bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibration Analysis for Coil Tubing Drilling in Prudhoe Bay
Authors: Flynn T. S. , Jahn B 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coil Tubing Drilling substantially lowered the cost for drilling Prudhoe Bay sidetrack wells. The program was nevertheless fraught with MWD (Measurement While Drilling) instrument failures. Downhole tool damage happened so often it was considered routine. Generally there was agreement that excessive vibration played a key role in downhole tool damage. Without causes the only solution was to build more durable tools.
To monitor and record downhole vibration, a DDS collar (Drill String Dynamics Sensor) was added to the BHA. The DDS tool was capable of recording lateral, torsional, and axial accelerations. It also incorporated spectral frequency recordings during periods of highest vibration. Utilizing the DDS sensor in the BHA over multiple runs, engineers were able to pinpoint specific intervals of destructive vibration. These studies allowed the rig team to identify causes and ultimately focus corrective modifications upon equipment and drilling practices. Frequency analysis was instrumental in helping to isolate the destructive excitation mode of vibration as bit generated WHIRL. Detailed information helped bit vendors modify bits, which resulted in the virtual elimination of WHIRL. MWD components were upgraded; improved drilling practices were identified and adopted by the operator.
In conclusion: since the vibration analysis has been compiled and changes made, MWD failures have gone from averaging more than one failure per well to zero failures in over twenty-seven completed wells. This sudden decrease in trouble time has dramatically enhanced the efficiency of Coil Tubing Drilling Operations. Vibration analysis is continuing within the Coil Tubing Drilling Program for Prudhoe Bay using new generation vibration sensors incorporated within the MWD Tools.
Socio-Occupational Health, Safety and Environment in the Oil Fields of North-East India-A Challenge of 21st Century
Authors: Haldar Surajit , Nainwal S. P. , Bhatnagar S. B. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The basic scientific support for the oil industry comes from earth sciences. The earth sciences are, in true sense, open air sciences. All the geological, geophysical, drilling and production parties work in the open with nature and people. It is one industry which comes in contact with the people of the whole area. The co-operation and contribution of the regional people have an impact on oil exploration and exploitation. Thus, the time has come that the health and safety should be evaluated from the socio-occupational point of view.
The operational activities of oil industries in north-east India cover more than one lakh square kilometer of sedimentary tracks on the western flanks of the Assam-Arakan basin. But despite of having large geological reserves, the concentration of exploration activities are in limited areas due to the prevailing insurgency in most of these states. The frequent bombarding of oil pipelines, theft of well materials like X-mass trees, control manifold valves, pipe lines laid down for different wells, live electrical cables are the major threats to safety practices and caused number of accidents. Kidnappings, threats, manhandling, killing of employees have developed fear psychosis, a phenomenal occupational health hazard in this region. On the other hand, population explosion and subsequent encroachment of houses and villages into the drill site boundary have posed threats to social health and safety.
The central theme of this informative paper is to argue as to how socio-economical backwardness have an impact on industrial health and safety and how ‘green’ business strategies can improve the performance of socio-occupational health and safety management. An attempt has also been made to highlight the various efforts made by various oil companies to gear themselves to carry out unhindered and safe activities, save environment and still gain productivity through different measures taken in this region.
Vented Gas from Wellsite Control Equipment
Authors: Simpson David , Jensen James 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Common well site control equipment is often designed to continuously vent small amounts of hydrocarbon gas to the atmosphere. While small for individual locations, the collective amount of gas can add up to many tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions each year. Converting emitting equipment to no/low bleed can significantly decrease greenhouse gas emissions with the added benefit of capturing for sales this normally vented gas. This paper addresses methods for determining the magnitude of the emissions, identifying the issues that must be considered when retrofitting a site, and a case study of the application of these techniques at over 4,000 well sites.
Needed: More Coordination Between Earth Scientists and Petroleum Engineers
Authors: Halbouty Michel T. 
Published: December 2007

Halbouty, Michel T., Member SPE-AIME
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
The author is severely critical of management for the flagrant waste of "brain-power" in the manner in which geologists, geophysicists and petroleum engineers are segregated in their endeavors. He stresses that the three disciplines must be fully coordinated, today and in the future, if we are to attain a respectable self-sufficiency in energy in this country. The petroleum engineer should become a member of the earth science exploration team and, conversely, the earth scientist should become knowledgeable with engineering principles which could be applied in principles which could be applied in earth science studies. It is the responsibility of management to encourage this relationship. The various innovations of study which the geologist, geophysicist and the petroleum engineer should follow in the exploration, development and production of new oil and gas reserves are production of new oil and gas reserves are described in detail. Much of the continuing education programs of the three disciplines should be combined so that the representative of each discipline will have the opportunity to exchange ideas pertinent to overlapping interests.

Introduction
I will concentrate my remarks on three disciplines - - geology, geophysics-and petroleum engineering. Throughout my presentation I will, occasionally, combine geologists and geophysicists and use the term earth scientists. Also, from time to time, I will refer to earth scientists as explorationists.
The efforts involving geology, geophysics and petroleum engineering must be fully coordinated, today and in the future, if we are to attain a respectable self-sufficiency in energy in this country.
In order to understand what is needed between these three disciplines it is important for us to go back to the first of January, 1901, and review the status of world production.
The world's annual production was about 138 million barrels. Russia was the leading oil-producing nation with an annual output of 68 million barrels.
Safety Leadership in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: O'Dea A , Flin R. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This study is about identifying the leadership styles and behaviours of offshore installation managers (OIMs) that are predictive of workforce safety behaviours. Two parallel stepwise multiple regression analyses were employed to identify the variables that are useful in predicting two safety outcomes: workforce safety initiative and workforce carefulness. Results of the two analyses produced dissimilar results indicating that different factors influence different aspects of workforce safety behaviour.
Use of Quantitative Biomarker Analysis in the Differentiation and Characterization of Spilled Oil
Authors: Stout Scott A. , Naples William P. , Uhler Allen D. , McCarthy Kevin J. , Roberts Lyle G. , Uhler Richard M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The defensible identification of spilled crude oils and petroleum products and their correlation to suspected sources is a critical part of many oil spill assessments. Quantitative ‘fingerprinting’ analysis, when evaluated using straightforward statistical and numerical analyses, can provide simple yet defensible means to differentiate among qualitatively similar oils and provide the best assessment of a source(s) for spilled oils. Biomarker concentration data are a particularly useful quantitative measure that can benefit most oil spill investigations. Biomarkers’ specificity, diversity, complexity, and relative resistance to weathering make them extremely useful ‘markers’ in the characterization and differentiation of spilled oils, any candidate source oils, and background contamination.
In this paper the methodology and precision of data developed by quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode (GCMS-SIM) is demonstrated. These data are evaluated using a statistical and numerical process that results in the defensible identification the source(s) of a spilled oil (heavy fuel oil) from among over 50 candidate sources.
CRM Training for UK Offshore Safety Inspectors
Authors: Miles Robert W. , O'Connor Paul 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a small pilot project to apply a form of human factors training called Crew Resource Management (CRM), which is widely used in aviation, to the training of HSE (OSD) Inspectors. The training is delivered over two days and consists of six core topics (situation awareness, decision making, communication, team working, fatigue, and stress). The course was evaluated by obtaining feedback from the 21 Inspectors who participated in the training regarding the course content, assessing any change in attitudes pre and post-training, and by evaluating participants’ responses to accident scenarios pre and post-training. The response from the participants was generally positive. However, it was noted that the course required to be further tailored to the particular job carried out by OSD Inspectors.
A Review Of Fracture Detection With Well Logs
Authors: Shanks R.T. , Kwon B.S. , DeVries M.R. , Wichmann P.A. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
Most systems in use today for fracture detection still employ measurements of acoustic amplitudes. Presentations may vary but basic format includes Presentations may vary but basic format includes recording an acoustic travel time curve and photographically recording an oscilloscope displaying photographically recording an oscilloscope displaying an acoustic wave train in various modes.
Evaluation of the amplitude measurement is complicated because many factors other than a fracture system can cause attenuation and/or distortion of the wave train.
The acoustic amplitude measurements covered by this paper are records of the attenuated signal of paper are records of the attenuated signal of compressional and shear wave studies.
A technique for reducing an attenuation factor through reduction of transmitter to receiver spacing is described. Actual field examples will illustrate transmitter/receiver spacings varying from four feet to less than one foot. The latter spacing, incorporated in an unique sidewall acoustic logging instrument, has much sharper interface resolution than that obtained from classical acoustical logging devices; and produces a cleaner wave form with an easier defined shear wave. Examples are shown of acoustic logs made under various conditions and results are discussed.
Fractures or fracturing characteristics of various formations may be determined from rock moduli logs utilizing compressional and shear travel times with bulk density from density logs. Formation strength parameters as derived from these logs are shown. parameters as derived from these logs are shown. Other types of well logging devices, resistivity and porosity, depict their own worth as fracture detectors porosity, depict their own worth as fracture detectors or as a complement to acoustical devices. Included is an illustration of the field results of a natural gamma ray Spectralog showing a uranium anomaly in fractures.
A newly developed log analysis technique is offered for low permeability, but often partially fractured, carbonate reservoirs. The concept allows an identification of potential pay zones first; then, detailed information on reservoir rock properties, such as: total porosity and secondary porosity. Basic log data required for this type of analysis includes Combination Induction - Electrolog/BHC Acoustilog/Gamma Ray/Caliper; followed by Dual Neutron Lifetime, Log. Recent field results are analyzed for converting log measurements to reservoir parameters. parameters.

Introduction
During the past fifteen years, considerable work has been done toward developing logging and interpretive techniques to locate possible hydrocarbons in formations having fracture systems.
Performance History and Operation of Two Minnelusa Reservoirs - West Semlek Field, Crook County, Wyoming
Authors: Tholstrom Kendell V. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
The West Semlek Field, operated Terra Resources, Inc., consists of two separate Minnelusa reservoirs of nearly equal size as shown on Fig. 1. A natural water drive is present in the southwest reservoir. A fluid expansion/ solution gas drive controlled primary from the northeast reservoir which was unitized in 1972. A polymer flood was started in this NE segment during September, 1973.
Minnelusa produced water from the southwest reservoir is used for supply by the Unit. The Semlek West Unit is the only Minnelusa polymer project in Wyoming out of seven currently in operation which uses produced water for injection. Recent studies show that the ultimate recovery efficiency for both reservoirs will be about the same. The polymer program has been convincingly successful in improving flood performance and total oil recovery. performance and total oil recovery.

FIELD DISCOVERY
The West Semlek Field is located in Crook County, fifteen miles northwest of Moorcroft, Wyoming, see Fig. 2. AMAX Petroleum and partners drilled the discovery well in October, 1963. The Dunning Gov't 28-1 was completed for an initial pumping potential of 337 BOPD and 7 BWPD from the Minnelusa Sand. Several subsequent wells were drilled in defining the field with two of the structurally low wells on the west side going quickly to water. Initial development drilling was completed by November, 1964.

GEOLOGICAL AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
The Minnelusa formation in north-eastern Wyoming's Powder River Basin contains rocks ranging in age from early Pennsylvanian to the Wolfcamp Series of Permian age. Oil and gas production is obtained mainly from production is obtained mainly from Permian rocks in the Upper Minnelusa. Permian rocks in the Upper Minnelusa. These rocks consist of shallow marine and eolian sandstone, carbonates and evaporites. The top zone is an erosion surface overlain by impervious red shale of the Opeche formation. A variety of traps exist.
Enhanced Oil Recovery with High Pressure Nitrogen Injection
Authors: Mungan Necmettin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Miscible displacement with high pressure nitrogen injection has been selected as an enhanced oil recovery process for a naturally fractured thick carbonate reservoir containing light oil underlain by an aquifer. The objectives are to maintain the reservoir pressure and increase the ultimate recovery. The giant reservoir, containing twelve billion barrels of original oil in place, has only produced one billion barrels after fifteen years of primary production, during which period the reservoir pressure declined from the initial value of 11,500 psi to 4,100 psi and is rapidly approaching the bubble point pressure of 3,750 psi. Over this same period, daily oil production rate has declined from the peak value of 150,000 barrels/day to about 22,000 barrels/day. The costs of nitrogen extraction from air, compressors and compression for a field-wide application, and the additional facilities required to separate nitrogen from produced oil and gas will likely be $1.5 billion U.S. in terms of 1999 dollars. Cost was the strongest reason to pilot test the process first. Pilot testing may take up to three years. Production from high gas/oil or water/oil ratio wells will be curtailed during pilot testing to prevent the reservoir from reaching the bubble point pressure. In this paper, high pressure miscible nitrogen injection pilot test is described.
Swept Volume Calculations and Ranking of Geostatistical Reservoir Models Using Streamline Simulation
Authors: Idrobo Eduardo A. , Choudhary Manoj K. , Datta-Gupta A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Geostatistical techniques are increasingly being used for modeling reservoir heterogeneity and assessment of uncertainty in performance predictions. Although a large number of stochastic reservoir models or realizations may be generated, in practice only a small fraction can be considered for comprehensive flow simulations. This can be done through a ranking process. Several papers have been published in the literature on ranking of realizations. However, a consistent and generally applicable set of criteria for model ranking still remains unclear.
In this paper we propose a connectivity criterion based on the streamline time-of-flight and use this criterion to rank geostatistical realizations for detailed flow simulation purposes and risk assessment. Because time-of-flights reflect fluid front propagation at various times, the connectivity in the time-of-flight provides us with a direct measure of volumetric sweep efficiency for arbitrary heterogeneity and well configuration. We show that the proposed connectivity criterion exhibits strong correlation with waterflood recovery and thus, can be used for ranking stochastic reservoir models. Unlike permeability connectivity which is a static measure independent of the flow field, the time-of-flight connectivity rigorously accounts for the interaction between the flow field and the underlying heterogeneity.
Our proposed approach has been applied to synthetic as well as field examples. Synthetic examples are used to validate the sweep efficiency calculations using the streamline time-of-flight connectivity criterion by comparison with analytic solutions and published correlations. These examples also demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the ranking criterion over existing methods. The field example is from the North Robertson Unit, a low permeability carbonate reservoir in west Texas. Our example includes multiple patterns consisting of 27 producers and 15 injectors and illustrates the feasibility of the approach for large-scale field applications.
Poroelastic Effects of Cyclic Steam Stimulation in the Cold Lake Reservoir
Authors: Walters D. A. , Settari A. , Kry P. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The heating of bitumen reservoirs by cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) requires high pressures and temperatures that disturb the soil matrix. This disturbance results in a dilation of the soil matrix creating regions of enhanced permeability and porosity impacting both the injection and production cycles of steam stimulation as well as affecting porous zones not hydraulically connected to the reservoir. The volumetric strain changes reach far beyond the region of injection and include areas of both expansion and compression. The magnitude of the volumetric strains may result in significant displacements and strains being transferred to porous zones outside the reservoir. This can result in observable pressure changes in an otherwise hydraulically static system.
Pressure data at an observation well drilled to monitor aquifer pressures showed a significant response to the CSS process occurring in the reservoir about 300 m below the aquifer. Coupled geomechanical and reservoir modeling and an analytical calculation both show that this pressure behavior is attributed to the poroelastic response of the aquifer due to the CSS process occurring in the reservoir. This paper describes the field data, the methodology of the coupled reservoir and geomechanical modeling, and the result of the analysis of the field data with the coupled model. The analysis shows clearly that the aquifer response is not due to a hydraulic communication with the reservoir. It also shows the capabilities of coupled modeling, as this type of a problem could not be analyzed with conventional reservoir simulation tools.
Steamflood Strategies Using Alternating Injection Method
Authors: Terez Ivan E. , Temple Richard C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Staggered scheduling of injection has been addressed in several patents and papers. The staggered injection or checkerboard scheme was implemented in the Kern River field.
A simulation study was initiated to assist in the checkerboard development of the Kern River field. The study was carried out using a symmetry model with nine patterns using a nine-spot injection scheme. Two checkerboard development schemes were evaluated and compared with various base case scenarios. This study concluded that during checkerboard development, the cumulative oil recovery and production were not sensitive to the checkerboard switch time. It was concluded that the checkerboard scheme was superior to the base development scenario in terms of ultimate oil recovery and SOR. The production peak in the checkerboard scheme was smaller and delayed in comparison with the base case. A hybrid case consisting of implementing a checkerboard scheme after conventional steamflood breakthough provided the most promising scenario in terms of ultimate oil recovery and steam-oil ratios.
Various sensitivity runs were conducted to investigate the rate effect and an imposed pressure differential across the study area. The results showed no significant effect on the checkerboard performance.
Application of Tiab's Direct Synthesis Technique to Multi-Rate Tests
Authors: Mongi A. , Tiab D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During a pressure drawdown test, it is quite difficult to hold a constant rate long enough to achieve the test requirements. Any change in rate, if not taken into account, can lead to erroneous results. Also pressure drawdown tests are not suitable in sand producing wells. Pressure buildup tests, in high production wells, are uneconomical because of income loss. For these reasons a multirate test is run instead of buildup or constant rate drawdown tests. The conventional analysis of a multirate test requires a type curve matching technique, which is essentially a trial-and-error procedure.
A method is presented to analyze variable rate tests in oil reservoirs. This method, referred to as Tiab's Direct Synthesis. utilizes the characteristic intersection points and slopes of various straight lines from a log-log plot of pressure and pressure derivative data. Direct synthesis technique uses exact analytical solutions to obtain reservoir parameters. The pressure derivative concept is introduced for interpreting multirate tests.
The proposed technique is applicable for the interpretation of either continuously changing flowrate tests or a series of constant rate tests. This technique is illustrated by several numerical field examples for oil reservoirs.