bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential bacteriological observations in relation to cell‐mediated and humoral antibody responses of cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and maintained on normal or high iron intake
Authors: LEPPER AWD , WILKS CR , KOTIW M. , WHITEHEAD JT , SWART KS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Twenty calves were orally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis before weaning. Ten of these plus 4 non‐infected controls were maintained on elevated dietary iron intake from 6 to 33 months of age. During this time, in which the majority of animals were bred, the influence of increased dietary iron upon tests of cellular and humoral immune responsiveness to antigens of the organism were monitered. Results were examined in relation to the organism's capacity to multiply and infect up to 7 portions of the intestinal tract.No significant differences were detected in the degree of intestinal disease or pattern of faecal excretion of M. paratuberculosis in iron supplemented and non‐supplemented cattle. Cutaneous delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to johnin PPD developed at 1 month and in‐vitro lymphocyte and immunostimulatory activity (LS) to this antigen at 2 months after infection. LS indices were significantly reduced in magnitude in iron‐supplemented cattle (p<0.01). Most ELISA antibody responses were positive 10 to 17 months after infection and preceded the fewer number of CF responses by several months. Neither of the antibody tests was affected by elevated iron intake. Generally, complete or partial resistance to paratuberculosis was associated with sustained positive monthly LS tests (index ≥ 2.0), whereas antibody levels tended to be sustained only in the more severely affected cattle. Although neither test system was affected by pregnancy the ELISA failed to detect a significant proportion of cattle chronically shedding M. paratuberculosis in faeces.
Survey of internal parasites in Western Australian pig herds 2. Relationship to anthelmintic usage and parasite control practices
Authors: MERCY AR. , de. CHANEET G. , EMMS Y. 
Published: March 2008

The housing, management and internal parasite control practices used in piggeries in Western Australia was surveyed by interviewing the ownerimanager of 100 randomly selected piggeries. At the time of the interview 20 faecal samples were collected from pigs and examined for evidence of internal parasites.Most herds (80%) in which anthelmintics were used, had evidence of nematode infection. Some pig producers were using an anthelmintic that was ineffective against nematode species present while some herds had nematodes that should have been controlled by the anthelmintic being used. Prevalence of nematode infection was higher in pigs run in paddocks than in pigs housed intensively. Washing sows prior to farrowing was associated with a lower prevalence of nematode infection. The findings suggested that pig producers should ensure that the anthelmintic used is effective against the nematodes present in their pigs. It was concluded that administering anthelmintics as a single dose in the feed may not be the most effective method of deworming pigs.
Prevalence and intensity of non‐strongyle intestinal parasites of horses in northern Queensland
Authors: MFITILODZE MW. , HUTCHINSON GW. 
Published: March 2008

A quantitative post‐mortem study of 57 horses from northern Queensland was done to determine the prevalence and intensity of non‐strongyle intestinal parasites. The following species (% prevalence) were found: Draschia megastoma (39%); Habronema muscae (43%); Gasterophilus intestinalis (34%), G. nasalis (30%); Parascaris equorum (15%); Strongyloides westeri (6%); Probstmayria vivipara (2%); Oxyuris equi (26%); Anoplocephala magna (2%); A. perfoliata (32%). Mean parasite numbers of individual species ranged from 10 to 1310. Prevalence and intensity data were compared to recent studies in Western Australia and in the United States of America.Differences between stabled and paddocked horses were noted, particularly for botfly larvae and spiruroids. Climatic and seasonal changes in prevalence were restricted to H. muscae, G. nasalis and P. equorum with highest prevalence in the wet season or in horses from wet coastal areas. Only P. equorum showed any age effect being restricted to horses less than 5 years old. Breed and sex of horses was not important. The likelihood of changing parasite population dynamics with improved anthelmintic regimen is discussed.
Immunogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Authors: SOERIPTO  , WHITHEAR KG , COTTEW GS , HARRIGAN KE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe serological response and protective immunity elicited in the chicken by the pathogenic Ap3AS strain and the moderately pathogenic 80083 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and variants of strain 80083 attenuated by repeated passage in mycoplasma broth were investigated. Strain 80083 elicited a substantial serum antibody response after administration either in drinking water or by conjunctival sac instillation to 7‐week‐old SPF chickens. No vaccinated chickens developed air sac lesions when challenged by intra‐abdominal (IA) injection with the virulent Ap3AS strain. Chickens vaccinated with strain 80083M (50 broth passages) showed only a weak serological response but were substantially protected when challenged 4 weeks after vaccination. Chickens vaccinated with 80083H (100 broth passages) were serologically negative 4 weeks after vaccination and developed severe air sac lesions after challenge. Thirty‐seven‐week‐old hens vaccinated 6 months previously with strain 80083 had high serum antibody levels and were completely protected against IA challenge with the homologous strain. However, 4/6 showed mild air sac lesions when challenged intra‐abdominally with strain Ap3AS. Another group showed high M. gallisepticum serum antibody levels 6 months after vaccination with strain Ap3AS but 4/6 and 2/6 showed mild lesions after IA challenge with strains Ap3AS or 80083, respectively. Strains 80083 or 80083M were administered by conjunctival sac instillation to susceptible 11‐week‐old commercial pullets at the time of fowl pox vaccination. The concurrent use of both vaccines had no apparent adverse effect on the health of the chickens. Similar protection against IA challenge with strain Ap3AS was produced with the M. gallisepticum vaccines whether used alone or in combination with fowl pox.
An evaluation of three serological tests for antibody to Brucella suis in pigs
Authors: ROGERS RJ , COOK DR , KETTERER PJ , BALDOCK FC , BLACKALL PJ , STEWART RW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination test (RBT), the complement fixation text (CFT) and the tube agglutination test (TAT) were applied to serums from 345 feral and 80 domestic pigs sampled at slaughter. At least 2 of the 3 serological tests were applied to each serum. Tissues from all pigs were cultured for Brucella suis and the degree of culture effort was categorised from 1 to 4 in decreasing order. Fifty‐eight feral and 35 domestic pigs were culture‐positive. A greater proportion of culture‐positive pigs was obtained for category 1 and 2 culture effort. Tissues yielding B. suis most often were mandibular, gastrohepatic and external iliac lymph nodes, spleen and various abdominal organs. Infection in domestic pigs was associated with exposure to feral pigs.The sensitivity (Se) in culture‐positive pigs of the RBT (79.1%) was significantly greater than that of either the CFT (49.1%) or TAT (51.1%). The specificities (Sp) in culture‐negative pigs were 81.2% for the RBT, 90.8% for the CFT and 81.0% for the TAT. A more realistic estimate of Sp for the RBT was considered to be 97.6%, based on serological results from 31,326 domestic pigs routinely tested for regulatory purposes. The RBT was clearly superior to the other 2 tests in this study. However, a more sensitive screening test would be preferable for use in a test and slaughter eradication program. The RBT would be a suitable confirmatory test.
Lesions of presumed congenital origin in the accessory sex glands of bulls
Authors: CAMPERO CM , BAGSHAW PA , LADDS PW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA detailed description of lesions of presumed congenital origin involving the accessory sex glands of 11 bulls is given. All of these lesions would have been detectable by careful clinical examination during bull evaluation. Evidence presented here supports the view that congenital abnormalities such as bilateral ampulla‐seminal vesicle fusion, ampulla cysts associated with luminal constriction, cysts of urogenital sinus origin, prostatic appendage, and persistent remnant of the urachus could sometimes be responsible for development of inflammatory conditions in the accessory sex glands. Anomalies such as segmental aplasia or hypoplasia of mesonephric duct derivations, or single ampulla‐seminal vesicle fusion in which the ducts opened freely in the colliculus seminalis were not seen to be associated with inflammation in the accessory sex glands. The significance of these findings is considered.
Inhibition of alpha‐glucosidase in cattle by Castanospermum australe: an attempted phenocopy of Pompe's disease
Authors: REICHMANN KG , TWIST JO , McKENZIE RA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPompe's disease is characterised by an absence of lysosomal alpha‐glucosidase, but this enzyme is also inhibited by Castanospermum australe seeds. Four calves were fed C. australe seeds at the rate of 0.15 g/kg body weight for periods from 1 to 4 days. Lymphocyte alpha‐glucosidase activity was reduced by at least 90%, with the majority of inhibition occurring within 8 h of dosing. Several weeks elapsed before activity returned to normal. Significant inhibition of muscle alpha‐glucosidase occurred and the ratio of plasma alpha‐glucosidase activity measured at pH 5.6 relative to that at pH 3.7 was depressed.In an attempt to induce Pompe's disease, 2 calves were dosed with 1.2 g C. australe seed/kg body weight/day for 13 months. Lymphocyte and muscle alpha‐glucosidase activities were markedly reduced over the entire period of feeding, but the animals showed no clinical signs of disease. Tissue cells were not vacuolated nor did they show any apparent accumulation of glycogen. Despite significant inhibition of alpha‐glucosidase in skeletal and cardiac muscle, liver, kidney and brain, it is suggested that there was sufficient residual enzyme to prevent induction of a phenocopy of Pompe's disease.
A role for DNA characterisation in ovine footrot
Authors: McGILLIVERY DJ , WEBBER JJ , TOOHEY LA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Bacteroides nodosus involved in several outbreaks of ovine footrot over a number of years were subjected to DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Individual isolates were found to have characteristic Bam HI profiles which permitted their accurate identification and differentiation from other isolates. Bam HI profiles of B. nodosus isolates were used in epidemiological investigations involving consecutive outbreaks of footrot on individual and neighbouring farms. The relationship of given isolates to a common source could be established by this means. Restriction endonculease analysis provides an additional epidemiological tool in ovine footrot investigations as it accurately identifies interstrain differences in a manner not possible by conventional bacteriological and serological means.
A farming systems study of abortion in dairy cattle on the Atherton Tableland: 2. The pattern of infectious diseases
Authors: NORTON JH , TRANTER WP , CAMPBELL RSF 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe role of infectious agents on dairy farms on the Atherton Tableland in tropical north Queensland was studied as part of a comprehensive investigation into the causes of bovine abortion. The prevalence of antibody in serums collected from 7 herds whose annual abortion rates ranged from 3% to 21% were as follows: Leptospira hardjo 49.9% (426/853), L. pomona 0.4% (3/851), bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) 33.7% (35/104). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) 11.5% (12/105), Akabane virus 92.2% (95/103), Aino virus 62.1% (64/103), Chlamydia psittaci 3.1% (37/1004), Brucella abortus 0% (0/851), and Toxoplasma gondii 0% (0/105). Testing of serums against a wide range of leptospiral serotypes indicated that reactions occurring in the Hebdomadis and Sejroe serogroups were probably cross reactions with L. hardjo. Infection with L. hardjo and Akabane virus occurred prior to first mating and contact with Aino virus occurred during first pregnancy. Infection with BVD and IBR viruses was sporadic.The pathology and microbiology of 32 aborted foetuses from 24 Tableland herds (10 from the group of 19 farms under more intense study) were performed. Lesions associated with a Sarcocystis‐like agent were present in 6, leptospires in 1, suspected toxic hepatosis in 2 and purulent bronchopneumonia (Staphylococcus aureus) in 1 foetus. No diagnoses were made in the remaining 22 foetuses (69%).Evidence for a common infectious cause of abortion in the population was inconclusive.
Comparison of inoculation regimes for the experimental production of swine erysipelas arthritis: II Serological findings in a gel diffusion precipitin test and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: EAMENS GJ , CHIN JC , NICHOLLS PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe serological response of pigs to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae inoculation was monitored by a gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT) using a crude, serotype‐specific, autoclaved antigen and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a heat‐extracted, alcohol precipitated and molecular seived antigen previously shown to react with serum from pigs infected with serotypes 1 or 2. All pigs receiving 3 or 5 weekly intravenous inoculations of either a highly virulent (VRS 229) or a lowly virulent isolate (VRS 252) produced GDPT‐reactive antibody within 3 weeks, but only 44% were still reactive at 8 to 9.5 weeks. The ELISA response was significantly higher in pigs inoculated with the highly virulent strain, and was similar in pigs receiving 3 or 5 doses of either strain. In a dose‐response trial, after 3 doses of VRS 229, GDPT reactivity occurred earlier and was stronger in pigs given higher doses of E. rhusiopathiae, but the response peaked 3 to 5 weeks after the start of challenge and was short lived. GDPT reactivity correlated with dose, but not with the severity of arthritis. The ELISA demonstrated specific IgG antibody was present by 2 weeks, and persisted to at least 11 weeks. The ELISA reactivity was significantly higher in pigs with arthritis than in pigs that received low doses and were not arthritic. Within groups of pigs with arthritis a significant, dose dependent, linear ELISA response developed but did not correlate with the presence or degree of arthritis at slaughter. Non‐arthritic pigs had similar low ELISA responses to uninoculated controls.
Bovine ephemeral fever
Authors: UREN MF 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEphemeral fever remains a viral disease of considerable importance to many countries including Australia. The virus has been only partly characterised and still awaits final classification. Although BEF virus was first thought to contain 6 structural proteins there is increasing evidence to suggest that it contains the 5 proteins characteristic of the Rhabdoviridae. Although BEF is thought to be arthropod borne, the vector has yet to be identified but it is clear from the distribution of BEF that more than one vector is capable of transmitting the disease. Despite rigorous investigation of the clinical signs and the pathology of ephemeral fever, little progress has been made on the pathogenesis of the disease. This has been partly due to the difficulty of propagating BEF virus in vitro and the inability to define the site of replication. However, there is mounting evidence to suggest that BEF is immunopathologic in nature and that the clinical expression of the disease is influenced by the release of one or more mediators of inflammation. The disease is characterised by a number of haematological and biochemical changes and early and prolonged treatment with phenylbutazone is capable of reversing a number of these changes. The intravenous administration of calcium can now be considered a justifiable addition to the treatment regimen together with prolonged phenylbutazone therapy. The vaccines currently available are prepared from either live attenuated or killed virus and may be less than reliable. There appears to be a need for a reliable, inexpensive, cold‐chain independent alternative vaccine.
An epidemiological study of sheep deaths before and during export by sea from Western Australia
Authors: NORRIS RT , RICHARDS RB , DUNLOP RH 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A study was conducted to record the deaths that occurred during export, and to examine the temporal pattern of pellet feeding in the feedlot and ascertain the variation in mortality between groups of sheep from different farms. Between November 1985 and April 1987, 5 cohorts of sheep were selected on arrival at a feedlot before live export by sea from Western Australia to the Middle East. Each cohort consisted of 4,118 to 9,612 Merino wethers from 15 to 35 farms (lines).There were few deaths during trucking to the feedlot (rate 0.9, range 0.0 to 3.0 per 10,000 sheep) and during lot‐feeding (rate 6.2, range 1.2 to 12.2 per 10,000 sheep). Most of the deaths occurred aboard ship (rate 210.7, range 152.7 to 271.5 per 10,000 sheep).The proportion of sheep that ate pelleted feed increased with increasing length of time in the feedlot. By the end of lot‐feeding the percentage of sheep that had not eaten pellets was 23.3, 4.4, 1.2, 2.1 and 0.2 in a representative sample of each of the 5 cohorts. It was considered that offering hay throughout lot‐feeding was undesirable for the purpose of maximising the number of sheep that ate pellets before loading on the ship.Half of the deaths aboard ship occurred in 25% of 133 lines of sheep in the 5 cohorts. In each cohort the median per cent death rate (and range) per line was 1.3 (0.3 to 11.9), 1.1 (0.0 to 5.7), 1.8 (0.0 to 6.8), 2.3 (0.0 to 14.3) and 0.9 (0.1 to 5.4). It was concluded that if high mortality lines of sheep could be identified before purchase and managed differently or not exported, the overall mortality would be reduced substantially.
Efficiency of inspection procedures for the detection of tuberculous lesions in cattle
Authors: CORNER LA , MELVILLE L. , McCUBBIN K. , SMALL KJ , McCORMICK BS , WOOD PR , ROTHEL JS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The sensitivity of the abattoir inspection procedure introduced for Australian export beef in 1976 was compared to a detailed necropsy procedure for the detection of tuberculous lesions in cattle. In a sample of cattle that were reactors to the tuberculin test, abattoir inspection failed to detect an estimated 47% of cattle with lesions.The detailed necropsy examination of cattle with lesions of tuberculosis identified 21 sites of infection compared with 13 to 18 in cattle examined by routine meat inspection procedures. Of the lesions detected during detailed necropsy, 15.9% did not involve the thoracic cavity or the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The failure to detect lesions during abattoir inspection has its greatest significance in an animal with a single lesion. If the 245 cattle found with single lesions during detailed necropsy had been examined by abattoir inspection using the 1976 or the 1986 procedures, 0.8 and 8.9%, respectively, of these animals would not have been detected because the diseased tissues would not have been examined. If meat inspection is to provide an effective means of monitoring the level of bovine tuberculosis during the final stages of eradication, a procedure no less sensitive than that introduced in 1976 should be used.
Induced sero‐conversion in heifers with a field strain of bovine pestivirus–a comparison of methods and doses
Authors: COOK LG , LITTLEJOHNS IR , JESSEP TM 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Losses from pestivirus infection in a closed herd of cattle occurred over several years. In order to prevent further losses, controlled exposure of non‐pregnant heifers to pestivirus from viraemic carrier animals was undertaken.Two initial experiments were conducted using either intra‐nasal EDTA blood or field contact. Subsequently, other yearling heifers were inoculated with various dilutions of serum using subcutaneous, conjunctival and intra‐nasal routes. Effective doses were determined.Neither inoculation nor contact infection produced any clinical illness. The highest dilutions of serum at which sero‐conversion occurred were conjunctival, undiluted; intranasal, 10‐1 and subcutaneous 10‐5. With the subcutaneous route all heifers sero‐converted at 10‐3. The results for the subcutaneous inoculations showed that the 50% infectious dose for cattle was not distinguishable from that determined in cell culture.Inoculation with a field strain of pestivirus in freeze‐thawed serum has effectively and safely induced sero‐conversion in heifers. Inoculation of all cattle at risk is considered necessary because no secondary transmission from inoculated heifers was observed.
Efficacy of avermectin B1 given orally against equine intestinal strongyles and Onchocera microfilaria
Authors: MOGG TD , POLLITT CC , WILLMORE JP , THOMPSON H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three groups of horses and ponies (N = 13, 13 and 12) were treated with ivermectin paste (0.2 mg/kg p.o.), avermectin B1 solution (0.2 mg/kg p.o.), or fenbendazole suspension (10 mg/kg via nasogastric tube). The avermectin B1 was a 1% solution in a propylene glycol‐glycerol formal base.Faecal strongyle egg counts were performed before, and 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 d, after treatment. Full‐thickness skin biopsies from the neck, pectoral and umbilical regions were examined for Onchocera microfilaria before treatment, and again 14 and 70 d later.Ivermectin therapy produced a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mean strongyle egg counts 14, 28, 42 and 56 d after treatment. Avermectin B1 therapy resulted in significant (P < 0.01) decreases in mean strongyle egg counts 14, 28 and 42 d after treatment. All horses given ivermectin or avermectin B1 had zero strongyle egg counts 14 and 28 d after treatment. Fenbendazole failed to significantly decrease strongyle egg counts.Both ivermectin and avermectin B1 resulted in zero microfilaria counts in all horses 14 d after treatment. On day 70 the percentage decrease in microfilaria counts were 100% and 99.6% respectively. Fenbendazole failed to significantly decrease microfilaria counts.The oral administration of this formulation of avermectin B1 appeared to be highly efficacious against intestinal strongyles and Onchocera microfilaria, The duration of anti‐strongyle activity was, however, significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than that of ivermectin paste.
Strangles in horse studs: Incidence, risk factors and effect of vaccination
Authors: JORM LR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A questionnaire survey of 179 horse studs in New South Wales was conducted to estimate the incidence of strangles during 1985 to 1988, to identify risk factors for strangles outbreaks and to assess the effect of strangles vaccination. Forty‐nine of the studs (27.4%) had at least one strangles outbreak during this period and 62 studs (34.6%) had at least one case of strangles. The average incidence of strangles was 2.1 cases per 100 horses per year.The risk of strangles increased progressively with the total horse population and rose markedly when more than 100 mares had been served in the 1988–89 season. Certain types of feeders, fences and water sources were also significantly associated with outbreaks of strangles.Strangles vaccine* was used on 63 studs (35.2%). Thirty‐seven of these (58.7%) used the manufacturer's recommended vaccination regime. When other risk factors were taken into account, vaccination had no significant effect on the likelihood of a strangles outbreak.