bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Migration Velocities During Gas Kicks in Deviated Wells
Authors: Johnson A. B. , Cooper Steven 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A key factor in the evolution of a gas kick is the rate at which free gas rises up the wellbore. One of the main parameters governing the gas propagation is the wellbore trajectory. A comprehensive model incorporating the effects of deviation and geometry is necessary for an accurate gas kick simulator.
There is no data in the literature which details a comprehensive examination of the effects of deviation and geometry on the gas migration characteristics in a drilling environment. There is a limited amount of data reporting full scale experiments; but these did not characterise the effects separately.
We report tests made in a realistic drilling geometry with Theologically accurate fluids. The tests were in a large pipe and annular geometry with orientations between vertical and 60° deviation.
There is a significant difference between the effect of deviation on gas migration characteristics in pipe and annular flows.
We also address the controversy over gas migration velocities during shut-in. We show how the conventional field derivation of slip velocity from the surface pressure rise rate is inaccurate, and can underestimate the slip velocity by an order of magnitude.
The Application of Slim-Hole Drilling Techniques to High-Pressure and High-Temperature Exploration Programs in the North Sea
Authors: Eide Egil , Hage J. l. , Burge P. M. , Jürgens Rainer 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Slimhole drilling is a method of lowering well costs by reducing consumables used during the drilling and completion process. The technique has been used to drill high pressure high temperature wells in the North Sea from floating installations.
A three year development program between a major operator and a service company has led to the development of the "retrofit" slimhole drilling concept which allows a slimhole to be drilled using modified conventional equipment from any rig. The problems of well safety and drilling efficiencies have been addressed in the project.
An enhanced kick detection system has been successfully used to detect influxes of less than 1 barrel, and alarm levels as low as 10 gallon/minute influx rate can be used.
The use of high temperature downhole motors and anti-vibration technology ensures that drilling efficiencies and drillstring integrity are maintained during slimhole operations. Well engineered drilling fluids reduce total system pressure losses and improve the hydraulic power available for the bit and downhole tools.
The design of a high pressure high temperature well to T.D. in 5-¾" or 4-⅛" can lead to total cost savings of up to 15 %.
Development and Field Testing of a New Downhole MWD Drillstring Dynamics Sensor
Authors: Zannoni S. A. , Cheatham C. A. , Chen C-K. D. , Golla C. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The development and field testing of a new three-axis shock and vibration MWD sensor are presented. The sensor is shown to have the capability to detect harmful BHA dynamic conditions such as whirling, lateral BHA shocks, stick-slip, and bit bounce by measuring the changes in acceleration in the axial, tangential, and radial directions. Interpretations of these conditions have improved insight into the drilling process and are expected to result in improved drilling efficiency.
Coiled-Tubing Radials Placed by Water-Jet Drilling: Field Results, Theory, and Practice
Authors: Dickinson Wade , Dykstra Herman , Nordlund Robert , Dickinson Wayne 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The URRS makes multiple 25 to 150 ft (8 to 46 m) radiais in one or more layers. The range of stable production enhancement with multiple radiais in both light and heavy oil wells in various formations varies from a two times (200%) to as much as a ten times (1,000%) improvement depending on reservoir and wellbore conditions. The average production improvement is two times to four times (200% to 400%). The comparison is made with respect to either (a) the production in a well after radial placement compared to the production prior to radial placement or (b) the production in a new well with radiais compared to similar offset vertical wells.
This paper examines the value of multiple radiais in penetrating skin or near wellbore damage (Figure 1);the calculated magnitude of oil production improvement by penetrating near wellbore damage; andtypical light oil field results involving stable production in a new well with radiais, and a reentered well with radiais.
Design, Construction, and Operation of a Novel Well Control System
Authors: Marschke C. R. , Wu Nanping , Alcocer C. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the development of a revolutionary oil/gas well control system. This system has been created to provide effective control and management of oil/gas wells under diverse abnormal situations. The system is versatile in its capabilities and can be used both offshore and onshore. The system mainly consists of a cutting tool, a specially designed plug/valve, supporting structures and a power system.
This paper describes the prototype of the new system and the results of laboratory tests simulating the actual conditions of operating oil/gas wells. Actual casing and tubing arrangements were used in the laboratory tests. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and force and stress/strain analysis were performed to design the system and to ensure the integrity of the structure of the well during control operations.
The Success of Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids Offshore Gulf of Mexico: A Field Comparison to Conventional Systems
Authors: Park Sandy , Cullum Daryl , McLean A. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The first wells have been successfully completed offshore Gulf of Mexico using a new synthetic-based drilling fluid. Potyalphaolefin (PAO), the synthetic base used for these fluids, is unique to the drilling fluids industry at this time.
The environmental benefits of PAO-based synthetic systems over conventional oil-based fluids and some water-based fluids has already been presented in prior papers. However, the practical benefits gained from utilizing PAO as an alternative to conventional systems can now be documented after a series of highly successful field tests in the Gulf of Mexico.
The non-aqueous PAO system has been used on several wells in the Gulf of Mexico to drill problematic formations previously drilled with either inhibitive water-based or oil-based fluids. Wells with angles up to 86° and formations from 4500 ft to 18300 ft have been successfully drilled.
Direct comparisons can be made regarding performance benefits of PAO-based synthetic systems verses water-based and oil-based systems previously used to drill in the same location. Benefits in hole stability, cuttings integrity, lubrication, and gauge wellbores, all leading to increased penetration rates and subsequent reduction in drilling days, can be seen.
This paper reviews the results of the first field tests with PAO synthetic systems in the Gulf of Mexico concentrating on the practical aspects of drilling rather than the detailed environmental information which has been covered in prior literature.
Engineering Salary Trends in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Judah J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Results of the 1992 SPE member salary survey indicate that salaries are up 3 to 8% compared to salaries reported in October 1991. Results of the 1993 SPE Starting Salary Survey reflect a decrease in starting salaries accepted by B.S. graduates in petroleum engineering to $3,417/month, which is down 2.4% from a year ago.
Achieving Environmental Awareness: A Comprehensive Training and Awareness Program
Authors: Seith B. J. , Green G. J. , Platt J. D. , Purl K. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Taking a proactive approach to managing environmental affairs offers many benefits including improved regulatory and permitting compliance, reduced operating costs and improved public perception. In an effort to be more proactive and promote environmental awareness, BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. (BPXA), in conjunction with ERM-Northwest, Inc. (ERM-NW) developed an environmental awareness program, Achieving Environmental Excellence. The program was designed to address the environmental concerns associated with operating an oil field on the North Slope of Alaska. In addition to educating personnel, it has been designed to promote environmental responsibility and stewardship among all BPXA employees and contractors. The program components include seven technical modules on these topics: spills, solid waste management, pollution prevention, the Arctic environment, environmentally responsible lifestyles, a framework for compliance, and a motivational overview of BPXA’s efforts to demonstrate environmental leadership.
The Use of Air Injection To Improve the Double Displacement Processes
Authors: Fassihi M. R. , Gillham T. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Double Displacement Process (DDP) has been defined1 as the gas displacement of a water invaded oil column. The purpose of injecting gas into a watered out oil reservoir is to recover more oil by creating a gas cap and thereby allowing gravity drainage of the liquids to occur. During 1994, Amoco Production Company, in partnership with the United States Department of Energy, will initiate the first project to combine air injection with the DDP. Due to the relatively low cost and potential for accelerated recovery, this unique IOR process may prove to be economically viable in low price environment. This report introduces the project by describing: (1) the initial project design, (2) core and fluid property tests, (3) details of the scoping reservoir models, (4) projected production performance and (5) safety considerations.
Modeling of the DDP with air indicated that injection/production rates are predominant factors on the performance of the DDP and need to be optimized. Also, gravity drainage is enhanced due to mobilization of oil by the thermal front. It is shown that the in situ generated flue gas strips the light hydrocarbon components. These appear as natural gas liquids (NGL) in the producing stream. Experimental results indicate that the oxygen in the injected air will spontaneously combust with the residual oil saturation in the reservoir. Compared to nitrogen injection, air injection should yield the same cumulative oil at a lower cost.
The use of air injection with the DDP will be applicable in watered out oil reservoirs which have both: (1) sufficient reservoir temperature to accelerate oxygen consumption, and (2) low oil viscosity in conjunction with sufficient bed dip and permeability for gravity drainage to occur.
Water Disposal From Coalbed Methane Wells in the San Juan Basin
Authors: Cox D. O. , Stevens S. H. , Hill D. G. , McBane R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water produced with coalbed methane in the San Juan Basin presents a costly disposal problem. Production increased from 15,000 bpd in 1988 to 115,000 bpd in 1992, and is projected at 180,000 bpd in 1995. Over the next 20 years, 644 million to 1.04 billion barrels of water production is anticipated. Currently, the main disposal method is underground injection. The rate capacity of existing disposal wells in part of the Colorado portion of the basin will not be sufficient to handle all the water to be disposed of. The volume of produced water during the next ten years will exceed the volumetric capacity of the deep disposal zones there, and other disposal zones or methods will be needed. Alternative treatment technologies are available to treat produced water and make much of it suitable for surface discharge. A smaller volume of concentrated brine remaining after water treatment would still require underground injection or other acceptable disposal methods.
Development and Implementation of an Integrated Risk Assessment Methodology
Authors: Cutten F. B. , Evoy D. F. , Grecu I. M. , Palmer J. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper summarizes a project evaluation methodology developed and implemented by Petro-Canada Resources. The two key objectives of the methodology were to improve the technical quality and consistency of evaluations, and to develop measures that would facilitate risk comparisons among different projects. The paper includes a discussion of the actual methodologies and measures, and the implementation process used in introducing the methodology to the organization.
Determination of Reference Doses for Mineral Spirits, Crude Oil, Diesel Fuel No. 2, and Lubricating Oil
Authors: Ryer-Powder J. E. , Custance S. R. , Sullivan M. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petroleum products are involved in the contamination via spills and leaks of many environmental matrices. Unlike sites contaminated with compounds having discreet physicochemical properties, petroleum hydrocarbons represent complex mixtures. Complications involved in evaluating the site and setting clean-up goals include a lack of summarized toxicity data for the petroleum hydrocarbons and the absence of government agency-derived allowable exposure levels. The purpose of this work was to (1) review the toxicity literature pertaining to mineral spirits, crude oil, diesel fuel number 2, and lubricating oil, and (2) determine a reference dose (RfD), defined by the Environmental Protection Agency as a estimate of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime, for each of these petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Miscible Displacements in Five-Spot Porous Media
Authors: Sorbie K. S. , Zhang H. R. , Tsibuklis N. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reports new experimental and numerical results on miscible displacements in saturated, homogeneous five-spot bead packed flow models. A series of experimental floods at a range of mobility ratios is presented which generates new data for unstable displacement processes. This data is presented up to 100% recovery and includes: the effluent concentrations and recovery profiles, in situ visualisation of the flow patterns and measurement of the pressure field. A comparable cycle of floods at mobility ratios of approximately M = 4,11, and 25 in a repacked five-spot system showed excellent reproducibility between tests. The volumetric displacement efficiencies compare very well with the published experimental data where this is available. The measurement of the pressure field is particularly novel and this information can be utilised in order to assess averaged (upscaled) models of viscous instability.
A high-accuracy numerical method with third order differencing for convection and second order temporal differencing is proposed which is equivalent to an 11 point interpolation. The simulator treats the full velocity-dependent anisotropic diffusion/dispersion tensor and is validated by comparing numerical results with the analytical solution for incompressible radial flow. The numerical method is further tested by simulating the experimental five-spot stable and unstable displacements. The simulation reproduces the experimental effluent concentrations, recovery performances and pressure drops very well and also matches the main features of the experimental finger evolution.
It is concluded that (1) a complete quantitative experimental dataset, including novel pressure field measurements, has been obtained which can be used to validate theoretical models of viscous fingering in five-spot (almost) homogeneous systems and (2) the proposed mathematical model is capable of accurately simulating the flows characterised by sharp fronts, instability and low levels of physical dispersion.
A Compositional Simulation Evaluation of the Brassey Artex B Pool, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rossall J. W. , Gurpinar O. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A compositional reservoir simulation evaluation1 of the Brassey Artex B Pool, located in British Columbia, Canada, was undertaken to predict hydrocarbon recoveries under a variety of development schemes. The subject reservoir is a thin aeolian sand containing a volatile, highly undersaturated oil. A miscible flood was initiated in 1989 immediately following delineation drilling.
The numerical model was constructed using the most up-to-date geological, geophysical, and petrophysical data. Surface facilities were incorporated into the model, through the use of individual well test separators for production tests performed prior to implementation of a miscible flood, and by a four-stage separator after implementation of the miscible flood. This model was then calibrated by history matching three years of volumetric and compositional data. Tracer survey results were also used in the model calibration phase.
Reservoir fluid compositions were represented in the model with a nine pseudo-component Peng-Robinson equation of state. The equation of state was calibrated to laboratory constant composition expansion, differential liberation, swelling test, and slim tube data to provide representative PVT properties of the reservoir fluid and injected solvent.
The history matched model was then used to forecast the production performance for a variety of production and injection schemes, including infill drilling and sensitivities to injected solvent composition.
The reservoir fluid characterization phase of the study verified that the recovery process was one of first-contact miscibility at the 4000 psia operating pressure. Analysis of the pressure, saturation, and fluid composition distributions demonstrated that an effective first-contact miscible displacement was occurring in the reservoir. While the majority of the pool will be swept with the existing well configuration, two infill drilling locations have been identified. Phase behaviour analysis indicated that the current injection gas is richer than required to achieve first contact miscibility; therefore, liquids can be extracted and sold from the injection gas stream.
History matching of the compositional model suggested an initial oil in place volume approximately one-third less than that derived from previous pseudo-miscible black oil studies. However, the initial analytical material balance estimates derived from production tests conducted prior to the miscible flood showed an oil in place volume midway between the two model estimates. This comparison highlighted the difficulties of characterizing the volumetric behaviour of near-critical fluids using either compositional or black oil techniques.
Natural Gas and the Newly Evolving OPEC
Authors: Ebneyousef M. H. , Bogart A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews Opec’s current standing, its limitations, the impact of geopolitics, and the organization’s future, particularly its new role as a major supplier of natural gas.
Up to now, many Opec producers have neglected their natural gas sector and failed to develop the required infrastructure and local or regional markets.
For strategic purposes consistent with their political goals, several Opec members upgraded their reserves of oil and natural gas, sometimes without any dependable link between oil and associated gas.
Faster History Matching and Uncertainty in Predicted Production Profiles With Stochastic Modeling
Authors: Tyler K. J. , Svanes Tarald , Omdal Sturle 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High resolution sequence stratigraphical methods have been used in the detailed geological modeling of an element of the Ness formation of a North Sea field. This updated geological description has been used as input to the stochastic geological model MOHERES. 14 realizations of facies architecture and petrophysical properties have been generated.
The stochastically generated realizations have been scaled up to a refined element of an existing deterministic, history matched reservoir simulation model for the full Upper Brent reservoir. The upscaled versions of the realizations have been connected to the full field model, and reservoir simulations have been performed to compare twelve years of production history with simulated results for well production, RFT- and PLT-data. Six of the realizations gave good to very good results when compared to measured production data. These realizations were used for simulation of the future production performance to the year 2010, making it possible to estimate its uncertainty.
A New Model for Well Testing in Water Injection Wells Under Fracturing Conditions
Authors: Ovens Jonathan , Niko Helmut 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water injection under fracturing conditions can sometimes be of significant benefit to a field development, enabling fewer injection wells to be drilled either for recovery processes or waste disposal. In the case of water floods in tight formations, fracturing water injectors may in fact form a part of the development policy, competing with horizontal injectors. Accurate simulation of fracture size, geometry and possible vertical containment is required to ensure an optimal injection policy, but measuring fundamental rock mechanical parameters such as fracture toughness and the poro/thermo-elastic constants have, until now, been confined to laboratory measurements or microfrac tests. In this paper we describe a novel technique which will enable the in-situ measurement of these basic parameters from a pressure transient test under fracturing conditions, assuming a pre-existing fracture of known size. This technique eliminates the uncertainty in length scale inherent in microfrac tests and hence will provide a more accurate measurement of fracture toughness, thus enabling more accurate predictions of fracture size, geometry and containment. The new model explicitly combines a transient description of fluid flow - including two phase flow - and the underlying rock mechanics to allow the prediction of the early rate of growth of a water injection induced fracture. The model gives the useful result that the traditional square root time plot can be used to precisely locate the pressure at which fracture growth begins and over a limited period of time to estimate the early rate of fracture growth. Based on this observation, we also demonstrate a graphical method for deducing fracture toughness directly from in-situ test data.
Determining Reservoir Properties in Reservoir Studies Using a Fuzzy Neural Network
Authors: Zhou Cheng Dang , Wu Xi-Ling , Cheng Ju-An 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The uncertainty, fuzziness and incompleteness widely existent in reservoir studies require a powerful tool to deal with them more precisely. And fuzzy sets and neural networks seemed quite suitable for this purpose. In reservoir studies, it would be very advantageous to combine the symbolic level of processing conveyed by fuzzy sets with the computational power of neural networks. With the advantage of fuzzy sets in knowledge representation and the high capacity of neural networks in learning knowledge expressed in data, in this paper, a fuzzy neural network is used to solve for the inverse problems in reservoir studies with the purpose of determining the reservoir properties from well logs.
This paper presents a fuzzy neural network approach for determining reservoir properties from well logs, based on fuzzy sets and a self-organizing mapping neural network. Both the details of the algorithm of this fuzzy neural network and its implementation are given.
A field example for recognizing lithology from well logs is used to demonstrate the dependability of this fuzzy neural network approach.