bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE EVOKED POTENTIAL CORRELATES OF THE PROBABILITY OF EVENTS
Authors: Tueting Patricia , Sutton Samuel , Zubin Joseph 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA late positive‐going component (P3) of the average evoked potential recorded from human scalp was shown to be quantitatively related to a priori stimulus probability both when the S was told the identity of the stimulus before it was presented and when the S was not told, and was instructed to guess. In the guessing situation, the amplitude of P3 was much larger and was influenced not only by the a priori probability of events determined by the experimenter but also by the interaction of these probabilities with the S's guessing behavior. The amplitude of the late positive component was inversely related to the proportion of trials in which a particular event was associated with a particular guess, i.e., the proportion of hits and misses. It was larger the more unexpected the outcome of the guess. This relationship held for different methods of manipulating the probability of two events.
CORTICAL VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE IN CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISORDERS
Authors: Conners C. Keith 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA family of poor readers is shown to have attenuation of the visual evoked response (VER) in the left parietal area. Studies of two samples of poor readers, and a sample of children with contrasting verbal‐performance discrepancies on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale also show significant relationships between verbal skills and the late components of the VER. The strongest VER amplitude correlations occur in the left parietal area. Children with verbal‐performance discrepancies also show some highly significant latency effects in the late waves of the VER.
ALPHA ACTIVITY DURING INHIBITORY BRAIN PROCESSES
Authors: Heinemann L. G. , Emrich H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree studies involving quantitative changes in alpha activity are reported. Sixteen normal volunteers were shown neutral or emotionally provoking words appearing with slowly increasing intensity on a frosted glass pane in a darkened room. A differential reaction was observed, i.e., with emotional words there was a higher alpha percentage from the time before the Ss perceived the light until after they could read the word. In the second study 10 normal volunteers were stimulated with closed eyes for 2‐sec periods of diffuse light after the hypnotic suggestion of blindness. Compared with the prestimulus interval there was an average increase in alpha amplitude, whereas the control condition showed the usual alpha decrease during stimulation. In the third study 32 chronic schizophrenic patients were given a Phenothiazine derivative over 3 months after a 2‐month placebo period. Ratings of alpha activity as to occipital amplitude, group length, topographical extension, and occurrence in synchronous groups showed a progressive increase from the placebo condition to the third month.
ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE RESPONSE CURVES: A COMMENT ON POOLED INTERACTION ERROR TERMS
Authors: Graham Frances K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTUse of pooled interaction error terms in repeated measurement analyses of variance may lead to seriously erroneous conclusions. The danger is increased when designs contain both data sampled at short intervals of time, such as second‐by‐second heart rate (HR) responses, and data sampled at longer intervals, such as responses on different trials or stimulus presentations. Empirical examples illustrate the differing error variances typically found with such data.
A NEW METHOD FOR DETECTING EYE MOVEMENT IN SLEEP
Authors: Toth Max F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA new method of detecting eye movements (EMs) during sleep is described. The method consists of an electromechanical measurement using micro‐miniaturized silver cup electrodes. These electrodes, when placed on the eyelid, produce electro‐oculographic (EOG) recordings similar to the usual electrical method. The eyelid method offers the advantage of a relatively “clean” recording showing only EMs and movement artifact, with no intermingling of EEG and EOG. Furthermore, the method is at least one and one half times as sensitive as the usual EOG technique. In addition to these two special advantages, it also offers the features of conventional methods, convenience of DC coupling, independence from signal converters, ease of analyzing EM directionality, and durability despite the small size of the electrodes.Fabrication of the electrodes, recording configurations, and simultaneous comparisons to both the usual EOG technique and to a strain gauge method are described.
THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF REM SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN RATS
Authors: Albert Ira , Cicala George A. , Siegel Jerome 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour experiments were performed to test the behavioral effects of REM deprivation on rats. Two studies of avoidance learning showed that shuttle avoidance and runway avoidance were unaffected by REM deprivation. REM deprivation produced an enhancement of activity, and the addition of periodic shock demonstrated a failure of adaptation for REM‐deprived subjects.These data were interpreted as indicating that REM deprivation produces motivational effects on rat behavior and that electric shock‐induced pain and REM deprivation interact to change activity patterns. It was concluded that the findings of the present experiment can be explained most parsimoniously in terms of increased sensitivity of REM‐deprived subjects to environmental stimulation.
CONSISTENCY OF PERFORMANCE CHANGE AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF EXPRESSED ATTITUDE TOWARD A SPECIFIC STRESS SITUATION
Authors: Pearson David W. , Thackray Richard I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA persistent problem in stress research has been that some individuals may show impairment, while others show improvement or no change in performance under stress. Attempts to relate this variance in performance to general anxiety or other personality variables have generally not been too successful. Based upon responses to a fear of shock item in an attitude questionnaire, Ss were classified as “high fear of shock” or “low fear of shock” types. Half of the Ss in each group were assigned a perceptual‐motor task; the others were assigned a cognitive‐interference task. After training, all Ss were informed that they would be required to maintain their training performance levels in a situation in which they would be shocked if performance declined. Performance and heart rate measures taken during training were compared with the same measures taken under the threat‐of‐shock conditions. Results indicate significant differences between groups in both performance and physiological activity with “high fear of shock”Ss exhibiting relatively greater performance impairment and increased heart rate.
THE PERIPHERAL MECHANISM OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Darrow Chester W. , Gullickson Gary R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDarrow held that the galvanic skin response (GSR) appears to be a complicated phenomenon because a number of events are sequentially involved. The mechanism resulting in the peripheral components of electrodermal phenomena is not complicated. Following excitation, sympathetic impulses to cutaneous tissues and subsequent release of acetylcholine account for initial negative polarity and resistance changes. When these incoming impulses are sufficiently persistent and strong, and when the cholinergic response of the sweat glands is sufficient, then if temperature and circulatory conditions are favorable, secretion by the sweat glands is initiated. Sweating is the major factor contributing to the positive potential and large drops in skin resistance during excitation, but at low levels of excitation, when skin resistance is high and before sweating has reached a critical level, epidermal activities other than those of the sweat glands may contribute appreciably to negative potential and resistance changes.
HEART RATE, SKIN RESISTANCE, AND REACTION TIME OF MONGOLOID AND NORMAL CHILDREN UNDER BASELINE AND DISTRACTION CONDITIONS
Authors: Wallace R. M. , Fehr F. S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTReaction time, body movement, heart rate, and skin resistance of Mongoloid and “normal” control children were evaluated under baseline and distraction conditions. Relative to controls, Mongoloids demonstrated (1) slower reaction time under both conditions, (2) a reduced skin resistance response and fewer heart rate fluctuations during the baseline period, and (3) fewer skin resistance fluctuations during the distraction condition. Furthermore, skin resistance fluctuations were negatively correlated with reaction time, and heart rate fluctuations, although not significant, were in the same direction. These findings offer some support for the theoretical assertions of Lacey and Lacey (1958) that spontaneous activity is related to motor impulsivity, cortical activity, and general skeletal‐motor functions. Body movement was negatively related to these measures of spontaneous activity and thus cannot be invoked as an explanation for the findings.
AVERAGE EVOKED RESPONSE AND VERBAL CORRELATES OF UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESSES
Authors: Shevrin Howard , Smith William H. , Fitzler Dean E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo methods for identifying visual average evoked response components—one based on sequence, the other on peak amplitude—resulted in significant discriminations between subliminal visual stimuli, thus supporting and extending previous findings dealing with the investigation of unconscious mental processes. In addition, verbal effects of a subliminal stimulus, detected by a free association procedure, were found, which correlated with different AER characteristics. Verbal effects which were conceptually and veridically related to the stimulus correlated with an AER amplitude component (90–260 msec post‐stimulus), while homophonic, unveridical verbal effects were related to the incidence of alpha bursts approximately 1 1/2 sec post‐stimulus. Ss were 12 pairs of twins, ranging in age from 13–22. For older Ss (17–20) the sequence and peak amplitude components coincided; for younger Ss (12–16), they were different. Younger Ss also had significantly larger amplitudes than older Ss for both subliminal and supraliminal conditions (peak amplitude method) and for the supraliminal condition (sequence method).
HEART RATE, SKIN CONDUCTANCE, AND INTENSITY RATINGS DURING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANXIETY: HABITUATION WITHIN AND AMONG DAYS
Authors: Epstein Seymour 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty Ss were divided into two groups according to whether they received as a noxious stimulus in a count‐up a mild shock or a punishing sound. Trials were varied over as well as within days. Among the findings: (1) There was considerable evidence of response fractionation among and within measures of heart rate, skin conductance, and rated stimulus intensity. (2) Trials over days exhibited an incubation effect for shock in the skin conductance data, a displacement of maximum heart rate reactivity toward the beginning of the time dimension, and a greater degree of habituation of the rated intensity of the shock stimulus than of the sound stimulus. It was concluded that habituation and incubation reflect cognitive processes, that the forward displacement of heart rate is the result of a centrally mediated inhibitory process, and that the gradient of such inhibition is steeper than the gradient of anxiety.
CARDIAC RESPONSES TO SELF‐INDUCED THOUGHTS
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA psychophysiological procedure is described for obtaining time locked autonomic responses to specific internal (thought) stimuli in the absence of different external (environmental) stimuli. The procedure is illustrated by a heart rate experiment in which 10 Ss silently generated numbers followed by letters or affect‐laden words, all in synchrony with externally paced tones. The shape of the cardiac response was found to be a function of the specific thought sequence. The data are interpreted as demonstrating that specific thoughts can act as potential stimuli of autonomic responses. General implications of the finding and the procedure are considered.
USE OF A SMALL PROCESS CONTROL COMPUTER IN A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Authors: Gips James , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Buchsbaum Monte 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of a classic LINC computer in a psychophysiological laboratory is de‐scribed. A monitor system provides a standard framework for running and analyx‐ing the experiments of several investigators. The monitor system allows the LINC to be run remotely via two push buttons and a CRT display. The LINC is used to simultaneously collect data and generate stimuli. The system is flexible, economi‐cal, and can be run by persons with no previous computer experience.
Effects of CS Duration and Instructional Set on Cardiac Anticipatory Responses to Stress in Field Dependent and Independent Subjects
Authors: Dronsejko Krystyna 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe study showed that within a modified delayed conditioning paradigm the shape of the anticipatory cardiac response to shock can be modified by changing the CS duration. When the tone (CS) duration was only 4 sec, there was a significant HR acceleration. With the CS duration increasing stepwise, from 4 to 12 sec, the anticipatory cardiac response to the UCS became biphasic. The acceleratory component of this response was bound to the CS and time locked, and, on the average, reached its peak within 5 sec after the onset of the CS. The deceleratory component was directly related to the length of the time interval between the onset of the CS and the UCS: there was no anticipatory deceleration when the tone duration was 4, 5, or 6 sec; the most pronounced deceleration was observed during the 10 sec interval.Instructional sets did not significantly affect cardiac activity by themselves, but did influence responses in interaction with the individual difference variable of field dependence; this was found to be the case only on the first trial.Field dependence was also a meaningful variable, and accounted for some of the differences in the patterns of HR responding in anticipation of shock.
Is the Contingent Negative Variation Contingent on a Motor Response?
Authors: Donchin Emanuel , Gerbrandt Lauren A. , Leifer Larry , Tucker Ledyard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTen subjects participated in an experiment in which each was presented with series of paired stimuli separated by 1000 msec. The first stimulus was a click. The second stimulus was either of two visual patterns, concentric circles or a star figure. Figure selection on each trial was determined by a random procedure.There were four experimental conditions: 1) Subjects pressed a switch following the presentation of either figure. 2) Subjects pressed a switch following the presentation of the star only. 3) Subjects guessed prior to the clicks, which figure would appear as S2; no overt motor response was required. 4) Subjects had to add 7 to a cumulative sum following a star, and subtract 7 following the circles; no overt motor response was required.Using data obtained from a vertex to linked ear derivation we conclude that the CNV is not contingent on a motor response to S2.The electrical potentials recorded following S2, and in particular the positive‐going “resolution” of the CNV seemed to vary systematically with the experimental conditions. An application of Tucker's three‐mode factor analysis to this CNV is reported.
Factor Analytically Derived Components of Orienting, Defensive, and Conditioned Behavior in Electrodermal Conditioning
Authors: ÖHman Arne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that conditioned electrodermal responses can be analyzed into separate components of orienting and conditioned behavior was tested with a factor analytical method. Multiple responses from 105 Ss in a long interstimulus interval paradigm were grouped into four blocks of 6 trials each, and a correlation matrix computed from intercorrelations between different multiple responses during four stages of training. The first analysis was performed on the CS, pre‐US, and post‐US responses, and resulted in three significant factors. The first one was defined by the CS response early in training and was interpreted as reflecting orienting behavior. The second factor was defined by the pre‐US response late in training and was interpreted as representing expectancy or preparatory processes. The third factor tentatively was designated as a conditioned response factor of defensive nature, since it was defined by the post‐US response late in training. This interpretation was confirmed in a second analysis which included the UR. Essentially, the factor structure from the first analysis was replicated, with the UR highly loaded in the third factor, which therefore was interpreted as reflecting defensive behavior.
The Auditory Evoked Response to Stimuli Producing Periodicity Pitch
Authors: Butler Robert A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe cortical evoked response in man to an amplitude modulated complex sound was investigated in order to find out whether the response reflects the acoustic spectrum of the stimulus or its modulation rate. The complex sound consisted of a train of square waves repeated 200 times a second and filtered so that only the acoustic energy confined predominantly to the region of 1000 Hz was delivered to the listener. Perceptually, the pitch of this complex sound is in the neighborhood of 200 Hz.The results from 10 listeners, tested repeatedly, showed that the presence of 1000 Hz tones interposed between successive presentations of the periodic complex stimulus served to habituate the response to the latter; intervening 200 Hz tones exerted relatively little effect on the responsiveness to the periodic stimulus.These data suggest that periodicity differences in stimulation at the periphery are not converted into place differences at the level of the auditory cortex; that a low‐pitched sound is not necessarily mediated by those neural units maximally responsive to low frequency sinusoids.
An Accurate, Direct Reading, Beat‐By‐Beat, Heart Rate Scale for Measurement of the Cardiac Orientation Reaction
Authors: Hayes R. W. , Venables P. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn easily made, accurate, direct reading scale for obtaining beat‐by‐beat HR from paper chart EKG recordings is described for use where on‐line computer analysis is not practicable, or where a check is wanted on the accuracy of the computer program.
Are the Eye Movements of Dreaming Sleep Related to the Visual Images of the Dreams?
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence , Feldman Martin , Bender Morris B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAs a result of recording eye movements during Stage REM sleep by AC electrooculography (EOG) previous investigators concluded that each eye movement is the response to the visual action in each dream. When we repeated the study using DC EOG it was discovered that only a minority of eye movements during Stage REM are in the direction of the visual action in the dream. If only single, large amplitude, prominent eye movements are considered then most such movements are related to colorful, compelling visual action occurring as a prominent single visual action against a quiet background. The AC recording method used in past studies emphasizes these isolated movements; perhaps this explains the disparity in results. At any rate, most eye movements during REM sleep are unrelated to the action in the dream. When these eye movements were analyzed in regard to the direction of movements, sequential order of movements, and randomness in time, we found that similar patterns of oculomotor output were found in all subjects. Thus, the nervous system executes a patterned output of oculomotor activity during dreaming sleep which is fairly consistent in all subjects. At times, however, a link is established between the visual and oculomotor systems and the eyes respond to visual action.
Response Requirements and Directional Fractionation of Autonomic Responses
Authors: Hare Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological responses were monitored while 27 male Ss were shown a series of 45 colored slides of homicide victims. Nine of the Ss were required to simply look at each slide (Nonraters), 9 were required to push 1 of 7 buttons, after each trial to indicate how disturbing they found the slide to be (Raters). Evidence for directional fractionation of autonomic responses to the slides was obtained for only the Nonraters. Their responses included cardiac deceleration, an increase in skin conductance, digital vasoconstriction, and cephalic vasodilation. The Raters responded with cardiac acceleration, an increase in skin conductance, and both digital and cephalic vasoconstriction. The Raters also showed a larger increase in tonic skin conductance over trials than did the Nonraters. To determine whether the physiological responses of the Raters were influenced by the requirement to make a motor response, 9 other Ss pressed a button after each slide. The physiological responses of these latter Ss were almost identical with those of the Nonraters.The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the requirement to rate the stimuli was associated with appraisal and cognitive elaboration. They also indicate that response requirements can have a profound effect upon autonomic responsivity.
Interrelations Between Amplitude, Latency, Rise Time, and the Edelberg Recovery Measure of the Galvanic Skin Response
Authors: Lockhart Russell A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis report describes relationships between the Edelberg recovery measure, latency, rise time, and amplitude measures of GSR response to cued, uncued, and disparity USs. Under cued and uncued conditions all temporal measures were independent of amplitude. Rise time and recovery measures were highly correlated under all conditions, while correlations between latency and rise time or amplitude were quite weak, suggesting that latency and rise time‐recovery are partly under the control of different mechanisms. When US was unexpected (disparity), latency remained independent of amplitude, but significant correlations developed between amplitude and the temporal measures of rise time and recovery. Latency and recovery, but not rise time or amplitude, distinguished between disparity and non‐disparity conditions. The results demonstrate the need and utility for more complete response specification.
The Effects of Distorted Visual Input on Sleep
Authors: Allen Susan R. , Oswald Ian , Lewis Stuart , Tagney Joanna 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment in which 3 subjects wore prism lenses, which rotated the visual environment through 90 degrees and reversed right‐left the visual field, was carried out to investigate whether visual distortion would affect sleep. An initial 2 laboratory adaptation nights, 6 pre‐experimental days wearing heavy spectacles of plain glass that restricted the visual field but did not distort it, followed by 6 experimental days wearing distorting prisms, and then 6 post‐experimental days with no spectacles, were consecutive. All‐night sleep recordings were performed.Sleep parameters remained within normal limits during the 18‐day period and there was no change in % REM sleep, or eye movement profusion, despite the fact that performance tasks confirmed that learning to cope with the disorted visual world took place. The latency to the first REM period, the % of stages 3 and 4 sleep, and the amount of REM sleep in the first 2 hrs of sleep were unaffected. There was a tendency toward greater intra‐sleep restlessness. Results did not confirm the report of Zimmerman, Stoyva, and Metealf (1970). The results should not, however, be taken as providing positive evidence against links between learning, cerebral protein synthesis, and REM sleep.