bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal function and gut microflora of broiler chickens as influenced by cereal grains and microbial enzyme supplementation
Authors: Shakouri M. D. , Iji P. A. , Mikkelsen L. L. , Cowieson A. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA study was conducted to investigate the effect of the key cereal grains and a microbial enzyme supplement on broiler chicken performance, gut microflora and intestinal function. Ingestion of the barley‐based diet was associated with low 28‐day body weight, decreased feed intake and high FCR. The supplemental enzyme increased feed intake and weight gain of the chickens on a wheat‐based diet. The pH of the gizzard and caecal contents varied with the grain type. Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal viscosity, particularly in birds that received the diet based on wheat. The birds on the barley‐based diet had lower ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy than those given maize and sorghum‐based diets. The ileal digestibility of starch was increased by enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation increased the number of total anaerobic bacteria in the gizzard of birds fed on sorghum and increased lactobacilli in the gizzard of those fed both sorghum and wheat. The birds fed the sorghum‐based diet had the lowest counts of caecal total anaerobic bacteria and lactobacilli. Jejunal villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds fed the barley‐based diet were the lowest when compared with those fed the other diets. Enzyme application induced an increase in villus height and villus:crypt ratio of birds on wheat, crypt depth on barley and a reduction in crypt depth of chickens on the sorghum‐based diets. The highest activity of maltase and the lowest activity of sucrase were observed in tissue from birds fed on maize and sorghum‐based diets respectively. The differences in the performance of broilers on cereal grains could be explained by changes in intestinal morphology, enzyme activities and gut microflora as well as nutrient digestibility. The improved performance by supplemental enzyme in wheat‐fed chickens was associated with beneficial changes in intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity.
Effects of excessive selenium supplementation to diet contaminated with deoxynivalenol on blood phagocytic activity and antioxidative status of broilers
Authors: Placha I. , Borutova R. , Gresakova L. , Petrovic V. , Faix S. , Leng L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study examined the effects of excessive dietary supplementation with organic selenium on phagocytic activity and antioxidative status of chickens for fattening fed diet contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Sixty chickens of Ross 308 hybrids were at day of hatching divided into four groups with 15 birds in each. The background DON dietary levels in both negative and positive control groups were 0.2 mg/kg. The complete feed for positive control group was supplemented with Se dose 1 mg/kg in the form of Se‐yeast. Group 3 was fed diet with DON level 3 mg/kg while diet for group 4 combined DON level 3 mg/kg with a excessive supplement of Se‐yeast (Se dose 1 mg/kg). After 6 weeks of dietary intake, six randomly‐chosen chickens from each group were sampled. Feeding of contaminated diet resulted in significantly reduced blood phagocytic activity (19.5 ± 1.1% in the negative control vs. 12.8 ± 0.8% in the DON‐treated group, p < 0.05). Se‐yeast supplemented to the DON contaminated diet prevented suppression of phagocytic activity. Dietary intake of DON at levels 3 mg/kg did not influence the plasma α‐tocopherol level while excessive dietary Se dose reduced it in both Se supplemented groups. Neither the birds of DON‐treated group nor the birds from group 4 with DON and Se‐yeast showed any response in plasma γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Subtoxic dietary level of DON significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the duodenal mucosa, while additional Se supplementation prevented such a response to mycotoxin. On the other hand, both Se supplemented groups showed significantly elevated GPx activities in blood, liver and kidney, (p < 0.05). The results suggest a potential ability of excessive supplementation of organic selenium to prevent the blood phagocytic activity suppression and changes in GPx activity in duodenal tissue induced in broilers by subtoxic dietary levels of DON.
Colonic permeability is higher in Great Danes compared with smaller breed‐dogs
Authors: Hernot D. C. , Nery J. , Biourge V. C. , Martin L. J. , Dumon H. J. , Nguyen P. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFed the same dry diet, large dogs show poorer fecal quality than small ones. A high colonic permeability could explain a low water and electrolyte net balance leading to high fecal water content. This experiment was conducted to evaluate colonic permeability in dogs varying in body size and to determine whether colonic permeability is related to fecal sodium concentration and fecal quality. Four breeds of dogs were used: six Miniature Poodles (MP), six Standard Schnauzers (SS), six Giant Schnauzers (GS) and six Great Danes (GD). Colonic permeability was evaluated using the ratio of urinary lactulose to sucralose (L:S) after oral administration. Fecal sodium concentration was measured by flame photometry. The urinary L:S ratio was significantly lower in GD, indicating a higher colonic permeability, than in the three other breeds (0.35 ± 0.12 for GD and 0.51 ± 0.05 for MP). GD also presented the higher fecal sodium concentrations and the poorest fecal quality. The higher fecal sodium concentration observed in GD could be explained by the higher colonic permeability and both these variables could be important explanations for higher fecal moisture in large dogs.
Charismatic Leadership and Objective Performance Indicators
Authors: Rowold Jens , Laukamp Linda 
Published: August 2008

Recent empirical and theoretical work has advanced our understanding of charismatic leadership in organisations. Despite this progress, only a few studies have tested the hypothesis that charismatic leadership might be related to objective, organisationally relevant indicators. In order to address this research gap, the present study tested whether charismatic leadership was related to followers’ absenteeism, their training and development activities, as well as branch‐level profit. Charismatic leadership was defined according to Conger and Kanungo's (1998) theory. It could be demonstrated that facets of charismatic leadership were negatively related to followers’ absenteeism, but positively related to their training and development activity. Moreover, charismatic leadership showed a positive relationship to profit. In sum, the results contribute to theory and practice of charismatic leadership.Un travail empirique et théorique récent a fait progresser notre compréhension du leadership charismatique dans les organisations. Malgré ce progrès, seules quelques études ont testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle un leadership charismatique serait liéà des facteurs objectifs et pertinents pour l’organisation. Pour une compréhension plus approfondie des effets du leadership chatismatique, la présente étude teste si ce style de leadership est lié aux suiveurs, à l’absentéisme, aux activités de formation et de développement ainsi qu’aux bénéfices au niveau de la branche. Le leadership charismatique est défini en accord avec la théorie de Conger et Kanungo (1998). On a pu démontrer que les facettes du leadership charismatique sont liées négativement aux suiveurs, à l’absentéisme et positivement à l’activité de formation et de dévelpppement. En outre, le leadership charismatique montre une relation positive au profit. En somme, les résultats contribuent à la théorie et à la pratique du leadership charismatique.
Small and large number processing in infants and toddlers with Williams syndrome
Authors: Van Herwegen Jo , Ansari Daniel , Xu Fei , Karmiloff‐Smith Annette 
Published: August 2008

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that typically developing 6‐month‐old infants are able to discriminate between small and large numerosities. However, discrimination between small numerosities in young infants is only possible when variables continuous with number (e.g. area or circumference) are confounded. In contrast, large number discrimination is successful even when variables continuous with number are systematically controlled for. These findings suggest the existence of different systems underlying small and large number processing in infancy. How do these develop in atypical syndromes? Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare neurocognitive developmental disorder in which numerical cognition has been found to be impaired in older children and adults. Do impairments of number processing have their origins in infancy? Here this question is investigated by testing the small and large number discrimination abilities of infants and toddlers with WS. While infants with WS were able to discriminate between 2 and 3 elements when total area was confounded with numerosity, the same infants did not discriminate between 8 and 16 elements, when number was not confounded with continuous variables. These findings suggest that a system for tracking the features of small numbers of object (object‐file representation) may be functional in WS, while large number discrimination is impaired from an early age onwards. Finally, we argue that individual differences in large number processing in infancy are more likely than small number processing to be predictive of later development of numerical cognition.
Playing linear numerical board games promotes low‐income children's numerical development
Authors: Siegler Robert S. , Ramani Geetha B. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract The numerical knowledge of children from low‐income backgrounds trails behind that of peers from middle‐income backgrounds even before the children enter school. This gap may reflect differing prior experience with informal numerical activities, such as numerical board games. Experiment 1 indicated that the numerical magnitude knowledge of preschoolers from low‐income families lagged behind that of peers from more affluent backgrounds. Experiment 2 indicated that playing a simple numerical board game for four 15‐minute sessions eliminated the differences in numerical estimation proficiency. Playing games that substituted colors for numbers did not have this effect. Thus, playing numerical board games offers an inexpensive means for reducing the gap in numerical knowledge that separates less and more affluent children when they begin school.
Core information processing deficits in developmental dyscalculia and low numeracy
Authors: Iuculano Teresa , Tang Joey , Hall Charles W.B. , Butterworth Brian 
Published: August 2008

Abstract There are two different conceptions of the innate basis for numerical abilities. On the one hand, it is claimed that infants possess a ‘number module’ that enables them to construct concepts of the exact numerosities of sets upon which arithmetic develops (e.g.

Butterworth, 1999

;

Gelman & Gallistel, 1978

). On the other hand, it has been proposed that infants are equipped only with a sense of approximate numerosities (e.g.

Feigenson, Dehaene & Spelke, 2004

), upon which the concepts of exact numerosities are constructed with the aid of language (

Carey, 2004

) and which forms the basis of arithmetic (

Lemer, Dehaene, Spelke & Cohen, 2003

). These competing proposals were tested by assessing whether performance on approximate numerosity tasks is related to performance on exact numerosity tasks. Moreover, performance on an analogue magnitude task was tested, since it has been claimed that approximate numerosities are represented as analogue magnitudes. In 8–9‐year‐olds, no relationship was found between exact tasks and either approximate or analogue tasks in normally achieving children, in children with low numeracy or in children with developmental dyscalculia. Low numeracy was related not to a poor grasp of exact numerosities, but to a poor understanding of symbolic numerals.
Basic number processing deficits in ADHD: a broad examination of elementary and complex number processing skills in 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children with ADHD‐C
Authors: Kaufmann Liane , Nuerk Hans‐Christoph 
Published: August 2008

Abstract ADHD (attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder) and academic difficulties are frequently associated, but to date this link is poorly understood. In order to explore which components of number processing and calculation skills may be disturbed in children with ADHD we presented a series of respective tasks to 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children with ADHD‐combined type and matched children without ADHD (of any type) without concomitant dyscalculia and/or dyslexia. Overall, group differences were not significant regarding overlearned and explicitly trained simple and complex calculation skills. More basic number processing skills are – for instance – the ability to compare one‐digit numbers according to their magnitude (so‐called magnitude comparison), to count or to transcode numbers, i.e. to write down an Arabic number ‘21’ in verbal dictation. Significant differences favouring control children in basic number processing skills were obtained in a number comparison task and in a dot enumeration task. Importantly, our results cannot be explained by group differences regarding specific working memory and executive function components. Thus, number processing skills and in particular the processing of numerical magnitude should be investigated in children diagnosed with ADHD even when no comorbid learning disabilities are reported.
Akademiker im irischen Exil: Ernst Lewy (1881–1966)1
Authors: Holfter Gisela 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTErnst Lewy, bis 1935 Professor der Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaften der Universität Berlin und anerkannter Spezialist der finnougrischen Sprachen, war einer der bislang wenig beachteten Wissenschaftler, die in Irland Zuflucht fanden. Während das irische Exil nur für eine sehr geringe Anzahl von Flüchtlingen Realität wurde, war die Zahl der Akademiker unter ihnen verhältnismäßig groß, allerdings erfuhr bislang generell nur Nobelpreisträger Erwin Schrödinger größere Aufmerksamkeit. Ernst Lewy, dessen Lebensweg hier nachgezeichnet wird, war ein kreativer und produktiver Forscher mit beeindruckenden Sprachfertigkeiten und ein charismatischer Dozent, der u.a. Walter Benjamin beeindruckte und Wolfgang Steinitz, den späteren Vize‐Präsidenten der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, sehr beeinflusste. Auch für die Literaturwissenschaft ist sein Beitrag nicht unerheblich: er war der erste Herausgeber einer Gesamtausgabe der Werke von Jacob Michael Reinhold Lenz und beschäftigte sich mit der Sprache Goethes. Dennoch verbrachte er die meiste Zeit seines Schaffens als Einzelkämpfer und fühlte sich abgeschnitten vom akademischen Leben, lebte die letzten dreißig Jahre seines Lebens in einem Land, dessen Umgangssprache er erst spät mächtig war, als Sprachwissenschaftler der eigenen Sprache beraubt. Seine Sprachstudien und Briefwechsel beginnen wieder auf Interesse zu stoßen.
The Everyday Life of Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Carr Janet 
Published: August 2008

Background  Aspects of daily life have been considered in a population of people with Down syndrome, followed repeatedly from infancy to 21‐years old, and again at 30‐, 35‐ and 40‐years old. A control sample of non‐disabled babies were seen at the same ages.Method  Parents (usually the mothers) and/or carers were interviewed about the people’s health, independence, occupation, leisure activities and social relationships.Results and Conclusions  The health of the people with Down syndrome continued to be reasonably good though less good than that of the controls. Engagement in further education increased and attendance at social education centres decreased, while a minority were in employment. Over two‐thirds participated in at least one sport, and although participation decreased over time the fall‐off was no more than is seen in the general population. Fewer than half the people with Down syndrome were thought capable of being left in the house alone for over an hour or to go out alone beyond the garden, and social relationships for the majority were limited.
Drinking Typography Established by Scheduled Induction Predicts Chronic Heavy Drinking in a Monkey Model of Ethanol Self‐Administration
Authors: Grant Kathleen A. , Leng Xiaoyan , Green Heather L. , Szeliga Kendall T. , Rogers Laura S. M. , Gonzales Steven W. 
Published: August 2008

Background: We have developed an animal model of alcohol self‐administration that initially employs schedule‐induced polydipsia (SIP) to establish reliable ethanol consumption under open access (22 h/d) conditions with food and water concurrently available. SIP is an adjunctive behavior that is generated by constraining access to an important commodity (e.g., flavored food). The induction schedule and ethanol polydipsia generated under these conditions affords the opportunity to investigate the development of drinking typologies that lead to chronic, excessive alcohol consumption.Methods: Adult male cynomolgus monkeys(Macaca fascicularis)were induced to drink water and 4% (w/v in water) ethanol by a Fixed‐Time 300 seconds (FT‐300 seconds) schedule of banana‐flavored pellet delivery. The FT‐300 seconds schedule was in effect for 120 consecutive sessions, with daily induction doses increasing from 0.0 to 0.5 g/kg to 1.0 g/kg to 1.5 g/kg every 30 days. Following induction, the monkeys were allowed concurrent access to 4% (w/v) ethanol and water for 22 h/day for 12 months.Results: Drinking typographies during the induction of drinking 1.5 g/kg ethanol emerged that were highly predictive of the daily ethanol intake over the next 12 months. Specifically, the frequency in which monkeys ingested 1.5 g/kg ethanol without a 5‐minute lapse in drinking (defined as a bout of drinking) during induction strongly predicted (correlation 0.91) subsequent ethanol intake over the next 12 months of open access to ethanol. Blood ethanol during induction were highly correlated with intake and with drinking typography and ranged from 100 to 160 mg% when the monkeys drank their 1.5 g/kg dose in a single bout. Forty percent of the population became heavy drinkers (mean daily intakes >3.0 g/kg for 12 months) characterized by frequent “spree” drinking (intakes >4.0 g/kg/d).Conclusion: This model of ethanol self‐administration identifies early alcohol drinking typographies (gulping the equivalent of 6 drinks) that evolve into chronic heavy alcohol consumption in primates (drinking the equivalent of 16 to 20 drinks per day). The model may aid in identifying biological risks for establishing harmful alcohol drinking.
Halorhodopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis Forms a Trimer Even in the Presence of a Detergent, Dodecyl‐β‐d‐maltoside
Authors: Sasaki Takanori , Kubo Megumi , Kikukawa Takashi , Kamiya Masakatsu , Aizawa Tomoyasu , Kawano Keiichi , Kamo Naoki , Demura Makoto 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHalorhodopsin (HR) is a transmembrane seven‐helix retinal protein, and acts as an inward light‐driven Cl− pump. HR from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR) can be expressed in Escherichia coli inner membrane in large quantities. Here, we showed that NpHR forms the trimer structure even in the presence of 0.1% (2 mm) to 1% (20 mm) dodecyl‐β‐d‐maltoside (DDM), whose concentrations are much higher than the critical micelle concentration (0.17 mm). This conclusion was drawn from the following observations. (1) NpHR in the DDM solution showed an exciton‐coupling circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. (2) From the elution volume of gel filtration, the molecular mass of the NpHR–DDM complex was estimated. After evaluation of the mass of the bound DDM molecules, the mass of NpHR calculated was approximately equal to that of the trimer. (3) The cross‐linked NpHR by glutaraldehyde gave the SDS‐PAGE corresponding to the trimer. Mass spectra of these samples also support the notion of the trimer. Using the membrane fractions expressing NpHR (Escherichia coli and Halobacterium salinarum), CD spectra showed exciton‐coupling, which suggests strongly the trimer structure in the cell membrane.
Jusa and Barsuchi Log Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits from the Southern Urals of Russia: Devonian Analogs of the Kuroko Deposits of NE Honshu, Japan
Authors: Glasby Geoffrey P. , Maslennikov Valery V. , Prozherova Irina A. , Petukhov Sergey I. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChemical analysis of 60 samples from the Jusa and Barsuchi Log volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry shows that, on average, the Jusa deposit is more enriched in the chalcophilic elements than the Barsuchi Log deposit, whereas the Barsuchi Log deposit is more enriched in the lithogenous elements and Te. In addition, the yellow ores in these deposits are more enriched on average in Cu, As and Mo and the black ores more enriched in Zn, Ga, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg and Pb relative to each other. Both these deposits are similar in composition to the Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu and may be considered to be analogs of these deposits. The Kuroko deposits, however, contain much higher concentrations of As, Ag, Sb, Ba, Hg and lower contents of Te on average than the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits. Based on the higher contents of Te in the Barsuchi Log deposit compared to the Jusa deposit, as well as on textural considerations, it is concluded that the Barsuchi Log deposit is intermediate between the Urals‐ and Kuroko‐type deposits, whereas the Jusa deposit is more analogous to the Kuroko‐type deposits. Based on the compositional data presented here, the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits may be described as Zn‐Pb‐Cu‐Ba deposits rather than as Zn‐Cu‐Ba deposits, as the Baimak‐type deposits of the west Magnitogrosk zone have previously been described.
Effect on corneal endothelial cell count of traumatic microhyphaema and hyphaema
Authors: Pong Jeffrey , Lai Jimmy 
Published: August 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  This study investigates changes in the corneal endothelial count in patients after non‐penetrating ocular trauma (NPOT) with associated microhyphaema or hyphaema.Methods:  A total of 48 patients were recruited and divided into grade 1 (microhyphaema) and grade 2 (hyphaema) injury groups. Both central and inferior corneal endothelial counts were measured with specular microscopy.Results:  Neither central nor inferior corneal endothelial counts on the injured eye showed significant decrease compared to the normal contralateral eye across the two injury groups. The mean cell count of the central cornea of the hyphaema group showed a drop of 1.9% compared to the normal controls.Conclusion:  The duration and severity of non‐penetrating ocular trauma with microhyphaema or hyphaema did not appear to show a statistically significant loss in corneal endothelial cell count compared to the normal control.