bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro sensitivity of commercial scanners to microchips of various frequencies
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Pennell Michael L. , Ingwersen Walter , Fisher Robert A. , Workman Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate sensitivity of 4 commercially available microchip scanners used to detect or read encrypted and unencrypted 125-, 128-, and 134.2-kHz microchips under controlled conditions.
Design—Evaluation study.
Sample Population—Microchip scanners from 4 manufacturers and 6 brands of microchips (10 microchips/brand).
Procedures—Each microchip was scanned 72 times with each scanner passed parallel to the long axis of the microchip and 72 times with each scanner passed perpendicular to the long axis of the microchip. For each scan, up to 3 passes were allowed for the scanner to read or detect the microchip. Microchip and scanner order were randomized. Sensitivity was calculated as the mean percentage of the 72 scans for each microchip that were successful (ie, the microchip was detected or read).
Results—None of the scanners had 100% sensitivity for all microchips and both scanning orientations, and there were clear differences between scanners on the basis of operating frequency of the microchip, orientation of the microchip, and number of passes used to detect or read the microchip. For the 3 scanners designed to detect or read microchips of all 3 frequencies currently used in the United States, sensitivity was highest for 134.2-kHz microchips and lower for 125- and 128-kHz microchips. None of the scanners performed as well when only a single pass of the scanner was used to detect or read the microchips.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that use of multiple passes in different directions was important for maximizing sensitivity of microchip scanners.
Sensitivity of commercial scanners to microchips of various frequencies implanted in dogs and cats
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Pennell Michael L. , Ingwersen Walter , Fisher Robert A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the sensitivity of 4 commercially available microchip scanners used to detect or read encrypted and unencrypted 125-, 128-, and 134.2-kHz microchips under field conditions following implantation in dogs and cats at 6 animal shelters.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—3,949 dogs and cats at 6 animal shelters.
Procedures—Each shelter was asked to enroll 657 to 660 animals and to implant microchips in 438 to 440 animals (each shelter used a different microchip brand). Animals were then scanned with 3 or 4 commercial scanners to determine whether microchips could be detected. Scanner sensitivity was calculated as the percentage of animals with a microchip in which the microchip was detected.
Results—None of the scanners examined had 100% sensitivity for any of the microchip brands. In addition, there were clear differences among scanners in regard to sensitivity. The 3 universal scanners capable of reading or detecting 128- and 134.2-kHz microchips all had sensitivities ≥ 94.8% for microchips of these frequencies. Three of the 4 scanners had sensitivities ≥ 88.2% for 125-kHz microchips, but sensitivity of one of the universal scanners for microchips of this frequency was lower (66.4% to 75.0%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that some currently available universal scanners have high sensitivity to microchips of the frequencies commonly used in the United States, although none of the scanners had 100% sensitivity. To maximize microchip detection, proper scanning technique should be used and animals should be scanned more than once. Microchipping should remain a component of a more comprehensive pet identification program.
Etiology and clinical outcome in dogs with aspiration pneumonia: 88 cases (2004–2006)
Authors: Kogan David A. , Johnson Lynelle R. , Sturges Beverly K. , Jandrey Karl E. , Pollard Rachel E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the number and types of underlying disorders detected in dogs with aspiration pneumonia and determine the survival rate among affected dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—88 dogs with aspiration pneumonia.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to identify disease processes that could result in aspiration pneumonia. To assess outcome (ie, survival to discharge from the hospital or nonsurvival), dogs were grouped by the type and number of underlying disease processes. Duration of hospitalization and radiographic severity of disease were evaluated with regard to case outcome.
Results—As the cause of aspiration pneumonia, a single underlying disorder was identified in 60 of the 88 dogs; 2 or more diseases were identified in the remaining dogs. Esophageal disease (n = 35), vomiting (34), neurologic disorders (24), laryngeal disease (16), and postanesthetic aspiration (12) were identified most commonly. Overall, 68 dogs survived to discharge from the hospital (survival rate, 77%). Survival rates were comparable among dogs regardless of the underlying cause of aspiration pneumonia. Radiographic severity of disease and duration of hospitalization did not influence survival.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among these study dogs, aspiration pneumonia was associated with a high survival rate. The presence of more than 1 underlying disease associated with aspiration pneumonia did not adversely impact survival rate. Interestingly, radiographic severity of disease and duration of hospitalization were not associated with overall survival rate.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca attributable to parasympathetic facial nerve dysfunction associated with hypothyroidism in a horse
Authors: Schwarz Bianca C. , Sallmutter Tamara , Nell Barbara 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Case Description—A 6-year-old 680-kg (1,496-lb) German Warmblood gelding was evaluated because of bilateral blepharospasm and head shaking.
Clinical Findings—Moderate blepharospasm was evident bilaterally, and both eyes had hyperemic and edematous conjunctivas and lusterless corneas. For each eye, the Schirmer tear test value was only 7 mm/min. The horse's nasal mucosa was dry. Abnormal behaviors included mild repetitive vertical movement of the head, snorting, and flehmen response (classic signs of head shaking). Touching the horse's nostrils and face revealed paresthesia and dysesthesia with slight nasolabial muscle hypertrophy bilaterally. Cranial nerve examination revealed no other abnormalities. Serum thyroxine concentration was low, and results of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation tests were negative, indicating that the horse had hypothyroidism. The diagnoses included keratoconjunctivitis sicca and dry nares attributable to parasympathetic facial nerve dysfunction, head-shaking syndrome with paresthesia and dysesthesia of the face attributable to sensory trigeminal nerve disorder, and hypothyroidism. The 2 nerve dysfunctions were considered peripheral neuropathies that were most likely caused by hypothyroidism.
Treatment and Outcome—Treatment of both eyes was initiated with topical applications of cyclosporine, 0.5% sodium hyaluronate, and vitamin A ointment. Levothyroxine (20 Pg/kg [9.1 Pg/lb], PO, q 24 h) was administered. Within 3 weeks to 4 months, serum thyroxine concentration was within reference range, and clinical signs and Schirmer tear test values improved.
Clinical Relevance—Hypothyroidism should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses with peripheral neuropathy or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In affected horses, administration of levothyroxine may lead to resolution of neurologic signs.
Gliadel (BCNU) wafer plus concomitant temozolomide therapy after primary resection of glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: McGirt Matthew J. , Than Khoi D. , Weingart Jon D. , Chaichana Kaisorn L. , Attenello Frank J. , Olivi Alessandro , Laterra John , Kleinberg Lawrence R. , Grossman Stuart A. , Brem Henry , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo 
Published: December 2008

Object
Gliadel (BCNU) wafer and concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) therapy, when used individually as adjuvant therapies, extend survival from that achieved by resection and radiation therapy (XRT) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). It remains unstudied whether combining Gliadel and TMZ therapy is safe or further improves survival in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. The authors reviewed their initial experience utilizing combined Gliadel, TMZ, and radiation therapy for the treatment of GBM.

Methods
All cases involving patients undergoing primary resection of GBM with or without Gliadel wafer (3.85% BCNU) implantation and adjuvant XRT over a 10-year period (1997–2006) were retrospectively reviewed. Beginning in 2004, concomitant TMZ became the standard of care at the authors' institution and all patients with Gliadel implantation also received concomitant TMZ (Stupp protocol). Overall survival and treatment-related morbidity were assessed for all patients treated with Gliadel plus concomitant TMZ (XRT + Gliadel + TMZ). Age-matched (≤ 70 years) comparison of survival and morbidity was performed between the XRT + Gliadel + TMZ (post-2003) and XRT + Gliadel (pre-2004) cohorts.

Results
Thirty-three patients were treated with XRT + Gliadel + TMZ. The median survival in this group was 20.7 months, with a 2-year survival rate of 36%. Six-month morbidity included surgical site infection in 1 case (3%), perioperative seizures in 2 cases (6%), deep-vein thrombus in 1 (3%), pulmonary embolism in 3 (9%), and cerebral edema requiring admission for intravenous dexamethasone in 1 case (3%). Myelosuppression required premature termination of TMZ in 7 patients (21%) (thrombocytopenia in 5, neutropenia in 2 cases). In patients ≤ 70 years of age, XRT + Gliadel + TMZ (30 patients, post-2003) was independently associated with improved median survival (21.3 vs 12.4 months, p = 0.005) versus XRT + Gliadel (78 patients, pre-2004), with 2-year survival of 39 versus 18%, respectively. In these patients, XRT + Gliadel + TMZ was not associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity in comparison with XRT + Gliadel.

Conclusions
In this experience, concomitant TMZ therapy in addition to Gliadel wafer implantation was associated with a median survival of nearly 21 months without increased perioperative morbidity. Temozolomide can be safely administered to patients receiving Gliadel wafers after resection of GBM.
Hypertension and diabetes as predictors of early death after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Tetri Sami , Juvela Seppo , Saloheimo Pertti , Pyhtinen Juhani , Hillbom Matti 
Published: December 2008

Object
Previous investigators have suggested that a high mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and an elevated plasma glucose level at admission are associated with a poor outcome after hemorrhagic stroke. It remains unclear, however, whether hypertension and diabetes are responsible for this effect. High admission MABP and plasma glucose levels may also be markers of other factors such as stroke severity.

Methods
The authors retrospectively investigated the role of a high admission MABP and plasma glucose level together with other predictors of early death among 379 nonsurgical patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) who were admitted to the stroke unit of Oulu University Hospital.

Results
The 3-month mortality rate was 28%. The patients who died within 3 months of ICH had significantly higher plasma glucose levels and MABPs at admission (p < 0.001). After adjustments for patient sex, age, size and location of hematoma, Glasgow Coma Scale score at admission, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, history of cardiac disease, and previous use of warfarin, history of diabetes (relative risk 1.61, 95% CI 1.03–2.53, p < 0.05) and high MABP at admission (relative risk 1.01 per mm Hg, 95% CI 1.00–1.02, p < 0.05) remained independent predictors of death 3 months after ICH. A high admission plasma glucose level and history of hypertension were not independent predictors of death.

Conclusions
A high MABP at admission was found to be an independent predictor of early death in patients with ICH. History of hypertension was not responsible for the effect. Admission hyperglycemia appeared to be a stress response to the severity of the bleeding, whereas diabetes predicted early death.
Induction of autophagic cell death and radiosensitization by the pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor–kappa B activation in human glioma cell lines
Authors: Tsuboi Yoshifumi , Kurimoto Masanori , Nagai Shoichi , Hayakawa Yumiko , Kamiyama Hironaga , Hayashi Nakamasa , Kitajima Isao , Endo Shunro 
Published: December 2008

Object
The intrinsic radioresistance of certain cancer cells may be closely associated with the constitutive activation of nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) activity, which may lead to protection from apoptosis. Recently, nonapoptotic cell death, or autophagy, has been revealed as a novel response of cancer cells to ionizing radiation. In the present study, the authors analyzed the effect of pitavastatin as a potential inhibitor of NF-κB activation on the radiosensitivity of A172, U87, and U251 human glioma cell lines.

Methods
The pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activation was achieved using pitavastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Growth and radiosensitivity assays were performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Hoechst 33258 staining, supravital acridine orange staining, and electron microscopy were performed utilizing 3 glioma cell lines with or without pitavastatin pretreatment to identify apoptosis or autophagy after irradiation.

Results
The growth of these 3 glioma cell lines was not significantly inhibited by pitavastatin at a concentration of up to 1 μM. Treatment with 0.1 μM of pitavastatin enhanced radiation-induced cell death in all glioma cell lines, with different sensitivity. Apoptosis did not occur in any pretreated or untreated (no pitavastatin) cell line following irradiation. Instead, autophagic cell changes were observed regardless of the radiosensitivity of the cell line. An inhibitor of autophagy, 3-methyladenine suppressed the cytotoxic effect of irradiation with pitavastatin, indicating that autophagy is a result of an antitumor mechanism. Using the most radiosensitive A172 cell line, the intracellular localization of p50, a representative subunit of NF-κB, was evaluated through immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies. The NF-κB of A172 cells was immediately activated and translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus in response to irradiation. Pitavastatin inhibited this activation and translocation of NF-κB.

Conclusions
Autophagic cell death rather than apoptosis is a possible mechanism of radiation-induced and pitavastatin-enhanced cell damage, and radiosensitization by the pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for malignant gliomas.
Instandsetzung von Rissen in Stahlbetonbauteilen nach einer außergewöhnlichen Einwirkung
Authors: Fuchs Maximilian , Keuser Manfred 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAußergewöhnliche Einwirkungen – wie z. B. Erdbeben und Stoßbeanspruchungen, die durch Fahrzeuganprall oder durch Druckund Stoßwellen infolge von Detonationen verursacht werden – führen i. d. R. zu lokalen Schädigungen in Stahlbetonbauteilen. Sowohl der Schadensbewertung als auch der Instandsetzung von geschädigten Stahlbetonbauteilen kommt im Hinblick auf eine dauerhafte Nutzung der Infrastruktur große Bedeutung zu.Eine mögliche Instandsetzung des Schadens, der durch eine außergewöhnliche Einwirkung hervorgerufen wurde, ist Gegenstand der Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der in einem derartigen Falle nicht wiederkehrenden Rissursache liegt eine Wiederherstellung des monolithischen Bauteilgefüges durch kraftschlüssiges Verbinden der Rissufer mittels Injektion als mögliche Instandsetzungsmaßnahme nahe. Um Kenntnis über die Auswirkungen einer derartigen Rissinjektion auf das Verhalten von geschädigten Stahlbetonbauteilen zu erlangen, wurden zunächst Grundlagenversuche an ausgewählten Probekörpern, die jeweils einen Ausschnitt aus einem geschädigten Bauteil darstellen, durchgeführt. Darauf aufbauend wurden Versuche zur praktischen Anwendung an Stahlbetonplatten, die durch Kontaktdetonation geschädigt waren, durchgeführt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion zur praktischen Anwendbarkeit für die Instandsetzung von Stahlbetonbauteilen nach außergewöhnlicher Einwirkung.
Essential oils analysis in dried materials and granulates obtained from Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia officinalis L., Mentha piperita L. and Chamomilla recutita L.
Authors: Kowalski Radosław , Wawrzykowski Jacek 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of herbal raw materials granulation on changes in the content and composition of essential oil. The following ground materials and granulates were subjected to analysis: Thymi Herba (Thymus vulgaris L.), Salviae Herba (Salvia officinalis L.), Menthae Piperitae Herba (Mentha piperita L.) and Chamomillae Anthodium (Chamomilla recutita L.). Studies revealed that granulation of raw materials causes an increase in the final product density. i.e. for C. recutita it increased about 4.0‐fold, for S. officinalis about 3.4‐fold, for T. vulgaris about 2.6‐fold, and for M. piperita about 1.6‐fold. Moreover, granulation negatively affected the essential oil content in the evaluated raw materials, resulting in the following losses: about 56.6% for T. vulgaris, about 73.6% for S. officinalis, about 71.3% for M. piperita and about 43.9% for C. recutita. Furthermore, significant changes in the composition of essential oils isolated from granulates were observed with reference to ground materials, e.g. the percentage of iso‐menthol in oil achieved from M. piperita granulate increased from about 29% to about 40%, that of camphor in oil from S. officinalis granulate was 14% in relation to about 8%, and that of thymol in oil from T. vulgaris granulate increased from about 44% to about 67%, whereas the percentage of α‐bisabolol oxide A in oil from C. recutita granulate decreased from about 34% to about 18%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral facial clefts and gene polymorphisms in metabolism of folate/one‐carbon and vitamin A: a pathway‐wide association study
Authors: Boyles Abee L. , Wilcox Allen J. , Taylor Jack A. , Shi Min , Weinberg Clarice R. , Meyer Klaus , Fredriksen Åse , Ueland Per Magne , Johansen Anne Marte W. , Drevon Christian A. , Jugessur Astanand , Trung Truc Nguyen , Gjessing Håkon K. , Vollset Stein Emil , Murray Jeffrey C. , Christensen Kaare , Lie Rolv T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn increased risk of facial clefts has been observed among mothers with lower intake of folic acid or vitamin A around conception. We hypothesized that the risk of clefts may be further moderated by genes involved in metabolizing folate or vitamin A. We included 425 case‐parent triads in which the child had either cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) or cleft palate only (CPO), and no other major defects. We analyzed 108 SNPs and one insertion in 29 genes involved in folate/one‐carbon metabolism and 68 SNPs from 16 genes involved in vitamin A metabolism. Using the Triad Multi‐Marker (TRIMM) approach we performed SNP, gene, chromosomal region, and pathway‐wide association tests of child or maternal genetic effects for both CL/P and CPO. We stratified these analyses on maternal intake of folic acid or vitamin A during the periconceptional period.As expected with this high number of statistical tests, there were many associations with P‐values<0.05; although there were fewer than predicted by chance alone. The strongest association in our data (between fetal FOLH1 and CPO, P=0.0008) is not in agreement with epidemiologic evidence that folic acid reduces the risk of CL/P in these data, not CPO. Despite strong evidence for genetic causes of oral facial clefts and the protective effects of maternal vitamins, we found no convincing indication that polymorphisms in these vitamin metabolism genes play an etiologic role. Genet. Epidemiol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley Liss, Inc.
A critical evaluation of genomic control methods for genetic association studies
Authors: Dadd Tony , Weale Michael E. , Lewis Cathryn M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPopulation stratification is an important potential confounder of genetic case‐control association studies. For replication studies, limited availability of samples may lead to imbalanced sampling from heterogeneous populations. Genomic control (GC) can be used to correct χ2 test statistics which are presumed to be inflated by a factor λ; this may be estimated by a summary χ2 value (λmedian or λmean) from a set of unlinked markers. Many studies applying GC methods have used fewer than 50 unlinked markers and an important question is whether this can adequately correct for population stratification. We assess the behavior of GC methods in imbalanced case‐control studies using simulation. SNPs are sampled from two subpopulations with intra‐continental levels of FST (≤0.005) and sampling schemata ranging from balanced to completely imbalanced between subpopulations. The sampling properties of λmedian and λmean are explored using 6–1,600 unlinked markers to estimate Type 1 error and power empirically. GC corrections based on the χ2‐distribution (GCmedian or GCmean) can be anti‐conservative even when more than 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genotyped and realistic levels of population stratification exist. The GCF procedure performs well over a wider range of conditions, only becoming anti‐conservative at low levels of α and with fewer than 25 SNPs genotyped. A substantial loss of power can arise when population stratification is present, but this is largely independent of the number of SNPs used. A literature survey shows that most studies applying GC have used GCmedian or GCmean, rather than GCF, which is the most appropriate GC correction method. Genet. Epidemiol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley Liss, Inc.
A comparison of principal component analysis and factor analysis strategies for uncovering pleiotropic factors
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Kammerer Candace M. , Anderson Stewart , Lu Jiang , Feingold Eleanor 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPrincipal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) are often used to uncover genetic factors that contribute to complex disease phenotypes. The purpose of such an analysis is to distill a genetic signal from a large number of correlated phenotype measurements. That signal can then be used in genetic analyses (e.g. linkage analysis), presumably leading to greater success at finding genes than one would achieve with any one raw trait. Although both PCA and FA have been used this way, there has been no comparison of their performance in the literature. We compared the ability of these two procedures to extract unobserved underlying genetic components from complex simulated data on nuclear families. We first simulated seven underlying genetic and environmentally determined traits. Then we derived two sets of 50 complex (observed) traits using algebraic combinations of the underlying components. We next performed PCA and FA on the complex traits. We assessed two aspects of the performance of the methods: (1) ability to detect the underlying genetic components; (2) whether the methods worked better when applied to raw traits or to residuals (after regressing out significant environmental covariates). Our results indicate that both the methods behave similarly in most cases, although FA generally produced factors that had stronger correlations with the underlying traits. We also found that using residuals in PCA or FA analyses greatly increased the probability that the PCs or factors detected common genetic components instead of common environmental factors, except if there was statistical interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genet. Epidemiol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.