bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous symmetry breaking on surface defects
Authors: Cuomo Gabriel , Zhang Shuyu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Coleman’s theorem states that continuous internal symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken in two-dimensional quantum field theories (QFTs). In this work we consider surface (i.e. two-dimensional) defects in d-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) invariant under a continuous internal symmetry group G. We study under which conditions it is possible for a surface defect to break spontaneously a continuous internal symmetry. We find that spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) is impossible under reasonable assumptions on the defect Renormalization Group (RG) flow. Counterexamples are possible only for exotic RG flows, that do not terminate at a fixed-point. We discuss an example of this kind. We also illustrate our no-go result with an effective field theory analysis of generic defect RG flows. We find a generic weakly coupled defect universality class (with no SSB), where correlation functions decay logarithmically. Our analysis generalizes the recent discovery by Metlitski of the extraordinary-log boundary universality class in the O(N) model.
On time-dependent backgrounds in 1 + 1 dimensional string theory
Authors: Balthazar Bruno , Chu Jinwei , Kutasov David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In perturbative string theory, one is generally interested in asymptotic observables, such as the S-matrix in flat spacetime, and boundary correlation functions in anti-de Sitter spacetime. However, there are backgrounds in which such observables do not exist. We study examples of such backgrounds in 1 + 1 dimensional string theory. In these examples, the Liouville wall accelerates and can become spacelike in the past and/or future. When that happens, the corresponding null infinity, at which the standard scattering states are defined, is shielded by the Liouville wall. We compute scattering and particle production amplitudes in these backgrounds in the region in parameter space where the wall remains timelike, and discuss the continuation of this picture to the spacelike regime. We also discuss the physics from the point of view of the dynamics of free fermions in backgrounds with a time-dependent Fermi surface.
The $$H^\infty $$-Functional Calculi for the Quaternionic Fine Structures of Dirac Type
Authors: Colombo Fabrizio , Pinton Stefano , Schlosser Peter 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn recent works, various integral representations have been proposed for specific sets of functions. These representations are derived from the Fueter–Sce extension theorem, considering all possible factorizations of the Laplace operator in relation to both the Cauchy–Fueter operator (often referred to as the Dirac operator) and its conjugate. The collection of these function spaces, along with their corresponding functional calculi, are called the quaternionic fine structures within the context of the S-spectrum. In this paper, we utilize these integral representations of functions to introduce novel functional calculi tailored for quaternionic operators of sectorial type. Specifically, by leveraging the aforementioned factorization of the Laplace operator, we identify four distinct classes of functions: slice hyperholomorphic functions (leading to the S-functional calculus), axially harmonic functions (leading to the Q-functional calculus), axially polyanalytic functions of order 2 (leading to the $$P_2$$

P
2

-functional calculus), and axially monogenic functions (leading to the F-functional calculus). By applying the respective product rule, we establish the four different $$H^\infty $$

H
∞

-versions of these functional calculi.
Which surgical technique may yield the best results in large, infected, segmental non-unions of the tibial shaft? A scoping review
Authors: Akhoundzadeh Dena , Bloemers Frank W. , Verhofstad Michael H. J. , Schoonmade Linda J. , Geeraedts Leo M. G. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Infected nonunion of the tibia with a large segmental bone defect is a complex and challenging condition for the patient and surgeon. This scoping review was conducted to identify existing evidence and knowledge gaps regarding this clinical scenario. Secondly, the objective of this study was to search for a valid recommendation on the optimal treatment.

Methods
A comprehensive search was conducted in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, Embase.com, and Web of Science Core Collection. Studies reporting on bone transport techniques, the Masquelet technique, and vascularized fibular grafts in bone defects greater than 5 cm were included. Bone healing results and functional results were compared according to duration of nonunion, infection recurrence, bone consolidation, complication rate, external fixation time, and time until full weight-bearing.

Results
Of the 2753 articles retrieved, 37 studies could be included on bone transport techniques (n = 23), the Masquelet technique (n = 7), and vascularized fibular grafts (n = 7). Respective bone union percentages were 94.3%, 89.5%, and 96.5%. The percentages of infection recurrence respectively were 1.6%, 14.4% and 7.0%, followed by respectively 1.58, 0.78, and 0.73 complications per patient.

Conclusion
Bone transport was found to be the most widely studied technique in the literature. Depending on the surgeon’s expertise, vascularized fibular grafts may be held as a favourable alternative. This review indicates that further high-quality research on large bone defects ($$\ge$$
≥
5 cm) in patients with infected tibial nonunions is necessary to gain more insight into the potentially beneficial results of vascularized fibular grafts and the Masquelet technique.
Kratom – Nahrungsergänzungsmittel oder tödliche Droge?
Authors: Huter Tobias , Edler Carolin , Ondruschka Benjamin , Iwersen-Bergmann Stefanie , Schröder Ann Sophie 
Published: March 2024

ZusammenfassungDie in Deutschland nichtregulierte Substanz Kratom mit dem psychoaktiven Wirkstoff Mitragynin wird hierzulande z. B. als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel vertrieben und führt in verschiedenen Dosierungen von stimulierenden bis zu sedierenden Effekten. Das Nebenwirkungsprofil reicht von Schwindel über Krampfanfälle bis zur Atemdepression. International sind bereits mehrere Todesfälle im Zusammenhang mit Kratom (Misch- und Monointoxikationen) berichtet worden. Es wird die erste tödliche Mitragyninmonointoxikation aus Deutschland vorgestellt.
Prävalenz von neuen psychoaktiven Stoffen im Kontext von Fahreignungsbegutachtungen – Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit?
Authors: Holzer A. , Graw M. , Wagner T. , DeVol D. , Musshoff F. , Fels H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hintergrund
Ein Nachweis neuer psychoaktiver Stoffe (NPS) erfolgt bei Fragestellungen im Kontext von Beurteilungen einer Fahrsicherheit oder einer Fahreignung in der Regel nur selten, nicht zuletzt aufgrund einer fehlenden Beauftragung. Bei Aufträgen zu forensisch-toxikologischen Analysen durch Behörden beschränkt man sich zumeist auf ein Panel der gängigsten Substanzen bzw. Substanzklassen und selbst bei Auffälligkeiten im Straßenverkehr wird häufig nicht auf solche Substanzen untersucht, insbesondere dann, wenn ggf. schon eine einzige andere Substanz nachgewiesen wurde. Auch bei Abstinenzkontrollen im Bereich von Fahreignungsbegutachtungen wird in der Regel nur ein festgelegtes polytoxikologisches Screening auf die gängigsten berauschenden Mittel an Urin- bzw. Haarproben durchgeführt, sodass ein Umstieg auf die hierbei nicht erfassten NPS nicht ausgeschlossen ist.

Material und Methoden
Es wurden die Ergebnisse einer bereits publizierten Studie [7, 21], in der 1037 Urin- und Haarproben im Kontext von drogenbedingten Fahreignungsbegutachtungen retrospektiv auf NPS untersucht wurden, im Hinblick auf den Ausgang der initialen Begutachtung bzw. des Abstinenzkontrollprogramms betrachtet.

Ergebnisse
In 4,2 % der Proben konnten NPS nachgewiesen werden. Zwei Klienten mit einem positiven NPS-Befund wurde im Rahmen der Begutachtung eine günstige Eignungsvoraussetzung attestiert, während 32 Klienten ihr Abstinenzkontrollprogramm erfolgreich abschließen konnten, obwohl ihre Proben NPS enthielten.

Diskussion
Die Ergebnisse legen somit nahe, dass ein messbarer Anteil von Verkehrsteilnehmern einen fortgesetzten Konsum berauschender Mittel in Form von NPS betreibt. Dies kann in der Folge auch mit negativen Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit verbunden sein.
Deferral of non-emergency cardiac interventions is associated with increased emergency hospitalizations up to 24 months post-procedure
Authors: Andreß Stefanie , Felbel Dominik , Buckert Dominik , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Imhof Armin , Stephan Tilman 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Patients, whose non-emergency cardiac procedure was postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic, have shown signs of disease progression in the short term. Data on the long-term effects are currently lacking.

Aim
To assess outcomes through 3 years following deferral.

Methods
This retrospective, single-center analysis includes consecutive patients whose non-emergency cardiovascular intervention was postponed during the first COVID-19-related lockdown (March 19 to April 30, 2020). Outcomes over 36 months post-procedure were analyzed and compared to a seasonal control group undergoing non-emergency intervention in 2019 as scheduled (n = 214). The primary endpoint was a composite of emergency cardiovascular hospitalization and death. Additionally, NT-proBNP levels were analyzed.

Results
The combined endpoint occurred in 60 of 178 patients (33.7%) whose non-emergency transcatheter heart valve intervention, rhythmological procedure, or left heart catheterization was postponed. Primary endpoint events did not occur more frequently in the study group during the 36-month follow-up (p = 0.402), but within the first 24 months post-procedure (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.20–2.60, p = 0.003). Deferred patients affected by an event in the postprocedural 24 months had significantly higher NT-proBNP levels at the time of intervention (p < 0.001) (AUC 0.768, p = 0.003, optimum cut-off 808.5 pg/ml, sensitivity 84.2%, specificity 65.8%) and thereafter (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Deferral of non-emergency cardiovascular interventions is associated with poor outcomes up to 24 months post-procedure. Adverse effects affect patients who develop signs of acute heart failure, as indicated by NT-proBNP, prior to treatment. These findings could help improve resource allocation in times of limited capacity.

Graphical Abstract
Finding Optimal Solutions with Neighborly Help
Authors: Burjons Elisabet , Frei Fabian , Hemaspaandra Edith , Komm Dennis , Wehner David 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCan we efficiently compute optimal solutions to instances of a hard problem from optimal solutions to neighbor instances, that is, instances with one local modification? For example, can we efficiently compute an optimal coloring for a graph from optimal colorings for all one-edge-deleted subgraphs? Studying such questions not only gives detailed insight into the structure of the problem itself, but also into the complexity of related problems, most notably, graph theory’s core notion of critical graphs (e.g., graphs whose chromatic number decreases under deletion of an arbitrary edge) and the complexity-theoretic notion of minimality problems (also called criticality problems, e.g., recognizing graphs that become 3-colorable when an arbitrary edge is deleted). We focus on two prototypical graph problems, colorability and vertex cover. For example, we show that it is $$\text {NP}$$
NP
-hard to compute an optimal coloring for a graph from optimal colorings for all its one-vertex-deleted subgraphs, and that this remains true even when optimal solutions for all one-edge-deleted subgraphs are given. In contrast, computing an optimal coloring from all (or even just two) one-edge-added supergraphs is in $$\text {P}$$
P
. We observe that vertex cover exhibits a remarkably different behavior, demonstrating the power of our model to delineate problems from each other more precisely on a structural level. Moreover, we provide a number of new complexity results for minimality and criticality problems. For example, we prove that Minimal-3-UnColorability is complete for $$\text {DP}$$
DP
(differences of $$\text {NP}$$
NP
sets), which was previously known only for the more amenable case of deleting vertices rather than edges. For vertex cover, we show that recognizing $$\beta $$
β
-vertex-critical graphs is complete for $$\Theta _2^\text {p}$$

Θ
2
p

(parallel access to $$\text {NP}$$
NP
), obtaining the first completeness result for a criticality problem for this class.
Endoscopic self-expandable metal stent versus endoscopy vacuum therapy for traumatic esophageal perforations: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: de Oliveira Alessandrino Terceiro , Barreira Márcio Alencar , da Cunha Parente Júnior José Wilson , Junior José Ruver Lima Herculano , Ribeiro Jeany Borges e Silva , de Azevedo Orleancio Gomes Ripardo , de Vasconcelos Paulo Roberto Cavalcante 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Traumatic esophageal perforations (TEP) are a grave medical condition and require immediate intervention. Techniques such as Esophageal Self-Expandable Metal Stent (E-SEMS) and Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy (EVT) show promise in reducing tissue damage and controlling esophageal leakage. The present study aims to compare the application of EVT to E-SEMS placement in TEP.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study valuated 30 patients with TEP. The E-SEMS and EVT groups were assessed for time of hospitalization, treatment duration, costs, and clinical outcome.

Results
Patients treated with EVT (24.4 ± 13.2) demonstrated significantly shorter treatment duration (p < 0.005) compared to the group treated with E-SEMS (45.8 ± 12.9) and patients submitted to E-SEMS demonstrated a significant reduction (p = 0.02) in the time of hospitalization compared to the EVT (34 ± 2 vs 82 ± 5 days). Both groups demonstrated a satisfactory discharge rate (E-SEMS 93.7% vs EVT 71.4%) but did not show statistically significant difference (p = 0.3155). E-SEMS treatment had a lower mean cost than EVT (p < 0.05). Descriptive statistics were utilized, arranged in table form, where frequencies, percentages, mean, median, and standard deviation of the study variables were calculated and counted. The Fisher's Exact Test was used to evaluate the relationship between two categorical variables. To evaluate differences between means and central points, the parametric t-test was utilized. Comparisons with p value up to 0.05 were considered significant.

Conclusion
E-SEMS showed a shorter time of hospitalization, but a longer duration of treatment compared to EVT. The placement of E-SEMS and EVT had the same clinical outcome. Treatment with E-SEMS had a lower cost compared with EVT.
Intermediate Principal Stress Effects on the 3D Cracking Behavior of Flawed Rocks Under True Triaxial Compression
Authors: Sun Yuan , Fei Fan , Wong Louis Ngai Yuen , Choo Jinhyun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Crack initiation, growth, and coalescence in flawed rocks have been extensively studied for 2D (planar, penetrating) flaws under uniaxial/biaxial compression. However, little is known as to the mechanisms and processes of cracking from 3D flaws under true triaxial compression, where the intermediate principal stress ($$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

) is distinguished from the major and minor principal stresses. In this work, we systematically investigate the effects of $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

on the 3D cracking behavior of rock specimens with preexisting flaws, through the use of mechanistic simulations of mixed-mode fracture in rocks. We explore how two characteristics of $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

, namely, (i) its orientation with respect to the flaw and (ii) its magnitude, affect two aspects of the cracking behavior, namely, (i) the cracking pattern and (ii) the peak stress. Results show that the orientation of $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

exerts more control over the cracking pattern than the flaw inclination angle. The peak stress becomes highest when $$\sigma _1$$

σ
1

is parallel to the flaw, whereas it becomes lowest when $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

is parallel to the flaw. Also, the effects of $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

magnitude are more significant when $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

becomes more oblique to the flaw plane. On the basis of our observations, we propose mechanisms underlying the cracking behavior of 3D flawed rocks under true triaxial compression.

Highlights

The effects of the intermediate principal stress ($$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

) on the 3D cracking behavior of flawed rocks under true triaxial compression are systematically investigated.

The orientation of $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

exerts more control over the cracking pattern than the flaw inclination angle.

The effects of $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

magnitude become more significant when $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

are more oblique to the flaw plane.

Mechanisms underlying the cracking behavior of 3D flawed rocks under true triaxial compression are proposed based on the observations made.
Hybrid organic–inorganic fibers for solid-state batteries
Authors: Procházka Václav , Havlík Míka Martin , Kočí Jan , Klusoňová Nikola , Sedláčková Eliška 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis study is dedicated to the acquisition and quantification of processing parameters essential for the fabrication of customizable organic–inorganic hybrid nano/microfibers through electrospinning. These fibers are generated from suspensions comprising active electrode materials utilized in the construction of all solid-state batteries. Owing to the catalytic properties exhibited by certain electroactive materials and the coagulation tendencies stemming from the presence of various particles, there exists a limited operational interval within which stable fibers can be produced while maintaining the suspension at a suitable viscosity. Our second goal was to ascertain the relationship between the quality of the resulting fibers and the spinnability of the suspension, particularly regarding its electrical conductivity. Solutions and suspensions were studied with help of 29Si NMR spectroscopy, EIS, and conductometry, fiber morphology with confocal and electron microscopy.
Graphical abstract
Involvement of GLR-mediated nitric oxide effects on ROS metabolism in Arabidopsis plants under salt stress
Authors: Gokce Azime , Sekmen Cetinel Askim Hediye , Turkan Ismail 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPlant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) play important roles in plant development, immune response, defense signaling and Nitric oxide (NO) production. However, their involvement in abiotic stress responses, particularly in regulating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate GLR-mediated NO production on ROS regulation in salt-stressed cells. To achieve this, Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col-0) were treated with NaCl, glutamate antagonists [(DNQX (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and AP-5(D-2-amino-5-phosphono pentanoic acid)], and NO scavenger [cPTIO (2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt)]. Salt-stressed plants in combination with DNQX and AP-5 have exhibited higher increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O−2) contents as compared to solely NaCl-treated plants. Furthermore, NO and total glutathione contents, and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity decreased with these treatments. AP-5 and DNQX increased the activities of NADPH oxidase (NOX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), cell wall peroxidase (CWPOX) in salt-stressed Arabidopsis leaves. However, their activities (except NOX) were significantly inhibited by cPTIO. Conversely, the combination of NaCl and GLR antagonists, NO scavenger decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) resulting in elevated GSSG levels, a low GSH/GSSG ratio, impaired ROS scavenging, excessive ROS accumulation and cell membrane damage. The findings of this study provide evidence that GLR-mediated NO plays a crucial role in improvement of the tolerance of Arabidopsis plants to salt-induced oxidative stress. It helps to maintain cellular redox homeostasis by reducing ROS accumulation and increasing the activity of SOD, GSNOR, and the ASC-GSH cycle enzymes.
The digital power of the tower: digital communication technologies and dwelling experience in residential large urban developments
Authors: Gershon-Coneal Ori , Eizenberg Efrat , Jabareen Yosef 
Published: March 2024

AbstractResidential large urban developments are the dominant mode of housing development in many cities around the world. They introduce new technologies to the residential setting that reshape the dwelling experience. Using digital ethnography and in-depth interviews with residents of three residential large urban developments at the center of Israel, this paper portrays how the digital dimension is embedded in and reshapes the performance and experience of the housing environment. We argue the centrality of the digital dimension to the emergence of a distinctly different dwelling experience and the transformation of residential power relations in the city.
Cation Effect in Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Beads Produced for Europium Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Levy-Ontman Oshrat , Nagar Shir , Paz-Tal Ofra , Wolfson Adi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn recent decades, renewable and biodegradable polysaccharide-based hydrogels have enjoyed wide applicability among them also as adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewaters. Herein we prepared hydrogel beads from iota and kappa carrageenans using a variety of salts as crosslinkers, that were tested for the first time in europium ion (Eu3+) sorption from an aqueous solution as representative lanthanide. The type of the salt, and especially the valance and the hydrated radius of the cation, were found to dictate hydrogel bead formation and structure and, therefore, the Eu3+ sorption yield. The results of ATR-FTIR, SEM and TGA analyses to characterize the iota carrageenan hydrogel beads that were prepared with alkali cations, before and after interaction with Eu3+, indicate that the adsorbent prepared with LiCl was much stiffer and more stable than those prepared with NaCl or KCl. The iota carrageenan beads that were prepared with LiCl were also reused 5 times while exhibiting high adsorption capacities.
The effect of temperature on birth rates in Europe
Authors: Hajdu Tamás 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUsing data from 32 European countries for nearly 244 million live births between 1969 and 2021, this paper examines the effects of temperatures on birth rates. The results show that exposure to hot days slightly reduces birth rates five to eight months later, while much stronger negative effects are observed nine to ten months after exposure to hot temperatures. Thereafter, a partial recovery is observed, with slightly increased birth rates. This study also shows that the effect of high-humidity hot days is much stronger than that of hot days with low humidity. Besides, the effect of heatwave days has been found to be more severe than that of hot days that are not preceded by other hot days. This study finds that some adaptation to heat might be expected only in the long run.