bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bivalirudin for anticoagulation in children
Authors: Rayapudi Sobharani , Torres Adalberto , Deshpande Girish G. , Ross Mitchell P. , Wohrley Julie D. , Young Guy , Tarantino Michael D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundThromboembolism in children is typically treated with unfractionated heparin (UH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Both rely on antithrombin (AT) for their action. In addition, heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially serious complication of heparin use in children. Bivalirudin or other direct thrombin inhibitors may be a useful alternative to heparins in treating thrombosis in children.ProcedureWe report a retrospective review to assess the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in pediatric patients with thrombosis.ResultsSixteen children received bivalirudin for thrombosis or prevention of thrombosis at the Children's Hospital of Illinois from January 2005 to January 2007. Patients received a bolus dose of 0.25 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion (0.16 ± 0.07 mg kg−1 hr−1) titrated to 1.5–2.5 times the baseline activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Positive correlation between the bivalirudin average infusion rate and aPTT was observed in twelve patients. Ultrasonographic evidence of thrombus regression was noted at 72 hr in 10 of 10 patients. One patient experienced hematuria after catheterization of the urethra.ConclusionBivalirudin was effective and well‐tolerated in these patients. Further studies should be conducted to better define safety and efficacy of bivalirudin in pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:798–801. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health‐related quality of life, cognitive functioning and behaviour problems in children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Vrijmoet‐Wiersma C.M. Jantien , Kooloos Vicky M. , Koopman Hendrik M. , Kolk Annemarie M. , van der Laan Ingrid , Grootenhuis Martha A. , Egeler R. Maarten 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate generic and disease‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), cognitive functioning and behaviour problems of children with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH). Furthermore, we investigated which medical determinants and social demographic factors were predictive for HRQoL, cognitive functioning and behavioural problems.ProcedureIn this cross‐sectional case‐control study 24 children ranging from 7 to 17 years of age were administered a HRQoL questionnaire, cognitive tests and behaviour ratings. In addition, a disease‐specific HRQoL measure was developed and tested. Results were compared to a reference group consisting of healthy peers and to proxy‐ratings by parents and teachers.ResultsChildren with LCH reported a lower physical HRQoL than the reference group (P ≤ 0.05). Children older than 12 reported lower HRQoL scores. Scores on the disease‐specific HRQoL questionnaire were lower than on the generic measure used. Performances on cognitive tests varied widely, short term visual memory was most affected. Twenty‐five percent of the children follow special education. According to parents and teachers, children with LCH had more internalising behaviour problems (i.e., anxiety and depression), compared to the instrument norms. Children with Diabetes Insipidus, other CNS involvement and children who have had chemotherapy had more cognitive and behaviour problems than the other children with LCH.ConclusionsHRQoL is affected in children with LCH, especially in older children. Children with LCH show more internalising problem behaviour than their peers. Teachers are important additional informants about behaviour problems. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:116–122. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and post‐natal treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Shah Ami J. , Kapoor Neena , Cooper Robert M. , Crooks Gay M. , Lenarsky Carl , Abdel‐Azim Hisham , Wu Shi Qi , Wilson Kathy , Weinberg Kenneth I. , Parkman Robertson , Kohn Donald B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of infancy and childhood that is invariably fatal if not treated. We report on the first patient to receive post‐natal HSCT for HLH after receiving in utero chemotherapy for disease stabilization. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:139–142. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of digitoxin and digoxin as internal standards in HPLC analysis of triterpene saponin‐containing extracts
Authors: Balsevich J. John , Bishop Greg G. , Deibert Leah K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntroductionSaponins are widely distributed complex plant glycosides possessing a variety of structure‐dependent bioactivities. Quantitation of individual saponins is difficult due to lack of available standards, mainly as a consequence of purification difficulties. Determination of total saponin content can be problematic, often relying on non‐specific methods based on butanol solubility, haemolytic activity or formation of coloured derivatives.ObjectiveTo develop a general quantitative method based on the use of the readily available cardenolides, digitoxin (1) and digoxin (2), as internal standards in an HPLC‐PAD‐based analysis.MethodologyThe cardenolides were run at a variety of concentrations to establish linearity and reproducibility of detector response and then evaluated as internal standards for quantitation of triterpene saponins in several plant‐derived extracts by HPLC‐PAD. Mixtures of saponins, largely freed from other extractables, were obtained by fractionation of total extracts on solid phase extraction columns (SPE) employing a water–methanol gradient and used for construction of calibration curves. Saponin identification and structural information was obtained via a single quadrupole mass detector using electrospray ionisation in negative ion mode (ESI−).ResultsSaponin contents in six samples from five species were determined and compared with literature results and a gravimetric method based on butanol–water partitioning. Results were generally consistent with literature reports and superior to gravimetric butanol–water partitioning.ConclusionDigitoxin and digoxin are useful as internal standards in HPLC estimation of saponin content. Saponins from different species having similar structures and molecular weights afford similar calibration curves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart sunglasses based on electrochromic polymers
Authors: Ma Chao , Taya Minoru , Xu Chunye 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSmart sunglasses based on electrochromic polymers are proposed and developed in this study. This article discusses the design, processing, and the optical and electrical performance of a prototype smart sunglasses based on cathodic electrochromic (EC) polymers, which show several merits compared with traditional materials for sunglasses lens as well as other smart window materials. It is a multilayer design of device. The conjugated polymer, poly[3,3‐dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐thieno [3,4‐b] [1,4]dioxepine] (PProDOT‐Me2), is utilized as the electrochromic working layer. The counter layer of the device is vanadium oxide (V2O5) film, which serves as an ion storage layer. There is also a polymer gel electrolyte acting as the ionic transport layer, sandwiched between the working and counter layers. The characteristics of the prototype device are reported, including transmittance (%T), driving power, response time, open circuit memory, and lifetime. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterizing the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of sealant, including its Mullins effect
Authors: White C.C. , Hunston D.L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractQuantification of mechanical properties, such as nonlinear viscoelastic behavior, for a cured sealant is complicated by the presence of the Mullins effect. This article examines the mechanical behavior of five different sealants materials encompassing the range of currently available commercial sealant formulations. The Mullins effect was observed for all materials and was present in both tensile and compression experiments. If a previously tested sample was allowed to rest (remain unloaded) for a sufficiently long period of time, however, the Mullins effect was partially recovered; that is, the modulus measured during the first mechanical loading following the rest period was greater than that obtained on subsequent loadings. Samples were then preloaded to remove the Mullins effect, and their nonlinear viscoelastic properties were examined using stress–relaxation experiments. Although the behavior was complex, the time and strain dependences were sufficiently independent so that time–strain superposition could be used to simplify modeling and characterization without introducing significant errors. A simple empirical equation was formulated to describe the behavior for all five sealants over the range of strains and time scales examined. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
HDPE functionalization via high shear stress‐induced initiation and its effects on HDPE/GF composite
Authors: Zhang Yuncan , Chen Jinyao , Li Huilin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe functionalization reaction of high density polyethylene (HDPE) with maleic anhydride (MAH) or with MAH and γ‐methacryloxy‐propyltrimethoxysilane (MAS) performed in melt state through a high shear stress‐induced initiation by increasing the screw rotation speed of twin‐screw extruder and through a compounded initiation by adding some initiator and increasing the screw rotation speed was investigated in this article. The results show that by increasing the screw rotation speed during melt‐extruding process, the scission of HDPE chain bonds can be caused to form macroradicals, the functionalization reaction of HDPE with MAH or with MAH, and MAS can be realized. The percentage of grafting and the melt flow rate of the functionalized products depend on the screw rotation speed and reaction temperature. The crosslinking reaction during melt extrusion can be suppressed by increasing the screw rotation speed and the reaction of HDPE with MAH can also be promoted by adding a second grafting monomer MAS. The high shear stress‐induced reaction products have a higher reactivity with the coupling agents coated on the surface of glass fibers and can obviously increase the mechanical properties of HDPE/GF composite. The SEM experimental results indicate that an oriented crystal transition layer exists between the interface of glass fiber and the matrix, the interfacial bonding strength is the determining factor of the formation of the oriented crystal layer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
An optical investigation of high‐tenacity polyester (H‐T PET) fibers annealed at different temperatures
Authors: El‐Dessouky H.M. , Mahmoudi M.R. , Yassien K.M. , Lawrence C.A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA two‐beam “Interphako” interference microscope was used to study the effect of annealing on the physical properties of high‐tenacity poly(ethylene terephthalate) H‐T PET fibers. The PET fibers were annealed with free ends for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200°C. The shrinkage, refractive indices, and orientation angle of the PET fibers were determined for different annealing temperatures. The measured birefringence and orientation function were found to have decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the degree of crystallinity and the onset temperature (DSC) increased. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Novel mesogen‐jacketed poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives bearing oxadiazole pendants: Design, synthesis, and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Sun Limei , Wang Ping , Jin Hao , Fan Xinghe , Shen Zhihao , Chen Xiaofang , Zhou Qi‐Feng 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1,3,4‐oxadiazole moieties were laterally linked to the phenyl rings via a short OCH2 spacer and a series of novel poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives have been successfully synthesized through Horner–Witting–Emmons coupling reaction. The structures and properties of the monomers and the resulting conjugated polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscope, Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–vis absorption (UV) spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The UV spectra at solution state was similar to what's observed at film state while the PL spectra at film state had a red shift from 19 to 28 nm compared with the results at solution state, which implied that the unique bulky jacketed structure containing oxadiazole unit of these copolymers could effectively suppress π‐stacking/aggregation. LUMO levels of these polymers varied from −3.44 to −3.63 eV with increasing content of oxadiazole units, which facilitated electron injection. PLEDs with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT/Polymer/TPBI (15 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) were fabricated, which emit a yellowish green light around 540 and 570 nm with a maximum brightness of 1074.7 cd/m2 and luminous efficiency of 0.108 cd/A. The introduction of the unique bulky OXD unit into PPVs at a low molar content largely improved the electroluminescence properties of PPV. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7173–7186, 2008
“Click” coupling between alkyne‐decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes and reactive PDMA‐PNIPAM micelles
Authors: Liu Jinyao , Nie Zhihua , Gao Yong , Adronov Alex , Li Huaming 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCovalent functionalization of alkyne‐decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with a well‐defined, azide‐derivatized, thermoresponsive diblock copolymer, poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PDMA‐PNIPAM) was accomplished by the Cu(I)‐catalyzed [3 + 2] Huisgen cycloaddition. It was found that this reaction could simultaneously increase the molecular size and bonding density of grafted polymers when PDMA‐PNIPAM micelles were employed in the coupling system. On the other hand, attachment of molecularly dissolved unimers of high‐molecular weight onto the nanotube resulted in low‐graft density. The block copolymer bearing azide groups at the PDMA end was prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation transfer polymerization, which formed micelles with a diameter of ∼40 nm at temperatures above its critical micelle temperature. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to demonstrate that the coupling reaction was successfully carried out between copolymer micelles and alkyne‐bearing MWNTs. FTIR spectroscopy was utilized to follow the introduction and consumption of alkyne groups on the MWNTs. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the functionalized MWNTs consisted of about 45% polymer. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to image polymer‐functionalized MWNTs, showing relatively uniform polymer coatings present on the surface of nanotubes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7187–7199, 2008
Stability and utility of pyridyl disulfide functionality in RAFT and conventional radical polymerizations
Authors: Boyer Cyrille , Liu Jingquan , Wong Lingjiun , Tippett Michael , Bulmus Volga , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTwo RAFT agents, suitable for inducing living radical polymerization in water, have been synthesized. Both RAFT agents were shown to be effective over the temperature range 25–70 °C. One RAFT agent was functionalized with a pyridyl disulfide group. RAFT efficacy was demonstrated for the polymerizations of N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM) and poly(ethylene oxide)‐acrylate (PEG‐A) in both water and acetonitrile. The kinetic data indicates that the pyridyl disulfide functionality is largely benign in free radical polymerizations, remaining intact for subsequent reaction with thiol groups. This result was confirmed by studying conventional radical polymerizations in the presence of hydroxyethyl pyridyl disulfide. The utility of the pyridyl disulfide functionality at the terminus of the polymers was demonstrated by synthesizing polymer‐BSA conjugates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7207–7224, 2008
Polyelectrolyte‐grafted carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, reversible phase‐transition behavior, and tribological properties as lubricant additives
Authors: Pei Xiaowei , Xia Yanqiu , Liu Weimin , Yu Bo , Hao Jingcheng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA novel polyelectrolyte‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐g‐PILs) which possesses a hard backbone of MWCNTs and a soft shell of brush‐like poly (ionic liquids) (PILs) has been synthesized via the surface atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Chemical structure and the grafted PILs quantities of MWCNTs‐g‐PILs were determined by FTIR, TGA, and XPS. TEM and FE‐SEM observations indicate that the nanotubes were coated with a PILs layer, exhibiting core‐shell nanostructures with the PILs chains as the brush‐like or hairy shell and the MWCNTs as the hard backbone. Furthermore, the effect of counter‐anions on the solubility of MWCNTs‐g‐PILs was investigated. The results indicate that relative solubility of MWCNTs‐g‐PILs in various solvents could be switched by anion exchange. This tunable solubility results in the formation of the cycle of reversible phase‐transition. Tribological property of MWCNTs‐g‐PILs as additives in base lubricant 1‐methyl‐3‐butylimidaaolium hexafluorophosphate (LP104) was evaluated using an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester, confirming that MWCNTs‐g‐PILs are the excellent antiwear and friction‐reducing additives, which can amend the tribological properties of base lubricant significantly. This is attributed to the good dispersibility and core‐shell structure of MWCNTs‐g‐PILs. These results reported in this work may open primarily toward constructing a bridge among carbon nanotues (CNTs), ILs, and lubricant additives and secondarily to prove that CNTs (modified CNTs) as lubricant additives are promising candidates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7225–7237, 2008
Synthesis of homopolymers and copolymers containing an active ester of acrylic acid by RAFT: Scaffolds for controlling polyvalent ligand display
Authors: Gujraty Kunal V. , Yanjarappa Mallinamadugu J. , Saraph Arundhati , Joshi Amit , Mogridge Jeremy , Kane Ravi S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe describe the synthesis of activated homopolymers and copolymers of controlled molecular weight based on the controlled radical polymerization of N‐acryloyloxysuccinimide (NAS) by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). We synthesized activated homopolymers in a range of molecular weights with polydispersities between 1 and 1.2. The attachment of an inhibitory peptide to the activated polymer backbone yielded a potent controlled molecular weight polyvalent inhibitor of anthrax toxin. To provide greater control over the placement of the peptides along the polymer backbone, we also used a semibatch copolymerization method to synthesize copolymers of NAS and acrylamide (AAm). This approach enabled the synthesis of copolymers with control over the placement of peptide‐reactive NAS monomers along an inert backbone; subsequent functionalization of NAS with peptide yielded well‐defined polyvalent anthrax toxin inhibitors that differed in their potencies. These strategies for controlling molecular weight, ligand density, and ligand placement will be broadly applicable for designing potent polyvalent inhibitors for a variety of pathogens and toxins and for elucidating structure–activity relationships in these systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7249–7257, 2008
In situ intercalative polymerization of conducting polypyrrole/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Yeum Jeong Hyun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractConducting polypyrrole (PPy)‐montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanocomposites have been synthesized by the in situ intercalative polymerization method. The PPy‐MMT nanocomposites are characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD patterns show that after polymerization by the in situ intercalative method with ammonium persulfate and 1 M HCl, an increase in the basal spacing from 1.2 to 1.9 nm was observed, signifying that PPy is synthesized between the interlayer spaces of MMT. TEM and SEM micrographs suggest that the coexistence of intercalated MMT layers with the PPy macromolecules. FTIR reveals that there might be possible interfacial interactions present between the MMT clay and PPy matrix. The study also shows that the introduction of MMT clay results in thermal stability improvement of the PPy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2279–2285, 2008
Poly(ethylene imine)‐graft‐poly(ethylene oxide) brush‐like copolymers: Preparation, thermal properties, and selective supramolecular inclusion complexation with α‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Li Lei , Zheng Sixun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPoly(ethylene imine)‐graft‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEI‐g‐PEO) copolymers were synthesized via Michael addition reaction between acryl‐terminated poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether (PEO) and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI). The brush‐like copolymers were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is found that the crystallinity of the PEO side chains in the copolymers remained unaffected by the PEI backbone whereas the crystal structure of PEO side chains was altered to some extent by the PEI backbone. The crystallization behavior of PEO blocks in the copolymers suggests that the bush‐shaped copolymers are microphase‐separated in the molten state. The PEO side chains of the copolymers were selectively complexed with α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) to afford hydrophobic side chains (i.e., PEO/α‐CD inclusion complexes). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the inclusion complexes (ICs) of the PEO side chains displayed a channel‐type crystalline structure. It is identified that the stoichiometry of the inclusion complexation of the PEI‐g‐PEO with α‐CD is close to that of the control PEO with α‐CD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2296–2306, 2008
Chemorheology of photopolymerizable acrylates using a modified Boltzmann sigmoidal model
Authors: Love B. J. , Ruinet F. Piguet , Teyssandier F. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExperiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of ambient photoconversion on rheology for a range of photopolymerizable urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) resins containing varying amounts of three comonomers including 1,6 hexane diol‐dimethacrylate (HDDMA), an alkoxylated cyclohexane dimethanol diacrylate monomer (CD‐582), and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Experiments were performed both as a function of composition and time‐dependent dose varying the intensity using a photorheometer. A semilog‐based sigmoidal model allowed the determination of four physical model parameters to define the relationship between reaction kinetics and its dynamic influence on viscosity. We have observed induction times and viscosity changes associated with the model that shows a trend in reaction kinetics in the following order from most to least reactive: UDMA > CD582 > HDDMA > HEMA. With increasing amounts of reactive diluent included in the formulation, the kinetics of reaction was more sluggish. The value of this sigmoidal model is that it could help define formulation and process conditions most likely to control crosslinking to maximize dimensional stability or other thermophysical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2319–2325, 2008