bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of anaerobic reactors at low organic load subjected to sudden change in feed substrate types
Authors: Nain Mohd. Zulquer , Jawed Mohammad 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMany researchers have studied the impact of stress/shock imposed due to change in environmental and operational conditions using the same feed substrate type on performances of anaerobic reactors. However, limited reports are available on performance of anaerobic reactors subjected to shock/stress conditions due to sudden change in feed substrate and hence the present work is directed towards this end. Three suspended growth batch reactors (R1, R2 and R3) were started up and operated at an organic loading rate of 1.40 kg COD m−3 d−1 with simple soluble feed substrate (i.e. jaggery) to obtain similar performance before application of shock. The shock was applied by suddenly changing feed substrate to reactors R2 (from jaggery to cerelac—a complex suspended type feed) and R3 (from jaggery to neutralized acetic acid) while keeping reactor R1 as the control. The immediate impact of sudden change in feed substrate was observed in reactor R3, which showed reduced gas production rate, while no visible impact on reactor R2 was observed for gas production rate. The performance of reactor R2 deteriorated marginally in respect of biogas production during the shock period. However, performance of reactor R3 deteriorated very much during the shock period: gas production ceased completely and indicated build‐up of high levels of volatile fatty acid. Lastly, reactors R2 and R3 were restored to jaggery feed substrate. Reactor R3 responded by producing biogas along with the other two reactors. It was observed that all three reactors started giving steady performance within 2 weeks of operation, which was similar to pre‐shock conditions. This study indicated that extreme caution is needed when there is a possibility of sudden stress/shock conditions due to complete change in feed substrate, even though all other operational and environmental parameters are planned to be maintained at pre‐shock conditions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Continuous bioremediation of phenol‐polluted air in an external loop airlift bioreactor with a packed bed
Authors: Nikakhtari Hossein , Hill Gordon A 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn external loop airlift bioreactor with a small amount (99% porosity) of stainless steel mesh packing inserted in the riser section was used for bioremediation of a phenol‐polluted air stream. The packing enhanced volatile organic chemical and oxygen mass transfer rates and provided a large surface area for cell immobilization. Using a pure strain of Pseudomonas putida, fed‐batch and continuous runs at three different dilution rates were completed with phenol in the polluted air as the only source of growth substrate. 100% phenol removal was achieved at phenol loading rates up to 33 120 mg h−1 m−3 using only one‐third of the column, superior to any previously reported biodegradation rates of phenol‐polluted air with 100% efficiency. A mathematical model has been developed and is shown to accurately predict the transient and steady‐state data. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The brand positioning and image of a religious organisation: an empirical analysis
Authors: Abreu Madalena 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Brand positioning and image development are important topics for any religious organisation wishing to provide an effective service to the public. It follows that in a world with increasing religious options, the position strategy decision and the brand position statement are essential aspects of a fully responsive religious organisation. To investigate these issues the author presents the findings of a study that compared the brand position of a Catholic shrine in Portugal, i.e. the sanctuary of Fátima, with the image of the shrine as perceived by its pilgrims. The paper also attempts to offer a definition of religious marketing and explores some possible antecedents of effective brand positioning within this particular field.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outpatient drug safety: new steps in an old direction
Authors: Budnitz Daniel S. , Layde Peter M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIatrogenic injury from adverse drug events (ADEs) is a common and often preventable problem in modern medical practice. Attention to this problem has focused on the inpatient hospital setting and healthcare professionals. However, most medication is prescribed and used outside of hospitals and is managed by patients or lay caregivers in homes or workplaces. To address the public health problem of outpatient drug safety, interventions to prevent adverse events must recognize the central role of the patient in medication management and environmental factors specific to the outpatient setting. Lessons and techniques from the field of injury prevention should guide the development and implementation of safety interventions. First, Haddon's phase‐factor matrix can be used to help conceptualize outpatient drug safety interventions. Second, interventions to improve outpatient drug safety should be patient‐centered and extend beyond patient education to include engineering innovations and enforcement strategies. Third, the sustainability of active versus passive interventions should be considered when choosing safety interventions. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible dysregulation of chaperon and metabolic proteins in cystic fibrosis bronchial tissue
Authors: Frischer Thomas , Myung Jae‐Kyung , Maurer Gerald , Eichler Irmgard , Szepfalusi Zsolt , Lubec Gert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease due to mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene. A systematic approach to generate a protein expressional pattern in CF bronchial tissue has not been performed so far. It was the aim of this hypothesis‐generating study to construct differential proteomes of bronchial biopsies in controls (n = 8) and CF patients (n = 9). Biopsies (pools of threeperpatient) were taken; proteins were extracted and run on 2‐DE with subsequent in‐gel digestion and mass spectrometrical identification and quantification of proteins using specific software. Three hundred sixty‐six protein spots were identified and compared between groups. Following an approach for multiple testing correction, the chaperone 75 kDa glucose‐regulated protein and ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase complex core protein I and one form of nidogen, a pseudogene of aconitase 2, were increased in CF (p < 0.005). Aberrant protein levels may reflect molecular changes of CF as well as CF‐linked inflammation, infection and cellular stress response.
Identification of breast cancer metastasis‐associated proteins in an isogenic tumor metastasis model using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography‐ion trap‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Da‐Qiang , Wang Lei , Fei Fei , Hou Yi‐Feng , Luo Jian‐Min , Wei‐Chen  , Zeng Rong , Wu Jiong , Lu Jin‐Song , Di Gen‐Hong , Ou Zhou‐Luo , Xia Qi‐Chang , Shen Zhen‐Zhou , Shao Zhi‐Min 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis and search for potential markers for metastatic progression, we have developed a highly metastatic variant of human MDA‐MB‐435 breast cancer cell line through in vivo stepwise selection of pulmonary metastatic cells caused by parental MDA‐MB‐435 cells in the athymic mice. Comparative proteomic analysis using 2‐DE and LC‐IT‐MS revealed that 102 protein spots were reproducibly altered more than three‐fold between the selected variant and its parental counterpart. Eleven differentially expressed protein spots were identified with high confidence using SEQUEST with uninterpreted tandem mass raw data. Cathepsin D precursor, peroxiredoxin 6 (PDX6), heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), HSP60, tropomyosin 1 (TPM1), TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, 14‐3‐3 protein epsilon, and tumor protein D54 were up‐regulated in the highly metastatic variant, whereas alpha B‐crystalline (CRAB) was only detected in its parental counterpart. Differential expression was confirmed for four proteins including PDX6, CRAB, TPM4, and HSP60 by real‐time quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis in our model. Immunohistochemical analysis in 80 breast cancer donors demonstrated a significant association of TPM4 (p = 0.002), HSP60 (p = 0.001), PDX6 (p = 0.002) but not CRAB (p = 0.113) staining with the presence of lymph node metastasis. In addition, TPM4 staining was also associated with clinical stage (p = 0.000), but no significant association was found between TPM4, PDX6, CRAB, and HSP60 expression and tumor size, hormone receptor, and HER‐2 status (p > 0.05). The functional implication of these identified proteins was also discussed. These proteomic data are valuable and informative for understanding breast cancer metastasis and searching for potential markers for metastatic progression.
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 responds specifically to chlorophenoxy herbicides and their initial metabolites
Authors: Benndorf Dirk , Thiersch Markus , Loffhagen Norbert , Kunath Christfried , Harms Hauke 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPseudomonas putida KT2440 is often used as a model to investigate toxicity mechanisms and adaptation to hazardous chemicals in bacteria. The objective of this paper was to test the impact of the chlorophenoxy herbicides 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid (DCPP) and their metabolites 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP) and 3,5‐dichlorocatechol (DCC), on protein expression patterns and physiological parameters. Both approaches showed that DCC has a different mode of action and induces different responses than DCPP, 2,4‐D and DCP. DCC was the most toxic compound and was active as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. It repressed the synthesis of ferric uptake regulator (Fur)‐dependent proteins, e.g. fumarase C and L‐ornithine N5‐oxygenase, which are involved in oxidative stress response and iron uptake. DCPP, 2,4‐D and DCP were less toxic than DCC. They disturbed oxidative phosphorylation to a lesser extent by a yet unknown mechanism. Furthermore, they repressed enzymes of energy‐consuming biosynthetic pathways and induced membrane transporters for organic substrates. A TolC homologue component of multidrug resistance transporters was found to be induced, which is probably involved in the removal of lipophilic compounds from membranes.
QM and QM/MM studies of selectivity in organic and bioorganic chemistry
Authors: Harvey Jeremy N. , Aggarwal Varinder K. , Bathelt Christine M. , Carreón‐Macedo José‐Luis , Gallagher Timothy , Holzmann Nicole , Mulholland Adrian J. , Robiette Raphaël 
Published: April 2006

AbstractElectronic structure methods are used to explore the origin of selectivity in a number of organic, organometallic and bioorganic processes. Diastereoselectivity in reactions of sulfur and phosphorus ylides is shown to arise during a variety of different elementary steps, and is due to steric and electronic effects. Unusual rearranged products from Heck reaction of o‐bromo biphenyl derivatives are shown to result from an unusual electrophilic addition step. Predicting selectivity in oxidation of aromatic substrates by cytochrome P450 isoforms is a challenging problem, which can be tackled using hybrid QM/MM methods. Differences in the electronic structure of the Compound I active intermediates of different cytochrome P450 isoforms do not appear to be large enough to explain the different selectivity of these different isoforms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolycarbonates of isosorbide and various diols
Authors: Chatti Saber , Kricheldorf Hans R. , Schwarz Gert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIsosorbide and equimolar amounts of various diols were polycondensed with diphosgene and pyridine. Bisphenol A, 3,3′‐dimethyl bisphenol A, bisphenol C, 1,3‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzoyloxy)propane, and 1,4‐cyclohexane diol were used as comonomers. The compositions were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy; the random sequences were characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy. For the high‐molar‐mass copolycarbonates of bisphenol A, 3,3′‐dimethyl bisphenol A, and bisphenol C, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry proved that the chain growth was mainly limited by cyclization. Copolycarbonates with alternating sequences were obtained by the polycondensation of bisphenol A with isosorbide bischloroformiate or from isosorbide and bisphenol A bischloroformiate. In these cases, large amounts of cyclic oligo‐ and polycarbonates were also formed. The glass‐transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3616–3628, 2006
Competitive specific interactions in miscible blends of poly(hydroxyether terephthalate ester) and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine)
Authors: Liu Bingquan , Zhang Weian , Zheng Sixun , Guo Qipeng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe miscibility of poly(hydroxyether terephthalate ester) (PHETE) with poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) was established on the basis of thermal analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that each blend displayed a single glass‐transition temperature (Tg), which is intermediate between those of the pure polymers and varies with the composition of blend. TheTg‐composition relationship can be well described with Kwei equation withk= 1 andq= −30.8 (K), suggesting the presence of the intermolecular specific interactions in the blend system. To investigate the intermolecular specific interactions in the blends, the model compounds such as 1,3‐diphenoxy‐2‐propanol, 4‐methyl pyridine, and ethyl benzoate were used to determine the equilibrium constants, according to Coleman and Painter model, to account for the association equilibriums of several structural moieties, using liquid Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy. In terms of the difference in the association equilibrium constant, it is proposed that there are the competitive specific interactions in the blends, which were confirmed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the blends. It is observed that upon adding P4VP to the system, the ester carbonyls of PHETE that were H‐bonded with the hydroxyl groups were released because of the formation of the stronger interchain association via the hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyls of PHETE and tertiary nitrogen atoms of P4VP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1618–1626, 2006
Study of the possibility of realization of a spin valve on the basis of superconductor/ferromagnet multilayers
Authors: Garifullin I. A. , Tikhonov D. A. , Garif'yanov N. N. , Fattakhov M. Z. , Theis‐Bröhl K. , Westerholt K. , Sprungmann D. , Zabel H. , Brucas R. , Hjörvarsson B. , Tagirov L. R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe ways of realization of two different schemes of a spin valve for the superconducting current on the basis of the superconductor/ferromagnet proximity effect are studied. First, we have studied the superconducting proximity effect in the thin film system Fe/Cr/V/Cr/Fe where the Cr layers play the role of screening layers between the superconducting V‐layer and the strongly pair breaking Fe‐layers. Besides the new results concerning the magnetic phase transitions in the Cr layers we found the upper limit of the thickness of the screening Cr layers for operation a spin valve based on the Fe/V/Fe trilayer. Second, we studied the superconducting spin valve effect of a V‐layer coupled to an antiferromagnetic [Fe/V]‐superlattice. The parallel upper critical magnetic field exhibits an anomalous temperature dependence up to the ferromagnetic saturation field of the superlattice, indicating that the superconducting transition temperature T c decreases when rotating the relative magnetization directions of the sublattice from antiparallel to parallel. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigating the structural properties of amyloid‐like fibrils formed in vitro from β2‐microglobulin using limited proteolysis and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Myers Sarah L. , Thomson Neil H. , Radford Sheena E. , Ashcroft Alison E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe protein β2‐microglobulin (β2m) aggregates to form classical amyloid fibrils in patients undergoing long‐term haemodialysis. Amyloid‐like fibrils with a cross‐β fold can also be formed from wild‐type β2m under acidic conditions in vitro. The morphology of such fibrils depends critically on the conditions used: incubation of β2m in low ionic strength buffers at pH 2.5 results in the formation of long (µm), straight fibrils while, at pH 3.6, short (<500 nm) fibrils form. At higher ionic strengths (0.2–0.4 M) at pH 1.5–3.6, the fibrils have a distinct curved and nodular morphology. To determine the conformational properties of β2m within in vitro fibrils of different morphologies, limited proteolysis of each fibril type using pepsin was performed and the resulting peptide fragments identified by tandem mass spectrometry. For comparison, the proteolytic degradation patterns of monomeric β2m and seven synthetic peptides spanning the entire sequence of the intact protein were similarly analysed. The results show that fibrils with different morphologies result in distinct digestion patterns. While the curved, worm‐like fibrils are relatively weakly protected from proteolysis, the long, straight fibrils formed at pH 2.5 at low ionic strength show only a single cut‐site at Val9, demonstrating that substantial refolding of the initially acid‐denatured and unprotected state of β2m occurs during assembly. The data demonstrate that the organisation of the polypeptide chain in fibrils with different morphological features differs considerably, despite the fact that the fibrils possess a common cross‐β architecture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal improvement in elemental analyzer/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry for samples with low sulfur contents using a pre‐concentration technique for on‐line concentration adjustment
Authors: Fritzsche Florian , Tichomirowa Marion 
Published: April 2006

AbstractElemental analyzer/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/CF‐IRMS) has become a standard procedure for the determination of δ34S values. Common procedures are, however, frequently less than satisfactory for organic as well as for mineral samples with very low concentrations of sulfur (<2000 ppm). Here we present a method which employs cold trapping of SO2 to adjust the gas concentration for subsequent isotope signature determination. Analytical accuracy is comparable with common EA/CF‐IRMS analysis without trapping, showing a precision of better than ±0.4‰ in δ34S (1 SD). The virtual absence of memory effects was established by analyzing adjacent samples exhibiting a large difference in δ34S and by prolonged freezing of the carrier gas, yielding virtually no S concentration peak. The method was tested using less than 15% (6 µg) of the S required for a conventional isotope analysis at comparable signal intensity. Even smaller samples can be analyzed with high precision. This facilitates the on‐line δ34S determination in small biological and mineral samples, minimizing matrix effects in various materials including sandstone, soil, and plant samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivehicle path planning for nonline‐of‐sight communication
Authors: Schouwenaars Tom , Stubbs Andrew , Paduano James , Feron Eric 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a mathematical programming approach to online connectivity‐constrained trajectory planning for autonomous helicopters through cluttered environments. A lead vehicle must execute a certain mission whereby wireless line‐of‐sight communication to its ground station is lost. Relay helicopters are therefore introduced that must position themselves in such a way that indirect line‐of‐sight connectivity between the leader and the ground station is always maintained. This requires coordinated multivehicle trajectory optimization which is tackled online using centralized and distributed receding horizon planning strategies. The problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer linear program that accounts for the vehicle dynamics, obstacle and collision avoidance, and connectivity constraints. A centralized two‐helicopter mission is described for which simulation, hardware in the loop, and real‐time flight‐test results that show the online adaptability of the approach are presented. Simulations of distributed scenarios are given as well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser‐based, high repetition rate, ultrafast X‐ray source
Authors: Kutzner Jörg , Witte Henrik , Silies Martin , Haarlammert Thorben , Hüve Jana , Tsilimis Grigorios , Uschmann Ingo , Förster Eckhart , Zacharias Helmut 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA compact, ultrashort, laser‐based hard X‐ray source particularly suited for high repetition rate laser systems (≥1 kHz) is presented. X rays in the keV energy range are generated efficiently with 30 fs laser pulses on different tape targets containing chromium and iron. Spectroscopic investigations showed that for the chromium as well as for the iron tapes, strong Kα and Kβ emission were observed in addition to a weak bremsstrahlung continuum. These tape targets are especially suited for applications in a transmission geometry, which provides significant advantages. The operation of the tape target was studied with repetition rates up to 10 kHz. With input pulses of 0.5 mJ and modest intensities in the low 1015 W/cm2 range, X‐ray Kα photon fluxes exceeding 6 × 109 photons/s were achieved, yielding conversion efficiencies of ηKα > 10−6. With a toroidally bent crystal the generated radiation was monochromatized and focused to a 85‐µm diameter spot demonstrating the ability of the source to act as a X‐ray point source, a pre‐requisite for an application in X‐ray microscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pool–dam structure based microfluidic devices for filtering tumor cells from blood mixtures
Authors: Chen Zaozao , Zhang Shengyou , Tang Zuming , Xiao Pengfeng , Guo Xiaoying , Lu Zuhong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a microfilter device with a series of pool and dam structures was designed and fabricated. To evaluate the efficiency of the filter, physical models were established to describe the behaviors of different kind of cells in the microfilter device. In our physical model, both the physical size effect and the deformability of cells are considered. As the deformability of a cell depends largely on its excess surface area index (ESI), the ESI of the tumor SPC‐A‐1 cells was measured and found to be as 61.7–81%. From our measurements on red blood cells (RBCs) (44%) and white blood cells (WBCs) (84–137%), we have calculated the ultimate width of the dam gap structure to prohibit RBCs, WBCs, and tumor cells to be around 1.8 µm, 1.0–1.6 µm, and 3.7–4.4 µm, respectively. The experimental results showed that tumor cells (SPC‐A‐1) were successfully sorted from cell mixtures by the pool–dam structure filter under a pressure of 200 mm H2O, and that the separation efficiency reached 99.9%. Both theoretical and experimental analyses provided positive evidence for the physical isolation of cancer cells directly from the blood in real‐time through microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.