bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Ketones by SmI2-Mediated Allylation or Benzylation of Ketenes Followed by Enantioselective Protonation
Authors: Takeuchi Seiji , Miyoshi Norikazu , Ohgo Yoshiaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
SmI2-mediated allylation or benzylation of alkylarylketenes followed by enantioselective protonation with α,α′-di[(S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-o-xylenedioxide gave the corresponding ketones in 61–91%ee.
Diazo Coupling of [2.2]Metacyclophanes
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Mataka Shuntaro , Tashiro Masashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
[2.2]Metacyclophanes(=MCPs) which carry hydroxy, methoxy or methyl group at the inner position exhibited a stronger reactivity toward diazonium salts than the corresponding phenol, anisole or toluene, respectively. Such a reactivity was also estimated in connection with the UV spectra of the azo benzene component.
Detrapped Valence State of Iron(II)-Iron(III) Complexes with Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Maeda Yonezo , Tanigawa Yuichi , Hayami Shinya , Takashima Yoshimasa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Diiron(II)-(III) complexes [Fe2L(pa)2](ClO4)2 and [Fe2L(mpdp)](ClO4)2 were prepared, where HL represents 2,6-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-4-methylphenol, Hpa is pelargonic acid and H2mpdp is m-phenylenedipropionic acid. The valences of the irons are localized at low temperature, and delocalized in the Mössbauer time scale (1 × 10−7s) above 265 K for both of the complexes.
An Ionic Plastic Phase of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazinium Tetrafluoroborate Revealed by 1H and 19F NMR and Thermal Measurements
Authors: Ishida Hiroyuki , Takagi Kentaro , Ikeda Ryuichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Three solid phases of (CH3)2NNH3BF4 were found between 200 K and the melting point (415 K) by differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and 1H and 19F NMR measurements. The highest-temperature solid phase obtainable above 268 K was shown to be an ionic plastic phase, where the cations as well as the anions perform rapid translational self-diffusion and overall rotation about their center of gravity.
Pyrolytic Elimination of 1-Aryl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl Acetates via Two Distinct Pathways
Authors: Watanabe Shin-ichiro , Shimizu Nobujiro , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Pyrolysis of 1-aryl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl acetates, X-C6H4CH(OCOR)CH2SiMe3 (X = m-Cl, H, p-Me, and p-MeO; R = CH3 and CF3), takes two distinct elimination pathways in varying ratios depending on solvent polarity, electron-supply from aryl groups, and nucleofugality of leaving groups.
Significance of Steric Effect in the Heterolysis of Carbon–Carbon σ Bond in Ionically Dissociative Hydrocarbons
Authors: Miyabo Atsushi , Kitagawa Toshikazu , Takeuchi Ken’ichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The standard free energies of heterolysis (ΔG°het) of a carbon–carbon σ bond in sterically congested hydrocarbons R1–R2b–j and a related derivative R1–R2a in DMSO and sulfolane at 25 °C are about 40 kJ/mol smaller than expected from Arnett’s master equations, indicating the importance of steric factor in the heterolytic cleavage.
Palladium-Catalyzed Alkyl-Alkyl Cross-Coupling Reaction of 9-Alkyl-9-BBN Derivatives with Iodoalkanes Possessing β-Hydrogens
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuo , Abe Shigeru , Miyaura Norio , Suzuki Akira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
9-Alkyl-9-BBN derivatives undergo the cross-coupling reaction with primary iodoalkanes to give the coupling products in fairly good yields in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 and K3PO4.
Photooxygenation of Arylmethylsilanes via Photoinduced Electron-Transfer
Authors: Tamai Toshiyuki , Mizuno Kazuhiko , Hashida Isao , Otsuji Yoshio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA)-sensitized photooxygenation of arylmethylsilanes in acetonitrile and benzene gave aromatic aldehydes and aromatic carboxylic acids in a site-selective manner. This photoreaction involves exciplex and radical ions as reactive intermediates, depending on the solvents.
Monomeric and Cluster States of Water Molecules in Organic Solvent
Authors: Nakahara Masaru , Wakai Chihiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Measurements of the 1H-NMR chemical shifts and their temperature dependence have disclosed that sparingly soluble water is monomeric at room temperature in hydrophobic solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride, benzene, chloroform, and that some water clusters are formed even in dilute solution in the apolar and slightly polar solvents at low temperatures, controlled by energy instead of entropy.
Space Charge Effect on the Transient Current Induced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation
Authors: Nakashima Keiji , Kise Manabu , Ogawa Teiichiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The laser power dependence of the transient current induced by the pulsed laser irradiation on pyrene in n-hexane was measured. The peak time of the current decreased with increasing the produced charge. This result was inconsistent with a theoretical prediction on the space charge effect, and showed the electric field inhomogeneity was important.
Active Species in Zn-Butyl Iodide System for Coal Solubilization
Authors: Yoneyama Yoshiharu , Gonda Kiyoshi , Kato Tsutomu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Yubari coal treated with supernatant solution formed from a reaction of Bu2Zn and ZnI2 in the presence of butyl iodide shows 97 wt% of solubility in benzene, which is comparable with that obtained from one treated in a zinc-butyl iodide system. This result suggests that dibutylzinc, butylzinc iodide, and butyl iodide are indispensable species in the zinc-butyl iodide system for coal solubilization.
Crucial Role of the Tropone C=O Group in Preferential Exhibition of Smectic C Phase through Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Mori Akira , Nimura Ryuko , Isobe Masahiro , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
New 5-alkoxy-2-(4-alkylaminobenzoyloxy)tropones showing a smectic C phase exclusively were prepared. The corresponding benzenoids were non-mesogenic. The variable-temperature FT-IR spectra of 2-(4-dodecylaminobenzoyloxy)-5-tetradecyloxytropone suggested the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the NH and both the tropone and the ester C=O groups in the mesophase.
Synthesis and 1H NMR Spectral Behavior of a Methano[20]annulenedione Derivative
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Takai Yoshie , Ojima Juro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A potential 18π-electron system, 11,16-dimethyl-12,14-bisdehydro-1,6-methano[20]annulene-7,20-dione was synthesized and its 1H NMR spectral behavior in CDCl3, CF3CO2D, and D2SO4 was studied. The energy barrier to the methylene flipping was highly dependent on the medium.
Effects of Salt on Isomerization of Stilbene Cation Radicals. Direct Observation of their Cis → Trans Conversion
Authors: Kuriyama Yasunao , Arai Tatsuo , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Unimolecular cis → trans conversion of stilbene cation radicals generated from 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-biphenyl co-sensitization under air was directly observed in the presence of salt such as LiClO4 in acetonitrile, and the activation parameters of this process were determined by means of transient spectroscopy. It is proposed that the salt reduces the rate of charge recombination between the olefin cation radical and the resulting superoxide anion by complexing with the latter anion.
A New Preconcentration Method for Metal Chelates with Micro Volume of Water Miscible Solvent and Its Application to the Determination of Cobalt by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kaneko Emiko , Hoshino Hitoshi , Yotsuyanagi Takao 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new effective and simple method has been developed to concentrate trace analytes from the organic phase after conventional extraction. Micro volume of high boiling-point water miscible solvent (solvent A), such as dimethylsulfoxide, is added to the separated organic phase and the low boiling-point organic solvent (solvent B), such as chroloform, is removed by evaporation to concentrate the analytes in the solvent A. This method has been successfully applied to the ion-pair solvent extraction system of cobalt with 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene as a powerful preconcentration technique for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the metal chelates. The detection limit is 6 × 10−10 mol dm−3.
Synthesis, Chemical Reactivity, and Cytotoxicity of 2-Bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methyliden-1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Systems Related to Antitumor Antibiotic Carzinophilin A
Authors: Hashimoto Masaru , Yamada Kaoru , Terashima Shiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Enantiomeric pairs of the title compounds were synthesized starting from (S)-and (R)-pyroglutamic acid. They were found to be susceptible to nucleophilic ring opening of aziridine moieties and to exhibit weak in vitro cytotoxicity.
Practical Preparation of Chiral 4-Substituted 2-Oxazolidinones
Authors: Ishizuka Tadao , Kimura Koreichi , Ishibuchi Seigo , Kunieda Takehisa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A versatile and practical route to both enantiomers of a wide variety of 4-substituted 2-oxazolidinones from the parent heterocycle is provided by regioselective substitutions via 4-methoxy derivative followed by chromatographic separation of the diastereomers derived from N-2-exo-methoxy-1-apocamphanecarbonylation.
Preparation of Palladium(II) and Copper(II) Selective Chelating Resin Bearing 2-Acetylphenol Ligand
Authors: Fujii Yuki , Maie Hajime , Kumagai Seiko , Sugai Toshihiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new chelating resin bearing 2-acetylphenol ligand was synthesized by the copolymerization of 2-acetyl-5-(p-vinylbenzyloxy)phenol, acrylamide, and methylenediacrylamide. The resin adsorbed rapidly Pd(II) [pH 1–2.5] and Cu(II) [pH 3.5–6] with a high selectivity, and the adsorption ability was promoted by the application of template synthesis method.
Reviews
Authors: McCulloch Jude , Newham Gerard 
Published: May 2006

Defending the Homeland: Domestic Intelligence, Law Enforcement, and Security By Jonathan R White (2004) Australia:Thomas Wadsworth, 128 pp., ISBN 0534621694 The Enemy Within: Intelligence Gathering, Law Enforcement, and Civil Liberties in the Wake of September 11 By Stephen J Schulhofer (2002) New York:A Century Foundation Report 81 pp., ISBN 087078482X. Dot.cons: Crime, Deviance and Identity on the Internet Edited by Yvonne Jewkes (2003) Cullompton:Willan Press, 256 pp., ISBN 1843920018
Reviews
Authors: Wilson Dean , Stanley Elizabeth , Sugden Natasha , Baker David , Michalowski Raymond , Grabosky Peter 
Published: May 2006

Comparative Histories of Crime Edited by Barry Godfrey, Clive Emsley and Graeme Dunstall (2003) Cullompton: Willan, 256 pp., ISBN 1843920360 Maconochie's Gentlemen: The Story of Norfolk Island and the Roots of Modern Prison Reform By Norval Morris (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 213 pp., ISBN 0195146077 Women, Policing and Resistance in Northern Ireland By Sharon Pickering (2002) Northern Ireland: Beyond the Pale, 214 pp., ISBN 1900960206 Women in Charge: Policing, Gender and Leadership By Marisa Silvestri (2003) Devon:Willan, 256 pp., ISBN 1843920492 Policing World Society: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation By Mathieu Deflem (2002) Oxford University Press: Clarendon Studies in Criminology, 301 pp., ISBN 0199259623 Critical Chatter: Women and Human Rights in South East Asia By Caroline Lambert, Sharon Pickering and Christine Alder (2003) Durham, NC, USA: Carolina Academic Press, 193 pp., ISBN 0890891206 Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy Edited by Felia Allum and Renate Siebert (2003) London: Routledge, xv, 238 pp., ISBN 041536972X
Reviews
Authors: McCulloch Jude , McGee Tara Renae , Casey John , Grewcock Mike , Travers Max 
Published: May 2006

State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption; By Penny Green and Tony Ward (2004) London: Pluto Press, 255 pp, ISBN 0745317847 Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70 By John H. Laub and Robert J. Sampson; (2003) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 338 pp, ISBN 0674011910 Introducing Policing: Challenges for Police and Australian Communities By Mark Findlay; (2004) Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 190 pp, ISBN 0 19 551621 4 Bin Laden in the Suburbs: Criminalising the Arab Other By Scott Poynting, Greg Noble, Paul Tabar and Jock Collins; (2004) Sydney, Australia, The Sydney Institute of Criminology & Federation Press, 333 pp, ISBN 0975196707 The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (2nd ed.) By Ronet Bachman and Russell Schutt; (2003) Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, xxiii + 405 pp, ISBN 0761928774
Criminal Justice in Social Contexts
Authors: Maher JaneMaree 
Published: May 2006

Psychological Jurisprudence: Critical Explorations in Law, Crime and Society Bruce A.Arrigo (Ed.) (2004) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791461521 Girls' Violence: Myths and Realities Christine Alder and Anne Worrall (Eds.) (2004) Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791461106 Partners in Health, Partners in Crime: Exploring the Boundaries of Criminology and Sociology of Health and Illness Stefan Timmermans and Jonathon Gabe (Eds.) (2003) Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405105399
Reviews
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Stobbs Nigel 
Published: May 2006

Fair Cop: Learning the Art of Policing J.B.L. Chan, with Chris Devery and Sally Doran (2003) Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press Refugees and State Crime Sharon Pickering (2005) Sydney, The Federation Press, 232pp, ISBN 1862875413
Genetic Analyses of Teacher Ratings of Problem Behavior in 5-Year-Old Twins
Authors: Polderman Tinca J. C. , Posthuma Daniëlle , De Sonneville Leo M. J. , Verhulst Frank C. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBehavioral problems in young children can be assessed by asking their parents or teachers to rate their behaviors. Genetic analyses of parental ratings show relatively large heritabilities for emotional and behavioral problems in young children, but data from teachers for this age group are scarce. Sources of variation in the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) problem scales were examined. The TRF was completed for 211 Dutch 5-year-old twin pairs and 4 single twins. Twins rated by different teachers had higher means and variances than twins rated by the same teacher, in addition twin correlations were lower in this group. In both groups monozygotic (MZ) correlations were generally higher than dizygotic (DZ) correlations. A model for twin resemblance was tested that allowed for these effects. For 5 problem scales (Withdrawn, Social Problems, Aggressive Behavior, Rule Breaking Behavior and Attention Problems) a model with genetic and unique environmental sources of variation fitted best to the data. For 3 problem scales (Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems and Somatic Complaints) there were familial influences but it was not possible to distinguish between common environmental influences or genetic influences. Heritability was 63% for Attention problems, around 45% for Withdrawn, Social Problems, Aggressive Behavior and Rule Breaking Behavior, and around 30% for Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems and Somatic Complaints.
Being Opposite: Is There Advantage for Social Competence and Friendships in Being an Opposite-Sex Twin?
Authors: Laffey-Ardley Sioban , Thorpe Karen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractArecent large-scale study of Finnish adolescent twins (Pulkkinen et al., 2003) reported that individuals from opposite-sex twin pairs were more socially adaptive than individuals from same-sex pairs or singletons. This finding raised questions about the social learning effects of being an opposite-sex twin. The current article predicted on the basis of this finding, and evidence from singleton populations, that having an opposite-sex twin would yield social advantage. It sought to examine the social competencies of opposite-sex twins and compare them with same-sex twins and singletons. The study focused on the preschool years (age 3 to 6), a period in which the majority of children encounter their first large group, nonfamilial social experiences. The study obtained reports from parents and teachers of children aged 3 to 6 years: 72 children (36 pairs) who were dizygotic opposite-sex twins (DZOS), 50 children (25 pairs) who were dizygotic same-sex twins (DZSS), and 85 singletons of the same age and sex as the twins, who had at least one sibling. Reports were made using standardized measures of social competencies, behavior problems, language development and friendships. The main effects found were of differences in social competency between twins and singletons. Twins had lower social competency scores. No differences between same-sex and opposite-sex twins were found. The findings did not support the hypothesis of social advantage for opposite-sex twins in early childhood.
Having a Co-Twin With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: McDougall Megan R. , Hay David A. , Bennett Kellie S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder which occurs more often in twins than singletons. This article focuses on the psychosocial consequences of having a co-twin with ADHD. Specifically, the level of anxiety (generalized and separation) in non-ADHD children who have a co-twin with ADHD is examined using data from the Australian Twin ADHD Project (ATAP). Parental report data on 501 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged 6 to 15 and their siblings were used to examine (i) anxiety symptoms in twin pairs discordant for ADHD, (ii) how the effects of an ADHD twin on their co-twin and siblings are related to the type of ADHD, and (iii) whether the effects are greater for the nonaffected twin than nontwin siblings. Results show that anxiety was high in co-twins of children with the combined subtype of ADHD, with increased symptoms of both generalized and separation anxiety. Inattentive ADHD had smaller effects, which were confined to generalized anxiety and were specific to the co-twin rather than other siblings. These results have clinical implications in managing the entire multiple birth family where one twin has ADHD, and also has implications for genetic analysis in modeling the relationship of ADHD to internalizing disorders.
Relationship Between Parents' Report Rate of Twin Language and Factors Related to Linguistic Development: Older Sibling, Nonverbal Play and Preschool Attendance
Authors: Hayashi Chisato , Hayakawa Kazuo , Tsuboi Chika , Oda Keiko , Amau Yukiko , Kobayashi Yoko , Kato Kenji 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe definition and nature of twin language has been a focus of recent studies concerned with the phenomenon. There has been a call for a tighter definition and understanding of the meaning of twin language (Thorpe et al., 2001). This article sought to identify social factors associated with the parent report of twin language and thus provide further understanding of the phenomenon. Data from 583 mothers of twins aged 25 to 59 months were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Factors included in the modeling of parent-report twin language included social experience factors such as presence of siblings, attendance at preschool education and reports of nonverbal play. It was found that twin pairs who didn't have an older sibling, who showed frequent nonverbal play and who didn't attend preschool were more likely to have a twin language. Moreover, in the group not having an older sibling, the influence of whether twins attended preschool or not was strong and the odds ratio was 0.589 (95% confidence intervals 0.360–0.963). The findings suggest that social experience factors are important predictors of the parent reporting of twin language.
The Genetic Architecture of Neuroticism in 3301 Dutch Adolescent Twins as a Function of Age and Sex: A Study From the Dutch Twin Register
Authors: Rettew David C. , Vink Jacqueline M. , Willemsen Gonneke , Doyle Alicia , Hudziak James J. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences to variation in adolescent neuroticism as a function of age and sex. Neuroticism was assessed using the Amsterdamse Biografische Vragenlijst (ABV): a self-report personality instrument similar in content to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Genetic modeling procedures, including age as modifier, were fitted to the total sample of 3301 Dutch adolescent twins aged 12 to 17 years (mean age 15.5). Significant influences of additive genetic factors (.59, 95% confidence intervals [CI] .54–.63) and unshared environmental factors (.41, 95% CI .37–.45) were found. Our data did not support a role of shared environment. Results showed that different genes may influence variation in neuroticism between girls and boys. No interaction was found between the variance components and age. Results generally support prior findings in adults and young children that neuroticism is influenced principally by additive genetic and unique environmental factors. The magnitude of the genetic component appears higher in the present sample of adolescents than in most studies of adults. The present study suggests that, in adolescence, different genes are expressed in boys and girls.
A Twin Study of Lifetime Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Older Adults: Genetic and Environmental Influences Shared by Neuroticism and GAD
Authors: Mackintosh Margaret-Anne , Gatz Margaret , Wetherell Julie Loebach , Pedersen Nancy L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe nature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and worry across the lifespan remains incompletely understood. We investigated genetic and environmental influences on GAD and the proportion of genetic and environmental variation in GAD that is shared with neuroticism in older adult twins. Participants included 1618 monozygotic and 2291 same-sexed dizygotic twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Registry aged 55 to 74. Participants provided personality information in 1973 and also participated in a telephone screening between 1998 and 2002 that included an assessment for lifetime GAD. Univariate biometric models indicated that both GAD and neuroticism were moderately heritable (.27 and .47, respectively), while the balance of variation reflected environmental factors unique to the individual. Bivariate analyses indicated that approximately one third of the genetic influences on GAD were in common with genetic influences on neuroticism, while individual specific environmental influences were virtually unshared between GAD and neuroticism. Analyses of sex effects suggested that men and women differed in the frequency of lifetime GAD and level of neuroticism; however, no sex differences for genetic and environmental influences for either trait were identified.