bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D Receptor: Key Roles in Bone Mineral Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Novel Nutritional Ligands
Authors: Jurutka Peter W , Bartik Leonid , Whitfield G Kerr , Mathern Douglas R , Barthel Thomas K , Gurevich Miriam , Hsieh Jui-Cheng , Kaczmarska Magdalena , Haussler Carol A , Haussler Mark R 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], binds with high affinity to the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), which recruits its retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimeric partner to recognize vitamin D responsive elements (VDREs) in target genes. 1,25(OH)2D3 is known primarily as a regulator of calcium, but it also controls phosphate (re)absorption at the intestine and kidney. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone produced in osteoblasts that, like PTH, lowers serum phosphate by inhibiting renal reabsorption through Npt2a/Npt2c. Real-time PCR and reporter gene transfection assays were used to probe VDR-mediated transcriptional control by 1,25(OH)2D3. Reporter gene and mammalian two-hybrid transfections, plus competitive receptor binding assays, were used to discover novel VDR ligands. 1,25(OH)2D3 induces FGF23 78-fold in osteoblasts, and because FGF23 in turn represses 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, a reciprocal relationship is established, with FGF23 indirectly curtailing 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated intestinal absorption and counterbalancing renal reabsorption of phosphate, thereby reversing hyperphosphatemia and preventing ectopic calcification. Therefore, a 1,25(OH)2D3–FGF23 axis regulating phosphate is comparable in importance to the 1,25(OH)2D3–PTH axis that regulates calcium. 1,25(OH)2D3 also elicits regulation of LRP5, Runx2, PHEX, TRPV6, and Npt2c, all anabolic toward bone, and RANKL, which is catabolic. Regulation of mouse RANKL by 1,25(OH)2D3 supports a cloverleaf model, whereby VDR-RXR heterodimers bound to multiple VDREs are juxtapositioned through chromatin looping to form a supercomplex, potentially allowing simultaneous interactions with multiple co-modulators and chromatin remodeling enzymes. VDR also selectively binds certain ω3/ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with low affinity, leading to transcriptionally active VDR-RXR complexes. Moreover, the turmeric-derived polyphenol, curcumin, activates transcription of a VDRE reporter construct in human colon cancer cells. Activation of VDR by PUFAs and curcumin may elicit unique, 1,25(OH)2D3-independent signaling pathways to orchestrate the bioeffects of these lipids in intestine, bone, skin/hair follicle, and other VDR-containing tissues.
Auction Catalogues and Political Satire. The Low Countries under the Hammer
Authors: Harskamp Jaap 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The history of imaginary libraries can be traced back to François Rabelais. Most of such libraries were created for satirical purposes rather than bibliographical amusement. Somewhere during the seventeenth century, auction catalogues also became a vehicle of political satire. One of the most successful literary hoaxes involved an imaginary library and its auction catalogue. The announcement of an auction in the small provincial town of Binche in the Belgian province of Hainault on August 10, 1840 fooled librarians and collectors alike, for neither the collector nor his collection existed. The auction never took place. Was it just a hoax, or did the event reflect some painful truths about the 1830 separation of the Low Countries into two powerless mini states?
Humor, stress, and coping strategies
Authors: Abel Millicent H 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This study explored relationships between sense of humor, stress, and coping strategies. Undergraduate students (N=258) from introductory psychology courses completed a perceived stress scale, an everyday problems scale, a state anxiety inventory, a sense of humor scale, and a scale assessing their preferred coping strategies. High and low sense of humor groups were determined by selecting participants with self-reported sense of humor at one standard deviation above and below the overall mean on the sense of humor scale. The high sense of humor group appraised less stress and reported less current anxiety than a low sense of humor group despite experiencing a similar number of everyday problems in the previous two months. The high humor group was more likely to use positive reappraisal and problem-solving coping strategies than the low humor group. A weaker relationship existed between appraisal of stress and number of problems in the low humor group because this group perceived greater stress at low and average number of everyday problems than the high humor group. The results were discussed as supporting the role of humor in restructuring a situation so it is less stressful, and the relationship of humor to both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies.
Laughter, desire, and time
Authors: Weeks Mark C 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Laughter has achieved special significance within some of the more radical postmodern, and especially poststructuralist, discourses as an icon of liberated desire. Yet there is a sense in which laughter is anything but the expression of libidinal force, in which it can be seen to reflect a momentary subversion of desire. To understand this, poststructuralist linguistic theory itself can be employed (against itself), because in the linguistic philosophy of Jacques Derrida in particular there is a unique acknowledgment of the temporal dimension of communication and thought, and of the relationship of this to human desire. Such a model of communication provides insights into the way in which laughter is produced through the subversion of the human experience of temporality — and of desire, an effect of delayed satisfaction. The present article draws widely on the comic theoretical heritage, seeking to synthesize existing theories into a time-based model of how, and why, laughter is produced.
The sociolinguistic distribution of discourse marker like in preadolescent speech
Authors: Levey Stephen 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Discourse like is claimed to be rapidly spreading in urban centres throughout the English-speaking world (see Dailey-O'Cain 2000; Tagliamonte 2005; D'Arcy 2005; Cheshire, Kerswill and Williams 2005). Like is claimed to be particularly pervasive in the speech of adolescents (Andersen 2001). However, comparatively little is known about the distribution of discourse like in the speech of younger age groups. This paper reassesses the claims made by Miller and Weinert (1995), who suggest that discourse like is not acquired until relatively late, after the age of 10. Using a corpus based on the speech of a group of British preadolescents, I argue that not only are new uses of like encountered frequently in preadolescent speech, but that distributional differences between males and females, as well as between different age groups, point to significant aspects of the developmental acquisition of this discourse feature. Furthermore, using data from various languages, cross-linguistic parallels are highlighted between discourse markers that have a similar functional inventory to like in order to show that a number of languages have encoded comparable pragmatic functions using similar lexical sources.
Theta roles and argument alternation
Authors: Ehrich Veronika 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Introduction

Reinhart (this volume, henceforth abbreviated RTS) defines Theta Roles in terms of two features, [c] and [m], and their binary values [+], [−]. Feature [c] covers the concept of causation, feature [m] is associated with the concept of motivation/mental state, or, more basically, with animateness (in view of the fact that non-animate entities don't bear motivations). Argument alternations (called ‘arity’ operations in RTS) are viewed as output of strictly lexical operations: whenever a given verb varies between different argument patterns, one of them has to be analyzed as basic and the others as lexically derived (Lexicon Uniformity Principle). RTS focusses on one type of arity operation: the reduction of arguments. It accounts for the reduction of internal arguments (reflexivation operation The barber shaved Max → Max shaved) as well as for the reduction of external arguments (Max opened the door → The door opened) and is furthermore concerned with EXPERIENCER-verb-alternations (Something
(THEME)
worries Lucie
(EXPERIENCER) → Lucie
(EXPERIENCER)
worries about something
(SUBJECT MATTER)). The languages under consideration in RTS include English, Hebrew and Dutch. These are different enough to support universal claims (more or less implicit in RTS). In the following remarks, I will present data from German, where this adds further evidence to the PROs and CONs of RTS.
The Case of the Theta System
Authors: Everaert Martin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Reinhart's ‘The Theta System’ is part of a series of publications (Reinhart 1997, Reinhart 2000, Reinhart and Siloni to appear) dealing with the lexicon as the interface of the computational system and the conceptual-intentional interface. In this paper, Reinhart focuses on Theta Theory, i.e. a complex consisting of Theta roles as feature bundles; Arity manipulation rules; Mapping procedures. It is work in progress, which means that Reinhart changes her positions in these papers, but for argument sake, and for the sake of the reader, I will limit myself to positions taken by Reinhart in this volume. Reinhart sketches the general contours of the Theta System, necessarily succinct, and limits the empirical domain in this paper to experiencer constructions. In this respect too, I will take over the limitations set out by the paper.
Exploring the semantic expressivity of a 2-feature system
Authors: Kaufmann Ingrid 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

1. Introduction

Reinhart's paper outlines her view on the structure of the Theta system. She considers the Theta system as “the central system of the system of concepts”. The Theta system outputs lexical entries of a certain arity with specified theta roles and information on the merging properties of the arguments. The marking procedures that determine the merging properties refer to the formal features that define the theta roles.
Comparative markedness
Authors: McCarthy John J 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The markedness constraints of classic Optimality Theory assign violation-marks to output candidates without reference to the input or to other candidates. This article explores an alternative conception of markedness: markedness constraints compare the candidate under evaluation with another candidate, the most faithful one. Comparative constraints distinguish two situations: the candidate under evaluation contains an instance of a marked structure that is also present in the fully faithful candidate; or it contains an instance of a marked structure that is not present in the fully faithful candidate. Empirical consequences of comparative markedness are explored, including grandfather effects, derived environment effects, non-iterating processes, and counter-feeding opacity. Comparative markedness is found to have some advantages and some disadvantages in comparison with classic OT and alternatives like local conjunction, stratal OT, sympathy, and targeted constraints.
Effect of Water Chemistry and Composition on Microstructural Evolution of Oxide on Zr Alloys
Authors: Zhou B. X. , Li Q. , Yao M. Y. , Liu W. Q. , Chu Y. L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The microstructure of oxide films formed on Zircaloy-4 and Alloy No. 3, which has a composition similar to ZIRLO™, was investigated by high resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and by scanning probe microscopy after corrosion tests performed at 360°C/18.6 MPa in deionized water or lithiated water with 0.01 M LiOH. The microstructural evolution of the oxide films was analyzed by comparing the microstructure at different depths in the oxide layer. The defects, consisting of vacancies and interstitials, such as points, lines, planes, and volumes, were produced during the oxide growth. Monoclinic, tetragonal, cubic, and amorphous phases were detected and their coherent relationships were identified. The characteristic of oxide with such microstructure had an internal cause, and the temperature and time were the external causes that induced the microstructural evolution during the corrosion process. The diffusion, annihilation, and condensation of vacancies and interstitials under the action of stress, temperature, and time caused stress relaxation and phase transformation. It was observed, in the middle of the oxide layer, that the vacancies absorbed by grain boundaries formed pores to weaken the bonding strength between grains. Pores formed under compressive stress lined up along the direction parallel to the compressive stress. Thus, cracks developed from the pores were parallel to the oxide/metal interface. Li+ and OH− incorporated in oxide films were adsorbed on the wall of pores or entered into vacancies to reduce the surface free energy of the zirconium oxide during exposure in lithiated water. As a result, the diffusion of vacancies and the formation of pores were enhanced, inducing the degradation of the corrosion resistance. The relationship between the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys and the microstructural evolution of oxide films affected by water chemistry and composition is also discussed.
Characterization of Japanese Quail yellow as a Genomic Deletion Upstream of the Avian Homolog of the Mammalian ASIP (agouti) Gene
Authors: Nadeau Nicola J , Minvielle Francis , Ito Shin'ichi , Inoue-Murayama Miho , Gourichon David , Follett Sarah A , Burke Terry , Mundy Nicholas I 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
ASIP is an important pigmentation gene responsible for dorsoventral and hair-cycle-specific melanin-based color patterning in mammals. We report some of the first evidence that the avian ASIP gene has a role in pigmentation. We have characterized the genetic basis of the homozygous lethal Japanese quail yellow mutation as a &gt;90-kb deletion upstream of ASIP. This deletion encompasses almost the entire coding sequence of two upstream loci, RALY and EIF2B, and places ASIP expression under control of the RALY promoter, leading to the presence of a novel transcript. ASIP mRNA expression was upregulated in many tissues in yellow compared to wild type but was not universal, and consistent differences were not observed among skins of yellow and wild-type quail. In a microarray analysis on developing feather buds, the locus with the largest downregulation in yellow quail was SLC24A5, implying that it is regulated by ASIP. Finally, we document the presence of ventral skin-specific isoforms of ASIP mRNA in both wild-type quails and chickens. Overall, there are remarkable similarities between yellow in quail and lethal yellow in mouse, which involve a deletion in a similar genomic position. The presence of ventral-specific ASIP expression in birds shows that this feature is conserved across vertebrates.
Completely Distinguishing Individual A-Genome Chromosomes and Their Karyotyping Analysis by Multiple Bacterial Artificial Chromosome–Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Authors: Wang Kai , Guan Bing , Guo Wangzhen , Zhou Baoliang , Hu Yan , Zhu Yichao , Zhang Tianzhen 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Twenty bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that could produce bright signals and no or very low fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) background were identified from Gossypium arboreum cv. JLZM, and G. hirsutum accession (acc.) TM-1 and 0-613-2R. Combining with 45S and 5S rDNA, a 22-probe cocktail that could identify all 13 G. arboreum chromosomes simultaneously was developed. According to their homology with tetraploid cotton, the G. arboreum chromosomes were designated as A1–A13, and a standard karyotype analysis of G. arboreum was presented. These results demonstrated an application for multiple BAC–FISH in cotton cytogenetic studies and a technique to overcome the problem of simultaneous chromosome recognition in mitotic cotton cells.
Evaluation of Egg Incubation Methods and Larval Feeding Regimes for North American Burbot
Authors: Jensen Nathan R , Ireland Susan C , Siple John T , Williams Scott R , Cain Kenneth D 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Incubation methods and larval feeding regimes were investigated for North American burbot Lota lota maculosa over 2 years. Three upwelling incubators were tested: 6.0-L McDonald-type jars, 2.0-L pelagic egg jars, and 1.2-L Imhoff cones. Larvae were allocated to five feeding regimes in year 1 (trial 1) and three feeding regimes in year 2 (trial 2). In trial 1, a live diet (marine rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and brine shrimp Artemia spp.) was administered from 11 d posthatch (dph) until introduction of a commercial diet at 21, 31, or 41 dph; the fourth treatment applied the commercial diet exclusively starting at 11 dph, and the fifth treatment used only the live diet. Trial 2 examined (1) exclusive use of live feed beginning at 16 dph; (2) use of live feed at 16–50 dph, which was combined with commercial feed at 31–50 dph, and use of only the commercial diet at 51–76 dph; and (3) use of the live diet at 16–50 dph, the addition of frozen brine shrimp at 31–50 dph, and use of the commercial diet at 51–76 dph. Approximate stocking densities for feeding trials were 25 larvae/L in trial 1 and 250 larvae/L in trial 2. Survival and total lengths (TLs) were measured at 52 dph in trial 1 and at 76 dph in trial 2. Incubation trials showed that Imhoff cones or pelagic egg jars significantly improved embryo survival relative to McDonald jars. Larvae fed a live diet for an extended time had significantly higher survival and TLs in both trials. Introduction of a commercial diet at 31 or 41 dph after live-diet feeding was successful. This study provides a basis for further development of burbot aquaculture.
Plasma Free Fatty Acid Storage in Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postabsorptive Women
Authors: Koutsari Christina , Dumesic Daniel A. , Patterson Bruce W. , Votruba Susanne B. , Jensen Michael D. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE— We assessed the direct (VLDL-triglycerides [VLDL-TG] independent) storage of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) in visceral and subcutaneous fat in postabsorptive women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Twelve women (BMI 29.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) received an identical, intravenous bolus dose of [1-14C]oleate followed by timed subcutaneous fat biopsies (abdominal and femoral) and then omental fat biopsy during tubal ligation surgery. Regional fat masses were assessed by combining dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scanning. Separately, we assessed the fraction of FFA tracer entering VLDL-TG over the time representing the delay in collecting omental fat.
RESULTS— Site-specific fat specific activity (SA) (dpm/g lipid) decreased as a function of fat mass in both upper-body subcutaneous (UBSQ) and visceral fat depots. These patterns are consistent with dilution of a relatively fixed amount of FFA tracer within progressively greater amounts of fat. Interestingly, femoral SA did not vary as a function of lower-body subcutaneous (LBSQ) fat mass. [1-14C]oleate storage per million LBSQ adipocytes was positively associated with LBSQ fat mass, but no significant relationships were observed in UBSQ or visceral fat depot. The fraction of [1-14C]oleate stored in UBSQ, LBSQ, and visceral fat was 6.7 ± 3.2, 4.9 ± 3.4, and 1.0 ± 0.3%, respectively. Only ∼4% of the tracer traversed VLDL-TG over 9.5 h.
CONCLUSIONS— The increase in FFA tracer storage per adipocyte as a function of LBSQ fat mass implies that LBSQ adipocytes, in contrast to UBSQ and omental adipocytes, store more FFA in women with greater adiposity. The direct FFA storage pathway might play a role in favoring lower-body fat accumulation in women.
Berberine and Its More Biologically Available Derivative, Dihydroberberine, Inhibit Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I
Authors: Turner Nigel , Li Jing-Ya , Gosby Alison , To Sabrina W.C. , Cheng Zhe , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Taketo Makoto M. , Cooney Gregory J. , Kraegen Edward W. , James David E. , Hu Li-Hong , Li Jia , Ye Ji-Ming 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—Berberine (BBR) activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and improves insulin sensitivity in rodent models of insulin resistance. We investigated the mechanism of activation of AMPK by BBR and explored whether derivatization of BBR could improve its in vivo efficacy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—AMPK phosphorylation was examined in L6 myotubes and LKB1−/− cells, with or without the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CAMKK) inhibitor STO-609. Oxygen consumption was measured in L6 myotubes and isolated muscle mitochondria. The effect of a BBR derivative, dihydroberberine (dhBBR), on adiposity and glucose metabolism was examined in rodents fed a high-fat diet.
RESULTS—We have made the following novel observations: 1) BBR dose-dependently inhibited respiration in L6 myotubes and muscle mitochondria, through a specific effect on respiratory complex I, similar to that observed with metformin and rosiglitazone; 2) activation of AMPK by BBR did not rely on the activity of either LKB1 or CAMKKβ, consistent with major regulation at the level of the AMPK phosphatase; and 3) a novel BBR derivative, dhBBR, was identified that displayed improved in vivo efficacy in terms of counteracting increased adiposity, tissue triglyceride accumulation, and insulin resistance in high-fat–fed rodents. This effect is likely due to enhanced oral bioavailability.
CONCLUSIONS—Complex I of the respiratory chain represents a major target for compounds that improve whole-body insulin sensitivity through increased AMPK activity. The identification of a novel derivative of BBR with improved in vivo efficacy highlights the potential importance of BBR as a novel therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Urinary Smad1 Is a Novel Marker to Predict Later Onset of Mesangial Matrix Expansion in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Mima Akira , Arai Hidenori , Matsubara Takeshi , Abe Hideharu , Nagai Kojiro , Tamura Yukinori , Torikoshi Kazuo , Araki Makoto , Kanamori Hiroshi , Takahashi Toshikazu , Tominaga Tatsuya , Matsuura Motokazu , Iehara Noriyuki , Fukatsu Atsushi , Kita Toru , Doi Toshio 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—We reported that Smad1 is a key transcriptional factor for mesangial matrix expansion in diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we examined whether urinary Smad1 in an early phase of diabetes can predict later development of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy and how an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) can modulate structural changes and urinary markers.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Smad1 and albumin in the urine were examined 4 weeks after injection of streptozotocin in 48 rats or 6 weeks of diabetes in db/db mice. Their renal pathology was analyzed after 20 weeks in rats or 12 weeks in mice. Among 48 diabetic rats 7 rats were treated with olmesartan for 20 weeks.
RESULTS—Urinary Smad1 of diabetic rats at 4 weeks was nicely correlated with mesangial matrix expansion at 24 weeks (r = 0.70, P &lt; 0.001), while albuminuria showed a weaker association (r = 0.31, P = 0.043). Olmesartan treatment significantly ameliorated glomerulosclerosis and dramatically decreased urinary Smad1 (from 3.9 ± 2.9 to 0.3 ± 0.3 ng/mg creatinine, P &lt; 0.05). In db/db mice, urinary Smad1 at 6 weeks was also significantly correlated with mesangial expansion at 18 weeks. In contrast, there was no change in urinary Smad1 in control diabetic rats or mice.
CONCLUSIONS—The increase of urinary Smad1 in the early stages of diabetes is correlated with later development of glomerulosclerosis in two rodent models. These data indicate that urinary Smad1 could be a novel predictor for later onset of morphological changes and can be used to monitor the effect of ARBs in diabetic nephropathy.