bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grayscale calibration of outdoor photographic surveys of historical Stone Walls in Oxford, England
Authors: Thornbush M. J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study introduces a new approach for taking areal measurements of soiling on historical walls and buildings. Using a grayscale incorporated into each image, close‐up photographic surveys were taken in central Oxford in fine (clear sky) and overcast conditions in 2006. Spectrophotometric measurements were taken congruent with the former survey. These data were used to compare the method, which is an outdoor application of the integrated digital photography and image processing (IDIP) method, for validation of outdoor lighting conditions across photographic surveys. Using a grayscale as a constant in the photographic surveys, it was possible to acquire color measurements on flat surfaces out‐of‐doors to track changes in the lightness (or soiling) and chroma of building surfaces. This outdoor application of IDIP proves to be a useful tool, itself with many applications for deciphering cross‐temporal changes in the soiling of building façades. Simple grayscale calibration improves the comparability of surveys to spectrophotometric measurements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 61–67, 2008
The role of culture in the emergence of decision‐making roles: An example using cultural algorithms
Authors: Reynolds Robert G. , Peng Bin , Ali Mostafa Z. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCultural algorithms employ a basic set of knowledge sources, each related to knowledge observed in various animal species. These knowledge sources are then combined to direct the decisions of the individual agents in solving optimization problems. Here, the authors develop an algorithm based on an analogy to the marginal value theorem in foraging theory to guide the integration of these different knowledge sources to direct the agent population. The algorithm is applied to find the optimum in a dynamic environment composed of mobile resource cones. It is demonstrated that certain phases of problem solving emerge along with related individual roles during the solution process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008
Growth in the larval zebrafish pectoral fin and trunk musculature
Authors: Patterson Sara E. , Mook Louisa B. , Devoto Stephen H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAfter initial patterning, muscle in the trunk and fins of teleosts grows extensively. Here, we describe muscle growth in zebrafish, with emphasis on the pectoral fin musculature. In the trunk, slow muscle fibers differentiate first. In contrast, slow muscle does not appear in the pectoral fin until the beginning of the juvenile period. Mosaic hyperplasia contributes to trunk muscle growth, and new fibers are apparent within the muscle as early as 6 mm standard length. In the pectoral fin muscle, mosaic hyperplasia is not evident at any examined stage. Instead, the predominant mode of hyperplasia is stratified. In larval pectoral fin muscle new fibers appear subjacent to the skin, and this correlates with the expression of myogenic genes such as muscle regulatory factors and Pax7. Our results suggest that regulation of fiber type development and muscle growth may differ in the pectoral fin and trunk. Developmental Dynamics 237:307–315, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal CD8+ T cells are slow to develop into lytic effectors after HSV infection in vivo
Authors: Fernandez Marian A. , Evans Ingrid A. C. , Hassan Eddy H. , Carbone Francis R. , Jones Cheryl A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHSV is an important neonatal pathogen. We defined the kinetics of the primary CTL response to HSV‐2 in vivo in neonatal mice. Using a replication‐defective HSV‐2 virus, we demonstrate that neonates mount a primary HSV‐specific CTL effector response in the draining LN, with delayed onset and shortened peak activity, in contrast to the rapid, strong response observed in adult mice. The shortened peak neonatal CTL response is independent of HSV dose and is associated with retarded CD8+ T cell expansion, reduced expansion of HSV‐specific tetramer‐positive CD8+ T cells and a reduced CD8+ T cell IFN‐γ response. Paradoxically, neonatal CD8+ T cells display enhanced non‐specific early activation that is not sustained. Neonatal HSV‐specific TCR‐transgenic CD8+ T cells showed reduced proliferation in vivo when transferred into HSV‐infected neonatal mice compared to adult T cell controls. Our data suggest that early events in CD8+ T cell priming underlie the attenuated newborn CTL response to HSV.
Identification of murine B cell lines that undergo somatic hypermutation focused to A:T and G:C residues
Authors: Bhattacharya Palash , Grigera Fernando , Rogozin Igor B. , McCarty Thomas , Morse Herbert C. , Kenter Amy L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractActivation‐induced deaminase (AID) is the master regulator of class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), but the mechanisms regulating AID function are obscure. The differential pattern of switch plasmid activity in three IgM+/AID+ and two IgG+/AID+ B cell lines prompted an analysis of global gene expression to discover the origin of these cells. Gene profiling suggested that the IgG+/AID+ B cell lines derived from germinal center B cells. Analysis of SHM potential demonstrates that the IgVκ domains are inducibly diversified at high rate during in vitro culture. The mutation spectra focused to A:T base pairs, revealing a component of the hypermutation program that occurs preferentially during phase 2 of SHM. The A:T error spectra were analyzed and were not characteristic of polymerase η activity. A differential pattern of three consensus motifs used for A:T base substitutions was observed in WT and Polη‐, Msh2‐ and Msh6‐deficient B cells. Strikingly, mutations in our B cell lines recapitulated the mutable motif profile for Polη and Msh2 deficiency, respectively, and suggest that an additional pathway for the generation of A:T mutations in SHM is conserved in mouse and human.
Kinetics of tungsten‐catalyzed sunflower oil epoxidation studied by 1H NMR
Authors: Benaniba Mohamed Tahar , Belhaneche‐Bensemra Naima , Gelbard Georges 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSunflower oil (SO) is a renewable resource that can be epoxidized, and the epoxidized SO has potential uses as an environmentally friendly and reactive material in polymeric formulations, especially for polyvinyl chloride. SO was epoxidized with peracetic acid, which was either preformed or prepared in situ. In order to optimize the formation of oxirane rings, the epoxidation and the extent of the side reactions were studied at different temperatures. The peracetic acid was obtained by acidic catalysis in the presence of a cation‐exchange resin. The optimum conversions were obtained within a 4‐h reaction period at 55 °C by the in situ epoxidation technique. The epoxidation was also carried out with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of peroxotungstic acid complexed with lipophilic phosphorus‐based ligands. 1H NMR was used to define the new indices Δ and Ω, which are the mean numbers of C=C double bonds and oxirane rings per fatty acid chain, respectively. This allowed monitoring of the reaction and quantification of the results. Peroxotungstic catalysts appeared less performing than peracids in the epoxidation of SO, but were found very efficient for the epoxidation of the SO methyl esters.
Environmental novelty is signaled by reduction of the hippocampal theta frequency
Authors: Jeewajee A. , Lever C. , Burton S. , O'Keefe J. , Burgess N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe hippocampal formation (HF) plays a key role in novelty detection, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Novelty detection aids the encoding of new information into memory—a process thought to depend on the HF and to be modulated by the theta rhythm of EEG. We examined EEG recorded in the HF of rats foraging for food within a novel environment, as it became familiar over the next five days, and in two more novel environments unexpectedly experienced in trials interspersed with familiar trials over three further days. We found that environmental novelty produces a sharp reduction in the theta frequency of foraging rats, that this reduction is greater for an unexpected environment than for a completely novel one, and that it slowly disappears with increasing familiarity. These results do not reflect changes in running speed and suggest that the septo‐hippocampal system signals unexpected environmental change via a reduction in theta frequency. In addition, they provide evidence in support of a cholinergically mediated mechanism for novelty detection, have important implications for our understanding of oscillatory coding within memory and for the interpretation of event‐related potentials, and provide indirect support for the oscillatory interference model of grid cell firing in medial entorhinal cortex. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convenient Synthesis of Alkenyl‐, Alkynyl‐, and Allenyl‐Substituted Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Enguehard‐Gueiffier Cécile , Croix Cécile , Hervet Maud , Kazock Jean‐Yves , Gueiffier Alain , Abarbri Mohamed 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA systematic study on the Stille and Sonogashira cross‐coupling of iodinated imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines was performed, permitting the preparation of various vinyl‐, ethynyl‐, and allenyl‐substituted derivatives. These methods are particularly valuable, given their experimental simplicity and high degree of flexibility with regard to functional groups that can be introduced in positions 3, 6, or 8 of the imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine core. Effects concerning different substitution positions and the nature of the 2‐substituent under various reaction conditions are reported in detail for the above types of unsaturated groups introduced.
Discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy prior to low‐risk noncardiac surgery in patients with drug‐eluting stents: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Brotman Daniel J. , Bakhru Mihir , Saber Wael , Aneja Ashish , Bhatt Deepak L. , Tillan‐Martinez Katherina , Jaffer Amir K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDDrug‐eluting coronary stents (DESs) pose a challenge in the perioperative period. Sirolimus and paclitaxel may inhibit reendothelialization of the traumatized vessel, making it vulnerable to platelet‐mediated thrombosis. Given the anecdotal evidence and case series suggesting that DESs may be more vulnerable to thrombosis on discontinuation of antiplatelet agents than are bare‐metal stents, we sought to quantify this risk.METHODSWe linked the Cleveland Clinic Heart Center database with the Cleveland Clinic Internal Medicine Preoperative Assessment Consultation and Treatment (IMPACT) Center database to identify all patients who had undergone DES placement at the Cleveland Clinic and subsequently were evaluated for noncardiac surgery between July 2003 and July 2005. Outcome measures included 30‐day rate of postoperative myocardial infarction (MI), DES thrombosis, major bleeding, and all‐cause mortality.RESULTSWe identified 114 patients who underwent noncardiac surgery a median of 236 days (IQR 125–354) after stent placement. Forty‐five patients (40%) underwent surgery within 180 days of stenting, 15 of whom (13%) underwent surgery within 90 days of stenting. Eighty‐eight patients (77%) discontinued all antiplatelet agents a median of 10 days before surgery. No patients died. Two patients (1.8%, 95% CI 0.5%–6.2%) suffered postoperative MIs, but postoperative catheterization showed neither had DES thrombosis (0%, 95% CI 0%–3.3%). One patient developed major bleeding (0.9%, CI 0.2%–4.8%).CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that the overall risk of stent thrombosis is low in low‐risk noncardiac surgery patients with DESs, particularly those who have undergone at least 180 days of antiplatelet therapy, even after complete discontinuation of antiplatelet agents. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:378–384. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Effects of rapid response systems on clinical outcomes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ranji Sumant R. , Auerbach Andrew D. , Hurd Caroline J. , O'Rourke Keith , Shojania Kaveh G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDA rapid response system (RRS) consists of providers who immediately assess and treat unstable hospitalized patients. Examples include medical emergency teams and rapid response teams. Early reports of major improvements in patient outcomes led to widespread utilization of RRSs, despite the negative results of a subsequent cluster‐randomized trial.PURPOSETo evaluate the effects of RRSs on clinical outcomes through a systematic literature review.DATA SOURCESMEDLINE, BIOSIS, and CINAHL searches through August 2006, review of conference proceedings and article bibliographies.STUDY SELECTIONRandomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, interrupted time series, and before‐after studies reporting effects of an RRS on inpatient mortality, cardiopulmonary arrests, or unscheduled ICU admissions.DATA EXTRACTIONTwo authors independently determined study eligibility, abstracted data, and classified study quality.DATA SYNTHESISThirteen studies met inclusion criteria: 1 cluster‐randomized controlled trial (RCT), 1 interrupted time series, and 11 before‐after studies. The RCT showed no effects on any clinical outcome. Before‐after studies showed reductions in inpatient mortality (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74‐0.91) and cardiac arrest (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.65‐0.83). However, these studies were of poor methodological quality, and control hospitals in the RCT reported reductions in mortality and cardiac arrest rates comparable to those in the before‐after studies.CONCLUSIONSPublished studies of RRSs have not found consistent improvement in clinical outcomes and have been of poor methodological quality. The positive results of before‐after trials likely reflects secular trends and biased outcome ascertainment, as the improved outcomes they reported were of similar magnitude to those of the control group in the RCT. The effectiveness of the RRS concept remains unproven. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:422–432. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis with associated hepatic abscess
Authors: Connell Nathan T. , Thomas Ian A. , Sabharwal Aman D. , Gelbard Mark A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractKlebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess is known to be associated with metastatic endophthalmitis, with most cases clustered in Taiwan. We report a case of Klebsiella liver abscess with metastatic endophthalmitis in a nondiabetic Haitian man without underlying medical problems. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:442–444. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Breaking bad news: A practical approach for the hospitalist
Authors: Minichiello Tracy A. , Ling David , Ucci Debra K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCommunicating bad news to patients and their families is a difficult but routine responsibility for hospitalists. Most practitioners have little or no formal training for this task. Preparation for, delivery of, and follow‐up to these conversations should be deliberately planned in order to meet patients' needs. In this article, we review the literature that guides this process and, with a case example, describe steps practitioners can take to effectively deliver bad news and pitfalls that should be avoided. As competency in this skill set is necessary for effective patient care, hands‐on training should be part of the core curriculum for all health care practitioners. Hospitalists should be proficient in this area and may serve as role models and instructors for colleagues and trainees. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:415–421. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine
Identification of inpatient DNR status: A safety hazard begging for standardization
Authors: Sehgal Niraj L. , Wachter Robert M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDAscertaining and documenting patients' preferences regarding end‐of‐life care is required by accrediting organizations at hospital admission. However, hospitals vary widely in their methods of making these preferences (including do‐not‐resuscitate [DNR] status) available to frontline providers, increasing the potential for errors.METHODSWe surveyed 127 nursing executive members of the University HealthSystem Consortium (an alliance of academic medical centers), asking them to describe the current practices of their hospitals in identifying DNR orders. For those at institutions using color‐coded wristbands, we also asked about other patient data depicted by wristbands and the choice of colors for DNR and these other indications. We used a commercial online survey tool with E‐mail distribution.RESULTSSixty‐nine nurse executives completed the survey (54%). Fifty‐six percent of hospitals use paper documentation as their only mode to identify DNR orders, 16% use electronic health records, and 25% augment either paper or electronic documentation with a color‐coded patient wristband. Of those using color‐coded wristbands (n = 17), 8 color schemes were reported. More than 70% of respondents recalled situations when confusion around a DNR order led to problems in patient care.CONCLUSIONSMechanisms to identify DNR orders vary significantly. For hospitals that use color‐coded wristbands, the variety of color choices poses a risk for confusion and error. Building on existing and isolated state initiatives, a national mandate to standardize DNR identification and the color of patient wristbands would reduce the potential for errors and promote adherence to patients' wishes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:366–371. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Tris(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)methyl carbenium ion for charge derivatization of amines and amino acids
Authors: Denekamp Chagit , Lacour Jérôme , Laleu Benoît , Rabkin Emilia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPrimary and secondary alkyl amines substitute readily one of the para‐methoxy substituents of tris(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)methyl carbenium ion. With this rapid process, the preparation of permanently charged positive derivatives of amines, amino acids and small C‐protected peptides is achieved. This is utilized here to facilitate the matrix assisted laser desorption ionization‐time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) analysis of these compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new insight on the hydrogen bonding structures of nanoconfined water: a Raman study
Authors: Crupi Vincenza , Interdonato Salvatore , Longo Francesca , Majolino Domenico , Migliardo Placido , Venuti Valentina 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWater adsorbed in nanoporous silica glass has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The analysis was performed as a function of temperature (from + 5 to + 75 °C), pore diameter (25 and 75 Å) and by changing the nature of the substrate (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic) in order to understand the role played on the dynamic peculiarities of water arrangements both by the bare geometrical confinement and the specific interaction with surface. The experimental spectra, collected in the intra‐molecular OH stretching vibrational region, have been decomposed into a sum of sub‐bands, representing water molecule arrangements with different types of hydrogen bonding. Hence, we gave a quantitative picture of the temperature and confinement effects on the connectivity pattern. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative efficiency of DNA markers (RAPD, ISSR and AFLP) in detecting genetic diversity of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Behera Tusar K , Gaikward Ambika B , Singh Anand K , Staub Jack E 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important vegetable crop in tropical countries, including China and India. A wide range of genetic diversity exists in India with respect to fruit morphology such as colour, size and exocarp. A diversity assessment conducted using different DNA marker systems amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers) will be helpful in the establishment of a broad‐based description for improved germplasm curation and the identification of germplasm for genome mapping and breeding of bitter gourd.RESULTS: Genetic relationships between 38 bitter gourd accessions were determined with the aid of 29 RAPD, 15 ISSR and six AFLP markers. Greater polymorphism was detected by AFLPs when compared with RAPD and ISSR analyses using the same germplasm array (RAPD 36.5%, ISSR 74.5% and AFLP 78.5% polymorphism). The average marker index (MI) values derived from the three different marker systems differed dramatically, indicating that they vary in their discriminatory power (AFLP > ISSR > RAPD). The AFLP markers used were only weakly correlated with ISSR (r2 = 0.007) and RAPD (r2 = 0.04) marker analyses, whereas a comparatively high correlation (r2 = 0.77) was found between RAPD and ISSR marker systems.CONCLUSION: The studies using RAPD and ISSR markers were not able to uniquely discriminate all the bitter gourd accessions examined, whereas AFLP analysis was discriminatory and allowed for a more complete dissection of unique differences among accessions of bitter gourd within and between collection sites. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality of life after rectal resection and multimodality therapy
Authors: Hassan Imran , Cima Robert R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractModern management of locally advanced rectal cancer requires a multimodality approach. This includes radical surgery, pelvic radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy. It can require a permanent colostomy and result in significant bowel, sexual, and urinary dysfunction. In order to determine the effectiveness of various multimodality regimens it is important to not only assess conventional oncologic outcomes but also the impact on patient's quality of life. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:684–692. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emerging technologies including robotics and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) colorectal surgery
Authors: Whiteford Mark H. , Swanstrom Lee L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEndoluminal and minimally invasive techniques have a long history and bright future in colorectal surgery. First, we will examine how old (colonoscopy) and new (laparoscopy) techniques combine in the form of laparoscopically assisted colonoscopic polypectomy for removal of “colonoscopically unresectable” colon polyps. Next, we will review the early experiences with robot‐assisted minimally invasive colon resections. Lastly, we will introduce the next frontier in minimally invasive surgery, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:678–683. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The biologic significance of micrometastatic disease and sentinel lymph node technology on colorectal cancer
Authors: Iddings Douglas , Bilchik Anton 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique has practical applications in multiple solid tumors including colorectal carcinoma. Identifying the SLN(s) provides better staging of the regional lymphatics beyond standard H&E analysis. This additional information assists in predicting biology and may be useful in guiding adjuvant therapy. We postulate the era of sentinel node has ushered in a new generation of node‐negative patients; patients that have an exceptionally favorable outcome when compared to historic controls. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:671–677. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laparoscopic proctectomy for rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Read Thomas E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDuring the past 15 years, there has been increasing enthusiasm for the use of laparoscopic techniques in the operative treatment of patients suffering from colorectal disease. Laparoscopic colectomy has been demonstrated to be safe for patients suffering from adenocarcinoma of the intraperitoneal colon. Attention is now being focused on the treatment of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma using laparoscopic methods. Prospective data analysis will be crucial in determining whether laparoscopic proctectomy provides equivalent results to open procedures. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:660–664. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.