bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initiation of a pharmacovigilance programme at a tertiary care hospital in South India
Authors: Narayanaswamy Nandakumar , Mallayasamy Surulivel Rajan , Manoharan Anand R , Rajendiran SD 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective India is a country with the availability of a large number of pharmaceutical preparations as branded generics. At the time of this study there was no established pharmacovigilance system at the national level except a co-ordinating centre at the national capital. The study site was a tertiary care teaching hospital with a bed capacity of 500 and with an average of 200 outpatient visits and 50 inpatient admissions per day. The hospital did not have any system of monitoring and documenting adverse drug reactions. The objective of the study was to introduce an adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring programme at a tertiary care teaching hospital and assess ADR-related issues in both inpatient and outpatient departments.
Method All departments willing to report ADRs were included in the study, which was carried out for one year. Physicians and nurses filled in the notification forms when they encountered suspected ADR cases. These cases were then assessed by a panel of four judges. According to Naranjo's algorithm, the ADRs were assessed and classified based on World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
Key findings A total of 288 suspected cases were reported and 264 ADRs were confirmed by the panel. According to Naranjo's probability scale, 83 cases were categorized as ‘probable’, 181 cases were classified as ‘possible’, and none were classified as ‘unlikely’ or ‘definite’. The most common classes of drugs involved were antibiotics (25%), psychotropics (20%), analgesic and cardiovascular agents (14% each). Generalised itch and rash, tremors, urticarial drug reaction, oral ulcer, gastritis and akathesia and extrapyramidal symptoms were found to be the most common ADRs observed; 2.1% of the patients in the studied departments had ADRs.
Conclusion The ADR reporting system was initiated at the hospital and was well received by the physicians. Appreciable participation of physicians was noted during the study in reporting ADRs. The study also gave an insight into the awareness of physicians about ADR-related issues. The number of ADRs reported was reasonably comparable with the findings of other authors from India.
Audit of medication management of acute behavioural disturbance: exploring the impact of a clinical practice guideline
Authors: Wheeler Amanda J , Sheridan Janie , Chan Grace , Cu Eunice , Lee Sue Jan , Lo Rebekah KC , Williams Harriet , Wong Lan Yee 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective This paper describes an evaluation of the impact of a concise, portable guideline for the medication management of acute behavioural disturbance in adult psychiatric inpatient units.
Setting Waitemata District Health Board provides inpatient psychiatric care for an adult catchment population of about 800 000 at two units located in west and north Auckland, New Zealand with a total of 68 beds.
Method A retrospective clinical audit of the first 72 hours' medication management for patients admitted in acute crisis was completed before and after formal guideline implementation.
Key findings Benzodiazepines were the medication of choice. Total daily doses for both benzodiazepines and antipsychotics were within recommended ranges. Areas of practice that appeared to improve after guideline implementation included reduced use of antipsychotic and short-acting injectable medications and use of lorazepam as sole treatment, but differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusion Pharmacological management was found to be consistent with best clinical practice before and after guideline implementation.
A New Open-structured Titanophosphate with Intersecting 12-Ring Channels
Authors: Zhao Yongnan , Yang Yang , Yang Xiaoqin , Guo Wenjun 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A novel mixed valent titanophosphate open-structure was hydrothermally synthesized; the connections of TiO6 and PO4 groups generate a porous architecture with two types of 12-MR channels.
Synthesis and Properties of Partially Overlapped [3.n](3,9)Carbazolophanes
Authors: Tani Keita , Yamamoto Shinya , Kubono Koji , Hori Kazushige , Tohda Yasuo , Takemura Hiroyuki , Nakamura Yosuke , Nishimura Jun , Benten Hiroaki , Ohkita Hideo , Ito Shinzaburo , Yamamoto Masahide 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Cyanamide- and oxa-bridged [3.n](3,9)carbazolophanes 1n and 2n (n = 4 and 5) were synthesized. X-ray analysis of 14 and 25 revealed that carbazole rings are taken to be partially overlapped geometry. Electronic spectra of 1n and 2n (n = 4 and 5) showed the existence of transannular π–π electronic interaction between two carbazole rings, whereas fluorescence of these carbazolophanes indicated monomer-like emission.
Preparation of ZnO-core/Nanoporous Silica-shell Particle and the Conversion to Hollow Nanoporous Silica Particle
Authors: Ogawa Makoto , Naito Daisuke , Shimura Naoki 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
ZnO particle was coated with thin nanoporous silica layers, and hollow nanoporous silica particles were obtained by removing ZnO (core).
Preparation of Eu(OH)3 and Eu2O3 Nanorods through a Simple Method
Authors: Yang Xuefeng , Ning Guiling , Lin Yuan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Eu(OH)3 and Eu2O3 nanorods were prepared by a facile hydrothermal procedure. The obtained hexagonal phase Eu(OH)3 nanorods have diameter of about 50 nm and lengths ranging from 100 to 800 nm. Eu2O3 nanorods were obtained from Eu(OH)3 by calcination. The Eu2O3 nanorods show a pure cubic phase and exhibit characteristic luminescence of Eu3+ ions at 616 nm.
Asymmetric 1,4-Addition Reaction of Arylboronic Acid to Eneone Catalyzed by Palladium with Ferrocene-based Phosphine Ligand
Authors: Suzuma Yoshinori , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Ohta Tetsuo , Ito Yoshihiko 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Asymmetric 1,4-addition reaction of arylboronic acid to cyclic enone was carried out in the presence of a chiral ferrocene-based phosphine ligand–palladium catalyst. The reaction of 2-cyclohexen-1-one by palladium complex with (S,Rp)-[1-(2-bromoferrocenyl)ethyl]diphenylphosphine afford a optically active β-arylcyclohexanone in good yield up to 71% ee.
Oxidative Cleavage of Nitroalkenes with Hydrogen Peroxide in Environmentally Acceptable Solvents
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Nino Antonio De , Fogagnolo Marco , Fantin Giancarlo , Mariuolo Loredana , Tocci Amedeo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide serves as an efficient oxidant for the nitroalkene C=C bond cleavage to aldehydes in ionic liquids.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Medium-sized Cyclic Compounds through the Intramolecular Michael-type Reaction Utilizing Alkyne–Hexacarbonyldicobalt Complex Formation
Authors: Inaba Kennichi , Takaya Jun , Iwasawa Nobuharu 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Alkyne–hexacarbonyldicobalt complexes having silyl enol ether and electron-deficient alkene moieties on opposite ends were treated with MeAlCl2 in the presence of 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine in CH2Cl2 to give synthetically useful medium-sized cyclic products as a single stereoisomer in good yield.
Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives by Nickel(0)-mediated Sequential Addition of Carbon Dioxide and Dibenzoyldiazene onto Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Murakami Masahiro , Ishida Naoki , Miura Tomoya 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A stoichiometric amount of nickel(0) complex mediated the aminative carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons through oxidative cyclization with carbon dioxide followed by insertion of dibenzoyldiazene into the carbon–nickel bond, giving β-amino acid derivatives.
A Review of Current Practices in Breast Conservation Surgery in the UK
Authors: Young OE , Valassiadou K , Dixon M 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess whether surgeons in the UK were practising wide excision consistent with current guidelines and current evidence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 200 breast surgeons throughout the UK to determine current practices in breast conserving surgery. RESULTS When performing a wide excision for invasive cancer, 61% of respondents always remove full thickness of breast tissue and 37% usually do. Of surgeons, 60% rarely use specimen X-ray for palpable lesions. However, 91% always take specimen X-rays in impalpable lesions, but 9% do not always take specimen X-rays for impalpable lesions. In 93% of units, the pathologist always reports the distance to the nearest margin. For both invasive and in situ cancer, there is a wide variation in what is considered an adequate radial margin. There is wide variation in the practice of re-excision. Of surgeons, 50% indicated that they wish wider margins in the presence of an extensive in situ component and 39% wish wider margins in younger women. CONCLUSIONS The results show a large variation in practice with many surgeons not treating patients in accordance with current guidelines and evidence.
Wound Oozing After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Wood James J , Bevis Paul M , Bannister Gordon C 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION Total hip arthroplasty is a commonly performed operation and yet little information exists about the duration of wound oozing, the factors associated with this and the implications. The aim of this work was to identify factors influencing wound oozing by establishing their effect on the time taken for wounds to cease oozing after total hip arthroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-two consecutive patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty were included. Wounds were examined for wound oozing on a daily basis by the same observer and were then re-dressed. The time taken for each wound to become dry was recorded. Data were analysed to determine if the time-to-dryness was influenced by wound length, body mass index, estimated volume of blood in the dissected tissues, duration of surgery and ASA grade. RESULTS Time to dryness was associated with wound length (P = 0.01), body mass index (BMI, P = 0.05), estimated volume of blood in dissected tissues (P = 0.05) and length of hospital stay (P = 0.02). No association was found with duration of surgery or ASA grade. CONCLUSIONS A small-incision, meticulous haemostasis at surgery and a reduction in pre-operative obesity reduce the time taken for hip arthroplasty wounds to become dry. Prolonged wound oozing delays hospital discharge.
Current Attitudes and Practices Towards Diathermy Smoke
Authors: Spearman John , Tsavellas George , Nichols Paul 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION The hazards of surgical smoke are well documented and electrosurgical units (ESUs) are an integral part of surgical practice. The aim of this study was to gauge the opinions of general surgical consultants, specialist registrars and senior theatre nurses in the Wessex Region towards the hazards of ESU smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was carried out using Ovid Medline. A questionnaire was sent to 169 consultants, SpRs and nurses in the 14 hospitals across the Wessex Region, exploring current practices, perceived hazards and whether adequate precautions were currently in use. RESULTS Only 3 of 98 surgeons used dedicated smoke extractors, despite the fact the majority (72%) felt that, currently, inadequate precautions were taken to protect staff and patients from surgical smoke. There was also uncertainty about the hazards amongst the respondents. CONCLUSIONS The use of smoke extraction equipment is very limited. Greater awareness of the hazards and available technology to extract fumes from the theatre environment might lead to greater uptake.
Learning Curves in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Case for Super-Specialisation?
Authors: Jain NPM , Jowett AJL , Clarke NMP 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess if there is a significant learning curve in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. PATIENTS AND METHODS We followed up cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip treated by a single surgeon over a 12-year period. There were 96 cases, 56 treated by open reduction and 40 treated by closed reduction. Assessment was made of the incidence and degree of avascular necrosis in the treated hips, as a radiological outcome measure. RESULTS Plotting the cumulative percentage of satisfactory outcomes demonstrated an increasingly high percentage of satisfactory results with increasing number of procedures performed, i.e. as the surgeon progressed up the ‘learning curve’. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a learning curve in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. It may be possible to draw parallels to other treatments, and also support for the growing trend to specialisation.
The Role of Percutaneous Endopyelotomy for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Authors: Rukin NJ , Ashdown DA , Patel P , Liu S 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTIONOver the last 20 years, the surgical management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) has been revolutionised by the development of endourological instrumentation and several minimally invasive procedures including: antegrade or retrograde endopyelotomy, retrograde balloon dilatation, and laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Currently, in our department, we offer percutaneous antegrade endopyelotomy (PAE) as primary treatment of UPJO in adults, believing it offers less morbidity, better cosmetic results, and quicker operating time compared with open pyeloplasty.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe performed a retrospective audit of our results for the 14 patients who underwent percutaneous antegrade endopyelotomy between January 2000 and May 2004.RESULTSMean operative time was 53 min (range, 30–80 min), mean in-patient stay was 3.8 days (range, 2–7 days), and there were no major postoperative complications for this series with mean follow-up of 31.8 months (range, 12–52 months). Eleven out of the 14 patients (79%) showed radiological improvement on their 3-month MAG 3 (mercaptoacetyl-triglycyl) renogram, and 13 out of the 14 (93%) patients reported significant reduction or resolution of pain, compared with their preoperative state.CONCLUSIONSThe majority of urologists still offer open pyeloplasty as primary treatment for UPJO with laparoscopic pyeloplasty currently an evolving procedure in the UK. Our series reports comparable success rates for PAE compared to other series. Despite these results, we feel that the future role of percutaneous endopyelotomy will be as a salvage procedure following failed open or laparoscopic surgery. However, in patients with concurrent stone disease or requiring antegrade ureteric access, percutaneous endopyelotomy would be suitable as a primary treatment option.
Perfidious Gallbladders – A Diagnostic Dilemma with Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis
Authors: Srinivas Gandrapu NS , Sinha Surajit , Ryley Nick , Houghton Paul WJ 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis characterised by marked thickening of the gallbladder wall and dense local adhesions. Pre-operative and intra-operative diagnosis is difficult and it often mimics a gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is frequently unsuccessful with a high conversion rate. A series of patients with this condition led us to review our experience with XGC and to try to develop a care pathway for its management. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records of 1296 consecutive patients who had undergone cholecystectomy between January 2000 and April 2005 at our hospital was performed. Twenty-nine cases of XGC were identified among these cholecystectomies. The clinical, radiological and operative details of these patients have been analysed. RESULTS The incidence of XGC was 2.2% in our study. The mean age at presentation was 60.3 years with a female:male ratio of 1.4:1. Twenty-three patients (79%) required an emergency surgical admission at first presentation. In three patients, a GBC was suspected both radiologically and at operation (10.3%), but was later disproved on histology. Seventeen patients (59%) had obstructive jaundice at first presentation and required an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) before LC. Of these, five had common bile duct stones. Abdominal ultrasound scan showed marked thickening of the gallbladder wall in 16 cases (55%). LC was attempted in 24 patients, but required conversion to an open procedure in 11 patients (46% conversion rate). A total cholecystectomy was possible in 18 patients and a partial cholecystectomy was the choice in 11 (38%). The average operative time was 96 min. Three patients developed a postoperative bile leak, one of whom required ERCP and placement of a biliary stent. The average length of stay in the hospital was 6.3 days. CONCLUSIONS Severe xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis often mimics a gallbladder carcinoma. Currently, a correct pre-operative diagnosis is rarely made. With increased awareness and a high index of suspicion, radiological diagnosis is possible. Preoperative counselling of these patients should include possible intra-operative difficulties and the differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is frequently unsuccessful and a partial cholecystectomy is often the procedure of choice.
V. Regnier. Design for Assisted Living: Guidelines for Housing the Physically and Mentally Frail. New York: John Wiley, 2002.
Authors: Chaudhury Habib 
Published: February 2007

RÉSUMÉCe livre apporte un excellent complément à la diversité des ressources portant sur la planification et la conception d'aide à la vie autonome. Il comporte quatre parties: statistiques générales sur l'aménagement du cadre de vie et les services, recherche esthétique et fonctionnelle, études de cas se rapportant à l'Europe et aux États-Unis, et orientation future. La recherche esthétique et fonctionnelle est un vaste domaine qui offre des lignes directrices portant sur le site, l'aménagement paysager, la conception des unités, le mode de dotation en personnel et l'aménagement des lieux pour les gens atteints de démence. Chacun des éléments de ce volet est présenté avec un exemple visuel et une brève description de ses aspects les plus marquants. Les quinze études de cas présentées sont particulièrement utiles parce qu'elles illustrent plusieurs des évaluations esthétiques et fonctionnelles présentées dans le livre. La formule des études de cas donne une bonne idée des caractéristiques les plus marquantes du projet et permet une comparaison des caractéristiques des bâtiments et des résidents dans le cadre des études de cas. Le livre est destiné à un vaste ensemble de lecteurs allant des professionnels du design aux administrateurs de logements, suggérant des idées de conception et de décisions en matière de gestion.
Educational reversals and first-birth timing in sub-Saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel approach
Authors: Derose Laurie F. , Kravdal Øystein 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn many areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa, young adult cohorts are less educated than their predecessors because of declines in school enrollments during the 1980s and 1990s. Because a woman with little education typically becomes a mother earlier and has more children than one with better education, and because of a similar well-established relationship between current education and current fertility at the societal level, one might expect such education reversals to raise fertility. However, if there is an additional negative effect of low educational level among currently young women compared with that in the past, which would accord with ideas about the impact of relative deprivation, the total effect of an education reversal may run in either direction. This possibility has not been explored in earlier studies, which have taken a more static approach. We focus on the initiation of childbearing. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 16 sub-Saharan African countries with multiple surveys, we estimate a fixed-effects multilevel model for first births that includes the woman’s own education, community education, and community education relative to the past. There are negative effects of individual and community education, but no effect of relative education. Thus we conclude that education reversals do seem to speed up entry into parenthood.
An Experimental Test of the Interaction of the Insurance and Information‐Signaling Hypotheses in Auditing*
Authors: O'Reilly Dennis M. , Leitch Robert A. , Tuttle Brad 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree incentives for hiring auditing services have been proposed in the literature: (1) to signal outsiders about the company's prospects, (2) to provide a potential source of loss recovery for investors (insurance), and (3) to reduce agency costs. The objective of this study is to examine the potential for the first two (signaling and insurance) to interact while controlling for agency costs. We conduct an experiment in which highly experienced financial analysts provide stock price estimates for a company that is under financial stress. We manipulate, between participants, the signal provided by the audit opinion (going‐concern modification, yes/no) and the ability of investors to recover losses from auditors. The key finding is that the effect of the going‐concern opinion on investor value judgements is moderated by the extent to which the auditor provides an insurance function. Specifically, the negative effect of a going‐concern opinion on the analysts' stock price estimates is reduced by the extent that the environment treats the auditor as an insurer.
Vapor-phase diethyl oxalate pretreatment of wood chips: Part 1. Energy savings and improved pulps
Authors: Kenealy William , Horn Eric , Houtman Carl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDiethyl oxalate (DEO) was injected into a digester containing wood chips (pine, spruce, or aspen) preheated to 130–140°C and held for 30 min at the same temperature. When mechanical pulps were produced from these pretreated chips, savings in electrical refiner energy could be achieved. For southern yellow pine (Pinus taeda), the electrical refiner energy required to produce pulps with Canadian standard freeness (CSF) of 100 ml was 38– 55% less than for an untreated control. Energy savings were also observed for aspen (Populusspp.) and spruce (Piceaspp.). DEO-treated pine handsheets showed a 26% improvement in tear index compared with a control at 100 ml CSF. Under the pretreatment conditions de-scribed, DEO rapidly vaporizes, reacts with water already present in the chip, and forms an oxalic acid (OA) solution. Reported handsheet properties and energy savings for pine chips treated with a solution of OA are similar to DEO-treated handsheets. It can be concluded that the effect of DEO treatment is due to reactions catalyzed by OA.