bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Standard Transverse Deformation of a Crystalline Lattice Induced by the Application of Tensile Stress
Authors: Auriemma Finizia , De Rosa Claudio , Caliano Ludovica , Corradi Marco 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA reversible stress‐induced phase transition occurs by stretching syndiotactic copolymers of propene and 1‐butene with 1‐butene content higher than 70 mol‐%. It involves a non‐standard mode of distortion of the crystalline lattice in a direction transverse, rather than parallel, to the applied tensile stress. We demonstrate that this distortion reflects conformational and crystallographic restraints on the slip processes involved at high deformations. This transition plays an important role in the elasticity of this novel class of thermoplastic elastomers, which show rigidity and mechanical strength two orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional elastomers.magnified image
Green Polymer Chemistry: II. Enzymatic Synthesis of Methacrylate‐Terminated Polyisobutylenes
Authors: Sen Mustafa Y. , Puskas Judit E. , Ummadisetty Subramanyam , Kennedy Joseph P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMethacrylate‐terminated polyisobutylenes (PIB‐MAs) were synthesized by transesterification of vinyl methacrylate by hydroxyl‐terminated polyisobutylenes (PIB‐OH) using Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozyme 435) catalyst in hexane at 50 °C. PIBCH2CH2CH2OH and GlissopalOH, synthesized by anti‐Markovnikov hydrobromination of allyl‐terminated PIB and Glissopal®2300 followed by hydrolysis, were quantitatively converted into the corresponding PIB‐MAs. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy verified the formation of the expected structures. This “green” chemistry is a very promising methodology for polymer functionalization in general, and biomaterial synthesis in particular.magnified image
The Formation of Middle‐Phase Microemulsions of Polar Oils
Authors: Nishimi Taisei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMiddle‐phase microemulsions exhibit the unique properties of an ultra‐low interfacial tension and a bicontinuous structure formed from the water and oil components. New developments exploiting these properties are described. In designing such systems, it is important that the spontaneous transition of the oil droplets from Winsor II through Winsor III to the Winsor I state is brought about by diffusion or chemical reaction. The selection of the hydrophobic and lipophilic surfactants is critical when low‐energy emulsification systems for highly polar oils are being developed.
Molecules‐Receptors: Different Approaches to Design Effective Catalysts
Authors: Karakhanov Edward A. , Karapetyan Lyusyen M. , Kardasheva Yulia S. , Maksimov Anton L. , Runova Elena A. , Terenina Maria V. , Filippova Tatyana Yu. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe results of studying a number of reactions catalyzed by system based on macrocyclic receptors are presented. Rh complexes with modified calix[6]‐ and calix[4]arene were active in the hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds. Ru catalytic system based on cucurbit[6]uril was studied in hydrogen transfer hydrogenation of water insoluble aldehydes. Molecular imprinting method application for design of catalytic systems based on cyclodextrins for naphthols dimerization and oxidative coupling styrene and benzene were discussed.
Association between polymorphisms in the GSTA4 gene and risk of lung cancer: A case–control study in a Southeastern Chinese population
Authors: Qian Ji , Jing Jianying , Jin Guangfu , Wang Haifeng , Wang Yi , Liu Hongliang , Wang Haijian , Li Rui , Fan Weiwei , An Yu , Sun Weiwei , Wang Yi , Ma Hongxia , Miao Ruifeng , Hu Zhibin , Jin Li , Wei Qingyi , Shen Hongbing , Huang Wei , Lu Daru 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGST Alpha 4 (GSTA4) has an important role in the protection against oxidative stress induced by carcinogens such as tobacco smoke. However, few studies investigated the association between GSTA4 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. We genotyped three selected GSTA4 SNPs (rs182623 − 1718:T > A, rs3798804 + 5034:G > A and rs316141 + 13984:C > T) in a case–control study of 500 lung cancer patients and 517 cancer‐free controls and evaluated the association between these SNPs and risk of lung cancer in this Han Chinese population. We found that there was a significant difference in genotype and allele frequency distributions of GSTA4 −1718 between the cases and the controls (P = 0.006 and P = 0.003, respectively). Compared with the GSTA4 −1718TT genotype, individuals with the TA + AA genotypes had a significantly decreased risk of lung cancer (adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47–0.84; P = 0.006). Although there were no such statistical differences between the cases and controls at the loci +5034 and +13984, nor for histological types, individuals carrying the genotypes of −1718TA, +5034GG and +13984CT had a significantly decreased lung cancer risk (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.23–0.61; P < 0.0001), especially for those smokers who smoked ≤25 pack‐years (P < 0.000001). These results need to be confirmed in larger studies with different ethnic groups. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coffee, caffeine‐related genes, and Parkinson's disease: A case–control study
Authors: Facheris Maurizio F. , Schneider Nicole K. , Lesnick Timothy G. , de Andrade Mariza , Cunningham Julie M. , Rocca Walter A. , Maraganore Demetrius M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAn inverse association between coffee and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported. However, it remains uncertain why some but not all coffee drinkers are less susceptible to PD. We considered the possibility of a pharmacogenetic effect. In our study, we included 1,208 subjects (446 case‐unaffected sibling pairs and 158 case‐unrelated control pairs) recruited from an ongoing study of the molecular epidemiology of PD in the Upper Midwest (USA). We collected information on lifetime coffee drinking and we studied two genes: ADORA2A, which encodes the major receptor activity of caffeine in the brain (variants rs5751876 and rs3032740), and CYP1A2, which encodes the major rate‐limiting step of caffeine metabolism (variants rs35694136 and rs762551). We did not observe significant associations of coffee drinking or of the genetic variants with PD susceptibility, either independently or jointly, in the sample overall and in most strata. Our study neither supports the hypothesis that coffee protects against PD nor provides evidence for a pharmacogenetic effect. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Psychogenic movement disorders in children: A report of 15 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Schwingenschuh Petra , Pont‐Sunyer Claustre , Surtees Robert , Edwards Mark J. , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractData on psychogenic movement disorders (PMD) in children are scarce, with most existing literature relating to adults only. We report 15 cases with the aim of highlighting the clinical characteristics, risk factors, comorbidity, treatment, outcome, and prognosis of PMD in children. Only 13% of cases had onset before age 10, with the mean age at onset being 12.3 years. Females were predominantly affected (F:M = 4:1). The most common types of movement disorders seen were dystonia (47%), tremor (40%), and gait disorders (13%). Multiple hyperkinetic phenomenologies were observed in many cases. Abrupt onset and precipitation by minor injuries, and stressful life events were commonly reported. Clinical clues on examination suggesting a psychogenic origin were similar to those identified in adults. A distinct feature of PMD in children was the predominant involvement of the dominant limb. The underlying psychiatric diagnosis was conversion disorder in the majority of cases. Time from symptom onset until diagnosis of a PMD varied broadly (between 2 weeks and 5 years). Treatment with cognitive and behavioral therapy and rehabilitation by a multidisciplinary team led to improvement in most cases. However, treatment was much more effective in children with a short time from symptom onset to diagnosis and treatment. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
End‐to‐end DWDM optical link power‐control via a Stackelberg revenue‐maximizing model
Authors: Zhu Quanyan , Pavel Lacra 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with a Stackelberg formulation for the power control problem in optical networks. The new model adds an extra dimension to the recent OSNR game model and gives flexibility in optimizing the network performance (e.g. OSNR) and regulate the network conditions (e.g. power capacity). We ‘engineer’ the Stackelberg player to be a revenue‐maximizing agent who designs pricing policies with complete information of the followers to optimize his own profit. We investigate both the unconstrained Stackelberg model and the one subject to capacity constraints, and characterize their solutions analytically. Finally, we use geometric programming and coordinate descent method to design a distributed and iterative algorithm that is suited to the Stackelberg model implementation in optical networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated application component placement in data centers using mathematical programming
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyun , Santos Cipriano , Beyer Dirk , Ward Julie , Singhal Sharad 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this article we address the application component placement (ACP) problem for a data center. The problem is defined as follows: for a given topology of a network consisting of switches, servers and storage devices with varying capabilities, and for a given specification of a component‐based distributed application, decide which physical server should be assigned to each application component, such that the application's processing, communication and storage requirements are satisfied without creating bottlenecks in the infrastructure, and that scarce resources are used most efficiently. We explain how the ACP problem differs from traditional task assignment in distributed systems, or existing grid scheduling problems. We describe our approach of formalizing this problem using a mathematical optimization framework and further formulating it as a mixed integer program (MIP). We then present our ACP solver using GAMS and CPLEX to automate the decision‐making process. The solver was numerically tested on a number of examples, ranging from a 125‐server real data center to a set of hypothetical data centers with increasing size. In all cases the ACP solver found an optimal solution within a reasonably short time. In a numerical simulation comparing our solver to a random selection algorithm, our solver resulted in much more efficient use of scarce network resources and allowed more applications to be placed in the same infrastructure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A game‐theoretic model for capacity‐constrained fair bandwidth allocation
Authors: Yan Yonghe , El‐Atawy Adel , Al‐Shaer Ehab 
Published: August 2008

AbstractData stream providers face a hard decision to satisfy the requirements of their subscribers. Each user has a minimum and a maximum required bandwidth. The server should be able to decide which requests can be satisfied and how much bandwidth will be allocated to each. We present a theoretical framework in a distributed mechanism for fair bandwidth allocation on a network with various bottleneck links. In our model, a user is guaranteed a minimum bandwidth and charged a price for the bandwidth allocated. A utility function is defined over the allocated bandwidth for a specific maximum requested bandwidth. We then present a non‐cooperative game with social welfare function to resolve users' conflicting bandwidth capacity requests at bottleneck links. We also show that our proposed game‐theoretic solution guarantees fair bandwidth allocation as defined in our residual capacity fairness. In order to guarantee the minimum bandwidth requirement, we integrate an admission control mechanism in our solution. However, global optimal admission conditions are not easy to implement for large networks. Therefore, we propose a distributed admission scheme. As a result, the paper presents fair and practical distributed algorithms for bandwidth allocation and admission control in enterprise networks. Our simulation and evaluation study shows that the distributed approach is sufficiently close to the global optimal solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preconditioning iterative algorithm for the electromagnetic scattering from a large cavity
Authors: Wang Yingxi , Du Kui , Sun Weiwei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA preconditioning iterative algorithm is proposed for solving electromagnetic scattering from an open cavity embedded in an infinite ground plane. In this iterative algorithm, a physical model with a vertically layered medium is employed as a preconditioner of the model of general media. A fast algorithm developed in (SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 2005; 27:553–574) is applied for solving the model of layered media and classical Krylov subspace methods, restarted GMRES, COCG, and BiCGstab are employed for solving the preconditioned system. Our numerical experiments on cavity models with large numbers of mesh points and large wave numbers show that the algorithm is efficient and the number of iterations is independent of the number of mesh points and dependent upon the wave number. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The British are not coming!: UK higher education and the nonprofit sector
Authors: Palmer Paul , Bogdanova Mariana 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe rationale for the growth of nonprofit management education in the United States has recently been charted by O'Neill (2005). Ten years previously, the United States and the United Kingdom were at similar levels of development. By 2006 the parallel lines had been broken. Why has nonprofit management education expanded in the United States while provision of graduate education for the voluntary sector in the United Kingdom has stood still? This article explores the factors that have prevented parallel growth in education provision. It argues that the university as an institution, both in terms of its nature and its power structures, is one of those factors. It presents the story of the closing of the world's first voluntary sector course at the London School of Economics and concludes with reflection on the likely future of voluntary sector management education provision in the United Kingdom.
Searching for critical issues in philanthropy
Authors: Til Jon Van 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWho Really Cares: America's Charity Divide—Who Gives, Who Doesn't, and Why It Matters, by Arthur C. Brooks. New York: Basic Books, 2006. 256 pp., $26.00 cloth, $16.95 paper.Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism, by Joan Roelofs. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003. 270 pp., $29.95 paper.The Foundation: A Great American Secret, by Joel Fleishman. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007. 384 pp., $27.95 cloth.The Billionaire Who Wasn't: How Chuck Feeney Secretly Made and Gave Away a Fortune, by Conor O'Clery. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007. 352 pp., $26.95 cloth.
Recruiting African American smokers into intervention research: Relationships between recruitment strategies and participant characteristics
Authors: Webb Monica S. , Seigers Danielle , Wood Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to (a) to describe an 8‐month recruitment campaign to enroll African American smokers (N = 249) into a randomized controlled trial and (b) examine characteristics of participants recruited through proactive (face‐to‐face), reactive (television, radio, or newspaper ads inviting participants), and combination (both reactive and proactive) approaches. Reactive recruitment was most successful (43%), followed by proactive (31%), and combination (26%) recruitment. Compared to proactive recruitment, reactive recruitment was associated with lower nicotine dependence, and greater readiness to quit, processes of change engagement, and acculturation. Combination recruitment was associated with lower nicotine dependence and greater readiness to quit. The differences according to recruitment strategy could be used to tailor recruitment strategies for African American smokers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:86–95, 2009
Durable ultra‐hydrophobic surfaces for self‐cleaning applications
Authors: Rios P. F. , Dodiuk H. , Kenig S. , McCarthy S. , Dotan A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSelf‐cleaning surfaces have received a great deal of attention, both in research studies and commercial applications. Both transparent and non‐transparent self‐cleaning surfaces are highly desirable as they offer many advantages, and their potential applications are endless. The self‐cleaning mechanism can be seen in nature. The Lotus flower, a symbol of purity in Asian cultures, grows in muddy waters, but it stays clean and untouched by dirt, organisms, and pollutants. The Lotus leaf self‐cleaning surface is hydrophobic and rough, showing a multi‐layer morphology of nanoscaled roughness. While hydrophobicity produces a high contact angle, the surface morphology reduces the adhesion of water drops to the surface, which slides easily across the leaf surface carrying the dirt particles with them. Different ultra‐hydrophobic, non‐transparent, and transparent coatings, for potential self‐cleaning applications, were produced on polycarbonate (PC) substrates, using hydrophobic chemistry and different configurations of roughening micro‐ and nano‐particles. However, in most cases, these coatings present low adhesion and durability. The stability and durability of the ultra‐hydrophobic surfaces is of key importance for potential, commercially viable, self‐cleaning applications thus durability and stability enhancement of such coatings was attempted by different methods, evaluated, and eventually improved using a solvent‐bonding technique. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of silica/polymer hybrid microspheres and the corresponding hollow polymer microspheres with functional groups
Authors: Liu Guangyu , Li Longyu , Yang Xinlin , Dai Zhao 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMonodisperse functional silica/polymer core–shell hybrid microspheres were prepared by a two‐stage reaction with silica grafting of 3‐(methacryloxy)propyl trimethoxysiliane (MPS) as core and polymer as shell having various functional groups such as chloromethyl, pyridyl, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, and ester. MPS‐modified silica core was synthesized by the Stöber method and subsequently grafted with MPS as the first‐stage reaction. The functional polymer shell was then encapsulated over the MPS‐modified silica by distillation precipitation copolymerization of divinylbenzene (DVB) as a crosslinker and comonomers with different functional groups, including chloromethylstyrene (CMSt), vinyl pyridine (VPy), methacrylic acid (MAA), 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and trimethylol propanetrimethacrylate (Trim), in neat acetonitrile with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The encapsulation of the functional polymer shell onto the MPS‐modified silica core particles was driven by the capture of oligomer radicals the vinyl groups on the surface of the MPS‐modified silica cores during the second‐stage distillation precipitation copolymerization in the absence of any stabilizer or surfactant. The functionality and the shell thickness of the inorganic/polymer core–shell hybrid particles were controlled by the amount of DVB crosslinker and the functional comonomers during the copolymerization. The corresponding hollow polymer microspheres with various functional groups, including chloromethyl, pyridyl, carboxylic acid, and ester groups were further developed after the selective removal of silica core with hydrofluoric acid. The functional core–shell silica/polymer hybrid microspheres and the corresponding functional hollow polymer microspheres were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoindentation of dry and aged pultruded composites containing fillers and low profile additives
Authors: Ben Daly H. , Hfaied N. , Zidi M. , Guelorget B. , Boukhili R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this article, the distribution through the thickness of both the matrix's modulus and the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) in dry and aged pultruded polyester/glass fiber composites containing fillers and low profile additives are experimentally evaluated, using the nanoindentation test. The obtained results indicate that for the dry composite, both the matrix's modulus and the IFSS are constant across the thickness of that material. As a consequence of the immersion in distilled water at high temperature (65°C), the IFSS was found to exhibit a parabolic trend through the thickness of the aged specimen, with the lowest value at the external surfaces. Such minimum was reached after a short time of immersion. At the saturation time, the IFSS at all layers of the aged specimen reaches lowest value. This was not the case for the matrix's modulus, since the later was found to be not affected by the amount of the absorbed humidity. Similar results were obtained after immersion in sea water at the same temperature. However, the only difference noted was at the external surface of the aged specimen where additional degradation had taken place in the matrix and at the fiber/matrix interface. This was attributed to the accumulation of a large amount of salt molecules at the external surface of the aged specimen during the exposure process. Additional mechanical tests show that after 120 days immersion in hot water the interlaminar shear strength of the material as measured according to the ASTM standard D2344, is reduced by 35%. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Inverse determination of elastic constants of composite materials
Authors: Hwang Shun‐Fa , Yeh Cyuan‐Kuan , Chung Sung‐Chin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractVibration testing, combined with a numerical method, is a potential alternative approach for determining elastic constants of materials because of its nondestructive characteristic, single test, and producing average properties. To simplify the modeling processes and to find better results, the numerical method of combining finite element analysis and a hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to inversely determine the elastic constants from the vibration testing data in this work. As verified from the available data of literatures, the repeatability and accuracy of the proposed inverse determination method are confirmed. Four composite specimens with different stacking sequence and thickness are used to determine their elastic constants. As applied to obtain the four or five elastic constants of composite materials, the performance of the proposed method is excellent. To obtain the four elastic constant for thin composite plates, it is better to use unidirectional and thick enough laminates. To determine the five elastic constants for thick composite plates, it is suggested to use unidirectional laminates with the length‐to‐thickness ratio less than or equal to 50. To conquer the effect of measurement error or missing frequencies, it is necessary to carefully exclude these frequencies in the objective function, and reasonable results could be obtained by the proposed method. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers