bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA Sequence of Genes for Detoxification of Fusaric Acid, a Wilt‐inducing Agent Produced by Fusarium Species
Authors: Toyoda H. , Katsuragi K. , Tamai T. , Ouchi S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIsolation and nucleotide sequence determination of fusaric acid‐detoxification genes are described in this paper. For screening the genes, bacteria collected from soil were positively selected in a selective medium containing fusaric acid. The capability of fusaric acid‐resistant isolates to detoxify the toxin was assayed by examining the survival of tomato callus cells in culture filtrates prepared from the bacterial culture, in the presence of fusaric acid. The isolate (HY‐1) showing the highest detoxification was selected and identified as Klebsiella oxytoca. Chromosomal DNA of this isolate was digested with Bam HI and shotgun‐cloned to fusaric acid‐sensitive E. coli. The DNA fragment carrying fusaric acid‐detoxification genes was further shortened by enzyme digestion and the open reading frames in the fragment were analyzed by determining total nucleotide sequences of the fragment. Finally, three open reading frames were shown to be essential for expressing the detoxification of fusaric acid. These frames possessed a single promoter sequence at the upstream region of the first open reading frame. Northern blot analysis showed that these genes were polycistronically transcribed to express the fusaric acid detoxification, strongly supporting th results of DNA sequence analysis.
Inorganic Pyrophosphatase from E. coli as a Label for the Detection of Plant Viruses by ELISA
Authors: Mizenina O. A. , Borisova O. V. , Novikov V. K. , Evtushenko O. A. , Baykov A. A. , Atabekov J. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractInorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) from E. coli was used as label in enzyme immunoassay for the detection of different plant viruses. The use of PPase‐conjugated antibodies and tetrasodium pyrophosphate as a substrate in ELISA provides some advantages in detection of plant viruses in purified preparations and extracts from plant specimens: high sensitivity, negligible level of background reactions in control samples, bright blue‐greenish colour which allows to detect the reaction visually and high stability of PPase‐conjugated antibodies.
The Status of Cassava Bacterial Blight Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis in Trinidad
Authors: Joseph Jann , Elango Fritz 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDisease surveys conducted in Trinidad between 1985—1987 showed that Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB) is present in all but one county of the country with disease severity ratings varying from 1—5 depending on day/night temperatures. Field and greenhouse screening identified varieties such as Point Fortin fine leaf and CMC 40 as being resistant whereas M col 22 was moderately resistant to susceptible. Using a combination of antiserum produced to whole cells of Xanthomonas campestris pv. manibotis and a broth enrichment technique, dissemination of the pathogen by flood water was confirmed. The pathogen was detected at distances of up to 300 meters from infected fields. The significance of this mode of pathogen dissemination in initiating primary infection in Trinidad is discussed.
Further Observations on the Effects of Cymbidium Mosaic Virus and Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus on the Growth of Cymbidium Orchids
Authors: Pearson M. N. , Cole J. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo cultivars of Cymbidium orchid were mechanically inoculated with Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV), individually and in combination, one year after transfer from in vitro culture to the glasshouse. Plant growth and disease symptoms were monitored over the following 4 years. Plants infected with CyMV showed severe mosaic symptoms with necrotic streaks and the virus was easily detectable by ELISA throughout the experiment. Plants infected with ORSV alone showed no obvious symptoms, and by the end of the experiment the virus could not be detected in the new growth using ELISA. Both viruses reduced plant growth, the effect of CyMV being more severe than that of ORSV.
Light‐ and Electron Microscopic Studies of Cherry Leaf Roll Virus (CLRV) on European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)
Authors: Hamacher J. , Quadt A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDeformed leaves of CLRV‐infected ash trees exhibited hyperplasia of mesophyll cells, multilayered palisade parenchyma, undulated lower epidermis, and meandering vascular bundles. The development of phloem and xylem cells was greatly inhibited. In tissues from chlorotic ringspots and line patterns, chloroplasts were highly inflated by starch grains and phloem necrosis could be observed. Plasmodesms in these tissues were dilated and revealed enhanced contrast. Fingerlike protrusions of polysaccharidic material enclosed the elongations of plasmodesms. Vesiculated paramural bodies were connected with altered plasmodesms. Virus‐like particles could neither be observed in altered plasmodesms nor elsewere in the cytoplasm. Chloroplasts in infected tissues frequently were deformed as a result of cytoplasmic invaginations. The outer chloroplast membrane protruded into the cytoplasm at several locations. Thylakoid membranes were partly dilated.
Differentiation of Potyviruses through Peptide Mapping of Cytoplasmic Inclusion Proteins
Authors: Albrechtsen M. , Paludan N. , Heide M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCytoplasmic inclusion proteins (CIP) from 15 isolates representing 12 different potyviruses were purified and compared by peptide mapping in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels. Enzymatic cleavage by endoproteinase Glu‐C from Staphylococcus aureus V8 was performed in the gel during electrophoresis. Distinct patterns were obtained for all different potyviruses, while different isolates of the same virus produced identical patterns. When performed under standardized conditions this method produced very reproducible peptide maps.Chemical cleavage at tryptophan residues by N‐chlorosuccinimide produced very similar peptide patterns for CIP from all potyviruses studied with the exception of leek yellow stripe virus.The results suggest that peptide mapping of CIP using endoproteinase Glu‐C can be used in the identification and differentiation of potyviruses.
“Ermioni” a new Lemon Cultivar Resistant to Mal secco Disease (Phoma tracheiphila)
Authors: Thanassoulopoulos C. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA lemon tree resistant to citrus tracheomycotic disease Mal secco (Phoma tracheiphila) found in a Greek orchard and its progenies were evaluated.Scions budded on sour orange and Volkameriana rootstocks or cuttings rooted in mist were placed under natural infections or inoculated artificially with Mal secco inoculum. No disease symptoms appeared on the original tree, while in bud‐progenies only 16 out of approximately 2500 field grown trees were diseased by Mal secco. In 45 artificially inoculated trees only two were infected by the fungus.Analysis of leaf proteins using electrophoresis and further genetic control of gene/enzyme 6‐Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) system were carried out for the resistant selection: the Greek varieties Maglini, Adamopoulou, Karystini and the Italian Monachello and Interdonato. Protein analysis showed a close relationship of the resistant selection with var. Maglini, of which a scion is the resistant selection, while the isozyme genetic marker showed three different electrophoretic patterns, the resistant selection being in a separate pattern.Some phenotypical differences between the resistant selection and Maglini were also observed.The phenotypical differences, the resistance to Mal secco, the differences in proteins from all other varieties except Maglini and the different electrophoretic pattern of 6‐PGD of this selections vs other varieties, suggest a new cultivar, for which the name “Ermioni” is proposed.
Ascochitine Production by Fungi Responsible for Ascochyta Diseases of Pea
Authors: Marcinkowska Joanna , Klos B. , Shcherbakova Anna 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAscochitine production by 24 isolates of three fungal species causing the Ascochyta disease complex in pea plants, was examined. All eight isolates of Ascochyta pisi Lib. secreted ascochitine to liquid nutrient medium in amounts of 0.1 to 1.2 mg/l. However, no ascochitine was found in culture filtrates of Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. and Blox.) Vestergr. or of Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella (Jon.) Boerema although the aggressiveness of these two species as pathogens was shown to be higher than that of A. pisi. Individual isolates of each of the three fungal species examined did not differ in their pathogenicity.
Histological, Physiological and Biochemical Interactions between Vesicular‐Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Thielaviopsis basicola in Tobacco Plants
Authors: Giovannetti M. , Tosi L. , Torre G. Della , Zazzerini A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractInteractions between the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus monosporum and the root rot pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola and their effects on tobacco plants were investigated over a 4 week period.Mycorrhizal tobacco plants, obtained by preinoculation with G. monosporum, showed a better tolerance to T. basicola than non‐mycorrhizal seedlings. Root and leaf dry weights of mycorrhizal plants were greater than those of controls. Mycorrhizal plants inoculated with T. basicola showed higher root and leaf dry weights than non‐mycorrhizal infected plants, but lower values than mycorrhizal plants which were not infected.No appreciable differences in free aminoacid composition were observed among the different treatments with two exceptions: proline content was higher in infected and mycorrhizal infected plants compared to control and mycorrhizal plants; arginine content was higher in infected and mycorrhizal infected plants compared to control and mycorrhizal plants; arginine content was higher in mycorrhizal plants than in all the other treatments.The mechanisms by which (VAM) fungi can reduce disease incidence and pathogen development are discussed.
Evaluation of Oospore Hyperparasites for the Control of Phytophthora Crown Rot of Pepper
Authors: Sutherland E. D. , Papavizas G. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNine isolates of known oospore mycoparasites comprised of six actinomycetes (Actinoplanes missouriensis, A. philippinensis, A. utahensis, Amorphosporangium auranticolor, Ampullariella regularis, Spirillospora albida) and three fungi (Acremonium sp., Humicola fuscoatra, Verticillium chlamydosporium) were tested in the greenhouse for their ability to suppress or delay the onset of crown rot of pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici. Verticillium chlamydosporium applied as a root dip increased the number of healthy plants by more than 100% when peppers were transplanted into soil artificially infested with oospores of Phytophthora capsici, but not when peppers were transplanted into soil naturally infested with P. capsici. The other mycoparasites were ineffective in the greenhouse. All the mycoparasites tested parasitized oospores of P. capsici in vitro.
Carbohydrate, Amino acid, Phenolic and Mineral Nutrient Contents of Pepper Plants in Relation to Age‐Related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Jeun Yong Chull , Hwang Byung Kook 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe relationship between age‐related resistance of peper plants to Phytophthora capsici and contents of carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics and mineral nutrients in pepper stems was studied using two pepper cultivars, Hanbyul (susceptible) and Kingkun (resistant). With increasing age of pepper plants, the two cultivars, which differ in their susceptibility to Phytophthora blight, became gradually resistant to the disease. The cultivar Kingkun distinctly showed the age‐related resistance to Phytophthora blight at the second branch stage. The weight of dry matter in healthy stems of pepper plants at the second branch stage was twice that at the six leaf stage. The resistant cultivar Kingkun contained lower levels of fructose, glucose and sucrose in stems than the susceptible cultivar Hanbyul at the different developmental stages. No consistent differences between the developmental stages of the plants were recognized with regard to their glucose content. However, the contents of fructose and sucrose in the cultivar Hanbyul greatly increased at the second branch stage. The levels of inositol reduced in both pepper cultivars during plant development. In view of the fact that there were only slight changes in the amount of total amino acids, it seems unlikely that there is a relationship between the amino acid metabolism and the retardation of Phytophthora infection during plant development. The amounts of total phenolic compounds in pepper stems were relatively low at the later growth stages of the plants and also in the resistant cultivar Kingkun. The contents of macroelemental nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were drastically reduced in pepper stems at the later plant growth stage. No significant differences between the cultivars or the plant growth stages were found in the silicon and microelemental nutrients such as sodium, iron, zinc and manganese. These results suggest that the expression of age‐related resistance of pepper plants may be due to the morphological and nutritional changes in tissues of pepper stems during ageing, i.e. the pronounced increase in weight of dry matter, the significant decrease in amounts of mineral nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, and the tow contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose in the stem tissues.
Reduction of Bacterial Blight Infestation of Cotton Seeds by Treatment with Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Zachowski M. A. , Rudolph K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for restraining cotton seed infestation by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum was studied. Seeds of three cotton cultivars were artificially inoculated by soaking in suspensions (ca. 5.10 8 CFU/ml) of different strains of Xcm. Twelve h after soaking (at 30°C) various dilutions of NaOCl were added to the soaking suspensions and incubated for another 12 h. The infestation rate of cotyledons and effect on germination were determined 14 and 21 days after treatment under the standardized conditions of a growth chamber (12 h 20,000 Lux at plant height, 30/20 °C day/night, ca. 100 % relative humidity). Cbncentrations below 0.15 % of active chlorine in the soaking‐water had no marked effect on reduction of the disease. Goncentrations between 0.45 % to 0.60 % appeared to be most effective without reducing germination rate. Seed germination was affected, however, by concentration of active chlorine above 0.6 %. Seed quality during sodium hypochlorite treatment obviously influenced the effectivity of this measure.
Simultaneous Detection of Several Nepoviruses Infecting Grapevine in a Single DAS‐ELISA Test Using Mixed Antisera
Authors: Etienne L. , Clauzel J. M. , Fuchs M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSingle and mixed antisera have been compared in DAS‐ELISA for the routine diagnosis of nepoviruses infecting grapevine. The use of mixed polyclonal antibodies allowed in a single test the simultaneous detection of several nepoviruses (ArMV + GFLV) or serotypes of nepoviruses (TBRV serotypes G + S and RRV serotypes E + G) whatever the nature of the antigens, e.g. purified virions, diseased grapevine leaves or grapevine wood shavings. The detection was as reliable and efficient as with simple antibodies. The plant samples which were positively diagnosed by mixed antisera often showed an increase of their absorbance values, in comparison with the detection using simple antisera, while the background level was unchanged. The origin of this enhancement remains unclear, but it seems to be closely related to the mixing of the conjugated antibodies.
Increased Levels of Cytokinins in Barley Leaves Having the Systemic Acquired Resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker
Authors: Sarhan A. R. T. , Király Z. , Sziráki I. , Smedegaard‐Petersen V. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe role of endogenously induced higher level of cytokinins and exogenously applied kinetin in relation to the development of barley leaf spot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker (syn. Helminthosporium sativum Pammel, King and Bakke) was studied. Spraying barley leaves with kinetin suppressed the number and the size of necrotic spots caused by the fungus. Inoculation of the lower leaves of barley by a spore suspension of the fungus B. sorokiniana induced resistance on the upper leaves against a subsequent challenge inoculation by the same pathogen 10 days later. An increase in the level of cytokinins was observed in these resistant leaves. Elevated levels of cytokinins may cause a type of juvenility in leaf tissues. The juvenile state could be in a causal relationship with the suppression of necrotic spots caused by the fungus.
Biochemical and Molecular Tools for the Differentiation of Aggressive and Non‐Aggressive Isolates of the Oilseed Rape Pathogen, Phoma lingam
Authors: Hassan A. K. , Schulz C. , Sacristan M. D. , Wöstemeyer J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA number of aggressive and non‐aggressive isolates of the rape seed (Brassica napus) pathogen Phoma lingam (teleomorph: Leptosphaeria maculans) were analyzed by three different biochemical approaches: the quantitative measurement of extracellular enzymes, which are believed to be involved in plant attack, the electrophoretic analysis of fungal surface proteins, and the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in Southern blot experiments. Aggressive strains show elevated activity levels for cellulase, α‐ and β‐glucanase as well as for polygalacturonase. Furthermore, aggressive and non‐aggressive isolates can clearly be characterized by their pattern of surface associated proteins and by RFLP analysis in Southern type experiments, using molecular probes for actin, ubiquitin, ribosomal RNA and the gene for elongation factor EFl (TEF). Seven out of nine aggressive isolates but only one out of eleven non‐aggressive strains contained plasmid‐like DNA.
Reduction in Grain Yield Attributable to Neckblast (Pyricuhria oryzae) Infection in Liberia
Authors: Awoderu V. A. , Bangura N. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe loss in grain yield due to neckblast (Pyricularia oryzae) in rice cultivars IR5 and C22 was determined by using fungicides to control the disease in two different experiments made in two consecutive seasons. Yield increases, obtained as a result of fungicide treatments compared with the control plots ranged from 9.5 % with cv. IR5 on Benlate treated plots to 117.4 % with cv. C22 in PP389 treated plots. The percentage neckblast‐reducing efficiency obtained for PP389 varied from 58.3 % with IR5 to 66.7 % with C22. The increases in yield over the control achieved by fungicide treatment depended largely on the neckblast‐reducing efficiency of the fungicide.Zusammenfassung Eine Reduzierung des Kornertrages in Liberia, der einem Pyricularia oryzae‐Befall zuzuschreiben war Auf einen Befall mit Pyricularia oryzae zurückzuführende Kornertragsverluste wurden bei zwei Reissorten IR5 und C22 mit Hilfe von Fungiziden, die die Krankheit in zwei verschiedenen Versuchen und in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Saisons bekämpften, untersucht. Ertragssteigeningen gegenüber der Kontrolle, die durch den Fungizideinsatz entstanden, streuten zwischen 9,5 % bei der Sorte IR5 nach einer Benomylbehandlung bis zu 117,4 % bei der mit PP389 behandelten Sorte C22. Der P. oryzae‐Befall wurde durch die Anwendung von PP389 um 58,3 % bzw. 66,7 % bei der Sorte IR5 bzw. C22 reduziert. Verglichen mit der Kontrolle hingen die Ertragssteigerungen, die auf eine Fungizidanwendung zurückzufiihren waren, hauptsächlich von der Wirksamkeit der Fungizide gegen P. oryzae ab.
An Extended Progeny/Parent Ratio Model I. Application to Experimental Data
Authors: Blaise Ph. , Gessler C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA new version of Vanderplank's epidemic model corrected for removals is presented. Incorporation of host growth and variable latent period allow a more realistic modelling of epidemic development while preserving the simplicity and biological meaningfulness of the original model. Host growth is driven through degree‐day accumulation. The length of the latent period varies with temperature according to a beta function. Calculations are made through numerical integration combined with boxcar trains. The model has been implemented in a program called “Epiphyt” which runs on personal computers. Typical output produced by the program is shown.Zusammenfassung Ein erweitertes Nachkommen‐/Eltern‐Modell: Theoretischer Teil Eine neue Version von Vanderplanks verbessertem Modell der Entwicklung einer Epidemie wird vorgestellt. Der Einbezug von Wirtswachstum und einer variablen Latenzperiode erlauben eine realistischere Modellierung des Verlaufs einer Epidemie, wobei die Einfachheit und die biologische Relevanz des ursprünglichen Modells erhalten wird. Das Wirtswachstum wird durch Akkumulation von Tagesgraden gesteuert. Die Relation zwischen Länge der Latenzperiode und Temperatur wird mit einer Beta‐Funktion simuliert. Das Modell wird durch Kombination von numerischer Integration und boxcar train gerechnet. Dieses Modell wurde in dem Programm “Epiphyt’ auf Personal Computer implementiert. Typische durch das Programm produzierte Resultate werden präsentiert.
Induction of Inaccessibility to Pyricuhria oryzae by Pre‐inoculation of P. grisea, in Rice Leaf‐Sheath Cells
Authors: Arase S. , Fujita K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhen spores of Pyricularia oryzae were inoculated onto the inner surface of detached rice leafsheaths after a pre‐inoculation of the non‐pathogenic P. grisea, penetration and intracellular hyphal growth of P. oryzae were significantly inhibited. Most epidermal cells under the appressoria degenerated. Spores of P. grisea germinated and formed appressoria 12–24 h after inoculation on the inner surface of rice leaf‐sheaths. However, few infection hyphae were formed from the appressoria. The results suggest that P. grisea induces inaccessibility against a subsequent infection by P. oryzae in rice leaf‐sheath cells.Zusammenfassung Die Auslösung einer Unzugänglichkeit für Pyricularia oryzae in Reisblattscheidezellen durch eine Präinokulation mit P. grisea Nach einer Präinokulation der inneren Seite getrennter Reisblattscheiden mit dem nicht pathogenen Pilz Pyricularia grisea und anschließender Inokulation mit P. oryzae‐Konidien, wurde das Eindringen und intrazellulare Hyphenwachstum von P. oryzae deutlich unterdrückt. Die epidermalen Zellen, die sich unter den Appressorien befanden, waren zum größten Teil degeneriert. Auf der inneren Seite von Reisblattscheiden keimten die Konidien von P. grisea aus und bildeten Appressorien 12–24 h nach der Inokulation. Jedoch wurden nur wenige Infektionshyphen aus den Appressorien gebildet. Die Ergebnisse deuten daraufhin, daßP. grisea eine Unzugänglichkeit für P. oryzae in Reisblattscheidezellen auslöst.