bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vesicoureteric Reflux on Renal Growth and Function as Measured by GFR, Plasma Creatinine and Urinary Concentrating Ability An Experimental Study in the Minipig
Authors: RANSLEY P. G. , RISDON R. A. , GODLEY M. L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The influence of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) on renal growth and function measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma creatinine concentration and urinary concentrating ability has been examined in a simple one‐kidney model in the growing minipig over a period of approximately 5 months. Animals with reflux in association with low voiding pressures and normal bladder function (n=6), as well as those with raised voiding pressures and abnormal bladder function (n=5), were investigated together with appropriate non‐refluxing controls (n=12). Urinary infection and renal scarring were avoided since these factors may affect kidney function and growth independently.Statistical tests of difference failed to demonstrate any effect of VUR on 51Cr EDTA GFR or renal growth even in the presence of elevated voiding pressures and abnormal detrusor function. However, a significant association between VUR and reduced urinary concentrrating ability was shown.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Horseshoe Kidneys Applied Anatomy and Clinical Experience
Authors: JANETSCHEK G. , KUNZEL K. H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The arterial supply of horseshoe kidneys was studied in 6 anatomical specimens to establish whether there is a risk of haemorrhage when performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The anatomy of the collecting system was studied on patients' X‐rays, taken in different planes to obtain a three‐dimensional view.It was found that there is no increased risk of arterial bleeding in horseshoe kidneys compared with normal kidneys. The orientation of the collecting system offers good access.Eight patients with horseshoe kidneys and 1 with a malrotated kidney were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy because of solitary or multiple renal pelvic and caliceal stones and 1 ureteric stone. Four patients had had previous operations for calculi. All of the stones were removed without complications.
Comparison of the Efficacy of “Trisdine” and Kanamycin‐Colistin Bladder Instillations in Reducing Bacteriuria during Intermittent Catheterisation of Patients with Acute Spinal Cord Trauma
Authors: PEARMAN J. W. , BAILEY M. , HARPER W. E. S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— An open, prospective, randomised, comparative study of “Trisdine” and kanamycincolistin bladder instillations in reducing significant bacteriuria during intermittent urethral catheterisation was conducted. Trisdine is an aqueous solution of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.01% with added ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid disodium salt and TRIS buffer at final concentrations of 1.34 mMoles and 0.01 Molar respectively. All patients (15 males and 3 females) admitted with acute spinal cord trauma and bladder involvement requiring intermittent catheterisation for more than 5 days during a 12‐month period were studied.There was no significant difference in the mean incidence of significant bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation in the 7 males who had kanamycin‐colistin bladder instillations compared with the 8 males who had Trisdine instillations. A comparison could not be made in the females because there were only 3 patients. Because Trisdine is more stable at ambient temperatures, is less likely to select antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and is less expensive, it is concluded that Trisdine is preferable to kanamycin‐colistin solution for bladder instillations during intermittent catheterisation.
Traumatic Rupture of the Testis
Authors: MacDERMOTT J. P. , GRAY B. K. , STEWART P. A. HAMILTON 
Published: November 2008

Summary— We present 6 cases of traumatic rupture of the testis. Early scrotal exploration is indicated in this condition and may involve either repair or removal of the injured testis.The extent of microvascular damage to the testis determines the outcome of a repair operation.
Closed Prostatic Commissurotomy An Endoscopic Technique for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Authors: SHAFIK A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Closed prostatic commissurotomy was performed in 27 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. The procedure was done under local anaesthesia. Through a 1 ‐cm suprapubic incision, the retropubic space was insufflated with carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide and the endotherm introduced. The laparoscope was also introduced into the retropubic space through a second puncture. The prostatic commissure was identified, coagulated and divided, sparing the mucosa of the prostatic urethra. Commissurotomy causes urethral decompression, which is the aim of any treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy.The result was satisfactory in 85% of patients. Failures were due to incomplete commissurotomy; laparoscopic revision led to good results. Urethral stricture, incontinence or epididymitis did not occur. Ejaculation was normal. The technique is simple and easy and the patient can leave the hospital on the same day.
TNM Classification of Genitourinary Tumours 1987—Position of the EORTC Genitourinary Group
Authors: SCHRÖDER F. H. , COOPER E. H. , DEBRUYNE F. M. J. , DENIS L. , NEWLING D. W. W. , PAVONE‐MACALUSO M. , SMITH P. H. , SYLVESTER R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— This report analyses the changes in the classification of the genitourinary tumours introduced by the 1987 edition of the TNM system. Criticism and suggestions for improvement are given. These are based on the extensive experience of the EORTC GU Group with clinical trial work, particularly the identification of prognostic factors, on their success in reaching international consensus on tumour classification, and on information from the literature.Many of the changes introduced in the 1987 system are not considered to be strictly necessary. These include the introduction of the new additional descriptors, including “C” and “R”, the changes in the T classification of prostatic and renal cancer, and the introduction of uniform N categories for all tumours and other features. We regret the omission of minimal requirements, the omission of the V classification for macroscopic or microscopic vascular invasion, the changes in the T categories of carcinoma of the bladder and the introduction of stage groupings for all urological tumours. Some of these changes are considered unacceptable. The attitude of the EORTC GU Group toward the use of the new TNM classification is indicated in detail.
Partial Nephrectomy: An Option in Calculus Disease?
Authors: TIMONEY A. G. , PAYNE S. R. , WALMSLEY B. H. , VINNICOMBE J. , ABERCROMBIE G. F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Thirty‐seven patients treated by partial nephrectomy for calculus disease between 1971 and 1986 were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 25 patients available for analysis, 20% developed immediate surgical complications, 20% had residual post‐operative stone and 33% developed true ipsilateral stone recurrence during the period of follow‐up.Our results from partial nephrectomy for calculus disease are compared with the results of treatment by percutaneous nephrolithotomy and extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy. It was concluded that partial nephrectomy should be reserved for situations where stone disease is associated with anatomical abnormalities which cannot be treated by the newer modalities of stone management.
Grading in Superficial Bladder Cancer. (1) Morphological Criteria
Authors: PAUWELS R. P. E. , SCHAPERS R. F. M. , SMEETS A. W. G. B. , DEBRUYNE F. M. J. , GERAEDTS J. P. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a prospective study on the grading of superficial papillary neoplasms of the bladder a distinction was made between tumours showing only increased cellularity without appreciable cellular and nuclear deviation (grade l), tumours showing slight cellular variation (grade 2a), and tumours showing clear cytological deviation and a tendency to lose normal polarity (grade 2b).Ninety‐one patients with a superficial tumour were followed up for a mean of 24 months. Grade 2a tumours recurred later and in fewer patients than grade 2b tumours. Progression was seen in 4% of grade 2a tumours and in 33% of grade 2b carcinomas. Adapting our results to the WHO grading system, we suggest that all tumours in this study defined as grades 1 and 2a should be classified as low grade and tumours defined as grade 2b should be classified as intermediate grade.
Occupational Bladder Cancer: A Guide for Clinicians: THE BAUS SUBCOMMIUEE ON INDUSTRIAL BLADDER CANCER
Authors: Hendry W. F. , Blandy J. P. , Glashan R. W. , Hall R. R. , Wallace D. M. A. , Baxter P. J. , Couch J. A. , Finch W. M. , Howe Dr W. , Parkes Dr H. Guy , Westbrook M. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In 1961 the British Association of Urological Surgeons published its original guide to urologists and surgeons on occupational tumours of the urinary tract. This revised guide has been produced by the BAUS Committee on Occupational Urothelial Cancers and has broadly the same objectives as the first:1. To give guidance on the industries and occupations(a) In which the known urothelial carcinogens have been manufactured or used and with which occupational tumours have been associated.(b) In which epidemiological studies have revealed an increased risk of urothelial cancer but the exact carcinogens have not been identified.(c) In which occupational urothelial cancers might be expected to occur but are not yet established or reported.2. To assist the urologist in recognising cases with a possible occupational association.3. To describe how these cases should be reported for industrial injuries benefit and occupational disease reporting (RIDDOR).4 To outline the benefits that may be available to the patient.5. To explain the changes that were introduced on 3 October 1983 following the report by the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council on the prescription of Neoplasm of the Bladder as a Prescribed Industrial Disease (now disease number C23) (Table 1).
Modified Nephro‐ureterectomy. Long‐term Follow‐up with Particular Reference to Subsequent Bladder Tumours
Authors: ABERCROMBIE G F. , EARDLEY I. , PAYNE S R. , WALMSLEY B H. , VINNICOMBE J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Nephro‐ureterectomy is the standard treatment for transitional carcinoma of the renal pelvis and caliceal system. In recent years a modification of the conventional two‐incision technique has been described in which the intramural ureter is resected endoscopically and the remaining ureter is removed in continuity with the kidney through a single loin incision.Twenty‐one patients had their renal pelvic tumours treated by this modified technique between 1970 and 1983. Of 16 patients available for analysis, 37.5% subsequently developed bladder tumours. It was concluded that this modified technique has no greater incidence of subsequent bladder tumour development than the conventional technique of nephro‐ureterectomy, whilst giving considerable benefit to the patient.
Prostatectomy: Patients' Perception and Long‐term Follow‐UP
Authors: MALONE P. R. , COOK A. , EDMONSON R. , GILL M. W. , SHEARER R. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— We have reviewed 500 consecutive prostatectomies with a follow‐up period of between 5 and 8 years; 184 surviving patients were sent a questionnaire and patients with residual urinary symptoms were interviewed, examined and a flow rate was performed. The operative mortality rate was 0.5%. Patients who presented with retention of urine had a high mortality rate in the first 3 years after the operation. Thirty‐six per cent of surviving patients with chronic retention and 24% of those who underwent elective prostatectomy had residual urinary symptoms at the time of the study. Of patients who were sexually active pre‐operatively, 34% felt that the operation was responsible for a deterioration in their sex lives. The incidence of retrograde ejaculation was 93%.It was concluded that prostatectomy is a safe operation with good patient acceptability. Patients with symptoms of prostatism require careful evaluation before prostatectomy and sexually active patients should be warned of the risks of impotence and decreased satisfaction due to retrograde ejaculation.
Urethral Substitution in Women
Authors: MUNDY A. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A series of 30 female patients underwent total urethral substitution for a variety of conditions, usually urogenital sinus abnormalities or post‐irradiation vesicourethrovaginal fistulae. Five different techniques were used: bladder flap neourethroplasty, neourethroplasty using a urinary tract remnant, vaginal/urogenital sinus neourethroplasty, pedicled labial skin tube neourethroplasty and colonic substitution neourethroplasty with synchronous implantation of an artificial sphincter.Bladder flap neourethroplasty is appropriate if the bladder size is adequate and if the bladder neck is incompetent, but stress incontinence is a common complication which must be anticipated and dealt with proleptically. Vaginal/UG sinus neourethroplasty is preferred if the bladder neck is competent enough to preserve continence. When no other tissue is available, particularly after radiotherapy, a pedicled labial skin tube neourethroplasty gives the best results. Colonic substitution with the implantation of an artificial sphincter is not satisfactory.Any surgically created neourethra should be wrapped with either labial fat pads or omentum and, in the absence of a competent bladder neck, with an artificial sphincter cuff to support the urethra and to prevent it telescoping, and for use as a back‐up if continence is not adequate.
Are Urodynamics Necessary in Female Patients Presenting with Stress Incontinence?
Authors: HASTIE K. J. , MOISEY C. U. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A urological and urodynamic database was used in a prospective study of female patients whose initial symptom was stress incontinence alone. The urodynamic diagnoses in 89 such patients were analysed against any additional symptoms. Fifty‐four patients complained of stress incontinence without other symptoms and none of these had detrusor instability. One patient from a group of 25 who had frequency with stress incontinence had low bladder compliance but the others had normal urodynamic studies. Of the 10 patients with urgency in addition to stress incontinence, 5 had unstable bladders.A detailed urological history must be taken in all patients who are assessed for stress incontinence. Urodynamics are unnecessary in patients with stress incontinence alone but should be considered in those with additional urgency.
The Effects of Cromakalim on the Detrusor Muscle of Human and Pig Urinary Bladder
Authors: FOSTER C. D. , SPEAKMAN M. J. , FUJII K. , BRADING A. F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—The effects of cromakalim, a potassium channel activating drug, have been studied on isolated detrusor muscle strips from normal Landrace boar, normal and unstable mini‐pig and unstable human bladder. Cromakalim abolished spontaneous activity in all strips but did not abolish the ability of the detrusor muscle from any of the specimens studied to respond to carbachol, increased extracellular K+or transmural nerve stimulation.Intravenous infusion of cromakalim in the urethral obstructed mini‐pig caused the characteristic unstable contractions associated with bladder outflow obstruction to be abolished, leaving the animal able to void.Experiments with potassium isotopes and the sucrose gap technique demonstrated that cromakalim increased the potassium permeability and hyperpolarised the cell membrane, consistent with its reported actions on other smooth muscles.These results suggest that drugs such as cromakalim, which act by reducing membrane excitability without inhibiting responses to existing innervation, may have a clinical application in the treatment of instability which is secondary to bladder outflow obstruction.
Value of the Gamma Camera Renogram in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Tubular Necrosis and Rejection in the Early Post‐transplant Period: Comparison with Biopsy Findings
Authors: NOTGHI A. , MERRICK M. V. , ANDERTON J. L. , YATES P. A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A group of 128 consecutive patients was identified on whom renal isotope studies had been performed during the first 2 months after renal transplantation and within 7 days of transplant biopsy. The prospective renogram and biopsy reports were reviewed and graded into 4 categories: severe rejection, predominant rejection, predominant acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and pure ATN. Two extreme patterns of renogram were identified: a sharp rise with a fast decline in the first min, attributed to ATN, and a slowly rising curve with no early peak occurring in severe rejection although not specific to this condition. There was a continuous intermediate spectrum. There was no inter‐observer variation in gradings at the 2 ends of the spectrum. In the middle part the difference between 2 independent observers never exceeded more than 1 grade.There was good correlation between the biopsy and renogram gradings, with a discrepancy of more than 1 grade in only 5 patients; 2 of these, with severe rejection on the renogram, showed predominant ATN on biopsy, but the final clinical diagnosis was severe rejection (false positive biopsies). Two patients with biopsies showing severe rejection had a sharp initial up‐slope in the renograms but a slower down‐slope (over 4 min compared with 1 min in true ATN). With better definition of the criteria these renograms would not have been graded as ATN. There was 1 patient in whom no satisfactory explanation for the discrepancy was found (presumed false positive renogram). When properly defined criteria are used to interpret renograms, this simple test is at least as reliable as renal biopsy in differentiating ATN from rejection in the early post‐transplant period, especially in the presence of anuria or severe oligurea.
Assessment of the Malignant Potential of Cystoplasty
Authors: NURSE DIANE E. , MUNDY A. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The study group comprised 34 patients with either an ileal augmentation cystoplasty or a colonic substitution cystoplasty. The histological appearance of the intestinal segment, suture line, bladder remnant and bacterial colonisation of the urine and urinary nitrosamine levels were recorded.There was a high incidence of histological abnormalities, the more significant of which correlated with heavy mixed bacterial growth on urine culture and with high levels of urinary N‐nitrosamines. This group of compounds is thought to act as carcinogens in both bladder and bowel under certain circumstances.It was concluded that patients undergoing lower urinary tract reconstruction using intestinal segments should be considered at risk of developing malignant change either in the intestinal segment or in the bladder remnant. Close long‐term follow‐up of these patients is essential.
Assessment of Volume Measurement of the Prostate Using Per‐rectal Ultrasonography
Authors: JONES D. R. , ROBERTS E. E. , GRIFFITHS G. J. , PARKINSON M. C. , EVANS K. T. , PEELING W. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A study was made of 100 cadaveric prostates (71 benign glands and 29 invaded by adenocarcinoma) using a technique that enabled per‐rectal ultrasonography to be carried out and their volumes measured by computed planimetry. These volumes were compared directly with the actual volumes of the glands measured after dissection from the cadaver specimens.A high degree of correlation was obtained for the measurement of benign glands (r= 0.982) and glands containing cancers confined within the capsule (r= 0.961). Estimation of the size of cancers unconfined to the gland was poor and measurement was not possible with 3 malignant prostates that had extended beyond the prostatic capsule so that the ultrasonic boundary could not be defined.
Penile Response to Intracavernosal Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Alone and in Combination with Other Vasoactive Agents
Authors: KIELY E. A. , BLOOM S. R. , WILLIAMS GORDON 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Intracavernosally injected vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (2 μg and 4 μg) resulted in penile tumescence even in men with predominantly organic impotence. Papaverine and phentolamine were successful in inducing erections in all subjects studied but the addition of VIP to this combination improved the erectile response further. A combination of papaverine and VIP produced penile rigidity similar to that with papaverine and phentolamine.While intracavernosal VIP alone produced disappointing penile responses, its combination with papaverine potentiated the response to this drug, probably by increasing venous outflow resistance.
A Prospective Study of the Value of Conventional CT, Dynamic CT, Ultrasonography and Arteriography for Staging Renal Carcinoma
Authors: LONDON N. J. M. , MESSIOS N. , KINDER R. B. , SMART J. G. , OSBORN D. E. , WATKIN E. M. , FLYNN J.T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The value of dynamic CT scanning for staging renal carcinoma was studied prospectively in 28 patients and the results compared with those of ultrasonography, arteriography and conventional CT. Arteriography correctly staged 48% of tumours; ultrasonography and conventional CT correctly staged 50% and dynamic CT correctly staged 72%.Dynamic CT staged renal carcinoma more accurately than ultrasonography, conventional CT or arteriography and it is suggested that arteriography should be restricted to specific indications such as the mapping of arterial anatomy and therapeutic renal artery embolisation.
Scintigraphic Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Children With and Without Outflow Tract Obstruction
Authors: van der VIS‐MELSEN M. J. E. , BAERT R. J. M. , RAJNHERC J. R. , GROEN J. M. , BEMELMANS L. M. M. J. , NEF J. J. E. M. De 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Analysis of lower urinary tract function with an extension of standard renography with 123I‐hippurate was carried out in 199 children.Maximum bladder capacity, voiding and residual bladder volumes, average and maximum urine flow rates and urine flow patterns were estimated. The index of urine transport (IUT), representing the relationship between urine flow rate and bladder volume, was introduced as a measure of outflow capability.Of 129 children without evidence of outflow obstruction, 90% had a normal urine flow pattern; in 96% the average IUT was 0.8 or higher and in 87% the maximum IUT was 1.2 or higher. A sawtooth‐shaped pattern with both normal and abnormal IUT values was observed in 10% of these children.In 63% of the children with outflow tract obstruction there was a low, flat urine flow pattern together with decreased IUT values. A sawtooth‐shaped pattern with varying IUT values was observed in 15%, whereas in 20% the urine flow pattern and IUT values were normal.This extension of standard radionuclide renography as a method of screening lower urinary tract function is recommended. It is at least as good as conventional direct urine flow rate recording, it has the advantage of being non‐invasive and it is also part of an established urological investigation.