bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clonal analysis of the effect of iron on human cytotoxic and proliferating T lymphocytes
Authors: Rudd Michael J. , Good Michael F. , Chapman D. E. , Powell L. W. , Halliday J. W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe immunoregulatory effect of non‐transferrin‐bound iron (Fe3+) on the proliferative and cytotoxic responses of normal human T lymphocytes was studied using a sensitive limit‐dilution technique capable of detecting the responses of individual lymphocytes. Iron, present in the form of ferric citrate at concentrations from 0·03 to 1·0 mmol/L. significantly reduced the cloning frequency of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The effect of iron appeared, however, to be targeted to individual clones in that some clones that did grow in the presence of iron achieved a normal rate of proliferation. Thus, iron was not non‐specifically toxic. At these same concentrations ferric citrate also produced significant reductions in the cloning frequency of CD4 + CD8‐ precursor T lymphocytes. Reductions in the response of T lymphocyte precursors capable of cytotoxic activity occurred in the presence of ferric citrate from 0·1 to 1·0 mmol/L. These data support the hypothesis that non‐transferrin‐bound iron has an immunoregulatory role in cell‐mediated immunity.
Inhibition of adhesion of Haemophilus influenzae to buccal cells by respiratory secretions
Authors: Taylor Diana C. , Cripps Allan W. , Clancy Robert L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe ability of salivary secretions and sputum sol from patients with chronic bronchitis to inhibit the adhesion of non‐serotypable Haemophilus influenzae to human buccal epithelial cells has been examined. Specific H. influenzae antibodies were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Saliva and sputum levels of anti‐ H. influenzae immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody were related inversely to buccal cell adherence (r = ‐ 0·92). Absorption of saliva and sputum sol with H. influenzae removed antibody detected by ELISA but only partially removed inhibition of attachment of bacteria. In patients with a history of recurrent bronchitis significantly more inhibitory activity remained after absorption of the secretory IgA (sIgA) specific antibody compared with patients who were resistant to acute episodes of infection (P <0·05). These observations suggest that factors, other than sIgA. are present in respiratory secretions and are capable of modulating H. influenzae attachment to buccal epithelial cells.
Hybrid myeloma cells which secrete heterodimetric IgG: A model to study the N‐linked glycan
Authors: LEE S‐O. , PORETZ R. D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFundamental questions remain unanswered regarding the effect of the acceptor polypeptide structure on the fine structure of the N‐linked glycan of glycoproteins and conversely, the effect of the glycan structure of IgG on the function and structure of the protein. The construction of myeloma hybrids capable of secreting multiple IgG which differ with regard to the fine structure of their N‐linked oligosaccharides would be a valuable model for studying these questions. P3X63Ag8 secretes an IgG1 which possesses an oligosaccharide at Asn297 that differs in fine structure from the analogous glycan of the IgG2b secreted by Sp2/HLBu. Fusion hybrids of these cells secrete parental IgG1, and to a lesser degree IgG2b, as well as a heterodimeric IgG containing both the γ1 and γ2b chains. The oligosaccharide of each chain is identical in structure to the appropriate parental IgG. Such cells allow for the analysis of acceptor properties that influence glycan fine structure, as well as the role of glycan structure on the stability of the IgG.
Differential eicosanoid synthesis by murine fetal thymic non‐lymphoid cells
Authors: PENDINO KIMBERLY J. , CHEPENIK K. P. , SCHMIDT R. R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe temporal patterns of synthesis of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and PGI2 by organ‐cultured fetal thymic lobes and the cell population(s) responsible for synthesis of such products within the murine fetal thymus have been investigated. Embryonic day 14 thymic lobes were organ‐cultured in defined media for 14 days and the media were collected every 24 h and replaced with fresh media. Collected media were processed for quantitation of either PGE2 or PGI2. Lobes were also cultured in 2′‐deoxyguanosine (1.35 mmol/L) to produce an enriched non‐lymphoid population. The per cent cyclooxygenase‐positive cells within non‐lymphoid cell‐enriched lobes as well as the capacity of such lobes to synthesize either PGE2 or PGI2 were determined and compared with that of intact thymic lobes. Results demonstrate that fetal thymic lobes, in vitro, differentially synthesize PGI2 and synthesize PGE2 at a constant rate. Moreover, lobes enriched for non‐lymphoid cells contain a greater percentage of cyclooxygenase‐positive cells and synthesize increased amounts of eicosanoids per 104 cells compared with controls.
Intradermal and percutaneous transudation of IgG1 and transferrin in sheep
Authors: COLDITZ I. G. , ALTMANN K. G. , WATSON D. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe leakage of [125I]‐IgG1 into skin sites following injection of mediators of enhanced vascular permeability and during induction of transudates on the skin surface under negative pressure was examined to determine whether IgG is selectively transported into cutaneous transudates. 111In‐transferrin was employed as a marker of plasma leakage unaided by selective transport. The leakage of IgG1 into interstitial spaces of untreated skin, into inflammatory transudates and into transudate fluid drawn to the skin surface under vacuum occurred at a lower rate than did leakage of transferrin. No evidence was found in favour of a selective transport mechanism to aid transport of IgG1 into extravascular skin compartments.
The importance of T cell homing and the spleen in reaching a balance between malaria immunity and immunopathology: The moulding of immunity by early exposure to cross‐reactive organisms
Authors: GOOD MICHAEL F. , CURRIER JEFF 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIt takes a number of years to develop clinical immunity to malaria and malaria pathology is also most evident a number of years after birth. T cells are known to play an important role in defence from malaria parasites but may also contribute to the disease symptoms associated with malaria. T cells which react against malaria parasites have arisen through stimulation with organisms which cross‐react with malaria or through exposure to the malaria parasites themselves and express a memory phenotype (CD45Ro+, CD45Ra‐, CD4+). T clones which have arisen through exposure to cross‐reactive organisms may he expected to home to the tissues where initial exposure occurred as determined by tissue‐specific adhesion molecules on the lymphocyte surface. Such tissues may not be appropriate to parasite killing and localization of T cells in such sites may contribute to the immunopathology of malaria. The sharp increase in immunity and decline in pathology observed in later childhood in malaria endemic areas may result from an increase in the number of T cells induced by the parasite itself (as opposed to cross‐reactive organisms). Such T cells may not have a preferential trafficking to other organs and may be more likely to circulate through the spleen. Splenic changes may also allow more malaria‐specific T cells to concentrate in the spleen and may facilitate interactions between T cells, monocytes, neutrophils and parasites resulting in parasite death. Whereas cytokines secreted by parasite‐reactive T cells in all locations may contribute to cerebral malaria and other forms of pathology, cytokines in the spleen at least, should directly contribute to parasite death.
Changes In Speech Production In An Early Deafened Adult With A Cochlear Implant
Authors: Wong Patrick C. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and Aims: The current study is a first investigation reporting the speech production characteristics of an early deafened adult cochlear implant user after a course of speech–language treatment.Methods and Procedures: The participant is culturally deaf and received the cochlear implant when she was 43 years old. A 24‐week ABCABC single‐subject treatment programme was conducted addressing articulation, the oral production of printed words, and voice production, with two 4‐week segments for each area.Outcomes and Results: Treatment‐specific progress, revealed by untrained stimuli, was made in areas of articulation and oral production of printed words, but not voice production. Formal measures also confirmed the patient's progress.Conclusions: These results were discussed in relation to how long‐term reduction of general auditory input and under‐use of the speech production mechanisms can be remediated by technological and behavioural treatment.
Managing South Africa's trawl bycatch
Authors: Walmsley Sarah A. , Leslie Rob W. , Sauer Warwick H. H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Walmsley, S. A., Leslie, R. W., and Sauer, W. H. H. 2007. Managing South Africa's trawl bycatch. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 405–412. Over the past few decades, it has become widely recognized that the management strategies of world fisheries must ensure sustainability of bycatch as well as of target species. South Africa implemented a pilot observer programme from 1995 to 2000 to collect data on the levels and patterns of bycatch and discards in the demersal trawl fishery. Here, the results of that programme are used in conjunction with information on bycatch value and compliance to assess the issues and problems regarding bycatch and discarding in the fishery. In general, bycatch components can be placed into one of three categories (discarded bycatch, retained bycatch, and processing waste), each of which present different management problems and require different management approaches. The results were used to formulate a bycatch management plan for the demersal trawl fishery in South Africa. Given the need to continue monitoring bycatch, the performance of the pilot observer programme is reviewed, and the levels of sampling effort required for a national programme are discussed.
Differences in risks and consequences of salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestation on sympatric populations of Atlantic salmon, brown trout, and Arctic charr within northern fjords
Authors: Bjørn P. A. , Finstad B. , Kristoffersen R. , McKinley R. S. , Rikardsen A. H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Bjørn, P-A., Finstad, B., Kristoffersen, R., Rikardsen, A. H., and McKinley, R. S. 2007. Differences in risks and consequences of salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestation on sympatric populations of Atlantic salmon, brown trout, and Arctic charr within northern fjords. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 386–393. Differences in salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on sympatric populations of fjord-migrating, Atlantic salmon post-smolts (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta) (sea trout), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) were studied in three fjords with fish-farming activity in northern Norway during the period June–August 2000. Atlantic salmon post-smolts were only captured in the fjords during late June and early July, and probably left them subsequently. No fish were infested with salmon lice. In contrast, brown trout and Arctic charr had similar infection patterns during their sampling periods, with very low prevalence and mean infection intensity during June (0–21% and 0–6 lice per fish, respectively), slightly increasing in July (8–70% and 6–12 lice per fish, respectively), and peaking in August (80–88% and 19–27 lice per fish, respectively). The chalimus stages dominated during June and July, with a few pre-adult and adult stages observed in July, and all stages were found frequently during August. The observations indicate that Atlantic salmon may have a mismatch between the time of louse infestation and their post-smolt fjord migration in northern fjords. In contrast, brown trout and Arctic charr feed within the fjords throughout summer and have a higher risk of harmful infestation in years with suitable environmental conditions for salmon louse development, especially in fish‐farming areas. Arctic charr usually spend the shortest time at sea of the three species, and the salmon lice may not have time to develop to the adult stage on this species.
Application and validation of otolith microstructure as a stock identification method in mixed Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) stocks in the North Sea and western Baltic
Authors: Clausen L. A. W. , Bekkevold D. , Hatfield E. M. C. , Mosegaard H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Clausen, L. A. W., Bekkevold, D., Hatifield, E. M. C., and Mosegard, H. 2007. Application and validation of otolith microstructure as a stock identification method in mixed Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) stocks in the North Sea and western Baltic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 377–385. Herring (Clupea harengus) populations with different spawning times mix in ICES Division IIIa. For stock assessment, otolith microstructure analysis is used to determine the hatching season of individuals, classifying them into hatch type spring, autumn, or winter. The currently applied method uses visual inspection of season-specific daily increment pattern for the larval period. With this method, variability in individual microstructure and a lack of correspondence between hatch and spawning time may lead to classification error. We validate the visual inspection procedure in relation to these potential sources of error. Otoliths from spawning herring were first classified blindly and the results compared with spawning season. In all, 91% of classifications corresponded, and errors represented misclassifications mainly between autumn and winter spawners. However, the estimates may be biased if hatch and spawning times differ, and an objective method of hatch-time estimation based on linear modelling was employed, enumerating unbroken series of daily increments in 0-group herring hatched in different seasons. Visual inspection and objective estimation agreed in 89% of cases, and most of the errors were explained by overlapping hatch periods. Results show that herring older than the 0-group can be classified using multiple linear regression of hatch time on median increment width.
Generalized compensation in stock-recruit functions: properties and implications for management
Authors: Brooks Elizabeth N. , Powers Joseph E. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Brooks, E. N., and Powers, J. E. 2007. Generalized compensation in stock-recruit functions: properties and implications for management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 413–424. A general stock-recruit function that explicitly defines density-dependent and -independent components of mortality over multiple stages is derived. By generalizing the stock-recruit function and the timing of density-dependent compensation, the impacts of different sources and magnitudes of mortality during the recruitment phase can be evaluated. Given reasonably comparable stage durations, compensation in early stages of a multistage process dominates density-independent effects; in later stages, density-dependent and -independent factors compete on a more even scale. Ratios of equilibrium statistics associated with the stock-recruit function under alternative compensation timing scenarios can be determined from the ratio of the compensation terms in the models when all scenarios assume the same type of stock-recruit function (Ricker or Beverton–Holt). This analytical result facilitates evaluation of proposed impacts or rehabilitation strategies without the need for a full stock assessment. Exogenous mortality has more impact on the maximum excess recruitment if that rate occurs later in the recruitment interval, especially if it takes place after compensation. Reparameterizing this generalized stock-recruit function in terms of steepness and virgin recruitment, we show that steepness is not influenced by the timing of compensation nor by the length of the recruitment interval; the level of virgin recruitment, however, is affected by both.
Fisheries management and institutional reform: a European perspective
Authors: Symes David 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Symes, D. 2007. Fisheries management and institutional reform: a European perspective. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 779–785.
Changes to the institutional frameworks that help shape fisheries policy-making are typically incremental and piecemeal, with governments content to tinker at the edges, but rarely willing to embrace fundamental reform. The present study outlines the nature of institutional frameworks and explores the need to ensure coherence across different scales of governance. Co-management and participative governance are commonly regarded as important recent developments. Although they may well satisfy notions of “good governance”, their ability to deliver better policy, more effective management, and sustainable fisheries is open to question. In the search to improve the efficacy of fisheries management, three key issues are identified: restructuring of co-management organizations, clarification of property rights, and development of an ecosystem-based approach. Finally, attention is drawn to the challenge to fisheries governance posed by moves towards integrated management.
The weakening role of science in the management of groundfish off the east coast of Canada
Authors: Shelton Peter A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Shelton, P. A. 2007. The weakening role of science in the management of groundfish off the east coast of Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 723–729. The link between science and decision-making for groundfish fisheries off Canada's east coast has weakened during the past two decades. The demand for a large degree of flexibility in the decision-making process by both the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, as well as the perceived low credibility of scientific knowledge, has resulted in an underutilization of science capacity to provide risk-based assessments and to evaluate management strategies for robustness to uncertainty and compliance with the precautionary approach. The transition from science-based to ad hoc fisheries management is described, and the potential impact of two new approaches, ecosystem-based fisheries management and shared stewardship, is considered.
Benefits and organization of cooperative research for fisheries management
Authors: Johnson Teresa R. , van Densen Wim L. T. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Johnson, T. R., and van Densen, W. L. T. 2007. The benefits and organization of cooperative research for fisheries management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 834–840. Drawing on research in the northeastern USA and northwestern Europe, a description is given of how cooperative research is organized and a statement made of how involving fishers in research can contribute to better fisheries management. The focus is on improving stock assessments through the collection of better fishery-dependent and -independent data and through efforts to address bycatch through gear-selectivity studies. Direct benefits of cooperative research include increased quantity and quality of data, inclusion of fishers' knowledge in science and management, improved relevance of research to fisheries management, and reduced costs of science. Indirect benefits are the buy-in of science and management by industry and improved relationships and trust between fishers and scientists (and managers). These indirect benefits are best achieved under conditions of transparency and communication. In some cases, cooperative research also provides income to the industry and supports the maintenance of fishing infrastructure. Most important, cooperative research improves capacity-building and establishes intellectual property rights within the fishing industry, and it encourages innovative approaches to management, such as adaptive and ecosystem-based approaches. Finally, guidelines for making cooperative research more effective are outlined.
Injury in trapped Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister)
Authors: Barber Julie S. , Cobb J. Stanley 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Barber J. S., and Cobb, J. S. 2007. Injury in trapped Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 464–472. Although traps are the most effective fishing equipment used to capture crabs they can also result in indirect damage to target species. We examined the effect of trap-soak time, crab density, and the legal to sublegal size ratio on injury rates to male Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister. Our field results show that injuries increase significantly with increased trap-soak time, and as a consequence of different size ratios (crabs in traps with a greater ratio of sublegal crabs had more injuries). The injury rate was independent of density. In a laboratory experiment, injured crabs were as capable as intact crabs of obtaining, defending, and consuming food. However, studies on other crab species indicate that injury reduces growth, delays reproduction, decreases mating success, and increases mortality. If the costs of injury are similar for Dungeness crabs, this could diminish the rate of recruitment into the fishery.
Is a management framework based on spawning-stock biomass indicators sustainable? A viability approach
Authors: De Lara Michel , Doyen Luc , Guilbaud Thérèse , Rochet Marie-Joëlle 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
De Lara, M., Doyen, L., Guilbaud, Th., and Rochet, M-J. 2007. Is a management framework based on spawning-stock biomass indicators sustainable? A viability approach. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 761–767: 000–000. Fisheries management agencies have to drive resources on sustainable paths, i.e. within defined boundaries for an indefinite time. The viable-control approach is proposed as a relevant method to deal with sustainability. We analyse the ICES precautionary approach (PA) by means of the notion of viability domain, and provide a mathematical test for sustainability. It is found that the PA based on spawning-stock biomass (SSB) and fishing mortality (F) indicators is sustainable only when recruits make a significant contribution to SSB. In this case, advice based upon SSB, with an appropriate reference point, is sufficient to ensure sustainability. In all other cases, SSB is not a sufficient metric of stock productivity and must be complemented with other management indicators to ensure sustainability. The approach is illustrated with numerical applications to the northern hake and Bay of Biscay anchovy.
Improving communication from managers to fishers in Europe and the US
Authors: van Densen Wim L. T. , McCay Bonnie J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Van Densen, W. L. T., and McCay, B. J. 2007. Improving communication from managers to fishers in Europe and the US. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 811–817. Communication problems need to be solved if managers are to be more persuasive about the need for limitations on fishing, to protect and restore fish populations. The context is widespread scepticism about the effectiveness of management on both sides of the Atlantic. That scepticism is fuelled by assessment bias as seen in the case of the northern cod of Newfoundland, and by failure to take into account differences in perceptions of stock size and fishing mortality; differences in causal reasoning about fishing pressure and environmental factors influencing stock size; and differences in the capacity to read and understand the mostly graphic information that underlies and is often used to explain management decisions. This analysis is based on interviews and observations in the European Union and the northeastern USA.