bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FPGA implementation of a coupled‐map‐lattice‐based cryptosystem
Authors: Li Ping , Zhang Wei , Li Zhong , Liu Wenbo , Halang Wolfgang A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a multimedia cryptosystem is first proposed and then implemented by a field programmable gate array (FPGA). A stream cipher is designed for the cryptosystem based on a coupled map lattice (CML), which can exhibit extremely complex spatiotemporal chaos. To improve the encryption speed, it is digitized and implemented in the FPGA. A user‐friendly interface is designed for users to input data from a PC, to manipulate the cryptosystem to encrypt/decryt and to observe the results. The data communication between a user's PC and the FPGA is realized via an enhance parallel port. The performance of the cryptosystem, i.e. statistical properties, security and speed, are quantitatively analyzed to be satisfactory. Further, the effectiveness of applying the cryptosystem in a text file, an audio file and an image file is verified by investigating the distributions and correlations of a plain‐media (i.e. plain‐text, plain‐audio or plain‐image) and its cipher‐media (i.e. cipher‐text, cipher‐audio or cipher‐image), and the diffusion with respect to a plain‐media. It is shown that the cryptosystem has high security, high speed, low cost and easy‐to‐use property, and can be widely applied for encrypting multimedia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Ethyl 5‐Hydroxyisoxazolidine‐4‐carboxylates via Michael Addition/Intramolecular Hemiketalisation
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Bottoni Andrea , Cardillo Giuliana , Gentilucci Luca , Monari Magda , Mosconi Elisa , Stenta Marco , Tolomelli Alessandra 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe 1,4‐addition of N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine to alkylideneacetoacetates gave, in high yield, new 5‐hydroxyisoxazolidine‐4‐carboxylates. The results of the accurate computational investigation on the mechanism at the DFT level are in complete agreement with the experimental evidence and the crystallographic data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Using Capsaicin Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Based Electrodes and p‐Chloranil Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of Amines: Application to Benzocaine and Lidocaine
Authors: Kachoosangi Roohollah T. , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe utilization of the capsaicin modified carbon nanotube modified basal‐plane pyrolytic graphite electrode or p‐chloranil modified carbon paste electrodes are presented for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds containing amine functionality, such as benzocaine and lidocaine. In detection of benzocaine at a capsaicin modified electrode, the guaiacol functional group is irreversibly electrochemically oxidized to form the o‐quinone derivative which then undergoes nucleophilic attack by the aromatic amine group in benzocaine via a 1,4‐Michael addition mechanism forming a catechol‐amine adduct. The electrochemically initiated formation of the capsaicin‐benzocaine adduct causes a linear decrease in the voltammetric signal corresponding to capsaicin which correlates to the added concentration of benzocaine.
Probing Second Harmonic Components of pH‐Sensitive Redox Processes in a Mesoporous TiO2‐Nafion Film Electrode with Fourier‐Transformed Large‐Amplitude Sinusoidally Modulated Voltammetry
Authors: Milsom Elizabeth V. , Bond Alan M. , O'Mullane Anthony P. , Elton Darrell , Lee Chong‐Yong , Marken Frank 
Published: November 2008

AbstractElectrochemical processes in mesoporous TiO2‐Nafion thin films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are inherently complex and affected by capacitance, Ohmic iR‐drop, RC‐time constant phenomena, and by potential and pH‐dependent conductivity. In this study, large‐amplitude sinusoidally modulated voltammetry (LASMV) is employed to provide access to almost purely Faradaic‐based current data from second harmonic components, as well as capacitance and potential domain information from the fundamental harmonic for mesoporous TiO2‐Nafion film electrodes. The LASMV response has been investigated with and without an immobilized one‐electron redox system, ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium+. Results clearly demonstrate that the electron transfer associated with the immobilized ferrocene derivative follows two independent pathways i) electron hopping within the Nafion network and ii) conduction through the TiO2 backbone. The pH effect on the voltammetric response for the TiO2 reduction pathway (ii) can be clearly identified in the 2nd harmonic LASMV response with the diffusion controlled ferrocene response (i) acting as a pH independent reference. Application of second harmonic data derived from LASMV measurement, because of the minimal contribution from capacitance currents, may lead to reference‐free pH sensing with systems like that found for ferrocene derivatives.
Interleukin‐6 promotes 2‐deoxyglucose uptake through p44/42 MAPKs activation via Ca2+/PKC and EGF receptor in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes
Authors: Suh Han Na , Lee Yu Jin , Han Ho Jae 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is involved in a variety of biological responses, including the glucose metabolism and cell growth, which is a critical physiological function requiring multiple metabolic pathways. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of IL‐6 on 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG) uptake and the related signaling pathways in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. IL‐6 increased 2‐DG uptake in a time‐ (≥4 h) and a dose ‐(≥5 ng/ml) dependent manner. Indeed, IL‐6 increased GLUT‐2 mRNA and protein expression as well as 2‐DG uptake, which were blocked by actinomycin D (AD, transcription inhibitor) and cycloheximide (CHX, translation inhibitor). IL‐6 (10 ng/ml) increased the level of IL‐6Rα and glycoprotein (gp) 130 (IL‐6Rβ) protein expressions. IL‐6 increased Janus Kinase (JAK)‐2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐3 phosphorylation, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and PKC phosphorylation. IL‐6‐induced increase of 2‐DG uptake and GLUT‐2 protein expression were blocked by JAK2‐specific siRNA, a STAT3 inhibitor, staurosporine, and bisindolylmaleimide I (PKC inhibitors). In addition, IL‐6 increased EGFR/src/FAK, PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and 2‐DG uptake as well as GLUT‐2 protein expression, which were blocked by AG 1478 (EGF receptor inhibitor), PP2 (src family of tyrosine kinase inhibitor), PI3K‐specific siRNA, and a Akt inhibitor. Furthermore, IL‐6 increased p44/42 MAPKs phosphorylation and p44 and p42 MAPK‐specific siRNA mixture blocked IL‐6‐induced increase of 2‐DG uptake and GLUT‐2 protein expression. In conclusion, IL‐6 stimulates the 2‐DG uptake through p44/42 MAPKs activation via Ca2+/PKC and EGF receptor in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 643–652, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on the solvent extraction of rare earths from nitrate media with a combination of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and sec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Jia Qiong , Li Zhiying , Zhou Weihong , Li Hongfei 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, H2A2) has been used extensively in hydrometallurgy for the extraction of rare earths, but it has some limitations. Synergistic extraction has attracted much attention because of its enhanced extractabilities and selectivities. In the present study, sec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid (CA12, H2B2) was added into D2EHPA systems for the extraction and separation of rare earths. The extraction mechanism of lanthanum with the mixtures and the separation of lanthanoids and yttrium were investigated.RESULTS: The synergistic enhancement coefficient for La3+ extracted with D2EHPA + CA12 was calculated as 3.63. La3+ was extracted as La(NO3)2H2A2B with the mixture. The logarithm of the equilibrium constant was determined as 0.80. The thermodynamic functions, ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were calculated to be 4.03 kJ mol−1, − 1.96 kJ mol−1, and 20.46 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. The mixtures have synergistic effects on Ce3+, Nd3+, and Y3+, with an especially strong synergistic effect on Y3+. Neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects on Dy3+ and weak antagonistic effects on Lu3+ were found.CONCLUSION: Mixtures of D2EHPA and CA12 exhibit evident synergistic effects when used to extract La3+ from nitric solution. The stoichiometries of the extracted complexes have been determined by graphical and numerical methods to be La(NO3)2H2A2B with the mixture. The extraction is an endothermic process. The mixture exhibits different extraction effects on rare earths, which provides possibilities for the separation of Y3+ from Ln3+ at a proper ratio of D2EHPA and CA12. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Co‐chaperonin GroES as a modulator of proteasomal activity
Authors: Cuccioloni Massimiliano , Montecchia Francesca , Amici Manila , Mozzicafreddo Matteo , Eleuteri Anna Maria , Angeletti Mauro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe proteasome has a crucial part in the degradation of normal, damaged, mutant or misfolded proteins within both the ubiquitin ATP‐dependent and the ubiquitin ATP‐independent pathways. Proteasome‐mediated proteolysis is modulated by diverse factors, and in this regard, chaperonins have been attracting great interest. The investigation on the role of a co‐chaperonin, namely GroES, in the modulation of proteasomal activity was the focus of this work. Our study reports on an analytical approach based on combined fluorimetric, chromatographic (applied to the enzymatic activity evaluation), surface plasmon resonance techniques and molecular modelling, addressed to the assessment and characterization of the interaction. Globally, we described a high affinity interaction between GroES and two different 20 S (immuno‐ and constitutive) proteasomes, uncovering new scenarios on their possible physio‐pathological role, specifically on the ability of proteasomes to interact both with unfolding and folding‐ assisting macromolecules. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local discretization error bounds using interval boundary element method
Authors: Zalewski B. F. , Mullen R. L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a method to account for the point‐wise discretization error in the solution for boundary element method is developed. Interval methods are used to enclose the boundary integral equation and a sharp parametric solver for the interval linear system of equations is presented. The developed method does not assume any special properties besides the Laplace equation being a linear elliptic partial differential equation whose Green's function for an isotropic media is known. Numerical results are presented showing the guarantee of the bounds on the solution as well as the convergence of the discretization error. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and interpretation of residual rickets deformities in adults
Authors: Brickley M. , Mays S. , Ives R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRecent research has considerably improved the recognition and recording of rickets and osteomalacia in archaeological human bone, but the recognition and recording of residual deformities of rickets present in adults is still limited. The aim of this study was to assist with differential diagnosis of residual rickets deformities and determine which of the deformities that are characteristic of rickets could be identified in the adult skeleton. Long bone deformities were investigated, with research focusing on deformities of the leg bones. One hundred and thirty‐five adults from the historic cemetery of St Martin's, Birmingham, where vitamin D deficiency was known to have been widespread, were analysed. Deformities of leg bones were three times as frequent as arm bone deformities, and deformity of both the femur and tibia was the most frequently recorded combination of leg bones. Medial bending of the tibiae and anterior bending of femora, both at the proximal end, were the most frequently recorded types of deformities. A review of a range of conditions that can cause bowing deformities, and comparison of bowing recorded in children with rickets and the present cases, concluded that the most likely cause of the deformities recorded was residual changes linked to rickets. In this community, bowing deformities linked to rickets were quite common amongst adults and probably did not have adverse social consequences, but further studies are required to determine whether this attitude to deformity was more widespread. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk assessment for Down syndrome with genetic sonogram in women at risk
Authors: Vergani Patrizia , Ghidini Alessandro , Weiner Steven , Locatelli Anna , Pozzi Elisa , Biffi Anna 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the algorithms of risk assessment for Down syndrome (DS).MethodsCohort study conducted in women at risk undergoing midtrimester genetic sonogram. Univariate and logistic regression analysis were used to relate findings to the occurrence of DS. The resulting model was validated in an independent population of patients.ResultsIn a multivariable model adjusted for gestational age and maternal age, nuchal fold thickness (NFT) ≥ 5 mm (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 0.9‐23.9), presence of renal pelvic dilation (OR = 18.0, 95% CI 2.9‐110.5), absent mid‐phalanx of the 5th finger (OR = 29.9, 95% CI 6.1‐145.8), presence of noncardiac malformations (OR = 20.1, 95% CI 2.6‐154.7) or isolated heart defects (OR = 60.2, 95% CI 9.5‐382.8), the interactions of gestational age with NFT ≥ 5 mm (P = 0.04) and malformations with heart defects (P = 0.03) were significantly associated with DS. Utilizing this model and a risk cutoff point of 1/270, the sensitivity was 83.3% (5/6) with a false positive rate (FPR) of 28.5% (159/558).ConclusionGenetic sonogram has adequate accuracy to be incorporated into management algorithms for risk assessment of DS in women at risk. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 1‐phenylazo‐naphthalen‐2‐ol and 1‐phenyliminomethyl‐naphtahlen‐2‐ol
Authors: Nedeltcheva Daniela , Antonov Liudmil 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe relative strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) in the title compounds has been investigated by means of ab initio quantum chemical calculations, UV–Vis spectral study and linear solvation energy relationship analysis (LSER) of the obtained tautomeric constants. It has been found that in acetone (and in all used solvents with substantial proton acceptor abilities) the tautomeric constant in the azonaphthol compound is lower than could be expected. The fact is explained with the breakage of the IHB and the coexistence of closed and open enol tautomers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the stereo‐ and regioselectivities of the polar Diels–Alder reactions between 2‐acetyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone and methyl substituted 1,3‐butadienes: a DFT study
Authors: Soto‐Delgado Jorge , Domingo Luis R. , Araya‐Maturana Ramiro , Contreras Renato 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe polar Diels–Alder (DA) reactions of 2‐acetyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (acBQ) with methyl substituted 1,3‐butadienes have been studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory. These reactions are characterized by a nucleophilic attack of the unsubstituted ends of the 1,3‐dienes to the β conjugated position of the acBQ followed by ring‐closure. The reactions present a total regioselectivity and large endo selectivity. The analysis based on the global electrophilicity of the reagents at the ground state, and the natural bond orbital (NBO) population analysis at the transition states correctly explain the polar nature of these cycloadditions. The large electrophilic character of acBQ is responsible for the acceleration observed in these polar DA reactions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses of tropical deep convective precipitation systems and their associated convective and stratiform regions to the large‐scale forcing
Authors: Gao Shouting , Li Xiaofan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractResponses of convective and stratiform rainfall to large‐scale forcing in the tropical deep convective regime are investigated by analysing data from a two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model simulation. The model is forced by large‐scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal advection, and sea‐surface temperature observed and derived from TOGA COARE. The imposed large‐scale vertical velocity shows that the ascending motion averaged from 22–27 December 1992 is significantly stronger than that averaged from 3–8 January 1993. Thus, the periods of 22–27 December 1992 and 3–8 January 1993 are, respectively, identified as strong‐forcing (SF) and weak‐forcing (WF) phases. Although the convective rain rates are similar in the two phases, stratiform rain rate is larger in the SF phase than in the WF phase, which leads to larger time and spatial mean surface rain rate in the SF phase. Similar rates of water vapour convergence and vapour condensation and collection of cloud water by rain over water‐hydrometeor‐dominated convective regions are responsible for similar convective rain rates in the two phases. Water vapour divergence is larger in the WF phase than in the SF phase, which causes smaller vapour condensation and deposition rates in the WF phase. As a result, the collection rate of cloud water by rain and the melting rate of graupel to rain are smaller in the WF phase than in the SF phase, which accounts for the smaller stratiform rain rate in the WF phase. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
PC2: A prognostic cloud fraction and condensation scheme. II: Climate model simulations
Authors: Wilson Damian R. , Bushell Andrew. C. , Kerr‐Munslow Amanda M. , Price Jeremy D. , Morcrette Cyril J. , Bodas‐Salcedo Alejandro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA prognostic cloud fraction and prognostic condensate scheme (PC2) has been developed for the Met Office Unified Model. A companion paper discussed the motivation for a new scheme and described its formulation in detail. In this paper we describe the results of climate model simulations, concentrating on the mechanisms by which the cloud and condensate predicted by the model change between the Control and new scheme. We demonstrate that the detrainment of condensate from the convection scheme directly into the large scale, as parametrized in the PC2 scheme, produces improved simulations of deep tropical cloud. We also show that the unphysical strong link between cloud fraction and condensed water content that is present in the Control scheme has been broken by using PC2, but that it is still challenging to produce optically thin cloud in a large‐scale model. Shallow convection proves to be a difficult cloud type to parametrize using a prognostic scheme, although the PC2 scheme performs well. The use of increased vertical resolution, in both the Control and PC2, improved the simulation of cloud when compared to observations. © Crown Copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal foldover plans for mixed‐level fractional factorial designs
Authors: Guo Yong , Simpson James R. , Pignatiello Joseph J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractReversing plus and minus signs of one or more factors is the traditional method to fold over two‐level fractional factorial designs. However, when factors in the original design have more than two levels, the method of ‘reversing signs’ loses its efficacy. This article develops a mechanism to foldover designs involving factors with different numbers of levels, say mixed‐level designs. By exhaustive search we identify the optimal foldover plans. The criterion used is the general balance metric, which can reveal the aberration properties of the combined designs (original design plus foldover). The optimal foldovers for some efficient mixed‐level fractional factorial designs are provided for practical use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment of a three‐dimensional culture and mechanical loading system for skeletal myoblasts
Authors: Li Yu , Song Jinlin , Yang Pu , Zou Rui , Fan Xiaofeng , Zhao Zhihe 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEstablishment of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) culture and mechanical loading system which simulates the in vivo environment is critical in cytomechanical studies. The present article attempts to do this by integrating porous PLGA scaffolds with a four‐point bending strain unit. Three types of PLGA scaffolds with three average pore sizes were synthesized, i.e., type I (60–88 μm), type II (88–100 μm) and type III (100–125 μm). To establish the 3‐D mechanical loading system, PLGA membrane was integrated with conventional force‐loading plates and the third passage skeletal myoblasts from neonatal Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were seeded. Small PLGA membranes were put in 24‐well plates followed by cell implantation and MTT assay was performed on days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 to compare biocompatibility of the three types of scaffolds. After 3 days’ culture, many more cells had grown in type II than in type I or type III under fluorescence microscopy. In the MTT assay, OD of type II was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other two, especially at the early stage. As type II proved to be the best among the three, it was used as the scaffold in the preliminary mechanical loading study and 4000 μstrain cyclic uniaxial strain was imposed. The system worked well and it was found that short to median time of stretching enhances while prolonged time of stretching inhibits cell proliferative activity of the 3‐D cultured skeletal myoblasts(P < 0.05). It is concluded that the combination of PLGA scaffolds with a four‐point bending strain unit provides a satisfactory 3‐D mechanical loading system.
Usefulness of systolic time intervals in the identification of abnormal ventriculo‐arterial coupling in stable heart failure patients*
Authors: Cheng Hao‐Min , Yu Wen‐Chung , Sung Shih‐Hsien , Wang Kang‐Ling , Chuang Shao‐Yuan , Chen Chen‐Huan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:The ratio of effective arterial elastance (Ea) to ventricular end‐systolic elastance (Ees) indicates the status of ventriculo‐arterial coupling.Aims:We investigated if systolic time intervals (pre‐ejection period, PEP; ejection time, ET; and their ratio, PEP/ET) can be used to identify heart failure patients with abnormal ventriculo‐arterial coupling.Methods:Age and sex‐matched study subjects included 54 apparently healthy subjects with normal left ventricular (LV) function, and stable patients with LV diastolic (n=54) and systolic dysfunction (n=54). Ees and Ea were estimated non‐invasively by echocardiography, and abnormal ventriculo‐arterial coupling was defined as Ea/Ees>1.2. PEP, ET, and PEP/ET were measured automatically using electrocardiography, phonocardiography, and brachial pulse volume recording.Results:Ea/Ees>1.2 was present in 48.1% of subjects with systolic dysfunction. The PEP/ET was significantly associated with most parameters of LV structure and function, and Ea/Ees (r=0.67, p<0.001). Using PEP/ET≥0.423 as cut point, the sensitivity and specificity to identify patients with Ea/Ees>1.2 were 85.7% and 84.3%, respectively for the whole population, and 84.6% and 78.6%, for patients with systolic dysfunction.Conclusion:Abnormal ventriculo‐arterial coupling was present in almost half of stable patients with systolic dysfunction. PEP/ET was useful in identifying such patients.