bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis by detection of specific IgM antibodies with a solid‐phase reverse immunosorbent test (SPRIST) and μ‐capture EIA
Authors: Glimåker Martin , Samuelson Agneta , Magnius Lars , Ehrnst Anneka , Olcén Per , Forsgren Marianne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solid‐phase reverse immunosorbent test (SPRIST) and a μ‐capture enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) for detection of enterovirus‐specific IgM antibodies were evaluated for enterovirus diagnosis of aseptic meningitis in 160 consecutive patients from whom enterovirus (11 different serotypes) were isolated in 64. In patients with an enterovirus isolate and/or four‐fold titre rise in the complement fixation test (CFT) for enterovirus, specific enterovirus IgM antibodies were detected on the day of admission to hospital in 48% by SPRIST and in 50% by EIA and 4‐6 days after onset of symptoms in 71% by SPRIST and 79% by EIA. A significant increase in titre was observed between serum sampled on the day of admission and 2 days later in 38% by SPRIST and in 41% by EIA. These results indicate that the IgM antibody response appears early in the course of aseptic meningitis. Since both SPRIST and EIA provide rapid results the tests may be of differential diagnostic value and the IgM antibody kinetics may be utilized for diagnosis during the acute phase of aseptic meningitis. With optimized serum sampling the positive outcome was 76% in SPRIST and 82% in EIA among patients with positive virus isolation and/or CFT for enterovirus.In 67 patients virus isolation and CFT for en‐terovirus yielded negative results as well as all non‐enteroviral diagnostic tests. Thirty‐eight of these patients were positive by SPRIST and/or EIA and in half of these 38 a significant titre rise and/or fall in SPRIST and/or EIA was recorded. The majority of these IgM‐positive patients became ill in the late summer or autumn, i.e., the “enterovirus season.” These findings indicate that SPRIST and EIA may give additive information about etiology in patients with aseptic meningitis. However, enterovirus IgM responses were seen in 10 cases by SPRIST and in 6 by EIA out of the 25 patients with non‐enterovirus diagnoses. This indicates that the tests may be not only cross‐reacting within the enterovirus group but also, to a smaller extent, be cross‐reacting with sera from patients with non‐enterovirus infections. Dual infections or persistent enterovirus IgM activity after a recent enterovirus infection may be alternative explanations. Thus, additional criteria in support of present enterovirus infection should be sought. In conclusion the detection of enterovirus‐specific IgM has improved the early diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, but rapid enterovirus diagnosis still remains a challenge.
A high frequency of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in cervical carcinomas of indian women as revealed by southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Das B. C. , Sharma J. K. , Gopalkrishna V. , Das D. K. , Singh V. , Gissmann L. , Hausen H. Zur , Luthra Usha K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNinety‐six colposcopical ly directed biopsies from squamous epithelial carcinoma of the uterine cervix and 22 age‐matched normal control biopsy specimens were examined by both Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of different human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA types. Cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the most common malignant disease in Indian women, showed a high frequency (98%) of HPV as compared to those reported from other parts of the world. HPV type 16 was found to be the dominant (64%) type while the frequency of HPV type 18 was verylow (3%). On individual typing of HPV, no biopsy was found to contain any other known HPV types under stringent conditions of hybridization except a single case of HPV type 11. Only one case of double infection with HPV types 16 and 18 was recorded. Under low stringency conditions of hybridization with a mixed probe of HPV types 16 and 18, 29 additional biopsies were found to be positive. Southern blot hybridization alone detected HPV DNA in 92% of the cases but none in the controls. By PCR, six (6.25%) more cases and four (18.18%) healthy women were found to be positive for HPVs. Analysis of the physical state of HPV 16 indicated integration in about 70% of carcinoma cases while 30% of them were in episomal form. The findings suggest that infection with HPV is an important etiologic factor for the development of cervical cancer, that a number of such tumours may arise without HPV infection, and that integration of the viral DNA into host genome is not always essential for malignant progression. Furthermore, the use of PCR provides an effective complementation of Southern blot hybridization for meaningful epidemiological studies of HPV infection.
A pilot model of vaccination against hepatitis B virus suitable for mass vaccination campaigns in hyperendemic areas
Authors: da Villa G. , Piazza M. , Lorio R. , Picciotto L. , Peluso P. , Deluca G. , Basile B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA hepatitis B vaccination campaign was carried out in a town of 60,000 inhabitants, Afragola, Campania, Italy, a hyperendemic area for hepatitis B where HBsAg prevalence was 13.4% and anti‐HBc prevalence was 64.7%. This experimental pilot project aimed to reduce the incidence of both acute and asymptomatic viral hepatitis B and of related chronic liver complications. From 1983‐1989, 8,400 subjects were vaccinated: 6,900 children up to 10 years of age and 1,500 subjects from 11‐60 years of age. High seroconversion rates were observed: 99.0% in all children under one year of age, 96.0% in the older children, and 86.7% in adults. The rate of infection in Afragola has diminished from 63/100,000 in 1983 to 10/100,000 in 1989. Carriers of HbsAg decreased in the general population (7.3% com‐ pared to 13.4%). especially in children up to 10 years of age (1.0 compared to 9.0%). In babies who received hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as compulsory vaccinations compliance was 98% while it was 80% in babies who were vaccinated separately.In June 1991 the Italian Parliament promulgated a decree which imposes hepatitis B vaccination for all newborn babies at 3, 5, and 1 1months of age, at the same times as the mandatory childhood accinations (diphtheria, tetanus, and polio) according t o a new protocol (Piazza scheme) which has been in use since January 1987 in our pilot vaccination campaign in Afragola.
Molecular epidemiology of adenoviruses associated with acute lower respiratory disease of children in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1984–1988)
Authors: Kajon Adriana E. , Wadell Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDNA restriction analysis was carried out on a sample of 73 adenovirus strains isolated in Buenos Aires from nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with lower acute respiratory infection between 1984 and 1988.Thirty‐five isolates (47.9%) were classified as members of subgenus B. Of these, three were identified as a new genome type of Ad3p denominated Ad3p3; five strains corresponded to genome type 7b and two to genome type 7c. The other 25 isolates were identified as the recently recognized genome type 7h. All 6 fatalities re‐ corded within this group of 73 children were associated with infection by Adenovirus genome type 7h.Thirty‐seven isolates (50.7%) were classified within subgenus C that corresponded to 9 different genome types denominated 1p (n = 5); I#(n = 2); 2p (n = 4); 2b (n = 6); 2# (n = 5); 5# (n = 4); 5* (n = 7) and 5+ (n = 2). All genome types of subgenus C were compared with the data reported by Adrian et al. (Archives of Virology112:235‐238,1990). The Ad1p and Ad1# genome types could be allocated to AVI genome types D1 and D10, respectively. Ad2b genome type could be allocated to AV2 genome type D25. No counterparts were found for the remaining 6 genomic variants.Only one isolate was identified as Ad4a of subgenus E.The comparison of the results of the present study with those of the molecular characterization of Chilean strains isolated between 1984 and 1987 suggests that the adenovirus strains associated with respiratory disease of children may be common in both countries.
Outcome of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in guinea pigs
Authors: Fowler Sandra L. , Harrison Christopher J. , Myers Martin G. , Stanberry Lawrence R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFactors that influence the outcome of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection were explored in a guinea pig model. The viral inoculum required to establish infection in 50% of animals (ID50) was similar for inbred (strain 2) and out‐bred (Hartley) guinea pigs. However, the viral inoculum required to produce clinical disease in 50% of the animals (CD50) was 10 times greater for strain 2 compared to Hartley animals. HSV infection of both inbred and outbred animals was more likely to result in death of weanling than adult animals. The duration and severity of genital disease and the magnitude of vaginal viral replication were similar for strain 2 and Hartley animals in both young and adult animals. The lethal dose for 50% of animals (LD50) was 100‐ fold greater than the CD50 for Hartley animals, but the LD50 and the CD50 were equal in strain 2 guinea pigs. Viral cultures of homogenized neural tissues from infected animals revealed that HSV ascended to the level of the temporal cortex in strain 2 guinea pigs while virus was never recovered above the lumbar spinal cord in Hartley animals. Endogenous peripheral blood mononuclear cell‐mediated cytolytic activity against HSV‐infected targets was greater prior to HSV inoculation in survivors compared to animals that died.A fatal outcome of genital HSV‐2 may relate to the failure to limit CNS viral replication. Death is more common among guinea pigs that have low endogenous HSV‐directed natural killer activity, such as occurs among strain 2 and young animals whether inbred or outbred.
Effect of cyclosporin‐A in woodchucks with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Goldin R. , Luther S. , Carman W. F. , Monjardino J. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour woodchucks chronically infected with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) were treated with cyclosporin‐A (CyA) for 11 weeks. All animals had detectable HDAg in the liver and two of them were also positive for HDAg and HDV‐RNA in serum. Reappearance of HDV in serum was noted in one of the two non‐viraemic animals and increased viraernia in the two viraemic. HDV‐RNA levels became elevated within a week of starting treatment and an inverse relationship between HDV‐RNA and WHV‐DNA became apparent during the treatment period. With discontinuation of treatment, HDV‐RNA levels either returned to pretreatment levels or became negative. The remaining animal showed no return of viraemia during CyA treatment; HDV‐RNA remained negative and WHV‐DNA levels did not change. Liver biopsies revealed a slight increase in lobular activity during CyA treatment in the animals showing increased viraemia. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the host immune response exerts a negative control on the level of HDV viraemia and that HDV influences HBV replication independently of the host immune response. In an animal that may have been clearing HDV, immunosuppression did not result in recurrence of viraemia.
Inactivated Lassa virus elicits a non protective immune response in rhesus monkeys
Authors: McCormick J. B. , Mitchell S. W. , Kiley M. P. , Ruo S. , Fisher‐Hoch S. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe attempted to protect three rhesus monkeys from Lassa fever by vaccination with a preparation of purified whole Lassa virus which had been inactivated by gamma irradiation. The vaccinated monkeys developed antibodies against the three major viral proteins of Lassa virus demonstrated by radioimmunoprecipitation. When the three vaccinated monkeys and two unvaccinated control monkeys were challenged all five became severely ill and died. Prior to death a secondary, high‐titer antibody response to Lassa virus was observed in the three vaccinated monkeys, whereas the two unvaccinated monkeys developed a primary, low‐titer antibody response. Though titers of Lassa virus in serum reached peak levels earlier following challenge in the non vaccinated, at the time of death serum and organ virus liters did not differ significantly. Changes in platelet aggregation, leukocyte counts, and liver enzymes, abnormalities of which have been associated with severity of Lassa fever, were found to be comparable in the two groups. The humoral antibody response measured in these animals following vaccination, although of the same magnitude as found in humans recovered from Lassa fever, was insufficient to protect the animals from this fatal disease. Evidence is now accumulating that the cell‐mediated immune response must be activated in order to protect against challenge with arenaviruses. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of anti‐HCV and HCV viremia in hemodialysis patients in Taiwan
Authors: Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Lee Suh‐Huoy , Wang Jin‐Town , Shih Linn‐Na , Wang Teh‐Hong , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis C viral infection in 125 hemodialysis patients from Taiwan was studied using a sec‐ ond‐generation anti‐HCV immunoassay (EIA 11) (Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the HCV RNA in the se‐ rum. A total of 59 patients (47.2%) were positive by EIA II. In comparison, the conventional CIOO‐3 anti‐HCV assay was positive in 40 (32.0%). HCV RNA was found in 47 patients (37.6%). Patients with elevated serum transaminase level had a higher positive rate of anti‐HCV and HCV RNA. The dialysis time was longer for those patients positive for anti‐HCV than for those who were negative. A total of 57 of the 59 EIA Il‐positive cases had a history of blood transfusion. The HBsAg status did not influence the anti‐HCV positivity. Among the 59 EIA Il‐positive patients, 66.1% were also positive for HCV RNA, and of the 47 HCV RNA‐positive cases 83.0% were positive for EIA 11. It is concluded that the high prevalence of specific HCV infection and HCV viremia was present in these patients. Prevention of cross‐ contamination during dialysis and blood screen‐ ing before transfusion are important for the control of HCV infection in these patients. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 2′‐fluorinated arabinosyl‐pyrimidine nucleosides on duck hepatitis B virus DNA level in serum and liver of chronically infected ducks
Authors: Fourel I. , Li J. , Hantz O. , Jacquet C. , Fox J. J. , Trepo C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 2′‐fluorinated arabinosyl‐pyrimidine nucleo‐ sides, 1‐(2′‐deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐P‐D‐arabinofura‐ nosyl)‐5‐iodocytosine (FIAC) and 1‐(2′‐deoxy‐ 2′‐fluoro‐p ‐D‐arabinofuranosyl) ‐5‐methyluracil (FMAU), are new antiviral compounds with in vitro inhibitory activity against the DNA polymerase of hepadnaviruses. Those compounds also induced permanent inhibition of viral replication in woodchucks chronically infected by woodchuck hepatitis virus. The effects of these antiviral compounds were assessed in ducks chronically infected by duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). Following intraperitoneal administration for 5 days, FMAU (2 mgikgiday) and FIAC (10 mgikgiday) induced a transient decrease in DHBV replication, as shown by the decrease in both the serum and liver DHBV DNA level. After stopping therapy, DHBV replication rebounded immediately to the pretreatment level. The supercoiled form of liver viral DNA was found to be less affected by the therapy. By contrast, no obvious antiviral effect was observed with vidarabine monophosphate (ara‐AMP) (80 mglkgiday) therapy. No sign of toxicity was observed during the course of the treatment. These preliminary results confirmed in the DHBV model the higher efficacy of FIAC and FMAU as compared to ara‐ AMP. Pharmacokinetic studies are needed to ex‐ plain the differences observed in viral replication in these 2 models of HBV infection. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of cytomegalovirus‐infected cells by flow cytometry and fluorescence in suspension hybridisation (FLASH) using DNA probes labeled with biotin by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Link Hartmut , Battmer Karin , Kleine Hans Dieter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA biotin‐labeled DNA probe specific for the im‐ mediate early gene of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain AD 169 was generated with the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic acid hybridisation was carried out with CMV‐infected T‐lymphoblastoid cells (MOLT4) after 4 hr to 6 days of culture. Biotin molecules were made visible with streptavidin coupled with fluorescein. The fluorescence signal of the hybridised probe was measured by flow cytometry in the cell suspension. The number of CMV‐positive cells was 7% at 4 hr, 8% after 28 hr, 18% after 2 days, 26% after 3 days, 91% after 4 days, 97% after 5 days, and 98% after 6 days. The first detection of CMV antigen (pp65) was possible with immunoenzymatic labeling by day 4, whereas CMV‐DNA was detected by PCR after 4 hr. CMV‐specific RNA could be detected in a similar way. The analysis of mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes in a patient with active CMV infection showed 14.7% CMV DNA‐positive cells at day 1 and 7% at day 8, as compared to 0.9% and 0.0% cells which were positive for CMV antigen (pp65) by immunoenzymatic labeling at day 1 and day 8, respectively. We conclude that flow cytometry and fluorescence in suspension hybridisation (FLASH) offers a new tool for analysing exactly and quantifying large numbers of cells for specific DNA or RNA and may be useful for other laboratory and clinical applications. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved serodiagnosis of chronic hepatitis C in Japan by a second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Yuki Nobukazu , Hayashi Norio , Hagiwara Hideki , Takehara Tetsuo , Oshita Masahide , Kasahara Akinori , Fusamoto Hideyuki , Kamada Takenobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo clarify the role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in chronic liver disease, sera from Japanese patients which were negative by the original anti‐HCV assay (Ortho) were subjected to a second‐generation anti‐HCV assay based on a combination of structural (C22) and nonstructural (C200) recombinant HCV proteins. Of 29 patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, 20 (69%) were anti‐HCV‐positive by the second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and also positive by the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) which detects the HCV genome. Of 41 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers, 3 (7%) were positive by the second‐generation ELISA; 1 of 3 was positive by RT‐PCR. The HCV genome was detected in ail cases positive for anti‐HCV with high titers. Of 59 healthy subjects negative by the second‐generation ELISA, none were positive by RT‐PCR. These findings indicate that HCV is a major causative agent of chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Japan and that second‐generation ELISA is specific and a more sensitive diagnostic assay for chronic hepatitis C. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigenic relationships among human herpesvirus‐6 isolates
Authors: Chandran Bala , Tirawatnapong Suranan , Pfeiffer Brian , Ablashi Dharam V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) prototype isolate GS is a newly identified lymphotropic herpesvirus and several subsequent herpes isolates were recognized as HHV‐6 by their hybridization to a HHV‐6(GS) DMA probe pZVH14. DNA restriction analysis and in vitro tropism studies show that HHV‐6 isolates can be divided into two groups, designated group A and group B. Antigenic relationships among 15 HHV‐6 isolates belonging to these two groups were examined using rabbit antibodies against HHV‐6(GS) infected cells, 11 monoclonal antibodies against three glycoproteins and four non‐glycoproteins of HHV‐6(GS), and sera from 136 healthy adults. More than 20 polypeptides from all these isolates were immu‐noprecipitated by rabbit polyclonal antibodies against HHV‐6(GS) infected cells. Reactivities of monoclonal antibodies segregated these isolates into the same two groups. Group A contains HHV‐6(GS), HHV‐6(U1102) from a Ugandan acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient, and nine other HHV‐6 isolates from various disorders. HHV‐6(Z‐29) from a Zairian AIDS patient, HHV‐6(SF) isolated from the saliva of a human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)‐infected individual, HHV‐6(OK) from a child with exan‐them subitum, and HHV‐6(DC) from a leukopenia patient are in group B. Eighty‐one percent of the sera showed similar antibody titer in immunofluorescence assay with group A HHV‐6(GS) and group B HHV‐6(Z‐29) infected cells and 19% of the sera showed two‐ to four‐fold antibody titer differences. The mobilities of many of the polypeptides immunoprecipitated from group A HHV‐6(GS) and group B HHV‐6(Z‐29) infected cells were different and sera showed differences in the quantities and nature of polypeptides immunoprecipitated. Together, our data show that HHV‐6 related isolates segregate into two antigenically closely related yet distinct groups, exhibiting group common and group specific anti‐genie epitopes. The complex patterns of reactivities of human sera suggest that individuals may be infected with viruses from one group. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective study on maternal, intrauterine, and perinatal infections with cytomegalovirus in Japan during 1976–1990
Authors: Hirota Kiyokata , Muraguchi Kiyo , Watabe Noritsune , Okumura Masayuki , Kozu Masaomi , Takahashi Kenji , Machida Yukio , Funayama Yuko , Oshima Takeko , Numazaki Yoshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince 1976, sera obtained serially from 10,218 pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters of gestation and cord sera were tested for CMV complement‐fixing (CF) and im‐munofluorescent (IF) antibodies. CMV IgG‐IF antibody was positive in 9,735/10,218 (95%) in the first trimester, and a significant rise of CF antibodies during pregnancy was found in 70/9,206 (0.76%) of the seropositive group and in 5/438 (1.14%) of the seronegative group. IgM antibody was found in 6/9,206 (0.06%) of seropositive women during the first trimester and in 7/70 (10.0%) of seropositive mothers with CF antibody rise and in 4/5 of seroconverted mothers of the seronegative group, suggesting that the incidence of primary infection with CMV during pregnancy was approximately 1% of susceptible women. All the mothers with immune response had infants with neither viruria nor IgM antibody in the cord blood, whereas seropositive mothers without an immune response had infants with viruria (7/1,826; 0.4%) or with IgM antibody in the cord blood (6/9,136; 0.06%). None of these 13 babies, shedding CMV or with IgM IF antibody, had physical or mental retardation. CMV IgG‐IF antibody was present in almost 80% of infants between 7 and 12 months of age in 1988, suggesting that perinatal or postnatal CMV infection may occur in infants born to seropositive mothers in 70‐80% of pregnancies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.