bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Ascochyta Leaf Spot Caused by Phoma exigua var. exigua on Common Bean in Greece
Authors: Bardas G. A. , Tziros G. T. , Tzavella-Klonari K. 
Published: March 2008

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is cultivated extensively in Greece for dry and fresh bean production. During 2005 and 2006, a disease with typical blight symptoms was observed occasionally on dark red kidney, brown kidney, and black bean plants in most bean-producing areas of Greece. It rarely was destructive unless the crop had been weakened by some unfavorable environmental conditions. Infected leaves had brown-to-black lesions that developed concentric zones 10 to 30 mm in diameter and also contained small, black pycnidia. Concentric dark gray-to-black lesions also appeared on branches, stems, nodes, and pods. Infected seeds turned brown to black. Plants sometimes showed defoliation and pod drop. The fungus was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar from diseased leaves and pods and identified as Phoma exigua var. exigua Sutton and Waterstone on the basis of morphological characteristics of conidia and pycnidia (1,2). Spores were massed in pycnidia from which they were forced in long, pink tendrils under moist weather conditions. Conidia were cylindrical to oval, allantoid, hyaline, pale yellow to brown, usually one-celled, and 2 to 3 × 5 to 10 μm. To satisfy Koch's postulates, a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia per ml) of the fungus was sprayed onto leaves and stems of bean seedlings (first-leaf stage) (cv. Zargana Hrisoupolis). Both inoculated and control seedlings (inoculated with sterile water) were covered with plastic bags for 72 h in a greenhouse at 23°C. Inoculated plants showed characteristic symptoms of Ascochyta leaf spot 12 to 15 days after inoculation. The fungus was reisolated from lesions that developed on the leaves and stems of all inoculated plants. The pathogen is present worldwide on bean. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. exigua var. exigua on common bean in Greece. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2007. (2) B. C. Sutton and J. M. Waterstone. Ascochyta phaseolorum. No. 81 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI/AAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1966.
First Report of Cactodera milleri in Wisconsin
Authors: Schroeder N. E. , Gerhardt D. J. , Phibbs A. , MacGuidwin A. E. 
Published: March 2008

During the summer of 2005, lemon-shaped cysts and second-stage juveniles of a cyst nematode were recovered from soil at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station in Hancock, WI. Samples were collected on multiple dates from a plot (61 × 12 m) in continuous potato production for 20 years with significant weed pressure. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region using restriction enzyme HhaI indicated Cactodera spp. (2). Morphological observations and morphometrics made on cysts, males, J2s, and eggs were consistent with Cactodera milleri Graney and Bird, 1990 (1). Host range studies were conducted in a growth chamber. Soybean, potato, and beet did not support nematode development and reproduction. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), a known host of C. milleri, was an excellent host. No obvious aboveground disease symptoms were evident on lambsquarters in the growth chamber assay. This detection represents the first record of C. milleri in Wisconsin. Unless detailed morphological or molecular measurements are made, C. milleri may be easily confused with the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. The presence of lambsquarters in fields planted with glyphosate-resistant soybeans makes the recovery of both nematode species in a single soil sample possible. References: (1) L. S. O. Graney and G. W. Bird. J. Nematol. 22:457, 1990. (2) A. L. Szalanski et al. J. Nematol. 29:255, 1997.
Comparison of two basophil activation markers CD63 and CD203c in the diagnosis of amoxicillin allergy
Authors: Abuaf N. , Rostane H. , Rajoely B. , Gaouar H. , Autegarden J. E. , Leynadier F. , Girot R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBackground
To confirm allergy to β‐lactam (BL), a basophil activation test in flow cytometry based on CD63 up‐regulation was described. CD203c is a more recent basophil activation marker and up to day there is no consensus about which marker is the more sensitive one. CD203c has not yet been evaluated in the diagnosis of BL allergy.Objective
The aim of the study was to compare the reliability of CD203c to CD63 for the diagnosis of amoxicillin (AX) allergy, which is nowadays the most frequent BL allergy.Methods
Twenty‐seven patients with an immediate positive skin test (ST) to AX, 20 had had anaphylaxis with AX and 7 had urticaria and/or angioedema, were compared with 14 controls with no allergy to BL and to six patients with delayed positive ST to AX.Results
In the anaphylaxis group, AX induced up‐regulation of CD203c in the basophils of 12 patients out of 20 (60%) and of CD63 in four patients (20%) (P<0.02). Two patients out of seven with urticaria or angioedema had a positive result with CD203c and CD63. In patients who had anaphylaxis, ampicillin (AMP) induced CD203c up‐regulation in eight out of 12 (67%) patients tested, and CD63 up‐regulation in 4 out of 12 (33%) (all patients who had anaphylaxis could not be tested with AMP). False‐positive results were observed with CD203c as well as CD63, and for 10 patients indeed this was confirmed by a negative drug provocation test. The origin of conflicting results between CD63 and CD203c might be at least the targeting of basophils based on anti‐IgE labelling. Among IgE+ gated cells, by means of CD33, a marker of monocytes, a contamination up to 50% by monocytes was detected. In contrast to CD63, CD203c is an activation marker specific of basophils with a basal low‐level expression in resting basophils. Thus, IgE and CD203c double targeting of basophils avoids the contamination by monocytes.Conclusion
CD203c seems to be a more sensitive activation marker of basophils than CD63 for the diagnosis of amoxicillin allergy.
The use of peepers to sample pore water in acid sulphate soils
Authors: VanOploo P. , White I. , Macdonald B. C. T. , Ford P. , Melville M. D. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySerious environmental impacts of acidic drainage from acid sulphate soils in coastal areas are the result of the interactions between the hydrologic cycle, land use and drainage management, and pore water chemistry. In this study, in situ, diffusion‐controlled dialysis profile samplers, or peepers, were used to examine pore water chemistry of acid sulphate soils in a coastal, sugarcane‐producing area in Eastern Australia. The peepers sampled pore water at 20‐mm intervals over a 1.0‐m length, permitting excellent resolution of the sharp transitions in pore water chemistry that occur around a soil profile’s iron sulphide oxidation front. Comparison of peeper profiles with soil water profiles extracted from soil samples by centrifuging, illustrated the advantages of peepers over conventional soil water sampling techniques in unconsolidated, sulphidic soils. For conventional sampling, the low permeability, gel‐like, unoxidized soil samples had to be frozen then thawed before water could be extracted by centrifuging. Peeper profiles of species not involved in redox reactions agreed well with those from centrifuged soil extracts. Redox sensitive species, however, were in poorer agreement because of the lengthy soil sample preparation and extraction procedures required for extraction by centrifuging. The approximately 6‐day equilibration time required for peeper sampling allows them to follow monthly or seasonal changes in pore water chemistry in acid sulphate soils due to variations in climate, and land use and management.
Specific Fab fragments recovered by phage display technique recognizing human spermatozoa
Authors: Fiszer Dorota , Pupecka Małgorzata , Schmidt Katarzyna , Rozwadowska Natalia , Kamieniczna Marzena , Grygielska Beata , Kurpisz Maciej 
Published: March 2008

SummaryHuman hybridoma cell lines are often unstable and loose ability for antibody production. Sometimes, they show low and varying levels of heavy and light chains synthesis. Therefore it is reasonable to preserve generated specificities of light and heavy chains by cloning them to phagemid vector and creating phage display library. The aim of this study was to construct phage display library of Fab fragments recognizing sperm surface antigens. The source of mRNA constituted seven hybridoma cell lines producing antisperm antibodies which was proved by ELISA, and agglutination test as well as by inhibition of sperm to penetrate hamster oocytes. Fragments of cDNA encoding κ/λ and γ chains were cloned into pComb3HSS phagemid vector and amplified in XL‐1Blue. The library was panned against whole unfixed sperm cells. Three positive clones selected after fourth round of panning showed heavy chain belonging to VH4 family, two of them (G28, K61) possessed lambda chain from VL2 family and one (H43) kappa chain from VK1 family. As these Fabs revealed similarities to antibodies against some proteins involved in sperm motility and cell fusion it can be suggested that these Fabs may be a cause of infertility. Finally, we proved that it is feasible to preserve specificities produced by human hybridomas using phage display technique and we recovered some Fabs which may be of diagnostic and research value, and may also have some value for contraceptive vaccine.
Some artefacts of the approaches with the discretization in near‐field optics calculations
Authors: BORTCHAGOVSKY E.G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis article is devoted to an observation artefact arising in near‐field optical calculations by methods with the discretization of a scattering object and the substitution of separated dipoles instead of discretizing meshes. It is discussed that such an artificial discretization gives within the object a non‐monotonously changing field on the scale of the discretizing mesh size, which propagates from the object to a distance of the same order of magnitude as the mesh size in contrast to the real situation where such a non‐monotonously changing fields exist on the scale of a real atomic lattice. If such a non‐monotonously changing field exists in the observation plane where the picture is calculated, the choice of the observation points can change the obtained picture remarkably.
Nano‐Raman mapping of a porous glass‐ceramic SERS substrate in collection mode
Authors: ZAVALIN A. , CRICENTI A. , GENEROSI R. , LUCE M. , MORGAN S. , PISTON D. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPorous glass‐ceramics is an extremely important material to be used in combination with metallic nanolayers as a Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrate for biological and chemical analysis, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and chemical inertness. These materials show their own Raman background signal lateral distribution, mostly from crystalline skeleton, which has to be considered. A nano‐Raman setup using the optical fibre of a Scanning Near‐Field Optical Microscope (SNOM), working in collection mode, is described and applied for mapping of such glass‐ceramic. The collected Raman signal of Ti and P containing phase distribution in this near‐field geometry reaches spatial resolution around 50 nm.
Study of surface plasmon polaritons near the photonic‐bandgap edge for interphotonic band switching devices
Authors: ONUKI T. , OHTERA Y. , TOKIZAKI T. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe photonic energy band structures near the bandgap edges of surface plasmon polariton in dielectric lattice structures on a smooth silver film were studied. At the bandgap edges, sharp changes of the surface plasmon polariton's transmittance arise owing to small changes in the refractive index around the lattice structure, which results in the band transition between the pass band and the stop band. On the analogy of ‘the phase transition’ between the surface plasmon polariton's conductive phase and the insulation phase, the surface plasmon polariton's phase diagram of the 1D lattice structure at a single frequency (λ≈ 780 nm) with parameters of the pitch and the refractive index of lattice were investigated. At the boundary, the most sensitive transition was found between the second pass band and the first stop band, with the ∼0.5 lattice filling factor. The surface plasmon polariton's phase state has been determined by far‐field observation using an optical microscope.
Caustics in a field negatively refracted at a plane interface
Authors: SHENDELEVA M. L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn electromagnetic field radiated by a line source situated near a plane interface between a medium with positive refractive index and a medium with negative refractive index is considered by using the geometrical optics approach. Rays and wave fronts of the refracted field are constructed using Fermat's principle. It is shown that the negatively refracted rays intersecting in pairs create 2‐fold caustics that meet at a cusp point. The cusp of the caustic is directed towards the interface for |n| > 1 and away from the interface for |n| < 1, where n is the relative refractive index. It is also shown that wave fronts of the refracted field propagate towards the interface, in the direction from negative to positive optical path lengths.
Numerical study of optical nanolithography using nanoscale bow‐tie–shaped nano‐apertures
Authors: WANG L. , XU X. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryContact lithography using bow‐tie–shaped nano‐apertures was recently demonstrated to achieve nanometer scale resolution. In this work, the detailed field distributions in contact nanolithography are analyzed using finite difference time domain simulations. It was found that the high imaging contrast, which is necessary for successful lithography, is achieved close to the mask exit plane and decays quickly with the increase of the distance from the mask exit plane. Simulations are also performed for comparable regular‐shaped apertures and different shape bow‐tie apertures. Design rules are proposed to optimize the bow‐tie aperture for producing a sub‐wavelength, high transmission field with high imaging contrast.
SNOM images of X‐ray radiographs at nano‐scale stored in a thin layer of lithium fluoride
Authors: OLIVA C. , USTIONE A. , ALMAVIVA S. , BALDACCHINI G. , BONFIGLI F. , FLORA F. , LAI A. , MONTEREALI R.M. , FAENOV A.YA. , PIKUZ T. A. , FRANCUCCI M. , GAUDIO P. , MARTELLUCCI S. , RICHETTA M. , REALE L. , CRICENTI A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn this work, we report a method to observe soft X‐ray radiographs at nanoscale of various kind of samples, biological and metallic, stored in a thin layer of lithium fluoride, employing scanning near‐field optical microscopy with an optical resolution that reaches 50 nm. lithium fluoride material works as a novel image detector for X‐ray nano‐radiographs, due to the fact that extreme ultraviolet radiation and soft X‐rays efficiently produce stable point defects emitting optically stimulated visible luminescence in a thin surface layer. The bi‐dimensional distribution of the so‐created defects depends on the local nanostructure of the investigated sample.
Fluorescent two‐photon nanolithography
Authors: KUNIK D. , LUDUEÑA S.J. , COSTANTINO S. , MARTÍNEZ O.E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryImproving the excitation conditions in two‐photon fluorescent lithography reduces the size of the fabricated structures to nanometre scales. We demonstrate that a precise control of the illumination profile and the scanning speed of the laser beam is enough to decrease the photo‐polymerization volume of resins by orders of magnitude. This work also shows experimental evidence of surface effects that yield a different polymerization intensity threshold compared with bulk. Such phenomenon enables to perform a non‐linear optical nanolithography in a simple way, allowing fast‐prototyping procedures. We present a detailed study of the polymer growth process using fluorescence and atomic force microscopy.
Microdistribution of immature African blackflies resulting from water velocity and turbulence preferences
Authors: ROBERTS D. M. , OKAFOR B. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The velocity preferences of larval and pupal blackflies were studied experimentally by comparing the colonization of plastic strings placed in different velocity ranges; and also by investigating the simuliid microdistribution under natural conditions in the river. This required a novel method described for taking spot measurements of water velocity. 2. Simulium mcmahoni de Meillon, S.hirsutum Pomeroy and S.cervicor‐nutum Pomeroy were most abundant in slow velocities (0.3‐1.0 m s_1), S.colasbelcouri Grenier & Ovazza and S.hargreavesi Gibbins preferred 1.1‐1.8 m s_1, S.squamosum Enderlein and S.vorax Pomeroy 1.9‐2.2 m s_1.3. The larvae of S.hargreavesi and S.cervicornutum preferred a higher velocity range compared with their pupae.4. In moderate velocities (1.1‐1.4 m s_1), the abundance of S.hargreavesi was greater under turbulent conditions than in smooth‐flowing water, but this was reversed at very high velocities (2.3‐2.6 m s_1).5. Velocity had no apparent effect on substrate preference when substrates of different flexibilities were compared for three blackfly species. All avoided the most flexible substrates and preferred ones consisting of rigid articulating plates. Anisopteran predators were found to have a similar substrate choice.
Tsetse ecology in a Liberian rain‐forest focus of Gambian sleeping sickness
Authors: KAMINSKY RONALD 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Investigations on tsetse ecology were undertaken in Bong County of Liberia during the dry season, October 1981 to February 1982, around villages where the human infection rate with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Dutton was about 2%. Most tsetse captured in biconical traps were Glossina palpalis Robineau‐Desvoidy and G.pallicera Bigot, with relatively few G.fusca Walker and G.nigrofusca Newstead.Swamps and water‐gathering places were predominant habitats of all four species, but tsetse were also found in coffee and cocoa plantations.Breeding‐places of G.palpalis were found in the leaf axils of oilpalm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin), especially beside paths where people would risk being bitten. Bloodmeals of twenty‐nine wild‐caught G.palpalis were identified as mostly from man (fifteen) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas)) or other wild ruminants (eleven), plus three from reptiles. It is concluded that man may be the principal host of tsetse in the area, while man or bushbuck could be the main reservoir to T. b.gambiense infection.Most of the activity of G.palpalis occurs in the early afternoon from noon to 16.00 hours. Mean life‐span of G.palpalis and G.pallicera, estimated from wing‐fray age‐groups, was consistent with the females, and to a lesser degree the males, having vector potential.
Suppressive action of Samorin on the cyclical development of pathogenic trypanosomes in Glossina morsitans centralis
Authors: MOLOO S. K. , KAMUNYA G. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMale Glossina sexually sterilized by gamma‐irradiation are as efficient vectors of trypanosomiasis as fertile males. An attempt was made, using isometamidium chloride (Samorin), to interfere with the cyclical development of trypanosomes in sterile males, destined for use in the sterile insect release (SIR) method of tsetse eradication. The infection rate with mature Trypanosoma congolense Broden was effectively reduced in sterile male Glossina morsitans centralis Machado, when the flies were fed on an infected goat 2 days after they were fed as tenerals on an in vitro bloodmeal containing 8 μg Samorin/ml blood. The infection rates with mature T. vivax Ziemann and T. brucei brucei Plimmer & Bradford were completely suppressed at this drug dose. When sterile teneral males were fed on a bloodmeal containing 12 fig/m Samorin and given the infected bloodmeal 10 days later, infections by mature T. vivax, T. congolense and T.b.brucei were completely suppressed. Hence in the management of a tsetse eradication programme utilizing the SIR method, it is recommended that the sterile teneral male tsetse should, prior to release, be given a bloodmeal containing Samorin at 12–15 μg/ml blood. This will effectively suppress future disease transmission.
Field trial of the effectiveness of indoor‐spraying with pirimiphos‐methyl emulsion for malaria control in a tribal area of Phulbani district, Orissa State, India
Authors: DAS M. , SRIVASTAVA B. N. , RAO C. KRISHNA , THAPAR B. R. , SHARMA G. K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A field trial of malaria vector control was conducted in Phulbani district, Orissa, during 1984 and 1985. Indoor‐spraying of pirimiphos‐methyl emulsion formulation was undertaken at an application rate of 2 g/m2 in two sections (population 14,692) of Nuagaon Primary Health Centre. Houses in two adjacent sections (population 21,450) were sprayed with DDT a water dispersible powder (wdp) formulation at 1 g/m2 for comparison purposes. Operational problems in this area come from the tendency of tribal people to re‐plaster over wdp applications.Pre‐spray malariological indices in the trial area were 38% slide positivity rate, 37% slide falciparum rate and 12.1% annual parasite incidence.Densities of Anopheles annularis Van der Wulp, An.culicifacies Giles, An.fluviatilis Theobald and other potential malaria vectors were reduced in the pirimiphos‐methyl trial area 2–35‐fold more than in the area sprayed with DDT.Malariological indices were reduced by 65–68% in the pirimiphos‐methyl sprayed area compared with only 26–35% reduction in the DDT sprayed area.Spraymen and villagers experienced no adverse side‐effects from residual house‐spraying with pirimiphos‐methyl emulsion and it is concluded that this organophosphate product has advantages for malaria vector control, especially in operationally difficult situations.
Observations on the Anopheles gambiae complex in the Senegal River Basin, West Africa
Authors: PETRARCA V. , VERCRUYSSE J. , COLUZZI M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Three sibling species of mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex are found in the Senegal River Basin: An.melas Theobald, An.gambiae Giles and An.arabiensis Patton.2. An.melas is restricted to the river delta and environs where saltwater breeding places are present.3. An.gambiae and An.arabiensis are sympatric in the study area; An.arabiensis predominates in coastal zones where it breeds also during the dry season; An.gambiae predominates in inland areas where breeding is mostly restricted to the rainy season (July‐September).4. An.arabiensis is chromosomally polymorphic all over the study area, with much variation of inversion frequencies, particularly for the 2Ra arrangement.5. An.gambiae is characterized by a very high frequency of the 2R6‐2La inversion arrangement which is typical of the Savanna chromosomal form.