bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of resistivity of large masses of undisturbed earth
Authors: Gish O. H. , Rooney W. J. 
Published: February 2008

The method and equipment for measuring the resistivity of large masses of undisturbed earth, primarily in connection with earth‐current potential measurements at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, magnetic observatories at Watheroo (Western Australia), and at Huancayo (Peru), are described. Measurements, made at four sites in the vicinity of Washington, D.C., during the development of the method, are reported.Method and procedure are described in Part I. Four contacts to earth are provided at equal intervals along a straight line at the surface. A measured current is sent through the earth between the extreme points and the resulting difference of potential between the intermediate points is observed. These data, together with the length of interval between electrodes or contact points, yield the average resistivity of a body of earth whose linear dimensions are of the same order as that of the electrode interval.Part II summarizes the results of series of measurements with electrode intervals ranging from 5 feet (1.5 meters) to 1,800 feet (540 meters). These give some knowledge of the variation of resistivity with depth and determine approximately the depths of ground‐water and of changes in the geological sub‐structure.
Diurnal variation of the atmospheric potential‐gradient at Penalosa, Kansas
Authors: Wait G. R. 
Published: February 2008

Atmospheric potential‐gradient data from only a small number of American stations have been published. At but four of these was the character of the observations such as to furnish a diurnal‐variation series. Three of the stations were either on or near the Atlantic coast while the remaining station was near the Pacific coast. There exists no published diurnal‐variation series from a station situated well in the interior of the Continent. Such a station was consequently established at Penalosa, Kansas, near the geographical center of the United States and records of the potential gradient secured during a portion of August 1929.Diurnal‐variation results for the potential gradient at some land stations in the past may appear to have been seriously affected by a systematic variation and especially in the two ‘factors insulation‐leak and atmospheric pollution. Considerable care was exercised therefore both before and throughout the series to insure these factors would be negligibly small in the present investigation. The resulting diurnal‐variation curve when plotted on Greenwich meridian time shows very close agreement with one obtained by the Carnegie over the Pacific Ocean the following month as well as with the one for the period August, to October from data obtained on Cruises IV, V, and VI of the Carnegie.
Twenty‐five years' work on the polar aurora
Authors: Störmer Carl 
Published: February 2008

In the following pages I will try to give an extract of some lectures given at English universities during the spring of 1930 regarding my work on the polar aurora during the last twenty‐five years.As to the different forms of aurora polaris, reference may be made to the photographic atlas of aurora published by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (1).
Studies on the magnetic conditions in the region between Gjöahavn and the Magnetic Pole during the year 1904
Authors: Wasserfall K. F. 
Published: February 2008

Introduction—Actual observations of geographical coordinates at the Magnetic North Pole have been made on only two occasions. The geographical coordinates are latitude 70° 05′ north in longitude 96° 46′ west as determined by James Ross in 1831 and 70° 30′ north in longitude 96° 30′ west as determined by Roald Amundsen in 1904. Ross's coordinates were revised by Nippoldt several years ago [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], who found them more or less satisfactory, while Amundsen's values have been accepted as above as given in the paper containing the results of the Gjöa Expedition [2].Because of the small number of stations by the Gjöa Expedition it was difficult to decide whether fixing of the geographical coordinates of the Pole could be justified. In their discussion, Steen, Russeltwedt, and Wasserfall agreed on the following statement [2]: “From what has been said it is clear that we cannot form a decided opinion as to the exact coordinates of the Pole, but we may nevertheless be allowed to hazard the following assertion as more or less probable.” As one of the authors, I may confess that because of this first decision, the material itself was not sufficiently and critically examined. Recent investigation shows this to be the case and has resulted in the conclusion, that the available material is such that it actually makes possible a fairly exact determination of the main Pole‐point. The facts which may be considered to justify a new determination and an outline of the reasoning employed are given in this paper.
Collected volumes of information on terrestrial magnetism and electricity
Authors: Pushkov N. W. 
Published: February 2008

Beginning with the year 1935 the Magnetic Observatory of Sloutsk has published periodically “Collected volumes” of information on terrestrial magnetism and electricity. At the present time four volumes have already appeared and the fifth volume is now in the press.One of the chief objects of these volumes is to inform, as quickly and fully as possible, the scientists working in terrestrial magnetism and electricity and the allied sciences of all essential scientific discoveries concerning terrestrial magnetism and electricity. In conformity with this purpose the “Collected volumes” contain not only original articles but also reviews and bibliographical indexes of papers published in Russian and other languages.
The secular variation of the direction of a freely suspended magnetic needle at Callao, Valparaiso, Shanghai, Hong‐Kong, and Sydney
Authors: Littlehales G. W. 
Published: February 2008

The object of this paper is part of a general purpose to collect and present from time to time the recorded observations of the magnetic declination and dip at stations in all parts of the world, with a view of amplifying the investigations that have already been made into this subject and thus preparing the way for throwing more light upon the question of the periodic nature of the secular variation of the magnetic needle.The collections of data relating to Callao, Valparaiso, Shanghai, Hongkong, and Sydney are here presented together with the results obtained by adapting formulas of interpolation to the observations. And the curves traced out by the north end of the needle upon planes tangent to the sphere in latitudes corresponding to the mean values of the dip at the various stations are also given in accordance with the method employed by Dr. L. A. Bauer. Attention is especially invited to the new case presented at Sydney, where the needle has receded, since 1860, over the path along which it passed prior to that year.
Ueber die Fehler bei erdmagnetischen Messungen
Authors: Wild H. 
Published: February 2008

Jede Bestimmung der Elemente des Erdmagnetismus stellt eine physicalische, bei der Declination auch theilweise eine astronomische Messung dar, und man darf daher erwarten, dass, wie es bei diesen üblich ist, so auch dort nicht einfach bloss das Resultat der Messung, sondern auch die Sicherheit desselben—mittlerer oder wahrscheinlicher Fehler einer einzelnen Messung oder auch des Resultats aus mehreren gleichartigen Messungen—mitgetheilt werde. Es gilt dies sowohl von den absoluten magnetischen Messungen, als auch von den blossen Variationsbeobachtungen der erdmagnetischen Elemente. Diese Sicherheit wird je nach den Umständen, über die man nicht immer unbedingt verfügen kann, wie z. B. die Grösse der aufzuwendenden Mittel für Personal und Instrumente, die Art der zur Disposition stehenden Idealitäten, u. s. w. eine sehr verschiedene sein; aber ob sie nun grosser oder kleiner sei, in allen Fällen wird es für die Benutzung der betreffenden Daten und insbesondere für ihre Vergleichbarkeit mit ändern nothwendig sein, da&s man über den Grad der Genauigkeit oder Zuverlässigkeit derselben vom Beobachter unterrichtet werde.Angesichts nun der Thatsache, dass nicht bloss bezüglich vieler vereinzelter magnetischer Messungen, sondern sogar von den Beobachtungen der Mehrzahl der magnetischen Observatorien keine oder nur ungenügende Angaben über die Sicherheit der Resultate vorliegen, dürfte es wohl zeitgemäss sein, einmal des Nähern auf alle die nähern Aufschlüsse hinzuweisen, welche der Beobachter von seinen Messungen zu geben hat, damit die Genauigkeit des Resultats befriedigend festgestellt werden kann. Eine solche Erörterung wird vielleicht geeignet sein, die Differenzen etwas aufzuklären, welche man z. B. bei der Vergleichung der Intensitätsmessungen mit verschiedenen Instrumenten gefunden hat.
Observations on Title II, Water Resources Planning Act
Authors: Morgan Horace P. 
Published: February 2008

A year has elapsed since the Water Resources Planning Act, Public Law 89‐80, 89th Congress, S. 21, was approved on July 22, 1965 [Water Resources Planning Act, 1965].It is too early to assess results obtained from the Act. But it appears timely to make some observations on one aspect of the legislation.
Note on ‘The accuracy of the prediction of floods of high return period’
Authors: Nash J. E. , Amorocho J. 
Published: February 2008

While pursuing further studies on this subject our attention has been directed by the reference in the WMO ‘Guide to Hydrometeorological Practices’ [1965] to the work of Kaczmerek [1957], which was unknown to us at the time of writing the above paper [Nash and Amorocho, 1966]. In Kaczmerek's work, a formula for the standard deviation of estimates of the magnitude of a flood of given return period is derived. This formula may be written in our notation as

urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr210:wrcr210-math-0001
It agrees with equation 14 of our paper, except for the coefficient of K.The difference between the two formulas arises in the evaluation by us of the coefficient of correlation between the mean and the standard deviation of samples drawn from a double exponential universe. Using a Monte Carlo process, we obtained a value of 0.56 for this quantity. A value of 0.62, which is not inconsistent with our results, would render the two formulas identical. Kaczmerek's treatment of the problem, and his derivations, were entirely analytical and, we believe, are superior to ours. It is gratifying, however, that we obtained such close agreement with his results by a completely different approach.
Design philosophy, specifications, and implications of ‘Hydro’, A pilot computer language for hydrology and hydraulic engineering
Authors: Bugliarello G. , Mcnally W. D. , Gormley J. T. , Onstott J. T. 
Published: February 2008

The increasingly pressing needs for effective means of analyzing and controlling water resources problems make it imperative to use to the fullest advantage the capabilities of computing machines. Determination of the optimal interface between man and computer in water resources is a many‐faceted and largely unexplored problem involving a variety of goals and possible approaches.This paper describes one possible aspect of the interface, the design of a problem‐oriented computer language, that is, a language with commands and data format specifically geared to the field of water resources.
Note on ‘ New approach for estimating transmissibility from specific capacity’ by R. Theodore Hurr
Authors: Narasimhan T. N. 
Published: February 2008

I was interested in the paper by Hurr [1966] on the estimation of transmissibility from specific capacity, since I too have concerned myself in the recent past with the same problem and allied aspects, but from a different angle.I prepared [Narasimhan, 1966] on double logarithmic graph sheets (see Fig. 1) the variation of yield per foot of drawdown in relation to T and r2S/t. With the help of this chart, T can easily be extrapolated if the values of Q/s, r and t are known and a reasonably accurate idea of S is available from geological considerations. The estimated value of T in this method, as well as in the Hurr method, is only as accurate as that of the assumed value of S.
Discussion of ‘The growth and development of attached stream bacteria: Part 1. Theoretical growth kinetics of attached stream bacteria,’ by W. M. Sanders III
Authors: Pincince Albert B. 
Published: February 2008

Sanders [1967] has analyzed the growth kinetics of attached bacteria for a completely mixed model. Figure 1 is an idealized sketch of such a model.The equation for the change in nutrient can be obtained by a mass balance as ∂C/∂t = qC0 ‐ qC + RV whereV = the volume of substrate in reactor, volume;C = nutrient concentration in reactor and, therefore, in effluent, weight per unit volume;C0 = influent nutrient concentration, weight per unit volume;q = flow of substrate, volume per unit time;t = time;R = rate of addition of nutrients by bacterial action, weight per unit volume per unit time.
Spatially varied flow equations
Authors: Chow Ven Te 
Published: February 2008

The momentum and energy principles are equally applicable in the derivation of spatially varied flow equations. By applying the energy principle and introducing a slope of energy head Se, the resulting spatially varied flow equation takes a different form of several terms containing the slope and the effect of added or extracted discharge from the equation derived by applying the momentum principle and using the frictional slope Sf. The two slopes, however, become identical if V = V* = V0 and if the flow is steady.The spatially varied flow equation is the same for flow with either increasing or decreasing discharge. In some cases of steady flow, however, the condition V = V* = V0 occurs in flow with decreasing discharge and V* = 0 occurs in flow with increasing discharge; the resulting equations will differ in the coefficient of the term containing the effect of the added or extracted discharge, as shown by equations 5 and 16.
Applications of the Theory of Runs to Hydrology
Authors: Rodríguez‐Iturbe Ignacio 
Published: February 2008

The problem of runs is one of long history among hydrologists. Classically a run is defined as a sequence of observations of the same kind preceded and succeeded by one or more observations of a different kind.Considering a sequence of random variables xn, n = 0, 1, 2,. and choosing a constant x0, one may arbitrarily classify the nth year as a surplus year if xn > x0 and call xn − x0 the surplus. Similarly if xn ≤ x0, the nth year is a deficit year with the deficit x0 − xn [Downer et al., 1967].
Optimal Taxing for the Abatement of Water Pollution
Authors: Hass Jerome E. 
Published: February 2008

The Dantzig‐Wolfe decomposition algorithm is posited as a method of finding the optimal treatment configuration for meeting water quality standards along a river basin and simultaneously determining optimal pollution taxes to achieve this configuration when the central authority does not know treatment cost functions. Simulated use of the algorithm using actual data from the Miami River of Ohio indicates that the algorithm performs these tasks satisfactorily. The implications of this analysis are that a central authority can, through a planning (tatonnement) process involving proposed taxes and polluter responses, effectively determine a set of near‐optimal pollution taxes without complete knowledge of treatment costs (i.e., without complete treatment cost functions) in relatively few iterationsA detailed model of the constraint set is formulated in the appendix, which is available on microfiche along with the entire article. Order from the American Geophysical Union, Suite 435, 2100 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington D.C. 20037. Document W70‐001; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Simulation procedures for Box‐Jenkins Models
Authors: McLeod Angus Ian , Hipel Keith William 
Published: February 2008

New simulation procedures are presented for generating synthetic data from either a nonseasonal or a seasonal Box‐Jenkins model. The simulation techniques are designed so that random realizations of the underlying stochastic process are employed for starting values. Because fixed beginning values are not utilized, systematic bias is not introduced into the synthetic trace. When the data have been transformed by a Box‐Cox transformation, the inverse transformation can be conveniently incorporated into the simulation process. Also a new algorithm is presented for simulating integrated models. A method is developed for incorporating parameter uncertainty into simulation studies, and it is explained how this technique can be used in the design of reservoirs. Practical applications are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the aforesaid simulation methods. In addition, the Fortran computer subroutines for the simulation procedures are included in an appendix with the microfiche edition of this paper.Appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W78‐006; $1.00. Payment must accompanyorder.
Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines
Authors: Topp G. C. , Davis J. L. , Annan A. P. 
Published: February 2008

The dependence of the dielectric constant, at frequencies between 1 MHz and 1 GHz, on the volumetric water content is determined empirically in the laboratory. The effect of varying the texture, bulk density, temperature, and soluble salt content on this relationship was also determined. Time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure the dielectric constant of a wide range of granular specimens placed in a coaxial transmission line. The water or salt solution was cycled continuously to or from the specimen, with minimal disturbance, through porous disks placed along the sides of the coaxial tube.Four mineral soils with a range of texture from sandy loam to clay were tested. An empirical relationship between the apparent dielectric constant Ka and the volumetric water content θv, which is independent of soil type, soil density, soil temperature, and soluble salt content, can be used to determine θv, from air dry to water saturated, with an error of estimate of 0.013. Precision of θv to within ±0.01 from Ka can be obtained with a calibration for the particular granular material of interest. An organic soil, vermiculite, and two sizes of glass beads were also tested successfully. The empirical relationship determined here agrees very well with other experimenters' results, which use a wide range of electrical techniques over the frequency range of 20 MHz and 1 GHz and widely varying soil types. The results of applying the TDR technique on parallel transmission lines in the field to measure θv versus depth are encouraging.
LibSBML: an API Library for SBML
Authors: Bornstein Benjamin J. , Keating Sarah M. , Jouraku Akiya , Hucka Michael 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Summary: LibSBML is an application programming interface library for reading, writing, manipulating and validating content expressed in the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) format. It is written in ISO C and C++, provides language bindings for Common Lisp, Java, Python, Perl, MATLAB and Octave, and includes many features that facilitate adoption and use of both SBML and the library. Developers can embed libSBML in their applications, saving themselves the work of implementing their own SBML parsing, manipulation and validation software.
Availability: LibSBML 3 was released in August 2007. Source code, binaries and documentation are freely available under LGPL open-source terms from http://sbml.org/software/libsbml.
Contact: sbml-team@caltech.edu
Lipedematous scalp: A rare entity
Authors: KAVAK Ayşe , YUCEER Deniz , YILDIRIM Ümran , BAYKAL Can , SARISOY Hasan Tahsin 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTLipedematous scalp is characterized by increased subcutaneous thickness of the scalp without any hair change. A 50‐year‐old female presented with thickening of the scalp without alopecia. She had no disorder other than hypertension. Monthly sonographic measurements without any treatment showed a resolution tendency in some areas and an increased thickness in others. We discuss the characteristics of this rare and possibly underestimated entity, including differential diagnoses.
Anti‐OX40 monoclonal antibody therapy in combination with radiotherapy results in therapeutic antitumor immunity to murine lung cancer
Authors: Yokouchi Hiroshi , Yamazaki Koichi , Chamoto Kenji , Kikuchi Eiki , Shinagawa Naofumi , Oizumi Satoshi , Hommura Fumihiro , Nishimura Takashi , Nishimura Masaharu 
Published: February 2008

The therapeutic effect of agonistic anti‐OX40 (CD134) monoclonal antibody (mAb) in combination with radiotherapy was evaluated in a murine lung cancer model. After intradermal transplantation of ovalbumin (OVA)‐transfected Lewis lung carcinoma, C57BL/6 mice were irradiated locally with a single dose of 20 Gy in combination with an intratumoral injection of anti‐OX40 mAb at 50 µg on day 4 after transplantation, which is when the major axis of the inoculated tumor reached a diameter of 7–9 mm. On days 8, 11, and 14, the tumor‐bearing mice were further treated with the same dose of anti‐OX40 mAb. Anti‐OX40 mAb in combination with radiotherapy prolonged survival and provided greater efficacy than either single treatment against well‐established tumors. An in vivo depletion study suggested that therapeutic immunity was mainly CD8+ T‐cell dependent. OX40+CD8+ T cells were augmented in draining lymph nodes obtained from irradiated mice compared with those from non‐irradiated mice. OVA‐major histocompatibility complex tetramer+ CD8+ T cells had been strongly recruited to the draining lymph nodes obtained from mice treated with anti‐OX40 mAb in combination with radiotherapy, and strong antigen‐specific cytotoxicity was confirmed by a 51Cr‐release assay. Moreover, a tumor‐rechallenge model indicated that this combination therapy induced durable tumor immunity. Thus, anti‐OX40 mAb in combination with radiotherapy may potentially help the management of patients with lung cancer. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 361–367)