bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Biofuels in a Sustainable Environment – A Technical Study
Authors: Rao G. Lakshmi Narayana , Saravanan Subramani 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCreating a clean and safe environment has always been a challenge for researchers throughout the world. The use of fossil fuel has been a deterrent in attaining this objective. Therefore, attention has been focused on biofuels to suit this objective. In recent years, efforts have been directed towards environmentally friendly sources of alternate fuels for diesel engines. This paper compares the performance and emission characteristics of biofuels with mineral no. 2 diesel oil. A direct injection diesel engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer is used for this investigation. Rice bran oil and neem oil are considered as biofuels for this work since they are renewable in nature. Rice bran oil is extracted from rice bran, which is a by‐product of the rice milling process. Neem oil is derived from neem seed, which are abundantly available in India. In addition to these oils, their blends with diesel are also used to test their ability for reducing emissions. This study indicated that, among the two biofuels, the rice bran oil and its blend shows better results with respect to emissions than the neem oil and its blend. The results for the rice bran oil and its blend are slightly better than those of diesel and superior to pure neem oil and its blend. The unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions of biofuels and their blends are lower when compared with diesel. Biofuels show lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions when compared with diesel and biofuel blends. It was observed that the smoke intensities of all the fuels tested are similar up to 50% loads. At higher loads, biofuels and their blends showed slightly higher smoke intensities than diesel.
Reduction in Exhaust Gas Temperature of Biodiesel Fueled Engine by Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Authors: Ramadhas Arumugam Sakunthalai , Muraleedharan Chandrasekaran , Jayaraj Simon 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBiodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel that can be used as substitute for mineral diesel. The use of biodiesel in diesel engines reduces all of the exhaust emissions expect NOx. The higher temperature in the combustion chamber increases the NOx emissions. The recirculation of a small percentage of cooled exhaust gases into the combustion chamber through the intake manifold reduces the in‐cylinder temperature. Moreover, the cooling of exhaust gases before mixing with fresh air introduced to the engine does not affect its volumetric efficiency but it absorbs the heat of combustion. This leads to a reduction in NOx emissions and improves the engine brake thermal efficiency. This paper describes the investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of a biodiesel‐fueled, naturally aspirated, single cylinder diesel engine with cooled exhaust gas recirculation.
Numerical methods for energy flux of temperature diffusion equation on unstructured meshes
Authors: Lv Guixia , Shen Longjun , Shen Zhijun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a new approach for approximating energy flux of temperature diffusion equation on unstructured meshes is presented, which is based on different formulae of the finite point method with different accuracies. In addition, a new numerical formula for computing cell nodal temperature is given. Numerical experiments show the good performance and accuracy of our methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting particle swarm optimization
Authors: Zhang Ying‐Nan , Teng Hong‐Fei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHere, we propose a detecting particle swarm optimization (DPSO). In DPSO, we define several detecting particles that are randomly selected from the population. The detecting particles use the newly proposed velocity formula to search the adjacent domains of a settled position in approximate spiral trajectories. In addition, we define the particles that use the canonical velocity updating formula as common particles. In each iteration, the common particles use the canonical velocity updating formula to update their velocities and positions, and then the detecting particles do search in approximate spiral trajectories created by the new velocity updating formula in order to find better solutions. As a whole, the detecting particles and common particles would do the high‐performance search. DPSO implements the common particles' swarm search behavior and the detecting particles' individual search behavior, thereby trying to improve PSO's performance on swarm diversity, the ability of quick convergence and jumping out the local optimum. The experimental results from several benchmark functions demonstrate good performance of DPSO. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent scheduling and replication: a synergistic approach
Authors: Elghirani Ali , Subrata Riky , Zomaya Albert Y. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn large‐scale data‐intensive applications data play a pivotal role in the execution of these applications, and data transfer is a primary cause of job execution delay. In environments such as the data grids where execution of jobs that require large amounts of data is undertaken, a smart collaborative environment between the scheduling and data management services to achieve a synergistic effect on the performance of the grid becomes essential. This paper presents an intelligent data grid framework where job scheduling and data and replica management are coupled to provide an integrated environment for efficient access to data and job scheduling. The data management service predicts and estimates the appropriate locations of replica and proactively replicates the data sets in these locations while the intelligent tabu‐search‐based scheduler incorporating information about the data sets dispatches the jobs to the sites expected to facilitate minimum job execution time and better overall system utilization. Evaluation of the framework shows significant improvement in the performance of the grid and job execution time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing description logic reasoning for the large‐scale semantic repositories
Authors: Babík Marian , Hluchý Ladislav 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe semantic Grid is a recent initiative to expose semantically rich information associated with Grid resources to build more intelligent Grid services. Recently, several projects have embraced this vision and there are several successful applications that combine the strengths of the Grid and of semantic technologies. However, semantic Grid still lacks a technology, which would provide the needed scalability and integration with existing infrastructure. In this paper we present our on‐going work on a semantic Grid repository, which is capable of addressing complex schemas and answer queries over ontologies with a large number of instances. We present the details of our approach and describe the underlying architecture of the system. We conclude with a performance evaluation, which compares the current state‐of‐the‐art reasoners with our system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the connectivity of Bluetooth‐basedad hocnetworks
Authors: Crescenzi P. , Nocentini C. , Pietracaprina A. , Pucci G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe study the connectivity properties of a family of random graphs that closely model the Bluetooth's device discovery process, where each device tries to connect to other devices within its visibility range in order to establish reliable communication channels yielding a connected topology. Specifically, we provide both analytical and experimental evidence that when the visibility range of each node (i.e. device) is limited to a vanishing function ofn, the total number of nodes in the system, full connectivity can still be achieved with high probability by letting each node connect only to a ‘small’ number of visible neighbors. Our results extend previous studies, where connectivity properties were analyzed only for the case of a constant visibility range, and provide evidence that Bluetooth can indeed be used for establishing largead hocnetworks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperation in multi‐organization scheduling
Authors: Pascual Fanny , Rzadca Krzysztof , Trystram Denis 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe distributed nature of the grid results in the problem of scheduling parallel jobs produced by several independent organizations that have partial control over the system. We consider systems in which each organization owns a cluster of processors. Each organization wants its tasks to be completed as soon as possible. In this paper, we model an off‐line system consisting ofNidentical clusters ofmprocessors. We show that it is always possible to produce a collaborative solution that respects participants' selfish goals, at the same time improving the global performance of the system. We propose an algorithm (called MOLBA) with a guaranteed worst‐case performance ratio on the global makespan, equal to 4. Next, we show that a better bound (equal to 3) can be obtained in a specific case when the last completed job requires at mostm/2processors. Then, we derive another algorithm (called ILBA) that in practice improves the proposed, guaranteed solution by further balancing the schedules. Finally, by an extensive evaluation by simulation, we show that the algorithms are efficient on typical instances. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Resonant z‐Scan Characterization of the Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Poly(thiophene azines)
Authors: Faccinetto Alessandro , Mazzucato Simone , Pedron Danilo , Bozio Renato , Destri Silvia , Porzio William 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe nonlinear optical properties of a functionalized poly(thiophene azine), namely, poly(3,4‐didodecylthiophene azine), PAZ, at the optical telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm are investigated by means of the closed‐aperture z‐scan technique in both thin films and solutions. Values of χ(3)=(2.4±0.4)×10−13 esu, n2=(4.0±0.7)×10−15 cm2 W−1, and γ=(4.5±0.7)×10−34 esu are estimated for the third‐order (Kerr) susceptibility, the intensity‐dependent refractive index, and the molecular second hyperpolarizability of solution samples, respectively. A very small dependence on the polymer chain length is found. Markedly higher values of (4.4±1.1)×10−11 esu, (6.6±1.0)×10−13 cm2 W−1, and (5.0±0.8)×10−33 esu are measured for the corresponding quantities in thick (up to 20 μm) polymer films cast on quartz plates. The enhancement of the NLO responses on going from solution to solid samples is attributed to a partially ordered structure and to the presence of interchain interactions leading to greater π‐electron delocalization in the cast polymer films. The results are compared with those previously obtained by using third‐harmonic generation (THG), taking into account that those data were measured under conditions of three‐photon resonance, whereas our z‐scan measurements are fully off‐resonance.
Optimizing peptide matrices for identifying T‐cell antigens
Authors: Precopio Melissa L. , Butterfield Tiffany R. , Casazza Joseph P. , Little Susan J. , Richman Douglas D. , Koup Richard A. , Roederer Mario 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMapping T‐cell epitopes for a pathogen or vaccine requires a complex method for screening hundreds to thousands of peptides with a limited amount of donor sample. We describe an optimized deconvolution process by which peptides are pooled in a matrix format to minimize the number of tests required to identify peptide epitopes. Four peptide pool matrices were constructed to deconvolute the HIV‐specific T‐cell response in three HIV‐infected individuals. ELISpot assays were used to map peptide antigens. Many HIV peptides were mapped in all three individuals. However, there were several challenges and limitations associated with the deconvolution process. Peptides that induced low‐frequency responses or were masked by peptide competition within a given pool were not identified, because they did not meet the threshold criteria for a positive response. Also, amino acid sequence variation limited the ability of this method to map autologous HIV peptides. Alternative analysis strategies and revisions to the original matrix optimizations are presented that address ways to increase peptide identification. This optimized deconvolution method allows for efficient mapping of T‐cell peptide epitopes. It is rapid, powerful, efficient, and unrestricted by HLA type. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Propagation of senescent mice using nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines
Authors: Mizutani Eiji , Ono Tetsuo , Li Chong , Maki‐Suetsugu Rinako , Wakayama Teruhiko 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSenescent mice are often infertile, and the cloning success rate decreases with age, making it almost impossible to produce cloned progeny directly from such animals. In this study, we tried to produce offspring from such “unclonable” senescent mice using nuclear transfer techniques. Donor fibroblasts were obtained from the tail tips of mice aged up to 2 years and 9 months. Although most attempts failed to produce cloned mice by direct somatic cell nuclear transfer, we managed to establish nuclear transfer embryonic stem (ntES) cell lines from all aged mice with an establishment rate of 10–25%, irrespective of sex or strain. Finally, cloned mice were obtained from these ntES cells by a second round of nuclear transfer. In addition, healthy offspring was obtained from all aged donors via germline transmission of ntES cells in chimeric mice. This technique is thus applicable to the propagation of a variety of animals, irrespective of age or fertile potential. genesis 46:478‐483, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sall4 isoforms act during proximal–distal and anterior–posterior axis formation in the mouse embryo
Authors: Uez Nikolas , Lickert Heiko , Kohlhase Jürgen , de Angelis Martin Hrabe , Kühn Ralf , Wurst Wolfgang , Floss Thomas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractReciprocal signals from embryonic and extra‐embryonic tissues pattern the embryo in proximal–distal (PD) and anterior–posterior (AP) fashion. Here we have analyzed three gene trap mutations of Sall4, of which one (Sall4‐1a) led to a hypomorphic and recessive phenotype, demonstrating that Sall4‐1a has yet undescribed extra‐embryonic and embryonic functions in regulating PD and AP axis formation. In Sall4‐1a mutants the self‐maintaining autoregulatory interaction between Bmp4, Nodal and Wnt, which determines the PD axis was disrupted because of defects in the extra‐embryonic visceral endoderm. More severely, two distinct Sall4 gene‐trap mutants (Sall4‐1a,b), resembling null mutants, failed to initiate Bmp4 expression in the extra‐embryonic ectoderm and Nodal in the epiblast and were therefore unable to initiate PD axis formation. Tetraploid rescue underlined the extra‐embryonic nature of the Sall4‐1a phenotype and revealed a further embryonic function in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling to elongate the AP axis during gastrulation. This observation was supported through genetic interaction with β‐catenin mutants, since compound heterozygous mutants recapitulated the defects of Wnt3a mutants in posterior development. genesis 46:463–477, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serdin1/Lrrc10 is dispensable for mouse development
Authors: Manuylov Nikolay L. , Manuylova Ekaterina , Avdoshina Valeriya , Tevosian Sergei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe have previously identified Serdin1/Lrrc10 as a cardiac‐specific message that is expressed early in murine heart development and encodes a novel leucine‐rich protein. A high degree of evolutionary conservation with respect to protein sequence, cardiac‐specific expression, and cis‐regulatory elements suggested that LRRC10 has an important and conserved function in cardiac development. Recently, the zebrafish lrrc10 knockdown models were described with a dramatic early defect in heart looping which supported the notion that Serdin1/Lrrc10 is likely to be essential for heart development in all vertebrates. To determine Lrrc10 function in mammalian cardiac development, we have disrupted the Lrrc10 gene in mice. We report here that, in striking contrast to the zebrafish lrrc10 knockdown, Lrrc10‐null mice develop normally and exhibit no discernable phenotype. genesis 46:441‐446, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of the zebrafish enteric nervous system and intestinal smooth muscle
Authors: Olden Tasha , Akhtar Tanveer , Beckman Sarah A. , Wallace Kenneth N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDevelopment of the enteric nervous system is critical for normal functioning of the digestive system. In vertebrates, enteric precursors originate from the neural crest and migrate into the digestive system. Enteric neurons enable the digestive system to sense and respond to local conditions without the need for central nervous system input. Here we describe major steps in differentiation of the zebrafish enteric nervous system. During migration and neural differentiation of enteric precursors, we identify regions of the enteric nervous system in different phases of differentiation. Early in migration, a small group of anterior enteric neurons are first to form. This is followed by an anterior to posterior wave of enteric neural differentiation later in the migratory phase. Enteric precursors continue proliferating and differentiating into the third day of embryogenesis. nNOS neurons form early while serotonin neurons form late toward the end of enteric neural differentiation. Numbers of enteric neurons increase gradually except during periods of circular and longitudinal intestinal smooth muscle differentiation. genesis 46:484–498, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of causal beliefs and binge eating on the stigmatization of obesity
Authors: Bannon Katie L. , Hunter‐Reel Dorian , Wilson G. Terence , Karlin Robert A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective:Weight disorders and overeating are increasingly labeled as addictions. It is important to identify the consequences of this label on the stigmatization of obesity.Method:Participants (N = 374) were assigned randomly to one of six conditions, in which they read a scenario about an obese woman either with or without binge eating, followed by an account of the cause of her obesity as psychological, a biological addiction, or ambiguous. Participants then completed questionnaires designed to assess stigma and prognostic beliefs.Results:Participants in the obesity with binge eating condition rated obese persons more negatively and as having a worse prognosis. The causal manipulation check revealed no difference between groups and there were no significant effects of this condition.Discussion:Behavior (binge eating) has important implications for understanding the stigmatization of obesity. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Trans fatty acid content and positional distribution in refined and heated rice bran oil
Authors: Mezouari Samia , Eichner Karl 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the refining process and of heating at frying temperature (180 °C, 8 h) on the content of trans fatty acids and their positional distribution in sn‐positions of triacylglycerols (TAG) of rice bran oil. Tr‐18:2 was an artifact specific to the deodorization step, which additionally changed its distribution at the 2‐MAG and 1,3‐DAG positions. No correlation between the formation of polymer TAG and trans fatty acids could be observed.
Zinc Homologation–Elimination Reaction of α‐Sulfinyl Carbanions as a New Route to Olefins
Authors: Abramovitch Adi , Marek Ilan 
Published: September 2008

Abstractα‐Lithiosulfinyl carbanions react either intermolecularly, after transmetalation into an organocopper derivative in an SN2‐type process, with zinc carbenoids, or intramolecularly by higher‐order zincates through a tandem zinc homologation–β‐elimination reaction into the corresponding alkenes. α,α‐ and α,β‐Disubstituted alkenes can also be produced through these two methodologies.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of Tertiary sec‐Alkylamines by the Addition of Grignard Reagents to N,N‐Dialkylformamides Mediated by Ti(OiPr)4 and Me3SiCl
Authors: Tomashenko Olesya , Sokolov Viktor , Tomashevskiy Alexander , Buchholz Herwig A. , Welz‐Biermann Urs , Chaplinski Vladimir , de Meijere Armin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA number of tertiary sec‐alkylamines (22 examples, 29–80 % yield) have been prepared according to a simple one‐pot procedure by the addition of Grignard reagents to N,N‐dialkylformamides in the presence of Ti(OiPr)4 and Me3SiCl. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Total Synthesis of L‐(+)‐Swainsonine and Other Indolizidine Azasugars from D‐Glucose
Authors: Alam Mohammad Abrar , Kumar Amit , Vankar Yashwant D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA total synthesis of L‐(+)‐swainsonine, a potent and specific inhibitor of naringinase, along with the syntheses of six unnatural indolizidine azasugars are reported by starting from D‐glucose. L‐(+)‐Swainsonine was synthesized in 14 steps in 17 % overall yield. Further, two of the indolizidine analogues were found to be good glycosidase inhibitors at micromolar concentrations. In all of these syntheses, the key step was an intramolecular SN2 reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Experimental investigation of a maximum entropy assumption for acceleration terms within a poly‐disperse moment framework
Authors: Scott Stephen J. , Shrimpton John S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMoment transport methods are being developed to model poly‐dispersed multiphase flows by transporting statistical moments of the particle size–velocity joint probability density function (JPDF). A common feature of these methods is the requirement to reproduce or approximate the form of the JPDF from the transported moments for calculation of body force terms and other source terms. This paper examines the application of a maximum entropy technique against phase Doppler anemometry data sets from an electrostatically charged kerosene spray and also an automotive pressure swirl atomizer. An assessment of which moments are required to reproduce the JPDFs using a maximum entropy assumption to a sufficient level of accuracy is made. It is found that it is possible to reproduce the JPDFs to a high level of accuracy using a large number of moments; however, this incurs large computational overheads. If the moments to be transported are chosen on the basis of physical reasoning (such as the relationship between size and velocity due to drag) it is possible to reduce the number of moments to those which would be conserved via balance equations. This permits an approximation to the JPDF commensurate with the closure level of the moment transport method and thus the closure model method is naturally scalable with the degree of information from available conservation equations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.