bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen über die Ritter‐Reaktion
Authors: Haaf Wolfgang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTertiäre Carbonsäuren reagieren in koz. Schwefelsäure mit Blausäure oder Nitrilen unter Kohlenoxydabspaltung zu Formyl bzw. allgemein Aclaminen, die zu den Aminen verseift werden können. Dieser Austausch der Carboxl‐gegen die Aminogruppe verläuft über Carbonium‐Ionen. Er wird an mehreren Beispielen untersucht. Aus Trimetylessigsäure und Adamantan‐carbonsäure (1) werden ausschließlich die entsprechenden tert.‐Alkyl‐amine gebildet, aus anderen tertiären Säuren entstehen daneben auch noch sek. ‐Alkyl‐amine. In Umkehrung des Austausches der Carboxl‐gegen die Aminogruppe lassen sich auch die tert. Alkl‐acyl‐amine in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure mit Kohlenoxyd in tertiäre Säuren überführen. Demnach ist auch die RITTER‐Reaktion reversibel.
Keeping an eye on I1: I1 dynein as a model for flagellar dynein assembly and regulation
Authors: Wirschell Maureen , Hendrickson Triscia , Sale Winfield S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAmong the major challenges in understanding ciliary and flagellar motility is to determine how the dynein motors are assembled and localized and how dynein‐driven outer doublet microtubule sliding is controlled. Diverse studies, particularly in Chlamydomonas, have determined that the inner arm dynein I1 is targeted to a unique structural position and is critical for regulating the microtubule sliding required for normal ciliary/flagellar bending. As described in this review, I1 dynein offers additional opportunities to determine the principles of assembly and targeting of dyneins to cellular locations and for studying the mechanisms that regulate dynein activity and control of motility by phosphorylation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced Growth Inhibition of Hepatic Multicellular Tumor Spheroids by Lactosylated Poly(ethylene glycol)‐siRNA Conjugate Formulated in PEGylated Polyplexes
Authors: Oishi Motoi , Nagasaki Yukio , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Itaka Keiji , Takagi Motoki , Shimamoto Akira , Furuichi Yasuhiro , Kataoka Kazunori 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPEGylated polyplexes (lac‐PEGylated polyplexes) composed of poly(L‐lysine) and lactosylated poly(ethylene glycol)‐small interfering RNA conjugate, which inhibits the RecQL1 gene product, were revealed to show an appreciable growth inhibition of multicellular HuH‐7 spheroids (human hepatocarcinoma cell lines) for up to 21 days (IC50=6 nM); this system used as an in vitro three‐dimensional (3D) model mimicking the in vivo biology of tumors. The PEGylated polyplexes thus prepared had a size of approximately 110 nm with clustered lactose moieties on their periphery as targeting ligands for the asialoglycoprotein‐receptor‐expressing HuH‐7 cells. In contrast, OligofectAMINE/siRNA (cationic lipoplex) was observed to have almost no growth‐inhibitory effect against HuH‐7 spheroids, even though the lipoplex showed a stronger growth‐inhibitory effect than the lac‐PEGylated polyplexes on conventional monolayer‐cultured HuH‐7 cells. The FITC‐tagged conjugate in the lac‐PEGylated polyplexes showed smooth penetration into the HuH‐7 spheroids compared with that in the lipoplexes, as observed by confocal fluorescence‐scanning microscopy. This indicates that the small size of approximately 100 nm and the reduced nonspecific interaction due to the nonionic and hydrophilic lactosylated PEG layer contributes to the smooth penetration of the PEGylated polyplexes into the spheroid interior, eventually facilitating their uptake into the cells composing the spheroids. Cellular apoptosis indicating programmed cell death was also observed in the HuH‐7 spheroids treated with the PEGylated polyplexes, revealing that the observed growth inhibition was indeed induced by the RNAi of the RecQL1 siRNA. These data suggest that the smart PEGylated polyplexes can indeed penetrate into the multiple cell layers of 3D tumor masses in vivo, exerting therapeutic effects through the RNAi.
Bone health in children and adolescents after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Taskinen Mervi , Saarinen‐Pihkala Ulla M. , Hovi Liisa , Vettenranta Kim , Mäkitie Outi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis cross‐sectional study evaluated the overall bone health and the prevalence of vertebral complications after stem cell transplantation (SCT) in prepubertal children and adolescents.METHODSA total of 44 children and adolescents (median age, 10 years) were evaluated at a median of 3.8 years after SCT for areal bone mineral density (aBMD) with dual‐energy X‐ray absoptiometry and for vertebral fractures with instant vertebral assessment. Pretransplant and posttransplant medications and nutritional parameters were recorded, and plasma levels of vitamin D, calcium, phosphate, and parathormone were measured.RESULTSOf the 44 patients, 16 (36%) had a BMD Z‐score of <−1.0. The patients with low BMD did not differ from the others with regard to their clinical or biochemical characteristics. Prepubertal patients had better BMD Z‐scores at all sites compared with pubertal or postpubertal subjects. This was evident especially at the hip, in which the median aBMD Z‐score in prepubertal patients (−0.2; range, −0.5 to +1.7) was found to be significantly higher than in pubertal (−1.1; range, −1.5 to +0.4) and postpubertal (−1.1; range, −2.6 to +0.5) patients (P = .03). Five patients (11%) had a history of peripheral fractures. Nine patients (20%) had vertebral compression fractures, which were asymptomatic in 7 patients.CONCLUSIONSApproximately one‐third of patients who had undergone allogeneic SCT in childhood were found to have a reduced BMD before reaching adulthood. This was due in part to inadequate BMD gain during the pubertal years. The high prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral compression fractures calls for the systematic assessment of spinal health during the posttransplantation follow‐up. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Labeling of apoptotic JURL‐MK1 cells by fluorescent caspase‐3 inhibitor FAM‐DEVD‐fmk occurs mainly at site(s) different from caspase‐3 active site
Authors: Kuželová Kateřina , Grebeňová Dana , Hrkal Zbyněk 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground:Fluorochrome‐labeled inhibitors of caspases (FLICA) have been designed as an alternative tool for the detection of caspase activation in whole cells. They should label the active site of the corresponding caspase through a covalent attachment to the reactive cysteine residue.Methods:One of the FLICAs, FAM‐DEVD‐fmk, was used to monitor apoptosis progression in leukemic JURL‐MK1 cells by means of flow cytometry. The effects of unlabeled caspase inhibitors z‐DEVD‐fmk and z‐VAD‐fmk on FLICA staining were analyzed to evaluate the contribution of caspase‐bound FLICA to the fluorescent signal. Covalent binding of inhibitors to caspase‐3 subunit was revealed by Western blotting.Results:Although the unlabeled inhibitors irreversibly bind to caspase‐3, completely inhibit its activity, and prevent FLICA binding to caspase‐3 even at concentrations lower than 5 μM, they have no effect on FLICA staining of apoptotic cells.Conclusions:Fluorescent signal of FLICA is characteristic for apoptotic cells but originates mainly from yet unspecified site(s) that differ from the caspase active site. This finding puts in doubt the specificity of staining by various FLICAs with regard to individual caspases and shows the need for an extreme care in the interpretation of data obtained using these labels. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Indirect immunofluorescence in autoimmune diseases: Assessment of digital images for diagnostic purpose
Authors: Rigon Amelia , Soda Paolo , Zennaro Danila , Iannello Giulio , Afeltra Antonella 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground: The recommended method for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) detection is indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). To pursue a high image quality without artefacts and reduce interobserver variability, this study aims at evaluating the reliability of automatically acquired digital images of IIF slides for diagnostic purposes. Methods: Ninety‐six sera were screened for ANA by IIF on HEp‐2 cells. Two expert physicians looking at both the fluorescence microscope and the digital images on computer monitor performed a blind study to evaluate fluorescence intensity and staining pattern. Cohen's kappa was used as an agreement evaluator between methods and experts. Results: Considering fluorescence intensity, there is a substantial agreement between microscope and monitor analysis in both physicians. Agreement between physicians was substantial at the microscope and perfect at the monitor. Considering IIF pattern, there was a substantial and moderate agreement between microscope and monitor analysis in both physicians. Kappa between physicians was substantial both at the microscope and at the monitor. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that digital media is a reliable tool to help physicians in detecting autoantibodies in IIF. Our data represent a first step to validate the use of digital images, thus offering an opportunity for standardizing and automatizing the detection of ANA by IIF. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Recent advances in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Richards Stephen J. , Hill Anita , Hillmen Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUntil recently, there has been no specific therapy for PNH with clinical management mainly supportive in terms of cytopenias and control of thrombotic risk. Currently, the only curative procedure for PNH is bone marrow transplantation although for the majority of patients the associated risks are too great to justify transplantation. The pioneering use of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody eculizumab, which binds to and prevents the activation of the complement protein C5, represents a significant advance in treatment for patients with PNH and is set to become the future standard therapy for hemolytic PNH. In both an initial pilot study and two phase III clinical trials, eculizumab has been shown to dramatically reduce intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and transfusion requirements thus improving the quality of life in patients with PNH. As a clinical entity, PNH is synonymous with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency, and is an acquired clonal disorder associated with somatic mutations of the X‐linked PIGA gene in hematopoietic stem cells. A recent study identified a novel autosomal recessively inherited form of GPI‐deficiency involving a mutation in a promotor component of the pig‐m gene and characterized by a thrombotic tendency and seizures. In both these developments, flow cytometry played a critical role. In the first instance, in monitoring direct response to a new therapeutic agent; second, in demonstrating the phenotypic/genotypic link in a new form of GPI deficiency. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Gender, Marital Status, and Compliance in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Takaki Jiro , Wang Da‐Hong , Takigawa Tomoko , Ogino Keiki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDFactors associated with marital status seem to differ by sex. However, past studies on the relationships between compliance and marital status in dialysis patients analyzed men and women together and reported inconsistent or non‐significant results. The aim of this study was to assess relationships between compliance and marital status separately by sex in uremic patients receiving hemodialysis.METHODSPatients in Japan who had been regularly undergoing 3 hemodialysis sessions per week for more than a year were investigated. Patients with problems that influence dietary intake or who were malnourished were excluded. Relationships between interdialytic weight gain and marital status were assessed by sex in 307 patients using correlation and regression models.RESULTSFor men, being married correlated negatively and being divorced correlated positively with interdialytic weight gain (p > 0.005). In multivariate analyses, being divorced was significantly (p > 0.003) associated with interdialytic weight gain and accounted for 4.0% of its variance independent of age, duration of hemodialysis, serum albumin concentration, and Kt/V. In women, no significant relationships were found.CONCLUSIONDivorced male hemodialysis patients should be cautioned about fluid and sodium intake compliance.
Mind knowledge in infancy: The emergence of intentional communication
Authors: Camaioni Luigia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhen and how infants and young children start to understand that persons are entities different from ‘non‐persons ’ is the central issue addressed in this paper. A critical examination is presented of empirical research inspired by the ‘theory of mind ’ approach and relative to the knowledge about the mind exhibited by pre‐school children (2–5 years of age). In considering what kind of psychological knowledge pre‐linguistic children may acquire, it is argued that the most significant developmental phenomenon is the grasp of the concept of intentional communication, as distinct from both agency and instrumentality. Intentional communication, so defined, implies the capacity to represent and influence the other person's attentional state about aspects of the world, and at the same time to represent the other person as capable of understanding one's communicative intentions.
A review of the animate‐inanimate distinction in infancy: Implications for models of social and cognitive knowing
Authors: Legerstee Maria 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ability to distinguish people from things sheds light on an important theoretical question: how is the development of social cognition related to the development of physical cognition? According to Piaget (1954), cognition is unitary and the processes used in dealing with the physical world are the same as those employed in the social world. This statement should be questioned. Although people and objects share certain fundamental properties (size, shape, etc.), only people can communicate, act independently and have feelings and intentions. Thus, people seem much more complex to deal with than things. If all cognitive development derives from the growth of a unitary system, then knowledge about animate objects should lag behind that of inanimate objects. The present paper explores this idea by examining what infants know about the attributes that distinguish people from things. It is concluded that the onset of this distinction begins early in life. Even 2‐month‐old infants treat people and objects differently when confounding variables of the stimuli are controlled. Rather than lagging behind, the infants' understanding of people appears precocious. The infants' recognition of the crucial distinction between the two classes suggests that a conceptual system is beginning to be formed soon after birth. This conceptual system appears different for social and non‐social objects and serves as a foundation from which infants might come to understand the distinctive properties of animate and inanimate objects.
Rhythmic organization of heart rate in breast‐fed and bottle‐fed newborn infants
Authors: Zeskind Philip Sanford , Marshall Timothy R. , Goff Dennis M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHeart rates and behavioural states of 14 breast‐fed and 14 bottlefed newborn infants were assessed every 30 seconds for 2 continuous hours. The 240 observations of heart rate were treated as time‐series data and spectrum‐analysed for behavioural rhythmicities. Of the 28 infants, 25 showed reliable cycles in heart rate; 22 of the 25 infants showed a dominant frequency with a 30–60 min periodicity, one that approximates the basic‐rest activity cycle (BRAC). In addition to this basic cycle, additional higher frequency cycles in long‐term heart rate variability were evident in the spectra of many infants. Breast‐fed newborns had greater numbers of reliable cycles in heart rate than bottle‐fed newborns. Further, breast‐fed newborns had lower overall mean heart rates and lower mean heart rates in Quiet and Active Sleep states than bottle‐fed newborns. Bottle‐fed newborns were observed more often in Quiet Sleep than breast‐fed newborns. Without knowledge of the specific mechanisms causing these behavioural differences, the results of this study suggest that the context in which breast‐feeding occurs results in a more complex and energy‐efficient pattern of behavioural organization than the context of bottle‐feeding.
The parental attitude research instrument: An approach to use of attitude questionnaires
Authors: Stanton Warren R. , Silva Phil A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractParental attitude questionnaires such as the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) are still in use despite their inherent difficulties. In light of the need to test theoretical models by measuring a range of parental characteristics, the properties of the PARI were re‐examined and, on the basis of a factor analysis of the 23 subtests of the PARI, a shortened version was constructed. A measure of maternal Authoritarian Control, which was found to be associated with measures of maternal mental ability, personality, level of education, reading age, number of adverse family conditions and child‐rearing practices, has proved useful for other projects related to this ongoing study. It is recommended that such instruments be used only in conjunction with other measures which examine the family environment, for example in an index of child‐rearing practices.
The gestural repertoire and its evolution over the second year
Authors: Blake Joanna , McConnell Sheilah , Horton Gayle , Benson Nancy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe entire repertoire of communicative gestures was documented in a longitudinal, observational study of 10 infants, whose combined ages covered the range from 9 to 22 months. Early in the second year, giving as a request to do something with the object increased, while emotive gestures decreased. Later in the second year, pointing gestures increased, while protest gestures tended to decrease. Combining gestures with vocalization tended to increase only for protest gestures later in the second year. Eye contact showed a small but continuous increase in coordination with gestures over the second year, particularly with comment, request, and emotive gestures. These findings indicate an increasing use of the parent as an agent and of the informative function in non‐verbal communication during this period of transition to verbal communication.
From an insecure base: Parent‐child relations and internalizing behaviour in the pre‐school
Authors: Lafrenière Peter J. , Provost Marc A. , Dubeau Diane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEighty‐three two‐parent families were recruited via eight pre‐school programmes in order to explore the origins of internalizing behaviour problems of pre‐school children. Children were assessed by their teachers using standard checklists of anxious and prosocial behaviour as well as rank orders of dependency and social competence. Observers contributed measures of solitary activity and interactive play. In the home, mothers and fathers completed a 100‐item Q‐sort on parent‐child attachment. Internalizing and competence measures were predictable from parent‐child relations. Mother‐child variables were more generally and significantly related to pre‐school measures than father‐child variables. In particular, boys who were highly dependent on their mothers were anxious and withdrawn in the pre‐school, overly dependent on their teachers, and low in teacher assessments of prosocial behaviour and social competence. In addition to quantitative differences in the predictive power of maternal and paternal variables, qualitative differences were found indicating secure base behaviour as a more important dimension of mother‐child relations, while affective sharing during play may be a more salient marker of the quality of father‐child relations.
Nature of relations between the physical and social microenvironment of the two‐year‐old child
Authors: Wachs Theodore D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that high levels of noise, crowing or person traffic pattern in infants' homes are associated with less involved and less responsive caregiving by parents. Based on these previous findings two questions were investigated in the present research. First, does the same pattern of relations appear with older toddlers; second, are these patterns unique to the specific dimensions of noise, crowding and traffic pattern? Subjects were 56 2‐year‐old toddlers. Based upon repeated home observations the physical and social environments fo the toddlers' homes were assessed using codes from the Purdue Home Stimulation Inventory. Analysis of the interrelation between the phychology and social microenvironments of these toddlers was based upon canonical correlation. Congruent with preovious research, interpretation of the canonical structure revealed that high levels of noise, crowding or traffic pattern in the home were associated with lower caregiver attentiveness and responsivity. Results also indicated that this pattern was unique to the specific physical environment dimensions of noise, crowding and traffic pattern. Implications of these results for alternate care settings are discussed.
What do parents talk about to infants?
Authors: Pěcheux Marie‐Germaine , Labrell Florence , Pistorio Marc 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe content of parents' talk is studied here as expressing their conception of their developing infant, from the initial symbiotic fusion to an individual situtated in space, time and society. The topics parents introduce in their speech to their infant reflect the perception and expectations they have of their baby. The social and parental status of fathers and mothers, and the anticipated role and status of the child‐ and adult‐to‐be, and in particular the age and gender of the infant, mediate the choice of topics. Parents' spontaneous speech to 3‐month‐ and 9‐month‐old infants was studied during a diapering episode, before leaving the day‐care centre. Five minutes of such a speech was recorded, and each utterance was assigned to a semantic category (e. g. greetings, comments on diapering, on mood). Sex‐typing is already noticeable as early as 3 months of age: comments on the present situation and state are more frequent for girls, and comments about absent persons or events more frequent with boys. Both parents contribute to this effect, fathers more than mothers. With age parents become less concerned with immediate problems and more aware of the infant's own performances. First names are used more for boys than for gilrs. As a whole, boys are considered as individuals earlier than girls.
Deafness and mother–child interaction: Scaffolded instruction and the learning of problem‐solving skills
Authors: Jamieson Janet R. , Pedersen Eigil D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examines the effects of maternal teaching style on the developing problem‐solving abilities of deaf and hearing pre‐school children. Mothers and children from three matched groups, hearing mother‐deaf child, hearing mother‐hearing child, and deaf mother‐deaf child, were videotaped while the mother instructed the child on a block construction task and again when the child attempted the task independently. Dependent measures were maternal instructional style and child performance. The mothers in the deaf mother‐deaf child and hearing mother‐hearing child dyads used appropriate scaffolding behaviour and their children were more likely to exhibit adept and independent problem‐solving abilities than the deaf children of hearing mothers. The findings of this study support Vygotsky's notion of the ‘zone of proximal development’ and the concept of adult scaffolding of children's learning.