bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donor retention as a function of donor reactions to whole‐blood and automated double red cell collections
Authors: Rader Aaron W. , France Christopher R. , Carlson Bruce 
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND: Although reactions to whole‐blood (WB) donation are known to decrease donor retention, potential effects of reactions to automated double red cell (2RBC) donation upon retention have not been investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The authors investigated effects of donor status (first‐time, experienced) and reactions (absent, present) upon retention of all male allogeneic WB and 2RBC donors (n = 45,296) donating within the American Red Cross Central Ohio Region during a 12‐month period. Donor age, race, and status (first‐time, experienced); phlebotomist's reaction rating; and phlebotomy procedure (WB, 2RBC) were collected for the initial donation by each donor. Dates of any donation attempts in the 12 months starting from the donor's first eligible date after the initial donation were also collected.RESULTS: On average, WB donors were less likely to react and more likely to donate again and returned more quickly to donate than 2RBC donors, even after accounting for differential delays in eligibility. Reactions decreased the likelihood of repeat donation among all first‐time donors regardless of initial phlebotomy procedure. Among experienced donors, however, reactions depressed retention of WB donors by 27.6 percent, whereas reactions lowered retention of 2RBC donors by just 3.6 percent.CONCLUSION: Although 2RBC donors were more likely to react, first‐time 2RBC donors were no more affected by reactions than first‐time WB donors. Experienced WB donors suffered a larger drop in retention as a function of reactions, in fact, than did experienced donors who gave 2RBC donations. Potential reasons for this data pattern require further investigation.
Identification of a DREB‐related gene in Triticum durum and its expression under water stress conditions
Authors: Latini A. , Rasi C. , Sperandei M. , Cantale C. , Iannetta M. , Dettori M. , Ammar K. , Galeffi P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGenes from the DREB family are involved in plant’s responses to dehydration and possibly play a role in their ability to tolerate water stress. Understanding the relationship between water stress tolerance and expression of specific genes requires the isolation and characterisation of the sequences that may be involved. We report the isolation and characterisation of a gene in Triticum durum, namely TdDRF1, which belongs to the DREB gene family and produces three forms of transcripts through alternative splicing. The relationship between the expression profile of the TdDRF1 gene and water stress was assessed by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in a time‐course experiment up to 7 days. Water stress experimental conditions were selected to relate changes in gene expressions during a time frame reflecting as closely as possible those during which water stress starts having a visible effect under field conditions. Among the three isoforms of TdDRF1, the truncated form TdDRF1.2 was at all times the most expressed. Its expression, together with the TdDRF1.3 transcript, increased sharply after 4 days of dehydration, but then decreased at 7 days. The TdDRF1.1 transcript was the least expressed overall and varied least with the duration of dehydration. Genotypic differences in TdDRF1 gene expression are currently under investigation.
Gandhi, The Mahatma: Evolving Narratives and Native Discourse in Gandhi Studies
Authors: Howard Veena Rani 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe scholarship on Gandhi tends to situate him in one of three camps: political leader, nonviolent revolutionary, or spiritual figure. But for Gandhi, his methods ofAhis(nonviolence) andSatygraha(passive resistance or Soul Force) were interconnected with his asceticism. The overwhelming focus in recent years is on Gandhi's nonviolent strategy in solving personal, social and political conflicts; Gandhi's ascetic practices are dismissed as nonessential or contradictory to political processes. It is difficult for most modern peace activists and scholars, as it was for Gandhi's contemporaries, to understand the native discourse of his paradoxical ideology. Today, there is an emerging debate in the search for alternative responses to war. Gandhi's methods are being deliberated as a possible way to resolve modern problems. But the question remains: Can the modern world borrow Gandhi's political strategies and begin to succeed at the level he did without accepting renunciation, the core of Gandhi's personal and political philosophy?
REVIEW BOOKS AND ARTICLES
Authors: Russell A. L. 
Published: April 2007

Martin, D. J, The Evanston dental caries study. I. Determination of fluorine in foods, bones, and teeth.Van Huysen, Grant, and Kuhler, Joseph C. Enamel solubility reducing effect of flavored low concentration stannous fluoride solution.Fulton, J. T. Community economic status and the distribution of dentists.Progress in the control of dental caries. Health Bul. for Teachers (Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)Cheyne, V. D., Home, E. V., The Value of the Roentgenograph in the Detection of Carious Lesions
REVIEW OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES
Authors: Russell A. L. 
Published: April 2007

Pelton, W. J., and Wisan, J. M., eds. Dentistry in public health.Bertrand, A. L., and Hitt, H. L. Parental attitudes and dental care for children in selected rural areas of Louisiana.Henschel, C. J., and Lieber, Leon. Carries incidence reduction by unsupervised use of 27.5 per cent ammonium therapy dentifrice.Diebert, A. V. The dentist in the national program of cancer control.Toverud, Guttorm. Decrease in caries frequency in Norwegian children during World War II.Robinson, H. G. B. The metabolism of minerals and vitamins and the effect of systemic conditions on dental caries.Nadler, W. H. Dental infection and extraoral disease.Keyes, P. H. and Shourie, K. L. Dental caries in the syrian hamster.Kipkin, Isadore, and Mc Clure, F. J. Inhibitory effect of fluoride on tooth decalcification by citrate and lactate in vivo.Manly, R. S., and Bibby, B. G. Substances capable of decreasing the acid solubility of tooth enamel.Straub, J., and Adler, P. Fluoride saturation rate of human enamel.Russell, A. L. Dental effects of exposure to fluoride‐bearing Dakota sand‐stone waters at various ages and for various lengths of time.Hill, T. J., White, B., Matt, M., and Peariman, S. A biologically active salivary fraction possibly related to caries susceptibility.Mc Cauley, H. B., Likins, R. C., and Arnold, F. A., Jr. Relation between caries experience and poliomyelitis in Minneapolis school children (1946 epidemic).Banti, Lorenzo. The action of blood on germs presumably killed by antiseptics.Easlick, K. A. Ten “musts” in planning for dental health.
The Status of Community Advisory Committees in Dental Education
Authors: Burns Mary T. , Jong Anthony 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA questionnaire survey was undertaken to determine how prevalent community advisory committees have become in the nation's dental schools and what types of committees have been formed. Responses were received from 52 (90 percent) of the 58 dental schools. The data revealed the following:1. Nine schools (17 percent) have developed consumer committees.2. The number of committee members varies from five to 29.3. All the committees are composed of consumer members and school representatives, and, in all but one committee, health care providers are represented.4. Four (44 percent) committees have advisory functions only, while the remaining five (56 percent) play an advisory and policy‐making role.5. No committee planned formal training sessions for their consumer members.6. Of the 43 schools (83 percent) without such a committee, seven (16 percent) replied they foresee implementing a consumer committee in the future.
Noted and Quoted
Authors: Jackson D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFluoridation in part of Cumbria (formerly Cumberland) was started in October, 1969. The two major towns in the fluoridated sector are Workington and Cockermouth. The two nearest comparable towns in the low‐fluoride sector are Carlisle and Penrith (F=<0.1 ppm). In April and May, 1975 dental examinations were made of first year school entrants who were continuous residents in either one or the other of these communities. To obviate the possibility of bias approximately 40 per cent of the children examined were ‘decoys,’ children not meeting the criteria of age, residence or non‐receipt of fluoride tablets, topicals or sealants. Analyses of the data were carried out independently by specialists in community medicine. Caries experience in the fluoridated community (F=1 ppm) was found to be 46 per cent less than in the non‐fluoridated community. Site attack was correspondingly less by 50 per cent.
The Gingival Health of Eight‐Year‐Old Nigerian Children*
Authors: Adenubi J. O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA total of 860 eight‐year‐old schoolchildren in Lagos Nigeria, were examined between April 1981 and March 1982: 409 from private schools and 451 from government schools. Half were boys and the other half were girls.The mean Gingival Index score for children in private schools is 0.4 and 0.5 in the government schools. The GI score was slightly higher for boys than for girls in each group. The prevalence of calculus (24.7 percent) and gingivitis (46.5 percent) in the private schoolchildren is significantly lower than that found in the government schoolchildren (59.6 percent and 61.6 percent respectively) (p values < 0.002). The mean OHI‐S score is lower in the private schools (0.8 for boys and 0.7 for girls) than in the government school (1.1 for both boys and girls). These findings suggest better oral hygiene habits in the higher socioeconomic group of private schoolchildren. Among the boys, 47.3 percent had calculus and 52.2 percent had gingivitis while 38.7 percent of the girls had calculus and 56.6 percent had gingivitis. Overall, 43 percent of the children examined had calculus, 54.4 percent had gingivitis. The mean GI Score was 0.4 and the mean OHI Score was 1.0.The results indicate a trend toward a lower prevalence of gingivitis and better oral hygiene among Nigerian children now when compared with studies reported two decades ago.
A Community‐Based Dental Program for Older Adults
Authors: Lang W. Paul , Kerschbaum Wendy E. , Kerns Karen M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe planning and implementation of a community‐based outreach program for older adults is described. Objectives of the program were to provide dental health education to older persons at their place of residence, to improve access to dental care for that population, and to increase the number of older adults treated at a dental facility administered by the Department of Community Dentistry, University of Michigan. Data collected during encounters with participants are reported to supplement the description of the program. In the first year, 98 older adults (mean age 71.3 years)participated in the outreach program which was directed by a dental hygienist. Of those persons whose initial encounter was with the outreach program, 47 percent eventually contacted the dental care facility and 36 percent completed treatment. Persons who elected to seek treatment averaged 3.9 encounters with the hygienist during the program; persons who did not seek treatment averaged 2.2 encounters. Strengths and weaknesses of the program are discussed.
Theoretical Considerations in Applying Benefit‐Cost and Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses to Preventive Dental Programs*
Authors: Niessen Linda C. , Douglass Chester W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBenefit‐cost analysis and cost‐effectiveness analysis can be used to evaluate preventive regimens and aid policy‐makers in making resource‐allocation decisions. This paper demonstrates the application of benefit‐cost and cost‐effectiveness analyses to preventive dental programs. The two analyses are defined and described, and the purpose of each technic is compared. For a hypothetical community, four dental preventive programs are described: community water flouridation, school water fluoridation, weekly school‐based mouthrinses, and school‐based sealants. Benefit‐cost ratios and cost‐effectiveness ratios are calculated for each program first assuming steady‐state conditions, i.e., maximum caries reduction, and then for a 20‐year period. Both explicit and implicit costs are included. Underlying assumptions and limitations, as well as the effects of changes in caries rates, differential attack rates, and discount rates on the outcome, are discussed. The analysis reveals that community water fluoridation yields the greatest net benefits and most favorable B/C and C/E ratios. School water fluoridation and mouthrinsing programs are the next most cost‐effective, with similar B/C and C/E ratios when the implicit cost of teachers' time is omitted from the calculations. The school‐based sealant program yields negative net benefits.
Recent Dental Caries and Treatment Patterns in US Children
Authors: Graves Richard C. , Bohannan Harry M. , Disney Judith A. , Stamm John W. , Bader James D. , Abernathy James R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis report† presents dental caries and treatment patterns found in a longitudinal study of US children between 1978 and 1982 who were geographically dispersed across several fluoridated and non‐fluoridated sites. The analyses include first‐and fifth‐grade children examined annually for four years in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program and who did not receive effective preventive procedures. The results indicate that in association with the caries decline in US children, treatment ratios increased by over 20 percent during the study period. FS/DFS ratios averaged 79 percent for the four grade/fluoridation status cohorts analyzed and were significantly higher in fluoridated than in nonfluoridated sites. The single‐fissured surface was the dominant treatment or disease area observed and these surfaces tended to be restored early. In assessing tooth‐surface status changes annually, tooth surfaces were more than twice as likely to change from sound to filled than from sound to decayed between yearly examinations at fluoridated sites. The lower levels of decay and higher degree of restorative care observed were not observed in lower SES and black children nearly to the extent as those for higher SES and white children in the population. The dental profession should shift its emphasis from the early restoration of fissured‐surface defects to an expanded use of sealants for those with reduced decay and focus resources on a minority of the population with high caries levels who receive limited care.
Developing a Sealant Program: the Massachusetts Approach*
Authors: Callanen Virginia A. , Weintraub Jane A. , French Donna P. , Connolly Gregory N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the program structure and strategies being used by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to promote the utilization of sealants. The program design includes four components: clinical demonstration, consumer education, professional education, and reimbursement. Eighteen Massachusetts neighborhood health centers and six local health departments are participating in the clinical demonstration component. Since March 1984, dental personnel from these sites have applied sealants to 4,398 schoolchildren. The promotional theme “Save Teeth: Seal Them” has been incorporated into brochures designed to increase knowledge and awareness of consumers. Curriculum materials have been developed to educate dentists and dental hygienists to apply sealants and understand the rationale and scientific basis for their use. Since January 1984, 18 sealant educational sessions have been conducted statewide for 630 dental providers. Information is being presented to third‐party carriers, some of whom have subsequently adopted a policy to include reimbursement for sealants.
Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Fluoridated and Nonfluoridated Communities—a Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Leverett Dennis 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs a result of undocumented observations that the prevalence of dental fluorosis in both fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities may be higher than would be predicted on the basis of Dean's data from the 1940s, dental fluorosis assessments using a modification of Dean's Index were made in 1981 as part of routine examinations in a series of clinical trials. A total of 1,663 children in fluoridated or nonfluoridated communities, ranging in age from seven to 17 years, were examined during 1981–82.The prevalence of dental fluorosis in nonfluoridated communities ranged from 1.7 percent in 16‐year‐olds to 13.9 percent in 10‐year‐olds and, in fluoridated communities, ranged from 17.1 percent in 13‐year‐olds to 33.0 percent in 14‐year‐olds. At all age levels common to the two types of communities, the difference in prevalence of dental fluorosis was statistically significant. Compared with findings in Dean's studies in 1942, for children of comparable age in communities with essentially the same water‐fluoride levels, the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the present study was 3½ times higher in nonfluoridated communities and two times higher in fluoridated communities. Mean fluorosis scores, however, were similar. If additional studies substantiate that the prevalence and intensity of dental fluorosis are increasing, the accepted norms for fluoride dosage need to be reassessed—especially in supplements, dentifrices, and water.
Prevalence of Deep Periodontal Pockets in New Mexico Adults Aged 27 to 74 Years*
Authors: Ismail Amid I. , Eklund Stephen A. , Burt Brian A. , Calderone James J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of advanced periodontal destruction (pocket depth equal to or deeper than six mm) in continuous residents, aged 27 to 74 years, of Lordsburg and Deming, New Mexico. The distance from the free gingival margin to the base of the gingival crevice or pocket was measured on the facial and mesiofacial sides of six index teeth. The presence of supragingival calculus, subgingival calculus, and plaque, as well as gingival bleeding around the index teeth, also were evaluated. Of the 372 examinees, only 46 individuals (12.4 percent) had at least one deep pocket equal to or deeper than six mm on at least one site on the six index teeth. Age was significantly associated with prevalence of deep pockets, although about 80 percent of those aged 47 to 74 years did not have deep pockets. Of those with deep pockets, 89.1 percent had fewer than four tooth sites (out of 12) affected. The only significant risk factor of the presence of deep pockets, other than age, was the number of teeth with plaque accumulations. Age and the number of teeth with plaque explained only 10.5 percent of the variability in the prevalence of deep pocketing, suggesting that risk factors other than those included in this study may be important. The results of this study indicate that destructive periodontal disease occurs at selected sites within the mouth, and that about 87 percent of the adults over age 27, in this population, do not have deep pockets in the si. index teeth examined.
Eighteen‐month Coronal Caries Incidence in North Carolina Older Adults
Authors: Drake Claude W. , Hunt Ronald J. , Beck James D. , Koch Gary G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this longitudinal study of a random sample of North Carolinians over the age of 65 and living in their homes, 325 blacks and 280 whites were examined and interviewed 18 months after baseline examinations. Coronal caries incidence was greater among whites than blacks. The increment due to teeth becoming root fragments were similar for both races; however, there were more newly crowned teeth among whites. Newly crowned surfaces were not used as part of the caries increment in logistic regression models to investigate potential risk predictors. For blacks, caries development over the 18‐month period was associated with a higher lactobacillus score and more coronal caries at baseline, more previously filled coronal surfaces, and lack of active membership in clubs or other groups. For whites, having no self‐reported tooth sensitivity, having a lower socioeconomic index score, taking antihistamine medications at baseline, and having the perception of more problems after the age of 40 than before were all associated with the development of coronal caries.
Productivity in Minnesota Dental Practices with Increased Visits by Older Patients
Authors: Shuman Stephen K. , Loupe Michael J. , Davidson Gestur B. , Martens Leslie V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThere is little scientific information on the economic impact of treating increased numbers of older adults, despite the current growth in this population. To assess the impact of patient age on dental practice productivity, we evaluated an economic production function that included the proportions of patient visits in two older age groups (61–69 years, 70+ years) as factors that might affect the dental service production process. We used data from 12,818 patient visits to 31 Minnesota dental practices enrolled in the Minnesota Dental Practice Analysis System (DPAS) between 1980 and 1984. Ordinary least squares multiple linear regression was used to detect potential associations between practice productivity, measured in standardized time and monetary outputs, and the proportions of visits by older patients. We found that increases in the proportion of visits by patients aged 70 years and older were associated with decreases in productivity when we controlled for differences in the mix of services used. Our results support the notion that dental practices may be less productive when providing services to older patients compared to younger patients. These findings may have implications for personnel and policy planning. Further investigation of this issue is warranted because of the limited number of practices included in the study.
The Prevalence and Patterns of Dental Caries in Labrador Inuit Youth
Authors: Zammit Mark P. , Torres Alma , Johnsen David C. , Hans Mark G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of dental caries in Inuit (Eskimo) youth aged 5–22 years. Methods: Both tooth‐oriented indices and child‐oriented caries patterns were recorded in a field study conducted in 1991 in Nain and Hopedale, Northern Labrador. Seventy‐eight percent (N=347) of all schoolchildren in these two locations were examined by a single examiner. Results: Three percent of the population were caries free and 88 percent of those with caries experience had untreated dental decay. The mean combined dmft and DMFT per child for all ages was 6.85, while the mean combined dmfs and DMFS was 15.72. About 38 percent of subjects had pit and fissure caries; 2 percent had hypoplastic lesions; 4 percent had faciolingual caries; 31 percent had molar‐approximal caries and 22 percent had faciolingual and molar‐approximal caries, the most destructive caries pattern. About 68 percent of the 5–6‐year‐olds and 26 percent of the 15–22‐year‐olds experienced the most destructive pattern of decay in their primary and permanent dentitions, respectively. Conclusions: Preventive measures should start well before the age of 5 years. Describing caries patterns according to the dentition type complemented the traditional indices.