bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental effects on growth of children from a subsistence agricultural community in Southern Mexico
Authors: Little Bertis B. , Malina Robert M. , Buschang Peter H. , Demoss John H. , Little Lori R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSibling correlations for size attained in height, weight, sitting height, estimated leg length, the triceps skinfold, arm circumference, and estimated midarm muscle circumference were compared in 6‐ through 13‐year‐old schoolchildren grouped by household socioeconomic status. The children were residents of a Zapotec‐speaking, subsistence agricultural community in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Sibling pairs were classified as being from high and low socioeconomic status (SES) households, and sibling correlations were computed within each SES group controlling for environmental effects derived from a factor analysis of information on household demography and land and livestock holdings. Like‐sex, siblings from lower SES households have significantly different correlations in four instances. Correlations are higher for leg length in lower SES brothers and higher for sitting height and weight in lower SES sisters, while the correlation for sitting height is higher in upper SES brothers. The sibling correlation results are not entirely consistent with observations on growth status by SES, particularly if the power and similarity of a common environment is the only cause of higher sibling correlations. Reduced body size under poorer socioeconomic and presumably nutritional circumstances is apparent, but it is not possible in this analysis to distinguish whether genotypic (developmental) plasticity or genetic adaptation, or both, are involved.
Dental caries, enamel composition, and subsistence among prehistoric Amerindians of Ohio
Authors: Schneider Kim N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSix populations of prehistoric Amerindians from Ohio are sampled to establish the relationship of enamel composition and dental caries experience. The populations used included groups practicing hunting‐gather‐ing‐fishing and maize horticulture, and they represent at least two major cultural traditions, the Late Archaic/Glacial Kame (1000–500 BC) and the Fort Ancient and Sandusky Bay Traditions (AD) 1200–1600). Characterization of enamel composition is achieved using scanning electron microscopy energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Thirteen elements present are quantified, and they are analyzed with respect to each population's subsistence base using correspondence analysis. Evaluations of cariogenic and cariostatic effects of elements are made on the basis of caries frequency comparisons among the populations. Results indicate that zinc, copper, iron, nickel, and calcium‐phosphorus ratio distinguish populations exhibiting high, moderate, and low caries frequency as well as discriminate hunter‐gatherers from maize horticulturalists.
Genetics of a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): II. The Dunga Gali population in species‐wide perspective
Authors: Melnick Don J. , Jolly Clifford J. , Kidd Kenneth K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic variability in a population of wild rhesus monkeys near the village of Dunga Gali, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan (Melnick et al., Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63: 341–360, 1984) was compared to similar variation in other wild‐caught rhesus monkeys. Regional samples of rhesus from different parts of Asia all displayed similar amounts of variation (i.e., P and Hi) and were consistently more variable than the Dunga Gali local population. Despite these differences in the level of genetic variation, genetic diversity is fairly evenly distributed across the species range. Thus only 3–9% of the total gene diversity of Macaca mulatta can be attributed to differences among major regions. The differences that do exist tend toward a weak geographic cline with clustering of populations into an eastern and a western group. Both selection and drift/migration models explain this general genetic homogeneity. More genetic (protein and DNA) and zoogeographic data are necessary to choose between these models.
Dental metric assessment of the Omo fossils: Implications for the phylogenetic position of Australopithecus africanus
Authors: Hunt Kevin , Vitzthum Virginia J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe discovery of Australopithecus afarensis has led to new interpretations of hominid phylogeny, some of which reject A. africanus as an ancestor of Homo. Analysis of buccolingual tooth crown dimensions in australopithecines and Homo species by Johanson and White (Science 202:321–330, 1979) revealed that the South African gracile australopithecines are intermediate in size between Laetoli/Hadar hominids and South African robust hominids. Homo, on the other hand, displays dimensions similar to those of A. afarensis and smaller than those of other australopithecines. These authors conclude, therefore, that A. africanus is derived in the direction of A. robustus and is not an ancestor of the Homo clade. However, there is a considerable time gap (ca. 800,000 years) between the Laetoli/Hadar specimens and the earliest Homo specimens; “gracile” hominids from Omo fit into this chronological gap and are from the same geographic area. Because the early specimens at Omo have been designated A. afarensis and the later specimens classified as Homo habilis, Omo offers a unique opportunity to test hypotheses concerning hominid evolution, especially regarding the phylogenetic status of A. africanus. Comparisons of mean cheek teeth breadths disclosed the significant (P ⩽ 0.05) differences between the Omo sample and the Laetoli/Hadar fossils (P4, M2, and M3), the Homo fossils (P3, P4, M1, M2, and M1), and A. africanus (M3). Of the several possible interpretations of these data, it appears that the high degree of similarity between the Omo sample and the South African gracile australopithecine material warrants considering the two as geographical variants of A. africanus. The geographic, chronologic, and metric attributes of the Omo sample argue for its lineal affinity with A. afarensis and Homo. In conclusion, a consideration of hominid postcanine dental metrics provides no basis for removing A. africanus from the ancestry of the Homo lineage.
Morphometrics of the anterior dentition in strepsirhine primates
Authors: Eaglen Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSize variations in the anterior dentition were analyzed for 26 species of strepsirhine primates. The upper and lower incisor rows of strepsirhines, like those of anthropoid primates, scale isometrically with body size. Within the order Primates, strepsirhines exhibit the smallest incisors relative to body size, followed in increasing size by tarsiers, platyrrhines, and catarrhines. If the lateral teeth of the indriid toothcomb are interpreted as incisors and not canines, correlations between mandibular tooth size variables and body weight are maximized. The upper incisors of strepsirhines are extremely small and frequently widely separated, most likely to minimize occlusion with the toothcomb. Species deviations for assorted size variables of the anterior dentition generally fail to reflect functional variations in the use of the anterior teeth; some of the variables, however, do reflect taxonomic differences within the Strepsirhini. Although toothcomb size variations among extant strepsirhines are more readily interpreted in terms of gum feeding and bark scraping than they are in terms of grooming, anterior dental morphology as a whole is more easily explained by a grooming hypothesis when existing models of toothcomb origins are considered.
Convergence of genetic distances in a migration matrix model
Authors: Wood James W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA recurring problem with the use of migration matrix models of genetic differentiation has to do with their convergence properties. In practice, predictions can be drawn from these models only at equilibrium; but in the case of the standard predictors (most of which are modifications of Wright's FST), it can take an unrealistically large number of generations to approach equilibrium. An alternative set of predictors, the set of all pairwise genetic distances among the populations that define the rows and columns of the migration matrix, is investigated here. These distances are shown analytically to converge much more rapidly than the more commonly used predictors. In an application of the model to migration data on a human population from Papua New Guinea, it takes only about three to four generations for the pairwise distances to converge, in contrast to more than 100 generations for one of the standard predictors. In this case, moreover, the distances predicted by the model at equilibrium are similar to those calculated from the available genetic data.
Topological description of Easter Islander palmar dermatoglyphics
Authors: Goodson Cheryl Sorenson , Meier Robert J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA sample of 594 Easter Islander palms was analyzed according to the topological method. Some suggestions for clarification of the topological approach were made, including clearer definition of the palmar triradii and substitution of the term “profile” for “formula.” The frequency of Easter Islander profiles was compared against British and Australian Aborigine samples (Loesch, 1974; 1983a,b) and found to be significantly different for two of the ten most common combinations. The individual pattern elements, pattern intensities, a‐b count, A‐line exit, and atd angle were described, with population comparisons made when they were available.
Estimating mortality in skeletal populations: Influence of the growth rate on the interpretation of levels and trends during the transition to agriculture
Authors: Johansson S. Ryan , Horowitz S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTraditional paleodemographic methods of estimating mortality have been based on unrealistic assumptions about the prevalence of closed and stationary populations. When a living closed population was growing, the mean age at death of its skeletal survivors will be shifted below its true life expectancy. For declining populations, the mean age at death will be higher than true underlying life expectancy at birth. The faster the rate of growth, the larger and more curvilinear is the displacement. Mortality estimates can only be extracted from skeletal populations via an independent estimate of the growth rate. Fertility levels, however, can be estimated directly. The empirical importance of growth rate‐dependent mortality estimates is demonstrated by reinterpreting mean‐age‐at‐death data from several populations before and after the agricultural revolution; with detailed consideration given to the Old World populations of Acsadi and Nemeskeri and a New World population from central Illinois.
Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. I. Tooth variability and observer error
Authors: Charles Douglas K. , Condon Keith , Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to test the feasibility of cementum annulations to estimate age in humans, observer error and tooth variability in cementum ring counts were evaluated in a sample of 42 mandibular canine and first premolar pairs. Additionally, two sectioning techniques were evaluated. Demineralized thin sections (7 μm) stained with hematoxylin are the preferred technique since their age related variance is greater than 75% for all tooth types examined. In contrast, less than 50% of the total variance was accounted for among individuals when mineralized sections (80 μm) stained with alizarin red were used. Intertooth variability in ring counts of demineralized sections was large between canines and premolars (43%). Premolars provide counts with lower interobserver error and are the preferred tooth. In an expanded sample (N = 51) of demineralized premolars, intraobserver and interobserver error accounted for 2% and 5% of the total variance, respectively. Evaluation of several experimental designs showed that increasing the number of slides per tooth has the greatest effect on reducing variance followed by increasing the number of observers. Increasing the number of observations has little effect. Cementum ring counts are measurable to a highly repeatable extent and provide a level of repeatability greater than that reported for the pubic symphysis and auricular surface aging techniques.
Ecological significance of hypometabolism in nonhuman primates: Allometry, adaptation, and deviant diets
Authors: Kurland Jeffrey A. , Pearson Jay D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe “Kleiber relationship” describes the interspecific allometry between body size and metabolism. Like other allometric relationships, the Kleiber relationship not only summarizes scaling effects across species but also provides a standard by which species can be compared. One well‐noted deviation from the Kleiber relationship is “hypometabolism”: metabolic rates below that expected for a given size. It has been suggested in the literature that hypometabolism may be 1) a primitive mammalian trait, 2) a thermoregulatory adaptation, 3) an adaptation to arboreal folivory, or 4) an adaptation to a diet that is deviant for body size. Data on primate physiology and behavior are used to evaluate these hypotheses. Only the deviant‐diet hypothesis is supported by the data on nonhuman primates. Indeed, the Jarman‐Bell relationship, which is the basis for this hypothesis, provides a more coherent explanation of correlated features of animal physiology and behavior than do the alternative models. Hypometabolism may be an energy‐conserving adaptation to a variety of nutritional stresses. The present analysis underscores the point that metabolic rate, like foraging behavior, should be thought of as evolutionarily labile.
Rates of evolution: Is there a conflict between neo‐darwinian evolutionary theory and the fossil record?
Authors: Williams B. J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNeo‐darwinian and population genetics theory assumes that the necessary and sufficient set of conditions for all genetic, therefore evolutionary, change has been identified. Punctuationalists have assumed the opposite and cite the fossil record as evidence for change too rapid to be explained in neo‐darwinian theory. Data is given here to provide estimates of the rate of evolution in hominid fossils, in living populations, and of that rate which would qualify as punctuational in the hominid fossil record. Evolution in living populations is orders of magnitude greater than that found in the fossil record and far greater than necessary to create apparently instantaneous saltations in the fossil record. It is suggested that such saltations may not represent more rapid rates of evolution but, rather, the persistence of evolutionary change in a given direction for a longer than normal period.
Some secular changes in body height and proportion of Japanese medical students
Authors: Ohyama Shiro , Hisanaga Akira , Inamasu Takeo , Yamamoto Akiyo , Hirata Miyuki , Ishinishi Noburu 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthropometric dimensions of 738 medical students at Kyushu University in Japan were analyzed to determine secular changes of height and body proportions during a 20‐year period. Since 1961, means of standing height, leg length, and ratio of leg length to standing height have increased, although the rate of increase from 1971 to 1981 has been rather slow. On the contrary, the mean sitting height × 100/standing height has declined during this same period. Compared with data on the Japanese general population, the medical students were considerably taller, but the difference has decreased.
Kebara 2 Neanderthal pelvis: First look at a complete inlet
Authors: Rak Y. , Arensburg B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe renewed excavations at the Kebara Cave revealed a Neanderthal skeleton dated at about 50–55,000 years B.P. The pelvis of this individual is the most intact Neanderthal pelvis yet discovered, presenting for the first time a complete inlet. Although the superior pubic ramus is extremely long, as typically seen in the Neanderthals, the size of the pelvic inlet is comparable to that of modern Homo sapiens. The length of the superior pubic ramus is found to stem from a more externally rotated innominate bone and not, as generally assumed, from the larger pelvic inlet. It is suggested that the uniqueness of the Neanderthal pelvis may be attributable to locomotion and posture‐related biomechanics rather than to obstetric requirements.
Polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) among primates: An evolutionary analysis
Authors: Constans J. , Gouaillard C. , Bouissou C. , Dugoujon J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of the DBP (vitamin D binding protein) polymorphism is now well characterized among human populations but for primates only limited results are known. The aim of this paper is to describe the electrophoretic polymorphism of this protein among various species. Using three different electrophoretic methods, we are able to detect an unknown polymorphism and to classify the different alleles observed. These results may be used to set an international nomenclature for further comparisons. The different electrophoretic mobilities between Old and New World Monkeys show that: 1) the Cercopithecoïdea are presenting the largest genetic heterogeneity; 2) the DBP among the Galago corresponds to the lowest isoelectric points observed among Primates; 3) during the evolution from nonhuman Primates to Man, the DBP is able to keep its affinity for vitamin D derivatives despite the occurrence of significant molecular modifications; 4) among Anthropoïdea, the electrophoretic patterns of DBP are very close to the human Gc 1 proteins.These results show that evolution at the DBP level can be considered as a continous mechanism of structural modifications. A significant transition occurs during the differentiation between Cercopithecoïdea and Anthropoïdea. It is not too speculative to consider that some electrophoretic forms detected among Gorilla, Pongo, or Pan may be identical to rare variants observed among humans.
Standards of arm muscle by stature for the assessment of nutritional status of children
Authors: Frisancho A. R. , Tracer D. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study is based on a sample of 9,134 children ranging in age from 2 to 17 years from which the excessively lean and fat children by skinfold thickness were excluded. This sample was derived from the combined data sets of the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II) of 1971–1974 and 1976–1980. Means and percentiles of upper arm muscle area were calculated for 3 cm increments in stature from 84 to 184 cm for boys and from 84 to 176 cm for girls. Based on means, Z‐score units, and percentile ranges of upper arm muscle area by stature, five operational categories of nutritional status have been established. It is recommended that these standards and this classification system be used to supplement current standards of weight for age and weight for height in order to obtain a more complete assessment of body composition and nutritional status.
Cross‐cultural correlations of childhood growth and adult breast cancer
Authors: Micozzi Marc S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInternational differences in breast cancer incidence and mortality, and studies on Japanese migrants to the United States, point to the importance of environmental factors, including diet and nutrition, in the etiology of breast cancer. Some studies have suggested that dietary patterns in early life are important to the long‐term risk of breast cancer. Given that human growth is partially a function of early dietary intake, cross‐cultural correlations between breast cancer rates and anthropometric variables measured at different times in childhood provide additional information about the association of early nutrition and cancer. In this study, the associations between food consumption and anthropometric variables, and childhood growth patterns (attained size at age) and adult breast cancer rates, were considered. Data from cross‐sectional growth studies conducted during the years 1956–1971 on children aged 6–18 years were obtained for age‐specific stature, sitting height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, arm and chest circumferences, and biacromial and biiliac diameters. National food consumption data were obtained from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and socioeconomic status indicators from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Cancer incidence data for the years 1972–1977 were obtained from regional cancer registries reported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and mortality data for 1978 were obtained from national cancer registries around the world.Significant correlations were seen between national food consumption data and childhood growth (attained size at age); between cancer incidence and age‐specific stature (r = 0.68), weight (r = 0.59), triceps skinfold thickness (r = 0.78), and biacromial width (r = 0.84); and between mortality and age‐specific stature (r = 0.77), weight (r = 0.75), and biacromial width (r = 0.78). In general, the correlation coefficients of the observed anthropometric variables with breast cancer increase with increasing age and become highly significant at ages 13–14 years, reflecting cumulative childhood nutritional intake.
Toe and plantar dermatoglyphics in adult American Caucasians
Authors: Fox Kathleen M. , Plato Chris C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe scarcity of information on control data of toe and plantar dermatoglyphics led us to undertake this study of adult American Caucasians. Toe and sole prints of 168 male and 83 female participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were analyzed. Toe pattern frequencies demonstrate that fibular loops are the most prevalent pattern on the toes in both males and females. Pattern distribution by digit shows that arches are most often located on the fifth toe while whorls are found with greatest frequency on the third toe. Plantar pattern frequencies indicate that the most common pattern found in the hallucal area is the distal loop. Open fields are frequently found in the II and IV interdigital areas while distal loops are prevalent in the III area. These results are compared to the finger and palmar patterns of the same individuals. The distribution of patterns on the toes and fingers of the same individuals appear to be quite different. Population comparisons did not demonstrate a clear racial difference in the toe pattern frequencies or in the plantar areas.