bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of Copper(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Natural Kaolinite
Authors: Wang Xue-Song , Wang Jin , Sun Cheng 
Published: March 2007

The potential of the low-cost adsorbent kaolinite for removing copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions was thoroughly investigated. The effects of relevant parameters, i.e. pH, adsorbent concentration, ionic strength and solution temperature, on the adsorption capacity were examined. The adsorption data followed the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 16.79 mg/g at a pH value of 6.0, an initial Cu(II) ion concentration of 40 mg/dm3 and a temperature of 313 K. Various thermodynamic parameters, viz. the standard free energy change (ΔG0), the enthalpy (ΔH0) and the entropy (ΔS0), were evaluated for the process with the results indicating that it was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The dynamics of the adsorption process were also studied and values of the adsorption rate constant and the rate constant for intraparticle diffusion calculated. The activation energy (ΔEa) was found to be 19.84 kJ/mol in the present study, indicating a chemical adsorption process involving weak interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The interaction between Cu(II) ions and kaolinite is mainly attributable to ion exchange. The adsorption capacity increased with increasing solution pH, decreasing ionic strength and decreasing adsorbent concentration. Kaolinite can be used to separate Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions.
A New Method for the Selective Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Ions from Aqueous Solution by Modified Clinoptilolite
Authors: Hajialigol Saeed , Taher M.A. , Malekpour A. 
Published: March 2007

Natural and modified clinoptilolite were used to remove zinc and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The raw material was characterized by XRD and XRF analysis. Clinoptilolite was modified with benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (BDTA) to increase the adsorption of neothorin [2-(2-arsenophenylazo)chromotropic acid disodium salt, C10H11AsN2Na2O11S2]. All experiments were undertaken using a continuous method. The ultimate goal of these studies was the selective removal of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution using a modified form of clinoptilolite. The results obtained showed that Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions were adsorbed quantitatively onto modified clinoptilolite over the respective pH ranges of 4.0–5.4 and 3.3–4.5. The influence on the adsorption process of various parameters such as the ionic concentration, the flow rate, the particle size, the pH value and the presence of other cations was studied to obtain the optimum conditions. Although clinoptilolite and its surfactant-modified form were not capable of the selective adsorption of the cations studied, on the basis of the results obtained it was possible to selectively remove Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution by modified clinoptilolite using a two-step process, i.e. initial treatment with BDTA followed by treatment with neothorin.
Suicide and Shame
Authors: MOKROS HARTMUT B. 
Published: March 2007

But basically I've lost my mind completely that's all people have told me. I really am crazy. I think I am. I've heard tell the only people who commit suicide are real muts well I'm a nut. Always have been. Greg (1973-1988) God, if you are listening, please take me to Heaven and. I hear suicide is a sin itself but uh. And I also hear everything happens for a reason. So maybe this is happening for a reason too. I just feel so alone right now. Mark (1974-1993)
Facing the Future with New Communications Technology
Authors: Arneberg Bliss 
Published: March 2007

The hotel has always been a communications center. Early business travelers, for example, chose inns where they could exchange the latest commercial news, and their meetings turned the inns' common rooms into the precursors of our com modities and securities markets. A single copy of an inn-supplied newspaper, with its vital shipping and mercantile reports, was often passed around until it wore out. Today's hotels, motels, inns, and resorts are communications centers with a some times bewildering array of procedures and equipment for exchanging information and managing properties. The manager who applies recent technological innova tions, however, will find communications need not be bewildering — indeed, they can be profitable.
Stability of Student Evaluations of Instructors and Their Courses with Implications for Validity
Authors: Oles Henry J. 
Published: March 2007

A course-instructor evaluation form was administered to 775 undergraduates in 15 large and small section introductory courses after the second class meeting and again near the end of the semester. The median pretest posttest correlation was +.60. Students were generally more negative toward their course and instructor at the end of the semester than they were at the beginning. As a separate portion of this project, two instructors deliberately attempted to alter their students' evaluation in one of two large sections of their introductory psychology course. In both cases, there was a significant overall mean difference between the experimental and control groups on the initial evaluation but there was no difference on the end-of-semester evaluation. The results of this study indicated that although students quickly form reasonably lasting judgments of their instructors and courses they are also able to alter their judgments as warranted by changing situations. These findings appear to provide support for the validity of student evaluations.
Deformation and Fracture of Resin Matrix Composites in Combined Stress States*
Authors: Guess T.R. , Gerstle F.P. 
Published: March 2007

The analytical prediction of elastic constants and strengths in highly anisotropic composites is complex and always requires experimental verifi cation. This paper describes a study of the room-temperature mechanical characterization of high performance reinforced-resin composite materials. The composites were fabricated from three high strength filaments: Union Carbide's graphite fibers, Thornel 75S and Thornel 400 and duPont's organic fiber, Kevlar 49. The matrix was a filament-winding epoxy resin, Dow Chemical DER-332 room-temperature cured with Jeffamine T-403. Test specimens were thin-walled, cylindrical tubes fabricated with unidirec tional (90° or hoop wound) or quasi-isotropic [±30/90] S filament orienta tions. Specimens were tested in uniaxial and biaxial tension; axial loads were applied with an electrohydraulic testing machine and circumferential loads by internal pressurization. Deformations were monitored with strain gages. Data from uniaxial tests and from the literature provided the elastic properties and strengths of the unidirectional composite. The stiffness data were used to calculate, from lamination theory, the macroscopic elastic stiffnesses of the quasi-isotropic tubes which were in good agreement with experimental values. Strength data are compared to four empirical strength criteria.
A Vibration Technique for Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre Composite Structures
Authors: Cawley Peter , Adams Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

A vibration technique for non-destructively evaluating the integrity of structures is described and applied to components fabricated from fibre reinforced plastics. The method uses measurements of changes in the lower structural natural frequencies, which can be made at a single point in the structure, in conjunction with a dynamic analysis of the system to detect, locate and roughly to quantify damage. The mathematical model of the structure need not be sophisticated and only one analysis is required for each type of structure to be tested. It is shown to be possible to detect and locate a variety of types of damage in structures which are representative of the use of fibre reinforced materials in the aerospace industry. An indication of the severity of damage is also obtained.
The Influence of Matrix Fracture Strain and Interface Strength on Cross-Ply Cracking in CFRP in the Temperature Range of -100°C to +100°C
Authors: Peters P.W.M. , Andersen S.I. 
Published: March 2007

Cross-ply cracking in specimens out of the laminate 0/904/0 was in vestigated at -100°C, -40°C, RT, 60° and 100°C. The thermal strain in the transverse ply at these temperatures was determined with the thermal expansion coefficients in fibre direction and transverse to the fibre of a unidirectional laminate. These thermal expansion coefficients were found to vary approximately linearly with the temperature. Multiple fracture of the 90°-ply of 0/904/0 specimens was registered with the aid of a piezo-electric transducer in connection with a computer during a displacement-controlled quasi-static tensile test. The 904-ply is divided in a number of elements N all of which can break. The registered crack data ( n cracks, n < N, with their respective fracture strains) can be described by two-parameter Weibull distributions of the fracture strain ( = thermal plus mechanical strain). From the Weibull distributions and an available model for the transverse fracture strain distribution it was found that at increasing test temperature two phenomena influence the transverse fracture strain. These are the fracture strain (and duc tility) of the matrix and the strength of the interface, which at increasing temperature im proves and reduces the transverse fracture strains respectively. First ply failure proved to be dominated by the increasing fracture strain of the matrix from -100°C to RT. Above RT, however, the influence of the decrease in interface strength dominates over the in fluence of the increased matrix fracture strain.
Reduction of Thermal Residual Stresses in Advanced Metallic Composites Based upon a Compensating/Compliant Layer Concept
Authors: Arnold S.M. , Arya V.K. , Melis M.E. 
Published: March 2007

High residual stresses within metal and intermetallic matrix composite systems can develop upon cooling from the processing temperature to room temperature due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the fiber and matrix. As a result, within certain composite systems, radial, circumferential, and/or longitudinal cracks have been observed to form at the fiber-matrix interface region. The compliant layer concept (insertion of a compensating interface material between the fiber and matrix) has been proposed to reduce or eliminate the residual stress buildup durmg cooling, and thus minimize cracking. The present study investigates elastic-plastically the viability of the proposed compliant layer concept. A detailed parametric study was conducted utilizing a unit cell model consisting of three concentric cylinders to determine the required character (i.e., thickness and mechanical properties) of the compliant layer as well as its applicability. The unknown compliant layer mechanical properties were expressed as ratios of the corresponding temperature depen dent Ti-24Al-11Nb (a/o) matrix properties. The fiber properties taken were those corre sponding to SCS-6 (SiC). Results indicated that the compliant layer can be used to reduce, if not eliminate, radial and circumferential residual stresses within the fiber and matrix and therefore also reduce or eliminate the radial cracking. However, with this decrease in in-plane stresses, one obtains an increase in longitudinal stress, thus potentially initiating longitudinal cracking. Guidelines are given for the selection of a specific compensating/ compliant material, given a perfectly bonded system.
Hitchcock's Vertigo
Authors: Schneider Kirk J. 
Published: March 2007

Recently, we have witnessed an explosion of interest in the transcendental dimension of human experience. Leading psychological theorists, however, have become polarized on this matter. Whereas emphatic rationalists (such as Albert Ellis) perceive little value in the transcendental, ardent transpersonalists (such as Ken Wilber) stress its most expansive implications. This article explores a third alternative to these positions-what I term existential spirituality or wonderment. To illustrate the richness of this perspective, I discuss and consider the implications of Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo. We burn with desire to find a steadfast place and an ultimate fixed basis whereon we may build a tower to reach the infinite. But our whole foundation breaks up, and earth opens to the abysses. -Blaise Pascal (1654)
The Development of Social Intelligence in Psychotherapy
Authors: Snyder Maryhelen 
Published: March 2007

George Herbert Mead described "the whole nature of intelligence as social to its very core." In this respect, he was a forerunner of social constructionism, which, when applied to psychotherapy, focuses the therapeutic process on the client's meaning-making process in the context of relationships. Furthermore, Mead perceived the primary aspect of human intelligence to be the capacity of the individual to "put himselfin the place of' another. The implications ofthis for both individual and family psychotherapy and, in particular, its relevance to the practices of empathy and dialogue are explored. A case of couple therapy is used to illustrate the specific applications of the theoretical concepts discussed. It is generally recognized that the specifically social expressions of intelligence... depend upon the given individual's ability to take the roles of, or "put himself in the place of," the other individuals implicated with him in given social situations; and upon his consequent sensitivity to their attitudes toward himself and toward one another. These specifically social expressions of intelligence, of course, acquire unique significance in terms of our view that the whole nature of intelligence is social to its very core, that this putting of one's self in the places of others, this taking by one's self of their roles or attitudes, is not merely one of the various aspects or expressions of intelligence or of intelligent behavior, but is the very essence of its character. (Mead, 1934, p. 141)
An Itegration of Existential Psychology and the Multimodal Model
Authors: Rugala Steven A. , Waldo Michael 
Published: March 2007

This article presents a theoretical position that uses the synergy existing between existential psychology and the multimodal model of psychotherapy. The usefulness of this integration lies in its implications for conceptualizing the client's world and in providing a practical basis for treatment. An existential perspective contributes a rich context and soulfulness, whereas the multimodal approach provides a conceptual framework to facilitate the counselor's joining with the client, promoting a greater depth of understanding. Such an orientation builds on the courage found in one area of a person's life to facilitate a more fulfilling experience of life in all aspects of being. Then I grasped the meaning of the greatest secret that human poetry and human thought and belief have to impart: The salvation of man is through love and in love. In a position of utter desolation, when man cannot express himself in positive action,... man can, through loving contemplation of the image he carries of his beloved, achieve fulfillment. For the first time in my life I was able to understand the words, "The angels are lost in perpetual contemplation of an infinite glory. -Viktor Frankl (1984, p. 49)
California's Community Treatment Program For Delinquent Adolescents
Authors: Palmer Ted B. 
Published: March 2007

Since 1961, the Community Treatment Project (CTP) has handled seriously delinquent male and female offenders who have been committed from juvenile courts to the state correctional system from four California communities. Rather than being institution alized for several months, these youths, ages 13 to 19 at intake, are placed directly into a small caseload, intensive, community- located parole program: CTP. There, after being "matched" with a parole agent, they receive "differential" or relatively individual ized, as well as long-term, treatment. An "interpersonal maturity level" system is used to classify youths and as one important basis for establishing treatment objectives and techniques. Comparative effectiveness of the experimental (CTP) and control (traditional) programs was evaluated in terms of six separable out come measures: suspensions, recidivism, discharge, psychological tests, etc. E-C comparisons indicate that the E program has been able to handle a large majority of eligible youths (89 percent) at least as effectively as has the traditional program, while ten percent do better within the traditional program. Close to 25 percent do rather poorly within both types of program. A major objective of CTP—Phase Three (1969-1974) is that of developing more effective techniques and settings for working with this latter, rather sizable, "unsuccessful" group. Another objective is that of determining whether the CTP approach can be applied successfully to a wider range of offenders than have been handled to date — e.g., those committed from adult courts and/or for seriously assaultive offenses. Five main factors are mentioned as having made a sub stantial contribution to the comparative effectiveness of CTP during 1961-1969.
Relationship of Time Served to Parole Outcome for Different Classifications of Burglars Based on Males Paroled in Fifty Jurisdictions in 1968 and 1969
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Koval Mary , Neithercutt M.G. 
Published: March 2007

A key decision in the correctional process is determining when to release an offender to parole. Setting the optimum time to be served is difficult. One of the purposes of this study is to see if research based on past experience can provide some future guidelines for determining optimum time for different types of offenders. The Uniform Parole Reports (UPR) program, sponsored by the National Probation and Parole Institutes, provides the research base for this study. The study groups consisted of males convicted of burglary offenses who were paroled and reported to UPR. These groups consisted of 7,200 parolees in 1968 and 7,600 parolees in 1969. The standard UPR definition of parole outcome for a one- year follow-up was used as the criterion variable. An experience table with different offender classifications was developed to achieve the maximum logical differentiation as to parole outcome. The parole outcome rates for the 1968 classifications ranged from 26 percent to 87 percent with a favorable adjustment at the end of one year. The classifications developed for 1968 parolees fairly accurately predicted the 1969 parolees' experience. In the process of developing the offender classifications, sup portive evidence was found for the maturation concept. In 21 of 22 comparisons, the older parolees had more favorable outcome rates than the younger parolees. The number of months served showed no consistent relationship to parole outcome for any classification. This study does not assess imprisonment as a punish ment device or as a means of custody. It does suggest that the vast sums being spent on correctional institutions, as a crime reduction device, need further evaluation if we are to stem the growing crime rate.
Techniques of Neutralization: a Reconceptualization and Empirical Examination
Authors: Minor W. William 
Published: March 2007

In their 1957 article, Sykes and Matza overstated the similarities between the value systems of delinquents and nondelinquents, and subsequent theorists have treated neutralization as a theoretical counterpoint to subcultural perspectives on delinquency. To overcome this artificial and unproductive dichotomization, a revision of neutralization theory is proposed that makes it compatible with subcultural interpretations of delinquency. Prior neutralization research is flawed because it fails to (1) establish the correct causal order between excuse acceptance and delinquency and (2) con trol for youths' moral evaluations of delinquent behavior. This paper presents the results of a two-wave panel study designed to overcome these shortcomings. For several forms of minor deviance, excuse acceptance is found to be related to subsequent behavior in the manner predicted by the theory. Controlling for moral evaluations and prior behavior, these relationships hold primarily for youths who disapprove of the behavior in question (as expected) but who have previously engaged in that behavior (contrary to expectation). Theoretical im plications of these findings are explored.
Helping Learners To Develop an Effective L2 Inner Voice
Authors: Tomlinson Brian 
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests that learners of a second or foreign language are rarely helped by teachers or materials to develop an L2 inner voice and it makes the following claims: • Their L 1 inner voice plays a vitally important role in helping people to understand and communicate with themselves and with their world outside. • The structure, syntax and lexicon used by the L1 inner voice are distinctively different from those used by the L 1 outer voice. • L2 learners do not typically develop an effective L2 inner voice. • L2 learners would benefit considerably from developing an effective L2 inner voice as soon as possible in the learning process. • L2 learners can be helped to develop an effective L2 inner voice by their teachers and by their learning materials
Convictions religieuses de la jeunesse hongroise scolaire et etudiante
Authors: Bango J.F. 
Published: March 2007

Enquiries have been conducted over a period of more than four years amongst college and high school students in order to obtain a scientific view of religious conviction among youth. The author sets out to analyse each one of these enquiries in the light of the sociology of religion. He tries to place youth in its general statistical context. The background to these researches is made up on the one hand by the phenomenon of urbanisation and on the other by the institutional organization of the Catholic Church in Hungary as it appears today, i.e. without a major Catholic newspaper, without youth organizations and without the teaching of religion. After briefly tracing the history of socio-religious research in Hungary, the author points out that three methods have been used in the literature which deals with the religious convictions of Hungarian youth, i.e. interviews, questionnaires and 'discussions in the press'; the questionnaire method is the most scientific and the most revealing. After making some remarks about the 'Weltanschauung' of Hungarian youth the author proceeds, under the title of 'Atheism and Belief' to analyse three enquiries which have been made. Marxist sociology of religion set out first to make out a 'balance sheet' of the Hungarian situation in the sphere of religious convictions; these enquiries prove that a simple compilation of statistics relating to the state of things is no longer sufficient and that in the future socio-religious studies must be comparative and analytical. These three enquiries took place in six high schools, in a Faculty of Agriculture and in seven colleges: the results obtained in each one of these establishments show a tendency which is perhaps general and representative of all students and pupils, but this remains to be proved. The comparative table gives the following statistical results: 11.6% of all the students questioned (about 2000) are believers, 47.7% are non-believers and 40.7% undecided. The author also gives a brief summary of the 'discussion in the press' concerning the materialism of Hungarian students. His conclusions are provisional; in order to illustrate and interpret a socio-religious phenomenon (attitude towards belief and atheism) Marxist sociology must maintain scientific rigeur.