bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluriactivity in (and beyond?) a Regulationist Crisis
Authors: COOMBES BRAD , CAMPBELL HUGH 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe study of rural pluriactivity in New Zealand has been based on the assumption that it is a temporary phenomenon: a survival strategy in times of crisis. This paper seeks to position both pluriactivity and ‘rural crisis’ in a more sound theoretical framework by referring to recent work in regulation theory. Case studies from the Mid‐Canterbury and Catlins areas are used to suggest the role that pluriactivity may fulfil in any future mode of growth in rural New Zealand. In doing so, questions are raised regarding rural ideology and agency in the process of economic change.
Rural Women's Self‐concepts and Aspirations as Members of Selected Voluntary Organisations in New Zealand, Australia and Canada
Authors: KTEATHER ELIZABETH 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTEvidence from questionnaires completed by members of five rural women's organisations in 1994 and 1995 (three traditional and two younger organisations) clarifies the motives women have, and the identities they assume, in joining these organisations. The older organisations attract women who wish to make a commitment to their community but newer organisations attract women who see themselves as farmers, or as employees and professionals in the agricultural industry. This represents a major shift in gender dimensions of rurality that has taken place during the last twenty years or so. It indicates a ‘mobilisation’ of rural and farm women who seek to participate fully ‐ in their productive role and in the public sphere ‐ in the attempt to maintain the viability of family farms and rural communities. The role that organisations for men and women play in constituting the meaning of gender is discussed.
Population Dynamics and Settlement Systems
Authors: CHALMERS LEX , JOSEPH ALUN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe paper uses five broad classes of settlement in the Waikato as a base for exploring age and gender specific changes to population distributions. The trends are assessed over the period 1981 to 1991, an era of significant change to the economic and social fabric of the region. Links between this change and the inferred patterns of movement are suggested. Notable patterns include migration deficits in the youthful and elderly age classes in sparsely settled rural areas, and more substantial numbers of elderly in other non metropolitan settlements than expected. The policy implications of these distributions are considered in the concluding section of the paper.
Will the ‘Real’ Samoans Please Stand Up? Issues in Diasporic Samoan Identity
Authors: MACPHERSON CLUNY 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the circumstances in which ethnic labels and identities are constructed and the conditions that are producing socio‐cultural divergence within them. Using Samoan identities as an example, it is argued firstly that categories based on descent will not necessarily reflect socio‐cultural realities within them and, secondly, that Samoan identities constructed at various times for particular purposes may have given an impression of ethnic unity which masked considerable internal divergence. Finally, it is argued that it may be increasingly difficult for migrant Samoans to agree on symbols of Samoan identity, much less to agree on whether or not these might be building blocks of a national identity. This fluid reality raises fundamental issues about the significance of the apparently fixed descent categories with which we all routinely work.
Implications of a Century of Anthropogenic Erosion for Future Land Use in the Gisborne‐East Coast Region of New Zealand
Authors: PAGE MIKE , TRUSTRUM NOEL , GOMEZ BASIL 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand is world renowned for its severe erosion, flooding, and sedimentation. Extensive deforestation between 1880–1920 initiated this period of dramatic landscape transformation, and today reforestation is seen as the panacea. However, a century of pastoral farming has left a legacy of a highly degraded landscape, which is currently redistributing the products of this erosion. The rate and level of landscape recovery will influence the ability of communities to carry out future land use.This paper uses the results of a decade of geomorphic research into the controls and processes of landscape change to illustrate some of the likely future impacts on the landscape and its land use, and to identify some still unanswered questions. This increasing understanding, together with changing community attitudes, provides the opportunity to maximise the benefits of reforestation and other management interventions.
Landscape Change and Environmental Histories
Authors: PAWSON ERIC , BROOKING TOM 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTHistorical geography was once a popular element of university curricula in New Zealand. It was also a conspicuous focus of research. Today however there is only one identifiable course in historical geography in New Zealand's university calendars – at Massey – and few writers have maintained an active research interest rooted in the sub‐discipline. This Comment suggests some reasons why now is a good time for New Zealand's geographers to reassess this state of affairs, and outlines five themes that might be pursued in the construction of more explicit historical geographies at the start of the third millennium.
Negotiating Technology — (Re)considering the Use of GIS by Indigenous Peoples
Authors: ENGLE STEPHEN T. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTGeographic Information Systems (GIS) have been increasingly touted for their ability to help empower indigenous peoples. The opportunity to discuss the development of an iwi‐based GIS with Te Ruunanga O Raukawa provides a platform for reflecting critically on issues that impact the effective use of GIS by indigenous groups. The dialectical context of GIS is explored by (re)considering the opportunities and challenges of applying GIS as a cross‐cultural communication device. A position is negotiated which interprets GIS as conditionally empowering provided that indigenous peoples consider their symbolic representation in, and physical access to GIS before making an initial investment in the technology.
Soldier Settlement in New Zealand After World War I: Two Case Studies
Authors: ROCHE MICHAEL 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTHistorians and geographers have variously explored the WWI discharged soldier settlement schemes in New Zealand. The shared orthodoxy has emphasised the widespread failure of many of these soldier settlers and settlements. Recently there have been signs of a revisionist interpretation of the scheme. This paper extends this critique by considering the meanings of failure and success in broader terms through two New Zealand case studies. The discussion suggests that there were subtle graduations of both administrative and settler success and failure.
A Mâori Sense of Place? ‐ Taranaki Waiata Tangi and Feelings for Place
Authors: Smith Ailsa 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTMâori attachment to ancestral lands may be viewed in terms of the western concept of sense of place. However, there are certain features of this attachment that require an extension of that idea to include features which are peculiar to Mâori interpretations of land and space. These features include whakapapa, whanaungatanga and ‘uri’‐tanga (generational and familial linkages), wairuatanga and atuatanga (the spiritual dimension relating to godlike ancestors and the unlocking of environmental and human potential), and tûrangawaewae and kaitiakitanga (inherited rights and obligations associated with belonging to a place that claims those with Mâori ancestry by virtue of all the above). This paper draws on data from research into Taranaki waiata tangi and feelings for place in order to discuss features relative to Mâori attitudes to land.
Adolescents’ Sexually Transmitted Disease Protective Attitudes Predict Sexually Transmitted Disease Acquisition in Early Adulthood
Authors: Crosby Richard A. , Danner Fred 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Estimates suggest that about 48% of nearly 19 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occurring annually in the United States are acquired by persons aged 15‐24 years. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that adolescents’ attitudes about protecting themselves from STDs predict their laboratory‐confirmed prevalence of STDs in early adulthood.Methods:  Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health assessed Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. This wave 3 data were regressed on data collected in wave 1 (when those followed were teens). A single‐item measure (with a 5‐point response option) assessed adolescents’ attitude: “It would be a big hassle to do the things necessary to completely protect yourself from getting an STD.”Results:  Valid urine specimens were provided by 8297 adolescents who also completed the self‐reported measures needed for this study. Overall, 6.4% of the weighted sample tested positive for at least 1 of the 3 STDs. Controlling for age, gender, minority status, and age of sexual debut (all of which are well‐established predictors of STD prevalence), attitude toward STD protection achieved significance (P < .001). Each additional point on the 5‐point scale increased adolescents’ odds of testing positive for an STD in early adulthood by about 13%. Of interest, the attitudinal measure did not interact with any of the other variables.Conclusions:  Findings provide evidence suggesting that safer sex programs may benefit adolescents by fostering positive attitudes toward practices that avert STD acquisition.
Sensory Experience and Intentionalism
Authors: Le Morvan Pierre 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIncreasingly prominent in the recent literature on the philosophy of perception, Intentionalism holds that sensory experience is inherently intentional, where to be intentional is to be about, or directed on, something. This article explores Intentionalism's prospects as a viable ontological and epistemological alternative to the traditional trinity of theories of sensory experience: the Sense‐Datum Theory, the Adverbial Theory, and the Theory of Appearing.
Application of universally amplifying plastid primers to environmental sampling of a stream periphyton community
Authors: SHERWOOD ALISON R. , CHAN YVONNE L. , PRESTING GERNOT G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo demonstrate the utility of universal plastid primers for probing of environmental samples, we extracted DNA from a tropical stream periphyton community and created two environmental clone libraries. We demonstrate the recovery of DNA sequences corresponding to the major groups of algae observed microscopically in the sample, illustrating the utility of these primers for analysis of environmental samples. Using a touchdown polymerase chain reaction technique, almost 99% of recovered sequences correspond to plastid‐containing or cyanobacterial taxa, which allows algae to be targeted to the almost complete exclusion of noncyanobacterial prokaryotes and nonplastid‐containing eukaryotes.
Characterization of 13 microsatellite loci for the deep‐sea coral, Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758), from the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
Authors: MORRISON CHERYL L. , EACKLES MICHAEL S. , JOHNSON ROBIN L. , KING TIM L 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA suite of 13 polymorphic tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from the ahermatypic deep‐sea coral, Lophelia pertusa. Among 51 individuals collected from three disjunct oceanic regions, allelic diversity ranged from six to 38 alleles and averaged 9.1 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 9.1 to 96.8% and averaged 62.3% in the Gulf of Mexico population. For some loci, amplification success varied among collections, suggesting regional variation in priming site sequences. Four loci showed departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in certain collections which may reflect nonrandom mating.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the bastard sole (Microchirus azevia)
Authors: CATANESE GAETANO , CRESPO ANIELA , ZUASTI EUGENIA , PEREZ LAURA , FUNES VICTORIA 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe bastard sole (Microchirus azevia) is a species of commercial interest in Spain. Nevertheless, little information is currently available about the genetic characteristics of wild populations. In this survey, we have developed eight new microsatellites using an enriched genome library protocol. Primers were screened on a total of 54 individuals from two wild populations (Mediterranean and Atlantic) from the south coast of Spain, revealing six to 18 alleles per locus with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.51 to 0.94. These markers can potentially be useful tools for use in population genetic studies.
Endangering the endangered: The effects of perceived rarity on species exploitation
Authors: Hall Richard J. , Milner‐Gulland E. J. , Courchamp F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractClassifying species by threat status can result in conservation benefits such as increased protection, but can also be an incentive to hunters responding to increased consumer demand for goods perceived to be rare, and therefore valuable. Bioeconomic theory provides a framework for examining the population consequences of differing responses of consumers (demand) and hunters (supply) to perceived rarity. We present a series of illustrative case studies of how perceived rarity affects consumer behavior and hunting pressure, and use a model to explore the scenario of most conservation concern (where rarity itself fuels increased exploitation). Rarity‐fuelled demand can have two undesirable outcomes: the species may become trapped at a low population size, or escalating hunting effort may drive the species to extinction. Understanding the response of consumers and hunters to perceived rarity is vital for predicting the impact of intervention strategies that seek to minimize extinction risk.
Comparison between Pernasal Flocked Swabs and Nasopharyngeal Aspirates for Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses in Samples from Children
Authors: Abu-Diab Afaf , Azzeh Maysa , Ghneim Raed , Ghneim Riyad , Zoughbi Madeleine , Turkuman Sultan , Rishmawi Nabeel , Issa Abed-El-Razeq , Siriani Issa , Dauodi Rula , Kattan Randa , Hindiyeh Musa Y. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
In this prospective study we compared the use of pernasal flocked swab samples with the use of nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples for the detection of respiratory viruses from 455 children less than 5 years of age. Overall, the sensitivity and the specificity of the pernasal flocked swab samples were 98.5% and 100%, respectively. The excellent sensitivity of the flocked swab samples in combination with the rapid means by which they may be collected makes them an alternative to NPA samples, whose collection is more invasive.
In Vitro-Generated Antigen-Specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells Control the Severity of Herpes Simplex Virus-Induced Ocular Immunoinflammatory Lesions
Authors: Sehrawat Sharvan , Suvas Susmit , Sarangi Pranita P. , Suryawanshi Amol , Rouse Barry T. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTGenerating and using regulatory T cells (Tregs) to modulate inflammatory disease represents a valuable approach to therapy but has not yet been applied as a means to control virus-induced immunopathological reactions. In this report, we developed a simplified technique that used unfractionated splenocytes as a precursor population and showed that stimulation under optimized conditions for 5 days with solid-phase anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in the presence of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interleukin-2 could induce up to 90% of CD4+T cells to become Foxp3+and able to mediate suppression in vitro. CD11c+dendritic cells were intricately involved in the conversion process and, once modified in the presence of TGF-β, could convert Foxp3−CD4+cells into Foxp3+CD4+cells by producing TGF-β. The converted cells had undergone cell division, and the majority of them expressed activation markers along with surface molecules that would facilitate their migration into tissue sites. The primary reason for our study was to determine if such in vitro-converted Tregs could be used in vivo to influence the outcome of a virus-induced immunoinflammatory lesion in the eye caused by herpes simplex virus infection. We could show in three separate models of herpetic stromal keratitis that adoptive transfers of in vitro-converted Tregs effectively diminished lesion severity, especially when given in the initial phases of infection. The suppression effect in vivo appeared to be polyspecific. The protocol we have developed could provide a useful additional approach to control virus-induced inflammatory disease.
CDK13, a New Potential Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibitory Factor Regulating Viral mRNA Splicing
Authors: Berro Reem , Pedati Caitlin , Kehn-Hall Kylene , Wu Weilin , Klase Zachary , Even Yasmine , Genevière Anne-Marie , Ammosova Tatiana , Nekhai Sergei , Kashanchi Fatah 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat is a 14-kDa viral protein that acts as a potent transactivator by binding to the transactivation-responsive region, a structured RNA element located at the 5′ end of all HIV-1 transcripts. Tat transactivates viral gene expression by inducing the phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II through several Tat-activated kinases and by recruiting chromatin-remodeling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Histone acetyltransferases, including p300 and hGCN5, not only acetylate histones but also acetylate Tat at lysine positions 50 and 51 in the arginine-rich motif. Acetylated Tat at positions 50 and 51 interacts with a specialized protein module, the bromodomain, and recruits novel factors having this particular domain, such as P/CAF and SWI/SNF. In addition to having its effect on transcription, Tat has been shown to be involved in splicing. In this study, we demonstrate that Tat interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 13 (CDK13) both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that CDK13 increases HIV-1 mRNA splicing and favors the production of the doubly spliced protein Nef. In addition, we demonstrate that CDK13 acts as a possible restriction factor, in that its overexpression decreases the production of the viral proteins Gag and Env and subsequently suppresses virus production. Using small interfering RNA against CDK13, we show that silencing of CDK13 leads to a significant increase in virus production. Finally, we demonstrate that CDK13 mediates its effect on splicing through the phosphorylation of ASF/SF2.
Cancers Exhibit a Mutator Phenotype: Clinical Implications
Authors: Loeb Lawrence A. , Bielas Jason H. , Beckman Robert A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Malignancies are characterized by mutations. We have hypothesized that the thousands of mutations in most human cancers do not result from the low mutation rates exhibited by normal human cells. Instead, cancer cells express a mutator phenotype (i.e., the mutation rate in the cancer cells is much greater than that in normal cells). We consider the following points: (a) Mutations in genes that govern genetic stability could be the cause of a mutator phenotype exhibited by human cancers. (b) A mutator phenotype increases the efficiency of acquiring mutations including those associated with cancer. (c) Recent experimental evidence indicates that human tumors contain a vast array of both clonal mutations and nonexpanded (random) mutations. (d) The presence of nonexpanded mutations in tumors has fundamental clinical implications for cancer risk assessment, grading, and prognosis including the rapid emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Lastly, (e) if a mutator phenotype drives carcinogenesis, drugs that target mutator pathways might prevent cancer by delay. [Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3551–7]
Reduced Susceptibility to Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice with Low Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels
Authors: Moore Tricia , Carbajal Steve , Beltran Linda , Perkins Susan N. , Yakar Shoshana , LeRoith Derek , Hursting Stephen D. , DiGiovanni John 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Calorie restriction has been shown to inhibit epithelial carcinogenesis and this method of dietary restriction reduces many circulating proteins, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Previously, we identified a relationship between elevated tissue IGF-I levels and enhanced susceptibility to chemically induced skin tumorigenesis. In this study, liver IGF-I–deficient (LID) mice, which have a 75% reduction in serum IGF-I, were subjected to the standard two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as the initiator and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as the promoter. We observed a significant reduction in epidermal thickness and labeling index in LID mice treated with either vehicle or TPA. A significant decrease in both tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity was observed in LID mice undergoing two-stage skin carcinogenesis relative to wild-type littermates. Western blot analyses of epidermal extracts revealed reduced activation of both the epidermal growth factor and IGF-I receptors in response to TPA treatment in LID mice. In addition, reduced activation of both Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was observed in LID mice following TPA treatment relative to wild-type controls. Signaling downstream of mTOR was also reduced. These data suggest a possible mechanism whereby reduced circulating IGF-I leads to attenuated activation of the Akt and mTOR signaling pathways, and thus, diminished epidermal response to tumor promotion, and ultimately, two-stage skin carcinogenesis. The current data also suggest that reduced circulating IGF-I levels which occur as a result of calorie restriction may lead to the inhibition of skin tumorigenesis, at least in part, by a similar mechanism. [Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3680–8]
The Spy1/RINGO Family Represents a Novel Mechanism Regulating Mammary Growth and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Golipour Azadeh , Myers Dorothy , Seagroves Tiffany , Murphy Daniel , Evan Gerard I. , Donoghue Daniel J. , Moorehead Roger A. , Porter Lisa A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Spy1A is a unique cell cycle activator known to mediate cell cycle progression and override the DNA damage response. This study focused on determining the role of this protein on postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis and neoplasia. Herein, we show that Spy1A levels are tightly regulated during mammary gland development and that ectopic expression stimulates precocious development and results in disrupted morphology of the gland. This follows the same trend as the oncogene c-Myc, and we show that Spy1A expression is regulated downstream of c-Myc signaling. Importantly, we show that overexpression of Spy1A accelerates tumorigenesis in vivo. Collectively, this work is the first report that the Spy1/RINGO family of proteins may play an essential role in regulating both normal and abnormal growth processes in the breast. [Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3591–600]