bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myoedema in anorexia nervosa: A useful clinical Sign
Authors: Morgan H. Gethin , Barry Ralph , Morgan M. Hilary 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWhen significant weight loss occurs in anorexia nervosa, routine physical examination may reveal the striking phenomenon of myoedema or muscle mounding. This refers to the way in which a localised short‐lasting swelling may be induced in a voluntary muscle as a result of tactile percussion, ideally with a patellar hammer. The present case report describes this finding in a patient with anorexia nervosa and discusses its physiological and clinical significance. It is suggested that as a clinical sign myoedema may be of value in the management of anorexia nervosa by challenging the denial of illness which is so characteristic of it. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Alzheimer's disease progression in the oldest old compared to younger elderly patient: data from the REAL.FR study
Authors: Nourhashémi Fati , Gillette‐Guyonnet Sophie , Rolland Yves , Cantet Christel , Hein Christophe , Vellas Bruno 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectiveAlthough population‐based studies have revealed marked increases in the prevalence and incidence of dementia, particularly in older age groups, longitudinal studies of cognitive change have been less frequently conducted. The aim of this study is to describe the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the oldest old (≥85 years) and to compare it with the younger elderly.MethodsA cohort of 114 AD patients ≥85 years old and 572 AD patients <85 years living in the community at inclusion were monitored over 2 years in 16 centers of the French AD network (REAL.FR study). Each subject underwent extensive medical examination including functional (Activities of Daily Living or ADL) and neuropsychological evaluations (including Mini Mental Status Evaluation or MMSE) every 6 months.ResultsThe observed decrease in MMSE performance in patients ≥85 was −4.18 ± 0.63 points during the 2‐year follow‐up (vs −4.62 ± 0.25 in the younger group) with no statistically significant differences between the two groups. After adjusting for confounding factors, ADL score declined faster in the oldest old than in individuals <85 years old during the 2‐year follow‐up: −1.73 ± 0.19 vs −1.27 ± 0.08 (p = 0.0309).ConclusionsOur study showed, that while the progression of cognitive impairment was identical in both groups, after adjustment for variables related both to age and dependency, the progression of dependency was more rapid in those over 85 years old. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of war veterans
Authors: Silver Steven M. , Rogers Susan , Russell Mark 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRecent practice guidelines and meta‐analyses have designated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a first‐line treatment for trauma. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is an eight‐phase therapeutic approach guided by an information‐processing model that addresses the combat veteran's critical incidents, current triggers, and behaviors likely to prove useful in his or her future. Two case examples of combat veterans illustrate the ability of EMDR to achieve symptom reduction in a variety of clinical domains (e.g., anxiety, depression, anger, physical pain) simultaneously without requiring the patient to carry out homework assignments or discuss the details of the event. The treatment of phantom limb pain and other somatic presentations is also reviewed. The ability of EMDR to achieve positive effects without homework indicates that it can be effectively employed on consecutive days, making it especially useful during combat situations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:1–11, 2008.
Virtual reality exposure therapy for active duty soldiers
Authors: Reger Greg M. , Gahm Gregory A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractVirtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy is a promising treatment for a variety of anxiety disorders and has recently been extended to the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this article, the authors briefly review the rationale for VRE and its key processes. They illustrate the treatment with an active‐duty Army soldier diagnosed with combat‐related PTSD. Six sessions of VRE were provided using an immersive simulation of a military convoy in Iraq. Self‐reported PTSD symptoms and psychological distress were reduced at posttreatment relative to pretreatment reports, as assessed by the PTSD Checklist–Military Version and the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale–24. The case outcomes parallel those reported in the research with other disorders and suggest the applicability of VRE in treating active duty soldiers with combat‐related PTSD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:1–7, 2008.
Finite elements in space and time for dynamic contact problems
Authors: Blum H. , Jansen T. , Rademacher A. , Weinert K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDynamic obstacle and Signorini problems are discretized by continuous and discontinuous finite elements in space and time. The resulting discrete problems are attributed to a standard implicit time‐stepping scheme through relaxation of impact phenomena and suitable numerical integration. The method can cope with dynamic contact problems, which is shown by an analysis of a model problem. Moreover, numerical examples demonstrate that it is actually able to approximate the solution of dynamic contact problems, which are not fully covered by the theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the optical properties of dislocations by scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Pennycook S.J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) allows collection of a number of simultaneous signals, such as cathodoluminescence (CL), transmitted electron intensity and spectroscopic information from individual localized defects. This review traces the development of CL and atomic resolution imaging from their early inception through to the possibilities that exist today for achieving a true atomic‐scale understanding of the optical properties of individual dislocations cores. This review is dedicated to Professor David Holt, a pioneer in this field. SCANNING 30: 287–298, 2008. Published 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contribution of lignan analogues to antioxidative activity of refined unroasted sesame seed oil
Authors: Fukuda Y. , Nagata M. , Osawa T. , Namiki M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA lignan compound, P3, having strong antioxidative activity was found to be formed in high concentration during the industrial bleaching process of unroasted sesame seed oil. P3 (named sesaminol) was identical to a minor constituent previously isolated from acetone extract of sesame seed. It was shown that sesamolin in unprocessed sesame oil is the source of seaseminol, and the formation of seasaminol was confirmed by the model experiment with corn oil to which sesamolin had been added. Sesaminol was not so greatly removed by the deodorization process that follows bleaching as was sesamol, and it was shown to be at a concentration of ca. 100 mg/100g in commercial refined unroasted seed oil. The antioxidative activity of sesaminol was foughly equal to those of sesamol and γ‐tocopherol by the thiocyanate method. Therefore, it seems that the antionxidative activity of refined unroasted seed oil is mainly attributed to sesaminol.
Comparision of acidic and basic volatile compounds of cocoa butters from roasted and unroasted cocoa beans
Authors: Carlin James T. , Lee Ken N. , Hsieh Oliver A. ‐L. , Hwang Lucy Sun , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA total of nine acidic and 83 basic compounds was identified in the roasted and unroasted cocoa butter samples. Forty seven of the compounds identified are being reported for the first time in cocoa. The higher concentration of short chain fatty acids in the unroasted cocoa butter is responsible for its acidic aroma characteristics. The roasted cocoa butter generally contained greater numbers and higher concentrations of compounds whose formations would be favored by thermal processing. These compounds included pyrazines, thiazoles, oxazoles and pyridines. The aromas of many of these compounds are characteristic of the aroma differences between the two cocoa butters and contribute to the cocoa aroma of roasted cocoa butter.
Rapid analysis of dimer acid by HPLC/FID
Authors: Veazey Robert L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA method was developed for the rapid analysis of polymerized fatty acids (dimer acid) using normal phase HPLC with a flame ionization detector (FID). The use of analytical scale HPLC with the FID is a significant limprovement over existing methodology for dimer analysis. The HPLC analysis takes only 25 min per sample, with no derivatization required. The FID response is linear for dimer samples from 10% to 90% monomer content. Absolute measurement precision is typically less than 0.5 area percent. Recovery of synthetic dimer blends averaged 102%. Results for the analysis of commercial dimer acid are comparable to those obtained using an HPLC/gravimetric method. The HPLC/FID method is applicable to the analysis of crude dimer as well as the finished dimer product.
Polymorphism and intersolubility of some palmitic, stearic and oleic triglycerides: PPP, PSP and POP
Authors: Gibon V. , Durant F. , Deroanne Cl. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe polymorphism and intersolubility of a series of palmitic, stearic and oleic triglycerides have been investigated in order to understand the thermal properties of fractions of natural fats. Results are shown for tripalmitin (PPP), 2‐stearo‐dipalmitin, (PSP) and 2‐oleo‐dipalmitin (POP); these molecules differ essentially in the number of carbons (P→S) and the degree of unsaturation of chains (S→O). The different polymorphic forms have been verified by variable temperature X‐ray powder diffraction. The organization of the fatty acid carbon chains in the most stable polymorphic form(β′ or β) has been studied by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy by means of the protons relaxation times T1, T2 and T1ϱ. The construction of binary phase diagrams (PPP‐PSP and PPP‐POP), from the data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray powder diffraction, shows the formation of solid solutions or monotectic interactions, according to the nature and the polymorphic form of the triglycerides. The kinetic of the very importantβ′→β transition has been analyzed by variable temperature powder X‐ray diffraction for PPP, and [PPP‐PSP] or [PPP‐POP] blends. The molecular interactions occurring between the mixed crystals have been explained, by applying the model of Avrami and by an empirical isolation method.
The effect of hydrogen content on estimation of seed oil by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Srinivasan V. T. , Singh B. B. , Chidambareswaran P. K. , Sundaram V. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the nondestructive estimation of seed oil by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), an assumption generally is made that the hydrogen content of the oil in the seed sample under investigation is the same as that of the oil standard or that of the oil in the standard seed samples. The hydrogen content is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms per unit mass of oil. The validity of this assumption has been investigated by; (i) calculating the Hydrogen contents of various oils on the basis, of their reported fatty acid composition, and (ii) experimentally determining the hydrogen contents of cotton and mustard oils obtained from different varieties of seeds. The FID method was used to monitor the NMR signal intensities. Both calculated and experimental values show that that hydrogen contents can be different not only for different oils but also for the same oil extracted from different varieties of the seeds. This variation in hydrogen contents is shown to introduce an error in the oil content values as estimated by NMR methods. The magnitude of this error increases with oil content, and also with the difference in the hydrogen contents.
High oleic sunflower: Physical and chemical characteristics
Authors: Purdy Richard H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTreatment of normal varieties of sunflowerseed with chemical mutagens and development of their progenies have resulted in hydrids bearing oil with oleic acid contents in excess of 80% and linoleic acid contents less than 10%. Fatty acids compositions are unaffected by climatic conditions. Analyses of the seed, oil and meal produced from the first commercial U.S. production show values not to differ significantly from normal high linoleic sunflower, except where anticipated on the basis of fatty acid composition.
Analytical methods for alpha sulfo methyl tallowate
Authors: Battaglini George T. , Larsen‐Zobus Jaanette L. , Baker Thomas G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRecent economic trends have made sulfo methyl tallowates viable alternatives to oil‐based synthetic detergents in certain applications. Currently available analytical methods to monitor and control product quality are rather limited and sketchy, however, meaning that a substantial amount of methods development has been required. This includes methodology for resolving the three types of sulfonates present, and for the determination of sodium methyl sulfate.This paper describes new methods developed for making these determinations. They include a new two‐phase dye transfer titration and a potentiometric ion‐selective electrode titration for the resolution of sodium alpha sulfo tallowate and sodium alpha sulfo tallow acid. In addition, a new method involving saponification and two‐phase dye transfer or potentiometric ion‐selective electrode titrations for the determination of sodium methyl sulfate is described.
Anionic hydrotropes for industrial and institutional rinse aids
Authors: Otten Jay G. , Nestor Christine L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe effectiveness of eight commercial hydrotropes having differing structures (sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium‐2‐ethyl hexysulfate, phosphate ester of oxyethylated phenol, amine alkylaryl sulfonate, linear alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, TEA salt of DDBS, sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate, and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) was evaluated with seven commercial rinse aid surfactants of the following structural types: block copolymers and alcohol oxyalkylates with high and low levels of ethylene oxide. Two hydrotrope levels (3 and 6 wt %) were evaluated at two surfactant levels (20 and 40 wt %). Dispersibility, compatibility index, and blender foam heights were measured; the test methods are described.
Keeping the Spirit of Community Partnerships Alive in the Scale Up of HIV/AIDS Prevention: Critical Reflections on the Roll Out of DEBI (Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions)
Authors: Dworkin Shari L. , Pinto Rogério M. , Hunter Joyce , Rapkin Bruce , Remien Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDEBI, or the Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions is the largest centralized effort to diffuse evidence‐based prevention science to fight HIV/AIDS in the United States. DEBI seeks to ensure that the most effective science‐based prevention interventions are widely implemented across the country in community‐based organizations. Thus, this is a particularly timely juncture in which to critically reflect on the extent to which known principles of community collaboration have guided key processes associated with the DEBI rollout. We review the available evidence on how the dissemination of packaged interventions is necessary but not sufficient for ensuring the success of technology transfer. We consider additional principles that are vital for successful technology transfer, which were not central considerations in the rollout of the DEBI initiative. These issues are: (1) community perceptions of a top‐down mode of dissemination; (2) the extent to which local innovations are being embraced, bolstered, or eliminated; and (3) contextual and methodological considerations that shape community preparedness. Consideration of these additional factors is necessary in order to effectively document, manage, and advance the science of dissemination and technology transfer in centralized prevention efforts within and outside of HIV/AIDS.
Structural Characterization of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes by GC/MS is Dependent upon Ionization Method
Authors: Long Eric K. , Smoliakova Irina , Honzatko Ales , Picklo Matthew J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstractα,β‐unsaturated aldehydes are toxic products of lipid peroxidation. Detection and characterization of these aldehydes is important in many human disease states as well as in the food industry. Our study shows that electron ionization‐mass spectrometry (EI‐MS) and positive‐ion chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry (PICI‐MS), but not electron capture negative ionization‐mass spectrometry (ECNI‐MS), can be used to detect the C4‐hydroxylation state of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl hydroxylamine alone. EI‐MS and PICI‐MS spectra of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐alkenals contained a fragment with m/z 252, whereas spectra of 2‐alkenals contained a fragment with m/z 250. These fragments are consistent with fragmentation between C3 and C4 with transfer of two hydrogens from C4 and the C4 hydroxyl group in the case of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐alkenals. In addition, EI‐MS and PICI‐MS were able to distinguish 4‐hydroxy‐2‐alkenals and 2‐alkenals from 4‐keto‐2‐alkenals and 4‐hydroxyalkanals. On the other hand, ECNI‐MS provided complex spectra regarding C4‐hydroxylation state. Furthermore, the syn‐ and anti‐configurations of PFB‐oximes had different resultant spectra using ECNI‐MS, but not with EI‐MS or PICI‐MS. These data indicate that EI‐MS and PICI‐MS are more amenable for structural analysis of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes than ECNI‐MS.
Hepatic Lipase Gene −514C/T Polymorphism in the Guangxi Hei Yi Zhuang and Han Populations
Authors: Wu Jinzhen , Yin Ruixing , Lin Weixiong , Pan Shangling , Yang Dezhai 
Published: June 2008

AbstractHei Yi Zhuang is an isolated subgroup of the Zhuang minority in China. This study was designed to compare the difference in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) −514C/T polymorphism and its association with lipid profiles between the Guangxi Hei Yi Zhuang and Han populations. Genotyping of the LIPC −514C/T was performed in 873 subjects of Hei Yi Zhuang and 867 participants of Han Chinese. The frequency of −514T allele was 43.47% in Hei Yi Zhuang, and 36.10% in Han (P < 0.001). The frequencies of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 30.01, 53.04 and 16.95% in Hei Yi Zhuang, and 40.95, 45.91 and 13.14% in Han (P < 0.001); respectively. Serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and apolipoprotein B levels in both ethnic groups were higher in LIPC −514T carriers than in C carriers. In addition, serum triglyceride levels in Han were higher in TT genotype individuals than in CC genotype subjects (P < 0.05). Serum HDL‐C levels were positively correlated with age, alcohol consumption and LIPC −514C/T genotypes, and negatively associated with hypertension and cigarette smoking in Hei Yi Zhuang (P < 0.05–0.01), whereas HDL‐C levels were positively correlated with age, alcohol consumption and LIPC −514C/T genotypes, and negatively associated with body mass index and cigarette smoking in Han (P < 0.05–0.001). The differences in serum HDL‐C levels between the two ethnic groups might partially attribute to the differences in the LIPC −514C/T polymorphism.
Comparison of oral naproxen and intrauterine lignocaine instillation for pain relief during hysterosalpingography
Authors: Gupta Nupur , Ghosh Bhaswati , Mittal Suneeta 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives:To compare the efficacy of oral naproxen with intrauterine instillation of 1% lignocaine for pain relief in women undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) as an infertility investigation.Methods:One hundred women undergoing HSG were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group A (n = 50) underwent intrauterine instillation of 5 mL of 1% lignocaine 2 minutes prior to the procedure, while the women in group B (n = 50) were instructed to self‐administer a single oral dose of 375 mg of naproxen 1 hour prior to HSG. Pain scores immediately after the procedure (0 minutes) and delayed pain scores (30 minutes) were recorded and compared.Results:Women in both groups were comparable in age and parity. The mean ± SD pain scores in group A and group B at 0 minutes and 30 minutes were not significantly different (P = 0.12 and P = 0.07).Conclusion:Intrauterine lignocaine was no more effective than oral naproxen for pain relief during HSG.
Empire's Law: Alexis de Tocqueville on Colonialism and the State of Exception
Authors: Kohn Margaret 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.In recent years there has been a debate about how to evaluate Alexis de Tocqueville's defense of colonialism. Some scholars have argued that there is a tension between the key doctrines of Tocqueville's political theory and his enthusiastic promotion of the French conquest and colonization of Algeria. Others have concluded that the apparent contradiction can be explained by paying careful attention to the nuances of his work or the logic of liberalism. This article advances this debate by reconstructing Tocqueville's theory of martial law, a dimension of his work that has been frequently overlooked. In a series of letters, notes and parliamentary reports on Algeria, Tocqueville criticized of the use of martial law in governing French citizens and defended its use against native Algerians. Tocqueville's writings on Algeria make it clear that he treated the rule of law not as a natural right held by all people but rather as a technique of government that was appropriate in communities already united by social ties.Résumé.Récemment, l'interprétation de la défense du colonialisme par Alexis de Tocqueville est devenue l'objet d'un débat important. Certains auteurs discernent une tension entre les principes centraux de la philosophie politique de Tocqueville et sa promotion enthousiaste de la conquête et la colonisation de l'Algérie par la France. D'autres ont conclu que la contradiction apparente s'explique lorsqu'on regarde de près les nuances de ses écrits sur la logique interne du libéralisme. Cet article contribue à ce débat en reconstruisant la théorie de la loi martiale de Tocqueville – une dimension de son oeuvre trop souvent négligée. Dans une série de lettres, notes et rapports parlementaires sur l'Algérie, Tocqueville a critiqué l'usage de la loi martiale dans le gouvernement des citoyens français, mais l'a défendu contre les indigènes. Ses écrits sur l'Algérie démontrent que Tocqueville considérait l'État de droit non comme un droit naturel inhérent à la personne, mais plutôt comme une technique de gouvernement s'appliquant principalement aux communautés déjà unies par des liens sociaux.