bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in delivered tidal volume with the addition of carbon dioxide to mechanical ventilation
Authors: TOBIAS JOSEPH D. , MILTENBERG LAUREN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryObjective:  To determine discrepancies in delivered tidal volumes induced by the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) during mechanical ventilation.Design:  Prospective, experimental, lung model study.Setting:  Research laboratory at a University hospital.Subjects:  Ventilator set‐up using a mechanical lung model.Interventions:  Tidal volumes were measured during pressure and volume limited ventilation at various pressures and volumes with the addition of inspired CO2 concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 4%. Three ventilator set‐ups were used including the addition of CO2 to the inspiratory limb (M1), the use of two external blenders to mix air, oxygen and CO2 prior to entry to the ventilator (M2), and the use of one external blender to mix air and CO2 prior to addition to the ventilator.Measurements and main results:  Statistically significant increases in delivered tidal volume were noted with the addition of CO2 with all three of the ventilator set‐ups (M1, M2 and M3). However, the maximum increase was 2.4% above that of baseline (no CO2 added). With the M2 set‐up, there was also a significant discrepancy noted between the set and the delivered tidal volumes (16–17%) when using the volume limited mode even without the addition of CO2.Conclusions:  Either the M1 or the M3 set‐up functioned efficiently without clinically significant alterations in ventilator performance. We prefer the M1 set‐up as it is the one that is used most commonly in clinical practice and does not require significant alterations in the working configuration of the ventilator.
Inhalation burn injury in children
Authors: FIDKOWSKI CHRISTINA W. , FUZAYLOV GENNADIY , SHERIDAN ROBERT L. , COTÉ CHARLES J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWith advances in burn care, many children are surviving severe burn injuries. Inhalation injury remains a predictor of morbidity and mortality in burn injury. Inhalation of smoke and toxic gases leads to pulmonary complications, including airway obstruction from bronchial casts, pulmonary edema, decreased pulmonary compliance, and ventilation–perfusion mismatch, as well as systemic toxicity from carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide toxicity. The diagnosis of inhalation injury is suggested by the history and physical exam and can be confirmed by bronchoscopy. Management consists of supportive measures, pulmonary toilet, treatment of pulmonary infection and ventilatory support as needed. This review details the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management options for inhalation injury.
Absorption pharmacokinetics of clonidine nasal drops in children
Authors: ALMENRADER NICOLE , LARSSON PETER , PASSARIELLO MAURIZIO , HAIBERGER ROBERTA , PIETROPAOLI PAOLO , LÖNNQVIST PER‐ARNE , EKSBORG STAFFAN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground:  The α2 agonist clonidine has become a popular drug for premedication in children. Effects and pharmacokinetics after oral, rectal, and intravenous administration are well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption pharmacokinetics of clonidine nasal drops in children.Methods:  Thirteen ASA I pediatric patients received after induction of anesthesia 4 mcg·kg−1 of clonidine by the nasal route. Blood samples were taken during a 12‐h period and plasma levels of clonidine were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Data were calculated by a computer‐aided curve‐fitting program.Results:  Plasma pharmacokinetics following administration of clonidine nasal drops showed a considerable interindividual variability and absorption was delayed and limited. A total of 95% confidence intervals for maximum plasma concentration and time to achieve maximum plasma concentration were 0.4–0.6 ng·ml−1 and 1.4–3.0 h, respectively.Conclusions:  Clonidine nasal drops are erratically absorbed from the nasal mucosa and, thus, this mode of drug administration is not recommended for premedication purposes.
Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations
Authors: Clobert Jean , Le Galliard Jean‐François , Cote Julien , Meylan Sandrine , Massot Manuel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere is accumulating evidence that individuals leave their natal area and select a breeding habitat non‐randomly by relying upon information about their natal and future breeding environments. This variation in dispersal is not only based on external information (condition dependence) but also depends upon the internal state of individuals (phenotype dependence). As a consequence, not all dispersers are of the same quality or search for the same habitats. In addition, the individual’s state is characterized by morphological, physiological or behavioural attributes that might themselves serve as a cue altering the habitat choice of conspecifics. These combined effects of internal and external information have the potential to generate complex movement patterns and could influence population dynamics and colonization processes. Here, we highlight three particular processes that link condition‐dependent dispersal, phenotype‐dependent dispersal and habitat choice strategies: (1) the relationship between the cause of departure and the dispersers’ phenotype; (2) the relationship between the cause of departure and the settlement behaviour and (3) the concept of informed dispersal, where individuals gather and transfer information before and during their movements through the landscape. We review the empirical evidence for these processes with a special emphasis on vertebrate and arthropod model systems, and present case studies that have quantified the impacts of these processes on spatially structured population dynamics. We also discuss recent literature providing strong evidence that individual variation in dispersal has an important impact on both reinforcement and colonization success and therefore must be taken into account when predicting ecological responses to global warming and habitat fragmentation.
Timing and necessity of a flexible sigmoidoscopy in patients with symptoms suggestive of haemorrhoids
Authors: Vening W. , Willigendael E. M. , Tjeertes E. K. M. , Hulsewé K. W. E. , Hoofwijk A. G. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective  This study was performed to determine the probability of finding additional pathology, requiring treatment or follow‐up, in patients referred with symptoms suggestive of haemorrhoids. Secondly, to determine, at what age a flexible sigmoidoscopy should be performed in these patients.Method  All patients referred for the treatment of haemorrhoids over a period of 5 years were prospectively included in a database. Data included patient characteristics, clinical information, histopathological analysis and the sigmoidoscopy results.Results  Haemorrhoids were present in 961 (95.6%) of 1005 patients. Of these patients, 692 (72.0%) patients were free from any additional pathology, 161 (16%) patients had diverticulosis, in 15 (1.5%) patients the sigmoidoscopy showed signs of colitis, 116 (11.5%) patients had polyps and a malignancy was present in eight (0.8%) patients. In the age group between 30–40 and 40–50, the presence of additional pathology increased significantly (P < 0.05). No malignancies were found under the age of 40.Conclusions  The vast majority of patients referred for the treatment and analysis of haemorrhoids were free from any additional pathology. But, over the age of 40, the incidence of additional pathology increased significantly. Therefore, we suggest that a flexible sigmoidoscopy should be performed in all patients over the age of 40, with clinical signs of haemorrhoids.
Constructing a ‘plausible narrative of progress’ for nursing: a neopragmatist suggestion
Authors: Mason Walter H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIdentity, difference, and the associated subject of cultural diversity pose challenges for nursing. As the demographics of the world change, demands are rising for nurses to provide sensitive, individualized care to people living in our ever‐changing global community. Issues concerning gender, sexuality, disability, age, language, economic and occupational status, multiculturalism, and ethnicity are made more complex because many of these topics strike a personal chord for individual nurses. In order for nursing to provide appropriate care to the world's people and to meet future challenges, nursing must define itself in new ways. Kikuchi and Simmons have stated that the best way for nursing to approach this task is through the development of a ‘sound’ philosophy of nursing that will ‘accommodate diversity in nursing thought’. They contend that before we can establish a philosophy of nursing, nurses will have to agree upon the nature of reality, human beings, truth, and knowledge. This paper will suggest that neopragmatism, as described by Richard Rorty, is a way to assure diversity of thought in nursing. However, I will argue against the requirement for this philosophy to be ‘sound’ in the sense that Kikuchi and Simmons use this term. In place of their call for ‘truth and unity in nursing thought’. I will attempt to demonstrate how neopragmatic ideas relate to the construction of what Rorty called a unifying ‘plausible narrative of progress’. This change will allow nursing to abandon the dead end debate over epistemologies and instead focus on more important issues related to improving nursing practice.
La différence: condition of exclusion or of reconnaissance?
Authors: Blondeau Danielle 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFrom the Middle Ages onto the 19th century, following the trend set in leper hospitals, madness was to be hidden, secluded in dark places, far away from the mainstream of society. The emergence of the mad person, perceived as inevitably different, allows to make the boundaries between reason and folly, between human and inhuman, irrelevant. If leper hospitals have almost emptied out, if there are much fewer confinement facilities, the values and images related to the leper or the mad person, as well as the sense of exclusion, continue to persist. The purpose of this paper is to show clearly that this matter of exclusion is a serious legacy that could very well apply nowadays to other figures that, each in their own way, symbolize menace or mockery. It applies notably to the aged and the dying who both appear as the opposite of modern society and its values of efficiency, productivity and profitability. The multiplication of places where old people are left to die, and the elderly who are crowded in old folks homes, stand as proof of their exclusion from society. Nevertheless, youth and old age coexist, as well as life and death. If care of others is the trait of a humane civilization, must it be understood that barbarism consists in ignoring its own humanity as well as that of others? In view of such practices of exclusion, policy statements based on recognition of human dignity, where ethical obligation rests on recognition of others and humanism, are rather paradoxical. Is this a paradox or a deadlock; a condition of exclusion or of reconnaissance?
The Provision of Tax Services by Incumbent Auditors and Earnings Management: Evidence from Korea
Authors: Choi Won‐Wook , Lee Ho‐Young , Jun Byung Wook 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis study examines the associations between the provision of tax services by incumbent auditors and earnings management. We investigate whether three different effects of tax service provision play different roles in accounting practices. The three effects include the audit independence effect, the knowledge spillover effect, and the tax avoidance effect. If the provision of tax services by incumbent auditors harms auditor independence, firms may exercise greater earnings management (audit independence effect). However, if incumbent auditors gain incremental knowledge by offering tax services, the quality of their audit services could be enhanced, and therefore, reported earnings could be more conservative (knowledge spillover effect). If tax service fee leads to low taxable income, it could depress book income when book‐tax conformity is high (tax avoidance effect). We find that the provision of tax services generally improves earnings quality by curtailing opportunistic accounting practices. The results also suggest that the negative association between the provision of tax services and discretionary accruals seems to be primarily driven by the knowledge spillover effect as opposed to the tax avoidance effect. Additional analysis is conducted in examining whether the tax avoidance effect exists in a sub‐sample.
International Differences in Wage Inequality: A New Glance with European Matched Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Simón Hipólito 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUsing international harmonized matched employer–employee micro data from the European Structure of Earnings Survey for nine European countries, this article examines the origin of international differences in wage inequality. Wage inequality is highly correlated with the magnitude of inter‐firm wage differentials. Workplace‐ and job‐related factors generally have a more significant impact on within‐country wage inequality than individual characteristics. European countries differ significantly not only in the extent of wage inequality but also in the relative influence of factors shaping wage inequality. Although cross‐country differences in labour force composition play a part in the explanation, differences in the distribution and in labour market prices attached to workplace and job characteristics are the primary factors contributing to international differences in wage inequality.
From housing wealth to well‐being?
Authors: Searle Beverley A. , Smith Susan J. , Cook Nicole 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe positive health effects of owner‐occupation, compared to renting, are well documented. But home ownership is itself heterogeneous, as is the health profile of its incumbents, and this is less well recognised. Drawing from a mixed‐methods study, which includes 150 qualitative interviews with a cross‐section of UK mortgage holders, this paper examines the health implications of a definitive feature of owned housing: its role as a financial tool. In particular, we ask whether there is anything about the process of accumulating wealth into housing or spending from this resource, that enhances well‐being (or that adds to psycho‐social stress). This question is timely, coming at the end of a long‐wave of house‐price appreciation, in a setting where it is easy to borrow from housing wealth, under a policy regime that looks increasingly to owned homes as an asset base for welfare. The answer casts light on whether, in what circumstances, to what extent, and by what mechanism, home ownership – the dominant housing tenure of the English‐speaking world – might enhance the well‐being of individuals, communities and societies.
Hyperhomocysteinaemia in HIV‐infected patients: determinants of variability and correlations with predictors of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Guaraldi G , Ventura P , Garlassi E , Orlando G , Squillace N , Nardini G , Stentarelli C , Zona S , Marchini S , Moriondo V , Tebas P 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveWe evaluated hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) in a cohort of HIV‐infected patients in order to assess its relation to cardiovascular risk (CVR) and identify determinants of HHcy variability.MethodsCross‐sectional observational study. HIV‐infected patients on stable highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) were evaluated for the presence of the metabolic syndrome, lipodystrophy and traditional CVR factors. Plasma homocysteine levels were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsFive hundred and sixty‐seven patients (38% female) with a median age of 44 years were included in the study. Homocysteine (Hcy) was significantly higher in patients with the metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy. No significant association was found between Hcy levels and the use of ART. However, Hcy was associated with higher blood pressure, waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio, total lean body mass, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), VAT/total adipose tissue, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, B, and creatinine. All 10‐year CVR assessment scores were significantly associated with Hcy. In a multivariate regression model, systolic blood pressure, vitamin supplementation and HOMA‐IR were significantly and independently related to Hcy.ConclusionsHcy is elevated in HIV‐infected patients and is significantly associated with increased CVR. Measurement of Hcy might be useful in identifying particularly high‐risk populations at whom therapeutic interventions could be targeted.
2. NO ROOM FOR GOD? HISTORY, SCIENCE, METAPHYSICS, AND THE STUDY OF RELIGION
Authors: GREGORY BRAD S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTDespite widespread beliefs to the contrary within the secular intellectual culture of the modern academy, scientific findings are not necessarily incompatible with religious truth claims. The latter include claims about the reality of God as understood in traditional Christianity and the possibility of divinely worked miracles. Intellectual history, philosophy, and science's own self‐understanding undermine the claim that science entails or need even tend toward atheism. By definition a radically transcendent creator‐God is inaccessible to empirical investigation. Denials of the possibility or actual occurrence of miracles depend not on science itself, but on naturalist assumptions that derive originally from a univocal metaphysics with its historical roots in medieval nominalism, which in turn have deeply influenced philosophy and science since the seventeenth century. The metaphysical postulate of naturalism and its correlative empiricist epistemology constitute methodological self‐limitations of science—only an unjustified move from postulate to assertion permits ideological scientism and atheism. It is entirely possible that religious claims consistent with the empirical findings of the natural and social sciences might be true. Therefore historians of religion not only need not assume that atheism is true in their research, but they should not do so if they want to understand religious people on their own terms rather than to impose on them an undemonstrated and indemonstrable ideology. Exhortations to critical thinking apply not only to religious views, but also to uncritically examined secular ideas and assumptions, however widespread or institutionally embedded.
3. HISTORIOGRAPHY WITHOUT GOD: A REPLY TO GREGORY1
Authors: FØRLAND TOR EGIL 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis reply aims both to respond to Gregory and to move forward the debate about God's place in historiography. The first section is devoted to the nature of science and God. Whereas Gregory thinks science is based on metaphysical naturalism with a methodological corollary of critical‐realist empiricism, I see critical, empiricist methodology as basic, and naturalism as a consequence. Gregory's exposition of his apophatic theology, in which univocity is eschewed, illustrates the fissure between religious and scientific worldviews—no matter which basic scientific theory one subscribes to. The second section is allotted to miracles. As I do, Gregory thinks no miracle occurred on Fox Lakes in 1652, but he restricts himself to understanding the actors and explaining change over time, and refuses to explain past or contemporary actions and events. Marc Bloch, in his book The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, is willing to go much further than Gregory. Using his superior medical knowledge to substitute his own explanation of the phenomenon for that of the actors, Bloch dismisses the actors’ beliefs that they or others had been miraculously cured, and explains that they believed they saw miraculous healing because they were expecting to see it. In the third section, on historical explanation, I rephrase the question whether historians can accommodate both believers in God and naturalist scientists, asking whether God, acting miraculously or not, can be part of the ideal explanatory text. I reply in the negative, and explicate how the concept of a plural subject suggests how scientists can also be believers. This approach may be compatible with two options presented by Peter Lipton for resolving the tension between religion and science. The first is to see the truth claims of religious texts as untranslatable into scientific language (and vice versa); the other is to immerse oneself in religious texts by accepting them as a guide but not believing in their truth claims when these contradict science.
THE PHILONIC DISTINCTION: GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF JEWISH THOUGHT
Authors: WESTERKAMP DIRK 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTLeon Roth's famous question “Is there a Jewish philosophy?” has been the subject of an ongoing controversial debate. This paper argues that the concept of a Jewish philosophy—in the sense of an allegedly continuous philosophical tradition stretching from antiquity to early modernity—was created by German Enlightenment historians of philosophy. Under competing models of historiography, Enlightenment philosophy construed a continuous tradition of Jewish thought, a philosophia haebraeorum perennis, establishing a controversially discussed order of discourse and a specific politics of historiography. Within this historiography, historical and systematical paradigms, values, and patterns kept shifting continuously, opening up perspectives for different, even contradictory accounts of what Jewish philosophy was (and is). With Hegel and his successors, this specific discourse came to a close. Hegel attacks “Jewish thought” as a form of metaphysics of substance—a critique countered by several thinkers who can be referred to as “Jewish Hegelians” (E. Fackenheim). The Jewish Hegelians fully accepted, however, Hegel's account of the “Philonic distinction”: the difference between substance and subject within the conception of the one. This calls attention to the idea that not only the role of the “mosaic distinction” (J. Assmann), the distinction between true and false in religion, should be examined more closely, but also the consequences of the “Philonic distinction” between identity and difference in monotheistic concepts of deity.