled.
Empowering words, disempowering actions: an analysis of interactions between staff members and people with learning disabilities in residents’ meetings
Authors: Jingree T. , Finlay W.M.L. , Antaki C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  This study examined power dynamics in verbal interactions between care staff and people with learning disabilities.Method  Recordings of residents’ meetings in a group home for people with learning disabilities were examined.Results  The analysis showed some of the ways in which power was exercised in verbal interactions between care staff and residents. It was found that staff adopted various techniques to guide the discussion and produce certain kinds of statements and decisions. It could be said that in these cases, the staff were having to decide between two or more conflicting institutional objectives.Conclusion  The effect was that staff contributions sometimes produced interactional patterns which were contrary to the goal of encouraging the residents to speak up and have more say in the management of their home.
Transgenic proteoid roots of white lupin: a vehicle for characterizing and silencing root genes involved in adaptation to P stress
Authors: Uhde‐Stone Claudia , Liu Junqi , Zinn Kelly E. , Allan Deborah L. , Vance Carroll P. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryWhite lupin (Lupinus albus L.) has become an illuminating model for the study of plant adaptation to phosphorus (P) deficiency. It adapts to −P stress with a highly coordinated modification of root development and biochemistry resulting in short, densely clustered secondary roots called proteoid (or cluster) roots. In order to characterize genes involved in proteoid root formation and function in a homologous system, we have developed an Agrobacterium rhizogenes‐based transformation system for white lupin roots that allows rapid analysis of reporter genes as well as RNA interference (RNAi)‐based gene silencing. We used this system to characterize a lupin multidrug and toxin efflux (Lupinus albus MULTIDRUG AND TOXIN EFFLUX, LaMATE) gene previously shown to have enhanced expression under −P stress. Here, we show that LaMATE had high expression in proteoid roots not only under −P, but also under −Fe, −N, −Mn and +Al stress. A portion containing the putative LaMATE promoter was fused to GUS and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter genes, and a translational LaMATE::EGFP fusion was constructed under control of the LaMATE promoter. The LaMATE promoter directed P‐dependent GUS and EGFP expression to proteoid roots. Confocal microscopy in white lupin and Arabidopsis point to the plasma membrane as the likely location of the LaMATE protein. LaMATE displayed homology to FRD3 in Arabidopsis, but did not complement an Arabidopsis ferric reductase defective 3 (FRD3) mutant. RNAi‐based gene silencing was shown to effectively reduce LaMATE expression in transformed white lupin roots. LaMATE RNAi‐silenced plants displayed an about 20% reduction in dry weight.
A pathogen‐inducible patatin‐like lipid acyl hydrolase facilitates fungal and bacterial host colonization in Arabidopsis
Authors: La Camera Sylvain , Geoffroy Pierrette , Samaha Hala , Ndiaye Abdoulaye , Rahim Gwendoline , Legrand Michel , Heitz Thierry 
Published: November 2005

SummaryGenes and proteins related to patatin, the major storage protein of potato tubers, have been identified in many plant species and shown to be induced by a variety of environmental stresses. The Arabidopsis patatin‐like gene family (PLPs) comprises nine members, two of which (PLP2 and PLP7) are strongly induced in leaves challenged with fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here we show that accumulation of PLP2 protein in response to Botrytis cinerea or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (avrRpt2) is dependent on jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling, but is not dependent on salicylic acid. Expression of a PLP2–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein and analysis of recombinant PLP2 indicates that PLP2 encodes a cytoplasmic lipid acyl hydrolase with wide substrate specificity. Transgenic plants with altered levels of PLP2 protein were generated and assayed for pathogen resistance. Plants silenced for PLP2 expression displayed enhanced resistance to B. cinerea, whereas plants overexpressing PLP2 were much more sensitive to this necrotrophic fungus. We also established a positive correlation between the level of PLP2 expression in transgenic plants and cell death or damage in response to paraquat treatment or infection by avirulent P. syringae. Interestingly, repression of PLP2 expression increased resistance to avirulent bacteria, while PLP2‐overexpressing plants multiplied avirulent bacteria close to the titers reached by virulent bacteria. Collectively, the data indicate that PLP2‐encoded lipolytic activity can be exploited by pathogens with different lifestyles to facilitate host colonization. In particular PLP2 potentiates plant cell death inflicted by Botrytis and reduces the efficiency of the hypersensitive response in restricting the multiplication of avirulent bacteria. Both effects are possibly mediated by providing fatty acid precursors of bioactive oxylipins.
Transcriptionally active transposable elements in recent hybrid sugarcane
Authors: de Araujo Paula G. , Rossi Magdalena , de Jesus Erika M. , Saccaro Nilo L. , Kajihara Daniela , Massa Rogério , de Felix Juliana Maria , Drummond Rodrigo Duarte , Falco Maria C. , Chabregas Sabrina M. , Ulian Eugênio C. , Menossi Marcelo , Sluys Marie‐Anne Van 
Published: November 2005

SummaryTransposable elements (TEs) are considered to be important components of the maintenance and diversification of genomes. The recent increase in genome sequence data has created an opportunity to evaluate the impact of these active mobile elements on the evolution of plant genomes. Analysis of the sugarcane transcriptome identified 267 clones with significant similarity to previously described plant TEs. After full cDNA sequencing, 68 sugarcane TE clones were assigned to 11 families according to their best sequence alignment against a fully characterized element. Expression was further investigated through a combined study utilizing electronic Northerns, macroarray, transient and stable sugarcane transformation. Newly synthesized cDNA probes from flower, leaf roll, apical meristem and callus tissues confirm previous results. Callus was identified as the tissue with the highest number of TEs being expressed, revealing that tissue culture drastically induced the expression of different elements. No tissue‐specific family was identified. Different representatives within a TE family displayed differential expression patterns, showing that each family presented expression in almost every tissue. Transformation experiments demonstrated that most Hopscotch clone‐derived U3 regions are, indeed, active promoters, although under a strong transcriptional regulation. This is a large‐scale study about the expression pattern of TEs and indicates that mobile genetic elements are transcriptionally active in the highly polyploid and complex sugarcane genome.
Morphological and physiological responses of the invasive weed Isatis tinctoria to contrasting light, soil‐nitrogen and water
Authors: MONACO T A , JOHNSON D A , CREECH J E 
Published: November 2005

SummaryWe evaluated the morphological and physiological responses to contrasting above‐ and below‐ground resources for the invasive weed, Isatis tinctoria L. (dyer's woad). Plants were grown under low and high levels of light [shade (50% of ambient) and full sun], soil water (50 and 100 mL day−1), and soil nitrogen (N) (0 and 20 mg N kg−1 soil) in 8 L pots in 63 day glasshouse experiments conducted during winter and spring. Soil‐N enrichment did not increase any of the growth variables (shoot and root dry mass, shoot:root ratio, leaf area, and specific leaf area) or physiological variables (stomatal conductance and 13C discrimination) in either experiment. The absence of plasticity in response to changes in soil‐N supply suggests that I. tinctoria may survive and persist in nutrient‐poor conditions by having low‐N requirements, low‐N productivity, or both. In contrast, plants compensated for shaded conditions by altering leaf area, specific leaf area, and shoot:root ratio to improve light capture. We discuss the potential mechanisms whereby response to these variable resources may be associated with a series of adaptations that favour the ability to tolerate and colonize harsh, nutrient‐poor conditions, as well as invade shaded and undisturbed sites.
Necrolytic acral erythema: a variant of necrolytic migratory erythema or a distinct entity?
Authors: Nofal Ahmad Abdelgawad , Nofal Eman , Attwa Enayat , El‐Assar Ola , Assaf Magda 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  Hepatitis C is a major health problem in Egypt. Necrolytic acral erythema (NAE) is a recently described necrolytic erythema that has a distinctive acral distribution and a uniform association with hepatitis C. Some authors believe that NAE is a distinct entity and others consider it as a variant of necrolytic migratory erythema (NME).Methods  Five patients with clinical features consistent with NAE were included in this study. The patients were subjected to skin biopsy examination, CT scan of the pancreas and a liver biopsy. Liver function tests, serum glucagon, glucose, amino acids and zinc were measured. All patients were tested for hepatitis C by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results  Three patients presented with early (acute) lesions and two patients with chronic lesions. The distribution of the lesions was almost exclusively on the dorsae of the feet. Histopathological findings were similar to those of other necrolytic erythemas. Hepatitis C virus was uniformly detected in all patients. Serum glucagon was high in two patients, serum glucose was high in four patients, serum amino acids were low in three cases and serum zinc and albumin were low in two cases. Little or no improvement was reported after oral amino acid supplementation, while the response to oral zinc sulfate was moderate to good.Conclusion   Necrolytic acral erythema is closely associated with hepatitis C infection. Many findings indicate that NAE seems to be a variant of NME rather than a distinct entity. Hence, an alternative proposed term could be acral NME.
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Tsuruta Daisuke , Matsumura‐Oura Akiko , Ishii Masamitsu 
Published: November 2005

A 41‐year‐old Japanese woman presented at a local outpatient clinic because of a slightly pruritic pustular eruption on the trunk and extremities. Her skin lesion had been treated using an antifungal cream, but the condition had continued to worsen. According to the patient, the same pustular eruption had occurred during pregnancy, but diminished after delivery. She has no family history of skin eruption. On physical examination, she presented with well‐circumscribed erythematous macules with small pustules on the borders, involving the axilla, groin, upper and lower extremities and upper back (Fig. 1). Bacterial and fungal cultures of the lesions were negative. A skin biopsy obtained from a lesion in the left forearm demonstrated a subcorneal pustule containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Fig. 2). A perivascular dermal infiltrate was present, consisting predominantly of mononuclear cells. There was no spongiosis or acantholysis. On direct immunofluorescence, there were no immunoglobulin A (IgA) and complement 3 (C3) deposits in the intercellular space of the epidermis.Clinical appearance of the annular erythema with small pustules on the forearmimageSurgically excised specimen showing subcorneal pustules containing neutrophils and scattered eosinophils (hematoxylin and eosin; magnification ×200)imageThe clinical and histopathological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD). Laboratory investigations showed hyper immunoglobulin A (IgA) immunoglobulinemia (479 mg/dL, normal, 110–410) and a high titer of antinuclear antigen (speckled type) at 1 : 160 (normal < 1 : 40) and anti‐single‐strand (anti‐ss) DNA‐IgG at 1 : 25 (normal : negative). Other findings were normal. Serum and urine immunoelectrophoresis showed no paraprotein bands. Administration of topical diflupredonate ointment and oral prednisolone improved but did not completely resolve the eruption. The patient was then treated with dapsone 75 mg daily, leading to reasonable control.Because speckled type antinuclear antibody and anti‐ss‐DNA antibody were positive in spite of the fact that autoantibodies anti‐Sjögren's syndrome (SS)‐A and SS‐B were negative, we asked the patient if she had experienced a dry sensation in her eyes and mouth. As she reported a dry sensation of both eyes and mouth, we referred her to the ophthalmology clinic. The Schilmer test was positive (2 mm of wetting per 5 min, with the patient unanesthetized). Rose Bengal dye and slit‐lamp examination revealed Sjögren's syndrome pattern. Lip biopsy revealed the accumulation of numerous lymphocytes in the salivary gland. Thus, our patient fulfilled four criteria of the European multicenter study,1 suggesting a diagnosis of definite Sjögren's syndrome.
Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Argentina
Authors: de Breuil S. , Giolitti F. , Lenardon S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPeanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop in Argentina. Virus‐like symptoms were observed in this crop during the 2000 growing season. Infected plants contained isometric particles c. 30 nm in diameter and tissue extracts reacted with a polyclonal antiserum to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). A restriction profile typical of subgroup II was obtained for MspI cleavage of cDNA produced by using specific primers to CMV capsid protein (CP). These results were also confirmed by nucleotide sequence data on the CP gene. This is the first report of CMV subgroup II infecting peanut.
Weak Organic Acids and Inhibitors of pH Homeostasis Suppress Growth of Penicillium Infesting Litchi Fruits
Authors: Zhang Z. , Dvir O. , Pesis E. , Pick U. , Lichter A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTo prevent the rapid postharvest browning, litchi fruits can be fumigated with SO2, followed by a hydrochloric acid (HCl) dip to restore their red colour. Most fungal decay agents are sensitive to SO2 fumigation or acidification but the treated fruits are highly sensitive to infection by Penicillium commune and closely related species. The present study examined whether the addition of weak organic acids or pH homeostasis inhibitors, alone and in combination, could effectively control fungal growth under the physiological conditions that are relevant to litchi fruits. It was found that the fungus can proliferate in culture at pH > 2.5 and is capable of either alkalizing or acidifying the medium, depending on the initial pH and the extent of growth inhibition. Propionic, sorbic and decanoic acids progressively inhibited fungal growth at decreasing pH, presumably by inducing acid stress. Likewise, the inhibitors of pH homeostasis, omeprazole and erythrosin B, inhibited fungal growth, and their efficacy was significantly increased at lower pH and in combination with weak organic acids. Litchi fruits treated with sorbic acid in the presence of HCl were significantly less prone to decay by Penicillium. This study shows that it is possible to utilize low pH as a lever to prevent fungal development.
Rapid Detection of Mycosphaerella graminicola in Wheat Using Reverse Transcription‐PCR Assay
Authors: Guo J.‐R. , Schnieder F. , Beyer M. , Verreet J.‐A. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract Mycosphaerella graminicola is a prevalent and economically important fungal pathogen in wheat. Presymptomatic and accurate detection of viable pathogen structures in infected host plants is desirable for determining latent periods of epidemics and for timely fungicide application. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) assay was used to detect and identify M. graminicola in wheat with the specific primer set E1/STSP2R. One single fragment was amplified only from total RNA of M. graminicola and infected leaves, but not from those of healthy leaves or five other common fungal wheat pathogens. The sensitivity of one‐step RT–PCR was compared with that of two‐step RT–PCR. The detection limit of two‐step RT–PCR was markedly lower (100 pg total RNA) than that of one‐step RT–PCR (5 ng total RNA). RT–PCR was used to monitor M. graminicola disease development in inoculated wheat plants and in naturally infected F1 leaves (the second leaf from top) during the epidemic period. RT–PCR could detect M. graminicola at least 4 days before lesions appeared in inoculated plants. After symptoms were visible on the leaves, the band intensities of the amplified RT–PCR products were in general agreement with the visual disease assessment.
Association of Phytophthora citricola with Leather Rot Disease of Strawberry
Authors: Irzykowska L. , Irzykowski W. , Jarosz A. , Golebniak B. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract Phytophthora cactorum is known to cause leather rot and crown rot of strawberry. Phytophthora citricola can also cause crown rot but has not previously been reported to be associated with strawberry leather rot in Europe. We have shown that P. citricola causes strawberry leather rot and is reported as a strawberry pathogen in Poland for the first time. Morphological identification of Phytophthora isolates was confirmed using molecular methods. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA was suitable for differentiation at the interspecific level. The internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 of ribosomal DNA have been shown to be sufficiently variable to distinguish two morphologically similar Phytophthora species.
Incidence of Cotton Seedling Diseases Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Thielaviopsis basicola in Relation to Previous Crop, Residue Management and Nutrients Availability in Soils in SW Spain
Authors: Delgado A. , Franco G. M. , Páez J. I. , Vega J. M. , Carmona E. , Avilés M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCotton seedling damping‐off is considered a disease complex, in which several pathogens can be involved. In SW Spain, postemergence damping‐off seems to be mainly associated with Rhizoctonia solani and Thielaviopsis basicola, posing a serious limitation for crop, especially in cold springs. Ninety‐seven commercial plots, where postemergence damping‐off of cotton seedlings was observed during previous years, were selected in April 2001. In each plot, plants were randomly sampled between cotyledon to three true‐leaf stage and soil samples besides the plants were taken. Symptomatic plants were separated according to the main observable seedling disease symptom: black necrosis (black root rot), brown necrosis and other symptoms. Thielaviopsis basicola inoculum was estimated in soil samples. Soil samples were also analysed for nutrient availability (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn). All the sampled plants showed some seedling disease symptom. Macroscopic symptoms can provide a reasonable distinction between these two major pathogens involved in seedling disease symptoms in the studied area: the percentage of T. basicola isolates (18%) from black necrosis symptomatic plants was significantly higher than that of R. solani (4.1%), whereas in brown necrosis symptomatic plants, the situation was reversed (10.7 vs. 12.8%). The percentage of plants with black necrosis symptoms was inversely related to the portion of plants with brown necrosis in each plot. The mean incidence of black necrosis was significantly lower in plots with residue incorporation (sugar beet as the preceding crop) than in plots without residue incorporation. No significant effect of preceding crop or residue management on brown necrosis incidence was observed. Incidence of black necrosis was negatively correlated with available N measured as NO3‐N when corn or sunflower were the preceding crop. The incidence of black necrosis was positively related to Fe availability in soil after cotton as preceding crop, whereas brown necrosis was negatively related to the availability of this micronutrient.