bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy and Resources
Authors: Sørensen Bent 
Published: October 2006

Two possible futures for the industrial world may be distinguished: (i) Large amounts of low-cost energy become available and the more energy-intensive methods for extracting resources from lower-grade deposits continue to sustain industrial expansion until either the environmental impact becomes unacceptable or ultimate limits, such as climate disruptions, put an end to such growth. (ii) The cost of nonrenewable energy resources continue to rise, but a fixed amount of energy from continuous sources may be utilized at constant cost. In this case a lower production level may be set by the amount of energy that is available from renewable sources, and society may thus have to be reshaped with energy economization in focus. If it is possible to choose between these two alternatives, the choice should be based on a discussion of the pros and cons of each one, and in particular on the desirability of having to process an increasing fraction of the earth's crust in search of raw materials in order to maintain growth as long as possible. However, the availability, of the first option is far from certain and it thus seems reasonable to plan for the second alternative.
I have tried to propose such a plan for a small, homogeneous geographical region, namely Denmark. The ceiling on the consumption of energy from continuous sources is chosen in accordance with the criterion of not having to convert a major part of the land area to energy-collecting systems. The proposed annual average energy consumption of 19 gigawatts by the year 2050 corresponds to solar energy collecting panels (in use only 50 percent of the time) with an area of roughly 180 square kilometers and a windmill swept area of about 150 square kilometers. These (vertical) areas constitute less than 1 percent of the total land area.
The selection of solar or wind energy for different applications has been based on known technology and may be subject to adjustments. The project has been shown to be economically feasible according to estimates of the cost of various alternatives during the 25-year depreciation period adopted. However, the initial cost per energy unit produced is higher than that for most of the alternatives, so that action is not expected to be taken immediately as a result of purely private initiative. In a public economic evaluation, other factors must be considered in addition to the cost of energy per kilowatt-hour. At present, Denmark has over 10 percent of its labor force out of employment and a substantial deficit on its balance of payments, so that an early start on the solar and wind energy project, based on national industry, would have additional payoffs compared with energy systems based on imported technology or imported fuels. Several factories that are now being closed down as a result of the economic crisis could be adapted to the production of parts for solar or wind power systems, and the building industry, badly hit by unemployment, would receive legitimate work.
Stature Throughout the World
Authors: Bean R. Bennett 
Published: October 2006

Tropic jungle life has an influence that decreases stature, and so has Arctic cold and waste. In each there is difficulty in procuring proper food, and discomfort in the extreme.
The active life of the temperate zone with its comforts and abundant food supply produces the tallest statures.
The greatest extremes of small stature are found among the Negrillos of Central Africa and the Aymaras of Central South America, in the jungles of excessive heat and poor food supply. Next to these come the Eskimos, Lapps and Siberians, with ice and excessive cold and poor food supply. On the other hand, the littoral and southern Baltic regions in Europe, the western part of Asia, eastern Africa, and the plains and pampas of the Americas with their active life, abundant food supply and temperate climate produce the tallest statures.
Certain stocks may move into areas for which they are not fitted and remain for a time, and such conditions exist throughout the world to-day where recent movements of peoples have taken place, but ultimately there is a survival of the stock best fitted for the environment, and the unfitted stocks disappear by amalgamation, eradication or dispersal.
Sea areas and probably sea food have an influence in reducing stature. The present Mediterranean peoples and the primordial British have small statures and so does Japan, yet they came from taller continental stocks. The Central Americans and Fuegians are smaller than the continental peoples near-by. The Malays and southern Asiatics are smaller than the peoples of the interior of the continent. Other instances might be cited.
There is some evidence that the seaboard statures of the United States are less than those of the interior, but other factors enter here.
Looked at in its broadest sense, environment molds the individual, selection retains the fittest under different environments, and heredity carries on the results.
The Stimulation of Metabolism by Alcohol
Authors: Seager L. D. , Verda D. J. , Burge W. E. 
Published: October 2006

(1) The effect of ethyl alcohol, fat and protein, or the amino acids, on sugar metabolism was determined directly.
(2) It was found that alcohol stimulated sugar metabolism almost as much as fat and protein.
(3) From this it is concluded that alcohol, in addition to serving as a source of heat and energy, may also serve another function of the foodstuffs, namely, that of stimulating metabolism.
Reversal of the Stimulating Action of Hydrostatic Pressure on Striated Muscle
Authors: Cattell McKeen , Edwards Dayton J. 
Published: October 2006

The usual augmenting action of pressure on the tension developed by striated muscle in response to a single stimulus changes to depression on fatiguing the muscle. On release of the pressure the tension of the single twitch again reaches the control value.
A similar reversal may be brought about by cooling the muscle, the change usually occurring at about 13°C. Below this temperature the depression is roughly proportional to the pressure. At about 1°C. the tension development may be completely inhibited by high pressure. The muscle responds normally upon release of the pressure, and upon warming pressure again causes augmentation of contraction.
Laboratory and Teaching Devices Made from Plaster of Paris
Authors: McLaughlin Alvah R. 
Published: October 2006

A method has been described whereby models of septic tanks for teaching public health and oncometers for physiological demonstration and research may be constructed by employing a wire frame and covering it with plaster of Paris.
These models should prove especially useful to teachers in rural and suburban communities and to extension workers whose task it is to keep a vast number of our population informed as to the best measures of protecting their health.
These models may be rendered impervious to air and water by means of paraffin, varnish or brushing lacquer.
Nuclear Factor Y Drives Basal Transcription of the Human TLX3, a Gene Overexpressed in T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Borghini Silvia , Vargiolu Manuela , Di Duca Marco , Ravazzolo Roberto , Ceccherini Isabella 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Based on a knocked-out mouse model and a few expression studies, TLX3 is regarded as a homeobox gene crucial for the development of the autonomic nervous system. This gene can undergo rearrangements or deregulation, giving rise to T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The present report is focused on the identification of elements and factors playing a role in the TLX3 physiologic expression regulation and therefore likely to be involved in cancer development. In particular, after identifying the transcription start points, we have made use of in vitro transfection assays to show that the 5′-untranslated region of the gene is necessary for the basal promoter activity in cell lines from different origin. By site-directed mutagenesis, two tandem CCAAT boxes have been localized as critical elements of this region. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays have indicated that nuclear factor Y (NFY) recognizes these sites in all the analyzed cell lines. The physiologic role of such an interaction has been confirmed by a dominant-negative version of the NFY transcription factor that has turned out to decrease both in vitro TLX3 promoter activity and endogenous amount of mRNA. Finally, a consistent in vivo TLX3 expression impairment was also achieved after NFY mRNA knockdown. The full characterization of the TLX3 transcription regulation will ultimately provide crucial elements to define the involvement of this gene in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia development. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):635–43)
The role of the lateral line and vision on body kinematics and hydrodynamic preference of rainbow trout in turbulent flow
Authors: Liao James C. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe ability to detect water flow using the hair cells of the lateral line system is a unique feature found in anamniotic aquatic vertebrates. Fishes use their lateral line to locate prey, escape from predators and form cohesive schooling patterns. Despite the prevalence of complex flows in nature, almost nothing is known about the function of the lateral line and its relationship to other sensory modalities for freely swimming fishes in turbulent flows. Past studies indicate that under certain conditions the lateral line is not needed to swim steadily in uniform flow. This paper examines how the lateral line and vision affect body kinematics and hydrodynamic habitat selection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to vortices generated behind a cylinder. Trout Kármán gaiting (i.e. exploiting vortices to hold station in a vortex street) with a pharmacologically blocked lateral line display altered kinematics; body wavelength and wave speed increase compared to control animals. When visual cues are withheld by performing experiments in the dark, almost all Kármán gait kinematics measured for fish with and without a functional lateral line are the same. The lateral line, rather than vision, plays a larger role in affecting body kinematics when trout hold station in a vortex street. Trout show a preference to Kármán gait in the light but not in the dark, which may be attributed to physiological state rather than hydrodynamic or sensorimotor reasons. In the dark, trout both with and without a functional lateral line hold station near the downstream suction region of the cylinder wake (i.e. entraining) and avoid the vortex street. Vision therefore plays a larger role in the preference to associate with a turbulent vortex street. Trout in the light with a blocked lateral line show individual variation in their preference to Kármán gait or entrain. In the dark, entraining trout with an intact lateral line will alternate between right and left sides of the cylinder throughout the experiment, showing an ability to explore their environment. By contrast, when the lateral line is blocked these fish display a strong fidelity to one side of the cylinder and are not inclined to explore other regions of the flow tank. Both entraining and Kármán gaiting probably represent energetically favorable strategies for holding station relative to the earth frame of reference in fast flows. The ability to decipher how organisms collect and process sensory input from their environment has great potential in revealing the mechanistic basis of how locomotor behaviors are produced as well as how habitat selection is modulated.
Study on the Difference of Photochromic and Thermochromic Mechanism of Ethylenediamine Trimolybdate
Authors: Sun Dehui , Zhang Hongjie , Wang Cheng , Zhang Jilin , Yu Jiangbo , Peng Chunyun 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Ethylenediamine trimolybdate ((C2H10N2)[Mo3O10], denoted as ENTMo) shows unusual photochromic and thermochromic properties. The color of the white ENTMo compounds becomes reddish brown gradually under UV irradiation, and changes gradually to blue-black upon annealing. XRD patterns and FT-IR spectra verify that the crystal structure of the colored samples is almost unchanged except distortion. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and ESR spectra of the photochromic and the thermochromic samples could confirm that there must exist difference between thermochromic and photochromic mechanism.
Bell's palsy: Results of surgery; salivation test versus nerve excitability test as a basis of treatment
Authors: May Mark , Hawkins Calvin D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOne hundred fifty‐seven consecutive patients with Bell's palsy were evaluated between 1966 and 1971. In order to obtain a more homogenous group, the subjects were carefully screened by eliminating those with recurrent palsy, those not tested for both nerve excitability and salivary flow, those not followed until there was 100 percent return of function or for a period of 180 days, and those who were first evaluated beyond 10 days following onset of palsy. Applying these criteria, 76 patients were eliminated leaving 81 patients with Bell's palsy who were studied to evaluate the usefulness of the salivation and nerve excitability tests for selecting patients for surgery. Fifty‐four received no treatment while 22 were operated upon and five were treated with steroids.The study considered the prognostic application of salivary flow and nerve excitability testing. Patients with salivary flow rates of over 40 percent had a 92 percent chance of complete recovery, while those patients with salivary flow rates of less than 40 percent had a 70 percent chance of incomplete recovery. The nerve excitability test was slightly more accurate in that patients who maintained a normal response to electrical stimulation had a complete recovery rate of 92 percent while those with a decreased response had an incomplete recovery rate of 91 percent.There were six untreated patients with decreased response to nerve excitability, and all had incomplete return of facial function.Surgery based upon a decreased response to nerve excitability in 15 patients did not alter the natural history, since all 15 had incomplete return.There were five untreated patients with a salivary flow of 25 percent or less, and four had incomplete recovery.Surgery based upon a salivary flow of 25 percent or less with a normal response to nerve excitability changed the predicted outcome for complete recovery in seven patients from 20 percent to 70 percent. Five of the seven had complete recovery.Based on this study, it is doubtful that the nerve excitability test is useful as an indicator for surgery, while the salivary flow test seems to have great promise.
A search for common tumor specific antigen and serum blocking factor in head and neck epidermoid carcinomas
Authors: Kennedy John T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn vitro, colony inhibition tests using lymphocytes and serum from 42 patients with other carcinomas, and 12 control patients with no carcinoma, were performed using cultured target cells (CALI).Target cell colony counts were significantly diminished by lymphocytes of 2 of 12 (16.7 percent) patients with no cancer, compared with those 26 of 42 (61.9 percent) patients with epidermoid carcinoma. An unexpected finding was significant colony inhibition of lymphocytes of 23 of 27 (85.2 percent) patients tested within 24 months of diagnosis of carcinoma compared with significant inhibition in only 3 of 15 (20 percent) patients tested after 24 months of diagnosis of carcinoma.Serum blocking factor was found in 9 of 42 (21.4 percent) patients with epidermoid carcinoma. It was found on follow‐up that four of these nine (44.4 percent) had later recurrent or new tumors compared to recurrence or new tumor incidence of only 6 of 33 (18.2 percent) patients with no serum blocking factor present in the serum.
Leiomyosarcoma of the head and neck: A review of the literature and report of two cases
Authors: Mindell Robert S. , Calcaterra Thomas C. , Ward Paul H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo cases of leiomyosarcoma involving structures of the head and neck area are added to the 29 cases recorded in the English literature since 1950. Review of the diagnosis, histological appearance, behavior and management of the tumor suggests that wide local excision is the therapy of choice.Radical neck dissection is indicated for metastatic nodal disease.
Multiple malignancies in patients with primary carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Weichert Kathryn Ann , Schumrick Donald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEight hundred and twenty‐five patients with primary carcinomas of the head and neck area were studied. Of these, there were 54 individuals with multiple primary neoplasms. Synchronous lesions occurred in 19 patients while nonsynchronous lesions occurred in 35. The frequency of occurrence of second neoplasms was 6.5%, which nearly doubles that of previously recorded series.A conclusion which can be made from this study is that, as long as the carcinogenic agent (alcohol and/or tobacco) continues to be present, the patient will continue to be affected.
Nanorods of CoP, CdS, and ZnS
Authors: Thomas P. John , Christian Paul , Daniels Steven , Li Yang , Wang Y. S. , O'Brien Paul 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Simple thermolysis routes to CdS, ZnS, and CoP nanorods have been developed in our laboratory. The structural properties of the nanorods obtained were elucidated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Arguments and calculations in support of the contention that intrinsic rather than extrinsic factors influence the solution-phase growth of nanorods are presented.
Large-scale production of carbon nanotubes and their applications
Authors: Endo Morinobu , Hayashi Takuya , Kim Yoong-Ahm 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes consisting of a rolled graphene layer built from sp2 units have attracted the imagination of scientists as 1D macromolecules. Here, we will describe the recent progress on selective synthesis of various carbon nanotubes through the judicious control of synthetic conditions and their practical applications of these carbon nanotubes in the fields of electrochemical systems, nanocomposites, and medical devices. It is envisaged that carbon nanotubes will play an important role in the development of nanotechnology in the near future.
Geometrical thermodynamic field theory
Authors: Sonnino Giorgio , Evslin Jarah 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA manifestly covariant, coordinate independent reformulation of the thermodynamic field theory (TFT) is presented. The TFT is a covariant field theory that describes the evolution of a thermodynamic system, extending the near‐equilibrium theory established by Prigogine in 1954. We introduce the minimum rate of dissipation principle, which applies to any system relaxing toward a steady state. We also derive the thermodynamic field equations, which in the case of α–α and β–β processes have already appeared in the literature. In more general cases, the equations are notably simpler than those previously encountered, and they extend beyond the weak‐field regime. Finally, we derive the equations that determine the steady states as well as the critical values of the control parameters beyond which a steady state becomes unstable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
A comparison of computational methods for large deformation contact problems of flexible bodies
Authors: Hesch C. , Betsch P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the present work we compare two methods for large deformation contact problems. On the one hand the commonly applied node‐to‐segment (NTS) method is investigated, on the other hand the newly emerging mortar method for contact problems is considered. Both approaches rely on a nonlinear finite element discretization of flexible bodies. In addition to static contact problems dynamic problems are considered as well. For both NTS and mortar methods the contact constraints are enforced by means of Lagrange multipliers. Several numerical examples are presented to compare the two alternative approaches.
EFFECT OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON 32P INCORPORATION INTO INDIVIDUAL PHOSPHATIDES IN SLICES FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE GUINEA PIG BRAIN1
Authors: Hokin Mabel R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid was significantly increased in the presence of an appropriate concentration of norepinephrine, either 0.1 mm, or 1 mm, or both, in slices of guinea pig cerebellar cortex, olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and thalamus; it was not significantly affected at either concentration of norepinephrine in slices of corpus striatum and the posterior and anterior colliculi.
Incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylinositol was significantly increased in the presence of norepinephrine in a concentration of either 0.1 mm, or 1 mm, or both, in three of the areas studied—the olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, and thalamus.
There was no significant effect of 0.1 mm‐norepinephrine on 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylserine in any of the areas studied. Norepinephrine (1 mm) significantly inhibited 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and anterior colliculus; 32P incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylserine was inhibited by 1 mm‐norepinephrine in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and posterior and anterior colliculi.
In slices of cerebellar cortex, 0.1 mm and 1 mm‐norpinephrine did not significantly affect either the specific activity or the level of nucleotide ∼ P in the tissue.
The physiological significance of changes in phosphatide metabolism in response to neurotransmitters in the central nervous system is discussed.
CEREBROSIDE GALACTOSIDASE: A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Bowen D. M. , Radin N. S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

A method is described for assaying brain for cerebroside galactosidase activity. The enzyme was liberated by sonication and addition of sodium taurocholate, then by digestion with pancreatic enzymes. It was further purified by precipitation at pH 3. The enzyme was then incubated with an emulsion of galactose‐labelled cerebroside in taurocholate and oleate at pH 4·5, and the liberated galactose was determined by scintillation counting.
The content of cerebroside galactosidase in rat brain at various ages has been determined. The enzyme was present before cerebroside appears in noticeable amounts (4 days) and the amount rose considerably during the period of active cerebroside deposition and myelination. The amount then remained at a high concentration even in the adult.
Comparison with other lysosomal brain enzymes was made in the age study. Nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase also increased during myelination but levelled off earlier; its activity paralleled the amount of ganglioside. Nitrophenyl glucoside hydrolase started at a lower level and decreased with age. Sulphatase activity rose during myelination, then decreased somewhat after 15 days. Ceramidase followed a pattern similar to that of nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase; it is suggested that both of these enzymes reflect ganglioside metabolism.
The relative amounts of brain enzymes in different states were determined as a function of age in the case of cerebrosidase, nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase and sulphatase. The proportion found in the high speed supernatant fraction was low but increased after myelination. The proportion that could be ‘solubilized’ by sonication decreased after myelination but the values differed greatly for the three enzymes. This treatment solubilized one‐seventh of the cerebrosidase, half the nitrophenyl galactosidase and three‐quarters of the sulphatase.