bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An aqueous suspension system for phospholipase D‐mediated synthesis of PS without toxic organic solvent
Authors: Iwasaki Yugo , Mizumoto Yukiko , Okada Takahiro , Yamamoto Takaya , Tsutsumi Kentaro , Yamane Tsuneo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of PS by phospholipase D (PLD)‐mediated transphosphatidylation in an aqueous media was investigated. The purpose of this study was to establish a novel synthetic method where no toxic organic solvents were used. An attempt to react soybean lecithin (simply dispersed in an aqueous buffer) with an aqueous solution of l‐serine and PLD was unsuccessful, giving only 20% of PS. By contrast, a suspension of lecithin adsorbed on fine powders such as silica was effectively converted into PS in an aqueous solution of l‐serine and PLD. After screening various powders for use as the lecithin adsorbent, calcium sulfate was found to be the best with respect to lecithin conversion. In addition, calcium sulfate did not require prior adsorption of lecithin (i.e., the reaction proceeded effectively simply by adding the powder to an aqueous mixture of lecithin, l‐serine, and PLD). With this “aqueous suspension system” of calcium sulfate, up to 180 mg/mL lecithin was completely converted, resulting in more than 80% PS in 24 h. The synthesized PS could easily be recovered from the powder by extracting with a mixture of n‐hexane, ethanol, and diluted HCl.
Oxidation kinetics for cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 isomers of CLA
Authors: Minemoto Yasumasa , Adachi Shuji , Shimada Yuji , Nagao Toshihiro , Iwata Toshio , Yamauchi‐Sato Yoshie , Yamamoto Takaya , Kometani Tadashi , Matsuno Ryuichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe autoxidation processes of the cis‐9,trans‐11 (c9,t11) and trans‐10,cis‐12 (t10,c12) isomers of CLA were separately observed at ca. 0% RH and different temperatures. The t10,c12 CLA oxidized faster than the c9,t11 isomer at all tested temperatures. The first half of the oxidation process of t10,c12 CLA obeyed an autocatalytic‐type rate expression, but the latter half followed first‐order kinetics. On the other hand, the entire oxidation process of c9,t11 CLA could be expressed by the autocatalytic‐type rate expression. The apparent activation energies and frequency factors for the autoxidation of the isomers were estimated from the rate constants obtained at various temperatures based on the Arrhenius equation. The apparent activation energies for the CLA isomers were greater than those for the nonconjugated n−6 and n−3 PUFA or their esters. However, the enthalpyentropy compensation held during the autoxidation of both the CLA and PUFA. This suggested that the autoxidation mechanisms for the CLA and PUFA were essentially the same.
Natural estolides produced by Pseudomonas sp. 42A2 grown on oleic acid: Production and characterization
Authors: Peláez M. , Orellana C. , Marqués A. , Busquets M. , Guerrero A. , Manresa A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEstolides are a group of FA polyesters resulting from ester bond formation between a hydroxyl or olefinic group of one FA and the terminal carboxyl group of a second FA. These products are commonly found in trace amounts, forming tetraglycerides in several oil seed plants, and have been produced by acid clay and enzymatic catalysis in vitro. In this study, natural estolides produced by a bacterial culture are presented for the first time. Pseudomonas sp. 42A2 produced (E)‐10‐hydroxy‐8‐octadecenoic acid and (E)‐7,10‐dihydroxy‐8‐octadecenoic acid when grown on oleic acid. It is suggested that these FA were polymerized in culture by a lipase produced by the bacterial strain, resulting in a mixture of estolides. These compounds amounted to 3.8 g/L after 72 h of incubation. LC‐MS analysis indicated that the types of estolides formed were dimers (m/z 560–610), trimers (m/z 845–906), tetramers (m/z 1122–1202), pentamers (m/z 1328–1424), and hexamers (m/z 1554–1788), with a relative abundance of 27.5, 19.4, 15, 9.7, and 11%, respectively. This is the first report in which hexamers were detected in a bacterial culture.
Continuous production of acyl l‐ascorbates using a packed‐bed reactor with immobilized lipase
Authors: Kuwabara Ko , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Adachi Shuji , Nakanishi Kazuhiro , Matsuno Ryuichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSaturated acyl (6‐O‐caproyl, lauroyl, and myristoyl) and unsaturated acyl (6‐O‐oleoyl, linoleoyl, and arachidonoyl) l‐ascorbates were continuously synthesized at 50°C using a system where a column packed with ascorbic acid powder and a packed‐bed reactor with an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica were connected in series. A productivity of 1.6–1.9 kg/L reactor·d was achieved for at least 11 d. The surface tension of the caproyl or lauroyl l‐ascorbate in aqueous solution was measured at various temperatures and pH to estimate the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the acyl l‐ascorbate. The CMC values were independent of temperature but dependent on the pH. The value of the caproyl ascorbate increased with an increase in pH.
Pressurized liquid extraction of polar and nonpolar lipids in corn and oats with hexane, methylene chloride, isopropanol, and ethanol
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Powell Michael J. , Singh Vijay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of freshly ground corn kernels and freshly ground rolled oats were extracted via pressurized liquid extraction (accelerated solvent extraction) using four different organic solvents [hexane, methylene chloride (also known as dichloromethane), isopropanol, and ethanol] at two temperatures (40 and 100°C). Lipid yields varied from 2.9 to 5.9 wt% for ground corn and from 5.5 to 6.7 wt% for ground oats. With ground corn, more lipid was extracted as solvent polarity was increased, and for each individual solvent, more lipid was extracted at 100°C than at 40°C. With ground oats, the same temperature effects was observed, but the solvent polarity effect was more complex. For both corn and oats, methylene chloride extracted the highest levels of each of the nonpolar lipid classes. In general, for both corn and oats, icnreasing solvent polarity resulted in increasing yields of polar lipids, and for each solvent, more of each lipid class was extracted at 100°C, than at 40°C. Among the lipids in corn extracts, the phytosterols may be the most valuable, and total phytosterols ranged from about 0.6 wt% in the hot ethanol extracts to about 2.1 wt% in the hot hexane and methylene chloride extracts. Total phytosterols in all oat extracts were about 0.1 wt%. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol was the most abundant polar lipid in the oat extracts; its levels ranged from 1.6 wt% in the cold hexane extracts to 4.3 wt% in the hot ethanol extracts.
Effect of triacylglycerol structures on the thermal oxidative stability of edible oil
Authors: Hoshina Ryosuke , Endo Yasushi , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferent molecular species of TAG were assessed to determine the influence of TAG structure on the thermal oxidative stability of edible oil. TAG containing palmitic acid (16∶0, P) as saturated FA (SFA) and oleic acid (18∶1, O), linoleic acid (18∶2, L), or linolenic acid (18∶3, Ln) as unsaturated FA (UFA) were chemically synthesized and then heated at 180 or 150°C. Thermal oxidative stability of TAG was determined by evaluating the resultant UFA, polar compound, FFA, carbonyl compound, polymerized compound, and tocopherol contents. When TAG containing 16∶0 and 18∶2 in the ratio of 2∶1 (mol/mol) were heated at 180°C, a 2∶1 (mol/mol) mixture of saturated TAG (PPP) and unsaturated TAG (LLL) was found to be more susceptible to thermal oxidation than PPP/PLL (1∶1) and PPL. Similarly, a 2∶1 mixture of PPP and OOO or LnLnLn was more unstable toward thermal oxidation than PPO or PPLn, respectively. Thermal oxidative stability of TAG containing SFA and UFA (2∶1) was negatively correlated with the moles of UFA in a single TAG molecule. This tendency was also observed at 150°C. From these results, it is suggested that the TAG structure could be one of the factors determining the thermal oxidative stability of edible oil.
Dehydration of glycerin/water mixtures by pervaporation using homo and copolymer membranes
Authors: Khairnar D. B. , Pangarkar V. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeparation characteristics of glycerol/water mixtures were studied using hydrophilic poly(acrylonitrile‐comethacrylic acid) (PANMAC), poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PANHEMA), Poly(vinyl alcohol) GFT‐1001, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) crosslinked with maleic anhydride (PVAManh) membranes. All membranes were found to be highly water selective. PVAManh membrane yielded the highest permeation flux for water over the entire range of water concentration studied. Homopolymers (PVAManh and GFT‐1001) gave better permeation rates than copolymer membranes (PANHEMA and PANMAC). But the swelling of homopolymers is nuch greater than that of copolymers, which is why PVA membranes have poor longevity. No effect on selectivity of the membrane was observed with a change in operating parameters. No decomposition/polymerization of glycerin was observed, as there was no involvement of high temperatures as there is with distillation. A comparison of pervaporation with vapor‐liquid equilibrium data showed that pervaporation of glycerin/water mixtures yielded better selectivity than vapor‐liquid equilibrium, particularly for glycerol concentrations above 90 wt%.
Prediction of crude sunflower oil deterioration after seed drying and storage processes
Authors: Bax M. M. , Gely M. C. , Santalla E. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of air‐drying temperature and storage time on several characteristics of crude sunflower oil were evaluated in terms of FFA and PV. Long storage affected oil content to a greater extent than air‐drying temperature. FFA and PV varied between 0.53 and 1.22% and between 10.7 and 23.3. meq O2/kg, respectively, when samples of uniform initial moisture content (approximately 28%) were dried at various temperatures between 25 and 90°C to approximately 7% moisture content, stored for 8 mon, and then analyzed. Both oil quality characteristics increased exponentially with air‐drying temperature (T) and linearly with storage time (t). Mathematical functions of the form A·exp(B·T)+C·t (where A, B, and C are parameters adjusted from experimental data) most closely predicted the experimental loss of quality of sunflower oil in terms of FFA and PV with variations in T and t. Statistical analysis showed SE of the estimated parameters of 0.08 and 1.19 and coefficients of determination, R2, of 0.922 and 0.939 for FFA and PV, respectively, which were significant at 95% confidence. High‐oleic seeds from a similar experiment were used to validate the proposed equation. The results of applying the mathematical function proposed above showed a reasonable ability to predict the experimental values with SE of 0.037 and 0.808 and R2 of 0.983 and 0.972 for FFA and PV, respectively, which were significant at 95% confidence. Plots of residuals showed random distribution. The results obtained suggested that the equation proposed could be used as a quality‐loss model in sunflower drying simulations.
Theoretical study of the pre-ionized XeCl laser
Authors: HARRACHE Z. , BELASRI A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we use numerical modeling to study some characteristics of the XeCl laser under homogeneous pre-ionization conditions. The study is executed using a model combining external circuit and plasma kinetics. The model validity is checked by comparing the model results to the experimental data from the literature. A qualitative agreement was found.
Rotavirus VP7, VP4 and VP6 genotypes co-circulating in Tehran, Iran, between 2003 and 2004
Authors: FARAHTAJ F. , GALLIMORE C. I. , ITURRIZA-GOMARA M. , TAREMI M. , ZALI M. R. , EDALATKHAH H. , FAYAZ A. , GRAY J. J. 
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYRotaviruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 92 out of 374 faecal samples collected between November 2003 and October 2004 at the Markaz Tebbi Koudakan Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from children aged 6 months to 5 years. Analysis of clinical and disease severity data showed a significant association between rotavirus infection and diarrhoea, vomiting and severe dehydration. Ninety-two samples (64 rotavirus ELISA-positive and 28 ELISA-negative samples) were sent to the Enteric Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infection, Health Protection Agency, UK for rotavirus characterization by G-typing, P-typing and subgrouping (SG) using reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR, semi-nested PCR and sequencing methods. In this study, both common and uncommon rotavirus genotypes were detected. The most prevalent types were G1P[8], SGII (59·2%) followed by G9P[8] SGII (15·5%) which has not been previously reported from Iran. Unusual genotypes G1P[10] SGI (2·8%) and G12P[8] SGII (1·4%) and strains derived from reassortment between common co-circulating genotypes such as G1P[4] SGII represented 5·6% of strains. Mixed infections with combinations of G1+G4P[8] SGII and G1+G9P[8] SGII were also found. This contrasts with previous reports from Iran in which a small number of common rotavirus strains (G1 and G4) were found. This study highlights the need for continued surveillance and characterization of rotaviruses to take account of the rapid evolution and introduction of novel rotaviruses into the human population.
More than one variant ofListeria monocytogenesisolated from each of two human cases of invasive listeriosis
Authors: THAM W. , VALLADARES G. LOPEZ , HELMERSSON S. , ÖSTERLUND A. , DANIELSSON-THAM M.-L. 
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYTwo variants ofListeria monocytogeneswere isolated from blood cultures from each of two patients with listeriosis. Each variant displayed a two-band difference in DNA profile from the other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although this difference in profile is insufficient to distinguish clearly between the variants, the possibility of co-infection with different strains ofL. monocytogenesneeds to be considered. We suggest that more than one colony should be selected for molecular typing to aid interpretation during investigation of the sources and routes ofListeriainfection.
Low genetic diversity of the intrinsic OXA-51-like class D carbapenemases amongAcinetobacter baumanniiclinical isolates in Greece
Authors: IKONOMIDIS A. , POURNARAS S. , MARKOGIANNAKIS A. , MANIATIS A. N. , MANOLIS E. N. , TSAKRIS A. 
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYThis study examined the geographical distribution and diversity of the intrinsic OXA-51-like class D carbapenemases amongAcinetobacter baumanniiclones recovered in three major Greek regions from 2000 to 2005. TheblaOXA-66allele was exclusively detected among clonally distinctA. baumanniiisolates recovered in the regions of Thessaloniki and Larissa. This sequence was also the most widespread amongA. baumanniiisolates in Athens, while less frequent wereblaOXA-69andblaOXA-65alleles. These findings highlight the high prevalence of a specificblaOXA-51-likeallele in Greece, possibly indicating that ourA. baumanniiclones might have originated from a common ancestor. However, the possibility thatblaOXA-51-likevariants, withblaOXA-66predominating, are widely disseminated among several unrelatedA. baumanniistrains cannot be excluded.
Total antioxidant capacity of plasma in asymptomatic carrier state ofNeisseria meningitidis
Authors: UBEROS J. , MOLINA-CARBALLO A. , GALDO-MUÑOZ G. , MUÑOZ-HOYOS A. 
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYReduction of the antioxidant capacity of plasma has been linked with the impairment of an effective immune response and so we hypothesized that the carriage rate ofNeisseria meningitidisin asymptomatic subjects might correlate with the levels of antioxidants in plasma. To this end we took pharyngeal swabs from 339 children in Marquesado Basic Health Zone, Granada, Spain and in addition determined the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma samples from these subjects. The overall prevalence ofN. meningitidiscarriage was 5·9% (mean age 7·1 years) with rates of 10·3% in children aged ⩽3 years, 3·9% between 4 and 7 years and 2·4% in older subjects. Plasma TAC for the ⩽3-year-olds was 0·13 for carriers and 1·10 for non-carrier controls (P=0·04), 0·13 for carriers aged 4–7 years (controls 0·63) and 0·28 for carriers aged >7 years (controls 0·52). We analysed the association between TAC in plasma (<0·37 – 2s.d.) and the carrier state ofN. meningitidis. In the carrier state, the odds ratio for this association (TAC in plasma <0·25) was 8·44 (95% CI 1·5–48·9). These findings may suggest a reduced immune response in the host favourable to nasopharyngeal persistence of meningococci.
BEYOND ACTIVATION REFORMING EUROPEAN UNEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN POST-INDUSTRIAL LABOUR MARKETS
Authors: Clasen Jochen , Clegg Daniel 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Though activation has been a key theme in recent comparative scholarship on social policy, existing research has arguably failed to capture some important cross-national differences in the extent of welfare state adaptation it entails. Conceptualising activation as but one unemployment policy reform indicator alongside ‘unemployment support homogenisation’ and ‘unemployment policy co-ordination’, and empirically sketching reform trends in four European states, this article argues it is possible to identify a cleavage between countries where activation policies are part of an unambiguous adaptation of labour market policies to the emergent post-industrial economy, and countries in which similar trends of policy adaptation have been more constrained, hesitant and uneven. To account for this fracture it is necessary to understand the differing ways that conventional unemployment policies were institutionally articulated within national political economies, as this bears on the feasibility of a new paradigm of labour market regulation emerging.
ATTITUDES TO GENE TECHNOLOGY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRUST IN INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Olofsson Anna , Öhman Susanna , Rashid Saman 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This is a study of the relationship between trust in institutions and attitudes to gene technology in general, and GM food and stem cell research in particular. The role of so-called active trust is emphasised, meaning that trust is neither conceived as a trait nor a one-dimensional concept. The study uses data from a Eurobarometer survey of gene technology in Europe, conducted in 2002. People's attitudes in five European counties, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and United Kingdom are compared, and the significance of trust in institutions in these countries is investigated. The results show that trust in institutions has an impact on attitudes to gene technology. Trust in experts, stakeholders and official bodies are associated with positive attitudes to GM food and stem cell research, whereas trust in Non-Governmental Organisations is associated with negative perceptions of these technologies. This confirms the significant role of active trust.
Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on skill maintenance in squash players
Authors: Bottoms Lindsay M. , Hunter Angus M. , Galloway Stuart D.R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during sports which require high levels of motor and cognitive skill, such as squash, have produced conflicting results. This study aimed to explore the effect of CHO ingestion on squash skill following short duration exercise simulating the demands of squash play. Sixteen male squash players of a high standard were recruited. Following a VO2max test, and familiarisation trial, subjects completed two further trials assessing skill pre‐ and post‐exercise designed to simulate the demands of squash play. A squash skill test assessed accuracy of the forehand and backhand straight drives. Exercise consisted of 20 minutes of shuttle running at 82(±5)% HRmax, and 9 minutes of ghosting at 94(±4)% HRmax. Capillary blood samples (20 µl) were taken at five intervals for measurement of glucose and lactate. Cognitive function was measured with choice visual and auditory reaction time (RT) tests pre‐ and post‐exercise, as was forearm wrist flexor MVC and fatigue profile. CHO drink (6.4% CHO) or matched placebo (PL) were administered after the initial skill test (500 ml), after the shuttle running (250 ml), and after the ghosting (250 ml) in a double blind crossover design. There was no overall effect of CHO ingestion on skill maintenance (p=0.10) however, significantly fewer balls landed outside the scoring zone (p=0.03) on the CHO ingestion trial. There was no change of visual RT pre‐ to post‐exercise on PL (+0.01±0.03s), but a significant improvement (−0.07±0.05s) was observed in the CHO trial. Auditory RT improved pre‐ to post‐exercise during both trials. MVC and fatigue profile of the wrist flexors was not different between trials but showed a force decrement pre‐ to post‐exercise (p<0.05). A significant difference in blood glucose was observed between trials (p<0.01) but blood lactate response during both trials was similar. These results lend some support to a beneficial effect of CHO ingestion on skill during game sports.
GARD: a genetic algorithm for recombination detection
Authors: Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , Posada David , Gravenor Michael B. , Woelk Christopher H. , Frost Simon D.W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Phylogenetic and evolutionary inference can be severely misled if recombination is not accounted for, hence screening for it should be an essential component of nearly every comparative study. The evolution of recombinant sequences can not be properly explained by a single phylogenetic tree, but several phylogenies may be used to correctly model the evolution of non-recombinant fragments.
Results: We developed a likelihood-based model selection procedure that uses a genetic algorithm to search multiple sequence alignments for evidence of recombination breakpoints and identify putative recombinant sequences. GARD is an extensible and intuitive method that can be run efficiently in parallel. Extensive simulation studies show that the method nearly always outperforms other available tools, both in terms of power and accuracy and that the use of GARD to screen sequences for recombination ensures good statistical properties for methods aimed at detecting positive selection.
Availability: Freely available
Contact: spond@ucsd.edu