bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heart Rate Regulation With Success and Failure Signals
Authors: Bouchard Camil , Corson John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of success and failure signals on performance of subjects attempting heart rate regulation. Thirty‐two experimental subjects formed two major groups, one speeding and the other slowing; half of the subjects in each group were signalled for their successes only, and the other half, for their failures only. The session consisted of three phases: Feedback, No Feedback, and Feedback. The data showed that: subjects receiving success signals increased their heart rate significantly more than those receiving failure signals; subjects receiving failure signals decreased their heart rate significantly more than those receiving success signals; there were no differences between the Feedback and No Feedback phases. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the understanding of the compatibility between task and signal.
Habituation of the Orienting Response: A Gating Mechanism Subserving Selective Attention
Authors: Waters William F. , McDonald David G. , Koresko Richard L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this investigation was to determine whether prior habituation of the phasic orienting response (OR) to stimuli which were later to be used as distractors in an attention demanding task, would improve task performance and reduce OR frequency to distractors during the task. The task was the solution of mathematical problems from immediate memory, and the distractors were random numbers and mathematical signs. Subjects were sequentially assigned to one of four conditions: 1) 15 presentations of distractors, problems with distractors; 2) 15 presentations of a tone, problems with distractors; 3) problems with distractors; and 4) 15 presentations of distractors or tone, problems without distractors. Results clearly indicated that prior habituation of the phasic OR to the distractors improved performance relative to no prior habituation or to prior habituation to a tone. There was also evidence of decreased OR activity during problem solving in the prior habituation group relative to the tone habituation and no habituation groups. The data supported an hypothesis that selective attention consists of at least two processes: 1) sensitization of phasic and tonic ORs to salient stimuli, and 2) habituation of phasic and tonic ORs to irrelevant stimuli.
Sleep During and After Gradual Sleep Reduction
Authors: Mullaney D. J. , Johnson L. C. , Naitoh P. , Friedmann J. K. , Globus G. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine: 1) the minimum amounts of sleep subjects would tolerate, 2) the changes in EEG sleep measures, and 3) whether subjects would revert to baseline sleep after study termination, 4 couples gradually reduced their sleep. Three couples reduced their TST in 30‐min steps from a baseline of 8 hrs and one couple from a baseline of 6.5 hrs. Subjective estimates of sleep time, sleep quality, and mood were collected daily. Home EEG sleep recordings were obtained 3 nights a week.Two of the 8‐hr sleepers reduced their sleep to 5.5 hrs, 2 to 5.0 hrs, and 2 reached 4.5 hrs. These 6 subjects continued sleeping 1 to 2.5 hrs below baseline amounts a year after reduction terminated. The 6.5‐hr baseline couple reached 5.0 hrs and returned to 6.5 hrs TST during follow‐up.Stages W, 2, and REM decreased significantly in absolute amounts. Percentage of stages W and 2 also decreased significantly. REM percent remained constant. Stage 3 was constant while stage 4 increased in both absolute and relative amounts. REM cycle length remained constant. Stage 4 rebound on 7‐hr nights was not observed during times of greatest sleep reduction. Occurrences of stage REM within 10 min of stage 1 onset were observed in 2 subjects when their TST was below 6.5 hrs.Our results are consistent with other studies of shortened sleep, indicating that TST is the major determinant of sleep‐stage characteristics.
Hemodynamic Changes as a Function of Classical Aversive Conditioning in Human Subjects
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A. , Browe Andrew C. , Horvath Steven M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEleven subjects underwent a discriminative classical aversive conditioning paradigm while heart rate, stroke index, and hence cardiac index were continuously monitored. Ten out of 11 subjects showed heart rate decreases to the conditioned stimulus at the time of shock onset. This decrease in rate did not change other hemodynamic parameters. The hemodynamic response to the unconditioned stimulus was an increase in heart rate and cardiac index even though stroke index decreased. These results suggest that the conditioned heart rate changes in human heart rate conditioning are too small to alter other hemodynamic variables.
Task‐Related EEG Asymmetry: Effects of Age and Ability
Authors: McLeod Sarah S. , Peacock Lelon J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEEG was recorded over parietal sites in 16 adult males while they were engaged in verbal and spatial tasks. A portion of the Modified Minnesota Paper Form Board Test was administered to obtain a measure of spatial ability. Computer analysis of 1 min of EEG during each task revealed relatively reduced amplitude of EEG alpha frequency (7–13 Hz) from the left hemisphere during the verbal task, while the opposite pattern held during the spatial task, with right hemisphere alpha reduced compared to the left hemisphere alpha. No task‐related asymmetry was seen for the whole‐band EEG. No relationship was found between spatial test scores and degree of task‐related asymmetry, but degree of asymmetry increased with increasing age.
Psychophysiology in Fechner's Psychophysics: The Relationship Between Heart Rate and Accuracy of Comparative Weight Judgments
Authors: Davis Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn his Elements of Psychophysics, Fechner described an apparent relationship between HR and the accuracy of comparative weight judgments. A reexamination of Fechner's data confirmed the relationship between psychophysical sensitivity and the average of the daily HR taken before and after testing. He attributed the high HRs he found to a form of long lasting arousal caused by strenuous exercise.
Two Experiential Orientations Toward a Stressful Situation and Their Related Somatic and Visceral Responses
Authors: Barrell James J. , Price Donald D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperiential orientations toward a stressor, a threat of very painful electric shock, were found to be related to some visceral and somatic responses. Under such conditions, subjects either attempted to confront or avoid the stressor. Moreover, in the stress situation, a confronting orientation showed significantly higher trapezius electromyograms (EMGs) when compared to an avoiding orientation, and avoiding significantly higher heart rates (HRs) when compared to confronting. The existence of stress in this situation was based upon both physiological changes toward activation and subject feedback (i.e., self reports). Attention targets were suggested as another way of conceptualizing these two experiential orientations. The results indicated that these specific stress orientations expressed themselves in the body through specific physiological response profiles.
Event Related Potentials and Time Estimation
Authors: Ruchkin D. S. , McCalley M. G. , Glaser E. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent related potentials (ERPs) recorded from the scalp of man were studied during a time estimation task. The principal ERP correlate of mental activity associated with time estimation appeared to be a CNV wave followed by a late positive shift. Latency of CNV termination was correlated with temporal judgments. There was some evidence that the onset of CNV termination occurred prior to the estimated time of occurrence of cortical motor command signals associated with production of the temporal judgments.
Exercise and Sleep Loss: Effects on Recovery Sleep
Authors: Moses J. , Lubin A. , Naitoh P. , Johnson L. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of exercise and sleep loss on recovery sleep were studied in young male naval volunteers. For 1 hr out of every 4 hrs during a 40‐hr period, 20 subjects rested in bed and 10 subjects bicycled. Eleven measures of recovery night sleep were selected for comparison of the bedrest and exercise groups. Only one reached significance under the conservative Dunn‐Bonferroni criterion: the exercise group had a higher percent total sleep time. The results indicate that exercise does increase the effects of sleep loss on recovery sleep, but that there is no simple, direct effect on specific sleep stages.
Lack of Correlation Between Frontalis EMG and Either Neck EMG or Verbal Ratings of Tension
Authors: Shedivy David I. , Kleinman Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEight normal subjects were trained with the aid of EMG feedback to successively increase and decrease the activity of the frontalis muscle on 5 consecutive days. Along with the activity of the frontalis, sternomastoid EMG was recorded from 4 subjects and EMG from both the semispinalis and splenius capitus was recorded from the other 4 subjects. Estimates of the degree of subjective tension or relaxation were obtained following Baseline, Increase Frontalis, and Decrease Frontalis periods on each treatment day. Frontalis EMG activity showed significant increases and decreases relative to baseline levels during appropriate periods. Sternomastoid EMG did not change significantly during either Increase Frontalis or Decrease Frontalis periods. Semispinalis/splenius EMG activity also did not change during Increase Frontalis periods, but increased significantly during Decrease Frontalis periods. Subjects’estimates of subjective tension increased above baseline during increases in frontalis EMG activity, but did not change significantly during decreases in frontalis EMG. These data support the findings of Alexander that changes in frontalis EMG neither generalize to other somatic muscles nor correlate with verbal reports of cognitive tension or relaxation.
Cuff Pressure Oscillations in the Measurement of Relative Blood Pressure
Authors: Geddes L. A. , Newberg D. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe continuous relative blood pressure measure obtained with a partially‐inflated arm blood‐pressure cuff operates under the same principle as the oscillometric method of blood pressure determination. In psychophysiological studies the rise in blood pressure seen, for example, in response to an emotion‐evoking question, produces a rise in cuff pressure, along with any of three pulse‐amplitude changes: a decrease, no change, or an increase. These seemingly paradoxical responses which accompany an increase in blood pressure may be explained by considering the relationship of cuff pressure to the cuff pressure for maximum oscillations. Experiments were conducted in which cuff pressure and its oscillations were recorded. Indications of an increase in blood pressure, and the pulse‐amplitude changes resulting there from, were obtained at different cuff pressures in the same subject. The results confirm the hypothesis that with cuff pressure below the point of maximum oscillation, an increase in blood pressure results in a decrease in pulse amplitude. With a cuff pressure just above the point of maximum oscillations, an increase in blood pressure results in an increase in pulse amplitude.
Elicitation of Subjective Uncertainty during Vasomotor and Electrodermal Discrimination Classical Conditioning
Authors: Biferno Michael A. , Dawson Michael E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjective uncertainty was introduced during discrimination classical conditioning of the skin conductance and vasomotor responses. All 48 college student subjects were informed that one 7‐sec colored light would always be followed by a shock (CS+) while a 7‐sec light of another color would never be followed by a shock (CS−). After half of the conditioning trials, a novel stimulus (NS) was illuminated (a third color) and remained on. One group was previously informed about the NS while the other group was noninformed. Results of between trial verbal reports and postsession interviews indicated that noninformed subjects experienced more general uncertainty and more uncertainty regarding the CS‐US contingency on the postNS trials than did the informed group. On the trial pair following the NS onset, the short latency electrodermal response (1 to 4.5 sec) of the noninformed subjects increased while the informed subjects maintained a stable level of responding. Evaluation of later postNS trials revealed that the long latency response (4.6 to 7.9 sec) of the noninformed subjects decreased more than for the informed subjects. The decrease for the noninformed subjects was greatest to CS+. No group differences in vasomotor activity were elicited by NS onset. It was concluded that momentary increases in orienting and more sustained decreases in preparatory activity may accompany increases in subjective uncertainty.
Long‐Latency Evoked Potentials and Reaction Time
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Ford Judith M. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTone pips separated by a constant 1 sec interval were delivered to 12 subjects. The pips were of three pitches given in a random sequence. The 400 and 1600 Hz pips each had a probability of 0.1 and the 800 Hz pips had a probability of 0.8. For each subject, either the 400 or 1600 Hz pips were designated as targets in a reaction time (RT) task.Stimulus‐synchronized averages (SSAs) to infrequent tones contained two prominent waves: a P3 and a slow wave (SW). SW and P3 amplitudes were larger, and P3 latency was 15 msec shorter, to targets than to non‐targets. SSAs were computed for RT quartiles (Q1–Q4) of each subject. Between Q1 and Q4, P3 amplitude decreased, while SW amplitude increased, demonstrating behavioral and dissociation of the two waves. Between Q1 and Q4, RTs increased from 366 to 540 msec, while P3 latency at Cz increased from 328 to 359 msec. Response‐synchronized averages computed for each RT quartile showed no response‐related deflections that could explain the effects in the SSAs.
Locating NREM Dreaming Through Instrumental Responses
Authors: Brown Judith N. , Cartwright Rosalind D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOne difficulty associated with the study of dreams has been the absence of an objective indicator of dreaming in sleep other than REM. This study explores the use of a subjective judgment and instrumental response to mark the occurrence of dreams. Content reports of 8 subjects collected under two conditions were compared. On 2 nights the experimenter determined the time of the awakening and on the other 2 the subject's behavioral response was used as the indicator. The subjects' judgments that they were dreaming proved to be more accurate than was the experimenter's. A single case study of a high NREM responder carried out for 9 nights showed the frequency of NREM dreaming signals to covary with presleep mood.
Biofeedback Training of Blood Pressure: A Comparison of Three Feedback Techniques
Authors: Shannon Brian J. , Goldman Mark S. , Lee Richard M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree biofeedback procedures were compared for their effectiveness in training subjects to modify systolic blood pressure (BP). Three groups of 6 normotensives received three training sessions using one of three types of systolic BP feedback: 1) proportional feedback at 75‐sec intervals, 2) relatively continuous proportional feedback, or 3) a form of continuous binary feedback. Three subjects also completed a fourth, no‐feedback, session. Each session consisted of 5 training cycles, during which the subject was first instructed to “lower” BP and then “don't lower” BP. This design permitted demonstration of subjects' ability to control BP, rather than just lowering it. Systolic and diastolic BPs were recorded, as were heart rate, respiration rate and respiration volume. The continuous binary feedback technique was most successful in producing systolic BP control, apparently due to the short feedback latency and maximal information available to subjects. Diastolic BP often increased within sessions even when systolic BP decreased. No consistent covariation between BP and other physiological responses was observed, although at times these responses varied systematically with instruction. Continued systolic BP control at diminished levels was demonstrated by subjects who completed a fourth, no‐feedback, session.
Differential Effects of Left versus Right Monaural Biofeedback for Heart Rate Increase
Authors: Greenstadt Lisa , Schuman Marjorie , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCerebral lateralization in the voluntary increase of heart rate was investigated in a biofeedback experiment involving 20 right‐handed female subjects randomly assigned to one of two groups: right or left ear input of stimulus and biofeedback information. The stimulus was a 1000 Hz tone which signalled the start and duration of 30 20‐sec training trials. Feedback was a click presented every time an interbeat interval was shorter than a criterion established through a shaping schedule. A monetary bonus provided additional reinforcement at the end of each trial. Subjects given right ear feedback increased their heart rate significantly more than subjects given left ear feedback. The largest difference between the group means (7 bpm) was recorded after the first 20 training trials. The results are discussed in terms of hemispheric perceptual and functional differences.
Overextinction and Test Stimulus Modality Determinants of Dishabituation
Authors: Smith Barry D. , Dickel Michael , Deutsch Sara 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of stimulus novelty, amount of overextinction exposure, and overextinction response frequency on phasic electrodermal test and dishabituation response amplitudes. Each subject underwent auditory habituation to a criterion and was then exposed to one of three overhabituation conditions: 0, 15, or 30 trials. The last trial of overhabituation was followed by either a dissimilar auditory stimulus or a visual stimulus, which was in turn followed by a repetition of the standard stimulus. Results showed that the intermodal test stimulus produced larger phasic test and dishabituation responses than the intramodal stimulus. The discrepancy in amplitude between the dishabituation response to the auditory stimulus and that to the visual stimulus was reduced by greater overextinction exposure. Results did not provide clearcut support for either the expectancy hypothesis of Sokolov (1963) or the generalization hypothesis of Thompson and Spencer (1966). Additional findings showed that high frequency overextinction responders gave test responses of greater amplitude than low frequency responders.
Physiological Responding During Self Generated Imagery of Contextually Complete Stimuli
Authors: Jones Gary E. , Johnson Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes autonomic responding during imagination of preselected stimulus material, and evaluates the relative importance of stimulus activity and valence on the resultant cardiac response. Thirty‐two undergraduate female subjects were presented four stimulus sentences chosen to reflect extremes of the Semantic Differential Activity and Evaluation factors. Subjects were instructed to memorize and subsequently generate an image to these stimuli in a time‐locked methodology. Phasic cardiac responding occurred during imagery, and the magnitude of the cardiac acceleration was most clearly dependent on the rated activity of the image stimulus. The valence of the stimulus (pleasant‐unpleasant) appears important primarily in conjunction with low activity imagery stimuli. The results are also discussed in relation to the possible role of somatic mediation in imagery.
Normality of Distributions and Homogeneity of Variance of Heart Rate and Heart Period Samples
Authors: Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOne consideration in choosing between the measures, heart period and heart rate, is how well they meet the assumptions of statistical models. A review of previous findings and new data suggests that, with adult subjects, there is little basis for preferring one measure to the other but, with infant subjects, rate has the advantage of being more nearly normally distributed and more homogeneous in variance. Other considerations, briefly discussed, are the nature of measurement error and whether a cardiac or real time base is to be used.
A Window Comparator to Accommodate Natural Variability in Psychophysiological Measurements
Authors: Doyle F. James , Allon Richard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNatural variability of a physiological parameter which is reflected by a voltage proportional to some characteristic of the parameter, as for example in cardiotachometer or cutaneous temperature recordings, often renders interpretation of small change difficult. This article describes an inexpensive window comparator circuit that accounts for natural variability and produces a binary indication of whether a signal lies above or below a preselected range of natural variability.
Reliable and Precise Identification of R‐Waves in the EKG with a Simple Peak Detector
Authors: Shimizu Hidemi 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simple instrument is described which reliably and accurately identifies R‐waves in the EKG signal. These R‐waves are obtained by “Modified Lead 2′’and other similar methods. By using a peak detector instead of a Schmitt trigger, three important advantages are obtained. If the instrument is connected to a time interval counter, reliable and accurate acquisition of heart beat interval and heart rate data may be achieved with a relatively simple operation.
An Automatic Voltage Suppressor For the Measurement of Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Simon Wolfgang R. , Homoth Reiner W. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn automatic voltage suppressor is described which increases the resolution of skin conductance and/or skin potential responses, facilitates the measurement of the corresponding levels, and prepares both electrodermal quantities for automatic data processing. The device accomplishes: 1) scanning of the levels at preset moments, 2) digital storing of these values for the corresponding time intervals, 3) subtraction of the stored values (minus an adjustable reserve) from the input signals, and 4) amplification of the difference voltages. Easy and inexpensive construction of the apparatus is possible using a minimal number of highly integrated circuits.
Effects of Stimulus Variability on the Amplitude and Habituation of the Electrodermal Orienting Response
Authors: Connolly John F. , Frith Christopher D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments using 12 male subjects were conducted to study the effects of stimulus information on the amplitude and habituation of the electrodermal orienting response (OR). Visual stimuli which could be varied along information, contour, and symmetry dimensions were presented. In the first experiment, 2 series of 10 different stimuli each were presented; 1 series was characterized by high information and high contour, the other by low information and low contour. No difference in OR habituation between the 2 series was found. In the second experiment, the 2 series of stimuli were again presented with 3 test stimuli inserted at Trials 3, 6 and 9. Test stimuli differed from habituation stimuli by symmetry or information and/or contour. Changes in stimulus information or contour, but not symmetry, resulted in OR recovery. OR recovery did not result in dishabituation of the following stimuli. Results are interpreted as favoring an information processing model of OR habituation. Findings suggest that laws governing habituation processes under conditions of identical stimulus presentations may differ from those operating when stimuli are variable.