bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Status of Colorado Pikeminnow in the Green River Basin, Utah and Colorado
Authors: Bestgen Kevin R. , Hawkins John A. , White Gary C. , Christopherson Kevin D. , Hudson J. Michael , Fuller Mark H. , Kitcheyan D. Chris , Brunson Ronald , Badame Paul , Haines G. Bruce , Jackson Julie A. , Walford Cameron D. , Sorensen Tasha A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCapture‐recapture sampling of 819 km of streams in the Green River subbasin, Utah and Colorado, of the Colorado River basin was conducted in 2000‐2003 to estimate population demographic parameters and recovery status for endangered Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius. Parameter estimates from a Huggins robust‐design, multistratum model suggested a basinwide decline in the abundance of adult (total length, ≥450 mm) Colorado pikeminnow. Reductions were most severe in the middle Green River (59%) and White River (63%), the two largest population segments. Reductions were less severe in the Yampa River (29%), Desolation‐Gray Canyon (11%), and lower Green River reaches (36%). In 2001, the first year the entire subbasin was sampled, adult Colorado pikeminnow abundance was estimated at 3,304 fish (95% confidence interval, 2,900‐3,707) but declined to 2,142 fish (1,686‐2,598) by 2003, a 35% reduction. However, accounting for a reach not sampled in 2000 makes it likely that the reduction was 48% over the 2000‐2003 period. The abundance of recruits (400‐449 mm) in the study area averaged 8.9% of adult abundance. The annual survival rate for 2000‐2003 was 0.65 (0.59‐0.71), lower than the 0.82 rate estimated for 1991‐1999; mortality exceeded recruitment. The few captures and lack of recaptures of fish of at least 800 mm suggest that apparent survival was low for large Colorado pikeminnow. The reduced abundance of adult Colorado pikeminnow was due, in part, to the weak year‐classes of age‐0 fish produced in the 1990s and the reduced survival of recruits and adults in 2000‐2003. Based on these results, downlisting of this species is not warranted at this time. Better understanding of the factors that influence adult survival rates, abundance dynamics, and the recruitment of early life stages as well as the effects of flow recommendations and nonnative predaceous fishes would assist the conservation of Colorado pikeminnow.
Premaxillary Osteotomy and Guided Tissue Regeneration in Secondary Bone Grafting in Children with Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Scott Julia K. , Webb Roger M. , Flood Timothy R. 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To introduce a surgical technique for secondary alveolar bone grafting performed in conjunction with premaxillary osteotomy and guided tissue regeneration in children with bilateral clefts. This paper also looks at the outcomes of this surgery in a series of 15 consecutive patients. Methods: Secondary alveolar bone grafting (with a premaxillary osteotomy and guided tissue regeneration with a collagen membrane) is usually carried out in the mixed dentition stage. This retrospective study used patients’ medical records, radiographs, and clinical examination to assess the outcome of the surgery. Patients were followed up for an average of 3 years. Results: Bone grafting was successful in all cases. No premaxillae were lost and there was no long-term morbidity of the donor site. Radiographic assessment of the bone heights showed an average of 94% retention, 3 months postoperatively. Preliminary assessment of maxillary canine eruption is encouraging, with 79% being fully erupted in those patients who are at least 3 years post–bone grafting. Conclusion: Premaxillary osteotomy allows repositioning of the premaxilla to its optimal preplanned position and successful closure of all fistulae. We have found that use of a collagen membrane is a useful adjunct.
Rapid Maxillary Distraction Protocol Utilizing the Halo Distraction System and Rigid Internal Fixation
Authors: Baker Stephen B. , Reid Russell R. , Burkey Brooke , Bartlett Scott P. 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To shorten head frame wear time associated with external halo distraction (HD), we have adapted a protocol for maxillary distraction with the halo system that integrates plate fixation. Participants: All patients had a history of cleft lip and/or palate and maxillary retrusion ≥8 mm. Five patients treated with this protocol and followed for at least 1 year were included in this study. Interventions: The protocol included a 3-day latency period, variable maxillary distraction, and removal of the halo device with simultaneous rigid internal fixation. Two patients had a variable period of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), which maintained the maxillary advancement and idealized intercuspal position while permitting further callus maturation. Cephalographs were obtained preoperatively, immediately following distractor removal, and 1 year after rigid internal fixation. Results: The mean age at time of surgery was 18.7 years. The maxillary deficiency ranged from 8 to 15 mm (mean = 10.6 mm). All five patients demonstrated excellent occlusion. Cephalometric analysis 1-year post rigid internal fixation revealed minimal (<1 mm) skeletal relapse. Conclusions: Rapid maxillary distraction followed by MMF to maintain maxillary advancement may reduce halo device wear to 1 to 2 weeks. MMF optimizes occlusion by forcing the maxillary teeth into maximal intercuspal position. Rigid fixation is not only associated with less long-term relapse compared to nonrigid forms of fixation, but also minimizes the incidence of nonunion. This treatment protocol provides the advancement possible with distraction osteogenesis and the accuracy of orthognathic surgery, thereby minimizing external head frame wear.
Moebius Syndrome: Measures of Observer Intelligibility with versus without Visual Cues in Bilateral Facial Paralysis
Authors: Von Berg Shelley , McColl Douglas , Brancamp Tami 
Published: August 2007

Objective: This study investigated observers’ intelligibility for the spoken output of an individual with Moebius syndrome (MoS) with and without visual cues. Design: An audiovisual recording of the speaker's output was obtained for 50 Speech Intelligibility in Noise sentences consisting of 25 high predictability and 25 low predictability sentences. Stimuli were presented to observers under two conditions: audiovisual and audio only. Data were analyzed using a multivariate repeated measures model. Observers: Twenty students and faculty affiliated with the Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology at the University of Nevada, Reno. Results: ANOVA mixed design revealed that intelligibility for the audio condition only was significantly greater than intelligibility for the audiovisual condition; and accuracy for high predictability sentences was significantly greater than accuracy for low predictability sentences. Conclusions: The compensatory substitutional placements for phonemes produced by MoS speakers may detract from the intelligibility of speech. This is similar to the McGurk-MacDonald effect, whereby an illusory auditory signal is perceived when visual information from lip movements does not match the auditory information from speech. It also suggests that observers use contextual clues, more than the acoustic signal alone, to arrive at the accurate recognition of the message of the speakers with MoS. Therefore, speakers with MoS should be counseled in the top-down approach of auditory closure. When the speech signal is degraded, predictable messages are more easily understood than unpredictable ones. It is also important to confirm the speaking partner's understanding of the topic before proceeding.
Fourier Analysis of Human Sagittal Sutures
Authors: Wu Yii-Der , Chien Chi-Hui , Chao Yuh J. , Yu Jack C. , Williamson Mathew A. 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To evaluate the complexity of human sagittal suture patterns and to investigate whether the suture complexity correlates with age. Design: Geometric patterns of the sagittal sutures from 104 dry human skulls from the Terry Collection and 16 computed tomography images from the Bosma Collection, aged 2 months to 60 years, were digitized. The complexity of the patterns was presented by suture length, curved suture (or skull) length, and length ratio and the frequency and amplitude contents by the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) analysis. Results: The suture length along the skull showed a positive correlation with age from 2 months to 10 years, reflecting the growth of the skull. The suture length ratio, R, a measure of the complexity of the suture pattern, had a similar trend to suture length (i.e., increased with age to about 10 years and leveled off afterward, accompanied by a large scatter). The major frequency from the DFT analysis indicated an age-related development in suture complexity from infants to about 10 years and no further change for individuals older than 10 years. Conclusions: Quantitative analyses of human sagittal suture using length, length ratio, and DFT indicated that there is a progressive increase in the complexity of sagittal sutural waveform with age, especially in the early ages. These findings agree with the observations from animal experiments that sagittal sutural waveform is the result of intrinsic tissue response to extrinsic forces such as those generated by the temporalis.
Severity of Skull Malformation is Unrelated to Presurgery Neurobehavioral Status of Infants with Sagittal Synostosis
Authors: Ruiz-Correa Salvador , Starr Jacqueline R. , Lin H. Jill , Kapp-Simon Kathleen A. , Cunningham Michael L. , Speltz Matthew L. 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To examine the association between severity of scaphocephalic skull malformation and neurodevelopmental status prior to cranioplasty. Design and Participants: Seventy-five infants with single-suture sagittal craniosynostosis (median age, 4.5 months) referred to the Infant Learning Project, a prospective, multisite, longitudinal study to evaluate neurocognitive development. Main Outcome Measures: Scaphocephaly severity indices were used to quantify synostotic skull shape from computed tomography scans. Infants were assessed with the mental (MDI) and motor scales (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the receptive (PLS-AC) and expressive (PLS-EC) language scales of the Preschool Language Scale. Results: No association between skull shape and neurodevelopmental status was found. Conclusions: Lack of association between skull shape and neurodevelopment in infancy may indicate that the presurgical degree of scaphocephaly has little or no direct effect on brain development. Alternatively, such relationships, if they exist, may be evident only at older ages. Finally, it also is possible that aspects of skull malformation not measured in this study may be related to neuropsychological functioning.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle in Speakers with Repaired Cleft Palate
Authors: Ha Seunghee , Kuehn David P. , Cohen Mimis , Alperin Noam 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To obtain detailed anatomic and physiologic information on the levator veli palatini muscle from MRI in individuals with repaired cleft palate and to compare the results with those from normal subjects reported by Ettema et al. (2002). Design: Prospective study. Setting: University-based hospital. Participants: Four men (ages 22 to 43 years) with repaired cleft lip and palate. Main Outcome Measures: Four quantitative measurements of the levator veli palatini muscle from rest position and dynamic speech magnetic resonance images were obtained: the distance between the origins of the muscle, angle of origin of the muscle, muscle length, and muscle thickness. Results: The length and thickness of the levator veli palatini muscle varied among the subjects and were different from measurements obtained from normal subjects in a previous study. The distance between origin points, length, and thickness of the levator veli palatini muscle were smaller than those of the normal subjects. There were systematic changes of the levator veli palatini muscle, depending upon vowel and consonant types. Levator veli palatini muscle angle of origin and length became progressively smaller from rest, nasal consonants, low vowels, high vowels, and fricative consonants. These changes are consistent with those of the normal subjects. Conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of cleft palate anatomy in comparison with normal anatomy of the levator veli palatini muscle. The use of MRI shows promise as an important tool in the diagnosis and eventual aid to treatment decisions for individuals born with cleft palate.
Neighborhood Residence and Cigarette Smoking Among Urban Youths: The Protective Role of Prosocial Activities
Authors: Xue Yange , Zimmerman Marc A. , Caldwell Cleopatra Howard 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We examined the association between neighborhood characteristics and cigarette use among adolescents and explored the protective effects of participation in prosocial activities to better understand strengths in adolescents’ lives and help identify protective factors for the prevention of adolescent smoking. Methods. We interviewed ninth graders who had grade point averages of 3.0 or lower and who were not developmentally disabled. Participants’ addresses were geocoded so that interview data could be linked to 1990 US census data on neighborhood characteristics. Results. Neighborhood disadvantage and the percentage of Black residents in a neighborhood had different effects on cigarette smoking among Black and White adolescents. Living in a neighborhood with a high percentage of Black residents had favorable effects for Blacks but not for Whites. For both groups, a low percentage of Black residents was a risk factor for cigarette use, and risk effects were higher in the more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Involvement in prosocial activities moderated neighborhood risks. Conclusions. Neighborhood effects on adolescent cigarette use were contingent upon both contextual and individual characteristics. Participation in prosocial activities had a protective effect among adolescents in high-risk neighborhoods. Engaging adolescents in such activities may help offset the adverse effects of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood.
Black–White Mortality From HIV in the United States Before and After Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in 1996
Authors: Levine Robert S. , Briggs Nathaniel C. , Kilbourne Barbara S. , King William D. , Fry-Johnson Yvonne , Baltrus Peter T. , Husaini Baqar A. , Rust George S. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We sought to describe Black–White differences in HIV disease mortality before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Methods. Black–White mortality from HIV is described for the nation as a whole. We performed regression analyses to predict county-level mortality for Black men aged 25–84 years and the corresponding Black:White male mortality ratios (disparities) in 140 counties with reliable Black mortality for 1999–2002. Results. National Black–White disparities widened significantly after the introduction of HAART, especially among women and the elderly. In county regression analyses, contextual socioeconomic status (SES) was not a significant predictor of Black:White mortality rate ratio after we controlled for percentage of the population who were Black and percentage of the population who were Hispanic, and neither contextual SES nor race/ethnicity were significant predictors after we controlled for pre-HAART mortality. Contextual SES, race, and pre-HAART mortality were all significant and independent predictors of mortality among Black men. Conclusions. Although nearly all segments of the Black population experienced widened post-HAART disparities, disparities were not inevitable and tended to reflect pre-HAART levels. Public health policymakers should consider the hypothesis of unequal diffusion of the HAART innovation, with place effects rendering some communities more vulnerable than others to this potential problem.
Height, Its Components, and Cardiovascular Risk Among Older Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study
Authors: Schooling C. Mary , Jiang Chaoqiang , Lam Tai Hing , Thomas G. Neil , Heys Michelle , Bmbs  , Lao Xiangqian , Zhang Weisen , Adab Peymane , Cheng Kar Keung , Leung Gabriel M. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. Better childhood conditions, inferred from height and specifically leg length, are usually protective against ischemic heart disease and its risk factors in Western countries. In other geoethnic populations, height is less clearly protective, casting doubt on there being a biological etiology. To clarify the role of childhood conditions, we examined the associations of height and its components with cardiovascular risk among older Chinese people. Methods. We used multivariable regression to examine the associations of height and its components with blood pressure, lipid profile, and diabetes in 10413 older Chinese adults (mean age=64.6 years). Results. After we adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle habits, greater sitting height was associated with diabetes and dyslipidemia. Longer legs were associated with lower pulse pressure and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions. We provide indirect anthropometric evidence for the role of pre-pubertal and pubertal exposures on cardiovascular risk. Pubertal exposures are stronger than are prepubertal exposures but may be influenced by osteoporotic decline in old age. Further research should establish whether the observed relations are ethnically specific or relate to the stage or trajectory of socioeconomic development.
Promoting Prenatal and Early Childhood Health: Evaluation of a Statewide Materials-Based Intervention for Parents
Authors: Neuhauser Linda , Constantine Wendy L. , Constantine Norman A. , Sokal-Gutierrez Karen , Obarski Susan K. , Clayton Lacy , Desai Mona , Sumner Gerald , Syme S. Leonard 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. There is a critical need for effective, large-scale health communication programs to support parents of children aged 0–5 years. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Kit for New Parents, a multimedia health and parenting resource now distributed annually to 500000 parents in California. Methods. In this quasi-experimental study, 462 mothers in the intervention group and 1011 mothers in the comparison group, recruited from prenatal and postnatal programs, completed a baseline interview about health-relevant parenting knowledge, and mothers in the intervention group received the kit. Both groups were reinterviewed 2 months later. At 14-months postbaseline, 350 mothers in the intervention group and a sample of 414 mothers who had equivalent demographic characteristics (comparison group) were interviewed about parenting knowledge and practices. Results. Of the mothers in the intervention group, 87% reported using the kit within 2 months after receiving it, and 53% had shared it with their partner. At both follow-ups, mothers in the intervention group showed greater gains in knowledge and reported better practices at 14 months than did mothers in the comparison group. Gains were greater for prenatal recipients and for Spanish speakers. Providers considered the kit a valuable resource for their parenting programs. Conclusions. The kit is an effective, low-cost, statewide health intervention for parents.
Cigarette Prices, Smoking, and the Poor: Implications of Recent Trends
Authors: Franks Peter , Jerant Anthony F. , Leigh J. Paul , Lee Dennis , Chiem Alan , Lewis Ilene , Lee Sandy 
Published: August 2007

Objective. We examined the relationship between smoking participation and cigarette pack price by income group and time period to determine role of cigarette prices in income-related disparities in smoking in the United States. Methods. We used data from the 1984–2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys linked to information on cigarette prices to examine the adjusted prevalence of smoking participation and smoking participation–cigarette pack price elasticity (change in percentage of persons smoking relative to a 1% change in cigarette price) by income group (lowest income quartile [lower] vs all other quartiles [higher]) and time period (before vs after the Master Settlement Agreement [MSA]). Results. Increased real cigarette-pack price over time was associated with a marked decline in smoking among higher-income but not among lower-income persons. Although the pre–MSA association between cigarette pack price and smoking revealed a larger elasticity in the lower- versus higher-income persons (−0.45 vs −0.22), the post–MSA association was not statistically significant (P>.2) for either income group. Conclusions. Despite cigarette price increases after the MSA, income-related smoking disparities have increased. Increasing cigarette prices may no longer be an effective policy tool and may impose a disproportionate burden on poor smokers.
Exposure to Terrorism and Israeli Youths’ Cigarette, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use
Authors: Schiff Miriam , Zweig Hillah Haim , Benbenishty Rami , Hasin Deborah S. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. We investigated the consequences of exposure to acts of terrorism among Israeli adolescents. We examined whether exposure to terrorism predicted adolescents’ use of cigarettes, alcohol (including binge drinking), and cannabis after we controlled for posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms and background variables. Methods. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were given to a random sample of 960 10th and 11th grade students (51.6% boys, 48.4% girls) in a large city in northern Israel. Results. Close physical exposure to acts of terrorism predicted higher levels of alcohol consumption (including binge drinking among drinkers) and cannabis use. These relationships remained even after we controlled for posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Conclusions. In addition to posttraumatic stress symptoms, negative consequences of terrorism exposure among adolescents included substance abuse. The similarity between our findings among Israeli adolescents and previous findings among US adults suggests cross-cultural generalizability. Given the risks for later problems from early-onset substance abuse, the consequences of terrorism exposure among adolescents merit greater research and clinical attention.
SOLAR Ultraviolet Radiation AND Vitamin D
Authors: Rajakumar Kumaravel , Greenspan Susan L. , Thomas Stephen B. , Holick Michael F. 
Published: August 2007

Rickets, the state of vitamin D deficiency, has reemerged as a potential problem in the United States. At the dawn of the 20th century, rickets was pervasive among infants residing in the polluted cities of Europe and the northeastern United States. Important milestones in the history of rickets were the understanding that photosynthesized vitamin D and dietary vitamin D were similar, the discernment of the antirachitic potency of artificial and natural ultraviolet rays, and the discovery that ultraviolet irradiation could render various foods antirachitic. Clinical guidelines were instituted to promote sensible exposure to sunlight and artificial ultraviolet radiation. In addition, irradiated ergosterol from yeast became the major vitamin D source for food fortification and the treatment of rickets, leading to a public health campaign to eradicate rickets by the 1930s. We review the sequence and turn of events pertaining to the discovery of vitamin D and the strategies for the eradication of the reemerging rickets problem.