bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derek Walcott's Encounter with Homer
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis book puts Derek Walcott’s Omeros in conversation with Homer, especially the Odyssey, to understand how reading the poems against each other changes our understanding of both. By locating the poems in a zone of vibrant and unexpected encounter, it reveals how they are mutually informing texts, each made richer in the presence of the other. The book follows two interwoven thematic threads. The first focuses on the poems’ landscapes and seascapes, the characters who populate them and the ways in which Omeros reworks the Odyssey’s affective geography. Walcott reverses the Odyssey’s Ithacan trajectory from sea to land and finds a viable homecoming only at sea. In contrast to the Odyssey’s representation of the sea as lethal and its valorization of life on land, Omeros, which bears witness to the painful histories carried in the St. Lucian terrain, relocates the site of homecoming to the Caribbean Sea, a space which accommodates diasporic histories and the imagining of fluid forms of emplacement. The book’s second interpretive thread focuses on the “Poet,” Walcott’s authorial persona, as it follows his journey in and out of the poem and his positioning of himself as a “tribal poet” like Homer. The Poet’s ability to serve as the vessel of his people’s histories and give voice to their landscapes rests on his transformation into—and self-perception as—Homer’s contemporary and equal. Central to the project of Omeros is thus an account of the Poet’s shift from a diachronic to a synchronic relationship with Homer: over the course of the poem the Poet and Homer come to occupy the same temporality and creative space.
Introduction
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a theoretical framework for reading Walcott and Homer together; it offers several intersecting models for thinking about Walcott’s belief in the simultaneity of great art, and it explores the practical ramifications of this belief for a reading of Omeros. It first articulates Walcott’s forceful rejection of any hermeneutic dependent on a linear conception of time in the context of his positioning of his poetry within the fluid continuum of orally composed song. It then considers the ways that this resulting freedom from linear time offers new possibilities for imagining transpatial and transtemporal relationships between authors. Édouard Glissant’s notion of creolization provides one model for envisioning the encounters that ensue: the two authors being put in conversation with one another “intervalorize themselves” so that each is enriched by its contact with the other. The Odyssey and Omeros emerge as mutually informing texts interacting through networks of complex and shifting temporal routes. The links between the texts are not straightforward or predictable but surprising, unexpected, and often mappable only on winding and indirect pathways. The final part of the theoretical introduction considers recent models of classical reception studies which eschew straightforward avenues of reception in order to encourage readings that embrace looser and less hierarchical temporal arrangements.
An Odyssean Poem
Authors: Friedman Rachel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter situates Omeros against the Odyssey by considering its formal aspects, particularly the interrelated questions of its structure and the narrative presence of the Poet. It focuses on the Odyssey’s portrayal of Odysseus as a wanderer-poet in relation to its depiction of the figure of the aoidos, the ancient bard who was one of a group of itinerant professionals. Discussion of Odysseus as an aoidos, focusing on the role that he plays as the teller of his own story in Odyssey’s books 9–12, provides entry to the structure of Omeros and the difficult question of the role of its books 4 and 5, where the poem departs St. Lucia and shifts to the Poet’s first-person account of his life in the US and his wanderings there and in Europe. In both the Odyssey and Omeros, the disjuncture between the middle books and the rest of the poem reflects the challenge posed by the protagonist’s homecoming. In this way Odysseus’s movement through the Odyssey—from being hidden on Calypso’s island, to telling his story among the Phaeacians, to returning home to Ithaca—provides a model for thinking about the Poet’s movement through Omeros. His telling this American narrative in books 4 and 5 facilitates his return to the island and reintegration with the St. Lucian community in books 6 and 7 so that his plot line and those of his characters can come together.
Overview
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Frege’s Puzzle has been much discussed, but there is less agreement than one might have expected about what the puzzle is. In fact, there are three puzzles that go by this name. This chapter distinguishes the three puzzles and begins to explore the connections between them. It contains discussion of representational mental states and their explanatory role; of linguistic attributions of such states and what data a semantics for such attributions must explain; and of the bearing these questions have on communication involving proper names, with special attention to what is nowadays known as ‘interpersonal coordination’.
Do Demonstratives Have Senses?
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Frege held that referring expressions in general, and demonstratives and indexicals in particular, contribute more than just their reference to what is expressed by utterances of sentences containing them. This chapter first attempts to get clear about what the Fregean view is, arguing that it rests upon a certain conception of linguistic communication, the ‘Naïve Conception’, that is natural but ultimately indefensible. On the other hand, however, understanding a demonstrative (or indexical) utterance does require one to think of the object denoted in an appropriate way. This fact makes it difficult to reconcile the view that referring expressions are ‘directly referential’ with any view that seeks to ground meaning in facts about communication.
Retreat
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What connection, if any, is there between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? This chapter examines two broad approaches to answering this question in twentieth-century philosophy. The first argues that it is a condition on being self-conscious that we think of the world as objective; the other argues that it is a condition on being self-conscious that we experience the world as objective. Each constitutes a retreat from the ambitions of the Cartesian and Kantian projects in that they aim to show only that self-consciousness requires our being intentionally directed towards an objective world. These arguments are clarified and discussed, and lessons from their failure are presented.
Definiteness in Balkan Romance
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book is a study of micro-variation in the realization of definiteness across languages belonging to the Balkan Romance family (Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian): in some instances, the definite article is spelled out only once, in other situations it is spelled out multiple times, and in still other cases it can be phonologically null. The book proposes a uniform account of these options based on a post-syntactic rule that specifies the conditions under which the definite article can be pronounced on various heads within the nominal constituent. This rule is the same as the rule that affects the pronunciation of movement chains, i.e. the copy that is pronounced is the highest copy, unless realizing the highest copy violates some lexical property of the items involved. I propose that in languages where definiteness is expressed as a suffix, spelling out the highest copy of a definiteness Agree chain does violate a lexical property of D (its affixal nature), and therefore what gets pronounced is a lower copy. In addition, I argue that the option of pronouncing the lower copy of an Agree chain is further limited by two factors: (i) accessibility/locality restrictions and (ii) possible interference with other Agree chains that D might be part of, i.e. Agree chains based on a different feature than [def]. The various patterns of definiteness displayed by specific languages in this family are accounted for by positing that lexical and functional items may bear different features in different languages (which result in different Merge positions and different dislocation options).
Conclusions
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 sums up the challenges presented by the data collected for each Balkan Romance language and correlates each challenge with the solution that was offered in previous chapters. The chapter also presents the factors that were identified as playing a role in the observed variation in definiteness patterns across Balkan Romance languages and points out that all of these factors are legitimate factors of variation within the theoretical framework adopted in this book. The chapter also offers a summary of the morpho-syntactic features of all relevant heads that play a role in the derivation of definite DPs (Num, Dem, A, Q, Card, Poss, N) and points out which of these features are shared by the respective heads across all Balkan Romance languages, and which are specific to individual languages.
Appendix
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 offers a summary of the analysis presented in earlier chapters as applied to each individual Balkan Romance language. The first part of the chapter contains a list of template structures for each type of DP (simple DPs, DPs with post-nominal and pre-nominal adjectives, with quantifiers and cardinals, DPs with complements, and Dps with possessives) The second part of Chapter 6 contains a brief description of the relevant lexicon for the derivation of definite DPs, with the specific features that define their lexical items, as well as their merge position. The third part includes a list of patterns that can be found in each of the Balkan Romance languages, with a pointer towards the type of lexical items that are needed in the Numeration for the derivation of the respective pattern.
Selfish Genes to Social Beings
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For all the selfishness of genes, they team up to survive. The history of life is in fact a story of cooperation. Amid the violence and brutality that dominates the news, it’s hard to think of ourselves as team players. But cooperation is a fundamental part of our make-up, and deeply woven into the whole four-billion-year history of life. Starting with human society, this cooperative history digs deeper, to show how cooperation is key to the cells forming our organs, to symbiosis between organisms, to genes that band together, and to the dawn of life itself. Cooperation has enabled life to thrive and become complex. Without it, there would be no life.
Big steak or big mistake?
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Humans do favour their kin, but self-sacrifice as shown by Mexican Topos is but an extreme example of normal human behaviour towards non-relatives. In the jargon, we are ‘prosocial’. Kin selection cannot explain why we are prosocial since kinship is not required. What other explanations can there be? The simplest hypothesis is that it is all a big mistake. This proposes that humans evolved in small family bands where kin selection favoured helping everyone around you. As the size of human groups grew to include non-kin, we still treated everyone as kin because this was baked into the human psyche. Could prosociality be a non-adaptive, evolutionary hangover? An alternative hypothesis is that we are all dependent on each other for our individual success. It really does take a village to raise a child. Hunting large animals also requires the cooperation of many and it is ancient, dating back at least 1.8 million years to Homo erectus, who were skilled elephant hunters. The abundance of food produced by cooperative hunting is an example of what economists call a ‘public good’. Public goods are resources produced by the collective efforts of individuals in the community and from which all may benefit, regardless of personal effort. But what stops free riders taking advantage of everyone else’s hard work when a public good is available to all? One answer is that cooperators gather and work together, shunning and punishing non-cooperators. Successful systems of cooperation require the fair sharing of benefits and sanctions against cheats.
Odd couples
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A major transition in evolution (MTE) is complete when both partners become so dependent on each other that they reproduce as a unit. Typically, the smaller partner becomes a passenger transmitted from one generation of its host to the next along with the genes of the host, as happens in mitochondria and chloroplasts. What happens in lichens is complicated. At least 27 modes of reproduction are known, of which 13 involve a dispersal unit that contains the cells of an alga encased in fungus. In the remaining 14, the unit is a lone fungus that must find free-living algal cells to make a new lichen. As far as major transitions go, the 27 modes of lichen reproduction can be divided into just two kinds, depending on whether the alga is transmitted vertically (by inheritance) or horizontally (acquired from the environment). Only the lichens with vertical transmission have completed the transformation to a new individual. MTEs have occurred in many other symbioses, such as in insects that carry nutrient-supplying bacteria in a specialized organ called the bacteriome. There is a continuum of benefit in symbiosis, from cooperation (mutualism) at one end to theft (parasitism) at the other. It’s hard to tell where the bacteriome of insects sits on this continuum because the bacteria are so completely controlled by the insect host. But experiments suggest that, if allowed to, bacteria would multiply much faster than they can in the bacteriome and that therefore they are the prisoners not mutualists of insects.
Phytosympathies
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The first land plants brought symbiotic fungi with them from the sea. Over 70 per cent of land plants today still have these arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi supply their hosts with nutrients gathered from the soil, particularly phosphorus, and in exchange receive carbohydrates from the plant. As much as 20 per cent of a plant’s production can go towards feeding its AM fungus, but it can receive back up to 80 per cent of the nitrogen and all the phosphorus it needs. Although plant and fungus are nutritionally dependent on each other, they do not reproduce as a unit. AM fungi are confined to roots and do not find their way into seeds, so the formation of the AM symbiosis was not a major transition in evolution. The orchids and the heathers have swapped the original AM for their own particular brand of mycorrhizal system. Orchids parasitize their fungus in their early years and some continue as parasites when fully grown, suggesting that plants are in control. A set of turnkey genes is used by plants to selectively admit fungal hyphae into root cells. The same genes admit symbiotic bacteria called rhizobia that feed plants in the pea family with nitrogen. Many different bacteria all have the same set of genes required for nitrogen fixation, which move as a unit between rhizobia species. The take-home message from root symbioses is that cooperation can be many layered, dependent, and complicated. All the symbionts have a choice of partners, which sustains cooperation without them becoming permanently bound together.
From solitude to solidarity
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For the first two billion years, all life on Earth was unicellular. Even today, nearly all prokaryotes and most eukaryotes remain one celled. Though unicells are in the vast majority, multicellular eukaryotes have the monopoly on large body size and complexity. A multicellular organism is no more nor less than a team of cells, subject to the same rules of cooperation as any group of individuals. Cooperation is favoured when it is to the individual advantage of cells to team up, but it must be protected by a mechanism that defeats cheats. The strongest mechanism is kin selection which determines that genetically identical cells will cooperate, but this can be undermined by mutation. Cancer is a disease that unwinds the cooperation on which complex multicellularity is built. It has many forms, but all involve the uncontrolled proliferation of cells—a process that at its worst can quickly overwhelm the individual. A cancer cell is a cheat bearing genetic mutations that enable it to evade the safeguards that evolution has built into the genome of multicellular organisms to preserve cooperation among cells. Cancer cells behave like unicellular organisms to an uncanny degree. They have elevated mutation rates and once a tumour has started to grow, its cells evolve as any microbe would, evolving resistance to anti-cancer drugs. With rapid cell proliferation and high rates of mutation, tumours evolve into teams of rogue cells, even recruiting normal cells to their aid under a false flag of cooperation.
Peas and justice
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
An allele is present among offspring in proportion to its frequency among parents. This is ‘gene justice’, or Mendel’s First Law. The process of Mendelian inheritance is blind to the differences between alleles, as justice is said to be blind, and does not favour one allele over another. This kind of justice, enacted during meiosis, is a cornerstone of the evolution of cooperation among genes. But how did a genome of thousands of individual genes, any of which could defect, come to cooperate in the evolution of the system of gene justice enacted in meiosis? Or, to put it more succinctly, how did cooperation triumph over cheating? There are two parts to the answer, reflecting the two essential ingredients of team building that have echoed throughout this book: a community of interest among team members and a mechanism to control cheats. The community of interest among genes arises from the complexity of cellular processes. The functional interdependence of processes in the cell makes the success and fitness of the genes in the cell interdependent too. If the genome is imagined as a parliament of genes, they all vote for cooperation because it is in their individual interests to do so. And yet we know that mutation can produce defectors who will try to cheat, as in cancer. The reason that cheats are never successful for long is that they are outvoted by overwhelmingly superior numbers in the parliament of genes. That doesn’t stop the cheats trying though.
Naked selfishness
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gene selfishness is not in itself a barrier to cooperation; in fact, it is the reverse. We have seen repeatedly how self-interested cooperation evolves because of the benefits it brings to team players. But cooperation does not just produce benefits; it also creates opportunities for cheats. Cheating reaches its most extreme in the genomic parasites that exploit the replication machinery of the cell. Viruses are a familiar example, and they are arguably nature’s oldest professional cheats. Another class of genomic parasites is the transposable elements (TEs), which comprise over half our DNA. The variety of TEs is enormous and their nefarious strategies various—some are even parasitic within other TEs. Eukaryote genomes are not alone in containing TEs; bacterial chromosomes also have them, but in bacteria they are usually deleted and not allowed by natural selection to accumulate. The exceptions are TEs that team up with genes that are of positive advantage to their bacterial host, for example in conferring antibiotic resistance. In contrast to bacteria, it is clear from the sheer numbers of TEs that accumulate in eukaryotes that deletion is not so ready an option. The reason boils down to the difference in generation time between bacteria (c. 20 minutes) and most eukaryotes (25 years in humans). Short generation time and huge population size in bacteria sharpen the blade of natural selection, but the reverse blunts its ability to remove TEs from eukaryote genomes.
Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book addresses the philosophical, clinical, and social significance of mental disorders which are defined in terms of wrongful or criminal conduct (vice). It provides an account of why some mental disorders are defined in vice terms, while others are not, and considers the professional, clinical, social, and policy implications of vice concepts as bound up in mental disorder diagnosis. In developing this account, it provides a brief intellectual history of the relation between morality and ‘madness’, the historical term for mental illness. Following this background, it provides a review of the role of criminal law, criminal justice models, and public attitudes toward criminal offenders and people with mental disorders. These perspectives culminate in an analysis of the cultural and philosophical assumptions underlying our commonsense understanding of criminality and mental illness. This analysis then informs a concluding chapter summarizing clinical, criminal justice, and public policy implications and recommendations.
Vice and the DSMs—the problems
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis defines the introductory problems and foci of interest of the book. The chapter describes the philosophical-analysis steps used, and then provides numerous illustrations of the methods of analysis. ‘Vice’ as used here refers to wrongful or criminal-conduct experiences and behaviors. Vice-laden disorders differ from conventional illness concepts in that the latter lack immoral or criminal conduct in their descriptions and diagnostic criteria. The ways vice-laden concepts find their way into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases diagnostic categories are described, with examples of particular disorders such as Conduct Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Paraphilic Disorders, among others. Having made the case for the appearance of vice concepts in these categories, the next chapter is introduced.
Deepening the analysis of the vice/mental disorder relationship
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis pulls diverse strings together from the prior chapters, to gain a more holistic understanding of the vice/mental disorder relationship (VMDR). The concept of folk-metaphysical assumptions introduced in Chapter 3 is elaborated to illuminate our confusing and complex sociocultural responses to vice and mental illness. The division of cultural ownership of vice/sin/crime for religion and criminal law, discussed in Chapters 4 and 5, and the appropriation of illness, mental or physical, by science and medicine in the post-Enlightenment era, sets the stage for tracking the metaphysical confusions exhibited in contemporary Western culture. This insight is coupled to the standard accounts of the VMDR from Chapter 3, to propose an alternative, more coherent account, a ‘rehabilitation’ account, which is described and employed to address the VMDR as well as the larger problem of incoherent social welfare efforts exhibited in the contemporary United States.